,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,a sup]script is d5ot$ by x or xx4 ,breves & macrons are accurately repres5t$ 7 etc74 ,! alef symbol is us$ on page #cgi4 ,! tables 9 ?is book are be/ view$ us+ a monospace font4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,libr>y ,,( ,,hi/oric ,,!ology ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,wm4 ,c4 ,,pi]cy1 ,m4,a4 ,ea* ,volume1 ,demy #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,r$ ,burni%$ ,top1 #es4 net4 ,,volumes ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,relations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,d4,sc4 ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,ed\>d ,,naville1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,my/icism ,,9 ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,flem+1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,d4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,an ,,age ,,( ,,d\bt4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,%ebbe>e1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,by ! ,rev ,w4 ,j4 ,,sp>r[ ,,simpson1 ,d4,d4 ,,common ,,objections ,,to ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,drawbridge1 ,m4,a4 ,,m>riage ,,9 ,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,a4 ,,lacey1 ,m4,a4 7,w>d5 ( ! ,london ,diocesan ,p5it5ti>y74 ,,! ,,build+ ,,up ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,r4 ,b4 ,,girdle/one1 ,m4,a4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,o!r ,,fai?s4 ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,religion ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,/4 ,,clair ,,tisdall1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,9 ,,brita94 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 7=m]ly ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,durham74 ,,"* ,,& ,,religion4 ,by ! ,rev4 ! ,,hon4 ,,edw>d ,,lyttelton1 ,m4,a4 7,head ,ma/] ( ,eton ,college74 ,,mission>y ,,me?ods1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,or ,,ours8 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,rol& ,,all51 ,m4,a4 7,au?or ( 8,mission>y ,pr9ciples074 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,fai? ,,& ,,hope4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,ottley1 ,d4,d4 7,canon ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,pa/oral ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d74 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,love4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,ottley1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,wor%ip4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,ottley1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,cre$s3 ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 ,,nature ,,& ,,use4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,h>old ,,smi?1 ,m4,a4 7,lectur] at ! ,london ,college ( ,div9ity74 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul 7,hulsean ,prize ,essay74 ,by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,,n[ell ,,ro/ron1 ,m4,a4 7,late ,pr9cipal ( ,/4 ,john's ,hall1 ,durham74 ,! foll[+ works are 9 ,prep>ation3-- ,,religi\s ,,education3 ,,its ,,pa/1 ,,pres5t1 ,,& ,,future4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,preb5d>y ,b4 ,,reynolds4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,outside ,,! ,,empire4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,davey ,,biggs1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,fai? ,,& ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,its ,,prosp]ity4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,n4 ,,waggett1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,temptation4 ,by ! ,v54 ,e4 ,e4 ,,holmes1 ,m4,a4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,lit]ature4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,wm4 ,c4 ,,pi]cy1 ,m4,a4 ,,au?ority ,,& ,,free?\ght ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bussell1 ,d4,d4 ,,god ,,& ,,man1 ,,"o ,,*ri/4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,rav51 ,m4,a4 ,,greek ,,?\ght ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,mozley1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,great ,,s*ism ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,foakes-,,jackson1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,israel ,,9 ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,troel/ra1 ,d4,d4 ,full p>ticul>s ( ?is ,libr>y may be obta9$ f ! ,publi%]4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,scott4 ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,o4 ,e4 ,,oe/]ley1 ,d4,d4 ,,exam9+ ,,*apla9 ,,to ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,london2 ,,w>d5 ,,( ,,! 8,,society ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha10 ,,london ,,diocese4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,scott ,,roxburghe ,,h\se ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,e4,c4 #aiae ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,fir/ ,edition1 #aiad4 ,second ,impression1 #aiae4 ,,preface ,signs h n be5 want+ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( an increas+ int]e/ bo? 9 :at is call$ ! 8,apocrypha0 z well z 9 ! body ( lit]ature1 ma9ly ( an apocalyptic "*1 :i* goes "u ! "n ( ! 8,pseudepigrapha40 ,notable among ^! signs are two ( an out/&+ "*4 ,! f\nd+ ( ! 8,int]national ,society = ! ,promot+ ( ! ,/udy ( ! ,apocrypha0 0 an important ev5t 9 ?is connection2 ! f\nd]1 ! ,rev4 ,h]b]t ,p5t91 is to be s9c]ely congratulat$ on ! success ) :i* 8 ef=ts h be5 cr[n$2 ! support accord$ by _m ( our lead+ s*ol>s has d\btless be5 v gratify+ to him4 ,few ?+s h done m to fo/] int]e/ 9 ! subjects :i* ! ,society has at he>t ?an ! publication ( its qu>t]ly j\rnal1 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,apocrypha4 ,?is magaz9e makes its appeal to all grades ( read]s2 & if ! great] /ress is laid ^u ! popul> side1 ! editor has 8 good reasons = ?is1 = x is ! g5]al read] :o does n yet und]/& t ! 8,apocrypha0 & ! 8,pseudepigrapha0 toge!r =m an indisp5sable l9k betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,! second out/&+ sign 0 ! publication la/ ye> by ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ( ! two sumptu\s volumes entitl$ ,! ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,engli%1 ) introductions & critical & explanatory notes to ! sev]al books1 edit$1 9 conjunction ) _m s*ol>s1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,d4 ,?is is ! mo/ elaborate ?+ ( ! k9d ev] publi%$ 9 any c\ntry1 & ! debt to ,canon ,*>les ow$ by all lov]s ( le>n+ is great inde$4 ,! volumes appeal prim>ily to ! s*ol>1 ?\gh ! g5]al read] w f9d 9 !m a v great deal :i* he w be able to appreciate4 ,! drawback1 = mo/ p1 is _! exp5se1 obvi\sly inevitable2 x is1 !re=e1 ! m to be regrett$ t ! ,univ]sity ,press c\ld n see its way to publi% ! v>i\s books 9 sep>ate1 z well z 9 _! collective1 =m4 ,signs su* z ^! are full ( promise1 & ! gr[+ int]e/ :i* !y betok5 is v welcome4 ,! pres5t writ]1 z "o ( ! ,w>d5s ( ! a=e-m5tion$ ,society1 & z "o ( ,canon ,*>les' fell[-lab\r]s 9 ! "w j ref]r$ to1 has be5 embold5$ to write ! foll[+ pages ) ! object ( press+ home ! importance ( "o dep>tm5t ( ! subject z a :ole 7?\gh )\t :olly los+ sight ( ! o!r71 viz41 ! 8,apocrypha10 &1 m especially1 :at is involv$ by ! /udy ( ?is4 ,! v un=tunate title :i* has clung to ?is body ( lit]ature s9ce ! days ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 l>gely acc\nts = ! attitude ( suspicion ) :i* x is (t5 reg>d$2 b :5 once x is realiz$ t ! t]m 8,apocrypha10 z appli$ to ^! books1 does n correspond to :at is n[adays und]/ood by ! ^w 8apocryphal10 ?is attitude ( suspicion w disappe>4 ,! /udy ( ^! books op5s up v>i\s que/ions :i* dem& consid]ation2 s mu* s1 t ! /ud5t soon comes to realize t important z ! /udy ( ! ,apocrypha is1 m important /ill is t :i* ?is /udy involves4 ,! book "h pres5t$ is int5d$ to illu/rate ?is2 ) ! result t ,"p ,i 78,prolegom5a07 occupies consid]ably m space ?an ,"p ,,ii1 :i* is devot$ to ! books ( ! ,apocrypha !mselves4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to (f] any apology = ?is1 z ! ,introductory ,note to ! 8,prolegom5a0 w %[4 ,= ! re/1 ! book1 ?\gh prim>ily int5d$ = ! intellig5t g5]al read]1 may 9 "s p>ts1 x is hop$1 be ( int]e/ to s*ol>s4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be a contribution to 8,! ,libr>y ( ,hi/oric ,!ology02 b ! writ] soon realiz$ t ! scope ( ! subject w\ld necessitate a l>g] volume ?an ! publi%]s ?\ght desirable = ?is ,s]ies2 !y1 !re=e1 decid$ to publi% x sep>ately4 ,! writ] desires to express 8 s9c]e ?anks to ! ,rev4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,pi]cy = hav+ read c>efully ?r\gh ! book 9 manuscript z well z 9 pro(1 & = hav+ (f]$ _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,w4 ,o4 ,e4 ,,oe/]ley4 ,,hat* ,,end1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,"p ,i ,,prolegom5a ,,to ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,movem5t #aa ,i4 ,hell5ism 9 its ,secul> ,aspect #ab ,,ii4 ,hell5ism 9 its ,religi\s ,aspect #bj ,summ>y #bd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hell5i/ic ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,pale/9e #bg ,i4 ,hell5ism & ,judaism #bg ,,ii4 ,! ,ess5es #da ,summ>y #df ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,hell5i/ic ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion #di ,i4 ,! ,disp]sion #di ,,ii4 ,hell5i/ic ,influ5ce on ,religion #ed ,,iii4 ,! ,septuag9t #eh ,,iv4 ,philo ( ,alex&ria #fa ,summ>y #fe ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,traces ,,( ,,greek ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,apocrypha #fh ,i4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,greeks 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t #fh ,,ii4 ,traces ( ,greek ,influ5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t #gj ,,iii4 ,traces ( ,greek ,influ5ce 9 ! ,apocrypha #gg ,ecclesia/icus #gg ,wisdom3 7a7 ,! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l #hj 7b7 ,! doctr9e ( immortality #hc 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( ! badness ( ! body #hd 7d7 ,! creation ( ! _w out ( =mless matt] #he 7e7 ,signs ( ! influ5ce ( ,/oic philosophy #hf ,summ>y #hg ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,movem5t #ij ,i4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t #ij ,,ii4 ,! ,apocalypti/s #ie ,,iii4 ,! ,doctr9al ,tea*+ ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature #aja 7a7 ,individualism #ajb 7b7 ,p>ticul>ism & ,univ]salism #ajc 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah #aje 7d7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life #ajg ,summ>y #aaa ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,scribes #aac 7a7 ,! ,old ,te/am5t data #aac 7b7 ,! ,apocrypha data #abc 7c7 ,"s fur!r p>ticul>s #abf ,summ>y #abg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,ph>isees ,,& ,,sadducees #acj ,i4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]ms 8,ph>isees0 & 8,sadducees0 #acj 7a7 ,ph>isees #acj 7b7 ,sadducees #acb ,,ii4 ,! ,s\rces #ace 7a7 ,josephus #ace 7b7 ,rabb9ical s\rces #acg 7c7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t #ach 7d7 ,! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts #ach ,,iii4 ,! ,doctr9es ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees #aci 7a7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,law #aci 7b7 ,! doctr9e ( ,god #add 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life #adf 7d7 ,! ,sadducan attitude reg>d+ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels & spirits #adg 7e7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah #adh 7f7 ,! ,sadducees & ! ,jewi% ,cal5d> #aej ,,iv4 ,"s ,subsidi>y ,consid]ations #aeb ,summ>y #aeg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,canon #afj ,i4 ,! ,hebrew ,canon 9 its ,pres5t ,=m #afb ,,ii4 ,! ,idea ( a ,canon #afd ,,iii4 ,! ,=mation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon #afi ,,iv4 ,to ,:om 0 ! ,f9al ,fix+ ( ! ,hebrew ,canon due8 #agd ,summ>y #agf ,additional ,note4 ,! ,conceptions und]ly+ ! ,idea ( ,levitical ,impurity #agg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,uncanonical ,,books 7,i7 #ahc ,i4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m ,gnaz #ahc ,,ii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m ,apokryphos #ahe ,,iii4 ,! ,connexion betwe5 ! ,t]ms ,gnaz & ,apokryphos #ahh ,,iv4 ,h[ ! ,t]m 8,apocrypha0 came to be appli$ to ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,second ,rank #aij ,v4 ,! ,read+ ( ,uncanonical ,books #aib ,summ>y #aif ,,*apt] ,x ,,uncanonical ,,books 7,,ii74 ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,lit]ature #aih ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #aih 7a7 ,! ,book ( ,eno* #bja 7b7 ,! ,sibyll9e ,oracles #bjh 7c7 ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s #baj 7d7 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon #bad 7e7 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees #baf 7f7 ,! ,assumption ( ,moses #bah 7g7 ,! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah #bai 7h7 ,! ,book ( ! ,secrets ( ,eno* #bbj 7i7 ,! ,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* #bbb 7j7 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,moses 7,! ,life ( ,adam & ,eve7 #bbb 7k7 ,! ,greek ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,wisdom ,,lit]ature2 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,conception ,,( ,,wisdom #bbd ,i4 ,! ,wisdom ,lit]ature #bbd ,,ii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,hebrew ,conception ( ,wisdom #bbf ,,iii4 ,! ,jewi% ,conception ( ,wisdom #bcc ,summ>y #bdg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha #bea ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #bea 7a7 ,! doctr9e ( ,god #bed 7b7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,law #bfj 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( ,s9 #bfg 7d7 ,! doctr9e ( ,grace & ,free-w #bgh 7e7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah #bha 7f7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life #bhh 7g7 ,! doctr9e ( ,angels #cjj 7h7 ,demonology #cjd ,summ>y #cje ,,"p ,,ii ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,introductory #cai ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,sira*2 ,,or ,,ecclesia/icus #cba ,i4 ,! ,title ( ! ,book #cba ,,ii4 ,! ,au?or & 8 ,book #cbb ,,iii4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book #cbg ,,iv4 ,! ,orig9al ,language ( ! ,book2 ! rec5tly f\nd ,hebrew ,manuscripts #cbi ,v4 ,! ,au?oriz$ & ,revis$ ,v]sions ( ,ecclesia/icus #cca ,,vi4 ,! 8,sadducan0 doctr9al /&po9t 9 ,ecclesia/icus #ccd ,,vii4 ,! ,ph>isaic ,additions to ,ecclesia/icus #cdj ,,viii4 ,! ,value ( ! ,book = ! ,/udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t #cde ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,tobit #cdi ,i4 ,! ,/ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise #cej ,,ii4 ,! ,relation%ip betwe5 ! ,book ( ,tobit & ! ,/ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise #cec ,,iii4 ,! ,cont5ts ( ! ,book ( ,tobit #ceg ,,iv4 ,! ,religi\s ,/&po9t ( ! ,writ] #cfj ,v4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book1 its ,integrity & ,place ( ,orig9 #cfe ,,vi4 ,! ,value ( ! ,book = ,new ,te/am5t ,/udy #cfh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,judi? #cgb ,i4 ,cont5ts & ,"* ( ! ,book #cgb ,,ii4 ,v>iety ( ,=m ( ! ,judi? ,/ory #cgi ,,iii4 ,! ,tea*+ & ,purpose ( ! ,book #cha ,,iv4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book #chb ,v4 ,! ,orig9al ,language ( ! ,book #chd ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel #che ,i4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks #che ,,ii4 ,! ,pray] ( ,az>iah #chf ,,iii4 ,! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 #cij ,,iv4 ,! ,/ory ( ,susanna #cia ,v4 ,bel & ! ,dragon #cid ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,e/h] #cih ,i4 ,! ,nature & ,object ( ! ,additions #cih ,,ii4 ,au?or%ip & ,date ( ! ,additions #djc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,pray] ,,( ,,manasses #djd ,i4 ,! ,cont5ts ( ! ,pray] #djd ,,ii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,pray] #dje ,,iii4 ,! ,date ( ! ,pray] #dji ,,iv4 ,! ,writ] & ! ,language 9 :i* he wrote #daj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,maccabees #daa ,i4 ,title & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,book #daa ,,ii4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book #dac ,,iii4 ,! ,orig9al ,language & ,lit]>y ,"* ( ! ,book #dad ,,iv4 ,! ,s\rces ( ! ,book #dae ,v4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,maccaban ,/ruggle #dbc 7a7 ,! ,conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! division ( 8 ,empire #dbd 7b7 ,! orig9al cause ( ! /ruggle2 ! lead]%ip ( ,matta?ias #dbd 7c7 ,! lead]%ip ( ,judas ,maccabu2 religi\s lib]ty secur$ #dbg 7d7 ,! lead]%ip ( ,jona?an2 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hasmonan high-prie/hood #dca 7e7 ,! lead]%ip ( ,simon #dcf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,greek ,,ezra 7#a 7#c7 ,esdras7 #dci ,i4 ,! ,title ( ! ,book #dci ,,ii4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,book #ddj ,,iii4 ,! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 ! 8,greek ,ezra10 & #b ,esdras #ddb ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/oricity ( ! ,book #ddf ,v4 ,! ,purpose ( ! ,book #dej ,,vi4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,?ree ,"y ,m5 ( ,d>ius' ,bodygu>d #dea ,,vii4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book #ded ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wisdom 7,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon7 #dee ,i4 ,! ,title & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,book #dee ,,ii4 ,! ,date ( ! ,book #dei ,,iii4 ,! ,"q ( ,composite ,au?or%ip #dfd ,,iv4 ,! ,purposes = :i* ! ,book 0 ,writt5 #dfi ,v4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,book on ,/4 ,paul #dgd ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,maccabees #dgi ,i4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,book #dgi ,,ii4 ,! ,cont5ts ( ! ,book #dha ,,iii4 ,comp>ison betwe5 #a & #b ,maccabees #dhb ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/orical ,value ( #b ,maccabees #dhe ,v4 ,! ,purpose ( ! ,book #dhg ,,vi4 ,! ,integrity ( ! ,boo #dij ,,vii4 ,! ,date & ,orig9al ,language ( ! ,book #dic ,,viii4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,book on ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s #dic ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,b>u*1 ,,& ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,j]emiah #die ,i4 ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,book1 & its ,cont5ts #die ,,ii4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,compon5t ,p>ts ( ! ,book #dig 7#a7 ,! ,book ( ,confessions 7i4-iii4 #h7 #dig 7#b7 ,a ,sage's words ( enc\ragem5t 7iii4 #i-;iv4 #d7 #ejc 7#c7 ,a ,message ( good *e] 7iv4 #e-v4 #i7 #ejd ,! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah #ejf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,ezra ,,apocalypse 7#b 7#d7 ,esdras7 #eji ,i4 ,! ,title ( ! ,book #eji ,,ii4 ,*apt]s i41 ii4 #eaj ,,iii4 ,*apt]s xv41 xvi4 #eaa ,,iv4 ,! ,compon5t ,p>ts ( ,*apt]s iii4-xiv4 #eab ,v4 ,! ,vision ( ! ,man ,ris+ f ! ,sea #eae ,,vi4 ,! ,eagle ,vision #eag ,,vii4 ,! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse #ebb ,,viii4 ,an ,ezra ,leg5d #ebh ,,indexes-- ,g5]al #ecc ,passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t #ede ,passages f ! ,apocrypha #edg ,passages f ! ,pseudepigrapha #eeb ,passages f ! ,new ,te/am5t #eeb ,passages f ,rabb9ical ,lit]ature #eec ,introductory ,! book "h pres5t$ is divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/1 :i* is some:at long] ?an ! second1 deals ) prelim9>y que/ions2 ! second is occupi$ ) "s acc\nt ( ! nature & cont5ts ( ! books compris$ "u ! t]m 8,apocrypha40 ,to ^? ^: /udies h n be5 conc]n$ ) e>ly ,jewi% uncanonical lit]ature x may appe> t _m ( ! subjects discuss$ 9 ,"p ,i are inappropriate1 or at any rate unnecess>y1 because !y lead1 app>5tly1 f> away f ! ma9 subject to be dealt )4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,apocrypha w "k1 h[ev]1 t a really intellig5t & adequate /udy ( ?is body ( anci5t lit]ature necessitates rese>* into a numb] ( topics :i* d n at fir/ sight appe> to %[ a direct connexion ) ! ma9 subject4 ,nev]!less1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n made a /udy ( ! ,apocrypha1 x may be well to ju/ify at ! outset ! incursion into ! _m side-issues dealt ) 9 ! 8,prolegom5a0 7,"p ,i7 by %[+ t ! consid]ation ( !m is really indisp5sable = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! ,apocrypha1 its orig91 & its raison d'tre4 ,n[ "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t mu/ /rike any intellig5t read] ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha is ! extraord9>y v>iety ( _! cont5ts4 ,we h 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees g5u9e hi/orical records ( ! highe/ value2 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees1 on ! o!r h&1 we h a mixture ( hi/ory & fiction4 ,9 ! ,fir/ 7or ,?ird7 ,book ( ,esdras we get portions ( ! canonical ,scriptures side by side ) records f o!r s\rces2 &1 /range to say1 ! latt] are probably 9 "s p>ticul>s m tru/wor?y ?an ! correspond+ portions 9 ! =m]4 ,9 ,! ,re/ ( ,e/h] & ! ,pray] ( ,manasses we h additions to books ( ! canonical ,scriptures :i* are edify+1 ?\gh l>gely ! "w ( ! imag9ation2 :ile 9 ! additions to ! ,book ( ,daniel1 namely1 ,! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr51 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,susannah1 & ,bel & ! ,dragon1 we h examples ( fiction :i* are n always edify+4 ,( an entirely diff]5t "* is ! fasc9at+ /ory ( a brave & patriotic woman1 told 9 ! ,book ( ,judi?1 9 :i* ! writ]'s p[] ( dramatic n>rative is well exhibit$4 ,int]e/+ f o!r po9ts ( view is ! homely tale told 9 ! ,book ( ,tobit1 ) its develop$ angelology & qua9t demonology4 ,b :at is 9 _m respects ! mo/ important book 9 ! :ole collection is t f9e example ( ! ,pale/9ian ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 ! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira 7,ecclesia/icus71 :i*1 ap>t f its subject prop]1 gives u mu* int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! conditions ( ,jewi% life & mann]s dur+ a p]iod ( :i* we h o!rwise b meagre s\rces ( k4 ,b>u*1 aga91 is valuable z conta9+ a liturgical piece ( consid]able antiquity4 ,v important1 too1 & ( great int]e/1 is t /rik+ product ( ,hell5i/ic-,jewi% wisdom1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 z x is call$2 ?is book (f]s an illu/ration ( ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ! ,greek _s _h ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,&1 la/ly1 we h :at is 9 "s respects "o ( ! f9e/ books belong+ to ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature ii4 7iv47 ,esdras1 reveal+ z x does 9 a wond]ful way ! moral & religi\s speculations ( an e>ne/ m9d seek+ aft] ! tru?1 & claim+ to h receiv$ revelations by sup]natural means4 ,scripture1 hi/ory1 leg5d1 fiction1 at lea/ "o liturgical piece1 wisdom1 philosophy1 apocalypse--truly x is an extraord9>y v>iety ( subjects :i* is "h pres5t$4 ,b fur!r2 :5 "o looks m closely "o sees t 9 ^! books v>i\s ?\ght-t5d5cies & m5tal attitudes are repres5t$--political1 intellectual1 doctr9al1 religi\s2 s t que/ions arise1 & dem& consid]ation1 z to :o ! m5 7 among :om ^! ?\ght-t5d5cies exi/$1 :at x 0 t fir/ gave rise to !m1 :at ! relation 0 betwe5 ^? :o belong$ to ! diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght repres5t$1 & o!r que/ions ( a simil> "*4 ,! intellig5t read] w want to "k1 on ! "o h&1 :at is reflect$ 9 ^! books conc]n+ su* que/ions1 &1 on ! o!r1 :at light !y !mselves %$ on ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & religion dur+ ! p]iod1 ext5d+ ov] ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 at :i* !y 7 writt54 ,( a diff]5t "*1 b v mu* to ! po9t1 is ! inquiry into ! position held by ^! books 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,jews4 ,!y are n assign$ a place 9 ! canonical ,hebrew ,scriptures1 b !y are f\nd 9 ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 ! ,bible us$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s & by ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,:o exclud$ !m f ! canonical li/1 & on :at gr\nds 7 !y exclud$8 ,:at 0 _! position be=e ! ,canon 0 =m$1 & :5 0 ! ,canon =m$8 ,:at is meant by ! title 8,apocrypha10 by :om 0 ! title giv51 & :58 ,^! are "s ( ! _m que/ions :i* sugge/ !mselves to ! s]i\s /ud5t ( ! ,apocrypha2 & a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t adequate answ]s to !m are requir$ if ! cont5ts ( ! ,apocrypha1 & all t !y imply1 are to be prop]ly und]/ood4 ,! purpose ( ! 8,prolegom5a0 is to try & give answ]s to ^! & _m o!r que/ions :i* arise z soon z ! /udy ( ?is body ( anci5t ,jewi% sacr$ lit]ature is und]tak54 ,! fir/ *apt] deals ) ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t4 ,"s consid]ation ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,greek _s influ5c$ ! _w 9 g5]al1 f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 is altoge!r necess>y because !re 0 no dep>tm5t ( life 9 :i* ! effects ( ?is influ5ce 7 n to be disc]n$4 ,= our pres5t purpose ! way 9 :i* ,hell5ism affect$ religi\s ?\ght is1 ( c\rse1 an exce$+ly important subject = consid]ation4 ,n[ ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t syn*roniz$ ) ! entire p]iod dur+ :i* ! 8,apocryphal0 ,lit]ature 0 produc$4 ,x comm5c$ z a result ( ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ext5d$ well into ! times ( ! ,empire2 )9 t p]iod 7 writt5 ! e>lie/ & ! late/ ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha1 viz41 ,! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #agj1 & ,! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 0 ?us1 z x 71 ! intellectual & religi\s atmosph]e ( ! _w dur+ ! :ole ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! writ]s ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha liv$4 ,no apology is ne$$1 !re=e1 = beg9n+ our /udy ) a brief consid]ation ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t4 ,s9ce1 l o!r great movem5ts1 ?is "o 0 a vital process :i* affect$ ! :ole _w1 ! ,jews1 z j h9t$1 came "u its sway4 ,we h1 !re=e1 devot$ two *apt]s to ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews4 ,! ext5t & effect ( ?is influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e 0 n ! same z ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 s t ?is "p ( our subject has to be dealt ) "u two heads4 ,9 discuss+ ! =m] we t\* ^u a factor 9 ! discussion :i* w come be=e u aga9 & aga9 z we proce$1 namely1 ! ,jews z ! p ( ! ,law4 ,we ref]r$ j n[ to v>i\s s*ools ( ?\ght ( :i* indications are to be se5 9 ! books ( ! ,apocrypha2 ! mo/ important ( ^! 0 t :i* look$ ^u ! ,law & its obs]vances z t :i* %\ld occupy ! ?\ghts & actions ( e true ,jew1 & to :i* ev]y?+ else %\ld be subord9at$4 ,x 0 ! *ampion%ip ( ! ,law :i* *eck$1 & ultimately /amp$ out1 ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 ?\gh n until t influ5ce _h s p]meat$ _! m9ds t "s ( its elem5ts became incorporat$ into or?odox ,judaism4 ,z w be se5 lat]1 ^! facts help to expla9 mu* t is writt5 9 ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,b di/9ct z ! m>ks 7 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism left ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e & ^u "s ( _! lit]ature1 t influ5ce 0 f> less ^u !m ?an ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is "p ( our subject a prelim9>y section is devot$ to "s acc\nt ( ! ,disp]sion1 special ref]5ce be+ made to ,alex&ria1 ! mo/ important c5tre ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,! mo/ notable & f>-rea*+ result ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce "h is to be se5 9 ! fact t x 0 ! bir?place ( ! ,septuag9t1 ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t2 s9ce x is 9 ?is ,v]sion ( ! ,scriptures t ! books ( ! ,apocrypha 7 incorporat$1 x /&s to reason t "s acc\nt ( x is necess>y4 ,:ile ! ,septuag9t 0 ! mo/ /rik+ lit]>y product ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 9 ! ,disp]sion1 ,philo ( ,alex&ria 0 its mo/ notable p]sonality2 a section devot$ to him c1 !re=e1 n be out ( place4 ,x 0 po9t$ out above t ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 0 to be disc]n$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,jews4 ,?is is a subject ^u :i* diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/1 especially 9 reg>d to "s ( ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b x _c well be ignor$ 9 deal+ ) ! books ( ! ,apocrypha1 s t 9 ,*apt] ,,iv we exam9e ! "q ( traces ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,fur!r1 we h ref]r$ to ! fact t 9 ! ,apocrypha signs ( ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s ?\ght-t5d5cies are to be disc]n$2 ! attitude ( extreme loyalty to ! ,law 0 "o ( ^!2 ano!r 0 repres5t$ by ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t4 ,q ap>t f ! fact t we h 9 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra a rem>kable product ( ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t1 :i* w\ld ( itself be suffici5t to dem& "s acc\nt ( ?is movem5t "h1 !re is ! fur!r fact t "s insight into ! religi\s movem5ts ( a p]iod is indisp5sable to ! true und]/&+ ( any body ( lit]ature belong+ to su* p]iod4 ,x is = ?is reason t we h devot$ a *apt] to ! consid]ation ( ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t & to a brief survey ( ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature2 x w be f\nd to be ( real int]e/ if ! g5]al results ( ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ?is lit]ature be comp>$ ) t ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha1 :i* is m fully dealt ) 9 ! la/ *apt] 7,,xii7 ( ! 8,prolegom5a40 ,! ?\ght-t5d5cies to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 & ea* ( :i* has be5 embodi$ 9 lit]>y =m1 h a hi/ory beh9d !m1 dat+ at lea/ f ! "t ( ,ezra2 h[ ^! develop$ 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! f\r c5turies :i* prec$$ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ is a difficult & intricate1 b none ! less fasc9at+1 /udy1 & altoge!r indisp5sable alike = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,apocrypha & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,scribes ( diff]5t k9ds1 ,*assidim1 ,apocalypti/s1 ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 h[ did !y come into be+8 ,:at 7 _! diff]5t special m5tal & religi\s attitudes8 ,:at 0 _! relation%ip to ea* o!r8 ,!re are intricate problems involv$ 9 su* que/ions1 & ! /udy ( ! ,apocrypha br+s u face to face ) !m2 t suffici5tly expla9s ! reason :y ,*apt]s ,v-,,vii are devot$ to ! discussion ( !m4 ,) ,*apt]s ,,viii-,x we approa* an entirely diff]5t side ( our subject1 namely1 ! "q ( ! ,canon & ( uncanonical books g5]ally2 ?is is1 ( c\rse1 ( fundam5tal importance = ! /udy ( ! ,apocrypha1 s t no explanation is ne$$ = ! reason ( ^! ?ree *apt]s figur+ 9 ! 8,prolegom5a40 ,! same is also true ( ,*apt] ,,xi1 :i* deals ) ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 = n only h we two rem>kable examples ( ?is lit]ature 9 ! ,apocrypha1 b x is a lit]ature :i*1 :ile x beg9s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is cont9u$ 9 ! ,apocrypha1 s t x mu/ be treat$ z a :ole2 ! "q ( canonical or uncanonical books mu/ n be all[$ to int]f]e "h4 ,! la/ *apt] 7,,xii71 on ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,apocrypha1 requires no fur!r words "h o!r ?an to say t ! /udy ( ?is subject is v necess>y = foll[+ out ! developm5t ( doctr9e f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! explanation & ju/ification = ! _m discussions 9 ! 8,prolegom5a0 :i* seem at fir/ sight to lead f> away f ! ma9 subject 9 h&4 ,^! h1 x is true1 an int]e/ & an application f> beyond t ( _! relation to ! ,apocrypha1 b t1 x may safely be assum$1 w n be reg>d$ z a drawback1 or z a reason = mak+ ! discussion ( !m "h unnecess>y4 ,,"p ,i ,,prolegom5a ,,to ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha3 ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t ,,lit]ature4--,droys51 ,ges*i*te des ,hell5ismus 7#crd ed41 #ahgg72 ,s*r]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #a-adi 7#ahij-ahia71 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bfg 7#aija-aiji72 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam5 7#ahif72 ,ka]/1 ,ges*i*te des hell5i/is*5 ,zeitalt]s 7#aija1 #aiji72 ,zell]1 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,,iii1 i4 ii4 7#d? ed41 #aijc1 #aiji72 ,zell]1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy 7,engl4 ed41 #aiji72 ,rohde1 ,psy*e 7#crd ed41 #aijc72 ,edwyn ,bevan1 ,j]usalem "u ! ,high-prie/s 7#aijd72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,grie*is*e ,philosophie im ,alt5 ,te/am5t 7#aijd72 ,gruppe1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te 7#aijf72 ,mahaffy1 ,! ,silv] ,age ( ! ,greek ,_w 7#aijf72 ,krg]1 ,hell5ismus und ,jud5?um im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt] 7#aijh72 ,f>nell1 ,greek ,religion 7#aiab72 ,w5dl&1 ,die ,hell5i/is*-,rmis*e ,kultur 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu ,jud5tum und ,*ri/5tum 7#aiab72 ,edwyn ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics 7#aiac72 ,f>nell's art4 on 8,greek ,religion0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,to (f] 9 any detail an acc\nt ( su* an imm5se subject z ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t w\ld be out ( ! "q "h2 b no /udy :i* has to d ) ,jewi% religion or culture ( ! ?ree la/ pre-,*ri/ian c5turies c be tak5 9 h& )\t "s ref]5ce to ! ,movem5t :i* s pr(\ndly affect$ ! _w ( ^? times4 ,! object ( ! pres5t *apt] is1 !re=e1 to indicate ! ma9 directions 9 :i* ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 0 ex]cis$2 s mu* is ess5tial :5 x is rememb]$ t ! books ( ! ,apocrypha =m an integral "p ( ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* is itself "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ products ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature4 ,a ^w mu/ be said at ! outset reg>d+ ! use ( ! t]ms ,hell5ic & ,hell5i/ic4 ,x is n always easy to be /rictly logical or consi/5t 9 ! way 9 :i* "o employs ^!2 ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is ?is3 ,hell5ic culture ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ! pure ,greek civilization1 religion1 etc41 exi/+ previ\s to ! com+ ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 ,hell5i/ic culture ref]s to ?is civilization z x appe>$ aft] hav+ absorb$ num]\s elem5ts 9 ! doma9 bo? ( ?\ght & religion f non-,greek s\rces aft] ! com+ ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,hell5i/ic culture ex]cis$ a great] & wid] influ5ce ^u ! _w ?an ,hell5ic1 because by absorb+ ali5 elem5ts x 0 able to become a _w-culture4 ,! t]ms h ?us a di/9ct & cle>ly def9$ diff]5ce4 ,b inasmu* z ,hell5i/ic culture is bas$ ^u & has z its *ief *>act]i/ic ,hell5ic culture1 x is sometimes conv5i5t to use ! t]ms ,hell5ism & ,hell5ic 9 a wide & inclusive s5se2 z s us$ x is equival5t to ! t]m ,greek1 )\t re/riction to any p>ticul> age4 ,i4 ,,hell5ism ,,9 ,,its ,,secul> ,,aspect ,by ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t is meant ! process :]eby ! supremacy ( ! ,greek language & ( ,greek culture g5]ally became e/abli%$ dur+ ! p]iod1 r\ghly speak+1 f ,b4,c4 #cjj to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 t is to say1 f ! "t :5 ,alex&] ! ,great _h complet$ 8 victori\s c>e]#a to ! "t :5 ! ,roman ,empire 0 ris+ to pre-em95ce & e/abli%+ its p[]1 m especially 9 ! ea/4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ,hell5ism 0 :at may be call$ an invad+ =ce2 hav+ once e/abli%$ itself its influ5ce 0 9 evid5ce long aft] ! p]iod indicat$4 ,dill1 9 writ+ on ! age ( ,hadrian & ! ,anton9es1 says1 = example3 8,! glory ( classic art _h almo/ vani%$2 & yet1 )\t be+ able to produce any works ( creative g5ius1 ! inexhau/ible vitality ( ! ,hell5ic _s once m ass]t$ itself4 ,aft] a long eclipse1 ! rhetorical culture ( ,greece vigor\sly address$ itself 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian to ! conque/ ( ! we/4 ,h] tea*]s & spiritual directors1 inde$1 _h long be5 9 e family ( note4 ,h] sophi/s 7 n[ se5 h>angu+ cr[ds 9 e t[n f ! ,don to ! ,atlantic4444 ,f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury c be trac$ t great comb9$ movem5t ( ! ,neo-,py?agorean & ,platoni/ philosophies & ! r5ovat$ paganism :i* made a la/ /& aga9/ ! conqu]+ ,*ur* 9 ! reigns ( ,julian & ,!odosius44440#b ,b ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism did n /op "h2 v>i\s writ]s h %[n t t influ5ce p]si/s ev5 up to mod]n times1#c & ,bevan /ates no?+ b ! lit]al tru? :5 he says t 8:at we call ! ,we/]n _s 9 our own day is really ,hell5ism re9c>nate40#d ,x is well to realize1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 t ! roots ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t rea*$ back some:at fur!r ?an ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,we mu/ look to ,a!ns = ! real beg9n+s ( ! ,movem5t1 ! fur!r developm5t ( :i* ,alex&]'s conque/s did s mu* to =w>d4 ,x 0 ! ,attic sea-p[] :i* fir/ br\ght ab\t ! conditions "u :i* ! idea ( a pan-,hell5ic culture c\ld take =m & ultimately become realiz$4 ,?\gh ,a!ns decl9$ ) ! rise ( ! ,mac$onian p[]1 & ceas$ outw>dly to play any conspicu\s "p 9 ! great drama ( ! _w's hi/ory1 yet ,attic ideals & conceptions liv$ on & cont9u$ to be ! inn] motive-p[] 9 ! propagation ( ! new] culture4 ,s t ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t grew & develop$ f ,attic antec$5ts4 ,!n1 aga91 al?\gh ! rise ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t is rightly associat$ m p>ticul>ly ) ! "n ( ,alex&]1 x is b simple ju/ice :i* compels u to recall ! fact t ! ,mac$onian empire1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ,alex&]'s future _w-p[]1 ow$ its creation to 8 fa!r1 ,philip 7,b4,c4 #cei-ccf74 ,x 0 only ?r\gh /r5u\s /ruggles ) ,?racians1 ,illyrians & ,a!nians t ,philip f9ally consolidat$ 8 k+dom1 & ?us made ! necess>y prep>ations = 8 son's great] "w4 ,! decisive battle ( ,*ronea1 9 ,b4,c4 #cch1 :5 ,philip defeat$ ! alli$ =ces ( ,a!ns & ,!bes1 may legitimately be po9t$ to z "o ( ! prelim9>y det]m9+ factors :i* prep>$ ! way = ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! influ5ce ( ! new] ,hell5ism 01 ( c\rse1 ex]cis$ by means ( ! ,greek language4 ,b x 0 a =m ( ,greek :i* diff]$ 9 _m respects f ! old] ,attic ,greek1 ?\gh bas$ on ?is2 x is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek4 8,x 0 ! lit]>y language ( ! cosmopolitan ,hellas1 creat$ by ! g5ius ( ,alex&]4 ,! *ange i4e41 f ,attic ,greek _h begun inde$ be=e ,alex&]4 ,ev5 ,x5ophon all[s himself to make free use ( words ( prov9cial orig91 & to employ ,attic words ) a new connotation2 & ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle m>k ! op5+ ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek language40#e ,! discov]y & /udy ( imm5se numb]s ( ,greek papyri & o/raka 7pot%]ds7 has %[n ! fallacy1 univ]sally preval5t a g5]ation ago1 ( speak+ ( 8,biblical ,greek10 i4e41 ! ,greek ( ! ,septuag9t & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ?\gh x 7 a =m ( ,greek peculi> to ! ,bible1 to be sep>at$ (f f 8pr(ane0 ,greek4 ,! ,septuag9t & ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt5 9 a late =m ( ,greek1 i4e41 ,hell5i/ic ,greek :i*1 z we h j se51 came into vogue dur+ ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 & onw>ds4 ,?is late ,greek1 includ+ ! ,greek ( ! ,bible is1 9 ! words ( ,deissmann1 8nei!r good nor bad2 x be>s ! /amp ( its age & ass]ts its own di/9ctive position 9 a gradual process ( developm5t 9 ! language1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ! e>lie/ times1 has la/$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,late ,greek has /ripp$ (f mu* t 0 cu/om>y 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 & x conta9s g]ms ( future developm5ts de/9$ to be complet$ 9 mod]n ,greek4 ,we may1 !n1 speak ( a c]ta9 peculi>ity & uni=mity 9 orig9al #8,bible' ,greek1 b solely z oppos$ to e>li] or lat] phases ( ! hi/ory ( ! language1 n z oppos$ to #8pr(ane' ,greek40#f ,x 0 ?r\gh ! conque/s ( ,alex&] t ! ways 7 made cle> & wide = ?is lat] =m ( ! ,greek language1 ?is ,hell5i/ic ,greek1 to f9d an op5+ 9 all directions1 & to be employ$ z a common means ( communication 9 ev]-increas+ measure4 ,close ^u ! soldi]s foll[$ ! m]*ants1 nor did x take long be=e coloni/s came & settl$ d[n 9 ! newly conqu]$ t]ritories2 & :5 once colonies ( ,greek-speak+ p 7 e/abli%$1 tea*]s soon came & took up _! abode 9 ! new settlem5ts4 ,new ,greek cities ?us arose 9 :i* practically only ,greek 0 spok52 ) ! employm5t ( ?is language x foll[$ 9 a natural c\rse t ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek _s1 & ) x ,greek =ms ( ?\ght & ,greek ideals1 made itself felt4 ,9 ?is way ,alex&]'s ambition 0 atta9$2 = 8 ideal 0 n only to conqu] l&s2 he desir$ also t ! he>ts & m9ds ( m5 %\ld be br\ght "u ! dom9ation ( t ,greek culture :i* 0 de/9$ to affect ! religion1 ! philosophy1 ! lit]ature & ! art ( mank9d = all "t4 ,alex&] 0 a wor?y pupil ( 8 great tea*]1 ,ari/otle4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n always suffici5tly realiz$ t ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t co9cid$ to a l>ge ext5t ) an epo* :i* 0 9 "s notable respects "o ( dissolution4 ,9 ! doma9 ( le>n+1 = example1 ! old] ,greek idea ( ! possibility ( a s+le m9d assimilat+ ! :ole cont5t ( k _h be5 disc>d$2 = x _h come to be se5 t ! sum ( k 9 its manifold ramifications 0 f> too great to be acquir$ by any "o man1 h[ev] le>n$1 & t speciali/s mu/ devote !mselves to diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( le>n+4 ,h5ce arose ! gramm>ian z well z ! rhetorician1 ! hi/orian z well z ! ma!matician1 :ile ! philosoph] occupi$ 8 special position4#g ,! s*ol>1 !re=e1 :o desir$ to ga9 "s insight into m ?an "o ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k no long] w5t1 z 9 e>li] days1 to "o tea*] :o 0 suppos$ to possess encyclopdic le>n+1 b he /udi$ "u a gramm>ian 9 ord] to le>n gramm>1 "u a rhetorician 9 ord] to le>n rhetoric1 "u a philosoph] 9 ord] to le>n philosophy1 & s on4 ,?is new] sy/em _h already =c$ itself to ! front "s "t be=e ! actual p]iod ) :i* we are deal+2 !re are cle> indications 9 ! me?ods & tea*+ ( ,plato1 to say no?+ ( ,ari/otle & 8 pupils1 ( an increas+ t5d5cy ( mak+ wid] diff]5tiation betwe5 ! v>i\s sci5ces1 & ( divid+ !m up into _! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,philosophy /&s alone2 ! exact sci5ces g ea* along ! l9e ( _! own developm5t4 ,:at 0 ?us prep>$ by ^! great philosoph]s & _! foll[]s 0 act$ ^u & greatly develop$ dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod prop]4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is m ! case ?an 9 ,alex&ria1 ! city ( ,alex&]'s f\nd+4 ,x 0 9 ,alex&ria t dur+ ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ! exact sci5ces rea*$ ! height ( _! developm5t4 ,all t 0 acquir$ ?r\gh ! inc5tive giv5 lat] by ! /udy ( ! exact sci5ces ( antiquity dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,arabic translations1 & dur+ ! ,r5aissance by means ( newly discov]$ ,greek orig9als ( ! anci5t classics1 0 9 ! ma9 due to ! a*ievem5ts wr\ght dur+ ?is epo*4#h ,t ,alex&ria %\ld h be51 dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 ! c5tre ( ?is int5sive1 intellectual activity w be se5 to h be5 a fact ( great importance :5 we come to speak ( ?is city z hav+ be5 also ! c5tre ( ! ,jewi% ,disp]sion4 ,alex&ria#i 01 h[ev]1 b ! greate/ example ( _m o!r new cities f\nd$ by ,alex&]1 or ?r\gh 8 inspiration1 :ile a f> great] numb] :i* 7 already 9 exi/5ce 7 hell5iz$ ?r\gh 8 in/rum5tality4 ,) reg>d to ^! latt] a fact ( great importance mu/ be not$2 "o effect ( ! entry ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce into ! civic life ( ! 8b>b>ians0 0 t ! ,greek came to "k & und]/& 8 fell[-creatures ( o!r nationalities2 he saw t ^? :om he _h always be5 taught to despise z n mu* bett] ?an semi-civiliz$ savages1 also _h _! =ms ( culture :i* likewise boa/$ ( a ho>y antiquity4 ,! ,greeks 71 !re=e1 l$ to /udy ! me?ods ( ?\ght1 ! cu/oms & ! beliefs ( ^! 8b>b>ians10 ) ! result t contempt 0 turn$ to admiration1 & ! ,greeks came to reg>d ! 8b>b>ians0 z bro!rs4 ,cynic & ,/oic philosoph]s1 8! ,r\sseaus ( ,hell5ism0 z ,krg] v happily calls !m1 spoke ( & taught a bro!rhood ( man1 a new & wond]ful ?+2 & a cosmopolitanism1 hi!rto unhe>d (1 came into be+4 ,b if ! m+l+ toge!r ( ,greek & 8b>b>ian0 0 ! means ( creat+ a cosmopolitanism1 9 ! be/ s5se1 no less *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod is ! fact t ! importance ( ! individual came to be recogniz$4 ,! ,hell5ization ( 8b>b>ian0 cities1 ref]r$ to j n[1 meant t ^! atta9$ to a /ate ( semi-indep5d5ce2 9 all cases ( ?is k9d ! local gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 fram$ on ! ,greek model2 ! "p :i* ! p took 9 ! political assemblies & 9 ! annual elections _h ! natural effect ( mak+ !m feel t !y _h a real int]e/ & a def9ite "p to play 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ ! result ( ?is 0 ! emphasiz+ ( ! importance ( ea* individual4 ,:]e ! individual1 :ile claim+ & ex]cis+ 8 rights ( citiz5%ip1 does n lose sight ( 8 responsibilities1 an ideal comb9ation is (f]$4 ,?is individualism ( ! true & g5u9e type ! ,greeks gave to ! _w2 x is an example ( ! s5se ( proportion :i* 0 a peculi>ly ,hell5ic trait4 ,dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 !re=e1 individualism came to its own4 ,n unconnect$ ) ?is subject ( individualism 0 ! philosophical tea*+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! ma9 int]e/ 9 ! philosophical sy/ems ( ?is "t c5tr$ 9 e?ics2 & e?ical tea*+ conc]ns ! individual fir/ & =emo/4 ,x 0 ! e?ical sy/em ( ! ,/oics#aj to :i* 0 prim>ily due ! emphasis laid on ! conception ( law & duty2 virtue is ! only good1 !y taught1 vice ! only evil2 all else is indiff]5t4 ,moreov]1 ,hell5i/ic philosophy set be=e m5 ! ideal ( wisdom2 ! highe/ atta9m5t = mortals1 s x 0 taught1 0 t !y %\ld become wise m54 ,x 0 a noble picture t 0 depict$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,/oic ideal 0 unatta9able1 ( ! free & indep5d5t & self-reliant individual :o1 ?r\gh ! wisdom t he has acquir$1 /&s t[]+ above 8 fell[s1 ?\gh n 9 alo(ness1 b z a help]4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out ) ju/ice t x is ! /ress laid on ! importance ( ! individual :i* l>gely acc\nts = ! num]\s /rik+ p]sonalities1 bo? m5 & wom51 :o come be=e u dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! hi/orian ,polybius 7born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjd7 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! importance ( ! individual z a factor 9 ! c\rse & developm5t ( hi/ory4 ,x is dur+ ?is p]iod especially t great individuals appe> z ! pivots ( hi/ory4 ,n[1 too1 = ! fir/ "t1 biography becomes a sci5ce2 del9eation ( "*1 ! motives ( individual action1 & psy*ological analysis ( ! he>t & m9d are n[ reg>d$ z indisp5sable = ! prop] und]/&+ ( m5 & _! do+s4#aa ,:e!r 9 politics1 or sci5ce1 or philosophy1 or lit]ature1 or 9 e/imat+ _! fell[-creatures1 ! ,greeks (f] a rem>kable example ( ! det]m9ation to see m5 & ?+s 9 ! _w ar\nd !m z !y really are2 _! in/9ctive critical faculty made !m reali/s4 ,no?+ mu/ be tak5 = grant$1 all ?+s mu/ be te/$ by ! light ( reason2 only s c ! reality ( ?+s be asc]ta9$4 8,! critical faculty1 ! reason--9 "o light x appe>s z ! s5se ( proportion2 ! s5se ( proportion 9 politics1 #8common s5se1' balance ( judgem5t2 ! s5se ( proportion 9 behavi\r1 :i* di/+ui%es :at is seemly = ! occasion & ! p]son conc]n$2 ! s5se ( proportion 9 art1 :i* elim9ates ! r$undant & keeps ea* detail 9 its due subord9ation to ! :ole4 ,h[ prom95t ?is aspect ( ! critical faculty 0 ) ! ,greeks _! language itself %[s2 reason & proportion are express$ by a common ^w4 #8,! ,hell5es1' ,polybius says1 #8diff] ma9ly 9 ?is respect f o!r m51 t !y keep to :at is due 9 ea* case4'0#ab ,important z x is to ga9 "s little insight into ,hell5ism 9 its secul> aspect s t "o may realize to "s ext5t ! nature ( ! influ5ce :i* x _h ^u ! _w1 x is /ill m important = our pres5t purpose to consid] x f ! religi\s po9t ( view4 ,to ?is we mu/ n[ devote "s little att5tion4 ,,ii4 ,,hell5ism ,,9 ,,its ,,religi\s ,,aspect ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t co9cid$ ) an epo* :i* 0 9 _m respects "o ( dissolution2 ?is is di/9ctly ! case 9 ! doma9 ( religion4 ,! hi/ory ( religion (f]s num]\s examples ( ! fact t !re arrive c]ta9 p]iods 9 :i*1 = "o reason or ano!r1 ! traditional =m ( fai? ceases to ex]cise its p[] ov] l>ge sections ( ! p4 ,"o ( two ?+s !n foll[s3 ei!r religion gives place to scepticism1 or else ! old belief is adapt$ to ! alt]$ spiritual & intellectual conditions :i* h sup]v5$4 ,among ! ,greeks ( ?is p]iod we f9d bo? processes at "w1 ?\gh a d[nright a!i/ic position is ! exception4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant facts 9 ?is connexion is t ! philosophy ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 9 spite ( its critical attitude t[>ds religi\s beliefs1 v soon develop$ into !ology4 ,t is suffici5t to %[ t1 :ile !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 circles to p\r scorn on religion1 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod 0 v f> f be+ "o ( irreligion4 ,! attitude ( ! cultur$ classes t[>ds ! national religion diff]$1 ( c\rse1 f t ( ! masses2 ! critical _s & bit+ s>casm ( ! philosoph]s1 a great deal ( :i* 0 :olly ju/ifi$1 _h ! effect ( mak+ x impossible = educat$ p to accept ! old beliefs 9 ! way 9 :i* ?is _h be5 done hi!rto4 ,! religi\s ideas taught by ! philosoph]s 71 9 ! ma91 altoge!r subv]sive ( ^? :i* tradition _h h&$ d[n2 nev]!less1 to ! cultur$ x w\ld h come z a relief to be taught1 z 0 done by ! ,epicurans = example1 t a man 0 n godless because he de/roy$ belief 9 ! popul> gods1 b t ! godless man 0 he :o imput$ to ! gods ! popul> conceptions conc]n+ !m4#ac ,n t ! ,epicurans 7 irreligi\s2 ,epicurus#ad did n attack ! belief 9 ! gods z su*2 on ! contr>y1 he believ$ 9 !m himself1 & reg>d$ ! univ]sality ( ?is belief z a pro( t !y actually exi/$4 ,b he refus$ to %>e ! g5]al ideas ab\t !m 9 _! relation to ! _w1 & taught t _! int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( m5 0 a ?+ n to be ?\ght ( s9ce no?+ c\ld be worse = m5 ?an to feel t at e turn !y might be hamp]$ 9 _! do+s by ! gods4 ,t ,epicurus /r5u\sly combat$ ! fatali/ic !ory ( ! ,/oics c be readily und]/ood4 ,:at he desir$ above all ?+s to d 0 to free m5 f ! fe> ( ! gods2 belief 9 !m1 he taught1 0 necess>y = ! fulness ( happ9ess ultimately to be enjoy$ 9 _! pres5ce2 b !re 0 no?+ 9 !m to be afraid (4 ,"o ( ! v important ?+s :i* philosophy did = religion 9 ?is age 0 t x allegoriz$1 & gave a new mean+ to1 ! anci5t my?s1#ae & !reby made !m ( practical religi\s value at a "t :5 ! new m5tal outlook w\ld o!rwise h necessitat$ ! disc>d+ altoge!r ( bo? ! sub/ance & =m ( ! traditional beliefs4 ,z x 01 ! "t-hon\r$ my?s 7 n reject$ 9 spite ( ! awak5+ to new me?ods ( ?\ght & ( ev]-increas+ enlight5m5t2 ?is cle>] m5tal atmosph]e _h ! effect ( trans=m+ ! ess5ce ( ^? my?s1 :ile reta9+ _! =m4 ,to give detail$ examples ( ! way 9 :i* ?is trans=mation 0 c>ri$ out _c be und]tak5 "h1 x w\ld c>ry u too f> afield2 b ref]5ce may be made to ,w5dl&'s "w 7pp4 #aae-abg7 already ref]r$ to1 & ,us5]'s ,gtt]nam51 :]e mu* int]e/+ in=mation c be obta9$2 ref]5ces to ! orig9al au?orities are giv5 9 abundance1 especially 9 ! la/-nam$ book4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ factor1 9 ! doma9 ( religion1 ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t is ! religi\s syncretism1 :i* 0 s pr(\ndly *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod4 ,)9 ! wide circle ( ,hell5iz$ cities & /ates a v>iety ( nationalities1 ea/]n z well z we/]n1 7 repres5t$2 & j z ! inhabitants ( ^! _h become unit$ & _h le>n$ to live at peace ) "o ano!r1 s did ! v>i\s & num]\s national deities come to be reg>d$ n only ) tol]ance1 b also ) fav\r by m5 to :om !y _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n4 ,! int]m+l+ ( races br\ght ab\t ! int]m+l+ ( beliefs4 ,wond]fully illu/rative ( ?is are ! religi\s associations :i* =m$ ! *>act]i/ic type ( religion dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod2 & x is a /rik+ fact t among ! memb]s ( ^! religi\s associations or guilds n only ,greeks1 b =eign]s1 & ^! to a prepond]at+ degree1 belong$4#af ,:ile1 und\bt$ly1 politics _h a good deal to d ) ! fur!rance ( religi\s syncretism1#ag its ma9 motive-p[] 0 ! piety ( individuals4 ,) ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( hi!rto unkn[n gods & goddesses came also ! desire to d homage to !m2 probably !re 0 also ! conviction among _m t1 unless ^! newly f\nd deities 7 duly hon\r$1 evil consequ5ces w\ld ensue4 ,! desire to pay fitt+ hon\r to a god is %[n by ! num]\s attributive names :i* 7 frequ5tly address$ to him by 8 devotees2 & 9 ord] to make up = any unconsci\s omission ! suppliant w\ld add3 8,or by :atev] o!r title ?\ desire/ to be call$40 ,alt>s 7 also frequ5tly d$icat$ 8to unkn[n gods10 le/ a wor%ipp] %\ld br+ d[n ^u himself ! wra? ( "s deities ( ^: exi/5ce he 0 unaw>e4#ah ,! results ( ?is religi\s syncretism1 :i* 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 7 f>-rea*+ 9 _! effect2 ?us1 z an example1 x is wor? m5tion+ t a type ( mono!ism 0 taught2 ?is c5tr$ 9 ! cult ( ,ty*e1 an all-p]vad+ ,fate2 & ?\gh v inf]ior to ! mono!ism ( ! ,jews1 x %[$1 nev]!less1 t ! religi\s in/9ct 0 becom+ m expansive & 0 ass]t+ itself 9 a m rational way ?an _h hi!rto obta9$ outside ( ,judaism4 ,nor mu/ we =get to add t ) ! high] conception ( ! ,deity1 ( :i* ?is 0 a symptom1 !re arose among ! m deeply religi\sly-m9d$ a long+ = fell[%ip ) ,god1 toge!r ) ! inevitable consequ5ce1 a m develop$ belief 9 ! future life4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t1 !re=e1 consid]$ at its be/1 & ap>t altoge!r f ! po9t ( view ( pure culture1 con/itut$ an imm5se /ride =w>d 9 ! enl>g5+ & developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght & belief4 ,x is difficult to exagg]ate its importance =1 & effect ^u1 religion1 & !re=e ^u all religi\s lit]ature1 dur+ ! p]iod :i* we specially h 9 view4 ,( ?is we %all h m to say 9 e/imat+ ! influ5ce & effect ( ,hell5ism ^u ! ,jews & _! religion4 ,,summ>y ,! roots ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t mu/ be s\ght 9 ! conditions br\ght ab\t by ! rise ( ! ,attic sea-p[]4 ,! way 0 ?us prep>$ = ! victories ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ) ^: "n ! spread ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t is m p>ticul>ly associat$1 by 8 fa!r1 ,philip2 x 0 ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ! latt] t ! ,mac$onian ,empire 0 consolidat$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ex]cis$ by means ( ! spread ( ! ,greek language2 b x 0 a =m ( ,greek :i* diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s f classical ,greek1 & is kn[n n[adays by ! "n ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek4 ,?is is ! language 9 :i* ! ,septuag9t & ! ,new ,te/am5t are writt52 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to speak ( x z 8,biblical ,greek10 because x 0 9 no s5se us$ specifically = ! ,greek ( ! ,bible1 b 0 ! ord9>y language us$ 9 e-day int]c\rse1 & 0 develop$ f ! old] =m ( ,greek4 ,its wide preval5ce is prov$ by ! discov]y ( great numb]s ( papyri & o/raka on :i* ?is new] =m ( ,greek occurs4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t co9cid$ ) an epo* :i* 01 9 _m respects1 "o ( dissolution1 s t its influ5ce began to spread at a "t :5 m5's m9ds w\ld be likely to welcome its new] & broad] outlook ^u ! _w4 ,! greate/ c5tre ( ,hell5i/ic culture 0 ,alex&ria2 b ?is 0 only "o1 ?\gh ! mo/ /rik+1 example ( ! ,hell5ization t 0 go+ on 9 _m o!r cities4 ,! ,hell5ization ( ^! cities meant t _! civic gov]nm5t 0 fram$ ^u ! ,greek model2 8b>b>ians0 & ,greeks ?us f\nd !mselves politically ^u an equality1 & ! k ( "o ano!r br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way result$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a cosmopolitanism :i* 0 new to ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! directly p]sonal "p :i* ea* individual felt t he _h to take z a citiz5 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs1 emphasiz$ 8 importance1 & ?is 0 "o ( ! contribut+ causes :i* made individualism a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,individualism 0 fo/]$1 fur!r1 by ! philosophical sy/ems ( ?is p]iod :i* c5tr$ 9 e?ics2 = e?ical tea*+ conc]ns ! individual fir/ & =emo/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism 0 se5 9 politics1 sci5ce1 philosophy & lit]ature4 ,! critical faculty ( ! ,greeks made !m reali/s4 ,9 _! e/imate ( m5 & ?+s ! ,greeks 7 guid$ by an innate & /rongly m>k$ s5se ( proportion4 ,9 ! doma9 ( religion x is to be not$1 fir/1 t ,hell5i/ic philosophy soon develop$ into !ology2 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod 01 !re=e1 n "o ( irreligion4 ,b ! critical attitude ( ! philosoph]s t[>ds ! traditional religion made x impossible1 at any rate = ! cultur$ classes1 to believe 9 x z h]et(ore4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 all to ! good t ! ess5ce ( ! anci5t my?s 0 trans=m$ :ile _! =m 0 reta9$4 ,ano!r & mo/ important fact to be not$ is ! religi\s syncretism :i* 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod2 ! int]m+l+ ( races br\ght ab\t ! int]m+l+ ( wor%ip4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 0 ! means ( a great developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght2 & ! resultant effect on ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! age is difficult to exagg]ate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,hell5i/ic ,influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e ,,lit]ature4--,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bgc-caj 7#ahhh72 ?is "p ( ! "w is done by ,o4 ,holtzmann2 ,toy1 ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 pp4 #agc-bad 7#ahia72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #a-adi1 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bfg2 ,swete1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 pp4 #a-i 7#aijj72 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 pp4 #ddh-dic 7#aijc72 ,hls*]1 ,pal/9a 9 d] p]sis*5 und hell5i/is*5 ,zeit 7#aijc72 ,zell]1 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,,iii1 ii4 7#aijc72 ,edwyn ,bevan1 ,j]usalem "u ! ,high-prie/s 7#aijd72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 inn]halb des ,jud5tums im ,zeitalt] ,jesu1 pp4 #a-afh 7#aije72 ,krg]1 ,philo und ,josephus als ,apologet5 des ,jud5?ums 7#aijf72 ,krg]1 ,hell5ismus und ,jud5?um im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt] 7#aijh72 ,w5dl&1 ,die ,hell5i/is*-,rmis*e ,kultur 444 pp4 #ahg-baa4 ,see also ! articles 8,hell5ism0 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 & 8,grie*5?um0 9 ,hamburg]'s ,real5cycl4 fr ,bibel und ,talmud4 ,i4 ,,hell5ism ,,& ,,judaism ,! influ5ce :i* ,greek ?\ght & culture ex]cis$ ^u ! ,jews & ! ,jewi% religion diff]$ bo? 9 its ext5t & int5sity ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e on ! "o h&1 & ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion on ! o!r4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be necess>y to deal sep>ately ) ^! two p>ts ( ! subject1 al?\gh a great deal ( :at we %all h to say ab\t ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e w naturally apply also to ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,dur+ ! two c5turies :i* prec$$ ! appe>ance ( ,alex&] ^u ! _w's /age1 ! ,jews z a nation _h become m & m ! p ( ! ,law4 ,f ! "t ( ,ezra onw>ds ?is t5d5cy _h increas$ ) ev]-gr[+ volume4 8,ezra _h set 8 he>t to seek ! ,law ( ! ,"l1 & to d x1 & to tea* 9 ,israel /atutes & judgem5ts0#ai2 8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) a great measure ( success4 ,by ?is means x 0 s\ght to pres]ve ! ,jewi% religion & ,jewi% e?ics uncontam9at$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 :e!r ?r\gh contact ) =eign peoples1#bj or ) ^? :o al?\gh !y belong$ to ! ,jewi% race 7 n fai?ful to ! ord9ances ( ! ,law4#ba ,?is sep>ation 0 successful at fir/2 b ) ! rise & rapid spread ( ,hell5ism x became increas+ly difficult to ma9ta91 especially z ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek _s 01 ) ! exception ( ,egypt1 n[h]e /rong] ?an on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 8,girt ab\t by a ,greek population1 ! ,pale/9ian ,jews1 9 spite ( ,ezra's admirable organization1 c\ld n entirely resi/ ! assaults ( ,hell5ism4 ,x is probable t n m]ely ! ,greek language1 b also ,greek philosophy1 ex]t$ a *>m on "s ( ! cle>e/ ,jewi% intellects4 ,b we are )9 ! b\nds ( ackn[l$g$ fact 9 ass]t+ t ! ard\r ( ,judan piety1 at lea/ 9 ! highe/ class1 greatly cool$ 9 ! age subsequ5t to ,ezra's1 & 9 ascrib+ ?is to ,greek influ5ces40#bb ,( f>-rea*+ importance to ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 ?\gh only indirectly1 0 ! battle ( ,ipsus 7,b4,c4 #cja72 = "o ( ! results ( ?is battle 0 t among ! t]ritories assign$ to ! h\se ( ,ptolemy1 accord+ to ! settlem5t agre$ ^u aft] ! battle1 0 ,pale/9e 7,cle-,syria72 & !re foll[$1 = ?is c\ntry at any rate1 a p]iod ( comp>ative peace :i* la/$ = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s4#bc ,x 01 9 ! ma91 dur+ ?is c5tury t ! quiet & peaceful process ( ,hell5ization among ! ,jews w5t on4 ,! wise policy1 z x 0 ^u ! :ole1 ( ! ,ptolemys t[>ds ! ,jews did mu* to fav\r ?is process4 ,! ,jews 7 plac$ ^u ! same foot+ z ! ,egyptian subjects2 !y 7 p]mitt$ absolute fre$om 9 ! ex]cise ( _! religion & religi\s cu/oms2 9 political matt]s also ! ,jews f\nd !mselves 9 a position ( p]fect equality ) _! fell[-subjects2 inde$1 s mu* 7 !y tru/$ t !y n infrequ5tly =m$ g>risons 9 ! royal =tresses2 ( ! exi/5ce1 too1 ( ,jewi% soldi]s 9 ! ,ptolemaic armies we h contempor>y evid5ce4#bd ,fav\rable treatm5t 0 also accord$ to ! ,jews by ,seleucus 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,syria2 !y 71 = example1 "h too grant$ ! privilege ( ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,?is k9dly treatm5t :i* ! ,jews receiv$ w\ld naturally h _h ! effect ( incl9+ !m fav\rably t[>ds _! rul]s2 & ?is 0 9 itself a n unimportant factor 9 ! new conditions by means ( :i* ,greek culture 0 ex]cis+ its influ5ce ^u !m4 ,aga91 x 0 ! policy ( ! ,egyptian k+s to fo/] free int]c\rse betwe5 _! ,hell5ic & ,asiatic subjects2 ! *ief means :]eby ?is 0 promot$ 0 by plant+ ,greek settlem5ts 9 ,pale/9e--foll[+ h]e9 ! example ( ,alex&]#be--:i* result$ 9 ! rise ( a numb] ( new ,greek cities 9 t c\ntry2 ! ,greeks & ,mac$onians :o consequ5tly became settl]s !re con/itut$ be=e long a num]\s & influ5tial elem5t 9 ! population#bf2 9 _m cases !y *ang$ a city :i* _h hi!rto be5 :olly ,semitic into "o :i* became pr$om9antly ,greek2 examples ( ?is are ,raphia1 ,gaza1 ,ascalon1 ,azotus1 ,cs>ea1 ,ptolemais1 & o!rs4 ,nor 0 ?is conf9$ to ,we/]n ,pale/9e2 _m cities 9 ,ea/]n ,pale/9e z well became c5tres ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,inv>iably 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! local gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 fram$ on ! ,greek model2 ?is meant ! indep5d5t organization ( l>ge municipal communities :i*1 z ,s*r] po9ts out1 0 ( 8fundam5tal importance 9 ! political life ( ,pale/9e2 ?is 010 he cont9ues1 8inde$1 no novelty 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e f ( old ! l>ge t[ns ( ! ,phili/9e & ,phnician coa/s _h =m$ c5tres ( political life4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism m>ks1 h[ev]1 a turn+-po9t 9 ?is respect also4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x ess5tially trans=m$ ! exi/+ communities1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 x f\nd$ num]\s new ones & made ! municipal communities 9 g5]al ! basis ( ! political organization ( ! c\ntry 9 a f> m ?or\gh mann] ?an be=e4 ,:]ev] ,hell5ism p5etrat$--especially on ! ,phili/9e coa/s & ! ea/]n b\nd>ies ( ,pale/9e beyond ! ,jordan--! c\ntry di/ricts 7 gr\p$ ar\nd s+le l>ge t[ns z _! political c5tres4 ,ea* ( su* communities =m$ a comp>atively indep5d5t :ole1 manag+ its own int]nal affairs2 its dep5d5ce ^u ! rul]s ( ,syria consi/$ only 9 ! recognition ( _! milit>y supremacy1 ! paym5t ( taxes1 & c]ta9 o!r p]=mances4 ,at ! head ( su* a ,hell5i/ically organiz$ community 0 a democratic s5ate ( sev]al hundr$ memb]s40#bg ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! organization on ,greek models ( ! local gov]nm5t ( ,jewi% cities mu/ h br\ght a new m5tal outlook to ! ,jews4 ,! political assemblies & annual elections 9 :i* ea* individual took 8 "p mu/ h t5d$ to give to ! ,jew a s5se ( 8 p]sonal importance su* z he is n likely ev] to h exp]i5c$ be=e4 ,9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate a rgime _h obta9$ 9 :i* ! ord9>y individual 0 reg>d$ z ( little or no acc\nt2 ! va/ bulk ( ! p took no "p1 n ev5 ! mo/ humble1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 9 ! conduct ( affairs2 !y _h no voice ev5 9 ! small] _w ( local matt]s2 !y 7 m]e ciph]s )\t any?+ 9 ! %ape ( civic responsibility4 ,individual responsibility _h1 x is true1 be5 insi/$ ^u 9 ! doma9 ( religion by ,ezekiel#bh2 b x 0 a new rle t ! ,jew 0 n[ call$ ^u to fill 9 ?is individual capacity4 ,z a memb] ( a community organiz$ accord+ to ,greek ideas he w\ld feel t he _h a real "p to play & "s contribution to (f] = ! g5]al welf>e2 he w\ld "k t 8 decision w\ld g t[>ds affect+ = good or ill ! conditions "u :i* he & 8 fell[s liv$4 ,su* a new exp]i5ce c\ld n fail to g5]ate 9 ! ,jew a new s5se ( p]sonal responsibility1 a realization ( duty t[>ds o!rs1 n only ( 8 own race1 & ?us develop a wid] outlook & a deep] insight into ! _w ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* mu/ h appeal$ /rongly to ! imag9ation ( an ori5tal p l ! ,jews1 ?\gh x w\ld h affect$ !m 9 a v diff]5t way1 0 ! int]e/ & fasc9ation af=d$ by ! %[s & processions associat$ ) ! annual ,greek fe/ivals4 ,t su* sights _h an allur+ effect1 & inde$ some?+ m1 ^u "s consid]able section ( ! p is evid5t1 = ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees %[s u t ! "q ( ! adoption ( ,greek poly!ism 0 fir/ rais$ 9 ,juda by apo/ate ,jews !mselves2 ! passage1 to :i* we %all h to ref] aga9 lat]1 is #a ,maccabees i4 #aa f43 8,9 ^? days i4e41 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes came !re =? out ( ,israel transgressors ( ! ,law1 & p]suad$ _m1 say+1 ,let u g & make a cov5ant ) ! ,g5tiles t are r\nd ab\t u2 = s9ce we p>t$ f !m _m evils h befall5 u4 ,& ! say+ 0 good 9 _! eyes4 ,& c]ta9 ( ! p 7 =w>d h]e91 & w5t to ! k+1 & he gave !m lic5ce to d aft] ! ord9ances ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,& !y built a place ( ex]cise 7#8gymnasium'7 9 ,j]usalem accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,g5tiles2 & !y made !mselves uncircumciz$1 & =sook ! holy cov5ant1 & jo9$ !mselves to ! ,g5tiles1 & sold !mselves to d evil40 ,x is rightly po9t$ out t 9 ?is ! promot]s 8_h no d\bt an eye to tactics 9 ! way !y *ose to inaugurate _! campaign4 ,a gymnasium w\ld appeal especially to y\?2 & if ! ,jewi% y\? c\ld be won ov] to pagan practices1 !n ! future 0 !irs40#bi ,! gymnasium 01 9 tru?1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t means :]eby ! ,greek _s 0 fo/]$1 especially among ^? ent]+ ^u manhood4 ,mr4 ,edwyn ,bevan writes s int]e/+ly on ?is subject & s mu* to ! po9t1 t we _c refra9 f quot+ 8 words4 ,he says3 8,! gymnasiums 7 z mu* ( ! ess5ce ( a ,greek /ate z ! political assemblies2 !y express$ fundam5tal t5d5cies ( ! ,greek m9d--its crav+ = h>moni\s beauty ( =m1 its delight 9 ! body1 its unaba%$ frankness ) reg>d to ev]y?+ natural4444 ,! gymnasiums also s]v$ o!r by-ends besides ! "o ( bodily tra9+2 !y 7 ! social c5tres 9 :i* ! life ( a ,greek y\? got ^? int]e/s :i* g ) companion%ip1 ! spur ( common ambitions1 & esprit de corps4 ,f ! days ( ,alex&] & 8 successors we f9d z a regul> in/itution 9 ,greek cities guilds ( "y m51 call$ epheboi1 atta*$ to ! gymnasiums & organiz$ "u /ate control4 ,a "y man might rema9 9 ! ranks ( ! epheboi = a ye>4 ,he wore a di/9ctive uni=m1 "s v>iety ( t ,greek c\ntry dress--! dress worn = hunt+1 rid+1 travell+--:i* consi/$ ( a broad-brimm$ hat1 *lamys broo*$ ab\t ! %\ld]s1 & high-lac$ boots4444 ,9 /ate processions ! body ( epheboi1 we>+ sometimes ev5 cr[ns ( gold1 =m$ a brilliant clu/] 9 ! spectacle40#cj ,9 a l>ge v>iety ( ways1 !re=e1 9 e-day life ,hell5ism affect$ & influ5c$ ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is influ5ce 0 fur!r$ by ! p[]ful high-prie/ly p>ty1 8! sons ( ,zadok0--n t all ! memb]s ( ?is p>ty 7 necess>ily prie/s--:o 7 ! political lead]s ( ! p & at ! same "t 9 fav\r ( ,greek culture4 ,! active & aggressive *ampion%ip ( ,hell5ism by ?is p>ty began ) ! adv5t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes to ! ,syrian ?rone 9 ,b4,c4 #age4 ,! high-prie/ at ?is "t 0 ,onias ,,iii2 b he 0 n a support] ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce among 8 p2 he 01 !re=e1 driv5 away by 8 bro!r ,jesus1 a ?or\gh-go+ ,hell5i/1 :o *ang$ 8 ,jewi% "n = ! ,greek ,jason4#ca ,! second book ( ,maccabees gives u an acc\nt ( :at happ5$1 :i* may be accept$ z sub/antially correct2 9 iv4 #g-ag1 x is said3 8,b :5 ,seleucus di$1 & ,antio*us1 :o 0 call$ ,epiphanes1 succe$$ to ! k+dom1 ,jason1 ! bro!r ( ,onias1 supplant$ 8 bro!r 9 ! high-prie/hood1 promis+ 9 a petition to ! k+ ?ree hundr$ & ?reescore tal5ts ( silv]1 besides eighty tal5ts f ano!r fund2 9 addition to :i* he und]took to pay a hundr$ & fifty m1 if he 0 commission$ to set up a gymnasium & ephebeum1 & to regi/] ! ,j]usalemites z citiz5s ( ,antio*4#cb ,& :5 ! k+ _h giv5 8 ass5t1 ,jason at once ex]cis$ 8 influ5ce 9 ord] to br+ ov] 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to ,greek ways ( life 444 & seek+ to ov]?r[ ! lawful modes ( life1 he introduc$ new cu/oms =bidd5 by ! ,law2 he delib]ately e/abli%$ a gymnasium "u ! citadel itself1 & made ! noble/ ( ! "y m5 we> ! petasus4#cc ,& to su* a height did ! passion = ,greek fa%ions rise1 & ! influx ( =eign cu/oms1 ?anks to ! surpass+ impiety ( t godless ,jason--no high-prie/ he6--t ! prie/s 7 no long] int]e/$ 9 ! s]vices ( ! alt>1 b despis+ ! sanctu>y1 & neglect+ ! sacrifices1 !y hurri$ to take "p 9 ! unlawful displays held 9 ! pal/ra aft] ! quoit-?r[+ _h be5 ann\nc$1 ?us sett+ at n\ght :at _! fa!rs hon\r$1 & e/eem+ ! glories ( ! ,greeks above all else40#cd ,we h quot$ ?is passage 9 full z x well illu/rates ! way 9 :i* ! high-prie/ly p>ty1 head$ by ,jason1 fur!r$ ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 9 ,pale/9e4 ,mix$ motives probably prompt$ ,jason & 8 foll[]s 9 _! action2 x 0 c]ta9ly to ! p>ty's advantage1 n to say necessity1 to be on good t]ms ) ! rul+ p[]s2 on ! o!r h&1 x is likely en\gh t !y 7 conv9c$ ( ! sup]iority ( ,greek culture1 & hone/ly ?\ght t x 0 = ! good ( _! p t x %\ld be cultivat$2 b _! unnecess>ily aggressive me?ods1 c\pl$ ) ! brutal action ( ,antio*us 9 try+ to /amp out ,judaism altoge!r1 br\ght an inevitable reaction2 & !re foll[$1 z a result1 ! ,maccaban revolt :i* _h ! effect ( oblit]at+ ,hell5ism1 z f> z ?is 0 possible1 9 ,pale/9e4#ce ,x _h1 h[ev]1 become too deeply +ra9$ to be altoge!r eradicat$2 ?is w be se5 z we proce$4 ,b x may be po9t$ out "h t "o ( ! signs ( h[ deep & widespread ,hell5i/ic influ5ce mu/ h be5 among ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e is to be se5 9 ! l>ge numb] ( hebraiz$ ,greek words :i*1 z ! ,hebrew ( ! ,mi%na %[s1 _h become incorporat$ into ! language ( ! ,jews4 ,s*r] has ga!r$ a great _m examples ( ?is1 = ! exam9ation ( :i* rec\rse mu/ be _h to 8 "w#cf2 "h x mu/ suffice m]ely to indicate ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( life 9 ref]5ce to :i* ^! =eign ,greek words became curr5t2 !y include civil gov]nm5t1 ! army1 jurisprud5ce1 public in/itutions su* z hea!n games1 ! !atre1 ! ba?s1 & public inns1 ar*itecture 9 g5]al1 pla/ic art1 music1 writ+1 trade & indu/ry1 ! co9age sy/em1 provisions1 clo!s1 furniture & dome/ic ut5sils2 9 addition to ?is we f9d t ! =mation ( _m prop] names is ,greek1 & t multitudes1 ( ,greek words 7 adapt$ :i* express ideas on _m v>i\s subjects4 ,s*r] gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! way 9 :i* ,hell5i/ic culture affect$ ! e-day life ( ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e3 8,x fa%ion$ 9 a peculi> mann] ! organization ( ! /ate1 legislation1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 public arrangem5ts1 art & sci5ce1 trade & indu/ry1 & ! cu/oms ( daily life d[n to fa%ions & ornam5ts1 & ?us impress$ ^u e dep>tm5t ( life1 :]ev] its influ5ce rea*$1 ! /amp ( ! ,greek m9d40#cg ,f :at has be5 said x is evid5t t ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e 0 v m>k$1 = al?\gh x is difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to trace /ep by /ep ! progress ( ?is influ5ce f its inception1 we are able to see pla9ly en\gh h[ pr(\ndly x mu/ h affect$ ! ,jews4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 arises z to :e!r ! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,jews 7 influ5c$ by ,hell5ism4 ,t a l>ge numb] ( ,jews prior to ! ,maccaban /ruggle gave up _! traditional belief 9 _! pursuit aft] ev]y?+ t 0 ,greek is cle> f ! evid5ce ( ! books ( ! ,maccabees2 b ! po9t is r z to :e!r ,judaism z a fai? 0 9 any way p]man5tly affect$ by ! ,hell5i/ic _s4 ,re/rict+ ourselves at pres5t to ,pale/9ian ,judaism we may say )\t hesitation t its fundam5tal t5ets rema9$ unt\*$2 b z reg>ds v>i\s beliefs :i*1 9 process ( "t1 became "p & p>cel ( ,judaism1 x 0 diff]5t2 x _c be d5i$ t ^!1 ( :i* m5tion w be made pres5tly1 d witness to ! action ( extrane\s influ5ces1 p]man5t 9 _! effect1 ( :i* ,hell5ism 0 "o4 8,9 no p]iod10 says ,wellhaus51 80 ,judaism s fruitful z 9 ?is4 ,x 01 l ,islam1 ( complex appe>ance1 full ( ant9omies1 receptive l all t is liv+1 unsy/ematic1 only to be und]/ood 9 its hi/orical sett+4 ,x 0 only practical religion :i* 0 rul$ by a p$antic _s & by /rict discipl9e2 9 ! doma9 ( belief & religi\s conception a curi\s fre$om 0 p]mitt$1 al?\gh c]ta9 fundam5tal doctr9es 7 rigor\sly %ield$40#ch ,! difficulty ( e/imat+ to :at ext5t ,jewi% religi\s ?\ght & practice 7 affect$ by outside influ5ces is v consid]able2 n less difficult is x to det]m9e :at outside influ5ce _h affect$ a giv5 belief or cu/om4 ,we are deal+ specifically ) ,hell5i/ic influ5ces1 b ^! c\ld be1 & 71 ex]cis$ bo? directly & indirectly4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! conditions "u :i* ! ,jews liv$ dur+ ! p]iod ) :i* we are deal+1 viz41 9 ! mid/ ( surr\nd+ nations :i* _h all1 m or less1 come "u ,hell5i/ic influ5ces1 & among :om ! developm5t ( culture & religion _h be51 & 01 proce$+ apace--x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! conditions 7 "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t4#ci ,fur!r1 ! "q mu/ always be borne 9 m9d z to :e!r "s ea/]n trait :i* 0 absorb$ by ,judaism _h n fir/ be5 assimilat$ by ,hell5ism ) its /rongly syncreti/ic t5d5cy1 & !n tak5 up by ,judaism ?r\gh ?is ,greek *annel4 ,ev5 9 ! cases 9 :i* ea/]n elem5ts 7 directly tak5 up into ,judaism1 mu/ we n see 9 su* ,jewi% syncretism at any rate ! indirect result ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce8 ,?is read9ess to accept :at o!r religions _h to (f] 0 ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s4 ,z illu/rat+ ?is latt] po9t we may m5tion ! subjects ( ,jewi% angelology & demonology2 x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ! lat] ,jewi% idea ( angels1 ! names ( :i* ! ,jews !mselves describe z orig9at+ 9 ,babylonia1 ! opposition betwe5 good & bad angels1 ! latt] be+ subject to a p]sonal head1 ! dualism betwe5 ! realms ( light & d>kness1 9 a ^w1 ! :ole belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( good & evil spirits1 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,p>seeism4 ,9 ! doma9 ( es*atology extrane\s influ5ces 7 v m>k$1 ?\gh x is n easy always to decide ! qu>t] f :i* ^! came4 ,z ,b]?olet says3 8,jewi% es*atology has become ! v meet+-place ( =eign elem5ts4 ,x is especially ! m]it ( ,pr(4 ,b\sset1 :o 9 g5]al has dealt mo/ successfully ) our problem1 to h %[n cle>ly t ! expectation ( a transc5d5t on :i*1 inaugurat$ by a univ]sal judgem5t ( ! _w1 replaces ! on ( ?is pres5t _w1 diff]s s widely f ! expectation ( a ,messianic future :i* ess5tially conc]ns ,israel alone &1 on ! :ole1 w only be enact$ on ! /age ( ?is pres5t e>?1 t !y _c h sprung f ! same root4 ,& "h1 consid]+ ! ideas ab\t p]iods ( ! _w1 resurrection1 g5]al judgem5t1 univ]sal conflagration1 a new _w1 & ev]la/+ life1 we h fir/ to take into acc\nt influ5ces f ,p>seeism1 mix$ ) ,babylonian elem5ts1 only incid5tally ,greek ideas44440#dj ,b\sset1 h[ev]1 believes t 9 ! doma9 ( ,jewi% es*atology ,greek influ5ce pr$om9at$ ov] t ( ! ea/1 ?\gh he fully recognizes ! influ5ce ( ! latt]4#da ,reg>d+ ! ,jewi% belief ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 !re c be no d\bt t = ?is ! ,jews 7 indebt$ ma9ly to ,hell5ism1 ?\gh ! developm5t ( ?is into ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body is ,jewi%4 ,t ! new mat]ial ?us absorb$ became integral & p]man5t elem5ts ( ,judaism is to be se5 by _! pres5ce 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,hell5i/ic or o!r extra-,judaic ?\ght on ! religion ( ! ,jews _c be re/rict$ to ^? po9ts ( doctr9e on :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ones j enum]at$1 t influ5ce 0 direct4 ,all religi\s doctr9es are s int]-relat$ t ! developm5t or modification ( "o c sc>cely fail to affect o!rs 9 "o way or ano!r2 & ?is is1 above all1 true reg>d+ ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,we %all see lat] t among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion ! doctr9e ( ,god 0 directly affect$ by ,greek philosophical ?\ght2 9 ! case ( ! or?odox ,judaism ( ,pale/9e ?is 0 n s2 b !re is reason = believ+ t indirectly ! doctr9e ( ,god 01 ev5 9 ,pale/9ian ,judaism1 affect$ by bo? ,greek & ori5tal ?\ght4 ,! develop$ angelology :i* became a *>act]i/ic ( or?odox ,judaism _h its %>e 9 m\ld+ t conception ( div9e transc5d5ce :i* 0 "o aspect ( ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,god2 ! tea*+ conc]n+ ^? semi-div9e1 sup]human be+s :o act z ,god's int]m$i>ies1 & are ,8 ag5ts 9 c>ry+ out ! div9e w on e>?1#db is "o :i* is n unconnect$ ) ! develop$ angelology ( lat] ,judaism2 "o has only to ?9k ( ! place & activity assign$ to ,mi*ael to realize t ?is is s4 ,:at has be5 said is also true ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection = :i* ,judaism 0 indebt$ to ,hell5ism2 "h x w suffice to put ! "q3 ,h[ c\ld ! doctr9e ( ,god n be affect$ by belief 9 immortality8 ,! "q w be suffici5tly answ]$ by comp>+ ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e ( ,%eol ) ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 ,fur!r signs ( ,greek influ5ce are to be disc]n$ 9 "s ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! ,apocrypha2 & ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t mu/ be specially consid]$4 ,b special *apt]s w be devot$ to ^!4 ,9 conclusion1 x is necess>y to make a brief ref]5ce to ! type ( ,hell5ism :i* grew up 9 ,syria1 = ?is1 too1 is a matt] ( "s importance4 ,att5tion has already be5 drawn to ! syncretism :i* 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod2 "o ( ! results ( ?is 0 ! absorption ( _m ori5tal elem5ts by ,hell5ism :]eby x 0 affect$ = ! worse2 & ! ,hell5ism ( ! ea/ became a v diff]5t ?+ f ! ,hell5ism ( ,greece4 ,x 0 especially 9 ,syria t 9 c\rse ( "t a deg5]ate =m ( ,hell5ism prevail$2 we h reason to believe1 says ,bevan1 8t x 0 j 9 ,syria t ,hell5ism took a bas] =m4 ,! ascetic elem5t :i* sav$ its lib]ty f rankness t5d$ "h m ?an any:]e else to be =gott54 ,! games1 ! %[s1 ! ab&onm5t ( a life :i* ran riot 9 a gratification ( ! s5ses1 gross] or m ref9$1 ^! made up too mu* ( ! ,hell5ism :i* *ang$ ! face ( ,syria 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 #8,! p ( ^! cities1' a hi/orian wrote1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 #8are reliev$ by ! f]tility ( _! soil f a labori\s /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,life is a cont9u\s s]ies ( social fe/ivities4 ,_! gymnasiums !y use z ba?s1 :]e !y ano9t !mselves ) co/ly oils & myrrhs4 ,9 ! grammateia 7su* is ! "n !y give ! public eat+-halls7 !y practically live1 fill+ !mselves !re = ! bett] "p ( ! day ) ri* foods & w9e2 mu* t !y _c eat !y take away home4 ,!y fea/ to ! prevail+ music ( /r+s4 ,! cities are fill$ f end to end ) ! noise ( h>p-play+4' ,v likely t picture is ov]-col\r$4444 ,! man :o wrote x1 ,posidonius1 a man ( huge lit]>y indu/ry1 & a philosoph] ( ! nobl] s*ool1 0 himself a ,syrian ,greek2 b x _c be altoge!r untrue40#dc ,consid]ably e>li] ?an ?is1 extrane\s influ5ces 7 already affect+ ! ,jews1 = ,hecatu ( ,abd]a 7,b4,c4 #cjf-bhc7 be>s witness ( h[ _m ,jews 7 influ5c$ by =eign ways4 ,he says3 8,"u ! dom9ations :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9 lat] times he has be5 writ+ ab\t ,mosaic times1 namely t ( ! ,p]sians1 & t ( ! ,mac$onians :o ov]?rew ! ,p]sian rule1 ! ,jews greatly modifi$ _! traditional ord9ances ?r\gh _! contact ) /rang]s40#dd ,ori5tal & ,hell5i/ic influ5ces 7 ?us bo? at "w 9 influ5c+ ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e 9 _m directions2 ! fusion ( ^! two influ5ces took place1 & ! result 0 t a debas$ =m ( ,hell5ism 0 produc$4 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 ,hell5ism1 ) ! _m good qualities :i* 7 inh]5t 9 x1 br\ght a b5eficial influ5ce to be> ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 its effect1 = ! reason giv51 0 evil2 s t :5 ! great reaction aga9/ ,hell5ism took place1 x 0 fo/]$ by e?ical z well z religi\s consid]ations4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ess5es ,,lit]ature4--,lucius1 ,d] ,ess5ismus 9 se9em ,v]hltniss zum ,jud5?um 7#ahha72 ,lightfoot1 ,colossians1 pp4 #cdi-dai 7#ahhd72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,zur ,en/ehungsges*i*te des ,*ri/5?ums1 pp4 #ih-adb 7#ahid72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 ii4 pp4 #ahh-bah1 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fea-fhj2 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #aad-afh 7#aije72 ! articles 8,ess5es0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible & 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 by ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e & ,kohl] respectively4 ,! "n ,ess5e is 9 all probability d]iv$ f ! ,aramaic ^w :i* is ! equival5t ( ! ,hebrew ,*assid 78,pi\s074#de ,! "q z to :e!r any signs ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce are to be disc]n$ 9 ,ess5ism is "o ^u :i* mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s among s*ol>s4 ,a massive lit]ature ^u ! subject exi/s4 ,to g into mu* detail "h w\ld be out ( ! "q2 we c only ref] to a few po9ts :i* make x difficult to believe t ,ess5ism 0 un9flu5c$ by ,hell5ism4#df ,!re are1 und\bt$ly1 a numb] ( facts reg>d+ ,ess5e belief & practice :i* %[ h[ un-,jewi% !y 7 9 "s respects1 ?\gh1 z ,josephus says1 !y 7 ,jews by race4#dg ,philo1 :o is our e>lie/ au?ority reg>d+ ! ,ess5es1 says3 8,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! m5 live 9 villages1 avoid+ ! t[ns on acc\nt ( ! s9fulness t reigns 9 !m2 = !y "k t j z disease arises ?r\gh un:olesome air1 s1 too1 incurable infection to ! s\l ?r\gh int]c\rse40#dh ,?is )draw+ f ! _w is else:]e extoll$ by ,philo :5 he speaks ( x z *>act]i/ic ( ^? ,greeks & b>b>ians :o h d$icat$ _! lives to ! se>* = wisdom1 & 8:o h turn$ _! backs ^u ! cr[d$ m>ket-place & public life 9 ord] t !y may be able to devote !mselves to m$itation 9 _! solitude40#di ,x is unnecess>y to insi/ ^u ! fact t )draw+ f ! _w & seek+ solitude 0 entirely un-,jewi%2 ! ,jews 7 ess5tially social 9 _! habits ( life1 _! :ole legislation assumes ?is1 & _! hi/ory %[s x ?r\gh\t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n f ! ,jews t ! ,ess5es acquir$ ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,!re are1 on ! o!r h&1 ample gr\nds = believ+ t among ! ,greeks & ,ori5tals examples ( ?is 7 to be f\nd2 x is f "o or o!r ( ^!1 probably f a ,greek patt]n borr[$ f ! ea/1 t ! ,ess5es adopt$ ?is4 ,aga91 ! ,ess5es exhibit$ ano!r v un-,jewi% trait 9 ! position !y took up on ! "q ( m>riage2 ! evid5ce ( ,josephus reg>d+ ?is is z foll[s3 8,!y neglect w$lock1 b *oose out o!r p]sons' *ildr5 :ile !y are pliable & fit = le>n+1 & e/eem !m to be _! k9dr$1 & =m !m accord+ to _! mann] ( life40#ej ,?is 0 q aga9/ ,jewi% tea*+ & practice1 ?\gh 9 agreem5t ) ,jewi% ,hell5ism1 :i* look$ ^u asceticism z ! mo/ efficaci\s1 & inde$ indisp5sable1 means ( atta9+ to ! vision ( ,god4#ea ,! asceticism ( ! ,ess5es1 bo? 9 ?is & o!r respects1 0 an inevitable result ( _! dualism4 ,accord+ to _! tea*+1 ,god & ! _w1 :i* is :olly evil1 /& oppos$ 9 irreconcilable antagonism2 ?is acc\nts = _! elaborate angelology1 = z ,god _c h any imm$iate int]c\rse ) ! evil _w1 angels act z ,8 int]m$i>ies4 ,?is "p ( ,ess5e belief is l>gely due to ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,fur!r1 ,josephus tells u t 8! sect ( ,ess5es affirms t fate gov]ns all ?+s1 & t no?+ befalls m5 b :at is accord+ to its det]m9ation40#eb ,on ?is po9t ! ,ess5es & ! ,sadducees 7 at opposite extremes1 :ile ! ,ph>isees occupi$ a middle position betwe5 ! two4 ,( great importance 0 ! tea*+ ( ! ,ess5es on ! resurrection4 8,! op9ion is /rongly held among !m10 says ,josephus1 8t bodies are corruptible1 & t ! matt] !y are made ( is n p]man5t2 b t ! s\ls are immortal1 & cont9ue = ev]1 & t !y come out ( ! mo/ subtle air1 & are unit$ to _! bodies z to prisons1 into :i* !y are drawn by a c]ta9 natural enticem5t2 b t :5 !y are set free f ! bonds ( ! fle%1 !y !n1 z releas$ f a long bondage1 rejoice & m\nt upw>d4 ,& _! op9ion is l t ( ! ,greeks1 t good s\ls h _! habitation beyond ! ocean1 9 a region t is nei!r oppress$ ) /orms ( ra9 or sn[1 nor ) int5se heat1 b t ?is place is su* z is refre%$ by ! g5tle brea?+ ( a we/ w9d t is p]petually bl[+ f ! ocean2 :ile !y allot to bad s\ls a d>k & tempe/u\s d51 full ( nev]-ceas+ puni%m5ts40#ec ,?is belief1 :i* ,josephus himself reg>ds z due to ,greek influ5ce1 is directly oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body :i* 0 a t5et ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,un-,jewi%1 fur!r1 0 ! fact t ! ,ess5es w\ld nev] ent] ! ,temple = fe> ( becom+ contam9at$ ) ! cr[ds !re2 s t !y did n (f] sacrifices2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 !y s5t (f]+s to ! ,temple4 ,"o la/ po9t :]e9 ,ess5ism 0 un-,jewi% 9 "* 0 t 9 "s respects x 0 a my/]y-religion2 ea* community _h a c5tral h\se ar\nd :i* ! bre?r5 ( ! ,ord] dwelt2 9 ?is h\se !y met = _! religi\s obs]vances2 "o ( ^! 0 a common meal2 at ?is meal special holy g>m5ts 7 worn1 :i* 7 put (f aga9 :5 ! we>]s return$ to "w2 a prie/ (f]$ up pray] be=e & aft] ! meal4 ,:5ev] a new c&idate s\ght admission into ! ,ord] he _h fir/ to pass a ?ree ye>s' noviciate2 !n1 on be+ admitt$1 he und]w5t a =m ( baptism1 & _h to take solemn oa?s to obey ! rules ( ! ,ord] & to keep its secrets2 he _h also to swe> to obs]ve secrecy reg>d+ ! names ( ! angels 9 :om ! memb]s ( ! ,ord] believ$4 ,z ! ,ess5es liv$ entirely = ! life to come1 !y 7 mu* occupi$ 9 attempt+ to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! future2 inde$1 !y 7 accr$it$ ) ! faculty ( =etell+ ! future2 ,josephus says t !y 7 seldom mi/ak5 9 _! pr$ictions1 & gives ?ree int]e/+ examples ( ! correctness ( ! prophecies4#ed ,9 a numb] ( respects1 !re=e1 ! ,ess5es diff]$ fundam5tally 9 fai? & practice f or?odox ,judaism2 b 9 _! /rict mono!ism1 9 _! high respect = ! ,law ( ,moses1 especially 9 ! matt] ( ,sabba? obs]vance1 & 9 _! frequ5t purifications1 !y 7 ?or\ghly ,jewi%4 ,:ile x seems1 !n1 impossible n to recognize 9 ! ,ess5e ,movem5t to "s consid]able ext5t ! result ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 x is evid5t t o!r extra-,jewi% influ5ces1 namely1 ori5tal1 also _h a %>e 9 m\ld+ x4 ,fri$lnd] speaks ( ,ess5ism z 8a h>moni\s bl5d+ ( ! ,mosaic & ,hell5ic _s0#ee2 p]haps ?is does n take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! ori5tal influ5ces :]eby ,ess5ism 0 und\bt$ly affect$2 at ! same "t x is c]ta9 t ,hell5ism1 ) its /rongly syncreti/ic t5d5cies1 absorb$ ori5tal elem5ts prior to its m pron\nc$ ext5sion 9 ,pale/9e1 9 :i* case ea/]n influ5ce w\ld only h be5 indirect1 :ile t ( ,hell5ism w\ld h be5 ! m imm$iate4 ,,summ>y ,! sep>ation ( ! ,jews f ! outside _w :i* 0 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ,ezra & ^? :o foll[$ him1 & :i* _h ! effect ( pres]v+ ! p f extrane\s influ5ces1 0 only successful = a limit$ p]iod ( "t4 ,= ) ! rise & rapid spread ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t came ! break+ d[n ( all ! b>ri]s :i* _h be5 s labori\sly set up2 & ! ,jews1 l ! re/ ( ! _w ( ^? days1 came "u ! sway ( ?is irresi/ible p[]1 s /rongly ex]cis$ on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews 0 ex]cis$ 9 an int5sive mann] dur+ ! c5tury ( comp>ative peace = _! c\ntry1 :i* 0 "o ( ! results ( ! battle ( ,ipsus 7,b4,c4 #cja74 ,! consid]ate treatm5t accord$ to ! ,jews by _! rul]s dur+ ?is p]iod 0 calculat$ to help =w>d ! process ( ,hell5ization4 ,! policy ( ! ,egyptian k+s ( settl+ ,greeks & ,mac$onians 9 ,pale/9e result$ 9 ! rise ( _m ,greek cities !re4 ,bo? 9 ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ,pale/9e civic life 0 fram$ ^u ! ,greek model2 a m>k$ individualism among ! ,jews 0 "o ( ! results ( ?is4 ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 0 ex]cis$1 fur!r1 by means ( ! annual celebrations ( ! ,greek fe/ivals2 ! gymnasium & all t ?is involv$ became a /ill great] means = ! spread+ abroad ( ?is influ5ce4 ,! fact t ! p[]ful high-prie/ly p>ty fav\r$ ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t did mu* to =w>d x4 ,?us1 by ! "t t ,antio*us ,epiphanes came to ! ,syrian ?rone 9 ,b4,c4 #age mu* ( :at 0 ess5tially ,hell5i/ic _h become in]adicably root$ 9 ,jewi% modes ( life & ?\ght1 s mu* s t :5 ! great reaction aga9/ ,hell5ism arose 9 ! %ape ( ! ,maccaban revolt1 x 0 9 _m directions p[]less to effect a return to ! ,ezra ideal4 ,"o effect ( ! deep & widespread influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t is to be se5 9 ! l>ge numb] ( ,greek words :i*1 z ! ,hebrew ( ! ,mi%na %[s1 h be5 incorporat$ into ! ,hebrew language4 ,z to ,greek influ5ce ^u ! religi\s belief ( ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 x did n directly affect its fundam5tal t5ets2 b 9 "o way or ano!r1 9 conjunction ) o!r ea/]n influ5ces1 x did affect ,judaism z a fai? 9 "s respects4 ,angelology & demonology1 :i* ,judaism absorb$ f ! ea/1 7 elem5ts ! incorporation ( :i* may s f> be reg>d$ z due indirectly to ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 9 t ! ,greek _s inculcat$1 & set ! example ( syncretism1 an example foll[$ by ! ,jews no less ?an by o!r peoples "u ! sway ( ,hell5ism4 ,9 ! doma9 ( es*atology bo? ,greek & ,ea/]n influ5ces affect$ ! ,jews2 :i* ( ! two 0 ! m p[]ful is n easily decid$4 ,z reg>ds ! belief 9 ! future life ( ! ,jews ! signs ( ,greek influ5ce are pla9ly disc]nible4 ,?is influ5ce _c be re/rict$1 h[ev]1 to ! po9ts m5tion$ because ! int]-relation ( doctr9al t5ets is su* t ! developm5t or modification ( "o dogma affects o!rs2 an example ( ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! lat] angelology & demonology ( ! ,jews affect$ _! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,! *apt]s on 8,traces ( ,greek ,influ5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,apocrypha0 & 8,! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t0 %\ld be read 9 conjunction ) ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,! ,ess5e ,movem5t 0 ! outcome ( ma9ly ,hell5i/ic1 b also ( ,ea/]n1 influ5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,hell5i/ic ,influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion ,,lit]ature4--,/ade1 ,op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii 7#ahhh72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 ii4 pp4 #bai-cbg1 ,g]man ed4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-ahh2 ,b]?olet1 ,die ,/ellung dev ,israelit5 und ,jud5 zu d5 ,fremd5 7#ahij72 ,re9a*1 ,textes d'auteurs ,grecs et ,roma9s relatifs au ,judaisme 7#ahie72 ,willri*1 ,jud5 und ,grie*5 vor d] makkabis*5 ,erhebung 7#ahie72 ,swete1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek 7#aijj72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #bce-bfd 7#aije72 by ! same au?or1 ,ges*i*te d] jdis*5 ,apologetik als ,vorges*i*te des ,*ri/5tums 7#aijc72 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt] 7#aijc72 ,h>nack1 ,! ,mission & ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 pp4 #a-cf 7#aijh72 ,b]?olet1 ,das religionsges*i*tli*e ,problem des ,sptjud5?ums 7#aiji72 ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 pp4 #aad-abj 7#aiaa72 ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aib-baa2 & ! foll[+ articles1 ,ramsay1 8,! ,jews 9 ! ,grco-,asiatic ,cities10 9 ! ,expositor 7,janu>y1 #aijb72 8,diaspora0 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl42 8,disp]sion0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible 7extra volume7 & ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,i4 ,,! ,,disp]sion ,a prelim9>y matt] to be dealt ) is ! ,disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 its orig9 & ext5t2 aft] :i* we c turn our att5tion to ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! ,disp]sion ,jews1 & ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism ^u !m4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ,disp]sion on a l>ge scale are to be se5 9 ! deportation to ,assyria ( #bg1bij ( ! inhabitants ( ,sam>ia by ,s>gon 9 ,b4,c4 #gbb4 ,9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #bc x is said3 8,s ,israel 0 c>ri$ away out ( _! own l& to ,assyria unto ?is day0 7cp4 #b ,k+s xvii4 #f2 xviii4 #aa74 ,! g5]al ref]5ce to ?is occurr5ce giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is supplem5t$ by an inscription ( ,s>gon's 9 :i* x is said3 8,i besieg$ & captur$ ,sam]9a 7,sam>ia73 #bg1bij p dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( x ,i c>ri$ (f4 ,fifty *>iots ,i collect$ among !m1 & all[$ !m to h ! re/ ( _! goods40#ef ,a fur!r deportation on a l>g] scale took place :5 ,nebu*adnezz> c>ri$ captive to ,babylon ! bulk ( ! nation ( ,judah 9 ,b4,c4 #eig2 ?is 0 supplem5t$ by fur!r deportations 9 ,b4,c4 #ehf & #ehb 7see #b ,k+s xxiv4 #ad-af2 xxv4 #aa1 #ba2 ,j]4 lii4 #ae1 #bh-cj74 ,"s five or six ?\s& exiles return$ to ,pale/9e 9 ,b4,c4 #dcj2 b ab\t a c5tury lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,,iii 7,o*us71#eg !re 0 ano!r deportation1 a numb] ( ,jews be+ transport$ to ,hyrcania1 on ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,babylonia4#eh ,! great majority ( ^! exiles & _! desc5dants 7 cont5t to rema9 9 _! new homes1 & _m settlem5ts ( ,jews arose 9 ,babylonia1 ! c5tre ( ! ,ea/]n ,disp]sion2 f ^! c5tres !y emigrat$ 9 all directions1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ! *ief c5tre ( ! ,disp]sion came to be ,egypt1 & ( ^! ,egyptian settlem5ts ,alex&ria became ! mo/ important4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion :i* we h ( ,jews settl+ 9 ,egypt is 9 "o ( ! ,aramaic papyri f\nd a few ye>s ago 9 ,elephant9#ei2 ^! papyri consi/ ( (ficial docum5ts--decrees ( ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t & public ord9ances ( ! ,jewi% colony settl$ !re--z well z private pap]s1 su* z bus9ess lett]s1 acc\nt books1 records ( debt1 li/s ( names & p]sonal correspond5ce2 "s lit]>y pieces 7 also f\nd 9 ! collection4 ,9 "o ( ^! papyri--a petition address$ by ! ,jewi% soldi]y /ation$ at ,elephant9 to ! gov]nor ( ! ,jewi% colony--x is /at$ t ! =efa!rs ( ! petition]s _h be5 settl$ !re & _h built a temple to _! ,god ,jahu 7,jehovah7 8s9ce ! days ( ! k+s ( ,egypt40 ,! ref]5ce is1 9 all probability1 to ! ,jewi% m]c5>ies 9 ! army ( ,psametik ,i 7,b4,c4 #ffc-fji7 ( :i* m5tion is made 9 ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas1 #ab1 #ac4 ,x 0 ! successor ( ,psametik ,i1 ,ph>oah ,ne*o ,,ii1 :o 9 ,b4,c4 #fji ov]ran ,syria &1 hav+ subdu$ ,judah1 exil$ ,jehoahaz to ,egypt 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi1 #cd74 ,n long aft]1 9 ,b4,c4 #ehf1 ,johanan1 ! son ( ,k>eah1 l$ a numb] ( ,jews1 among :om 0 ! prophet ,j]emiah1 into ,egypt 7,j]4 xlii41 xliii472 &1 accord+ to ,j]emiah xliv4 #a1 !re 7 ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 ,migdol1 ,tahpanes1 ,noph 7i4e4 ,memphis71 z well z 9 ! di/rict ( ,pa?ros 9 ,upp] ,egypt 7,isa4 xi4 #aa74 ,^! data %[ t 9 comp>atively e>ly times !re 7 ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 ,egypt4 ,b ( great int]e/ & importance is ! evid5ce ( ! ,elephant9 papyri1 m5tion$ j n[2 !y witness to ! pres5ce ( ,jews 9 ,egypt dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4#fj ,! ,jewi% colony settl$ 9 ,sy5e 0 a milit>y "o2 ! papyri tell u t ! organization 0 mu* ! same z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p]sian ,empire2 !re 0 a gov]nor1#fa ) :om 7 associat$ ! prie/s1 :o repres5t$ ! colony 9 all deal+s ) ! suz]a9 p[]2 he s5ds regul> remittances to ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 & receives in/ructions 9 all ?+s conc]n+ ! colony f ! satrap ( ! prov9ce4 ,side by side ) ! civil organization is ! milit>y rgime2 ! =ce is divid$ into companies call$ aft] ! names ( _! (fic]s2 ! soldi]s ( ! g>rison ea* h a small possession ( l&2 _! (fice is h]$it>y2 :5 n engag$ 9 w> !y seem to h l$ a com=table & pleasant life conc]n+ :i* ! papyri give a numb] ( details4 ,?\gh ! colony 0 n a l>ge "o1 9 all probability n am\nt+ to m ?an a hundr$ s\ls1 ! fact ( its exi/5ce is n )\t importance = ! /udy ( ! ,disp]sion4#fb ,:5 ! ,p]sian ,empire 0 conqu]$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 _m ,jews emigrat$ f ,p]sia to ! we/1 & settl$ d[n 9 ! c5tres ( ,greek civilization2 nor did x take v long be=e !re 0 sc>cely any "p ( ! civiliz$ _w ( ^? days 9 :i* ,jewi% settlem5ts did n exi/4 8,! greatly enl>g$ *annels ( comm]ce1 especially by sea-r\tes1 attract$ _m f ! int]ior to ! coa/s4 ,! newly-f\nd$ ,grecian cities1 r5d]$ attractive by all ! a*ievem5ts ( ,greek art & civilization1 became fav\rite resorts4 ,h5ce=?1 trade relations1 ! desire to see ! _w1 soon also political consid]ations & 7we may well suppose7 a c]ta9 consci\s or unconsci\s crav+ = culture1 became op]ative 9 promot+ ! disp]sion ( ! ,jews ov] ! civiliz$ _w40#fc ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,sybill9e ,oracles 7iii4 #bga7 be> witness to ! wide disp]sion ( ! ,jews 9 say+ t 8e l& & e sea is full ( !e02 ! language is hyp]bolic1 b te/ifies1 nev]!less1 to ! ubiquity ( ! ,jews at ?is "t4 ,some:at lat] ,/rabo 7circa ,b4,c4 #fj-;,a4,d4 #bj7 gives ! foll[+ evid5ce3 8,^! ,jews are already gott5 into all cities1 & x is h>d to f9d a place 9 ! habitable e>? t has n admitt$ ?is tribe ( m51 & is n possess$ by x40#fd ,! mo/ important c5tre f e po9t ( view1 n only ( ! ,egyptian1 b ( ! :ole ,disp]sion1 0 ,alex&ria4 ,z we h se51 ! nucleus ( a ,jewi% population _h exi/$ 9 ,egypt = c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,:5 ,alex&ria 0 f\nd$ ,jewi% settl]s 7 at once attract$ to x because equal privileges ) all o!r citiz5s 7 accord$ !m2 ref]5ce is made to ?is 9 lat] times 9 an edict ( ,tib]ius 9 :i* x is said3 8,s9ce ,i am assur$ t ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 call$ ,alex&rians1 h be5 jo9t inhabitants 9 ! e>lie/ times ) ! ,alex&rians1 & h obta9$ f _! k+s equal privileges ) !m1 z is evid5t f ! public records t are 9 _! possession1 & ! edicts !mselves2 & t aft] ,alex&ria _h be5 subject$ to our empire by ,augu/us1 _! rights & privileges h be5 pres]v$ by ^? presid5ts :o h at div]s times be5 s5t ?i!r2 & t no dispute _h be5 rais$ ab\t ^? rights & privileges4444 ,i w1 !re=e1 t ! nation ( ! ,jews be n depriv$ ( _! rights & privileges 444 b t ^? rights & privileges :i* !y =m]ly enjoy$ be pres]v$ to !m44440#fe ,9 ano!r place ,josephus tells u t ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria _h set ap>t = !m 8a p>ticul> place1 t !y might live )\t be+ pollut$ by ! ,g5tiles1 & 7 !reby n s mu* int]mix$ ) =eign]s z be=e02 ?is 0 done by ! successors ( ,alex&]4#ff ,on ! o!r h&1 ,philo says t ! ,jews liv$ 9 all p>ts ( ! city 9 8 day#fg2 ! e>li] exclusiv5ess ( ! ,jews w\ld naturally be1 to "s ext5t1 brok5 d[n 9 c\rse ( "t :5 liv+ 9 ,g5tile surr\nd+s1 especially 9 su* a c5tre z ,alex&ria1 :]e ,jews ( weal? & social position liv$ :o w\ld desire to avail !mselves ( ! high culture enjoy$ by _! ,g5tile fell[-citiz5s4 ,al?\gh ,alex&ria 0 by f> ! mo/ important c5tre ( ! ,disp]sion1 n only 9 ,egypt b 9 ! :ole civiliz$ _w ( ^? days1 !re 7 _m o!r small] settlem5ts ( ,jews 9 t c\ntry2 ,philo says t ! "o million ,jews :o dwelt 9 ,egypt 7 to be f\nd 9 e "p ( x f ,libya to ! ,e?iopian fronti]4#fh ,( ! _m o!r l&s 9 :i* ,jews 7 settl$ we _c speak "h2 x mu/ suffice to say t no c\ntry 0 )\t !m4#fi ,,ii4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,religion ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t among ! ,greeks !mselves ! effect ( ! new _s due to ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 0 v great ^u ! m5 & wom5 ( ! cultur$ classes1 b t ^u ! masses x did n ex]cise mu* influ5ce4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ?is is also true ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 = greatly z !y 7 influ5c$ by ! ,greek _s1 ! po9t mu/ be emphasiz$ t ?is applies1 prim>ily & ma9ly1 to ! cultur$ classes1 lit]ati1 philosoph]s & ! l4 ,no d\bt1 indirectly1 o!r classes 7 to a great] or less ext5t also affect$1 b s f> z ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,judaism 7 conc]n$1 ! bulk ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion 71 9 ! ma91 true to ! traditions ( _! fa!rs 9 spite ( _! ,greek surr\nd+s1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t 9 o!r respects !y 7 entirely "u ! sway ( ! ,greek _s4 ,n only did !y pay annually ! half-%ekel to ! ,temple au?orities 9 ,j]usalem = ! ma9t5ance ( ! sacrificial sy/em1 b z a rule circumcision 0 insi/$ ^u1 ! sanctity ( ! ,sabba? 0 obs]v$1 & ! great fe/ivals 7 regul>ly celebrat$4 ,va/ numb]s made pilgrimages to ,j]usalem to keep ! ?ree pr9cipal fea/s1 ,tab]nacles1 ,passov] & ,weeks4#gj ,ev5 ,philo1 :o 9 m9d & "* 0 f> m ( a ,greek philosoph] ?an a ,jewi% ,rabbi1 insi/s on ! ne$ ( obs]v+ ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ,judaism4#ga ,x is necess>y to po9t ?is out by way ( preface1 o!rwise f :at we h to say fur!r ^u ! subject ! read] might be l$ to suppose t1 at all ev5ts1 ! m cultur$ among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 & especially ^? ( ,alex&ria1 lo/ t\* ) ,judaism altoge!r2 ?is1 no d\bt1 happ5$ 9 _m cases1 b z comp>$ ) ! _m t rema9$ ,jews 9 religion1 ^! 7 ! exceptions4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! case ( great numb]s1 traditional ,judaism became trans=m$4 ,to beg9 )1 utt]ly unlike ! intol]ant attitude ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews t[>ds ! ,g5tiles1 ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion look$ ^u ! l>g] _w ( _! surr\nd+s ) int]e/ & sympa?y2 _! religi\s int]e/s 7 n s entirely absorb$ 9 _! own view ( ?+s t !y c\ld n see & appreciate ! excell5ce ( ,greek ?\ght & philosophy2 _! m9ds 7 op5 to receive & to be influ5c$ by :at 0 good & true1 :]ev] x 0 to be f\nd4 ,! ,disp]sion ,jew 0 a ,jew at he>t1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! ,ph>isaic /&>d1 & conv9c$ ( ! pre-em95ce ( 8 own fai?1 b he 0 none ! less ready to r5d] due ju/ice to ! op9ions & convictions ( 8 ,greek neighb\rs2 ! int]e/+ evid5ce reg>d+ ?is giv5 9 ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas#gb 7#aba1 #abb7 is wor? quot+ "h3 8,reg>d+ discussions & explanations ( ! ,law !y possess$ great aptitude4 ,!y /ruck j ! "r balance1 = !y disc>d$ ! h>d lit]alness ( ! lett]1 & 7 mode/ ) reg>d to _! own wisdom1 & 7 ready to hold argum5t1 to li/5 to ! op9ions ( o!rs1 & to consid] ?or\ghly e "q t might be rais$40 ,?is broad-m9d$ness 0 "o ( ! results ( unfett]$ contact ) ! out] _w4 ,b a result1 z rem>kable z x 0 important1 foll[$2 = 9 comp>+ 8 religion ) ! v>i\s beliefs ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! ,jew ( ! ,disp]sion became conv9c$1 9 a way :i* hi!rto _h n be5 possible1 t bo? 9 fai? & practice ,judaism 01 9 s f> z its fundam5tals 7 conc]n$1 immeasurably pur] & tru]1 9 mo/ respects1 ?\gh n 9 all1 ?an any?+ t ! ,g5tiles c\ld (f]4 ,he felt1 !re=e1 t he _h some?+ to say & give to ! _w :i* conc]n$ all m54 ,h5ce arose ^? mission>y ef=ts1 s contr>y to ! _s ( exclusiv5ess :i* *>act]iz$ traditional ,judaism1 b :i* 7 cr[n$ ) a consid]able measure ( success4 ,yet a grave & subtle dang] lurk$ "h = ! ,jew ( ! ,disp]sion2 9 8 desire to make ,judaism z attractive z possible to ! ,g5tiles1 he pres5t$ x ) su* modifications t x c\ld no long] be call$ g5u9e ,judaism4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s ! rigidity ( ! ,law 0 smoo!d d[n1 & "s ,jewi% beliefs appe>$ 9 a some:at modifi$ =m#gc2 _m conv]ts did n d m ?an keep ! diet>y laws & obs]ve ! ,sabba?2 & ?is 0 acquiesc$ 94 ,! reaction ( ?is ^u ^? :o ?us pres5t$ a =m ( ,judaism :i* 0 to "s ext5t spuri\s1 _c well h be5 )\t its consequ5ces1 s9ce _! action mu/ necess>ily h affect$ _! own fai? 9 _! religion & _! ideas ^u ! importance ( _! religi\s rites4#gd ,if1 z we h se51 syncretism affect$ ,pale/9ian ,judaism we %all expect ! same to h be5 ! case ) ,hell5i/ic ,judaism2 ?is 01 inde$1 s1 & to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,?us1 _! conception ( ,god 0 enri*$ ) new ideas f bo? ,platonic &1 to a great] degree1 f ,/oic philosophy1 e4g41 ! doctr9e ( ,div9e ,imman5ce1 to :i* we %all ref] 9 deal+ ) ! signs ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,jewi% religi\s lit]ature 7,*apt] ,v71 :]e we %all see also t ! ,jewi% conceptions ( ! nature ( man 0 greatly influ5c$ by ,greek philosophical tea*+4 ,aga91 ! ,disp]sion ,jews comm5d$ _! ,scriptures to ! hea!n _w by means ( int]pret+ !m allegorically2 ! real s5se ( ,scripture w\ld (t5 be entirely expla9$ away by ?is me?od4 ,?is1 too1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 = ?is me?od ( int]pretation 0 borr[$ f ! ,/oics :o _h be5 9 ! habit ( allegoriz+ ! ,greek my?s4 ,f9ally1 x is wor? po9t+ out t ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 z indications 9 "s lat] ,old ,te/am5t & o!r books %[1 !re _h = g5]ations be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds mitigat+ ! importance ( ! sacrificial sy/em2 ! effect ( ?is is likely to h be5 proportionately great among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 :o w\ld1 moreov]1 h f\nd difficulties 9 obs]v+ _m o!r precepts ( ! ,law4 ,! result w\ld h be5 to make !m all ! m susceptible to ! =eign cults & philosophical sy/ems :i* met !m on e side2 h[ great t susceptibility 0 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 an extraord9>y mann] by ! rec5tly f\nd papyri ref]r$ to above4 ,no "o1 z ,b]?olet has truly rem>k$1 c und]/& ! religion ( ! ,jews--& ?is applies to ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion ev5 m ?an to ^? ( ,pale/9e--8)\t a full intellig5ce ( _! a/oni%+ faculty ( assimilation2 ?is assimilation ev5 go+ ! l5g? ( actively support+ hea!n cults or1 z ! rec5tly discov]$ papyri ( ,ass\an h in=m$ u1 ( swe>+ by an ,egyptian goddess40#ge ,,iii4 ,,! ,,septuag9t ,"o ( ! results ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t1 ! importance ( :i* _c be exagg]at$1 0 ! ,grco-,jewi% lit]ature to :i* x gave bir?4 ,x is impossible to deal "h ) ! :ole mass ( t lit]ature1#gf ev5 9 ! mo/ cursory mann]1 nor is ?is necess>y = our pres5t purpose4#gg ,we mu/ re/rict ourselves 9 ?is section to a brief m5tion ( :at ,s*r] calls 8! f\ndation ( all ,judo-,hell5i/ic culture10 namely1 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 :i* 0 ! special possession ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,! "n ( ?is ,greek ,v]sion ( ! ,bible owes its orig9 to ! leg5d conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,lett] ( ,ari/eas1 9 :i* an acc\nt is giv5 ( h[ ,ptolemy ,,ii 7,philadelphus7#gh desir$ to h a ,greek translation ( ! ,hebrew ,book ( ! ,law 7i4e41 ! ,p5tateu*71 & s5t to ,eleaz>1 ! high-prie/ 9 ,j]usalem1 ask+ him to s5d compet5t s*ol>s to ,alex&ria :o w\ld be able to und]take ! task ( translation4 ,! high-prie/1 ! acc\nt cont9ues1 readily respond$ to ?is reque/1 & despat*$ sev5ty-two le>n$ ,jews1 ea* ( ! twelve tribes be+ repres5t$ by six ( !m4 ,ptolemy receiv$ !m ) great hon\r on _! arrival 9 ,alex&ria1 & ent]ta9$ !m hospitably dur+ ! :ole ( _! soj\rn4 ,! sev5ty-two w5t into retirem5t to ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 opposite ,alex&ria1 :]e !y lab\r$ at ! translation4 ,?is took sev5ty-two days2 ! translation 0 !n deliv]$ to ! k+1 :o !reupon ord]$ ! books to be plac$ 9 ! royal libr>y4 ,! translators1 aft] hav+ be5 pres5t$ ) ri* gifts1 return$ to ,juda4 ,?is is ! leg5d to :i* ! "n ,septuag9t 78,sev5ty07 owes its orig91 a "n :i* has clung to x 9 spite ( its be+ n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas is unhi/orical s f> z ?is /ory is conc]n$4 ,:o ! translators ( ! ,hebrew ,bible into ,greek 7 is n kn[n4 ,t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,septuag9t 7 n only translat$ by diff]5t au?ors1 b also belong to diff]5t ages1 is c]ta94 ,x is q probable t1 s f> z ! ,p5tateu* is conc]n$1 ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas conta9s a true tradition 9 ascrib+ its translation into ,greek to ab\t ,b4,c4 #bhj4gi ,z to ! re/ ( ! books1 ?\gh ! evid5ce is fragm5t>y1 x may be safely /at$ t mo/ ( !m1 if n all1 7 translat$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,ryle has %[n t !re is evid5ce = believ+ t ,philo 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj-;,a4,d4 #ej7 utiliz$ all ! books ( ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ! exception ( ,e/h]1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,song ( ,songs & ,daniel4#hj ,?is great product ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews is se5 to be all ! m significant :5 x is realiz$ t 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,aramaic language1 z ! rec5tly f\nd ,elephant9 papyri %[1 0 ! language spok5 by ! ,jews ( ,egypt2 & n only 0 ?is ! ord9>ily spok5 language1 b x 0 also t 9 :i* lit]>y works 7 writt54#ha ,yet 9 ! c\rse ( n mu* m ?an a c5tury ?is 0 displac$ by ,greek2 & ev5 9 ! synagogues ,greek 0 ! language us$4 ,= "s "t1 no d\bt1 ?\gh app>5tly n = v long1 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 translat$ by ^w ( m\? into ,aramaic 9 ! synagogues ( ! ,disp]sion2 b :5 ?is language fell into disuse ,greek _h to be us$2 & ultimately x 0 f\nd necess>y to h ! ,scriptures !mselves 9 ,greek4#hb ,s f> z we are "h conc]n$1 ! great importance ( ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t lies 9 ! fact t x has giv5 u ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,^! w be dealt ) sep>ately 9 ,"p ,,ii1 s t x w n be necess>y to say any?+ ab\t !m n[ fur!r ?an t ! g5]al purpose = :i* !y 7 writt5 0 to exp& "s ( ! already exi/+ books ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 or to add to _! numb]4 ,"s1 su* z ! books ( ! ,maccabees1 cont9ue ! record ( ! nation's hi/ory2 o!rs are expansions ( canonical books1 su* z ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 ! ,additions to ,daniel1 ,b>u* & ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy1 & ! ,re/ ( ,e/h]2 :ile ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,book ( ,wisdom are additions to ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ( ! ,jews4 ,z reg>ds ! importance & f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( ! ,septuag9t1 we _c d bett] ?an quote ! words 9 :i* ,deissmann has s succ9ctly1 & yet s adequately1 express$ ?is3 8,take ! ,septuag9t 9 y\r h&1 & y h be=e y ! book t 0 ! ,bible ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion & ( ! proselytes f ! hea!n2 ! ,bible ( ,philo ! philosoph]1 ,paul ! ,apo/le1 & ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian missions2 ! ,bible ( ! :ole ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ian _w2 ! "m ( influ5tial daught]-v]sions2 ! "m ( ! ,greek ,new ,te/am5t40#hc ,,iv4 ,,philo ,,( ,,alex&ria ,,lit]ature4--,siegfri$1 ,philo von ,alex&ria als ,ausleg] des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes 7#ahge72 ,o4 ,holtzmann 9 ,/ade's ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eba-eea 7#ahhh72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #cba-cha1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #fcc-gaf2 ,krg]1 ,philo und ,josephus als ,apologet5 des ,jud5tums 7#aijf72 ,w9dis*1 ,die ,frmmigkeit ,philo's 4441 pp4 #d-ie 7#aiji74 ,see also ,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h>t's s]ies ( articles entitl$ 8,philo ( ,alex&ria0 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vols4 xvii4 xviii4 xix41 ^! deal ) ! writ+s ( ,philo2 ,laut]ba*'s article on ,philo 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 ,x1 pp4 #f-ah4 ,z ! ,septuag9t is1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 ! mo/ important product ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t1 s among ,grco-,jewi% writ]s is ,philo ! mo/ rem>kable :om ?is ,movem5t br\ght =?4 ,no ,jew 0 s imm]s$ 9 ! _s ( ,greek wisdom1 nor did m to try & h>monize ,greek & ,hebrew ?\ght4 ,! l>ge numb] ( 8 works :i* h come d[n to u owe _! pres]vation to ! popul>ity !y enjoy$ among ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 = by ! ,jewi% lead]s ,philo 0 n reg>d$ z or?odox1 8 works 7 !re=e unacceptable to !m2 "s ( ! ,*ur* writ]s ev5 w5t s f> z to speak ( him z a ,*ri/ian4 ,sc>cely any?+ is kn[n ) c]ta9ty ab\t 8 life4 ,he mu/ h be5 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj or !reab\ts1 = he took "p 9 an embassy to ,caligula 9 ,a4,d4 #dj1 :5 already some:at advanc$ 9 ye>s2 he ref]s to ?is 9 8 "w1 ,de ,legatione ad ,cajum1 #bhhd2 x is also m5tion$ by ,josephus1#he :o speaks ( ,philo z 8a man em95t on all acc\nts1 bro!r to ,alex&] ! ,alab>*1 & "o n unskilful 9 philosophy40 ,?is is practically all t is kn[n ( him ap>t f :at 8 works reveal ( ! man2 b !y d n conta9 any biographical details4 ,philo 0 a true ,jew2 he _h an unb\nd$ v5]ation = ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 & especially = ,moses & ! ,p5tateu*2 mo/ ( 8 works are conc]n$ ) ?is latt]4 ,n only did he look ^u ! ,hebrew ,scriptures z hav+ be5 v]bally inspir$1 b he also believ$ ?is to h be5 ! case ) !m 9 _! ,greek =m4 ,8 v5]ation = ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 on ! "o h&1 & 8 love = ! philosophy ( ! ,greeks on ! o!r1 l$ him to ! conviction t bo? conta9$ & witness$ to "o & ! same tru?4 ,he believ$ t ! ,greek philosoph]s _h us$ ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 & ^! he expla9$ on ! allegorical sy/em ) su* fre$om t he 0 able to extract f !m any mean+ he desir$2 by ?is means 8 own philosophical sy/em became a comb9ation ( ,greek philosophy & ,jewi% !ology4#hf ,reg>d+ ! philosophy ( ,philo1 8 conception ( ,god =ms naturally ! />t+-po9t4 ,"h he holds1 on ! "o h&1 t s absolute is ! p]fection ( ,god1 s transc5d5t is ! div9e maje/y1 & !re=e s f> remov$ f all t human ?\ght is capable (1 t ,god is simply inconceivable2 man c really "k no m ?an t ,god is2 he _c "k :at ,god is4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ,he is p]fectly good & all-p[]ful1 s9ce ,he is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( ! _w1 ! ,f9al ,cause ( all t is or ev] c be1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be a ceaseless activity on ,8 "p2 ! _w ( ,8 creation mu/ occupy ,8 ?\ght & action4 ,^! tw(old conceptions ( ,god--! ?\ght ( ,8 be+ outside ( & above ! _w1 immeasurably sup]ior to x1 & ! ?\ght t ,he is active 9 ! _w--are cle>ly incompatible "o ) ! o!r4 ,! way 9 :i* ,philo s\ght to get ov] ! obvi\s contradiction "h involv$1 0 by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( int]m$iate be+s4 ,8 tea*+ on ?is subject 0 n new1 b x _h nev] be=e be5 s ?or\ghly & sy/ematically treat$4 ,^! int]m$iate be+s ,philo call$ 8p[]s0 7dunameis72 !y are prop]ties ( ,god1 & yet ,8 s]vants fulfill+ ,8 w 9 ! _w4 ,all ^! p[]s are compreh5d$ 9 "o1 namely1 ! 8,logos10 or ,^w ( ,god2 ! 8,logos0 is also spok5 ( z ! wisdom & reason ( ,god1 & ! means :]eby ! _w 0 creat$4#hg ,b bo? 9 respect ( ! 8p[]s0 j m5tion$1 & ( ! 8,logos0 itself1 !re is unc]ta9ty z to ! p]sonality atta*$ to !m2 ?is 0 b\nd to be ! case1 = if !re 0 to be ev5 ! semblance ( a solution ( ! oppos+ conceptions conc]n+ ,god ref]r$ to above1 ,philo _h to conceive ( ! 8,logos0 z less ?an a p]sonal be+ di/9ct f ,god1 & m ?an an imp]sonal div9e attribute2 & ! same applies to ! o!r 8p[]s40 ,o!rwise x w\ld be inconceivable t ,god c\ld be p]sonally pres5t & active 9 ! _w1 :ile 9 ,8 nature ,he 0 :olly sup]ior to x1 &1 on acc\nt ( ,8 transc5d5t hol9ess1 c\ld n come into imm$iate & direct contact ) x4 ,! 8,logos0 is1 fur!r1 accord+ to ,philo1 ! m$iator1 & ! advocate1 ( m51 & ! expiator ( s9s2 he speaks ( x z ! 8high-prie/02 9 su* cases x is difficult to get away f ! ?\ght ( p]sonality atta*+ to ! 8,logos40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is conceiv$ ( z di/9ctly imp]sonal :5 describ$ z 8! idea ( ideas10 & ! 8ar*etypal idea40#hh ,mo/ /rik+ ( all is ! fact t 9 a numb] ( passages ,philo gives ! 8,logos0 ! title ( 8fir/-born son10 & 8only-begott502 b ! significance ( su* titles dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! passages 9 :i* !y occur4#hi ,9 8 doctr9e ( s9 ,philo tea*es t evil is inh]5t 9 matt]2 h5ce ! body1 ) :i* ! s\l is connect$1 is ! s\rce ( s9 9 man4 ,! subjugation ( ! passions is ! "o & only way to virtue2 b ?is c only be br\ght ab\t by means ( ,god's help1 = ,he is ! ,au?or ( :atev] is good 9 man4 ,!re=e ! highe/ virtue c only be atta9$ by a close communion ) ,god4 ,k is excell5t2 b ev5 ! close/ atta*m5t to wisdom is less excell5t ?an walk+ ) ,god1 = only s c man receive ! fulness ( div9e illum9ation4 ,philo tea*es t ?is div9e illum9ation is accord$ to man :ile 9 a /ate ( unconsci\sness2 s t :ile he lays mu* /ress on ! fre$om ( ! w1 ?is highe/ /ate to :i* man c atta9 is solely attributable to div9e grace4 ,^! doctr9es ( ,philo1 & we h only ref]r$ to ! m important1 are to a great ext5t due to ,greek influ5ce2 ,platonism1 ,py?agoreanism1 ,/oicism & ,cynicism h all contribut$ to ,philo's philosophical sy/em2 b to %[ ?is 9 detail w\ld be out ( place "h1 = x w\ld take u too f> afield4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) /at+ ! fact2 = detail$ pro( rec\rse mu/ be _h to ^? works :i* treat specifically ( ,philo & ( 8 tea*+4#ij ,,summ>y ,9 deal+ ) ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion x 0 necess>y to make "s ref]5ce fir/ to ! ,disp]sion itself & its ext5t dur+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation4 ,x began z e>ly z ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ) ! fall ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 & ! deportation to ,assyria ( _m ?\s&s ( ,israelites :i* foll[$4 ,! fall ( ! s\!rn k+dom 0 ! cause ( a fur!r /ep 9 ! process ( disp]sion4 ,! communities :i* consequ5tly came into exi/5ce 9 ,babylonia =m$ c5tres f :i* ! ,jews emigrat$ 9 all directions4 ,we h ! evid5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t su* c5tres exi/$ 9 ,egypt by ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 if n e>li]4 ,contempor>y docum5t>y evid5ce1 :i* has rec5tly come to light1 %[s t a colony ( ,jews 0 settl$ at ,elephant9 dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,aft] ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 _m ,jews emigrat$ f ! ea/ to we/]n c5tres ( ,greek civilization1 & v>i\s writ]s te/ify to ! ubiquity ( ! ,jews4 ,alex&ria 0 ! mo/ important c5tre ( ! ,disp]sion f e po9t ( view4 ,! cultur$ ,jews 7 m influ5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t ?an ! masses2 bo?1 h[ev]1 held 9 ! ma9 to ! fundam5tal t5ets ( traditional ,judaism4 ,nev]!less1 ap>t f ^!1 & 9 spite ( _! obs]vance1 traditional ,judaism became l>gely trans=m$4 ,! tol]ant attitude ( ! ,disp]sion ,jews t[>ds ! ,g5tiles 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to t ( ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,unlike ^! latt]1 aga91 a vigor\s mission>y propag&a 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,!re lay "h1 h[ev]1 a subtle dang]2 = ! desire to make ,judaism attractive to ! ,g5tiles result$ 9 requir+ b scanty obs]vance ( its practices f !m2 ?is react$ unfav\rably ^u ! ,jews !mselves4 ,fur!r1 a /rongly syncreti/ic attitude *>act]iz$ ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 ev5 _! conception ( ,god 0 influ5c$ by ! tea*+ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! allegorization ( ,scripture 0 ano!r m>k ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce4 ,! rec5tly f\nd ,ass\an papyri (f] a /rik+ example ( ! a/oni%+ faculty ( assimilation possess$ by ! ,jews4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important products ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t 0 ! ,septuag9t1 = :i* we h to ?ank ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n ( ?is ,greek ,v]sion ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures is to be f\nd 9 a leg5d conta9$ 9 ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas4 ,9 all probability ! entire books ( ! ,hebrew ,canon 7 translat$ into ,greek by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! mo/ important po9t ab\t ! ,septuag9t1 s f> z we are "h conc]n$1 is t x has giv5 u ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,among ,grco-,jewi% writ]s none c comp>e 9 importance ) ,philo ( ,alex&ria4 ,8 great aim 0 to try to h>monize ,hebrew & ,greek ?\ght4 ,! pres]vation ( ! l>ge numb] ( 8 works is due to _! popul>ity among ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,by ! ,jewi% lead]s he 0 n reg>d$ z or?odox4 ,sc>cely any?+ is kn[n ( ! life ( ,philo except+ :at c be ga9$ f 8 works1 & ?is is little en\gh4 ,9 ! %ort acc\nt giv5 ( ! philosophy ( ,philo x is se5 t ?is is p]meat$ ) ! _s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,traces ( ,greek ,influ5ce 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,apocrypha ,,lit]ature4--,see ! books cit$ 9 ! footnotes4 ,i4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,greeks ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,!re are "s few passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* witness to a k ( ! ,greeks on ! "p ( ! ,jews2 ^! may be briefly allud$ to by way ( introduction4 ,! ,hebrew =m = ! l& ( ! ,ionians1 or ,greeks1 is ,javan2 ?is is m5tion$1 ?