,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,a s+le und]score aft] a symbol indicates a subscript4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! 8,,corrections ,,= ,,vol4 ,,iii40 li/$ at ! end ( ! book h already be5 appli$ to ! text by ! transcrib]4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,agricultural ,,analysis4 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,soils1 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,& ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,analy/s1 ,,tea*]s1 ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*emi/ ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,ea/on1 ,,pa4 ,,*emical ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ahig4 ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley4 ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,?ird4 ,! conclud+ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,agricultural ,analysis has be5 writt5 9 h>mony ) ! plan adopt$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ volume4 ,9 x an ef=t has be5 made to place ! analy/ or /ud5t en rapport ) all ! be/ me?ods ( /udy+ ! composition ( agricultural products4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! "w ! au?or has frequ5tly be5 ask$ :y "s special me?od 9 ea* case has n be5 designat$ z ! prop] "o to be us$4 ,to d ?is w\ld be a radical dep>ture f ! fundam5tal idea ( ! "w2 viz41 to rely on ! good judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! *emi/4 ,x is n likely t ! au?or's judgm5t 9 su* matt]s is bett] ?an t ( ! analy/ us+ ! book1 &1 except = beg9n+ /ud5ts pursu+ a c\rse ( laboratory in/ruction1 a bias$ judgm5t is little bett] ?an none at all4 ,= /ud5t's "w 9 ! laboratory or classroom x is probable t a volume ( select$ me?ods bas$ on ! pres5t "w may be prep>$ lat] on1 b ?is possible future ne$ has n be5 all[$ to *ange ! purpose ( ! au?or z express$ 9 ! preface ( ! second volume 8to pres5t to ! busy work] a broad view ( a great subject40 ,= ! c\rtesy & pati5ce ( ! publi%]s1 = ! uni=mly comm5datory notices ( ! review]s ( volumes "o & two1 & = ! p]sonal enc\rag+ expressions ( 8 pr(essional bre?r5 ! au?or is s9c]ely grateful4 ,he f9ds 9 ?is cordial reception ( 8 book a grateful comp5sation = long ye>s ( labor4 ,! plates ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ?ree volumes h be5 de/roy$ 9 ord] to insure a re-writ+ ( ! second edition :5 x %all be dem&$1 9 ord] to keep x abrea/ ( ! rapid progress 9 ! field ( agricultural *emical analysis4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 #ahig4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,?ird4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,sampl+1 ,,dry+1 ,,inc9]ation ,,& ,,extractions4 ,introduction1 pp4 #a-c4--,me?ods ( /udy2 ,scope ( ! "w2 ,limitations ( "w2 ,g5]al manipulations4 ,me?ods ( ,sampl+1 pp4 #c-ac4--,vegetable sub/ances2 ,animal sub/ances2 ,pres]v+ samples2 ,collect+ samples2 ,gr9d+ samples2 ,gr9d+ app>atus4 ,dry+ ,organic ,bodies1 pp4 #ac-cf4--,volatile bodies2 ,dry+ ov5s2 ,air ba?s2 ,dry+ 9 vacuum2 ,electric dry+ ov5s2 ,/eam coil app>atus2 ,dry+ 9 hydrog52 ,dry+ 9 tubes2 ,dry+ visc\s liquids2 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( dry+4 ,inc9]ation1 pp4 #cf-dj4--,pr9ciples ( inc9]ation2 ,products ( combu/ion2 ,purpose & conduct ( inc9]ation2 ,g]man a% me?od2 ,c\rtonne's muffle4 ,extraction ( ,organic ,bodies1 pp4 #dj-eg4--,object ( extraction2 ,solv5ts2 ,me?ods ( extraction2 ,extraction by dige/ion2 ,extraction by p]colation2 ,app>atus = extraction2 ,knorr's extraction app>atus2 ,soxhlet's extraction app>atus2 ,compact extraction app>atus2 ,recov]y ( solv5ts2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,fir/4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,sug>s ,,& ,,/>*es4 ,introduction1 pp4 #eh-fb4--;,c>bohydrates2 ,nom5clature2 ,prep>ation ( pure sug>2 ,classification ( me?ods ( analysis4 ,analysis by ,d5sity ( ,solution1 pp4 #fc-gb4--,pr9ciples ( ! me?od2 ,pyknomet]s2 ,calculat+ volume ( pyknomet]s2 ,hydro/atic balance2 ,areometric me?od2 ,correction = temp]ature2 ,brix hydromet]2 ,comp>ison ( brix & baum degrees2 ,errors due to impurities4 ,e/imation ( ,sug>s ) ,pol>iz$ ,light1 pp4 #gd-abj4--,optical prop]ties ( sug>s2 ,pol>iz$ light2 ,nicol prism2 ,pol>iscope2 ,k9ds ( pol>iscopes2 ,"* ( light2 ,description ( pol>iz+ in/rum5ts3 ,laur5t pol>iscope2 ,pol>iscope lamps2 ,soleil-,v5tzke pol>iscope2 ,half ,%ad[ pol>iscope2 ,triple field pol>iscope2 ,sett+ ! pol>iscope2 ,control obs]vation tube2 ,qu>tz plates2 ,correct+ qu>tz plates2 ,application ( qu>tz plates2 ,sug> flasks2 ,prep>+ sug> solutions = pol>ization2 ,alum9a cream2 ,errors due to lead solutions2 ,d\ble pol>ization2 ,m]curic comp\nds2 ,bone-black2 ,inv]sion ( sug>2 ,cl]get's me?od2 ,influ5ce ( /r5g? ( solution2 ,calculation ( results2 ,me?od ( ,l9det2 ,use ( inv]tase2 ,activity ( inv]tase2 ,inv]sion by yea/2 ,det]m9ation ( sucrose2 ,det]m9ation ( raff9ose2 ,specific rotatory p[]2 ,calculat+ specific rotatory p[]2 ,v>iations 9 specific rotatory p[]2 ,gyrodynatic data2 ,birotation4 ,*emical ,me?ods ( ,e/imat+ ,sug>1 pp4 #abj-adi4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,classification ( me?ods2 ,r$uction ( m]curic salts2 ,sa*sse's solution2 ,volumetric copp] me?ods2 ,action ( copp] solution on dextrose2 ,fehl+'s solution2 ,li/ ( copp] solutions2 ,volumetric laboratory me?od2 ,filt]+ tubes2 ,correction ( errors2 ,p]manganate process2 ,modifi$ p]manganate me?od2 ,specific gravity ( cupr\s oxid2 ,solda9i's process2 ,relation ( r$uc+ sug> to quantity ( suboxid2 ,factors = diff]5t sug>s2 ,pavy's process2 ,peska's process2 ,me?od ( ,alle9 & ,gaud2 ,me?od ( ,g]r>d2 ,sid]sky's modification2 ,titration ( excess ( copp]4 ,gravimetric ,copp] ,me?ods1 pp4 #adi-agj4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,laboratory copp] me?od2 ,halle me?od2 ,allihn's me?od2 ,meissl's me?od2 ,det]m9ation ( inv]t sug>2 ,e/imation ( milk sug>2 ,det]m9ation ( maltose2 ,prep>ation ( levulose2 ,e/imation ( levulose4 ,miscellane\s ,me?ods ( ,sug> ,analysis1 pp4 #aga-aif2 ,ph5ylhydraz92 ,molecul> weights ( c>bohydrates2 ,birotation2 ,e/imation ( p5tosans2 ,det]m9ation ( furfurol2 ,me?od ( ,toll5s2 ,me?od ( ,/one2 ,me?od ( ,*almot2 ,me?od ( ,krug2 ,precipitation ) pyrogalol2 ,precipitation ) phlorogluc92 ,f]m5tation me?ods2 ,e/imat+ alcohol2 ,e/imat+ c>bon dioxid2 ,precipitation ) e>?y bases2 ,b>ium sac*>ate2 ,/rontium sac*>ate2 ,calcium sac*>ate2 ,qualitive te/s2 ,optical te/s2 ,cobalt\s nitrate te/2 ,! ,dextrose gr\p2 ,te/s = levulose2 ,te/s = galactose2 ,te/s = inv]t sug>2 ,comp\nds ) ph5ylhydraz92 ,detection ( sug>s by means ( furfurol2 ,bact]ial action on sug>s4 ,det]m9ation ( ,/>*1 pp4 #aif-bbf4--;,con/itution ( />*2 ,sep>ation ( />*2 ,me?ods ( sep>ation2 ,sep>ation ) dia/ase2 ,sep>ation 9 an autoclave2 ,pr9ciples ( analysis2 ,e/imation ( wat]2 ,e/imation ( a%2 ,e/imation ( nitrog52 ,hydrolysis ) acids2 ,factors = calculation2 ,pol>ization ( />*2 ,solution at high pressure2 ,me?od ( ,hibb>d2 ,precipitation ) b>ium hydroxid2 ,di/urb+ bodies 9 />* det]m9ations2 ,colorimetric e/imation ( />*2 ,fixation ( iod92 ,id5tification ( />*es2 ,vogel's table2 ,mut]'s table2 ,bly?'s classification2 ,prep>ation ( />*es = ! microscope2 ,m\nt+ 9 canada balsam2 ,description ( typical />*es2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,second4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,c>bohydrates ,,9 ,,crude ,,or ,,manufactur$ ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,sug>s 9 ,vegetable ,juices1 pp4 #bbg-bec4--;,introduction2 ,sug> 9 ! sap ( trees2 ,sug> 9 sug> canes2 ,weigh+ pipettes2 ,gravimet]2 ,r$uc+ sug>s 9 juices2 ,pres]vation ( juices2 ,direct e/imation ( sug>2 ,cutt+ or %r$d+ canes2 ,me?ods ( analysis2 ,dry+ & extract+2 ,exam9ation ( bagasse2 ,fib] 9 canes2 ,sug> beets2 ,e/imation ( sug> 9 sug> beets2 ,ma*9es = pulp+ beets2 ,in/antane\s diffusion2 ,pellet's process2 ,alcohol dige/ion2 ,extraction ) alcohol2 ,det]m9ation ( sug> 9 "m beets2 ,det]m9ation ( sug>s )\t weigh+2 ,cont9u\s obs]vation tube4 ,analysis ( ,sirups & ,massecuites1 pp4 #bed-bfd4--,specific gravity2 ,det]m9ation ( wat]2 ,det]m9ation ( a%2 ,det]m9ation ( r$uc+ sug>s2 ,e/imation ( m9ute quantities ( inv]t sug>2 ,solda9i's gravimetric me?od2 ,weigh+ ! copp] z oxid2 ,analyses = factory control4 ,sep>ation ( ,c>bohydrates 9 ,mixtures1 pp4 #bfd-bib4--,occurr5ce ( sug>s2 ,optical me?ods2 ,optical neutrality ( inv]t sug>2 ,sep>ation ( sucrose & inv]t sug>2 ,sep>ation ( sucrose & raff9ose2 ,det]m9ation ( levulose2 ,=mula = calculat+ levulose2 ,sep>ation ( sucrose f dextrose2 ,e/imation ( lactose 9 milk2 ,error due to volume ( precipitate2 ,sep>ation ( sucrose1 levulose & dextrose2 ,sieb5's me?od2 ,wie*mann's me?od2 ,copp] c>bonate me?od2 ,w9t]'s process2 ,sep>ation ) lead oxid2 ,analysis ( comm]cial glucose & grape sug>2 ,f]m5tation me?od2 ,oxidation me?od2 ,removal ( dextrose by copp] acetate2 ,sep>ation ( dextr9 ) alcohol4 ,c>bohydrates 9 ,milk1 pp4 #bic-bih4--;,copp] t>trate me?od2 ,! (ficial me?od2 ,! copp] cyanid process2 ,sep>ation ( sug>s 9 evaporat$ milks2 ,me?od ( ,bigel[ & ,mc,elroy4 ,sep>ation & ,det]m9ation ( ,/>* & ,fib]1 pp4 #bih-cjf4--,occurr5ce2 ,sep>ation ( />*2 ,dry amylif]\s bodies2 ,indirect me?od ( det]m9+ wat]2 ,removal ( oils & sug>s2 ,prep>ation ( dia/ase2 ,e/imation ( />* 9 potatoes2 ,con/itution ( cellulose2 ,fib] 9 cellulose2 ,(ficial me?od2 ,sep>ation ( cellulose3 ,solubility ( cellulose2 ,qualitive reactions = cellulose2 ,r>e c>bohydrates2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,?ird4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,fats ,,& ,,oils4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples1 pp4 #cji-caf4--,nom5clature2 ,composition2 ,pr9cipal glyc]ids2 ,presses = extraction2 ,solv5ts2 ,free+ extracts ( petroleum2 ,free+ fats ( moi/ure2 ,sampl+ & dry+ = analysis2 ,e/imation ( wat]4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,fats & ,oils1 pp4 #cag-cej4--,specific gravity2 ,balance = det]m9+ specific gravity2 ,expression ( specific gravity2 ,coeffici5t ( expansion ( oils2 ,d5sities ( common fats & oils2 ,melt+ po9t2 ,det]m9ation 9 capill>y tube2 ,det]m9ation by sph]oidal /ate2 ,solidify+ po9t2 ,temp]ature ( cry/allization2 ,refractive p[]2 ,refractive index2 ,abbe's refractomet]2 ,pulfri*'s refractomet]2 ,refractive indices ( common oils2 ,oleorefractomet]2 ,butyrorefractomet]2 ,range ( application ( ! butyrorefractomet]2 ,viscosity2 ,torsion viscosimet]2 ,microscopic appe>ance2 ,prep>ation ( fat cry/als2 ,obs]vation ( fat cry/als ) pol>iz$ light2 ,spectroscopic exam9ation ( oils2 ,critical temp]ature2 ,pol>ization2 ,turbidity temp]ature4 ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,fats & ,oils1 pp4 #cea-djf4--,solubility 9 alcohol2 ,coloration produc$ by oxidants2 ,nitric acid coloration2 ,phosphomolybdic acid coloration2 ,picric acid coloration2 ,silv] nitrate coloration2 ,/annic bromid coloration2 ,auric *lorid coloration2 ,!rmal reactions2 ,heat ( sulfuric saponification2 ,maum5's process2 ,me?od ( ,ri*mond2 ,relative maum5 figure2 ,heat ( brom9ation2 ,me?od ( ,hehn] & ,mit*ell2 ,au?or's me?od2 ,haloid addition numb]s2 ,hbl numb]2 ,"* ( *emical reaction2 ,solution 9 c>bon tetra*lorid2 ,e/imation ( ! iod9 numb]2 ,use ( iod9 mono*lorid2 ,pres]vation ( ! hbl reag5t2 ,brom9 addition numb]2 ,me?od ( ,hehn]2 ,halog5 absorption by fat acids2 ,saponification2 ,saponification 9 an op5 di%2 ,saponification "u pressure2 ,saponification 9 ! cold2 ,saponification value2 ,saponification equival5t2 ,acetyl value2 ,det]m9ation ( volatile fat acids2 ,removal ( ! alcohol2 ,det]m9ation ( soluble & insoluble fat acids2 ,=mulas = calculation2 ,det]m9ation ( free fat acids2 ,id5tification ( oils & fats2 ,nature ( fat acids2 ,sep>ation ( glyc]ids2 ,sep>ation ) lime2 ,sep>ation ) lead salts2 ,sep>ation ( ara*idic acid2 ,detection ( peanut oil2 ,be*i's te/2 ,milliau's te/2 ,detection ( sesam oil2 ,sulfur *lorid reaction2 ,detection ( *ole/]9 & phyto/]92 ,absorption ( oxyg52 ,elaid9 reactions2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,f\r?4 ,,"p ,,fif?4 ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,e/imation ,,( ,,bodies ,,conta9+ ,,nitrog54 ,introduction & ,def9itions1 pp4 #daj-dah4--,nature ( nitrog5\s bodies2 ,classification ( proteids2 ,album9oids2 ,o!r =ms ( nitrog52 ,occurr5ce ( nitrates4 ,qualitive ,te/s = ,nitrog5\s ,bodies1 pp4 #dah-dbb4--,nitric acid2 ,amid nitrog52 ,ammoniacal nitrog52 ,proteid nitrog52 ,qualitive te/s = albumni2 ,qualitive te/s = peptones & album9ates2 ,action ( pol>iz$ light on album9s2 ,alkaloidal nitrog54 ,e/imation ( ,nitrog5\s ,bodies 9 ,agricultural ,products1 pp4 #dbc-dcb4--,total nitrog52 ,ammoniacal nitrog52 ,amid nitrog52 ,sa*sse's me?od2 ,prep>ation ( asp>ag92 ,e/imation ( asp>ag9 & glutam92 ,*ol9 & beta92 ,leci?92 ,factors = calculat+ results2 ,e/imation ( alkaloidal nitrog54 ,sep>ation ( ,proteid ,bodies 9 ,vegetable ,products1 pp4 #dcb-ddh4--,prelim9>y treatm5t2 ,"* ( proteids2 ,sep>ation ( glut52 ,extraction ) wat]2 ,action ( wat] on composition ( proteids2 ,extraction ) dilute salt solution2 ,sep>ation ( bodies soluble 9 wat]2 ,sep>ation ( ! globul9s2 ,proteids soluble 9 dilute alcohol2 ,solv5t action ( acids & alkalies2 ,me?od ( extraction2 ,me?ods ( dry+ sep>at$ proteids2 ,det]m9ation ( a%2 ,det]m9ation ( c>bon & hydrog52 ,e/imation ( nitrog52 ,det]m9ation ( sulfur2 ,dialysis4 ,sep>ation & ,e/imation ( ,nitrog5\s ,bodies 9 ,animal ,products1 pp4 #ddh-dfb4--,prep>ation ( sample2 ,extraction ( muscul> tissues2 ,composition ( meat extracts2 ,analysis ( meat extracts2 ,use ( phosphotung/ic acid2 ,sep>ation ( albumoses & peptones2 ,e/imation ( gelat92 ,e/imation ( nitrog5 9 fle% bases2 ,treatm5t ( residue insoluble 9 alcohol2 ,pancreas peptone2 ,albumose peptone2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,fif?4 ,,"p ,,six?4 ,,dairy ,,products4 ,milk1 pp4 #dfd-eab4--;,composition ( milk2 ,alt]ability ( milk2 ,effects ( boil+ on milk2 ,micro-organisms ( milk2 ,sampl+ milk2 ,scovell's milk sampl]2 ,pres]v+ milk = analysis2 ,freez+ po9t2 ,electric conductivity2 ,viscosity2 ,acidity & alkal9ity2 ,det]m9ation ( acidity2 ,opacity2 ,creamometry2 ,specific gravity2 ,lactometry2 ,quv5ne lactomet]2 ,lactomet] ( ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal?2 ,d5sity ( s\r milk2 ,d5sity ( milk s]um2 ,total solids2 ,=mulas = calculat+ total solids2 ,det]m9ation ( a%2 ,e/imation ( fat2 ,fat globules2 ,numb] ( fat globules2 ,c\nt+ globules2 ,classification ( me?ods ( analysis2 ,dry extraction me?ods2 ,(ficial me?ods2 ,v>iations ( extraction me?ods2 ,gypsum me?od2 ,e/imation ( fat 9 malt$ milk2 ,comp>ison ( fat me?ods2 ,wet extraction me?ods2 ,solution 9 acid2 ,solution 9 alkali2 ,me?od ( ,%ort2 ,me?od ( ,?rn]2 ,lieb]mann's me?od2 ,d5simetric me?ods2 ,areometric me?ods2 ,lactobutyromet]2 ,volumetric me?ods ( fat analysis2 ,me?od ( ,patrick2 ,! lactocrite2 ,modification ( ,l9d/rm2 ,babcock's me?od2 ,me?od ( ,leffmann & ,beam2 ,me?od ( ,g]b]2 ,proteid bodies 9 milk2 ,e/imation ( total proteid matt]2 ,copp] sulfate z a reag5t2 ,precipitation by ammonium sulfate2 ,precipitation by tannic acid2 ,sep>ation ( case9 f album92 ,e/imation ( case92 ,factors = calculation2 ,sep>ation ( case92 ,sep>ation ( case9 ) c>bon dioxid2 ,sep>ation ( album92 ,sep>ation ( globul92 ,precipitants ( milk proteids2 ,precipitation by dialysis2 ,c>bohydrates 9 milk2 ,dextr9oid body 9 milk2 ,amyloid bodies 9 milk4 ,butt]1 pp4 #eab-ebc4--;,g5]al pr9ciples ( analysis2 ,appe>ance ( melt$ butt]2 ,microscopic exam9ation2 ,refractive p[]2 ,e/imation ( wat]1 fat1 case91 a% & salt2 ,volatile & soluble acids2 ,relative proportion ( glyc]ids2 ,saponification value2 ,rei*]t numb]2 ,rei*]t-,meissl me?od2 ,elim9ation ( sulfur\s acid2 ,errors due to poor glass2 ,molecul> weight ( butt]2 ,sub/itutes = & adult]ants ( butt]2 ,butt] colors4 ,*eese & ,k\miss1 pp4 #ebd-ecf4--;,composition ( *eese2 ,manufacture ( *eese2 ,(ficial me?ods ( analysis2 ,process ( ,muell]2 ,sep>ation ( fat f *eese2 ,fill$ *eese2 ,sep>ation ( nitrog5\s bodies2 ,prep>ation ( k\miss2 ,det]m9ation ( c>bon dioxid2 ,acidity2 ,e/imation ( alcohol2 ,proteids 9 k\miss2 ,sep>ation by por\s porcela92 ,sep>ation by precipitation ) alum2 ,sep>ation ) m]cury salts2 ,det]m9ation ( wat] & a%2 ,composition ( k\miss2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,six?4 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 ,,miscellane\s ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,c]eals & ,c]eal ,foods1 pp4 #eda-ede4-- ,classification2 ,g5]al me?ods ( analysis2 ,composition & analysis ( bread2 ,det]m9ation ( alum 9 bread2 ,*emical *anges produc$ by bak+4 ,fodd]s1 ,grasses1 & ,ensilage1 pp4 #ede-edg4--;,g5]al pr9ciples ( analysis2 ,organic acids 9 ensilage2 ,*anges due to f]m5tation2 ,alcohol 9 ensilage2 ,comp>ative values ( dry fodd] & ensilage4 ,fle% ,products1 pp4 #edg-eee4--,names ( meats2 ,sampl+2 ,g5]al me?ods ( analysis2 ,exam9ation ( nitrog5\s bodies2 ,fractional analysis ( meats2 ,/>* 9 meats2 ,detection ( horse fle%4 ,me?ods ( ,dige/ion1 pp4 #eee-efd4--;,artificial dige/ion2 ,amylolytic f]m5ts2 ,aliphalytic f]m5ts2 ,proteolytic f]m5ts2 ,peps9 & pancreat92 ,dige/ion 9 pancreas extract2 ,artificial dige/ion ( *eese2 ,natural dige/ion2 ,dige/ibility ( p5tosans4 ,pres]v$ ,meats1 pp4 #efe-eff4--,me?ods ( exam9ation2 ,e/imation ( fat2 ,meat pres]vatives4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nutritive ,values1 pp4 #eff-egf4--,nutritive value ( foods2 ,comp>ative value ( food con/itu5ts2 ,nutritive ratio2 ,calorimetric analysis ( foods2 ,combu/ion 9 oxyg52 ,bomb calorimet]2 ,manipulation & calculation2 ,comput+ ! calories ( combu/ion2 ,calorimetric equival5ts2 ,di/9ction betwe5 butt] & oleom>g>94 ,fruits1 ,melons & ,vegetables1 pp4 #egg-ehb4-- ,prep>ation ( samples2 ,sep>ation ( c>bohydrates2 ,exam9ation ( ! fre% matt]2 ,exam9ation ( fruit & vegetable juices2 ,sep>ation ( pect92 ,det]m9ation ( free acid2 ,composition ( fruits2 ,composition ( a% ( fruits2 ,dri$ fruits2 ,z9c 9 evaporat$ fruits2 ,composition ( melons4 ,tea & ,c(fee1 pp4 #ehb-ehh4--,special po9ts 9 analysis2 ,e/imation ( caffe92 ,iod9 me?od2 ,sp5c]'s me?od2 ,sep>ation ( *lorophyll2 ,det]m9ation ( proteid nitrog52 ,c>bohydrates ( c(fee2 ,e/imation ( galactan2 ,revis$ factors = p5tosans2 ,use ( ro5tg5 rays4 ,tann9s & ,alli$ ,bodies1 pp4 #ehh-eif4-- ,occurr5ce & composition2 ,detection & e/imation2 ,precipitation ) metallic salts2 ,! gelat9 me?od2 ,! hide p[d] me?od2 ,p]manganate gelat9 me?od2 ,p]manganate hide p[d] me?od2 ,prep>ation ( infusion4 ,tobacco1 pp4 #eif-faj4--;,f]m5t$ & unf]m5t$ tobacco2 ,acid & basic con/itu5ts2 ,composition ( a%2 ,composition ( tobacco2 ,e/imation ( wat]2 ,e/imation ( nitric acid2 ,e/imation ( sulfuric & hydro*loric acids2 ,e/imation ( oxalic1 malic & citric acids2 ,e/imation ( acetic acid2 ,e/imation ( pectic acid2 ,e/imation ( tannic acid2 ,e/imation ( />* & sug>2 ,e/imation ( ammonia2 ,e/imation ( nicot92 ,pol>ization me?od ( ,popovici2 ,e/imation ( amid nitrog52 ,fractional extraction2 ,burn+ qualities2 ,artificial smok]4 ,f]m5t$ ,bev]ages1 pp4 #faj-fda4-- ,description2 ,important con/itu5ts2 ,specific gravity2 ,det]m9ation ( alcohol2 ,di/ill+ app>atus2 ,specific gravity ( ! di/illate2 ,hydro/atic plummet2 ,calculat+ results2 ,table giv+ p]c5tage ( alcohol by weight & volume2 ,det]m9ation ( p]c5tage ( alcohol by means ( vapor temp]ature2 ,improv$ ebullioscope2 ,indirect det]m9ation ( extract2 ,det]m9ation ( total acids2 ,det]m9ation 9 a vacuum2 ,e/imation ( wat]2 ,total acidity2 ,volatile acids2 ,t>t>ic acid2 ,t>t>ic1 malic & succ9ic acids2 ,pol>iz+ bodies 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages2 ,r$uc+ sug>s2 ,pol>ization ( w9es & be]s2 ,application ( analytical me?ods2 ,e/imation ( c>bohydrates2 ,det]m9ation ( glyc]ol2 ,color+ matt]s2 ,det]m9ation ( a%2 ,det]m9ation ( pota%2 ,sulfur\s acid2 ,salicylic acid2 ,detection ( gum & dextr92 ,det]m9ation ( nitrog52 ,sub/itutes = hops2 ,b\quet ( f]m5t$ & di/ill$ liquors2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,sev5?2 ,index4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,volume ,,?ird4 ,page4 ,figure #a4 ,mill = gr9d+ dry samples #g 0 #b4 ,comm9utor = gre5 samples #i 0 #c4 ,rasp = sug> beets #aj 0 #d4 ,dreef gr9d+ app>atus #aa 0 #e4 ,wat] jacket dry+ ov5 #ad 0 #f4 ,!rmo/at = ,/eam-,ba? #ae 0 #g4 ,sp5c]'s dry+ ov5 #ag 0 #h4 ,electric vacuum dry+ ov5 #ai 0 #i4 ,/eam coil dry+ ov5 #ba 0 #aj4 ,c>r's vacuum dry+ ov5 #bb 0 #aj4 7,bis47 vacuum ov5 op5 #bc 0 #aa4 ,app>atus = dry+ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 #be 0 #ab4 ,caldwell's hydrog5 dry+ app>atus #bg 0 #ac4 ,liebig's ente #bh 0 #ad4 ,dry+ app>atus us$ at ! ,halle ,/ation #bi 0 #ae4 ,wrampelmay]'s ov5 #cj 0 #af4 ,uls* dry+ ov5 #ca 0 #ag4 ,c\rt\ne muffle #ci 0 #ah4 ,knorr's extraction app>atus #de 0 #ai4 ,extraction flask #df 0 #bj4 ,extraction tube #df 0 #ba4 ,extraction siphon tube #df 0 #bb4 ,soxhlet extraction app>atus #dh 0 #bc4 ,compact cond5s+ app>atus #di 0 #bd4 ,improv$ compact extraction app>atus #ea 0 #be4 ,knorr's app>atus = recov]+ solv5ts #ed 0 #bf4 ,app>atus = recov]+ solv5ts f op5 di%es #ee 0 #bg4 ,common =ms ( pyknomet]s #fc 0 #bh4 ,ba? = pyknomet]s #ff 0 #bi4 ,a]eomet]s1 pyknomet]s & hydro/atic balance #fh 0 #cj4 ,hydro/atic balance #fi 0 #ca4 ,c\rse ( rays ( light 9 a nicol #gg 0 #cb4 ,!ory ( ! nicol #gh 0 #cc4 ,laur5t lamp #hc 0 #cd4 ,lamp = produc+ con/ant mono*romatic flame #he 0 #ce4 ,field ( vision ( a ,laur5t pol>iscope #hf 0 #cf4 ,laur5t pol>iscope #hh 0 #cg4 ,t9t pol>iscope #hi 0 #ch4 ,d\ble comp5sat+ %ad[ pol>iscope #ia 0 #ci4 ,triple %ad[ pol>iscope #ib 0 #dj4 ,app>atus = produc+ a triple %ad[ #ib 0 #da4 ,control obs]vation tube #ie 0 #db4 ,app>atus = ! volumetric e/imation ( r$uc+ sug>s #aca 0 #dc4 ,app>atus = ! electrolytic deposition ( copp] #aea 0 #dd4 ,app>atus = filt]+ copp] suboxid #aed 0 #de4 ,app>atus = r$uc+ copp] suboxid #aed 0 #df4 ,di/ill+ app>atus = p5toses #agi 0 #dg4 ,autoclave = />* analysis #aii 0 #dg4 7,bis74 ,ma]ck]'s hydrolyz+ app>atus = />* #bjd 0 #dh4 ,m>anta />* #cej 0 #di4 ,potato />* #cej 0 #ej4 ,g+] />* #cej 0 #ea4 ,sago />* #cej 0 #eb4 ,pea />* #cej 0 #ec4 ,bean />* #cej 0 #ed4 ,:eat />* #cej 0 #ee4 ,b>ley />* #cej to face #bbj 0 #ef4 ,rye />* #cej 0 #eg4 ,oat />* #cej 0 #eh4 ,indian corn />* #cej 0 #ei4 ,rice />* #cej 0 #fj4 ,cassava />* #aej 0 #fa4 ,indian corn />* #aej 0 #fb4 ,laboratory cane mill #bcj 0 #fc4 ,weigh+ pipette #bca 0 #fd4 ,gird's gravimet] #bcc 0 #fe4 ,ma*9e = cutt+ canes #bcf 0 #ff4 ,cane cutt+ mill #bcg 0 #fg4 ,app>atus = pulp+ beets #bdc 0 #fh4 ,app>atus = cold diffusion #bde 0 #fi4 ,sickel-,soxhlet extractor #bdg 0 #gj4 ,s*eibl]'s extraction tube #bdh 0 #ga4 ,batt]y = alcoholic dige/ion #bej 0 #gb4 ,rasp = sampl+ "m beets #bea 0 #gc4 ,h& press = beet analysis #bea 0 #gd4 ,p]=at+ rasp #beb 0 #ge4 ,tube = cont9u\s obs]vation #bec 0 #ge4 7,bis74 ,*&l] & ,rickett's ,pol>iscope #bff 0 #gf4 ,app>atus = pol>imetric obs]vations at l[ temp]atures #bfg 0 #gg4 ,con/ruction ( desiccat+ tube #bfh 0 #gh4 ,app>atus = pol>iz+ at high temp]atures #bfi 0 #gi4 ,oil press #cab 0 #hj4 ,app>atus = fractional di/illation ( petroleum e!r #cad 0 #ha4 ,section %[+ con/ruction ( a funnel = hot filtration #caf 0 #hb4 ,balance & ,we/phal s9k] #cah 0 #hc4 ,melt+ po9t tubes #cbb 0 #hd4 ,app>atus = ! det]m9ation ( melt+ po9t #cbd 0 #he4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ cry/alliz+ po9t #cbg 0 #hf4 ,abbe's refractomet] #cbi 0 #hg4 ,*>g+ position ( refractomet] #ccj 0 #hh4 ,prism ( ,pulfri*'s refractomet] #cca 0 #hi4 ,pulfri*'s new refractomet] #ccb 0 #ij4 ,heat+ app>atus = ,pulfri*'s refractomet] #ccc 0 #ia4 ,spectromet] atta*m5t #ccc 0 #ib4 ,oleorefractomet] #cce 0 #ic4 ,section %[+ con/ruction ( oleorefractomet] #cce 0 #id4 ,butyrorefractomet] #cci 0 #ie4 ,doolittle's viscosimet] #cdc 0 #if4 ,l>d cry/als #fe 0 #ig4 ,ref9$ l>d cry/als #fe to face #cdh 0 #ih4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ rise ( temp]ature ) sulfuric acid #ceh 0 #ii4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ heat ( brom9ation #cfb 0 #ajj4 ,ole9 tube #cgd 0 #aja4 ,app>atus = saponify+ "u pressure #chj 0 #ajb4 ,app>atus = ! di/illation ( volatile acids #chh 0 #ajc4 ,app>atus = amid nitrog5 #dbe 0 #ajd4 ,sa*sse's eudiomet] #dbe 0 #aje4 ,dialyz+ app>atus #ddg 0 #ajf4 ,scovell's milk sampl+ tube #dgj 0 #ajg4 ,lactoscope1 lactomet]1 & creamomet] #dgd 0 #ajh4 ,areometric fat app>atus #dic 0 #aji4 ,babcock's butyromet] & acid measure #ejj 0 #aaj4 ,g]b]'s butyromet]s #ejb 0 #aaa4 ,g]b]'s c5trifugal #ejc 0 #aab4 ,!rmomet] = butyrorefractomet] #eae 0 #aac4 ,app>atus = det]m9+ c>bon dioxid 9 k\miss #ecc 0 #aad4 ,cuts ( mutton #edh 0 #aae4 ,cuts ( beef #edh 0 #aaf4 ,cuts ( pork #edh 0 #aag4 ,ba? = artificial dige/ion #eei 0 #aah4 ,bag = collect+ feces #efc 0 #aai4 ,fecal bag atta*m5t #efc 0 #abj4 ,hempel & ,atwat]'s calorimet] #egj 0 #aba4 ,app>atus = acetic acid #fjc 0 #abb4 ,app>atus = smok+ #faj 0 #abc4 ,metal di/ill+ app>atus #fac 0 #abd4 ,di/ill+ app>atus #fad 0 #abe4 ,improv$ ebullioscope #fbc ,,volume ,,?ird4 ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,sampl+1 ,,dry+1 ,,inc9]ation ,,& ,,extractions4 #a4 ,introduction4--,! analy/ may approa* ! exam9ation ( agricultural products f v>i\s directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place he may desire to "k _! proximate & ultimate con/itution irrespective ( _! relations to ! soil or to ! food ( man & bea/4 ,secondly1 8 /udy ( ^! products may h ref]5ce solely to ! det]m9ation ( ! m valuable plant foods :i* !y h extract$ f ! soil & air4 ,la/ly1 he may approa* 8 task f a hygi5ic or economic /&po9t = ! purposes ( det]m9+ ! :olesom5ess or ! nutritive & economic values ( ! products ( ! field1 or*>d1 or g>d54 ,9 ea* case ! object ( ! inve/igation w h a consid]able influ5ce on ! me?od ( ! exam9ation4 ,x w be ! purpose ( ! pres5t volume to discuss fully ! pr9ciples ( all ! /&>d processes ( analysis & ! be/ practice !re(1 to ! end t ! inve/igator or analy/1 :atev] may be ! design ( 8 "w1 may f9d satisfactory directions = prosecut+ x4 ,z 9 ! previ\s volumes1 x %\ld be und]/ood t ^! pages are writt5 l>gely = ! tea*] & ! analy/ already skill$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( analytical *emi/ry4 ,mu* is !re=e left to ! individual judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! work]1 to :om x is hop$ a judici\s *oice ( approv$ processes may be made possible4 #b4 ,scope ,( ! ,"w4--,"u ! t]m agricultural products is includ$ a l>ge numb] ( classes ( bodies ( mo/ diff]5t con/itution4 ,9 g5]al !y are ! products ( vegetable & animal metabolism4 ,fir/ ( all come ! vegetable products1 fruits1 gra9s & grasses4 ,^! may be pres5t$ 9 _! natural /ate1 z c]eals1 gre5 fruits & fodd]s1 or aft] a c]ta9 prep>ation1 z />*es1 sug>s & fl\rs4 ,!y may also be met ) 9 ev5 m advanc$ /ages ( *ange1 z cook$ foods1 alcohols & second>y organic acids1 su* z v9eg>4 ,9 g5]al1 by ! t]m agricultural products is meant n only ! direct products ( ! f>m1 or*>d & =e/1 b also ! modifi$ products !re( & ! results ( manufacture appli$ to ! raw mat]ials4 ,?us1 n only ! gra9 & /raw ( :eat are prop] mat]ials = agricultural analysis1 b also fl\r & bran1 bread & cakes made !refrom4 ,9 ! case ( maize & b>ley1 ! manufactur$ products may ext5d mu* fur!r1 = n only d we f9d />* & malt1 b also alcohol & be] fall+ )9 ! scope ( our "w4 ,9 respect ( animal products1 ! agricultural analy/ may be call$ on to inve/igate ! subject ( lea!r & tann+2 to det]m9e ! composition ( meat1 milk & butt]2 to pass ^u ! "* ( l>d1 oleom>g>9e1 &1 9 g5]al1 to det]m9e z fully z possible ! c\rse ( animal food 9 all its *anges betwe5 ! field1 ! pack+ h\se & ! kit*54 #c4 ,limitations ( ,"w4--,x is evid5t f ! prec$+ p>agraph1 t 9 ord] to keep ! magnitude ( ?is volume )9 ! limits fix$ = a s+le volume ! text mu/ be rigidly conf9$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & practice ( agricultural analysis4 ,! int]e/+ region ( ph>macy & alli$ bran*es1 9 respect ( plant analysis1 c f9d no description "h1 & 9 ^? bran*es ( te*nical *emi/ry1 :]e ! mat]ials ( elaboration are ! products ( ! field only a sup]ficial view c be giv54 ,! ma9 purpose & motive ( ?is volume mu/ relate closely to ! m purely agricultural processes4 #d4 ,g5]al ,manipulations4--,!re are c]ta9 analytical op]ations :i* are m or less ( a g5]al nature1 t is1 !y are ( g5]al application )\t ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! mat]ial at h&4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure & ( a%1 & ! e/imation ( matt]s soluble 9 e!r1 alcohol & o!r solv5ts4 ,^! processes w be fir/ describ$4 ,prelim9>y to ^! analytical /eps x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! mat]ial be prop]ly prep>$ = exam9ation4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is is accompli%$ by dry+ ! samples until !y c be gr\nd or cru%$ to a f9e p[d]1 ! attrition be+ cont9u$ until all ! p>ticles are made to pass a sieve ( a giv5 f95ess4 ,! be/ sieve = ?is purpose is "o hav+ circul> ap]tures half a millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,"s products1 bo? vegetable & animal1 require to be r$uc$ to z f9e a /ate z possible )\t dry+4 ,9 su* in/ances1 pass+ ! product ?r\gh a sieve is obvi\sly impracticable4 ,special gr9d+ & dis9tegrat+ ma*9es are made = ^! purposes & !y w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,!re are "s agricultural products :i* h to be prep>$ = exam9ation 9 special ways & ^! me?ods w be giv5 9 connection ) ! processes = analyz+ ! bodies ref]r$ to4 ,ne>ly all ! bodies1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ! analy/ w be conc]n$1 c be prep>$ = exam9ation by ! g5]al me?ods ab\t to be describ$4 #e4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4 7a7 ,vegetable ,sub/ances4--,= all processes ( analysis n execut$ on ! fre% sample1 sub/ances ( a vegetable nature %\ld1 if 9 a fre% /ate1 be dri$ z rapidly z possible to prev5t f]m5tative *anges4 ,x is (t5 ( int]e/ to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! fre% sample4 ,= ?is purpose a repres5tative portion ( ! sample %\ld be rapidly r$uc$ to z f9e a condition z possible4 ,to accompli% ?is x %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a %r$d+ ma*9e1 or cut by scissors or a knife into f9e pieces4 ,a few grams ( ! %r$d$ mat]ial are dri$ 9 a flat-bottom$ di% at progressively increas+ temp]atures1 beg9n+ at ab\t #fj & end+ at f #ajj to #aaj4 ,! latt] temp]ature %\ld be cont9u$ = only a %ort "t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is process is bas$ ^u ! fact t if ! temp]ature be rais$ too high at fir/1 "s ( ! moi/ure 9 ! int]ior cells ( ! vegetable sub/ance c be occlud$ by ! too rapid desiccation ( ! ext]ior lay]s :i* w\ld take place at a high temp]ature4 ,! special processes = det]m9+ moi/ure w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 ,! re/ ( ! sample %\ld be p>tly dri$ at a l[] temp]ature or air-dri$4 ,9 ! case ( fodd]s & mo/ cattle foods ! samples come to ! analy/ 9 a naturally air-dri$ /ate4 ,:5 grasses are h>ve/$ at a "t ne> _! maturity !y are sun-dri$ 9 ! mead[s be=e plac+ 9 ! /ack or b>n4 ,su* sun-dri$ samples are already 9 a /ate fit = gr9d+4 ,gre5 grasses & fodd]s %\ld be dri$ 9 ! sun1 or 9 a ba? at a l[ temp]ature f #ej to #fj until all dang] ( f]m5tative action is ov]1 & !n air- or sun-dri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,se$s & c]eals usually rea* ! analy/ 9 a condition suit$ to gr9d+ )\t fur!r prelim9>y prep>ation4 ,fruits & vegetables pres5t great] difficulties4 ,conta9+ l>g] quantities ( wat]1 & (t5 consid]able am\nts ( sug>1 !y are dri$ ) great] difficulty4 ,! pr9ciples :i* %\ld guide all processes ( dry+ are ^? already m5tion$1 viz41 to secure a suffici5t degree ( desiccation to p]mit ( f9e gr9d+ & at a temp]ature high en\gh to prev5t f]m5tative action1 & yet n suffici5tly high to cause any m>k$ *anges 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! vegetable organism4 7b7 ,animal ,sub/ances4--,! difficulties connect$ ) ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( animal sub/ances are f> great] ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,su* samples are compos$ ( widely diff]+ tissues1 blood1 bone1 t5don1 muscle & adipose matt]s1 & all ! complex compon5ts ( ! animal organism are to be consid]$4 ,! :ole animal may be pres5t$ = analysis1 9 :i* case ! diff]5t p>ts compos+ x %\ld be sep>at$ & weigh$ z exactly z possible4 ,:]e only def9ite p>ts are to be exam9$ x is be/ to sep>ate ! muscle1 bone1 & fat z well z may be1 be=e attempt+ to r$uce ! :ole to a f9e p[d]4 ,! s(t portions ( ! sample are to be gr\nd z f9ely z possible 9 a meat or sausage cutt]4 ,! bones are cru%$ 9 "s appropriate mann]1 & ?us prep>$ = fur!r exam9ation4 ,:]e ! fle% & s(t] portions are to be dri$ & f9ely gr\nd1 ! pres5ce ( fat (t5 r5d]s ! process almo/ impossible4 ,9 su* cases ! fat mu/ be at lea/ p>tially remov$ by petroleum or o!r solv5t4 ,9 practically fat-free samples ! mat]ial1 aft] gr9d+ 9 a meat cutt]1 c be p>tially dri$ at l[ temp]atures f #fj to #ge1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd 9 mu* ! same mann] z is practic$ ) vegetable sub/ances4 ,z is ! case ) ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( vegetable matt]s1 x is impossible to give any g5]al directions ( univ]sal applicability4 ,! tact & exp]i5ce ( ! analy/ 9 all ^! cases are bett] ?an any dicta ( ! books4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z w appe> fur!r on1 def9ite directions = giv5 sub/ances c be giv51 b 9 all cases ! g5]al pr9ciples ( proc$ure are on ! l9es already indicat$4 #f4 ,pres]v+ ,samples4--,9 mo/ cases1 z is indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 ! sample may be dri$ be=e gr9d+ to su* a degree z to prev5t dang] f f]m5tation or decay4 ,! f9e-gr\nd samples are usually pres]v$ 9 glass-/opp]$ bottles1 c>efully m>k$ or numb]$4 ,9 "s cases x is advisable to /]ilize ! bottles aft] /opp]+1 by subject+ !m to a temp]ature ( #ajj = "s "t4 ,9 ! case ( c]eals assurance %\ld be _h t ! samples d n conta9 ! eggs ( any ( ! pe/s t (t5 de/roy ^! products4 ,z a rule1 samples %\ld be kept = a "t aft] ! completion ( ! analytical "w1 & ?is is especially true 9 all cases :]e !re is any prospect ( dispute or litigation4 ,9 g5]al x may be said1 t samples %\ld be de/roy$ only :5 !y are spoil$1 or :5 /orage room is exhau/$4 #g4 ,collect+ ,samples4--,:5 possible1 ! analy/ %\ld be 8 own collector4 ,!re is (t5 z mu* dang] f data obta9$ on non-repres5tative samples z f imp]fect manipulation4 ,:5 p]sonal sup]vision is n possible1 ! sample :5 receiv$1 %\ld be accompani$ by an intelligible description ( ! me?od ( tak+ x1 & ( :at x repres5ts4 ,9 all cases ! object ( ! exam9ation mu/ be kept /eadily 9 view4 ,:]e comp>isons are to be made ! me?ods ( collect+ mu/ be rigidly ! same4 ,! processes ( analysis1 z conduct$ ) agricultural products1 are t$i\s & difficult4 ,! absolutely def9ite conditions t att5d ! analysis ( m9]al sub/ances1 are mo/ly lack+4 ,! simple det]m9ations ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog5 & sulfur1 :i* are requir$ 9 ! usual processes ( organic analysis1 are simplicity itself :5 comp>$ ) ! op]ations :i* h to be p]=m$ on agricultural products to det]m9e _! "* & _! value z food & raim5t4 ,we h to d "h ) matt]s on :i* ! su/5ance1 heal? & prosp]ity ( ! human race are m intimately conc]n$ ?an ) any o!r ( ! sci5ces4 ,?is fact also emphasizes ! necessity = c>e 9 collect+ ! mat]ials on :i* ! "w is to be p]=m$4 #h4 ,gr9d+ ,samples4--,9 ord] to prop]ly conduct ! processes ( agricultural analysis x is important to h ! sample f9ely gr\nd4 ,?is arises bo? f ! fact t su* a sample is apt to conta9 an av]age cont5t ( ! v>i\s complex sub/ances ( :i* ! mat]ial "u exam9ation is compos$1 & because ! analytical processes c be conduct$ ) great] success ^u ! f9ely divid$ matt]4 ,9 m9]al analysis x is cu/om>y to gr9d ! sample to an impalpable p[d] 9 an agate mort>4 ,) agricultural products1 h[ev]1 su* a degree ( f95ess is difficult to atta91 & moreov]1 is n necess>y4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion among analy/s respect+ ! degree ( f95ess desirable4 ,9 "s cases we mu/ be cont5t ) a sample :i* w pass a sieve ) a millimet] me%2 9 fact x may be f\nd impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! /ick9ess ( ! mat]ial1 to sift x at all4 ,9 su* cases a ?or\gh trituration1 s z to =m a homog5e\s mass w h to be accept$ z suffici5t4 ,:]e bodies c be r$uc$ to a p[d] h[ev]1 x is be/ to pass !m ?r\gh a sieve ) circul> p]=ations half a millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,a f9] degree ( subdivision ?an ?is is r>ely necess>y4 #i4 ,! ,gr9d+ ,app>atus4--,! simple/ =m ( app>atus = r$uc+ samples = analysis to a condition suit$ to pass+ a f9e sieve is a mort>4 ,:]e only a few samples are to be prep>$ & 9 small quantities1 x w n be necess>y to provide any?+ fur!r4 ,aft] ! sample is well dis9tegrat$ x is p\r$ on ! sieve & all t c pass is %ak5 or bru%$ ?r\gh4 ,! sieve is provid$ ) a receptacle1 into :i* x fits closely1 to avoid loss ( any p>ticles :i* may be r$uc$ to a du/4 ,! top ( ! sieve1 :5 %ak51 may also be cov]$ if !re be any t5d5cy to loss f du/4 ,any residue fail+ to pass ! sieve is return$ to ! mort> & ! process ?us repeat$ until all ! mat]ial has be5 secur$ 9 ! receiv]4 ,! p>ticles m difficult ( pulv]ization are (t5 diff]5t 9 /ructure f ! m easily pulv]iz$ portions1 & ! sift$ matt] mu/ always be c>efully mix$ be=e ! subsample is tak5 = exam9ation4 ,(t5 ! mat]ials1 or portions !re(1 w conta9 p>ticles t\gh & resi/ant to ! pe/le1 b ! op]ator mu/ h pati5ce & p]si/5ce1 = x is highly necess>y to accurate "w t ! :ole sample be r$uc$ to prop] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,mill ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,dry ,,samples4 ,:]e _m samples are to be prep>$1 or 9 l>ge quantities1 mills %\ld take ! place ( mort>s4 ,= prop]ly air-dri$ vegetable sub/ances1 "s =m ( mill us$ 9 gr9d+ drugs may be employ$4 ,gr9d+ surfaces ( *ill$ corrugat$ /eel are to be pref]r$4 ,! ess5tial features ( su* a mill are t x be made ( ! be/ mat]ial1 prop]ly temp]$1 & t ! p>ts be easily sep>at$ = conv5i5ce 9 clean+4 ,! gr9d+ surfaces mu/ also be s con/ruct$ & adju/$ z to secure ! prop] degree ( f95ess4 ,9 fig4 #a is %[n a mill ( r simple con/ruction1 :i* has long be5 9 satisfactory use 9 ?is laboratory4 ,small mills may be op]at$ by h& p[]1 b :5 !y are to be us$ con/antly /eam p[] %\ld be provid$4 ,9 addition to ! removal ( ne>ly all ! moi/ure by air-dry+ !re are _m oleag9\s se$s :i* _c be f9ely gr\nd until _! oil has be5 remov$4 ,= ?is purpose ! gr9d+ surfaces ( ! mill are op5$ s t ! se$s are only co>sely brok5 9 pass+ ?r\gh4 ,! fragm5ts are !n dige/$ ) light petroleum 9 a l>ge flask1 furni%$ ) a reflux cond5s]4 ,aft] dige/ion ! fragm5ts are aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! mill adju/$ to break !m into f9] p>ticles4 ,! alt]nate gr9d+ & dige/ion are ?us cont9u$ until ! pulv]ization is complete4 ,on a small specially prep>$ sample ! total cont5t ( oil is sep>ately det]m9$4 ,fre% animal tissues are be/ prep>$ = prelim9>y treatm5t by pass+ ?r\gh a sausage mill4 ,! p>tially homog5e\s mass ?us secur$ %\ld be dri$ at a l[ temp]ature & regr\nd z f9ely z possible4 ,:]e mu* fat is pres5t x may be necess>y to extract x z m5tion$ above1 9 ! case ( oleag9\s se$s4 ,9 su* cases bo? ! moi/ure & fat 9 ! orig9al mat]ial %\ld be det]m9$ on small specially prep>$ samples ) z great accuracy z possible4 ,bones1 ho(s1 horns1 hair & hides pres5t special difficulties 9 prep>ation1 :i* ! analy/ w h to ov]come ) su* skill & +5uity z he may possess4 ,! analy/ w f9d _m specially prep>$ animal foods already 9 a fairly homog5e\s =m1 su* z pott$ & cann$ meats1 infant & invalid foods1 & ! l4 ,ev5 ) ^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 a prelim9>y gr9d+ & mix+ w be f\nd ( advantage be=e und]tak+ ! analytical "w4 ,_m cases w arise :i* are app>5tly entirely )\t ! classification giv5 above4 ,b ev5 9 su* in/ances ! analy/ %\ld n be )\t res\rces4 ,frequ5tly "s dry in]t sub/ance may be mix$ ) ! mat]ial 9 def9ite quantities1 :]eby x is r5d]$ m easily prep>$4 ,p]haps no case w be pres5t$ :]e p]si/5t & judici\s ef=ts to secure a fairly homog5e\s sample = analysis w be :olly unavail+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,comm9utor ,,= ,,gre5 ,,samples4 ,9 ! case ( gre5 vegetable matt]s :i* require to be r$uc$ rapidly to a f9e /ate ( subdivision 9 ord] to secure ev5 a fairly good sample "s special provision mu/ be made4 ,?is is ! case ) /alks ( maize & sug> cane1 root crops1 su* z potatoes & beets1 & gre5 fodd]s1 su* z clov] & grasses4 ,! *opp+ ( ^! bodies into f9e fodd]s by h& is sl[ & (t5 impracticable4 ,! p>ticles rapidly lose moi/ure & x is important to secure !m promptly z 9 ! prep>ation ( beet pulp = pol>ization4 ,= g5]al use we h f\nd ! app>atus %[n 9 fig4 #b q satisfactory 9 ?is laboratory4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( /agg]$ circul> saws c>ri$ on an axis & ge>$ to be driv5 at a high velocity1 9 ! case m5tion$1 #a1djj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! gre5 mat]ial is f$ aga9/ ! revolv+ saws by ! too!d ge>-"w %[n1 & is ?us r$uc$ to a v f9e pulp1 :i* is receiv$ 9 ! box bel[4 ,/alks ( maize1 gre5 fodd]s1 sug> canes1 beets & o!r fre% vegetable matt]s are by ?is process r$uc$ to a f9e homog5e\s pulp1 suit$ = sampl+ & = analytical op]ations4 ,su* pulp$ mat]ial c also be spread 9 a f9e lay] & dri$ rapidly at a l[ temp]ature1 ?us avoid+ dang] ( f]m5tative *anges :5 x is desir$ to secure ! mat]ials 9 a dry condition or to pres]ve !m = future exam9ation4 ,samples ( sorghum cane1 ?us pulp$ & dri$1 h be5 pres]v$ = _m ye>s ) _! sug> cont5t un*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,,rasp ,,= ,,sug> ,,beets4 ,su* a ma*9e is also useful 9 prep>+ vegetable matt] = ! sep>ation ( its juices 9 presses4 ,samples ( sug> cane1 sug> beets1 apples & o!r bodies ( l nature c ?us be prep>$ to secure _! juices = *emical exam9ation4 ,su* an app>atus we h f\nd is fully z useful & indisp5sable 9 an agricultural laboratory z a drug mill = air-dri$ mat]ials4 ,x is (t5 desirable 9 ! prep>ation ( roots = sug> analysis to secure !m 9 a completely dis9tegrat$ /ate1 t is ) ! cellul> tissues practically all brok54 ,su* a pulp$ mat]ial c be treat$ ) wat] & ! sug> juices x conta9s ?us at once di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ! liquid mass4 ,! op]ation is kn[n z in/antane\s diffusion4 ,! pulp ( ! vegetable matt] is ?us introduc$ into ! measur+ flask along ) ! juices & ! cont5t ( sug> c be easily det]m9$4 ,sev]al =ms ( app>atus h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #c4 ,?is process1 orig9ally devis$ by ,pellet1 has come into q g5]al use 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! sug> cont5t ( beets4#a ,x is obs]v$ t x c be appli$ to o!r tub]s1 su* z ! turnip1 potato1 arti*oke1 etc4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 t an agricultural laboratory be equipp$ ) at lea/ ?ree k9ds ( gr9d+ ma*9es2 viz41 fir/1 ! common drug mill us$ = gr9d+ se$s1 air-dri$ fodd]s1 & ! l2 second1 a pulp+ ma*9e l ! sy/em ( /agg]$ saws above describ$ = ! purpose ( r$uc+ gre5 vegetable matt] to a f9e /ate ( subdivision1 or "o l ! pellet rasp = tub]s2 ?ird1 a mill = g5]al use su* z is employ$ = mak+ sausages f s(t animal tissues4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,,dreef ,,gr9d+ ,,app>atus4 #aj4 ,gr9d+ ,app>atus at ,halle ,/ation4--,! ma*9e us$ at ! ,halle /ation = gr9d+ samples = analysis is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4b ,x is s adju/$ z to h bo? ! upp] & l[] gr9d+ surfaces 9 motion4 ,! p[] is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! pulley ,d1 :i* is fix$ to an axis c>ry+ also ! inn] gr9d+ atta*m5t ,b4 ,?r\gh ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 & ,c1 ! rev]se motion is transmitt$ to ! out] gr9d] ,a4 ,by means ( ! lev] ,e ! two gr9d+ surfaces c be sep>at$ :5 ! mill is to be clean$4 ,! dree mill above describ$ is especially useful = gr9d+ malt1 dry brew]s' gra9s1 c]eals = />* det]m9ations & simil> dry bodies4 ,x is n suit$ to gr9d+ oily se$s & moi/ samples4 ,^!1 accord+ to ! ,halle me?ods1 are rubb$ up 9 a mort> until ( a size suit$ to analysis1 & samples su* z moi/ residues1 wet c]eals1 ma%es1 beet cutt+s1 silage1 etc41 are dri$ be=e gr9d+4 ,if x be desir$ to avoid ! loss ( acids :i* may h be5 =m$ dur+ f]m5tation1 ab\t t5 grams ( magnesia %\ld be ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ea* kilogram ( ! mat]ial be=e dry+4 #aa4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,fi%4--,! me?od us$ by ,atwat] 9 prep>+ fi% = analysis is giv5 bel[4#c ,! same process may also be f\nd applicable 9 ! prep>ation ( o!r animal tissues4 ,! specim5s1 :5 receiv$ at ! laboratory1 are at once weigh$4 ,! fle% is !n sep>at$ f ! refuse & bo? are weigh$4 ,!re is always a slight loss 9 ! sep>ation1 due to evaporation & to slimy & fatty matt]s & small fragm5ts ( ! tissues :i* adh]e to ! h&s & ! ut5sils employ$ 9 prep>+ ! sample4 ,p]fect sep>ation ( ! fle% f ! o!r p>ts ( ! fi% is difficult1 b ! loss result+ f imp]fect sep>ation is small4 ,! sk9 ( ! fi%1 al?\gh x has consid]able nutritive value1 %\ld be sep>at$ ) ! o!r refuse4 ,! p>tial dry+ ( ! fle% = secur+ samples = analytical "w is accompli%$ by *opp+ x z f9ely z possible & subject+ f fifty to "o hundr$ grams ( x = a day to a temp]ature ( #if 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog54 ,aft] cool+ & all[+ to /& 9 ! op5 air = twelve h\rs1 ! sample is aga9 weigh$1 & !n gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & made to pass a sieve ) a half millimet] me%4 ,if ! samples be v fat !y _c be gr\nd to pass s f9e a sieve4 ,9 su* a case a co>s] sieve may be us$ or ! sample r$uc$ to z f9e & homog5e\s a /ate z possible1 & bottl$ )\t sift+4 ,! reason = dry+ 9 hydrog5 is to prev5t oxidation ( ! fats4 ,z w be se5 fur!r on1 h[ev]1 su* bodies c be quickly & accurately dri$ at l[ temp]atures 9 a vacuum1 & ?us all dang] ( oxidation be avoid$4 ,9 fact1 ! prelim9>y dry+ ( all animal & vegetable tissues1 :]e oxidation is to be fe>$1 c be safely accompli%$ 9 a p>tial vacuum by me?ods to be describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,9 ord] to be able to calculate ! data ( ! analysis to ! orig9al fre% /ate ( ! sub/ance1 a portion ( ! fre% mat]ial %\ld h its wat] quantitively det]m9$ z accurately z possible4 ,,dry+ ,,organic ,,bodies4 #ab4 ,volatile ,bodies4--,9 agricultural analysis x becomes necess>y to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( bodies pres5t 9 any giv5 sample :i* is volatile at any fix$ temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature rea*$ by boil+ wat] is ! "o :i* is usually select$4 ,x is true t ?is temp]ature v>ies ) ! altitude & )9 some:at n>r[ limits at ! same altitude1 due to v>iations 9 b>ometric pressure4 ,z ! air pressure to :i* any giv5 body is subject$1 h[ev]1 is a factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( its volatile cont5ts1 x w be se5 t )9 ! altitudes at :i* *emical laboratories are f\nd1 ! v>iations 9 volatile cont5t w n be important4 ,?is arises f ! fact t :ile wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature1 z ! height above ! sea level increases1 ! correspond+ dim9i%$ air pressure p]mits a m ready escape ( volatile matt]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 a body dri$ to con/ant weight at sea level1 :]e ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is #ajj1 w %[ ! same p]c5tage ( volatile matt] z if dri$ at an altitude :]e wat] boils at #ii4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is desirable to det]m9e ! volatile matt] 9 a sample approximately at #ajj1 x is bett] to direct t x be done 9 a space surr\nd$ by /eam at ! natural pressure r ?an at exactly #ajj1 a temp]ature some:at difficult to con/antly ma9ta94 ,h[ev]1 :]e x is direct$ or desir$ to dry to con/ant weight exactly at #ajj1 x c be accompli%$ by means ( an air-ba? or by a wat]-jacket$-ba? "u pressure1 or to :i* en\gh solid matt] is add$ to raise ! boil+-po9t to #ajj4 ,x is n (t51 h[ev]1 t x is wor? :ile to make any special ef=ts to secure a temp]ature ( #ajj4 ,:5 bodies are to be dri$ at temp]atures above #ajj1 su* z #aje1 #aaj1 & s on1 an air-ba? is ! mo/ conv5i5t means ( secur+ ! desir$ end4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( app>atus to be employ$ w be describ$ 9 succe$+ p>agraphs4 #ac4 ,dry+ at ! ,temp]ature ( ,boil+ ,wat]4--,! be/ app>atus = ?is process is s con/ruct$ z to h an int]ior space entirely surr\nd$ ) boil+ wat] or /eam1 ) ! exception ( ! door by :i* entrance is ga9$ !reto4 ,! metal p>ts ( ! app>atus are con/ruct$ ( copp]1 & to keep a con/ant level ( wat] & avoid ! dang] ( evaporat+ all ! liquid1 x is advisable to h a reflux cond5s] atta*$ to ! app>atus4 ,x is also well to secure entrance to ! int]ior dry+ ov51 n only by ! door1 b also by small circul> op5+s1 :i* s]ve bo? to hold a !rmomet] & to p]mit ( ! aspiration ( a sl[ /ream ( dry air ?r\gh ! app>atus dur+ ! progress ( desiccation4 ,! gase\s bodies =m$ by ! volatilization ( ! wat] & o!r matt]s are ?us c>ri$ out ( ! dry+ box & ! process !reby accel]at$4 ,! ba? %\ld be heat$ by a burn] s arrang$ z to di/ribute ! flame z ev5ly z possible ov] ! base4 ,a s+le lamp1 :ile x w boil ! wat] 9 ! c5t]1 w n keep x at ! boil+-po9t on ! sides4 ,! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! ba? w n !re=e rea* #ajj4 ,! int]ior ( ! ov5 %\ld be coat$ ) a non-deta*able c>bon pa9t to promote ! radiation ( ! heat f its walls1 z well z to protect ! p>ts f oxidation :]e acid fumes are produc$ dur+ desiccation4 ,in/ead ( a reflux cond5s] a con/ant wat] level may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! ba? by means ( a m>iotte bottle or o!r simil> device4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4 ,,wat]-,,jacket$ ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,:5 a ba? ( ?is k9d is arrang$ = use ) a p>tial vacuum1 x %\ld be made cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) conical ends1 z %[n 9 fig4 #e1 9 ord] to be> well ! pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,among ! _m =ms ( /eam-ba?s (f]$1 ! analy/ w h b little difficulty 9 select+ "o suit$ to 8 "w4 ,to avoid radiation ! ext]ior ( ! app>atus %\ld be cov]$ ) a non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4 ,,!rmo/at ,,= ,,/eam-,,ba?4 #ad4 ,dry+ ,9 a ,clos$ ,wat] ,ov54--,:5 x is desir$ to keep ! temp]ature ( a dry+ ov5 exactly at #ajj in/ead ( at ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 a clos$ wat] ov5 ) a !rmo/at is to be employ$4 ,! ov5 %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to secure a free circulation ( ! wat] ab\t ! inn] space4 ,s9ce z a rule ! wat] betwe5 ! walls ( ! app>atus w be subject$ to a slight pressure1 ^! walls %\ld be made /rong1 or ! cyl9drical =m ( app>atus %\ld be us$4 ,! !rmo/at us$ by ! ,halle ,/ation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4d ,a %ap$ tube1 ) a bulb on "o arm & a lat]al small] tube seal$ on ! o!r1 is p>tly fill$ ) m]cury & connect$ by rubb] tubes on ! "r ) ! gas supply1 & on ! left ) ! burn]4 ,! end c>ry+ ! bulb is connect$ directly by a rubb] & metal tube ) ! wat] space ( ! ov54 ,?is device is provid$ ) a valve :i* is left op5 until ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ space rea*es ab\t #ie4 ,! tube conduct+ ! gas is held 9 ! long arm ( ! by means ( a cork ?r\gh :i* x passes air-tight & yet is loose en\gh to p]mit ( its be+ mov$4 ,its l[] end is provid$ ) a long %ap$ slit4 ,:5 ! valve lead+ to ! wat] space is clos$ & ! wat] rea*es ! boil+ po9t1 ! pressure ( ! vapor depresses ! m]cury 9 ! bulb arm ( ! & raises x 9 ! o!r4 ,z ! m]cury rises x closes ! wid] op5+ ( ! %ap$ slit1 ?us dim9i%+ ! fl[ ( gas to ! burn]4 ,by mov+ ! gas entry tube up or d[n a position is easily f\nd 9 :i* ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ space1 z %[n by ! !rmomet]1 is kept accurately & con/antly at #ajj4 ,9 a ba? arrang$ 9 ?is way a /eam cond5s] is n necess>y4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 laboratories :i* are n at a high] altitude ?an #a1jjj feet ! boil+-po9t ( wat] is ne>ly #ajj1 x does n seem necess>y to g to s mu* tr\ble to secure ! exact temp]ature nam$4 ,!re c\ld be no practical diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure det]m9$ at #ajj1 & at ! boil+-po9t ( wat] at a temp]ature n m ?an #a l[]4 #ae4 ,dry+ 9 an ,air-,ba?4--,9 dry+ a sub/ance 9 a m$ium ( hot air surr\nd$ by /eam1 z has be5 describ$1 ! process is1 9 reality1 "o ( dry+ 9 air4 ,! app>atus usually meant by ! t]m air-ba?1 h[ev]1 has its dry+ space heat$ directly by a lamp1 or indirectly by a /ratum ( hot air occupy+ ! place ( /eam 9 ! ov5 already describ$4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! app>atus is a metal box1 usually copp]1 heat$ f bel[ by a lamp4 ,9 ! jacket$ =ms ! curr5ts ( hot air produc$ directly or indirectly by ! lamp are conduct$ ar\nd ! inn] dry+ ov51 ?us secur+ a m ev5 temp]ature4 ,! bodies to be dri$ are held on p]=at$ metal or asbe/os %elves 9 appropriate di%es1 & ! temp]ature to :i* !y are subject$ is det]m9$ by a !rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* is br\ght z ne> z possible to ! cont5ts ( ! di%4 ,"o advantage ( ! air-ba? is 9 be+ able to secure almo/ any desir$ temp]ature f t ( ! room to "o ( #aej or ev5 high]4 ,its *ief disadvantage lies 9 ! difficulty ( secur+ & ma9ta9+ an ev5 temp]ature ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,radiation f ! sides ( ! dry+ ov5 %\ld be prev5t$ by a cov]+ ( asbe/os or o!r non-combu/ible & non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,! burn] employ$ %\ld be a broad "o & give z ev5 a di/ribution ( ! heat z possible ov] ! bottom ( ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,dry+ ,,ov54 #af4 ,sp5c]'s ,air-,dry+ ,ov54--,9 ord] to secure an ev5 di/ribution ( ! heat 9 ! desiccat+ space ( ! ov51 ,sp5c] has devis$ an app>atus1 %[n 9 ! figure1 9 :i* ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! app>atus by means ( a fan4#e ,! ov5 has a d\ble bottom1 ! space betwe5 ! two bottoms be+ fill$ ) air4 ,! sides are also d\ble1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) pla/]4 ,! fan is driv5 by a toy eng9e connect$ ) ! compress$ air s]vice or o!r conv5i5t me?od4 ,!rmomet]s plac$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus1 :ile 9 use1 %[ a rigidly ev5 heat at all po9ts s long z ! fan is kept 9 motion4 ,! actual temp]ature desir$ c be controll$ by a gas regulator4 ,?is =m ( app>atus is well suit$ to dry+ a l>ge numb] ( samples at once4 ,portions ( liquids & visc\s masses may also be dri$ by enclos+ !m 9 bulbs & connect+ ) a vacuum4 ,sp5c]'s ov5 c also be us$ to advantage 9 dry+ visc\s liquids 9 a p>tial vacuum4 ,= ?is purpose ! flask ,a1 ,fig4 #g1 conta9+ ! sub/ance is made ) a r\nd bottom to resi/ ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,its capacity is conv5i5tly f #aej to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a trap1 ,h ,h1 to keep ! evaporat$ wat] f fall+ back4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( ! trap ,h are %[n at ! "r ( ! figure4 ,! vapors ent] at ! lat]al orifice1 j above ! bulb1 :ile ! cond5s$ wat] falls back into ! bulb in/ead ( into ! flask ,a4 ,a s]ies ( flasks c be us$ at once connect$ ?r\gh ! /opcocks ,g ) ! circul> tube ,e lead+ to ! vacuum4 ,a wat] pump easily exhau/s ! app>atus1 ma9ta9+ a vacuum ( ab\t tw5ty-sev5 in*es4 ,! hot air 9 ! ov5 is kept 9 motion by ! fan ,b1 ?us ensur+ an ev5 temp]ature 9 e "p4 ,! flask ,a may be p>tly fill$ ) s& or pumice /one be=e ! addition ( ! samples to be dri$1 & ! weight ( wat] lo/ is det]m9$ by weigh+ ,a be=e & aft] desiccation4 ,if x be desir$ to introduce a sl[ curr5t ( dry air or "s in]t gas into ,a1 x is easily accompli%$ by pass+ a small tube1 connect$ ) ! dry air or gas supply1 ?r\gh ! rubb] /opp] & ext5d+ x into ! flask z f> z possible )\t com+ into contact ) ! cont5ts4 #ag4 ,dry+ ,"u ,dim9i%$ ,air ,pressure4--,! temp]ature at :i* any giv5 body loses its volatile products is condition$ l>gely by ! pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,at an air pressure ( #gfj millimet]s ( m]cury1 wat] boils at #ajj b x is volatiliz$ at all temp]atures4 ,z ! pressure dim9i%es ! temp]ature at :i* a body loses wat] at a giv5 rate falls4 ,?is is a fact ( importance to be consid]$ 9 dry+ _m agricultural products4 ,?is is especially true ( ^? conta9+ oils & sug>s1 ne>ly ! :ole numb]4 ,inv]t sug> especially is apt to suff] pr(\nd *anges at a temp]ature ( #ajj1 ! levulose x conta9s und]go+ p>tial decomposition4 ,oils are prone to oxidation & p>tial decomposition at high temp]atures 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,9 dry+ 9 a p>tial vacuum !re=e a d\ble advantage is secur$1 t ( a l[] temp]ature ( desiccation & 9 pres5ce ( less oxyg54 ,x is n necess>y to h a complete vacuum4 ,!re are few organic products :i* _c be completely depriv$ ( _! volatile matt]s at a temp]ature ( f #gj to #hj 9 a p>tial vacuum 9 :i* ! air pressure has be5 dim9i%$ to ab\t "o-qu>t] ( its normal =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4 ,,electric ,,vacuum ,,dry+ ,,ov54 #ah4 ,electric ,dry+-,ba?4--,! heat ( an electric curr5t c be conv5i5tly us$ = dry+ 9 a p>tial vacuum by means ( ! simple device illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 ord]+ a heat] ( ?is k9d ! voltage ( ! curr5t %\ld be /at$4 ,! curr5t 9 use 9 ?is laboratory has a voltage ( ab\t #abj1 & is in/all$ on ! ?ree wire pr9ciple4 ,x is well to use a rheo/at ) ! heat] 9 ord] to control ! temp]ature )9 ! bell j>4 ,! gr\nd rim ( ! bell j> re/s on a rubb] disk plac$ on a ?ick gr\nd glass or a metal plate1 mak+ an air-tight connection4 ,a disk ( asbe/os s]ves to sep>ate ! heat] f ! di% conta9+ ! sample1 9 ord] to avoid too high a temp]ature4 #ai4 ,/eam ,coil ,app>atus4--,= dry+ at ! temp]ature ( sup]heat$ /eam1 x is conv5i5t to use an app>atus furni%$ ) lay]s or coils ( /eam pipes4 ,! dry+ may be accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! air or 9 a vacuum4 ,9 ?is laboratory a l>ge dry+ ov51 hav+ ?ree %elves ( brass /eam-tubes & sides ( non-conduct+ mat]ial1 is employ$ ) great advantage4 ,! s]ies ( heat+ pipes is s arrang$ z to be us$ "o at a "t or collectively4 ,ea* s]ies is furni%$ ) a sep>ate /eam valve1 & is provid$ ) a trap to control ! escape ( ! cond5s$ vapors4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! app>atus are ap]tures ?r\gh :i* air c ent]1 :i* aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! ov5 escapes ?r\gh a v5tilator at ! top4 ,) a pressure ( =ty p\nds ( /eam to ! squ>e in* & a free circulation ( air1 ! temp]ature on ! fir/ %elf ( ! app>atus is ab\t #ih2 on ! second f #ajc to #ajd1 & on ! ?ird ab\t #ajj4 ,! vessels conta9+ ! bodies to be dri$ are n plac$ directly on ! brass /eam pipes1 b ! latt] are fir/ cov]$ ) ?ick p]=at$ pap] or asbe/os4 ,= dry+ l>ge numb]s ( samples1 or l>ge quantities ( "o sample1 su* an app>atus is almo/ indisp5sable to an agricultural laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4 ,,/eam ,,coil ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,a small] app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! heat+ "p ,g is made ( a small brass tube arrang$ ne> ! bottom 9 a horizontal coil & cont9u$ ab\t ! sides 9 a p]p5dicul> coil4 ,bodies plac$ on ! horizontal %elf are ?us entirely surr\nd$ by ! heat+ surfaces except at ! top4#f ,! /eam pipe ,s is connect$ ) ! supply by ! usual me?od1 & ! escape ( ! cond5sation is controll$ ei!r by a valve or trap 9 ! usual way4 ,! :ole app>atus is cov]$ by a bell j> ,b1 re/+ on a heavy ca/-iron plate ,p1 ?r\gh :i* also ! ends ( ! brass coil pass4 ,! upp] surface ( ! iron plate may be plan$1 or a plan$ groove may be cut into x1 to secure ! edge ( ! bell j>4 ,:5 ! air is to be exhau/$ f ! app>atus1 a rubb] wa%] %\ld be plac$ "u ! rim ( ! bell j>4 ,! latt] piece ( app>atus may ei!r be clos$1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 by a rubb] /opp]1 or x is bett]1 ?\gh n %[n1 to h a /opp] ) ?ree holes4 ,"o tube passes j ?r\gh ! /opp] & is connect$ ) ! vacuum2 ! second passes to ! bottom ( ! app>atus & s]ves to introduce a sl[ /ream ( dry air or ( an in]t gas dur+ ! desiccation4 ,! ?ird hole is = a !rmomet]4 ,:5 no movem5t ( ! residual gas 9 ! app>atus is secur$1 a di% conta9+ /rong sulfuric acid ,s' is plac$ on ! iron plate & "u ! horizontal coil1 z is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! sulfuric acid s plac$ does n rea* ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & s]ves to absorb ! aque\s vapors f ! residual air 9 ! bell j>4 ,by controll+ ! /eam supply ! desiccation ( a sample c be secur$ 9 ! app>atus at any desir$ temp]ature )9 ! limit ( ! temp]ature ( /eam at ! pressure us$4 ,:]e no /eam s]vice is at h& a /rong glass flask may be us$ z a boil]1 9 :i* case ! trap end ( ! coil mu/ be left op54 ,! vacuum may be suppli$ by an air or buns5 pump4 ,:5 a vacuum is n us$ an atmosph]e ( dry hydrog5 may be suppli$ ?r\gh ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,,c>r',s ,,vacuum ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 7,,bis7 ,,vacuum ,,ov5 ,,op54 #bj4 ,c>r's ,vacuum ,ov54--,a conv5i5t dry+ ov5 has be5 devis$ 9 ?is laboratory by ,c>r4#g ,x is made ( a l>ge tube1 pref]ably ( brass4 ,! tube may be f six to n9e in*es 9 diamet] & f twelve to fifte5 in*es long4 ,"o end is clos$ air-tight by a brass end-piece atta*$ by a screw1 or braz$4 ,! o!r end is deta*able & is made air-tight by gr\nd surfaces & a s(t wa%]4 ,9 ! figure ?is movable end-piece is %[n atta*$ by screw-nuts1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! are n necess>y4 ,on ! upp] longitud9al surfaces are ap]tures = ! ins]tion ( a vacuum gauge & = atta*m5t to a vacuum app>atus4 ,9 ! figure ! !rmomet] & ap]ture = introduc+ dry air or an in]t gas are %[n 9 ! movable end disk1 b !y w\ld be m conv5i5tly plac$ 9 ! fix$ end4 ,! ov5 is heat$ bel[ by a gas burn]1 :i* conv5i5tly %\ld be z long z ! ov54 ,! heat is n all[$ to /rike ! brass cyl9d] directly1 b ! latt] is protect$ by a piece ( asbe/os pap]4 ,! temp]ature inside ( ! ov5 c be easily kept practically con/ant by means ( a gas regulator1 n %[n 9 ! figure1 or by a little att5tion to ! lamp4 ,= a vacuum ( tw5ty in*es a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,:5 ! vacuum is m complete a l[] temp]ature c be employ$4 ,?is app>atus is simple 9 con/ruction1 /rong1 *eap1 & highly satisfactory 9 use4 #ba4 ,dry+ 9 ,hydrog54--,9 "s ( ! processes ( agricultural analysis x becomes important to dry ! sample 9 hydrog5 or o!r in]t gas4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by introduc+ ! dry gas desir$ into "s =m ( ! app>atus already describ$4 ,! dry+ may ei!r be accompli%$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 practically at re/ or 9 a m limit$ quantity ( ! gas 9 motion4 ,! latt] me?od is to be pref]r$ by reason ( its great] rapidity4 ,! analy/ has at 8 comm& _m =ms ( app>atus design$ = ! purpose m5tion$ above4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to describe only two1 devis$ p>ticul>ly = agricultural purposes4 ,! fir/ "o ( ^!1 design$ by ! au?or1 0 int5d$ especially = dry+ ! samples ( fodd]s = analysis accord+ to ! me?ods ( ! ,association ( ,agricultural ,*emi/s4#h ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,dry+ ,,9 ,a ,,curr5t ,,( ,,hydrog54 ,= ! purpose ( dry+ mat]ials conta9$ 9 flasks & tubes 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa is us$4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a circul> box1 ,b1 conv5i5tly made ( galvaniz$ iron1 hav+ a movable cov]1 ,s1 fitt$ = ! introduction ( /eam into ! int]ior ( ! app>atus4 ,cond5s$ /eam escapes at ,w4 ,a /ream ( p]fectly pure & dry hydrog5 ent]s at ,h1 passes up ?r\gh ! mat]ial to be dri$1 d[n ?r\gh ! bulb ,v1 conta9+ sulfuric acid1 & foll[s ! direction ( ! arr[s ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! app>atus4 ,! /ream ( hydrog5 is ?us completely dri$ by pass+ ?r\gh bulbs conta9+ sulfuric acid1 on ! way f "o piece ( ! app>atus to ! o!r4 ,a1 repres5ts a flask su* z is us$1 ) ! extraction app>atus describ$4 ,! app>atus :i* we h us$ w hold eight tubes or flasks at a "t1 & ?us a s+le /ream ( hydrog5 is made to d duty eight times 9 dry+ eight sep>ate samples4 ,! great advantage ( ! app>atus is 9 ! fact t ! /ream ( hydrog5 mu/ pass ov] & ?r\gh ! sub/ance to be dri$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any sulfuric acid f be+ c>ri$ =w>d into ! next tube ! bulb ,k1 above ! sulfuric acid1 may be fill$ ) solid pieces ( soda or pota%4 ,?is app>atus has be5 9 use = a long "t & no accid5ts f sulfuric acid be+ c>ri$ =w>d h occurr$1 & !re is no dang]1 provid$ ! /ream ( hydrog5 is kept runn+ at a sl[ rate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by any accid5t ! /ream ( hydrog5 %\ld be admitt$ ) great rapidity1 p>ticles ( ! sulfuric acid might be c>ri$ =w>d & spoil ! next sample4 ,to avoid any su* accid5t z ?is ! proposal to introduce ! pota% bulb has be5 made4 ,! app>atus works ) p]fect satisfaction1 & x is believ$ t :5 prop]ly adju/$ *eck weigh+s c be made by weigh+ ! bulbs1 %[+ _! increase 9 weight1 :i* w give ! volatile matt]1 & weigh+ ! flasks or tubes1 :i* w %[ ! loss ( weight4 ,! only *ance = error 9 weigh+ ! bulbs is t "s ( ! volatile matt] may be mat]ial :i* is n dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid1 & is ?us c>ri$ on & out ( ! app>atus4 ,! black5+ ( ! sulfuric acid 9 ! bulbs1 9 ! dry+ ( all =ms ( organic matt]1 %[s t ! loss 9 weight ( su* bodies is n due to wat] alone1 b also to organic volatile sub/ances1 :i* are capable ( be+ decompos$ by ! sulfuric acid1 ?us black5+ x4 #bb4 ,caldwell's ,hydrog5 ,dry+-,ba?4--,an excell5t device = dry+ 9 hydrog5 has be5 describ$ by ,caldwell4#i ,a vessel ( copp] or o!r suitable mat]ial s]ves to hold ! tubes conta9+ ! samples to be dri$4 ,x %\ld be ab\t tw5ty-f\r c5timet]s long1 fifte5 high1 & eight wide4 ,?is vessel is conta9$ 9 ano!r made ( ! same mat]ial & ( ! dim5sions %[n 9 ! figure4 ,on "o side ! edge ( ?is conta9+ vessel may n be m ?an "o c5timet] high & ! ba? %\ld re/ aga9/ x4 ,! o!r side is made high] to =m a support = ! dry+ tubes z indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,,caldwell',s ,,hydrog5 ,,dry+ ,,app>atus4 ,! tube conta9+ ! sub/ance a d is made ( glass & may be clos$ by ! gr\nd /opp]s c b or ! tube /opp]s e f4 ,at a x c>ries a p]=at$ plat9um disk = hold+ ! filt]+ felt4 ,! tube %\ld be ab\t ?irte5 c5timet]s long & h an int]nal diamet] ( ab\t tw5ty millimet]s4 ,) its /opp]s x %\ld weigh only a little ov] ?irty grams4 ,! asbe/os felt %\ld n be ?ick en\gh to prev5t ! free passage ( gas4 ,pass+ diagonally ?r\gh ! ba? are metal tubes1 pref]ably made ( copp]1 & ( su* a size z j to receive ! glass dry+ tubes4 ,if ^! be a little loose !y %\ld be made tight by wrapp+ !m ) a n>r[ coil ( pap] at ei!r end ( ! tubul> receptacle4 ,! entrance ( cold air betwe5 ! glass tube & its metal hold] is ?us prev5t$1 & ! glass tube is held firmly 9 position4 ,! glass tube %\ld be weigh$ ) its two solid /opp]s4 ,aft]w>ds ! sample1 ab\t two grams1 is plac$ on ! asbe/os felt & ! /opp]s replac$ & ! :ole reweigh$4 ,! exact weight ( ! sample is ?us obta9$4 ,! solid /opp]s are !n remov$ & ! tube /opp]s ins]t$4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube is !n connect$ ) ! supply ( dry hydrog54 ,! upp] tube /opp] is connect$ by a rubb] tube ) a small bottle conta9+ sulfuric acid ?r\gh :i* ! escap+ hydrog5 is made to bubble4 ,a d\ble purpose is ?us secur$2 moi/ure is kept f ent]+ ! dry+ tube & ! rate at :i* ! hydrog5 is pass+ is easily not$4 ,aft] ! dry+ is complet$ ! solid /opp]s are aga9 ins]t$1 ! tube cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$4 ,! loss ( weight is ent]$ z wat]4 ,! tube conta9+ ! sample c aft]w>ds be put into an extractor & treat$ ) e!r or petroleum 9 ! mann] h]eaft] describ$4 ,?is app>atus requires m hydrog5 ?an ! "o previ\sly describ$1 b x is r simple 9 con/ruction1 is easily controll$1 & has giv5 satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,,liebig',s ,,ente4 #bc4 ,dry+ 9 ,liebig's ,tubes4--,9 dry+ samples1 especially ( fodd]s1 ! me?od practic$ at ! ,halle ,/ation is to place !m 9 dry+ tubes1 ! =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a /ream ( illum9at+ gas1 previ\sly dri$ by pass+ ov] sulfuric acid & calcium *lorid1 is direct$ ?r\gh ! tubes4#aj ,_m ( ^! tubes c be us$ at once1 arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ! air is all driv5 out ! /ream ( gas c be ignit$ s z to regulate ! fl[ prop]ly by ! size ( ! flame4 ,! tubes are held 9 dry+ ov5s1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! temp]ature ( :i* %\ld be kept at #aje-ajg4 ,! dry+ %\ld be cont9u$ = eight or t5 h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! gas 9 ! tube is to be expell$ by a /ream ( dry air & ! tubes cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$4 ,!re are few advantages 9 ?is me?od n possess$ by ! processes already describ$4 ,! samples1 moreov]1 are n left 9 a condition = fur!r exam9ation1 ei!r by inc9]ation or extraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4 ,,dry+ ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,at ,,! ,,halle ,,/ation4 #bd4 ,wrampelmay]'s ,dry+ ,ov54--,! app>atus us$ at ! ,wag5+5 ,/ation1 9 ,holl&1 = dry+ agricultural samples1 0 devis$ by ,wrampelmay] & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ov5 is s con/ruct$ z to p]mit ( dry+ 9 a /ream ( in]t gas4 ,illum9at+ gas is let into ! dry+ space ( ! ov5 ?r\gh ! tube ,a ,b4 ,at ,b ! ent]+ gas is heat$ by ! same lamp :i* boils ! liquid 9 ! wat] space ( ! app>atus4 ,! hot gas is dri$ 9 ! calcium *lorid tube c & !n passes into ! ov5 at ,d4 ,at ,e x leaves ! app>atus & is !nce conduct$ to ! lamp ,f1 us$ = heat+ ! ba?4 ,! lamp %\ld be clos$ by a wire gauze diaphragm to prev5t any possible explosion by reason ( any admixture ) ! air 9 ! ov54 ,! cond5sation ( ! aque\s vapors is effect$ by means ( ! cond5s] ,g4 ,9 ! dry+ space is a small %elf hold]1 :i*1 by means ( ! hook ,h1 c be remov$ f ! app>atus4 ,! dry+ space is clos$ f ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus1 :i* conta9s no wat] by ! cov] ,j1 re/+ on a support ,k4 ,?is rim is cov]$ ) a rubb] gasket ,l1 by means ( :i* ! cov] ,j c be fa/5$ ) a bayonet lat* air-tight4 ,?is fa/5+ is %[n at ,n4 ,be+ clos$ 9 ?is way ! "p ( ! cyl9drical ov5 above ! cov] may be left entirely op54 ,in/ead ( ! r elaborate me?od ( clos+ ! ba?1 "s simple & equally effective device might be us$4 ,! cov] ,j is be/ made ) d\ble metallic walls enclos+ an asbe/os pack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4 ,,wrampelmay]',s ,,ov54 ,x is evid5t t ?is ov5 c\ld be us$ ) an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxid or ( air1 provid$ ! gas = heat+ 7 d]iv$ f a sep>ate s\rce & ! tube betwe5 ,e & ,f brok54 ,9 a dry+ ov5 design$ by ! au?or1 ! movable top is made ) d\ble walls & ! space betwe5 is jo9$ to ! /eam *amb] by means ( a flexible metallic tube1 ?us entirely surr\nd+ ! dry+ space ) /eam4 #be4 ,! ,uls* ,dry+ ,ov54--,a conv5i5t dry+ ov5 is describ$ by ,uls* :i* v>ies f ! ord9>y =m ( a wat]-jacket$ dry+ app>atus 9 hav+ a s]ies ( dry+ tubes ins]t$ 9 ! wat]-/eam space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4 ,,uls* ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ov5 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! wat] space is fill$ only to ab\t "o-?ird ( its height4 ,:5 ! heat is appli$ ! cock c is left op5 until ! /eam has driv5 out all ! air4 ,x is !n clos$ & ! temp]ature ( ! ba? is !n regulat$ by ! manomet] e1 connect$ ) ! ba? by d4 ,! bottom ( ! manomet] cyl9d] conta9s en\gh m]cury to always keep seal$ ! end ( ! manomet] tube4 ,! re/ ( ! space is fill$ ) wat]4 ,at ! top ! manomet] tube is exp&$ into a small bulb :i* s]ves z a gas regulator1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! gas is admitt$ also by a small hole above ! m]cury 9 ! bulb1 s t :5 ! end ( ! gas inlet tube is seal$ en\gh gas /ill passes ?r\gh to keep ! lamp burn+4 ,) a m]cury pressure ( ?irty c5timet]s ! temp]ature ( ! ba? w be ab\t #aje4 ,! walls ( ! ba? %\ld be made /rong en\gh to be> ! pressure correspond+ to ?is degree4 ,! dry+ c be accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! cubical dry+ box a or 9 ! dry+ tubes made ( ?9 copp] & dispos$ z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! natural draft is %[n by ! arr[s4 ,! sub/ance is held 9 boats plac$ 9 ! tube z indicat$4 ,! air 9 trav]s+ ! tube is br\ght almo/ to ! temp]ature ( ! wat]-/eam space 9 :i* ! tube lies4 ,! natural curr5t ( hot air c easily be replac$ by a /ream ( dry illum9at+ or o!r in]t gas4 #bf4 ,dry+ ,visc\s ,liquids4--,9 ! case ( cane juices1 milk1 & simil> sub/ances1 ! pap] coil me?od may be us$4#aa ,! manipulation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a /rip ( filt]+ pap] f five to eight c5timet]s wide & =ty c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 is roll$ into a loose coil & dri$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = two h\rs1 plac$ 9 a dry glass-/opp]$ weigh+ tube1 cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$4 ,! /opp]$ weigh+ tube prev5ts ! absorption ( hygroscopic moi/ure4 ,ab\t ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! visc\s or semi-visc\s liquid are plac$ 9 a flat di% cov]$ by a plate ( ?9 glass & weigh$4 ,! coil is !n plac$ on end 9 ! di%1 & ! great] "p ( ! liquid is at once absorb$4 ,! proportions betwe5 ! coil & ! am\nt ( liquid %\ld be su* t ! coil w n be saturat$ m ?an two-?irds ( its l5g?4 ,x is !n remov$ & plac$ dry end d[n 9 a /eam-ba? & dri$ two h\rs4 ,! di%1 cov]$ by ! same plate ( glass1 is aga9 weigh$1 ! loss 9 weight repres5t+ ! quantity ( liquid absorb$ by ! coil4 ,aft] dry+ = ! "t specifi$ ! coil is aga9 plac$ 9 ! hot weigh+ tube1 cool$ & its weight asc]ta9$4 ,! increase repres5ts ! solid matt] 9 ! sample tak54 ,?is me?od has be5 some:at modifi$ by ,josse1 :o directs t x be conduct$ z foll[s3#ab ,filt]-pap] is cut into /rips f "o to two c5timet]s wide & ?ree met]s long4 ,! /rips are crimp$ s !y w n lie too closely toge!r & !n wrapp$ into coils4 ,^! coils c absorb ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( liquid4 ,"o ( !m is plac$ 9 a flat di% ab\t two c5timet]s high & sev5 9 diamet]1 & dri$ z describ$1 cov]$1 cool$ & weigh$4 ,!re are next plac$ 9 ! di% & weigh$ "o or two grams ( ! massecuite1 molasses1 etc41 :i* are to be dri$ & ! di% aga9 weigh$ & ! total weight ( ! matt] add$1 det]m9$ by d$uct+ ! weight ( ! di% & cov]4 ,ab\t eight cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$1 ! mat]ial dissolv$ ) g5tle w>m+1 ! coil plac$ 9 ! di%1 & ! :ole dri$ = two h\rs4 ,! cov] is !n replac$ & ! :ole cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight repres5ts ! dry matt] 9 ! sample tak54 ,! above me?od ( solution ( a visc\s sample 9 ord] to divide x ev5ly = desiccation is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od fir/ propos$ by ! au?or & ,broadb5t = dry+ honeys & o!r visc\s liquids4#ac ,9 ?is process ! sample ( honey1 molasses1 or o!r visc\s liquid is weigh$ 9 a flat di%1 dissolv$ 9 eighty p] c5t alcohol1 & !n a weigh$ quantity ( pure dry s& add$1 suffici5t to fill ! di% ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,! alcoholic solution ( ! visc\s liquid is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( s& by capill>y attraction1 & ?us easily & rapidly dri$ :5 plac$ on ! ba?4 ,pumice /one1 on acc\nt ( its great porosity1 is also an excell5t m$ium = ! di/ribution ( a visc\s liquid 9 aid+ ! process ( desiccation4 ,! me?od has be5 work$ out 9 great detail 9 ?is laboratory by ,c>r & ,sanborn1#ad & mo/ excell5t results obta9$4 ,r\nd alum9um di%es two c5timet]s high & f eight to t5 c5timet]s 9 diamet] are conv5i5tly us$ = ?is process4 ,! pumice /one is dri$ & brok5 into fragm5ts ! size ( a pea be=e use4 #bg4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,dry+ ,samples4--,x w\ld be a ne$less wa/e ( space to g into fur!r details ( devices = desiccation4 ,a suffici5t numb] has be5 giv5 to fully illu/rate all ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t dry+ 9 ! op5 air at a temp]ature n exce$+ t ( boil+ wat] c be safely practic$ ) ! majority ( samples4 ,= in/ance1 we h f\nd practically no *ange 9 ?is laboratory 9 ! composition ( c]eals dri$ 9 ! air & 9 an in]t gas4 ,! desiccation %\ld 9 all cases be accompli%$ z spe$ily z possible4 ,to ?is end ! atmosph]e 9 contact ) ! sample %\ld be dry & kept 9 motion4 ,an ov5 surr\nd$ by boil+ wat] & /eam is to be pref]r$ to "o heat$ by air4 ,con/ancy ( temp]ature is q z important z its degree & ?is /ead9ess is mo/ easily secur$ by /eam at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,:]e high] temp]atures ?an #ajj are desir$ ! /eam mu/ be "u pressure1 or ! boil+-po9t ( ! wat] may be rais$ by add+ salt or o!r soluble matt]s4 ,a ba? ( p>aff9 or calcium *lorid may also be us$ or a s& or air-ba? may be employ$4 ,! analy/ mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t inorganic matt]s are prone to *ange at temp]atures above #ajj1 ev5 9 an in]t atmosph]e1 & high] temp]atures mu/ be us$ ) extreme caution4 ,dry+ 9 p>tial vacuum & 9 a sl[ly *ang+ atmosph]e may be practic$ ) all bodies & mu/ be employ$ ) "s4 ,! simple =m ( app>atus already describ$ w be f\nd useful = ?is purpose4 ,at a vacuum ( tw5ty in*es or m1 ev5 un/able organic agricultural products are 9 little dang] ( oxidation4 ,9 ! introduction ( a dry gas1 !re=e1 air w be f\nd z a rule entirely satisfactory4 ,9 ! small] =m ( vacuum app>atus describ$1 h[ev]1 !re is no objection to ! employm5t ( hydrog5 or ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! gas ent]+ ! app>atus %\ld be dri$ by pass+ ov] calcium *lorid or by bubbl+ ?r\gh sulfuric acid4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! vacuum is provid$ by an air-pump connect$ ) a l>ge exhau/ cyl9d]4 ,?is cyl9d] is connect$ by a sy/em ( pipes to all ! work+ desks4 ,! *ief objection to ?is sy/em is ! un/ead9ess ( ! pressure4 ,:5 only a few are us+ ! vacuum app>atus = filt]+ or o!r purposes ! vacuum w /& at ab\t tw5ty in*es4 ,:5 no "o is us+ x ! vacuum w rise to tw5ty-eight or tw5ty-n9e in*es4 ,at o!r times1 :5 9 g5]al use1 x may fall to fifte5 in*es4 ,:]e a con/ant vacuum is desir$ = dry+1 !re=e1 x is advisable to connect ! app>atus ) a special aspirator :i* w give a pressure practically con/ant4 ,! di%es conta9+ ! sample %\ld be l[ & flat1 expos+ z l>ge a surface z possible4 ,= visc\s liquids x w be f\nd advisable to previ\sly fill ! di%es ) pumice /one or o!r in]t absorb5t mat]ial to increase ! surface expos$4 ,! special me?ods ( dry+ milk1 sirup1 honeys1 & l bodies1 w be describ$ 9 ! p>agraphs devot$ to ^! sub/ances4 ,9 dry+ agricultural products1 n only wat] b all o!r matt]s volatile at ! temp]ature employ$ are expell$4 ,x is only necess>y to conduct ! products ( volatilization ?r\gh sulfuric acid to demon/rate ! fact t organic bodies are giv5 (f4 ,9 ! case m5tion$ ! sulfuric acid w be spe$ily *ang$ to a br[n & ev5 black color by ^! bodies4 ,x is inconte/able1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ cases ! ess5tial oils & o!r volatile matt]s ?us escap+ are n l>ge 9 quantity & c\ld n appreciably affect ! p]c5tage composition ( ! sample4 ,9 su* cases ! :ole ( ! loss on dry+ is ent]$ 9 ! note book z wat]4 ,!re are evid5tly _m products1 h[ev]1 :]e a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! volatile products is n wat]4 ,! p]c5tage ( ess5tial oils1 :i* h a l[] boil+-po9t ?an wat]1 c be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate sample & ?is d$uct$ f ! total loss on dry+ w give ! wat]4 ,simple z x seems1 ! det]m9ation ( wat] 9 agricultural products (t5 pres5ts peculi> difficulties & taxes to ! utmo/ ! pati5ce & skill ( ! analy/4 ,hav+ set =? ! sub/antial pr9ciples ( ! process & indicat$ its m important me?ods1 !re is left = ! work] 9 ! laboratory ! *oice ( processes already describ$1 or1 9 special cases1 ! device ( new ones & adaption ( old ones to meet ! requirem5ts ( necessity4 ,,inc9]ation4 #bh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,! pr9ciple to be kept 9 view 9 ! prep>ation ( ! a% ( agricultural products is to conduct ! inc9]ation at z l[ a temp]ature z possible to secure a complete combu/ion4 ,! dang] ( too high a temp]ature is two-fold4 ,9 ! fir/ place "s ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts con/antly pres5t 9 ! a%1 notably1 "s ( ! salts ( potassium & sodium are volatile at high temp]atures & ?us escape detection4 ,9 ! second place1 "s p>ts ( ! a% are r easily fusible & 9 ! melt$ /ate occlude p>ticles ( unburn$ organic matt]1 & ?us protect !m f complete oxidation4 ,bo? ( ^! dang]s are avoid$1 & an a% practically free ( c>bon obta9$1 by conduct+ ! combu/ion at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature capable ( secur+ ! oxidation ( ! c>bonace\s matt]4 #bi4 ,products ,( ,combu/ion4--,! mo/ important product ( combu/ion1 f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 is ! m9]al residue obta9$4 ,! organic matt] ( ! sample und]goes decomposition 9 v>i\s ways1 dep5d+ *iefly on its nature4 ,complex volatile comp\nds are =m$ fir/ l>gely ( an acid nature4 ,! residual c>bon is oxidiz$ to c>bon dioxid & ! hydrog5 to wat]4 ,! relative proportions ( ^! bodies =m$1 9 any giv5 case1 dep5d on ! conditions ( combu/ion4 ,) a l[ temp]ature & a sl[ supply ( oxyg51 ! proportion ( volatile organic comp\nds is increas$4 ,at a high temp]ature1 & 9 a surplus ( oxyg51 ! proportions ( wat] & c>bon dioxid are great]4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 our att5tion is to be direct$ exclusively to ! m9]al residue2 ! organic products ( combu/ion belong+ to ! doma9 ( organic *emi/ry4 ,z has already be5 intimat$1 ! a% ( agricultural samples consi/s ( ! m9]al matt]s d]iv$ f ! tissues1 toge!r ) any accid5tal m9]al impurities :i* may be pres5t1 "s unburn$ c>bon1 & ! sulfur1 phosphorus1 *lor91 nitrog51 etc41 exi/+ previ\sly 9 comb9ation ) ! m9]al bases4 ,! organic sulfur & phosphorus may also und]go complete or p>tial oxidation dur+ inc9]ation & be f\nd 9 ! a%4 ,unless special precautions be tak51 h[ev]1 a portion ( ! organic sulfur & phosphorus may escape z volatile comp\nds dur+ ! combu/ion4#ae ,! organic nitrog5 is probably completely lo/1 at mo/1 only traces ( x be+ oxidiz$ dur+ ! combu/ion 9 su* a way z to comb9e ) a m9]al base4 ,! r>e m9]al elem5ts t are tak5 up by plants w also be f\nd 9 ! a%4 ,"h ! analy/ w\ld look = copp]1 boron1 z9c1 manganese1 & ! o!r elem5ts :i*1 :5 exi/+ 9 ! soil1 are apt to be f\nd 9 ! tissues ( ! plants1 n1 p]haps1 z organic or ess5tial comp\nds1 b z concomitants ( ! o!r m9]al foods absorb$ by gr[+ vegetation4 ,?is fact is (t5 ( importance 9 toxicological & hygi5ic exam9ations ( foods4 ,= in/ance1 traces ( copp] or ( boron 9 ! a% ( a prescrib$ food w\ld n be evid5ce ( ! use ( copp] or borax salts z pres]vatives unless x c\ld be %[n t ! soil on :i* ! food 9 "q 0 gr[n 0 free ( ^! bodies4 ,?is fact manife/ly applies only to ^? cases :]e m]e traces ( ^! r>e bodies are 9 "q4 ,! pres5ce ( consid]able quantities ( !m1 en\gh to be inimical to heal?1 c\ld only be attribut$ to artificial means4 #cj4 ,purpose & ,conduct ( ,inc9]ation4--,9 burn+ a sample ( an agricultural product ! analy/ may desire to secure ei!r a l>ge sample ( a% = analytical purposes z already describ$ or to det]m9e ! actual p]c5tage ( a%4 ,! fir/ purpose is secur$ 9 _m ways4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( a% = manurial purposes1 = in/ance1 little c>e is ex]cis$ ei!r to prev5t volatilization ( m9]al matt]s or to avoid ! occurr5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( c>bon 9 ! sample4 ,) ?is op]ation we h1 at pres5t1 no?+ :atev] to d4 ,9 prep>+ a sample ( a% = *emical analysis x is important1 :]e a suffici5t quantity ( ! sample c be obta9$1 to use z l>ge a quantity ( x z conv5i5t4 ,:ile x is true t v good results may be secur$ on v small samples1 x is always advisable to h a good supply ( ! mat]ial at h&4 ,s9ce ! mat]ials burn$ h only f "o to ?ree p] c5t ( a%1 a kilogram ( !m w supply only f t5 to ?irty grams4 ,to supply all ne$ful quantities ( mat]ial & replace ! losses due to accid5t1 :5ev] possible at lea/ tw5ty grams ( ! a% %\ld be prep>$4 ,! combu/ion c be c>ri$ on 9 plat9um di%es ) all bodies free ( metallic oxids capable ( injur+ ! plat9um4 ,o!rwise porcela9 or clay di%es may be employ$4 ,z a rule ! combu/ion is be/ conduct$ 9 a muffle at a l[ r$ heat4 ,) sub/ances v ri* 9 fusible a%1 z = in/ance ! c]eals1 x is advisable to fir/ *> !m1 extract ! great] "p ( ! a% ) wat]1 & aft]w>ds burn ! residual c>bon4 ,! aque\s extract c !n be add$ to ! residue ( combu/ion & evaporat$ to dryness at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion ! cont5ts ( ! di% %\ld n be di/urb$ until ! c>bon is z completely burn$ out z possible4 ,! naturally por\s condition 9 :i* ! mass is left dur+ ! burn+ is be/ suit$ to ! entire oxidation ( ! c>bon4 ,at ! end h[ev]1 x may become necess>y to br+ ! sup]ficial p>ticles ( unburn$ c>bon into direct contact ) ! bottom ( ! di% by /irr+ its cont5ts4 ,9 mo/ in/ances v good results may be obta9$ by burn+ ! a% 9 an op5 di% )\t ! aid ( a muffle4 ,9 ?is case a lamp %\ld be us$ ) diffuse flame cov]+ z ev5ly z possible ! bottom ( ! di% & ?us secur+ a uni=m temp]ature4 ,! c>bon1 :5 once 9 active combu/ion1 w z a rule be consum$1 & an a% reasonably pure be obta9$4 ,! second purpose held 9 view by ! analy/ is to det]m9e ! actual cont5t ( a% 9 a sample4 ,= ?is purpose only a small quantity ( ! mat]ial %\ld be us$1 g5]ally f two to t5 grams4 ,! combu/ion %\ld be conduct$ 9 flat-bottom$1 %all[ di%es1 & at a l[ temp]ature4 ,9 _m cases ! residue1 aft] det]m9+ ! moi/ure1 c be at once subject$ to inc9]ation1 & ?us an important sav+ ( "t be secur$4 ,a muffle1 ) g5tle draft1 w be f\nd mo/ useful = secur+ a :ite a%4 ,! t]m1 :ite a%1 is sometimes a deceptive "o4 ,9 samples conta9+ iron or manganese1 ! a% may be practically free ( c>bon & yet be highly color$4 ,! po9t at :i* ! combu/ion is to be consid]$ z f9i%$ !re=e %\ld be at ! "t ! c>bon has disappe>$ r ?an :5 no coloration exi/s4 ,9 g5]al ! me?ods ( inc9]ation are ! same = all sub/ances1 b "s cases may arise 9 :i* special processes mu/ be employ$4 ,"s analy/s pref] to saturate ! sub/ance be=e inc9]ation ) sulfuric acid1 secur+ ?us a sulfat$ a%4 ,?is is practic$ especially ) molasses4 ,9 su* cases ! a% obta9$ is free ( c>bon dioxid & r\ghly ! diff]5ce 9 weight is comp5sat$ = by d$uct+ "o-t5? ( ! weight ( ! a% :5 comp>ison is to be made ) ord9>y c>bonat$ a%4 ,naturally ?is process c\ld n be us$ :5 sulfuric acid is to be det]m9$ 9 ! product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4 ,,c\rt\ne ,,muffle4 #ca4 ,g]man ,a% ,me?od4--,! me?od pursu$ at ! ,halle ,/ation = secur+ ! p]c5tage ( a% 9 a sample is z foll[s3#af ,five grams ( ! air-dri$ sample are inc9]at$ 9 a plat9um di% & ! a% ignit$ until x has assum$ a :ite1 or at lea/ a bright gray t9t4 ,z soon z combu/ible gases are emitt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! inc9]ation !y are ignit$ & all[$ to burn z long z possible4 ,x is advisable to ha/5 ! oxidation by /irr+ ! mass ) a piece ( plat9um wire4 ,if ! a% %\ld become agglom]at$1 z sometimes happ5s ) ri* food mat]ials1 x mu/ be sep>at$ by attrition4 ,! a%1 :5 cool$ on a desiccator1 is to be weigh$4 ,:5 great exactness is requir$1 x is advis$1 z set =? 