,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are enclos$ 9 pair$ und]scores2 subscripts are indicat$ by a s+le und]score3 ,h#b,o4 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ by a c>et symbol3 #aji4 ,:5 a sup]script is long] ?an "o "*1 x is enclos$ 9 curly braces3 #aj-aa4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,,little ,,blue ,,book ,,no4 #ajjj ,edit$ by ,e4 ,haldeman-,julius ,! ,wond]s ( ,radium ,mayn>d ,%ipley ,,haldeman-,,julius ,,company ,,gir>d1 ,,kansas ,copyright1 #aibf1 ,haldeman-,julius ,company ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,radium ,,cont5ts ,page ,i4 ,introductory #e ,all ,matt] ,radioactive #i ,,ii4 ,ev]yday ,uses ( ,radium #af ,radium ,makes ,gems ,blu% #ah ,a ,radium ,clock #ai ,,iii4 ,radium & ! ,age ( ! ,e>? #ba ,,iv4 ,an ,epo*-,mak+ ,discov]y #cj ,h[ ,radium is ,conv]t$ to ,lead #cd ,v4 ,radium 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,canc] #de ,,vi4 ,effici5cy ( ,radium 9 ,treatm5t ( ,v>i\s ,diseases #ea ,,vii4 ,:]e ,we ,get ,radium #ee ,new ,s\rces ( ,radium #eh ,! ,radioactive ,dis9tegration ,s]ies #fj ,uranium ,i ,s]ies #fc ,uranium ,y ,s]ies #fc ,?orium ,s]ies #fd ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,radium ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,x has be5 well said t a g5]al idea ( :at radioactivity signifies is a necess>y "p ( ! education ( e intellig5t p]son1 s9ce 8x is ! "o ?+ ( p>am\nt importance 9 ! *emical & physical sci5ce ( ! day40 ,b its importance ext5ds mu* f>!r1 s9ce radioactivity is n[ employ$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry1 z well z 9 biology & m$ic9e4 ,x is kn[n t ! rays f radium h ! p[] to /imulate all =ms ( life1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( spe$+ up ! gr[? ( plants & ( mak+ dormant plants bur/ into bud4 ,"s au?orities1 z we %all see lat]1 are fully conv9c$ t ! radiations c be employ$ successfully 9 ! prolongation ( human life4 ,x is well kn[n t radio!rapy has1 = "s ye>s n[1 be5 employ$ advantage\sly 9 ! treatm5t ( _m =ms ( illness1 & is1 9 "s in/itutions1 ! sole m$ium = ! cure or alleviation ( canc] & o!r malignant gr[?s4 ,n long ago ! discov]y 0 made t ! curative ag5t 9 c]ta9 fam\s ba?s 9 ,europe is ! radium :i* ! wat]s ( _! spr+s conta94 ,if "o c\ld really buy bottl$ wat] :i* has be5 prop]ly treat$ ) radium rays or ! 8emanation10 b5eficial results w\ld no d\bt be obta9$4 ,! tr\ble is t su* wat]s are difficult to secure4 8,none ( ! =eign or dome/ic comm]cial bottl$ wat] sold to consum]s on ! claim ( radioactive cont5t really conta9s suffici5t radioactivity to w>rant its pur*ase10 accord+ to ! report ( inve/igation complet$ by ! wat] & bev]age laboratory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 8,9 ! exam9ation ( #df samples f #ae /ates & eight =eign c\ntries1 ! bureau f\nd ! highe/ quantity ( radioactivity ( a tempor>y nature 9 a bottl$ wat] f ,massa*usetts4 8,! l>ge/ am\nt ( p]man5t radioactivity 0 9 a sample f a deep well 9 ,ohio4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be necess>y to consume #b1haj gallons ( ! ,massa*usetts wat]1 or #a1ieg gallons ( ! ,ohio wat] daily to obta9 an effici5t dose ( radioactive salts4 8,dur+ ! te/s radioactivity ( samples 0 det]m9$ by means ( electroscopes40 ,:5 radium is tak5 9 soluble =m1 #be or #ej p]c5t ( x rema9s 9 ! body = f\r or five days4 ,! rate ( excretion aft] t is only ab\t "o p]c5t a day4 8,:]ev] x is locat$1 x c>ries on a con/ant bomb>dm5t 9 releas+ its en]gy1 giv+ /r5g? to ! tissues1 cells & protoplasm ( ! body4 ,& :5 once ^! beg9 to function actively1 !y beg9 to rebuild !mselves40 ,radium does n comb9e *emically ) any kn[n sub/ance 9 ! body4 ,! !rapeutic effects are indirect4 ,:5 ! electrons are eject$ ) great spe$ f ! atoms ( ! radioactive salts1 !y pass ?r\gh millions ( o!r atoms1 knock+ out new electrons z !y g1 leav+ ! atoms ) a positive *>ge1 9 :i* condition !y are call$ 8ions40 ,^! positively *>g$ p>ticles at once ent] into new comb9ations1 new *emical unions1 :i* produce new sub/ances4 ,b ^! may be injuri\s to ! normal tissues z well z to ! cells ( ! disease :i* x is desir$ to de/roy4 ,9 "s cases1 ! diseas$ cells are m susceptible to ! rays ?an are ! normal cells1 9 :i* in/ances ! gr[? ( ! abnormal or diseas$ cells may be ret>d$1 or !y may ev5 be totally de/roy$4 ,x is ?us se5 t application ( ! rays may result 9 alleviation ( ! disease1 or1 possibly1 effect a complete cure1 z ! case may be4 ,! action ( radium on v>i\s 7colloidal7 sub/ances is n[ well und]/ood f ! po9t ( view ( ! biophysici/2 b ?is phase ( ! subject is too highly te*nical = exposition 9 a book int5d$ = popul> circulation4 ,:ile x is fully recogniz$ t !re are q def9ite limitations to ! efficacy ( radioactivity 9 its application to disease1 z a matt] ( fact ! use ( radium z a !rapeutic ag5t w\ld be mu* m ext5sive 7 x n = its high co/ & sc>city4 ,no "o que/ions its exceptional value 9 ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 diseases1 & a me?od w probably be discov]$1 9 ! ne> future1 by :i* x may v]itably be us$ to po/pone ! age ( s5ility4 ,a "y man :o _h read some:]e t radium is a sure cure = any & all ( ! ills to :i* fle% is heir1 ent]$ a drug /ore & ask$3 8,h[ mu* is radium an ounce80 ,! druggi/ smil$1 & nam$ a figure :i* made ! "y man bl9k4 8,n really80 obs]v$ ! prospective cu/om]4 8,!n y may give me an ounce ( c\gh loz5ges40 ,until q rec5tly1 an ounce ( radium co/ almo/ z mu* z #c tons ( gold6 ,t is to say1 an ounce ( radium1 if ?is mu* c\ld be pur*as$ 8(f h&0--:i* x c\ldn't--w\ld co/ ab\t #b1ejj1jjj4 ,! price 0 at "o "t #c1jjj1jjj an ounce4 ,:5 we speak ( 8radium10 we really mean--or ought to mean--radium salts4 ,pure radium soon ab&ons its metallic =m by ent]+ into *emical comb9ations4 ,x is ! purifi$ radium salts t co/1 z late z #aibc1 #b1ejj1jjj an ounce--! price ( ( a ton ( plat9um1 ! mo/ 8preci\s0 ( all ! metals except+ radium4 ,9 #aibj1 radium 0 #bjj times m valuable ?an an equal weight ( pure blue diamonds1 & #ahj1fjj times z valuable z gold4 ,a cubic foot ( ! salts--_h ?is am\nt be5 obta9able--w\ld h be5 wor? #g1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! reason = ! high co/ ( radium is n f> to seek4 ,fir/1 ! dem& = ! pure salts f> exce$$ ! supply--& ?is is /ill ! case1 ?\gh relief is n[ 9 sight4 ,secondly1 ! sc>city ( radium 0 due to ! enorm\s am\nt ( "t & labor involv$ 9 its production4 ,al?\gh radium 0 discov]$ & isolat$ by ,mme4 ,curie 9 #ahih1 #bb ye>s lat]--at ! close ( #aibj--sc>cely #adj grams 7or ab\t five ounces7 ( pure radium salts _h be5 extract$ & put on ! _w m>ket4 ,( ?is am\nt1 ab\t #gj grams _h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7dur+ ! prec$+ sev5 ye>s74 ,! m>ket value ( ! /&>d salts 0 at ?is "t ab\t #ajj1jjj a gram 7ab\t #a_/bh ounce74 ,eighte5 grams 7 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #aibj1 & ! value ( ! purifi$ salts 0 quot$ 9 "s j\rnals z #b1afj1jjj4 ,at ?is price1 ab\t #ajj1jjj wor? ( radium c\ld be put into a glass tube ab\t ! diamet] ( a v co>se p5cil lead & n m ?an an in* 9 l5g?4 ,to produce ! gram ( radium salts pres5t$ to ,mme4 ,curie by ! wom5 ( ,am]ica 79 ,may1 #aiba71 #ejj tons ( c>notite ore--conta9+ two p]c5t or less ( uranium oxide--7 treat$1 consum+ 9 ! process #a1ejj tons ( coal1 m ?an a ton ( *emicals1 & ov] #cj tons ( wat]4 ,,all ,,matt] ,,radioactive ,:ile c]ta9 sub/ances h be5 designat$ z 8radioactive10 x is n to be und]/ood t ^! bodies alone emit *>g$ p>ticles1 or radiant en]gy4 8,all bodies :atev] are a con/ant s\rce ( visible or invisible radiations1 :i*1 :e!r ( "o k9d or ! o!r1 are always radiations ( light0 7,le ,bon1 8,! ,evolution ( ,=ces10 p4 #cah1 #aijh74 ,comp\nds ( potassium1 & also ( rubidium1 caesium & lan?anum1 z %[n by ,campbell1 ,wood1 ,mc,lennan1 ,k5n$y1 & o!r inve/igators1 possess v high radioactive prop]ties4 ,:ile ! atomic weight ( potassium is only ab\t #ci1 & ( rubidium ab\t #hd1 ! typical radioactive elem5ts h atomic weights rang+ f #bjj to #bch4 ,( ! #ab to #ae elem5ts ess5tial to life1 potassium is ! only "o possess+ di/9ct if m9ute radioactivity4 8,! activity ( potassium may readily be demon/rat$ by means ( ! goldleaf electroscope4 ,x is %[n t ,beta rays are emitt$0 7,burns74 ,b potassium is #ajjj times weak] ?an uranium1 & #a1jjj1jjj1jjj times weak] ?an radium1 9 ! emission ( ,beta 7negative7 rays4 ,caesium & lan?anum emit ,alpha 7positive7 rays4 ,pr(essor ,duf\r1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* sci5ti/1 has %[n t ev5 air t has be5 brea!d emits radioactive p>ticles4 ,! pres5ce ( radioactive matt] 9 ! atmosph]e has be5 %[n to acc\nt = its electric conductivity4 ,?omson f\nd 7#aijf7 t _m specim5s ( wat] f deep wells conta9 a radioactive gas1 & ,el/] & ,g]tel h f\nd t a simil> gas is conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,x is probably safe to ass]t1 ) ,le ,bon1 t all matt]1 8d[n to ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature10 radiates electrifi$ & m or less lum9\s p>ticles1 albeit !y are invisible to ! human eye4 ,x is because ( its prop]ty ( emitt+ negative electrons 7,beta rays7 t potassium is a necess>y con/itu5t ( all liv+ matt]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be replac$1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 by o!r radioactive sub/ances4 ,pr(4 ,b>ton ,scammel1 ( ! ,briti% ,radium ,society1 gave x z 8 op9ion 79 #aibb7 t fur!r exp]i5ce 9 ! prop] uses ( potassium salts & radium 9 solution w\ld lead to ! realization ( a new gold5 age4 ,he pr$ict$1 among o!r 8good tid+s10 life = #abj ye>s 9 ! bloom ( y\?1 ! 