\gh )\t fur!r detail1 9 ,g5esis x4 #b2 #a ,*ronicles i4 #e1 #g4 ,z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,greeks press$ =w>d to ! ea/4#ia ,aga91 9 ! lam5tation = ,tyre 7,ezek4 xxvii4 #ac7 x is said3 8,javan1 ,tubal & ,me%e*1 !y 7 ?y traffick]s2 !y trad$ ) ! p]sons ( m5 & vessels ( brass = ?y m]*&ise0 7cp4 also v]se #i74 ,?is subject is ref]r$ to aga9 9 ,joel iii4 7,heb4 iv47 #f-h1 9 a woe pron\nc$ aga9/ ,tyre & ,zidon1 & ! ,phili/9es3 8,! *ildr5 also ( ,judah & ! *ildr5 ( ,j]usalem h ye sold unto ! sons ( ! ,grecians1 t ye might remove !m f> f _! bord] 44402 ^! la/ words1 8f> f _! bord]10 sugge/ t ! ref]5ce is to ! ,greek colonies 9 ! f> we/4 ,f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds ,syrian slaves1 among :om ,jews mu/ be reckon$1 7 mu* s\ght aft] by ! ,greeks4#ib ,9 ,isaiah xxiv4 #ad1 #ae x is probable t 8! songs ( praise :i* ! ,jews 9 f> c\ntries raise 9 hon\r ( ,jahweh 7 ! result ( ,alex&] ! ,great's victori\s m>* ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or 9 ,b4,c4 #ccd40ic ,m5tion is made ( ,javan 9 ,isaiah lxvi4 #ai1 x is !re reckon$ among ^? nations to :om ! glory ( ,jehovah %all be decl>$2 accord+ to ,ze*>iah ix4 #ac-ae1 on ! o!r h&1 ,judah & ,ephraim are to be ,jehovah's in/rum5ts = ! puni%+ ( ! sons ( ,javan4 ,&1 once m1 9 ,daniel viii4 #ba1 x4 #bj1 xi4 #b1 !re are ref]5ces to ! ,grco-,mac$onian empire4 ,9 addition to ^! !re are two or ?ree ref]5ces to ! ,greeks 9 ! ,septuag9t :i* are n )\t significance4 ,9 ,isaiah ix4 #ab 7#aa7 x is said t ,syria f ! ea/ & ! ,hell5es f ! we/ are ! de/roy]s ( ,israel2 9 ! ,hebrew text 8,phili/9es0 /&s = 8,hell5es10 :i* is d\btless ! "r read+2 b ! ,septuag9t r5d]+ is ( int]e/ z %[+ t1 :5 ! translation 0 made1 ! real dang] = ! ,jews 0 ! ,greek nation4 ,! same belief evid5tly und]lies ! ,septuag9t =m ( ,j]emiah xxvi4 7 xlvi4 9 ! ,hebrew7 #af3 8,let u arise & let u return to our p1 to our fa!rl&1 f ! face ( ! ,hell5ic sword02 ! ,hebrew1 :i* has aga9 ! correct read+1 has 8! oppress+ sword0 in/ead ( 8! ,hell5ic sword40 ,! same sub/itution = ! ,hebrew ^w occurs aga9 9 ! ,septuag9t ( ,j]emiah xxvii4 7 l4 9 ! ,hebrew7 #af4 ,^! practically exhau/ ! actual ref]5ces to ! ,greeks 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b traces ( ,greek influ5ce are probably to be disc]n$ 9 o!r directions4 ,?is influ5ce is obvi\s 9 ^? cases1 ?\gh !y are b few 9 numb]1 9 :i* ,greek words are adapt$2 ?is occurs only 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :]e a few ,greek words = musical in/rum5ts appe> 9 an aramaiz$ =m1 viz41 psantrn1 symphnia1 9 ,daniel iii4 #e1 & kai?ros 9 iii4 #g 7cp4 also iii4 #aj1 #ae72 ! =m ( ! ^w psantrn is int]e/+1 because 8?is =m alongside ( ! ,greek psaltrion proves ! influ5ce ( ! ,mac$onian dialect :i* sub/itut$ n = l40#id ,,ii4 ,,traces ,,( ,,greek ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,! "q z to ! exi/5ce or o!rwise ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 9 c]ta9 o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is a difficult "o ^u :i* mu* div]sity ( op9ion exi/s among s*ol>s4 ,we turn fir/ to ! ,psalms4 ,! majority ( s*ol>s are agre$ t a numb] ( ! ,psalms belong to ! ,greek & ,maccaban eras1#ie & if ?is is s ! possibility ( ,greek influ5ce be+ disc]n$ 9 !m mu/ be recogniz$4 ,x is always prec>i\s to base conclusions ^u :at is assum$ to be ! political situation depict$ 9 any p>ticul> psalm2 b consid]ations ( ano!r "* may well indicate ! age to :i* a psalm 9 all probability belongs2 = example1 t ! conditions :i* =m ! backgr\nd ( _m ( ! ,psalms are ^? br\ght ab\t ?r\gh contact ) ,hell5ism dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,ptolemaic & ,seleucid rule is prov$ by ! fact t 9 a numb] ( !m a pla9tive cry1 or vehem5t d5unciation1 is utt]$ n only on acc\nt ( ! dom9ation ( ! hea!n1 b also because )9 ! ,jewi% community itself a religi\s cleft has occurr$2 s t a di/9ction is made betwe5 ^? ( ,israel :o are fai?ful to ! ,law1 & ^? :o are r5egades & :o are1 !re=e1 class$ ) ! ,g5tiles4#if ,:5 x is realiz$ t !re is no p]iod 9 ,jewi% hi/ory1 except+ t j ref]r$ to1 dur+ :i* conditions su* z ^! obta9$1 x w be grant$ t !re is ample ju/ification = assign+ ! ,psalms 9 "q to ! ,greek p]iod4 ,we agree1 !re=e1 ) ,fri$lnd] 9 8 belief t ! conflict betwe5 ! god-fe>+1 pi\s ,israelites1 & ! godless1 ) :i* ^! ,psalms are full1 really reflects ! attitude ( ! *ampions ( ! old or?odoxy1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,ezra1 t[>ds ! ris+ tide ( ,hell5ism4#ig ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 z reflect$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,psalms1 !re=e1 is only to be se5 ) c]ta9ty 9 t ^! witness to a /ate ( affairs )9 ! community ( ,israel br\ght ab\t by ! spread ( ! ,greek _s4#ih ,9 ! next place we look at ! ,prov]bs4 ,"h x is ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ) :i* we are conc]n$2 !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among mod]n s*ol>s t ^! *apt]s =m ! late/ portion ( ! book4 ,! m>ks ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce are briefly z foll[s3 ,fir/ly1 individualism2 ,wisdom cries1 = example1 9 viii4 #d3 ,unto y1 ,o m51 ,i call1 ,& my voice is to ! sons ( m54 ,aga9 9 ix4 #d-f %e cries3 ,:oso is simple let him turn 9 hi!r2 ,z = him t is void ( und]/&+1 %e sai? to him1 ,come1 eat ye ( my bread1 ,& dr9k ( ! w9e :i* ,i h m+l$4 ,leave (f1 ye simple ones1 & live1 ,& walk 9 ! way ( und]/&+4 ,"h1 & 9 o!r simil> passages1 x is ! individual :o is ( importance1 n ! nation1 z 9 e>li] days4 ,secondly1 univ]salism2 ,wisdom says 7viii4 #ae1 #af73 ,by me k+s reign1 ,& pr9ces decree ju/ice4 ,by me rul]s rule1 ,& nobles1 ev5 all ! judges ( ! e>?4 ,!re is "h no re/riction to ! rul]s ( ! ,jewi% nation2 ,wisdom is = all m51 & h] sway is worldwide = ^? :o w h h]3 ,i love ^? t love me2 ,& ^? t seek me dilig5tly %all f9d me 7viii4 #ag74 ,a ?ird m>k ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce is ! allegorical =m :i* appe>s 9 ?is book1 & especially 9 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s#ii2 ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ?is is ! 8/range woman0 spok5 ( 9 *apt] ii4 & else:]e3 ,:i* =sake? ! fri5d ( h] y\?1 ,& =gette? ! cov5ant ( ,god2 ,= h] h\se incl9e? unto dea?1 ,& h] pa?s unto ! dead 444 7ii4 #ag-ai74 ,?is 8/range woman0 is und\bt$ly an allegorical p]son2 %e is a p]sonification ( ! new ,hell5i/ic _s :i*1 on its bad side1 enc\rag$ unbridl$ lic5ce & l$ away f ,god#ajj2 we h se5 above t !re 0 a debas$ =m ( ,hell5ism :i* 0 especially pres5t 9 ,syria4 ,?is int]pretation ( :at 0 meant by ! 8/range woman0 0 t ( "s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs4#aja ,! writ] ( ^! *apt]s is ?us1 probably unconsci\sly1 influ5c$ by ! m excell5t traits ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 b is fully alive to its dang]s & w>ns 8 read]s aga9/ !m4 ,la/ly1 a f\r? m>k ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce is ! hypo/atization ( ,wisdom2 ! classical passage is viii4 #bb-cf1 f :i* a few v]ses may be quot$3 ,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 way1 ,be=e ,8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 ,or ev] ! e>? 04444 ,:5 ,he e/abli%$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re2 ,:5 ,he set a circle ^u ! face ( ! deep4444 ,!n ,i 0 by ,him1 z a ma/] workman1 ,& ,i 0 daily ,8 delight4444 ,t su* ?\ghts are due to ,greek influ5ce sc>cely admits ( d\bt4#ajb ,we come next to ! book ( ,job4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is ,o4 ,holtzmann says ) mu* =ce t 9 ?is book 8we h to d ) a religi\s-philosophical "w2 &1 s f> z we "k1 ! ,israelites nev] ev9c$ any incl9ation = philosophy until !y came 9 contact ) ,hell5ism4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ draw att5tion to ! fact t ! book ( ,job has z its backgr\nd ! =m ( a novel1 :i* fl\ri%$ ev]y:]e among ! ,greeks2 & ?is is "o ( ! cle>e/ signs ( ! individuali/ic t5d5cy :i* pr$om9at$ at ?is p]iod4444 ,moreov]1 ! =m ( dialogue :i* is peculi> to ?is book receives ?us a new significance2 we h "h1 )\t d\bt1 a ,hebrew imitation ( ! philosophic dialogue ( ,plato2 & "h "o %\ld recall h[ ,plato m$itat$ ^u ! causes ( human suff]+1 & h[ he1 too1 appreciat$ ! gr&eur & beauty ( ! _w40#ajc ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,job takes up a position ( antagonism t[>ds ! old or?odoxy1 repres5t$ by ! ?ree fri5ds1 z well z t[>ds ! new ,hell5i/ic _s1 ! ultimate consequ5ce ( :i* mu/1 z he sees1 lead to a!ism1 pure & simple4 ,8 position is ?us1 9 ?is respect1 simil> to t ( ! au?or ( ,prov]bs i4-ix4 ,fri$lnd] sees 9 ! ?ree fri5ds ! 8pi\s ones0 ( ! ,psalms4#ajd ,fur!r1 we h 9 ! book ( ,job a conception ( ,wisdom some:at simil> to t ( ,prov]bs2 9 ! long passage1 xxviii4 #ab-bh1 ,wisdom is conceiv$ ( z ,god's co-op]ator1 see especially v]ses #bj-bg2 b unlike ! tea*+ ( ,prov]bs on ! subject1 !re is n ! intimate relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,wisdom & m52 !re is only a brief allusion to ?is 9 v]se #bh4 ,9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es x is held by _m s*ol>s t traces ( ,greek philosophy are to be disc]n$4 ,tyl]1 = example1 %[s t ! passage1 iii4 #a-h1 :i* gives a catalogue ( times & seasons1 is an e*o ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oics t m5 %\ld live accord+ to nature4#aje ,aga91 ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 iii4 #ah1 #ai 78444 t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 & man ha? no pre-em95ce above ! bea/s2 = all is vanity 44407 is c]ta9ly 9 accordance ) ! ,epicurean tea*+ reg>d+ ! mortality ( ! s\l4#ajf ,b>ton argues /rongly aga9/ ^! views#ajg2 b cog5t z _m ( 8 argum5ts are1 !y are n conv9c+ 9 e case2 ?is applies especially to :at he says 9 ref]5ce to ! passage1 iii4 #ah1 #ai3 8,kohele?'s d5ial ( immortality diff]s f ! ,epicurean d5ial4 ,8 is b a pass+ d\bt2 x is n dogmatically express$1 & at ! end 7xii4 #g7 8 d\bt has vani%$1 & he reass]ts ! old] ,jewi% view 7,g54 ii4 #g74 ,?is old] view 0 n an ass]tion ( immortality1 b ! primitive conception t ! brea? comes f ,god & goes back to ,him4 ,! ,epicureans1 on ! o!r h&1 dogmatically argu$ = ! non-immortality ( ! s\l1 & possess$ well-assur$ !ories ab\t x40#ajh ,?is argum5t is n v conv9c+2 at any rate1 x does n disprove our pres5t po9t1 :i* is t ! traces ( ,greek influ5ce are to be disc]n$ 9 ?is book4 ,cornill's sob] dictum on ! subject g5]ally is1 we feel conv9c$1 ! "r "o1 :5 he says3 8,! "q :e!r ,kohele? %[s imm$iate k ( & dep5d5ce ^u ,greek philosophy is an op5 "o2 b s mu* appe>s c]ta91 t su* a "w c\ld only h be5 produc$ by a ,jewi% m9d imbu$1 or at lea/ influ5c$1 by ,hell5ism40#aji ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 comm5t+ on ! passage1 ix4 #g-i 78,g ?y way1 eat ?y bread ) joy1 & dr9k ?y w9e ) a m]ry he>t 444071 rem>ks t ! writ] appe>s to be reproduc+ "s ,epicurean ideas#aaj2 ,*eyne is n surpris$ at ?is1 = ! book is1 z he says1 8conspicu\s by its want ( a native ,jewi% backgr\nd 444 x obvi\sly /&s at ! close ( ! great ,jewi% humani/ic movem5t1 & gives an entirely new col\r to ! traditional humanism by its sceptical tone & its comm5dations ( s5su\s pleasure02 & a little fur!r on he says t 8x is p]fectly possible to hold t !re are di/9ctively ,epicurean doctr9es 9 ,kohele?4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,jewi% ?\ght may well seem to r5d] ?is op9ion probable4 ,h[ dang]\sly fasc9at+ ,epicureanism mu/ h be5 :5 ! ^w #8,epicuros' became a synonym 9 ,rabb9ic ,hebrew = infidel or ev5 a!i/40#aaa ,*eyne does n1 h[ev]1 believe 9 any traces ( ,greek influ5ce1 :e!r ,epicurean or ,/oic1 9 ! book4 8,i d n see10 he says1 8t we mu/ admit ev5 a vague ,greek influ5ce4 ,! inquir+ _s 0 pres5t 9 ! class ( #8wise m5' ev5 be=e ! ,exile1 & ! circum/ances ( ! lat] ,jews 71 f ! ,exile onw>ds1 well fitt$ to ex]cise & develop x4 ,hell5ic tea*+ 0 9 no way necess>y to an ard5t b unsy/ematic ?9k] l ,kohele?40#aab ,x is l>gely a "q ( ! probabilities ( ! case2 =1 9 discuss+ ! :ole "q ( ! pres5ce or o!rwise ( traces ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 9 "s ( ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1#aac we mu/ keep be=e our m9ds ! fact ( ! spread ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s f ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great onw>ds1 & ! way 9 :i* 7z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]7 x affect$ ! ,jews 9 manifold directions4 ,! important evid5ce ( #a ,maccabees i4 #aa is wor? recall+ "h3 8,9 ^? days came !re =? out ( ,israel transgressors ( ! ,law1 & p]suad$ _m1 say+1 ,let u g & make a cov5ant ) ! ,g5tiles t are r\nd ab\t u2 = s9ce we p>t$ f !m _m evils h befall5 u40 ,two po9ts come out cle>ly "h3 !re 0 evid5tly a /rong ,hell5i/ic p>ty among ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e s9ce ^! transgressors ( ! ,law 8came =? out ( ,israel02 ! passage also %[s t "s "t previ\sly relations _h exi/$ betwe5 ^! ,hell5i/ic ,jews & ! ,g5tiles1 z ! writ] says1 8s9ce we p>t$ f !m40 ,! ,maccaban ris+ 01 !re=e1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( a movem5t t _h be5 go+ on long be=e1 viz41 a conflict betwe5 or?odox & ,hell5i/ic ,jews1 ! latt] be+ support$ by ! rul+ p[]s2 or if conflict is too /rong a ^w to use1 !n let u say1 at any rate1 oppos+ t5d5cies4 ,x is1 moreov]1 highly probable t ! action ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 seek+ to /amp out ,judaism 0 l>gely prompt$ by 8 k ( ! exi/5ce ( consid]able numb]s ( ,jews :o 7 9 sympa?y ) 8 plan2 ?is seems cle> f #a ,maccabees i4 #ac1 :]e we read fur!r3 8,& c]ta9 ( ! p 7 =w>d h]e9 & w5t to ! k+ 7i4e41 ,antio*us ,epiphanes71 & he gave !m lic5ce to d aft] ! ord9ances ( ! ,g5tiles40 ,if ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e 7 ?us surr\nd$ by ,g5tiles1 & 71 z we h already se5 to be ! case1 /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 :e!r or?odox or n1 x w\ld be accord+ to expectation to f9d m>ks ( ?is influ5ce 9 ^? books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* belong to ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case ( ,ecclesia/es x is grant$ t analogies betwe5 ,greek philosophy & its ideas exi/#aad2 x appe>s to u1 !re=e1 m probable t ^! ideas1 9 view ( :at has j be5 said1 7 due to ! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght r ?an t !y 7 indep5d5tly rea*$4 ,,iii4 ,,traces ,,( ,,greek ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,apocrypha ,!re are only two books ( ! ,apocrypha :i* come into consid]ation "h1 b !y are ! two mo/ important4 ,fir/ we h ! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira or ,ecclesia/icus4 ,b5-,sira 0 an or?odox ,jew2 b 9 spite ( ?is he betrays 9 8 book ! influ5ce t ,greek culture _h ^u him1 & is ?us an int]e/+ example ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,hell5i/ic _s work$ ^u m5 unconsci\sly4 ,he wrote 8 book ) ! purpose1 among o!rs1 ( demon/rat+ ! sup]iority ( ,jewi% ov] ,greek wisdom1 s t f ?is po9t ( view ,ecclesia/icus may be reg>d$ z an apologetic "w4 ,! traces ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 9 ?is book are to be f\nd 9 g5]al conception r ?an 9 def9ite =m2 = example1 ! id5tification ( virtue ) k is a di/9ctly ,hell5i/ic trait1 & is treat$ 9 ?is book z axiomatic4 ,no long] are div9e & human wisdom look$ ^u z ?\gh oppos$ ! "o to ! o!r1 z _h be5 ! case 9 days gone by2 ,b5-,sira tea*es1 & ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature g5]ally1 t wisdom is ! "o ?+ ( all o!rs :i* is indisp5sable to him :o w\ld lead a godly life4 ,t !re is no opposition betwe5 div9e & human wisdom 0 a doctr9e = :i* ,b5-,sira 0 indebt$1 :e!r directly or indirectly is n ! po9t1 to ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism4 ,9 ?is book ! evil ( wick$ness is repres5t$ z ly+ 9 ! fact t wick$ness is folly1 & !re=e ess5tially oppos$ to ,wisdom2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jews z a body 7 fai?ful to ! ,torah1 or ,law1 ^: ord9ances 7 b9d+ because x 0 ! reveal$ w ( ,god2 !re=e1 9 ord] to reconcile ?is traditional tea*+ ) ! new] tea*+ t ,wisdom is man's ma9 requirem5t1 ,wisdom became id5tifi$ ) ! ,torah3 8! fe> ( ! ,"l i4e41 ! obs]vance ( ! ,torah is ! beg9n+ i4e41 ! highe/ =m ( ,wisdom40 ,?is is ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,jewi% ,wisdom lit]ature2 & x =m$ ! reconcil+ l9k betwe5 ,judaism & ,hell5ism 9 ?is doma94#aae ,?is id5tification is n[h]e m evid5t ?an 9 ,ecclesia/icus2 ?r\gh\t ,b5-,sira inculcates ! ne$ ( obs]v+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law :i* is man's highe/ wisdom1 b ! ,law is ! expression ( ! div9e wisdom2 s t he truly says3 ,if ?\ desire wisdom keep ! comm&m5ts1 ,& ! ,"l w give h] freely unto !e 7i4 #bf74 ,fur!r1 ! exi/5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy among "s ( ! cultur$ ,jews ( ,pale/9e is reflect$ 9 ! book 9 t ,b5-,sira controv]ts ! fatali/ic philosophy ( ! ,/oics2 see1 = example1 su* a passage z ! foll[+3 ,say n1 8,f ,god is my transgression02 ,= t :i* ,he hate? made ,he n4 ,say n1 8,x is ,he t made me to /umble10 ,= !re is no ne$ ( evil m5 7xv4 #aa1 #ab74 ,! ,/oic enum]ation ( ! human s5ses seems to h be5 9 ! m9d ( "o :o add$ ^! words aft] xvii4 #d3 8,!y i4e41 m5 receiv$ ! use ( five p[]s i4e41 ! five s5ses ( ! ,"l2 b z six? ,he also accord$ !m ! gift ( und]/&+ 7n\s71 & z a sev5? ! ,^w 7logos71 ! int]pret] ( ,8 p[]s40 ,9 "o passage ,b5-,sira utt]s words :i* s\nd r l an e*o ( ,epicurean philosophy3 ,give n ?y s\l to sorr[1 ,& let n ?yself become un/eadi$ ) c>e4 ,he>t-joy is life = a man1 ,& human gladness prolonge? days4 ,entice ?yself1 & soo! ?9e he>t1 ,& bani% vexation f !e2 ,= sorr[ ha? sla9 _m1 ,& !re is no pr(it 9 vexation4 ,envy & ang] %ort5 days1 ,& anxiety make? old untimely4 ,! sleep ( a *e]ful he>t is l da9ties1 ,& 8 food is agreeable unto him 7xxx4 #ba-be1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew74 ,9 summ+ up ! traces ( ,greek influ5ce ^u ,b5-,sira1 ,pr(4 ,israel ,levi says3 8,! fatali/ic philosoph]s ^: op9ions he conte/s 7 d\btless ! ,/oics2 & ! philosophical discussions in/itut$ by him 7 innovations & probably borr[$4 ,8 criticisms ( sceptics & w\ld-be free?9k]s are fur!r evid5ces ( 8 k ( ,hell5ism2 & "s ( 8 views f9d close analogues 9 ,euripides4 ,n only does he %>e *>act]i/ic ideas ) ! ,greek trag$ians & morali/s1 b he ev5 has ! same ta/e = c]ta9 common topics1 su* z false fri5d%ip1 ! unc]ta9ty ( happ9ess1 & especially ! faults ( wom54 ,! impression ( ,greek influ5ce is /r5g!n$ by ! pres5ce ( a poli% q =eign to ,hebrew lit]ature40#aaf ,?is may or may n be some:at ov]-/at$1 b !re c sc>cely be any d\bt t1 al?\gh ! ,judaic elem5ts 9 ! book prepond]ate to an ov]:elm+ degree1 yet ,hell5ic traits are to be disc]n$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,pr(4 ,levi sees ! results ( ,greek influ5ce 9 "s o!r directions 9 ! book2 ?us he says t 8! cu/oms :i* he 7i4e41 ,b5-,sira7 describes are tak5 f ,greek r ?an f ,hebrew society2 ?us he m5tions banquets accompani$ by brilliant conv]sation1#aag at :i* musical in/rum5ts 7 he>d1 & ov] :i* presid$ #8! ma/] ( ! fea/4'0 ,at ! same "t x is only "r to po9t out t "s s*ol>s d5y t !re are any signs ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ! book4 ,we turn n[ to ! book ( ,wisdom :i*1 z a product ( ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion1 is full ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s4 ,! be/ way to deal ) ?is int]e/+ b some:at intricate subject w be to illu/rate by quotations ! diff]5t ,greek philosophical ideas conta9$ 9 ! book1 & !n to indicate ! tea*+ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s 9 ea* case2 9 ?is way ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy 9 ! book w be cle>ly se54 7a7 ,! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,t ?is is tak5 = grant$ is cle> f ! words 9 viii4 #ai1 #bj3 ,n[ ,i 0 a *ild good by nature1 & a good s\l fell to my lot2 ,nay1 r1 be+ good1 ,i came into a body undefil$4 ,& aga91 9 xv4 #h1 ?\gh "h pre-exi/5ce is n necess>ily impli$3 444 ,:5 ! s\l :i* 0 l5t him %all aga9 be dem&$4 ,&1 once m1 9 ref]5ce to ! fooli% man :o manufactures idols1 x is said 7xv4 #aa73 ,because he 0 ignorant ( ,him t m\ld$ him1 ,& ( ,him t inspir$ into him an active s\l1 ,& brea!d into him a vital _s4 ,a great deal dep5ds "h ^u ! "q ( au?or%ip1 or at any rate ^u ! po9t ( view ( ! writ]2 = x w be notic$ t ! fir/ ( ^! quotations comes f "p i4 ( ! book1 :ile ! la/ two are f "p ii4 ,we w speak ( ! po9t ( view ( ! writ] )\t assum+ t ei!r "o or two writ]s is 9 "q4 ,!re are two po9ts ( view repres5t$ 9 ^! v]ses2 ! ord9>y ,jewi% belief is express$ by ! words3 8,n[ ,i 0 a *ild good by nature1 & a good s\l fell to my lot10 z well z by ! two o!r quotations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a po9t ( view influ5c$ by ,greek ?\ght appe>s 9 ! words3 8,nay1 r1 be+ good1 ,i came into a body undefil$40 ,x is well to po9t out fir/ t accord+ to ! ord9>y ,jewi% belief !re 0 no cle> conception ( any diff]5ce betwe5 s\l & _s2 ! ,hebrew ^w = 8s\l0 is nph%2 b ?is ^w does n correspond prop]ly to 8s\l02 x means a man's own self1 8 p]sonality1 includ+ 8 body2 :at we und]/& by body & s\l is express$ 9 ,hebrew by ?is ^w nph%1 s t :5 ?is is translat$ by 8s\l0 x is apt to cause misund]/&+2 ! ,hebrews _h no ^w correspond+ to ! ,greek sma 7body71 nor did ! ,greek psy* 7s\l7 correspond ) ! ,hebrew nph%2 ! ,hebrew ^w :i* comes ne>e/ to psy* w\ld be n%mh 7brea?71 or possibly ra* 7_s74#aah ,! words1 !re=e1 8,n[ ,i 0 a *ild good by nature1 & a good s\l fell to my lot10 mean simply t he 0 by nature a good *ild & became also a good man1 by ,god's m]cy is impli$4 ,?is traditional fai? ! writ] supplem5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! insight into ,greek philosophy :i* he _h ga9$1 by add+3 8,or1 r1 be+ good1 ,i came into a body undefil$02 he means !reby t 8 s\l 79 ! ,greek1 n ! ,hebrew1 s5se1 = he does n include ! body7 ent]$ into a body undefil$2 he ?us expresses 8 belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,b an int]e/+ po9t to be not$ "h is t ! writ]1 :ile accept+ "o ,greek doctr9e 7! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l7 repudiates ano!r 9 ! same brea?1 = by speak+ ( a 8body undefil$0 he seems to be d5y+ ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! body be+ a h9drance 7see bel[74 ,z to ,plato's tea*+ on ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 ?is has be5 s well summ$ up by ,zell] t we _c d bett] ?an give x 9 8 words3 8,! s\l ( man is 9 its nature homog5e\s ) ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 f :i* x spr+s4 ,be+ ( a simple & incorporeal nature x is by its p[] ( self-movem5t ! orig9 ( motion 9 ! body2 insep>ably connect$ ) ! idea ( life1 x has nei!r end nor beg9n+4 ,z ! s\ls h desc5d$ f a high] _w into ! e>?ly body1 !y return aft] dea?1 if _! lives h be5 pure & devot$ to high] objects1 to ?is high] _w1 :ile ^? :o ne$ correction 9 "p und]go puni%m5ts 9 ano!r _w1 & 9 "p migrate ?r\gh ! bodies ( m5 & animals4 ,9 its e>li] exi/5ce our s\l has se5 ! ideas ( :i* x is rem9d$ by ! sight ( _! s5su\s copies40#aai ,! o!r two passages1 xv4 #h & xv4 #aa1 reflect ! anci5t ,hebrew belief z conta9$ 9 ,g5esis ii4 #g3 8,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? 7n%mh7 ( life2 & man became a liv+ s\l 7nph%702 t is to say1 ! n%mh 7:i* is equival5t to :at we und]/& by 8s\l02 !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 8s\l0 & 8_s0 9 ,hebrew belief#abj7 is 9 exi/5ce ) ,god be=e man is creat$4 ,?is belief 9 pre-exi/5ce1 ?\gh q diff]5t f ! ,greek doctr9e1 became elaborat$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 & x 0 taught t 9 ! sev5? heav5 ,god kept ! s\ls ( ^? :om ,he int5ds to s5d on e>?#aba2 ! ,midra% 9 :i* ?is occurs 7,sifre #adc;b7 belongs 9 its orig9al =m to ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 & s9ce x und\bt$ly pres]ves mu* anci5t mat]ial x reflects ?\ght long prior to ! "t :5 ,wisdom 0 writt54 ,9 ! passages quot$ we h1 !n1 ref]5ces to ! belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( s\ls z taught by ! ,jews on "o h& & by ! ,greeks on ! o!r4 7b7 ,! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,we h se5 t ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l ! au?or ( ,wisdom expresses bo? ,jewi% & ,greek belief4 ,! same is ! case ) ! doctr9e ( immortality2 ,jewi% belief on ?is subject has already be5 dealt ) 9 ,"p ,i1 *ap4 ix4 7f72 ! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght is to be disc]n$ 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3 ,c\rt n dea? 9 ! error ( y\r life2 ,nei!r draw ^u y\rselves de/ruction by ! works ( y\r h&s2 ,because ,god made n dea?1 ,nei!r delighte? ,he :5 ! wick$ p]i% 7i4 #ab1 #ac74 444 ,= righte\sness is immortal 7i4 #ae74 ,! ref]5ce "h is to spiritual dea?1 ! s\l's loss ( true life h]eaft]4 ,aga93 ,b ! s\ls ( ! righte\s are 9 ! h& ( ,god1 ,& no torm5t %all t\* !m 7iii4 #a74 ,!y t tru/ on ,him %all und]/& tru?1 ,& ! fai?ful %all abide ) ,him 9 love2 ,because grace & m]cy are to ,8 *os51 ,& ,he w graci\sly visit ,8 holy ones 7iii4 #i1 cp4 xv4 #c74 ,&1 once m3 ,incorruption br+e? ne> to ,god 7vi4 #ai74 ,( su* passages ,m5zel says3 8,:o does n1 9 read+ !m1 recall ! ,platonic passage ,jambl4 ad ,pha$4 pp4 #fc;c1 #fi;c80#abb ,to quote ,zell] aga9 9 8 summ+ up ( ,plato's philosophy3 8,z ! s\l 9 its true nature belongs to ! _w above ! s5ses1 & 9 t only c f9d a true & la/+ exi/5ce1 ! possession ( ! good or happ9ess :i* =ms ! f9al goal ( human ef=t c only be obta9$ by elevation into t high] _w4444 ,! true mission ( man1 !re=e1 lies 9 t escape f ?is _w1 :i* ! #8,!tetus1' #agf;,a1 id5tifies ) assimilation to ! div9e nature44440#abc 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( ! badness ( ! body4 ,9 ix4 #ae1 #af1 x is said3 ,= a corruptible body weighe? d[n ! s\l1 ,& ! e>?ly frame lie? heavy on ! m9d t is full ( c>es4 ,& h>dly d we div9e ! ?+s t are on e>?1 ,& ! ?+s t are close at h& we f9d ) lab\r2 ,b ! ?+s t are 9 ! heav5s :o ev] yet trac$ out8 ,practically all comm5tators are agre$ t v]se #ae is bas$ on a passage 9 ,plato's ,pha$o 7#ha;,c71 :]e ! h9drance ( ! body is spok5 (2 ! v]bal simil>ities are too /rik+ = ?is to be d5i$4 ,! tea*+ is1 moreov]1 9 agreem5t ) t f\nd else:]e 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato3 8,! body 444 is ! grave & prison ( ! s\l1 :i* has receiv$ its irrational elem5ts ?r\gh comb9ation ) x1 & is ! s\rce ( all desires & all di/urbances ( intellectual activity02 ?us ,zell] sums up ,plato's tea*+ on ! subject4#abd 7d7 ,! creation ( ! _w out ( =mless matt]4 ,! t]m 8=mless matt]0 is a ,platonic "o2 b ?is doctr9e 0 taught by ! ,/oics z well z by ,plato1 s t we _c say to :i* sy/em ! au?or ( ,wisdom 0 imm$iately indebt$ 9 writ+ ^! words3 ,= ,?9e all-p[]ful h&1 ,t creat$ ! _w out ( =mless matt] 444 7xi4 #ag74 ,9 speak+ ( :at ,plato meant by ! t]m 8matt]0 ,zell] says3 8,by ,plato's matt] we h to und]/& n a mass fill+ space1 b space itself4 ,he nev] m5tions x z t out ( :i*1 b only z t 9 :i*1 ?+s arise4 ,accord+ to him1 bodies are =m$ :5 c]ta9 portions ( space are ?r[n into ! %apes ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,t x is n a corporeal mass out ( :i*1 !y arise 9 ?is mann] is cle> f ! ass]tion t :5 !y *ange into "o ano!r !y are brok5 up into _! smalle/ plane dim5sions 9 ord] to be comp\nd$ anew out ( ^!4 ,to c>ry ?is !ory out /rictly 0 difficult2 & 9 ano!r place 7,tim4 #cj;,a1 #eb ,d1 f41 #fi;,b7 he repres5ts ! matt] z if ! ,deity1 :5 engag$ 9 ! =mation ( ! elem5ts1 _h f\nd #8all t is visible' already 9 exi/5ce z a *aotic mass mov+ )\t rule40#abe 7e7 ,signs ( ! influ5ce ( ,/oic philosophy4#abf ,mo/ comm5tators1 f ,grimm onw>ds1 hold t ! idea ( ! ,anima ,mundi1 or ,_w ,s\l1 ( ,/oic philosophy is to be discov]$ 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3 444 ,because ! _s ( ! ,"l fille? ! _w1 ,& t :i* holde? all ?+s toge!r ha? k ( e voice 7i4 #g74 ,! all-p]vad+ "* ( ,wisdom1 describ$ 9 vii4 #bb-bd1 conta9s a simil> ?\ght3 ,= !re is 9 h] a _s quick ( und]/&+1 holy1 ,alone 9 k9d1 manifold1 ,subtil1 freely mov+1 ,cle> 9 utt]ance1 unpollut$1 ,di/9ct1 t _c be h>m$2 ,lov+ :at is good1 ke51 unh9d]$1 ,b5efic5t1 lov+ t[>d man1 ,/eadfa/1 sure1 free f c>e1 ,all-p[]ful1 all-survey+1 ,& p5etrat+ ?r\gh all spirits ,t are quick ( und]/&+1 pure1 subtil4 ,= ,wisdom is m mobile ?an any motion2 ,yea1 %e p]vade? & p5etrate? all ?+s by reason ( h] pur5ess 7cp4 also vii4 #bg1 viii4 #a74 ,ano!r ,/oic doctr9e is t ( ! metabolism ( ! elem5ts1 8by ! help ( :i* ! writ] ( "p ii4 endeav\rs to rationalize ! miracles ( ! ,exodus4444 ,! metabolism ( ! elem5ts at ! end ( "p ii410 says ,holmes1#abg 8is trac$ by ,e4 ,pfleid]] to ,h]aclitus1 & to him directly1 r ?an indirectly ?r\gh ! ,/oics1 on acc\nt ( ! allusion 9 *apt] xix4 to ?ree elem5ts only--fire1 wat]1 e>?--s9ce ,h]aclitus recogniz$ only ?ree4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ ! au?or c\ld h br\ght 9 ! idea ( air *ang+ into any?+ else3 wat] *anges into e>? 9 ! passage ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 & e>? becomes wat] aga9 to ov]:elm ! ,egyptians2 fire lo/ its p[] & 0 unable to melt ! heav5ly food2 :at ne$ or opportunity 0 !re = adduc+ ! *ange ( air into ano!r elem5t8444 ,x mu/1 no d\bt1 be admitt$ t ! ,book ( ,wisdom has po9ts ( connexion ) ! sy/em ( ,h]aclitus1 :o 0 highly e/eem$ 9 ,alex&ria1 b :e!r directly or indirectly x is impossible to say40 ,! passage 9 "q is xix4 #ah-ba3 ,= ! elem5ts *ang$ _! ord] "o ) ano!r4444 ,= creatures ( dry l& 7 turn$ into creatures ( wat]s1 ,& creatures t swim trode n[ ^u ! e>?2 ,fire kept ! ma/]y ( its own p[] 9 ! mid/ ( wat]1 ,& wat] =gat its qu5*+ nature4 ,contr>iwise1 flames wa/$ n ! fle% ( p]i%able creatures t walk$ among !m2 ,nei!r melt$ !y ! ice-l gra9s ( ambrosial food1 t 7 by nature apt to melt4 ,la/ly1 ref]5ce may be made to viii4 #g1 :]e we f9d a classification ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 :i* ! ,/oics copi$ f ,plato3 ,& if a man love? righte\sness1 ,! fruits ( ,wisdom's lab\r are virtues1 ,= %e tea*e? self-control & und]/&+1 righte\sness1 & c\rage2 ,& !re is no?+ 9 life m pr(itable ?an ^!4 ,mo/ ( ! m>ks ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ?is book h n[ be5 m5tion$2 x is probable en\gh t we h miss$ "s1 b we v5ture to ?9k t ! mo/ important h be5 dealt )4 ,,summ>y ,!re are n _m direct ref]5ces to ! ,greeks 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 a few scatt]$ passages ,javan1 ! ,hebrew =m = ! l& ( ! ,ionians 7i4e4 ,greeks71 is f\nd4 ,?ree int]e/+ in/ances ( v>iation f ! ,hebrew occur 9 ! ,septuag9t2 ! ^w 8,greek0 be+ sub/itut$ = 8,phili/9e0 9 "o case1 & 8,hell5ic sword0 = 8oppress+ sword0 9 two o!rs4 ,^! delib]ate alt]ations 7 made because x 0 believ$ by ! ,greek translator t ! real dang] = ! ,jews lay 9 ! spread ( ! ,greek _s4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,daniel a few ,greek names ( musical in/rum5ts h be5 adopt$4 ,traces ( ,greek influ5ce are to be disc]n$ 9 all probability 9 "s ( ! ,psalms1 = !y witness to a /ate ( affairs br\ght ab\t by ! work+ ( ! ,greek _s4 ,9 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ( ,prov]bs1 too1 !re are m>ks ( ,hell5ic influ5ce1 e4g4 individualism1 univ]salism1 ! use ( allegory & ! hypo/atization ( ,wisdom4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job ! same influ5ce may be disc]n$ 9 ! philosophic ca/ ( ! spee*es1 9 its imitation 9 =m ( ,plato's dialogues1 & 9 ! fact t ! backgr\nd ( ! book is ca/ 9 ! =m ( a novel1 :i* 0 likewise imitat$ f ! ,greeks4 ,z to ,ecclesia/es1 op9ions diff] z to :e!r x exhibits direct borr[+ f ,/oic & ,epicurean ?\ght2 b x c]ta9ly conta9s analogies ) ,greek philosophy4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha only two books come into consid]ation1 b !y are ! two mo/ important4 ,ecclesia/icus 0 writt5 ) ! purpose1 among o!rs1 ( demon/rat+ ! sup]iority ( ,jewi% ov] ,greek wisdom2 at ! same "t1 ,b5-,sira (t5 %[s himself influ5c$1 unconsci\sly x may be1 by ! latt]1 al?\gh ! ,judaic elem5ts 9 ! book prepond]ate to an ov]:elm+ degree4 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom1 a product ( ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion1 is full ( ! ,hell5ic _s2 ?is comes out v cle>ly 9 ! treatm5t ( ! doctr9es ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 ( immortality1 ( ! body z evil1 & ( ! creation ( ! _w out ( =mless matt]4 ,fur!r1 mo/ comm5tators f9d ! influ5ce ( ,/oic philosophy 9 ! ideas ( ! ,anima ,mundi & ( ! metabolism ( ! elem5ts1 z well z ! classification ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues :i* ! ,/oics copi$ f ,plato4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t ,,lit]ature4--,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #cgb-dad 7#ahia72 ,s*latt]1 ,israel's ,ges*i*te von ,alex&] d4 ,gross5 bis ,hadrian 7#aijj72 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 pp4 #aie-bij 7#aijc72 ,b\sset1 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik 7#aijc72 ,volz1 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba 7#aijc72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,die rel4 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #bb-gg 7#aije72 ,gressmann1 ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis*-jdis*5 ,es*atologie 7#aije72 ,oe/]ley1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,la/ ,?+s 7#aijh72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #dd-aea1 ,g]man ed4 ,,iii1 pp4 #beh-djg 7#aiji72 ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 pp4 #bg-de1 #bbb-bed 7#aiaa72 ,*>les1 ,es*atology1 ,hebrew1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian 7#aiac72 ,burkitt1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,apocalypses 7#aiad72 ,mac,culloch's article on 8,es*atology10 9 ,ha/+s' ,encycl4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 v4 pp4 #cgc-cia 7#aiab74 ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,movem5t ,! fundam5tal ideas :i* ultimately develop$ into ,jewi% ,apocalyptic g back to a ho>y antiquity4 ,_m ( ^! ideas are pres5t 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ! diff]5t s\rces1 "s und\bt$ly indig5\s1 o!rs extrane\s1 :5ce ^! ideas emanat$ h1 9 all probability1 a mu* long] hi/ory beh9d !m4 ,) ! hi/ory & developm5t ( e>ly ,apocalyptic ?\ght we are n "h conc]n$1 s9ce our object is only to deal ) ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 & ?is m]ely 9 its broad outl9es z x appe>s 9 :at is call$ ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t4 ,:5 specifically ,jewi% ,apocalyptic comm5c$ x is n possible to say1 = ! doctr9es & hopes & fe>s :i* x taught mu/ h be5 9 m5's m9ds & h be5 widely inculcat$ long be=e x appe>$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* we "k x1 namely1 its lit]>y =m4 ,b x is n difficult to indicate ! approximate date at :i* ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 kn[n to u1 began to come into exi/5ce2 ?is 0 some:]e ab\t ! p]iod #bjj-aej ,b4,c42 f t "t x cont9u$ to gr[ dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree c5turies4 ,! e>ly beg9n+s ( ?is lit]ature1 !re=e1 date f a "t prior to ! ,maccaban /ruggle4 ,be=e ! ,maccaban era ! two great oppos+ p>ties1 ,sadducan & ,ph>isaic1 did n exi/4 ,x is m ?an probable1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 t ! t5d5cies :i*1 lat]1 develop$ & became directly antagoni/ic 7 already 9 be+1 & t ! ,maccaban /ruggle _h ! effect ( greatly /r5g!n+ !m4 ,fur!r1 9 pre-,maccaban times1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t1 an univ]sali/ic _s prevail$ v l>gely among ! ,jews2 !y saw no objection to associat+ ) ! ,greeks1 7 glad to le>n f !m1 & welcom$ ! free & wide atmosph]e :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,! result 0 t ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 enri*$ by extrane\s ideas & beliefs1 fl\ri%$ among ! p2 to _m x br\ght light & com=t because x solv$ problems :i* _h hi!rto appe>$ insoluble2 t ?is life 0 m]ely prep>atory to a happi] & full] "o aft] dea?1 :5 ! godly w\ld come to _! own & ! wick$ w\ld receive _! recomp5se1 su* a doctr9e laid at re/ ! d\bts & he>t-se>*+s ( ^? :o 7 %ock$ at see+ ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$1 & :o 7 griev$ at ! adv]sity & sorr[ ( ! righte\s4 ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 !re=e1 fl\ri%$2 x appeal$ to ! mass ( ! p1 = x inspir$ !m ) hope2 x 0 individuali/ic1 s t ea* felt t "h 0 a message = him 9 p>ticul> z well z = ! nation at l>ge4 ,we h said t 9 ! pre-,maccaban era ! t5d5cies :i* 9 lat] ye>s _h ! effect ( call+ into exi/5ce two antagoni/ic p>ties 7 already pres5t2 we h also said t ! ,jews z a :ole 7 m or less imbu$ ) ! ,hell5i/ic _s2 let u expla9 our mean+ a little m fully4 ,n all ! ,jews at ?is p]iod 7 ,hell5i/ically incl9$1 ?\gh ! bulk 71 & ! influ5ce 0 m or less ^u all2 b !re 0 a m9ority ( ! nation :i* _h foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ^? :o s9ce ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah _h clung t5aci\sly to a rigid obs]vance ( ! ,law2 n t !y 7 :olly un9flu5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 any m ?an ! m ?or\gh-go+ ,hell5i/ic ,jews z a body 7 really disloyal to ! ,law4 ,?is m9ority consi/$ ( ^? :o 7 call$ ! 8,pi\s ones10 or ,*assidim#abh2 x 0 connect$ ) ! ,scribes1 = 9 ! important passage1 #a ,maccabees vii4 #ab-ad1 x is said3 8,& !re 7 ga!r$ toge!r unto ,alcimus & ,bac*ides a company ( scribes1 to seek = ju/ice4 ,& ! ,*assidim 7 ! fir/ among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t s\ght peace ( !m44440 ,x 0 ! ,*assidim :o 9 po/-,maccaban times develop$ into ! di/9ct p>ty ( ! ,ph>isees1 ! p>ty ( rigid or?odoxy1 legali/ic1 exclusive1 & n>r[4 ,oppos$1 !n1 to ! ideas ( ?is m9ority 7 ^? :o 7 l$ by ! gov]n+ classes & ! family ( ! ,high-,prie/2 m5 :o 7 ! fri5ds ( ,hell5i/ic culture1 & :o 7 n legali/ic 9 ! s5se t ! ,*assidim 74 ,^! repres5t$ :at 9 po/-,maccaban times became ! ,sadducan p>ty4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t1 z already po9t$ out1 9 pre-,maccaban times !re 0 nei!r a ,sadducan nor a ,ph>isaic p>ty4 ,! great mass ( ! p1 includ+ _m among ! ,*assidim1 9 ^! pre-,maccaban times1 0 n rang$ def9itely on ei!r "o side or ! o!r ( ^? :o repres5t$ ! two t5d5cies j ref]r$ to2 _! ma9 religi\s int]e/ 0 ,apocalyptic4 ,we feel conv9c$ t ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! v>i\s religi\s ?\ght-t5d5cies 9 pre-,maccaban times1 tak5 z a :ole1 supports ,m4 ,fri$lnd]'s cont5tion t 8! great mass ( ! p1 ! multitudes 7,am-ha>ez7 rema9$ be=e & aft] i4e4 ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle "u ! spell ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! rul+ p>ties1 !y1 too1 _h1 also 9 po/-,maccaban times1 _! tea*]s & _! #8,pi\s' ones4 ,^! tea*]s 7 ! ,*assidim & ! creators ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature40#abi ,^! ,apocalypti/s1 !re=e1 _h ?is 9 common ) ! ,ph>isees t bo? 7 desc5d$ f ! #8,pi\s ones1' or ,*assidim2 only1 z ,fri$lnd] puts x1 8:]eas ! ,ph>isees 7 ! bodily desc5dants ( ! pre-,maccaban #8,pi\s ones1' ! ,apocalypti/s 7 _! spiritual desc5dants2 ! =m] trans=m$ ! fai?fulness to ! ,law ( _! =efa!rs into legal burd5s1 ! latt] clung loyally to ! simple belief ( ^? self-same =efa!rs1 a belief :i* 0 n blurr$ by intricate le>n+ & a sup]abundant #8oral tradition'2 !irs 0 a piety1 on ! contr>y1 :i* 0 born ( ! _s ( ! times &1 !re=e1 su* z 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! common folk40#acj ,x w1 no d\bt1 /rike "s z incongru\s t ! ,ph>isees1 ) _! circumscrib$ anti-,hell5i/ic views1 & ! ,apocalypti/s1 ) _! enl>g$ purview & pre-,hell5i/ic ideas1 %\ld be said to h possess$ a common ance/ry2 b !re are two facts :i* are ( !mselves suffici5t to %[ ! probability ( ?is hav+ be5 ! case3 belief 9 a future life among ! ,jews 0 l>gely due to ,greek ?\ght2 x 0 "o ( ! ma9 !mes ( apocalyptic tea*+2 b x 0 also "o ( ! mo/ prom95t t5ets ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o develop$ x f ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l to a def9ite belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,t two s*ools ( ?\ght1 diff]+ 9 "s vital respects1 %\ld nev]!less be 9 agreem5t 9 diff]+ f ! normal tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t on su* a special & peculi>ly important subject z t ( ! future life1 c]ta9ly po9ts to an orig9ally id5tical p>5tage4 ,we h laid /ress on ! fact t 9 pre-,maccaban times ! ,jewi% nation1 z a :ole1 0 m or less influ5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic _s2 "o section ( ! p w\ld be influ5c$ 9 ?is way1 ano!r 9 t4 ,?us1 z an example1 ! ,*assidim 7 influ5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic tea*+ on ! future life2 b ! rul+ classes 7 n1 !y clung to ! old traditional tea*+ z conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,or aga91 among ! ,*assidim 7 _m :o 7 influ5c$ by ! fre] & m tol]ant atmosph]e ( ! ,greek _s1 agree+ 9 ?is ) ! rul+ classes1 b diff]+ f ^? ) :om !y 7 9 "s o!r respects 9 agreem5t4 ,s t :51 lat]1 cle>ly def9$ p>ties came into exi/5ce1 !y w\ld n necess>ily diff] on all po9ts2 & ,ph>isees & ,apocalypti/s agre$ z a :ole ^u ! subject ( a belief 9 ! future life1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 v>i\s op9ions on c]ta9 po9ts conc]n+ ! future life 7 held by ! ,apocalypti/s4 ,9 ano!r respect we may see an inn] probability ( ! ,ph>isees & ,apocalypti/s hav+ a common ance/ry4 ,! ,*assidim1 z _! "n impli$1 7 int5sely religi\sly-m9d$2 ! zeal = ! ,law ( "s 0 "o way 9 :i* _! eag] ye>n+ to d some?+ = ,god c\ld f9d v5t2 ! /eadfa/ gaze ^u ! _w to come ( o!rs 0 ! expression ( a long+ to be ne>] ,god4 ,p]sonal religion 0 ! orig91 ! f\ndation & ! summit ( ,*assidism4 ,n[ :5 we turn to lat] times we are able to see t same int5se religi\s feel+ 9 ! ,ph>isees & 9 ! ,apocalypti/s2 ! expression ( t feel+ has1 x is true1 become exagg]at$ 9 ea* case2 b :e!r x is ! some:at rank ov]gr[? ( legalism ( ! "o1 or ! lurid & (t5 ov]drawn pictures ( ! es*atological drama ( ! o!r1 b5ea? ea* is to be disc]n$ real piety4 ,ph>isees & ,apocalypti/s diff]$ 9 _m respects1 b !y 7 alike 9 _! zeal = ,god :i* !y inh]it$ f _! common ance/ry4 ,we are to see1 !re=e1 ! beg9n+s ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptic ,movem5t 9 ! tea*+ & lit]>y activity ( dev\t ,*assidim1 or bett]1 ,apocalypti/s1 :o lab\r$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & probably e>li]4 ,our purpose is n[ fir/ ( all to consid] a little ! m5tal attitude ( ! ,apocalypti/s 9 g5]al1 _! guid+ pr9ciples1 _! *ief aims z tea*]s1 & _! p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,!n we %all exam9e briefly ! m out/&+ doctr9es ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,apocalypti/s ,x w be well to draw att5tion at ! outset to a feature 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,apocalypti/s :i* is at fir/ v disconc]t+1 namely1 _! inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght & ! v>iabl5ess to be f\nd 9 ! pres5tation ( "s ( _! doctr9es :i* n infrequ5tly involves !m 9 contradictions4 ,! reason ( ?is is n to be s\ght simply 9 ! fact t 9 ! ,apocalypses ! h& ( m ?an "o au?or is to be disc]n$2 b *iefly because ! m9ds ( individual ,apocalypti/s 71 on ! "o h&1 saturat$ ) ! traditional ?\ghts & ideas ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &1 on ! o!r1 7 eag]ly absorb+ ! new] conceptions :i* ! _s ( ! age _h br\ght into be+4 ,?is occasion$ a cont9ual conflict ( ?\ght 9 _! m9ds2 !re 0 a con/ant endeav\r to h>monize ! old & ! new2 & 9 consequ5ce !re (t5 result$ a compromise :i* 0 illogical & contradictory4 ,?is inconsi/5cy ( tea*+ is1 !re=e1 n o!r ?an might be expect$ "u ! circum/ances2 nor did x really affect ! great rle t ! ,apocalypti/s play$ z ! true prophets ( ! p2 9 ?is !y foll[$ 9 "s important p>ticul>s ! prophets ( old1 = if n 9 ! same s5se z ^! ! expression ( ! national consci5ce1 ! ,apocalypti/s spoke to ! he>ts ( ! p 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,if1 ^u ! :ole1 _! words 7 address$ m to individual m5 ?an to ! nation z a s+le :ole1 x 0 a welcome sign t ! individual 0 com+ to 8 own4 ,! ,apocalypti/s came ) a message ( com=t & hope to ! ,god-fe>+1 bidd+ !m be ( good *e]2 = ?\gh ! _w 0 cruel & d>k1 ?\gh !y 7 ! victims ( oppression & tyranny1 ?\gh _! lot "h 0 a h>d "o & !y 7 langui%+ 9 adv]sity1 yet ?is _w & all ! fa%ion ( x 0 pass+ away2 soon1 v soon1 ! bright future w\ld dawn1 ! ,great ,deliv]] w\ld come1 & sorr[ & sigh+ w\ld pass away3 ,b ) ! righte\s ,he w make peace1 ,& w protect ! elect1 ,& m]cy %all be ^u !m4 ,& !y %all all belong to ,god1 ,& !y %all be prosp]$1 ,& !y %all all be bless$4 ,& ,he w help !m all1 ,& light %all appe> unto !m1 ,& ,he w make peace ) !m 7#a ,eno* i4 #h74aca ,! joy\s hope t 0 ?us held out mu/ h _h a pr(\nd effect ^u ! _m pi\s ,israelites :o 7 p]plex$ by ! seem+ incongruity ( ?+s 9 a _w gov]n$ by a righte\s & j ,god4 ,tempt$ z !y mu/ (t5 h be5 to lose fai? z well z hope1 ! message n[ br\ght to !m w\ld h /r5g!n$ bo?4 ,s t ! ,apocalypti/s may be truly describ$ z uphold]s ( ! p's fai?4 ,b !y came1 too1 ) ! ?und] ( d5unciation aga9/ ! godless :o 9 _! abundant prosp]ity s\ght only _! own pleasure & c>$ nei!r = ! hon\r ( ,god nor = ! sorr[ ( ! godly2 = su* a future1 ne> approa*+1 ( fe>fulness & t]ror 0 pr$ict$ by ! ,apocalypti/s3 ,& :5 s9 & unrighte\sness & blasphemy ,& viol5ce 9 all k9ds ( de$s increase1 ,& apo/asy & transgression & uncleanness increase1 ,a great *a/isem5t %all come f heav5 ^u all ^!1 ,& ! holy ,"l w come =? ) wra? & *a/isem5t ,to execute judgem5t ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ^? days viol5ce %all be cut (f f its roots1 ,& ! roots ( unrighte\sness toge!r ) deceit1 ,& !y %all be de/roy$ f "u heav5 7#a ,eno* xcii4 #g1 #h74 ,! ma9 conc]n ( ! ,apocalypti/s 0 ?us ) ! future1 ) ! _w to come1 :]e9 all ! inequalities & incongruities ( ! pres5t _w w\ld be put "r4 ,b f ?is x foll[$ t mo/ ( :at !y taught 0 *>act]iz$ by a sup]natural col\r+ 9 :i* mu* t 0 exagg]at$ & fanta/ic 0 mix$ up ) sublime conceptions & et]nal tru?s4 ,!y laid great /ress ^u ! anti!sis betwe5 ?is _w & ! next1 betwe5 ! ,olam ha-zeh 7?is _w71 & ! ,olam ha-b 7! _w :i* is to come74 ,_! view ( ?is _w 0 :olly pessimi/ic2 !re 0 no?+ to be hop$ f x2 inde$1 its badness1 entire & irretrievable1 z contra/$ ) ! glori\s _w to come :]e9 no evil might abide1 involv$ ! ,apocalypti/s 9 tea*+ :i* 0 ( ! nature ( dualism4 ,aga91 t :i* 0 to come transc5d$ human exp]i5ce1 s t 9 ! great drama ( ! end ! ,apocalypti/s depict man z /&+ 9 passive awe 9 face ( ! m>vell\s & sup]natural occurr5ces :i* are !n to take place2 man's rle z an active ag5t ceases2 sup]natural be+s are ,god's in/rum5ts 9 fulfill+ ,8 w2 ! sc5e is laid 9 ,heav51 or 9 ! skies1 n on e>?4 ,! future is to br+ ) x a new _w-ord] :]e9 all ?+s w be diff]5t1 ! old ord] is to disappe> = ev]4 ,9 all ?is ! dom9ant note :i* s\nds ?r\gh\t is t ( ! sup]natural4 ,at ! base ( ! :ole position tak5 up by ! ,apocalypti/s 9 _! tea*+ 0 a doctr9e ( det]m9ism1 :i* mu/ be briefly allud$ to1 = ! recognition ( ?is is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,! ,apocalypti/s />t$ ) ! absolute conviction t ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w f beg9n+ to end1 bo? z reg>ds its physical *anges1 & also 9 all t conc]ns ! hi/ory ( nations1 _! gr[? & decl9e1 & ( individuals1 good & bad1 ! innum]able occurr5ces ( e description & ! v mom5t ( _! happ5+--9 a ^w1 ! entire con/itution & c\rse ( ! _w & all t is 9 x1 :e!r reg>d$ z g 7! physical e>? ! ,hebrew eretz7 or z oik\m5 7! inhabit$ _w ! ,hebrew tbl71 0 9 e respect pr$et]m9$ by ,god be=e all "t4 ,! words 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras iv4 #cf1 #cg pres5t a belief common to ! ,apocalypti/s3 ,= ,he ha? weigh$ ! age 9 ! balance1 ,& by numb] ha? ,he numb]$ ! seasons2 ,nei!r w ,he move nor /ir ?+s1 ,till ! measure appo9t$ be fulfill$4 ,on ^! words ,box well rem>ks3 8,! times & p]iods ( ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory h be5 pr$et]m9$ by ,god4 ,! numb]s ( ! ye>s h be5 exactly fix$4 ,?is 0 a fundam5tal po/ulate ( ! ,apocalypti/s1 :o devot$ mu* ( _! en]gy to calculations1 bas$ ^u a close /udy ( prophecy1 z to ! exact p]iod :5 hi/ory %\ld rea* its consummation 444 ! und]ly+ idea is pr$e/9>ian40#acb ,b all ^! ?+s are secrets2 !y c only be kn[n to c]ta9 ,god-fe>+ m5 :o h ! faculty1 div9ely accord$1 ( pe]+ into ! hidd5 ?+s ( ,god1 & :o are ?us able to reveal !m to _! fell[-creatures2 h5ce ! "n giv5 to ^! se]s1 viz41 8reveal]s10 or ,apocalypti/s1 because !y wrote apocalypses1 8revelations40 ,x 0 because ! ,apocalypti/s believ$ s firmly 9 ?is p[] t !y possess$ ( look+ into ! deep ?+s ( ,god t !y claim$ to be able to measure ! significance ( :at _h happ5$ 9 ! pa/ & ( :at 0 happ5+ 9 ! pres5t2 m especially !y believ$ t ^u ! basis ( ?is k !y _h ! p[] ( =esee+ ?+s to come1 & ! "t ( _! com+1 & "h above all ?+s ^? :i* !y reg>d$ z ! end ( all1 to :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w _h be5 t5d+ f ! beg9n+4 ,b ) all _! my/icism & o!r-worldl9ess1 ) all _! eag] look+ =w>d to ! pass+ ( ! pres5t ord]1 ! ,apocalypti/s 7 n bl9d to ! necessity ( religi\s life 9 its practical aspect4 ,!y 7 loyal to ! ,law1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,ph>isaic s5se1 lay+ /ress r on ! _s ( its obs]vance ?an on c>ry+ x out lit]ally4 ,! frequ5t reproa*es levell$ aga9/ ^? :o d n obs]ve ! ord9ances ( ! ,law %[s _! attitude2 = example1 9 #a ,eno* v4 #d x is said3 ,b ye--ye h n be5 /eadfa/1 nor done ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 ,b ye h turn$ away & h spok5 pr\d & h>d words ,) y\r impure m\?s aga9/ ,8 greatness4 ,o ye h>d-he>t$1 ye %all f9d no peace4 ,& aga91 9 xcix4 #b ( ! same apocalypse3 ,woe to !m t p]v]t ! words ( uprightness1 ,& transgress ! et]nal law 7cp4 also xcix4 #ad1 ,sib4 ,orac4 iii4 #bgf ff474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rew>d to be accord$ to ^? :o are fai?ful to ! ,law is (t5 spok5 (2 ?is may be illu/rat$ f ano!r book1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 ( lat] date1 b 9 ?is z 9 "s o!r po9ts ( doctr9e ! ,apocalypti/s believ$ & taught alike :e!r belong+ to an e>ly or a late date2 9 ix4 #g-ab ( ?is book ! promise ( salvation to ^? :o keep ! ,law is foll[$ by a prophecy ( woe to ^? :o h ignor$ x3 8,& e "o t %all !n be sav$1 & %all be able to escape on acc\nt ( 8 works or 8 fai? by :i* he ha? believ$--su* %all survive f ! p]ils a=esaid1 & %all see ,my salvation 9 ,my l&1 & )9 ,my bord]s :i* ,i h sanctifi$ = ,myself et]nally4 ,!n %all !y be amaz$ t n[ h abus$ ,my ways2 !y %all abide 9 ! torm5ts :i* !y h spurn$ & despis$4 ,= all :o fail$ to recognize ,me 9 _! lifetime1 al?\gh ,i dealt b\ntifully ) !m1 & all :o h defi$ ,my ,law1 :ile !y yet _h lib]ty1 &1 :ile place ( rep5tance 0 /ill op5 to !m1 gave no he$1 b scorn$ x--^! mu/ be br\ght to "k aft] dea? by torm5t0 7cp4 vii4 #hc1 viii4 #bi74 ,! ,law is also spok5 ( z 8! light 9 :i* no?+ c err0 7,syriac ,apoc4 ( ,b>u* xix4 #c71 & 9 ! same book 7lix4 #b7 ref]5ce is made to 8! lamp ( ! et]nal ,law40 ,all su* passages1 & !y c\ld be enorm\sly increas$1 %[ t ! ,apocalypti/s _h a high v5]ation = ! ,law1 al?\gh !y did n accept ! ,ph>isaic int]pretation ( x4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 x may be ga!r$1 ! ,apocalypti/s 7 at "o ) ! ,ph>isees 9 _! me?od ( legal obs]vance1 & t 0 9 ! matt] ( ascetic practices2 = ^! are frequ5tly extoll$1 & are cle>ly reg>d$ z highly m]itori\s4 ,9 "o book x is /at$1 = example1 t among ^? :o are writt5 & inscrib$ above 9 heav5 are 8! spirits ( ! humble1 & ( ^? :o h afflict$ _! bodies0 7#a ,eno* cviii4 #g74 ,else:]e x is said3 8,let u fa/ = ! space ( ?ree days1 & on ! f\r? let u g into a cave :i* is 9 ! field1 & let u die r ?an transgress ! comm&s ( ! ,"l ( lords1 ! ,god ( our fa!rs0 7,assumption ( ,moses ix4 #f74 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras ascetic practices are (t5 spok5 (1 see1 e4g41 vi4 #cb1 vii4 #abe1 ix4 #bd1 & (t5 else:]e4#acc ,la/ly1 "o o!r po9t may be m5tion$ "h1 namely !1 g5]ally speak+1 univ]sali/ic attitude ( ! ,apocalypti/s2 !y are n consi/5t 9 ?is1 b normally !y embrace ! ,g5tiles equally ) _! own nation 9 ! div9e s*eme ( salvation2 ! wick$ :o are exclud$ are n re/rict$ to ! ,g5tiles1 b ! ,jews equally ) !m %all suff] torm5t h]eaft] accord+ to _! des]ts4 7,see on ?is subject ! next section47 ,^! are1 !n1 briefly ! ma9 po9ts :i* illu/rate ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics & g5]al m5tal attitude ( ! ,apocalypti/s4 ,b ?is w be fur!r illu/rat$ by glanc+ at ! m important doctr9es inculcat$ 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature2 inde$1 "o _c prop]ly sep>ate ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! apocalypses f ! m5tal /&po9t ( ! writ]s2 b = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 9 enum]at+ _! ma9 po9ts ( doctr9al tea*+1 we propose to tabulate ^! 9 a sep>ate section4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,lit]ature ,we h already po9t$ out t consi/5cy ( tea*+ is n to be look$ = among/ ! ,apocalypti/s z a :ole2 x is well to reit]ate ?is "h1 = 9 ref]r+ to ! ma9 po9ts ( doctr9e z taught 9 ?is lit]ature examples ( ?is w come be=e u4 ,x is n our int5tion to give an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature2 our object is to make "s brief m5tion ( ! m specifically *>act]i/ic po9ts ( doctr9e occurr+ 9 ?is lit]ature4 7a7 ,individualism4 ,x is "o ( ! m>ks ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce :5 we f9d t ,individualism occupies an important place 9 ! tea*+ ( "s ( ! books ( ?is lit]ature4 ,?is is m>k$ly ! case 9 ! ,book ( #a ,eno*1 :]e ! importance ( ! individual is (t5 insi/$ ^u2 n ! nation z su*1 b ! righte\s & elect1 ! 8plant ( righte\sness0 z x is call$ 9 x4 #af1 lxxxiv4 #f1 %all inh]it ! et]nal rew>d4 ,?us x is said 9 civ4 #a3 8,i swe> to y t 9 heav5 ! angels rememb] y = good be=e ! glory ( ! ,great ,"o2 & y\r names are writt5 be=e ! glory ( ! ,great ,"o40#acd ,! r$emption ( ! _w is to be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! righte\s & elect individuals1 8! et]nal se$-plant40 ,?is is "o ( ! dom9at+ ?\ghts ( ?is book1 & also f9ds expression 9 o!rs ( ?is lit]ature2 x is "o1 z ,fri$lnd] says1 :i* did n emanate f ,ph>isaic soil1 b 0 a product ( ,jewi% ,hell5ism4#ace ,9 accordance ) ?is1 individual responsibility is /rongly emphasiz$2 a v po9t$ passage 9 ?is connection is #b 7#d7 ,esdras vii4 #ajb-aje1 :]e ! se] asks ! angel3 8,if ,i h f\nd fav\r 9 ?y sight1 %[ me1 ?y s]vant1 ?is also3 :e!r 9 ! ,day ( ,judgem5t ! righte\s %all be able to int]c$e = ! ungodly1 or to entreat ! ,mo/ ,high 9 _! behalf--fa!rs = sons1 sons = p>5ts1 bro!rs = bro!rs1 k9sfolk = _! ne>e/1 fri5ds = _! de>e/40 ,& ! reply ( ! angel is3 8,! ,day ( ,judgem5t is decisive1 & displays unto all ! seal ( tru?4 ,ev5 z n[ a fa!r may n s5d a son1 or a son 8 fa!r1 or a ma/] 8 slave1 or a fri5d 8 de>e/1 t 9 8 /ead he may be ill1 or sleep1 or eat1 or be heal$1 s %all none !n pray = ano!r on t ,day1 nei!r %all "o lay a burd5 on ano!r1 = !n e "o %all be> 8 own righte\sness or unrighte\sness40#acf 7b7 ,p>ticul>ism & ,univ]salism4 ,"h we h a good example ( ! inconsi/5cy ( tea*+ already ref]r$ to4 ,! traditional belief ( ! ,jewi% nation be+ ! peculi> treasure ( ,god ass]ts itself 9 spite ( ! broad] outlook inspir$ by ,hell5i/ic influ5ce4 ,! =m] attitude is se51 = example1 9 ! ,assumption ( ,moses i4 #ab1 :]e ,moses says to ,jo%ua3 8,he ha? creat$ ! _w on behalf ( ,8 p40 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 aga91 we h ! foll[+3 8,b z = ! o!r nations1 :i* are desc5d$ f ,adam1 ,?\ ha/ said t !y are no?+1 & t !y are l spittle2 & ,?\ ha/ lik5$ ! abundance ( !m to a drop fall+ f a bucket4 ,& n[1 ,o ,"l1 behold1 ^! nations :i* are reput$ z no?+ "l x ov] u & cru% u4 ,b we1 ,?y p1 :om ,?\ ha/ call$ ,?y fir/-born1 ,?y only-begott51 ,?y belov$1 are giv5 up into _! h&s4 ,if ! _w has inde$ be5 creat$ = our sakes :y d we n ent] into possession ( our _w80 7vii4 #ef-ei74 ,b ?\gh o!r passages ( simil> import c\ld be giv5 f mo/ ( ! books ( ?is lit]ature1 ! p>ticul>i/ic attitude is n ! normal or usual "o2 f> m frequ5t are ^? passages :i* express a wid] univ]sali/ic view2 "o or two in/ances may be giv53 9 #a ,eno* x4 #ba x is said t 8all ! *ildr5 ( m5 %all become righte\s1 & all nations %all (f] adoration & %all praise ,me1 & all %all wor%ip ,me02 9 xlviii4 #d x is said ( ! ,son ( ,man t 8,he %all be ! ,light ( ! ,g5tiles0 7see also xi4 #a1 #b1 xlix4 #a1 l4 #b-e1 xc4 #cj1 xci4 #ad1 ,sib4 ,orac41 iii4 #gjb-gbf1 ,syr4 ,apoc4 ( ,b>u* xiv4 #ai1 etc472 s1 too1 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,levi ii4 #aa3 8,& by !e & ,judah %all ! ,"l appe> among m51 sav+ e race ( m540 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 q a numb] ( passages 9 sev]al ( ^! apocalyptic books a bl5d+ ( ^! two attitudes seems to f9d expression2 ?us1 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,levi xiv4 #c1 #d1 ,israel is reg>d$ z sup]ior to all o!r nations1 b ! salvation ( ! latt] is await$1 & ,israel is to be ! means !re(3 8,my *ildr51 be ye pure1 z ! heav5 is pur] ?an ! e>?2 & ye :o are ! lights ( ,israel1 %all be z ! sun & moon4 ,:at w ! ,g5tiles d if ye be d>k5$ ?r\gh transgression8 ,yea1 curses w come ^u y\r race1 & ! light :i* 0 giv5 ?r\gh ! ,law to light5 y & e man1 ye %all desire to de/roy1 & tea* y\r comm&m5ts contr>y to ! ord9ances ( ,god40 ,n ess5tially diff]5t is ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! ,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* lxvii4 #e3 8,& at t "t1 aft] a little int]val1 ,zion w aga9 be build$1 & its (f]+s w aga9 be re/or$1 & ! prie/s w return to _! m9i/ry1 & also ! ,g5tiles w come to glorify x40 ,?is tea*+ 0 n m]ely !oretical1 x express$ :at ! ,apocalypti/s1 urg$ on by ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 7 actually /riv+ to br+ ab\t2 !y desir$ to make ,judaism a _w-religion :i* c\ld be embrac$ by all ! ,g5tiles2 h5ce ! mission>y propag&a :i* !y initiat$ & c>ri$ out1 & ( :i* a l>ge "p ( _! lit]>y activity =m$ ! expression4 ,accord+ to !m ! ,jewi% ,*ur* 0 to consi/ ( ^? :o 7 righte\s1 no matt] :at _! nationality might be2 & if "o1 ?\gh he 7 a ,jew1 0 n godly1 he 0 n reg>d$ z a memb] ( t ,*ur*4 ,outside ( ,pale/9e1 z well z 9 _m p>ts )9 ! l&1 ,jew & ,g5tile 7 con/antly be+ br\ght into p]sonal t\* ) "o ano!r1 man ) man2 & _m ,jews came to le>n t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! 8p ( ,god0 & ! 8hea!n _w0 0 a wrong "o1 unfitt+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 unju/ to m54 ,h5ce arose ! appreh5sion ( ! true di/9ction to be drawn among m51 a di/9ction betwe5 ! righte\s & ! ungodly1 irrespective altoge!r ( nationality or race2 & x is ?is di/9ction :i* f9ds su* abundant expression 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature4 ,?is religi\s conception reg>d+ humanity result$1 9 ! natural c\rse1 9 ! desire to proclaim ! "n ( ! true & "o ,god to all m5 s t all might h ! *ance ( kn[+ ,him4 ,! ,apocalypti/s1 inspir$ 9 l>ge measure by ! tea*+ ( "s ( ! greate/ prophets1 7 !re=e ! great mission>ies at ?is p]iod2 & ?is 0 ! comb9$ result ( ! univ]sali/ic attitude br\ght ab\t by ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s & ! full] appreh5sion & mean+ ( ! tea*+ ( prophets su* z ^? :o wrote ! latt] half ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah & ! ,book ( ,jonah4 7c7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,we ne$ n g into all ! details ( ,messianic tea*+ giv5 9 ?is lit]ature2 mu* ( x is simil> to t f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,apocrypha2 x w be suffici5t if we po9t out :at is m specifically *>act]i/ic4 ,! mo/ important po9t ^u :i* to lay /ress is ! transc5d5tal "* ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 #a ,eno* ! ,messiah appe>s z ,"o ,:o is div9e1 = ,he has ,8 place ^u ! ?rone ( ,god3 ,on t day ,m9e ,elect ,"o %all sit ^u ! ,?rone ( ,glory 7xlv4 #c74 ,he is ,judge & ,savi\r1 & is end[$ ) all wisdom3 ,= 9 ^? days ! ,elect ,"o %all arise1 ,& ,he %all *oose ! righte\s & holy f among !m1 ,= ! day has drawn nigh t !y %\ld be sav$4#acg ,& ! ,elect ,"o %all 9 ^? days sit on ,my ?rone1 ,& ,8 m\? %all p\r =? all ! secrets ( wisdom & c\nsel2 ,= ! ,"l ( ,spirits ha? giv5 !m to ,him1 & ha? glorifi$ ,him 7li4 #b1 #c74 ,b z a righte\s judge ,he w condemn ! wick$3 ,& ,he sat on ! ?rone ( ,8 glory1 ,& ! sum ( judgem5t 0 giv5 unto ! ,son ( ,man1 ,& he caus$ ! s9n]s to pass away & be de/roy$ f (f ! face ( ! e>?1 ,& ^? :o h l$ ! _w a/ray4444 ,= t ,son ( ,man has appe>$1 ,& has seat$ himself ^u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory1 ,& all evil %all pass away be=e ,8 face1 ,& ! ^w ( t ,son ( ,man %all g =?1 ,& be /rong be=e ! ,"l ( ,spirits 7lxix4 #bg-bi1 cp4 lxi4 #h74ach ,9 accordance ) ?is div9e "* ( ! ,messiah is ! tea*+ ( ,8 pre-exi/5ce be=e ! _w began3 ,yea1 be=e ! sun & ! signs 7 creat$1 ,be=e ! />s ( ! heav5 7 made1 ,8 "n 0 nam$ be=e ! ,"l ( ,spirits 7xlviii4 #c1 cp4 v]se #f74 ,?is tea*+ is by no means conf9$ to ! ,book ( ,eno*2 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles v4 #dad ff41 = example1 x is said 9 ref]5ce to ! ,messiah t 8!re ha? come f ! pla9s ( heav5 a ,bless$ ,man ) ! ,sceptre 9 ,8 h& :i* ,god ha? committ$ to ,8 clasp2 & ,he ha? won fair dom9ion ov] all1 & ha? re/or$ to all ! good ! weal? :i* ! =m] m5 took40 ,9 ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,judah xxiv4 #a x is said3 8,no s9 %all be f\nd 9 ,him02 & 9 ,levi xviii4 #aj1 #aa are ! /rik+ words3 ,& ,he %all op5 ! gates ( p>adise1 ,& %all remove ! ?reat5+ sword aga9/ ,adam1 ,& ,he %all give to ! sa9ts to eat f ! tree ( life1 ,& ! _s ( hol9ess %all be on !m4 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras ! ,messiah is likewise simil>ly portray$1 ?\gh 9 "s passages he appe>s z purely human 7see bel[1 *ap4 ,,ix4 7e774 ,9 "s o!r apocalypses ! ,messiah is conceiv$ ( z a man pure & simple2 b ! acc\nt giv5 above is ! m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature tak5 z a :ole4 7d7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 ,two out/&+ doctr9es come into consid]ation "h3 ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! _s1 & ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! causes1 humanly speak+1 :]eby "o l$ on to ! o!r1 71 fir/ly1 ! belief 9 a f9al retribution :i* ! exi/5ce ( a j & righte\s ,god r5d]$ necess>y2 &1 secondly1 innate mat]iali/ic conceptions :i* result$ 9 caus+ m5 to impute to ! _s :at belongs prop]ly to ! body4#aci ,to dwell = a mom5t on ! fir/ po9t2 ! cle>e/ illu/ration ( x is f\nd 9 ! ,book ( #a ,eno*1 :]e 9 cii4 #f-h ! foll[+ words are put into ! m\? ( s9n]s3 ,z we die1 s die ! righte\s1 ,& :at b5efit d !y reap = _! de$s8 ,behold1 ev5 z we1 s d !y die 9 grief & d>kness1 ,& :at h !y m ?an we8 ,f h5ce=? we are equal4 ,& :at w !y receive1 & :at w !y see = ev]8 ,behold1 !y too h di$1 ,& h5ce=? = ev] %all !y see no light4 ,?is evid5tly repres5ts :at 0 9 effect actually believ$ & said by _m2 & ! normal tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t bore out ! tru? ( x4 ,b if x 7 true h[ c\ld ,god's righte\sness & ju/ice be v9dicat$8 ,s ! ,apocalypti/s taught a doctr9e ( retribution mu* 9 advance ( any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a doctr9e :i* involv$ belief 9 immortality1 & "h !y 7 indebt$ to ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 v diff]5t f ! traditional ,%eol-conception4 ,?is doctr9e is n[h]e m cle>ly set =? ?an 9 #a ,eno* ciii4 #a-h4 ,! passage is some:at l5g?y1 b 9 view ( its importance x w be well to quote x 9 full3 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i swe> to y1 ! righte\s1 by ! glory ( ! ,great & ,hon\r$ & ,mighty ,"o 9 dom9ion1 & by ,8 greatness ,i swe> to y3-- ,i "k a my/]y1 ,& h read ! heav5ly tablets1 ,& h se5 ! holy books1 ,& h f\nd writt5 !re9 & inscrib$ reg>d+ !m3 ,t all goodness & joy & glory are prep>$ = !m1 ,& writt5 d[n = ! spirits ( ^? :o h di$ 9 righte\sness1 ,& :at manifold good %all be giv5 to y 9 recomp5se = y\r lab\rs1 ,& t y\r lot is abundantly beyond ! lot ( ! liv+4 ,& ! spirits ( y :o h di$ 9 righte\sness %all live & rejoice1 ,& _! spirits %all n p]i%1 nor _! memorial f be=e ! face ( ! ,great ,"o1 ,unto all ! g5]ations ( ! _w4 ,:]e=e1 no long] fe> _! contumely4 ,woe to y s9n]s1 :5 ye h di$1 ,if ye die 9 ! weal? ( y\r s9s1 ,& ^? :o are l y1 t say reg>d+ y3 8,bless$ are ! s9n]s1 !y h se5 all _! days2 ,& n[ !y h di$ 9 prosp]ity & 9 weal?1 ,& h n se5 tribulation or murd] 9 _! life2 ,& !y h di$ 9 hon\r1 ,& judgem5t ha? n be5 execut$ on !m dur+ _! life40 ,"k ye1 t _! s\ls %all be made to desc5d into ,%eol1 ,& !y %all be wret*$ 9 _! great tribulation4 ,& into d>kness & *a9s1 & a burn+ flame :]e !re is griev\s judgem5t %all y\r spirits ent]2 ,& ! great judgem5t %all be = all ! g5]ations ( ! _w4 ,woe to y1 = ye %all h no peace4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ?is passage x is only ! _s :i* is spok5 ( z liv+ 9 ! _w to come1 s t no?+ m ?an ! immortality ( ! _s is taught2 a tea*+ consid]ably 9 advance ( ! normal tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b yet x does n g beyond belief 9 ! immortality ( ! _s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! passage conta9s expressions ( a mat]iali/ic k9d incompatible ) purely spiritual conceptions2 s t a reflective m9d mu/ soon] or lat] h be5 l$ to ! full] doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body if 8 tea*+ 0 to be logical4 ,b "h ano!r elem5t comes into consid]ation4 ,conceptions reg>d+ ! ,messianic ,k+dom v>i$1 & ! subject we are discuss+ 0 closely connect$ ) ^? v>iations2 = z long z ! ,messianic ,k+dom 0 conceiv$ ( z exi/+ on ?is e>? ! tea*+ on ! life h]eaft]1 i4e4 )9 ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 0 b\nd to t5d t[>ds a bodily exi/5ce !n4 ,b :5 ! ,k+dom came to be conceiv$ ( z exi/+ 9 ! heav5s1 mat]iali/ic ideas rec$$1 & m spiritual ones f\nd expression4 ,!re seem1 !re=e1 to h be5 ?ree /ages ( conception reg>d+ ! /ate ( man's nature 9 ! future life3 fir/ ( all a developm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,%eol-conception :i* result$ 9 ! belief ( ! immortality ( ! _s#adj2 !n ) ! expectation ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom ( et]nal duration on ?is e>? came ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body2 &1 la/ly1 :5 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 0 conceiv$ ( z et]nal 9 ! ,heav5s above1 x 0 ! resurrection ( ! _s t 0 taught4 ,v>iation ( tea*+ is also f\nd 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature reg>d+ ^? :o are to atta9 to ! future life2 sometimes x is taught t all ! ,israelites1 good & bad1 %all rise1 ^? to inh]it bliss1 ^! to suff] torm5t2 ! ,g5tiles are n consid]$4 ,at o!r times only ! good ,israelites are to rise2 :ile x is also taught1 ?\gh m r>ely1 t all mank9d %all rise1 includ+ !re=e ! ,g5tiles2 ! righte\s rise to et]nal life1 ! wick$ to et]nal torm5t4 ,an int]m$iate p]iod ( wait+ betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection is also taught1 ! wick$ be+ 9 ,hades1 ! righte\s 9 ,p>adise4 ,b sometimes !re is no m5tion ( an int]m$iate /ate1 ! resurrection foll[+ imm$iately aft] dea?4#ada 99 99 99 99 99 ,^!1 !n1 con/itute ! mo/ important doctr9es conc]n+ :i* ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature has some?+ specific to tea*4 ,! doctr9e ( ,god does n diff] mat]ially f any?+ t is taught 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,apocrypha1 & ! same applies to ! doctr9e ( ,s92 ! doctr9e ( ,wisdom w receive consid]ation 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,angelology & ,demonology ( ?is ,lit]ature c]ta9ly %[ consid]able developm5t ow+ to ,p]sian influ5ce2 b ^! two subjects are n ( suffici5t importance = pres5t purposes to m]it any detail$ treatm5t4 ,= "s acc\nt ( ! books ( ?is lit]ature see ,*apt] ,x4 ,,summ>y ,9 discuss+ ! beg9n+s ( ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t a consid]ation ( ! diff]5t ?\ght-t5d5cies 9 ,pale/9e prior to ! ,maccaban /ruggle is necess>y4 ,! ,jewi% nation z a :ole _h come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s1 ?\gh n all 7 ,hell5i/ically incl9$4 ,a m9ority1 :o clung t5aci\sly to ! rigid obs]vance ( ! ,law1 0 kn[n z ! 8,pi\s ones10 or ,*assidim4 ,b ^! ,*assidim 7 ( two types2 !re 7 among !m ^? :o became ! ,apocalypti/s1 & !re 7 also among !m ^? :o1 lat]1 develop$ into ! p>ty ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,?us bo? ,apocalypti/s & ,ph>isees ackn[l$g$ a common desc5t1 i4e4 f ! ,*assidim4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,apocalypti/s is on m ?an "o subject inconsi/5t2 ?is is ma9ly due to ! fact t _! m9ds 71 on ! "o h&1 saturat$ ) ! traditional ?\ghts & ideas ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :ile on ! o!r h& !y 7 eag]ly absorb+ ! new] conceptions br$ ( ! _s ( ! age4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,apocalypti/s 7 ! true prophets ( ! p1 to :om !y br\ght a message ( com=t & hope by tell+ ( ! new _w :i* 0 soon to come2 to ! ungodly !y address$ words ( /]n w>n+4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,apocalypti/s dealt ma9ly ) ! _w to come1 & mo/ ( :at !y taught 0 *>act]iz$ by its sup]natural col\r+4 ,!y held /rongly t all ?+s _h be5 pr$e/9$ by ,god be=e all "t4 ,9 spite ( mu* my/icism & a gaze conc5trat$ on t :i* 0 to come1 ! ,apocalypti/s 7 loyal to ! ,law1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,ph>isaic s5se1 ! _s ( its obs]vance be+ reg>d$ z m important ?an ob$i5ce to ! lett]4 ,normally ! ,apocalypti/s 7 univ]sali/s r ?an p>ticul>i/s1 ?\gh 9 ?is !y 7 inconsi/5t4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature are3 ,individualism1 ! importance ( ! individual be+ /rongly emphasiz$2 ! inclusion ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! div9e plan ( salvation2 ! transc5d5tal "* ( ! ,messiah2 & ! tea*+ conc]n+ ! future life2 9 ?is latt] inconsi/5cy is f\nd1 sometimes ! resurrection ( ! body is taught1 at o!r times only ! immortality ( ! s\l2 !re is also v>iety ( tea*+ on ! subject ( ^? :o are to atta9 to ! future life & _! lot !re4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,scribes ,,lit]ature4--,9 addition to ! lit]ature giv5 at ! head ( ! next *apt] ref]5ce may be made to ,s*r] ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #cjf-cgi1 ,g]man ed41 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfc-ddg2 ,lightley1 ,les ,scribes1 tude sur leur orig9e *ez les ,isralites 7#aije74 ,also ! articles 8,scribes & ,ph>isees0 7,pr9ce7 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 & 8,scribes0 7,eis5/e97 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl4 ,x is important t we %\ld try1 z f> z possible1 to pres5t ! available data conc]n+ ! ,scribes 9 _! *ronological ord]2 t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be desirable 9 any case1 b x is d\bly s :51 z "h1 a cle> /atem5t ( ! developm5t ( ! scribal class & its activities may be a help 9 und]/&+ "s ( ! difficult que/ions :i* w come be=e u 9 deal+ ) ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 /ate ! evid5ce *ronologically1 z f> z may be1 mak+ our d$uctions z we proce$4 7a7 ,! ,old ,te/am5t data4 ,fir/ z to ! use ( ! t]m 8,scribe0 ,sphr 9 ,hebrew1 & is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8secret>y0 or ! l2 9 #b ,samuel viii4 #ag1 e4g41 among ,david's (ficials are reckon$ 8,zadok ! son ( ,ahitub1 & ,ahimele* ! son ( ,abia?>1 :o 7 prie/s2 & ,s]aiah1 :o 0 scribe0 7cp4 #b ,sam4 xx4 #be2 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ah1 etc474 ,z a royal (ficial he _h v>i\s duties2 he act$ z treasur]1 accord+ to #b ,k+s xii4 #aa1 #b ,*ronicles xxiv4 #aa1 app>5tly 9 "s milit>y capacity1 accord+ to #b ,k+s xxv4 #ai1 ,j]emiah lii4 #be2 9 ,psalm xlv4 #b a ,sphr is cle>ly "o :o writes 78,my tongue is ! p5 ( a ready writ]0 ,sphr72 &1 f9ally1 9 ,e/h] iii4 #ab1 viii4 #i1 he occupies ! place ( ! ,p]sian k+'s secret>y :o writes out decrees4 ,) "o exception 7,ps4 xlv4 #b71 9 all ^! passages ! ,scribe is spok5 ( z a royal (ficial2 !y are1 !re=e1 only important = u "h z %[+ t ! ideas ( c\nt+ & writ+ are connect$ ) ! t]m ,sphr2 & ^! are exactly ! mean+s convey$ by ! root4 ,! ?ree next passages1 :i* give "s data reg>d+ ! (fice ( ! ,scribe1 h a special importance because !y are pre-exilic-- ,j]emiah viii4 #h1 #i3 8,h[ d ye say1 ,we are wise1 & ! ,law ( ! ,"l is ) u8 ,b1 behold1 ! false p5 ( ! ,scribes ha? wr\ght falsely4 ,! wise m5 are a%am$1 !y are dismay$ & tak52 lo1 !y h reject$ ! ^w ( ! ,"l2 & :at mann] ( wisdom is 9 !m80 ,j]emiah xviii4 #ah3 8,!n said !y1 ,come & let u devise devices aga9/ ,j]emiah2 = ! ,law %all n p]i% f ! prie/1 nor c\nsel f ! wise1 nor ! ^w f ! prophet40 ,j]emiah xxxvi43 ,?is *apt] is too long to quote 9 full2 x tells u ( ,b>u*1 ! ,scribe1 :o wrote d[n ,j]emiah's words 8^u a roll ( a book02 x also m5tions ,gem>iah1 ! son ( ,%aphan1 ! ,scribe1 :o _h 8 *amb] 89 ! upp] c\rt1 at ! entry ( ! new gate ( ! ,"l's h\se0 7v]se #aj72 fur!r1 m5tion is also made ( ,eli%ama ! ,scribe1 :o _h 8 *amb] 9 ! k+'s h\se 7v]se #ab72 ,eli%ama 0 cle>ly a royal (ficial4 ,f ^! passages we ga!r t ,scribes 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,exile1 t !y claim$ to be wise1 & t !y reg>d$ !mselves z au?orities on ! ,law ( ! ,"l2 !y are c5sur$ by ,j]emiah ) hav+ 8wr\ght falsely10 & ! context po9ts to ?is z be+ connect$ ) ! 8,law ( ! ,"l02 :at precisely is ref]r$ to is n easy to det]m9e1 b ! po9t ( importance = u is t ! pre-exilic ,scribes 7 occupi$ ) ! ,law2 if !y come "u ! la% ( ,j]emiah !y d n diff] 9 ?is respect f ! wise m51 nor yet f ! prie/s & ! prophets 7see viii4 #aj74 ,9 ,j]emiah xxxvi4 m5tion is made ( ,scribes 9 influ5tial positions2 b 9 addition to ^! !re is ,b>u*1 :o belongs to a diff]5t category ( ,scribe1 = he makes copies ( :at are cle>ly reg>d$ z sacr$ writ+s 7see v]ses #bd1 #be74 ,f ! meagre evid5ce we possess !re is n mu* to be ga!r$2 b we may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t already 9 pre-exilic times ! t]m 8,scribes0 0 beg9n+ to be us$ z a te*nical t]m 9 ! limit$ s5se ( _! be+ ^? ^: special duty x 0 to make copies ( ! ,law 9 ! =m 9 :i* x !n exi/$4 ,b 9 say+ t ! t]m 8,scribes0 0 us$ 9 a te*nical s5se already 9 ?is pre-exilic p]iod we mu/ v /rongly emphasize t ?is is to be und]/ood 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* x 0 us$ z a te*nical t]m 9 po/-exilic times4 ,!re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,scribe :o is ! m or less (ficially accr$it$ copi] ( ! text ( ! ,law or o!r ,scriptures1 & ! ,scribe :o also int]prets ! ,law1 tea*es x to ! p1 & 9 :om is ve/$ ! judicial p[] ( en=c+ its decrees4 ,9 ea* case 8,scribe0 may be us$ z a te*nical t]m :ile connot+ two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,fur!r1 f ! second ( ! passages quot$ above we see t ?ree di/9ct classes are m5tion$1 viz41 ! prie/s1 ! wise m5 or ,*akamim1 & ! prophets4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! ?ree 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e ,scribes 9 ! te*nical s5se 7 he>d (2 ) ! prophets we are n conc]n$ "h1 = _! activity lay 9 a diff]5t sph]e altoge!r2 b we mu/ try & get "s cle> ideas ^u ! subject ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,scribes & ! prie/s on ! "o h&1 & ! ,scribes & ! ,*akamim on ! o!r4 ,orig9ally ! prie/s alone 7 conc]n$ ) ! ,law2 b ! ,law conta9$1 broadly speak+1 two elem5ts1 ! ritual & ! moral2 ! =m] ( ^! 0 m especially ! conc]n ( ! prie/s2 b ! latt] _h a wid] int]e/1 & _m ( ! ,*akamim z well z ! prie/s occupi$ !mselves ) x4 ,:5 ! ,scribes arose--x is n possible to say precisely :5 ?is 01 b x 0 be=e ! ,exile--!y did n1 z a body1 re/rict !mselves to ! /udy ( "o or o!r aspect ( ! ,law1 b1 accord+ to _! b5t1 "s gave m p>ticul> att5tion to ! /udy ( ! ritual ,law1 o!rs to ! moral ,law2 s t among ! types ( scribe !re appe>$ ! prie/-scribe1 su* z ,ezra1 & ! wisdom-scribe1 su* z 0 ,b5-,sira 9 lat] times4 ,b ! ,*akamim1 z a class1 /ill rema9$1 no less ?an ! prie/s1 ea* occupy+ !mselves ) _! p>ticul> /udy1 z !y _h done be=e ! ,scribes came into exi/5ce4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 & ?r\gh ,ezra's influ5ce1 ! p[] ( ! ,scribes greatly increas$1 & !y became ! mo/ influ5tial lead]s among ! p2 & by ! "t ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle _! activities 7 :olly & exclusively absorb$ 9 ! /udy & tea*+ ( ! ,law1 bo? ritual & moral1 writt5 & oral4 ,b we h anticipat$1 & mu/ n[ turn to ! evid5ce ( ! po/-exilic books4 ,9 ,ezra vii4 ! foll[+ v]ses are important3 8,ezra 444 0 a ready scribe 9 ! ,law ( ,moses1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 _h giv50 7v]se #f74 8,ezra _h set 8 he>t to seek ! ,law ( ! ,"l1 & to d x1 & to tea* 9 ,israel /atutes & judgem5ts0 7v]se #aj74 8444 ,ezra ! prie/1 ! scribe1 ev5 ! scribe ( ! words ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 & ( ,8 /atutes to ,israel44440 8,ezra ! prie/1 ! scribe ( ! ,law ( ! ,god ( heav50 7v]ses #aa1 #ab1 #ba74 ,accord+ to vii4 #be1 ,artax]xes gives ! foll[+ in/ructions to ,ezra3 8,& ?\1 ,ezra1 aft] ! wisdom ( ?y ,god t is 9 ?9e h&1 appo9t magi/rates & judges1 :i* may judge all ! p t are beyond ! riv]1 all su* z "k ! laws ( ?y ,god1 & tea* ye him t kn[e? !m n40 ,! :ole ( ,nehemiah viii4-x4 is important = our pres5t subject2 we draw special att5tion to ! foll[+ passages3 8,ezra ! scribe0 is ask$ by ! p to br+ ! book ( ! ,law ( ,moses 9 ord] t x might be read to !m2 x !n cont9ues3 8,& ,ezra ! prie/ br\ght ! ,law be=e ! congregation1 bo? m5 & wom51 & all t c\ld he> ) und]/&+4444 ,& he read !re9 be=e ! broad place t 0 be=e ! wat]-gate f e>ly morn+ until mid-day1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m5 & ! wom51 & ( ^? t c\ld und]/&2 & ! e>s ( all ! p 7 att5tive unto ! book ( ! ,law0 7viii4 #b1 #c74 ,9 viii4 #g-i1 ! names ( ?irte5 m5 are enum]at$ :o1 toge!r ) ! ,levites1 8caus$ ! p to und]/& ! ,law4 ,& !y read 9 ! book1 9 ! ,law ( ,god1 int]pret+ x2 & !y gave ! s5se1 & caus$ 7! p7 to und]/& ! read+4 ,& ,nehemiah1 :i* 0 ! ,tir%a?a1#adb & ,ezra ! prie/ ! scribe1 & ! ,levites t taught ! p1 said unto all ! p1 ,?is day is holy unto ! ,"l y\r ,god2 m\rn n1 nor weep40 ,fur!r1 9 viii4 #ac-ae1 x is said3 8,& on ! second day 7 ga!r$ toge!r ! heads ( ! fa!rs' h\ses ( all ! p1 ! prie/s & ! ,levites1 unto ,ezra ! scribe1 ev5 to give att5tion to ! words ( ! ,law4 ,& !y f\nd writt5 9 ! ,law1 h[ t ! ,"l _h comm&$ by ,moses t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %\ld dwell 9 boo?s 9 ! fea/ ( ! sev5? mon? 44402 !n foll[s ! acc\nt ( h[ ! p 7 to celebrate ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,^! passages %[ t :atev] may h be5 ! scribal activity be=e ! ,exile1 an altoge!r new position 0 assign$ to ! ,law & its obs]vances by ! scribe ,ezra4#adc ,! ,law n[ beg9s to be ! c5tral pre-occupation ( ! ,scribes "u ! guidance ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ! =m] ( :om is ! scribe p> excell5ce4 ,! prie/s & ,levites are associat$ ) ! scribe ,ezra1 & presumably ) ! scribes 9 g5]al2 b we "k f lat] hi/ory t ! /udy ( ! ,law soon became ! special conc]n ( ! ,scribes almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! prie/s4 ,notewor?y is ! /ress laid on tea*+ ! ,law to ! p2 & a new elem5t ( f>-rea*+ importance seems to be adumbrat$ 9 ,nehemiah viii4 #h1 :]e x is said t ! tea*]s ( ,law 8read 9 ! book1 9 ! ,law ( ,god1 int]pret+ x2 & !y gave ! s5se1 & caus$ 7! p7 to und]/& ! read+40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,hebrew root = 8to int]pret0 "h 7p-r-%7 is ! same z t f :i* ! ^w ,ph>isee comes2 we %all draw att5tion to ?is aga9 lat]4 ,"o or two passages ( lat] date mu/ also be not$1 = !y are n )\t int]e/1 & %$ fur!r light on our subject3 #a ,*ronicles ii4 #ee3 ,among v>i\s g5ealogical enum]ations occurs t ( 8! families ( scribes :i* dwelt at ,jabez2 ! ,tira?ites1 ! ,%imea?ites1 ! ,suca?ites4 ,^! are ! ,k5ites t came ( ,hamma?1 ! fa!r ( ! h\se ( ,re*ab40 ,f ?is we ga!r1 fir/1 t ! scribal (fice 0 inh]it$1 & f ,j]emiah xxxvi4 #aj-ab we may assume t ?is 0 also ! case 9 pre-exilic times1 = bo? ,mi*aiah1 & 8 fa!r ,gem>iah1 :o 0 ! son ( ,%aphan ! scribe1 seem to be closely associat$ ) ! scribes1 & 7 presumably !mselves scribes4 ,ano!r po9t to be not$ f ! passage quot$ is t "s families ( ! scribes 7 connect$ ) ! h\se ( ,re*ab2 n[ ! ,re*abites 7 ascetics 7see ,j]4 xxxv4 #f-aj71 & x is possible t :51 9 lat] days1 ! ,ph>isees made a po9t ( practis+ asceticism1#add !y 7 foll[+ an e>ly tradition 9 pr9ciple ?\gh ! actual practices _h become diff]5t ) ! *ang$ conditions ( life4 #b ,*ronicles xxxiv4 #ac3 ,?is passage is ref]r$ to because x says t "s ( ! ,levites 7 scribes1 :i* aga9 implies association ) ! prie/s4 ,daniel v4 #bf-bh3 ,"h we h an example ( text & int]pretation :i*1 s f> z ! pr9ciple is conc]n$1 is accord+ to ! scribal me?od4 ,we h n[ to exam9e "s ,old ,te/am5t evid5ce ( ano!r k9d1 & z ?is is calculat$ to ?r[ light on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! scribal movem5t & its developm5ts x des]ves c>eful consid]ation4 ,f a numb] ( indications to be f\nd 9 ! ,books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah x is evid5t t f ! v comm5cem5t ( ! settlem5t ( ! exiles 9 ,pale/9e diff]5ces arose betwe5 !m & ! ,israelites :om !y f\nd !re on _! return4 ,!re seem to h be5 sev]al causes = ^! diff]5ces2 b :at l>gely lay at ! bottom ( !m 0 ! cont5tion ( ! return$ exiles t !y alone repres5t$ ! true ,israelites2 ^? :o _h be5 left 9 ! l& _h become mix$ ) ! hea!n#ade by liv+ among !m & int]m>ry+ ) !m1 & 7 !re=e n reg>d$ z true ,israelites4 ,b m ?an ?is2 x w\ld seem t among ! exiles !mselves !re 7 "s :o belong$ to ! prie/hood1 b t ?is 0 d5i$ by ! lead]s among ! exiles2 ?is is ga!r$ f ,ezra ii4 #fa-fc1 :]e ! enum]ation ( "s prie/ly families is giv5 conc]n+ :om x is said3 8,^! s\ght _! regi/] among ^? t 7 reckon$ by g5ealogy1 b !y 7 n f\nd2 !re=e 7 !y deem$ pollut$ & put f ! prie/hood4 ,& ! ,tir%a?a said unto !m1 t !y %\ld n eat ( ! mo/ holy ?+s1 till !re /ood up a prie/ ) ,urim & ) ,?ummim40 ,among ! exil$ p1 too1 7 "s :o 8c\ld n %[ _! fa!rs' h\ses & _! se$1 :e!r !y 7 ( ,israel0 7,ezra ii4 #ci74 ,?us bo? ^? :o _h be5 liv+ 9 ,pale/9e1 & "s ( ^? :o return$ ) ! exiles1 _h a grievance4 ,?is 0 greatly aggravat$ :5 ,z]ubbabel refus$ ! help ( any b ^? :om he consid]$ true ,israelites 9 ! build+ ( ! temple 7,ezra iv4 #a-e73 8444 ,!n ! p ( ! l& weak5$ ! h&s ( ! p ( ,judah1 & tr\bl$ !m 9 build+44440 7cp4 ,neh4 ii4 #ai1 iv4 #a ff474 ,a m f>-rea*+ cause ( division 0 t ( m>riage ) =eign]s1 especially ) ,sam>itans1 :o 7 ) ju/ice reg>d$ z hea!n by ! bulk ( ! return$ exiles2 9 ,ezra ix4 #a1 #b1 we read3 8444 ! pr9ces drew ne> unto me1 say+1 ,! p ( ,israel1 & ! prie/s & ! ,levites1 h n sep>at$ !mselves f ! peoples ( ! l&s4444 ,= !y h tak5 ( _! daught]s = !mselves & = _! sons2 s t ! holy se$ h m+l$ !mselves ) ! peoples ( ! l&s4 ,yea1 ! h& ( ! pr9ces & rul]s ha? be5 *ief 9 ?is trespass0 7cp4 ,neh4 xiii4 #bc1 #bd74 ,t1 z indicat$ 9 ^! la/ words1 x 0 ! ari/ocracy1 i4e4 ! high-prie/ly families1 :o 7 mo/ =w>d 9 contract+ =eign alliances & :o 7 9 fav\r ( int]c\rse ) non-,jews g5]ally1 is %[n fur!r by su* passages z ,nehemiah vi4 #ag-ai3 8,moreov]1 9 ^? days ! nobles ( ,judah s5t _m lett]s unto ,tobiah1 & ! lett]s ( ,tobiah came unto !m4 ,= !re 7 _m 9 ,judah sworn unto him1 because he 0 ! son-9-law ( ,%e*aniah ! son ( ,arah2 & 8 son ,johanan _h tak5 ! daught] ( ,me%ullam ! son ( ,b]e*iah to wife4 ,also !y spake ( 8 good de$s be=e me & report$ my words to him40 ,& aga9 ,nehemiah xiii4 #bh3 8,& "o ( ! sons ( ,joiada1 son ( ,elia%ib ! high-prie/1 0 son-9-law to ,sanballat ! ,horonite40 ,v significant1 too1 is ! long passage ,ezra x4 #ah-dd2 ?is conta9s a li/ ( ^? :o _h m>ri$ /range wives2 fir/ are m5tion$ ! sons ( ! prie/s1 among ^! a few _h put away _! wives 7v]ses #ah1 #ai71 b ! li/1 z x cont9ues1 m5tions ^? prie/s :o did n d s 7v]ses #bj-bb72 !n foll[ ! names ( ,levites1 s+]s1 & port]s1 !n ( ,israelites1 :o 8_h tak5 /range wives2 & "s ( !m _h wives by :om !y _h *ildr50 7v]se #dd74 ,! attempts ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah to /op ^! alliances & to put an end to ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,jews & ^? :om !y reg>d$ z hea!n 7 ?us n :olly successful2 & ?is is fur!r borne out by sev]al passages :i* reveal ! resi/ance (f]$1 e4g4 ,ezra x4 #ae3 8,b ,jona?an ! son ( ,asahel & ,jahaziah ! son ( ,tikvah /ood up aga9/ ?is matt]2 & ,me%ullam & ,%abbe?ai ! ,levite help$ !m40 ,aga91 9 ,nehemiah vi4 #aj-ad ! influ5ce ( ,sanballat & ,tobiah ^u _m ( ^? :o liv$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & ! exi/5ce ( a p>ty !re oppos$ to ,ezra1 is pla9ly indicat$2 among ^? belong+ to ?is p>ty !re are m5tion$ ,%emaiah1 ! prophetess ,noadiah1 8& ! re/ ( ! prophets0 7cp4 also xiii4 #d ff42 ,mal4 ii4 #aj-af74 ,f all ^! indications x is n difficult to see t ! elem5ts = ! =mation ( a di/9ct p>ty 9 opposition to ! rgime ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah 7 pres5t f ! v beg9n+ ( ! return f ! ,exile4 ,= "s consid]able "t1 no d\bt1 ! influ5ce ( ,ezra succe$$ 9 suppress+1 ?\gh n 9 qu5*+1 ! opposition :i* he met )2 b two div]g+ t5d5cies became root$ among sections ( ! p1 & 9 c\rse ( "t bore fruit 9 ! =mation ( di/9ct p>ties4 ,! di/+ui%+ notes ( ^! two t5d5cies c be disc]n$ )\t difficulty2 on ! "o h& !re 71 z c be se5 f ! quotations giv5 above1 ! memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy1 i4e41 ! high-prie/ly families1 :o 7 fri5dly dispos$ to ^? ( semi-,israelite & ev5 non-,israelite orig94 ,!y 71 f ! po9t ( view ( _! adv]s>ies1 lax conc]n+ ! obs]vance ( ! ,law 7see1 e4g41 ,neh4 xiii4 #ae ff471 ?\gh n necess>ily antagoni/ic to x1 b only to ! ,ezra conception ( x2 !y c\ld1 = example1 %[ t _! =eign m>riages 7 n contr>y to ! ,law1 :ile ,ezra's requirem5ts w5t beyond ! ,law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 ,ezra1 & 8 foll[]s1 /rongly adv]se to any int]c\rse betwe5 ,jews & non-,jews1 & pa9fully scrupul\s reg>d+ ! m9ute obs]vance ( ! ,law 7see1 e4g41 ,neh4 x4 #bh ff474 ,"h1 !re=e1 7 ! t5d5cies already 9 exi/5ce :i*1 z "t w5t on1 cont9u$ to develop until !y became ! cry/alliz$ t5ets ( def9itely oppos$ p>ties1 ^: wat*words 7 ,univ]salism v]sus ,p>ticul>ism1 & ^: attitude t[>ds ! ,law diff]$ 9 ?is respect1 t ! ,univ]sali/s int]pret$ x 9 a limit$ s5se1 :ile ! ,p>ticul>i/s insi/$ on a labori\s obs]vance ( x 9 all its m9ute details1 :i* became greatly increas$ by _! me?ods ( int]pretation4 ,! process ( ! developm5t ( ^! t5d5cies c be se5 9 "s ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 = example1 9 ! ,book ( ,haggai 7ii4 #aj ff47 we h indications ( ! importance laid ^u m9ute legal obs]vances by ! prie/s1 ) :om1 z already po9t$ out1 ! ,scribes 7 associat$2 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 on ! o!r h&1 univ]salism is ?r\gh\t ! dom9ant note4 7b7 ,! ,apocrypha data4 ,! classical passage 9 ! books ( ! ,apocrypha conc]n+ our pres5t subject is ,ecclesia/icus xxxix4 #a-aa1 :]e ! ideal scribe is describ$2 9 ! passage :i* prec$es ?is ,b5-,sira insi/s ^u ! ne$ ( leisure = a scribe if he is to devote himself to ! acquisition ( true wisdom2 he %[s t ! lab\r] & ! artisan1 :ile indisp5sable to society1 are necess>ily too mu* occupi$ ) _! call+s to give any "t to high] ?+s4 ,!n he cont9ues3 #a4 ,n s he t applie? himself to ! fe> ( ,god1 ,& to set 8 m9d ^u ! ,law ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 ,:o se>*e? out ! wisdom ( all ! anci5ts1 ,& is occupi$ ) ! prophets ( old2 #b4 ,:o he$e? ! disc\rses ( m5 ( r5[n1 ,& ent]e? into ! deep ?+s ( p>ables2 #c4 ,se>*e? out ! hidd5 mean+ ( prov]bs1 ,& is conv]sant ) ! d>k say+s ( p>ables4444 #f4 ,if x seem good to ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ,he %all be fill$ ) ! _s ( und]/&+4 ,he himself p\re? =? wise say+s 9 d\ble measure1 ,& give? ?anks unto ! ,"l 9 pray]4 #g4 ,he himself directe? c\nsel & k1 ,& sette? 8 m9d on _! secrets4 #h4 ,he himself decl>e? wise in/ruction1 ,& glorie? 9 ! ,law ( ! ,"l4444 ,! fir/ ?+ t mu/ /rike u "h is t accord+ to ,b5-,sira !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a scribe & a wise man1 ! two are synonym\s 7v]se #a74adf ,! next ?+ to note is t ,b5-,sira recognizes two s\rces ( ! scribe's k1 ! /udy ( ^! is :at con/itutes ! scribal activity2 ! fir/ is describ$ 9 v]se #a1 viz41 ! ,law ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts1 & ! prophets ( old2 t is to say1 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,wisdom books1 & ! prophetical books4#adg ,! second is describ$ 9 v]ses #b1 #c1 viz41 disc\rses ( m5 ( r5[n1 deep ?+s ( p>ables1 hidd5 mean+ ( prov]bs1 & d>k say+s ( p>ables2 x is difficult to see to :at ^! ?+s c ref] unless x is to ! discussions1 prov]bs & aphorisms ( ! k9d :i* ab\nd 9 ,b5-,sira's book4 ,t !y _c ref] to ! oral ,law is cle> en\gh f ! description itself2 = ! oral ,law _c be said to h consi/$ ( disc\rses1 hidd5 mean+ ( prov]bs1 or d>k say+s ( p>ables4 ,b5-,sira1 ?\gh a scribe1 has no?+ to say ab\t an oral ,law1 ?\gh he mu/ h kn[n ( its exi/5ce2 yet he has a great v5]ation = ! ,law1 !re are abundant indications ( t 9 8 book4 ,we h1 moreov]1 se5 t !re are /rong gr\nds = believ+ t an oral ,law 0 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! "t ( ,b5-,sira 7circa ,b4,c4 #bjj71 & ! evid5ce ( some:at lat] times po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,we are1 !re=e1 =c$ to ! conclusion t ,b5-,sira repres5ts a type ( scribe :o v5]at$ ! ,law z writt51 b repudiat$ ! oral ,law4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh ,b5-,sira 0 a good ,jew1 ! ,hell5i/ic influ5ces :i* are to be f\nd 9 8 book & 8 g5]ally broad] m5tal outlook make him 9 "s respects ! anti!sis ( ,ezra4 ,b5-,sira ?us seems to belong to ^?1 ( :om we h made m5tion above1 ^: t5d5cy 0 9 an univ]sali/ic direction & :o c\ld v5]ate ! ,law )\t feel+ b\nd by ! inf]5ces :i* might be drawn f its int]pretation4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,prologue to ! ,greek translation ( ,ecclesia/icus1 "s sixty ye>s lat]1 po9ts also to a v5]ation ( ! ,law1 b )\t mak+ any ref]5ce to ! oral ,law1 al?\gh x is probable t scribes are 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( ! ,prologue :5 he speaks ( 8read]s0 & 8lov]s ( le>n+ :o mu/ be able to pr(it !m :i* are )\t i4e4 ! laity1 mo/ likely bo? by speak+ & writ+40 ,! ,prologue ?us corroborates :at we le>n f ! book itself4 ,be=e com+ to #a ,maccabees1 :i* is ! next book to give evid5ce on ! subject ( ! ,scribes1 a ^w mu/ be said ab\t ! ,assidans1 or ,*assidim4#adh ,by ^! are meant ^? 8,pi\s0 ones1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 "s ( ! lat] ,psalms 7e4g41 cxlix4 #a-i1 & else:]e71 :o clung t5aci\sly to ! ,law1 bo? writt5 & oral1 :51 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 _m ( ! ,jews 7 becom+ lax ow+1 l>gely1 to ,hell5i/ic influ5ces4 ,!y 7 animat$ by a /rong antipa?y t[>ds ev]yone :o 0 ,hell5i/ically incl9$2 !y 7 legali/s 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & p>ticul>i/s4 ,al?\gh 9 exi/5ce be=eh&1 x 0 only dur+ ! ,maccaban /ruggle t !y comm5c$ to play an important rle 9 ! political life ( ! nation4 ,! importance ( ! ,*assidim = our pres5t /udy is t !y are id5tifi$ ) "o type ( ! scribes 9 #a ,maccabees vii4 #ab1 #ac1 viz43 8,& !re 0 ga!r$ toge!r unto ,alcimus#adi & ,bac*ides#aej a company ( scribes to seek = ju/ice2 & ! ,*assidim 7 ! fir/ among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t s\ght peace ( !m i4e41 ( ,alcimus & ,bac*ides40 ,! evid5ce ( ?is book appe>s at fir/ sight to be conflict+1 = 9 ! passage j cit$ !y appe> z ! peaceful p>ty1 :ile 9 ii4 #dc1 #dd !y are describ$ z w>like4#aea ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! descriptions bo? witness to ! true facts ( ! case2 = ! natural incl9ation ( ^! /ud5ts & /rict obs]v]s ( ! ,law w\ld cle>ly lie 9 ! direction ( peace2 b z soon z !y realiz$ t ! *]i%$ object ( _! exi/5ce 0 imp]ill$1 fight+ became a necessity4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,*assidim & ! ,maccabees are 9 no s5se to be id5tifi$2 !y 7 bo? *ampions ( ! ,law1 & bo? ! enemies ( ,hell5i/ic ,jews2 b ! ,maccabees 7 patriots prim>ily1 :ile ! ,*assidim 7 legali/s1 &1 provid$ !y 7 left 9 peace to foll[ _! legal /udies & obs]vances1 x 0 ( no great mom5t to !m :e!r _! nation 0 indep5d5t or a subject-race4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,judi?1 al?\gh ! ,scribes are nev] m5tion$1 _m details ( :at 7 really ! results ( _! activity are to be f\nd2 b z ^! are spok5 ( 9 ,"p ,,ii 9 ! acc\nt !re giv5 ( ! ,book ( ,judi? 7 iii471 we ne$ n make any fur!r ref]5ce to ! subject "h4 7c7 ,"s fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,"o or two o!r po9ts reg>d+ ! ,scribes may be briefly m5tion$4 ,z expon5ts ( ! ,law & ( ! ,scriptures g5]ally ! ,scribes 7 z a matt] ( c\rse greatly occupi$ ) ! ,hebrew text ( ^!2 !y ?us became1 q ap>t f _! o!r duties1 su* z mak+ copies ( ! ,scriptures1 ! gu>dians ( ! text ( ,scripture1 & ^u !m devolv$ ! fur!r duty ( ! fix+ & ! pres]vation ( ! ,biblical text4 ,?is v important function m>ks !m out z ! beg9n]s ( ! textual criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a fur!r practical duty :i* ! /udy & exposition ( ! ,law br\ght ) x 0 t ( adm9i/]+ x4 ,! ,scribe 0 a lawy]2 9 ! ,gospels ! two t]ms are synonym\s1 = :i* reason !y nev] occur toge!r4 ,x 0 z adm9i/rators ( ! ,law t ! ,scribes 7 repres5t$ 9 ! ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem2 "h !y sat z judges :o assi/$ 9 ! pass+ ( s5t5ces on ^? :o _h brok5 ! ,law4#aeb ,aft] def9ite p>ties _h come into exi/5ce ! ,scribes belong$1 9 ! ma91 to ! ,ph>isaic p>ty2 b !re 0 no reason aga9/ "s ( !m be+ memb]s ( ! ,sadducan p>ty2 ?is is1 inde$1 impli$ 9 su* passages z ,m>k ii4 #af2 ,luke v4 #cj2 ,acts xxiii4 #i4 ,t :i* con/itut$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees 0 briefly ?is3 ! ,scribes h&$ d[n ! traditional1 i4e4 ! oral1 ,law z well z ! writt5 ,law1 & expla9$ x2 ! ,ph>isees c>ri$ out 9 actual practice :at 0 ?us prescrib$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean to say t ! ,scribes did n also /rictly obs]ve ! legal enactm5ts2 b t _! special duties con/itut$ !m a class di/9ct f ! ,ph>isees is cle> f ! way 9 :i* !y are diff]5tiat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = !re we read ( ! 8,scribes ( ! ,ph>isees0 7,m>k ii4 #af2 ,acts xxiii4 #i71 & ( 8! ,ph>isees & _! scribes0 7,luke v4 #cj71 %[+ cle>ly t ! ,scribes 7 di/9ct f ! ,ph>isees4 ,! natural sequel to any acc\nt ( ! ,scribes is a consid]ation ( ! ,ph>isees2 ) ^!1 9 conjunction ) ! ,sadducees1 we %all deal 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,summ>y ,f ! ,old ,te/am5t data we ga!r t !re 7 ,scribes :o 7 occupi$ ) ! writt5 ,law 9 pre-exilic times1 ?\gh !y arose long subsequ5tly to ! prie/s1 ! prophets1 & ! ,*akamim1 or wise m52 b ! pre-exilic scribe 0 ( a v diff]5t k9d f ! scribe ( lat] times4 ,ezra 0 n only ! fir/ scribe 9 ! lat] s5se ( ! ^w1 b 0 also ! inaugurator ( ! scribal sy/em z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,an important po9t to notice 9 ! activity ( ! ,scribes 9 ! e>lie/ po/-exilic p]iod is t z tea*]s ( ! ,law !y int]pret$ x to ! p4 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! return f ! ,captivity diff]5ces arose betwe5 ! return$ exiles & ^? :om !y f\nd 9 ,pale/9e on _! return4 ,^! diff]5ces reveal ! exi/5ce ( two div]g+ t5d5cies among _m ( ! p1 ! di/+ui%+ notes ( :i* 7 p>ticul>ism & rigid legalism on ! "o h&1 & univ]salism c\pl$ ) a less /rict int]pretation ( legal requirem5ts on ! o!r4 ,ezra & ^? :o foll[$ him 7 ! uphold]s ( ! =m]1 ! high-prie/ly p>ty & _! foll[]s ( ! latt] t5d5cy4 ,! process ( developm5t 9 ei!r direction c be disc]n$ 9 "s ( ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha we le>n f ,ecclesia/icus t a type ( scribe _h aris5 ^: en]gies 7 direct$ t[>ds ! acquisition ( wisdom :i* he 0 conc]n$ to imp>t to o!rs2 ?is type ( scribe1 :ile v5]at+ ! ,law1 sympa?iz$ ) ! univ]sali/ic r ?an ) ! p>ticul>i/ic attitude4 ,belong+ to a slightly lat] "t are ! ,*assidim1 or 8,pi\s ones10 :o 7 /rict legali/s & ( a p>ticul>i/ic t5d5cy1 ?\gh !y 7 n patriots 9 ! s5se t ! typical ,maccabans 74 ,! ,*assidim are spok5 ( 9 connexion ) ! ,scribes4 ,we are1 !re=e1 l$ to ! conclusion t be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 two types ( scribe 7 9 exi/5ce1 ! wisdom scribe1 & ! m p>ticul>ly legal scribe4 ,conc]n+ ^! latt]1 :o are to be reg>d$ z ! ,scribes 9 ! /rictly te*nical s5se & :o became closely associat$ ) ! ,ph>isaic p>ty1 ! foll[+ fur!r po9ts may be not$3 ^u !m devolv$1 9 addition to o!r duties1 ! gu>dian%ip ( ! text ( ,scripture4 ,!y 71 fur!r1 ! adm9i/rators ( ! ,law1 & 7 repres5t$ 9 ! ,sanh$r91 & ?us sat z judges & assi/$ 9 ! pass+ ( s5t5ces on ^? :o _h brok5 ! ,law4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees ,,lit]ature4--,wellhaus51 ,die ,ph>iser und ,sadduzer 7#ahgd72 ,coh51 ,les ,ph>isi5s 7#ahgg72 ,bane?1 ,ursprung d] ,sadoker und ,boe?user 7#ahhb72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 ii4 pp4 #a-dc 7#ahig71 ,g]man ed41 ,,ii1 pp4 #ddg-dhi 7#aijg72 ,b]?olet1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,israelit5 zu d5 ,fremd5 7#ahif72 ,elbog51 ,die ,religionsans*auung5 d] ,ph>iser 444 7#aijd72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,die religis5 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #bb-aac 7#aije72 ,o4 ,holtzmann1 ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te1 pp4 #bjj-bad 7#aijf72 ,hls*]1 ,d] ,sadduzismus 7#aijf72 ,b*l]1 ,d] galilis*e ,am-ha-,ares des zweit5 ,jahrhund]ts 7#aijf72 ,*wolson1 ,das letzte ,passamahl ,*ri/i 444 ,app5dix 7#aijh72 ,h>t1 ,ecclesia/icus 4441 pp4 #bgb-cbj 7#aiji72 ,*wolson1 ,beitrge zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te des ,jud5tums1 pp4 #a-ed 7#aiaj72 ,s*e*t]1 ,fragm5ts ( a ,zadokite ,"w 7vol4 ,i ( 8,docum5ts ( ,jewi% ,sect>ies07 7#aiaj72 ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 pp4 #abj-aci 7#aiaa72 ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism1 its aim & its me?ods 7#aiab72 ,leszynsky1 ,die ,sadduzer 7#aiab72 ,*>les1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ghe-hcd 7#aiac72 ,laut]ba*1 8,! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees03 ,a ,/udy ( _! respective attitudes t[>ds ! ,law2 9 ,/udies 9 ,jewi% ,lit]ature1 issu$ 9 hon\r ( ,pr(4 ,kaufmann ,kohl]1 pp4 #agf-aih 7#aiac72 ?is essay is a "p ( a l>g] "w on ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees :i* ! writ] has 9 prep>ation4 ,see also ,b*l]'s article on ,s*e*t]'s book1 m5tion$ above1 9 ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiac1 pp4 #dbi-dhe4 ,i4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]ms 8,,ph>isees0 ,,& 8,,sadducees0 7a7 ,ph>isees4 ,x is usually held t ! "n ,ph>isee is d]iv$ f a root 7p-r-%7 mean+ to 8sep>ate10 & t ! ,ph>isees took _! "n1 or receiv$ x1 9 ord] to emphasize _! sep>ation f ! common p4 ,?is is1 on ! face ( x1 difficult to accept :5 "o rememb]s t ! ,ph>isees 7 ! *ampions ( ! oral ,law1 :i* 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 bas$ ^u popul> traditional cu/om4 ,! inappropriat5ess ( ?is explanation becomes gl>+ :5 x is consid]$ t ev]y?+ we "k ab\t ! ,ph>isees %[s u t s f> f sep>at+ !mselves f ! p ?is is exactly :at !y did n d2 !y arose f ! ranks ( ! p1 & unlike ! ari/ocratic ,sadducees1 7 always among ! p1 z ! ,gospels %[4 ,if x be said t _! 8sep>at5ess0 consi/$ n 9 keep+ ap>t f ! p1 b t !y 7 8sep>ate0 9 ! s5se ( _! be+ s mu* holi]1 ! reply is t 9 ?is case we %\ld n expect _! "n to be d]iv$ f ! root p-r-%1 b f :at w\ld h be5 ! f> m appropriate "o q-d-%1 :i* means 8sep>ate0 9 ! s5se 9 :i* hol9ess br+s ?is ab\t4#aec ,b :at is fur!r a /rong argum5t aga9/ ?is !ory is ! fact t x has absolutely no support f ! s\rces4 ,josephus says1 = example1 t 8:ile ! ,sadducees are able to p]suade none b ! ri*1 & h n ! populace z _! foll[]s1 ! ,ph>isees h ! multitude on _! side40#aed ,t c]ta9ly does n look l sep>ation f ! ord9>y p4 ,fur!r1 ,leszynsky has collect$ "s int]e/+ data f ! ,mi%na %[+ t 9 ,ph>isaic lit]ature ! t]m to 8sep>ate oneself0 is us$ 9 a disp>ag+ s5se2 9 ,niddah iv4 #b1 = example1 ?is v t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sadducees1 :o are blam$ z ^? :o 8sep>ate !mselves0 f ! congregation4 ,aga91 ,hillel gives ! comm&3 8,sep>ate n ?yself f ! congregation0 7,abo? ii4 #d74 ,s t ev]y?+ po9ts to ! !ory :i* w\ld expla9 ! "n ,ph>isee z 8,sep>ati/0 z wrong4 ,a m probable explanation is t already h9t$ at by ,josephus1 :o says 9 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #ad ( ! ,ph>isees t 8!y are ^? :o seem to expla9 ! laws ) accuracy40 ,"h we may recall ! passage1 ,nehemiah viii4 #h1 ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 :]e x is said t ! tea*]s ( ! ,law 8read 9 ! book1 9 ! ,law ( ,god1 int]pret+ f ! root p-r-% x2 & !y gave ! s5se1 & caus$ 7! p7 to und]/& ! read+40 ,fur!r1 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature ?is root1 p-r-%1 f :i* ! "n ,ph>isee is d]iv$1 is con/antly f\nd us$ 9 ! s5se ( to 8expla910 8exp\nd10 or 8int]pret10 9 ref]5ce to ,scripture :i* is expla9$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! oral ,law4 ,s t1 :ile ! root p-r-% means bo? to 8sep>ate0 & to 8int]pret10 all ! evid5ce goes to %[ t z us$ 9 connection ) ! "n ,ph>isee x has ! s5se ( to 8int]pret0 or 8exp\nd40 ,! t]m ,ph>isees may ?us be said to mean 8exp\nd]s0 ( ! ,scriptures 9 ! int]e/s ( ! oral ,law2 & ?is is j :at ! ,ph>isees 7 p> excell5ce4 ,_! close association ) ! ,scribes1 z (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,gospels1 s]ves /ill fur!r to support ?is view4 7b7 ,sadducees4 ,:5 translit]at$ f its ,hebrew =m ! t]m 8,sadducees0 appe>s z ,zaddkim2 x has be5 held t ?is is d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ^w zaddik1 8righte\s40#aee ,b ?is d]ivation is improbable1 = no analogy exi/s = ?is *ange ( an i into u2 b1 ev5 ap>t f ?is1 to expla9 ,zaddkim z mean+ ! 8righte\s ones0 has no support f fact2 = ! ,sadducees 7 nev] reg>d$ z p>ticul>ly righte\s by o!rs1 nor did !y ev] make su* a claim !mselves4 ,an int]e/+ explanation1 (f]$1 h[ev]1 8) great diffid5ce10 is t giv5 by ,c[ley4 ,he says3 8,9 mod]n ,p]sian ! ^w ,z9dk is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,mani*an1 or1 9 a g5]al s5se1 = infidel1 "o :o does n believe 9 ! resurrection or 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,x has be5 adopt$ 9 ,arabic ) ! mean+ ( infidel1 & also 9 ,arm5ian4 ,masdi 7t5? c5tury7 says t ! "n arose 9 ! "t ( ,manes to d5ote 8 tea*+1 & expla9s t x is d]iv$ f ! ,z5d1 or explanation1 ( ! ,ave/a4 ,! orig9al ,ave/a 0 ! truly sacr$ book1 & ! p]son :o foll[$ only ! comm5t>y 0 call$ a ,z9dk1 z "o :o reject$ ! ^w ( ,god to foll[ worldly tradition1 irreligi\s4 ,b ! t]m _c h orig9at$ 9 ! "t ( ,manes 7?ird c5tury ,a4,d471 = ! ,z5d #8comm5t>y1' :atev] view be tak5 z to its date1 0 by !n already becom+ un9telligible4 ,x mu/ be mu* e>li]1 & h acquir$ ! g5]al s5se ( infidel v soon4444 ,makrz 7fifte5? c5tury71 :o borr[s l>gely f ,masdi1 confuses ! ,zandikah ) ! ,sam>itans & ,sadducees1 & says t !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( angels1 ! resurrection1 & ! prophets aft] ,moses1 :5ce x has be5 sugge/$ t ,zandikah is a corruption ( ,zaddkim4 ,! rev]se1 may1 h[ev]1 be ! case4 ,x is q possible t ! ,p]sian ^w 0 us$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjj 9 ! s5se ( #8,zoroa/rian1' & if s1 x might be appli$ by oppon5ts to a p>ty 9 ,juda :o sympa?iz$ ) =eign ideas1 & reject$ beliefs :i* 7 beg9n+ to be reg>d$ z di/9ctively ,jewi%4 ,x w\ld ?us h be5 us$ at fir/ 9 a contemptu\s s5se1 &1 lat]1 :5 ! orig9al mean+ 0 =gott51 01 9 ! well-kn[n ,jewi% mann]1 trans=m$ 9 su* a way z to be> ! int]pretation #8,sons ( ,zadok' 7,bni ,zadk7 ) a sugge/ion ( #8righte\s' 7,zaddkim74444 ,x may be m5tion$1 ?\gh p]haps z a m]e co9cid5ce1 t ,zandikah is us$ = ,sadducees 9 ,arabic translations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t40#aef ,int]e/+ & mo/ +5i\s z ?is !ory is1 x does n seem to be a suffici5tly natural explanation2 moreov]1 9 "o important respect ! ,z9dk pres5t$ a m>k$ contra/ 9 pr9ciple to ! ,sadducee2 = :ile ! ,z9dk 0 "o :o foll[$ ! ,z5d1 or explanation ( ! ,ave/a1 ! truly sacr$ book1 i4e4 8:o reject$ ! ^w ( ,god to foll[ worldly tradition10 ! ,sadducee 0 j ! rev]se1 = he clung to ! ^w ( ,god1 & he reject$ ! au?ority ( ! oral tradition1 i4e4 ! ,ph>isaic explanations & traditions4#aeg ,& fur!r1 z we %all see lat]1 ! normal type ( ,sadducee 0 n necess>ily worldly or irreligi\s4 ,a ?ird view1 & "o :i* may be reg>d$ z ! correct "o1 is t ! t]m ,sadducees 7,zaddkim7 takes its orig9 f ! p]sonal "n ,zadok4 ,! sons ( ,zadok 7,bni ,zadk7 7 ! desc5dants ( ! high-prie/ ,zadok1 ^: family _h ex]cis$ ! prie/ly functions f ! "t ( ,david 7#a ,*ron4 v4 #bg-da1 xv4 #aa1 xvi4 #cj1 #dj7aeh "r up to ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 :5 _! rule came to an end#aei2 b ! p>ty cont9u$ to exi/4 ,mo/ mod]n s*ol>s accept ?is explanation1 :i* has1 inde$1 n[ be5 plac$ beyond d\bt by ! evid5ce ( ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts 7see fur!r iii4 7e7 ( ?is *apt]74#afj ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! orig9 ( ! t]ms 8,ph>isees0 & 8,sadducees40 ,we turn next to consid] ! s\rces :5ce we d]ive our k ( ^! two p>ties & _! special t5ets4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s\rces 7a7 ,josephus4 ,t ! evid5ce to be d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,josephus reg>d+ ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees is ( great value is und5iable2 b two facts mu/ be borne 9 m9d :i* %[ t ?is evid5ce has to be sift$ be=e x c be reli$ ^u4 ,! fir/ is ?is3 ,josephus does n write z a ,jew ) ,jewi% int]e/s1 b z a ,greek f a ,greek /&po9t4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is t to him ! ,jewi% p>ties repres5t ,greek s*ools ( philosophy2 ?us1 he comp>es ! ,ph>isees ) ! ,/oics1#afa ! ,ess5es ) ! ,py?agorans1#afb &1 al?\gh he does n directly say s1 he evid5tly ?\ght ! ,sadducan po9t ( view on "s ?+s closely connect$ ) ,epicuranism4#afc ,9 "s ways ,josephus 0 well equipp$ = giv+ in=mation ab\t ,jewi% p>ties1 = he belong$ to an ari/ocratic prie/ly family1 he 0 relat$ on ! mat]nal side to ! high-prie/1 0 br\ght up z a ,ph>isee le>n$ 9 ! ,law1 & lat] became intimately acqua9t$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,sadducees & ,ess5es4#afd ,b ?is advantage is to "s ext5t neutraliz$ by 8 ,hell5i/ic lean+ z well z by ! fact t w> & politics int]e/$ him m ?an que/ions conc]n+ ,jewi% religi\s culture4 ,if 8 works are to be us$ ) effect x is necess>y to br+ into ! ,greek sc5]y :i* he pres5ts a ,jewi% col\r+2 "o has con/antly to be ask+ oneself1 z ,leszynsky humor\sly puts x1 :e!r ! %9+ arm\r ( ! w>rior or ! cloak ( ! philosoph] may n1 aft] all1 conta9 a ,rabbi4#afe ,! second fact :i* some:at detracts f ! value ( ,josephus' evid5ce is t 9 all probability t evid5ce is incomplete2 = he says on two occasions 9 8 ,antiquities 7,,viii1 v4 #i1 ,,xviii1 i4 #b71 :5 speak+ ( ! ,jewi% p>ties1 t ?is subject is dealt ) 9 ! ,jewi% ,w>1 book ! second2 b on turn+ to ?is 7,,ii1 viii4 #ad7 we f9d a v scanty ref]5ce to ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 m scanty ?an ! pass+ notices 9 ! ,antiquities2 :ile ! ,ess5es1 ! lea/ important ( ! ?ree bodies1 are treat$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,at ! close ( ! *apt] ,josephus says3 8,?is is :at ,i _h to say ab\t ! philosophic sects among ! ,jews40 ,"o is =c$ to ! conclusion t a consid]able section has = "s unkn[n reason be5 lo/1#aff & t !re=e ! evid5ce ( ,josephus on ! subject ( ! ,jewi% p>ties is incomplete4 7b7 ,rabb9ical ,s\rces4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! is ! ,mi%na1 :i* belongs to ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d42 some:at lat] is ! ,tosephta1#afg i4e4 a collection ( 8additions0 to ! ,mi%na2 ^! additions consi/ ( matt] n incorporat$ 9 ! ,mi%na1 b !y are tak5 f ! same mass ( float+ traditional mat]ial ( :i* ! ,mi%na is made up4 ,! ?ree ,midra%ic works1 ,sifra 7a comm5t>y on ,leviticus71 ,sifre 7a comm5t>y on ,numb]s & ,deut]onomy71 & ,me*ilta 7a comm5t>y on ,exodus71 are also valuable s\rces4#afh ,comp>atively late z all ^! s\rces are--! e>lie/ belongs to a "t aft] ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees _h ceas$ to exi/ z p>ties--!y are nev]!less ( high importance because !y all utilize traditional mat]ial belong+ to e>li] times1 mu* ( :i* mo/ likely exi/$ 9 writt5 =m2 s t !y conta9 _m traditions dat+ back to ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! evid5ce conta9$ 9 ^! s\rces consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( records ( controv]sies on v>i\s topics betwe5 ,ph>isees & ,sadducees4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t ^! acc\nts %\ld be fictiti\s1 = by ! "t t !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! ,mi%na ! ,ph>isees _h long triumph$ ov] ! ,sadducees2 !re w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 no po9t 9 mak+ !m up2 !y are evid5tly g5u9e records4#afi 7c7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is s\rce is s famili> t x w be unnecess>y to d m ?an m]ely m5tion x4 7d7 ,! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts4 ,^! are two fragm5ts1 discov]$ a few ye>s ago by ,s*e*t] 9 ! ,cairo ,g5izah4#agj ,!y belong respectively to ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ,a4,d41 & deal ) ! religi\s beliefs & practices1 z well z ) details ( ! con/itution1 ( a ,jewi% sect :i* exi/$ 9 ,damascus dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c41#aga be=e ! ,maccaban /ruggle4 ,?is sect possess$1 9 addition to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 o!r sacr$ books2 x _h its special laws int]pret+ v>i\s comm&m5ts 9 ,scripture2 & x _h1 moreov]1 its own cal5d>4 ,! sect look$ ^u itself z ! remnant to :i* ,god _h reveal$ 8! hidd5 ?+s 9 :i* all ,israel err$40 ,! memb]s ( ?is sect _h a special dislike = ! ,ph>isees1 aga9/ :om _! polemics 7 direct$4 ,9 ! text ( "o ( ! manuscripts ! ,ph>isees are d5\nc$ z transgressors ( ! ,cov5ant2 & v>i\s o!r accusations are br\ght aga9/ !m1 su* z polygamy1 & a wrong way ( obs]v+ ! diet>y laws & ! ,levitical laws ( purity4 ,! ,law1 x is cont5d$1 0 only discov]$ ) ! rise ( ,zadok4 ,?is antagonism to ! ,ph>isees /amps ! sect z repres5t+ "s =m ( ,sadducanism1 & ?is is fur!r emphasiz$ by ! fact t ! ,messianic doctr9e taught agrees ) t ( ! ,sadducees aga9/ ! ,ph>isaic tea*+ on ! subject4 ,! fragm5ts raise a numb] ( o!r que/ions :i* _c be discuss$ "h2 ! po9t ( *ief importance = u lies 9 ! ,sadducan "* ( _! cont5ts4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! s\rces f :i* we ga9 our in=mation reg>d+ ! specific doctr9es ( ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees1 :i* we n[ proce$ to consid]4#agb ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,! ,,ph>isees ,,& ,,sadducees 7a7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,law4 ,z ! attitude ( ! ,ph>isees to ! ,law is s well kn[n n _m words ne$ be devot$ to describ+ x4 ,all ! s\rces agree t !y 7 ! *ampions p> excell5ce n s mu* ( ! writt5 ,law1 b specifically ( ! oral ,law1 & t _! en]gies 7 conc5trat$ on ! elaboration & m9ute obs]vance ( ! latt]4 ,x is ! attitude ( ! ,sadducees to ! ,law ) :i* we %all1 !re=e1 ma9ly conc]n ourselves1 = "s o!r po9ts ( ,sadducan doctr9e are closely connect$ ) ?is4 ,we may beg9 by quot+ ! evid5ce ( ,josephus2 he says 9 ,antiquities ,,xiii1 x4 #f3 8,! ,ph>isees h deliv]$ to ! p f ! tradition ( ! fa!rs all mann] ( ord9ances n conta9$ 9 ! laws ( ,moses2 = :i* reason ! sect ( ! ,sadducees reject ^! ord9ances2 = !y affirm t only su* laws ought to be obs]v$ z are writt51 :ile ^? :i* are orally deliv]$ f ! tradition ( ! fa!rs are n b9d+4 ,& conc]n+ ^! ?+s great que/ion+s & diff]5ces h aris5 among !m40#agc ,?is piece ( evid5ce may be frankly accept$1 z f> z x goes1 n only because 9 itself x conta9s no?+ intr9sically improbable1 b also because x is borne out by ! o!r s\rces4 ,x %[s u :at 0 ! fundam5tal cause ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 viz41 z to :e!r any?+ besides ! writt5 ,law 0 b9d+4 ,:at is p>ticul>ly noticeable "h is ! fact t ! ,sadducees1 n ! ,ph>isees1 7 ! real *ampions ( ! ,law z su*#agd2 ! ,sadducees 7 ! gu>dians ( ! ,law 9 its purity1 & desir$ to keep x free f accretions2 ! ,ph>isees 7 b5t on atta*+ to ! ,law ord9ances ( :i* ! ,law itself knew no?+1 & ( mak+ bo? equally au?oritative & b9d+4 ,b f ?is a v important ?+ results3 z *ampions ( ! ,law h[ c x be said1 z is s (t5 said1 t ! ,sadducees1 z a p>ty1 7 worldly & lax z reg>ds religi\s int]e/s8 ,9 "o passage1 x is true1 ,josephus speaks ( ! oppon5ts ( ! ,ph>isees z ^? :o (f5d aga9/ ! holy laws 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,i1 v4 #a71 b ! context %[s t by ^! 7 meant ! laws ( ! ,ph>isees1 z di/9ct f ! ,law :i* 0 v5]at$ by ! ,sadducees q z mu* z by ! ,ph>isees4 ,! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts corroborate :at has be5 said 9 s f> t 9 !m ! ,p5tateu*1 cit$ "u ! t]m ,torah1 is consid]$ ! ma9 au?ority4 ,9 ! ,gospels we h no direct evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,sadducan /&po9t reg>d+ ! ,law2 b !re are _m indications reg>d+ t ( ! ,ph>isees & _! insi/5ce on ! oral traditions4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly well kn[n n to require detail$ m5tion "h4 ,"o matt] ( special int]e/ may be not$ 9 pass+1 namely1 t1 s f> z que/ions ( ! ,law are conc]n$1 ,*ri/ upholds ! ,sadducan /&po9t4#age ,! ,rabb9ical s\rces on ?is subject are ( ! highe/ importance2 a detail$ exam9ation ( !m w\ld require a special volume1 b mu* valuable in=mation has be5 ga!r$ by ,hls*]#agf &1 9 great] abundance1 by ,leszynsky4#agg ,?\gh ! evid5ce is ( a complicat$ "* x fully be>s out t ( ,josephus on ?is po9t4 ,! ,sadducees /ood = ! writt5 ,law1 & ?is only2 ! ,ph>isees insi/$ ^u ! b9d+ au?ority ( ! tradition ( ! fa!rs z well4 ,t is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 ! developm5ts :i* ei!r p>ty saw itself compell$ to c\nt5ance arose logically & irresi/ibly f ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple reg>d+ ! ,law4 ,b ^! developm5ts 7 pr(\ndly important4 ,we w put ! matt] z succ9ctly z possible4 ,! ,sadducees /ood = ! writt5 ,law2 b 9 ! nature ( ?+s x con/antly happ5$ t new cases came up = decision = :i* ! writt5 ,law provid$ no solution or guidance4 ,! ,sadducees 7 ?us =c$ to put =? new ord9ances2 & 9 ?is !y foll[$1 nol5s vol5s1 ! example ( ! ,ph>isees#agh2 b1 true to _! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 !y saw to x t ^! new ord9ances 7 bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law1 s t !y c\ld claim t if *ang$ conditions ( life1 or :atev] o!r cause1 necessitat$ ! putt+ =? ( new legal ord9ances1 ^! 7 at any rate developm5ts ( ! writt5 ,law4#agi ,) ! ,ph>isees x 0 diff]5t2 !y _h always1 9 addition to ! ,law1 *ampion$ ! traditions ( ! fa!rs1 i4e4 ! popul> cu/oms h&$ d[n f "t immemorial2 ^! _h con/antly be5 add$ to1 :e!r bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law or n4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( loyalty to ! ,law ! ,sadducan position 0 unassailable1 :ile t ( ! ,ph>isees 0 op5 to objection4 ,! result 0 an int5sive /udy ( ! lett] ( ! ,law 7i4e4 ! ,p5tateu*71 bo? by ,ph>isees & ,sadducees2 ! =m] und]took ?is 9 ord]1 by a me?od ( int]pretation peculi>ly ,ph>isaic1 to prove t ! oral tradition 0 bas$ on ! writt5 ,law4 ,!y 7 =c$ to ?is by ! m /rictly legal attitude ( ! ,sadducees2 ^! latt]1 too1 gave !mselves to ! m9ute /udy ( ! ,p5tateu* z nev] be=e1 because1 z ! true gu>dians ( ! ,law1 !y _h to see :e!r 9 ea* individual case ! ,ph>isaic cont5tion 0 ju/ifi$ t su* & su* an ord9ance ( ! oral tradition 0 bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law4 ,?us endless discussions & acrimoni\s disputes arose betwe5 ! two p>ties1 :i* became fur!r embitt]$ by doctr9al disagreem5ts4 ,! ,ph>isees won ! day ultimately1 = !y 7 able to %[ by subtle exegesis t ! oral tradition 0 bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law4 ,b1 & ?is is ! great po9t1 ! ,sadducan pr9ciple 0 ?us victori\s2 z a p>ty !y w5t "u2 b ! ,ph>isees1 by adopt+ ! ,sadducan pr9ciple t no?+ is b9d+ t _c be %[n to be 9 accordance ) ! writt5 ,law1 implicitly ackn[l$g$ t ! ,sadducees _h be5 "r all along4 ,leszynsky1 9 8 ma/]ly !sis on ! subject1 concludes ! section on ! evid5ce ( ,rabb9ical s\rces ) ^! words1 :i* admirably sum up ! matt]3 8,! ,ph>isees conqu]$4 ,true6 ,& :5 ) ,rabbi ,akiba ! ,ph>isaic art ( int]pretation rea*$ its z5i?1 & e lett] ( ! ,torah _h be5 fitt$ into ! ,ph>isaic sy/em--!n ,sadducanism came to an end4 ,b !y _h only conqu]$ by appropriat+ ! pr9ciple ( ! enemy4 ,f ! p>ty ( tradition arose ! p>ty ( ! ,torah z traditionally conceiv$4 ,rabb9ical ,judaism is 9 tru? a syn!sis ( ,ph>isaism & ,sadducanism40#ahj ,see fur!r bel[1 iv4 7b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god4 ,on ?is subject ,josephus 7,antiq41 ,,xiii1 v4 #i7 tells u t :ile ! ,ph>isees hold t "s ?+s 9 ! _w happ5 by ! w ( ,provid5ce1 & t 9 o!r cases ?+s lie 9 ! p[] ( m51 ! ,sadducees1 on ! o!r h&1 altoge!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce z an active =ce 9 ! _w2 if1 inde$1 !re is su* a ?+ at all1 !y say1 x does n conc]n itself ) ! affairs ( m54 ,ev]y?+ lies 9 ! h& ( m5 !mselves1 !y alone are ! cause if prosp]ity be _! lot1 :ile adv]sity is simply ! result ( _! own fooli%ness4 ,aga91 9 ano!r passage 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #ad7 he tells u t1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,sadducees d n believe 9 ,provid5ce2 !y d5y t ,god takes any int]e/ 9 human affairs2 good or evil is ! lot ( m5 accord+ to _! own free *oice4 ,?is evid5ce ( ,josephus _c be accept$ s f> z ! ,sadducees are conc]n$2 we h se5 t ! writt5 ,law1 or ,p5tateu*1 0 ! supreme au?ority accord+ to ,sadducan tea*+2 b 9 ! ,p5tateu* ! doctr9e ( ,god is su* z to make x impossible to believe t :at ,josephus says really reflects ,sadducan belief "h4 ,:at is said ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! ,p5tateu* reg>d+ ! div9e guidance ( m5 & ,god's incessant int]position 9 ! affairs ( ! _w ( ,8 creation impels "o to affirm t ,josephus is wrong 9 8 cont5tion t ! ,sadducees d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce4 ,x is probable t ! p>tisan%ip ( ! ,ph>isee ,josephus has some:at c>ri$ him away1 & t he has1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 "h misrepres5t$ ! ,sadducan position4 ,?is is ! m probable 9 t1 z we %all see pres5tly1 positive pro( ( su* misrepres5tation 9 ano!r direction is =?com+4 ,:5 we turn to our o!r s\rces we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 ! ,zadokite fragm5ts ! doctr9e ( ,god is 9 accordance ) ,old ,te/am5t tea*+1 & !re=e 9 opposition to :at ,josephus says4 ,9 ! second place1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t di/9ctly implies t ! ,sadducees did believe 9 ! direct action ( ,provid5ce 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,?us1 we are told t :5 ,john ! ,bapti/ saw t _m ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 7 com+ to 8 baptism1 he said to !m3 8,ye (fspr+ ( vip]s1 :o w>n$ y to flee f ! wra? to come80#aha ,if fe> f ! wra? to come 0 :at induc$ ! ,sadducees1 z well z ! ,ph>isees1 to come & be baptiz$1 ! fact proves t !y believ$ 9 ! div9e int]position 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,aga91 ! same is impli$ 9 ! words3 8,& ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees came1 & tempt+ ,him ask$ ,him to %[ !m a sign f heav540#ahb ,&1 once m1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! discussion 9 ! ,sanh$r9 z to :at 0 to be done to ,/4 ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les1 :o _h be5 put 9 ! public w>d by ! ,sadducees1#ahc ,gamaliel concludes ! discussion ) a spee* :i* ends ) ^! words3 8,& n[ ,i say unto y1 ,refra9 f ^! m51 & let !m alone2 = if ?is c\nsel or ?is "w be ( m51 x w be ov]?r[n2 b if x is ( ,god1 ye w n be able to ov]?r[ !m2 le/ haply ye be f\nd ev5 to be fight+ aga9/ ,god02 x is !n said3 8,& to him !y agre$40 ,if !re _h be5 any real diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan doctr9e ( ,god ?is agreem5t w\ld n h be5 record$4 ,we h an int]e/+ example ( :at took place 9 ! ev5t ( doctr9al disagreem5t 9 ,acts xxiii4 #a-aj4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t on ?is subject ! two p>ties agre$4 ,s t ! evid5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is also aga9/ ,josephus4 ,! sil5ce ( ! ,rabb9ical s\rces on ?is subject is ( itself suffici5t to prove ,josephus wrong1 = _h !re be5 any diff]5ce ( belief on su* a supremely important subject x is q inconceivable t ! ,rabbis w\ld h kept sil5ce4 7c7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 ,9 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #ad1 ,josephus says t ! ,ph>isees taught ! incorruptibility ( ! s\l1 b t ! ,sadducees 8did n believe 9 ! immortal duration ( ! s\l1 & ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ,hades10 _! belief be+ t 8! s\ls die ) ! bodies40 ,9 "o respect "h1 z ,leszynsky has po9t$ out1 we are able to prove t ,josephus has col\r$ 8 acc\nt2 = ,ph>isaic ,judaism taught n m]ely ! incorruptibility ( ! s\l1 b also a doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body2 b because ?is latt] ?\ght 0 /range to ! ,greeks he did n make m5tion ( x4 ,9 8 lat] "w ,josephus corrects himself 9 s f> z to say t ! ,ph>isees believ$ n only 9 ! incorruptibility ( ! s\l1 b also 9 its cont9u$ life h]eaft]2 8 words are3 8,!y 7! ,ph>isees7 also believe t s\ls h an immortal vig\r 9 !m1 & t "u ! e>? !re w be rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 accord+ z !y h liv$ virtu\sly or vici\sly 9 ?is life2 & t ! latt] are to be deta9$ 9 an ev]la/+ prison1 b t ! =m] %all h p[] to revive & live aga940#ahd ,accord+ to ^! words !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,ess5es2 b ev5 "h ,josephus _c br+ himself to decl>e ! :ole tru? conc]n+ ! real ,ph>isaic doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 8,x is probable10 says ,leszynsky1 8t ?is error imm$iately result$ 9 ! rise ( ano!r1 = s9ce ! ,ess5es _h _! belief 9 immortality1 & ! ,ph>isees t ( ! incorruptibility ( ! s\l--or1 z 9 ! o!r acc\nt1 ! cont9u$ life ( ! s\l h]eaft]--!re rema9$ no?+ = ! ,sadducees b a d5ial pure & simple ( ! future life4 ,he :o1 l ,josephus1 puts resurrection & immortality on precisely ! same plane1 necess>ily imputes to him :o d5ies ! resurrection ! view t ! s\l is p]i%able4444 ,b bo? f ! ,talmud 7,sanh$r9 #ij;b7 & f ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt4 xxii4 #bc ff42 ,acts xxiii4 #h1 cp4 iv4 #a71 we "k t ! ,sadducees d5i$ only ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 = !y requir$ pro( ( ?is f ! ,torah :i* 0 n =?com+4 ,b ( ?is un-,greek dogma ,josephus w\ld h no?+ to say40#ahe ,! possibility t ! ,sadducees held ! anci5t ,israelite conception ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l 9 ,%eol mu/1 at any rate1 be all[$2 = we _c accept ! evid5ce ( ,josephus "h unres]v$ly4 ,if we _h only ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,talmud to g ^u we %\ld c]ta9ly n d5y t ! ,sadducees believ$ 9 accordance ) ! anci5t dogma ( _! race2 yet ^! two s\rces are assur$ly m reliable ?an ,josephus4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no?+ 9 ! ,zadokite fragm5ts to support ! evid5ce ( ,josephus4#ahf ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t ! ,sadducees believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b n 9 any doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 7d7 ,! ,sadducan attitude reg>d+ ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,angels & ,spirits4 ,9 ,acts xxiii4 #h x is said t 8! ,sadducees say t !re is no resurrection1 nei!r angel nor _s02 ?is is ! only au?ority :i* we h on ! latt] po9t2 x is n ref]r$ to ei!r 9 ,josephus' works or 9 ! ,talmud1 nor h ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts any?+ to say ab\t x4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,sadducees reg>d$ ! writt5 ,law z _! f9al au?ority1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 /range if !y _h really d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( angels1 = "o has b to recall su* passages z ,g5esis xvi4 #a ff41 xxviii4 #aj ff41 ,numb]s xx4 #af1 xxii4 #bb ff41 & o!rs1 to realize t ! writt5 ,law di/9ctly tea*es a doctr9e ( angels4 ,"o has1 !re=e1 to recognize ! possibility t :at is said on ?is subject 9 ,acts xxiii4 #h may be due to a mi/ak5 inf]5ce d]iv$ f ! ,sadducan disbelief 9 ! resurrection1 namely1 t ! dep>t$ d n become angels or spirits#ahg2 ?is does n necess>ily d5y ! exi/5ce ( angelic be+s :o h nev] be5 9 ! fle%4#ahh 7e7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,"o o!r specifically ,sadducan doctr9e mu/ be briefly m5tion$1 namely t ( ! ,messiah4 ,z aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 :o taught t ! ,messiah 0 to be ( ! se$ ( ,david1 & :o ?us held ! old prophetic belief ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 ! ,sadducees1 reg>d+ ! ,p5tateu*al ,law z ! supreme arbit] 9 all matt]s1 & f9d+ no?