9 a =m] p>agraph1 to fir/ c>bonize ! mass & !n extract ! soluble a% ) hot wat] be=e complet+ ! oxidation4 ,:5 ! latt] is complete & ! di% cool$ ! aque\s extract is add$1 evaporat$ to dryness & ! inc9]ation complet$4 #cb4 ,c\rtonne's ,muffle4--,! ord9>y arrangem5t ( a muffle1 z 9 assay+1 may be conv5i5tly us$ 9 inc9]ation4 ,a special muffle arrangem5t has be5 prep>$ by ,c\rtonne :i* n only p]mits ( ! burn+ ( a l>ge numb] ( samples at once1 b also effects a consid]able sav+ 9 gas4 ,! muffle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 is made 9 two /ages1 & ! floor projects 9 front ( ! furnace1 =m+ a conv5i5t he>?4 ,! inc9]ation is comm5c$ on ! upp] /age1 :]e ! temp]ature is l[1 & f9i%$ on ! l[] "o at a high] heat4 ,! furnace is s arrang$ z to p]mit ! flame ( ! burn+ gas to entirely surr\nd ! muffle4 ,! draft & temp]ature )9 ! muffle are controll$ by ! fire-clay door %[n re/+ on ! table4 ,,treatm5t ,,) ,,solv5ts4 #cc4 ,object ,( ,treatm5t4--,! next /ep1 9 ! analytical "w1 aft] sampl+1 dry+1 & inc9]at+1 is ! treatm5t ( ! sample ) solv5ts4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to sep>ate ! mat]ial "u exam9ation into di/9ct classes ( bodies di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by _! solubilities4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is section to describe ! v>i\s bodies :i* may be sep>at$ 9 ?is way1 especially f vegetable products4 ,= ?is description ! read] may consult ! /&>d works on plant analysis4#ag ,! *ief object ( a /rictly agricultural exam9ation ( a field or g>d5 product is to det]m9e its food value4 ,?is purpose c be accompli%$ )\t ent]+ into a m9ute sep>ation ( ne>ly alli$ bodies4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( c>bohydrates x w be suffici5t z a rule1 to sep>ate !m into f\r classes4 ,9 ! fir/ class w be f\nd ^? soluble 9 wat] z ! ord9>y sug>s4 ,9 ! second gr\p w be f\nd ^? :i*1 :ile n easily soluble 9 wat]1 are readily r5d]$ s by treatm5t ) c]ta9 f]m5ts or by hydrolysis ) an acid4 ,! />*es are types ( ?is class4 ,9 ! ?ird place are f\nd ^? bodies :i* resi/ ! usual processes ( hydrolysis ei!r ) an acid or alkali1 & !re=e rema9 9 ! residue z fib]4 ,cellulose is a type ( ^! bodies4 ,9 ! f\r? class are includ$ ^? bodies :i* on hydrolysis ) an acid yield furfurol on di/illation1 & !re=e belong to ! type conta9+ five atoms ( c>bon or "s multiple !re( 9 _! molecule4 ,= ord9>y agricultural purpose ! sep>ation is n ev5 z complete z is repres5t$ above4 ,:at is true ( ! c>bohydrates applies equally well to ! fats & to o!r gr\ps4 ,especially 9 ! analysis ( c]eals & ( cattle foods1 ! treatm5t ) solv5ts is conf9$ to ! use 9 successive ord] ( e!r or petroleum1 alcohol1 dilute acids1 & alkalies1 ! latt] at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,! g5]al me?od ( treatm5t ) ^! solv5ts w be ! subject ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #cd4 ,extraction ( ! ,fats & ,oils4--,two solv5ts are 9 g5]al use = ! extraction ( fats & oils2 viz41 e?ylic e!r & a light petroleum4 ,! =m] is ! m common reag5t4 ,be=e use x %\ld be made z pure z possible by wa%+ fir/ ) wat]1 aft]w>ds remov+ ! wat] by lime or calcium *lorid1 & !n complet+ ! dry+ by treatm5t ) metallic sodium4 ,! petroleum _s us$ %\ld be purifi$ by sev]al fractional di/illations until x has ne>ly a con/ant boil+-po9t ( f #de to #ej4 ,! detail$ me?ods ( prep>+ ^! reag5ts w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 ,= rigid sci5tific det]m9ations ! petroleum is to be pref]r$ to ! e!r4 ,x is equally z good a solv5t = fats & oils & is almo/ in]t 9 respect to o!r vegetable con/itu5ts4 ,e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 dissolves *lorophyll & its p>tial oxidation products1 res9s1 alkaloids & ! l4 ,! extract obta9$ by e!r is !re=e less likely to be a pure fat ?an t secur$ by petroleum4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ! e!r %\ld be employ$1 inasmu* z x has be5 us$ almo/ exclusively 9 analytical op]ations 9 ! pa/4 #ce4 ,me?ods ,( ,extraction4--,! simple/ me?od = accompli%+ ! extraction ( fat f a sample consi/s 9 treat+ x ) successive portions ( ! solv5t 9 an op5 di% or a clos$ flask4 ,?is process is actually employ$ 9 "s analytical op]ations1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! det]m9ation ( fat 9 milk4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t a portion ( ! sub/ance soluble1 = in/ance1 9 e!r1 passes v sl[ly into solution1 s t a treatm5t su* z t j describ$ w\ld h to be long cont9u$ to secure maximum results4 ,! quantity ( solv5t requir$ w\ld ?us become v l>ge & 9 ! case ( e!r w\ld entail a great exp5se4 ,= ! great] numb] ( analytical op]ations1 !re=e1 "s device is employ$ = us+ ! same solv5t cont9ually4 ,! me?ods ( extraction !re=e fall into two g5]al classes2 viz41 extraction by dige/ion & extraction by p]colation4 ,?is classification holds good also = o!r solv5ts besides e!r & petroleum4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciples & practice ( extraction describ$ = e!r may s]ve equally well = alcohol1 acetone & o!r common solv5ts4 #cf4 ,extraction by ,dige/ion4--,9 ! use ( e!r or petroleum ! sample is cov]$ ) an excess ( ! solv5t & all[$ to rema9 = "s "t 9 contact !re)4 ,! soluble portions ( ! sample diffuse into ! reag5t4 ,! spe$ ( diffusion is promot$ by /irr+ ! mixtures4 ,! op]ation may be conduct$ 9 an op5 di% or a flask4 ,inasmu* z ! residue is1 z a rule1 to be dri$ & weigh$1 an op5 di% is to be pref]r$4 ,to avoid loss ( reag5t & to prev5t fill+ a work+ room ) v dang]\s gases1 ! temp]ature ( dige/ion %\ld be kept bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( ! solv5t4 ,! great] "p ( ! soluble matt] w be extract$ ) ?ree or f\r successive applications ( ! reag5t1 b1 z intimat$ above1 ! la/ portions ( ! soluble mat]ial are extract$ ) difficulty by ?is process4 ,9 p\r+ (f ! solv5t c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to avoid loss ( p>ticles ( ! sample susp5d$ !re94 ,to ?is end x is be/ to p\r ! solv5t ?r\gh a filt]4 ,= ! extraction ( l>ge quantities ( mat]ial = ! purpose ( secur+ ! extract = future exam9ation1 or simply to remove x1 ! dige/ion process is usually employ$4 ,?is excess ( solv5t requir$ is easily recov]$ by subsequ5t di/illation & us$ aga94 ,! me?od is r>ely us$ = ! quantitive e/imation ( ! extract1 ! process ( cont9u\s p]colation be+ m conv5i5t & m exact4 #cg4 ,extraction by ,p]colation4--,9 ?is me?od ! solv5t employ$ is p\r$ on ! top ( ! mat]ial to be extract$ & all[$ to pass ?r\gh x usually by gravitation alone1 sometimes ) ! help ( a filt]-pump4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is ess5tially t ( wa%+ precipitates4 ,two di/9ct =ms ( app>atus are 9 use = ?is process4 ,9 ! fir/ k9d ! solv5t is p\r$ ov] ! mat]ial & aft] p]colation is secur$ by di/illation 9 ano!r app>atus4 ,9 ! second k9d ! solv5t is secur$ aft] p]colation 9 a flask :]e x is at once subject$ to di/illation4 ,! vapors ( ! solv5t are conduct$ by appropriate means to a cond5s] plac$ above ! sample4 ,aft] cond5sation ! solv5t is return$ to ! upp] "p ( ! sample4 ,! p]colation ?us becomes cont9u\s & a v small quantity ( ! solv5t may ?us be made to extract a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,?is process is p>ticul>ly applicable to ! quantitive det]m9ation ( ! extract4 ,aft] di/illation & dry+ ! latt] may be weigh$ 9 ! flask 9 :i* x 0 receiv$ or ! sample may be dri$ & weigh$ 9 ! vessel 9 :i* x is held bo? be=e & aft] extraction4 ,"o great advantage ( ! cont9u\s extraction me?od lies 9 ! fact t :5 x is once prop]ly />t$ x goes on )\t fur!r att5tion f ! analy/ save an occasional exam9ation ( ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! cond5s] & ( ! rate ( ! di/illation4 ,= ?is reason ! process may be cont9u$ = _m h\rs )\t any notable loss ( "t4 ,! vapor ( ! solv5t 9 pass+ to ! cond5s] may pass ?r\gh a tube out ( contact ) ! mat]ial to be extract$ or x may pass directly ar\nd ! tube hold+ ! sample4 ,9 ! =m] case ! advantage is secur$ ( conduct+ ! extraction at a high] temp]ature1 b !re is dang] ( boil+ ! solv5t 9 contact ) ! mat]ial & ?us p]mitt+ ! loss ( a portion ( ! sample4 #ch4 ,app>atus ,us$ = ,extractions4--,= extraction by dige/ion1 z has already be5 said1 an op5 di% may be us$4 ,:5 l>ge quantities ( mat]ial are "u treatm5t1 heavy flasks1 hold+ f five to t5 lit]s1 w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,9 ^! cases a cond5s] c be atta*$ to ! flask & ! extraction conduct$ at ! boil+ temp]ature ( ! solv5t4 ,dur+ ! process ( extraction x is advisable to %ake ! flask frequ5tly4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is way ! great] "p ( ! solv5t matt] w be remov$ aft] ?ree or f\r successive treatm5ts4 ,9 extraction by p]colation v>i\s =ms ( app>atus are employ$4 ,! ord9>y p]colators ( ! manufactur+ ph>maci/ may be us$ = ! l>g] op]ations1 :ile ! m elaborate =ms ( cont9u\s extractors w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t = quantitive "w4 ,9 ea* case ! analy/ mu/ *oose t process & =m ( app>atus be/ suit$ to ! purpose 9 view4 ,9 ! next p>agraphs w be describ$ "s ( ! m common =ms ( app>atus 9 use4 #ci4 ,knorr's ,extraction ,app>atus4--,! app>atus :i* has be5 *iefly us$ 9 ?is laboratory = ! pa/ few ye>s is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4#ah ,! pr9ciple ( ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus lies 9 ! complete suppression ( /opp]s & 9 seal+ ! only jo9t ( ! device ) m]cury4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! app>atus w be und]/ood by a brief description ( its p>ts4 ,a is ! flask conta9+ ! solv5t1 ,w a /eam ba? made by cutt+ (f ! top ( a bottle1 inv]t+ x & conduct+ ! /eam into "o ( ! tubes %[n 9 ! /opp] :ile ! cond5s$ wat] runs out ( ! o!r4 ,! top ( ! ba? is cov]$ ) a numb] ( conc5tric copp] r+s1 s t ! op5+ may be made ( any desirable size4 ,b repres5ts ! cond5s]1 :i* is a long glass tube on :i* a numb] ( bulbs has be5 bl[n1 & :i* is atta*$ to ! hood = hold+ ! mat]ial to be extract$1 z repres5t$ at ,b1 mak+ a solid glass union4 ,be=e jo9+ ! tube at ,b ! rubb] /opp] :i* is to hold x into ! outside cond5s] ( ,b is slipp$ on1 or ! rubb] /opp] may be cut into its c5t] & slipp$ ov] ! tube aft] ! union is made4 ,9 case alcohol is to be us$ = ! solv5t1 requir+ a high] temp]ature1 ! flask hold+ ! solv5t is plac$ entirely )9 ! /eam-ba?1 z repres5t$ at ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4 ,,knorr',s ,,extraction ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4 ,,extraction ,,flask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4 ,,extraction ,,tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,,extraction ,,siphon ,,tube4 ,a m detail$ description ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus c be se5 by consult+ ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 & #ba4 ,9 ,a1 ,fig4 #ai1 is repres5t$ a section ( ! flask :i* holds ! solv5t1 %[+ h[ ! sides ( ! hood conta9+ ! matt]s to be extract$ pass ov] ! neck ( ! flask1 & %[+ at ,s a small siphon ins]t$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! neck ( ! flask & ! walls ( ! hood = ! purpose ( remov+ any solv5t t may accumulate 9 ?is space4 ,a view ( ! flask itself is %[n at ,a4 ,x is made by tak+ an ord9>y flask1 s(t5+ x ab\t ! neck & press+ ! neck 9 s z to =m a cup1 z indicat$ at ,a1 to hold ! m]cury :i* seals ! union ( ! flask ) ! cond5s]4 ,! flask is held 9 position by pass+ a rubb] b& bel[ x1 :i* is atta*$ to two glass nipples1 b1 bl[n onto ! conta9+ vessel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! mat]ial to be extract$ may be conta9$ 9 an ord9>y tube1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :i* may be made f a te/ tube drawn out1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 hav+ a p]=at$ plat9um disk seal$ 9 at ,d4 ,! conta9+ tube re/s ^u ! edges ( ! flask conta9+ ! solv5t by means ( nipples %[n at t4 ,if a siphon tube is to be us$1 "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t =ms is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 9 :i* ! siphon lies entirely )9 ! extract+ tube1 ?us be+ protect$ f breakage4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus ! extractions c be c>ri$ on ) a v small quantity ( solv5t1 !re be+ sc>cely any leakage1 ev5 ) ! mo/ volatile solv5ts1 su* z e!r & petroleum4 ,! app>atus is always ready = use1 no corks are to be extract$1 & no gr\nd glass jo9ts to be fitt$4 #dj4 ,soxhlet's ,extraction ,app>atus4--,a =m ( cont9u\s extraction app>atus has be5 propos$ by ,soxhlet :i* p]mits ! passage ( ! vapors ( ! solv5t into ! cond5s] by a sep>ate tube & ! return ( ! cond5s$ solv5t aft] hav+ /ood 9 contact ) ! sample1 to ! evaporat+ flask by a siphon4 ,! advantage ( ?is process lies 9 free+ ! sample entirely f ! rise ( temp]ature due to contact ) ! vapors ( ! solv5t1 & 9 ! second place 9 ! complete saturation ( ! sample ) ! solv5t be=e siphon+4 ,! sample is conv5i5tly held 9 a cyl9d] ( extract$ filt]-pap] op5 above & clos$ bel[4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ! l>ge tube betwe5 ! evaporat+ flask & ! cond5s]4 ,! sample %\ld n fill ! pap] hold]1 & if dispos$ to float 9 ! solv5t1 %\ld be held d[n ) a plug ( asbe/os fib] or ( glass wool4 ,! extract may be transf]r$1 by dissolv+ 9 ! solv5t1 f ! flask to a dry+ di%1 or x may be dri$ & weigh$ 9 ! flask :]e fir/ receiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4 ,,soxhlet ,,extraction ,,app>atus4 ,!re are _m =ms ( app>atus ( ?is k9d1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 b a m ext5d$ description ( !m is n necess>y4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is process z comp>$ ) ,knorr's1 are q app>5t4 ,! connections ) ! evaporat+ flask & cond5s] are made ) cork /opp]s1 :i* mu/ be previ\sly ?or\ghly extract$ ) e!r & alcohol4 ,^! corks soon become dry & h>d & difficult to use4 ,! jo9ts are likely to leak1 & grave dang]s ( explosion arise f ! vapors ( ! solv5ts escap+ into ! work+ room4 ,moreov]1 x is an advantage to h ! sample w>m$ by ! vapors ( ! solv5t dur+ ! progress ( ! extraction1 provid$ ! liquid 9 direct contact ) ! sample does n boil ) suffici5t vigor to cause loss4 ,! use ( extraction app>atus ) gr\nd glass jo9ts is also unsatisfactory4 ,by reason ( unequal expansion & contraction ^! jo9ts (t5 are n tight4 ,!y are also liable to break & ?us br+ dang] & loss ( "t4 #da4 ,compact ,extraction ,app>atus4--,9 ord] to br+ ! extraction app>atus into a m compact =m1 ! foll[+ describ$ device has be5 successfully us$ 9 ?is laboratory4#ai ,! cond5s] employ$ is made ( metal & is f\nd entirely )9 ! tube hold+ ! solv5t4 ,?is =m ( cond5s] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 9 :i* ! tube ,e s]ves to introduce ! cold wat] to ! bottom ( ! cond5s+ device4 ,! tube ,d s]ves to c>ry away ! wa/e wat]4 ,! tube ,f s]ves = ! introduction ( ! solv5t by means ( a small funnel4 ,:5 ! solv5t is introduc$ & has boil$ = a %ort "t1 ! tube ,f %\ld be clos$4 ,9 ea* ( ! d\ble conical sections ( ! cond5s] a circul> disk ,b is f\nd1 :i* causes ! wat] fl[+ f ,a upw>d to pass aga9/ ! metallic surfaces ( ! cond5s]4 ,a section ( ! d\ble conical cond5s] is %[n 9 ! upp] "r h& corn]4 ,x is provid$ ) two small hooks hh1 sold]$ on ! l[] surface1 by means ( :i* ! crucible ,g c be hung ) a plat9um wire4 ,! cond5s] is be/ made smoo? & circul> 9 =m4 ,! crucible ,g1 :i* holds ! mat]ial to be extract$1 c be made ( plat9um1 b = sake ( economy also ( porcela94 ,! bottom ( ! porcela9 crucible is left op5 except+ a small %elf1 z indicat$1 :i* supports a p]=at$ disk ( plat9um on :i* an asbe/os film is plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bc4 ,,compact ,,cond5s+ ,,app>atus4 ,! :ole app>atus is ( su* size z to be easily conta9$ 9 ! l>ge te/-tube ,t4 ,! m\? ( ! te/-tube is gr\nd s z to fit z smoo?ly z possible to ! gr\nd-brass plate ( ! metallic cond5s] ,p4 ,9 case x is desir$ to weigh ! extract x may be done directly by weigh+ x 9 ! te/-tube ,t aft] dry+ 9 ! usual way at ! end ( ! extraction2 or a glass flask ,h1 made to fit freely into ! te/-tube1 may be us$1 9 :i* case a little m]cury is p\r$ into ! bottom ( ! tube to seal ! space betwe5 ,h & ,t4 ,to prev5t spirt+ ( ! sub/ance 9 ,h1 or project+ any ( ! extract$ mat]ial )\t or aga9/ ! bottom ( ! crucible ,g1 ! funnel repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! "r h& section may be us$4 ,heat may be appli$ to ! te/-tube ei!r by hot wat]1 or /eam1 or by a buns51 :i* p]mits ( ! flame be+ turn$ d[n to m9imum proportions )\t dang] ( burn+ back4 ,:5 ! te/-tube alone is us$ x is advisable to fir/ put into x "s fragm5ts ( pumice /one1 p>ticles ( plat9um foil1 or a spoonful ( %ot1 to prev5t bump+ ( ! liquid :5 ! lamp is us$ z ! s\rce ( heat4 ,any air :i* ! app>atus conta9s is pu%$ out ?r\gh ,f :5 ! boil+ beg9s1 ! tube ,f n be+ clos$ until ! vapor ( ! liquid has rea*$ its maximum height4 ,) cold wat] 9 ! cond5s] ! vapor ( e!r v r>ely rea*es above ! l[] comp>tm5t & ! vapor ( alcohol r>ely above ! second4 ,:5 ! plate ,p is accurately turn$ s z to fit ! gr\nd surface ( ! m\? ( ,t1 x is f\nd t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( anhydr\s e!r or alcohol are suffici5t to make a complete extraction1 & !re is n mu* loss ( solv5t 9 six h\rs4 ,! ?ickness ( ! asbe/os film 9 ,g1 or its f95ess1 is s adju/$ z to prev5t too rapid filtration s t ! solv5t may j cov] ! mat]ial to be extract$1 or1 aft] ! mat]ial is plac$ 9 a crucible1 a plug ( extract$ glass wool may be plac$ above x = ! purpose ( di/ribut+ ! solv5t ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! mat]ial to be extract$ & ( prev5t+ ! escape ( f9e p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4 ,,improv$ ,,compact ,,extraction ,,app>atus4 ,9 v w>m wea!r ! app>atus may be arrang$ z %[n 9 figure #bd4 ,! ba? = hold+ ! extraction tubes is made 9 two p>ts1 ,k & ,k4 ,! ba? ,k has a false bottom %[n 9 ! dott$ l9e ,o1 p]=at$ to receive ! ends ( ! extraction tubes & :i* holds !m 9 place & prev5ts !m f t\*+ ! true bottom1 :]e !y might be unequally heat$ by ! lamp4 ,! upp] ba? ,k has a p]=at$ bottom1 p>tly clos$ ) rubb]-clo? diaphragms ,g ,n ,h4 ,! extraction tubes pass+ ?r\gh ?is ba?1 wat]-tight1 p]mit brok5 ice or ice-wat] to be held ab\t _! tops1 & ?us secure a complete cond5sation ( ! vapors ( ! solv5t :i* 9 w>m wea!r might escape ! metal cond5s]4 ,9 practice c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid envelop+ too mu* ( ! upp] "p ( ! extraction tube ) ! ice-wat]1 o!rwise ! vapors ( ! solv5t w be *iefly cond5s$ on ! sides ( ! extraction tube & w n be return$ ?r\gh ! sample4 ,x is n (t5 t ! upp] ba? is ne$$1 & !n only ) e!r1 nev] ) alcohol4 ,?is app>atus has prov$ especially useful ) alcohol1 us+1 z sugge/$1 glyc]ol 9 ! ba?4 ,! details ( its fur!r con/ruction & arrangem5t are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! extraction tubes are mo/ conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 a batt]y ( f\r1 "o curr5t ( cold wat] pass+ 9 at ,a & out at ,b1 s]v+ = all4 ,! ba? is support$ on legs long en\gh to all[ ! lamp pl5ty ( room4 ,! details ( ! cond5s] ,m are %[n 9 ,b1 ,a1 ,t1 ,f1 & ,l4 ,in/ead ( a goo* ,l = hold+ ! sample a glass tube ,r1 ) a p]=at$ plat9um disk ,q1 may be us$4 ,! wat] l9e 9 ! ba? is %[n by ,w4 ,?is app>atus may be made v *eaply & )\t greatly impair+ its effici5cy by us+ a pla9 conc5tric cond5s] & leav+ (f ! upp] ba? ,k4 #db4 ,solv5ts ,employ$4--,x has already be5 intimat$ t ! *ief solv5ts employ$ 9 ! extraction ( agricultural samples are e!r or petroleum & aque\s alcohol4 ,! e!r us$ %\ld be free ( alcohol & wat]1 ! petroleum %\ld be subject$ to fractional di/illation to free x ( ! p>ts ( v high & v l[ boil+ po9ts1 & ! alcohol z a rule %\ld conta9 ab\t tw5ty p] c5t ( wat]4 ,!re are _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e o!r solv5ts %\ld be us$4 ,! use ( aque\s alcohol is sometimes prec$$ by t ( alcohol ( great] /r5g? or practically free ( wat]4 ,= ! extraction ( soluble c>bohydrates 7sug>s7 cold or tepid wat] is employ$1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is n all[$ to rise high en\gh to act ^u />* granules4 ,= ! solution ( ! />* itself an acid solv5t is us$ at a boil+ temp]ature1 :]eby ! />* molecules und]go hydrolysis & =m dextr9 or soluble sug>s 7maltose1 dextrose74 ,by ?is process also ! c>bohydrates1 ^: molecules conta9 five1 or "s multiple !re(1 atoms ( c>bon =m soluble sug>s ( :i* xylose & arab9ose are types4 ,! solv5t action ( acids foll[$ by treatm5t ) dilute alkalies at a boil+ temp]ature1 completes practically ! solution ( all ! c>bohydrate bodies1 save cellulose & ne>ly relat$ comp\nds4 ,! />* c>bohydrates are fur!r dissolv$ by ! action ( c]ta9 f]m5ts su* z dia/ase4 ,dilute solutions ( m9]al salts ex]t a specific solv5t action on c]ta9 nitrog5\s comp\nds & s]ve to help sep>ate ! album9oid bodies into def9ite gr\ps4 ,"u ! prop] head+s ! uses ( ^! pr9cipal solv5ts w be describ$1 b a complete discussion ( _! action1 especially on samples ( a vegetable orig91 %\ld be look$ = 9 works on plant analysis4#bj ,! application ( acids & alkalies = ! extraction ( c>bohydrates1 insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 w be describ$1 9 ! p>agraphs devot$ to ! analysis ( fodd]s & c]eals4 ,! extraction ( ^! matt]s1 made soluble by f]m5ts1 w be discuss$ 9 ! pages devot$ to />* & artificial dige/ion4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! g5]al prelim9>y treatm5t ( a sample prep>atory to specific me?ods ( exam9ation is conf9$ to dry+1 extraction ) e!r & alcohol1 & inc9]ation4 #dc4 ,recov]y ( ! ,solv5t4--,9 us+ su* solv5ts z e!r1 *lor(orm1 & o!rs ( high value1 x is desirable (t5 to recov] ! solv5t4 ,v>i\s =ms ( app>atus are employ$ = ?is purpose1 arrang$ 9 su* a way z bo? to secure ! solv5t & to leave ! residue 9 an accessible condition1 or 9 a =m suit$ to weigh+ 9 quantitive "w4 ,:5 ! extractions are made accord+ to ! improv$ me?od ( ,knorr1 ! flask conta9+ ! extract may be at once connect$ ) ! app>atus %[n 9 figure #be4ba ,a repres5ts ! flask conta9+ ! solv5t to be recov]$1 ,w ! /eam-ba?1 ,b ! cond5s] seal$ by m]cury1 ,m & ,r ! flask receiv+ ! products ( cond5sation4 ,x w be f\nd economical to save e!r1 alcohol1 & *lor(orm ev5 :5 only a few cubic c5timet]s rema9 aft] ! extraction is complete4 ,9 ! figure ! neck ( ! flask ,a is repres5t$ z n>r[] ?an x really is4 ,! op5 end ( ! connect+ tube1 :i* is seal$ on ,a by m]cury1 %\ld be ! same size z ! tube connect+ ) ! cond5s] 9 ! extraction app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #be4--,,knorr',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,receiv+ ,,solv5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,recov]+ ,,solv5ts ,,f ,,op5 ,,di%es4 ,x (t5 happ5s t mat]ials :i* are dissolv$ by ! ord9>y solv5ts 9 use are to be collect$ 9 op5 di%es 9 ord] t _! prop]ties may be /udi$4 ,at ! same "t l>ge quantities ( solv5ts mu/ be us$1 & x is desirable to h "s me?od ( recov]+ !m4 ,! device %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf has be5 f\nd to "w excell5tly well = ?is purpose4#bb ,x consi/s ( a /eam-ba?1 ,w1 & a bottle1 ,b1 ) ! bottom cut (f1 re/+ on an iron di%1 ,p1 conta9+ a small quantity ( m]cury1 en\gh to seal ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,! di% conta9+ ! solv5t is plac$ on ! m]cury1 & ! bottle plac$ d[n ov] x1 =m+ a tight jo9t4 ,on ! application ( /eam ! solv5t escapes into ! cond5s]1 ,c1 & is collect$ z a liquid 9 ! flask ,a4 ,9 v volatile solv5ts ! flask ,a may be surr\nd$ ) ice1 or ice-cold wat] pass$ ?r\gh ! cond5s]4 ,:5 an additional quantity ( ! solv5t is to be add$ to ! di% = ! purpose ( evaporat+ x is p\r$ into ! funnel ,f1 & ! /opcock ,h op5$1 :i* all[s ! mat]ial to run into ! di% 9 ,b )\t remov+ ! bottle4 ,9 ?is way _m lit]s ( ! solv5t may be evaporat$ 9 any "o di%1 & ! total am\nt ( extract obta9$ toge!r4 ,at ! la/ ! bottle ,b is remov$1 & ! extract :i* is f\nd 9 ! di% is ready = fur!r op]ations4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,fir/4 #a ,sid]sky3 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,sucres1 p4 #caa4 #b ,die ,agricultur-,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle a_/,s41 ,s4 #cd4 7,read ,dreef in/ead ( ,dree47 #c ,report ( ,commission] ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 #ahhh1 p4 #fhf4 #d ,vid4 op4 cit4 #b1 p4 #ad4 #e ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #hc4 #f ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #aja4 #g ,n yet describ$ 9 any publication4 ,pres5t$ at #ab? annual meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,aug4 #g?1 #ahie4 #h ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #ajj4 #i ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #ab4 #aj 7bis4 p4 #bh74 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #b1 p4 #ae4 #aa ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,"p ,fir/ pp4 #he-f4 #ab ,bullet9 de #a' ,association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie1 #ahic1 p4 #fef4 #ac ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #eb1 p4 #bhj4 #ad ,pres5t$ to #ab? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,sept4 #g?1 #ahie4 #ae ,vid4 ,volume ,fir/1 p4 #daa4 #af ,vid4 op4 cit4 #b1 p4 #ag4 #ag ,drag5dorff1 ,plant ,analysis4 #ah ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #if4 #ai ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #fe1 & ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,m>* #ahic4 #bj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #af4 #ba ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #ii4 #bb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #ajc4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,sug>s ,,& ,,/>*es4 #dd4 ,introduction4--,c>bohydrates1 ( :i* sug>s & />*es are ! *ief repres5tatives1 =m ! great mass ( ! results ( vegetable metabolism4 ,! fir/ functions ( ! *lorophyll cells ( ! "y plant are ! cond5sation ( c>bon dioxid & wat]4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! cond5sation is =maldehyd1 ,,*,o4 ,!re is no conv9c+ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! product result+ f ! functional activity ( ! *lorophyll cells4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( ! cond5sation is f\nd 9 m complex molecules2 viz41 ^? hav+ six atoms ( c>bon4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is "w to discuss ! physiology ( ?is process1 b ! int]e/$ /ud5t c easily f9d access to ! lit]ature ( ! subject4#bc ,:5 a sample ( a vegetable nature rea*es ! analy/ he f9ds by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( its sub/ance compos$ ( ^! products ( cond5sation ( ! c>bon dioxid & wat]4 ,! sug>s1 />*es1 p5tosans1 lignoses1 & celluloses all h ?is common orig94 ,( _m air-dri$ plants ^! bodies =m m ?an eighty p] c5t4 ,9 gre5 plants ! sug>s exi/ *iefly 9 ! sap4 ,9 plants cut gre5 & quickly dri$ by artificial means ! sug>s are f\nd 9 a solid /ate4 ,!y also exi/ 9 ! solid /ate naturally 9 c]ta9 sac*>if]\s se$s4 ,_m sug>-be>+ plants :5 all[$ to dry spontane\sly lose all or ! great] "p ( _! sug> by f]m5tation4 ,?is is true ( sug> cane1 sorghum1 maize /alks1 & ! l4 ,! />*es are f\nd deposit$ *iefly 9 tub]s1 roots or se$s4 ,9 ! potato ! />* is 9 ! tub]1 9 cassava ! tub] hold+ ! />* is also a root1 9 maize1 rice & o!r c]eals ! />* is 9 ! se$s4 ,! wood-fib]s2 viz41 p5tosans1 lignose1 cellulose1 etc41 =m ! framework & support ( ! plant /ructure4 ,( all ^! c>bohydrate bodies ! mo/ important z foods are ! sug>s & />*es1 b a c]ta9 degree ( dige/ibility _c be d5i$ to o!r c>bohydrate bodies ) ! possible exception ( pure cellulose4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs ! g5]al pr9ciples ( det]m9+ ! sug>s & />*es w be giv5 & aft]w>ds ! special processes ( extract+ ^! bodies f vegetable sub/ances prep>atory to quantitive det]m9ation4 #de4 ,nom5clature4--,9 speak+ ( sug>s x has be5 ?\ght be/ to reta9 = ! pres5t ! old nom5clature 9 ord] to avoid confusion4 ,! t]ms dextrose1 levulose1 sucrose1 etc41 w !re=e be giv5 _! commonly accept$ significations4 ,a m sci5tific nom5clature has rec5tly be5 propos$ by ,fis*]1 9 :i* glucose is us$ z ! equival5t ( dextrose & fructose z ! prop] "n = levulose4 ,all sug>s are fur!r classifi$ by ,fis*] into gr\ps accord+ to ! numb] ( c>bon atoms f\nd 9 ! molecule4 ,we h ?us trioses1 tetroses1 p5toses1 hexoses1 etc4 ,su* a sug> z sucrose is call$ hexobiose by reason ( ! fact t x appe>s to be =m$ ( two molecules ( hexose sug>s4 ,= a simil> reason raff9ose w\ld belong to ! hexotriose gr\p4#bd ,aga91 ! two great classes ( sug>s z det]m9$ by ! /ructure ( ! molecule are t]m$ aldoses & ketoses accord+ to _! relation%ip to ! aldehyd or ketone bodies4 ,s9ce sug>s may be optically tw9n$1 t is compos$ ( equal molecules ( "r & left-h&$ pol>iz+ matt] x may happ5 t app>5tly ! same body may deflect ! plane ( pol>ization to ! "r1 to ! left1 or %[ p]fect neutrality4 ,natural sug>s1 z a rule1 are optically active1 b syn!tic sug>s be+ optically tw9n$ are apt to be neutral to pol>iz$ light4 ,to designate ! orig9al optical prop]ties ( ! body !re=e ! symbols d1 l1 & i1 mean+ dextrogyratory1 levogyratory1 & inactive1 respectively1 are prefix$ to ! "n4 ,?us we may h d1 l1 or i glucose1 d1 l1 or i fructose1 & s on4 ,! sug>s t are ( int]e/ "h belong altoge!r to ! p5tose & hexose gr\ps2 viz41 ,c,h,o & ,c,h,o1 respectively4 ,( ! hexobioses1 sucrose1 maltose1 & lactose are ! mo/ important1 & ( ! hexotrioses1 raff9ose4 ,9 ?is manual1 unless o!rwise /at$1 ! t]m dextrose corresponds to d glucose1 & levulose to d fructose4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$ t ! levulose ( nature1 or t :i* is =m$ by ! hydrolysis ( inul9 or sucrose is n id5tical 9 its optical prop]ties ) ! l fructose ( ,fis*]4 #df4 ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,sug>4--,9 us+ ! pol>iscope or 9 te/+ solutions = ! *emical analysis ( samples1 ! analy/ w be requir$ to keep always on h& "s pure sug>4 ,sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ pure sug> h be5 propos$4 ,! f9e/ granulat$ sug> ( comm]ce is almo/ pure4 ,9 secur+ samples = exam9ation ^? %\ld be select$ :i* h _h a m9imum treatm5t ) blu+ 9 manufacture4 ,! be/ quality ( granulat$ sug> :5 pulv]iz$1 wa%$ ) n9ety-five p] c5t & !n ) absolute alcohol & dri$ ov] sulfuric acid at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ej w be f\nd ne>ly pure4 ,su* a sug> w1 z a rule1 n conta9 m ?an "o-t5? p] c5t ( impurities1 & c be safely us$ = all analytical purposes4 ,x is assum$ 9 ! above t ! granulat$ sug> is made f sug> cane4 ,granulat$ beet sug>s may conta9 raff9ose & s may %[ a pol>ization 9 excess ( #ajj4 ,?is sug> may be purifi$ by dissolv+ sev5ty p>ts by weight 9 ?irty p>ts ( wat]4 ,! sug> is precipitat$ by add+ sl[ly an equal volume ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol ) con/ant /irr+1 ! temp]ature ( ! mixture be+ kept at #fj4 ,:ile /ill w>m ! sup]natant liquor is decant$ & ! precipitat$ sug> wa%$ by decantation sev]al times ) /rong w>m alcohol4 ,! sug>1 on a filt]1 is f9ally wa%$ ) absolute alcohol & dri$ 9 a ?9 lay] ov] sulfuric acid at f #ce to #dj4 ,by ?is process any raff9ose :i* ! sug> may h conta9$ is completely remov$ by ! w>m alcohol4 ,s9ce beet sug> is gradually com+ into use 9 ?is c\ntry x is saf] to foll[ ! above me?od ) all samples4#be ,9 =m] times x 0 cu/om>y to prep>e pure sug> f ! :ite/ cry/als ( rock c&y4 ,^! cry/als are p[d]$1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$1 precipitat$ ) alcohol1 wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 #dg4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,9 ! quantitive det]m9ation ( pure sug> ! v>i\s processes employ$ may all be gr\p$ into ?ree classes4 ,9 ! fir/ class are includ$ all ^? :i* d$uce ! p]c5tage ( sug> pres5t f ! specific gravity ( its aque\s solution4 ,! accuracy ( ?is process dep5ds on ! purity ( ! mat]ial1 ! prop] control ( ! temp]ature1 & ! reliability ( ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,! results are obta9$ ei!r directly f ! scale ( ! in/rum5ts employ$ or are calculat$ f ! arbitr>y or specific gravity numb]s obs]v$4 ,x is evid5t t any impurity 9 ! solution w\ld s]ve to introduce an error ( a magnitude dep5d+ on ! p]c5tage ( impurity & ! deviation ( ! d5sity f t ( sug>4 ,! diff]5t classes ( sug>s1 hav+ diff]5t d5sities 9 solution1 give also diff]5t read+s on ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t a s]ies ( tables ( p]c5tages correspond+ to ! specific gravities ( ! solutions ( diff]5t sug>s w\ld be necess>y = exact "w4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ! sug> :i* is mo/ abundant1 viz41 sucrose1 may be tak5 z a repres5tative ( ! o!rs & = rapid control "w ! d5simetric me?od is highly useful4 ,9 ! second class ( me?ods are gr\p$ all ^? processes :i* dep5d ^u ! prop]ty ( sug> solutions to rotate ! plane ( pol>iz$ light4 ,natural sug>s all h ?is prop]ty & if _! solutions be f\nd neutral to pol>iz$ light x is because !y conta9 sug>s ( opposite pol>iz+ p[]s ( equal int5sity4 ,"s sug>s turn ! pol>iz$ plane to ! "r & o!rs to ! left1 & ! degree ( rotation 9 ea* case dep5ds1 at equal temp]atures & d5sities ( ! solutions1 on ! p]c5tages ( sug>s pres5t4 ,9 ord] t ! optical exam9ation ( a sug> may give correct results ! solution mu/ be ( a kn[n d5sity & free ( o!r bodies capable ( affect+ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs an attempt w be made to give 9 suffici5t detail ! me?ods ( practice ( ^! diff]5t processes 9 s f> z !y are ( int]e/ to ! agricultural analy/4 ,! numb] ( v>iations1 h[ev]1 9 ^! processes is s great z to make ! attempt to fully discuss !m "h impracticable4 ,! se>*] = additional details %\ld consult ! /&>d works on sug> analysis4#bf ,9 ! ?ird class ( me?ods are includ$ ^? :i* are ( a *emical nature bas$ ei!r on ! r$uc+ p[] :i* sug> solutions ex]cise on c]ta9 metallic salts1 ^u ! =mation ( c]ta9 cry/all9e & insoluble comp\nds ) o!r bodies or ^u f]m5tation4 ,"u prop] conditions solutions ( sug> r$uce solutions ( c]ta9 metallic salts1 ?r[+ out ei!r ! metal itself or a l[ oxid !re(4 ,9 alkal9e solutions ( m]cury & copp]1 sug>s ex]cise a r$uc+ action1 ?r[+ out 9 ! "o case metallic m]cury & 9 ! o!r cupr\s oxid4 ,) ph5ylhydraz91 sug>s =m def9ite cry/all9e comp\nds1 q insoluble1 :i* c be collect$1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( o!r *emical reactions ) sug>s su* z _! union ) ! e>?y bases1 color reactions ) alkalies1 oxidation products ) acids1 & s on1 :i* are ( great use qualitively & 9 te*nological processes1 b ^! are ( little value 9 quantitive det]m9ations4 ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,sug> ,,by ,,! ,,d5sity ,,( ,,its ,,solution4 #dh4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,me?od4--,?is me?od ( analysis is appli$ almo/ exclusively to ! exam9ation ( "o k9d ( sug>1 viz41 ! common sug> ( comm]ce4 ,?is sug> is d]iv$ *iefly f sug> cane & sug> beets & is kn[n *emically z sucrose or sac*>ose4 ,! me?od is accurate only :5 appli$ to solutions ( pure sucrose :i* conta9 no o!r bodies4 ,x is evid5t h[ev]1 t o!r bodies 9 solution c be det]m9$ by ! same process1 s t ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is broadly applicable to ! analyses ( any body :atev] 9 a liquid /ate or 9 solution4 ,gases1 liquids & solids1 9 solution1 c all be det]m9$ by d5simetric me?ods4 ,broadly /at$ ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ! liquid or solution1 & !reaft] tak+ ! p]c5tage ( ! body 9 solution f ! correspond+ specific gravity 9 a table4 ,^! tables are c>efully prep>$ by gravimetric det]m9ations ( ! bodies 9 solution ( kn[n d5sities1 v>y+ by small am\nts & calculation ( ! p]c5tages = ! int]v5+ increm5ts or decrem5ts ( d5sity4 ,?is tabulation is accompli%$ at def9ite temp]atures & ! process ( analysis secur$ !reby is rapid & accurate1 ) pure or ne>ly pure solutions4 #di4 ,det]m9ation ( ,d5sity4--,:ile n /rictly correct f a physical po9t ( view1 ! t]ms d5sity & specific gravity are "h us$ synonym\sly & ref] to a direct comp>ison ( ! weights ( equal volumes ( pure wat] & ( ! solution 9 "q1 at ! temp]ature nam$4 ,:5 n o!rwise /at$1 ! temp]ature ( ! solution is assum$ to be #ae4e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4 ,,common ,,=ms ,,( ,,pyknomet]s4 ,! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ ! d5sity ( a solution is to get ! weight ( a def9ite volume !re(4 ,?is is conv5i5tly accompli%$ by ! use ( a pyknomet]4 ,a pyknomet] is any vessel capable ( hold+ a def9ite volume ( a liquid 9 a =m suit$ to weigh+4 ,x may be a simple flask ) a n>r[ neck di/9ctly m>k$1 or a flask ) a gr\nd p]=at$ /opp]1 :i*1 :5 ins]t$1 secures always ! same volume ( liquid cont5ts4 ,a v common =m ( pyknomet] is "o 9 :i* ! c5tral /opp] c>ries a !rmomet] & ! con/ancy ( volume is secur$ by a side tubulure ( v small or ev5 capill>y dim5sions1 :i* is clos$ by a gr\nd glass cap4 ,! app>atus may n ev5 be ( flask =m1 b assume a q diff]5t %ape z 9 ,spr5gel's tube4 ,pyknomet]s are (t5 made to hold an ev5 numb] ( cubic c5timet]s1 b ! only advantage ( ?is is 9 ! ease ( calculation :i* x secures4 ,z a rule1 x w be f\nd necess>y to calibrate ev5 ^!1 & !n ! app>5t advantage w be easily lo/4 ,a flask :i* is graduat$ to hold fifty cubic c5timet]s1 may1 9 a few ye>s1 *ange its volume at lea/ slightly1 due to molecul> *anges 9 ! glass4 ,"s ( ! diff]5t =ms ( pyknomet]s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,9 use ! pyknomet] %\ld be fill$ ) pure wat] ( ! desir$ temp]ature & weigh$4 ,f ! total weight ! t>e ( ! flask & /opp]1 weigh$ clean & dry1 is to be d$uct$4 ,! rema9d] is ! weight ( ! volume ( wat] ( ! temp]ature not$1 :i* ! pyknomet] holds4 ,! weight ( ! solution "u exam9ation is tak5 9 ! same way & at ! same temp]ature1 & ?us a direct comp>ison betwe5 ! two liquids is secur$4 ,example4--,let ! weight ( ! pyknomet] be #ae4bihe grams4 & its weight ) pure wat] at #ae4e be #bf4icbg 0 ,!n ! weight ( wat] is #aa4fcdb 0 ,! weight fill$ ) ! sug> solution is #bh4cbfc 0 ,!n ! weight ( ! sug> solution is #ac4jbgh 0 ,! specific gravity ( ! sug> solution is !re=e1 #ac4jbgh #aa4fcdb #a4aaih4 ,= /rictly accurate results ! weight mu/ be correct$ = ! volume ( air displac$1 or 9 o!r words1 be r$uc$ to weights 9 vacuo4 ,?is h[ev] is unnecess>y = ! ord9>y op]ations ( agricultural analysis4 ,if ! volume ( ! pyknomet] be desir$1 x c be calculat$ f ! weight ( pure wat] :i* x holds1 "o cubic c5timet] ( pure wat] weigh+ "o gram at #d4 ,! weights ( "o cubic c5timet] ( wat] at ea* degree ( temp]ature f #a to #dj1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,weights ,,( ,,"o ,,cubic ,,c5timet] ,,( ,,pure ,,wat] ,,at ,,temp]atures ,,v>y+ ,,f #a ,,to #dj4 ,weight1 ,weight1 ,temp]ature4 ,gram4 ,temp]ature4 ,gram4 #j #j4iiihga #ba #j4iihjdg #a #j4iiiibh #bb #j4iighbf #b #j4iiiifi #bc #j4iigfja #c #j4iiiiia #bd #j4iigcfg #d #a4jjjjjj #be #j4iigabj #e #j4iiiiij #bf #j4iifhff #f #j4iiiigj #bg #j4iiffjc #g #j4iiiicc #bh #j4iihcca #h #j4iiihhf #bi #j4iiejea #i #j4iiihbd #cj #j4iiegfe #aj #j4iiigdg #ca #j4iiedja #aa #j4iiifee #cb #j4iiejhg #ab #j4iiiedi #cc #j4iidgfe #ac #j4iiidcj #cd #j4iiddcf #ad #j4iiibii #ce #j4iidjih #ae #j4iiiafj #cf #j4iicgbj #af #j4iiijjb #cg #j4iiccgj #ag #j4iihhda #ch #j4iicjcj #ah #j4iihfed #ci #j4iibfhj #ai #j4iihdfj #dj #j4iibccj #bj #j4iihbei ,f ! table & ! weight ( wat] f\nd1 ! volume ( ! pyknomet] is easily calculat$4 ,example4--,let ! weight ( wat] f\nd be #aa4gbhib grams1 & ! temp]ature #bj4 ,!n ! volume ( ! flask is equal to #aa4gbhib #j4iihbei1 viz41 #aa4ie cubic c5timet]s4 #ej4 ,use ( ,pyknomet] at ,high ,temp]atures4--,x is (t5 f\nd desirable to det]m9e ! d5sity ( a liquid at temp]atures above t ( ! laboratory1 e4 g41 at ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by foll[+ ! directions giv5 bel[3 ,weight ( ,flask4--,use a small pyknomet] ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! /opp] %\ld be bevel$ to a f9e edge on top & ! l[] end %\ld be slightly concave to avoid any trapp+ ( air4 ,! flask is to be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot wat]1 alcohol & e!r1 & !n dri$ = "s "t at #ajj4 ,aft] cool+ 9 a desiccator ! weight ( ! flask & /opp] is accurately det]m9$4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4 ,,ba? ,,= ,,pyknomet]s4 ,weight ( ,wat]4--,! flask 9 an appropriate hold]1 ,fig4 #bh1 conv5i5tly made ( galvaniz$ iron1 is fill$ ) fre%ly boil$ & hot di/ill$ wat] & plac$ 9 a ba? ( pure1 v hot di/ill$ wat]1 9 su* a way t x is entirely surr\nd$ by ! liquid ) ! exception ( ! top4 ,! wat] ( ! ba? is kept 9 brisk ebullition = ?irty m9utes1 any evaporation f ! flask be+ replac$ by ! addition ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,! /opp] %\ld be kept = a few m9utes be=e use 9 hot di/ill$ wat] & is !n ins]t$1 ! flask remov$1 wip$ dry1 &1 aft] x is ne>ly cool$ to room temp]ature1 plac$ 9 ! balance & weigh$ :5 balance temp]ature is rea*$4 ,a conv5i5t size ( hold] w enable ! analy/ to use eight or t5 flasks at once4 ,! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils 9 ea* locality may also be det]m9$2 b unless at v high altitudes1 or on days ( unusual b>ometric di/urbance ! v>iations w n be great1 & w n appreciably affect ! results4 #ea4 ,alt]nate ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ! ,weight ( ,wat] 9 ,flasks4--,=mulas = calculat+ ! volume ,v1 9 cubic c5timet]s1 ( a glass vessel f ! weight ,p ( wat] at ! temp]ature t conta9$ !re91 & ! volume ,v at any o!r temp]ature t' are giv5 by ,l&olt & ,brn/e94#bh ,!y are z foll[s3 p ,v ,p --- d p ,v ,p ---- #a 7t- t7 d p weight 79 brass weights7 ( "o cubic c5timet] ,h,o 9 vacuo4 ,?is is s ne>ly "o gram t x w n affect ! result 9 ! fif? place ( decimals & may !re=e be disreg>d$4 ,h5ce ! =mula /&s3 #a ,v ,p ---- #a 7t-t72 9 :i* d d d5sity ( wat] at temp]ature t4 #j4jjjjbe1 ! cubical expansion coeffici5t ( glass4 ,f ?is volume ! weight ( ! wat] may be readily obta9$ by ref]r+ to tables #ac1 #ad & #ae;a 9 ,l&olt & ,brn/e9's book4 #eb4 ,example ,%[+ ,det]m9ation ( ,specific ,gravity ( a ,fat4--,! flask is empti$ ( its wat]1 r9s$ ) alcohol & e!r1 & dri$ aga9 = a few m9utes at #ajj4 ,x is !n fill$ ) ! dry1 hot1 fre%-filt]$ fat1 :i* %\ld be entirely free f air bubbles4 ,! /opp]$ flask is !n replac$ 9 ! wat]-ba?1 kept = ?irty m9utes at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 remov$1 & treat$ z above4 ,! weight ( fat hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! specific gravity is obta9$ by divid+ x by ! weight ( wat] previ\sly f\nd4 ,example4 ,grams4 ,weight ( flask1 dry #aj4jaig ,weight ( flask1 plus wat] #cg4cdab ,weight ( wat] #bg4cbae ,weight ( flask1 plus fat #cd4faaa ,weight ( fat #bd4eiad ,specific gravity #bd4eiad #bg4cbae #j4ijjjh4 ,! weight ( ! flask dry & empty & ! weight ( wat] at #ii to #ajj conta9$ !re9 may be us$ con/antly if great c>e be tak5 9 h&l+ & clean+ ! app>atus4 ,example4 ,grams4 ,weight ( flask1 dry & empty #aj4jjbh ,weight ( flask aft] ?ree weeks' use #aj4jjcj ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bi4 ,,a]eomet]s1 ,,pyknomet]s1 ,,& ,,hydro/atic ,,balance4 #ec4 ,det]m9ation ( ,d5sity by ! ,hydro/atic ,balance4--,:ile ! pyknomet] is useful 9 control "w & 9 fix+ /&>ds ( comp>ison1 x is n us$ ext5sively 9 practical "w4 ,quick] me?ods ( det]m9ation are desir$ 9 su* "w1 & ^! are f\nd 9 ! use ( o!r =ms ( app>atus4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( op]ation consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! weight ( a s9k]1 ^: exact weights 9 air & 9 pure wat] ( a def9ite temp]ature1 h be5 previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! in/rum5t devis$ by ,mohr & modifi$ by ,we/phal1 is bas$ ^u t pr9ciple1 & is ext5sively us$ 9 practical "w4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is app>atus & also t ( ! pyknomet]s & areomet]s is %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 figures #bi & #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cj4 ,,hydro/atic ,,balance4 ,! weight ( ! s9k] is s adju/$ t ! index ( ! balance arm m>ks z]o :5 ! s9k] is :olly imm]s$ 9 pure wat] at ! /&>d temp]ature4 ,! d5sity ( a solution ( sug> at ! same temp]ature1 is !n det]m9$ by plac+ ! rid]-weights on ! divid$ arm ( ! balance1 until ! index aga9 m>ks z]o4 ,! d5sity c !n be read directly f ! position ( ! weights 9 ! arm ( ! balance or calculat$ !refrom4 #ed4 ,! ,areometric ,me?od4--,! mo/ rapid me?od ( det]m9+ ! d5sity ( a solution & ! "o 9 mo/ common use1 is bas$ on ! di/ance to :i* a heavy bulb ) a sl5d] graduat$ /em w s9k !re94 ,an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d is call$ an areomet]4 ,_m =ms ( ?is in/rum5t are employ$ b !y all dep5d on ! same pr9ciple & diff] only 9 ! mann] ( graduation4 ,! "o ( wide/ application has ! /em graduat$ 9 su* a mann] z to give directly ! specific gravity ( ! solution 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,o!rs are made ) a special graduation giv+ directly ! p]c5tage ( solid matt] 9 ! solution4 ,^! in/rum5ts c be us$ only = ! special purposes = :i* !y are con/ruct$4 ,o!r =ms are provid$ ) an arbitr>y graduation1 ! numb]s ( :i* by appropriate tables c be conv]t$ into expressions ( specific gravity or ( p] c5ts ( dissolv$ matt]s4 ,x is n practicable to give "h1 a discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( ! con/ruction ( areomet]s4#bi ,! two :i* are commonly us$1 are ! baum hydromet] & ! ball+ or brix sp9dle4 ,9 ! baum in/rum5t ! z]o ( ! scale is fix$ at ! po9t m>k$ by ! surface ( di/ill$ wat] at #ae1 & ! po9t to :i* x s9ks 9 pure monohydrat$ sulfuric acid at ! same temp]ature is m>k$ #ff1 correspond+ to a specific gravity ( #a4hdbg4 ,! specific gravity correspond+ to any degree ( ! scale1 may be calculat$ 9 ! abs5ce ( a table giv+ x1 by ! foll[+ =mula #add4c ,p -----------4 #add4c - d ,9 ?is =mula ,p is ! d5sity & d ! degree ( ! scale4#cj ,9 =m] times ! baum in/rum5ts 7 graduat$ ) a solution ( common salt & a diff]5t =mula 0 employ$ = calculat+ specific gravity1 b ^! old] in/rum5ts are no long] 9 common use4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! specific gravities ( solutions correspond+ to baum degrees f #a to #ge consecutively#ca3 ,degree ,specific ,degree ,specific ,degree ,specific ,degree ,specific baum gravity baum gravity baum gravity baum gravity #j #a4jjjj #ai #a4aeaf #ch #a4cegd #eg #a4febg #a #a4jjfi #bj #a4afjh #ci #a4cgjc #eh #a4fgai #b #a4jadj #ba #a4agjb #dj #a4chcd #ei #a4fiae #c #a4jbab #bb #a4agih #da #a4cifh #fj #a4gaae #d #a4jbhe #bc #a4ahie #db #a4dajd #fa #a4gcba #e #a4jceh #bd #a4aiid #dc #a4dbdd #fb #a4geca #f #a4jdcc #be #a4bjie #dd #a4dchf #fc #a4ggdh #g #a4jeji #bf #a4baig #de #a4decj #fd #a4gifh #h #a4jehf #bg #a4bcja #df #a4dfgh #fe #a4haid #i #a4jffe #bh #a4bdjg #dg #a4dhbi #ff #a4hdbg #aj #a4jgdd #bi #a4bead #dh #a4dihc #fg #a4hffe #aa #a4jhbe #cj #a4bfbd #di #a4eadj #fh #a4hiji #ab #a4jijf #ca #a4bgce #ej #a4ecja #fi #a4iafa #ac #a4jihi #cb #a4bhdi #ea #a4edfe #gj #a4idah #ad #a4ajgd #cc #a4bifd #eb #a4efcb #ga #a4ifhc #ae #a4aaei #cd #a4cjha #ec #a4ehjb #gb #a4iiee #af #a4abdf #ce #a4cbja #ed #a4eigh #gc #b4jbce #ag #a4acce #cf #a4ccbc #ee #a4faeg #gd #b4jebc #ah #a4adbd #cg #a4cddg #ef #a4fcdj #ge #b4jhai #ee4 ,correction = ,temp]ature4--,! baum hydromet] %\ld be us$ at ! temp]ature = :i* x is graduat$1 usually #ae4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! mean temp]ature ( our work+ rooms is above #ae4 ,! liquid 9 ! hydromet] flask %\ld !re=e be cool$ to a trifle bel[ #ae1 or kept 9 a ba? exactly at #ae :ile ! obs]vation is made4 ,:5 ?is is n conv5i5t1 ! obs]vation may be made at any temp]ature1 & ! read+ correct$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! temp]ature is above #ae multiply ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]v$ temp]ature & fifte51 by #j4jdga & add ! product to ! obs]v$ read+ ( ! baum hydromet]2 :5 ! temp]ature on ! o!r h&1 is bel[ fifte51 ! correspond+ product is subtract$4#cb #ef4 ,! ,ball+ or ,brix ,hydromet]4--,! object ( ! ball+ or brix in/rum5t is to give 9 direct p]c5tages ! solid matt] 9 solution4 ,x is evid5t t = ?is purpose ! in/rum5t mu/ be graduat$ = a p>ticul> k9d ( mat]ial1 s9ce t5 p] c5t ( sug> 9 solution1 might h a v diff]5t specific gravity f a simil> quantity ( ano!r body4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d graduat$ = pure sug>1 f9d a l>ge use 9 te*nical sug> analysis4 ,to atta9 a great] accuracy & avoid an in/rum5t ) too long a /em1 ! brix hydromet]s are made 9 sets4 ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t is to h a set ( ?ree graduat$ z foll[s2 "o f #j to #cj1 "o f #be to #ej1 & "o f #de to #he4 ,:5 ! p]c5tage ( solid matt] dissolv$ is ov] sev5ty ! read+s ( ! scale are n v reliable4 #eg4 ,correction = ,temp]ature4--,! brix z ! baum scale is graduat$ at a fix$ temp]ature4 ,?is temp]ature is usually #ag4e4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! corrections to be appli$ to ! scale read+ :5 made at any o!r temp]ature3#cc ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,sug> ,,9 ,,solution4 #j4 #e4 #aj4 #ae4 #bj4 #be4 #cj4 #ce4 #dj4 #ej4 #fj4 #gj4 #ge4 ,temp4 ,to be subtract$ f ! degree read4 #j #j4ag #j4cj #j4da #j4eb #j4fb #j4gb #j4hb #j4ib #j4ih #a4aa #a4bb #a4be #a4bi #e #j4bc #j4cj #j4cg #j4dd #j4eb #j4ei #j4fe #j4gb #j4ge #j4hj #j4hh #j4ia #j4id #aj #j4bj #j4bf #j4bi #j4cc #j4cf #j4ci #j4db #j4de #j4dh #j4ej #j4ed #j4eh #j4fa #aa #j4ah #j4bc #j4bf #j4bh #j4ca #j4cd #j4cf #j4ci #j4da #j4dc #j4dg #j4ej #j4ec #ab #j4af #j4bj #j4bb #j4bd #j4bf #j4bi #j4ca #j4cc #j4cd #j4cf #j4dj #j4db #j4df #ac #j4ad #j4ah #j4ai #j4ba #j4bb #j4bd #j4bf #j4bg #j4bh #j4bi #j4cc #j4ce #j4ci #ad #j4ab #j4ae #j4af #j4ag #j4ah #j4ai #j4ba #j4bb #j4bb #j4bc #j4bf #j4bh #j4cb #ae #j4ji #j4aa #j4ab #j4ad #j4ad #j4ae #j4af #j4af #j4ag #j4ag #j4ai #j4ba #j4be #af #j4jf #j4jg #j4jh #j4ji #j4aj #j4aj #j4aa #j4ab #j4ab #j4ab #j4ad #j4af #j4ah #ag #j4jb #j4jb #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jd #j4jd #j4jd #j4jd #j4jd #j4je #j4je #j4jf ,to be add$ to ! degree read4 #ah #j4jb #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jc #j4jb #ai #j4jf #j4jh #j4jh #j4ji #j4ji #j4aj #j4aj #j4aj #j4aj #j4aj #j4aj #j4jh #j4jf #bj #j4aa #j4ad #j4ae #j4ag #j4ag #j4ah #j4ah #j4ah #j4ai #j4ai #j4ah #j4ae #j4aa #ba #j4af #j4bj #j4bb #j4bd #j4bd #j4be #j4be #j4be #j4bf #j4bf #j4be #j4bb #j4ah #bb #j4ba #j4bf #j4bh #j4ca #j4ca #j4cb #j4cb #j4cb #j4cc #j4cd #j4cb #j4bi #j4be #bc #j4bg #j4cb #j4ce #j4cg #j4ch #j4ci #j4ci #j4ci #j4dj #j4db #j4ci #j4cf #j4cc #bd #j4cb #j4ch #j4da #j4dc #j4dd #j4df #j4df #j4dg #j4dg #j4ej #j4df #j4dc #j4dj #be #j4cg #j4dd #j4dg #j4di #j4ea #j4ec #j4ed #j4ee #j4ee #j4eh #j4ed #j4ea #j4dh #bf #j4dc #j4ej #j4ed #j4ef #j4eh #j4fj #j4fa #j4fb #j4fb #j4ff #j4fb #j4eh #j4ee #bg #j4di #j4eg #j4fa #j4fc #j4fe #j4fh #j4fh #j4fi #j4gj #j4gd #j4gj #j4fe #j4fb #bh #j4ef #j4fd #j4fh #j4gj #j4gb #j4gf #j4gf #j4gh #j4gh #j4hb #j4gh #j4gb #j4gj #bi #j4fc #j4ga #j4ge #j4gh #j4gi #j4hd #j4hd #j4hf #j4hf #j4ij #j4hh #j4hj #j4gh #cj #j4gj #j4gh #j4hb #j4hg #j4hg #j4ib #j4ib #j4id #j4id #j4ih #j4id #j4hh #j4hf #ce #a4aj #a4ag #a4bb #a4bd #a4cj #a4cb #a4cc #a4ce #a4cf #a4ci #a4cd #a4bg #a4be #dj #a4ej #a4fa #a4fg #a4ga #a4gc #a4gi #a4gi #a4hj #a4hb #a4hc #a4gh #a4fi #a4fe #ej ---- #b4fe #b4ga #b4gd #b4gh #b4hj #b4hj #b4hj #b4hj #b4gi #b4gj #b4ef #b4ea #fj ---- #c4hg #c4hh #c4hh #c4hh #c4hh #c4hh #c4hh #c4ij #c4hb #c4gj #c4dc #c4da #gj ---- ---- #e4ah #e4bj #e4ad #e4ac #e4aj #e4jh #e4jf #d4ij #d4gb #d4dg #d4ce #hj ---- ---- #f4fb #f4ei #f4ed #f4af #f4ch #f4cj #f4bf #f4jf #e4hb #e4ej #e4cc ,accord+ to obs]vations ( ,g]la*1 ! correction = temp]ature v>ies ) ! conc5tration ( ! solution & ! range ( temp]ature z %[n 9 ! table4 #eh4 ,comp>ison ( ,brix & ,baum ,degrees4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! degree baum & ! specific gravity ( a sug> solution = ea* degree brix 7p] c5t ( sug> 9 solution7 f z]o to n9ety-five3#cd ,degree ,degree ,specific ,degree ,degree ,specific brix4 baum4 gravity4 brix4 baum4 gravity4 #a4j #j4f #a4jjchh #cg4j #bj4g #a4afdac #b4j #a4a #a4jjggi #ch4j #ba4b #a4afibj #c4j #a4g #a4jaagc #ci4j #ba4h #a4agdcj #d4j #b4c #a4jaegj #dj4j #bb4c #a4agidc #e4j #b4h #a4jaigj #da4j #bb4i #a4ahdfj #f4j #c4d #a4jbcgc #db4j #bc4d #a4ahiha #g4j #d4j #a4jbggi #dc4j #bd4j #a4aieje #h4j #d4e #a4jcahg #dd4j #bd4e #a4bjjcc #i4j #e4a #a4jceii #de4j #be4j #a4bjefe #aj4j #e4g #a4jdjad #df4j #be4f #a4baajj #aa4j #f4b #a4jddca #dg4j #bf4a #a4bafci #ab4j #f4h #a4jdheb #dh4j #bf4f #a4bbahb #ac4j #g4d #a4jebgf #di4j #bg4b #a4bbabh #ad4j #g4i #a4jegjc #ej4j #bg4g #a4bcbgh #ae4j #h4e #a4jfacc #ea4j #bh4b #a4bchcb #af4j #i4j #a4jfeff #eb4j #bh4h #a4bdcij #ag4j #i4f #a4jgjjb #ec4j #bi4c #a4bdiea #ah4j #aj4a #a4jgdda #ed4j #bi4h #a4beeag #ai4j #aj4g #a4jghhd #ee4j #cj4d #a4bfjhf #bj4j #aa4c #a4jhcbi #ef4j #cj4i #a4bffeh #ba4j #aa4h #a4jhggh #eg4j #ca4d #a4bgbce #bb4j #ab4d #a4jibca #eh4j #ca4i #a4bghaf #bc4j #ac4j #a4jifhf #ei4j #cb4e #a4bhdjj #bd4j #ac4e #a4ajade #fj4j #cc4j #a4bhihi #be4j #ad4a #a4ajfjg #fa4j #cc4e #a4bieha #bf4j #ad4f #a4aajgb #fb4j #cd4j #a4cjagg #bg4j #ae4b #a4aaeda #fc4j #cd4e #a4cjagg #bh4j #ae4g #a4abjac #fd4j #ce4a #a4cacha #bi4j #af4c #a4abdhh #fe4j #ce4f #a4caihi #cj4j #af4h #a4abifg #ff4j #cf4a #a4cbfja #ca4j #ag4d #a4acddi #fg4j #cf4f #a4ccbag #cb4j #ah4j #a4acicd #fh4j #cg4a #a4cchcf #cc4j #ah4e #a4addbc #fi4j #cg4f #a4cddfj #cd4j #ai4a #a4adiae #gj4j #ch4a #a4cejhh #ce4j #ai4f #a4aedaa #ga4j #ch4f #a4cegbj #cf4j #bj4a #a4aeiaa #gb4j #ci4a #a4cfcee #gc4j #ci4f #a4cfiie #he4j #de4e #a4ddihf #gd4j #dj4a #a4cgfci #hf4j #df4j #a4defgh #ge4j #dj4f #a4chbhg #hg4j #df4e #a4dfcgd #gf4j #da4a #a4chici #hh4j #dg4j #a4dgjgd #gg4j #da4f #a4cieie #hi4j #dg4e #a4dgggh #gh4j #db4a #a4djbed #ij4j #di4i #a4dhdhf #gi4j #db4f #a4djiah #ia4j #dh4d #a4diaii #hj4j #dc4a #a4daehf #ib4j #dh4i #a4diiae #ha4j #dc4f #a4dbbeh #ic4j #di4c #a4ejfce #hb4j #dd4a #a4dbicd #id4j #di4h #a4eacei #hc4j #dd4f #a4dcfad #ie4j #ej4c #a4ebjhg #hd4j #de4a #a4ddbih #ei4 ,error ,due to ,impurities4--,! fact t equal p] c5ts ( solid bodies 9 solution affect ! specific gravity 9 diff]5t degrees has already be5 not$4 ,! specific gravities ( ! solutions ( ! common sug>s1 h[ev]1 are s ne>ly ! same = equal p] c5ts ( solid matt] 9 solution z to r5d] ! use ( a brix hydromet] q g5]al = te*nical purpose4 ,= ! m9]al salts :i* (t5 occur 9 sug> solutions ! case is q diff]5t4 ,a tw5ty p] c5t solution ( cane sug> at #ag4e has a specific gravity #a4jhcbi & ( dextrose #a4jhcaj1 practically id5tical4 ,b a solution ( calcium acetate ( simil> /r5g? has a specific gravity ( #a4jhgd2 ( sodium sulfate #a4jhjg1 & ( potassium nitrate #a4acei4 ,?is latt] numb] w\ld correspond to a sug> cont5t ( ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 ,! brix scale c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z giv+ only approximately ! p]c5tage ( solid matt] 9 sug> solutions &1 :ile useful 9 te*nical "w1 %\ld nev] be reli$ ^u = exact analytical data4 ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,sug> ,,) ,,pol>iz$ ,,light4 #fj4 ,optical ,prop]ties ( ,natural ,sug>s4--,! solutions ( all natural sug>s h ! prop]ty ( deflect+ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light & ! degree ( deflection corresponds to ! quantity ( sug> 9 solution4 ,by measur+ ! amplitude ( ! rotation produc$ ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! solution c be det]m9$4 ,9 ord] to secure accuracy 9 ! det]m9ations x is necess>y t only "o k9d ( sug> be pres5t1 or1 if m ?an "o1 t ! quantities ( all b "o be det]m9$ by o!r means1 & ! di/urbances produc$ !reby 9 ! total rotation be prop]ly arrang$4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! process 9 practice is appli$ *iefly to cane & milk sug>s1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 nature 9 an approximately pure /ate4 ,! process is also useful 9 det]m9+ cane sug> :5 mix$ ) o!r k9ds1 by reason ( ! fact t ?is sug> aft] hydrolysis by treatm5t ) a weak acid = a long or a /rong acid = a %ort "t1 def9itely *anges its rotat+ p[]4 ,s9ce1 by ! same treatm5t1 ! rotat+ p[] ( o!r sug>s :i* may be pres5t is only slightly alt]$1 ! total di/urbance produc$ is approximately due to ! inv]sion ( ! cane sug>4 ,dextrose & maltose aris+ f ! hydrolysis ( />* may also be det]m9$ ) a fair degree ( accuracy by _! deportm5t ) pol>iz$ light4 ,:5 a solution ( natural sug>s %[s negative results :5 exam9$ ) pol>iz$ light1 x is due to an admixture ( two or m sug>s ( opposite pol>iz+ p[]s 9 su* proportions z to produce neutrality4 ,?is condition (t5 occurs 9 ! exam9ation ( honeys or 9 submitt+ artificial sug>s to pol>imetric obs]vations4 ,9 ! latt] case ! neutrality is caus$ by ! t5d5cy manife/$ by artificially produc$ sug>s to =m tw9 comp\nds ( optically opposite qualities4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = measur+ ! degree ( deflection produc$ 9 a plane ( pol>iz$ light is call$ a pol>iscope1 pol>imet]1 or optical sac*>imet]4 ,= a !oretical discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( pol>ization & ! application ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! con/ruction ( pol>iscopes1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! /&>d works on optics & ! con/ruction ( optical in/rum5ts4#ce ,= ! purposes ( ?is "w a description ( ! in/rum5ts commonly employ$ & ! me?ods ( us+ !m w be suffici5t4 #fa4 ,pol>iz$ ,light4--,:5 a ray ( light has be5 repeat$ly reflect$ f bright surfaces or :5 x passes ?r\gh c]ta9 cry/all9e bodies x acquires peculi> prop]ties & is said to be pol>iz$4 ,pol>ization is !re=e a t]m appli$ to a ph5om5on ( light1 9 :i* ! vibrations ( ! e!r are suppos$ to be re/rict$ to a p>ticul> =m ( an ellipse ^: axes rema9 fix$ 9 direction4 ,if ! ellipse become a /raight l9e x is call$ plane pol>ization4 ,?is well-kn[n ph5om5on is mo/ easily produc$ by a nicol prism1 consi/+ ( a cut cry/al ( calcium c>bonate 7,icel& sp>74 ,?is rhomboh$ral cry/al1 ! natural ends ( :i* =m angles ( #ga & #aji1 respectively1 ) ! opposite edges ( its pr9cipal section1 is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! ends ( ! cry/als are gr\nd until ! angles j m5tion$ become #fh & #aab4 ,! cry/al is !n divid$ diagonally at "r angles ) ! planes ( ! ends & ) ! pr9cipal section1 & aft] ! new surfaces are poli%$ !y are jo9$ aga9 by canada balsam4 ,! pr9cipal section ( ?is prism passes ?r\gh ! %ort] diagonal ( ! two rhombic ends4 ,if n[ a ray ( light fall on "o ( ! ends ( ?is prism1 p>allel ) ! edge ( its long] side1 x suff]s d\ble refraction1 & ea* ray is plane pol>iz$1 ! "o at "r angles ) ! o!r4 ,t "p ( ! ent]+ ray ( light :i* is mo/ refract$ is call$ ! ord9>y & ! o!r ! extraord9>y ray4 ,! refractive index ( ! film ( balsam be+ int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! rays1 p]mits ! total reflection ( ! ord9>y ray1 :i*1 pass+ to ! black5$ sides ( ! prism1 is absorb$4 ,! extraord9>y ray passes ! film ( balsam )\t deviation & em]ges f ! prism 9 a direction p>allel ) ! incid5t ray1 hav+1 h[ev]1 only half ( its lum9\s int5sity4 ,two su* prisms1 prop]ly m\nt$1 furni% ! ess5tial p>ts ( a pol>iz+ app>atus4 ,!y are call$ ! pol>iz] & ! analyz]1 respectively4 ,if n[ ! plane ( vibration 9 ea* prism be reg>d$ z co9cid5t ) its pr9cipal section1 ! foll[+ ph5om5a are obs]v$3 ,if ! prisms are s plac$ t ! pr9cipal sections lie 9 ! prolongation ( ! same plane1 !n ! extraord9>y pol>iz$ ray f ! pol>iz] passes into ! analyz]1 :i* practically may be reg>d$ 9 ?is position z a cont9uation ( ! same prism4 ,x happ5s1 !re=e1 t ! extraord9>y pol>iz$ ray passes ?r\gh ! analyz] exactly z x did ?r\gh ! pol>iz]1 & is n reflect$ by ! film ( balsam1 b em]ges f ! analyz] 9 seem+ly ! same condition z f ! pol>iz]4 ,if n[ ! analyz] be rotat$ #ahj1 br++ ! pr9cipal section aga9 9 ! same plane1 ! same ph5om5on is obs]v$4 ,b if ! rotation be 9 ei!r direction only #ij1 !n ! pol>iz$ ray f ! fir/ prism1 incid5t on ! second1 deports itself exactly z ! ord9>y ray1 & on meet+ ! film ( balsam is totally reflect$4 ,! field ( vision1 !re=e1 is p]fectly d>k4 ,9 all o!r incl9ations ( ! planes ( ! pr9cipal sections ( ! two prisms ! ray incid5t 9 ! analyz] is sep>at$ into two1 an ord9>y & extraord9>y1 v>y+ 9 lum9\s int5sity 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! cos9e ( ! angle ( ! two planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ca4 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,rays ,,( ,,light ,,9 ,a ,,nicol4 ,?us1 by gradually turn+ ! analyz]1 ! field ( vision passes sl[ly f maximum lum9osity to complete obscurity4 ,! expression cross$ nicols ref]s to ! latt] condition ( ! field ( vision4 #fb4 ,description ( ! ,prism4--,9 a nicol made z describ$ above1 ,fig4 #ca1 suppose a ray ( light p>allel ) ! long] side ( ! prism be incid5t to ! end a b at m4 ,by ! d\ble refract+ p[] ( ! sp> ! ray is divid$ into two1 :i* trav]se ! fir/ half ( ! prism4 ,! two rays are pol>iz$ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! less refract$ ray :5 x /rikes ! film ( ,canada balsam passes ?r\gh x )\t int]f]5ce4 ,! m refract$ ray /rikes ! balsam at o at su* an angle z to be totally reflect$ & made to pass out ( ! prism 9 ! direction o r4 ,if ! prism be black5$ at ! surface ! ray w be entirely absorb$4 ,! o!r ray passes on ?r\gh ! o!r half ( ! prism & em]ges 9 ! direction ( qs4 ,x is evid5t t ! em]g5t light f a nicol has only half ! illum9at+ p[] possess$ by ! imm]g5t rays4 ,! pol>iz$ plane ( light f ! nicol j describ$ may be reg>d$ z pass+ also into a second nicol ( ess5tially ! same con/ruction z ! fir/4 ,?is second nicol1 call$ ! analyz]1 is s con/ruct$ z to revolve freely ab\t its longitud9al axis1 & is atta*$ to a graduat$ circle 9 su* a way t ! degree ( rotation c be accurately read4 ,if ! planes ( pol>ization ( ! two nicols are co9cid5t :5 prolong$1 ! ray ( light pass+ f ! fir/ nicol w pass ?r\gh ! second practically un*ang$ 9 "* or int5sity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! analyz+ nicol be turn$ until ! plane ( pol>ization is at "r angles to t ( ! pol>iz] ! imm]g5t ray w suff] refraction 9 su* a mann] z to be totally reflect$ :5 rea*+ ! film ( balsam & w be ?us entirely lo/4 ,9 mak+ a complete revolution ( ! analyz]1 !re=e1 two positions ( maximum int5sity ( light & two ( d>kness w be obs]v$4 ,9 int]m$iate positions ! ray imm]g5t to ! analyz] w be sep>at$ z 9 ! fir/ in/ance into two rays g p v>y+ int5sities1 "o ( :i* w be always totally reflect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,nicol4 ,9 ,fig4 #cb is giv5 a m detail$ illu/ration ( ! action ( ! rays ( light4 ,! film ( balsam is repres5t$ z enl>g$ & ( ! ?ickness bb4 ,draw ! p]p5dicul>s repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es n n1 n n1 n n & n n4 ,9 pass+ into ! prism at m bo? refract$ rays are b5t t[>ds ! normal m n4 ,! degree ( deflection dep5ds on ! refractive index ( ! two rays #a4eb & #a4ff respectively4 ,! refractive index ( ! extraord9>y ray 9 calcsp> be+ #a4eb1 & 9 ,canada balsam #a4ed1 x suff]s b little di/urbance 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h& ! balsam1 be+ consid]ably less refractive = ! ord9>y ray ?an ! calcsp>1 causes t ray to div]ge outw>ds f ! normal o n1 & to su* a degree z to suff] total reflection4 ,! critical angle1 t is ! angle at :i* a ray issu+ f a m refractive into a less refractive m$ium1 em]ges j p>allel to ! b\nd+ surfaces1 dep5ds on ! relative index ( refraction4 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation ! ratio = balsam & sp> is #a4ed_/a4ff #j4ibh s9 #fh4 ,!re=e ! limit+ value ( m o n s t m o may j em]ge 9 ! direction od is #fh4 ,if n[ mo 7 p>allel to o d ! angle m o n1 w\ld be j #fh1 be+ opposite b a d4 :i* has be5 gr\nd to #fh 9 ! con/ruction ( ! prism4 ,b 9 pass+ into ! prism1 m o is refract$ s t ! angle m o n is great] ?an b a d4 ,x is !re=e always c]ta9 t by gr9d+ b a d to #fh ! ord9>y ray m o w be ) c]ta9ty entirely ?r[n out 9 e case4 ,9 respect ( ! analyz+ nicol ! foll[+ additional obs]vations w be f\nd useful4 ,9 all uniaxial cry/als !re are two directions at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o ( greate/ & "o ( lea/ resi/ance to ! propagation ( lum9\s vibrations4 ,^! planes are 9 ! direction ( ! pr9cipal axis & at "r angles !reto4 ,only light vibrat+ 9 ^! two directions c be transmitt$ ?r\gh calcsp>2 & all incid5t light propagat$ by vibrations 9 a plane at any o!r angle to ! pr9cipal section is resolv$ into two su* compon5t rays4 ,b ! velocities ( transmission 9 ! two directions are unequal1 t is1 ! refractive index ( ! sp> = ! two rays is diff]5t4 ,if ! analyz+ nicol be s adju/$ z to receive ! em]g5t light f ! pol>iz] :5 ! correspond+ planes ( ! two prisms are co9cid5t :5 ext5d$1 ! em]g5t extraord9>y ray fall+ into a plane ( ! same resi/ance z t x _h j left is propagat$ ?r\gh ! second nicol ) ! same velocity t x pass$ ! fir/ "o4 ,x is !re=e simil>ly refract$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! two prisms be s arrang$ t correspond+ planes cross !n ! extraord9>y ray falls into a plane :i* x trav]ses ) great] velocity ?an x _h be=e & is accord+ly refract$ & takes ! c\rse :i* ends 9 total reflection at ! film ( balsam4 ,no light !re=e c pass ?r\gh ! prism 9 t position4 ,if any o!r sub/ance1 z = in/ance a solution ( sug>1 capable ( rotat+ a plane ( pol>iz$ light1 be int]pos$ betwe5 ! two nicols ! effect produc$ is ! same z if ! analyz] _h be5 turn$ to a correspond+ degree4 ,:5 ! analyz] is turn$ to t degree ! correspond+ planes aga9 co9cide & ! light passes4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! con/ruction ( all pol>iz+ in/rum5ts is bas$4#cf #fc4 ,! ,pol>iscope4--,a pol>iscope = ! exam9ation ( solutions ( sug> consi/s ess5tially ( a prism = pol>iz+ ! light1 call$ a nicol1 a tube ( def9ite l5g? = hold+ ! sug> solution1 a second nicol made movable on its axis = adju/m5t to ! degree ( rotation & a graduat$ arc = measur+ x4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! second nicol movable1 _m in/rum5ts h an adju/+ w$ge ( qu>tz ( opposite pol>iz+ p[] to ! sug>1 by means ( :i* ! displacem5t produc$ on ! pol>iz$ plane is correct$4 ,a graduat$ scale & v]ni] s]ve to measure ! movem5t ( ! w$ges & give 9 c]ta9 conditions ! desir$ read+ ( ! p]c5tage ( sug> pres5t4 ,among ! multitude ( in/rum5ts :i* h be5 devis$ = analytical purposes1 only ?ree w be f\nd 9 common use1 & ! scope ( ?is volume w n all[ space = a description ( a great] numb]4 ,= a practical discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( pol>ization & _! application to optical sac*>imetry1 ! read] may conv5i5tly ref] to ! excell5t manuals ( ,sid]sky1 ,tuck]1 ,l&olt1 & ,wie*mann4#cg #fd4 ,k9ds ( ,pol>iscopes4--,! simple/ =m ( a pol>iz+ app>atus consi/s ( two nicol prisms1 "o ( :i*1 viz41 ! analyz]1 is capable ( rotation ab\t its long axis4 ,! prolongation ( ?is axis is cont9u\s ) t ( ! o!r prism1 viz41 ! pol>iz]4 ,! two prisms are suffici5tly remov$ f ea* o!r to all[ ( ! int]position ( ! pol>iz+ body ^: rotatory p[] is to be measur$4 ,= purposes ( description ?ree k9ds ( pol>imet]s may be m5tion$4 #a4 ,in/rum5ts 9 :i* ! deviation ( ! plane ( pol>ization is measur$ by turn+ ! analyz] ab\t its axis4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d con=m to ! simple type fir/ m5tion$1 & are coet]is p>ibus ! be/4 ,! ,laur5t1 ,wild1 ,l&olt-,lippi*1 etc41 belong to ?is class4 #b4 ,in/rum5ts 9 :i* bo? nicols are fix$ & ! direction ( ! plane ( pol>iz$ light correct$ by ! int]position ( a w$ge ( a solid pol>iz+ body4 ,belong+ to ?is class are ! app>atus ( ,soleil1 ,duboscq1 ,s*eibl]1 & ! comp5sat+ app>atus ( ,s*midt & ,ha5s*4 #c4 ,app>atus 9 :i* ! analyz] is set at a con/ant angle ) ! pol>iz]1 & ! comp5sation secur$ by v>y+ ! l5g? or conc5tration ( ! int]pos$ pol>iz+ liquid4 ,! app>atus ( ,trann9 belongs to ?is class4 #fe4 ,appe>ance ( ,field ( ,vision4--,pol>imet]s are also classifi$ 9 respect ( ! appe>ance ( ! field ( vision4 #a4 ,t9t ,in/rum5ts4--,! field ( vision 9 ^! in/rum5ts 9 e position ( ! nicols1 except t on :i* ! plane ( vibration ( ! pol>iz$ light is co9cid5t ) ! ?ree pr9cipal sections1 is compos$ ( two semi-disks ( diff]5t colors4 #b4 ,%ad[ ,in/rum5ts4--,! field ( vision 9 ?is class ( pol>imet]s 9 all except neutral positions1 is compos$ ( two semi-disks1 "o d>k & "o yell[4 ,z ! neutral position is approximat$ ! two disks gradually assume a light yell[ color1 & :5 neutrality is rea*$ !y appe> to be equally color$4 ,! ,laur5t1 ,s*midt & ,ha5s* %ad[ & ,l&olt-,lippi* in/rum5ts1 are ( ?is class4 #c4 ,/riat$ ,in/rum5ts4--,9 ?is class ! field ( vision is /riat$4 ,! l9es may be t9t$ z 9 ,wild's pol>i/robomet] or black1 z 9 ! ,duboscq & ,trann9 in/rum5ts4 ,! neutral position is indicat$ ei!r by ! disappe>ance ( ! /riae 7,wild7 or by ! ph5om5on ( _! becom+ cont9u\s4 7,duboscq1 ,trann947 #ff4 ,"* ( ,light ,us$4--,pol>iscopes may be fur!r divid$ into two classes1 bas$ on ! k9d ( light employ$4 #a4 ,in/rum5ts :i* ,use ,ord9>y ,:ite ,light4--7,oil lamp1 etc47 ,s*eibl]1 ,s*midt & ,ha5s*4 #b4 ,in/rum5ts ,employ+ ,mono*romatic ,light4--7,sodium flame1 etc47 ,laur5t1 ,l&olt-,lippi*1 etc4 #fg4 ,int]*angeable ,in/rum5ts4--,"s ( ! in/rum5ts 9 common use are arrang$ to be us$ ei!r ) ord9>y lamp or gas light1 or ) a mono*romatic flame4 ,laur5t's pol>imet] is "o ( ?is k9d4 ,! comp5sat+ in/rum5ts also may h ! field ( vision arrang$ = t9ts or %ad[s4 ,!oretically ! be/ in/rum5t w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! light is purely mono*romatic1 ! field ( vision a %ad[1 & ! comp5sation secur$ by ! rotation ( ! second nicol4 ,! accuracy ( an in/rum5t dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! skill & c>e ) :i* x is con/ruct$ & us$4 ,) qu>tz w$ges prop]ly gr\nd & m\nt$1 & ) ord9>y :ite light1 pol>iscopes may be obta9$ :i* give read+s z accurate z c be desir$4 ,s9ce _m p]sons are m or less affect$ ) color-bl9dness1 ! %ad[ are to be pref]r$ to ! t9t fields ( vision4 ,= practical use 9 sug> analysis ! :ite light is mu* m conv5i5t ?an ! mono*romatic light4 ,= purposes ( g5]al inve/igation ! pol>imet]s built on ! model ( ! laur5t are to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,su* in/rum5ts are n only provid$ ) a scale :i* %[s ! p]c5tage ( sucrose 9 a solution1 b also ) a scale & v]ni] by means ( :i* ! angul> rotation :i* ! plane ( vibration has suff]$1 c be accurately measur$ 9 m ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! circle4 ,,description ,,( ,,pol>iz+ ,,in/rum5ts4 #fh4 ,rotation ,in/rum5ts4--,?is in/rum5t has already be5 describ$ z "o 9 :i* ! ext5t ( deviation 9 ! plane ( pol>iz$ light caus$ by ! int]v5tion ( an optically active sub/ance is measur$ by rotat+ "o ( ! nicols ab\t its axis & measur+ ! degree ( ?is rotation by a v]ni] on a graduat$ arc4 ,9 ,g]many ^! in/rum5ts are call$ pol>i/robomet]s1 & 9 ,france pol>imtrs4 ,9 ,engl& & ?is c\ntry ! t]m pol>iscope or pol>imet] is appli$ )\t discrim9ation to all k9ds ( optical sac*>imet]s4 ,! pol>iscope ( ,mits*]li* 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 use4 ,x has n[ be5 entirely sup]s$$ by m mod]n & accurate in/rum5ts4 #fi4 ,! ,laur5t ,in/rum5t4--,a pol>iscope adapt$ by ,laur5t to ! use ( mono*romatic yell[ light is almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ,france & to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 case a work] is conf9$ to ! use ( a s+le in/rum5t1 ! "o j m5tion$ is to be recomm5d$ z ! be/ suit$ to g5]al "w4 ,x has ! second nicol1 call$ ! analyz]1 movable & ! degree ( rotation produc$ is secur$ 9 angul> t]ms directly on a divid$ circle4 ,! scale is graduat$ bo? 9 angul> measurem5ts & 9 p] c5ts ( sug> = a def9ite degree ( conc5tration ( ! solution & l5g? ( obs]vation tube4 ,! normal solution 9 ! laur5t in/rum5t conta9s #af4ai grams ( pure sug> 9 #ajj true cubic c5timet]s1 & ! l5g? ( ! obs]vation tube is #bjj millimet]s4 ,bo? ! angul> rotation & ! direct p]c5tage ( sug> c be read at ! same "t4 ,great accuracy c be secur$ by mak+ ! read+s 9 ea* ( ! f\r quadrants4 ,! light is r5d]$ yell[ mono*romatic by br++ into ! flames ( a d\ble buns51 spoons made ( plat9um wire1 :i* c>ry fragm5ts ( fus$ sodium *lorid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cc4 ,,laur5t ,,lamp4 #gj4 ,! ,laur5t ,burn]4--,! !ory ( ! illum9ation ( ! laur5t burn] is illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ ,fig4 #cc4 ,! lamp consi/s ess5tially ( two buns5s1 surm\nt$ by a *imney4#ch ,a curv$ spoon made ( plat9um gauze s]ves to hold ! fus$ p>ticles ( sodium *lorid :i* are us$ to produce ! yell[ light4 ,! spoon is %[n at ,g1 held by ! arm ,f1 fa/5$ by ! key ,p4 ,! int]ior int5se flame ,b ,b is surr\nd$ by an ext]ior less highly color$ flame ,a ,a4 ,x is important t ! optical axis ( ! pol>iscope be direct$ accurately ^u ! disk ,b1 :i* is ! mo/ int5se "p ( ! illum9ation4 ,! po9t ( ! spoon c>ry+ ! salt %\ld be co9cid5t ) ! prolongation ( ! lamp ,,tt1 s t x j /rikes ! edge ( ! blue flame4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to press ! spoons into ! int]ior ( ! flame z by s do+ ! int5sity ( ! illum9ation is v mu* dim9i%$4 ,great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! position ( ! spoon ,g1 & ! plat9um arm ,f be+ flexible1 ! op]ator ) a little pati5ce1 w be enabl$ to prop]ly place ! spoon by b5d+ x4 ,moreov]1 if ! spoon be press$ too f> into ! flame1 ! melt$ p>ticles ( salt collect+ 9 ! bottom ( ,g may drop into ! lamp & occlude ! orifices ?r\gh :i* ! gas ent]s4 ,! light ( ! yell[ flame produc$ by ! lamp may be fur!r purifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh a prism fill$ ) a solution ( potassium di*romate1 or bett]1 a homog5e\s disk cut f a cry/al ( t salt4 ,s9ce ! flame produc$ by ! above device is n p]fectly con/ant1 be+ m int5se at ! mom5t ( introduc+ a fre% portion ( ! fus$ salt1 ! au?or has us$ a lamp design$ to furni% an absolutely con/ant flame4#ci ,?is device :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( add+ con/antly a fre% portion ( ! salt to ! flame4 ,! flame is ?us kept p]fectly uni=m 9 its int5sity4 ,! lamp consi/s ess5tially ( two :eels ) plat9um gauze p]imet]s & plat9um wire spokes1 driv5 by a clock-"w ,d1 & m\nt$ by ! supports ,,aa z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! sodium salt1 *lorid or bromid1 9 dilute solution1 is plac$ 9 ! porcela9 crucibles ,f1 support$ by ,,bb z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 to su* a dep? t ! rims ( ! plat9um :eels dip b5ea? ! surface z !y revolve4 ,! salt is volatiliz$ by ! lamp ,e4 ,by means ( ! cross$ b&s ! :eels are made to revolve 9 opposite directions z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! solution ( ! salt :i* is tak5 up by ! plat9um net-"w ( ! rim ( ! :eel1 ?us has "t to become p]fectly dry be=e x ent]s ! flame & ! sputt]+ :i* a moi/ salt w\ld produce is avoid$4 ,at e in/ant1 by ?is arrangem5t1 a m9ute fre% portion ( salt is introduc$ into ! flame ) ! result ( mak+ a p]fectly uni=m light :i* c be us$ = h\rs )\t any p]ceptible v>iation4 ,! me*anism ( ! app>atus is s simple t no fur!r description is necess>y4 ,! pol>iscope %\ld be s direct$ t[>d ! flame z to br+ into ! field ( vision its mo/ lum9\s "p4 ,! plat9um :eels are adju/able & %\ld be s arrang$ z to produce betwe5 !m an unbrok5 yell[ flame4 ,! :eels are eight c5timet]s 9 diamet] & are driv5 at a rate to make "o revolution 9 f six to t5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd4 ,,lamp ,,= ,,produc+ ,,con/ant ,,mono*romatic ,,flame4 #ga4 ,con/ruction ( ,laur5t's ,app>atus4--,! %ad[ pol>iscope inv5t$ by ,laur5t is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! pol>iz] is a special nicol :i* is n fix$ 9 its position1 b is s arrang$ z to be turn$ ?r\gh a small arc ab\t its axis4 ,by ?is device1 ! quantity ( light pass+ ?r\gh x c be regulat$1 & ! app>atus is ?us useful ) color$ solutions :i* are n easily cle>$ by any ( ! common blea*+ ag5ts4 ,! great] ! quantity ( light admitt$1 h[ev]1 ! less delicate is ! read+ ( ! %ad[ produc$4 ,! plane ( pol>iz$ light em]g5t f ?is prism1 falls on a disk ( glass half cov]$ by a ?9 lam9a ( qu>tz :i* ?us divides ! field ( vision into halves4 ,x is ?is semi-disk ( qu>tz :i* is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! app>atus4#dj ,! pol>iz$ light ?us passes )\t h9drance ! half field ( vision :i* is cov]$ by ! glass only1 b c n pass ! qu>tz plate unless its axis is set 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,! field ( vision may be ?us half d>k1 or bo? halves may be equally illum9at$ or equally d>k accord+ to ! position ( ! nicol analyz] :i* is freely movable ab\t its axis & c>ries a v]ni] & read+ glass ov] a graduat$ circle4 ,! field ( vision 9 ! laur5t may h any ( ! foll[+ =ms4#da ,let ! pol>iz] be fir/ s adju/$ t ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! transmitt$ p5cil ( light is p>allel to ! axis ( ! plate ly+ 9 ! direction ,a ,b4 ,! two halves ( ! field ( vision w !n appe> equally illum9at$ 9 e position ( ! analyz]4 ,b if ! pol>iz+ nicol be incl9$ to ,,ab at an angle a1 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! rays pass+ ?r\gh ! qu>tz plate w und]go deviation ?r\gh an equal angle 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce4 ,,field ,,( ,,vision ,,( ,a ,,laur5t ,,pol>iscope4 ,x happ5s f ?is1 t :5 9 ! uncov]$ half ( ! field1 ! plane ( pol>ization has ! direction ,,ac1 9 ! o!r half x w h ! direction ,,ac4 ,:5 ! analyz] is rotat$1 if its plane ( pol>ization lie 9 ! direction cc1 ! rays pol>iz$ p>allel to ,,ac w be completely ext+ui%$ & ! correspond+ half ( ! field w be d>k4 ,! opposite happ5s :5 ! plane ( pol>ization lies 9 ! direction ( cc4 ,:5 "o-half ( ! field is ?us obscur$1 ! o!r suff]s only a p>tial dim9ution 9 ! int5sity ( its illum9ation4 ,:5 ! middle position bb is rea*$ 9 ! rotation ( ! analyz]1 ! illum9ation ( ! two halves is uni=m1 & ?is is ! po9t at :i* ! z]o ( ! scale is rea*$4 ,! slighte/ rotation ( ! analyz] to ! "r or left ( ?is neutral po9t w cause a %ad[ to appe> on "o ( ! halves ( ! field1 :i* by an oscillatory movem5t ( ! analyz]1 seems to leap f side to side4 ,! small] ! angle a or ,,bac1 ! m delicate w be ! %ad+ & ! m accurate ! obs]vation4 ,?is angle be+ adju/able by ! me*anism already describ$1 %\ld be made z small z w p]mit ! admission ( ! quantity ( light requisite = accurate obs]vation4 ,! v>i\s pieces compos+ ! pol>iscope are arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ positions1 beg9n+ on ! "r ( ,fig4 #cf1 & pass+ to ! left1 :]e ! obs]v] is seat$4#db #a4 ,! lamp ,,vv1 ,,tt1 ,,aa1 or ! :eel burn]3 #b4 ,! l5s ,b = cond5s+ ! rays & r5d]+ !m p>allel3 #c4 ,! tube ,i1 black5$ inside to c>ry ! l5s3 #d4 ,a ?9 lam9a ,e1 cut f a cry/al ( potassium bi*romate1 s]v+ to r5d] ! sodium light m mono*romatic3 ,:5 ! sac*>9e liquids "u exam9ation are color$ ! cry/al ( bi*romate is remov$ be=e ! obs]vation is made4 #e4 ,! pol>iz] ,r1 :i* is rotatable ?r\gh a small angle by ! lev] ,k3 #f4 ,! lev] ,,jk = rotat+ ! tube conta9+ ! pol>iz]3 ,?is is op]at$ by ! rod ,x ext5d+ to ! left4 #g4 ,diaphragm ,d1 half cov]$ ) a lam9a ( qu>tz4 #h4 ,tr\gh ,l = hold+ ! obs]vation tube3 ,9 ! l>ge in/rum5t %[n 9 ! figure1 x is m ?an half a met] 9 l5g? & arrang$ to hold an obs]vation tube #ejj millimet]s long4 #i4 ,disk ,c1 c>ry+ divid$ circle & arbitr>y sug> scale3 #aj4 ,mirror ,m1 to ?r[ ! light ( ! lamp on ! v]ni] ( ! scale3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cf4 ,,laur5t ,,pol>iscope4 #aa4 ,read+ glass ,n1 c>ri$ on ! same radius z ! mirror & us$ to magnify & read ! scale3 #ab4 ,device ,f1 to regulate ! z]o ( ! in/rum5t3 #ac4 ,tube ,h1 c>ry+ a nicol analyz] & ocul> ,o = def9+ ! field ( vision3 ,?is tube is rotat$ by ! radial arm ,g1 c>ry+ ! mirror & read+ glass4 #gb ,manipulation4--,! lamp hav+ be5 adju/$1 ! in/rum5t1 9 a d>k room1 is s direct$ t ! mo/ lum9\s spot ( ! flame is 9 ! l9e ( vision4 ,an obs]vation tube fill$ ) wat] is plac$ 9 ! tr\gh & ! z]o ( ! v]ni] is plac$ accurately on ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,! ev5 t9t ( ! field ( vision is !n secur$ by adju/+ ! app>atus by ! device numb] #ab4 #gc ,! ,soleil-,v5tzke ,pol>iscope4--,a =m ( pol>iscope giv+ a color$ field ( vision 0 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry almo/ exclusively until )9 t5 ye>s1 & is /ill l>gely employ$4 ,!re are _m =ms ( t9t in/rum5ts1 b ! "o almo/ exclusively us$ "h is t m5tion$4 ,a full description ( _! con/ruction & manipulation is giv5 by ,tuck]4#dc ,by ! introduction ( a ?ird rotat+ nicol 9 front ( ! l5s next to ! lamp1 ! s5sitive t9t at :i* ! read+ is made c be kept at a maximum delicacy4 ,^! in/rum5ts are capable ( r5d]+ v reliable s]vice1 especially 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h a delicate p]ception ( color4 ,!y are inf]ior1 h[ev]1 to ! %ad[ in/rum5ts 9 delicacy1 & are m try+ to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,! %ad[ in/rum5ts !re=e1 especially ^? mak+ use ( an ord9>y k]os5e lamp1 h practically driv5 ! t9t pol>iscopes out ( use4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( a t9t in/rum5t z modifi$ by ,s*eibl] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cg4 ,,t9t ,,pol>iscope4 ,beg9n+ on ! "r ( ! figures1 its optical p>ts are z foll[s3 ,a is a nicol :i*1 ) ! qu>tz plate ,b1 =ms ! app>atus = produc+ ! light rose neutral t9t4 ,! prop] degree ( rotation ( ^! two p>ts is secur$ by means ( ! button ,l atta*$ to ! rod c>ry+ ! rat*et :eel z %[n4 ,! pol>iz+ nicol is at ,c1 & ,d is a qu>tz disk1 "o-half ( :i* is "r-h&$ & ! o!r left-h&$4 ,at ,g is ano!r qu>tz plate belong+ to ! analyz+ "p ( ! app>atus4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! fix$ qu>tz w$ge ,f1 & ! movable qu>tz w$ge ,e1 con/itute ! comp5sat+ app>atus ( ! in/rum5t :]eby ! deviation produc$ 9 ! plane ( pol>iz$ light by ! solution 9 ! tube is re/or$4 ,next to ! comp5sat+ app>atus is ! analyz+ nicol :i* 9 ?is in/rum5t is fix$ 9 a c]ta9 place1 viz41 ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,! analyz] & ! telescope = obs]v+ ! field ( vision are c>ri$ 9 ! tube ,,hj4 ,! movable qu>tz w$ge has a scale :i* is read ) a telescope ,k1 provid$ ) a mirror incl9$ at an angle ( #de1 j ov] ! scale & s]v+ to illum9ate x4 ,! qu>tz w$ges are also provid$ ) a movem5t by :i* ! z]o po9t ( ! scale c be adju/$4 ,a k]os5e lamp ) two flat wicks is ! be/ s\rce ( illum9ation & ! in/rum5t %\ld be us$ 9 a d>k room & ! light ( ! lamp1 save t :i* passes ?r\gh ! pol>iscope1 be suppress$ by a %ade4 ,! s5sitive or transition t9t is produc$ by t position ( ! regulat+ app>atus :i* gives a field ( view ( su* a nature t a giv5 small movem5t ( ! qu>tz comp5sat+ w$ge gives ! greate/ contra/ 9 color betwe5 ! halves ( ! field ( vision4 ,= mo/ eyes a fa9t rose-purple t9t1 z ne>ly colorless z possible1 possesses ?is quality4 ,a slight movem5t ( ! qu>tz w$ge by means ( ! screw head ,m w1 ) ?is t9t1 produce on "o side a fa9t gre5 & on ! o!r a p9k color1 :i* are 9 /rong contra/4 ,! neutral po9t is rea*$ by s adju/+ ! qu>tz w$ge z to give to bo? halves ( ! field ! same fa9t rose-purple t9t4 #gd4 ,! ,%ad[ ,pol>iscope = ,lamp ,light4--,?is =m ( in/rum5t is n[ 9 g5]al use = sac*>imetric purposes4 ,x possesses on ! "o h&1 ! advantages ( ^? in/rum5ts us+ mono*romatic light1 & on ! o!r1 ! ease ( manipulation possess$ by ! t9t pol>iscopes4 ,x diff]s f ! t9t in/rum5t 9 disp5s+ ) ! nicol & qu>tz plate us$ to regulate ! s5sitive t9t1 & 9 hav+ its pol>iz+ nicol peculi>ly con/ruct$ 9 h>mony ) ! optical pr9ciples ( ! jellet-corny prism4 ,! m improv$ =ms ( ! app>atus h a d\ble qu>tz w$ge comp5sation4 ,! two w$ges are ( opposite optical prop]ties1 & s]ve to make ! obs]vations m accurate by mutual correction4 ,! optical arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( su* a pol>iscope is %[n 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,! l5ses = conc5trat+ ! rays ( light & r5d]+ !m p>allel are conta9$ 9 ! tube ,n4 ,at ,o is plac$ ! modifi$ pol>iz+ nicol4 ,! two comp5sat+ qu>tz w$ges are mov$ by ! mill$ screw-heads ,,eg4 ,! re/ ( ! optical app>atus is arrang$ z describ$ "u ! t9t pol>iscope4 ,= practical purposes1 only "o ( ! w$ges is employ$1 b = all accurate "w ! read+s %\ld be made ) bo? w$ges & ?us e possible s\rce ( error elim9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ch4 ,,d\ble ,,comp5sat+ ,,%ad[ ,,pol>iscope4 #ge4 ,! ,triple ,%ad[ ,in/rum5t4--,:5 prop]ly made1 all ! in/rum5ts :i* h be5 m5tion$1 are capable ( giv+ accurate results if us$ 9 h>mony ) ! directions giv54 ,9 ! use ( pol>iscopes hav+ color$ fields ( vision a delicate s5se ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 relat$ t9ts is necess>y to good "w4 ,color-bl9d obs]v]s c\ld n successfully use su* app>atus4 ,9 ! %ad[ in/rum5ts x is only necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! halves ( a field ( vision unequally illum9at$ & to r$uce ?is inequality to z]o4 ,a neutral field is ?us secur$ ( "o int5sity ( illum9ation & ( only "o color1 usually yell[4 ,su* a field ( vision p]mits ( ! easy discrim9ation betwe5 ! int5sity ( ! coloration ( its two halves1 & is consequ5tly n try+ to ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & all[s ( great accuracy ( discrim9ation4 ,?is field ( vision has lately be5 /ill fur!r improv$ by divid+ x into ?ree p>ts in/ead ( two4 ,an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d1 ,fig4 #ci1 9 use 9 ?is laboratory1 p]mits a delicacy ( read+ n possess$ by any o!r in/rum5t us$ = sug> analysis1 & approa*+ t ( ! /&>d ,l&olt-,lippi* app>atus1 us$ by u = rese>* "w & = det]m9+ ! rotation ( qu>tz plates & te/+ ! accuracy ( o!r pol>iscopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ci4 ,,triple ,,%ad[ ,,pol>iscope4 ,! triple %ad[ is secur$ by int]pos+ 9 front ( ! pol>iz+ nicol two small nicols z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! end views 9 diff]5t positions ( ! pol>iz] are %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dj4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,produc+ ,a ,,triple ,,%ad[4 ,in/ead ( ! comp>ison ( ! int5sity ( ! illum9ation be+ made on ! halves ( ! field ( vision x is made by comp>+ ! segm5ts ( ! halves ) a c5tral b&1 :i* also *anges 9 int5sity syn*ron\sly ) ! two segm5ts1 b 9 an opposite direction4 ,,! ,,analytical ,,process4 #gf4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,hav+ describ$ ! in/rum5ts *iefly employ$ 9 ! optical exam9ation ( sug> solutions1 ! next /ep is to apply !m to ! analytical "w4 ,a common set ( directions = use w be f\nd applicable to all in/rum5ts ) su* modifications only z are requir$ by peculi>ities ( con/ruction4 ,) ! be/ made in/rum5ts x is always advisable to h "s me?od ( controll+ ! accuracy ( ! obs]vation4 ,! simple/ way ( do+ ?is is to te/ ! app>atus by /&>d qu>tz plates4 ,^! plates are made f "r-h&$ pol>iz+ qu>tz cry/al gr\nd into plates ( def9ite ?ickness & accurately te/$ by /&>d in/rum5ts4 ,!oretically su* qu>tz plates deflect ! plane ( pol>iz$ light 9 a degree proportionate to _! ?ickness1 b practically "s small deviations f ! rule are f\nd4 ,) a s\rce ( light ( ! same t9t1 & at a con/ant temp]ature1 su* plates become a safe te/ = ! accuracy ( ! graduation ( pol>iscopes4 ,!y are m conv5i5t = use ?an pure sug> solutions ( kn[n /r5g? :i* are ! f9al /&>ds 9 all disput$ cases4 ,^! qu>tz plates are conv5i5tly m\nt$ 9 tubes ( ! same size z ^? hold+ ! sug> solution1 & ?us fit accurately into ! tr\gh ( ! pol>iscope1 ! optical axis ( :i* passes ?r\gh _! c5t]4 ,! qu>tz plate :5 us$ = sett+ ! scale ( a pol>iscope %\ld be plac$ always 9 ! same position4 ,9 "s plates slight diff]5ces ( read+ may be notic$ on rotat+ ! tubes hold+ !m4 ,!oretically1 su* diff]5ces %\ld n exi/1 b 9 practice !y are sometimes f\nd4 ,! temp]ature ( obs]vation %\ld also be not$1 & if n t at :i* ! value ( ! plate 0 fix$ a prop] correction %\ld be made4 #gg4 ,sett+ ! ,pol>iscope4--,:ile m5tion has be5 made ( sev]al =ms ( app>atus 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ^? 9 common use are limit$ to a v small numb]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry q a numb] ( color in/rum5ts may /ill be f\nd1 toge!r ) a few laur5ts1 & a con/antly increas+ numb] ( %ad[ in/rum5ts = use ) lamp light4 ,! foll[+ description ( sett+ ! pol>iscope is especially adapt$ to ! la/ nam$ in/rum5t1 b ! pr9ciples ( adju/m5t are equally applicable to all4 ,! scale ( ! in/rum5t is fir/ s adju/$ by means ( ! adju/+ screws provid$ ) ea* in/rum5t1 z to br+ ! z]o ( ! v]ni] & t ( ! scale exactly toge!r4 ,! telescope or ocul> is !n adju/$ until ! %>p l9e sep>at+ ! halves ( ! field ( vision is br\ght into focus4 ,?is be+ accompli%$ an obs]vation tube fill$ ) pure wat] is plac$ 9 ! app>atus & ! telescope aga9 adju/$ to br+ ! divid+ l9e ( ! field into focus4 ,! beg9n] especially1 %\ld repeat$ly /udy ?is adju/m5t & be impress$ ) ! fact t only 9 a %>ply def9$ field are practical obs]vations ( any wor?4 ,! importance ( hav+ all ! l5ses p]fect & all ! cov] glasses )\t a flaw may be fully appreciat$ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! pol>iz$ ray1 already depriv$ ( half its orig9al lum9\s p[]1 mu/ pass ?r\gh sev]al c5timet]s ( cry/alliz$ calcium c>bonate1 & half a doz5 disks ( glass & qu>tz1 & z _m l5ses be=e rea*+ ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,only ) ! greate/ c>e & neatness is x possible to secure ! requir$ degree ( illum9ation4 ,! z]o po9t hav+ be5 well /udi$ & accurately adju/$1 ! scale ( ! in/rum5t may be tri$ ) a s]ies ( qu>tz plates ( kn[n pol>iz+ p[] at ! temp]ature ( ! obs]vation4 ,9 ! app>atus ) d\ble qu>tz w$ge comp5sation1 x w be notic$ t ! m>ks on "o scale are black & on ! o!r r$4 ,! black is ! work+ & ! r$ ! control scale4 ,to op]ate ?is in/rum5t1 ! r$ scale is plac$ exactly at ! z]o po9t4 ,! black scale is also plac$ at z]o1 & if ! field ( vision is n neutral1 x is made s by ! micromet] screw ) :i* ! black scale is provid$4 ,9 a "r-h&$ solution1 ! r$ scale is left at z]o & ! black "o mov$ to ! "r until neutrality 9 ! field ( vision is rea*$ & ! read+ is tak54 ,! obs]vation tube conta9+ ! sug> solution is tak5 out & ! r$ scale mov$ until ! field ( vision is aga9 neutral & ! read+ ( ! r$ scale tak54 ,! two read+s %\ld agree4 ,any failure 9 ! agreem5t %[s "s fault ei!r 9 adju/+ ! app>atus or 9 its con/ruction1 or "s error 9 manipulation4 ,! d\ble comp5sat+ %ad[ in/rum5ts are m readily te/$ = accuracy 9 all p>ts ( ! scale ?an ^? ( any o!r con/ruction4 ,! two comp5sat+ w$ges are cut ) ! greate/ c>e1 "o f a left-h&$ & ! o!r f a "r-h&$ p]fectly homog5e\s qu>tz cry/al4 ,s9ce faults 9 ^! w$ges are due ei!r to lack ( p>allelism ( surface1 or ( p]p5dicul>ity to ! optical axis ( ! cry/al1 & s9ce ^! faults ( cry/allization or con/ruction mu/ be 9 a v limit$ degree common !y w\ld n co9cide once 9 _m ?\s& times 9 ! two w$ges4 ,?is is easily %[n by ! !ory ( probabilities4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! two read+s made at any po9t1 %\ld n agree1 x mu/ be due ei!r to a fault 9 "o ( ! w$ges1 or to a fault 9 read+ or a lack ( adju/m5t1 z has be5 m5tion$4 ,9 su* cases ! read+s %\ld be retak5 & ! errors are usually easily discov]$4 #gh4 ,control ,obs]vation ,tube4--,in/ead ( us+ qu>tz plates ( kn[n values = te/+ ! accuracy ( ! scale1 an obs]vation tube may be us$1 ! l5g? ( :i* c be v>i$ at ! pleasure ( ! obs]v]4 ,! con/ruction ( a tube ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! tube ,b is movable telescopically 9 ,a by means ( ! rat*et :eel %[n4 ,x is clos$ at ,d wat]-tight by a glass disk4 ,! tube ,b fits z accurately into ,a z is possible to p]mit ( free movem5t1 & any liquid :i* may infilt] betwe5 its out] surface & ! inn] surface ( ,a is prev5t$ f ga9+ exit by ! wa%] ,c1 :i* fits bo? tubes wat]-tight4 ,! rat*et :i* moves ,b 9 ,a c>ries a millimet] scale & v]ni] ,n :]eby ! exact ?ickness ( ! liquid solution betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! glass disks ,d & ,e c be always det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #da4 ,,control ,,obs]vation ,,tube4 ,by ?is device ! l5g? ( liquid "u obs]vation c be accurately read to a t5? ( a millimet]4 ,! cov] glass ,e is held 9 position by any "o ( ! devices 9 common use = ?is purpose 9 ! case 9 "q1 by a bayonet fa/5+4 ,! funnel ,t1 communicat+ directly ) ! int]ior ( ,a1 s]ves to hold ! solution1 !re be+ always en\gh ( x to fill ! tube :5 ,d is remov$ to ! maximum di/ance f ,c1 :i* is usually a little m ?an #bjj millimet]s4 ,let ! control tube be adju/$ to #bjj millimet]s & fill$ ) a solution ( pure sug>1 :i* reads #ajj p] c5t or degrees 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,s9ce ! degree ( rotation is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 proportional to ! l5g? ( ! column ( pol>iz+ solution1 x foll[s t if ! tube ,b be mov$ inw>d until ! di/ance betwe5 ,d & ,c is #ajj millimet]s1 ! scale %\ld read #ej or p] c5t4 ,by adju/+ ! l5g? ( ! di/ance betwe5 ,b & ,c x is easily se5 t e "p ( ! scale c be accurately te/$4 ,! tube %\ld be fill$ by remov+ ! funnel & clos+ ! orifice ) a screw cap :i* comes ) ! app>atus4 ,! cap ,e is !n remov$ & ! tube fill$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,?is precaution is practic$ to avoid c>ry+ air bubbles into ! tube :5 fill$ directly ?r\gh ! funnel4 ,) a little c>e1 h[ev]1 ?is dang] may be avoid$1 or %\ld air bubbles ent] !y c be easily remov$ by incl9+ ! tube4 ,9 case ! solution us$ be n /rictly pure x may /ill be employ$ = te/+ ! scale4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t a solution made up 9 ! usual way1 has be5 made f a sample conta9+ only #ii4d p] c5t ( sug>4 ,!n 9 ord] to h ?is solution read #ajj on ! scale ! tube %\ld be set at #bja4b millimet]s1 accord+ to ! =mula #bjj #ajj --------- #bja4b4 #ii4d ,by a simil> calculation ! position ( ! tube = read+ any desir$ degree on ! scale c be det]m9$4 ,! importance ( controll+ all p>ts ( ! scale 9 comp5sat+ in/rum5ts is emphasiz$ by ! fact t a v>iation ( only #j4jaf millimet] 9 ! ?ickness ( ! comp5sat+ w$ge w cause a *ange ( "o degree 9 ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t4 #gi4 ,sett+ ! ,pol>iscope ) ,qu>tz ,plates4--,pure sug> is n always at ! comm& ( ! analy/1 & x is m conv5i5t practically to adju/ ! in/rum5t by means ( qu>tz plates1 ! sug> values ( :i* h be5 previ\sly te/$ = ! "* ( ! light us$4 ,assum+ ! homog5eity ( a plate ( qu>tz1 ! degree ( deflection :i* x imp>ts to a plane ( pol>iz$ light dep5ds on ! quality ( ! light1 ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 & ! temp]ature4 ,9 respect ( ! quality ( light1 r$ pol>iz$ rays are lea/1 & violet mo/ deflect$4 ,! degree ( rotation produc$ ) any ray1 at a giv5 temp]ature1 is directly proportional to ! ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,temp]ature affects ! rotat+ p[] ( a qu>tz plate 9 a degree highly significant f a sci5tific po9t ( view & n :olly negligible = practical purposes4 ,! rotat+ p[] ( a qu>tz plate increases ) ! temp]ature & ! v>iation may be det]m9$ by ! =mula giv5 bel[3#dd ,! =mula is applicable = temp]atures betwe5 #j & #ajj4 ,its values are express$ 9 degrees ( angul> measure :i* c be conv]t$ into degrees ( ! sug> scale by appropriate factors3 ,=mula4--a a7#a #j4jjjadft72 9 :i* a pol>ization 9 angul> degrees at #j1 t ! temp]ature ( obs]vation & a ! rotation desir$4 ,example4--,a qu>tz plate :i* has an angul> rotation ( #cc at #j w h a rotation at #bj ( #cc4jihcd4 a #cc7a #j4jjjadf #bj7 #cc4jihcd4 ,s9ce 9 in/rum5ts us+ ! v5tzke scale "o degree ( ! sug> scale is equal to #j4cdfg degree angul> measure1 ! sug> value ( ! qu>tz plate m5tion$ is equal to #ie4dg p]c5t2 #cc4jihcd #j4cdfg #ie4dg4 ,! sug> value ( ?is plate at #j is #ie4ah p] c5t2 #cc #j4cdfg #ie4ah4 #hj4 ,tables = ,correct+ ,qu>tz ,plates4--,in/ead ( calculat+ ! v>iation 9 qu>tz plates = ea* temp]ature ( obs]vation1 x is recomm5d$ by ! ,bureau ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue ( ! ,treasury1 to use control qu>tz plates ! values ( :i* at any giv5 temp]ature1 are f\nd on a c>d :i* accompanies ea* "o4#de ,! v>iations giv51 are f temp]atures betwe5 #aj & #ce4 ,?ree control plates are provid$ ) ea* in/rum5t us$ by ! ,bureau1 = pol>imetric "w 9 ! cu/om h\ses1 or 9 asc]ta9+ b\nties to be paid on ! production ( dome/ic sug>s4 ,= example1 ! case ( a sug> :i* pol>izes #hj4e may be cit$4 ,"o ( ! control plates ne>e/ to ?is numb]1 is f\nd to h at ! temp]ature ( obs]vation1 a pol>ization ( #ia4d1 ! read+ be+ made 9 ea* case at #be4 ,on consult+ ! c>d :i* accompanies ! control plate1 x is se5 t its value at ! temp]ature m5tion$1 is #ia4g4 ,! read+ ( ! in/rum5t is !re=e too l[ by ?ree-t5?s ( a degree1 & ?is quantity %\ld be add$ to ! obs]v$ pol>ization1 mak+ x #hj4h4 ,9 ?is me?od ( correct+ ! read+ = temp]ature1 x is assum$ t ! comp5sat+ w$ges ( ! in/rum5t1 are free ( error at ! po9ts ( obs]vation4 ,! plates us$ = ! purpose above1 are all /&>diz$ 9 ! (fice ( weights & measures ( ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 be=e deliv]y to ! analy/s4 #ha4 ,applicability ( ,qu>tz ,plates4--,qu>tz plates :i* are correctly set = "o in/rum5t or k9d ( light1 %\ld be equally accurate = ! sug> scales ( all in/rum5ts1 us+ ! same sug> factor4 ,9 o!r words a qu>tz plate :i* reads #ii on a s*eibl] color pol>iscope1 %\ld give ! same read+ on ! sug> scale ( a %ad[ comp5sat+ or a mono*romatic direct read+ app>atus us+ #bf4jdh grams ( sug>4 ,! mo/ useful qu>tz plates = sug> analysis1 are ^? :i* give ! read+s at po9ts betwe5 #hj & #if1 :i* cov] ! limits ( ord9>y comm]cial sug>s4 ,= molasses ! plates %\ld read f #de to #ee4 ,= sug> juices ( ! cane & beet1 ! mo/ conv5i5t graduation w\ld be f #aj to #bj1 b plates ( ?is value w\ld be too ?9 = practical "w & are n 9 use4 ,:5 qu>tz plates are to be us$ = control purposes1 !y %\ld be pur*as$ f reliable manufactur]s1 or bett]1 te/$ directly aga9/ pure sug> solutions by ! obs]v]4 ,9 practice we h f\nd qu>tz plates z a rule1 true to _! m>k+s4 #hb4 ,! ,sug> ,flask4--,sug> solutions are prep>$ = pol>ization 9 flasks graduat$ to hold fifty or "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s4 ,= sci5tific "w a flask is m>k$ to hold #ajj grams ( di/ill$ wat] at #d4 ,! weights are all to be r$uc$ to a vacuum /&>d4 ,"o flask hav+ be5 m>k$ 9 ?is way1 o!rs may be comp>$ directly !re) by means ( pure m]cury4 ,= ?is purpose ! flasks mu/ be p]fectly dry & ! m]cury pure1 leav+ no /a9 on ! sides ( ! flask4 ,! glass mu/ also be /rong en\gh to und]go no *ange 9 %ape f ! weight ( m]cury us$4 ,= sug> "w ! true #ajj gram flask is n usually employ$1 b "o graduat$ by weigh+ at #ag4e4 ,^! flasks are graduat$ by fir/ weigh+ !m p]fectly dry1 fill+ ) di/ill$ wat] & aga9 weigh+ fifty & fifty-five1 or #ajj & #aaj grams ( wat] at ! temp]ature nam$4 ,s9ce ! volume ( wat] at #ag4e is great] ?an at #d ! sug> flask 9 ord9>y use has a great] volume by ab\t #j4be cubic c5timet] ?an ! true flask4 ,! obs]v] %\ld always secure a /atem5t f ! deal] 9 respect ( ! volume ( ! flask us$ 9 te/+ ! scale ( ! pol>iscope pur*as$4 ,9 ! graduation ( a flask 9 true cubic c5timet]s1 :5 brass weights are us$ x w be necess>y to correct ! weight ( ea* gram ( wat] by add+ to x "o milligram1 :i* is almo/ exactly ! weight ( ! volume ( air displac$ by "o gram ( wat] 9 ! circum/ances nam$4 ,if ! flask be fir/ c\nt]balanc$ & x be desir$ to m>k x at #ajj cubic c5timet]s ! sum ( ! weights plac$ 9 ! opposite pan %\ld be #ajj - #j4ajj #ii4ijj grams4 ,:ile ?is is n a rigidly exact correction x w be suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,a lit] ( dry air weighs #a4bicff grams2 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] w\ld !re=e displace #j4abi gram ( air4 ,b ! brass weights also displace a volume ( air :i* :5 d$uct$ r$uces ! correction to be made = ! wat] to ne>ly ! "o nam$4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 inv]t+ sug> solutions ! flasks us$ 9 practical "w are graduat$ at fifty & fifty-five & #ajj & #aaj cubic c5timet]s respectively4 #hc4 ,prep>+ ,sug> ,solutions = ,pol>ization4--,if sug> samples 7 always pure ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 a giv5 solution c\ld be directly det]m9$ by imm$iate pol>ization4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are r>ely met 9 practice4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! sample is n only to be br\ght into solution b is also to be decoloriz$ & r5d]$ limpid by "s "o ( ! me?ods to be describ$4 ,a p]fectly limpid liquid is ( ! highe/ importance to secure correct obs]vations4 ,) a cl\dy solution ! field ( vision is obscur$1 ! divid+ l9e ( ! two halves1 or ! d\ble l9e 9 ! triple field1 becomes blurr$ or invisible & ! int5sity ( illum9ation is dim9i%$4 ,a color$ liquid :i* is bright is f> m easy to pol>ize ?an a colorless liquid :i* is turbid4 ,9 fact1 x is only r>ely 9 sug> "w t samples w be f\nd :i* require any special decoloriz+ treatm5t o!r ?an t :i* is receiv$ 9 apply+ ! reag5ts :i* s]ve to make ! solutions limpid4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs ! approv$ me?ods ( cl>ify+ sug> solutions prep>atory to obs]vation 9 ! pol>iscope w be describ$4 #hd4 ,alum9a ,cream4--,! hydrate ( alum9a1 commonly kn[n z alum9a cream1 is always to be pref]r$ z a cl>ify+ ag5t 9 all cases :]e x c be successfully appli$4#df ,x is a sub/ance t acts :olly 9 a me*anical way & !re=e leaves ! sug>s 9 solution un*ang$1 c>ry+ out only susp5d$ matt]s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is reag5t a solution ( alum is treat$ ) ammonia 9 slight excess1 ! alum9um hydroxid produc$ wa%$ on a filt] or by decantation until neutral 9 reaction4 ,! hydroxid is susp5d$ 9 pure wat] 9 proportions to produce a creamy liquid4 ,al?