8pep0 ( #be ye>s at #ge1 a ?ird set ( tee?1 new hirsute cov]+s = er/:ile bald heads1 muscles l ,jack ,dempsey's4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,ev]ett ,field1 ( ! ,new ,york ,radium ,in/itute1 /at$ publicly1 9 back+ up ,scammel's hopes & !ories1 t he ?9ks ano!r t5 ye>s w see human life va/ly prolong$ z a matt] ( c\rse by ! use ( radium4 ,he said3 8,we h asc]ta9$ beyond "q t potassium salts are necess>y to he>t action1 t !y are slightly radioactive1 & t radium c be sub/itut$ = !m ) a degree ( success4 8,x 0 ,dr4 ,zwa>demak]1 physiologi/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,utre*t1 :o fir/ discov]$1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 t radium c\ld d 9 ! blood /ream :at potassium salts d 9 ! normal p]son4 ,he took an animal's he>t1 :i* 0 kept beat+ outside ! animal1 & remov$ ! potassium elem5t4 ,x 0 n long] possible !n to keep x 9 action4 ,!n he sub/itut$ a radium solution & x 0 possible to re/ore action40 ,dr4 ,field /at$ t x _h be5 discov]$ t ! sy/ems ( victims ( canc] & o!r wa/+ diseases 7 defici5t 9 potassium salts1 & t z _! sy/ems 7 made to assimilate potassium a tonic effect 0 noticeable at once4 ,! greate/ tr\ble 0 to make ! body assimilate ! potassium4 8,! fact is10 said ,dr4 ,field1 "o ( ! m cons]vative radium !rapi/s1 8t radium does n d ! heal+4 ,b1 = t matt]1 nei!r does any o!r =m ( heal+4 ,! heal+ exi/s )9 ! organism4 ,& radium1 ,i am conv9c$1 9 "s cases1 is ! mo/ effici5t m$ic9e to give ne$$ /imulus to ! heal+ app>atus ( diseas$ organisms40 ,ev5 n[1 he believes1 radioactive treatm5t may prolong life at lea/ #ae ye>s4 ,= int]nal treatm5t1 ei!r doses ( radioactive wat]1 or extremely m9ute quantities ( radium itself1 are adm9i/]$4 ,radioactive wat] is tak5 f spr+s f\nd to conta9 traces ( radium1 or radium is us$ to make ord9>y wat] radioactive4 ,! difficulty ) spr+ wat]s is t !y lose _! radioactive p[] :5 bottl$ & transport$1 & mu/ be consum$ at _! s\rce4 8,because ( ?is fact10 says a writ] = ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 7,june1 #aibc71 8a gr\p ( physicians int]e/$ 9 ! use ( radium z a curative /imulant h inv5t$ an +5i\s device = imp>t+ radioactive prop]ties to ord9>y wat]4 ,z design$ = use 9 ! home1 ?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a case conta9+ an arrangem5t ( glass tubes & vessels 9 :i* emanations f radium salts 9 solution are imp>t$ to air1 :i* is !n mix$ ) ! wat]4 8,a mu* simpl] app>atus1 available = (fice use1 some:at resembles a hypod]mic syr+e1 conta9+ special capsules ( radium salts4 ,pu%+ a plung] =ces air ?r\gh ! radium capsules & into a glass ( wat] & is said to make ! wat] radioactive4 ,! doses ( radium 9 ea* case are con/ant1 because radium emanates at a con/ant rate1 & only a c]ta9 am\nt c be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 no matt] h[ _m times a day ! app>atus is br\ght into use4 8,:e!r radium treatm5t w prove able to re/ore y\? to old age1 gr[ new sets ( tee? & p]=m o!r m>vels t its m ard5t support]s pr$ict = x1 only "t w tell4 8,if radium treatm5t proves to facilitate ! process ( cell elim9ation1 x w h gone a long way t[>d deliv]+ ! _w f its enemies ( disease40 ,! philosoph]-sci5ti/1 ,le ,bon1 makes bold to sugge/ t light-waves :i* are invisible to human eyes may be p]ceptible to nocturnal animals1 :i* w\ld include mo/ ( ! lemurs & ! fel9es1 & "s o!r bea/s :i* seem to be capable ( f9d+ _! way & c>ry+ on _! pr$atory or o!r activities 9 ! d>k4 8,to !m10 says ,le ,bon1 8! body ( a liv+ be+1 ^: temp]ature is ab\t #cg ,c41 or ab\t #ih ,f41 ought to be surr\nd$ by a lum9\s halo1 :i* ! want ( s5sitiv5ess ( our eyes alone prev5ts our discov]+4 ,!re d n exi/ 9 nature1 9 reality1 any d>k bodies1 b only imp]fect eyes40 ,le ,bon has also said t ! human body is suffici5tly radioactive to photograph itself by its own rays1 if we c\ld f9d a sub/ance s5sitive to ^! radiations1 z ! photographic plate is to ! act9ic rays4 ,no?+ w\ld !n be easi]1 he decl>es1 ?an to photograph a liv+ body 9 ! d>k )\t any o!r s\rce ( light ?an ! invisible light :i* x is cont9ually emitt+4 ,"s rec5t 7#aibd7 exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,nodon1 seem to af=d ! actual pro( ( ,le ,bon's a priori conclusions4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( not$ sci5ti/s1 ,dr4 ,nodon exhibit$ ?ree photographic plates on :i* 7 unmi/akable light impressions1 :i*1 he claim$1 7 caus$ by ! rays emitt$ by a radioactive m9]al1 an insect1 & a gre5 leaf1 :i* _h be5 plac$ on ! emulsion side ( ! plates 9 a d>k-room4 ,a simil> exp]im5t1 9 :i* a dead insect & a dead leaf 7 us$1 result$ 9 no ray impressions on ! plates4 ,dr4 ,nodon (f]$ z 8 conclusion t radioactivity is an inevitable accompanim5t ( liv+ processes1 & /at$ t ! /r5g? ( photographic impressions produc$ 9 exp]im5ts su* z 8 are an accurate measure ( vitality 7see ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aibd74 ,radium is probably pres5t 9 all ! planets & />s4 ,"s "t ago ! ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dyson1 demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( radium & ( radium emanation 9 ! sun's *romosph]e 7! ocean ( inc&esc5t hydrog5 gas surr\nd+ ! photosph]e1 or actual surface ( ! sun74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,,( ,,radium ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w> l>ge quantities ( radium 7 employ$ by ! ,allies = night compasses1 lum9\s dials on airplanes1 gun-sights1 etc4 ,9 times ( peace x is us$ on p5dants = locat+ electric lights & swit*es 9 ! d>k1 key-holes1 fire-ext+ui%]s1 poison bottles1 em]g5cy call-bells1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,= example1 "s m9+ corporations use signs 9 _! m9es made lum9\s 9 ! d>k by phosphoresc5t pa9t made f radioactive sub/ances4 ,^! lum9\s signs are n affect$ by atmosph]ic conditions4 ,yet = all ^! uses1 includ+ 8radium wat*es0 & clocks1 n m ?an half an ounce ( radium has be5 us$ s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahih4 ,a few million? p>ts ( a gram ( radium1 9 ! =m ( radioactive b>ium sulphate1 a l>ge portion ( phosphoresc5t z9c sulphide 7cry/alliz$ z9c71 mix$ ) v>ni% & "s adhesive sub/ance1 give en\gh mat]ial to illum9ate #dj or #ej wat*es4 ,"o gram ( radium 7 #af gra9s7 comb9$ ) #bj1jjj grams ( secret process phosphoresc5t z9c sulphide is suffici5t to make #ffg1jjj wat*es lum9\s = _m ye>s4 ,! factories ( ?is c\ntry are n[ turn+ out ab\t f\r million radium wat*es annually4 ,unless a special prep>ation--kn[n only to ! manufactur]--is us$1 ! lum9osity ( ! mat]ial gradually disappe>s1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ! z9c sulphide cry/als by ! p[]ful rays con/antly bomb>d+ !m1 produc+ fla%es at ! rate ( #bjj1jjj a second4 ,! radium itself does n gl[1 nor does x det]iorate 9 p[]4 ,if we exam9e a lum9\s dial ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 aft] ! eyes h be5 9 total d>kness = a few m9utes1 t9y fla%es ( light may be se54 ,^! are caus$ by ! explosion ( hundr$s ( millions ( radium atoms4 ,! m radium !re is 9 ! pa9t1 ! great] ! numb] ( fla%es p] second1 & ! m durable ! lum9osity4 ,s9ce e fla% means a bl[ ^u a cry/al ( z9c sulphide1 ! cry/als gradually break "u ! /ra94 ,9 ?is process helium is releas$ f ! dis9tegrat+ radium atoms4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,h5ry 7,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,april #b1 #aiba7 po9ts out t ! problem ( ! *emi/ 8is to produce a phophoresc5t sub/ance :i* w /& up longe/ "u ! t]rific bomb>dm5t ( ! radium rays & :i*1 at ! same "t1 w give (f ! mo/ light4 ,su* progress is be+ made 9 ?is direction t today #aiba only ab\t "o-tw5tie? ! am\nt ( radium us$ f\r ye>s ago #aiag is ne$$ 9 ! mak+ ( lum9\s mat]ial4 ,& ! *emi/ insi/s t he has only scrat*$ ! surface ( possibilities 9 ?is direction & t ev5 bett] results c be atta9$4 ,at pres5t ! life ( ! z9c cry/als is f #ae to #bj ye>s1 al?\gh ! radium la/s = c5turies4 8,?is life w be mu* long] if ! in/rum5t to :i* x is appli$ is kept away f ! light mo/ ( ! "t4 ,! cry/als1 already /ress$ by ! radium rays1 h an additional /ra9 impos$ by ! light & ?is ha/5s ! process ( dis9tegration4 ,/rong sunlight1 especially at ! sea%ore :]e ! pres5ce ( mu* ozone 9 ! air int5sifies ! ultra-violet rays1 has a v de/ructive effect on lum9\s mat]ial4 ,= ?is reason ! manufactur]s ( ?is delicate sub/ance usually gu>antee x = ab\t half its normal life1 or t5 ye>s40 ,a radium-light$ fi%-bait is n[ on ! m>ket1 & fi%]m5 say t ?is bait is v successful 9 attract+ fi% :i* haunt deep wat]4 ,,radium ,,makes ,,gems ,,blu% ,d4 ,b]!lot1 ,f4 ,bordes1 ,c4 ,doelt]1 & o!rs obs]v$ t ! rays f radium induc$ important *anges 9 ! colors ( m9]als4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,squance1 ( ,sund]l&1 ,engl&1 succe$$ 9 trans=m+ a sapphire ( fa9t p9k hue into a gorge\s ruby color1 & a fa9t gre5 sapphire into an ori5tal em]ald hue4 ,x 0 already kn[n t a diamond expos$ to ! rays ( radium gl[s ) a beautiful gre5 light4 ,9 exp]im5ts c>ri$ out at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es 7#aiba71 9 ,r5o1 ,nevada1 a colorless ,colorado topaz 0 t9t$ yell[ by exposure to p5etrat+ radiation4 ,if a me?od c be devis$ to make ! color p]man5t1 ! discov]y w greatly increase ! value ( ! gem-/one mat]ial f\nd 9 ! we/4 ,if we submit yell[ phosphor\s to ! action ( radioactive sub/ances1 x becomes *ang$ into ! r$ 8alotropic0 v>iety4 ,c]ta9 ( ! rays decompose ammonia1 & wat] "u _! influ5ce is subject$ to electrolysis1 yield+ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,a ,,radium ,,clock ,a v int]e/+ in/rum5t 0 devis$ by ,sir ,william ,/rutt 7n[ ,"l ,rayleigh7 :i* has be5 call$ a 8radium clock40 ,x consi/s ( a glass vessel conta9+ a tube ( radium salts 9 ! c5t]1 f :i* two gold leaves are hung4 ,! inn] surface ( ! conta9+ vessel is coat$ ) t9foil1 & ?is