+ !re :i* spoke ( ! ,messianic rul] z belong+ to ! h\se ( ,david1 held t ,a>on & 8 se$ 7 ! *os5 ones f :om ! ,messiah w\ld ultimately proce$2 x 0 ) ,ph9ehas1 ! gr&son ( ,a>on1 t ,god _h made an et]nal cov5ant2 &1 !re=e1 z ,ezekiel 7xliv4 #ae ff47 _h prophesi$1 ! sons ( ,zadok#ahi 7 to be ! rul]s ( ! p1 & ! ,messiah mu/ be ( prie/ly blood 7cp4 ,exod4 xix4 #f74aij ,s t1 z ,leszynsky po9ts out 7p4 #id71 ! v "n ( ! ,sadducan p>ty1 i4e4 ! ,zadokites 7! desc5dants ( ,zadok7 also _h a place 9 ! /rife reg>d+ ! ,torah v]sus ,tradition4 ,9 ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts ! tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,messiah is important2 !re is frequ5t ref]5ce to a 8,tea*]0 :o is call$ ! 8,only ,tea*]10 or ! 8,only ,"o10 & is id5tical ) 8! ,lawgiv] :o int]prets ! ,law40 ,!re is a p]iod int]v5+ be=e ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is ,tea*]1 :o 0 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,sect1 & 8 second appe>ance1 :i* is to be at 8! end ( ! days40 ,n[ ?is ,tea*] is id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah1 8! ,ano9t$ ,"o f ,a>on & ,israel1 ^: adv5t is expect$ by ! ,sect1 ?r\gh :om ,he made !m to "k ,8 holy _s1 & 9 ^: rise ! ,sect saw ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy1 !re %all come a /> out ( ,jacob4 ,app>5tly ?is ,ano9t$ ,"o 0 reject$ by ! great bulk ( ! nation :o #8spoke rebellion' aga9/ ,him4 ,:at mu/ be especially not$ is t ! ,messiah ( ! ,sect is a prie/1 a desc5dant f ,a>on & ,israel4 ,( a ,messiah desc5d+ f ,judah !re is no m5tion 9 our text4 ,inde$1 #8aft] ! complet+ ( ! end 444 "o %all n jo9 ! h\se ( ,judah1' :il/ ! pr9ces ( ,judah1 ! remov]s ( ! b\nd1 w be visit$ by ! wra? ( ,god4 ,among ^! pr9ces1 ,k+ ,david is also includ$1 :o is held 9 slight e/imation by ! ,sect4 ,z a contra/ to & sub/itute = ,david & 8 dyna/y1 ! ,sect put up ,zadok1 & 8 desc5dants1 ! sons ( ,zadok40#aia ,!re is no?+ :i* s /amps ! "* ( ^! fragm5ts z j ?is doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 7f7 ,! ,sadducees & ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>4 ,?is is a some:at intricate subject2 b ! ma9 po9t is t ! ,sadducees held t "t mu/ be measur$ on ! basis ( a sol> ye>2 !y ?us oppos$ ! ,ph>isaic mode ( reckon+ :i* 0 on ! basis ( ! lun> ye>4 ,! ,ph>isees foll[$ ! anci5t ,hebrew tradition2 b ! unsatisfactory "* ( ?is mode ( reckon+ "t mu/ h be5 realiz$ 9 e>ly times2 & ! ,ph>isees1 9 gett+ ov] ! obvi\s difficulties by ins]t+ a ?irte5? mon? 9 ! spr+ :5ev] necess>y1 7 foll[+ ! oral ,tradition4 ,?is 0 suffici5t = ! opposition ( ! ,sadducees :o s\ght to re=m ! ,cal5d> by measur+ "t on ! basis ( ! sol> ye>4 ,! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees accord+ly accus$ ea* o!r ( obs]v+ fea/s at a wrong "t1#aib or ( wi%+ to4 ,( ! ord9>y s\rces only ! ,rabb9ical conta9 e*oes1 & ^! b slight1 ( ! controv]sy :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees on ?is subject#aic2 b ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 ! ,book ( #a ,eno* & ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s give indications ( x2 & 9 ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts !re are also ref]5ces to ! subject2 ,s*e*t] says 9 8 introduction3 8,ano!r po9t ( supreme importance sep>at+ !m i4e4 ! memb]s ( ! ,zadokite sect bo? f ,jew z well z ,sam>itan is ! regulation ( ! cal5d>4 ,! ,sect looks ^u itself z ! remnant unto :i* ,god reveal$ #8! hidd5 ?+s 9 :i* all ,israel err$3 ,8 ,holy ,sabba?s & ,8 glori\s fe/ivals1 ! te/imony ( ,8 righte\sness & ! ways ( ,8 tru? & ! desires ( ,8 w :i* a man %all d & live by !m4' ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ?is passage is a m]e p>aphrase ( ! passage 9 ! ,book ( ,jubilees3 #8,& all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel w =get1 & w n f9d ! pa? ( ! ye>s1 & w =get ! new moons1 & seasons1 & ,sabba?s1 & !y w g wrong z to all ! ord] ( ! ye>s' 7vi4 #cd ff474 ,! #8hidd5 ?+s' are1 9 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 disclos$ to ! ,sect by a special revelation 7vi4 #c71 b ! cal5d> ( ?is pseudepigraphic "w diff]s 9 ! mo/ important ess5tials bo? f t ( ! ,ph>isees & f t ( ! ,sam>itans0 7p4 xvi474 ,9 ! ,book ( ,jubilees ! sol> ye> is accept$4 ,t ?is controv]sy mu/ h be5 ( an acute "* is obvi\s1 & at fir/ "o may wond] t ! ord9>y s\rces d n ref] to x4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t "o w\ld n expect any ref]5ce to x2 & ,josephus is ma9ly conc]n$ ) doctr9al po9ts :5 speak+ ab\t ! ,sadducees4 ,z to ! slight m5tion ( ! subject 9 ,rabb9ical ,lit]ature ,leszynsky expla9s x by say+ t 8x w\ld almo/ seem z ?\gh ! ,rabbis wi%$ by _! sil5ce to kill ?is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all que/ions :i* m5ac$ ,judaism2 !y did n wi% to raise up aga9 ! _s ( d\bt to quell :i* _h co/ !m s mu* tr\ble40#aid ,on ! o!r h&1 we h def9ite witness to ! exi/5ce ( ! qu>rel 9 "s ( ! pseudepigraphic books1 z h9t$ above1 & ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts1 z we h j se51 (f] /rong evid5ce 9 reg>d to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a great deal m t might be said on ! :ole subject ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 especially ab\t ! ,ph>isees2 b our ma9 purpose has be5 to set =? ! *ief diff]5ces ( doctr9e betwe5 ! two2 & we h laid m /ress on ! ,sadducan position because ?is has n1 z a rule1 receiv$ ! same att5tion z ! ,ph>isaic4#aie ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,subsidi>y ,,consid]ations ,x is ( importance to recognize t1 ) "o exception1 viz4 ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts1 ! ma9 s\rces :i* give u in=mation ab\t ! ,sadducees come f ! h&s ( adv]s>ies4 ,josephus 0 a ,ph>isee1 or at all ev5ts he claim$ to be2 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 = obvi\s reasons1 _h little sympa?y ) ! ,sadducees2 ! ,rabbis 7 ! spiritual desc5dants ( ! bitt]e/ enemies ( ! ,sadducees4 ,b ev5 s1 "s ( ! adv]se impressions ab\t ! ,sadducees widely curr5t d n receive mu* support f ! s\rces4 ,= example1 x is (t5 assum$ t ! ,sadducees 7 lax 9 reg>d to ! ,law1 t !y 7 sceptics & irreligi\s g5]ally2 b ?is is n borne out by ! evid5ce :5 us$ ) discrim9ation4 ,josephus n[h]e says t ! ,sadducees 7 irreligi\s or antagoni/ic to ! ,law2 nor does ! ,new ,te/am5t repres5t !m to h be5 s4 ,nei!r d ! acrimoni\s discussions betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees on legal que/ions pres]v$ 9 ,rabb9ical writ+s give ! impression t ! =m] 7 indiff]5t to ! ,law4 ,no d\bt ! ,ph>isees look$ ^u ! ,sadducees z irreligi\s1 b n because ( _! attitude to ! ,law2 to ! ,ph>isees anyone :o repudiat$ ! b9d+ "* ( _! conception ( ! ,law w\ld come "u condemnation2 b we h no "r to br& z irreligi\s ^? :o 9 _! loyalty to ! writt5 ,law d5\nc$ ,ph>isaic accretions to ! same z ( subord9ate au?ority4 ,t !re 7 "s ,sadducees :o 7 worldly & irreligi\s is likely en\gh to h be5 ! case2 b to *>act]ize ! ,sadducees z su*1 z ! worldly1 irreligi\s p>ty1 is to fall into ! same k9d ( error z ^? :o say t ! ,ph>isees 7 all hypocrites4 ,aga91 x is ( c\rse true t ! ,sadducees 7 always on ! side ( ! suz]a9 p[]2 ! high-prie/ly p>ty 9 ! "t ( ! ,seleucid1 z well z dur+ ! ,roman dom9ion1 held to ! rul+ p[]2 b to say t = ?is reason ! ,sadducees 7 :olly occupi$ ) politics1 & t !y 7 m]ely a political p>ty1 is an exagg]ation4 ,_! position necessitat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]c\rse ) ! rul+ p[]2 b ?is did n involve ! exclusion ( e o!r occupation1 nor mu/ we suppose t all ,sadducees 7 conc]n$ ev5 ) a m9imum ( political bus9ess4 ,a ,sadducee 0 n ipso facto a politician1 b ^? :o 7 at ! head ( affairs1 & :o 71 !re=e1 necess>ily politicians1 happ5$ to belong to ! ,sadducan p>ty4 ,x 0 precisely ! same ?+ ) ! ,ph>isees at "o "t1 viz41 at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,john ,hyrcanus 7,b4,c4 #ace-ajd71 :5 !y 7 9 close t\* ) ! rul+ p[] 79 ! p]son ( ! high-prie/71 & 7 necess>ily to "s ext5t occupi$ ) politics#aif2 yet nobody w\ld say t at t "t ! ,ph>isees z a body 7 :olly giv5 up to politics4 ,! ,sadducees1 to t\* ^u ano!r po9t1 71 l ! sons ( ,zadok ( pre-,maccaban times1 ! fri5ds ( ,hell5i/ic culture2 ! ,sadducan p>ty 0 ! p>ty ( enlight5m5t4 ,at fir/ sight ?is /rikes "o z incongru\s1 s9ce ! ,sadducees 71 z aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 cons]vatives 9 religi\s belief & practice4 ,!y refus$1 = example1 z we h se51 to accept ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 :i* ! ,ph>isees1 be+ z !y claim$ ! p>ty ( religi\s progress1 bo? welcom$ & taught4 ,b ! conv]se is true1 too2 x is /range t ! ,ph>isees :o 7 ! national p>ty1 bigot$ & n>r[ 9 _! outlook1 %\ld h be5 ready to accept tea*+ :i* 0 ( non-,jewi% orig94 ,! same incongru\sness is to be se5 9 ! respective attitude ( ,sadducees & ,ph>isees t[>ds ! ,law4 ,z ,laut]ba* truly says1 ! =m] 87 cons]vative & n>r[ 9 _! views & /rongly oppos$ to *anges & innovations4 ,! ,ph>isees1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ! y\ng] p>ty1 broad] & m lib]al 9 _! views1 ( progressive t5d5cies & n av]se to innovations4 ,accord+ly1 we %\ld expect t ! ,sadducees1 ^: prie/ly ance/ors & pr$ecessors _h always be5 ! (ficial tea*]s ( ! p1 ! cu/odians ( ! ,law1 & presumably also ( su* tradition z !re 01 & :o !mselves 7 v cons]vative1 ! natural advocates ( traditional ways & views1 w\ld seek to uphold ! au?ority ( tradition & ! b9d+ "* ( its ,laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld expect ! ,ph>isees1 be+ ! y\ng]1 m progressive & lib]al p>ty1 :i* appli$ new me?ods ( int]pretation & develop$ new !ories1 to d5y ! au?ority ( tradition & reject its laws4 ,b1 in/ead1 we are l$ to believe t 9 _! attitude t[>ds ! au?ority ( ! traditional laws ! two p>ties _h *ang$ rles4 ,= ! cons]vative ,sadducees are said to h oppos$ ! au?ority ( tradition & ! b9d+ "* ( its tea*+s1 :ile ! ,ph>isees1 :o 9 _m po9ts dep>t$ f traditional ways & fav\r$ new views1 are repres5t$ z ! advocates ( tradition & ( ! au?ority ( its laws40#aig ,laut]ba*'s explanation ( ! difficulty t ! disputes betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 7 n s mu* ab\t ! cont5ts ( tradition1 b m]ely ab\t its au?ority1 no d\bt holds good 9 "p1 b only 9 "p1 = ! records ( ! disputes :i* h come d[n to u are mu* conc]n$ ) ! cont5ts ( tradition4#aih ,we d\bt :e!r ! full explanation ( ! incongruity is 9 its ess5ce really o!r ?an ?is3 ! innate illogic ( human nature4 ,is any p>ty ev] logical & true to its t5ets = long2 above all1 a religi\s p>ty8 ,w\ld any p>ty be really hone/ if x 78 ,new conditions alt] ! outlook2 new tru?s t5d to displace old l&m>ks2 & ! consequ5t new ways ( ?9k+ w impel hone/ m5 sometimes to modify _! mo/ *]i%$ beliefs4 ,! conditions br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 & ! gradual triumph ( "s specifically ,hell5i/ic traits1 above all ( religi\s syncretism1 w acc\nt almo/ :olly = :at appe>s to be ! volte face ( bo? ,sadducees & ,ph>isees4 ,:ile "o c well und]/& t ! ,sadducees1 z repres5t$ by _! spiritual =be>s 9 pre-,maccaban times1 belong+ z !y did to ! prie/ly ari/ocracy1 & g5]ally to ! m cultur$ classes1 %\ld be fri5dly incl9$ t[>ds ! m5tal ref9em5t & enlight5m5t su* z ,hell5ism (f]$1 !re c be no d\bt t be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 _! ov]-anxiety 9 ?is direction involv$ !m 9 deplorable disloyalty bo? to _! nation1 & to _! religi\s pr9ciples4 ,we may grant t _m belong+ to ?is s*ool ( ?\ght hone/ly believ$ t ! m fully ! p came "u ! sway ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ! m b5eficial x w\ld be = all conc]n$1 yet !re is no gett+ away f ! fact t _! behavi\r z record$ 9 #a ,maccabees 0 unpatriotic1 & by acquiesc+ 9 ! abrogation ( ! ,law1 or r 9 ! attempt to abrogate x1 !y act$ clean contr>y to _! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,inde$1 x is s difficult to und]/& _! action t we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! support accord$ to ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 8 attempt to /amp out ,judaism came only f an extreme section ( ! ,hell5i/ically incl9$ p>ty4 ,= :5 all is said & done1 !y 7 ,jews1 &1 z a body1 v5]at$ ! ,law1 z su*1 l o!r ,jews1 & wor%ipp$ ! same ,god z o!r ,jews2 s t ) all _! p>tiality = ,greek culture !y held firmly1 z ! s\rces prove1 to :at 0 specifically ,jewi% 9 spite ( int]nal qu>rels1 bitt] z ^! prov]bially are4 ,f all t we h le>n$ ab\t ! ,sadducees & ! s*ool ( ?\ght :i* !y repres5t1 x mu/ be cle> t at "o "t !y con/itut$ a p[]ful & influ5tial elem5t among ! ,jews1 ) def9ite pr9ciples & doctr9es :i* !y *ampion$4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 sugge/s itself z to :e!r any lit]>y rema9s emanat+ f _! circles h come d[n to u4 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ,ecclesia/icus is 8,sadducan0 9 "*1 s t ! ,sadducees & _! pre-,maccaban repres5tatives 7 evid5tly n )\t _! s*ol>s & writ]s2 we %\ld1 !re=e1 naturally look = o!r examples ( ,sadducan lit]>y activity4 ,we h become accu/om$ to be told t any book 9 :i* ! ,law is extoll$ is necess>ily ,ph>isaic2 b 9 view ( :at we h se5 to be ! ,sadducan attitude t[>ds ! ,law1 some?+ m ?an ! uphold+ ( ! ,law is requir$ 9 a book 9 ord] to e/abli% its ,ph>isaic au?or%ip2 unless x is cle> t ! ,ph>isaic conception ( ! ,law is 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 ! book c\ld j z well be ,sadducan1 s f> z ?is p>ticul> po9t is conc]n$4 ,b ! doctr9e conc]n+ ! ,law is1 ( c\rse1 n ! only crit]ion :]eby ! "*1 :e!r ,sadducan or ,ph>isaic1 ( a book is to be judg$2 :5 we come to consid] ! au?or%ip ( ! uncanonical books1 ! ,pseudepigrapha z well z ! ,apocrypha1 we %all h to take into consid]ation all ! doctr9es to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above2 & x may be t 9 "s cases we %all f9d t !re are reasons = consid]+ a book to be ,sadducan :i* is usually suppos$ to be ,ph>isaic4 ,if ?is is s1 !n our s\rces = ! ,sadducees may be increas$4 ,b s9ce ?is is a v disput$ matt]1 we h ?\ght x be/ n to include among ! s\rces giv5 above books :i* we %all %[ reasons = reg>d+ z ,sadducan4 ,,summ>y ,! t]m 8,ph>isee0 means n 8,sep>ati/10 b 8,exp\nd]0 ( ! ,scriptures 9 ! int]e/s ( ! oral ,law4 ,! t]m 8,sadducees0 is d]iv$ f ! p]sonal "n ,zadok1 :o 0 high-prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,david4 ,! s\rces ( our k ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees are3 ,josephus1 ,rabb9ical writ+s1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts4 ,! doctr9es reg>d+ :i* ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees diff]$ 73 ! ,law1 :i* ! ,sadducees reg>d$ z b9d+ only 9 s f> z ! writt5 ,law 0 conc]n$1 :ile ! ,ph>isees claim$ ! same = ! oral ,law4 ,! ,sadducees came to recognize ! ne$ ( mak+ new legal ord9ances1 b only su* z 7 bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law4 ,! oral tradition ( ! ,ph>isees _h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ! writt5 ,law2 b ! ,ph>isees 7 ultimately =c$ to accept ! ,sadducan pr9ciple1 & by subtle exegesis %[$ t ! oral tradition 0 actually bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! ,sadducees ceas$ to exi/ z a p>ty1 _! pr9ciple won ! day4 ,secondly1 z reg>ds ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 !re is e reason to di/ru/ ! evid5ce ( ,josephus1 :o cont5ds t ! ,sadducees d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce2 ?is is n borne out by ! o!r s\rces1 & is 9 itself highly improbable4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees on ! subject ( ! life h]eaft] 0 t :ile ! =m] believ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 ! latt] d5i$ ?is1 & believ$ only 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,reg>d+ ! alleg$ ,sadducan disbelief 9 angels & spirits1 :i* is /at$ 9 only "o ( ! s\rces1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "o mu/ recognize ! possibility t :at is said on ?is subject 9 ,acts xxiii4 #h may be due to a mi/ak5 inf]5ce d]iv$ f ! ,sadducan disbelief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 namely1 t ! dep>t$ d n become angels or spirits4 ,9 view ( ! ,sadducan belief 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 :]e angels are (t5 spok5 (1 x is improbable t !y d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ^!4 ,a fundam5tal diff]5ce ( belief betwe5 ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 0 t reg>d+ ! ,messiah2 :ile ! ,ph>isees held t ! ,messiah 0 to be ( ! se$ ( ,david1 ! ,sadducees ma9ta9$ t ,a>on & 8 se$1 to :i* ! sons ( ,zadok belong$1 7 ! *os5 ones f :om ! ,messiah w\ld ultimately proce$4 ,la/ly1 diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/$ among ! two p>ties reg>d+ ! ,cal5d>2 ^! c5tr$ 9 ! fact t :ile ! ,sadducees measur$ "t on ! basis ( ! sol> ye>1 ! ,ph>isaic me?od ( reckon+ 0 on ! basis ( ! lun> ye>4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t ea* p>ty accus$ ! o!r ( false tea*+ reg>d+ ! "t at :i* ! fea/s ought to be kept4 ,among "s subsidi>y consid]ations conc]n+ ! ,sadducees x 0 po9t$ out t to speak ( !m z sceptics & irreligi\s1 z a body1 is to d !m an inju/ice2 equally unju/ is x to reg>d !m z hav+ be5 ma9ly occupi$ ) politics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exagg]at$ pro-,hell5ic t5d5cies ( ^? :o came to be kn[n z ! ,sadducan p>ty aft] ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 involv$ !m 9 disloyalty to _! race & to _! religi\s pr9ciples4 ,x is probable t ^? :o 7 guilty ( ?is con/itut$ only an extreme section ( ^? fav\rable to ,hell5i/ic influ5ce4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees to "s ext5t *ang$ rles1 s f> z _! attitude to ! ,law 0 conc]n$1 c be expla9$ on natural l9es4 ,! lit]>y rema9s ( ! ,sadducees are p]haps m ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to suppose2 fur!r ref]5ce is made to ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon ( ,scripture ,,lit]ature4--,s4 ,davidson1 ,! ,canon ( ! ,bible 7#ahgg72 ,riehm1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t 7#ahhg-ahij72 ,buhl1 ,kanon und ,text des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes 7#ahia72 ,wildebo]1 ,die ,ent/ehung des alt-te/am5tli*5 ,kanons 7#ahia72 ,ryle1 ,! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7#ahib72 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ,lecture ,,vi 7#ahie72 ,briggs1 ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,holy ,scripture 7#ahii72 ,duhm1 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes 7#ahii72 ,hls*]1 ,apokryph und ,kanonis*1 pp4 #a-da 7#aije74 ,! articles 8,kanon des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes10 by ,/rack 9 ! ,real5cykl4 fr ,prote/antis*e ,!ologie und ,kir*e2 & 8,bible ,canon10 by ,blau & ,s*midt 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl4 ,we h1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 consid]$ ! m5tal & spiritual movem5ts 9 ,pale/9e1 & h s\ght to %[ 9 h[ l>ge a measure ^! 7 affect$ by ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 & h[1 on ! o!r h&1 resi/ance to ?is influ5ce call$ into exi/5ce a c\nt]-movem5t :i* ultimately c>ri$ all be=e x4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t ) its pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 & its /ill pr(\nd] & m f>-rea*+ influ5ce ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t1 l>gely indig5\s1 b also greatly influ5c$ by ! ,hell5i/ic _s2 ! ,legali/ic ,movem5t1 initiat$ by ,ezra & fur!r$ by ,scribal activity2 ! oppos+ t5d5cies :i* result$1 viz41 ,p>ticul>ism on ! "o h&1 & ,univ]salism on ! o!r1 t5d5cies :i* rema9$ su*1 & did n cry/allize into p>ties until aft] ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 s t bo? ,scribes & ,apocalypti/s c\ld foll[ _! individual b5t1 :e!r 9 ! direction ( legal obs]vance or ( ! pursuit ( wisdom or ( es*atological /udy1 )\t com+ into conflict ) ea* o!r2 ! ,maccaban /ruggle :i* 0 ! culm9ation ( ! deeply-root$ t5d5cies j ref]r$ to1 & :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( two bitt]ly oppos$ p>ties1 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,sadducees1 ea* ) _! fundam5tal pr9ciples ess5tially irreconcilable1 ea* liv+ & vigor\s1 ea* illogical1 ea* (f]+ ! curi\s p>adox ( triumph+ 9 defeat--^! & v>i\s o!r matt]s h all be5 dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ) ! object ( pres5t+ a picture ( ! intellectual & religi\s surr\nd+s f :i*1 & ow+ to :i*1 ! l>ge body ( lit]ature emanat$ ) :i* we %all n[ h to conc]n ourselves4 ,a n inconsid]able portion ( ?is lit]ature 0 ultimately incorporat$ into :at came to be kn[n z ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon2 a l>ge portion :i* 0 /udi$ & fav\rably look$ ^u ev5 by rigor\sly or?odox religi\s lead]s among ! ,jews 0 exclud$ f ! ,hebrew ,canon1 ?\gh admitt$ into ! ,greek ,bible ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 a fur!r & /ill l>g] portion ( ?is lit]ature 0 exclud$1 n only f ! ,hebrew ,canon ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews1 b also f ! ,greek ,bible ( ! ,disp]sion ,jews4 ,n[ to und]/&1 fir/ ( all1 h[ x came ab\t t a di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation 0 drawn betwe5 :at we n[ "k z ! canonical books1 & ^? ( ! ,apocrypha1 x w be necess>y to consid] briefly ! idea ( a ,canon 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ! approximate date at :i* ?is idea arose1 & ! date at :i* ! ,canon 0 f9ally clos$4 ,x w be important to t\* also ^u ! "q z to :om ! =mation ( ! ,canon 0 specially due1 z well z ! reason = :i* "s books 7 admitt$ into ! ,canon1#aii & o!rs exclud$4 ,?is w be our task 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! fur!r que/ions conc]n+ ! two o!r bodies ( lit]ature ref]r$ to j n[ w occupy u 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,we mu/ fir/ (f] a few rem>ks ^u ! subject ( ! ,hebrew ,canon z we n[ h x 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,i4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,canon ,,9 ,,its ,,pres5t ,,=m ,! ,hebrew ,bible conta9s tw5ty-f\r books#bjj2 ! foll[+ table w %[ ! divisions & sub-divisions into :i* ^! books 7 plac$ by ! ,jewi% ,*ur*3#bja i4 ,! ,law1 or ,torah1 i4e4 ! five books ( ,moses1 call$ by ! ,jews ! 8five-fif?s ( ! ,law40 ii4 ,! ,prophets1 or ,nebiim2 ?is has two sub-divisions3 7a7 ,! 8,=m] ,prophets10 or ,nebiim ri%nim1 i4e4 ! books ( ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 #a1 #b ,samuel1 #a1 #b ,k+s4 7b7 ,! 8,latt] ,prophets10 or ,nebiim a*>nim2 i4e4 ! books ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 :i* are reckon$ z "o book4 iii4 ,! ,writ+s1 or ,ke?ubim2 ?is has ?ree sub-divisions3 7a7 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,job4 7b7 ,song ( ,songs1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]2 ^! are te*nically kn[n z ! five 8,scrolls10 or ,megill?4 7c7 ,daniel1 ,ezra-,nehemiah1 #a1 #b ,*ronicles4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ ( ^! divisions1 x may be po9t$ out t ! ,jews reg>d ! ,law1 or ,torah1 z by f> ! mo/ important "p ( _! ,scriptures1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! o!r two divisions occupy q a subord9ate position2 inde$1 ! 8,prophets0 & ! 8,writ+s0 are sometimes spok5 ( z m]e 8,tradition0 7,kabbalah71 9 contra/ ) ! ,law4 ,z to ! second division1 x %\ld be not$ t ! ,jews 9 e>ly days reg>d$ ! two books ( ,samuel#bjb z "o book1 & ! same applies to ! two books ( ,k+s4 ,! t]ms 8,=m]0 & 8,latt]0 ,prophets d n ref] to _! respective dates ( composition1 b mu/ be tak5 to indicate ! ord] ( ! books 9 ! canonical collection4#bjc ,9 ! ?ird division we see1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ord] ( ! books 9 ea* ( ! sub-divisions diff]s f t ( ! ,engli% ,bible2 secondly1 ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah are treat$ z "o book1 & ?is is also ! case ) #a1 #b ,*ronicles4 ,! five 8,scrolls0 occupy an important & some:at special position among ! ,jews1 = !y are assign$1 = read+1 to p>ticul> fea/-days & "o fa/-day1 viz4 ,passov] 7,pesa*71 ,weeks 7,%ebu?71 ! fa/ ( ! 8n9? ( ,ab10#bjd ,tab]nacles 7,succ?71 & ,lots 7,purim71 respectively4 ,?us1 ! fir/ division has five books1 ! second has eight1 & ! ?ird has elev51 mak+ tw5ty-f\r 9 all4 ,^! books1 !n1 con/itute ! ,hebrew ,canon 9 its f9al =m1 ! au?oritative ,scriptures to :i* no book may be add$1 & f :i* no book may be tak5 away4 ,we h n[ to inquire z to :51 by :om1 & :y ^! books 7 s+l$ out f among ! mass ( ,jewi% lit]ature to occupy ?is hon\r$ position4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,canon ,9 seek+ to answ] ! "q z to :5 ! ,hebrew ,canon assum$ its pres5t1 f9al1 =m1 x is well to beg9 by emphasiz+ ! ne$ ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a collection ( books1 all valu$ m or less1 & ! =mation ( a ,canon4 ,x is n only compreh5sible1 b altoge!r natural to f9d t1 giv5 ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge lit]ature1 a c]ta9 numb] ( books belong+ to x %\ld be m highly valu$ & hon\r$ ?an o!rs conta9$ 9 t lit]ature2 x does n1 h[ev]1 !re=e necess>ily foll[ t su* m highly hon\r$ books alone are acceptable & widely us$1 or t !y are reg>d$ z s holy t n a lett] ( !m may be alt]$1 :ile all o!r books belong+ to t lit]ature are reg>d$ z ( inf]ior value & ( no au?ority4 ,apply+ ?is to ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,jews z x exi/$ & grew1 r\ghly speak+1 dur+ ! la/ two pre-,*ri/ian c5turies1 we mu/ beg9 by leav+ out ! ,p5tateu* f our pres5t consid]ation2 we are ju/ifi$ 9 do+ ?is1 because ^! books1 z conta9+ ! writt5 ,law1 occupi$ a position s unique f ! ,jewi% po9t ( view t 7f ! "t t !y became books7 !y nev] came "u ! category ( ord9>y books 7see1 h[ev]1 bel[1 p4 #afh74 ,sett+ ! ,p5tateu* aside1 !re=e1 we affirm t dur+ ! p]iod indicat$ a l>ge sacr$ lit]ature 0 9 exi/5ce1 & t a c]ta9 numb] ( books belong+ to x 7 m highly hon\r$ & valu$ ?an o!rs2 b t ! =m] did n diff] 9 k9d b only 9 ! degree ( value atta*+ bo? to !m & to o!r books4 ,9 o!r words1 ! idea ( a ,canon assumes ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( books f :i* are select$ ^? :i* are to become canonical4 ,unless ?is 7 s we %\ld h to assume t all ! books n[ reg>d$ z canonical 7 s reg>d$ on _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,our fir/ task 9 seek+ to sub/antiate our cont5tion1 !n1 is to give evid5ce t at "o p]iod ! books :i* 7 subsequ5tly admitt$ into ! ,canon 7 di/+ui%$1 probably1 9 degree1 b n 9 k9d1 f o!r books1 :i* 7 nev] admitt$ into ! ,canon4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus xliv4-l4 ,b5-,sira writes a panegyric on ! fam\s m5 ( old2 among ^! he m5tions ,moses1 to :om ! ,"l 8gave comm&m5ts face to face1 ev5 ! ,law ( life & k0 7xlv4 #e72 ,jo%ua1 ! 8successor ( ,moses 9 prophecies0 7xlvi4 #a72 ! ,judges1 n individually by "n1 b collectively 7xlvi4 #aa1 #ab72 ,samuel1 8a ,naz>ite ( ,jehovah 9 ! prophetical (fice0 7xlvi4 #ac7bje2 ! ,k+s1 ( :om he says1 8,except ,david & ,hezekiah & ,josiah1 all committ$ trespass0 7xlix4 #d72 ,isaiah1 :o 8by a _s ( might saw ! la/ ?+s07xlviii4 #bd1 9 ! ,hebrew72 ,j]emiah1 :o 80 sanctifi$ 9 ! womb to be a prophet0 7xlix4 #f72 ,ezekiel1 8:o saw a vision0 7xlix4 #h1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew72 & ! ,twelve ,prophets 7xlix4 #aj71 ^! are m5tion$ collectively1 s t ! writ+s be>+ _! names _h already be5 collect$ into a s+le book by ,b4,c4 #bjj or !reab\ts4 ,9 addition to ^! !re is a possible ref]5ce to ! ,psalms1 ?\gh ?is is n necess>ily ! case2 ! words are3 8,9 e "w ( 81 ,david gave ?anks to ,god ,mo/ ,high ) words ( glory2 ) 8 :ole he>t he lov$ 8 ,mak]1 & sang praise e day cont9ually4 ,he set music ( /r+$ in/rum5ts be=e ! alt>1 & arrang$ ! s\nd ( song to ! h>p4 ,he glorifi$ ! fea/-days 4440 7xlvii4 #h-aj1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew74 ,:ile ! possibility ( ! ,psalms be+ "h ref]r$ to is n d5i$1 "o might reasonably look = some?+ m def9ite2 ! ref]5ce c\ld equally well1 p]haps m probably1 be to ! r5d]+ ( ! ,temple music2 x is1 at any rate1 wor? not+ t ! *ief "p ( ! panegyric on ,david is tak5 up ) an acc\nt ( 8 h]oic acts1 7see xlvii4 #b-g74 ,b5-,sira is m def9ite 9 8 ref]5ce to ! ,prov]bs & ,canticles1 ?\gh ev5 "h ?is is n necess>ily ! case1 especially 9 reg>d to ! latt]1 = ! ref]5ce to songs may be m]ely tak5 f #a ,k+s iv4 #cb 78,& 8 songs 7 a ?\s& & five072 :5 speak+ ( ,solomon he says3 8,) ?y songs1 & prov]bs1 & p>ables1 & ?9e int]pretations ?\ did/ cause a/oni%m5t to ! peoples0 7xlvii4 #ag1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew74 ,job is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 b n 9 ! ,greek text2 ?is omission 9 ! latt] c1 h[ev]1 be acc\nt$ =1 z ! translator ei!r misread or misund]/ood ! ,hebrew4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ,job does n seem to imply k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,book ( ,job2 ! words are3 8,& also he 7i4e4 ,ezekiel7 made m5tion ( ,job 7! prophet71#bjf :o ma9ta9$ all ! ways ( righte\sness0 7xlix4 #i72 "h we h cle>ly a ref]5ce to ,ezekiel xiv4 #bj1 :]e ,job is m5tion$ z a typically righte\s man4 ,nehemiah is m5tion$ by "n1 & a comp>ison ) ,ecclesia/icus xlvii4 #i 7already quot$ above71 ) #a ,*ronicles xvi4 #d1 #e implies a k ( ! books ( ,*ronicles4 ,b ,b5-,sira makes no m5tion ( ,ezra 7!re are p]haps special reasons = ?is71 ,daniel1 or ,e/h]4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$ 9 ?is li/ is t no place ( hon\r is assign$ to any "o collection ( books su* z ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 divid$ into 9 lat] days2 ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & "s ( ! 8,writ+s0 are all treat$ z belong+ to ! same category4 ,b m3 ,b5-,sira1 9 giv+ a rsum ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel z conta9$ 9 ^! books1 & 9 enum]at+ ! nation's wor?ies1 cle>ly does n consid] t !y alone are au?oritative1 or t ! li/ ( ! nation's wor?ies1 z conta9$ 9 !m1 is exhau/$2 = he goes on ) ! hi/ory ( 8 nation dur+ 8 own "t1 & cont9ues ! li/ ( wor?ies ) ! m5tion ( ,simon1 ! son ( ,onias1 to :om he devotes f> m space ?an to any ( ! e>li] ones 7see l4 #a ff474 ,!n1 aga91 :ile ,b5-,sira is famili> ) almo/ all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he does n reg>d !m z :at we und]/& by canonical1 i4e4 9 ! s5se ( be+ sep>at$ (f f all o!r books2 = if t _h be5 ! case1 he c\ld n h spok5 words su* z ^? :i* occur1 e4g4 9 xxiv4 #cc1 :]eby he places himself 9 a direct l9e ) ! prophets3 ,i w yet p\r out doctr9e z prophecy1 ,& leave x unto et]nal g5]ations 7see also v]ses #cj-cb1 #cd72 nor w\ld he h tak5 ^u himself1 z ,hls*] has po9t$ly rem>k$1 to assume ! tone & /yle ( ! anci5t prophets1 z he (t5 does 7see1 e4g41 xlvii4 #bj1 l4 #bi71 if ! 8unbridgable cleft ( canonicity0 _h /ood betwe5 him & ! prophets4#bjg ,! li/1 !re=e1 su* z x is1 does n imply ! exi/5ce ( a ,canon4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ! evid5ce ( ,b5-,sira's gr&son1 :o translat$ 8 gr&fa!r's "w into ,greek 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #acb74 ,he says 9 8 ,prologue3 8,:]eas _m & great ?+s h be5 deliv]$ unto u by ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 & by o!rs t h foll[$ 9 _! /eps 44402 & lat] on1 he aga9 speaks ( 8! ,law1 & ! ,prophets1 & ! books ( our fa!rs02 & 8! ,law1 & ! prophecies1 & ! re/ ( ! books40 ,! loose way 9 :i* ! writ] speaks ( ! ?ird category ( books1 & ! fact t he does n apply to !m ! te*nical "n ( ,ke?ubim 78,writ+s0 ,hagiographa7 is cle> evid5ce t :at we n[ und]/& by ! 8,hebrew ,canon0 0 n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,we may g ev5 fur!r & say t ! ,p5tateu*1 ! prophetical books & "s o!rs occupi$ a position ( special hon\r among _m o!r books belong+ to ,hebrew lit]ature1#bjh b t n ev5 ! ,law & ! ,prophets c h be5 reg>d$ z 8canonical0 9 ! lat] s5se ( ! ^w1 o!rwise !y w\ld n h be5 m5tion$ along ) books :i* admitt$ly 7 n 8canonical40#bji ,?is is fur!r borne out by ! foll[+ words1 :i* occur 9 ! ,prologue3 8,my gr&fa!r ,jesus1 hav+ giv5 himself mu* to ! read+ ( ! ,law1 & ! ,prophets1 & ! o!r books ( our fa!rs1 & hav+ ga9$ famili>ity !re91 0 drawn on also himself to write some:at p]ta9+ to in/ruction & wisdom1 9 ord] t ^? :o love le>n+1 & are addict$ to ^! ?+s1 might make progress mu* m by liv+ accord+ to ! ,law40 ,x is obvi\s f ^! words t ,b5-,sira's gr&son look$ ^u 8 gr&fa!r z "o ( ^? :o _h 8foll[$ aft]0 ! writ]s ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 & t he reg>d$ 8 gr&fa!r's book z hav+ a legitimate place among ! 8books ( ! fa!rs40 ,b1 ?is be+ s1 x _c be said t ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 or any "p ( !m1 7 reg>d$ z canonical 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if ! ,law1 ! ,prophets & o!r books are treat$ z a special body ( lit]ature to :i* a new book c be said to belong1 9 ! natural & matt] ( c\rse way 9 :i* ,b5-,sira's gr&son does t1 x is cle> t he1 at all ev5ts1 did n reg>d ?is special body ( lit]ature z s sacrosanct t no?+ c\ld be add$ to x4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ?is evid5ce1 !re 0 no 8,canon ( ,scripture10 z we und]/& x1 z late z ab\t ,b4,c4 #acb4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 fur!r t su* books z ,ecclesia/icus1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 #a ,maccabees1 & o!rs1 7 n reg>d$ z 8apocryphal10 b came "u ! same category ( o!r edify+ books1 "s ( :i* 71 lat]1 made canonical4 ,b if1 z we h se51 !re 0 at ?is "t no su* ?+ z a ,canon ( ,scripture1 9 ! s5se ( an (ficially recogniz$ & au?oritative li/ ( books def9itely sep>at$ (f f all o!rs1 !re is no sort ( d\bt t a c]ta9 numb] ( books 7 look$ ^u z pre-em95t1 & enjoy$ great] fav\r ?an o!rs4 ,x is 9 ?is fact t we may recognize ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( a ,canon1 z di/9ct f a f9ally settl$ & au?oritative li/ ( canonical books4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,canon ,b :ile we h ?us an approximate date = ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( a ,canon1 i4e4 ! idea t "s books are holi]1 & !re=e m au?oritative ?an o!rs1 we h yet to ask ourselves at :at date ! def9ite close ( ! ,canon took place1 i4e4 :5 ! ,hebrew ,canon1 z we n[ "k x1 assum$ its f9al =m undisput$4 ,we h evid5ce t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 n yet clos$1 = at t "t ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs 0 disput$4 ,! influ5tial s*ool ( ,%ammai held t ^! books 7 uncanonical1 :ile ! s*ool ( ,hillel ackn[l$g$ _! canonicity4 ,?us1 9 ! ,mi%na 7,jadaim iii4 #e7 x is said3 8,all ! holy writ+s defile ! h&s4#baj ,! ,song ( ,songs defiles ! h&s1 b reg>d+ ,kohele? 7,ecclesia/es7 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,rabbi ,jose says1 ,kohele? does n defile ! h&s1 b reg>d+ ! ,song ( ,songs !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,rabbi ,simeon says1 ,z to ,kohele?1 ! h\se ( ,%ammai e/eems x lightly1 b ! h\se ( ,hillel e/eems x highly40 ,s1 too1 9 ano!r ,mi%nic tractate1 ,eduyo? v4 #c1 x is said3 8,kohele? does n defile ! h&s accord+ to ! h\se ( ,%ammai1 b ! h\se ( ,hillel says t x does defile ! h&s40 ,at a /ill lat] date ! canonicity ( ! ,book ( ,e/h] 0 disput$4 ,e>ly 9 ! second c5tury ( our era two ,rabbis1 z record$ 9 ! ,talmud 7,sanh$r9 #ajj;a7 reg>d$ x z ( inf]ior value to ! re/ ( ! biblical books4#baa ,b ! opposition to ?is book is n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 s9ce its canonicity 0 only disput$ by individual tea*]s4 ,9 ! case ( ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs x is diff]5t1 = ! canonicity ( ^! 0 d5i$ by a :ole s*ool ( au?oritative tea*]s4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,hebrew ,canon _h n be5 clos$1 s9ce !re 0 /ill ! possibility ( new books be+ add$ to x1 z inde$ happ5$ lat] :5 ! disput$ books1 j m5tion$1 7 def9itely includ$ 9 ! ,canon4 ,s t ! close ( ! ,canon did n take place until "s consid]able "t aft] ! idea ( a ,canon _h aris54 ,f ! evid5ce ( ! ,mi%na we turn to an important passage 9 ,josephus4 ,writ+ at ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 ,josephus1 9 8 treatise aga9/ ,apion 7i4 #h71 aft] say+ t ! prophets alone 7 inspir$ by ,god to write d[n ! e>lie/ ev5ts z well z ^? ( _! own times1 cont9ues3 8,we h n myriads ( books disagree+ )1 & antagoni/ic to1 "o ano!r1 b two & tw5ty only1#bab :i* conta9 ! record ( all "t 7pa/71 & are rightly believ$ 94#bac ,& ( ^!1 five belong to ,moses2 !y conta9 ! laws & ! tradition f man's orig9 to 8 dea? = a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,f ! dea? ( ,moses till ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 :o reign$ aft] ,x]xes1 ! prophets :o came aft] ,moses wrote d[n ! ?+s t 7 done dur+ _! "t 9 ?irte5 books4 ,! rema9+ f\r conta9 hymns to ,god & precepts = m5's conduct ( life4 ,b f ,artax]xes to our times all ev5ts h1 x is true1 be5 writt5 d[n2 b ^! lat] books are n ?\ght to be wor?y ( ! same cr$it1 because ! exact succession ( prophets 0 want+40 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 !re=e1 ! canonicity ( a book dep5d$ ^u :e!r x _h be5 writt5 )9 a cle>ly def9$ p]iod1 & t p]iod 0 f ,moses to ! dea? ( ,artax]xes1 i4e41 ! prophetical p]iod4 ,! artificiality ( ?is te/ is %[n by ! fact t1 9 ! words ( ,ryle1 8! m5tion ( ?is p>ticul> limit seems to be made expressly ) ref]5ce to ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 9 :i* alone ! ,artax]xes ( ,josephus 7! ,ahasu]us ( ! ,hebrew book ( ,e/h]7 figures40#bad ,b 9 po9t+ to ?is te/ ( canonicity1 ,josephus is n express+ a !ory ( 8 own1 = a simil> view 0 held by ! ,rabbis4 ,!y1 too1 ma9ta9$ t no book 0 canonical unless x _h be5 writt5 )9 a fix$ p]iod1 ! prophetical p]iod2 = !m ?is p]iod 0 f ,moses to ,ezra4#bae ,josephus ?us witnesses to ! pr9ciple1 au?oritative & fully accept$ by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 on ! basis ( :i* ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 =m$4 ,b ! !ory on :i* ?is pr9ciple 0 bas$ 0 contr>y to fact1 = on ?is view 8!re nev] 0 or c\ld be any discussion z to ! numb] & limits ( ! canonical collection1 :i* _h f fir/ to la/ an (ficial "*4 ,ea* new book 0 writt5 by a man ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 & 0 add$ to ! collection precisely z a new page w\ld be add$ to ! royal annals ( an ea/]n k+dom4 ,x is pla9 t ?is view is n 9 accordance ) facts4444 ,josephus' acc\nt ( ! ,canon is a !ory1 & a !ory inconsi/5t ) ! fact t we f9d no complete =mal catalogue ( ,scriptures 9 e>li] writ]s l ! son ( ,sira*1 :o1 9 enum]at+ ! lit]>y wor?ies ( 8 nation1 _h e motive to give a complete li/1 if he _h be5 9 a position to d s2 inconsi/5t also ) ! fact t que/ions z to ! canonicity ( c]ta9 books 7 /ill undecid$ )9 ! lifetime ( ,josephus himself40#baf ,b wrong & contr>y to fact z ?is !ory 01 ^u x nev]!less 0 f\nd$ ! ,hebrew ,canon z we h x at ! pres5t day4 ,= v>i\s reasons1#bag ! ,rabbis _h det]m9$ to exclude c]ta9 books f ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1#bah & _! w held ! day n only 9 _! own times1 b also reass]t$ itself1 all unconsci\s ( ?is ?\gh _! desc5dants may be1 9 lat] times 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! =mation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 ?us virtually a fait accompli by ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 ! (ficial imprimatur be+ 9 all probability giv5 at :at is call$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,jabneh 7,jamnia74 ,t ?is 0 a c\ncil 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w may well be d\bt$2 b !re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ,jabneh 0 a seat ( ,jewi% s*ol>%ip ev5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,aft] ?is ev5t ! ,sanh$r9 remov$ to ,jabneh & 0 presid$ ov] by ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai1 ! greate/ ( ! ,jewi% scribes dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ ! fall ( ,j]usalem2 he 0 foll[$ by ,gamaliel ,,ii4 ,x mu/ be fairly obvi\s t any discussions z to ! canonicity ( books among ! ,jewi% religi\s lead]s mu/ h tak5 place 9 ,jabneh :]e ! ,sanh$r9 01 & :]e ! greate/ ,jewi% s*ol>s w\ld be assembl$4 ,t su* discussions did take place is amply witness$ to by passages 9 ! ,mi%na4 ,s t al?\gh x _c be actually prov$ t ! f9al & au?oritative =mation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon took place at 8! c\ncil ( ,jabneh10 x is reasonably c]ta9 f ! evid5ce we h t ! discussions on ! canonicity ( c]ta9 books held by ! ,sanh$r9 assembl$ at ,jabneh result$ 9 :at came to be reg>d$ z ! =mal & (ficial fix+ ( ! ,canon4#bai ,h[ f>1 9 ! gradual settlem5t ( ! "q1 ! ,rabbis act$ on _! own initiative1 & 9 h[ f> !y 7 m]ely regi/]+ & cry/alliz+ ! popul> v]dict articulat$ by usage is difficult to say4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! latt] alone 0 decisive makes x h>d to und]/& :y su* books z ,ecclesia/icus1 ,judi? & ,tobit1 to m5tion a few ( ! 8apocryphal0 books only1 7 exclud$2 on ! o!r h&1 we _c believe t popul> usage c\nt$ = no?+4 ,mo/ probably ! :ole "q 0 "o ( compromise 9 :i* by degrees ,rabb9ical logic1 bas$ ^u _! !ory allud$ to above1 =c$ popul> usage to give way to ! (ficial position :i* became f9ally & irrevocably fix$ by ! ,sanh$r9 at ,jabneh4 ,x is true t long aft] ! c\ncil ( ,jabneh1 ! canonicity ( ,ezekiel1 ,jonah1 ,prov]bs1 ,song ( ,songs1 ,ecclesia/es & ,e/h]1 0 at diff]5t times call$ 9 "q#bbj2 b ?is only reflects ! op9ions ( individuals1 & _c be said to h 9 any way modifi$ ! practical cons5sus ( ,jewi% tea*]s t ! f9al ^w _h be5 spok5 at ,jabneh4 ,,iv4 ,,to ,,:om ,,0 ,,! ,,f9al ,,fix+ ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,canon ,,due8 ,! "q z to :om1 pre-em95tly1 ! f9al fix+ ( ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 due is n )\t int]e/2 & al?\gh we h no def9ite pro( reg>d+ ! matt]1 all ! probabilities po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,x w\ld seem t at ! "t ( ,josephus ! ,ph>isees specially occupi$ !mselves ) ! subject4 ,x 0 ,josephus1 z we h se51 :o is ! e>lie/ witness t we h z to ! exi/5ce ( a f9ally fix$ ,canon2 n[ ,josephus1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 an e>li] *apt]1 tells u 9 8 autobiography t aft] hav+ made trial ( ! ?ree sects ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 & ,ess5es 9 turn1 s t by becom+ acqua9t$ ) ea* he might *oose ! be/1 he f9ally liv$ 8accord+ to ! rule ( life ( ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees40#bba ,?is 0 9 8 n9ete5? ye>2 s t f e>ly manhood onw>ds he 0 a ,ph>isee4 ,! fact does n necess>ily prove any?+2 b ! presumption is t he mu/ h got 8 ideas ab\t ! ,canon f ! circle ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,we h already se5 t ,josephus' !ory reg>d+ :at con/itut$ ! claim = admission into ! ,canon 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,rabbis2 b by 8 "t ! lead+ ,rabbis 7 ,ph>isees4 ,9 ! next place1 we are told 9 ! ,mi%na 7,jadaim iv4 #f7 t ! ,sadducees made fun ( ! ,ph>isees = tea*+ t ! ,holy ,scriptures 8defil$ ! h&s10 :ile ! books ( ,hom] did n 8defile ! h&s02 t is to say1 ! ,sadducees repudiat$ ! ,ph>isaic conception ( :at con/itut$ ! ,canon4 ,?is phrase1 8to defile ! h&s10#bbb 0 ! ,ph>isaic way ( express+ canonicity2 x impli$ t ! hol9ess ( ! sacr$ object produc$ by contact ) x a /ate ( ,levitical impurity 7cp4 ,lev4 vi4 #bd-bh1 ,hag4 ii4 #aa-ac2 & see fur!r ! int]e/+ rem>ks by ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites #bnd ed41 pp4 #afa1 #dff ff47#bbc 8,! fact t defilem5t only ( ! h&s is attribut$ to ! sacr$ writ+s dem&s m att5tion ?an x has hi!rto receiv$4 ,int]pret$ 9 positive t]ms ?is c mean only t contact ) !m involves a c]emonial wa%+ ( ! h&s1 especially z ! rul+ 9 ! matt] occurs 9 t ,mi%na treatise 7,jadaim7 :i* relates to1 & is nam$ f1 su* h&-wa%+s4 ,! expression w\ld be an unnatural "o if x impli$ a comm& t ! h&s %\ld be wa%$ be=e t\*+4 ,! ,ph>isees attribut$ to ! sacr$ writ+s a sanctity ( su* a sort t :osoev] t\*$ !m 0 n all[$ to t\* aught else until he _h und]gone ! same ritual ablution z if he _h t\*$ some?+ unclean40#bbd ,! record ( ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees on ?is subject ?r[s an int]e/+ light ^u ! ,ph>isaic position reg>d+ ! ,canon1 & sugge/s t ! f9al fix+ ( ?is lay ) ?is p>ty4 ,x is also wor? record+ t prior to ,josephus ! attribution ( ! t]m 8holy0 to ! ,scriptures occurs only once1 viz41 9 #b ,maccabees viii4 #bc1bbe a book :i* emanat$ f ,ph>isaic circles#bbf2 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?is occurs only 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1#bbg :o 0 br\ght up z a ,ph>isee4 ,x is1 !re=e1 probable t ! f9al fix+ ( ! ,canon 0 due to ! ,ph>isees4 ,,summ>y ,to und]/& h[ x came ab\t t a di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation 0 drawn betwe5 canonical & apocryphal books1 a prelim9>y consid]ation is necess>y1 viz4 h[ ! idea ( a ,canon arose4 ,we are fac$ ) ! fact t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re 0 a l>ge body ( lit]ature 9 exi/5ce "s books ( :i* 7 held 9 high] hon\r ?an ! re/1 ?\gh !y did n diff] 9 k9d1 b only 9 _! degree ( sacr$ness1 f ^! books4 ,x 0 f ?is fact t ! idea ( a ,canon arose2 t is to say1 ! idea ( a ,canon assumes ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( books f :i* are select$ ^? :i* f9ally become canonical4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! fix+ ( a ,canon !re is cle>ly a great diff]5ce4 ,to %[ t a di/9ction has to be made betwe5 ! idea ( a ,canon & ! fix+ ( ! ,canon1 "o has to prove t at "o p]iod ! books :i* 7 subsequ5tly admitt$ into ! ,canon 71 z we h said1 di/+ui%$ 9 degree b n 9 k9d f ! mass ( sacr$ lit]ature4 ,! evid5ce ( ,b5-,sira1 & ( 8 gr&son1 is to ! effect t no fix$ ,canon ( ,scripture1 z we und]/& x1 exi/$ at ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj1 & yet we "k t at t "t a l>ge mass ( lit]ature 0 9 exi/5ce ( :i* c]ta9 books 7 held 9 high hon\r4 ,! assumption is1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ t su* books z ,ecclesia/icus1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 #a ,maccabees & o!rs came "u ! same category z _m o!r books1 "s ( :i* 7 lat] includ$ 9 ! ,canon1 & ! possibility exi/$ ( su* books z ^? j m5tion$ be+ also includ$ 9 ! ,canon4 ,! def9ite =mation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon is ano!r "q2 conc]n+ ?is1 we h ! evid5ce ( ! ,mi%na t x 0 n complet$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce ( ,josephus %[s t ! f9al fix+ ( ! ,canon _h tak5 place be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! !ory ( ,josephus1 :i* 0 also t ( ! ,rabbis1 z to :at con/itut$ ! claim to canonicity1 0 t a book mu/ h be5 writt5 )9 ! 8prophetical p]iod10 i4e4 f ,moses to ,ezra4 ,?is !ory 0 n 9 accordance ) facts1 b x held ! field nev]!less1 & ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 =m$ 9 accordance ) x4 ,! f9al (ficial imprimatur 0 9 all likelihood giv5 by ! ,jewi% religi\s lead]s at ,jabneh4 ,! f9al fix+ ( ! ,hebrew ,canon 0 9 all probability ! "w ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty4 ,,additional ,,note ,! ,conceptions und]ly+ ! ,idea ( ,levitical ,impurity4 ,al?\gh n /rictly belong+ to ! pres5t inquiry1 x may n be out ( place to say a few words z to :y contact ) a holy object su* z a roll ( ! ,scriptures %\ld be conceiv$ ( z br++ ab\t a /ate ( ,levitical impurity4 ,"s ( ! explanations :i* h be5 (f]$ might be conv9c+ if ?is p>ticul> =m ( ! way 9 :i* ,levitical impurity 0 br\ght ab\t /ood alone4 ,b ! fact is t o!r ?+s involv$ a simil> /ate ( impurity1 & "o _c re/rict oneself to ! explanation ( "o ( ^! :ile leav+ ! re/ out ( consid]ation1 because1 z w be se5 9 /udy+ ! subject1 id5tical conceptions lie ultimately at ! base ( all4 ,h[1 = example1 is "o to acc\nt = ! fact t bo? ! t\*+ ( a holy ?+ l a scroll ( ! ,law1 z well z ! t\*+ ( an unclean ?+ l a lep] or a dead body 7to m5tion no o!rs71#bbh 0 held to br+ ab\t a simil> /ate ( ,levitical impurity & to require an ablution8 ,t rev]5ce = ! dead c\ld h _h no?+ to d ) ?is is prov$ by ! fact t a /ate ( impurity 0 br\ght ab\t n only by contact ) a dead p]son1 b equally s by contact ) a dead animal4 ,:5 "o /udies ! laws ( uncleanness 9 ! ,book ( ,leviticus & comp>es !m ) _m cu/oms preval5t among uncultur$ races1#bbi "o soon realizes ! tru? ( ,rob]tson ,smi?'s words t 8! irrationality ( laws ( uncleanness1 f ! /&po9t ( spiritual religion1 or ev5 ( ! high] hea!nism1 is s manife/1 t !y mu/ necess>ily be look$ on z hav+ surviv$ f an e>li] =m ( fai? & ( society4 ,& ?is be+ s1 ,i d n see h[ any hi/orical /ud5t c refuse to class !m ) savage taboos40#bcj ,su* survivals are to be se5 9 ! laws ( uncleanness 9 ! ,book ( ,leviticus1 n t !re 0 any idea ( ?is :5 ! writ] ( t book embodi$ 9 x ^? popul> traditional rules & cu/oms :i* _h be5 9 vogue = mill5niums1 any m ?an !re 0 :5 ! ,ph>isees decid$ t c]ta9 books %\ld h5ce=? be reg>d$ z s holy t ! m]e t\* ( !m br\ght ab\t ,levitical impurity2 !y m]ely adopt$ ! outw>d expression ( an antique conception1 ! ess5tial significance ( :i* _h be5 =gott5 = untold ages4 ,9 primitive religions x 0 reg>d$ z mo/ dang]\s to t\* c]ta9 ?+s & p]sons because !y 7 conceiv$ ( z belong+ to1 or z be+ "u ! protection (1 or indwelt by1 spirits2 x w\ld be dang]\s to t\* ^! because ! _s's ang] w\ld be ar\s$ !reby1 & evil consequ5ces w\ld ensue2 !y 71 !re=e1 8taboo40 ,b 9 ! dire ev5t ( any ( ^! ?+s or p]sons be+ t\*$ by a man1 ! sup]natural ess5ce atta*+ to !m 0 communicat$2 !y 7 8contagi\s10 & !re=e ! unhappy victim :o came into contact ) !m became 8infect$40 ,! result 0 "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r ! man di$1#bca or = "s 7to ! savage7 incompreh5sible reason no evil consequ5ces ensu$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 s9ce by contact ! sup]natural & dang]\s ess5ce adh]$ to ! man1 x 0 necess>y t "s means %\ld be f\nd :]eby ?is 8infection0 %\ld be oblit]at$1 o!rwise ! 8infect$0 p]son w\ld be a dang] to ! community & w\ld himself cont9ue 9 ! un=tunate position ( be+ deb>r$ f int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s4 ,v>i\s means 7 devis$ :]eby ?is infection1 conceiv$ ( z some?+ tangible1 c\ld be got rid (4 ,among ^! !re 0 ! obvi\s "o ( wa%+ x away ) wat]4 ,b ! taboo$ ?+s & p]sons ref]r$ to 7 ( v div]se "*2 "s1 su* z a c>case1 we %\ld c]ta9ly consid] pollut$ or unclean2 o!rs1 su* z ! prie/ly ve/m5ts1 we %\ld call holy2 b ea* 0 reg>d$ z 8infecti\s10 9 ! s5se us$ above1 ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4#bcb ,?is is b an e*o ( ideas :i* obta9$ among ! =be>s ( ! ,israelites 9 di/ant bygone ages2 x may be illu/rat$ by ! condition ( ?\ght1 9 ?is respect1 among m5 ( l[ culture at ! pres5t day4 ,fraz]1 9 deal+ ) ! subject ( 8holy0 p]sons#bcc 7& ! pr9ciple ( :at he says applies likewise to 8holy0 ?+s71 says1 t s f> z ! savage is conc]n$1 8! conceptions ( hol9ess & pollution are n yet diff]5tiat$ 9 8 m9d4 ,to him ! common feature ( all ^! p]sons is t !y are dang]\s & 9 dang]1 & ! dang] 9 :i* !y /& & to :i* !y expose o!rs is :at we %\ld call spiritual or gho/ly4444 ,to seclude ^! p]sons f ! re/ ( ! _w s t ! dread$ spiritual dang] %all nei!r rea* !m1 nor spread f !m1 is ! object ( ! taboos :i* !y h to obs]ve4 ,^! taboos act1 s to say1 z electrical insulators to pres]ve ! spiritual =ce ) :i* ^! p]sons are *>g$ f suff]+ or inflict+ h>m by contact ) ! out] _w40#bcd ,to man 9 a l[ /ate ( culture1 !n1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! conceptions ( :at we speak ( z hol9ess & uncleanness does n exi/2 b z soon z a high] =m ( religion comes into be+ t di/9ction beg9s to be disc]n$1 especially z ) any =m ( religion high] ?an t :i* obta9s 9 ! animi/ic /age ! conception ( a god beg9s to ass]t itself4 ,?us1 to utilize 7q hypo!tically7 ! in/ances giv5 above1 9 ! l[] /age a c>case w\ld be reg>d$ z 8holy10 i4e4 some?+ to be avoid$1 because x 0 ?\ght ( z possess$ by malignant spirits2 a m$ic9e man's belong+s w\ld be reg>d$ z 8holy10 i4e4 some?+ to be avoid$1 j because !y 7 ! m$ic9e man's2 bo? are uncanny ?+s1 inspir+ my/]i\s fe>2 bo? imp>t 8infection0 & are !re=e dang]\s4 ,?is x is :i*1 to ! m9d ( ! savage1 puts bo? 9 ! same category4 ,) ! rise ( a high] religion ! c>case w\ld come to be reg>d$ z 8unclean10 :ile a prie/'s ve/m5ts 7correspond+ = ! purposes ( our pres5t argum5t to ! m$ic9e man's ut5sils7 w\ld come to be reg>d$ z 8holy0 9 a high] s5se4 ,b1 & ?is is ! important po9t1 bo? w\ld /ill be avoid$2 ! =m] because ! t\* ( x involv$ pollution1 & ?us unfitt$ a man = ! wor%ip ( 8 god2 ! latt] = reasons ( rev]5ce due to 8 god4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! result ( ! old idea ( 8infection0 /ill clung1 s t contact ) ei!r necessitat$ a cleans+ process ( "s k9d4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! ritual1 ?\gh ! purpose ( x has be5 =gott51 is a fairly common ph5om5on ev5 among ! mo/ highly cultur$ peoples2 only1 s9ce among ^! a 8reason :y0 is insi/$ ^u soon] or lat]1 plausible explanations1 ?\gh f> remov$ f ! orig9 ( ?+s1 are usually =?com+4#bce ,t is h[ ! special case be=e u is to be expla9$4 ,! idea ( a ,canon presupposes a wide lit]ature f :i* ! 8canonical0 books are to be m>k$ (f2 a work+ !ory hav+ be5 =mulat$1 ! ,canon is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) x2 ! ,canon hav+ be5 con/ruct$1 "s means ( en=c+ its recognition mu/ be devis$4 ,to ! ,rabbis ( two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! q obvi\s means w\ld be ! adaptation ( a pr9ciple :i* _h be5 9 vogue 9 ! :ole doma9 ( ?+s religi\s f "t immemorial4 8,sacr$ness0 0 imput$ to ! *os5 books2 & contact ) any?+ sacr$ necessitat$ ablutions4 ,! anci5t te*nical t]m 0 /ill employ$1 s t any book decl>$ to be 8sacr$0 7&1 ( c\rse1 ! 8sanctity0 w\ld be communicat$ to ! mat]ial ^u :i* x 0 writt57 0 said to 8defile10 9 ?is case ! h&s2 & !re=e anyone :o t\*$ su* a book 0 8defil$0 !reby4 ,!oretically he _h to p]=m an ablution aft] hav+ done s1 b only !oretically1 = z a matt] ( fact no wa%+ ( h&s 7m /rictly1 p\r+ ( wat] ^u ! h&s7 has ev] be5 requir$ = remov+ ! 8defilem5t0 communicat$ ?r\gh t\*+ ! scroll ( a canonical book1 nor is x requir$ at ! pres5t day4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,uncanonical ,books 7,i7 ,,lit]ature4--,kautzs*1 ,die ,apokryph5 und ,pseudepigraph5 des alt5 ,te/am5tes1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 xi4-xxiii4 7#aijj72 ,moore1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia1 ,,ii1 #a-f 7#aijb72 ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #db-fe4 ,see also ! lit]ature ref]r$ to 9 ! footnotes4 ,i4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,gnaz4 ,= reasons :i* w appe> suffici5tly obvi\s z we proce$1 x is necess>y1 9 speak+ ab\t uncanonical books1 to say some?+ ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w gnaz1 8to hide10 & ! ,greek ^w apokryphos1 8hidd510 & ! relation%ip ( ^! t]ms to "o ano!r4 ,! ^w ,apocrypha means 8hidd5 ?+s02 b 9 :at s5se & = :at purpose is1 or 01 ?is t]m appli$ to ^? books :i* we call ! books ( ! ,apocrypha8 ,t is "o ( ! ma9 po9ts to be dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,fir/ z to ! ,hebrew ^w gnaz2 ?is means orig9ally 8to /ore up10 b x also has ! mean+ 8to /ore up 9 secret10 & ?us 8to hide40#bcf ,9 ! te*nical s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! pres5t connection1 i4e4 9 ref]5ce to books1 x means 8to )draw f use40 ,b1 x may be po9t$ out 9 pass+1 ! ^w 0 n us$ 9 ?is s5se prior to ! fix+ ( ! ,hebrew ,canon2 x ref]r$ to ! )hold+ ( secret wisdom f all except+ ! initiat$4 ,! "q z to h[ ! ^w is us$ 9 ! ,talmud is ( ! fir/ importance1 b a difficult "o2 x is said1 on ! "o h&1 t z appli$ to books1 8x is us$ only ( books :i* are1 aft] all1 includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,canon1 nev] ( ! k9d ( lit]ature to :i* ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs give ! "n #8,apocrypha'444 ! only exception is a ref]5ce to ,sira*40#bcg ,! latt] "p ( ?is /atem5t is und\bt$ly true2 b ,hls*] has %[n conclusively t to say t gnaz is only us$ 9 ref]5ce to books :i* are includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,canon is n 9 accordance ) ! facts4 8,?is view10 he says1 8directly contradicts ! s\rces1 :i* 9 a numb] ( cases use gnaz 9 ref]5ce to uncanonical books40 ,he %[s fur!r t :5 ! ,rabbis use gnaz 9 ref]5ce to ! canonical books x is a "q ( some?+ ( :i* !y !mselves disapprove2 = example1 !y speak ( canonical books :i* 9 "t pa/ c]ta9 p _h desir$ to 8hide10 i4e4 to decl>e uncanonical2 b !y m5tion ?is 9 ord] to record _! disapproval2 n ! ,rabbis b c]ta9 unnam$ individuals apply ! t]m gnaz to canonical books4 ,! ,talmudic view is t canonical books may n be 8hidd510 = ?is is only done 9 ! case ( books :i* are really (f5sive4#bch ,9 ! only o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 ref]5ce to canonical books1 x is n to ! books z su*1 b only to p>ticul> copies ( !m1 & ?is = c]ta9 specific reasons2 = example1 if a roll _h become mo?-eat5 or damag$ 9 o!r ways1 or if "p ( ! text _h be5 rubb$ out ?r\gh use2 9 su* cases ! copy 9 "q 0 8hidd510 i4e4 )drawn f public use1 because !re 0 some?+ objectionable ab\t x4 ,s t 9 ! ,talmud gnaz implies1 z ,hls*] says1 8dra/ic action10 ! total )drawal f public use1 & !re=e x _c h be5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! canonical books1 = 9 t case x w\ld h impli$ _! excision f ! ,canon1 a 8naturally impossible ?\ght = ! ,rabbis40 ,! books :i* ! ,rabbis 8hide0 7gnaz7 & =bid are always su* ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 reg>d$ z ?or\ghly objectionable1 viz41 h]etical4#bci ,x foll[s also t gnaz w\ld nev] h be5 appli$ to ! books ( our ,apocrypha1 or at all ev5ts to ! m important ( !m1 = n only 7 !y reg>d$ z conta9+ edify+ & or?odox tea*+1 b x is well kn[n t ! read+ ( !m 0 p]mitt$4#bdj ,s t :5 ! ^w gnaz is us$ 9 ! ,talmud 9 ref]5ce to books x means t ! books 9 "q are su* z mu/ be )drawn f use because !y conta9 h]etical tea*+#bda2 = ?is reason ! ^w w\ld be inapplicable if appli$ to ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,canon or to ! books ( our ,apocrypha4#bdb ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,apokryphos ,we turn next to ! ,greek ^w apokryphos 78hidd5071 f :i* our ^w ,apocrypha comes4 ,! t]m1 9 its te*nical s5se1 is nei!r specifically ,jewi% nor ,*ri/ian orig9ally1 b 8is d]iv$ f ! practice common among sects1 religi\s or philosophic1 ( embody+ _! special t5ets or =mul 9 books )held f public use1 & communicat$ to an inn] circle ( believ]s40#bdc ,examples ( su* books c be giv52 a magical papyrus pres]v$ 9 ,leyd5 has ! title 8,! holy & secret 7apokryphos7 ,book ( ,moses1 call$ ! eigh? or ! holy40#bdd ,accord+ to ,suidas1 ,!recydes ( ,syros le>n$ 8 wisdom f 8! secret books ( ! ,phnicians40#bde ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom41 i4 #ae1 #fi7 speaks ( an ,agno/ic sect1 ! foll[]s ( ,prodicus1 :o glori$ 9 ! possession ( secret books ( ,zoroa/]4#bdf ,ir5aeus 7,i1 xx4 #a7 m5tions an e>ly ,*ri/ian sect call$ ! ,m>kosians :o _h _! secret books1 & ,hippolytus 7,refut41 vii4 #bj7 says ! same ( ! ,basilidians4#bdg ,moreov]1 we h ref]5ces to ! same k9d ( ?+ 9 books :i* h come d[n to u2 x is said 9 ,daniel xii4 #d1 8,b ?\1 ,o ,daniel1 %ut up 7lit4 #8hide'7 ! words1 & seal ! book1 4440 & 9 xii4 #i1 8,g ?y way1 ,daniel1 = ! words are %ut 7lit4 #8hidd5'7 & seal$ till ! "t ( ! end40 ,9 ! ,e?iopic ,book ( ,eno* 7cviii4 #a7bdh ref]5ce is made to a book :i* 0 writt5 = ! elect3 8,ano!r book :i* ,eno* wrote = 8 son ,me?uselah & = ^? :o w come aft] him & w keep ! ,law 9 ! la/ days02 ! same seems to be impli$ 9 ! ,slavonic ,book ( ,eno* 7lxviii4 #b71bdi :]e x is said3 8,he wrote d[n ! descriptions ( all ! creation :i* ! ,"l _h made1 & he wrote ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six books1 & gave !m to 8 sons40 ,/ill m po9t$ is ! passage 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras xii4 #cf-chbej3 8,?\ alone ha/ be5 f\nd wor?y to le>n ?is my/]y ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 !re=e write all ^! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se5 9 a book1 & put !m 9 a secret place2 & ?\ %alt tea* !m to ! wise ( ! p1 ^: he>ts ?\ kn[e/ are able to compreh5d & keep ^! my/]ies40 ,b p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ passage ( all is #b 7#d7 ,esdras xiv4 #dd-dg3 8,s 9 =ty days 7 writt5 n9ety-f\r books4 ,& x came to pass :5 ! =ty days 7 fulfill$1 t ! ,mo/ ,high spake unto me1 say+3 ,! tw5ty-f\r books :i* ?\ ha/ writt5 publi%1 t ! wor?y & unwor?y may read !re92 b ! sev5ty la/ ?\ %alt keep1 to deliv] !m to ! wise among ?y p2 = 9 !m is ! spr+ ( und]/&+1 ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 & ! /ream ( k40 ,! 8tw5ty-f\r books0 are ! canonical ones :i* 7 read 9 ! synagogue & !re=e kn[n to all1 b ! 8sev5ty la/0 are ! secret ones :i* are res]v$ only = ! initiat$4 ,f ^! passages x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t orig9ally ! t]m 8apocryphal10 z appli$ to books1 0 us$ 9 a good s5se2 su* books 7 held to conta9 deep & my/]i\s tru?s :i* might only be communicat$ to ! initiat$1 & 7 !re=e hidd5 f ! outside _w2 ?is applies bo? to ,g5tile & to ,jewi% usage4 ,x w also h be5 notic$1 f ! passages quot$1 t !re is a tw(old idea conta9$ 9 ! t]m 8apocryphal02 x means1 on ! "o h&1 hidd5 tea*+ :i* ! book conta9s1 & on ! o!r1 t ! book itself is hidd54#bea ,nei!r 9 ! passages quot$1 nor any:]e else1 is ! ^w 8apocryphal0 ev] appli$ to ! books ( our ,apocrypha2 ?is is true "r up to ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,be=e pursu+ fur!r ! hi/ory ( ! ^w 8apocryphal10 & h[ x came to be appli$ to sacr$ books ( ! second rank1 we mu/ briefly consid] ! n unimportant "q ( ! connection betwe5 ! ,hebrew gnaz & ! ,greek apokryphos4 ,x is bett] to d s at ?is po9t be=e we deal ) apokryphos 9 ! lat] s5se 9 :i* x 0 us$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,t]ms ,gnaz ,,& ,apokryphos ,we h se5 t gnaz is only us$1 prop]ly speak+1 ( objectionable books1 i4e4 ^? :i* 7 reg>d$ z h]etical1 & !re=e 8hidd510 or 8)drawn40 ,we h also se5 t apokryphos is us$ 9 a good s5se ( books :i* conta9 8hidd50 tea*+1 & mu/ !re=e be 8hidd50 f ! unwor?y4 ,?is w\ld seem to imply t !re c\ld h be5 no connection betwe5 ! two t]ms s9ce !y ref] respectively to books ! "* ( :i* is diametrically oppos$1 gnaz be+ appli$ to bad books1 apokryphos to good ones4 ,b "h ano!r factor comes 94 ,f ! root gnaz comes ! ^w ,g5izah2 ?is "n 0 appli$ to a small *amb]1 adjo9+ ! anci5t synagogues1 9 :i* 7 kept hidd5 away ^? rolls ( ! ,scriptures :i* aft] cont9u$ use at ! synagogue s]vices began to %[ signs ( we> & te>4 ,x 0 a laudable cu/om among ! ,jews t :atsoev] 0 us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god %\ld be ( ! be/2 s t :5 a roll ( ! ,scriptures _h be5 9 use = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s & _h become t>ni%$ or torn1 !y did n consid] x fit to be us$ 9 div9e s]vice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! roll conta9$ ,holy ,scripture1 & _h also be5 sanctifi$ by s]vice2 x 01 !re=e1 unfitt+ t x %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,= ?is reason x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,g5izah1 & ?us hidd5 away f pr(ane h&s4#beb ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r reason = :i* books 7 8hidd510 ?\gh x applies 9 ! ma9 to canonical books 7see bel[72 at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! te*nical t]m gnaz is n us$ 9 ref]5ce to books 9 ?is connection4 ,b !n we h ?is fur!r important fact2 x 0 n only damag$ copies ( ! ,scriptures :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! ,g5izah2 z ,pr(4 ,s*e*t] says3 8,ano!r class ( works consign$ to ! ,g5izah 7 :at we may call disgrac$ books1 books :i* once pret5d$ to ! rank ( ,scriptures1 b 7 f\nd by ! au?orities to be want+ 9 ! qualification ( be+ dictat$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!y 7 #8hidd54'0#bec ,! ,g5izah1 !re=e1 z x has be5 well put1 s]v$ 8! tw(old purpose ( pres]v+ good ?+s f h>m1 & bad ?+s f h>m+40#bed ,?is1 !re=e1 sugge/s a di/9ct connection betwe5 ! ideas convey$ by ! t]ms gnaz & apokryphos4 ,su* connection is1 moreov]1 confirm$ by ! witness ( ,orig51 7d4 #bed ,a4,d471 :o1 toge!r ) ,africanus1 8 contempor>y1 0 ! fir/ to apply ! t]m 8apocryphal0 to books us$ by ! ,*ur*2 ,orig5 expressly says t he borr[$ 8 t]m9ology f ! ,jews#bee2 &1 z ,hls*] has %[n1 8 use ( apokryphos entirely corresponds ) ! ,rabb9ical use ( gnaz2 bo? use ^! t]ms 9 ref]5ce1 n to ! canonical books1 nor to ! books ( our ,apocrypha1 b to ! books kn[n z 8,pseudepigrapha40#bef ,^! latt] books 7 condemn$ by ! ,rabbis aft] ! ,canon _h be5 fix$ 7?\gh ?is _h n always be5 ! case7 because !y 7 look$ ^u z h>mful2 b 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* !y 7 freely us$4 ,b ?\gh gnaz & apokryphos are ?us %[n to express simil> ideas1 z te*nical t]ms !y are obvi\sly n to be ?\ght ( z mean+ ! same ?+4 ,orig9ally !y did 9 all probability connote simil> ideas1 viz41 ! hid+ ( secret wisdom f all b ^? :o 7 fit to receive x2 b t 0 be=e ! ,canon 0 fix$ & :5 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 diff]5t categories ( books 0 n s rigid4 ,bo? t]ms orig9at$ indep5d5tly2 apokryphos cont9u$1 anyh[ up to ! "t ( ,orig51 to be appli$ 9 ref]5ce to books :i* conta9$ hidd5 wisdom2 gnaz1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile be+ orig9ally us$ 9 ! same way z apokryphos1 came to be us$ 9 q a diff]5t way2 x always meant 8to hide10 b :ile orig9ally x ref]r$ to ! hid+ ( :at 0 good1#beg x 0 f9ally us$ 9 ref]5ce to :at 0 bad4 ,! t]m did n *ange1 b its mean+ did4 ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,t]m 8,,apocrypha0 ,,came ,,to ,,be ,,appli$ ,,to ,,sacr$ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,rank ,b we mu/ return to ! "q z to :y ! t]m ,apocrypha 0 appli$ to ! books :i* we include "u t title4 ,z we h se51 8apocryphal0 0 fir/ appli$ to books :i* conta9$ hidd5 wisdom2 !n x 0 us$ by ,orig5 9 ref]5ce to pseudepigraphic books4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! attempt 0 fir/ made 79 ! ,greek ,*ur*7 to di/+ui% betwe5 canonical books & ^? :i* 7 read = edification2 ! latt] ref]r$ to ! books ( our ,apocrypha1 b ! t]m apocryphal 0 /ill appli$ only to pseudepigraphic books4 ,! example ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 0 foll[$ by ! ,lat9 ,*ur* head$ by ,/4 ,j]ome 7d4 ,a4,d4 #dbj7 :o made a di/9ction betwe5 ! 8libri canonici0 & ! 8libri ecclesia/ici10 mean+ by ! latt] t]m ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,x 0 n arbitr>9ess :i* prompt$ ,/4 ,j]ome to d ?is2 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 0 9 ! f\r? c5tury inundat$ ) a flood ( religi\s writ+s hi!rto unkn[n outside ! ,greek ,*ur*2 ^! n[ appe>$ 9 ,lat9 translations4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ! ,we/ creat$ a great s5sation1 ! m s z !y bore 9 _! titles names :i* 7 greatly hon\r$4#beh ,!y 7 n all good = ! fai?ful to read1 yet only too frequ5tly !re 0 no suffici5tly le>n$ *ur*man at h& to give guidance4 ,9 ,/4 ,j]ome's "t1 !re=e1 !re 0 a mass ( lit]ature 9 circulation :i* 0 us$ )\t discrim9ation2 s t x ne$$ someone ( le>n+ & au?ority to guide & direct4 ,to ?is fact 0 no d\bt l>gely due ,/4 ,j]ome's activity 9 ?is matt]1 & he comm5c$ by mak+ a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! canonical books & ^? ( ! second rank to :i* he n[ gave ! "n ( apocryphal4#bei ,b /ress mu/ be laid ^u ! fact t he us$ ! ^w 8apocryphal0 9 a new s5se4 ,hi!rto1 z we h se51 ?is ^w 0 appli$ to ! ,pseudepigrapha & to o!r extra-canonical books2 ,/4 ,j]ome 0 ! fir/ to use x 9 ref]5ce to ! books :i* are n[ includ$ 9 ! ,apocrypha1 i4e4 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is n[ us$4 ,?is new use ( ! t]m did n at once become g5]al2 ,/4 ,augu/9e 7d4 ,a4,d4 #dcj71 = example1 uses 8apocrypha0 9 ! old s5se 9 8 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 xv4 #bc2 b by degrees ,/4 ,j]ome's nom5clature 0 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 & ?is has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,?us x has come ab\t t we call ! sacr$ books ( ! second rank ! ,apocrypha1 ?\gh !re is n1 nor ev] has be51 any?+ 8hidd50 ab\t !m or _! tea*+4 ,v4 ,,! ,,read+ ,,( ,,uncanonical ,,books ,we %all deal 9 detail ) ! books ( ! ,apocrypha 9 ,"p ,,ii1 & "s acc\nt ( ! ,pseudepigrapha w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]2 "h we purpose to say some?+ ab\t ! e>ly use ( uncanonical 8books10 ap>t f ! two categories j m5tion$1 dur+ ! p]iod ) :i* we are ma9ly conc]n$1 i4e4 r\ghly ,b4,c4 #bjj-;,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,z we h already se51 ! idea ( a ,canon presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( books f :i* ^? to be includ$ 9 ! ,canon are select$4 ,s t be=e ! =mation ( ! ,canon a v>iety ( books 0 9 exi/5ce among ! ,jews1 ! read+ ( :i* 0 n =bidd54 ,?is cont9u$ until aft] ! ,canon _h be5 f9ally fix$1 ?\gh x 0 n long be=e all uncanonical books1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ^? :i* belong to our ,apocrypha1#bfj 7 =bidd54 ,rabbi ,akiba1 = example1 :o liv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 & dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! second1 reckon$ among su* z _h no portion 9 ! _w to come ^? :o read 8outside books0#bfa2 ^! 7 call$ ,seph>im ha*iznim1 ! latt] ^w be+ equival5t to ! ,greek 1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( p]sons 8t are )\t10 i4e4 outside ! company ( ! fai?ful4#bfb ,9 ,jewi% writ+s ! ,seph>im ha*iznim are synonym\s ) ,sifre hamnm1 8! books ( ! h]etics40#bfc ,! ,rabbis reg>d$ su* books ) ! greate/ horror2 x is said ( ,rabbi ,t>phon1 a contempor>y ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 t he burn$ e book belong+ to ! ,m9im :i* he c\ld get hold (2 he w5t s f> z to say t if a man 0 be+ pursu$ by a murd]] or a s]p5t x w\ld be bett] to take refuge 9 ! h\se ( an idolat] ?an 9 t ( a h]etic4#bfd ,we deal ) ! subject ( ^! books 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x is (t5 ask$ :at data we h = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! wide preval5ce ( 8books0 9 ^! e>ly ages2 z ! "q is n )\t importance 9 ! pres5t connection x w n be out ( place to indicate "s ( ! data4 ,we may ref] fir/ to ,ecclesia/es xii4 #aa1 #ab3 8,! words ( ! wise are z goads1 & z driv5 nails are ! memb]s ( collections2 !y are giv5 by "o %eph]d4 ,& besides ^!1 my son1 be w>n$4 ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end1 & mu* /udy is a we>9ess ( ! fle%40 ,:at ! prea*] "h means is t ! words ( ! wise /imulate ! read] to good ?\ghts2 ! words 8memb]s ( collections0 ref] to wise words :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 collections ( say+s2 all ^! come f ,god1 ! "o ,%eph]d4 ,a w>n+ is !n giv5 z to ! read+ ( o!r lit]ature2 8! editor w\ld det] 8 pupils f unor?odox or hea!n lit]ature by ! ?\ght ( ! we>9ess ( /udy40#bfe ,! passage %[s t !re mu/ h be5 a quantity ( unor?odox lit]ature available4 8,books0 ( ano!r "* 7 ,aramaic ,t>gums :i* 7 c]ta9ly mu* 9 use 9 pre-,*ri/ian times#bff z well z lat]2 ^! are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,talmud4#bfg ,x is said 9 "o ( ! ,midra%ic#bfh works t :5 ! ,israelites 7 9 ,egypt !y possess$ rolls 9 ! read+ ( :i* !y delight$ e ,sabba?2 ! /atem5t is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely pictorial1 b x implies ! spread ( lit]ature--?\gh1 to be sure1 at a mu* lat] "t ?an t ref]r$ to4 ,among 8books0 m5tion$ by "n are ! foll[+#bfi3 8,megilla? ,taani?10 :i* enum]ates & discusses fa/-days :i* %\ld n be obs]v$ z fa/s because joyful ev5ts occurr$ on !m 9 days gone by2 ?is probably belongs to ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,( ab\t ! same date is 8,! roll ( ,g5ealogies02 :at ! precise cont5ts ( ?is "w 7 is n kn[n1 z only "o quotation occurs 9 ! ,talmud1 9 ! tractate ,jebamo? #di;b4 ,rabbi ,jo*anan b5 ,nuri1 a contempor>y ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 possess$1 we are told1 a 8,megilla? ,sammnim0 78,! roll ( p[d]s071 9 :i* is giv5 a li/ ( spices us$ = mak+ inc5se2 ?is1 x is said1 0 an heirloom belong+ to ! 8h\se ( ,abt9as40 ,rabbi ,*ijja 7?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 _h a 8book0 call$ 8,megilla? ,se?rim0 78,! roll ( hidd5 ?+s071 9 ?is he wrote d[n precepts & ! l :i*1 x is said1 did n receive g5]al approval4 ,besides ^! ,/rack gives ref]5ces to a l>ge numb] ( ,haggadic#bgj & ,halakic#bga 8books0 :i* ne$ n be enum]at$ "h4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( 8books0 9 m or less g5]al use is af=d$ by ! rec5tly f\nd#bgb ,aramaic papyri ( ,elephant9 7belong+ to ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,we h already ref]r$ to ^!1#bgc & %all h to speak 9 "s detail ab\t "o ( ^! papyri 9 deal+ ) ! ,book ( ,tobit2 b1 s f> z we are n[ conc]n$1 ! ma9 fact is wor? record+ t c5turies be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era numb]s ( ,aramaic papyri 7 to be f\nd 9 private h\ses2 ! cont5ts ( ^! papyri v>i$ f h\sehold acc\nts & memor&a to su* a /ory z 8,! hi/ory ( ! wise ,a*ik>40#bgc ,^! v>i\s 8books0 :i* h be5 briefly ref]r$ to--& !y repres5t b a small numb] ( ! available data--are suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t !re 0 a consid]able am\nt ( lit]>y mat]ial = use among ^? :o desir$ x4 ,! "q may be ask$ :e!r 9 ^! e>ly days !re 7 s _m p able to read z to make ! wide di/ribution ( lit]ature likely2 x may be repli$ t probably !re 0 a l>g] p]c5tage ( m5 among ! ,jews able to read & write ?an among any o!r nation dur+ ! p]iod ( :i* we are speak+4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! actual numb]1 :e!r small or great1 ( ^? able to read 0 n ! important po9t2 = :]e "o read & exp\nd$1 !re 7 a numb] :o w\ld li/51 & ?us be influ5c$ by ! cont5ts ( a 8book40 ,we h an int]e/+ example ( ?is 9 ,ecclesia/icus l4 #bi1 :]e1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew text1 ,b5-,sira speaks ( ^? :o att5d$ 8 ,ye%ibah1 i4e4 lecture-room or academy2 !re c be little d\bt t ,b5-,sira's book 7,ecclesia/icus7 =m$ "p ( ! in/ruction !re giv54#bgd ,b z ,b5-,sira speaks ( ! ,ye%ibah z a well kn[n in/itution we may be sure t o!rs exi/$4 ,9 "o way or ano!r1 !n1 m5 became acqua9t$ ) & 7 influ5c$ by ! cont5ts & tea*+ ( 8books02 & :5 a di/9ction _h come to be made betwe5 8books0 :i* 7 p]mitt$ & 8books0 :i* 7 =bidd51 a /rict vigilance 0 kept by ! religi\s au?orities 9 ord] to suppress unor?odox 8books40 ,among ^! unor?odox 8books0 !re 0 "o class :i* 0 reg>d$ z v dang]\s1 & !re=e /rictly =bidd51 viz4 ^? :i* dealt ) ! subject ( ,apocalypse2 to ^! "s att5tion mu/ next be devot$4 ,,summ>y ,! ,hebrew root gnaz & ! ,greek ^w apokryphos mu/ be prop]ly und]/ood if ! subject ( canonical & uncanonical books is to be discuss$4 ,orig9ally1 gnaz meant 8to /ore up10 & !n 8to /ore up 9 secret10 ?us 8to hide10 & especially to hide secret wisdom f ! masses2 lat]1 x came to h ! te*nical s5se1 9 ref]5ce to books1 ( 8)draw+ f use40 ,! ,talmudic use ( ! t]m is important2 :5 !re us$ 9 ref]5ce to books x means t su* books1 on acc\nt ( _! h]etical tea*+1 mu/ be )drawn f public use2 ! ^w is nev]1 9 ! ,talmud1 us$ ( canonical books !mselves nor ( ! books ( our ,apocrypha4 ,! ,greek ^w apokryphos _h 9 its orig91 z a te*nical t]m1 a mean+ some:at simil> to gnaz 9 its e>ly1 ?\gh n 9 its lat]1 connotation2 x 0 us$ ( books conta9+ secret tea*+ only to be communicat$ to ! initiat$4 ,apokryphos 01 !re=e1 us$ fir/ 9 a good s5se2 ! 8hidd50 "* ( 8apocryphal0 books consi/$ 9 _! be+ hidd5 f ! outside _w = :i* !y 7 too good4 ,b 9 its lat] usage apokryphos also correspond$ to ! lat] usage ( gnaz2 bo? 7 us$ 9 ref]5ce to uncanonical books2 b ^! books 7 n m]ely uncanonical1 !y 7 also h]etical1 namely ^? :i* we n[ include "u ! t]m 8,pseudepigrapha02 nei!r t]m 0 orig9ally us$ ( ! books ( our ,apocrypha4 ,x 0 n until ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 & 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* fir/1 t a di/9ction began to be made betwe5 canonical books & books :i*1 ?\gh n canonical1 7 nev]!less to be read = edification1 i4e4 ! books ( our ,apocrypha4 ,b ev5 !n ! t]m 8apocryphal0 cont9u$ to be us$ only 9 ref]5ce to h]etical books1 & n to ^? ( our ,apocrypha4 ,! fundam5tal *ange 9 ! use ( ! t]m apocryphal 0 br\ght ab\t by ,/4 ,j]ome2 ow+ to ! influx1 dur+ ! f\r? c5tury1 ( a numb] ( religi\s writ+s f ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 _m ( :i* x 0 ?\ght bett] to )hold f ! fai?ful1 ,/4 ,j]ome drew a %>p] di/9ction ?an _h obta9$ hi!rto 9 ! ,we/ betwe5 ! canonical & o!r writ+s2 he n[ appli$ ! t]m 8apocryphal0 to ! books ( our pres5t ,apocrypha1 & ?\gh ?is new connotation ( ! t]m did n at once become g5]al1 x 0 by degrees adopt$ & has cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,!re 7 _m uncanonical books1 9 addition to ! ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha1 ! read+ ( :i* 0 n =bidd5 prior to ! =mation ( ! ,canon2 b lat]1 all books outside ! ,canon1 ) ! exception ( "s belong+ to our ,apocrypha1 7 =bidd52 !y 7 call$ books 8t are )\t40 ,_m data reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( books1 ap>t f ,scriptural ones1 among ! ,jews 9 pre-,*ri/ian times are available2 f ^! x is evid5t t !re mu/ h be5 mu* lit]>y activity4 ,z ^! books 7 v>i$ 9 "* & did n by any means necess>ily always conta9 or?odox tea*+1 ! fact ( _! exi/5ce illu/rates ! ne$ ( ! discrim9ation :i* ! ,jewi% religi\s au?orities saw fit to ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,x ,uncanonical ,books 7,,ii74 ,! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature ,,lit]ature4--,see ! head+s to ! v>i\s sections4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,uncanonical books ( a sacr$ "* came to be divid$ by ! ,jewi% religi\s au?orities into two categories1 ?\gh ! exact divid+ l9e v>i$ accord+ to ! op9ions ( diff]5t tea*]s4 ,^! two categories consi/$1 on ! "o h&1 ( books :i* conta9$ or?odox tea*+1 b :i*1 = "o reason or ano!r1 7 n admitt$ into ! ,canon2 r\ghly speak+1 "u ?is category 7 includ$ ! books ( our ,apocrypha4 ,! o!r category consi/$ ( :at 7 reg>d$ z h]etical books4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh !y did n 8defile ! h&s10 7 p]mitt$ to be read4 ,! latt] came to be reg>d$ ) horror1 & ! read+ ( !m 0 /rictly =bidd52 !y 7 call$ ,seph>im ha*iznim1 8,outside ,books10 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 :5 precisely ?is t]m came to be appli$ to !m we _c say1 b x is evid5t t ! feel+ 9 reg>d to !m express$ by ! t]m 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ,b4,c4 #ajj4 ,n[ among ! 8,outside ,books0 7 ^? :i* 7 call$ ,ha-,gilynim4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among s*ol>s z to ! mean+ ( ?is t]m & z to :at k9d ( books x ref]s2 ,hls*] has1 h[ev]1 z x appe>s to u1 %[n conclusively t by x 0 meant 8,! ,apocalypses10 & t x ref]s to :at we n[ "k z ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature4#bge ,!re is no d\bt t ! :ole ( ?is lit]ature 0 reject$1 ultimately1 by ! ,pale/9ian ,jewi% au?orities1 ! ,ph>isees4#bgf ,/rongly z ! ,ph>isees _h be5 influ5c$ by "s ( ! tea*+ conta9$ 9 ?is lit]ature1 !y _h f _! po9t ( view suffici5t reason to disc\nt5ance ! books z a :ole4 ,! pron\nc$ o!r-worldly "* ( !m 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! /rictly practical & n>r[ purview ( s*ola/ic ,ph>isaism4 ,! scant insi/5ce on ! ne$ ( legal obs]vance1 9 ! ,ph>isaic s5se1 :i* to ! ,ph>isees 0 ! basis ( all religion1 0 a natural cause ( antagonism2 & ?is antagonism inevitably wid5$ z "t w5t on1 = !re 0 a dang] t ! popul>ity ( ! apocalyptic books w\ld relegate ! old] religi\s lit]ature to ! backgr\nd2 inde$1 we h def9ite pro( t 9 "s circles ! apocalyptic lit]ature 0 held 9 high] e/eem ?an ! canonical tw5ty-f\r2 ?us 9 #b 7#d7 ,ezra xiv4 #de-dg x is said3 8,& x came to pass :5 ! =ty days 7 fulfill$1 t ! ,mo/ ,high spoke unto me say+1 ,! tw5ty-f\r books t ?\ ha/ writt5 publi%1 t ! wor?y & unwor?y may read !m2 b ! sev5ty la/ i4e4 ! apocalyptic books ?\ %alt keep1 to deliv] !m to ! wise among ?y p4 ,= 9 !m is ! spr+ ( und]/&+1 ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 & ! /ream ( k40 ,!re 0 possibly a fur!r cause ( ho/ility to "s ( ^! books1 viz4 _! orig9al au?or%ip1 :i* 9 "s cases 0 ,sadducan2 9 su* cases1 al?\gh work$ ov] by ,ph>isaic editor%ip ! ,sadducan trail c\ld n be altoge!r oblit]at$2 h5ce _! condemnation4 ,highly improbable z ?is s\nds at fir/1 x w be se51 :5 we come to consid] ^! books 9 brief detail1 t 9 "s cases ! cont5tion is n altoge!r unju/ifi$4 ,x is d\btless due to ?is ,ph>isaic ho/ility t almo/ all ! ,hebrew or ,aramaic orig9als ( ^! books h disappe>$ & t ^! writ+s are pres]v$ only 9 translations4 ,!re c1 moreov]1 be little d\bt t ?is ho/ility 0 fur!r n\ri%$ on acc\nt ( ! use ( apocalyptic books 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,ano!r prelim9>y rem>k ab\t ?is lit]ature is necess>y4 ,all ! kn[n books belong+ to x h false names 9 _! titles1 = :i* reason !y are call$ ! ,pseudepigrapha4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is app>5t fraud on ! "p ( writ]s :o 7 cle>ly dev\t & e>ne/ m58 ,?is /range proc$ure1 z x appe>s to u n[adays1 may to a l>ge ext5t be expla9$ if we rememb] t 8! apocalyptic writ]s almo/ c]ta9ly drew _! mat]ial f popul> tradition4 ,_m ( ! ideas :i* receive v>i\s embodim5t 9 ?is lit]ature 7 d]iv$ d\btlessly f ! common /ock ( ! popul> consci\sness2 _! ascription to or association ) ! great h]oic figures ( antiquity1 l ,eno*1 ,abraham1 ,isaiah1 or ! twelve ,patri>*s1 may also be a feature f ! popul> consci\sness4 ,! m5 :o r$uc$ ! v>i\s elem5ts to writ+1 or utiliz$ !m = en=c+ religi\s views or lessons may1 on ?is view1 be acquitt$ f any *>ge ( fraud or di%one/y2 !y implicitly tru/$ ! popul> tradition s f> z to believe t ! ideas to :i* !y 7 giv+ expression really did g back to ! h]oic figures ( old4 ,_! e/imate1 moreov]1 ( ! function & importance ( au?or%ip probably diff]$ fundam5tally f t ( ! mod]ns2 x 0 f> less self-consci\s1 & 0 ! natural outcome ( a lit]>y mode/y :i* 0 nave40#bgg ,x is likely en\gh t "o way :]eby ! popul> traditions came into be+ 0 ow+ to ,haggadic homiletics1 i4e4 ! explanation ( ,scripture tea*+ by n>rative or p>able2 passages ( ,scripture w\ld be expla9$ & illu/rat$ by means ( imag9>y n>ratives :i* 71 ( c\rse1 n int5d$ to be o!r ?an explanatory2 !n1 z ^! 7 repeat$ & h&$ on1 !y t5d$ 9 process ( "t to be reg>d$ z acc\nts ( ev5ts :i* actually did happ51 & :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,if ?is supposition be correct1 x w\ld 9 "s s5se be analog\s to ! some:at simil> process :i* happ5$ 9 ! doma9 ( ,halakah1 i4e4 t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! legal & ritual elem5ts 9 ,scripture4 ,a brief exam9ation ( ^! apocalyptic books is dem&$ "h inasmu* z 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*--& 9 all probability 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% ,*ur* at "o "t--! di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m & ^? ( ! ,apocrypha 0 n drawn 9 ! way t x 0 9 lat] times4 ,x is also wor? not+ t su* books z ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s h1 z ,*>les has %[n1#bgh ex]cis$ m influ5ce ^u ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an any ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,9 giv+ n[ "s %ort acc\nt ( ! m important books belong+ to ?is body ( lit]ature1 we %all take !m1 z f> z possible1 9 *ronological ord]2 b1 z is to be expect$1 "o _c always be c]ta9 z to ! date ( a book1 s t we _c claim to be sure t a /rictly *ronological ord] is be+ foll[$4 7a7 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,eno* ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ed-gc2 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bfh-bij2 ,swete1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 ,,iii1 pp4 #ghi-hji 7#ahii72 ,be]1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bag-caj 7#aijj72 ,volz1 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie1 pp4 #ab-ba 7#aijc72 ,m>t91 ,le ,livre d',hno* 7#aijf72 ,*>les1 ,! ,book ( ,eno* 7#aiab72 ,leszynsky1 ,die ,sadduzer1 pp4 #bec-bff 7#aiab72 ,*>les1 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseud4 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,,ii1 pp4 #afc-bha 7#aiac72 ,*>les1 ,es*atology2 ,hebrew1 ,jewi%1 & ,*ri/ian 7#aiac72 ,burkitt1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,apocalypses pp4 #ag-cd 7#aiad74 ,! articles on 8,apocalyptic ,lit]ature0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 & ! ,jewi% ,encycl4 ,x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y to enum]ate ! editions ( ! v>i\s publi%$ orig9al texts z ^! are giv5 9 ,s*r]1 ,kautzs*1 & ,*>les4 ,?is applies to all ! apocalypses to :i* we %all ref]4 ,accord+ to ,*>les ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* ! book 9 its pres5t =m is made up belong to diff]5t dates4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! dates ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! book2 ,*>les believes t ^! are probably correct1 )\t committ+ himself to ! c]ta9ty ( ?is 9 ea* case3 ,*aps4 xii4-xxxvi4 xciii4 ,! olde/ pre-,maccaban xci4 #ab-ag 8,! ,apocalypse ( ,weeks0 portions4 vi4-xi4 liv4 #g-lv4 #b lx4 ,fragm5ts ( ! 8,book ,pre-,maccaban at ! lxv4-lxix4 #be ( ,noah0#bgi late/4 cvi4 cvii4 lxxxiii4-xc4 8,! ,dream ,visions10 ,b4,c41 #afe-afa4 lxxii4-lxxxii4 8,! ,book ( ! ,heav5ly ,lum9>ies40 ,be=e ,b4,c4 #aaj4 xxxvii4-lxxi4 8,! ,p>ables10 or 8,similitudes0 ,b4,c4 #aje-fd4 xci4 #a-aa1 #ah1 #ai-;civ4 i4-v4 ,! late/ portion1 b pre-,*ri/ian4 ,*apt] cv41 :i* consi/s only ( two v]ses1 _c be dat$2 :ile cviii4 is1 accord+ to ,*>les1 an app5dix to ! entire "w4 ,:ile ^! dates may be reg>d$ z approximately correct1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t !re is n a complete cons5sus ( op9ion among s*ol>s on ! subject4 ,s*r]1 = example1 holds t ! entire book1 ) ! exception ( *apt]s xxxvii4-lxxi41 0 writt5 dur+ ! p]iod ,b4,c4 #acj-ajj1 ^! o!r *apt]s be+ n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,be] ?9ks t ! 8,dream ,visions0 belong to ! "t ( ,john ,hyrcanus 7,b4,c4 #ace-aje71 & he includes "u ! pre-,maccaban portions only xci4 #ab-ag1 xcii41 xciii4 #a-ad2 b he agrees ) ,*>les 9 ?9k+ t ! book z a :ole belongs to a p]iod prior to ,b4,c4 #fd4 ,dalman ma9ta9s t x _c be prov$ t ! important section xxxvii4-lxxi4 78,! ,similitudes07 is 8! product ( ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod10 ?\gh he fully recognizes its ,jewi% "*4#bhj ,z to ! "q ( au?or%ip2 s9ce ! book is made up ( sections belong+ to v>i\s dates1 x is obvi\s t unity ( au?or%ip is n to be look$ =4 ,b if !re is n unity1 !re is1 s ,*>les ma9ta9s1 uni=mity ( au?or%ip2 =1 accord+ to him1 all ! sections 7 writt5 by ,*assidim1 or by _! successors1 ! ,ph>isees4 ,an entirely diff]5t view ( au?or%ip has1 h[ev]1 rec5tly be5 put =? ) mu* skill by ,leszynsky4#bha ,:ile frankly recogniz+ ! composite "* ( ! book1 he holds t ! orig9al portions ( x 7accord+ to him ^! are3 i4-xxxvi41 lxxii4-lxxxii41 lxxxiii4-xc41 xciii4 xci4 #ab-ag7 to h emanat$ f ,sadducan circles1 & t ! special object ( ! book 9 its orig9al =m 0 t ( br++ ab\t ! re=m ( ! cal5d>4#bhb ,he po9ts fir/ ( all to ! ascription ( ! book to ,eno* z support+ 8 cont5tion2 ,eno* liv$ #cfe ye>s1 i4e4 8 ye>s correspond to ! numb] ( days 9 ! sol> ye>1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 "o ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees1 ^! latt] reckon+ "t by ! lun> ye>4 ,fur!r1 ,eno* asc5d$ into ! heav5s & w\ld !re=e be j ! "o to "k all ab\t ! heav5ly lum9>ies2 he 0 ?us ! mo/ appropriate au?or ( a book :i* 0 to deal ) a/ronomical que/ions4 8,! ,sadducan "* ( ! orig9al "w10 says ,leszynsky1 8is se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! discussion reg>d+ ! cal5d>2 *apt] lxxii4-lxxxii4 are rightly call$ ! ,book ( ,a/ronomy#bhc3 #8! book ( ! c\rses ( ! lum9>ies ( ! heav51 ! relations ( ea*1 accord+ to _! classes1 _! dom9ion & _! seasons1 accord+ to _! names & places ( orig91 & accord+ to _! mon?s 444 ) reg>d to all ! ye>s ( ! _w & unto et]nity1 till ! new creation is accompli%$ :i* endure? till et]nity' 7lxxii4 #a74 ,t s\nds almo/ z ?\gh ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,jubilees _h writt5 x4 ,t x is n a m]ely sci5tific int]e/ :i* impels ! writ] to give expression to 8 a/ronomical !ories may be se5 f ! words at ! conclusion ( ! section3 #8,bless$ are all ! righte\s1 bless$ are all ^? :o walk 9 ! way ( righte\sness1 & s9 n z ! s9n]s 9 ! reckon+ ( all _! days1 9 :i* ! sun trav]ses ! heav51 ent]+ into & dep>t+ f ! portals = ?irty days 444' 7lxxxii4 #d-g74 ,h]e9 "o c disc]n q cle>ly ! t5d5cy ( ! writ]4 ,he desires ! adoption ( ! sol> ye>1 :ile 8 contempor>ies wrongly foll[$ a diff]5t reckon+ & !re=e celebrat$ ! fea/s at ! wrong "t4 ,! #8s9n]s :o s9 9 ! reckon+ ( ! ye>' are ! ,ph>isees2 & ! righte\s ones :o are bless$1 ! ,zaddkim1#bhd :o walk ^u ! pa?s ( righte\sness 7,z$ek71 z ! "n 0 made to imply1 7 ! ,sadducees40 ,leszynsky works out 8 argum5t 9 mu* detail1 ! /udy ( ! :ole ( :i* is necess>y to grasp ! full =ce ( 8 cont5tion4 ,! o!r portions ( ! book he does n hold to be ,sadducan4 ,9 ! conclud+ portion he sees a bitt] polemic by a ,ph>isee aga9/ ! ,sadducees 7see especially cii4 #f ff474 ,reg>d+ ! important section call$ ! 8,similitudes0 7xxxvii4-lxxi47 ,leszynsky has no?+ def9ite to sugge/ o!r ?an t x is n ,*ri/ian1 /ill less ,jewi%4 ,he says3 8,we "k too little ab\t ! sects :i* exi/$ ab\t ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity to be able to say to :at circle ! au?or ( ?is writ+ belong$40 ,! cont5tions ( ,*>les & ,leszynsky are ?us diametrically oppos$4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ! great difficulty 9 accept+ ei!r z x /&s lies 9 ! fact t1 broadly speak+1 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 ( :i* ! ,book ( ,eno* is ! mo/ /rik+ example we possess1 0 acceptable to nei!r ,ph>isees nor ,sadducees4 ,no d\bt ,*>les is "r 9 assign+ ! e>li] portions ( ! book 7i4e4 ! pre-,maccaban7 to ! ,*assidim2 b we h s\ght1 9 an e>li] *apt]1#bhe to %[ t ,fri$lnd] is ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! ,*assidim 7 ! =be>s ( bo? ,apocalypti/s & ,ph>isees1 two bran*es ( ! p>5t /ock :i* div]g$ widely 9 spite ( "s fundam5tal po9ts ( family lik5ess4 ,! ,book ( ,eno*1 !re=e1 may1 9 its pre-,maccaban portions1 well be ascrib$ to ! ,*assidim2 b x is n on t acc\nt necess>y to ascribe all ! lat] portions to ! ,ph>isees2 ?ree po9ts especially militat+ aga9/ ?is3 ! ,messianic doctr9e1 !1 g5]ally speak+1 univ]sali/ic _s1 & ! attitude to ! ,law n be+ ! ,ph>isaic "o4#bhf ,! ,apocalypti/s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 also ! desc5dants ( ! ,*assidim2 & no suffici5t reason exi/s = n ascrib+ ! bulk ( ! lat] portions ( our book to !m4 ,reg>d+ ,leszynsky's view1 :ile we feel t t "p ( x is ju/ifi$ :i* ascribes to ! ,sadducees ! 8,book ( ,a/ronomy0 7lxxii4-lxxxii47 & possibly c]ta9 o!r portions1 !re is a grave difficulty 9 reg>d+ su* p>ts z i4-xxxvi4 & xciii41 xci4 #ab-ag1 9 :i* ! apocalyptic elem5t is prom95t1 z ( ,sadducan orig91 = no?+ t we "k ( ! ,sadducees leads u to suppose t !y cultivat$ apocalyptic /udies4 ,:at we feel to be ( extreme importance 9 assign+ au?or%ip to ,jewi% books belong+ to ! la/ two pre-,*ri/ian c5turies is ! fact well express$ by ,fri$lnd]3 8444 ,b :o w\ld ma9ta9 t ^! two p>ties1 i4e4 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 con/itut$ 9 reality ! ,jewi% p at ?is p]iod1 h[ev] mu* !y may h be5 pu%$ into ! =egr\nd ( hi/orical ev5ts8 ,! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 no less ?an ! ,ess5es1 :o 7 f> remov$ f ! sph]e ( politics1 7 only sects ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,ph>isees =m$1 ev5 on ,josephus' %[+ 7,antiq41 ,,xvii1 ii4 #d71 only a fraction ( ! p1 & did n numb] mu* m ?an six ?\s& all told2 !y 7 ?us n mu* m num]\s ?an ! ,ess5es ) _! f\r ?\s& 7,philo1 ,quod omn4 prob41 ,,ii1 #deg2 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #e74 ,& if x be will+ly grant$ t ! ,ph>isees _h _m adh]5ts among ! p1 yet ?is 0 v f> f be+ ! ,p itself4444 ,& :]e rema9 !n ! great masses ( ! #8p ( ! l&1' ! really decid+ factor1 :o 7 nei!r ,ph>isan nor ,sadducan1 b among :om ! ,jewi% _s-(-!-p 7,volksgei/71 develop$ "u fav\rable conditions dur+ ! memorable days ( ! ,ptolemys1 0 n yet :olly ext+ui%$ & /ill possess$ suffici5t p[] to protect itself aga9/ ! yoke :i* ,ph>isaism s\ght to put ^u ! p80#bhg ,x is n necess>y to assume t all ! lit]ature produc$ by ! ,jews dur+ ^! c5turies emanat$ ei!r f ,ph>isaic or ,sadducan circles4 ,!re are o!r alt]natives2 & 9 ! pres5t case x seems mo/ probable t ! bulk ( ?is book 0 writt5 by apocalypti/s :o belong$ nei!r to ,ph>isaic nor yet to ,sadducan circles4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* 0 orig9ally writt5 p>tly 9 ,aramaic 7vi4-xxxvi41 lxxxiii4-xc41 accord+ to ,*>les7 & p>tly 9 ,hebrew 7! re/ ( ! book74 ,no portion ( ! book 9 its orig9al =m has come d[n to u2 ! ,e?iopic v]sion is ! only complete "o extant1 x 0 translat$ f ! ,greek v]sion ( :i* only fragm5ts rema94#bhh ,! ,lat9 v]sion1 :i* 0 also made f ! ,greek1 is n extant ) ! exception ( i4 #i1 cvi4 #a-ah4 ,t ! book is ,pale/9ian is g5]ally ackn[l$g$2 its orig9al language ( itself po9ts to ?is4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* is 9 _m respects ! mo/ important ( all ! apocalypses1 s9ce x is )\t a rival = ! hi/ory ( doctr9al developm5t dur+ ! la/ two pre-,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,! tea*+ ( ! book is sometimes contradictory1 :i* is n to be wond]$ at 9 view ( its composite au?or%ip2 = example1 9 lxix4 #aa x is said t man 0 orig9ally creat$ )\t s91 8l ! angels10 b t dea? came ?r\gh s9 & de/roy$ him2 b else:]e ! ent]+ 9 ( s9 f ! fir/ is trac$ to ! spiritual _w4 ,! doctr9es ( angels & demons appe> 9 a develop$ =m 9 ?is book4 ,! tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,k+dom is likewise contradictory2 vi4-xxxvi4 are full ( mat]iali/ic ideas1 :]eas xci4-civ4 are m>k$ by conceptions :i* are entirely spiritual4 ,s1 too1 ) reg>d to ! ,messiah2 at "o "t ,he is repres5t$ z )\t hav+ any special rle to fill1 at ano!r ,he appe>s z ! 8,righte\s ,"o10 or z ! 8,elect ,"o10 8,! ,son ( ,man10 & 8,! ,*ri/0 or 8,ano9t$ ,"o40 ,reg>d+ ! ,la/ ,?+s1 ! tea*+ ab\t ! ,judgem5t v>ies accord+ z to :e!r ! ,messianic ,k+dom is conceiv$ ( z an et]nal e>?ly k+dom1 9 :i* case ! f9al ,judgem5t prec$es x1 or z only a tempor>y e>?ly k+dom1 :5 ! ,judgem5t takes place at its close2 9 xxxvii4-lxxi4 78,! ,similitudes07 x is taught t ! ,messianic ,k+dom is et]nal & embraces heav5 & e>?1 "h x is initiat$ by ! f9al ,judgem5t4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ takes place 9 ,%eol1 "p ( :i* is a place ( fire1 & equival5t to ! lat] ,geh5na conception2 ano!r "p ( ,%eol is describ$ z an int]m$iate re/+-place ( ! righte\s4 ,9 ! olde/ portions ( ! book bo? s\l & body1 a physical body1 rise & abide et]nally 9 ! e>?ly ,messianic ,k+dom2 9 8,! ,similitudes0 x is a spiritual body :i* rises to a spiritual k+dom2 :ile 9 ! late/ section ( ! book x is taught t only ! _s rises1 & only ! righte\s atta9 to ! resurrection4 ,mo/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s h be5 influ5c$ by ! book 9 ?\ght & diction4 8,x is quot$ z a g5u9e production ( ,eno* by ,/4 ,jude 7v]ses #ad1 #ae71 & z ,scripture by ,/4 ,b>nabas4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & #d ,ezra laid x "u contribution4 ,) ! e>li] ,fa!rs & ,apologi/s x _h all ! weight ( a canonical book40#bhi 7b7 ,,! ,,sibyll9e ,,oracles ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #bgj-bib1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #eee-eib2 ,blass1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #agg-bag2 ,lan*e/]1 9 ,*>les1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfh-djf2 ,m4 ,s4 ,t]ry has publi%$ ?is book 9 blank v]se 7,new ,york1 undat$74 ,see also an article on ?is book 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ca-fg4 ,?is "w consi/$ orig9ally ( f\rte5 books1 twelve ( :i* h surviv$2 b we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! ,promium & books iii4-v41 ! rema9d] belong+ to lat] times4 ,! ,promium & books iii4-v4 belong1 l ! re/ ( ! "w1 to diff]5t dates1 b ! bulk ( ! ,promium & book iii4 belong to ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 books iv4 & v4 to ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,^! portions are all ,jewi% 9 ! ma91 ?\gh int]sp]s$ ) ,*ri/ian elem5ts4 ,( au?or%ip little c be said2 ! ma9 portion ( ! ,promium & book iii4 7 probably writt5 by a ,jew ( ,alex&ria1 p>ts ( book iv4 by a ,pale/9ian ,jew1 & ! bulk ( book v4 also by a ,jew ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,oracles 71 ( c\rse1 all writt5 9 ,greek1 & !y 7 put =? 9 ! int]e/s ( ,jewi% propag&a1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made above4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 ! =m ( ! anci5t hea!n oracles1 9 ,greek hexamet]s4 ,! sibyl ( hea!n antiquity 0 a prophetess inspir$ by ! gods :o prophesi$ ab\t ! fate ( cities & k+doms1 & gave c\nsel 9 times ( /ress & difficulty2 %e dwelt1 l a nymph1 beside /reams or 9 grottoes4 8,writt5 records ( suppos$ ,sibyll9e oracles10 says ,s*r]1 87 "h & !re 9 circulation2 b su* rema9s ( !m z h come d[n to u ?r\gh occasional quotations 9 au?ors su* z ,plut>*1 ,pausanias & o!rs are brief & scanty1 & furni% no di/9ct notion ( !m4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or & ,greece ^! pieces circulat$ only 9 private possession1 )\t be+ publicly sup]vis$ or (ficially us$2 b _! cr$it & influ5ce mu/ n be on t acc\nt lightly e/imat$40#bij ,book iii41 :i* is ( mo/ importance 9 ! pres5t connection1 is full ( apocalyptic elem5ts2 x tells ( ! fate ( ! successive k+doms :i* are to be> rule ov] ! ,jews1 & ( ! judgem5ts ( ,god ^u bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles2 ! com+ ( ! ,messianic k+ is prophesi$1 & ! victory ov] 8 adv]s>ies describ$2 an acc\nt ( ! prosp]ity & bless$ness ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom foll[s1 to :i* is add$ a recital ( ! signs :i* %all h]ald ! end ( all ?+s3 ,:5 swords ^u ! />-lit heav5s ,appe> at ev5 & at morn1 ,!n w ! :irlw9d come f heav5 ,^u ! e>?2 ! sun above ,at mid-day e'en w cease to %9e1 ,! moon in/ead w give h] light1 ,& come aga9 ^u ! e>?4 ,"o sign w be t drops ( blood ,w fl[ d[n f ! v rocks2 ,& 9 ! cl\ds %all ye behold ,a conflict f\ght 'twixt w>riors fi]ce1 ,likewise a *ase ^u wild bea/s1-- ,all seem+ly 9 hazy mi/4 ,!n %all ! ,"l ,:o dwells 9 heav5 ,br+ all ?+s to _! f9al end 7iii4 #gih-hjf74 ,9 book iv41 z well z 9 book v41 ! apocalyptic elem5t is abs5t1 ) ! "o exception t 9 ! latt] !re is a prophecy ( woe ^u ! idolatr\s ,g5tiles1 & ( bless+ ^u ,israel 7v4 #bfj-bhe74 ,! sup]iority ( ,judaism ov] ! hea!n religions is1 z "o w\ld expect 9 propag&i/ lit]ature ( ?is k9d1 aga9 & aga9 insi/$ ^u4 7c7 ,,! ,,te/am5ts ,,( ,,! ,,twelve ,,patri>*s ,,lit]ature4--,s9k]1 ,te/am5ta xii4 ,patri>*>um 444 7#ahfi72 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 xxii4 pp4 #ac-gi 7#ahga72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii41 pp4 #aad-abd2 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #cci-cef2 ,s*napp1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #deh-ejf2 ,*>les1 ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s 7#aijh71 also 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudepigr4 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhb-cfg2 ,leszynsky1 ,die ,sadduzer1 pp4 #bcg-beb 7#aiba74 ,burkitt1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,apocalypses1 pp4 #cd ff4 7#aiad74 ,two articles 9 ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,v1 pp4 #cge-cih1 by ,conybe>e1 8,on ! ,jewi% ,au?or%ip ( ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s10 & pp4 #djj-djf by ,kohl] on 8,! ,pre-,talmudic ,haggada0 7#ahic74 ,pr(essor ,*>les says 9 ref]5ce to ! au?or%ip ( ?is book3 8,i h ) "s hesitation come to ! conclusion t ! gr\ndwork is ! "w ( a s+le writ] ( ! ,ph>isaic s*ool4 ,he is an uphold] ( ! ,law & ! ,temple sacrifices2 he believes 9 ! ,messianic ,k+dom & ! resurrection ( ! body to a new life !re94 ,he is1 h[ev]1 a ,ph>isee ( ! e>ly type--t is a ,*asid4444 ,! gr\ndwork1 :i* consi/s ( ab\t elev5-twelf?s ( ! ,te/am5ts1 aft] ! removal ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian additions1 pres5ts1 x mu/ be confess$1 a want ( coh]5ce at times1 & ! p>ts deal+ ) ! duty ( submission to ,levi1 or to ,levi & ,judah jo9tly1 come 9 occasionally v abruptly4 ,not)/&+1 ! pres5t editor adh]es to ! idea ( ! unity ( ! book2 = ! two ph5om5a ref]r$ to--! /rictly ,*asid elem5t 9 ! book1 & its loyal acceptance ( ! ,maccaban dyna/y--7 exactly *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod to :i* our au?or belongs1 & to none o!r be=e or aft]4 ,fur!rmore1 bo? ^! p>ts ( ! book are alike univ]sali/ic 9 tone40#bia ,we h se5 above :at ! attitude ( ! ,sadducees 0 t[>ds ! writt5 ,law2 s t a book :]e9 loyalty to ! ,law & to ! ,temple sacrifices is upheld does n necess>ily po9t to ,ph>isaic au?or%ip unless x c be %[n t by ! ,law is meant n m]ely ! ,p5tateu*1 b also ! ,ph>isaic conception ( ! ,law2 & ( ?is !re are no indications 9 ! book4 ,! ,sadducees believ$1 moreov]1 9 a ,messianic ,k+dom2 b ! ,messiah1 accord+ to !m1 0 to be ( prie/ly1 n ( ,davidic1 desc5t2 s t belief 9 ! ,messianic ,k+dom does n necess>ily imply ,ph>isaic au?or%ip ( ! book 9 :i* x occurs unless ! specifically ,ph>isaic conception ( ! ,messiah is put =?2 b ?is also is n ! case 9 ! book be=e u4 ,*>les says3 8,9 ! orig9al "w ! ,messiah is to be desc5d$ f ,levi1 & n f ,judah--9 o!r words1 he is to be fir/ ( all a prie/1 & !n a prophet & k+4 ,!re are _m passages express+ ?is view02 ^! are enum]at$2 he !n cont9ues3 8,we h "h ! atte/ation ( a mo/ rem>kable revolution 9 ! ,jewi% expectations ( ! ,messiah4 ,= "s ?irty or =ty ye>s ! hopes ( a ,messiah f ,judah 0 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( a ,messiah f ,levi4 ,b ) ! brea* ( ,hyrcanus ) ! ,ph>isees ?is hope 0 ab&on$1 & s we f9d t 9 ! fir/ c5tury additions1 ! hope ( a ,messiah f ,judah reappe>s 7,t4 ,jud41 xxiv4 #e1 #f2 ,t4 ,naph41 iv4 #e 787740#bib ,an easi] & m natural explanation1 h[ev]1 is =?com+ if1 z we believe1 ! gr\ndwork ( ?is book is ( ,sadducan au?or%ip4 ,! loyal acceptance ( ! reign+ dyna/y is by no means necess>ily a pro( ( ,ph>isaic au?or%ip1 = ! ,ph>isees broke entirely ) ,john ,hyrcanus be=e ! end ( 8 reign 7,b4,c4 #ajd71 :ile ! ,sadducees 7 loyal to him 9 consequ5ce4#bic ,! ref]5ces to ! resurrection ( ! body w\ld be fatal to ,sadducan au?or%ip if x c\ld be prov$ t ^! are n lat] int]polations4 ,t a ,ph>isee has work$ ov] ! book is abundantly evid5t4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t z 9 ! gr\ndwork ( ! book ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ,ph>isaism are want+1 & t z :at m>ks !re are1 are ^? ( a ,sadducan "*1 ! book 9 its orig9al =m 0 writt5 by a ,sadducee = ! purpose ( mak+ peace ) ! ,ph>isees2 = ! peaceable tone ( _m p>ts ( ! book is "o ( its *>act]i/ics2 ! virtue ( unity among ! desc5dants ( ! ,patri>*s is aga9 & aga9 insi/$ on4 ,traits ( a specifically ,sadducan "* are well br\ght out by ,leszynsky4#bid ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c\ld be m un-,ph>isaic ?an ! _s ( ! book s well describ$ by ,*>les3 8,a true son ( ! l>g]-he>t$ ,old ,te/am5t prophets he proclaims ! salvation ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! promis$ "t has come4 ,! k+dom is already e/abli%$1 & all ! ,g5tiles w be sav$ ?r\gh ,israel4 ,9 ! ,judgem5t ! conduct ( ! be/ hea!n w =m ! norm accord+ to :i* ,israel w be judg$40#bie ,! e>lie/ =m ( ! book z n[ 9 exi/5ce is ,greek2 b ?is is a translation f a ,hebrew orig9al4 ,?is is prov$ by ! pres5ce ( numb]less ,hebrew con/ructions & expressions ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,9 its orig9al =m ea* ( ! 8,te/am5ts0 seems to h be5 modell$ on ! same patt]n2 9 ea* case ! patri>* fir/ gives an acc\nt ( 8 life2 ?is is bas$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b embelli%$ ) _m new details4 ,9 ea* autobiography ! patri>* c&idly confesses ! s9s ( :i* he has be5 guilty1 ?\gh 9 "s in/ances he is able to boa/ ( 8 virtues4 ,9 ! next place1 ! patri>* (f]s 9 ea* case an exhortation to 8 desc5dants2 ?is is bas$ on ! prec$+ autobiographical sket*2 w>n+s are utt]$ aga9/ fall+ into ! s9s ( :i* ! n>rator himself has be5 guilty2 9 ! case ( 8 life hav+ be5 a virtu\s "o x is held out z an example = 8 desc5dants to foll[4 ,a ?ird elem5t 9 ea* ( ! ,te/am5ts is a pr$iction reg>d+ ! future ( ! tribe 9 "q4 ,!re are a numb] ( lat] ,*ri/ian int]polations & additions 9 ! book2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ^! are ( s obvi\s a "* t !y may be disc]n$ at once2 a good example is f\nd 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,simeon vi4 #g1 :]e ^! words are add$3 8,because ,god ha? tak5 a body & eat5 ) m51 & sav$ m540 ,or1 aga91 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,levi xiv4 #b1 ! orig9al text runs3 8,= our fa!r ,israel is pure f ! transgressions ( ! *ief prie/s10 !n ! foll[+ ,*ri/ian addition is made3 8,:o %all lay _! h&s ^u ! ,savi\r ( ! _w40 ,simil> additions1 z well z int]polations1 occur ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,b ! great importance ( ?is book lies 9 its e?ical tea*+1 :]e9 x (t5 reveals a _s ?or\ghly ak9 to t ( ! ,gospels2 x w be be/ to illu/rate ?is by giv+ two ( ! mo/ notable examples4 ,9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,gad vi4 #c-g x is said3 8,love ye1 !re=e1 "o ano!r f ! he>t2 & if a man s9 aga9/ !e1 ca/ =? ! poison ( hate & speak peaceably to him1 & 9 ?y s\l hold n guile2 & if he confess & rep5t1 =give him4 ,b if he d5y x1 d n get into a passion ) him1 le/ cat*+ ! poison f !e he take to swe>+ & s ?\ s9 d\bly4444 ,b if he be %ameless1 & p]i%e? 9 8 wrong-do+1 ev5 s =give him f ! he>t1 & leave to ,god ! av5g+0 7) ?is comp>e ,matt4 xviii4 #ae1 ,luke xvii4 #c74 ,! comm& to love ,god & "o's neighb\r f9ds expression 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,gad v4 #c3 8,love ! ,"l ?r\gh all y\r life1 & "o ano!r ) a true he>t0 7cp4 ,matt4 xxii4 #cg-ci74 ,^! & _m o!r examples ( a simil> "* are all ! m /rik+ :5 x is se5 h[ close ! l+ui/ic p>allels are 7am\nt+ frequ5tly to v]bal id5tity7 betwe5 ! ,greek text ( our book & t ( ! ,gospels4 ,:ile ^! & simil> passages read l g5u9e p>ts ( ! orig9al "w ! possibility t !y may be ,*ri/ian is n exclud$4 ,! 8,te/am5ts0 c sc>cely be reckon$ z belong+ to ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature prop]1 b !re are apocalyptic elem5ts 9 ! te/am5ts ( ,levi & ( ,naph?ali4 7d7 ,,! ,,psalms ,,( ,,solomon ,,lit]ature4--,ryle & ,james1 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon 7#ahia72 ,kittel1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #abg-adh2 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ag-bc1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bje-bab2 ,viteau1 ,les ,psaumes de ,salomon 7#aiaa72 ,r5del ,h>ris1 ,! ,odes & ,psalms ( ,solomon 7#aiaa72 ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bgd-bgi2 ,bu*anan ,gray 9 ,*>les1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fca-feb4 ,see also ,*>les' art4 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 i4 #bda-bde4 ,al?\gh ! eighte5 psalms compris$ 9 ?is book are n apocalyptic 9 "*1 a brief m5tion ( !m "h is n out ( place1 = !y (f] u a true picture ( ! ,ph>isaic /&po9t1 & are !re=e useful = purposes ( comp>ison :5 seek+ to decide ! ,ph>isaic au?or%ip1 or o!rwise1 ( o!r books4 ,^! psalms 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew dur+ ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c42 conc]n+ ^! two po9ts !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,:e!r ! h& ( "o or m writ]s is to be disc]n$ is an op5 "q4 ,! m5tal backgr\nd ( ^! ,psalms is "o ( sorr[ occasion$ by ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,pompey & 8 desecration ( ! ,temple4 ,b ?is ev5t is repres5t$ z ! j puni%m5t ( ,god1 = in/ead ( a ,davidic k+ ! ,hasmonans 7 rul]s1 & !y _h assum$ ! high-prie/ly (fice al?\gh !y 7 n ( high-prie/ly desc5t4 ,! rul+ h\se 0 support$ by ! ,sadducees2 x is ?is :i* causes ! sorr[ ( ! writ]1 or writ]s1 to be mix$ ) bitt] res5tm5t4 ,^! ,psalms ?us give u a picture ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 b f ! ,ph>isaic po9t ( view2 s t nei!r ! portraiture ( ,ph>isaic piety nor yet t ( ,sadducan wick$ness mu/ be tak5 au pi$ de la lettre4 ,! g5]al po9t ( view ( ! book has be5 well summ$ up by ,bu*anan ,gray ?us3 8,x is ! ,ph>isaic piety t brea!s ?r\gh ! ,psalms2 x is _! opposition to ! worldly1 non-,davidic mon>*y1 & to ! illegitimate high-prie/hood ( ! rul+ ,hasmonan k+1 ,ari/obulus1 t f9ds expression "h2 ! ,messianic hope 7especially xvii4 #bc ff471 ! firm belief 9 a future life :i* *>act]izes !m lat]1 & r5d]s !m naturally political quieti/s & indiff]5t to political s*emes1 are already conspicu\s "h4 ,&1 aga91 ! lat] attitude ( ! ,ph>isees 9 ! matt] ( free-w z describ$ by ,josephus 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #ad7--^! ascribe all to fate & to ,god1 & yet all[ t to act z is "r1 or ! contr>y1 is pr9cipally 9 ! p[] ( m53 al?\gh fate does co-op]ate 9 e action--is almo/ exactly p>allel$ by two passages 9 ! ,psalms1 v4 #d1 ix4 #f40bif 7e7 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jubilees ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #acd-ada1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #cga-chd2 ,littmann1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ca-aai2 ,*>les1 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees 7#aijb72 ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #agi-bcf2 ,*>les1 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudep4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-hb4 ,al?\gh ?is book is also kn[n z 8,! ,apocalypse ( ,moses0#big 7,syncellus71 x is n an apocalyptic "w 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x purports1 h[ev]1 to h be5 giv5 ?r\gh angels to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & c1 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 s5se be describ$ z an apocalypse2 b x sc>cely t\*es ^u ! !mes :i* =m ! ma9 cont5t ( ! apocalyptic works prop]4 ,x is also call$ ! 8,little ,g5esis10 z x foll[s ! n>rative z giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis & ,exodus i4-xii41 b ?is is divid$ into fix$ p]iods ( "t1 or 8,jubilees10 h5ce its "n2 = ?is ^w is directly d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew t]m ,jobel :i*1 accord+ to mo/ mod]n s*ol>s1 means 8ram0 or 8ram's horn02 ! ye> ( ,jubilee ?us means lit]ally 8! ye> ( ram's horn02 ! fiftie? ye> 0 s call$ because x 0 proclaim$ by ! bl[+ ( rams' horns 7see ,lev4 xxv474 8,z ! au?or seeks to reproduce ! hi/ory ( primitive times 9 ! _s ( 8 own day1 he deals ) ! biblical text 9 a v free fa%ion4 ,_m ?+s t did n happ5 to int]e/ him1 or t he consid]$ objectionable1 7 ei!r omitt$ or alt]$1 :ile o!rs 7 /ill fur!r amplifi$ by ! addition ( num]\s p>ticul>s ( "o k9d or ano!r0 7,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 p4 #acf74 ,x is impossible to fix ! exact date ( ! book ) any c]ta9ty1 b t x belongs at ! late/ to ! second half ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 may be unhesitat+ly /at$4 ,t x 0 writt5 by a ,pale/9ian ,ph>isee is ! op9ion ( mo/ s*ol>s2 x is true t x is /rongly legali/ic 9 "*1 s mu* s t ! ,messianic ,k+dom is conceiv$ ( z ! outcome ( a gradual process :i* is b\nd up ) ! /udy ( ! ,law4 ,! writ]1 moreov]1 greatly extols ! ,sabba?1 ,circumcision1 ! diet>y laws1 ! laws ( purification1 etc42 its /rongly m>k$ _s ( exclusiv5ess is also said to betray its ,ph>isaic orig94 ,b ) ! exception ( ! la/ po9t !re is no?+ 9 all ?is :i* =bids u to believe 9 ,sadducan au?or%ip 7see above1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ii4 7b774 ,leszynsky seems to u to h prov$ 8 cont5tion t ! au?or 0 a ,sadducee1 :o ascrib$ ,mosaic au?or%ip to ! book = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! ne$ful au?ority = ,sadducan views conc]n+ ! ,law4 ,! details ( 8 argum5t w\ld take u too f> afield2 he discusses ! "q ) mu* le>n+ on pp4 #aha-bcd ( 8 book4 ,t ! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew admits ( no d\bt2 no "p ( ?is has come d[n to u1 h[ev]4 ,! ,greek v]sion1 made f ! ,hebrew1 exi/s only 9 fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( "s anci5t au?ors4 ,! ,e?iopic v]sion1 :i* 0 made f ! ,greek1 exi/s almo/ 9 its entirety2 ( ! ,lat9 v]sion1 also made f ! ,greek1 ab\t "o-f\r? is extant4 ,! importance ( ! book1 9 ! words ( ,*>les1 lies 9 ! fact t x is 8n only indisp5sable to /ud5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ph>isaic movem5t3 x is likewise ( fir/-class importance z a witness to ! read+s ( ! ,hebrew text ( ,g5esis ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era0 7,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,i1 #bcj74 ,z we incl9e1 h[ev]1 to ! belief 9 its ,sadducan au?or%ip1 we reg>d x z important = ! hi/ory ( ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 & _! respective tea*+1 r ?an m]ely = ! hi/ory ( ! ,ph>isaic movem5t4 7f7 ,,! ,,assumption ,,( ,,moses ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #gc-hc1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bid-cje2 ,clem51 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #caa-cca2 ,*>les1 ,! ,assumption ( ,moses 7#ahig71 & 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudep4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #djg-dbd2 ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfg-bgc4 ,! num]\s ref]5ces 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature to apocryphal books ( ,moses makes x cle> t sev]al well-kn[n books ( ! k9d mu/ once h be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,! diff]5t titles ( ^! books :i* are m5tion$ are a little confus+2 we h j se5 t ! 8,apocalypse ( ,moses0 0 "o ( ! names giv5 to ! ,book ( ,jubilees2 we %all see bel[ 7 j7 t an 8,apocalypse ( ,moses0 is m or less p>allel ) ! 8,life ( ,adam & ,eve40 ,m5tion is made ( a 8,book ( secret words ( ,moses0 & ( ! 8,assumption ( ,moses0 9 ! comm5t>y ( ,gelasius ,cyzic5us on ! acts ( ! c\ncil ( ,nica2 ,orig5 7,de pr9cip41 ,,iii1 ii4 #a7 speaks ( ! book call$ ! 8,asc5sion ( ,moses10 & ,didymus1 9 writ+ on ! epi/le ( ,jude1 ref]s to ! 8,assumption ( ,moses02 & m ?an once ! 8,te/am5t ( ,moses0 is m5tion$4 ,x is probable t ^! two latt] are bo? includ$ 9 ! book we are consid]+1 b t !y 7 orig9ally di/9ct & ( diff]5t au?or%ip4 ,! book z a :ole 0 writt5 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d42 ?is is ! op9ion ( mo/ au?orities1 bas$ ^u fairly cle> indications 9 ! book itself 7see ,*>les 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,i1 #bce74 ,! au?or1 accord+ to ,*>les1 80 a ,ph>isee1 & a ,ph>isee :o 0 ! anti!sis ( ! ,zealot exactly 9 ^? respects 9 :i* ,ph>isaism diff]$ f ,zealotism4 ,8 book 0 design$ z a protection aga9/ ! gr[+ secul>ization ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty ?r\gh its adoption ( political ideals & popul> ,messianic beliefs02 else:]e ,*>les says#bih3 8,he 0 a ,ph>isee ( a fa/-disappe>+ type1 recall+ 9 all respects ! ,*asid ( ! e>ly ,maccaban times1 & uphold+ ! old traditions ( quietude & resignation40 ,leszynsky1 on ! o!r h&1 is incl9$ to believe t ! au?or 0 a ,sadducee2 8 argum5ts1 h[ev]1 are n conv9c+4#bii ,! book conta9s :at purports to be a pr$iction ( ! future hi/ory ( ,israel :i* _h be5 reveal$ to ,moses1 & :i* he 9 turn reveals to ,jo%ua4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z a :ole n an apocalyptic book 9 ! te*nical s5se1 ?\gh "p ( x does di/9ctly come "u ?is designation2 ?is is cle> f ,*apt] x41 :i* is writt5 9 poetry1 & 9 ! famili> apocalyptic /ra92 x tells ( ! com+ ( div9e rule ^u e>?1 :5 sorr[ %all be tak5 away1 & wra? %all come ^u ! enemies ( ,god2 ! signs ( ! end are graphically describ$4 ,! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ?\gh "s s*ol>s cont5d = an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,only "p ( ! book has s f> be5 recov]$ & ?is is 9 ,lat91 :i* 01 h[ev]1 made f a ,greek translation ( ! orig9al4 7g7 ,,! ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,isaiah ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ada-adf1 ,g]man ed41 pp4 #chf-cic2 ,be]1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aai-abg2 ,*>les1 ,! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah 7#aijj72 ,*>les1 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,isaiah1 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudep4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #aee-afb4 ,burkitt1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,apocalypses1 pp4 #de ff4 ,9 anci5t ecclesia/ical writ+s m5tion is made ( ?ree apocryphal books ab\t ,isaiah1 viz4 ! 8,asc5sion ( ,isaiah10 ! 8,m>tyrdom ( ,isaiah10 & ! 8,vision ( ,isaiah40 ,x is possible t ! 8,asc5sion0 is only ano!r "n = ! 8,vision10 = 9 ,*apt] x41 :i* belongs to ! 8,vision0 portion1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( ,isaiah asc5d+ to ! sev5? heav54 ,b1 9 any case1 two writ+s are incorporat$ 9 ! book4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m additions made by a ,*ri/ian editor4 ,^! v>i\s elem5ts belong to diff]5t dates2 ! e>lie/ is ! 8,m>tyrdom10 :i* comprises ii4 i-iii4 #ab1 v4 #b-ad2 ?is is ( ,jewi% au?or%ip1 & belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d42 ! f9al words ( ?is portion h a special int]e/ inasmu* z ! ref]5ce to ! saw+ asund] ( ,isaiah !re m5tion$ po9ts to ?is be+ ! au?ority = ! /atem5t 9 ,hebrews xi4 #cg4 ,! words are z foll[s3 8,b ,isaiah nei!r cri$ al\d nor wept :il/ he 0 be+ sawn asund]1 = 8 m\? spoke ) ! ,holy ,gho/ until he _h be5 sawn asund]40 ,next 9 date is a %ort apocalypse 7iii4 #ac-v4 #a72 ?is gives a rsum ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & =etells ! la/ judgem5t2 ?is is by a ,*ri/ian au?or1 & belongs to ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 or a little lat]4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! 8,vision0 7vi4-xi471 :i* is likewise ,*ri/ian1 & belongs to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! fir/ *apt] is probably an addition by a ,*ri/ian editor1 ! date ( :i* _c be fix$4 ,! :ole ( ?is mat]ial has come d[n to u 9 an ,e?iopic v]sion2 ?is 0 made f ! orig9al ,greek1 only fragm5ts ( :i* h surviv$2 a ,lat9 v]sion :i* 0 made f ! ,greek exi/$ at "o "t1 b "h aga9 only fragm5ts h come d[n to u4 7h7 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,secrets ,,( ,,eno* ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bij-bid2 ,morfill & ,*>les1 ,! ,book ( ! ,secrets ( ,eno* 7#ahif72 ,=bes & ,*>les1 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudep4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #dbe-dfi4 ,?is ,apocalypse1 call$ also ! 8,slavonic ,eno*0 on acc\nt ( ! language 9 :i* x has surviv$1 has no?+ to d ) ! 8,e?iopic ,book ( ,eno*0 already dealt )1 except+ t x sometimes reproduces ! phraseology & conceptions ( ! latt]4 ,"s sections1 ! exact ext5t ( :i* x is impossible to def9e 7,*>les71 h a ,hebrew backgr\nd & 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ?is language2 ^! are1 at late/1 pre-,*ri/ian2 b ! ma9 "p ( ! book 0 writt5 9 ,greek1 & belongs to ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 at any rate to "s p]iod prior to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gj1 = 9 lix4 #b ! sacrificial sy/em is ref]r$ to :i* presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! ,temple 78,= a man (f]s clean animals & makes 8 sacrifice t he may pres]ve 8 s\l4 ,& if he (f] z a sacrifice f clean bea/s & birds1 he pres]ves 8 s\l074 ,!re are numb]less indications 9 ! book to prove t ! au?or 0 a ,jew1 b ( ! ,hell5i/ic type1 = 9 que/ions affect+ ! orig9 ( ! e>?1 s91 dea?1 etc41 he adopts ,platonic1 ,egyptian & ,z5d elem5ts into 8 sy/em 7,*>les7 9 a way :i* w\ld h be5 impossible to a ,pale/9ian ,jew2 he is1 h[ev]1 s f> or?odox 9 t he upholds ! sacrificial sy/em1 z we h se51 & believes 9 ! ,law & 9 ! life et]nal4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! writ] frequ5tly quotes passages f ,ecclesia/icus 9 its ,greek =m1 & 0 also evid5tly conv]sant ) ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,!re is "o po9t ( especial int]e/ 9 ?is book to :i* a brief ref]5ce may be made4 ,we meet "h = ! fir/ "t ) ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,mill5nium2 ! rationale ( its orig9 is ?us giv5 by ,*>les3 8,! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis ( ! fir/ week ( creation came 9 pre-,*ri/ian times to be reg>d$ n only z a hi/ory ( ! pa/1 b z a =eca/ ( ! future hi/ory ( ! _w s creat$4 ,?us z ! _w 0 creat$ 9 six days1 s its hi/ory 0 to be accompli%$ 9 #f1jjj ye>s2 = #a1jjj ye>s are ) ,god z "o day 7cp4 ,ps4 xc4 #d2 #b ,pet] iii4 #h71 & z ,god re/$ on ! sev5? day1 s at ! close ( ! #f1jjj ye>s !re w\ld be a re/ ( #a1jjj ye>s1 i4e4 ! mill5nium40 ,x is also wor? add+ t ! doctr9e ( ! sev5 heav5s is treat$ 9 ?is book ) a fulness & cle>ness n f\nd else:]e2 = an illum9at+ discussion on ! subject see ,morfill & ,*>les' edition ( ! book1 pp4 xxx4-xlvii4 7i7 ,,! ,,syriac ,,apocalypse ,,( ,,b>u* ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #hc-ic1 ,g]man1 ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #cje-cae2 ,ryssel1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #djd-ddf2 ,*>les1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* 7#ahif72 & 9 ,! ,apocr4 & ,pseudep4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #dgj-ebf4 ,?is ,b>u* apocalypse is call$ ! ,syriac "o because ?is is ! language 9 :i* x has come d[n to u2 x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! 8,greek ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*0 7k71 :i* is an entirely diff]5t "w4 ,9 its pres5t =m x is composite 9 "*1 b all its compon5t p>ts may be assign$ to ! p]iod ,a4,d4 #ej-ajj4 ,to dis5tangle ! v>i\s elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! book f "o ano!r is a v difficult task2 we foll[ ,dr4 ,*>les 9 giv+ ! foll[+ details4 ,! au?ors are all ,ph>isees2 "s liv$ be=e1 & "s aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj2 ! portions writt5 be=e ?is date consi/ ( an ,apocalypse 7xxvii4-xxx4 #a71 & two ,visions 7xxxvi4-xl4 & liii4-lxxiv172 ^! *apt]s are important = ! ,messianic tea*+ conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! portions writt5 aft] ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gj include ! re/ ( ! book1 ) ! exception ( a few *apt]s add$ by a f9al editor4 ,! pres5t ,syriac book is a translation f a ,greek v]sion ( ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,?is apocalypse is "o ( ! mo/ important books we possess = ! /udy ( ,judaism at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 all ! vital doctr9es come 9 = consid]ation--! doctr9e ( ,god1 ( ! ,law1 ( ! ,messiah1 ,orig9al ,s9 & ,free-w1 ,works & ,ju/ification1 ,=giv5ess1 & ! ,resurrection4 7j7 ,,! ,,apocalypse ,,( ,,moses ,,lit]ature4--,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #adf1 #adg1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bid-cje2 ,fu*s 9 ,kautzs*1 pp4 #ejf-ebh2 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vii41 pp4 #baf ff4 7#ahie72 ,*>les1 9 ! ,apocr4 & ,pseud4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 pp4 #djg-dbd4 ,?is ,jewi% "w1 belong+ possibly to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 consi/s ( =ty-?ree *apt]s1 mo/ ( :i* h _! p>allel 9 ! fifty-"o *apt]s ( ! ,life ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,! orig9al language ( bo? 0 ,hebrew2 ! latt] exi/s n[ only 9 a ,lat9 =m1 :ile ! ,apocalypse is extant 9 ,greek & ,arm5ian4 ,h[ ! book came to h ! "n ( ,moses 9 ! title is difficult to say2 he is n m5tion$ 9 ! book1 :i* is /rictly a leg5d>y life ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,= ! /udy ( ! doctr9e ( s9 ! book has "s value1 b ! apocalyptic elem5ts are v sp>se2 ! life h]eaft] & ! resurrection are1 h[ev]1 ref]r$ to4 7k7 ,,! ,,greek ,,apocalypse ,,( ,,b>u* ,?is book does n come )9 our p]iod z x 0 writt51 probably1 at ! end ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d42 x is only m5tion$ "h = ! purpose ( po9t+ out aga9 t x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! 