\gh app>5tly v bulky1 ! actual space occupi$ by ! am\nt ( dry hydroxid add$ 9 a few cubic c5timet]s is s small z to produce no di/urb+ effect ( importance on ! volume ( ! sug> solution4 ,! cream ?us prep>$ is %ak5 j be=e us+ & f "o to five cubic c5timet]s ( x1 accord+ to ! degree ( turbidity ( ! sac*>9e solution1 are add$ be=e ! volume 9 ! flask is complet$ to ! m>k4 ,aft] fill+ ! flask to ! m>k ! ball ( ! ?umb is plac$ ov] ! m\? & ! cont5ts well %ak5 & all[$ to /& = a few mom5ts be=e filt]+4 ,! alum9a cream is well suit$ to use ) solutions ( comm]cial sug>s ( n too l[ a grade & ( mo/ honeys & high grade sirups4 ,x is usually n p[]ful en\gh to cl>ify beet & cane juices1 molasses & massecuites4 #he4 ,basic ,lead ,acetate4--,a solution ( basic lead acetate is an invaluable aid to ! sug> analy/ 9 ! prep>ation ( samples = pol>imetric obs]vation4 ,x acts z a cl>ify+ ag5t by ?r[+ out ( solution c]ta9 organic comp\nds & by unit+ ) ! organic acids 9 solution =ms an additional quantity ( precipitate1 & ^! precipitates act also me*anically 9 remov+ susp5d$ matt]s f solution4 ,! action ( ?is reag5t is !re=e mu* m vigor\s ?an t ( alum9a cream4 ,color+ matt]s are (t5 precipitat$ & remov$ by treatm5t ) lead acetate4 ,x happ5s !re=e t !re are few samples ( sac*>9e bodies ^: solutions _c be suffici5tly cl>ifi$ by lead acetate to p]mit ( pol>imetric obs]vation4 ,! reag5t is mo/ frequ5tly employ$ ( ! foll[+ /r5g?3#dg ,boil = half an h\r 9 "o & a half lit]s ( wat] #dfd grams ( lead acetate & #bfd grams ( li?>ge ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,:5 cool1 dilute ) wat] to two lit]s1 all[ to /& until cle>1 & decant ! solution4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is solution is ab\t #a4bfg4 ,9 a solution ( basic lead acetate ( unkn[n /r5g? ! p]c5tage ( lead acetate may be det]m9$ f its specific gravity by ! foll[+ table3#dh ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,lead ,,acetate ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,diff]5t ,,specific ,,gravities ,,at #ae4 ,p]c5tage ( ,p]c5tage ( ,specific gravity4 lead acetate4 ,specific gravity4 lead acetate4 #a4jabg #b #a4bjdj #bh #a4jbee #d #a4bbaa #cj #a4jchf #f #a4bcie #cb #a4jebj #h #a4begi #cd #a4jfed #aj #a4bgfh #cf #a4jgif #ab #a4biff #ch #a4jici #ad #a4cafc #dj #a4ajhd #af #a4ccgf #db #a4abcd #ah #a4cehh #dd #a4achd #bj #a4chaj #df #a4aedd #bb #a4djda #dh #a4agjd #bd #a4dbga #ej #a4ahfi #bf #hf4 ,errors ,due to use ( ,lead ,solutions4--,9 ! use ( lead solutions !re is dang] ( errors intrud+ into ! results ( ! "w4 ,^! errors are due to v>i\s s\rces4 ,lead subacetate solution1 :5 us$ ) l[ grade products1 or sug> juices1 or sirups f beets & canes1 precipitates album9\s matt]s & also ! organic acids pres5t4 ,! bulk occupi$ by ^! comb9$ precipitates is (t5 ( consid]able magnitude1 s t on complet+ ! volume 9 ! flask ! actual sug> solution pres5t is less ?an indicat$4 ,! result+ cond5sation t5ds to give too high a pol>imetric read+4 ,) pur] samples ?is error is ( no consequ5ce1 b especially ) l[ grade sirups & molasses x is a di/urb+ factor1 :i* mu/ be consid]$4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( correct+ x has be5 propos$ by ,s*eibl]4#di ,to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( ! sample1 t5 ( lead solution are add$1 & aft] %ak+ & filt]+ ! pol>imetric read+ is tak54 ,ano!r quantity ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ) t5 ( lead is dilut$ to #bbj cubic c5timet]s1 %ak51 filt]$1 & pol>iz$4 ,d\ble ! second read+1 subtract x f ! fir/1 multiply ! diff]5ce by #b4b1 & d$uct ! product f ! fir/ read+4 ,! rema9d] is ! correct pol>ization4 ,! process j describ$ is = ! usual "w ) beet juices & sirups4 ,= cane juices measur$ by ! graduat$ pipette1 h]eaft] to be describ$1 & = weigh$ samples ( molasses & massecuites1 ! foll[+ me?od ( calculation is pursu$4#ej ,to ! sample dissolv$ 9 wat]1 add a measur$ portion ( ! lead subacetate solution1 make its volume #ajj cubic c5timet]s & obs]ve ! pol>imetric read+4 ,prep>e a second solution 9 ! same way & make ! volume d\ble t ( ! fir/ & aga9 take ! pol>imetric read+4 ,multiply ! second read+ by two1 subtract ! product f ! fir/ read+ & multiply ! rema9d] by two1 & subtract ! product f ! fir/ read+4 ,example4--,fir/ pol>ization #cj4j ,second pol>ization #ad4i ,!n #cj - 7#b #ad4i #bi4h7 #j4b #j4b #b #j4d & #cj - #j4d #bi4f ,! correct$ read+ !re=e %[s t ! sample conta9$ #bi4f p] c5t ( sug>4 #hg4 ,error ,due to ,action ( ,lead ,subacetate on ,levulose4--,9 ! use ( lead subacetate solution n only is !re dang] ( error due to ! causes j describ$1 b also to a m s]i\s "o1 aris+ f ! *emical int]action ( ! cl>ify+ ag5t & levulose4#ea ,lead subacetate =ms a *emical union ) levulose & ! result+ comp\nd has a diff]5t rotatory p[] f ! left-h&$ sug> 9 an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,by add+ a suffici5t quantity ( subacetate solution1 ! left-h&$ rotation ( levulose may be greatly dim9i%$ if n entirely de/roy$4 ,9 ?is case ! dextrose1 :i* ) levulose =ms inv]t$ sug>1 s]ves to increase ! app>5t "r rotation due to ! sucrose 9 solution4 ,! read+ ( ! scale is !re=e high] ?an w\ld be giv5 by ! sucrose alone4 ,if ! lead subacetate c\ld be add$ 9 j ! proportion to make ! inv]t sug> neutral to pol>iz$ light1 its use w\ld r5d] ! analysis m accurate2 b su* a case c\ld only arise accid5tally4 ,to correct ! error1 aft] cl>ification1 ! comp\nd ( levulose & lead may be decompos$ by ! addition ( acetic acid accord+ to ! me?od ( ,sp5c]4 ,9 ?is case ! true cont5t ( sucrose c only be obta9$ by ! me?od ( inv]sion propos$ by ,cl]get1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ano!r p>agraph4 #hh4 ,cl>ification ) ,m]curic ,comp\nds4--,:]e ! di/urb+ bodies 9 a solution are *iefly ( an album9oid nature1 "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( secur+ cl>ification is by ! use ( a solution conta9+ an acid m]curic comp\nd4#eb ,9 ! case ( milk ?is me?od is to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,album9oid bodies !mselves1 h ! prop]ty ( deflect+ ! plane ( pol>ization1 z a rule1 to ! left1 & !re=e1 %\ld be completely remov$ f solutions conta9+ "r-h&$ sug>s su* z lactose4 ,= ?is purpose ! m]curic comp\nd is m effici5t ?an any o!r4 ,x is prep>$ & us$ z foll[s4#ec ,dissolve m]cury 9 d\ble its weight ( /rong nitric acid & dilute ! solution ) an equal volume ( wat]4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution is suffici5t to cl>ify fifty times its volume ( milk4 #hi4 ,decolorization by ,means ( ,bone-,black4--,:]e ! means already describ$ fail to make a solution suffici5tly colorless to p]mit ( ! passage ( a ray ( pol>iz$ light1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to a decoloriz+ ag5t4 ,! mo/ effici5t ( ^! is bone-black4 ,= laboratory "w x is f9ely gr\nd & %\ld be dry if add$ to an already measur$ solution4 ,:5 moi/ x %\ld be add$ to ! flask be=e ! volume is complet$1 & a correction made = ! volume ( ! dry *> employ$4 ,bone-black has ! p[] ( absorb+ a c]ta9 quantity ( sug>1 & = ?is reason z little ( x %\ld be employ$ z is suffici5t to secure ! end 9 view4 ,if n m ?an "o gram ( ! *> be us$ = #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( solution1 ! error is n important comm]cially4 ,! error may be avoid$ by plac+ ! *> on ! filt] & reject+ ! fir/ half ( ! filt]$ solution4 ,! *> becomes saturat$ ) ! fir/ portion ( ! solution1 & does n absorb any sug> f ! second4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 does n secure s complete a decolorization z is effect$ by add+ ! black directly to ! solution & all[+ to /& = "s "t ) frequ5t %ak+4 #ij4 ,rem>ks on ,analytical ,process4--,s9ce l>ge weights ( sug> are tak5 = pol>ization1 a balance :i* w weigh accurately to "o milligram may be us$4 ,9 comm]cial "w ! weigh+ is made 9 a c\nt]pois$ di% ) a prom95t lip1 by means ( :i* ! sample c be direct$ into ! m\? ( ! flask aft] p>tial solution4 ,:]e ! air 9 ! work+ room is /ill1 an uncov]$ balance is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,) a little practice ! analy/ w be able to dissolve & transf] ! sample f ! di% to ! flask )\t dang] ( loss4 ,! s\rce ( light us$ 9 pol>iz+ %\ld be 9 ano!r room1 & admitt$ by a circul> op5+ 9 ! p>tition4 ,9 a close pol>iz+ room1 :i* results f ! d>k5+ ( ! w9d[s1 ! temp]ature w rapidly rise if a lamp be pres5t1 endang]+ notably ! accuracy ( ! "w1 & also int]f]+ ) ! com=t ( ! obs]v]4 ,! greate/ neatness mu/ be practic$ 9 all /ages ( ! "w1 & especially ! tr\gh ( ! pol>iscope mu/ be kept f injury :i* may arise f ! leak+ ( ! obs]vation tubes4 ,du/ & dirt ( all k9ds mu/ be c>efully exclud$ f ! l5ses1 prisms1 w$ges & plates ( ! in/rum5t4 #ia4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sucrose by ,inv]sion4--,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs directions h be5 giv5 = ! e/imation ( sug> 7sucrose7 by its optical prop]ties4 ,x has be5 assum$ s f>1 t no o!r di/urb+ bodies h be5 pres5t1 save ^? :i* c\ld be remov$ by ! cl>ify+ ag5ts describ$4 ,! case is diff]5t :5 two or m sug>s are pres5t1 ea* ( :i* has a specific relation to pol>iz$ light4 ,9 su* cases "s me?od mu/ be us$ = ! optical det]m9ation ( sucrose1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( ! o!r pol>iz+ bodies1 or else rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r me?ods ( analysis4 ,! conv]sion ( ! sucrose pres5t into inv]t sug> by ! action ( an acid or a f]m5t1 af=ds an opportunity = ! e/imation ( sucrose 9 mix$ sug>s1 by purely optical me?ods4 ,?is process re/s ^u ! pr9ciple t by ! action ( a dilute acid = a %ort "t1 or ( a f]m5t = a long "t1 ! sucrose is completely *ang$1 :ile o!r sug>s pres5t are n s5sibly affect$4 ,nei!r ( ^! assumptions is rigidly correct b ea* is practically applicable4 ,! sucrose by ?is process ( hydrolysis is conv]t$ into an equal mixture ( levulose & dextrose4 ,! =m]1 at room temp]atures1 has ! high] specific rotat+ p[]1 & ! deflection ( ! plane ( pol>ization 9 a solution ( inv]t$ sug> is !re=e to ! left4 ,! levorotatory p[] ( inv]t sug> v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 & ?is arises f ! optical prop]ties ( ! levulose4 ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! rotat+ p[] ( o!r sug>s1 is n imp]ceptible 9 all cases1 b 9 practice is negligible4 ,?is me?od ( analysis is invaluable 9 control "w 9 factories1 9 ! cu/oms & 9 agricultural laboratories4 ,s9ce ! rotat+ p[] ( levulose dim9i%es z ! temp]ature rises1 an accurate !rmometric obs]vation mu/ accompany ea* pol>imetric read+4 ,at ab\t #hh ! rotatory p[]s ( dextrose & levulose are equal1 & a solution ( pure inv]t sug> exam9$ at t degree1 is f\nd to be neutral to pol>iz$ light4 #ib4 ,cl]get's ,me?od ( ,inv]sion4--,! classical me?od ( ,cl]get = ! det]m9ation ( cane sug> by d\ble pol>ization be=e & aft] inv]sion1 0 fir/ describ$ 9 a memoir pres5t$ to ! ,society ( ,enc\ragem5t = ,national ,indu/ry on ! #ad? ( ,octob]1 #ahdf4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! orig9al me?od is tak5 f a repr9t ( ! proce$+s ( t ,society1 dat$ ,nov4 #ahdf3 ,cl]get po9ts out fir/ ! obs]vation ( ,mits*]li* reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! rotatory p[] ( inv]t sug>1 & calls att5tion to ! detail$ exp]im5ts he has made :i* result$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! laws ( ! v>iation4 ,f ^! /udies he 0 able to con/ruct a table ( corrections1 applicable 9 ! analysis ( all sac*>9e sub/ances 9 :i* ! cane sug> is pol>iz$ be=e & aft] inv]sion4 ,! basis ( ! law re/s ^u ! obs]vation t a solution ( pure sug>1 pol>iz+ #ajj on ! sug> scale1 be=e inv]sion1 w pol>ize #dd to ! left aft] inv]sion at a temp]ature ( z]o4 ,! quantity ( sug> op]at$ ^u by ,cl]get am\nt$ to #af4dga grams 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( liquid4 ,on ! in/rum5t employ$ by him ?is quantity ( sug> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s gave a read+ ( #ajj to ! "r on ! sug> scale :5 conta9$ 9 a tube tw5ty c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,! process ( inv]sion c>ri$ on by ,cl]get is z foll[s3 ,! sug> solution is plac$ 9 a flask1 m>k$ on ! neck at #ajj & #aaj cubic c5timet]s2 or if small] quantities are us$1 9 a flask m>k$ on ! neck at fifty & fifty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! flask is fill$ ) ! sug> solution to ! fir/ m>k & !n a suffici5t quantity ( /rong hydro*loric acid add$ to br+ ! volume ( ! liquid to ! second m>k4 ,! m\? ( ! flask is !n clos$ ) ! ?umb & its cont5ts ?or\ghly mix$ by %ak+4 ,a !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! flask :i* is set 9 a wat]-ba? 9 su* a way t ! wat] comes j above ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! neck ( ! flask4 ,! wat] is heat$ 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 z det]m9$ by ! !rmomet]1 exactly to #fh & at su* a rate z to require fifte5 m9utes to rea* ?is result4 ,at ! end ( fifte5 m9utes ! temp]ature hav+ rea*$ #fh ! flask is remov$ & plac$ at once 9 ano!r wat]-ba? at ! temp]ature ( ! room1 to :i* temp]ature ! cont5ts ( ! flask are cool$ z rapidly z possible4 ,to make ! pol>imetric obs]vation a tube tw5ty-two c5timet]s 9 l5g? is fill$ ) ! inv]t$ sug> solution by means ( a tubulure 9 its c5t]1 :i* s]ves n only ! purpose ( fill+ ! tube b also aft]w>ds to c>ry ! !rmomet]1 by means ( :i* ! temp]ature ( obs]vation c be tak54 ,if ! sug> solution be turbid1 or conta9 any lead *lorid due to ! previ\s use ( basic lead acetate 9 cl>ification1 x %\ld be filt]$ be=e be+ introduc$ into ! obs]vation tube4 ,?is tube be+ "o-t5? long] ?an ! orig9al comp5sates = ! dilution caus$ by ! addition ( ! hydro*loric acid 9 inv]sion4 ,:5 read+1 ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] %\ld be )drawn f> en\gh to p]mit ! free passage ( ! ray ( light & ! exact temp]ature ( ! solution not$4 ,! above outl9e ( ,cl]get's me?od ( inv]sion is giv5 9 ord] t ! analy/ may comp>e x ) any ( ! v>iations :i* he may f9d 9 o!r works4 ,! *ief po9ts to :i* att5tion is call$1 are1 fir/1 ! fact t only a little ov] sixte5 grams ( sug> are us$ = t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & second1 t ! "t ( heat+ is exactly fifte5 m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t ! cont5ts ( ! flask %\ld be rais$ f room temp]ature to exactly #fh4 ,f ! above x is se5 t ! process ( ,cl]get1 z orig9ally describ$1 c be appli$ directly to all in/rum5ts1 us+ approximately sixte5 grams ( sug> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,exp]i5ce has also %[n t ev5 :5 l>g] quantities ( sug> are employ$1 z = in/ance1 approximately tw5ty-six grams1 ! inv]sion is effect$ ) practical complet5ess 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,x is advis$1 !re=e1 t 9 all analytical processes1 9 :i* cane sug> is to be det]m9$ by ! process ( inv]sion ) an acid1 ! orig9al directions ( ,cl]get be foll[$ z /rictly z possible4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t no "o ( ! v>iations propos$ = ,cl]get's orig9al me?od has any practical advantage & ! analy/ is especially caution$ aga9/ ^? me?ods ( inv]sion 9 :i* ! temp]ature is cont9u$ at #fh = fifte5 m9utes or 9 :i* x is all[$ to g above t degree4 #ic4 ,influ5ce ( ,/r5g? ( ,solution & ,"t ( ,heat+ on ! ,inv]sion ( ,sucrose4--,z has be5 intimat$1 ! /r5g? ( a sug> solution & ! "t ( heat+ ) hydro*loric acid are factors t mu/ be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ a =mula = ! calculation ( sucrose by inv]sion4 ,! ,cl]get =mula holds good only = ! conditions specifi$ & ^! conditions mu/ be rigidly adh]$ to 9 ord] to secure ! prop] results4 ,?is matt] has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,borntrg]1 :o also gives a ne>ly complete bibliography ( ! subject4#ed ,z a result ( 8 inve/igations x seems well e/abli%$ t ! orig9al ,cl]get =mula is practically correct = ! conditions indicat$1 ,borntrg] modify+ x only by sub/itut+ 9 ! =mula #adc4ff = #add4 ,?is is s ne>ly ! same z ! ,cl]get factor t x is n advisable to sub/itute x !re=4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! inv]t$ sug> solution be dilut$ to d\ble its volume be=e pol>ization ! factor propos$ by ,l&olt1 viz41 #adb4d1 gives m ne>ly accurate results4 ,if ! hydro*loric acid be neutraliz$ be=e pol>ization by an alkal9e body1 ! "* ( ! salt :i* is =m$ also influ5ces1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! specific rotatory p[] ( ! solution4 ,hydro*loric acid itself also influ5ces ! rotation to a c]ta9 degree4#ee #id4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,! p]c5tage ( sucrose 9 a solution :i* has be5 pol>iz$ be=e & aft] inv]sion is calculat$ by an appropriate =mula f ! data obta9$ or is tak5 directly f tables4 ,^! tables are too long to ins]t "h1 & 9 po9t ( fact ! calculation c be made f ! =mula almo/ z quickly z ! result c be tak5 f a table4 ,two factors are commonly us$ 9 ! calculations1 "o bas$ on ! supposition t a sug> solution pol>iz+ #ajj to ! "r w1 aft] inv]sion1 give a read+ ( #dd to ! left1 at z]o temp]ature4 ,9 ! second =mula 9 common use ! pol>ization to ! left 9 ! circum/ances m5tion$ above is assum$ to be #db4d1 a numb] rea*$ by ,l&olt aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts4#ef ,! pr9ciple ( ! calculation ( ! p]c5tage ( sucrose is bas$ ^u ! orig9al obs]vation ( ,cl]get to ! effect t ! algebraic diff]5ce ( ! two read+s1 divid$ by #add1 less half ( ! temp]ature1 w give ! p]c5tage ( sucrose desir$4 ,! =mula by :i* ?is is obta9$ is a - b ,s -----------4 ,k - t ---- #b ,9 ?is =mula a is ! pol>ization on ! sug> scale be=e inv]sion1 b ! pol>ization aft] inv]sion1 ,k ! con/ant repres5t+ ! algebraic diff]5ce ( ! two pol>izations ( pure sug> at #j & t ! temp]ature ( ! obs]vation4 ,to ,k may be assign$ ! values #add or #adb4d1 ! "o 9 m common use4 ,9 case ! pol>ization1 aft] inv]sion1 is to ! left1 :i* is m commonly ! case1 ! sum ( ! two read+s is tak5 = a - 7-b7 a b2 :5 bo? pol>izations are to ! "r or left ! diff]5ce is tak54 ,s is ! p]c5tage ( sucrose desir$4 ,example4--,let ! pol>ization be=e inv]sion be #ie & aft] inv]sion -#bf & ! temp]ature #bj #ie #bf ,!n ,s -------- #aba #acd #ij4f4 #add - #aj ,sub/itut+ ! value #adb4d = ,k1 ! result ( ! calculation is #ia4d4 ,9 high grade sug>s1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! results secur$ by tak+ ! two values ( ,k am\nts to ab\t #a p] c5t ( sucrose4 ,= a fur!r discussion ( ! !ory & practice ( inv]sion ! read] is ref]r$ to ! articles ( ,h]les1 ,h]zfeld1 & ,wohl4#eg #ie4 ,me?od ,( ,l9det4--,c\rtonne recomm5ds ! me?od ( ,l9det = secur+ ! inv]sion in/ead ( ! me?od ( ,cl]get4#eh ,modifi$ by ,c\rtonne1 ! me?od is z foll[s3 ,make two or ?ree times ! normal weight ( sug> dissolv$ 9 wat] to a volume ( #bjj or #cjj cubic c5timet]s1 z ! case may be4 ,aft] ?or\ghly mix+ proce$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 to ,obta9 ! ,pol>ization ,direct4--,place fifty or #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! prep>$ solution 9 a flask m>k$ at fifty & fifty-five or at #ajj & #aaj cubic c5timet]s1 add a suffici5t quantity ( lead acetate to secure a complete cl>ification1 make ! volume to fifty-five or #aaj cubic c5timet]s1 %ake ?or\ghly1 filt]1 & pol>ize 9 a #bbj millimet] tube4 ,second1 to ,obta9 ! ,rotation aft] ,inv]sion4--,place tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution1 9 a flask m>k$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s1 conta9+ five grams ( p[d]$ z9c4 ,! flask %\ld be plac$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,add1 little by little s z to avoid a too rapid evolution ( hydrog51 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid made ( equal p>ts ( ! /ronge/ acid & wat]4 ,aft] ! op]ation is t]m9at$1 cool to ! temp]ature ( ! room1 make ! volume to fifty cubic c5timet]s1 pol>ize1 & det]m9e ! rotation4 ,! volume occupi$ by ! z9c :i* is n dissolv$1 w be ab\t "o-half cubic c5timet]1 h5ce ! deviation %\ld be multipli$ by ! factor #b4dge 9 ord] to get ! true deviation :i* w\ld h be5 produc$ by ! pure liquor4 ,we h !n3 ,a ! deviation direct4 ,b ! deviation aft] inv]sion4 ,c ! algebraic diff]5ce ( ! deviations4 ,! am\nt ( sucrose1 !re=e1 w\ld be calculat$ by ! =mula ( ,creydt1#ei ,c - #j4dic;,a ,x --------------2 #j4hbg = raff9ose ! =mula w\ld be ,a - ,s ,y ---------1 #a4eg 9 :i* ,s is ! deviation due to ! sucrose pres5t4 ,! solutions inv]t$ 9 ! mann] describ$ are absolutely colorless4 ,!re is no ne$ ( employ+ bone-black to secure ! sac*>imetric read+ nor does x pres5t any unc]ta9ty4 ,x is ?\ght by ,c\rtonne t ?is me?od w soon take ! place ( ! me?od ( ,cl]get on acc\nt ( ! advantages above m5tion$4 ,! me?od w be some:at improv$ by adopt+ ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 #a4 ,in/ead ( all[+ any arbitr>y numb] = ! volume ( ! undissolv$ z9c1 decant ! liquid1 aft] inv]sion1 into ano!r flask & wa% repeat$ly ) hot wat] until all trace ( sug> is remov$ f ! flask 9 :i* ! inv]sion took place4 #b4 ,in/ead ( pol>iz+ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube make ! obs]vation 9 a #ejj millimet] tube1 :i* w p]mit ( ! read+ be+ made )\t any correction :atev]4 #if4 ,inv]sion by ,means ( ,inv]tase4--,in/ead ( us+ acids = ! inv]sion ( cane sug> ! hydrolysis c be easily effect$ by means ( a f]m5t d]iv$ f yea/4 ,a complete hi/ory ( ! lit]ature & *>act]i/ics ( ?is f]m5t1 toge!r ) a /udy ( its prop]ties & ! v>i\s me?ods ( prep>+ x1 has be5 giv5 by ,o',sullivan & ,tompson4#fj ,9 ! prep>ation ( inv]tase1 ! me?od f\nd mo/ effective is ! foll[+3 ,! yea/ is all[$ to liquify = at lea/ a mon? 9 a fairly w>m room )\t /irr+4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! surface is remov$ & any sup]natant liquid p\r$ away4 ,! l[] s$im5t>y "p is ?r[n on a quick-act+ filt] & all[$ to dra9 = two days4 ,to ! filtrate1 alcohol ( specific gravity #j4hg is gradually add$ to ! ext5t ( "o & a half times its volume1 ) cont9u$ & vigor\s /irr+4 ,! process ( add+ ! alcohol & /irr+ %\ld require ab\t half an h\r1 aft] :i* ! mixture is all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to all[ ! precipitat$ inv]tase to settle4 ,! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ away & ! precipitate wa%$ sev]al times on successive days by decantation ) alcohol ( #j4ib specific gravity4 ,:5 ! wa%+s become ne>ly colorless ! precipitate is ?r[n on a filt]1 all[$ to dra91 & imm$iately remov$ & mix$ ) a l>ge bulk ( alcohol ( #j4ib specific gravity4 ,! precipitate is aga9 collect$1 mix$ ?or\ghly ) its own bulk ( wat]1 & "s alcohol ( #j4ig specific gravity1 all[$ to /& = a few h\rs & ?r[n on a filt]4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! inv]tase4 #ig4 ,det]m9ation ( ,activity ( ,inv]tase4--,! activity ( a solution ( inv]tase1 prep>$ z above1 is measur$ by ! numb] ( m9utes requir$ = x to r$uce to z]o ! optical p[] ( a solution ( #ajj times its weight ( cane sug> at a temp]ature ( #ae4e4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! action ( ! inv]tase1 a trace ( sulfuric acid is add$ to ! solution4 ,! manipulation is z foll[s3 ,fifty grams ( sucrose are dissolv$ 9 wat] & made to a volume ( ne>ly a qu>t] ( a lit] & plac$ 9 a ba? ma9ta9$ at #ae4e4 ,half a gram ( ! inv]tase is add$1 ! "t not$1 ! solution imm$iately made up to a qu>t] ( a lit] & well %ak54 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are p\r$ rapidly into five beak]s2 ! actual quantity 9 ea* beak] is n necess>ily ! same4 ,to ea* ( ^! beak]s1 9 succession1 are add$ ! foll[+ am\nts ( dec9ormal sulfuric acid1 viz41 "o-t5?1 ?ree-t5?s1 six-t5?s1 "o1 & "o & f\r-t5?s cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] an h\r a small quantity ( ! solution is tak5 f beak] ,no4 #c & ! reaction ( ! inv]tase /opp$ by add+ a few drops ( /rong potassium hydroxid & ! "t ( add+ ?is reag5t not$4 ,?is solution is !n read 9 ! pol>iscope & ! p]c5tage ( sug> inv]t$ is calculat$ f ! =mula ,c,h,o ,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o4 ,! calculation ( ! am\nt ( cane sug> inv]t$ is bas$ on ! =mula1 7#ch4d - d7 #j4eah p4 ,9 ?is =mula d equals ! divisions ( ! sug> scale read on ! pol>iscope2 p ! p]c5tage ( cane sug> inv]t$2 #ch4d ! read+ on ! sug> scale ( ! orig9al sug> solution & #ea4h ! total numb] ( divisions ( ! cane sug> scale t ! pol>iscope read+ w\ld fall ?r\gh if all ! sug> 7 inv]t$4 ,! obs]vation tubes us$ 9 ! pol>ization are only #ajj millimet]s 9 l5g?4 ,aft] /opp+ ! action ( ! inv]tase ) potassium hydroxid ! solution is all[$ to /& = "s "t be=e pol>ization inasmu* z ! dextrose =m$ appe>s to assume ! /ate ( birotation & "s "t is requir$ = x to rea* its normal rotatory p[]4 ,if ! inv]tase be us$ 9 ! alcoholic solution a suffici5t quantity %\ld be add$ to be equival5t to #j4ja ( ! sucrose pres5t4 ,! "t :i* ! cont5ts ( beak] ,no4 #c w take to rea* optical activity is calculat$ 9 a mann] describ$ by ,o',sullivan & ,tompson1 b too long to be ins]t$ "h4#fa ,! five beak]s m5tion$ above are exam9$ 9 succession & ! am\nt ( sulfuric acid be/ suit$ to ! maximum inv]sion ?us det]m9$4 ,?is quantity is !n us$ 9 subsequ5t hydrolyses ) ! giv5 sample ( inv]tase4 ,! action ( inv]tase on sucrose is v rapid at ! fir/ & becomes v mu* sl[] t[>ds ! end4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ae4e x is advisable to let ! solution /& = =ty-eight h\rs 9 ord] to be sure t complete inv]sion has tak5 place4 ,= ?is reason ! me?od by inv]sion by means ( inv]tase is "o ( no great practical importance1 b x may (t5 be useful to ! analy/ :5 ! employm5t ( an acid is inadmissible4 #ih4 ,inv]sion by ,yea/4--,ow+ to ! difficulty ( prep>+ inv]tase1 ,o',sullivan & ,?ompson#fb propose to use yea/ z ! hydrolytic ag5t1 z fir/ sugge/$ by ,kjeldahl4 ,x is %[n t 9 ! use ( yea/ x is n necess>y to employ ?ymol or any o!r antiseptic4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,! cane sug> solution ( usual /r5g? %\ld n be alkal9e1 b1 if possible1 %\ld be exactly neutral4 ,if !re be any f]m5t suspect$1 ! temp]ature %\ld be mom5t>ily rais$ to #hj to de/roy its activity4 ,! pol>iscopic read+ ( ! solution is !n tak5 at #ae4e & ! am\nt ( copp] r$uc$ by ! solution %\ld also be det]m9$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are p\r$ into a beak] & rais$ to a temp]ature ( #ee 9 a con/ant temp]ature ba?4 ,"s brew]s yea/ am\nt+ to ab\t "o-t5? ( ! total am\nt ( sug> to be inv]t$1 press$ 9 a t[el1 is ?r[n into ! hot solution & ! :ole /irr$ until mixture is complete4 ,! solution is left = f\r h\rs 9 ! wat]-ba?1 at ! end ( ?is "t x is cool$ to #ae4e1 a little fre%ly precipitat$ alum9um hydroxid add$1 & ! volume made to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,a portion ( ?is solution is filt]$ & its pol>iscopic read+ obs]v$4 ,! solution is !n left till ! next day1 :5 ano!r pol>iscopic read+ is tak5 9 ord] to prove t inv]sion is complete4 ,! copp] r$uc+ p[] is also det]m9$4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ ! results is ! same z :5 inv]tase is us$4 ,! foll[+ =mulas are employ$4 a ! numb] ( divisions indicat$ by ! pol>iscopic read+ = a #bjj millimet] tube3 a ! same numb] aft] inv]sion3 m ! numb] ( ! divisions ( ! pol>iscopic scale :i* #bjj millimet]s ( ! sug> solution conta9+ "o gram ( cane sug> p] #ajj1 alt] at #ae4e on be+ inv]t$3 ,9 ! case ( ! v5tzke pol>imet] scale1 "o gram ( cane sug> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 indicates #c4hd divisions & aft] inv]sion x gives -#a4cd div4 ,9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 !re=e1 m #e4ah4 ,p ! weight ( cane sug> pres5t 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution3 ,! =mula employ$ !n is a - #b;a ,p -----------4 m ,= ! copp] r$uction data ! foll[+ are us$3 ,g ! weight ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution3 ,g2 ! same = ! inv]t$ solution3 ,all[ance mu/ be made "h bo? = ! dilution & = ! #e p] c5t increase ( ! inv]t$ sug>1 b ! latt] numb] is s small t x ne$ n be calculat$ accurately4 w ! weight ( ! orig9al solution us$ = ! e/imation3 w ! same factor = ! inv]t$ solution3 k ! weight ( cupric oxid r$uc$ by w3 k ! same factor = w3 p ! weight ( cane sug> pres5t 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution3 ,! =mula to be employ$ !n is ,g k ,g k p #j4dcjh7b ------ - -----74 w w ,?is me?od has be5 appli$ to ! e/imation ( cane sug> 9 molasses1 apple juices & o!r sub/ances4 ,x is recomm5d$ by ! au?ors z a simple & accurate means ( e/imat+ sucrose 9 all solutions conta9+ x4 ,! me?ods ( mak+ ! copp] r$uctions w be giv5 h]eaft]4 #ii4 ,application ( ! ,process4--,9 practice ! process ( inv]sion is us$ *iefly 9 ! analysis ( molasses & l[ grade massecuites4 ,9 approximately pure sug>s ! direct pol>ization is suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes4 ,9 molasses result+ f ! manufacture ( beet sug> are (t5 f\nd consid]able quantities ( raff9ose1 & ! inv]sion process has be5 adapt$ to t "* ( samples4 ,9 molasses1 9 sug> cane factories1 ! di/urb+ factors are *iefly inv]t sug>s & gums4 ,! processes us$ = molasses w be giv5 9 ano!r p>agraph4 ,9 c]ta9 det]m9ations ( lactose ! process ( inv]sion is also practic$1 b 9 ?is case ! lactose is conv]t$ into dextrose & galactose1 & ! factors ( calculation are altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! process has also be5 adapt$ by ,mc,elroy & ,bigel[ to ! det]m9ation ( sucrose 9 pres5ce ( lactose1 & ?is me?od w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,9 g5]al ! process ( inv]sion is applicable to ! det]m9ation ( sucrose 9 all mixtures ( o!r optically active bodies1 :i* are n affect$ by ! me?ods ( inv]sion employ$4 #ajj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sucrose & ,raff9ose4--,raff9ose is a sug> :i* (t5 occurs 9 beets1 & is f\nd *iefly 9 ! molasses aft] ! *ief "p ( ! sucrose has be5 remov$ by cry/allization4 ,x is also f\nd 9 _m se$s1 notably 9 ^? ( ! cotton plant4 ,9 a pure solution ( sucrose & raff9ose1 bo? sug>s may be det]m9$ by ! inv]sion me?od ( ,creydt4#fc ,! inv]sion is effect$ by means ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,cl]get4 ,! foll[+ =mulas are calculat$ = a temp]ature ( obs]vation ( #bj1 & ! read+s %\ld be made z ne> t temp]ature z possible4 ,c - #j4dic;,a 7#a7 ,s -------------- #j4hbg ,a - ,s #f 7#b7 ,r --------- #a4jag;,a - ------4 #a4eg #a4bih ,9 ^! =mulas ,s & ,r are ! respective p] c5ts ( sucrose & raff9ose desir$1 ,a ! pol>ization 9 sug> degrees be=e inv]sion1 ,b ! pol>ization aft] inv]sion read at #bj1 & ,c is ! algebraic diff]5ce betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ^! =mulas are applicable only to a solution conta9+ no o!r optically active sub/ances1 save sucrose & raff9ose4 #aja4 ,specific ,rotatory ,p[]4--,9 ord] to comp>e among !mselves ! rotations produc$ on a plane ( pol>iz$ light by diff]5t optically active bodies 9 solution1 x is conv5i5t to ref] !m all to an assum$ /&>d4 ,! degree ( rotation :i* ! body w\ld %[ 9 ?is condition1 is f\nd by calculation1 s9ce1 9 reality1 ! conditions assum$ are nev] f\nd 9 practice4 ,9 ! case ( sug>s & o!r optically active bodies1 ! /&>d ( comp>ison is call$ ! specific rotatory p[]4 ,?is factor 9 any giv5 case1 is ! angul> rotation :i* w\ld be produc$ by any giv5 sub/ance 9 a pure anhydr\s /ate if x 7 "o decimet] 9 l5g? & ( a specific gravity equal to wat]4 ,^! are conditions :i* evid5tly d n exi/ 9 ! case ( sug>s1 s9ce cry/all9e sug> p>ticles h no pol>iz+ p[]1 & x w\ld be impossible to pass a ray ( light ?r\gh an amorph\s sug> column ( ! l5g? specifi$4 ,! specific rotatory p[] is !re=e to be reg>d$ z a purely !oretical factor1 calculat$ f ! actual data obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( ! solution ( any giv5 sub/ance4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! obs]vation tube 9 decimet]s be repres5t$ by l1 ! p]c5tage ( ! pol>iz+ body 9 #ajj grams by p1 & ! specific gravity ( ! solution by d1 & ! obs]v$ angle ( rotation by a1 !n ! factor is calculat$ f ! =mula3 a4 #ajj a,dj ---------------4 p4 d4 l4 ,! symbols ,dj ref] to ! "* ( light employ$1 ,d indicat+ ! mono*romatic sodium flame1 & j ! transition t9t f :ite light4 ,if ! weight ( ! pol>iz+ body c be giv5 or kn[n = #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ! =mula becomes a4 #ajj a,dj ----------4 c4 l4 ,! latt] =mula is ! "o easi] ( application s9ce x is only necess>y 9 apply+ x to dissolve a giv5 weight ( ! active body 9 an appropriate solv5t & to complete ! volume ( ! solution exactly to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y 9 ?is case to det]m9e ! specific gravity4 #ajb4 ,=mulas = ,calculat+ ,specific ,rotatory ,p[]4--,9 ord] to det]m9e ! specific rotatory p[] 7gyrodynat#fd7 ( a giv5 sub/ance x is necess>y to "k ! specific gravity & p]c5tage composition or conc5tration ( its solution1 & to exam9e x ) mono*romatic pol>iz$ light 9 an in/rum5t by :i* ! angul> rotation c be measur$4 ,! gyrodynat ( any body *anges ) its degree ( conc5tration1 9 "s cases ) ! temp]ature1 & always ) ! color ( ! light4 ,) ! r$ rays ! gyrodynat is lea/ & itprogressively increases z ! violet end ( ! spectrum is approa*$4 ,9 practice ! yell[ ray ( ! spectrum has be5 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t = use1 & 9 ! case ( sug>s ! gyrodynat is always express$ ei!r 9 t]ms ( ?is ray or if made ) color comp5sat+ in/rum5ts 9 t]ms ( ! s5sitive or transition t9t4 ,9 ! "o case ! symbol us$ is 7a7,d & 9 ! o!r 7a7j4 ,f ?is /atem5t x foll[s t 7a7,d is always num]ically less ?an 7a7j4 ,unless o!rwise specifi$ ! gyrodynat ( a body is to be consid]$ z det]m9$ by yell[ mono*romatic light1 & !re=e corresponds to a,d4#fe #ajc4 ,v>iations 9 ,specific ,rotatory ,p[]4--,! gyrodynat ( any optically active body v>ies ) ! nature ( ! solv5t1 ! /r5g? ( ! solution1 & ! temp]ature4#ff ,s9ce wat] is ! only solv5t ( importance 9 det]m9+ ! gyrodynat ( sug>s x w n be necess>y "h to discuss ! influ5ce ( ! nature ( ! solv5t4 ,9 respect ( ! /r5g? ( ! solution x has be5 e/abli%$ t 9 ! case ( cane sug> ! gyrodynat decreases :ile ) dextrose x increases ) ! degree ( conc5tration4 ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! gyrodynat ( common sug>s is n ( great importance save 9 ! case ( levulose1 :]e x is ! mo/ important factor1 ! gyrodynat rapidly increas+ z ! temp]ature falls4 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood t ! above rem>ks d n apply to ! increase or decrease 9 ! volume ( a solution at *ang$ temp]atures4 ,?is influ5ce ( temp]ature is univ]sally proportional to ! *ange ( volume 9 all cases1 & ?is volumetric *ange is completely elim9at$ :5 ! pol>izations are made at ! temp]atures at :i* ! solutions are complet$ to /&>d volumes4 #ajd4 ,gyrodynatic ,data = ,common ,sug>s4--,9 ! case ( cane sug> ! gyrodynat = tw5ty-five grams ( sug> 9 #ajj grams ( solution at #bj is a,d #ff4cg4 ,?is is ab\t ! degree ( conc5tration ( ! solutions employ$ 9 ! %ad[ lamplight pol>iscopes4 ,= sev5te5 grams ( sug> 9 #ajj grams ( solution ! numb] is a,d #ff4di4 ,?is is approximately ! degree ( conc5tration = ! laur5t in/rum5t4 ,= any degree ( conc5tration accord+ to ,toll5s ! gyrodynat may be comput$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 a,d #ff4chf #j4jaejcep - #j4jjjcihfp1 9 :i* p is ! numb] ( grams ( sug> 9 #ajj grams ( ! solution4#fg ,9 ! table con/ruct$ by ,s*mitt ! data obta9$ are z foll[s3 ,9 #ajj p>ts by weight ,specific ,rotation a ( solution4 gravity ,conc5tration = #ajj mm4 ,sug> p4 ,wat] q4 at #bj ,c4 d4 c pd4 at #bj ,c4 a,d4 #fd4igge #ce4jbbe #a4cafej #he4edcb #ef4acd #fe4fbj #ed4ifdc #de4jceg #a4begcb #fi4ajgf #de4ecc #fe4iai #ci4iggg #fj4jbbc #a4agffd #dg4jcib #ca4agd #ff4bgb #be4jjai #gd4iiha #a4ajcfg #bg4eich #ah4cce #ff4dda #af4iibf #hc4jjgd #a4jfggg #ah4addb #ab4jfd #ff4dhh #i4iiig #ij4jjjc #a4jchbj #aj4chag #f4iab #ff4egd #d4iige #ie4jjbe #a4jaghg #e4jhfh #c4chh #ff4fji #a4iihf #ih4jjad #a4jjfjg #b4jajg #a4cdc #ff4hjb #aje4 ,bi-,rotation4--,"s sug>s 9 fre% solution %[ a gyrodynat mu* high] ?an ! normal1 sometimes l[]4 ,! =m] ph5om5on is call$ bi- ! latt] semi-rotation4 ,dextrose %[s birotation 9 a m>k$ degree1 also maltose & lactose4 ,aft] /&+ = a few h\rs1 or imm$iately on boil+1 solutions ( ^! sug>s assume _! normal /ate ( rotation4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( ammonia also causes ! birotation to disappe>4#fh ,?is ph5om5on is d\btless due to a c]ta9 molecul> taxis1 :i* rema9s aft] solution is app>5tly complete4 ,! gr\ps ( molecules ?us held 9 place h a c]ta9 rotatory p[] ( _! own & ?is is sup]add$ to t ( ! normal solution4 ,aft] a "t1 "u ! /ress ( ! action ( ! solv5t1 ^! gr\ps are brok5 up & ! solution !n assumes its normal condition4 #ajf4 ,gyrodynat ( ,dextrose4--,! gyrodynat ( dextrose1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 increases ) ! degree ( conc5tration1 ?us %[+ a prop]ty directly opposite t ( sucrose4 ,! g5]al =mula = ! anhydr\s sug> is a,d #eb4gah #j4jagjhgp #j4jjjdbgap4 ,9 ?is =mula p repres5ts ! grams ( dextrose 9 #ajj grams ( ! solution4 ,9 a t5 p] c5t solution ! gyrodynat ( dextrose is !re=e ne>ly exactly a,d#bj #ec4 ,z calculat$ by ,toll5s ! gyrodynats correspond+ to sev]al degrees ( conc5tration are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 p grams 9 #ajj a,d#bj calculat$ = grams ( solution4 anhydr\s dextrose4 #g4fhai #eb4hi #i4biid #eb4id #i4cgab #eb4id #aj4jfad #eb4if #aj4fbgi #eb4ih #ab4iejh #ec4je #ah4fbaa #ec4be #ca4faci #ec4hc #dj4gdcb #ed4cd #dc4ihhc #ed4ed #ec4jbca #ee4ag #hb4faaa #eg4hj #ajg4 ,gyrodynats ( ,o!r ,sug>s4--,( ! o!r sug>s x w be suffici5t to m5tion only levulose1 maltose1 lactose1 & raff9ose4 ,= complete tables ( gyrodynatic p[]s ! /&>d books on c>bohydrates may be consult$4#fi ,! gyrodynat ( levulose is n def9itely e/abli%$4 ,at #ad ! numb] is ne>ly express$ by a,d#ad -#ic4g4 ,inv]t sug>1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( exactly equal molecules ( dextrose & levulose1 has a gyrodynat express$ by ! =mula a,d#j -#bg4i1 ) a conc5tration equival5t to #ag4ba grams ( sug> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! gyrodynat decreases ) increase ( temp]ature1 accord+ to ! =mula a,dt -7#bg4i - #j4cbt74 ,accord+ to ?is =mula ! solution is neutral to pol>iz$ light at #hg4b1 & ?is corresponds closely to ! data ( exp]im5t4 ,maltose1 9 a t5 p] c5t solution at #bj1 %[s a gyrodynat ( a,d#bj #ach4c4 ,! g5]al =mula = o!r degrees ( conc5tration is a,d #adj4cge - #j4jahcgp - #j4jiet1 9 :i* p repres5ts ! numb] ( grams 9 #ajj grams ( ! solution & t ! temp]ature ( obs]vation4 ,9 ! case ( lactose a,d #eb4ec1 & ?is numb] does n appe> to be greatly influ5c$ by ! degree ( conc5tration2 b is some:at dim9i%$ by a ris+ temp]ature4 ,! gyrodynat ( raff9ose 9 a t5 p] c5t solution is a,d #ajd4e4 ,,*emical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,sug>s4 #ajh4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! me?ods = ! *emical e/imation ( sug>s 9 common use dep5d on ! r$uc+ actions ex]t$ on c]ta9 metallic salts1 :]eby ! metal itself or "s oxid !re(1 is obta9$4 ,! reaction is ei!r volumetric or ! result+ oxid or metal may be weigh$4 ,! common me?od is1 !re=e1 resolv$ into two di/9ct processes1 & ea* ( ^! is c>ri$ out 9 sev]al ways4 ,n all sug>s h ! faculty ( ex]t+ a r$uc+ action on highly oxidiz$ metallic salts & ! mo/ common ( !m all1 viz41 sucrose is practically )\t action4 ,?is sug>1 h[ev]1 by simple hydrolysis1 becomes r$uc+1 b ! two compon5ts into :i* x is resolv$ by hydrolytic action d n r$uce metallic salts 9 ! same proportion4 ,moreov]1 9 all cases ! r$uc+ p[] ( a sug> solution is l>gely dep5d5t on its degree ( conc5tration1 & ?is factor mu/ always be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,salts ( copp] & m]cury are mo/ usually select$ to measure ! r$uc+ p[] ( a sug> & 9 po9t ( fact copp] salts are almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,copp] sulfate & c>bonate are ! salts usually employ$1 & ( ^! ! sulfate f> m frequ5tly1 b aft] conv]sion into t>trate4 ,practically1 !re=e1 ! /udy ( ! r$uc+ action ( sug> z an analytical me?od w be conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! det]m9ation ( its action on copp] t>trate4 ,direct gravimetric me?ods are also practic$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( sug>s z 9 ! use ( ! =mation ( sucrates ( ! alkal9e e>?s & ( ! comb9ations :i* c]ta9 sug>s =m ) ph5ylhydraz94 ,)9 a few ye>s ?is la/ nam$ reaction has assum$ a m>k$ degree ( importance z an analytical me?od4 ,! mo/ practical treatm5t ( ?is section1 !re=e1 = ! limit$ space :i* c be giv5 x1 w be ! /udy ( ! r$uc+ action ( sug>s1 bo? f a volumetric & gravimetric po9t ( view1 foll[$ by a description ( ! be/ approv$ me?ods ( ! direct precipitation ( sug>s by su* reag5ts z b>ium hydroxid & ph5ylhydraz94 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 #aji4 ,classification4--,among ! volumetric me?ods w be giv5 ^? :i* are 9 common use or su* z h be5 approv$ by ! practice ( analy/s4 ,s9ce ! use ( m]curic salts is n[ practic$ to a limit$ ext5t1 only a brief /udy ( t process w be attempt$4 ,) ! copp] me?ods a some:at ext5d$ description w be giv5 ( ^? dep5d+ on ! use ( copp] sulfate1 & a brief] acc\nt ( ! copp] c>bonate process4 ,9 ! copp] sulfate me?od two di/9ct divisions mu/ be not$1 viz41 fir/ an indirect process dep5d+ fir/ ^u ! r$uction ( ! copp] to a suboxid1 ! subsequ5t action ( ?is body on iron salts1 measur$ f9ally by titration ) potassium p]manganate2 & second1 a direct process det]m9$ ei!r by ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color f ! copp] solution1 or by ! abs5ce ( copp] f a drop ( ! solution )drawn & te/$ ) potassium f]rocyanid4 ,?is la/ m5tion$ reaction is "o :i* is f\nd 9 common use4 ,! volumetric me?ods are n1 z a rule1 z accurate z ! gravimetric1 dep5d+ on weigh+ ! resultant metal1 b !y are f> m rapid & well suit$ to te*nical control det]m9ations4 #aaj4 ,r$uction ( ,m]curic ,salts4--,! me?od ( det]m9+ sug> by its action on m]curic salts1 is due to ,knapp4#gj ,! me?od is bas$ on ! obs]vation t dextrose & o!r alli$ sug>s1 w r$uce an alkal9e solution ( m]curic cyanid1 & t ! m]cury w appe> 9 a metallic /ate4 ,! m]curic liquor is prep>$ by add+ to a solution ( t5 grams ( m]curic cyanid1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( cau/ic soda ( #a4ade specific gravity1 & mak+ ! volume to "o lit] ) wat]4 ,! solution ( sug> to be titrat$1 %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ( "o p] c5t /r5g?4 ,to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! boil+ solution1 ! sug> solution is add$ 9 small portions f a burette & 9 su* a way z to keep ! :ole mass 9 g5tle ebullition4 ,to det]m9e :5 all ! m]curic salt has be5 decompos$1 a drop ( ! cle> boil+ liquid is remov$ & br\ght into contact ) a drop ( /ann\s *lorid solution on a :ite surface4 ,a br[ni% black coloration or precipitate w indicate t ! m]cury is n all precipitat$4 ,fre% portions ( ! sug> mu/ !n be add$1 until no fur!r indication ( ! pres5ce ( m]cury is not$4 ,! approximate quantity ( sug> solution requir$ to precipitate ! m]cury hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$1 ! process is repeat$ by add+ rapidly1 ne>ly ! quantity ( sug> solution requir$1 & !n only a few drops at a "t1 until ! r$uction is complete4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! m]curic cyanid solution prep>$ z direct$ above1 w be completely r$uc$ by #bjb milligrams ( dextrose1 #bjj 0 0 inv]t sug>1 #aih 0 0 levulose1 #cjh 0 0 maltose1 #caa 0 0 lactose4 ,by reason ( ! unpleasant odor ( ! boil+ m]curic cyanid :5 9 pres5ce ( a r$uc+ ag5t1 ! process %\ld be conduct$ 9 a well v5tilat$ fume *amb]4 ,) a little practice ! process is capable ( rapid execution1 & gives reasonably accurate results4 #aaa4 ,sa*sse's ,solution4--,! solution ( m]curic salts propos$ by ,sa*sse1 is made by dissolv+ eighte5 grams ( m]curic iodid 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( an aque\s solution ( potassium iodid4 ,to ?is solution are add$ #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( pota% lye1 conta9+ eighty grams ( cau/ic pota%4 ,aft] mix+ ! solution1 ! volume is complet$ to "o lit]4 ,! sug> solutions us$ to r$uce ?is mixture1 %\ld be m dilute ?an ^? employ$ ) ! m]curic cyanid1 & %\ld n be ov] "o-half p] c5t 9 /r5g?4 ,! end ( ! r$uction is det]m9$ z already describ$4 ,aft] a prelim9>y trial1 ne>ly all ! sug> necess>y to complete r$uction1 %\ld be add$ at once1 & ! end ( ! r$uction !n det]m9$ by ! addition ( successive small quantities4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! m]curic iodid solution prep>$ z direct$ above1 require ! foll[+ quantities ( sug> to effect a complete r$uction3 #cbe milligrams ( dextrose1 #bfi 0 0 inv]t sug>1 #bac 0 0 levulose1 #dia 0 0 maltose1 #chg 0 0 lactose4 ,by reason ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! r$uc+ p[] ( dextrose & levulose 9 ?is solution1 x has be5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! copp] r$uction me?od1 to be describ$1 to det]m9e ! relative proportion ( dextrose & levulose 9 a mixture4#ga ,x is n[ kn[n t copp] solutions require slightly diff]5t quantities ( dextrose1 levulose1 or inv]t sug> to effect complete r$uction1 b ! v>iations are n great & 9 ! calculation above m5tion$1 x may be assum$ t ^! diff]5ces d n exi/4 ,in/ead ( us+ /ann\s *lorid z an indicator1 ! end ( ! reaction may be det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,a disk ( filt]+ pap] is plac$ ov] a small beak] conta9+ "s ammonium sulfid4 ,a drop ( ! cle> hot solution is plac$ on ?is disk1 & if salts ( m]cury be /ill pres5t a d>k /a9 w be produc$2 or a drop ( ! ammonium sulfid may be br\ght ne> ! moi/ spot =m$ by ! drop ( m]cury salt4 ,an alkal9e solution ( z9c oxid may also be us$4 ,! me?ods dep5d+ on ! use ( m]curic salts h1 ( late1 be5 supplant$ by bett] processes1 & space w n be giv5 "h to _! fur!r discussion4 #aab4 ,! ,volumetric ,copp] ,me?ods4--,! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* ^! me?ods dep5d1 is f\nd 9 ! fact t c]ta9 sug>s1 notably1 dextrose1 7glucose71 levulose1 7fructose71 maltose & lactose1 h ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ an alkal9e solution ( copp] to a l[] /ate ( comb9ation1 9 :i* ! copp] is sep>at$ z cupr\s oxid4 ,! end ( ! reaction is ei!r det]m9$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color ( ! solution1 or by ! reaction produc$ by a drop ( ! hot filt]$ solution1 :5 plac$ 9 contact ) a drop ( potassium f]rocyanid acidifi$ ) acetic4 ,! copp] salt :i* is f\nd to give ! mo/ delicate & reliable reaction1 is ! t>trate4 ,! numb] ( volumetric processes propos$ & :i* are 9 use1 is v great1 & an attempt ev5 to enum]ate all ( ^! c n be made 9 ?is volume4 ,a few ( ! mo/ reliable & be/ atte/$ me?ods w be giv51 repres5t+ if possible1 ! be/ practice 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,! rate ( r$uction ( ! copp] salt to suboxid1 is influ5c$ by ! rate ( mix+ ) ! sug> solutions1 ! temp]ature1 ! composition ( ! copp] solution & ! /r5g? ( ! sug> solution4 ,! degree ( r$uction is also modifi$ by ! rate at :i* ! sug> solution is add$1 & by ! degree & duration ( heat+1 & all ^! v>iables toge!r1 make ! volumetric me?ods some:at difficult & _! data1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 discordant4 ,by reason1 h[ev]1 ( ! ease ) :i* !y are appli$ & ! spe$ ( _! execution1 !y are invaluable = approximately correct "w & = use 9 te*nical control4 #aac4 ,hi/orical4--,x is n ! purpose 9 ?is p>agraph to trace ! developm5t ( ! copp] r$uction me?od = ! det]m9ation ( r$uc+ sug>s1 b only to ref] to ! beg9n+ ( ! exact analytical application ( x4 ,peligot1 z e>ly z #ahdd1 made a report to ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry on me?ods propos$ by ,b>reswil & ,fromh]z = ! quantitive e/imation ( sug> by means ( copp] solution4#gb ,^! me?ods 7 bas$ on ! prop]ty ( c]ta9 sug>s to r$uce alkal9e copp] solution to a /ate ( cupr\s oxid fir/ ann\nc$ by ,tromm]4#gc ,?is 0 foll[$ by a pap] by ,falck on ! quantitive det]m9ation ( sug> 9 ur9e4#gd ,9 #ahdh ! me?ods1 :i* h be5 propos$1 7 critically exam9$ by ,fehl+1 & f ! date ( 8 pap] ! det]m9ation ( sug> by ! copp] me?od may be reg>d$ z re/+ on a sci5tific basis4#ge ,s9ce ! date m5tion$ ! pr9cipal improvem5ts 9 ! process h be5 9 *ang+ ! composition ( ! copp] solution 9 ord] to r5d] x m /able1 :i* has be5 accompli%$ by v>y+ ! proportions ( copp] sulfate1 alkali & t>t>ic acid4 ,= ! bett] keep+ ( ! solution ! me?od ( pres]v+ ! copp] sulfate & ! alkal9e t>trates 9 sep>ate flasks & only mix+ !m at ! "t ( use has be5 f\nd v efficaci\s4#gf ,= te/+ = ! end ( ! reaction by means ( an acetic acid solution ( potassium f]rocyanid ! filt]+ tube sugge/$ by ! au?or1 ! use ( :i* w be describ$ fur!r on1 has prov$ q useful4 ,pavy has sugge/$ t by ! addition ( ammonia to ! copp] solution ! precipitat$ suboxid may be kept 9 solution & ! end ( ! reaction ?us easily di/+ui%$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color4#gg ,all5 has improv$ on ?is me?od by cov]+ ! hot mixture ) a lay] ( p>aff9 oil :]eby any oxidation ( ! suboxid is prev5t$4#gh ,! introduction & developm5t ( ! gravimetric process dep5d+ on secur+ ! r$uc$ copp] oxid 9 a metallic /ate z develop$ by ,allihn1 ,soxhlet1 & o!rs1 completes ! resum ( ?is brief sket* ( ! rise & developm5t ( ! process4 #aad4 ,action ( ,alkal9e ,copp] ,solution on ,dextrose4--,! action to :i* dextrose & o!r r$uc+ sug>s are subject$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a hot alkal9e copp] solution is two-fold 9 its nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is an oxidation ( ! sug> :i* is trans=m$ into t>tronic1 =mic & oxalic acids1 ! two latt] 9 v small quantities4 ,at ! same "t ano!r "p ( ! sug> is attack$ directly by ! alkali & *ang$ to complex products among :i* h be5 detect$ lactic1 oxyph5ic & oxalic acids1 also two bodies isom]ic ) dioxyph5olpropionic acid4 ,:5 ! sug> is 9 l>ge excess melassic & glucic acids h also be5 detect$4 ,! glucic acid may be reg>d$ z be+ =m$ by simple dehydration b becomes at once resolv$ into pyrocate*9 & gluconic acid accord+ to ! reaction ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o4 ,! gluconic acid also is decompos$ & gives bir? to lactic & glyc]ic acids accord+ to ! =mula ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o4 ,! glyc]ic acid also 9 ! pres5ce ( a base is *ang$ into lactic & oxalic acids4 ,betwe5 lactic acid & pyrocate*91 exi/+ 9 a free /ate1 !re is produc$ a d\ble reciprocal e!rification 9 virtue ( :i* !re arise two e!rs isom]ic ) hydrocaffeic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,"o ( ^! bodies is an acid & corresponds to ! con/itution ,,* _/ ,o ,,* _/ ,c,h ,,co,h 7#b7 ,,oh 7#b7 & ! o!r is ( an alcoholic nature correspond+ to ! =mula ,,co ,,*oh ,,* 7#a7 _/ ,c,h ,,oh 7#b7 ,( all ^! products only oxyph5ic & lactic acids & _! e!rs & oxalic acid rema9 un*ang$ & !y c be isolat$4 ,all ! o!rs are trans=m$ 9 an acid /ate & !y c only be detect$ by op]at+ 9 ! pres5ce ( metallic oxids capable ( precipitat+ !m at ! "t ( _! =mation4#gi #aae4 ,fehl+'s ,solution4--,! copp] solution :i* has be5 mo/ us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( r$uc+ sug>s is ! "o propos$ by ,fehl+ z a work+ modification ( ! orig9al reag5t us$ by ,tromm]4#hj ,foll[+ is ! =mula = ! prep>ation ( ! fehl+ solution3 ,pure cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate ,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o1 #cd4fd grams3 ,potassium t>trate1 #aej4jj 0 ,sodium hydroxid1 #ij4jj 0 ,! copp] sulfate is dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! potassium t>trate 9 ! aque\s solution ( ! sodium hydroxid :i* %\ld h a volume ( ab\t #gjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! two solutions are mix$ & ! volume complet$ to a lit]4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution w be r$uc$ by five milligrams ( dextrose1 equival5t to f\r & a half milligrams ( sucrose4 ,! reaction :i* takes place is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ molecul> proportions3 ,c,h,o #aj;,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o ,dextrose4 ,copp] sulfate4 #ahj #bdid ,fehl+'s solution is delicate 9 its reactions b does n keep well1 deposit+ cupr\s oxid on /&+ especially 9 a w>m place expos$ to light4 ,! fehl+ liquor 0 soon modifi$ 9 its con/itution by sub/itut+ #agc grams ( ! d\ble sodium & potassium t>trate = ! neutral potassium t>trate fir/ us$1 &1 9 fact1 ! orig9al fehl+ reag5t conta9$ =ty grams ( copp] sulfate in/ead ( ! quantity m5tion$ above4 ,o!r proportions ( ! +r$i5ts are also giv5 by _m au?ors z fehl+ solution4 #aaf4 ,comp>ison ( ,copp] ,solutions = ,oxidiz+ ,sug>s4--,= ! conv5i5ce ( analy/s !re is giv5 bel[ a tabul> comp>ison ( ! diff]5t =ms ( fehl+ liquor :i* h be5 propos$ = oxidiz+ sug>s4 ,! table is bas$ on a simil> "o prep>$ by ,toll5s & ,rodewald1 am5d$ & complet$ by ,horton4#ha ,! solutions are arrang$ alphabetically accord+ to au?ors' names3 #a4 ,allihn3 #cd4f grams copp] sulfate1 solution made up to half a lit]2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #abe grams potassium hydroxid 7equival5t to #hi4b grams sodium hydroxid7 solution made up to half a lit]4 #b4 ,a4 ,h4 ,all53 #cd4fd grams copp] sulfate1 solution made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s2 #ahj grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #gj grams sodium hydroxid 7n less ?an #ig ,na,o,h71 solution made up to half a lit]4 #c4 ,bdek]3 #cd4fe grams copp] sulfate2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #dhj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ad specific gravity2 #fg4c grams sodium hydroxid2 fill to "o lit]2 #j4ahj gram grape sug> r$uces accord+ to ,bdek]1 #cf4a cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution #j4cig gram copp] oxid4 ,! same quantity ( milk sug> r$uces1 h[ev]1 only tw5ty-sev5 cubic c5timet]s copp] solution #j4bih copp] oxid4 #d4 ,b\ss+ault3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #afj grams potassium t>trate2 #acj grams sodium hydroxid4 #e4 ,dietzs*3 #cd4fe grams copp] sulfate2 #aej grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #bej grams sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4bj specific gravity2 #aej grams glyc]ol4 #f4 ,fleis*]3 #fi4bgh grams copp] sulfate dissolv$ 9 ab\t half a lit] ( wat]1 add to ?is #bjj grams t>t>ic acid2 fill to "o lit] ) conc5trat$ sodium hydroxid solution2 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s copp] solution =ty cubic c5timet]s sug> solution1 t conta9 9 e cubic c5timet] five milligrams grape sug>4 #g4 ,fehl+3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #afj grams di-potassium t>trate #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity1 or f #ed4f to #fc4g grams sodium hydroxid1 fill to #aaed4d cubic c5timet]s4 #h4 ,gorup-,besanez3 #cd4fe grams copp] sulfate2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #dhj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ad specific gravity2 equal #fg4c sodium hydroxid4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #i4 ,grimaux3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #afj grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4bj specific gravity1 equal to #ib4e-ajg4i grams sodium hydroxid4 ,fill to #aaed4d cubic c5timet]s4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are completely decoloriz$ by #j4jej gram glucose4 #aj4 ,holdefleis3 #cd4fcb grams copp] sulfate 9 "o lit] ( wat]2 #abe grams potassium hydroxid1 equival5t to #hi4b grams sodium hydroxid2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #aa4 ,hoppe-,seyl]3 #cd4fe grams copp] sulfate2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity2 equal to #fc4j-gc4e grams potassium hydroxid4 ,fill to "o lit]4 ,"o cubic c5timet] is r$uc$ by exactly #j4jje gram grape sug>4 #ab4 ,krock]3 #f4bh grams copp] sulfate2 #cd4f grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #ajj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ad specific gravity4 ,fill to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution is conta9$ #j4cad gram copp] sulfate1 :i* is r$uc$ by #j4jej grape sug>4 #ac4 ,lieb]mann3 #d grams copp] sulfate2 #bj grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #gj grams sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity4 ,fill to #aae4e cubic c5timet]s4 #ad4 ,lwe3 #ae grams copp] sulfate2 #fj grams glyc]ol2 #hj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid1 #a4cd specific gravity2 #afj cubic c5timet]s wat]4 ,fill to half a lit]4 #ae4 ,mohr3 #cd4fd copp] sulfate2 #aej grams di-potassium t>trate2 #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity1 equal to #gj4e-hb4c grams sodium hydroxid4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #af4 ,mrck]3 #ce grams copp] sulfate1 solution made up to "o lit]3 #age grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #abe grams potassium hydroxid1 equival5t to #hi4b grams sodium hydroxid1 solution made up to "o lit]4 #ag4 ,maum53 #cge grams copp] sulfate2 #ahh grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #aff grams potassium hydroxid4 ,fill to n9e lit]s4 #ah4 ,moni]3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #c grams /annic *lorid2 #hj grams cream ( t>t>2 #acj grams sodium hydroxid4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #ai4 ,neubau] & ,vogel3 #cd4fci grams copp] sulfate2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #ejj-fjj grams sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #bj4 ,pa/eur3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #aje grams t>t>ic acid2 #hj grams potassium hydroxid2 #acj grams sodium hydroxid4 #ba4 ,possoz3 #dj grams copp] sulfate2 #cjj grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #bi grams sodium hydroxid2 #aei grams sodium bic>bonate1 all[ to /& six mon?s be=e use4 ,fill to "o lit]4 ,"o cubic c5timet] equals #j4jegg gram dextrose4 ,"o cubic c5timet] equals #j4jedh gram cane sug>4 #bb4 ,r?3 #cd4fd grams copp] sulfate2 #adc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4ab specific gravity4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #bc4 ,rodewald & ,toll5s3 #cd4fci grams copp] sulfate1 solution made up to half a lit]2 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #fj grams sodium hydroxid1 solution made up to half a lit]4 #bd4 ,s*orlemm]3 #cd4fd grams copp] sulfate2 #bjj grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #fjj-gjj cubic c5timet]s sodium hydroxid solution1 #a4bj specific gravity4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #be4 ,soxhlet3 #cd4fci grams copp] sulfate1 solution made up to half a lit]4 #agc grams potassium-sodium t>trate2 #ea4f grams sodium hydroxid1 solution made up to half a lit]4 #bf4 ,solda9i3 #c4dfd grams copp] sulfate2 #big grams potassium bic>bonate4 ,fill to "o lit]4 #bg4 ,violette3 #cd4fd grams copp] sulfate2 #ahg4j potassium-sodium t>trate2 #gh4j sodium hydroxid made up to "o lit]4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s equal #j4jej gram dextrose4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s equal #j4jdge gram cane sug>4 #aag4 ,volumetric ,me?od us$ 9 ?is ,laboratory4--,! alkal9e copp] solution pref]r$ 9 ?is laboratory has ! composition propos$ by ,violette4 ,! copp] sulfate & alkal9e t>trate solutions are kept 9 sep>ate vessels & mix$ 9 prop] proportions imm$iately be=e use1 & dilut$ ) ab\t ?ree volumes ( wat]4 ,! r$uction is accompli%$ 9 a long te/ tube at lea/ tw5ty-five c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & f ?irty-five to =ty millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! sug> solution employ$ %\ld conta9 approximately "o p] c5t ( r$uc+ sug>4 ,if x %\ld h a great] cont5t x %\ld be r$uc$ ) wat] to approximately ! "o nam$4 ,if x h a less cont5t1 x %\ld be evaporat$ 9 a vacuum at a l[ temp]ature until x rea*es ! /r5g? m5tion$ above4 ,a prelim9>y te/ w indicate almo/ ! exact quantity ( ! sug> solution to be add$ to secure a complete r$uction ( ! copp]4 ,?is hav+ be5 det]m9$ ! :ole quantity %\ld be add$ at once to ! boil+ copp] solution1 ! te/ tube held 9 ! op5 flame ( a lamp giv+ a l>ge circul> flame & ! cont5ts ( ! tube kept 9 brisk ebullition = j two m9utes4 ,! lamp is )drawn & ! precipitat$ suboxid all[$ to settle4 ,if a di/9ct blue color rema9 an additional quantity ( ! sug> solution is add$ & aga9 boil$ = two m9utes4 ,:5 ! blue coloration is no long] di/9ct1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( copp] is det]m9$ by aspirat+ a drop or two ( ! hot solution ) ! app>atus describ$ bel[4 ,?is cle> filt]$ liquor is !n br\ght into contact ) a drop ( potassium f]rocyanid solution acidulat$ ) acetic4 ,! production ( a br[n precipitate or color indicates t "s copp] is /ill pres5t1 9 :i* case an additional quantity ( ! sug> solution is add$ & ! op]ation cont9u$ z describ$ above until aft] ! la/ addition ( sug> solution no coloration is produc$4 #aah4 ,! ,filt]+ ,tube4--,! filt]+ tube us$ 9 ! above op]ation is made ( a long piece ( n>r[ glass tub+ ) ?ick walls4 ,! l5g? ( ! tube %\ld be f =ty to =ty-five c5timet]s4 ,"o end ( ! tube be+ s(t5$ 9 ! flame is press$ aga9/ a block ( wood s z to =m a flange4 ,ov] ?is flange is ti$ a piece ( f9e l954#hb ,in/ead ( us+ a l95 diaphragm ! tube is greatly improv$1 z sugge/$ by ,knorr1 by seal+ into ! end ( ! tube :ile hot a p]=at$ plat9um disk4 ,be=e us+1 ! tube is dipp$ into a vessel conta9+ "s susp5d$ asbe/os felt & by aspiration a ?9 felt ( asbe/os is =m$ ov] ! out] surface ( ! plat9um disk4 ,by inv]t+ ! tube ! wat] :i* has ent]$ dur+ aspiration is remov$4 ,! tube ?us prep>$ is dipp$ into ! boil+ solution 9 ! te/ tube above describ$ & aspiration cont9u$ until a drop ( ! liquor has ent]$ ! tube4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! boil+ solution1 ! asbe/os felt wip$ (f ) a clean t[el1 & ! drop ( liquor 9 ! tube bl[n ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! plat9um disk & br\ght into contact ) a drop ( potassium f]rocyanid 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ?is way a drop ( ! liquor is secur$ )\t any dang] ( a reoxidation ( ! copp] :i* may sometimes take place on cool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #db4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,volumetric ,,e/imation ,,( ,,r$uc+ ,,sug>s4 ,! c>eful analy/ by work+ 9 ?is way ) ! volumetric me?od is able to secure highly accurate results4 ,! app>atus us$ is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 #aai4 ,suppression ( ! ,error ,caus$ by ! ,action ( ! ,alkali on ,r$uc+ ,sug>s4--,?ree me?ods are propos$ by ,gaud = correct+ or suppress+ ! error due to ! action ( ! alkali ^u r$uc+ sug>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! common me?od foll[$ may be employ$1 dep5d+ ^u ! use ( an alkal9e copp] solution ( kn[n composition & ! employm5t ( a r$uc+ sug> solution ( a /r5g? v>y+ betwe5 "o-half & "o p] c5t4 ,! error :i* is introduc$ into su* a reaction is a con/ant "o & ! solution hav+ be5 te/$ once = all aga9/ pure sug> is capable ( giv+ fairly accurate results4 ,9 ! second place1 a table may be con/ruct$ 9 :i* ! error is det]m9$ = sug> solutions = v>y+ /r5g?s1 viz41 f "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t to t5 p] c5t4 ,if y repres5t ! error & x ! exact p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug> pres5t !n ! correction may be made by ! foll[+ =mula2 y -#j4jjjjdhjax #j4jbhgfceix4 ,9 ord] to use ?is =mula 9 practice ! p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug> obta9$ by ! actual analysis mu/ be introduc$ & may be repres5t$ by 4 ,! =mula = correction !n becomes #j4jbhgfx - #a4jjjjdhx #j2 :5ce ! value ( x is easily comput$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! error may be elim9at$ by sub/itut+ = an alkali :i* acts ^u ! glucose "o :i* does n1 viz41 ammonia4 ,at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] ammonia does n h any decompos+ effect ^u r$uc+ sug>s4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t ! r$uction take place 9 an in]t atmosph]e 9 ord] to avoid ! oxidation ( ! dissolv$ cupr\s oxid & ! temp]ature ne$ n be c>ri$ beyond #hj4 ,! end ( ! reaction c be easily di/+ui%$ 9 ?is case by ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color4 ,:5 "o reaction is f9i%$ ! copp] may be completely reoxidiz$ by conduct+ ?r\gh x a curr5t ( air or oxyg5 = half an h\r1 :5 an additional quantity ( ammonia may be add$ to supply any t may h evaporat$1 & a new r$uction accompli%$ ) exactly ! same quantity ( copp] z 0 us$ 9 ! fir/4 ,! solution us$ by ,gaud conta9s #cf4fe grams ( cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume complet$ to "o lit] ) ord9>y aque\s ammonia4#hc #abj4 ,p]manganate ,process = ! ,e/imation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug>s4--,dextrose1 inv]t sug>1 & o!r r$uc+ sug>s c also be det]m9$ ) a fair degree ( accuracy by an indirect volumetric process1 9 :i* a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate is us$ z ! f9al reag5t4#hd ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is bas$ ^u ! obs]vation t two molecules ( dextrose r$uce f an alkal9e cupric t>trate solution five molecules ( cupr\s oxid4 ,! five molecules ( cupr\s oxid ?us precipitat$ :5 add$ to an acid solution ( f]ric sulfate1 w *ange five molecules ( ! f]ric sulfate to t5 molecules ( f]r\s sulfate4 ,! reaction is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ equation3 #e;,cu,o #e;,fe7,,s7 #e;,h,,s #aj;,cu,s,o #gae p>ts #bjjj p>ts #dij p>ts #aeie p>ts #aj;,fe,s,o #e;,h,o #aebj p>ts #ij p>ts ,! t5 molecules ( f]r\s sulfate =m$ z indicat$ 9 ! above reaction1 are reoxidiz$ to f]ric sulfate by a set solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,?is reaction is illu/rat$ by ! equation giv5 bel[3 #aj;,fe,s,o ,k,mn,o #e;,h,,s #e;,fe7,,s7 #aebj p>ts #caf4b p>ts #ghd p>ts #bjjj p>ts #b,mn,s,o ,k,,s #h;,h,o #cjb p>ts #agd4b p>ts #add p>ts4 ,by ! /udy ( ! above equations x is se5 t two molecules ( dextrose or o!r simil> r$uc+ sug>1 are equival5t to "o molecule ( potassium p]manganate1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ equations3 #b;,c,h,o #e;,cu,o #aj;,fe,s,o ,k,mn,o #cfj p>ts #gae p>ts #aebj p>ts #caf4b p>ts ,x is ?us se5 t #caf4b p>ts by weight ( potassium p]manganate are equival5t to #cfj p>ts by weight ( dextrose2 or "o "p ( p]manganate corresponds to #a4ache p>ts by weight ( dextrose4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! am\nt ( p]manganate requir$ 9 ! above reaction to re/ore ! iron to ! f]ric condition1 be multipli$ by ! factor m5tion$ above1 ! quoti5t w repres5t 9 weight ! am\nt ( dextrose :i* ent]s into ! reaction4 ,! /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate %\ld conta9 #d4cib grams ( ! salt 9 a lit]4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution is equival5t to five milligrams ( dextrose4 #aba4 ,manipulation4--,! sac*>9e solution ^: /r5g? is to be det]m9$ %\ld conta9 approximately ab\t "o p] c5t ( sug>4 ,( ?is solution t5 cubic c5timet]s are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% toge!r ) a consid]able excess ( fehl+ solution4 ,:5 no sucrose is pres5t1 ! mixture may be heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & kept at t temp]ature = a few m9utes until all ! r$uc+ sug> is oxidiz$4 ,!re %\ld be en\gh ( ! copp] solution us$ to ma9ta9 a /rong blue coloration at ! end ( ! reaction4 ,a great] uni=mity ( results w be secur$ by us+ 9 all cases a consid]able excess ( ! copp] solution4 ,:5 sucrose or o!r non-r$uc+ sug>s are pres5t1 ! temp]ature ( ! reaction %\ld n be all[$ to exce$ #hj & ! heat+ may be cont9u$ some:at long]4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! copp] solution is absolutely )\t action on sucrose4 ,! precipitat$ suboxid is all[$ to settle1 ! sup]natant liquid p\r$ (f ?r\gh a filt] & ! suboxid wa%$ ?or\ghly a numb] ( times by decantation ) hot wat]1 ! wa%+s be+ p\r$ ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,?is process ( wa%+ is greatly facilitat$ by decant+ ! sup]natant liquid f ! porcela9 di% fir/ into a beak] & f ?is into a ?ird beak] & s on until no suboxid is c>ri$ (f4 ,f9ally ! wa% wat] is p\r$ ?r\gh a filt]-pap] br++ z little z possible ( ! suboxid onto ! pap]4 ,! suboxid on ! filt]-pap] & 9 ! beak]s is next dissolv$ 9 a solution ( f]ric sulfate made /rongly acid ) sulfuric2 or 9 a sulfuric acid solution ( ammonia f]ric sulfate :i* is m easily obta9$ free f impurities ?an ! f]ric sulfate4 ,:5 all is dissolv$ f ! beak]s ! solution is p\r$ ^u ! suboxid :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! porcela9 di%4 ,:5 ! solution is complete x is wa%$ into a half lit] flask & all ! vessels :i* conta9 ! suboxid are also ?or\ghly wa%$ & ! wa% wat]s add$ to ! same flask4 ,! :ole is r5d]$ /rongly acid ) sulfuric & made up to a volume ( half a lit]4 ,! process c>ri$ out z direct$1 :5 te/$ aga9/ pure sug>1 gives good results1 n v>y+ f ! actual cont5t ( ! sug> by m ?an "o-t5? p] c5t bel[ or ?ree-t5?s above ! true cont5t4 ,! di/9ct p9k coloration imp>t$ to ! solution by ! p]manganate solution z soon z ! iron is all oxidiz$ to ! f]ric /ate m>ks %>ply ! end ( ! reaction4 ,9 ?is respect ?is process is v mu* to be pref]r$ to ! usual volumetric processes dep5d+ ^u ! coloration produc$ ) potassium f]rocyanid by a copp] salt = di/+ui%+ ! end ( ! reaction4 ,x is less conv5i5t ?an ! ord9>y volumetric process by reason ( ! some:at t$i\s me?od ( wa%+ ! precipitat$ cupr\s oxid4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( analyses is to be made1 h[ev]1 ! :ole c be wa%$ ) no m exp5diture ( "t ?an is requir$ = a s+le sample4 ,"o analy/ c1 9 ?is way1 easily att5d to fifty or a hundr$ det]m9ations at a "t4 ,9 ! application ( ! p]manganate me?od to ! analysis ( ! juices ( sug> cane & sorghum x is direct$ to take #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! express$ juice & cl>ify by ! addition ( tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( basic lead acetate1 dilut$ ) wat]1 conta9+ en\gh ( ! lead acetate1 h[ev]1 to produce a complete cl>ification4 ,x is n necess>y to remove ! excess ( lead f ! filtrate be=e ! det]m9ation4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate correspond to eight cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al juice4 ,= p]c5tage calculation ! specific gravity ( ! orig9al juice mu/ be kn[n4 ,be=e ! addition ( ! alkal9e copp] solution1 f fifty to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat] %\ld be add$ to ! cl>ifi$ sug> juice & ! am\nt ( fehl+ solution us$ 9 ea* case %\ld be f fifty to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! heat+ at #ge %\ld be cont9u$ = half an h\r 9 ord] to insure complete r$uction & oxidation ( ! sug>4 ,! sucrose c also be e/imat$ 9 ! same juices by inv]t+ five cubic c5timet]s ( ! cl>ifi$ juice ) five cubic c5timet]s ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 by heat+ = an h\r at a temp]ature n above #ij4 ,be=e add+ ! acid = inv]sion1 ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] %\ld be p\r$ ov] ! five cubic c5timet]s ( sug> solution4 ,! wa%+ ( ! suboxid & ! e/imation ( ! am\nt r$uc$ are accompli%$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,?is me?od has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ?is laboratory & ) v satisfactory results4 ,! only practical objection :i* c be urg$ to x is 9 ! "t requir$ = filt]+4 ,?is fault is easily rem$i$ by adopt+ ! me?od ( filt]+ ?r\gh asbe/os felt describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity1 h[ev]1 ! copp] solution %\ld be boil$ = a few m9utes be=e ! addition ( ! sug> 9 ord] to expel all oxyg51 ! sug> solutions %\ld be made ) rec5tly boil$ wat] & ! precipitation ( ! suboxid %\ld be accompli%$ by heat+ = j ?irty m9utes at #ge4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t an equal volume ( cold1 rec5tly boil$1 wat] %\ld be add$ & ! filtration at once accompli%$4 #abb4 ,modifi$ ,p]manganate ,me?od4--,! p]manganate me?od z us$ by ,ewell1 9 ?is laboratory1 is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! precipitate is obta9$1 accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 ! me?ods describ$1 x is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot1 rec5tly boil$ wat]1 on a goo*4 ,! asbe/os1 ) z mu* ( ! precipitate z possible1 is transf]r$ to ! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation 0 made1 beat5 up ) f tw5ty-five to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( hot1 rec5tly boil$ wat]1 & f fifty to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( f]ric sulfate 9 tw5ty-five p] c5t sulfuric acid are add$ to ! beak] & !n p\r$ ?r\gh ! crucible to dissolve ! cupr\s oxid rema9+ !re94 ,if ! precipitate be fir/ beat5 up ) wat] z direct$1 s t no l>ge lumps ( x rema91 !re is no difficulty 9 dissolv+ ! oxid 9 ! f]ric salt2 :ile if any lumps ( ! oxid be all[$ to rema9 !re is great difficulty4 ,aft] ! solution is obta9$1 x is titrat$ ) a solution ( potassium p]manganate ( su* a /r5g? t ea* cubic c5timet] is equival5t to #j4ja gram ( copp]4 ,9 triplicate det]m9ations made by ?is me?od ! precipitates obta9$ requir$ aft] solution 9 ! f]ric salt1 #bh4g1 #bh4i1 #bh4f cubic c5timet]s ( potassium p]manganate solution1 respectively4 ,= ! quantities tak5 ?is 0 equival5t to an av]age p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug>s ( #d4ai4 ,! p]c5tage obta9$ by ! gravimetric me?od 0 #d4bf4 ,! me?od seems to be suffici5tly accurate = all ord9>y purposes & is extremely rapid4 ,! p]manganate solution us$ %\ld be /&>diz$ by means ( metallic iron1 b 9 ord9>y "w x is also recomm5d$ to /&>dize by *eck det]m9ations ( r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! same sample by ! gravimetric me?od4 #abc4 ,det]m9ation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug> by ! ,specific ,gravity ( ! ,cupr\s ,oxid4--,gaud proposes to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug> f ! specific gravity ( ! cupr\s oxid4 ,! manipulation is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,9 a porcela9 di% are plac$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! alkal9e copp] solution & an equal quantity ( wat] & ! mixture ma9ta9$ 9 ebullition = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,! di% is !n plac$ on a boil+ wat]-ba? & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a r$uc+ sug> ( approximately "o p] c5t /r5g? add$ at once4 ,! r$uction is ?us secur$ at a temp]ature bel[ #ajj1 :i* is an important consid]ation 9 secur+ ! m9imum decompos+ effect ( ! alkali ^u ! sug>4 ,! di% is kept ^u ! wat]-ba? = ab\t t5 m9utes :5 ! r$uction is complete & ! sup]natant liquor %\ld /ill be int5sely blue4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ by decantation ) boil+ wat]1 tak+ c>e to avoid ! loss ( any ( ! cupr\s oxid4 ,! wa%+ is cont9u$ until ! wa% wat]s are neutral to ph5olph?ale94 ,! cupr\s oxid is !n wa%$ into a pyknomet] ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s capacity1 ! exact cont5t ( :i* has be5 previ\sly det]m9$ at z]o4 ,x is fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 ! /opp] ins]t$1 & aft] cool+ ! flask is weigh$4 ,let ,p be ! weight ( ! pyknomet] plus ! liquid & ! precipitate1 ! total volume ( :i* is equal to ! capacity ( ! flask at ! temp]ature at :i* x 0 fill$1 t is ,v ,v #a #c7t-t74 ,?is =mula is ess5tially t giv5 9 p>agraph #ea1 = calculat+ ! volume ( a pyknomet] at any temp]ature1 sub/itut+ = #c1 ! cubical expansion ( glass1 viz41 #j4jjjjbe4 ,! specific gravity ( ! dry cupr\s oxid is #e4hha & let ! specific gravity ( wat] at ! temp]ature ( fill+1 :i* c be tak5 f any ( ! tables ( ! d5sity ( wat]1 be d4 ,! total weight p ( ! precipitat$ suboxid may !n be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,p-,vd ,p -----------4 #a - d ---- ,! d5sity ( wat] at #ii1 :i* is ab\t ! mean temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = laboratories 9 g5]al1 is #j4ieicd1 & ?is may be tak5 z ! weight ( "o cubic c5timet] = purposes ( calculation 9 ! =mula above4 ,9 ord] to obta9 exact results1 x is important t ! weight ,p be r$uc$ to a vacuum4 ,! weight ( cupr\s oxid n v>y+ proportionally to ! weight ( r$uc+ sug>1 x is necess>y to prep>e a table %[+ ! pr9cipal num]ical values ( ! two1 9 ord] to be able to calculate easily all ! possible values1 ei!r directly f ! table or by appropriate int]polations4 ,foll[+ are ! *ief values :i* are necess>y = ! calculation3 ,milligrams ,milligrams ,milligrams ,milligrams cupr\s oxid4 dextrose4 cupr\s oxid4 dextrose4 #aj #e4dac #ajj #df4bba #bj #i4gfa #bjj #ia4jdg #cj #ad4aig #cjj #ach4hdb #ej #bc4jcf #djj #ahh4ibh ,x is claim$ by ! au?or t ! above me?od is bo? simple & rapid & c be appli$ ) an error ( n m ?an "o-?\s&? if ! corrections = temp]ature & pressure be rigor\sly appli$4#he #abd4 ,! ,copp] ,c>bonate ,process4--,:ile ! copp] solutions :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 previ\s p>agraphs h only a slight action on sucrose & dextr9 yet on prolong$ boil+ ev5 ^! bodies %[ a r$uc+ effect due probably to a prelim9>y *ange 9 ! sug> molecules :]eby products analog\s to dextrose or inv]t sug> are =m$4 ,9 ord] to secure a reag5t1 to :i* ! sug> n r$uc+ alkal9e copp] solutions might be m resi/ant ,solda9i has propos$ to employ a liquor conta9+ ! copp] z c>bonate in/ead ( z t>trate4#hf ,?is solution is prep>$ by add+ to a solution ( =ty grams ( copp] sulfate "o ( equal /r5g? ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! result+ copp] c>bonate & hydroxid are collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & dri$4 ,! reaction :i* takes place is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #b;,cu,s,o #b,na,,co ,h,o ,cu,c,o ,cu,o,h #b,na,,s ,,co4 ,! dry precipitate obta9$1 :i* w weigh ab\t fifte5 grams1 is plac$ 9 a l>ge flask ) ab\t #dbj grams ( potassium bic>bonate & #adjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are heat$ on a /eam-ba? = sev]al h\rs ) occasional /irr+ until ! evolution ( c>bon dioxid has ceas$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! liquid is kept at ! same volume by ! addition ( wat]1 or by atta*+ a reflux cond5s] to ! flask4 ,! potassium & copp] comp\nds at ! end ( ?is "t w be f\nd dissolv$ & ! result+ liquor w h a deep blue color4 ,aft] filtration ! solution is boil$ = a few m9utes & cool$ to room temp]ature4 ,! volume is !n complet$ to two lit]s4 ,a m direct me?od ( prep>+ ! solution1 & "o q z effective1 consi/s 9 add+ ! solution ( ! copp] sulfate directly to ! hot solution ( potassium bic>bonate & heat+ & %ak+ ! mixture until ! copp] c>bonate =m$ is dissolv$4 ,aft] filt]+ ! volume is made z above4 ,! proportions ( reag5ts employ$ are plac$ by ,preuss at #ae4h grams ( cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate & #eid grams ( potassium bic>bonate4#hg ,! solda9i reag5t is extremely s5sitive & is capable ( detect+ z little z half a milligram ( inv]t sug>4 ,! pres5ce ( sucrose makes ! reag5t m delicate1 & x is especially useful 9 det]m9+ ! inv]t sug> aris+ dur+ ! progress ( manufacture by ! action ( heat & melassig5ic bodies on sucrose4 #abe4 ,! ,analytical ,process4--,z 9 ! case ( fehl+ solution a great _m me?ods ( conduct+ ! analysis ) ! solda9i reag5t h be5 propos$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( all ^! processes is ! "o already describ$ = ! alkal9e copp] t>trate solution1 viz41 ! addition ( ! r$uc+ sug> solution to ! boil+ reag5t1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! end ( ! reaction by ! disappe>ance ( ! copp]4#hh ,practically1 h[ev]1 ^! me?ods h _h no g5]al application1 & ! use ( ! solda9i reag5t has be5 conf9$ *iefly to ! det]m9ation ( inv]t sug> 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( sucrose4 ,= ?is purpose ! sug> solution is n add$ until ! blue color ( ! reag5t has be5 de/roy$1 b on ! o!r h&1 ! reag5t has be5 us$ 9 excess1 & ! cupr\s oxid =m$ collect$ & weigh$ z metallic copp]4 ,! weight ( ! metallic copp] f\nd1 multipli$ by ! factor #j4cedf1 gives ! weight ( inv]t sug> 9 ! volume ( ! sug> solution us$4 ,accord+ to ,preuss1 ! factor is n a con/ant "o1 b v>ies ) ! quantity ( inv]t sug> pres5t1 z is se5 9 ! =mula y #b4bhfh #c4cx #j4jjdax1 9 :i* x ! inv]t sug>1 & y ! metallic copp]4#hi #abf4 ,t5? ,normal ,copp] ,c>bonate ,solution4--,9 ! /udy ( "s ( ! solutions ( copp] c>bonate1 propos$ = practical "w1 ,ettore ,solda9i 0 impress$ ) ! difficulty ( dissolv+ s l>ge a quantity ( c>bonate 9 ! solv5t employ$4#ij ,! solution recomm5d$ by ,bod5b5d] & ,s*ell]1#ia 9 :i* =ty grams ( ! cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate 7 us$1 fail$ to disclose an equival5t am\nt ( copp] 9 ! reag5t ready = use4 ,= ?is reason a t5?-normal copp] solution is prep>$ by ,solda9i conta9+ ! equival5t ( #c4dfd grams ( copp] sulfate 9 "o lit]4 ,! reag5t is easily prep>$ by add+ sl[ly ! dissolv$ or f9ely p[d]$ copp] salt to a solution ( #big grams ( potassium bic>bonate1 & aft] complete solution ( ! copp] c>bonate =m$1 complet+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,) ?is reag5t z little z "o-qu>t] ( a milligram ( r$uc+ sug> c be easily detect$4 ,= ! quantitive e/imation ( sug> a solution ( ! above /r5g? is to be pref]r$ to ! o!r =ms ( ! solda9i reag5t by reason ( ! ease ( direct comp>ison ) /&>d fehl+ solutions4 ,! analytical process is conduct$ ) ! t5?-normal solution1 prep>$ by ,solda9i & describ$ above1 z foll[s3 ,place #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! reag5t 9 ea* ( sev]al porcela9 di%es heat to boil+1 & add little by little ! sug> solution to "o di% until ! blue color has disappe>$4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ ne>ly ! exact quantity ( sug> solution requir$ = ! copp] 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! reag5t ! :ole ( ! sug> solution is add$ at once1 v>y+ slightly ! am\nts add$ to ea* di%4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = fifte5 m9utes1 & ! cont5ts ( ! di%es p\r$ on filt]s4 ,t filtrate :i* conta9s nei!r copp] nor sug> repres5ts ! exact quantity ( sug> solution :i* conta9$ fifty milligrams ( dextrose4 #abg4 ,relation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug> to ,quantity ( ,copp] ,suboxid ,obta9$4--,! relation ( ! quantity ( copp] r$uc$ to ! am\nt ( sug> oxidiz$ by ! copp] c>bonate solution has be5 det]m9$ by ,o/1 & ! utility ( ! process !reby increas$4#ib ,! solution us$ %\ld h ! foll[+ composition3 #bc4e grams ( cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate1 #bej grams ( potassium c>bonate1 & #ajj grams ( potassium bic>bonate 9 "o lit]4 ,)\t an indicator ! end reaction is di/9ctly m>k$ by ! passage ( ! blue color into a colorless solution4 ,o/ affirms t ?is solution is pref]able to any =m ( fehl+ liquor because x c be kept indef9itely un*ang$2 x attacks sucrose f> less /rongly1 & an equal quantity ( sug> precipitates ne>ly d\ble ! quantity ( copp]4 ,! boil+ requires a long] "t1 z a rule t5 m9utes1 b ?is is a matt] ( no importance1 :5 ! o!r advantages are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! relations ( ! diff]5t sug>s to ! quantity ( copp] precipitat$ are giv5 9 ! table 9 ! next p>agraph4 #abh4 ,factor = ,diff]5t ,sug>s4--,= pure dextrose ! relation betwe5 sug> & copp] r$uc$ has be5 det]m9$ by ,o/1 & ! data are giv5 9 ! table bel[4 ,! data 7 obta9$ by add+ to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( sug> solutions ( v>y+ /r5g? & collect+1 wa%+1 & r$uc+ ! cupr\s oxid obta9$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 9 a glass tube by ! me?od describ$ fur!r on4 ,! boil+ 9 all cases 0 cont9u$1 j t5 m9utes1 al?\gh a slight v>iation f ! /&>d "t did n produce s great a diff]5ce z ) fehl+ reag5t4 ,9 ! case ( dextrose1 :5 fifty milligrams 7 us$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 ! milligrams ( copp] obta9$ aft] six1 t5 & tw5ty m9utes' boil+ 7 #afd4f1 #afe4e1 & #aff4i respectively4#ic ,! data diff] consid]ably f ^? obta9$ by ,h]zfeld1 b 9 8 exp]im5ts ! boil+ 0 cont9u$ only = five m9utes1 & ?is is n long en\gh to secure ! prop] r$uction ( ! copp]4#id ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,copp] ,,r$uc$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,sug>s4 ,copp]4 ,inv]t ,sug>4 ,dextrose4 ,levulose4 ,galactose4 ,arab9ose4 ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- grams4 grams4 grams4 grams4 grams4 grams4 #ej #ae4b #ae4f #ad4g #ag4d #ag4j #ee #af4f #ag4j #af4a #ai4a #ah4f #fj #ah4j #ah4e #ag4e #bj4h #bj4c #fe #ai4d #ai4i #ah4i #bb4e #ba4i #gj #bj4h #ba4d #bj4c #bd4b #bc4e #ge #bb4c #bb4i #ba4g #be4i #be4a #hj #bc4g #bd4d #bc4j #bg4g #bf4g #he #be4b #be4h #bd4c #bi4c #bh4c #ij #bf4f #bg4c #be4g #ca4a #bi4i #ie #bh4a #bh4h #bg4a #cb4h #ca4e #ajj #bi4e #cj4c #bh4e #cd4e #cc4a #aje #ca4j #ca4h #bi4i #cf4b #cd4g #aaj #cb4d #cc4c #ca4b #ch4j #cf4c #aae #cc4i #cd4h #cb4f #ci4g #cg4i #abj #ce4c #cf4c #cd4j #da4d #ci4e #abe #cf4h #cg4h #ce4d #dc4a #da4a #acj #ch4b #ci4c #cf4h #dd4h #db4h #ace #ci4g #dj4h #ch4b #df4e #dd4d #adj #da4a #db4c #ci4f #dh4c #df4j #ade #db4f #dc4h #da4j #ej4j #dg4f #aej #dd4j #de4c #db4e #ea4h #di4c #aee #de4e #df4h #dc4i #ec4f #ej4i #afj #dg4j #dh4c #de4c #ee4d #eb4f #afe #dh4e #di4h #df4g #eg4b #ed4c #agj #ej4j #ea4d #dh4a #ei4j #ee4i #age #ea4e #eb4i #di4e #fj4h #eg4e #ahj #ec4j #ed4e #ea4j #fb4g #ei4b #ahe #ed4e #ef4j #eb4e #fd4e #fj4i #aij #ef4j #eg4f #ed4j #ff4d #fb4g #aie #eg4e #ei4b #ee4e #fh4c #fd4d #bjj #ei4a #fj4h #eg4j #gj4c #ff4b #bje #fj4g #fb4d #eh4f #gb4c #fh4j #baj #fb4d #fd4a #fj4b #gd4c #fi4h #bae #fd4a #fe4h #fa4h #gf4c #ga4f #bbj #fe4h #fg4e #fc4e #gh4c #gc4e #bbe #fg4e #fi4b #fe4b #hj4c #ge4d #bcj #fi4c #gj4i #ff4i #hb4d #gg4c #bce #ga4a #gb4g #fh4g #hd4e #gi4c #bdj #gb4i #gd4e #gj4f #hf4f #ha4c #bde #gd4h #gf4d #gb4e #hh4i #hc4d #bej #gf4g #gh4d #gd4d #ia4b #he4e #bee #gh4f #hj4e #gf4e #ic4e #hg4f #bfj #hj4e #hb4h #gh4h #ie4i #hi4h #bfe #hb4e #he4a #ha4a #ih4c #ib4b #bgj #hd4g #hg4e #hc4e #ajj4g #id4f #bge #hg4a #hi4i #he4i #ajc4c #ig4a #bhj #hi4g #ib4d #hh4f #ajf4a #ii4f #bhe #ib4c #id4i #ia4c #aji4j #ajb4c #bij #ie4a #ig4f #id4b #aab4j #aje4a #bie #ih4j #ajj4d #ig4b #aae4a #ajg4i #bih #ajj4j #ajb4e #ii4j #aag4j #aji4e ,,volumetric ,,me?ods ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,an ,,ammoniacal ,,copp] ,,solution4 #abi4 ,pavy's ,process4--,! well-kn[n solubility ( cupr\s oxid 9 ammonia l$ ,pavy to adopt a copp] reag5t conta9+ ammonia 9 ! volumetric det]m9ation ( r$uc+ sug>s4#ie ,9 ,pavy's process an alkal9e copp] solution is employ$ made up 9 ! usual way1 to :i* a suffici5t quantity ( ammonia is add$ to hold 9 solution all ! copp] :5 precipitat$ z cupr\s oxid4 ,! solution us$ by ,pavy has ! foll[+ composition3 ,"o lit] conta9s ,cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate #cd4fe grams ,potassium-sodium t>trate #agc4jj 0 ,cau/ic pota% #afj4jj 0 ,= use #abj cubic c5timet]s ( ! above reag5t are mix$ ) #cjj ( ammonia ( specific gravity #j4hh1 & ! volume complet$ to "o lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is reag5t are equival5t to t5 milligrams ( dextrose or inv]t sug> :5 add$ 9 a "o p] c5t solution4 ,9 ! use ( ammoniacal copp] solution1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t all ! liquids employ$ be entirely free ( oxyg5 & t ! cont5ts ( ! flask 9 :i* ! r$uction takes place be 9 "s way exclud$ f contact ) ! air4 ,pavy secur$ ?is by conduct+ ! r$uction 9 a flask clos$ ) a /opp] c>ry+ two holes2 "o ( ^! s]v$ = ! introduction ( ! burette c>ry+ ! sug> solution & ! o!r c>ri$ a tube dipp+ into a wat] seal by means ( a slit rubb] tube1 :i* w\ld p]mit ( ! exit ( ! vapors ( /eam & ammonia1 b prev5t ! regurgitation ( ! wat] into ! flask4 ,! complete decoloration ( ! copp] solution m>ks ! end ( ! reaction4 ,! usual precautions 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( ! "t ( boil+ mu/ be obs]v$4 ,x is easy to see t 9 ! ,pavy process ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! solution is rapidly dim9i%$ dur+ ! boil+ & ?is has l$ to ! sugge/ion ( o!r me?ods to exclude ! air4 ,among ^! h be5 recomm5d$ ! introduction ( a curr5t ( hydrog5 or c>bon dioxid4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( proc$ure is t propos$ by ,all51 :o recomm5ds cov]+ ! copp] solution by a lay] ( p>aff9 oil 7k]os5e74#if #acj4 ,process ,( ,peska4--,peska has also indep5d5tly made use ( ,all5's me?od ( cov]+ ! solutions ) a lay] ( p>aff9 oil & f9ds x reliable4#ig ,! copp] reag5t employ$ by him has ! foll[+ composition3 ,cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate #f4ibg grams ,ammonia1 tw5ty-five p] c5t /r5g? #afj4jj cc4 ,! copp] sulfate is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! ammonia add$1 & ! volume complet$ to half a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,a second solution conta9+ half a lit] is made by dissolv+ #cd4e grams ( potassium-sodium t>trate & t5 grams ( sodium hydroxid & complet+ ! cool solution to half a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 all cases ! wat] us$ 9 mak+ up ! above solutions mu/ be fre%ly boil$ to exclude ! air4 ,= ! titration1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ea* ( ! above solutions are tak51 mix$ & cov]$ ) a lay] ( p>aff9 oil half a c5timet] 9 dep?4 ,! r$uction is n accompli%$ at a boil+ temp]ature1 b at f #hj to #he4 ,! manipulation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! mix$ solutions are plac$ 9 a beak]1 cov]$ ) oil1 & heat$ to #hj4 ,! temp]ature is measur$ by a !rmomet] :i* also s]ves z a /irr+ rod4 ,! sug> solution is run d[n ! sides ( ! beak] f a burette ( su* a %ape z to be protect$ f ! heat4 ,aft] ea* addition ( ! sug> solution ! mixture is c>efully /irr$1 keep+ ! temp]ature at f #hj to #he4 ,! fir/ titration is made to det]m9e approximately ! quantity ( sug> solution necess>y to decolorize ! copp]4 ,?is done1 ! actual titration is accompli%$ by add+ at once ! total am\nt ( sug> solution necess>y to decolorize1 less ab\t "o cubic c5timet]4 ,any sug> solution adh]+ to ! side ( ! beak] is wa%$ d[n by di/ill$ wat]1 ! cont5ts ( ! beak] well /irr$1 & ! temp]ature kept at #he = two m9utes4 ,! re/ ( ! sug> solution is !n add$ 9 quantities ( "o-t5? ( a cubic c5timet] until ! decoloration is complet$4 ,! total "t ( ! f9al titration %\ld n exce$ five m9utes4 ,! sug> solution %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ( "o p] c5t /r5g?4 ,if a l[] degree ( /r5g? be employ$ a l>g] quantity ( ! sug> is necess>y to r$uce a giv5 quantity ( copp]4 ,9 ! case ( dextrose1 :5 a "o p] c5t solution is us$1 eight & two-t5?s cubic c5timet]s1 correspond+ to #hj4b milligrams ( dextrose1 are requir$ to r$uce #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ reag5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! sug> solution is dilut$ to "o-t5? ( a p] c5t /r5g? #hb4a milligrams are requir$4 ,) inv]t sug> slightly l>g] quantities are necess>y1 ! r$uc+ p[] be+ z #id4i to #ajj z comp>$ ) dextrose4 ,) a "o p] c5t /r5g? ( inv]t sug> x is f\nd t eighty-f\r milligrams are requir$ to r$uce #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ reag5t & :5 ! /r5g? ( ! inv]t sug> is r$uc$ to "o-t5? p] c5t #hg4jc milligrams are requir$4 #aca4 ,me?od ,( ,alle9 & ,gaud4--,alle9 & ,gaud h propos$ a fur!r modification ( ! ammonia process :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 ! suppression ( ro*elle salt & fix$ cau/ic alkali & ! entire sub/itution !re= ( ammonia4 ,ammonia acts ) mu* less vigor ^u sug>s ?an ! cau/ic alkalies1 & x is !re=e claim$ t ! decomposition ( ! sug> due to ! alkali is r$uc$ to a m9imum :5 ammonia is employ$4#ih ,! copp] solution is made z foll[s3 ,dissolve #h4giaf grams ( electrolytic copp] 9 n9ety-?ree grams ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]4 ,complete ! result+ solution to "o lit] ) conc5trat$ ammonia4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are equal to fifty grams ( dextrose4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! r$uction be accompli%$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 b x is app>5t t ! use ( k]os5e is p]missible 9 ?is case1 & on acc\nt ( its great] simplicity x is to be recomm5d$ z ! be/ means ( exclud+ ! oxyg54 ,! r$uction is accompli%$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj4 ,x is also propos$ to reoxidize ! copp] by sub/itut+ a curr5t ( air = ! hydrog5 at ! end ( ! reaction1 & ?us use ! same copp] a numb] ( times4 ,! dang] ( loss ( ammonia1 & ! difficulty ( det]m9+ :5 ! oxidation is complete1 r5d] ?is reg5]ation ( ! reag5t undesirable4 #acb4 ,me?od ( ,g]r>d4--,! me?od ( ,g]r>d does n dep5d ^u ! use ( ammonia1 b ! pr9ciple involv$ is ! same1 viz41 ! hold+ ( ! sep>at$ cupr\s oxid 9 solution & ! det]m9ation ( ! end ( ! reaction by ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color4 ,z fir/ propos$ by ,g]r>d1 ! copp] sulfate solution is made ( d\ble ! /r5g? usually employ$ & to ea* #ajj cubic c5timet]s !re(1 be=e use1 ?ree & ?ree-t5?s grams ( potassium cyanid are add$4 ,?is is suffici5t to hold ! precipitat$ cupr\s oxid 9 solution4#ii ,! orig9al me?od ( ,g]r>d is f\nd difficult ( execution & ! au?or1 9 conjunction ) ,all51 has lately modifi$ x & r$uc$ x to a practical work+ basis4#ajj ,9 ! new me?od ! ord9>y fehl+ solution is employ$ & x is prep>$ = use 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! fehl+ solution1 or half t quantity ( ea* ( ! compon5t p>ts kept 9 sep>ate bottles1 are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & br\ght to ! boil+-po9t4 ,to ! boil+ liquid is add$1 f a pipette1 a five p] c5t solution ( potassium cyanid until ! blue color j disappe>s1 or only a v fa9t t9t ( blue rema9s1 avoid+ any excess ( ! cyanid4 ,a second portion ( ! fehl+ solution equal to t fir/ employ$ is add$1 & to ! boil+ mixture ! solution ( sug> is add$1 f a burette1 until ! blue color disappe>s4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% %\ld be kept boil+ dur+ ! addition ( ! sug> solution4 ,! volume us$ w conta9 fifty milligrams ( dextrose4 ,! sug> solution %\ld be ( su* a /r5g? z to conta9 no m ?an half a p] c5t ( r$uc+ sug>4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! prep>ation ( ! solution may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,if to a solution ( copp] sulfate1 potassium be add$ until ! blue color disappe>s1 a d\ble cyanid ( copp] & potassium cyanid is =m$ accord+ to ! foll[+ reaction3 ,cu,s,o #d,,kcn ,cu7,,cn74#b,,kcn ,k,,s4 ,?is d\ble cyanid is a salt ( consid]able /ability4 ,x is n decompos$ by alkalies1 hydrog5 or ammonium1 sulfid4 ,) m9]al acids x gives a :iti%1 curdy precipitate4 ,) fehl+ solution ! same d\ble cyanid is =m$ z t describ$ above4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fehl+ solution be pres5t 9 excess ( ! am\nt necess>y to =m ! d\ble cyanid ( copp]1 ?is excess c be us$ 9 ! oxidation ( r$uc+ sug> & ! colorless condition ( ! solution w be re/or$ z soon z ! excess ( ! fehl+ is de/roy$4 ,! d\ble cyanid holds 9 solution ! cupr\s oxid =m$ & ?us complete decoloration is secur$4 #acc4 ,sid]sky's ,modification ( ,solda9i's ,process4--,9 all cases :]e ! sug> solutions are n too highly color$1 ,sid]sky f9ds t ! me?od ( r$uction 9 a l>ge te/ tube1 z practic$ by ,violette1 is applicable ) ! copp] c>bonate solution4#aja ,= m exact "w x is pref]r$ to det]m9e ! quantity ( copp] r$uc$ by an indirect volumetric me?od4 ,! sug> solution1 prop]ly cl>ifi$ & ! lead remov$ if subacetates h be5 us$1 is made ( su* a volume z to conta9 less ?an "o p] c5t ( r$uc+ sug>s4 ,9 a flask or l>ge te/ tube are plac$ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution1 :i* is boil$ = a %ort "t & ! sug> solution add$1 little by little1 f a pipette1 at su* a rate z n to /op ! ebullition4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = five m9utes aft] ! la/ addition ( ! sug>4 ,! vessel is tak5 f ! flame & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( cold wat] add$1 ! :ole br\ght on an asbe/os felt & ! cupr\s oxid wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! alkal9e reaction has disappe>$4 ,! residual cupr\s oxid is dissolv$ 9 a measur$ quantity ( set sulfuric acid1 semi- or fif?