foil is gr\nd$4 ,! radium salts cause ! leaves to become electrically *>g$4 ,!y !n div]ge1 &1 com+ 9 contact ) ! gr\nd$ t9foil coat+1 !y are dis*>g$1 only to fall back aga9 & repeat ! process4 ,?is clock w op]ate z long z ! supply ( radioactive mat]ial w act1 :i* 9 ! case ( pure radium w\ld be ne>ly #bjjj ye>s4 ,g4 ,l5tn] has rec5tly succe$$ 9 utiliz+ atmosph]ic pot5tial by ! aid ( radioactive sub/ances1 :i*1 9 "s way n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! trans=m]4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,a po/ ab\t #ab m4 9 height1 =m+ a sort ( ant5na1 is erect$2 ! po/ ends 9 a collector consi/+ ( an alum9um sph]e provid$ ) po9ts cov]$ ) radioactive sub/ances4 ,?is collector communicates by a conduct+ wire ) a special trans=m]4 ,"u ^! conditions ! e>? & atmosph]ic curr5ts attract ea* o!r ?r\gh reciprocal induction4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,so*ocky1 ! well kn[n radium exp]t1 has made radium oil pa9ts1 & made pa9t+s ) !m4 8,pictures pa9t$ ) radium look l any o!r pictures 9 ! daytime1 b at night !y illum9ate !mselves & create an int]e/+ & weirdly arti/ic effect4 ,?is pa9t w\ld be p>ticul>ly adaptable = pictures ( moonlight or w9t] sc5es1 & ,i h no d\bt t "s day a f9e arti/ w make a "n = himself & greatly int]e/ u by pa9t+ pictures :i* w be unique1 & p>ticul>ly beautiful at night 9 a d>k or semi-d>k5$ room40 ,dr4 ,so*ocky also pr$icts t 8! "t w d\btless come :5 y w h 9 y\r own home 7or someone y "k w h7 a room light$ entirely by radium4 ,x w\ld be possible today to illum9ate a room1 s t at night1 )\t ! aid ( electricity or o!r artificial illum9ation1 y c\ld read f9e newspap] pr9t )\t difficulty4 ,! light 9 su* a room1 ?r[n (f by radium pa9t on walls & ceil+1 w\ld 9 color & tone be l s(t moonlight1 blue ) a t9t ( yell[4 ,today1 a room t5 by n9e feet c\ld be illum9at$ 9 ?is way at a co/ ( #djj1 & ! illum9ation w\ld la/ t5 ye>s4 8,h[ev]1 su* illum9ation w soon be mu* *eap]1 because ( new discov]ies z to ! be/ mat]ials to comb9e ) radium to produce light40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,radium ,,& ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,"o ( ! important consequ5ces ( ! discov]y ( radioactivity 0 to af=d ! sci5ti/ a means = solv+ ! problem ( ! e>?'s age4 ,by 8age ( ! e>?0 we mean "h ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! e>?'s surface became fitt$ = ! habitation ( liv+ be+s4 ,by means ( radioactivity we c =m an approximate e/imate ( ! "t :i* has pass$ s9ce ! =mation ( any giv5 s]ies ( geological /rata4 ,radium is our geological "t clock4 ,x is n[ kn[n t all ! common rocks & soils ( :i* ! e>?'s cru/ is built up conta9 measurable am\nts ( radium4 ,accord+ to ! computation made by ,pr(4 ,john ,joly1 ! total quantity ( radioactive matt] may be z mu* z "o #ejj billion? "p ( ! :ole volume ( ! globe1 or some?+ ov] half a cubic mile4 ,all ( ! #cf kn[n radio-elem5ts are dis9tegration products ( ! prim>y radio-elem5ts uranium & ?orium--i4e41 !y are produc$ f "o or ! o!r ( ^! 9 _! long sequ5ce ( *anges4 ,& ! rate at :i* ! radioactive products *ange--_! av]age life p]iod1--f ! fir/ transmutation to ! f9al product1 radium lead1 an isotrope ( common lead1 is accurately kn[n4 7,helium atoms are 8! debris %$ at ! v>i\s /ages ( ! trans=mation407 ,x is n[ well e/abli%$ t a gram ( uranium z f\nd along ) its products 9 rocks & m9]als is *ang+ at a rate repres5t$ by ! production ( #a4hh x #aj-aa grams ( helium & #a4bb x #aj-aj grams ( lead 7isotrope7 p] annum4 ,we d n "k = a c]ta9ty1 ( c\rse1 t ?is rate ( production has be5 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t geological "t4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,"l ,rayleigh1 we may safely assume t ! rate ( trans=mation has n *ang$1 s t 8x w\ld seem t 9 ! dis9tegration ( a gram ( uranium we h a process ! rate ( :i* c be reli$ ^u to h be5 ! same 9 ! pa/ z we n[ obs]ve x to be0 7,nature1 ,octob] #bg1 #aiba74 ,act+ on ,ru!r=d's sugge/ion1 ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,/rutt 7lat] ,"l ,rayleigh7 made a det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( radium 9 ! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! e>?--:i* are alone accessible2 & he also det]m9$ ! ratio ( ! lead 7isotope7 to ! uranium1 :i* 0 f\nd to be #a4c 7specifically1 9 ! brogg]ite f\nd 9 ! ,pre-,cambrian rocks at ,moss1 ,norway74 ,n[1 if we assume--z ! evid5ce seems to w>rant--t ! lead ( ?is atomic weight 7#bjf4jf7 0 all produc$ by uranium at ! rate giv5 above1 we get an age ( #ibe million ye>s = ^! rocks4 ,"s m9]als f o!r ,ar*aean rocks 9 ,norway give a r l>g] figure4 8,9 o!r cases10 says ,"l ,rayleigh1 8!re is "s complication1 ow+ to ! fact t ?orium is associat$ ) uranium 9 ! m9]al & t x1 too1 produces helium & an isotrope ( lead ( atomic weight probably #bjh exactly1 ab\t "o unit high] ?an common lead40 ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d e/imat$ ! "t requir$ = ! accumulation ( ! radium cont5t ( a uranium m9]al 9 ! ,gla/onbury granitic gneiss ( ! e>ly ,cambrian z no less ?an #ejj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,lat] inve/igations give "s ( ! ,pre-,cambrian rocks an antiquity ( #a1fdj millions ( ye>s6 ,! zoologi/ may n[ h all ! "t he wants = ! sl[ly evolv+ organisms reveal$ by ! s$im5t>y /rata4 ,pr(4 ,john ,w4 ,grun]1 ( ! geology dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 discov]$ 79 #aibe7 microscopic =ms ( plant life 7algae7 emb$d$ 9 iron =mations ( ! ,v]million ,range ne> ,lake ,arm/rong1 ,m9nesota4 ,mo/ ( ,m9nesota's iron deposits are due to ! algae1 ,dr4 ,grun] ?9ks4 ,! gr[? has ! prop]ty ( extract+ iron f sea wat] & mak+ ( x a solid %ell ) :i* to surr\nd itself4 ,accumulations ( ^! iron %ells ?r\gh millions ( ye>s h be5 emb$d$ 9 rock =mations =m+ ! iron ore4 ,slices ( rock a ?\s&? ( an in* ?ick 7 exam9$ "u microscopes 9 ! se>* = ! algae4 ,algae began to fl\ri% imm$iately aft] ! e>?1 9 cool+ 7accord+ to "o cosmological !ory71 got bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,_! =m is mu* l seawe$1 & !y ?rive at a temp]ature ( #ie ,c4 ,dr4 ,grun] e/imates ! age ( ^! algae-be>+ deposits at #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 t5 million ye>s e>li] ?an previ\s evid5ce %[$4 ,if we employ ! radioactivity te/ z a measure ( geological "t1 ! age ( ^! fossil algae w\ld h to be plac$ mu* high]--old] by hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,& ! same mu/ be said ( ! amphibian footpr9ts rec5tly 7#aibe7 discov]$ 9 ! s&/one slabs ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 by ! c>etak] on ,h]mit's ,trail1 a ?\s& feet bel[ ! rim ( ! canyon4 ,on ! old] geological "t scale1 ^! deposits date back "s #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s 7l[] ,c>bonif]\s p]iod--! s-call$ 8,mississippian0 sy/em74 ,on ! radium "t s*$ule1 ^! figures w\ld ne$ to be multipli$ consid]ably 7accord+ to ,boltwood & ,holmes1 by a multiple ( six or m74 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t on ! "t deposits ( ,walcott & ,s*u*]t1 bas$ on ! rate ( deposition ( s$im5ts1 ! l[] ,c>bonif]\s 7,mississippian7 deposits are n old] ?an "s #ah1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,b amphibian footpr9ts are kn[n f ! f> old] ,devonian p]iod1 ^: /rata are1 on ! radium basis1 "s #cgj million ye>s old4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,s*u*]t1 ( ,yale1 reg>ds ! e/imates ( geological "t bas$ ^u ! rate ( dis9tegration ( radioactive m9]als z1 on ! :ole1 f> m reliable ?an e/imates bas$ ^u ! rate ( deposition ( s$im5ts4 ,no sci5ti/ pret5ds to be able to /ate exactly ! age ( /rata by ! am\nt ( radium lead conta9$ 9 !m4 8,9 a ?ird class ( cases10 ,"l ,rayleigh po9ts out1 8! uranium m9]al1 pit*bl5de1 occurs 9 a metallif]\s ve91 & ! lead isotope produc$ 9 ! m9]al is dilut$ ) common lead :i* ent]$ into its orig9al composition1 444 b ! complications _c1 ,i ?9k1 be consid]$ to modify ! broad result4 8,a det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( helium 9 m9]als gives an alt]native me?od ( e/imat+ geological age2 b helium1 unlike lead1 is liable to leak away1 h5ce ! e/imate gives a m9imum only4 ,i h f\nd 9 ?is way ages :i*1 speak+ g5]ally1 are ab\t "o-?ird ( ! values :i* e/imates ( lead h giv51 & are1 !re=e1 g5]ally confirmatory1 hav+ reg>d to leakage ( helium40 ,dr4 ,hom] ,p4 ,little1 ( ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 tells u 7,sci5tific ,am]ican ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #aiba1 p4 #agc7 t 8f bo? calculation & exp]im5t x is f\nd t "o gram ( uranium w produce helium at ! rate ( "o cubic c5timet] 9 #i1fjj1jjj ye>s4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! am\nt ( radium 9 a m9]al & ! am\nt ( helium pres5t !re=e all[s u to calculate ! age ( ! m9]al4 ,! am\nt ( uranium orig9ally pres5t comp>$ to t left does n ent] into ! problem unless extreme l5g?s ( "t are "u consid]ation1 because ( ! fact t x is calculat$ to take #e1jjj million ye>s = "o-half a giv5 volume ( uranium to dis9tegrate4 8,x is p]fectly true t mu* ( ! helium g5]at$ may escape4 ,! assumption is1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s m9]als comp>atively little escapes3 zircon1 p>ticul>ly1 seems to be an effective reta9]4 ,?is m9]al %[s v effectively ! increas+ ratio ( helium to uranium z consecutively old] rocks are exam9$4 ,rec5t or ,plei/oc5e specim5s f ,vesuvius %[ an app>5t age ( #a million ye>s2 ,mioc5e specim5s f ! ,auv]gne1 ,france1 ( #f4c million4 ,! ,devonian ( ,norway furni%es specim5s #ed million ye>s 9 age1 & ! ,upp] ,cambrian ( ,colorado specim5s ( #ada million ye>s2 ! ,ar*aean ( ,ceylon1 ( ! diamond-be>+ rocks ( ,s\? ,africa1 & ( c]ta9 rocks ( ,ont>io