8,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*0 dealt ) above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is *apt] does n l5d itself to a ,summ>y z 9 ! case ( ! o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,wisdom ,lit]ature2 ! ,jewi% ,conception ( ,wisdom ,,lit]ature4--,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 or ,! ,wisdom ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7#ahhg72 ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 ii4 pp4 #bib-cji 7#ahhh72 ,driv]1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #ccg-ddi 7#ahia72 ,toy1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #eb-gf 7#ahia72 ,cornill1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t1 pp4 #baf-bgi 7#ahif72 ,toy1 ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs 7#ahii72 ,fri$lnd]1 ,grie*is*e ,philosophie 9 ,alt5 ,te/am5t 7#aijd72 ,briggs1 ,! ,book ( ,psalms 7#aijf72 ,b>ton1 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es 7#aijh72 ,me9hold1 ,die ,wei%eit ,israels 9 ,spru*1 ,sage und ,di*tung 7#aijh72 ,gregg1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7#aiji72 ,oe/]ley1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*1 or ,ecclesia/icus 7#aiab72 ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira1 & ,holmes1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 9 ,*>les' 8,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t0 7#aiac72 ,goodrick1 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom 7#aiac74 ,i4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,lit]ature ,! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ( ! ,jews :i* has come d[n to u comprises bo? canonical & uncanonical books#cjj2 b ! di/9ction may be ignor$1 = all ! books :i* belong to ?is ,lit]ature1 ?\gh ea* has its p>ticul> *>act]i/ics1 are cle>ly memb]s ( "o family2 !y are all alike 9 possess+ "o out/&+ & typical m>k ( diff]5tiation f ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 viz41 9 !m religion has become philosophy4 ,x 0 n1 ( c\rse1 philosophy 9 ! ,greek1 any m ?an 9 ! mod]n1 s5se ( ! ^w2 8! wise m5 ( ,israel nev] approa*$ _! inquiries )\t !ological presuppositions2 !y _h no desire to inve/igate f9al causes2 !y />t$ f a fundam5tal axiom1 #8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,god 444'2 ?is po/ulate indicates ! "* ( _! /udies1 :i* 7 n s mu* speculative z practical3 _! desire 0 n s mu* to und]/& ! works ( ,god1 z to acqua9t !mselves ) _! h>monies1 beauties1 & adaptations1 & all ?is ) ! f9al object ( kn[+ & do+ ! w ( ,god40#cja ,b :ile ! fundam5tal ,jewi% mono!i/ic belief is tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 ! latt] has o!r *>act]i/ics :i* are n :olly 9 accord ) traditional ,judaism4 ,t ! v>i\s writ]s diff] 9 _! tea*+ f ea* o!r1 & t ! same writ] is n always consi/5t 9 8 tea*+1 is n a cause = surprise2 ^! m5 _h ent]$ ^u new ways ( ?9k+1 & 7 grappl+ ) new subjects ( ?\ght2 x 0 natural t _! speculations %\ld sometimes be only t5tative2 !y _h1 moreov]1 come into contact ) new influ5ces :i* w\ld h affect$ "o m ?an ano!r4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t "s ( ! books belong+ to ?is lit]ature1 notably ,prov]bs & ,job1 are ( composite au?or%ip1 & t possibly ! compon5t p>ts belong to diff]5t p]iods2 s t :at may sometimes appe> contradictory 9 "o writ+ 9 reality repres5ts "s developm5t ( ?\ght belong+ to a lat] writ]4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 we c]ta9ly f9d 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature positions tak5 up :i* %[ to "s ext5t a dep>ture f traditional ,judaism4 ,! wise m5 pres5t a v int]e/+ comb9ation 9 t !y are at once univ]sali/ic & cons]vative4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature b little /ress laid on national in/itutions & laws1 su*1 = example1 z ! sacrificial sy/em2 x is recogniz$1 x is true1 b r because x is ?\ght "r to keep up ! old cu/oms ?an t !re is any intr9sic value or p]man5t necessity 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 l mann] ! ,messianic expectations receive v scanty recognition4 ,! attitude ( ! sages t[>ds ! ,g5tiles is g5]ally fri5dly2 !y recogniz$ ! high] culture1 9 _m respects1 ( ^! nations1 & 7 !re=e will+ to le>n f !m2 n infrequ5tly we f9d1 = example1 t ! ,god ( ! ,jews is decl>$ to be ! ,god ( all m54 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic1 :i* is q un-,jewi%1 is ! conception ( ! ,god-l ,sophia1 :i* is conceiv$ ( z a creative div9e p[] exi/+ be=e ! creation ( ! _w2 8?is hypo/atization ( ,wisdom10 says ,fri$lnd]1 8is "h a d[nright sacrilege2 x betrays ! viol5t entry ( an ali5 _s into ! doma9 ( ,judaism1 & ev5 ! f9e way 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! div9e ,wisdom is describ$ _c = a mom5t bl9d u to ! act ( viol5ce p]petrat$ by ! =cible intrusion ( ,greek conceptions into ! atmosph]e ( ! old ,hebrew idea ( ,wisdom40#cjb ,b z we deal 9 section ,,iii ( ?is *apt] ) ! conception ( ,wisdom z portray$ 9 all ! books ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 x w n be necess>y to say any?+ on ?is subject "h4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,conception ,,( ,,wisdom ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! conception ( ,wisdom :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ,israel prior to ! captivity & t :i* meets u 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature prop]2 yet !re is no sort ( d\bt t ! latt] repres5ts ! full gr[? ( a plant ^: se$ c be cle>ly se5 9 ! e>ly writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only "p ( ! tru?2 = :ile x is true to say t ! religi\s-intellectual _s to :i* ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ( ! ,jews ow$ its exi/5ce 0 ( indig5\s gr[?1 x is no less true to say t ! elem5ts :i* contribut$ to ! production ( t ,lit]ature 7 n exclusively ,jewi%4 ,we %all try to %[ pres5tly t ,babylonian influ5ce 01 9 "p1 at "w 9 help+ ! sages ( ,israel bo? be=e ! captivity1 z well z 9 po/-exilic times1 to frame _! ideas on ,wisdom z ^! appe> 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 :ile /ill lat] ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek _s is to be cle>ly disc]n$4 ,b our fir/ task mu/ be to seek ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,wisdom 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:5 precisely ideas ab\t ,wisdom began to manife/ !mselves 9 ,israel x w\ld be impossible to say1 b ! g]ms f :i*1 c5turies aft]1 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature grew 7 already 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! ,mon>*y1 = ! tradition ( ,solomon's wisdom is und\bt$ly bas$ ^u fact4 ,9 #a ,k+s iv4 #cj-cd 7v]ses #aj-ad 9 ! ,hebrew7 x is said3 8,& ,solomon's wisdom excell$ ! wisdom ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/1 & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 ,= he 0 wis] ?an all m54444 ,& he spake ?ree ?\s& prov]bs2 & 8 songs 7 a ?\s& & five4 ,& he spake ( trees4444 ,& !re came ( all peoples to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 f all ! k+s ( ! e>?1 :i* _h he>d ( 8 wisdom40#cjc ,ev5 all[+ = "s exagg]ation1 :i* is s natural to an ori5tal writ]1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is passage is bas$ ^u actual fact1 ?\gh :at is meant by ,wisdom 9 ?is & simil> passages 0 v diff]5t f :at w\ld n[ be und]/ood by t t]m1 z we %all see4 ,b ,solomon 0 n ! fir/ example ( a 8wise man0 9 ,israel4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ,wisdom is repres5t$ by :at ! ,hebrews call$ a m%l2 ?is is usually translat$ by 8prov]b10 b x has1 9 addition to ?is1 a mu* wid] signification1 = x is us$ ( a prophetic figurative disc\rse1 su* z ^? utt]$ by ,balaam2 9 lat] times x 0 also us$ to describe a p>able & an allegory2 9 ?is s5se x occurs 9 ,ezekiel4 ,9 its e>li] simple s5se a m%l meant a 8prov]b10 n necess>ily ( a religi\s1 or ev5 e?ical1 cont5t2 x express$ "s g5]al tru? br\ght home to m5 by ! obs]vance ( ! ord9>y exp]i5ces ( life4 ,"o ( ! v simple/ ( ^! f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is3 8,out ( ! wick$ come? =? wick$ness0 7#a ,sam4 xxiv4 #ac72 ?is is said to be 8a prov]b ( ! anci5ts10 :i* %[s t x mu/ h long be5 9 use among ! ,israelites4 ,9 #b ,samuel xx4 #ah ano!r prov]b1 :i* seems likewise to h be5 long curr5t among ! p1 is pres]v$3 8,!y 7 wont to speak 9 old "t1 say+1 #8,!y %all surely ask c\nsel at ,abel'02 ?is 0 utt]$ by a 8wise woman40 ,) deep] obs]vation & reflection m subtle ?\ghts came to be express$ 9 ?is =m4 8,! ,israelites1 l all o!r peoples1 mu/ h reflect$ m or less1 f ! mom5t :5 !y atta9$ a settl$ civilization1 on g5]al que/ions ( life4 ,! l[e/ =m ( su* reflection appe>s 9 popul> prov]bs & fables1 :i* express1 usually 9 a "o-sid$ & sup]ficial way1 ! result ( ! ord9>y common-s5se exp]i5ce & obs]vation40#cjd ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 ! few examples ( prov]bs :i* we f9d 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t reflect a relatively some:at advanc$ type1 & :at is especially int]e/+ ab\t !m is t !y appe> n infrequ5tly to h be5 made on ! spur ( ! mom5t2 ?is is ! case ) ! prov]b 9 #a ,samuel x4 #ab3 8,is ,saul among ! prophets80 :i* is said to h 8become a prov]b40 ,ano!r say+ ! =m & rhy?m ( :i* m>ks x out z a prov]b is3 8,! bl9d & ! lame %all n come into ! h\se0 7#b ,sam4 v4 #h1 ,r4,v4 m>g472 ! fact t ?is is prefac$ by ! words1 8,:]e=e !y say10 also po9ts to its hav+ be5 a popul> prov]b4 ,^!1 & simil> prov]bs1 ?\gh orig9ally compos$ 9 ref]5ce to "s p>ticul> occurr5ce1 became applicable 9 c\rse ( "t 9 a m g5]al way4 ,! prov]b1 = example1 8,is ,saul among ! prophets80 might be describ$ z ! conv]se ( ! mod]n prov]b3 8,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r02 or1 aga91 ! prov]b3 8,!y %all surely ask c\nsel at ,abel10 may well h become a popul> way ( express+ ! tru? t if y want guidance y mu/ seek x at ! "r qu>t]4 ,a lat] & m advanc$ type ( prov]b is utt]$ by ! prophet ,hosea 7viii4 #g73 8,!y s[ ! w9d1 & !y %all reap ! :irlw9d02 ano!r is quot$ 9 ,j]emiah xxxi4 #bi & ,ezekiel xviii4 #b 9 ! words3 8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge40 ,! simple/ =m ( prov]b 0 ?us ! e>lie/ type ( 8,wisdom0 among ! ,israelites1 z x 0 among o!r peoples4 ,b ! cont5t ( a prov]b easily l5t itself1 9 ! m9ds ( ! m reflective1 to expansion1 & ?us by degrees 7 =m$ fables & p>ables :]eby tru?s 7 illu/rat$ & br\ght home to ! m9ds ( m54 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ fables--! exact application ( :i* 9 its pres5t context is n q easy to det]m9e--is pres]v$ 9 ,judges ix4 #h-ae3 ,once ^u a "t ! trees w5t =? to ano9t ov] !m a k+2 ,& !y said to ! olive3 8,rule ?\ ov] u40 ,& ! olive said to !m3 8,%\ld ,i give up my fatness :]e) !y hon\r gods & m51 ,& g & wave ov] ! trees60 ,!n said ! trees to ! fig-tree3 8,come ?\1 be k+ ov] u40 ,& ! fig-tree said to !m3 8,%\ld ,i give up my sweetness & my good fruit1 ,& g & wave ov] ! trees60 ,!n said ! trees to ! v9e3 8,come ?\1 be k+ ov] u40 ,& ! v9e said unto !m3 8,%\ld ,i give up my w9e t *e]e? gods & m51 ,& g & wave ov] ! trees60 ,!n said all ! trees to ! ?orn-bu%3 8,come ?\1 be k+ ov] u40 ,& ! ?orn-bu% said to ! trees3 8,if truly ye ano9t me z k+ ov] y1 ,!n come1 tru/ to my %ad[2 b if n1 !n may fire come =? f ! ?orn-bu%1 ,& dev\r ! c$>s ( ,lebanon60 ,we h attempt$ to translate ?is 9 ! poetical =m ( ! orig9al ,hebrew2 x w be se5 t ! ?\ght-/ructure is v simple1 s t ! ideas convey$ w\ld be easily appreh5d$ by ! common p to :i* ! fable 0 address$4 ,ano!r fable1 ! only o!r "o pres]v$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 occurs 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #i3 8,! bramble t 0 9 ,lebanon s5t to ! c$> t 0 9 ,lebanon1 say+1 #8,give ?y daught] to my son to wife'2 & !re pass$ by a wild bea/ t 0 9 ,lebanon & trod d[n ! bramble40 ,b x is 9 ! e>ly ,old ,te/am5t p>ables t ! highe/ =m ( 8,wisdom0 9 pre-exilic ,israel is rea*$4 ,z 9 ! case ( fables1 only two p>ables are pres]v$2 !y diff] f fables 9 two important p>ticul>s3 9 t only m5 are repres5t$ z tak+ "p & speak+1 & t ! cont5t ( a p>able1 s f> z we are able to judge f ! specim5s pres]v$1 is religi\s2 ?is is a l>ge /ep =w>d 9 approximation to ! lat] ,jewi% conception ( ,wisdom4 ,! e>lie/ ,old ,te/am5t p>able occurs 9 #b ,samuel xii4 #a-d1 ,na?an's p>able ( ! ewe-lamb2 x is suffici5tly well kn[n1 & ne$ n be quot$4 ,! o!r is ,isaiah's p>able ( ! v9ey>d 9 ,isaiah v4 #a-d1 :i* is writt5 9 poetry1 :ile ! =m] is 9 prose4 ,we may add "h "o o!r =m ( ,wisdom1 f\nd ma9ly 9 ,ezekiel1 namely ! allegory2 ?is is also call$ a m%l1 b ?is ^w is "h us$ 9 an ext5d$ s5se1 = ! allegory1 ?\gh a p>able 9 =m1 pres5ts a symbolical picture ! mean+ ( :i* is n1 l ! p>able1 easily grasp$1 b dem&s "s ?\ght be=e x c be prop]ly und]/ood2 x is !re=e sometimes call$ a 8riddle40 ,x diff]s 9 ano!r respect f ! p>able1 = symbols take ! place ( p]sons2 b1 l ! p>able1 ! ,old ,te/am5t allegory has a religi\s signification4 ,among ! mo/ /rik+ allegories are3 ! allegory ( ! great eagles 7,ezek4 xvii4 #c-h71 ! allegory ( ! caldron 7,ezek4 xxiv4 #c-e71 & ! allegory ( ! valley full ( dry bones 7,ezek4 xxxvii4 #a-aj72 b !re are a consid]able numb] ( o!rs4 ,! examples ( 8,wisdom0 :i* h s f> be5 giv5 =m an important elem5t 9 ! antec$5ts ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature2 b t ?is elem5t 0 n exclusively ,israelite is impli$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t itself1 = 9 a passage already quot$ 7#a ,k+s iv4 #cj1 v]se #aj 9 ,hebrew7 x is said3 8,& ,solomon's wisdom excell$ ! wisdom ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/1 & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt40 ,z 9 s _m o!r respects1 s1 too1 9 ! doma9 ( ,wisdom1 ,babylon & ,egypt evid5tly ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ov] ! ,israelites#cje2 & if ?is 0 s 9 pre-exilic times1 mu* m w x h be5 ! case--at any rate z f> z ,babylon 0 conc]n$--:5 a l>ge portion1 especially ( ! cultur$ classes1 ( ! nation 0 br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ,babylonian ?\ght dur+ ! exile4 ,! foll[+ may be giv5 z an example ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,babylonian conception ( ,wisdom influ5c$ ! ,jews4 ,accord+ to ! ,babylonian cosmology1 ,wisdom dwelt 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea ) ,ea1 ! creative deity4 ,apsu1 8! deep10 is call$ 8! h\se ( ,wisdom0 because out ( x came =? ! ,wisdom ( ,ea1 & ! ^w ( ,ea2 "o ( ! epi!ts appli$ to ! god ,ea is 8"l ( ,wisdom40#cjf ,?is conception ( ! 8deep0 be+ ! home ( ,wisdom is reflect$ 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ( ! ,jews2 9 ,psalms xxxvi4 #f x is said3 ,?y judgem5ts are a great deep1 ! orig9al is m =cible1 = lit]ally x runs3 ,?y judgem5ts are ,tehom ,rabbah1 :i* is ! anci5t prop] "n = ! ocean4 ,s1 too1 9 ,ecclesia/icus xxiv4 #e1 ,wisdom says3 ,alone ,i compass$ ! circuit ( heav51 ,& 9 ! dep? ( ! abyss ,i walk$4#cjg ,moreov]1 ! fundam5tal conception ( ,wisdom 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature 7( :i* we %all speak pres5tly7 is its insep>able connection ) ,god2 ! deep] insight ( ! ,jewi% sages saw "s tru? 9 ! ,babylonian conception ( ! orig9 ( ,wisdom1 t x dwelt 9 ! dep? ( ! sea ) ! 8,"l ( ,wisdom10 i4e4 0 9 close t\* ) ! creative deity1 s !y adopt$ ! conception & plac$ x 9 a tru] p]spective4#cjh ,:at ,kohl]#cji says 9 a some:at diff]5t connection is applicable "h3 8,z soon z mono!ism 0 firmly e/abli%$ z a result ( ! lab\rs ( ! prophets1 ! wisdom ( ! ea/ c\ld be consult$ by ,israel's sages1 & que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( all ?+s c\ld be answ]$1 9 bo? poetry & prose1 f> m intellig5tly ?an _h be5 possible = ! anci5t ,babylonians40 ,! orig9 ( ,wisdom is ?us to be s\ght p>tly 9 ,israel itself1 & p>tly 9 c]ta9 ideas :i* 7 adopt$ f extrane\s s\rces4 ,b ! way 9 :i* ! ,jewi% sages ( po/-exilic times develop$ bo? ! indig5\s z well z ! =eign elem5ts is extremely in/ructive2 to ?is we mu/ n[ devote "s att5tion4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,conception ,,( ,,wisdom ,our *ief conc]n is ! conception ( ,wisdom z portray$ 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature2 b x w be well to say j a ^w z to h[ ,wisdom 0 conceiv$ ( 9 ! e>li] lit]ature1 if only to %[ ! imm5se developm5t ( ?\ght on ! subject :i* took place aft] ! ,exile4 ,wisdom 79 ,hebrew1 ,*okmah71 & wise m5 79 ,hebrew1 ,*akmm7 are fairly frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 & 9 ! prophetical z well z 9 ! hi/orical books2 ! words connote 9 g5]al skill 9 do+ any?+1 :e!r 9 ref]5ce to artisans1 or goldsmi?s1 or sailors1 or m\rn+ wom51 or ( ! %rewdness ( ! a/rolog] or ! magician4 ,9 a high] s5se x is us$ ( wisdom 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs2 9 a few in/ances1 z 9 ,hosea xiv4 #aj1 a man is call$ wise :o is f>-see+ 9 religi\s ?+s 7cp4 also ,deut4 iv4 #f1 ,isa4 xi4 #b74 ,t ! prophets r>ely ref] to ! subject ( ,wisdom is natural en\gh2 x 0 n _! function2 !y 7 call$ =? to rebuke & exhort 9 ! words & aft] ! mann] ( prea*]s2 !y appeal$ r to ! he>t1 to ! emotions1 to ! consci5ce1 ?an to ! intellect4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 we f9d t 8wise m50 are spok5 ( z a class2 ?us ,j]emiah witnesses to ! fact t already 9 8 day ! ,*akam 78wise man07 occupi$ a recogniz$ position side by side ) ! prie/ & ! prophet3 8,= ! law %all n p]i% f ! prie/1 nor c\nsel f ! wise1 nor ! ^w f ! prophet0 7,j]4 xviii4 #ah74 ,turn+ n[ to consid] ! v>i\s conceptions ( ,wisdom z portray$ 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 we may beg9 ) ! well-kn[n words3 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( ,wisdom40 ,?is say+ 0 to ! ,jewi% sages probably ! mo/ important ( any t 0 utt]$ on ! subject2 x occurs 9 ,job xxviii4 #bh 9 ! =m3 8,behold1 ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom40 ,9 its m famili> =m x appe>s 9 ,psalms cxi4 #f1 ,prov]bs i4 #g1 ix4 #aj 7cp4 xv4 #cc71 ,ecclesia/icus i4 #ad 7cp4 i4 #ae1 #bj1 #bg71 & ! s5se ( ! words occurs v (t5 besides4 ,b x is wor? po9t+ out t ! mean+ ( ! phrase is n t ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! comm5cem5t ( ,wisdom1 b r ! 8end0 ( x2 x is true t ! ,hebrew ^w us$1 r% 7lit4 8head071 has also ! s5se ( 8beg9n+02 b "h x is 8z5i?0 t is meant2 ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect =m ( ,wisdom is ! fe> ( ! ,"l2 s t "o might q correctly r5d]3 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! end ( ,wisdom40 ,9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature g5]ally ,wisdom is nev] us$ 9 ! s5se ( pure k2 9 its e>lie/ mean+ x connot$ ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at 0 useful or b5efic5t1 & :at 0 h>mful2 lat]1 m e?ically1 betwe5 :at 0 good & :at 0 bad4 ,9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature !re is always at bottom a religi\s cont5t 9 ,wisdom2 t is to say1 x is a div9ely be/[$ gift ! possession ( :i* makes man 9 "s measure l ,god4 ,to be able to di/+ui% truly betwe5 good & evil is ! means :]eby man is enabl$ to /& 9 close relation%ip ) ,god4 ,b s9ce ! faculty to di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil is a div9e end[m5t1 e =m ( ,wisdom comes f ,god1 s t al?\gh ! k & fe> ( ! ,"l is ! highe/ type ( ,wisdom1 !re are less exalt$ =ms ( x :i* are also reg>d$ z "p ( ! "o great gift ( ,god2 t is to say1 :at is call$ worldly wisdom does n diff] 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree f ! high] =m4 ,9 ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* belong closely toge!r1 & :i* are ! *ief expon5ts ( ?is worldly wisdom1 moral precepts =m ! ma9 topics2 & ?\gh widely diff]5t f div9e ,wisdom1 bo? emanate f ! same s\rce1 & are ultimately to be trac$ back to ! ,giv] ( all good ?+s4 ,b ! p>ticul> conception ( ,wisdom :i* is ( f>-rea*+ importance is t ( p]sonification :i* is attribut$ to x 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,z a g5]al rule ,wisdom is spok5 ( z some?+ ab/ract2 b 9 "s v /rik+ passages x is p]sonifi$4 ,be=e proce$+ to illu/rate ?is x is necess>y to utt] a note ( w>n+ aga9/ exagg]ation 9 two opposite directions2 on ! "o h&1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 read+ into ! words :i* speak ( ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom a mean+ :i* !y 7 n int5d$ to be>2 /ill less1 on ! o!r h&1 are we ju/ifi$ 9 expla9+ away altoge!r ! mean+ :i* ^? words 7 int5d$ to be>4 ,:51 n[adays1 we speak ( ?+s1 :e!r ab/ract or concrete1 z p]sonalities ! words are us$ metaphorically )\t ! remote/ int5tion ( really imput+ p]sonality to ! ?+s describ$2 b we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( assum+ t our mod]n way ( envisag+ ?+s c be p>allel$ by t ( two ?\s& ye>s ago2 ! mode ( expression may n h greatly *ang$1 b ! way ( conceiv+ is totally diff]5t4 ,:51 among ! ,jewi% sages ( old1 ,wisdom 0 p]sonifi$1 x 0 conceiv$ (1 accord+ to a mod]n writ] on ! subject1 z a 8projection out ( ! ,div9e m9d1 z some?+ m ?an an attribute1 b z some?+ less ?an a hypo/asis2 #8a little m ?an k91 & less ?an k9d4'0#caj ,?is is true z f> z x goes2 b ! words ( ! ,jewi% sages1 z we %all see1 lead "o to believe t 9 _! conception ( ,wisdom !y w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ?is2 "o may g s f> z to say t ,wisdom 0 ?\ght ( z an int]m$iate be+ betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 a p]sonality exi/+ alongside ( ,god1 b sep>ate f ,him4 ,?is is m or less p>allel to "s o!r p]sonifications1 or quasi-p]sonifications1 ( c]ta9 attributes prop] to ,god :i* appe> 9 e>ly po/-,*ri/ian ,jewi% writ+s2 ^! occupy an int]m$iate position betwe5 p]sonalities & ab/ract be+s4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 !y are repres5t$ z be+ s closely connect$ ) ,god z to appe> z p>ts ( ,him1 or attributes1 !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 s (t5 spok5 ( z und]tak+ individual action t !y mu/ be reg>d$ 9 a real s5se z sep>ate f ,him4#caa ,! special importance ( ?is conception ( ! hypo/asis ( ,wisdom lies n only 9 ! fact t x =ms ! l9k betwe5 ! ,pale/9ian & ,hell5i/ic developm5t ( ,judaism1 b also t x repres5ts ! contribution made by ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature to ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & has1 moreov]1 greatly influ5c$ ,*ri/ian !ology4#cab ,:at has be5 said mu/ n[ be illu/rat$ f ! books ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,9 ! e>li] portions ( ,prov]bs1 ,wisdom is always an ab/ract ?+2 ! only passage 9 :i* "o might conceivably disc]n a t5d5cy to some?+ diff]5t w\ld be xxii4 #bd3 ,wisdom is be=e ! face ( him t ha? und]/&+2 b x is d\btful :e!r ?is means m ?an t :5 a man has s\ght ,wisdom & has f\nd x1 ,wisdom may be said to be 8be=e 8 face10 i4e41 x is ! man :o has und]/&+ be=e ^: face 7m5tal vision7 ,wisdom appe>s1 because he has s\ght h]4 ,x is 9 :at is pretty g5]ally reg>d$ z ! late/ portion ( ! book 7viz4 i4-ix41 belong+ to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 circa7 t a real p]sonification ( ,wisdom is f\nd2 ! :ole ( *apt] viii4 is a spee* utt]$ by ,wisdom2 mu* ( x is und\bt$ly figurative1 b ! section viii4 #bb-ca evid5tly repres5ts some?+ m ?an figurative language2 x is too long to give 9 full1 b a few ( ! v]ses mu/ be giv5 9 ord] to illu/rate :at has be5 said3 ,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 ,be=e 8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 ,or ev] ! e>? 04 ,:5 !re 7 no dep?s1 ,i 0 br\ght =?2 ,:5 !re 7 no f\nta9s ab\nd+ ) wat]4444 ,:5 he e/abli%$ ! heav5s ,i 0 !re2 ,:5 he set a circle ^u ! face ( ! deep2 ,:5 he made firm ! skies above2 ,:5 ! f\nta9s ( ! deep became /rong2 ,:5 he gave to ! sea its b\nd1 ,t ! wat]s %\ld n transgress 8 comm&m5t2 ,:5 he m>k$ out ! f\ndations ( ! e>?2 ,!n 0 ,i by him1 z a ma/] workman4444 ,) ! ?\ght ( ,wisdom be+ utiliz$ by ,god 9 creat+ ! _w 78,!n 0 ,i by him1 z a ma/] workman071 "o mu/ comp>e ! ?\ght ( ,god hav+ creat$ ! _w by means ( ,8 ,^w2 ?is ?\ght is already adumbrat$ 9 su* a passage z ,psalms xxxiii4 #f3 8,by ! ,^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made0#cac2 ^! words 71 at any rate1 int]pret$ 9 lat] times to mean t ! :ole ( ! ,creation1 z describ$ 9 ,g5esis i41 0 accompli%$ by means ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 8,^w10 or ,memra1 hav+ become1 9 ! meantime1 a quasi-p]sonality l ,wisdom4 ,?is developm5t may be se5 at "w 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature2 = example1 9 ,ecclesia/icus xlii4 #ae x is said3 8,by ! ,^w ( ,god 7are7 ,8 works10 i4e4 7 ,8 works creat$2 ! context %[s t x is ! works ( ! ,creation :i* are ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,wisdom iv4 #a we h ! same ?\ght3 8,o ,god ( my fa!rs1 & ,"l ( m]cy1 ,:o ha/ made all ?+s by ,?y ,^w1 & by ,?y wisdom did/ =m man 44402 &1 mu* lat]1 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras vi4 #ch1 x is said aga93 8,?y ,^w 0 7i4e4 made7 a p]fect "w10 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ! fir/ day ( ,creation4 ,we are "h irresi/ibly l$ to ?9k ( ! op5+ words ( ! f\r? ,gospel3 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by ,him2 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made t ha? be5 made0 7,john i4 #a-c74 ,x is v /rik+ to notice "h h[ ,*ri/ian tru? 0 adumbrat$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job1 z ev]y:]e 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 ,wisdom is ( div9e orig91 e4g4 xi4 #e1 #f3 ,b oh t ,god w\ld speak1 ,& op5 ,8 lips aga9/ !e2 ,& t ,he w\ld %[ !e ! secrets ( ,wisdom1 ,= s\nd wisdom is manifold 7cp4 xv4 #h74 ,z a g5]al rule ! wisdom spok5 ( 9 ?is book is t ( exp]i5ce2 b 9 "o /rik+ passage !re is a def9ite p]sonification ( ,wisdom1 viz4 xxviii4 #ab-bh2 x beg9s ) ! "q3 8,:]e %all ,wisdom be f\nd80 ,& aft] its priceless value has be5 describ$1 ! writ] cont9ues 7v]ses #bc ff473 ,god und]/&e? ! way !re(1 ,& ,he kn[e? ! place !re( 444 ,:5 ,he made a decree = ! ra91 ,& a way = ! lightn+ ( ! ?und]3 ,!n did ,he see x1 & decl>e x2 ,he e/abli%$ x1 yea1 & se>*$ x out4444 ,b 9 ?is book :]e problems ( great p]plexity are treat$1 !re is less scope ?an 9 ! o!r ,wisdom books = deal+ specifically ) ,wisdom4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es 7,b4,c4 #bjj7 ,wisdom1 z "o w\ld naturally expect1 is always some?+ ab/ract2 b 9 ?is book1 ) its t]ribly pessimi/ic tone1 we come across a ph5om5on :i* is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! ,wisdom lit]ature2 ! ,prea*]'s pessimism is se5 to affect ev5 8 e/imate ( ,wisdom2 :at1 = example1 c\ld be m dismal ?an ?is8 ,& ,i appli$ my he>t to seek & to se>* out by wisdom conc]n+ all t is done "u heav52 x is a sore travail t ,god ha? giv5 to ! sons ( m5 to be ex]cis$ !re)4444 ,i commun$ ) m9e own he>t1 say+1 ,lo1 ,i h gott5 me great wisdom above all t 7 be=e me 9 ,j]usalem2 yea1 my he>t ha? _h great exp]i5ce ( wisdom & k4 ,& ,i appli$ my he>t to "k wisdom1 & to "k madness & folly2 ,i p]ceiv$ t ?is also 0 a /riv+ aft] w9d4 ,= 9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief2 & he t increase? k increase? grief 7i4 #ac-ah74 ,?is =lorn writ]1 fur!rmore1 seems sometimes to approa* ! subject 9 an entirely p]v]se _s2 he says lat]3 ,i saw t wisdom excelle? folly1 z f> z light excelle? d>kness4 ,! wise man's eyes are 9 8 head1 & ! fool walke? 9 d>kness2 & yet ,i p]ceiv$ t "o ev5t happ5e? to !m all4 ,!n said ,i 9 my he>t1 ,z x happ5e? to ! fool1 s w x happ5 ev5 to me2 & :y 0 ,i !n m wise8 ,!n ,i said 9 my he>t1 t ?is also 0 vanity4 ,= ( ! wise man1 ev5 z ( ! fool1 !re is no remembrance = ev]2 see+ t 9 ! days to come all w h be5 already =gott54 ,& h[ do? ! wise man die ev5 z ! fool 7ii4 #ac-af74 ,?is same _s is manife/$ 9 ! little p>able 9 ix4 #ac-af3 444 ,!re 0 a little city1 & few m5 )9 x2 & !re came a great k+ aga9/ x1 & besieg$ x1 & built great bulw>ks aga9/ x4 ,n[ !re 0 f\nd 9 x a poor wise man1 & he by 8 wisdom deliv]$ ! city2 yet no man rememb]$ t same poor man4 ,!n said ,i1 ,wisdom is bett] ?an /r5g?2 nev]!less ! poor man's wisdom is despis$1 & 8 words are n he>d4 ,we c only say t su* an attitude is deplorable2 ! writ] seems to ?9k t unless ,wisdom is recogniz$ & ! wise man rew>d$1 x is vanity6 ,t is q diff]5t f ! usual attitude ( ! au?ors ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 :o e/eem & love ,wisdom = its own sake4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few passages 9 ?is book :i* witness to a bett] appreciation ( ,wisdom2 = example1 9 vii4 #aa1 #ab x is said3 ,wisdom is z good z an inh]itance2 yea1 m excell5t is x = !m t see ! sun4 ,= ,wisdom is a def5ce1 ev5 z money is a def5ce2 b ! excell5cy ( k is t ,wisdom pres]ve? ! life ( him t ha? x4 ,or aga9 9 viii4 #a3 ,a man's wisdom make? 8 face to %9e1 & ! h>dness ( 8 face is *ang$4 ,s t1 9 spite ( :at he says else:]e1 ! ,prea*] has an innate lik+ = ,wisdom2 z a rec5t comm5tator on ! book says1 8he admires x1 & at times foll[s x 7i4 #ac1 vii4 #be1 ix4 #af72 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he _c rid himself ( ! feel+ t ! wise man toils 9 va9 7ix4 #af71 t 8 lab\r is a fruitless endeav\r1 & t a *ild born dead is 9 reality happi] ?an ! wise man 7vi4 #c-h74 ,x is true t 9 ano!r mood he decl>es t x is bett] to "k t "o w die ?an to "k no?+ 7ix4 #e72 b1 on ! :ole1 8 v]dict is t ,wisdom1 l all o!r ?+s mundane1 is vanity4 ,! wise man has no real advantage1 except t he suff]s ) 8 eyes op52 9 ! end he dies l a fool1 & goes to ! same place 7ix4 #a ff4740#cad ,9 ! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira 7,ecclesia/icus7 all t is taught conc]n+ ,wisdom 9 ! e>li] books 7) ! exception ( :at is peculi> to ,ecclesia/es7 f9ds full expression1 ?\gh ,b5-,sira is n a slavi% imitator2 he has 8 own ideas1 & amplifies ! e>li] tea*+1 always mak+ x 8 own be=e giv+ expression to x4 ,! div9e orig9 ( ,wisdom is %[n by tea*+ t x is a direct emanation f ,god3 ,all ,wisdom come? f ! ,"l ,& is ) ,him = ev] 7i4 #a74 ,i came =? f ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,& z a mi/ ,i cov]$ ! e>? 7xxiv4 #c74 ,! exi/5ce ( ,wisdom be=e ! creation ( _w is def9itely /at$ 9 ! words3 ,be=e !m all 7i4e4 ! heav5s & ! e>?7 0 ,wisdom creat$ 7i4 #d74 ,he creat$ me f ! beg9n+1 be=e ! _w 7xxiv4 #i74 ,x is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,b5-,sira's tea*+ t he id5tifies ! ,law ) ,wisdom2 ?is id5tification is (t5 tak5 = grant$1 :ile 9 sev]al passages x is categorically set =?4 8,b5-,sira inculcates ! tru? t ! way to lead a wise life is to live accord+ to ! div9e comm&m5ts1 & act+ accord+ly1 man makes 8 human wisdom approximate to ! div9e1 & worldly1 practical wisdom1 9 its _m & v>i\s =ms1 is ?us ( ! same k9d1 only less 9 degree1 z div9e wisdom4 ,x is ?us easy to see t ! id5tification betwe5 ! ,law & ,wisdom 0 inevitable40#cae ,?is id5tification is to be se5 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3 ,= he t fe>e? ! ,"l doe? ?is 7i4e4 seeke? ,wisdom71 ,& he t take? hold ( ! ,law f9de? h] 7xv4 #a74 ,he t keepe? ! ,law controlle? 8 natural t5d5cy1 ,& ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! consummation ( ,wisdom 7xxi4 #aa74 ,! mo/ direct ass]tion1 h[ev]1 ( ?is id5tity betwe5 ! ,law & ,wisdom is f\nd 9 xxiv4 #bc1 #be3 ,all ^! ?+s 7i4e4 ! ?+s conc]n+ ,wisdom7 are 9 ! book ( ! cov5ant ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ,! ,law :i* ,moses comm&$ z an h]itage = ! assemblies ( ,jacob1 ,:i* fille? m5 ) ,wisdom1 l ,pison1 ,& l ,tigris 9 ! days ( new fruits4444 ,& aga9 9 xix4 #bj3 ,all ,wisdom is ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 ,& all ,wisdom is ! fulfill+ ( ! ,law4 ,al?\gh ,wisdom is ! free gift ( ,god1 ,)\t measure do? ,he grant h] to !m t love ,him 7i4 #bf71 yet man is n able to utilize x )\t e>ne/ ef=t2 he has an irksome discipl9e to g ?r\gh :i* w te/ 8 s9c]ity3 ,b ,i w walk ) him 9 disguise1 ,& at fir/ ,i w try him ) temptations4 ,fe> & dread w ,i br+ ^u him1 ,& ,i w torm5t him ) *a/isem5ts 7iv4 #ag72 b to ! p]sev]+ ! rew>d is great2 ?is ,b5-,sira expresses 9 a passage full ( poetical beauty3 ,= at l5g? ?\ wilt f9d h] re/1 ,& %e %all be turn$ = !e into gladness4 ,& h] fett]s %all become a /ay ( /r5g? = !e1 ,& h] b&s = robes ( glory4 ,an ornam5t ( gold is h] yoke1 ,& h] fett]s a cord ( blue4 ,?\ %alt array !e ) h] z ) robes ( glory1 ,& cr[n !e ) h] z ) a cr[n ( beauty 7vi4 #bh-ca74 ,x w h be5 notic$ t 9 sev]al ( ! passages j quot$ ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom is graphically express$2 !re are _m o!rs 9 ?is book 9 :i* ?is is taught#caf2 an int]e/+ "o is i4 #ae1 :]e ,wisdom is describ$ 9 tak+ up h] abode among m53 ,) fai?ful m5 is %e1 & %e ha? be5 e/abli%$ f et]nity1 ,& ) _! se$ %all %e cont9ue4 ,9 ano!r passage ,wisdom invites m5 to come & abide ) h]3 ,come unto me1 ye t desire me1 ,& be ye fill$ ) my produce2 ,= my memorial is sweet] ?an honey1 ,& ! possession ( me ?an ! honey-comb 7xxiv4 #ai1 #bj74 ,?is ?\ght ( ,wisdom abid+ among m5 is illu/rat$ 9 ano!r way2 ,b5-,sira1 9 desir+ to %[ ! sup]iority ( ! wisdom ( ,israel ov] t ( ! ,greeks1 repres5ts ,wisdom z hav+ s\ght a re/+-place among ! nations ( ! _w1 b f\nd t none 7 wor?y ( h]2 !reupon ,god comm&$ h] to abide 9 ,israel :]e %e w\ld f9d a p]man5t home3 ,) all ^! 7i4e4 e p & nation7 ,i s\ght a re/+-place1 ,& said3 8,9 ^: inh]itance %all ,i lodge80 ,!n ! ,creator ( all ?+s gave me comm&m5t1 ,& ,he t creat$ me fix$ my dwell+-place = me2 ,& ,he said3 8,let ?y dwell+-place be 9 ,jacob1 ,& 9 ,israel take up ?9e inh]itance44440 ,& ,i took root among an hon\r$ p1 ,9 ! portion ( ! ,"l & ( ,8 inh]itance 7xxiv4 #g-ab74 ,9 8 tea*+ conc]n+ ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom ,b5-,sira (f]s some?+ t is ( a transitional "*2 9 ! ma91 he bases 8 tea*+ on ,prov]bs1 ?\gh he %[s "s advance ^u ?is2 b he falls f> beh9d :at ! ,book ( ,wisdom has to say on ! subject4 ,to ?is we mu/ n[ devote "s att5tion4 ,! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 l ! writ]s ( all ! books belong+ to ?is lit]ature1 tea*es ! div9e orig9 ( ,wisdom2 b he has 8 own way ( express+ ?is tru?3 ,= %e is a brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1 ,& a cle> efflu5ce ( ! glory ( ! ,almighty2 ,!re=e c no?+ defil$ f9d entrance into h]4 ,= %e is an effulg5ce f ev]la/+ light1 ,& an unspott$ mirror ( ! work+ ( ,god1 ,& an image ( ,8 goodness 7vii4 #be1 #bf74 ,?is div9e ,wisdom is s indisp5sable to man t he is ( no acc\nt )\t x3 ,= ev5 if a man be p]fect among ! sons ( m51 ,yet if ! ,wisdom t come? f ,!e be n ) him1 he %all be held 9 no acc\nt 7ix4 #f74 ,ano!r inv>iable doctr9e 9 ! ,wisdom books1 namely ! exi/5ce ( ,wisdom be=e ! _w 0 creat$1 & h] "p 9 ! ,creation1 is taught ?us3 ,& ) ,!e is ,wisdom1 :i* kn[e? ,?y works1 ,& 0 pres5t :5 ,?\ wa/ mak+ ! _w 7ix4 #i74 ,= %e is initiat$ into ! k ( ,god1 ,& %e *oose? out = ,him ,8 works 7viii4 #d74 ,b5-,sira1 z we saw1 id5tifies ! ,law ) ,wisdom2 ! ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic writ] ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom does n d s1 b he tea*es an id5tification betwe5 ! ,holy ,_s ( ! ,"l & ,wisdom#cag2 ?is is cle> f ! foll[+ passage3 ,because ,wisdom w n ent] into a s\l t devise? evil1 ,nor dwell 9 a body t is held 9 pl$ge by s92 ,= a holy _s ( discipl9e w flee deceit 444 ,= ,wisdom is a _s t love? man1 ,& %e w n hold a blasphem] guiltless = 8 lips 444 ,because ! _s ( ! ,"l ha? fill$ ! _w 7i4 #d-g74 ,/ill m po9t$ are ! words 9 ix4 #ag3 ,& :o ev] ga9$ k ( ,?y c\nsel1 except ,?\ gave/ ,wisdom1 ,& s5te/ ,?y ,holy ,_s f on high8 ,fur!r1 ,wisdom is id5tifi$ ) ! ,^w ( ! ,"l2 ! 8,^w0 is1 h[ev]1 us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t s5se1 n 9 t ( ! ,philonian ,logos4 ,! ,^w1 l ,wisdom1 takes "p 9 ! ,creation3 ,o ,god ( ! fa!rs1 & ,"l ,:o keepe/ ,?y m]cy1 ,:o made/ all ?+s by ,?y ,^w2 ,& by ,?y ,wisdom ,?\ =m$/ man4444 7ix4 #a1 #b74 ,j z ,wisdom sits ^u ! ?rone ( ,god3 ,give me ,wisdom1 h] t sitte? by ,!e on ,?y ?rone 7ix4 #d71 s1 too1 ! same is said ( ! ,^w3 ,?9e all-p[]ful ,^w leap$ f heav5 out ( ! royal ?rone 7xviii4 #ae74 ,! nature ( ,wisdom1 z portray$ 9 ?is book1 has be5 well summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,wisdom is n an attribute1 nor ! sum ( ! attributes1 ( ,god3 su* an explanation w\ld n take acc\nt ( all ! prop]ties po/ulat$ ( ,wisdom1 nor w\ld x all[ = ! complet5ess ( ! ,div9e transc5d5ce4 ,wisdom1 aga91 is n ,god 9 manife/ation2 %e is too di/9ct f ,him to be m]ely a !oretical aspect ( ,himself4 ,la/ly1 %e is n a ,be+1 p]sonal & di/9ct f ,god3 %e emanates f ,him1 b ! emanation has n t]m9at$4 ,no bir?-sev]ance has tak5 place1 giv+ h] indep5d5t life40#cah ,f9ally1 x w n be amiss to take a glance1 ?\gh x be b a v slight "o1 at ! tea*+ conc]n+ ,wisdom :i* is giv5 9 "s ( ! ,apocalyptic books ( :i* m5tion has be5 made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x is true1 ^! books d n belong to ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 nev]!less "s ( !m conta9 tea*+ on ! subject ( ,wisdom :i* may appropriately f9d a brief consid]ation "h4 ,we h already se5 t 9 "s ( ! e>li] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mat]ials are to be disc]n$ out ( :i* ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature develop$2 z !re 71 !re=e1 ^! e>ly se$s out ( :i* ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature grew1 s 9 "s ( ! ,apocalyptic books an aft]-gr[? may also be disc]n$4 ,:ile ! full fruit is to be se5 9 ! books ) :i* we h j be5 conc]n$1 x is well to realize t "s fruit is also to be ga!r$ outside ( ^!4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purpose if we illu/rate :at has to be said f ?ree ,apocalyptic books1 viz4 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ! ,similitudes ( ,eno* & ! ,secrets ( ,eno*4 ,9 ! olde/ portions ( ! ,book ( ,eno* !re is no m5tion ( ,wisdom1#cai unless xci4 #aj be includ$ among ^!4#cbj ,?is passage runs3 ,& ! righte\s %all arise f _! sleep1 ,& ,wisdom %all arise & be giv5 unto !m4 ,9 ! next olde/ "p1 ! 8,dream ,visions10 ! ?\ght :i* has already come be=e u ( ,wisdom sitt+ on ! ?rone ( ,god1 f9ds expression3 ,wisdom dep>ts n f ! place ( ,?y ?rone1 ,nor turns away f ,?y pres5ce 7lxxxiv4 #c74 ,b x is 9 ! 8,similitudes0 t we f9d a numb] ( passages deal+ ) ! subject2 9 fact1 all ^! 8,similitudes10 or 8,p>ables10 are decl>$ to be ! outcome ( ! ,wisdom :i* ! ,"l ( ,spirits grant$ to ,eno* 7see xxxvii4 #a-d1 & cp4 lxxxii4 #b1 #c74 ,diff]+ f ! tea*+ ( e>li] ,wisdom books#cba x is "h /at$ t ,wisdom c\ld n[h]e f9d a dwell+-place among m51 & _h !re=e to return to heav5 7cp4 ! passage j quot$73 ,wisdom f\nd no place :]e %e might dwell2 ,!n a dwell+-place 0 assign$ h] 9 ! heav5s4 ,wisdom w5t =? to make h] dwell+ among ! *ildr5 ( m51 ,b f\nd no dwell+-place2 ,wisdom return$ to h] place1 ,& took h] seat among ! angels 7xlii4 #a1 #b2 cp4 xciv4 #e74 ,x is ! ,elect ,"o1 sitt+ on ! ?rone ( ,god1 ,:o possesses all ! secrets ( ,wisdom3 ,& ! ,elect ,"o %all 9 ^? days sit on my ,?rone1 ,& 8 m\? %all p\r =? all ! secrets ( wisdom & c\nsel3 ,= ! ,"l ( ,spirits ha? giv5 !m to him1 & ha? glorifi$ him 7li4 #c2 cp4 xlix4 #c74 ,! bless$ness ( ^? :o accept ,wisdom is describ$ 9 xcix4 #aj4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,secrets ( ,eno* !re is at lea/ "o passage 9 :i* ,wisdom is p]sonifi$2 x is a v curi\s "o repeat+ ) /range details ! ?\ght t ,wisdom1 z taught 9 e>li] books1 took h] "p 9 ! ,creation2 ! words are put into ! m\? ( ! ,creator3 ,on ! six? day ,i ord]$ my ,wisdom to make man ( sev5 sub/ances3 8 fle% f ! e>?2 8 blood f ! dew2 8 eyes f ! sun2 8 bones f ! /ones2 8 ?\ghts f ! swiftness ( ! angels1 & ! cl\ds2 8 ve9s or 8nails0 & hair f ! grass ( ! e>?2 8 _s f my _s1 & f ! w9d 7xxx4 #h74 ,b 9 o!r passages1 e4g4 xxxiii4 #c1 xliii4 #b1 ,wisdom is conceiv$ ( z purely ab/ract4 ,,summ>y ,! ,wisdom ,lit]ature is pres]v$ 9 bo? canonical & uncanonical books2 b ! di/9ction is "h unimportant1 = ^? belong+ to ei!r category are cle>ly memb]s ( ! same family2 !y all possess "o *>act]i/ic di/+ui%+ !m f ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 viz4 9 !m religion has become philosophy4 ,n philosophy 9 ! ,greek s5se1 nor yet 9 t ( ! mod]ns1 b /ill religi\s philosophy ( a di/9ct type4 ,! fundam5tal ,jewi% mono!i/ic belief is tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r *>act]i/ics n altoge!r 9 accord ) traditional ,judaism4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature are n always consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 or ev5 ) !mselves1 & _! speculations are (t5 only t5tative4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = !y 7 /ruggl+ ) new ways ( ?9k+ & ) new subjects ( ?\ght2 & !y 71 moreov]1 com+ into contact ) new influ5ces4 ,9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature c]ta9 positions tak5 up %[ "s v>iance ) tradition2 ?us1 ! wise m5 pres5t a v int]e/+ comb9ation ( univ]salism & cons]vatism2 little /ress is laid on national in/itutions & laws su* z ! sacrificial sy/em2 9 l mann] ! ,messianic expectation receives v scant recognition4 ,! attitude t[>ds ! ,g5tiles is g5]ally fri5dly2 _! high] culture is recogniz$1 & !re is will+ness to le>n f !m4 ,n infrequ5tly ! ,god ( ! ,jews is decl>$ to be ! ,god ( all m54 ,mo/ /rik+ is ! conception1 :i* is q un-,jewi%1 ( ! div9e ,sophia :i* is conceiv$ ( z a creative p[] exi/+ be=e ! ,creation4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! conceptions ( ,wisdom 9 pre-exilic writ+s1 & ^? ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature prop]2 b )\t d\bt ! =m] conta9 ! se$s ^: gr[? is se5 9 ! latt]4 ,yet :ile x is true t ! religi\s-intellectual _s to :i* ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ow$ its exi/5ce 0 an indig5\s plant1 yet ! elem5ts :i* contribut$ to its developm5t 7 n exclusively ,jewi%4 ,babylonian influ5ce 0 at "w be=e1 z well z dur+1 ! ,captivity1 & ,greek influ5ce is to be disc]n$ lat]4 ,x is n possible to say :5 ideas ab\t ,wisdom began to manife/ !mselves 9 ,israel4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ,wisdom is pres5t$ by :at ! ,hebrews call$ a m%l1 usually translat$ 8prov]b10 b hav+ a wid] signification1 be+ us$ ( a prophetic figurative disc\rse su* z 0 utt]$ by ,balaam1 or a p>able or allegory ( ! k9d f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel4 ,9 its e>li] use1 h[ev]1 m%l did mean a 8prov]b10 i4e4 a s5t5ce express+ "s tru?1 n necess>ily religi\s or e?ical1 :i* _h be5 rea*$ by exp]i5ce or obs]vation4 ,! ,hebrew words = 8,wisdom0 7,*okmah7 & = 8wise m50 7,*akmm7 are f\nd fairly frequ5tly 9 ! ,p5tateu* z well z 9 ! prophetic & hi/orical books2 b ! usual mean+ 9 ^! diff]s f t f\nd 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,( ! sev]al conceptions ( ,wisdom 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ! mo/ important is t express$ 9 ! well-kn[n words3 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( ,wisdom02 ?is occurs aga9 & aga9 9 v>y+ =m1 its real mean+ be+ t ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! end ( ,wisdom1 its highe/ & mo/ p]fect =m4 ,9 ?is ,lit]ature !re is always a religi\s cont5t 9 ,wisdom2 x is nev] us$ ( pure k4 ,9 ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es !re is mu* ab\t worldly wisdom1 b ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & evil always comes f ,god4 ,! p]sonification ( ,wisdom f\nd 9 ?is ,lit]ature is ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,we mu/ nei!r read into ! passages :i* treat ( ?is a mean+ !y 7 n int5d$ to be>1 nor mu/ we expla9 away ! mean+ t 0 really int5d$4 ,:5 among ! ,jewi% sages ( old ,wisdom 0 p]sonifi$1 !y ?\ght ( a p]sonality exi/+ alongside ( ,god1 an int]m$iate be+ betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,?is is m or less p>allel to ! p]sonification or quasi-p]sonification ( attributes prop] to ,god :i* is f\nd 9 e>ly po/-,*ri/ian ,jewi% writ+s4 ,! special importance ( ?is conception ( ,wisdom lies n only 9 ! fact t x =ms ! l9k betwe5 ! ,pale/9ian & ,hell5ic developm5t ( ,judaism1 b also t x repres5ts ! contribution made by ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature to ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & has1 moreov]1 greatly influ5c$ ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,9 ! e>li] portions ( ,prov]bs1 ,wisdom is always pres5t$ z some?+ ab/ract1 except p]haps 9 xvii4 #bd4 ,a real p]sonification is f\nd 9 ! lat] p>ts4 ,9 ,job x is ! wisdom ( exp]i5ce t normally f9ds expression2 b !re is a def9ite p]sonification 9 xxxviii4 #ab-bh4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es ,wisdom is always some?+ ab/ract1 &1 a unique elem5t1 ! e/imate ( ,wisdom is affect$ by ! ,prea*]'s pessimism4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus all t is taught 9 ! o!r books ab\t ,wisdom f9ds expression1 ) ! exception ( ! pessimism ( ,ecclesia/es2 ! id5tification ( ! ,law ) ,wisdom is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic writ] ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom id5tifies ,wisdom ) ! holy _s ( ! ,"l1 z well z ) ! ,^w 79 ! ,jewi% s5se71 & tea*es its div9e orig9 & its exi/5ce be=e ! creation ( ! _w 7?is is common to ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature g5]ally74 ,a brief glance at ! tea*+ conc]n+ ,wisdom 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature %[s t !re is v little 9 ! e>lie/ p>ts ( ! ,book ( ,eno*1 b !re are a numb] ( passages :i* t\* ! subject 9 ! 8,similitudes10 "s ( :i* h peculi> features4 ,9 ! ,secrets ( ,eno* ,wisdom is repres5t$ z tak+ "p 9 ! ,creation4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,! ,doctr9al ,tea*+ ( ! ,apocrypha ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t to any?+ :i* illu/rates m cle>ly ! arbitr>y way 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,apocrypha h be5 sep>at$ (f f ! re/ ( ! ,jewi% uncanonical religi\s lit]ature ( ! p]iod ) :i* we are deal+ ?an ! /udy ( ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ?is lit]ature4 ,= 9 ! ,apocrypha only "p ( t tea*+ is repres5t$2 to obta9 x 9 its fulness1 s f> z ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod is extant1 we h to consult su* pseudepigraphic works z ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 ! ,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah4 ,b to take all ^! into consid]ation "h is out ( ! "q1 & we h already giv5 a brief outl9e ( ! m important doctr9es taught 9 !m 7,*apt] ,x74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o comp5sation 9 re/rict+ ourselves to ! books ( ! ,apocrypha2 = ! m important ( ^! 7 recogniz$ by (ficial ,judaism z conta9+ good or?odox tea*+2 s t 9 deal+ ) ?is body ( lit]ature alone we are at all ev5ts on m or less secure gr\nd z f> z or?odox ,judaism is conc]n$1 & to get at t z a f\ndation is useful = ! fur!r obs]vance ( ! developm5t ( doctr9e4 ,at ! same "t1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t :ile 9 mo/ respects ! books ( ! ,apocrypha af=d1 speak+ g5]ally1 a crit]ion = ! p]iod ,b4,c4 #bjj-;,a4,d4 #ajj z to or?odox ,jewi% tea*+1 9 "s respects !y are inadequate1 9 o!rs ev5 insuffici5t1 s t 9 su* cases rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 ?\gh we _c "h take t ,lit]ature into full] consid]ation4 ,n[ 9 deal+ ) ! ,judaism ( ?is p]iod we mu/ aga9 emphasize :at has already be5 /at$ sev]al times1 namely ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal influ5ces by :i* x 0 affect$4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! ,apocrypha books 9 ! doma9 ( doctr9e is n solely ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ?is is1 ( c\rse1 _! *ief s\rce ( inspiration2 b !re h also be5 m>k$ ,p]sian & ,greek influ5ces 9 c]ta9 directions2 x is ess5tial t ?is %\ld be recogniz$4 ,?is po9t has be5 admirably dealt ) by ,fairwea!r1 & "s ( 8 words are well wor? quot+2 he rightly says t !re h be5 8two great /reams ( influ5ce fl[+ 9 ^u ! ,jewi% !ology ( ?is p]iod1 an ,ea/]n & a ,we/]n1 a ,p]sian & a ,greek4 ,( ^! by f> ! /rong] 0 ! ,greek1 ?\gh ! ,p]sian is z di/9ctly traceable 444 ! ,p]sian curr5t 0 t ( ,zoroa/rianism2 ! ,greek _c be associat$ ) a s+le "n4 ,out ( ^! two =ces1 :i* 7 new1 or newly felt1 active ^u ! native ,judaism ( ,pale/9e1 :i* 0 old1 0 =m$ t ?ird :i* we meet )9 ! home ( ,jewi% !ology ( ! p]iod4 ,b !re 0 also a ,jewi% !ology outside ( ,pale/9e altoge!r4 ,n only did =eign influ5ces fl[ 9 ^u ,judaism1 b ,judaism1 n[ no long] conf9$ to ,pale/9e1 w5t out to meet !m4 ,?us ! hi!rto unbrok5 riv] ( ,old ,te/am5t ideas & doctr9es divid$ itself at ?is po9t into ?ree sep>ate /reams4 ,"o1 ! ma9 curr5t1 cont9u$ to fl[ on 9 ,pale/9e2 :ile on ! ea/ & we/ ( x ran two o!r /reams--! "o ?r\gh ,p]sian t]ritory1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ,greek4 ,! tribut>ies ( ,p]sian & ,greek ideas by :i* ^! /reams respectively 7 f$ necess>ily caus$ _! wat]s to be ( a composite "*1 exce$+ly difficult to analyse s z to say def9itely1 #8,?is is ,jewi%1 t is ,p]sian1' or #8,?is is ,jewi%1 t is ,greek1'0#cbb ,! ma9 curr5t ( :i* ,fairwea!r speaks repres5ts ,pale/9ian ,judaism1 :ile ! o!r two /reams p[]fully affect$ ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two types ( ,judaism mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 = bo? types are repres5t$ 9 ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,we mu/ also seek1 z f> z possible1 to foll[ ! tea*+ ( ! v>i\s books 9 *ronological ord]4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/1 to be sure1 reg>d+ ! actual dates ( ^!1 b !re is 9 almo/ all cases approximate unanimity z to ! c5turies to :i* !y belong4 ,9 "s in/ances diff]5t p>ts ( a book belong to diff]5t times2 ?is w be tak5 into consid]ation :]e necess>y4 ,:51 !re=e1 quotations are giv5 to illu/rate "s po9t ( doctr9e !y w be put1 z f> z possible1 9 *ronological ord]2 see ! table on p4 #cbj4 ,! doctr9es to be dealt ) are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god4 7b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,law4 7c7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,s94 7d7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,grace & ,free-w4 7e7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 7f7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 7g7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,angels4 7h7 ,demonology4 ,! v important doctr9e ( ,wisdom has already be5 consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! doctr9es we %all only make cursory m5tion ( ^? po9ts 9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ! ,apocrypha is id5tical ) t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z our ma9 object is to try & %[ 9 :at respects ! books ( ! ,apocrypha exhibit an advance 9 doctr9e ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or1 z 9 "s cases1 a retrogression2 at ! same "t ! *>act]i/ic =m 9 :i* a book pres5ts any p>ticul> doctr9e w be not$ ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,apocrypha4 ,x w n always be possible to keep ! v>i\s doctr9es entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r1 z "o s (t5 leads into ano!r2 s t "s little repetition may at times be unavoidable4 7a7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ on ! ,p]sonality ( ,god is1 z "o w\ld expect1 s full1 t we mu/ n look = mu* advance 9 ! books ( ! ,apocrypha on ?is subject4 ,! ,unity ( ,god ! ,creator ( all1 ,8 et]nity & omnipot5ce1 ,8 activity 9 nature1 ,8 wisdom1 hol9ess1 ju/ice1 lov+-k9dness & m]cy1 ,8 ,fa!rhood ( ,israel1 & sometimes ( all fle%--^! doctr9es are all amply dealt ) 9 ,ecclesia/icus4 ,9 ! f9e passage ,ecclesia/icus xlii4 #ae-xliii4 #cc1 :]e ,b5-,sira gets 8 inspiration l>gely f ! ,psalms1 ! praise ( ,god is sung z ! ,"l ( ,nature2 !re are "o or two po9ts 9 ?is passage :i*1 to "s ext5t1 witness to an advance ^u :at ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*es2 9 xlii4 #af x is said3 ,god's holy ones h n ! p[] ,to rec\nt ,8 wondr\s works ( might2 ,?\gh ,god ha? giv5 /r5g? to ,8 ho/s ,to endure 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory4 ,^! words repres5t ! ,hebrew1 :i* 0 misund]/ood by ! ,greek translator2 ! mean+ ( !m is t n ev5 ! angels#cbc c decl>e ,god's mighty works1 ev5 ?\gh !y /& 9 ,8 pres5ce2 !y are only able to /& 9 t pres5ce because !y h receiv$ special /r5g? = ! purpose4 ,:at spiritual be+s1 :o ?us /& 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,god1 are unable to fa?om1 c /ill less be und]/ood by m51 all !y c d is to (f] praise to ,god2 s ,b5-,sira says lat] 9 ! same section3 ,we w s+ praises1 because we _c fa?om2 ,= great] is ,he ?an all ,8 works4 ,t]rible is ,jehovah exce$+ly1 ,& wond]ful are ,8 mighty acts4 ,ye t magnify ,jehovah1 lift up y\r voice ,z mu* z ye c1 = !re is /ill m6 ,ye t exalt ,him1 r5ew y\r /r5g?1 ,& we>y n1 = ye _c fa?om ,him6 ,:o ha? se5 ,him1 t he may tell !re(8 ,& :o %all magnify ,him z ,he is8 ,! numb] ( ?+s my/]i\s is great] ev5 ?an ^!1 ,& ,i h se5 b few ( ,8 works 7xliii4 #bh-cb74 ,! conception ( ,god :i* is reveal$ 9 ^! two passages does c]ta9ly seem to be a high] "o ev5 ?an is any:]e to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ,tobit mu* ! same g5]al conception is f\nd z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b "o passage may be quot$ z %[+ a univ]sali/ic _s :i* is f\nd only 9 "s ( ! mo/ exalt$ utt]ances ( ! prophets2 9 xiv4 #f x is said t 8all ! nations :i* are 9 ! :ole e>?1 all %all turn & fe> ,god truly2 & all %all leave _! idols1 :o err aft] _! false error40 ,fully 9 accordance ) ! belief t ,jehovah is ! ,god ( all m5 is ! way 9 :i* ! writ] ( ?is book nev] tires ( speak+ ( ,him "u v>i\s titles expressive ( ! s9c]e/ praise & fai?2 no book ( ! ,apocrypha has su* a v>iety ( names = ,god z ?is "o4 ,ano!r important po9t is t ,god he>s ! pray]s ( m5 ?r\gh angelic m$iation4 ,9 great contra/ to ?is high conception ( ,god is t f\nd 9 ,judi?2 = :ile ! p[] ( ,god to help ,8 *os5 ones 9 face ( ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances is /rongly insi/$ ^u1 ! idea t ,god's fav\r is only accord$ to ^? :o keep ! ,law1 & t ,he is only ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 :i* is impli$ ?r\gh\t ev5 if n def9itely /at$1 is a v inadequate "o & takes u back to "s ( ! lea/ exalt$ passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* deal ) ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,a special note1 ?\gh 9 no s5se new 9 itself1 is s\nd$ 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 :]e great /ress is laid ^u ! div9e compassion2 ! op5+ v]ses =m a beautiful hymn ( praise to ,god4 ,9 turn+ to ! second>y text ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* comes next 9 ord]1 we h 9 ! addition to xxiv4 #bc 7 #bd 9 ! ,a4,v47 a /rik+ in/ance ( ! ,ph>isaic doctr9e ( ,god1 bo? z reg>ds ! div9e ,p]sonality z well z ! relation%ip betwe5 ,him & ,8 true wor%ipp]s3 ,fa9t n1 b be /rong 9 ! ,"l1 ,& cleave unto ,him t ,he may /r5g!n y4 ,cleave unto ,him2 ! ,"l1 ! ,almighty1 is ! ,"o & only ,god2 ,& beside ,him !re is no ,savi\r4 ,! great *>act]i/ic1 s f> z ! pres5t subject is conc]n$1 ( ?is second>y text1 or ,ph>isaic rec5sion1#cbd ( ,ecclesia/icus is t ( ! clos5ess ( ,god to ^? :o love ,him2 p]sonal religion1 t religi\s individualism :i* did s mu* to fo/] spiritual wor%ip1 f9ds true expression "h2 n t ! orig9al writ] 0 want+ 9 deep piety1 9 spite ( :at (t5 /rikes "o z a some:at worldly _s1 b z comp>$ ) ! ,ph>isaic ideal ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! book 0 consid]$ 9 "s respects want+1 & t x seem$ to ! m ard5t religi\s temp]am5t ( ! ,ph>isees z n suffici5tly expressive ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ,8 pi\s ones4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by "o or two examples ( ! way additions are made to ! orig9al text4 ,9 i4 #ab ,b5-,sira says3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l delighte? ! he>t1 ,& give? gladness1 & joy1 & l5g? ( days2 b ! ,ph>isee deep5s ! s5tim5t by add+3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is a gift f ! ,"l1 ,= x sette? m5 ^u pa?s ( love4 ,ano!r example is f\nd 9 ! addition to xvii4 #bj4 ,b5-,sira says3 ,_! iniquities are n hid f ,him1 ,& all _! s9s are inscrib$ be=e ! ,"l2 to ?is ! ,ph>isaic glossator adds3 ,b ! ,"l1 be+ m]ciful1 kn[+ also t !y are made 9 ,8 own image1 ,sp>$ !m1 & =sook !m n1 nor ca/ !m (f4 ,! clos5ess ( ,god to ^? :o love ,him is aga9 br\ght out 9 ! addition to xvii4 #bf;a3 ,= ,he ,himself w lead !e out ( d>kness unto ! light ( salvation4#cbe ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r passages ( a simil> k9d4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! lies 9 ! fact t !y brea! ! same _s :i* we f9d 9 a numb] ( ! lat] ,psalms1 & :i* are believ$ by _m s*ol>s to emanate f ! circle ( ! ,*assidim or 8,pi\s ones10 ! =]unn]s ( ! ,ph>isees2 ?is _s reappe>s 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 :i* are admitt$ly ! "w ( a ,ph>isee1 or ,ph>isees4 ,9 #a ,maccabees we f9d ! /range *>act]i/ic ( ! non-m5tion ( ! "n ( ,god1#cbf :i* nev] occurs 9 ! orig9al text1 ?\gh x is sometimes ins]t$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion2 on ! o!r h&1 a true fai? 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god is at times express$1 e4g4 iii4 #ah3 8,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! sight ( ,heav5 to save by _m or by few2 = victory 9 battle /&e? n 9 ! multitude ( an ho/1 b /r5g? is f ,heav502 & tru/ 9 ,god z ! ,god ( ,israel ,:o w help ,8 p aga9/ _! foes occurs n infrequ5tly1 e4g4 9 iv4 #aj1 #aa3 8,& n[ let u cry unto ,heav51 if ,he w h m]cy ^u u1 & w rememb] ! cov5ant ( ! fa!rs1 & de/roy ?is army be=e our face to-day1 & !n w all ! ,g5tiles "k t !re is ,"o ,:o r$eeme? & save? ,israel40#cbg ,9 all ?ree ( ! docum5ts :i* make up ! ,book ( ,b>u* /ress is laid on ,god's guidance ( ,israel's de/9y2 9 ! portion1 ,b>u* iv4 #e-v4 #i ! special *>act]i/ic is t ! div9e compassion is con/antly recall$1 = :i* reason ! writ] aga9 & aga9 bids 8 he>]s be ( 8good *e]40 ,! writ] ( #b 7#d7 ,esdras fully repres5ts ! be/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,god2 he insi/s on ! unity ( ,god1 ,8 ,creator%ip :olly )\t any m$iatorial ag5cy2 ,israel is ! specially elect$ nation ) :i* ,god has ent]$ into a cov5ant relation4 ,! problems ) :i* ! se] is pres5t$ are insoluble = man1 :o _c ev5 compreh5d ! mat]ial ?+s ( ! _w1 mu* less ! spiritual secrets ( ,heav53 8444 ,he said moreov] unto me1 ,:at belongs to !e1 7namely7 ! ?+s t h int]m+l$ ) ?y gr[?1 ?\ art incapable ( und]/&+2 h[ !n %\ld ?y vessel be able to compreh5d ! way ( ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,= ! way ( ! ,mo/ ,high ha? be5 f\nd )\t measure2 h[1 !n1 %\ld x be possible = a mortal 9 a corruptible _w to und]/& ! ways ( ! ,incorruptible80 7iv4 #aj1 #aa74 ,! writ]'s fai? 9 ,god is specially %[n =? by 8 conviction t 9 spite ( all appe>ances ,god's love is = ,8 p3 8,j z ?\ art unable to d ev5 "o ( ^! t h be5 m5tion$1 ev5 s art ?\ p[]less to discov] my judgem5t or ! goal ( ! love t ,i h decl>$ unto ,my p0 7v4 #dj74 ,) ! ,book ( ,wisdom we ent] a religi\s atmosph]e :i* is to a l>ge ext5t ali5 to t ( ,pale/9e2 :e!r ! two p>ts ( ?is book 7 writt5 by diff]5t au?ors1 or :e!r !y are bo? f ! same au?or writ+ at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life1 x is q cle> t ! pres5tation ( ! doctr9e ( ,god 9 ea* is entirely diff]5t2 ! fir/ "p 7i4-xi4 #a7 is m ,greek ?an ,jewi%1 & 89 no?+10 says ,holmes1 8is ?is m cle>ly %[n ?an 9 ! idea ( ,god pres5t$ by ! two p>ts respectively4 ,! idea ( ,god 9 "p i4 is t ( ,greek philosophy1 a transc5d5t ,god ,:o has no imm$iate contact ) ! _w4 ,x is true t 9 ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! writ]s _h l>gely ab&on$ ! conception ( ,jahveh z a ,god ,:o _h direct deal+s ) mank9d4444 ,god gradually became ?\ght ( z m & m remote1 ?\gh ev5 9 ,daniel ! sc5e :]e ! ,anci5t ( ,days sits 9 judgem5t on ! nations %[s t ,god c\ld be /ill ?\ght ( z hav+ imm$iate deal+s ) mank9d4 ,9 ,wisdom1 h[ev]1 9 *apt]s i4-x4 we f9d t ! au?or conceives ,god to be s remote1 t ,he p]=ms ,8 w by means ( an int]m$i>y1 :om ,he s5ds =? into ! _w 7ix4 #aj74 ,?is int]m$i>y is ,wisdom1 & possesses all ! attributes ( ,deity4 ,%e is omnipot5t 7vii4 #bg71 omnisci5t 7viii4 #h & ix4 #aa71 & puts ^! attributes into action2 %e adm9i/]s all ?+s well 7viii4 #a740cbh ,9 ! second half ( ! book ,god is aga9 & aga9 spok5 ( z int]f]+ p]sonally 9 ! affairs ( m52 a /rik+ example is giv5 9 xiv4 #a ff41 :i* speaks ( ! folly ( a navigator :o prays = safety to an idol be=e emb>k+ ^u 8 vessel3 ,= t vessel ! hung] = ga9 devis$1 ,& an artific] by 8 wisdom built x2 ,& ,?y provid5ce1 ,o ,fa!r1 guide? x along1 ,because ev5 9 ! sea ,?\ gave/ a way1 ,& 9 ! waves a sure pa?2 ,%[+ t ,?\ can/ save out ( e dang]4444 ,9 o!r respects also ! second "p ( ?is book repres5ts ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e1 m especially 9 its insi/5ce ^u ! ne$ ( "r wor%ip1 & 9 ! way 9 :i* x deals ) ! m]cy & ju/ice ( ,god4 7b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,law4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus mu* /ress is laid ^u ! importance ( ! ,law bo? f ! e?ical & ritual po9t ( view1 a fact :i* %[s ?is book to be a valuable l9k betwe5 ! ,judaism ( po/-exilic times & ,rabb9ical ,judaism4 ,! fir/ po9t to note is ! nature ( ! ,law z taught by ,b5-,sira2 x is et]nal1 & x is div9e1 = x has be5 giv5 by ,god1 ! ,et]nal ,"o4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,law be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! _w is involv$ by ,b5-,sira's id5tification ( x ) ,wisdom4 ,?is is a conception :i*1 s f> z is kn[n1 occurs "h = ! fir/ "t2 b ! way 9 :i* ?is id5tification seems to be tak5 = grant$ %[s t x _c h be5 :olly new to ,b5-,sira's he>]s2 9 speak+ ab\t ! se>* = ,wisdom he says1 = example1 9 xv4 #a3 ,= he t fe>e? ! ,"l doe? ?is i4e4 seeke? ,wisdom1 ,& he t take? hold ( ! ,law f9de? h] i4e4 ,wisdom4 ,! ,law & ,wisdom are us$ aga9 z synonym\s t]ms 9 xxxiv4 7xxxi4 9 ! ,greek7 #h3 ,)\t deceit %all ! ,law be fulfill$4 ,& ,wisdom is p]fect 9 a m\? t is fai?ful4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! way 9 :i* ! two are id5tifi$ ) ea* o!r is 9 xxiv4 #bc1 :]e ,b5-,sira speaks ( ?+s conc]n+ ,wisdom1 say+3 ,all ^! ?+s are ! book ( ! cov5ant ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ,! ,law :i* ,moses comm&$ z an h]itage = ! assemblies ( ,jacob4 ,equally direct are ! words 9 xix4 #bj3 ,all wisdom is ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 ,& all wisdom is ! fulfill+ ( ! ,law4 ,! 8fe> ( ! ,"l10 z is (t5 said by ,b5-,sira1 is bo? ! true obs]vance ( ! ,law1 & ! 8beg9n+10 or z5i?1 ( ,wisdom4 ,! con/ant insi/5ce ^u ! ne$ ( obs]v+ ! ,law is *>act]i/ic ( ?is book2 ! foll[+ passage (f]s a good example out ( _m3 ,he t seeke? out ! ,law %all ga9 h]1 ,b ! hypocrite %all be sn>$ !reby4444 ,9 all ?y works gu>d ?yself1 ,= he t s doe? keepe? ! comm&m5t4 ,he t obs]ve? ! ,law gu>de? himself1 ,& he t tru/e? 9 ,jehovah %all n be br\ght to %ame 7xxxii4 #ae-bd74 ,b5-,sira urges m5 n to be a%am$ ( ! ,law 7xlii4 #b71 & loves to rem9d 8 he>]s ( h[ _! great ance/ors obs]v$ x & 7 enlight5$ by x1 & taught x to o!rs 7see xliv4 #bj1 xlv4 #e1 #ag1 xlvi4 #ad72 & he also tea*es t ! fulfill+ ( ! precepts ( ! ,law is to be ! *ief conc]n 9 view ( ! inevitabl5ess ( dea?3 ,rememb] ?y la/ end1 & cease f enmity2 ,rememb] corruption & dea?1 & abide 9 ! comm&m5ts 7xxviii4 #f74 ,ano!r po9t ( importance 9 ?is connection is ,b5-,sira's tea*+ on ! _s 9 :i* ! precepts ( ! ,law %\ld be c>ri$ out2 9 xxxiv4 #ah1 #ai 79 ! ,greek xxxi4 #ba-bc7 he says3 ,! sacrifice ( ! unrighte\s man is a mock+ (f]+1 ,& unacceptable are ! oblations ( ! godless4 ,! ,mo/ ,high ha? no pleasure 9 ! (f]+s ( ! ungodly1 ,nei!r do? ,he =give s9s = a multitude ( sacrifices4 ,some:at diff]5t 9 "*1 b brea?+ q ! same _s1 are ! foll[+ words3 ,he :o wa%e? aft] contact ) a dead body1 & t\*e? x aga91 ,:at has he ga9$ by 8 ba?+8 ,s a man fa/+ = 8 s9s1 ,& aga9 do+ ! same1 ,:o w li/5 to 8 pray]8 ,& :at ha? he ga9$ by 8 humiliation 7v]ses #be1 #bf74 ,t ! ,law1 accord+ to ,b5-,sira1 0 n[ meant only = ,israel1 :atev] might orig9ally h be5 ! case1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+1 :5 x is rememb]$ t1 z already %[n1 ,wisdom & ! ,law are id5tifi$ ) ea* o!r2 ,wisdom is repres5t$ z speak+ ?us3 ,) all ^! i4e4 e p & nation ,i s\ght a re/+-place1 ,& said3 ,9 ^: inh]itance %all ,i lodge8 ,!n ! ,creator ( all ?+s gave me comm&m5t1 ,& ,he t creat$ me fix$ my dwell+-place = me2 ,& ,he said3 ,let ?y dwell+-place be 9 ,jacob1 ,& 9 ,israel take up ?9e inh]itance4444 ,& ,i took root among an hon\r$ p1 ,9 ! portion ( ! ,"l & ( ,8 inh]itance 7xxiv4 #g f41 #ab74 ,we may recall "h t accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,rabbis 9 lat] c5turies ! ,law 0 orig9ally int5d$ by ,god to be a revelation ( ,himself & ( ,8 w to all nations1 b t ! only nation :i* accept$ x 0 ,israel4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit we meet ) an e>ne/ zeal = ! fulfilm5ts ( legal precepts comb9$ ) deep devotion4 ,?is book is important = ! indications x (f]s ( ! developm5t ( legal obs]vances4 ,pray]1 almsgiv+ & fa/+ are /rongly advocat$ 7xii4 #h71 b m especially almsgiv+1 :i* is aga9 & aga9 insi/$ ^u1 e4g43 8,give alms ( ?y sub/ance2 turn n away ?y face f any poor man1 & ! face ( ,god %all n be turn$ away f !e4 ,z ?y sub/ance is1 give alms ( x accord+ to ?9e abundance2 if ?\ h mu*1 accord+ to ! abundance !re( give alms2 if ?\ h little1 be/[ x1 & be n afraid to give alms accord+ to t little44440 7iv4 #f-aa74 ,! laws ( ti! 7i4 #g1 v4 #ac71 m>riage 7vi4 #ab1 vii4 #ac1 #ad71 hon\r+ p>5ts 7iv4 #c71 keep+ ! fea/s 7i4 #f1 ii4 #a71 purify+ oneself 7ii4 #e71 z well z o!rs1 are all inculcat$4 ,?is love = ! ,law1 comb9$ ) wor%ip1 i4e4 pray]1 obs]vance ( ! fea/s1 & zeal = ! hon\r ( ,god1 (f]s a f9e illu/ration ( ! truly pi\s ,jew ( ?is p]iod4 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,law appe>s z a real delight1 !re is no h9t ( its be+ irksome2 9 ?is ! book is a comm5t>y on ! psalmi/'s words3 ,oh1 h[ ,i love ,?y ,law1 ,x is my m$itation all ! day 7,ps4 cxix4 #ig74 ,9 no book ( ! ,apocrypha is ! obs]vance ( ! ,law m /rongly advocat$ ?an 9 ,judi?2 :ile ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u tru/ 9 ,god & ob$i5ce to ,him1 bo? are %[n =? by keep+ ! ,law :i* ,he gave2 righte\sness is only ?r\gh ! ,law4 ,z 9 ! majority ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha !re is no ab/ract conception conc]n+ ! ,law1 its practical obs]vance only is taught4 ,?us 9 viii4 #e1 #f x is said ( ,judi? t 8%e made h] a t5t ^u ! ro( ( h] h\se1 & put on sackclo? ^u h] lo9s2 & ! g>m5ts ( h] wid[hood 7 ^u h]4 ,& %e fa/$ all ! days ( h] wid[hood1 save ! eves ( ! sabba?s1 & ! eves ( ! new moons1 & ! new moons1 & ! fea/s & joyful days ( ! h\se ( ,israel40 ,?is 0 all 9 accordance ) traditional practice2 seclusion1 mortification & fa/+ all belong$ to ! rle ( a wid['s m\rn+2 x is1 h[ev]1 a developm5t t ! eves ( sabba?s1 new moons & fea/s 7 obs]v$1 z "h indicat$4 ,a fur!r example ( ! ne$ ( ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,law is se5 9 xi4 #ab1 #ac1 :]e ! s9 ( t\*+ =bidd5 food is spok5 (3 8,s9ce _! 7i4e4 ! ,jews'7 victuals fail$ !m1 & all _! wat] 0 scant1 !y took c\nsel to lay h&s ^u _! cattle1 & det]m9$ to consume all ^? ?+s :i* ,god *>g$ !m by ,8 laws t !y %\ld n eat2 & !y are resolv$ to sp5d ! fir/fruits ( ! corn1 & ! t5?s ( ! w9e & ! oil1 :i* !y _h sanctifi$ & res]v$ = ! prie/s t /& be=e ! face ( our ,god 9 ,j]usalem2 ! :i* ?+s x is n fitt+ = any ( ! p s mu* z to t\* ) _! h&s40 ,ref]5ce is also made to ! sacrificial sy/em & ! gifts ( ! p 9 xvi4 #ah1 b 9 ! poem 9 xvi4 #b-ag ! "r _s 9 (f]+ is ! really important matt]3 ,= all sacrifice is v little = a sweet sav\r1 ,& all ! fat is v little = a :ole burnt-(f]+ to ,!e2 ,b he t fe>e? ! ,"l is great cont9ually4 ,! tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,law 9 ?is book is ?us /rongly ,ph>isaic4 ,9 #a ,maccabees !re is reflect$ ! e>ne/ zeal = ! ,law on ! "p ( ! patriots2 ?is has be5 ref]r$ to ) quotations above 7,*ap4 ,,ii71 s t x is n necess>y to say any?+ fur!r "h4 ,mu* /ress is laid ^u legal obs]vances 9 #b ,maccabees2 9 i4 #h1 #i x is told h[ 9 ,j]usalem ! ,jews (f]$ sacrifice & meal-(f]+1 light$ ! lamps1 & set =? ! %ewbread2 & x is enjo9$ t ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles be kept 9 ! mon? ,*islev4 ,z 9 #a ,maccabees apo/ate ,jews are sev]ely rebuk$ = foll[+ ^? :o 7 unfai?ful to ! ,law 7iv4 #aa-ag71 ! passage concludes ) ! words3 8,x is no light matt] to act impi\sly aga9/ ! laws ( ,god2 "t w %[ t40 ,ano!r passage :i* illu/rates ! int5se zeal = ! ,law is 9 *apt] vii41 :]e ! /ory is told ( ! m>tyrdom ( sev5 sons & _! "m :o 8di$ = ,8 laws0 7vii4 #i74 ,! :ole attitude t[>ds ! ,law is t ( ! ,ph>isaic s*ool ( ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds2 ?is also applies to #a 7#c7 ,esdras4 ,9 ! docum5t1 ,b>u* iii4 #i-;iv4 #d1 :]e ! ,law & ,wisdom are id5tifi$1 exil$ ,israel is told t ! reason ( 8 puni%m5t is ! =sak+ ( ,god's ways1 ! comm&m5ts ( life1 i4e4 ! ,law3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! comm&m5ts ( life2 ,give e> to und]/& ,wisdom4 ,h[ happ5e? x1 ,o ,israel1 t ?\ art 9 ?9e enemies' l&1 ,t ?\ art wax5 old 9 a /range c\ntry4448 ,?\ ha/ =sak5 ! f\nta9 ( ,wisdom4 ,= if ?\ had/ walk$ 9 ! way ( ,god1 ,?\ %\ld/ h dwell$ 9 peace = ev]4 ,le>n :]e is ,wisdom1 :]e is /r5g?1 ,:]e is und]/&+2 t ?\ maye/ also "k ,:]e is l5g? ( days1 & life1 ,:]e is ! light ( ! eyes1 & peace4 ,t ! ,law is meant by ,wisdom1 /r5g?1 & und]/&+ is cle> f ! words at ! end ( ! piece1 iv4 #a ff43 ,?is is ! book ( ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 ,& ! ,law t endure? = ev]2 ,all !y t hold x fa/ are appo9t$ to life1 ,b su* z leave x %all die4444 ,! la/+ endurance ( ! ,law :i* is also taught "h frequ5tly f9ds expression 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,t ! ,law is = ,israel alone seems to be impli$ 9 ! words3 ,turn !e1 ,o ,jacob1 & take hold ( x1 ,walk t[>ds h] %9+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! light !re(2 ,give n ?y glory to ano!r1 ,nor ! ?+s t are pr(itable unto !e to a /range nation4 ,o ,israel1 happy are we1 ,= ! ?+s t are pleas+ to ,god are made kn[n unto u 7iv4 #c1 #d74 ,( ! diff]5t portions :i* make up #b 7#d7 ,esdras ! mo/ important 9 ! pres5t connection is ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! book 7iii4--x474 ,a good in/ance ( ?is writ]'s attitude t[>ds ! ,law toge!r ) a prophecy ( ! doom ^u ,israel = hav+ reject$ x by s9n+ is ix4 #ca-cg2 fir/ ^! words are put into ! m\? ( ,god3 8,= behold1 ,i s[ my ,law 9 y1 & x %all br+ =? fruit 9 y1 & ye %all be glorifi$ 9 x = ev]02 !n ! writ] cont9ues3 8,b our fa!rs :o receiv$ ! ,law obs]v$ x n1 & ! /atutes !y did n keep1 & yet ! fruit ( ! ,law did n p]i%1 nor c\ld x1 because x 0 ,?9e2 b !y :o receiv$ x p]i%$1 because !y kept n t :i* _h be5 s[n 9 !m4444 ,we :o h receiv$ ! ,law1 & s9n$1 mu/ p]i%1 toge!r ) our he>t1 :i* ha? tak5 x 92 ! ,law1 h[ev]1 p]i%e? n1 b abide? 9 its glory40 ,9 accordance ) lat] ,rabb9ical tea*+ x is said 9 ?is book t ! ,law _h orig9ally be5 giv5 to o!r nations1 by :om x 0 reject$1 :ile ,israel alone accept$ x3 8,& ,?y glory w5t ?r\gh ! f\r gates ( fire1 e>?quake1 w9d & cold1 to give ! ,law to ,jacob's se$1 & ! comm&m5t to ! g5]ation ( ,israel0 7iii4 #ai72 on ! o!r h&1 9 vii4 #gb x is said3 8,!re=e %all ! soj\rn]s 9 ! e>? suff] torture1 because1 hav+ und]/&+1 !y yet wr\ght iniquity1 & receiv+ precepts1 !y yet kept !m n1 & hav+ obta9$ ! ,law !y set at n\ght t :i* !y receiv$40 ,bo? ,israel & ! ,g5tiles ?us receiv$1 or _h ! *ance ( receiv+1 ! ,law1 & bo? by s9n+ p]i%$ 9 spite ( ! ,law2 ! inadequacy ( ! ,law z a r$emptive p[] "h %[n =? is v /rik+2 ! reason :y ! ,law 0 ineffective 01 accord+ to iv4 #cj1 because ( 8! gra9 ( evil se$ :i* 0 s[n 9 ! he>t ( ,adam f ! beg9n+40 ,we %all h to return to ?is :5 deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( ,s9 7see next section74 ,9 ! o!r portions ( ?is book1 s f> z our pres5t subject is conc]n$1 ! ma9 /ress is laid on v5]ation = ! ,law4 ,we turn n[ to ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 repres5t+ ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion1 & "h1 z "o w\ld expect1 !re is v little on ?is subject to be not$4 ,9 ii4 #ab words are put into ! m\? ( ! ungodly :i* %[ t ! writ]1 at any rate1 recognizes ! ,law & its obligations3 ,b let u lie 9 wait = ! righte\s1 = he is ( diss]vice to u1 ,& is oppos$ to our do+s1 ,& upbraide? u ) s9s aga9/ ! ,law1 ,& laye? to our *>ge s9s aga9/ our discipl9e4 ,9 vi4 #d rul]s are d5\nc$ = n keep+ ! ,law3 ,because be+ (fic]s ( 8 k+dom ye did n judge aright1 ,nei!r kept ye ! ,law1 nor walk$ aft] ! c\nsel ( ,god4 ,z ! ref]5ce "h is to =eign rul]s !re is an advance 9 doctr9e to be not$1 = ! ,law is held to be obligatory on o!rs z well z on ! ,jews1 & ,g5tile rul]s are reg>d$ z hav+ receiv$ _! au?ority f ,god4 7c7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,s94 ,! preval5ce ( ,s9 is (t5 spok5 ( 9 ,ecclesia/icus2 ,b5-,sira realizes its exi/5ce p]sonally :5 he says 9 xxii4 #bg3 ,o t "o w\ld set a wat* ov] my m\?1 ,& a seal ( %rewdness ov] my lips4444 ,& aga9 9 xxiii4 #c ff43 ,t m9e ignorances be n multipli$1 ,& t my s9s ab\nd n4444 ,its univ]sal preval5ce is witness$ to by ! words 9 viii4 #e3 ,reproa* n a man :o rep5te?1 ,rememb] t we are all guilty4 ,puni%m5t = e s91 ,b5-,sira says1 w assur$ly ov]take s9n]s3 ,d n wick$ly cont9ue 9 s91 ,= 9 respect ( "o s9 ?\ art n )\t guilt2 i4e4 e s+le s9 c>ries guilt ) x1 ! implication be+ t x w !re=e n g unpuni%$4 ,( great int]e/ & importance is ! tea*+ 9 ?is book on ! orig9 ( ,s92 ,b5-,sira m5tions ?ree !ories2 "o ( ^! he combats1 namely t ! exi/5ce ( ,s9 is due to ,god2 ?is is ! belief1 app>5tly1 ( c]ta9 free?9k]s aga9/ :om ! foll[+ words are spok53 ,say n1 8,f ,god is my transgression10 ,= t :i* ,he hate? made ,he n4 ,say n1 8,x is ,he t made me to /umble10 ,= !re is no ne$ ( evil m54 ,evil & abom9ation do? ! ,"l hate1 ,& ,he do? n let x come nigh !m t fe> ,him 7xv4 #aa-ac74 ,b s9ce ,b5-,sira believ$ t ,god 0 ! ,creator ( ev]y?+ t exi/s1 he sometimes comes p]il\sly ne> to utt]+ ! v untru? :i* he "h combats4 ,he says1 = example1 9 xxxvii4 #c3 ,o base nature6 ,:y !n wa/ ?\ creat$ ,to fill ! _w's face ) deceit8 ,! words 8base nature0 are ! r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew :i* is lit]ally1 8evil ,yetz]02 ! 8,yetz]0 is ! bias or natural incl9ation :i* is implant$ 9 e man2 !re is1 !re=e1 9 ! words quot$1 an implication t ?is 8evil ,yetz]0 0 creat$ by ,god4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ano!r passage1 xxxiii4 7xxxvi4 9 ! ,greek7 #ac-ae3 ,z ! clay is 9 ! p[] ( ! pott]1 ,to fa%ion x accord+ to 8 good pleasure2 ,s is man 9 ! p[] ( 8 ,creator1 ,to make him accord+ to ,8 ord9ance4 ,ov] aga9/ evil /&s good1 & aga9/ dea? life2 ,likewise ov] aga9/ ! godly /&s ! s9n]4 ,ev5 ?us look ^u all ! works ( ,god1 ,ea* diff]5t1 "o ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 !re is some?+ m ?an an implication1 = ! words seem to impute ! orig9 ( evil directly to ,god4 ,yet x c h>dly be t ,b5-,sira believ$ ?is2 = 9 view ( :at he says 9 ! fir/ passage quot$ he reg>d$ ?is z altoge!r wrong4 ,! fact is t z soon z he beg9s to grapple ) ?is subject he involves himself 9 difficulties2 he tries ano!r solution ( ! problem1 b z w be se51 ?is is no real solution2 9 ,,xxv4 #bd he says3 ,f a woman did s9 orig9ate lit4 8is ! beg9n+ ( s901 ,& because ( h] we all mu/ die4 ,b ?is only traces ! hi/ory ( ,s9 9 ! human race1 & does n t\* ^u its creation2 moreov]1 x has to be rememb]$ t ,b5-,sira usually reg>ds ,s9 z some?+ ext]nal to man1 some?+ :i* comes to him f outside 7?\gh exceptions to ?is w be ref]r$ to pres5tly72 ?us 9 xxi4 #b1 #c1 = example1 x is said3 ,flee f s9 z f ! face ( a s]p5t2 ,= if ?\ come nigh x1 x w bite !e4 ,l ! tee? ( a lion are ! tee? !re(1 ,x slaye? ! s\ls ( m54 ,l a two-edg$ sword is all iniquity1 ,f ! /roke !re( is no heal+4 ,if ,s9 is ext]nal to man1 z is s (t5 said & impli$ 9 ?is book1 x mu/ h exi/$ some:]e be=e x 0 appropriat$ by ,eve1 & ?us orig9at$ 9 ! human race4#cbi ,nev]!less1 9 connection ) :at appe>s to be a ?ird !ory1 x is possible t ,b5-,sira believ$ ,s9 to be n ext]nal to man4 ,= ?is ?ird !ory we mu/ consid] fir/ xxi4 #bg1 #bh3 ,:5 ! fool curse? 8 adv]s>y lit4 8,satan01 ,he curse? 8 own s\l2 ,! :isp]] defile? 8 own s\l1 ,& is hat$ :i!rsoev] he soj\rne?4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage is no d\bt difficult to det]m9e2 b1 to beg9 )1 x seems cle> t by ! words1 8,! :isp]] defile? 8 own s\l10 ,b5-,sira meant to express ! tru? t ! evil 9 man is ( 8 own mak+2 x is also evid5t t ! words are int5d$ to be an illu/ration ( ! tru? enunciat$ 9 ! prec$+ c\plet4 ,:atev] is meant by 8adv]s>y0--:e!r 8,satan0 9 ! s5se ( ! ,devil1 or an adv]s>y 9 a m g5]al signification--! words :i* foll[ 78,he curse? 8 own s\l07 %[ t :at ,b5-,sira int5ds to tea* is t ! 8adv]s>y0 is synonym\s ) ! ungodly man's own self2 i4e4 he1 & he alone1 is responsible = 8 s9s4 ,s t ! gi/ ( ! passage w\ld seem to be t man is 8 own 8,satan02 9 o!r words1 t ! orig9 ( ,s9 is to be s\ght 9 man s9ce ! initiative lies ) him4 ,ano!r passage :i* may be quot$ 9 ?is connection is xvii4 #ca3 ,:at is bright] ?an ! sun8 ,yet ?is faile?2 ,& h[ mu* m man :o ha? ! incl9ation ( fle% & blood6 ,! text "h is unc]ta92 ! ,hebrew is n extant & ! ,v]sions diff]1 s t "o _c be sure ab\t its mean+4 ,dr4 ,t5nant p>aphrases ! ,greek ?us3 8,ev5 ! sun d>k5s itself--! brighte/ ?+ 9 ! _w2 h[ mu* m1 !n1 frail man60 ,&1 9 comm5t+ on ! words1 he says t if ,b5-,sira (f]s any excuse = man's depravity 8x is t ( 8 natural & ess5tial frailty 444 b t he nev] attributes x to an ext]nal cause40 ,difficult z ! v]se is1 x is q possible t :at 0 9 ,b5-,sira's m9d 0 t ! orig9 ( ,s9 0 to be f\nd 9 man1 = x is extremely d\btful :e!r he diff]5tiat$ betwe5 ,s9 z an ab/ract conception & actual de$s ( ,s9 committ$ by individuals4 ,! idea t seems to be adumbrat$ "h z to ! orig9 ( ,s9 is1 9 any case1 true f "o po9t ( view1 = x accords ) ! facts ( exp]i5ce if human free-w is believ$ 91 & ,b5-,sira does believe 9 ?is 7see next section72 = e s9 committ$ orig9ates1 s f> z any p>ticul> s9 is conc]n$1 9 man1 :atev] be ! orig9 ( ! s9ful t5d5cy4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ by "o o!r quotation3 ,b ! s9n] is ensn>$ ?r\gh 8 lips1 ,& ! fool /umble? ?r\gh 8 m\? 7xxiii4 #h74 ,b5-,sira's tea*+ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ,s9 may1 !n1 be summ$ up ?us3 ,he implies1 ?\gh he h>dly goes s f> z to make ! def9ite ass]tion1 t ! orig9 ( ,s9 is due to ,god2 yet 9 "o important passage he /rongly combats ?is4 ,he tea*es1 fur!r1 t s f> z ! human race is conc]n$ ! orig9 ( ,s9 is to be s\ght 9 ! fall ( ,eve1 b he does n attempt to trace its hi/ory fur!r back2 ?is 01 h[ev]1 f 8 po9t ( view unnecess>y if1 9 accordance ) 8 ?ird !ory1 s9 orig9ates 9 ! individual2 nev]!less1 he involves himself 9 a contradiction "h 9 say+ t because ( ,eve's s9 all m5 mu/ die4 ,9 addition to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is a fur!r inconsi/5cy reg>d+ ?is ?ird !ory1 = :ile tea*+ t ,s9 orig9ates 9 man1 he sometimes speaks ( x z some?+ ext]nal to him4 ,^! contradictory ?\ghts br+ into cle> relief ,b5-,sira's inability to =mulate a consi/5t & logical doctr9e z to ! orig9 ( ,s92 & 9 ?is he b %[s himself ! =]unn] ( ! ,rabbis1 f ^: writ+s x c be se5 t ^! lat] ?9k]s 7 involv$ 9 precisely ! same inconsi/5cies z soon z !y attempt$ to con/ruct a work+ !ory on ! subject4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t connect$ ) ?is subject to :i* brief ref]5ce mu/ be made1 namely1 ! means :]eby s9s are aton$ =2 ! importance "h lies 9 ! fact t ! tea*+ ( ?is book conc]n+ atonem5t = s9s is ! same z t ( ! lat] ,rabb9ical lit]ature2 x is1 !re=e1 a great developm5t ^u ,old ,te/am5t tea*+4 ,b5-,sira foll[s ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 s f> t he believes 9 ! ne$ ( ! sacrificial sy/em provid$ t sacrifices are (f]$ 9 ! "r _s2 he says1 = example1 9 "o place3 ,give a meal-(f]+ ) a memorial1 ,& (f] a fat sacrifice to ! utmo/ ( ?y means 7xxxviii4 #aa72 b x dep5ds ^u ! _s ( him :o (f]s z to :e!r ! sacrifice is acceptable or n3 ,! sacrifice ( ! unrighte\s man is a mock+ (f]+1 ,& unacceptable are ! oblations ( ! godless4 ,! ,mo/ ,high ha? no pleasure 9 ! (f]+s ( ! ungodly1 ,nei!r do? ,he =give s9s = a multitude ( sacrifices 7xxxiv4 #ah1 #ai1 9 ! ,greek xxxi4 #ba-bc74 ,t sacrifices aton$ = s9s is a fundam5tal ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e1 b ! o!r means ( atonem5t :i* ,b5-,sira m5tions %[ a developm5t2 ^! are z foll[s2 7"o quotation 9 support ( ea* mu/ suffice = illu/ration74 ,conc]n+ ,almsgiv+ x is said 9 iii4 #cj3 ,a flam+ fire do? wat] qu5*1 ,s do? almsgiv+ atone = s94 ,t ,fa/+ is an atonem5t is impli$ 9 ! foll[+3 444 ,s a man fa/+ = 8 s9s ,& do+ ! same aga91-- ,:o w li/5 to 8 pray]1 ,& :at ha? he ga9$ by 8 humiliation8 7xxxiv4 #bf2 9 ! ,greek xxxi4 #ca74 ,ano!r means ( atonem5t is ,dea?2 ?is is se51 or at any rate adumbrat$1 9 ! words 9 xviii4 #bb3 ,delay n to pay ?y v[ 9 due "t1 ,& wait n till dea? to be ju/ifi$4 ,?is la/ assum$ ev]-increas+ importance ) ! gr[? ( ! belief 9 ! resurrection2 9 ,ecclesia/icus x is p]haps no m ?an adumbrat$1 = :]e !re 0 z yet no belief 9 ! resurrection nor 9 puni%m5t = unaton$ s9s h]eaft] !re 0 no inducem5t to =mulate a doctr9e z to ! aton+ efficacy ( dea?2 ! above-quot$ passage is1 h[ev]1 wor? giv+ z illu/rat+ a t5d5cy4 ,"o o!r means ( atonem5t mu/ be m5tion$ because x tea*es ! tru? ( m$iator%ip2 ?is is 9 xlv4 #bc3 ,moreov] ,ph9ehas1 ! son ( ,eleaz>1 ,0 glori\s 9 might z a ?ird i4e4 aft] ,moses & ,a>on1 ,9 t he 0 jeal\s = ! ,god ( all1 ,& /ood 9 ! brea* = 8 p1 ,:ile 8 he>t prompt$ him1 ,& he made atonem5t = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,:at little is f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,tobit conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,s9 is connect$ ) ,demonology1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 7h74 ,!re is a ref]5ce to ! aton+ efficacy ( almsgiv+ 9 iv4 #aj1 #aa3 8444 ,because alms deliv]e? f dea?1 & suff]e? n to come into d>kness4 ,alms is a good (f]+ 9 ! sight ( ! ,mo/ ,high = all t give x02 & especially xii4 #i1 8,almsgiv+ do? deliv] f dea?1 & purge? away all s940 ,!re is no?+ t calls = p>ticul> m5tion 9 ! ,book ( ,judi?2 or 9 ! ,additions to ,daniel1 ) ! exception ( "o int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,pray] ( ,az>iah1 v]se #ab1 :]e x is said3 8,cause n ?y m]cy to dep>t f u1 = ! sake ( ,abraham t is belov$ ( ,!e1 & = ! sake ( ,isaac ,?y s]vant1 & ,israel ,?y holy "o02 s1 too1 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 v]se #h1 :]e x is impli$ t ! patri>*s are s9less3 8,?\1 !re=e1 ,o ,"l1 t art ! ,god ( ! righte\s1 ha/ n appo9t$ rep5tance unto ! righte\s1 unto ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 :i* h n s9n$ aga9/ ,!e2 b ?\ ha/ appo9t$ rep5tance unto me t am a s9n]40 ,?is is important1 = ! same idea f9ds expression 9 ! lat] ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 & closely connect$ ) x is ! doctr9e ( ! m]its ( ! fa!rs1 i4e4 t ! good de$s ( ! patri>*s & o!r great p]sonalities 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel s]ve z an atonem5t = _! desc5dants4 ,!re is probably no book 9 ! ,apocrypha 9 :i* su* deep realization ( s9 is express$ z 9 ?is %ort "o2 ?is is %[n 9 v]ses #h-ac3 ,= ! s9s ,i h s9n$ are m 9 numb] ?an ! s&s ( ! sea1 ,= my transgressions 7 multipli$1 ,o ,"l2 ,my transgressions 7 multipli$1 ,& ,i am n wor?y to behold & see ! height ( heav5 by reason ( ! multitude ( m9e iniquities4444 ,! next book t calls = notice is #b ,maccabees1 on acc\nt ( its /rangely p>ticul>i/ic doctr9e ( retribution = s92 9 vi4 #ab-af x is said3 8,n[ ,i besee* ! read]s ( ?is book n to be disc\rag$ by su* calamities1#ccj b to reflect t our p 7 be+ puni%$ by way ( *a/5+1 & n = _! de/ruction4 ,= inde$ x is a m>k ( great k9dness :5 ! impi\s are n let alone = a long "t1 b puni%$ at once4 ,9 ! case ( o!r nations1 ! ,sov]eign ,"l 9 ,8 =be>ance refra9s f puni%+ !m till !y h fill$ up _! s9s to ! full1 b 9 our case ,he has det]m9$ o!rwise1 t ,8 v5geance may n fall on u 9 aft]-days :5 our s9s h rea*$ _! height44440 ,! tea*+ ( ?is subject 9 #a 7#c7 ,esdras & ,b>u* is t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b x is wor? m5tion+ t ! doctr9e ( ! m]its ( ! fa!rs ref]r$ to above is expressly repudiat$ 9 ,b>u* ii4 #ai3 8,= we d n pres5t our supplication be=e ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 = ! righte\sness ( our fa!rs1 & ( our k+s02 evid5tly ?is doctr9e mu/ h be5 held by "s1 s9ce x receives su* a po9t$ repudiation4 ,! doctr9e ( ,s9 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras is important z x is v fully dealt )2 ?is w require a little m detail$ notice1 b we c re/rict ourselves to ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 portion ( ! book 7iii4-x471 z ! o!r p>ts d n (f] any?+ ( importance s f> z ?is subject is conc]n$4 ,! orig9 ( ,s9 is trac$ to ,adam1 z ! foll[+ passage 7iii4 #bj-bb1 #be1 #bf7 w %[3 8,& yet ,?\ did/ n take away f !m ! evil he>t1 t ,?y ,law might br+ =? fruit 9 !m4 ,= ! fir/ ,adam1 clo?+ himself ) ! evil he>t1 transgress$1 & 0 ov]come2 & likewise also all :o 7 born ( him4 ,?us ! infirmity became invet]ate2 ! ,law inde$ 0 9 ! he>t ( ! p1 b toge!r ) ! evil g]m2 s :at 0 good dep>t$1 & ! evil rema9$4444 ,&1 aft] ?is _h be5 done _m ye>s1 ! inhabitants ( ! city committ$ s91 9 all ?+s do+ z ,adam & all 8 g5]ations _h done2 = !y also _h clo!d !mselves ) ! evil he>t40 ,?is tea*+ occurs m ?an once2 9 iv4 #cj x is said3 8,= a gra9 ( evil se$ 0 s[n 9 ! he>t ( ,adam f ! beg9n+1 & h[ mu* fruit ( ungodl9ess ha? x produc$ unto ?is "t1 & w yet produce until ! ?re%+-floor come60 ,&1 once m1 9 vii4 #aah3 8,o ?\ ,adam1 :at ha/ ?\ done6 ,= ?\gh x 0 ?\ :o s9n$1 ! fall 0 n ?9e alone1 b ours also :o are ?y desc5dants60 ,adam's fall & s9 9 man are ?us directly connect$1 b h[ ?is connection came ab\t ! writ] n[h]e says4 ,f ! passage quot$ above1 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t ! writ] ( ?is book recognizes ea* man's individual responsibility = 8 own s9s 78!y also _h clo!d !mselves ) ! evil he>t074 8,x is notewor?y10 says ,box1#cca 8t ! =m ( ! apocalypti/'s conception is specifically ,rabb9ic4 ,he bases 8 conclusions on ! ,yetz] ha-ra#8 i4e4 ! 8evil t5d5cy02 !re is no sugge/ion t ! introduction ( evil into ! _w 0 due to ext]nal ag5ts or =ces4 ,! old] my?ological view 7f\nd 9 ,g5esis & 9 ! old] apocalyptic lit]ature7 t ! fall ( man 0 br\ght ab\t by demonic incitem5t is tacitly disc>d$4 ,! corruption ( ! human race is reg>d$ z due to a developm5t ( some?+ inh]5t 9 man's nature 7! ,yetz] ha-ra#874 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e is sometimes comb9$1 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 ) ! popul> view ( ,satan 7,satan works 8 evil purpose by ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,yetz] ha-ra#871 x probably really repres5ts a !ological ref9em5t :i* 0 int5d$ to sup]s$e ! old] crude popul> ideas ab\t demonic ag5cy4444 ,:]e our apocalypti/ diff]s1 & diff]s fundam5tally1 f ! or?odox doctr9e ( ,judaism1 express$ 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 is 9 ! emphasis he lays on ! ravages ( ! evil ,yetz] ^u human nature g5]ally4 ,! enfeeblem5t ( man's nature is su* t practically no "o has be5 able successfully to )/& ! ,yetz]2 ! :ole race has fall5 into corruption4 ,! ,rabbis insi/$1 on ! o!r h&1 t human nature is n1 by any means1 9 su* a hopeless condition4 ,man c1 by moral ef=t & assi/$ by ! grace ( ,god1 successfully resi/ ! sugge/ions ( ! evil impulse40 ,9 ?is book1 !re=e1 x is taught t ,s9 is univ]sal among m53 8,= 9 tru? !re is none ( ! e>?-born t has n dealt wick$ly1 & among ^? t exi/ t has n s9n$0 7viii4 #ce72 & !re=e ! writ]'s s5se ( s9 is v pron\nc$3 8,= ! evil he>t has gr[n up 9 u1 :i* has e/rang$ u f ,god1 & br\ght u into de/ruction2 & has made kn[n unto u ! ways ( dea?1 & %[$ u ! pa?s ( p]dition1 & remov$ u f> f life2 & t n a few only1 b well-nigh all t h be5 creat$60 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 we may note fir/ t ! writ] believ$ 9 an orig9al /ate ( good3 ,c\rt n dea? 9 ! error ( y\r life2 ,nei!r draw ^u y\rselves de/ruction by ! works ( y\r h&s2 ,because ,god made n dea?1 ,nei!r delighte? ,he :5 ! liv+ p]i%4 ,= ,he creat$ all ?+s t !y might h be+1 ,& ! products ( ! _w are heal?some1 ,& !re is no poison ( de/ruction 9 !m 444 7i4 #ab ff474 ,/ill m explicit are ! words 9 viii4 #ai1 #bj3 ,n[ ,i 0 a *ild good by nature1 & a good s\l fell to my lot2 ,nay r1 be+ good1 ,i came into a body undefil$4 ,)\t go+ into ! "q "h ( ! writ]'s belief :e!r1 & 9 :at mann]1 ! s\l pre-exi/$1 x is cle> en\gh t he did n believe 9 ! innate s9fulness ( human nature4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! book1 h[ev]1 a some:at diff]5t attitude is tak51 = 9 xii4 #aj1 #aa1 :5 speak+ ab\t ! ,canaanites1 he says3 ,b judg+ !m by little & little ,?\ gave/ !m a place ( rep5tance1 ,?\gh ,?\ knewe/ _! nature 0 evil1 & _! wick$ness inborn1 ,& t _! mann] ( ?\ght w\ld 9 no wise ev] be *ang$2 ,= !y 7 a se$ accurs$ f ! beg9n+2 ,nei!r 0 x ?r\gh fe> ( any t ,?\ did/ pass ov] _! s9s4 ,! view "h held is q contr>y to t f\nd 9 ! two =m] quotations :i* sugge/ a diff]5t au?or%ip = ! two p>ts ( ! book4 ,?is is also borne out by :at is said reg>d+ dea?1 z ! result ( ,adam's s9 presumably2 = 9 ii4 #bc1 #bd x is said3 ,because ,god creat$ man = incorruption1 ,& made him an image ( ,8 own prop] be+4 ,b by ! envy ( ! devil dea? ent]$ into ! _w1 ,& !y t belong to 8 realm exp]i5ce x4 ,dea?1 :i* is ! result ( ,s91 0 ?us n orig9ally int5d$ to come ^u ! human race4 ,b 9 ! second "p ( ! book !re is no h9t ( ?is4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom is1 !re=e1 q unique among ! books ( ! ,apocrypha on ?is subject2 ! second "p (f]s no?+ t is new4 7d7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,grace & ,free-w4 ,a true balance is kept 9 ,ecclesia/icus betwe5 ,grace & ,free-w2 _m passages c\ld be cit$ to %[ ?is1 b ! few foll[+ w suffice4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ideal scribe1 ,b5-,sira says 7xxxix4 #f73 ,if x seem good to ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ,he i4e4 ! scribe %all be fill$ ) ! _s ( und]/&+2 ,he himself p\re? =? wise say+s 9 d\ble measure1 ,& give? ?anks unto ! ,"l 9 pray]4 ,aga91 9 i4 #ad x is said3 ,to fe> ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ i4e4 ! ess5ce ( ,wisdom1 ,& ) ! fai?ful %e 0 creat$ 9 ! womb4 ,equally def9ite is ,b5-,sira's tea*+ on ,free-w2 he says1 e4g4 9 xv4 #ae-ag3 ,if ?\ s desire/ ?\ can/ keep ! comm&m5t1 ,& x is wisdom to d ,8 good pleasure4 ,p\r$ out be=e !e are fire & wat]1 ,/ret* =? ?9e h& unto t :i* ?\ desire/4 ,life & dea? are be=e man1 ,t :i* he desire? %all be giv5 to him4 ,bo? tru?s are comb9$ 9 ! words3 ,if ?\ desire ,wisdom keep ! comm&m5ts1 ,& ! ,"l w give h] freely unto !e4 ,! important po9t ab\t ,b5-,sira's tea*+ "h is ! way 9 :i* he comb9es ! two app>5tly oppos+ tru?s2 he %[s t !y are n mutually contradictory1 b complem5t>y4 ,he ?us cont9ues ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conc]n+ ! omnipot5ce ( ,god & ! responsibility ( man4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit simil> tea*+ is f\nd2 = example 9 iv4 #e ,tobit says to 8 son ,tobias3 8,my *ild1 be m9dful ( ! ,"l all ?y days1 & let n ?y w be set to transgress ,8 comm&m5ts2 d acts ( righte\sness all ! days ( ?y life1 & walk n 9 ! ways ( unrighte\sness40 ,b t div9e grace is ne$$ = ?is is taught 9 iv4 #ai3 8,bless ! ,"l ?y ,god at all times1 & ask ( ,him t ?y ways may be made /raight1 & t all ?y pa?s & c\nsels may prosp]40 ,9 ! re/ ( ! books belong+ to ?is c5tury no?+ calls = p>ticul> note "u ?is head+2 b 9 ! second>y text ( ,ecclesia/icus ! same balance ( doctr9e is f\nd z 9 ! orig9al book2 ?us1 dep5d5ce on ,god & ! reception ( ! gift ( love f ,him are express$ 9 ! addition to xvii4 #ag3 ,:om i4e4 ,israel ,he br\ght up z ,8 fir/-born ,) sev]ity1 yet lov+ !m1 ,imp>t+ to !m ! light ( love2 ,& ,he =sook !m n4 ,man has1 h[ev]1 8 "p to play1 = 9 ! addition to xx4 #ca x is said3 ,bett] is p]si/5t endurance 9 seek+ ! ,"l1 ,?an a driv] ( 8 own life )\t a ma/]4 ,9 #a ,maccabees ! doctr9al subject "u consid]ation is closely connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( ,god z pres5t$ 9 ?is book4 ,we h se5 above t direct div9e int]v5tion 9 ! nation's affairs is n ne>ly z prom95tly express$ "h z 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & x has also be5 already rem>k$ t ,god is nev] m5tion$ by "n 9 ! :ole book4 ,! writ] is c]ta9ly n want+ 9 e>ne/ belief & fai? 9 ,god2 8 conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( an all-see+ ,provid5ce is cle> f _m passages2 b he also has a /rong belief 9 ! tru? express$ by ! mod]n prov]b t 8,god helps ^? :o help !mselves40 ,?is attitude 0 l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 t5d5cies :i* 7 beg9n+ to ass]t !mselves4 ,^! c5tr$ r\nd ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,j z !re 0 a dis9cl9ation1 on acc\nt ( its transc5d5t hol9ess1 to utt] ! "n ( ,god1 & in/ead to sub/itute p>aphrases = x1 s !re arose also a dis9cl9ation to ascribe action among m5 directly to ,god on acc\nt ( ,8 inexpressible maje/y4 ,"o result ( ?is 0 ! fur!r t5d5cy to emphasize & ext5d ! scope ( human free-w4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 9 ?is book t mu* m emphasis is laid on free-w ?an on div9e grace4 ,9 ! ,additions to ,e/h] x is j ! o!r way ab\t2 = "h human free-w is sc>cely tak5 into acc\nt1 :ile ! div9e activity among m5 is ?r\gh\t insi/$ ^u4 ,b 9 bo? ?is book & #a ,maccabees !re c be no d\bt t ! "o-sid$ emphasis on div9e grace & human free-w respectively 0 prompt$ by ! p>ticul> subject-matt] ( ei!r book4 ,9 ! case ( #b ,maccabees1 ?\gh writt5 ) a def9itely religi\s object1 !re is v little to note "u ! pres5t head+2 ! frequ5t /ress laid1 h[ev]1 on ! fact t ! ,jews are ,god's *os5 p1 & !re=e "u ,8 special protection & guidance1 is a po9t to be borne 9 m9d4 ,! next book to be consid]$ is #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 & "h aga9 x is only ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 t claims att5tion4 8,! writ]'s int5se s5se ( s9fulness1 & 8 conviction ( man's inability to acquire ju/ification by ! works ( ! ,law1 impel him to ?r[ himself :olly ^u ! div9e compassion2 he despairs ( a life ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! ,law1 ev5 by ,israel1 n to speak ( ! _w4 ,! unconsci\s & unexpress$ cry ( ! book is = a moral dynamic1 :i* legalism c\ld n supply40#ccb ,?is deeply religi\s writ] mu/1 !re=e1 p]=ce h look$ to div9e grace :]e human w-p[] 0 helpless4 ,z we %\ld expect1 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom ! ma9 /ress is laid on free-w1 ?\gh ! o!r side ( ! tru? is n lo/ sight (4 ,! =m] is pla9ly taught 9 i4 #ab-af3 ,c\rt n dea? 9 ! error ( y\r life1 ,nei!r draw ^u y\rselves de/ruction by ! works ( y\r h&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! ungodly by _! h&s & words call$ him i4e4 ,hades unto !m2 ,deem+ him a fri5d !y 7 consum$ ) love ( him1 ,& !y made a cov5ant ) him1 ,because !y are wor?y to be ( 8 portion4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! op5+ words ( ! book br+ out 9 a v cle> mann] ! indisp5sable ne$ ( div9e grace = ! "r ex]cise ( ! w3 ,love righte\sness1 ye t be judges ( ! e>?1 ,?9k ye ( ! ,"l ) a good m9d1 ,& 9 s+l5ess ( he>t seek ye ,him2 ,= ,he is f\nd ( !m t tempt ,him n1 ,& is manife/$ unto !m t d n mi/ru/ ,him4444 ,= ! holy _s ( discipl9e w flee deceit1 ,& w />t away f ?\ghts t are )\t und]/&+1 ,& w be sc>$ away :5 ! unrighte\s approa*e? 7i4 #a-e74 7e7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,! didactic "* ( ,ecclesia/icus is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! extreme meagr5ess ( ref]5ces to ! ,messiah4 ,9 ! few cases 9 :i* ! subject is ref]r$ to x is ! se$ ( ,david to :i* ! ,messiah belongs1 viz43 ,he w n cut (f ! po/]ity ( ,8 *os5 ones1 ,nor w ,he de/roy ! (fspr+ ( !m t love ,him2 ,& ,he w give to ,jacob a remnant1 ,& to ! h\se ( ,david a root f him 7xlvii4 #bb74 ,& 9 ! eigh? v]se ( ! ,hymn ( ,praise :i* 79 ! ,hebrew only7 is ins]t$ aft] li4 #ab1 occur ^! words3 ,give ?anks unto ,him t make? a horn to spr\t = ! h\se ( ,david1 ,= ,8 m]cy endure? = ev]4 ,b5-,sira1 !re=e1 believes 9 a ,messiah :o is purely human1 accord+ to ! usual ,jewi% doctr9e1 & :o belongs to ! h\se ( ,david2 b 8 belief is o!rwise vague4 ,ap>t f ! nature ( ! book itself1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! conceptions ( a ,messiah 7 l>gely condition$ by ! hi/orical circum/ances ( any giv5 p]iod2 dur+ ! "t ( ,b5-,sira ^! 7 n ( a nature to call =? ,messianic hopes1 & !re=e ! tea*+ reg>d+ ! ,messiah 0 indef9ite1 & rec$$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit ! ,messiah is nev] m5tion$1 b ! r5ovat$ ,j]usalem :i* ! writ] speaks (1 & ! ga!r+ 9 ( ! disp]s$ ,israelites z well z ( ! ,g5tiles1 gives a picture ( :at corresponds to ! ,messianic ,k+dom3 ,o ,j]usalem1 ?\ holy city6 ,he w *a/ise !e = ! works ( ?y h&s1 ,& w aga9 h m]cy on ! sons ( ! righte\s4 ,give ?anks to ! ,"l ) goodness1 & bless ! ev]la/+ ,k+1 ,t ?y tab]nacle may be build$ 9 !e aga9 ) joy1 ,& t ,he may make glad 9 !e all t are captives1 ,& love 9 !e all t are mis]able & all ! g5]ations ( et]nity4 ,a bright light %all %9e unto all ! ends ( ! e>?2 ,_m nations %all come f af>1 ,& ! inhabitants ( ! utmo/ ends ( ! e>? unto ,?y holy "n 444 7xiii4 #g-ah2 see also xiv4 #d-f74 ,no o!r books ( ! ,apocrypha (f] any tea*+ on ?is subject until we come to #a ,maccabees1 :]e !re is conceivably 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ! ?\ght ( ! ,messiah 9 iv4 #df1 8444 s !y pull$ d[n ! alt>1 & laid d[n ! /ones 9 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,h\se1 9 a conv5i5t place1 until a prophet %\ld come & decide z to :at %\ld be done conc]n+ !m40 ,! ref]5ce "h is probably to ,deut]onomy xviii4 #ah1 :i* is n a ,messianic passage1 ?\gh x may h be5 s int]pret$ 9 lat] times4 ,a some:at m def9ite ref]5ce to ! ,messiah is p]haps to be se5 9 xiv4 #da3 8,& ! ,jews & ! prie/s 7 well pleas$ t ,simon %\ld be _! lead] & high-prie/ = ev]1 until a fai?ful prophet %\ld arise40 ,! words 8= ev]0 mean t ! high-prie/hood %\ld cont9ue h]$it>y 9 ! h\se ( ! ,hasmonans1 s t if by 8a fai?ful prophet0 ! ,messiah is meant1 ! writ] w\ld imply t ! ,messiah w\ld be ( ,hasmonan l9eage4 ,9 #b ,maccabees !re is no ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 ?\gh !re is to ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 = ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! scatt]$ ,israelites 9 ,j]usalem is an und\bt$ ,messianic trait3 8,ga!r toge!r our disp]sion1 set at lib]ty !m t are 9 bondage among ! hea!n4444 ,plant ,?y p 9 ,?y holy place0 7i4 #bg72 & aga9 9 ii4 #ah3 8,9 ,god h we hope1 t ,he w spe$ily h m]cy ^u u1 & ga!r u toge!r f "u ! wide heav5 to ! holy place40#ccc ,9 ,b>u* ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 ?\gh n ! ,messiah1 is spok5 ( 9 iv4 & v41 :]e ! de/ruction ( ,israel's enemies is ref]r$ to3 444 ,b %ortly ?\ %alt see 8 i4e4 ! enemy's de/ruction1 ,& %alt tread ^u _! necks 7iv4 #be1 cf4 v]ses #ca ff474 ,! +a!r+ ( ,israel is also describ$3 444 ,o ,j]usalem1 look ab\t !e t[>d ! ea/1 ,& behold ! joy t come? unto !e f ,god1 ,lo1 ?y sons come1 :om ?\ s5te/ away1 ,!y come ga!r$ toge!r f ! ea/ to ! we/1 ,rejoic+ 9 ! glory ( ,god 444 7iv4 #cf-v4 #i74 ,! only o!r book :i* has tea*+ on ?is subject is ! important apocalypse #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 & "h1 z "o w\ld expect1 ! tea*+ is full4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice is t z ?is book is ( composite au?or%ip ! conceptions ( ! ,messiah diff]2 ?us1 9 ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 7iii4-x47 ! ,messiah is reg>d$ z purely human3 8,= my son ! ,messiah %all be reveal$1 toge!r ) ^? :o are ) him1 & %all rejoice ! survivors f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,& x %all be1 aft] ^! ye>s1 t my son ! ,messiah %all die1 & all 9 :om !re is human brea?0 7vii4 #bh1 #bi74 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! 8,eagle ,vision0 7xi4-xii4 #ci7 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah is taught1 ?\gh he is to spr+ f ! se$ ( ,david3 8,?is is ! ,messiah1 :om ! ,mo/ ,high ha? kept unto ! end ( ! days1 :o %all spr+ f ! se$ ( ,david 4440 7xii4 #cb74 ,! same is taught 9 ! 8,vision ( ! ,man f ! ,sea0 7xiii473 8,:]eas ?\ did/ see a ,man com+ up f ! he>t ( ! sea--?is is he :om ! ,mo/ ,high is keep+ _m ages 4440 7xiii4 #be1 #bf74 ,9 ?is vision ! ,messiah is ( a sup]natural "*4 ,?is tru? ( ! ,messiah's pre-exi/5ce is likewise impli$ 9 ! 8,ezra ,leg5d0 7xiv473 8,= ?\ %alt be tak5 up f among m51 & h5ce=? ?\ %alt rema9 ) my son1 & ) su* z are l !e1 till ! times be end$0 7xiv4 #i74 ,only 9 ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 are ! signs :i* are to prec$e ! ,messianic ,k+dom 7i4e4 ! 8,messianic ,woes07 m5tion$1 b !y are giv5 9 consid]able detail3 8,conc]n+ ! signs1 h[ev]--,behold ! days come :5 ! inhabitants ( ! e>? %all be seiz$ ) great panic1 & ! way ( tru? %all be hidd51 & ! l& ( fai? be b>r54 ,& iniquity %all be increas$ above t :i* ?\ ?yself n[ see/ or t ?\ ha/ he>d ( long ago4 ,& ! l& t ?\ see/ n[ to be> rule %all be a pa?less wa/e2 & m5 %all see x =sak52 if ! ,mo/ ,high grant !e to live1 ?\ %alt see x aft] ! ?ird p]iod 9 confusion4 ,!n %all ! sun sudd5ly %9e =? by night1 & ! moon by day2 & blood %all trickle f ! wood1 & ! /one utt] its voice4 ,! peoples %all be 9 commotion1 ! outgo+s ( ! />s %all *ange4 ,& "o :om ! dwell]s ^u e>? d n look = %all wield sov]eignty1 & ! birds %all take to g5]al flight1 & ! sea %all ca/ =? its fi%4 ,& "o :om ! _m d n "k %all make 8 voice he>d by night2 & all %all he> 8 voice4 ,& ! e>? o'er wide regions %all op51 & ! fire bur/ =? = a long p]iod4 ,! wild bea/s %all des]t _! haunts1 & wom5 be> mon/]s4 ,salt wat]s %all be f\nd 9 ! sweet4 ,fri5ds %all attack "o ano!r sudd5ly4 ,!n %all intellig5ce hide itself1 & ,wisdom )draw to its *amb]--by _m %all be s\ght & n f\nd4 ,& unrighte\sness & incont95cy %all be multipli$ ^u ! e>?4 ,"o l& %all also ask ano!r & say3 ,is righte\sness--t doe? ! "r--pass$ ?r\gh !e8 ,& x %all answ]3 ,no4 ,& x %all be t 9 t "t m5 %all hope & n obta91 %all lab\r & n prosp]0 7v4 #a-ab74 ,reg>d+ ! ,messianic ,k+dom itself x is to be ( limit$ duration1 &1 accord+ to ! 8,eagle ,vision0 ,g5tiles z well z ,jews are to enjoy x3 8,& s ! :ole e>?1 fre$ f ?y viol5ce1 %all be refre%$ aga91 & hope = ! judgem5t & m]cy ( ,him t made h]0 7xi4 #df74ccd ,9 ! 8,vision ( ! ,man f ! ,sea0 ! ,g5tiles are :olly de/roy$ by ! ,messiah1 & 8 k+dom is only = 8 own p 7xiii4 #h-ac74 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom !re is no doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 nor is !re1 9 ! ,jewi% ,pale/9ian s5se1 a belief 9 a ,messianic ,k+dom2 :at we d f9d1 h[ev]1 is t ,jewi% traditional es*atological conceptions are utiliz$ by ! au?or1 & t a glori\s future is believ$ to be res]v$ = ! ,jews2 !re are two passages 9 :i* ?is future is portray$1 viz4 iii4 #h3cce ,!y i4e4 ! righte\s %all judge nations1 & h dom9ion ov] peoples2 ,& ! ,"l %all reign ov] !m = ev]more4 ,! ?\ght t is app>5tly 9 ! writ]'s m9d "h is t ( su* passages z ,isaiah ii4 #d;a3 8,& ,he %all judge among ! nations1 & %all decide conc]n+ _m peoples10 & ,isaiah xlix4 #bc3 8,& k+s %all be ?y nurs+-fa!rs & que5s ?y nurs+-mo!rs2 !y %all b[ d[n to !e ) _! faces to ! e>? 44402 ^!1 x is true1 ref] to an e>?ly !ocracy1 :]eas ! au?or ( ,wisdom is speak+ ( ! h]eaft]1 b ! adaptation ( ,scriptural passages is a v natural proc$ure2 he does n def9e closely ! nature ( ! et]nal k+dom :i* w be set up h]eaft]1 any m ?an ! prophet does 9 reg>d to 8 ideal e>?ly k+dom4 ,! o!r passage is v4 #ae-bc3 ,b ! righte\s live = ev]1 ,& ! ,"l is _! rew>d1 ,& ! c>e = !m ) ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,!re=e %all !y receive a glori\s k+dom1 ,& a diadem ( beauty f ! ,"l's h&2 ,because ) ,8 "r h& w ,he cov] !m1 ,& ) ,8 arm w ,he %ield !m4 ,s f> ?is passage1 l ! o!r "o1 is bas$ ^u ,old ,te/am5t ,messianic passages su* z ,isaiah xl4 #aj1 iv4 #e1 #f1 xxviii4 #e1 #f1 lix4 #af1 #ag1 & o!rs#ccf2 b 9 v]ses #ag-bc;ab1 :]e ! ,mo/ ,high goes out ,himself z a w>rior1 a diff]5t elem5t ent]s 94 ,x is true1 t "h1 too1 ! ,old ,te/am5t conception ( ,jehovah z a mighty man ( w> lies at ! back ( ! passage1 b !re are also o!r es*atological1 or r apocalyptic1 traits :i* appe>4 ,^! elem5ts h be5 utiliz$ by ! au?or ( ,wisdom1 :o has s\ght to spiritualize !m3 ,he %all take ,8 jeal\sy z complete arm\r1 ,& %all make ! :ole creation ,8 weapons = v5geance on ,8 enemies2 ,he %all put on righte\sness z a brea/plate1 ,& %all take judgem5t unfeign$ z a helmet2 ,he %all take hol9ess z an inv9cible %ield1 ,& %all %>p5 /]n wra? = a sword2 ,& ! _w %all g =? ) ,him to fight aga9/ ,8 ins5sate foes4 ,%afts ( lightn+ %all fly ) true aim1 ,& f ! cl\ds1 z f a well-drawn b[1 %all !y leap to ! m>k4 ,& z f an eng9e ( w> %all be hurl$ hail/ones full ( wra?2 ,! wat] ( ! sea %all rage aga9/ !m1 ,& riv]s %all /]nly ov]:elm !m2 ,a mighty bla/ %all enc\nt] !m1 ,& z a tempe/ %all x w9n[ !m away4 ,s %all lawlessness make all ! l& desolate1 ,& _! evil-do+ %all ov]turn ! ?rones ( pr9ces4 ,^! two la/ l9es are /rik+ly out ( h>mony ) :at has prec$$1 s9ce !y deal ) ?is _w2 su* a sudd5 *ange ( subject is unnatural1 ! l9es _c orig9ally h /ood "h4 ,!re is1 ?us1 no doctr9e ( a ,messiah or a ,messianic ,k+dom 9 ! ord9>y ,jewi% s5se2 ! k+dom :i* is describ$ has ,god z its rul]1 x is an et]nal k+dom :i* only ! righte\s %all possess2 ! writ] does n make cle> :e!r x is to be set up on ?is e>?1 or :e!r x is to be a spiritual k+dom h]eaft]4 ,f ! way 9 :i* he spiritualizes x is presumably to be a k+dom 9 ! _w to come2 aga9/ ?is x _c be urg$ t !re are mat]iali/ic traits :i* po9t to a k+dom to be set up on ?is e>?1 = ! writ] has cle>ly borr[$ & incorporat$ traditional es*atological mat]ial )\t int5d+ to utilize m ?an its outw>d =m4 ,to int]pret o!rwise w\ld1 9 view ( ! _s ( ! re/ ( ?is portion ( ! book1 be to misund]/& ! au?or4 7f7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus ! tea*+ on ?is subject is sub/antially t ( ! normal ,old ,te/am5t type2 "o or two quotations w suffice to illu/rate ?is3 ,= :at pleasure ha? ,god 9 all t p]i% 9 ,hades1 ,9 place ( ^? :o live & give ,him praise8 ,?anksgiv+ p]i%e? f ! dead z f "o t is n1 ,b he t live? & is 9 heal? praise? ! ,"l 7xvii4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! corruption ( ! body is look$ ^u z ! end ( man3 ,:5 a man die? he inh]ite? ,worm & maggot1 lice & creep+ ?+s 7x4 #aa72 ?\gh ! annihilation ( ! _s z well z ! body is evid5tly n contemplat$ 9 view ( su* words z ^!3 ,weep g5tly = ! dead1 = he ha? f\nd re/ 7xxii4 #aa72 & 9 xxx4 #ag dea? is spok5 ( z an 8et]nal re/0 7cp4 xxxviii4 #bc1 xlvi4 #ai74 ,?is idea ( re/ = ! s\l h]eaft] is 8v diff]5t f t ( dea? be+ corruption & ! end ( all ?+s1 :i* is ! m usual "o 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 & "o is p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 see+ ! beg9n+s ( developm5t "h1 bas$1 x is true1 on "s ,old ,te/am5t passages2 ! conception ( ! dead re/+ mu/ involve "s sort ( a belief beyond ! b>e exi/5ce ( ! %ade h]eaft]40#ccg ,x is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to note t 9 "o or two cases ! ,greek %[s signs ( "s developm5t ( conception reg>d+ ! future life :]e 9 ! ,hebrew ! normal ,old ,te/am5t position is ma9ta9$2 ?us 9 vii4 #ag ! ,hebrew has3 ,humble ?y pride greatly1 ,= ! expectation ( man is worms4 ,?is is r5d]$ 9 ! ,greek3 ,humble ?y s\l greatly1 ,= ! puni%m5t ( ! ungodly man is fire & ! worm4 ,x is cle> t ! developm5t :i* is kn[n to h tak5 place 9 ! doctr9e ( ! future life dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 is reflect$ "h4 ,v noticeable is ! fact t a k9d ( te*nical s5se has become atta*$ to ! ^w 8worm10 su* z we f9d 9 ,m>k ix4 #dh 78444 :]e _! worm die? n1 & ! fire is n qu5*$074 ,9 xxi4 #i1 #aj x is probable t a simil> developm5t exi/s1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x _c be prov$ z ! ,hebrew is un=tunately n extant2 b 9 view ( ! example j giv5 x is highly probable t ! foll[+ read+ ( ! ,greek likewise repres5ts a develop$ idea3 ,l t[ wrapp$ toge!r is ! assembly ( ! ungodly1 ,& _! end is ! flame ( fire4 ,! way ( s9n]s is made smoo? )\t /ones1 ,& at ! end !re( is ! pit ( ,hades4 ,x w be notic$ t ! p>allelism betwe5 8! flame ( fire10 & 8! pit ( ,hades10 sugge/s t ! latt] has develop$ into ,geh5na4 ,ano!r example is to be f\nd 9 xlviii4 #aa1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ,elijah2 only "o l9e ( ! orig9al c\plet is deciph]able 9 ! ,hebrew1 viz43 ,bless$ is he t see? !e & die?2 i4e4 ! man :o be=e he di$ saw ,elijah is bless$2 ! next l9e is illegible 9 ! ,hebrew & corrupt 9 ! ,greek2 b ! po9t ( importance is t ! ,greek adds ?is fur!r l9e3 ,& we also %all surely live1 ! ref]5ce be+ evid5tly to ! life h]eaft]1 s9ce ,elijah is ! subject ( ! prec$+ c\plet4 ,"o o!r passage mu/ be m5tion$1 n because 9 itself x po9ts to any developm5t ( ?\ght1 b because ! ,old ,te/am5t episode 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #ag-bd7 to :i* x ref]s mu/ soon] or lat] h sugge/$ ! ?\ght ( ! dead ris+2 x is also 9 ref]5ce to ,elijah 7xlviii4 #e73 ,:o did/ raise up a dead man f dea?1 ,& f ,%eol1 accord+ to ! good pleasure ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,hebrew & ! ,greek d n diff] mat]ially4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit ! normal ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e is taught2 s1 e4g41 :5 ,tobit prays3 8,comm& my _s to be tak5 f me1 t ,i may be releas$ f (f ! e>? & become e>?0 7iii4 #f72 9 ! same v]se ,%eol is spok5 ( z 8! ev]la/+ place10 x is a place ( 8d>kness0 7iv4 #aj71 & 8bel[ ! e>?0 7xiii4 #b74 ,9 ! ,book ( ,judi? !re is only "o ref]5ce to ! future life1 b ! passage is an important "o z x witnesses to a developm5t ( ?\ght simil> to t f\nd 9 ! ,greek text ( ,ecclesia/icus vii4 #ag1 xxi4 #i1 #aj1 :]e ,hades is a place ( puni%m5t2 ! passage is xvi4 #ag--;,judi? speaks z foll[s3 ,woe to ! nations t rise up aga9/ my race2 ,! ,"l ,almighty w take v5geance ( !m 9 ! day ( judgem5t1 ,to put fire & worms 9 _! fle%2 ,& !y %all weep & feel _! pa9 = ev]4 ,"h x is cle> t ! body is conceiv$ ( z suff]+ angui% h]eaft]4 ,some?+ simil> to ?is is adumbrat$ 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 v]se #ab4 ,x says "h3 444 ,nei!r1 9 ,?y cont9ual ang] aga9/ me1 ,lay up evil 9 /ore = me2 ,nor pass ,?\ s5t5ce aga9/ me ,:5 ,i am 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,ph>isaic rec5sion ( ,ecclesia/icus we may also note "o or two occurr5ces ( developm5t ( doctr9e2 ?us aft] xix4 #ag ! foll[+ words are add$3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( acceptance by ,him1 ,& wisdom w ga9 love f ,him4 ,! k ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l is life-giv+ in/ruction2 ,& !y :o d ! ?+s t are pleas+ unto ,him %all pluck ! fruit ( ! tree ( immortality4 ,aga91 rew>d h]eaft] = "r do+ 9 ?is life is taught 9 ! addition to xviii4 #bb3 ,= ! rew>d ( ,god abide? to et]nity4 ,two in/ances ( m]ely v]bal additions po9t 9 ! same direction2 9 xxi4 #aj ! second addition 9 ! ord9>y ,greek text runs3 ,& at ! end !re( is ! pit ( ,hades2 = 8! pit ( ,hades0 ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion has3 8! l[e/ dep? & d>kness & puni%m5t40#cch ,"o o!r addition1 ?is "t ( only a s+le ^w1 witnesses to ! belief ( ! s\l1 n m]ely ! %ade ( ! dep>t$1 exi/+ 9 ,%eol2 ?is is 9 xlviii4 #e1 a passage already ref]r$ to1 :]e x speaks ( ,elijah rais+ a man f dea? & f ,%eol2 ! second>y ,greek text adds 88 s\l0 aft] 8,%eol40 ,^! are1 x is true1 b slight po9ts1 nev]!less !y are wor? m5tion z supplem5t+ :at has already be5 said4 ,! next book :i* conta9s ref]5ces to ! doctr9e ( ! future life is #b ,maccabees1 & "h an imm5se developm5t w be se5 to h tak5 place4 ,we h to note fir/ t ,hades is a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$1 = 9 vi4 #bf ,eleaz>1 9 refus+ to commit ! crime ( (f]+ idolatr\s sacrifice1 says3 8,ev5 7 ,i = ! mom5t to evade ! puni%m5t ( m51 ,i %\ld n escape ! h&s ( ! ,almighty 9 life or 9 dea?40 ,= ! righte\s ,hades is only a tempor>y abode s9ce ! resurrection is res]v$ = !m2 ?us1 ! second son ( ! "m ^: sev5 sons are be+ m>tyr$ = _! fai? be=e h] face1 :5 at ! la/ gasp1 says to ! k+3 8,?\ curs$ miscreant6 ,?\ do/ dispat* u f ?is life1 b ! ,k+ ( ! _w %all raise u up1 :o h di$ = ,8 laws1 & revive u to life ev]la/+0 7vii4 #i72 ! same tru? is taught 9 v]ses #bc1 #bi ( ! same *apt]2 b ! resurrection is n only t ( ! _s1 b ( ! body also2 9 ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! ?ird son x says3 8,& :5 he 0 told to put out 8 tongue1 he did s at once1 /ret*+ =? 8 h&s c\rage\sly1 ) ! noble words1 ,^! ,i _h f heav52 = ,8 "n's sake ,i c\nt !m n\ght2 f ,him ,i hope to get !m back aga90 7vii4 #aj1 #aa2 see also xiv4 #df74 ,x is taught1 fur!r1 t = ! wick$ !re is no resurrection1 ?us ! f\r? son speaks ?us to ! k+3 8',tis meet = ^? :o p]i% at m5's h&s to *]i% hope div9e t !y %all be rais$ up by ,god aga92 b ?\--?\ %alt h no resurrection to life0 7vii4 #ad1 s too 9 v]se #cf74 ,! belief 9 ! resurrection is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passage3 8444 ,9 ?is he act$ q rightly & prop]ly1 be>+ 9 m9d ! resurrection--= if he _h n expect$ ! fall5 to rise aga91 x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s & fooli% to pray = ! dead--& hav+ reg>d to ! spl5d\r ( ! graci\s rew>d :i* is res]v$ = ^? :o h fall5 asleep 9 godl9ess2 a holy & pi\s consid]ation0 7xii4 #dc-de74 ,x w ?us be se5 t we h 9 ?is book a v advanc$ doctr9e ( ! future life4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,b>u* two isolat$ ref]5ces to ! future life occur1 & "h ! tea*+ is ! same z ord9>ily f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 8444 ! dead t are 9 ! grave1 ^: brea? is tak5 f _! bodies1 w give unto ! ,"l nei!r glory nor righte\sness0 7ii4 #ag1 cp4 iii4 #ai74 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras !re is an extraord9>y weal? ( mat]ial reg>d+ ! future life2 ?is is mo/ly conf9$ to ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 portion & ! ,r$actor's additions--x is !re=e to ^! t we re/rict ourselves4 ,= cle>ness' sake x w be be/ to deal ) ! subject "u ! ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,! ,resurrection1 7#b7 ,! ,int]m$iate /ate1 7#c7 ,! ,judgem5t2 !re are "s subsidi>y po9ts :i* w be t\*$ ^u incid5tally4 7#a7 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection z taught 9 ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse0 is n altoge!r consi/5t2 x is n q easy to und]/& h[ ! writ] conceiv$ ( ! resurrection1 = x c sc>cely h be5 ! resurrection ( ! body :i* he ?\ght ( s9ce ?is is reg>d$ z altoge!r corruptible2 ?us1 9 speak+ ( ! future life ( ^? :o h kept ! ways ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 he says t 8!y %all be sep>at$ f ?is corruptible vessel0 7vii4 #hh71 & 9 ! _w to come 8!y rejoice t !y h n[ escap$ :at is corruptible1 & t !y %all inh]it t :i* is to come0 7vii4 #if72 t ! body is meant by 8:at is corruptible0 is cle> f v]se #ajj1 :]e ! se] asks3 8,%all "t1 !re=e1 be giv5 unto ! s\ls aft] !y are sep>at$ f ! bodies44480 ,lat] 9 ! book 7ix4 #cf7 x is said aga93 8,we :o h receiv$ ! ,law & s9n$ mu/ p]i%1 toge!r ) our he>t1 :i* has tak5 x 940 ,add$ to ?is is ! fact t ?is writ]1 unlike ! ,r$actor ( ! book 7see bel[71 nev] speaks ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 :i* "o w\ld rightly look = _h he believ$ 9 ?is2 nor is !re any m5tion ( ! s\l be+ re-unit$ to ! body2 b he looks ^u ! body z belong+ :olly to ?is corruptible1 mat]ial _w2 he def9itely contra/s ! spiritual ) ! mat]ial1 ! two are mutually antagoni/ic3 8,h[ %\ld x be possible = a mortal 9 a corruptible _w to und]/& ! ways ( ! ,incorruptible80 7iv4 #aa74 ,:]eas 9 ! _w to come 8corruption is =gott50 7viii4 #ec74 ,yet1 9 spite ( :at has be5 said1 x w\ld seem t ! writ] mu/ h pictur$ to himself a body ( "s k9d 9 ! _w to come1 = 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate 7to :i* we %all ref] pres5tly7 he mu/1 app>5tly1 h believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( bodies4 ,! conclusion "o is l$ to is ?is3 ! writ] believ$ t ! mat]ial body became :olly annihilat$ at dea?2 b t ! s\l1 :5 releas$ f x1 assum$ a non-mat]ial body 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate1 & t ?is body did n und]go any fur!r *ange at ! ,judgem5t2 x 0 non-mat]ial 7x is difficult to "k h[ else to express x2 8spiritual0 does n seem ! "r ^w to use 9 view ( :at is said ab\t ! body 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate7--x 0 non-mat]ial1 & !re=e incorruptible1 immortal2 & = ?is reason no fur!r *ange c\ld take place 9 x at ! f9al ,judgem5t1 = x w\ld !n be fit = ! new _w to be creat$ 7cp4 vii4 #ge74 ,"o is1 !re=e1 l$ to assume t ! resurrection takes place almo/ imm$iately aft] dea?1 i4e4 at ! end ( ! sev5 days ( 8fre$om10 or 8re/10 :i*1 accord+ to vii4 #aja1 int]v5e betwe5 ! end ( ?is life & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,int]m$iate /ate1 & !re=e be=e ! ,judgem5t4 ,z to :e!r ! wick$1 z well z ! righte\s1 rise "o _c speak ) c]ta9ty1 ! implication seems to be t ?is is n s1 b no def9ite pron\ncem5t is made on ?is po9t2 cp4 ! foll[+ words :i* are put into ! m\? ( ,god3 8,=1 inde$1 ,i w n conc]n myself ab\t ! creation ( ^? :o h s9n$1 or _! dea?1 judgem5t1 or p]dition2 b ,i w rejoice r ov] ! creation ( ! righte\s1 ov] _! pilgrimage also1 & _! salvation1 & _! recomp5se0 7viii4 #ch1 #ci74 7#b7 ,reg>d+ ! ,int]m$iate /ate1 m9ute details are giv51 b ! ma9 po9ts are ^!2 9 vii4 #gh-hg ! lot ( ! wick$ is ?us describ$3 8,:5 ! decisive decree has gone =? f ! ,mo/ ,high t ! man %\ld die1 z ! s\l f ! body dep>ts1 t x may return to ,him ,:o gave x1 to adore ! glory ( ! ,mo/ ,high fir/ ( all2--if x be "o ( ^? t h scorn$1 & h n kept1 ! ways ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & h despis$ ,8 ,law1 & t hate ^? :o fe> ,god1 su* s\ls %all n ent] into habitations1 b %all w&] ab\t h5ce=? 9 torture1 ev] griev+ & sad1 9 sev5 ways40 ,^! ways are !n describ$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! lot ( ! righte\s is z foll[s3 8,( ^?1 h[ev]1 :o h kept ! ways ( ! ,mo/ ,high ?is is ! ord]1 :5 !y %all be sep>at$ f ?is vessel ( mortality4444 ,fir/ ( all !y %all see ) great joy ! glory ( ,him ,:o receives !m2 & !y %all re/ 9 sev5 ord]s 44402 ^! ord]s are !n describ$2 ( ! sev5? x is said t x 8exce$s all ! a=esaid2 !y %all rejoice ) boldness1 be confid5t )\t confusion1 be glad )\t fe>2 = !y are ha/5+ to behold ! face ( ,him ,:om 9 life !y s]v$1 & f ,:om !y are de/9$ to receive _! rew>d 9 glory4 ,?is is ! ord] ( ! s\ls ( ! righte\s 4440 7vii4 #hh-ii74 ,z to ! duration ( ?is ,int]m$iate /ate we are giv5 no details4 7#c7 ,at ! close ( ! ,int]m$iate /ate comes ! ,judgem5t2 b "h aga9 !re is "s ambiguity1 = f vii4 #aac1 #aad we le>n t 8! ,day ( ,judgem5t %all be ! end ( ?is age & ! beg9n+ ( ! et]nal age t is to come1 :]e9 corruption is pass$ away1 weakness is aboli%$ 44402 b ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! idea t corruption passes away ) dea? 7vii4 #hh71 i4e4 t ! ,int]m$iate /ate is ! beg9n+ ( ! age to come4 ,does ! writ] conceive ( ! new age1 ! age ( incorruption & et]nity1 z beg9n+ imm$iately aft] dea?1 or at ! ,judgem5t8 ,if ! =m]1 !n x agrees ) :at he1 presumably1 believes reg>d+ ! resurrection :i* likewise takes place imm$iately aft] dea?2 b if ! latt]1 !n ! ,int]m$iate /ate is left out ( reckon+4 ,9 ei!r case ! tea*+ is inconsi/5t2 evid5tly ! writ]'s own m9d is n cle> on ! subject4 ,^u o!r po9ts !re is1 h[ev]1 no want ( def9it5ess2 ?us1 :at ! righte\s & ! wick$ h respectively exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate is only a =eta/e ( :at w be enorm\sly increas$ at ! ,judgem5t1 = ! righte\s _! happ9ess1 = ! wick$ _! torm5t4 ,! writ] is v /rong 9 insi/+ t on ! ,day ( ,judgem5t no int]cession ( ! righte\s w avail on behalf ( ! wick$4 ,! se] asks 8:e!r 9 ! ,day ( ,judgem5t ! righte\s %all be able to int]c$e = ! ungodly1 or to intreat ! ,mo/ ,high 9 _! behalf 44402 & ! reply is3 8444 s %all none !n pray = ano!r on t ,day1 nei!r %all "o lay a burd5 on ano!r2 = !n e "o %all be> 8 own righte\sness or unrighte\sness 4440 7vii4 #ajb-aae74 ,9 ! o!r p>ts ( ?is book ^! subjects are only slightly dealt )2 b !re is "s important tea*+ 9 ^? portions :i* h probably be5 add$ by ! ,r$actor4#cci ,he believes 9 a g5]al resurrection 7at any rate he makes no di/9ction betwe5 good & bad7 ( ! body1 & ?\gh he does n specifically m5tion ! ,int]m$iate /ate he evid5tly holds ! same belief reg>d+ ?is z ! orig9al writ]3 8,! e>? %all re/ore ^? t sleep 9 h]1 & ! du/ ^? t are at re/ !re92 & ! *amb]s %all re/ore ! s\ls t 7 committ$ unto !m0 7vii4 #cb74 ,"h !re is ?us a cle> ref]5ce to ! re-union ( s\l & body1 b ! "t at :i* ?is takes place is at ! beg9n+ ( a new age :i* w beg9 sev5 days aft] ! close ( ! ,messianic ,age4 ,! ,r$actor1 9 seek+ to comb9e ! es*atology ( ! individual ) t ( ! nation1 pres5ts ! c\rse ( ! f9al ev5ts 9 a diff]5t way1 ?us3 8,=1 behold1 days come--& x %all be :5 ! signs :i* ,i h =etold unto !e i4e4 ! ,messianic ,woes %all come to pass--!n %all ! city t is n[ invisible i4e4 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem appe>1 & ! l& :i* is n[ conceal$ i4e4 ! heav5ly ,p>adise be se54 ,& :osoev] is deliv]$ f ! pr$ict$ evil1 ! same %all see ,my wond]s4 ,= ,my ,son1 ! ,messiah1 %all be reveal$1 toge!r ) ^? :o are ) ,him1 & %all rejoice ! survivors f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,& x %all be1 aft] ^! ye>s1 t ,my ,son ! ,messiah %all die1 & all 9 :om !re is human brea?4 ,!n %all ! _w be turn$ into ! primval sil5ce sev5 days1 l z 9 ! fir/ beg9n+s1 s t no man is left4 ,& x %all be aft] sev5 days t ! ,age :i* is n yet awake1 %all be r\s$1 & t :i* is corruptible %all p]i%0 7vii4 #bf-ca72 !n foll[s ! passage ab\t ! resurrection quot$ above1 & x cont9ues 7v]ses #cc ff473 8,& ! ,mo/ ,high %all be reveal$ ^u ! ?rone ( judgem5t2 & !n come? ! end4444 ,& recomp5se %all foll[1 & ! rew>d be made manife/2 de$s ( righte\sness %all awake1 & de$s ( iniquity %all n sleep4 ,& !n %all ! pit ( torm5t appe>2 & ov] aga9/ x ! place ( refre%m5t4 ,! furnace ( ,geh5na %all be made manife/1 & ov] aga9/ x ! ,p>adise ( delight4 ,& !n ! ,mo/ ,high %all say to ! nations t h be5 rais$ 7f ! dead73 ,look n[1 & consid] ,:om ye h d5i$1 ,:om ye h n s]v$1 ,^: comm&m5ts ye h despis$6 ,look1 n[1 be=e y3 "h delight & refre%m5t1 !re fire & torm5ts44440 ,"h1 !n1 we h an es*atological s*eme q diff]5t f t ( ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse02 ! ,messianic ,age is prec$$ by ! signs1 or woes2 !n ! ,messiah is reveal$ & ,8 k+dom la/s f\r hundr$ ye>s2 at ! end ( ?is p]iod all fle%1 includ+ ! ,messiah1 dies1 & ! _w is plung$ 9 primval sil5ce = sev5 days2 !n comes ! ,resurrection1 a bodily resurrection1 9 :i* all m51 ,g5tile & ,jew1 ungodly & godly1 p>take2 ?is is imm$iately foll[$ by ! ,judgem5t :i* u%]s 9 ! ,new ,age4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,book ( ,wisdom we note t !re is no resurrection ( body taught "h2 ?is foll[s naturally f ! writ]'s doctr9e ( ! inh]5t evil ( matt]4 ,! only immortality is t ( ! s\l1 & ?is is ga9$ ?r\gh 8k9%ip unto wisdom03 ,:5 ,i consid]$ ^! ?+s 9 myself1 ,& took ?\ght 9 my he>t h[ t 9 k9%ip unto wisdom is immortality1 ,& 9 h] fri5d%ip is good delight4444 ,i w5t ab\t seek+ h[ to take h] unto myself 7viii4 #ag1 #ah72 s t immortality beg9s on ?is e>?4 ,! ,judgem5t takes place imm$iately aft] dea?2 ! writ] describes fully ! lot 9 ! future life res]v$ respectively = ! righte\s & ! ungodly2 9 ! beautiful & well-kn[n passage 7iii4 #a-i7 ! bless$ness ( ! righte\s is describ$ 9 ?is way3 ,b ! s\ls ( ! righte\s are 9 ! h&s ( ,god1 ,& no torm5t %all t\* !m 444 ,b !y are 9 peace4 ,= ?