-normal1 a few p>ticles ( potassium *lorate add$1 & ! mixture boil$ to conv]t any cupr\s into cupric sulfate4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #c;,cu,o #f;,h,,s ,k,cl,o #f;,cu,s,o ,k,cl #f;,h,o4 ,! residual sulfuric acid is titrat$ ) a set alkali 9 excess1 ammonia be+ pref]r$4 ,! solution ( ammonia is made by dilut+ #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( comm]cial aqua ammonia ) #hjj ( wat]4 ,its /r5g? is det]m9$ by add+ a little copp] sulfate solution z indicator & !n ! set solution ( sulfuric acid until ! blue color disappe>s4 ,! copp] sulfate secur$ f ! cupr\s sulfate z describ$ above is cool$1 & a quantity ( ! ammonia1 equal to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! set sulfuric acid1 add$4 ,! excess ( ! ammonia is !n det]m9$ by titration ) ! sulfuric acid1 ! disappe>ance ( ! blue color be+ ! indication ( ! end ( ! reaction4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! set sulfuric acid requir$ to saturate ! ammonia repres5ts ! equival5t ( cupr\s oxid orig9ally pres5t4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( normal sulfuric acid is equival5t to #j4jcag gram ( metallic copp]4 ,to det]m9e ! weight ( inv]t sug> oxidiz$1 multiply ! weight ( copp]1 calculat$ z above describ$1 by ! factor #j4cedf4ajb ,= a g5]al application ( ?is me?od ( analysis ! relative quantities ( copp] r$uc$ by diff]5t quantities ( sug> mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,:ile1 z has already be5 /at$1 ! copp] c>bonate process has h]et(ore be5 appli$ *iefly to ! detection ( inv]t sug>1 x has m]its :i* ju/ify ! expectation t x may "s "t supplant ! fehl+ liquor bo? = volumetric & gravimetric "w4 ,l>ge volumes ( ! reag5t c be prep>$ at once & )\t dang] ( subsequ5t *ange4 ,! action ( ! reag5t on ! hexobioses & trioses is f> less vigor\s ?an t ( ! alkal9e copp] t>trate1 & ! end reactions = volumetric "w are1 at lea/1 z easily det]m9$ 9 ! "o case z ! o!r4 #acd4 ,me?od ,dep5d+ on ,titration ( ,excess ( ,copp]4--,in/ead ( measur+ ! quantity ( copp] r$uc$1 ei!r by its disappe>ance or by r$uc+ ! cupr\s oxid to a metallic /ate1 ,politis has propos$ a me?od ( analysis dep5d+ on ! titration ( ! residual copp]4#ajc ,! reag5ts employ$ are3 7#a7 ,a copp] solution conta9+ #bd4ie grams ( cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate1 #adj grams ( sodium & potassium t>trate1 & tw5ty-five grams ( sodium hydroxid 9 "o lit]3 7#b7 ,a solution ( sodium ?iosulfate conta9+ #bd4h grams ( ! salt 9 "o lit]3 7#c7 ,a solution ( potassium iodid conta9+ #ab4g grams ( iod9 9 "o lit]4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! =mula #b;,cu,cl #d,,ki ,cu,i #d,k,cl ,i4 ,! analytical process is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,9 a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask are boil$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ab\t "o-t5? p] c5t r$uc+ sug> solution are add$1 ! boil+ cont9u$ = five m9utes1 ! flask fill$ to ! m>k ) boil+ wat] & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! hot filtrate are cool$1 slightly acidifi$1 potassium iodid solution add$ 9 slight excess2 & ! iod9 set free det]m9$ by titration ) sodium ?iosulfate4 ,! quantity ( iod9 obta9$ corresponds to ! unr$uc$ copp] rema9+ aft] treatm5t ) ! r$uc+ sug>4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate us$ subtract$ f tw5ty-five w give ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution :i* w\ld be r$uc$ by five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sug> solution us$4 ,example4--,9 ! proportions giv5 above x 0 f\nd t elev5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate 7 requir$ to saturate ! iod9 set free4 ,!n #be - #aa #ad cubic c5timet]s ( copp] solution r$uc$ by five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sug> solution4 ,s9ce "o cubic c5timet] ( ! copp] solution is r$uc$ by #j4jjcf gram ( dextrose ! total dextrose 9 ! five cubic c5timet]s #j4jjcf #e #j4jahj gram4 ,! above me?od does n seem to h any practical advantage ov] ^? bas$ on not+ ! disappe>ance ( ! copp] & is giv5 only to illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( ! process4 ,:ile ! titration ( ! iod9 by sodium ?iosulfate is easily accompli%$ 9 ! abs5ce ( organic matt]1 x becomes difficult1 z %[n by ,ewell1 :5 organic matt]s are pres5t1 z !y always are 9 ! oxidation ( a sug> solution4 ,ewell has !re=e propos$ to det]m9e ! residual copp] by a /&>d solution ( potassium cyanid1 b ! me?od has n yet be5 develop$4#ajd ,,gravimetric ,,copp] ,,me?ods4 #ace4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,9 ! prec$+ pages ! pr9ciples ( ! volumetric me?ods ( sug> analysis by means ( alkal9e copp] solution h be5 set =?4 ,!y dep5d ei!r on ! total decomposition ( ! copp] solution employ$ by ! r$uc+ sug>1 or else on ! collection & titration ( ! cupr\s oxid =m$ 9 ! reaction4 ,9 ! gravimetric me?ods ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! process re/s ^u ! collection ( ! cupr\s oxid =m$ & its r$uction to metallic copp]1 ! weight ( :i* s]ves z a />t+ po9t 9 ! calculations ( ! weight ( r$uc+ sug>1 :i* has be5 oxidiz$ 9 ! solution4 ,! factors :i* affect ! weight ( copp] obta9$ are ess5tially ^? :i* influ5ce ! results 9 ! volumetric me?od4 ,! composition ( ! copp] solution1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! r$uction is accompli%$1 ! "t ( heat+1 ! /r5g? ( ! sug> solution & ! details ( ! manipulation1 all affect m or less ! quantity ( copp] obta9$4 ,z 9 ! volumetric me?od also1 ! k9d ( r$uc+ sug> mu/ be tak5 9 consid]ation1 dextrose1 levulose1 inv]t sug>1 maltose & o!r sug>s hav+ ea* a def9ite factor = r$uction 9 giv5 conditions4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t only ^? results are ( value :i* are obta9$ "u def9ite conditions1 rigidly controll$4 #acf4 ,gravimetric ,me?ods ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,laboratory4--,! process us$ 9 ?is laboratory is bas$ ess5tially on ! me?ods ( ,ma]ck]1 ,behr5d1 ,morg51 ,meissl1 ,hill] & ,allihn4#aje ,:]e dextrose alone is pres5t1 ! table ( factors propos$ by ,allihn is us$ & also ! copp] solution correspond+ !reto4 ,= pure inv]t sug>1 ! tables & solutions ( ,meissl are us$4 ,= inv]t sug> 9 ! pres5ce ( sucrose1 ! table & process propos$ by ,hill] are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dc4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,electrolytic ,,deposition ,,( ,,copp]4 ,! r$uction ( ! copp] solution & ! electrolytic deposition ( ! copp] are accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,! copp] & alkali solutions are kept 9 sep>ate bottles4 ,aft] mix+ ! equival5t volume ( ! two solutions 9 a beak]1 heat is appli$ & ! mixture boil$4 ,to ! boil+ liquid ! prop] volume ( ! cold sug> solution is add$4 ,?is mu/ always be less ?an ! am\nt requir$ = complete r$uction4 ,! solution is aga9 br\ght into ebullition & kept boil+ exactly two m9utes4 ,a two-m9ute s& glass is conv5i5tly us$ to det]m9e ! "t ( boil+4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t an equal volume ( fre%ly boil$ cold wat] is add$1 & ! sup]natant liquor at once pass$ ?r\gh a goo* "u pressure4 ,! residual cupr\s oxid is cov]$ ) boil+ wat] & wa%$ by decantation until ! wa% wat] is no long] alkal9e4 ,x is m conv5i5t to wa% 9 su* a way t1 at ! end1 ! great] "p ( ! cupr\s oxid is 9 ! goo*4 ,! felt & cupr\s oxid are !n return$ to ! beak] 9 :i* ! r$uction is made4 ,! goo* is moi/5$ ) nitric acid to dissolve any adh]+ oxid & !n is wa%$ into ! beak]4 ,en\gh nitric acid is add$ to br+ all ! oxid into solution1 an excess be+ avoid$1 & a small am\nt ( wat] add$4 ,! mixture is aga9 pass$ "u pressure ?r\gh a goo* hav+ a ?9 felt1 to remove ! asbe/os & ! filtrate collect$ 9 a flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! wa%+ is cont9u$ until ! goo* is free ( copp]1 :5 ! volume ( ! filtrate %\ld be ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! liquid is transf]r$ to a plat9um di% hold+ ab\t #age cubic c5timet]s & ! flask wa%$ ) ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,f ?ree to five cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid are add$ & ! copp] deposit$ by an electric curr5t4 #acg4 ,precipitat+ ! ,copp]4--,:5 no m nitric acid is us$ ?an indicat$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 x w n be necess>y to remove x by evaporation4 ,! plat9um di%es conta9+ ! solutions ( ! cupr\s oxid are arrang$ z %[n 9 ! figure = ! precipitation ( ! copp] by ! electric curr5t4 ,ea* ( ! support+ /&s has its base cov]$ ) %eet-copp]1 on :i* ! plat9um di%es re/4 ,! uprights are made ( heavy glass rods & c>ry ! supports = ! plat9um cyl9d]s :i* dip into ! copp] solutions4 ,! curr5t us$ is f ! city s]vice & is br\ght 9 ?r\gh ! lamp %[n at ! "r ( ! figure4 ,?is curr5t has a voltage ( ab\t #abj4 ,aft] pass+ ! lamp x is conduct$ ?r\gh ! regulator %[n at ! "r1 a glass tube clos$ bel[ by a /opp] c>ry+ a piece ( plat9um foil1 & above by "o hold+ a glass tube1 9 ! l[] end ( :i* is seal$ a piece ( %eet plat9um connect$1 ?r\gh ! glass tube1 ) ! lamp4 ,! regulat+ tube conta9s dilute sulfuric acid4 ,! /r5g? ( curr5t desir$ is secur$ by adju/+ ! movable pole4 ,a batt]y ( ?is k9d easily secures ! precipitation ( sixte5 samples at once1 b only twelve are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! practice "h is to />t ! op]ation at ! "t ( leav+ ! laboratory 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! next morn+ ! deposition ( ! copp] w be f\nd complete4 ,! wir+ ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! wire f ! regulator is connect$ ) ! base ( ! fir/ /&1 & !nce passes ?r\gh ! horizontal support to ! base ( ! second1 & s on4 ,! return to ! lamp is accompli%$ by means ( ! upp] wire4 ,?is plan ( arrang+ ! app>atus has be5 us$ = two ye>s1 & ) p]fect satisfaction4 ,:]e a /reet curr5t is n available1 ! foll[+ directions may be foll[$3 ,use f\r gravity cells1 su* z are employ$ 9 telegraphic "w1 = g5]at+ ! curr5t4 ,?is w be /rong en\gh = "o sample & by work+ long] = two4 ,connect ! plat9um di% ) ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y4 ,! curr5t is all[$ to pass until all ! copp] is deposit$4 ,:]e a l>g] numb] ( samples is to be treat$ at once1 ! size ( ! batt]y mu/ be correspond+ly increas$4 #ach4 ,me?od ,us$ at ! ,halle ,/ation4--,! me?od us$ at ! ,halle /ation is ! same z t orig9ally describ$ by ,ma]ck] = dextrose4#ajf ,! copp] solution employ$ is ! same z 9 ! allihn me?od1 viz41 #cd4fd grams ( copp] sulfate 9 #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 & #agc grams ( ro*elle salt & #abe grams ( potassium hydroxid 9 ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,9 a porcela9 di% are plac$ ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( copp] solution & an equal quantity ( ! alkali1 sixty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$ & ! mixture boil$4 ,to ! solution1 9 lively ebullition1 are add$ tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! dextrose solution to be exam9$ :i* mu/ n conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t ( sug>4 ,! mixture is aga9 boil$ & ! sep>at$ cupr\s oxid imm$iately p\r$ into ! filt] & wa%$ ) hot wat]1 until ! disappe>ance ( an alkal9e reaction4 ,= filt]+1 a glass tube is employ$1 provid$ ) a plat9um disk1 & resembl+ 9 e respect simil> tubes us$ = ! extraction ( sub/ances ) e!r & alcohol4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! filt]+ app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,9 ! ,halle me?od x is recomm5d$ t ! tubes be prep>$ by introduc+ a plat9um cone 9 place ( ! plat9um disk & fill+ x ) asbe/os felt1 press+ ! felt tightly aga9/ ! sides ( ! glass tube & mak+ ! asbe/os fully "o c5timet] 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is a mu* less conv5i5t me?od ( work+ ?an ! "o describ$ above4 ,aft] filtration & wa%+1 ! cupr\s oxid is wa%$ ) e!r & alcohol & dri$ = an h\r at #aaj1 & f9ally r$uc$ to metallic copp] 9 a /ream ( pure dry hydrog51 heat be+ appli$ by means ( a small flame4 ,! app>atus = ! r$uction ( ! cupr\s oxid is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! metallic copp]1 aft] cool+ & weigh+1 is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 ! tube wa%$ ) wat]1 e!r & alcohol1 & aga9 dri$1 :5 x is ready = use a second "t4 ,! p]c5tage ( dextrose is calculat$ f ! milligrams ( copp] f\nd by ,allihn's table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dd4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,filt]+ ,,copp] ,,suboxid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #de4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,r$uc+ ,,copp] ,,suboxid4 #aci4 ,tables = ,use 9 ! ,gravimetric ,det]m9ation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug>s4--,! value ( a table = comput+ ! p]c5tage ( a r$uc+ sug> pres5t 9 a solution1 is bas$ on ! accuracy ) :i* ! directions = ! det]m9ation are foll[$4 ,! solution mu/ be ( ! prop] /r5g? & made 9 ! way direct$4 ,! degree ( dilution prescrib$ mu/ be scrupul\sly pres]v$ & ! me?ods ( boil+ dur+ r$uction & wa%+ ! r$uc$ copp]1 foll[$4 ,! quantity ( copp] obta9$ by ! use ( diff]5t alkal9e copp] solutions & ( sug> solutions ( a /r5g? diff]5t f t all[$ by ! fix$ limits1 is n a safe factor = computation4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t 9 ! use ( ! tables ! directions :i* are giv5 are to be foll[$ 9 e p>ticul>4 #adj4 ,allihn's ,gravimetric ,me?od = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,dextrose4--,reag5ts3 ,i4 #cd4fci grams ( ,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & dilut$ to half a lit]3 ,,ii4 #agc grams ( ro*elle salts dissolv$ 9 wat] & dilut$ #abe grams ( ,,koh1 to half a lit]4 ,manipulation3 ,place ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution 7,i71 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! alkal9e t>trate solution 7,,ii71 & sixty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] 9 a beak] & heat to boil+4 ,add tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( ! mat]ial to be exam9$1 :i* mu/ be s prep>$ z n to conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t ( dextrose1 & boil = two m9utes4 ,filt] imm$iately aft] add+ an equal volume ( rec5tly boil$ cold wat] & obta9 ! weight ( copp] by "o ( ! gravimetric me?ods giv54 ,! correspond+ weight ( dextrose is f\nd by ! foll[+ table3 ,,allihn',s ,,table ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,dextrose4 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp]4 7,b7 ,milligrams ( dextrose4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #aj #f4a #df #bc4i #hb #da4h #aah #fj4a #aed #gh4f #aa #f4f #dg #bd4d #hc #db4c #aai #fj4f #aee #gi4a #ab #g4a #dh #bd4i #hd #db4h #abj #fa4a #aef #gi4f #ac #g4f #di #be4d #he #dc4d #aba #fa4f #aeg #hj4a #ad #h4a #ej #be4i #hf #dc4i #abb #fb4a #aeh #hj4g #ae #h4f #ea #bf4d #hg #dd4d #abc #fb4f #aei #ha4b #af #i4j #eb #bf4i #hh #dd4i #abd #fc4a #afj #ha4g #ag #i4e #ec #bg4d #hi #de4d #abe #fc4g #afa #hb4b #ah #aj4j #ed #bg4i #ij #de4i #abf #fd4b #afb #hb4g #ai #aj4e #ee #bh4d #ia #df4d #abg #fd4g #afc #hc4c #bj #aa4j #ef #bh4h #ib #df4i #abh #fe4b #afd #hc4h #ba #aa4e #eg #bi4c #ic #dg4d #abi #fe4g #afe #hd4c #bb #ab4j #eh #bi4h #id #dg4i #acj #ff4b #aff #hd4h #bc #ab4e #ei #cj4c #ie #dh4d #aca #ff4g #afg #he4c #bd #ac4j #fj #cj4h #if #dh4i #acb #fg4b #afh #he4i #be #ac4e #fa #ca4c #ig #di4d #acc #fg4g #afi #hf4d #bf #ad4j #fb #ca4h #ih #di4i #acd #fh4b #agj #hf4i #bg #ad4e #fc #cb4c #ii #ej4d #ace #fh4h #aga #hg4d #bh #ae4j #fd #cb4h #ajj #ej4i #acf #fi4c #agb #hg4i #bi #ae4e #fe #cc4c #aja #ea4d #acg #fi4h #agc #hh4e #cj #af4j #ff #cc4h #ajb #ea4i #ach #gj4c #agd #hi4j #ca #af4e #fg #cd4c #ajc #eb4d #aci #gj4h #age #hi4e #cb #ag4j #fh #cd4h #ajd #eb4i #adj #ga4c #agf #ij4j #cc #ag4e #fi #ce4c #aje #ec4e #ada #ga4h #agg #ij4e #cd #ah4j #gj #ce4h #ajf #ed4j #adb #gb4c #agh #ia4a #ce #ah4e #ga #cf4c #ajg #ed4e #adc #gb4i #agi #ia4f #cf #ah4i #gb #cf4h #ajh #ee4j #add #gc4d #ahj #ib4a #cg #ai4d #gc #cg4c #aji #ee4e #ade #gc4i #aha #ib4f #ch #ai4i #gd #cg4h #aaj #ef4j #adf #gd4d #ahb #ic4a #ci #bj4d #ge #ch4c #aaa #ef4e #adg #gd4i #ahc #ic4g #dj #bj4i #gf #ch4h #aab #eg4j #adh #ge4e #ahd #id4b #da #ba4d #gg #ci4c #aac #eg4e #adi #gf4j #ahe #id4g #db #ba4i #gh #ci4h #aad #eh4j #aej #gf4e #ahf #ie4b #dc #bb4d #gi #dj4c 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#acf4b #cjf #aei4h #cdi #ahc4g #cib #bjh4c #bba #aac4g #bfd #acf4h #cjg #afj4d #cej #ahd4c #cic #bjh4h #bbb #aad4c #bfe #acg4c #cjh #afj4i #cea #ahd4i #cid #bji4d #bbc #aad4h #bff #acg4h #cji #afa4e #ceb #ahe4d #cie #baj4j #bbd #aae4c #bfg #ach4d #caj #afb4j #cec #ahf4j #cif #baj4f #bbe #aae4i #bfh #ach4i #caa #afb4f #ced #ahf4f #cig #baa4b #bbf #aaf4d #bfi #aci4e #cab #afc4a #cee #ahg4b #cih #baa4g #bbg #aaf4i #bgj #adj4j #cac #afc4g #cef #ahg4g #cii #bab4c #bbh #aag4d #bga #adj4f #cad #afd4b #ceg #ahh4c #djj #bab4i #bbi #aah4j #bgb #ada4a #cae #afd4h #ceh #ahh4i #dja #bac4e #bcj #aah4e #bgc #ada4g #caf #afe4c #cei #ahi4d #djb #bad4a #bca #aai4j #bgd #adb4b #cag #afe4i #cfj #aij4j #djc #bad4f #bcb #aai4f #bge #adb4h #cah #aff4d #cfa #aij4f #djd #bae4b 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #dje #bae4h #dag #bbb4h #dbi #bbi4h #dda #bcf4i #dec #bdd4j #djf #baf4d #dah #bbc4c #dcj #bcj4d #ddb #bcg4e #ded #bdd4f #djg #bag4j #dai #bbc4i #dca #bca4j #ddc #bch4a #dee #bde4b #djh #bag4e #dbj #bbd4e #dcb #bca4f #ddd #bch4g #def #bde4g #dji #bah4a #dba #bbe4a #dcc #bcb4b #dde #bci4c #deg #bdf4c #daj #bah4g #dbb #bbe4g #dcd #bcb4h #ddf #bci4h #deh #bdf4i #daa #bai4c #dbc #bbf4c #dce #bcc4d #ddg #bdj4d #dei #bdg4e #dab #bai4i #dbd #bbf4i #dcf #bcc4i #ddh #bda4j #dfj #bdh4a #dac #bbj4d #dbe #bbg4e #dcg #bcd4e #ddi #bda4f #dfa #bdh4g #dad #bba4j #dbf #bbh4j #dch #bce4a #dej #bdb4b #dfb #bdi4c #dae #bba4f #dbg #bbh4f #dci #bce4g #dea #bdb4h #dfc #bdi4i #daf #bbb4b #dbh #bbi4b #ddj #bcf4c #deb #bdc4d #ada4 ,meissl's ,table = ,inv]t ,sug>4--,inv]t sug> is usually ! product ( ! hydrolysis ( sucrose4 ,! foll[+ table is to be us$ :5 ! hydrolysis is complete1 i4 e41 :5 no sucrose is left 9 ! solution4 ,! solution ( copp] sulfate & ( ! alkal9e t>trate are made up z foll[s3 #cd4fd grams ( copp] sulfate 9 half a lit]1 & #agc grams ( ro*elle salt & #ea4f grams sodium hydroxid 9 ! same volume4 ,! quantity ( sug> solution us$ mu/ n conta9 m ?an #bde nor less ?an n9ety milligrams ( inv]t sug>4 ,9 ! det]m9ation tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution & an equal volume ( ! alkal9e t>trate are mix$ & boil$1 ! prop] am\nt ( sug> solution add$ to secure a quantity ( inv]tose )9 ! limits nam$1 ! volume complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) boil+ wat]1 & ! mixture kept 9 lively ebullition = two m9utes4 ,an equal volume ( rec5tly boil$ cold wat] is add$ & ! cupr\s oxid at once sep>at$ by filtration on asbe/os "u pressure1 & wa%$ free ( alkali ) boil+ wat]4 ,! metallic copp] is secur$ by "o ( ! me?ods already describ$4 ,,table ,,= ,,inv]t ,,sug> ,,by ,,meissl ,,& ,,wi54#ajg 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp]4 7,b7 ,milligrams ( inv]t sug>4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ij #df4i #acc #fi4g #agf #ic4j #bai #aag4j #ia #dg4d #acd #gj4c #agg #ic4e #bbj #aag4e #ib #dg4i #ace #gj4h #agh #id4a #bba #aah4a #ic #dh4d #acf #ga4c #agi #id4f #bbb #aah4g #id #dh4i #acg #ga4i #ahj #ie4b #bbc #aai4b #ie #di4e #ach #gb4d #aha #ie4g #bbd #aai4h #if #ej4j #aci #gb4i #ahb #if4b #bbe #abj4d #ig #ej4e #adj #gc4e #ahc #if4h #bbf #abj4i #ih #ea4a #ada #gd4j #ahd #ig4c #bbg #aba4e #ii #ea4f #adb #gd4e #ahe #ig4h #bbh #abb4a #ajj #eb4a #adc #ge4a #ahf #ih4d #bbi #abb4f #aja #eb4g #add #ge4f #ahg #ii4j #bcj #abc4b #ajb #ec4b #ade #gf4a #ahh #ii4e #bca #abc4h #ajc #ec4g #adf #gf4g #ahi #ajj4a #bcb #abd4c #ajd #ed4c #adg #gg4b #aij #ajj4f #bcc #abd4i #aje #ed4h #adh #gg4h #aia #aja4b #bcd #abe4e #ajf #ee4c #adi #gh4c #aib #aja4g #bce #abf4j #ajg #ee4i #aej #gh4i #aic #ajb4c #bcf #abf4f #ajh #ef4d #aea #gi4d #aid #ajb4i #bcg #abg4b #aji #ef4i #aeb #hj4j #aie #ajc4d #bch #abg4h #aaj #eg4e #aec #hj4e #aif #ajd4j #bci #abh4c #aaa #eh4j #aed #ha4j #aig #ajd4f #bdj #abh4i #aab #eh4e #aee #ha4f #aih #aje4a #bda #abi4e #aac #ei4a #aef #hb4a #aii #aje4g #bdb #acj4j #aad #ei4f #aeg #hb4g #bjj #ajf4c #bdc #acj4f #aae #fj4a #aeh #hc4b #bja #ajf4h #bdd #aca4b #aaf #fj4g #aei #hc4h #bjb #ajg4d #bde #aca4h #aag #fa4b #afj #hd4c #bjc #ajg4i #bdf #acb4c #aah #fa4g #afa #hd4h #bjd #ajh4e #bdg #acb4i #aai #fb4c #afb #he4d #bje #aji4a #bdh #acc4e #abj #fb4h #afc #he4i #bjf #aji4f #bdi #acd4a #aba #fc4c #afd #hf4e #bjg #aaj4b #bej #acd4f #abb #fc4i #afe #hg4j #bjh #aaj4h #bea #ace4b #abc #fd4d #aff #hg4f #bji #aaa4c #beb #ace4h #abd #fd4i #afg #hh4a #baj #aaa4i #bec #acf4c #abe #fe4e #afh #hh4f #baa #aab4e #bed #acf4i #abf #ff4j #afi #hi4b #bab #aac4j #bee #acg4e #abg #ff4e #agj #hi4g #bac #aac4f #bef #ach4a #abh #fg4a #aga #ij4c #bad #aad4b #beg #ach4f #abi #fg4f #agb #ij4h #bae #aad4g #beh #aci4b #acj #fh4a #agc #ia4d #baf #aae4c #bei #aci4h #aca #fh4g #agd #ia4i #bag #aae4h #bfj #adj4d #acb #fi4b #age #ib4d #bah #aaf4d #bfa #adj4i 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #bfb #ada4e #cje #aff4h #cdh #aib4f #cia #bai4c #bfc #adb4a #cjf #afg4c #cdi #aic4b #cib #bai4i #bfd #adb4g #cjg #afg4i #cej #aic4h #cic #bbj4e #bfe #adc4b #cjh #afh4e #cea #aid4d #cid #bba4b #bff #adc4h #cji #afi4a #ceb #aie4j #cie #bba4h #bfg #add4d #caj #afi4g #cec #aie4f #cif #bbb4d #bfh #add4i #caa #agj4c #ced #aif4b #cig #bbc4a #bfi #ade4e #cab #agj4i #cee #aif4h #cih #bbc4g #bgj #adf4a #cac #aga4e #cef #aig4d #cii #bbd4c #bga #adf4g #cad #agb4a #ceg #aih4j #djj #bbd4i #bgb #adg4b #cae #agb4g #ceh #aih4f #dja #bbe4g #bgc #adg4h #caf #agc4c #cei #aii4b #djb #bbf4d #bgd #adh4d #cag #agc4i #cfj #aii4h #djc #bbg4a #bge #adi4j #cah #agd4e #cfa #bjj4d #djd #bbg4h #bgf #adi4e #cai #age4a #cfb #bja4a #dje #bbh4f #bgg #aej4a #cbj #age4f #cfc #bja4g #djf #bbi4c #bgh #aej4g #cba #agf4b #cfd #bjb4c #djg #bcj4j #bgi #aea4c #cbb #agf4h #cfe #bjc4j #djh #bcj4g #bhj #aea4i #cbc #agg4d #cff #bjc4f #dji #bca4d #bha #aeb4e #cbd #agh4j #cfg #bjd4b #daj #bcb4a #bhb #aec4a #cbe #agh4f #cfh #bjd4h #daa #bcb4h #bhc #aec4g #cbf #agi4b #cfi #bje4e #dab #bcc4e #bhd #aed4c #cbg #agh4h #cgj #bjf4a #dac #bcd4c #bhe #aed4i #cbh #ahj4d #cga #bjf4g #dad #bce4j #bhf #aee4e #cbi #aha4j #cgb #bjg4c #dae #bce4g #bhg #aef4a #ccj #aha4f #cgc #bjh4j #daf #bcf4d #bhh #aef4g #cca #ahb4b #cgd #bjh4f #dag #bcg4a #bhi #aeg4b #ccb #ahb4h #cge #bji4b #dah #bcg4h #bij #aeg4h #ccc #ahc4e #cgf #bji4i #dai #bch4e #bia #aeh4d #ccd #ahd4a #cgg #baj4e #dbj #bci4b #bib #aei4j #cce #ahd4g #cgh #baa4a #dba #bci4i #bic #aei4f #ccf #ahe4d #cgi #baa4g #dbb #bdj4f #bid #afj4b #ccg #ahf4j #chj #bab4d #dbc #bda4c #bie #afj4h #cch #ahf4f #cha #bac4j #dbd #bdb4j #bif #afa4d #cci #ahg4b #chb #bac4f #dbe #bdb4g #big #afb4j #cdj #ahg4h #chc #bad4c #dbf #bdc4d #bih #afb4f #cda #ahh4d #chd #bad4i #dbg #bdd4a #bii #afc4b #cdb #ahi4j #che #bae4e #dbh #bdd4i #cjj #afc4h #cdc #ahi4f #chf #baf4a #dbi #bde4f #cja #afd4d #cdd #aij4b #chg #baf4h #dcj #bdf4c #cjb #afe4j #cde #aij4h #chh #bag4d #cjc #afe4f #cdf #aia4d #chi #bah4j #cjd #aff4b #cdg #aib4j #cij #bah4g #adb4 ,table = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,inv]t ,sug> 7,r$uc+ ,sug>s7 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,sucrose4--,! me?od adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s is ess5tially t propos$ by ,meissl & ,hill]4#ajh ,prep>e a solution ( ! mat]ial to be exam9$ 9 su* a mann] t x conta9s tw5ty grams ( ! mix$ sug>s 9 "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s1 aft] cl>ification & ! removal ( ! excess ( lead4 ,prep>e a s]ies ( solutions 9 l>ge te/ tubes by add+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five etc4 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution to ea* tube successively4 ,add five cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ copp] reag5t to ea*1 heat to boil+1 boil two m9utes & filt]4 ,note ! volume ( sug> solution :i* gives ! filtrate lighte/ 9 t9t1 b /ill di/9ctly blue4 ,place tw5ty times ?is volume ( ! sug> solution 9 a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 dilute to ! m>k1 & mix well4 ,use fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution = ! det]m9ation1 :i* is conduct$ z already describ$1 until ! weight ( copp] is obta9$4 ,= ! calculation ( ! results use ! foll[+ =mulas & table ( factors ( ,meissl & ,hill]3#aji ,let ,cu ! weight ( ! copp] obta9$2 ,p ! pol>ization ( ! sample2 ,w ! weight ( ! sample 9 ! fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution us$ = det]m9ation2 ,f ! factor obta9$ f ! table = conv]sion ( copp] to inv]t sug>2 ,cu ---- approximate absolute weight ( inv]t sug> ,z2 #b #ajj ,z ----- approximate p] c5t ( inv]t sug> y2 ,w #ajj,p ------- ,r1 relative numb] = sucrose2 ,p y #ajj - ,r ,i1 relative numb] = inv]t sug>2 ,cu ---- p] c5t ( inv]t sug>4 ,w ,z indicates ! v]tical column1 & ! ratio ( ,r to ,i1 ! horizontal column ( ! table1 :i* are to be us$ = ! purpose ( f9d+ ! factor 7,f7 = calculat+ copp] to inv]t sug>4 ,example3--,! pol>ization ( a sug> is #hf4d1 & #c4bef grams ( x 7,w7 are equival5t to #j4bij gram ( copp]4 ,!n3 ,cu #j4bij ---- ----- #j4ade ,z #b #b #ajj #ajj ,z ----- #j4ade ------ #d4de y ,w #c4bef #ajj,p #hfdj -------- ------------ #ie4a ,r ,p y #hf4d #d4de #ajj - ,r #ajj - #ie4a #d4i ,i ,r 3 ,i #ie4a 3 #d4i ,by consult+ ! table x w be se5 t ! v]tical column head$ ,i #aej is ne>e/ to ,z1 #ade1 ! horizontal column head$ #ie3 #e is ne>e/ to ! ratio ( ,r to ,i1 #ie4a3 #d4i4 ,:]e ^! columns meet we f9d ! factor #ea4b1 :i* ent]s into ! f9al calculation3 ,cu,f 4#bij #ea4b ----- ------------- #d4ef ! true p] c5t ( inv]t sug>4 ,w #c4bef ,,meissl ,,& ,,hill]',s ,,factors ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,m ,,?an ,,"o ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,inv]t ,,sug>4 ,ratio ( ,approximate absolute weight ( inv]t sug> ,z4 sucrose ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i ,i to inv]t #bjj #age #aej #abe #ajj #ge #ej sug> mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 ,r 3 ,i4 #j 3 #ajj #ef4d #ee4d #ed4e #ec4h #ec4b #ec4j #ec4j #aj 3 #ij #ef4c #ee4c #ed4d #ec4h #ec4b #eb4i #eb4i #bj 3 #hj #ef4b #ee4b #ed4c #ec4g #ec4b #eb4g #eb4g #cj 3 #gj #ef4a #ee4a #ed4b #ec4g #ec4b #eb4f #eb4f #dj 3 #fj #ee4i #ee4j #ed4a #ec4f #ec4a #eb4e #eb4d #ej 3 #ej #ee4g #ed4i #ed4j #ec4e #ec4a #eb4c #eb4b #fj 3 #dj #ee4f #ed4g #ec4h #ec4b #eb4h #eb4a #ea4i #gj 3 #cj #ee4e #ed4e #ec4e #eb4i #eb4e #ea4i #ea4f #hj 3 #bj #ee4d #ed4c #ec4c #eb4g #eb4b #ea4g #ea4c #ij 3 #aj #ed4f #ec4f #ec4a #eb4f #eb4a #ea4f #ea4b #ia 3 #i #ed4a #ec4f #eb4f #eb4a #ea4f #ea4b #ej4g #ib 3 #h #ec4f #ec4a #eb4a #ea4f #ea4b #ej4g #ej4c #ic 3 #g #ec4f #ec4a #eb4a #ea4b #ej4g #ej4c #di4h #id 3 #f #ec4a #eb4f #ea4f #ej4g #ej4c #di4h #dh4i #ie 3 #e #eb4f #eb4a #ea4b #ej4c #di4d #dh4i #dh4e #if 3 #d #eb4a #ea4b #ej4g #di4h #dh4i #dg4g #df4i #ig 3 #c #ej4g #ej4c #di4h #dh4i #dg4g #df4b #de4a #ih 3 #b #di4i #dh4i #dh4e #dg4c #de4h #dc4c #dj4j #ii 3 #a #dg4g #dg4c #df4e #de4a #dc4c #da4b #ch4a #adc4 ,table = ! ,e/imation ( ,milk ,sug>4--,! solutions to be us$ = ?is table are ! same z ^? employ$ 9 ! prec$+ table = ! e/imation ( inv]t sug>4 ,! milk sug> is suppos$ to be 9 a pure =m 9 solution be=e beg9n+ ! analysis4 ,! me?od to be employ$ = milk w be giv5 9 ! "p devot$ to dairy products4 ,9 ! conduct ( ! "w tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution are mix$ ) an equal quantity ( ! alkal9e t>trate mixture1 & f tw5ty to "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! sug> solution add$1 accord+ to its conc5tration4 ,?is solution %\ld n conta9 less ?an sev5ty nor m ?an #cjf milligrams ( lactose4 ,! volume is complet$ to #aej cubic c5timet]s ) boil+ wat] & kept 9 lively ebullition = six m9utes4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,f ! weight ( copp] obta9$ ! quantity ( milk sug> is det]m9$ by inspect+ ! table4 ,x is recomm5d$ to use su* a weight ( milk sug> z w give ab\t #bjj milligrams ( copp]4 ,,table ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,milk ,,sug>4 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp]4 7,b7 ,milligrams ( milk sug>4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ajj #ga4f #abj #hf4d #adj #aja4c #afj #aaf4d #aja #gb4d #aba #hg4b #ada #ajb4j #afa #aag4a #ajb #gc4a #abb #hg4i #adb #ajb4h #afb #aag4i #ajc #gc4h #abc #hh4g #adc #ajc4e #afc #aah4f #ajd #gd4f #abd #hi4d #add #ajd4c #afd #aai4d #aje #ge4c #abe #ij4a #ade #aje4a #afe #abj4b #ajf #gf4a #abf #ij4i #adf #aje4h #aff #abj4i #ajg #gf4h #abg #ia4f #adg #ajf4f #afg #aba4g #ajh #gg4f #abh #ib4d #adh #ajg4c #afh #abb4d #aji #gh4c #abi #ic4a #adi #ajh4a #afi #abc4b #aaj #gi4j #acj #ic4h #aej #ajh4h #agj #abc4i #aaa #gi4h #aca #id4f #aea #aji4f #aga #abd4g #aab #hj4e #acb #ie4c #aeb #aaj4c #agb #abe4e #aac #ha4c #acc #if4a #aec #aaa4a #agc #abf4b #aad #hb4j #acd #if4i #aed #aaa4i #agd #abg4j #aae #hb4g #ace #ig4f #aee #aab4f #age #abg4h #aaf #hc4e #acf #ih4c #aef #aac4d #agf #abh4e #aag #hd4b #acg #ii4a #aeg #aad4a #agg #abi4c #aah #he4j #ach #ii4h #aeh #aad4i #agh #acj4a #aai #he4g #aci #ajj4e #aei #aae4f #agi #acj4h 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ahj #aca4f #bbc #afd4b #bff #aig4b #cji #bca4d #aha #acb4d #bbd #afd4i #bfg #aih4j #caj #bcb4b #ahb #acc4a #bbe #afe4g #bfh #aih4h #caa #bcb4i #ahc #acc4i #bbf #aff4d #bfi #aii4e #cab #bcc4g #ahd #acd4g #bbg #afg4b #bgj #bjj4c #cac #bcd4e #ahe #ace4d #bbh #afg4i #bga #bja4a #cad #bce4c #ahf #acf4b #bbi #afh4f #bgb #bja4i #cae #bcf4a #ahg #acg4j #bcj #afi4d #bgc #bjb4g #caf #bcf4h #ahh #acg4g #bca #agj4a #bgd #bjc4e #cag #bcg4f #ahi #ach4e #bcb #agj4i #bge #bjd4c #cah #bch4d #aij #aci4c #bcc #aga4f #bgf #bje4a #cai #bci4b #aia #adj4j #bcd #agb4d #bgg #bje4i #cbj #bdj4j #aib #adj4h #bce #agc4a #bgh #bjf4g #cba #bdj4g #aic #ada4f #bcf #agc4i #bgi #bjg4e #cbb #bda4e #aid #adb4c #bcg #agd4f #bhj #bjh4c #cbc #bdb4c #aie #adc4a #bch #age4d #bha #bji4a #cbd #bdc4a #aif #adc4i #bci #agf4b #bhb #bji4i #cbe #bdc4i #aig #add4f #bdj #agf4i #bhc #baj4g #cbf #bdd4f #aih #ade4d #bda #agg4g #bhd #baa4e #cbg #bde4d #aii #adf4b #bdb #agh4e #bhe #bab4c #cbh #bdf4b #bjj #adf4i #bdc #agi4c #bhf #bac4a #cbi #bdg4j #bja #adg4g #bdd #ahj4a #bhg #bac4i #ccj #bdg4g #bjb #adh4e #bde #ahj4h #bhh #bad4g #cca #bdh4e #bjc #adi4b #bdf #aha4f #bhi #bae4e #ccb #bdi4b #bjd #aej4j #bdg #ahb4d #bij #baf4c #ccc #bej4j #bje #aej4g #bdh #ahc4b #bia #bag4a #ccd #bej4h #bjf #aea4e #bdi #ahd4j #bib #bag4i #cce #bea4f #bjg #aeb4b #bej #ahd4h #bic #bah4g #ccf #beb4e #bjh #aec4j #bea #ahe4e #bid #bai4e #ccg #bec4c #bji #aec4g #beb #ahf4c #bie #bbj4c #cch #bed4a #baj #aed4e #bec #ahg4a #bif #bba4a #cci #bed4i #baa #aee4b #bed #ahg4i #big #bba4i #cdj #bee4g #bab #aef4j #bee #ahh4g #bih #bbb4g #cda #bef4e #bac #aef4g #bef #ahi4d #bii #bbc4e #cdb #beg4d #bad #aeg4e #beg #aij4b #cjj #bbd4d #cdc #beh4b #bae #aeh4b #beh #aia4j #cja #bbe4b #cdd #bei4j #baf #aei4j #bei #aia4h #cjb #bbe4i #cde #bei4h #bag #aei4g #bfj #aib4e #cjc #bbf4g #cdf #bfj4f #bah #afj4d #bfa #aic4c #cjd #bbg4e #cdg #bfa4d #bai #afa4b #bfb #aid4a #cje #bbh4c #cdh #bfb4c #bbj #afa4i #bfc #aid4i #cjf #bbi4a #cdi #bfc4a #bba #afb4g #bfd #aie4g #cjg #bbi4h #cej #bfc4i #bbb #afc4d #bfe #aif4d #cjh #bcj4f #cea #bfd4g 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ceb #bfe4e #cfe #bgf4b #cgg #bhf4e #chi #bif4h #cec #bff4c #cff #bgg4a #cgh #bhg4d #cij #big4g #ced #bfg4b #cfg #bgg4i #cgi #bhh4b #cia #bih4e #cee #bfh4j #cfh #bgh4h #chj #bhi4a #cib #bii4d #cef #bfh4h #cfi #bgi4f #cha #bhi4i #cic #cjj4c #ceg #bfi4f #cgj #bhj4e #chb #bij4h #cid #cja4a #ceh #bgj4d #cga #bha4d #chc #bia4g #cie #cjb4j #cei #bga4b #cgb #bhb4b #chd #bib4e #cif #cjb4h #cfj #bgb4a #cgc #bhc4a #che #bic4d #cig #cjc4g #cfa #bgb4i #cgd #bhc4i #chf #bid4b #cih #cjd4f #cfb #bgc4g #cge #bhd4h #chg #bie4a #cii #cje4d #cfc #bgd4e #cgf #bhe4g #chh #bif4j #djj #cjf4c #cfd #bge4c #add4 ,table = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,maltose4--,! copp] & alkal9e solutions employ$ = ! oxidation ( maltose are ! same z ^? us$ = inv]t & milk sug>s4 ,9 ! manipulation tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ea* ( ! copp] & alkali solutions are mix$ & boil$ & an equal volume ( ! maltose solution add$1 :i* %\ld n conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! sug>4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = f\r m9utes1 an equal volume ( cold rec5tly boil$ wat] add$1 ! cupr\s oxid sep>at$ by filtration & ! metallic copp] obta9$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! weight ( maltose oxidiz$ is !n asc]ta9$ f ! table4 ,example4 ,weight ( impure maltose tak51 t5 grams to a lit]3 ,quantity us$1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s3 ,weight ( copp] obta9$ #bfh milligrams3 ,weight ( maltose oxidiz$ #bcg milligrams3 ,weight ( impure maltose tak5 #bej milligrams3 ,p]c5tage ( maltose 9 sample #id4h4 ,,table ,,= ,,maltose4 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp]4 7,b7 ,milligrams ( maltose4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #cj #be4c #ce #bi4f #dj #cc4i #de #ch4c #ca #bf4a #cf #cj4e #da #cd4h #df #ci4a #cb #bg4j #cg #ca4c #db #ce4g #dg #dj4j #cc #bg4i #ch #cb4b #dc #cf4e #dh #dj4i #cd #bh4g #ci #cc4a #dd #cg4d #di #da4h 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ej #db4f #id #ha4b #ach #abj4f #ahb #afj4a #ea #dc4e #ie #hb4a #aci #aba4e #ahc #afj4i #eb #dd4d #if #hc4j #adj #abb4d #ahd #afa4h #ec #de4b #ig #hc4i #ada #abc4c #ahe #afb4g #ed #df4a #ih #hd4h #adb #abd4b #ahf #afc4f #ee #dg4j #ii #he4g #adc #abe4a #ahg #afd4e #ef #dg4h #ajj #hf4f #add #abf4j #ahh #afe4d #eg #dh4g #aja #hg4e #ade #abf4i #ahi #aff4c #eh #di4f #ajb #hh4d #adf #abg4h #aij #afg4b #ei #ej4d #ajc #hi4b #adg #abh4g #aia #afh4a #fj #ea4c #ajd #ij4a #adh #abi4f #aib #afi4j #fa #eb4b #aje #ia4j #adi #acj4e #aic #afi4h #fb #ec4a #ajf #ia4i #aej #aca4d #aid #agj4g #fc #ec4i #ajg #ib4h #aea #acb4c #aie #aga4f #fd #ed4h #ajh #ic4g #aeb #acc4b #aif #agb4e #fe #ee4g #aji #id4f #aec #acd4a #aig #agc4d #ff #ef4f #aaj #ie4e #aed #ace4j #aih #agd4c #fg #eg4d #aaa #if4d #aee #ace4i #aii #age4b #fh #eh4c #aab #ig4c #aef #acf4h #bjj #agf4a #fi #ei4b #aac #ih4a #aeg #acg4g #bja #agg4j #gj #fj4a #aad #ii4j #aeh #ach4f #bjb #agg4i #ga #fa4j #aae #ii4i #aei #aci4e #bjc #agh4g #gb #fa4h #aaf #ajj4h #afj #adj4d #bjd #agi4f #gc #fb4g #aag #aja4g #afa #ada4c #bje #ahj4e #gd #fc4f #aah #ajb4f #afb #adb4b #bjf #aha4d #ge #fd4e #aai #ajc4e #afc #adc4a #bjg #ahb4c #gf #fe4d #abj #ajd4d #afd #add4j #bjh #ahc4b #gg #ff4b #aba #aje4c #afe #add4i #bji #ahd4a #gh #fg4a #abb #ajf4b #aff #ade4h #baj #ahe4j #gi #fh4j #abc #ajg4a #afg #adf4g #baa #ahe4i #hj #fh4i #abd #ajh4j #afh #adg4f #bab #ahf4h #ha #fi4g #abe #ajh4i #afi #adh4e #bac #ahg4g #hb #gj4f #abf #aji4h #agj #adi4d #bad #ahh4f #hc #ga4e #abg #aaj4g #aga #aej4c #bae #ahi4e #hd #gb4d #abh #aaa4f #agb #aea4b #baf #aij4d #he #gc4b #abi #aab4e #agc #aeb4j #bag #aia4b #hf #gd4a #acj #aac4d #agd #aeb4i #bah #aib4a #hg #ge4j #aca #aad4c #age #aec4h #bai #aic4j #hh #ge4i #acb #aae4b #agf #aed4g #bbj #aic4i #hi #gf4h #acc #aaf4a #agg #aee4f #bba #aid4h #ij #gg4g #acd #aag4j #agh #aef4e #bbb #aie4g #ia #gh4f #ace #aag4i #agi #aeg4d #bbc #aif4f #ib #gi4e #acf #aah4h #ahj #aeh4c #bbd #aig4e #ic #hj4c #acg #aai4g #aha #aei4b #bbe #aih4d 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #bbf #aii4c #bde #baf4c #bfd #bcc4d #bhc #bej4d #bbg #bjj4b #bdf #bag4b #bfe #bcd4c #bhd #bea4c #bbh #bja4a #bdg #bah4a #bff #bce4b #bhe #beb4b #bbi #bjb4j #bdh #bai4j #bfg #bcf4a #bhf #bec4a #bcj #bjb4i #bdi #bai4i #bfh #bcg4j #bhg #bed4j #bca #bjc4h #bej #bbj4h #bfi #bcg4i #bhh #bed4i #bcb #bjd4g #bea #bba4g #bgj #bch4h #bhi #bee4h #bcc #bje4f #beb #bbb4f #bga #bci4g #bij #bef4f #bcd #bjf4e #bec #bbc4e #bgb #bdj4f #bia #beg4e #bce #bjg4d #bed #bbd4d #bgc #bda4e #bib #beh4d #bcf #bjh4c #bee #bbe4c #bgd #bdb4d #bic #bei4c #bcg #bji4a #bef #bbf4b #bge #bdc4c #bid #bfj4b #bch #baj4j #beg #bbg4a #bgf #bdd4b #bie #bfa4a #bci #baj4i #beh #bbh4j #bgg #bde4a #bif #bfb4j #bdj #baa4h #bei #bbh4i #bgh #bdf4j #big #bfb4h #bda #bab4g #bfj #bbi4h #bgi #bdf4i #bih #bfc4g #bdb #bac4f #bfa #bcj4g #bhj #bdg4h #bii #bfd4f #bdc #bad4e #bfb #bca4f #bha #bdh4g #cjj #bfe4e #bdd #bae4d #bfc #bcb4e #bhb #bdi4f #ade4 ,prep>ation ( ,levulose4--,x is n (t5 t levulose1 unmix$ ) o!r r$uc+ sug>s1 is br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! analy/4 ,x probably does n exi/ 9 ! unmix$ /ate 9 any agricultural product4 ,! easie/ me?od ( prep>+ x is by ! hydrolysis ( inul94 ,a ne>ly pure levulose has also lately be5 plac$ on ! m>ket "u ! "n ( diabet94 ,x is prep>$ f inv]t sug>4 ,inul9 is prep>$ f dahlia bulbs by boil+ ! pulp ) wat] & a trace ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! extract is conc5trat$ to a sirup & subject$ to a freez+ temp]ature to promote ! cry/allization ( ! inul94 ,! sep>at$ product is subject$ to ! above op]ations sev]al times until x is pure & colorless4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) alcohol & e!r & is r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,be=e ! repeat$ treatm5t ) wat] x is advisable to cl>ify ! solution ) lead subacetate4 ,! lead is aft]w>ds remov$ by hydrog5 sulfid & ! resultant acetic acid neutraliz$ ) calcium c>bonate4 ,by ! action ( hot dilute acids inul9 is rapidly conv]t$ into levulose4 ,levulose may also be prep>$ f inv]t sug>1 b 9 ?is case x is difficult to free x f traces ( dextrose4 ,! mo/ successful me?od consi/s 9 =m+ a lime comp\nd ) ! inv]t sug> & sep>at+ ! lime levulosate & dextrosate by _! diff]5ce 9 solubility4 ,! levulose salt is mu* less soluble ?an ! correspond+ comp\nd ( dextrose4 ,9 ! manufacture ( levulose f beet molasses1 ! latt] is dissolv$ 9 six times its weight ( wat] & inv]t$ ) a quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 proportion$ to ! quantity ( a% pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,aft] inv]sion ! mixture is cool$ to z]o & ! levulose precipitat$ by add+ f9e-gr\nd lime4 ,! dextrose & color+ matt]s 9 ^! conditions are n ?r[n d[n4 ,! precipitat$ lime levulosate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) ice-cold wat]4 ,! lime salt is aft]w>ds beat5 to a cream ) wat] & decompos$ by c>bon dioxid4 ,! levulose1 aft] filtration1 is conc5trat$ to ! cry/alliz+ po9t4#aaj #adf4 ,e/imation ( ,levulose4--,levulose1 :5 free ( any admixture ) o!r r$uc+ sug>s1 may be det]m9$ by ! copp] me?od ) ! use ( ! subjo9$ table1 prep>$ by ,lehmann4#aaa ,! copp] solution is ! same z t us$ = inv]t sug>1 viz41 #fi4bgh grams ( pure copp] sulfate 9 "o lit]4 ,! alkali solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ #cdf grams ( ro*elle salt & #bej grams ( sodium hydroxid 9 wat] & complet+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,manipulation4--,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ea* solution are mix$ ) fifty ( wat] & boil$4 ,to ! boil+ mixture tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! levulose solution are add$1 :i* mu/ n conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! sug>4 ,! boil+ is !n cont9u$ = fifte5 m9utes1 & ! cupr\s oxid collect$1 wa%$ & r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate 9 ! usual way4 ,! quantity ( levulose is !n det]m9$ by inspection f ! table giv5 bel[4 ,o!r me?ods ( det]m9+ levulose 9 mixtures w be giv5 fur!r on4 ,,table ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,levulose4 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp]4 7,b7 ,milligrams ( levulose4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #bj #g4ae #fb #ca4ff #ajd #ef4he #adf #hb4ha #ba #g4gh #fc #cb4be #aje #eg4df #adg #hc4dc #bb #h4da #fd #cb4hd #ajf #eh4jg #adh #hd4jf #bc #i4jd #fe #cc4dc #ajg #eh4fh #adi #hd4fh #bd #i4fg #ff #cd4jb #ajh #ei4cj #aej #he4ca #be #aj4cj #fg #cd4fb #aji #ei4ia #aea #he4ic #bf #aj4ha #fh #ce4ba #aaj #fj4eb #aeb #hf4ee #bg #aa4cc #fi #ce4ha #aaa #fa4ac #aec #hg4af #bh #aa4hd #gj #cf4dj #aab #fa4gd #aed #hg4hh #bi #ab4cf #ga #cg4jj #aac #fb4cf #aee #hh4dj #cj #ab4hg #gb #cg4ei #aad #fb4ig #aef #hi4je #ca #ac4df #gc #ch4ai #aae #fc4eh #aeg #hi4fi #cb #ad4je #gd #ch4gh #aaf #fd4ba #aeh #ij4cd #cc #ad4fd #ge #ci4ch #aag #fd4hd #aei #ij4ih #cd #ae4bc #gf #ci4ih #aah #fe4df #afj #ia4fc #ce #ae4hb #gg #dj4eh #aai #ff4ji #afa #ib4bf #cf #af4dj #gh #da4ag #abj #ff4gb #afb #ib4ij #cg #af4ii #gi #da4gg #aba #fg4cb #afc #ic4ec #ch #ag4eg #hj #db4cg #abb #fg4ib #afd #id4ag #ci #ah4af #ha #db4ig #abc #fh4ec #afe #id4hj #dj #ah4gd #hb #dc4eg #abd #fi4ac #aff #ie4dd #da #ai4cb #hc #dd4af #abe #fi4gc #afg #if4jh #db #ai4ia #hd #dd4gf #abf #gj4ce #afh #if4gg #dc #bj4di #he #de4cf #abg #gj4if #afi #ig4cc #dd #ba4jh #hf #de4if #abh #ga4eh #agj #ig4ii #de #ba4ff #hg #df4eg #abi #gb4ai #aga #ih4fc #df #bb4be #hh #dg4ag #acj #gb4ha #agb #ii4bg #dg #bb4hc #hi #dg4gh #aca #gc4dc #agc #ii4ij #dh #bc4db #ij #dh4ch #acb #gd4je #agd #ajj4ed #di #bd4jj #ia #dh4ih #acc #gd4fg #age #aja4ah #ej #bd4ei #ib #di4eh #acd #ge4bi #agf #aja4hb #ea #be4ah #ic #ej4ah #ace #ge4ia #agg #ajb4df #eb #be4gf #id #ej4gh #acf #gf4ec #agh #ajc4aa #ec #bf4ce #ie #ea4ch #acg #gg4ae #agi #ajc4ge #ed #bf4ic #if #ea4ih #ach #gg4gg #ahj #ajd4ci #ee #bg4eb #ig #eb4eh #aci #gh4ci #aha #aje4jd #ef #bh4aa #ih #ec4ai #adj #gi4ja #ahb #aje4fh #eg #bh4gj #ii #ec4gi #ada #gi4fd #ahc #ajf4cc #eh #bi4cj #ajj #ed4ci #adb #hj4bh #ahd #ajf4ig #ei #bi4hi #aja #ee4jj #adc #hj4ia #ahe #ajg4fb #fj #cj4dh #ajb #ee4fb #add #ha4ee #ahf #ajh4bg #fa #ca4jg #ajc #ef4bc #ade #hb4ah #ahg #ajh4ib 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #ahh #aji4ef #bcb #ach4eg #bgf #afh4fh #cbj #aii4ig #ahi #aaj4ba #bcc #aci4be #bgg #afi4cg #cba #bjj4ga #aij #aaj4hf #bcd #aci4ah #bgh #agj4jf #cbb #bja4dd #aia #aaa4ej #bce #adj4ei #bgi #agj4ge #cbc #bjb4ah #aib #aab4ad #bcf #ada4bg #bhj #aga4dd #cbd #bjb4ia #aic #aab4gh #bcg #ada4id #bha #agb4ad #cbe #bjc4fe #aid #aac4db #bch #adb4fb #bhb #agb4he #cbf #bjd4ci #aie #aad4jf #bci #adc4bi #bhc #agc4ee #cbg #bje4ac #aif #aad4gb #bdj #adc4ig #bhd #agd4bf #cbh #bje4hh #aig #aae4ch #bda #add4fe #bhe #agd4if #cbi #bjf4fb #aih #aaf4jd #bdb #ade4cb #bhf #age4fg #ccj #bjg4cf #aii #aaf4gj #bdc #adf4jj #bhg #agf4ci #cca #bjh4aj #bjj #aag4cf #bdd #adf4fg #bhh #agg4aj #ccb #bjh4hc #bja #aah4jb #bde #adg4ce #bhi #agg4hb #ccc #bji4eg #bjb #aah4fh #bdf #adh4jc #bij #agh4ec #ccd #baj4cj #bjc #aai4cc #bdg #adh4ga #bia #agi4bd #cce #baa4jd #bjd #aai4ii #bdh #adi4dj #bib #agi4ie #ccf #baa4gh #bje #abj4fe #bdi #aej4jh #bic #ahj4fe #ccg #bab4eb #bjf #aba4cj #bej #aej4gf #bid #aha4fc #cch #bac4be #bjg #aba4if #bea #aea4dd #bie #ahb4jg #cci #bac4ii #bjh #abb4fa #beb #aeb4ab #bif #ahb4gh #cdj #bad4gc #bji #abc4bg #bec #aeb4ha #big #ahc4di #cda #bae4dh #baj #abc4ib #bed #aec4di #bih #ahd4ba #cdb #baf4bc #baa #abd4eh #bee #aed4ag #bii #ahd4ib #cdc #baf4ig #bab #abe4bd #bef #aed4ia #cjj #ahe4fc #cdd #bag4gb #bac #abe4ij #beg #aee4fe #cja #ahf4ce #cde #bah4dg #bad #abf4ef #beh #aef4dj #cjb #ahg4jf #cdf #bai4ba #bae #abg4bb #bei #aeg4ad #cjc #ahg4gh #cdg #bai4ig #baf #abg4he #bfj #aeg4hh #cjd #ahh4di #cdh #bbj4ga #bag #abh4dh #bfa #aeh4di #cje #ahi4ba #cdi #bba4df #bah #abi4aj #bfb #aei4ji #cjf #ahi4ic #cej #bbb4ba #bai #abi4gc #bfc #aei4gj #cjg #aij4fe #cea #bbb4if #bbj #acj4cf #bfd #afj4cj #cjh #aia4cg #ceb #bbc4gb #bba #aca4jg #bfe #afj4ia #cji #aib4ji #cec #bbd4dg #bbb #aca4gg #bff #afa4fc #caj #aib4ha #ced #bbe4bc #bbc #acb4dh #bfg #afb4ce #caa #aic4ec #cee #bbe4ih #bbd #acc4ah #bfh #afc4jg #cab #aid4be #cef #bbf4gd #bbe #acc4hi #bfi #afc4gi #cac #aid4ig #ceg #bbg4di #bbf #acd4ef #bgj #afd4ea #cad #aie4fi #ceh #bbh4be #bbg #ace4bc #bga #afe4ba #cae #aif4da #cei #bbi4jj #bbh #ace4hi #bgb #afe4ij #caf #aig4ab #cfj #bbi4gf #bbi #acf4hi #bgc #aff4fj #cag #aig4hc #cfa #bcj4eb #bcj #acg4bc #bgd #afg4bi #cah #aih4ee #cfb #bca4bh #bca #acg4ij #bge #afg4ii #cai #aii4bf #cfc #bcb4je 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 #cfd #bcb4ha #cgj #bcg4ci #cgf #bda4hg #chb #bdf4be #cfe #bcc4eg #cga #bch4af #cgg #bdb4ea #chc #bdg4ag #cff #bcd4cc #cgb #bch4ic #cgh #bdc4ae #chd #bdh4jh #cfg #bce4aj #cgc #bci4fi #cgi #bdc4gi #che #bdh4ii #cfh #bce4hf #cgd #bdj4df #chj #bdd4dc #cfi #bcf4fc #cge #bda4bc #cha #bde4cd #adg4 ,precipitation ( ,sug>s ) ,ph5ylhydraz94--,! comb9ation ( ph5ylhydraz9 ) aldehyds & ketones 0 fir/ /udi$ by ,fis*]1 & ! ne> relation%ip ( ^! bodies to sug> soon l$ to ! inve/igation ( ! comp\nds =m$ !reby ) ?is reag5t4#aab ,r$uc+ sug>s =m ) ph5ylhydraz9 insoluble cry/all9e bodies1 to :i* ! "n osazones has be5 giv54 ,! reaction :i* takes place is a d\ble "o & is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mulas3 ,dextrose4 ,ph5ylhydraz94 ,dextrose-ph5ylhydrazone4 ,c,h,o ,c,h,,nh4,,nh ,c,h,o4,n4,,nhc,h ,h,o & ,c,h,o4,n4,,nhc,h ,c,h,,nh4,,nh ,ph5yldextrosazone4 ,c,h,o7,n4,,nhc,h7 #b;,h,o4 ,! dextrosazone is commonly call$ glucosazone4 ,! osazones =m$ ) ! commonly occurr+ r$uc+ sug>s are cry/all9e1 /able1 insoluble bodies :i* c be easily sep>at$ f any att5d+ impurities & id5tifi$ by _! melt+ po9ts4 ,glucosazone melts at #bje1 lactosazone at #bjj & maltosazone at #bjf4 ,! osazones are precipitat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! r$uc+ sug>1 9 ab\t t5 p] c5t solution1 is treat$ ) an excess ( ! acetate ( ph5ylhydraz9 9 acetic acid & w>m$ to f #ge to #he4 ,9 a %ort "t ! sep>ation is complete & ! yell[ precipitate =m$ is wa%$1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! sug> c be recov]$ f ! osazone by decompos+ x ) /rong hydro*loric acid by means ( :i* ! ph5ylhydraz9 is displac$ & a body1 osone1 is =m$1 :i* by treatm5t ) z9c du/ & acetic acid1 is r$uc$ to ! orig9al sug>4 ,! reactions :i* take place are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equations3#aac ,glucososone4 ,c,h,o7,n4,,nh4,c,h7 #b;,h,o ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,n,h ,dextrose 7,glucose74 ,c,h,o ,h ,c,h,o4 ,= ! complete precipitation ( dextrose z osazone ,l9tn] & ,krb] %[ t ! solution ( dextrose %\ld n conta9 m ?an "o gram 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s conta9+ #j4b gram dextrose %\ld be us$ = ! precipitation4#aad ,to ?is solution %\ld be add$ "o gram ( ph5ylhydraz9 & "o gram ( fifty p] c5t acetic acid4 ,! solution is !n to be w>m$ = ab\t two h\rs & ! precipitate wa%$ ) f sixty to eighty cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & dri$ = ?ree h\rs at #aje4 ,"o "p ( ! osazone is equival5t to "o "p ( dextrose :5 maltose & dextr9 are abs5t4 ,:5 ^! are pres5t ! proportion is "o "p ( osazone to #a4jd ( dextrose4 ,:]e levulose is precipitat$ in/ead ( dextrose #a4dc p>ts ( ! osazone are equal to "o "p ( ! sug>4 ,sucrose is sc>cely at all precipitat$ z osazone until inv]t$4 ,aft] inv]sion & precipitation z above1 #a4cc p>ts osazone are equal to "o "p ( sucrose4 ,! reaction ) ph5ylhydraz9 has n be5 mu* us$ = quantitive e/imations ( sug>s1 b x has be5 f\nd especially useful 9 id5tify+ & sep>at+ r$uc+ sug>s4 ,x is altoge!r probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ne> future ph5ylhydraz9 w become a common reag5t = sug> "w4 ,maqu5ne has /udi$ ! action ( ph5ylhydraz9 on sug>s & consid]s t ?is reaction (f]s ! only kn[n means ( precipitat+ ^! bodies f solutions :]e !y are f\nd mix$ ) o!r sub/ances4#aae ,! osazones1 :i* are ?us obta9$1 are usually v slightly soluble 9 ! ord9>y reag5ts1 = :i* reason x is easy to obta9 !m pure :5 !re is at ! disposition ( ! analy/ a suffici5t quantity ( ! mat]ial4 ,b if ! sug> to be /udi$ is r>e & if x conta91 moreov]1 sev]al di/9ct r$uc+ bodies1 ! task is m delicate4 ,x is easy !n to conf\nd sev]al osazones :i* h almo/ id5tical po9ts ( fusion2 = example1 glucosazone ) galactosazone4 ,f9ally1 x becomes impossible by ! employm5t ( ph5ylhydraz9 to di/+ui% glucose1 dextrose or mannose f levulose alone or mix$ ) its isom]s4 ,inde$1 ^! ?ree sug>s give1 ) ! acetate ( ph5ylhydraz9 ! same ph5ylglucosazone :i* melts at ab\t #bje4 ,x is notic$ t ! weights ( osazones :i* are precipitat$ :5 diff]5t sug>s are heat$ = ! same "t ) ! same quantity ( ! ph5ylhydraz91 v>y )9 extremely wide limits4 ,x is con/ant = ea* k9d ( sug> if ! conditions "u :i* ! precipitation is made are rigor\sly ! same4 ,!re is !n1 9 ! weight ( ! osazones produc$1 a new *>act]i/ic ( p>ticul> value4 ,! foll[+ numb]s h be5 obta9$ by heat+ = "o h\r at #ajj1 "o gram ( sug> ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & five cubic c5timet]s ( a solution conta9+ =ty grams ( ph5ylhydraz9 & =ty grams ( acetic acid p] hundr$4 ,aft] cool+ ! liquid1 ! osazones are receiv$ ^u a weigh$ filt]1 wa%$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 dri$ at #aaj & weigh$4 ,! weights ( osazones obta9$ are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,weight ( ! osazones4 ,"* ( ! sug>4 gram4 ,sorb9e1 cry/alliz$ #j4hb ,levulose 0 #j4gj ,xylose 0 #j4dj ,glucose1 anhydr\s #j4cb ,arab9ose1 cry/alliz$ #j4bg ,galactose 0 #j4bc ,rhamnose 0 #j4ae ,lactose 0 #j4aa ,maltose 0 #j4aa ,) solutions twice z dilute z ^? above1 ! relative conditions are /ill m s5sible1 & ! diff]5t sug>s arrange !mselves 9 ! same ord]1 ) ! exception ( levulose1 :i* %[s a slight advantage ov] sorb9e & acquires ! fir/ rank4 ,f ! above det]m9ations1 x is %[n t levulose & sorb9e give va/ly great] quantities ( osazones1 "u giv5 conditions1 ?an ! o!r r$uc+ sug>s4 ,x w\ld be easy1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% !m by ?is reaction & to recognize _! pres5ce also ev5 9 v complex mixtures1 :]e ! pol>imetric exam9ation alone w\ld furni% only unc]ta9 indications4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! two sug>s are ! only ones among ! isom]s or ! homologues ( dextrose1 actually kn[n1 :i* possess ! functions ( an acetone4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 easily conf\nd$1 s9ce ! glucosazone =ms beautiful ne$les :i* are ord9>ily visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile ! sorb9osazone is /ill oily & :5 heat$ nev] gives p]fectly di/9ct cry/als4 ,?is me?od also enables u to di/+ui% betwe5 dextrose & galactose1 ( :i* ! osazone is well cry/alliz$ & melts at almo/ ! same temp]ature z ! ph5ylglucosazone4 ,f9ally1 x is obs]v$ t ! r$uc+ sug>s give less ( osazones ?an ! sug>s :i* are n capable ( hydrolysis1 & consequ5tly diff] 9 _! inv]sion products4 ,x is specially notic$ 9 ?is /udy ( ! polyglucoses 7bioses1 trioses71 t ?is new me?od ( employ+ ! ph5ylhydraz9 appe>s v advantage\s4 ,x is suffici5t to comp>e ! weights ( ! osazones to t :i* is giv5 "u ! same conditions by a kn[n glucose1 9 ord] to h a v c]ta9 v]ification ( ! probabilities ( ! result ( ! *emical or optical exam9ation ( ! mixture :i* is "u /udy4 ,all ! polyglucoses :i* h be5 exam9$ f ?is po9t ( view give v decid$ results4 ,! numb]s :i* foll[ h ref]5ce to "o gram ( sug> completely inv]t$ by dilute sulfuric acid1 dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & treat$ ) two grams ( ph5ylhydraz91 ! same quantity ( acetic acid1 & five grams ( cry/alliz$ sodium acetate4 ,all ^! solutions h be5 comp>$ ) ! artificial mixtures & correspond+ glucoses1 ) ! same quantities ( ! same reag5ts4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! exam9ation3 ,weight ( ! osazone4 ,"* ( ! sug>4 gram4 #a ,sac*>ose1 ord9>y #j4ga ,glucose & levulose 74#ebf g ea*7 #j4gc #b ,maltose #j4ee ,glucose 7#a4jeb g7 #j4eh #c ,raff9ose1 cry/alliz$ #j4dh ,levulose1 glucose & galactose 74#ccc g ea*7 #j4ec #d ,lactose1 cry/alliz$ #j4ch ,glucose & galactose 74#ejj g ea*7 #j4ci ,x is notic$ t ! agreem5t = ea* sac*>ose is z satisfactory z possible4 ,numb]s obta9$ ) ! products ( inv]sion are always a little l[ by reason ( ! de/ructive action ( sulfuric acid1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ^u levulose4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 q s5sible :5 ! product has to be heat$ = a long "t ) sulfuric acid 9 ord] to secure a complete inv]sion4 ,x is evid5t f ! data cit$ f ! pap]s ( ,fis*]1 ,maqu5ne1 & o!rs1 t ! det]m9ation ( sug>s by ?is me?od is n a v difficult analytical process & may1 9 ! ne> future1 become ( great practical importance4 #adh4 ,molecul> ,weights ( ,c>bohydrates4--,9 ! exam9ation ( c>bohydrates ! det]m9ation ( ! molecul> weights is (t5 ( ! highe/ analytical value4 ,! unc]ta9ty 9 respect ( ! true molecul> weights ( ! c>bohydrates is gradually disappe>+ by reason ( ! insight into ! composition ( ^! bodies1 :i* rec5tly discov]$ physical relations h p]mitt$4 ,ra\lt1 _m ye>s ago1#aaf propos$ a me?od ( det]m9+ molecul> weights :i* is p>ticul>ly applicable to c>bohydrates soluble 9 wat]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,ra\lt's discov]y may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,! depression ( ! freez+ po9t ( a liquid1 caus$ by ! pres5ce ( a dissolv$ liquid or solid1 is proportionate to ! absolute am\nt ( sub/ance dissolv$ & inv]sely proportionate to its molecul> weight4 ,! foll[+ =mulas may be us$ 9 comput+ results3 ,c obs]v$ depression ( freez+ po9t3 ,p weight ( anhydr\s sub/ance 9 #ajj grams3 ,c --- ,a depression produc$ by "o gram sub/ance 9 #ajj grams3 ,p ,k depression produc$ by dissolv+ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s a numb] ( grams ( ! sub/ance correspond+ to its molecul> weight3 ,m molecul> weight3 ,c ,!n we h1 ,k ---- ,m4 ,p ,k is a quantity v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! solv5t b ) ! same solv5t rema9+ s5sibly con/ant = num]\s gr\ps ( comp\nds4 ,! value ( ,c ,a ---- ,p c be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! molecul> weight c !re=e be calculat$ f ! =mula ,k ,m ----4 ,a ,) organic comp\nds 9 wat] ! value ( ,k is almo/ con/ant4 ,br[n & ,morris#aag report results ( _! "w 9 ext5d+ ,ra\lt's inve/igations ( ! molecul> weight ( ! c>bohydrates4 ,! process is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,a solution ( ! c>bohydrate is prep>$ conta9+ a kn[n weight ( ! sub/ance 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,ab\t #abj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are introduc$ into a ?9 beak] ( ab\t #djj capacity4 ,?is beak] is clos$ ) a /opp] ) ?ree holes4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! a glass rod = /irr+ ! solution is ins]t$4 ,! second p]=ation c>ries a delicate !rmomet] graduat$ to #j4je4 ,! temp]ature is read ) a telescope4 ,! beak] is plac$ 9 a mixture ( ice & br9e at a temp]ature f #b to #c bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( ! solution4 ,! solution is cool$ until its temp]ature is f #j4e to #a bel[ ! po9t ( congelation4 ,?r\gh ! ?ird ap]ture 9 ! /opp] a small lump ( ice tak5 f a froz5 portion ( ! same solution1 is dropp$1 caus+ at once ! freez+ process to beg94 ,! liquid is briskly /irr$ & z ! congelation goes on ! temp]ature rises & f9ally becomes con/ant4 ,! read+ is !n tak54 ,! depression 9 ! freez+ po9t1 controll$ by ! /r5g? ( ! solution1 %\ld nev] be m ?an f #a to #b4 ,! molecul> weights may also be det]m9$ by ! boil+ po9ts ( _! solutions z indicat$ by ! au?or1#aah ,beckmann1#aai ,hite1 ,orndorff & ,cam]on4#abj ,! me?od appli$ to "s ( ! m important c>bohydrates gave ! foll[+ results3 ,,dextrose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #ahj ,m #ahj4b ,,sucrose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #cdb ,m #ccg4e ,,inv]tose 7,,dextrose ,,& ,,levulose74 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #ahj ,m #agd4c ,,maltose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #cdb ,m #cbb ,,lactose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #cdb ,m #cde ,,arab9ose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #aej ,m #aej4c ,,raff9ose4 ,calculat$ = ,c,h,o4#e;,h,o4 ,f\nd4 ,m #eid ,m #ebh #adi4 ,birotation4--,z is well kn[n1 dextrose exhibits 9 fre% solutions ! ph5om5on ( birotation4 ,! au?ors suppos$ t ?is ph5om5on might h "s relation to ! size ( ! molecule4 ,!y1 !re=e1 det]m9$ ! molecul> volume ( fre%ly dissolv$ dextrose by ! me?od ( ,ra\lt & f\nd ,m #ahj4 ,! high rotatory p[] ( rec5tly dissolv$ dextrose is !re=e n due to any v>iation 9 ! size ( its molecule4 ,! ma!matical !ory ( birotation is giv5 by ,mll] z foll[s4#aba ,9 proportion z ! un/able modification ,a is trans=m$ into ! /able modification ,b1 ! rotation w v>y4 ,let ! specific rotatory p[] ( ,b & a t ( ,a1 bo? 9 ! anhydr\s /ate4 ,let n[ p grams ( ! sub/ance be dissolv$ 9 ,v cubic c5timet]s ( solv5t & obs]v$ 9 a tube l decimet]s 9 l5g?4 ,! "t f mak+ ! solution is repres5t$ by 4 ,! angle ( rotation is read at ! "t 4 ,let x ! mass ( ,a1 & y t ( ,b1 & ! equation is d]iv$4 axl yl --------- ------3 ,v ,v ,b x y p l :5ce 7a - #a7x p ----4 ,v ,if n[ !re be introduc$ into ! calculation ! f9al angle ( rotation 1 :i* c be det]m9$ ) great exactness2 we h pl 7a - #a7x ------- & consequ5tly #a ------------1 ,v p 7a - #a7x :5ce ------------- --- - #a4 p ,?is equation gives ! quantity x ( ! un/able matt] :i* is trans=m$ into ! /able modification 9 ! "t 4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! quantity dx :i* is *ang$ dur+ ! inf9itely small "t d is proportional to ! mass x :i* /ill exi/s at ! mom5t 1 :5ce dx -,cxd :]e ,c repres5ts a con/ant positive factor4 ,f ?is is d]iv$ ! equation dx ----- -,cd4 x ,integrat+ & call+ x ! quantity ( matt] *ang$ to ! /able =m at ! mom5t 1 correspond+ to a rotation 1 we h #a x ,c ------- log4 nap4 ----1 & tak+ into consid]ation - x ! equation giv5 above1 & sub/itut+ common = sup]ior log>i?ms we get #a - ,c --------- log4 ---------4 - - ,exp]i5ce has %[n t su* a con/ant ,c really exi/s1 & its value c be easily calculat$ f ! data ( ,p>cus & ,toll5s4#abb ,! mean value ( ,c f ^! data is #j4jcja = arab9ose2 #j4jbja = xylose2 #j4jcic = rhamnose2 #j4jbjb = fucose2 #j4jjibg = galactose2 #j4jjdje = lactose2 #j4jjebd = maltose1 & = dextrose1 #j4jjcdh at #aa to #ac & #j4jjcih f #ac to #ae4 ,! con/ant ,c z is well kn[n1 increases z ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,! con/ant ,c1 at a giv5 temp]ature1 measures ! progress ( ! ph5om5on ( ! *ange f ! un/able to ! /able /ate4 ,x w be notic$ t among ! sug>s possess+ multirotation prop]ties ! p5toses possess a mu* high] spe$ ( trans=mation ?an ! o!rs4 #aej4 ,e/imation ( ,p5tose ,sug>s & ,p5tosans z ,furfurol4--,! production ( furfurol by di/ill+ c>bohydrates ) an acid has already be5 m5tion$4 ,toll5s & 8 associates h %[n t ) p5tose sug>s1 & c>bohydrate bodies yield+ !m1 ! production ( furfurol is quantitive4 ,! production & e/imation ( furfurol h be5 sy/ematically /udi$ by ,krug1 to ^: pap] ! read] is ref]r$ = ! complete lit]ature ( ! subject4#abc ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! op]ation are bas$ on ! conv]sion ( ! p5toses into furfurol by di/ill+ ) a /rong acid1 & ! subsequ5t precipitation & e/imation ( ! furfurol =m$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! reaction4 ,! be/ me?od ( conduct+ ! di/illation is z foll[s3 ,five grams ( ! p5tose sub/ance are plac$ 9 a flask ( ab\t a qu>t] lit] capacity1 ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4jf specific gravity4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,! flame ( ! lamp is s regulat$ z to secure ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #df4 ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,p5toses4 ,! di/illate is receiv$ 9 a graduat$ cyl9d] & z soon z ?irty cubic c5timet]s are collect$1 an equal quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 ( ! /r5g? not$1 is add$ to ! di/ill+ flask1 all[+ x to fl[ 9 sl[ly s z n to /op ! ebullition4 ,! process is cont9u$ until a drop ( ! di/illate gives no s5sible reaction = furfurol :5 te/$ ) anil9 acetate4 ,! te/ is appli$ z foll[s3 ,place a drop ( ! di/illate on a piece ( filt] pap] moi/5$ ) anil9 acetate4 ,! pres5ce ( furfurol w be disclos$ by ! production ( a brilliant r$ color4 ,usually ab\t ?ree h\rs are consum$ 9 ! di/illation1 dur+ :i* "t a little less ?an #djj cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate is obta9$4 ,! di/illate is neutraliz$ ) solid sodium c>bonate &1 9 ord] to h always ! same quantity ( common salt pres5t1 #aj4b grams ( sodium *lorid are add$ = ea* fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] necess>y to make ! total volume to half a lit]4#abd ,! reactions ) p5tosans probably consi/ 9 fir/ splitt+ up ( ! molecule into a p5tose & ! subsequ5t conv]sion ( ! latt] into furfurol accord+ to ! foll[+ equations3 7,c,h,o7 7,h,o7 7,c,h,o7 ,p5tosan4 ,wat]4 ,p5tose4 & 7,c,h,o7 7,c,h,o7 7#c;,h,o74 ,p5tose4 ,furfurol4 ,wat]4 #aea4 ,det]m9ation ( ,furfurol4--,! quantity ( furfurol obta9$ by ! process m5tion$ above may be det]m9$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,z ,furfuramid4--,:5 ammonia is add$ to a saturat$ solution ( furfurol1 furfuramid1 7,c,h,o7,n1 is =m$4 ,9 ord] to secure ! precipitate x is necess>y t ! furfurol be highly conc5trat$ & ?is c only be accompli%$ by a t$i\s fractional di/illation4 ,?is me?od1 !re=e1 has little practical value4 ,z ,furfurolhydrazone4--,furfurol is precipitat$ almo/ quantitively1 ev5 f dilute solutions1 by ph5ylhydraz94 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! equation3 ,c,h,n ,c,h,o ,c,h,n,o ,h,o4 ,ph5ylhydraz94 ,furfurol4 ,furfurolhydrazone4 ,wat]4 #aeb4 ,volumetric ,me?ods4--,toll5s & ,gn!r h propos$ a volumetric me?od :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s3#abe ,! di/illation is accompli%$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! di/illate is plac$ 9 a l>ge beak]1 neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate & acidifi$ ) a few drops ( acetic4 ,ph5ylhydraz9 solution ( kn[n /r5g? is run 9 until a drop ( ! liquid1 aft] ?or\gh mix+1 %[s no reaction = furfurol ) anil9 acetate4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ five grams ( pure ph5ylhydraz9 & ?ree ( glacial acetic acid 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dilut+ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! solution is set by dissolv+ f two-t5?s to ?ree-t5?s gram ( pure furfurol 9 half a lit] ( wat] & titrat+ ) ! ph5ylhydraz9 z indicat$ above4 ,! quantity ( ! p5tose us$ has a great influ5ce on ! result4 ,) ne>ly a gram ( arab9ose ab\t fifty p] c5t ( furfurol 7 obta9$ :ile :5 ne>ly five grams 7 us$ only ab\t =ty-six p] c5t ( furfurol 7 f\nd4 ,) xylose a simil> v>iation 0 f\nd1 ! p]c5tage ( furfurol1 decreas+ z ! quantity ( p5tose increas$4 ,! me?od1 !re=e1 gives only approximately accurate results4 #aec4 ,me?od ( ,/one4--,ano!r volumetric me?od propos$ by ,/one is bas$ on ! detection ( an excess ( ph5ylhydraz9 by its r$uc+ action on ! fehl+ reag5t4#abf ,a /&>d solution ( ph5ylhydraz9 is prep>$ by dissolv+ "o gram ( ! hydro*lorate & ?ree grams ( sodium acetate 9 wat] & complet+ ! volume ( ! liquor to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is solution conta9s #a4did milligrams ( ph5ylhydraz9 9 ea* cubic c5timet]1 !oretically equival5t to #a4cbh milligrams ( furfurol4 ,! reag5t is set by titrat+ aga9/ a kn[n weight ( furfurol4 ,pure furfurol may be prep>$ by treat+ ! crude article ) sulfuric acid & potassium di*romate1 & subject+ ! product to fractional di/illation4 ,! di/illate is treat$ ) ammonia & ! furfuramid =m$ is purifi$ by recry/alliz+ f alcohol & dry+ ov] sulfuric acid4 ,"o gram ( ?is furfuramid is dissolv$ 9 dilute acetic acid & ! volume complet$ to "o lit] ) wat]4#abg ,! ph5ylhydraz9 solution be+ un/able1 is to be prep>$ at ! "t ( use4 ,! titration is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate obta9$ f a p5tose body1 by ! me?od describ$ above1 are dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! ph5ylhydraz9 solution add$ to ! mixture f a burette & ! :ole heat$ quickly to boil+4 ,! flask is rapidly cool$ & a portion ( its cont5ts p\r$ on a filt]4 ,! filtrate %\ld h a pale yell[ color & be p]fectly cle>4 ,if x become turbid on /&+1 x %\ld be refilt]$4 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> filtrate are boil$ ) d\ble ! quantity ( ! fehl+ reag5t4 ,if ph5ylhydraz9 be pres5t1 ! color ( ! mixture w *ange f blue to gre54 ,by repeat+ ! "w1 ) v>y+ quantities ( ph5ylhydraz91 a po9t w soon be rea*$ %[+ ! end ( ! reaction 9 a mann] entirely analog\s to t obs]v$ 9 volumetric sug> analysis4 ,9 practice ! volumetric me?ods h giv5 place to ! m exact gravimetric me?ods describ$ bel[4 #aed4 ,gravimetric ,me?ods4--,! di/illation is c>ri$ on & ! volume ( ! di/illate complet$ to half a lit] z describ$ above4 ,*almot & ,toll5s !n proce$ z foll[s3#abh ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( ph5ylhydraz9 acetate1 conta9+ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s twelve grams ( ! ph5ylhydraz9 & sev5 & a half grams ( glacial acetic acid dissolv$ & filt]$1 are add$ to ! di/illate & ! mixture /irr$ ) an appropriate me*anism = half an h\r4 ,! furfurolhydrazone at ! end ( ?is "t w h sep>at$ z small r$di%-br[n cry/als4 ,! mixture is !n ?r[n onto an asbe/os filt] & ! liquid sep>at$ ) suction4 ,! suction %\ld be v gradually appli$ s z n to clog ! felt4 ,! precipitate adh]+ to ! beak] is wa%$ into ! filt] ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! precipitate is dri$ at ab\t #fj & weigh$4 ,z a *eck ! hydrazone may be dissolv$ 9 hot alcohol1 ! filt] well wa%$1 dri$ & aga9 weigh$4 ,to obta9 ! weight ( furfurol ! weight ( hydrazone f\nd is multipli$ by #j4eaf & #j4jbe add$ to comp5sate = ! am\nt :i* 0 held 9 solution or remov$ by wa%+4 ,less ?an "o p] c5t ( p5tose c n be det]m9$ by ?is me?od s9ce t am\nt is equall$ by ! kn[n losses dur+ ! manipulation4 ,factor4--,to conv]t ! furfurol f\nd into p5toses1 ! foll[+ factors are us$3 ,p] c5t furfurol ,multiply = obta9$ f ,multiply = ,multiply = p5ta-glucoses five grams ( arab9ose by4 xylose by4 by4 p5toses4 #b4e p] c5t or less #a4ij #a4gj #a4fg #e4j 0 0 0 m #b4jd #a4ij #a4ib #aee4 ,me?od ,( ,krug4--,9 conduct+ ! det]m9ation ( furfurol1 accord+ to ! me?od ( ,*almont & ,toll5s j notic$1 ,krug obs]v$ t ! filtrate1 aft] /&+ = "s "t1 yield$ a second precipitate ( furfurol hydrazone4 ,great difficulty 0 also exp]i5c$ 9 collect+ ! precipitate ^u ! filt] on acc\nt ( ! p]si/5cy ) :i* x /uck to ! sides ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! precipitation took place4#abi ,9 ord] to avoid ^! two objections1 ,krug modifi$ ! me?od z describ$ bel[ & ?is modifi$ me?od is n[ exclusively us$ 9 ?is laboratory4 ,aft] ! precipitation ( ! furfurol hydrazone1 x is /irr$ vigor\sly1 by means ( an appropriate me*anical /irr]1 = at lea/ half an h\r & !n all[$ to re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on filt]+ aft] t l5g? ( "t ! filtrate rema9s p]fectly cle> & no fur!r precipitation takes place4 ,aft] ! filtration is complete & ! beak] & filt]+ tube well wa%$1 no attempt is made to deta* ! "p ( ! filtrate adh]+ to ! beak] b ! :ole ( ! precipitate1 bo? t ^u ! filt] & t adh]+ to ! sides ( ! beak]1 is dissolv$ 9 /rong alcohol1 f ?irty to =ty cubic c5timet]s be+ us$4 ,! alcoholic solution is collect$ 9 a small weigh$ flask1 ! alcohol evaporat$ at a g5tle heat & ! la/ traces ( wat] remov$ by heat+ to #fj & bl[+ a curr5t ( dry air ?r\gh ! flask4 ,aft] weigh+ ! precipitate ( furfurol hydrazone1 obta9$ z above1 ! calculation ( ! weight ( p5tose bodies is accompli%$ by means ( ! usual factors4 #aef4 ,precipitation ( ,furfurol ) ,pyrogalol4--,furfurol is ?r[n out ( solution 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 ph5ol bodies by heat+ toge!r 9 an acid solution4 ,hott] has propos$ a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( furfurol bas$ on ! above fact4#acj ,! furfurol is obta9$ by di/illation 9 ! mann] already describ$ & hydro*loric acid is add$ if necess>y to secure twelve p] c5t ( t body 9 a giv5 volume4 ,! furfurol is ?r[n out ( an aliquot portion by heat+ ) an excess ( pyrogalol 9 clos$ tubes = ab\t two h\rs at #aaj4 ,! reaction takes place 9 two /ages1 repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equations3 ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o & #b;,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,h,o4 ,! aliquot "p ( ! di/illate us$ %\ld n conta9 m ?an "o-t5? ( a gram ( furfurol4 ,! precipitate =m$ 9 ?is way is collect$ on an asbe/os felt1 dri$ at #ajc & weigh$4 ,! weight obta9$ divid$ by #a4igd gives ! correspond+ am\nt ( furfurol4 ,!re is "s difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 loos5+ ! precipitate f ! sides ( ! tubes 9 :i* ! heat+ takes place1 b ?is defect c be ov]come by heat+ 9 cov]$ beak]s 9 an autoclave4 #aeg4 ,precipitation ) ,phlorogluc94--,in/ead ( us+ pyrogalol = ! precipitat+ reag5t phlorogluc9 may be employ$4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure propos$ by ,c\ncl] = ?is purpose is giv5 bel[4#aca ,! furfurol is prep>$ by di/illation 9 ! usual way4 ,! volume ( ! di/illate obta9$ is complet$ to half a lit] ) twelve p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 & an aliquot portion1 v>y+ 9 volume ) ! p]c5tage ( furfurol is )drawn = precipitation4 ,?is portion is plac$ 9 a glass-/opp]$ flask ) ab\t twice ! quantity ( f9ely p[d]$ phlorogluc9 necess>y to comb9e ) ! furfurol pres5t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are well %ak5 & all[$ to /& fifte5 h\rs4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on an asbe/os filt]1 wa%$ free ( *lor91 dri$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & weigh$4 ,! !oretical quantity ( precipitate correspond+ to "o "p ( furfurol1 viz41 #b4bb p>ts1 is nev] obta9$ s9ce ! precipitate is n :olly insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! actual proportions betwe5 ! precipitate & ! orig9al furfurol v>y ) ! am\nt ( precipitate obta9$4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! precipitate is #bjj milligrams & ov]1 #b4ab p>ts correspond to "o "p ( furfurol4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! precipitate v>ies f fifty to #ajj milligrams1 ! ratio is z #b4je3a & :5 only ab\t tw5ty-five milligrams ( precipitate are obta9$ ! ratio is z #a4ih3a4 ,! quantity ( p5tose bodies correspond+ to ! furfurol is calculat$ f ! factors giv5 by ,toll5s 9 a prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! reaction :i* takes place ) furfurol & phlorogluc9 is simply a cond5sation ( ! reag5ts ) ! sep>ation ( wat]4 ,x is v ne>ly repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #b;,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,h,o4 ,furfurol4 ,phlorogluc9 ,cond5sation ,wat]4 product4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,welbel & ,zeisel1#acb t 9 ! pres5ce ( twelve p] c5t ( hydro*loric acid phlorogluc9 itself is cond5s$ into d>k insoluble comp\nds4 ,:5 ?ree molecules ( furfurol & two molecules ( phlorogluc9 are pres5t1 ! bodies are bo? cond5s$ & sep>at$ by cont9u$ action4 ,:5 f "o & a qu>t] to ?ree p>ts ( phlorogluc9 by weight are us$ to "o "p ( furfurol1 ! weight ( ! precipitate obta9$ "u con/ant conditions may s]ve suffici5tly well = ! calculation ( ! furfurol4 ,! precipitates conta9 *lor91 :i* !y give up ev5 9 ! cold1 to wat]4 ,= ^! reasons ! analytical data obta9$ by ! me?od ( ,c\ncl]1 giv5 above1 are apt to be mislead+4 ,x is probable also t simil> conditions may to a c]ta9 ext5t prevail 9 ! sep>ation ( furfurol ) ph5ylhydraz91 & fur!r inve/igation 9 ?is direction is desirable4 ,= ! pres5t ! v be/ me?od t c be recomm5d$ = ! e/imation ( p5toses & p5tosans is ! conv]sion !re( into furfurol & ! sep>ation ( ! comp\nd ) ph5ylhydraz9 acetate4 #aeh4 ,e/imation ( ,sug>s by ,f]m5tation4--,:5 a solution ( a hexose sug> is subject$ to ! action ( c]ta9 f]m5ts a decomposition ( ! molecule takes place ) ! production ( c>bon dioxid & v>i\s alcohols & organic acids4 ,"u ! action ( ! f]m5t ( yea/ ,sac*>omyces c]evisiae ! sug> yields !oretically only c>bon dioxid & e?yl alcohol1 z repres5t$ by ! equation3 ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o #b;,,co4 ,! !oretical quantities ( alcohol & c>bon dioxid obta9$ accord+ to ?is equation are #ea4aa p]c5t ( alcohol & #dh4hi p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid4 ,:5 ! yea/ f]m5t acts on cane sug> ! latt] fir/ suff]s inv]sion1 & ! molecules ( dextrose & levulose produc$ are subsequ5tly conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxid z repres5t$ bel[3 ,c,h,o ,h,o #b;,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o #d;,c,h,o #d;,,co4 ,cane sug>1 plus ! wat] ( hydrolysis1 w yield !oretically #ec4h p] c5t ( alcohol & #ea4e p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid4 ,9 practice ! !oretical proportions ( alcohol & c>bon dioxid are n obta9$ because ( ! difficulty ( exclud+ o!r f]m5tative action1 result+ 9 ! =mation especially ( succ9ic acid & glyc]ol4 ,moreov]1 a "p ( ! sug> is consum$ by ! yea/ cells to secure _! prop] gr[? & developm5t4 ,9 all only ab\t n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! sug> c be safely assum$ z ent]+ into ! production ( alcohol4 ,ab\t #dh4e p] c5t ( alcohol are all t may be expect$ ( ! weight ( dextrose or inv]t sug> us$4 ,only sug>s conta9+ ?ree molecules ( c>bon or "s multiple !re( are f]m5table4 ,?us ! trioses1 hexoses1 nonoses1 etc41 are susceptible ( f]m5tation1 :ile ! tetroses1 p5toses1 etc41 are n4 #aei4 ,e/imat+ ,alcohol4--,9 ! det]m9ation ( sug> by f]m5tation1 a r dilute solution n exce$+ t5 p] c5t %\ld be us$4 ,a quantity ( pure yea/1 equival5t to f\r or five p] c5t ( ! sug> us$1 is add$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! vessel1 aft] be+ well %ak51 expos$ to a temp]ature ( f #be to #cj until ! f]m5tation has ceas$1 :i* w be usually 9 f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! alcohol is !n det]m9$ 9 ! residue by ! me?ods giv5 h]eaft]4 ,! weight ( ! alcohol obta9$ multipli$ by #ajj & divid$ by #dh4e1 w give ! weight ( ! hexose r$uc+ sug> :i* has be5 f]m5t$4 ,n9ety-five p>ts ( sucrose w give #ajj p>ts ( inv]t sug>4 ,example4--,let ! weight ( alcohol obta9$ be #j4fbe gram4 ,!n #j4fbe #ajj #dh4e #a4bhi grams1 ! weight ( ! hexose1 :i* has be5 f]m5t$2 #a4bhi grams ( dextrose or levulose correspond to #a4bbe ( sucrose4 #afj4 ,e/imat+ ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! sug> may also be det]m9$ by e/imat+ ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid produc$ dur+ ! f]m5tation4 ,= ?is purpose ! mixture ( sug> solution & yea/1 prep>$ z above m5tion$1 is plac$ 9 a flask ^: /opp] c>ries two tubes1 "o ( :i* introduces air free ( c>bon dioxid into ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 & ! o!r conducts ! evolv$ c>bon dioxid into ! absorption bulbs4 ,9 pass+ to ! absorption bulbs ! c>bon dioxid is fre$ ( moi/ure by pass+ ?r\gh ano!r set ( bulbs fill$ ) /rong sulfuric acid4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation1 ! c>bon dioxid is =c$ ?r\gh ! bulbs by ! pressure produc$1 or bett]1 a sl[ curr5t ( air is aspirat$ ?r\gh ! :ole app>atus4 ,! aspiration is cont9u$ aft] ! f]m5tation1 has ceas$1 until all ! c>bon dioxid is expell$4 ,t[>ds ! end1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask may be heat$ to ne> ! boil+-po9t4 ,! increase ( ! weight ( ! pota% bulbs w give ! weight ( c>bon dioxid obta9$4 ,a hexose r$uc+ sug> w yield ab\t #df4e p] c5t ( its weight ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! calculation is made z sugge/$ = ! alcohol process4 ,! f]m5tation process has little practical value save 9 det]m9+ sucrose 9 pres5ce ( lactose1 z w be describ$ 9 ano!r place4 #afa4 ,precipitation ( ,sug>s 9 ,comb9ation ) ! ,e>?y ,bases4--,! sug>s comb9e 9 v>y+ proportions ) ! oxids & hydroxids ( calcium1 /rontium & b>ium4 ,sucrose especially1 furni%es def9ite cry/all9e aggregates ) ^! bases 9 su* a way z to =m ! gr\ndwork ( sev]al te*nical processes 9 ! sep>ation ( t sub/ance f its normally & abnormally associat$ comp\nds4 ,^! processes h little use z analytical me?ods1 b are ( great value1 z m5tion$1 f a te*nical po9t ( view4 #afb4 ,b>ium ,sac*>ate4--,?is comp\nd is =m$ by mix+ ! aque\s solutions ( b>ium hydroxid & sug>4 ,! sac*>ate sep>ates 9 bright cry/all9e plates or ne$les f ! w>m solution1 z ,c,h,o,ba,o4 ,"o "p ( ?is precipitate is soluble 9 ab\t =ty-five p>ts ( wat]1 bo? at #ae & #ajj4 #afc4 ,/rontium ,sac*>ates4--,bo? ! mono- & di/rontium sac*>ates are kn[n1 viz41 ,c,h,o,sr,o #e;,h,o & ,c,h,o#b,sr,o4 ,! monosalt may be easily secur$ by add+ a few ( its cry/als to a mixture ( sug> & /rontium hydroxid solutions4 ,! disac*>ate is precipitat$ z a granul> sub/ance :5 f two to ?ree molecules ( /rontium hydroxid are add$ to a boil+ sug> solution4 ,! reaction is ext5sively us$ 9 sep>at+ ! sug> f beet molasses4 #afd4 ,calcium ,sac*>ates4--,?ree calcium sac*>ates are kn[n 9 :i* "o molecule ( sug> is comb9$ ) "o1 two & ?ree molecules ( lime respectively4 ,! monosac*>ate is obta9$ by mix+ ! sug> & lime 9 ! prop] proportion & precipitat+ by add+ alcohol4 ,! precipitate is p>tly granul> & p>tly jelly-l1 & is soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! dicalcium comp\nd is obta9$ 9 ! same way & has simil> prop]ties4 ,bo?1 on boil+1 ) wat]1 =m ! trisac*>ate & free sug>4 ,! tricalcium sac*>ate is ! mo/ important ( ^! comp\nds1 & may be obta9$ directly by mix+ fre%ly burn$ & f9ely gr\nd lime 7,ca,o7 ) a v cold dilute solution ( sug>4 ,! comp\nd cry/allizes ) ?ree or f\r molecules ( wat]4 ,:5 precipitat$ z describ$ above1 h[ev]1 x has a granul>1 ne>ly amorph\s /ructure1 & ! process is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! sep>ation ( sug> f beet molasses4 ,9 ! laboratory b little success has be5 _h 9 us+ ev5 ! b>ium hydroxid z a *emical reag5t1 & !re=e ! reactions m5tion$ above are ( little value = analytical purposes4 ,9 sep>at+ sug> f vegetable fib]s & se$s1 h[ev]1 ! treatm5t ) /rontium hydroxid is especially valuable ! sug> be+ subsequ5tly recov]$ 9 a free /ate by break+ up ! sac*>ate ) c>bon dioxid4 ,! te*nical use ( ^! reactions also is ( great importance 9 ! beet sug> indu/ry4 #afe4 ,qualitive ,te/s = ! ,diff]5t ,sug>s4--,! analy/ w (t5 be aid$ 9 exam9+ an unkn[n sub/ance by ! application ( qualitive te/s1 :i* w disclose to him ! nature ( ! sac*>9e bodies ) :i* he has to deal4 #aff4 ,optical ,te/ = ,sucrose4--,! simple/ te/ = ! pres5ce ( sucrose is made ) ! pol>iscope4 ,a small quantity ( ! sample "u exam9ation is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 cl>ifi$ by any ( ! usual me?ods1 be/ ) alum9a cream1 & pol>iz$4 ,a portion ( ! liquor is dilut$ ) "o-t5? its volume ( /rong hydro*loric acid & heat$ to j #fh1 consum+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes "t 9 ! op]ation4 ,! mixture is quickly cool$ & aga9 pol>iz$ 9 a tube "o-t5? long] ?an be=e us$2 or ! same tube may be us$ & ! obs]v$ read+ ( ! scale increas$ by "o-t5?4 ,if sucrose be pres5t ! second read+ w be mu* l[] ?an ! fir/1 or may ev5 be to ! left4 #afg4 ,cobalt\s ,nitrate ,te/ = ,sucrose4--,sucrose 9 solution may be di/+ui%$ f o!r sug>s by ! ame?y/ violet color :i* x imp>ts to a solution ( cobalt\s nitrate4 ,?is reaction 0 fir/ describ$ by ,rei*1 9 #ahef1 b has only lately be5 work$ out 9 detail4 ,! te/ is appli$ z foll[s3 ,to ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sug> solution add five cubic c5timet]s ( a five p] c5t solution ( cobalt\s nitrate4 ,aft] ?or\ghly mix+ ! two solutions1 add two cubic c5timet]s ( a fifty p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxid4 ,pure sucrose gives by ?is treatm5t an ame?y/ violet color1 :i* is p]man5t4 ,pure dextrose gives a turquoise blue color :i* soon passes into a light gre54 ,:5 ! two sug>s are mix$ ! coloration produc$ by ! sucrose is ! pr$om9ant "o1 & "o "p ( sucrose 9 n9e p>ts ( dextrose c be di/+ui%$4 ,if ! sucrose be mix$ ) impurities su* z gum arabic or dextr91 !y %\ld be precipitat$ by alcohol or basic lead acetate1 be=e ! application ( ! te/4 ,dextr9 may be ?r[n out by treatm5t ( ! solution ) b>ium hydroxid & ammoniacal lead acetate4 ,! reaction may also be appli$ to ! detection ( cane sug> 9 w9es1 aft] !y are ?or\ghly decoloriz$ by means ( lead acetate & bone-black4 ,! pres5ce ( add$ sucrose to milk1 ei!r 9 ! fre% or cond5s$ /ate1 may also be detect$ aft] ! di/urb+ matt]s are ?r[n out ) lead acetate4 ,! pres5ce ( sucrose 9 honey may also be detect$ by ?is process4 ,! reaction has be5 tri$ 9 ?is laboratory ) v satisfactory results4 ,! ame?y/ violet coloration ) sucrose is practically p]man5t4 ,on boil+ ! color is made slightly blui%1 b is re/or$ to ! orig9al t9t on cool+4 ,dextrose gives at fir/ a f9e blue color :i* 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs passes into a pale gre54 ,a slight floccul5t precipitate is notic$ 9 ! tube conta9+ ! dextrose4 ,maltose & lactose act v mu* z dextrose1 b 9 ! end d n give s f9e a gre5 color4 ,if ! solutions conta9+ dextrose1 lactose & maltose be boil$1 ! orig9al color is de/roy$ & a yell[-gre5 color takes its place4 ,! reaction is "o :i* promises to be ( consid]able practical value to analy/s1 z x may be appli$ = ! qualitive detection ( sucrose 9 se$s & o!r vegetable products4#acc #afh4 ,! ,dextrose ,gr\p4--,9 case ! c>bohydrate 9 "q %[s a "r-h&$ rotation & ! abs5ce ( sucrose is e/abli%$ by ! pol>iscopic obs]vation describ$ above1 ! pres5ce ( ! dextrose gr\p may be det]m9$ by ! foll[+ te/4#acd ,five grams ( ! c>bohydrate are oxidiz$ by boil+ ) f tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4ae specific gravity1 & !n at g5tle heat evaporat$ to dryness ) /irr+4 ,if mu* mucic acid be pres5t1 z w be ! case if ! orig9al matt] conta9$ lactose "s wat] is add$ & ! mixture well /irr$1 & aga9 evaporat$ to dryness to expel all nitric acid4 ,! residue %\ld be ( a br[n color4 ,! mass is aga9 mix$ ) a little wat] & ! acid reaction neutraliz$ by rubb+ ) f9e-gr\nd potassium c>bonate4 ,! c>bonate %\ld be add$ 9 slight excess & acetic acid add$ to ! alkal9e mixture1 :i* is conc5trat$ by evaporation & all[$ to /& a few days4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t potassium sac*>ate has =m$ & is sep>at$ f ! "m liquid by p\r+ on a por\s porcela9 plate4 ,! residue is collect$1 dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & aga9 all[$ to cry/allize1 :5 x is collect$ on a por\s plate1 z be=e1 & wa%$ by means ( an atomiz] ) a little aque\s spray until x is pure :ite & free ( any oxalic acid4 ,! residual acid potassium sac*>ate may be weigh$ aft] dry+ & !n conv]t$ into ! silv] salt4 ,! pota% salt = ?is purpose is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 neutraliz$ ) ammonia & precipitat$ ) a solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,! precipitate is well /irr$1 collect$ on a goo* & wa%$ & dri$ 9 a d>k place4 ,x conta9s #ej4id p]c5t ( silv]4 ,all sug>s :i* conta9 ! dextrose gr\p yield silv] sac*>ate :5 treat$ z above describ$4 ,inul91 sorbose1 arab9ose & galactose yield no sac*>ic acid "u ?is treatm5t1 & ?us x is %[n t !y conta9 no dextrose gr\p4 ,milk sug>1 maltose1 ! dextr9s1 raff9ose & sucrose yield sac*>ic acid :5 treat$ z above & !re=e all conta9 ! dextrose gr\p4 #afi4 ,levulose4--,! levulose gr\p ( sug>s1 :]ev] x occurs1 :5 oxidiz$ ) nitric acid1 gives rise to t>t>ic1 racemic1 glycolic & oxalic acids1 :i* are n *>act]i/ic1 be+ produc$ also by ! oxidation ( o!r c>bohydrates4 ,a m di/+ui%+ te/ is af=d$ by ! color reactions produc$ ) resorc94#ace ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ half a gram ( resorc9 9 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ea* ( wat] & /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,to ! sug> solution "u exam9ation an equal volume ( /rong hydro*loric acid is add$1 & !n a few drops ( ! reag5t4 ,! mixture is g5tly w>m$1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( levulose develops a fire-r$ color4 ,dextrose1 lactose1 mannose & ! p5toses d n give ! coloration1 b x is produc$ by sorbose 9 a /rik+ degree1 & also by sucrose & raff9ose s9ce ^! sug>s conta9 ! levulose gr\p4 #agj4 ,galactose4--,! galactose :i* arises f ! hydrolysis ( milk sug> is readily recogniz$ by ! mucic acid :i* x gives on oxidation ) nitric acid4#acf ,! analytical "w is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! body conta9+ galactose or galactan is plac$ 9 a beak] ) ab\t sixty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4ae specific gravity = ea* five grams ( ! sample us$4 ,! beak] is plac$ on a /eam-ba? & heat$1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 until two-?irds ( ! nitric acid h be5 evaporat$4 ,! residual mixture is all[$ to /& ov] night & ! foll[+ morn+ is treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 filt]$ ?r\gh a goo*1 & ! collect$ matt] wa%$ ) tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,! mucic acid collect$ 9 ?is way w am\nt to ab\t ?irty-sev5 p] c5t ( ! milk sug> or sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! galactose oxidiz$4 ,raff9ose yields "u simil> treatm5t1 ab\t tw5ty-?ree p] c5t ( mucic acid1 :i* proves t ! galactose gr\p is conta9$ 9 t sug>4 ,raff9ose1 !re=e1 is compos$ ( "o molecule ea* ( dextrose1 levulose1 & galactose4 #aga4 ,inv]t ,sug>4--,! pres5ce ( a trace ( inv]t sug> accompany+ sucrose c be det]m9$ by ,solda9i's solution1 p>agraph #abd1 or by boil+ ) me?yl blue4#acg ,me?yl blue is ! hydro*lorate ( an ammonium base1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( a r$uc+ ag5t1 loses two atoms ( hydrog5 & becomes a colorless comp\nd4 ,! te/ = inv]t sug> is made z foll[s3 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ "o gram ( me?yl blue 9 wat]4 ,if ! sug> solution is n cle>1 tw5ty grams ( ! sug> are dissolv$ 9 wat] cl>ifi$ by lead subacetate1 ! volume complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & ! solid matt]s sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! filtrate is made slightly alkal9e ) sodium c>bonate to remove ! lead4 ,a few drops ( soda lye solution are !n add$ & ! mixture ?r[n on a filt]4 ,to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate a drop ( ! me?yl blue solution is add$1 & a portion ( ! liquor heat$ 9 a te/ tube ov] ! nak$ flame4 ,if1 aft] boil+ = "o m9ute1 ! coloration disappe>1 ! sample conta9s at lea/ #j4ja p] c5t ( inv]t sug>2 if ! solution rema9 blue x conta9s none at all or less ?an #j4ja p] c5t4 ,! te/ may also be made ) ! dilute copp] c>bonate solution ( ,o/ describ$ fur!r on4 #agb4 ,comp\nds ) ,ph5ylhydraz94--,_m sug>s may also be qualitively di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( _! comp\nds ) ph5ylhydraz94 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ^? sug>s :i* r$uce fehl+ solution =m def9ite cry/all9e comp\nds ) ! reag5t nam$4 ,if a mod]ately dilute hot solution ( a r$uc+ sug> be br\ght into contact ) ph5ylhydraz9 acetate1 a cry/all9e osazone is sep>at$4 ,! reaction takes place betwe5 "o molecule ( ! sug> & two molecules ( ! hydraz9 comp\nd1 accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,n,h ,c,h,n,o #b;,h,o ,h4 ,! hydrog5 does n escape b comb9es 9 ! nasc5t /ate ) ! excess ( ph5ylhydraz9 to =m anil9 & ammonia4 ,! precipitation is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,"o "p by weight ( ! sug>1 two p>ts ( ph5ylhydraz9 hydro*lorate1 & ?ree p>ts ( sodium acetate are dissolv$ 9 tw5ty p>ts ( wat] & gradually heat$ on ! wat]-ba?4 ,! osazone sl[ly sep>ates 9 a cry/all9e =m & x is fre$ f ! "m liquor by filtration1 & purifi$ by solution 9 alcohol & recry/allization4 ,! cry/als are compos$ ( yell[ ne$les1 :i* are difficultly soluble 9 wat] & m easily 9 hot alcohol4 ,! cry/als are n decompos$ by a dilute acid b are de/roy$ by ! action ( /rong acids4 ,dextrosazone4--,! cry/als melt at f #bjd to #bje1 r$uce fehl+ liquor1 & dissolv$ 9 glacial acetic acid are slightly left rotat+4 ,levulosazone4--,?is body has ! same prop]ties z ! dextrose comp\nd4 ,maltosazone4--,?is sub/ance melts at #bjf ) decomposition4 ,x is left rotat+4 ,its /ructure is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c,h,n,o4 ,galactosazone4--,?is sub/ance1 ,c,h,n,o1 has ! same c5tesimal composition z ! correspond+ bodies produc$ f dextrose & levulose4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ^! comp\nds1 h[ev]1 by its l[ melt+ po9t1 viz41 #aic4 ,! above comprise all ! ph5ylosazones :i* are important f ! pres5t po9t ( view4 ,sucrose1 by inv]sion1 furni%es a mixture ( dextros- & levulosazones :5 treat$ ) ph5ylhydraz91 :ile />* & dextr9 yield ! dextros- or maltosazone :5 hydrolyz$4 ,lactose yields a mixture ( dextros- & galactosazones :5 hydrolyz$ & treat$ z above describ$4 ,! reactions ) ph5ylhydraz9 are approximately quantitive & x is possible t me?ods ( exact det]m9ation may be bas$ on !m 9 ! ne> future4#ach #agc4 ,o!r ,qualitive ,te/s = ,sug>s4--,! analy/ may sometimes desire a m ext5d$ te/ ( qualitive reactions ?an ^? giv5 above4 ,! *anges ( color notic$ on heat+ ) alkalies may (t5 be ( advantage 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 diff]5t sug>s4 ,! =mation ( def9ite comp\nds ) ! e>?y & o!r m9]al bases may also be us$ = qualitive det]m9ations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delicate qualitive te/s is f\nd 9 ! production ( furfurol & ?is w be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #agd4 ,detection ( ,sug>s & ,o!r ,c>bohydrates by ,means ( ,furfurol4--,! production ( furfurol 7furfuraldehyd7 z not$ 9 p>agraph #aej1 is also us$ quantitively = ! det]m9ation ( p5tose sug>s & p5tosans4 ,furfurol 0 fir/ obta9$ f bran 7furfur71 :5ce its "n1 by treat+ ?is sub/ance ) sulfuric acid1 dilut$ ) ?ree volumes ( wat]1 & subject+ ! mixture to di/illation4 ,its p]c5tage composition is repres5t$ by ! symbol ,c,h,o1 & its *>act]i/ics z an aldehyd by ! molecul> /ructure ,c,h,o1,c-,,ho4 ,c>bohydrates 9 g5]al1 :5 treat$ z describ$ above = bran1 yield furfurol1 b only 9 a mod]ate quantity1 ) ! exception ( ! p5toses4 ,mylius has %[n#aci t ,pett5k(]'s reaction = *oleic acid is due to ! furfurol aris+ f ! cane sug> employ$1 :i*1 ) ! gall acid1 produces ! beautiful r$-blue colors *>act]i/ic ( ! reaction4 ,von ,udrnszky#adj describes me?ods = detect+ traces ( c>bohydrates by ! furfurol reaction1 :i* admit ( extreme delicacy4 ,! solution ( furfurol 9 wat]1 at fir/ propos$ by ,mylius1 is to be us$ & x %\ld n conta9 m ?an two & two-t5?s p] c5t1 :ile a solution conta9+ five-t5?s p] c5t furfurol is f\nd to be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! furfurol1 be=e us+1 %\ld be purifi$ by di/illation1 &1 z a rule1 only a s+le drop ( ! solution us$ = ! color reaction4 ,! furfurol reaction propos$ by ,s*iff#ada appe>s to be well suit$ = ! detection ( c>bohydrates4 ,x is made z foll[s3 ,xylid9 is mix$ ) an equal volume ( glacial acetic acid & ! solution treat$ ) "s alcohol4 ,/rips ( filt] pap] are !n dipp$ 9 ! solution & dri$4 ,:5 ^! /rips ( prep>$ pap] are br\ght 9 contact ) ! mo/ m9ute portion ( furfurol1 furoxylid9 is =m$1 ,c,h,,o*7,c,h,,nh71 produc+ a beautiful r$ color4 ,9 practice1 a small portion ( ! sub/ance1 suppos$ to conta9 a c>bohydrate1 is plac$ 9 a te/ tube & heat$ ) a slight excess ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,! prep>$ pap] is !n plac$ ov] ! m\? ( ! te/ tube s z to be br\ght into contact ) ! escap+ vapors ( furfurol4 ,! furfurol reaction ) -naph?ol = "s purposes1 especially ! detection ( sug> 9 ur9e1 is m delicate ?an ! "o j describ$4 ,?is reaction 0 fir/ describ$ by ,molis*#adb1 :o1 h[ev]1 did n und]/& its real nature4 ,! process is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,! dilute solution %\ld conta9 n to exce$ f #j4je to "o-t5? p] c5t ( c>bohydrates4 ,if /rong]1 x %\ld be dilut$4 ,place "o drop ( ! liquid 9 a te/ tube ) two drops ( fifte5 p] c5t alcoholic solution ( -naph?ol1 add c>efully "o-half cubic c5timet] ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 all[+ x to fl[ "u ! mixture4 ,! appe>ance ( a violet r+ ov] a gre5i% fr+e indicates ! pres5ce ( a c>bohydrate4 ,if ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9 m ?an a trace ( nitrog5\s matt]1 ?is mu/ be remov$ be=e ! te/s above describ$ are appli$4 ,if ! liquids be mix$ by %ak+ :5 ! violet r+ is se51 a c>m9e t9t ) a trace ( blue is produc$4 ,if ?is be exam9$ ) a spectroscope1 a small absorption b& w be f\nd betwe5 ,d & ,e1 & f ,f outw>d ! :ole spectrum w be obs]v$4 ,"o drop ( dextrose solution conta9+ #j4je p] c5t ( sug> gives a di/9ct reaction by ?is process4 ,x c be us$1 !re=e1 to detect ! pres5ce ( z little z #j4jbh milligram ( grape sug>4 ,?is te/ has be5 f\nd exce$+ly delicate 9 ?is laboratory1 & suffici5tly satisfactory )\t ! spectroscopic adjunct4 ,! furfurol reaction is useful 9 detect+ ! pres5ce ( m9ute traces ( c>bohydrates b is ( little value 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( ^! bodies4 ,x is n practical "h to g into great] detail 9 ! description ( qualitive reactions4 ,! analy/1 desir+ fur!r in=mation1 %\ld consult ! /&>d works on sug> *emi/ry4#adc #age4 ,detection ( ,sug>s by ,bact]ial ,action4--,_m =ms ( bact]ia manife/ a selective action t[>ds sug>s & ?is prop]ty may 9 ! future become ! basis ( a qualitive & ev5 quantitive te/ = sug>s & o!r c>bohydrates4 ,our pres5t k ( ! subject is due almo/ exclusively to ! rese>*es ( ,smi?1 conduct$ at ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4#add ,dextrose is ! sug> fir/ & mo/ vigor\sly attack$ by bact]ial action1 & by prop] precautions ! :ole ( ! dextrose may be remov$ f mixtures ) sucrose & lactose4 ,! developm5t ( o!r =ms ( micro-organisms :i* w h ! faculty ( attack+ o!r & special =ms ( c>bohydrates is to be look$ = ) confid5t assurance ( success4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,/>*4 #agf4 ,con/itution ( ,/>*4--,! molecule ( />* is )\t d\bt =m$ by ! cond5sation ( a l>ge numb] ( hexose bodies4 ,on acc\nt ( its great insolubility its molecul> weight has n be5 det]m9$ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,its =mula may be express$ ei!r z 7,c,h,o7 or 7,c,h,o74 ,x is insoluble 9 cold wat] & o!r common solv5ts & does n pass into solution 9 any reag5t )\t und]go+ a *ange ( /ructure4 ,9 hot wat] x =ms a pa/e & :5 heat$ "u pressure ) wat] x und]goes a p>tial *ange & becomes soluble4 ,heat$ ) acids or subject$ to ! action ( c]ta9 f]m5ts x suff]s hydrolysis & is trans=m$ into dextr91 maltose & dextrose4 ,9 analytical "w an attempt is usually made to trans=m ! />* entirely into dextrose1 ! quantity ( :i* is !n det]m9$ by "s ( ! processes already giv54 ,all />*es possess ! prop]ty ( giv+ an int5sely blue color ) iod9 & ?is reaction s]ves to detect ! mo/ m9ute quantity ( ! mat]ial4 ,/>* gra9s d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces are di/+ui%$ by diff]5ces 9 size & appe>ance4 ,9 mo/ cases a c>eful exam9ation ( ! />* p>ticles w reveal _! orig94#ade ,! greate/ "p ( ! c]eal gra9s is compos$ ( />*1 ! p]c5tage rang+ f sixty to eighty4 ,rice has ! greate/ p]c5tage ( />* 9 its composition ( any sub/ance4 ,c]ta9 root crops are also ri* 9 />*1 su* z ! potato1 arti*oke & cassava4 ,/>* appe>s z "o ( ! fir/ products ( vegetable metabolism1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 prec$+ ! =mation ( sug>s4 ,by reason ( its great] complexity1 h[ev]1 x is m probable t ! production ( simple sug>s prec$es ! =mation ( ! m complex molecule4 ,/>* granules are probably us$ z a food by ! plant 9 ! build+ ( m complex /ructures & ! excess ( ?is food is /or$ 9 ! se$s & 9 tub]s4 #agg4 ,sep>ation ( ,/>* ,p>ticles4--,advantage is tak5 ( ! insolubility ( ! />* p>ticles to secure _! sep>ation f ! o!r vegetable /ructures ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,! sub/ances conta9+ />* are r$uc$ to a pulp z f9e z possible1 & ?is pulp be+ plac$ 9 a f9e clo? ! />* p>ticles are wa%$ ?r\gh ! clo? ) wat]4 ,! milky filtrate c>ry+ ! />* is collect$ 9 an appropriate hold] &1 aft] "s "t1 ! p>ticles subside4 ,!y may !n be collect$ & dri$4 ,:ile ?is process is ! "o us$ comm]cially 9 ! manufacture ( />*1 x c only give approximate data respect+ ! actual quantity ( />* 9 a giv5 weight ( ! sample4 ,x is n q possible by ?is me?od to get all ! />* sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! vegetable matt]1 & p>ticles ( =eign sub/ances1 su* z cellulose & album9oid matt]s1 may pass ?r\gh ! filt] clo? & be f\nd ) ! deposit$ granules4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! quantitive det]m9ation ( ! />* 9 a giv5 sample by any direct me?od is only approximately exact4 #agh4 ,me?ods ( ,sep>ation4--,hot acids _c be safely employ$ to dissolve />* f its natural concomitants because o!r c>bohydrate bodies become soluble "u simil> conditions4 ,9 su* cases ! natural sug>s :i* are pres5t %\ld be remov$ by cold wat] & ! />* dissolv$ f ! residue by a dia/atic f]m5t4 ,in/ead ( ?is ! sug>s may be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion ( ! pulp$ mat]ial & ! />*1 toge!r ) ! sug>s1 det]m9$1 & ! quantity ( sug> f\nd d$uct$ f ! f9al result4 ,9 ^! cases ! f9al det]m9ations are made on ! sug>s1 aft] inv]t+ ! sucrose1 & proce$+ z direct$ = inv]t sug>s 9 p>agraph #ada4 ,! />*1 aft] sep>ation ) dia/ase1 is conv]t$ into dextrose by "o ( ! me?ods to be giv5 & ! result+ dextrose det]m9$ by "o ( ! approv$ me?ods4 #agi4 ,sep>ation ) ,dia/ase4--,dia/ase or malt extract at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe rapidly r5d]s />* soluble4 ,c]eals1 potato meal & o!r />*-hold+ bodies are dri$1 fir/ at a l[ temp]ature1 & extract$ ) e!r or petroleum to remove fat4 ,! mat]ial is !n rubb$ up ) wat]1 boil$1 cool$ to #fe1 & treat$ ) malt extract 7dia/ase7 prep>$ z giv5 bel[4 ,"o kilogram ( gr\nd gre5 malt is mix$ ) "o lit] ( glyc]ol & an equal quantity ( wat]1 & all[$ to /&1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 = eight days4 ,aft] t "t ! mixture is filt]$1 fir/ ?r\gh a small filt] press & aft]w>ds ?r\gh pap]4 ,9 case no filt] press is at h& ! mixture may be press$ 9 a bag & ! liquor obta9$1 filt]$4 ,malt extract obta9$ 9 ?is way w keep its dia/atic prop]ties = a long "t4 ,9 its use1 blank det]m9ations mu/ be made ( ! dextrose produc$ by treat+ equal portions ( x ) hydro*loric acid4 ,= ?ree grams ( />*y mat]ial tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! malt solution %\ld be us$ & ! mixture kept at #fe = two h\rs4#adf #ahj4 ,me?od 9 ,use at ! ,halle ,/ation4--,! me?od ( sep>at+ />* f c]eals1 potatoes & o!r />*-hold+ mat]ials1 employ$ at ! ,halle /ation1 is ess5tially ! same z already describ$4#adg ,! malt extract us$ is prep>$ imm$iately be=eh&1 inasmu* z no pres]vative is add$ to x4 ,x c be quickly prep>$ by dige/+1 = a %ort "t at n above #ej1 #ajj grams ( f9ely gr\nd dri$ malt ) "o lit] ( wat] & sep>at+ ! extract by filtration4 ,?is extract w keep only a few h\rs4 ,! mat]ial 9 :i* ! />* is to be det]m9$ is dri$ & extract$ ) e!r4 ,f two to f\r grams ( ! extract$ mat]ial1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( />* :i* x conta9s1 are boil$ = half an h\r ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 cool$ to #fe1 treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( malt extract & kept at ! temp]ature nam$ = half an h\r4 ,x is !n aga9 boil$ = fifte5 m9utes1 cool$ to ! temp]ature m5tion$ & aga9 treat$ ) malt extract z above4 ,two treatm5ts ) malt extract are usually suffici5t to br+ all ! />* into solution4 ,f9ally x is aga9 boil$ & ! volume complet$ to #bej cubic c5timet]s & ?r[n ^u a filt]4 ,two hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are conv]t$ into dextrose by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! re/ ( ! analysis is conduct$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! dextrose value ( ! quantity ( malt extract us$ mu/ be det]m9$ ^u a sep>ate portion !re(1 & ! quantity ( dextrose f\nd d$uct$ f ! total am\nt obta9$ 9 ! analysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dg4 ,,autoclave ,,= ,,/>* ,,analysis4 #aha4 ,sep>ation by ,hydrolysis ) ,wat] at ,high ,temp]atures4--,in/ead ( dissolv+ ! />* ) dia/ase1 x may be br\ght into solution by heat+ ) wat] "u pressure4 ,! =m] me?od employ$ ( heat+ 9 seal$ flasks has be5 entirely sup]c$$ by heat+ 9 an autoclave4 ,! mat]ials are be/ held 9 metal beak]s furni%$ ) a cov] :i* prev5ts loss f boil+ if ! pressure %\ld be remov$ too rapidly aft] ! completion ( ! op]ation4 ,! autoclave is a /rong metal vessel capable ( resi/+ ! pressure ( sev]al atmosph]es4 ,x is furni%$ ) a pressure gauge ,c & a safety valve ,d1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! top is securely screw$ on by means ( a wr5*1 %[n at ! "r h& side4 ,9 ! figure a portion ( ! case is repres5t$ cut away to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! metal beak]s inside4 ,9 ! me?od ( ,re9ke1 z practic$ at ! ,halle /ation1 & 9 ?is laboratory1 ab\t ?ree grams ( ! />*y sub/ance are plac$ 9 ea* ( ! metal beak]s ) tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a "o p] c5t lactic acid solution & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are ?or\ghly mix$ & !y are !n heat$ = two & a half h\rs 9 ! autoclave1 at a pressure ( ?ree & a half atmosph]es4 ,! addition ( ! lactic acid is = ! purpose ( protect+ any sug> :i* may be pres5t f decomposition at ! high pressure & temp]ature employ$4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! heat+1 ! autoclave is all[$ to cool1 ! cov] is remov$ & ! beak]s tak5 out & _! cont5ts wa%$ ) hot wat] into qu>t] lit] flasks4 ,aft] cool+1 ! volume is complet$ ) cold wat]1 & aft] /&+ = half an h\r1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flasks are filt]$ & #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate 9 ea* case conv]t$ into dextrose ) hydro*loric acid 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ord] to obta9 agree+ results1 x is highly necess>y t ! sub/ance be=e treatm5t %\ld be gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,! addition ( ! lactic acid1 z practic$ 9 ! re9ke me?od1 t5ds to give some:at high results1 due probably to ! hydrolytic action ( ! acid on ! fib] pres5t4 ,:5 />*y bodies are heat$ 9 ! autoclave = ! det]m9ation ( _! />* by pol>imetric me?ods1 or = ord9>y det]m9ations1 ! use ( lactic acid %\ld be omitt$4 ,example4--,! foll[+ data indicate ! me?ods ( calculation to be foll[$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( />* 9 ! mat]ial by dia/atic hydrolysis3 ,?ree grams ( a b>ley 7 inv]t$ by dia/ase1 z direct$ above1 ! volume ( ! solution made a qu>t] ( a lit]1 filt]$1 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate conv]t$ into dextrose by hydro*loric acid1 ! volume complet$ to half a lit] ) wat] & fifty cubic c5timet]s !re( oxidiz$ by ! alkal9e copp] solution 9 ! usual way4 ,! am\nt ( copp] obta9$ 0 #cca milligrams1 correspond+ to #agd milligrams ( dextrose4 ,! am\nt ( malt extract us$ 9 hydrolyz+ ! b>ley m5tion$ above1 0 t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,! dia/atic solution inv]t$ ) hydro*loric acid & treat$ z indicat$ above1 yield$ #aia milligrams ( copp]1 correspond+ to n9ety-eight milligrams ( dextrose 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! malt extract4 ,! quantity ( malt extract repres5t$ 9 ! f9al det]m9ation ( copp]1 h[ev]1 0 only "o & six-t5?s cubic c5timet]s4 ,we !n h3 ,total dextrose #agd milligrams ,dextrose 9 "o & six-t5?s cubic c5timet]s malt extract #af milligrams ,dextrose correspond+ to #bdj milligrams ( b>ley #aeh milligrams ,calculat$ on ! proportion t dextrose is to />*1 z t5 is to n9e1 ?is is equival5t to #adb milligrams ( />*4 ,! p]c5tage ( />* 9 ! orig9al sub/ance1 !re=e1 0 equival5t to #adb multipli$ by #ajj1 divid$ by #bdj1 viz41 #ei4ag4 #ahb4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,me?ods ( ,det]m9ation4--,9 ! approximately pure /ate 9 :i* />* exi/s 9 ! trade1 x may be det]m9$ by conv]sion into dextrose & e/imat+ ! latt] by "o ( ! me?ods giv54 ,x is probable t !re is no kn[n me?od by :i* />* c be entirely conv]t$ into dextrose1 & all ! me?ods ( hydrolysis1 :5 us$ = quantitive purposes1 mu/ be /&>diz$1 n by ! !oretical quantity ( dextrose :i* a giv5 weight ( pure />* %\ld yield1 b by ! actual quantity obta9$4 ,/>* is n l>gely conv]t$ into dextrose by any ( ! dia/atic f]m5ts :i* produce pr9cipally maltose & dextr9s4 ,rec\rse mu/ !re=e be _h to /rong acids4 ,9 practice1 hydro*loric is ! "o usually employ$4 ,by ! action ( a hot m9]al acid1 n only is />* conv]t$ into dextrose1 b also ! dextrose f\nd is subject$ to *anges4 ,9 su* cases an oppos+ action seems to be ex]t$ by ! hydrolytic ag5t1 a "p ( ! dextrose =m$ suff]+ a p>tial cond5sation1 & ?us assum+ a /ate ( high] molecul> weight1 approa*+ ! con/itution ( ! dextr9s4 ,ano!r "p ( ! dextrose may also suff] oxidation & ?us disappe> entirely 9 respect ( ! fur!r /eps 9 />* analysis4 ,9 su* cases1 ! be/ ! analy/ c d is to conduct ! hydrolysis 9 z ne>ly z possible con/ant conditions1 & to assume t ! p]c5tage ( dextrose pres5t at a giv5 "t be>s a con/ant ratio to ! quantity ( />* hydrolyz$4 ,9 reality almo/ all ! />* appe>s f9ally z dextrose1 & by proce$+ on ! assumption not$ above a fairly satisfactory acc\nt+ may be made ( ! rema9d]4 ,/>* be+ insoluble1 x _c be det]m9$ directly by its rotatory p[]4 ,:5 heat$ = a few h\rs 9 contact ) wat] at a high pressure1 />* becomes soluble1 & 9 ?is /ate has a fairly con/ant gyrodynat1 viz41 a,d #aig4 ,/>* is also r5d]$ soluble by rubb+ x 9 a mort> = ab\t t5 m9utes ) an excess ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & 9 ?is way a quick approximate idea may be obta9$ ( ! p]c5tage pres5t4 ,/>* prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 h[ev]1 has a /rong r$uc+ p[] on metallic salts1 %[+ t a "p ( x has already1 ev5 9 s %ort a "t1 assum$ ! /ate ( maltose or dextrose4 ,! gyrodynat ( pure anhydr\s />* 9 su* conditions v>ies f a,d #aig to a,d #aid4 ,/>* is also r5d]$ soluble by boil+ ) salicylic acid1 :]eby a solution is obta9$ hav+ a gyrodynat ( a,d #bjj7;circa74 ,! me?ods ( proc$ure = ! analysis ( />* w be set =? 