furni% specim5s ag$ #bhf1 #cba & #gae million ye>s1 respectively40 ,! foll[+ table gives ! mean ( ! results ( ,pr(essors ,boltwood & ,holmes' c>eful /udies1 bas$ ^u ! accumulation ( lead z a f9al product ( ! uranium s]ies3 ,,millions ,,( ,,ye>s ,c>bonif]\s #cdj ,devonian #cgj ,pre-,c>bonif]\s #daj ,silurian or ,ordovician #dcj ,pre-,cambrian3 ,sw$5 #a1jbe ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #a1caj-a1dce ,ceylon #a1fdj ,^! results1 a total ( #a1djj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 greatly transc5d ,"l ,rayleigh's 7,/rutt's7 e>li] calculations reg>d+ ! antiquity !y assign to ,paleozoic & ,pre-,cambrian times4 ,9 #aiah1 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,b>rell review$ ! v>i\s me?ods employ$ & ! results obta9$ 9 ! attempt to det]m9e f geological1 *emical & physical evid5ces ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cambrian ,p]iod 7:5 abundant fossil inv]tebrates are fir/ met )71 & rea*$ ! foll[+ "t e/imates = ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! geologic record 7exclusive ( ! ,pre-,cambrian rocks73 ,c5ozoic "t1 #ee1jjj1jjj to #fe1jjj1jjj ye>s long ,mesozoic "t1 #ace1jjj1jjj to #ahj1jjj1jjj ye>s long ,paleozoic "t1 #cfj1jjj1jjj to #edj1jjj1jjj ye>s long ,! "t ?us e/abli%$ cov]s a p]iod ( f #eej1jjj1jjj to #gjj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 or f t5 to #ae times long] ?an has usually be5 accept$ by geologi/s4 ,pre-,cambrian "t 0 f\nd to h a simil> ord] ( magnitude2 b "h ! evid5ce re/s l>gely ^u ! radioactivity ( ! cry/all9e rocks =m$ dur+ ?is va/ p]iod4 ,x is n[ univ]sally accept$ t ! "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! ,pre-,cambrian rocks 0 fully z long z1 if n long] ?an1 t = ! succe$+ geological divisions4 ,! ,ar*aean deposits h a v]tical ?ickness1 9 ! regions nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes1 e/imat$ at ab\t #fe1jjj feet1 or #ab miles4 ,_! base1 z a matt] ( fact1 has nev] be5 rea*$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! granites ( ,norway1 ,canada1 ,texas & ,ea/ ,africa h an indicat$ age ( #a1abj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 measur$ 9 t]ms ( radium products4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,norris ,russell1 ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 concludes1 f 8 c>eful inve/igations 9 radioactivity1 t ! age ( ! e>? is 8a mod]ate multiple ( #ajjj million ye>s40 ,pr(essor ,joly has comput$ t if !re are two p>ts ( radioactive mat]ial = e million million p>ts ( o!r matt] ?r\gh\t ! :ole volume ( ! e>?1 & ?is is consid]ably less ?an he has f\nd on ! av]age 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 !n ?is e>?1 in/ead ( cool+ (f1 is actually n[ heat+ up1 s t 9 a hundr$ million ye>s ! temp]ature ( ! core w h ris5 ?r\gh #a1hjj degrees c5tigrade4 ,dr4 ,millikan obs]ves 7,sci5ce1 ,july #i1 #aiba7 t ?is is a temp]ature 8:i* w melt almo/ all ( our ord9>y sub/ances4444 ,x means t a planet t seems to be dead1 z ?is our e>? seems to be1 may1 a few eons h5ce1 be a lum9\s body1 & t x may g ?r\gh p]iods ( expansion :5 x radiates enorm\sly1 & !n ( contraction :5 x becomes l our pres5t e>?1 a body :i* is a heat insulator & holds 9 its int]ior ! en]gy giv5 (f by radioactive processes1 until ano!r p]iod ( lum9osity ensues40 ,"l ,rayleigh's s]ies ( rese>*es = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( radium pres5t 9 a numb] ( repres5tative rocks1 bo? igne\s & s$im5t>y1 seems to prove t ! av]age am\nt ( radium 9 ! e>?'s cru/ is ab\t #bj times l>g] ?an ! am\nt calculat$ by ,ru!r=d to be necess>y to reta9 its temp]ature unalt]$4 ,joly's inve/igations reveal$ values 9 g5]al agreem5t ) ^!1 b 9 _m cases he obta9$ a value sev]al times great] ?an ! am\nt f\nd by ,"l ,rayleigh4 ,fur!r inve/igations %[$ t ?orium is z widely di/ribut$ z radium 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* is true also ( uranium4 8,incr$ible z x may appe>10 rem>ks ,ru!r=d1 8! radioactive bodies mu/ h be5 /eadily radiat+ en]gy s9ce ! "t ( _! =mation 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:ile ! activity ( uranium itself mu/ decrease ) ! lapse ( "t1 ! v>iation is s sl[ t an int]val measur$ by millions ( ye>s w\ld be requir$ to %[ any detectible *ange40 ,9 8 #aiba address to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,"l ,rayleigh said3 8,x appe>s c]ta9 t ! radioactive mat]ials pres5t 9 ! e>? are g5]at+ at lea/ z mu* heat z is n[ leak+ out f ! e>? into space4 ,if !y are g5]at+ m ?an ?is 7& !re is evid5ce to sugge/ t !y are71 ! temp]ature mu/1 accord+ to all receiv$ views1 be ris+40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,an ,,epo*-,,mak+ ,,discov]y ,:5 radium 0 discov]$ by ,mme4 ,curie 9 #ahih1 ! effect ^u ! sci5tific _w 0 />tl+1 n to say 8cata/rophic0--z "o au?or wrote at ! "t--s9ce its activities ran c\nt] to e kn[n pr9ciple ( physical sci5ce4 8,"s ( ! mo/ solid f\ndations ( sci5ce 7 de/roy$1 "s ( its noble/ edifices wreck$1 & sci5ti/s _h to n]ve !mselves to face & inve/igate a new =m ( en]gy40 ,s soon z radium comp\nds 7salts7 became available1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( en]gy giv5 out 9 radioactive processes--! emission ( p[]ful radiations :i* c be trans=m$ into light & heat--0 measur$2 & x 0 f\nd t radium1 weight = weight1 gives out z mu* heat z any kn[n fuel e ?ree days1 & 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 ye>s releases a quantity ( en]gy ne>ly #b1jjj times z mu* z is obta9$ f ! be/ fuel1 ) no signs ( exhau/ion 7,soddy74 ,9 ! combu/ion ( coal1 ! heat evolv$ is suffici5t to raise a weight ( wat] "s #hj to #ajj times ! weight ( ! fuel f ! freez+-po9t to ! boil+-po9t4 ,! spontane\s heat f radium is suffici5t to heat a quantity ( wat] equal to ! weight ( radium f ! freez+-po9t to ! boil+-po9t e ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,9 o!r words1 a p\nd ( radium conta9s & evolves 9 its *anges ! same am\nt ( en]gy z #ajj tons or m ( coal evolve 9 _! combu/ion4 ,9 ord9>y *emical *anges x is ! molecules 7gr\ps ( atoms7 :i* are alt]$ or re>rang$2 9 radioactive *ange ! atoms !mselves suff] dis9tegration & re>rangem5ts4 ,! en]gy ( radioactivity1 !n1 is--accord+ to ! accept$ view--intra-atomic--/or$-up en]gy )9 ! atom itself4 ,x 0 calculat$ by ,pr(4 ,curie t ! en]gy ( "o gram ( radium w\ld suffice to lift a weight ( #ejj tons to a height ( "o mile4 ,if x 7 possible to obta9 "o cubic c5timet] 7a ?imbleful7 ( ! 8emanation0 f radium 9 ! =m ( a gas1 we %\ld f9d t x possess$ ! p[]1 altoge!r1 ( emitt+ m ?an sev5 million calories ( heat6 ,a ?imbleful ( ?is invisible gas w\ld be m ?an suffici5t to raise #ae1jjj p\nds ( wat] #a4 ,b 9 e mass ( radium1 small or l>ge1 n m ?an #ac trillion?s ( x is und]go+ *ange p] second4 8,! processes occurr+ 9 ! radio-elem5ts10 says ,ru!r=d aga91 8are ( a "* q di/9ct f any previ\sly obs]v$ 9 *emi/ry4 ,al?\gh x has be5 %[n t ! radioactivity is due to ! spontane\s & cont9u\s production ( new types ( active matt]1 ! laws :i* control ?is production are diff]5t f ! laws ( ord9>y *emical reactions4 ,x has n be5 f\nd possible 9 any way to alt] ei!r ! rate at :i* ! matt] is produc$ or its rate ( *ange :5 produc$4 ,temp]ature1 :i* is su* an important factor 9 alt]+ ! rate ( *emical reactions1 is1 9 ^! cases1 entirely )\t influ5ce4 ,9 addition1 no ord9>y *emical *ange is kn[n :i* is accompani$ by ! expulsion ( *>g$ atoms ) great velocity4444 ,besides _! high atomic weights1 !y d n possess 9 common any special *emical *>act]i/ics :i* diff]5tiate !m f ! o!r elem5ts40 ,x 0 e>ly obs]v$ by ,curie & ,laborde t ! temp]ature ( a radium salt is always a degree or two above t ( ! atmosph]e1 & !y e/imat$ t a gram ( pure radium w\ld emit ab\t #ajj gram-calories p] h\r4 ,giesel lat] %[$ t radium 0 always at a temp]ature #e high] ?an ! surr\nd+ air1 reg>dless ( :at ! temp]ature ( ! air might be4 ,?is cont9ues un*ang$ :e!r ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+s be #bej bel[ z]o ,c5tigrade1 or 9 ! int5se heat ( an electric furnace4 8,p]haps10 rem>ks a writ] 9 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican 7,febru>y1 #aibb71 8!re w come a "t :5 we %all use ! en]gy 9 ! atoms to drive our ma*9es1 cook our food & heat our rooms4 ,besides1 already today we are actually us+--ev5 if only a v t9y "p--! atomic en]gy4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! rays emanat+ f radium are us$ = !rapeutic purposes & ! electrons emanat+ f a gl[+ filam5t c be direct$ s easily t !y c be us$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( app>atus = wireless telegraphy & telephony4 ,mo/ probably plants also make use ( ?is en]gy 9 _! gr[? because x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! rays ( ! sun lib]ate electrons f ! gre5 leaves1 & la/ly x may also be m5tion$ t we humans use a little ( ?is intra-atomic en]gy :5 see+ ) our eyes1 :i* we are enabl$ to d by ! photoelectric action ( light40,a ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! process ( dis9tegration1 atoms ( uranium & ?orium & _! products give rise to no few] ?an #cf diff]5t sub/ances 7,a4 ,s4 ,russell71 & ( ^! at lea/ a doz5 are 8new elem5ts40 ,all ( ! #cf radioactive elem5ts are dis9tegration products ( "o or ! o!r ( ! two p>5t elem5ts1 uranium & ?orium4 ,!y are arrang$ by ! *emi/ 9 ?ree s]ies3 namely1 ,uranium #a1 ,uranium #b 7! ,act9ium ,s]ies71 & ,?orium4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies !re are kn[n to be #ae transmutations ( matt]2 9 ! second1 #aa2 & 9 ! ?ird1 #aj4 ,! p]iods ( 8half *ange0--! p]iod requir$ = "o-half ( a giv5 quantity ( a radioactive elem5t to decompose--( ! diff]5t radioactive elem5ts v>y all ! way f ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s = ! longe/ liv$ prim>y elem5ts--#b4fx#ajaj ye>s = ?orium1 #hx#aji = uranium #a--to 4#jjb second = act9ium ,a4 ,9 ! case ( radium itself1 #a1fgj ye>s are dem&$ = ! dis9tegration ( half ( any portion1 accord+ to ! exact measurem5ts ( ,pr(s4 ,b4 ,o4 ,boltwood & ,ell5 ,gl$its*4 ,! /able end product appe>s to be 9 ea* case an isotope ( lead--leads hav+ simil> *emical prop]ties b ( diff]5t atomic weights 7i4e41 diff]5t atomic composition74 ,a ,see ,%ipley1 ,mayn>d1 8,electricity & ,life10 *4 vi41 ,little ,blue ,book ,no4 #gbb4 ,isotopes are gr\ps ( elem5ts :i* _c be di/+ui%$ 7or sep>at$ f7 "o ano!r by any kn[n *emical me?ods1 & :i* diff] only 9 ! atomic weights ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! radioactive gr\ps1 ! v>i\s elem5ts diff] also 9 degree ( /ability ( _! atoms4 ,*emi/s _c actually weigh ! mass ( an atom ( an elem5t on a pair ( scales1 or by any o!r me?od4 ,b if we put d[n #af z ! 