\gh 9 ! sight ( m5 !y be puni%$1 ,_! hope is full ( immortality 444 7iii4 #a-i74 ,( ! ungodly x is said1 on ! o!r h&3 ,b ! ungodly %all be requit$ ev5 z !y reason$1 ,!y :i* lightly reg>d$ ! righte\s man1 & revolt$ f ! ,"l 444 ,& void is _! hope1 & _! toils unpr(itable1 ,& useless are _! works 444 7iii4 #aj ff474 ,& aga9 9 *apt] v4 ! contra/ h]eaft] betwe5 ! righte\s & ! unrighte\s is told 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,b ! righte\s %all live = ev]1 ,& ! ,"l is _! rew>d1 ,& ! c>e = !m ) ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,!re=e %all !y receive a glori\s k+dom1 ,& a diadem ( beauty f ! ,"l's h& 444 7v4 #ae ff472 b ! ungodly1 on see+ ! bless$ness ( ! righte\s1 w be greatly tr\bl$3 ,:5 !y see x !y %all be tr\bl$ ) t]rible fe>1 ,& %all be amaz$ at ! m>vel ( ,8 salvation 444 ,bitt] remorse takes hold ( !m z !y review _! =m] godless life & see t !y h n[ no fur!r hope3 ,because ! hope ( ! ungodly is l *aff c>ri$ (f by ! w9d 7see v4 #a-ad74 ,b 9 reg>d to ! ,judgem5t ! writ] ( ,wisdom is n consi/5t1 = 9 iii4 #h x is said3 ,!y i4e4 ! righte\s %all judge nations1 & h dom9ion ov] peoples2 ,& ! ,"l %all reign ov] !m = ev]more4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 v4 #ag-bc1 !re is an entirely diff]5t es*atological conception3 ,he i4e4 ,jehovah %all take ,8 jeal\sy z complete arm\r1 ,& %all make ! :ole creation ,8 weapons ( v5geance on ,8 enemies 4442 ?is is all describ$ ) great vividness 9 ! v]ses :i* foll[4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! au?or 7 acqua9t$ ) m ?an "o ,jewi% es*atological s*eme1 & utiliz$ !m1 b )\t realiz+ t !y 7 inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,see fur!r above1 section 7e71 on ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,accord+ to ?is book1 !n1 !re is no ,int]m$iate /ate2 if "o c speak ( a ,resurrection at all x is only 9 ref]5ce to ! s\l2 z ! s\l is immortal bo? ! righte\s & ! ungodly live h]eaft]2 ! righte\s 9 bliss ! ungodly 9 torm5t ( a purely spiritual k9d 7see iv4 #ai1 v4 #b1 xvii4 #ba72 x is n said :]e ! sc5e ( ! ,judgem5t is4 ,! writ]1 x w ?us be se51 dep>ts widely f ,pale/9ian ,jewi% belief on ?is subject1 b he is n ignorant ( x2 ?\gh a ,jew1 8 ,hell5i/ic ca/e ( m9d makes x impossible = him to accept ! ,jewi% position4 7g7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,angels4 ,! nature ( ! cont5ts ( ,ecclesia/icus is su* t "o does n look = mu* ref]5ce to angels2 nev]!less1 9 two passages !re is a di/9ct m5tion ( !m1 viz4 xlii4 #af 7#ag73 ,god's holy ones h n ! p[] ,to rec\nt ,8 wondr\s works ( might2 ,?\gh ,god ha? giv5 /r5g? to ,8 ho/s ,to endure 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory 7s ! ,hebrew74 ,! mean+ ( ! passage is t ev5 ! 8holy ones0 7i4e4 angels1 z 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #a4 b see ,driv]'s ,deut]onomy1 p4 #cib1 ,job v4 #a1 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #g1 & (t5 9 ! apocalyptic books7 are unable to rec\nt ,god's m>vell\s works ?\gh1 by means ( special /r5g? giv5 to !m1 !y /& 9 ,8 v pres5ce4 ,! o!r passage is xliii4 #bf3 ,?r\gh ,him ,8 angel prosp]e?1 ,& at ,8 ^w :at ,he wills is done4 ,! ,hebrew text "h is a little unc]ta91 b t a ref]5ce to angels is int5d$ is probable because ! :ole passage ( :i* ?is is ! conclud+ v]se is bas$ ^u ,psalm civ4 #a ff41 v]se #d ( :i* runs3 8,:o make? ,8 angels ( ! w9ds1 ,8 m9i/]s ( ! flam+ fire40 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit ! angel ,raphael#cdj plays an important "p2 9 xii4 #ae he says ( himself3 8,i am ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 holy angels1 :i* pres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 & g 9 be=e ! glory ( ! ,holy ,"o0 7cp4 also v]se #ab74 ,?is angel is s5t f ,god1 accord+ to iii4 #g1 to heal ,tobit's bl9dness1 & to br+ ab\t ! m>riage betwe5 ,tobit's son ,tobias & ,s>ah1 ! daught] ( ,raguel1 by b9d+ ,asmodeus ! evil _s 7cp4 vi4 #aj-ag74 ,he accompanies ,tobias on 8 j\rney to ,m$ia1 & ?us appe>s z a gu>dian angel4 ,! angelic ho/ is ref]r$ to 9 viii4 #ae3 8,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,god1 ) all pure & holy bless+2 & let ,?y sa9ts bless ,!e1 & all ,?y creatures2 & let all ,?9e angels & elect bless ,!e = ev]40 ,!re is no m5tion ( angels 9 ! ,book ( ,judi?2 b 9 ! ,additions to ,daniel !re are sev]al ref]5ces2 ?us 9 ! 8,pray] ( ,az>iah10 v]ses #bf1 #bg1 x is said3 8,b ! angel ( ! ,"l came d[n into ! furnace toge!r ) ,az>iah & 8 fell[s1 & he drove ! flame ( ! fire out ( ! furnace1 & made ! mid/ ( ! furnace z x _h be5 a moi/ :i/l+ w9d1 s t ! fire t\*$ !m n at all1 nei!r hurt nor tr\bl$ !m40 ,9 8,susanna10 aga91 ! activity ( angels is ref]r$ to 9 v]ses #dd1 #de 7,septuag9t ,v]sion71 :]e ! angel ( ! ,"l is said to h be/[$ 8a _s ( disc]nm5t0 ^u ,daniel2 also 9 v]se #ee 7,septuag9t ,v]sion71 :]e ! angel ( ! ,"l is ab\t to 8cleave ! s\l0 ( "o ( ! crim9als br\ght be=e ,daniel2 &1 once m1 x is an angel :o c>ries out ! s5t5ce aga9/ ! two eld]s3 8,!n ! angel ( ! ,"l ca/ fire 9 ! mid/ ( !m0 7v]se #fb74 ,9 ,!odotion's ,v]sion ! angel ( ! ,"l is ref]r$ to 9 v]ses #ee1 #ei1 & is spok5 ( 9 ea* case z ! av5g+ angel4 ,!n1 aga91 9 8,bel & ! ,dragon10 v]ses #cd-ci1 !re is ! curi\s /ory ( h[ ! angel ( ! ,"l took up ! prophet ,habakkuk by ! hair & transport$ him f ,judah to ,babylon 9 ord] t he might give food to ,daniel 9 ! lion's d54 ,9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses ! angelic ho/ is spok5 ( 9 v]se #ae3 8,= all ! ho/ ( heav5 do? s+ ,?y praise40 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy1 v]se #g1 a gu>dian angel is spok5 ( z be+ ) ! captives 9 ,babylon4 ,! belief 9 angels is incid5tally ref]r$ to 9 ! ,additions to ,e/h] 7,f\r? ,addition1 xv4 #ac 9 ,r4,v471 :]e ,e/h] comp>es ! k+ to an angel ( ,god4 ,a some:at fanta/ic repres5tation ( ! activity ( angels is giv5 9 ?ree passages 9 #b ,maccabees2 9 iii4 #bd ff4 !re is an acc\nt ( h[ ! attempt ( ,seleucus & ,heliodorus to take ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 fru/rat$2 on _! rea*+ ! treasury 8! ,sov]eign ( spirits & all au?ority prep>$ a great app>ition1 s t all :o _h presum$ to ent] 7 /rick5 ) dismay at ! p[] ( ,god1 & fa9t$ ) %e] t]ror4 ,= !re appe>$ to !m a horse ) a t]rible rid]1 & x 0 deck$ 9 magnific5t trapp+s1 & ru%+ fi]cely =w>d x /ruck at ,heliodorus ) its =efeet4 ,& ! rid] seem$ to be arm$ ) a gold5 panoply4 ,two y\?s also appe>$ be=e ,heliodorus1 rem>kable = _! /r5g?1 glori\sly h&some1 & spl5didly array$1 :o /ood by him on ei!r side1 & sc\rg$ him unceas+ly1 inflict+ on him _m sore /ripes44440 ,aga91 9 xi4 #f-aj1 ,god is bes\ght 8to s5d a good angel to save ,israel02 ! pray] is he>d1 & 8a rid] appe>$ at _! head1 9 :ite app>el1 br&i%+ weapons ( gold02 ow+ to 8 help ! ,israelites w9 ! battle4 ,la/ly1 9 xv4 #aa-af belief 9 angels seems to be connect$ ) dreams2 = ,maccabu rec\nts ! foll[+ 8reliable dream10 :i* has ! effect ( greatly enc\rag+ ! p3 8,onias1 ! =m] high-prie/1 a good & great man1 ( /ately be>+ yet graci\s 9 mann]1 well-spok51 & tra9$ f *ildhood 9 all po9ts ( virtue--,onias1 ) out-/ret*$ h&s1 invok+ bless+s on ! :ole body ( ! ,jews2 !n ano!r man 9 ! same attitude1 conspicu\s by 8 grey hairs & spl5d\r1 & inve/$ ) m>vell\s1 maje/ic dignity4 ,?is1 ,onias expla9$ to him1 is ! lov] ( ! bre?r51 = he praye? f]v5tly = ! p & ! holy city1 ,j]emiah ! prophet ( ,god4 ,& ,j]emiah held out 8 "r h& to pres5t ,judas ) a gold5 sword1 & z he gave x he address$ him ?us3 ,take ?is holy sword z a gift f ,god1 & ) x ?\ %alt cru% ! foe40 ,no o!r books ref] to angels until we come to #b 7#d7 ,esdras4 ,a greatly develop$ angelology appe>s 9 ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse02 we mu/ cont5t ourselves "h ) an outl9e ( ?is only4 ,at ! head ( ! angelic ho/ /& sev5 ar*angels2 ( ^! only two are m5tion$ 9 ?is book1 viz4 ,j]emiel1 :o gu>ds ! s\ls ( ! righte\s 9 ! *amb]s :]e !y are await+ ! f9al judgem5t & resurrection 7iv4 #cc-cg7cda2 & ,uriel1 :o is s5t to ! se] 9 ord] to %[ him ! inscrutability ( ,god's ways 7iv4 #a-aa74 ,else:]e angels are ref]r$ to z speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 e4g4 vii4 #acj2 !y are in/ant 9 fulfill+ ,god's comm&s1 :atsoev] ^! may be3 ,be=e ,:om heav5's ho/s /& trembl+4 ,& at ,?y ^w *ange to w9d & fire 7viii4 #ba72 & _! p[] is mu* re/rict$3 8,z = me1 ,i am unwise & p[]less2 h[ !n %\ld ,i essay to speak ( ^! ?+s ( :i* ?\ que/ione/ me80 7v4 #ci74 ,?r\gh\t ?is apocalypse x is by angelic ag5cy t ,god communicates ) ! se]4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom ! po9t ( int]e/ is t ! place ( angels is tak5 by ,wisdom1 or by ! ,^w1 ! developm5t ( doctr9e hav+ elim9at$ angelology altoge!r2 ?us1 9 x4 #ag1 #ah x is said ( ,wisdom t3 ,%e r5d]$ unto holy m5 a rew>d ( _! toils2 ,%e guid$ !m along a m>vell\s way1 ,& became unto !m a cov]+ 9 ! daytime1 ,& a light ( />s ?r\gh ! night4444 ,"h ,wisdom has tak5 ! place ( ! 8angel ( ,god0 9 ,exodus xiv4 #ai4 ,aga91 9 xviii4 #ae1 #af x is said3 ,?9e all-p[]ful ,^w leap$ f heav5 d[n f ! royal ?rone1 ,a /]n w>rior1 into ! mid/ ( ! doom$ l&1 ,be>+ z a %>p sword ?9e unfeign$ comm&m5t1 ,& /&+1 fill$ all ?+s ) dea?2 ,& :ile x t\*$ ! heav5 x trode ^u ! e>?4 ,"h ! ,logos has tak5 ! place ( ! av5g+ angel1 = x is evid5t t ! writ] _h #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #ae1 #af 9 8 m9d3 8444 ,& ,david lift$ up 8 eyes1 & saw ! angel ( ! ,"l /& betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 hav+ a drawn sword 9 8 h&40 ,?is allegoriz+ is :at "o w\ld naturally look = 9 ,wisdom4 7h7 ,demonology4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re is any ref]5ce to demons 9 ,ecclesia/icus2 possibly1 h[ev]1 xxxix4 #bh-ca conta9s su* a ref]5ce4#cdb ,9 ,tobit iii4 #h m5tion is made ( ,asmodeus1 8! evil demon10 :o slays m52 ! angel1 h[ev]1 has p[] to 8unb9d0 him f p 7iii4 #ag1 viii4 #c71 ?\gh app>5tly ! mo/ efficaci\s way ( gett+ rid ( him is by burn+ ! liv] & he>t ( a fi% on inc5se :i* drives ! demon away 7vi4 #ag1 viii4 #c74 ,! only o!r ref]5ce to demons is 9 ,b>u* iv4 #ce1 :]e x is said t !y are to inhabit ! desolate city 8= a great "t40 ,x is wor? po9t+ out1 f9ally1 t 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 :ile !re is no demonology 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 !re is a belief 9 ! devil3 ,b by ! envy ( ! devil dea? ent]$ into ! _w1 ,& !y t belong to 8 realm exp]i5ce x 7ii4 #bd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,reg>d+ ! importance = ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! doctr9es :i* h be5 consid]$ see ! respective sections ( ! diff]5t introductions to ! books ( ! ,apocrypha 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,summ>y ,! books ( ! ,apocrypha conta9 only "p ( ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! lit]ature f :i* !y h be51 q arbitr>ily1 di/+ui%$4 ,x is n possible "h to consid] all ! works :i* mu/ be consult$ = a complete /udy ( ! p]iod ) :i* we are deal+1 b 9 re/rict+ ourselves to ! ,apocrypha !re is ?is comp5sation1 t ! m important ( its books 7 recogniz$ by (ficial ,judaism z conta9+ good or?odox tea*+1 s t !y supply a useful f\ndation = fur!r /udy ( ! developm5t ( doctr9e4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 = ?\gh ! books ( ! ,apocrypha af=d a g5]al crit]ion z to or?odox ,jewi% tea*+ f #bjj ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #ajj1 !y are 9 "s respects inadequate4 ,x mu/ aga9 be emphasiz$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t is n ! sole backgr\nd ( ! ,apocryphal books 9 ! doma9 ( doctr9e3 !re h be5 m>k$ ,p]sian & ,greek influ5ces 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,! ma9 curr5t ( ,pale/9ian ,judaism 0 affect$ by ^!1 :ile ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion 9 its turn 0 influ5c$ by bo? ,p]sian & ,greek ?\ght1 & ! effect ( all ?is is traceable 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,! tea*+ ( ! v>i\s books mu/ also be foll[$ 9 *ronological ord]2 !re are diff]5ces ( op9ion z to actual dates1 b !re is approximate unanimity z to ! c5turies to :i* ! books1 9 almo/ all cases1 belong4 ,9 "s in/ances diff]5t p>ts ( a book belong to diff]5t times1 z w be se5 f ! ,*ronological ,table 7p4 #cbj74 ,= discussions ( ! dates1 see ! ,introductions 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! doctr9e ( ,wisdom 0 consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii2 "h we h to deal ) ! doctr9es ( ,god1 ( ! ,law1 ( ,s91 ( ,grace & ,free-w1 ( ! ,messiah1 ( ! ,future ,life1 ( ,angels1 & ) ,demonology2 ^! _c always be kept sep>ate1 z "o leads into ano!r4 ,only cursory m5tion w be made ( ^? po9ts :]e ! tea*+ is id5tical ) t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! cases ! *>act]i/ic =m 9 :i* a doctr9e is exhibit$ w be not$1 ! ma9 object is to %[ 9 :at respects ! books ( ! ,apocrypha %[ an advance1 or x may be a retrogression1 9 doctr9e z comp>$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7a7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god4 ,ecclesia/icus treats ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 ! ,creator ( all2 ,8 et]nity & omnipot5ce1 ,8 activity 9 nature1 ,8 wisdom1 hol9ess1 ju/ice1 lov+-k9dness1 & m]cy1 ,8 fa!rhood ( ,israel & sometimes ( all fle% 7see xlii4 #ae-xliii4 #cc74 ,"h ! inspiration is drawn l>gely f ! ,psalms1 b 9 xlii4 #af1 & xliii4 #bh-cb1 ,b5-,sira seems to g beyond any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,no book ( ! ,apocrypha has su* a v>iety ( names = ,god z ,tobit1 :i* is also di/+ui%$ by a doctr9e ( angelic m$iation & a univ]sali/ic _s :i* is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ,judi?4 ,9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses great /ress is laid on ! ,div9e compassion4 ,9 ! second>y text ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* is a ,ph>isaic rec5sion ( ! "w1 ! great *>act]i/ic is t religi\s individualism :i* did s mu* to fo/] spiritual wor%ip4 ,! height5$ expression ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ,8 pi\s ones :i* ! m ard5t religi\s temp]am5t ( ! ,ph>isees dem&$ c be illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( i4 #ab1 & xvii4 #bj1 ) ! l9es :i* imm$iately foll[ 9 ei!r in/ance4 ,?is _s reappe>s 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,9 ! orig9al text ( #a ,maccabees all m5tion ( ! "n ( ,god is delib]ately avoid$2 once or twice1 z 9 iii4 #ah1 a true fai? 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god is express$1 & n infrequ5tly !re is tru/ 9 ,god z ! ,god ( ,israel ,:o w help ,8 p aga9/ _! foes4 ,9 all ?ree ( ! docum5ts :i* make up ,b>u*1 /ress is laid on ,god's guidance ( ,israel's de/9y1 & 9 ! portion1 iv4 #e-v4 #i1 ! ,div9e compassion is con/antly recall$4 #b 7#d7 ,esdras repres5ts ! be/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,god3 ! ,unity ( ,god1 ,8 ,creator%ip )\t any m$iatorial ag5cy1 ,israel z ! *os5 nation ) :i* ,god has ent]$ into a cov5ant relation1 are all insi/$ ^u by ! writ]1 ^: fai? 9 ,god1 & conviction t ,8 love is = ,8 p1 rema9s1 ?\gh he is pres5t$ ) problems :i* are insoluble = man4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom ! religi\s atmosph]e is to a l>ge ext5t ali5 to t ( ,pale/9e3 ! pres5tm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,god is entirely diff]5t 9 its two p>ts1 :e!r ^! are by two diff]5t au?ors or by "o writ+ at diff]5t times 9 8 life4 ,! fir/ "p 7ii4-xi4 #a7 is m ,greek ?an ,jewi%1 ! idea ( ,god is t ( ,greek philosophy3 a transc5d5t ,god ,:o has no imm$iate contact ) ! _w1 b p]=ms ,8 w ?r\gh an int]m$i>y1 :o is ,wisdom4 ,9 ! second "p ,god is aga9 & aga9 spok5 ( z int]f]+ p]sonally 9 mundane affairs1 & 9 o!r respects also ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e is repres5t$1 z 9 ! ne$ ( "r wor%ip1 & ! m]cy & ju/ice ( ,god4 7b7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,law4 ,! /ress laid 9 ,ecclesia/icus on ! importance ( ! ,law1 f bo? e?ical & ritual po9ts ( view1 %[s ?is "w to be a valuable l9k betwe5 ! ,judaism ( po/-exilic times & ,rabb9ical ,judaism4 ,! ,law is et]nal & div9e1 & its pre-exi/5ce is impli$ 9 its id5tification ) ,wisdom4 ,s f> z is kn[n ?is id5tification occurs "h = ! fir/ "t1 b ! way x is tak5 = grant$ %[s t x _c h be5 :olly new4 ,! insi/5ce on ! ne$ ( obs]v+ ! ,law is *>act]i/ic ( ?is book1 z is ! tea*+ on ! _s 9 :i* ! precepts are to be c>ri$ out4 ,9 *apt] xxiv4 #g ff4 ! ,law is only = ,israel4 ,9 ,tobit an e>ne/ zeal = ! ,law is comb9$ ) deep devotion4 ,?is book indicates a developm5t ( legal obs]vances2 pray]1 almsgiv+ & fa/+ are /rongly advocat$1 p>ticul>ly almsgiv+4 ,! laws ( ti!1 m>riage1 hon\r to p>5ts1 keep+ ! fea/s1 purifications & o!rs are inculcat$4 ,?is love = ! ,law1 comb9$ ) wor%ip1 (f]s a f9e illu/ration ( ! truly pi\s ,jew at ?is p]iod4 ,! tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,law 9 ,judi? is /rongly ,ph>isaic2 :ile ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u tru/ 9 ,god & ob$i5ce to ,him1 bo? are %[n by keep+ ! ,law2 only ! practical obs]vance is taught2 !re is no ab/ract conception4 ,! obs]vance ( ,sabba?s1 new moons & fea/s is emphasiz$4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! sacrificial sy/em & ! gifts ( ! p1 & 9 ! poem xvi4 #b-ag ! "r _s 9 (f]+ is ! really important matt]4 ,9 #a ,maccabees !re is reflect$ ! e>ne/ zeal = ! ,law on ! "p ( ! patriots4 ,9 #b ,maccabees mu* /ress is laid ^u legal obs]vances1 & ! :ole attitude t[>ds ! ,law is t ( ! ,ph>isaic s*ool ( ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds4 ,?is also applies to #a 7#c7 ,esdras4 ,9 ! docum5t ,b>u* iii4 #i-;iv4 #d1 :]e ! ,law & ,wisdom are id5tifi$1 exil$ ,israel is told t ! reason ( 8 puni%m5t is ! =sak+ ( ! comm&m5ts ( life1 i4e4 ! ,law4 ,! ,law endures = ev]1 & is app>5tly = ,israel alone4 ,( ! diff]5t portions :i* make up #b 7#d7 ,esdras ! mo/ important 9 ! pres5t connection is ! 8,sala?iel ,apocalypse10 :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! book 7iii4-x47 ,"h x is said1 9 accordance ) lat] ,rabb9ical tea*+1 t ! ,law _h orig9ally be5 giv5 to o!r nations1 by :om x 0 reject$1 :ile ,israel alone _h accept$ x4 ,9 ! o!r portions ( ! book ! ma9 /ress is laid on v5]ation = ! ,law4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom !re is v little on ! subject to be not$1 b ! =eign rul]s are d5\nc$ = n keep+ ! ,law4 7c7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,s94 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus ! preval5ce ( ,s9 9 "o & all is (t5 not$1 & !re is mu* said ab\t its orig94 ,"h ,b5-,sira f9ds a problem too difficult = him4 ,he implies1 ?\gh he h>dly goes s f> z to make ! def9ite ass]tion1 t ! orig9 ( s9 is due to ,god 7xxxiii4 #ac-ae71 b 9 "o important passage he /rongly combats ?is 7xv4 #aa-ac74 ,he traces x back to ! fall ( ,eve1 b no f>!r4 ,he speaks sometimes ( ,s9 z orig9at+ )9 man1 sometimes z be+ ext]nal to him4 ,l ! lat] ,rabbis1 he becomes involv$ 9 inconsi/5cies z soon z he tries to con/ruct a work+ !ory on ! subject4 ,9 8 tea*+ on ! atonem5t = s9s he %[s a great advance on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 add+ almsgiv+ & fa/+ z means ( atonem5t1 & =e%ad[+ ! idea t ,dea? also may be "o4 ,?is la/ idea became ( ev]-increas+ importance ) ! gr[? 9 lat] ,judaism ( ! belief 9 ! resurrection4 ,!re is little t calls = notice 9 ,tobit except a ref]5ce to ! aton+ efficacy ( almsgiv+2 & no?+ 9 ,judi?1 or ! ,additions to ,daniel2 b 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses we f9d ! ?\ght t ! ,patri>*s 7 s9less--an idea develop$ 9 ! lat] ,rabb9ical ,lit]ature 9 connection ) ! 8,treasury ( ,m]it0 ( ! ,fa!rs--& a deep] realization ( s9 ?an is to be f\nd 9 any o!r book ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,9 #b ,maccabees !re is a /rangely p>ticul>i/ic doctr9e ( retribution = ,s94 ,! tea*+ 9 #a 7#c7 ,esdras & ,b>u* is t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ! doctr9e z to ! m]its ( ! ,fa!rs is expressly repudiat$ 9 ,b>u*4 #b 7#d7 ,esdras is important2 especially1 aga91 ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse4 ,"h ! orig9 ( s9 is trac$ to ,adam1 ?\gh its connection ) him is n expla9$2 b ,s9 is reg>d$ z univ]sal1 ea* man clo?+ himself ) ! evil he>t4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom !re is a belief 9 an orig9al /ate ( good1 :i* is s decid$ly contradict$ by a lat] passage 7xii4 #aj1 #aa7 z to emphasize belief 9 a diff]5t au?or%ip = ! two p>ts ( ! book3 on ?is po9t1 z on ! subject ( ,dea?1 x is ! fir/ "p t is important = u1 ! second (f]s no?+ new4 7d7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,grace & ,free-w4 ,a true balance betwe5 ^! two is kept 9 ,ecclesia/icus2 !y are %[n z complem5t>y1 n contradictory1 ?us cont9u+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conc]n+ ! omnipot5ce ( ,god & ! responsibility ( man4 ,simil> tea*+ is f\nd 9 ,tobit4 ,! re/ ( ! books belong+ to ?is c5tury h no?+ t calls = p>ticul> notice1 b 9 ! second>y text ( ,ecclesia/icus ! same balance is f\nd z 9 ! fir/4 ,9 #a ,maccabees mu* m emphasis is laid on ,free-w ?an on ,grace1 ow+ to a gr[+ dis9cl9ation to ascribe action among m5 directly to ,god1 because ( ,8 inexpressible maje/y4 ,9 ! ,additions to ,e/h]1 on ! contr>y1 !re is ?r\gh\t insi/5ce on ! ,div9e activity1 :ile human free-w is sc>cely tak5 into acc\nt2 !re c be no d\bt t ! "o-sid$ emphasis 9 ei!r case 0 prompt$ by ! p>ticul> subject-matt] ( ! book4 ,9 #a ,maccabees !re is v little to note "u ! pres5t head+1 ?\gh /ress is frequ5tly laid ^u ! idea t ! ,jews are "u special protection & guidance4 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras x is aga9 only ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse t claims att5tion2 "h ! writ] is driv5 by 8 deep s5se ( s9fulness & 8 conviction ( man's inability to acquire ju/ification by ! works ( ! ,law1 to look to ,div9e ,grace :]e human w-p[] 0 helpless4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom ! ma9 emphasis is on ,free-w1 ?\gh ! o!r side ( ! tru? is n left out ( sight4 7e7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,! didactic "* ( ,ecclesia/icus acc\nts = ! meagre ref]5ce to ?is doctr9e2 !re is belief 9 a ,messiah :o is to be purely human & ( ! ,h\se ( ,david1 b x is vague 9 ! extreme4 ,! conceptions ( a ,messiah 7 l>gely regulat$ by ! hi/orical circum/ances ( any giv5 p]iod1 & dur+ ! "t ( ,b5-,sira ^! 7 n ( a nature to call =? ,messianic hopes4 ,9 ,tobit ! ,messiah is nev] m5tion$1 b ! r5ovat$ ,j]usalem & ! +a!r+ ( ! disp]s$ ,israelites1 & also ( ! ,g5tiles1 give a picture ( :at corresponds to ! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,no o!r books (f] tea*+ on ! subject until we come to #a ,maccabees1 :]e 8a prophet0 is look$ =2 9 "o passage he is to be ( ,hasmonan l9eage4 ,9 #b ,maccabees !re is no ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 ?\gh !re is to ! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,! only o!r book is ! important apocalypse #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 & "h ! tea*+ is full1 &1 z ! book is ( composite au?or%ip1 v>i\s4 ,9 ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse 7iii4-x471 ! ,messiah is reg>d$ z purely human1 & only 9 ?is portion are ! signs :i* are to prec$e ! ,messianic ,k+dom m5tion$4 ,9 ! eagle vision 7xi4-xii4 #bi71 & ! vision ( ! man ris+ f ! sea 7xiii471 & 9 ! ,ezra leg5d 7xiv471 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah is taught4 ,! ,messianic ,k+dom itself is to be ( limit$ duration1 &1 9 ! eagle vision1 ,g5tiles z well z ,jews are to enjoy x1 b 9 ! vision ( ! man f ! sea ! ,g5tiles are to be :olly de/roy$ by ! ,messiah1 & ,8 k+dom is only = ,8 own p4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom !re is no doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 nor is !re a belief 9 a ,messianic ,k+dom 9 ! ,jewi% ,pale/9ian s5se1 b ! traditional ,jewi% es*atological conceptions are utiliz$ by ! au?or & a glori\s future is believ$ to be res]v$ = ! ,jews4 7f7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,future ,life4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus ! tea*+ on ?is subject is sub/antially ( ! normal ,old ,te/am5t type2 ! corruption ( ! body is look$ ^u z ! end ( man1 ?\gh ! annihilation ( ! _s z well is evid5tly n contemplat$4 ,once or twice dea? is spok5 ( z a re/4 ,! developm5t 9 ?is doctr9e :i* is kn[n to h tak5 place dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 is reflect$ by "s additions4 ,x is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to note t 9 "o or two cases ! ,greek %[s signs ( "s developm5t ( conception :]e 9 ! ,hebrew ! normal ,old ,te/am5t position is ma9ta9$4 ,x is v noticeable t a k9d ( te*nical s5se has become atta*$ to ! ^w 8worm10 z 9 ,m>k ix4 #dh4 ,9 ,tobit ! normal ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e is taught4 ,9 ,judi? ! only ref]5ce is an important "o1 z x witnesses to a developm5t ( ! ?\ght ( ,hades z a place ( puni%m5t4 ,!re is some?+ simil> to ?is 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses4 ,9 ! ,ph>isaic rec5sion ( ,ecclesia/icus words add$ "h & !re %[ a developm5t ( ?\ght z to ! ,future ,life4 ,! next book :i* conta9s ref]5ces to ?is is #b ,maccabees1 & "h an imm5se developm5t has tak5 place2 ,hades is a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$2 b only a tempor>y abode = ! righte\s1 s9ce ! ,resurrection is res]v$ = !m2 & ! ,resurrection is n only ( ! _s1 b ( ! body also4 ,= ! wick$ !re is no resurrection4 ,9 ,b>u* !re are two isolat$ ref]5ces2 & 9 bo? ! tea*+ is t ord9>ily f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras !re is an extraord9>y weal? ( mat]ial1 mo/ly conf9$ to ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse4 ,"h ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection is n altoge!r consi/5t1 & ! writ]'s ?\ght is n q easy to und]/&2 he seems to h believ$ t ! mat]ial body became :olly annihilat$ at dea?1 b ! s\l1 :5 releas$ f x1 assum$ a non-mat]ial body 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate1 & t ?is1 be+ incorruptible1 did n und]go any fur!r *ange at ! ,judgem5t4 ,! ,resurrection app>5tly takes place imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! wick$ rise z well z ! righte\s4 ,m9ute details are giv5 z to ! lot ( ! wick$ & t ( ! righte\s 9 ! ,int]m$iate /ate1 b none z to ! duration ( ?is4 ,at its close comes ! ,judgem5t4 ,"h !re is ! same ambiguity2 ! writ]'s m9d is n cle> :e!r ! age ( incorruption & et]nity is to beg9 imm$iately aft] dea?1 or only at ! ,judgem5t4 ,b !re is no want ( def9it5ess z to ! happ9ess ( ! righte\s & ! torm5t ( ! wick$2 bo? w be enorm\sly increas$ at ! ,judgem5t1 & !n no int]cession ( ! righte\s = ! wick$ w avail4 ,9 ^? portions ( ! book :i* h probably be5 add$ by ! ,r$actor !re is "s important tea*+ z to a g5]al resurrection1 & a re-union ( s\l & body1 :i* is to take place at ! beg9n+ ( a new age sev5 days aft] ! close ( ! ,messianic ,age4 ,?is is "p ( a new es*atological s*eme1 q diff]5t f t ( ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse1 & seek+ to comb9e ! es*atology ( ! individual ) t ( ! nation4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom !re is no resurrection ( ! body2 ! only immortality is t ( ! s\l1 & x beg9s on ?is e>?4 ,judgem5t takes place imm$iately aft] dea?1 & !re is no ,int]m$iate /ate4 ,! bliss ( ! righte\s & ! torm5t ( ! ungodly are ( a purely spiritual k9d4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! au?or 7 acqua9t$ ) m ?an "o ,jewi% es*atological s*eme1 & us$ !m )\t recogniz+ _! inconsi/5cy4 ,he says no?+ z to :]e ! sc5e ( ! ,judgem5t w be laid2 he is n ignorant ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jewi% belief1 b1 be+ ( an ,hell5ic ca/ ( m9d1 he _c accept x4 7g7 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,angels4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus !re are b few ref]5ces2 9 xlii4 #af ! 8holy ones0 are unable to rec\nt ,god's m>vell\s works1 ?\gh /r5g? is giv5 !m to /& 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,9 ,tobit ! angel ,raphael plays an important "p2 he b9ds ,asmodeus1 & appe>s z gu>dian angel to ,tobit on 8 j\rney4 ,! angelic ho/ is ref]r$ to 9 viii4 #ae4 ,!re is no m5tion ( angels 9 ,judi?1 b 9 ! ,additions to ,daniel ! angel ( ! ,"l appe>s 9 ea* ( ! /ories4 ,! angelic ho/ is spok5 ( 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 & a gu>dian angel 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy1 & !re is an incid5tal ref]5ce to angels 9 ! ,additions to ,e/h]4 ,a some:at fanta/ic repres5tation ( ! activity ( angels is giv5 9 #b ,maccabees 9 ! /ories ( ,heliodorus & ( ! rid] lead+ ,israel to battle & ( ! 8reliable dreams0 ( ,maccabu4 ,no o!r books ref] to angels till we come to #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 & "h 9 ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse a greatly develop$ angelology appe>s4 ,at ! head ( ! angelic ho/ /& sev5 ar*angels1 & ,god communicates ) ! se] by means ( ! angels4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom ! place ( ^! is tak5 by ! ,^w or by ,wisdom1 ! developm5t ( doctr9e hav+ "h elim9at$ angelology altoge!r4 7h7 ,demonology4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re is any ref]5ce to demons 9 ,ecclesia/icus2 !re may be "o 9 xxxix4 #ah-ca4 ,9 ,tobit !re is an evil demon :o slays m54 ,! only o!r ref]5ce is 9 ,b>u*2 b 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ?\gh !re is no demonology 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 !re is a belief 9 ! devil4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha ,introductory ,we come n[ to deal ) ! books ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,z f> z possible we %all take ^! 9 *ronological ord]1 ?\gh x w be recogniz$ t c]titude 9 ?is matt] is n to be expect$4 ,!re are diff]5t op9ions reg>d+ ! dates ( mo/ ( ! books1 & 9 "s cases ! data = com+ to a conclusion are too scanty to all[ ( any?+ approa*+ confid5ce 9 ! correctness ( ! date assign$4 ,moreov]1 z to "s ( ! books1 diff]5t p>ts belong to diff]5t p]iods2 ?is c be prov$ ev5 ?\gh "o _c be sure ( ! exact date ( ea* "p4 ,!n !re is ! fur!r difficulty reg>d+ ! "q z to :e!r a p>ticul> book1 z we n[ h x1 approximates to its orig9al =m1 & if !re is reason to believe t ?is is n ! case1 z to ! date ( ! orig9al z well z t ( its pres5t =m4 ,! plan "h foll[$ is to take ! books 9 ! ord] ( ! dates ( _! orig9al =m 7z f> z ?is c be asc]ta9$71 ev5 ?\gh p>ts ( a book belong to a lat] date1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 be notifi$4 ,x w also be wis] to assign a p]iod r ?an a fix$ date1 except+ 9 ! "o case1 t ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :]e ! date ( ! orig9al c be fix$ to )9 a decade or s ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,! books belong+ to a p>ticul> p]iod are put 9 *ronological ord] )9 t p]iod4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ?is3 ,ecclesia/icus1 circa ,b4,c4 #ahj4 ,ph>isaic rec5sion1 ,b4,c4 #ajj-ej4 ,tobit4 ,pre-,maccaban4 ,judi? ,additions to ,daniel 7except+ ,maccaban1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ,pray] ( ,az>ias :i* ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 is pre-,maccaban7 ,re/ ( ,e/h] ,pray] ( ,manasses #a ,maccabees ,po/-,maccaban1 circa ,b4,c4 #aaj4 #a 7#c7 ,esdras ,wisdom4 ,e>lie/ portion middle ( fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 late/ portion beg9n+ ( fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 #b ,maccabees4 ,beg9n+ ( fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b>u* & ! ,ep4 ,incorporates "s e>li] ( ,j]emiah4 ,end ( fir/ mat]ial4 #b 7#d7 ,esdras c5tury ,a4,d4 ,*aps4 i4 ii4 xv4 xvi4 are lat]4 ,9 quotations f ^! books ! translation ( ,dr4 ,*>les & 8 editors#cdc has z a rule1 b n always1 be5 us$4 ,! orig9al texts us$ are3 ,ecclesia/icus3 = ! ,hebrew1 ,sm5d's text 7,die ,wei%eit des ,jesus ,sira*1 ,hebris* und ,deuts*1 #aijf72 = ! ,greek1 ,swete's text 7,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 #ahif71 & ,h>t's text ( ,cod4 #bdh 7,ecclesia/icus1 pp4 #a-ga1 #aiji74 #b 7#d7 ,esdras3 = ! ,lat91 ,b5sly & ,james' text 7,! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra1 pp4 #a-hb1 #ahie74 ,= ! re/ ( ! books1 ,swete's text m5tion$ above4 ,! ,lit]ature giv5 at ! head ( ea* *apt] does n pr(ess to be m ?an a selection4 ,editions ( orig9al texts1 & text-critical discussions1 are n giv51 z ref]5ces to ^! w be f\nd 9 ! ,lit]ature cit$4 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,sira*2 or ,ecclesia/icus ,,lit]ature4--,fritzs*e1 ,die ,wei%eit ,jesus ,sira*s erklrt und b]setzt 7#ahei72 ,ed]%eim1 9 ,wace1 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bci2 ,ryssel1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i4 pp4 #bcj-dge2 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism 7,second ,s]ies71 pp4 #ee-aja 7#aijh72 ,h>t1 ,ecclesia/icus 444 7#aiji72 ,oe/]ley1 ,ecclesia/icus1 9 8,! ,cambridge ,bible0 7#aiab72 ,box & ,oe/]ley1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #bfh-eag4 ,i4 ,,! ,,title ,,( ,,! ,,book 8,ecclesia/icus10 ! "n ) :i* we are mo/ famili>1 gives no indication z to ! cont5ts ( ! book2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ! title :]eby ! book 0 kn[n 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* ev] s9ce ! ?ird c5tury4 ,/4 ,j]ome reta9$ ! famili> title 9 8 ,lat9 ,v]sion ( ! ,bible1 & x has cont9u$ 9 ! ,*ur* ev] s9ce4 ,on acc\nt ( its manifold in/ruction 9 conduct ( life x 0 mu* us$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 especially 9 ! case ( cate*um5s2 ! title1 !re=e1 ( 8,ecclesia/icus0 0 probably giv5 to x because x 0 ! ecclesia/ical or ,*ur* book p> excell5ce4 ,:at ! orig9al title 0 we d n "k2 b 9 mo/ manuscripts ( ! ,greek ,v]sion ! title giv5 is3 8,wisdom ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*02 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion x is3 8,wisdom ( ,b> ,sira40#cdd ,bo? ^! 7 translations f ! ,hebrew1 s t we %all n be f> wrong 9 believ+ t ! orig9al title ran3 8,! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira10 or1 8,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ,b5-,sira40#cde ,! ,greek translator1 9 ! ,prologue to ! book1 speaks ( 8 gr&fa!r 8,jesus0 z ! au?or4 ,9 ! ,talmud ! book is ref]r$ to z3 8,! ,book ( ,b5-,sira02 ! "n 8,jesus0 w\ld h be5 omitt$ by ! ,rabbis = obvi\s reasons4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,8 ,,book ,9 ! ,prologue to ! ,greek ,v]sion ! writ] says t he is ab\t to translate 8 gr&fa!r's "w2 9 ! ,hebrew text ! au?or gives 8 "n1 z we h se52 ?is is also giv5 9 ! subscription2 moreov]1 9 ! ,talmud ! au?or is giv5 z ,b5-,sira4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to believe t ! au?or 0 ,b5-,sira2 & ?is is univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,t he wrote ! :ole ( ! book does n admit ( d\bt2 unity ( au?or%ip is /amp$ ^u ! "w ?r\gh\t4 ,fur!r1 t ! ,greek translation repres5ts sub/antially ! au?or's book :i* 8 gr&son _h be=e him is also practically c]ta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! book repres5ts ! f9al =m :i* ! au?or int5d$ x to h2 :e!r he 0 int]rupt$ 9 8 "w1 or :e!r he di$ be=e he 0 able to sift & arrange 8 mat]ial1 a c>eful /udy ( ! book leaves ! impression t ! au?or left x 9 an incomplete /ate4 ,! ma9 reasons = ?is belief are ?ree3 fir/ly1 9 _m p>ts ( ! book ! mat]ial seems to be ?r[n d[n 9 a some:at *aotic /ate1 :]eas a little obvi\s sift+ w\ld put ?+s "r2 = example3 9 "o section 7xiv4 #bj-xvi4 #bc7 ! foll[+ subjects are dealt ) 9 ?is ord]--! bless$ness ( seek+ ,wisdom :i* is only obta9able by ^? :o fe> ,god2 human free-w2 ! curse ( ungodly *ildr52 ,god's righte\s ang] aga9/ ! wick$2 x is madness to imag9e t "o c avoid ! notice ( ,god & !re=e escape judgem5t because a man is b an atom 9 a b\ndless creation4 ,x is cle> en\gh t "h we h "s subjects :i* w\ld foll[ ^u "o ano!r logically1 only ! sequ5ce is brok5 by ! intrusion ( o!r subjects :i* belong to a diff]5t milieu4 ,a simil> /ate ( affairs occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! book1 :ile 9 _m o!r p>ts1 on ! contr>y1 we h sections 9 :i* !re is a p]fect sequ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,secondly1 ! same subject is treat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! book2 b 9 a well arrang$ s*eme "o w\ld naturally expect ! diff]5t items ( tea*+ on a giv5 subject to be ga!r$ toge!r into a consi/5t :ole2 ?is is (t5 done 9 ! book1 s t :]e we f9d ! contr>y ! natural supposition is t ^? p>ts 9 :i* ! contr>y occurs h n assum$ _! f9al %ape4 ,examples ( ?is are3 on ! curse ( ungodly *ildr51 xvi4 #a-e1 xxii4 #c-f2 on l5d+ & becom+ surety1 viii4 #ab1 #ac1 xxix4 #a-bj2 on fri5d%ip1 vi4 #e-ag1 vii4 #ah1 xii4 #h-ah1 xxii4 #ai-bf1 xxxvii4 #a-f2 conc]n+ ! tongue1 v4 #i-vi4 #a1 xxiii4 #g-ae1 xxviii4 #ac-bf2 on indep5d5ce1 xxix4 #ba-bh1 xxxiii4 #ai-bc2 & a numb] ( o!r examples c\ld be giv54 ,?irdly1 !re is inconsi/5cy ( tea*+ on "o or two c>d9al po9ts ( doctr9e2 ?is is especially s 9 ! case ( ! doctr9e ( ,s92 b z we h already dealt ) ?is 9 an e>li] *apt]#cdf x w be unnecess>y to say any?+ fur!r "h4 ,= ^! reasons1 !re=e1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! book 9 its pres5t =m is n t :i* ! au?or int5d$ x to h f9ally4 ,b5-,sira 0 n only an or?odox ,jew1 b he 0 also a scribe1 & a tea*]4 ,8 gr&son tells u 9 ! ,prologue t 8 gr&fa!r _h devot$ 8 life to ! /udy ( 8! ,law1 ! prophets1 & ! o!r books ( our fa!rs10 & t 8 object 9 do+ s 0 t he might1 by tea*+1 help o!rs to a k ( ! ,law1 z well z 9 c>ry+ out its precepts4 ,b5-,sira's own words be> out ! tru? ( ?is1 = he is evid5tly speak+ f p]sonal exp]i5ce :5 he says3 8,leisure increase? wisdom to ! scribe0 7xxxviii4 #bd72 moreov]1 8 v intimate k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is j :at "o w\ld expect ( a scribe2 ?is k is evid5t on e page ( 8 book1 :i* is saturat$ ) ! ?\ghts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 almo/ ! v words ( :i* occur aga9 & aga92 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( 8 book 7xliv4-l4 #bd7 he s+s ! praises ( all ! great ones ( ,israel1 & %[s h[ he has 8 ,old ,te/am5t at 8 f+]s' ends4 ,be>+ 9 m9d :at is said 9 ! ,prologue1 x is highly probable t ,b5-,sira is ref]r+ to himself z ! true scribe 9 writ+ ! words 9 xxxviii4 #bd-xxxix4 #c2 "h he passes 9 review v>i\s call+s 9 life1 & decl>es t x is n possible = m5 to acquire wisdom if _! "t is tak5 up 9 e>n+ _! livelihood by ^! means2 9 describ+1 !n1 ! mann] 9 :i* he 8:o m$itates 9 ! ,law ( ! ,mo/ ,high0 goes ab\t 8 "w ,b5-,sira sets =? ! m5tal activity ( ! scribe 9 su* a way z to make x c]ta9 t he is imp>t+ ! secrets ( 8 own practice4 ,he says ( su* an "o t he ,se>*e? out ! wisdom ( all ! anci5ts1 ,& is occupi$ ) ! prophets ( old2 ,he he$e? ! disc\rses ( m5 ( r5[n1 ,& ent]e? into ! deep ?+s ( p>ables2 ,he se>*e? out ! hidd5 mean+ ( prov]bs1 ,& is conv]sant ) ! d>k say+s ( p>ables 444 7xxxix4 #a-c74 ,obvi\sly no true man :o _h giv5 himself s :ole-he>t$ly to ! /udy & acquisition ( holy le>n+ w\ld be cont5t to keep x to himself1 & s ,b5-,sira gives u cle>ly to und]/& t he 0 a tea*] e>ne/ly desir\s ( imp>t+ to o!rs :at he himself _h le>n$ ( ,wisdom2 s he cries3 ,turn 9 unto me1 ye unle>n$1 ,& lodge 9 my h\se ( in/ruction2 ,h[ long w ye lack ^! ?+s8 ,& h[ long %all y\r s\l be a?ir/8 ,i op5 my m\? & speak ( h]1 ,acquire ,wisdom = y\rselves )\t money 444 ,he>k5 to my tea*+1 ?\gh ye be b few1 ,& mu* silv] & gold %all ye acquire !reby 7li4 #bc-bh74 ,! similes us$ by ,b5-,sira reg>d+ himself z a successor to tea*]s ( ,wisdom :o _h gone be=e are int]e/+ z %[+ t he claim$ to be a l9k1 ?\gh a humble "o1 9 ! great *a9 ( ,israel's inspir$ writ]s4 ,he says1 = example1 9 "o place3 ,& z = me1 ,i 0 z a /ream f ! riv]1 ,& ,i came =? z a conduit into a g>d52 ,i said3 8,i w wat] my g>d51 ,i w abundantly wat] my g>d5 b$s02 ,& lo1 my /ream became a riv]1 ,& my riv] became a sea 444 ,yet aga9 w ,i p\r =? doctr9e z prophecy1 ,& leave x = et]nal g5]ations4 ,look ye 7& see7 t ,i h n lab\r$ = myself only1 ,b = all ^? t dilig5tly seek h] 7xxiv4 #cj-cd74 ,9 ano!r passage he says3 ,i1 inde$1 came la/ ( all1 ,z "o t gleane? aft] ! grape-ga!r]s2 ,i advanc$ by ! bless+ ( ,god1 ,& fill$ my w9e-press z a grape-ga!r]4 ,consid] t n = myself alone h ,i lab\r$1 ,b = all t seek ,wisdom 7xxxiii4 #af-ah74 ,& once aga93 ,yet aga9 w ,i fix my ?\ghts & make my doctr9e to %9e =?1 ,z ! full moon on ! twelf? day4 ,he>k5 unto me1 ye pi\s 444 7xxxix4 #ab ff474 ,all ^! passages %[ t ,b5-,sira reckon$ himself z foll[+ 9 ! l9e--?\gh ! la/ 9 ! succession--( ! wise m5 su* z ! writ]s ( ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es1 & t !re=e 8 claim to be a tea*] 9 ,israel 0 ju/ifi$4 ,:ile quot+ freely f ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s1 & !reby ackn[l$g+ 8 indebt$ness to !m1 he (t5 exp&s a quotation1 especially f ,prov]bs1 ?us mak+ ! prov]b into a little essay2 s t al?\gh he does n %[ great orig9ality ( ?\ght1 he nev]!less has 8 own ideas :i* he sets =? 9 8 own way4 ,"s fur!r details conc]n+ ! au?or may be ga!r$ f 8 book2 if1 z seems reasonable1 ! words ( xxxix4 #a-c1 quot$ above1 are tak5 z ref]r+ to ! writ] himself1 !n ! same mu/ be said ( ! words :i* foll[ 9 ! text1 viz43 ,:o s]ve? among great m51 ,& appe>e? be=e pr9ces2 ,:o travelle? ?r\gh ! l&s ( ! peoples1 ,& te/e? good & evil among m5 7xxxix4 #d72 f ^! words we may ga!r t ,b5-,sira _h at "o "t be5 9 ! s]vice ( "s influ5tial p]son1 & t he _h sp5t "s "t 9 travel2 ( t he speaks m ?an once1 = he says 9 xxxiv4 #aj-ab3 ,he t is )\t exp]i5ce kn[e? little1 ,b ! well-v]s$ man ha? skill4 ,9 my j\rney+ ,i h se5 mu*1 ,& _m ?+s h befall5 me4 ,(t5 0 ,i 9 dang] ev5 unto dea?1 ,b 0 pres]v$ because ( ^! ?+s 7i4e4 exp]i5ce & k ( ! _w74 ,9 ano!r passage 7li4 #ac7 he ref]s to ! "t be=e he _h comm5c$ 8 travels4 ,! dang] ( :i* he speaks 9 ! passage j quot$ 0 ow+ to ! fact t he _h be5 ! victim ( "s sl&]\s tongue1 if "o may be guid$ by 8 words 9 li4 #a-ab1 :]e he ?anks ,god 9 say+3 ,?\ did/ pres]ve me f ! sc\rge ( a sl&]\s tongue1 ,& f ! lips ( !m t turn aside to lies2 ,?\ wa/ on my side 9 ! face ( ^? t rose up aga9/ me1 ,?\ did/ help me1 accord+ to ! abundance ( ,?y m]cy1 ,out ( ! sn>e ( !m t wat* = my /umbl+1 ,& f ! h&s ( ^? t seek my life 444 ,! book conta9s a v l>ge numb] ( moral maxims & wise c\nsels = help & guidance 9 ! e-day affairs ( life2 b ! e>ne/ piety ( ! writ] :i* s frequ5tly f9ds expression %[s t 8 aim 0 n m]ely to write a h&book on e?ics1 b f> m to be a spiritual advis]1 wisdom 9 its manifold =ms be+1 accord+ to him1 s _m illu/rations ( godl9ess4 ,f9ally1 8! mass ( in=mation :i* ! book conta9s reg>d+ ,jewi% religion1 ?\ght1 & e?ics1 dur+ a p]iod = :i* we d n o!rwise possess mu* k1 m>ks x out z a "w ( high importance4 ,! writ] evid5tly int5d$ to (f] to 8 p a k9d ( text-book to :i* m5 & wom5 might h rec\rse = guidance 9 almo/ e conceivable circum/ance ( life4 ,he does ?is1 h[ev]1 ) ! prim>y object ( sett+ 9 cle> light ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ,judaism ov] ,hell5ism4 ,9 a s5se1 !re=e1 ,ecclesia/icus may be reg>d$ z an apologetic "w1 inasmu* z x aims at combat+ ! ris+ influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght & culture among ! ,jews40#cdg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book ,9 8 ,prologue to ! ,greek translation ( ! book ,b5-,sira's gr&son tells u t 89 ! eight & ?irtie? ye> "u ,eu]getes ! k+1 hav+ come into ,egypt & cont9u$ !re1 ,i f\nd opportunity = no small in/ruction4 ,i1 !re=e1 deem$ x mo/ necess>y myself to devote "s zeal & love-lab\r to 7! task (7 translat+ ?is book2 devot+1 inde$1 mu* wat*ful c>e & skill dur+ ! "t at my disposal 9 ord] t1 hav+ complet$ ! book 7i4e4 its translation71 ,i might publi% x = ! b5efit ( ^? :o 9 ! l& ( _! soj\rn+ 7 desir\s to le>n1 be+ already prep>$ 9 respect ( _! moral culture to live by ! ,law40 ,^? words enable u to fix ! date1 approximately1 ( ! translation ( ! book2 = !re 0 only "o ,egyptian k+ ( ! "n ( ,eu]getes to :om ! translator's words c\ld apply1 namely ,eu]getes ,,ii1 surnam$ ,physcon1 :o reign$ altoge!r fifty-f\r ye>s2 fir/ he 0 jo9t-rul] ) 8 eld] bro!r1 ,philometor 7,b4,c4 #agj-ade71 & !n he reign$ alone 7,b4,c4 #ade-aaf74cdh ,! ?irty-eigh? ye> ( 8 reign w\ld be ,b4,c4 #acb2 soon aft] ?is date1 !re=e1 ! ,greek translation 0 made4 ,hav+ got ?is date x is n difficult to fix an approximate date = ! orig9al "w2 x w\ld be ab\t fifty or sixty ye>s e>li]4 ,at ! end ( *apt] xlix4 & beg9n+ ( l41 accord+ to ! ,hebrew ( our book1 x says3 ,great among 8 bre?r51 & ! glory ( 8 p ,0 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,jo*anan1 ! prie/4 ,?is ,simeon1 ! second ( ! "n1 0 high-prie/ f ,b4,c4 #bai-aii2 ,b5-,sira 0 cle>ly a contempor>y ( 8 7see l4 #a ff471 b ! way 9 :i* he writes ab\t him sugge/s t ,simeon mu/ h be5 dead "s "t :5 ,b5-,sira wrote2 we %all1 !re=e1 n be f> wrong 9 assign+ ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ahj1 or !reab\ts1 z ! date ( ! composition ( ! book 9 its orig9al =m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! book 0 9 prep>ation = "s ye>s be=e ?is2 = s9ce1 z we h already se51 ,b5-,sira _h 8 own h\se ( in/ruction :]e he gave lectures to 8 pupils1 we may ju/ly assume t ! cont5ts ( 8 book repres5t ! pi? ( ^! lectures4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,language ,,( ,,! ,,book2 ,,! ,,rec5tly ,,f\nd ,,hebrew ,,manuscripts ,ap>t f ! fact t a l>ge portion 7ab\t two-?irds7 ( our book has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 f\nd 9 ,hebrew1 :i* v (t5 gives ! orig9al =m1 ! foll[+ consid]ations made x c]ta91 ev5 be=e ?is 0 f\nd1 t ! orig9al language 0 ,hebrew3 9 8 ,prologue to ! book ! translator says3 8,?+s orig9ally spok5 9 ,hebrew h n ! same =ce 9 !m :5 !y are translat$ into ano!r tongue2 & n only ^!1 b ! ,law itself1 & ! ,prophecies1 & ! re/ ( ! books1 h no small diff]5ce :5 !y are spok5 9 _! orig9al =m40 ,al?\gh he does n actually say s1 x is pretty obvi\s t ,b5-,sira's gr&son implies "h t he translat$ 8 gr&fa!r's book f ,hebrew4 ,9 ! second place1 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's "t x w\ld appe> t ,hebrew manuscripts ( ! book exi/$ 9 ,pale/9e1 = 9 8 preface to ! ,books ( ,solomon he says t he f\nd ! book ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira* 9 ,hebrew4 ,!n1 aga91 9 lat] times ,saadiah 7,a4,d4 #ibj7 speaks ( ! exi/5ce ( copies ( ! ,hebrew text1 & he says t ! v[el-po9ts 7 add$1 :i* 01 z a rule1 only done 9 ! case ( canonical books4#cdi ,& la/ly1 9 a numb] ( cases ! r5d]+s ( ! ,greek necessitate ! assumption t !y 7 translat$ f ,hebrew4 ,b all d\bt1 :]e su* exi/$1 0 set at re/ by ! discov]y 7#ahif-aijj7 ( a numb] ( fragm5ts ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,^? to :om ?is important f9d1 or r s]ies ( f9ds1 is due are ,mrs4 ,lewis & ,mrs4 ,gibson1 ,c[ley & ,neubau]1 ,s*e*t] & ,taylor1 ,g4 ,m>goli\?1 ,levi1 ,adl]1 & ,ga/]4 ,altoge!r ab\t ?irty leaves 7 f\nd2 !y are fragm5ts belong+ to f\r diff]5t manuscripts1 & !y all came f ! ,g5izah ( a synagogue 9 ,cairo4 ,z all ^! manuscripts are writt5 on pap] & n on vellum !y _c be e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d41 = pap] 0 n introduc$ until ?is c5tury#cej2 !y all belong probably to ! end ( ! t5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury4#cea ,! "q arises z to :e!r ! ,hebrew ( ^! manuscripts is n a translation f ! ,greek or ,syriac =ms ( ! text :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce = a numb] ( c5turies previ\sly2 &1 fur!r1 x mu/ be ask$ t ev5 suppos+ ,hebrew to h be5 ! orig9al language ( ! book1 d ^! fragm5ts pres5t ! orig9al ,hebrew1 or a lat] =m ( ?is8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions involves a detail$ /udy ( ! text 9 its v>i\s =ms1 & a comp>ison ( ^! ) ! ,hebrew text2 cle>ly a te*nical discussion ( ?is k9d w\ld be out ( place "h2 we c only give a rsum ( ! results ( su* /udy4 8,z a g5]al rule a text :i* is a translation betrays ! fact by c]ta9 indications :i* are almo/ infallible2 idiomatic expressions 9 ! orig9al1 misund]/&+s ( words 9 ! orig9al & consequ5t mi/ranslation :i* int]f]e ) ! s5se ( a passage1 clumsy diction ow+ to difficulties 9 giv+ a prop] r5d]+ ( ! orig9al2 ^! & o!r signs ( ! non-orig9ality ( a writ+ are almo/ c]ta9 to %[ !mselves2 b ! ,hebrew ( ,ecclesia/icus does n pres5t signs ( ?is k9d4 ,its :ole /yle /amps its language z ! orig9al "o2 ! symmetry ( ! ,hebrew1 9 ! ma91 po9ts 9 ! same direction2 moreov]1 !re are a numb] ( in/ances :i* c\ld be giv5 :i* exclude ! possibility ( translation f ei!r ,greek or ,syriac2 !re are also _m cases 9 :i* ! ,v]sions h no equival5t = ! ,hebrew2 & la/ly1 ! ,hebrew (t5 conta9s a text s obvi\sly sup]ior to t ( ! ,v]sions t its orig9ality _c be disput$4 ,:5 we add to ?is t bo? ! ,greek & ,syriac frequ5tly exhibit ! well-kn[n indications ( translation1 x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ! ,hebrew 0 ! orig9al language 9 :i* ,ecclesia/icus 0 writt540#ceb ,b :ile x is ?us evid5t t ,hebrew 0 ! orig9al language 9 :i* our book 0 writt51 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! rec5tly f\nd manuscripts conta9 ! orig9al =m ( ! ,hebrew2 inde$1 !re h n be5 want+ s*ol>s :o h /\tly d5i$ ?is1 & :o ma9ta9 t ?is ,hebrew is a translation ( a ,p]sian r5d]+ ( a ,syriac text#cec2 or t x is1 at any rate 9 "p1 a translation f ! ,greek & ,syriac4#ced ,"h1 aga91 9 ord] to prove our po9t t1 9 ! ma91 ! ,hebrew ( ! rec5tly f\nd manuscripts does repres5t ! orig9al =m1 num]\s details ( a te*nical "* w\ld be requir$#cee :i* w\ld be out ( place "h2 x mu/ suffice to say t 8! text ( ! ,hebrew1 ?\gh x is disfigur$ by scribal errors & corruptions1 &--9 "s places--by ! pres5ce ( glosses1 is yet ess5tially indep5d5t ( ! ,greek & ! ,syriac2 ! hypo!sis ( retranslation breaks d[n1 at be/ a plausible case = ! influ5ce ( su* a factor c only be made out = an insignificant numb] ( v]ses1 :]e1 h[ev]1 an alt]native--&1 on ! :ole1 m probable--explanation is possible40#cef ,v4 ,,! ,,au?oriz$ ,,& ,,revis$ ,,v]sions ,,( ,,ecclesia/icus ,9 comp>+ ! ,au?oriz$ & ,revis$ ,v]sions x w be se5 t1 ap>t f diff]5ces ( r5d]+1 !re is ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two3 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion conta9s a l>ge numb] ( v]ses :i* are omitt$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,^! omissions are not$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 = 9 ! m>g9 "o con/antly comes across ! words3 8,v]se 444 is omitt$ by ! be/ au?orities40 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ,v]sions is t = ! ,revis$ ,v]sion only ! great uncials ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 7 us$2 :]eas = ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion a numb] ( cursive manuscripts belong+ to a mu* lat] "t 7 us$4 ,! proc$ure ( ! ,revis]s is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nds ( textual criticism1 = z au?orities ! great uncial manuscripts ( ! f\r? c5tury are f> sup]ior to ! cursives ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion is n only support$ by e>ly patri/ic au?ority1 b also by t ( ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion :i* conta9s _m really anci5t elem5ts4#ceg ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a great deal ( matt] common to ! uncial & cursive manuscripts z repres5t$ by ! ,revis$ & ,au?oriz$ ,v]sions2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is common matt] & t :i* is peculi> to ! cursives is v m>k$2 ! additions1 numb]+ a hundr$ & fifty l9es or m1 besides _m v]bal additions 7& x is m ?an probable t bo? am\nt$ to _m m orig9ally71 mu/ h be5 add$ = "s special reason1 & t reason1 :atev] x 01 mu/ h exi/$ at a v e>ly date1 = z we %all see1 ! additions h exi/$ s9ce pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,z to ^! additions1 :at is _! "*1 & :y 7 !y add$8 ,! "r answ] to ^! que/ions 0 fir/ giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>t1 :o holds t !y are 8fragm5ts ( ! ,wisdom ( a ,scribe ( ! ,ph>isees1 & conta9 t5tative ,greek r5d]+s ( _m ( ! te*nical t]ms & wat*words ( ! ,sect4 ,z ,jesus ,b5-,sira dealt ) ! e>li] ,scriptures1 s "s unkn[n disciple dealt ) 8 ma/]'s composition4 ,he receiv$ ! deposit & add$ to x40#ceh ,mr4 ,h>t works out ?is !ory on pp4 #bge-cbj ( 8 book2 foll[+ 8 lead1 we h /udi$ ! matt] indep5d5tly1 & h f\nd t ! m x is /udi$1 ! m firmly is 8 !ory sub/antiat$4 ,be=e com+ to deal 9 "s detail ) ?is subject1 x w be well to put ! "q3 ,:y %\ld a ,ph>isee h felt x incumb5t ^u him to make ^! additions8 ,! answ]1 pro( = :i* w be (f]$ 9 a mom5t1 is t ,ecclesia/icus 9 its orig9al =m repres5ts ! 8,sadducan0#cei /&po9t1 & at ! close ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 :5 ,ph>isaism appe>$ z an active movem5t & ! ,ph>isees became ! dom9ant p>ty 9 ,israel1 x 0 no d\bt consid]$ ess5tial t a book l ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* 0 greatly 9 vogue 7=1 z f> z x w5t1 x 0 or?odox7 %\ld be> on ! face ( x ! m>ks ( ,ph>isaic or?odoxy1 & ?us become a vehicle = ! propagation ( ,ph>isaism4 ,we %all n[ fir/ seek to %[ t ,ecclesia/icus 9 its orig9al =m repres5t$ ! traditional ,sadducan /&po9t1 & t ! additions reflect ! tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,we h already dealt ) ! specific doctr9es ( ^! two p>ties1 s t :at is n[ to be said %\ld be read 9 ! light ( :at has be5 writt5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,vi4 ,,! 8,,sadduc,,an0 ,,doctr9al ,,/&po9t ,,9 ,,ecclesia/icus ,9 consid]+ fir/ 9 :at respects ,josephus' acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,sadducees is reflect$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! book 9 its orig9al =m 0 writt5 be=e ! di/9ctive doctr9es ( ,ph>isaism _h become =mulat$1 & !re=e be=e any?+ 9 ! nature ( antagonism betwe5 ,sadducan & ,ph>isaic tea*+ _h aris52 8x is n to be suppos$ t ! two p>ties 7 f ! fir/ %>ply divid$1 /ill less t !y acquir$ di/9ctive names4 ,x is hi/orically m probable t ! div]g5ce increas$ gradually1 & 0 int5sifi$1 & at la/ def9itely realiz$ 9 ! religi\s revival ( ,maccaban times40#cfj ,! evid5ce :i* ,josephus gives is late2 9 8 "t ! opposition betwe5 ! two p>ties _h fully develop$1 &1 z s (t5 happ5s betwe5 oppos+ p>ties1 _! respective t5ets t5d$ to become exagg]at$4 ,( ?is !re is naturally no sign 9 ,ecclesia/icus4 ,c[ley rightly po9ts out1 9 speak+ ( ! ,sadducees dur+ ! p]iod t succe$$ ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 t 89 _! political relations !y %[ a sympa?y ) =eign influ5ces :i* 0 /rongly reprobat$ by ! nationali/ic ,ph>isees4 ,?us we f9d !m accus$1 p]haps ju/ly1 ( tol]at+ ,greek religi\s practices1 & ev5 ( adopt+ !m4 ,?is is ! less surpris+ if x be consid]$ t ! ,judaism :i* !y pr(ess$ c h _h 7to use a mod]n phrase7 no religi\s hold on !m4 ,x 0 r ! ma*9]y by :i* a c]ta9 political sy/em 0 work$1 & :5 circum/ances *ang$ x c\ld be adapt$ to new conditions40#cfa ,s t :5 we speak ( ! ,sadducan doctr9al /&po9t 9 ,ecclesia/icus x w be und]/ood t ?is is some:at diff]5t f t :i* 0 develop$ m ?an a c5tury lat] ow+ l>gely to opposition to ,ph>isaic tea*+4 ,b5-,sira repres5ts traditional ,judaism ( a high type1#cfb & 9 s f> is to be reg>d$ z /&+ = cons]vative ,sadducanism2 b 9 _m respects1 & especially 9 t :i* reg>d$ devotional religion1 :i* is su* a prom95t feature 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,ph>isaism 0 id5tical ) ! be/ t traditional ,judaism (f]$2 s t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 x may be said t ,b5-,sira also repres5t$ 8,ph>isaism10 ?\gh to use ?is t]m 9 speak+ ( ! "t ( ,b5-,sira w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be an ana*ronism4 ,we %all n[ take 9 ord] ! doctr9es ( ! ,sadducees1 s f> z we "k !m1 & see 9 :at ways !y are illu/rat$ 9 our book4 ,! utt]ly un-,jewi% doctr9e t ,god takes no int]e/ 9 ! _w ( ,8 creation & t ,he is n conc]n$ 9 m5's do+ or n do+ :at is evil 0 c]ta9ly n held by ! 8,sadducees0 9 pre-,maccaban times2 its adoption mu/ h be5 due to ,greek influ5ce if ,josephus is to be reli$ ^u at all "h4 ,b5-,sira's book is full ( v diff]5t tea*+2 inde$1 9 "o /rik+ passage he seems to be combat+ some?+ simil> to ! v doctr9e ) :i* ,josephus cr$its ! ,sadducees2 9 xvi4 #ag-bc he says3 ,say n3 8,i am hidd5 f ,god1 ,& 9 ! height :o w rememb] me8 ,i %all n be notic$ among s illu/ri\s a p1 ,& :at is my s\l among ! mass ( ! spirits ( all ! *ildr5 ( m58444 ,9 tru?1 unto me ,he w n h respect1 ,& z = my ways1 :o w m>k !m8 ,if ,i s91 no eye beholde? x1 ,or if ,i deal untruly 9 all secrecy1 :o w "k x8 ,my righte\s deal+1 :o decl>e? x8 ,& :at hope is !re1 = ! decree is di/ant40 ,!y t lack und]/&+ ?9k ^! ?+s1 ,& ! man ( folly ?9ke? ?is4 ,positive tea*+ on ! close relation%ip :i* %\ld normally exi/ betwe5 ,god & m5 is giv5 aga9 & aga9 9 ! book4 ,b5-,sira's doctr9e ( s9 is inadequate1#cfc x is true2 b t is 9 spite (1 n 9 consequ5ce (1 8 exalt$ tea*+ conc]n+ ,god4 ,reg>d+ ! tea*+ on human free-w ,b5-,sira sometimes reflects a ?or\ghly ,sadducan /&po9t2 no?+ c\ld be m uncompromis+1 = example1 ?an ?is3 ,god creat$ man f ! beg9n+1 ,& plac$ him 9 ! h& ( 8 ,yetz]4#cfd ,if ?\ s desire/1 ?\ can/ keep ! comm&m5t1 ,& x is wisdom to d ,8 good pleasure4 ,p\r$ out be=e !e are fire & wat]1 ,/ret* =? ?9e h& unto t :i* ?\ desire/4 ,life & dea? are be=e man1 ,t :i* he desire? %all be giv5 him 7xv4 #ad-ag74 ,) ?is may also be comp>$ xxxvii4 #ag1 #ah3 ,! roots ( ! he>t's delib]ations ,br+ =? f\r bran*es3 ,good & evil1 life & dea?1 ,b ! tongue rule? ov] !m altoge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ass]tions reg>d+ ! action ( ,div9e grace are n want+2 p]haps ! mo/ po9t$ ( ^! is t conta9$ 9 ! words ( xxxiii4 #ac-ae3 ,z ! clay is 9 ! p[] ( ! pott]1 ,to fa%ion x accord+ to 8 good pleasure2 ,s is man 9 ! p[] ( 8 ,creator1 ,to make him accord+ to ,8 ord9ance4 ,ov] aga9/ evil /&s ! good1 & aga9/ dea? life2 ,likewise ov] aga9/ ! godly ! s9n]4 ,ev5 ?us look ^u all ! works ( ,god1 ,ea* diff]5t1 "o ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,on ! subject ( immortality & resurrection ! tea*+ is entirely t ( ! ,sadducees2 a few passages w illu/rate ?is3 ,:5 a man die? he inh]ite? ,worm & maggot1 lice & creep+ ?+s 7x4 #aa74 ,x is call\s c\nsel :i* ,b5-,sira gives to a m\rn]1 = aft] tell+ him to m\rn = 8a day or two10 & to be mod]ate 9 8 sorr[ because 8sadness ( he>t pro/rate? vig\r10 he concludes z foll[s3 ,& let him no m occupy ?y ?\ghts1 ,dismiss ! remembrance ( him1 & rememb] 7?y7 end4 ,rememb] him n1 = he ha? no hope2 ,?\ can/ n pr(it him1 :ile ?\ h>me/ ?yself4 ,rememb] 8 doom1 = x is ! doom ( ?yself2 ,8 ye/]day1 & ?9e to-day6 ,:5 ! dead is at re/1 let 8 memory re/2 ,& be consol$ :5 8 s\l dep>te? 7xxxviii4 #af-bc74 ,! same dre>y belief1 or r non-belief1 occurs 9 xli4 #c1 #d3 ,fe> n dea?1 x is ?y de/9y1 ,rememb] t ! =m] & ! latt] %>e x ) !e4 ,?is is ! portion ( all fle% f ,god1 ,& h[ can/ ?\ )/& ! decree ( ! ,mo/ ,high6 ,be x = a ?\s& ye>s1 = a hundr$1 or = t5 t ?\ live/1 ,9 ,%eol !re are no reproa*es conc]n+ life 7cp4 xvii4 #bg1 #bh74 ,!re are v>i\s o!r passages to ! same effect1 :ile none occur :i* %[ ! slighte/ advance on ! tea*+ :i* ^! conta94 ,reg>d+ ! attitude t[>ds ! non-,jewi% _w1 ,b5-,sira is di/9ctly tol]ant2 x 0 ! ,maccaban /ruggle :i* h>d5$ ! ,jews t[>ds ! ,g5tiles2 nev]!less1 ,b5-,sira has no d\bt ab\t ! sup]iority ( 8 own race4 ,! attitude :i* is m 9 accordance ) t ( ! ,sadducees may be se5 9 ! :ole passage xviii4 #h-ad1 :]e he speaks ( man g5]ally1 & tea*es t ,god's m]cy is ext5d$ univ]sally3 ,! m]cy ( man is ex]cis$ ^u 8 own k91 ,b ! m]cy ( ,god is ext5d$ to all fle%1 ,reprov+1 & *a/5+1 & tea*+1 br++ !m back z a %eph]d 8 flock 7v]se #ac74 ,! same univ]sali/ic _s is exhibit$ 9 xxxvi4 #ag3 ,?\ wilt he> ! pray] ( ,?y s]vants1 ,accord+ to ,?y good fav\r t[>ds ,?y p2 ,t all ! ends ( ! e>? may "k ,t ,?\ art ! et]nal ,god4 ,a /rik+ passage conta9+ simil> tea*+ is xxxvi4 #a-e3 ,save u1 ,o ,god ( all1 ,& ca/ ,?y fe> ^u all ! nations4 ,%ake ,?y h& aga9/ ! /range p1 ,& let !m see ,?y p[]4 ,z ,?\ ha/ sanctifi$ ,?yself 9 u be=e !m1 ,s glorify ,?yself 9 !m be=e u2 ,t !y may "k z we also "k1 ,t !re is none o!r ,god b ,!e4 ,! only passage 79 ! orig9al =m ( ! book7 ( a p>ticul>i/ic "* is t 9 :i* ,wisdom is describ$ 9 hav+ tak5 up h] abode 9 ,israel 7xxiv4 #f-af71 b "h x has to be rememb]$ t "o ( ,b5-,sira's great objects 9 writ+ 8 book 0 to %[ ! sup]iority ( ,israel's wisdom ov] t ( ! ,greeks4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t f ! lat] ,ph>isaic _s ( active ho/ility to all ! ,g5tile _w4 ,!re are a few passages :i* seem to be utt]$ aga9/ ! ,oral ,law4 ,x is true1 ! data we possess reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( ! =mation ( ! ,oral ,law are v scanty2 b x may be safely ass]t$ t1 9 its te*nical s5se1 ?is 01 to "s consid]able ext5t1 9 exi/5ce = at lea/ half a c5tury be=e ,ecclesia/icus 0 writt52 x is1 !re=e1 probable t ,b5-,sira utt]$ ! foll[+ words z a prote/ aga9/ :at he consid]$ a dang]\s innovation3 ,he t seeke? out ! ,law %all ga9 h]1 ,b ! hypocrite %all be sn>$ !reby4 ,!y t fe> ,jehovah disc]n ,8 judgem5t1 ,& elicit guidance f ! d>kness4 ,! man ( viol5ce wre/e? repro(s1#cfe ,& =ce? ! ,law to suit 8 necessity 7xxxii4 #ae-ag74 ,9 ?is connection x is wor? not+ t al?\gh ,b5-,sira approves ( ! laws conc]n+ ! sacrificial sy/em 8because x is comm&$10 he does n reg>d _! lit]al obs]vance z b9d+2 he tea*es ! equal efficacy ( spiritual sacrifices 9 a way :i* w\ld n h receiv$ ! approval ( ! ,ph>isees1 at any rate z long z ! ,temple 0 /&+2 ?us1 9 xxxiv4 #ah-bf he says3 ,! sacrifice ( ! unrighte\s man is a mock+ (f]+1 ,& unacceptable are ! oblations ( ! godless4 ,! ,mo/ ,high ha? no pleasure 9 ! (f]+s ( ! ungodly1 ,nei!r do? ,he =give s9s = a multitude ( sacrifices4444 ,he :o wa%e? aft] contact ) a dead body & t\*e? x aga91 ,:at ha? he ga9$ by 8 wa%+8 ,s a man fa/+ = 8 s9s1 ,& aga9 do+ ! same1 ,:o w li/5 to 8 pray]8 ,& :at ha? he ga9$ by 8 humiliation8 ,!n he cont9ues1 9 xxxv4 #a-c1 to advocate spiritual sacrifices1 ?\gh 9 ! v]ses t foll[ he urges m5 n to appe> ) empty h&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l2 8 words 9 xxxv4 #a-c are z foll[s-- ,he t keepe? ! ,law multiplie? (f]+s1 ,he sacrifice? a peace-(f]+ t he$e? ! comm&m5ts2 ,he t practise? k9dness (f]e? f9e fl\r1 ,& he t doe? m]cy sacrifice? a ?ank-(f]+4444 ,ano!r fact :i* is wor? emphasiz+ is t !re is no m5tion ( angels or demons 9 ! book2 ?is is m or less 9 accordance ) ,sadducan !ology4 ,f9ally1 on ! g5]al subject ( ! ,sadducan /&po9t ( ! book1 we may quote "s important words ( ,dr4 ,taylor4#cff ,he says3 8,we h no au!ntic rema9s ( ,sadducee lit]ature1 b x has be5 sugge/$ ) a c]ta9 plausibility t ! book ,ecclesia/icus approximates to ! /&po9t ( ! primitive ,caduq9 7,sadducees7 z reg>ds its !ology1 its sac]dotalism1 & its want ( sympa?y ) ! mod]n ,s(]im 7,scribes74 ,! "n ( ,ezra is significantly omitt$ f its catalogue ( wor?ies4 #8,x rema9s s+ul>1' rem>ks ,ku551 #8t ! man :om a lat] g5]ation comp>$1 nay1 made almo/ equal1 to ,moses1 is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4444 ,is x n really mo/ natural t a ,jesus b5 ,sira* did n feel sympa?y en\gh = ! fir/ ( ! ,scribes to give him a place ( hon\r 9 ! s]ies ( ,israel's great m58'0 ,dr4 ,taylor m5tions also ! important fact t 9 ! ,babylonian ,talmud 7,sanh$r9 #ajj;b7 ! ,books ( ! ,sadducees & ! ,book ( ,b5-,sira are plac$ side by side on ! 8,index expurgatorius40 ,all t has be5 said receives confirmation f ! fur!r fact t 9 ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,canticle#cfg :i* foll[s l4 #ab1 ^! words occur-- ,give ?anks unto ,him t gave ! sons ( ,zadok to be prie/s1 ,= ,8 m]cy endure? = ev]4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ t our book 9 its orig9al =m repres5t$ ! ,sadducan /&po9t4 ,we h n[ to deal ) ! ,ph>isaic additions4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ph>isaic ,,additions ,,to ,,ecclesia/icus4 ,! brief ref]5ce to specific ,ph>isaic doctr9es giv5 9 *apt] ,,vii1 iii4 7a7 above1 w enable u to =m an op9ion reg>d+ ! "* ( ! additions to ,ecclesia/icus4 ,t ^! additions#cfh 7 made by a ,ph>isee1 or ,ph>isees1 has already be5 ass]t$2 b we mu/ n[ seek to sub/antiate ! ass]tion4 ,we _c d m "h ?an give a few illu/rations out ( a l>ge numb]2 & 9 ord] n to we>y ! read] we w m]ely quote ! addition 9 ea* case )\t specify+ 9 :i* manuscripts or ,v]sions x occurs4 ,9 illu/ration ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,ph>isaic tea*+ conc]n+ ,god & man's relations to ,him ! foll[+ examples w be f\nd in/ructive4 ,9 xvi4 #ai occurs ?is addition3 ,! :ole _w 0 made1 & exi/e?1 by ,8 w4 ,a /rong] ass]tion ( ! div9e gov]nance ( ! _w is add$ to xviii4 #b3 ,:o guide? ! _w 9 ! holl[ ( ,8 h&1 ,& all ?+s are ob$i5t unto ,8 w2 ,= ,he is ! ,k+ ( all k+s1 & !y are 9 ,8 p[]2 ,he sep>ate? among !m ! holy ?+s f ! common4 ,an example ( ! intimate relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,god & m5 is ! addition to xxiii4 #bg3 ,to foll[ aft] ,god is great glory1 ,& l5g? ( days x is = !e to be accept$ ( ,him4 ,& aga9 9 ! addition to xxiv4 #bc3 ,fa9t n1 b be /rong 9 ! ,"l1 ,& cleave unto ,him t ,he may /r5g!n y4 ,cleave unto ,him1 ! ,"l1 ! ,almighty2 ,he is ! "o & only ,god1 & beside ,him !re is no ,savi\r4 ,al?\gh n explicitly /at$ x is m5 ( ,israel :o are meant 9 ^! quotations1 b sometimes ,israel is specially m5tion$2 s1 = example1 9 ! addition to xvii4 #ag3 ,:om i4e4 ,israel ,he br\ght up z ,8 fir/-born ,) sev]ity1 yet lov+ !m1 ,imp>t+ to !m ! light ( love2 ,& ,he =sook !m n4 ,?is tea*+ ( ! ,div9e gov]nance ( ! _w1 involv+ z x does man's dep5d5ce ^u ,god1 is balanc$ by ! doctr9e ( human free-w2 an example ( ?is may be se5 9 ! addition to xx4 #ca3 ,bett] is p]si/5t endurance 7lit4 pati5ce7 9 seek+ ! ,"l1 ,?an a driv] 7lit4 *>iote]7 ( 8 own life )\t a ma/]4 ,9 ?is c\plet ! ,ph>isaic doctr9e ( man's free-w is ma9ta9$1 :ile ! ,sadducan d5ial ( provid5ce is combat$4 ,turn+ n[ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees conc]n+ ! future life1 ! foll[+ addition is f\nd aft] xix4 #ag3 444 ,! k ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l is life-giv+ in/ruction1 ,& !y :o d ! ?+s t are pleas+ unto ,him %all pluck ! fruit ( ! tree ( immortality4 ,! tea*+ ( rew>d h]eaft] = ! righte\s may be in/anc$ f xviii4 #bb & ! addition to ?is v]se4 ,! orig9al text runs3 ,delay n to pay ?y v[ 9 due "t1 ,& wait n till dea? to be ju/ifi$4 ,dea? is "h reg>d$ z a means ( atonem5t1 z 9 ! lat] ,rabb9ical lit]ature2 b f ! ,ph>isaic po9t ( view ^! words seem$ inadequate1 s ! foll[+ words 7 add$3 ,= ! rew>d ( ,god abide? to et]nity4 ,x has be5 /at$ above t rep5tance 0 "o ( ! wat*words ( ! ,ph>isees2 = ! ,sadducees1 ) _! cold doctr9e ( ,god1 rep5tance c\ld h _h b little mean+2 n t ,b5-,sira did n tea* ! ne$ ( rep5tance 7see xviii4 #ba2 b 9 xliv4 #af ! ,greek text is corrupt71 b x occupies an extremely mode/ place 9 8 book1 & !re=e we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t x is insi/$ ^u sev]al times 9 ! additions2 ?us aft] ! words ( ! text ( xvii4 #bb3 ,! righte\sness ( m5 is to ,him z a signet1 ,& ! m]cy ( man ,he pres]ve? z ! apple ( an eye1 ! foll[+ addition is made3 ,grant+ rep5tance to 8 sons & daught]s4 ,aga91 aft] xx4 #b ?is addition occurs3 ,h[ good x is :5 he :o is reprov$ manife/e? rep5tance1 ,= ?us wilt ?\ escape wilful s94 ,z reg>ds ! ,ph>isaic tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,law mu* /ress _c be laid on ! few examples ( its m5tion 9 ! additions1 = at ! "t :5 ^! 7 made#cfi x is improbable t ! antagonism betwe5 ,ph>isees & ,sadducees on ?is po9t _h fully develop$2 if x _h1 we %\ld rightly expect to f9d x m /rongly reflect$ 9 ! additions2 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 q a few examples ( ! m5tion ( ! ,law 7or ! comm&m5ts7 occur 9 ! additions2 nev]!less1 s9ce ! ,law play$ su* a v important "p 9 ,ph>isaic tea*+1 its m5tion 9 ! additions w\ld naturally po9t to ! h& ( a ,ph>isee4 ,9 ! addition :i* has be5 put 9 aft] xi4 #ad1 ! ,law is ref]r$ to z a div9e gift1 & !re=e 7s x is impli$7 he :o obs]ves x by walk+ uprightly is mak+ use ( a ,div9e gift2 on ! o!r h&1 to live )\t ! ,law is folly & d>kness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( s9n]s3 ,wisdom & insight & disc]nm5t ( ! ,law ,come f ! ,"l2 ,love & upright ways ,come f ! ,"l2 ,folly & d>kness h be5 =m$ = s9n]s1 ,& z = evil-do]s1 evil abide? ) !m4#cgj ,aga91 9 xxix4 #ai1 aft] ! fir/ clause3 ,! s9n] falle? 9 8 surety%ip1 occurs ! addition3 8,transgress+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l40#cga ,! ref]5ce is to evil m5 :o1 z ! second l9e ( ! v]se %[s1 are ru9$ because !y become surety = evil purposes1 i4e4 = ! sake ( usuri\s practices2 ! addition 01 !re=e1 made 9 ord] to emphasize ! fact t ?is 0 a transgression ( ! ,law4 ,f9ally1 :at ,josephus says ab\t ! asceticism ( ! ,ph>isees is illu/rat$ by ! addition to xix4 #e4 ,! orig9al text "h runs3 ,he t ha? pleasure 9 wick$ness %all be br\ght to de/ruction2 an ascetic t5d5cy is cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! ,ph>isaic addition :i* says3 ,& he t av]te? 8 eye f pleasures cr[ne? 8 life4 ,^! examples w suffice1 x may be hop$1 to sub/antiate ! cont5tion t ! num]\s lat] additions :i* h = ! mo/ "p be5 pres]v$ 9 ! cursive manuscripts m5tion$ above are ! "w ( a ,ph>isee1 or ,ph>isees4 ,t ^! additions are po/-,maccaban goes )\t say+2 b clos] indications ( date are n =?com+1 s t we _c d m ?an say t !y belong 9 all probability to ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,! ma9 value ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha = ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--x may be said "h once = all--lies 9 _! doctr9al tea*+4 ,?is we h already dealt ) 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,"p ,i4 ,b !re are "s o!r ways1 also useful1 ?\gh ( less importance1 :]eby ^! books c be utiliz$ = ,new ,te/am5t /udy4 ,"s ( !m1 & above all ,ecclesia/icus1 ?r[ mu* light on ! cu/oms & mann] ( life ( ! ,jews :i* helps u 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s to und]/& ! ,gospels bett]2 o!rs1 su* z ,judi?1 illu/rate ! int5sely national feel+ ( ! ,jews :i* helps to expla9 mu* t we read 9 ! ,acts1 especially ,/4 ,paul's treatm5t by ! ,jews2 or1 aga91 ! e>ly "p ( ,b>u* gives u "s insight into ! long pray]s :i* 7 9 vogue among ! ,jews2 ,wisdom %[s u1 among o!r ?+s1 ! ,hell5i/ic _s :]eby n a few ,jews1 especially ^? ( ! ,disp]sion1 7 animat$2 ?is is important = ! und]/&+ ( mu* t we read 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les4 ,o!r po9ts w sugge/ !mselves to ?\ghtful read]s ( ^! books4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) matt]s ( ?is k9d t we c deal "h1 = space w\ld n p]mit ( x4 ,:at we int5d to t\* ^u briefly 9 ! f9al section ( ea* ( ^! introductions to ! ,apocryphal books1 :5 call$ =1 is *iefly 7?\gh n exclusively7 _! use = ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 ! ma9 purpose be+ to try & %[ t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books _h read & /udi$ ^? ( ! ,apocrypha2 n1 ( c\rse1 t ^! writ]s 7 z famili> ) !m z ) ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b t !y valu$ !m & utiliz$ !m1 "s m ?an o!rs4 ,?is is to be expect$ f ! outset1 bo? because ! ,old ,te/am5t !y us$ conta9$ ^! books z integral p>ts ( ! 8,scriptures10 & because ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs held !m 9 high e/imation2 ?is latt] is n likely to h be5 ! case unless t attitude t[>ds ^! books _h be5 h&$ d[n4 ,!re are1 fir/ly1 a few examples1 among _m1 ( p>allel ?\ghts betwe5 ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,gospels :i* may be po9t$ out3 ,ecclesia/icus4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 xxviii4 #b4 ,=give ?y neighb\r vi4 #ad4 ,= if ye =give m5 ! injury done to !e4 _! trespasses1 y\r heav5ly ,& !n1 :5 ?\ praye/1 ,fa!r w also =give y4 ?y s9s w be =giv54 ,/4 ,luke4 xlviii4 #aj4 ,speak+ ( ,elijah i4 #ag4 ,& he %all g be=e 8 444 ,to turn ! he>t ( face 9 ! _s & p[] fa!rs unto ! *ildr54 ( ,elijah1 to turn ! he>ts ( ! fa!rs unto ! *ildr54 ,! v]bal id5tity betwe5 ! two passages "h sugge/s ei!r direct influ5ce1 or else t a curr5t say+ 7f ,mal4 iv4 #f7 has be5 adopt$ 9 ea*4 xi4 #ai4 ,:at "t he sai?1 ,i xii4 #ai1 #bj 444 ,& ,i w say h f\nd re/1 to my s\l1 ,s\l1 ?\ ha/ ,& n[ w ,i enjoy my mu* goods laid up = goods1-- _m ye>s2 take ?9e ease1 ,he kn[e? n :at lot eat1 dr9k & be m]ry4 %all befall2 ,b ,god said unto him1 ,he %all leave !m to o!rs1 ,?\ fooli% "o1 ?is & die4 night is ?y s\l requir$ ( !e2 & ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ prep>$1 ^: %all !y be8 ,cp4 also ,ecclesia/icus xxxi4 #c ) ! ,lucan passage la/ quot$4 ,examples ( o!r small details illu/rative ( ! usefulness ( ,ecclesia/icus = ?is purpose are i4 #a-bj1 :i* (f]s an int]e/+ comm5t>y on ,mat!w xi4 #ai3 8,wisdom is ju/ifi$ by h] works0 7cp4 ! v>i\s read+ 9 ,luke vii4 #ce74 ,! visitation ( ! sick ref]r$ to 9 ,mat!w xxv4 #ci is illu/rat$ by ,ecclesia/icus vii4 #ce3 ,=get n to visit ! sick1 ,= ?\ wilt be lov$ = t4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 a duty laid ^u all good ,jews4 ,&1 once m1 ! cu/om ( wagg+ ! head 9 sign ( mock]y m5tion$ 9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #ci is also ref]r$ to 9 ,ecclesia/icus xii4 #ah4 ,numb]s ( simil>1 small b int]e/+1 po9ts (f] !mselves to /ud5ts ( ! book4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ fact 9 ?is connection is t ( ! _m p>allel ?\ghts & passages betwe5 ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james2 ^! are ( su* a nature z to ju/ify belief 9 ! direct influ5ce ( ! =m] on ! latt]4 ,a few examples are app5d$#cgb3 ,ecclesia/icus4 ,/4 ,james4 i4 #bf4 ,if ?\ desire ,wisdom1 i4 #e4 ,b if any ( y lacke? keep ! comm&m5ts1 ,wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god1 ,& ! ,"l w give h] ,:o give? to all lib]ally freely unto !e4 & upbraide? n2 & x %all be giv5 unto him4 xv4 #aa-ac4 ,say n1 ,f ,god i4 #ac1 #ad4 ,let no man say :5 is my trangression1 he is tempt$1 ,i am tempt$ ,= t :i* ,he hate? ( ,god2 = ,god _c be made ,he n4 tempt$ ) evil1 & ,say n1 ,x is ,he t made ,he ,himself tempte? no me to /umble4 man2 b ea* man is ,= !re is no ne$ ( evil tempt$1 :5 he is drawn m54 away by 8 own lu/1 & ,evil & abom9ation do? entic$4 ! ,"l hate1 ,& ,he do? n let x come nigh to !m t fe> ,him4 v4 #aa4 ,be swift to he>1 i4 #ai4 ,b let e man be ,b ) pati5ce make reply4 swift to he>1 sl[ to speak1 sl[ to wra?4 vii4 #ce1 #cf4 ,=get n to visit i4 #bg4 ,pure religion & undefil$ ! sick1 be=e ,god & ,fa!r ,= ?\ wilt be lov$ = t4 is ?is1 to visit ! fa!rless ,9 all ?y do+s rememb] & wid[s 9 _! ?y la/ end1 affliction1 & to keep himself ,!n wilt ?\ nev] d unspott$ f ! corruptly4 _w4 ,a l>ge numb] ( o!r examples c\ld be giv52 among !m ! foll[+ w be f\nd in/ructive3 ,comp>e ,ecclesia/icus xiv4 #a1 xix4 #af1 xxv4 #h ) ,james iii4 #b 0 0 v4 #ac1 #ad1 viii4 #c1 xxviii4 #aa 0 0 iii4 #e1 #f4 0 0 xxviii4 #af-ah 0 0 iii4 #h4 0 0 xxviii4 #ab & context 0 0 iii4 #aj4 0 0 iv4 #a-f1 xxxiv4 #bb 0 0 v4 #d4 0 0 vi4 #ai 0 0 v4 #g4 0 0 iv4 #bf 0 0 v4 #af4 0 0 xlviii4 #c & context 0 0 v4 #ag4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,book ( ,tobit ,,lit]ature4--,fritzs*e1 ,die ,b*] ,tobi und ,judi? erklrt1 9 8,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph50 7#ahec72 ,h(fman1 ,auszge aus syris*5 ,akt5 p]sis*] ,mrtyr]1 pp4 #ahb ff4 7#ahhj72 ,full]1 9 ,wace1 #a1 pp4 #adi-bdj 7#ahhh72 ,conybe>e1 ,r5del ,h>ris1 & ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis1 ,! ,/ory ( ,ahik> f ! ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,arm5ian1 ,e?iopic1 ,greek & ,slavonic ,v]sions 7#ahih72 a second & l>ge edition ( ?is "w 0 issu$ e>ly 9 #aiad2 ,lhr1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ace-adg2 ,sm5d1 ,alt] und ,h]kunft des ,a*ik>romans und se9 ,v]hltniss zu ,aesop 7#aijh72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #cg-dd1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bcg-beh 7#aiji72 ,nau1 ,hi/oire et ,sagesse d',ahik> 7#aiji72 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,d] ,papyrusfund von ,elephant9e1 pp4 #ajb-abh 7#aiab72 ,ungnad1 ,aramis*e ,papyrus aus ,elephant9e1 pp4 #fb-hb 7#aiaa72 ,simpson1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #agd-bda2 ,h>ris1 ,lewis1 & ,conybe>e1 9 ,*>les1 ,,ii1 pp4 #gae-ghd 7translations ( ! ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,arm5ian1 ,e?iopic & ,greek ,v]sions1 z well z ( ! ,aramaic fragm5ts f ,elephant97 7#aiac74 ,see also ! articles on 8,tobit0 9 ! ,encycl4 ,brit4 by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 by ,erbt1 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible by ,m>%all1 & 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl4 by ,toy4 ,be=e we come to deal ) ! ,book ( ,tobit x w be well1 = reasons :i* w become app>5t z we proce$1 to relate ! /ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise4 ,?is /ory mu/ at "o "t h be5 v widespread & popul>4 ,x has come d[n to u 9 sev]al =ms :i* diff] l>gely f ea* o!r1 b :i* are1 nev]!less1 all v>iations ( ! same /ory 9 _! ess5ce4 ,a mu* mutilat$ =m ( ! /ory 0 f\nd among ! rec5tly discov]$ ,aramaic papyri ( ,elephant91 :i* %[s t x 0 curr5t among ! ,jews at lea/ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is drawn f ! v>i\s v]sions1 & is only an outl9e ( ! ma9 po9ts4 ,i4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,a*ik> ,,! ,,wise ,s5na*]ib1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 _h a vizi] nam$ ,a*ik>1 a wise & erudite scribe4 ,he conduct$ ! affairs ( ! k+dom wisely & well4 ,:5 ! k+ di$1 & ,es>haddon 8 son reign$ 9 8 /ead1 ,a*ik> cont9u$ to hold ! same (fice4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ,a*ik> became v ri*1 & he _h _m wives1 & built _m ca/les2 b he _h no son4 ,& z he grew old he felt ! want ( a son m & m4 ,!n he pray$ e>ne/ly t he might h a son4 ,9 reply to 8 pray] x 0 told him t no son %\ld be grant$ him1 b t he mu/ in/ead adopt ,nad91#cgc 8 nephew4 ,?is ,a*ik> did1 & educat$ ,nad9 c>efully1 tea*+ him all mann] ( wisdom4 ,n[ :5 ,a*ik> felt ! weakness ( old age com+ ^u him he bes\ght ! k+ t he w\ld appo9t ,nad9 vizi] 9 8 place4 ,?is ! k+ cons5t$ to d2 & ,nad9 0 made vizi]4 ,b ,nad9 did n foll[ ! wise c\nsels :i* he _h receiv$ f ,a*ik>2 b scatt]$ 8 words1 z x 71 to ! w9d2 & he ill-treat$ ! s]vants & h&maid5s ( 8 uncle1 & slew 8 horses1 & h>m$ 8 mules4 ,& :5 ,a*ik> s\ght to correct ! misguid$ c\rse ( 8 adopt$ son1 ,nad9 sl&]$ him 9 ! e>s ( ! k+1 & accus$ him ( traitor\s int]c\rse ) ! enemies ( ! k+dom1 lay+ at ! same "t =g$ lett]s be=e ! k+ 9 pro( ( ,a*ik>'s guilt4 ,!n ! k+ %[$ ! lett]s to ,a*ik>1 & s\ght an explanation2 b ,a*ik> 0 s horrifi$ & tak5 aback t he c\ld n utt] a ^w4#cgd ,! k+1 tak+ ?is z a sign ( guilt1 gave comm& t ,a*ik> %\ld be put to dea?4 ,b ! (fic]1 ,nabusemakh1 to :om ?is comm& 0 giv51 _h1 ye>s ago1 be5 indebt$ to ,a*ik> = ! sav+ ( 8 life :5 he _h be5 ! victim ( a false accusation simil> to t n[ made aga9/ ,a*ik>4 ,s ,nabusemakh sp>$ ,a*ik>'s life1 & hid him secretly 9 a hid+-place und]gr\nd4 ,9 ,a*ik>'s place a slave 0 execut$ :o 0 already "u s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,n[ :5 ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 he>d ( ! dea?1 z he suppos$1 ( ! wise vizi]1 he rejoic$ greatly1 & s5t a lett] ( ! foll[+ import to ,es>haddon3 ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 to ,es>haddon1#cge k+ ( ,assyria & ,n9eveh1 greet+4 ,i am plann+ to build a ca/le betwe5 heav5 & e>?2 :]e=e seek out & s5d me f ?y k+dom a man :o is a skill$ ar*itect1 t he may give me reply conc]n+ all t ,i %all ask him4 ,& :5 ?\ %alt s5d me su* a man1 ,i w collect & s5d !e ! rev5ue ( ,egypt = ?ree ye>s4 ,& if ?\ s5d me n a man :o %all give me reply conc]n+ all t ,i ask him1 !n d ?\ collect & s5d me ! tribute ( ,assyria & ,n9eveh = ?ree ye>s1 by ! h&s ( ^! ambassadors t come to !e4#cgf ,!n ,es>haddon took c\nsel ) ,nad9 & all ! wise m5 z to :at %\ld be done2 & !y 7 9 mu* p]plexity1 = !y f\nd no "o among _! numb] suffici5tly wise to build a ca/le betwixt heav5 & e>?4 ,!reupon1 ,nabusemakh came & told ! k+ h[ t he _h sp>$ ,a*ik>'s life4 ,! k+1 s f> f puni%+ ,nabusemakh = hav+ disobey$ ! royal comm&1 0 only too delight$ to he> t ,a*ik> 0 /ill alive1 & ri*ly rew>d$ ,nabusemakh4 ,!n ,a*ik> 0 br\ght1 & decl>$ himself ready & able to answ] all t ! k+ ( ,egypt %\ld ask4 ,:5 ,a*ik> came to ! c\rt ( ! k+ ( ,egypt he said he w\ld %[ ! k+ h[ to build a ca/le betwixt heav5 & e>?4 ,!n he ask$ t lime & /one & clay & workm5 might be held 9 read9ess4 ,:5 all 0 prep>$ ,a*ik> let out ( a box :i* he _h br\ght ) him two eagles ) ropes ti$ to _! feet2 ^u ea* eagle he set a boy2 & z ! eagles so>$ upw>d & rema9$ betwixt heav5 & e>?1 ! boys began to %\t3 8,br+ bricks1 br+ clay1 t we may build ! k+'s ca/le1 = we are /&+ idle40 ,b ! k+ f\nd no means ( supply+ !m ) bricks & clay up 9 ! air1 & _h p]=ce to give up ! idea ( build+ a ca/le betwixt heav5 & e>?4 ,?us did ,a*ik> ! ,wise deliv] k+ ,es>haddon f 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,a*ik> 0 plac$ aga9 at ! head ( ! royal h\sehold & greatly hon\r$4 ,on be+ ask$ by ! k+ :at else he desir$1 he repli$3 8,bid !m give me my son ,nad91 t ,i may tea* him a fur!r lesson2 = he has =gott5 my =m] tea*+40 ,!n ,a*ik> caus$ ,nad9 to be b\nd & ?ra%$2 aft] :i* he 0 conf9$ 9 a d>k *amb] at ! entrance to ,a*ik>'s h\se2 & e "t ,a*ik> w5t 9 or out he utt]$ precepts ( wisdom = ,nad9's b5efit4 ,f9ally ,nad9 8swell$ up l a bag & di$40 ,! moral ( ! /ory1 ) :i* x concludes1 is giv5 ?us3 8,to him t doe? good1 :at is good %all be recomp5s$2 & to him t doe? evil1 :at is evil %all be rew>d$4 ,& he t digge? a pit = 8 neighb\r1 fille? x ) 8 own /ature40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is /ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise mu/ h enjoy$ great popul>ity 9 anci5t times1 = x has come d[n to u 9 v>i\s =ms2 & its exi/5ce among ! ,jews1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 liv+ at su* an out-(-!-way spot z ,elephant91 is eloqu5t te/imony ( h[ widespread ! k ( ! /ory 04 ,t ! v>i\s =ms diff] f ea* o!r v mu* is q 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 = a popul> /ory n only und]goes *ange :5 pass$ f h& to h&1 b sometimes x may assume a =m almo/ unrecognizable at fir/1 & only :5 ! ess5tial traits are s\ght beh9d ! ext]nal appe>ance c ! k]nel ( ! orig9al /ory be recogniz$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t great diff]5ces are f\nd 9 ! ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,arm5ian1 ,aramaic1 ,ae?iopic1 ,hebrew1 ,slavonic & ,greek =ms ( ! /ory :i* are /ill pres]v$4 ,b 9 ! case ( all ^!1 9 spite ( v>iations ( =m & matt]1 & 9 spite ( ! addition ( _m extrane\s details drawn f diff]5t s\rces1 ! orig9al /ory lies imb$d$ & %[s itself to h be5 utiliz$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,n[ ! p>ticul> int]e/ t ! /ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise has = ! /udy ( ! ,book ( ,tobit lies 9 ! fact t ! writ] ( ! latt] utiliz$ ! =m] 9 ! composition ( 8 book2 he assumes1 moreov]1 z we %all see1 a k ( ! /ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise among 8 read]s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,tobit ,,& ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,a*ik> ,,! ,,wise4 ,x %\ld be said at ! outset t ! be/ =m ( ! ,greek text ( ! ,book ( ,tobit is t ( ,codex ,s9aiticus2 x is ?is text :i* has be5 utiliz$ "h4#cgg ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection c5tres 9 ! p]son ( ,a*ik>4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,tobit he appe>s1 :5 fir/ m5tion$1 q incid5tally1 z ?\gh he 7 well kn[n4#cgh ,9 i4 #ba1 #bb1 aft] ! assass9ation ( ,s5na*]ib by 8 two sons has be5 ref]r$ to1 x cont9ues3 8,& !y fl$ unto ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at1 & ,sa*]donos ,es>haddon 8 son reign$ aft] him2 & he appo9t$ ,a*eik>os ,a*ik>1 ! son ( ,anael my bro!r1 ov] all ! tribute ( 8 k+dom1 & he _h au?ority ov] all ! conduct ( affairs4 ,!n ,a*eik>os put me "r i4e4 ) ! k+1 & ,i came d[n unto ,n9eveh4 ,= ,a*eik>os _h be5 ! *ief cup-be>]1 & 7keep]7 ( ! signet1#cgi & ! *ief m9i/]1 & ov]se] ( ! tribute "u ,s5na*]eim ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 & ,sa*]donos appo9t$ him a second "t 7to ^! (fices740 ,?is agrees ) :at is said ab\t ! position ( ,a*ik> 9 ! /ory giv5 above4 ,9 xi4 #ah x is said t ,a*ik> & ,nadab1 8 c\s91 came to ! w$d+ ( ,tobias4 ,?is sudd5 m5tion ( ,nadab1 :o has n be5 ref]r$ to be=e 9 ! book1 9 connection ) ,a*ik> is curi\s z x /&s1 & %[s cle>ly en\gh t ! writ] ( ! book mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! /ory ( ,a*ik>1 & t he assum$ ! same ( 8 read]s4 ,! slight v>iation 9 ! =m ( ! "n 7,nadab = ,nad971 & 8 be+ call$ ! c\s9 in/ead ( ! nephew ( ,a*ik>1 does n affect ! ma9 po9t4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ pro( t ! writ] ( ,tobit utiliz$ ! /ory ( ,a*ik> is se5 by 8 ref]5ce to x 9 xiv4 #aj3 8,& n[ d ?\1 my *ild1 g =? f ,n9eveh1 & abide n "h4 ,9 ! day 9 :i* ?\ burie/ ?y "m ) me1 9 t self-same day t>ry no long] 9 ^! p>ts4 ,= ,i see t !re is mu* unrighte\sness 9 h] i4e4 ,n9eveh1 & mu* deception is practis$ 9 h]1 & !y are n a%am$4 ,behold1 my *ild1 :at ?+s ,nadab did to ,a*eik>os :o n\ri%$ him2 0 he n br\ght liv+ into ! e>?8 ,& ,god requit$ 8 iniquity be=e 8 face2 & ,a*eik>os came =? into ! light1 & ,nadab ent]$ into et]nal d>kness because he s\ght to slay ,a*eik>os4 ,9 t he i4e4 ,a*eik>os %[$ me m]cy he came =? out ( ! sn>e ( dea? :i* ,nadab set = him2 & ,nadab fell into ! sn>e ( dea?1 & x de/roy$ him40 ,! real k]nel ( ! ,a*ik> /ory is conta9$ 9 ^! words1 namely t ,a*ik> br\ght up an adopt$ son :o betray$ 8 b5efactor by caus+ him to dwell 9 d>kness und]gr\nd2 b ultimately ,a*ik> is sav$ & ,nadab suff]s ! fate :i* he _h design$ = 8 b5efactor4 ,?us righte\sness triumphs1 & ,nemesis ov]takes ! wick$4 ,x is r\nd ?is /ory t ! wisdom ( ,a*ik> is wov52 & "s ( ! wise say+s ( ,a*ik> are re-e*o$ 9 ,tobit1 :i* fur!r illu/rates ! indebt$ness ( ! writ] to ! ,a*ik> /ory2 a few examples ( ?is may be giv53 ,book ( ,tobit4 ,/ory ( ,a*ik> 7,syriac ,v]sion74 ,take he$ to ?yself1 my ,my son1 lift n up ?y eyes *ild1 7to refra97 f all & look ^u a woman t :or$om 7iv4 #ab74 is b$iz5$ & pa9t$2 & d n lu/ aft] h] 9 ?y he>t 7ii4 #e74 ,alms deliv]e? f dea?1 ,z = me1 my righte\sness & suff]e? n to come into 7 alms7 has sav$ me 7viii4 #b74 d>kness 7iv4 #aj74 ,p\r out ?y bread & ?y ,my son1 p\r out ?y w9e w9e#chj on ! tomb ( ! on ! graves ( ! righte\s1 righte\s1 & give n to r ?an dr9k x ) evil s9n]s 7iv4 #ag74 m5 7ii4 #aj74 ,ask c\nsel ( e man ,my son1 associate ) ! t is wise1 & despise n wise man1 & ?\ wilt become any c\nsel t is pr(itable wise l him 7ii4 #ab74 7iv4 #ah74 ,x is good to keep close ! ,if ?\ ha/ he>d a ^w let secret ( a k+1 b to confess x die 9 ?y he>t1 & reveal & reveal ! works ( ,god x to no man2 le/ x become a 7xii4 #g74 hot coal 9 ?y m\? & burn !e1 & ?\ lay a blemi% on ?y s\l1 & be ang]$ aga9/ ,god 7ii4 #b74 ,!re are o!r m9or indications ( ! writ] ( ,tobit hav+ utiliz$ ! ,a*ik> /ory1 su* z ! unusual d\ble description ( ! empire1 8,assyria & ,n9eveh10 9 ! e>lie/ rec5sion ( our book#cha 7xiv4 #d1 #ae1 cp4 i4 #c71 :i* occurs also 9 ! ,a*ik> /ory 7i4 #a72 b ! data giv5 are suffici5t to %[ t ! ,a*ik> /ory is )\t d\bt "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,book ( ,tobit4 ,! object :i* ! writ] _h 9 introduc+ "s ( ! ,a*ik> /ory elem5ts into 8 book 0 probably t x might be popul>iz$ !reby4 ,! ,a*ik> /ory mu/ h be5 imm5sely popul> :5 "o rememb]s ! manifold =ms 9 :i* x has come d[n to u2 & ! ,book ( ,tobit1 by be+ 9 "s sort connect$ ) x1 w\ld h comm5d$ itself to ,g5tiles1 z well z to ,jews4 ,t ! au?or ( our book utiliz$ o!r non-,jewi% s\rces 9 compos+ x is v probable4 ,!re is1 = example1 a /rik+ resemblance 9 "o or two p>ticul>s betwe5 ! ,book ( ,tobit & ! 8,/ory ( ! grateful dead man10 an ,arm5ian tale1 accord+ to :i* a weal?y man 0 once rid+ ?r\gh a =e/ :5 he came ^u "s m5 misus+ a corpse2 on inquir+ ! reason = ?is he is told t ! dead man _h ow$ !m money2 he pays ! dead man's debt1 & buries ! corpse4 ,he !n cont9ues 8 j\rney home4 ,n[ 9 ! city 9 :i* he dwelt !re liv$ a ri* man :o _h an only daught]2 %e _h m>ri$ five husb&s1 b 9 ea* case ! husb& _h di$ on ! night ( ! w$d+4 ,! h]o ( ! tale resolves1 at ! in/ance ( an unkn[n s]v+-man1 to seek ?is woman 9 m>riage 9 spite ( :at has occurr$4 ,he succe$s 9 8 desire4 ,b on ! night ( ! w$d+ !re issues =? f ! m\? ( 8 bride a s]p5t :i* seeks to bite him & ?us kill him2 b ! unkn[n s]v+-man1 :o _h be5 keep+ gu>d1 slays ! s]p5t1 & ?us saves ! life ( ! bridegroom1 to :om he !n makes himself kn[n z ! dead man ^: corpse ! bridegroom _h buri$ 9 ! =e/4#chb ,! traits common to ?is /ory & ! ,book ( ,tobit are s m>k$ t x is difficult to believe t !re is no connection betwe5 ! two2 t ! latt] is indebt$ to ! =m] is probable because ( ! v widespread exi/5ce ( ! 8,/ory ( ! grateful dead man0 9 v>i\s =ms 9 ,asia & ,europe4#chc ,ano!r possible s\rce1 b less /rik+ ?an t j ref]r$ to1 is 8,! ,tractate ( ,khons10 :i* 0 orig9ally writt5 = ! purpose ( propagat+ ! cult ( ! ,egyptian god ,khons2 9 x occurs ! /ory ( a beautiful pr9cess :o 0 possess$ by a demon1 b by ! help ( ,khons ! demon 0 expell$ & ! pr9cess cur$4#chd ,,iii4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,tobit ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book1 *apt]s i4-iii41 ,tobit relates h[ he1 8 wife ,anna1 & 8 son ,tobias1 _h be5 c>ri$ away captive to ,n9eveh 9 ! days ( ,%almanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria2 he emphasizes 8 loyalty to ! ,law1 say+ t he & 8 family _h always be5 c>eful 9 keep+ ! ord9ances ( ! ,law bo? :5 !y liv$ 9 _! own l& z well z 9 ! l& ( _! exile4 ,he m5tions specially 8 ard5t zeal 9 giv+ alms1 & 9 accord+ dec5t burial to ^? ( 8 race :o _h be5 murd]$ & ^: dead bodies _h be5 ca/ out ( ! walls ( ! city4 ,once :5 he 0 ab\t to sit d[n to table at ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/ he bade 8 son g out & seek someone :o 0 9 want & br+ him 9 to p>take ( ! fea/4 ,tobias1 8 son1 w5t =? accord+ly2 b he soon return$ & report$ to 8 fa!r t "o ( 8 race _h b n[ be5 murd]$1 & t 8 body lay 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,tobit w5t out =?)1 & took up ! body f ! /reet & laid x 9 "o ( ! *amb]s till sunset1 :5 he int5d$ to bury x4 ,& :5 ! sun 0 set1 he digg$ a grave & buri$ ! dead body4 ,b z he _h t\*$ a dead body he 0 unclean1 & !re=e c\ld n re-ent] 8 h\se1 le/ by contact he %\ld cause o!rs to be unclean1#che s he laid d[n 9 ! c\rty>d by ! side ( a wall1 & because x 0 hot he left 8 face uncov]$2 b ! dropp+s ( "s sp>r[s fell into 8 eyes1 & he became bl9d4 ,!re foll[s "h a %ort section 7ii4 #aa-ad7 ab\t ,anna1 :i* is q out ( place4 ,! /ory is tak5 up aga9 at *apt] iii41 :i* tells ( ,tobit's sorr[ at 8 affliction1 & ( 8 pray] to ,god t he may die 7v]ses #a-f74 ,!n a new elem5t 9 ! /ory is introduc$4 ,s>ah1 ! daught] ( ,raguel ( ,ecbatana 9 ,m$ia1 suff]s reproa* because %e has no *ild1 al?\gh %e has _h sev5 husb&s2 ea* ( ^! husb&s _h1 h[ev]1 be5 sla9 by ,asmodu1 8! evil demon10 on ! night ( 8 w$d+4 ,s>ah1 l ,tobit1 prays 9 h] great affliction t %e may die4 ,tobit & ,s>ah1 ?\gh !y "k no?+ ( ea* o!r1 h !re=e ?is 9 common1 t !y are bo? 9 dire di/ress4 ,be=e proce$+ ) 8 /ory ! n>rator adds a note = ! com=t ( 8 read]s to ! effect t ,god _h s5t ,raphael1 ! angel1 to heal !m bo?3 89 ! case ( ,tobit to remove ! :ite films f 8 eyes1 t he might see ! light ( ,god ) 8 eyes2 & 9 ! case ( ,s>ah1 ! daught] ( ,raguel1 to give h] = a wife to ,tobias1 ! son ( ,tobit1 & to unb9d ,asmodu ! evil demon f h]0 7iii4 #ag74 ,! next section1 *apt]s iv4-xi41 :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! book1 deals ) ! j\rney ( ,tobias to ,m$ia 9 ord] to br+ back money :i* ,tobit _h left 9 tru/ ) ,gabael4 ,! advice :i* ,tobit gives 8 son prep>atory to 8 />t+ is conta9$ 9 iv4 #c-ba4 ,he also bids 8 son f9d a tru/y companion :o w travel ) him2 ?is he does1 ! companion be+ none o!r ?an ! angel ,raphael1 :o _h be5 s5t by ,god = ! purpose4 ,raphael1 ( c\rse1 does n reveal himself to ,tobias4 ,!n ! dep>ture takes place 7v4-vi4 #b74 ,soon aft] !y />t$ !y met ) an adv5ture1 = "o ev5+ z ,tobias 0 wa%+ 9 ! riv] a great fi% caught him by ! foot2 b ) 8 companion's help ! fi% 0 caught & br\ght to l&4 ,8 companion ! angel1 :o has tak5 ! "n ( ,az>ias1 bids him keep ! gall & ! liv] & ! he>t ( ! fi%1 = ! two latt] :5 burn$ make a smoke :i* w drive away demons1 :ile ! gall is efficaci\s = cur+ :ite films :i* may h =m$ !mselves on ! eyes ( a man4 ,tobias does z he is bidd5 7vi4 #b-i74 ,on _! ne>+ ,ecbatana ,raphael tells ,tobias t he mu/ m>ry ,s>ah ! daught] ( ,raguel z be+ ne>e/ ( k92 b ,tobias expresses 8 fe>s t he may fall a victim to ! same evil demon :o _h already caus$ ! dea? ( ,s>ah's sev5 husb&s4 ,!reupon ,raphael rem9ds him ( ! liv] & he>t ( ! fi%1 :i* ,tobias _h kept1 & he is told to place !m ^u ! a%es ( inc5se at ! prop] "t1 :5 ! smell ( ! smoke w drive ! demon away 7vi4 #aj-ah74 ,on _! arrival at ! h\se ( ,raguel !y are welcom$ by _! ho/2 ,raphael makes all arrangem5ts ) reg>d to ! m>riage betwe5 ,tobias & ,s>ah4 ,at ! prop] "t ,tobias burns ! liv] & he>t ( ! fi% ) all success2 !re is rejoic+ & fea/+ 9 ! h\se ( ,raguel 7vii41 viii474 ,at ,tobias' reque/ ,raphael goes to ,gabael & fet*es ! money belong+ to ,tobit 7ix474 ,9 ! meantime ,tobias' p>5ts are beg9n+ to feel anxi\s ab\t 8 long delay 7x4 #a-g;a74 ,tobias & 8 wife1 ,s>ah1 h[ev]1 return to ,n9eveh to ! great joy ( ,tobit & ,anna4 ,! fir/ act ( ,tobias on see+ 8 bl9d fa!r aga9 is to br+ out ! gall ( ! fi% & apply x to ! latt]'s eyes2 ! b5eficial effect is imm$iate2 ,tobit rega9s 8 sight1 & weeps = joy 7x4 #g;b-xi4 #h74 ,! la/ section ( ! book 7xii4-xiv47 tells ( ,raphael mak+ himself kn[n to ,tobit1 & ( ! wisdom ( ,raphael1 aft] :i* is add$ an acc\nt ( ,raphael's asc5sion 7xii472 ! two la/ *apt]s give ! pray] ( ,tobit 7xiii471 & 8 la/ words 7xiv474 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,/&po9t ,,( ,,! ,,writ] ,9 v>i\s important p>ticul>s ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,tobit & ,b5-,sira occupy ! same religi\s /&po9t2 9 o!rs a c]ta9 div]g5ce is to be notic$ :i* po9ts to a developm5t ( doctr9e4 ,a brief exam9ation ( ! religi\s /&po9t ( ! two writ]s is1 !re=e1 bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 7a7 ,we w ref] fir/ to ^? po9ts 9 :i* ! tea*+ is id5tical4 ,) reg>d to ! ,temple cultus at ,j]usalem x w suffice to quote "o passage f ea* book to %[ ! id5tity ( view2 9 ,tobit i4 #f-h occur ^! words3 8,i us$ to g to ,j]usalem ) ! fir/fruits & ! fir/l+s & ! t5?s ( ! cattle & ! fir/ %e>+s ( ! %eep1 & give !m to ! prie/s1 ! sons ( ,a>on1 = ! alt>1 & ! t5? ( ! corn & ! w9e & oil & pomegranates & ! re/ ( ! fruits to ! sons ( ,levi1 :o m9i/]$ at ,j]usalem 4440 7cp4 ii4 #a-i74 ,q 9 accordance ) ?is are ,b5-,sira's words 9 vii4 #bi-ca3 ,fe> ,god ) all ?y he>t1 ,& rev]5ce ,8 prie/s4 ,) all ?y /r5g? love ,him t made !e1 ,& =sake n ,8 m9i/]s4 ,glorify ,god & hon\r ! prie/1 ,& give !m _! portion z x is comm&$ !e2 ,! food ( ! trespass-(f]+1 & ! heave-(f]+ ( ! h&1 ,! sacrifices ( righte\sness1 & ! (f]+s ( holy ?+s 7xxxv4 #a-aa1 xlv4 #ad-af74 ,bo? writ]s lay mu* /ress on o!r legal ord9ances1 above all on ,pray] & ,almsgiv+2 ^! d n ne$ illu/rat+1 z !y are s (t5 spok5 ( 9 ei!r book2 b two po9ts1 ! _s & ! efficacy ( almsgiv+1 are wor? special m5tion3 9 ,tobit iv4 #af x is said3 8,let n ?9e eye be grudg+ :5 ?\ give/ alms10 & a simil> _s ( :ole-he>t$ness is enjo9$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus xviii4 #ae-ah3 ,my son1 br+ no blemi% on ?y good de$s1 ,nor 9 giv+ any gift cause grief ?r\gh words4444 ,! gift ( an envi\s man consume? ! eyes4 ,9 l mann] ! efficacy ( alms is spok5 ( by bo? writ]s 9 an id5tical s5se2 9 ,tobit iv4 #aj x is said3 8,alms deliv]e? f dea?1 & suff]e? n to come into d>kness02 & ,b5-,sira says3 ,a flam+ fire do? wat] qu5*1 ,s do? almsgiv+ atone = s94 ,bo? writ]s1 moreov]1 use ! ^w z almo/ synonym\s ) righte\sness4 ,fa/+1 /range to say1 receives practically no notice 9 ,tobit1#chf ?\gh ,b5-,sira insi/s ^u its "r use 7xxxiv4 #bf74 ,on "o o!r po9t ( legal obs]vance1 h[ev]1 bo? writ]s lay simil> emphasis2 9 ,tobit ii4 #h1 #aj ,tobit says3 8,& :5 ! sun 0 set1 ,i w5t & digg$ a grave & buri$ him4444 ,& ! same night ,i wa%$ myself & came into my c\rty>d & lay d[n to sleep 44402 ! obs]vance ( ?is legal precept is ref]r$ to by ,b5-,sira 9 ^! words3 ,he :o wa%e? aft] 7contact )7 a dead body1 & t\*e? x aga91 ,:at ha? he ga9$ by 8 ba?+8 7xxxiv4 #be74 ,! simil>ity ( ! religi\s /&po9t ( ^! two writ]s may be fur!r illu/rat$ by _! univ]sali/ic attitude & _! tea*+ on ! future life4 ,al?\gh1 normally1 ,b5-,sira looks ^u ,israel z pre-em95tly ! nation ^u :i* ,god's int]e/ is c5tr$ he %[s a broad] outlook 9 su* a passage z xviii4 #a-ad3 444 ,z a drop ( wat] f ! sea1 or z a gra9 ( s&1 ,s are man's few ye>s 9 ! et]nal days4 ,!re=e is ! ,"l long-suff]+ t[>ds !m1 ,& p\re? out ,8 m]cy ^u !m4444 ,! m]cy ( man is ex]cis$ ^u 8 own k91 ,b ! m]cy ( ,god is ext5d$ to all fle%1 ,reprov+1 & *a/5+1 & tea*+1 ,& br++ !m back z a %eph]d 8 flock4444 ,tobit1 9 l mann]1 contemplates all m5 z com+ )9 ! pale ( ,god's m]cy3 ,i exalt my ,god1 & my s\l %all rejoice 9 ! ,k+ ( heav52 ,( ,8 greatness let all m5 tell1 ,& let !m give ,him ?anks 9 ,j]usalem4444 ,a bright light %all %9e unto all ! ends ( ! e>?2 ,_m nations %all come f af>1 ,& ! inhabitants ( ! utmo/ ends ( ! e>? unto ,?y holy "n2 ,) _! gifts also 9 _! h&s unto ! ,k+ ( heav5 ,g5]ations ( g5]ations %all utt] rejoic+ 9 ,!e ,& ,?y "n t is elect unto ! g5]ations ( et]nity 7xiii4 #g-aa2 cp4 xiv4 #d-f74 ,! belief ( bo? writ]s conc]n+ ! future life is id5tical1 x foll[s ! normal tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 !re is1 !re=e1 no belief 9 ! resurrection 7see ,ecclus4 xvii4 #bg1 #bh1 xxviii4 #f1 xl4 #aa1 etc41 & ,tobit iii4 #aj1 iv4 #aj1 xii4 #i1 xiii4 #b72 at ! same "t1 "o is p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 see+ ! =e%ad[+ ( a develop$ belief 9 su* words z ^!3 8,"l1 comm& t ,i be releas$ f ?is di/ress1 let me g to ! ev]la/+ place1 & turn n ,?y face1 ,o ,"l1 away f me0 7,tobit iii4 #f74 7b7 ,a def9ite doctr9al developm5t is to be disc]n$ 9 two directions2 :ile 9 a numb] ( passages ! doctr9e ( ,god 9 ea* book is ! same z normally taught 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ,tobit !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to introduce ! idea ( an int]m$iate ag5cy betwe5 ,god & m52 ?is is se5 9 ! activity ( ! angel ,raphael1 :o is s5t to fulfil ,god's purposes1 e4g4 iii4 #af1 #ag3 8,at ! self-same "t ! pray] ( bo? 0 he>d be=e ! glory ( ,god2 & ,raphael 0 s5t to heal !m bo?2 4440 & 9 xii4 #ab-ad ,raphael says3 8,& n[1 :5 ?\ did/ pray1 & ,s>ah1 ,i did br+ ! memorial ( y\r pray] be=e ! glory ( ! ,"l2 & :5 ?\ did/ bury ! dead1 likewise44440 ,x is also wor? not+ t in/ead ( speak+ ( ,god directly1 expressions su* z 8! glory ( ,god0 7z 9 ! two passages j quot$71 & ! 8,"n0 7iii4 #aa1 viii4 #e1 xi4 #ad1 xii4 #f1 xiii4 #ah7 are us$2 /ress is ?us laid on ! transc5d5tal "* ( ,god 9 a mann] :i* rem9ds "o ( ! lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism reg>d+ ?is subject4 ,closely connect$ ) :at has j be5 said is ! develop$ doctr9e ( angels 9 ! ,book ( ,tobit2 9 addition to ! passages j quot$ ref]5ce may be made to xi4 #ad3 8,bless$ is ,god1 & bless$ is ,8 great "n1 & bless$ are all ,8 angels02 & xii4 #ae3 8,i am ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 angels1 :i* /& & ent] be=e ! glory ( ! ,"l40 ,su* ideas %[ a decid$ developm5t ( belief on ! subject ( angels z comp>$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,b5-,sira1 = 9 8 book !re is sc>cely any ref]5ce to angels1 xlii4 #af 7&1 possibly1 xliii4 #bf7 be+ ! only "o4 ,x is ! same ) ! subject ( demonology1 :i* has no place 9 ! tea*+ ( ,b5-,sira1 :ile 9 ,tobit ! ref]5ces to ,asmodu 8! evil demon0 7iii4 #h1 #ag1 cp4 vi4 #ad7 & to me?ods ( exorcism 7vi4 #g-i1 #af-ah1 viii4 #b1 #c7 %[ t belief 9 ! activity ( demons _h begun to assume a position ( consid]able importance 9 popul> sup]/ition4 ,?is comp>ison betwe5 ! religi\s /&po9t ( ! writ] ( ,tobit & t ( ,b5-,sira %[s t !re is mu* aff9ity betwe5 ! two1 & leads to ! conclusion t1 9 ! ma91 ?\gh n 9 all respects1 bo? belong to ! same s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,we h se5 t ,b5-,sira repres5t$ ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o may be reg>d$ z ! precursors ( :at develop$ into ! ,sadducan p>ty aft] ! ,maccaban /ruggle4 ,! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,tobit approximates to ?is /&po9t ^u ! :ole1 ?\gh 9 "s respects he incl9es to o!r directions4 ,loyalty to ! ,law & belief 9 ,provid5ce1 z we h po9t$ out 9 ano!r *apt]1 are n incompatible ) ! ,sadducan position2 ! prom95t /ress laid on almsgiv+ & its efficacy 7iv4 #aj1 xii4 #i7 does n diff] f ! tea*+ ( ,b5-,sira on ! subject4 ,9 8 univ]sali/ic attitude1 ?\gh l ,b5-,sira an ard5t ,israelite1 ! writ] ( ,tobit foll[s 9 ! tea*+ ( ! greate/ prophets1 & 9 ?is diff]s fundam5tally f ! /&po9t ( ^? :o1 lat]1 develop$ into ! p>ty ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,t !re is no tea*+ on ! resurrection 9 passages :]e "o w\ld ju/ly look = x _h su* a doctr9e be5 held1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! develop$ tea*+ on ! transc5d5tal "* ( ,god1 ! angelology & demonology1 & ! slight indications ( ! beg9n+ ( es*atological tea*+1 po9t away f ! position indicat$4 ,?is fact is full ( int]e/ z %[+ t prior to ! ,maccaban /ruggle no h>d & fa/ l9es 7 drawn betwe5 diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght1 al?\gh def9ite t5d5cies 7 di/9ctly obs]vable4 ,we are incl9$ to see 9 ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,tobit a ?9k] ^: natural t5d5cy 0 to foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! old cons]vative s*ool1 b :o 0 n un9flu5c$ by ! ris+ ?\ght ( ! ,apocalypti/s 7see xiii4 #a-ah1 xiv4 #c-g71 & :o felt t mu* ( :at 0 taught by ! ,*assidim 0 ( p]man5t value4 ,9 ,*assidism 7 conta9$ ! g]ms#chg ( :at be=e long develop$ into ! ,apocalyptic ,movem5t & ,ph>isaism2 z long z ^! only rema9$ t5d5cies !re 0 no?+ fundam5tally antagoni/ic 9 ei!r1 & 9 ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,tobit we see ?is exemplifi$4 ,?is helps u1 by ! way1 to und]/& :y we f9d lat] specifically apocalyptic traits 9 ,ph>isaic tea*+1 & specifically ,ph>isaic traits 9 ,apocalyptic tea*+2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! pron\nc$ antagonism :i* 9 c\rse ( "t arose betwe5 ! two4 ,?is fact is to be expla9$ n s mu* on ! assumption t "o influ5c$ ! o!r1 z t bo? desc5d$ f ! same ance/or1 viz4 ,*assidism4 ,v4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book1 ,,its ,,integrity1 ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,orig9 ,f :at has j be5 said we are l$ to ! conclusion t our book belongs to ! same p]iod z t ( ,ecclesia/icus1 ?\gh p]haps slightly lat] 9 t p]iod ?an ! latt] book4 ,its doctr9al /&po9t1 l t ( ,ecclesia/icus1 is pre-,maccaban4 ,t !re is n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! ,maccaban /ruggle po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,v>i\s reasons1 "s ( !m r =c$1 h be5 put =w>d to %[ t ! book is ( mu* lat] date1 o!rs to prove t x is mu* e>li]2 b we feel conv9c$ t ! sure/ guide to ! date ( a ,jewi% book writt5 betwe5 ^? two great hi/orical l&m>ks1 ! "t ( ,ezra & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 is its doctr9al /&po9t4#chh ,?is1 tak5 z a :ole1 c 9 ! case ( our book only po9t to a "t previ\s to ! ,maccaban /ruggle2 =1 aft] ?is1 p>ties antagoni/ic to ea* o!r became def9itely =m$1 & su* an attitude z t ( ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,tobit 0 !n un?9kable2 he mu/ !n h be5 ei!r a ,sadducee or a ,ph>isee or an ,apocalypti/ 7,ess5ism does n come into consid]ation "h71 :]eas1 9 po9t ( fact1 he %[s a mixture ( all ?ree t5d5cies4 ,! book is n necess>ily lat] ?an ,ecclesia/icus1 = al?\gh x does 9 "s respects %[ a developm5t ( doctr9e x is q possible = contempor>ies to be 9 sub/antial agreem5t & yet = "o to hold slightly m advanc$ views on c]ta9 po9ts ?an ano!r4 ,our book may ?us be assign$ to a date n mu* lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #age & n e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #aij4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! book %[s no reason = que/ion+ its integrity2 ! au?or has obvi\sly utiliz$ diff]5t mat]ials 9 compos+ 8 /ory1 b ap>t f m9or details1 8 composition has n be5 add$ to by o!r writ]s4 ,! place ( orig9 ( ! book _c be decid$ ) any c]ta9ty2 x lies betwe5 ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 ?\gh ! balance ( probability po9ts to ! latt]4 ,! book 0 writt5 = ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 ?is is cle> f su* words z ! foll[+3 ,give ?anks unto ,him be=e ! ,g5tiles1 ye *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,= ,he ha? scatt]$ y among !m1 ,& !re ,he ha? %[n y ,8 greatness2 ,& extol ye ,him be=e all ! liv+ 7xiii4 #c1 #d71 & ! writ] himself says he is 9 captivity 9 xiii4 #f3 ,i1 9 ! l& ( my captivity1 give ,him ?anks4 ,t ?is l& _c be ei!r ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 or ,m$ia1 z has be5 held by diff]5t s*ol>s1 is %[n by ,simpson1 :o says t 8su* surmises are1 at ! outset1 negativ$ by ! au?or's ignorance ( ,ea/]n geography & 8 acceptance ( ! ord9>y /&>ds ( ,greek & ,roman geographies4 ,t ! ,tigris fl[$ betwe5 ,n9eveh & ,m$ia 0 an idea common among ! ,greeks2 t ,ecbatana 0 situat$ 9 a pla9 0 a con/ant ,we/]n fallacy1 & is repeat$ 9 ,diodorus ii4 #ac1 #f1 9 a passage dep5d5t on ,ctesias40#chi ,ano!r1 app>5tly small1 po9t also sugge/s ,egypt2 x is said 9 vi4 #c t 8a great fi% leap$ up out ( ! wat]1 & w\ld h swall[$ ! foot ( ! "y man 44402 no ord9>y fi% w\ld d ?is k9d ( ?+1 x po9ts r to a crocodile ( ! ,nile1 & ?is 0 probably 9 ! writ]'s m9d2 8?is conjecture10 9 ! words ( ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8is rais$ almo/ to c]ta9ty :5 we read 9 ,kazw9i i4 #acb t ! smell ( ! smoke ( a crocodile's liv] cures epilepsy1 & t its dung & gall cure leucoma1 :i* 0 ! cause ( ,tobit's bl9dness4 ,v simil> /atem5ts z to ! m$ic9al virtues ( ! crocodile occur 9 ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s40#cij ,fur!r1 ! s\rces utiliz$ by ! writ] ( ! book sugge/ ,egypt z ! place ( its orig92 8only ,egyptian ,jews c\ld ne$ an antidote to ! ,tractate ( ,khons10 & ?is seems to h be5 "o ma9 purpose ( ! book4#cia ,f9ally1 if1 z seems ^u ! :ole probable1 ! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,greek1 a fur!r reason = reg>d+ ,egypt z its orig9al home is (f]$4 ,"s s*ol>s are /rong advocates ( a ,semitic 7,hebrew or ,aramaic7 orig9al1 b to give details ( ! reasons = ei!r cont5tion w\ld involve te*nicalities :i* w\ld be inappropriate "h4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t ! ,greek z a :ole does n read l a translation1 :atev] may be ! case 9 isolat$ in/ances4 ,if "o reads ! ,greek ( ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* is admitt$ly a translation1 & comp>es x ) t ( ! ,book ( ,tobit1 ! diff]5ce is enorm\s1 & =ces "o to believe t if ,tobit 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic1 its ,greek =m mu/ be n a translation1 b a p>aphrase4#cib ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible t ! home ( ! writ] 0 ,pale/9e1 & t = "s reason or o!r he 0 compell$ to sp5d "s consid]able "t 9 ,egypt4 ,b5-,sira's gr&son1 :o 0 evid5tly a native ( ,pale/9e1 came into ,egypt & cont9u$ !re & issu$ 8 gr&fa!r's book 9 a ,greek =m :ile liv+ !re4 ,on ! supposition t ! writ] ( ,tobit 0 a native ( ,pale/9e soj\rn+ 9 ,egypt ! ,aramaic traits 9 8 book c\ld be expla9$ 9 a q natural way4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,= ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,/udy ,!re are a few passages 9 ! ,book ( ,tobit :i*1 on be+ comp>$ ) simil> ones 9 ! ,gospels1 illu/rate ! tru? t ,*ri/ inculcat$ mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ,judaism ) :i* ,8 he>]s 7 already famili>1 & :i* !re=e _h ,8 approval4 ,9 iv4 #h1 #i we read3 8,z ?y sub/ance is1 give alms ( x accord+ to ?9e abundance2 if ?\ h mu*1 accord+ to ! abundance !re=e give alms2 if ?\ h little1 be/[ x1 & be n afraid to give alms accord+ to t little2 = ?\ laye/ up a good treasure = ?yself aga9/ ! day ( necessity40 ,! _s ( ?is tea*+ is endors$1 b made m spiritual1 9 ! famili> words ( ,mat!w vi4 #ai-ba3 8,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u ! e>? 444 b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 heav5 444 = :]e ?y treasure is1 !re w ?y he>t be also40 ,an ev5 m po9t$ illu/ration is se5 on comp>+ ,tobit xii4 #h-aj ) ,mat!w vi4 #a-f2 ! =m] runs3 8,bett] is pray] ) tru?1 & alms ) righte\sness1 ?an ri*es ) unrighte\sness2 x is bett] to give alms ?an to lay up gold 44402 9 ,mat!w vi4 #a-f almsgiv+ & pray] are likewise plac$ toge!r1 only "h aga9 ! tea*+ is full] & deep]4 ,aga91 9 ,tobit iv4 #ae x is said3 8,:at ?\ ?yself hate/1 d to no man02 ?is negative injunction is put positively 9 ,mat!w vii4 #ab3 8,all ?+s !re=e :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 ev5 s d ye also unto !m0 7cp4 ,luke vi4 #ca74 ,once m1 9 ,tobit iv4 #af ! comm& is giv53 8,give ( ?y bread to ! hungry1 & ( ?y g>m5ts to !m t are nak$02 ?is rem9ds "o irresi/ibly ( ,mat!w xxv4 #ce1 #cf3 8,i 0 an hungr$1 & ye gave me meat2 ,i 0 ?ir/y1 & ye gave me dr9k2 ,i 0 a /rang]1 & ye took me 92 nak$1 & ye clo!d me44440 ,t ,/4 ,paul 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,book ( ,tobit1 & 0 influ5c$ by x1 seems to come out cle>ly 9 "s passages 9 8 epi/les2 ?us ! words 9 #b ,cor9?ians ix4 #i1 8,let ea* man d accord+ z he ha? purpos$ 9 8 he>t2 n grudg+ly or ( necessity10 e*o :at is said 9 ,tobit iv4 #g1 #af1 8,z ?y sub/ance is 4440 7quot$ above7 & 9 v]se #af3 8,let n ?9e eye be grudg+ :5 ?\ give/ alms0 7cp4 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #b1 #b ,cor4 viii4 #ab74 ,al?\gh ! id5tical injunction is giv5 9 ,tobit iv4 #ab;a & #a ,!ssalonians iv4 #c1 & 9 ,tobit iv4 #ae;b & ,ephesians v4 #ah1 !y d n necess>ily imply t ,/4 ,paul 0 indebt$ to ?is book = !m because !y are s g5]al 9 "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?\ght 9 ,romans vi4 #bc1 8,= ! wages ( s9 is dea?10 seems to be d]iv$ f ,tobit xii4 #aj3 8,!y t commit s9 & unrighte\sness are enemies to _! own life40 ,9 ! fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y ! influ5ce ( our book may also be disc]n$ 9 a few cases2 ?us1 9 vi4 #f ! words1 8,b godl9ess ) cont5tm5t is great ga910 are 9 _! ess5ce closely analog\s to :at is writt5 9 ,tobit iv4 #ba3 8,& fe> n1 my *ild1 because we h become poor2 ?\ ha/ mu* weal?1 if ?\ fe> ,god & avoid e k9d ( s91 & d ! ?+s :i* are good 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l ?y ,god40 ,9 ! same way1 ! passage already quot$1 ,tobit iv4 #i1 8444 = ?\ laye/ up a good treasure = ?yself aga9/ ! day ( necessity10 is spiritualiz$ 9 #a ,timo?y vi4 #ai3 8444 lay+ up 9 /ore = !mselves a good f\ndation aga9/ ! "t to come1 t !y may lay hold on ! life :i* is life inde$40 ,x is also wor? m5tion+ t ! expression 8,k+ et]nal0 9 #a ,timo?y i4 #ag occurs also 9 ,tobit xiii4 #f4 ,9 a few o!r passages id5tity ( ?\ght & v]bal simil>ities are ( int]e/3 ! comb9ation ( good works & almsde$s is f\nd 9 ,tobit i4 #c & ,acts ix4 #cf2 9 ,tobit xii4 #ab ! words1 8,i did br+ ! memorial ( y\r pray] be=e ! glory ( ! ,"l10 rem9ds "o =cibly ( ,acts x4 #d3 8,?y pray]s & ?9e alms are gone up = a memorial be=e ,god40 ,! idea ( b9d+ ! devil occurs bo? 9 ,tobit viii4 #c & ,revelation xx4 #b1 & ! description ( ! new ,j]usalem 9 ,tobit xiii4 #af-ah has "s di/9ct po9ts ( simil>ity ) ! full] picture giv5 9 ,revelation xxi4 #aj-ba4 ,9 mo/ ( ! cases giv5 above ! v]bal simil>ity is m /rik+ :5 read 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,book ( ,judi? ,,lit]ature4--,fritzs*e1 ,die ,b*] ,tobi und ,judi? erklrt1 9 8,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph50 7#ahec72 ,ball1 9 ,wace1 ,i1 pp4 #bda-cfj2 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #cb-cg1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #bcj-bcg2 ,lhr1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i pp4 #adg-afd2 ,ga/]1 9 ! 8,proce$+s ( ! ,soc4 ( ,biblical ,ar*ology0 = #ahid1 pp4 #aef-afc2 ,s*olz1 ,komm5t> b] das ,bu* ,judi? und b] ,bel und ,dra*e 7#ahif72 ,wns*e1 ,aus ,israel's ,lehrhall51 ,,ii1 pp4 #afd-ahe 7#aijh72 ,c[ley1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #bdb-bfg4 ,i4 ,,cont5ts ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! book purports to tell ( ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 8:o reign$ ov] ! ,assyrians 9 ,n9eveh40 ,x tells ( h[ ?is k+ 9 ! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign ga!r$ toge!r _m nations to fight ) him aga9/ ! ,m$es2 ! collection ( ?is ho/ seems to h tak5 five ye>s1 = x 0 n until ! sev5te5? ye> ( 8 reign t ,nebu*adnezz> attack$ & conqu]$ ,arphaxad1 k+ ( ! ,m$es4 ,n[ among ! peoples :om ,nebu*adnezz> _h summon$ to jo9 him 9 ?is w> all ^? ( ! we/ _h refus$ to respond1 among !m be+ ^? 8t 7 9 ,c>mel & ,gilead1 9 ! high] ,galilee & ! great pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 all t 7 9 ,sam>ia & ! cities !re(1 & beyond ,jordan unto ,j]usalem0 7i4 #i72 ^! & _m o!rs1 !re=e1 ,nebu*adnezz> det]m9$ to puni% n[ t he _h successfully dealt ) ! ,m$es4 ,s he comm&s ,hol(]nes1 ! *ief capta9 ( 8 ho/1 to g ) an army ( #acb1jjj1 & take v5geance on ^! disob$i5t l&s ( ! we/4 ,!n foll[s ! acc\nt ( ,hol(]nes' victori\s progress until he rea*es ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon2 he pit*es 8 camp betwe5 ,geba & ,scy?opolis1 & re/s !re = a mon? 9 ord] to 8ga!r toge!r all ! baggage ( 8 ho/0 7ii4 #ba-;iii4 #aj74 ,! ,jews are n[ fill$ ) anxiety1 & spe$ily set ab\t tak+ measures ( def5ce2 above all1 !y =tify ! villages on ! m\nta9-tops4 ,joakim1 ! high-prie/1 takes ! lead & comm&s ! p ( ,be?ulia to seize ! asc5ts ( ! hill-c\ntry ov]look+ ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 8because by !m 0 ! entrance into ,juda1 & x 0 easy to /op !m f approa*+1 inasmu* z ! approa* 0 n>r[1 ) space = two m5 at ! mo/0 7iv4 #a-h74 ,! p !n give !mselves to fa/+ & pray]s1 call+ ^u ,god to help !m 9 ?is h\r ( dang] 7iv4 #i-ae74 ,hol(]nes1 on he>+ ( ! prep>ations made to resi/ 8 advance1 is greatly inc5s$4 ,!n ,a*ior1 ! lead] ( ! ,ammonites :o _h jo9$ ! ,assyrian army1 w>ns ,hol(]nes1 by po9t+ to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 t _! ,god inv>iably help$ ^! p s long z !y rema9$ fai?ful to ,him2 s t 8if !re is no lawlessness 9 _! nation10 ,a*ior concludes1 8let my "l n[ pass by1 le/ _! ,"l def5d !m1 & _! ,god be ) !m1 & we %all be a reproa* be=e all ! e>?40 ,hol(]nes1 h[ev]1 res5ts ?is w>n+1 ?9k+ t ,a*ior's int5tion is to protect ! ,jews by ?us seek+ to dissuade him f fur!r advance4 ,to puni% ,a*ior1 ,hol(]nes has him b\nd & tak5 to ! foot ( ! hill on :i* ! =tress ( ,be?ulia is situat$2 he is left !re 9 ! hopes t he w be kill$ by ! enemy4 ,b ! ,israelites1 on f9d+ him1 take him into ! city & treat him k9dly 7v41 vi474 ,hol(]nes n[ makes a demon/ration 9 ! valley 9 ! sight ( ! g>rison 9 ,be?ulia1 8 object be+ to inspire ! ,jews ) dread & despair1 & ?us induce !m to submit2 ! capture ( ?is m\nta9 =tress 0 ess5tial = ! fur!r advance4 ,b 8! *ildr5 ( ,esau0 realize t x is no easy matt] to r$uce an almo/ impregnable =tress l ?is o!rwise ?an ?r\gh fam9e2 above all1 if ! wat] supply is cut (f1 ! g>rison w spe$ily be =c$ to give 92 8rema9 9 ?y camp10 !y say to ,hol(]nes1 8& keep safe e man ( ?y ho/1 & let ?y s]vants get possession ( ! f\nta9 ( wat] :i* issue? =? f ! foot ( ! m\nta92 = all ! inhabitants ( ,be?ulia h _! wat] !nce2 & ?ir/ w kill !m1 & !y w give up _! city40 ,hol(]nes sees ! wisdom ( ?is advice1 :i* is c>ri$ out4 ,! result is t ! p 9 ,be?ulia suff] t]rible di/ress1 & are r$uc$ to despair2 !y come to ,ozias1 ! eld] ( ! city1 & call ^u him to surr5d]2 ,ozias implores !m to hold out = ano!r five days1 firmly believ+ t ,god w h m]cy ^u !m & n =sake !m utt]ly4 ,to ?is ! p cons5t 7vii474 ,^! fir/ sev5 *apt]s1 :i* con/itute ne>ly half ! book1 =m 9 reality only ! introduction to :at foll[s2 ! h]o9e ( ! /ory has n yet ev5 be5 m5tion$4 ,! writ] has br\ght 8 n>rative to a po9t :]e1 humanly speak+1 no?+ c save ! ill-fat$ p ( ,be?ulia2 b he leaves ! impression ^u 8 he>]s t !y are to expect some?+ wond]ful to happ5 dur+ ! five days ( wait+ = ! end4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! /ory t foll[s is extraord9>ily dramatic2 f *apt] viii4 onw>ds "o is c>ri$ along 9 almo/ brea?less excitem5t1 x is a ma/]piece ( n>rative2 ?\gh ! "o ?+ t p]haps some:at m>s its p]fection is ! writ]'s pron5ess to be diffuse4 ,) *apt] viii4 ,judi? is introduc$2 fir/ h] g5ealogy is giv51 %e belongs to ! tribe ( ,simeon2 !n o!r details are m5tion$4 ,%e has be5 a wid[ = ?ree ye>s & f\r mon?s2 h] husb&1 ,manasses1 di$ ( sun/roke2 he _h left 8 wid[ 8gold1 & silv]1 & m5s]vants1 & maids]vants1 & cattle1 & l&s40 ,judi? is a dev\t woman1 & /rict 9 h] religi\s obs]vances2 h] great beauty is (t5 insi/$ ^u1 & %e is also end[$ ) mu* wisdom4 ,on h] he>+ ( :at _h happ5$1 %e s5ds h] maid to ! eld]s ( ! city1 ,ozias1 ,*abris1 & ,*>mis1 invit+ !m to h] h\se2 !y come1 & ,judi? addresses !m at "s l5g?1 ! gi/ ( h] words be+ t !y h be5 wrong 9 promis+ to deliv] up ! city 9 five days1 because 9 do+ s !y h %[n _! want ( fai? 9 ,god2 moreov]1 if ,be?ulia is tak5 x w mean ! utt] d[nfall ( ! p1 & ! pr(anation ( ! sanctu>y4 ,s %e urges !m to be an example to ! p by %[+ unwav]+ tru/ 9 ,god4 ,!y comm5d h] words1 & beg h] to pray to ,god = ra91 t ! ci/]ns may be fill$ & ! p obta9 refre%m5t4 ,b ,judi? replies3 8,he> me1 & ,i w d a ?+1 :i* %all g d[n to all g5]ations among ! *ildr5 ( our race40 ,%e does n tell !m :at %e is go+ to d1 b only says t ,god w use h] z an in/rum5t ( deliv]ance be=e ! five days are out 7viii474 ,! :ole ( ! next *apt] is tak5 up ) ,judi?'s pray] to ,god 9 prep>ation = :at %e is ab\t to und]take4 ,judi? n[ goes ) h] maid to ! camp ( ,hol(]nes2 ev]yone is /ruck ) h] beauty1 & %e is well receiv$1 ,hol(]nes especially be+ v graci\s to h]4 ,%e !n decl>es to him ! purpose ( h] com+1 :i* is = no?+ less ?an ! betrayal ( h] p4 ,%e skilfully uses ! argum5t :i* ,a*ior _h us$1 namely t z long z h] p are fai?ful to ,god x w n be possible to ov]come !m1 b if !y d any?+ to ang] ,him1 !n ,he w =sake !m4 ,?is1 %e tells him1 is true2 b :at ,a*ior did n "k1 t %e has come to tell1 & x is ?is3 ! ,israelites are ab\t to d some?+ :i* w br+ d[n ^u !m ! wra? ( ,god2 be+ 9 dire /raits !y are go+ to eat sanctifi$ food1 :i* is contr>y to ! ,law2 !y are m]ely wait+ to receive lic5ce to d ?is f ! au?orities 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! same ?+ has already be5 done1 & z soon z !y receive ! p]mission !y w transgress ! ,law2 !n w be ,hol(]nes' *ance4 ,s ,judi? says %e w g =? ea* night1 & w pray to ,god ,:o w tell h] z soon z ! p h committ$ _! s9s2 8& ,i w come & %[ x also unto !e2 & ?\ %alt g =? ) all ?y ho/1 & !re %all be none ( !m t %all resi/ !e4 ,& ,i w lead !e ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,juda1 until ?\ come/ ov] aga9/ ,j]usalem2 & ,i w set ?y seat 9 ! mid/ !re(40 ,ne$less to say t ,hol(]nes is greatly pleas$ ) ^! words4 ,= ?ree days ,judi? & h] maid rema9 9 ! camp )9 _! own qu>t]s2 ea* night !y g =? to pray1 ! gu>ds be+ in/ruct$ to let !m pass outside ! camp 7x4-xii4 #i74 ,b on ! f\r? day ,hol(]nes gives a fea/ to :i* he invites ,judi?2 %e comes2 ! fea/ la/s long1 & ,hol(]nes becomes inflam$ ) w9e & ca/s evil eyes ^u ,judi?4 ,!n all ! s]vants g f ! t5t4 ,judi? & ,hol(]nes are left alone2 b ! latt] is ov]come ) w9e4 ,judi? approa*es ! c\* :]eon he lies2 !n utt]+ a ha/y pray] = /r5g?1 %e seizes ! w>rior's scimit> & hews 8 head f 8 body4 ,%e calls h] maid1 :o puts ! head ( ,hol(]nes into h] bag ( victuals1 & !y bo? pass out ( ! camp1 & return to ,be?ulia 7xii4 #aj-xiii4 #aj74 ,!re is imm5se joy 9 ! city :5 !y le>n :at ,judi? has done2 ! head ( ,hol(]nes is hung out on ! battlem5ts4 ,! ,assyrian army1 on le>n+ :at has happ5$1 are plung$ into fe> & confusion2 ! ,israelites fall ^u !m & put !m to flight4 ,judi? is ri*ly rew>d$1 & hon\r$ by all ! p 7xiii4 #aa-xv4 #ac74 ,!n foll[s ,judi?'s ,song ( ,praise 7xvi4 #b-ag72 & ! book closes ) a %ort acc\nt ( h[ ,judi? d$icat$ to ,god h] %>e ( ! spoil ( ! ,assyrian camp1 ( h] prosp]ity1 & f9ally ( h] dea? 9 ,be?ulia at a ripe old age 7xvi4 #ah-be74 ,! fir/ "q z to ! "* ( ! book t naturally arises is :e!r1 or h[ f>1 x is hi/orical4 ,! op5+ words ( ! book are 9 !mselves suffici5t to %[ t ! writ] is n to be look$ ^u z a hi/orian4 ,he says1 8,9 ! twelf? ye> ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o reign$ ov] ! ,assyrians 9 ,n9eveh 44402 & aga9 9 ii4 #a ff4 x is n>rat$ h[ 9 8 eighte5? ye> he s5t ,hol(]nes to und]take ! campaign 9 ! we/4 ,b fur!r1 9 iv4 #b1 #c x says t ! p 7 exce$+ly afraid at ! approa* ( ,hol(]nes1 & 7 tr\bl$ = ,j]usalem1 & = ! temple ( ! ,"l _! ,god2 8because !y 7 newly come up f ! ,captivity1 & all ! p ( ,juda 7 lately ga!r$ toge!r2 & ! vessels1 & ! alt>1 & ! h\se1 7 sanctifi$ aft] ! pr(anation40 ,h[ utt]ly unhi/orical all ?is is c be se5 at once by ref]r+ to #b ,k+s xxiv41 xxv41 & ,j]emiah xxxix41 xl4 ,nebu*adnezz> 0 k+ ( ,babylon 7,n9eveh fell 9 ,b4,c4 #fjh71 & x 0 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( 8 reign 7,b4,c4 #ehf7 t ,j]usalem 0 besieg$ & captur$ = ! second "t1 ! fir/ "t be+ 9 #eig2 & s f> f ! p hav+ newly come up f ! ,captivity1 x 0 j 9 ?is ye> t a fur!r exportation ( ,jews took place4 ,! return f ! ,captivity 01 at ! e>lie/1 9 ,b4,c4 #ecf1 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple took place "s tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,!n1 aga91 9 iv4 #f-h ,joakim ! high-prie/ is repres5t$ z supreme rul]2 b z a matt] ( fact ,g$aliah _h be5 appo9t$ by ,nebu*adnezz> z gov]nor ov] ! cities ( ,judah 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bb1 ,j]4 xl4 #e74 ,on ! face ( x1 !re=e1 ! book is n to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,yet ! writ] is well acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & s f> z ! geography ( ,pale/9e is conc]n$ he is ?or\ghly au fait4 ,we mu/ conclude t he simply *ose ! hi/orical names & times z ! framework 9 :i* to place 8 /ory 9 ord] t he might !reby r5d] x m dramatic2 he purposely commits gross hi/orical blund]s 9 ord] to make x cle> to 8 read]s at ! outset t ! hi/orical p]iod *os5 is m]ely = lit]>y effect2 8!y are to und]/& t ?is is fiction1 n hi/ory2 x did n take place 9 ?is or t def9ite p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 b simply #8once ^u a "t1' ! real vagu5ess ( ! date be+ transp>5tly disguis$ 9 ! mann] :i* has become famili> 9 ! folk-tales ( o!r p>ts ( ! _w40#cic ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 always ! possibility t "s hi/orical basis may exi/ = ! actual /ory ( ,judi? z di/9ct f its framework1 & ?is is held to be ! case by "s s*ol>s2 ,zunz1 = example1 says3 8,x is q possible t 9 "s ,pale/9ian t[n a popul> fe/ival might h be5 celebrat$ 9 memory ( ! h]oic de$ ( "s woman1 & t :5 ! real occasion ( x _h be5 =gott5 & _h giv5 place to a leg5d ) manifold embelli%m5t1 a /ory 0 compos$ 9 hon\r ( ,judi?1 presumably be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple40#cid ,! fact t sev]al =ms ( ! /ory exi/ supports ?is idea 7see ! next section74 ,b ! majority ( s*ol>s are dispos$ to reg>d ! book z pure fiction 7) a special object 9 view z we %all see pres5tly71 & )\t any basis ( fact4 ,z a piece ( lit]>y "w ! book mu/ comm& s9c]e admiration2 ! au?or is a ma/] 9 ! art ( /ory-tell+1 & ! way 9 :i* he int]tw9es ! purposes = :i* ! book 0 writt5 ) ! n>rative itself is v skilfully done4 ,/rik+1 too1 is ! dramatic p[] :i* ! writ] exhibits2 ! read] becomes fasc9at$ z /ep by /ep he is drawn ne>] & ne>] to ! climax1 wond]+ :at x is go+ to be2 he is impell$ to read on 9 ord] to see :at is really go+ to happ51 = ! writ] clev]ly conceals ?is "r up to ! v mom5t t ! climax is rea*$4 ,judi?'s object 9 com+ to ,hol(]nes seems to be repres5t$ at fir/ z ! act ( a traitress1 & some?+ worse2 & yet h] deep piety conv9ces ! read] t ?is _c be2 s t he mu/ read on2 he _c /op4 ,torrey is c]ta9ly "r 9 say+ t 8:at ga9$ = ! book its high e/eem 9 e>ly times1 9 bo? ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian _w1 0 its intr9sic m]it z a /ory1 r ?an its religi\s tea*+ or its patriotism40#cie ,,ii4 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,judi? ,,/ory ,m5tion mu/ be made ( ! fact t our book has come d[n to u 9 m ?an "o =m4 ,we h1 fir/ly1 ! ,greek =m pres]v$ 9 ! ,septuag9t2 our ,apocrypha foll[s ?is1 & x is ! "o ( :i* "s acc\nt has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,?is ,greek =m ( ! /ory is mu* long] ?an ! o!r1 to be spok5 ( pres5tly2 b x exi/s 9 ?ree rec5sions1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! are consid]able4 ,( ^! ?ree1 "o is pres]v$ 9 ! pr9cipal uncial manuscripts1 ,a1 ,b1 & to "s ext5t 9 2 ?is1 z j said1 is ! rec5sion adopt$ 9 our ,apocrypha4 ,! second is f\nd 9 two cursive manuscripts1 numb]$ #ai & #ajh2 :ile ! ?ird occurs 9 a cursive numb]$ #ehcif2 x 0 f a manuscript belong+ to ! type ( text repres5t+ ?is latt] t ! ,old ,lat9 & ,syriac ,v]sions 7 made4#cig ,x is probable t all ^! rec5sions g back to a s+le ar*etype4#cih ,b1 9 ! second place1 !re exi/s1 9 ,hebrew1 q a diff]5t & mu* %ort] =m ( ! /ory2 ?is =m is pres]v$ 9 a ,hebrew manuscript1 f\nd by ,ga/]1#cii belong+ approximately to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajjj2 its home 01 accord+ to ,ga/]1 8some:]e 9 ,babylon10 & he believes t x 8mu/ h belong$ orig9ally to ! old ,megilla? ,taani?10 a ,rabb9ical tractate belong+ to ! ,haggadic lit]ature4 ,9 ?is %ort] =m "s ( ! ess5tial features ( ! /ory diff] f ! long] =m2 ?us1 ,seleucus takes ! place ( ,nebu*adnezz>2 ,judi? appe>s n z a wid[1 b z a maid51 ! daught] ( ,ahitob2 ! sc5e ( ! /ory1 moreov]1 is n plac$ 9 ,be?ulia1 b 9 ,j]usalem2 & ! relations betwe5 ,judi? & h] victim are giv5 9 some:at unblu%+ detail4 ,?is =m ( ! /ory occurs also 9 ! ,megilla? ,taani? 7*ap1 vi471 z we n[ h x2 "h !re are aga9 "s v>iations1 =1 accord+ to ,zunz1 8,judi? is repres5t$ z ! daught] ( ,jo*anan1 or ( ,matta?iah1 & z a h]o9e belong+ to ! ,hasmonan p]iod40#djj ,! "q naturally arises "h z to :i* ( ^! =ms mo/ ne>ly repres5ts ! orig9al /ory4 ,! r intricate details :i* w\ld h to be giv5 9 ord] to answ] ?is w\ld be we>isome2 we mu/ cont5t ourselves1 !re=e1 ) say+ t !re c be little d\bt t ! %ort]1 ,hebrew1 =m mu/ be reg>d$ z com+ close/ to ! orig9al =m ( ! /ory4 ,9 comp>+ ! cont5ts ( ea* =m1 z giv5 respectively 9 ! ,greek ,,mss4 & 9 ! magaz9e 9 :i* ,ga/]'s manuscript has be5 publi%$1 x w be se5 t a v>iety ( indications lead to ! conviction t ! %ort] =m is ! old]4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,book ,^! two subjects g toge!r2 = ! answ] to ! "o is ! answ] to ! o!r4 ,! tea*+ is t ( ! rigidly or?odox ,ph>isaic type2 obs]vance ( ! ,law is ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,?is is vividly br\ght out :5ev] ,judi?'s piety is extoll$2 h] /rictness ) reg>d to ! diet>y laws is describ$ 9 xii4 #a-i 7see also x4 #e1 xi4 #ab-ae72 :5 at la/ %e sits d[n at ! banquet ( ,hol(]nes x is said3 8,%e took & ate & drank be=e him :at h] s]vant _h prep>$0 7xii4 #ai74 ,h] fa/+ & obs]vance ( ! fea/-days is m5tion$ 9 viii4 #f3 8,& %e fa/$ all ! days ( h] wid[hood1 save ! eves ( ! sabba?s1 & ! sabba?s1 & ! eves ( ! new moons1 & ! new moons1 & ! fea/s & joyful days ( ! h\se ( ,israel0 7cp4 iv4 #ac74 ,ritual ablutions are ref]r$ to 9 x4 #c1 xii4 #g1 #i1 h] devotion to pray] 9 ! :ole ( *apt] ix41 & incid5tally 9 viii4 #ca1 xi4 #ag1 xii4 #f1 xiii4 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aj4 ,x is /range t !re is no ref]5ce to almsgiv+4 ,fur!r1 zeal = ! ,temple is %[n 9 iv4 #b1 #c1 iv4 #aa-ae1 v4 #ai1 viii4 #ba1 #bd1 ix4 #a1 #h1 #ac1 xvi4 #bj2 & ! duty ( m\rn+ 9 viii4 #e1 #f1 xvi4 #bd4 ,! s9 ( )hold+ _! dues f ! prie/s is emphasiz$ 9 xi4 #ac4 ,ph>isaic p>ticul>ism is to be disc]n$ 9 viii4 #bj1 ix4 #ad1 xvi4 #ag2 proselytism 9 xiv4 #aj2 & et]nal puni%m5t on ! ,g5tiles 9 xvi4 #ag4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god ( ,israel1 & ! tea*+ conc]n+ ,him1 is ( c\rse insi/$ ^u ?r\gh\t4 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 al?\gh mu* ( ! tea*+ is t ( traditional ,judaism1 c]ta9 specifically ,ph>isaic doctr9al po9ts /& out conspicu\sly2 ?is1 x may be said 9 pass+1 makes our book important = ! /udy ( pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! book is1 !re=e1 cle>ly to inculcate & to =w>d ,ph>isaic ,judaism2 & at ! "t :5 ?is book 0 writt5 7see ! next section7 ?is 0 extremely ne$ful2 = al?\gh !re 7 "s ?+s 9 ! ,ph>isaic pres5tation ( ,judaism :i* 7 n conducive to spiritual religion1 x _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t ,ph>isaism 0 ! "o & only bulw>k aga9/ hea!nism 9 ^? days1 & ! uphold] ( a true mono!i/ic fai?4 ,x has be5 truly po9t$ out by ,elbog5#dja t 8! ,ph>isees are usually describ$ z ! p>ty ( n>r[ legali/ic t5d5cies1 & x is =gott5 h[ /r5u\sly !y lab\r$ aga9/ ! ,hell5iz+ movem5t = ! ma9t5ance ( ,mono!ism2 x is =gott5 t !y built up religi\s individualism & purely spiritual wor%ip2 t x 0 ?r\gh !m m especially t belief 9 a future life 0 deep5$2 & t !y c>ri$ on a p[]ful mission 7propag&a740 ,tea*+ ( a diff]5t k9d 9 our book1 & ( subsidi>y importance1 is t :]e ,god's hon\r is conc]n$ ,8 p mu/ fight1 no matt] h[ great ! odds aga9/ !m may be4 ,a w>like _s brea!s ?r\gh\t ! book2 b x is aga9/ ! enemies ( ,god1 ! hea!n nations1 t ?is _s is direct$2 s t x is ! ne$ & duty & glory ( religi\s w>f>e t is inculcat$4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! hi/orical details giv5 9 ! book are1 z we h se51 :olly unreliable2 !y _c1 !re=e1 be ( any use 9 seek+ to fix a date4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r indications !re is only "o way 9 :i* ?is c be approximately asc]ta9$1 & t is by ! tea*+ & cont5ts ( ! book4 ,b z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! =m 9 :i* ! /ory is giv5 9 ! ,apocrypha is n ! e>lie/2 s t we mu/ seek to e/abli% dates bo? = ! =m t we h "h foll[$1 namely1 t ( ! ,apocrypha1 & = ! /ory z x appe>$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,we h %[n t ! tea*+ is t ( ! ,ph>isaic type2 n[ x is1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 an e>li] *apt]1#djb f ! ,maccaban conflict ) surr\nd+ hea!nism t ,ph>isaism em]ges z an active movem5t1 & x only becomes quiesc5t aft] ! annihilation ( ! ,jewi% national life 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian#djc2 ?is gives two outside dates )9 :i* ! book 9 ei!r =m mu/ h be5 compos$1 viz4 r\ghly speak+ betwe5 ,b4,c4 #aej-;,a4,d4 #ace4 ,! book is fir/ quot$ 9 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1#djd :i* 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #ie or #if2 ?is presupposes ! exi/5ce ( our book = "s "t previ\sly4 ,b a fur!r consid]ation is ?is3 ! pseudepigraphic book call$ 8,! ,assumption ( ,moses10#dje 0 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 by a ,ph>isee ^: purpose 9 writ+ x 0 to urge ^u ! ,jews quietude & pati5ce in/ead ( a w>like _s & national ass]tion2 ! writ] ( ?is book belong$ to ! same p>ty z ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,judi? 9 its lat] =m2 _h bo? writ]s liv$ at ! same "t x is highly improbable t !y w\ld h tak5 up su* entirely oppos$ attitudes on ! "q ( religi\s w>f>e2 z !re is no p]iod dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ! hi/orical conditions ( :i* w\ld suit ! w>like _s ( our book1 x is obvi\s t x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,ga/]#djf has %[n t !re is only "o p]iod ) :i* all ! elem5ts ( our book co9cide s f> z w>f>e is conc]n$1 & t is ! approa* ( ,pompey to ,j]usalem 9 ,b4,c4 #fc4 ,s t we may safely assign ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 z ! date = ! lat] =m ( our book1 ,z reg>ds ! e>li] =m ( ! book1 x is to be not$ t x conta9s no ref]5ces to c]emonial obs]vances1 a fact :i* proves t x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ,ph>isaism _h _h "t to develop2 ?is is ( itself suffici5t to %[ t ! book 9 its orig9al =m 0 writt5 be=e ,b4,c4 #ajj2 s t we %all n be f> wrong 9 fix+ ! date ( ?is ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,v4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,language ,,( ,,! ,,book ,!re c be no two op9ions z to :at ! orig9al language ( ! book 01 namely ,hebrew2 9 num]\s in/ances ! ,greek proves itself to h be5 translat$ f ,hebrew1 ! idioms be+ ^? ( classical ,hebrew2 s t ?is 0 ! orig9al language ( bo? ! long] & %ort] =ms4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! preface to 8 translation1 says t he _h ! book be=e him 9 ,aramaic2 ?is _c1 h[ev]1 h be5 ! orig9al1 = nei!r ,orig5 nor ! ,jews ) :om he 0 9 communication knew ei!r ( a ,hebrew or an ,aramaic =m ( ! book4#djg ,! ,hebrew orig9al 0 lo/ altoge!r 9 ! ,we/1 b mu/ h be5 pres]v$ 9 "s =m or o!r 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,additions to ! ,book ( ,daniel ,,lit]ature4--,brll1 ,das apokryphis*e ,susanna-,bu*1 9 8,jahrb*] fr jdis*e ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur0 7#ahgg72 ,ball1 9 ,wace1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cje-cfj2 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ahc-ahh1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #deb-deh2 ,s*olz1 ,judi? und ,bel und d] ,dra*e 7#ahif72 ,julius1 ,die grie*is*5 ,daniel-,zustze und ihre kanonis*e ,geltung 7#aija72 ,daubney1 ,! ,?ree ,additions to ,daniel1 7#aijf72 ,ro?/e91 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i1 pp4 #agb-aic2 ,b5nett1 ,kay1 & ,witton ,davies1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #fbe-ffd4 ,! articles by ,m>%all 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 & ,kamphaus51 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,be=e deal+ ) ^! ,additions individually a ^w may be said ab\t !m collectively4 ,none ( !m occur 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible & 9 only "o manuscript ( ! ,septuag9t prop] are !y f\nd#djh2 b 9 ! great uncials 7,b1 ,a1 ,q71 :i* conta9 ,!odotion's ,v]sion ( ! ,septuag9t1 !y all appe> z integral p>ts ( ! text ( ,daniel4 8,9 ! ,greek manuscripts no break or sep>ate title divides ^! ,greek additions f ! re/ ( ! text1 except t :5 ,daniel is divid$ into #8visions1' ! fir/ vision is made to beg9 at i4 #a1 ,susanna be+ ?us exclud$ f ! numb]2 ,bel1 on ! o!r h&1 is treat$ z ! la/ ( ! visions40#dji ,:at ! actual numb] ( ,additions orig9ally 0 is unc]ta92 !y are usually reckon$ z ?ree2 x is possible1 h[ev]1 t five orig9ally sep>ate pieces 7 incorporat$ into ! text ( ! ,septuag9t1 viz4 ! ,/ory ( ,susanna1 ! ,pray] ( ,az>iah1 a %ort n>rative piece1 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 & ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,! second1 ?ird & f\r? ( ^! are usually reg>d$ z =m+ "o piece2 ?is "q we %all consid] imm$iately4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! ,additions are q inappropriate 9 _! pres5t context1 !y h f v e>ly times be5 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,book ( ,daniel prop]2 8f ! ,fa!rs x is cle> t 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian copies ( ! ,septuag9t bo? ,susanna & ,bel =m$ "p ( ,daniel1 to :i* !y are ascrib$ by ,ir5u & ,t]tullian1 & implicitly by ,hippolytus4 ,! rem>kable lett] ( ,julius ,africanus to ,orig5 :i* ?r[s d\bt on ! g5u95ess ( ,susanna1 call+ att5tion to indications ( its ,greek orig91 =m a solit>y exception to ! g5]al view2 ev5 ,orig5 lab\rs to ma9ta9 _! canonicity40#daj ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria also app>5tly reg>d$ ,susanna#daa & ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5#dab & ,bel#dac z canonical2 & a /r+ ( o!r au?orities c\ld be cit$4 ,a useful collection ( ref]5ces to & quotations f ^! ,additions 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s is giv5 by ,daubney1 ,! ,?ree ,additions to ,daniel1 pp4 #gf-hj1 #afc-afi1 #bce-bci4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pray] ,,( ,,az>iah ,?is addition consi/s ( two pieces3 a n>rative portion1 v]ses #a1 #bc-bg1 & ! ,pray] itself1 v]ses #b-bb4 ,n[ 9 ! ,aramaic ( ,daniel iii4 #bc1 #bd ! text runs3 7#bc7 8,& ^! ?ree m51 ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 fell d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! burn+ fi]y furnace4 7#bd7 ,!n ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! k+1 0 a/oni%$1 & rose up 9 ha/e44440 ,any c&id read] mu/ see at once t !re is some?+ n 9 ord] ) ! text "h2 ! natural sequ5ce ( ! text w\ld1 "o might ju/ly expect1 give "s reason = ,nebu*adnezz>'s a/oni%m5t be=e /at+ ! fact4 ,some?+ has evid5tly fall5 out ( ! text aft] v]se #bc4 ,if we ins]t aft] v]se #bc ( ! canonical ,daniel ! n>rative addition f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t 7,!odotion's ,v]sion7 we get ! foll[+3 ,& ^! ?ree m51 ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego1 fell d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! burn+ fi]y furnace4 ,& !y walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 s++ ! praise ( ,god1 & bless+ ! ,"l4 ,& ! k+'s s]vants1 t put !m 91 ceas$ n to make ! furnace hot ) naph?a1 pit*1 t[1 & small wood2 s t ! flame /ream$ =? above ! furnace =ty & n9e cubits4 ,& x spread & burn$ ^? ,*aldans :om x f\nd ab\t ! furnace4 ,b ! angel ( ! ,"l came d[n into ! furnace toge!r ) ,az>ias & 8 fell[s1 & he drove ! flame ( ! fire out ( ! furnace2 & he made ! mid/ ( ! furnace z x _h be5 a moi/ :i/l+ w9d1 s t ! fire t\*$ !m n at all1 nei!r hurt nor tr\bl$ !m4 ,!n ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! k+1 0 a/oni$1 & rose up 9 ha/e2 he spake & said unto 8 c\nsellors1 ,did n we ca/ ?ree m5 b\nd into ! mid/ ( ! fire8 ,!y answ]$ & said unto ! k+1 ,true1 ,o k+4 ,he answ]$ & said1 ,lo1 ,i see f\r m5 loose1 walk+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 & !y h no hurt2 & ! aspect ( ! f\r? is l a son ( ! gods4 ,! words pr9t$ 9 italics are f ! ,septuag9t1 ! re/ f ! canonical ,daniel4 ,!re are two ?+s t /rike u "h3 fir/ly1 we get ! reason = ,nebu*adnezz>'s a/oni%m5t2 & secondly1 we are told h[ x 0 t f\r in/ead ( ?ree m5 7 se5 9 ! furnace4 ,! ref]5ce to ! f\r? p]son 9 ! furnace1 z giv5 9 ! canonical text1 is abrupt2 t w be all[$4 ,! :ole n>rative1 z j giv51 runs smoo?ly & naturally4 ,we cont5d1 !re=e1 t ?is n>rative addition ( ! ,septuag9t repres5ts--x may n be ! exact translation--an orig9al portion ( ! canonical ,daniel4 ,x w be rem>k$ t "p ( ! addition1 namely t :i* ref]s to ! burn+ ( ! ,*aldans1 is already repres5t$ 9 v]se #bb ( ! canonical ,daniel1 viz41 8! flame ( ! fire slew ^? m5 t took up ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego02 b ^! words d n occur 9 ! "o manuscript1 m5tion$ above1 ( ! ,septuag9t prop] :i* we possess1 nor 9 ,!odotion's ,v]sion2 !y are add$ 9 ! ,alex&rian manuscript1 b are evid5tly a lat] addition z ?is manuscript also conta9s ! ref]5ce to ! ,*aldans z giv5 9 ! quotation above4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,pray] itself1 we notice fir/ t !re is no?+ 9 x :i* connects x ) ! episode to :i* x is suppos$ to belong2 ! words ( v]se #b1 :i* introduce ! ,pray]1 viz4 8,!n ,az>ias rose up & pray$ ?us1 & op5$ 8 m\? 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire & said10 are an expansion made 9 ord] to give x an appe>ance ( connection ) v]se #a2 probably ! words ran orig9ally3 8,!n ,az>ias rose up & pray$ ?us10 or some?+ to ?is effect4 ,! ,az>ias "h m5tion$ is n "o ( ! 8,?ree ,*ildr502 moreov]1 if ! ,pray] _h orig9ally be5 writt5 9 ref]5ce to !m we %\ld expect x to h be5 put into ! m\? ( ,hananiah 7,ananias71 i4e4 ! equival5t ( ! ,aramaic ,%adra*1 ^: "n is always plac$ fir/4 ,t ! ,pray] 0 compos$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle seems probable = ! foll[+ reasons3 9 v]se #e x says1 8,9 all ! ?+s t ,?\ ha/ br\ght ^u u1 & ^u ! holy city ( our fa!rs1 ev5 ,j]usalem1 ,?\ ha/ execut$ true judgem5ts2 = accord+ to tru? & ju/ice ha/ ,?\ br\ght all ^! ?+s ^u u because ( our s9s40 ,! nation has ?us suff]$ adv]sity4 ,9 v]se #i x says fur!r3 8,& ,?\ did/ deliv] u into ! h&s ( lawless enemies1 & mo/ hateful =sak]s ( ,god1 & to a k+ unju/ & ! mo/ wick$ 9 all ! _w40 ,^! 8lawless enemies0 :o are 8mo/ hateful =sak]s ( ,god0 are ! extreme ,hell5i/ic ,jews m5tion$ 9 #a ,maccabees i4 #aa-ae2 & by ! 8k+ unju/ & ! mo/ wick$ 9 all ! _w0 is meant ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7cp4 #a ,macc4 i4 #bj-bd1 #da-fd74 ,! sore plight 9 :i* ! nation f\nd itself is %ortly b graphically describ$ 9 v]ses #ad1 #ae2 8,= we1 ,o ,ma/]1 h be5 made less ?an all ! nations1 & are br\ght ?is day 9 all ! _w because ( our s9s4 ,nei!r is !re at ?is "t pr9ce1 or prophet1 or lead]1 or burnt-(f]+1 or sacrifice1 or oblation1 or inc5se1 or place to (f] be=e ,!e & to f9d m]cy40 ,?is c]ta9ly describes ! /ate ( affairs 9 ,pale/9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle2 ! date ( ! composition w\ld1 !re=e1 be ab\t ,b4,c4 #agj2 & ! passages quot$ read l ! words ( "o :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! indications 9 ! ,pray] ( its hav+ be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew#dad w\ld po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,! conjecture may be haz>d$ t 9 its orig9al =m x 0 9 no way connect$ ) ! ,book ( ,daniel2 x 0 ins]t$1 be=e ! ,greek translation 0 made1 because its au?or happ5$ to h ! same "n z "o ( ! h]oes 9 ! ,daniel /ory2 b s9ce "s copies ( ,daniel mu/ h exi/$ :i* did n conta9 ?is addition !re 0 a d\bt z to :e!r x _h any "r to a place !re4 ,! canonical ,daniel & ! ,septuag9t repres5t respectively ^! two op9ions4 ,) ! ,pray] %\ld be comp>$ ,daniel ix4 #d-ai & ,b>u* i4 #ae-;iii4 #h2 all ?ree p>take ( a liturgical "*2 ?is becomes abundantly cle> if "o reads !m 9 connection ) c]ta9 portions ( ! mod]n ,jewi% ,liturgy 78,morn+ ,pray]10 see ,s+]'s edition1 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,daily ,pray] ,book1 pp4 #cg ff474 ,x is difficult to get away f ! conviction t all ?ree ( ! pieces j m5tion$ 7 9 "s way connect$ ) ! anci5t ,jewi% ,liturgy2 :e!r extracts f "t-hon\r$ pray]s1 or bas$ ^u ^!1 x is ( c\rse impossible to say1 b !y q di/9ctly brea! ! ,jewi% liturgical _s4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,*ildr5 ,?is ,song is introduc$ ) ! words ( v]se #bh3 8,!n ! ?ree1 z out ( "o m\?1 prais$1 & glorifi$1 & bless$ ,god 9 ! furnace say+02 ?us ! connection ) ! 8,?ree ,*ildr50 is br\ght ab\t4 ,9 v]se #ff1 at ! conclusion ( ! ,song1 ano!r connect+ l9k is br\ght 93 ,o ,ananias1 ,az>ias1 & ,misael1 bless ye ! ,"l1 ,s+ ,8 praise & highly exalt ,him = ev]4 ,= ,he ha? rescu$ u f ,hades1 & sav$ u f ! p[] ( dea?1 ,& deliv]$ u f ! mid/ ( ! burn+ fi]y furnace1 ev5 out ( ! fire ha? ,he deliv]$ u4 ,a conclud+ doxology 7v]ses #fg1 #fh7 is add$4 ,x is probable t all ^! ?ree v]ses =m a lat] addition4 ,?is ,song aga91 ap>t f ! add$ v]ses1 has no?+ 9 x :i* w\ld connect x ) ! 8,?ree ,*ildr540 ,its tone ( exultation is 9 /rong contra/ to ! despond5t tone ( ! ,pray]2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 "o indication ( ! date ( its composition1 ?\gh a negative "o1 viz41 x _c h be5 writt5 dur+ ! ,maccaban /ruggle4 ,x _c1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 writt5 be=e ?is /ruggle z ! advanc$ belief 9 ! future life taught 9 v]se #fd precludes ?is2 t v]se runs3 ,o ye spirits & s\ls ( ! righte\s1 bless ye ! ,"l1 ,s+ ,8 praise1 & highly exalt ,him = ev]4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 date x aft] ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 probably soon aft]1 on acc\nt ( its jubilant tone4 ,l ! ,pray]1 ?is ,song 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ?\gh ! argum5ts = a ,greek orig9al 9 bo? cases _c be lightly dismiss$4 ,:y x came to be plac$ 9 its pres5t position c be q naturally acc\nt$ =2 x 0 due to ! desire to put into ! m\? ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 a hymn ( bless+ & glory to ,god = _! wond]ful deliv]ance4 ,x mu/ h be5 put into its pres5t place subsequ5tly to ! ,pray]1 b z reg>ds its fur!r hi/ory "o mu/ haz>d a conjecture simil> to t m5tion$ above 9 ref]5ce to ! ,pray]4 ,x is also highly probable t1 l ! ,pray]1 ! ,song 0 us$ 9 public wor%ip4 ,= ! =m 9 :i* x is compos$ "o %\ld comp>e two liturgical pieces pres]v$ 9 ! mod]n ,jewi% ,liturgy1 viz4 ! 8,ab9u ,malk5u0 7,our ,fa!r1 our ,k+7#dae & ! 8,ord] ( c\nt+ ! ,om]0#daf2 bo? diff] :olly 9 cont5t f t ( ! ,song1 b ! liturgical =m is simil> 9 ea* case4 ,see also ! 8,psalm ( ,?anksgiv+0 :i* occurs 9 ,ecclesia/icus li4 aft] v]se #ab 7only pres]v$ 9 ! ,hebrew71 & comp>e ) x ! 8,%emoneh #8,esreh0 9 ! ,jewi% ,liturgy 7,s+]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #dd ff474#dag ,t ! ,song1 :5 "o rememb]s its hi/ory--& if we are "r 9 believ+ t x 0 at "o "t us$ 9 public wor%ip by ! ,jews--has be5 incorporat$ into ! ,engli% ,*ur* ,liturgy seems to be only 9 ! fit & natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,susanna ,! position ( ?is addition v>ies 9 ! manuscripts2 9 "s x prec$es ! fir/ *apt] ( ! canonical ,daniel2 ?is is ! case 9 ! uncials1 :ile 9 ! "o manuscript extant ( ! ,septuag9t prop] :i* conta9s x1 x =ms *apt] xiii4 ( t book4 ,! /ory is briefly z foll[s3 ,susanna 0 ! daught] ( a ,jew dwell+ 9 ,babylon1 nam$ ,joakim2 %e 0 beautiful & dev\t4 ,among ,joakim's fri5ds 7 two eld]s ( ! p :o 7 judges2 ^! two 7 frequ5t visitors at ! h\se ( ,joakim4 ,!y bo? fell 9 love ) ,susanna1 unbekn[n to ea* o!r2 b ea* 0 detect$ by ! o!r "o morn+ :5 !y _h gone out into ! g>d5 :]e ,susanna 0 wont to ba!4 ,!y1 !re=e1 agre$ to act toge!r 9 _! wick$ design2 b on approa*+ ,susanna !y 7 repuls$ by h] ) indignation1 & 9 ord] to protect !mselves !y accus$ h] ( hav+ be5 unfai?ful to h] husb& by admitt+ a "y man secretly into ! g>d54 ,?is accusation !y br+ aga9/ h] 9 ! public c\rt4 ,z ,susanna has no means ( prov+ h] innoc5ce %e is1 accord+ to ! ,law1 condemn$ to dea?4 ,on h] way to execution ! cr[d is sep>at$ by a "y man nam$ ,daniel1 :o ma9ta9s t ,susanna's condemnation is due to false witness2 &1 bas+ 8 dem& on ! ,law1 insi/s t !re %all be anew trial4#dah ,at ?is new trial ! "y man ,daniel exam9es ! two witnesses1 & asks ea* sep>ately "u :i* tree 9 ! g>d5 ! crime ( :i* !y accuse ,susanna took place2 "o says1 "u a ma/ick tree1 ! o!r1 "u a holm tree4 ,?is contradiction reveals _! fals5ess1 & !y are condemn$4 8,s :5 !y _h gagg$ !m1 !y l$ !m out & hurl$ !m into a *asm2 !n ! angel ( ! ,"l ca/ fire 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,& ?us 0 innoc5t blood kept safe on t day0 7v]se #fb;a1 ,septuag9t74 ,! purpose :i* ! writ] ( ?is /ory _h 9 view is reflect$ 9 ! quotation giv5 above f ! ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 vi4 #b1 :]e two po9ts are specially emphasiz$1 namely1 t a crim9al :o has be5 condemn$ is to h e *ance ( cle>+ himself1 ev5 up to ! v end2 & t adequate witness mu/ be =?com+ be=e an accus$ man may be condemn$4 ,9 fact ! passage ref]r$ to is "o ( sev]al o!rs :i* c\ld be giv5 imply+ t a re=m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice _h at "o "t tak5 place among ! ,jewi% au?orities4 ,ball1 foll[+ ,brll1#dai %[s1 9 ! admirable introduction to 8 comm5t>y on ?is book1 t ?is re=m 0 in/itut$ at ! in/ance ( ,simon b5 ,%eta* :o liv$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,alex&] ,jannu 7,b4,c4 #ajc-gf7 & ,alex&ra#dbj 7,b4,c4 #gf-fg72 x consi/$1 fir/ly1 9 ! in/itution ( a prop] exam9ation ( witnesses2 9 ! ,mi%na1 ,pirqe ,abo? i4 #i x is said3 8,simon b5 ,%eta* us$ to say1 ,exam9e ! witnesses abundantly1 & be cauti\s 9 ?y words1 le/ !y le>n f !m to give false answ]s40 ,b ,simon b5 ,%eta* 0 also1 9 ! words ( ,ball1 8! *ampion ( ano!r re=m 9 connection ) ! law ( te/imony4 ,z ! bro!r-9-law ( k+ ,alex&] ,jannu1 he 0 able1 aft] a long /ruggle1 to secure ! triumph ( 8 p>ty1 ! ,ph>isees1 9 ! ,sanh$r91 & ( _! pr9ciples 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,law1 ov] _! oppon5ts1 ! ,sadducees4444 ,accord+ to ,sadducan pr9ciples1 !y :o _h falsely accus$ a man ( a capital crime 7 only put to dea? if ! s5t5ce _h already be5 execut$ on _! victim4 ,! legal aphorism1 #8life = life1' 0 con/ru$ lit]ally4 ,! ,ph>isees1 on ! o!r h&1 rely+ on ,deut]onomy xix4 #ai1dba consid]$ ! int5tion ( ! accus]s z equival5t to actual murd]4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! maxim #8life = life' came into application z soon z1 9 consequ5ce ( ! false depositions1 s5t5ce _h be5 pron\nc$1 al?\gh n yet c>ri$ out4 ,! law at ! "t extraord9>ily fav\r$ in=mations4 ,! witnesses1 :o 7 also ! accus]s1 7 only exam9$ ab\t ! ma9 fact1 s t _! falsehood c\ld n easily become evid5t2 & ev5 if x did1 !y got (f )\t puni%m5t1 ?\gh ! accus$ _h actually be5 execut$4 ,?is cry+ evil ! ,ph>isaic p>ty s\ght to rem$y by ! introduction ( a m rigor\s exam9ation ( witnesses1 & by mak+ ! law m sev]e aga9/ false witnesses40 ,! au?or's aim1 !re=e1 9 writ+ ?is book1 0 to %[1 by means ( a /ory1 t ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 9 "s mo/ important p>ticul>s defective1 & to put =? ! ,ph>isaic sugge/$ re=m z ! prop] rem$y4 ,! que/ions ( au?or%ip1 date1 place ( writ+1 & language1 are all practically answ]$ by :at has be5 said2 x 0 writt5 by a ,ph>isee1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 9 ,j]usalem 7or1 at any rate1 9 ,pale/9e72 ! language 0 9 all probability ,hebrew4 ,! judicial acum5 ( ! 8"y man0 :o exam9$ ! false witnesses1 & ^u :om 8a _s ( disc]nm5t0 7v]se #de1 ,septuag9t7 0 be/[$1 0 probably ! reason ( ! "n ( ,daniel 78,my judge is ,el07 be+ giv5 to him4 ,?us w\ld suffici5tly expla9 :y x became prefix$1 or add$1 to ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ) :i* x has o!rwise no connection4 ,v4 ,,bel ,,& ,,! ,,dragon ,?is addition foll[s ! prec$+ "o 9 all ! ,greek manuscripts by :i* x is treat$ z an integral "p ( ! canonical ,daniel4 ,! /ory tells h[ ,daniel prov$ to ! k+ 7call$ 8,cyrus ! ,p]sian0 9 ,!odotion's ,v]sion1 b n specifi$ by "n 9 ! ,septuag9t manuscript7 t ! ,babylonian idol ,bel 0 n a liv+ god4 ,! k+ is conv9c$ t ,daniel is mi/ak51 & z pro( !re( po9ts to ! food :i* ! god demoli%es daily4 ,b ,daniel und]takes to %[ ! k+ t n ,bel1 b 8 prie/s1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 are ^? :o daily consume ! food :i* !y place be=e him4 ,daniel & ! k+1 !n1 g into ! temple & wat* ! food be+ set be=e ,bel2 !reupon ! k+'s seal is set ^u ! entrance to ! temple1 b n be=e ,daniel has manag$ to get ! a%es ( wood /rewn all ov] ! floor ( ! temple4 ,dur+ ! night ! prie/s ) _! families ent] ! temple1 z is _! wont1 by secret doors & enjoy ! food set be=e ,bel4 ,! next morn+ ! k+1 accompani$ by ,daniel1 ent] ! temple2 ! k+1 see+ ! footpr9ts ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! a%es on ! floor1 realizes ! fraud ( :i* he has be5 ! victim1 & :i* has n[ be5 expos$ by ! wisdom ( ,daniel4 ,! image ( ,bel is de/roy$1 & 8 prie/s put to dea?4 ,!re foll[s !n ! exploit ( ,daniel ) ! dragon4 ,daniel _h sc(f$ at ,bel because he _h be5 made ( clay & bronze2 b ?is god1 z ! k+ says1 8live?1 & eate?1 & dr9ke?40 ,h[ev]1 ,daniel und]takes to kill ?is liv+ god )\t sword or /aff1 & ?us prove t he is no god4 ,s he takes pit*1 & fat & hair1 & makes lumps ( !m1 & puts !m into ! dragon's m\?2 ! dragon eats !m & bur/s asund]4 ,! k+ is conv9c$4 ,b ! populace ?reat5 to rise aga9/ him unless he deliv]s unto !m ! de/roy] ( _! gods4 ,! k+ gives way2 & ,daniel1 be+ deliv]$ up1 is ca/ into a d5 ( lions4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! d5 = six days1 )\t be+ t\*$ by ! lions1 ,habakkuk 7presumably ! prophet ( t "n is int5d$7 br+s him 8 d9n]1 hav+ be5 convey$ by an angel f ,pale/9e to ,babylon = ?is purpose4 ,f9ally1 ,daniel is releas$ by ! k+1 at ^: ord] ^? :o w\ld h br\ght ab\t 8 de/ruction are ca/ into ! d5 ( lions & dev\r$ in/ead4 ,! purpose ( ?is addition is obvi\sly to ?r[ ridicule on idolatry2 al?\gh ! /ory is some:at pu]ile x may well reflect =ms ( idolatry :i* obta9$ n only 9 ,babylon 9 e>li] days1 b also among ! ,g5tiles at ! "t :5 ! au?or liv$ 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj1 or a little e>li]72 t is to say t bo? images & liv+ animals 7 wor%ipp$4 ,by ! 8dragon0 is probably meant a s]p5t#dbb2 we "k t s]p5ts 7 kept at ,greek %r9es2 = example1 9 ! temple ( ,aesculapius at ,epidaurus1#dbc & else:]e1 & 71 !re=e1 probably objects ( wor%ip4#dbd ,! writ] ( ?is addition may likely en\gh h _h ?is k9d ( idolatry 9 m9d :5 speak+ ( ! 8dragon40 ,t ,daniel slay+ ! 8dragon0 0 int5d$ to be a ref]5ce to ! my? ( ,m]oda* & 8 conflict ) ,tiamat seems highly improbable1 = ! addition is cle>ly a philippic aga9/ idolatry1 & !re w\ld be no po9t 9 ref]r+ to ?is primeval combat4 ,z x is n likely to h be5 writt5 = ,jews1 ! orig9al language 0 probably ,greek2 !re is no?+ 9 ! composition :i* indubitably /amps x z hav+ be5 translat$ f a ,semitic orig9al4 ,we are incl9$ to reg>d x z belong+ to ! same type ( lit]ature z ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 & writt5 = ! purpose ( ,jewi% propag&a2 cp4 v]se #bh1 8,! k+ has become a ,jew10 & v]se #da1 8,& ! k+ cri$ out & said1 ,great is ! ,"l ,god1 & !re is no o!r god beside ,him40 ,! univ]sali/ic attitude ( ! writ]1 & 8 sil5ce ab\t ! ,law1 ! sacrifices1 & ! prie/hood1 also po9t 9 ! direction indicat$4 ,z ! au?or *ooses ,babylon z ! sc5e ( 8 /ory1 x is n unnatural t he %\ld make ,daniel 8 h]o2 ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! addition hav+ subsequ5tly be5 app5d$ to ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,! v]ses #cc-ci;a1 :i* introduce ! ,habakkuk episode1 are probably f "s leg5d reg>d+ ! prophet ( t "n2 !y h be5 ineptly ins]t$ "h2 ! n>rative reads f> bett] )\t !m1 viz43 7v]se #cb7 8,& ,daniel 0 9 ! lion's d5 six days2 7v]se #ci;b7 b ! ,"l ,god rememb]$ ,daniel44440 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to attempt to assign any p>ticul> place z ! home ( ?is addition1 beyond say+ t1 if we are correct 9 suppos+ t ! little composition 0 writt5 = propag&i/ purposes1 x is m likely to h be5 writt5 some:]e 9 ! ,disp]sion ?an 9 ,pale/9e4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,additions to ! ,book ( ,e/h] ,,lit]ature4--,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xi1 vi42 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,kurzgefas/es exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph5 des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes 7#ahea72 ,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii41 pp4 #aha-ahc 7#ahia72 ,s*olz1 ,komm5t> b] das ,bu* ,e/h] mit se95 ,zustz5 7#ahib72 ,cornill1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfa-bfc 7#ahif72 ,jacob1 ,das ,bu* ,e/h] bei d5 lxx41 9 ! 8,zeits*rift fr die ,altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft0 7#ahij71 pp4 #bda ff42 ,swete1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #beg-bei 7#aijj72 ,ryssel1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 pp4 #aic ff4 7#aijj72 ,gregg1 9 ,*>les1 ,op4 cit41 ,i4 pp4 #ffe-fhd4 ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,object ,,( ,,! ,,additions ,9 ! canonical ,book ( ,e/h] ! /ory is told ( h[ ,ahasu]us1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 dismiss$ 8 que51 ,va%ti1 because %e refus$ to obey 8 comm&m5t to come & %[ h] beauty to 8 assembl$ gue/s at a fe/ival4 ,9 h] place ! k+ *ose ,e/h]1 a ,jewi% maid5 belong+ to ! tribe ( ,b5jam91 to be 8 que54 ,e/h] 0 ( ! ,jewi% exiles liv+ 9 ,p]sia1 & 0 "u ! protection ( h] c\s9 ,mordecai2 b %e 8_h n %[$ 7x to7 h] p1 nor h] k9dr$2 = ,mordecai _h *>g$ h] t %e %\ld n %[ x40 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! position n[ occupi$ by 8 c\s91 ,mordecai came to c\rt e day 9 ord] to wat* ov] h] int]e/s4 ,on "o occasion he 0 ! means ( sav+ ! k+1 all unconsci\s1 f assass9ation2 ?is 0 duly told to ! k+ by ,e/h]4 ,b ,mordecai _h ! mis=tune to (f5d ,haman1 ! k+'s *amb]la92 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,haman repres5t$ ! ,jews to ! k+ z a turbul5t & disloyal p4 ,! result 0 t ! k+ issu$ a proclamation accord+ to :i* ! ,jews 7 to be plund]$ & massacr$4 ,! day = ?is ,haman fix$ by lot 78!y ca/ ,pur1 t is1 ! lot1 be=e ,haman f day to day10 iii4 #g74 ,e/h]1 p]suad$ by ,mordecai1 resolves to save h] p4 ,%e invites ! k+ & ,haman to a banquet4 ,on ! night prec$+ ! banquet1 ! k+1 be+ unable to sleep1 ord]s ! national records to be br\ght to him2 9 read+ ^! he comes across ! acc\nt ( ,mordecai's s]vice 9 sav+ ! k+ f assass9ation2 ?is ! k+ _h presumably =gott51 = ,mordecai _h nev] be5 rew>d$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,haman1 secure ( fav\r1 resolves ^u ! imm$iate dea? ( ,mordecai2 he has a gall[s made1 fifty cubits high1 on :i* he int5ds to hang ,mordecai1 & he goes to ! k+ at once to get p]mission to d s4 ,on ent]+ into ! k+'s pres5ce1 ,ahasu]us says to him3 8,:at %all be done to ! man :om ! k+ delighte? to hon\r80 ,haman1 ?9k+ t ! k+ has him 9 m9d1 says t su* a man %\ld h royal app>el1 & ! k+'s horse to ride ^u1 & %\ld ride ?r\gh ! city1 att5d$ by "o ( ! great nobles1 to receive ! p's homage4 ,!reupon ! k+ ord]s ,haman to att5d ^u ,mordecai 9 su* a procession2 ?is he has p]=ce to d4 ,! next day ,e/h] gives h] banquet2 ,ahasu]us & ,haman he> = ! fir/ "t t %e is a ,jewess4 ,%e !n asks ! k+ t ,haman may be hang$ on ! gall[s he has prep>$ = ,mordecai2 h] reque/ is grant$1 & ,mordecai becomes ! k+'s *amb]la9 9 8 /ead4 ,! k+ issues ano!r proclamation1 at ,e/h]'s reque/1 9 :i* p[] is grant$ to ! ,jews to pillage & slay _! enemies4 ,f9ally ! fea/ ( ,purim is in/itut$ 8because ,haman 444 ! enemy ( all ! ,jews1 _h devis$ aga9/ ! ,jews to de/roy !m1 & _h ca/ ,pur1 t is1 ! lot1 to consume !m1 & to de/roy !m44440 7ix4 #bd-cb74 ,x has be5 necess>y to give ?is outl9e ( ! cont5ts ( ! canonical ,book ( ,e/h] 9 ord] to %[ ! po9t ( ! additions 9 ! ,septuag9t2 = z f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha ! additions are tak5 toge!r & treat$ z "o :ole2 b by be+ ?us sep>at$ f _! contexts _! raison d'tre is n se54 ,9 ! ,septuag9t ! additions =m elaborations ( c]ta9 passages ( ! canonical ,e/h]2 s t 9 ord] to see ! object ( ! additions ea* mu/ be consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( its orig9al position4#dbe 7#a7 ,! fir/ addition is giv5 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha z xi4 #b-xii4 #f2 9 ! ,septuag9t x prec$es *apt] i41 & takes ! =m ( an introduction to ! :ole /ory4 ,x tells ( h[ ,mordecai _h a dream1 :i* he int]pret$ z a revelation ( ! fact t an attempt 0 go+ to be made ^u ! k+'s life 7see ii4 #ba-bc 9 ! canonical ,e/h]74 ,he tells ! k+ ( ! ?reat5$ dang]2 he wat*es ^? :om ! dream has reveal$ z ! culprits1 & ov]he>s !m :ile mak+ _! plans2 he !n d5\nces !m to ! k+1 & ! conspirators1 hav+ confess$ _! guilt1 are execut$4 ,mordecai is promot$ to a place ( hon\r at c\rt4 ,! object ( ?is addition is1 !re=e1 to %[ h[ ,mordecai fir/ got advancem5t at ! c\rt ( ,artax]xes 7,ahasu]us74 7#b7 ,! second addition is giv5 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha z xiii4 #a-g1 :i* 9 ! ,septuag9t comes betwe5 v]ses #ac & #ad ( *apt] iii4 ,?is purports to give v]batim ! lett] s5t by ,artax]xes to ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ces comm&+ ! massacre ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! canonical ,e/h] iii4 #ac runs3 8,& ! lett]s 7 s5t by po/ unto all ! k+'s prov9ces1 to de/roy1 to slay1 to cause to p]i%1 all ,jews1 bo? "y & old1 little *ildr5 & wom51 9 "o day1 ev5 ^u ! ?irte5? day ( ! twelf? mon?1 :i* is ! mon? ,ad>1 & to take ! spoil ( !m = a prey02 !n foll[s ! addition ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,9 ! lett] ! k+ tells ( h[ x _h be5 8 wi% ev] s9ce he came to ! ?rone to see 8 p liv+ 9 quietude & peacefulness2 b t1 accord+ to in=mation he has receiv$ f ,haman1 ?is has n be5 possible ( atta9m5t because ( 8a c]ta9 malignant p1 t _h laws contr>y to all nations1 & cont9ually set aside ! comm&m5ts ( k+s1 s z ! unit+ ( our k+doms1 hon\rably int5d$ by u1 _c g =w>d40 ,! comm& is !n giv5 to ext]m9ate ^! p 9 ord] t ! affairs ( ! k+dom c be settl$4 ,! object ( ?is addition is evid5tly to emphasize ! p]il 9 :i* ! ,jews 7 ow+ to ! ma*9ations ( ,haman4 ,ano!r object may also h be5 to %[ ! high fav\r :i* ,haman enjoy$ 7he is spok5 ( z "o 8t excell$ 9 wisdom among u1 & 0 approv$ by 8 con/ant goodwill & /eadfa/ fidelity07 9 ord] to place 8 ignom9i\s d[nfall 9 m pron\nc$ relief4 7#c7 ,! next addition 7xiii4 #h-xiv4 #ai 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha7 comes aft] iv4 #ag ( ! canonical ,e/h]4 ,x conta9s a pray] ( ,mordecai 7xiii4 #h-ag71 a pray] ( ,e/h] 7xiv4 #a-ai71 & "o v]se 7xiii4 #ah7 :i* says t all ,israel also pray$ to ,god2 ^! are pray]s = deliv]ance f ! dang] hang+ ov] ! p ( ,jehovah 9 view ( ! k+'s lett]4 ,^! pray]s brea! a _s ( deep devotion & loyalty to ,god4 ,! object ( ?is addition is obvi\s2 x is t ! utt] lack ( religion 9 ! canonical book#dbf %\ld be made good2 z is well kn[n1 ! "n ( ,god does n occur a s+le "t 9 ! canonical ,e/h]4 7#d7 ,! f\r? addition 7xv4 #a-af 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha7 foll[s imm$iately aft] ! prec$+ "o4 ,?is is an elaboration ( v4 #a1 #b ( ! canonical ,e/h]1 :i* v]ses are omitt$ 9 ! ,septuag9t2 x rec\nts 9 detail ,e/h]'s appe>ance be=e ! k+ = ! purpose ( invit+ him to ! banquet z m5tion$ 9 v4 #c ff4 ( ! canonical book4 ,! object ( ?is addition is simil> to t ( ! prec$+2 x is to %[ t ! success ( ,e/h]'s int]view ) ! k+ 0 due to 8! all-see+ ,god & ,savi\r10 ^u ,:om %e call$ be=e sett+ =?4 7#e7 ,?is addition 7xvi4 #a-bd 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha7 comes aft] viii4 #ab ( ! canonical ,e/h]2 x purports to give ! cont5ts ( ! lett] ( ,artax]xes 7see viii4 #h ff4 ( ! canonical ,e/h]7 writt5 to revoke ! ord] giv5 9 ! =m] "o 7see 7#b774 ,"h ! object is tw(old2 9 ! fir/ place x is1 once m1 to give a religi\s tone to ! book2 ! k+ speaks ( ^? :o try to escape 8! evil-hat+ ju/ice ( ,god02 he says t ! ,jews are ! 8*ildr5 ( ! mo/ high & mo/ mighty liv+ ,god1 ,:o ha? ord]$ ! k+dom bo? unto u & to our prog5itors 9 ! mo/ excell5t mann]02 & 9 o!r ways he gives due hon\r to ,god by :at he says4 ,secondly1 ano!r object ( ! addition seems to be to mitigate ! r blood?ir/y _s ( ! canonical ,e/h]4 7#f7 ,! la/ addition 7b fir/ 9 position 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha1 x4 #d-xi4 #a7 comes at ! end ( ! book 9 ! ,septuag9t2 x4 #d-ac conta9 ! int]pretation ( ! dream giv5 9 addition :i* we h numb]$ 7#a74 ,?is la/ addition1 too1 has ! object ( giv+ a m religi\s tone to ! book2 8^! ?+s are ( ,god10 is ! way 9 :i* ! int]pretation ( ! dream is introduc$2 & ! fact t ! "n ( ,god is m5tion$ n9e times 9 z _m v]ses amply illu/rates ! purpose ( ! addition4 xi4 #a is a note add$ to ! la/ addition :i* is int5d$ to expla9 h[ ! 8,lett] ( ,purim0 7by :i* is meant ! :ole book ( ,e/h] ) ! additions7 0 br\ght to ,egypt2 b1 z ,swete says3 8! hi/orical value ( ! book is m ?an d\btful40#dbg ,,ii4 ,,au?or%ip ,,& ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,additions ,t ! au?or1 or1 p]haps m probably1 ! au?ors ( ^! additions 7 ,hell5i/ic ,jews is suffici5tly cle> f ! :ole tone ( !m2 a /rik+ example ( detail is t ,artax]xes is made to say t bo? he & 8 =efa!rs _h receiv$ _! k+dom f ,god4 ,z to ! date at :i* ! additions 7 made !re is no?+ 9 ! additions !mselves :i* (f]s any clue2 b a book1 su* z ! canonical ,e/h]1 9 :i* a wond]ful deliv]ance ( ! ,jews is record$1 w\ld be especially welcome to ! p dur+ a "t ( /ress & anxiety2 & if1 at a "t :5 su* a book might well h be5 eag]ly s\ght aft]1 patriotic ,jews %\ld h enhanc$ its lesson ( hope & enc\ragem5t by add+ explanatory details1 su* a proc$ure w\ld h be5 9 ! highe/ degree natural4 ,!re is b "o p]iod ( /ress & anxiety t c come into consid]ation "h1 & t is ! "t ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle2 s we conclude t ^! additions mu/ h be5 made dur+ ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,pray] ( ,manasses ,,lit]ature4--,ball1 9 ,wace1 ii4 pp4 #cfa-cga2 ,ne/le1 ,septuag9ta/udi51 iii4 pp4 #f ff4 7#ahii72 ,ryssel1 9 ,kautzs*1 i4 pp4 #afa-aga2 ,ryle1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #fab-fbd4 ,i4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pray] ,! ,pray] is a beautiful "o1 f9ely con/ruct$1 full )\t be+ drawn out1 & brea?+ ?r\gh\t deep p]sonal religion4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ pieces 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,aft] ! invocation to ,god ,almighty1 8! ,god ( our fa!rs1 ( ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ( _! righte\s se$10 comes an ackn[l$gem5t ( ,8 p[] & glory2 all ?+s tremble be=e ,8 might1 & ,8 wra? aga9/ s9n]s is un5durable2 yet ,8 m]cy is )\t limit to ! rep5tant3 8,?\ art ! ,"l ,mo/ ,high1 ( great compassion1 long-suff]+ & abundant 9 m]cy1 & rep5te/ ,!e = evils ( m510 i4e4 ,god 9 ,8 pity rel5ts because ( ! suff]+s ( m51 ev5 ?\gh br\ght on !m by _! own s9s4 ,god is !n call$ ^u to fulfil ,8 promise ( =giv5ess to ,8 rep5tant s]vant4 ,! supplicator confesses 8 manifold s9s1 & prote/s 8 s5se ( unwor?9ess3 8,i am n wor?y to behold & see ! height ( heav5 by reason ( ! multitude ( m9e iniquities40 ,!n aft] fur!r confession ( s91 & plead+ ) ,god to put away ,8 ang] & to %[ ,8 m]cy 9 =giv5ess1 ! ,pray] concludes ) ! words3 8,& ,i w praise ,!e = ev] all ! days ( my life2 = all ! ho/ ( heav5 do? s+ ,?y praise1 & ,?9e is ! glory = ev] & ev]4 ,am540 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,pray] ,9 #b ,*ronicles xxxiii4 #ab1 #ac x is said t :5 ,manasseh 80 9 di/ress he bes\ght ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & humbl$ himself greatly be=e ! ,god ( 8 fa!rs4 ,& he pray$ unto ,him2 & ,he 0 entreat$ ( him1 & he>d 8 supplication1 & br\ght him aga9 unto ,j]usalem unto 8 k+dom4 ,!n ,manasseh knew t ! ,"l ,he 0 ,god40 ,aga91 9 v]ses #ah1 #ai ( ! same *apt] ! *ronicl] says3 8,n[ ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,manasseh1 & 8 pray] unto 8 ,god1 & ! words ( ! se]s t spake to him 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 behold1 !y are writt5 among ! acts ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,8 pray] also1 & h[ ,god 0 entreat$ ( him 444 behold1 !y are writt5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hozai40#dbh ,! 8,pray] ( ,manasses10 x is usually held1 purports to be ! pray] to :i* ! *ronicl] ref]s2 ,ball1 = example1 says3 8,x is evid5t f ! ref]5ces 9 #b ,*ronicles xxxiii4 #ah1 #ai t a pray] ( ,manasseh1 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 lay be=e t writ] i4e4 ! *ronicl]2 & we may p]haps v5ture to add t !re is no?+ 9 ! =m or sub/ance ( ! ,pray] be=e u :i* c fairly be alleg$ aga9/ ! possibility ( its hav+ be5 ultimately d]iv$ f t lo/ ,hebrew orig9al4444 ,we incl9e to ?9k t ! ,greek is a free translation f "s lo/ ,haggadic n>rative1 :i* 0 itself p]haps f\nd$ ^u ! old] docum5t f :i* ! *ronicl] d]iv$ 8 peculi> details ( ! hi/ory ( ,manasseh40#dbi ,?is is an attractive !ory1 b !re are "s objections to x :i* w appe> z we proce$4 ,ryle (f]s an entirely diff]5t hypo!sis z to its orig93 8,x is easy to und]/& t ! *ronicl]'s /ory ( ,manasseh's rep5tance & pray]1 & deliv]ance f captivity mu/ h produc$ ^u ! m9ds ( dev\t ,jews a pr(\nd impression4 ,! record ( 8 idolatry & ( 8 p]secution ( ! s]vants ( ,jehovah _h /amp$ 8 "n ) infamy 9 ! annals ( ,judah4 ,b side by side ) 8 wick$ness 7 commemorat$ ! unusual l5g? ( ! k+'s reign & ! quiet peacefulness ( 8 end4 ,! *ronicl]'s /ory ( ! rep5tance & conv]sion ( ,manasseh provid$ an explanation ( a seem+ly un9telligible anomaly4 ,h5ce=? 8 "n 0 associat$ by ,jewi% tradition n only ) ! grosse/ acts ( idolatry ev] p]petrat$ by a k+ ( ,judah1 b also ) ! mo/ fam\s in/ance ( ,div9e =giv5ess t[>ds a rep5tant s9n]4 ,:at m rem>kable example c\ld be f\nd ( ! long-suff]+ compassion ( ! ,almighty1 & ( ,8 read9ess to he> & to answ] ! supplication ( a contrite p5it5t8 ,no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an = a dev\t ,jew to endeav\r to frame 9 fitt+ t]ms ! k9d ( p5it5tial pray]1 :i*1 accord+ to ! tradition1 ,manasseh _h p\r$ =? :5 he 0 9 captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,! s5tim5ts embodi$ 9 su* a =m ( petition might conceivably be appropriate to ^? ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o _h fall5 into idolatry1 & :o might yet be reclaim$ f ! error ( _! way40#dcj ,"h aga91 "o feels ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t2 b we _c help believ+ t !re are reasons :i* militate aga9/ ! acceptation ( ?is hypo!sis z a :ole4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! 8,pray] ( ,manasses0 does n belong to ! ,septuag9t prop]2 x occurs 9 ,cod4 ,a1 & 9 ! mu* lat] ,cod4 ,t :i* foll[s ! =m] & is n indep5d5t evid5ce#dca2 b 9 ^! x is giv5 at ! end ( ! ,psalms 9 a collection ( liturgical canticles4#dcb ,z ,ryle says3 8,! pres]vation ( ?is %ort disconnect$ ,psalm may ?us1 ) good reason1 be ascrib$ to ! accid5t ( its occurr5ce 9 ! ,didascalia#dcc & ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions4#dcd ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t x 0 ev] includ$ 9 ! ,septuag9t40#dce ,if x _h be5 ascrib$ to ,manasseh :5 fir/ compos$ we might rightly1 on ! analogy ( ! ,additions to ,e/h] & to ,daniel1 expect t x w\ld h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! text ( ,*ronicles2 t ?is is n ! case sugge/s1 if no?+ m1 t ! "n ( ,manasseh 0 n orig9ally connect$ ) ! ,pray]4 ,) ! exception ( two %ort s5t5ces !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! ,pray] :i* is n appropriate 9 ! m\? ( any rep5tant s9n]4 ,^! two s5t5ces bo? occur 9 v]se #aj2 ! fir/ runs3 8,i am b[$ d[n ) _m iron b&s02 & ! second is3 8,i h set up abom9ations1 & h multipli$ dete/able ?+s40 ,^! s5t5ces might well ref] to ,manasseh's imprisonm5t & to 8 idolatr\s practices4 ,b reg>d+ ! =m]1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! words are to be tak5 lit]ally1 z ?\gh ref]r+ to #b ,*ronicles xxxiii4 #aa1 :]e m5tion is made ( ! *a9s :]e) ,manasseh 0 b\nd2 = ! context1 9 ! ,pray]1 :i* speaks ( transgressions & 8! multitude ( m9e iniquities10 /rongly sugge/s t ! 8_m iron b&s0 is to be und]/ood metaphorically ( ! *a9s ( s94 ,t ! words 7 s und]/ood 9 e>ly times is prov$ by ! r5d]+ ( ! ,e?iopic ,v]sion1 quot$ by ,ball1 :i* reads "h3 8,i h lab\r$ 9 fett]s ( iron10 & cont9ues1 8t ,i might get re/ f s9 = my s\l2 b by ?is also ,i h n gott5 re/40 ,! fir/ ( ! s5t5ces "u consid]ation1 !re=e1 w\ld be appropriate 9 ! m\? ( any contrite s9n]1 & !re=e does n by any means necess>ily ref] to ,manasseh4 ,) reg>d to ! second s5t5ce1 8,i h set up abom9ations1 & h multipli$ dete/able ?+s10 ! ref]5ce may well be to #b ,*ronicles xxxiii4 #f1 :]e ,manasseh's evil do+s are enum]at$4 ,b x is n )\t significance t we h 9 ?is passage ! "o s]i\s v>iation 9 ! ,greek text ( ! ,pray]2 = ! uncial ,t reads "h 9 place (1 8,i h set up abom9ations1 & h multipli$ dete/able ?+s10 ^! words3 8,i h n done ,?y w1 nor kept ,?y comm&m5ts40#dcf ,! v>iety ( read+ j at ?is p>ticul> spot sugge/s ! possibility ( ! text "h hav+ be5 unc]ta91 & ( hav+ p]haps be5 alt]$ = a p>ticul> purpose4#dcg ,we are incl9$ to believe t ?is ,pray] 0 n orig9ally compos$ 9 ref]5ce to ,manasseh1 & t ! title1 toge!r ) ! words1 8,i h set up abom9ations1 & h multipli$ dete/able ?+s10 0 add$ lat]1 & ?us made to ref] to ,manasseh1 ?is hav+ be5 done "u ! influ5ce ( ! num]\s leg5ds conc]n+ ?is k+ :i* seem to h be5 curr5t4#dch ,,iii4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,pray] ,! only indications ( date are ^? to be d]iv$ f ! tea*+ conta9$ 9 ! book1 & "h ev]y?+ po9ts to po/-,maccaban times4 ,?us1 9 v]se #h x is said3 8,?\1 !re=e1 ,o ,"l1 t art ! ,god ( ! righte\s1 ha/ n appo9t$ rep5tance unto ! righte\s1 unto ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 :i* h n s9n$ aga9/ ,!e02 ?is doctr9e ( ! s9lessness ( ! patri>*s does n1 z f> z we "k1 belong to pre-,maccaban times4 ,9 v]se #d are ^! words3 8,:o ha/ %ut up ! ,deep1 & seal$ x ) ,?y t]rible & glori\s ,"n1 ,:om all ?+s d dread02 ! sup]natural efficacy :i* is "h imput$ to ! ,"n ( ,god is likewise a late conception4 ,fur!r1 ! :ole burd5 ( ! ,pray]1 namely1 ! ne$ ( rep5tance1 is a specifically ,ph>isaic trait1 po9t+ to po/-,maccaban times4 ,& la/ly1 ! conception ( ! und]world is a developm5t ( ! old] belief1 v]se #ac runs3 8,nor pass ,?\ s5t5ce aga9/ me :5 ,i am 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>?2 = ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art ! ,god ( !m t rep5t40 ,al?\gh !re is no h9t ( ! resurrection "h1 ! v fact t ,god is conceiv$ ( z 9 any way conc]n$ ) ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ is 9 itself an advance ^u ! normal tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & po9ts to a comp>atively late date4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to assign an exact date to ! composition2 ,ryssel believes t1 l a numb] ( o!r apocryphal works1 x 0 compos$ dur+ ! ,maccaban /ruggle1 ) ! purpose ( urg+ ^u ! ,jews ! efficacy ( true rep5tance z a means ( deliv]+ !m out ( _! tr\bles4 ,?is is possible2 b ! tea*+ po9ts1 z we h said1 to a po/-,maccaban "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason = reg>d+ x z po/-,*ri/ian2 ! fact t x is nev] quot$ or ref]r$ to until x appe>s v]batim 9 ! ,didascalia#dci 7fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 does n necess>ily imply a v late date2 its %ortness & ! "* ( its cont5ts suffici5tly acc\nt = its n be+ m5tion$ e>li]4 ,"s "t betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ajj-ej seems z likely a date z any4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,writ] ,,& ,,! ,,language ,,9 ,,:i* ,,he ,,wrote ,!re c be no sort ( d\bt t ! writ] ( ?is ,pray] 0 a ,ph>isee1 &1 moreov]1 "o ( ! be/ type2 ! _s ( true religion brea!s ?r\gh x1 & x c only h be5 writt5 by "o :o 0 truly religi\s4 ,! ,judaism :i* ! ,pray] reflects is ( ! ,pale/9ian type1 & be+ a pray] "o w\ld expect x to h be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ! 8holy tongue40 ,! ,greek =m 9 :i* we n[ possess ?is composition does n1 x is true1 read l a translation except+ "h & !re 7e4g4 v]se #g1 :]e ,*>les ?9ks a 8real piece ( evid5ce on behalf ( a ,semitic orig9al0 is to be f\nd71 b1 z ,ball po9ts out1 8! writ] may h tak5 pa9s to s(t5 d[n ! h>%ness ( a baldly lit]al translation40 ,:]e l+ui/ic indications d n give def9ite clues1 we mu/ be guid$ by o!r consid]ations2 ! writ] be+ a ,jew ( ! or?odox ,pale/9ian type x is h>d to believe t he w\ld h compos$ a pray] 9 any language ?an t 9 :i* he _h always be5 accu/om$ to pray2 & set =ms ( pray]1 l ! "o be=e u1 w\ld h be5 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 n 9 ,aramaic4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees ,,lit]ature4--,grimm1 ,das er/e ,bu* d] ,maccaber erklrt 9 8,kurzgefas/es exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph5 des ,a4,t40 7#ahec72 ,keil1 ,comm5t> b] die ,b*] d] ,maccaber 7#ahge72 ,bissell1 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees1 9 ,lange-,s*aff's 8,comm5t>y 4440 7#ahhj72 ,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #f-ac2 ,fairwea!r & ,black1 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees1 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible 7#ahig72 ,kautzs*1 9 ,op4 cit4 7#aijj72 ,knab5bau]1 9 ,cursus ,scriptur ,sacr 7#aijg72 ,oe/]ley1 9 ,*>les1 ,op4 cit4 7#aiac74 ,i4 ,,title ,,& ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,book ,:at ! title ( ?is book 9 its orig9al ,hebrew =m 7see bel[7 0 is n kn[n = c]ta94 ,orig5 gives a translit]ation ( ! title 7,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 vi4 #be1 #b7 :i* is equival5t to 8,! book ( ! h\se ( ! ,hasmonans02 b he translit]ates "h an ,aramaic title :i* probably /ood at ! head ( an ,aramaic translation ( ! ,hebrew2 possibly ?is title repres5t$ ! ,hebrew =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! writ] ( ! book has cle>ly tak5 z 8 patt]n ! ,books ( ! ,k+s1 s t ! supposition is reasonable t he fram$ 8 title 9 accordance ) ! =m ( ! title ( ^!2 9 ?is case ! title giv5 9 ! ,septuag9t 7:i* is foll[$ 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha7 w\ld probably repres5t ! orig9al4 ,! "n 8,maccabee0 0 appli$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,judas 7see #a ,macc4 ii4 #d1 #f1 etc471 b lat] to all ! memb]s ( ! family & _! foll[]s4 ,z to ! au?or1 or m /rictly compil]1 ( ! book1 x is cle> t he 0 an ard5t patriot1 & a rigid adh]5t ( or?odox ,judaism2 8 intimate k ( ! geography & topography ( ! ,holy ,l& m>ks him out z a native ( ,pale/9e4 ,8 religi\s /&po9t is ( p>ticul> int]e/1 = he writes at a "t 7see ,,ii bel[7 :5 ! di/9ct developm5t ( ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees z oppos+ p>ties _h already tak5 place2 yet1 :ile he is an uphold] ( ,jewi% or?odoxy & imbu$ ) an int5sely patriotic _s1 he seems1 nev]!less1 to h belong$ to ! circle ( ! ,sadducees2 8al?\gh a loyal uphold] ( ! ,law1 8 zeal is n *>act]iz$ by any approa* to ,ph>isaic fanaticism2 8 sympa?y = ! ,jewi% high-prie/hood is frequ5tly manife/$2 8 tol]ant attitude t[>ds ! pr(an+ ( ! ,sabba? 7see ii4 #da1 ix4 #dc ff47 is v diff]5t f t :i* w\ld h be5 adopt$ by a ,ph>isee2 !re is n ! slighte/ h9t ( a belief 9 ! life aft] dea?1 7see ii4 #eb ff41 :]e a ref]5ce to ?is w\ld h be5 em95tly appropriate _h x be5 believ$ 974 ,^! reasons g f> 9 ju/ify+ ! op9ion t ! au?or 0 a ,sadducee40#ddj ,fur!r1 x is noticeable t ! writ] has a /rong belief 9 :at may be express$ by ! mod]n prov]b1 t 8,god helps ^? :o help !mselves02 b 8 insi/5ce on man's free-w be+ ! decisive factor 9 human affairs is balanc$ by 8 firm belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an all-see+ ,provid5ce 7see1 e4g41 iii4 #ah ff41 iv4 #aj ff41 ix4 #df1 xii4 #ae72 yet x is /range t ,god is n once m5tion$ by "n 9 ! :ole book4 ,?is attitude 0 d\btless1 9 "p1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 religi\s t5d5cies1 c5t]+ ar\nd ! doctr9e ( ,god1 :i* 7 beg9n+ to manife/ !mselves4 8,j z !re 0 a dis9cl9ation1 on acc\nt ( its transc5d5t hol9ess1 to utt] ! "n ( ,god1 & in/ead1 to sub/itute p>aphrases = x1 s !re arose also a dis9cl9ation to ascribe action among m5 directly to ,god1 because ( ,8 inexpressible maje/y40#dda ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! au?or repres5t$ a type ( ,jew :o 0 ready to assimilate mu* ( :at appeal$ to him 9 ,ph>isaism :ile hold+ to ! traditional or?odoxy ( ! ,sadducees4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees mu/ h be5 writt5 betwe5 ! dates #ace ,b4,c4 & #fc ,b4,c4 ,! ev5ts record$ 9 ! book took place betwe5 ! ye>s #age ,b4,c4 & #ace ,b4,c41 s t ?is latt] date is ! e>lie/ possible at :i* x c h be5 writt54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pompey took ,j]usalem 9 ! autumn ( #fc ,b4,c41 & by ent]+ into ! ,holy ( ,holies desecrat$ ! ,temple#ddb2 _h ?is happ5$ be=e our book 0 writt5 x is inconceivable t no m5tion %\ld h be5 made ( x2 b z no ref]5ce is made to x !re c be no d\bt t x took place aft] ! book 0 writt54 ,we c1 h[ev]1 get ne>] ?an ?is2 x is said 9 xiii4 #cj1 9 ref]5ce to ! sepul*re :i* ,simon ! ,maccabee built = 8 p>5ts & 8 f\r bro!rs at ,mod93 8,?is is ! sepul*re :i* he made at ,mod91 & x is !re unto ?is day40 ,x is said 9 xiii4 #be t ?is sepul*re 0 built on ! dea? ( ,jona?an1 i4e4 9 #adc ,b4,c41 & ! words 8unto ?is day0 imply t x _h be5 9 exi/5ce = "s consid]able "t :5 ! au?or wrote 8 book4 ,!re are no means ( asc]ta9+ h[ long a "t elaps$ betwe5 ! build+ ( ! sepul*re & ! writ+ ( ! book1 b if we assume t x 0 ab\t half a c5tury1 ?is w\ld give z ! date ( ! book "s "t betwe5 #ajj ,b4,c4 & #ij ,b4,c42 & ?is is a date to :i* a fur!r fact po9ts2 = 9 xvi4 #bc1 #bd x is said3 8,& ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,john1 & ( 8 w>s1 & 8 valiant de$s :i* he did1 & ( ! build+ ( ! walls :i* he built1 & ( 8 do+s1 behold !y are writt5 9 ! *ronicles ( 8 high-prie/hood1 f ! "t t he 0 made high-prie/ aft] 8 fa!r40#ddc ,presumably ! *ronicles "h ref]r$ to took up ! n>rative at ! po9t at :i* ! writ] ( our book ceas$1 = ! ,old ,te/am5t =mula 7& x w h be5 notic$ t ! phraseology ( ?is passage is bas$ on t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t73 8,& ! re/ ( ! acts0 etc41 is always employ$ 9 ref]5ce to a rul] ^: reign has already come to an end2 s t ! writ] ( our book 0 writ+ subsequ5tly to ! "t at :i* ! *ronicles ( ,john's high-prie/hood _h be5 compil$4 ,! high-prie/ ,john1 i4e4 ,john ,hyrcanus1 di$ 9 #aje ,b4,c41 & !re=e ! writ] ( our book mu/ h begun 8 "w "s "t aft] ?is date1 ?\gh x is n likely to h be5 long aft] ?is4 ,our conclusion is t ! book 9 its f9i%$ =m appe>$ betwe5 #ajj ,b4,c4 & #ij ,b4,c4 ,b x is probable t ! ga!r+ ( 8 mat]ials 0 begun by ! au?or "s consid]able "t be=e ?is2 = !re are "s graphic passages 9 ! book :i* give ! impression t he 0 an eye-witness ( :at he describes 7see1 e4g41 xiv4 #d-ae1 9 :i* ! details ( ,simon's reign are describ$74 ,x seems n improbable t ! writ] began to ga!r mat]ials = 8 hi/ory z e>ly z ! reign ( ,simon4 ,! c>eful way 9 :i* 8 book is writt51 & ! num]\s (ficial docum5ts f :i* he made extracts1 %[s t ! au?or mu/ h tak5 a long "t ov] 8 "w4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,language ,,& ,,lit]>y ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,book ,t ?is book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew sc>cely admits ( d\bt2 we h already po9t$ out t ! writ] fram$ 8 "w on ! patt]n ( ! ,books ( ! ,k+s1 a fact :i* 9 itself sugge/s t he wrote 9 ,hebrew4 ,b ap>t f ?is !re are numb]less indications 9 our pres5t ,greek text :i* /amp x indubitably z a translation f ,hebrew2 to give examples ( ?is w\ld involve te*nical details :i* w\ld be out ( place "h#ddd2 x mu/ suffice to say t ! ,greek aga9 & aga9 has s5t5ces :i* are lit]al translations ( ,hebrew idiomatic phrases4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is ! writ] has a di/9ct individuality ( /yle2 ! n>rative is writt5 9 a simple1 /raight=w>d mann]2 x is full ( int]e/1 ! frequ5t graphic acc\nts ( ev5ts impell+ att5tion ?r\gh\t4 ,! au?or writes z a hi/orian1 ^: duty x is to record ! facts )\t bias2 he is imp>tial1 & frankly recognizes & regi/]s ! defeat ( 8 own side :5 necess>y4 ,t he sometimes bur/s out into poetical /ra9s1 & n infrequ5tly exagg]ates1 especially :]e numb]s are conc]n$1 does n affect ! sub/antial tru? & tru/wor?9ess ( 8 n>rative4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,book#dde ,! possibility ( ! au?or ( our book hav+ himself be5 an eye-witness ( "s ( ! ev5ts he records has already be5 h9t$ at2 b :e!r ?is 0 s or n1 !re c be little d\bt t he utiliz$ ! acc\nts ( "s1 be !y "o or m1 :o _h !mselves se5 :at !y rec\nt$4 ,:at impels "o to ?is conviction are ! wond]fully graphic descriptions ( "s ( ! episodes record$2 examples ( ?is c be se5 9 iv4 #a-bd1 vi4 #bh-ed1 vii4 #bf-ej1 ix4 #a-bb1 #cb-ec1 x4 #ei-ff4 ,! acc\nts ( eye-witnesses may1 !re=e1 be reckon$ z "o ( ! s\rces ( ! book4 ,t he also _h writt5 s\rces to draw f may be assum$ f su* passages z ix4 #bb3 8,& ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,judas1 & 8 w>s1 & ! valiant de$s :i* he did1 & 8 greatness1 !y are n writt510 ! implication be+ t "s o!r ?+s relat+ to him 7 writt5 7cp4 xi4 #cg1 xiv4 #ah1 #bg1 #dh1 #di72 & xvi4 #bc1 #bd1 already quot$3 8,& ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,john 444 behold1 !y are writt5 9 ! *ronicles ( 8 high-prie/hood44440 ,9 addition to ^! s\rces1 !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( docum5ts :i* h be5 incorporat$ into ! book4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p important1 & w require a little detail$ consid]ation4 ,!re are1 9 ! fir/ place1 "s lett]s ( ,jewi% orig91 z foll[s3 7a7 ,a lett] f ! ,jews 9 ,gilead ask+ ,judas to s5d !m help because !y 7 be+ attack$ by ! ,g5tiles 7v4 #aj-ac74 ,al?\gh ?is purports to conta9 ! v words :i* 7 writt51 x is m probably m]ely a summ>y ( :at ! au?or ( ! book _h d]iv$ f "s well-in=m$ s\rce4 ,t x repres5ts1 h[ev]1 ! cont5ts ( "s writt5 docum5t1 & 0 n simply a v]bal message1 is evid5t2 = x /&s 9 contra/ to :at is /at$ to h be5 a v]bal message 9 v4 #ae4 7b7 ,a lett] f ,jona?an to ! ,sp>tans 7xii4 #f-ah74 ,! some:at artificial way 9 :i* ?is lett] has be5 press$ into ! text is suffici5t to ar\se suspicion4 ,9 xii4 #a we are told ( an embassy be+ s5t to ,rome2 ! n>rative is brok5 by v]se #b1 :i* ref]s to a lett] t _h be5 s5t to ! ,sp>tans & 8to o!r places02 9 v]se #c1 :i* comes naturally aft] v]se #a1 ! ?read ( ! n>rative is tak5 up aga94 ,!n 9 v]se #e1 :]e "o might reasonably h expect$ fur!r details conc]n+ ! embassy to ,rome1 x goes on to say3 8,& ?is is ! copy ( ! lett] :i* ,jona?an wrote to ! ,sp>tans40 ,! copy ( ?is lett] !n foll[s2 b ! ma9 subject ) :i* ! *apt] began 7viz41 ! embassy to ,rome71 obvi\sly a m important "o1 is left )\t fur!r m5tion4 ,! simplicity & /raight=w>d fl[ ( ! n>rative1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! book1 is lack+ "h1 & ! impression ( some?+ be+ out ( ord] is =c$ ^u "o4 ,!n z to ! lett] itself1 x is n q easy to und]/& :at ! purpose ( x 04 ,9 v]se #aj ! object is said to be ! r5ew+ ( bro!rhood & fri5d%ip ) ! ,sp>tans2 b 9 ! same brea?1 z x 71 x is said t ! ,jews ne$$ none ( ^! ?+s1 8hav+ = our enc\ragem5t ! holy books :i* are 9 our h&s40 ,!n aga91 9 v]se #ac1 aft] ref]5ce has be5 made to ! afflictions :i* ! ,jews _h endur$1 ! lett] cont9ues 79 v]ses #ad1 #ae73 8,we 7 n m9dful1 !re=e1 to be tr\blesome unto y1 & to ! re/ ( our conf$]ates & fri5ds1 9 ^! w>s2 = we h ! help :i* is f heav5 to help u1 & we h be5 deliv]$ f our enemies1 & our enemies h be5 br\ght l[40 ,! lett] concludes ) ! words 7v]ses #ag1 #ah72 8,we comm&$ !m 7i4e4 ! ambassadors71 !re=e1 to g also unto y1 & to salute y1 & to deliv] y our lett]s conc]n+ ! r5ew+ 7( fri5d%ip7 & our bro!rhood4 ,& n[ ye %all d well if ye give u an answ] !reto40 ,?us1 9 "o & ! same lett]1 :ile1 on ! "o h&1 fri5d%ip & bro!rhood are ask$ =1 on ! o!r1 x is said t ^! are n requir$2 & yet1 9 ! conclud+ words ( ! lett] "s anxiety is ev9c$ t a reply %\ld be =?com+4 ,t a relation%ip ( "s k9d _h exi/$ betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,sp>tans is possible en\gh4 ,b ! ambigu\s "* ( ?is lett] incl9es "o to d\bt its g5u95ess4 ,probably x 0 ins]t$ by a lat] editor :o desir$ to emphasize ! fact t a relation%ip _h exi/$ betwe5 8 p & ! ,sp>tans1 :ile n wi%+ to make x appe> t 8 p _h any ne$ to dep5d ^u =eign help 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ _! enemies4 ,9 connection ) ?is lett] ! foll[+ "o mu/ be consid]$4 7c7 ,a lett] f ,areios1 k+ ( ! ,sp>tans1 to ,onias ! high-prie/ 7xii4 #bj-bc74 ,?is owes its pres5ce "h to ! fact t 9 ! lett] j dealt ) ,jona?an cites ! exi/5ce ( =m] fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,sp>tans z a reason = r5ew+ ! same 7xii4 #g-i72 x is add$ z an app5dix to ,jona?an's lett]4 ,! orig9al ( ?is docum5t mu/ h be5 writt5 at lea/ a c5tury & a half e>li]2 ! fact ( its be+ quot$ "h %[s ) :at c>e su* docum5ts 7 pres]v$4 7d7 ,9 xiv4 #bg-dg we h a s\rce ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,?is passage conta9s a panegyric on ,simon1 toge!r ) a rsum ( 8 prosp]\s reign4 ,x is /at$ to h be5 engrav$ on tables ( brass1 & to h be5 set up 9 a conspicu\s place )9 ! prec9cts ( ! sanctu>y2 copies ( x are also said to h be5 deposit$ 9 ! treasury 7v]ses #bg1 #dh1 #di74 ,on comp>+ ! details ( ,simon's reign giv5 9 ?is section ) ^? 9 *apt]s xi4-xiii41 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t !re are sev]al *ronological discrepancies4 ,! c\rse ( ! hi/ory1 z giv5 9 ! book itself1 is ackn[l$g$ on all h&s to be1 on ! :ole1 ( a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y "*2 b if ! passage 9 "q be really ! copy ( an orig9al docum5t1 :i* seems v probable1 ! accuracy ( *apt]s xi4-xiii4 is1 to "s ext5t1 impugn$4 ,x is difficult to suppose t "o & ! same au?or w\ld write ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ,simon's reign 9 ^! *apt]s1 & !n 9 ! v next *apt] g on to give a rsum ( :at _h prec$$ diff]+ f x 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s4 ,! sugge/$ explanation ( ! difficulty is z foll[s3 ,! orig9al writ] ( ! book gave 9 *apt]s xi4-xiii4 a sub/antially correct acc\nt ( ! p]iod ( hi/ory 9 "q1 b 0 inaccurate 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts2 a lat] editor add$ a copy ( ! docum5t "u consid]ation1 to :i* ! orig9al au?or ( ! book1 = "s reason or o!r1 did n h access4 ,! lat] editor 0 n conc]n$ ) ! discrepancies betwe5 ! writt5 hi/ory & ! copy ( ! docum5t :i* he add$1 because he saw t1 9 ! ma91 !y 7 9 agreem5t4 ,?us ! two acc\nts ( ,simon's reign1 diff]+ to "s ext5t1 7 left side by side4 ,a second class ( docum5t>y s\rces comprises lett]s f ,syrian k+s to ! ,jewi% lead]s4 7a7 ,! fir/ is a lett] f ,alex&] ,balas 7he 0 n yet k+ at ! "t7 to ,jona?an 7x4 #ah-bj74 ,?is is n a copy ( ! lett] itself1 b m]ely its purport1 :i* ! au?or ( our book has wov5 into ! n>rative4 ,x is f> too %ort & abrupt to be ! actual lett] ( "o :o 0 seek+ ! help & alliance ( ! ,jewi% lead]1 & = ^: fri5d%ip ?is aspirant to ! ,syrian ?rone 0 bidd+4 ,! au?or ( ! book1 moreov]1 adds "s words ( 8 own 9 ! middle ( ! lett] 7v]se #bj71 a ?+ :i* he w\ld sc>cely h done _h he be5 quot+ ! actual words ( ! lett] itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is n ! slighte/ reason to d\bt t use has "h be5 made ( a g5u9e docum5t4 7b7 ,a lett] f ,demetrius ,i to ! ,jewi% nation 7x4 #be-de74 ,?is 0 writt5 = ! purpose ( out-bidd+ ,alex&] ,balas 9 promises ( fav\r & privileges4 ,x is probably bas$ on "s orig9al docum5t2 b ! accuracy ( ! details is op5 to "q4 ,! promises & concessions are ov]-/at$1 & correspond s exactly1 9 _m respects1 ) ! highe/ aspirations ( ! ,jews at ?is "t t !y sugge/ r ! expression ( ,jewi% ideals ?an actual promises4 7c7 ,a lett] f ,demetrius ,,ii to ,jona?an1 enclos+ "o to ,la/h5es 7xi4 #cj-cg74 ,:at has j be5 said applies "h too4 ,x repres5ts an orig9al lett]1 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 utiliz$ by our au?or1 & elaborat$ by him 9 accordance ) 8 ideals4 7d7 ,a lett] f ,antio*us ,,vi to ,jona?an 7xi4 #eg74 ,?is is cle>ly a succ9ct summ+-up ( ! cont5ts ( ! orig9al lett]2 its extreme %ortness & ! abs5ce ( salutation %[ t1 al?\gh writt5 9 ! fir/ p]son1 x does n pr(ess to give m ?an ! g5]al s5se ( ! orig9al4 7e7 ,a lett] f ,demetrius ,,ii to ,simon 7xiii4 #cf-dj74 ,?is lett]1 9 :i* ! ,syrian k+ ackn[l$ges receipt ( c]ta9 pres5ts f ! ,jewi% high-prie/1 & confirms e>li] privileges1 is /amp$ ) ! m>k ( g5u95ess2 x reads l an orig9al1 & is d\btless a copy ( "o4 7f7 ,a lett] f ,antio*us ,,vii to ,simon 7xv4 #b-i74 ,to "s ext5t :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to 7b7 & 7c7 applies also to ?is lett]4 ,x is probably n a v]batim copy ( ! orig9al1 b repres5ts1 at all ev5ts 9 p>ts1 ! cont5ts ( ! orig9al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are elem5ts 9 x :i* are ! expression ( ard5t desires r ?an ( actual facts4 ,la/ly1 !re is a ?ird class ( docum5t>y s\rces :i* record ! relations betwe5 ! ,jews & ! rul]s ( =eign k+doms4 7a7 ,a treaty ( alliance betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,jews 7viii4 #bc-cb74 ,9 v]ses #bd ff4 x is /at$1 z "o ( ! articles ( ! treaty1 t if ! ,romans are attack$ by an enemy ! ,jews may n r5d] t enemy any help1 :e!r ( 8food1 arms1 money1 or %ips0 7v]se #bf74 ,?is m5tion ( %ips is held by "s to %[ t ?is docum5t belong$ to a date lat] ?an ! "t ( ,judas1 9 ^: "t ! ,jews possess$ no %ips1 & t !re=e ! :ole section is a lat] int]polation4 ,b x is q possible t ! =esight ( ! ,romans suffici5tly expla9s ?is m5tion ( %ips2 or !y might h assum$ ! possession ( %ips by a nation ^: c\ntry _h a long coa/-l9e4 ,x 0 n long aft] ! dea? ( ,judas t ! ,jews did acquire a h>b\r 7see xiii4 #bi1 xiv4 #e74 ,!re seems no suffici5t reason to d\bt t a g5u9e docum5t has "h be5 utiliz$4 7b7 ,a lett] f ! ,sp>tans to ,simon 7xiv4 #bj-bb74 ,we are confront$ "h ) a difficulty simil> to t :i* occurs 9 ! lett] f ,jona?an to ! ,sp>tans 9 xii4 #f-ah 7see above74 ,! section op5s 7v]se #af7 ) ! words3 8,& x 0 he>d at ,rome t ,jona?an 0 dead1 & ev5 unto ,sp>ta1 & !y 7 exce$+ly sorry40 ,x !n goes on to say t ! ,romans wrote to ,simon1 :o _h succe$$ 8 bro!r ,jona?an1 on tables ( brass to r5ew 8! fri5d%ip & ! conf$]acy0 7v]se #ah72 b !n1 in/ead ( giv+ a copy ( ?is docum5t1 z might reasonably be expect$1 x goes on to say3 8,& ?is is a copy ( ! lett] :i* ! ,sp>tans s5t40 ,9 ?is lett] x is /at$ t ! two ,jewi% ambassadors :o 7 ! be>]s ( x 7 ,num5ius1 ! son ( ,antio*us1 & ,antipat]1 ! son ( ,jason4 ,b !n ! n>rative 7v]se #bd7 goes on3 8,aft] ?is ,simon s5t ,num5ius to ,rome ) a great %ield ( gold ( a ?\s& p\nd weight1 9 ord] to confirm ! conf$]acy ) !m40 ,on ! previ\s occasion on :i* m5tion is made ( a conf$]acy betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,romans1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,sp>tans on ! o!r1 ! same two ambassadors 7 s5t1 fir/ to ! ,romans & !n to ! ,sp>tans1 on ! same j\rney 7see xii4 #af1 #ag72 on ! pres5t occasion x is to be presum$1 = ! text implies x1 t ?is 0 aga9 done2 b if s1 h[ is "o to acc\nt = ! fact t 9 ! lett] to ! ,sp>tans ^! ambassadors are said to be ! be>]s ( x1 :ile1 imm$iately aft] 7v]se #bd71 x is said t ,num5ius />t$ on 8 j\rney8 ,!re is also a fur!r difficulty2 is x likely1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 t on ! dea? ( ,jona?an ! ,romans w\ld h tak5 ! initiative 9 r5ew+ ! treaty ) ! ,jews8 ,?is seems to be directly contradict$ by :at is said 9 v]se #bd 7quot$ above74 ,x w\ld appe> t v]ses #ag-bc are an int]polation add$ lat]2 ?is w\ld also expla9 ! o!rwise unacc\ntable words1 8& ev5 unto ,sp>ta10 9 v]se #af1 :i* 7 presumably put 9 because ( ! int]polation4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is lett] read l an (ficial docum5t1 ! probability is t use 0 made ( "s g5u9e record :i* 0 int]polat$ at a lat] p]iod4 7c7 ,a lett] f ,lucius1 ! ,roman consul1 to ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ,,ii1 k+ ( ,egypt 7xv4 #af-ba74 ,?is is ! copy ( a circul> lett] writt5 9 ! "n ( 8,lucius ! consul10 & br\ght back f ,rome by ,num5ius4 ,9 x ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,jews is proclaim$2 copies ( x are s5t n only to ! k+s ( ,egypt & ,syria1 b also to a numb] ( small indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,n[ ,josephus 7,antiq41 ,,xiv1 viii4 #e7 m5tions a lett] f ! ,roman ,s5ate1 writt5 9 ! "n ( ! praetor ,lucius ,val]ius 9 reply to a message br\ght by a ,jewi% embassy4 ,z 9 ! case j ref]r$ to1 ,num5ius1 ! son ( ,antio*us1 is "o ( ! ambassadors 7two o!rs accompany him71 & he br+s a gift ( a gold5 %ield2 ! cont5ts ( ?is lett] are simil> to ^? ( ! lett] 9 our book1 & x is likewise s5t to a numb] ( petty indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,b1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ?is happ5$ 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,hyrcanus ,,ii1 :o reign$ ,b4,c4 #fc-dj4 ,n[ if1 z is ma9ta9$ by "s1 especially by ,willri*1#ddf ,josephus is "r "h1 ! passage we are deal+ ) mu/ be an int]polation4 ,momms5#ddg has1 inde$1 prov$ t ,josephus is record+ g5u9e hi/ory 9 say+ t ! praetor ,lucius ,val]ius s5t a lett] to ! ,jews1 ) ! cont5ts z giv51 dur+ ! reign ( ,hyrcanus ,,ii4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 con/itute an insup]able difficulty1 = "o ( ! consuls 9 ,b4,c4 #aci 0 nam$ ,lucius ,calpurnius ,piso1 & ! 8,consul ,lucius10 spok5 ( 9 ! text 7xv4 #af7 c\ld q well ref] to him4 ,:at is m difficult is ! fact ( ! great simil>ity 9 ! cont5ts betwe5 ! lett] giv5 9 our book & ( t giv5 by ,josephus2 ,momms5 ma9ta9s t !y are n id5tical1 :i* w\ld mitigate ! difficulty2 b ! m5tion ( ,num5ius1 ! son ( ,antio*us1 9 bo? lett]s is a grave difficulty4 ,probably ,willri* is "r 9 reg>d+ ! passage z a lat] int]polation1 add$ because x seem$ to be appropriate 9 a place :]e ,simon's treaty ) ,rome 0 m5tion$4#ddh ,^!1 !n1 are ! s\rces f :i* our book 0 compil$2 !y %[ t ! writ] ( #a ,maccabees _h access to a numb] ( (ficial docum5ts 9 addition to ! acc\nts ( ev5ts :i* he receiv$ f eye-witnesses4 ,! docum5t>y s\rces %$ a mo/ valuable light on ! ext]nal policy ( ! ,jews z well z on ! important rle !y play$ 9 %ap+ ,syrian politics2 s t = ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews ( ?is p]iod our book may well be describ$ z ! mo/ valuable s\rce :i* we possess4 ,v4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,maccab,,an ,,/ruggle ,! mom5t\s /ruggle = religi\s lib]ty & political indep5d5ce :i* is describ$ 9 our book deals ) ! p]iod #age-ace ,b4,c41 i4e4 f ! accession ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes to ! dea? ( ,simon ,maccabu4 ,! divisions ( ! book are cle>ly m>k$1 record+ respectively ! progress ( ! w> "u ! lead]%ip ( ,matta?ias1 ,judas1 ,jona?an1 & ,simon2 & ea* division has z its c5tral subject ! description ( an ev5t ( supreme importance to ! ,jews1 ?us3 ! fir/ division records ! op5+ ( ! /ruggle & its cause2 ! second tells ( h[ religi\s lib]ty 0 acquir$2 ! ?ird describes ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hasmonan high-prie/hood2 & ! la/ %[s h[ ! way to political indep5d5ce 0 secur$4#ddi ,! cont5ts ( ^!1 toge!r ) ! %ort ,introduction by :i* !y are prefac$1 mu/ n[ occupy our att5tion4 7a7 ,! ,conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! ,division ( 8 ,empire 7i4 #a-i7 ,9 pregnant words ,alex&]'s conque/s are ?us summ$ up3 8,& he wag$ _m w>s1 & won /rongholds1 & slew k+s1 & press$ =w>d to ! ends ( ! e>?1 & took spoils f _m peoples40 ,9 describ+ :at happ5$ on ,alex&]'s dea?-b$ ! writ] says t ! k+dom 0 divid$ among ! dy+ k+'s *ief m9i/]s 8:ile he 0 yet alive10 & t aft] he 0 dead 8!y all assum$ ! diadem40 ,?is does n agree ) ! /atem5t made by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 & ,curtius1 to ! effect t :5 ! dy+ k+ 0 no long] able to speak he h&$ 8 signet-r+ to ! capta9 ( 8 bodygu>d1 ,p]diccas1 :om he ?us indicat$ z 8 successor4 ,t all ! *ief m9i/]s assum$ ! diadem aft] ! k+ 0 dead is an inaccurate /atem5t1 z only five ( ,alex&]'s g5]als assum$ ! title ( k+1 & t n until ,b4,c4 #cjf1 sev5te5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,"h1 z 9 a numb] ( o!r cases1 ! writ] ( our book %[s t 8 k conc]n+ ! affairs ( =eign nations is imp]fect2 b ! value ( ! book z a :ole1 & ! cr$ibility ( ! n>rative 9 g5]al1 is n affect$ by ^! inaccuracies2 8we see 9 ?is only ! simple /&po9t ( ! obs]v] :o1 foll[+ 8 s\rces1 conf9es 8 view exclusively to ! circle ( ,jewi% affairs0 7,s*r]74 7b7 ,! ,orig9al ,cause ( ! ,/ruggle2 ! ,lead]%ip ( ,matta?ias 7i4 #aj-;ii4 #gj7 ,z we are cle>ly %[n 9 ?is division ! orig9al cause ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle 0 ( a tw(old "*2 int]nal & ext]nal =ces br\ght x ab\t4 ,a n inconsid]able section ( ! ,jewi% p _h be5 captivat$ by ! attractions ( ,hell5ism1 & 7 ready to give up _! own fai? & practice 9 ex*ange = t ( ! ,g5tiles2 8!y jo9$ !mselves to ! ,g5tiles1 & sold !mselves to d evil0 7i4 #ae74 ,:5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes _h ov]come ,ptolemy1 k+ ( ,egypt1 he proce$$ to deal ) ! ,jews2 8he w5t up aga9/ ,israel & ,j]usalem ) a great army2 & 9 8 arrogance he ent]$ into ! sanctu>y0 7i4 #bj1 #ba72 hav+ tak5 ev]y?+ 9 ! ,temple on :i* he c\ld lay h&s1 he return$ home4 ,= two ye>s ! p 7 left 9 peace2 !n ano!r bl[ 0 inflict$ on !m4 ,apollonius1 a 8*ief collector ( tribute10 0 s5t by ,antio*us to ,j]usalem ) an army2 he pret5d$ t 8 mission 0 a peaceful "o1 & ) smoo? words impos$ ^u ! p2 !n sudd5ly he fell ^u ! city1 & a g5]al sack seems to h tak5 place4 ,! citadel 0 occupi$ by ! =eign troops1 & ! p 7 r$uc$ to sore /raits4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 did n r\se ! p to resi/ance4 ,!n came ! edict ( uni=mity ( wor%ip1 put =? by ,antio*us2 to realize h[ ?is 0 int5d$ to affect ! ,jews x w be well to quote "s words f x2 ! ,jews 7 comm&$ t 8!y %\ld practise cu/oms =eign to ! traditions ( ! l&1 & t !y %\ld cease ! sacrific+ ( ! :ole burnt-(f]+s1 & sacrifices1 & dr9k-(f]+s 9 ! sanctu>y2 & t !y %\ld pr(ane ! sabba?s & fea/s1 & pollute ! sanctu>y & ^? :o _h be5 sanctifi$2 t !y %\ld1 moreov]1 build high places1 & sacr$ groves1 & %r9es = idols1 & t !y %\ld sacrifice sw9e & o!r unclean animals2 & t !y %\ld leave _! sons uncircumciz$1 & make !mselves abom9able by means ( practis+ ev]y?+ t 0 unclean & pr(ane1 s t !y might =get ! ,law1 & *ange all ! traditional ord9ances0 7i4 #dd-di74 ,x 0 ?is :i* 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! ,maccaban revolt4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,antio*us w\ld h attempt$ su* a cruel co]cion _h x n be5 = ! pres5ce ( t /rong ,hell5i/ic p>ty among ! ,jews to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,no soon] 0 ! edict promulgat$ ?an ?is ,hell5i/ic p>ty began to c>ry out its comm&s2 8_m 9 ,israel took delight 9 ! k+'s =m ( wor%ip1 & !y began sacrific+ to idols1 & pr(an$ ! sabba?0 7i4 #dc74 ,! k+'s (fic]s w5t f city to city to en=ce ! edict2 a rigor\s se>* 0 also made = all copies ( ! ,law1 :i* 7 burn$2 horrible cruelties 7 p]petrat$ on all :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! ance/ral religion4 ,int5se indignation took hold ( ! fai?ful 9 ,israel2 numb]s resi/$1 & suff]$ dea? r ?an d5y _! ,god2 b resi/ance ( individuals 0 ( no avail2 :at 0 requir$ 0 a lead] ar\nd :om ! p c\ld ga!r1 & :o w\ld direct corporate action4 ,su* a lead] soon appe>$4 ,9 go+ f city to city to en=ce ! decrees ( ! k+'s edict1 ! royal (fic]s came to ,mod91 ! pres5t ,el-,m$ije1 ea/ ( ,lydda2 ?is 0 ! native city ( ! family ( ! ,maccabees1 ( :om ,matta?ias 0 ! head4 ,! (fic]s call$ on him to set an example ( ob$i5ce to ! royal comm&s1 b he indignantly refus$2 !reupon an apo/ate ,jew /epp$ =? ) ! object ( sacrific+ accord+ to hea!n rites on ! alt> at ,mod92 ?is ar\s$ ! righte\s wra? ( ,matta?ias to ! highe/ pit*1 he ru%$ ^u 8 fai?less fell[-t[nsman & kill$ him z he /ood by ! alt>2 !n1 turn+ ^u "o ( ! k+'s (fic]s1 he slew him too4 8,let e "o t is zeal\s = ! ,law10 he !n cri$ out to 8 p1 8& t w\ld ma9ta9 ! cov5ant1 come aft] me60 ,! /&>d ( revolt 0 n[ def9itely rais$2 l>ge numb]s ( ! ,jews foll[$ ,matta?ias into ! m\nta9s1 among !m _m ( ! ,*assidim4 ,x 0 n suffici5t = ^! patriots m]ely to act on ! def5sive1 b1 z ! writ] ( our book says1 !y 8smote s9n]s 9 _! ang]1 & lawless m5 9 _! wra?4444 ,matta?ias & 8 fri5ds w5t r\nd ab\t1 & pull$ d[n alt>s1 & !y circumciz$ by =ce ! *ildr5 t 7 uncircumciz$ 444 & !y pursu$ aft] ! sons ( pride1 & ! "w prosp]$ 9 _! h&0 7ii4 #dd-dg74 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7,b4,c4 #afg-aff7 ,matta?ias di$2 b 8 bold /ep _h done its "w 9 consolidat+ a vigor\s & det]m9$ body ( patriots4 ,he direct$ t 8 ?ird son1 ,judas1 %\ld take 8 place z lead] 9 w>1 :ile ,simon1 ! eld] bro!r ( ,judas1 %\ld act z *ief c\nsellor4 7c7 ,! ,lead]%ip ( ,judas ,maccabu2 ,religi\s ,lib]ty ,secur$ 7iii4 #a-;ix4 #bb7 ,judas' capacity z a milit>y lead] 0 v soon v9dicat$ by two signal victories ga9$ ov] ,apollonius1 already m5tion$1 & ,s]on1 ! ,syrian comm&]4 ,judas _h tak5 ! initiative 9 attack+ ! armies "u ^! two g5]als 9 ea* case2 8 quickness 9 appreciat+ ! position ( affairs1 & 8 promptitude 9 action 7 ! cause ( ^! victories1 :i* seem to h _h a pr(\nd moral effect bo? on 8 own p & on o!rs4 ,ev5 all[+ = "s v natural exagg]ation ! foll[+ words d\btless reflect ! actual facts3 8,!n began ! fe> ( ,judas & ( 8 bre?r51 & ! dread ( !m fell ^u ! nations r\nd ab\t !m4 ,& 8 "n came ne> ev5 unto ! k+2 & e nation told ( ! battles ( ,judas0 7iii4 #be1 #bf74 ,antio*us 01 ( c\rse1 greatly inc5s$ :5 he he>d ( ! defeats ( 8 =ces2 b be+ 9 want ( money he f\nd x necess>y to g to ,p]sia 9 ord] to raise funds *>g+ ,lysias1 8"o ( ! se$ royal10 to und]take to puni% ! rebels4 ,! fir/ act ( ,lysias 0 to raise a =ce ( =ty ?\s& footm5 & sev5 ?\s& horse1 :i* he despat*$ "u ?ree ( 8 g5]als1 ,ptolemy1 ,nicanor1 & ,gorgias1 to ,juda to subdue ,judas4 ,an attempt$ night surprise by ,gorgias ) "p ( ! ,syrian army fail$ ?r\gh ! vigilance ( ,judas2 & ! foll[+ day ,judas aga9 took ! initiative ) great success1 ! ,syrians flee+ 9 disord]1 & los+ ab\t ?ree ?\s& m54 ,! next ye> ,lysias rais$ a /ill l>g] army :i* he comm&$ 9 p]son2 b aga9 ! =tune ( w> w5t aga9/ him1 & he suff]$ a s]i\s defeat4 ,! ,jews 7 n[ able to enjoy a %ort respite1 :i* 0 utiliz$ = ! purpose ( rebuild+ & re-d$icat+ ! ,temple4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ! fea/ ( ,*anukkah 78,d$ication07 0 in/itut$2 x has be5 regul>ly obs]v$ by or?odox ,jews ev] s9ce4 ,b peace did n la/ long2 ! ,jews 7 n[ attack$ by "s ( ! small] peoples :o _h made common cause ) ! *ief enemy4 ,h[ev]1 ,judas _h little difficulty 9 sil5c+ ^!1 viz41 ! ,edomites1 ,banites1 & ,ammonites4 ,sc>cely 0 ?is accompli%$1 :5 ,judas receiv$ news t _m ( 8 p 9 ,gilead 7 9 /raits ow+ to ! ho/ility ( ! ,g5tiles2 9 ,galilee also ! same ?+ 0 happ5+4 ,he !reupon s5t 8 bro!r ,simon ) an adequate =ce into ,galilee1 :ile he himself w5t ov] ! ,jordan4 ,9 bo? !atres ( ! w> success cont9u$ to att5d ! ,jewi% arms4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #afc ,antio*us ,epiphanes di$ :ile yet 9 ,p]sia2 he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,antio*us ,eupator1 :o _h be5 n\ri%$ up :ile yet "y by ,lysias4 ,b ! dea? ( ,epiphanes br\ght no re/ to ! ,jews4 ,judas _h1 9 ! meantime1 return$ to ,j]usalem2 & he det]m9$ n[ to expel ! g>rison :i* _h be5 /ation$ 9 ! citadel f ! beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle4 ,he1 !re=e1 besieg$ ! citadel1 & fur!r /r5g!n$ 8 own position by =tify+ ,be?sura2 ?is place occupi$ an important /rategical position on ! road betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,hebron2 ,josephus 7,antiq41 ,,xiii1 v4 #f7 speaks ( x z 8! /ronge/ place 9 all ,juda40 ,^? :o 7 besieg$ 9 ! citadel manag$ to s5d ^w to ! k+1 :o came1 accompani$ by ,lysias1 ) a l>ge army to *eck ! designs ( ,judas4 ,9 ?is he succe$$ = ! "t2 ,be?sura 0 />v$ out1 & ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by means ( an act ( ! base/ trea*]y4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 :5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes 0 on 8 dea?-b$ he designat$ ,philip1 "o ( 8 ne>e/ fri5ds1 z reg5t dur+ ! m9ority ( ! new k+ 7vi4 #ad1 #ae72 b ! latt] _h be5 "u ! special c>e ( ,lysias hi!rto2 & z ,philip 0 9 ,p]sia1 :ile ,lysias1 ) ! new k+1 0 9 ,syria at headqu>t]s1 ,lysias took ! place ( advis] & guide to ! k+4 ,n[ :ile ! k+ 0 busy fight+ aga9/ ,judas1 z j rec\nt$1 ,philip1 det]m9$ to ass]t himself1 return$ f ,p]sia & 8s\ght to take unto him ! gov]nm5t0 7vi4 #ef72 he _h ) him ! army :i* ,epiphanes _h l$ into ,p]sia2 ! position 0 cle>ly s]i\s = ! k+ & ,lysias2 s on ! advice ( ! latt] peace 0 made ) ,judas1 & all t he _h be5 fight+ =1 i4e4 religi\s lib]ty1 0 accord$4 ,judas1 tru/+ to ! good fai? ( ! k+ & ,lysias1 came =?1 & 8! k+ ent]$ into ,m\nt ,sion02 b hav+ ?us got possession ( ! /ronghold ! k+ repudiat$ 8 oa?1 & _h ! place dismantl$1 ?\gh ! ,jews /ill reta9$ _! hold ^u x4 ,!n he w5t to deal ) ,philip1 :om he f\nd 9 possession ( ,antio*1 ! capital2 he f\ght aga9/ ,philip1 defeat$ him1 & took ! city4 ,8 triumph 01 h[ev]1 %ort-liv$2 = 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 assass9at$ by comm& ( ,demetrius1 :o n[ became k+4 ,a %ort digression is necess>y "h 9 ord] to expla9 ! position ( ,demetrius4 ,:5 ,antio*us ,,iii 7! ,great7 di$ he left two sons1 ,seleucus ,,iv 7,philopator71 ! eld]1 :o became k+1 & ,antio*us 7aft]w>ds ,epiphanes71 :o liv$ at ,rome z a ho/age4 ,9 ord] t 8 bro!r might be releas$1 ,seleucus ,,iv s5t 8 own son1 ,demetrius1 z a ho/age to ,rome4 ,:5 ,antio*us rea*$ ,syria he f\nd t 8 bro!r _h be5 murd]$1 & in/ead ( requit+ ! k9dness t _h be5 %[n him by endeav\r+ to help ,demetrius1 ! lawful heir1 to ! ?rone1 he usurp$ ! k+dom himself1 :ile ,demetrius 0 left 9 ,rome4 ,:5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes di$ 8 son1 z we h se51 came to ! ?rone1 ?\gh ,demetrius 01 ( c\rse1 /ill ! rightful heir4 ,b ,demetrius succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 escape f ,rome1 & 0 ?us enabl$ to come to 8 own4 ,?is 0 9 ,b4,c4 #afb2 he 0 ! fir/ k+ ( ?is "n to reign ov] ,syria1 & receiv$ ! "n ( ,sot]#dej2 he reign$ till ,b4,c4 #aej4 ,no soon] 0 ,demetrius seat$ on ! ?rone ?an ! w> aga9/ ! ,jews recomm5c$4 ,bac*ides1 "o ( ! 8k+'s fri5ds10 & ! 8ungodly ,alcimus10 :om ,demetrius _h made high-prie/1 7 s5t aga9/ ,judas2 b ,bac*ides soon return$ to ! k+1 leav+ ,alcimus ) an army to look aft] ! l&4 ,he1 h[ev]1 also return$ to ! k+ :5 he saw t ,judas 0 too /rong = him4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 s5t a new army aga9/ ! ,jews "u ! comm& ( ,nicanor4 ,once m ,judas 0 victori\s1 ,nicanor fell 9 ! battle & 8 army 0 scatt]$4 ,!n1 x is said1 8! l& ( ,judah _h re/ a little :ile0 7vii4 #ej74 ,if we are to tru/ ! cont5ts ( *apt] viii4 ( our book1 ,judas at ?is po9t made an alliance ) ! ,romans 7see above1 p4 #dbj71 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y wrote to ,demetrius1 say+1 8,:]e=e ha/ ?\ made ?y yoke heavy ^u our fri5ds & conf$]ates ! ,jews8 ,if1 !re=e1 !y plead any m aga9/ !e1 we w d !m ju/ice1 & fight !e by sea & l&0 7viii4 #cb74 ,?is ?reat did n1 h[ev]1 h any effect1 = on ,demetrius he>+ ( ! dea? ( ,nicanor & ! defeat ( 8 =ces1 he despat*$ ,bac*ides & ,alcimus a second "t aga9/ ,judas2 ?is "t !y 7 too /rong = ! ,jews1 :o 7 defeat$1 &1 wor/ ( all1 ,judas fell4 ,b ,j]usalem cont9u$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,jews1 & ! ,temple s]vices 7 celebrat$2 s t religi\s lib]ty _h be5 ga9$ & reta9$ by ! devot$ c\rage & p]sev]ance ( ,judas4 7d7 ,! ,lead]%ip ( ,jona?an2 ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hasmonan ,high-prie/hood 7ix4 #bc-xii4 #ec7 ,! fir/ result ( ! dea? ( ,judas 01 n unnaturally1 to fill ! patriots ) despair4 ,b ?is did n la/ long2 & ! p came to 8 bro!r ,jona?an & elect$ him z _! lead]4 ,z soon z ,bac*ides got to "k ( ?is he r5ew$ ! attack1 b 0 repuls$ by ,jona?an4 ,?is seems to h be5 a m cru%+ defeat1 judg+ by ! sequel1 ?an ! %ort acc\nt ( x 7ix4 #dc-di7 w\ld imply2 = ! ,jews 7 left 9 peace = two ye>s4 ,at ! end ( t "t ano!r futile attempt 0 made by ,bac*ides1 & he 0 glad to make t]ms ( peace ) ,jona?an4 ,:at imm5se progress _h be5 made by ! patriots c be se5 by ^! pregnant words3 8,& ! sword ceas$ f ,israel4 ,& ,jona?an dwelt at ,mi*ma%4 ,& ,jona?an began to judge ! p2 & he de/roy$ ! ungodly out ( ,israel0 7ix4 #gc74 ,! ,maccaban /ruggle n[ ent]s ^u a new phase ow+ to ! activity ( ! rival claimants to ! ,syrian ?rone2 ! ,maccaban p[]1 z x may n[ be call$1 comes to occupy ! position ( ! 8decid+ factor10 & is ?us c\rt$ fir/ by "o & !n by ! o!r claim5t to ! ?rone4 ,:5 x is said1 z quot$ above1 t 8! sword ceas$ f ,israel 4440 ! p]iod ( peace 01 accord+ to our book1 "o ( ab\t sev5 ye>s2 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t ! only act ( w> record$ is ! abortive attempt by ,bac*ides to subdue ,jona?an1 z told 9 ix4 #eh-gc4 ,s t x looks z ?\gh ,demetrius ,i _h giv5 up ! /ruggle aga9/ ^! =midable *ampions ( lib]ty4 ,b ! ,jews _h n yet ga9$ all !y int5d$ to h2 _! fir/ objective1 viz41 religi\s lib]ty1 0 already atta9$1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,judas2 b !y _h n[ le>n$ to realize _! own p[]1 & _h det]m9$ to acquire political indep5d5ce z well4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #aec1 :5 ,demetrius _h rul$ = ab\t t5 ye>s1 a rival to ! ,syrian ?rone appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( "o ,alex&] ,balas4 ,?is man1 a l[-born native ( ,smyrna1 gave himself out to be ! son ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 ! claim receiv$ "s support ow+ to 8 resemblance to ! late usurp]1 ,antio*us ,eupator4 ,! cause ( ,alex&] 0 tak5 up by ,attalus ,,ii1 k+ ( ,p]gamum1 :o support$ 8 claims to ! k+dom ( ,syria aga9/ ,demetrius4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ,polybius 7xxxiii4 #ad1 #f71 x 0 well kn[n t ! claims ( ,alex&] 7 )\t ju/ification1 he 01 nev]!less1 support$ by ! ,roman ,s5ate1 :o promis$ to help him4 ,8 success1 to :i* we %all ref] pres5tly1 0 l>gely due to ! fact t ,demetrius 0 hat$ by 8 own p on acc\nt ( 8 8insol5ce & difficulty ( access10 & because he 0 8slo?ful & neglig5t ab\t public affairs02 s ,josephus tells u 7,antiq41 ,,xiii1 ii4 #a74 ,alex&] appe>$ sudd5ly ^u ! sc5e2 8 fir/ act 0 to take possession ( ,ptolemais2 9 ?is he _h no difficulty1 = he 0 welcom$ z k+ by ! inhabitants4 ,z soon z ,demetrius he>d ( ?is he ga!r$ 8 =ces toge!r2 b be=e go+ to battle he s\ght to ga9 ,jona?an = 8 cause2 8let u be be=eh& to make peace ) !m10 he said1 8ere he make peace ) ,alex&] aga9/ u0 7x4 #d74 ,! promises ( ,demetrius 71 h[ev]1 out-bidd5 by ^? ( ,alex&]1 :o wrote to ,jona?an z soon z he he>d ( ,demetrius' action4 ,9 8 lett] ,alex&] writes3 8,we h appo9t$ !e ?is day to be high-prie/ ( ?y nation44440 ,?is 0 ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hasmonan#dea high-prie/hood1 ?\gh x 0 n fully consolidat$ until "s ye>s lat] 7,b4,c4 #ada74deb ,x 0 9 va9 t ,demetrius wrote a second lett] to ,jona?an full ( ! mo/ extravagant promises#dec 7x4 #bf-de71 = ,jona?an & ! p 8gave no cr$5ce0 to 8 words2 an alliance 01 on ! o!r h&1 made ) ,alex&]4 ,a battle 0 !n f\ght betwe5 ,alex&] & ,demetrius2 b ! acc\nt ( ?is1 z giv5 9 x4 #dh ff41 is incompreh5sible1 we h to turn to ,josephus 7,antiq41 ,,xiii1 ii4 #d7 to und]/& :at really happ5$3 8,& :5 x 0 come to a battle1 ! left w+ ( ,demetrius put ^? :o oppos$ !m to flight1 & pursu$ !m a great way1 & slew _m ( !m1 & spoil$ _! camp4 ,b ! "r w+1 :]e ,demetrius happ5$ to be1 0 beat52 & z = all ! re/1 !y ran away4 ,b ,demetrius f\ght c\rage\sly1 & slew a great _m ( ! enemy2 b z he 0 9 pursuit ( ! re/1 8 horse c>ri$ him into a deep bog1 :]e x 0 h>d to get out1 & !re x happ5$1 t ^u 8 horse's fall+ d[n1 he c\ld n escape be+ kill$2 = :5 8 enemies saw :at _h befall5 him1 !y return$ back1 & encompass$ ,demetrius r\nd1 & !y all ?rew _! d>ts at him2 b he1 be+ n[ on foot1 f\ght bravely2 b at l5g? he receiv$ s _m w\nds t he 0 n able to be> up any long]1 & fell40 ,! battle seems1 ?us1 to h be5 indecisive until ,demetrius fell1 :5 evid5tly 8 foll[]s lo/ he>t4 ,alex&]'s next /ep 0 to make a treaty ) ,ptolemy ,,vi1 ,philometor1 k+ ( ,egypt1 ^: daught]1 ,cleopatra1 he m>ri$1 ! m>riage be+ celebrat$ ) great pomp at ,ptolemais2 ! ,egyptian k+ himself 0 pres5t4 ,alex&]1 fur!r1 invit$ ,jona?an to ,ptolemais1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) mu* hon\r1 ! fri5d%ip & alliance betwe5 ! two be+ ?us consolidat$4 ,= a few ye>s ,alex&] 0 left 9 peaceful possession ( ! ,syrian ?rone1 b 9 ,b4,c4 #adg ! son ( ,demetrius1 ,demetrius ,nicator1 came f ,crete1 :]e he _h be5 liv+ 9 exile s9ce ! w> betwe5 8 fa!r & ,alex&] began1 & s\ght1 z ! rightful heir1 to rega9 8 k+dom4 ,he appo9t$ ,apollonius 8 comm&]-9-*ief4 ,an army hav+ be5 rais$1 ,apollonius encamp$ 9 ,jamnia 7,jabneh71 & tri$ conclusions fir/ ) ,jona?an1 ,alex&]'s ally4 ,jona?an 0 ably second$ by 8 bro!r ,simon1 & betwe5 !m !y inflict$ a sev]e defeat on ,apollonius4 ,alex&]1 on he>+ ?is1 8hon\r$ ,jona?an yet m2 & he s5t unto him a buckle ( gold1 z ! use is to give to su* z are ( ! k9dr$ ( ! k+s2 moreov]1 he gave him ,ekron & all ! bord]s !re( = a possession0 7x4 #hi74 ,?is fri5d%ip betwe5 ,alex&] & ,jona?an 0 soon de/9$ to place ! latt] 9 a v awkw>d position1 ?\gh he manag$ to extricate himself ow+ ma9ly to 8 hav+ s firmly e/abli%$ 8 p[]4 ,?is came ab\t 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,a treaty 0 made betwe5 ,ptolemy ,,vi & ,demetrius ,nicator1 9 spite ( ! =m]'s alliance ) ,alex&]4 ,antio* 0 besieg$ by ,ptolemy1 & ,alex&] escap$ to ,arabia2 b "h he 0 trea*]\sly murd]$1 :ile ,ptolemy himself di$ only a few days aft]w>ds4 ,?is left all cle> = ,demetrius1 :o n[ became k+4 ,z ,jona?an _h support$ ! new k+'s rival1 8 position 0 n[ ( a some:at awkw>d "*4 ,h[ev]1 bo? ! k+ & ,jona?an consid]$ x to be ( advantage to !mselves if !y 7 at peace1 s fri5d%ip 0 conclud$ betwe5 !m4 ,b ,demetrius ,,ii 0 n to be left 9 peace long4 ,alex&] _h left a son1 ,antio*us1 9 ,arabia1 ^: cause 0 n[ ab\t to be *ampion$ by ,tryphon2 ! latt] _h be5 "o ( ! close fri5ds ( ,alex&]4 ,! "t 0 propiti\s = ,tryphon to attempt to ga9 ! k+dom = 8 late ma/]'s son1 = ,demetrius _h unwisely disb&$ ! bulk ( 8 troops :5 he saw t peace 0 e/abli%$2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is !y _h revolt$4 ,9 8 di/ress he look$ = help to ,jona?an2 nor did he look 9 va92 = ,jona?an s5t him ?ree ?\s& m5 to ,antio*4 ,) ! help ( ^! ,demetrius 0 enabl$ to re-e/abli% himself4 ,?+s might h cont9u$ to g well ) him1 b he fooli%ly fell out ) ,jona?an1 & _h soon to pay ! p5alty4 ,= ,tryphon n[ made a second attempt2 he br\ght ! "y ,antio*us1 /ill a *ild1 ) him1 & ga!r$ ar\nd him all ! troops :i* ,demetrius _h disb&$4 ,) ^! he /orm$ ,antio*1 & ,demetrius _h to flee4 ,! fir/ act ( ,antio*us 7! six? z he n[ 07 aga9 %[$ ! position :i* ,jona?an _h ga9$2 guid$1 ( c\rse1 by ,tryphon1 he s5t ^w to ,jona?an1 confirm+ him 9 ! high-prie/hood & 9 ! gov]nor%ip ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,juda1 ,ephraim1 ,lydda1 & ,rama?aim1 & conf]r+ o!r hon\rs ^u him2 at ! same "t sett+ ,simon1 ,jona?an's bro!r1 ov] ! di/rict f 8! ladd] ( ,tyre0#ded to ! ,egyptian fronti]4 ,! ,jewi% lead]s 7 n sl[ to appreciate ?is politic /ep on ! "p ( ,antio*us2 !y imm$iately und]took a victori\s campaign aga9/ _! own enemies z well z aga9/ ^? ( ! k+4 ,jona?an himself w5t to ,galilee1 :i!r ,demetrius _h fl$1 ) ! purpose ( puni%+ him2 ,demetrius seems to h succe$$ 9 ga!r+ an army aga91 & a pit*$ battle took place4 ,at fir/ x look$ z ?\gh ,jona?an 7 go+ to get ! wor/ ( x2 b ultimately he triumph$1 & ,demetrius aga9 fl$1 &1 = ! pres5t1 gave up ! /ruggle 9 ,syria 9 ord] to try 8 =tune aga9/ ! ,p>?ians2 b he 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,p>?ians1 & rema9$ 9 captivity = t5 ye>s1 aft] :i*1 z we %all see1 he aga9 appe>$ 9 ,syria4 ,9 ! meantime ,tryphon himself aspir$ to ! ,syrian ?rone2 he caus$ ,antio*us ,,vi to be kill$1 & usurp$ ! k+dom4 ,b fe>+ ,jona?an1 ,tryphon captur$ him by trea*]y & imprison$ him4 7e7 ,! ,lead]%ip ( ,simon 7xiii4 #a-xvi4 #bd7 ,simon's fir/ act 0 to try to av5ge 8 bro!r2 he did1 inde$1 sev]ely defeat ,tryphon & drive him out ( ! c\ntry1 b n until ,tryphon _h murd]$ ,jona?an ) 8 own h&4 ,x 0 ,simon's conviction t 8 wise/ c\rse w\ld n[ be to br+ ab\t ! re-in/atem5t ( ,demetrius ,,ii2 he accord+ly s5t mess5g]s to ,demetrius ) ?is intimation1 &1 ( c\rse1 receiv$ a v fav\rable reply 7xiii4 #cf-dj74 ,! next ?+ t we he> ( ,demetrius is t he w5t into ,m$ia to get help to fight aga9/ ,tryphon1 :o _h by no means giv5 up 8 hopes ( rega9+ ! ?rone4 ,demetrius 0 captur$1 h[ev]1 by ! k+ ( ,p]sia & ,m$ia1 & aga9 %ut up 9 prison4#dee ,) ,demetrius ,,ii 9 prison1 & ,tryphon driv5 out ( ! c\ntry1 a new aspirant to ! ?rone n[ appe>s 9 ! p]son ( ,antio*us ,,vii 7,sidetes71 ! bro!r ( ,demetrius4 ,! new k+1 z _h n[ become cu/om>y1 fir/ addresses himself to ! ,jewi% lead]2 hav+ ga9$ 8 good-w by mak+ _m promises1 ,antio*us ent]s into ! k+dom4 ,"h he f9ds ,tryphon1 :om he besieges 9 ,dor2 ,tryphon manag$ to escape by %ip1 & is no m m5tion$ 9 our book4#def ,%ortly aft] ?is ,antio*us1 believ+1 presumably1 t 8 position 0 suffici5tly /rong1 & desir+ to %[ t he c\ld /& alone1 repudiat$ 8 treaty ) ,simon1 & w\ld n receive him1 8b set at n\ght ev]y?+ t he _h previ\sly cov5ant$ ) him2 & he 0 e/rang$ f him0 7xv4 #bg74 ,!n he proce$$ to s5d a =ce "u ,c5debu to attack ,juda1 & to worry ! ,jewi% p 9 v>i\s ways4 ,simon1 feel+ ! weight ( age ^u him1 appo9t$ 8 two elde/ sons1 ,judas & ,john1 to und]take ! fur!r prosecution ( ! w>4 ,!y attack ,c5debu & defeat him2 ,judas 0 w\nd$1 b ,john return$ to ,juda 9 peace 7xv4 #i1 #aj74 ,our book n[ gives an acc\nt ( ano!r act ( trea*]y :i* ?reat5$ to annihilate ! direct l9e ( ! family ( ! ,maccabees4 ,ptolemy1 8! son ( ,abubus1 ,simon's son-9-law1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ capta9 ov] ! pla9 ( ,j]i*o10 desir$ to secure = himself ! supreme p[]1 = :i* purpose x 0 necess>y t ,simon & 8 sons %\ld be got out ( ! way4 ,! writ] ( our book rec\nts 9 pregnant phrases :at happ5$3 8,n[ ,simon 0 visit+ ! cities t 7 9 ! c\ntry1 & tak+ c>e = ! good ord]+ ( !m4 ,& he w5t d[n to ,j]i*o1 he himself & ,matta?ias & ,judas1 8 sons1 9 ! "o hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5? ye> ,b4,c4 #ace1 9 ! elev5? mon?1 ! same is ! mon? ,sebat ,febru>y4 ,& ! son ( ,abubus receiv$ !m deceitfully into ! little /ronghold t is call$ ,dk1 :i* he _h built1 & he made !m a great banquet2 & he hid m5 !re4 ,& :5 ,simon & 8 sons _h drunk freely1 ,ptolemy & !y t 7 ) him rose up1 & took _! arms1 & came ^u ,simon into ! banquet+ hall1 & slew him & 8 two sons1 & c]ta9 ( 8 s]vants4 ,& he committ$ ?us a great act ( trea*]y1 & recomp5s$ evil = good0 7xvi4 #ad-ag74 ,john 0 n ) 8 fa!r at ! "t1 b ,ptolemy despat*$ 8 creatures to ,gaz>a1 :]e ,john 0 /ay+1 to murd] him4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,john 0 w>n$ 9 "t1 & 8he laid h&s on ! m5 t came to de/roy him1 & slew !m0 7xvi4 #bb74 ,our book closes ) a ref]5ce to ! acts ( ,john :i* are writt5 9 8! *ronicles ( 8 high-prie/hood0 7xvi4 #bd74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,greek ,ezra 7#a 7#c7 ,esdras7 ,,lit]ature4--,fritzs*e1 9 ,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph5 7#ahea72 ,lupton1 9 ,wace1 ,i1 pp4 #a-fi2 ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,h[or? 9 ! ,academy 7#ahic71 & 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! 8,society = ,biblical ,ar*ology0 7#aija-aijb72 ,torrey1 ,ezra ,/udies 7#aiaj72 ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #a-eh4 ,! articles by ,?ack]ay 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 & by ,volz 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,i4 ,,! ,,title ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! book n[ to be consid]$ has1 ) few exceptions1 be5 treat$ ) scant respect by s*ol>s = _m c5turies4 ,j]ome1 9 8 ,preface to ! books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 condemn$ bo? ! ,esdras books 9 our ,apocrypha ) _! 8dreams10 & ! ,*ur* has foll[$ him 9 relegat+ !m to a v inf]ior position4 ,x is only dur+ ! la/ decade or s t1 ow+1 9 ! ma91 to ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,h5ry ,h[or?1 s*ol>s h come to realize ! importance ( #a 7#c7 ,esdras1 ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,! v>i\s titles ( ! ,ezra books are apt1 ?anks l>gely to ,j]ome1 to cause confusion2 x w !re=e1 be advisable to set =? ^! diff]5t titles 9 tabul> =m1 :i* w also expla9 h[ !y h aris53 ,hebrew ,septuag9t ,vulgate ,engli% ,engli% ,bible ,bible ,apocrypha ,ezra#deg #a ,esdras ,ezra ,nehemiah#deg #b ,esdras1 #b ,esdras ,nehemiah #b ,esdras or ,esdras ,b4 i4 ii4#deh #a ,esdras1 or ,esdras ,a1 toge!r ) #b ,*ronicles xxxv41 ,ezra xxxvi4 & mo/ ( #c ,esdras ,ezra #a ,esdras ,nehemiah viii4 7! 8,greek ,ezra074 ,n extant #d ,esdras #b ,esdras iii4-xiv4 ,no equival5t #e ,esdras #b ,esdras xv41 xvi4 ,x w conduce to cle>ness if we speak ( our pres5t book z ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & ignore ^! confus+ titles4 ,by ! 8,hebrew ,ezra0 is meant1 ( c\rse1 ! canonical book ( ,ezra4 ,,ii4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,book ,z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! table giv5 above1 ! cont5ts ( our book correspond sub/antially ) p>ts ( ! canonical ,scriptures#dei2 b ! 8,greek ,ezra0 does n run :olly p>allel ) ! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 s t 9 enum]at+ ! cont5ts ( ! =m] x w be necess>y to record aga9/ ea* section to :at passage 9 ! canonical ,scriptures x corresponds1 :e!r to "s passage 9 ! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 or 9 #b ,*ronicles1 or 9 ,nehemiah4 i4 #a-eh 7 #b ,*ron4 xxxv41 xxxvi4 #a-ba73 ,! book beg9s v abruptly ) a long acc\nt ( ,josiah's celebration ( ! ,passov] 9 ,j]usalem 7v]ses #a-bd74 ,!n foll[s ! /ory ( ,josiah's dea? at ! battle ( ,megiddo :]e he 0 defeat$ by ! k+ ( ,egypt2 ref]5ce is made to 8! book ( ! hi/ories ( ! k+s ( ,juda10 :]e ^! ?+s are writt5 7v]ses #be-cc74 ,! re/ ( ! section deals ) ,josiah's successors d[n to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7v]ses #cd-eh74 ii4 #a-ae 7 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bb1 #bc & ,ezra i4 #a-aa73 ,cyrus ! ,p]sian issues a decree p]mitt+ ! return ( ! p & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem2 ! sacr$ vessels ( ! ,temple are giv5 back4 ii4 #af-cj 7 ,ezra iv4 #g-bd73 ,! ,sam>itans address a lett] to ,artax]xes accus+ ! ,jews ( ! int5tion to rebel 9 rebuild+ ! walls ( ! city1 & w>n+ him ( :at ! result w be if ! build+ is p]si/$ 9 7v]ses #af-bd74 ,! purpose ( ! lett] is successful1 & ! build+ ceases until ! second ye> ( ,d>ius 7v]ses #be-cj74 iii4 #a-v4 #c 7no correspond+ passage 9 ! canonical ,scriptures73 ,! wisdom competition among ?ree "y m5 ( ,d>ius' bodygu>d4 ,z]ubbabel proves himself to be wise/ & is rew>d$ by ! k+ 7iii4 #a-;iv4 #df72 ! rew>d consi/s 9 grant+ ,z]ubbabel 8 reque/ t ! k+ w\ld issue a decree p]mitt+ ! ,jews to return to _! c\ntry & rebuild ! walls ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple 7iv4 #dg-eg74 ,z]ubbabel's ?anksgiv+ 7iv4 #eh-fc71 & ! return ( ! exiles 7v4 #a-c74 v4 #d-f 7no correspond+ passage 9 ! canonical ,scriptures73 ,^! v]ses conta9 ! fragm5t ( a li/ ( ! return$ exiles4 v4 #g-gc 7 ,ezra ii4 #a-;iv4 #e1 #bd & ,neh4 vii4 #f-gc73 ,a li/ ( ^? :o return$ f ,babylon "u ,z]ubbabel1 ,jo%ua & ,nehemiah 7v]ses #g-df72 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 7v]ses #dg-fe72 ! ,sam>itans desire to assi/ 9 ! "w1 b are refus$2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is !y plot aga9/ ! ,jews1 & ! build+ is susp5d$ 7v]ses #ff-gc74 vi4 #a-vii4 #ae 7 ,ezra v4 #a-vi4 #bb73 ,! build+ ( ! ,temple is begun 7vi4 #a-f72 ! lett] ( ,sis9nes1 ! gov]nor ( ,syria & ,phnicia1 to ,d>ius1 ask+ him to signify 8 approval ( ! und]tak+ 7vi4 #g-bb72 ! fav\rable reply ( ,d>ius 7vi4 #bc-cd74 ,! completion ( ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 & its d$ication 7vii4 #a-i74 ,celebration ( ! ,fea/ ( ,passov] 7vii4 #aj-ae74 viii4 #a-;ix4 #cf 7 ,ezra vii4 #a-x4 #dd73 ,) ! p]mission ( ,artax]xes1 ,ezra goes to ,j]usalem ) 8c]ta9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & ( ! prie/s & ,levites0 7viii4 #a-g74 ,copy ( ! commission writt5 by ,artax]xes to ,ezra 7viii4 #h-bd74 ,a li/ ( ^? :o return$ ) ,ezra 7viii4 #be-fj74 ,! return to ,j]usalem1 & ,ezra's "w 9 combat+ mix$ m>riages 7viii4 #fa-;ix4 #cf74 ix4 #cg-ee 7 ,neh4 vii4 #gc-viii4 #ab73 ,! read+ ( ! ,law ( ,moses by ,ezra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! :ole ( our book1 ) ! exception ( iii4 #a-v4 #f1 runs p>allel ) passages f ! 8,hebrew ,ezra0 & p>ts ( #b ,*ronicles & ,nehemiah4 ,b x w be well to consid] ! relation%ip betwe5 our book & ! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 & also to inquire z to ! relation%ip ( #b ,esdras1 or ,esdras ,b1 to our book4 ,,iii4 ,,! 8,,hebrew ,,ezra10 ,,! 8,,greek ,,ezra10 ,,& #b ,,esdras ,9 ! table giv5 above x w be se5 t ! ,hebrew ,book ( ,ezra is repres5t$ twice 9 ! ,septuag9t1 viz4 by #b ,esdras & ! 8,greek ,ezra10 & t bo? ! ,greek =ms conta9 m ?an simply a translation ( ! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 s9ce #b ,esdras has ! :ole ( :at 0 once a s+le ,hebrew book 7,ezra-,nehemiah71 & our 8,greek ,ezra0 has "s matt] 9 addition to ! translation ( ,ezra4 ,our fir/ po9t is to see h[ ! 8,hebrew ,ezra0 & ! 8,greek ,ezra0 comp>e4 ,z reg>ds ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts !re are only two cases ( any consid]able div]g5ce1 namely1 ii4 #af-cj 7 ,ezra iv4 #g-bd7 is out ( place1 & ix4 #cg-ee 7 ,neh4 vii4 #gc-viii4 #ab7 :i* foll[s viii4 #a-;ix4 #cf 7 ,ezra vii4 #a-x4 #dd7 v>ies f ! ord] 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,o!rwise ! mat]ial ( ! two is ! same1 ) ! "o exception ( iii4 #a-v4 #c1 ! /ory ( ! wisdom competition betwe5 ! ?ree "y m5 ( ,d>ius' bodygu>d2 ?is is peculi> to our 8,greek ,ezra10#dfj &1 unlike ! re/ ( ! book1 0 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,greek4 ,! re/ ( ! book is translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 b ! translation is free & p>aphra/ic4 ,turn+ n[ = a mom5t to #b ,esdras1 ! po9t ( *ief importance "h is t ! translation is a v lit]al "o1 x foll[s ! ,hebrew text m9utely & ) almo/ pa9ful accuracy1 sometimes giv+ r5d]+s :i* are s close z to be r lack+ 9 s5se 9 _! translat$ =m4 ,9 8 comp>ison ( ! two ,greek books ,?ack]ay says3 8,! two translations are ( an ess5tially diff]5t "*4 ,:ile ! writ] ( ,esdras ,b 7#b ,esdras7 %[s a slavi% adh]5ce to ! ,hebrew1 (t5 translit]at+ 8 orig9al1 & mak+ no pret5sions to /yle1 ,esdras ,a 7! 8,greek ,ezra07 is m>k$ by a free /yle ( translation1 an elegant & idiomatic ,greek1 a happy r5d]+ ( ,hebraisms1 & an omission ( difficulties1 :i* make x a f> m readable book ?an ! o!r4 ,x 0 cle>ly int5d$ = ,greek read]s unacqua9t$ ) ,hebrew4 ,! writ] 0 a littrateur 9 possession ( a wide ,greek vocabul>y40#dfa ,! c5tral problem ( our book is to asc]ta9 ! relation%ip betwe5 x & ! canonical ,hebrew book1 & #b ,esdras4 ,h[ d ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & #b ,esdras /& to "o ano!r8 ,h[ comes x t bo? are conta9$ 9 ! ,septuag9t8 ,d !y bo? g back to ! same ,hebrew orig9al8 ,^! & o!r que/ions :i* sugge/ !mselves 9 /udy+ ! book are by no means easy to answ]1 & v v>y+ op9ions are held by s*ol>s2 nor does x appe> t any solution (f]$ is cle> f objections ( "s k9d4 ,to deal ) ^! !ories w\ld be out ( ! "q "h1 = ! discussion ( !m fills volumes#dfb2 a few facts may1 h[ev]1 be enum]at$ :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 seek+ to arrive at a conclusion4 7#a7 ,!re are /rong gr\nds = believ+ t ! 8,greek ,ezra0 is ( e>li] date ?an #b ,esdras2 9 ! ,septuag9t x prec$es ! latt]2 ,josephus uses x1 & app>5tly does n "k ( #b ,esdras2 ! writ] ( ! 8,greek ,ezra0 utilizes ,*ronicles1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah 9 su* a way z to sugge/ t ^! ?ree =m$ "o :ole1 & _h n yet be5 divid$ up2 9 #b ,esdras ! 8,hebrew ,ezra0 is cle>ly a sep>ate book4 ,! ,hebrew text :i* und]lies ! 8,greek ,ezra0 is (t5 a pur]1 & !re=e 9 all probability an old]1 "o ?an t repres5t$ 9 #b ,esdras4 ,= ^! reasons we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! 8,greek ,ezra0 z ( e>li] date ?an #b ,esdras4 7#b7 ,! 8,greek ,ezra0 & #b ,esdras (t5 agree 9 small details2 &1 :at is m /rik+1 !y n infrequ5tly agree 9 deviat+ f ! ,hebrew4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m passages 9 :i* ! 8,greek ,ezra0 foll[s ! ,hebrew m closely ?an #b ,esdras4 ,n[1 see+ t "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( #b ,esdras is t x foll[s its ,hebrew orig9al 9 a slavi% mann]1 "o is l$ to ! conclusion t ! ,hebrew text und]ly+ ! 8,greek ,ezra0 v>i$ consid]ably f t :i* is repres5t$ 9 #b ,esdras4 ,b h[ is "o to acc\nt = ! agreem5ts betwe5 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & #b ,esdras1 j m5tion$8 ,we sugge/ t some?+ ( ?is k9d took place3 ,t ! ,hebrew text :i* und]lay ^? two books respectively 0 n ! same is cle>2 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 repres5ts a text diff]+ 9 _m respects f ! ,massoretic text1 & !re=e 9 all probability an old] "o 9 :i* ,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah 7 all "o book2 #b ,esdras repres5ts 9 ! ma9 ! ,massoretic text4 ,a ,greek translation 0 made ( ! e>li] ,hebrew text1 be=e1 t is to say1 ! ,hebrew text became fix$4 ,?is ,greek translation 0 ! imm$iate p>5t ( our 8,greek ,ezra40 ,9 ! meantime ! revision ( ! ,hebrew text took place1 & a translator translat$ ?is into ,greek1 utiliz+ at ! same "t ! orig9al ,greek translation2 ?is repres5ts #b ,esdras4 ,s t a diff]5t ,hebrew text lies ultimately at ! base ( ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & ( #b ,esdras2 nev]!less bo? h to recognize ! p>5tage ( an int]m$iate ,greek translation1 :i* acc\nts = ! elem5ts ( agreem5t betwe5 !m2 :ile _! diff]5ces are acc\nt$ = because !y 7 translat$ f diff]5t ,hebrew texts4 ,! accompany+ diagram w illu/rate ! sugge/ion made3 ,orig9al ,hebrew ---------------------------------------- --- ,orig9al ,greek ,revis$ ,hebrew ------------------------- 8,greek ,ezra0 ----------------- #b ,esdras ,?is sugge/ion is a comb9ation ( ^? ( ,ewald#dfc & ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,h[or?4#dfd ,:at has be5 said does n acc\nt = all ! difficulties2 !re is1 = example1 ! piece iii4 #a-v4 #c to be acc\nt$ =2 & ! hi/orical inaccuracies 7see next section7 con/itute ano!r difficulty4 ,mu* c1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ by recogniz+1 :at seems to be an und\bt$ fact1 t a r$actor has be5 at "w on our book1 b has n f9i%$ 8 "w2 !re seems to h be5 a special purpose :i* ?is r$actor _h 9 view 7see section ,v7 & he 0 conc]n$ ) ?is m ?an ) hi/orical accuracy4 ,! difficulties are enhanc$ by ! fact t ! abrupt beg9n+ & end+ %[ t ! book is incomplete 9 its pres5t =m4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,hi/oricity ,,( ,,! ,,book ,9 discuss+ ! "q ( ! hi/orical "* ( our book x is obvi\sly necess>y to take ! 8,hebrew ,ezra0 & ,nehemiah into acc\nt2 & x w help u to "s ext5t 9 seek+ to f9d our way ab\t ! hopelessly intricate hi/orical maze 9 :i* we soon become involv$ if we beg9 by draw+ up a *ronological table4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 preface ?is ) ! foll[+ li/ ( ,p]sian k+s2 ! names :i* are put 9 squ>e brackets d n conc]n u1 b !y are add$ = complet5ess' sake3 ,cyrus1 z k+ ( ,p]sia1 ,b4,c4 #ech-ebi4 ,cambyses1 ,b4,c4 #ebi-ebb4 ,d>ius ,i1 ,hy/aspes1 ,b4,c4 #ebb-dhf4 ,x]xes1 ,b4,c4 #dhf-dfe4 ,artax]xes ,i1 ,longimanus1 ,b4,c4 #dfe-dbf4 ,n[ we give a *ronological li/ ( ev5ts ) ! ref]5ces to ! canonical ,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah2 = ! correspond+ ref]5ces 9 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 see ! table on pp4 #ddj ff4 ,fall ( ,j]usalem1 ,b4,c4 #ehf 7#b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ag-ba74 ,edict ( ,cyrus1 9 8 fir/ ye>1 p]mitt+ ! return ( ! ,jews to ,j]usalem "u ,z]ubbabel1 ,b4,c4 #ech 7,ezra i4 #a ff474 ,lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,temple1 ,b4,c4 #ecf 7,ezra iii4 #h ff474 ,build+ ( ! ,temple int]rupt$ till ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 ,b4,c4 #ebj 7,ezra iv4 #a-e1 #bd 9 ,ezra iv4 #f-bc ! ref]5ce is to int]f]5ce ) ! build+ ( ! city walls1 n to ! ,temple2 ?is section has ei!r got out ( place1 or x is a lat] ins]tion74 ,edict ( ,d>ius p]mitt+ ! build+ ( ! ,temple to be recomm5c$1 ,b4,c4 #ebj 7,ezra vi4 #a ff474 ,completion & d$ication ( ! ,temple 9 ! six? ye> ( ,d>ius1 ,b4,c4 #eaf 7,ezra vi4 #ac ff474 ,arrival ( ,ezra 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes1 & 8 activity !re1 ,b4,c4 #deh4 7,ezra vii4 #a ff47 ,note ! gap ( fifty-eight ye>s betwe5 ?is & ! previ\sly record$ ev5t4 ,arrival ( ,nehemiah 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( ,artax]xes1 ,b4,c4 #ddd2 p]mission giv5 to rebuild ! city walls 7,neh4 ii4 #a ff474 ,note ! gap ( f\rte5 ye>s betwe5 ?is & ! previ\sly record$ ev5t4 ,read+ ( ! ,law by ,ezra1 ,b4,c4 #ddd1 late 9 ! ye> 7,neh4 vii4 #gc;b1 viii4 #a ff474 99 99 99 99 99 ,on comp>+ ! hi/ory ( ! 8,greek ,ezra0 ) t ( ,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah ! two mo/ prom95t po9ts to be not$ are t1 7#a7 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 makes ! ord] ( ! ,p]sian k+s ! rev]se ( :at t ord] actually 01 viz41 ,artax]xes 7ii4 #ae-be71 ,d>ius 7iii4 #a-v4 #f71 ,cyrus 7v4 #g-gj71 :ile ,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah has ! "r ord]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to rememb] t ! 8,greek ,ezra0 9 ii4 #a ff4 beg9s ! li/ 9 ! "r ord]1 namely1 ) ,cyrus4 ,& 7#b7 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 takes no acc\nt ( ,nehemiah i4 #a-vii4 #gb1 b gives ! hi/ory z record$ 9 ,ezra vii4-x41 ,nehemiah vii4 #gc-viii4 #ab2 s t ! 8,greek ,ezra0 does n pres5t ! gap ( f\rte5 ye>s f\nd 9 ,ezra-,nehemiah1 = x makes ! hi/ory ( ,ezra cont9u\s4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! two po9ts1 x is evid5t t ! writ] ( ! 8,greek ,ezra0 0 n unaw>e ( ! fact t ! ev5ts 7 9 _! wrong ord]1 o!rwise we %\ld n h f\nd ,cyrus m5tion$ fir/1 z 9 ii4 #a ff41 & ,artax]xes la/1 z 9 viii4 #a ff4 ,an important fact 9 ?is connection is t ,josephus1 :o foll[s ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & n #b ,esdras ) its lit]al translation ( ! 8,hebrew ,ezra10 has 8,cambyses0 in/ead ( 8,artax]xes10 ?us gett+ ! ord] correct2 &1 9 foll[+ ! text ( ! 8,greek ,ezra10 he has a consi/5t *ronology4 ,b ! cont5ts ( ! passage 9 "q 7ii4 #af-cj7 %[ t ! position 9 :i* x /&s mu/ be wrong because x speaks ( ! int]ruption ( ! build+ ( ! ,temple be=e ! f\ndation is begun4 ,s t if ,josephus did n himself alt] 8,artax]xes0 to 8,cambyses10 :i* is v improbable1 he mu/ h f\nd x 9 ! s\rce he _h be=e him2 9 ?is case a r$actor or compil] alt]$ ! "n1 desir+ to get ! names ( ! ,p]sian k+s 9 _! "r ord]4 ,b if ?is is s x sugge/s ! fact t 9 ! orig9al translation ( ! book ! *ronology 0 inconsi/5t1 9 :i* case ! same mu/ be true ( ! ,hebrew text :i* ! translator _h be=e him4 ,n[ :5 we look at ! ,hebrew text ( ,ezra-,nehemiah we f9d t x1 too1 conta9s hi/orical inaccuracies ( a s]i\s "*1 & t !re has cle>ly be5 a consid]able manipulation ( ! text4 ,:at seems1 !re=e1 to be pretty cle> is t !re 7 sev]al diff]5t ,hebrew records ( ! hi/ory ( ! p s9ce ! ,return1 & t ! k ( ?is hi/ory 0 hazy2 b t f9ally an au?oritative1 revis$1 ,hebrew =m 0 made 9 :i* ! g5]al unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! hi/orical ev5ts is /rongly reflect$2 n only s1 b = p>ticul> purposes 7see next section7 c]ta9 aspects ( ! hi/ory 7 emphasiz$1 :ile o!rs 7 treat$ m scantily2 ! f9al result be+ t be=e any ,greek translation 0 made !re 7 two1 at lea/1 ,hebrew acc\nts ( ! hi/ory bo? *>act]iz$ by a p>ticul> t5d5cy1 & bo? *>act]iz$ by hi/orical inaccuracies4 ,our two ,greek v]sions repres5t ^! two ,hebrew 7or ,hebrew-,aramaic7 =ms4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! hi/oricity ( ei!r ( ^! 0 sup]ior to ! o!r2 9 ?is matt] ea* has some?+ to contribute4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! way 9 :i* ! 8,greek ,ezra0 sometimes %[s its sup]iority is ! second po9t ref]r$ to above2 9 ?is case ! ,ezra /ory is m logical1 diff]+ f ! canonical acc\nt by mak+ ,ezra vii4-x4 to be imm$iately foll[$ by ,nehemiah vii4 #gc-viii4 #ab4 ,!re are _m o!r diff]5ces betwe5 ! 8,greek ,ezra0 & ! canonical books1 details ( :i* w\ld be out ( place "h1 b ! two giv5 illu/rate ! ma9 po9t reg>d+ ! hi/oricity ( our book :i* we wi% to emphasize1 namely1 t its hi/orical value is1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 on a level ) t ( its canonical rival2 ea* has _m inaccuracies1 b ea* has some?+ to contribute2 to use "o )\t ! o!r 9 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod w\ld be a great mi/ake4 8,x c no long] be assum$10 ,cook rightly po9ts out1 8t ! ,massoretic text necess>ily repres5ts a m tru/wor?y record ( ! age1 & t ,e 7 ! 8,greek ,ezra07 is necess>ily arbitr>y & me?odless4 ,bo? %>e fundam5tal imp]fections4 ,e1 !re=e1 9 any case des]ves imp>tial consid]ation1 & its problems involve ^? ( ,ezra-,nehemiah4 ,^! problems1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( decisive & indep5d5t evid5ce1 c be h&l$ only provisionally2 b en\gh is cle> to p]mit ! conclusion t ,e repres5ts a text 9 "s respects old] ?an ! pres5t ,massoretic text1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 "s attempt seems to h be5 made to con=m x4444 ,f a comp>ison ( bo? ) ,josephus & o!r s\rces 7notably ,daniel7 x w\ld fur!r appe> t ,e repres5ts "o ( ! ef=ts to give an acc\nt ( a p]iod1 ! true c\rse ( :i* 0 confus$ & =gott51 if n int5tionally obscur$2 diff]5t attempts 7 made to remove difficulties & inconsi/5cies1 & ! desire to give great] prom95ce to ! prie/ly ,ezra ?an to ! secul> gov]nor ,nehemiah is probably responsible = ! arrangem5t ( ! extant texts40#dfe ,v4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,book ,x is an op5 "q z to :at ! special purpose 0 :i* ! writ] ( ! orig9al ,hebrew "w _h 9 8 m9d2 "o might at fir/ naturally suppose t x 0 ! same z ! writ] ( any o!r ,jewi% hi/orical book1 namely to give ! hi/ory ( ! p>ticul> p]iod dealt )4 ,b assum+1 z we may ju/ly d1 t our ,greek translation gives1 ^u ! :ole1 an equival5t ( ! ,hebrew t lay be=e x1 x is n difficult to disc]n a special t5d5cy at "w 9 x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 political hi/ory is q relegat$ to ! backgr\nd2 b great /ress is laid ^u ev]y?+ t has to d ) wor%ip & ritual1 ! re-in/atem5t ( ! sacrificial sy/em & ( ! prie/s & _! duties1 ! due support ( ! prie/s1 ! return ( ! holy vessels ( ! sanctu>y1 ! celebration ( ! fe/ivals1 & ! purification ( ! congregation4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple :i* is emphasiz$1 :ile ! rebuild+ ( ! city walls takes q a second>y place4 ,x is pretty evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! object :i* ! writ] _h 9 view 0 n s mu* t ( giv+ ! hi/ory ( 8 p dur+ ! po/-exilic p]iod1 b r to set =? ! p>am\nt importance ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple4 ,9 ! second place1 & closely connect$ ) ?is1 is ! fur!r purpose ( pres5t+ ,ezra z ! "o really important p]son :o figures 9 ,jewi% po/-exilic hi/ory1 & ) 8 "n 01 ( c\rse1 indissolubly connect$ ! ,law1 ( :i* he 0 ! great *ampion4 ,! title ( ! book1 9 fact1 implies its purpose4 ,all ?is is 9 accordance ) :at we "k to h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! attitude ( ! ,jewi% religi\s lead]s dur+ ! late po/-exilic p]iod4 ,9 ! orig9al =m ( ! ,hebrew ?is 0 9 all probability n s to ! same ext5t1 b t orig9al 0 work$ ov] 9 ! int]e/s ( ! s*ool ( ?\ght j ref]r$ to2 s t ! actual =m ( ! ,hebrew :i* lay be=e ! ,greek translator 0 n ! orig9al =m 9 :i* ! book 0 writt54 ,! pres5t title 0 a subsequ5t addition4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,"y ,,m5 ,,( ,,d>ius' ,,bodygu>d ,a few words ab\t ?is section ( our book is ne$$ bo? because1 accord+ to "s s*ol>s1 x is closely connect$ ) ! purpose = :i* our book 0 writt51 & also because x is ! "p :i* is peculi> to ! 8,greek ,ezra40 ,x occurs 9 iii4 #a-v4 #f1dff & is briefly z foll[s3 ,?ree "y m5 ( ,d>ius' bodygu>d und]take to ent] ^u a competition z to :i* ( !m %all be able to put =? a 8s5t5ce :i* %all seem wis]0 ?an ^? ( ! o!r two2 x seems to be tak5 = grant$ t ! successful "o w be ri*ly rew>d$ by ! k+4 ,!y1 !re=e1 wrote _! s5t5ces & seal$ !m1 & laid !m 8"u ! k+ 8 pill[40 ,! k+ & ! ?ree pr9ces ( ,p]sia are to be ! judges z to :i* is ! wise/ ( ! ?ree s5t5ces1 ^! be+3 8,w9e is ! /ronge/02 8,! k+ is /ronge/02 8,wom5 are /ronge/1 b above all ?+s ,tru? be>e? away ! victory0 7iii4 #a-ab74 ,!n ! k+1 hav+ _h ^! s5t5ces plac$ be=e him1 calls ^u all ! /ate (ficials to assemble1 :ile he sits 9 ! seat ( judgem5t1 s t all may he> ! explanations ( _! s5t5ces :i* ! ?ree "y m5 are invit$ to give 7iii4 #ac-ag74 ,! fir/ seeks to e/abli% ! tru? ( 8 s5t5ce by %[+ t its p[] is uni=m ov] all m52 x affects all alike 9 t x en=ces !m to =get 7iii4 #ag;b-#bd74 ,! second1 by po9t+ to ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! k+ ov] 8 subjects :o obey 8 e comm&1 ma9ta9s t ! k+ is ! /ronge/ 7iv4 #a-ab74 ,! ?ird1 :o1 x is add$ 9 p>5!sis1 is ,z]ubbabel1 speaks at great] l5g?2 he deals fir/ ) wom51 & %[s t ?\gh ! k+ is great1 & w9e is /rong1 yet 8,wom5 h borne ! k+ & all ! p t be> rule by sea & l&4 ,ev5 ( !m came !y2 & !y n\ri%$ up !m t plant$ ! v9ey>ds1 f :5ce ! w9e come?40 ,man's succumb+ to ! fasc9ation ( woman1 & !re=e h] sup]ior p[]1 is ! !me ( ! v]ses t foll[ 7iv4 #ac-cb74 ,! second "p ( 8 oration is conc]n$ ) tru?1 & x conta9s "s really f9e s5t5ces3 8,o sirs1 are n wom5 /rong8 7,yet7 great is ! e>?1 high is ! heav51 swift is ! sun 9 its c\rse1 = x compasse? ! heav5s r\nd ab\t1 & fet*e? its c\rse aga9 to its own place 9 "o day--is ,he n great t make? ^! ?+s8 ,!re=e great is tru?1 & /rong] ?an all ?+s4444 ,tru? abide?1 & is /rong = ev]2 %e live? & conqu]e? = ev]more4444 ,bless$ be ! ,god ( ,tru?40 ,& !n all ! p %\t$ & said3 8,great is tru?1 & /rong above all ?+s02 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion3 ,magna e/ v]itas1 et praevalet 7iv4 #ac-da74 ,ne$less to say1 ! la/ speak] is ! w9n]1 & he receives ! k+'s rew>d4 ,b ! curi\s "p is t "h we sudd5ly get transport$ into an entirely diff]5t region ( ?\ght1 = on ! k+ desir+ him to make "s fur!r reque/ ov] & above :at _h be5 orig9ally settl$1 he replies3 8,rememb] ?y v[1 :i* ?\ did/ v[ to build ,j]usalem1 9 ! day :5 ?\ came/ to ?y k+dom1 & to s5d away all ! vessels t 7 tak5 out ( ,j]usalem4444 ,?\ did/ also v[ to build up ! temple 4440 7iv4 #db-df74 ,!n ! k+ gives ord]s t all ?is is to be c>ri$ out 7iv4 #dg-eg74 ,! "y man 7he is n aga9 ref]r$ to z ,z]ubbabel7 (f]s up a pray] ( ?anksgiv+ 7iv4 #eh-fc72 ! return ( ! exiles comm5ces 7v4 #a-f74 ,n[1 "o c sc>cely fail to p]ceive t ! :ole section1 f iv4 #da to ! end1 does n really belong to ! orig9al /ory ( ! ?ree "y m52 or r1 "o %\ld say t ?is /ory does n belong to ! context 9 :i* x n[ /&s1 or inde$ to ! hi/orical record at all ( :i* our book is a compilation1 = its pres5ce creates great *ronological confusion4 ,! words 9 iv4 #ac1 spok5 9 ref]5ce to ! ?ird "y man1 8?is 0 ,z]ubbabel10 d n belong !re2 !y 7 add$ lat] to ! /ory1 b !y are important because !y po9t to ! reason :y ?is /ory 0 int]polat$ into ! hi/orical compilation4 ,z we h se51 ! :ole purpose ( our book1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we n[ h x1 0 to lay /ress on ritual & wor%ip1 & to place ! p]son & "w ( ,ezra 9 ! =egr\nd2 ?is reflects ! or?odox & legali/ic ,ph>isaic attitude4 ,an attempt to c\nt]balance ?is 0 made by a ,hell5i/ic ,jew :o ins]t$ ! /ory ( ! ?ree "y m5 7:e!r 8 own composition1 or tak5 f "s collection ( /ories does n affect ! po9t71 & add$ ! words 8?is is ,z]ubbabel0 = ! purpose ( br++ into prom95ce ?is p]sonality1 & !reby mak+ ,ezra & all :i* 8 "n connot$ n ! sole important issue 9 ,jewry4 ,z]ubbabel1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! great in/rum5t ( ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7see ,hag4 i41 ii41 ,ze*4 iv472 he repres5t$1 !re=e1 ! prophetical ideals express$1 = example1 9 su* words z3 8,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by my _s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s0 7,ze*4 iv4 #f71 z aga9/ ! legalism ( ,ezra & ! s*ool t foll[$ him1 above all 8 disciples1 ! ,ph>isees1 9 ! po/-,maccaban p]iod4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ?is /ory did n belong to ! ,hebrew ev5 9 its late/ =m2 x 0 9 all probability writt5 9 ,greek by a ,hell5i/ic ,jew2 yet ! possibility ( an ,aramaic orig9al is n exclud$4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ,hebrew or ,aramaic 0 ! orig9al language ( ?is addition1 & t ,pale/9e 0 its home1 ! int]e/+ !ory might !n be put =? t x1 toge!r ) ! ins]t$ words 8?is is ,z]ubbabel10 0 add$ by a ,sadducee 9 opposition to ,ph>isaism2 ,z]ubbabel's close connection ) ! high-prie/ 7see ,hag4 i4 #ab1 #ad1 ii4 #b1 #d1 & all ,ze*4 iv47 w\ld fully expla9 ! reason ( ! ins]t$ words4 ,b :i*ev] view be correct ! ma9 purpose ( ! addition w\ld be ! same1 viz4 an attempt to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ,ph>isaism4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book ,v few words are ne$$ 9 speak+ ( ! date ( our book1 or r1 ( its compilation4 ,to fix ! date ( ! orig9al docum5ts made use ( by ! compil] ( ! ,hebrew =m is n 9 "q "h4 ,if we inquire z to ! date ( ! ,hebrew =m :i* lay be=e ! ,greek translator x mu/ be repli$ t ?is dep5ds ^u :at t =m 02 if x conta9$ ! m>ks ( :at may be call$ ! 8,ezra-t5d5cy10 !n x mu/ probably be po/-,maccaban1 9 :i* case our pres5t ,greek translation might fairly be dat$ n lat] ?an ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b if ! ,hebrew did n conta9 ^! m>ks--we ref] especially to ! passage dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ section--& !y are due to ! ,greek translator or a r$actor1 :i* we believe m probable1 !n ! ,hebrew1 ev5 9 ! =m 9 :i* x lay be=e ! translator1 0 pre-,maccaban1 & ! ,greek =m1 ?