9 detail 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #ahc4 ,e/imation ( ,wat]4--,9 prep>$ or comm]cial />*es ! wat] may be det]m9$ by heat+ 9 a p>tial vacuum4 ,! temp]ature at fir/ %\ld be l[1 n exce$+ #fj4 ,aft] dry+ = an h\r at t heat ! temp]ature may be gradually increas$4 ,! la/ traces ( wat] come (f f />* ) difficulty1 & ! f9al temp]ature may be c>ri$ a little beyond #ajj )\t dang] ( decomposition4 ,o/ recomm5ds ! use ( an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 or illum9at+ gas4#adh ,"o & a half grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sample are plac$ 9 ! dry+ tube describ$ 9 p>agraph #bc1 & heat$ 9 a /ream ( dry hydrog54 ,! temp]ature at fir/ is kept at ab\t #fj = sev]al h\rs & is !n gradually increas$ to #abj4 ,o/ /ates t ev5 at #aej ! sample pres]ves its pure :ite color1 b s high a temp]ature is n necess>y4 ,ma]ck]1 at ! ,halle /ation1 makes use ( ! same process1 b employs illum9at+ gas in/ead ( hydrog54 ,! importance ( beg9n+ ! desiccation at a l[ temp]ature arises f ! fact t at a high] temp]ature1 be=e ! great] "p ( ! wat] is driv5 (f1 ! />* w suff] a p>tial fusion & =m a pa/e :i* is v difficult to dry4 ,! dri$ sample mu/ be kept 9 a /opp]$ vessel to prev5t ! absorption ( hygroscopic moi/ure4 #ahd4 ,e/imation ( ,a%4--,:5 ! dry+ is accompli%$ 9 a flat plat9um di%1 ! same sample may s]ve = inc9]ation4 ,o!rwise ! inc9]ation may be accompli%$ 9 ano!r portion ( ! sample by foll[+ directions already giv54#adi #ahe4 ,nitrog54--,ev5 v pure samples ( />* may conta9 a little nitrog5 :i* is mo/ conv5i5tly det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion4#aej ,z a rule1 9 comm]cial />*es ( good quality1 ! quantity ( pure />* may be consid]$ to be ! rema9d] aft] subtract+ ! sum ( ! weights ( wat]1 a% & nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be1 f ! orig9al weight ( ! sample tak54 ,example3-- ,p] c5t ( moi/ure f\nd #ab4he 0 0 0 a% f\nd #j4jh 0 0 0 nitrog5 #f4be #j4bg ----- ,sum #ac4bj ,p] c5t ( pure />* 9 sample #hf4hj ,samples ( />* usually conta9 also traces ( fat & fib]1 & ^! :5 pres5t 9 weighable quantities1 %\ld be det]m9$ & prop] d$uctions made4 #ahf4 ,hydrolysis ) ,acids4--,! acids commonly *os5 = hydrolyz+ />* are sulfuric & hydro*loric4 ,! =m] has ! advantage ( be+ m easily remov$ f ! f9i%$ product b ! latt] p]=ms ! "w ) less damage to ! sug>s =m$4 ,= comm]cial purposes sulfuric & = analytical practice hydro*loric acids are commonly employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dg 7,,bis74 ,,ma]ck]',s ,,hydrolyz+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,/>*4 ,! be/ process = analytical purposes is ! "o propos$ by ,sa*sse4#aea ,9 ?is me?od ! />* is heat$ ) ! hydrolyz+ mixture 9 ! proportion ( ?ree grams to #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & tw5ty ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4abe specific gravity1 conta9+ five & six-t5?s grams ( ! pure gas4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = ?ree h\rs on a /eam-ba?4 ,ma]ck] recomm5ds1 in/ead ( ! above proc$ure1 heat+ = two h\rs at g5tle ebullition 9 an oil-ba?4 ,9 ?is me?od ?ree grams ( ! />* are r$uc$ to pa/e ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & !n boil$ = two h\rs ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4abe specific gravity4 ,! erl5mey]s 9 :i* ! hydrolysis takes place are heat$ 9 an oil-ba? & are provid$ ) reflux cond5s]s made ( long glass tubes on :i* "s bulbs h be5 bl[n1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,9 all cases aft] hydrolysis ! solution is neutraliz$1 made to a /&>d volume & an aliquot "p1 aft] filtration1 dilut$ to conta9 an am\nt ( dextrose suit$ to ! use ( ! table by ,allihn = calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,9 dilut+ ! solution prep>atory to ! e/imation ( dextrose1 x is well to rememb] t n9e p>ts ( />* w furni% !oretically t5 p>ts ( dextrose4 ,s9ce ?ree grams ( ! sample are us$1 conta9+ approximately eighty-five p] c5t ( />*1 ! quantity ( dextrose pres5t is a little less ?an ?ree grams4 ,! solution %\ld !re=e conta9 n less ?an #cjj cubic c5timet]s4 #ahg4 ,factor = ,calculat+ ,/>* f ! ,dextrose ,obta9$4--,if all ! />* c\ld be conv]t$ into dextrose )\t loss1 ! quantity ( x c\ld be easily calculat$ !oretically on ! supposition t ! =mula ( />* is 7,c,h,o74 ,! factor by ?is assumption is1 />* dextrose #j4ij4 ,if ! />* h ! =mula assign$ to x by ,ngeli1 viz41 ,c,h,o ! =mula becomes1 />* dextrose #j4iah4 ,o/ pref]s to "w by ,sa*sse's me?od & to use ! factor #j4ibe to conv]t ! dextrose into />*4#aeb ,9 view ( all ! facts 9 ! case x appe>s t ! analy/ w rea* ne>ly correct results by conv]t+ ! />* into dextrose by heat+ = ?ree h\rs at #ajj ) hydro*loric acid or = two h\rs at g5tle ebullition z direct$ above1 det]m9+ ! resultant dextrose & multiply+ ! weight !re( by #j4ib4 #ahh4 ,pol>ization ( ,/>*4--,/>* may be prep>$ = pol>ization by dissolv+ x 9 cold hydro*loric acid4 ,! process z c>ri$ out by ,effront is z foll[s4#aec ,five grams ( />* are rubb$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( cold conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid = ne>ly t5 m9utes or until ! solution is q cle>4 ,! volume is complet$ to #bjj cubic c5timet]s ) wat] & ! solution pol>iz$4 ,by ?is process !re is always produc$ a notable quantity ( r$uc+ sug>s1 & = ?is reason x mu/ be admitt$ t a portion ( ! />* has suff]$ complete hydrolysis4 ,o/ !re=e recomm5ds ! use ( an acid ( #a4ag specific gravity1 & ! gyrodynat ( ! soluble />* ?us produc$ is f\nd to v>y f a,d #aif4c to #aif4g4 ,:5 acid ( #a4bj specific gravity is employ$ ! gyrodynat falls to a,d #aid4b4aed ,= approximately correct "w ! solution ) ! weak] hydro*loric acid & subsequ5t pol>ization is to be recomm5d$ z ! mo/ rapid me?od = />* det]m9ation4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to add ! obs]vation t ! gyrodynat ( maltose has lately be5 r$et]m9$ by ,o/1 :o f9ds x to be a,d #acg4jd #j4ai4aee #ahi4 ,solutions ( ,/>* at ,high ,pressure4--,/>* may also be br\ght into a condition suit$ to pol>ization by dissolv+ 9 wat] at a high temp]ature & pressure4 ,! solution is accompli%$ 9 an autoclave z describ$ 9 #aha4 ,f two to ?ree grams ( />* are us$ & f eighty to n9ety cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! />* is fir/ r$uc$ to a pa/y /ate by heat+ ) ! wat] &1 :5 ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! flask1 is r5d]$ soluble by heat+ f ?ree to five h\rs 9 an autoclave at f two to ?ree atmosph]es4 ,! mat]ial is entirely )\t action on an alkal9e copp] solution4 ,aft] heat+1 ! volume ( ! solution is complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & x is !n pol>iz$4 ,! gyrodynat ( />* dissolv$ 9 ?is way v>ies f a,d #aif4e to #aig4aef ,/>* is prep>$ by ,baudry = pol>ization by boil+ ) salicylic acid4#aeg ,! gyrodynat ( />* dissolv$ 9 ?is way is a,d #bjj4be4 #aij4 ,pol>ization aft] ,solution 9 ,dilute ,nitric ,acid4--,gui*>d recomm5ds sac*>ification ) t5 p] c5t nitric acid 7t5 cubic c5timet]s /rong acid1 n9ety cubic c5timet]s wat]74#aeh ,?is treatm5t1 ev5 aft] prolong$ boil+1 gives only a light /raw color to ! solution :i* does n int]f]e ) its pol>ization ) a laur5t in/rum5t4 ,9 work+ on c]eals f\r grams ( ! f9ely gr\nd mat]ial1 9 :i* ! bran & fl\r are intimately mix$1 are us$4 ,! mat]ial is plac$ 9 a flask ( ab\t #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! dilute acid4 ,! flask is clos$ ) a /opp] c>ry+ a reflux cond5s]4 ,aft] boil+ = an h\r ! cont5ts ( ! flask are filt]$ & exam9$ 9 ! sac*>imet]4 ,! dextrose =m$ is det]m9$ by ! pol>imetric data & ! quantity ( />* trans=m$ calculat$ f ! dextrose4 ,! foll[+ =mula is us$3 av #be #j4jaf ,a ------------------4 #b #eb4h ,9 ?is =mula a ! rotation 9 angul> degrees1 v ! volume ( ! liquid & ,a ! />* trans=m$4 ,9 ?is me?od no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! sucrose & o!r sug>s :i* are pres5t 9 c]eals4 ,9 ! case ( sucrose ! left-h&$ sug> produc$ by treatm5t ) nitric acid w\ld dim9i% ! rotation to ! "r & ?us introduce an error4 ,on ! o!r h& ! dextrose =m$ f ! fib] ( ! bran w\ld be calculat$ z />*4 ,if ^! two errors %\ld be comp5sat+ ! me?od might prove practical4 #aia4 ,rapid ,e/imation ,( ,/>*4--,= ! rapid e/imation ( />* 9 c]eals1 cattle foods & brew]y refuse1 ,hibb>d recomm5ds a me?od :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! malt extract is prep>$ by cov]+ gr\nd1 dry malt ) wat] conta9+ f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t ( alcohol4 ,! object ( add+ alcohol is to pres]ve ! filt]$ extract4 ,x ex]cises a slight ret>d+ effect on ! action ( ! dia/ase1 b prev5ts ! malt extract f f]m5t+4 ,aft] /&+ = a few h\rs 9 contact ) ! malt1 ! liquid is sep>at$ by filtration & is !n ready = use4 ,! sub/ance 9 :i* ! />* is to be det]m9$ %\ld be dry en\gh to be f9ely pulv]iz$1 b previ\s extraction ) e!r is omitt$4 ,en\gh ( ! mat]ial to conta9 at lea/ half a gram ( />* is plac$ 9 a flask ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & f "o to two cubic c5timet]s ( malt extract add$4 ,! mixture is at once heat$ to boil+ ) frequ5t %ak+ to prev5t ! =mation ( clots4 ,! addition ( ! dia/ase be=e boil+ is to aid 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( lumps4 ,aft] boil+ a m9ute ! mixture is cool$ to #fj & f two to ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! malt extract add$4 ,x is !n sl[ly heat$ until x aga9 boils1 consum+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 :51 aft] cool+1 x is te/$ ) iod9 = />*4 ,if a blue color be produc$ ! op]ation above describ$ is repeat$ until x fails to reappe>4 ,! mixture is !n made up to a /&>d volume1 ?r[n on a l95 filt] & an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate1 repres5t+ f #bjj to #cjj milligrams ( />*1 is boil$ ) five cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid1 ( ?irty p] c5t /r5g?1 = half an h\r4 ,! total volume ( ! liquid be=e boil+ %\ld be complet$ to sixty cubic c5timet]s4 ,by ! me?od above describ$1 x is claim$ t ! det]m9ation ( />* 9 a c]eal or simil> sub/ance c be complet$ )9 two h\rs4 ,! *ief am\nt ( "t sav$ is 9 ! heat+ ) ! malt extract1 :i* in/ead ( be+ cont9u$ = two h\rs1 z usually direct$1 c be accompli%$ 9 ?irty m9utes4#aei #aib4 ,precipitation ( ,/>* ) ,b>ium ,hydroxid4--,! t5d5cy ( c>bohydrate bodies to unite ) ! e>?y bases has be5 utiliz$ by ,asbo? z a basis = ! quantitive det]m9ation ( />*4#afj ,ab\t ?ree grams ( ! f9ely gr\nd sample conta9+ ! />*1 or "o gram ( pure />*1 are rubb$ up 9 a mort> ) wat] & ! deta*$ />* rema9+ susp5d$ 9 ! wa% wat] is p\r$ (f4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until all ! />* is remov$4 ,9 difficult cases hot wat] may be us$4 ,! />* ?us sep>at$ is heat$ 9 a qu>t] lit] flask to ! boil+ po9t to r$uce x to ! condition ( pa/e4 ,:5 ! pa/e is cold x is treat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! b>ium hydroxid solution1 ! flask clos$ & well %ak5 = two m9utes4 ,! volume is !n complet$ to ! m>k ) =ty-five p] c5t alcohol1 ! flask well %ak5 & all[$ to /&4 ,9 a %ort "t ! b>ium-/>* comp\nd sep>ates & settles4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> sup]natant liquor are remov$ ) a pipette1 or ! liquor may be pass$ ?r\gh a filt] & ! quantity m5tion$ remov$ = titration ( ! residual b>ium hydroxid aft] ! addition ( a few drops ( ph5olph?ale9 solution4 ,! quantity ( b>ium hydroxid rema9+1 d$uct$ f ! orig9al quantity1 gives ! am\nt :i* has ent]$ into composition ) ! />*2 ! composition ( ! molecule be+ ,ba,o,c,h,o1 :i* conta9s #ai4aj p] c5t ( b>ium oxid & #hj4ij p] c5t ( />*4 ,! set solution ( b>ium hydroxid mu/ be pres]v$ f contact ) ! c>bon dioxid ( ! air4 ,! burette %\ld be directly atta*$ to ! bottle hold+ ! set solution1 by any ( ! usual appliances1 & ! air ent]+ ! bottle mu/ be depriv$ ( c>bon dioxid4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ! "w mu/ be also free ( air1 & ?is is secur$ by boil+ imm$iately be=e use4 ,example4--,a sample ( fl\r select$ = ! analysis weigh$ #c4bab grams4 ,! />* 0 sep>at$ & r$uc$ to pa/e 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,?irty & f\r-t5?s cubic c5timet]s ( t5?-normal hydro*loric acid 7 exactly neutraliz$ by t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! b>ium hydroxid solution4 ,aft] treatm5t z above describ$1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> liquor1 correspond+ to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! add$ b>ium hydroxid1 requir$ #ai4je cubic c5timet]s ( t5?-normal hydro*loric acid4 ,!n #cj4d - #ai4je #aa4ce1 & #aa4ce x #e #ef4ge1 :i* numb] corresponds to ! total titration ( ! residual b>ium hydroxid 9 t]ms ( t5?-normal hydro*loric acid4 ,?is numb] multipli$ by #j4jcbd1 viz41 />* correspond+ to "o equival5t ( b>ium1 gave #a4hchg grams ( />* or #eg4bd p] c5t ( ! weight ( fl\r employ$4 ,! b>ium hydroxid me?od has be5 giv5 a ?or\gh trial 9 ?is laboratory & ! results h be5 unsatisfactory :5 appli$ to c]eals4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be s\nd1 & ) a prop] v>iation ( work+ details1 x may become practical4 #aic4 ,di/urb+ ,bodies 9 ,/>* ,det]m9ations4--,/one has made a comp>ison ( ! /&>d me?ods ( />* det]m9ations1 & ! results ( 8 "w %[ t 9 ! case ( pure />* all ( ! /&>d me?ods give approximately correct figures4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( a pure potato />*1 ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$3 ,by inv]sion ) hydro*loric acid1 #he4ge p] c5t2 by inv]sion ) oxalic & nitric acids1 #he4ge p] c5t2 by solution 9 salicylic acid1 #he4dg p] c5t2 & by precipitation ) b>ium hydroxid1 #he4eh p] c5t4#afa ,:5 ^! me?ods are us$1 h[ev]1 = ! det]m9ation ( />* 9 its orig9al /ate1 ! wide/ v>iations are secur$4 ,/one %[s t ^! v>iations are due *iefly to ! inv]t+ effect ( ! reag5ts employ$ ^u ! p5tosans pres5t4 ,9 exp]im5ts made ) pure xylan obta9$ f :eat /raw1 ! me?ods employ$ gave f #dd4gc to #fg4af p] c5t ( mat]ial1 :i* w\ld be calculat$ by ! usual me?ods z />*4 ,/one also %[s t ! p5tosans are practically unaffect$ by ! action ( dia/ase or malt extract4 ,pure xylan treat$ ) dia/ase1 "u ! condition 9 :i* />* is conv]t$ into maltose & o!r soluble c>bohydrates1 fails to give any subsequ5t reaction :atev] ) alkal9e copp] solution4 ,9 all cases1 !re=e1 :]e />* occurs 9 conjunction ) p5tose bodies1 x is necess>y to sep>ate x by dia/atic action be=e apply+ any ( ! me?ods ( conv]sion ( ! />* into dextrose or its precipitation by b>ium hydroxid4 #aid4 ,colorimetric ,e/imation ( ,/>*4--,! production ( ! int5sely blue color :i* />* gives ) iod9 has be5 us$ n only z ! basis ( a qualitive me?od1 b also ( _m attempts at quantitive det]m9ation4 ,^! attempts h1 z a rule1 be5 att5d$ ) v unsatisfactory results1 due bo? to ! extraord9>y delicacy ( ! reaction & to ! fact t />*es ( diff]5t orig9 d n always give exactly ! same int5sity ( t9t :5 pres5t 9 ! same quantity4 ,at ! pres5t x mu/ be admitt$ t little %\ld be expect$ ( any quantitive colorimetric te/4 ,9 case su* a te/ is desir$ ! proc$ure describ$ by ,d5n/$t & ,voigtlnd] may be foll[$4#afb ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! />*-hold+ mat]ial1 conta9+ approximately half a gram ( />*1 is plac$ 9 a two lit] flask & boil$ ) a lit] ( wat]4 ,aft] cool+1 ! volume is complet$ to two lit]s & ! />* all[$ to subside4 ,five cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> sup]natant liquor are plac$ 9 a graduat$ cyl9d] hold+ #ajj1 & m>k$ 9 half cubic c5timet]s4 ,"o drop ( a solution ( iod9 9 potassium iodid is add$ & ! volume complet$ to ! m>k4 ,a half gram ( pure />* is treat$ 9 ! same way & diff]5t measur$ portions ( ! solution treat$ z above until ! color ( ! fir/ cyl9d] is mat*$4 ,f ! quantity ( pure />* 9 ! mat*$ cyl9d] ! quantity 9 ! sample is det]m9$4 ,! te/ %\ld be made 9 duplicate or triplicate4 ,if a violet color be produc$ in/ead ( a blue1 x may be rem$i$ by treat+ ! sample ) alcohol be=e ! />* granules are dissolv$4 #aie4 ,fixation ( ,iod94--,9 addition to =m+ a di/9ctive blue color ) iod91 />*es h ! p[] ( fix+ consid]able quantities ( t sub/ance4 ,! />*es ( ! c]eals h ?is p[] 9 a high] degree ?an ^? d]iv$ f potatoes4 ,9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( iod9 ! />*es ( rice & :eat h a maximum iod9-fix+ p[] ( ab\t n9ete5 p] c5t ( _! weight4 ,:5 only en\gh ( iod9 is employ$ to ent] into comb9ation ! p]c5tage absorb$ v>ies f n9e to fifte5 p] c5t4 ,! absorption ( iod9 by />*es is a matt] ( importance f a g5]al *emical /&po9t1 b z at pres5t det]m9$ has b little analytical value4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is absorption mu/ take place accord+ to def9ite *emical quantities & ! rese>*es ( inve/igators may 9 ! future discov] "s def9ite quantitive me?od ( measur+ x4#afc #aif4 ,id5tification ( ,/>*es ( ,diff]5t ,orig94--,x is (t5 important1 especially 9 cases ( suspect$ adult]ation1 to det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! />* granules4 ,= ?is purpose ! microscope is ! sole resort4 ,9 _m cases x is easy to det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! />* by ! size or ! %ape & m>k+ ( ! gra9s4 ,9 mixtures ( m ?an "o k9d ( />* ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! sev]al />*es c be cle>ly made out 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m in/ances :]e x is impossible to discrim9ate by reason ( ! fact t ! *>act]i/ics ( />* granules v>y ev5 9 ! same sub/ance & f ye> to ye> ) v>y+ conditions ( culture4 ,9 _m cases ! illu/rations ( ! =ms & *>act]i/ics ( />* granules :i* are f\nd 9 books are mislead+ & no reliance c be plac$ on any illu/rations :i* are n ei!r photographs or draw+s made directly f !m4 ,9 ! microscopic /udy ( />*es ! analy/ w be greatly help$ by ! foll[+ descriptions ( ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! granules & ! classifications bas$ !reon4#afd #aig4 ,vogel's ,table ( ! ,diff]5t ,/>*es & ,arr[roots ( ,comm]ce4--,a4 ,granules simple1 b\nd$ by r\nd$ surfaces4 ,i4 ,nucleus c5tral1 lay]s conc5tric4 a4 ,mo/ly r\nd1 or f ! side1 l5s-%ap$4 #a4 ,l>ge granules #j4jcif-j4jebh mm1 rye />*3 #b4 ,l>ge granules #j4jceb-j4jcif mm1 :eat />*3 #c4 ,l>ge granules #j4jbfd mm1 b>ley />*4 b4 ,egg-%ap$1 oval1 kidney-%ap$3 ,hilum (t5 long & ragg$3 #a4 ,l>ge granules #j4jcb-j4jgi mm1 legum9\s />*es4 ,,ii4 ,nucleus ecc5tric1 lay]s pla9ly ecc5tric or m5iscus-%ap$4 a4 ,granules n at all or only slightly flatt5$3 #a4 ,nucleus mo/ly at ! small] end2 #j4jf-j4aj mm1 potato />*3 #b4 ,nucleus mo/ly at ! broad] end or t[>ds ! middle 9 simple granules2 #j4jbb-j4jfj mm1 m>anta />*4 b4 ,granules m or less /rongly flatt5$4 #a4 ,_m drawn out to a %ort po9t at "o end4 a4 ,at mo/ #j4jfj mm long1 curcuma />*3 b4 ,z mu* z #j4acb mm long1 canna />*3 #b4 ,_m l5g!n$ to bean-%ap$1 disk-%ap$1 or flatt5$2 nucleus ne> ! broad] end2 #j4jdd-j4jge mm1 banana />*3 #c4 ,_m /rongly kidney-%ap$2 nucleus ne> ! edge2 #j4jdh-j4jef mm1 sisyr9*ium />*3 #d4 ,egg-%ap$2 at "o end r$uc$ to a w$ge1 at ! o!r enl>g$2 nucleus at small] end2 #j4je-j4jg mm1 yam />*3 ,b4 ,granules simple or comp\nd1 s+le granules or p>ts ( granules1 ei!r b\nd$ entirely by pla9 surfaces1 _m-angl$1 or by p>tly r\nd surfaces4 ,i4 ,granules entirely angul>4 #a4 ,_m ) prom95t nucleus3 ,at mo/ #j4jjff mm1 rice />*3 #b4 ,)\t a nucleus3 ,! l>ge/ #j4jjhh mm1 millet />*3 ,,ii4 ,among ! _m-angl$ also r\nd$ =ms4 a4 ,no drum-%ap$ =ms pres5t1 angul> =m pr$om9at+4 #a4 ,)\t nucleus or depression v small2 #j4jjdd mm1 oat />*3 #b4 ,) nucleus or depression2 #j4jacb-j4jbbj mm4 a4 ,nucleus or its depression consid]ably r\nd$2 "h & !re ! granules unit$ into diff]5tly =m$ gr\ps2 buck:eat />*3 b4 ,nucleus mo/ly radiate or />-%ap$2 all ! granules free2 maize 7corn7 />*3 b4 ,m or less num]\s kettl$rum & sug>-loaf l =ms4 #a4 ,v num]\s ecc5tric lay]s2 ! l>ge/ granules #j4jbb-j4jceb mm1 batata 7sweet potato7 />*3 #b4 ,)\t lay]s or r+s2 #j4jjh-j4jbb mm4 a4 ,9 ! kettl$rum-%ap$ granules ! nucleal depression mo/ly wid5$ on ! flatt5$ side2 #j4jjh-j4jbb mm1 cassava />*3 b4 ,depression want+ or n enl>g$4 aa4 ,nucleus small1 ecc5tric2 #j4jjh-j4jaf mm1 pa*yrhizus />*3 bb4 ,nucleus small1 c5tral1 or want+4 aaa4 ,_m irregul> angul> =ms2 #j4jjh-j4jagf mm1 se*ium />*3 bbb4 ,b few angul> =ms2 "s ) radiate1 nucleal fissure2 #j4jjh-j4jagf mm1 *e/nut />*4 ,c4 ,granules simple & comp\nd2 pr$om9ant =ms1 oval1 ) ecc5tric nucleus & num]\s lay]s2 ! comp\nd granule made up ( a l>ge granule & "o or m relatively small kettl$rum-%ap$ ones2 #j4jbe-j4jff mm1 sago />*4 #aih4 ,mut]'s ,table = ! ,detection ( ,/>*es :5 ,magnifi$ ab\t #bcj ,diamet]s4 ,all measurem5ts are giv5 9 decimals ( an in*4 ,gr\p ,i3 ,all m or less oval 9 %ape & hav+ bo? hilum & r+s visible4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n4 ,%ape4 ,normal ,rem>ks4 measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,t\s les mois,oval1 ) flat #j4jjcgj ,hilum annul>1 ne> "o ends to #j4jjahe end & incomplete r+s4 ,potato ,oval #j4jjbgj ,hilum annul>1 r+s to #j4jjadh incomplete1 %ape & size v v>iable4 ,b]muda ,sack-%ap$ #j4jjadh ,hilum di/9ct annul>1 arr[root to #j4jjabi %ape v>iable1 r+s fa9t4 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,oval-oblong #j4jjadh ,hilum semi-lun>1 r+s arr[root to #j4jjabi fa9t1 %ape n v v>iable4 ,natal ,broadly ovate #j4jjadh ,hilum annul>1 9 arr[root to #j4jjabi c5t] & well m>k$ complete r+s4 ,galangal ,skittle-%ap$ ,ab\t #j4jjace;,hilum elongat$1 v fa9t incomplete r+s4 ,calumba ,broadly 0 #j4jjahe;,hilum semi-lun>1 fa9t pe>-%ap$ b complete r+s1 %ape v>iable4 ,orris root ,elongat$-oblong 0 #j4jjjib;,hilum fa9t1 %ape *>act]i/ic4 ,turm]ic ,oval-oblong1 0 #j4jjadh,v /rongly m>k$ conical incomplete r+s4 ,g+] ,%ortly conical1 0 #j4jjadh;,hilum & r+s ) r\nd$ sc>cely visible1 angles4 %ape v>iable b *>act]i/ic4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,gr\p ,,ii3 ,) /rongly develop$ hilum m or less /ellate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n4 ,%ape4 ,normal ,rem>ks4 measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,bean ,oval-oblong ,ab\t #j4jjace;,fairly uni=m4 ,pea ,l bean #j4jjaaa ,v v>iable 9 size1 to #j4jjjgd ) granules "u #j4jjaaa prepond]at+4 ,l5til ,l bean ,ab\t #j4jjaaa;,hilum1 a long depression seldom radiate4 ,nutmeg ,r\nd$ 0 #j4jjjee,! small size & r\nd$ =m di/9ctive4 ,d>i ,elongat$ 0 #j4jjjgd;,irregul> appe>ance & hexagon great convexity di/9ctive4 ,maize ,r\nd & 0 #j4jjjgd,! r\nd$ angles ( ! polygonal polygonalgranules di/9ctive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gr\p ,,iii3 ,hilum & r+s practically invisible4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n4 ,%ape4 ,normal ,rem>ks4 measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:eat ,circul> & #j4jjahe ,v v>iable 9 size & flat to #j4jjjji v dull pol>ization 9 wat]4 ,b>ley ,slightly ,ab\t #j4jjjgc,! majority measur+ angul> ab\t #j4jjcgc circles di/9ctive1 & a few f\r times ?is size4 ,rye ,l b>ley #j4jjadh ,small granules1 q to #j4jjjji r\nd1 & "h & !re crack$4 ,jalap ,l :eat ,pol>izes brightly 9 wat]4 ,rhub>b d4 #j4jjjee ,pol>izes betwe5 jalap to #j4jjjcc & :eat1 & runs small] & m convex4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,s5ega ,l :eat #j4jjadh- #j4jjjji ,bayb]ry d4 #j4jjjgd- ,measurem5ts ! #j4jjjaa only guide4 ,sumbul d4 #j4jjjgd- #j4jjjji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*e/nut ,v v>iable #j4jjjij- ,v>iable =m1 & small #j4jjjji b regul> size1 di/9ctive4 ,acorn ,r\nd-oval ,ab\t #j4jjjgd,small & uni=m size1 di/9ctive4 ,calab> bean ,oval-oblong #j4jjbif ,l>ge size & %ape to #j4jjahj *>act]i/ic4 ,licorice ,elongat$-oval,ab\t #j4jjjah,small size & %ape di/9ctive4 ,hellebore ,p]fectly #j4jjjcg ,small1 regul> size & 7gre5 or rotund to #j4jjjji rotundity1 di/9ctive4 black7 ,hellebore ,irregul> #j4jjjee ,irregul> %ape & fa9t 7:ite7 to #j4jjjji c5tral depression1 di/9ctive4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gr\p ,,iv3 ,m or less truncat$ at "o end4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"n4 ,%ape4 ,normal ,rem>ks4 measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cassia ,r\nd #j4jjaaa ,r\nd or mull] %ap$ to #j4jjjah granules & fa9t circul> hilum4 ,c9namon ,l cassia #j4jjjgd ,m frequ5tly truncat$ to #j4jjjji ?an cassia1 & small]4 ,sago 7raw7 ,oval-ovate #j4jjbfj ,has circul> hilum at to #j4jjaaa convex end & r+s fa9tly visible4 ,sago 0 #j4jjbfj ,has a l>ge oval or 7prep>$7 to #j4jjaaa circul> depression1 cov]+ "o-?ird ne>ly ( ea* granule4 ,tapioca ,r\ndi% #j4jjjgd ,a little ov] fifty p] to #j4jjjee c5t truncat$ by "o facet1 & a pe>ly hilum4 ,arum ,l tapioca ,ab\t #j4jjjef,small] ?an tapioca & truncat$ by two facets4 ,belladonna d4 ,n di/+ui%able f tapioca4 ,col*icum d4 ,ab\t #j4jjjgd,l>g] ?an tapioca1 & conta9s _m m truncat$ granules4 ,scammony d4 0 #j4jjjde,small] ?an tapioca1 m irregul>1 & hilum n visible4 ,cancella ,v v>iable #j4jjjcc- ,v v>iable1 =m & #j4jjjbb small size ! only po9ts4 ,podophyllum ,l tapioca ,ab\t #j4jjjdj,l scammony1 b has visible hilum 9 mo/ ( ! granules4 ,aconite d4 0 #j4jjjcg,l tapioca1 b half ! size4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,gr\p ,v3 ,all granules m or less polygonal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n4 ,%ape4 ,normal ,rem>ks4 measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,tacca ,poly- or #j4jjjge ,di/+ui%$ f maize hexagonal to #j4jjjcg by its %>p angles4 ,oat ,polygonal ,ab\t #j4jjjcg,l>g] ?an rice & hilum visible 9 "s granules4 ,rice d4 #j4jjjcj- ,measurem5t us+ #j4jjjbj "o-eigh? or "o-twelf? in* p[]1 & !n hilum visible4 ,pepp] d4 #j4jjjbj- ,d4 #j4jjjjb ,ipecacuanha d4 ,ab\t #j4jjjah,"s r\nd & truncat$ granules1 adh]+ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aii4 ,bly?'s ,classification4--,bly? gives ! foll[+ s*eme = ! id5tification ( />* granules by _! microscopic appe>ance4#afe ,division ,i4--,/>*es %[+ a play ( colors ) pol>iz$ light & sel5ite plate3 ,! hilum & conc5tric r+s are cle>ly visible1 & all ! />* granules1 oval or ovate4 ,canna arr[root1 potato1 arr[root1 calumba1 orris root1 g+]1 galangal & turm]ic belong to ?is division4 ,division ,,ii4--,/>*es %[+ no iridesc5ce1 or sc>cely any1 :5 exam9$ by pol>iz$ light & sel5ite3 ,class ,i4--,! conc5tric r+s are all b invisible1 & ! hilum /ellate4 ,! bean1 pea1 maize1 l5til1 d>i & nutmeg />*es are 9 ?is class4 ,class ,,ii4--,/>*es :i* h bo? ! conc5tric r+s & hilum invisible 9 ! majority ( granules3 ?is important class includes :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 *e/nut1 acorn1 & _m />*es 9 m$ic9al plants4 ,class ,,iii4--,all ! granules are truncat$ at "o end4 ,?is class includes sago1 tapioca & arum1 sev]al drugs & c9namon & cassia4 ,class ,,iv4--,9 ?is class all ! granules are angul> 9 =m & x includes oats1 tacca1 rice1 pepp] & ipecacuanha4 #bjj4 ,prep>ation ( ,/>*es = ,microscopical ,exam9ation4--,! approximately pure />*es ( comm]ce may be prep>$ = microscopic exam9ation by rubb+ !m up ) wat] & m\nt+ "s ( ! susp5d$ p>ticles by "o ( ! me?ods to be describ$ bel[4 ,9 gra9s1 se$s & nuts ! />* is sep>at$ by gr9d+ ) wat] & work+ ?r\gh f9e l954 ,! />* :i* is work$ ?r\gh is all[$ to subside1 aga9 beat5 up ) wat] if necess>y & ! process cont9u$ until ! gra9s are sep>at$ suffici5tly = microscopic exam9ation4 ,a little pota% or soda lye may be us$1 if necess>y1 to sep>ate ! granules f album9\s & o!r adh]+ matt]4 ,! analy/ %\ld h a collection ( samples ( all common />*es ( kn[n orig9 = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,! granules are m\nt$ = exam9ation by pla9 light 9 a m$ium ( glyc]ol & camphor wat]4 ,:5 pol>iz$ light is us$ ! m\nt+ %\ld be 9 ,canada balsam4#aff ,! read] c f9d excell5t photomicrographs ( ! m common />*es 9 ,griffi?'s book4#afg #bja4 ,appe>ance 9 ,balsam ) ,pol>iz$ ,light4--,m\nt$ 9 balsam ! />*es are sc>cely visible "u any =m ( illum9ation ) ord9>y light1 ! index ( refraction ( ! granules & ! balsam be+ s ne>ly alike4 ,:51 h[ev]1 pol>iz$ light is us$ ! effect is a /rik+ "o4 ,x is v easy to di/+ui% all ! *>act]i/ics1 except ! r+s1 ! c5t] ( ! cross be+ at ! nucleus ( ! granule4 ,) ! sel5ite plate a play ( colors is produc$1 :i* is peculi> to "s ( ! />*es & =ms ! basis ( ,bly?'s classification4 #bjb4 ,description ,( ,typical ,/>*es4--,! m commonly occurr+ />*es are describ$ by ,ri*>dson z !y appe> "u ! microscope magnifi$ ab\t #cej diamet]s4#afh ,! illu/rations1 ) ! exception ( ! cassava />*1 & ! maize />* accompany+ x 7 drawn by ! late ,dr4 ,geo4 ,m>x f photographs made by ,ri*>dson 9 ?is laboratory4 ,! two samples except$ 7 photograph$ = ! au?or by ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,sp5c]4 ,m>anta ,/>*4--,( ! same type z ! potato />* are ! v>i\s arr[roots1 ! only "o ( :i* commonly met ) 9 ?is c\ntry be+ ! ,b]muda1 ! />* ( ! rhizome ( ,m>anta arund9acea1 & ! />* ( turm]ic4 ,! granules are usually n s v>i$ 9 size or %ape z ^? ( ! potato1 av]ag+ ab\t #j4jg millimet] 9 l5g? z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,!y are ab\t ! same size z ! av]age ( ! potato1 b are n (t5 f\nd ) ! same maximum or m9imum magnitude1 :i* circum/ance1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! end at :i* ! nucleus appe>s is broad] 9 ! m>anta & m po9t$ 9 ! potato1 enables "o to di/+ui% ! two />*es )\t difficulty4 ,) pol>iz$ light ! results are simil> to ^? se5 ) potato />*1 & ?is is a ready means ( di/+ui%+ ! two v>ieties1 by display+ 9 a /rik+ way ! =m ( ! granule & position ( ! hilum4 ,potato ,/>*4--,! />* gra9s ( ! potato are v v>iable 9 size1 be+ f\nd f #j4je to #j4aj millimet] 9 l5g?1 & 9 %ape f oval & alli$ =ms to irregul> & ev5 r\nd 9 ! smalle/4 ,^! v>iations are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #di1 b ! frequ5cy ( ! small] granules is n z evid5t z 9 "s o!r cases4 ,! lay]s are visible 9 "s granules ) great di/9ctness & 9 o!rs h>dly at all1 be+ r m prom95t 9 ! />* z obta9$ f a fre%ly cut surface4 ,! r+s are m di/9ct1 too1 ne> ! hilum or nucleus1 :i* 9 ?is1 z 9 all tub]\s />*es1 is ecc5tric1 %ad+ (f t[>d ! broad] or m exp&$ portion ( ! granule4 ,! hilum appe>s z a %ad[y depression1 & ) pol>iz$ light its position is well m>k$ by ! junction ( ! arms ( ! cross4 ,) pol>iz$ light & a sel5ite plate a beautiful play ( colors is obta9$4 ,! small] granules1 :i* are ne>ly r\nd1 may readily be confus$ ) o!r />*es1 b _! pres5ce s]ves at once to di/+ui% ?is f m>anta or ,b]muda arr[root />*4 ,r>ely comp\nd granules are f\nd compos$ ( two or ?ree s+le ones ea* ) its own nucleus4 ,g+] ,/>*4--,?is />* is ( ! same class z ^? f ! potato & m>anta & sev]al o!rs :i* are ( und]gr\nd orig94 ,9 outl9e ! granules are n oval l ^? nam$1 b m rectangul>1 hav+ m obtuse angles 9 ! l>g] ones & be+ cyl9drical or circul> 9 outl9e 9 ! small]1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,!y av]age ne>ly ! same size z m>anta />*1 b are mu* m v>iable1 bo? 9 size & =m4 ,! r+s are sc>cely visible ev5 ) ! mo/ favorable illum9ations4 ,sago ,/>*4--,?is exi/s 9 two modifications 9 ! m>ket2 z raw & z prep>$ sago4 ,9 ! prep>$ condition x is *>act]iz$ by a l>g] circul> depression 9 ! c5t] ( mo/ ( ! granules4 ,! r+s are n visible4 ,!y are mo/ly circul> 9 =m or approa*+ x1 & v>y f #j4jbe to #j4jfe millimet] 9 diamet]1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,m>anta ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,potato ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,g+] ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,sago ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,pea ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,bean ,,/>* #cej4 ,,drawn ,,by ,,geo4 ,,m>x4 ,a4 ,ho5 ,co41 ,li?ocau/ic ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,:eat ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,b>ley ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,rye ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,oat ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,indian ,,corn ,,/>* #cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,rice ,,/>* #cej4 ,,drawn ,,by ,geo4 ,,m>x4 ,a4 ,ho5 ,co41 ,li?ocau/ic ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,cassava ,,/>* #aej4 ,,pla9 ,,illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,indian ,,corn ,,/>* #aej4 ,,pla9 ,,illum9ation4 ,a4 ,ho5 ,co41 ,li?ocau/ic ,pea & ,bean ,/>*es4--,^! />*es produce b a slight effect ) pol>iz$ light4 ,! r+s are sc>cely visible1 & ! hilum is /ellate or mu* crack$ along a m$ian l9e1 ! bean m s ?an ! pea1 ! latt] resembl+ fre% d\gh knead$ aga9 into ! c5t] z 9 mak+ rolls1 & ! =m] ! %ape assum$ by ! same aft] bak+4 ,! gra9s ( bo? are some:at v>iable 9 size1 rang+ f #j4jbe to #j4aj millimet] 9 l5g?1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #eb & #ec4 ,:eat ,/>* gra9s are q v>iable 9 size1 v>y+ f #j4je to #j4jaj millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,!y belong to ! same class z b>ley & rye1 ! hilum be+ invisible & ! r+s n prom95t4 ,! granules are circul> disks 9 =m1 & !re are n[ & !n contort$ depressions resembl+ ^? 9 pea />*4 ,!y are ! lea/ regul> ( ! ?ree />*es nam$ & d n pol>ize actively4 ,! typical =ms ( ^! granules are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,b>ley ,/>* is q simil> to t ( :eat1 b ! gra9s d n v>y s mu* 9 size1 av]ag+ #j4je millimet]4 ,!y h r+s :i* are mu* m di/9ct1 & v small granules adh]+ to ! l>ge/ 9 bud-l =ms1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,rye ,/>* is m v>iable 9 size1 _m ( ! granules n exce$+ #j4jb millimet]1 :ile ! l>ge/ rea* #j4jf to #j4jg millimet]4 ,x lacks di/9ctive *>act]i/ics entirely1 & is ! mo/ simple 9 =m ( all ! />*es4 ,fig4 #ef %[s ! appe>ance ( ! granules "u ! microscope4 ,oat ,/>* is unique1 be+ compos$ ( l>ge comp\nd masses ( polyh$ral granules f #j4ab to #j4jb millimet] 9 l5g?1 ! s+le granules av]ag+ #j4jb to #j4jae millimet]4 ,x does n pol>ize actively1 & displays nei!r r+s nor hilum4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #eg1 %[s its nature ) accuracy4 ,indian ,corn ,/>*4--,! granules ( maize />* are l>gely ( ! same size1 f #j4jb to #j4jc millimet] 9 diamet]1 ) n[ & !n a few :i* are mu* small]4 ,!y are mo/ly circul> 9 %ape or r polyh$ral1 ) r\nd$ angles1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #eh & #fa4 ,!y =m v brilliant objects ) pol>iz$ light1 b ) ord9>y illum9ation %[ b ! fa9te/ sign ( r+s & a well-develop$ hilum1 at times />-%ap$1 & at o!rs m l a circul> depression4 ,rice ,/>* is v simil> to t ( maize1 & is easily confus$ ) x1 ! gra9s be+ ab\t ! same size4 ,! gra91 h[ev]1 is di/+ui%$ f x by its polygonal =m1 & its well def9$ angles1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! hilum is m prom95t & m (t5 /ellate or l9e>4 ,sev]al granules are at times unit$4 ,cassava ,/>*4--,?is v>iety ( />* is obta9$ f ! root ( ! sweet cassava1 :i* gr[s 9 great pr(usion 9 ,florida4 ,x is comp>$ ) maize />* 9 ,figs4 #fj & #fa4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! granules are repres5t$ z magnifi$ #aej diamet]s4 ,! gra9s ( ! cassava />* measure ab\t #j4jab millimet] 9 diamet] & resemble v ne>ly maize />*1 except t !y h great] ev5ness ( outl9e4#afi ,= fur!r descriptions ( />* gra9s ! read] is ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,griffi?1 already cit$4 ,^! descriptions1 x w be se51 d n agree entirely ) ^? ( "s o!r au?ors1 b !y are bas$ on a some:at ext5sive exp]i5ce4 ,!re are peculi>ities ( size1 %ape & appe>ance ( />* granules1 :i* mu/ be all[$ =1 & ! necessity = e inve/igator to comp>e a />* :i* he is desir\s ( id5tify+ ) au!ntic specim5s1 mu/ always be recogniz$4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,second4 #bc ,v9es1 ,vegetable ,physiology4 #bd ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #bacf2 ,/one1 ,agricultural ,sci5ce ,vol4 #f1 p4 #ahj4 ,page #ei1 eigh? l9e f bottom ins]t 8orig9al0 be=e 8optical40 ,page #fj1 second l9e f top1 read d in/ead ( l fructose4 #be ,h]les1 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahij4 ,s4 #bag4 #bf ,tuck]2 ,wie*mann2 ,sid]sky2 von ,lippman2 ,toll5s & ,sp5c]4 #bg ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #aig4 #bh ,physikalis*-,*emis*e ,tabell51 ,s4 #db4 #bi ,tuck]'s ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 pp4 #ajj et seq4 #cj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ajh4 #ca ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #aji4 #cb ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #aaj4 #cc ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #aad4 #cd ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 p4 #ib4 #ce ,l&olt's ,h&book ( ! ,pol>iscope1 pp4 #ie et seq4 #cf ,robb1 vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #h4 #cg ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 pp4 #bb et seq4 ,tuck]'s ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 pp4 #abj et seq4 #ch ,sid]sky2 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,sucres1 p4 #ajd4 #ci ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #aba4 #dj ,comptes r5dus1 #ahgi4 ,seance du #bj? ,octobre #ahgi2 ,d+l]'s polyte*ni*es ,j\rnal1 ,b& #bbc1 ,s4 #fjh4 #da ,l&olt's ,h&book ( ! ,pol>iscope4 p4 #abj4 #db ,sid]sky2 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,sucres1 p4 #ig4 #dc ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 pp4 #adc et seq4 #dd ,l&olt und ,brn/e91 ,physikalis*-,*emis*e ,tabell54 ,s4 #dfj4 #de ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #bcb4 #df ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie4 #ahgj1 ,s4 #bbc4 #dg ,tuck]'s ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 p4 #afd4 #dh 7bis74 ,g]la*1 ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 p4 #ia4 #di ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #de4 #ej ,vid4 loc4 et op4 cit4 supra4 #ea ,gill2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #bd1 #ahga1 p4 #ia4 #eb ,wiley2 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #bhi4 #ec ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #cja4 #ed ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahij4 ,s4 #hgf4 #ee ,web] & ,mc,pherson2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society4 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #cbj2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #abf4 #ef ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #ea4 #eg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,ss1 #fii und #gfc2 #ahij4 ,s4 #bag4 #eh ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,may1 #ahij1 p4 #dca4 #ei ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #ga4 #fj ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,transactions1 ,vol4 #eg1 pp4 #hcd1 et seq4 #fa ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #hff4 #fb ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahia1 p4 #df4 #fc ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #ga4 #fd ,f & 774 #fe ,l&olt's ,h&book ( ! ,pol>iscope1 p4 #abe4 #ff ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #dh et seq4 #fg ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahgg1 ,s4 #adjc4 #fh ,die l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #dj1 ,s4 #cjg4 #fi ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 p4 #hj2 ,l&olt's ,h&book ( ! ,pol>iscope1 p4 #baf2 ,toll5s' ,h&bu* d] ,kohl5hydrate4 #gj ,annal5 d] ,*emie & ,ph>macie1 ,may1 #ahgj4 #ga ,tuck]'s ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 p4 #bjh4 #gb ,rapport fait a la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t d',agriculture2 ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #ahdd4 #c;d s]ie1 ,tome #f1 p4 #cja4 #gc ,annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>macie1 ,b& #ci1 ,s4 #cfa4 #gd ,jahrb*] fr praktis*e ,heilkunde1 #ahde1 ,s4 #eji4 #ge ,ar*ives fr ,physiologis*e ,heilkunde1 #ahdh1 ,b& #g1 ,s #fd4 #gf ,rodewald & ,toll5s2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #aa1 ,s4 #bjgf4 #gg ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #ci1 p4 #gg4 #gh ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ai1 p4 #aha4 #gi ,gaud2 ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,apr4 #ahie1 p4 #fbi2 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahid1 ,tome #aai1 p4 #fjd4 #hj ,annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>macie1 ,b4 #gb1 ,s4 #ajf4 #ha ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #cgj4 #hb ,wiley2 ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,april1 #ahhd4 #hc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahie1 p4 #fdb2 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aai1 #ahid1 p4 #fej4 #hd ,annual ,report1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahgi1 p4 #fe2 ,zeits*rift fr ,analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ab1 ,s4 #bif2 ,mohr ,titrirme?ode1 se*/e auflage1 ,s4 #ejh4 #he ,comptes r5dus1 #ahid1 ,tome #aai1 p4 #dgh4 #hf ,gazetta ,*imica ,italiana1 ,tome #f1 p4 #cbb4 #hg ,sid]sky2 ,trait d',analyse des ,matires ,sucres1 p4 #adh4 #hh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #adi4 #hi ,neue ,zeits*rift fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #bbj4 #ij ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #icc4 #ia ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahhg1 ,s4 #adg4 #ib ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bc1 ,no4 #ad1 ,s4 #cjjc2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahia1 ,s4 #ig4 #ic ,o/2 vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 #id ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahij1 ,s4 #ahg4 #ie ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #ci1 p4 #gg4 #if ,! ,analy/1 #ahid1 p4 #aha4 #ig ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #ga1 p4 #bce4 #ih ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #ahid1 ,tome #cj1 p4 #cje4 #ii ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 7#c71 #bc1 p4 #bjh4 #ajj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 7#c71 #be1 p4 #iac4 #aja ,sid]sky2 ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es1 ,juillet1 #ahhf et ,sept4 #ahhh4 #ajb ,bod5b5d] & ,s*ell]2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhg1 ,s4 #ach4 #ajc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #ice4 #ajd ,ewell2 ,manuscript communication to au?or4 #aje ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 #ahhj1 ,b& #bb1 #df2 ,h&bu* d] ,spiritusfabrication1 #ahij1 ,s4 #gi2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahgi1 ,s4 #ajej2 ,ibid1 #ahhc1 ,s4 #gfi2 ,ibid1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #gcd4 #ajf ,h&bu* d] ,spiritusfabrication1 #ahij1 #gi4 #ajg ,we92 ,tabell5 zur quantitativ5 ,be/immung d] ,zuck]>t51 ,s4 #ac4 7,! caption = ! table on page #aei %\ld read z on page #afj47 #ajh ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #gce4 #aji ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #bji4 #aaj ,*emik]-,zeitung1 #ahic1 ,s4 #edh4 #aaa ,we92 ,tabell5 zur quantitativ5 ,be/immung d] ,zuck]>t51 ,s4 #ce4 #aab ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #ffa4 #aac ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #hg4 #aad ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahie1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #ff4 #aae ,comptes r5dus2 ,tome #aab1 ,no4 #ae1 p4 #gii4 #aaf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,tome #id1 p4 #aeag4 #aag ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,june1 #ahhh1 p4 #faj4 7,9 ! =mulas = lactose & arab9ose read ,h & ,h respectively47 #aah ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #aa1 ,no4 #g1 p4 #dfi4 #aai ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #g4 #abj ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ag1 ,no4 #g1 pp4 #ejg1 #eag4 #aba ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aah1 p4 #dbf4 #abb ,ju/us ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie1 #ahij4 ,b& #beg1 ,s4 #afj4 #abc ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #fh et seq4 #abd ,fl9t & ,toll5s2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #be1 ,s4 #biab4 #abe ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #agea4 7,read ,gn!r47 #abf ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #dba4 #abg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dbf4 #abh ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #cege4 #abi ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #gd4 #acj ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ag1 #agdc4 #aca ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #ah1 ,n4 #ea1 ,s4 #iff4 #acb ,monat%efte fr ,*emie1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #bhc2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,ref]ate ,b& #bh1 ,s4 #fbi4 #acc ,papasogli2 ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,juillet #ahie1 p4 #fh4 #acd ,gans und ,toll5s2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #ch1 ,s4 #aabf4 #ace ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #bj1 ,s4 #aha2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahia1 ,s4 #hie4 #acf ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahia1 ,s4 #hia4 #acg ,*emik]-,zeitung1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #b2 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #cdg4 #ach ,fis*]2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #hba2 ,b& #ba1 ,ss4 #ihh2 #bfca4 #aci ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #aa1 ,s4 #dib4 #adj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #ab1 ,no4 #d1 ,ss4 #cee et seq2 ,no4 #e1 ,ss4 #cgg et seq4 #ada ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #edj4 #adb ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,ma!matis*-,naturwiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi51 ,b& #ic1 ,heft #b1 ,s4 #iab4 #adc ,toll5s2 ,h&bu* d] ,kohl5hydrate2 von ,lippmann1 ,*emie d] ,zuck]>t54 #add ,wild] ,qu>t]-,c5tury ,book1 #ahic2 ,abdruck aus dem ,c5tralblatt fr ,bakt]iologie und ,p>asit5kunde1 ,b& #ah1 #ahie1 ,no4 #a2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 ,sept41 #ahie4 #ade ,griffi?s1 ,pr9cipal ,/>*es us$ z ,food2 ,ngeli's ,beitrge zur nh]5 ,k5ntniss d] ,/rkegruppe4 #adf ,zeits*rift fr ,physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ab1 ,ss4 #ge-gh4 #adg ,ma]ck]2 ,h&bu* d] ,spiritusfabrikation1 #ahij1 ,s4 #ij4 #adh ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #aeja4 #adi ,p>agraphs #bh-cb1 ?is volume4 #aej ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjd4 #aea ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahgg1 ,b& #h1 ,s4 #gcb4 #aeb ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #aeja4 #aec ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #aejb2 ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 #ahhg1 p4 #ech4 #aed ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #aejb4 #aee ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahie1 ,s4 #agbg4 #aef ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #aejb4 #aeg ,jahresb]i*te d] ,agrikultur*emie1 #ahib1 ,s4 #ffd4 #aeh ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #e1 ,srie1 ,tome #be1 p4 #cid4 #aei ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #fd4 #afj ,rep]torium d] ,analytis*5 ,*emie1 #ahhg1 ,s4 #bii4 #afa ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #gbf4 #afb ,frs*ungs ,b]i*te b] ,leb5smittel1 ,hamburg2 ,abs41 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #baj4 #afc ,r\vi]2 ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #ajg1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgh2 ,tome #aaa1 pp4 #fd1 #ahf2 ,tome #abj1 p4 #aagi4 #afd ,bullet9 #ac1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 pp4 #aed et4 seq4 #afe ,foods1 ,_! ,composition & ,analysis1 p4 #aci4 #aff ,ri*>dson1 ,vid4 op4 cit4 #adb1 p4 #aeh4 #afg ,pr9cipal ,/>*es us$ z ,food1 ,cir5ce/]1 ,baily ,son1 ,m>ket ,place4 #afh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #adb1 pp4 #aeh et seq4 #afi ,bullet9 #dd1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ad4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,processes ,,= ,,detect+ ,,& ,,det]m9+ ,,sug>s ,,& ,,/>*es ,,& ,,o!r ,,c>bohydrates ,,9 ,,crude ,,or ,,manufactur$ ,,agricultural ,,products4 #bjc4 ,introduction4--,9 ! prec$+ "p directions h be5 giv5 = ! e/imation ( sug>s & />*es 9 approximately pure =ms4 ,9 ! pres5t "p w be describ$ ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( sep>at+ ^! bodies & o!r c>bohydrates f crude agricultural products & = _! *emical exam9ation4 ,9 _m respects ! processes :i* 9 a small way are us$ = prep>+ samples = analysis are employ$ on a l>ge scale = te*nical & manufactur+ purposes4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! foll[+ p>agraphs mu/ be conf9$ /rictly to ! analytical side ( ! "q inasmu* z any?+ m ?an m]e ref]5ces to te*nical processes w\ld lead into wide digressions4 ,9 ! case ( sug>s ! analy/ is = ! mo/ "p q z mu* 9 ne$ ( reliable me?ods ( extraction & prep>ation z ( processes = analysis4 ,) />*es ! matt] is m simple & ! *ief me?ods ( sep>at+ !m = exam9ation 7 necess>ily describ$ 9 ! previ\s "p4 ,sug>s 9 fre% plants exi/ almo/ entirely 9 solution4 ,?is is true ( all ! great s\rces ( ! sug> ( comm]ce1 viz41 ! palm1 ! maple1 ! sug> beet & sug> cane4 ,?is /atem5t is also true ( fruits & ! natural nect> ( fl[]s4 ,by natural or artificial dry+ ! sug> may be r$uc$ to ! solid or semisolid /ate z 9 ! cases ( rais9s & honey4 ,9 c]ta9 se$s1 defici5t 9 wat]1 sug>s may possibly exi/ 9 a solid /ate naturally1 z may be ! case ) sucrose 9 ! peanut & raff9ose 9 cotton se$4 ,/>*es on ! o!r h& :5 soluble1 are probably n true />*es1 b !y p>take m or less ( a dextr9oid nature4 ,f9e />* p>ticles occur abundantly 9 ! juices ( "s plants1 z = in/ance sorghum1 :]e !y are associat$ ) sug> & c be obta9$ f ! express$ juice by subsid5ce4 ,b ev5 9 su* a case x is n c]ta9 t ! />* ent]s into ! g5]al circulation4 ,x is m likely =m$ locally by bio*emical cond5sation ( its con/itu5ts4 ,/>*es 9 a soluble or semisoluble /ate are transport$1 z a rule1 to ! tub]s or se$s ( plants :]e !y are accumulat$ 9 l>ge quantities z a res]ve food = future gr[?4 ,= a /udy ( ! plant metabolism :]eby />* is produc$ & = its hi/ological & physiological prop]ties ! read] may consult ! /&>d au?orities on vegetable physiology4#agj #bjd4 ,sug> 9 ! ,sap ( ,trees4--,_m trees at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 c>ry l>ge quantities ( sug> 9 _! sap4 ,among ^! ! maple & sug> palm are preem95t4 ,! sap is secur$ by cutt+ a pocket into ! side ( ! tree or by bor+ into x & all[+ ! sap to run into an appropriate receptacle ?r\gh a spile4 ,! cont5t ( sug> 9 ! sap ( ! maple & palm v>ies greatly4 ,9 "s cases x falls z l[ z "o & a half & 9 o!rs rises to z mu* z six or sev5 p] c5t4#aga ,9 mo/ cases ! sug> 9 ! maple sap is pure sucrose1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! fl[+ season x may und]go *anges ( a visc\s nature due to f]m5tation1 or inv]sion1 =m+ traces ( inv]t sug>4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! sap ( ! maple may fl[ freely on any w>m day 9 w9t]1 b ! sug> season prop] beg9s ab\t ,febru>y #ae? 9 ,s\!rn ,ohio & ,indiana1 & ab\t ,m>* #be? 9 ,v]mont4 ,x la/s f six weeks to two mon?s4 ,! sap fl[s be/ dur+ mod]ately w>m1 /ill days1 aft] a light freeze4 ,9 addition to sug> ! maple sap conta9s a trace ( album9oid matt]s & "s malic acid comb9$ ) lime4 ,z a rule x c be subject$ to pol>ization )\t prelim9>y cl>ification4 #bje4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sug> 9 ,saps4--,9 mo/ cases ! sap may be directly pol>iz$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,its specific gravity is obta9$ by a sp9dle or pyknomet]1 & ! p]c5tage ( sug>s tak5 directly f ! table on page #gc1 ! degree brix correspond+ to ! sug> p]c5tage4 ,on pol>iz+1 ! sug> p]c5tage is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,multiply ! specific gravity ( ! sap by #ajj & divide ! product by #bf4jdh4 ,divide ! direct read+ ( ! sap on ! sug> scale by ! quoti5t obta9$ above1 & ! quoti5t ?us obta9$ w be ! correct p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! orig9al solution4 ,! =mula is applicable = ^? in/rum5ts 9 :i* #bf4jdh grams repres5t ! normal quantity ( sug> :i* 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s reads #ajj divisions on ! scale4 ,:5 o!r factors are us$ !y %\ld be sub/itut$ = #bf4jdh 9 ! above =mula4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! calculation is bas$ on ! weight ( ! sap :i* is conta9$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & ?is is evid5tly obta9$ by multiply+ #ajj by ! specific gravity ( ! sap4 ,s9ce #bf4jdh is ! normal quantity ( sug> 9 t volume ( ! solution ! quoti5t ( ! actual weight divid$ by t factor %[s h[ _m times too great ! obs]v$ pol>ization is4 ,! simple division ( ! pol>iscope read+ by ?is factor gives ! correct read+4 ,example3 ,let ! specific gravity ( ! sap be #a4jae & ! obs]v$ pol>ization be #ae4j4 ,!n ! true p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! sap is f\nd by ! equation3 #aja4e 3 #bf4jdh #ae4j 3 x4 ,:5ce x #c4he p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! sap4 ,! process outl9$ above is n applicable :5 a cl>ify+ reag5t su* z lead subacetate or alum9a cream mu/ be us$4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases x w n be f\nd necess>y to weigh ! sap4 ,a sug> flask graduat$ at #ajj & #aaj cubic c5timet]s is us$ & fill$ to ! fir/ m>k ) ! sap1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is kn[n4 ,! cl>ify+ reag5t is add$1 ! volume complet$ to ! second m>k ) wat]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask well %ak5 & ?r[n on a dry filt]4 ,! obs]vation tube1 :i* %\ld be #bbj millimet]s 9 l5g?1 is !n fill$ ) ! cle> filtrate & ! re/ ( ! process is z describ$ above4 ,a #bjj millimet] tube may also be us$ 9 ?is case & ! obs]v$ read+ increas$ by "o-t5?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,laboratory ,,cane ,,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,weigh+ ,,pipette4 #bjf4 ,e/imation ( ,sug> 9 ! ,sap ( ,sug> ,cane & ,sorghum4--,9 bodies l sug> cane & sorghum ! sap conta9+ ! sug> w n fl[ z 9 ! cases ( ! maple & sug> palm4 ,! simple/ way ( secur+ ! sap ( ! bodies nam$ is to subject !m to pressure betwe5 rolls4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( obta9+ ! sap or juice is by pass+ ! cane ?r\gh a small ?ree-roll mill indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,small mills ( ?is k9d h be5 us$ 9 ?is division = _m ye>s & ) entire satisfaction4 ,small canes1 su* z sorghum1 may be mill$ "o at a "t1 or ev5 two or ?ree :5 !y are v small4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge canes1 x is necess>y t !y be split & only half ( !m us$ at once4 ,! mill %\ld n be cr[d$ by ! fe$ 9 su* a way z to endang] x or make x too difficult = ! labor] to turn4 ,f fifty to sixty p] c5t ( ! weight ( a cane 9 juice may be obta9$ by pass+ x ?r\gh "o ( ^! small mills4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t !re is a little diff]5ce betwe5 ! juice z fir/ express$ & ! residual sap rema9+ 9 ! bagasse1 b ! juice fir/ express$ may be us$ = analysis = control purposes z a fair repres5tative ( all t ! cane conta9s4 ,to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( juice express$1 ! canes may be weigh$ be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! mill & ! juice collect$4 ,its weight divid$ by ! weight ( ! orig9al cane w give ! p] c5t ( ! juice express$1 calculat$ on ! :ole cane4 ,in/ead ( weigh+ ! juice ! bagasse may also be collect$ & weigh$2 b on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ) :i* x dries ! op]ation %\ld be accompli%$ )\t delay4 ,! express$ juice is cl>ifi$ ) lead subacetate1 filt]$ & pol>iz$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 =m] p>agraphs4 ,in/ead ( weigh+ ! juice1 its specific gravity may be tak5 by an accurate sp9dle & ! volume ( x1 equival5t to a giv5 weight1 measur$ f a sucrose pipette4#agb ,a sucrose pipette = cane juice has a graduation on ! upp] "p ( ! /em :i* enables ! op]ator to deliv] d\ble ! normal weight = ! pol>iscope us$1 aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! d5sity ( ! juice by means ( a sp9dle4 ,a graduation ( f #e to #be ( ! brix sp9dle w be suffici5t = all v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! juice1 or "o cov]+ a range ( f #aj to #bj w suffice = mo/ in/ances4 ,! great] ! d5sity ( ! juice ! less volume ( x w be requir$ = ! weight m5tion$4 ,= g5]al use1 ! sucrose pipette is graduat$ on ! /em to deliv] f =ty-eight to #ej4e cubic c5timet]s1 ! graduations be+ 9 t]ms ( ! brix sp9dle4 ,! graduation ( ! /em ( ?is in/rum5t is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,9 ! use ( ! pipette x is only necess>y to fill x to ! degree on ! /em correspond+ to ! degree brix f\nd 9 ! prelim9>y trial4 ,! quantities ( juice correspond+ to ea* degree & fractional degree ( ! brix sp9dle are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table2 calculat$ = ! normal weight #bf4jdh grams = ! v5tzke & = #af4ai grams = ! laur5t scale4 ,! measur$ quantities ( juice are plac$ 9 a #ajj cubic c5timet] sug> flask1 treat$ ) ! prop] quantity ( lead subacetate1 ! volume complet$ to ! m>k1 & ! juice filt]$ & pol>iz$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,! read+ ( ! pol>iscope is divid$ by two = ! factor #bf4jdh & by ?ree = ! factor #af4ai4 ,,table ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,sucrose ,,pipettes4 ,cubic c5timet]s ,cubic c5timet]s ( juice = #bf4jdh ( juice = #af4ai ,degrees factor4 ,divide ,degrees factor4 ,divide brix4 read+ by two4 brix4 read+ by ?ree4 #e4j #ea4a #e4j #dg4f #e4d #ea4j #e4g #dg4e #e4g #ej4i #f4c #dg4d #f4d #ej4h #f4h #dg4c #f4i #ej4g #g4c #dg4b #g4d #ej4f #g4h #dg4a #g4i #ej4e #h4c #dg4j #h4d #ej4d #h4i #df4i #h4i #ej4c #i4e #df4h #i4d #ej4b #aj4j #df4g #i4i #ej4a #aj4e #df4f #aj4d #ej4j #aa4j #df4e #aj4i #di4i #aa4f #df4d #aa4d #di4h #ab4a #df4c #aa4i #di4g #ab4g #df4b #ab4d #di4f #ac4c #df4a #ab4i #di4e #ac4h #df4j #ac4d #di4d #ad4c #de4i #ac4i #di4c #ad4h #de4h #ad4d #di4b #ae4c #de4g #ad4i #di4a #ae4i #de4f #ae4d #di4j #af4d #de4e #ae4i #dh4i #ag4j #de4d #af4d #dh4h #ag4e #de4c #af4i #dh4g #ah4j #de4b #ag4d #dh4f #ah4f #de4a #ag4i #dh4e #ai4a #de4j #ah4d #dh4d #ai4g #dd4i #ah4i #dh4c #bj4b #dd4h #ai4d #dh4b #ai4i #dh4a ,9 ord]+ sucrose pipettes ! factor = :i* !y are to be graduat$ %\ld be /at$4 ,x is evid5t also t ) ! help ( ! =ego+ table ! measurem5ts may be made by means ( a burette4 ,= in/ance1 if ! degree brix is f\nd to be #ai4i1 #dh4a cubic c5timet]s are to be us$4 ,?is quantity c be easily run f a burette4 ,9 ord] to make ! pipette m conv5i5t x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ?is laboratory1 z practic$ by ,c>r1 to atta* a glass tube ) a /opcock by means ( a rubb] tube to ! upp] "p ( ! pipette1 :]eby ! exact level ( ! juice 9 ! /em ( ! pipette c be easily set at any requir$ m>k4 ,9 ! pol>ization ( dilute solutions1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! saps & juices ref]r$ to above1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! gyrodynat ( ! sucrose is increas$ z ! d5sity ( ! solution is dim9i%$4 ,?is *ange introduces a slight error into ! "w :i* is ( no consequ5ce f a te*nical po9t ( view1 b becomes a matt] :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 exact det]m9ations4 ,to avoid ! annoyance ( calculat+ ! gyrodynat = e degree ( conc5tration1 tables h be5 con/ruct$ by ,s*mitz & ,crampton by means ( :i* ! actual p]c5tage ( sug>1 correspond+ to any degree ( pol>ization1 is det]m9$ by inspection4 ,^! tables may be us$ :5 extremely accurate "w is requir$4#agc ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fd4 ,,gird',s ,,gravimet]4 #bjg4 ,measur+ ,sug> ,juices ) a ,gravimet]4--,a conv5i5t me?od ( weigh+ sug> juices is ! gravimetric process design$ by ,gird4#agd ,! app>atus is fully illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #fd4 ,! hydromet] ,f has a weight ( #bf4jdh grams & its /em is also graduat$ 9 degrees brix4 ,! juice is p\r$ into ! cyl9d] ,a & all[$ to /& until air bubbles h escap$4 ,9 fill+ ,a ! f+] is held ov] ! orifice ,g s t ! siphon tube ,b is completely fill$1 ! air escap+ at ! v5t ,c4 ,aft] ! tube is fill$ ! f+] is )drawn f ,g & all ! liquid :i* w run out at ,g all[$ to escape4 ,! sug> flask ,d is n[ br\ght "u ,g & ! hydromet] ,f all[$ to desc5d into ,a4 ,! hydromet] w displace exactly its own weight ( liquid4 ,= conv5i5ce ( read+1 ! index ,e may be us$ :i* is set five degrees above ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ,a4 ,! numb] ( degrees brix read by ,e is !n dim9i%$ by five4 ,! hydromet] has be5 improv$ s9ce ! description giv5 by ! addition ( a !rmomet] :i*1 9 addition to c>ry+ a graduation 9 degrees1 also %[s ! correction to be made ^u ! degree brix = ea* degree read4 ,x is evid5t t ! hydromet] may be made ( any weight1 & ?us ! deliv]y ( any desir$ am\nt ( juice be secur$4 #bjh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,r$uc+ ,bodies 9 ,cane ,juices4--,sucrose 9 cane juices is con/antly accompani$ ) r$uc+ sug>s1 or o!r bodies :i* h a simil> action on fehl+ liquor1 :i* int]f]e to a consid]able degree ) ! practical manufacture ( sug>4 ,x is important to det]m9e ) a mod]ate degree ( accuracy ! quantity ( ^! bodies4 ,^! sug>s or r$uc+ bodies are ( a peculi> nature4 ,! au?or po9t$ out _m ye>s ago t ^! r$uc+ bodies 7 )\t action on pol>iz$ light1 & = ?is reason propos$ ! "n anoptose z "o *>act]i/ic ( _! nature4#age ,x is also f\nd t ^! bodies d n yield !oretically ! quantity ( alcohol :i* a true sug> ( ! hexose type w\ld give4#agf ,x is entirely probable1 !re=e1 t !y are q diff]5t 9 _! nature f _m ( ! commonly kn[n sug>s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ^! bodies 9 a pure /ate _! actual copp] r$uc+ p[] is n kn[n4 ,= practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x is assum$ to be ! same z t ( dextrose or inv]t sug> & ! p]c5tage ( ^! bodies pres5t is calculat$ on t assumption4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ^! sug>s or r$uc+ bodies1 ! quantity weigh$ may be det]m9$ by an app>atus entirely simil> to ! sucrose pipette j describ$ above4 ,! quantity ( juice us$ %\ld be dilut$ z a rule to su* a degree z n to conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! r$uc+ bodies4 ,= ! be/ "w1 ! juices %\ld be cl>ifi$ ) lead subacetate & ! excess ( lead remov$ ) sodium c>bonate4 ,= te*nical control "w 9 sug> factories1 ?is process may be omitt$ z 9 su* cases rapidity ( "w is a matt] ( consid]able importance & ! approximate e/imation ( ! total quantity ( r$uc+ bodies is all t is desir$4 ,= volumetric "w1 ! solution ( copp] & ! me?od ( manipulation describ$ 9 p>agraph #aag are mo/ conv5i5tly us$4 #bji4 ,pres]vation ( ,sug> ,juices = ,analysis4--,lead subacetate n only cl>ifies ! juices ( canes & ?us p]mits ( _! m exact analytical exam9ation1 b also ex]cises pres]vative effects :i* enable x to be us$ z a pres]v+ ag5t & ?us greatly dim9i% ! am\nt ( "w necess>y 9 ! te*nical control ( a sug> factory4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! analy/ be+ compell$ to make an exam9ation ( e sample ( ! juice1 aliquot portions repres5t+ ! diff]5t quantities c be pres]v$ & "o analysis made = all4 ,?is me?od has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,edson1 :o also f9ds t ! errors1 :i* may be introduc$ by ! use ( ! lead subacetate 9 ! analytical "w1 may be entirely avoid$ by us+ ! normal lead acetate4#agg ,9 ! use ( ! normal lead acetate1 mu* less acetic acid is requir$ 9 ! pol>iscopic "w ?an :5 ! subacetate is us$4 ,! normal lead acetate is n s good a cl>ify+ ag5t z ! subacetate1 b its effici5cy 9 ?is respect is increas$ by ! addition ( a little acetic acid4 ,9 its use1 x is n necess>y to remove ! lead1 ev5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! r$uc+ bodies4 ,= fur!r details 9 reg>d to ! te*nical det]m9ation ( r$uc+ bodies1 special works may be consult$4#agh #baj4 ,direct ,det]m9ation ( ,sug>s 9 ,canes4--,! me?ods1 :i* h j be5 describ$1 ( secur+ ! juices ( cane by pressure & ( det]m9+ ! sug>s !re91 d n give ! actual p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! cane4 ,an approximate result may be secur$ by assum+ t ! cane is compos$ ( n9ety p>ts ( juice & t5 p>ts ( cellul> tissues & o!r insoluble matt]s4 ,?is assumption is approximately true 9 mo/ cases1 b !re are (t5 conditions aris+ :i* r5d] ! data calculat$ on ! above assumption mislead+4 ,9 any p>ticul> case 9 ord] to be c]ta9 t ! correct p]c5tage ( sug> is secur$ x w be necess>y to det]m9e ! fib] 9 ! cane4 ,?is is an analytical process ( consid]able labor & especially s on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( secur+ samples :i* repres5t ! av]age composition ( ! cane4 ,! fibr\s /ructure ( ! canes1 ! h>dness ( _! ext]nal cov]+ & ! t\ghness ( _! nodes or jo9ts r5d] ! sampl+ extremely difficult4 ,moreov]1 ! cont5t ( sug> v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cane4 ,! p>ts ne>e/ ! gr\nd are1 z a rule1 ri*] ?an ! upp] jo9ts & ?is is especially true ( sug> cane4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to get a fair sample1 ev5 ( a s+le cane1 all p>ts ( x mu/ be consid]$4 ,sev]al me?ods ( ! direct det]m9ation ( sug> 9 canes h be5 propos$ & w be describ$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fe4 ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,canes4 #baa4 ,me?ods ( ,cutt+ or ,%r$d+ ! ,cane = ,analytical ,purposes4--,a simple me?od ( cutt+ canes into small pieces :i* w p]mit ( an ev5 sampl+ is v mu* to be desir$4 ,! cutt+ app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe has be5 long 9 use 9 ?is laboratory4 ,! canes by x are cut into ?9 slices1 b ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife be+ p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( ! cane r5d]s ! use ( ! in/rum5t some:at labori\s & unsatisfactory4 ,a consid]able "t is requir$ to cut a s+le cane & ! slices :i* are =m$ %\ld be receiv$ 9 a vessel :i* w protect !m z mu* z possible f evaporation dur+ ! process ( ! "w4 ,in/ead ( ! app>atus above a small cane cutt+ ma*9e arrang$ ) f\r knives on a revolv+ disk maybe us$4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! cane is f$ aga9/ ! knives ?r\gh ! hole %[n 9 ! op5 front ( ! app>atus & ! knives ?us /rike ! cane obliquely4#agi ,! knives c be set 9 ! revolv+ disk at any desir$ position s z to cut ! canes into *ips z f9e z may be desir$4 ,! cossettes furni%$ by ?is me?od may be sampl$ directly = ! extraction ( ! sug>4 ,9 ! case ( ! cossettes f bo? in/rum5ts describ$ above a f9] subdivision may be secur$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh a sausage cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ff4 ,,cane ,,cutt+ ,,mill4 ,! be/ me?od = %r$d+ canes1 h[ev]1 is to pass !m ?r\gh ! app>atus describ$ on page #i4 ,t ma*9e gives an extremely f9e1 moi/ mass1 :i* is ( uni=m nature & capable ( be+ directly sampl$4 #bab4 ,me?ods ( ,det]m9ation4--,ev5 ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial obta9$ by ! ma*9e j describ$ is n suit$ to give an in/antane\s diffusion = pol>ization z is done by ! f9ely gr\nd beet pulp to be describ$ fur!r on4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( sug> a prop] weight ( ! cossettes or pulp obta9$ z describ$ above1 tak5 aft] ?or\gh mix+1 is plac$ 9 a flask graduat$ prop]ly & treat$ ) wat]4#ahj ,! flask 9 :i* ! mixture takes place %\ld be m>k$ to comp5sate = ! volume ( ! fib] ( ! cane4 ,:5 ! normal weight ( cane is tak5 = ! v5tzke scale1 viz41 #bf4jdh1 ! flask %\ld be graduat$ at #ajb4f cubic c5timet]s4 ,if d\ble ! normal weight be tak51 ! flask %\ld be graduat$ at #bje4b cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is graduation is bas$ on ! assumption ( ! pres5ce ( fib] am\nt+ to t5 p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cossettes4 ,! fib] is s ne>ly ! d5sity ( ! juice obta9$ z to be reg>d$ z "o gram equal to "o cubic c5timet]4 ,! flask is at fir/ fill$ almo/ full ( wat] & !n w>m$ to ne> ! boil+ po9t = an h\r ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,x is !n fill$ to a little above ! m>k1 ! cont5ts well mix$ & w>m$ = t5 m9utes m ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,aft] cool+1 ! volume is made up to ! m>k1 well %ak5 & p\r$ ^u a filt]4 ,! filtrate is collect$ 9 a sug> flask m>k$ at fifty & fifty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,:5 fill$ to ! fir/ m>k a prop] quantity ( lead subacetate is add$1 ! volume complet$ to ! second m>k ) wat]1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask well %ak51 p\r$ ^u a filt] & ! filtrate pol>iz$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! r$uc+ sug> is det]m9$ 9 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate by "o ( ! alkal9e copp] me?ods4 #bac4 ,det]m9ation by ,dry+ & ,extraction4--,in/ead ( ! diffusion & pol>ization me?od j describ$1 ! f9e pulp obta9$ may be dri$1 ! dri$ residue gr\nd 9 a drug mill & extract$ ) aque\s alcohol or ) wat]4 ,to facilitate ! calculation :5 ?is me?od is employ$1 ! wat] cont5t ( a small portion ( ! well sampl$ pulp is det]m9$4 ,! re/ ( ! pulp is dri$1 fir/ = a few h\rs at a temp]ature n above #fj or #gj1 & !n at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 ei!r 9 ! op5 air or a p>tial vacuum1 until all ! wat] is driv5 (f4 ,! dri$ residue c !n be pres]v$ 9 well /opp]$ bottles = ! det]m9ation ( sug> at any conv5i5t p]iod4 ,! f9ely gr\nd dri$ residue = ?is purpose is plac$ 9 an extraction app>atus & ?or\ghly exhau/$ ) eighty p] c5t alcohol4 ,! extract is dri$ & weigh$1 giv+ ! total weight ( all sug>s pres5t4 ,aft] weigh+1 ! extract is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 made up to a def9ite volume & ! r$uc+ sug>s det]m9$ 9 an aliquot portion !re( by ! usual me?ods4 ,! weight ( r$uc+ sug>s f\nd1 calculat$ = ! :ole extract d$uct$ f ! total weight ( ?is extract w give ! weight ( ! sucrose 9 ! sample4 ,f ?is numb] ! cont5t ( sug> 9 ! orig9al cane is det]m9$ f ! p]c5tage ( wat] f\nd 9 ! orig9al sample4 ,example4--,9 a sample ( f9ely pulp$ canes ! cont5t ( wat] is f\nd to be #gf4e p] c5t4 ,! ?or\ghly dri$ pulp is gr\nd & extract$ ) aque\s alcohol4 ,five grams give two & five-t5?s grams ( ! extract4 ,! extract is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 made up to a def9ite volume & ! r$uc+ sug>s det]m9$ 9 an aliquot "p & calculat$ = ! :ole1 am\nt+ to #aej milligrams4 ,! extract is !re=e compos$ ( #b4ce grams ( sucrose & #j4ae gram ( r$uc+ sug>s4 ,! calculation is n[ made to ! orig9al sample :i* conta9$ #gf4e p] c5t ( wat] & #bc4e p] c5t ( dry matt]1 z foll[s3 #e 3 x 33 #bc4e 3 #ajj1 :5ce x #ba4bg1 ! weight ( ! orig9al mat]ial correspond+ to five grams ( ! dry sub/ance4 ,! orig9al composition ( ! sample is !re=e express$ by ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,p] c5t4 ,sucrose #aa4a ,r$uc+ sug>s #j4g ,wat] #gf4e ,fib] 7insoluble matt]7 #aa4g #bad4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,bagasse4--,! me?od j describ$ = ! exam9ation ( canes may be also appli$ to ! analysis ( bagasses1 ) ! *anges made necess>y by ! increas$ p]c5tage ( fib] !re94 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge surface expos$ by ! bagasse1 ! sampl+1 %r$d+ & weigh+ %\ld be accompli%$ z spe$ily z possible to avoid loss ( moi/ure4 ,! optical exam9ation ( bagasses is r5d]$ difficult by reason ( ! unev5 pressure to :i* ! canes are subject$4 ,) fairly good mill+ 9 te*nical "w ! bagasses w h at lea/ ?irty p] c5t ( fib]4 ,! me?od = ! pol>iscopic exam9ation is !re=e bas$ ^u t assumption1 b ! volume ( ! solution mu/ be *ang$ = v>y+ p]c5tages ( fib] 9 ! bagasse4 ,on acc\nt ( ! small] p]c5tage ( sug>1 x is conv5i5t to take d\ble or ?ree times ! normal weight ( ! bagasse = exam9ation4 ,s9ce l>ge sug> flasks are n commonly to be _h ! diffusion ( ! bagasse may be conduct$ 9 a qu>t] lit] flask4 ,9 a qu>t] lit] flask place #eb4jif grams ( ! f9ely %r$d$ bagasse1 v ne>ly fill ! flask ) wat] & extract ! sug> z describ$ = canes 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs4 ,9 ! weight ( bagasse us$ !re w be1 9 r\nd numb]s1 fifte5 grams ( fib]4 ,:5 ! volume ( wat] is complet$ to ! m>k ! actual cont5t ( liquid 9 ! flask w !re=e be only #bce cubic c5timet]s4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are plac$ 9 a sug> flask m>k$ at fifty & fifty-five cubic c5timet]s1 ! prop] quantity ( lead subacetate solution add$1 ! volume complet$ to ! upp] m>k1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask well %ak51 filt]$ & pol>iz$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,let ! read+ obta9$ be f\r degrees & increase ?is by "o-t5? = ! increas$ volume ( solution above fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! true read+ is !re=e f\r degrees & f\r-t5?s4 ,?is read+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be correct$1 because ! orig9al volume in/ead ( be+ #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 is #bce cubic c5timet]s4 ,! actual p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! sample exam9$ is obta9$ by ! foll[+ proportion3 #bjj 3 #bce #d4d 3 x4 ,! correct read+ is !re=e #e4b1 ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,! results obta9$ by ! me?od j describ$ may v>y some:at f ! true p]c5tage by reason ( ! v>iation ( ! cont5t ( fib] 9 ! bagasse4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly accurate = te*nical control 9 sug> factories & on acc\nt ( its rapidity ( execution is to be pref]r$ = ?is purpose4 ,m accurate results w\ld be obta9$ by dry+ ! bagasse1 & proce$+ ) ! exam9ation 9 a mann] entirely analog\s to t describ$ = ! extraction ( sug> f dri$ canes by aque\s alcohol4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! r$uc+ sug> is det]m9$ 9 ! mann] already m5tion$4 #bae4 ,det]m9ation ( ,fib] 9 ,cane4--,9 e/imat+ ! cont5t ( sug> 9 canes by ! analysis ( ! express$ juices1 x is important to make frequ5t det]m9ations ( ! fib] = ! purpose ( obta9+ correct data = calculation4 ,9 p]iods ( excessive dr\ght1 or :5 ! canes are q mature1 ! relative cont5t ( fib] is increas$1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 case ( immature canes1 or dur+ excessive ra9falls1 x is dim9i%$4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! cont5t ( fib] 9 canes is f\nd 9 secur+ a repres5tative sample4 ,on acc\nt ( ! h>d & fibr\s nature ( ! envelope & ( _! nodul> tissues1 canes are r$uc$ to a f9e pulp ) great difficulty by ! app>atus 9 ord9>y use4 ,a fairly homog5e\s pulp1 h[ev]1 may be obta9$ by means ( ! %r$d] describ$ on page #i4 ,! canes hav+ be5 %r$d$ z f9ely z possible1 a weigh$ quantity is plac$ 9 any conv5i5t extraction app>atus & ?or\ghly exhau/$ ) hot wat]4 ,! treatm5t ) hot wat] %\ld be cont9u$ until a few drops ( ! extract evaporat$ on a wat* glass w leave no s5sible residue4 ,! residual fib] is dri$ to con/ant weight at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 cool$ 9 a desiccator & rapidly weigh$ & ! p]c5tage ( fib] calculat$ f ! data obta9$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great difficulty ( secur+ a homog5e\s pulp1 ev5 ) ! be/ %r$d+ ma*9es1 ! det]m9ation %\ld be made 9 duplicate or triplicate & ! mean ( ! results ent]$ z ! p]c5tage ( fib]4 ,! t]m fib] z us$ 9 ?is s5se1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! same t]m employ$ 9 ! analysis ( fodd]s & fe$+ /uffs4 ,9 ! latt] case ! t]m is appli$ to ! residue left aft] ! successive treatm5t ( ! mat]ial ) boil+1 dilute acid & alkali4 ,! analysis ( canes = fe$+ purposes is conduct$ 9 ! g5]al mann] h]e9aft] describ$ = fodd]s4 #baf4 ,e/imation ( ,sug> 9 ,sug> ,beets4--,! me?ods employ$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! sug> cont5t ( beets are analog\s to ^? us$ = canes1 ) su* v>iations 9 ! me?od ( extraction z are made possible & necess>y by ! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ^! sac*>if]\s plants4 ,! sug> beet is m free ( fib] & ! h>d & knotty sub/ances compos+ ! jo9ts ( plants are entirely abs5t f _! composition4 ,= ?is reason !y are readily r$uc$ to a f9e pulp1 f :i* ! sug> is easily extract$4 ,! analytical processes are also greatly simplifi$ by ! complete abs5ce ( r$uc+ sug>s f ! juices ( heal?y beets4 ,! only sug> aside f sucrose :i* is pres5t 9 ^! juices is raff9ose1 & ?is is n f\nd 9 heal?y beets1 except :5 !y h be5 injur$ by fro/ or long keep+4 ,9 practical "w1 !re=e1 ! det]m9ation ( sucrose completes ! analysis 9 s f> z sug>s are conc]n$4 ,f\r me?ods ( proc$ure w illu/rate all ! pr9ciples ( ! v>i\s processes employ$4 #bag4 ,e/imation ( ,sucrose 9 ! ,express$ ,juice4--,9 ! fir/ me?od ! beets are r$uc$ by any good %r$d+ ma*9e1 to a f9e pulp1 :i* is plac$ 9 a press & ! juice express$4 ,9 ?is liquor1 aft] cl>ification ) lead subacetate1 ! sucrose is det]m9$ by ! pol>iscope4 ,! me?ods ( measur+1 cl>ify+ & pol>iz+ are ! same z ^? describ$ = sac*>9e juices 9 p>agraphs #hc-he4 ,! mean p]c5tage ( juice 9 ! sug> beet is n9ety-five4 ,! correct$ pol>iscopic read+ obta9$ multipli$ by #j4ie w give ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! beet4 ,example4--,! solids 9 a sample ( beet juice1 z measur$ by a brix sp9dle1 are #ag4e p] c5t4 ,d\ble ! normal weight ( ! juice is measur$ f a sucrose pipette1 plac$ 9 a sug> flask1 cl>ifi$1 ! volume complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask well %ak5 & filt]$4 ,! pol>iscopic read+ obta9$ is #bi4j4 ,!n 7#bi4j #b7 #j4ie #ac4h p]c5tage ( sucrose 9 ! beet4 #bah4 ,in/antane\s ,diffusion4--,9 ! second process employ$ = det]m9+ ! sug> cont5t ( beets1 ! pr9ciple involv$ dep5ds on ! use ( a pulp s f9ely divid$ z to p]mit ( ! almo/ in/ant diffusion ( ! sug> pres5t ?r\gh\t ! add$ liquid4 ,?is diffusion takes place ev5 9 ! cold & ! process ?us pres5ts a conv5i5t & rapid me?od = ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 beets4 ,! pulp+ is accompli%$ by means ( ! ma*9e describ$ on page #aj1 or ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! beet is press$ aga9/ ! rapidly revolv+ rasp by means ( ! groov$ movable block & ! f9ely divid$ pulp is receiv$ 9 ! box bel[4 ,^! ma*9es af=d a pulp :i* is impalpable & :i* readily p]mits an almo/ in/antane\s diffusion ( its sug> cont5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,pulp+ ,,beets4 #bai4 ,pellet's ,me?od ( ,cold ,diffusion4--,! impalpable pulp hav+ be5 obta9$1 by "o ( ! processes describ$1 ! cont5t ( sug> !re9 is det]m9$ z foll[s3#aha ,a normal or d\ble normal quantity ( ! pulp is quickly weigh$1 to avoid evaporation1 9 a sug> di% ) an appropriate lip1 & wa%$ into ! flask1 :i* %\ld be graduat$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh1 to all[ = ! volume ( ! fib] or m>c ( ! beet4 ,s9ce ! beet pulp conta9s1 on an av]age1 f\r p] c5t ( m>c1 ! volume :i* is occupi$ !reby is assum$ to be a little m ?an "o cubic c5timet]4 ,s9ce x is advisable to h z l>ge a volume ( wat] z conv5i5t1 x is ! practice ( ,pellet to wa% ! pulp into a flask graduat$ at #bja4ce cubic c5timet]s4 ,if a #bjj cubic c5timet] flask be us$1 ! weight ( ! pulp %\ld be #be4hg in/ead ( #bf4jdh grams4 ,aft] ! pulp is wa%$ into ! flask1 ab\t six cubic c5timet]s ( lead subacetate ( #cj baum are add$1 toge!r ) a little e!r1 to remove ! foam4 ,! flask is n[ g5tly %ak5 & wat] add$ to ! m>k & ! cont5ts ?or\ghly %ak54 ,if ! pulp is practically p]fect1 ! filtration & pol>ization may foll[ imm$iately4 ,! filt] into :i* ! cont5ts ( ! flask are p\r$ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to hold ! :ole quantity4 ,x is recomm5d$ to add a drop or two ( /rong acetic acid j be=e complet+ ! volume ( ! liquid 9 ! flask to ! m>k4 ,! pol>ization %\ld be made 9 a #djj millimet] tube1 :i* w give directly ! p]c5tage ( sug> pres5t4 ,x is n necess>y to heat ! solution 9 ord] to insure complete diffusion1 b ! temp]ature at :i* ! op]ation is conduct$ %\ld be ! ord9>y "o ( ! laboratory4 ,9 case ! pulp is n z f9e z %\ld be1 ! flask %\ld be all[$ to /& = half an h\r aft] fill+1 be=e filtration4 ,an insuffici5t am\nt ( lead subacetate may p]mit "s rotatory bodies o!r ?an sug> to pass into solution1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to h always ! prop] quantity ( cl>ify+ mat]ial add$4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! rotat+ bodies1 mo/ly ( a pectic nature1 may be %[n by extract+ ! pulp fir/ ) cold wat] until all ! sug> is remov$1 & aft]w>ds ) boil+ wat]4 ,! liquor obta9$ f ! la/ precipitation w %[ a decid$ "r-h&$ rotation1 unless fir/ treat$ ) lead subacetate1 9 :i* case ! pol>ization w be z]o4 ,a v ext5d$ exp]i5ce ) ! in/antane\s cold aque\s diffusion has %[n t ! results obta9$ !reby are q z reliable z ^? giv5 by hot alcoholic or aque\s dige/ion4 #bbj4 ,flask = ,cold ,diffusion & ,alcohol ,dige/ion4--,= conv5i5ce 9 wa%+ ! pulp into ! sug> flask1 ! latt] is made ) an enl>g$ m\? z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! di% hold+ ! weigh$ quantity ( pulp is held ) ! lip 9 ! m\? ( ! flask1 & ! pulp wa%$ 9 by means ( a jet ( wat] furni%$ f a pressure bottle or wa%+ flask4 ,! flask %[n is graduat$ = ! normal weight ( pulp1 viz41 #bf4jdh grams4 ,! m>k+ is on ! con/rict$ neck & ext5ds f #ajj to #aja4c cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is p]mits ( mak+ ! prop] all[ance = ! volume occupi$ by ! m>c or fib]1 b ?is is unnecess>y = ! usual "* ( control analyses4 ,9 ! case ( heal?y1 fre% beets1 ! volume occupi$ by ! m>c is ne>ly "o & ?ree-t5?s cubic c5timet]s = ! normal pol>iscopic weight ( #bf4jdh grams ( pulp4 ,= ! laur5t in/rum5t ?is volume is ne>ly "o cubic c5timet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fh4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,cold ,,diffusion4 #bba4 ,extraction ) ,alcohol4--,! ?ird me?od ( det]m9+ sug> 9 beets is by alcoholic extraction4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is bas$ on ! fact t aque\s alcohol ( n m ?an eighty p] c5t /r5g? w extract all ! sug> f ! pulp1 b w n dissolve ! pectic & o!r rotatory bodies1 :i*1 9 solution1 are capable ( di/urb+ ! rotatory p[] ( ! sug> pres5t4 ,x is also fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! rotatory p[] ( pure sucrose1 9 an aque\s alcoholic solution1 is n s5sibly diff]5t f t :i* is obs]v$ 9 a purely aque\s liquid4 ,! pulp1 :i* is to be extract$1 %\ld be 9 z f9e a /ate ( subdivision z conv5i5t1 & ! process may be c>ri$ on 9 any ( ! =ms ( extraction app>atus already describ$1 or 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! extraction tube1 ( ! ord9>y =ms ( app>atus1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely l>ge en\gh to hold ! requir$ am\nt ( pulp1 & !re=e special tubes & =ms ( app>atus h be5 devis$ = ?is me?od ( proc$ure4 ,9 weigh+ ! pulp = extraction1 a qu>t]1 half1 or ! exact am\nt requir$ = ! pol>iscope employ$1 %\ld be us$4 ,if ! tubes are ( suffici5t size ! full weight may be tak51 viz41 #bf4jdh or #af4ai grams = ! in/rum5ts 9 ord9>y use4 ,s9ce ! pulp conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ! extraction c\ld be comm5c$ ) alcohol ( /&>d /r5g?1 viz41 ab\t n9ety-five p] c5t4 ,! volume ( alcohol employ$ %\ld be su* z w secure a /r5g? ( f sev5ty to eighty p] c5t :5 mix$ ) ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! pulp4 ,! flask receiv+ ! extract %\ld be kept 9 cont9u\s ebullition & ! process may be reg>d$ z complete 9 ab\t "o h\r1 :5 ! pulp has be5 prop]ly prep>$4 ,! me?od ( extract+ beet pulp ) alcohol is due to ,s*eibl]1 & 9 its pres5t =m ! process is conduct$ accord+ to ! me?ods describ$ by ,s*eibl]1 ,sickel1 & ,soxhlet4#ahb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,sickel-,,soxhlet ,,extractor4 ,if ! pulp be obta9$ by any o!r means ?an t ( a f9e rasp1 ! extraction ( ! sug> by ! aque\s alcohol takes a long "t1 & ev5 a second extraction may be necess>y4 ,x is conv5i5t to use z a flask = hold+ ! solv5t1 "o already graduat$ at #ajj or #aaj cubic c5timet]s4 ,a flask especially con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 has a con/rict$ neck on :i* ! graduations are made1 & a wide m\? s]v+ to atta* x to ! extract+ app>atus1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,:5 ! extract is obta9$ 9 ?is way1 x is n necess>y to transf] x to a new flask be=e prep>+ x = pol>ization4 ,:5 ! extraction is complete1 ! s\rce ( heat is remov$1 & :5 all ! alcohol is collect$ 9 ! flask1 ! latt] is remov$ f ! extraction app>atus1 cool$ to room temp]ature1 a suffici5t quantity ( lead subacetate add$1 ! flask well %ak51 ! volume complet$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 aga9 well %ak5 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask ?r[n ^u ! filt]4 ,x is important to avoid loss ( alcohol dur+ filtration4 ,= ?is purpose x is be/ to h a fold$ filt] & to cov] ! funnel imm$iately aft] p\r+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask ^u ! filt] pap]1 ) a second l>g] funnel4 ,! /em ( ! funnel c>ry+ ! filt] pap]1 %\ld dip well into ! flask receiv+ ! filtrate4 ,z 9 o!r cases ( filt]+ sug> juices = pol>ization1 ! fir/ portions ( ! filtrate receiv$ %\ld be reject$4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> is obta9$ 9 ! filtrate 9 ! usual way4 ,:]e a weight ( pulp equal to ! normal factor ( ! pol>iscope employ$ is us$1 & ! extract collect$ 9 a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 ! p]c5tage ( sug> is directly obta9$ by mak+ ! read+ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,) o!r weights ( pulp1 or o!r sizes ( flask1 ! l5g? ( ! obs]vation tube may be *ang$ or ! read+ obta9$ correct$ by multiplication or division by an appropriate factor4 ,a batt]y ( sickel-soxhlet extractors is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4ahc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 #bbb4 ,s*eibl]'s ,extraction ,tube4--,9 ord] to secure a spe$y extraction ( l>ge quantities ( pulp1 ,s*eibl] recomm5ds ! use ( ! extraction tube %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4ahd ,! app>atus is compos$ ( ?ree conc5tric glass cyl9d]s4 ,! out] & middle cyl9d]s are seal$ toge!r at ! top1 & ! inn] "o is movable & c>ries a p]=at$ diaphragm bel[1 = filt]+ purposes4 ,ne> ! top x is provid$ ) small circul> op5+s1 :]eby ! alcoholic vapors may ga9 access to ! cond5s] 7n %[n74 ,! middle cyl9d] is provid$ ) two s]ies ( ap]tures1 ?r\gh ! high] ( :i* ! vapor ( alcohol passes to ! cond5s]1 :ile ! alcohol :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! pulp & collect$ betwe5 ! inn] & middle cyl9d]s1 fl[s back ?r\gh ! l[] into ! flask 7n %[n7 conta9+ ! boil+ alcohol4 ,! middle cyl9d] is provid$ ) a curv$ bottom to prev5t ! filt]+ end ( ! inn] tube f re/+ too tightly aga9/ x4 ,! tube conta9+ ! pulp is ?us protect$ f ! direct heat ( ! alcoholic vapors dur+ ! progress ( extraction by a ?9 cu%ion ( liquid alcohol4 #bbc4 ,alcoholic ,dige/ion4--,! f\r? me?od ( det]m9+ sug> 9 beet pulp1 is by means ( dige/ion ) hot alcohol4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od is precisely ! same z t :i* is involv$ 9 aque\s diffusion 9 ! cold4 ,! diffusion1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! alcohol1 is n in/antane\s1 b is secur$ by ma9ta9+ ! mixture ( ! pulp & alcohol = "s "t at or ne> ! boil+ po9t4 ,! me?ods ( prep>+ ! pulp1 weigh+ x & introduc+ x into ! dige/ion flask are precisely ^? us$ = aque\s dige/ion1 b 9 ! pres5t case a some:at co>s] pulp may be employ$4 ,! me?od is commonly kn[n z ! rapp-deg5] process4#ahe ,any conv5i5t me?od ( heat+ ! alcohol may be us$4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! flasks are held on a false bottom 9 a ba? compos$ ( two p>ts ( glyc]ol & "o ( wat]4 ,"o side ( ! ba? hold] is made ( glass1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 9 ord] to keep ! flasks 9 view4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! loss ( alcohol1 ! dige/ion flask %\ld be provid$ ) a reflux cond5s]1 or be atta*$ to an ord9>y cond5s]1 :i* w r$uce ! vapors ( alcohol aga9 to a liquid4 ,unless ! wea!r be v w>m1 ! reflux cond5s] may consi/ ( a glass tube ( r wide bore & at lea/ "o met] 9 l5g?