8atomic weight0 ( oxyg51 & asc]ta9 ! 8comb9+ weight0 7ratio7 ( hydrog5 to oxyg51 we c det]m9e ! 8atomic weight0 ( hydrog5 7#a4jjh74 7,see ,%ipley1 8,! ,a ,b ,c ( ! ,electron ,!ory ( ,matt]10 p4 #ad1 ,little ,blue ,book1 ,no4 #fjc47 ,! ratio ( ! masses ( any two elem5ts 9 a *emical comp\nd c be v accurately det]m9$4 ,)\t go+ into ! details "h1 x may be said t ! relative weights ( ! atoms ( any elem5t c be det]m9$ to #j4ja 9 _m cases 7by *emical analysis & syn!sis72 :ile ! actual weight ( any atom has n yet be5 det]m9$ to bett] ?an #j4a4 ,,h[ ,,radium ,,is ,,conv]t$ ,,to ,,lead ,lead is produc$ f uranium by a successive s]ies ( losses ( ,alpha p>ticles--or helium atoms4 ,omitt+ ! less ess5tial outcomes1 or transition /ages1 we f9d t ea* atom ( uranium spontane\sly ejects ?ree atoms ( ano!r elem5t1 helium1 & !reby is conv]t$ into /ill ano!r elem5t1 radium4 ,by los+ "o atom ( helium1 radium1 9 turn1 is conv]t$ into ! s-call$ emanation1 or niton4 ,! latt] quickly loses f\r m atoms ( helium & is conv]t$ into lead1 8uranium lead10 hav+ an atomic weight ( #bjf4jh4 ,ord9>y 7common7 lead1 con/itut+ ! va/ bulk ( ! lead ( ! _w1 has a mu* high] atomic weight1 namely1 #bjg 7,pr(4 ,!odore ,ri*>ds74 ,lead f ?orium has an atomic weight ( #bjh2 f act9ium1 #bjf4 ,s we h1 9 fact1 f\r k9ds ( lead4 ,omitt+ ! less /able transition products1 we may say1 !n1 t an atom ( uranium is conv]t$ into lead by ! loss ( eight atoms ( helium--los+ ?ree to become radium1 !n "o to become ! emanation1 & f9ally f\r to become lead4 ,no kn[n human ag5cy c ei!r ret>d or ha/5 ?is break+ d[n ( ! uranium atom into radium1 or ( ! radium into emanation1 ) ! f9al production ( lead4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 univ]sally accept$ z true4 ,nev]!less1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,glas*l] /at$ 7,nature ,london1 ,septemb] #ab1 #aibe7 t he _h succe$$ 9 accel]at+ ! *ange ( uranium to uranium ,x 7! fir/ product ( uranium #a7 by submitt+ uranium oxide to 8/rong ru%es ( mom5t>y high-t5sion curr5ts40 ,z e>ly z #aibc1 ,a4 ,nodon 7,comp4 r5d41 #agf1 #agje #aibc7 br\ght =w>d /rong evid5ce ( an increase ( ! activity ( radioactive sub/ances :5 outdoors & enclos$ by envelopes ( small absorb+ p[] = ,gamma rays z contra/$ to ! small] radioactivity ( ! same sub/ances 9 cell>s & :5 heavily envelop$ by lead4 ,= a t5tative explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 see ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y #h1 #aibf 7,vol4 ,,lxiii1 ,no4 #afai71 pp4 #dd-de4 ,bo? uranium & ?orium1 z we h j /at$1 break d[n & become radium1 !n *ange to helium & lead4 ,says ,ru!r=d3 8,al?\gh ?orium is ne>ly always pres5t 9 old uranium m9]als & uranium 9 ?orium m9]als1 !re does n appe> to be any radioactive connection betwe5 ^! two elem5ts4 ,uranium & ?orium are to be reg>d$ z two di/9ct radioactive elem5ts4 8,) reg>d to act9ium1 !re is /ill no def9ite in=mation ( its place 9 ! s*eme ( trans=mations4 ,boltwood has %[n t ! am\nt ( act9ium 9 uranium m9]als is proportional to ! am\nt ( uranium4 ,?is indicates t act9ium1 l radium1 is 9 g5etic connection ) uranium44440 ,! rec5tly discov]$ product1 protoact9ium1--isolat$ by ,hahn & ,soddy1--is ! hi!rto miss+ l9k betwe5 uranium ,y & act9ium4 8,?is sub/ance emits ,alpha rays & has an e/imat$ p]iod ( #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,! act9ium s]ies is believ$ to h its orig9 9 a dual trans=mation ( uranium ,x4 ,! fir/ bran* product1 repres5t+ ab\t #d ( ! total1 is believ$ to be uranium ,y1 a ,beta-ray product ( p]iod "o day4 ,?is is directly trans=m$ into protoact9ium40 ,?is elem5t has n yet be5 obta9$ 9 a pure /ate4 ,_m ( ! radioactive elem5ts are isotropic ) kn[n *emical elem5ts--i4e41 alike 9 _! *emical prop]ties1 b dissimil> 9 radioactive prop]ties4 ,s9ce !y _c be di/+ui%$--or sep>at$--f ! ord9>y elem5ts ) :i* !y are isotropic1 by any *emical me?ods1 !y mu/ occupy ! same place 9 ! p]iodic classification ( ! elem5ts4 ,radium & meso?orium1 = example 7z ,soddy 0 fir/ to %[7 d n h ! same atomic weight1 b !y _c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by any *emical me?ods4 ,!re=e !y bo? h ! atomic numb] #hh1 ?\gh ! atomic weight ( radium is #bbf & ( meso?orium #bbh4 7,see ,%ipley1 8,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,atomic ,!ory10 p4 #fd1 ,little ,blue ,book1 ,no4 #fjh47 ,radium ,d & lead1 & ?orium & ionium1 are examples ( radioactive isotropes4 ,! nature ( ! end-product 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,boltwood1 :o po9t$ out ! inv>iable pres5ce ( lead 9 old radium m9]als1 & 9 am\nt to be expect$ f _! uranium cont5t & geologic age4 8,?us10 says ,pr(4 ,t4 ,w4 ,ri*>ds1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 8we mu/ adopt a k9d ( limit$ transmutation ( ! elem5ts10 al?\gh n ( ! imm$iately pr(itable type gold s\ght by ! anci5t al*emi/s40 ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 :o succe$$ ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z ,cav5di% ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 0 fir/ to recognize t ! rays f uranium & radium 7 n all alike1 b consi/$ ( ?ree di/9ct k9ds4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% !m cle>ly1 )\t committ+ himself 9 advance z to _! exact nature1 he *ri/5$ !m ,alpha1 ,beta1 & ,gamma rays--! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet4 ,we "k n[ t ! ,alpha rays are positively *>g$ helium atoms1 ) two negative electrons miss+2 t ! ,beta rays are negatively *>g$ electrons 7disembodi$ 8p>ticles0 ( electricity1 exactly l ca?ode rays72 & t ! ,gamma rays are a type ( ,x-rays1 n mat]ial p>ticles b m]ely extremely %ort magnetic waves or oscillations1 ak9 to ord9>y light waves or rays4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,millikan calls !m 8! wireless waves ( ! d5iz5s ( ! sub-atomic _w4 ,!y are e!r waves1 j l light or j l wireless waves1 except t ! vibration frequ5cy 444 am\nts to #cj billion billions p] second4 ,^! are ! ,gamma rays40 ,?is means t ?is numb] ( light waves w\ld pass a giv5 po9t 9 space ea* second4 ,s9ce ^! rays d n consi/ ( *>g$ p>ticles !y are n deflect$ by electromagnetic or electro/atic fields1 z are ! ,alpha & ,beta rays4 ,x has be5 f\nd t "o gram ( radium ejects #acf1jjj1jjj1jjj p>ticles a second6 ,! ,gamma rays ( radium h su* p5etrat+ p[] t a half-in* %eet ( lead w r$uce _! orig9al int5sity by only "o-half1 & !y are n absolutely /opp$ by #bj in*es4 ,^! invisible light waves1 ?\s&s ( times %ort] ?an ^? ( visible light1 are produc$ :5ev] a ca?ode ray 7negative electron7 hits matt]4 ,( ! atoms =m+ ! sub/ance p5etrat$1 p]haps only "o 9 a billion is /ruck4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,gamma rays 7& ,x-rays7 are ! result ( ! back-kick ( eject$ electrons4 ,pr(4 ,com/ock says t ! connection betwe5 ! ,beta rays & ! ,gamma rays 8is probably simil> to t betwe5 ! bullet & ! s\nd 9 ! case ( a gun40 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we "k t ! ,gamma rays are1 aft] all1 9 ess5ce only excessively m9ute light waves4 ,:ile ! longe/ visible light waves are #j4jjjjh c5timet]1 ! longe/ ,gamma rays are #j4jjjjjjjac c5timet]2 & :]eas ! %orte/ visible light waves are #j4jjjjd c5timet]1 ! %orte/ ,gamma rays are b #j4jjjjjjjjjg c5timet]4 ,! ,beta p>ticles are eject$ ) a velocity ( f #ij1jjj to #afj1jjj miles a second4 ,pr(4 ,gu/ave ,le ,bon calculat$ t x w\ld require #cdj1jjj b>rels ( p[d] to dis*>ge "o bullet at ?is inconceivable spe$6 ,^! negatively *>g$ electrons normally revolve ar\nd ! positively *>g$ nucleus4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 an electron w make #bbjj billion revolutions )9 an atom 9 "o second4 ,radium is n only cont9ually los+ matt] & en]gy z electricity1 b x is also los+ en]gy z heat4 ,pr(essor & ,mme4 ,curie discov]$ t any sub/ance plac$ ne> radium becomes itself a false radium4 ,?is applies to all sub/ances4 ,! acquir$ radioactivity p]si/s = _m h\rs1 or ev5 days1 aft] ! removal ( ! radium4 ,9 ! case ( z9c1 ^! second>y radiations 7 f\nd to be f\r times z int5se z ord9>y uranium4 ,x vani%es soon] or lat] ^u ! removal f ! neighborhood ( ! pot5t radium4 ,! radioactive some?