\gh po/-,maccaban1 might well be dat$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj4 ,x is to ?is latt] date t we incl9e2 & x is corroborat$ by consid]ations ( vocabul>y1 z has be5 well %[n by ,dewick4#dfg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,book ( ,wisdom 7,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon7 ,,lit]ature4--,grimm1 ,das ,bu* d] ,wei%eit erklrt 7#ahfj72 ,montefiore1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7#ahhg72 ,f>r>1 9 ,wace1 ,i1 pp4 #djc-ecd2 ,deane1 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom 444 7#ahha72 ,m5zel1 ,d] grie*is*e ,e9fluss auf ,pr$ig] und ,wei%eit ,salomos1 pp4 #ci-gj 7#ahhi72 ,bois1 ,essai sur les orig9es de la philosophie judo-alex&r9e 7#ahij72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #bcj-bcg1 ,g]man ed41 pp4 #eje-eab2 ,siegfri$1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i1 pp4 #dgf-ejg2 ,l9ke1 ,sam>i5 und se9e ,prophet51 pp4 #aai-add 7#aijc72 ,/ev5son1 ,wisdom & ,jewi% ,apocryphal ,writ+s 7#aijc72 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,grie*is*e ,philosophie im ,alt5 ,te/am5te1 pp4 #ahb-bjh 7#aijd72 ,zell]1 ,outl9es ( ,greek ,philosophy 7#aiji72 ,gregg1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7#aiji72 ,holmes1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #eah-efh2 ,goodrick1 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom 7#aiac74 ,see also ! articles by ,freud5?al1 9 8,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review10 ,,iii1 pp4 #gbb-gec 7#ahia71 ,siegfri$1 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 & ,toy1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,i4 ,,! ,,title ,,& ,,au?or%ip ,,( ,,! ,,book ,! title 8,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon0 9 ! ,engli% ,v]sions comes f ! ,greek manuscripts1#dfh ! ?ree olde/ ( :i* h ?is exact title1 :ile1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 !y all h x4 ,b ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion has only 8,! ,book ( ,wisdom10 )\t any m5tion ( ,solomon2 & ! ,syriac ,v]sion1 :ile ascrib+ x to ,solomon1 adds1 8( :i* !re is a d\bt2 :e!r ano!r wise man ( ! ,hebrews wrote x 9 a prophetic _s1 putt+ x 9 ! "n ( ,solomon1 & x 0 receiv$40#dfi ,al?\gh "s ( ! e>ly ,lat9 ,fa!rs believ$ t ! book 0 ! "w ( ,solomon1 !y =m$ ! exceptions2 x is obvi\s t x _c h be5 writt5 by him1 z we %all see z we proce$4 ,b x may well be ask$ :y x %\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ,solomon2 ! usual & obvi\s answ] t to ! ,jews ,solomon 0 ! wisdom-writ] p> excell5ce1 & t !re=e anyone desir+ to comm5d a book on wisdom w\ld naturally *oose ?is "n z a pseudonym 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 is d\btless correct 9 a g5]al way2 b ,plumptre has sugge/$ a /rong] reason2 believ+ t ! book 0 writt5 9 antagonism to ,ecclesia/es1#dgj he says3 8,let u rememb] 9 :at light x i4e4 ,ecclesia/es mu/ h pres5t$ itself to him i4e4 ! writ] ( ,wisdom4 ,x _h n 444 ! claim :i* comes f ! rev]5ce due to ! au?ority ( a remote antiquity or an unque/ion$ acceptance4 ,he mu/ h kn[n t x _h n be5 receiv$ z canonical )\t s]i\s opposition1 t ! /ricte/ s*ool ( ! ,ph>isees _h be5 aga9/ its reception1 t x _h seem$ to !m ta9t$ ) ! h]esy ( ,epicuranism & ,sadduceeism4 ,if x 0 int]pret$ !n z x has (t5 be5 int]pret$ s9ce1 x may h seem$ to him to sanction a lawless s5suality1 to fall 9 ) ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o said1 #8let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die1' & to ?r[ d\bt1 if n d5ial1 on ! s\l's immortality4 ,0 ?is1 he seems to h ask$ himself1 ! true ideal ( wisdom8 ,0 x n 8 duty to br+ be=e m5 ano!r ,solomon ?an t ^: exp]i5ce seem$ to end 9 mat]ialism & pessimism1 9 ! scepticism ( an endless d\bt8 ,& s he1 too1 adopts )\t any hesitation ! =m ( p]sonat$ au?or%ip40#dga ,?is puts ! matt] on a high] plane altoge!r4 ,t ! writ] ( our book _h :at he consid]$ to be ! errone\s tea*+ ( ,ecclesia/es 9 m9d w be cle> to any "o :o reads ,wisdom ii4 #a-i 9 conjunction ) ! foll[+ passages f ,ecclesia/es3#dgb ,wisdom ii4 #a ) ,ecclesia/es ii4 #bc1 v4 #a4 0 ii4 #b 0 0 iii4 #ai1 cp4 ix4 ii4 0 ii4 #c 0 0 xii4 #g4 0 ii4 #d 0 0 i4 #aa1 ii4 #af1 ix4 #e1 ii4 #aa4 0 ii4 #e 0 0 vi4 #ab1 viii4 #h4 0 ii4 #f 0 0 ii4 #bd4 0 ii4 #g 0 0 ix4 #g4 0 ii4 #h 0 0 ix4 #h4 0 ii4 #i 0 0 iii4 #bb1 v4 #ah1 ix4 #h4 ,9 ,wisdom ii4 #a ff4 78,= !y said )9 !mselves1 reason+ n aright 44407 ! writ] is describ+ ! t5ets ( ! ungodly2 & :at he says agrees n only 9 sub/ance1 b (t5 ev5 v]bally1 ) ! correspond+ passages 9 ,ecclesia/es4 ,be>+ ,plumptre's words 9 m9d1 !re=e1 & rememb]+ :at has be5 said above#dgc reg>d+ ! e/imate ( ! function & importance ( au?or%ip among ,ea/]ns ( e>li] times1 we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 see+ any fraudul5t int5tion on ! "p ( our au?or 9 putt+ ! "n ( ,solomon to ! title ( 8 book4 ,z to ! p]sonality ( ! au?or#dgd b v few data are to be ga!r$ f ! book2 he mu/ 9 all probability h be5 a ,jew 7cp4 xii4 #bb71 b a ,hell5i/ic ,jew1 yet loyal to ! ,law#dge 7xviii4 #d71 :o liv$ & wrote 9 ,egypt 7see xii4 #bc ff41 xv4 #ah1 #ai1 xvi4 #a1 #i1 :]e ref]5ce is made to ,egyptian animal-wor%ip72 8 ,jewi% feel+ is evid5c$ ?r\gh\t ! book2 t he 0 domicil$ 9 ,alex&ria is highly probable1 = ?is 0 ! c5tre ( ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic culture4 ,z ,gregg well po9ts out1 ! au?or 8makes no ef=t to disguise 8 sympa?y ) ,hell5ic ?\ght4 ,he is a ,euhem]i/ 9 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( idol-wor%ip 7xiv472 he is a ,platoni/ 9 8 s5se ( ! beauty ( ! _w1 & 9 8 argum5t t its beauty po9ts to a supreme ,fir/ ,cause4 ,he draws on ,plato = 8 doctr9e ( pre-exi/+ matt] 7xi4 #ag71 ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l 7viii4 #ai71 & ( ! body z an ob/acle 9 ! pa? to spiritual k 7ix4 #ae74 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,/oics sugge/$ to him ! p5etrat+ness ( ,wisdom 7vii4 #bd71 & h] quickness ( und]/&+ 7vii4 #bb74 ,! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce 7xiv4 #c7 & ! conception ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues 7viii4 #g71 7 a loan p>tly f ,plato & p>tly f ! ,/oics4 ,?is comb9ation ( k ( ,egypt & sympa?y ) ,greek /udies po9ts pla9ly to ,alex&ria2 & ! inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ by a comp>ison ( ,wisdom ) ! writ+s ( ! ,alex&rian ,philo4 ,= ! aff9ity betwe5 !m is s close1 t ! au?or has be5 /yl$ a pre-,philonic ,philoni/4 ,l ,philo 7b 9 a m uncompromis+ way71 he is a ,jew loyal to ! national religion2 & no c5tre (f]$ ! same opportunities z did ,alex&ria = a ,jew :o wi%$ to unite a lib]al eclecticism ) 8 traditional fai?40#dgf ,= ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy to be disc]n$ 9 ! book see ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book ,among mod]n s*ol>s controv]sy reg>d+ ! date ( our book c5tres r\nd ! "q z to :e!r x belongs to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 or ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ?\gh "s 7e4g4 ,gregg1 ,op4 cit41 p4 xi47 w\ld date x z e>ly z 8)9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c40 ,!re are ?ree ma9 po9ts to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 seek+ to fix an approximate date4 7a7 ,! au?or quotes f ! ,septuag9t ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah 7ii4 #ab1 cp4 ,isa4 iii4 #aj1 & xv4 #aj1 cp4 ,isa4 xliv4 #bj71 & also f ! ,book ( ,job 7xii4 #ab1 cp4 ,job ix4 #ab1 #ai72 !re=e ^! books mu/ h already exi/$ 9 _! ,greek =m4 ,n[ f ! ,prologue to ,ecclesia/icus x is evid5t t ! prophetical books _h be5 translat$ into ,greek be=e ,sira*'s gr&son translat$ 8 gr&fa!r's "w1 & t !re=e ^! books =m$ "p ( ! ,septuag9t be=e ,b4,c4 #acb4dgg ,b z reg>ds ! ,book ( ,job1 & ! ,hagiographa g5]ally1#dgh we _c say ) any c]ta9ty at :at precise p]iod !y 7 translat$#dgi2 ,swete1 aft] review+ ! evid5ce1 says3 8,?us :ile ! te/imony ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 does n absolutely require u to believe t all ! books ( ! ,hebrew canon _h be5 translat$ & 7 circulat$ 9 a ,greek v]sion dur+ ! ,apo/olic age1 su* a view is n improbable2 & x is confirm$ by ! fact t !y are all conta9$ 9 ! canon ( ! ,greek ,bible :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* receiv$ f its ,jewi% pr$ecessors40#dhj ,! fact1 !re=e1 t ! au?or ( ,wisdom quotes f ! ,book ( ,job 9 its ,greek =m makes x reasonably c]ta9 t our book 0 writt5 dur+ ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 7b7 ,! next po9t is z to ! hi/orical conditions reflect$ 9 ! book4 ,q rec5tly ,goodrick has exam9$ ?is "q ) great c>e1 & x is "o :i* ne$s a brief consid]ation4 ,rightly or wrongly1 x is (t5 tak5 = grant$ t ! book 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! ,jews 7 suff]+1 or _h rec5tly suff]$1 p]secution2 su* passages z ii4 #aj-bj1 vi4 #e-i are suppos$ to be ref]5ces to ?is4 ,:at p]secution is x1 !n1 to :i* ref]5ce is made8 ,goodrick believes t ! allusion is to a p]secution "u ,caligula 7,a4,d4 #cg-da74 ,aft] giv+ ! hi/orical details1 he sums up z foll[s3 8,a sore p]secution has j be5 endur$2 a p]secution n to ! dea? inde$1 b involv+ grave damage & di/ress4 ,?is p]secution1 f\nd$ 9 "p on gross calumny1 _h z "o ( its ma9 features ! attempt$ en=cem5t ( idolatry1 & ( idolatry 9 its mo/ insane & revolt+ =m--! wor%ip ( a liv+ man4 ,?is liv+ man 0 a pr9ce rul+ at a di/ance1 b 8 comm&s 7 en=c$ by apo/ate ,jews dwell+ close at h&1 :o _h surr5d]$ _! anci5t belief )\t s9c]ely adopt+ any o!r1 & repres5t$ no religion except t ( ,epicureanism1 = :i* !y s\ght to f9d _! text-book 9 ! s-call$ ,solomon's #8,prea*]4' ,?is p]secution _h be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! dregs ( ! populace ( ,alex&ria1 :]e9 7 repres5t$ ! sup]/ition ( anci5t ,egypt at its wor/1 comb9$ ) h]$it>y ,greek hatr$ ( ! ,jews1 & wild misrepres5tation ( _! religion & ord9ances4 ,f9ally1 a "t ( tempor>y repose mu/ be pictur$1 9 :i* x 0 possible to sub/itute sev]e rebuke = furi\s compla9t4 ,all ^! conditions ! p]iod f ,a4,d4 #da to #dd pres5ts1 & an exam9ation ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom confirms ! belief t x 0 !n writt540#dha ,9 support ( ?is ,goodri* ref]s fir/ to ii4 #aj-bj1 :]e ! ungodly say 8)9 !mselves1 reason+ n aright0 7see ii4 #a73dhb #aj4 ,let u oppress ! righte\s poor2 ,let u n sp>e ! wid[1 ,nor rev]5ce ! grey hairs ( ! old man full ( ye>s4 #aa4 ,b let our /r5g? be to u a law ( righte\sness1 ,= weakness is condemn$ z unpr(itable4 #ab4 ,b let u lie 9 wait = ! righte\s1 = he is useless to u1 ,& is oppos$ to our do+s1 ,& upbraide? u = s9s aga9/ ! ,law1 ,& d5\nce? to u s9s aga9/ our discipl9e4 #ac4 ,= he pr(esse? to h k ( ,god1 ,& calle? himself ! s]vant ( ! ,"l4 #ad4 ,he became = u a rebuke to our ma*9ations2 #ae4 ,he is griev\s unto u ev5 to look ^u1 ,because 8 life is unlike o!r m5's1 ,& 8 ways are peculi>4 #af4 ,z base metal 7 we acc\nt$ by him1 ,& he ab/a9e? f our ways z f uncleanness4 ,he calle? ! latt] end ( ! righte\s bless$1 ,& vaunte? t ,god is 8 ,fa!r4 #ag4 ,let u see if 8 words be true4 ,yea1 & make trial ( :at w happ5 at 8 go+ =?4 #ah4 ,= if ! righte\s man be ,god's son1 ,he w uphold him1 ,& w deliv] him out ( ! h& ( !m t rise up aga9/ him4 #ai4 ,) insult & torture let u te/ him1 ,t we may "k 8 tol]ance1 ,& judge ( 8 endurance ( evil4 #bj4 ,let u condemn him to a %ameful dea?1 ,s %all !re be made exam9ation ( him f 8 own words4 ,goodrick ma9ta9s t we h "h ! description ( ! oppression ( ! righte\s man4 ,( ! calumnies :i* _h in/igat$ ! p]secution1 8t :i* _h obta9$ ! wide/ circulation 444 0 t ( ! hatr$ ( ! ,jews = all mank9d except _! own nation4 ,x is probably allud$ to 9 ii4 #ae1 & is controv]t$ 9 xii4 #ai0 78444 ! righte\s mu/ be a lov] ( mank9d074 ,fur!r1 he says t ! allusion to ! deification ( liv+ m5 is pla9 9 xiv4 #af1 #ag3 ,!n 9 "t1 be+ en=c$1 ! impi\s cu/om 0 kept z a law1 ,& by ! comm&s ( despots grav5 images 7 wor%ipp$1 ,:om m51 n be+ able to hon\r 9 _! pres5ce1 ?r\gh dwell+ at a di/ance1 ,c\nt]feit+ _! features f> away1 ,made a visible image ( ! hon\r$ k+1 ,to flatt] by _! zeal ! abs5t z pres5t 7cp4 also vi4 #b74 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ /rik+ ref]5ce to contempor>y matt]s1 says ,goodrick1 is 8t 9 xix4 #e z to ! rights ( citiz5%ip03 ,b ^! ) fea/+s 7,fir/7 welcom+ !m t already %>$ ! same rights1 ,vex$ !m ) sore lab\rs4 ,reg>d+ ! "q ( hi/orical conditions by itself ,goodrick's cont5tion z to ! date ( our book is weighty2 b ev5 s 8 argum5ts d n necess>ily c>ry conviction4 ,x is n necess>y1 z ,toy po9ts out1 8to suppose t ! "w 0 compos$ 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( ! viol5tly ho/ile movem5ts4 ,! au?or1 ev5 if he liv$ 9 a relatively quiet "t1 w\ld "k en\gh ( ! g5]al =tunes ( 8 p to pa9t 8 pictures ( suff]+ 7ii4-v41 xiv474 ,nor is 8 ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ! /atues ( k+s 7xiv4 #af-bj7 *ronologically decisive1 = div9e wor%ip 0 paid to ,ptolemy ,i1 & probably to ,antio*us ,,ii1 z well z to ,caligula & o!r ,roman emp]ors4 ,! au?or is1 9 fact1 z ,grimm rem>ks1 giv+ a le>n$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( idolatry1 & x is unnecess>y to assume t ! deifi$ pr9ces to :om he ref]s 7 8 contempor>ies40#dhc ,x is also necess>y to rememb] t ! comm& to wor%ip ! /atue ( ,caligula meant ! sett+ up ( 8 effigy 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem & 9 ! synagogues ( ,alex&ria2 is x likely t our au?or1 loyal & ard5t ,jew t he 01 w\ld use ! mild language t he does if x 7 a "q ( su* a supreme outrage ^u ,jewi% belief & practice8 7c7 ,b !re is ano!r po9t to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 discuss+ ! date ( our book1 namely1 :e!r or n x is pre-,philonian4 ,diametrically oppos$ views are held by s*ol>s2 ,s*r] 7,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 p4 #bcd7 reg>ds x z c]ta9 t our book prec$es ,philo1 = 88 /&po9t is a prelim9>y /ep to ,philo's40 ,?is1 z he says1 w\ld n 9 itself prove a high] antiquity2 8b ) ! ne> aff9ity ( ! two x is inconceivable t our au?or w\ld h rema9$ unaffect$ by ,philo if he _h succe$$ him40 ,f>r> 7,op4 cit41 p4 #dba7 says t ! impression left on 8 m9d is t 8! book 0 compos$ 9 ! ,roman epo*1 & by an au?or :o 0 famili> ) ! speculations ( ,philo1 b reg>d$ !m f a completely indep5d5t po9t ( view4 ,! impression t he 0 to "s ext5t influ5c$ by ! views ( ,philo1 & t ,philo 0 n influ5c$ by him1 is v /rong4 ,if he _h prec$$ ,philo1 "s traces ( ! p[]ful /yle & individuality & phraseology ( ! ,pseudo-,solomon mu/ surely h be5 obs]vable 9 ! volum9\s pages ( ! ,jewi% ,!osophi/40 ,goodrick1 :ile agree+ ) ,f>r> t ! au?or ( our book reg>d$ ! speculations f a completely indep5d5t po9t ( view1 does n ?9k t !re is ! slighte/ ref]5ce or allusion 9 ei!r f ei!r4 ,:ile x is1 s f>1 true t1 z ,goodrick says1 8we are left to ! priori conjectures ( s*ol>s10 !re is "o important po9t1 emphasiz$ by ,gregg1 :i* seems conclusive2 ,gregg writes 7,op4 cit41 p4 xii473 8,9 spite ( ! rem>kable simil>ity 79 "s cases am\nt+ almo/ to id5tity7 ( ! language ( ,philo & t ( ,wisdom1 !re is "o vital diff]5ce :i* po9ts to a consid]ably e>li] date = ! latt]4 ,! ,logos-idea is ! lead+ feature ( ,philo's sy/em1 & !re is 9 ,wisdom no trace ( ! ,philonian ,logos1 nor is ! ,div9e ,wisdom ev] ev5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,logos4 ,9 ,philo's "t ! ,logos-doctr9e mu/ h belong$ to curr5t ,alex&rian ?\ght2 _h ,philo be5 its orig9ator1 he w\ld h ass]t$ x 9 a m polemical mann]4 ,accord+ly1 "t mu/ be all[$ = ! developm5t ( a doctr9e :i* ,philo f\nd ready to h&1 & t l5g? ( "t mu/ h sep>at$ ! composition ( ,wisdom f ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,! inf]5ce is 7see ,grimm1 ,intr41 p4 #cd71 t ,wisdom 0 compos$ a consid]able "t1 p]haps a c5tury1 be=e ,philo1 :o 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj1 began to write40 ,?is is a /rong argum5t1 ?\gh x does n seem necess>y to date our book z mu* z a c5tury be=e ! "t ( ,philo4 ,holmes grants ! validity ( ,gregg's argum5t 7:i* is also t ( ,grimm71 ?\gh1 z he says1 8x only means t ! book mu/ be e>li] ?an ! /ud5t-life ( ,philo1 :i* may be plac$ f ,b4,c4 #e-;,a4,d4 #e4444 ,b ignorance ( ! ,alex&r9e ,logos-doctr9e c only affect ! date ( ! fir/ "p ( ! book2 ! second "p may ) ,b\sset 7,religion des ,jud5?ums1 p4 #ce7 be dat$ aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire 7say ,b4,c4 #cj71 on acc\nt ( xiv4 #ag1 :]e ! lik5ess ( an abs5t rul] is m5tion$0 7,op4 cit41 p4 #eba74 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! mo/ probable date w\ld seem to be ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 ! e>li] half ( ! book belong+ to ! beg9n+1 ! lat] half to ! end1 ( ?is p]iod4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,composite ,,au?or%ip ,! "q ( ! unity1 or o!rwise1 ( ! book is a difficult "o2 ! argum5ts us$ 9 support ( ei!r position are /rong2 anyone :o reads !m all w\ld1 we %\ld imag9e1 hesitate to pron\nce a def9ite op9ion unless he _h "s new argum5t to pres5t on "o side or ! o!r4#dhd ,we %all briefly enum]ate ! reasons :i* h l$ _m s*ol>s to believe t ! book is ( composite au?or%ip4 ,^u "o po9t all au?orities are agre$1 :e!r !y accept ! unity ( ! book or n1 namely1 t x is divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts3 ii4-xi4 #a1 & xi4 #b-xix4 ,x is ! diff]5ces ( v>i\s k9ds betwe5 ^! two p>ts :i* h sugge/$ composite au?or%ip2 ^! are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! conception ( ,god2 9 "p ,i ,god's action is repres5t$ 9 a way q diff]5t f t taught 9 "p ,,ii2 ?is w be se5 f ! few foll[+ quotations f ea* "p4 ,9 vii4 #bb-viii4 #a ,wisdom is spok5 ( 9 su* a way z to %[ t ,god acts indirectly ?r\gh x3 444 ,b5efic5t1 lov+ t[>d man1 ,/eadfa/1 sure1 free f c>e2 ,all-p[]ful1 all-survey+1 ,& p5etrat+ ?r\gh all spirits ,t are quick ( und]/&+2 pure1 subtil1 ,= ,wisdom is m mobile ?an any motion2 ,yea1 %e p]vade? & p5etrate? all ?+s by reason ( h] pur5ess4 ,= %e is a brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god 444 444 ,= %e is an effulg5ce f ev]la/+ light1 ,& an unspott$ mirror ( ! work+ ( ,god1 ,& an image ( ,8 goodness4 ,& %e1 ?\gh b "o1 ha? p[] to d all ?+s 444 444 ,b %e rea*e? f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r ) full /r5g?1 ,& ord]e? all ?+s well 7cp4 also x4 #a ff474 ,& aga9 9 viii4 #f x is said3 ,:o m ?an ,wisdom is an artific] ( ! ?+s t are8 ,x is cle> en\gh f ^! passages t ! ,div9e action is repres5t$ z be+ accompli%$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,wisdom4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ,god's action is repres5t$ z direct 9 "p ,,ii2 = example1 9 xv4 #a we read3 ,b ,?\1 our ,god1 art graci\s & true1 ,longsuff]+1 & 9 m]cy ord]+ all ?+s4 ,! same tru? is taught 9 xiii4 #a3 ,= by nature all m5 7 fooli%1 & _h no p]ception ( ,god1 ,& f ! good ?+s to be se5 _h n p[] to "k ,him t is1 ,nei!r by giv+ hon\r to ! works did !y recognize ! ,artific]4 7b7 ,ano!r ?+ :i* is believ$ to po9t to a diff]5ce ( au?or%ip is t 9 "p ,i ,wisdom plays a mo/ important rle1 :]eas 9 "p ,,ii x is nev] m5tion$4#dhe ,?is is r /rik+1 especially :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) :at has be5 said 9 7a71 = s _m opportunities occur 9 "p ,,ii = ,wisdom to be m5tion$2 9 a numb] ( passages x might h f\nd a place v naturally4 ,= an au?or :o has su* an exalt$ conception ( ,wisdom z ! writ] ( "p ,i1 x c]ta9ly /rikes "o z /range to f9d t he sudd5ly ignores x altoge!r 9 "p ,,ii2 :]eas if ! latt] 0 ( diff]5t au?or%ip no problem pres5ts itself4 7c7 ,fur!r1 ! g5]ally broad outlook ( "p ,i /&s 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! pron\nc$ p>ticul>ism ( ! second "p4 ,?is 9 itself is1 ( c\rse1 n suffici5t to decide ! "q ( au?or%ip 9 fav\r ( duality any m ?an ! o!r argum5ts put =?2 b ! cumulative effect ( all _c be ignor$2 & ?is is emphasiz$ by "o m1 p]haps ! /ronge/1 argum5t1 viz43 7d7 ,/yli/ic & l+ui/ic diff]5ces4 ,9 "p ,i ! /yle is 8relatively simple & direct1 ) con/ant reg>d to ! ,hebrew pr9ciple ( p>allelism1 :il/1 9 ! second "p1 x is ambiti\s1 gr&iloqu5t1 or turgid1 complicat$ & artificial1 (t5 )\t p>allelism40#dhf ,) reg>d to ! l+ui/ic diff]5ces ,holmes#dhg has rec5tly made a c>eful exam9ation ( !m1 & ! results he gives are n to be ignor$2 !y are f> too detail$ & te*nical to be dealt ) "h4 ,b 8 own conclusion is t ! diff]5ce 9 /yle1 pres5tation & tone1 toge!r ) ^? ( language & diction1 tak5 toge!r ) o!r problems :i* pres5t !mselves1 are su* t 8!re are consid]able difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ ! unity ( au?or%ip :i* h n be5 met by its uphold]s4 ,if we c\ld assume t ! writ] ( ! second "p _h /udi$ ! fir/ "p c>efully1 & wi%$ to write a supplem5t to x1 bo? resemblances & diff]5ces c\ld be acc\nt$ =40 ,b ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( dual au?or%ip h n be5 ignor$ by ! *ampions ( unity ( au?or%ip2 _! position has be5 well summ$ up by ,toy ?us3 8,x may be said t a logical unity betwe5 ! two p>ts is recognizable 9 ! fact t ! two po9ts ( attack 9 ! "w1 apo/asy & idolatry1 repres5t ! two great enemies ( ! lat] dev\t ,judaism1 & t a consci\sness ( unity is %[n 9 ix4 #ah1 :i* makes ! transition f ! fir/ "p to ! second1#dhh & has n ! appe>ance ( an editorial ins]tion2 t ! simil>ity betwe5 i4 #a & vi4 #a sugge/s t ! same speak] is int5d$ ?r\gh\t2 t ! non-m5tion ( ,wisdom aft] xi4 #a is due to ! fact t ! au?or became s imm]s$ 9 8 hi/orical sket* 7:i* he meant z an indictm5t ( 8 own contempor>ies7 t he =got ! philosophical !sis ) :i* he set out2 t ! *ange ( /yle is a natural consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( ! subject-matt]1 ! moral & philosophical discussions fall+ m easily into ! =m ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ! dramatic sc5es ( ! e>li] hi/ory readily sugge/+ leg5d>y t\*es & highly-col\r$ language2 & t !re are m>k$ resemblances ( tone & /yle 9 ! two p>ts--e4g4 ! ru% ( ?\ghts ( ! second "p is p>allel$ 9 ! description ( ! wick$ 7v47 & ( ,wisdom 7vii4 #bb-viii4 #a71 & ! religi\sly elevat$ & dignifi$ tone ( ! fir/ "p appe>s "h & !re 9 ! second 7cp4 i4 #ac-ae1 ix4 #a-f ) xi4 #bc-bf1 xii4 #ai1 xvi4 #g740 ,!re is a great deal 9 :at is "h said2 x _c be d5i$ t x is v difficult to come to a def9ite conclusion :]e ! argum5ts on bo? sides are s /rong4 ,at ! same "t x is wor? rememb]+ t "s writ]s :o advocate unity ( au?or%ip recognize t _! position is n impregnable2 ,ei*horn1 = example1 0 s /ruck by ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two p>ts t al?\gh he believ$ bo? 7 writt5 by ! same au?or he nev]!less ?\ght t ! second 0 writt5 9 8 y\?1 ! =m] 9 matur] ye>s4 ,simil>ly1 9 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t comm5t>ies on ! book1 t ( ,goodrick1 ! au?or says3 8x is possible t a writ] :o _h laid aside 8 "w1 dictat$ 9 ! beg9n+ by irritation at apo/asy & p]secution1 gave x a new col\r by adapt+ x to philosophic ideas :i* he _h only lately assimilat$1 &1 its orig9al int]e/ hav+ pass$ ) ! times ( p]secution :i* sugge/$ x1 %\ld endeav\r to obta9 a vogue = x by ! direct ascription ( x to ,solomon40#dhi ,goodrick is conv9c$ ( ! unity ( au?or%ip1 b ?9ks t ! 8,solomonic *apt]s0 7vii4-ix47 7 add$ aft] ! re/ ( ! book _h be5 complet$4 ,! possibilities ( :at ! orig9al facts ( ! case may h be5 are num]\s2 ^u ! :ole1 :ile fully recogniz+ ! difficulties :i* surr\nd ! "q1 we d n feel conv9c$ t ! advocates ( unity ( au?or%ip h e/abli%$ _! view beyond possibility ( d\bt4 ,dual au?or%ip seems to u ! easi] & m natural solution1 ?\gh we are n bl9d to ! fact t ! easi] way is n always ! "r "o4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,purposes ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,book ,,0 ,,writt5 ,:e!r our book 0 writt5 by a s+le au?or1 or :e!r ea* ( ! two p>ts 7 ( diff]5t au?or%ip 7see above1 ,,iii71 is immat]ial s f> z ! aims & objects ( ! book are conc]n$2 = !re is no d\bt t x 0 ( ,jewi% au?or%ip & t is 0 writt5 = ,jews#dij--;,egyptian ,jews--:o 7 beset by f\r special dang]s1 viz4 ,scepticism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,idolatry & ,p]secution4 ,t ! writ] ( ea* "p 0 a ,jew we h already se5 7 ,i72 t ! book 0 writt5 = ,jews is cle> en\gh f ! fact t x conta9s num]\s allusions to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel :i* are no m ?an allusions2 x is tak5 = grant$ t ! read]s und]/& !m )\t fur!r explanation4 ,moreov]1 hi/orical *>act]s are aga9 & aga9 spok5 ( )\t m5tion+ _! names2 x is assum$ t ! read]s w "k :o is meant s9ce ! ref]5ces are to p]sons :o took a lead+ "p 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,x is1 !re=e1 = ! b5efit ( 8 own p 9 ,egypt1 t ! writ] w>ns or enc\rages or d5\nces1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> dang] combat$4 7a7 ,scepticism4 ,! old problem ( ! godly 9 adv]sity & ! wick$ 9 prosp]ity 0 evid5tly ex]cis+ ! m9ds ( _m ,jews 9 ,alex&ria to ! detrim5t ( bo? _! fai? & morals4 ,s9ce !re 0 no div9e ju/ice1 & life 0 %ort1 !y advocat$ mak+ ! mo/ ( life :ile !y enjoy$ x1 )\t consid]+ o!rs4 ,! writ]1 9 ii4 #a-bj1 describes ! attitude ( ! wick$1 putt+ into _! m\?s ! words :i* express ?is attitude3 ,%ort & sorr[ful is our life1 ,& !re is no rem$y :5 a man come? to 8 end1 ,& none 0 ev] kn[n t return$ f ,hades4 ,because by m]e *ance 7 we born1 ,& h]eaft] we %all be z ?\gh we _h nev] be54444 ,come1 !re=e1 & let u enjoy ! good ?+s t n[ are2 ,& let u use creation ) all e>ne/ness z y\?'s possession4 ,let u fill ourselves ) co/ly w9e & p]fumes 444 ,let u oppress ! righte\s poor1 ,let u n sp>e ! wid[1 ,nor rev]5ce ! hairs ( ! old man grey = l5g? ( ye>s4444 ,we 7 acc\nt$ ( him z base metal1 ,& he ab/a9e? f our ways z f uncleannesses4 ,! latt] end ( ! righte\s he calle? happy2 ,& he vaunte? t ,god is 8 fa!r4 ,let u see if 8 words be true1 ,& let u try :at %all befall 9 ! end+ ( 8 life4 ,= if ! righte\s man is ,god's son ,he w uphold him1 ,& ,he w deliv] him out ( ! h& ( 8 adv]s>ies4444 ,?is attitude ! writ] combats by ass]t+ fir/ t ! wick$ w n escape puni%m5t3 ,!re=e no man t utt]e? unrighte\s ?+s %all be unse52 ,nei!r %all ,ju/ice1 :5 x puni%e?1 pass him by4 ,= ! c\nsels ( ! ungodly %all be se>*$ out1 ,& ! report ( 8 words %all come unto ! ,"l ,= ! puni%m5t ( 8 lawless de$s 444 7i4 #f-aa74 ,b ! writ] decl>es1 fur!r1 t n only 9 ?is life %all ! wick$ be puni%$1 b 9 ! next _w z well1 :ile ! godly w !n be recomp5s$4 ,he says ( ! wick$ t3 ,!y knew n ! my/]ies ( ,god1 ,nei!r hop$ !y = wages ( hol9ess1 ,nor did !y judge t !re is a prize = blameless s\ls4 ,because ,god creat$ man = incorruption 444 7ii4 #ba-bd74 ,!n foll[s ! well-kn[n passage conc]n+ ! bless$ness ( ! righte\s3 ,b ! s\ls ( ! righte\s are 9 ! h&s ( ,god 444 7iii4 #a-i71 & 9 ! v]ses t foll[ 7iii4 #aj ff47 ! writ] describes ! torm5t ( ! wick$ 9 ! _w to come4 ,! true way to prep>e 9 ?is _w = ! next is by ! acquisition ( ,wisdom3 ,= h] true beg9n+ is desire ( in/ruction2 ,& ! c>e = in/ruction is love ( h]2 ,& love ( h] is obs]vance ( h] laws2 ,& to give he$ to h] laws is ! assurance ( incorruption2 ,& incorruption br+e? ne> to ,god2 ,s !n ! desire ( ,wisdom promote? to a k+dom 7vi4 #ag-bj74 ,"o purpose1 !re=e1 ( ! book is to br+ ! godless sceptics among ! ,jews to a bett] frame ( m9d2 & ?is is done ma9ly by sett+ =? ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & retribution or rew>d 9 ! _w to come4 7b7 ,mat]ialism4 ,closely connect$ ) ! prec$+ 0 a second dang]1 t ( ,mat]ialism1 ! combat+ ( :i* 0 ano!r purpose t ! writ] _h 9 view 9 writ+ 8 book4 ,9 a passage already ref]r$ to1 :i* conta9s ! words put by ! writ] into ! m\? ( ! ungodly1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is dang] is se5 f ! foll[+ words3 ,let u fill ourselves ) co/ly w9e & p]fumes2 ,& let no fl[] ( spr+ pass u by4 ,let u cr[n ourselves ) rosebuds1 be=e !y )]1 ,let !re be no mead[ )\t traces ( our pr\d revelry4 ,ev]y:]e let u leave tok5s ( our mir?1 ,because ?is is our portion1 & our lot is ?is 7ii4 #g-i74 ,= ^! mat]iali/s ! writ] has ! same message z = ! sceptics3 ,! ungodly %all be requit$ z !y reason$ 7iii4 #aj74 ,!y _h reason$ t fulness ( ?is life's enjoym5t 0 _! portion & _! lot2 s x %all be2 b !y are w>n$ ( :at is to come h]eaft]3 ,!y %all come1 :5 _! s9s are reckon$ up1 ) c[>d fe>2 ,& _! lawless de$s %all convict !m to _! face 7iv4 #bj2 & cp4 v4 #a-ad74 ,x is by means ( ! doctr9e ( immortality t ! writ] seeks to combat ^! dang]s ( scepticism & mat]ialism4 ,! recognition ( ?is tru? ( a life h]eaft] is wisdom 7see vi4 #ag-bj quot$ above74 7c7 ,idolatry4 ,t a fur!r object ( ! book is to utt] a w>n+ aga9/ idolatry is obvi\s f :at is said 9 *apt]s xiii4-xv42 b :e!r ! writ] has 9 view ma9ly ! ,g5tiles among :om he 0 liv+ or ! r5egades ( 8 own race1 is diff]5tly answ]$ by comm5tators4 ,probably bo? are 9 ! writ]'s m9d4 ,at any rate1 8 polemic aga9/ idolatry is v ?or\gh2 he reg>ds x z ! cause ( all k9ds ( evil3 ,= ! devis+ ( idols 0 ! beg9n+ ( =nication1 ,& ! inv5tion ( !m ! corruption ( life 444 ,& all ?+s confus$ly are fill$ ) blood & murd]1 !ft & deceit1 ,corruption1 fai?lessness1 tumult1 p]jury4 ,disquiet+ ( ! good1 ,+ratitude = b5efits receiv$1 ,defil+ ( s\ls1 confusion ( sex4 ,disord] 9 m>riage1 adult]y & wantonness4 ,= ! wor%ip ( ^? unnameable idols ,is ! beg9n+ & cause & end ( e evil 444 7xiv4 #ab-ca74 ,f ! words t foll[ x w\ld seem t 9 ?is passage1 at any rate1 x is apo/ate ,jews :i* ! writ] has 9 m9d3 ,= _! wor%ipp]s ei!r make m]ry unto madness1 or prophesy lies1 ,or live unrighte\sly1 or lightly =swe> !mselves2 ,=1 putt+ _! tru/ 9 lifeless idols1 ,!y wick$ly swe> false oa?s1 & look n to be h>m$ ,b = bo? s9s %all ! j doom pursue !m1 ,because !y _h evil ?\ghts ( ,god by giv+ he$ to idols1 ,& swore unrighte\sly 9 deceit1 despis+ hol9ess 444 7xiv4 #bh-ca74 ,= su* a p>ticul>i/ z ! writ] ( ! second "p ( our book ! words1 8because !y _h evil ?\ghts ( ,god0 c\ld only ref] to apo/ate ,jews1 = he w\ld n contemplate ! ,egyptians ) _! animal-wor%ip z ev5 ?9k+ ( ,god2 ! same w\ld apply to ! words 8despis+ hol9ess40 7d7 ,p]secution4 ,la/ly1 ! writ] wrote ) ! purpose ( com=t+ & enc\rag+ 8 p 9 face ( p]secution :i* !y 7 suff]+ f ! ,egyptians2 z ,gregg rightly po9ts out1 ! ,jews mu/ h be5 suff]+ f pressure f )\t1 = 8no?+ else w acc\nt = ! int5sity ( ! writ]'s hatr$ ( ,egypt1 :i* he gratifies z he l+]s ov] ! bondage ( ! ,israelites1 & lab\rs ! contra/ betwe5 ! =tunes ( oppressors & oppress$ 7x4 #af ff41 xi4 #a ff41 xvi4-xix474 ,hi/ory repeats itself1 & he reg>ds ! /udy ( hi/ory z ! be/ rem$y = national depression4 ,if x 0 9 respect ( its div9ities t ,egypt 0 smitt5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & if idolatry is n only folly b ! cause ( all social & civic decad5ce 7xiii4-xv471 ! suppress$ conclusion is t ! ,egypt :i* /ill h>ries ! resid5t ,jews & has n yet rep5t$ ( its bea/-wor%ip1 w once aga9 b5d be=e ,israel40#dia ,v4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,/4 ,,paul ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( passages 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( our book is to be disc]n$2 to quote all ! passages f ,wisdom & ! correspond+ ones 9 ! ,epi/les w\ld be out ( ! "q "h2 b a few examples may be giv5 9 ord] to %[ h[ necess>y ! /udy ( ?is book is = ! ,new ,te/am5t /ud5t4 ,9 ii4 #bc1 #bd a doctr9e ( ! ,fall is t\*$ ^u :i* reflects ! ,jewi% ideas on ! subject curr5t at ! "t3 ,because ,god creat$ man = incorruption1 ,& made him an image ( ,8 own prop] be+2 ,b by ! envy ( ! devil dea? ent]$ into ! _w1 ,& !y t belong to 8 realm exp]i5ce x4 ,) ^! words %\ld be comp>$ ! two foll[+ passages3 ,romans v4 #ab1 8,!re=e1 z ?r\gh "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? ?r\gh s92 & s dea? pass$ unto all m51 = t all s9n$02 cp4 #a ,cor9?ians xv4 #ba1 #bb4 ,9 iii4 #h x is said ( ! righte\s dep>t$ t3 ,!y %all judge nations1 & h dom9ion ov] peoples2 ,& ! ,"l %all reign ov] !m = ev]more4 ,?is rem9ds "o =cibly ( ,/4 ,paul's words 9 #a ,cor9?ians vi4 #b1 #c3 ,or "k ye n t ! sa9ts %all judge ! _w4448 "k ye n t we %all judge angels4448 ,9 bo? ^! cases x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! simil>ity exi/s solely because 9 bo? sets ( passages curr5t ,jewi% ideas f9d expression2 9 ! foll[+ "o1 h[ev]1 x is difficult to believe t x did n influ5ce ,/4 ,paul :5 he wrote ! well-kn[n words 9 ,ephesians vi4 #aa-bj1 beg9n+3 8,put on ! :ole arm\r ( ,god02 ! passage 9 ,wisdom is v4 #ag-bj3 ,he %all take ,8 jeal\sy z complete arm\r1 ,& %all make ! :ole creation ,8 weapons = v5geance ^u ,8 enemies3 ,he %all put on righte\sness z a brea/plate1 ,& %all take judgem5t unfeign$ z a helmet2 ,he %all take hol9ess z an inv9cible %ield1 ,& %all %>p5 /]n wra? z a sword4 ,x is probable t ! writ] ( ?is _h 9 m9d ,isaiah lix4 #ag3 8,& ,he put on righte\sness z a brea/plate1 & an helmet ( salvation ^u ,8 head2 & ,he put on g>m5ts ( v5geance = clo?+1 & 0 clad ) zeal z a cloke02 b :ile ?is passage 0 no d\bt ! orig9al inspiration ( bo? ,wisdom v4 #ag-bj & ,ephesians vi4 #aa-bj1 "o _c read ^! two latt] )\t feel+ conv9c$ t ,/4 ,paul knew & utiliz$ ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 reg>d+ ! some:at intricate subject ( 8! elem5ts ( ! _w10 :i* is ref]r$ to m ?an once bo? 9 ,wisdom & by ,/4 ,paul1 :ile "o w\ld hesitate to ass]t def9itely t ! latt] 0 influ5c$ by ! =m] x (f]s a good illu/ration ( ! ne$ ( /udy+ ,/4 ,paul's writ+s 9 ! light ( ?is book4 ,to %[ :at we mean x w suffice to put ! respective passages 9 p>allel columns1 & ! read] w at once see ! connection3 ,wisdom vii4 #ag3 8,= ,he ha? ,colossians ii4 #h3 8,take he$ le/ giv5 me un]r+ k !re %all be any "o t ( ! ?+s t are1 to make? spoil ( y ?r\gh "k ! con/itution ( ! 8 philosophy & va9 deceit1 _w1 & ! work+ ( ! aft] ! tradition ( elem5ts40 m51 aft] ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 & n aft] ,*ri/40 ,wisdom xix4 #ah-ba3 8,= ! elem5ts *ang$ _! ord] ,colossians ii4 #bj3 8,if ye di$ ) "o ) ano!r44440 ,*ri/ f ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 seek ! ?+s t are ,wisdom xiii4 #b1 #c3 8,b :e!r above1 :]e ,*ri/ is44440 fire1 or w9d1 or swift air1 or circl+ />s1 or rag+ wat]1 ,galatians iv4 #c3 8,s we also1 or lum9>ies ( heav51 !y :5 we 7 *ildr51 7 ?\ght 7all7 7 gods t held 9 bondage "u ! rule ! _w4 ,& if elem5ts ( ! _w40 ?r\gh delight 9 _! beauty !y took !m to be gods1 ,galatians iv4 #h1 #i3 8,h[beit at let !m "k h[ mu* t "t1 n kn[+ ,god1 bett] ?an ^! is _! ye 7 9 bondage to !m ,sov]eign ,"l44440 :i* by nature are no gods2 b n[ t ye h come to "k ,god1 or r to be kn[n ( ,god1 h[ turn ye back aga9 to ! weak & begg>ly elem5ts1 :]eunto ye desire to be 9 bondage ov] aga980 7cp4 ,heb4 v4 #ab2 #b ,pet4 iii4 #aj1 #ab74 ,:atev] may be meant "h by 8! elem5ts ( ! _w10 x is cle> t ,/4 ,paul is combat+ a false doctr9e reg>d+ belief 9 elem5tal spirits2 & = ! /udy ( ?is subject rec\rse to ! ,book ( ,wisdom is imp]ative4 ,an int]e/+ p>allel is t betwe5 ,wisdom ix4 #ae3 ,= a corruptible body weighe? d[n ! s\l1 ,& ! e>?ly frame lie? heavy on ! m9d t is full ( c>es1 & #b ,cor9?ians v4 #a3 8,= we "k t if ! e>?ly h\se ( our tab]nacle be dissolv$1 we h a build+ f 44410 & v]se #d3 8,= inde$ we t are 9 ?is tab]nacle d groan1 be+ burd5$44440 ,& once m1 9 ,wisdom xi4 #bc x is said3 ,b ,?\ ha/ m]cy on all m51 because ,?\ ha/ p[] to d all ?+s1 ,& ,?\ ov]looke/ ! s9s ( m5 to ! end t !y may rep5t4 ,we are at once rem9d$ ( ,/4 ,paul's words 9 ,romans ii4 #d3 8,or despise/ ?\ ! ri*es ( ,8 goodness & =be>ance & long-suff]+1 n kn[+ t ! goodness ( ,god leade? !e to rep5tance80 7cp4 ,rom4 xi4 #cb74 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! foll[+3 ,wisdom xv4 #g3 8,= a pott]1 ,romans ix4 #ba-bc3 8,or ha? knead+ s(t e>?1 labori\sly n ! pott] a "r ov] ! m\lde? ea* vessel = clay1 f ! same lump to our s]vice3 nay1 out ( ! make "o "p a vessel unto same clay do? he fa%ion bo? hon\r1 & ano!r unto ! vessels t m9i/] to di%on\r8 ,:at if ,god1 clean uses1 & ^? ( a will+ to %[ ,8 wra?1 contr>y sort1 all 9 l mann]2 & to make ,8 p[] kn[n1 b :at %all be ! endur$ ) mu* longsuff]+ use ( ei!r sort1 ! craftsman vessels ( wra? himself is ! judge40 fitt$ unto de/ruction2 & t ,he might make kn[n ! ri*es ( ,8 glory ^u vessels ( m]cy44480 ,space =bids u to d m ?an m]ely ref] to o!r /rik+ resemblances & p>allel passages :i* fur!r illu/rate ! influ5ce ( ?is book ^u ,/4 ,paul1 ! ?ree foll[+ subjects w\ld1 h[ev]1 repay c>eful /udy3 ! qualities ( ,wisdom--) ,wisdom vii4 #bb-viii4 #a1 ix4 #f-ag comp>e #a ,cor9?ians ii4 #f-af2 ! doctr9e ( ,pr$e/9ation--) ,wisdom xii41 xv4 #g comp>e ,romans ix4 #ai-bc2 ! "q ( hea!n idolatry--) ,wisdom xiii41 xiv4 comp>e ,romans i4 #ah-cb4 ,! numb] ( p>allels1 9 ! words ( ,?ack]ay1 8betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,wisdom put x beyond d\bt t ! ,apo/le _h at "o "t made a close /udy ( ! apocryphal book4 ,x 0 a book :i* no d\bt _h a wide circulation at an e>ly "t1 be+ ! noble/ product ( ! pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism ( ,alex&ria1 & comb9+ 9 ! *oice/ language ! broad] views ( ,hell5ism ) ! n>r[] national _s ( ,judaism3 a comb9ation :i* w\ld make x ( special int]e/ to ! ,apo/le :o s\ght to make himself all ?+s to all m5 t he might by all means ga9 "s4 #8,a practical man ) ! %>p outlook = practical ne$s1 ,paul took :at 0 good :]ev] x (f]$ itself4' ,! influ5ce is r =mal ?an sub/antial4 ,b 9 ?ree1 n unimportant po9ts1 ! ,apo/le's views on idolatry1 on pr$e/9ation & on es*atology1 he has be5 to "s ext5t affect$ by ! matt]1 & n only ! mann]1 ( ! ,alex&rian "w40#dib ,= ! fur!r /udy ( ?is subject ! excell5t book ( ,?ack]ay's1 j quot$1 is invaluable1 z is also ,grafe's ,das ,v]hltniss d] ,paul9is*5 ,s*rift5 zur ,sapi5tia ,salomonis 7#ahib72 see also ,s&ay & ,headlam's ,romans1 passim1 & ,hausra?1 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus1 p4 #bc 7#ahgb74 ,x is probable t ! influ5ce ( ,wisdom is to be disc]n$ 9 o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,gregg1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 liv4-lvi41 gives a long li/ ( p>allels betwe5 ! book & ,/4 ,john's ,gospel2 & = p>allels ) ! epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 see ! same au?or1 pp4 lix41 lx4 & ,mayor's ,/4 ,james1 p4 lxxv4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees ,,lit]ature4--,grimm1 ,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu #b4 ,makk4 7#ahec72 ,rawl9son1 9 ,wace1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eci-fdh2 ,s*latt]1 ,jason von ,kyr5e 7#ahia72 ,willri*1 ,jud5 und ,grie*5 vor d] makkabis*5 ,erhebung1 pp4 #gf ff4 7#ahie72 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #baa-baf1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #dhb-dhi2 ,kamphaus51 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i1 pp4 #ha-aai2 ,b*l]1 ,die ,tobiad5 und die ,oniad5 im #b4 ,makkaberbu*e1 pp4 #bhb-cih 7#ahii72 ,niese1 ,kritik d] beid5 ,makkaberb*] 7#aijj72 ,m(fatt1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #abe-aed4 ,see also ! articles by ,we/cott 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible 7#bnd ed471 & ,torrey 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,book ,9 *apt] ii4 #ai-cb ( our book ! writ] expla9s 9 a preface ! orig91 cont5ts & purpose ( 8 "w4 ,he tells u t an acc\nt ( all ! h]oic do+s ( ,judas ,maccabu & 8 bro!rs _h be5 drawn up by ,jason ! ,cyr5ian 9 five books4 ,he does n say any?+ fur!r ab\t ?is ,jason1 & seems to take = grant$ t 8 read]s w "k :o is meant4 ,nei!r ,jason nor 8 "w are m5tion$ else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 z ! writ] says1 8 book is an epitome ( ,jason's l>g] "w3 8,^! ?+s1 !n1 :i* h be5 made kn[n by ,jason ! ,cyr5ian1 we w essay to epitomize 9 "o volume0 7ii4 #bc74 ,! writ] says fur!r 9 8 preface 7v]ses #cj1 #ca73 8,to ent] into details1 & to indulge 9 long discussions1 & to be curi\s 9 p>ticul>s1 is ! "p ( ! orig9al au?or ( ! hi/ory2 b to /rive aft] brevity ( expression1 & to avoid a lab\r$ fulness 9 ! treatm5t1 mu/ be grant$ to him :o puts ! mat]ial into a new =m40 ,^! words pla9ly imply t ! writ] utiliz$ ,jason's hi/ory z 8 sole s\rce1 & t he conf9$ himself to an abridgem5t ( :at ,jason _h writt54 ,8 *oice ( exc]pts 0 made on ! pr9ciple t !y mu/ be int]e/+2 =1 z he says a little e>li] 9 8 preface 7v]ses #bd1 #be73 8,= hav+ 9 view ! confus$ mass ( ! numb]s1 & ! we>9ess :i* awaite? !m t w\ld ent] into ! n>ratives ( ! hi/ory1 by reason ( ! abundance ( ! matt]1 we 7 c>eful t !y :o *oose to read may be attract$44440 ,he desires1 !re=e1 to make 8 epitome popul> by its attractiv5ess4 ,judg+ f ! book itself1 x is evid5t t on ! :ole ! writ] adh]es to 8 int5tion ( be+ simply & solely an epitomi/2 t is to say1 ! words are z a rule1 b n always1 copi$ /raight f ,jason1 ?\gh !re are c]ta9ly cases :]e ^! are summ>iz$4 ,! want ( unity1 & ! r haphaz>d way 9 :i* ev5ts are jott$ d[n1 fully supports ! writ] 9 say+ t he is m]ely an epitomi/4 ,at ! same "t1 ! writ] _h1 z we %all see lat]1 a special purpose ( 8 own1 ow+ to :i* !re are "s exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,b s9ce our book relies = its ma9 facts almo/ solely on ,jason's hi/ory1 :i* is ?us to a consid]able ext5t reflect$ 9 ?is lat] "w1 x is p]t95t to inquire :e!r any indications are to be disc]n$ 9 x reg>d+ ! s\rces :i* ,jason us$ 9 compil+ 8 hi/ory4 ,t he _c h us$ ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees w be se5 :5 we discuss ! relation%ip betwe5 #a & #b ,maccabees 9 a lat] section4 ,no indication ( any o!r lit]>y s\rces are giv5 9 ! book2 & s9ce ,jason's hi/ory _c h be5 writt5 v long aft] ! ,maccaban /ruggle 7probably ,b4,c4 #abj-ajj71 he mu/ 9 all likelihood h compos$ 8 hi/ory f oral s\rces4 8,! "* ( ! hi/ory ( :i* #b ,maccabees is ! abridgem5t c be/ be expla9$ by suppos+ t its au?or 0 a contempor>y ( m5 :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! ,maccaban /ruggle2 t he 0 oblig$ to dep5d ma9ly on oral acc\nts2 t he did n receive 8 in=mation directly f ^? :o _h !mselves tak5 "p 9 ^! ev5ts1 b only aft] x _h pass$ ?r\gh o!r h&s2 & t he 0 (t5 unequal to ! task ( criticiz+ & arrang+ ! mat]ial ?us obta9$40#dic ,x is well to m5tion "h1 h[ev]1 t ! epitomiz] mu/ 9 "s in/ances h embelli%$ & enl>g$ "s ( ! mat]ial he us$ 7see bel[1 ,,iii72 s t ! "q has always to be kept 9 m9d :e!r1 & 9 h[ f>1 ! epitomiz] t\*$ up = 8 own purposes any giv5 passage4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,book ,prefix$ to ! book are two lett]s purport+ to h be5 address$ by ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e to _! bre?r5 ( ! ,disp]sion2 b z ^! h no?+ to d ) ! book itself1 & are evid5tly n "p ( ! orig9al "w1 !y d n conc]n u at pres5t1 & w be dealt ) sep>ately 7 ,,vi74 ,! p]iod ( hi/ory cov]$ by ! book beg9s %ortly be=e ! accession ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes to ! ?rone 7,b4,c4 #age71 & goes d[n to ! ye> ,b4,c4 #afa4 ,! book op5s1 z po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s section1 ) a preface by ! epitomi/ 9 :i* he expla9s ! me?od he has adopt$ 9 ! abridg$ hi/ory t is to foll[ 7ii4 #ai-cb74 ,9 iii4 #a-ci an acc\nt is giv5 ( h[ ,heliodorus1 ! k+'s *ancellor1 0 s5t to seize ! treasure 9 ! ,temple1 b fail$ ow+ to ! miracul\s appe>ance ( a 8t]rible rid]10 accompani$ by two "y m51 8beautiful 9 _! glory & spl5did 9 _! app>el10 by :om ,heliodorus 0 sc\rg$4 ,he returns1 discomfit$1 to ! k+2 b te/ifies to all m5 8! works ( ! mo/ supreme ,god :i* he _h se5 ) 8 own eyes40 ,9 ! section :i* !n foll[s 7iii4 #dj-;iv4 #ej7 ! writ] describes ! sordid intrigues on ! "p ( aspirants to ! high-prie/hood at ?is "t4#did ,) *apt] v4 comm5ces ! hi/ory ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle :i* began ) ! pr(anation ( ! ,temple & ! attempt on ! "p ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes to hell5ize ! ,jews by =ce2 ?is1 toge!r ) "s acc\nt ( ! p]secution :i* foll[$1 & especially ! /ory ( h[ sev5 bro!rs & _! "m 7 m>tyr$1 is told 9 v4 i-vii4 #db4 ,! re/ ( ! book deals ) ! details ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle3 ! ris+-up ( ,judas ,maccabu & 8 fir/ successes 7viii4 #a-cf72 an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7ix4 #a-bi72 ! recapture ( ,j]usalem & ! d$ication ( ! ,temple 7x4 #a-h72 fur!r successes ( ,judas ,maccabu & especially ! capture ( ,gaz>a1 :5 ! ,jews 7 aid$ by five m5 f heav51 spl5didly array$ & sitt+ on horses ) gold5 bridles 7x4 #i-ch72 ! defeat ( ,lysias1 & a pat*$-up peace 7xi4 #a-ch72 m fight+1 aft] :i* ,lysias is aga9 =c$ to make t]ms ( peace 7xii4 i-xiii4 #bf72 ?ree ye>s' peace1 foll[$ by an attack on ! "p ( ,nicanor :i* results 9 8 defeat & dea? 7xiv4 i-xv4 #cf74 ,! book !n closes ) a %ort & some:at nave epilogue by ! epitomi/ 7xv4 #cg-ci74 ,,iii4 ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 #a ,,& #b ,,maccabees ,t ! writ]s ( ^! two books _c h us$ ! same s\rces becomes v obvi\s :5 "o comp>es toge!r ! l>ge portions ( ea* :i* run p>allel4#die ,9 fact1 ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes "o 9 comp>+ ! two is ! diff]5ce 9 aim ( ! compil]s & ! contra/ !re is 9 _! mann] ( pres5tation4 ,! writ] ( #a ,maccabees is1 z we h se51#dif a sob] & reliable hi/orian1 mo/ly accurate1 :o pres5ts 8 facts )\t bias 9 a bus9esslike1 imp>tial way1 & !re=e inspires confid5ce4 ,! epitomi/ ( #b ,maccabees1 on ! o!r h&1 has utiliz$ 8 s\rces = a diff]5t purpose2 8 aim is n s mu* to write hi/ory z to glorify ! ,jews1 s he *ooses episodes :i* w s]ve ?is purpose4 ,m>tyrdoms are describ$1 sometimes ) pa9ful realism1 to %[ ! con/ancy ( ! ,jews 9 suff]+ :5 !y are call$ ^u to d ?is = _! fai?4 ,! writ] desires1 moreov]1 to inculcate c]ta9 religi\s tru?s1 *ief among :i* is ,god's solicitude = ,8 p2 s t he loves to dwell ^u ! m>vell\s appe>ances ( heav5ly mess5g]s s5t by ,god to succ\r ,8 p at critical mom5ts4 ,h[ f> ^! acc\nts are due to ,jason & h[ f> to ! epitomi/ is a difficult "q2 b if1 z !re is reason to believe1 ,jason's "w 0 compil$ n long aft] ! ev5ts !y record1 !re is little "t = t gr[? ( ! miracul\s :i* s (t5 accompanies /ories :5 !y are repeat$ & h&$ d[n1 & :i* is *>act]i/ic ( mu* t is record$ 9 #b ,maccabees4 ,9 ?is case1 a good deal ( ! embelli%m5t ) :i* our book ab\nds1 9 contra/ ) #a ,maccabees1 w\ld h to be put d[n to ! imag9ation ( ! epitomi/4 ,& !re are "o or two facts :i* t5d to support ?is supposition2 he says 9 8 prefatory rem>ks t 8 int5tion is only to give an outl9e ( ! ev5ts he is ab\t to *ronicle1 8leav+ to ! hi/orian ! exact h&l+ ( e p>ticul>10 & t he has no int5tion ( 8fill+ 9 ! outl9es ( our abridgem5t02 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 he does on c]ta9 occasions give m9ute details1 & 9 mo/ cases ^! are f\nd 9 passages :i* illu/rate ! special aims :i* he has 9 view4 ,aga91 he confesses t he writes ) a view to attract+2 x w be no inju/ice to him to say t 8 idea ( attractiv5ess consi/s 9 record+ :at is s5sational4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x is1 ( c\rse1 q possible t ! mat]ial 9 all its details comes f ,jason--= ! epitomi/ is n afraid ( contradict+ himself--b :5 "o rememb]s ! aim ( ! latt] ! possibility ( ! o!r alt]native mu/ be conc$$1 ! m s 9 t ! epitomi/ does1 on ! face ( x1 give u 8 own ideas at times4 ,"h is a good example3 ,i besee*1 !re=e1 ^? t read ?is book1 t !y be n disc\rag$ at su* calamities he has be5 describ+ a peculi>ly cruel case ( m>tyrdom1 b to reflect t ^! puni%m5ts 7 n = ! de/ruction b = ! *a/5+ ( our race4 ,=1 inde$1 t ^? :o act impi\sly be n let alone = any l5g? ( "t1 b suff] retribution imm$iately1 is a sign ( great k9dness4 ,= 9 ! case ( ! o!r nations ! ,sov]eign ,"l do? ) long-suff]+ =be>1 until t ,he puni% !m :5 !y h atta9$ to ! full measure ( _! s9s4 ,b 9 our case ,he ha? det]m9$ o!rwise t ,8 v5geance may n fall on u aft]w>ds :5 our s9s h rea*$ _! height4 ,:]e=e ,he nev] )drawe? ,8 m]cy f u2 yet ?\gh ,he *a/5e? ,8 own p ) calamity1 yet do? ,he n =sake !m4 ,h[beit1 let :at ha? be5 said be a rem9d] to ourselves4 ,& aft] ^! few words we mu/ come back to our n>rative 7vi4 #ab-ag74 ,x %\ld also be rem>k$ t ! doctr9e ( retribution "h put =?1 & ! tea*+ on pray]s = ! dead 7xii4 #dc1 #de71 & on ! int]cession ( ! dep>t$ sa9ts 7xv4 #aa-af71 & ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body 7vii4 #aa1 #bb1 #bc1 xiv4 #df71 are all doctr9es :i* belong m specifically to a some:at lat] "t ?an ,jason's hi/ory4 ,= ^! reasons we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t a n inconsid]able am\nt ( matt] 9 our book mu/ be assign$ to ! epitomi/4 ,b ! sup]iority ( #a ,maccabees is equally evid5t on comp>+ ) x ^? _m passages ( #b ,maccabees1 =m+ ( c\rse ! bulk ( ?is book1 9 :i* ! same ev5ts are record$ 9 ea* book4 ,to g 9 to ! details ( ^! w\ld be out ( place "h1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! comm5t>ies = ! /udy ( ! subject2 b "o good example may be ref]r$ to2 if "o comp>es #a ,maccabees v4 #a-fh ) ! p>allel acc\nt ( ! ev5ts giv5 9 #b ,maccabees x4 #ad-ch1 xii4 #aj-de1 "o is inevitably l$ to ! conclusion t ! ord]ly n>rative ( #a ,maccabees contra/$ ) ! confus$ records ( #b ,maccabees /amps ! =m] z ! m reliable2 & ! same applies to a numb] ( o!r in/ances4 ,?is conviction is /r5g!n$ :5 "o comes across obvi\s mi/akes 9 #b ,maccabees2 "o example may be giv53 9 #b ,maccabees x4 #cg x is said t 8!y slew ,timo!us :o 0 hidd5 9 a ci/]n10 yet lat]1 9 *apt] xii41 a good deal is record$ ab\t ,timo!us' activity aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,& la/ly1 ! "q ( ! inf]iority ( #b ,maccabees is plac$ beyond fur!r d\bt#dig by ! hi/orical errors ( an obvi\s "* f\nd 9 x4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ ref] our read]s to ! comm5t>ies = details1 :ile m]ely po9t+ to a few in/ances1 viz4 ix4 #e-bi2 comp>e v4 #bb1 ix4 #bi ) :at is said 9 xiii4 #bc2 & cp4 xiii4 #bb ) #a ,maccabees vi4 #di1 #ej & ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii1 ix4 #e2 xi4 #a-ae2 cp4 xiv4 #a ff4 ) #a ,maccabees vii4 #a ff4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,value ,,( #b ,,maccabees ,b 9 spite ( :at has be5 said x is n to be suppos$ t #b ,maccabees is :olly )\t hi/orical value4 ,if1 z is probably ! case1 ! s\rces ^u :i* x dep5ds 7 !mselves compil$1 9 ! ma91 f ! acc\nts ( eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts *ronicl$1 ?is fact 9 itself c\nts = some?+2 = example1 ! foll[+ description is n )\t int]e/ & c]ta9ly reads z ?\gh told by "o :o 0 pres5t3 8,b at dawn on ! five & tw5tie? day "s "y m5 belong+ to ! ,maccaban army1 burn+ ) indignation because ( ^! blasphemies1 /orm$ ! wall l m51 & furi\s ) passion hew$ d[n ev]yone :om !y met4 ,o!rs 9 ! meantime _h foll[$ !m up by an encircl+ movem5t & _h set fire to ! t[]s1 ?us k9dl+ fires & burn+ ! blasphem]s alive1 :ile yet o!rs bur/ op5 ! gates & let 9 ! re/ ( ! b&1 & ?us took possession ( ! city4 ,& !y slew ,timo!us :o 0 hidd5 9 a ci/]n1 & 8 bro!r ,*reas1 & ,apollophanes0 7x4 #ce-cg74 ,or1 aga91 ! graphic details giv5 ( ! episode describ$ 9 xii4 #ce mu/ evid5tly h come orig9ally f "o :o _h witness$ x3 8,b a c]ta9 ,dosi!us1 belong+ to ! ,tubi5i1#dih a horseman & vigor\s1 took hold ( ,gorgias &1 seiz+ 8 cloke1 dragg$ him along by ma9 =ce1 int5d+ to take ! accurs$ man alive2 b "o ( ! ,?racian horsem5 bore d[n ^u him & disabl$ 8 %\ld]1 s ,gorgias escap$ to ,m>isa40 ,^! & o!r passages ( a simil> "* conta9+ vivid t\*es1 su* z are n likely to h be5 suppli$ except+ by eye-witnesses1 h a di/9ct value ( _! own4 ,a po9t ( importance 9 ?is connection is ! fact t = "s five or six ye>s prec$+ ! accession to ! ?rone ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes #b ,maccabees is ! only exi/+ s\rce1 see iii4 i-iv4 #f2 ?is passage conta9s a numb] ( details1 ! hi/orical reliability ( :i* !re is no reason to d\bt4 ,! book also gives a good deal ( in=mation supplem5t>y to t ( #a ,maccabees = ! subsequ5t p]iod ( ab\t t5 ye>s 7,b4,c4 #agf-;,b4,c4 #aff71 cp4 #b ,maccabees iv4 #g-vii4 #da ) #a ,maccabees i4 #aj-fd4 ,! f9al p]iod treat$ ( 7,b4,c4 #aff-afa7 also supplem5ts #a ,maccabees 9 _m p>ticul>s & is n )\t value4 ,:ile ^u ! :ole1 !re=e1 ! hi/orical wor? ( our book is n to be rat$ v highly1 x c be ( real use 9 supplem5t+ :at is record$ 9 #a ,maccabees1 ?\gh x mu/ be us$ ) caution & discrim9ation4 ,v4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,book ,9 read+ our book x v soon becomes evid5t t x 0 writt5 ) ! special purpose ( emphasiz+ "s religi\s tru?s1 & ?is ) ! object ( uphold+ or?odox ,judaism & wor%ip4 ,! pr$om9at+ religi\s b5t comes out cle>ly on read+ su* a passage z vi4 #ab-ag1 already quot$ 7see also ii4 #ai1 #bj1 xii4 #dc-de71 & on notic+ h[ ev]y?+ t has to d ) religion is extoll$4 ,?us1 ! ref]5ces to ! ,temple are num]\s1 z well z ^? to ! alt>1 e4g41 x4 #a-c3 8,& ,maccabu & !y t 7 ) him1 ! ,"l lead+ !m on1 recov]$ ! temple & ! city4444 ,& hav+ cleans$ ! sanctu>y !y made ano!r alt> ( sacrifice 44402 cp4 fur!r1 ii4 #bb1 iii4 #ab1 v4 #ae1 etc42 aga9 9 xiii4 #ad ! p are exhort$ 8to cont5d nobly ev5 unto dea? = laws1 temple1 city1 c\ntry 44402 9 l mann] are m5tion$ ! sabba?s 7vi4 #aa1 viii4 #bf1 xii4 #ch71 ! fea/s ( ,tab]nacles 7x4 #f f471 ,p5teco/ 7xii4 #ca71 ,d$ication 7i4 #i1 #ah1 ii4 #af1 x4 #e-h71 ,purim 7xv4 #cf71 & ! fea/ 9 celebration ( ! dea? ( ,nicanor 7xv4 #cf74 ,reg>d+ ?is latt] fea/ & ! fea/ ( ,d$ication ,torrey says3 8,_m s*ol>s s9ce ,ewald h rem>k$ ! prom95ce giv5 9 ! plan ( ! book n only to ! fea/ celebrat+ ! dea? ( ,nicanor1 ) ! in/itution ( :i* ! :ole hi/ory comes to an end1 b also to ! fea/ ( ! re-d$ication ( ! temple1 ! description ( :i* closes ! fir/ half ( ! book1 ! passage x4 #a-h app>5tly be+ remov$ = ?is purpose f its prop] place4 ,! acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,nicanor fea/ w\ld h be5 a mo/ natural po9t = ,jason to br+ 8 book to a close1 9 any case4 ,?is w\ld h be5 j ! k9d ( end+ be/ suit$ to 8 g5]al purpose4444 ,! au?or's aim n be+ t ( a hi/orian1 !re 0 no ne$ = him to g on & n>rate ! dea? ( ,judas2 8 purpose 0 fully accompli%$ )\t t4 ,! transposition ( x4 #a-h1 h[ev]1 is probably to be attribut$ to ! epitomi/ :o saw h[ ! plan ( ! book c\ld ?us be made subs]vi5t to 8 m def9ite aim1 increas$ significance be+ !reby giv5 bo? to ! ,nicanor fea/ & to ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication4 ,^! 7 ! two ,maccaban fea/s1 by ! obs]vance ( :i* ! ,jews ( ! ,diaspora c\ld %>e1 z 9 no o!r outw>d way1 9 ! national glory ( t /ruggle40#dii ,?is emphasiz+ ( ! national unity on ! basis ( religion & wor%ip 01 we may well believe1 9 ! au?or's m9d z well z 9 t ( ! epitomi/4 ,8 d5unciation ( ^? :o are unfai?ful to ! national religion 7cp4 iv4 #ac-ag1 xii4 #ci-db7 only emphasizes ?is /ill fur!r4 ,ano!r feature 9 ! religi\s attitude v prom95t 9 ?is book is ! /ress laid ^u div9e int]position2 & "h x is noticeable t bo? ! direct int]v5+ ( ,god is contemplat$ z well z ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 purposes by int]m$i>y ag5ts4 ,z illu/rative ( ! =m] we may ref] to ix4 #e :]e x is said 9 ref]5ce to ,antio*us ,epiphanes t 8! ,all-see+ ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 smote him ) a fatal & invisible /roke02 aga9 9 xii4 #bh3 8,b call+ ^u ! ,sov]eign ,:o ) might breake? 9 pieces ! /r5g? ( ,8 enemies1 !y got ! city into _! h&s 44402 cp4 fur!r x4 #a1 xi4 #ac1 xii4 #aa1 xiii4 #ae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s /rik+ in/ances ( a belief 9 int]m$iate ag5cies1 ! mo/ notewor?y be+ t ( ! 8t]rible rid]0 accompani$ by two "y m5 :o oppos$ ,heliodorus & prev5t$ him f despoil+ ! ,temple treasury 7iii4 #bb-cj72 b !re are o!r examples 9 ! book1 see x4 #bi-ca1 xi4 #f-aa4 ,la/ly1 brief m5tion mu/ be made ( ! advanc$ tea*+ on ! resurrection :i* 0 evid5tly "o ( ! tru?s :i* 0 com+ to be m & m def9itely & emphatically taught z a t5et ( or?odox ,judaism 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 ! important passages on ?is tea*+ are wor? quot+1 = !re is no o!r pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% book :i* puts =? ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body m def9itely4 ,9 vii4 #i "o ( ! m>tyrs addresses 8 p]secutor ?us3 8,?\ miscreant1 ?\ do/ s5d u away out ( ?is pres5t life1 b ! ,k+ ( ! _w %all raise u up1 :o h di$ = ,8 laws1 unto an et]nal r5ewal ( life40 ,ano!r m>tyr1 aft] hav+ _h 8 limbs cut (f1 is made to say3 8,f heav5 ,i possess ^!2 b = ,8 law's sake ,i c\nt !m z no?+1 & f ,him ,i hope to receive !m back aga90 7vii4 #aa74 ,& yet a ?ird m>tyr says3 8,x is good = !m t die at ! h&s ( m5 to look = ! hopes ( ,god t we %all be rais$ up aga9 by ,him4 ,b ?\10 he says to 8 torm5tor1 8?\ %alt h no resurrection to life0 7vii4 #ad74 ,9 xii4 #dc-de n only is ?is doctr9e taught1 b its tru? is sub/antiat$ by ,judas' action 9 (f]+ sacrifices & pray]s = ! dead3 8,& he made a collection1 man by man1 to ! sum ( two ?\s& dra*mas ( silv]2 & he s5t ?is to ,j]usalem = a s9-(f]+1 act+ !re9 well & hon\rably1 = he 0 be>+ 9 m9d ! resurrection4 ,= if he 7 n expect+ t ! fall5 w\ld rise aga91 x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s & s5seless to pray = ! dead4 ,& if 9 do+ ?is he 0 look+ = ! spl5d\r ( ! graci\s rew>d :i* is laid up = !m t h fall5 asleep 9 godl9ess1 holy & pi\s 0 ! ?\ght4 ,:]e=e he made a propitiation = !m t _h di$ t !y might be releas$ f _! s90 7cp4 xiv4 #df74 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,integrity ,,( ,,! ,,book ,!re is "o portion ( our book :i* nei!r belong$ to ,jason's hi/ory nor yet to ! epitomi/1 viz4 i4-ii4 #ah4 ,?is comprises two lett]s :i* mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,! fir/ lett]1 i4 #a-i4 ,?is purports to h be5 writt5 by ! ,jews ( ,j]usalem to _! bre?r5 ?r\gh\t ,egypt exhort+ !m to obs]ve ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication4 ,x beg9s ) a greet+ & a pray] t ,god may incl9e ! he>ts ( ! read]s to s]ve ,him fai?fully & keep ,8 ,law4 ,!n foll[s ! date at :i* ! lett] 0 writt51 i4e4 ,b4,c4 #adc1 aft] :i* ! real object ( ! lett] f9ds expression2 ! read]s are rem9d$ ( ! orig9al in/itution ( ! fea/ ( ,d$ication1 namely aft] ! ,temple _h be5 pollut$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 8& we (f]$ sacrifice & meal-(f]+1 & we light$ ! lamps ?is 0 ! c5tral c]emony ( ! celebration1 & we set =? ! %ewbread02 aft] :i* ! lett] closes ) ! words3 8,& n[ see t ye keep ! days ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles ( ! mon? ,*islev40 ,to und]/& ^! f9al words "o mu/ read x4 #e-h3 8,n[ on ! same day t ! sanctu>y _h be5 pr(an$ by ali5s1 ^u t v day did ! cleans+ ( ! sanctu>y take place1 ev5 on ! tw5ty-fif? day ( ! same mon?1 :i* is ,*islev4 ,& !y kept eight days ) gladness 9 ! mann] ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 rememb]+ h[ t1 n long be=e1 dur+ ! fea/ ( tab]nacles !y _h be5 w&]+ l wild bea/s 9 m\nta9s & caves4 ,!re=e be>+ w&s wrea!d ) leaves1 & fair b\ghs & palms1 !y (f]$ up hymns ( ?anksgiv+ to ,him t _h prosp]\sly br\ght to pass ! cleans+ ( ,8 own place4 ,!y orda9$ also ) a public ord] & decree1 = all ! nation ( ! ,jews1 t !y %\ld keep ^! t5#ejj days e ye>40 ,s t ?is new fea/ 0 obs]v$ z some?+ p>allel1 9 its joyfulness1 to ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7,succ?7 :i* 0 also an eight-day fea/1 b obs]v$ 9 ! mon? ,ti%ri 7 ,octob]74#eja ,! int]pretation ( ?is lett] giv5 above reg>ds ! date m5tion$ 9 i4 #aj;a z belong+ to ! second lett]#ejb2 !re are objections to ?is1 b x seems ! be/ way ( deal+ ) :at is 9 any case a difficult po9t4 ,we see no reason :y ?is lett] %\ld n be ! fragm5t ( a g5u9e record1 add$ by ! epitomi/ himself4 ,! second lett]1 i4 #aj-aa4 #ah4 ,! date prefix$ to ?is lett] is #ahh ( ! ,seleucid era1 i4e4 ,b4,c4 #abd4 ,l ! =m] lett] ?is also purports to h be5 writt5 by ! ,jews#ejc ( ,j]usalem to _! bre?r5 9 ,egypt = ! purpose ( urg+ !m to keep ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication2 b x has ! special object 8( demon/rat+ at l5g? its hi/orical significance1 indicat+ at ! same "t 9 o!r ways ! analogy betwe5 ! ,maccaban p]iod & ! o!r pr9cipal epo*s ( ! nation's life40#ejd ,! ,antio*us ^: dea? is describ$ 9 i4 #ac-ag is n ,epiphanes1 conc]n+ ^: dea? an entirely diff]5t acc\nt is giv5 9 ix4 #a-bi1eje b f> m probably1 z ,torrey has %[n1 ,antio*us ,,vii ,sidetes4#ejf ,?is1 l ! fir/ lett]1 may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 prefix$ by ! epitomi/ f "s g5u9e record2 at any rate1 ! argum5ts aga9/ ?is view are n /rong en\gh to exclude ! possibility ( its be+ correct4 ,! extraord9>y /ories :i* ! lett] conta9s und\bt$ly con/itute a difficulty 9 reg>d+ x z g5u9e 7i4 #bj-bb1 #ca-cd1 ii4 #a-ab71 b x is q possible to reg>d ^! z ,midra%ic comm5ts on ,old ,te/am5t texts writt5 = ! purpose ( %[+ t ! in/itution ( ! fea/ ( ! ,d$ication 0 ! logical outcome ( ,old ,te/am5t prec$5t & tea*+4 ,torrey has rightly po9t$ out t 8"o feature ( ! writ]'s demon/ration des]ves especial notice1 namely ! ext5t to :i* x is bas$ on ! conception ( ! ,d$ication z a re/oration ( ! sacr$ fire to ! alt> & ! temple4#ejg ,evid5tly at t "t ?is idea _h a mo/ prom95t place 7p]haps ! c5tral place7 9 curr5t ,jewi% ?\ght reg>d+ ! orig9 & mean+ ( ?is fea/40#ejg ,x is p]haps ?is idea :i* is reflect$ 9 ! "n ( ! fea/ giv5 by ,josephus1 8! fea/ ( lights10#ejh & by its usual designation 9 ! ,talmud1 8! ,fea/ ( ,illum9ation10 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance no d\bt ^! names _h ref]5ce to ! lamps light$ on ea* day ( ! fea/1 eight on ! fir/ day1 & "o less on ea* succe$+ day4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 if ! /ories ref]r$ to 7 orig9ally ,midra%ic comm5ts !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n h be5 incorporat$ 9 a lett] f ,jews to ,jews4 ,bo? ^! lett]s 7 orig9ally writt5 ei!r 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic2 & if1 z we d n see suffici5t reason to d\bt1 ! epitomi/ prefix$ !m to 8 book1 8 do+ s1 consid]+ t !y emphasize ! ne$ ( c>ry+ out a religi\s c]emony1 w\ld h be5 a natural proce$+ on 8 "p :5 "o rememb]s ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 book z po9t$ out above4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ^! two lett]s d n belong to ! book !y may reasonably be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 prefix$ by ! epitomi/4 ,:e!r !re are o!r portions1 9 ! body ( ! book :i* ! epitomi/ got f s\rces o!r ?an ,jason's hi/ory is a difficult "q to :i* x does n seem possible to give a def9ite answ]4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,date ,,& ,,orig9al ,,language ,,( ,,! ,,book ,!re is sc>cely any?+ 9 ! book itself :i* gives u any indication z to :5 x 0 writt51 ! advanc$ doctr9e ( ! future life 79 a non-apocalyptic book7 & ! t5d5cy to ascribe div9e activity among m5 to int]m$iate ag5cies alone sugge/+ a comp>atively late date4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is practically c]ta9 t ,philo 0 acqua9t$ ) ! book1 = 9 8 "w ,quod omnis probus lib] 7,mangey1 ii4 #de;a7 a description is giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* 9 "t pa/ ! godly h suff]$ at ! h&s ( p]secutors1 :i* =cibly recalls ! words 9 #b ,maccabees conc]n+ ,antio*us ,epiphanes4#eji ,no?+ m specific z to date c1 !re=e1 be giv5 beyond say+ t x 0 probably writt5 %ortly be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! book :i* po9ts to its be+ a translation2 x 0 manife/ly writt5 9 ,greek 7) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! two prefix$ lett]s7 z already ,j]ome saw4#eaj 8,! /yle is extremely unev52 at times x is elaborately ornate 7iii4 #ae-ci1 v4 #bj1 vi4 #ab-af1 #bc-bh1 vii41 etc472 & aga91 x is s rude & brok5 up z to seem m l notes = an epitome ?an a f9i%$ composition 7viii4 #ai-bf740eaa ,9 all probability ! book 0 writt5 9 ,alex&ria4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ]s ,9 only "o in/ance c ! influ5ce ( our book be se5 directly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 namely 9 ,hebrews xi4 #ce ff41 :]e we read3 8,wom5 receiv$ _! dead by a resurrection2 & o!rs 7 tortur$1 n accept+ _! deliv]ance2 t !y might obta9 a bett] resurrection2 & o!rs _h trial ( mock+s & sc\rg+s44440 ,on comp>+ ) ?is ! :ole ( #b ,maccabees vi41 vii4 "o _c fail to see t ! descriptions !re giv5 influ5c$ ! writ] ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews "h2 we may quote1 = example1 vi4 #ai :]e1 9 speak+ ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,eleaz>1 x is said3 8,b he1 welcom+ dea? ) r5[n r ?an life ) pollution1 advanc$ ( 8 own accord to ! in/rum5t ( torture 4440 7cp4 also v]se #bh74 ,aga91 9 vii4 #bc ! "m ( ! sev5 m>tyr$ sons says3 8,!re=e ! ,creator ( ! ,_w1 ,:o fa%ion$ ! g5]ation#eab ( man & devis$ ! g5]ation#eab ( all ?+s1 9 m]cy give? back to y aga9 y\r _s & y\r life02 & 9 v]se #bi %e says3 8,fe> n ?is but*]1 b1 prov+ ?yself wor?y ( ?y bre?r51 accept ?y dea?1 t 9 ! m]cy ( ,god ,i may receive !e aga9 ) ?y bre?r50 7cp4 vii4 #a1 #g1 #i1 #ad74 ,9 ,hebrews xi4 #ch1 once m1 ! words 8w&]+ 9 des]ts & m\nta9s & caves1 & 9 ! holes ( ! e>?10 are 9 "p repeat$ f #b ,maccabees x4 #f3 8,!y 7 w&]+ 9 m\nta9s & 9 caves aft] ! mann] ( wild bea/s40 ,9 all ^! passages ! simil>ity ( ! ,greek words is 9 ea* case v /rik+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,book ( ,b>u* & ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah ,,lit]ature4--,fritzs*e1 9 ,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph5 7#ahea72 ,kneuck]1 ,das ,bu* ,b>u*1 7#ahgi72 ,gif=d1 9 ,wace1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bda-bhf2 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ahh-aie1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #dfj-dfg2 ,ro?/e91 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i1 pp4 #bac-bbe2 ,:iteh\se1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #efi-eie4 ,see also ! articles by ,m>%all1 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,bevan1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 & ,toy1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl4 ,i4 ,,%ort ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,book1 ,,& ,,its ,,cont5ts ,?is %ort pseudepigraph is plac$ 9 ! ,septuag9t aft] ! ,book ( ,j]emiah1 & be=e ,lam5tations1 ow+ to :i* x is quot$ sometimes by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs z ?\gh x 7 "p ( t book4#eac ,9 "s ( ! ,greek manuscripts ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah foll[s ,b>u* )\t a break2 9 ! ,vulgate1 &1 foll[+ x1 ! ,engli% ,v]sions1 x is m>k$ z *apt] vi4 ( ,b>u*4 ,swete says t 8,b>u* & ! ,epi/le occur 9 li/s :i* rigor\sly exclude ! non-canonical books40#ead ,we %all consid] ! ,epi/le sep>ately4 ,!re 0 a consid]able lit]ature :i* arose & circulat$ bo? be=e & aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era#eae2 our book belongs to ?is lit]ature4 ,x purports to h be5 writt5 by ,b>u*1 ! fri5d ( ,j]emiah1 9 ,babylon dur+ ! ,captivity2 & aft] x _h be5 read !re 89 ! he>+ ( ,je*onias ! son ( ,joakim1 k+ ( ,judah1 & 9 ! he>+ ( all ! p0 7i4 #c1 #d71 x 0 s5t to ,j]usalem to be read !re 7i4 #ad72 ) x 0 also s5t a collection ( money to ! high-prie/ ,joakim = ! purpose ( defray+ ! exp5ses ( sacrifices 7i4 #f-aj72 ! p 9 ,j]usalem are also ask$ to pray = ,nabu*odonosor1 k+ ( ,babylon1 & = 8 son1 ,baltas>1 z well z = ! exiles 7i4 #aa-ac74 ,?is =ms ! introduction to ! book4 ,!n foll[s :at purports to be ! ,book ( ,b>u* itself & ?is consi/s ( two p>ts3 i4 #ae-;ii4 #ab3 ?is1 :i* fully be>s out ! description giv5 ( x 9 i4 #ad z a book ( confession1 beg9s ) an ascription ( righte\sness to ,god1 aft] :i* foll[s a confession ( s92 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! nation is recall$ to %[ t 9 spite ( ,god's m]cy ! p 7 disob$i5t to ,him & =sook ,him2 = ?is reason !y are ju/ly suff]+ = _! s9s 9 t !y are 9 subjection to ! nations r\nd ab\t !m4 ii4 #ac-;iii4 #h3 a pray] to ,god = m]cy =ms ! cont5t ( ?is section2 b x falls into ?ree divisions2 fir/1 a pray] 9 ! real s5se ( ! ^w 7ii4 #ac-ai72 !n1 an hi/orical survey :i* is l>gely bas$ on ,old ,te/am5t passages1 especially f ! ,books ( ,daniel1 ,j]emiah & ,deut]onomy 7ii4 #bj-ce72 &1 la/ly1 ano!r pray] comb9$ ) confession 7iii4 #a-h74 ,s f> ! book is writt5 9 prose1 ! rema9d] is 9 poetry1 & consi/s ( two q indep5d5t pieces3 iii4 #i-;iv4 #d3 ?is is a fragm5t ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature type2 x tells ( ! reason :y ,israel is exil$ 9 ! l& ( _! enemies1 namely because !y h =sak5 8! f\nta9 ( ,wisdom02 ! p are1 !re=e bidd5 to f9d out :]e ,wisdom is 7iii4 #ad72 ! mighty rul]s ( ! e>?1 ! weal?y1 ! skill$--^! h n kn[n :]e ,wisdom is to be f\nd 7iii4 #ae-ba71 nor has x be5 atta9$ by ^? ( ,canaan or ,teman 7iii4 #bb1 #bc72 ! giants ( old knew n ,wisdom1 !y p]i%$ 9 _! fooli%ness 7iii4 #bd-bh72 no "o has gone up to heav5 to fet* h]1 nor gone ov] ! sea to f9d h]1 because !y d n "k h] pa?s 7iii4 #bi-ca72 only ,he t kn[s all ?+s kn[s ,wisdom1 & ,he ,:o has f\nd out all ! ways ( k has giv5 ,wisdom to ,israel1 & ?is ,wisdom is ! ,law t endures = ev] 7iii4 #cb-;iv4 #a72 !re=e ,israel is exhort$ to make use ( 8 possession 7iv4 #b-d74 iv4 #e-v4 #i3 ?is piece is /rongly rem9isc5t ( ! second half ( ,isaiah2 x consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! fir/ "o be+ an ode ( com=t spok5 by ,j]usalem1 p]sonifi$ z a "m1 to h] *ildr5 9 captivity 7iv4 #e-ce72 ! second is an ode ( com=t spok5 to ,j]usalem :o is bidd5 to rejoice1 = h] *ildr5 are to be l$ back to h] f _! captivity 7iv4 #cf-v4 #i74 ,,ii4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,book ,x w ?us be se5 t ! book consi/s ( ?ree indep5d5t docum5ts3 i4-iii4 #h1 iii4 #i-;iv4 #d1 iv4 #e-v4 #i2 & ^! ?ree diff] v mu* 9 cont5t4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e !m a little m closely 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! nature1 purpose1 & approximate date4 7#a7 ,! ,book ( ,confessions 7i-iii4 #h74 ,x is /at$ 9 i4 #b t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! 8fif? ye>02 presumably by ?is is meant ! fif? ye> aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem2 b ,j]usalem 0 captur$ 9 ,b4,c4 #eig1 & aga9 9 ,b4,c4 #ehg 7#b ,k+s xxiv4 #ab-af2 #b ,k+s ,,xxv4 #i71 s t our book is assign$ ei!r to ,b4,c4 #eib or ,b4,c4 #ehb4 ,bo? ^! dates are1 h[ev]1 impossible1 = two indications 9 ! book %[ cle>ly t ! writ] utiliz$ ! ,book ( ,daniel 7e>ly 9 ! ,maccaban era74 ,?us1 ! mi/ake made 9 ,daniel v4 #ac1 etc41 :]e ,bel%azz> is reg>d$ z ! son ( ,nebu*adnezz>1#eaf is repeat$ 9 our book1 i4 #aa1 #ab2 s f> z is kn[n ?is mi/ake does n occur else:]e1 ! natural presumption1 !re=e1 is t ! writ] ( ,b>u* got x f ,daniel1 especially :51 9 ! second place1 we f9d t bo? ! confession & pray] :i* make up ! :ole section1 are bas$ ^u ,daniel ix4 #g-ai1 ( :i* x is an elaboration4 ,fur!r1 t ! section _c belong to ! ,maccaban era is suffici5tly cle> f i4 #aa1 #ab1 :]e ! p are recomm5d$ to pray = _! oppressor & to acquiesce 9 8 sov]eignty ov] !m2 su* a recomm5dation on ! "p ( a ,jew dur+ ! ,maccaban era1 :5 ! p 7 fight+ n only = _! c\ntry & _! homes1 b = _! religion & = ! hon\r ( ,god1 is q un?9kable4 ,! transf]5ce to an e>li] hi/orical p]iod ?an t at :i* a writ] liv$ is a lit]>y device con/ruct$ = "o ( sev]al reasons1 :e!r = dramatic effect1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,book ( ,judi?1 :]e likewise ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz> is *os52 or = reasons ( prud5ce1 z probably 9 ! pres5t case2 or because a some:at p>allel set ( hi/orical conditions is (f]$2 :atev] ! reason may be1 ! proc$ure is n uncommon & ne$ n occasion surprise4 ,9 ! pres5t case !re are /rong gr\nds = believ+ t ! actual p]iod at :i* ?is section ( our book 0 writt5 0 dur+ ! /ruggle ( ! ,jews aga9/ ! ,roman p[] dur+ ! ye>s1 ,a4,d4 #ff-gj2 ! reasons = ?is conclusion are briefly ^!3 ,nebu*adnezz> & 8 son 71 accord+ to ! belief ( ! writ] ( our book1 ! k+s "u :om ! conqu]$ ,jews liv$2 _! names might well /&1 !re=e1 = ,vespasian & 8 son ,titus4 ,! ,jews are bidd5 to submit to _! conqu]ors 78,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,b[ y\r %\ld]s to s]ve ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & rema9 9 ! l& t ,i gave unto y\r fa!rs10 ii4 #ba72 ?is accords ) :at we "k 0 ! attitude ( ! ,ph>isees t[>ds _! ,roman conqu]ors1 = !y did _! be/ to quiet ! p & get !m to submit to ,rome4#eag ,aga91 ! suff]+s ( ! ,jews dur+ ! w> ) ,rome1 describ$ by ,josephus1#eah seem to be indubitably ref]r$ to 9 ii4 #b1 :]e ref]5ce is made to 8great plagues1 su* z nev] happ5$ "u ! :ole heav51 z x came to pass 9 ,j]usalem02 9 ii4 #c1 :]e x is said t e man ate ! fle% ( 8 own son & ( 8 own daught]2 & 9 ii4 #bd1 #be1 :]e x is said t 8! bones ( our k+s1 & ! bones ( our fa!rs are tak5 out ( _! places2 &1 lo1 !y are ca/ out to ! heat by day1 & to ! fro/ by night2 & !y di$ 9 great mis]ies by fam9e1 by sword1 & by pe/il5ce40 ,x is also said 9 i4 #b t ,j]usalem 0 burnt ) fire4#eai ,an argum5t aga9/ ?is late date is t 9 ii4 #ag we h a conception ( ! future life :i* is ! normal ,old ,te/am5t belief on ! subject1 viz43 8,= ! dead t are 9 ! grave1 ^: brea? is tak5 f _! bodies1 w give unto ! ,"l nei!r glory nor righte\sness02 x is difficult to expla9 h[ su* a conception c h f\nd expression at ! date po/ulat$ above1 unless we suppose t we h 9 ii4 #ag-ai an int]polation by "o ( ! ,sadducan p>ty2 x is c]ta9ly /rik+ t 9 v]se #ai !re is a repudiation ( ! doctr9e ( ! m]its ( ! fa!rs1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! lat] ,jewi% !ology2 ! v]se runs3 8,= we d n pres5t our supplication be=e ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 = ! righte\sness ( our fa!rs1 & ( our k+s02 if 9 ^! la/ words !re is an implicit ref]5ce to ,david ! passage w\ld be ! m /rik+ly ,sadducan4 ,t ! book z a :ole1 h[ev]1 c be ,sadducan is out ( ! "q2 if = no o!r reason on acc\nt ( ! p5it5tial _s conta9$ 9 x :i* is q un-,sadducan2 b t an int]polator has add$ ^! v]ses 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 own s*ool ( ?\ght is by no means an impossible explanation ( ! difficulty 7b see bel[74#ebj ,! p]iod to :i* ref]5ce is int5d$ 9 ! book1 namely ! w> ) ,rome1 be+ ,a4,d4 #ff-gj1 ! fif? ye> aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 m5tion$ 9 i4 #b1 w give u ! precise date ( ?is portion ( our book1 viz4 ,a4,d4 #gd or #ge4 ,b :ile ! actual date ( ?is portion ( ! book may ?us be reg>d$ z fix$1 x is necess>y to po9t out t !re are cog5t reasons = believ+ t ! writ] has made use ( e>li] mat]ial4 ,! fact is t ! :ole piece i4 #ae-;iii4 #h reads rem>kably l an extract ( a liturgical "*2 x has all ! lead+ notes :i* we f9d s elaborat$ 9 ! mod]n ,jewi% ,liturgy1 a ,liturgy ! ess5tial elem5ts ( :i* g back to pre-,*ri/ian times4#eba ,?us1 9 ! passage "u consid]ation ! ?ree out/&+ notes are3 ,praise1 ,confession ( s9 7disob$i5ce 9 n obs]v+ ! div9e comm&m5ts71 & ,pray] = =giv5ess 7i4e4 ! turn+ away ( ,god's wra?74 ,^! all repres5t :at h become te*nical liturgical t]ms1 viz4 ,b]akah 78,praise10 lit4 8,bless+071 ,widdui 78,confession071 ,seli*ah 78,=giv5ess074 ,:5 "o /udies ! mod]n ,jewi% ,liturgy "o sees t x is j 9 its olde/ portions t ^! ?ree elem5ts are s prom95t2 = example1 ! daily ,morn+ ,pray] has n only its special psalm ( ,praise = ea* day1 b conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ,b]ak? 78,bless+s07 :i* prec$e ?is2 :ile 9 ! great ,amidah#ebb pray]1 :i* =ms "o ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! s]vice1 ! prom95t elem5ts are ,confession ( s9 & ,pray] = =giv5ess4 ,x w be in/ructive to illu/rate ?is by putt+ 9 p>allel columns a few quotations f ,b>u* & ! ,amidah3 ,b>u* ,amidah ,to ! ,"l our ,god belonge? ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l our righte\sness 7i4 #ae7 444 ,god1 & ,god ( our fa!rs 444 we h s9n$ be=e ! ,"l1 ! great1 mighty & rev]5d & disobey$ ,him1 & h ,god1 ! mo/ high ,god1 ,:o n he>k5$ unto ! voice ( be/[e/ lov+-k9dnesses1 ! ,"l our ,god1 to walk 9 ! & possesse/ all ?+s4444 comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l t ,he ,cause u to return1 ,o our ,fa!r1 ha? set be=e u 7ii4 #ag1 #ah74 unto ,?y ,law2 draw u ne>1 444 ,let ?y wra? turn f ,o our ,k+1 unto ,?y s]vice1 u2 = we are b a few left & br+ u back 9 p]fect among ! hea!n1 :]e ,?\ rep5tance unto ,?y pres5ce4 ha/ scatt]$ u4 ,he> our ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 pray]1 ,o ,"l1 & our petition1 ,:o delighte/ 9 rep5tance4 & deliv] u = ,?9e ,=give u1 ,o our ,fa!r1 = we own sake4444 ,o ,"l1 look h s9n$2 p>don u1 ,o our d[n f ,?9e holy h\se1 & ,k+1 = we h transgress$2 consid] u2 incl9e ,?9e e>1 = ,?\ do/ p>don & =give4 ,o ,"l1 & he> 444 7ii4 #ac-ag74 444 ,look ^u our affliction & plead our cause1 & r$eem u spe$ily = ,?y "n's sake4444 ,s\nd ! great horn = our fre$om2 lift up ! ensign to ga!r our exiles1 & ga!r u f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,a detail$ consid]ation ( ! two %[s _m m po9ts ( contact betwe5 !m & proves a v close relation%ip2 b ?is is n ! place to g into great detail4 ,two o!r po9ts mu/1 h[ev]1 be t\*$ ^u4 ,we sugge/$ above t ! passage ii4 #ag-ai might be an int]polation 9 ! int]e/s ( ,sadducan tea*+1 namely to emphasize ! old traditional belief reg>d+ ! dep>t$1 & to repudiate ! doctr9e ( ! m]its ( ! fa!rs2 b ! possibility 7p]haps ev5 ! probability7 mu/ be recogniz$ ( v]se #ag hav+ be5 orig9al1 & hav+ fir/ be5 alt]$ 9 accordance ) ! develop$ ,ph>isaic tea*+1 & !n hav+ f9ally be5 re/or$ to its orig9al =m by a ,sadducee4 ,v]se #ai1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld !n h to be reg>d$ z a ,ph>isaic int]polation alt]$ by ! ,sadducee1 because !re w\ld be no po9t 9 ! repudiation ( ! doctr9e ( ! m]its ( ! fa!rs unless ! expression ( ?is un-,sadducan t5et _h /ood !re fir/2 b x is n likely to h /ood 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! section because ! doctr9e is a late "o4 ,x is especially int]e/+ & significant t ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 ^! two v]ses respectively %\ld appe> 9 close proximity 9 ! ,amidah2 let u place ! two 9 p>allel columns aga93 ,b>u* ,amidah ,= ! dead t are 9 ! ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art mighty grave1 ^: brea? is tak5 = ev]1 ,?\ quick5e/ ! f _! bodies1 w give unto dead1 ,?\ art mighty to save4444 ! ,"l nei!r glory nor ,yea1 fai?ful art ,?\ to righte\sness 7ii4 #ag74 quick5 ! dead4 ,bless$ art ,?\ ,o ,"l1 ,:o quick5e/ ,= we d n pres5t our ! dead4 supplication be=e ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 = ! righte\s- ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l ness ( our fa!rs1 & ( our our ,god 444 ,:o rememb]e/ k+s 7ii4 #ai74 ! pi\s de$s ( ! patri>*s4444#ebc ,! contra/ "h pres5t$ is ! m /rik+ on acc\nt ( ! ess5tial simil>ity ( ! two pieces 9 o!r respects4 ,! second po9t :i* fur!r supports our cont5tion t ?is section is liturgical 9 "* is t x conta9s ref]5ces to ! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 an inv>iable elem5t 9 all =ms ( ! ,jewi% ,liturgy2 ?is occurs ?ree times 9 ! ,b>u* section2 & 9 ! mod]n ,jewi% ,liturgy x is f\nd1 among o!r places1 9 ! 8,b5$ictions0 foll[+ ! ,%ema1#ebd :i* imm$iately prec$es ! ,amidah4 8,f ,j]emiah xxiii4 #g x seems probable t ref]5ce to ! deliv]ance f ,egypt 9 ! public s]vices goes back to ! "t ( ! fir/ ,temple40#ebe ,f :at has be5 said1 !re=e1 ! supposition seems ju/ifi$ t ! section i4 #ae-;iii4 #h is an extract f ! ,temple ,liturgy :i* has be5 enl>g$ by int]ject$ clauses & adapt$ to ! special circum/ances ( ! "t1 viz4 ,a4,d4 #gd or #ge4 7#b7 ,a ,sage's ,words ( ,enc\ragem5t 7iii4 #i-;iv4 #d74 ,! entirely diff]5t /yle ( writ+ ( bo? ?is & ! conclud+ piece f t ( ! "o :i* we h j consid]$ is ( itself suffici5t to %[ t !re is a diff]5ce ( au?or%ip4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to calamity z 9 ! e>li] piece2 "h x is said ( ! ,israelites t !y h 8wax5 old 9 a /range c\ntry0 7iii4 #aj74 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! m5tal disquietude ( i4 #ae-;iii4 #h & ! calm ( ?is section is v m>k$4 ,! assum$ condition ( ! nation1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! =m] section1 ! nation is 9 ! l& ( exile4 ,! writ] is an imitator ( ! anci5t ,sage or ,wisdom writ]2 8 ^w ( consolation to ! p is t !y %\ld le>n :]e ,wisdom is 7iii4 #ad72 b ?is ,wisdom is 8! ,law t endure? = ev]0 7iv4 #a72 he bids 8 p res]ve ?is = !mselves & n imp>t x to outsid]s2 8,give n ?y glory to ano!r1 nor ! ?+s t are pr(itable unto !e to a /range nation0 7iv4 #c74 ,f9ally1 a _s ( cont5tm5t brea!s 9 ! words3 8,o ,israel1 happy are we2 = ! ?+s t are pleas+ to ,god are made kn[n unto u0 7iv4 #d74 ,n[1 al?\gh ! indications ( date are n v def9ite "h1 "o or two po9ts ( guidance d appe>3 !re is peace1 & ! p h be5 settl$ = a good :ile 9 _! exile2 !re=e ! section belongs to a p]iod "s "t aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! writ] is a /ud5t ( ! ,law1 & he writes on ,wisdom1 & rejoices 9 ! k ( ! ?+s t are pleas+ unto ,god1 & exhorts o!rs to d ! same4 ,all ^! ?+s lead "o to sugge/ t ! sc5e is "o ( ^? academies 9 ,babylonia1 su* z t at ,neh>dea1 :i* receiv$ a consid]able influx ( ,jews f ,pale/9e aft] ! great calamity ( ,a4,d4 #gj2 9 ^! !y /udi$ 9 peace & re>$ up /ud5ts ( ! ,law4 ,?is section 7iii4 #i-;iv4 #d71 !re=e1 may q possibly h be5 writt5 "u ^! conditions at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 or ev5 lat]1 ?\gh x mu/ h be5 writt5 n lat] ?an ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej or !reab\ts z ! book is quot$ by ,a!nagoras & ,ir5u4#ebf ,bo? ! sections s f> consid]$ 7 probably writt5 9 ,hebrew1 or 9 ! case ( ! second 9 ,aramaic2 ,m>%all has giv5 good gr\nds = ! latt] cont5tion4#ebg 7#c7 ,a ,message ( ,good ,*e] 7iv4 #e-v4 #i74 ,?is section consi/s ( two divisions1 b bo? h ! same object 9 view & bo? are 9 all probability by ! same au?or4 ,! object ( !m is to *e] ! ,jewi% p :o are /ill pictorially repres5t$ z be+ 9 captivity 7iv4 #bd74 ,! ?\ght & diction ( ! fir/ division 7iv4 #e-ce7 are l>gely bas$ on ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,j]usalem is repres5t$ z ! "m ( ! nation :o tells h] *ildr5 :y !y are suff]+1 namely ?r\gh _! own folly2 %e does n wi% to plunge !m into despair by rem9d+ !m ( ?is1 b only to witness to ! facts = h] *ildr5's good2 %e has giv5 h]self to pray]1 & !re=e is conv9c$ t a new era w soon dawn = !m4 ,! f\r times reit]at$ 8,be ( good *e]0 7iv4 #e1 #ba1 #bg1 #cj7 di/9ctly %[s ! purpose ( ! poem4 ,! la/ division 7iv4 #cf-v4 #i7 is a message ( com=t to ,j]usalem h]self put into ! m\? ( ,god2 %e is bidd5 to rejoice because h] *ildr5 are ab\t to return 8f ! ea/ to ! we/ at ! ^w ( ! ,holy ,"o0 7iv4 #cg74 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?is piece & ! elev5? ( ! ,psalms ( ,solomon is /rik+1#ebh s mu* s t x is wor? :ile putt+ ! p>allel passages 9 juxtaposition3 ,b>u* ,psalms ( ,solomon1 xi4 ,o ,j]usalem1 look ab\t !e ,/& on ! height1 ,o ,j]usalem1 t[>d ! ea/1 & behold ?y *ildr51 ,& behold ! joy t come? ,f ! ea/ to ! we/1 unto !e f ,god4 ga!r$ toge!r by ! ,lo1 ?y sons come1 :om ?\ ,"l 7v]se #c74 s5te/ away1 ,!y come ga!r$ toge!r f ! ea/ to ! we/1 ,rejoic+ 9 ! glory ( ,god 7iv4 #cf1 #cg74 ,put (f1 ,o ,j]usalem1 ! g>m5t ,put on1 ,o ,j]usalem1 ?y ( ?y m\rn+ & glori\s g>m5ts2 affliction1 ,make ready ?y holy robe 444 ,& put on ! comel9ess ( ! 7v]se #h74 glory t come? f ,god = ev]4 ,ca/ ab\t !e ! robe ( ! righte\sness :i* come? f ,god 444 7v4 #a1 #b74 ,= ,god ha? appo9t$ t ,high m\nta9s ha? ,he abas$ e high m\nta91 into a pla9 = !m2 ,& ! ev]la/+ hills %\ld ,! hills fl$ at _! entrance4 be made l[1 ,! woods gave !m %elt] ,& ! valleys fill$ up1 to z !y pass$ by2 make pla9 ! gr\nd1 ,t ,israel may g safely 9 ! ,e sweet-smell+ tree ,god glory ( ,god4 caus$ to spr+ up = !m1 ,moreov] ! woods & e ,t ,israel might pass by 9 sweet-smell+ tree ! visitation ( ! glory ,h ov]%ad[$ ,israel ( _! ,god 7v]ses #e-g74 7v4 #g1 #h74 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon belong1 z we h se51#ebi to ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & on ! supposition t ! ,b>u* passage is dep5d5t on ! ,psalm 7,ryle & ,james71#ecj a t]m9us a quo is giv5 = ! date ( ! =m]4 ,! indications 9 ! ,b>u* passage1 h[ev]1 po9t to a mu* lat] date1 & we see no reason to reg>d ! date ( ?is piece z diff]5t f t ( ! section iii4 #i-;iv4 #d1 ! backgr\nd ( ea* is a peaceful pres5t & a calm future2 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 may be assign$ z approximately ! date ( ?is section too4 ,! orig9al language ( ! :ole ( iv4 #e-v4 #i is recogniz$ by mo/ s*ol>s z hav+ be5 ,greek f ! beg9n+4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,j]emiah ,,lit]ature4--,gif=d1 9 ,wace1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhg-cjc2 ,ro?/e91 9 ,kautzs*1 ,i1 pp4 #bbf-bbi2 ,ball1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #eif-faa4 ,9 ! ,vulgate ?is ,epi/le appe>s z ! six? *apt] ( ,b>u*2 b 9 ! ,septuag9t x is treat$ z a sep>ate book & comes aft] ,lam5tations ) ! inscription 8,lett] ( ,j]emy10 & a title#eca :i* runs3 8,copy ( a lett] :i* ,j]emiah s5t to ^? :o 7 ab\t to be l$ captives by ! k+ ( ! ,babylonians1 to give !m a message1 z x _h be5 comm&$ him by ,god40 ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ?is lett] 0 sugge/$ by ! lett] ref]r$ to 9 ,j]emiah xxix4 #a1ecb :i* 0 s5t 8f ,j]usalem unto ! residue ( ! eld]s ( ! captivity1 & to ! prie/s1 & to ! prophets1 & to all ! p1 :om ,nebu*adnezz> _h c>ri$ away captive f ,j]usalem to ,babylon02 b ?is seems unlikely because ! cont5ts ( ! lett] "h spok5 ( are giv5 9 v]ses #d ff4 ( ! same *apt]4 ,! lett] be=e u is a n v skilfully compos$ polemic aga9/ idolatry bas$ to a l>ge ext5t ^u ,j]emiah x4 #a-af1 ,psalm cxv4 #d-h1 & ,isaiah xlix4 #i-ai2 x is also rem9isc5t ( su* passages z ,wisdom xiii4 #aj-ai1 xv4 #ac-ag4 ,t ! writ] is seek+ to *eck a real dang]1 namely t ( _m ( ! ,disp]sion ,jews fall+ into idolatry1 seems c]ta9 f ! obvi\s e>ne/ness ) :i* he writes2 & ?is1 indirect z x is1 seems to be ! only indication ( ! date ( ! writ+4 ,= if ?is dang] 0 real x implies t ! "t 0 "o ( peace = ! ,jews4 ,we "k f #b ,maccabees :at 0 ! result ( seek+ to =ce an ali5 religion ^u !m1 b f ?is lett] x is cle> t ! real dang] lay 9 ! allurem5t :i* ! idol-wor%ip _h = _m ( ! ,jews1 & t _! *oice 0 free4 ,9 times ( /ress loyalty to _! religi\s beliefs & cu/oms 0 always *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jews1 :ile :5 peace & quietude & prosp]ity 0 enjoy$ by !m laxity 9 religi\s matt]s arose4 ,! implication1 !re=e1 is t ?is lett] 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! ,jews 7 9 ! enjoym5t bo? ( religi\s lib]ty & peaceful surr\nd+s4 ,ano!r implication is t ?is p]iod ( quiet _h la/$ "s "t2 ! dang] ( :i* ! lett] be>s witness w\ld h tak5 "s "t to develop4 ,!n fur!r1 !re is no ref]5ce to ! great calamity ( ,a4,d4 #gj1 :i* affect$ ! ,disp]sion ,jews v deeply f a religi\s po9t ( view1 & :i* w\ld !re=e h be5 ref]r$ to1 "o may presume1 _h ! lett] be5 writt5 "s "t soon aft] ?is cata/rophe4 ,! possibility ( its hav+ be5 writt5 "s "t be=e ?is mu/ be all[$2 ,m>%all holds1 = example1 t x 0 writt5 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4#ecc2 & !re is no /rong argum5t aga9/ ?is2 ! pres5t writ] pref]s to date x along ) ! two prec$+ sections ( ?is book1 ?\gh he fully realizes ! =ce ( ,*eyne's words t 8x is h>dly possible to fix ! date exactly1 & unsafe ev5 to say t ! epi/le 0 writt5 be=e #b ,maccabees1 ! suppos$ ref]5ce to x 9 #b ,maccabees iii4 #a ff4 be+ disput$40#ecd ,! ,epi/le 01 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mo/ s*ol>s1 writt5 9 ,greek2 ,ball1 ) mu* +5uity & le>n+1 seeks to %[ t x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew2 b v +5i\s z _m ( ! in/ances are :i* he br+s =w>d to %[ t ! ,greek is a translation ( ei!r ! g5u9e ,hebrew or1 9 o!r cases1 ( a corruption 9 ! ,hebrew text1 !y are by no means always conv9c+2 & :ile x may be said t he has %[n ! possibility ( its hav+ be5 translat$ f ,hebrew1 x c h>dly be said t he has demon/rat$ ! probability ( ?is4 ,! ,hebraisms x conta9s may well be no m ?an :at are *>act]i/ic ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! epi/le 0 writt5 9 ,b4,c4 #cjf1 z ,ball holds1 we %\ld h to give up ! idea ( a ,greek orig9al2 b 9 ?is case we %\ld be at a loss to "k :y x 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,canon4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,! ,ezra ,apocalypse 7#b 7#d7 ,esdras7 ,,lit]ature4--,volkm>1 ,das ,vi]te ,bu* ,esra 7#ahfc72 ,drummond1 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah 7#ahgg72 ,lupton1 9 ,wace 7#ahhh72 ,kabis*1 ,das vi]te ,bu* ,esra auf se9e ,quell5 unt]su*t 7#ahhi72 ,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ic-aad 7#ahia7 ,g]man ed4 ,,iii4 pp4 #cae-cce 7#aiji72 ,ball1 9 ,! ,v>iorum ,apocrypha2 ,b5sly & ,james1 ,! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra2 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion edit$ f ! ,,mss41 9 8,texts & ,/udies10 ,,iii1 #b 7#ahie72 ,*>les1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 pp4 lxvii4-lxxvi 7#ahif72 ,gunkel1 9 ,kautzs*1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cca-dja2 ,violet1 ,die ,esra-,apokalypse 7#d ,esra7 7#aiaj 44472 ,box1 ,! ,ezra-,apocalypse 7#aiab72 ,box1 9 ,*>les1 ,,ii1 pp4 #edb-fbd4 ,i4 ,,! ,,title ,,( ,,! ,,book ,z we %all see1 *apt]s i4 ii4 xv4 xvi4 did n orig9ally belong to our book & are only f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion 7! ,greek ,v]sion is n extant74 ,9 ! ori5tal ,v]sions 7,syriac1 ,e?iopic1 ,arabic1 ,arm5ian7 ! book consi/s ( only *apt]s iii4-xiv4 ,9 ! lat] ,lat9 ,,mss4 we (t5 f9d t3 8#b ,esdras0 *apt]s i4 ii41 8#c ,esdras0 #a ,esdras ( our ,apocrypha1 8#d ,esdras0 *apt]s iii4-xiv41 & 8#e ,esdras0 *apt]s xv4 xvi4 ( our book4 ,! reason1 !re=e1 :y ! book is (t5 ref]r$ to z #b 7#d7 ,esdras is because :at 9 our ,apocrypha is designat$ 8#b ,esdras0 is 9 ! ,vulgate entitl$ 8#d ,esdras40#ece ,! book is a pseudepigraph1#ecf = al?\gh ! "n ( ,esdras 7,ezra7 occurs 9 ! title1 x is obvi\s1 z w be se5 z we proce$1 t no "p ( ! book c h be5 writt5 by him4 ,= ! reason ( su* false ascriptions ( au?or%ip1 see above1 pp4 #bjj ff4 ,s9ce ! book consi/s ( ?ree indep5d5t writ+s x w be necess>y to consid] ea* sep>ately4 ,we %all deal ) ! two lat] additions fir/4 ,,ii4 ,,*apt]s i4 ii4 ,^! *apt]s1 :i* tell h[ ,ezra receiv$ ! commission to decl>e to ! ,jews _! rejection by ,god1 conta9s a curi\s mixture ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian tea*+2 i4 #d-bg speaks ( ! deliv]ance f ,egypt & ! w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,psalm cvi4 ,a numb] ( o!r passages sugge/ a m5tal atmosph]e :i* is ,jewi%1 notably i4 #ch-dj1 :]e x is said t 8a p t come f ! ea/0 w h = _! lead]s ! patri>*s & ! prophets2 ! enum]ation :i* foll[s includes ! names ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob & ^? ( ! twelve m9or prophets4 ,9 ano!r passage 7i4 #h7 evil is ?reat5$ aga9/ ! ,jews because !y h be5 disob$i5t to ! ,law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! *apt]s pla9ly tell ( ! rejection ( ! nation z a :ole1 e4g4 i4 #g3 8,let !m be scatt]$ abroad among ! hea!n1 let _! names be blott$ out ( ! e>?2 = !y h despis$ my cov5ant02 _! h]itage is to be giv5 to o!rs :o h n[ become ! p ( ,god3 8,tell my p t ,i w give !m ! k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 :i* ,i w\ld h giv5 unto ,israel40 ,?is 8k+dom ( ,j]usalem0 is ! 8new ,j]usalem10 z is cle> f ! conclud+ v]ses ( ! :ole piece 7ii4 #db-dh73 8,i1 ,esdras1 saw ^u ! m\nt ,sion a great multitude1 :om ,i c\ld n numb]1 & !y all prais$ ! ,"l ) songs4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( !m !re 0 a "y man ( a high /ature1 tall] ?an all ! re/1 & ^u e "o ( _! heads he set cr[ns4444 ,!n said ,i unto ! angel3 #8,:at "y man is he t sette? cr[ns ^u !m1 & give? !m palms 9 _! h&s8' ,s he answ]$ & said unto me3 #8,x is ! ,son ( ,god1 ,:om !y h confess$ 9 ! _w4'4440 ,!re are1 moreov]1 a numb] ( passages :i* are obvi\sly bas$ ^u words 9 ! ,gospels1 e4g43 8,i ga!r$ y toge!r z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s0 7i4 #cj1 cp4 ,matt1 xxiii4 #cg72 8,i s5t unto y my s]vants ! prophets1 :om ye h tak5 & sla91 & torn _! bodies 9 pieces1 ^: blood ,i w require ( y\r h&s0 7i4 #cb1 cp4 ,luke xi4 #ej1 #ea72 8,ask1 & ye %all receive2 pray = few days unto y1 t !y may be %ort5$2 ! k+dom is already prep>$ = y2 wat*0 7ii4 #ac1 cp4 ,matt4 vii4 #g1 xxiv4 #bb1 xxv4 #ac1 #cb74 ,x seems1 !re=e1 probable1 t ^! *apt]s 7 writt5 by a ,jewi%-,*ri/ian1 :o compil$ !m f v>i\s s\rces4 ,!y are a lat] addition to ! body ( ! book1 ?\gh !y conta9 mat]ial :i* is old]4 ,x is impossible to say :5 !y 7 add$1 b !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 prefix$ be=e *apt]s xv4 xvi4 7 add$4 ,,iii4 ,,*apt]s xv4 xvi4 ,^! *apt]s =m an app5dix to ! book itself2 !y consi/ ( d5unciations aga9/ ,egypt 7xv4 #e-bg71 ,asia & ,babylon 7xv4 #bh-xvi4 #ag72 :ile ! rema9+ section1 8,! beg9n+ ( sorr[s0 7xvi4 #ah-gh7 is a prophecy ( t]rors & tribulation :i* are to come ^u ! _w2 only ! ,"l's elect %all ultimately be deliv]$4 ,! entire section is writt5 9 ! /yle ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 int]sp]s$1 h[ev]1 ) words & ?\ghts f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 e4g43 8444 he t occupie? m]*&ize1 7let him be7 z he t ha? no pr(it by x2 & he t builde?1 z he t %all n dwell !re92 he t s[e?1 z if he %\ld n reap2 s also he t prune?1 z he t %all n ga!r grapes2 !y t m>ry1 z !y t %all get no *ildr52 & !y t m>ry n1 z ! wid[$0 7xvi4 #da-dd1 cp4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bi-ca74 ,! *apt]s1 !re=e1 p>take to "s ext5t ( ! "* ( *apt]s i4 ii41 ?\gh ! d5unciation ( ! ,jewi% nation is "h q abs5t4 ,z to _! date1 ,?ack]ay1 foll[+ ,hilg5feld 7,messias ,judorum1 p4 #bjh7 says !y are plac$ 8ab\t ,a4,d4 #bfh by mo/ critics2 xv4 #aj-ab ref]s to ! tr\bles ( ,alex&ria "u ,galli5us 7#bfj-bfh71 :5 two-?irds ( ! population 7 de/roy$ by a plague foll[+ ^u a fam9e 7,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 vii4 #ba1 #bb74 xv4 #bh-cc ref]s to ! conque/s ( ! ,sassanid1 especially ,sapor ,i 7#bdj-bgc71 :o ov]ran ,syria1 b 0 repuls$ by ,od5a?us & ,z5obia1 ! f\nd]s ( ,palmyra2 !y1 9 turn1 7 defeat$ by ,aurelian4 xv4 #cc describes ! murd] ( ,od5a?us at ,emesa 7#bff7 by 8 c\s9 ,monius4 xv4 #cd ff4 ref] to ! invasion ( ,asia ,m9or by ! ,go?s & ,scy?ians f ! nor? ( ! ,eux9e2 ,galli5us m>*$ aga9/ !m1 b 0 recall$ by ! revolt ( ,aureolus4 xv4 #df alludes to ! association ( ,od5a?us 9 ! ,empire1 ,a4,d4 #bfd40ecg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,*apt]s iii4-xiv4 ,be=e we come to consid] ! cont5ts ( ! v>i\s sections compos+ our book x w be well to enum]ate !m1 & to discuss %ortly ! "q ( _! au?or%ip & date4 7a7 ,! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse 7iii4-x472 ?is is divid$ into f\r ,visions3 ,fir/ ,vision1 iii4 #a-v4 #bj4 ,second ,vision1 v4 #ba-vi4 #cd4 ,?ird ,vision1 vi4 #ce-;ix4 #be4 ,f\r? ,vision1 ix4 #bf-x4 #ei4 7b7 ,! ,eagle ,vision 7xi4-xii4 #ci72 ! passage xii4 #dj-ea is n "p ( ! ,vision4 7c7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,man ris+ f ! ,sea 7xiii474 7d7 ,an ,ezra ,leg5d 7xiv474 ,:e!r all ?is matt] is to be assign$ to "o or m au?ors is a "q conc]n+ :i* a v>iety ( op9ions are held by s*ol>s4 ,b on two po9ts !re is sc>cely room = div]sity ( view2 9 ! fir/ place1 a great deal t occurs 9 ! book is traditional mat]ial :i* has be5 utiliz$ by ! writ]2 ?is applies m especially to ! es*atological portions2 examples w be giv5 :5 we come to speak ab\t ^! p>ts ( ! book4 ,! s\rces :5ce ! writ] ( our book took ?is traditional mat]ial may well h be51 9 all probability 71 writt5 ones2 b ! exc]pts :i* 7 made f su* writ+s h be5 s int]wov5 ) :at ! writ] himself compos$ t ! attempt to indicate precisely h[ mu* belongs to a p>ticul> s\rce seems to u some:at prec>i\s4 ,at any rate1 t ! writ] did utilize v>i\s s\rces w n be d\bt$4 ,ano!r po9t ^u :i* !re c sc>cely be disagreem5t is t ! f9al =m ( ! "w is due to a r$actor :o has br\ght ! compon5t p>ts ( ! book into a m or less connect$ :ole4 ,com+ n[ to speak ( ! date ( ! book x mu/ be expla9$ t by ?is is meant ! date at :i* ! au?or wrote x4 ,s9ce he us$ traditional mat]ial mu* ( ! ess5ce ( ! book goes back to a "t long ant]ior to t ( ! writ]4 ,aga91 ! book 9 its pres5t =m1 hav+ be5 work$ ov] by a r$actor1 is obvi\sly ( a lat] date ?an t 9 :i* x left ! orig9al writ]'s h&s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /udy ( ! book makes x evid5t t ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ 7 n all writt5 at ! same "t4 ,ev5 if ! :ole book 7ap>t f i4 ii4 xv4 xvi47 is sub/antially ! "w ( "o au?or1 !re is no sort ( d\bt t he mu/ h writt5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( x at diff]5t times4 ,be>+ ^! po9ts 9 m9d we turn fir/ to ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse4 ,9 iii4 #a x is said t 89 ! ?irtie? ye> aft] ! ru9 ( ! city0 7cp4 iii4 #bi71 ,sala?iel 7 ,%ealtiel7 0 9 ,babylon1 & 8?\ghts came up ov] 8 he>t = he saw ! desolation ( ,sion40 ,! writ] looks back & recalls to 8 m9d ! t]rible cata/rophe :i* befel 8 p long ago2 x 0 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ehf t ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ & ! nation 0 c>ri$ into captivity to ,babylon4 ,?irty ye>s aft] ?is ,sala?iel1 liv+ 9 captivity1 contemplat$ ! ru9 ( ! city & ! dire di/ress ( 8 p4 ,! writ] *ooses ?is episode & writes 9 ! "n ( ,sala?iel1 because he sees 9 x a type ( 8 pres5t exp]i5ce2 n[ aga9 ! city has be5 ru9$1 & he1 l ,sala?iel ( old1 contemplates ! desolation ( 8 p4 ,cle>ly en\gh !re is b "o de/ruction1 aft] t ( ,b4,c4 #ehf1 ( ,j]usalem :i* c be meant "h1 namely t ( ,a4,d4 #gj by ,titus4 ,s t :5 ! writ] gives ! ?irtie? ye> aft] ! ru9 ( ! city z t 9 :i* he exp]i5c$ ! visions he is ab\t to describe1 ! date ( ?is portion ( ! book mu/ be set d[n z n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,reg>d+ ! date ( ! ,eagle ,vision1 x is g5]ally agre$ to be ab\t ,a4,d4 #if2 ! indications ( date 9 ! ,vision are fairly cle>2 we %all po9t out :at ^! are :5 deal+ ) ?is ,vision4 ,! ,vision ( ! ,man ris+ f ! ,sea conta9s m ( traditional elem5ts ?an any o!r "p ( ! book1 s t z = z ?\ght & conceptions are conc]n$ x is probably ! olde/ portion ( ! :ole book2 b z adapt$ by our au?or x implies1 z we %all see lat]1 an hi/orical situation prior to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem i4e4 be=e1 b n long be=e1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,! ,ezra ,leg5d 9 *apt] xiv4 belongs to ! same p]iod z ! ,sala?iel ,apocalypse1 viz4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ! cont5ts & tea*+ ( ^! ,visions1 & x w be be/ to take !m 9 _! *ronological ord]4 ,v4 ,,! ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,man ,,ris+ ,,f ,,! ,,sea4 ,?is ,vision is z foll[s#ech3 ,& x came to pass aft] sev5 days t ,i dream$ a dream by night2 &1 behold1 a w9d arose f ! sea1 & x /irr$ up all ! waves !re(4 ,& ,i look$1 & behold t w9d caus$ to arise up f ! he>t ( ! sea z x 7 ! =m ( a man4 ,& ,i look$1 & behold1 t man flew ) ! cl\ds ( ,heav52 & :i!rsoev] he turn$ 8 face & look$1 ev]y?+ quak$ t 0 se5 by him2 & :i!rsoev] ! voice f 8 m\? w5t1 all t he>d 8 voice melt$ away1#eci l z wax melte? away :5 x feele? ! fire4 ,& aft] ?is ,i look$1 & behold1 a multitude ( m51 )\t numb]1 f ! f\r w9ds ( ,heav51 7 ga!r$ toge!r to w> aga9/ ! man :o _h aris5 f ! sea4 ,& ,i look$1 & behold1 he cut out = himself a great m\nta91 & did fly ^u x4 ,b ,i s\ght to see ! region ( ! place out ( :i* ! m\nta9 _h be5 cut2 b ,i c\ld n4 ,& aft] ?is1 ,i look$1 & behold1 all ^? :o _h ga!r$ toge!r aga9/ him to make w> ^u him1 fe>$ greatly2 nev]!less !y d>$ to fight4 ,& behold1 :5 he saw ! onslaught ( ! approa*+ multitude1 he nei!r rais$ 8 h&1 nor took hold ( spe> or o!r w>like weapon2 b ,i only saw h[ he s5t =? f 8 m\? z x 7 a fi]y /ream1 & f 8 lips a flam+ brea?1 & f 8 tongue he %ot =? a /orm ( sp>ks2 & all ^! 7 mix$ toge!r1 ! fi]y /ream & ! flam+ brea? & ! mighty /orm4#edj ,& ^! fell ^u ! approa*+ multitude1 ready to fight1 & burn$ !m all1 s t sudd5ly no?+ 0 se5 ( ! imm5se multitude b ! du/ ( a%es & ! smell ( smoke4 ,& ,i look$1 & 0 amaz$4 ,& aft] ?is ,i saw t man com+ d[n f ! m\nta9 & call+ unto himself ano!r1 a peaceful1 multitude4 ,& !re drew unto him ! faces ( _m m51 "s ( :om 7 glad1 & "s 7 sorr[ful1 & "s 7 b\nd1 & "s 7 lead+ o!rs :o 7 to be (f]$4 ,! writ]'s int]pretation ( ?is ,vision ) :i* ! re/ ( ! *apt] is tak5 up1 is z foll[s3 ,! man :o asc5d$ f ! sea & flew ) ! cl\ds ( ,heav5 is ! ,messiah2 ! innum]able multitude ( m5 :o fight aga9/ him1 & :o are annihilat$1 are ! nations ( ! _w2 ! great m\nta9 :i* 0 cut out1 & conc]n+ :i* ! se] 0 9 p]plexity1 is ! heav5ly ,j]usalem :i* came d[n f ,heav54 ,! fi]y /ream1 & flam+ brea?1 & /orm ( sp>ks repres5t ! fire ( ! ,law :]eby ! enemies ( ! ,messiah are annihilat$4 ,! peaceful multitude :i* ! ,messiah call$ unto himself are ! t5 tribes ga!r$ out ( ! l&s ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,^? :o 7 glad & ^? :o 7 sorr[ful are respectively ,jews & ,g5tiles com+ to d homage to ! ,messiah4 ,^? :o 7 b\nd 7 ,jews :o _h be5 9 captivity2 :ile ^? :o 7 lead+ o!rs to be (f]$1 7 ! hea!n br++ ,jews z an oblation to ! ,messiah1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! prophet3 8,& !y %all br+ all y\r bre?r5 out ( all ! nations to be an oblation to ,jehovah0 7,isa4 lxvi4 #bj74 ,/ress mu/ be laid ^u ! fact t betwe5 ! ,vision itself & ! writ]'s explanation ( x !re are "s incongruities2 ?is1 z ,box truly po9ts out 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #bha f471 8is a common ph5om5on 9 apocalyptic2 ! mat]ial employ$ by ! apocalypti/s is (t5 extremely old1 & has be5 d]iv$ by ! apocalyptic writ] f a tradition :i* 0 already anci5t :5 he wrote4 ,! mean+ ( c]ta9 details 9 ! fix$ tradition :i* he uses is n always cle> to ! apocalyptic writ] himself4 ,h5ce ! lack ( adju/m5t betwe5 c]ta9 features 9 ! ,vision & ! int]pretation4444 ,?us1 "h ! ris+ ( ! man f ! sea is expla9$ 7v]se #eb7 z symbolical ( ! my/]i\s orig9 ( ! ,messiah 7,my ,son71 & ! peaceable multitude z ! lo/ t5 tribes4 ,!re are also features 9 ! int]pretation :i* h no?+ correspond+ to !m 9 ! ,vision itself1 viz41 ! int]nec9e w> ( ! nations be=e !y b& !mselves toge!r aga9/ ! ,messiah 7v]ses #ca f471 & ! m5tion ( ! survivors :o are f\nd #8)9 my holy bord]1' & :om ! ,messiah %all def5d 7v]ses #dh1 #di74444 ,?us ! fir/ po9t to be not$ is t :5 ! ,vision fir/ assum$ a writt5 =m1 ! real significance ( _m features 9 ! orig9al ,vision 0 already lo/1 & 0 obscur$ by a m or less artificially adju/$ int]pretation4 ,9 o!r words1 religi\s ?\ght & outlook _h long outgr[n ^? ( ! fix$ tradition4 ,x _h become necess>y to re-int]pret ! latt] to suit lat] conditions40 ,:at ! ,vision & _m ( its curi\s details really mean is an intricate1 b v int]e/+1 "q2 we _c1 h[ev]1 deal ) ?is "h1 & mu/ direct ^? :o desire fur!r in=mation on ! subject to ! foll[+ works3 ,gunkel1 ,*aos und ,s*pfung 9 ,urzeit und ,endzeit1 pp4 #fd ff4 7#ahie72 ,volz1 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie1 pp4 #bbj ff4 7#aijc72 ,gressmann1 ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis*-jdis*5 ,es*atologie1 pp4 #cdi ff42 ,oe/]ley1 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,messianic ,idea1 passim 7#aijh72 ,box1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bhb ff4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,eagle ,,vision ,?is ,vision is too long to quote 9 full1 b1 put %ortly1 its cont5ts are z foll[s3 ,9 8 vision ! se] sees an eagle asc5d+ out ( ! sea1 hav+ twelve w+s & ?ree heads4 ,! eagle spreads h] w+s ov] all ! e>?1 & ! w9ds ( heav5 bl[ ^u h]4 ,out ( h] w+s eight small] w+s gr[2 b h] heads rema9 at re/4 ,! middle head 0 great] ?an ! o!rs1 8yet re/$ x ) !m40 ,!n ! eagle flew to reign ov] ! e>?1 & all ! e>? 0 subject unto h]4 ,& ! se] he>d ! eagle bid h] w+s n all to wat* at once1 b ea* 9 turn2 8b let ! heads be kept until ! end40 ,! voice :i* ! se] he>d came n f ! heads1 b f ! mid/ ( ! eagle's body4 ,!n arose on ! "r side ( ! eagle "o w+ :i* reign$ ov] ! e>?1 & !n disappe>$2 likewise a second w+ arose1 & reign$ = long1 !n disappe>$2 b conc]n+ ?is second w+ a voice decl>$ t aft] x none %\ld reign ev5 half z long4 ,all ! w+s 9 turn arose1 reign$1 & !n appe>$ no m4 ,& n[ ! se] sees ! little w+s set up1 on ! "r side1 9 ord] to reign2 "s rul$1 b disappe>$ almo/ at once1 o!rs rose up z ?\gh to rule1 b did n4 ,no?+ rema9$ n[ on ! eagle's body b ! ?ree heads t re/$1 & six little w+s4 ,two ( ^! latt] divid$ !mselves f ! re/ & rema9$ "u ! head t 0 ^u ! "r side1 ! o!r f\r rema9$ :]e !y 74 ,( ^! f\r "o assay$ to reign1 b quickly disappe>$1 !n ano!r vani%$ ev5 m quickly2 be=e ! o!r two c\ld arise to reign ! middle head awoke & unit$ itself to ! o!r two heads :i* x !n dev\r$4 ,?is head !n rul$ ov] all ! e>? ) mu* oppression2 b1 l ! w+s1 x1 too1 sudd5ly disappe>$4 ,!re rema9$1 h[ev]1 ! two heads1 :o also reign$ ov] ! e>?2 b pres5tly t on ! "r side dev\r$ t on ! left4 8,!n10 ! se] proce$s1 8,i he>d a voice1 :i* said unto me1 ,look be=e !e1 & consid] ! ?+ t ?\ see/40 ,& he sees a lion :i* comes1 ro>+1 out ( a wood1 &1 speak+ ) ! voice ( a man1 upbraids ! eagle = h] cruel oppression1 & ann\nces h] approa*+ de/ruction1 say+3 8,!re=e appe> no m1 ?\ eagle1 nor ?y horrible w+s1 nor ?y evil little w+s1 nor ?y cruel heads1 nor ?y hurtful talons1 nor all ?y wor?less body2 t all ! e>? may be refre%$1 be+ deliv]$ f ?y viol5ce1 & may hope = judgem5t & m]cy ( him t made h]40 ,:ile ! lion spoke ?us ) ! eagle ! la/ head disappe>$2 & ! two little w+s :i* _h deta*$ !mselves & _h gone ov] to x1 arose & s\ght to reign1 b 8_! k+dom 0 small & full ( upro>10 & !y soon disappe>$4 8,!n ! :ole body ( ! eagle 0 burn$1 s t ! e>? 0 9 great fe>40 ,?us ! ,vision2 !n foll[s ! int]pretation4 ,! eagle :o arose f ! sea1 he is told1 8is ! f\r? k+dom :i* appe>$ 9 vision to ?y bro!r ,daniel40 ,9 ?is k+dom twelve k+s %all reign2 ^! are repres5t$ by ! twelve w+s4 ,( ^! k+s ! second %all reign long] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! eight small] w+s repres5t$ eight k+s 8^: times %all be small1 & _! ye>s swift02 two ( !m %all p]i% :5 ! 8middle "t0 ( ! k+dom comes1 f\r %all be pres]v$ until ! approa* ( ! end1 & two %all be kept until ! end4 ,! int]pretation ( ! ?ree heads z giv5 to ! se] is t 9 ! la/ days ( ! k+dom ! ,mo/ ,high w raise up ?ree k+s1 :o w r5ew _m ?+s 9 ! k+dom1 & be> tyrann\s rule4 8,& :]eas ?\ sawe/ t ! great head appe>$ no m1 x signifie? t "o ( !m %all die ^u 8 b$1 & yet ) pa94 ,b = ! two t rema9$1 ! sword %all dev\r !m0 7xii4 #bf1 #bg74 ,! two w+s t deta*$ !mselves & w5t to ! head on ! "r are res]v$ = ! end2 = a %ort "t !y %all reign aft] ! la/ head has disappe>$1 b _! reign %all be tr\bl\s4 ,! voice proce$+ f 8! mid/ ( ! body0 means t 89 ! mid/ ( ! "t ( t k+dom0 !re %all arise 8no small cont5tions1 & x %all /& 9 p]il ( fall+2 nev]!less x %all n !n fall1 b %all be re/or$ aga9 to its fir/ e/ate0 7xii4 #ah74 ,f9ally1 ! lion is ! 8ano9t$ "o10 i4e4 ! ,messiah1 ,:om ! ,mo/ ,high has kept to ! end ( days4 ,! ,vision repres5ts hi/ory veil$ 9 symbolical g>b2 z 9 ! ,vision ( ! ,man ris+ f ! sea1 ! se]'s int]pretation does n always h>monize ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,vision itself2 ?is is to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t a r$actor made alt]ations 9 ord] to br+ ! ,vision into agreem5t ) ! c\rse ( hi/ory z view$ f 81 *ronologically lat]1 /&po9t4 ,z to ! mean+ ( ! g5]al hi/orical outl9e ( :i* ! ,vision treats mo/ s*ol>s are agre$1 b !y diff] z to details4 ,! foll[+ table %[s1 9 ! ma91 ! bulk ( le>n$ op9ion 7cp4 ,gunkel1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cde73 ,! ,eagle ,! ,roman ,empire1 ! eagle be+ ! milit>y emblem ( ,rome4 ,! ,sea ,! ,m$it]ranean sea2 ! ,roman ,empire1 8= ! ,ori5tals1 came up1 z a matt] ( hi/orical fact1 f ! sea1 & x is ?is fact :i* is d\btless 9 ! apocalypti/'s ?\ght "h0 7,box74 ,! ,twelve ,w+s ,julius ,cs>1 ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,n]o1 ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,vitellius1 ,v9dex1 ,nymphidius1 ,piso4 ,! second w+1 m5tion$ 9 xi4 #ac-ag1 8:i* b>e rule a great "t10 symbolizes ,augu/us1 :o reign$ = ov] fifty ye>s4 ,! ?ree heads ,vespasian1 ,titus1 ,domitian2 ! middle head :i* is great] ?an ! two o!rs symbolizes ,vespasian4 ,! eight small] w+s 8 ,! two little w+s 7xi4 #bd7 ,mucianus1 proconsul ( ,syria1 & ,tib]ius ,alex&]1 prefect ( ,egypt1 accord+ to ,gunkel2 b he says t ?is int]pretation is unc]ta94 ,^! two little w+s are said to h rema9$ "u ! head t 0 ^u ! "r side2 ?is head symbolizes ,domitian4 ,! two heads t rema9$ 7xi4 #cd1 #ce7 ,domitian & ,titus1 ! latt] is said to h be5 murd]$ by ! =m]4 ,t ?is int]pretation is n 9 all po9ts satisfactory becomes cle> z soon z x is /udi$ 9 detail1 & ! same applies to o!r int]pretations t h be5 (f]$2 b rec5tly a new solution has be5 put =? by ,box :i* m]its att5tion2 we w give x 9 8 own words 7,op4 cit41 p4 #bfe73 8,x may be assum$ t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! vision#eda ! ?ree heads repres5t ! ?ree ,flavian emp]ors2 ! twelve w+s repres5t ! six ,julian emp]ors f ,cs> to ,n]o1 reckon+ ! w+s by pairs4 ,! pres5t writ] sugge/s t ! reckon+ by pairs 9 ! orig9al vision 0 int5d$ only to apply to ! twelve w+s1 & _h a symbolical significance4 ,! pairs s]v$ to emphasize ! great] dignity & p[] ( ! real emp]ors z contra/$ ) ! ephem]al rul]s symboliz$ by ! little w+s4 ,9 ord] to exagg]ate ! contra/ ! latt] 7 int5d$ to be reckon$ s+ly4 ,! eight little w+s repres5t1 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! vision1 ,v9dex 7,m>*1 #fh71 ,nymphidius 7a few mon?s lat]7--^! disappe>$ ab\t ! same "t z ! la/ ( ! twelve w+s 7end ( ,n]o's reign71 z repres5t$ 9 our text 7xi4 #bb74 ,! middle f\r repres5t ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,civitis 7di$ ,june1 #fi71 & ,vitellius 7di$ ,dec41 #fi74 ,! two little w+s t 7 to survive ! la/ head probably signify ,roman gov]nors or g5]als :o 7 expect$ to claim ! imp]ial ?rone at ! la/1 or possibly ! two la/ memb]s ( ! ,h]odian family1 ,agrippa ,,ii & ,b]5ice4444 ,9 its orig9al =m1 !n1 ! vision may date f ! clos+ ye>s ( ,domitian's reign 7circa #ie ,a4,d474 ,b if ! editor did n incorporate x into 8 book--our ,ezra-,apocalypse--till #abj ,a4,d4 or lat] 7"s "t c]ta9ly 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian71 :at1 x may well be ask$1 0 ! significance he himself atta*$ to ! vision8 ,he c no long] h id5tifi$ ! ?ree heads ) ! ,flavian emp]ors1 see+ t ! reigns ( ^! _h already long end$ & ! pr$ict$ deliv]ance _h n yet come40 ,box holds t ! ,r$actor id5tifi$ ! ?ree heads ) ,trajan1 ,hadrian & ,lucius ,quietus1 ! la/ ( ^! be+ a fav\rite ( ,trajan & reg>d$ z de/9$ = ! ?rone4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ,box's int]pretation1 ! ,r$actor put a new mean+ on to ! 8twelve w+s10 ^! be+ symbolic ( ! six ,julian emp]ors1 ,galba1 ,o?o & ,vitellius1 toge!r ) ! ?ree ,flavian emp]ors4 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 ?\gh x w n be d5i$ t "s difficulties /ill rema94#edb ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sala?iel ,,apocalypse ,?is portion ( our book1 ( :i* x =ms ! bulk1 is ( a v diff]5t "* f ^? already consid]$4 ,x consi/s ( f\r ,visions4 ,we reta9 ! t]m 8,vision10 z x is t usually adopt$1 b !y are r ,dialogues2 ! writ] addresses ,god1 b is answ]$ by an angel4 ,! que/ions put by ! =m] are prompt$ by moral difficulties :i* tr\ble him2 ! answ]s are int5d$ to solve ^! difficulties4 ,! ,fir/ ,vision 7iii4 #a-v4 #ai74 ,sala?iel1 8! same is ,esdras10 sees ! desolation ( ,sion1 & ! prosp]ity ( ,babylon4 ,?is incongru\sness betwe5 ! adv]sity ( ,god's *os5 p & ! prosp]ity ( ! godless ,g5tiles causes p]plexity to ! m9d ( ! se]1 & prompts him 8to speak words full ( fe> to ! ,mo/ ,high40 ,9 ! ?\ghts :i* foll[ x is noticeable1 fir/ ( all1 t ! writ] expresses a s5se ( s9 :i* 0 deep] ?an t ( ! traditional ,jewi% tea*+ on ! subject4 ,hi!rto ! t5d5cy _h be5 to reg>d transgressions solely f ! po9t ( view ( isolat$ acts2 b "h ! conviction is impli$ t su* isolat$ s9ful acts are symptomatic ( some?+ f> worse ?an tempor>y lapses w\ld lead "o to suppose2 f ,adam onw>ds1 x is n[ taught1 ! :ole human race has be5 /eep$ 9 s92 ! exi/5ce n m]ely ( s9ful m5 b ( s9ful humanity--! realization ( ?is fact is :at plunges ! writ] into d>k despair4 ,h5ce ! sorr[ & suff]+ 9 ! _w3 8,= ! fir/ ,adam1 clo?+ himself ) a wick$ he>t1 transgress$ & 0 ov]come2 & n he only1 b all !y also :o 7 born ( him4 ,?us disease 0 made p]man5t0 7iii4 #ba1 #bb72 !re is no hope 9 ?is _w4 ,!n a fur!r ?\ght comes into ! writ]'s m9d2 s9 is ev]y:]e preval5t1 b h[ is x t :ile ,israel suff]s = s9 ! ,g5tiles are 9 su* prosp]ity8 ,nay1 m1 is !re any o!r nation t kn[s ,god besides ,israel8 ,& yet ,israel is n rew>d$6 ,let ,god1 !re=e1 weigh ! s9s ( ea* 9 ! balance4 ,all m5 s92 yet assur$ly ,israel1 if n bett]1 is n worse ?an ! ,g5tiles2 nev]!less1 ^! prosp]1 b ,israel langui%es4 ,!n comes ,god's answ]1 giv5 by ! angel ,uriel2 x takes ! =m ( call+ ^u ! se] to d ?ree ?+s3 8,weigh me ! weight ( fire40 8,measure me ! measure ( ! w9d40 8,recall me ! day t is pa/40 ,b ,esdras answ]s1 :o among ! sons ( man c\ld d su* ?+s6 ,!n ! angel says1 if ,i _h ask$ !e h[ _m dwell+s !re are 9 ! he>t ( ! sea1 or h[ _m spr+s 9 ! s\rce ( ! deep1 or h[ _m ways above ! firmam5t1 or :]e is ! entrance to ,hades1 or ! way to ,p>adise--) reason ?\ w\ld/ h be5 unable to say2 b ,i h ask$ !e only conc]n+ ?+s )9 ?9e own cognizance1 & ?\ can/ give me no answ]6 ,!n ! angel concludes3 8,?9e own ?+s1 t are gr[n up ) !e1 can/ ?\ n "k2 h[ !n c ?y vessel i4e4 ! body2 conta9+ ! s\l compreh5d ! way ( ! ,mo/ ,high0 7iv4 #aj1 #aa74 ,9 o!r words1 ,god's ways are inscrutable4 ,?is does n satisfy ,esdras2 s ! angel proce$s to %[ him h[ fooli% x is = a mortal man to wi% to p5etrate into ! div9e secrets2 he w\ld1 9 any case1 be unable to und]/& !m2 8he only t dwelle? above ! heav5s may und]/& ! ?+s t are above ! height ( ! heav5s0 7iv4 #ba74 ,to ?is ,esdras prote/s t x 0 n 9 8 m9d 8to be curi\s ( ! ways above10 b only conc]n+ su* ?+s z he sees daily be=e him4 ,:at he is unable to und]/&--& "h he rev]ts to 8 initial difficulty--is :y ,israel %\ld be afflict$1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,law made ( none effect4 ,!n he is told t a ,new ,age is ab\t to dawn ^u ! _w1 & !n all ?+s w be made cle>4 ,on ,esdras ask+ :5 ! ,new ,age w come1 & :e!r he w /ill be on ! e>? !n1 ! angel answ]s t he is unable to tell2 b he rec\nts ! signs t are to prec$e ! end4 ,^! are giv5 9 v4 #a-ab2 !y are1 9 ! ma91 ! traditional & /]eotyp$ es*atological 8signs40 ,?us ends ! fir/ ,vision4 ,! ,second ,vision 7v4 #ba-vi4 #cd74 ,! subject-matt] ( ?is ,vision is ! same z t ( ! prec$+4 ,:y does ,israel suff] at ! h& ( oppressors8 ,! angel replies by aga9 %[+ ,esdras t ! ways ( ,god _c be compreh5d$ by man1 b t 9 spite ( :at appe>s ,god's love is = ,8 p4 ,! se] !n asks mu* ab\t ! com+ ( ! ,end1 & is told t ?is w be br\ght ab\t by ,god alone4#edc ,! ,vision concludes ) a second enum]ation ( ! signs ( ! ,end4 ,! ,?ird ,vision 7vi4 #ce-;ix4 #be74 ,once m ! problem :i* 0 ! burd5 ( ! two fir/ ,visions is reit]at$1 ?\gh put 9 a some:at diff]5t =m3 if ! _w 0 creat$ = ,israel's sake1 & if ! _w is /eep$ 9 s91 :y does ,israel n enjoy 8 inh]itance1 :y is ! _w n subject$ to ,israel8 8,if ! _w ha? inde$ be5 creat$ = our sakes1 :y d we n possess ! _w = our inh]itance8 ,h[ long %all ?is endure80 7vi4 #ei74 ,! angel tells ,esdras t ?is pres5t _w is b a n>r[ & dang]\s entrance :i* leads to ! wide _w :i* is to come2 x 01 inde$1 orig9ally creat$ = ,israel1 b ?r\gh ,adam's s9 x has become a place ( sorr[ & suff]+1 & !re=e ! righte\s suff] ) ! wick$4 ,!re foll[s !n 7vii4 #bf-dd7 a long es*atological description :i* seems to h fall5 out ( its place1 x breaks ! c\rse ( ! argum5t "h4 ,9 ! glori\s _w :i* is to come1 x !n cont9ues1 only ^? w be wor?y to p>take ( its joys :o h fulfill$ ! ,law2 b :o has truly done s8 ,:o among mortals1 :e!r ,jew or ,g5tile1 has n be5 guilty ( transgress+ ! div9e ,law8 ,! angel answ]s t !re are "s :o are righte\s1 b !y are comp>atively few2 = !m future joy is res]v$4 ,! re/ ( mank9d w p]i%4 ,a long section !n deals ) ! subject ( ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea? & be=e ! la/ ,judgem5t4 ,! righte\s ent] into bliss1 b ! wick$ are de/9$ to suff] sev5 degrees ( torm5t4 ,^! descriptions1 z ,box truly rem>ks 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ada71 are 8psy*ological 9 "*1 & app>5tly portray ! emotional exp]i5ces ( ! s\l ?r\gh :i* x passes dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! int]m$iate /ate4 ,9 its subtle del9eation ( ! s\l-life ! :ole section is rem>kable1 & by ! elevation & ref9em5t ( its conceptions af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to simil> descriptions 9 o!r p>ts ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature40 ,x is !n %[n to ! se] t !re is no escape = s9n]s1 & he bitt]ly bewails ! t]rible fate hang+ ov] ! mass ( humanity4 ,b ! angel has no fur!r com=t to give ?an t !re is m joy 9 heav5 ov] ! salvation ( ! few ?an sorr[ ov] ! loss ( ! _m4 ,n unnaturally ?is reply does n satisfy ! se]2 he _c ?9k t ! div9e m]cy & love1 :i* are s lavi%ly display$ 9 ! natural _w ar\nd1 %\ld be s re/rict$ 9 reg>d to s\ls h]eaft]4 ,! reply to 8 "q sugge/$ by ?is ?\ght1 viz41 t ?is _w 0 made = ! _m1 b ! next = few1 is s disc\rag+ t he ceases to inquire conc]n+ ! human race z a :ole1 & re/ricts himself to 8 own race1 ! ,jewi%4 ,b "h aga9 he is told t only ! righte\s1 among :om he is reckon$1 c enjoy felicity h]eaft]2 he is bidd5 to refra9 f fur!r que/ion+s reg>d+ ! fate ( ! wick$2 !y h b !mselves to ?ank = _! doom4#edd ,! se] reit]ates 8 =m] objection2 to ?is a f9al reply is giv53 ,all ! sorr[ & suff]+ ( ?is _w is due to ! s9s ( m52 !re 0 a "t1 be=e m5 7 creat$1 :5 none spoke aga9/ ,god1 or disobey$ ,him2 b n[ m5 are evil1 & h become 8corrupt$ 9 _! mann]s0 7ix4 #ai72 only a grape f ! clu/]1 !re=e1 only a plant f ! great =e/1 %all1 by ,god's m]cy1 be sav$4 8,let ! multitude p]i% !n1 :i* has be5 born 9 va92 & let my grape be sav$1 & my plant2 = ) great lab\r h ,i made !m p]fect0 7ix4 #bb74 ,! ,f\r? ,vision 7ix4 #bf-x4 #ei74 ,?is ,vision beg9s ) a soliloquy conc]n+ ! ,law :i* ,god gave to ! fa!rs1 b !y did n obs]ve x any m ?an lat] g5]ations did2 ,israel mu/1 !re=e1 p]i%2 b ! ,law w abide 9 glory4 ,9 ! same way1 ! e>?ly ,j]usalem mu/ p]i%1 b ! heav5ly ,j]usalem is et]nal2 ^u ?is latt] hope mu/ be fix$1 = x is to be ! joy ( ^? bless$ ones :o %all ga9 a glori\s immortality 9 ! _w to come4 ,! se] !n rec\nts a vision t he sees ( a disconsolate woman :o br\ght up an only son1 & he di$ on 8 w$d+ day4 ,:ile ! se] speaks ) ?is woman1 he looks1 & behold %e vani%es1 & 9 h] place 8!re 0 a city build$1 & a place %[$ itself ( l>ge f\ndations0 7x4 #bg74 ,! woman is ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 h] son is ! e>?ly ,j]usalem4 ,! heav5ly reality is ?us manife/$ to ! se]1 & he is bidd5 to g & see 8! beauty & greatness ( ! build+4444 ,= ?\ art bless$ above _m1 & ) ! ,mo/ ,high art call$ by "n1 l z b few0 7x4 #ee-eg74 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ^! ,visions1 !n1 x w h be5 notic$ t ! problem :i* figures 9 "s ( ! lat] ,psalms1 & 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 z to :y ! righte\s suff] & ! wick$ are 9 prosp]ity1 is reit]at$2 ! solution giv5 be+ t ! righte\s w come to _! own :5 !y atta9 immortal life h]eaft]4 ,! writ] is deeply pessimi/ic z f> z ?is _w is conc]n$2 ! univ]sal preval5ce ( s9 :i* is +ra9$ 9 humanity ?r\gh ! fall ( ,adam1 & ?r\gh :i* dea?1 orig9ally unnatural to man1 has come into ! _w1 compels him to look ^u ! ultimate fate ( humanity z hopeless4 ,?\gh an ard5t ,jew1 he sees b little hope ev5 = himself or = 8 own p2 ! div9e ,law itself is ( no avail1 = x _c be truly obs]v$2 8he despairs ( a life ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! ,law1 ev5 by ,israel1 n to speak ( ! _w4 ,! unconsci\s & unexpress$ cry ( ! book is = a moral dynamic1 :i* legalism c\ld n supply40#ede ,!re is1 ?us1 an ess5tial contradiction runn+ ?r\gh ^! ,visions2 on ! "o h&1 hope 9 ! _w to come1 on ! o!r1 hopelessness "h & h]eaft] because all mank9d is irretrievably lo/ ?r\gh s94 ,no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate ^? alt]nat+ emotions :i* incessantly /ir ! human he>t3 ! voice ( ,consci5ce1 & tru/ 9 ! ,div9e ,m]cy4 ,if our writ]'s he>t rema9s d>k to ! end1 x is because 8 true in/9ct conc]n+ s9 is n balanc$ by an equally true conception ( ,god4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s illogical t1 9 spite ( all t ! writ] has said1 happ9ess h]eaft] %\ld be decl>$ to be secur$ = a righte\s remnant1 among :om he himself is includ$2 ! reason = ?is is1 h[ev]1 app>5tly t ,god's purpose 9 creat+ man = et]nal life %\ld n be :olly fru/rat$4 ,9 8 es*atological tea*+ ! writ] ( ^! ,visions dep>ts f ! old] doctr9es2 8he does n look =w>d to a re/oration ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate1 or a rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem2 nor to a r5ew$ & purifi$ e>? "u ! conditions ( ! pres5t _w-ord]4 ,8 hopes are fix$ on ! adv5t ( ! new & bett] _w :i* w foll[ ! collapse ( ! pres5t _w4 ,consequ5tly he anticipates m]ely ! cata/rophic end ( ! pres5t _w-ord]--8 !ology does n all[ ( any int]m$iate ,messianic ,age4 ,! new ,j]usalem :i* is to come w be ! ,heav5ly ,city 444 :i* belongs to ! future ,age40#edf ,,viii4 ,,an ,,ezra ,,leg5d ,9 *apt] xiv4 occurs ! leg5d ( ,ezra re-writ+ ! sacr$ books4 ,x tells ( h[ ,ezra1 :ile sitt+ "u an oak1 he>d ! voice ( ,god 8out ( a bu%10 tell+ him t he w\ld soon be tak5 away f m54 ,he is told to set 8 h\se 9 ord]1 to reprove 8 p1 to com=t ! l[ly1 to in/ruct ! wise1 & to r5\nce ! life t is corruptible4 ,ezra expresses 8 read9ess to d z comm&$2 b he asks :o !re w be to admoni% ^? :o are born aft] he is gone1 = ! _w is 9 d>kness & ,god's ,law is burnt4#edg ,!n ,ezra himself proposes t he %\ld re-write ! ,law 8t m5 may be able to f9d ! pa?1 & t !y :o w\ld live 9 ! latt] days may live0 7xiv4 #bb74 ,he is !n comm&$ to prep>e _m tablets & to take five m5 ) him :o c write swiftly2 8& :5 ?\ ha/ done1 "s ?+s %alt ?\ publi% op5ly1 & "s ?+s %alt ?\ deliv] 9 secret to ! wise0 7xiv4 #bf74 ,ezra does z he is comm&$ aft] hav+ ask$ = ! div9e _s to guide him2 s t be=e he comm5ces 8 "w he is giv5 a cup to dr9k f1 full ( wat]1 b ! col\r ( x l fire4#edh ,:5 he _h drunk f ?is cup 8 he>t p\r$ =? und]/&+1 & wisdom grew 9 8 brea/1 & 8 _s reta9$ its memory4 ,= =ty days he dictat$1 & by ! end ( ?is "t n9ety-f\r books 7 writt5 by ! five scribes4 ,!n he is comm&$ by ! ,mo/ ,high to publi% op5ly ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r books t _h be5 writt51 s t !y might be read by ! wor?y & ! unwor?y2 b ! la/ sev5ty he is told to keep 9 ord] to deliv] !m to 8su* z be wise0 among 8 p4 ,?is ,ezra does4 ,"h ! leg5d ends abruptly4 ,! tw5ty-f\r books ref] to ! canonical books ( ! ,bible1 8! sev5ty secret books includ$1 we may inf]1 n only ! book ( signs & ! secret 7apocalyptic7 tradition associat$ ) ! "n ( ,moses1 b _m o!r apocalyptic books z well4444 ,?us1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( our *apt]1 ,ezra1 i4e4 ! hi/orical ,ezra liv+ 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 0 ! re/or] n only ( ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also ( ! l>ge apocalyptic lit]ature1 includ+ "s apocalyptic books :i* detail$ visions & revelations t _h1 o/5sibly1 occurr$ to himself4444 ,?is am\nts to a claim t ! apocalyptic tradition occupies an ess5tial place 9 g5u9e ,judaism4 ,x claims = itself ! great names ( ,moses & ,ezra1 #8! second ,moses4'0#edi ,box sugge/s t ! object ( ! publication ( our book1 & ( associat+ x ) ! "n ( ,ezra1 0 to uphold1 or to re-ass]t1 ! au?ority ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature1 & ?us ga9 = x 8an (ficially recogniz$ place )9 ,judaism z "p ( ! oral tradition40 ,t ?is 0 "o ( ! objects = :i* ! book 0 publi%$ seems highly probable :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,jewi% religi\s au?orities reject$ ! apocalyptic lit]ature z a :ole#eej2 x 0 to be expect$ t ! apocalypti/s %\ld make /r5u\s ef=ts to secure ! recognition ( books :i*1 z !y believ$1 record$ g5u9e tradition1 & :i* 9 any case taught mu* t 0 edify+4 ,l ! apocalyptic lit]ature 9 g5]al1 ?is /ory ( a div9e revelation accord$ to ,ezra to re-write all ! sacr$ books :i* _h be5 de/roy$1 enjoy$ consid]able recognition among ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs2 x 0 kn[n n only z includ$ 9 our book1 b z an indep5d5t tradition4 ,= ref]5ces to x 9 patri/ic writ+s see ,b5sly & ,james1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 xxxvii4 f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e read] ( ! ,ezra-,apocalypse mu/1 z he reads1 be v soon /ruck by ! _m rem9isc5ces ( ,paul9e ?