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,a slight loss ( alcohol dur+ ! dige/ion is ( little consequ5ce4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( proc$ure is ! foll[+4 ,d\ble ! quantity ( ! beet pulp requir$ = ! v5tzke pol>iscope1 viz41 #eb4jif grams1 weigh$ 9 a lipp$ metal di%1 is wa%$1 by means ( alcohol1 into a flask m>k$ at #bjb4f cubic c5timet]s1 & ! flask fill$ two-?irds ) n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol & well %ak54 ,aft]w>ds1 a prop] quantity ( lead subacetate is add$1 & !n suffici5t alcohol to complete ! volume to ! m>k4 ,! flask is !n atta*$ to ! cond5s]1 plac$ 9 a wat]-glyc]ol ba? & heat$ to a temp]ature ( #ge = ab\t =ty-five m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! flask is remov$ f ! ba? & cond5s]1 cool$ quickly ) wat]1 alcohol add$ to ! m>k & well %ak54 ,! filtration %\ld be accompli%$ ) precautions1 to avoid ! loss ( alcohol m5tion$ 9 p>agraph #bba4 ,! filtrate is exam9$ 9 ! pol>iscope 9 a #bjj millimet] tube1 & ! read+ obta9$ gives directly ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,half ! quantity ( pulp m5tion$1 9 a #aja4c cubic c5timet] flask1 may also be us$4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( arrang+ a batt]y ( flasks is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,batt]y ,,= ,,alcoholic ,,dige/ion4 #bbd4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sug> 9 ,"m ,beets4--,9 select+ "m beets = se$ production1 x is necess>y to secure only ^? ( a high sug> cont5t4 ,?is is accompli%$ by bor+ a hole ab\t two & a half c5timet]s 9 diamet] obliquely ?r\gh ! beet by means ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! beet is n injur$ = se$ production by ?is process1 & ! pulp obta9$ is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( sug>4 ,! juice is express$ by means ( ! small h& press %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,s9ce only a small quantity ( juice is obta9$1 x is advisable to prep>e x = pol>ization 9 a sug> flask m>k$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! d5sity ( ! juice1 by reason ( its small volume1 is easie/ obta9$ by ! hydro/atic balance1 z describ$ 9 p>agraph #ec4 ,9 lieu ( ?is1 ! juice may be quickly weigh$ 9 a c\nt]balanc$ di% on a balance giv+ results accurate to )9 "o milligram4 ,! re/ ( ! analytical process is simil> to t already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,rasp ,,= ,,sampl+ ,,"m ,,beets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,h& ,,press ,,= ,,beet ,,analysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 #bbe4 ,aque\s ,diffusion4--,! process ( in/antane\s aque\s diffusion may also be appli$ to ! exam9ation ( "m beets4 ,= ?is purpose ! beets are p]=at$ by a rasp1 devis$ by ,keil1 %[n ly+ on ! floor 9 ,fig4 #gb1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! conical end ( ! rasp is r\gh5$ 9 su* a way z to r$uce ! beet to an impalpable pulp4 ,?is end is fa/5$ by a bayonet fa/5+ to ! cyl9drical c>ri] or arm 9 su* a way t1 by means ( a groove 9 ! conical end ( ! rasp1 ! pulp is introduc$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] is provid$ ) a small pi/on by means ( :i* ! pulp c be )drawn :5 ! cyl9drical portion ( ! rasp is deta*$ f ! driv+ ma*9]y4 ,x is important t ! rasp be driv5 at a high rate ( spe$1 viz41 f #aejj to #bjjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,! sample ( pulp at ?is rate ( revolution is tak5 almo/ in/antly1 & ) skill$ manipulators ! :ole op]ation ( tak+ a sample1 remov+ ! rasp by means ( its bayonet fa/5+s1 )draw+ ! sample ( pulp & replac+ ! rasp ready = ano!r op]ation does n consume m ?an f t5 to tw5ty seconds4 ,f ?ree to f\r samples may ?us be tak5 9 a m9ute4 ,! samples ( pulp z tak5 are dropp$ into numb]$ di%es correspond+ to ! numb]s on ! beets4 ,"o-qu>t] ( ! normal weight = ! pol>iscope is us$ = ! analysis4 ,! pulp is plac$ 9 a fifty cubic c5timet] flask1 wat] & lead subacetate add$1 ! flask well %ak51 fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 aga9 well %ak51 ! cont5ts ?r[n on ! filt]1 & ! filtrate pol>iz$ 9 a #djj millimet] tube1 giv+ ! direct p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,= practical purposes ! p]c5tage ( m>c 9 ! beet may be neglect$4 ,if ! pol>ization take place 9 a #bjj millimet] tube ! numb] obta9$ %\ld be multipli$ by two = ! cont5t ( sug>4 ,9 numb]+ sug> beets :i* are to be analyz$ = se$ production1 x is f\nd t a small p]=at$ t9 tag be>+ a numb] may be safely affix$ to ! beet by means ( a tack4 ,x is n safe to use pap] tags z !y may become illegible by becom+ wet be=e ! sort+ ( ! beets is complet$4 ,:]e f #ajjj to #bjjj beets are to be exam9$ 9 a day1 ! numb] ( ! beets & ! di%es correspond+ !reto mu/ be c>efully controll$ to avoid confusion & mi/akes4 #bbf4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sug>s )\t ,weigh+4--,an +5i\s device = ! rapid analysis ( "m beets is bas$ ^u ! use ( a ma*9e :i* cuts f ! beet a core ( giv5 dim5sions & ?is core is subsequ5tly r$uc$ to a pulp :i* is treat$ ) cold wat] & pol>iz$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,! cutt+ knives ( ! sampl] c be adju/$ to take a core ( any desir$ size4 ,s9ce ! beets us$ = analysis h ess5tially ! same specific gravity1 ! cores ?us tak5 weigh s5sibly ! same & ! :ole core is us$ = ! analysis1 ?us do+ away ) ! necessity ( weigh+4 ,! core obta9$ is r$uc$ to a pulp 9 a small ma*9e s adju/$ z to p]mit ! :ole ( ! pulp1 :5 prep>$1 to be wa%$ directly into ! sug> flask4 ,by ! use ( ?is ma*9e a v l>ge numb] ( analyses c be made 9 a s+le day1 & ?is is highly important 9 ! selection ( "m beets1 = (t5 #ej1jjj or #ajj1jjj analyses are to be made 9 a %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,tube ,,= ,,cont9u\s ,,obs]vation4 #bbg4 ,cont9u\s ,diffusion ,tube4--,to avoid ! delay occasion$ by fill+ & empty+ obs]vation tubes 9 pol>iscopic "w1 :]e l>ge numb]s ( analyses ( canes & beets are to be made1 ,pellet has devis$ a cont9u\s diffusion tube1 by means ( :i* a solution1 :i* has j be5 obs]v$1 is rapidly & completely displac$ by a fre% solution4 ,?is tube1 improv$ by ,sp5c]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! fre% solution is p\r$ 9 at ! funnel1 displac+ completely ! old solution :i* fl[s out ?r\gh ! tube at ! o!r end4 ,! obs]v] wat*es ! field vision & is able to tell :5 ! old solution is completely displac$ by ! cle>+ ( ! field1 at :i* "t ! read+ ( ! new solution c be quickly made4 ,:5 solutions are all ready = exam9ation an exp]t obs]v] c easily read1 by ! aid ( ?is device1 f f\r to five ( !m 9 a m9ute4 #bbh4 ,analysis ( ,sirups & ,massecuites4--,! g5]al pr9ciples :i* control ! analysis ( sirups & massecuites are ! same :e!r ^! products be d]iv$ f canes or beets4 ,9 ! case ( ! products ( canes1 ! sirups or massecuites conta9 *iefly sucrose1 inv]t sug>1 & o!r copp] r$uc+ bodies1 inorganic matt]s & wat]4 ,9 ! case ( products d]iv$ f sug> beets ! cont5ts are *iefly sucrose1 inorganic matt]s1 a trace ( inv]t sug>1 raff9ose & wat]4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! det]m9ation ( ^! v>i\s con/itu5ts h already be5 describ$4 #bbi4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! specific gravity ( sirups & molasses c be det]m9$ by ! sp9dle 9 ! usual way1 b 9 ! case ( molasses :i* is q d5se1 ! sp9dle me?od is n reliable4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 bo? 9 molasses & massecuites1 to det]m9e ! d5sity by dilution4 ,= ?is purpose1 z describ$ by ,sp5c]1 a def9ite weight ( mat]ial1 f #bjj to #bej grams1 is dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume ( ! solution complet$ to half a lit]4 ,a portion ( ! solution is !n plac$ 9 a cyl9d] & ! quantity ( total solids conta9$ !re9 det]m9$ 9 ! usual way by a brix or specific gravity hydromet]4 ,9 case #bej grams ( ! mat]ial be us$ ! calculation ( ! brix degree = ! orig9al mat]ial is conduct$ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 ,g ,b ,v x -------------4 ,w ,9 ! above =mula x is ! requir$ brix degree1 ,v ! volume ( ! solution1 ,b ! obs]v$ brix degree ( ! solution1 & ,g ! correspond+ specific gravity obta9$ f ! table on page #gc4 ,:5 only small quantities ( ! mat]ial are at h& ! hydro/atic balance 7#ec7 %\ld be employ$4 ,= ?is purpose tw5ty-five grams ( ! mat]ial are dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume ( ! solution made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! s9k] ( ! hydro/atic balance is plac$ 9 ! solution & equilibrium secur$ by plac+ ! weights ^u ! arm ( ! balance 9 ! usual mann]4 ,s9ce ! arm ( ! balance is graduat$ to give1 by direct read+1 ! specific gravity1 ! d5sity c be obta9$ at once4 ,example4--,let ! position ( ! weights or rid]s ^u ! balance arm be z foll[s3 7#a7 at po9t ( susp5sion ( ! bob #a4jjj 7#c7 at m>k #g on beam #j4jg 7#d7 at m>k #i on beam #j4jji ,specific gravity #a4jgi ,! ne>e/ brix degree correspond+ to ?is specific gravity 7#eh7 is #ai4 ,! total weight ( ! solution is equal to #ajj #a4jgi1 viz41 #ajg4i grams4 ,s9ce ! solution conta9s n9ete5 p] c5t ( solid matt] z det]m9$ by ! hydro/atic balance1 ! total weight ( solid matt] !re9 is #ajg4i #ai #ajj #bj4e grams4 ,! total p] c5t4 ( solid matt] 9 ! orig9al sample is !re=e #bj4e #be #ajj #hb & ! specific gravity correspond+ !reto 7page #gd7 is #a4dbicd4 ,! specific gravity ( a massecuite may also be det]m9$ 9 pyknomet]s especially con/ruct$ = ?is purpose4#ahf #bcj4 ,det]m9ation ,( ,wat]4--,! accurate det]m9ation ( wat] 9 sirups & massecuites is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,! pr9ciples ( conduct+ ! process 7#bf71 applicable also to ! det]m9ation ( wat] 9 honeys & o!r visc\s liquids1 are z foll[s3 ,9 all cases :]e inv]t sug> is pres5t ! dry+ %\ld be conduct$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ge or #hj4 ,9 d5se molasses & massecuites a weigh$ quantity %\ld be dissolv$ & made up to a def9ite volume & an aliquot portion tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,9 ord] to secure complete desiccation at a l[ temp]ature1 ! dry+ %\ld be accompli%$ 9 p>tial vacuum 7pages #bb1 #bc74 ,! process ( desiccation %\ld be conduct$ 9 %all[1 flat-bottom di%es :i* may be conv5i5tly & *eaply made ( alum9um & ! process is ha/5$ by fill+ ! di% previ\sly ) ?or\ghly dri$ fragm5ts ( pumice /one4 ,:5 ! sample does n conta9 any inv]t sug> ! desiccation c be safely accompli%$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,dry+ %\ld be cont9u$ 9 all cases until practically con/ant weight is obta9$4 #bca4 ,det]m9ation ,( ,a%4--,a% is an important con/itu5t ( ! sirups1 molasses1 & massecuites f canes & exi/s 9 v mu* l>g] quantities 9 ! same products f beets4 ,! a% may be det]m9$ directly by c>eful inc9]ation1 b x is cu/om>y to add a few drops ( sulfuric acid1 suffici5t to comb9e ) all ! bases pres5t & be 9 slight excess4 ,! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid is ( "s advantage 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c>bonization & r5d]s ! process some:at easi] ( accompli%m5t4 ,:5 sulfuric acid is us$1 ! weight ( a% obta9$ mu/ be dim9i%$ by "o-t5? to all[ = ! increas$ weight obta9$ by ! conv]sion ( ! c>bonates into sulfates4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciples & me?ods describ$ on pages #cf-dj are to be employ$4 #bcb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug>s 9 ,sirups1 ,molasses1 & ,massecuites4--,! quantity ( r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! products d]iv$ f ! sug> beet1 z a rule1 is insignificant4 ,9 ! products f sug> cane !re are l>ge quantities ( r$uc+ matt]s :i*1 9 g5]al1 are det]m9$ by any ( ! /&>d me?ods already giv54 ,x has be5 %[n by ! au?or#ahg t ! juices ( heal?y sug> canes conta9 a small quantity ( inv]t sug>1 b ?is /atem5t has be5 contradict$ by ,bl\fret4#ahh ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! r$uc+ bodies d]iv$ f ! products ( manufacture ( sug> cane & sorghum deport !mselves 9 a mann] some:at diff]5t f pure inv]t sug>4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite in=mation 9 respect ( ! con/itution ( ^! bodies1 ! me?ods applicable to dextrose & inv]t sug> may be appli$4 ,s9ce ! p>agraphs relat+ to ^! processes 7 pr9t$ "s important improvem5ts 9 ! prep>ation ( ! alkal9e copp] solutions h be5 made4 ,! copp] c>bonate solution1 z has already be5 said1 is peculi>ly suit$ to ! det]m9ation ( r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! pres5ce ( sucrose & ! modifi$ =ms ( ?is solution1 & ! me?ods ( employ+ !m ) inv]t sug>1 dextrose1 levulose1 & maltose1 are describ$ bel[4 #bcc4 ,e/imation ( ,m9ute ,quantities ( ,inv]t ,sug> 9 ,mixtures4--,! me?od ( ,hill] & ,meissl1 p>agraph #adb1 may be us$ = ! e/imation ( small quantities ( inv]t sug> 9 mixtures4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ,solda9i's reag5t is1 h[ev]1 to be pref]r$ = ?is purpose4 ,o/ has propos$ & te/$ a copp] c>bonate solution = ! purpose m5tion$ :i* gives reliable results4#ahi ,! solution has ! foll[+ composition3 ,"o lit] conta9s #c4f grams cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate4 #bej4j 0 potassium c>bonate4 #ajj4j 0 hydrog5 potassium sulfate4 ,?is reag5t und]goes no *ange :5 kept = a long :ile1 especially 9 l>ge vessels4 ,ev5 9 small] vessels x c be kept = a ye> or m )\t und]go+ any *ange4 ,! me?od ( analysis is ! same z t describ$ 9 p>agraph #abh1 ) ! exception t ! boil+ is cont9u$ = only five m9utes in/ead ( t51 & ! quantities ( ! copp] & sug> solutions us$ are d\bl$1 be+ #ajj & fifty cubic c5timet]s respectively4 ,9 no case mu/ ! solution us$ conta9 m ?an ?irty-eight milligrams ( inv]t sug>4 ,! quantity ( sucrose 9 ! mixture is obta9$ by pol>ization 7#id74 ,o/ has also recalculat$ ! r$uction values ( ! common sug>s = ! /rong copp] c>bonate solution1 & ! numb]s obta9$ are slightly diff]5t f ^? giv5 on page #adb4aij ,= diff]5t p]c5tages ( inv]t sug> 9 mixtures ( sucrose1 ! quantities ( inv]t sug> are calculat$ f ! numb] ( milligrams ( copp] obta9$ by ! foll[+ table3 7,a7 ,milligrams ( copp] obta9$4 7,b7 ,pure inv]t sug>4 7,c7 ,inv]t sug>4 7,d7 ,sucrose4 ,,milligrams ,,( ,,inv]t ,,sug> ,,9 ,,mixtures ,,( #e7;,c7 #b7;,c7 #a4e7;,c7 #a4j7;,c7 #j4h 7,c7 #j4f7;,c7 #j4e7;,c7 7,a7 7,b7 #ie7;,d7 #ih7;,d7 #ih4e7;,d7 #ii4j7;,d7 #ii4b 7,d7 #ii4d7;,d7 #ii4e7;,d7 #hh #cg4i #cg4a #cf4j #ce4d #cd4g #cd4b #cc4i #cc4f #he #cf4c #ce4e #cd4e #cd4j #cc4d #cb4i #cb4e #cb4b #hj #cc4i #cc4j #cc4b #ca4g #ca4b #cj4g #cj4b #bi4i #ge #ca4f #cj4g #cj4j #bi4e #bi4j #bh4e #bh4a #bg4g #gj #bi4d #bh4e #bg4h #bg4d #bf4h #bf4d #be4i #be4f #fe #bg4c #bf4c #be4g #be4c #bd4g #bd4c #bc4h #bc4e #fj #be4b #bd4b #bc4f #bc4b #bb4f #bb4b #ba4h #ba4e #ee #bc4a #bb4a #ba4f #ba4b #bj4f #bj4b #ai4h #ai4f #ej #ba4b #bj4a #ai4f #ai4b #ah4f #ah4c #ag4i #ag4g #de #ai4c #ah4b #ag4f #ag4b #af4g #af4c #af4j #ae4h #dj #ag4c #af4c #ae4g #ae4c #ad4h #ad4e #ad4b #ad4j #ce #ae4d #ad4e #ac4h #ac4d #ac4j #ab4g #ab4e #ab4c #cj #ac4e #ab4f #ab4j #aa4f #aa4b #aa4j #aj4h #aj4f #be #aa4e #aj4h #aj4c #aj4j #i4e #i4c #i4a #i4j #bj #i4f #i4a #h4f #h4c #g4i #g4g #g4e #g4c #ae #g4g #g4c #f4i #f4g #f4c #f4a #e4h #e4f #aj #e4h #e4d #e4a #e4j #d4g #d4e #d4b #c4i ,,milligrams ,,( ,,inv]t ,,sug> ,,9 ,,mixtures ,,( #j4d7;,c7 #j4c7;,c7 #j4b7;,c7 #j4a7;,c7 #j4je7;,c7 #j4jb7;,c7 7,a7 #ii4f7;,d7 #ii4g7;,d7 #ii4h7;,d7 #ii4i7;,d7 #ii4ie7;,d7 #ii4ih7;,d7 #hh #cc4c #he #cb4j #ca4h #hj #bi4g #bi4e #ge #bg4d #bg4b #gj #be4c #be4j #fe #bc4b #bb4h #fj #ba4b #bj4h #bj4d #ee #ai4c #ah4i #ah4e #ej #ag4d #ag4j #af4g #de #ae4f #ae4c #ad4i #dj #ac4h #ac4e #ac4b #ce #ab4a #aa4i #aa4e #aj4c #cj #aj4d #aj4b #i4i #h4h #be #h4h #h4f #h4b #g4c #bj #g4a #f4i #f4f #e4h #d4i #ae #e4d #e4b #e4j #d4d #c4g #b4j #aj #c4h #c4e #c4d #c4j #b4e #a4g #bcd4 ,solda9i's ,me?od ,adapt$ to ,gravimetric ,"w4--,by reason ( _! bett] keep+ qualities & because ( _! less en]getic action on non-r$uc+ sug>s1 copp] c>bonate solutions are to be pref]r$ to ! alkal9e copp] t>trate solutions = gravimetric det]m9ations ( r$uc+ sug>s 9 cane juices & sug> h\se products1 provid$ ! difficulties :i* att5d ! manipulation c be remov$4 ,o/ has succe$$ 9 secur+ p]fectly satisfactory results ) copp] c>bonate solution by slightly v>y+ ! composition !re( & cont9u+ ! boil+1 = ! r$uction ( ! copp]1 t5 m9utes4#aia ,! copp] solution is made z foll[s3 #ag4e grams cry/alliz$ copp] sulfate4 #bej4j 0 potassium c>bonate4 #ajj4j 0 0 bic>bonate4 ,! above +r$i5ts are dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume ( ! solution complet$ to "o lit]4 ,! object ( ! potassium bic>bonate is to secure 9 ! solution an excess ( c>bon dioxid & ?us prev5t ! deposition ( basic copp] c>bonate on keep+4 ,! manipulation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution are mix$ ) half t quantity ( ! sug> solution 9 a l>ge erl5mey]1 :i* is plac$ ^u a wire gauze1 heat$ quickly to boil+ & kept 9 ebullition j t5 m9utes4 ,! sug> solution %\ld conta9 n less ?an eighty nor m ?an #aej milligrams ( ! r$uc+ sug>1 & ! quantity ( ! solution repres5t+ ?is %\ld be dilut$ to fifty cubic c5timet]s be=e mix+ ) ! copp] solution4 ,aft] boil+1 ! cont5ts ( ! erl5mey] are quickly cool$ & filt]$ ) suction ?r\gh an asbe/os filt] & ! :ole ( ! copp] suboxid wa%$ into ! filt] tube4 ,?is precipitat$ suboxid is wa%$ once ) a little potassium c>bonate solution !n ) hot wat] & f9ally ) alcohol1 well dri$1 heat$ to r$ness1 & ! copp] oxid obta9$ r$uc$ to metallic copp] 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 entirely free ( ars5ic4 ,f ! weight ( metallic copp] obta9$ ! quantity ( sug> :i* has be5 oxidiz$ is calculat$ f ! tables bel[4 ,x is evid5t t ! process giv5 above may be v>i$ s z to con=m to ! practice obs]v$ 9 ?is laboratory ( cool+ ! boil+ solution suffici5tly at once by add+ to x an equal volume ( rec5tly boil$1 cold wat]1 collect+ ! precipitat$ copp] suboxid 9 a goo*1 &1 aft] wa%+ x1 secur+ solution 9 nitric acid & ! precipitation ( ! copp] by electrolysis4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,milligrams ,,dextrose1 ,,levulose ,,& ,,inv]t ,,sug> ,,oxidiz$1 ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,milligrams ,,( ,,copp] ,,r$uc$4 ,copp]4 ,dextrose4 ,levulose4 ,inv]t4 #dce #aeb4c #ade4i #adg4e #dcj #adi4h #adc4d #ade4c #dbe #adg4c #adj4i #adc4a #dbj #add4h #ach4d #adj4h #dae #adb4c #ace4i #ach4e #daj #aci4h #acc4e #acf4b #dje #acg4c #aca4a #acc4i #djj #acd4i #abh4g #aca4f #cie #acb4e #abf4d #abi4c #cij #acj4a #abd4a #abg4j #che #abg4h #aba4h #abd4h #chj #abe4e #aai4e #abb4f #cge #abc4c #aag4b #abj4d #cgj #aba4a #aae4j #aah4b #cfe #aai4j #aab4h #aaf4j #cfj #aaf4i #aaj4f #aac4i #cee #aad4h #ajh4e #aaa4h #cej #aab4h #ajf4d #aji4h #cde #aaj4h #ajd4c #ajg4h #cdj #ajh4h #ajb4c #aje4h #cce #ajf4h #ajj4c #ajc4h #ccj #ajd4i #ih4d #aja4h #cbe #ajc4j #if4e #ii4i #cbj #aja4a #id4f #ih4j #cae #ii4b #ib4h #if4b #caj #ig4d #ia4j #id4d #cje #ie4f #hi4b #ib4f #cjj #ic4h #hg4e #ij4i #bie #ib4j #he4h #hi4b #bij #ij4b #hd4a #hg4e #bhe #hh4d #hb4d #he4h #bhj #hf4g #hj4h #hd4a #bge #he4j #gi4b #hb4d #bgj #hc4c #gg4f #hj4g #bfe #ha4e #gf4a #gi4a #bfj #gi4h #gd4f #gg4e #bee #gh4a #gc4a #ge4i #bej #gf4e #ga4f #gd4c #bde #gd4i #gj4a #gb4g #bdj #gc4c #fh4f #ga4a #bce #ga4g #fg4b #fi4e #bcj #gj4a #fe4g #fh4j #bbe #fh4e #fd4c #ff4e #bbj #ff4i #fb4h #fe4j #bae #fe4c #fa4d #fc4e #baj #fc4h #ei4i #fb4j #bje #fb4b #eh4e #fj4e #bjj #fj4g #eg4j #ei4j #aie #ei4a #ee4f #eg4e #aij #eg4f #ed4a #ef4j #ahe #ef4j #eb4g #ed4e #ahj #ed4e #ea4b #ec4a #age #ec4j #di4h #ea4f #agj #ea4e #dh4d #ej4b #afe #ej4j #df4i #dh4g #afj #dh4e #de4e #dg4c #aee #dg4j #dd4a #de4h #aej #de4e #db4g #dd4d #ade #dd4j #da4c #db4i #adj #db4e #ci4i #da4e #ace #da4j #ch4e #dj4a #acj #ci4f #cg4a #ch4f #abe #ch4a #ce4g #cg4b #abj #cf4g #cd4c #ce4h #aae #ce4b #cb4i #cd4c #aaj #cc4g #ca4f #cb4i #aje #cb4b #cj4c #ca4d #ajj #cj4g #bi4j #cj4j #ie #bi4b #bg4g #bh4e #ij #bg4h #bf4d #bg4a #he #bf4c #be4a #be4f #hj #bd4h #bc4h #bd4b #ge #bc4c #ba4e #bb4h #gj #ba4h #bj4b #ba4d ,,correspond+ ,,table ,,= ,,maltose4 ,milligrams ,milligrams ,milligrams maltose maltose copp] anhydrid hydrate obta9$4 oxidiz$4 oxidiz$4 #dce #bfc4g #bgg4f #dcj #bei4c #bgc4j #dbe #bee4j #bfh4d #dbj #bej4i #bfd4a #dae #bdg4j #bfj4j #daj #bdc4b #bef4j #dje #cci4d #beb4j #djj #bce4f #bdh4j #cie #bca4i #bdd4a #cij #bbh4b #bdj4b #che #bbd4f #bcf4d #chj #bba4a #bcb4g #cge #bag4g #bbi4a #cgj #bad4d #bbe4f #cfe #baa4a #bbb4b #cfj #bjg4i #bah4h #cee #bjd4g #bae4d #cej #bja4e #bab4a #cde #aih4c #bjh4g #cdj #aie4b #bje4d #cce #aib4j #bjb4a #ccj #ahh4h #aih4h #cbe #ahe4g #aie4d #cbj #ahb4e #aib4a #cae #agi4d #ahh4h #caj #agf4c #ahe4f #cje #agc4c #ahb4d #cjj #agj4c #agi4b #bie #afg4c #agf4a #bij #afd4d #agc4j #bhe #afa4d #afi4i #bhj #aeh4e #aff4h #bge #aee4e #afc4g #bgj #aeb4f #afj4g #bfe #adi4g #aeg4f #bfj #adf4h #aed4f #bee #adc4i #aea4e #bej #ada4a #adh4e #bde #ach4b #ade4e #bdj #ace4d #adb4e #bce #acb4e #aci4e #bcj #abi4g #acf4e #bbe #abf4h #acc4e #bbj #abd4j #acj4f #bae #aba4b #abg4f #baj #aah4d #abd4g #bje #aae4g #aba4h #bjj #aab4i #aah4i #aie #aaj4b #aaf4j #aij #ajg4d #aac4a #ahe #ajd4g #aaj4b #ahj #aja4i #ajg4c #age #ii4b #ajd4d #agj #if4d #aja4e #afe #ic4g #ih4f #afj #ij4i #ie4g #aee #hh4b #ib4h #aej #he4d #hi4i #ade #hb4f #hg4j #adj #gi4i #hd4a #ace #gg4a #ha4b #acj #gd4d #gh4c #abe #ga4f #ge4d #abj #fh4i #gb4e #aae #ff4a #fi4f #aaj #fc4d #ff4g #aje #fj4f #fc4h #ajj #eg4i #fj4i #ie #ee4a #eh4j #ij #eb4c #ee4a #he #di4f #eb4b #hj #df4h #ei4c #ge #dd4a #ef4d #gj #da4d #ec4e #bce4 ,weigh+ ! ,copp] z ,oxid4--,9 ! usual me?ods ( ! det]m9ation ( r$uc+ bodies1 ! p]c5tage is calculat$ ei!r volumetrically f ! quantity ( ! sug> solution requir$ to decolorize a giv5 volume ( ! alkal9e copp] solution1 or ! r$uc$ copp] suboxid is br\ght into a metallic /ate by heat+ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 or by electrolytic deposition4 ,a quick] me?od ( proc$ure is f\nd 9 complet+ ! oxidation ( ! cupric oxid by heat+ to l[ r$ness 9 a curr5t ( air4#aib ,= ?is det]m9ation ! precipitation ( ! cupr\s oxid & its filtration are made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! cupr\s oxid is collect$ 9 a filt]+ tube1 made by draw+ out to prop] dim5sions a piece ( combu/ion tube1 & has a l5g? ( ab\t twelve c5timet]s 9 all4 ,! un*ang$ "p ( ! tube is ab\t eight c5timet]s 9 l5g? & twelve millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,x is fill$ by fir/ putt+ 9 a plug ( glass wool & cov]+ ?is ) an asbe/os felt on top ( :i* ano!r plug ( glass wool is plac$4 ,aft] ! cupr\s oxid is collect$ 9 ! tube x is wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 alcohol & e!r4 ,! rubb] tube connect+ x ) ! suction is ( suffici5t l5g? to p]mit ! tube be+ tak5 9 "o h& & br\ght into a horizontal position ov] a buns54 ,! tube is gradually heat$1 rotat+ x mean:ile1 until any residual moi/ure1 alcohol or e!r1 is driv5 (f f ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,! lay] ( glass wool hold+ ! cupr\s oxid is gradually br\ght into ! flame & z ! oxidation beg9s ! mat]ial w be se5 to gl[4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = "s "t aft] ! gl[+ has ceas$1 9 all = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 ! tube & ! copp] oxid :i* x conta9s be+ br\ght to a l[ r$ness4 ,! curr5t ( air pass+ ov] ! r$-hot mat]ial 9 ?is "t oxidizes x completely4 ,! filt]+ tube1 be=e use1 mu/ be ignit$ & weigh$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z describ$ above4 ,! heat is s appli$ z n to endang] ! rubb] tube atta*$ to "o end ( ! filt]+ tube nor to burn ! f+]s ( ! op]ator z he turns ! tube dur+ ! heat+4 ,aft] complete oxidation ! tube is cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$1 ! increase ( weight giv+ ! copp] oxid4 ,= ! atomic weights1 #fc4c copp] & #ae4if oxyg51 "o gram ( copp] oxid is equival5t to #j4gihfd gram ( copp]1 & = ! weights #fc4ag copp] & #ae4if oxyg51 "o gram ( copp] oxid equals #j4gihca gram ( copp]4 ,f ! am\nt ( metallic copp] calculat$ by "o ( ^! factors1 ! r$uc+ sug> is det]m9$ by ! tables already giv54 #bcf4 ,e/imation ( ,dry ,sub/ance1 ,pol>ization & ,app>5t ,purity = ,factory ,control4--,= te*nical purposes ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! above factors1 propos$ by ,weisb]g & applicable to conc5trat$ sirups1 massecuites1 & molasses1 may be us$4#aic ,five times ! half normal quantity ( ! mat]ial1 viz41 #fe4ab grams1 are plac$ 9 a qu>t] lit] flask1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! flask fill$ to ! m>k4 ,9 ! well %ak5 mixture1 :i* is all[$ to /& long en\gh to be free ( air1 ! degree brix is e/imat$ by an accurate sp9dle4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( molasses1 let ! numb] obta9$ be #ah4h4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are p\r$ into a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 ! prop] quantity ( lead subacetate add$1 ! flask fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 its cont5ts filt]$1 & ! filtrate pol>iz$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,let ! numb] obta9$ on pol>ization be #bb4a4 ,?is numb] may be us$ 9 two ways4 ,if x be multipli$ by two ! pol>ization ( ! orig9al sample is obta9$2 9 ?is case1 viz41 #dd4b4 ,9 ! second place1 if #dd4b be multipli$ by #j4bfjdh & ?is product divid$ by ! specific gravity correspond+ to #ah4h4 viz41 #a4jgh1 ! quoti5t #aj4fh is secur$ repres5t+ ! pol>ization or p] c5t ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! solution ( :i* ! degree brix 0 #ah4h4 ,f ! numb]s #ah4h & #aj4fh ! app>5t purity ( ! solution1 #ef4h1 is calculat$1 viz41 #aj4fh #ajj by #ah4h4 ,! orig9al product z calculat$ above gives a pol>ization ( #dd4b & ?is numb] multipli$ by #ajj & divid$ by #ef4h gives #gg4h1 or ! app>5t p]c5tage ( dry matt]4 ,! orig9al sample ( molasses1 !re=e1 _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,degree brix 7total solids7 #gg4h p] c5t4 ,sucrose #dd4b 0 ,solids1 n sucrose #cc4f 0 ,app>5t purity #ef4h 0 ,x is se5 f ! above t ) a s+le weigh+ & a s+le pol>ization1 & )9 f t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 all ne$ful data 9 respect ( ! prop] treatm5t ( molasses = ! practical control & direction ( a factory c be obta9$4 ,9 case a laur5t pol>iscope is us$1 five times ! normal weight1 viz41 eighty-"o grams ( ! raw mat]ial are us$ & ! process conduct$ z above4 ,,sucrose1 ,,dextrose1 ,,inv]t ,,sug>1 ,,levulose1 ,,maltose1 ,,raff9ose1 ,,dextr9 ,,& ,,lactose ,,9 ,,mixtures4 #bcg4 ,occurr5ce4--,sucrose & inv]t sug> are f\nd toge!r 9 _m comm]cial products1 especially 9 raw sug>s & molasses made f sug> cane1 & 9 ^! products sucrose is usually pr$om9ant4 ,!y also =m ! pr9cipal sac*>9e cont5ts ( honey1 ! inv]t sug>1 9 ?is case1 be+ ! *ief +r$i5t4 ,9 comm]cial grape sug>1 made f />*1 dextrose is ! important con/itu5t1 :ile 9 ! hydrolysis ( />* by a dia/atic f]m5t1 maltose is pr9cipally produc$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial glucose by ! sac*>ification ( />* ) sulfuric acid1 dextr91 maltose1 & dextrose are ! dom9ant products1 :ile 9 ! simil> sub/ance midzu ame1 maltose & dextrose are *iefly f\nd1 & only a small quantity ( dextrose4#aid ,9 honeys d]iv$ f ! exudations ( conif]\s trees are f\nd also pol>iz+ bodies n enum]at$ above & presumably ( a p5tose "*4#aie ,9 evaporat$ milks are usually f\nd l>ge quantities ( sucrose 9 addition to ! natural sug> !re9 conta9$4 ,^! mixtures ( c>bohydrates (t5 pres5t problems ( great difficulty to ! analy/1 & ! foll[+ p>agraphs w be devot$ to an elucidation ( ! be/ approv$ me?ods ( solv+ !m4 ,,optical ,,me?ods4 #bch4 ,sucrose & ,inv]t ,sug>4--,! *emical me?ods ( proc$ure to be foll[$ 9 ! case ( a sample conta9+ bo? sucrose & inv]t sug> h be5 giv5 9 suffici5t detail 9 prec$+ p>agraphs 7#abd1 #aga74 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is desirable to /udy fur!r ! composition ( ! mixture1 important *anges 9 ! me?od are r5d]$ imp]ative4 ,:ile ! e/imation ( ! sucrose & ! total inv]t sug>1 or ! sum ( ! dextrose & levulose1 is easy ( accompli%m5t ! sep>ate det]m9ation ( ! dextrose & levulose is n s readily secur$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! total quantity ( ! two sug>s may be det]m9$1 & aft] ! de/ruction or removal ( "o ( !m ! o!r be e/imat$ 9 ! usual way2 or 9 ! mixture ! levulose c be det]m9$ by ! v>iation 9 its gyrodynat1 caus$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 #bci4 ,optical ,neutrality ( ,inv]t ,sug>4--,! gyrodynat ( levulose decreases z ! temp]ature rises 7#ajg7 & at or ne> a temp]ature ( #hg4b1 x becomes equal to t ( dextrose1 &1 !re=e1 pure inv]t sug> compos$ ( equal molecules ( levulose & dextrose is optically neutral to pol>iz$ light at t temp]ature4 ,on ?is fact ,*&l] & ,ricketts h bas$ a me?od ( analysis :i* excludes any int]f]5ce 9 pol>ization due to inv]t sug>4#aif ,to secure ! pol>ization at approximately a temp]ature ( #hg1 a wat]-ba? is plac$ betwe5 ! nicols ( an ord9>y pol>iscope 9 su* a way z to hold a tubulat$ obs]vation tube 9 ! optical axis ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! ends ( ! ba?1 9 ! prolongation ( ?is axis1 are provid$ ) cle> glass disks4 ,! space betwe5 ! cov] glasses ( ! obs]vation tube & ! glass disks ( ! ba? is occupi$ by ! wat] ( ! ba?4 ,:5 ?is is kept at a con/ant temp]ature x does n int]f]e ) ! read+4 ,! obs]vation tube may be ( glass1 b pref]ably is con/ruct$ ( metal plat$ ) plat9um on ! inside4 ,= ! mo/ exact "w ! l5g? ( ! obs]vation tube1 at #hg1 is det]m9$ by measurem5t or calculation4 ,! ba? is heat$ ) alcohol lamps or o!r conv5i5t means4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,9 a mixture ( sucrose & inv]t sug> any rotation ( ! plane ( pol>iz$ light at #hg is due to ! sucrose alone4 ,9 a mixture ( dextrose & sucrose ! pol>ization is det]m9$1 &1 aft] inv]sion1 aga9 det]m9$ at #hg4 ,! latt] numb] is due to dextrose alone1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gives ! rotation due to sucrose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,*&l] ,,& ,,ricketts' ,,pol>iscope4 #bdj4 ,sucrose & ,raff9ose4--,9 raw sug>s made f beet molasses consid]able quantities ( raff9ose are f\nd4 ,! me?od ( inv]sion & pol>ization 9 su* cases is describ$ 9 p>agraph #ajj4 ,9 mak+ ! inv]sion by ! me?od propos$ by ,l9det 7#ie71 & conduct+ ! pol>ization on a laur5t in/rum5t1 a slightly diff]5t =mula1 giv5 bel[1 is us$2 viz43 ,c - #j4dhia;,a ,s --------------- #j4haj ,a - ,s & ,r ----------1 #a4ed 9 :i* ! sev]al lett]s ref] to ! same factors z are indicat$ by !m 9 ! =mula ( ,creydt4 ,9 ! application ( ! =mula j giv5 ! normal weight ( ! mix$ raw sug>s us$ is #af4b grams4#aig #bda4 ,optical ,det]m9ation ( ,levulose4--,! det]m9ation ( levulose by optical me?ods alone is made possible by reason ( ! fact t ! gyrodynats ( ! sug>s ) :i* x is associat$ are n s5sibly affect$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process1 z develop$ by ! au?or1 re/s on ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! *ange 9 ! gyrodynat ( levulose :5 its rotation is obs]v$ at widely sep>at$ temp]atures4#aih ,! obs]vation tube employ$ = read+ at l[ temp]atures is provid$ ) desiccat+ end tubes1 :i* prev5t ! deposition ( moi/ure on ! cov] glasses4 ,! relations ( ?is device to ! optical p>ts ( ! app>atus are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,pol>imetric ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,l[ ,,temp]atures4 ,! protect+ tubes are made ( h>d rubb] & ! desiccation is secur$ by surr\nd+ ! space betwe5 ! rubb] & ! p]=at$ metal axis ) fragm5ts ( pota% or calcium *lorid4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction are %[n 9 a horizontal section ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! obs]vation tube 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,9 ?is figure ! obs]vation tube1 made ( glass or metal1 is repres5t$ by i1 ! metal jacket1 op5 at ! top 9 ! ,v %ape z describ$1 by k4 ,! obs]vation tube is clos$ by ! heavy disk b made ( non-pol>iz+ glass4 ,?is disk is press$ aga9/ ! end ( ! obs]vation tube by ! rubb] wa%] a1 :5 ! dry+ sy/em ab\t to be describ$ is screw$ on to k4 ,! app>atus = keep+ ! cov] glass dry is conta9$ 9 ! h>d rubb] tube m & consi/s ( a p]=at$ cyl9d] ( brass e1 support$ at "o end by ! p]=at$ disk c & at ! out] ends by ! arms d4 ,x is clos$ by a cov] glass ( non-pol>iz+ glass s & c be screw$ on to ! sy/em h at n4 ,! space p is fill$ ) co>se fragm5ts ( cau/ic soda1 pota%1 or calcium *lorid by remov+ ! cov] glass s4 ,! p]=at$ disk c prev5ts any ( ! fragm5ts f ent]+ ! axis ( obs]vation4 ,:5 ! cov] glass s is replac$1 x j t\*es ! free end ( ! p]=at$ metal tube prev5t+ any ( ! fragm5ts ( ! dry+ mat]ial f fall+ into ! c5t] at ! out] end4 ,:5 ?is dry+ tube is plac$ 9 position1 ! cont5ts ( ! obs]vation tube i c be kept at ! temp]ature ( z]o = an indef9ite "t )\t ! deposition ( a p>ticle ( moi/ure ei!r ^u ! glass b or s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,con/ruction ,,( ,,desicat+ ,,tube4 ,= det]m9+ ! rotation at a high temp]ature ! app>atus ( ,*&l] & ,ricketts 7#bch7 may be us$ or ! foll[+ device3 ,! pol>iz+ app>atus %[n above1 ,fig4 #gf1 may be us$ aft] ! ,v %ape box is remov$ f ! /&1 :i* is s con/ruct$ z to receive a l>ge box cov]$ ) asbe/os felt an in* ?ick4 ,! obs]vation tube is held )9 ?is box 9 ! same way z 9 ! "o j describ$ s t ! hot wat] ext5ds n only ! entire l5g? ( ! tube b also cov]s ! cov] glasses4 ,9 bo? cases ! cov] glasses are made ( heavi] glass & are mu* l>g] 9 diamet] ?an f\nd 9 ! ord9>y tubes = pol>iscopes4 ,! protect+ cyl9d]s ( h>d rubb] are n ne$$ at high temp]atures b c be left on )\t detrim5t4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gh1 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus ) a silv] tube 9 position1 :i* c be fill$ & empti$ )\t remov+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,pol>iz+ ,,at ,,high ,,temp]atures4 ,9 practice ! wat] is heat$ ) a jet ( /eam & an ev5 temp]ature is secur$ by a me*anical /irr] kept sl[ly 9 motion4 ,) su* a box x is easy to ma9ta9 a temp]ature = sev]al h\rs :i* w n v>y m ?an half a degree4 ,! temp]ature = read+ ! hot solutions 0 fix$ at #hh1 ?is be+ ne>ly ! temp]ature at :i* a mixture ( equal molecules ( levulose & dextrose is optically inactive4 ,9 e case ! sug> solutions 7 made up to ! /&>d volume at ! temp]atures at :i* !y 7 to be read & ?us ! v>iations due to expansion or contraction 7 avoid$4 ,:5 solutions are read at a high temp]ature1 !y mu/ be made ) fre%ly boil$ wat] s z to avoid ! evolution ( air bubbles :i* may o!rwise obscure ! field ( vision4 ,by means ( ! app>atus describ$ x is easy = ! analy/ to make a pol>imetric read+ at any temp]ature desir$4 ,9 all cases ! obs]vation tube %\ld be left at lea/ a half an h\r & sometimes long] 9 contact ) ! temp]ature control m$ia be=e ! read+ is made4 ,! appe>ance ( ! field ( vision is usually a pretty fair index ( ! po9t ( "t at :i* a con/ant temp]ature is e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,any v>iation 9 temp]ature produces a di/ortion ( ! field ( vision :ile a con/ant fix$ temp]ature w disclose ! field ( vision 9 its true %ape & di/9ctness ( outl9e4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,calculation4--,if #bf4jdh grams ( pure sucrose be dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume made #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 x w produce an angul> rotation ( #cd4fh :5 exam9$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube ) pol>iz$ sodium mono*romatic light4 ,^u ! cane sug> scale ( an accurately graduat$ %ad[ in/rum5t ! read+ w be #ajj divisions correspond+ to #ajj p] c5t ( pure sucrose4 ,9 ! complete inv]sion ( ! cane sug> ! reaction :i* takes place is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 -- ,c,h,o ,h#j ,c,h,o ,c,h,o4 ,! m9us & plus signs indicate t ! result+ inv]t sug> is a mixture ( equal p>ts ( levulose 7d fructose7 & dextrose 7d glucose74 ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! fact t a complete inv]sion ( cane sug> is a matt] ( great difficulty nor ) ! dang] :i* is always exp]i5c$ ( de/roy+ a "p ( "o ( ! products ( inv]sion4 ,!y are matt]s :i* may cause a v>iation 9 ! analytical data aft]w>d1 b d n affect ! pr9ciples on :i* ! process is bas$4 ,9 ! inv]sion ( #bf4jdh grams ( cane sug> !re are !re=e produc$ #ac4ga grams ( levulose & #ac4ga grams ( dextrose or1 9 all1 #bg4db grams ( ! mix$ sug>s4 ,! angul> rotation :i* w\ld be produc$ by #ac4ga grams ( dextrose 9 a volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s & ?r\gh a column #bjj millimet]s 9 l5g? is1 ) sodium light1 #ad4ec equival5t to #da4hi divisions ( ! cane sug> scale4 ,! specific rotatory p[] ( a dextrose solution ( ! d5sity giv5 is almo/ exactly #ec1 & ?is numb] is us$ 9 ! calculations4 ,9 a mixture ( ! two sug>s "u ! conditions m5tion$ & at a temp]ature ( #j ! angul> rotation obs]v$ is -#ae4ae equival5t to #dc4cg divisions ( ! cane sug> scale4 ,! rotation due to ! dextrose is #ad4ec4 ,!re=e ! total negative rotation due to levulose at #j is #ae4ae #ad4ec #bi4fh4 ,h5ce ! gyrodynat ( levulose at #j & 9 ! degree ( conc5tration not$ is readily calculat$ f ! =mula #bi4fh #ajj ,d - ------------ -#ajh4bd4 #b #ac4ga ,s9ce at #hh 7circa7 ! mixture ( levulose & dextrose is neutral to pol>iz$ light1 x foll[s t at t temp]ature ! specific rotatory p[] ( levulose is equal to t ( dextrose1 viz41 #ec4 ,d - #ec4 ,! total v>iation 9 ! specific rotatory p[] ( levulose1 betwe5 z]o & #hh1 is #ee4bd4 ,! v>iation = ea* degree ( temp]ature1 !re=e1 ( ! specific rotatory p[] ( levulose is equal to #ee4bd divid$ by #hh1 :i* is equal to #j4fbh4 ,f ^! data x is easy to calculate ! specific rotatory p[] ( levulose = any giv5 temp]ature4 ,= in/ance1 let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! gyrodynat ( levulose at a temp]ature ( #bj4 ,x w be f\nd equal to #ajh4bd - #j4fbh #bj #ie4fh4 ,! requir$ rotatory p[] is !n a ,d -#ie4fh4 ,9 ^! calculations ! influ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid ^u ! rotatory p[] ( ! levulose is neglect$4 ,s9ce ! v>iation 9 angul> rotation 9 ! mixture at diff]5t temp]atures is due almo/ :olly to ! *ange 9 ?is prop]ty ( ! levulose x foll[s t ! v>iation = ea* degree ( temp]ature & ea* p] c5t ( levulose c be calculat$4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t ! v>iation 9 ! rotatory p[] ( levulose betwe5 #j & #hh is repres5t$ by a /raight l9e4 ,= #ac4ga grams p] #ajj cubic c5timet]s ! v>iation = ea* degree ( temp]ature is equal to #dc4cg #hh #j4di divisions on ! cane sug> scale1 or #ae4ae #hh #j4agbb angul> measure4 ,if #ac4ga grams ( levulose 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s produce ! deviations m5tion$ = ea* degree ( temp]ature1 "o gram w\ld give ! deviation obta9$ by ! foll[+ calculations3 ,= ! cane sug> scale #j4di #ac4ga #j4jceg & = angul> rotation #j4agbb #ac4ga #j4jabef4 ,! above data af=d a simple =mula = calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( levulose pres5t f ! v>iation obs]v$ 9 pol>iz+ a solution conta9+ levulose1 provid$ t ! quantity ( levulose pres5t is approximately f\rte5 grams p] #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,example4--,suppose 9 a giv5 case ! diff]5ce ( read+ betwe5 a solution conta9+ an unkn[n quantity ( levulose at #j & #hh is equal to ?irty divisions ( ! cane sug> scale4 ,:at weight ( levulose is pres5t8 ,we h already se5 t "o gram 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s produces a v>iation ( #j4jceg division = #a4 ,= #hh ?is w\ld am\nt to #c4adaf divisions4 ,! total weight ( levulose pres5t is !re=e #cj #c4adaf #i4edi grams4 ,9 ! case giv5 #bf4jdh grams ( honey 7 tak5 = ! exam9ation4 ,! p]c5tage ( levulose 0 !re=e #i4edi #ajj #bf4jdh #cf4ff p] c5t4 ,if x be inconv5i5t to det]m9e ! pol>imetric obs]vations at temp]atures s widely sep>at$ z #j & #hh ! int]val may be made less4 ,9 ! above case if ! read+s _h be5 made at #bj & #gj ! total v>iation w\ld h be5 only _/ ( ! "o giv51 viz41 #ag4je divisions ( ! cane sug> scale4 ,! calculation w\ld !n h proce$$ z foll[s3 #j4jceg #ej #a4ghe4 ,!n1 #ag4je #a4ghe #i4eeb grams ( levulose1 f :i* ! actual p]c5tage ( levulose c be calculat$ z above4 ,) honeys ! op]ation is to be conduct$ z foll[s3 ,s9ce honeys conta9 approximately tw5ty p] c5t ( wat] & 9 ! dry sub/ance h approximately =ty-five p] c5t ( levulose1 ab\t #ch4ej grams ( ! honey %\ld be tak5 to get approximately #ac4h grams ( levulose4 ,9 ! actual det]m9ation ! calculations may be bas$ on ! factors above not$1 b )\t respect to ! degree ( conc5tration4 ,if half ! quantity ( dextrose not$ be pres5t its specific rotatory p[] is only r$uc$ to ab\t #eb4ge1 & ?is w make b little diff]5ce 9 ! results4 ,9 ! case ( honey #ac4jbd grams ( ! sample are conv5i5tly us$ 9 ! exam9ation1 half ! normal weight = ! v5tzke sug> scale4 ,! error1 h[ev]1 due to diff]5ce 9 conc5tration is q comp5sat$ = by ! ease ( cl>ification & manipulation4 ,alum9a cream alone is us$ 9 ! cl>ification1 ?us avoid+ ! dang] ( heat+ ! solution to a high temp]ature 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( lead acetate4 ,an int]e/+ fact is obs]v$ 9 cool+ solutions ( honey to #j4 ,! maximum left h& rotation is n rea*$ z soon z ! temp]ature rea*es #j b only aft] x has be5 kept at t temp]ature = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! l9e repres5t+ ! *ange 9 rotatory p[] 9 solutions ( honey betwe5 #aj & #hh is practically /raight b f #aj to #j1 if measur$ by ! read+s tak5 )\t delay1 x is decid$ly curv$2 ! read+ be+ less at fir/ ?an x is aft]w>ds4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs ! #j becomes s5sibly con/ant & !n ! :ole l9e is ne>ly /raight1 b /ill ) a slight defici5cy 9 ! read+ at ! #j4 ,= ?is reason ! computations %\ld be bas$ on read+s betwe5 #aj & #hh r ?an on a numb] cov]+ ! :ole range ( temp]ature4 ,nev]!less1 if ! solution be kept at #aj = ?ree h\rs be=e ! f9al read+ is tak51 no error ( any practical magnitude is introduc$4 ,! calculations giv5 above1 = ! cane sug> scale1 c also be made 9 an exactly simil> mann] = angul> rotation4 ,! angul> v>iation produc$ by "o gram ( levulose = #a ( temp]ature is #j4jabef4 ,= #hh ?is w\ld become #a4ajebh4 ,suppose ! total obs]v$ angul> deviation 9 a giv5 case betwe5 #j & #hh to be #aj4djd1 !n ! weight ( levulose pres5t is #aj4djd #a4ajebh #i4dac grams4 ,9 ! case m5tion$ #bf4jdh grams ( honey 7 tak5 = ! exam9ation4 ,! p]c5tage ( levulose pres5t1 !re=e1 0 #i4dac #ajj #bf4jdh #cf4ac4 #bda4 ,g5]al ,=mula = ! ,calculation ( ,p]c5tage ( ,levulose4--,let ,k deviation 9 divisions ( ! cane sug> scale or 9 angul> rotation produc$ by "o gram ( levulose = #a temp]ature4 ,let ,t & t temp]atures at :i* obs]vations are made4 ,let ,r obs]v$ deviation 9 rotation4 ,let ,w weight ( levulose obta9$4 ,let ,l p] c5t ( levulose requir$4 ,r ,!n ,l --------------- ,w4 ,k7,t - t7 ,9 mo/ g5u9e honeys ! value ( ,r betwe5 #j & #hh is approximately ?irty divisions ( ! cane sug> scale or #aj angul> measure = #bf4jdh grams 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 read 9 a #bjj millimet] tube1 or1 = #ac4jbd grams 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s read 9 a #djj millimet] tube4 ,! me?od ( analysis outl9$ above has be5 appli$ 9 ! exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( honeys ) mo/ satisfactory results4 ,x c also be appli$ ) equal facility to o!r sub/ances conta9+ levulose4 #bdb4 ,sucrose & ,dextrose4--,9 mixtures ^! two sug>s are easily det]m9$ by optical processes1 provid$ no o!r bodies s5sibly affect+ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light be pres5t4 ,! total deviation due to bo? sug>s is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! p]c5tage ( sucrose is aft]w>ds f\nd by ! inv]sion me?od 7#ib74 ,! rotation1 9 ! fir/ in/ance due to ! sucrose1 is calculat$ f ! am\nt ( ?is body f\nd by inv]sion1 & ! residual rotation is caus$ by ! dextrose4 ,! p]c5tage ( dextrose is easily calculat$ by a simple proportion into :i* ! numb]s express+ ! gyrodynats ( sucrose & dextrose ent]4 ,:5 ! read+s are made on a v5tzke scale ! calculations are made z foll[s3 ,weight ( sample us$ #bf4jdh grams4 ,fir/ pol>ization #hh4e ,pol>ization aft] inv]sion #aj4e ,temp]ature #bj4j ,p]c5tage ( sucrose #eh4d ,rotation due to dextrose #cj4a ,p]c5tage ( dextrose3 #ff4e 3 #ec x 3 #cj4a2 :5ce x #cg4h4 ,! sample exam9$ !re=e conta9s #eh4d p] c5t ( sucrose & #cg4h p] c5t ( dextrose4 ,x is evid5t t ! me?od j describ$ is also applicable :5 maltose1 dextr91 or any o!r sug> or pol>iz+ body1 n s5sibly affect$ by ! process ( inv]sion to :i* ! sucrose is subject$1 is sub/itut$ = dextrose4 ,:51 h[ev]1 m ?an two optically active bodies are pres5t ! purely pol>iscopic process is n applicable4 ,9 su* cases ! *emical or ! comb9$ *emical & optical me?ods describ$ fur!r on c be employ$4 #bdc4 ,lactose 9 ,milk4--,by reason ( its def9ite gyrodynat lactose 9 milk is quickly & accurately det]m9$ by optical me?ods1 :5 prop] cl>ify+ reag5ts are us$ to free ! fluid ( fat & nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,soluble album9oids h def9ite levogyratory p[]s &1 if n entirely remov$1 s]ve to dim9i% ! rotation due to ! lactose4 ,milk case9 precipitat$ by magnesium sulfate has ! foll[+ gyrodynatic numb]s assign$ to x3#aii ,dissolv$ 9 wat] a,d -#hj 0 0 v dilute solution a,d -#hg4 0 0 dilute sodium hydroxid solution a,d -#gf4 0 0 /rong potassium hydroxid solution a,d -#ia4 ,! hydrates ( album5 h rotation p[]s :i* v>y f a,d -#ga4dj to a,d -#gi-je4 ,f ! *aotic /ate ( k conc]n+ ! specific rotat+ p[] ( ! v>i\s album5s1 x is impossible to assign any numb] :i* w be> ! te/ ( criticism4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is numb] may be fix$ at a,d -#gj = ! album5s :i* rema9 9 solution 9 ! liquids pol>iz$ = milk sug>4#bjj ,_m reag5ts h be5 prep>$ = ! removal ( ! di/urb+ bodies f milk 9 ord] to make its pol>ization possible4 ,among ! precipitants :i* h be5 us$ 9 ?is laboratory may be m5tion$3#bja 7#a7 ,saturat$ solution basic lead acetate1 specific gravity #a4ig3 7#b7 ,nitric acid solution ( m]curic nitrate dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]3 7#hh47 7#c7 ,acetic acid1 specific gravity #a4jdj1 conta9+ tw5ty-n9e p] c5t acetic acid3 7#d7 ,nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4aig1 conta9+ ?irty p] c5t nitric acid3 7#e7 ,sulfuric acid1 specific gravity #a4bee1 conta9+ ?irty-"o p] c5t sulfuric acid3 7#f7 ,saturat$ solution ( sodium *lorid3 7#g7 ,saturat$ solution ( magnesium sulfate3 7#h7 ,solution ( m]curic iodid 9 acetic acid1 =mula2 potassium iodid1 #cc4b grams2 m]curic *lorid1 #ac4e grams2 /rong acetic acid1 #bj4j cubic c5timet]s2 wat] #fdj cubic c5timet]s4 ,alcohol1 e!r1 & _m solutions ( m9]al salts1 hydro*loric & o!r acids are also us$ z precipitants = album51 b none ( !m pres5ts any advantages4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! be/ results 9 pol>iscopic "w are secur$ by ! use ( ei!r ! m]curic iodid or ! acid m]curic nitrate = cl>ify+ ! milk4 ,! latt] reag5t %\ld be us$ 9 quantities ( ab\t ?ree cubic c5timet]s = ea* #ajj ( milk4 ,x is evid5t :5 x is desir$ to det]m9e ! residual nitrog5 9 solution1 ! =m] reag5t mu/ be employ$4 ,! quantity ( album9oid matt] left 9 solution aft] cl>ification ) m]curial salts is s m9ute z to ex]t no s5sible effect on ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>iz$ light produc$ by ! lactose4 ,= purposes ( calculation ! gyrodynat ( lactose 9 ! ord9>y conditions ( temp]ature & conc5tration may be repres5t$ by a,d #eb4e 7#ajg74 ,pol>ization4--,! prop] weight ( milk is plac$ 9 a sug> flask1 dilut$ ) wat]1 cl>ifi$ ) ! m]curic salt1 ! volume complet$ to ! m>k1 & ! cont5ts %ak5 & p\r$ on a filt]4 ,! filtrate is pol>iz$ 9 tubes ( conv5i5t l5g?4 ,! obs]v$ rotation may be express$ ei!r 9 degrees ( angul> measurem5t or ( ! sug> scale4 ,! weight ( milk us$ may be two or ?ree times t ( ! normal weight calculat$ = ! in/rum5t employ$4 ,in/ead ( weigh+ ! milk a correspond+ volume det]m9$ by its specific gravity may be deliv]$ f a burette-pipette 7p4 #bca74 ,= ! laur5t pol>iscope ?ree times1 & = ! half-%ad[ in/rum5ts = lamplight1 twice ! normal weight ( milk %\ld be us$4 ,= approximately sixty cubic c5timet]s ( milk ! flask %\ld be m>k$ at #aje cubic c5timet]s 9 comp5sation = ! volume ( precipitat$ solids or ! read+ obta9$ f a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 decreas$ by "o-tw5tie?4 ,= ! laur5t in/rum5t ! normal weight ( lactose is det]m9$ by ! foll[+ proportions3 ,gyrodynat ( sucrose1 #ff4e3 lactose3 #eb4e x3 #af4ai4 ,:5ce x #bj4ea1 t is1 ! numb] ( grams ( pure lactose 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s requir$ to read #ajj divisions ( ! sug> scale ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= ! v5tzke scale ! normal quantity ( lactose requir$ to read #ajj divisions is f\nd f ! foll[+ equation3 #ff4d3 #eb4e x3 #bf4jdh ,:5ce x #cb4gd4 ,9 ! "o case ?ree times ! normal weight ( milk is #fa4ec & 9 ! o!r twice ! normal weight1 #fe4dh grams4 #bdd4 ,error due to ,volume ( ,precipitate4--,vie? /ates t ! volume all[$ = ! precipitat$ solids 9 ! orig9al process1 viz41 two & f\r-t5?s cubic c5timet]s1 is n suffici5tly l>ge4#bjb ,9 su* cases x is q difficult to decide on any arbitr>y correction bas$ on ! suppos$ quantities ( fat & album9oids pres5t4 ,a bett] me?od ?an to try to comp5sate = any arbitr>y volume is to remove entirely ! di/urb+ cause or elim9ate x by indirect means4 ,to wa% ! precipitate free ( sug> )\t increas+ ! bulk ( ! filtrate unduly w\ld be extremely difficult & t5d1 moreov]1 to br+ "s ( ! precipitat$ matt]s aga9 into solution4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to elim9ate ! error by d\ble dilution & pol>ization 7#hf74 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od is bas$ on ! fact1 t1 )9 limits n s5sibly affect+ ! gyrodynat by reason ( diff]5t d5sities1 ! pol>izations ( two solutions ( ! same sub/ance are inv]sely proportional to _! volumes4 ,= conv5i5ce1 x is recomm5d$ t ! volumes ( ! samples 9 ea* in/ance be #ajj & #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 respectively1 9 :i* case ! true read+ is obta9$ by ! simple =mula giv5 9 ! latt] "p ( #hf4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! d\ble dilution me?od ( det]m9+ ! volume ( ! precipitate is conduct$ z foll[s3#bjc ,9 ea* ( two flasks m>k$ at #ajj & #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 respectively1 are plac$ #fe4eb grams ( milk1 f\r cubic c5timet]s ( m]curic nitrate add$1 ! volume complet$ to ! m>k & ! cont5ts ( ! flask well %ak54 ,aft] filt]+1 ! pol>ization is made 9 a #djj millimet] tube by means ( ! triple %ad[ pol>iscope describ$ 9 #ge4 ,f ! read+ ?us obta9$ ! volume ( ! precipitate & ! degree ( correction to be appli$ are calculat$ z 9 ! subjo9$ example4 ,! flasks %\ld be fill$ at ne> ! temp]ature at :i* ! pol>izations are made & ! obs]vation room mu/ be kept at practically a con/ant temp]ature ( #bj to avoid ! complications :i* w\ld be produc$ by *anges 9 ! gyrodynat ( lactose & ! value ( ! qu>tz plates & w$ges ( ! app>atus by m>k$ v>iations 9 temp]ature4 ,example4--,weight ( milk us$ 9 ea* case #fe4eb grams4 ,pol>imetric read+ f ! #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 #bj4hd 0 0 0 0 #bjj 0 0 0 #aj4ae ,!n #aj4ae #b #bj4cj #bj4hd - #bj4cj #j4ed #j4ed #b #a4jh #bj4hd - #a4jh #ai4gf #ai4gf #d #d4id1 :i* is ! correct$ read+ %[+ ! p]c5tage ( lactose 9 ! sample us$4 ,! volume ( ! precipitate is calculat$ z foll[s3 #bj4hd #d #e4ba1 ! app>5t p]c5tage ( lactose pres5t4 ,!n #e4ba3 #d4id #ajj3 x4 ,:5ce x #id4hb4 ,f ?is numb] x is se5 t ! true volume ( ! milk solution pol>iz$ is #id4hb in/ead ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 :5ce ! volume occupi$ by ! precipitate is #ajj - #id4hb #e4ah cubic c5timet]s4 ,s little "t is requir$ to conduct ! analysis by ! d\ble dilution me?od z to r5d] x pref]able 9 all cases :]e inconte/able data are desir$4 ,:]e arbitr>y corrections are made ! volume all[$ = ! precipitate may v>y f two & a half cubic c5timet]s 9 milks poor 9 fat1 to six = ^? ) a high cream cont5t4 ,= milks ( av]age composition suffici5t accuracy is secur$ by mak+ an arbitr>y correction ( five cubic c5timet]s = ! volume ( ! precipitate4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,sug>s ,,by ,,*emical ,,& ,,*emical-,,optical ,,me?ods4 #bde4 ,conditions ( ,sep>ation4--,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ! optical me?ods = det]m9+ c]ta9 sug>s h be5 describ$4 ,_m cases arise1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ^! processes are inapplicable or insuffici5t4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 ! analy/1 z a rule1 w be able to solve ! problem pres5t$ by ! purely *emical me?ods :i* h be5 previ\sly describ$1 or by a comb9ation ( ! *emical & optical processes4 ,n only h ! diff]5t sug>s di/9ctive relations to pol>iz$ light1 b also !y are oxidiz$ by v>y+ quantities ( metallic salts & ^! diff]5ces are suffici5tly pron\nc$ to secure 9 ne>ly e in/ance1 no matt] h[ complex1 data ( a high degree ( accuracy4 ,! c>bohydrates ( *ief importance1 f an agricultural po9t ( view1 are />* & sucrose2 :ile ! alt]nation products ( *ief importance1 d]iv$ !refrom by *emical & biological means1 are dextr91 maltose1 dextrose & inv]t sug>4 #bdf4 ,sucrose1 ,levulose1 & ,dextrose4--,! purely *emical me?ods ( sep>at+ ^! ?ree sug>s h be5 inve/igat$ by ,wie*mann4#bjd ,!y are bas$ on ! data obta9$ by det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug>s1 bo? be=e & aft] ! inv]sion ( ! sucrose1 & be=e & aft] ! removal ( ! levulose4 ,= ! de/ruction ( ! levulose1 ! me?od ( ,sieb5 is employ$1 & att5tion is call$ to ! fact t ! complete removal ( ! levulose by ?is process is difficult ( accompli%m5t1 & is probably att5d$ ) alt]ations ( ! o!r sug>s pres5t4 #bdg4 ,sieb5's ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,levulose4--,! decompos+ action ( hot hydro*loric acid on levulose1 & its comp>ative inaction on dextrose are ! basis ( ,sieb5's process4#bje ,! hydro*loric acid employ$ %\ld conta9 ab\t #bbj grams ( ! pure gas p] lit]1 t is1 be ( tw5ty-two p] c5t /r5g?1 correspond+ to #a4ajh specific gravity4 ,if ! sub/ance act$ on be inv]t sug>1 its solution %\ld be approximately ( two & a half p] c5t /r5g?4 ,to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( su* a solution1 sixty ( ! hydro*loric acid are add$1 & ! mixture imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat] = ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] quickly cool+1 ! acid is neutraliz$ ) sodium hydrate ( ?irty-six times normal /r5g?4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! hydrate solution w ?us neutralize ! sixty ( hydro*loric acid :i* h be5 us$ to de/roy ! levulose4 ,! "w ( ,wie*mann discloses ! fact1 easily previs$1 t ! me?od us$ = de/roy+ levulose is n always effective & t action ( ! reag5t is n exclusively conf9$ to ! levogyrate con/itu5t ( ! mixture4 ,nev]!less1 data ( reasonable accuracy may be secur$ by ?is process1 :i* is be/ c>ri$ out z describ$ by ,wie*mann4 ,9 ?is connection ! possibility ( ! polym]ization ( ! dextrose molecules1 :5 heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 #bdh4 ,! ,analytical ,process4--,! total quantity ( inv]t sug> 9 a giv5 solution is det]m9$ by ! me?ods already giv5 7#acf1 #ada47 ,aft] ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! levulose is de/roy$ z describ$ above1 & ! dextrose det]m9$ by any approv$ me?od 7#acf1 #adj74 ,9 ! pres5ce ( sucrose1 ! sum ( ! r$uc+ sug>s is fir/ det]m9$ z 9 #acf1 #adb4 ,aft] ! inv]sion ( ! sucrose1 ! inv]t sug> is aga9 det]m9$1 & ! increas$ quantity f\nd1 calculat$ to sucrose4 ,! levulose is !n de/roy$ by hydro*loric acid1 & ! dextrose det]m9$ z describ$ above4 ,! quantity ( sucrose may also be det]m9$ by an optical me?od 7#ia1 #ib1 #id474 #bdi4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,if we repres5t by a ! weight ( metallic copp] r$uc$ by ! inv]t sug> pres5t 9 a solution conta9+ sucrose1 & by b t obta9$ aft] ! inv]sion ( ! sucrose1 ! quantity ( copp] correspond+ to ! sucrose is b - a c4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! levulose1 ! copp] r$uc$ by ! residual dextrose may be repres5t$ by d4 ,! weight ( copp] equival5t to ! levulose is1 !re=e1 b - d e4 ,f ! tables already giv51 ! correspond+ quantities ( ! sug>s equival5t to c1 d1 & e are directly tak54 ,example3 #afc4h milligrams inv]t sug>4 a #cjj milligrams #aef4e 0 dextrose4 #ahe4fc 0 levulose4 b #ejj 0 d #bge 0 #adb4h 0 dextrose4 c #bjj 0 #ajf4c 0 inv]t sug>4 e #bbe 0 #acc4hi 0 levulose4 ,! #ajf4c milligrams ( inv]t sug> equival5t to c1 correspond to #aja milligrams ( sucrose4 ,! quantity ( dextrose equival5t to #bge milligrams ( copp] is #adb4h4 ,( ?is am\nt #ec4ae milligrams are due to ! inv]t$ sucrose1 leav+ #hi4fe milligrams aris+ f ! inv]t sug> & dextrose orig9ally pres5t4 ,?is quantity is equival5t to #age milligrams ( copp]4 ,( ! #cjj milligrams ( copp] obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 #abe are due to levulose 9 ! orig9al sample1 correspond+ to #fi4gc milligrams :i* numb]1 multipli$ by two1 gives ! inv]t sug> pres5t4 ,! sample exam9$1 !re=e1 _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,sucrose #aja4jj milligrams4 ,inv]t sug> #aci4df 0 ,dextrose #ai4ib 0 ------ ,sum #bfj4ch 0 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! inv]t sug> be calculat$ f ! quantity correspond+ to ! #bbe milligrams ( copp] correspond+ to e1 ! data w be v diff]5t f ^? giv5 above4 ,9 ?is in/ance ( ! levulose f\nd correspond+ to #bbe milligrams ( copp]1 viz41 #acc4hi1 #ec4ae milligrams are due to ! inv]t$ sucrose4 ,!n ! quantity due to ! inv]t sug> at fir/ pres5t is #acc4hi - #ec4ae #hj4gd milligrams4 ,s9ce half ! weight ( inv]t sug> is levulose1 ! total weight ( ! inv]t sug> at fir/ pres5t is #afa4dh1 leav+ only #h4ia milligrams due to add$ dextrose4 ,! difficulties 9 ^! calculations d\btless arise f ! imp]fect de/ruction ( ! levulose1 & f v>iations 9 ! r$uc+ action ( sug>s on copp] salts 9 ! pres5ce ( su* l>ge quantities ( sodium *lorid4 #bej4 ,calculation f ,data obta9$ ) ,copp] ,c>bonate4--,! wide v>iations obs]v$ 9 diff]5t me?ods ( calculations 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 are due 9 "p to ! diff]5t degrees ( oxidation ex]t$ on alkal9e copp] t>trate by ! dextrose & levulose4 ,bett] results are obta9$ by conduct+ ! analytical "w ) ,o/'s modification ( ,solda9i's solution 7#abh74 ,! relative quantities ( levulose & dextrose oxidiz$ by ?is solution are almo/ id5tical1 & ! calculations1 !re=e1 result 9 ne>ly ! same data1 :e!r made f ! numb]s obta9$ ) ! residual dextrose or f ! levulose de/roy$4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ?is me?od is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ calculation4 ,example4--,9 a mixture ( sucrose1 inv]t sug>1 & dextrose1 ! quantities ( copp] obta9$ by us+ ! copp] c>bonate solution 7 z foll[s3 ,copp] obta9$ be=e inv]sion a #aej milligrams4 0 0 aft] 0 b #bej 0 0 0 0 de/roy+ lev'e d #acg4e 0 0 equival5t to inv]t$ sucrose b - a c #ajj 0 0 0 0 levulose b - d e #aab4e 0 #dd4j milligrams inv]t sug>4 a #aej milligrams ,cu #de4c 0 dextrose4 #db4e 0 levulose4 d #acg4e 0 0 #da4ee 0 dextrose4 c #ajj 0 0 #bi4e 0 inv]t sug> #bh4jbe sucrose4 e #aab4e 0 0 #ca4i 0 levulose4 #ad4ge milligrams ( dextrose #dh4e milligrams ,cu4 #ad4ge 0 0 levulose #ea4e 0 0 #acg4e - #dh4e #hi4j milligrams ,cu due to dextrose pres5t be=e inv]sion4 #hi4j milligrams ,cu #bg milligrams dextrose be=e inv]sion4 #aej4j - #hi4j 0 0 #fa4j 0 ,cu due to levulose pres5t be=e inv]sion4 #fa4j 0 0 #ag4h 0 levulose be=e inv]sion4 #ag4h #b #ce4f milligrams inv]t sug> pres5t be=e inv]sion4 #bg4j - #ag4h #i4b 0 dextrose 0 0 0 ,aga93 #aab4e - #ea4e #fa4j milligrams ,cu due to levulose pres5t be=e inv]sion4 #fa4j milligrams ,cu #ag4h milligrams levulose4 #ag4h 0 levulose indicate #ce4f milligrams inv]t sug>4 ,dextrose 9 inv]t sug> be=e inv]sion #ag4h milligrams4 ,total dextrose be=e inv]sion #bg4j milligrams4 ,dextrose above am\nt requir$ = inv]t sug> #bg4j - #ag4h #i4b milligrams4 ,! respective quantities ( ! ?ree sug>s 9 ! solution are1 !re=e3 ,sucrose #bh4jbe milligrams4 ,inv]t sug> #ce4f 0 ,dextrose #i4b 0 ,! calculations made f ! lat] data 7#bcd7 give almo/ ! same results4 #bea4 ,w9t]'s ,process4--,w9t] has propos$ a me?od ( sep>at+ dextrose & levulose 9 ! pres5ce ( sucrose bas$ on ! selective precipitation produc$ on treat+ mixtures ( ^! sug>s 9 solution ) ammoniacal lead acetate4#bjf ,! reag5t is prep>$ imm$iately be=e use by add+ ammonia to a solution ( lead acetate until ! opalesc5ce :i* is at fir/ produc$ j disappe>s4 ,! sep>ation is bas$ on ! fact t ! comp\nd ( sucrose ) ! reag5t is easily soluble 9 wat]1 :ile ! salts =m$ ) levulose & dextrose are insoluble4 ,! sep>ation ( ! sug>s is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,! ammoniacal lead acetate is add$ to ! solution ( ! mix$ sug>s until no fur!r precipitate is produc$4 ,! precipitat$ matt]s are dige/$ ) a l>ge excess ( wat] & f9ally sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! sucrose is f\nd 9 ! filtrate 9 ! =m ( a soluble lead comp\nd1 f :i* x is lib]at$ by treatm5t ) c>bon dioxid4 ,! lead c>bonate produc$ is sep>at$ by filtration & ! sucrose is e/imat$ 9 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate by optical or *emical me?ods4 ,! precipitate conta9+ ! lead comp\nds ( dextrose & levulose is wa%$ free ( sucrose1 susp5d$ 9 wat] & saturat$ ) c>bon dioxid4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! lead comp\nd ) dextrose is decompos$ &1 on filtration1 ! dextrose w be f\nd 9 ! filtrate1 :ile ! lead comp\nd ( ! levulose is reta9$ ^u ! filt] ) ! lead c>bonate4 ,aft] well wa%+ ! precipitate1 x is aga9 susp5d$ 9 wat] & saturat$ ) hydrog5 sulfid4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! lead levulosate comp\nd is brok5 up & ! levulose obta9$1 on subsequ5t filtration1 9 ! filtrate4 ,! dextrose & levulose1 aft] sep>ation z above describ$1 may be det]m9$ 9 aliquot p>ts ( _! respective filtrates by ! usual gravimetric me?ods4 ,be=e det]m9+ ! levulose ! solution %\ld be heat$ until all excess ( hydrog5 sulfid is expell$4 ,?is me?od 0 us$ especially by ,w9t] 9 sep>at+ ! v>i\s sug>s obta9$ 9 ! juices ( sug> cane4 ,x has n be5 l>gely adopt$ z a laboratory me?od1 & on acc\nt ( ! "t & tr\ble requir$ = its conduct1 is n likely to assume any v great practical importance4 #beb4 ,sep>ation ( ,sug>s by ,lead ,oxid4--,9 addition to ! comb9ation ) ! e>?y bases1 sug> =ms well def9$ comp\nds ) lead oxid4 ,"o ( ^! comp\nds is ( su* a nature z to h consid]able analytical & te*nical value4 ,its composition & ! me?od ( prep>+ x h be5 po9t$ out by ,kassn]4#bjg ,sucrose1 "u conditions to be describ$1 =ms ) ! lead oxid a diplumbic sac*>ate1 :i* sep>ates 9 sph]oidal cry/als1 & has ! composition correspond+ to ! =mula ,c,h,o,pb #e;,h,o4 ,! precipitation takes place quantitively & %\ld be conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! sub/ance conta9+ ! sucrose1 :i* may be molasses1 sirups or conc5trat$ juices1 is dilut$ ) en\gh wat] to make a sirup :i* is n too visc\s4 ,lead oxid susp5d$ 9 wat] is /irr$ into ! mass 9 su* proportion z to give ab\t two p>ts ( oxid to "o ( ! sug>4 ,! /irr+ is cont9u$ = "s "t until ! oxid is ?or\ghly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass & until x becomes ?ick by ! comm5cem5t ( ! =mation ( ! sac*>ate4 ,z soon z ! mass is suffici5tly ?ick5$ to prev5t ! rema9+ lead oxid f settl+1 ! /irr+ may be discont9u$ & ! mixture is left = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! sucrose has all cry/alliz$ 9 ! =m ( lead sac*>ate4 ,! cry/als ( lead sac*>ate c be sep>at$ by a c5trifugal ma*9e or by pass+ ?r\gh a filt] press1 & are ?or\ghly wa%$ ) cold wat]1 9 :i* !y are almo/ insoluble4 ,! wa%$ cry/als are beat5 up ) wat] into a ?ick pa/e & ! lead sep>at$ z basic c>bonate by c>bon dioxid4 ,! sucrose is f\nd 9 solution 9 ! residual liquor & is conc5trat$ & cry/alliz$ 9 ! usual way4 ,r$uc+ sug>s h a /rong] aff9ity = ! lead oxid ?an ! sucrose1 & ?is fact is made use ( to effect a ne>ly complete sep>ation :5 !y are mix$ toge!r4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is ! lead oxid is add$ 9 ! fir/ place only 9 suffici5t quantity to comb9e ) ! r$uc+ sug>s pres5t1 ! process be+ ess5tially t describ$ above4 ,! r$uc+ sug>s :i* are precipitat$ z lead dextrosates1 lead levulosates1 etc41 are sep>at$ 9 ! usual way by a c5trifugal or a filt] press1 & ! result+ liquor1 :i* conta9s /ill ne>ly all ! sucrose1 is subject$ to a second precipitation by ! addition ( lead oxid4 ,! second precipitation obta9$ is almo/ pure diplumbic sac*>ate4 ,9 ! precipitation ( ! sug> :i* is conta9$ 9 ! beet molasses1 :]e only a trace or v little inv]t sug> is pres5t1 ! sucrose is almo/ quantitively sep>at$1 & by ! conc5tration ( ! residual liquor1 pota% salts are easily obta9$4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] ! decomposition ( ! lead sac*>ate by c>bon dioxid1 ! residual sug> solution is f\nd entirely free ( lead4 ,:]e inv]t sug> is pres5t1 h[ev]1 9 any consid]able proportions1 x is f\nd to ex]cise a slightly soluble influ5ce on ! lead sac*>ate1 & 9 ?is case a trace ( lead may pass into solution4 ,= te*nical purposes1 ?is is aft]w>ds sep>at$ by hydrosulfuric acid or ! introduction ( lime sulfid4 ,lead oxid is reg5]at$ f ! basic lead c>bonate obta9$ by heat+ 9 retorts to a little above #bfj1 & ! c>bon dioxid evolv$ c also be us$ aga9 9 ! te*nical process4 #bec4 ,comm]cial ,glucose & ,grape ,sug>4--,! comm]cial products obta9$ by ! hydrolysis ( />* are kn[n 9 ! trade z glucose or grape sug>4 ,! =m] t]m is appli$ to ! ?ick sirup obta9$ by conc5trat+ ! products ( a p>tial hydrolysis1 :ile ! latt] is appli$ to ! solid semi-cry/all9e mass1 secur$ by cont9u+ ! hydrolyz+ action until ! int]m$iate products are almo/ completely *ang$ to dextrose4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! />* employ$ is obta9$ almo/ exclusively f maize1 & ! hydrolyz+ ag5t us$ is sulfuric acid4#bjh ,! products ( conv]sion 9 glucose are *iefly dextr9s & dextrose ) "s maltose1 & 9 grape sug> almo/ entirely dextrose4 ,:5 dia/ase is sub/itut$ = an acid1 z ! hydrolytic ag5t1 maltose is ! *ief product1 ! f]m5t hav+ no p[] ( produc+ dextrose4 ,9 ! glucose ( ,japan1 kn[n z midzu ame dextr9 & maltose are ! *ief con/itu5ts4#bji ,comm]cial glucose is us$ *iefly by confection]s = manufactur+ table sirups & = adult]at+ honey & molasses4 ,comm]cial grape sug> is *iefly employ$ by brew]s z a sub/itute = b>ley & o!r gra9s4 ,9 ,europe1 ! />* :i* is conv]t$ into glucose1 is d]iv$ pr9cipally f potatoes4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 conv]sion1 :e!r an acid or dia/atic action1 is reveal$ n only by ! nature ( ! product1 b also by ! composition ( its a%4 ,9 ! case ( dia/atic conv]sion ! a% ( ! sample w conta9 only a trace ( sulfates1 no *lor91 & be /rongly alkal9e1 :ile ! product ( conv]sion ) sulfuric acid w give an a% ri* 9 sulfates ) a little lime & be less /rongly alkal9e4 ,! process ( manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry consi/s 9 treat+ ! />*1 beat5 to a cream ) wat]1 ) sulfuric acid1 usually "u pressure1 until ! product %[s no blue color ) iod94 ,! excess ( acid is remov$ ) m>ble du/1 ! sirup sep>at$ by filtration1 :it5$ by blea*+ ) sulfur\s acid or by pass+ x ?r\gh bone-black & evaporat$ to ! prop] consi/5ce 9 a vacuum4 ,! solid sug>1 consi/+ mo/ly ( dextrose1 is made 9 ! same mann]1 save t ! heat+ ) ! acid is cont9u$ until ! dextr9 & maltose are *ang$ into maltose4 ,! product is ei!r obta9$ 9 its ord9>y hydrat$ =m or by a special me?od ( cry/allization secur$ z bright anhydr\s cry/als4 ,solutions ( dextrose1 :5 fir/ made1 %[ birotation1 b atta9 _! normal gyrodynatic /ate on /&+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! cold1 or imm$iately on boil+4 #bed4 ,me?ods ,( ,sep>ation4--,! accurate det]m9ation ( ! quantities ( ! sev]al optically active bodies =m$ 9 comm]cial glucose is n possible by any ( ! me?ods n[ kn[n4 ,approximately accurate data may be secur$ by a l>ge numb] ( processes1 & ^! are bas$ *iefly on ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! rotation & r$uc+ p[] ( ! mix$ sug>s1 ! subsequ5t removal ( ! dextrose & maltose by f]m5tation or oxidation & ! f9al pol>ization ( ! residue4 ,! difficulties :i* att5d ^! processes are alike 9 all cases4 ,f]m5tation may n entirely remove ! r$uc+ sug>s or may act slightly on ! dextr94 ,9 l mann] ! oxidation ( ^! sug>s by metallic salts may n entirely decompose !m1 may leave an optically active residue1 or may affect ! optical activity ( ! residual dextr94 ,! quantitive me?ods ( sep>at+ ^! sug>s by means ( ph5ylhydraz91 lead salts or e>?y bases h n be5 develop$ into reliable & applicable laboratory processes4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! analy/ mu/ be cont5t$ ) processes confess$ly imp]fect1 b :i*1 ) prop] precautions1 yield data :i* are ne>ly correct4 ,! lead+ me?ods dep5d+ on f]m5tation & oxidation comb9$ ) pol>imetric obs]vations w be describ$ 9 ! subjo9$ p>agraphs4 #bee4 ,f]m5tation ,me?od4--,?is process is bas$ on ! assumption t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 dextrose & maltose may be remov$ f a solution & ! dextr9 be left un*ang$4 ,9 practice1 approximately accurate results are obta9$ by ?is me?od1 al?\gh ! assum$ conditions are n /rictly realiz$4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is me?od ! pol>imetric read+ ( ! mix$ sug>s is made1 & ! maltose & dextrose remov$ !refrom by f]m5tation ) compress$ yea/4 ,! residual dextr9s are det]m9$ by ! pol>iscope on ! assumption t _! av]age gyrodynat is #aic4 ,9 ! calculation ( ! quantities ( dextrose & maltose _! gyrodynats are fix$ at #ec & #ach respectively4 ,! total quantity ( r$uc+ sug> is det]m9$ by ! usual processes4 ,! relative r$uc+ p[]s ( dextrose & maltose are repres5t$ by #ajj & #fb respectively4 ,! calculations are made by ! foll[+ =mulas3#baj ,r r$uc+ sug>s z dextrose d dextrose m maltose d dextr9 ,p total pol>ization 7calculat$ z app>5t gyrodynat7 ,p rotation aft] f]m5tation 7calculat$ z app>5t gyrodynat74 ,:5ce ,r d #j4fbm 7#a7 ,p #ec;d #achm #afc;d 7#b7 ,p #aic;d 7#c7 ,f ^! ?ree equations ! values ( d1 m1 & d are readily calculat$3 ,example3 ,to f9d d & m3 ,subtract 7#c7 f 7#b7 ,p #ec;d #accm #aic;d ,p #aic;d -------------------------------------- ,p - ,p #ec;d #achm 7#d7 ,multiply 7#a7 by #ec & subtract f 7#d7 ,p - ,p #ec;d #achm #ec,r #ec;d #cb4hfm ---------------------------------------- --- ,p - ,p - #ec,r #aje4adm 7#e7 ,p - ,p - #ec,r ,:5ce m ------------------ 7#f7 #aje4ad d ,r - #j4fbm 7#g7 ,p d ---- 7#h7 #aic ,sid]sky assigns ! values a,d #ach4c & a,d #aid4h to maltose & dextr9 respectively 9 ! above =mulas4#baa ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! exam9ation ( a sample #bf4jdh grams ( midzu ame 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s 7 pol>iz$ 9 a #bjj millimet] tube & ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$3 ,pol>ization ( sample 9 angul> degrees #fi4jf1 :i* is equal to an app>5t gyrodynat ( #acb4f3 ,total r$uc+ sug> z dextrose #cc4cc p] c5t3 ,pol>ization 9 angul> degrees aft] f]m5tation #cj4hd a,d #ei4b4 ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! sev]al equations gives ! foll[+ numb]s3 7#a7 #j4cccc d #j4fbm 7#b7 #acb4f #ec;d #achm #aic;d 7#c7 #ei4b #aic;d 7#d7 #gc4d #ec;d #achm 7#e7 #ee4gd #aje4adm 7#f7 m #j4ecja #ec4ja p] c5t4 7#g7 d #cccc - #cbhf #j4jjdg #jj4dg p] c5t4 7#h7 d #ei4b #aic #j4cjfg #cj4fg 0 0 ,summ>y3 ,sample ( midzu ame3 ,p]c5tage ( dextr9 #cj4fg p] c5t4 0 0 maltose #ec4ja 0 0 0 0 dextrose #jj4dg 0 0 0 0 wat] #ad4fa 0 0 0 0 a% #jj4ca 0 0 ----- ,sum #ii4jg 0 0 ,undet]m9$ #j4ic 0 0 ,= pol>ization ! lamplight %ad[ pol>iscope employ$ = sug> may be us$1 & ! degrees ( ! sug> 7v5tzke7 scale conv]t$ into angul> degrees by multiply+ by #j4cdfg4 ,! process ( f]m5tation is conduct$ z describ$ 9 ! p>agraph giv5 fur!r on1 relat+ to ! det]m9ation ( lactose 9 ! pres5ce ( sucrose4 #bef4 ,! ,oxidation ,me?od4--,! removal ( ! r$uc+ sug>s may be accompli%$ by oxidation in/ead ( f]m5tation4 ,! process ( analysis is 9 all respects simil> to t describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph1 sub/itut+ oxidation = f]m5tation4#bab ,= ! oxidiz+ ag5t m]curic cyanid is pref]r$1 & x is conv5i5tly prep>$ by dissolv+ #abj grams ( m]curic cyanid & an equal quantity ( sodium hydroxid 9 wat] mix+ ! solutions & complet+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,if a precipitate be =m$ 9 mix+ ! solutions x %\ld be remov$ by filt]+ ?r\gh asbe/os4 ,= ! pol>ization1 t5 grams ( ! sug>s 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s is a conv5i5t quantity4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are plac$ 9 a flask ( wat] m>k$ at fifty cubic c5timet]s1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! m]curic cyanid add$ to rema9 9 slight excess aft] ! oxidation is f9i%$ 7f tw5ty to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s7 & ! mixture heat$ to ! boil+ po9t = ?ree m9utes4 ,! alkali1 aft] cool+1 is neutraliz$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid & ! pass+ f alkal9ity to acidity w be indicat$ by a dis*>ge ( ! br[n color :i* is produc$ by heat+ ) ! alkal9e m]curic cyanid4 ,! heat+ ) ! m]cury salt %\ld be conduct$ 9 a well v5tilat$ fume *amb]4 ,! calculation ( ! results is conduct$ by means ( ! =mulas giv5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,9 ! orig9al pap] describ+ ?is me?od1 x 0 /at$ t its accuracy dep5d$ on ! complete oxidation ( ! r$uc+ sug> 9 a mann] leav+ no optically active products1 & on ! inactivity ( ! reag5ts us$ 9 respect to ! dextr9 pres5t4 ,^! two conditions are n rigidly fulfill$1 z is %[n by ,wilson4#bac ,accord+ to 8 data maltose leaves an optically active residue1 :i* gives a some:at great] "r h& rotation ?an is comp5sat$ = by ! dim9i%$ rotation ( ! dextr94 ,wilson1 h[ev]1 confesses t ! dextr9 us$ conta9$ r$uc+ sug>s1 :i* w\ld n be ! case _h x be5 prep>$ by ! process ( treat+ x ) alkal9e m]curic cyanid z above indicat$4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! oxidation ( ! r$uc+ sug> by a m]cury salt gives results :i*1 :ile n /rictly accurate1 are probably z reliable z ^? af=d$ by f]m5tation4 ,! au?or has attempt$ to supplant bo? ! oxidation & f]m5tation me?ods by remov+ ! r$uc+ sug>s ) a precipitat+ reag5t1 su* z ph5ylhydraz91 b ! me?ods are n suffici5tly develop$ = publication4 #beg4 ,removal ( ,dextrose by ,copp] ,acetate4--,ma]ck] fir/ call$ att5tion to ! fact t ,b>fo$'s reag5t 7"o "p copp] acetate 9 fifte5 p>ts ( wat]1 & #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution mix$ ) five cubic c5timet]s ( ?irty-eight p] c5t4 acetic acid7 reacts readily ) dextrose1 :ile x is indiff]5t to maltose & dextr9s4 ,sieb5's me?od ( remov+ dextrose is bas$ on ?is fact4#bad ,x is f\nd t "u c]ta9 conditions pure maltose does n r$uce ei!r ! acidifi$ or neutral solution ( copp] acetate1 :ile dextrose or a mixture ( dextrose & maltose does s readily4 ,x is also %[n t ! f]m5tation residue "u suitable conditions acts l maltose4 ,maltose solutions r$uce ! reag5t aft] boil+ f\r m9utes :ile at #dj-de !y h no effect ev5 aft] /&+ f\r days4 ,! am\nt ( copp] deposit$ by dextrose1 "u ! latt] conditions1 is f\nd to dep5d to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! am\nt ( free acetic acid pres5t1 & z ! solutions ( copp] acetate always conta9 v>y+ quantities ( acetic acid :i* _c be remov$ )\t decomposition & precipitation ( basic salt1 ! use ( an absolutely neutral solution is impracticable4 ,! reag5t prep>$ accord+ to ,b>fo$'s directions is almo/ saturat$1 b a half normal solution is pref]able4 ,sieb5 proposes two solutions3 ,i1 conta9+ #ae4hf grams copp] & #j4ef gram acetic anhydrid p] lit]2 ,,ii1 conta9+ #ae4hf grams copp] & ?ree grams acetic anhydrid p] lit]4 ,! r$uction ( ! dextrose is secur$ by plac+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution 9 a bottle1 add+ ! sug> solution1 /opp]+ & keep+ 9 a wat]-ba? at #dj-de two or ?ree days4 ,an aliquot portion is !n drawn (f & ! residual copp] precipitat$ by boil+ ) =ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! alkali solution ( ! fehl+ reag5t & =ty cubic c5timet]s ( "o p] c5t dextrose solution1 filt]$ & weigh$ z usual4 ,! results %[ t ei!r solution c be us$1 & t /&+ = two days at #de is suffici5t4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] solution are mix$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sug> solution conta9+ f two-t5?s to five-t5?s gram ( dextrose1 z ?is dilution gives ! be/ results4 ,no r$uction is f\nd to h tak5 place :5 solutions conta9+ five-t5?s gram maltose or five-t5?s gram f]m5tation residue are us$4 ,! data c n be compil$ 9 ! =m ( a table simil> to ,allihn's1 z x is impossible to obta9 a solution ( uni=m acidity ea* "t1 & ! solution w h to be /&>diz$ by means ( a kn[n pure dextrose solution & ! result obta9$ ) ! unkn[n sug> solution prop]ly dilut$ comp>$ ) ?is4 ,?is me?od ( ,sieb5's has nev] be5 practic$ to any ext5t 9 analytical sep>ations & c n1 !re=e1 be /rongly recomm5d$ )\t additional exp]i5ce4 #beh4 ,removal ( ,dextr9 by ,alcohol4--,by reason ( its less solubility1 dextr9 c be remov$ f a solution conta9+ also dextrose & maltose by precipitation ) alcohol4 ,x is impracticable1 h[ev]1 to secure always t degree ( alcoholic conc5tration :i* w cause ! coagulation ( all ! dextr9s )\t attack+ ! concomitant r$uc+ sug>s4 ,9 ?is laboratory x has be5 f\nd impossible to prep>e a dextr9 by alcoholic precipitation1 :i* did n conta9 bodies capable ( oxidiz+ alkal9e copp] solutions4 ,! solution conta9+ ! dextr9 is br\ght to a sirupy consi/5ce by evaporation & treat$ ) ab\t t5 volumes ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol4 ,aft] ?or\gh mix+1 ! precipitat$ dextr9 is collect$ on a filt] & well wa%$ ) alcohol ( ! /r5g? not$4 ,x is !n dri$ & weigh$4 ,if weak] solutions ( dextr9 are us$1 ! alcohol mu/ be ( correspond+ly great] /r5g?4 ,9 ! filtrate ! residual maltose & dextrose may be sep>at$ & det]m9$ by ! *emical & optical me?ods already describ$4 ,,c>bohydrates ,,9 ,,milk4 #bei4 ,! ,copp] ,t>trate ,me?od4--,! lactose 9 milk is readily e/imat$ by ! gravimetric copp] me?od describ$ 9 p>agraph #adc4 ,be=e ! application ( ! process ! case9 & fat ( ! milk %\ld be remov$ by an appropriate precipitant1 & an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate1 dilut$ to conta9 ab\t "o p] c5t ( milk sug>1 us$ = ! det]m9ation4 ,! cl>ification is v conv5i5tly secur$ by copp] sulfate or acetic acid1 z describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,a prop] correction %\ld be made = ! volume occupi$ by ! precipitate &1 = g5]al purposes1 ) :ole milk ( fair quality ?is volume may be assum$ to be five p] c5t4 ,"o hundr$ grams ( milk w give a precipitate occupy+ approximately five cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 ! analytical process1 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( milk1 dilut$ ) wat] to eighty1 is add$ a t5 p] c5t solution ( acetic acid1 until a cle> :ey is %[n aft] /&+ a few m9utes1 :5 ! volume is complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) wat]1 & ! :ole1 aft] ?or\gh %ak+1 ?r[n on a filt]4 ,an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate & us$ = ! lactose det]m9ation4 ,?is solution conta9s approximately "o p] c5t ( lactose4 ,9 a conv5i5t "p ( x ! lactose is det]m9$ & ! quantity calculat$ = ! :ole4 ,?is quantity repres5ts ! total lactose 9 ! tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( milk us$4 ,! weight ( ! milk is f\nd by multiply+ tw5ty by its specific gravity4 ,f ?is numb] ! p]c5tage ( lactose is easily f\nd4 ,9 ?is process ! milk is cl>ifi$ by ! removal ( its case9 & fat4 ,o!r album9oids rema9 9 solution & :ile ^! d\btless di/urb ! subsequ5t det]m9ation ( lactose1 any attempt at _! removal w\ld be equally z disadvantage\s4 ,! volume ( ! precipitate =m$ by good1 :ole milk :5 ! process is conduct$ z above describ$1 is ab\t "o cubic c5timet]1 = :i* a correspond+ correction is readily made4 #bfj4 ,! ,(ficial ,me?od4--,! alkal9e copp] me?od ( det]m9+ lactose1 adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 is ess5tially ! proc$ure propos$ by ,soxhlet4#bae ,dilute tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk1 held 9 a half lit] flask1 ) #djj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( copp] sulfate ( ! /r5g? giv5 = ,soxhlet's modification ( ,fehl+'s solution1 page #abi2 add ab\t sev5 & a half cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( potassium hydroxid ( su* /r5g? t "o volume ( x is j suffici5t to completely precipitate ! copp] z hydroxid f "o volume ( ! solution ( copp] sulfate4 ,9 place ( a solution ( potassium hydroxid ( ?is /r5g? eight & a half cubic c5timet]s ( a half normal solution ( sodium hydroxid may be us$4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! alkali solution ! mixture mu/ /ill h an acid reaction & conta9 copp] 9 solution4 ,fill ! flask to ! m>k1 %ake & filt] ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,place fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ copp] reag5t 9 a beak] & heat to ! boil+ po9t4 ,:ile boil+ briskly1 add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! lactose solution1 prep>$ z direct$ above1 & boil = six m9utes4 ,filt] imm$iately & det]m9e ! am\nt ( copp] r$uc$ by "o ( ! me?ods already giv51 pages #adi-aee4 ,obta9 ! weight ( lactose equival5t to ! weight ( copp] f\nd f ! table on page #afc4 #bfa4 ,! ,copp] ,cyanid ,process4--,x has be5 f\nd by ,bly? t ! copp] cyanid process ( ,g]r>d gives practically ! same results 9 ! det]m9ation ( sug> 9 milk z are obta9$ by optical me?ods4#baf ,! milk = ?is purpose is cl>ifi$1 by precipitat+ ! case9 ) acetic acid 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( milk are dilut$ ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 & /rong acetic acid add$ until ! case9 beg9s to sep>ate4 ,! liquid is heat$ to boil+ &1 :ile hot1 c5trifugat$ 9 any conv5i5t ma*9e4 ,! sup]natant liquid obta9$ is sep>at$ by filtration & ! solid matt] ?r[n ^u ! filt] & well wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are cool$ & complet$ to a volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is liquid is ( ab\t ! prop] dilution = use ) ! copp] cyanid reag5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> det]m9$ by ?is reag5t agrees well ) t obta9$ by ! optical me?od1 :5 no o!r sug>s ?an lactose are pres5t4 ,if !re be a notable diff]5ce 9 ! results ( ! two me?ods o!r sug>s mu/ be look$ =4 ,! pres5ce ( dextr9 may be det]m9$ by te/+ a few drops ( ! cle> liquor ) iod91 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( dextr91 gives a r$di% color4 ,o!r sug>s are det]m9$ by obta9+ _! osazones4 ,= ?is purpose ! filtrate obta9$ z above %\ld be conc5trat$ until ! volume is ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s4 ,any solid matt] :i* sep>ates dur+ ! evaporation is remov$ by filtration4 ,! osazones are precipitat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 p>agraph #adg4 ,on cool+1 ! almo/ solid cry/all9e mass obta9$ is plac$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 ! cry/als !n press$ betwe5 blott+ pap] & dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj4 ,! dry osazones obta9$ are dissolv$ 9 boil+ absolute alcohol1 ( :i* j suffici5t is us$ to obta9 complete solution4 ,! alcoholic solution is set aside = twelve h\rs & ! sep>ation ( a cry/all9e product aft] t "t %[s t dextrose or inv]t sug> is pres5t4 ,milk sug> alone gives no precipitate b only a slight amorph\s deposit4 ,! lactosazone is precipitat$ by add+ a little wat] to ! hot alcoholic solution & ! cry/als ?us obta9$ %\ld be dissolv$ 9 boil+ absolute alcohol & reprecipitat$ by ! addition ( wat] at lea/ ?ree times 9 ord] to secure !m pure4 ,! osazones are id5tifi$ by _! melt+ po9ts1 p>agraph #agb4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is me?od does n appe> to h any advantage ov] ! optical process by d\ble dilution 7p4 #bgh71 & requires m "t4 #bfb4 ,sug>s 9 ,evaporat$ ,milks4--,9 addition to ! lactose normally pres5t 9 evaporat$ milks ! analy/ w1 9 mo/ cases1 f9d l>ge quantities ( sucrose4 ,! latt] sug> is add$ z a pres]vative & condim5t4 ,by reason ( ! ease ) :i* sucrose is hydrolyz$1 evaporat$ milk conta9+ x may h also "s inv]t sug> among its cont5ts4 ,a me?od ( exam9ation is desirable1 !re=e1 :i* w secure ! det]m9ation ( lactose1 sucrose & inv]t sug> 9 mixtures4 ,! probability ( ! developm5t ( galactose & dextrose dur+ ! evaporation & cons]vation ( ! sample1 is n great4 ,! be/ me?od ( conduct+ ?is "w is ! "o develop$ by ,bigel[ & ,mc,elroy4#bag ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! me?od is bas$ re/s on ! fact t 9 c]ta9 conditions1 easily suppli$1 ! sucrose & inv]t sug> pres5t 9 a sample may be entirely remov$ by f]m5tation & ! residual lactose secur$ 9 an un*ang$ condition4 ,! lactose is f9ally e/imat$ by "o ( ! me?ods already describ$4 ,! details ( ! process foll[3 ,on op5+ a package ( evaporat$ milk1 its entire cont5ts are transf]r$ to a di% & well mix$4 ,sev]al portions ( ab\t tw5ty-five grams ea* are plac$ 9 flasks m>k$ at #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,to ea* ( ! flasks en\gh wat] is add$ to br+ all ! sug>s into solution & normal rotation is made c]ta9 by boil+4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flasks are cl>ifi$ by m]curic iodid 9 acetic acid solution4 ,! cl>ify+ reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ fifty-?ree grams ( potassium iodid1 tw5ty-two grams ( m]curic *lorid1 & ?irty-two cubic c5timet]s ( /ronge/ acetic acid 9 wat]1 mix+ ! solutions & complet+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,! cl>ification is aid$ by ! use ( alum9a cream 7#hd74 ,! flask is fill$ to ! m>k1 & ! cont5ts well %ak5 & p\r$ on a filt]4 ,aft] reject+ ! fir/ portion ( ! filtrate ! residue is pol>iz$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,two or m sep>ate portions ( ! sample are dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 flasks ( ! size m5tion$1 heat$ to #ee1 half a cake ( compress$ yea/ add$ to ea* & ! temp]ature kept at #ee = five h\rs4 ,! residue 9 ea* flask is treat$ z above describ$1 ! m]curic solution be+ add$ be=e cool+ to prev5t ! f]m5tative action ( ! yea/1 & ! pol>ization not$4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! sucrose is completely inv]t$1 :ile ! lactose is n affect$4 ,! p]c5tage ( sucrose is calculat$ by ! =mulas giv5 9 p>agraph #id1 us+ ! factor #adb4f4 ,at ! temp]ature not$ ! yea/ ex]cises no f]m5tative1 b only a dia/atic action4 ,9 ea* case ! volume ( ! precipitat$ milk solids is det]m9$ by ! d\ble dilution me?od1 & ! prop] correction made 7p4 #bgh74 ,! lactose rema9+ is det]m9$ by *emical or optical me?ods1 b x is necess>y1 9 all cases :]e inv]t sug> is suppos$ to be pres5t1 to det]m9e ! total r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! orig9al sample z lactose4 ,if ! quantity ?us det]m9$ & ! am\nt ( sucrose f\nd z above are suffici5t to produce ! rotation obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ pol>ization1 x is evid5t t no inv]t sug> is pres5t4 ,:5 ! pol>ization obs]v$ is less ?an is equival5t to ! quantity ( sug> f\nd1 inv]t sug> is pres5t1 :i* t5ds to dim9i% ! rotation produc$ by ! o!r sug>s4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to remove bo? ! sucrose & inv]t sug> by a process ( f]m5tation1 :i* w leave ! lactose un*ang$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by conduct+ ! f]m5tation 9 ! pres5ce ( potassium fluorid1 :i* prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! lactic f]m5ts4 ,= ?is purpose #cej grams ( ! evaporat$ milk are dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! solution boil$ to secure ! normal rotation ( ! lactose4 ,aft] cool+ to #hj1 ! case9 is ?r[n d[n by add+ a solution conta9+ ab\t f\r grams ( glacial phosphoric acid & keep+ ! temp]ature at #hj = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,aft] cool+ to room temp]ature1 ! volume is complet$ to "o lit] ) wat]1 well %ak5 & p\r$ onto a filt]4 ,an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is ne>ly neutraliz$ ) a not$ volume ( potassium hydroxid4 ,en\gh wat] is add$ to make up1 ) ! volume ( potassium hydroxid us$1 ! total space occupi$ by ! precipitat$ solid1 correspond+ to t "p ( ! filtrate1 & if necess>y1 refilt]4 ,! volume occupi$ by ! precipitat$ solids is easily det]m9$ by pol>ization & d\ble dilution4 ,! filtrate1 obta9$ f ! process describ$ above1 is plac$ 9 portions ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s ea* 9 #bjj cubic c5timet] flasks ) ab\t tw5ty milligrams ( potassium fluorid 9 solution1 & half a cake ( compress$ yea/4 ,! yea/ is brok5 up & ev5ly di/ribut$1 & ! f]m5tation is all[$ to proce$ = t5 days at a temp]ature ( f #be to #cj4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t exp]i5ce has %[n t all ( ! sucrose & inv]t sug> has disappe>$1 b ! lactose rema9s intact4 ,! flasks are fill$ to ! m>k ) wat] & ! lactose det]m9$ by *emical or optical me?ods4 ,by comp>+ ! data obta9$ f ! e/imation ( ! total r$uc+ sug>s be=e f]m5tation or inv]sion & ! e/imation ( ! lactose aft] f]m5tation1 ! quantity ( inv]t sug> is easily calculat$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is laboratory %[s t inv]t sug> is r>ely pres5t 9 evaporat$ milks1 :i* is an indication t ! sucrose add$ !reto does n g5]ally suff] hydrolysis4 ,! mean p]c5tage ( add$ sucrose f\nd 9 evaporat$ milks is ab\t =ty4 ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,/>*4 #bfc4 ,occurr5ce4--,_m bodies conta9+ />* are pres5t$ = ! consid]ation ( ! agricultural analy/4 ,fir/ 9 importance are ! c]eals1 closely foll[$ by ! />*y root crops4 ,_m spices & o!r condim5ts also conta9 />*y matt]s4 ,9 ! sap ( "s plants1 = in/ance sorghum1 at c]ta9 seasons1 consid]able quantities ( />* occur4 ,9 ! analysis ( c]eals & o!r fe$+ /uffs1 x has be5 ! usual cu/om to make no sep>ate det]m9ation ( />*1 b to put toge!r all soluble c>bohydrates & e/imate _! p]c5tage by subtract+ f #ajj ! sum ( ! p]c5tages ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! sample4 ,?is aggregat$ mass has be5 kn[n z nitrog5-free extract4 ,rec5t advances 9 me?ods ( inve/igation r5d] x advisable to det]m9e ! />* & p5tosan c>bohydrates sep>ately & to leave among ! undet]m9$ bodies ! o!r unclass$ sub/ances1 *iefly ( a c>bohydrate nature1 soluble 9 boil+ dilute acid & alkali4 #bfd4 ,sep>ation ( ,/>*4--,/>* be+ insoluble 9 its natural /ate1 x is impossible to sep>ate x f ! o!r insoluble matt]s ( plants by any kn[n process4 ,9 br++ x into solution x und]goes c]ta9 *anges ( an unkn[n nature1 b t5d+ to produce a dextr9oid body4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to procure ! />* 9 a /ate ( purity suit$ to analytical processes1 x becomes necess>y to dissolve ! />* f ! o!r insoluble bodies t naturally accompany x4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 prec$+ p>agraphs1 !re are only two me?ods ( secur+ ! solution ( />* :i* fully meet ! conditions ( accurate analysis4 ,^! are ! me?ods dep5d+ on ! use ( dia/atic f]m5ts & on ! employm5t ( heat & pressure 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,^! two processes h be5 describ$ 9 consid]able detail 9 p>agraphs #agi-aha4 ,x is important1 9 />* det]m9ations1 to remove f ! sample ! sug> & o!r sub/ances soluble 9 wat] & also ! oils1 :5 pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 be=e subject+ x to ! processes = r5d]+ ! />* soluble4 #bfe4 ,desiccation ( ,amylif]\s ,bodies4--,! removal ( sug>s & oils is be/ secur$ 9 amylif]\s sub/ances aft] !y are depriv$ ( _! moi/ure4 ,z has already be5 sugge/$1 ! desiccation %\ld be comm5c$ at a l[ temp]ature1 n above #fj1 & cont9u$ at t po9t until ! *ief "p ( ! wat] has escap$4 ,! op]ation may be conduct$ 9 "o ( ! ways already describ$ 7pp4 #ab-bg74 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion among analy/s 9 respect ( ! degree ( temp]ature to :i* ! sample %\ld be f9ally subject$1 b = ! purposes "h 9 view1 x w n be f\nd necess>y to g above #aje4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! op]ation ! sample %\ld be z f9ely divid$ z possible1 & at its end ! dri$ residue %\ld be gr\nd & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( half a millimet] me%4 #bff4 ,indirect ,me?od ( ,det]m9+3 ,wat] 9 ,/>*4--,x is claim$ by ,block#bah t x is necess>y to dry />* at #afj 9 ord] to get complete dehydration4 ,wet />* z deposit$ ) its maximum cont5t ( wat] has n9e molecules !re(1 viz41 ,c,h,o #i;,h,o4 ,ord9>y comm]cial />* has ab\t eighte5 p] c5t ( wat] ) a =mula ( ,c,h,o #b;,h,o4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] may be det]m9$ by ,block's feculomet] or ,block's dose-fcule4 ,! fir/ app>atus det]m9es ! p]c5tage ( anhydr\s />* by volume1 & ! second by weight4 ,block's assumption t />* c absorb only fifty p] c5t ( its weight ( wat] is ! basis ( ! det]m9ation4 ,a not$ weight ( />* is rubb$ up ) wat] until saturat$1 ! wat] p\r$ (f1 ! />* weigh$1 dri$ on blott+ pap] until x gives (f no m moi/ure & aga9 weigh$4 ,half ( ! lo/ weight is wat]1 f :i* ! orig9al p] c5t ( wat] c be calculat$4 ,?is at be/ seems to be a r\gh approximation & n suit$ to rigor\s sci5tific det]m9ation4 #bfg4 ,removal ( ,oil & ,sug>4--,! dri$1 f9ely p[d]$ sample1 obta9$ z describ$ above1 is plac$ 9 any conv5i5t extractor 7#cc-dc7 & ! oil or fat x conta9s remov$ by ! usual solv5ts4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 ev5 ) c]eals1 ?is prelim9>y extraction ( ! oil is n necess>y1 b x becomes s ) oily se$s conta9+ />*4 ,! sug> is subsequ5tly remov$ by extraction ) eighty p] c5t alcohol & ! residue is !n ready = ! extraction ( ! />*4 ,9 mo/ cases ! extraction ) alcohol w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,9 "s bodies1 = in/ance ! sweet potato 7batata71 ! quantity ( sug> pres5t is q l>ge1 & g5]ally "s ( x is f\nd4 ,if n pres5t 9 appreciable am\nt1 ! alcohol extraction may also be omitt$4 ,! sample hav+ be5 prep>$ z indicat$1 ! />* may be br\ght into solution by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 p>agraphs #agi-aha1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! aque\s dige/ion 9 an autoclave4 ,! dissolv$ />* is wa%$ out ( ! insoluble residue & det]m9$ by optical or *emical me?ods #ahf-aid4 #bfh4 ,prep>ation ( ,dia/ase = ,/>* ,solution4--,! me?ods ( prep>+ malt extract = use 9 />* analysis h be5 describ$ 9 p>agraph #agi4 ,if a pur] =m ( dia/ase is desir$ x may be prep>$ by foll[+ ! directions giv5 by ,long & ,bak]4#bai ,dige/ #bjj grams ( gr\nd malt = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) ?ree p>ts ( tw5ty p] c5t alcohol4 ,sep>ate ! extract by filtration & to ! filtrate add ab\t "o & a half lit]s ( n9ety-?ree p] c5t alcohol & /ir vigor\sly4 ,aft] ! precipitate has subsid$ ! sup]natant alcohol is remov$ by a syphon1 ! precipitate is br\ght onto a filt] & wa%$ ) alcohol ( a /r5g? gradually increas+ to anhydr\s1 & f9ally ) anhydr\s e!r4 ,! dia/ase is dri$ 9 a vacuum ov] sulfuric acid & f9ally r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] be=e us+4 ,?us prep>$1 x v>ies 9 appe>ance f a :ite to a slightly br[ni% p[d]4 ,made at diff]5t times & f sep>ate portions ( malt1 x may %[ great diff]5ces 9 hydrolytic p[]4 #bfi4 ,e/imation ( ,/>* 9 ,potatoes by ,specific ,gravity4--,a r\ghly approximate det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( />* 9 potatoes c be made by det]m9+ _! specific gravity4 ,s9ce ! specific gravity ( pure />* is #a4fe1 x foll[s t ! ri*] a potato is 9 />* ! high] w be its specific gravity4 ,! specific weight ( sub/ances l potatoes is conv5i5tly det]m9$ by susp5d+ !m 9 wat] by a f9e ?read atta*$ to ! upp] hook ( a balance pan4 ,!re may be a v>iation ( ! p]c5tage ( o!r con/itu5ts 9 potatoes z well z ( />*1 & !re=e ! data obta9$ f ! foll[+ table c only be correct on ! assumption t ! />* is ! only v>iable4 ,9 practice1 errors am\nt+ to z mu* z two p] c5t may be easily made1 & !re=e ! me?od is useful only = agronomic & comm]cial & n = sci5tific purposes4 ,! me?od is especially useful 9 ! selection ( potatoes ( high />* cont5t = plant+4 ,! table is con/ruct$ on ! weight 9 grams 9 pure wat] ( #ajjjj grams ( potatoes & ! correspond+ p] c5ts ( dry matt] & />* are giv54 ,x is n always conv5i5t to use exactly #ajjjj grams ( potatoes = ! det]m9ation1 b ! calculation = any giv5 weight is easy4#bbj ,example4--,let ! weight ( a potato 9 air be #aei grams1 & its weight 9 wat] #ad4h grams4 ,!n ! weight ( #ajjjj grams ( potatoes ( l nature 9 wat] w\ld be f\nd f ! equation #aei3 #ajjjj #ad4h3 x4 ,:5ce x #ica ne>ly4 ,9 ! table ! ne>e/ figure to #ica is #icj1 correspond+ to #bd4f p] c5t ( dry matt] & #ah4h p] c5t ( />*4 ,:5 ! numb] f\nd is half way betwe5 ! numb]s giv5 9 ! table ! mean ( ! data above & bel[ c be tak54 ,9 o!r positions a prop] int]polation c be made if desir$ b = practical purposes ! data correspond+ to ! ne>e/ numb] c be us$4 ,,table ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,/>* ,,9 ,,potatoes ,,f ,,specific ,,gravity4 #ajjjj grams ( potatoes weigh 9 ,p] c5t ,p] c5t wat]4 dry matt]4 />*4 ,grams4 #gej #ai4i #ad4a #gfj #bj4a #ad4c #ggj #bj4c #ad4e #ghj #bj4g #ad4i #gij #bj4i #ae4a #hjj #ba4b #ae4d #haj #ba4d #ae4f #hbj #ba4f #ae4h #hcj #bb4j #af4b #hdj #bb4b #af4d #hej #bb4d #af4f #hfj #bb4g #af4i #hgj #bb4i #ag4a #hhj #bc4a #ag4c #hij #bc4e #ag4g #ijj #bc4g #ag4i #iaj #bd4j #ah4b #ibj #bd4b #ah4d #icj #bd4f #ah4h #idj #bd4h #ai4j #iej #be4j #ai4b #ifj #be4b #ai4d #igj #be4e #ai4g #ihj #be4i #bj4a #iij #bf4a #bj4c #ajjj #bf4c #bj4e #ajaj #bf4e #bj4g #ajbj #bf4i #ba4a #ajcj #bg4b #ba4d #ajdj #bg4d #ba4f #ajej #bg4f #ba4h #ajfj #bh4j #bb4b #ajgj #bh4c #bb4e #ajhj #bh4e #bb4g #ajij #bh4g #bb4i #aajj #bi4a #bc4c #aaaj #bi4c #bc4e #aabj #bi4e #bc4g #aacj #bi4h #bd4j #aadj #cj4b #bd4d #aaej #cj4d #bd4f #aafj #cj4f #bd4h #aagj #ca4j #be4j #aahj #ca4c #be4e #aaij #ca4e #be4g #abjj #ca4g #be4i #abaj #cb4a #bf4c #abbj #cb4c #bf4e #abcj #cb4e #bf4g #abdj #cc4j #bg4b #abej #cc4b #bg4d #abfj #cc4d #bg4f #abgj #cc4f #bg4h #abhj #cd4a #bh4c #abij #cd4c #bh4e #acjj #cd4e #bh4g #acaj #cd4i #bi4a #acbj #ce4a #bi4c #accj #ce4d #bi4f #acdj #ce4h #cj4j #acej #cf4j #cj4b #acfj #cf4b #cj4d #acgj #cf4f #cj4h #bgj4 ,con/itution ( ,cellulose4--,! gr\p ( bodies kn[n z cellulose comprises _m memb]s ( ess5tially ! same *emical con/itution b ( v>y+ prop]ties4 ,! c5tesimal composition ( pure cellulose is %[n by ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,c>bon1 #dd4b p] c5t ,hydrog51 #f4c 0 0 ,oxyg51 #di4e 0 0 correspond+ to ! =mula ,c,h,h4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ,cross & ,bevan1 cellulose con=ms 9 respect ( its ultimate con/itutional gr\ps to ! g5]al features ( ! simple c>bohydrates1 b diff]s f !m by reason ( a special molecul> configuration result+ 9 a suppression ( ! activity ( con/itu5t gr\ps 9 c]ta9 respects1 & an increase 9 activity ( o!rs4#bba #bga4 ,fib] & ,cellulose4--,! c>bohydrates ( a plant insoluble 9 wat] are n compos$ exclusively ( />*4 ,!re are1 9 addition to />*1 p5tosan fib]s yield+ p5tose sug>s on hydrolysis & furfuraldehyd on di/illation ) a /rong acid4 ,! quantitive me?ods = e/imat+ ! p5tosan bodies are giv5 9 p>agraphs #aej-aeg4 ,! me?od to be pref]r$ is t ( ,krug 7#aee74 ,9 ! e/imation ( cattlefoods & ( plant sub/ances 9 g5]al ! residue insoluble 9 dilute boil+ acid & alkali is call$ crude or indige/ible fib]4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! det]m9ation dep5ds re/s on ! assumption t all ! prote91 />* & o!r dige/ible c>bohydrates w be remov$ f ! sample by successive dige/ion at a boil+ temp]ature ) acid & alkali solutions ( a giv5 /r5g?4 ,x is evid5t t ! complex body obta9$ by ! treatm5t outl9$ above is n 9 any s5se a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 b x may be consid]$ z be+ compos$ p>tly ( cellulose4 #bgb4 ,(ficial ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,crude ,fib]4--,! me?od ( e/imat+ crude fib]1 adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 is z foll[s3#bbb ,extract two grams ( ! sub/ance ) ord9>y e!r1 at lea/ almo/ completely1 or use ! residue f ! det]m9ation ( ! e!r extract4 ,to ?is residue1 9 a half lit] flask1 add #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( boil+ #a4be p] c5t sulfuric acid2 connect ! flask ) an inv]t$ cond5s]1 ! tube ( :i* passes only a %ort di/ance beyond ! rubb] /opp] into ! flask4 ,boil at once1 & cont9ue ! boil+ = ?irty m9utes4 ,a bla/ ( air conduct$ into ! flask may s]ve to r$uce ! fro?