+ :i* passes out ( radium 0 n ! already kn[n gr\p ( ,alpha1 ,beta & ,gamma rays1 b an emanation ak9 to gas4 ,ru!r=d1 its orig9al discov]]1 0 n sure t x 0 a gas1 s he cauti\sly gave x ! "n emanation4 ,:5 ! radium 0 heat$1 or dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! quantity ( emanation 0 greatly increas$1 :i* seem$ to %[ t x 0 a gas ( "s k9d occlud$ 7b\nd up7 9 ! radium4 ,! quantity obta9$ 0 insuffici5t to br+ ! emanation )9 ! te/+ p[] ( spectroscope or balance4 ,nev]!less1 ! emanation has be5 detect$1 & inve/igat$ by ! electroscope1 :i* measures ! radium rays by ! p[] to dis*>ge its electrifi$ gold leaves4 8,! electroscope is ab\t a million times m s5sitive ?an ! mo/ s5sitive spectroscope & yet ! spectroscope is capable ( detect+ easily ! million? "p ( a milligram ( matt]0 7,duncan74 ,calculations made by ,ru!r=d %[ t if a ?imbleful ( ?is active gas c\ld be collect$1 ! bomb>dm5t ( its p[]ful rays w\ld heat to a r$ heat1 or ev5 might melt d[n1 ! walls ( ! glass conta9+ x4 ,! emanation emits only ,alpha rays 7or p>ticles7 =m+ helium4 ,! radium f :i* ! emanation has be5 ab/ract$1 aft] ! lapse ( an h\r or s1 loses #ge ( its activity4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( a s+le mon?1 radium w be f\nd to h re/or$ all its lo/ emanation4 ,9 ?irty days x w h rega9$ all its orig9al activity4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t ! emanation ab/ract$ f ! radium loses its radioactivity at ! same rate & accord+ to ! same laws z ! de-emanat$ radium rega9s x4 ,! radium is !re=e said to be 89 equilibrium ) its products40 ,s9ce ^! processes are :olly outside ! sph]e ( kn[n controllable =ces1 & _c be creat$1 alt]$ or de/roy$--8s9ce ! process is indep5d5t ( ! *emical =m ( ! radium1 :e!r bromide1 *loride1 sulphate1 etc41 we are absolutely %ut up to ! conviction t x is a function ( ! atom4 ,we are 9 ! pres5ce ( an actual decay ( ! atom4 ,! atom ( radium breaks d[n into atoms ( emanation & ! atoms ( emanation 9 _! turn break d[n into some?+ else4 ,! activity ( emanation decays & falls to half value 9 ab\t #c4g days40 ,al?\gh ! am\nt ( emanation produc$ f a gram ( radium does n am\nt to m ?an a ne$le-po9t ( ! gas 7 #a4c cubic millimet]71 ?is is suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( #ge grams ( wat] #a p] h\r1 :i* is en\gh heat to melt m ?an its own weight ( ice 9 an h\r1 & to raise x to ! boil+-po9t 9 ! next h\r1 :i* is equival5t to #fj1jjj horse-p[] days6 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat evolv$ by ! radium emanation is m ?an #c1ejj1jjj times great] ?an t produc$ 9 any kn[n *emical reaction3 su* z1 = example1 ! union ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 to =m wat]4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t if ! spectrum ( ?is my/]i\s gas--or radium emanation--be exam9$ aga9 aft] an int]val ( ab\t f\r weeks1 x has *ang$ into a famili> spectrum easily recogniz$ z t ( ! gase\s elem5t kn[n z helium4 ,"h ! *emi/ comes face to face ) ! a/\nd+ fact t ! elem5t radium is decompos$ & produces ano!r elem5t1 helium--a discov]y made by ,ramsay & ,soddy 9 ! summ] ( #aijc4 ,9 ! successive radioactive *anges1 "o ,alpha p>ticle 7sometimes call$ 8ray07 is eject$ f ea* atom dis9tegrat$ by ! *ange--9 "s cases1 at lea/1 accompani$ by ,beta p>ticles 7negative electrons74 ,! ,alpha p>ticle1 z already /at$1 is really an atom ( helium c>ry+ two atomic *>ges ( positive electricity--twice t ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,alpha p>ticle is only ! nucleus ( a helium atom1 s9ce x has lo/ two ( its negatively *>g$ electrons1 :i* are comb9$ 9 ! ord9>y helium atom4 ,! exact velocity ( ! expell$ ,alpha p>ticle 8v>ies 9 ! diff]5t radioactive elem5ts0 7,joly7--say f #aj1jjj to #ah1jjj miles ea* second--a velocity suffici5t to c>ry ! p>ticle ar\nd ! e>? 9 less ?an two seconds1 if un*eck$4 ,b ^! relatively heavy p>ticles 7( atomic size7 are actually soon *eck$1 ev5 by sev5 c5timet]s 7ab\t a ?ird ( a foot7 ( air4 ,! ,beta p>ticle 7#a1hde ! mass ( a hydrog5 atom7 8%oots a hundr$ times z f> z ! ,alpha p>ticle & ! ,gamma rays are a hundr$ times m p5etrat+ /ill0 7,millikan74 ,b ! ,alpha p>ticle is sometimes eject$ ) a velocity ne>ly #dj1jjj times t ( a rifle bullet1--! velocity ( ! latt] be+ ab\t half a mile a second4 ,ev5 ! sup]-guns :i* bomb>d$ ,p>is c\ld n eject a projectile ) a spe$ ( m ?an ab\t a mile a second4 ,ru!r=d obs]ves t if x 7 possible to give an equal velocity to an iron cannon ball1 ! heat g5]at$ on a t>get w\ld be _m ?\s& times m ?an suffici5t to melt ! cannon ball & dissipate x into vapor4 ,! fla%es ( light se5 :5 ! ,alpha rays bomb>d a scre5 ( z9c sulphide1 z 9 ,crookes' sp9?>iscope1 are due to cleavages produc$ 9 ! z9c sulphide cry/als by ! impact ( ! ,alpha rays 7positive ions74 ,ea* impact on a cry/al produces a spla% ( light big en\gh to be se5 by a microscope4 ,9 ! phosphoresc5ce caus$ by ! approa* ( an emanation ( radium to z9c sulphate1 ! atoms ?r[ (f ! ,alpha 7helium7 p>ticles to ! numb] ( five billion ea* second1 ) velocities ( #aj1jjj miles or m a second4 ,if ! helium projectile %\ld *ance to 8cra%0 into an atom ( nitrog5 or ( oxyg51 an atom ( hydrog5 c be knock$ out ( x1 z 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,mme4 ,curie's pupils4 7,/rictly speak+1 ! dis9tegration p>ticles are isotropes ( helium1 ( atomic weight #c1 ! atomic weight ( helium be+ #d47 ,despite its l>ge size z comp>$ ) an electron 7or ,beta p>ticle71 ! ,alpha p>ticle passes ?r\gh a glass wall )\t leav+ a hole beh9d1 & )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! molecules ( ! glass4 ,x %oots ?r\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( atoms )\t ev] go+ ne> en\gh to !m to be deflect$ f its c\rse4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,radium ,,9 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,canc] ,! action ( radium on human tissues 0 unkn[n until #ahif1 :5 ,pr(4 ,h5ri ,becqu]el ( ,p>is1 hav+ incauti\sly c>ri$ a lump ( pit*bl5de 9 8 pocket1 discov]$ on 8 sk91 )9 two weeks1 a sev]e inflammation1 or ulc]1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! fam\s 8,becqu]el burn40 ,z physicians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 accu/om$ to burn out canc]s ) cau/ics1 ! idea occurr$ to !m t ! application ( radium might prove to be an improvem5t on ! old] me?od4 ,x has prov$ to be s1 af=d+ 9 _m cases n only relief1 b 9 "s in/ances1 ev5 a cure1 n only = canc]1 b = _m o!r ailm5ts--z we %all see pres5tly4 ,s9ce t "t active inve/igation into ! action ( radium on diseas$ tissues has be5 c>ri$ on1 result+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t 9 ,p>is ( ! 8,laboratoire biologique du ,radium10 & also ( ! ,radium ,in/itute ( ,vi5na1 foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( some:at simil> in/itutions 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries1 notably 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s in/itutions = radio!rapy is ! rec5tly e/abli%$ ,radium ,in/itute ( ,p>is1 "u ! managem5t ( ,mme4 ,curie & ,pr(essor ,debi]ne4 ,?is is compos$ ( two di/9ct comp>tm5ts4 ,9 "o ! sci5tific prop]ties ( radium are /udi$1 :ile ! o!r is devot$ to its !rapeutic applications4 ,dr4 ,regaud1 :o is 9 *>ge ( ! latt] dep>tm5t 7a bran* ( ! widely kn[n ,pa/eur ,in/itute71 endeavors to cure canc] & tumors by application ( radium & ,x-rays4 ,new ,york ,city boa/s a magnific5tly equipp$ ,radium ,in/itute1 "u ! director%ip ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,ev]ett ,field4 ,& an ev5 m fam\s in/itution is t f\nd$ by ! ,mayo bro!rs1 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,m9nesota1 :]e ^! em95t surgeons _h accumulat$ an entire gram ( radium z e>ly1 at lea/1 z #aibj--! l>ge/ am\nt own$ by private individuals4 ,?is great in/itution--n[ kn[n z ! ,mayo ,f\ndation--is no long] privately own$1 b x is /ill "u ! direction ( ! ,mayos4 ,radio!rapy 7or1 9 ,france1 curie!rapy1 9 honor ( ! discov]] ( radium7 or ! treatm5t ( v>i\s diseases by radioactive sub/ances1 has n be5 appli$ s ext5sively z has treatm5t by ,x-rays 7,ro5tg5 rays71 produc$ 9 vacuum tubes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,x-rays are n s effective 7z usually appli$7 9 ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 morbid conditions z are ! m p5etrat+ ,gamma rays f radioactive sub/ances2 ?\gh ! latt] are ess5tially id5tical ) ,x-rays--swift ,beta p>ticles1 or negative electrons--( v %ort wave-l5g?4 ,to produce ,x-rays z p5etrat+ z ! ,gamma rays1 ab\t two million volts w\ld h to be 8cut0 on ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! ,alpha rays are n (t5 us$ 9 m$ical practice1 & h little p5etrat+ p[]4 ,!y are /opp$ by #c cm4 ( air1 or by a ?9 %eet ( pap]4 ,!y are employ$ only 9 ! way ( radium 8emanation0 7a gas7 dissolv$ 9 sal9e solution1 or by ! use ( ne$les ^u :i* active deposit f radium emanation has be5 collect$4 8,9 ei!r case ! emanation wat] or ! active deposit ne$les mu/ be introduc$ into ! sy/em--:e!r intrav5\sly or into ! solid tissues1--o!rwise ! ,alpha rays w\ld h no p[] to act4 ,9 ei!r case1 too1 !y act along ) ! ,beta & ,gamma rays produc$ by ! active deposit0 7,loz>us-,b>l[74 ,beta radiation is us$ only = sup]ficial conditions & always 9 conjunction ) ,gamma radiation4 8,in/ead ( a radium salt1 "o ( its products1 viz41 radium emanation1 is (t5 employ$ *emically4 ,no ess5tial diff]5ce is introduc$ by ! use ( ?is emanation except+ t its int5sity und]goes a progressive dim9ution ) "t1 s9ce x falls to half value 9 #c4he days4 ,e>ly rod5t canc]1 c]ta9 conditions ( ! eyelids1 "s cutane\s non-malignant tumors & bir?