\ght & tea*+ :i* x conta9s4 ,b z ! book is lat] ?an almo/ all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?is is n ! place to deal ) ?is important & fasc9at+ subject2 to ^? :o might wi% to pursue ! /udy ( ! connection betwe5 #d ,esdras & ,paul9e tea*+ on su* doctr9es z ! ,fall & ,s91 ! ,law1 ,election1 ,ju/ification & ,es*atology1 etc41 no bett] ,engli% book c\ld be recomm5d$ ?an ,?ack]ay's ,! ,relation ( ,/4 ,paul to ,contempor>y ,jewi% ,?\ght 7#aijj74 ,,g5]al ,,index 7,pages pr9t$ 9 ?ick type indicate passages 9 :i* ! subject 9 "q is dealt ) 9 detail47 ,a>on1 #adi1 #aej ,ab9u ,malk5u1 #cia ,abt9as1 h\se (1 #aid ,abubus1 #dcg ,a*ik>1 #aie -- ! ,wise1 /ory (1 #cdi ff4 ,a*ior1 #cgc ,adam1 #ebc -- & ,eve1 ,life (1 #bah1 #bbc ,adaptation ( belief1 #bj ,additions to ,daniel1 #che-cig -- to ,e/h]1 #cih-djc -- --1 ,au?or%ip (1 #djc -- --1 ,date (1 #djc ,aesculapius1 #cif ,agrippa ,,ii1 #eba ,ahasu]us1 #cii ,akiba1 ,rabbi1 #adc1 #aib1 #aid ,alcimus1 #dcj f4 ,alex&] ,balas1 #dai1 #dcb -- ,jannu1 #cic -- ! ,great1 #ab ff41 #af1 #ag1 #cj1 #cc1 #eb1 #fi -- --1 conque/s (1 #ab f41 #bi1 #dbd -- --1 division ( 8 empire1 #dbd -- ,zab9as1 #dcf ,alex&ria1 #ag1 #ej1 #deh1 #eab --1 c5tre ( ,jewi% ,disp]sion1 #ag --1 ! ,jews 91 #ec f4 ,allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture1 #eg ,allegorization ( anci5t my?s1 #bb ,allegoriz+ ( ,greek my?s1 #eg ,allegory1 #bcj f4 -- 9 ,prov]bs1 #gb ,almsgiv+1 #cfa --1 means ( atonem5t1 #bgb f4 ,alt>s to unkn[n gods1 #bc ,am-ha>ez1 #ic ,amidah1 #ejj ff4 ,amyrtu1 #ea ,angelology 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #aaj --1 ,jewi%1 #ch1 #ci -- ( ! ,ess5es1 #dc f4 ,angels1 #ajb --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,additions to ,daniel1 #cja ff4 --1 --1 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cjj ff41 #cdj --1 --1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #cjc ff4 --1 --1 ,e/h]1 #cjb --1 --1 ,ep4 ( ,j]emiah1 #cjb --1 --1 #b ,maccabees1 #cjb f4 --1 --1 ,pray] ( ,manasses1 #cjb --1 --1 ,tobit1 #cja --1 ,sadducan doctr9e (1 #adg f4 ,anima ,mundi1 #hf ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 #cd1 #ce1 #gg1 #acd1 #aef1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #dha f41 #dhh1 #dic -- --1 dea? (1 #dhb -- --1 8 attempt to /amp out ,judaism1 #dbe f4 -- ,eupator1 #dbh1 #dcb -- ,sidetes1 #dcg1 #dia -- ! ,great1 #dcj -- ,,vi1 #dbj -- ,,vii1 #dbj ,anton9es1 ,!1 #ac ,apama1 #dcg ,apocalypse ( ,moses1 ,!1 #bah ,apocalyptic ,movem5t1 #dj1 #ij-ie1 #afj -- --1 beg9n+s ( !1 #ij ff4 -- books1 au?or%ip (1 #aii ff4 -- --1 ,hebrew & ,aramaic orig9als lo/1 #bjj -- ,jewi%1 #ij f4 -- ,lit]ature1 #ia1 #aih-bbc -- --1 doctr9al tea*+ (1 #aja-aaj ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 place claim$ = 9 or?odox ,judaism1 #ecj -- -- reject$ by ,ph>isees1 #aii -- -- tea*+ on ,individualism1 #ajb f4 -- -- -- ,p>ticul>ism1 #ajc f4 -- -- -- ,univ]salism1 #ajc f4 -- --1 ,sup]natural col\r+ (1 #ig f4 ,apocalypti/s1 ,!1 #ie-aab1 #afa1 #bje f41 #ecj --1 --1 asceticism (1 #aja --1 --1 claims (1 #ii --1 --1 conc]n$ ) ! future1 #ig --1 --1 d5unciations (1 #ig --1 --1 det]m9ism (1 #ih f4 --1 --1 effects ( tea*+1 #if f4 --1 --1 inconsi/5cy ( tea*+1 #ie f4 --1 --1 loyalty to ! ,law1 #ii f4 --1 --1 o!r-worldl9ess (1 #ii --1 --1 prophets ( ! p1 #if --1 --1 religi\s conceptions reg>d+ humanity1 #aje --1 --1 _! message1 #if --1 --1 univ]sali/ic attitude (1 #aja --1 --1 uphold]s ( ! p's fai?1 #ig ,apocrypha books1 dates (1 #cbj ,apocrypha1 ,doctr9al tea*+ ( !1 #bea-cae --1 mean+ (1 #ahc --1 traces ( ,greek influ5ce 91 #gg-hg ,apocryphal & canonical books1 #afa ff4 --1 use ( t]m1 #ahg --1 -- by ,orig51 #ahi --1 -- ,j]ome1 #aia ,apokryphos1 mean+ (1 #ahe ff4 ,apollonius1 #dbe1 #dbg1 #dcd ,apollophanes1 #dhf ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1 #djg1 #daj ,apsu1 #bca ,arabia1 #dce ,aramaic papyri1 #ej ff41 #aid f41 #cdi -- ,t>gums1 #aic --1 ! language ( ,egyptian ,jews1 #fj ,areios1 #dah ,ari/eas1 lett] (1 #ddc ,ari/otle1 #ae1 #af1 #ag ,arm\r ( ,god1 ,!1 #dgd f4 ,artax]xes1 #ea1 #djj1 #dda f41 #ddh ,artax]xes ,,iii 7,o*us71 #ej ,ascalon1 #cj ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 ,!1 #bai-bbj ,asceticism1 #cdd -- ( ! ,ess5es1 #dc ,asmodu1 #ceh ,assidans 7see ,*assidim71 #abe ,assimilation1 faculty (1 among ! ,jews1 #eh ,associations1 religi\s1 #bc ,ass\an 7,sy5e71 #eh ,assumption ( ,moses1 ,!1 #bah ,a!ism1 #gc ,a!ns1 #ad ,a!nians1 #ad ,atonem5t1 dea? a means (1 #cdb ,attalus ,,ii1 k+ ( ,p]gamum1 #dcb ,attic ,greek1 #ad -- ideals1 #ad -- sea-p[]1 #ad ,attitude t[>ds religi\s beliefs1 #ba ,augu/us1 #ec1 #ebj ,aurelian1 #eab ,aureolus1 #eab ,au?or%ip1 function (1 9 anci5t times1 #bjj ,ave/a1 #acc ,az>iah1 ,pray] (1 #chf ff4 --1 --1 :5 compos$1 #chh f4 --1 --1 liturgical "* (1 #chi f4 ,azotus1 #cj ,babylonia1 #ch ,babylonian influ5ce1 #bbg1 #bca f4 ,bac*ides1 #dcj f4 ,badness ( ! ,body1 doctr9e (1 #hd f4 -- --1 ,platonic doctr9e (1 #he ,balas1 ,alex&]1 #dai1 #dcb ,baptism ( ! ,ess5es1 #de ,b>u*1 book (1 #die-ejf --1 --1 ,a ,sage's ,words ( ,enc\ragem5t 91 #cjc f4 --1 --1 acc\nt (1 #die ff4 --1 --1 ,book ( ,confessions 91 #dig ff4 --1 --1 compon5t p>ts (1 #dig ff4 --1 --1 conta9s liturgical mat]ial1 #ejb f4 --1 --1 cont5ts (1 #die ff4 --1 ,greek ,apocalypse (1 #bbc --1 ,syriac ,apocalypse (1 #bbb ,bel & ! ,dragon1 #chf1 #cid ff4 ,beliefs1 int]m+l+ (1 #bb ,b5-,sira1 #aaf1 #abc1 #abd1 #aie --1 attitude t[>ds ,g5tiles1 #ccg f4 --1 autobiographical details1 #cbf f4 --1 8 claim to be an inspir$ writ]1 #cbe f4 --1 8 h\se ( in/ruction1 #cbe1 #cbh --1 8 views on ! sacrificial sy/em1 #cci --1 8 k ( ! ,o4,t41 #cbd --1 8 li/ ( fam\s m51 #afe ff4 ,b5$ictions1 #ejb f4 ,bni ,zadok1 #acd1 #aed ,b]akah1 #ejj ,b]5ice1 #eba ,be?sura1 #dbi ,bible1 ,hebrew1 cont5ts (1 #afb ff4 --1 ! ,greek 7see ,septuag9t71 #afa 8,biblical0 ,greek1 #ae ,biography a sci5ce 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod = ! fir/ "t1 #ai ,bl9dness1 #cfg ,book ( ,jubilees1 ,!1 #baf-bah -- ( secret words ( ,moses1 #bah ,books1 anci5t ,jewi%1 #aid --1 h]etical1 #aih --1 read+ ( 9 anci5t times1 #aie --1 ! sev5ty1 #ebi --1 ! tw5ty-f\r1 #ebi ,bro!rhood ( man1 #ah ,burial ( ! dead1 #ceh ,cs>ea1 #cj ,cal5d>1 ,jewi%1 ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan attitude t[>ds1 #aej ff4 ,caligula1 #dfj1 #dfd1 #ebj ,cambyses1 #ddh ,canon1 ,hebrew1 #afb ff4 --1 ,hebrew1 =mation (1 #afi-agd --1 idea ( a1 #afa-afi --1 f9al fix+ (1 #agc1 #agd-agf --1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #afb -- ( ,old ,te/am5t1 orig9 (1 #afj ff4 --1 unkn[n to ,b5-,sira1 #afg --1 -- ,b5-,sira's gr&son1 #afh f4 ,canonical & apocryphal books1 #afa ff4 ,canonicity1 ,josephus' !ory (1 #aga f4 --1 ,rabb9ical !ory (1 #agb ,c>d9al virtues1 ! f\r1 #hg1 #deh ,c5debu1 #dcg ,*reas1 #dhf ,*ronea1 battle (1 #ad ,*akamim1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abg1 #bcc ,*anukkah1 #dbh ,*assid1 #db ,*assidim1 #ib1 #ic1 #abe f41 #bjc1 #bje1 #beg1 #cfe1 #dbg --1 creators ( apocalyptic lit]ature1 #ic --1 ! spiritual ance/ors ( ,ph>isees & ,apocalypti/s1 #ic ff4 ,*ijja1 ,rabbi1 #aid ,*islev1 #dij ,*lamys1 #cc ,*okmah1 #bcc ,civitis1 #eba ,claudius1 #ebj ,cleopatra1 #dcd ,cle-,syria1 #bi ,colonies1 ,greek-speak+1 #ae ,common meal ( ! ,ess5es1 #de ,confession ( s9s1 #ejj ,connection betwe5 gnaz & apokryphos1 #ahh f4 ,cosmology1 ,babylonian1 #bca ,cosmopolitanism1 #ah ,crete1 #dcd ,critical faculty ( ! ,greeks1 #bj ,crocodile's liv]1 #cfg ,cup ( inspiration1 ,!1 #ebi ,cynic philosoph]s1 #ah ,cyrus1 #ddj ,daniel1 #cjb --1 ,additions to1 #che-cig ,d>ius1 #ab1 #ea1 #dda -- ,,ii1 #ea ,d>ius' bodygu>d1 /ory ( ! ?ree "y m5 (1 #dea ff4 ,dead1 pray]s = !1 #dhi f4 ,dea?1 means ( atonem5t1 #bgb1 #cdb ,d$ication1 fea/ (1 #dbh --1 #dhg1 #dij1 #dia f4 ,defile ! h&s1 mean+ (1 #age f41 #agg ff4 ,deifi$ pr9ces1 #dfb f4 ,deities1 national1 #bb ,demetrius ,i1 #dai1 #dbi f4 -- ,,ii1 #dai1 #dcc ff4 -- ,nicator1 #dcd ,demonology 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #aaj -- 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cjd -- 9 ,tobit1 #cjd f4 --1 ,jewi%1 #ch ,didascalia1 #djg1 #daj ,disp]sion1 ,!1 #ag1 #di-ed --1 ,ea/]n1 #ej ,div9e ,imman5ce1 doctr9e (1 #eg -- revelation accord$ to ,ezra1 #ecj ,doctr9e ( ,god 9 ,b>u*1 #beh -- -- #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #beh -- -- #a ,maccabees1 #beg f4 -- -- ,wisdom1 #bei f4 ,doctr9es1 int]-relation (1 #ci ,dk1 #dch ,domitian1 #ebj ,dor1 #dcg ,dosi!us1 #dhf ,dualism ( ! ,ess5es1 #dc ,ea1 #bca ,eagle ,vision1 ,!1 #eac f41 #eag ff4 ,ea/]n ,disp]sion1 #ej ,ecclesia/es1 #def f4 --1 canonicity disput$1 #agj --1 traces ( ,greek philosophy 91 #gd ff4 ,ecclesia/icus1 an apologetic book1 #cbg -- & ! ,ep4 ( ,/4 ,james1 #cdg f4 --1 au?or (1 #cbb --1 ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v4 (1 #cca ff4 --1 comp>$ ) ,tobit1 #cfd f4 --1 date (1 #cbg f4 --1 ,hebrew manuscripts (1 #cbi f4 --1 orig9al language (1 #cbi f4 --1 ,ph>isaic rec5sion (1 #ccc1 #cdj ff4 --1 plac$ on 8,index ,expurgatorius10 #cdj --1 pres5t =m n int5d$ to be f9al1 #cbb f4 --1 ,prologue to1 #afh f41 #dei --1 ,sadducan /&po9t 91 #ccc ff4 --1 title (1 #cba f4 --1 traces ( ,greek influ5ce 91 #gg ff4 --1 unity ( au?or%ip1 #cbb --1 univ]salism 91 #cch --1 value (1 = ,n4,t4 /udy1 #cde ff4 ,egypt1 #ab1 #bh --1 ,jewi% settlem5ts 91 #ea ,ekron1 #dcd ,el1 #cid ,eleaz>1 #ei ,election1 #eca ,elect ,"o1 ,!1 #bdf ,elephant91 #cdi1 #cec ,elephant9 papyri1 #ej ff41 #aid f4 ,elijah1 #bhi f4 ,end1 signs ( !1 #ebd ,eno*1 ! book (1 #bja-bjh --1 --1 au?or%ip1 #bjc f4 --1 --1 compon5t p>ts (1 #bjb --1 --1 dates ( compon5t p>ts1 #bjb f4 --1 --1 orig9al language (1 #bjg --1 --1 tea*+1 #bjg f4 --1 ,book ( ! ,secrets (1 #bbj-bbb ,epheboi1 #cc ,ephraim1 #dce ,epicuranism1 #gi1 #ace1 #def1 #dfj ,epicuran tea*+1 #ba f4 -- -- on immortality1 #ge -- -- 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #gd f4 ,epicurans n irreligi\s1 #ba ,epicuros1 #ba1 #ge ,epidaurus1 #cif ,epilepsy1 #cfg ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah1 #ejf-ejh ,es*atological signs1 #ebd ,es*atology1 ,jewi%1 #ch ,esdras1 #a 7#c71 see ,greek ,ezra ,ess5e baptism1 #de -- communities1 #de --1 mean+ (1 #db -- mono!ism1 #de -- tea*+ on ! ,resurrection1 #dd ,ess5es1 ,!1 #da-df -- & ! ,law ( ,moses1 #de --1 asceticism (1 #dc --1 dualism (1 #dc --1 _! angelology1 #dc f4 --1 _! purifications1 #de --1 _! ,sabba? obs]vance1 #de ,ess5ism a bl5d+ ( ! ,mosaic & ,hell5ic _s1 #de -- a my/]y-religion1 #de --1 influ5ce ( ,hell5ism on1 #db --1 un-,jewi% 9 _m respects1 #db ff4 ,e/h]1 #cii --1 canonicity disput$1 #agj ,et]nal se$-plant1 ,!1 #ajb ,e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,hell5i/ical p]iod1 #ah f4 ,eu]getes ,i1 #cbh -- ,,ii1 ,physcon1 #cbh1 #dbb ,euhem]ism1 #deh ,ezekiel1 #ca ,ezra1 #bh1 #ga1 #ib1 #aaf1 #aah1 #ddb1 #dej1 #dec1 #ebi --1 div9e revelation accord$ to1 #ecj --1 n m5tion$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cdj --1 opposition to1 #aba f4 ,ezra ,apocalypse1 ,!1 #eji-eca -- --1 an ,ezra ,leg5d 91 #eac f41 #ebh ff4 -- --1 conta9s rem9isc5ces ( ,paul9e ?\ght1 #ecj -- --1 *aps4 i4 ii41 #eaj f4 -- --1 *aps4 xv4 xvi41 #eaa f4 -- --1 *aps4 iii4-xiv41 #eab ff4 -- --1 recogniz$ by ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 #ecj -- --1 ,vision1 fir/1 #ebb ff4 -- --1 -- second1 #ebd -- --1 -- ?ird1 #ebd ff4 -- --1 -- f\r?1 #ebf f4 -- --1 title1 #eji f4 ,fables 9 anci5t ,jewi% ,lit]ature1 #bcj ,fai?1 traditional =m (1 #bj ,fall1 ,!1 #dgd1 #eca ,fa/+1 #bgb1 #cfa ,fatalism1 #gi ,fatali/ic !ory ( ! ,/oics1 #ba ,fir/ ,cause1 ,platonic tea*+ on1 #deh ,=mless matt]1 creation ( ! _w out (1 #he -- --1 ,platonic & ,/oic tea*+ conc]n+1 #he f4 ,free-w1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #dab ,future life1 #cdb1 #cfb -- --1 conception (1 #dii -- --1 develop$ belief 91 #bd -- --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #ajg ff4 -- --1 -- 9 ,b>u*1 #bic -- --1 -- 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bhh ff41 #bia ff4 -- --1 -- 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #bic ff4 -- --1 -- 9 ,judi?1 #bij f4 -- --1 -- 9 #b ,maccabees1 #bib -- --1 -- ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan doctr9e (1 #adf f4 -- --1 -- 9 ,tobit1 #bij -- --1 -- 9 ,wisdom1 #bih ff4 ,galba1 #ebj ,galli5us1 #eab ,gamaliel ,i1 #ade -- ,,ii1 #agc ,gnaz1 mean+ (1 #ahc ff4 ,gaza1 #cj ,gaz>a1 #dch1 #dhb ,geh5na1 #bhi ,g5ealogies1 ,! roll (1 #aid ,g5izah1 #ahh f4 ,god1 conception (1 by ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 #eg --1 --1 9 ,wisdom1 #dfe f4 --1 doctr9e (1 #ci1 #dab --1 --1 9 ,apocrypha1 #bed-bfj --1 ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan doctr9e (1 #add ff4 --1 ,philo's doctr9e (1 #fc ,gorgias1 #dbh1 #dhf ,go?s1 #eab ,gov]nance ( ! _w1 div9e1 #cda ,grace & ,free-w1 doctr9e (1 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bgh -- --1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #bhj f4 -- --1 #a ,maccabees1 #bgi -- --1 #b ,maccabees1 #bhj -- --1 ,tobit1 #bgh f4 --1 div9e1 #ccf ,grco-,mac$onian empire ref]r$ to 9 ,daniel1 #fi ,grammateia1 #dj ,granicus1 #ab ,grateful dead man1 /ory ( !1 #cef f4 ,greek cities1 #ae -- culture1 sup]iority (1 #ce -- fa%ions1 #cd -- fe/ivals1 fasc9ation (1 #cb -- =ms ( ?\ght1 #ae -- ideals1 #ae -- influ5ce 9 ,apocrypha1 traces (1 #gg ff4 -- -- 9 ,o4,t41 traces (1 #fh ff4 -- -- on ,jewi% es*atology1 #ch -- -- on ,judaism1 #beb f4 -- --1 signs (1 9 ,o4,t4 & ,apocrypha1 #dj -- language1 #ad -- m9d1 t5d5cies (1 #cc -- model ( local gov]nm5t1 #cj1 #ca -- philosophy1 influ5ce (1 #bh -- settlem5ts 9 ,pale/9e1 #cj -- words 9 ,daniel1 #gj -- words hebraiz$1 #ce f4 ,greek ,ezra1 ,!1 #dci-ded -- --1 & #b ,esdras #ddd ff4 -- --1 *ronological table ( ev5t 91 #ddf ff4 -- --1 ,!1 cont5ts1 #ddj ff4 -- --1 date (1 #ded -- --1 hi/oricity (1 #ddf ff4 -- --1 its relation%ip to ! ,hebrew ,ezra1 #ddb ff4 -- --1 ,massoretic text (1 #ddi f4 -- --1 purpose (1 #dej f4 -- --1 title (1 #dci f4 ,greeks & 8b>b>ians10 #ag f4 --1 ref]5ces to1 9 ,o4,t41 #fh-gj --1 critical faculty (1 #bj --1 _! ideal ( wisdom1 #ai --1 _! realism1 #ai --1 _! s5se ( proportion1 #ah1 #bj ,guilds1 religi\s1 #bc ,gymnasium1 #cb f41 #dj ,habakkuk1 #cie ,hades1 #bhi1 #bib1 #ebc ,hadrian1 #ac1 #eba ,haggadic homiletics1 #bja -- lit]ature1 #chj ,halakah1 #bja ,haman1 #cii ,ha-,gilynim1 #aih ,hasmonan high-prie/hood1 #dbc f41 #dcc ,hasmonans1 ,!1 #daa ,hebrew ,bible1 cont5ts (1 #afb ff4 -- ,canon1 ,!1 #afb ff4 -- --1 =mation (1 #afi-agd ,hecatu ( ,abd]a1 #da ,heliodorus1 #cjb1 #dha f41 #dhi ,hellas1 #ad ,hell5ic & ,hell5i/ic1 diff]5ce betwe51 #ab -- _s1 #ac -- ?\ght 9 book ( ,wisdom1 #deh ,hell5ism1 debas$ type 9 ,syria1 #dj --1 good & bad effects (1 #da --1 reaction aga9/1 #da -- 9 its religi\s aspect1 #bj-bd --1 result ( spread (1 #bh -- 9 its secul> aspect1 #ab-bj ,hell5i/ic ,greek1 #ad f4 ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 direct & indirect1 #cg f4 -- -- on ,pale/9ian ,jews1 #cf -- -- on religion1 #ed ff4 -- -- reflect$ 9 ,job1 #gc f4 -- -- -- ,prov]bs1 #ga ff4 -- -- -- ! ,psalms1 #ga -- -- ^u ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 #di-fg -- -- ^u ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 #bg-dh -- ,movem5t1 ,!1 #aa-bf1 #afj f4 -- --1 effect (1 #bd -- -- a p]iod ( dissolution1 #af -- p>ty1 #dbf -- p]iod n "o ( irreligion1 #ba -- philosophy1 developm5t ( into !ology1 #ba -- ,movem5t1 roots (1 #ac -- _s1 #ib ff4 ,hell5ization ( cities1 #ah ,hell5iz$ cities1 #bb ,h]aclides1 #dcj ,h]aclitus1 #hf ,h]mes1 #cd ,high-prie/ly p>ty1 #cc f4 ,hillel1 #acb --1 s*ool (1 #agj ,hol(]nes1 #cgc1 #cge f4 ,hypo/atization ( ,wisdom1 #gc1 #bbf ,hyrcanus1 ,john1 #aec1 #dbb1 #dch ,hyrcania1 transportation ( ,jews to1 #ej ,idolatry1 #dfi1 #dgb f4 --1 polemic aga9/1 #ejg ,idol-wor%ip1 #deh1 #ejg ,illum9ation1 ,fea/ (1 #dib ,illyrians1 #ad ,imman5ce1 div9e1 doctr9e (1 #eg ,immortality1 #ccg --1 doctr9e ( 9 ,wisdom1 #hc ff4 --1 ,plato's doctr9e (1 #hd -- ( ! _s1 #ajg -- -- s\l1 #ci ,individual piety1 #bc ,individualism1 #ah1 #ca f4 -- 9 ,prov]bs1 #ga f4 ,individuali/ic t5d5cy 9 ,job1 #gc ,inspiration1 ! cup (1 #ebi ,int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ,god & man1 #bce f4 -- /ate1 #aaj1 #bie1 #cjj ,int]-relation ( doctr9es1 #ci ,ionians1 #fh ,ipsus1 battle (1 its indirect importance = ! 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,disp]sion1 #ee ,judas ! ,maccabee1 #daa -- --1 lead]%ip (1 #dbg ff4 ,judgem5t1 ,!1 #ch1 #bie ff41 #ebe --1 day (1 #ajc ,judi?1 au?or (1 #cgh f4 --1 book (1 #cgb-chd --1 cont5ts (1 #cgb f4 --1 "* (1 #cgb f4 --1 ,hebrew =m (1 #chj --1 9 h[ f> hi/orical1 #cgg f4 --1 /ory1 v>iety ( =m1 #cgi f4 ,julian1 #ac ,julius ,cs>1 #ebj ,ju/ice1 re=m 9 adm9i/ration (1 #cic f4 ,ju/ification1 #eca ,kabbalah1 #afc ,khons1 tractate (1 #ceg1 #cfg ,k1 increase (1 #af --1 dep>tm5ts (1 #af ,kohele? 7see ,ecclesia/es7 ,ladd] ( ,tyre1 #dce ,l&m>ks1 ,jewi% hi/orical1 #cff ,la/h5es1 #dai ,law1 ,!1 #afe1 #dej1 #ejc1 #ejd1 #ebe -- id5tifi$ ) ,wisdom1 #bda1 #bdd --1 ,jews ! p ( !1 #bh -- ( ,moses v5]at$ by ! ,ess5es1 #de --1 ! oral1 #cch f4 --1 ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan doctr9e (1 #aci ff41 #aeb f4 --1 ,ph>isaic tea*+ on 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cdc f4 --1 ,rabb9ical tea*+ on1 !1 #bfb1 #bfe --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,b>u*1 #bfd f4 --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bfj ff4 --1 --1 #a 7#c7 ,esdras1 #bfd --1 --1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #bfe f4 --1 --1 ,judi?1 #bfc f4 --1 --1 #b ,maccabees1 #bfd --1 --1 ,tobit1 #bfb f4 --1 --1 ,wisdom1 #bff f4 ,legali/ic ,movem5t1 ,!1 #afj ,lett] ( ,ari/eas1 #ei -- ( ,purim1 #djc ,leucoma1 #cfg ,levitical ,impurity1 #age1 #agg-ahb ,lights1 ,fea/ (1 #dib ,little ,g5esis1 #baf ,liturgy1 ,jewi%1 #cij1 #cia1 #ejj1 #ejb ,local gov]nm5t ( ,jewi% cities1 #ca ,logos1 #dfd --1 ,philonian1 #fc f41 #dfd ,lucius1 #dbb -- ,calpurnius ,piso1 #dbc -- ,quietus1 #ebb -- ,val]ius1 #dbb ,lydda1 #dce ,lysias1 #dbh f41 #dhb ,maccaban fea/s1 ! two1 #dhh -- revolt1 #ce -- ris+1 #gf -- /ruggle1 !1 #afa1 #djc1 #dhb -- --1 causes (1 #dbd f4 -- --1 hi/ory (1 #dbc ff4 ,maccabees1 fir/ book (1 #daa-dch --1 --1 au?or%ip1 #daa ff4 --1 --1 date1 #dac f4 --1 --1 hi/oricity1 #dae --1 --1 lit]>y "*1 #dad f4 --1 --1 orig9al language1 #dad f4 --1 --1 s\rces1 #dae ff4 --1 --1 title1 #daa ff4 --1 second book (1 #dgi-did --1 --1 date1 #dic --1 --1 comp>$ ) #a ,maccabees1 #dhb ff4 --1 --1 cont5ts (1 #dha ff4 --1 --1 hi/orical value (1 #dhe ff4 --1 --1 influ5ce ( on ,n4,t4 writ]s1 #dic f4 --1 --1 integrity (1 #dij ff4 --1 --1 orig9 (1 #dgi ff4 --1 --1 orig9al language1 #dic --1 --1 purpose (1 #dhg ff4 ,mac$onian empire1 #ad ,monius1 #eab ,makrz1 #acc ,man ris+ f ! ,sea1 ,vision (1 #eac f41 #eae ff4 ,manasses1 ,pray] (1 #djd-daj ,manes1 #acc ,m>isa1 #dhf ,m>riage avoid$ by ! ,ess5es1 #dc ,m>tyrdom ( ,isaiah1 ,!1 #bai ,m%l1 #bbg f4 ,masdi1 #acc ,mat]ialism1 #dfi1 #dga f4 ,matta?ias1 8 zeal = ! ,law1 #dbf --1 lead]%ip (1 #dbd ff4 ,matt]1 ,platonic idea (1 #he ,m$it]ranean1 #bh ,megiddo1 battle (1 #ddj ,megilla? ,semanim1 #aid ,megilla? ,se?rim1 #aid ,megilla? ,taani?1 #aid1 #chj ,megill?1 #afc f4 ,memphis1 #ea ,memra1 #bcg ,m]its ( ! fa!rs1 #bgc f4 -- -- --1 doctr9e (1 #dii ,m]oda*1 #cif ,messiah1 #bih1 #eaf ,messiah1 doctr9e (1 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #aje ff4 --1 --1 ,b>u*1 #bhc --1 --1 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bha f4 --1 --1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #bhc ff4 --1 --1 #a ,maccabees1 #bhb f4 --1 --1 #b ,maccabees1 #bhc --1 --1 ,tobit1 #bhb --1 --1 ,wisdom1 #bhe ff4 --1 ,ph>isaic & ,sadducan doctr9e (1 #adh ff4 --1 pre-exi/5ce (1 #ajf ,messianic ,age1 #bih -- expectations1 #bbf -- future1 #ch -- ,k+dom1 tea*+ (1 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #aji -- ,woes1 #big ,metabolism ( ! elem5ts1 #hf f4 ,mi*ael1 #ci ,mi*ma%1 #dca ,middle ,ages1 #ag ,migdol1 #ea ,mill5nium1 #bba ,m9im1 #aib f4 ,mi%na1 #ce ,mission>y propag&a among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 #ef f4 ,mix$ m>riages among ,israelites1 #abj ,mod91 #dac ,mono!ism1 #bc -- ( ! ,ess5es1 #de ,mordecai1 #cih ff4 ,moses1 ,apocalypse (1 #bbb-bbc --1 ! second ,ezra1 #ecj ,mucianus1 #ebj ,my/]y-religion1 ,ess5ism a1 #de ,my?s allegoriz$1 #bb ,national deities1 #bb ,nebu*adnezz>1 #ej ,nehemiah1 #ib1 #dej ,neo-,py?agoreans1 #db ,neo-,py?agorean philosophy1 #ac ,nph%1 #ha1 #hc ,n]o1 #ebj ,n%mh1 #hb1 #hc ,new ,age1 ,!1 #ebd ,nicanor1 #dbh1 #dcj f41 #dhb --1 celebration ( dea? (1 fea/1 #dhg ,noph1 #ea ,num5ius1 #dba f4 ,nymphidius1 #ebj ,od5a?us1 #eab ,olam ha-b1 #ig ,olam ha-zeh1 #ig ,onias1 #cjc1 #dah -- ,,iii1 #cd ,oral ,law1 ,!1 #cch f4 -- tradition1 #ic1 #ecj ,ori5tal influ5ce on ,judaism1 #ch -- elem5ts absorb$ by ,hell5ism1 #dj -- influ5ces on ! ,jews1 #da ,orphic ,py?agoran asceticism1 #db ,o/raka1 #ae ,o?o1 #ebj 8,outside0 books1 #aih ,ozias1 #cgd f4 ,paganism r5ovat$1 #ac ,pal/ra1 #cd ,pale/9e1 ,ea/]n1 #cj --1 political life (1 #ca ,palmyra1 #eab ,papyri1 #ae1 #ej ff41 #aid f41 #cdi ,p>adise1 #ebc ,p>seeism1 #ch ,p>?ians1 #dcf ,p>ticul>ism1 #ajc f41 #abb1 #afj ,pa?ros1 #ea ,paul1 ,/41 influ5c$ by ,wisdom1 #dgd ff4 ,p5tateu*1 translation (1 into ,greek1 #ei ,p5teco/1 ,fea/ (1 #dhg ,p ( ! l&1 ,!1 #bjf ,p]diccas1 #dbd ,p]secution1 #dfi1 #dgc f4 ,p]sian influ5ce on ,ess5e belief1 #dd -- -- on ,judaism1 #beb f4 -- k+s1 li/ (1 #ddf ,p]sonal religion1 #bef -- responsibility1 s5se (1 #cb ,p]sonalities ( /rik+ "* dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 #ai ,p]sonification ( ,wisdom1 #bce ,pessimism 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #ebe f4 ,petasus1 #cd ,ph>isaic rec5sion ( ,ecclesia/icus1 #bef f4 -- & ,sadducan p>ties1 #ia ff4 ,ph>isaism1 #def ,ph>isee1 mean+ ( t]m1 #acj ff4 ,ph>isees1 #acj-aei1 #bjc f41 #cic1 #dab1 #dec f4 -- reject ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #aii -- & ! ,canon1 #agd f4 -- diff]5t f ,scribes1 #abg --1 p>ty ( religi\s progress1 #aed -- & ,sadducees1 doctr9es (1 #aci ff4 --1 s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+1 #ace ff4 ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 ,,ii1 #ea ,ph>os1 isl& (1 #ei ,plato1 #ag1 #gc1 #deh ,platonic philosophy1 #ac ,philip1 ! fri5d ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 #dbi ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #ad ,philo1 #fa-fe1 #deh1 #dfc f41 #dic --1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es1 #db --1 8 doctr9es due to ,greek influ5ce1 #fe --1 8 doctr9e ( ,god1 #fc -- --1 ! ,logos1 #fc f4 -- --1 ,s91 #fd f4 -- on ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 #ed --1 philosophy (1 #fc ff4 ,philometor1 #cbh ,philosophical tea*+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 #ah ,philosophy1 #af ,piety ( individuals1 #bc ,pi\s ones1 #ic1 #beg -- -- 9 ! ,psalms1 #ga-gd ,piso1 #ebj ,politics1 #bc ,polybius on ! ,hell5es1 #bj -- & ! importance ( ! individual1 #ai ,pompey1 #dac ,posidonius1 #da ,praise1 #ejj ,pray]1 #cfa -- ( ,manasses1 #djd-daj -- --1 date (1 #dji f4 -- --1 orig9 (1 #dje ff4 -- --1 orig9al language (1 #daj -- --1 writ] (1 #daj ,pray]s = ! dead1 #dhi ,pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 ,platonic doctr9e (1 #hb -- --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,wisdom1 #hj ff4 ,pre-exi/+ matt]1 doctr9e (1 #deh ,prologue to ,ecclesia/icus1 #abd f41 #dei ,prov]bs1 allegory 91 #gb --1 individualism 91 #ga f4 --1 m>ks ( ,hell5i/ic influ5ce 91 #ga ff4 --1 univ]salism 91 #gb ,prov]bs 9 anci5t ,jewi% ,lit]ature1 #bbh f4 ,provid5ce1 doctr9e (1 #deh ,psalms ( ,greek & ,maccaban eras1 #gj f4 --1 ,greek influ5ce 9 "s1 #gj1 #ga -- ( ,solomon1 #bad-baf1 #eje f4 ,psametik ,i1 #ea ,pseudepigrapha1 ,!1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bjj-bbc ,psy*1 #ha ,ptolemaic armies1 ,jewi% soldi]s 91 #bi ,ptolemais1 #cj1 #dcb1 #dcd ,ptolemy1 h\se (1 #bh f4 ,ptolemy ,i1 #dfb ,ptolemy ,,ii1 7,philadelphus71 #ei ,ptolemy ,,vi1 7,philometor71 #ei1 #dcd ,ptolemy1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes' g5]al1 #dbh ,pur1 #djj ,purifications ( ! ,ess5es1 #de ,purim1 ,fea/ (1 #dhg ,py?agorans1 #ace ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 #ci -- s\rces on ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 #acg ff4 ,races1 int]m+l+ (1 #bb ,ram's horn1 #baf ,rama?aim1 #dce ,raphael1 #cja1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cfc ,raphia1 #cj ,realism ( ! ,greeks1 #ai ,re=m 9 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 #cic f4 ,relation%ip betwe5 ,god & m51 #cda f4 ,religi\s associations1 #bc -- lib]ty secur$ by ! ,maccabees1 #dca -- syncretism1 #bb f4 -- --1 results (1 #bc ,r5aissance1 #ag ,rep5tance1 #cdb f41 #dgf ,resurrection1 #bib1 #bif1 #bih1 #cjj1 #ccg --1 advanc$ tea*+ on1 9 #b ,maccabees1 #dhi f4 -- ( ! body1 #ci1 #ajg --1 doctr9e (1 #ci f4 --1 ,ess5e tea*+ on1 #dd -- ( ! s\l1 #ch -- ( ! _s1 #aaj ,retribution1 doctr9e (1 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 #ajh ,rome1 embassy to1 #daf ,roman alliance ) ! ,jews1 #dbj f4 -- empire1 #ac ,rua*1 #hb ,sabba?1 #dab1 #dhg -- obs]vance ( ! ,ess5es1 #de ,sacrificial sy/em1 #bbf1 #cci -- --1 importance (1 m9imiz$1 #eh ,sadducan & ,ph>isaic p>ties1 #ia ff4 -- lit]>y activity1 #aef ff4 ,sadducanism1 #def1 #ejj1 #eja f4 ,sadducee1 mean+ ( t]m1 #acb ff4 ,sadducees1 #acj-aei1 #bjc f41 #ccd1 #cic1 #dab1 #dec f4 -- & politics1 #aec f4 --1 fri5ds ( ,hell5i/ic culture1 #aed -- & ,ph>isees1 doctr9es (1 #aci ff4 --1 s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+1 #ace ff4 ,sam>ia1 #di1 #ej --1 ,mac$onian settl]s 91 #cj ,sam>itans1 ,!1 #abj1 #dda ,sanh$r91 #ade ,sala?iel ,apocalypse1 ,!1 #eac f4 ,sapor ,i1 #eab ,s>gon1 #di --1 inscription (1 #ej ,sassanid1 #eab ,scepticism1 #bj1 #dfi f4 ,sci5ces1 diff]5tiation (1 #ag ,scribe 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #abc f4 ,scribe1 ! ideal 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cbd ,scribes1 ,!1 #aac-aai1 #afa -- z lawy]s1 #abf f4 -- diff]5t f ,ph>isees1 #abg -- 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,exile1 #aad f4 --1 ,o4,t4 data conc]n+1 #aac ff4 -- & ,scripture1 #abf --1 two types (1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abd ,scy?ians1 #eab ,secrets ( ,eno*1 ,book ( !1 #bbj-bbb ,seleucid era1 #dia ,seleucid1 #aec ,seleucus1 #cd --1 8 treatm5t ( ! ,jews1 #bi ,seleucus ,,iv 7,philopator71 #dcj ,seli*ah1 #ejj ,semi-div9e be+s1 #ci ,s5se ( proportion a ,hell5ic trait1 #ah1 #bj ,sep>at5ess1 #aca ,seph>im ha*iznim1 #aib1 #aih ,septuag9t1 ,!1 #aa1 #ae1 #eh-fa --1 f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( !1 #fa ,sev5 heav5s1 doctr9e (1 #bba f4 ,sev5? heav51 #hc ,%ammai1 s*ool (1 #agj ,%ema1 #ejc ,%emoneh ,esreh1 #cia ,%eol1 #dj1 #bij ff4 ,%eol-conception1 #aji ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ,!1 #bjh-baj ,sifre hamnm1 #aib ,simeon1 ! high-prie/1 #cbh --1 ,rabbi1 #agj ,simon b5 ,%eta*1 #cic -- ! son ,onias1 #afg -- ! ,maccabee1 #dac1 #dad1 #dah1 #dba --1 lead]%ip (1 #dcf ff4 --1 murd] (1 #dch ,s91 #ebc1 #eca --1 atonem5t =1 #bga f4 --1 doctr9e (1 9 ,b>u*1 #bgd --1 --1 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bfg ff4 --1 --1 #a 7#c7 ,esdras1 #bgd --1 --1 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 #bgd ff4 --1 --1 #b ,maccabees1 #bgd --1 --1 ,pray] ( ,az>iah1 #bgc --1 --1 ,pray] ( ,manasses1 #bgc f4 --1 --1 ,tobit1 #bgc --1 --1 ,wisdom1 #bgf f4 --1 ,philo's doctr9e (1 #fd f4 ,sis9nes1 #dda ,sfr1 #aac1 #aad ,s(]im1 #cdj ,solomon1 #bbg1 #def --1 ,psalms (1 #eje f4 ,sma1 #ha ,song ( ,songs1 canonicity disput$1 #agj ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 #chf1 #cij ff4 ,sophia1 #bbf ,sophi/s1 #ac ,sp>tans1 #daf ff4 ,spiritual body1 #ajg ,/ate processions1 #cc ,/oic enum]ation ( ! human s5ses1 #gi -- philosoph]s1 #ah -- philosophy 9 ,wisdom1 #hf f4 ,/oics1 #ai1 #ba1 #ace1 #deh --1 fatali/ic philosophy (1 #gi --1 tea*+ ( 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #gd ,/rabo on ! ,jews1 #ec ,sup]human be+s1 #ci ,susanna1 ,/ory (1 #chf1 #cia ff4 ,sy5e1 ,jewi% milit>y colony 91 #ea ,syncretism1 #bb f41 #cg1 #ch -- & ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 #eg ,syria1 #ab ,syrian slaves1 #fi -- ?rone1 claimants to1 #dca f4 ,tab]nacles1 ,fea/ (1 #dhg1 #dia ,taboo1 #agh ff4 ,tahpanes1 #ea ,t>gums1 #aic ,t>phon1 ,rabbi1 #aib ,tehom ,rabbah1 #bcb ,teman1 #dig ,temple1 ,!1 #dhg -- ,liturgy1 #ejc -- n ent]$ by ! ,ess5es1 #dd --1 (f]+s s5t to1 by ! ,ess5es1 #dd --1 pr(anation (1 #dhb ,t5d5cies 9 pre-,maccaban era1 #ia f4 ,te/am5t ( ,moses1 #bah ,te/am5t ( ! ,,xii ,patri>*s1 ,!1 #baj-bad ,t5ak1 #afb ,!bes1 #ad ,!odosius1 #ac ,?racians1 #ad ,tiamat1 #cif ,tib]ius1 #ebj --1 edict (1 reg>d+ ! ,jews1 #ec f4 --1 ,alex&]1 #ebj ,timo!us1 #dhf ,ti%ri1 #dia ,titles ( books1 false1 ! reason1 #bjj f4 ,titus1 #ebj ,tobit1 book (1 #cdi-cga --1 comp>$ ) ,ecclesia/icus1 #cfd f4 --1 cont5ts (1 #ceg ff4 --1 doctr9al developm5t 91 #cfc ff4 --1 date ( ! book (1 #cfe f4 --1 = :om writt51 #cff --1 integrity (1 #cff --1 orig9al language (1 #cfg f4 --1 place ( orig9 (1 #cff --1 relation%ip to /ory ( ,a*ik> ! ,wise1 #cec ff4 --1 religi\s /&po9t ( ! writ] (1 #cfj ff4 --1 value ( = ,n4,t4 /udy1 #cfh ff4 ,tol]ance1 #bb ,torah id5tifi$ ) ,wisdom1 #gh f4 ,trajan1 #ebb ,transc5d5ce1 div9e1 #ci ,tru?1 #deb ,tryphon1 #dce f4 ,tubi5i ,jews1 #dhf ,ty*e1 #bc ,tyre1 ,ladd] (1 #dce ,uncanonical books1 #ahc-bbc -- --1 read+ (1 #aib ff4 ,univ]salism1 #abb1 #afa -- 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #cch -- 9 ,prov]bs1 #gb -- 9 ,tobit1 #cfb ,unkn[n gods1 #bc ,uriel1 #ebc ,vespasian1 #ebj ,v9dex1 #ebj ,vision ( ! ,man ris+ f ! ,sea1 #eac f41 #eae ff4 -- ( ,isaiah1 ,!1 #bai ,visions 9 #b 7#d7 ,esdras1 _! tea*+1 #ebg f4 -- --1 es*atological tea*+ 91 #ebh ,visitation ( ! sick1 #cdg ,vitellius1 #ebj ,widdui1 #ejj ,wisdom1 #gb1 #dif f41 #ejd -- abid+ among m51 #bdb f41 #bdf -- 9 ! book ( ,job1 #bch -- 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 #bcf -- & ! ,creation1 #bcg f4 --1 conception ( 9 ,job1 #gd --1 div9e orig9 (1 #bdc -- ( ,ea1 #bca -- 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #bch ff4 -- 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bdj ff4 -- exi/5t be=e ! ,creation1 #bda1 #bdd --1 f\nta9 (1 #dif --1 ,hebrew conception (1 #bbf ff4 --1 hypo/atization (1 #bbf --1 --1 9 ,prov]bs1 #gc --1 ideal (1 among ,greeks1 #ai -- id5tifi$ ) ! ,holy ,_s1 #bdd -- -- ,law1 #bda1 #bdd -- -- ,torah1 #gh f4 -- -- ! ,^w1 #bdd -- z int]m$i>y1 #bei -- ( ,israel1 sup]iority (1 #cch --1 ,jewi% conception (1 #bcc ff4 --1 ,jewi% sup]ior to ,greek1 #bdc -- ,lit]ature1 ,!1 #bbd-bej --1 nature (1 #bde --1 p]sonification (1 #bce1 #bdb1 #bdf --1 takes ! place ( angels 9 book ( ,wisdom1 #cjd --1 tea*+ on1 9 ,apocalyptic books1 #bde ff4 ,wisdom1 au?or%ip (1 #dee ff4 --1 --1 composite1 #dfd ff4 --1 book (1 #dee-dgh --1 --1 date1 #dei ff4 --1 --1 ,greek philosophy 91 #deh --1 --1 influ5ce (1 on ,/4 ,paul1 #dgd ff4 --1 --1 p]sonality ( au?or1 #deg f4 --1 --1 purposes (1 #dfi ff4 --1 --1 title1 #dee f4 --1 --1 traces ( ,greek influ5ce 91 #hj ff4 --1 --1 writt5 9 opposition1 --1 --1 to ,ecclesia/es1 #def f4 ,^w1 ,!1 #bcg ,worm1 #bhi ,x5ophon1 #ad ,x]xes1 #ea ,ye%ibah1 #aie ,yetz]1 #ccf ,yetz]-ha-ra'1 #bge1 #bgf ,zab9as1 ,alex&]1 #dcf ,zaddkim1 #acb f41 #bjd ,zadok1 #acd1 #ace1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #cdj --1 ! son ( ,ahitub1 #aac --1 sons (1 #cc ,zadokite ,fragm5ts1 ,!1 #ace1 #adj1 #ade1 #adg1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb ,zealotism1 #bah ,z5d1 #acc ,z5o1 #ai1 #ba ,z5obia1 #eab ,z]ubbabel1 #abj1 #dda1 #deb f4 ,z9dk1 #acc ,zoroa/]1 #ahf ,zoroa/rianism1 #acc1 #beb ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,page ,,g5esis i41 #bcg ii4 #g1 #ge1 #hc x4 #b1 #fh xvi4 #a ff41 #adh xxviii4 #aj1 #adh ,,exodus i4-xii41 #baf xiv4 #ai1 #cjd xix4 #f1 #adh 8 #bb1 #ahj ,,numb]s v4 #a-c1 #agh xix4 #aa-ac1 #af ff41 #ceh xx4 #af1 #adh xxii4 #bb ff41 #adh ,,leviticus vi4 #bd-bh1 #age 8 #bg-cj1 #agh xi4 #cb1 #ahj 8 #cb-dj1 #agh xiv4 #a ff41 #agh xv4 #a ff41 #agh xvi4 #bf-bh1 #agh xviii4 #ai1 #agh xxv41 #baf ,,deut]onomy iv4 #f1 #bcc xviii4 #ah1 #bhb xix4 #ai1 #cic xxi4 #aj-ad1 #agh xxiii4 #ah1 #ahj xxxiii4 #a1 #cjj ,,judges ix4 #h-ae1 #bbi1 #bcj #a ,,samuel x4 #ab1 #bbh xxiv4 #ac1 #bbh xxv4 #bi1 #hc #b ,,samuel v4 #h1 #bbh viii4 #ag1 #aac xii4 #a-d1 #bcj xx4 #ah1 #bbh 8 #be1 #aac #a ,,k+s iv4 #cj1 #bca 8 #cj-cd1 #bbg 8 #cb1 #aff x4 #a-i1 #bbg xvii4 #ag-bd1 #bij #b ,,k+s xii4 #aa1 #aac xiv4 #i1 #bcj xvii4 #f1 #ej 8 #bc1 #ej xviii4 #aa1 #ej 8 #ah1 #aac xxiii4 #bi-cd1 #ea xxiv41 xxv41 #cgg xxiv4 #ab-af1 #dig 8 #ad-af1 #ej xxv4 #i1 #dig 8 #aa-ba1 #ej 8 #ai1 #aad 8 #bb1 #cgg #a ,,*ronicles i4 #e-g1 #fh ii4 #ee1 #aah v4 #bg-da1 #acd vi4 #d-ae1 #adh 8 #ej-ec1 #adh xv4 #aa1 #acd xvi41 #acd 8 #d1 #e1 #afg xxi4 #ae1 #af1 #cjd xxiv4 #f1 #adh #b ,,*ronicles xiii4 #bb1 #aic xxiv4 #aa1 #aac 8 #ag1 #aic xxxiii4 #f1 #djh 8 #aa1 #djg 8 #ab1 #ac1 #dje 8 #ah1 #ai1 #dje1 #djg xxxiv4 #ac1 #aai xxxv41 xxxvi4 #a-ba1 #ddj xxxvi4 #ag-ba1 #ddf 8 #bb1 #bc1 #ddj f4 ,,ezra i4 #a ff41 #ddf 8 #a-aa1 #ddj f4 ii4 #a-;iv4 #e1 #bd1 #dda 8 #ci1 #abj 8 #fa-fc1 #abj iii4 #h ff41 #ddf iv4 #a-e1 #bd1 #abj1 #ddf f4 8 #f-bc1 #ddf f4 8 #g1 #aic 8 #g-bd1 #dda f4 v4 #a-vi4 #bb1 #dda vi4 #a ff41 #ddg 8 #ac ff41 #ddg vii-x41 #ddi 8 #a-x4 #dd1 #dda f4 8 #a ff41 #ddg 8 #f1 #aaf1 #aah 8 #aj1 #bh1 #aaf vii4 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 #aag 8 #be1 #aag ix4 #a1 #b1 #bh1 #abj x4 #aa1 #ag1 #bh 8 #ae1 #aba 8 #ah-dd1 #aba ,,nehemiah i4 #a-g1 #gb1 #ddg ii4 #a ff41 #ddg 8 #ai1 #abj iv4 #a ff41 #abj vi4 #aj-ad1 #aba 8 #ag1 #ai1 #aba vii4 #f-gc1 #dda 8 #gc-viii4 #bb1 #ddb1 #ddg1 #ddi viii4-x41 #aag 8 #b1 #c1 #aag 8 #g-i1 #aag 8 #h1 #aah1 #acb 8 #ac-ae1 #aag x4 #bh ff41 #abb xiii4 #d ff41 #abb 8 #ae ff41 #abb 8 #bc1 #bd1 #aba xiv4 #bh1 #aba ,,e/h] ii4 #ba-bc1 #djj iii4 #g1 #cii 8 #ab1 #aad 8 #ac1 #dja iv4 #af1 #djb v4 #a1 #b1 #djb 8 #c ff41 #djb viii4 #h ff41 #djb 8 #i1 #aad 8 #ab1 #djb ix4 #bd-cb1 #djj 8 #ca1 #djb ,,job v4 #a1 #cjj ix4 #ab-ai1 #dei xi4 #e1 #f1 #bch xv4 #h1 #bch 8 #ae1 #bed xxviii4 #ab-ad1 #bdf 8 #ab-bh1 #gd1 #bch 8 #bh1 #bcd xxxviii4 #ab-bh1 #bdi ,,psalms xviii41 #bhg xxxiii4 #f1 #i1 #bcg xxxvi4 #f1 #bcb xlv4 #b1 #aad lxxxix4 #g1 #cjj xc4-cl41 #gj xc4 #d1 #bba civ4 #a ff41 #d1 #cja cxi4 #f1 #bcd cxv4 #d-h1 #ejg cxix4 #ig1 #bfc cxlviii4 #e1 #bcg cxlix4 #a-i1 #abe ,,prov]bs i4-ix41 #ga1 #gd 8 #g1 #bcd ii4 #ag-ai1 #gb viii4 #d1 #ga viii4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #gb 8 #bb-ca1 #gc1 #bcf1 #bcg 8 #bf-cj1 #bcb 8 #ca-cf1 #bdb ix4 #a-f1 #bdb 8 #d-f1 #ga 8 #aj1 #bcd xv4 #cc1 #bcd xxii4 #bd1 #bcf ,,ecclesia/es i4 #aa1 #deg 8 #ac1 #bdj 8 #ac-ah1 #bci ii4 #aa1 #deg 8 #ac-af1 #bci 8 #af1 #deg 8 #bc1 #bd1 #deg iii4 #a-h1 #gd 8 #ah1 #ai1 #gd 8 #ai1 #bb1 #deg v4 #a1 #ah1 #deg vi4 #c-h1 #bdj 8 #ab1 #deg vii4 #aa1 #ab1 #bdj 8 #be1 #bdj viii4 #a1 #bdj 8 #h1 #deg ix4 #a ff41 #af1 #bdj 8 #b1 #g1 #h1 #ge1 #deg 8 #e1 #bdj1 #deg 8 #ac-af1 #bci xii4 #g1 #deg 8 #aa1 #ab1 #aic 8 #ab1 #afh 8 #ag1 #gd ,,isaiah ii4 #d;a1 #bhf iii4 #aj1 #dei iv4 #e1 #f1 #bhf v4 #a-d1 #bcj ix4 #ab 7,septuag9t71 #fi xi4 #b1 #bcc 8 #aa1 #ea xix4 #aa-ae1 #bca xxiv4 #ad1 #ae1 #fi xxviii4 #e1 #f1 #bhf xl4 #aj1 #bhf xliv4 #bj1 #dei xlix4 #i-ai1 #ejg 8 #bc1 #bhf lix4 #af1 #ag1 #bhf1 #dge lxii4 #c1 #bhf lxvi4 #ai1 #fi 8 #bj1 #eaf ,,j]emiah viii4 #i1 #aj1 #aad f4 x4 #a-af1 #ejg xviii4 #ah1 #aad1 #bcc xxvi4 #af 7,septuag9t71 #fi xxix4 #a1 #d ff41 #ejf f4 xxxiii4 #bi1 #bbi xxxv4 #f-aj1 #aai xxxvi41 #aad f4 8 #aj-ab1 #aai xxxix41 xl41 #cgg xl4 #e1 #cgg xlii41 xliii41 #ea xliv4 #a1 #ea l4 #ce1 #bca li4 #eg1 #bca lii4 #ae1 #bh-cj1 #ej 8 #be1 #aad ,,ezekiel xiv4 #bj1 #afg xvii4 #c-h1 #bca xviii4 #b1 #bbi xxiv4 #c-e1 #bca xxvii4 #i1 #ac1 #fh xxxvi4 #a-aj1 #bca xlii4 #af-ai1 #afb xliv4 #ae ff41 #adh 8 #ai1 #ahj ,,daniel iii4 #e1 #g1 #aj-ae1 #gj 8 #bc1 #bd1 #chf f4 v4 #ac f41 #dig 8 #bf-bh1 #aai viii4 #ba1 #fi ix4 #d-ai1 #chi1 #dih x4 #bj1 #fi xi4 #b1 #fi xii4 #d1 #i1 #ahf ,,hosea viii4 #g1 #bbi xiv4 #aj1 #bcc ,,joel iii4 7,hebr4 iv47 #f-h1 #fh ,,haggai i41 ii41 #dec 8 #ab1 #ad1 #ded ii4 #b1 #d1 #ded 8 #aj ff41 #abc 8 #aa-ac1 #age ,,ze*>iah iv41 #dec f4 8 #f1 #dec ,,mala*i i4 #aj-af1 #abb iv4 #f1 #cdf ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,apocrypha ,,page ,,ecclesia/icus i4 #a1 #bdj 8 #a-bj1 #cdf 8 #d1 #bda 8 #ab1 #bef f41 #cjf 8 #ad1 #bcd1 #bgh 8 #ae1 #bdb 8 #ae1 #bj1 #bg1 #bcd 8 #bf1 #gh1 #bdb1 #cdg iii4 #cj1 #bgb iv4 #a-f1 #cdh 8 #ag1 #bdb 8 #bf1 #cdh v4 #i-vi4 #a1 #cbc 8 #aa1 #cdg 8 #ac1 #ad1 #cdh vi4 #e-ag1 #cbc 8 #ai1 #cdh 8 #bh-ca1 #bdb vii4 #ag1 #bhi 8 #ah1 #cbc 8 #bi-ca1 #cfa 8 #ce1 #cf1 #cdg f4 viii4 #c1 #cdh 8 #e1 #bfg 8 #ab1 #ac1 #cbc x4 #aa1 #bhh1 #ccg xi4 #ad1 #cdc f4 8 #ai1 #cdf xii4 #g1 #hb 8 #h-ah1 #cbc 8 #ah1 #cdg xiv4 #a1 #cdh 8 #ad1 #bj1 #dei 8 #bj-xvi4 #bc1 #cbb f4 xv4 #a1 #abc1 #bda1 #bfj 8 #aa1 #ab1 #gi 8 #aa-ac1 #bfh1 #cji1 #cdg 8 #ad-ag1 #ccf xvi4 #a-e1 #cbc 8 #ag-bc1 #cce f4 8 #ai1 #cda xvii4 #d1 #gi 8 #i1 #afg 8 #ag1 #bgi1 #cdb 8 #bb1 #cdc 8 #bj1 #beg1 #cjf 8 #bf;a1 #beg 8 #bg1 #bh1 #bhh1 #ccg1 #cfc 8 #ca1 #bgj xviii4 #a-ad1 #cfb 8 #b1 #cda 8 #h-ad1 #cch 8 #ae-ah1 #cfa 8 #ba1 #cdc 8 #bb1 #bgb1 #bia1 #cdb xix4 #e1 #cdd 8 #af1 #cdh 8 #ag1 #bia1 #cdb 8 #bj1 #bda1 #bfa xx4 #b1 #cdc 8 #ca1 #bgi1 #cdb xxi4 #b1 #c1 #bfi 8 #i1 #aj1 #bhi 8 #aj1 #bia 8 #aa1 #bda 8 #bg1 #bh1 #bfi xxii4 #c-f1 #cbc 8 #aa1 #bhh 8 #ai-bf1 #cbc 8 #bg1 #bfg xxiii4 #c ff41 #bfg 8 #g-ae1 #cbc 8 #h1 #bga 8 #bg1 #cda xxiv4 #c1 #bda 8 #e1 #bcb 8 #f-af1 #cch 8 #g f41 #bfb 8 #g-ab1 #bdb1 #cjh 8 #i1 #bda 8 #ab1 #bfb 8 #ai1 #bj1 #bdb 8 #bc1 #bef1 #bfj1 #cda 8 #bc1 #be1 #bda 8 #cj-cb1 #afg 8 #cj-cd1 #cbe 8 #cc1 #cd1 #afg xxv4 #bd1 #bfi 8 #bh1 #cdh xxviii4 #b1 #cdf 8 #f1 #bfa1 #cfc 8 #aj1 #cdf 8 #aa1 #ab1 #cdh 8 #ac-bf1 #cbc 8 #af-ah1 #cdh xxix4 #a-bj1 #cbc 8 #ai1 #cdd 8 #ba-bh1 #cbc xxx4 #ag1 #bhh 8 #ba-be1 #gi xxxi4 #c1 #cdf 8 #h1 #bfj 8 #ba-bc1 #bfa1 #bgb 8 #be1 #bf1 #bfb 8 #ca1 #bgb xxxii4 #c-h1 #hj 8 #ae-ag1 #cci 8 #ae-bd1 #bfa xxxiii4 #ac-ae1 #cji1 #ccf f4 8 #af-ah1 #cbe 8 #ai-bc1 #cbc xxxiv4 #h1 #abe 8 #aj-ab1 #cbf 8 #ah-bf1 #cci 8 #bb1 #cdh 8 #be1 #bf1 #cfb xxxv4 #a-c1 #cci 8 #a-aa1 #cfa xxxvi4 #a-e1 #cch 8 #ac-ae1 #bfh 8 #ag1 #cch xxxvii4 #a-f1 #cbc 8 #c1 #bfh 8 #ag1 #ah1 #ccf xxxviii4 #aa1 #bgb 8 #ac1 #bhh 8 #af-bc1 #ccg 8 #bd-xxxix4 #c1 #cbd xxxix4 #a-c1 #cbd1 #cbf 8 #a-aa1 #abc 8 #d1 #cbf 8 #f1 #bgh 8 #ab ff41 #cbe 8 #ah-ca1 #cae1 #cjd xl4 #aa1 #cfc xli4 #c1 #d1 #ccg xlii4 #b1 #bfa 8 #ae1 #bcg 8 #ae-xliii41 #bed1 #cjf 8 #af1 #bed1 #cjj1 #cad1 #cfd xliii4 #bf1 #cja1 #cfd 8 #bh-cb1 #bee xliv4-l41 #afe 8 #bd1 #cbd 8 #af1 #cdc 8 #bj1 #bfa xlv4 #e1 #afe 8 #e1 #ag1 #bfa 8 #ad-af1 #cfa 8 #bc1 #bgc 8 #bc-be1 #adi xlvi4 #a1 #afe 8 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #afe 8 #ad1 #bfa 8 #ai1 #bhh xlvii4 #b-g1 #h-aj1 #ag1 #bj1 #aff 8 #bb1 #bha xlviii4 #c1 #cdh 8 #e1 #bia 8 #aa1 #bhi f4 8 #bd1 #afe xlix41 #cbh 8 #d1 #afe 8 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #aff 8 #i1 #aff1 #dei l4 #a ff41 #afg1 #cbh 8 #bi1 #afg1 #aie li4 #a-ab1 #cbf f4 8 #ab1 #bha1 #cdj1 #cia 8 #ac1 #cbf 8 #bc-bh1 #cbe ,,tobit i4-iii41 #ceg f4 8 #c1 #cef1 #cgj 8 #c-;iii4 #f1 #cfh 8 #f1 #bfc 8 #f-h1 #cfj f4 8 #g1 #bfc 8 #ba1 #bb1 #ced ii4 #a1 #bfc 8 #a-i1 #cfa 8 #e1 #bfc 8 #h1 #cfb 8 #aa-ad1 #ceh iii4 #a-f1 #bij1 #ceh 8 #f1 #cfc 8 #g1 #cja 8 #h1 #ag1 #cjd f41 #cfd 8 #aj1 #aa1 #cfc 8 #af1 #ag1 #cja1 #cje1 #cei1 #cfc iv4-xi41 #cei iv4 #c1 #bfc 8 #c-ba1 #cei 8 #e1 #bgh 8 #f-aa1 #bfb f4 8 #g1 #h1 #i1 #cfi f4 8 #aj1 #bgc1 #bij1 #cee1 #cfa1 #cfc f4 8 #ab1 #cee1 #cgj 8 #ae1 #cfi f4 8 #af1 #cfa1 #cgj 8 #ag1 #ah1 #cee f4 8 #ai1 #bga 8 #ba1 #cgj v4-vi4 #b1 #cei 8 #ac1 #bfc vi4 #b-i1 #cei 8 #c1 #cff 8 #g-i1 #ad1 #af-ah1 #cfd 8 #aj-ah1 #cja1 #cfj 8 #ab1 #bfc 8 #ag1 #cje vii41 viii41 #cfj vii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bfc viii4 #b1 #c1 #cfd 8 #c1 #cje1 #cgj 8 #e1 #cfc 8 #ae1 #cja1 #cad ix41 #cfj x4 #a-g;a1 #cfj 8 #g;b-xi4 #h1 #cfj xi4 #ad1 #cfc 8 #ah1 #ced xii4-xiv41 #cfj 8 #f1 #cfc 8 #g1 #cef 8 #h1 #bfb1 #cfa 8 #h-aj1 #cfi 8 #i1 #bgc1 #cfc f4 8 #aj1 #cgj 8 #ab1 #cja1 #cgj 8 #ab-ad1 #cfc 8 #ae1 #cja1 #cfc xiii4 #a-h1 #cfe 8 #b1 #bij1 #cfc 8 #c1 #d1 #cff 8 #f1 #cff1 #cgj 8 #g-aa1 #cfb 8 #g-ah1 #bhb 8 #af-ah1 #cgj f4 8 #ah1 #cfc xiv4 #c-g1 #cfe 8 #d-f1 #bhb1 #cfb 8 #d1 #ae1 #cef 8 #f1 #bee 8 #aj1 #ced ,,judi? i4 #i1 #cgb ii4 #a ff41 #cgg 8 #ba-;iii4 #aj1 #cgc iv4 #a-h1 #cgc 8 #b1 #c1 #cgg1 #cha 8 #f-h1 #cgg 8 #i-ae1 #cha 8 #ac1 #cha v41 vi41 #cgc 8 #ai1 #cha vii41 #cgd viii41 #cgd f4 8 #e1 #f1 #bfc1 #cha 8 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #cha 8 #ca1 #cha ix4 #a1 #h1 #ac1 #ad1 #cha x4-xii4 #i1 #cgf 8 #c1 #e1 #cha xi4 #ab1 #ac1 #bfc f4 8 #ab-ae1 #ag1 #cha xii4 #a-i1 #ai1 #cha xii4 #f1 #g1 #i1 #cha 8 #aj-xiii4 #aj1 #cgf xiii4 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #cha 8 #f1 #afb 8 #aa-xv4 #ac1 #cgg xiv4 #aj1 #cha xvi4 #b-ag1 #bfd1 #cjh1 #cgg 8 #ag1 #bij1 #cha 8 #ah-be1 #cgg 8 #ah1 #bfd 8 #bj1 #bd1 #cha ,,! ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel ,pr4 ( ,az>4 #a1 #bc-bg1 #chf #b-bb1 #chf ff4 #e1 #i1 #chh #ab1 #bgc #ad1 #ae1 #chi #bf1 #bg1 #cja ,song ( ,?ree ,*ildr54 #bh1 #cij #fd-fh1 #cij ,susannah4 #dd1 #de1 #cja f4 #de1 #cid #ee1 #ei1 #fb1 #cjb #fb;a1 #cic ,bel & ! ,dragon4 #bh1 #cb1 #cig #cc-ci;a1 #cig #cd-ci1 #cjb #ci;b1 #da1 #cig ,,! ,,additions ,,to ,,e/h] x4 #d-ac1 #djb f4 8 #d-xi4 #a1 #djb f4 xi4 #a1 #djc 8 #b-xii4 #f1 #djj xiii4 #a-g1 #djj f4 8 #h-ag1 #dja 8 #h-xiv4 #ai1 #dja f4 8 #ah1 #dja xv4 #a-af1 #djb 8 #ac1 #cjb xvi4 #a-bd1 #djb ,,pray] ,,( ,,manasses #d1 #g1 #ac1 #dji #h1 #bgc1 #dji #h-ac1 #bgd #aj1 #djg #ab1 #bia #ae1 #cjb #a ,,maccabees i4 #a-i1 #dbd 8 #aj-fd1 #dhf 8 #aj-;ii4 #gj1 #dbd ff4 8 #aa f41 #cb1 #gf 8 #aa-ae1 #chh f4 8 #ac1 #gg 8 #ae1 #dbe 8 #bj1 #ba1 #dbe 8 #bj-bd1 #cih 8 #da-fd1 #cih 8 #dc1 #dbf 8 #dc1 #dd1 #abe 8 #dd-di1 #dbe f4 ii4 #d1 #f1 #daa 8 #da1 #dab 8 #dd-dg1 #dbg 8 #eb ff41 #dab 8 #ed1 #adi iii4 #a-;ix4 #bb1 #dbg ff4 8 #ah ff41 #beg1 #cjf1 #dab 8 #be1 #bf1 #dbg iv4 #a-bd1 #dae 8 #aj ff41 #beh1 #dab 8 #df1 #bhb v4 #a-fh1 #dhe 8 #aj-ac1 #daf 8 #ae1 #daf vi4 #h-ag1 #dia 8 #ad1 #ae1 #dbi 8 #bh-ed1 #dae 8 #di1 #ej1 #dhe 8 #ef1 #dbi vii4 #a ff41 #dhe 8 #ab1 #ac1 #abe 8 #bf-ej1 #dae 8 #ej1 #dcj viii4 #bc-cb1 #dbj f4 8 #cb1 #dcj f4 ix4 #a-bb1 #dae 8 #bb1 #daf 8 #bc-xii4 #ec1 #dca ff4 8 #cb-ec1 #dae 8 #dc ff41 #df1 #dab 8 #dc-di1 #dca 8 #ed-eg1 #acd 8 #eh-gc1 #dcb 8 #gc1 #dca x4 #d1 #dcc 8 #ah-bj1 #dai 8 #be-de1 #dai 8 #bf-de1 #dcc 8 #cj-cg1 #dai f4 8 #dh ff41 #dcc 8 #ei-ff1 #dae 8 #hi1 #dcd xi4-xiii1 #dah f4 8 #ba1 #ce 8 #cg1 #daf 8 #eg1 #dbj xii4 #a-e1 #daf 8 #f-ah1 #daf1 #dba 8 #g-i1 #dah 8 #aj1 #ac1 #dag 8 #ad-ah1 #dag 8 #ae1 #dai 8 #bj-bc1 #dah xiii4 #a-xvi4 #bd1 #dcf ff4 8 #be1 #cj1 #dac 8 #bi1 #dba 8 #cf-dj1 #dbj1 #dcf xiv4 #d-ae1 #dad 8 #e1 #dba 8 #af1 #dba1 #dbb 8 #ag-bc1 #dbb 8 #ah1 #bg1 #dh f41 #daf1 #dah 8 #bj-bb1 #dba 8 #bd1 #dba 8 #bg-dg1 #dah 8 #cj1 #ce1 #acd 8 #da ff41 #acd1 #bhb f41 #dcc xv4 #f-ba1 #dbb f4 8 #i1 #aj1 #dcg 8 #bg1 #dcg xvi4 #ad-ag1 #dch 8 #bb1 #bd1 #dch 8 #bc1 #bd1 #dac1 #daf #a 7#c7 ,,esdras i4 #a-eh1 #ddj ii4 #a ff41 #ddg1 #ddh 8 #a-ae1 #ddj f4 8 #ae-be1 #ddg1 #ddh 8 #af-cj1 #dda f41 #ddh iii4 #a-ab1 #dea 8 #a-v4 #f1 #dda ff41 #dde1 #ddg1 #dea ff4 8 #ac-ag1 #dea 8 #ag;b-#bd1 #dea f4 iv4 #a-ab1 #deb 8 #ac1 #dec 8 #ac-eg1 #deb f4 8 #bi ff41 #ddc 8 #eh-fc1 #dec v4 #a-f1 #dec 8 #d-f1 #dda 8 #g-gc1 #dda1 #ddg vi4 #a-vii4 #ae1 #dda viii4 #a ff41 #ddh 8 #a-;ix4 #cf1 #dda f4 ix4 #cg-ee1 #ddb ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wisdom i4-xi4 #a1 #bei 8 #a1 #dfg 8 #a-e1 #bha 8 #d-g1 #bdd 8 #f-aa1 #dgj 8 #g1 #hf 8 #ab ff41 #hd1 #bgg f4 8 #ab-af1 #bhj f4 8 #ac-ae1 #dfh 8 #ae1 #hd ii4-v41 #dfb 8 -xi41 #dfe 8 #a-i1 #deg 8 #a-bj1 #dgj 8 #g-i1 #dga f4 8 #aj-bj1 #dfj ff4 8 #ab1 #bff f41 #dei 8 #ae1 #dfb 8 #ba-bd1 #dga 8 #bc1 #bd1 #dgd1 #dgg 8 #bd1 #cje iii4 #a1 #i1 #bhd 8 #a-i1 #bhe1 #bih f41 #dga 8 #h1 #bhe1 #bii1 #dgd 8 #aj ff41 #bii1 #dga f4 iv4 #a1 #bcg 8 #ai1 #cjj 8 #bj1 #dgb v41 #dfh 8 #a-ad1 #bii1 #dgb 8 #b1 #cjj 8 #ae ff41 #bhf f41 #bii f4 8 #ag-bj1 #dgd f4 vi4 #a1 #dfg 8 #b1 #dfb 8 #d1 #bfg 8 #e-i1 #dfj 8 #ag-bj1 #dga f4 8 #ai1 #hd vii4-ix41 #dfi 8 #ag1 #dge 8 #ai1 #bj1 #hj 8 #bb-bd1 #hf1 #deh 8 #bb-viii4 #a1 #dfe1 #dfh1 #dgg 8 #be1 #bf1 #bdc 8 #bg1 #hf1 #bei viii4 #a1 #hf 8 #a1 #h1 #bei 8 #d1 #bdd 8 #f1 #dfe 8 #g1 #hg1 #deh 8 #ag1 #ah1 #bih 8 #ai1 #deh 8 #ai1 #bj1 #bgg ix4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #ag1 #bdd 8 #a-f1 #dfh 8 #f1 #bdc f4 8 #aj1 #aa1 #bei 8 #ae1 #deh1 #dgf 8 #ae1 #af1 #hd x4 #a ff41 #dfe 8 #g1 #dgg 8 #af ff41 #dgc 8 #ag1 #ah1 #cjd xi4 #a1 #dfg 8 #a ff41 #dgc 8 #b-xix41 #dfe 8 #ag1 #he1 #deh 8 #bc1 #dgf 8 #bc-bf1 #dfh xii41 #dgg 8 #aj1 #aa1 #bgg1 #caj 8 #ab1 #dei 8 #ai1 #dfb1 #dfh 8 #bb ff41 #deg f4 xiii41 xiv41 #dgg 8 -xv41 #dgb f4 8 #a1 #dff 8 #b1 #c1 #dge f4 8 #aj-ai1 #ejg xiv41 #deh1 #dfb 8 #a ff41 #bei f4 8 #b1 #dff 8 #c1 #deh 8 #f-bj1 #dfb 8 #g1 #dfd 8 #af1 #ag1 #dfb xv4 #a1 #dff 8 #b1 #h1 #ha1 #hc 8 #c1 #hd 8 #g1 #dgf f4 8 #aj1 #dei 8 #ac-ag1 #ejg 8 #ah1 #ai1 #deh xvi4-xix41 #dgc 8 #a1 #i1 #deh 8 #g1 #dfh xvii4 #ba1 #cjj 8 #bd1 #bdi xviii4 #d1 #deh 8 #ae1 #bdd 8 #ae1 #af1 #cjd xix4 #e1 #dfb 8 #ah-ba1 #hg1 #dge #b ,,maccabees i4-ii4 #ah1 #dij ff4 8 #a-i1 #dij ff4 8 #h1 #i1 #bfd 8 #i1 #ah1 #dhg 8 #ac-ag1 #dia 8 #bj-bb1 #dib 8 #bg1 #bhc 8 #ca-cd1 #dib ii4 #a-ab1 #dib 8 #af1 #dhg 8 #ah1 #bhc 8 #ai1 #bj1 #dhg 8 #ai-cb1 #dgi1 #dha 8 #bb1 #dhg 8 #bd1 #be1 #dhj 8 #cj-ca1 #dgi iii4 #a ff41 #ejh 8 #a-ci1 #dha 8 #a-;iv4 #f1 #dhf 8 #ab1 #dhg 8 #ae-ci1 #dic 8 #bb-cj1 #dhi 8 #bd ff41 #cjb f4 8 #dj-;iv4 #ej1 #dhb iv4 #g-ag1 #cd1 #ce 8 #g-vii4 #da1 #dhf 8 #ac-ag1 #bfd1 #dhh 8 #bj1 #ce v4 #a4-vii4 #db1 #dhb 8 #ae1 #dhg 8 #bj1 #dic 8 #bb1 #dhe vi41 vii4 #did 8 #a-aa1 #ce 8 #aa1 #dhg 8 #ab-af1 #bgd1 #dhd1 #dhg1 #dic 8 #ai1 #bh1 #did 8 #bc-bh1 #dic 8 #bf1 #bib vii41 #dic 8 #a1 #g1 #i1 #ad1 #did 8 #i1 #bfd1 #bib 8 #i1 #aa1 #ad1 #dhi 8 #aj1 #aa1 #bib 8 #aa1 #bb1 #bc1 #dhd1 #dhg 8 #ad1 #bib 8 #bc1 #bi1 #bib1 #did 8 #cf1 #bib viii4 #a-cf1 #dhb 8 #ai-bf1 #dic 8 #bc1 #agf 8 #bf1 #dhg ix4 #a-bi1 #dhb1 #dia 8 #e1 #dhh 8 #e-bi1 #dhh x4 #a1 #dhh 8 #a-c1 #dhg 8 #a-h1 #dhb1 #dhg f4 8 #e-h1 #dhg1 #dij f4 8 #f1 #did 8 #f f41 #dhg 8 #i-ch1 #dhb 8 #ad-ch1 #dhe 8 #bi-ca1 #dhi 8 #ce-cg1 #dhf 8 #cg1 #dhe xi4 #a-ch1 #dhb 8 #f-aa1 #cjc1 #dhi 8 #ac1 #dhh 8 #ce ff41 #did xii4 #a-xiii4 #bf1 #dhb 8 #aj-de1 #dhe 8 #aa1 #bh1 #dhh 8 #ca1 #ch1 #dhg 8 #ce1 #dhe 8 #ci-db1 #dhh 8 #dc-de1 #bib1 #dhd1 #dhg1 #dhi xiii4 #ae1 #dhh 8 #bb1 #bc1 #dhe xiv4 #a ff41 #dhe 8 #a-xv4 #cf1 #dhb 8 #f1 #abe 8 #df1 #bib f41 #dhd1 #dhg1 #dij xv4 #aa-af1 #cjc1 #dhd1 #dhg 8 #cf1 #dhg 8 #cg-ci1 #dhb ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,b>u* i4 #c1 #d1 #dif 8 -iii4 #h1 #dig ff4 8 #f-aj1 #dif 8 #aa-ac1 #ad1 #dif 8 #ae-;ii4 #ab1 #dif 8 #ae-;iii4 #h1 #chi1 #ejj ff4 ii4 #ac-ag1 #eja 8 #ac-;iii4 #h1 #dif 8 #ag1 #bic1 #ejb 8 #ai1 #bgd1 #ejb iii4 #i-;iv4 #d1 #bfd f41 #cji1 #dif f41 #ejc f4 8 #ai1 #bic iv4 #a ff41 #bfe 8 #c1 #d1 #bfe 8 #e-v4 #i1 #beh1 #cjf1 #dig1 #ejd ff4 8 #be1 #ca ff41 #bhc 8 #ce1 #cje 8 #cf1 #cg1 #eje 8 #cf-v4 #i1 #bhc v4 #a1 #b1 #eje 8 #g1 #h1 #eje f4 ,ep4 ( ,j]4 #g1 #cjb #b 7#d7 ,,esdras i41 ii41 #eji ff4 iii4-ix41 #bge iii4-x41 #bfe1 #bhc1 #cji1 #caa1 #eac ff4 iii4-xiv41 #eji 8 #a1 #ead 8 #a-v4 #ai1 #ebb ff4 8 #ai1 #bff 8 #bj-bb1 #bge 8 #ba1 #bb1 #ebc 8 #be1 #bf1 #bge 8 #bi1 #ead iv4 #a-aa1 #cjc 8 #aj1 #aa1 #beh1 #ebd 8 #aa1 #bid 8 #ba1 #ebd 8 #cj1 #bff1 #bge 8 #cc-cg1 #cjc 8 #cf1 #cg1 #ih v4 #a-ab1 #bhe f4 8 #ba-vi4 #cd1 #ebd 8 #ci1 #cjd 8 #dj1 #beh f4 vi4 #cb1 #aja 8 #ce-;ix4 #be1 #ebd ff4 8 #ch1 #bcg 8 #ei1 #ebe vii4 #ba1 #cjd 8 #bf-ca1 #big 8 #bf-dd1 #ebe 8 #bh1 #bi1 #bhc f4 8 #cb ff41 #big 8 #ef-ei1 #ajc 8 #gb1 #bff 8 #ge1 #bid 8 #gh-hg1 #bie 8 #hc1 #ajj 8 #hh1 #bic1 #bif 8 #hh-ii1 #bie 8 #if1 #bic 8 #ajj1 #bic 8 #aja1 #bid 8 #ajb-aje1 #ajb f4 8 #ajb-aae1 #bif 8 #aac1 #aad1 #bif 8 #aah1 #bge 8 #abe1 #aja 8 #acj1 #cjc viii4 #bi1 #ajj 8 #ce1 #bgf 8 #ch1 #ci1 #bie 8 #ec1 #bid ix4 #g-ab1 #ajj 8 #ai1 #ebf 8 #bb1 #ebf 8 #bd1 #aja 8 #bf-x4 #ei1 #ebf f4 8 #ca-cg1 #bfe 8 #cf1 #bic x4 #bg1 #ebg 8 #ee-eg1 #ebg xi4-xii4 #ci1 #bhd1 #cab1 #eag ff4 8 #ac-ag1 #ebj 8 #bb1 #bd1 #ebj 8 #cd1 #ce1 #ebj 8 #df1 #beh xii4 #ah1 #ebj 8 #bf1 #bg1 #eai 8 #cb1 #bhd 8 #cd1 #bhe 8 #cf-ch1 #ahf xiii41 #bhd1 #cab1 #eae ff4 8 #h-ac1 #bhe 8 #be1 #bf1 #bhd 8 #ca f41 #eag 8 #dh1 #di1 #eag 8 #eb1 #eag xiv41 #bhd1 #cab 8 #i1 #bhd 8 #bb1 #bf1 #ebi 8 #dd-dg1 #ahg1 #aia xv41 xvi41 #eji1 #eaa f4 8 #e-bg1 #eaa 8 #aj-ab1 #eab 8 #bh-cc1 #eab 8 #bh-xvi4 #ag1 #eaa 8 #cd ff41 #eab 8 #df1 #eab xvi4 #ah-gh1 #eaa ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,pseudepigrapha ,,page ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,eno* i4 #h1 #if v4 #d1 #ii1 #ajj i4-xxxvi41 #bjf vi4-xxxvi41 #bjg x4 #af1 #ajb x4 #ba1 #ajc xi4 #a1 #b1 #ajd xx4 #h1 #cjc xxxii4 #c1 #bde xxxvii4 #a-d1 #bdf xxxvii4-lxxi41 #bje1 #bjh xlii4 #a1 #b1 #bdf xlv4 #c1 #ajf xlviii4 #c1 #d1 #ajf 8 #d1 #ajd 8 #g1 #ajf xlix4 #a1 #ajd 8 #c1 #bdf l4 #b-e1 #ajd li4 #b1 #c1 #ajf 8 #c1 #bdf lxi4 #h1 #ajf lxix4 #f1 #bfi 8 #aa1 #bjg 8 #bg-bi1 #ajf lxxii4-lxxxii41 #bjf 8 #a1 #bjd 8 #b1 #c1 #bdf lxxxii4 #d-g1 #bjd lxxxiv4 #c1 #bdf 8 #f1 #ajb xc4 #cj1 #ajd xci4-civ41 #bjg 8 #aj1 #bde 8 #ad1 #ajd xcii4 #g1 #h1 #ig xciii4 #ab-ag1 #bjf xciv4 #e1 #bdf xcix4 #b1 #ajj 8 #aj1 #bdf 8 #ad1 #ajj cii4 #f-h1 #ajg1 #bje ciii4 #a-h1 #ajh1 #aji civ4 #a1 #ajb cviii4 #a1 #ahf 8 #g1 #aja ,,sibyll9e ,,oracles iii4 #bga1 #ec 8 #bgf ff41 #ajj 8 #gjb-gbf1 #ajd 8 #gih-hjf1 #baj v4 #bfj-bhe1 #baj 8 #dad ff41 #ajf ,,te/4 ,,xii ,,patr4 ,sim4 vi4 #g1 #bac ,levi ii4 #b1 #ajd 8 viii4 #ad1 #bab 8 xiv4 #b1 #bac 8 8 #c1 #d1 #ajd 8 xviii4 #aj1 #aa1 #aji ,jud4 xxiv4 #a1 #ajf 8 8 #e1 #f1 #bab ,naph4 iv4 #e1 #bab ,gad v4 #c1 #bad 8 vi4 #c-g1 #bad ,,psalms ,,( ,,solomon v4 #d1 #baf ix4 #f1 #baf xi4 #c1 #eje 8 #e-g1 #eje f4 8 #h1 #eje f4 xvii4 #bc ff41 #bae xvii41 xviii41 #ajf ,,book ,,( ,,jubilees v4 #ac ff41 #ajc vi4 #c1 #aea 8 #cd ff41 #aea ,,assumption ,,( ,,moses i4 #ab1 #ajc 8 #af-ah1 #ahg ix4 #f1 #aja x41 #bai ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,isaiah ii4 #a-;iii4 #ab1 #bbj iii4 #ac-v4 #a1 #bbj v4 #b-ad1 #bbj vi4-xi41 #bbj x41 #bai ,,secrets ,,( ,,eno* xxx4 #h1 #bdg xxxiii4 #c1 #bdg xliii4 #b1 #bdg lix4 #b41 #bba lxviii4 #b1 #ahf ,,syr4 ,,apoc4 ,,( ,,b>u* xiv4 #ai1 #aad xix4 #c1 #ajj lix4 #b1 #ajj lxvii4 #e1 #ajd lxxxv4 #i1 #ajc ,,lett] ,,( ,,ari/eas #ab1 #ac1 #eg #aba1 #abb1 #ef #d ,,maccabees xviii4 #ab1 #adi ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,/4 ,,mat!w iii4 #g1 #ade iv4 #af1 #cfi v4 #ag-bj1 #ada vi4 #a-f1 #cfi 8 #ad1 #cdf 8 #ai-ba1 #cfi vii4 #g1 #eaa 8 #ab1 #cfi xi4 #ai1 #cdf f4 xv4 #a-bj1 #ada xvi4 #a1 #ade xviii4 #ae1 #bad xxii4 #bc ff41 #adg 8 #cg-ci1 #bad xxiii4 #d-bf1 #aba 8 #ae1 #aca 8 #cg1 #eaa xxiv4 #bb1 #eaa xxv4 #ac1 #cb1 #eaa 8 #ce1 #cf1 #cfi 8 #ci1 #cdg xxviii4 #ci1 #cdg ,,/4 ,,m>k ii4 #af1 #abg iv4 #b1 #aib vii4 #a-bc1 #ada ix4 #dh1 #bhi1 #cab ,,/4 ,,luke i4 #g1 #cdf v4 #cj1 #abg vi4 #ca1 #cfi vii4 #ce1 #cdg xi4 #cg-ed1 #ada 8 #ej1 #ea1 #eaa xii4 #ai1 #bj1 #cdf xvii4 #c1 #bad ,,/4 ,,john i4 #a-c1 #bch ,,acts iv4 #a1 #adg v4 #a ff41 #ade ix4 #cf1 #cgj x4 #d1 #cgj xii4 #ae1 #adh xvii4 #bc1 #bc xix4 #i1 #aie xxiii4 #a-aj1 #ade 8 #h1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeh 8 #i1 #abg ,,romans i4 #b1 #agf ii4 #d1 #dgf v4 #ab1 #dgd vi4 #bc1 #cgj ix4 #ai-bc1 #dgf f4 xi4 #cb1 #dgf #a ,,cor9?ians ii4 #f-af1 #dgg v4 #ab1 #ac1 #aib vi4 #b1 #c1 #dgd xv4 #ba1 #bb1 #dgd xvi4 #b1 #cgj 8 #da-dd1 #eab #b ,,cor9?ians v4 #a1 #d1 #dgf viii4 #ab1 #cgj ix4 #i1 #cfi ,,galatians iv4 #c1 #dge 8 #h1 #i1 #dge f4 vi4 #af1 #afb ,,ephesians v4 #ah1 #cgj vi4 #aa-bj1 #dgd f4 ,,colossians ii4 #h1 #dge 8 #bj1 #dge iv4 #e1 #aib #a ,,!ssalonians iv4 #c1 #cgj 8 #ab1 #aib #a ,,timo?y i4 #ag1 #cgj vi4 #f1 #cgj 8 #ai1 #cgj #b ,,timo?y iii4 #ae1 #agf ,,hebrews v4 #ab1 #dgf xi4 #cg1 #bbj 8 #ch1 #did ,,/4 ,,james i4 #e1 #cdg 8 #ac1 #ad1 #cdg 8 #ai1 #cdg iii4 #b1 #cdh 8 #e1 #f1 #cdh 8 #h1 #cdh 8 #aj1 #cdh v4 #d1 #cdh 8 #g1 #cdh 8 #af1 #ag1 #cdh #b ,,pet] iii4 #h1 #bba 8 #aj1 #ab1 #dgf ,,/4 ,,jude #ad1 #ae1 #bjh ,,revelation xx4 #b1 #cgj xxi4 #aj-ba1 #cga ,,index ,,( ,,passages ,,f ,,rabb9ical ,,lit]ature ,,mi%nah ,abo? i4 #i1 #cic 8 ii4 #d1 #acb ,eduyo? v4 #c1 #agj ,jadaim iii4 #b1 #e1 #age 8 iii4 #e1 #agj 8 iv4 #e1 #f1 #age ,niddah iv4 #b1 #aca ,sanh$r9 vi4 #b1 #cib 8 x4 #a1 #aib ,,talmud ,jebamo? #di;b1 #aid ,sanh$r9 #aa;a1 #agc 8 #ij;b1 #adg 8 #ajj;a1 #agc 8 #ajj;b1 #cdj ,%abba? 7,talm4 ,j]47 xvi41 #aic ,yoma #ba;b1 #agc ,,midra% ,sifre #adc;b1 #hc ,pr9t$ = ,,rob]t ,,scott1 ,publi%]1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 by ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,frome4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,8 fir/ victory 0 9 ,b4,c4 #ccd on ! riv] ,granicus1 :]e he ov]came ! g5]als ( ,d>ius4 ,9 #ccc came ! decisive victory at ,issus1 :5 ,d>ius himself 0 defeat$4 ,9 #ccb ,alex&] m>*$ victori\sly d[n ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,9 #cca he became ma/] ( ,egypt2 & lat] 9 ! same ye> he inflict$ a cru%+ defeat aga9 on ,d>ius1 tak+ ,babylon & ,susa4 ,9 #ccj he cont9u$ 8 victories 9 ,p]sia4 ,dur+ ! next five ye>s he 0 occupi$ 9 ! fur!r ea/1 fight+ ) inv>iable success4 ,he di$ sudd5ly 9 #cbc4 #b ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 pp4 #d ff4 #c ,see1 e4g41 ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #b-aa1 & ! works ( ,wilamovitz ref]r$ to by him4 #d ,! ,h\se ( ,seleucus1 ,i1 p4 #ag4 #e ,swete1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek 7#a/ ed471 p4 #bid4 #f ,! ,philology ( ! ,greek ,bible1 p4 #fa4 ,see also an int]e/+ article by ,m4 ,f4 ,jones1 8,! ,language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t10 9 ! ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiac1 pp4 #aac-acc4 #g ,cp4 ,krg]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #i4 #h ,cp4 ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ed4 #i ,! city 0 f\nd$ 9 ,b4,c4 #cca4 #aj ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 0 born 9 ,b4,c4 #cdb1 & di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bgj4 ,cp4 ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 ,lecture ii4 pp4 #dg-ha4 #aa ,cp4 ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #di4 #ab ,bevan1 ,! ,h\se ( ,seleucus1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #ac ,cp4 ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajg4 #ad ,b4,c4 #cda-bgj1 8 lifetime ?us co9cid$ almo/ exactly ) t ( ,z5o4 #ae ,?is _h1 x is true1 to "s ext5t tak5 place 9 e>li] times z well2 b n 9 ! way 9 :i* x 0 done dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 ( :i* x 0 *>act]i/ic4 #af ,cp4 ,ka]/1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #bgi ff4 #ag ,see ,ka]/1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 i4 p4 #bgi2 & on ! g5]al subject1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,hell5ism & ,*ri/ianity1 *ap4 ,,ii4 #ah ,w5dl&1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abh1 :]e ref]5ces to orig9al au?orities w be f\nd4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,acts xvii4 #bc1 :]e ,/4 ,paul speaks ( an alt> :i* he _h se5 ) ! inscription3 8,to an unkn[n god40 ,on ! :ole subject ( alt>s d$icat$ to 8unkn[n gods0 an imm5se deal ( valuable matt] w be f\nd 9 ,nord5's ,agno/os ,!os1 pp4 #ca-abd 7#aiac74 #ai ,ezra vii4 #aj1 x4 #aa4 #bj ,see ,ezra ix4 #a1 #b4 #ba ,cp4 ,ezra x4 #ag4 #bb ,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #aha4 #bc ,x may be well to recall "h ! foll[+ facts2 at ! dea? ( ,alex&] 9 ,b4,c4 #cbc 8 empire 0 divid$ ?us among 8 g5]als3 ,antigonus obta9$ ! prov9ces ( ,great] ,phrygia1 ,lycia1 & ,pamphylia2 ,seleucus1 ,babylonia2 ,ptolemy1 ,egypt2 ,lysima*us1 ! ,hellespont2 & ,cass&]1 ,mac$onia 7cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii4 i4 #a74 ,incessant w>s1 h[ev]1 w5t on among ^! rul]s4 ,b 9 ,b4,c4 #cjb an alliance aga9/ ,antigonus 0 made1 or r r5ew$1 by ! f\r o!r k+s2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 z a result ( ! battle ( ,ipsus1 ! k+dom ( ,antigonus 7he1 9 common ) ! o!r rul]s1 _h assum$ ! title ( k+7 came to a f9al end4 ,! victori\s allies divid$ 8 k+dom among !mselves ?us3 ,seleucus got ,syria prop]2 ,lysima*us1 a l>ge portion ( ,asia ,m9or2 ,cass&]1 ,mac$onia & ,greece2 :ile to ! ,egyptian k+dom ( ,ptolemy 0 add$ ,cle-,syria 7n1 h[ev]1 )\t a prote/ f ,seleucus71 :i* rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,ptolemys = a c5tury2 x 0 f9ally conqu]$ by ,antio*us ,,iii 7! ,great71 ?r\gh 8 victory at ,panias 7,b4,c4 #aih71 & x ?us rev]t$ to ! ,syrian k+dom4 #bd ,cp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies 9 ,judaism 7,second ,s]ies71 p4 #gb4 #be ,he _h1 = example1 settl$ ,mac$onians 9 ,sam>ia4 #bf ,see fur!r1 ,grote1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,x1 pp4 #bjh ff4 #bg ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #eg-eh1 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 p4 #ie4 ,cp4 also ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 xiii4 #c1 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 xxi4 #i4 #bh 8,s long z ! ,jewi% ,/ate exi/$ ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity rema9$ 9 =ce4444 ,b z soon z ! nation is dead1 :5 ! bonds t unite m5 9 ! organism ( national life are dissolv$1 !n ! idea ( individual responsibility comes into imm$iate op]ation0 7,expositor's ,bible1 p4 #adc2 ed4 by ,w4 ,rob]tson ,nicoll74 #bi ,fairwea!r & ,black1 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees1 p4 #fj 7,cambridge ,bible74 #cj ,j]usalem "u ! ,high-prie/s1 p4 #ce4 #ca ,see ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii1 v4 #a2 see also ,b*l]'s ,die ,tobiad5 und die ,oniad5 4441 pp4 #h ff4 #cb ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii1 iii4 #a1 says t 9 ,antio* ! ,jews _h privileges equal to ^? ( ! ,mac$onians & ,greeks4 #cc ,a broad-brimm$ hat :i*1 z ! m>k ( ,h]mes1 0 ! badge ( ! pal/ra 7wre/l+-s*ool74 #cd ,see also v]ses #ah-bj1 & vi4 #a-aa2 & cp4 #a ,macc4 xi4 #ba4 #ce ,?\gh ,hell5i/ic influ5ce ass]t$ itself aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 x 01 9 effect1 nev] :olly ?r[n (f4 #cf ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #ca-dg1 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ei-hi2 & see also ,krauss1 ,talmudis*e ,ar*ologie1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdi ff4 #cg ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 i4 p4 #cj1 ,g]man ed4 ,,ii1 p4 #eg4 #ch ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #big f4 7#aijg74 #ci ,cp4 :at 0 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ab\t religi\s syncretism be+ a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,movem5t4 #dj ,transactions ( ! ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 ,i1 pp4 #bgf f4 7#aijh74 #da ,op4 cit41 pp4 #dhh f4 #db ,= details see ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 pp4 #aie-bba 7#aiaa74 #dc ,j]usalem "u ! ,high-prie/s1 pp4 #da f41 & see ,lecture ,,iii 9 ! same writ]'s book1 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 pp4 #he-aah4 #dd ,quot$ by ,re9a*1 ,textes d'auteurs grecs et roma9s relatifs au ,judaisme1 pp4 #bj f4 7#ahie74 #de ,see1 = o!r !ories reg>d+ ! d]ivation ( ! "n1 ,lightfoot1 ,colossians1 pp4 #cdi ff4 #df ,zell] says3 8,!y exhibit s important a relation%ip to ! ,neo-,py?agoreans t we c only assume t !y arose "u ! influ5ce ( ,orphic ,py?agorean asceticism1 & subsequ5tly1 aft] ! =mation ( a ,neo-,py?agorean philosophy1 adopt$ _m ( its doctr9es0 7,outl9es ( ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #cag74 ,w5dl& 7,op4 cit41 p4 #aia1 note #b7 disagrees ) ?is2 he believes x improbable z be+ a hypo!sis insuffici5tly support$ by ! facts4 #dg ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #b4 #dh ,quod omn4 prob41 ii4 #deg4 ,josephus 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #d7 says1 on ! o!r h&1 t 8!y h no "o c]ta9 city1 b _m ( !m dwell 9 e city02 b ev5 if !y did live 9 cities 9 ! "t ( ,josephus1 !y kept entirely to !mselves1 = he says else:]e ( !m t 8z !y live by !mselves !y m9i/] "o to ano!r0 7,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #e74 #di ,de sept541 ii4 #bgi1 quot$ by ,fri$lnd]1 ,die rel4 ,bewegung51 p4 #abd4 #ej ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #b2 cp4 also ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #e2 ,philo1 ,frag41 ii4 #fcb 7quot$ by ,fri$lnd]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #adc72 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 v4 #ag4 #ea ,fri$lnd]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dc4 #eb ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 v4 #i4 #ec ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 vii4 #aa4 #ed ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 xi4 #b1 ,,xv1 x4 #e1 ,,xvii1 xiii4 #c4 #ee ,die rel4 ,bewegung51 p4 #h4 #ef ,f a slab-inscription f\nd at ,nimr\d2 see ,p9*es1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 p4 #cfc4 #eg ,he reign$ f ,b4,c4 #ceh-cch4 #eh ,syncellus1 i4 #dhf 7ed4 ,d9dorf74 #ei ,! anci5t ,jb1 situat$ at ! s\!rn extremity ( a small isl& 9 ! ,nile1 betwe5 two & ?ree miles long1 n f> bel[ ! fir/ cat>act & opposite ,ass\an1 ! anci5t ,sy5e4 #fj ,^! papyri belong to ! p]iod ,b4,c4 #did-djj1 i4e41 f ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,d>ius ,i1 ?r\gh ! reigns ( ,x]xes 7#dhe-dfe71 ,artax]xes ,i 7#dfe-dbd71 ,d>ius ,,ii 7#dbd-dje71 to ! fif? ye> ( ,amyrtu1 :o ?rew (f ! ,p]sian yoke & made ,egypt indep5d5t4 #fa ,! ,jewi% gov]nor "u ,d>ius ,,ii 01 accord+ to ! papyri1 "o ,j$oniah4 #fb ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! excavations at ,elephant9 dur+ ! ye>s #aijf-aijh is giv5 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr gyptis*e ,spra*e1 vol4 xlix4 7#aiji74 ,! mo/ elaborate "w on ! subject is ,sa*au's ,aramis*e ,papyrus und ,o/raka aus e9] jdis*5 ,militrkolonie zu ,elephant9e 7#aiaa74 ,an excell5t small] "w is ,ed4 ,mey]'s ,d] ,papyrusfund von ,elephant9e 7#aiab71 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,a valuable text-book = /ud5ts is ,ungnad's ,aramis*e ,papyrus aus ,elephant9e 7#aiaa74 #fc ,gu!1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,i1 #aaaj4 #fd ,quot$ 9 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiv1 vii1 #b2 cp4 #a ,macc4 xv4 #af-bd1 f :i* x c be se5 t ,jewi% settlem5ts exi/$ n only 9 ,egypt1 b also 9 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 & else:]e4 #fe ,quot$ 9 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xix1 v4 #b4 #ff ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 xviii4 #g4 #fg ,9 ,flaccum1 #h 7ed4 ,mangey1 ,,ii1 p4 #ebe74 #fh ,9 ,flaccum1 #f 7ed4 ,mangey1 ,,ii1 p4 #ebc74 #fi ,= full details see ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 ii4 pp4 #bai-cbg1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-ahh4 #gj ,cp4 ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,vi1 ix4 #c4 #ga ,see fur!r ,,iv ( ?is *apt]4 #gb ,?is docum5t belongs r\ghly to ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ajj2 ?\gh ,s*r] w\ld place x a c5tury e>li]2 _m mod]n s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 disagree ) him 9 ?is4 #gc ,cp4 ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5?ums1 pp4 #dje ff4 #gd ,:5 we f9d t 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity ev5 or?odox ,rabbis 7 to be f\nd :o held t ,baptism )\t ,circumcision suffic$ = proselytes we may well ask :e!r ! result ( ! ,hell5i/ic _s 0 n a contributory cause ( su* a lapse f traditional ,judaism4 #ge ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 ,i1 p4 #bgg4 #gf ,x is dealt ) 9 ,s*r]1 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #aef-cbj2 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 pp4 #dbj-fcc4 #gg ,"s acc\nt ( ! ,pseudepigrapha1 :i* are p>tly ,pale/9ian1 b ma9ly ,grco-,jewi%1 is giv5 bel[1 ,*ap4 ,x4 #gh ,b4,c4 #bhe-bdf4 #gi ,"s s*ol>s assign ?is to ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,,vi 7,philometor71 ,b4,c4 #ahb-adf4 #hj ,philo & ,holy ,scripture1 p4 #cb 7#ahie72 see also ,swete1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #be f4 #ha ,cp4 ,mey]1 ,d] ,papyrusfund von ,elephant91 p4 #ai4 #hb ,= ! fur!r hi/ory ( ! ,septuag9t1 & = ! lab\rs ( ,aquila1 ,symma*us1 ,!odotion1 & above all ( ,orig51 ,swete's book1 already m5tion$1 %\ld be consult$4 #hc ,! ,philology ( ! ,greek ,bible1 p4 #h4 #hd ,cohn & ,w5dl&'s edition4 #he ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 viii4 #a ff4 #hf 8,! philosophy :i* ,philo exp\nds is ess5tially ! popul> ,greek philosophy1 a bl5d ( ,platonism1 ,py?agoreanism1 & ,/oicism1 slightly modifi$ by ! ,hebrew belief 9 ,god0 7,edwyn ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 p4 #id74 #hg ,x is ( importance = ,*ri/ian !ology to notice t 9 sev]al passages 7see ,lightfoot1 ,colossians & ,philemon1 p4 #baf7 ,philo int]prets 8! image ( ,god0 to mean ! 8,logos02 s t :51 9 ,g54 i4 #bg1 man is said to h be5 creat$ 9 8! image ( ,god10 x means t he 0 creat$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ! 8,logos40 #hh ,de ,migratione ,abrahami1 #ah1 quot$ by ,laut]ba*4 #hi ,on ! :ole subject ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,philonian & ! ,johann9e ,logos doctr9es see ,rville1 ,la doctr9e du ,logos dans le quatrime vangile et dans les uvres de ,philon 7#ahgb72 ,bald5sp]g]1 ,d] ,prolog des ,vi]t5 ,evangeliums 7#ahih74 #ij ,= ! influ5ce ( ,philo ^u ,/4 ,paul see ,?ack]ay1 ,! ,relation ( ,/4 ,paul to ,contempor>y ,jewi% ,?\ght1 passim 7#aijj74 #ia ,cp4 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ,i1 pp4 #dij ff4 #ib ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,,xiii1 p4 #gje4 #ic ,box1 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah1 p4 #aac4 #id ,kamphaus5 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,i1 #ajji4 #ie ,to give b two examples3 ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 p4 #bab71 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! subject c>efully1 says3 8,we are ?us l$ by a concurr5ce ( argum5ts to assign ! collection ( ,psalms xc4-cl4 & ! completion ( ! :ole ,psalt] to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,maccabee sov]eignty40 ,briggs 7,! ,book ( ,psalms1 ,i1 pp4 xc41 xci47 assigns a l>ge numb] ( ! ,psalms to ! ,greek p]iod4 #if ,cp4 ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 ii41 p4 #bae 7#ahhh74 #ig ,grie*is*e ,philosophie im ,alt5 ,te/am5t1 pp4 #be f4 7#aijd74 #ih ,fri$lnd]1 9 8 book j ref]r$ to1 sees _m o!r signs ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ! ,psalms 7pp4 #ae-eh72 x is probable t 9 "s cases he is "r2 9 o!rs ?is is d\btful4 #ii ,cp4 ,o4 ,holtzmann 9 ,onk5's ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te 9 ,e9zeld>/ellung51 ,,ii1 p4 #bie4 #ajj ,cp4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #gb4 #aja e4g4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/romateis1 ,i41 v4 #bi1 quot$ by ,fri$lnd]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #gc4 #ajb ,cp4 ,/ade1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #baf2 ,o4 ,holtzmann1 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #big2 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #gi ff4 #ajc ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #cea4 #ajd ,op4 cit41 p4 #ajg4 ,fri$lnd]'s cont5tions are combat$ by ,krg]1 ,hell5ismus und ,jud5tum im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 pp4 #bb ff4 #aje ,ecclesia/es1 pp4 #aa ff2 he is foll[$ by ,plumptre 9 8 ,ecclesia/es2 ,siegfri$1 ,pr$ig] und ,hohesli$1 & ,haupt1 ,kohele?2 ,krg] & ,fri$lnd] hold ! same view4 #ajf ,see fur!r1 ,haupt1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #f4 #ajg ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es1 pp4 #cd-dc4 #ajh ,op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #aji ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t1 p4 #bfb 7#ahif72 ,fri$lnd] puts x m /rongly1 see ,die rel4 ,bewegung5 4441 p4 #a1 ,grie*is*e ,philosophie 4441 pp4 #aca ff4 #aaj ,comm4 9 ,eccles41 quot$ by ,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #bfb4 #aaa ,op cit41 p4 #bfb4 #aab ,op4 cit41 p4 #bga4 #aac ,few1 we imag9e1 w\ld date ,ecclesia/es e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 at ! e>lie/4 #aad ,*eyne1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfe4 #aae ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,ecclesia/icus 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible1 p4 xxv4 #aaf ,jewi% ,encycl41 ,,xi1 #cij;a4 #aag ,?is is an exagg]ation2 :at ,b5-,sira says is3 ,speak1 ,o eld]1 = x is ?y privilege2 ,b be discreet 9 und]/&+1 & h9d] n song4444 ,speak1 ,o "y man1 if ?\ art compell$4444 ,sum up ?y spee*1 say mu* 9 little 7xxxii4 #c-h1 9 ,hebrew74 #aah ,cp4 ,ecclesia/es xii4 #g3 8444 & ! du/ return to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s 7ra*7 return to ,god ,:o gave x40 #aai ,outl9es ( ,greek ,philosophy 7,engli% translation1 #aiji71 pp4 #aeb f41 :]e ref]5ces to ,plato's works are giv5 9 support ( :at is said4 #abj ,unless nph% is us$ 9 ! s5se ( n%mh 9 #a ,samuel xxv4 #bi1 :]e ,abigail says to ,david3 8444 ,yet ! s\l 7nph%7 ( my "l %all be b\nd 9 ! bundle 7or bag7 ( life ) ! ,"l ?y ,god2 & ! s\ls ( ?9e enemies1 !m %all ,he sl+ out1 z f ! holl[ ( a sl+02 b x is probably a q diff]5t set ( ideas :i* comes into "q "h4 ,at ! same "t ! idea ( ,god's solicitude = ! s\ls ( ,8 belov$ :i* ,he takes c>e ( 9 ! 8bundle ( life10 & :i* are ?us sep>able f ! body ev5 dur+ life1 might easily1 ) ! advance ( ?\ght on ! subject1 sugge/ ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 #aba ,cp4 ,web]1 ,jdis*e ,!ologie1 #b ed41 p4 #bje4 #abb ,m5zel1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #eh4 #abc ,zell]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aee4 #abd ,op4 cit41 p4 #aee4 #abe ,op4 cit41 p4 #adg4 #abf ,cp4 ,zell]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bbi-bee2 ,w5dl&1 ,die ,hell5i/is*-,rmis*e ,kultur 444 pp4 #aaj-aae4 #abg ,op4 cit41 p4 #ecb4 #abh ,! same z ! ,assidans ref]r$ to 9 #a ,maccabees ii4 #db4 #abi ,die rel4 ,bewegung51 p4 #bb4 #acj ,op4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #aca ,! quotations f ?is book are f ,*>les' translation4 #acb ,! ,ezra ,apocalypse1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 #acc ,?\gh ?is book is late x reflects e>li] ?\ght & practice4 #acd ,cp4 also ! v]ses :i* foll[1 & xlviii4 #a1 lviii4 #a-d1 etc4 #ace ,die rel4 ,bewegung5 4441 p4 #be4 #acf ,! v]ses :i* foll[ deal ) ! same subject2 cp4 ! ,book ( ,jubilees v4 #ac ff41 ,syriac ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* lxxxv4 #i4 #acg ,cp4 xlviii4 #g3 8,= 9 ,8 "n !y are sav$40 #ach ,see also ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 xvii41 xviii4 #aci ,! ,paul9e conception ( a 8spiritual body0 0 unkn[n to ! ,apocalypti/s4 ,! fact t ?is expression is a contradiction 9 t]ms ne$ n tr\ble u2 t is simply due to ! impossibility ( express+ spiritual tru?s adequately 9 human language4 #adj ,z e>ly z ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e became acqua9t$ ) ! ,platonic doctr9e ( immortality1 ?\gh x 0 "s "t be=e ?is tea*+ 0 accept$1 cp4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,grie*is*e ,philosophie 4441 p4 #ab4 #ada ,quotations f ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature deal+ ) ! subject ( ?is section h be5 collect$ 9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,la/ ,?+s1 pp4 #gb-aba4 #adb i4e41 8,gov]nor40 #adc ,we h no in=mation ( :at happ5$ dur+ ! ,exile itself reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,law2 b x is difficult to believe t su* a zeal\s scribe & legali/ z ,ezra c\ld h be5 inactive2 8 k ( ! ,law 0 n m]ely ! result ( 8 com+ to ,pale/9e1 cp4 ,ezra vii4 #f3 8,?is ,ezra w5t up f ,babylon1 & he 0 a ready scribe 9 ! ,law ( ,moses40 #add ,cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #c4 #ade ,see1 = details1 ,ryle1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 p4 xxxv4 #adf ,?is is 9 accordance ) ,b5-,sira's id5tification ( ,wisdom ) ! ,law1 see xv4 #a1 xxxiv4 #h1 etc4 #adg ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,hebrews reckon$ ! hi/orical books among ! ,prophets4 #adh ,assidans1 also writt5 ,hasidans1 is m]ely ! ,grciz$ =m ( ! ,hebrew ,*assidim2 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ! ^w is r5d]$ 8sa9ts40 #adi ,made high-prie/ by ! ,syrian k+4 #aej ,"o ( ! ,syrian g5]als4 #aea ,cp4 #b ,maccabees xiv4 #f4 #aeb ,9 ! orig9al con/itution ( ! ,sanh$r9 ?is 0 probably n ! case2 =1 z fir/ con/itut$1 ! prie/ly ari/ocracy1 i4e41 ! ,sadducan p>ty1 dom9at$ ! ,sanh$r94 ,! ,sadducees 71 h[ev]1 unable to resi/ ! gr[+ p[] ( :at came to be ! popul> p>ty1 & be=e ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod began bo? ,scribes & ,ph>isees 7 fully repres5t$ 9 ! ,sanh$r94 #aec ,x is sometimes said t !y 7 8sep>ati/s0 9 ! s5se t !y desir$ ,israel to be sep>ate f all ! _w2 b ?is ignores ! fact t ! ,ph>isees pursu$ an active mission>y propag&a among ! ,g5tiles1 :i* is witness$ to1 e4g41 9 ,mat!w xxiii4 #ae1 :]e ,*ri/ says t ! ,ph>isees 8compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte40 #aed ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 x4 #f4 #aee ,?is is ! explanation giv5 by "s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 e4g41 ,epiphanius1 ,ha]4 xiv41 & ,j]ome1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 xii4 #bc 7,s*r]71 z well z by "s mod]n s*ol>s4 #aef ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iv4 #dbcf4 ,! pres5t writ]1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,box1 0 incl9$ to accept ?is int]pretation 7,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 p4 #acd71 b fur!r /udy ( ! subject has compell$ !m to revise _! =m] view4 #aeg ,see ! words ( ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 x4 #f1 quot$ bel[4 #aeh ,cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xi1 viii4 #g2 ,,xii1 ii4 #e1 iv4 #a1 #aj4 #aei ,antio*us made ,m5elaus1 :o 0 n ( prie/ly family1 high-prie/2 aft] him ,alkimus fill$ ! (fice 7#a ,macc4 vii4 #e1 #i72 ?\gh a prie/ he 0 n ( ! sons ( ,zadok 7,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii1 ix4 #g74 ,on ! dea? ( ,alkimus 7#a ,macc4 ix4 #ed-eg7 ! ,hasmonan high-prie/hood began 7#a ,macc4 xiv4 #cj1 #ce1 #da ff42 cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 ii4 #c74 #afj ,two objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! view t ! t]m ,sadducees 7,zaddkim7 takes its orig9 f ! p]sonal "n ,zadok4 ,"o is t ! d\ble d 9 ,zaddkim does n p]mit ( its be+ d]iv$ f ,zadok ) only "o2 ?is objection w\ld be s]i\s 7 x n t 9 ! ,septuag9t & 9 ,josephus ,zadok is spell$ ) two d's4 ,?is objection1 !re=e1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! o!r is t !re is no?+ to %[ t ! ,sadducees 7 ev] reg>d$ z ! sons ( ,zadok1 nor t !y !mselves made su* a claim4 ,?is argum5tum e sil5tio1 always prec>i\s1 is upset by ! evid5ce ( ! ,zadokite ,fragm5ts4 ,hls*]'s cont5tion 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #ajb ff47 t ! t]m 8sons ( ,zadok0 0 "o ( reproa* does n appe> to u to be necess>y4 #afa ,vita1 #b1 cp4 ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #c4 #afb ,antiq41 ,,xv1 x4 #d4 #afc ,cp4 ,antiq41 ,x1 xi4 #g 7t[>ds ! end71 ,,xiii1 v4 #i2 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 viii4 #ad1 :]e he speaks ( ^! ?ree z 8! philosophic sects among ! ,jews40 #afd ,vita1 #b4 #afe ,op4 cit41 p4 #af4 #aff ,?is 0 fir/ po9t$ by ,jo/1 ,blicke 9 die ,religionsges*i*te1 ii4 p4 #ic1 ref]r$ to by ,leszynsky1 p4 #be4 #afg ,n to be confus$ ) ! ,tosaph?1 i4e4 ! 8additions0 made to ,ra%i's ,comm5t>y on ! ,talmud by 8 disciples1 :o = ?is reason are kn[n z ! ,tosaphi/s4 #afh ,o!r ,rabb9ical s\rces1 ( less importance1 are giv5 by ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cf ff4 #afi ,see fur!r1 ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #af ff42 ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cf ff4 #agj ,! "n appli$ to a room adjo9+ ! synagogue 9 :i* 7 /or$ disus$ manuscripts ( ! books ( ! ,bible :i* _h be5 us$ 9 public wor%ip & _h become worn out2 h]etical ,hebrew books 7 also plac$ 9 ! ,g5izah4 #aga ,b*l] holds t ?is sect 8liv$ 9 ,damascus 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury ,a4,d410 & t ! manuscripts conta9 8a picture artificially drawn to reflect assum$ conditions %ortly be=e ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple40 ,int]e/+ & le>n$ z ,b*l]'s article is1 ! pres5t writ] is n conv9c$ t ,s*e*t]'s ma9 cont5tions h be5 weak5$ by x4 #agb ,"s ( ! ,apocalyptic books may also be reg>d$ z s\rces ( in=mation2 b ! evid5ce 9 ^! is l>gely ( an indirect "*2 & z reg>ds au?or%ip diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/2 s we h ?\ght x be/ to re/rict ourselves to ! s\rces m5tion$4 ,9 deal+1 h[ev]1 ) ^! ,apocalyptic books 9 ,*apt] ,x1 we %all h occasion to ref] to ! evid5ce :i* 9 all likelihood may be adduc$ f !m4 #agc ,see also ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #c1 #d4 #agd ,= examples ( _! fanatical zeal = ! ,law see ,antiq41 ,,xiv1 iv4 #b f42 ! foll[]s ( ,ari/obulus !re m5tion$ 7 ( ! ,sadducan p>ty4 #age ,see especially ,mat!w v4 #ag-bj2 & aga9/ ! ,ph>isees ,mat!w xv4 #a-bj1 xxiii4 #d-bf1 ,m>k vii4 #a-bc1 ,luke xi4 #cg-ed1 etc4 #agf ,op4 cit41 pp4 #af-cb4 ,hls*]'s conclusions diff] f ^? ( ,leszynsky4 #agg ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cf-ada4 #agh ,cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #d1 :]e he says 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sadducees t 8:5 !y become magi/rates1 sometimes aga9/ _! w & by =ce !y foll[ ! ideas ( ! ,ph>isees1 = o!rwise ! p w\ld n put up ) !m40 #agi ,laut]ba* 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ahf f47 w\ld expla9 ! matt] a little diff]5tly1 ?\gh ! f9al result is mu* ! same2 he says t ! ,sadducees 8laid d[n _! own decisions & rules 9 a book call$ #8,book ( ,decrees' or #8,decisions' to guide !m 9 decid+ que/ions to :i* no answ] c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,!y did n deem x "r or necess>y to inv5t new rules ( h]m5eutics1 or to develop me?ods ( int]pretation to enable !m to =ce _! laws & decisions into ! mean+ ( ! words ( ! ,torah1 s z to pass (f _! own rules & decisions z "p (1 or d]iv$ f1 a ,mosaic law1 ?us mak+ !m ( equal au?ority )1 & ( ! same b9d+ "* z1 ! writt5 ,law4 ,=1 9 _! op9ion1 no o!r laws c\ld ev] acquire ! au?ority ( ! ,laws ( ! ,torah4444 ,! ,sadducees di/+ui%$ /rictly betwe5 ! absolutely b9d+ writt5 laws & _! additional laws & decisions4 ,! latt] 444 7 au?oritative only z long z !y 7 consid]$ necess>y or feasible by ! lead]s & rul]s ( ! community4 ,= ! same reason1 !y did n consid] ! decisions & practices in/itut$ by _! pr$ecessors1 ! prie/s & tea*]s ( =m] g5]ations1 :i* con/itut$ ! traditional laws1 ( absolute au?ority l ! writt5 ,law4 ,h5ce _! peculi> attitude t[>ds ! traditional ,law1 & _! objection to its au?ority4 ,!y did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ^! old traditional laws1 = !y !mselves 7 ! possessors & transmitt]s ( ! same4 ,nor did !y reject !m z spuri\s or z )\t any au?ority1 = !y recogniz$ ! "r ( =m] prie/s & tea*]s to enact su* laws4 ,!y only refus$ to consid] ^! traditional laws z ( au?ority absolute & equal ) ! writt5 ,law conta9$ 9 ! ,torah40 ,! result1 !re=e1 s f> z _! controv]sy ) ! ,ph>isees on ?is po9t 0 conc]n$1 0 ! same3 traditional laws1 by :omsoev] put =?1 :e!r bas$ on ! writt5 ,law or n1 7 n p]man5tly b9d+ nor ( equal au?ority ) ! writt5 ,law2 ! ,ph>isees1 on ! o!r1 s9ce !y cont5d$ t ! oral ,law 0 bas$ ^u ! writt5 ,law1 reg>d$ bo? z ( equal au?ority & p]man5tly b9d+4 #ahj ,op4 cit41 p4 #ada4 #aha ,mat!w iii4 #g4 #ahb ,mat!w xvi4 #a4 #ahc ,acts v4 #a ff4 #ahd ,antiq41 ,,xviii1 i4 #c4 #ahe ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #ahf ,see fur!r ! section on ,messianic tea*+1 bel[4 #ahg ,cp4 ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ia4 ,x is also wor? m5tion+ "h t 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* c]ta9ly repres5ts ! ,sadducan /&po9t1 angels are ref]r$ to--see bel[1 ,*apt] ,,xii1 7g74 #ahh ,) ?is comp>e ! popul> belief z reflect$ 9 ,acts xii4 #ae1 :]e x is said 9 ref]5ce to ,/4 ,pet]1 8,x is 8 angel40 #ahi ,! desc5t ( ,zadok is trac$ f ,eleaz>1 ! eld] son ( ,a>on1 9 #a ,*ronicles vi4 #d-ae1 #ej-ec1 xxiv #f4 #aij ,!re is an important passage 9 ,ecclesia/icus 7xlv4 #bc-be1 ,hebr47 :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to "h2 9 ?is passage ,ph9ehas is set beside ,moses & ,a>on z 8! ?ird 444 & he made atonem5t = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,!re=e = him too1 ,he i4e4 ,god e/abli%$ an ord9ance1 a cov5ant ( peace to ma9ta9 ! sanctu>y2 t to him & to 8 se$ %\ld app]ta9 ! ,high-prie/hood = ev]40 ,!n ref]5ce is made to ,david & to ,a>on2 ! m5tion ( ^! "h 9 a *ronological li/ ( ,israel's great ones is q out ( place1 & !re=e !re mu/ be "s special purpose 9 ref]r+ to !m2 t purpose is pla9 en\gh1 = 9 speak+ ( ,david x is said t 8! inh]itance ( ! k+ is 8 son's alone10 :ile 9 speak+ ( ,a>on x is said t 8! inh]itance ( ,a>on belongs to 8 se$40 ,a diff]5tiation is ?us made betwe5 ! royal l9e & ! prie/ly l9e2 & z ! royal l9e _h ceas$1 & only ! prie/ly "o cont9u$1 & ! ,high-prie/ 7! desc5dant ( ! h\se ( ,zadok7 0 bo? ecclesia/ical & political lead]1 x 0 f ?is l9e t ! ,messiah w\ld be expect$ to come4 ,9 ,ecclesia/icus 7see pp4 #ccd ff47 ! ,sadducan /&po9t is repres5t$4 ,see also #a ,maccabees ii4 #ed1 8,ph9ehas our fa!r 444 obta9$ ! cov5ant ( an ev]la/+ prie/hood0 7cp4 #d ,macc4 xviii4 #ab74 #aia ,s*e*t]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 xii4-xiii4 #aib ,( c\rse1 x is n to be suppos$ t ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees actually kept ! fea/s at diff]5t p]iods2 ! qu>rel did n em]ge out ( ! doma9 ( !ory2 actual diff]5ce 9 usage reg>d+ su* matt]s w\ld h be5 q out ( ! "q4 #aic ,see ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #eb ff4 #aid ,op4 cit41 p4 #ea4 #aie ,= fur!r details ab\t ! ,ph>isees' tea*+ ref]5ce may be made1 9 addition to ! lit]ature at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 to ,s*e*t]'s ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology 7#aiji7 & ,montefiore's article on 8,rabb9ic ,conceptions ( ,rep5tance0 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,,xvi 7,janu>y1 #aijd71 pp4 #bji-beg4 #aif ,see ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 x4 #e1 #f2 ,s*r]1 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 i4 pp4 #bhf-bij1 ,g]man ed41 ,i1 pp4 #bgj-bgc4 #aig ,op4 cit41 p4 #agg4 #aih ,= details see ,leszynsky1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cf ff4 #aii ,) ! ,greek ^w ,kann 7,canon7 comp>e ! ,hebrew qneh1 a 8re$10 :i* is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( a 8measur+ rod0 7,ezek4 xlii4 #af-ai2 cp4 ,judi? xiii4 #f1 :]e ! ,greek ^w is us$ = ! 8rail0 ( a b$74 ,orig9ally ! ^w 9 ,greek meant a 8c>p5t]'s rule10 & _h no?+ to d ) ! books ( ,scripture4 ,9 its te*nical s5se x is ,*ri/ian1 be+ ?us us$ = ! fir/ "t1 s f> z is kn[n1 ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d42 ! fifty-n9? canon ( ! c\ncil ( ,laodica 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfj7 speaks ( 8canonical books0 z oppos$ to uncanonical4 ,x is a /ill lat] usage1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 :i* applies ! t]m ,canon to ! :ole collection ( biblical books4 ,:at ! orig9al idea 0 9 us+ ! expression 9 ref]5ce to ! books ( ! ,bible is unc]ta91 b probably x 0 t ( 8norm0 or 8rule0 7cp4 ,gal4 vi4 #af2 #b ,cor4 x4 #ac72 j z 8canonical action0 7#a ,ep4 ( ,clem5t vii4 #b7 0 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian norm1 s books judg$ by _! cont5ts1 au?or%ip1 & hi/ory1 7 decl>$ to be accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian norm1 & !re=e 8canonical02 cp4 ! expressions 8rule 7or canon7 ( tru?10 8rule 7or canon7 ( fai?10 us$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,x is probable t ! adjective 8canonical0 prec$$ ! use ( ! n\n 8,canon0 9 its te*nical s5se4 #bjj ,! ,jews sometimes ref] to ! :ole body ( _! canonical ,scriptures "u ! "n ( ,t5ak1 i4e4 ,,tnk1 an abbreviation 7) v[els ins]t$ 9 ord] to make x pron\nceable7 =m$ by ! initial lett]s ( ! names giv5 to ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 viz41 ,torah1 ,nebiim1 ,ke?ubim4 #bja ,9 ! au?oritative li/s ( ! canonical books ! ord] v>ies some:at2 b ! ord] giv5 above is t ( ! pr9t$ ,hebrew ,bibles4 #bjb ,9 ! e>lie/ kn[n ,hebrew manuscripts !y appe> z "o book2 s1 too1 #a1 #b ,k+s4 #bjc ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur* 7#bnd ed471 p4 #adi4 #bjd ,ab is ! fif? mon? 9 ! ,jewi% ,cal5d>1 & corresponds r\ghly to ,augu/2 x is call$ ! 8,black ,fa/10 & commemorates ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ & second temples4 #bje ,s accord+ to ! ,hebrew2 ! ,greek is some:at diff]5t4 #bjf ,s accord+ to ,sm5d's probable conjecture4 #bjg ,kanonis* und ,apokryph1 p4 #bj4 #bjh ,see ,ecclesia/es xii4 #ab4 #bji ,ryle1 = example1 says t ! expression by :i* ,b5-,sira's gr&son 8designates ! ?ird gr\p c]ta9ly lacks def9it5ess4 ,x does n w>rant u to ma9ta9 t ! #8,writ+s' or #8,ke?ubim' 7 all1 9 _! complet$ =m1 kn[n to ! writ]0 7,op4 cit41 p4 #aai74 ,& aga9 7p4 #aba73 8,^! writ+s1 :i* are s well kn[n to u1 7 probably only samples1 ?\gh d\btless ! *oice/ ones1 ( an abundant lit]ature to :i* e ,jew at ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 _h access40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ryle believes t by ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjj !re 0 a def9itely recogniz$ ,hebrew ,canon ( ,scripture consi/+ ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets 7,op4 cit41 p4 #aac74 #baj ,?is ,rabb9ical phrase = d5ot+ canonicity is expla9$ bel[1 p4 #age4 #baa ,?is book 0 d5i$ a place 9 ! ,canon by ,melito ( ,s>dis 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 accord+ to ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iv4 #bf4 #bab ,josephus reckons ,ru? & ,lam5tations z belong+ to ,judges & ,j]emiah respectively4 #bac ,! addition "h ( ! words 8z div9e0 does n1 9 all probability1 belong to ! orig9al text4 #bad ,op4 cit41 p4 #afd4 #bae ,= details see ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cf ff4 #baf ,op4 cit41 pp4 #afe ff4 #bag ,see fur!r bel[1 ,*apt] ,x4 #bah ,?is 0 acc\nt$ = 9 lat] days by say+ t :5 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah & ,mala*i di$ ! ,holy ,_s left ,israel 7,sanh$r9 #aa;a72 !re=e 7?is is ! inf]5ce7 no inspir$ book c h be5 writt5 9 po/-prophetic times1 cp4 ,yoma #ba;b4 #bai ,= details ( ! evid5ce see ,s*r] ,,ii1 i4 pp4 #cff ff4 7,g]man ed41 ,,ii1 pp4 #dcb ff41 :]e ! ref]5ces are supplem5t$72 ,*eyne1 ,job & ,solomon1 pp4 #bhj ff42 ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cb ff42 ,jewi% ,encycl41 vii4 #ah4 #bbj ,= details see ,ryle1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aib-bjb4 #bba ,vita1 #b4 #bbb ,?us ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai 7middle ( fir/ c5tury ,a4,d47 speaks ( books :i* 8defile ! h&s0 7,jadaim iii4 #b1 #e2 iv4 #e1 #f74 #bbc ,see ! ,additional ,note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #bbd ,budde1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 i4 #fdi2 see fur!r ! ,additional ,note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #bbe ,writt51 probably1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ej4 #bbf ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #f4 #bbg ,romans i4 #b1 cp4 #b ,timo?y iii4 #ae4 #bbh ,see1 among o!r passages1 ,leviticus vi4 #bg-cj1 xi4 #cb-dj1 xiv4 #a ff41 ,,xv4 #a ff41 #bd1 xvi4 #bf1 #bh1 xviii4 #ai2 ,numb]s v4 #a-c2 ,deut]onomy xxi4 #aj-ad4 #bbi ,abundant mat]ial w be f\nd 9 ,fraz]'s ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l 7#aiaa74 #bcj ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ddi 7#ahid72 & see ,jevons' ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #ei-ie 7#aijd74 #bca ,cases ( dea? are on record2 x 01 ( c\rse1 occasion$ by fright1 b savages w\ld see only ! result ( ! _s's ang]4 ,in/ances ( ! infr+em5t ( cu/om w\ld naturally be r>e4 #bcb ,see ,leviticus xi4 #cb1 ,ezekiel xliv4 #ai1 & cp4 ! idea ( 8hol9ess0 9 su* passages1 among _m1 z ,exodus xix4 #bb1 ,deut]onomy xxiii4 #ah1 :]e ! ,hebrew root is id5tical1 ?\gh to u ! ideas 9 ei!r case are directly opposite4 #bcc ,he is ref]r+ to ! rules ( c]emonial purity obs]v$ by div9e k+s1 *iefs1 & prie/s1 z well z by homicides1 m\rn]s1 wom5 9 *ildb$1 girls at pub]ty1 etc4 #bcd ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbd4 #bce ,= example1 9 ! case ( a canonical book :i* 8defil$0 ! h&s ! ,talmud 7,%abba? #ad;a7 says x 0 taught t ! h&s became unclean by contact ) ! ,holy ,scriptures 9 ord] t !y %\ld n be t\*$ by uncov]$ h&s6 #bcf ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fj4 #bcg ,moore1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 ,,ii1 #b;a4 #bch ,hls*] m5tions1 ) ref]5ces1 a 8book ( cures10 a ,t>gum :i* 0 =bidd51 & h]etical books1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fb4 #bci ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fc4 #bdj ,ecclesia/icus is (t5 quot$ 9 ! ,talmud4 #bda ,cp41 fur!r1 ,buhl1 ,kanon und ,text des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts 7,engl4 ,transl471 p4 #bf4 #bdb ,see fur!r bel[4 #bdc ,james1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,biblica1 i4 #bdi4 #bdd ,james1 ,op4 cit41 says t ?is book 8may be z old z ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d402 b accord+ to ,hls*] & ! editors ( ! papyrus 7,leeman & ,diet]i*7 x belongs to ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 #bde ,moore1 ,op4 cit41 ii4 p4 #a;a4 #bdf ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dg4 #bdg ,ibid4 #bdh ,*>les' edition4 #bdi ,*>les' edition4 #bej ,box's edition4 #bea ,= ?is idea cp4 also ! ,assumption ( ,moses i4 #af-ah 7see bel[1 ,*apt] ,x 7f771 :]e ,moses is comm&$ to ano9t c]ta9 books ) c$> oil & hide !m 9 e>!nw>e vessels1 ^! are to be secret$ 9 a spot :i* _h be5 creat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w = ?is v purpose4 #beb ,le/1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! numb] ( ^! soil$ copies %\ld unduly increase1 le/ also1 9 case ( p]secution aris+1 !y %\ld run ! risk ( be+ desecrat$1 x 0 ?\ght well t aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 "t ^! rolls %\ld be done away )2 !y 71 !re=e1 sometimes burn$1 or ?r[n d[n a well1 or 9 "s cases plac$ 9 ! grave ( "s respect$ ,rabbi2 m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !y 7 buri$ 9 a grave ( _! own 9 ! cemet]y4 #bec ,/udies 9 ,judaism 7,second ,s]ies71 p4 #b4 #bed ,jewi% ,encycl41 ,v1 #fab;a4 #bee ,= ref]5ces see ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #dh1 #di1 see also p4 #fd4 #bef ,see bel[1 ,*apt] ,x4 #beg ,see ,zunz1 ,die ,gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge d] ,jud51 pp4 #afe-agi 7#ahib74 #beh ,h>nack1 ,privat] ,gebrau* heilig] ,s*rift5 9 d] alt5 ,kir*e1 p4 #gb 7#aiab74 #bei ,= ! private use 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ( biblical z well z o!r books see ,h>nack's book j m5tion$4 #bfj ,b ev5 ^! might only be read 8z "o reads a lett]10 n /udi$ 7,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #de74 #bfa ,sanh$r9 x4 #a 7,/rack's edition1 #aiaj74 #bfb ,cp4 ,m>k iv4 #aa2 #a ,cor4 v4 #ab1 #ac2 ,col4 iv4 #e2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ab4 #bfc ,hls*]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #df4 ,! ,m9im 78h]etics07 are v (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,jewi% writ+s2 ,h]=d says t ! t]m 89 "s cases c]ta9ly d5otes ,*ri/ians0 7,*ri/ianity 9 ,talmud & ,midra%1 p4 #ii74 #bfd ,%abba? c4 #af 7,j]usalem ,talmud71 quot$ by ,hls*]4 #bfe ,b>ton1 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es 7,! ,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y71 pp4 #aig-aii4 #bff ,cp4 ,ezra iv4 #g4 #bfg ,zunz1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #i2 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #ad 7#aijh74 #bfh ,! t]m 8,midra%10 :i* occurs 9 ! ,bible 7#b ,*ron4 xiii4 #bb1 xxiv4 #ag7 d5otes 8exposition0 or 8exegesis10 especially ( an edify+ & moraliz+ "*2 see fur!r ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #gg-ajj4 #bfi ,/rack1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #bgj 8,su* topics z a/ronomy & a/rology1 m$ic9e & magic1 !osophy & my/icism1 & simil> subjects1 fall+ mo/ly "u ! head+ ( folklore1 pass z a rule also "u ! "n ( ,haggadah0 7,s*e*t]74 #bga ,"u ?is t]m is embrac$ all t belongs to ! /rictly legal or ritual elem5t 9 ,scripture1 or t c be d$uc$ !refrom1 includ+ discussions ( su* po9ts4 ,b1 z ,s*e*t] says1 8! t]m ext5ds also to ! usages1 cu/oms1 ord9ances & decrees = :i* !re is little or no au?ority 9 ! ,scriptures40 #bgb ,9 #aijd1 #aijf-aijh4 #bgc ,see above1 pp4 #ej ff4 #bgd ,?is 0 9 ,j]usalem2 cp41 9 lat] days1 ! 8,s*ool ( ,tyrannus0 9 ,ephesus 7,acts xix4 #i74 #bge ,kanonis* und ,apokryph1 pp4 #db-df4 #bgf ,see ,fri$lnd]1 ,die rel4 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #bb-gg4 #bgg ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cf4 #bgh ,see 8 editions ( ^! books4 #bgi ,portions ( ?is book are also f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 vii4 #bj-ci1 x4 #a-ae1 cp4 xxi4 #aj4 #bhj ,die ,worte ,jesu1 p4 #aii4 #bha ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bec ff4 #bhb ,see above1 pp4 #aej ff4 #bhc ,i4e4 8,! ,book ( ! ,heav5ly ,lum9>ies10 z ,*>les calls x4 #bhd ,i4e4 8! righte\s02 a play on ! ^w ,zaddkim1 ! 8sons ( ,zadok10 i4e4 8! ,sadducees40 #bhe ,see p4 #ic4 #bhf ,see also :at is said above on ! section call$ 8,! ,book ( ! ,heav5ly ,lum9>ies10 or 8,book ( ,a/ronomy40 #bhg ,die rel4 ,bewegung5 4441 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #bhh i4-xxxii4 #f & xix4 #c-xxi4 #i 9 a duplicate =m 7 discov]$ at ,akhmm 9 #ahhf-ahhg2 vi4-x4 #ad1 xv4 #h-xvi4 #a1 & viii4 #d-;ix4 #d 9 a duplicate =m1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,syncellus2 lxxxix4 #db-di occurs 9 a ,greek ,vatican ,,ms4 7,no4 #ahji72 !re are also a few quotations 9 e>ly ,greek ecclesia/ical writ+s4 #bhi ,*>les1 ,! ,book ( ,eno* 7#bnd ed471 p4 ix4 #bij ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 iii4 #bgc4 #bia ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 pp4 liv4 ff4 #bib ,op4 cit41 pp4 xcvii4 f4 #bic ,!re is1 inde$1 no?+ to prohibit u f dat+ ! book slightly lat] ?an ,*>les does 7viz4 ,b4,c4 #aji-ajg71 & assign+ x to ! reign ( ,alex&] ,jannu1 ,b4,c4 #ajc-gf4 ,te/am5t ( ,levi viii4 #ad does n militate aga9/ ?is4 #bid ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bci ff4 #bie ,op4 cit41 p4 xcvii4 #bif ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #fcj4 #big ,b see bel[1 pp4 #bah1 #bbc4 #bih ,! ,apocryph4 & ,pseud4 ( ! ,o4,t41 ,,ii1 p4 #daa4 #bii ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfh ff4 #cjj ,prov]bs1 ,job1 "s ( ! lat] ,psalms1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,wisdom4 #cja ,gregg1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 p4 xxx4 #cjb ,grie*is*e ,philosophie 4441 p4 #ac4 #cjc ,cp4 also ! acc\nt ( ! meet+ betwe5 ,solomon & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 #a ,k+s x4 #a-i4 #cjd ,toy1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,,iv1 #ecbb4 #cje ,see ,isaiah xix4 #aa-ae2 ,j]emiah l4 #ce1 li4 #eg4 #cjf ,j]emias1 ,das alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 pp4 #bi1 #hj4 #cjg ,s ! ,greek2 ! ,hebrew is n extant1 b ! ,syriac has3 89 ! roots ( ,tehom10 s t ! ,hebrew 9 all probability read 8,tehom40 ,see fur!r1 ,prov]bs viii4 #bf-cj4 #cjh ,on ?is see fur!r 9 ! next section4 #cji ,9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 ,,xii1 #ecg;b4 #caj ,fairwea!r1 ,! ,backgr\nd ( ! ,gospels1 p4 #hd4 #caa ,cp4 ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aie-bba4 #cab ,fairwea!r1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #hd4 #cac ,cp4 also v]se #i3 8,he spake & x 0 done10 & ,psalm cxlviii4 #e4 #cad ,b>ton1 ,ecclesia/es1 9 ! 8,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y10 p4 #cg4 #cae ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,b5-,sira1 9 ,*>les' 8,! ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t10 ,i1 p4 #cjh4 #caf ,! idea appe>s already 9 ,prov]bs viii4 #ca-cf1 ix4 #a-f2 b ,b5-,sira elaborates x 9 8 own way4 #cag ,see1 on ?is subject1 ! v int]e/+ essay on 8,! ,holy ,_s z ,wisdom10 by ,rees1 9 ! ,mansfield ,college ,essays 7#aiji74 #cah ,gregg1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 p4 xxxvi4 #cai ,! tree ( wisdom 9 ! ,g>d5 is ref]r$ to 9 xxxii4 #c4 #cbj ,see above1 p4 #bjb4 #cba ,b cp4 ,job xxviii4 #ab-ad1 ?\gh ! g5]al conception ( ,wisdom "h diff]s f t ( ! lat] ,wisdom books4 #cbb ,ha/+s' ,d4,b41 ,v1 p4 #bge4 #cbc ,spok5 ( z 8! holy ones10 s too 9 ,job xv4 #ae2 cp4 also ,pray] ( ,manasses1 v]se #ae4 #cbd ,see pp4 #cca ff2 bel[4 #cbe ,= o!r examples see ! pres5t writ]'s section 9 ! ,introduction to ,sira* 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #bhe f4 #cbf ,= ! reason ( ?is see bel[1 pp4 #dab f4 #cbg ,on ! sub/itution ( 8,heav50 = ! "n ( ,god1 see ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ahf ff4 #cbh ,holmes 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 #ebg4 #cbi ,cp4 ! ,book ( ,eno* lxix4 #f1 :]e x is said 9 ref]5ce to ! evil angels3 8,n[ ! ?ird is ,gadreel2 he x is :o taught ! *ildr5 ( man all ! bl[s ( dea?2 & he l$ a/ray ,eve44440 #ccj ,^! h be5 rec\nt$ 9 ! prec$+ v]ses2 ! writ] is address+ ,jews4 #cca ,! ,ezra-,apocalypse1 pp4 xl4 f4 #ccb ,maldwyn ,hughes1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,jewi% ,apocryphal ,lit]ature1 p4 #bdj4 #ccc ,see fur!r ! next section1 on ! ,future ,life4 #ccd ,9 "o passage 9 ?is ,vision1 xii4 #cd1 ! ,messianic ,k+dom appe>s to be res]v$ = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel only2 b x is probable t ?is v]se does n belong to ! orig9al text4 #cce ,! :ole passage1 iii4 #a-i1 deals ) ! lot ( ! righte\s h]eaft]1 b ! sali5t words 9 ! pres5t connection are ^? quot$ above4 #ccf 8,behold1 ! ,"l ,god w come z a mighty "o & ,8 arm %all rule = ,him2 behold1 ,8 rew>d is ) ,him1 & ,8 recomp5se be=e ,him0 7,isa4 xl4 #aj74 8,& ! ,"l w create ov] ! :ole habitation ( m\nt ,zion1 & ov] h] assemblies1 a cl\d & smoke by day1 & ! %9+ ( a flam+ fire by night2 = ov] all ! glory %all be spread a canopy4 ,& !re %all be a pavilion = a %ad[ 9 ! day-"t f ! heat1 & = a refuge & = a cov]t f /orm & f ra90 7,isa4 iv4 #e1 #f74 8,9 t day %all ! ,"l ( ho/s be = a cr[n ( glory1 & = a diadem ( beauty1 unto ! residue ( ,8 p1 & = a _s ( judgem5t to him t sitte? 9 judgem5t1 & = /r5g? to !m t turn back ! battle at ! gate0 7,isa4 xxviii4 #e1 #f74 ,x is ! ?\ght1 n ! language1 :i* %[s connection betwe5 ! two2 9 ! ,septuag9t ( ,isaiah xxviii4 #e1 = example1 8a diadem ( beauty0 is diff]5tly express$1 b see ,isaiah lxii4 #c 7,sept474 8,& ,he saw t !re 0 no man1 & wond]$ t !re 0 no int]cessor2 !re=e ,8 own arm br\ght salvation unto ,him1 & ,8 righte\sness x upheld ,him4 ,& ,he put on righte\sness z a brea/plate1 & an helmet ( salvation ^u ,8 head2 & ,he put on g>m5ts ( v5geance = clo?+1 & 0 clad ) zeal z a cloke0 7,isa4 lix4 #af1 #ag74 ,cp4 also p>ts ( ,psalm xviii4 #ccg ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,ecclesia/icus1 p4 lxxvi4 #cch ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ?is is due to a ,*ri/ian glossator2 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,old ,lat9 conta9s _m really anci5t elem5ts4 #cci ,we foll[ ,box "h 7,! ,ezra ,apocalypse1 passim71 ?\gh we are n conv9c$ t all :i* ,box assigns to ! ,r$actor is necess>ily f ?is h&4 #cdj ,! mean+ ( ! "n is 8,god ha? heal$10 cp4 iii4 #ag1 8,& ,raphael 0 s5t to heal !m bo?40 #cda ,9 ,eno* xx4 #h he is said to be him 8:om ,god set ov] ^? :o rise40 #cdb ,see1 = details1 ! pres5t writ]'s ,ecclesia/icus1 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible1 pp4 #bfc f4 #cdc ,! ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7#aiac74 #cdd ,! f9al 8*0 0 add$ 9 ,greek to %[ t ! "n 0 indecl9able4 #cde ,9 ! ,hebrew text ! au?or speaks ( himself z3 8,simeon1 ! son ( ,je%ua 7,jesus71 ! son ( ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,sira40 #cdf ,see ,"p ,i41 ,*ap4 xii4 #cdg ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,ecclesia/icus 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible1 p4 xxiv4 #cdh ,eu]getes ,i reign$ = tw5ty-five ye>s1 ,b4,c4 #bdg-bbb4 #cdi ,c[ley & ,neubau]1 ,! ,orig9al ,hebrew ( a portion ( ,ecclesia/icus1 pp4 x41 xi4 #cej ,cp4 ,maunde ,?ompson1 ,h&book ( ,greek & ,lat9 ,palography1 p4 #dc4 #cea ,see ,ga/] 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 xii4 pp4 #fhh ff4 #ceb ,oe/]ley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 xci4 f4 7,see ! ,lit]ature at ! head ( ! *apt]47 #cec ,pr(4 ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! 8,orig9al0 ,hebrew ( ,ecclesia/icus4 #ced ,lvi1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 xi4 #cic4 #cee ,see ,box & ,oe/]ley1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bgb-bgh4 #cef ,ibid41 p4 #bgg4 #ceg ,9 ?is connection x is important to note ! foll[+ facts3 all ! ,greek manuscripts1 uncial z well z cursives1 h a great displacem5t 9 ! text1 xxx4 #be-xxxiii4 #ac;a hav+ ex*ang$ places ) xxxiii4 #ac;b-xxxvi4 #af;a2 s9ce all ! ,greek manuscripts h ?is displacem5t x is obvi\s t all ultimately g back to a s+le p>5t manuscript2 n[ ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion has n got ! displacem5t1 & yet x is a translation f ! ,greek2 consequ5tly ?is v]sion repres5ts a condition ( affairs :i* is old] ?an ! olde/ ,greek manuscripts4 #ceh ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgd2 he adds 9 a note t ^! additions 8d n necess>ily proce$ f ! h& ( "o individual02 we feel conv9c$ t he is "r "h also4 #cei ,we use ?is t]m z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t1 b /rictly speak+ x is an ana*ronism1 =1 z we h se5 above 7,*ap4 vii71 ! t]m belongs to po/-,maccaban times2 we use x "h z repres5t+ ! pre-,maccaban t5d5cy :i* lat] on develop$ into ,sadducanism4 #cfj ,c[ley1 ,op4 cit41 iv4 #dbcg4 #cfa ,ibid4 #cfb ,no?+ bett] illu/rates ?is ?an ,b5-,sira's copi\s use ( ! ,psalms & ,prov]bs4 #cfc ,see above1 pp4 #bfg ff4 #cfd ,i4e4 natural t5d5cy1 or incl9ation4 #cfe ,p]haps ! r5d]+ ( ! ,syriac ,v]sion is to be pref]r$ "h2 = 8wre/e? repro(s0 x reads 8conceale? in/ruction40 #cff ,9 8 edition ( ,pirqe ,abo? 7#bnd ed471 p4 #aae4 #cfg ,?is is only pres]v$ 9 ,hebrew4 #cfh ,! additions are f\nd scatt]$ 9 ! ,greek cursives numb]$ #bc1 #ee1 #gj1 #ajf1 #bdh 7?is is ! =emo/ repres5tative ( ! gr\p71 #bec2 "s 7 add$ by a lat] corrector ( ,codex ,alex&r9us2 also 9 ! ,syriac & ,old ,lat9 ,v]sions 7,/4 ,j]ome incorporat$ ?is 9 ! ,vulgate z x /ood7 & 9 ! ,syro-,hexapla2 z well z 9 ! quotations f ! book 9 ! writ+s ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 #cfi ,! fact t "s ( ! additions are f\nd 9 ,hebrew po9ts to _! hav+ be5 made at an e>ly date2 x is unlikely t a second>y ,hebrew text w\ld h be5 writt5 9 po/-,*ri/ian times4 #cgj ,?is addition occurs 9 ! ,hebrew text1 z well z 9 ! cursives4 #cga ,! ,hebrew ( *apt] xxix4 is n extant2 b ! addition probably exi/$ 9 ! second>y ,hebrew z x occurs 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion z well z 9 ! cursives & 9 ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion4 #cgb ,= fur!r details see ! comm5t>ies ( ,mayor1 & ,kn[l+1 on ,/4 ,james1 & ,zahn's ,e9leitung1 ,i4 p4 #hg4 #cgc ,?is is ! =m ( ! "n giv5 9 ! ,aramaic fragm5ts4 #cgd 8,& :5 ,i saw !m1 my tongue /amm]$ & my limbs became fa9t2 & ,i s\ght = a s+le ^w f ! words ( wisdom1 & ,i f\nd none10 iv4 #b 7,r5del ,h>ris' translation ( ! ,syriac ,v]sion74 #cge ,s accord+ to ! ,aramaic1 ! o!r ,v]sions read 8,s5na*]ib40 ,! ,aramaic text is giv5 9 ,ungnad's ,aramis*e ,papyrus aus ,elephant9e1 pp4 #fb-hb 7#aiaa74 #cgf ,accord+ to ! ,arm5ian ,v]sion 7,conybe>e71 ,ph>aoh ?reat5s to attack ! k+ ( ,assyria & to take away 8 k+dom if he does n fall 9 ) ! proposal4 #cgg ,x is giv5 9 ,swete1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hae-hdh 7#ahif74 #cgh ,9 ! ,aramaic fragm5t ?is is n ! case1 app>5tly4 #cgi ,9 ! ,a*ik> /ory he is call$ 8! ,secret>y & ,great ,seal ( ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria & ,n9eveh0 7,syriac ,v]sion iii4 #h74 #chj ,al?\gh ! ,greek omits ! words 8& ?y w9e0 !y occur 9 ! ,lat91 ,aramaic1 & ,hebrew ,v]sions4 #cha ,simpson1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 p4 #aia4 #chb ,see ,s*r]1 ,,iii1 p4 #bda1 :]e fur!r lit]ature is giv52 ! ,engli% translation ( ,s*r] does n conta9 ?is2 x has be5 add$ to ! la/ 7f\r?7 ,g]man edition4 #chc ,see fur!r1 ,simrock1 ,d] gute ,g]h>d und die dankb>5 ,todt5 7#ahef74 #chd ,= details see ,s*neid]1 ,kultur und ,d5k5 d] ,babyloni] und ,jud51 pp4 #fch ff4 7#aiaj74 #che ,cp4 ,numb]s xix4 #aa-ac1 #af ff4 #chf ,! ref]5ce to fa/+ 9 xii4 #h1 does n belong to ! true text4 #chg ,see above1 pp4 #ib f4 #chh ,! idea t ! book is hi/orical & !re=e belongs to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 does n m]it s]i\s consid]ation4 #chi ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #ahe4 #cij ,encycl4 ,brit4 art41 8,tobit40 #cia ,see1 fur!r1 ,simpson1 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #ahe4 #cib ,orig51 ,ep4 ad ,afric41 xiii41 says t ! book 0 n writt5 9 ,hebrew2 ,j]ome1 ,praef4 9 ,v]s4 libri ,tob41 says he translat$ x f ! ,*aldee 7i4e4 ,aramaic71 b ?is 0 itself a translation1 = :ile ! ,greek puts ! n>rative f i4 #c-;iii4 #f 9 ! fir/ p]son & f "h onw>ds cont9ues 9 ! ?ird p]son1 ,j]ome's ,aramaic 7:i* is 9 all probability repres5t$ by ! manuscript edit$ by ,neubau]1 ,! ,book ( ,tobit1 ,a ,*aldee text 444 #ahgh7 makes ! :ole n>rative run 9 ! ?ird p]son2 b if ! orig9al =m ( ! /ory 0 writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son ?r\gh\t1 x is un?9kable t 9 a lat] =m ! fir/ p]son w\ld h be5 sub/itut$ 9 i4 #c-;iii4 #f alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be q natural = ! orig9al writ] to comm5ce 8 /ory 9 ! fir/ p]son & lat] to fall into ! ?ird p]son1 = ?is latt] is ! simpl] & easi] =m ( n>ration4 ,! ,hebrew ,v]sions are ( q late date1 & obvi\sly translations2 see ,neubau]1 ,op4 cit41 & ,ga/]1 ,two ,unkn[n ,hebrew ,v]sions ( ! ,tobit ,leg5d 7#ahig74 #cic ,torrey 9 ! ,jewi% ,encycl41 vii4 #chh;b4 #cid ,die gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge d] ,jud5 7#bnd ed471 p4 #acb4 #cie ,op cit41 vii4 #chh;a4 #cif ,^! ?ree cursives are all 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y at ,rome4 #cig ,cp4 ,lhr1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #adg 7see ! ,lit]ature above74 #cih ,s accord+ to ,s*olz1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 xxiv4 f4 7see ! ,lit]ature above74 #cii ,see ! ,lit]ature above4 #djj ,op4 cit41 p4 #aca4 #dja ,! ,religi\s ,views ( ! ,ph>isees1 p4 #b2 see also ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism1 its ,aim & its ,me?od1 pp4 #bhb-cce4 #djb ,see above1 p4 #ia4 #djc ,ow+ to ! revolt ( ,b>-,kokba4 #djd ,*apt] lv41 :]e he speaks ( 8,judi? ! bless$40 #dje ,see pp4 #bah f4 above4 #djf ,9 ! ,encycl4 ,biblica1 ii4 #bfde4 #djg ,lhr1 ,op4 cit41 i4 #adh4 #djh ,viz4 ,cod4 ,*isianus 7#hg71 a cursive ( ! n9? c5tury4 #dji ,swete1 ,intr4 to ! ,o4,t4 9 ,greek1 p4 #bfj 7#aijj74 #daj ,swete1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfj4 #daa ,/romateis iv4 #dab ,eclog ,prophetic1 ,i4 #dac ,/rom4 i4 #dad ,swete says3 8,! addition to ,daniel iii4 #bc is cle>ly ,midra%ic & probably _h a ,semitic orig9al10 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfa4 #dae ,s+]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ee-eg4 #daf ,s+]1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bgj-bgc4 #dag ,9 ! pres5t writ]'s ,ecclesia/icus 7,cambridge ,bible7 a translation ( ?is ,psalm is giv5 toge!r ) ! po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 x & ! 8,%emoneh #8,esreh10 pp4 #cdi1 #cej4 #dah ,9 ! ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 vi4 #b1 x is said3 8,if "s cause = ext5uation is br\ght =w>d on 8 7i4e4 ! condemn$7 behalf1 he is lib]at$1 o!rwise he goes out 7i4e4 ( ! hall ( judgem5t7 to be /on$4 ,"s 7accr$it$7 p]son calls out 9 front ( him 7i4e4 z he is be+ l$ to ! place ( execution73 #8,s & s1 ! son ( s & s1 is go+ =? to be /on$ = hav+ committ$ su* & su* a s91 & ( :i* su* & su* are ! witnesses2 :osoev] has any?+ to br+ =w>d 9 8 fav\r let him come =? & utt] x on behalf ( him' 7i4e4 ! condemn$740 #dai ,see ! works m5tion$ "u ! ,lit]ature giv5 above4 #dbj ,! ,jewi% "n 0 ,salome4 #dba 8,!n %all ye d unto him z he ?\ght to d unto 8 bro!r40 #dbb 8,! ,greek ^w translat$ #8dragon' d5otes orig9ally a l>ge s]p5t4 ,hom] uses drakn & ophis int]*angeably )\t ! lea/ app>5t diff]5ce4 ,ev5 ! drakn ( ,greek my?ology rema9s ess5tially a s]p5t0--,witton ,davies 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 #fec4 #dbc ,r\se1 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s1 pp4 #aic ff4 #dbd ,bo? ,b]osus & ,helladius speak ( gods wor%ipp$ z s]p5ts 9 ,babylon 7,witton ,davies74 #dbe ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! canonical ,e/h] ! *apt]s run f i4 to x4 #c2 9 ! ,apocrypha ! *apt]s are numb]$ z ?\gh !y came consecutively aft] ^? ( ! canonical ,e/h]1 viz4 x4 #d to xvi4 #bd2 ?is unnecess>y confusion is due to ,/4 ,j]ome 8:o relegat$ ! ,greek int]polations to ! end ( ! canonical book2 b x has _h ! effect ( mak+ !m un9telligible0 7,swete1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #beg74 #dbf ,unless ! m5tion ( fa/+1 9 iv4 #af1 ix4 #ca1 c be includ$ 9 ?is4 #dbg ,op4 cit41 p4 #beh4 #dbh ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ?is note occurs3 8,or1 ! se]s4 ,s ! ,septuag9t02 ?is is1 no d\bt1 :at %\ld be read4 #dbi ,op4 cit41 p4 #cfb4 #dcj ,op4 cit41 p4 #fab4 #dca ,see ,swete1 ,intro4 to ! ,o4,t4 9 ,greek1 p4 #adb 7#aijj74 #dcb ,see ,swete1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bec4 ,! ,greek text is giv5 9 ,swete's ,! ,o4,t4 9 ,greek1 iii4 pp4 #hbd-hbf4 #dcc ,:]e x foll[s a ref]5ce to #b ,*ronicles xxxiii4 #ah4 #dcd ,9 ii4 #bb4 #dce ,op4 cit41 p4 #fac4 #dcf ,ryle treats ^! words z ?\gh !y /ood 9 ! text ( ,cod4 ,t 9 addition to 8,i h set up 4440 7:i* is ! case 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion72 b accord+ to ,swete's app>atus criticus !y are n an addition1 b a sub/itution4 #dcg ,! text ( ,cod4 ,a agrees1 h[ev]1 ) t ( ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions4 #dch ,see ,fritzs*e2 ,kurzgefas/es exeget4 ,h&bu* zu d5 ,apokryph5 des ,alt5 ,te/am5tes1 i4 pp4 #aeh ff42 ,ball1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cfb ff4 #dci ,! ,didascalia 0 incorporat$ into ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions ( :i* x =ms ! fir/ six books2 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions belongs to ! f\r? or fif? c5tury4 #ddj ,oe/]ley1 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #ei4 #dda ,oe/]ley1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fa4 #ddb ,see ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xiv1 iv4 #b-d2 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,i1 vii4 #c-f4 #ddc ,see fur!r1 ,s*r]1 ,op4 cit4 ,,ii1 iii4 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #ddd ,! pres5t writ] has giv5 _m ( ^! 9 8 comm5t>y ref]r$ to above4 #dde ,?is section is tak5 sub/antially f ! pres5t writ]'s comm5t>y 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #fa-fe4 #ddf ,jud5 und ,grie*5 vor d] makkabis*5 ,erhebung1 pp4 #gj ff4 #ddg ,h]mes1 ix4 pp4 #bhd ff41 cp4 ,kautzs*1 ,op4 cit41 i4 p4 #cj4 #ddh ,op4 cit41 p4 #gb4 #ddi ,?\gh ?is did n actually come ab\t until "s "t aft] ! p]iod dealt ) 9 our book4 #dej 8,savi\r10 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ deliv]$ ! ,babylonians f ! satrap ,h]aclides4 #dea ,! "n ( ! ,hasmonan dyna/y comes f t ( ! ance/or ( ! h\se1 ,asmonu 7,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xii1 vi4 #a2 ,,xiv1 xvi4 #d2 ,,xvi1 vii4 #a71 :o is said to h be5 ! gr&fa!r ( ,matta?ias4 #deb ,x is 9 #a ,maccabees xiv4 #da t we are told ( ! ratification by ! p ( ! high-prie/ly & pr9cely dignity 9 ! h\se ( ,asmonu2 8,& ! ,jews & ! prie/s 7 well pleas$ t ,simon %\ld be _! lead] & high-prie/ = ev]44440 #dec ,see above1 p4 #dai4 #ded ,accord+ to ,josephus 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 x4 #b7 ?is 0 a high hill a hundr$ /adia nor? ( ,ptolemais4 #dee ,no fur!r m5tion is made ( him 9 #a ,maccabees2 he 0 murd]$ ?ree or f\r ye>s lat] by ! usurp] ,alex&] ,zab9as1 :o gave himself out to be ! son ( ,alex&] ,balas4 #def ,josephus 7,antiq41 ,,xiii1 vii4 #b7 says t he 8fl$ f ,dora to ,apama1 :]e he 0 tak5 dur+ ! siege1 & put to dea?1 :5 he _h reign$ ?ree ye>s40 #deg ,^! =m$ orig9ally "o book1 z 9 ! ,septuag9t2 _! division into two books is probably due to ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 #deh ,9 ! ,septuag9t !re is no equival5t to ^! two *apt]s2 see on ?is bel[1 pp4 #eaj f4 #dei ,= ! exceptions to ?is1 see bel[4 #dfj ,volz 7,encycl4 ,bibl41 ,,ii1 #adij7 says ( ?is /ory t 8x is an indep5d5t piece ( n>rative t is also f\nd /&+ by itself 9 a ,,ms4 ( ! ,vulgate 7,b]g]1 ,hi/4 de la ,vulgate1 p4 #id #ahic74 ,to all appe>ance ?is piece is itself also a composite production1 ! praise ( tru? be+ an addition4 ,! :ole seems to h be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,greek1 & %[s aff9ity ) ! epi/le ( ,ari/eas 7,ewald1 ,hi/41 v4 #afe72 ! writ] appe>s to h k ( ! c\rt hi/ory ( ,p]sia 7iv4 #bi ff474 ,! h]o ( ! /ory is n orig9ally ,z]ubbabel40 #dfa ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,i1 #gei f4 #dfb ,!y are cle>ly & succ9ctly summ>iz$ by ,?ack]ay 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,i1 #geh-gfc4 #dfc ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 v4 pp4 #abf ff4 #dfd ,9 ! ,academy = #ahic4 #dfe ,op4 cit41 p4 #b4 #dff ,cp4 ,josephus1 ,antiq41 ,,xi1 iii4 #b-f4 #dfg ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,apocrypha1 ,april #aiac1 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #dfh ,t ! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,greek admits ( no d\bt4 #dfi ,quot$ by ,goodrick1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cd4 #dgj ,he is foll[$ by ,wright1 ,mc,neile1 & ,b>ton1 9 _! works on ,ecclesia/es4 #dga ,ecclesia/es1 or1 ,! ,prea*]1 pp4 #gj f4 #dgb ,cp4 ,b>ton1 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es1 pp4 #eg f41 :]e ! passages are quot$ 9 full 9 p>allel columns4 #dgc ,see pp4 #bjj f4 #dgd ,= ! v>i\s unt5able !ories reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! au?or1 see ,grimm1 pp4 #af ff41 ,f>r>1 pp4 #daj ff42 ! "q ( composite au?or%ip is dealt ) 9 ! next section4 #dge ,"s s*ol>s hold /rongly t ! au?or 0 an ,ess5e2 e>li] comm5tators h argu$ 9 fav\r ( ! au?or be+ a ,*ri/ian4 ,t ! book 0 writt5 = ,jews is probable1 ap>t f o!r consid]ations1 f ! num]\s ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t & pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 #dgf ,op4 cit41 p4 xvii4 #dgg ,see above1 pp4 #afe f4 #dgh ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible ! ,book ( ,job is reckon$ among ! ,hagiographa4 #dgi ,! words 9 ! ,prologue to ,ecclesia/icus1 8& ! re/ ( ! books10 are too indef9ite = u to assume t ! writ] meant ! ,hagiographa z we und]/& !m4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ( ,ecclesia/icus 7xlix4 #i71 ,job is m5tion$1 b only 9 ref]5ce to ,ezekiel xiv4 #ad1 #bj1 no?+ is said ( ,job z we "k him f ! book t be>s 8 "n4 #dhj ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 p4 #bf f4 #dha ,goodrick1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ae4 #dhb ,we h adopt$ "s ( ,goodrick's r5d]+s 9 ?is quotation z be+ sup]ior to t ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion2 see ,swete's text1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 ii4 p4 #fjf f4 #dhc ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iv4 #ecdg4 #dhd ,mr4 ,gregg 7,op4 cit41 p4 xxvii47 says3 8,attacks ^u ! unity ( ! book h fail$1 & no s]i\s ef=t to dispute x has rec5tly be5 made40 ,?is is really n q 9 accordance ) ! facts2 ,mr4 ,gregg has ov]look$ "s n unimportant contributions to ! lit]ature on ! subject2 dur+ ! ye>s #aijc-aijf q s]i\s ef=ts h be5 made to %[ t ! book is ( composite au?or%ip by at lea/ five fir/-rate s*ol>s4 #dhe ,x is true t ,wisdom is m5tion$ 9 xiv4 #b1 b x is us$ !re 9 q a diff]5t s5se f t ( ! p]sonifi$ semi-div9e ,wisdom ( "p ,i1 a fact :i*1 if any?+1 /r5g!ns ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( diff]5t au?or%ip4 #dhf ,toy1 9 ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iv4 #ecch4 #dhg ,op4 cit41 i4 pp4 #ebb1 #ebc4 #dhh ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out t diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/ z to :]e ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two p>ts lies2 ,toy foll[s ,h\bigant "h4 #dhi ,op4 cit41 p4 #gg4 #dij ,x is true t ! book op5s ) an address to rul]s2 b ,gregg is d\btless "r 9 say+ t ?is 8w\ld seem to be a purely rhetorical artifice1 scre5+ ! real purpose ( ! book 4440 7,op4 cit41 p4 xxi474 #dia ,op4 cit41 pp4 xxiii4 f4 #dib ,! ,relation ( ,/4 ,paul to ,contempor>y ,jewi% ,?\ght1 p4 #bca 7#aijj74 #dic ,torrey1 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iii4 #bhgj4 #did ,on ?is obscure episode ( pre-,maccaban ,jewi% hi/ory see ,b*l]1 ,die ,tobiad5 und die ,oniad51 pp4 #ajf ff4 #die ,^! are v conv5i5tly drawn up 9 p>allel columns by ,m(fatt1 9 ,*>les1 ,i1 pp4 #abf1 #abg4 #dif ,see above1 p4 #dae4 #dig ,!re are "s few s*ol>s :o take a diff]5t view1 e4g4 ,niese1 less directly 9 fav\r ( #b ,maccabees are ,b*l] & ,laqueur1 m modifi$ 9 _! op9ion are ,sluys & ,wellhaus51 see ,s*r]1 ,g]man ed41 ,,iii1 p4 #dhd 7n m5tion$ 9 ! ,engli% edition74 #dih ,! text reads 8belong+ to ,bac5or's company10 b ?is c sc>cely be "r1 z 9 xii4 #ag-ai ,dosi!us belongs to ! 8,jews t are call$ ,tubi5i40 #dii ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iii4 #bhgc f4 #ejj ,?is figure %\ld be 8eight0 accord+ to #a ,maccabees iv4 #ie4 #eja ,! mon? ,*islev approximately ,decemb]4 #ejb ,cp4 ,torrey1 ,encycl4 ,bibl41 iii4 #bhge f4 #ejc 8,! s5ate & ,judas0 9 v]se #aj %\ld be read1 ) ! ,syriac ,v]sion1 8! s5ate ( ! ,jews40 #ejd ,torrey1 ,op4 cit41 iii4 #bhgg4 #eje ,cp4 ! f> m sob] acc\nt 9 #a ,maccabees vi4 #h-ag4 #ejf ,op4 cit41 iii4 #bhgf4 #ejg ,op4 cit41 iii4 #bhgg4 #ejh ,antiq41 ,,xii1 vii4 #g4 #eji ,lucius1 ,d] ,ess5ismus1 pp4 #cf ff4 #eaj ,9 8 ,prologus ,galeatus4 #eaa ,we/cott1 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bibl41 ii4 p4 #age4 #eab ,or 8fir/ orig940 #eac ,e4g41 by ,ir5u1 ,adv4 ,ha]es41 v4 #ce2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,pa$41 i4 #aj4 #ead ,intr4 to ! ,o4,t4 9 ,greek1 p4 #bgd 7#aijj74 #eae ,cp4 ,*>les1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 pp4 xvi4 f4 7#ahif74 #eaf ,bel%azz> 0 ! son ( ,nabonidos1 ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon1 :o 0 ov]?r[n by ,cyrus4 #eag ,see ! acc\nt giv5 by ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 xvii4 #c4 #eah ,see ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,vi1 iii4 #d1 ix4 #b1 #c4 #eai ,see ! long acc\nt giv5 by ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,vi1 iv4 #a-g4 #ebj ,cp4 ! ,ph>isaic additions 9 ,ecclesia/icus4 #eba ,see ,zunz1 ,die ,gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge d] ,jud51 passim 7#ahib74 #ebb ,i4e41 ! ,%emoneh ,esreh 78,eighte5 ,b5$ictions072 ! "n ,amidah 78,/&+07 is giv5 to x because x is said /&+4 #ebc ,9 ! liturgy ! ord] ( ^! two clauses is rev]s$4 #ebd ,i4e4 8#8,he>1' ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o10 ,deut]onomy vi4 #d-i2 xi4 #ac-ba2 ,numb]s xv4 #cg-da2 9 ?is la/ ! deliv]ance f ,egypt is ref]r$ to4 #ebe ,oe/]ley & ,box1 ,! ,religion & ,wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue1 p4 #cfg 7#aiaa74 #ebf ,accord+ to ,cornill1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t1 p4 #bgd 7#ahif74 #ebg ,9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 i4 #bec4 #ebh ,?is 0 po9t$ out long ago by ,ryle & ,james1 ,! ,psalms ( ! ,ph>isees1 pp4 lxxii4 ff4 #ebi ,see pp4 #bad ff4 #ecj ,op4 cit41 pp4 lxxii4-lxxvii4 #eca ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion wrongly reckon$ z v]se #a1 :i* is n done ei!r 9 ! ,vulgate or ! ,septuag9t4 #ecb xxxvi4 #a 9 ! ,septuag9t4 #ecc ,9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,,ii1 #egi4 #ecd ,encycl4 ,bibl41 ii4 #bcie4 #ece ,see fur!r1 p4 #dci above4 ,9 ! ,vulgate ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 #a 7#c7 ,esdras & #b 7#d7 ,esdras are n includ$ among ! ,apocrypha1 b are plac$ 9 an ,app5dix at ! end ( ! :ole ,bible1 i4e4 aft] ! ,book ( ,revelation4 #ecf ,t x 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew does n admit ( d\bt4 ,see ,box1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 xiii4-xx4 #ecg ,ha/+s' ,d4,b41 i4 #gff;a4 #ech ,! foll[+ is translat$ f ! ,lat9 text edit$ by ,b5sly 7see ! ,lit]ature above72 ! words 9 brackets are want+ 9 ! ,lat91 & are suppli$ f ! ,syriac ,v]sion4 #eci ,s ! ,syriac1 :i* is requir$ by ! context2 ! ,lat9 reads1 87 burn$40 #edj ,! text is corrupt "h2 x reads multitudo tempe/atio4 #eda ,box rightly sees ! h& ( ! ,r$actor 9 ! =m ( ! ,vision z we n[ h x2 he foll[s ,kabis* 9 hold+ t ! date ( ! ,r$actor is ,a4,d4 #abj1 possibly ev5 a little lat]4 #edb ,= o!r int]pretations t h be5 put =?1 see ,drummond1 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ii-aad4 #edc ,! passage v4 #ef-vi4 #f is a polemic aga9/ ,*ri/ian tea*+4 #edd ,at viii4 #fc ! dialogue is int]rupt$ by a section on ! ,signs ( ! ,end2 at ix4 #ac x is tak5 up aga94 #ede ,maldwyn ,hughes1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,jewi% ,apocryphal ,lit]ature1 p4 #bdj4 #edf ,box1 ,op4 cit41 p4 xlvi4 #edg ,i4e4 dur+ ! de/ruction ( ! city4 #edh ,?is is ! cup ( inspiration1 8full ( ! holy _s1 :i*1 cle> z wat]1 is l fire0 7,box74 #edi ,box1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cje2 see also 8 ,introduction1 pp4 lviii4 ff4 #eej ,see above1 pp4 #aih ff4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,footnotes #bgc1 #deg1 #ejg & #eab ea* h two an*ors4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg ix3 add$ miss+ page numb] #8#gg' = ,ecclesia/icus4 ,pg xiii3 #87#a #c ,esdras7' replac$ by #87#a 7#c7 ,esdras7'4 ,pg xiv3 #87#b #d ,esdras7' replac$ by #87#b 7#d7 ,esdras7'4 ,pg #abd3 #8t ?ree are' replac$ by #8t !re are'4 ,pg #aea3 #8?is pseudepipraphic' replac$ by #8?is pseudepigraphic'4 ,pg #agd3 #8he might *ose' replac$ by #8he might *oose'4 ,pg #bjb3 remov$ italic m>kup f #8,burkitt'4 ,pg #bcg3 #8%\ld n trangress' replac$ by #8%\ld n transgress'4 ,pg #bfh3 #8is my trangression' replac$ by #8is my transgression'4 ,pg #bhi3 #8toge!r 9 !' replac$ by #8toge!r is !'4 ,pg #bic3 #8be sepa ?is' replac$ by #8be sep>at$ f ?is'4 ,pg #bic3 #8! _w to me' replac$ by #8! _w to come'4 ,pg #chf3 #80 a/oni$1 &' replac$ by #80 a/oni%$1 &'4 ,pg #dab3 #8c5tre+ ar\nd' replac$ by #8c5t]+ ar\nd'4 ,pg #dci3 #87#a #c ,esdras7' replac$ by #87#a 7#c7 ,esdras7'4 ,pg #dhe3 #8"o is unevitably' replac$ by #8"o is inevitably'4 ,pg #eji3 #87#b #d ,esdras7' replac$ by #87#b 7#d7 ,esdras7'4 ,pg #eae3 #8out ( :*' replac$ by #8out ( :i*'4 ,pg #ebc3 #8above ! firman5t' replac$ by #8above ! firmam5t'4 ,pg #ece3 entry #8,civitis' mov$ up to its prop] position4 ,footnote #bdj3 #8,ecclesiaticus' replac$ by #8,ecclesia/icus'4