-m>ks1 are treat$ successfully 9 ?is way40 ,physicians ( ! ,memorial ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,city1 ann\nc$ 9 ,octob]1 #aibe1 t by filt]+ out #ij ( ! cau/ic ,beta rays emanat+ f radium & ! high voltage ,x-ray tube1 & us+ pr9cipally ! heal+ & /imulat+ ,gamma rays1 radiation treatm5t ( canc] ( ! tongue1 lips1 nose1 e>s or o!r "p ( ! head has be5 greatly improv$4 ,9 ! fir/ six mon?s aft] ! new me?od 0 begun1 m ?an #ajj cases _h be5 treat$ ) :at 7 consid]$ v satisfactory results4 ,ow+ to ! elim9ation ( ! cau/ic rays1 mu* /rong] applications ( ! b5eficial rays c be us$1 & pa9ful effects are l>gely obviat$4 ,if exp]i5ce & special rese>* lead ev5tually to successful treatm5t ( canc]1 x w be a great boon to ! human race4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates leads ! _w 9 dea?s f ?is dread disease1 ) its av]age ( #ij p] #ajj1jjj ( ! population4 ,! mean av]age ( canc] dea?s 9 ,europe is #gf1 9 ,asia #ed1 9 ,africa #cc1 9 ,oceania #gc4 ,sev]al races1 includ+ ! ,am]ican ,indians1 are /at$ to be entirely free f canc]1 & o!rs are p>tially immune4 ,! ,japanese1 = example1 are subject to all =ms except canc] ( ! brea/4 ,eighty-five p]c5t ( ,am]icans afflict$ ) ?is malady are p]sons ov] #dj ye>s ( age4 ,sci5ce ,s]vice /ates t a c>eful analysis ( canc] /ati/ics ga!r$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau ov] a p]iod ( ab\t #bj ye>s 9 t5 ,ea/]n /ates reveals def9itely t canc] mortality is f #be to #cj high] ?an x 0 ab\t #bj ye>s ago4 ,?is is ! claim ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,s*]es*ewsky1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 :o made ! /ati/ical analysis & report$ x to ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association4 8,!re has be5 a pron\nc$ increase 9 ! obs]v$ dea? rate f canc] 9 p]sons #dj ye>s old & ov] 9 ! t5 /ates compris+ ! orig9al dea? regi/ration area10 ,dr4 ,s*]es*ewsky said4 8,"p ( ?is increase is due to great] precision & accuracy 9 ! fill+ out ( dea? returns1 b ! rema9d] is an actual increase 9 ! mortality ( ! disease40 ,! only way to /op ! ravages ( canc]1 says ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 is to diagnose x e>ly--9 "t = op]ation4 ,= ?is to be practicable1 physicians mu/ be specially in/ruct$4 ,family doctors are (t5 ignorant ( all b a few =ms ( canc] & d n recognize x 9 its fir/ manife/ations4 ,wom5 ( #dj to #ej are apt to consid] little irregul>ities ( ble$+ to be associat$ ) ! m5opause & !re=e h>mless4 ,(t5 ?is is "r1 b un=tunately ! ble$+ f an e>ly canc] may n diff] 9 ! slighte/ degree f su* h>mless irregul>ities & by ! "t o!r symptoms h develop$1 ! canc] has p]haps gr[n ?r\gh ! wall ( ! ut]us & has spread to regions :]e no treatm5t c hope to rea* x4 ,! only safe rule to g by is to seek exp]t inve/igation = any unusual or irregul> ble$+ or dis*>ge1 h[ev] slight1 especially if ^! occur at or ne> ! 8*ange ( life40 ,"o phase ( ?is subject ( special int]e/ is t ( ! use ( radium 9 ! treatm5t ( canc]1 especially ( ! neck or l[] end ( ! ut]us4 ,!re is already suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant ! /atem5t t "s canc]s ( ?is region h be5 p]man5tly cur$ by radium alone4 ,& z a relief measure 9 ! late & hopeless /ages ( ! disease1 radium prolongs life1 relieves pa9 & adds mu* to ! com=t ( ! victim4 ,x has be5 amply demon/rat$ t radium treatm5t increases ! p]man5cy ( ! results obta9$ by surg]y1 & (t5 conv]ts inop]able into op]able cases4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,radium ,,9 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,diseases ,9 #aibc1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,l\cks1 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,radium ,society1 ann\nc$ t toxic goit] _h be5 cur$ by radium4 ,exoph?almic goit] has be51 9 mo/ cases1 successfully treat$ by irradiation4 ,j h[ ! cure is effect$ is /ill unkn[n2 = ! ?yroid body f animals expos$ = _m h\rs to ! ,gamma irradiations ( radium bromide %[s no p]ceptible hi/ological *anges4 ,yet f> less radiation produces m>k$ *anges 9 ! tadpoles d]iv$ f normal ova f]tiliz$ by sp]matazoa :i* h be5 radiat$ 9 ! frog1 ?\gh no te/icul> *anges c be detect$ ) c]ta9ty 7,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,vol4 #cb1 p4 #bbd1 #ab? ,ed474 ,among o!r diseases :i* h be5 m or less successfully treat$ by radium may be m5tion$ lupus vulg>us1 epi!lial tumors1 syphilitic ulc]s1 *ronic it*+ ( ! sk91 papillomata 7an epi!lial tumor =m$ by hyp]trophy ( ! papillae ( ! sk9 or mucu\s membrane1 z a corn or a w>t71 angiomata 7tumor compos$ *iefly ( dilat$ blood or lymph vessels71 pigm5t>y naevi 7blemi% ( ! sk9 due to pigm5t1 z a bir?-m>k71 & pruritus 7it*+74 ,radium has be5 p>ticul>ly effective 9 treat+ s]i\s affections ( ! eyes1 z 0 fir/ fully demon/rat$ by ,dr4 ,walt] ,s4 ,frankl9 & ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,cordes1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! mo/ brilliant successes ( radium h be5 9 ^? cases 8:]e "s s]i\s complicat+ ailm5t1 su* z he>t disease1 tub]culosis1 ,bright's disease1 or an extreme anemia1 contra-indicates ane/hesia or any proc$ure :i* w tax ! pati5t's vital res\rces2 radium /eps 9 & does its "w quietly1 imp]ceptibly &1 inde$1 )\t ! slighte/ risk to life40 ,dr4 ,h[>d ,a4 ,kelly1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 has be5 v successful 9 cur+ swoll5 masses ( gl&s on ! sides ( ! neck1 canc] ( ! ?yroid & ( ! c]vix1 & s>coma ( ! *e/4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,molyneaux ( ,london1 has cur$ obdurate cases ( tub]cul> gl&s 9 ! neck1 a disease r frequ5t among *ildr54 ,?anks to ! pati5t rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,m>%all1 associate pr(essor ( bio*emi/ry & d5tal pa?ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 x is n[ kn[n t a radioactive liquid may be us$ = /]iliz+ infect$ tissue4 ,exp]im5ts employ+ ! radioactive liquid 9 ! treatm5t ( root canals h be5 conduct$ at ! ,george ,williams ,hoop] ,f\ndation = ,m$ical ,rese>* & at ! ,college ( ,d5ti/ry ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,)9 ! "t t ! new antiseptic has be5 9 use at ^! colleges1 #he ( all ! cases treat$ h be5 successful2 &1 ) "o exception1 no sor5ess or pa9 has foll[$ its use4 ,?is radioactive prep>ation is a solution ( radium salts1 8,radium ,d plus ,e10 :i* results f ! decomposition ( radium emanation1 :i*1 readily soluble 9 wat]1 possesses def9ite radioactive prop]ties4 ,9 mak+ ! solution ! t9y capill>y tubes conta9+ ! decompos$ radium are cru%$ "u wat] 9 a mort> & ! liquid is !n ready = use 9 ! treatm5t ( an ulc]at$ root ( a too?4 ,dr4 ,m>%all _h be5 work+ ) radium = mon?s be=e admitt+ ! success ( 8 inve/igations1 :i* 7 conduct$ 9 a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! l[] animals4 8,microscopic exam9ations ( abscess$ tissue10 he said1 8:i* h be5 treat$ ) radioactive solutions1 indicate t ! bact]ia produc+ ! affection 7 kill$4 ,& 9 no cases obs]v$ has ! treatm5t produc$ radium burns2 ! am\nts us$ h be5 too small & ! effects ( too transitory a nature4 ,t /]ilization ( tissue c be produc$1 h[ev]1 seems app>5t4 8,! discov]y is purely ( academic int]e/ because ( ! fact t radium is too exp5sive1 & x is possible to obta9 x only 9 limit$ quantities2 s t ! *ief value ( ! discov]y w re/ 9 ! fact t x w /imulate fur!r "w = ! id5tification ( m accessible mat]ial40 ,9 ext]nal treatm5t by radium itself1 emanations f a c]ta9 quantity ( radium are all[$ to focus on p>ts ( ! body ov] ! diseas$ organs4 ,?us ! curative functions ( ! diseas$ portion are /imulat$ to activity4 ,! atrophy+ ( diseas$ tonsils has be5 ! mo/ successful use ( ?is =m ( treatm5t4 ,9 ! de/ruction ( disease g]ms ! radium emanation has be5 f\nd m useful ?an ! direct rays4 ,! emanations kill or *eck ! gr[? ( an?rax1 typhoid1 & diph!ric g]ms4 ,! direct rays are effici5t 9 ! relief ( sev]e cases ( enurites & facial neuralgia1 canc]1 tumors1 affections ( ! sk9 & abnormal gr[?s4 ,dr4 ,guy5ot has prov$ t radium effects a complete cure = rheumatism1 :i* he acc\nts = 9 ^! words3 8,uric acid circulates 9 ! blood 9 ! =m ( urate ( soda1 ( :i* !re are two isom]ic =ms diff]+ f ea* o!r by _! respective solubility 9 ! blood plasms4 ,! soluble salt is conv]t$ into an insoluble =m40 ,radium breaks up ?is comp\nd4 ,! 8rheumatism0 disappe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,:]e ,,we ,,get ,,radium ,! extraction process consi/s 9 elim9at+ ! v>i\s sub/ances 9 ! ore until only ! radium salts are left4 ,b1 9 ! case ( c>notite1 m ?an #ijj diff]5t op]ations1 requir+ six mon?s ( labor1 are requir$ betwe5 ! digg+ ( ! ore & ! production ( a gram ( pure radium salt4 ,a solution conta9+ b>ium & radium salts 9 ! ratio ( t5 p>ts ( radium to a billion is treat$ ) sulphate to precipitate an insoluble 8raw sulphate ( b>ium40 ,radium ores are g5]ally f\nd 9 connection ) granitic masses--i4e41 9 places :]e granite =ms at lea/ "p ( ! rock ( ! c\ntry4 ,! c>notite ore usually consi/s ( a ?9 lay] ( s&/one :i* crops out on ! side ( a canyon wall & is recogniz$ by ! *>act]i/ic sulphur-yell[ color4 ,! n>r[ seams are usually 9 ! =m ( pockets1 s t ! value ( a claim is dubi\s until x has be5 ?or\ghly explor$ & work$4 ,mo/ ( ! orig9al radium m9]als1 su* z uran9ite1 sam>skite1 & brann]ite1 are black & h a %9y fracture & a high specific gravity4 ,^! m9]als are1 h[ev]1 r>ely f\nd 9 comm]cially valuable quantities4 ,pit*bl5de1 ! ri*e/ s\rce ( radium1 has ! same composition z uran9ite & ! same g5]al appe>ance1 except t x %[s no cry/al =m4 ,x occurs 9 ve9s4 ,!re are ext5sive deposits ( pit*bl5de or uran9ite at ,joa*im/ahl1 ,bohemia 7,cze*o-,slovakia71 conta9+ f #cj to #gj p] c5t uranium oxide1 f :i* ! radium is extract$4 ,b "h ! uranium ore occurs 9 small pockets 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 s t x is m]ely a by-product ( o!r m9+ op]ations4 ,h[ev]1 aft] sep>ation ( ! uranium f ! ore1 ! residues are ?ree to five times z radioactive1 weight = weight1 z ! uranium4 ,! am\nt ( radium 9 old unalt]$ m9]al is always proportional to its cont5t ( uranium 9 ! ratio ( #c4c p>ts ( radium by weight to t5 million p>ts ( uranium4 ,new radium ore fields 7 discov]$ 9 ,cze*o-,slovakia 9 #aibb4 ,! production ( radium 9 t c\ntry increas$ f 4#ggdf gram 9 #aiaa1 to #a4gaah grams 9 #aiae1 & #b4bcaj grams 9 #aibj4 ,9 #aibb1 /eps 7 tak5 to mod]nize ! plants 9 ! ,ja*cymov di/rict 7,bohemia71 :]e ! kn[n supply w la/ #bj ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( production--a little m ?an two grams a ye>4 ,! fam\s ,joa*im/ahl pit*bl5de deposits 7 a monopoly ( ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t be=e ! ,_w ,w>1 b !y are n[ be+ work$ by ! ,imp]ial & ,=eign ,corporation ( ,london1 "u an agreem5t ) ! ,cze*o-,slovak ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aibb a loan ( two grams ( radium 7valu$ at m ?an #cjj1jjj7 0 made to ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 = a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,?is mat]ial is be+ us$ = exp]im5tal purposes by ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,soddy1 ( ,ox=d1 & 8 associates4 ,x has be5 /at$ t "o ( ! *ief objectives is ! discov]y ( a me?od = ! release & control ( intra-atomic en]gy4 ,pit*bl5de has be5 f\nd 9 only a few places--9 ,bohemia 7,cze*o-,slovakia71 s\!rn ,saxony1 ,cornwall1 & ,gilp9 ,c\nty1 ,colorado4 ,s f>1 ?is ore has n be5 ! s\rce ( any radium produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ! orig9al radium m9]als 7uran9ite1 sam>skite1 brann]ite1 etc47 break d[n ?r\gh wea!r+1 o!r radium m9]als are =m$ f !m1 su* z autunite1 trob]nite1 c>notite1 & tyuyamunite4 ,! two latt] ores are ! mo/ widespread & abundant4 ,autunite1 a phosphate ( calcium & uranium1 is z active z uranium4 ,c>notite & tyuyamunite _c be di/+ui%$ visually f ea* o!r4 ,bo? are a bright can>y-yell[ 9 color1 & are p[d]y1 f9ely cry/all9e1 or1 r>ely1 clay-l 9 texture4 ,bo? ^! m9]als are f\nd 9 ! same section ( ,utah & ( ,colorado1 usually associat$ ) fossil wood & o!r vegetation1 9 friable1 por\s1 f9e-gra9$ s&/one4 ,! only o!r deposits t yield tyuyamunite 9 m>k$ quantity are ^? ( ,tyua-,muyun1 9 ! ,&iyan di/rict1 ,f]ghana ,gov]nm5t1 c5tral ,asiatic ,russia 7,russian ,turke/an71 :]e x occurs ) ri* copp] ores 9 a pipe 9 lime/one4 ,! radium salts--hydr\s sulphate1 *loride1 or bromide--are all :ite or ne>ly :ite sub/ances1 no m rem>kable 9 appe>ance ?an common salt4 ,nei!r radium nor ! radium m9]als are 9 !mselves lum9esc5t4 ,tubes conta9+ radium salts gl[ because !y include impurities :i* ! invisible radiations f ! radium cause to give light4 ,! pure radium metal has be5 isolat$ only two or ?ree times1 & few p]sons h se5 x4 ,,new ,,s\rces ,,( ,,radium ,9 #aiba1 a ri* deposit ( pit*bl5de 0 discov]$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 ,canada4 ,s9ce #aiba !re has be5 a r consid]able exportation ( radioactive m9]als f ,madagasc>2 & 9 #aibb deposits ( uranium oxide 7,u#c,o#h7 7 discov]$ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,dur+ ! same ye> an unkn[n ,belgian travel] sold to a curio deal] a /range /one pick$ up 9 ! ,congo4 ,! deal] sold x to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^u exam9ation ! /one 0 f\nd to be radioactive4 ,belgian geologi/s 7 imm$iately in=m$1 & a ,belgian mission 0 s5t to ! ,katanga di/rict1 :]e ! /one 0 f\nd4 ,two ve9s ( *alcolite 7torb]nite7 conta9+ sub/ances ri* 9 radium 7 soon locat$ by ! geologi/s1 "o ne> ! ,portuguese fronti]4 ,*alcolite1 ! cry/alliz$ phosphate ( copp] & uranium1 is twice z active z uranium4 ,! newly discov]$ m9]al has be5 giv5 ! "n 8curite10 9 honor ( ,mme4 ,curie1 ! discov]] ( radium4 ,^! deposits are n[ kn[n to be ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w4 ,&1 :at is h>dly less important1 ! radium may be isolat$ by simple dissolution 9 nitric acid1 ev5 9 ! cold4 ,x is also readily dissolv$ 9 w>m hydro*loric acid4 ,only #ae tons ( ! ore ne$ to be treat$ to produce a gram ( radium4 ,curite is f\nd 9 ?ree =ms1 z transluc5t r$di% br[n ne$le-l cry/als2 z compact sac*>oid cry/all9e aggregates1 orange 9 color2 & z orange-color$ e>?y masses surr\nd+ ! prec$+ v>iety4 ,! *emical composition is express$ by ! =mula #b7,pb,o7#e7,,uo#c7d7;,h#b,o74 ,9 #aibd a pit*bl5de deposit1 v ri* 9 radium1 0 discov]$ 9 ,f]ghana1 9 ,russian ,turke/an4 ,soviet ,russia is n[ m9+ ! ore & extract+ ! radium1 :i* is kept at ! ,radium ,in/itute ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 m ?an #ejj1jjj wor? ( radium has be5 add$ to ! _w's /ore ( ?is valuable elem5t by 8boil+ d[n0 ,briti% cannons us$ 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,no few] ?an five grams--less ?an a tablespoonful--h be5 secur$ by ,briti% sci5ti/s by ?is process4 ,! radium is /or$ 9 a lead safe weigh+ almo/ two tons--a conta9] :i* 0 inv5t$ by a ,dr4 ,kuss1 & ! composition ( :i* is kn[n only to himself4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( sci5ti/s has be5 to f9d "s mat]ial :i* w\ld prev5t ! con/ant bomb>dm5t ( ! radium rays4 ,"o important result ( ^! rec5t discov]ies--especially t ( ! ,congo deposits--is t ! price ( radium dropp$ #cj1jjj a gram1 & sells n[ at ! rate ( #gj1jjj a gram in/ead ( "s #ajj1jjj4 ,! ,/&>d ,*emical ,company ( ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 has be5 oblig$ to close d[n its ?ree-/ory laboratory1 :i* until ! close ( ! ye> #aibb _h1 = sev]al ye>s previ\sly1 be5 produc+ a million doll>s' wor? ( radium annually4 ,! ,p>adox ,valley c>notite ore _c be work$ 9 competition ) ! ri* deposits ( ! ,belgian ,congo4 ,x has be5 /at$ t five p\nds annually c\ld be produc$ f ^! ,congo deposits4 ,! ,colorado company _h be5 sell+ at ! rate ( #eh1ejj1jjj a p\nd4 ,! ,congo company c pr(itably sell ! preci\s elem5t at #bi1bej1jjj less a p\nd4 ,s1 unless w> breaks out aga9 to prev5t %ipm5ts f abroad1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica w produce no m radium = a long :ile to come4 ,,! ,,radioactive ,,dis9tegration ,,s]ies ,9 ord] to %[ ! decomposition products ( ! two p>5t radioactive elem5ts--,uranium & ,?orium--& _! *ief *>act]i/ics1 toge!r ) _! relations to "o ano!r1 & ! "t requir$ = ! product 7elem5t7 to be half trans=m$1 x is cu/om>y to arrange !m 9 a dis9tegration s]ies4 ,!re are ?ree s]ies1 ,uranium ,i1 ,uranium ,y1 & ,?orium4 ,9 ! fir/ table giv5 bel[ is %[n h[ ! s]ies kn[n z ,uranium ,i is trans=m$ into ! end-product1 uranium lead4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! ,uranium ,y 7or ,act9ium7 s]ies1 & by ! ,?orium s]ies2 ! end-product ( all ?ree be+ a *>act]i/ic type ( lead4 ,9 ! tables ,t is ! 8"t-p]iod0 ( a product1 or ! "t requir$ = ! product to be half trans=m$4 ,9 ! column 8,rays0 is %[n :at type ( ray1 or rays1 is1 or are1 emitt$ dur+ ! dis9tegration process--,a,alpha rays 7or p>ticles71 ,b,beta rays 7negative electrons71 & ,g,gamma rays 7or ,x-rays ( v high 8frequ5cy074 8,9 ! great majority ( cases10 says ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 8ea* ( ! radioactive elem5ts breaks up 9 a def9ite way1 giv+ rise to "o ,alpha or ,beta p>ticle & to "o atom ( ! new product4 ,und\bt$ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 has be5 obta9$ t 9 a few cases ! atoms break up 9 two or m di/9ct ways1 giv+ rise to two or m products *>act]iz$ by diff]5t radioactive prop]ties4 ,a bran*+ ( ! uranium s]ies 0 e>ly dem&$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,act9ium40 ,9 ! fir/ column is giv5 ! 8atomic weight0 ( ea* radioactive elem5t1 ! weight decreas+ ) 7almo/7 e 8dis9tegration p]iod40 ,! figures foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t are ,ru!r=d's1 & indicate t slightly diff]5t figures are giv5 by o!r au?orities4 ,,uranium ,i ,,s]ies ,t 7av]age ,rays 7giv5 out 9 ,elem5t ,atomic "t-p]iod--half ea* ,weight trans=m$7 decomposition7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,uranium ,i #bch #d4e #aji yrs4 ,alpha ,uranium ,x#a #bcd #bc4h days ,beta1 ,gamma ,uranium ,x#b #bcd #a4ae m94 ,beta1 ,gamma ,uranium ,,ii #bcd ,ab\t #b #ajf yrs4 ,alpha ,ionium #bcj ,ab\t #i #ajd yrs4 ,alpha ,radium #bbf 77 #agjj yrs4 ,alpha ,niton 7,emanation7 #bbb #c4he days ,alpha ,radium ,a #bah #c4je m94 787 ,alpha ,radium ,b #bad #bf4h m94 787 ,beta1 ,gamma ,radium ,c #bad #ai4e m94 787 ,alpha1 ,beta1 ,gamma ,radium ,c #bad #aj-f sec4 787 ,alpha ,radium ,d #baj 77 #af yrs4 ,beta1 ,gamma ,radium ,e #baj 77 #d4he days ,beta1 ,gamma ,radium ,f 7,polonium7 #baj 77 #acf4e days ,alpha ,radium ,g 7,end-product #bjf 444444444444444 444444444444444 uranium-lead7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,uranium ,y 7,,act9ium7 ,,s]ies ,t 7av]age ,rays 7giv5 out 9 ,elem5t ,atomic "t-p]iod--half ea* ,weight trans=m$7 decomposition7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,uranium ,y 7bran*+ #bcd 77 #bd4f hrs4 ,beta f ,uranium ,,ii7 7#b4b days87 ,protoact9ium #bcj ,ab\t #ajd yrs4 787 ,alpha ,act9ium #bbf #bj yrs4 ,beta ,radio-act9ium #bbf #ai days ,alpha ,act9ium ,x #bbb 77 #aa4b days ,alpha ,act9ium 7,emanation7 #bah #c4ib sec4 ,alpha ,act9ium ,a #bad 4#jjb sec4 ,alpha ,act9ium ,b #baj #cf m94 787 ,beta1 ,gamma ,act9ium ,c #baj #b4af m94 787 ,alpha ,act9ium ,d #bjf #d4gf m94 ,beta1 ,gamma ,act9ium ,e 7,end-product #bjf 444444444444444 444444444444444 act9ium-lead7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,?orium ,,s]ies ,t 7av]age ,rays 7giv5 out 9 ,elem5t ,atomic "t-p]iod--half ea* ,weight trans=m$7 decomposition7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?orium #bcb4a #b4b #ajaj yrs4 ,alpha ,meso?orium ,i #bbh #f4g yrs4 ,beta1 ,gamma ,meso?orium ,,ii #bbh #f4b hrs4 787 ,beta1 ,gamma ,radio-?orium #bbh #a4ij yrs4 787 ,alpha ,?orium ,x #bbd #c4fd days ,alpha ,?orium 7,emanation7 #bbj #ed sec4 787 ,alpha ,?orium ,a #baf 4#ad sec4 787 ,alpha ,?orium ,b #baf #aj4f hrs4 787 ,beta1 ,gamma ,?orium ,c #bab #fj m94 787 ,alpha ,?orium ,d #bjh #c4b m94 787 ,beta1 ,gamma ,?orium ,e 7,end-product #bjh 444444444444444 444444444444444 ?orium-lead7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,?is book uses t]m9ology t 0 curr5t at ! "t ( publication1 & reflects ! /ate ( sci5ce z x 0 und]/ood by ! au?or at t "t4