+ ( ! liquid4 ,filt]1 wa% ?or\ghly ) boil+ wat] until ! wa%+s are no long] acid1 r9se ! sub/ance back into ! same flask ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( a boil+ #a4be p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxid1 free or ne>ly free ( sodium c>bonate1 boil at once & cont9ue ! boil+ = ?irty m9utes 9 ! same mann] z direct$ above = ! treatm5t ) acid4 ,filt] into a goo*1 & wa% ) boil+ wat] until ! wa%+s are neutral1 dry at #aaj1 weigh & inc9]ate completely4 ,! loss ( weight is crude fib]4 ,! filt] us$ = ! fir/ filtration may be l951 "o ( ! =ms ( glass wool or asbe/os filt]s1 or any o!r =m t secures cle> & reasonably rapid filtration4 ,! solutions ( sulfuric acid & sodium hydroxid are to be made up ( ! specifi$ /r5g?1 det]m9$ accurately by titration & n m]ely f specific gravity4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is laboratory has %[n t results practically id5tical ) ^? got z above1 are obta9$ by conduct+ ! dige/ions 9 h>d glass beak]s cov]$ ) wat* glasses4 ,! ease ( manipulation 9 ! modification ( ! process j m5tion$ is a suffici5t ju/ification = its use4 #bgc4 ,sep>ation ( ,cellulose4--,hoppe-,seyl] obs]v$ t cellulose1 :5 melt$ ) ! alkalies at a temp]ature z high z #bjj1 0 n s5sibly attack$4#bbc ,lange has bas$ a process = det]m9+ cellulose on ?is obs]vation4#bbd ,! process1 z improv$ by him1 is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,f five to t5 grams ( ! sub/ance are moi/5$ ) wat] & plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) ab\t ?ree times _! weight ( cau/ic alkali free ( nitrates & ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! porcela9 di% %\ld be deep & crucible %ap$ & %\ld be plac$ 9 an oil-ba?1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is easily controll$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are /irr$ ) ! !rmomet] bulb until all foam+ ceases & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture is !n kept at f #age to #ahj = an h\r4 ,aft] ! melt has cool$ to #hj ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] are add$ to br+ x into solution & x is !n all[$ to cool4 ,! solution is acidifi$ ) sulfuric & plac$ 9 l>ge c5trifugal tubes4 ,aft] be+ made slightly alkal9e ) soda lye1 ! tubes are subject$ to cont9u$ en]getic c5trifugal action until ! cellulose is sep>at$4 ,! sup]natant liquid c be ne>ly all p\r$ (f & ! sep>at$ cellulose is brok5 up1 treat$ ) hot wat] & aga9 sep>at$ by c5trifugal action4 ,! cellulose is f9ally collect$ ^u ! asbe/os felt1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 alcohol & e!r1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,) a little practice x is possible to complete ! sep>ation ( cellulose 9 two & "o-half h\rs4 #bgd4 ,solubility ( ,cellulose4--,cellulose resembles />* 9 its g5]al insolubility1 b1 unlike />*1 x may be dissolv$ 9 "s reag5ts & aft]w>ds precipitat$ practically un*ang$ or 9 a /ate ( hydration4 ,"o ( ! simple/ solv5ts ( cellulose is z9c *lorid 9 conc5trat$ aque\s solution4 ,! solution is accompli%$ ) ! aid ( heat1 add+ "o "p by weight ( cotton to six p>ts ( z9c *lorid dissolv$ 9 t5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,a homog5e\s sirup is obta9$ by ?is process1 :i* is us$ 9 ! arts = mak+ ! c>bon filam5ts ( inc&esc5t electric lamps4 ,9 prep>+ ! ?read ( cellulose1 ! solution1 obta9$ z describ$ above1 is all[$ to fl[1 9 a f9e /ream1 into alcohol1 :]eby a cellulose hydrate is precipitat$1 :i* is fre$ f z9c hydroxid by dige/+ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,hydro*loric acid may be sub/itut$ = wat] 9 prep>+ ! reag5t above not$1 :]eby a solv5t is secur$ :i* acts ^u cellulose readily 9 ! cold4 ,a solution ( ammoniacal cupric oxid is "o ( ! be/ solv5ts = cellulose4 ,! solution %\ld conta9 f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t ( ammonia & f two to two & a half ( cupric oxid4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is reag5t1 ammonium *lorid is add$ to a solution ( cupric salt & !n sodium hydroxid 9 j suffici5t quantity to precipitate all ( ! copp] z hydroxid4 ,! precipitate is well wa%$ on a l95 filt]1 squeez$ z dry z possible & dissolv$ 9 ammonia ( #j4ib specific gravity4 ,! cellulose is readily precipitat$ f ! solution 9 cuprammonium by ! addition ( alcohol1 sodium *lorid1 sug>1 or o!r dehydrat+ ag5ts4 ,solutions ( cellulose are us$ 9 ! arts = _m purposes4#bbe #bge4 ,qualitive ,reactions = ,detect+ ,cellulose4--,cellulose may be id5tifi$ by its resi/ance to ! action ( oxidiz+ ag5ts1 to ! halog5s & to alkal9e solutions4 ,x is fur!r recogniz$ by ! sirupy or gelat9\s solutions x =ms ) ! solv5ts m5tion$ above4 ,! cellulose hydrates precipitat$ f solutions h 9 "s in/ances ! prop]ty ( =m+ a blue color ) iod94 ,a *>act]i/ic reaction ( cellulose is secur$ z foll[s3 ,to a saturat$ solution ( z9c hydro*lorate1 ( #b4jj specific gravity1 are add$ six p>ts by weight ( potassium iodid dissolv$ 9 t5 p>ts ( wat] & ?is solution is saturat$ ) iod94 ,cellulose treat$ ) ?is reag5t is at once /a9$ a deep blue violet color4#bbf ,= ! *>act]i/ics ( cellulose occurr+ 9 wood ! rese>*es ( ,l9dsey may be consult$4#bbg #bgf4 ,m ,r>ely ,occurr+ ,c>bohydrates4--,x is n possible "h to give m space to ! r>] =ms ( c>bohydrates1 to :i* ! att5tion ( ! agricultural analy/ may be call$4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ k9ds ( sug>s alone h be5 detect$ 9 ! plant _w4 ,= descriptions ( ! prop]ties ( ^! bodies & ! me?ods ( _! detection & det]m9ation1 ! /&>d works on c>bohydrates may be consult$4#bbh ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,?ird4 #agj ,v9es2 ,physiology ( ,plants4 ,ngeli2 ,beitrge zur nh]5 ,k5ntniss d] ,/rkegruppe4 #aga ,bullet9 #e1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 pp4 #aia et seq43 ,bullet9 #be1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #agb ,sp5c]2 ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 p4 #ca4 #agc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajh4 #agd ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #fgg4 #age ,botanical ,gazette1 ,vol4 #ab1 ,no4 #c4 #agf ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,tome #ac1 p4 #acc4 #agg ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #cha4 #agh ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 pp4 #cj et seq4 #agi ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucr]ie et de ,di/ill]ie1 ,tome #ac1 p4 #bib4 #ahj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,tome #b1 p4 #cfi4 #aha ,dosage du ,sucre ,cri/allisable dans la ,bett]ave1 pp4 #aag et seq43 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #bff4 #ahb ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie4 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #cdb2 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #bhf3 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahgf1 ,s4 #fib3 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,b& #bcb1 ,s4 #dfa4 #ahc ,sid]sky3 ,trait d' ,analyse des ,matires ,sucres1 p4 #cjd4 #ahd ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #bhf4 #ahe ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #cb1 ,s4 #hfa4 #ahf ,sp5c]'s ,h&book = ,sug> ,manufactur]s1 p4 #db4 #ahg ,bullet9 ,no4 #d ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 pp4 #bb1 et seq4 #ahh ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #g4 #ahi ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #ahcj4 #aij ,vid4 op cit4 supra1 ,s4 #aghd4 #aia ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #ahbi4 #aib ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahie1 ,s4 #hdd4 #aic ,j\rnal des ,fabricants de ,sucre1 #ahie1 ,no4 #cc4 #aid ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #chg3 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #ahib4 #aie ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #bd4 #aif ,tuck]2 ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis1 p4 #bhg3 ,wie*mann2 ,sug> ,analysis1 p4 #ea4 #aig ,sid]sky2 vid4 op4 cit41 #ad1 p4 #aig4 #aih ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #ha3 ,all52 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #bia4 #aii ,h&bu* d] ,physiologis*- und ,pa?ologis*-,*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,s4 #bhf4 #bjj ,khne und ,*itt5d52 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #de4 #bja ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #bhi4 #bjb ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #fd4 #bjc ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #dch4 #bjd ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly1 ,vols4 #aa & #ab4 ,9 a lat] me?od 7,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly1 ,vol4 #ac1 ,no4 #c7 ,wie*man describes ! sep>ation ( ! sug>s by "o pol>iscopic & two gravimetric det]m9ations1 "o be=e & "o aft] inv]sion4 ,! pol>iscopic exam9ation is made 9 a t5 p] c5t solution at a temp]ature ( #bj4 ,! gyrodynats ( sucrose1 dextrose & levulose at ! temp]ature m5tion$ are fix$ at #ff4e1 #ec4e & -#ha4i respectively4 ,! gravimetric det]m9ations are conduct$ accord+ to ! me?ods already describ$4 ,9 ! =mulas = calculat+ ! results a repres5ts sucrose1 b r$uc+ sug>s1 x ! dextrose1 y ! levulose1 & d ! obs]v$ pol>ization express$ 9 degrees angul> measure4 ,! gyrodynats ( sucrose1 dextrose & levulose divid$ by #ajj are repres5t$ by s1 d & l4 ,! calculations are made f ! foll[+ =mulas3 7z xd7 - yl p4 7z xd7 p yl4 xd p yl - z4 p yl - z x -----------------4 d ,9 ?is calculation ! gyrodynat ( levulose is ab\t t5 degrees l[] ?an t ( mo/ au?orities4 #bje ,vid4 op4 cit41 #bc1 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #hfi4 #bjf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #ghb4 #bjg ,neue ,zeits*rift fr ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 ,b& #ce1 ,s4 #aff4 #bjh ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #cii3 ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #a1 #ahha3 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahha1 p4 #fa3 ,sug> ,cane1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #ecc1 pp4 #fa-ff4 #bji ,wiley & ,mc,elroy2 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #eg4 #baj ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #age4 #baa ,vid4 op4 cit1 #ad1 p4 #ceb4 #bab ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit41 #da4 #bac ,vid4 op4 cit41 #da1 ,vol4 #fe1 p4 #afi4 #bad ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr die ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhd1 ,s4 #hed4 #bae ,bullet9 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #fj4 #baf ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #aba4 #bag ,j\rnal ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #ffh4 #bah ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aah1 p4 #adg4 #bai ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,transactions1 #ahie1 p4 #gce4 #bbj ,die agrikultur-*emis*e ,v]su*s/ation1 ,halle1 a_/,s41 ,s4 #aad4 #bba ,cellulose1 p4 #gg4 #bbb ,vid4 op4 cit41 #df1 p4 #fc4 #bbc ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ac1 ,s4 #hd4 #bbd ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahie1 ,s4 #efa4 #bbe ,vid4 op4 cit41 #eb1 pp4 #h et seq4 #bbf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ae4 #bbg ,composition ( ,wood1 ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #di1 #ig & #afa4 #bbh ,toll5s2 ,h&bu* d] ,kohl5hydrate3 von ,lippmann2 ,*emie d] ,zuck]>t54 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,fats ,,& ,,oils4 #bgg4 ,nom5clature4--,! t]ms fat & oil are (t5 us$ int]*angeably & x is difficult 9 all cases to limit def9itely _! application4 ,! consi/5ce ( ! sub/ance at usual room temp]atures may be reg>d$ z a po9t ( dem>cation4 ,! t]m fat1 9 ?is s5se1 is appli$ to glyc]ids :i* are solid or semi solid1 & oil to ^? :i* are q or approximately liquid4 ,a fur!r classification is f\nd 9 ! orig9 ( ! glyc]ids1 & ?is gives rise to ! gr\ps kn[n z animal or vegetable fats & oils4 ,9 ?is manual1 9 h>mony ) ! practices m5tion$ above1 ! t]m fat w be us$ to designate an animal or vegetable glyc]id :i* is solid1 & ! t]m oil "o :i* is liquid at common room temp]ature1 viz41 ab\t #bj4 ,!re are few animal oils1 & few vegetable fats :5 judg$ by ?is /&>d1 & x !re=e happ5s t ! t]m oil is almo/ synonym\s ) vegetable glyc]id & fat ) a glyc]id ( animal orig94 ,ne>ly relat$ to ! fats & oils is ! gr\p ( bodies kn[n z res9s & waxes4 ,?is gr\p ( bodies1 h[ev]1 c be di/+ui%$ f ! fats & oils by *emical *>act]i/ics4 ,! waxes are e!rs =m$ by ! union ( fatty acids & alcohols ( ! e?ane1 & p]haps also ( ! e?yl5e s]ies4#bbi ,?is *emical diff]5ce is n easily express$ & ! t]ms !mselves (t5 add confusion to ! mean+1 z = in/ance1 japan wax is compos$ mo/ly ( fats1 & sp]m oil is ess5tially a wax4 #bgh4 ,composition4--,fats & oils are compos$ *iefly ( salts produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! complex base glyc]ol ) ! fat acids4 ,c]ta9 glyc]ids1 z ! leci?9s1 conta9 also phosphorus 9 organic comb9ations1 nitrog51 & possibly o!r inorganic con/itu5ts 9 organic =ms4 ,by ! action ( alkalies ! glyc]ids are easily decompos$1 ! acid comb9+ ) ! inorganic base & ! glyc]ol becom+ free4 ,! salts ?us produc$ =m ! soaps ( comm]ce & ! fre$ base1 :5 collect$ & purifi$1 is ! glyc]ol ( ! trade4 ,:5 waxes are decompos$ by alkalies1 fatty acids & alcohols ( ! e?ane s]ies are produc$4 ,! natural glyc]ids =m$ f glyc]ol1 :i* is a trihydric 7triatomic7 alcohol1 are f\nd 9 ! neutral /ate compos$ ( ?ree molecules ( ! acid1 unit$ ) "o ( ! base4 ,if ,r repres5t ! radicle ( ! fat acid ! g5]al =mula = ! *emical process by :i* ! salt is produc$ is3 ,glyc]ol4 ,acid4 ,salt4 ,wat]4 ,o4,h ,o4,r ,c,h,o4,h #c,r4,,oh ,c,h,o4,r #c;,h,o4 ,o4,h ,o4,r ,! result+ salts are call$ triglyc]ids or neutral glycyl e!rs4#bcj ,9 natural animal & vegetable products1 only ! neutral salts are f\nd1 ! mono- & diglyc]ids result+ f artificial syn!sis4 ,= ?is reason ! prefix tri is n necess>ily us$ 9 designat+ ! natural glyc]ids1 /e>91 = in/ance1 mean+ ! same z tri/e>94 #bgi4 ,pr9cipal ,glyc]ids4--,! mo/ important glyc]ids :i* ! analy/ w f9d are ! foll[+3 ,ole91 ,c,h,o7,o4,c,h,o74 ,/e>91 ,c,h,o7,o4,c,h74 ,palmit91 ,c,h,o7,o4,c,h,o74 ,l9ole91 ,c,h,o7,o4,c,h,o74 ,butyr91 ,c,h,o7,o4,c,h,o74 ,ole9 is ! *ief con/itu5t ( mo/ oils2 palmit9 is f\nd 9 palm oil & _m o!r natural glyc]ids2 /e>9 is a lead+ con/itu5t ( ! fats ( beeves & %eep1 & butyr9 is a *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( butt]1 :i* owes its flavor l>gely to ?is glyc]id & its ne>ly relat$ concomitants4 #bhj4 ,extraction ( ,oils & ,fats4--,prep>atory to a physical & *emical /udy ( ! fats & oils is _! sep>ation f ! o!r organic matt]s ) :i* !y may be associat$4 ,9 ! case ( animal tissues ?is is usually accompli%$ by ! application ( heat4 ,! op]ation kn[n z r5d]+ may be conduct$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,= laboratory purposes1 ! animal tissues hold+ ! fat are plac$ 9 a conv5i5t di% & a degree ( heat appli$ :i* w liquify all ! fat p>ticles & free !m f _! inve/+ membranes4 ,! temp]ature employ$ %\ld be z l[ z possible to secure ! desir$ effect1 b fats c be subject$ = "s "t to a heat ( a little m ?an #ajj1 )\t dang] ( decomposition4 ,! direct heat ( a lamp1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be appli$1 s9ce x is difficult to avoid too high a temp]ature at ! po9t ( contact ( ! flame & di%4 ,! dry heat ( an air-ba? or r5d]+ 9 an autoclave or by /eam is pref]able4 ,! residual animal matt] is subject$ to pressure & ! comb9$ liquid fat fre$ f =eign matt]s by filt]+ ?r\gh a jacket filt]1 :i* is kept at a temp]ature above ! solidify+ po9t ( ! cont5ts4 ,on a l>ge scale1 z 9 r5d]+ l>d1 ! fat is sep>at$ by /eam 9 clos$ vats :i* are /rong en\gh to )/& ! /eam pressure employ$4 ,= analytical purposes x is be/ to extract ! fat f animal tissues 9 ! mann] describ$1 s9ce ! action ( solv5ts is sl[ on fat p>ticles envelop$ 9 _! conta9+ membranes1 & ! fats1 :5 extract$1 are liable to be contam9at$ ) extrane\s matt]s4 ,9 dri$ & gr\nd fle% meal1 h[ev]1 ! fat may be extract$ ) ! usual solv5ts4 ,= ! quantitive det]m9ation ( fat 9 bones or fle%1 ! sample1 z f9ely divid$ z possible1 is ?or\ghly dri$1 & ! fat sep>at$ f an aliquot f9ely p[d]$ portion by extraction ) *lor(orm1 e!r1 or petroleum4 ,! action ( anhydr\s e!r on dri$ & p[d]$ animal matt]s is app>5tly a cont9u\s "o4 ,dormey] has %[n t ev5 aft] an extraction ( sev]al mon?s additional matt] goes into solution4#bca ,! fat 9 su* cases c be det]m9$ by saponification ) alcoholic pota% & ! e/imation ( ! free fatty acids produc$4 ,f vegetable sub/ances1 su* z se$s1 ! fat is extract$ ei!r by pressure or by ! use ( solv5ts4 ,= quantitive purposes1 only solv5ts are employ$4 ,! dry1 f9ely gr\nd mat]ial is exhau/$ ) anhydr\s e!r or petroleum _s1 9 "o ( ! conv5i5t =ms ( app>atus already describ$ 7#cc-dc74 ,9 v oily se$s great difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ a f9e /ate ( subdivision suit$ to complete extraction4 ,9 su* cases x is advisable to conduct ! process 9 two /ages4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ! mat]ial1 9 co>se p[d]1 is exhau/$ z f> z possible & ! p]c5tage ( oil det]m9$4 ,! residue is !n easily r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 9 an aliquot "p ( :i* ! rema9+ oil is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,oil ,,press4 ,9 secur+ oils = physical & *emical exam9ation bo? pressure & solution may be employ$4 ,! pure/ oils are secur$ by pressure at a l[ temp]ature4 ,to obta9 any?+ l a good extraction "s sort ( hydraulic pressure mu/ be us$4 ,9 ?is laboratory a press is employ$ 9 :i* ! fir/ pressure is secur$ by a screw & ?is is supplem5t$ by hydraulic pressure 9 :i* glyc]ol is ! transmitt+ liquid4 ,! con/ruction ( ! press is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! :ole press is w>m$ to ne>ly #ajj4 ,! hot f9ely gr\nd oily mat]ial1 enclos$ 9 a clo? bag1 is plac$ 9 ! p]=at$ cyl9d] & compress$ z firmly z possible by turn+ ) ! h&s ! :eel %[n at ! top ( ! figure4 ,! f9al pressure is secur$ by ! screw %[n at ! bottom ( ! figure :]eby a pi/on is driv5 into a cyl9d] conta9+ glyc]ol4 ,! degree ( pressure obta9$ is equal to #cjj atmosph]es4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ laboratory hydraulic pressure n m ?an two-?irds ( ! total oil cont5ts ( oleag9\s se$s c be secur$ & ! process is totally inapplicable to secur+ ! oil f tissues :5 x exi/s 9 quantities ( less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,to get practically all ( ! oil ! be/ me?od is to extract ) c>efully di/ill$ petroleum ( l[ boil+ po9t4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is reag5t ! petroleum e!r ( comm]ce1 conta9+ bodies boil+ at temp]atures ( f #ce to #hj1 is repeat$ly fraction$ by di/illation until a product is obta9$ :i* boils at f #de to #fj4 ,! di/illation ( ?is mat]ial is conduct$ 9 a l>ge flask heat$ ) /eam1 furni%$ ) a column conta9+ a numb] ( sep>atory funnels & connect$ ) an appropriate cond5s]4 ,! di/illate is secur$ 9 a bottle pack$ ) brok5 ice1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 ! vapor ( ! petroleum s]ves to regulate ! process4 ,too mu* c>e to avoid accid5ts _c be ex]cis$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,n only mu/ /eam be us$ 9 heat+1 b all flame & fire mu/ be rigidly exclud$ f ! room 9 :i* ! di/illation takes place1 & ! doors lead+ to o!r rooms :]e gas jets may be burn+ mu/ be kept clos$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 z mu* z possible ( ! petroleum boil+ "u #de mu/ be remov$ & reject$4 ,! di/illation is !n cont9u$ until ! temp]ature rises above #fj4 ,! p>ts ( ! di/illate sav$ betwe5 ^! temp]atures are r$i/ill$ "u simil> conditions4 ,o!r portions ( ! petroleum1 boil+ at o!r temp]atures1 may be secur$ 9 ! same way4 ,! products may be 9 a measure fre$ ( unpleasant odors by r$i/ill+ !m f a mixture ) l>d4 ,:5 us$ = quantitive purposes ! petroleum e!r mu/ leave no residue :5 evaporat$ at #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,fractional ,,di/illation ,,( ,,petroleum ,,e!r4 #bha4 ,free+ ,extract$ ,oils f ,petroleum4--,! petroleum e!r :i* is us$ = extract+ oils t5ds to give !m an unpleasant odor & flavor & its entire sep>ation is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! great] "p ( ! solv5t may be recov]$ z describ$ 9 p>agraph #dc4 ,heat+ ! extract$ oil = sev]al h\rs 9 ?9 lay]s1 w remove ! la/ traces ( ! solv5t1 b af=ds opportunity = oxidation1 especially 9 ! case ( dry+ oils4 ,an effective means ( driv+ (f ! la/ traces ( petroleum is to cause a curr5t ( dry c>bon dioxid to pass ?r\gh ! sample conta9$ 9 a cyl9d] & heat$ to a temp]ature ( f #he to #ij4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! in]t gas w pres]ve ! oil f oxidation & ! sample w1 z a rule1 be f\nd free ( ! petroleum odor aft] ab\t t5 h\rs treatm5t4 ,e?yl e!r or *lor(orm may be us$ in/ead ( petroleum1 b ^! solv5ts act on o!r matt]s ?an ! glyc]ids1 & ! extract is !re=e liable to be contam9at$ ) m impurities ?an :5 ! petroleum e!r is employ$4 ,o!r solv5ts = fats are c>bon tetra*lorid1 c>bon disulfid1 & b5z5e4 ,9 g5]al1 petroleum e!r %\ld be employ$ 9 pref]5ce to o!r solv5ts1 except 9 ! case ( ca/or oil1 :i* is difficultly soluble 9 bo? petroleum & petroleum e!rs4 #bhb4 ,free+ ,fats ,( ,moi/ure4--,any excess ( wat] 9 glyc]ids w accumulate at ! bottom ( ! liquid sample & c be remov$ by decant+ ! fat or sep>at+ x f ! oil by any o!r conv5i5t me?od4 ,! w>m oil may be almo/ entirely fre$ ( any residual moi/ure by pass+ x ?r\gh a dry filt] pap] 9 a jacket funnel kept at a high temp]ature4 ,a section %[+ ! con/ruction ( su* a funnel ) a fold$ filt] pap] 9 place1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! f9al dry+1 :5 great exactness is requir$1 is accompli%$ 9 a vacuum1 or 9 an atmosph]e ( in]t gas1 or 9 ! cold 9 an exsiccator ov] sulfuric acid4 ,9 dry+1 x is well to expose ! hot oil z little z possible to ! action ( ! air4 ,:]ev] conv5i5t1 x %\ld be protect$ f oxidation by "s in]t gas or a vacuum4 #bhc4 ,sampl+ = ,analysis4--,x is a matt] ( "s difficulty to secure a repres5tative sample ( a fat or oil = analytical purposes4 ,! moi/ure 9 a fat is apt to be unev5ly di/ribut$1 & ! sampl+ is to be accompli%$ 9 a mann] to secure ! greate/ possible uni=mity4 ,:5 ! quantity ( mat]ial is ( consid]able quantity a tri] may be us$ :i* w remove a cyl9drical or p>tly cyl9drical mass f ! :ole l5g? or dep?4 ,by secur+ sev]al subsamples ( ?is k9d1 & well mix+ !m1 an av]age sample ( ! :ole mass may be secur$4 ,:]e ! fat is f\nd 9 diff]5t casks or packages samples %\ld be drawn f ea* z describ$ above4 ,! subsamples are mix$ toge!r 9 weights correspond+ to ! diff]5t casks f :i* !y are tak5 & ! mass obta9$ by ?is mixture divid$ into ?ree equal portions4 ,two ( ^! p>ts are melt$ 9 a di% at a temp]ature n exce$+ #fj1 ) con/ant /irr+1 & :5 fully liquid ! ?ird "p is add$4 ,z a rule1 ! liquid fat reta9s en\gh heat to melt ! add$ quantity4 ,z soon z ! mix$ fats beg9 to gr[ pa/y ! mass is vigor\sly /irr$ to secure an intimate mixture ( ! wat] & o!r =eign bodies4#bcb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,section ,,%[+ ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,funnel ,,= ,,hot ,,filtration4 ,9 ! case ( butt] fat ! (ficial *emi/s recomm5d t subsamples be drawn f all p>ts ( ! package until ab\t #ejj grams are secur$4 ,! portions ?us drawn are to be p]fectly melt$ 9 a clos$ vessel at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & :5 melt$ ! :ole is to be %ak5 viol5tly = "s m9utes till ! mass is homog5e\s1 & suffici5tly solidifi$ to prev5t ! sep>ation ( ! wat] & fat4 ,a portion is !n p\r$ into ! vessel f :i* x is to be weigh$ = analysis1 & ?is %\ld ne>ly or q fill x4 ,?is sample %\ld be kept 9 a cold place till analyz$4#bcc #bhd4 ,e/imation ( ,wat]4--,9 ! (ficial me?od = butt] fat1 :i* may be appli$ to all k9ds1 ab\t two grams are dri$ to con/ant weight1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 9 a di% ) flat bottom1 hav+ a surface ( at lea/ tw5ty squ>e c5timet]s4 ,! use ( clean dry s& or asbe/os is admissible1 & is necess>y if a di% ) r\nd bottom be employ$4 ,9 ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,b5$ikt1 ab\t five grams ( ! sampl$ fat are plac$ 9 a small flask or beak] & dri$ at #ajj ) occasional /irr+ to br+ ! wat] to ! surface4 ,accord+ to ! me?od ( ,sonn5s*e91 ! sample is plac$ 9 a flask c>ry+ a cork1 ) an arrangem5t ( glass tubes1 :]eby a curr5t ( dry air may be aspirat$ ov] ! fat dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,:5 ! flask is prop]ly fitt$ its weight is tak51 ! fat put 9 & reweigh$ to get ! exact am\nt4 ,! fat is bett] pres]v$ by aspirat+ c>bon dioxid in/ead ( air4#bcd ,! moi/ure may also be readily det]m9$ by dry+ on pumice /one1 z describ$ 9 p>agraph #bf4 ,9 ?is case x is well to conduct ! desiccation 9 vacuum or 9 an in]t atmosph]e to prev5t oxidation4 ,,physical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,fats4 #bhe4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! specific gravity ( an oil is readily det]m9$ by a we/phal balance 7#ec71 by a sp9dle1 by a spr5gel tube1 or m accurately by a pyknomet]4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ ! conduct ( ! "w h already be5 giv5 7#dh-ei74 ,! me?ods describ$ = det]m9+ ! d5sity ( sug> solutions are ess5tially ! same z ^? us$ = oils1 b x is to be rememb]$ t oils & fats are light] ?an wat] & ! graduation ( ! s9k]s = ! hydro/atic balance1 & ! sp9dles = direct det]m9ation mu/ be = su* light] liquids4 ,! necessity ( det]m9+ ! d5sity ( a fat at a temp]ature above its melt+ po9t is manife/1 & = ?is reason ! use ( ! pyknomet] at a high temp]ature 7#dj to #ajj7 is to be pref]r$ to all ! o!r processes1 9 ! case ( fats :i* are solid at temp]atures bel[ #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,balance ,,& ,,we/phal ,,s9k]4 ,:5 great delicacy ( manipulation is desir$1 comb9$ ) rapid "w1 an analytical balance & we/phal s9k] may be us$ conjo9tly4#bce ,9 ?is case x is well to h two or ?ree s9k]s graduat$ = #bj1 #be1 & #dj1 respectively4 ,ne>ly all fats1 :5 melt$ & cool$ to #dj1 rema9 9 a liquid /ate long en\gh to det]m9e _! d5sity4 ,! s9k]s are provid$ ) delicate !rmomet]s1 & ! temp]ature1 :i* at ! beg9n+ is a little above ! degree at :i* ! s9k] is graduat$1 is all[$ to fall to j t degree1 :5 ! equilibrium is secur$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! s9k] is conv5i5tly made to displace j five grams ( di/ill$ wat] at ! temp]ature ( graduation1 b x is evid5t t a r\nd numb] is n necess>y1 b only conv5i5t = calculation4 #bhf4 ,expression ( ,specific ,gravity4--,mu* confusion arises 9 ! /udy ( data ( d5sities because ! temp]atures at :i* ! det]m9ations are made are n express$4 ,! absolute specific gravity w\ld be a comp>ison ( ! weight ( ! object at #d1 ) wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,x is evid5t t su* det]m9ations are n always conv5i5t1 & = ?is reason ! det]m9ations ( d5sity are usually made at o!r temp]atures4 ,9 ! case ( a s9k]1 :i* at #ce displaces exactly five grams ( wat]1 ! foll[+ /atem5ts may be made3 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( wat] at #ce weighs #j4iidjih gram4 ,! volume ( a s9k] displac+ five grams ( wat] at t temp]ature is !re=e #e4jbig cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is volume ( wat] at #d weighs #e4jbig grams4 ,9 a giv5 case ! s9k] plac$ 9 an oil at #ce is f\nd to displace a weight equal to #d4egbe grams correspond+ to a specific gravity ( #ce_/ce #j4iade4 ,f ! =ego+ data ! foll[+ tabul> summ>y is con/ruct$3 ,weight ( #e4jbhg cubic c5timet]s ( oil at #ce1 #d4egbe grams4 0 0 #e4jbig 0 0 0 wat] at #ce1 #e4jjjj 0 0 0 #e4jbig 0 0 0 0 0 #d1 #e4jbig 0 ,relative weight ( oil at #ce1 to wat] at #ce1 #j4iade grams4 0 0 0 0 0 #ce1 0 0 0 #d1 #j4ijib 0 #bhg4 ,coeffici5t ( ,expansion ( ,oils4--,oils & fats ( e k9d h almo/ ! same coeffici5t ( expansion ) increas+ temp]ature4 ,! coeffici5t ( expansion is usually calculat$ by ! =mula ,d - ,d ---------------- 7t - t7,d 9 :i* repres5ts ! coeffici5t ( expansion1 ,d ! d5sity at ! l[e/ temp]ature1 ,d ! d5sity at ! highe/ temp]ature1 t ! l[e/1 & t ! highe/ temp]atures4 ,9 ! inve/igations made by ,crampton x 0 %[n t ! =mula w\ld be m accurate1 writt5 z foll[s3#bcf ,d - ,d --------------------------- 7t - t7 ,d ,d --------------- #b ,! absolute d5sities c be calculat$ f ! =mula ,k1 9 :i* repres5ts ! coeffici5t ( absolute expansion1 ! app>5t coeffici5t ( expansions obs]v$ 9 glass vessels1 & ,k ! cubical coeffici5t ( expansion ( ! glass vessel4 ,! mean absolute coeffici5t ( expansion = fats & oils1 = #a z det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 is almo/ exactly #j4jjjh1 & ! app>5t coeffici5t ( expansion ne>ly #j4jjjgg4bcg #bhh4 ,/&>d ( ,comp>ison4--,9 express+ specific gravities x is advisable to ref] !m always to wat] at #d4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! obs]vation is made %\ld also be giv54 ,?us ! expression ( ! specific gravity ( l>d1 det]m9$ at diff]5t temp]atures1 is made z foll[s3 #ae4e #dj d ------ #j4iaaha2 d ----- #j4hifgi2 #d #d #ajj & d ---- #j4heiig1 #d indicat+ ! relative weights ( ! sample "u exam9ation at #ae4e1 #dj1 & #ajj1 respectively1 to wat] at #d4 #bhi4 ,d5sities ( ,common ,fats & ,oils4--,x is conv5i5t to h at h& "s ( ! data repres5t+ ! d5sities ( common fats & oils1 & ! foll[+ numb]s are f results ( det]m9ations made 9 ?is laboratory3#bch #ae4e #dj #ajj ,temp]ature4 d -----4 d ---4 d ----4 #d #d #d ,leaf l>d #j4iaaha #j4hifgi #j4heiig ,l>d /e>9 #j4ijife #j4hiddc #j4hegej ,oleo/e>9 #j4ijgad #j4hibbc #j4heegb ,crude cottonse$ oil #j4ibjaf #j4ijdhf #j4hfgci ,summ] 0 0 #j4ibjee #j4ijdif #j4hffha ,w9t] 0 0 #j4ibagi #j4ijfab #j4hfggd ,ref9$ 0 0 #j4ibaej #j4ijegc #j4hfgad ,comp\nd l>d 0 #j4iaeae #j4ijjjj #j4hfbhi ,olive oil #j4iaeje #j4hiife #j4hfafh #bij4 ,melt+ ,po9t4--,! temp]ature at :i* fats become s5sibly liquid is a physical *>act]i/ic ( "s importance4 ,un=tunately1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! solid & liquid /ates ( ?is class ( bodies is n v cle>4 ,few ( !m pass p] saltum f "o /ate to ! o!r4 ,9 mo/ cases !re is a gradual transition1 :i*1 betwe5 its initial & f9al po9ts1 may %[ a diff]5ce ( sev]al degrees 9 temp]ature4 ,x has be5 not$1 fur!r1 t fats rec5tly melt$ behave diff]5tly f ^? :i* h be5 solid = sev]al h\rs4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable1 9 prep>+ glyc]ids = ! det]m9ation ( _! melt+ po9t1 to fuse !m ! day be=e ! exam9ation is to be made4 ,! temp]ature at :i* a glyc]id passes f a liquid to a solid /ate is usually high] ?an t at :i* x resumes its solid =m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *ange ( temp]ature c\ld be made ) extreme sl[ness1 expos+ ! sample = _m h\rs at ne> its critical temp]ature1 ^! diff]5ces w\ld be mu* less m>k$4 ,_m me?ods h be5 devis$ = det]m9+ ! melt+ po9t ( fats1 & none has be5 f\nd t is satisfactory 9 e respect4 ,9 "s cases ! mom5t at :i* fluidity occurs is assum$ to be t "o :5 ! small sample loses its opalesc5ce & becomes cle>4 ,9 o!r cases ! mom5t ( fluidity is det]m9$ by ! *ange ( %ape ( ! sample or by obs]v+ ! common ph5om5a pres5t$ by a liquid body4 ,9 /ill o!r cases1 ! po9t at :i* ! sample becomes fluid is det]m9$ by ! automatic completion ( an electric circuit1 :i* is indicat$ by ! r++ ( a bell4 ,?is latt] process has be5 f\nd v mislead+ 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,only a few ( ! propos$ me?ods seem to dem& att5tion "h1 & "s ( ^?1 dep5d+ on ! visible liquefaction ( a small quantity ( ! fat or bas$ on ! physical prop]ty1 possess$ by all liquids :5 remov$ f ext]nal /ress1 ( assum+ a sph]oidal /ate w be describ$4 ,o!r me?ods :i* may dem& att5tion 9 any p>ticul> case may be f\nd 9 ! works cit$4#bci #bia4 ,det]m9ation 9 a ,capill>y ,tube4--,a capill>y tube is dipp$ into ! melt$ fat & :5 fill$ "o end ( ! tube is seal$ 9 ! lamp & x is !n put aside 9 a cool place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! tube is ti$ to ! bulb ( a delicate !rmomet] ! l5g? us$ or fill$ ) fat be+ ( ! same l5g? z ! !rmomet] bulb4 ,! !rmomet] & atta*$ fat are plac$ 9 wat]1 oil1 or o!r transp>5t m$ia1 & g5tly w>m$ until ! capill>y column ( fat becomes transp>5t4 ,at ?is mom5t ! !rmometric read+ is made & ent]$ z ! melt+ po9t ( ! fat4 ,9 comp>ative det]m9ations ! same l5g? ( "t %\ld be obs]v$ 9 heat+1 o!rwise discordant results w be obta9$4 ,z 9 all o!r me?ods1 ! result+ memb]s are comp>ative & n absolute po9ts ( fusion1 & ! data secur$ by two obs]v]s on ! same sample may n agree1 if diff]5t me?ods ( prep>+ ! fat & diff]5t rates ( fusion h be5 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,melt+ ,,po9t ,,tubes4 ,sev]al modifications ( ! me?od j describ$ are practic$1 & p]haps ) advantage 9 "s cases4 ,9 "o ( ^! a small p>ticle ( ! fat is solidifi$ 9 a bulb bl[n on a small tube1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #hc1 tube a4 ,! tube1 9 an upright position1 is heat$ 9 a conv5i5t ba? until ! p>ticle ( fat j beg9s to run assum+ soon ! position %[n 9 tube b4 ,?is temp]ature is det]m9$ by a !rmomet]1 ^: bulb is kept 9 contact ) ! "p ( ! obs]vation tube conta9+ ! fat p>ticle4 ,! rise ( temp]ature is cont9u$ until ! fat collect$ at ! bottom ( ! bulb is entirely transp>5t4 ,?is is call$ ! po9t ( complete fusion4#bdj ,pohl cov]s ! bulb ( a !rmomet] ) a ?9 film ( fat1 & ! in/rum5t is !n fix$ 9 a te/ tube1 9 su* a way z n to t\* ! bottom1 & ! film ( fat w>m$ by ! air-ba? until x fuses & collects 9 a droplet at ! end ( ! !rmomet] bulb4#bda ,c>r has modifi$ ?is process by ins]t+ ! !rmomet] 9 a r\nd flask 9 su* a way t ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] is z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5t]4 ,by ?is device ! heat+ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ air is m regul> & m readily controll$4#bdb ,a p>ticle ( fat plac$ on ! surface ( clean m]cury w melt :5 ! m]cury is rais$ to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,:]e l>g] quantities ( ! fat are employ$1 a small %ot or pellet ( m]cury may be plac$ ^u ! surface & ! :ole w>m$ until ! metal s9ks4 ,( ! above not$ me?ods1 ! analy/ w f9d "s =m ( capill>y tube or ! use ( a film ( ! fat on ! bulb ( a !rmomet] ! mo/ satisfactory4#bdc ,hehn] & ,angell h modifi$ ! s9k+ po9t me?od by increas+ ! size ( ! s9k] )\t a correspond+ increase 9 weight4 ,?is is accompli%$ by bl[+ a small pe>-%ap$ float1 ne>ly "o c5timet] 9 diamet] & ab\t two long4 ,! /em ( ! pe> is drawn out & brok5 (f1 & :ile ! bulb is /ill w>m1 ! op5 end ( ! /em is held 9 m]cury1 & a small quantity ( ?is sub/ance1 suffici5t 9 am\nt to cause ! float to s9k sl[ly ?r\gh a melt$ fat1 is introduc$ into ! bulb ( ! app>atus & ! /em seal$4 ,! :ole bulb %\ld displace ab\t "o cubic c5timet] ( liquid & weigh1 aft] fill+ ) m]cury1 ab\t ?ree & f\r-t5?s grams4 ,9 conduct+ ! exp]im5t ab\t ?irty grams ( ! dry melt$ fat are plac$ 9 a l>ge te/ tube & cool$ by imm]s+ ! tube 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #ae4 ,! tube conta9+ ! solidifi$ fat is plac$ 9 a ba? ( cold wat] & ! s9k] is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! surface ( ! fat4 ,! ba? is sl[ly heat$ until ! float disappe>s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ba? is read j z ! bulb "p ( ! float disappe>s4 ,! me?od is recomm5d$ especially by ! au?ors = butt] fat inve/igations4#bdd #bih4 ,melt+ ,po9t ,det]m9$ by ! ,sph]oidal ,/ate4--,! me?od describ$ by ! au?or1 dep5d+ on ! assumption ( ! sph]oidal /ate ( a p>ticle ( liquid remov$ f all ext]nal /ress1 has be5 f\nd q satisfactory 9 ?is laboratory1 & has be5 adopt$ by ! (ficial *emi/s4#bde ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! app>atus !re are requir$3 7a7 a piece ( ice float+ 9 di/ill$ wat] t has be5 rec5tly boil$1 & 7b7 a mixture ( alcohol & wat] ( ! same specific gravity z ! fat to be exam9$4 ,?is is prep>$ by boil+ di/ill$ wat] & n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol = a few m9utes to remove ! gases :i* !y may hold 9 solution4 ,:ile /ill hot1 ! wat] is p\r$ into ! te/ tube describ$ bel[ until x is ne>ly half full4 ,! te/ tube is !n ne>ly fill$ ) ! hot alcohol1 :i* is c>efully p\r$ d[n ! side ( ! incl9$ tube to avoid too mu* mix+4 ,if ! alcohol is n add$ until ! wat] has cool$1 ! mixture w conta9 s _m air bubbles z to be unfit = use4 ,^! bubbles w ga!r on ! disk ( fat z ! temp]ature rises & f9ally =ce x to ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,melt+ ,,po9t4 ,! app>atus = det]m9+ ! melt+ po9t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd1 & consi/s ( 7a7 an accurate !rmomet] read+ easily t5?s ( a degree2 7b7 a ca!tomet] = read+ ! !rmomet] 7b ?is may be done ) an eye-glass if held /eadily & prop]ly adju/$72 7c7 a !rmomet]2 7d7 a tall beak]1 ?irty-five c5timet]s high & t5 9 diamet]2 7e7 a te/ tube ?irty c5timet]s long & ?ree & a half 9 diamet]2 7f7 a /& = support+ ! app>atus2 7g7 "s me?od ( /irr+ ! wat] 9 ! beak] 7= example1 a bl[+ bulb ( rubb]1 & a b5t glass tube ext5d+ to ne> ! bottom ( ! beak]74 ,! disks ( fat are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! melt$ & filt]$ fat is all[$ to fall f a dropp+ tube f a height ( ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s on a smoo? piece ( ice float+ 9 rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,! disks ?us =m$ are f "o to "o & a half c5timet]s 9 diamet] & weigh ab\t #bjj milligrams4 ,by press+ ! ice "u ! wat] ! disks are made to float on ! surface1 :5ce !y are easily remov$ ) a /eel spatula1 :i* %\ld be cool$ 9 ! ice wat] be=e us+4 ,!y %\ld be prep>$ a day or at lea/ a few h\rs be=e us+4 ,! te/ tube conta9+ ! alcohol & wat] is plac$ 9 a tall beak]1 conta9+ wat] & ice1 until cold4 ,! disk ( fat is !n dropp$ into ! tube f ! spatula1 & at once s9ks until x rea*es a "p ( ! tube :]e ! d5sity ( ! alcohol-wat] is exactly equival5t to its own4 ,"h x rema9s at re/ & free f ! action ( any =ce save t inh]5t 9 its own molecules4 ,! delicate !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! te/ tube & l[]$ until ! bulb is j above ! disk4 ,9 ord] to secure an ev5 temp]ature 9 all p>ts ( ! alcohol mixture 9 ! vic9ity ( ! disk1 ! !rmomet] is g5tly mov$ f "t to "t 9 a circul>ly p5dul\s mann]4 ,! disk hav+ be5 plac$ 9 position1 ! wat] 9 ! beak] is sl[ly heat$1 & kept con/antly /irr$ by means ( ! bl[+ app>atus already describ$4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! alcohol-wat] mixture rises to ab\t #f bel[ ! melt+ po9t1 ! disk ( fat beg9s to %rivel1 & gradually rolls up into an irregul> mass4 ,! !rmomet] is n[ l[]$ until ! fat p>ticle is ev5 ) ! c5t] ( ! bulb4 ,! bulb ( ! !rmomet] %\ld be small1 s z to indicate only ! temp]ature ( ! mixture ne> ! fat4 ,a g5tle rotatory movem5t f "t to "t %\ld be giv5 to ! !rmomet] bulb4 ,! rise ( temp]ature %\ld be s regulat$ t ! la/ #b ( increm5t require ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! mass ( fat gradually approa*es ! =m ( a sph]e1 & :5 x is s5sibly s ! read+ ( ! !rmomet] is to be made4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature is tak5 ! te/ tube is remov$ f ! ba? & plac$ aga9 9 ! cool]4 ,a second tube1 conta9+ alcohol & wat]1 is at once plac$ 9 ! ba?4 ,! te/ tube 7ice wat] hav+ be5 us$ z a cool]7 is ( l[ en\gh temp]ature to cool ! ba? suffici5tly4 ,aft] ! fir/ det]m9ation1 :i* %\ld be only a trial1 ! temp]ature ( ! ba? %\ld be s regulat$ z to rea* a maximum ( ab\t #a4e above ! melt+ po9t ( ! fat "u exam9ation4 ,! edge ( ! disk %\ld n be all[$ to t\* ! sides ( ! tube4 ,?is accid5t r>ely happ5s1 b 9 case x %\ld take place1 & ! disk adh]e to ! sides ( ! tube1 a new trial %\ld be made4 ,triplicate det]m9ations %\ld be made1 & ! second & ?ird results %\ld %[ a ne> agreem5t4 ,example4--,melt+ po9t ( sample ( butt]3 ,degrees4 ,fir/ trial #cc4ae ,second trial #cc4je ,?ird trial #cc4jj ,! fatty acids1 be+ soluble 9 alcohol1 _c be treat$ z ! ord9>y glyc]ids4 ,b ev5 ^? glyc]ids :i* are slightly soluble 9 alcohol may be subject$ to ! above treatm5t )\t fe> ( exp]i5c+ any grave di/urbance ( ! fus+ po9ts4 #bic4 ,solidify+ ,po9t4--,! temp]ature at :i* a fat %[s incipi5t solidification is usually l[] ?an ! po9t ( fusion4 ,! same difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( solidification z are pres5t$ 9 obs]v+ ! true melt+ po9t4 ,! passage f a transp>5t liquid to an opaque solid is gradual1 %[+ all ! phases ( turbidity f beg9n+ opalesc5ce to complete opacity4 ,! be/ ! analy/ c d is to det]m9e1 z accurately z possible1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! m solid glyc]ids ( ! mixture beg9 to =m def9ite cry/als4 ,?is po9t is affect$ to a m>k$ degree by ! elem5t ( "t4 ,a fat cool$ j bel[ its melt+ po9t w become solid aft] h\rs1 or days1 :]eas x c\ld be quickly cool$ f> bel[ t temp]ature & /ill be limpid4 ,! me?ods ( obs]vation are ! same = ! glyc]ids & fatty acids1 & ! g5]al process ( det]m9ation is suffici5tly set =? 9 ! foll[+ description ( ! me?od z us$ 9 ?is laboratory4#bdf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,cry/alliz+ ,,po9t4 ,! melt$ fat or fat acid is plac$ 9 a te/ tube conta9$ 9 a l>ge bottle1 :i* s]ves z a jacket to protect ! tube f sudd5 or viol5t *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! effici5cy ( ! jacket may be increas$ by exhau/+ ! air !refrom1 z 9 ! app>atus = det]m9+ ! heat ( brom9ation1 h]eaft] describ$4 ,a v delicate !rmomet]1 graduat$ 9 t5?s ( a degree1 & hav+ a long bulb1 is employ$4 ,by means ( ! read+ glass1 ! read+ c be made 9 tw5tie?s ( a degree4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #he4 ,! te/ tube is ne>ly fill$ ) ! melt$ matt]4 ,! bottom ( ! jacket %\ld be g5tly w>m$ to prev5t a too rapid congelation 9 ! bottom ( ! te/ tube conta9+ ! melt$ fat1 & ! tube is to be s plac$ z to leave an air space betwe5 x & ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,! !rmomet] is susp5d$ 9 su* a mann] z to h ! bulb z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5t] ( ! melt$ fat4 ,! !rmomet] %\ld be protect$ f air curr5ts & %\ld be kept p]fectly /ill4 ,9 case ! congeal+ po9t is l[] ?an room temp]ature ! jacket may be imm]s$ 9 a cool+ mixture1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is only slightly bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( ! fatty mass4 ,:5 cry/als ( fat beg9 to =m1 ! desc5t ( ! m]cury 9 ! /em ( ! !rmomet] w become v sl[ & f9ally rea* a m9imum1 :i* %\ld be not$4 ,z ! cry/allization ext5ds inw>ds & approa*es ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] a po9t w be rea*$ :5 ! m]cury beg9s to rise4 ,at ?is "t ! p>tially cry/alliz$ mass %\ld be vigor\sly /irr$ ) ! !rmomet] & aga9 left at re/ 9 z ne>ly1 ! orig9al position z possible4 ,by ?is op]ation ! m]cury w be made to rise & its maximum position %\ld be not$ z ! true cry/alliz+ po9t ( ! :ole mass4 ,9 comp>+ diff]5t samples1 x is important t ! elem5ts ( "t 9 :i* ! fir/ cry/allization takes place %\ld be kept1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same4 ,a unit ( "o h\r 9 cool+ ! mixture f a temp]ature j above its po9t ( fusion until ! incipi5t cry/allization is notic$1 is a conv5i5t "o = glyc]ids & = fat acids4 #bid4 ,det]m9ation ( ,refractive ,p[]4--,! prop]ty ( refract+ light is possess$ by fats 9 diff]5t degrees & ^! diff]5ces are ( great help 9 analytical "w4 ,! exam9ation may be made by ! simple refractomet] ( ,abbe or ,b]tr&1 or by ! m elaborate app>atus ( ,pulfri*4 ,! comp>ative refractive p[] ( fats c also be obs]v$ by means ( ! oleorefractomet] ( ,amagat-,jean or ! diff]5tial refractomet] ( ,zune4#bdg ,= details ( ! con/ruction ( ^! app>atus1 ) a description ( ! optical pr9ciples on :i* !y are bas$1 ! pap]s above cit$ may be consult$4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! in/rum5ts :i* h be5 employ$ are ?ree 9 numb]1 viz41 ,abbe's small refractomet]1 ,pulfri*'s refractomet] us+ yell[ light1 & ! oleorefractomet] ( ,amagat-,jean4 ,a brief description ( ! me?ods ( manipulat+ ^! in/rum5ts is all t c be attempt$ 9 ?is manual4 #bie4 ,refractive ,index4--,refractive index is an expression employ$ to *>act]ize ! measurem5t ( ! degree ( deflection caus$ 9 a ray ( light 9 pass+ f "o transp>5t m$ium into ano!r4 ,x is ! quoti5t ( ! s9e ( ! angle ( ! incid5t1 divid$ by ! s9e ( ! angle ( ! refract$ ray4 ,9 ! case ( oils :i* rema9 liquid at room temp]atures1 ! det]m9ations c be made )\t ! aid ( any device to ma9ta9 liquidity4 ,9 ! case ( fat :i* becomes solid at ord9>y room temp]atures1 ! det]m9ation mu/ ei!r be made 9 a room artificially w>m$ or ! app>atus mu/ h "s device1 z 9 ! lat] in/rum5ts ( ,abbe & ,pulfri*1 & 9 ! app>atus ( ,amagat-,jean1 :]eby ! sample "u exam9ation c be ma9ta9$ 9 a transp>5t condition4 ,9 ea* case ! accuracy ( ! app>atus %\ld be te/$ by pure wat]1 ! refractive index ( :i* at #ah is #a4ccc4 ,! refractive index is ei!r read directly on ! scale z 9 ,abbe's in/rum5t1 or calculat$ f ! angles measur$ z 9 ,pulfri*'s app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,abbe',s ,,refractomet]4 #bif4 ,abbe's ,refractomet]4--,= practical use ! small in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,abbe w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! "o :i* has be5 9 use = _m ye>s 9 ?is laboratory is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts ! app>atus 9 ! position prelim9>y to read+ ! index4 ,9 prep>+ ! sample ( oil = obs]vation ! in/rum5t is turn$ on its axis until ! prisms betwe5 :i* ! oil is plac$ assume a horizontal position1 z is se5 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,! movable prism is unfa/5$ & laid aside1 ! fix$ prism cov]$ ) a rectangul> %ap$ piece ( tissue pap] on :i* "o or two drops ( ! oil are plac$4 ,! movable prism is replac$ 9 su* a mann] z to secure a complete sep>ation ( ! two prisms by ! film ( oil$ tissue pap]4 ,a little practice w enable ! analy/ to secure ?is result4 ,aft] ! pap] disk hold+ ! fat is secur$ by replac+ ! upp] prism1 ! app>atus is plac$ 9 its normal position & ! index mov$ until ! light direct$ ?r\gh ! app>atus by ! mirror %[s ! field ( vision divid$ into d>k & light portions4 ,! disp]sion app>atus is n[ turn$ until ! ra9b[ colors on ! "p betwe5 ! d>k & light fields h disappe>$4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! telescope1 ! eyepiece ( ! app>atus1 is s adju/$ z to br+ ! cross l9es ( ! field ( vision di/9ctly into focus4 ,! index ( ! app>atus is n[ mov$ back & =? until ! l9e ( ! two fields ( vision falls exactly at ! int]section ( ! cross l9es4 ,! refractive index ( ! fat "u exam9ation is !n read directly ^u ! scale by means ( a small magnify+ glass4 ,to *eck ! accuracy ( ! fir/ read+1 ! disp]sion app>atus %\ld be turn$ ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj until ! colors h aga9 disappe>$1 &1 aft] adju/m5t1 ! scale ( ! in/rum5t aga9 read4 ,^! two read+s %\ld ne>ly co9cide1 & _! mean is ! true read+ ( ! fat "u exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,*>g+ ,,position ,,( ,,refractomet]4 ,= butt] fats ! app>atus %\ld be kept 9 a w>m place1 ! temp]ature ( :i* does n fall bel[ #cj4 ,= r$uc+ ! results obta9$ to a /&>d temp]ature1 say #be1 ! factor #j4jjjagf may be us$4 ,z ! temp]ature rises ! refractive index falls4 ,example4--,refractive index ( a butt] fat det]m9$ at #cb4d #a4dedj1 r$uc$ to #be z foll[s3 #cb4d -#be #g4d2 #j4jjjagf #g4d #j4jjac2 !n #a4dedj #j4jjac #a4deec4 ,! in/rum5t us$ %\ld be set ) di/ill$ wat] at #ah1 ! !oretical refractive index ( wat] at t temp]ature be+ #a4ccc4 ,9 ! det]m9ation above giv51 ! refractive index ( pure wat] measur$ #a4ccjj2 h5ce ! above numb]s %\ld be correct$ = !ory by ! addition ( #j4jjcj1 mak+ ! correct$ index ( ! butt] fat m5tion$ at ! temp]ature giv51 #a4dehc4 #big4 ,pulfri*'s ,refractomet]4--,= exact sci5tific measurem5ts1 ,pulfri*'s app>atus has giv5 "h entire satisfaction4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t a l>g] quantity ( ! oil is requir$ ?an = ! abbe1 & ?is quantity is held 9 a cyl9drical glass vessel lut$ to ! top ( ! prism4 ,! me?od ( accompli%+ ?is & also an illu/ration ( ! refraction ( ! rays ( light are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,prism ,,( ,,pulfri*',s ,,refractomet]4 ,! angle i is measur$ by a divid$ circle read ) ! aid ( a small telescope4 ,! index ( ! prism ( highly refractive glass ,n is kn[n4 ,! oil is se5 at n4 ,! light us$ is ! yell[ sodium ray 7,d74 ,f ! obs]v$ angle ! refractive index ( n is calculat$ f ! =mula n ,n - s9i4 ,= conv5i5ce ! values ( n = all usual values ( i are comput$ once = all & arrang$ = use 9 tabul> =m4 ,! late/ model ( ,pulfri*'s app>atus1 arrang$ bo? = liquid & solid bodies1 & also = spectrometric obs]vation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,:5 ! sodium light is us$ x is plac$ beh9d ! app>atus & ! light is collect$ & reflect$ on ! refractive prism by ! l5s ,n4 ,?r\gh ,h & ,g is secur$ ! micrometric read+ ( ! angle on ! scale ,d by means ( ! telescopic arrangem5t ,f ,e4 ,= regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! oil & adjac5t p>ts1 a /ream ( wat] at any desir$ temp]ature is made to circulate ?r\gh ,l & ,s 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$ is %[n 9 ! cross section ( t "p ( ! app>atus z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,pulfri*',s ,,new ,,refractomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,heat+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,pulfri*',s ,,refractomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,spectromet] ,,atta*m5t4 ,= fur!r details ( ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! app>atus ! orig9al description may be consult$4#bdh ,9 case a spectrometric obs]vation is desir$ ! ,h ray1 = in/ance1 is produc$ by ! geissl] tube ,q1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! light is conc5trat$ & ?r[n ^u ! refractive prism by ! l5s ,p1 ! l5s ,n1 ,fig4 #hi1 be+ remov$ = ?is purpose4 ,tables1 = correct+ ! disp]sion & = calculat+ ! indices = ea* angle & fraction !re(1 & = corrections peculi> to ! app>atus1 accompany ea* in/rum5t4 #bih4 ,refractive ,indices ( "s ,common ,oils4--,! foll[+ numb]s %[ ! refractive indices obta9$ by ,long = "s ( ! m common oils4 ,! light us$ 0 ! yell[ ray ( ! sodium flame4#bdi ,refractive ,calculat$ ,"n4 ,temp]ature4 index4 = #be4 ,olive oil 7,france7 #bf4f #a4dfgc #a4dfgg 0 0 7,cali=nia7 #be4d #a4dfgg #a4dfgh ,cottonse$ oil #bd4h #a4dgbb #a4dgba 0 0 #bf4c #a4dgjc #a4dgji 0 0 #be4c #a4dgah #a4dgai ,sesam oil #bd4h #a4dgbh #a4dgbh 0 0 #bf4h #a4dgaj #a4dgaf ,ca/or 0 #be4d #a4dgga #a4dggc ,l>d 0 #bg4c #a4dfeg #a4dfff ,peanut 0 #be4c #a4dfif #a4dfif ,9 case ( ! use ( ,abbe's app>atus1 9 :i* diffus$ sunlight is ! s\rce ( ! illum9ation1 ! numb]s obta9$ _c be comp>$ directly ) ^? j giv5 unless ! app>atus be fir/ s adju/$ z to read ) di/ill$ wat] at #ah1 #a4ccc4 ,9 ?is case ! read+ ( ! scale gives ! index z det]m9$ by ! yell[ ray4 ,! numb]s obta9$ ) ,abbe's in/rum5t = "s common oils are giv5 bel[4#bej ,9 ! det]m9ations ! in/rum5t 0 set ) wat] at #ah1 read+ #a4ccjj1 & !y 7 correct$ by add+ #j4jjcj 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! error ( ! app>atus4 ,mat]ial4 ,calculat$ = #be4 ,correct$ index4 ,l>d #a4dfbj #a4dfej ,cotton oil #a4dfgd #a4dgjd ,olive oil /e>9 #a4dehb #a4dfaj ,l>d /e>9 #a4deid #a4dfbd #bii4 ,oleorefractomet]4--,in/ead ( measur+ ! angul> value ( ! refractive p[] ( an oil x may be comp>$ ) "s /&>d on a purely arbitr>y scale4 ,su* an app>atus is illu/rat$ by ! oleorefractomet] ( ,amagat-,jean1 or by ,zeiss's butyrorefractomet]4 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ in/rum5t1 ,fig4 #ib1 ! oil to be exam9$ is comp>$ directly ) ano!r typical oil & ! %ad[ produc$ by ! diff]5ce 9 refraction is locat$ on a scale read by a telescope & graduat$ = two diff]5t temp]atures4#bea ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,oleorefractomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,section ,,%[+ ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,oleorefractomet]4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! app>atus a metal cyl9d]1 ,a1 is f\nd c>ry+ two plate glass pieces1 ,c ,b1 s plac$ z to =m an angle ( #ajg4 ,?is cyl9d] is plac$ 9 a l>g] "o1 provid$ ) two circul> glass w9d[s4 ,to ^! two op5+s are fix$ to ! "r & left1 ! telescopic atta*m5ts1 ,g1 ,v1 ,s1 ,e1 & ! app>atus ,m1 ,h1 ,s1 ,e1 = r5d]+ ! rays ( light p>allel4 ,! field ( vision is divid$ into two portions1 light & d>k1 by a semicircul> /op ins]t$ 9 ! collimator1 & conta9s ! d\ble scale %[n 9 ! figure plac$ at ,h4 ,! field ( vision is illum9at$ by a gas or oil lamp plac$ at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! collimator4 ,! inn] metallic cyl9d] ,a is surr\nd$ ) an out] "o1 to :i* ! optical p>ts are atta*$ at ,d ,d by means ( plane glass plates4 ,?is cyl9d] is 9 turn conta9$ 9 ! l>ge wat] cyl9d] ,p ,p1 c>ry+ a !rmomet] 9 ! op5+ %[n at ! top on ! left4 ,! manipulation ( ! app>atus is v simple4 ,! out] cyl9d] is fill$ ) wat]1 at a temp]ature bel[ #bb1 ! middle "o ) ! typical oil furni%$ ) ! in/rum5t1 ! cov] ( ! app>atus c>ry+ ! !rmomet] plac$ 9 position & ! cup-%ap$ funnel ins]t$ 9 ! cyl9d] ,a1 :i* is at fir/ also fill$ ) ! typical oil4 ,! :ole sy/em is next br\ght sl[ly to ! temp]ature ( #bb by means ( ! lamp %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,! telescope is adju/$ to br+ ! scale ( ! field ( vision into focus & ! l9e divid+ ! light & %ad[ ( ! field %\ld fall exactly on #j;a4 ,if ?is be n ! case ! #j is adju/$ by screws provid$ = t purpose until x is 9 prop] position4 ,! typical oil is )drawn f ,a by ! cock ,r1 ! cyl9d] wa%$ ) a little ( ! oil to be exam9$ & !n fill$ !re)4 ,on aga9 obs]v+ ! field ( vision ! l9e sep>at+ ! %ad[ f ! light w be f\nd mov$ to ! "r or left1 if ! oil h an index diff]5t f t ( ! typical oil4 ,! position ( ! divid+ l9e is read on ! scale4 ,= fats ! temp]ature ( ! app>atus is br\ght exactly to #de & ! scale #j;b is us$4 ,9 o!r respects ! manipulation = ! fats is exactly t describ$ = oils4 ,9 ! use ( #j;a1 9 case ! room be w>m] ?an #bb1 all ! liquids employ$ %\ld be cool$ bel[ #bb be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! app>atus4 ,x is !n only necess>y to wait until ! room temp]ature w>ms ! sy/em to #bb4 ,9 ! case ( fats x is advisable to heat all ! liquids to ab\t #ej & all[ !m to cool to #de in/ead ( heat+ !m to t temp]ature by means ( ! lamp4 ,"o grave objection to ?is in/rum5t is f\nd 9 ! abs5ce ( ! prop] sci5tific _s controll+ its manufacture & sale1 z evid5c$ by ! attempt to pres]ve ! secret ( ! composition ( ! typical oil & ! neglig5ce 9 te/+ ! scale ( ! in/rum5ts :i* w be po9t$ out fur!r along4 ,accord+ to ,jean#beb ! common oils1 :5 purifi$1 give ! foll[+ read+s at #bb3 ,peanut oil #c4e to #f4e ,colza 0 #ag4e 0 #ba4j ,cotton 0 #ah4j 0 #ah4j ,l9se$ 0 #dg4j 0 #ed4e ,l>d 0 #e4e 0 #e4e ,olive 0 #a4e 0 #j4j ,sesam 0 #ag4e 0 #ai4j ,oleom>g>9 -#ae4j 0 -#ae4j ,butt] fat -#cj4j 0 -#cj4j ,mutton oil #j4j 0 #j4j ,fi% 0 #ch4j 0 #ch4j ,9 ?is in/rum5t1 !re=e1 vegetable & fi% oils1 z a rule1 %[ a "r h&1 & animal fats a left h& deviation4 ,! oleorefractomet] has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ?is laboratory & ! data obta9$ !reby h be5 f\nd useful4 ,we h n f\nd1 h[ev]1 ! values fix$ by ,jean to be con/ant4 ,! numb]s = l>d h v>i$ f -#c4j to -#aj4j1 & o!r fats h %[n almo/ z wide a v>iation f ! values assign$ by him4 ,jean /ates t ! numb] = l>d1 det]m9$ by ! oleorefractomet]1 is -#ab1 & he gives a def9ite numb] = ea* ( ! common oils & fats4 ,on try+ ! pure l>ds ( kn[n orig9 9 ?is in/rum5t1 ,i h nev] yet f\nd "o t %[$ a deviation ( -#ab divisions ( ! scale2 b ,i h no d\bt t !re are _m su* l>ds 9 exi/5ce4 ,! pure normal l>ds d]iv$ f ! fat ( a s+le animal w\ld naturally %[ great] v>iations 9 _! *emical & physical prop]ties1 ?an a typical l>d d]iv$ f ! mix$ fats ( a great _m animals4 ,9 leaf l>d1 r5d]$ 9 ! laboratory1 ! read+ ( ! oleorefractomet] 0 f\nd to be -#aj1 :ile ) ! inte/9al l>d x 0 -#i4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>d r5d]$ f ! fat f ! back ( ! animal %[$ a read+ ( only -#c1 & a typical cottonse$ oil a read+ ( #ab4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,jean1 a l>d :i* gives ev5 z l[ a refractive numb] z -#i1 by 8 in/rum5t1 w\ld be adjudg$ at lea/ "o-qu>t] cottonse$ oil4 ,aft] a ?or\gh trial ( ! in/rum5t ( ,jean1 ,i am conv9c$ t x is ( great diagno/ic value1 b if us$ 9 ! arbitr>y mann] indicat$ by ! au?or x w\ld lead to endless error & confusion4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is in/rum5t is ( great] value 9 analyses ?an ,abbe's ord9>y refractomet]1 because x gives a wid] expansion 9 ! limits ( ! field ( vision1 & !re=e c be m accurately read1 b x is f> f af=d+ a c]ta9 means ( discov]+ traces ( adult]ation ) o!r fats4 #cjj4 ,v>iations 9 ! ,in/rum5ts4--,9 ! use ( ! oleorefractomet]1 att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t1 ?r\gh "s neglig5ce 9 manufacture1 ! in/rum5ts d n give1 9 all in/ances1 ! same read+ ) ! same sub/ance4 ,all5 obta9$ ! foll[+ data ) a sample ( l>d exam9$ 9 ?ree in/rum5ts1 viz41 #d4e1 #f1 & #aa4 ,su* wide diff]5ces 9 ! scales ( ! in/rum5ts _c fail to disp>age ! value ( comp>ative det]m9ations4 ,! v>iations 9 samples ( kn[n orig91 :5 read on ! same in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 w %[ ! range ( error to :i* ! det]m9ations made ) ! oleorefractomet] are subject4 ,pe>ma9 has tabulat$ a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 cov]+ #bdj samples ( oils4#bec ,foll[+ are ! data relat+ to ! mo/ important oils4 ,,at #bb4 ,highe/ ,l[e/ ,mean read+4 read+4 read+4 ,"n ( oil4 ,degrees4 ,degrees4 ,degrees4 ,almond #aj4e #h4j #i4e ,peanut #g4j #e4j #f4j ,ca/or #db4j #ci4j #dj4j ,codliv] #df4j #dj4j #dd4j ,cottonse$ 7crude7 #ag4j #af4j #af4e 0 7ref9$7 #bc4j #ag4j #ba4e ,l>d oil -#a4j #j4j #j4j ,l9se$ 7crude7 #eb4j #dh4j #ej4j 0 7ref9$7 #ed4j #ej4j #eb4e ,olive #c4e #a4j #b4j ,rape #bj4j #af4j #ag4e ,sesam #ag4j #ac4j #ae4e ,sunfl[] #ce4j #ce4j #ce4j ,tall[ oil -#e4j -#a4j -#c4j ,oleic acid -#cc4j -#bi4j -#cb4j ,,at #de4 ,butt] -#cd4j -#be4j -#cj4j ,oleom>g>9 -#ah4j -#ac4j -#ae4j ,l>d -#ad4j -#h4j -#aj4e ,tall[ -#ah4j -#ae4j -#af4j ,p>aff9 #eh4e #ed4j #ef4j ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,butyrorefractomet]4 #cja4 ,butyrorefractomet]4--,ano!r in/rum5t graduat$ on an arbitr>y scale is ! butyrorefractomet] ( ,zeiss4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* resembles 9 "s respects ! in/rum5t ( ,abbe1 diff]s !refrom ess5tially 9 disp5s+ ) ! revolv+ prisms ( ,amici1 :]eby ! *romatic fr++ due to disp]sion is correct$1 & on hav+ ! scale fix$ = "o sub/ance1 9 ?is in/ance1 pure butt] fat4 ,! =m ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,! a*romatization = ! butt] fat is secur$ 9 ! prisms betwe5 :i* a film ( ! fat is plac$1 z 9 ! ,abbe in/rum5t4 ,:5 a fat1 diff]+ f t = :i* ! in/rum5t is graduat$ is introduc$1 ! fr+es ( ! d>k & light portions ( ! field w n only be color$ 7diff]5ce 9 disp]sion71 b ! l9e ( sep>ation w also be displac$ 7diff]5ce 9 refractive p[]74 ,! app>atus is !re=e us$ 9 ! diff]5tial det]m9ation ( ^! two prop]ties4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t butt] fats diff] s mu* 9 ^! prop]ties among !mselves z to make possible ! condemnation ( a pure z an adult]at$ sample4 #cjb4 ,me?od ( ,*>g+ ! ,app>atus4--,! prism cas+ ( ! in/rum5t is op5$ by turn+ ! p9 ,f to ! "r & pu%+ ! half ,b ( ! prism cas+ aside4 ,! prism & its app5dages mu/ be clean$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 ! be/ means = ?is purpose be+ s(t clean l95 moi/5$ ) a little alcohol or e!r4 ,melt ! sample ( butt] 9 a spoon & p\r x ^u a small pap] filt] held betwe5 ! f+]s & apply ! fir/ two or ?ree drops ( cle> butt] fat s obta9$ to ! surface ( ! prism conta9$ 9 prism cas+ ,b4 ,= ?is purpose ! app>atus %\ld be rais$ ) ! left h& s z to place ! prism surface 9 a horizontal position4 ,press ,b aga9/ ,a & replace ,f by turn+ x 9 ! opposite direction into its orig9al position2 !reby ,b is prev5t$ f fall+ back & bo? prism surfaces are kept 9 close contact4 #cjc4 ,me?od ( ,obs]vation4--,:ile look+ into ! telescope1 give ! mirror ,j su* a position z to r5d] ! critical l9e :i* sep>ates ! bright left "p ( ! field f ! d>k "r "p di/9ctly visible4 ,x may also be necess>y to move or turn ! in/rum5t ab\t a little4 ,fir/ x w be necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r ! space betwe5 ! prism surfaces be uni=mly fill$ ) butt]1 =1 if n1 ! critical l9e w n be di/9ct4 ,by all[+ a curr5t ( wat] ( con/ant temp]ature to fl[ ?r\gh ! app>atus1 "s "t previ\s to ! tak+ ( ! read+1 ! at fir/ some:at hazy critical l9e approa*es 9 a %ort "t1 g5]ally aft] a m9ute1 a fix$ position & quickly atta9s its greate/ di/9ctness4 ,:5 ?is po9t has be5 rea*$ note ! appe>ance ( ! critical l9e 7i4 e41 :e!r colorless or color$ & 9 ! latt] case ( :at color72 also note ! position ( ! critical l9e on ! c5tesimal scale1 :i* admits ( ! t5? divisions be+ conv5i5tly e/imat$1 & at ! same "t read ! !rmomet]4 ,by mak+ an ext5d$ s]ies ( successive read+s & by employ+ an assi/ant = melt+ & prep>+ ! small samples ( butt]1 f tw5ty-five to ?irty refractometric butt] te/s may1 aft] a little practice1 be made 9 an h\r4 ,! read+s ( ! refractive indices ( a l>ge numb] ( butt] samples made at #be are1 by means ( a table :i* w be f\nd bel[1 directly r$uc$ to scale divisions & yield ! foll[+ equival5ts3#bed ,natural butt] 7#a4deij-a4dfbj7 3 #di4e-ed4j scale divisions4 ,m>g>9 7#a4dfej-a4dgjj7 3 #eh4f-ff4d 0 0 ,mixtures 7#a4dfbj-a4dfij7 3 #ed4j-fd4h 0 0 ,:5ev]1 9 ! refractometric exam9ation ( butt] at a temp]ature ( #be1 high] values ?an #ed4j are f\nd = ! critical l9es ^! samples w1 accord+ to ,wollny1 by *emical analysis1 always be f\nd to be adult]at$2 b 9 all samples 9 :i* ! value = ! position ( ! critical l9e does n fall bel[ #eb4e1 *emical analysis maybe disp5s$ ) & ! samples may be pron\nc$ to be pure butt]4 ,9 calculat+ ! position ( ! critical l9e = o!r temp]atures ?an #be all[ = #a v>iation ( temp]ature a mean value ( #j4ee scale division4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* has be5 compil$ 9 ?is mann]1 %[s ! values correspond+ to v>i\s temp]atures1 ea* value be+ ! upp] limit ( scale divisions admissible 9 pure butt]3 ,temp4 ,sc4 div4 ,temp4 ,sc4 div4 ,temp4 ,sc4 div4 ,temp4 ,sc4 div4 #de #da4e #dj #dd4b #ce #dg4j #cj #di4h #dd #db4j #ci #dd4h #cd #dg4e #bi #ej4c #dc #db4f #ch #de4c #cc #dh4a #bh #ej4h #db #dc4a #cg #de4i #cb #dh4f #bg #ea4d #da #dc4g #cf #df4d #ca #di4b #bf #ea4i #dj #dd4b #ce #dg4j #cj #di4h #be #eb4e ,if1 !re=e1 at any temp]ature betwe5 #de & #be values be f\nd = ! critical l9e1 :i* are less ?an ! values correspond+ to ! same temp]ature accord+ to ! table1 ! sample ( butt] may safely be pron\nc$ to be natural1 i4 e41 unadult]at$ butt]4 ,if ! read+ %[ high] numb]s = ! critical l9e ! sample %\ld be res]v$ = *emical analysis4 ,a special !rmomet] = use 9 ! exam9ation ( butt] w be describ$ 9 ! section devot$ to dairy products4 #cjd4 ,range ( ,application ( ! ,butyrorefractomet]4--,! ext5d$ range ( ! ocul> scale ( ! refractomet]1 n #a4db to #a4di1 :i* embraces ! refractive indices ( ! majority ( oils & fats1 r5d]s ! in/rum5t applicable = te/+ oils & fats & also = exam9+ glyc]ol4 ,by ref]5ce to ! subjo9$ table ! scale divisions may be trans=m$ into t]ms ( refractive indices4 ,x gives ! refractive indices = yell[ light = e t5 divisions ( ! scale4 ,! diff]5tial column gives ! *ange ( ! refractive indices 9 t]ms ( ! f\r? decimal p] scale division4 ,ow+ to ! accuracy ) :i* ! read+s c be tak5 7#j4a scale division7 ! error ( ! value ( n r>ely exce$s "o unit ( ! f\r? decimal ( n4 ,,table ,,( ,,refractive ,,indices4 ,scale div4 n,d4 4 ,scale div4 n,d4 4 #j #a4dbbj #h4j #ej #a4deic #f4f #aj #a4dcjj #g4g #fj #a4dfej #f4d #bj #a4dcgg #g4e #gj #a4dgbc #f4j #cj #a4ddeb #g4b #hj #a4dghc #e4g #dj #a4debd #f4i #ij #a4dhdj #e4e #ej #a4deic #ajj #a4dhie ,! process ( obs]vation is precisely ! same z t already describ$4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! critical l9e pres5ts v broad fr+es 7turp5t9e1 l9se$ oil1 etc47 x is advisable to repeat ! read+ ) ! aid ( a sodium flame4 #cje4 ,viscosity4--,an important prop]ty ( an oil1 especially :5 its lubricat+ qualities are consid]$1 is ! measure ( ! friction :i* ! p>ticles ex]t on o!r bodies & among !mselves1 9 o!r words1 its viscosity4 ,9 ! measure ( ?is prop]ty no def9ite elem5t c be consid]$1 b ! analy/ mu/ be cont5t ) comp>+ ! giv5 sample ) ! prop]ties ( "s o!r liquid reg>d$ z a /&>d4 ,! usual me?od ( proc$ure consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! "t requir$ = equal volumes ( ! two liquids to pass ?r\gh an orifice ( giv5 dim5sions1 "u id5tical conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,9 _m in/ances ! viscosity ( oils is det]m9$ by comp>+ !m ) wat] or rape oil1 :ile1 9 o!r cases1 a solution ( sug> is employ$ z ! /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,9 case rape oil be tak5 z a /&>d & its viscosity repres5t$ by #ajj ! numb] repres5t+ ! viscosity ( any o!r oil may be f\nd by multiply+ ! numb] ( seconds requir$ = ! outfl[ ( fifty cubic c5timet]s by #ajj & divid+ by #ece4 ,if ! specific gravity v>y f t ( rape oil1 viz41 #j4iae1 at #ae1 a correction mu/ be made by multiply+ ! result obta9$ above by ! specific gravity ( ! sample & divid+ ! product by #j4iae4 ,if n be ! obs]v$ "t ( outfl[ 9 seconds & s ! specific gravity ! viscosity is express$ z foll[s3#bee n #ajj s n #ajj s ,v ---------------- ----------------4 #ece #j4aie #dhi4ebe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,,doolittle',s ,,viscosimet]4 ,x is important t ! height ( ! oil 9 ! cyl9d]s f :i* x is deliv]$ be kept con/ant1 & ?is is secur$ by supply+ additional quantities1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! m>iotte bottle4 #cjf4 ,! ,torsion ,viscosimet]4--,9 ?is laboratory ! torsion viscosimet]1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple describ$ by ,babcock is us$4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ is ! "o describ$ by ,doolittle4#bef ,! con/ruction ( ! app>atus is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,a /eel wire is susp5d$ f a firm support & fa/5$ to a /em :i* passes ?r\gh a graduat$ horizontal disk1 ?us p]mitt+ ! accurate measurem5t ( ! torsion ( ! wire4 ,! disk is adju/$ s t ! index po9t reads exactly #j1 ?us %[+ t !re is no torsion 9 ! wire4 ,a brass cyl9d] sev5 c5timet]s long by five 9 diamet]1 hav+ a sl5d] /em by :i* to susp5d x1 is imm]s$ 9 ! oil & fa/5$ by a ?umbscrew to ! l[] "p ( ! /em ( ! disk4 ,! oil cup is surr\nd$ by a ba? ( wat] or high fire-te/ oil1 accord+ to ! temp]ature at :i* x is desir$ to det]m9e ! viscosity4 ,?is temp]ature obta9$1 :ile ! disk is re/+ on its supports1 ! wire is twi/$ #cfj by rotat+ ! mill$ head at ! top4 ,! disk be+ releas$1 ! cyl9d] rotates 9 ! oil by virtue ( ! torsion ( ! wire4 ,! action n[ obs]v$ is id5tical ) t ( ! simple p5dulum4 ,if !re 7 no resi/ance to be ov]come1 ! disk w\ld return to #j1 & ! mom5tum ?us acquir$ w\ld c>ry x #cfj 9 ! opposite direction4 ,b ! resi/ance ( ! oil to ! rotation ( ! cyl9d] causes ! revolution to fall %ort ( #cfj1 & ! great] ! viscosity ( ! oil ! great] w be ! resi/ance1 & also ! ret>dation4 ,?is ret>dation is f\nd to be a v delicate measure ( ! viscosity ( ! oil4 ,?is ret>dation may be read 9 a numb] ( ways1 b ! simple/ is to read directly ! numb] ( degrees ( ret>dation betwe5 ! fir/ & second complete arcs cov]$ by ! rotat+ p5dulum4 ,= example1 suppose ! wire be twi/$ #cfj & ! disk releas$ s t rotation beg9s4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an absolute read+ to />t f1 :i* %all be indep5d5t ( any slight error 9 adju/m5t1 ignore ! />t+ po9t & make ! fir/ read+ ( ! index at ! end ( ! fir/ sw+4 ,! disk is all[$ to complete a vibration & ! ne$le is read aga9 at its ne>e/ approa* to ! fir/ po9t read4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two read+s w measure ! ret>dation due to ! viscosity ( ! liquid4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate errors duplicate det]m9ations are made1 ! mill$ head be+ rotat$ 9 an opposite direction 9 ! second "o4 ,! mean ( ! two read+s w repres5t ! true ret>dation4 ,ea* in/rum5t is /&>diz$ 9 a solution ( pure cane sug>1 z propos$ by ,babcock1 & ! viscosity1 9 ea* case1 is a numb] repres5t+ ! numb] ( grams ( sug> 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 :i*1 at #bb1 w\ld produce ! ret>dation not$4 ,ea* in/rum5t is accompani$ by a table :i* conta9s ! necess>y corrections = x & ! numb] express+ ! viscosity1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( ret>dation1 z read on ! index4 ,! foll[+ numb]s1 repres5t+ ! viscosity ( "s oils z det]m9$ by ! me?od ( ,doolittle1 7 obta9$ by ,krug4#beg ,peanut oil #dh4ej ,olive 0 #ec4jj ,cottonse$ 0 #df4be ,l9se$ 0 #cc4ej #cjg4 ,microscopic ,appe>ance4--,:5 fats are all[$ to sl[ly cry/allize f an e!real solution !y may af=d cry/all9e =ms1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass1 yield valuable indications ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation4#beh ,! me?od ( secur+ fat cry/als = microscopic exam9ation1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ?is laboratory1 is z foll[s3 ,f two to five grams ( ! fat are plac$ 9 a te/ tube & dissolv$ 9 f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( e!r4 ,! tube is loosely /opp]$ ) cotton & all[$ to /&1 = fifte5 h\rs or long]1 9 a mod]ately w>m room :]e no sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature are likely to take place4 ,x is advisable to prep>e sev]al solutions ( ! same sub/ance ) v>y+ prop]ties ( solv5t1 = x is n possible to secure 9 a giv5 in/ance ^? conditions :i* produce ! mo/ *>act]i/ic cry/als4 ,! rate & "t ( ! cry/allization %\ld be su* t ! microscopic exam9ation c take place :5 only a small portion ( ! fat has sep>at$ 9 a cry/all9e condition4 ,a drop ( ! mass conta9+ ! cry/als is remov$ by means ( a pipette1 plac$ on a slide1 a drop ( cotton or olive oil add$1 a cov] glass g5tly press$ d[n on ! mixture & ! prep>ation subject$ to microscopic exam9ation4 ,sev]al slides %\ld be prep>$ f ! same or diff]5t cry/allizations4 ,sometimes ! results ( an exam9ation made 9 ?is way are v def9ite1 b ! analy/ mu/ be w>n$ n to expect def9ite data 9 all cases4 ,(t5 ! microscopic inve/igations result 9 ! production ( negative or mislead+ obs]vations1 &1 at be/1 ?is me?od ( proc$ure mu/ be reg>d$ only z helpful & confirmatory4 ,a modification ( ! me?od ( prep>ation describ$ above has be5 sugge/$ by ,gladd+4#bei ,ab\t five grams ( ! melt$ fat are plac$ 9 a small erl5mey]1 dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ( absolute alcohol mix$ ) half t quantity ( e!r4 ,! flask is /opp]$ ) a plug ( cotton & all[$ to /& 9 a cool place = ab\t half an h\r4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! m easily cry/allizable portions ( ! fat sep>ate 9 a cry/all9e =m1 :ile ! triole9 & its ne>ly relat$ glyc]ids rema9 9 solution4 ,! cry/all9e product is sep>at$ by filtration ?r\gh pap] wet ) alcohol & wa%$ once ) ! solv5t m5tion$ above4 ,aft] dry+ 9 ! air = "s "t ! cry/als are remov$ f ! pap] & dissolv$ 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( e!r1 ! cotton plug ins]t$1 & ! erl5mey] plac$1 9 a /&+ position1 9 a l>ge beak] conta9+ wat]4 ,! wat] jacket prev5ts any sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature & af=ds an opportunity = ! uni=m evaporation ( ! e!r :i* %\ld cont9ue = fifte5 h\rs or long] 9 a cool place4 ,o!r solv5ts1 viz41 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 c>bon disulfid1 c>bon tetra*lorid1 petroleum & petroleum e!r h be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( fat cry/als = microscopic exam9ation1 b 9 our exp]i5ce none ( ^! is equal to e!r :5 us$ z already describ$4 #cjh4 ,microscopic ,appe>ance ( ,cry/als ( ,fats4--,= an ext5d$ /udy & illu/ration ( ! *>act]i/ics ( fat cry/als ! bullet9 ( ! ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 already cit$1 may be consult$4 ,9 ! case ( l>d1 !re is a t5d5cy1 m or less pron\nc$1 to =m prismatic cry/als ) rhombic ends4 ,beef fat on ! o!r h& %[s a t5d5cy to =m fan-%ap$ cry/als 9 :i* ! radii are (t5 curv$4 ,typical cry/als ( sw9e & beef fat are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures1 #if & #ig4bfj ,9 mixtures ( sw9e & beef fats ! typical cry/als are n always develop$1 b 9 mo/ cases ! fan-%ap$ cry/als ( ! beef fat w appe> m or less modifi$ :5 t fat =ms tw5ty p] c5t or m ( ! mixture4 ,:5 only five or t5 p] c5t ( ! beef fat on ! "o h& or a l am\nt ( sw9e fat on ! o!r are pres5t ! expectation ( develop+ any *>act]i/ic cry/als ( ! m9imum con/itu5t is n likely to be realiz$4 ,! typical cry/als ( l>d are ?\ght by "s exp]ts to be palmit9 & ^? ( beef fat /e>91 b no direct evid5ce has be5 adduc$ 9 support ( ^! a priori !ories4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is laboratory1 z describ$ by ,crampton1#bfa ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! typical cry/allization ( beef & sw9e fats are pla9ly %[n4 ,9 mix$ fats1 on ! contr>y1 confus+ obs]vations are (t5 made4 ,9 a mixture ( t5 p] c5t ( beef & n9ety p] c5t ( sw9e fats a uni=m k9d ( cry/allization is obs]v$1 n di/9ctly typical1 b ! *>act]i/ics ( ! l>d cry/als pr$om9ate4 ,9 _m cases a positive id5tification ( ! cry/als is only made possible by repeat$ cry/allizations4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( s-call$ ref9$ l>ds1 :i* are mixtures ( l>d & beef fat1 ! =m ( aggregation ( ! cry/als is f\nd to resemble ! fan-%ap$ typical =ms ( beef fat4 ,:5 ! s+le cry/als1 h[ev]1 are exam9$ ) a high] magnify+ p[]1 !y are n f\nd to be po9t$ b blunt1 & "s pres5t ! appe>ance ( plates ) oblique t]m9ations1 b n s *>act]i/ic z ^? obta9$ f pure l>d4 ,9 o!r cases 9 comp\nd l>ds no beef fat cry/als are obs]v$ & ^! l>ds may h be5 made p>tly ( cotton oil /e>94 ,:5 a l>d cry/al pres5ts its edge to obs]vation x may readily escape id5tification1 or may ev5 be mi/ak5 = a cry/al ( beef fat4 ,9 ord] to insure a side view ! cov] glass %\ld be press$ d[n ) a slight rotatory movem5t1 :]eby "s ( ! l>d cry/als at lea/ may be made to pres5t a side view4 #cji4 ,obs]vation ( ,fat ,cry/als ) ,pol>iz$ ,light4--,! appe>ance ( fat cry/als1 :5 obs]v$ by means ( pol>iz$ light alone or ) ! adjunct ( a sel5ite plate1 is (t5 ( value 9 di/+ui%+ ! nature & orig9 ( ! sample4#bfb ,e fat & oil :i* is amorph\s w pres5t ! same set ( ph5om5a :5 obs]v$ ) pol>iz$ light ?r\gh a sel5ite plate1 b :5 a fat has be5 melt$ & all[$ to cool sl[ly ! field ( vision w appe> mottl$ & p>ticolor$ :5 ?us exam9$4 ,?is me?od has be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! te*nical exam9ation ( butt] = adult]ants1 & ! microscope is ext5sively employ$ by ! *emi/s ( ! ,bureau ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! cry/als ( butt] fat by pol>iz$ light a cross is usually obs]v$ :5 ! nicols are turn$ at ! prop] angle1 b ! cross1 :ile almo/ uni=mly se5 ) butt]1 is n di/9ctive1 s9ce o!r fats (t5 %[ x4 ,^! =ms ( cry/als are be/ obta9$ by heat+ ! butt] fat to ! boil+-po9t ( wat] = ab\t a m9ute & !n all[+ x to sl[ly solidify1 & /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,pure butt]1 prop]ly made1 is nev] subject$ to fusion1 & h5ce1 :5 exam9$ ?r\gh a sel5ite plate1 pres5ts a uni=m field ( vision simil>ly illum9at$ & t9t$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 oleom>g>91 ! fats are sometimes1 dur+ _! prep>ation1 9 a fus$ condition4 ,! field ( vision is !re=e fill$ to a great] or less ext5t ) cry/als m or less p]fect 9 =m4 ,"s ( ^! cry/als1 be+ d\bly refract+1 w imp>t to a sel5ite field a mottl$ appe>ance4 ,su* a ph5om5on is !re=e indicative ( a fraudul5t butt] or ( "o :i* has be5 at "s "t subject$ to a temp]ature at or above its fus+ po9t4 #caj4 ,spectroscopic ,exam9ation ( ,oils4--,! pres5ce ( *lorophyll or ( its alt]ation products is a *>act]i/ic ( crude oils ( vegetable orig94 ,9 ref9$ oils1 ev5 :5 ( a vegetable orig91 all traces ( ! *lorophyll products may disappe>4 ,! absorption b&s giv5 by oils are n all alike & 9 d\btful cases a suspect$ sample %\ld be comp>$ ) "o ( kn[n orig94 ,9 conduct+ ! exam9ation1 ! oil 9 a glass vessel ) p>allel sides1 is plac$ 9 front ( ! slit ( ! spectroscope & any absorption b& is locat$ by means ( ! common divid$ scale & by ! color ( ! spectrum on :i* x falls4 ,olive & l9se$ oils give ?ree %>ply def9$ absorption b&s1 a v d>k "o 9 ! r$1 a fa9t "o on ! orange & a well m>k$ "o 9 ! gre54 ,sesame1 ara*is1 poppyse$ & cottonse$ oils also %[ absorption b&s4 ,ca/or & almond oils d n affect ! spectrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,,l>d ,,cry/als #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,,ref9$ ,,l>d 7,,beef ,,fat7 ,,cry/als #fe4 ,a4 ,ho5 ,co41 ,li?ocau/ic4 ,rape & flaxse$ oils absorb a "p ( ! spectrum b d n affect ! re/ ( x4 ,! spectroscope is ( little practical utility 9 oil analysis4#bfc #caa4 ,critical ,temp]ature ( ,solution4--,! /udy ( ! critical temp]ature ( solution ( oils has be5 made by ,crism]1 :o f9ds x ( value 9 analytical "w4#bfd ,if a fatty sub/ance be heat$ "u pressure1 ) a solv5t1 e4 g41 alcohol1 x w be notic$ t z ! temp]ature rises ! m5iscus ( sep>ation ( ! two liquids t5ds to become a horizontal plane4 ,if at ?is po9t ! cont5ts ( ! tube be ?or\ghly mix$ by %ak+ & !n be left at re/1 a po9t w soon be rea*$ at :i* ! two liquids aga9 sep>ate1 & ?is po9t is di/9ctly a function ( temp]ature4 ,foll[+ is a description ( a conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! critical temp]ature ( ! solution ( fats & oils = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,tubes are prep>$ = hold+ ! reag5ts 9 su* a way t1 aft] ! introduction ( ! fat & alcohol1 !y c be easily seal$4 ,! capacity ( ^! tubes %\ld be ab\t five cubic c5timet]s4 ,!y %\ld be *>g$ ) ab\t "o cubic c5timet] ( ! dry filt]$ fat & ab\t twice t quantity ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid t\*+ ! upp] sides ( ! tube ) ! reag5ts4 ,:5 *>g$ ! tubes are seal$ 9 ! flame ( a lamp & atta*$ to ! bulb ( a delicate !rmomet] 9 su* a mann] z to h ! surface ( its liquid cont5ts ev5 ) ! top ( ! bulb4 ,! tube is conv5i5tly fa/5$ to ! !rmomet] by a plat9um wire4 ,= duplicate det]m9ations two tubes may be fa/5$ to ! same !rmometric bulb4 ,! app>atus ?us prep>$ is plac$ 9 a l>ge vessel fill$ ) /rong sulfuric acid4 ,! op]ator %\ld be c>eful to protect himself f ! dang] :i* might arise f an explosion ( ! seal$ tubes dur+ heat+4 ,x is advisable 9 all cases to obs]ve ! reaction ?r\gh a l>ge pane ( cle> glass4 ,! ba? ( sulfuric acid is heat$ by any conv5i5t means & an ev5 temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! mass is secur$ by /irr+ ) ! !rmomet] & its atta*m5ts4 ,:5 ! m5iscus :i* sep>ates ! two liquids becomes a horizontal plane ! !rmomet] is remov$ & ! liquid 9 ! tubes well mix$ until x appe> homog5e\s4 ,! !rmomet] is replac$ 9 ! ba?1 :i* is all[$ to cool sl[ly1 & ! ph5om5a :i* take place 9 ! seal$ tubes are c>efully not$4 ,! critical temp]ature ( solution is t at :i* ! two liquids beg9 to sep>ate4 ,?is mom5t is easily not$4 ,x is1 moreov]1 prec$$ by a simil> ph5om5on tak+ place 9 ! capill>y "p ( ! tube :i* reta9s a drop ( ! mixture on %ak+4 ,9 ?is droplet an opalesc5ce is fir/ not$4 ,9 ! mass ( ! liquid ?is opalesc5ce1 a few seconds aft]w>ds1 is obs]v$ to p]meate ! :ole1 foll[$ by ! =mation ( zones & f9ally ( ! reappe>ance ( ! m5iscus ( sep>ation betwe5 ! two liquids4 ,! temp]ature at ?is mom5t ( opalesc5ce prec$+ ! sep>ation ( ! liquid is ! critical temp]ature ( solution4 ,) alcohol ( #j4haie specific gravity1 at #ae4e 7n9ety-five p] c5t71 ! obs]v$ critical temp]atures = "s ( ! m common fats & oils are z giv5 bel[3 ,butt] fat #ajj4j ,oleom>g>9 #abe4j ,peanut oil #abc4j ,cotton 0 #aaf4j ,olive 0 #abc4j ,sesam 0 #aba4j ,colza 0 #acb4e ,mutton tall[ #aaf4j ,beef m>r[ #abe4j ,nut oil #ajj4e ,:5 ! alcohol is n pure or if x be ( a diff]5t d5sity f t nam$1 ! numb]s express+ ! critical temp]ature ( solution w v>y f ^? giv5 above4 #cab4 ,pol>ization4--,! pure glyc]ids are g5]ally neutral to pol>iz$ light4 ,9 oils ! degree ( pol>ization obta9$ is (t5 v>iable1 sometimes to ! "r & sometimes to ! left4 ,olive oil1 z a rule1 %[s a slight "r h& pol>ization4 ,peanut1 sesam1 & cottonse$ oils v>y 9 pol>iz+ p[]1 b 9 no case is x v m>k$4 ,ca/or oil pol>izes slightly to ! "r4 ,9 det]m9+ ! pol>iz+ p[] ( an oil x %\ld be obta9$ 9 a p]fectly limpid /ate by filtration & obs]v$ ?r\gh a tube ( conv5i5t l5g?1 z a rule1 #bjj millimet]s4 ,! deviation obta9$ may be express$ 9 divisions ( ! sug> scale ( ! in/rum5t or 9 degrees ( angul> rotation4 #cac4 ,turbidity ,temp]ature4--,! turbidity temp]ature ( a fat1 :5 dissolv$ 9 glacial acetic acid1 z sugge/$ by ,val5ta1 may prove ( "s diagno/ic value4#bfe ,! fats are dissolv$1 ) ! aid ( heat1 9 glacial acetic acid &1 on sl[ly cool+1 ! temp]ature at :i* !y become turbid is obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ data obs]v$ by ,jones are giv5 = comp>ison4#bff ,! numb]s repres5t ! turbidity temp]ature ( ! fat :5 treat$ ) ! glacial acetic acid1 & all[$ to cool sl[ly4 ,butt] fat1 f #dj to #gj1 mo/ly f #eb to #fe2 oleom>g>91 #ie to #ajf2 rape oil1 #aja2 sesam oil1 #gg2 l9se$ oil1 #ec to #eg2 l>d oil1 #if2 olive oil1 #hi2 peanut oil1 #fa to #hh4 ,x is important 9 ?is te/ t ! acetic acid be absolutely glacial4 ,ab\t ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! glacial acetic acid1 & ?ree ( ! fat1 %\ld be us$4 ,,*emical ,,prop]ties4 #cad4 ,solubility 9 ,alcohol4--,z has already be5 not$1 ! glyc]ids are freely soluble 9 e!r1 *lor(orm1 c>bon bisulfid1 acetone1 c>bon tetra*lorid1 & "s o!r less commonly us$ solv5ts4 ,_! solubility 9 absolute alcohol is v>iable & ! det]m9ation ( its degree may (t5 be useful 9 analytical "w4 ,! me?od us$ by ,milliau = det]m9+ ! degree ( solubility is z foll[s3#bfg ,! fatty matt] is depriv$ ( its free acids by %ak+ = half an h\r ) twice its volume ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,aft] /&+ until ! liquids are sep>at$1 ! oil or fat is drawn (f & wa%$ ?ree times ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! sample is depriv$ ( wat] by filt]+ ?r\gh a hot jacket filt] & a giv5 weight ( ! dry sample is well %ak5 ) twice its weight ( absolute alcohol4 ,a weigh$ portion ( ! alcoholic solution obta9$ is evaporat$ to remove ! alcohol & ! weight ( ! residual fat det]m9$4 ,f ! data obta9$ ! p]c5tage ( solubility is calculat$4 ,olive oils1 :5 treat$ z describ$ above1 %[ a solubility ( ab\t =ty-?ree p>ts p] ?\s& ( absolute alcohol1 cotton oil sixty-two p>ts1 sesam =ty-"o p>ts1 peanut sixty-six p>ts1 colza tw5ty p>ts1 & flaxse$ sev5ty p>ts p] ?\s&4 #cae4 ,coloration ,produc$ by ,oxidants4--,:5 oils & fats are mix$ ) oxidiz+ reag5ts1 su* z sulfuric & nitric acids1 ! glyc]ids are p>tly decompos$ ) ! production ( colors :i* h "s analytical significance4 ,! mo/ simple me?od ( apply+ ^! te/s is by ! use ( a ?ick porcela9 plate provid$ ) small cup-%ap$ depressions = hold+ ! few drops ( mat]ial requir$4 ,two or ?ree drops ( ! oil "u exam9ation are plac$ 9 ea* ( ! cups1 a l quantity ( ! oxidiz+ reag5t add$1 & ! mixture /irr$ ) a small glass rod4 ,! colors produc$ are c>efully not$ & ! mixture is all[$ to rema9 at room temp]ature = at lea/ twelve h\rs 9 ord] t ! f9al t9t may be obs]v$4 ,! sulfuric acid us$ = ?is reaction %\ld h a specific gravity ( "o & sev5-t5?s & ! nitric acid %\ld h ! usual comm]cial /r5g? ( ! /ronge/ acid4 ,pure l>d1 :5 treat$ ) sulfuric acid1 z above describ$1 %[s b little *ange ( color :ile ! vegetable oils mo/ly turn br[n or black4 ,9 addition to ! reag5ts m5tion$ _m o!rs1 includ+ sulfuric & nitric acids1 sulfuric acid & potassium bi*romate1 *lor91 ammonia1 hydrog5 p]oxid1 sodium hydroxid & aqua regia are us$4 ,only a few ( ^! te/s seem to h suffici5t analytical importance to m]it any detail$ description4#bfh #caf4 ,coloration 9 ,l>ge ,masses4--,in/ead ( apply+ ! color te/ 9 ! small way j describ$1 l>g] quantities ( ! fat may be us$1 ei!r 9 ! natural /ate or aft] solution 9 petroleum or o!r solv5t4 ,= ?is purpose ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil are %ak5 ) a few drops ( sulfuric acid or sulfuric & nitric acids4 ,l>d1 :5 ?us treat$ 7five drops ( sulfuric acid to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( l>d7 %[s practically no coloration4 ,:5 treat$ ) an equal volume ( sulfuric acid & %ak51 ! l>d on sep>at+ has a br[n-r$ t9t4#bfi ,olive oil1 ) a few drops ( sulfuric acid1 gives a gre5 color1 :ile cottonse$1 peanut & o!r vegetable oils1 :5 ?us treat$ ) sulfuric & nitric acids1 %[ br[n to black coloration4 ,! delicacy ( ! reaction may be increas$ by fir/ dissolv+ ! fat or oil 9 petroleum e!r4 ,9 ! use ( ! coloration te/ ) solv5ts1 a conv5i5t me?od is to dissolve ab\t "o cubic c5timet] ( ! fat 9 a te/ tube 9 petroleum e!r1 add "o drop ( /rong sulfuric acid & %ake4 ,9 ! case ( l>d1 ! color does n *ange or becomes yell[ or r$4 ,cottonse$ oil1 simil>ly treat$1 %[s a br[n or black color4#bgj #cag4 ,special ,nitric ,acid ,te/4--,a special nitric acid te/ = cottonse$ oil is made ) nitric acid ( exactly #a4cge specific gravity at #ae4 ,?is te/ is especially valuable 9 detect+ cottonse$ 9 olive oil4 ,! op]ation is conv5i5tly conduct$ by %ak+ toge!r equal volumes ( ! oil & acid 9 a te/ tube until an intimate mixture or emulsion is secur$4 ,:5 any consid]able quantity ( cottonse$ oil is pres5t an imm$iate br[n coloration is produc$1 f ! int5sity ( :i* ! relative proportion ( cottonse$ oil 9 ! case ( a mixture may be r\ghly approximat$4 ,:5 only a little cottonse$ oil is pres5t 9 ! mixture1 ! te/ tube conta9+ ! reag5ts %\ld be set aside = sev]al h\rs be=e ! f9al obs]vation is made4 #cah4 ,coloration ) ,phosphomolybdic ,acid4--,among ! color te/s1 "o :i* we h f\nd ( use is ! coloration produc$ 9 c]ta9 oils1 mo/ly ( a vegetable orig91 by phosphomolybdic acid4#bga ,! me?od ( apply+ ! te/ is extremely simple4 ,a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil or melt$ l>d are dissolv$ 9 an equal volume ( *lor(orm1 & a ?ird volume ( t5 p] c5t phosphomolybdic acid add$4 ,! m\? ( ! te/ tube is clos$ ) ! ?umb1 & ! :ole is viol5tly %ak54 ,on be+ left 9 repose1 ! phosphomolybdic acid ga!rs at ! top1 & ! coloration produc$ !re9 is easily obs]v$4 ,cottonse$ oil & peanut oil bo? give a beautiful gre5 :5 treat$ 9 ?is way1 :i* is turn$ to a blue on ! addition ( ammonia4 ,l9se$ oil gives a gre5 color1 b =ms a k9d ( emulsion :i* obscures ! color to "s ext5t4 ,! pure l>ds r5d]$ 9 ! laboratory give no coloration :atev] to ! reag5t1 b x reta9s its beautiful amb] color 9 e case4 ,mixtures conta9+ z little z t5 p] c5t cottonse$ oil & n9ety p] c5t l>d1 %[ a di/9ct gre5i% t9t1 :ile tw5ty p] c5t cottonse$ oil gives a di/9ct gre54 ,?is reaction1 !re=e1 may be consid]$ ( great value1 & on acc\nt ( its easy application x %\ld come into wide use4 ,b x is probable t diff]5t samples ( cottonse$ oil1 ref9$ to diff]5t degrees or 9 diff]5t ways1 v>y 9 _! deportm5t ) phosphomolybdic acid z !y d ) silv] nitrate4 ,9 o!r words1 !re may be "s samples ( cottonse$ oil :i* w n give ! gre5 color :5 treat$ z above1 or s fa9tly z to h no diagno/ic value 9 mixtures4 ,?is reaction %[s itself ) ne>ly all vegetable oils b ^? :i* h be5 *emically treat$ ei!r = ! purpose ( blea*+1 or = ! removal ( ! acidity1 d n respond to ! te/ at all1 or else 9 a feeble mann]1 & t only aft] /&+ "s "t4 ,l>d1 goose fat1 tall[1 de] fat1 butt] fat1 etc41 %[ no *ange 9 color on be+ treat$ ) ?is reag5t1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( alkali4 ,! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( vegetable oil betrays itself by ! appe>ance ( ! above m5tion$ coloration1 ! int5sity ( :i* =ms an approximate measure ( ! am\nt ( vegetable oil pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) suspect$ l>ds1 :i* deviat$ 9 _! iod9 absorption numb]s f ^? ( g5u9e l>d1 ! results 7 concordant1 ! color deep5+ z ! iod9 figure rose4 ,! m9]al fats 7p>aff91 vasel97 are )\t action on ?is reag5t1 & ! only animal fat :i* r$uces x is codliv] oil4 ,9 l mann] "s samples ( l>d may be f\nd :i* exhibit a deportm5t ) ?is reag5t simil> to t %[n ) vegetable oils1 & tall[ & l>d oil h be5 %[n to give m di/9ct reactions ?an "s ( ! vegetable oils4#bgb ,! phosphomolybdic acid may be prep>$ by precipitat+ a solution ( ammonium molybdate ) sodium phosphate & dissolv+ ! wa%$ precipitate 9 a w>m solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness & ! dry residue subject$ to heat4 ,if a blue coloration be produc$ x may be dis*>g$ by add+ a little nitric acid & reheat+4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 acidifi$ ) nitric & made ( su* a /r5g? z to conta9 ab\t t5 p] c5t ( ! sub/ance4 #cai4 ,coloration ) ,picric ,acid4--,if to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( oil a cold saturat$ solution ( picric acid 9 e!r be add$ & ! latt] be all[$ to evaporate sl[ly1 ! acid rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! oil1 to :i* x communicates a br[n color4 ,pure l>d1 aft] ! evaporation ( ! e!r1 appe>s ( a citron-yell[ color2 if cottonse$ oil be pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! mixture assumes a br[n-r$ color4#bgc #cbj4 ,coloration ) ,silv] ,nitrate4--,a modification ( ,be*i's me?od ( r$uc+ silv] nitrate1 giv5 fur!r on1 has be5 propos$ by ,brull4#bgd ,! reag5t employ$ consi/s ( tw5ty-five p>ts ( silv] nitrate 9 #a1jjj p>ts ( alcohol ( n9ety-five p] c5t /r5g?4 ,twelve cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil to be exam9$ & five ( ! reag5t are plac$ 9 a te/ tube1 held 9 a vessel conta9+ boil+ wat]1 & ! ebullition cont9u$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t an olive oil1 ev5 if x be an impure "o1 w %[ a beautiful gre5 t9t4 ,) se$ oils ! results are q diff]5t4 ,cotton oil submitt$ to ?is treatm5t becomes completely black4 ,peanut oil %[s at fir/ a br[n-r$ coloration & f9ally a some:at gre5 t9t1 los+ its transp>5cy4 ,sesam oil is di/+ui%$ by a r$-br[n t9t v pron\nc$ & rema9+ r$4 ,colza oil takes on a yell[i% gre5 coloration1 becomes turbid & is easily di/+ui%$ 9 its reaction f olive oil4 ,9 mixtures ( olive oil ) ! o!r oils1 any notable proportion ( ! se$ oils c be easily det]m9$ by ! above reactions4 ,natural butt] treat$ ) ?is reag5t reta9s its primitive color4 ,t conta9+ m>g>9 becomes a brick-r$ & z little z five p] c5t ( m>g>9 9 butt] c be detect$ by ?is te/4 ,) t5 p] c5t ! t9t is v pron\nc$4 #cba4 ,coloration ) ,/annic ,bromid4--,?is reag5t is prep>$ by add+ dry brom91 drop by drop1 to p[d]$ or granulat$ t9 held 9 a flask imm]s$ 9 ice wat]1 until a p]si/5t r$ color indicates t ! brom9 is 9 excess4 ,9 ! application ( ?is reag5t ?ree or f\r drops ( x are add$ successively to a little less ?an t quantity ( ! oil1 ! mixture well /irr$ & set aside = a few m9utes4 ,! unsaponifiable matt]s ( ca/or oil give a gre5 color :5 ?us treat$1 s&al wood oil a blood-r$ color & c$> oil a purpli% color4#bge #cbb4 ,coloration ) ,auric ,*lorid4--,! use ( auric *lorid = produc+ colorations 9 oils & fats 0 fir/ propos$ by ,hirs*sohn4#bgf ,"o gram ( auric *lorid is dissolv$ 9 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( *lor(orm & ab\t six drops ( ?is reag5t add$ to five cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil to be te/$4 ,9 ! case ( cottonse$ oil a beautiful r$ color is produc$4 ,i h f\nd t ev5 pure l>ds give a trace ( color sometimes ) ?is reag5t1 & !re=e ! production ( a slight r$ t9t _c 9 all cases be reg>d$ z conclusive ( ! pres5ce ( cottonse$ oil4#bgg ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! color reactions ) fats & oils h a c]ta9 qualitive & sort+ value1 & 9 any d\btful case !y %\ld n be omitt$4 ,_! value c only be e/abli%$ by comp>ison "u id5tical conditions ) a l>ge numb] ( fats & oils ( kn[n purity4 ,! analy/ mu/ n dep5d too confid+ly on ! data f\nd 9 books1 b mu/ pati5tly "w out ^! reactions = himself4 #cbc4 ,!rmal ,reactions4--,! measurem5t ( ! heat produc$ by mix+ glyc]ids ) reag5ts :i* decompose !m or excite o!r spe$y *emical reactions1 gives valuable analytical data4 ,^! measurem5ts may be made 9 any conv5i5t =m ( calorimet]4 ,! conta9+ vessel = ! reag5ts %\ld be made ( plat9um or "s o!r good conduct+ metal n affect$ by !m4 ,! heat produc$ is measur$ 9 ! usual way by ! increm5t 9 temp]ature not$ 9 ! mass ( wat] surr\nd+ ! conta9+ vessel4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! heat produc$ 9 *emical reactions is a t$i\s & delicate op]ation requir+ special =ms ( app>atus = diff]5t sub/ances4 ,! "t elem5t 9 ^! op]ations is a matt] ( importance1 s9ce x is necess>y to "w 9 rooms subject to slight *anges ( temp]ature & to leave ! app>atus = "s "t at re/1 9 ord] to br+ x & its cont5ts to a uni=m temp]ature4 ,= ^! reasons ! m elaborate me?ods ( calorimetric exam9ation are n well suit$ to ord9>y analytical "w1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to /&>d works on !rmal *emi/ry = ! details ( su* op]ations4#bgh ,= our purpose "h a description ( two simple !rmal processes1 easily & quickly conduct$1 w be suffici5t1 :ile a description ( ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! heat ( combu/ion ( foods w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 #cbd4 ,heat ( ,sulfuric ,saponification4--,maum5 0 ! fir/ to utilize ! production ( heat caus$ by mix+ sulfuric acid ) a fat z an analytical process4#bgi ,9 conduct+ ! process a sulfuric acid ( con/ant /r5g? %\ld be employ$ inasmu* z ! rise ( temp]ature produc$ by a /rong acid is mu* great] ?an :5 a weak] acid is employ$4 ,! process is at be/ only comp>ative & x is evid5t t ! total rise ( temp]ature 9 any giv5 case dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 ! "*1 & purity ( ! fat or oil1 ! nature ( ! app>atus & its degree ( insulation1 ! me?od ( mix+ & ! initial temp]ature4 ,= ?is reason ! data giv5 by diff]5t analy/s v>y greatly4#bhj ,= "s ( ! me?ods ( conduct+ ! op]ation ! read] may consult ! "w ( ,all51 cit$ above1 or o!r au?orities4#bha ,9 ?is laboratory ! process is conduct$ z foll[s3#bhb ,! initial temp]ature ( ! reag5ts %\ld be a con/ant "o4 ,= oils #bj is a conv5i5t />t+ po9t & = fats ab\t #ce1 at :i* temp]ature mo/ ( !m are s(t en\gh to be easily mix$ ) ! reag5t4 ,! acid employ$ %\ld be ! pure monohydrat$ =m1 specific gravity at #bj1 #a4hde4 ,! app>atus us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,rise ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,) ,,sulfuric ,,acid4 ,! te/ tube :i* holds ! reag5ts is tw5ty-f\r c5timet]s 9 l5g? & five 9 diamet]4 ,x is provid$ ) a /opp] hav+ ?ree p]=ations1 "o = a delicate !rmomet]1 "o = a bulb funnel = deliv]+ ! sulfuric acid1 & "o to guide a /irr+ rod b5t into a spiral z %[n4 ,! !rmomet] is read ) a magnify+ glass4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! fat are plac$ 9 ! te/ tube & t5 ( sulfuric acid 9 ! funnel & ! app>atus is expos$ at ! temp]ature desir$ until all p>ts ( x1 toge!r ) ! reag5ts1 h rea*$ ! same degree4 ,! te/ tube hold+ ! oil %\ld be plac$ 9 a vacuum-jacket tube1 su* z w be describ$ 9 p>agraph #caf4 ,! oil is all[$ to run 9 z rapidly z possible f ! funnel & ! /irr+ rod is mov$ up & d[n two or ?ree times until ! oil & acid are well mix$4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to /ir no m ?an is necess>y = good mix+4 ,! m]cury is obs]v$ z x asc5ds 9 ! tube ( ! !rmomet] & its maximum height is not$4 ,) ! glass x is easy to read to t5?s1 :5 ! !rmomet] is graduat$ 9 fif?s ( a degree4 ,:5 oils are te/$ :i* produce a rise ( temp]ature approa*+ #ajj1 9 ! above circum/ances1 7cottonse$1 l9se$ & "s o!rs7 ei!r small] quantities %\ld be us$ or ! oil dilut$ ) "s in]t sub/ance or dissolv$ 9 "s in]t solv5t ( high boil+ po9t4 ,= a /udy ( ! v>iations produc$ 9 ! rise ( temp]ature :5 v>y+ proportions ( oil & acid are us$1 ! "w ( ,munroe may be consult$4#bhc ,! !rmlaeomet] describ$ by ,jean is a some:at complicat$ piece ( app>atus & does n possess any advantage ov] ! simple =m describ$ above4#bhd ,in/ead ( express+ ! data obta9$ 9 !rmal degrees %[+ ! rise ( temp]ature1 ,?ompson & ,ball5tyne ref] !m to ! heat produc$ 9 mix+ sulfuric acid & wat]4#bhe ,! obs]v$ !rmal degree ( ! oil & acid divid$ by t ( ! wat] & acid is t]m$ ! specific temp]ature reaction4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 writ+1 ?is quoti5t is multipli$ by #ajj4 ,! respective quantities ( acid & wat] are t5 & fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is me?od ( calculation has ! advantage ( elim9at+ to a c]ta9 degree ! v>iations :i* arise 9 ! use ( sulfuric acid ( diff]+ specific gravities4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! comp>ative data obta9$ = "s common oils4#bhf ,acid ( #ie4d ,acid ( #if4h ,acid ( #ii p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 _/----------------- _/---------------- _/-------------- ,rise ( ,specific ,rise ( ,specific ,rise ( ,specific temp4 temp4 temp4 temp4 temp4 temp4 ) reaction4 ) reaction ) reaction4 ,k9d ( oil4 ! oil4 ! oil4 ! oil4 #j #j #j #j #j #j ,olive oil #cf4e #ie #ci4d #he #dd4h #if ,rapese$ oil #di4j #abg #cg4j #hi #eh4j #abd ,ca/or oil #cd4j #hh ,l9se$ oil #ajd4e #bgj #abe4b #bfi #cbe4 ,me?od ( ,ri*mond4--,! rise ( temp]ature produc$ by mix+ an oil & sulfuric acid is det]m9$ by ,ri*mond 9 a simple calorimet]1 :i* is con/ruct$ by fitt+ a small deep beak] inside a l>g] "o ) a pack+ ( cotton4 ,! heat capacity ( ! sy/em is det]m9$ by add+ to t5 grams ( wat]1 9 ! inn] beak]1 at room temp]ature1 tw5ty-five grams ( wat] ( a not$ high] temp]ature & obs]v+ ! temp]ature ( ! mixture4 ,! cool+ ( ! sy/em1 dur+ ! "t requir$ = "o det]m9ation ( heat ( sulfuric saponification1 does n exce$ "o p] c5t ( ! :ole numb] ( calories produc$4#bhg ,betwe5 ! limits ( n9ety-two p] c5t & "o hundr$ p] c5t ! rise ( temp]ature obs]v$ is directly proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! acid4 ,relative ,maum5 ,figure4--,! total heat evolv$ p] mean molecule is call$ by ,ri*mond ! relative maum5 figure4 ,x is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,let x p]c5tage ( sulfuric acid 9 ! acid employ$2 h heat capacity ( calorimet] 9 grams ( wat]2 ,r obs]v$ rise ( temp]ature 7tw5ty-five grams ( oil1 five cubic c5timet]s sulfuric acid72 ,k pota% absorb$ = saponification 7#ai4e p] c5t ( potassium hydroxid1 /&>d ( comp>ison72 ,m relative maum5 figure3 #ba4e #bj h #ai4e ,!n ,m ,r ----------- --------- -----4 x - #gh4e #bj ,k #cbf4 ,heat ( ,brom9ation4--,! rise ( temp]ature caus$ by mix+ fats ) sulfuric acid has long be5 us$ to discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t fats & oils4 ,hehn] & ,mit*ell propose a simil> reaction bas$ ^u ! rise ( temp]ature produc$ by mix+ brom9 ) ! sample4#bhh ,! action ( brom9 on unsaturat$ fatty bodies is in/antane\s & is att5d$ ) a consid]able evolution ( heat4 ,s9ce ! action ( brom9 on _m ( ! oils is v viol5t x is necess>y to dilute ! reag5t ) *lor(orm or glacial acetic acid4 ,ow+ to its high boil+ po9t ! acetic acid has "s advantage ov] *lor(orm = ?is purpose4 ,! te/s are conv5i5tly made 9 a vacuum-jacket tube4 ,9 su* a tube !re is no loss ( heat by radiation4 ,! brom9 is measur$ 9 a pipette hav+ at its upp] end a tube fill$ ) cau/ic lime held betwe5 plugs ( asbe/os4 ,! brom9 sample to be te/$ & ! dilu5t employ$ are kept at ! same temp]ature be=e beg9n+ ! trial4 ,!y are quickly mix$ & ! rise ( temp]ature not$4 ,! oil is fir/ dissolv$ 9 ! *lor(orm & ! brom9 !n add$4 ,a some:at con/ant relation is notic$ betwe5 ! rise ( temp]ature & ! iod9 numb] :5 "o gram ( oil1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( *lor(orm & "o cubic c5timet] ( brom9 are us$4 ,if ! rise 9 temp]ature 9 degrees be multipli$ by #e4e ! product is approximately ! iod9 numb] ( ! sample4 ,?us a sample ( l>d gave a rise 9 temp]ature ( #aj4f & an iod9 numb] ( #eg4ae4 ,! numb] obta9$ by multiply+ #aj4f by #e4e is #eh4c4 ,9 l mann] ! numb]s obta9$ = "s common oils are z foll[s3 ,mat]ial4 ,rise ( temp]ature ,iod9 ,no4 ,calculat$ ) brom94 ,iod9 ,no4 ,butt] fat #f4f #cg4a #cf4c ,olive oil #ae4j #hj4h #hb4e ,maize 0 #ba4e #abb4j #aah4b ,cotton 0 #ai4d #ajg4a #ajf4g ,ca/or 0 #ae4j #hc4h #hb4e ,l9se$ oil #cj4d #afj4g #afg4b ,codliv] 0 #bh4j #add4j #adj4j #cbg4 ,modification ( ! ,heat ( ,brom9ation ,me?od4--,! me?od describ$ above by ,hehn] & ,mit*ell pres5ts _m grave difficulties 9 manipulation1 on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5ce ( h&l+ liquid brom94 ,! process is made practicable by dissolv+ bo? ! oil or fat & ! brom9 9 *lor(orm1 or bett] 9 c>bon tetra*lorid1 9 :i* condition ! brom9 solution is easily h&l$ by means ( a special pipette4#bhi ,9 ord] to make a numb] ( analyses ( ! same sample t5 grams ( ! fat may be dissolv$ 9 *lor(orm or c>bon tetra*lorid & ! volume complet$ ) ! same solv5t to fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 l mann] tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! brom9 are dissolv$ 9 "o ( ! solv5ts nam$ & ! volume complet$ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s !re)4 ,= conv5i5ce ( manipulation ! solutions are ?us made ( su* a /r5g? t five cubic c5timet]s ( ea* repres5t "o gram ( ! fat & "o cubic c5timet] ( ! liquid brom9 respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,heat ,,( ,,brom9ation4 ,! app>atus us$ = ! "w is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! pipette = h&l+ ! brom9 solution is s arrang$ z to be fill$ by ! pressure ( a rubb] bulb1 ?us avoid+ ! dang] ( suck+ ! brom9 vapor into ! m\?4 ,! fill+ is secur$ by keep+ ! brom9 solution 9 a heavy erl5mey] ) a side tubulure su* z is us$ = filt]+ "u pressure4 ,! solutions are mix$ 9 a long tube1 held 9 a l>g] vessel1 f :i* ! air is exhau/$ to secure a m9imum radiation ( heat4 ,a delicate !rmomet] graduat$ 9 t5?s s]ves to regi/] ! rise ( temp]ature4 ,! fat solution is fir/ plac$ 9 ! te/ tube1 ) c>e n to p\r x d[n ! sides ( ! tube b to add x by means ( a pipette rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom4 ,! :ole app>atus hav+ be5 all[$ to come to a /&>d temp]ature ! brom9 solution is all[$ to run 9 quickly f ! pipette4 ,no /irr+ is requir$ z ! liquids are suffici5tly mix$ by ! addition ( ! brom9 solution4 ,! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] rapidly rises & is read at its maximum po9t by means ( a magnify+ glass4 ,) a !rmomet] graduat$ 9 t5?s1 x is easy to read to tw5tie?s ( a degree4 ,x is evid5t t ! rise ( temp]ature obta9$ dep5ds on simil> conditions to ^? m5tion$ 9 connection ) sulfuric saponification4 ,ea* sy/em ( app>atus mu/ be c>efully calibrat$ "u /&>d conditions & :5 ?is is done ! comp>ative rise ( temp]ature obta9$ ) v>i\s oils & fats w prove ( great analytical use4 ,x is evid5t t ! ratio ( ?is rise ( temp]ature to ! iod9 numb] mu/ be det]m9$ = e sy/em ( app>atus & = e me?od ( manipulation employ$1 & no fix$ factor c be giv5 t w apply 9 e case4 ,) ! app>atus above describ$ & ) ! me?od ( manipulation giv5 ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$ = ! oils m5tion$3 ,rise ( temp]ature4 ,olive oil #bj4e ,ref9$ cottonse$ oil #be4g ,sunfl[]se$ oil #bh4d ,calycan?usse$ oil #bi4j ,brom9 & *lor(orm1 :5 mix$ toge!r1 give (f heat1 due to ! *emical reaction result+ f ! sub/itution ( brom9 = hydrog5 9 ! *lor(orm molecule & ! =mation ( hydrobromic acid4 ,= ?is reason ! data obta9$1 :5 *lor(orm is us$ z a solv5t1 are slightly high] ?an ) c>bon tetra*lorid4 ,! use ( ! latt] reag5t is !re=e to be pref]r$4 #cbh4 ,haloid ,addition ,numb]s4--,_m ( ! glyc]ids possess ! prop]ty ( comb9+ directly ) ! haloids & =m+ !reby comp\nds 9 :i* ! haloid1 by simple addition1 has become a "p ( ! molecule4 ,ole9 is a type ( ?is class ( unsaturat$ glyc]ids4 ,! process may take place promptly z 9 ! case ( brom9 or move sl[ly z ) iod94 ,! quantity ( ! haloid absorb$ is be/ det]m9$ 9 ! residual matt] & n by an exam9ation ( ! fat comp\nd4 ,by reason ( ! ease ) :i* ! am\nt ( free iod9 9 solution c be det]m9$1 ?is sub/ance is ! "o :i* is commonly employ$ 9 analytical op]ation on fats4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciple ( ! op]ation dep5ds on br++ ! fat & haloid toge!r 9 a prop] solution & all[+ ! addition to take place by simple contact4 ,! quantity ( ! haloid 9 ! orig9al solution be+ kn[n1 ! am\nt :i* rema9s 9 solution aft] ! absorption is complete1 d$uct$ f t orig9ally pres5t1 w give ! quantity :i* has ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! glyc]id4 #cbi4 ,hbl's ,process4--,9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( iod9 :i* w comb9e ) a fat1 ! me?od fir/ propos$ by ,hbl1 or "s modification !re(1 is univ]sally employ$4#bij ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! iod9 numb] ( a glyc]id x is important t x be accompli%$ "u set conditions & t iodid be always pres5t 9 l>ge excess4 ,x is only :5 data are obta9$ 9 ! way not$ t !y c be reg>d$ z useful = comp>ison & det]m9ation4 ,_m modifications ( ,hbl's process h be5 propos$1 b x is manife/ly impracticable to give ev5 a summ>y ( !m "h4 ,z practic$ 9 ! *emical laboratory ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t & by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 x is c>ri$ out z foll[s3#bia 7#a7 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,reag5ts4 7a74 ,iod9 ,solution4--,dissolve tw5ty-five grams ( pure iod9 9 #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,dissolve ?irty grams ( m]curic *lorid 9 #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! latt] solution1 if necess>y1 is filt]$1 & !n ! two solutions mix$4 ,! mix$ solution %\ld be all[$ to /& twelve h\rs be=e us+4 7b74 ,dec9ormal ,sodium ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,dissolve #bd4h grams ( *emically pure sodium ?iosulfate1 fre%ly pulv]iz$ z f9ely z possible & dri$ betwe5 filt] or blott+ pap]1 & dilute ) wat] to "o lit]1 at ! temp]ature at :i* ! titrations are to be made4 7c74 ,/>* ,pa/e4--,"o gram ( />* is boil$ 9 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] = t5 m9utes & cool$ to room temp]ature4 7d74 ,solution ( ,potassium ,iodid4--,"o hundr$ & fifty grams ( potassium iodid are dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume made up to "o lit]4 7e74 ,solution ( ,potassium ,bi*romate4--,dissolve #c4hgd grams ( *emically pure potassium bi*romate 9 di/ill$ wat] & make ! volume up to "o lit] at ! temp]ature at :i* ! titrations are to be made4 7#b74 ,,det]m9ation4 7a74 ,/&>diz+ ! ,sodium ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,place tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium bi*romate solution1 to :i* h be5 add$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( potassium iodid1 9 a glass /opp] flask4 ,add to ?is mixture five cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,all[ ! solution ( sodium ?iosulfate to fl[ sl[ly into ! flask until ! yell[ color ( ! liquid has almo/ disappe>$4 ,add a few drops ( ! />* pa/e1 & ) con/ant %ak+ cont9ue to add ! sodium ?iosulfate solution until ! blue color j disappe>s4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate solution us$ multipli$ by five is equival5t to "o gram ( iod94 ,example4--,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( potassium bi*romate solution requir$ #af4b sodium ?iosulfate2 !n #af4b #e #ha numb] cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate solution equival5t to "o gram ( iod94 ,!n "o cubic c5timet] ?iosulfate solution #j4jabd gram ( iod93 7,!ory = dec9ormal solution ( sodium ?iosulfate1 "o cubic c5timet] #j4jabg gram ( iod947 7b74 ,weigh+ ! ,sample4--,ab\t "o gram ( butt] fat is plac$ 9 a glass /opp] flask1 hold+ ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s1 ) ! precautions to be m5tion$ = weigh+ ! fat = det]m9+ volatile acids4 7c74 ,absorption ( ,iod94--,! fat 9 ! flask is dissolv$ 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( *lor(orm4 ,aft] complete solution has tak5 place ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! iod9 solution 7#a7 7a7 are add$4 ,! flask is n[ plac$ 9 a d>k place & all[$ to /&1 ) occasional %ak+1 = ?ree h\rs4 7d74 ,titration ( ! ,unabsorb$ ,iod94--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] are add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 toge!r ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium iodid solution4 ,any iod9 :i* may be notic$ ^u ! /opp] ( ! flask %\ld be wa%$ back into ! flask ) ! potassium iodid solution4 ,! excess ( iod9 is tak5 up ) ! sodium ?iosulfate solution1 :i* is run 9 gradually1 ) con/ant %ak+1 until ! yell[ color ( ! solution has almo/ disappe>$4 ,a few drops ( />* pa/e are add$1 & ! titration cont9u$ until ! blue color has entirely disappe>$4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! reaction ! flask %\ld be /opp]$ & viol5tly %ak51 s t any iod9 rema9+ 9 solution 9 ! *lor(orm may be tak5 up by ! potassium iodid solution 9 ! wat]4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( sodium ?iosulfate solution %\ld be add$ to prev5t a reappe>ance ( any blue color 9 ! flask = five m9utes4 7e74 ,sett+ ! ,value ( ! ,iod9 ,solution by ! ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,at ! "t ( add+ ! iod9 solution to ! fat1 two flasks ( ! same size z ^? us$ = ! det]m9ation %\ld be employ$ = conduct+ ! op]ation describ$ above1 b )\t ! pres5ce ( any fat4 ,9 e o!r respect ! p]=mance ( ! blank exp]im5ts %\ld be j z describ$4 ,^! blank exp]im5ts mu/ be made ea* "t ! iod9 solution is us$4 ,example ( ,blank ,det]m9ations4--,?irty cubic c5timet]s ( iod9 solution requir$ #df4d cubic c5timet]s ( sodium ?iosulfate solution3 ,?irty cubic c5timet]s ( iod9 solution requir$ #df4h cubic c5timet]s ( sodium ?iosulfate solution3 ,mean1 #df4f cubic c5timet]s4 ,weight ( fat #a4jdgi grams ,quantity ( iod9 solution us$ #cj4j cubic c5timet]s ,?iosulfate equival5t to iod9 us$ #df4f 0 0 ,?iosulfate equival5t to rema9+ iod9 #ad4g 0 0 ,?iosulfate equival5t to iod9 absorb$ #ca4i 0 0 ,p]c5t ( iod9 absorb$1 #ca4i #j4jabd #ajj #a4jdgi #cg4ge4 #ccj4 ,"* ( ,*emical ,reaction4--,! exact nature ( ! *emical process :i* takes place 9 ?is reaction is n def9itely kn[n4 ,hbl suppos$ t ! products =m$ 7 *loro-iodid-additive comp\nds1 & he obta9$ a greasy product f oleic acid1 to :i* he ascrib$ ! =mula ,c,h,i,cl,o4 ,by o!rs x is ?\ght t *lor9 alone may be add$ to ! molecule4#bib ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t none ( ! glyc]ids capable ( absorb+ halog5s is able to take on a quantity equival5t to !ory4#bic ,:ile ! saturat$ fatty acids 7/e>ic s]ies7 !oretically are n able to absorb iod9 "s ( !m are f\nd to d s to a small degree4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t x is n possible to calculate ! p]c5tage ( unsaturat$ glyc]ids 9 a fat f _! iod9 numb] alone4 ,accord+ to ! data work$ out by ,s*weitz] & ,lungwitz bo? addition & sub/itution ( iod9 take place dur+ ! reaction4#bid ,?is fact !y det]m9$ by titration ) potassium iodate & iodid accord+ to ! =mula #e;,,hi ,,hio #f;,i #f;,h,o4 ,! au?ors confess t :5ev] free hydriodic acid is f\nd 9 ! mixture t iod9 sub/itution has tak5 place & t = ea* atom ( hydrog5 elim9at$ f ! fat molecule two atoms ( iod9 disappe>1 "o z ! sub/itute & ! o!r 9 ! =m ( hydriodic acid4 ,:5 c>bon bisulfid or tetra*lorid is us$ z a solv5t no sub/itution takes place & pure additive comp\nds are =m$4 ,! foll[+ process is recomm5d$ to secure a pure iod9 addition to a glyc]id3 ,ab\t "o gram or a little less ( ! oil or fat is plac$ 9 a glass /opp] flask1 to :i* are add$ ab\t sev5-t5?s ( a gram ( p[d]$ m]curic *lorid & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( iod9 9 c>bon bisulfid4 ,! /opp] is made tight by sme>+ x ) p[d]$ potassium iodid1 ti$ d[n1 & ! mixture is heat$ = "s "t "u pressure4 ,by ?is me?od x is f\nd t no hydriodic acid is =m$1 & h5ce all ! iod9 :i* disappe>s is add$ to ! molecule ( ! glyc]id4 ,! additive numb]s obta9$ = "s oils are app5d$3 ,"t ( ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,oil4 heat+4 ,temp]ature4 iod9 add$4 hbl numb]4 ,l>d oil #cj m9utes4 #ej4j #gc4j #gh4d ,cottonse$ oil #b h\rs4 #ej4j #ajc4j #ajf4e ,oleic acid #b 0 #fe4e #ic4h #cca4 ,solution 9 ,c>bon ,tetra*lorid4--,gantt] has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! am\nt ( iod9 absorb$ by fat does n dep5d alone ^u ! proportion ( iod9 pres5t b also ^u ! am\nt ( m]curic *lorid 9 ! solution4#bie ,increas+ am\nts ( m]curic *lorid cause uni=mly a mu* great] absorption ( ! iod94 ,= ?is reason he proposes to disc>d ! use ( m]curic *lorid altoge!r = ! hbl te/ & to use a solv5t :i* w at ! same "t dissolve bo? ! iod9 & ! fat4 ,= ?is purpose he uses c>bon tetra*lorid4 ,! solutions are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,iod9 ,solution4--,t5 grams ( iod9 are dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( c>bon tetra*lorid4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is solution ! iod9 mu/ n be ?r[n directly into ! flask be=e ! addition ( ! tetra*lorid4 ,iod9 dissolves v sl[ly 9 c>bon tetra*lorid & ! solution is made by plac+ x 9 a suffici5tly l>ge weigh+ glass & add+ a portion ( ! c>bon tetra*lorid !reto4 ,! solution is facilitat$ by /irr+ ) a glass rod until ! add$ tetra*lorid is app>5tly *>g$ ) ! dissolv$ iod94 ,! dissolv$ portion is !n p\r$ into a lit] flask1 new portions add$ to ! iod9 & ?is process cont9u$ until ! iod9 is completely dissolv$1 & !n suffici5t additional quantities ( ! tetra*lorid are add$ to fill ! flask up to ! m>k4 #ccb4 ,sodium ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,dissolve #ai4ebh grams ( pure sodium ?iosulfate 9 #ajjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,= det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! solution by titration1 ! solution ( iod9 9 c>bon tetra*lorid & a solution ( sodium ?iosulfate 9 wat] are ea* plac$ 9 a burette4 ,a giv5 volume ( ! iod9 solution is fir/ run into a flask ) a glass /opp] & aft]w>d ! sodium ?iosulfate add$ little by little until1 aft] a vigor\s %ak+1 ! liquid has only a little color4 ,"s solution ( />* is !n add$ & %ak5 until ! mixture becomes deep blue4 ,! sodium ?iosulfate solution is add$ drop by drop1 ) vigor\s %ak+ aft] ea* addition1 until ! solution is completely decoloriz$4 ,if bo? solutions h be5 correctly made ) pure mat]ials !y w be ( equal /r5g?2 t is1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! iod9 solution w be exactly decoloriz$ by t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sodium ?iosulfate solution4 #ccc4 ,me?od ( ,conduct+ ! ,absorption4--,! quantity ( ! fat or oil employ$ %\ld range f #ajj to #bjj milligrams1 accord+ to ! absorption equival5t4 ,^! quantities %\ld be plac$ 9 flasks ) glass /opp]s 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,9 ! flasks are plac$ exactly fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! iod9 solution equival5t to #ejj milligrams ( iod91 & ! flask is !n /opp]$ & %ak5 until ! fat or oil is completely dissolv$4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! volatilization ( ! iod9 f9ally1 suffici5t wat] is p\r$ into ! flask to =m a lay] ab\t "o millimet] 9 ?ickness ov] ! solution conta9+ ! iod9 & fat4 ,! /opp] %\ld be c>efully ins]t$ & ! flask all[$ to /& at re/ = fifty h\rs4 #ccd4 ,e/imation ( ! ,iod9 ,numb]4--,?is is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way by titration ( ! am\nt ( iod9 left 9 excess aft] ! absorption z above describ$4 ,! iod9 numb] is to be express$ by ! numb] ( milligrams ( iod9 :i* are absorb$ by ea* #ajj milligrams ( fat4 ,example4--,"o hundr$ & "o milligrams ( flaxse$ oil 7 dissolv$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! c>bon tetra*lorid solution ( iod9 & all[$ to /& z above describ$ = fifty h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 #db4c cubic c5timet]s ( ! sodium ?iosulfate solution 7 requir$ to decolorize ! excess ( iod9 rema9+4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sodium ?iosulfate equal #ejj milligrams ( iod92 !re=e1 #db4c cubic c5timet]s ( ! ?iosulfate solution equal #dbc milligrams ( iod94 ,! diff]5ce equals sev5ty-sev5 milligrams ( iod9 absorb$ by #aja milligrams ( ! flaxse$ oil4 ,!re=e1 ! iod9 numb] equival5t & ! milligrams ( iod9 absorb$ by #ajj milligrams ( flaxse$ oil equal #gf4b4 ,x is evid5t f ! above det]m9ation t ! iod9 numb] ( ! oil1 :5 obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 is less ?an half t secur$ by ! usual hbl process4 ,s9ce ! solv5t employ$1 h[ev]1 is m /able ?an *lor(orm :5 9 contact ) iod9 or brom91 ! propos$ v>iation is "o wor?y ( ! c>eful att5tion ( analy/s4 ,mc,ilhiney has call$ especial att5tion to ! l[ numb]s giv5 by ! me?od ( ,gantt]1 & f a /udy ( ! data obta9$ concludes t iod9 alone w n saturate glyc]ids1 no matt] :at ! solv5ts may be4#bif ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! process ( ,gantt] _c give numb]s :i* are comp>able ) ^? obta9$ by ! usual iod9 me?od4 ,any comp>ative value possess$ by ! data giv5 by ! process ( ,gantt] mu/ be d]iv$ by conf9+ x to ! numb]s secur$ by ! c>bon tetra*lorid process alone4 #cce4 ,sub/itution ( ,iod9 ,mono*lorid = ,hbl's ,reag5t4--,ephraim has %[n t iod9 mono*lorid may be conv5i5tly sub/itut$ = ! hbl reag5t ) ! advantage t x c be safely us$ at once1 :ile ! hbl reag5t und]goes some:at rapid *anges :5 fir/ prep>$4 ,! pres5t disadvantage ( ! process is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! iod9 mono*lorid ( comm]ce is n q pure & ea* new lot requires to be titrat$ = ! det]m9ation ( its purity4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ ( su* a /r5g? z to conta9 #af4be grams ( iod9 mono*lorid p] lit]4 ,! solv5t us$ is alcohol4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ out precisely z 9 ! hbl me?od1 sub/itut+ ! alcoholic solution ( iod9 mono*lorid = ! iod9 reag5t propos$ by ,hbl4#big ,if ! iod9 mono*lorid solution1 aft] act+ on ! oil1 be titrat$ )\t previ\s addition ( potassium iodid a new value is obta9$1 ! *loriod9 numb]4 ,9 titrat+1 ! sodium ?iosulfate is add$ until ! liquid1 :i* is made br[n by ! sep>at$ iod91 becomes yell[4 ,at ?is po9t ! solution is dilut$1 />* pa/e add$1 & ! titration complet$4 #ccf4 ,pres]vation ( ! ,hbl ,reag5t4--,to avoid ! tr\ble due to *anges 9 ! /r5g? ( ,hbl's reag5t1 ,mahle adds hydro*loric acid to x at ! "t ( its prep>ation4#bih ,! reag5t is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,tw5ty-five grams ( iod9 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t] ( a lit] ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol are mix$ ) ! same quantity ( m]curic *lorid 9 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 ! same weight ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ai specific gravity add$ & ! volume ( ! mixture complet$ to half a lit] ) alcohol4 ,aft] five days su* a solution gave1 on titration1 #di4ah in/ead ( #di4ca grams p] lit] ( iod94 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is solution is d\ble ! usual /r5g?1 b ?is does n influ5ce ! accuracy ( ! analytical data obta9$4 ,x appe>s t ! hbl numb] is n1 !re=e1 an iod9 numb]1 b expresses ! total quantity ( iod91 *lor9 & oxyg5 absorb$ by ! fat dur+ ! progress ( ! reaction4 #ccg4 ,brom9 ,addition ,numb]4--,9 ! process ( ,hbl & o!rs an attempt is made to det]m9e ! quantity ( a halog51 e4g41 iod91 :i* ! oil1 fat or res9 w absorb "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! numb]s obta9$1 h[ev]1 repres5t ?is absorption only approximately1 because ! halog5 may disappe> ?r\gh sub/itution z well z absorption4 ,:e!r or n a halog5 is add$1 i4 e41 absorb$ or sub/itut$1 may be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! det]m9ation dep5ds re/s on ! fact t a halog51 e4 g41 brom91 =ms a molecule ( hydrobromic acid = e atom ( brom9 sub/itut$1 :ile 9 a simple absorption ( ! halog5 no su* action takes place4 ,if1 !re=e1 brom9 be br\ght into contact ) a fat1 oil or res91 ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( hydrobromic acid =m$ w rigidly det]m9e ! quantity ( brom9 sub/itut$ dur+ ! reaction4 ,if ?is quantity be d$uct$ f ! total brom9 :i* has disappe>$1 ! relative quantities ( ! halog5 add$ & sub/itut$ are at once det]m9$4 ,9 ! me?od ( ,mc,ilhiney#bii brom9 is us$ in/ead ( iod9 because ! addition figures ( iod9 are 9 g5]al mu* too l[4 ,! ,reag5ts4--,! foll[+ solutions are employ$3 #a4 ,"o-?ird normal brom9 dissolv$ 9 c>bon tetra*lorid3 #b4 ,"o-t5? normal sodium ?iosulfate3 #c4 ,"o-t5? normal potassium hydroxid4 ,! ,manipulation4--,f a qu>t] to "o gram ( ! fat1 oil or res91 is dissolv$ 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( c>bon tetra*lorid 9 a dry bottle ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 provid$ ) a well-gr\nd glass /opp]4 ,an excess ( ! brom9 solution is add$1 ! bottle tightly /opp]$1 well %ak5 & plac$ 9 ! d>k4 ,at ! end ( eighte5 h\rs ! bottle is plac$ 9 a freez+ mixture & cool$ until a p>tial vacuum is =m$4 ,a piece ( wide rubb] tub+ an in* & a half long is slipp$ ov] ! lip ( ! bottle s z to =m a well ab\t ! /opp]4 ,?is well hav+ be5 fill$ ) wat] ! /opp] is lift$ & ! wat] is suck$ into ! bottle absorb+ all ! hydrobromic acid :i* has be5 =m$4 ,! well %\ld be kept fill$ ) wat]1 z x is gradually tak5 9 until 9 all tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s h be5 add$4 ,! bottle is next well %ak5 & f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a tw5ty p] c5t potassium iodid solution add$4 ,! excess ( brom9 lib]ates a correspond+ am\nt ( iod91 :i* is det]m9$ by ! ?iosulfate solution 9 ! usual way1 aft] add+ ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! total brom9 :i* has disappe>$ is !n calculat$ f ! data obta9$1 ! /r5g? ( ! orig9al brom9 solution hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bottle are next transf]r$ to a sep>atory funnel1 ! aque\s portion sep>at$1 filt]$ ?r\gh a l95 filt]1 a few drops ( ?iosulfate solution add$1 if a blue color p]si/1 & ! free hydrobromic acid det]m9$ by titration ) potassium hydroxid1 us+ me?yl orange z indicator4 ,! end reaction is be/ obs]v$ by plac+ ! solution 9 a porcela9 di%1 add+ ! alkali 9 slight excess1 & titrat+ back ) t5?-normal hydro*loric acid until ! p9k t9t is p]ceiv$4 ,f ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( alkali us$ ! am\nt ( brom9 pres5t z hydrobromic acid is calculat$1 & ?is express$ z p]c5tage gives ! brom9 sub/itution figure4 ,! brom9 sub/itution figure multipli$ by two & subtract$ f ! total absorption gives ! addition figure4 ,foll[+ are ! data = "s common sub/ances3 ,total brom9 absorption 9 ,brom9 addition ,brom9 sub/itution ,sub/ance4 eighte5 h\rs4 figure4 figure4 ,ros9 #bab4gj #j4jj #ajf4ce ,raw l9se$ oil #ajb4hh #ajb4hh #jj4jj ,boil$ 0 0 #ajc4ib #ajc4ib #jj4jj ,salad cotton 0 #fe4ed #fd4bf #j4fd ,sp]m 0 #ef4fj #ed4eb #a4jd ,by ! process j describ$ x is possible to detect mixtures ( ros9s & ros9 oils ) animal & vegetable oils4 ,9 ?is respect x possesses und\bt$ advantages ov] ! old] me?ods4 #cch4 ,me?od ,( ,hehn]4--,! absorption ( brom9 :i* takes place :5 unsaturat$ fats are br\ght into contact ) t reag5t 0 made ! basis ( an analytical process1 propos$ by ,all5 z long ago z #ahhj4cjj ,9 ! fur!r /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( brom9 absorption1 z indicat$ by ,mc,ilhiney1 ,hehn] modifi$ ! me?od z indicat$ bel[4#cja ,f "o to ?ree grams ( ! sample are plac$ 9 a t>$ wide-m\!d flask & dissolv$ 9 a little *lor(orm4 ,brom9 is add$ to ! solution1 drop by drop1 until x is 9 decid$ excess4 ,! flask is plac$ on a /eam-ba? & heat$ until ! great] "p ( ! brom9 is evaporat$1 :5 "s m *lor(orm is add$ & ! heat+ cont9u$ until all ! free brom9 has escap$4 ,! flask is put 9 a ba? at #abe & dri$ to con/ant weight4 ,a little acrole9 & hydrobromic acid escape dur+ ! dry+ & ! residue may be color$1 or a heavy bromo oil be obta9$4 ,! ga9 9 weight repres5ts ! brom9 absorb$4 ,! brom9 numb] may be conv]t$ into ! iod9 numb] by multiply+ by #a4ehge4cjb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,,ole9 ,,tube4 #cci4 ,halog5 ,absorption & ,addition ( ,fat ,acids4--,in/ead ( employ+ ! natural glyc]ids = det]m9+ ! degree ( action ) ! halog5s ! acids may be sep>at$ by "s ( ! processes ( saponification h]eaft] describ$ & us$ z direct$ = ! glyc]ids !mselves4 ,x is d\btful if any practical advantage arises f ?is v>iation ( ! process4 ,if ! fat acids be sep>at$1 h[ev]1 x is possible to get "s valuable data f ! halog5 absorption ( ! fractions4 ,!oretically ! /e>ic s]ies ( acids w\ld suff] no *ange 9 contact ) halog5s :ile ! oleic s]ies is capable ( a maximum absorptive & additive action4 ,on ?is fact is bas$ a v>iation ( ! iod9 process 9 :i* an attempt is made to sep>ate ! oleic acid f its cong5]s & to apply ! halog5 to ! sep>at$ product4 ,! me?od ( sep>ation devis$ by ,mut] is c>ri$ out z foll[s3#cjc ,! sep>atory or ole9 tube consi/s ( a wide burette /em1 provid$ ) a lat]al /opcock1 & drawn out bel[ to secure a clamp deliv]y tube1 & at ! top exp&$ into a bulb clos$ ) a gr\nd glass /opp]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,=ty cubic c5timet]s ( liquid are plac$ 9 ! tube & ! surface is m>k$ #j4 ,above ?is ! graduation is cont9u$ 9 cubic c5timet]s to #bej1 :i* figure is j bel[ ! bulb at ! top4 ,! process ( analysis is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,ab\t ?ree grams ( ! oil or fat are plac$ 9 a flask1 ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( alcoholic pota% lye1 conta9+ en\gh potassium hydroxid to ensure complete saponification4 ,! flask is clos$ & heat$ on a wat]-ba? until saponification is complete4 ,! pressure flask to be describ$ h]eaft] may be conv5i5tly us$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! excess ( alkali is neutraliz$ ) acetic acid 9 pres5ce ( ph5olph?ali5 & !n alcoholic pota% add$ until a fa9t p9k color is produc$4 ,9 a l>ge porcela9 di% place #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ?irty ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( lead acetate & boil4 ,p\r sl[ly1 ) con/ant /irr+1 into ! boil+ liquid ! soap solution prep>$ z above describ$1 & all[ to cool1 mean:ile cont9u+ ! /irr+4 ,at ! end1 ! liquid rema9+ is p\r$ (f & ! solid residue wa%$ ) hot wat] by decantation4 ,! precipitate ( lead salts is f9ally remov$ f ! di% into a /opp]$ bottle1 ! di% wa%$ ) pure e!r1 ! wa%+s add$ to ! bottle toge!r ) en\gh e!r to make ! total volume !re( #abj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! clos$ bottle is all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs ) occasional %ak+1 by :i* "t ! lead oleate w h be5 completely dissolv$4 ,! insoluble lead salts are next sep>at$ by filtration1 & ! filtrate collect$ 9 ! ole9 tube4 ,! wa%+ is accompli%$ by e!r &1 to avoid loss1 ! funnel is cov]$ ) a glass plate4 ,! e!real solution ( lead oleate is decompos$ by dilute hydro*loric acid1 us+ ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture conta9+ "o "p ( /rong acid to f\r ( wat]4 ,! ole9 tube is clos$ & %ak5 until ! decomposition is complete1 :i* w be indicat$ by ! cle>+ ( ! e!real solution4 ,! tube is all[$ to rema9 at re/ until ! liquids sep>ate & ! aque\s solution is run out f ! p9*-cock at ! l[] end4 ,! residue is wa%$ ) wat] by %ak+1 ! wat] drawn (f z j describ$1 & ! process cont9u$ until all acidity is remov$4 ,wat] is !n add$ until ! sep>at+ plane betwe5 ! two liquids is at ! z]o ( ! graduation1 & en\gh e!r add$ to make ! e!real solution ( a desir$ volume1 say #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] well mix+1 ! e!real solution or an aliquot "p !re(1 e4g41 fifty cubic c5timet]s1 is remov$ by ! side tubulure & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! e!r remov$ f ! portion by di/illation4 ,to ! residue are add$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( pure alcohol & ! solution is titrat$ = oleic acid ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! hydroxid solution us$ is equival5t to #j4jbhb gram ( oleic acid4 ,! total quantity ( oleic acid conta9$ 9 ! am\nt ( fat us$ is readily calculat$ f ! data obta9$4 ,to det]m9e ! iod9 absorption ( ! free acid ano!r measur$ quantity ( ! e!real solution conta9+ z ne>ly z possible half a gram ( oleic acid1 is )drawn f ! ole9 tube1 & ! e!r remov$ 9 an atmosph]e ( pure c>bon dioxid4 ,to ! residue1 )\t all[+ x to come 9 contact ) ! air1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ,hbl's reag5t are add$ & ! flask put aside 9 ! d>k = twelve h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( potassium iodid are add$1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask made up to a qu>t] ( a lit] ) wat]1 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( *lor(orm add$1 & ! excess ( iod9 titrat$ 9 ! way already describ$4 ,! p]c5tage ( iod9 absorb$ is calculat$ z already indicat$4 ,lane has propos$ a m rapid process = ! above det]m9ation4#cjd ,! lead soaps are precipitat$ 9 a l>ge erl5mey] & cool$ rapidly 9 wat]1 giv+ ! flask mean:ile a circul> motion :i* causes ! soaps to adh]e to its walls4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 r9s+ once ) alcohol1 add #abj cubic c5timet]s ( e!r1 atta* a reflux cond5s]1 & boil until ! lead oleate is dissolv$1 cool sl[ly1 to all[ any lead /e>ate :i* has pass$ into solution to sep>ate1 & filt] into ! ole9 tube4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is conduct$ z describ$ above4 ,! p]c5tage ( oleic acid & its iod9 absorption 9 ! foll[+ glyc]ids are giv5 9 ! table bel[3 ,cottonse$ oil4 ,l>d4 ,peanut oil4 ,p] c5t oleic acid #ge4af #fd4ae #gi4hd ,p] c5t iod9 absorb$ #ada4if #ii4dh #aad4jj #cdj4 ,saponification4--,9 _m ( ! analytical op]ations :i* are conduct$ on ! glyc]ids x is necess>y to decompose !m4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ by ! action ( a base :i* displaces ! glyc]ol f its comb9ation ) ! fat acids1 ! result+ salts are kn[n z soaps & ! process is nam$ saponification4 ,9 g5]al use ! t]m saponification is appli$1 n only /rictly1 z above def9$1 b also broadly1 includ+ ! sett+ free ( ! glyc]ol ei!r by ! action ( /rong acids or by ! application ( sup]heat$ /eam4 ,9 *emical processes ! saponification ( a glyc]id is almo/ always accompli%$ by means ( soda or pota% lye4 ,?is may be 9 aque\s or alcoholic solution & ! process is accompli%$ ei!r hot or cold1 9 op5 vessels or "u pressure4 ,x is only important t ! alkali & glyc]id be br\ght into intimate contact4 ,! rate ( saponification is a function ( ! intimacy ( contact1 ! nature ( ! solv5t & ! temp]ature4 ,= *emical purposes1 x is be/ t ! decomposition ( ! glyc]id be accompli%$ at a l[ temp]ature & = mo/ samples ?is is secur$ by dissolv+ ! alkali 9 alcohol4 ,9 respect ( solv5ts1 t "o w\ld be mo/ desirable1 f !oretical consid]ations1 :i* acts on bo? ! glyc]ids & alkalies4 ,9 ! next rank w\ld be ^? :i* dissolve "o or ! o!r ( ! mat]ials & are easily miscible1 z1 = in/ance1 c>bon tetra*lorid = ! glyc]id & alcohol = ! alkali4 ,z a rule1 ! glyc]id is n br\ght into solution be=e ! saponification process is comm5c$4 ,in/ead ( us+ an alcoholic solution ( sodium or potassium hydroxid ! sodium or potassium alcoholate may be employ$1 made by dissolv+ metallic sodium or potassium 9 alcohol4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t a little wat] is always necess>y to complete ! process4 ,if a fat be dissolv$ 9 e!r & treat$ ) sodium alcoholate1 a granul> deposit ( soap is soon =m$ & ! saponification is complet$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z mu* z #aej grams ( fat c be saponifi$ ) t5 grams ( metallic sodium dissolv$ 9 #bej cubic c5timet]s ( absolute alcohol4#cje ,= practical purposes ! alcoholic solution ( ! hydroxid is suffici5t4 ,! *emical *anges :i* fats und]go on saponification are ( a simple k9d4 ,:5 ! process is accompli%$ by means ( alkalies1 ! alkal9e base takes ! place ( ! glyc]ol z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ equation3 ,triole9 #hhd4 ,potassium hydroxid #afh4 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #c,,koh ,potassium oleate #ifj4 ,glyc]ol #ib4 7,,ko4,c,h,o7 ,c,h7,,oh74 ,! actual *anges :i* take place 9 ord9>y saponification are n s simple1 h[ev]1 s9ce natural glyc]ids are mixtures ( sev]al widely diff]+ fats1 ea* ( :i* has its own rate ( decomposition4 ,palmit9 & /e>91 = in/ance1 are saponifi$ m readily ?an ole9 & "s ( ! saponifiable con/itu5ts ( res9s & waxes are extremely resi/ant to ! action ( alkalies4 ,! above equation may be reg>d$ z typical = saponification 9 aque\s or alcoholic solutions 9 op5 di%es or "u pressure4 ,if ! alkali us$ be prep>$ by dissolv+ metallic sodium or potassium 9 absolute alcohol 7sodium alcoholate or e?oxid7 ! reaction :i* takes place is probably repres5t$ by ! equation giv5 bel[3 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #c;,c,h4,o,na ,c,h7,o,na7 #c;,c,h,o4,o4,c,h1 9 :i* x is se5 t complete saponification _c occur )\t ! absorption ( "s wat]1 by :i* ! sodium glyc]oxid is conv]t$ into glyc]ol & sodium hydroxid1 ! latt] comp\nd ev5tually unit+ ) ! e?yl e!r ( ! fat acid4#cjf ,glyc]ids are decompos$ :5 heat$ ) wat] "u a pressure ( ab\t sixte5 atmosph]es or :5 subject$ to a curr5t ( sup]heat$ /eam at #bjj4 ,! reaction consi/s 9 ! addition ( ! elem5ts ( wat]1 :]eby ! glyc]yl radicle is conv]t$ into free glyc]ol & ! fat acid is set free4 ,! *emical *ange :i* ensues is %[n bel[3 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #c;,h,o #c;,c,h,o ,c,h7,,oh74 ,! details ( saponification ) sulfuric acid are ( no int]e/ f an analytical po9t ( view4#cjg #cda4 ,saponification 9 an ,op5 ,di%4--,! simple/ me?od ( saponify+ fats is to treat !m ) ! alkal9e reag5t 9 an op5 di%4 ,9 all cases ! process is accel]at$ by ! application ( heat4 ,vigor\s /irr+ also aids ! process by secur+ a m intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,?is me?od ( decompos+ glyc]ids1 h[ev]1 is n applicable 9 cases :]e volatile e!rs may be develop$4 ,^! e!rs may escape saponification & ?us prev5t ! =mation ( ! maximum quantity ( soap4 ,:ile n suit$ to exact quantitive "w1 ! me?od is conv5i5t 9 ! prep>ation ( fat acids :i* are to be ! basis ( subsequ5t analytical op]ations1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! prep>ation ( fat acids = te/+ ) silv] nitrate4 ,l>ge porcela9 di%es are conv5i5tly us$ & ! heat is appli$ 9 any usual way1 ) c>e to avoid scor*+ ! fat4 #cdb4 ,saponification "u ,pressure4--,! me?od ( saponification :i* has giv5 ! be/ satisfaction 9 my "w & :i* has be5 adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s is describ$ bel[4#cjh ,reag5ts4--,! reag5ts employ$ are a solution ( pure pota% conta9+ #ajj grams ( ! hydroxid dissolv$ 9 fifty-eight grams ( rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 alcohol ( approximately n9ety-five p] c5t /r5g? r$i/ill$ ov] cau/ic soda1 & sodium hydroxid solution prep>$ z foll[s3 ,"o hundr$ grams ( sodium hydroxid are dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! cau/ic soda %\ld be z free z possible f c>bonates1 & be pres]v$ f contact ) ! air4 ,app>atus4--,a saponification flask2 x has a r\nd bottom & a r+ ne> ! top1 by means ( :i* ! /opp] c be ti$ d[n4 ,! flask is arrang$ = heat+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,a pipette graduat$ to deliv] =ty cubic c5timet]s is recomm5d$ z be+ m conv5i5t ?an a burette = measur+ ! solutions3 ,a pipette ) a long /em graduat$ to deliv] #e4ge cubic c5timet]s at #ej4 ,manipulation4--,! fat to be exam9$ %\ld be melt$ & kept 9 a dry w>m place at ab\t #fj = two or ?ree h\rs1 until ! wat] has entirely sep>at$4 ,! cle> sup]natant fat is p\r$ (f & filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt] pap] 9 a jacket funnel conta9+ boil+ wat]4 ,%\ld ! filt]$ fat1 9 a fus$ /ate1 n be p]fectly cle>1 x mu/ be filt]$ a second "t4 ,! f9al dry+ is accompli%$ at #ajj 9 a ?9 lay] 9 a flat bottom di%1 9 p>tial vacuum or an atmosph]e ( in]t gas4 ,! saponification flasks are prep>$ by ?or\ghly wa%+ ) wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r1 wip+ p]fectly dry on ! outside1 & heat+ = "o h\r at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! h>d flasks us$ 9 moi/ combu/ions ) sulfuric acid = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 are well suit$ = ?is "w4 ,! flasks %\ld be plac$ 9 a tray by ! side ( ! balance & cov]$ ) a silk h&k]*ief until !y are p]fectly cool4 ,!y mu/ n be wip$ ) a silk h&k]*ief )9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes ( ! "t !y are weigh$ or else ! electricity develop$ w int]f]e ) weigh+4 ,! weight ( ! flasks hav+ be5 accurately det]m9$1 !y are *>g$ ) ! melt$ fat 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,saponify+ ,,"u ,,pressure4 ,! pipette ) a long /em1 m>k$ to deliv] #e4ge cubic c5timet]s1 is w>m$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej4 ,! fat1 hav+ be5 p\r$ back & =? once or twice into a dry beak] 9 ord] to ?or\ghly mix x1 is tak5 up 9 ! pipette1 ! nozzle ( ! pipette hav+ be5 previ\sly wip$ to remove any ext]nally adh]+ fat1 is c>ri$ to ne> ! bottom ( ! flask & #e4ge cubic c5timet]s ( fat all[$ to fl[ into ! flask4 ,aft] ! flasks h be5 *>g$ 9 ?is way !y %\ld be re-cov]$ ) ! silk h&k]*ief & all[$ to /& = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 :5 !y are aga9 weigh$4 #cdc4 ,me?ods ( ,saponification4--,9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,alcohol4--,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol are add$ to ! fat 9 ! flask1 & !n two cubic c5timet]s ( ! sodium hydroxid solution4 ,a s(t cork /opp] is ins]t$ & ti$ d[n ) a piece ( tw9e4 ,! saponification is complet$ by plac+ ! flask ^u ! wat] or /eam-ba?4 ,! flask dur+ ! saponification1 :i* %\ld la/ "o h\r1 %\ld be g5tly rotat$ f "t to "t1 be+ c>eful n to project ! soap = any di/ance up its sides4 ,at ! end ( an h\r ! flask1 aft] hav+ be5 cool$ to ne> ! room temp]ature1 is op5$4 ,)\t ! ,use ( ,alcohol4--,to avoid ! dang] ( loss f ! =mation ( e!rs1 & ! tr\ble ( remov+ ! alcohol aft] saponification1 ! fat may be saponifi$ ) a solution ( cau/ic pota% 9 a clos$ flask )\t us+ alcohol4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ on exactly z indicat$ above = saponification 9 ! pres5ce ( alcohol1 us+ potassium in/ead ( sodium hydroxid solution4 ,= ! saponification1 use two cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium hydroxid solution :i* are p\r$ on ! fat aft] x has solidifi$ 9 ! flask4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t none ( ! fat be all[$ to rise on ! sides ( ! saponify+ flask to a po9t :]e x _c be rea*$ by ! alkali4 ,dur+ ! process ( saponification ! flask c only be v g5tly rotat$ 9 ord] to avoid ! difficulty m5tion$4 ,?is process is n recomm5d$ ) any app>atus except a clos$ flask ) r\nd bottom4 ,pota% is us$ in/ead ( soda s z to =m a s(t] soap & ?us all[ a m p]fect saponification4 ,! saponification may also be conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! alkali & fat 9 ! melt$ /ate are %ak5 vigor\sly 9 ! saponification flask until a complete emulsion is secur$4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is !n conduct$ z above4 #cdd4 ,saponification 9 ! ,cold4--,by reason ( ! dang] ( loss f volatile e!rs 9 ! hot alcoholic saponification1 a me?od = successfully conduct+ ! op]ation 9 ! cold is desirable4 ,su* a process has be5 work$ out by ,h5riques4#cji ,x is bas$ ^u ! previ\s solution ( ! fat 9 petroleum e!r1 9 :i* condition x is s easily attack$ by ! alcoholic alkali z to make ! use ( heat dur+ ! saponification unnecess>y4 ,! process is conv5i5tly conduct$ 9 a porcela9 di% cov]$ ) a wat* glass4 ,five grams ( ! fat are dissolv$ 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( petroleum e!r & treat$ ) an equal quantity ( f\r p] c5t alcoholic soda lye4 ,! process ( saponification beg9s at once & is (t5 indicat$ by ! sep>ation ( sodium salts4 ,x is be/ to all[ ! action to cont9ue ov] night &1 ) c]ta9 difficultly saponifiable bodies1 su* z wool fat & waxes1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! case ( butt] fat an odor ( butyric e!r may be p]ceiv$ at fir/ b x soon disappe>s4 ,aft] ! saponification is complete1 ! excess ( alkali is det]m9$ by titration 9 ! usual way ) set hydro*loric acid1 us+ ph5olph?ali5 z indicator4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( volatile acids1 ! mixture1 aft] saponification is complete1 is evaporat$ rapidly to dryness1 ! solid matt] be+ r$uc$ to p[d] ) a glass rod1 aft] :i* x is transf]r$ to a di/ill+ flask & ! volatile acids secur$ by ! usual processes4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! saponification & rei*]t-meissl numb]s obta9$ ) hot alcoholic pota%1 ! numb]s giv5 by ! cold process are f\nd to be slightly high] ) ^? fats :i* give easily volatile e!rs4 ,on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ! process & ! abs5ce ( dang] ( loss f e!rs1 x is to be recomm5d$ in/ead ( ! old] me?ods 9 case a m ext5d$ trial ( x %\ld e/abli% ! po9ts ( excell5ce claim$ above4 #cde4 ,saponification ,value4--,! numb] ( milligrams ( potassium hydroxid requir$ to completely saturate "o gram ( a fat is kn[n z ! saponification value ( ! glyc]id4 ,! process ( det]m9+ ?is value1 z work$ out by ,koett/orf] & modifi$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 is z foll[s3#caj ,! saponification is accompli%$ ) ! aid ( potassium hydroxid & 9 ! flask & mann] describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,ab\t two grams ( ! fat w be f\nd a conv5i5t quantity4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 measur+ ! alkal9e solution1 ! same pipette be+ us$ 9 ea* case & ! same "t = dra9+ be+ all[$ 9 e in/ance4 ,blanks are always to be conduct$ ) ea* s]ies ( exam9ations4 ,z soon z ! saponification is complete1 ! flask is remov$ f ! ba?1 all[$ to cool & its cont5ts are titrat$ ) sem9ormal hydro*loric acid & ph5olph?ali5 z indicator4 ,! numb] express+ ! saponification value is obta9$ by subtract+ ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sem9ormal hydro*loric acid requir$ to neutralize ! alkali aft] saponification f t requir$ to neutralize ! alkali ( ! blank det]m9ations1 multiply+ ! result by #bh4jf & divid+ ! product by ! numb] ( grams ( fat employ$4 ,example4--,weight ( sample ( fat us$ #a4ecb grams3 ,numb] ( cubic c5timet]s half normal hydro*loric acid requir$ to saturate blank1 #bb4e3 ,numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( half normal hydro*loric acid requir$ to saturate ! alkali aft] saponification #ab4j3 ,diff]5ce1 #aj4e cubic c5timet]s3 ,!n #aj4ej #bh4jf #a4ecb #aib4c4 ,?is latt] numb] repres5ts ! saponification value ( ! sample4 #cdf4 ,saponification ,equival5t4--,all5 def9es ! saponification equival5t z ! numb] ( grams ( fat saponifi$ by "o equival5t1 viz41 #ef4a grams ( potassium hydroxid4#caa ,! saponification equival5t is readily calculat$ f ! saponification value us+ x z a divisor & #efajj z a divid5d4 ,conv]sely ! saponification value may be obta9$ by divid+ #efajj by ! saponification equival5t4 ,no advantage is ga9$ by ! introduction ( a new t]m s ne>ly relat$ to saponification value4 #cdg4 ,saponification ,value ( ,pure ,glyc]ids4--,! !oretical saponification values ( pure glyc]ids are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4#cab ,molecul> ,saponification ,"n4 ,symbol4 weight4 value4 ,butyr9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #cjb #eeg4c ,val]9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #cdd #dhi4b ,capro9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #chf #dch4c ,capr9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #eed #cje4j ,laur9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #fch #bfc4h ,myri/9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #gbb #bcc4a ,palmit9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #hjf #bjh4h ,/e>9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #hij #ahi4a ,ole9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #hhd #aij4d ,l9ole9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #hgh #aia4g ,ric9ole9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #icb #ahj4f ,euric9 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7 #ajeb #afj4j ,f ! above table x is se5 t 9 ea* s]ies ( glyc]ids ! saponification equival5t falls z ! molecul> weight rises4 #cdh4 ,acetyl ,value4--,hydroxy acids & alcohols1 :5 heat$ ) glacial acetic acid1 und]go a *ange :i* consi/s 9 sub/itut+ ! radicle ( acetic acid = ! hydrog5 atom ( ! alcoholic hydroxyl gr\p4 ,?is *ange is illu/rat$ by ! equations bel[3#cac ,= a ,fat ,acid3 ,ric9oleic acid4 ,acetic anhydrid4 ,c,h7,,oh74,,cooh 7,c,h,o7,o ,acetyl-ric9oleic acid4 ,acetic acid4 ,c,h7,o4,c,h,o7,,cooh ,,hc,h,o4 ,= an ,alcohol3 ,cetyl alcohol4 ,acetic anhydrid4 ,cetyl acetate4 ,acetic acid4 ,c,h4,,oh 7,c,h,o7,o ,c,h4,c,h,o ,,hc,h,o4 ,det]m9ation4--,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! acetyl value ( a fat or alcohol has be5 describ$ by ,b5$ikt & ,ulz]4#cad ,! op]ation is conduct$ on ! fat acids & n on ! glyc]ids conta9+ !m4 ,! insoluble fat acids are prep>$ z direct$ 9 p>agraph #cdj4 ,f tw5ty to fifty grams ( ! fat acids are boil$ ) an equal volume ( acetic anhydrid1 9 a flask ) a reflux cond5s]1 = two h\rs4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are transf]r$ to a l>g] vessel ( ab\t "o lit] capacity1 mix$ ) half a lit] ( wat] & boil$ = half an h\r4 ,to prev5t bump+1 "s bubbles ( c>bon dioxid are drawn ?r\gh ! liquid by means ( a tube drawn out to a f9e po9t & ext5d+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,! liquids are all[$ to sep>ate into two lay]s & ! wat] is remov$ ) a syphon4 ,! oily matt]s are treat$ sev]al times ) boil+ wat] until ! acetic acid is all wa%$ out4 ,! acetylat$ fat acids are filt]$ ?r\gh a dry hot jacket filt] & an aliquot "p1 f ?ree to five grams1 is dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol4 ,aft] ! addition ( ph5olph?ali5 ! mixture is titrat$ z 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! saponification value4 ,! acid value ?us obta9$ is designat$ z ! acetyl acid value4 ,a measur$ quantity ( alcoholic pota%1 /&>diz$ by sem9ormal hydro*loric acid1 is add$1 ! mixture boil$ & ! excess ( alkali det]m9$ by titration4 ,! quantity ( alkali consum$ 9 ?is process measures ! acetyl value4 ,! sum ( ! acetyl acid & ! acetyl values is ! acetyl saponification value4 ,! acetyl value is !re=e equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! saponification & acid values ( ! acetylat$ fat acids4 ,9 o!r words1 ! acetyl value indicates ! numb] ( milligrams ( potassium hydroxid requir$ to neutralize ! acetic acid obta9$ by ! saponification ( "o gram ( ! acetylat$ fat acids4 ,example4--,a portion ( ! fat acids acetylat$ z describ$1 weigh+ #c4cgi grams1 is exactly neutraliz$ by #ag4b cubic c5timet]s ( sem9ormal potassium hydroxid solution1 correspond+ to #ag4b #j4jbhje #j4dhbe gram ( ! hydroxid1 h5ce #j4dhbe #ajjj #c4cgi #adb4h1 ! acetyl acid value ( ! sample4 ,aft] ! addition ( #cb4h cubic c5timet]s m ( ! sem9ormal pota% solution1 ! mixture is boil$ to saponify ! acetylat$ fat acids4 ,! residual pota% requires #ad4b cubic c5timet]s ( sem9ormal hydro*loric acid4 ,! quantity ( pota% requir$ = ! acetic acid is !re=e #cb4h - #ad4c #ah4e cubic c5timet]s or #ah4e #j4jbhje #j4eahi gram ( potassium hydroxid4 ,!n #j4eahi #ajjj #c4cgi #aec4f acetyl value ( sample4 ,! sum ( ^! two values1 viz41 #adb4h & #aec4f is #bif4d1 :i* is ! acetyl saponification value ( ! sample4 ,z ) ! iod9 numb]s1 h[ev]1 x is also f\nd t acids ( ! oleic s]ies give an acetyl value :5 treat$ z above1 & x has be5 propos$ by ,lewk[its* to det]m9e1 9 lieu ( ! data obta9$1 ! actual quantity ( acetic acid absorb$ by fats4#cae ,?is is accompli%$ by saponify+ ! acetylat$ product ) alcoholic pota% & det]m9+ ! free acetic acid by di/illation1 9 a mann] entirely analog\s to t us$ = e/imat+ volatile fat acids describ$ fur!r on4 ,! rle :i* ! acetyl value plays 9 analytical det]m9ations is int]e/+1 b ! data x gives are n to be valu$ too highly4 #cdi4 ,det]m9ation ( ,volatile ,fat ,acids4--,! fat acids :i* are volatile at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 consi/ *iefly ( butyric & its associat$ acids occurr+ 9 ! secretions ( ! mamm>y gl&s4 ,among vegetable glyc]ids cocoanut oil is ! only common "o :i* has any notable cont5t ( volatile acids4 ,! boil+ po9ts ( ! above acids1 9 a pure /ate1 are mu* high] ?an ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]2 = in/ance1 butyric acid boils at ab\t #afb4 ,by ! expression volatile acids1 9 analytical practice1 is meant ^? :i* are c>ri$ ov] at #ajj1 or a little above1 ) ! wat] vapor1 :atev] be _! boil+ po9t4 ,! great difficulty ( remov+ ! volatile f ! non-volatile fat acids has prev5t$ ! =mulation ( any me?od :]eby a %>p & complete sep>ation c be accompli%$4 ,! analy/1 at ! pres5t "t1 mu/ be cont5t ) "s approximate process :i*1 "u l conditions1 w give comp>able results4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( attempt+ a def9ite det]m9ation1 he conf9es 8 "w to secur+ a p>tial sep>ation & 9 express+ ! degree ( volatile acidity 9 t]ms ( a /&>d alkali4 ,to ?is end1 a def9ite weight ( ! fat is saponifi$1 ! result+ soap decompos$ ) an excess ( fix$ acid1 & a def9ite volume ( di/illate collect$ & its acidity det]m9$ by titration ) dec9ormal alkali4 ,! weight ( fat op]at$ on is ei!r two & a half#caf or five grams4#cag ,num]\s m9or v>iations h be5 propos$ 9 ! process1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is 9 ! use ( phosphoric in/ead ( sulfuric acid 9 ! di/illation4 ,an ext5d$ exp]i5ce ) bo? acids has %[n t no dang] is to be appreh5d$ 9 ! use ( sulfuric acid & t on ! :ole x is to be pref]r$ to phosphoric4#cah ,! process z us$ 9 ?is laboratory & z adopt$ by ! (ficial agricultural *emi/s is conduct$ z foll[s3#cai #cej4 ,removal ( ! ,alcohol4--,! saponification is accompli%$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 7#cda-cdd7 & :5 alcoholic pota% is us$ proce$ z foll[s3 ,! /opp] hav+ be5 laid loosely 9 ! m\? ( ! flask1 ! alcohol is remov$ by dipp+ ! flask into a /eam-ba?4 ,! /eam %\ld cov] ! :ole ( ! flask except ! neck4 ,aft] ! alcohol is ne>ly remov$1 fro?+ may be notic$ 9 ! soap1 & to avoid any loss f ?is cause or any creep+ ( ! soap up ! sides ( ! flask1 x %\ld be remov$ f ! ba? & %ak5 to & fro until ! fro?+ disappe>s4 ,! la/ traces ( alcohol vapor may be remov$ f ! flask by wav+ x briskly1 m\? d[n1 to & fro4 ,dissolv+ ! ,soap4--,aft] ! removal ( ! alcohol ! soap %\ld be dissolv$ by add+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 or eighty cubic c5timet]s :5 aque\s potassium hydroxid has be5 us$ = saponification1 & w>m+ on ! /eam-ba?1 ) occasional %ak+1 until ! solution ( ! soap is complete4 ,sett+ free ! ,fat ,acids4--,:5 ! soap solution has cool$ to ab\t #fj or #gj1 ! fat acids are sep>at$ by add+ =ty cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid solution conta9+ tw5ty-five grams ( acid 9 "o lit]1 or sixty cubic c5timet]s :5 aque\s potassium hydroxid has be5 us$ = saponification4 ,melt+ ! ,fat ,acid ,emulsion4--,! flask is re/opp]$ z 9 ! fir/ in/ance & ! fat acid emulsion melt$ by replac+ ! flask on ! /eam-ba?4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! fat exam9$1 ! "t requir$ = ! fusion ( ! fatty acid emulsions may v>y f a few m9utes to sev]al h\rs4 ,! ,di/illation4--,aft] ! fat acids are completely melt$1 :i* c be det]m9$ by _! =m+ a transp>5t1 oily lay] on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! flask is cool$ to room temp]ature1 & a few pieces ( pumice /one add$4 ,! pumice /one is prep>$ by ?r[+ x1 at a :ite heat1 into di/ill$ wat]1 & keep+ x "u wat] until us$4 ,! flask is connect$ ) a glass cond5s]1 ,fig4 #ajb1 sl[ly heat$ ) a nak$ flame until ebullition beg9s1 & !n ! di/illation cont9u$ by regulat+ ! flame 9 su* a way z to collect #aaj cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate 91 z ne>ly z possible1 ?irty m9utes4 ,! di/illate %\ld be receiv$ 9 a flask accurately m>k$ at #aaj cubic c5timet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,di/illation ,,( ,,volatile ,,acids4 ,titration ( ! ,volatile ,acids4--,! #aaj cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate1 aft] ?or\gh mix+1 are filt]$ ?r\gh p]fectly dry filt] pap]1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ di/illate p\r$ into a beak] hold+ ab\t a qu>t] ( a lit]1 half a cubic c5timet] ( ph5olph?ali5 solution add$ & dec9ormal b>ium hydroxid solution run 9 until a r$ color is produc$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are !n return$ to ! measur+ flask to remove any acid rema9+ !re91 p\r$ aga9 into ! beak]1 & ! titration cont9u$ until ! r$ color produc$ rema9s app>5tly un*ang$ = two or ?ree m9utes1 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( dec9ormal b>ium hydroxid solution requir$ %\ld be increas$ by "o-t5? to repres5t ! entire di/illate4 ,! numb] ?us obta9$ expresses1 9 cubic c5timet]s ( dec9ormal alkali solution1 ! volatile acidity ( ! sample4 ,9 ea* case blank di/illations ( ! reag5ts us$ %\ld be conduct$ "u id5tical conditions1 especially :5 alcoholic alkali is us$ = saponification4 ,x is difficult to secure alcohol :i* w n yield a trace ( volatile acid 9 ! conditions nam$4 ,! quantity ( dec9ormal alkali requir$ to neutralize ! blank di/illate is to be d$uct$ f t obta9$ ) ! sample ( fat4 #cea4 ,det]m9ation ( ,soluble & ,insoluble ,fat ,acids4--,! volatile fat acids are m or less soluble 9 wat]1 :ile ^? :i* are n di/illable 9 a curr5t ( /eam are q insoluble4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to sep>ate ^! two classes ( fat acids1 & ! results ?us obta9$ are p]haps m decid$ly quantitive ?an are giv5 by ! di/illation process j describ$4 ,! me?ods us$ = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( insoluble acids are ess5tially ^? ( ,hehn]4#cbj ,_m v>iations ( ! process h be5 propos$1 especially 9 respect ( ! soluble acids4#cba ,! process1 z conduct$ 9 ?is laboratory & approv$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 is z foll[s3 ,prep>ation ( ,reag5ts4--,sodium ,hydroxid ,solution4--,a dec9ormal solution ( sodium hydroxid is us$4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] conta9s #j4jjdj gram ( sodium hydroxid & neutralizes #j4jjhh gram ( butyric acid 7,c,h,o74 ,alcoholic ,pota% ,solution4--,dissolve =ty grams ( good cau/ic pota% 9 "o lit] ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol r$i/ill$ ov] cau/ic pota% or soda4 ,! solution mu/ be cle> & ! potassium hydroxid free f c>bonates4 ,/&>d ,acid ,solution4--,prep>e accurately a half normal solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,indicator4--,dissolve "o gram ( ph5olph?ali5 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,det]m9ation4--,soluble ,acids4--,ab\t five grams ( ! sample are plac$ 9 ! saponification flask already describ$1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! alcoholic pota% solution add$1 ! flask /opp]$ & plac$ 9 ! /eam-ba? until ! fat is entirely saponifi$4 ,! op]ation may be facilitat$ by occasional agitation4 ,! alcoholic pota% is always measur$ ) ! same pipette & uni=mity fur!r secur$ by all[+ x to dra9 ! same l5g? ( "t 7?irty seconds74 ,two or ?ree blank exp]im5ts are conduct$ at ! same "t4 ,9 f five to ?irty m9utes1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fat1 ! liquid w appe> p]fectly homog5e\s &1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! saponification is complete & ! flask is remov$ & cool$4 ,:5 suffici5tly cool1 ! /opp] is remov$ & ! cont5ts ( ! flask r9s$ ) a little n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol into an erl5mey]1 ( ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 :i* is plac$ on ! /eam-ba? toge!r ) ! blanks until ! alcohol is evaporat$4 ,! blanks are titrat$ ) half normal hydro*loric acid1 us+ ph5olph?ali5 z indicator1 & "o cubic c5timet] m ( ! half normal hydro*loric acid ?an is requir$ to neutralize ! pota% 9 ! blanks is run into ea* ( ! flasks conta9+ ! fat acids4 ,! flask is connect$ ) a reflux cond5s] & plac$ on ! /eam-ba? until ! sep>at$ fat acids =m a cle> /ratum on ! upp] surface ( ! liquid4 ,! flask & cont5ts are cool$ 9 ice-wat]4 ,! fat acids hav+ q solidifi$1 ! liquid cont5ts ( ! flask are p\r$ ?r\gh a dry filt] into a lit] flask1 tak+ c>e n to break ! cake4 ,betwe5 #bjj & #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are br\ght into ! flask1 ! cork ) ! cond5s] re9s]t$ & ! flask plac$ on ! /eam-ba? until ! cake ( acid is ?or\ghly melt$4 ,dur+ ! melt+ ( ! cake ( fat acids1 ! flask %\ld occasionally be agitat$ ) a rot>y motion 9 su* a way t its cont5ts are n made to t\* ! cork4 ,:5 ! fat acids h aga9 sep>at$ into an oily lay]1 ! flask & its cont5ts are cool$ 9 ice-wat] & ! liquid filt]$ ?r\gh ! same filt] into ! same lit] flask z be=e4 ,?is treatm5t ) hot wat]1 foll[$ by cool+ & filtration ( ! wa% wat]1 is repeat$ ?ree times1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! fir/ filtrate4 ,! mix$ wa%+s & filtrate are made up to "o lit]1 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s !re( 9 duplicate are titrat$ ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sodium hydroxid requir$ = ea* #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate is multipli$ by t54 ,! numb] s obta9$ repres5ts ! volume ( dec9ormal sodium hydroxid neutraliz$ by ! soluble fat acids ( ! fat1 plus t correspond+ to ! excess ( ! /&>d acid us$1 viz41 "o cubic c5timet]4 ,! numb] is !re=e to be dim9i%$ by five1 correspond+ to ! excess ( "o cubic c5timet] ( half normal acid4 ,?is correct$ volume multipli$ by #j4jjhh gives ! weight ( soluble acids z butyric acid 9 ! am\nt ( fat saponifi$4 ,insoluble ,acids4--,! flask conta9+ ! cake ( insoluble fat acids f ! above det]m9ation & ! pap] ?r\gh :i* ! soluble fat acids h be5 filt]$ are all[$ to dra9 & dry = twelve h\rs1 :5 ! cake1 toge!r ) z mu* ( ! fat acids z c be remov$ f ! filt] pap]1 is transf]r$ to a weigh$ evaporat+ di%4 ,! funnel1 ) ! filt]1 is !n plac$ 9 an erl5mey] & ! pap] ?or\ghly wa%$ ) absolute alcohol4 ,! flask is r9s$ ) ! wa%+s f ! filt] pap]1 !n ) pure alcohol1 & ! r9s+s transf]r$ to ! evaporat+ di%4 ,! di% is plac$ on ! /eam-ba? until ! alcohol is evaporat$1 dri$ = two h\rs at #ajj1 cool$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$4 ,x is aga9 plac$ 9 ! air-ba? = two h\rs1 cool$ z be=e & weigh$4 ,if !re be any consid]able decrease 9 weight1 reheat two h\rs & weigh aga94 ,! f9al weigh+ gives ! weight ( insoluble fat acids 9 ! sample1 f :i* ! p]c5tage is easily calculat$4 ,! quantity ( non-volatile & insoluble acids 9 common glyc]ids is f n9ety-five to n9ety-sev5 p>ts 9 #ajj4 ,! glyc]ids yield almo/ ! same proportion ( fat acids & glyc]ol :5 ! acids are insoluble & h high molecul> weights4 ,:5 ! acids are soluble & ! molecul> weight l[ ! proportion ( acids decreases & t ( glyc]ol increases4 ,9 ! foll[+ table w be f\nd ! data secur$ by quantitive saponification & sep>ation ( soluble & insoluble acids f\nd 9 ! m common glyc]ids3#cbb ,yield p] #ajj p>ts ,molecul> weight ( ( glyc]id4 ,glyc]id4 ,fat acid4 ,glyc]id4 ,fat acid4 ,fat acid4 ,glyc]ol4 ,/e>9 ,/e>ic #hij #bhd #ie4gc #aj4cd ,ole9 ,oleic #hhd #bhb #ie4gj #aj4da ,palmit9 ,palmitic #hjf #bef #ie4bh #aa4db ,myri/9 ,myri/ic #gbb #bbh #id4dg #ab4gd ,laur9 ,lauric #fch #bjj #id4ie #ad4db ,capr9 ,capric #eid #agb #ic4ad #ae4dh ,capro9 ,caproic #chf #aaf #ij4af #bc4hc ,butyr9 ,butyric #cjb #hh #hg4da #cj4df ,! g5]al expression = ! saponification ( a neutral fat is ,c,h,o4,r #c;,h,o #c,r4,,oh ,c,h,o1 9 :i* ,r repres5ts ! acid radicle4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ! yield ( m ?an #ajj p>ts ( fat acids & glyc]ol giv5 by glyc]ids is due to ! absorption ( wat] dur+ ! reaction4 #ceb4 ,=mulas = ,g5]al ,calculations4--,= calculat+ ! !oretical yields ( fat acids & glyc]ol1 ! foll[+ g5]al =mulas may be us$3 ,let ,m ! molecul> weight ( ! fat acid3 ,k saponification value3 ,f ! quantity ( free fat acids 9 ! glyc]id3 ,n ! quantity ( neutral fat 9 ! glyc]id3 ,a ! numb] ( milligrams ( potassium hydroxid requir$ to saturate ! free acid 9 "o gram ( ! sample4 ,! free acid is det]m9$ by ! me?od giv5 bel[4 ,m grams ( a fat acid require #efajj milligrams ( potassium hydroxid = complete neutralization :ile ,f grams correspond+ to #ajj grams ( fat are saturat$ by #ajj ,a milligrams ( ! alkali4 ,!n ,m 3 #efajj ,f 3 #ajj;,a4 ,,am ,:5ce ,f ------ 7#a74 #efa ,likewise s9ce ,m grams ( fat acid require ! quantity ( potassium hydroxid m5tion$ above we h3 #a 3 ,k ,m 3 #efajj1 #efajj ,:5ce ,m ------ 7#b74 ,k ,sub/itut+ ?is value ( ,m 9 7#a7 we h ,a #efajj #ajj;,a ,f ------------ ------- 7#c74 #efa ,k ,k ,x is evid5t t x is n necess>y to calculate ! acid value 7,a7 ( ! sample & ! saponification value 7,k7 ( ! free fat acids1 ! ratio ,a_/,k alone be+ requir$4 ,x w be suffici5t !re=e to sub/itute = ,a & ,k ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( alkali solutions requir$ = "o gram ( ! fat & "o gram ( ! fat acids1 respectively4 ,if a & b repres5t ^! numb]s ! =mula may be writt5 #ajj;a ,f ------- 7#d72 b #ajj;a & ,n #ajj - ,f #ajj - ------ 7#e74 b ,to simplify ! det]m9ations1 x may be assum$ t ! free fat acids h ! same molecul> weight z ^? /ill 9 comb9ation ) ! glyc]ol 9 any giv5 sample4 ,on ?is assumption1 ! process may be c>ri$ on by det]m9+ ! acid value ,a & ! saponification value ,k = ! total fat acids4 ,! mean molecul> weight ,m1 ! p]c5tage ( free fat acids ,f1 & ! proportion ( neutral fat ,n1 may !n be calculat$ f ! =mulas 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 & 7#e74 ,fur!r1 let ,g ! quantity ( glyc]ol & ,l t ( fat acids obta9able f "o gram ( neutral fat1 t is1 _/ ( ,h ! p]c5tage ( total fat acids4 ,! molecul> weight ( ! neutral fat 9 ea* case is #c,m #ch4 ,!re=e1 #c,m #ch p>ts ( neutral fat yield #c,m p>ts ( fat acids & n9ety-two p>ts ( glyc]ol 7,c,h,o #ib74 ,h #c,m ,!n ,l ----- ---------- 7#f72 #ajj #c,m #ch #ib & ,g --------- 7#g74 #c,m #ch ,n p] c5t ( neutral fat yields1 !re=e1 on saponification1 ! foll[+ !oretical quantities ( fat acids ,f1 & glyc]ol ,g express$ z p>ts p] hundr$4 #c,m ,f ,n -------- 7#h72 #c,m #ch #ib & ,g ,n --------- 7#i74 #c,m #ch ,=mula 7#i7 expresses also ! total yield ( glyc]ol f any giv5 sample4 ,= a fur!r discussion ( ?is "p ( ! subject a "w ( a m te*nical "* may be consult$4#cbc #cec4 ,det]m9ation ( a ,free ,fat ,acid 9 a ,fat4--,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od re/s ^u ! comp>ative accuracy ) :i* a free fat acid c be titrat$ ) a set alkali solution :5 ph5olph?ali5 is us$ z an indicator4 ,among ! _m me?ods ( manipulation :i* ! analy/ has at 8 comm& !re is probably none m simple & accurate ?an t dep5d+ on ! solution ( ! sample 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 or c>bon tetra*lorid4 ,any acidity ( ! solv5t is det]m9$ by sep>ate titration & ! prop] correction made4 ,ei!r an aque\s or alcoholic solution ( ! alkali may be us$1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,! alkal9e solution may be approximately or exactly dec9ormal1 b x is easi] to make x approximately s & to det]m9e its real value be=e ea* op]ation by titration aga9/ a /&>d dec9ormal solution ( acid4 ,ab\t t5 grams ( ! sample & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solv5t w be f\nd conv5i5t quantities4 ,example4--,t5 grams ( rancid olive oil dissolv$ 9 alcohol e!r require ?ree & eight-t5?s cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( alcoholic pota% to saturate ! free acid pres5t4 ,:5 titrat$ ) dec9ormal acid ! pota% solution is f\nd to conta9 #be4g milligrams ( potassium hydroxid 9 ea* cubic c5timet]4 ,! specific gravity ( ! oil is #j4iag & ! weight us$ !re=e #i4ag grams4 ,!n ! total quantity ( potassium hydroxid requir$ = ! neutralization ( ! acid is #be4g #c4h #ig4g milligrams4 ,! acid value ,a is !re=e3 #c4h #be4g ,a ----------- #aj4f #i4ag ,x is cu/om>y to reg>d free acid z oleic1 molecul> weight #bhb4 ,on ?is assumption ! p]c5tage ( free acids 9 ! above case is f\nd by ! =mula #c4h #be4g #bhb ,a 7p] c5t7 ----------------- #e4ce #efa #i4ag #ced4 ,id5tification ( ,oils & ,fats4--,prop]ly1 ! me?ods ( id5tify+ & isolat+ ! diff]5t oils & fats %\ld be look$ = 9 works on food adult]ation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m *>act]i/ics ( ^! glyc]ids :i* c be advantage\sly discuss$ 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,_m cases arise 9 :i* ! analy/ is call$ ^u to det]m9e ! nature ( a fat & discov] :e!r x be admix$ ) o!r glyc]ids4 ,x is important (t5 to "k 9 a giv5 case :e!r an oil be ( animal or vegetable orig94 ,_m ( ! me?ods ( analysis already describ$ are f\nd useful 9 su* discrim9ations4 ,= in/ance1 a l>ge am\nt ( soluble or volatile acids 9 ! sample "u exam9ation1 w\ld indicate ! pres5ce ( a fat d]iv$ f milk :ile ! =m ( ! cry/als 9 a solid fat w\ld give a clue to :e!r x 7 ! product ( ! ox or ! sw9e4 ,9 ! succe$+ p>agraphs w be briefly outl9$ "s ( ! m important additional me?ods ( det]m9+ ! nature & orig9 ( fats & oils ( :i* ! hi/ory is unkn[n4 ,! data obta9$ by means ( ! me?ods :i* h be5 describ$1 bo? physical & *emical1 are all useful 9 judg+ ! "* & nature ( a glyc]id ( unkn[n orig94 ,! colorations produc$ by oxidiz+ ag5ts1 9 ! mann] already set =? w be f\nd useful1 especially :5 jo9$ to ^? obta9$ ) cottonse$ & sesame oils yet to be describ$4 ,= in/ance1 ! r$ coloration produc$ by nitric acid ( #a4cg specific gravity is reg>d$ by "s au?orities z *>act]i/ic ( cottonse$ oil z well z ! r$uction by x ( silv] nitrate4 ,! coloration te/s ) silv] nitrate 7p>agraph #cbj7 & ) phosphomolydic acid 7p>agraph #cah7 are also helpful 9 classify+ oils 9 respect ( _! animal or vegetable orig94 ,! c>eful consid]ation ( ^! te/s1 toge!r ) a /udy ( ! numb]s obta9$ by treat+ ! samples ) iod91 & ! heat ( brom9ation & sulfuric saponification1 is comm5d$ to all :o are int]e/$ 9 classify+ oils4 ,9 addition to ^! reactions a few specific te/s are add$ = m detail$ "w4 #cee4 ,consi/5ce4--,x has already be5 said t oils are mo/ly ( vegetable orig9 & ! solid fats ( animal d]ivation4 ,9 ! animal economy x w\ld be a s\rce ( di/urbance to h 9 ! tissues a l>ge body ( fat :i* w\ld rema9 9 a liquid /ate at ! normal temp]ature ( ! body4 ,ne>ly all ! animal fats are f\nd to h a high] melt+ po9t ?an ! body conta9+ !m4 ,an exception is f\nd 9 ! case ( butt] fat1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is fat is an excretion & n int5d$ = tissue build+ until x has und]gone subsequ5t dige/ion4 ,fi% oils are ano!r notable exception to ! rule1 b 9 ?is case ^! oils c h>dly be reg>d$ z true glyc]ids 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t t]m4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t a sample ( a glyc]id1 :i* 9 its natural /ate rema9s liquid at usual room temp]atures1 is probably an oil ( vegetable orig94 ,fi% oils h also an odor & ta/e :i* prev5t !m f be+ conf\nd$ ) vegetable oils4 ,9 oils :i* are manufactur$ f animal glyc]ids su* z l>d oil1 ! discrim9ation is m difficult b peculi>ities ( ta/e & color are g5]ally p]ceptible4 #cef4 ,nature ( ! ,fat ,acid4--,:5 x is n possible to discrim9ate betwe5 samples by ! s5sible physical prop]ties j describ$1 mu* light c be ?r[n on _! orig9 by ! det]m9ation ( _! o!r physical prop]ties1 su* z specific gravity1 refractive index1 melt+ po9t1 etc41 9 ! mann] already fully describ$4 ,fur!r light may be furni%$ by saponification & sep>ation ( ! fat acids4 ,! relative quantities ( oleic1 /e>ic1 palmitic1 & o!r acids w help to a correct judgm5t 9 respect ( ! nature ( ! sample4 ,! vegetable oils & l>d oils1 = in/ance1 consi/ *iefly ( ole92 l>d & tall[ conta9 a l>ge proportion ( /e>92 palm oil & butt] fat conta9 consid]able portions ( palmit91 & ! latt] is di/+ui%$ moreov] by ! pres5ce ( soluble & volatile acids comb9$ z butyr9 & its associat$ glyc]ids4 ,oleic acid c be r readily sep>at$ f /e>ic & palmitic by reason ( ! solubility ( its lead salts 9 e!r4 ,"o me?od ( accompli%+ ?is sep>ation has already be5 describ$ 7p>agraph #cci74 #ceg4 ,sep>ation ) ,lime4--,a quick]1 ?\gh p]haps n z accurate a sep>ation ( ! oleic f ! palmitic & /e>ic acids1 is accompli%$ by means ( lime accord+ to ! me?od develop$ by ,bondzyuski & ,rufi4#cbd ,?is process is us$ *iefly1 h[ev]1 to sep>ate ! free fat acids 7palmitic1 /e>ic7 f ! neutral fat & ! free oleic acid4 ,x probably has no po9t ( sup]iority ov] ! lead process4 #ceh4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,glyc]ids4--,! fact t ole9 is liquid at temp]atures all[+ palmit9 & /e>9 to rema9 solid1 p]mits ( a r\gh sep>ation ( ^! two classes ( bodies by me*anical means4 ,! mix$ fats are fir/ melt$ & all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,9 ^! conditions ! /e>9 & palmit9 sep>ate f ! ole9 9 a cry/all9e =m & ! ole9 is remov$ by pressure ?r\gh bags4 ,9 ?is way l>d is sep>at$ into l>d oil1 consi/+ *iefly ( ole91 & l>d /e>91 consi/+ l>gely ( /e>94 ,beef 7caul7 fat is 9 a simil> mann] sep>at$ into a liquid 7oleo-oil7 & a solid 7oleo-/e>97 portion4 ,x is evid5t t ^! sep>ations are only approximate1 b by repeat$ fractionations a mod]ately pure ole9 or /e>9 may be obta9$4 #cei4 ,sep>ation z ,lead ,salts4--,mut]'s process1 ) a special piece ( app>atus1 has already be5 describ$ 7#cci74 ,= g5]al analytical "w ! special tube may be omitt$4 ,9 a mixture ( insoluble free fat acids all are precipitat$ by lead acetate1 & ! result+ soap may be extract$ ) e!r1 ei!r ) successive %ak+s or 9 a cont9u\s extraction app>atus4 ,9 ?is latt] case a little ( ! lead /e>ate or palmitate may pass into solution 9 ! hot e!r & aft]w>ds sep>ate on cool+4 ,:5 ! op]ation is conduct$ on f two to ?ree grams ( ! dry mix$ acids1 ! p]c5tage proportions ( ! soluble & insoluble acids 79 e!r7 c be det]m9$4 ,! lead salt :i* passes into solution c be decompos$ & ! oleic acid remov$1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,dilute hydro*loric acid is a suitable reag5t = decompos+ ! lead soap4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! oleic acid & t ( ! mix$ acids be=e conv]sion into lead soap furni%es ! basis = ! calculation4 ,= fur!r details 9 respect ( ! fat acids ! read] may consult special analytical works4#cbe #cfj4 ,sep>ation ( ,ara*idic ,acid4--,peanut oil is easily di/+ui%$ f o!r vegetable glyc]ids by ! pres5ce ( ara*idic acid4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ?is laboratory = sep>at+ ara*idic acid is a modification ( ! usual me?ods bas$ on ! process z c>ri$ out by ,milliau4#cbf ,ab\t tw5ty grams ( ! oil are saponifi$ ) alcoholic soda1 us+ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( #cf baum soda solution dilut$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol4 ,:5 ! saponification is complete1 ! soda is conv]t$ into ! lead soap by treatm5t ) a slight excess ( a saturat$ alcoholic solution ( lead acetate4 ,good results are also obta9$ by us+ dilute alcohol1 viz41 fifty p] c5t1 in/ead ( n9ety p] c5t1 9 prep>+ ! lead acetate solution4 ,:ile /ill w>m ! sup]natant liquid is decant$1 ! precipitate wa%$ by decantation ) w>m n9ety p] c5t alcohol & triturat$ ) e!r 9 a mort> f\r times1 decant+ ! e!real solution 9 ea* in/ance4 ,by ?is treatm5t all ( ! lead oleate & hypogaeate are remov$ & are f\nd 9 ! e!real solution1 f :i* !y c be recov]$ & ! acids set free by hydro*loric acid & det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! residue is transf]r$ to a l>ge di% conta9+ two or ?ree lit]s ( pure wat] & decompos$ by ! addition ( ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,! lead *lorid =m$ is soluble 9 ! l>ge quantity ( wat] pres5t1 :i* %\ld be w>m en\gh to keep ! free acids 9 a liquid /ate 9 :i* =m !y float z a cle> oily liquid on ! surface4 ,! free acids are decant$ & wa%$ ) w>m wat] to remove ! la/ traces ( lead *lorid & hydro*loric acid4 ,! la/ traces ( wat] are remov$ by dry+ 9 a ?9 lay] 9 vacuo4 ,practically all ( ! acids1 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! sample except oleic & hypogaeic1 are ?us obta9$ 9 a free /ate & _! weight is det]m9$4 ,! ara*idic acid may be sep>at$ almo/ quantitively by dissolv+ ! mix$ acids 9 =ty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 add+ a drop ( hydro*loric acid1 cool+ to #af & all[+ to /& until ! ara*idic acid has cry/alliz$4 ,! cry/als are purifi$ by wa%+ twice ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t & ?ree times ) ! same quantity ( sev5ty p] c5t alcohol4 ,! residual impure ara*idic acid is dissolv$ 9 boil+ absolute alcohol1 p\r$ ?r\gh a filt] & wa%$ ) pure hot alcohol4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness & heat$ to #ajj until a con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,f ! above data1 ! p]c5tages ( oleic1 hypogaeic1 ara*idic & o!r acids 9 ! sample exam9$ are calculat$4 ,9 ! above process1 ow+ to ! pa/y /ate ( ! lead soaps1 ! trituration 9 a mort> ) e!r is f\nd tr\blesome4 ,! extraction ( ! lead oleate & hypogaeate is facilitat$ by ?r[+ ! pa/y e!real mass on a filt] & wa%+ x ?or\ghly ) successive portions ( ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( e!r4 ,by ?is v>iation1 x 0 f\nd by ,krug 9 ?is laboratory1 t less e!r 0 requir$ & a m complete removal ( ! lead oleate effect$4 ,! solution ( ! lead oleate is complet$ by ab\t half a doz5 wa%+s ) e!r z above describ$4 ,! extraction may also be secur$ by plac+ ! lead soaps 9 a l>ge extract+ app>atus & proce$+ z direct$ 9 p>agraph #dj4 ,! residue is wa%$ f ! filt] pap] into a l>ge porcela9 di% & decompos$ z already describ$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] ! sep>ation is complete1 ! mixture is cool$ until ! acids are solid4 ,! solid acids are !n transf]r$ to a small] di%1 fre$ ( wat] & dissolv$ 9 e!r4 ,! e!real solution is wa%$ ) wat] to remove any traces ( lead salt or ( hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! e!r1 ! ara*idic acid is sep>at$ z has already be5 describ$4 ,! melt+ po9t ( pure ara*idic acid v>ies f #gc to #ge4 #cfa4 ,detection ( ,ara*is 7,peanut7 ,oil4--,kreis has modifi$ ! usual process ( ,r5>d = ! detection ( ara*is oil1 by precipitat+ ! solution ( ! fat acid ) an alcoholic in/ead ( an aque\s solution ( lead acetate1 9 a mann] q simil> to t describ$ above4#cbg ,! fat acids are obta9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 wa%$ ) hot wat] & ! acids f tw5ty grams ( ! oil dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol4 ,! solution is cool$ 9 ice-wat] & ! fat acids precipitat$ by ! addition ( fifte5 grams ( lead acetate dissolv$ 9 #aej cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol4 ,! precipitate1 aft] /&+ = two h\rs1 is sep>at$ by filtration ?r\gh cotton wool & is extract$ = six h\rs ) e!r4 ,! residue is boil$ ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( five p] c5t hydro*loric acid until ! fat acids appe> z a cle> oily lay] ^u ! surface4 ,! acids ?us obta9$ are wa%$ ) hot wat] to remove lead *lorid1 dri$ by press+ betwe5 blott+ pap]1 dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 cool$ to #ae & all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 aft] :i* "t any ara*idic acid pres5t is sep>at$ by cry/allization & id5tifi$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 x is n important to obta9 all ( ! acid pres5t1 ! process may be simplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! fat acids obta9$ f tw5ty grams ( oil are dissolv$ 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( e!r & treat$ at ! temp]ature ( ice-wat] ) a quantity ( ! alcoholic lead acetate solution m5tion$ above4 ,lead oleate rema9s 9 solution & ! precipitate :i* =ms aft] a few h\rs consi/s almo/ :olly ( ! lead salts ( ! solid fat acids4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ ) e!r & id5tifi$ 9 ! usual mann]4 #cfb4 ,cottonse$ ,oil1 ,be*i's ,te/4--,crude1 fre% cottonse$ oil1 :5 n too highly color$1 & g5]ally ! ref9$ article1 may be di/+ui%$ f o!r oils by ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ silv] salts 9 c]ta9 conditions4 ,! reaction 0 fir/ notic$ by ,be*i & has be5 ! subject ( ext5sive discussions4#cbh ,! process z propos$ by ,be*i has be5 modifi$ 9 _m ways b app>5tly )\t improv+ x4 ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,"o gram ( silv] nitrate is dissolv$ 9 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-eight p] c5t alcohol & =ty cubic c5timet]s ( e!r & "o drop ( nitric acid add$ to ! mixture4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil are %ak5 9 a te/ tube ) "o cubic c5timet] ( ?is reag5t1 & !n ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture conta9+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( amyl alcohol & t5 ( colza oil4 ,! mixture is divid$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* is put aside = future comp>ison & ! o!r plung$ into boil+ wat] = fifte5 m9utes4 ,a deep br[n or black color1 due to ! r$uction ( silv]1 reveals ! pres5ce ( cottonse$ oil4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! heat+ is accompli%$ 9 a small porcela9 di% on :i* is (t5 deposit$ a brilliant mirror ( metallic silv]4 ,! :ite color ( ! porcela9 also s]ves z a backgr\nd = ! obs]vation ( ! coloration produc$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances a gre5 color has be5 notic$ aft] ! r$uction ( ! silv] is practically complete4 ,unless cottonse$ oil has be5 boil$ or ref9$ 9 "s unusual way1 ! te/1 z appli$ above1 is r>ely negative4 ,! r$uction ( ! silv] is d\btless due to "s aldehydic pr9ciple1 pres5t 9 extremely m9ute quantities1 & :i* may be remov$ by "s me?ods ( te*nical treatm5t4 ,! silv] nitrate te/ !re=e is reliable :5 ! r$uction takes place1 b ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct reaction may n 9 all cases prove ! abs5ce ( cottonse$ oil4 #cfc4 ,milliau's ,process4--,milliau has propos$ ! application ( ! silv] salt directly to ! free fat acids ( ! oil in/ead ( to ! oil itself4#cbi ,ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil are saponifi$ ) alcoholic pota% 9 ! usual mann]1 #aej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$ to ! di% & ! mixture boil$ until ! alcohol is evaporat$4 ,! fat acids are fre$ by ! addition ( dec9ormal sulfuric acid & z !y rise to ! surface 9 a pa/y condition are remov$ ) a spoon4 ,! free acids are wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! wat] is dra9$ (f & ! free acids dissolv$ 9 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-two p] c5t alcohol & two cubic c5timet]s ( a ?ree p] c5t solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,! te/ tube conta9+ ! mixture is well %ak5 & plac$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 out ( contact ) light1 & left until ab\t "o-?ird ( ! alcohol is evaporat$4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$1 ! heat+ cont9u$ = a few m9utes & ! color ( ! sup]natant fat acids obs]v$4 ,! pres5ce ( cottonse$ oil is reveal$ by ! production ( a lu/r\s precipitate :i* colors ! fat acids black4 ,9 "s cases ! process ( ,milliau gives bett] results ?an ! orig9al me?od ( ,be*i1 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,x does away ) ! use ( amyl alcohol & colza oil1 b its manipulation is m difficult4 ,9 all d\btful cases ! analy/ %\ld apply bo? me?ods4 #cfd4 ,detection ( ,sesame ,oil4--,milliau has po9t$ out a *>act]i/ic reaction ( ?is oil :i* may be us$ ) advantage 9 cases ( d\btful id5tity4#ccj ,! id5tification is bas$ on ! fact t ! free acids ( sesame oil1 or "s concomitant !re(1 give a rose-r$ color :5 br\ght 9 contact ) a solution ( sug> 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! analytical process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,ab\t fifte5 grams ( ! oil are saponifi$ ) alcoholic soda & :5 ! reaction is complete treat$ ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & boil$ until ! alcohol is remov$4 ,! fat acids are set free ) dec9ormal sulfuric acid & remov$ ) a spoon z !y rise to ! surface 9 a pa/y /ate1 9 :i* condition !y are wa%$ by %ak+ ) wat] 9 a l>ge te/ tube4 ,:5 wa%$1 ! acids are plac$ 9 an ov5 at #aje until ! great] "p ( ! wat] is evaporat$ & ! acids beg9 to become fluid4 ,at ?is po9t !y are treat$ ) half _! volume ( hydro*loric acid saturat$ ) f9ely gr\nd sug>4 ,on %ak+ ! mixture1 a rose color is develop$ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! sesame oil4 ,o!r oils give ei!r no coloration or at mo/ a yell[ t9t4 #cfe4 ,! ,sulfur ,*lorid ,reaction4--,"s vegetable oils1 :5 treat$ ) sulfur *lorid1 give a h>d product simil> to elaid91 :ile l>d does n4 ,?is reaction is !re=e helpful 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 "s vegetable & animal glyc]ids4 ,! process :i* is describ$ by ,w>r5 has be5 us$ ) "s satisfaction 9 ?is laboratory4#cca ,five grams ( ! oil or fat are plac$ 9 a t>$ porcela9 di% & treat$ ) two cubic c5timet]s ( c>bon bisulfid & ! same quantity ( sulfur *lorid4 ,! di% is plac$ on a /eam-ba? & its cont5ts /irr$ until ! reaction is well "u way4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ until all volatile products are evaporat$1 ! h>d mass be+ well rubb$ up to facilitate ! escape ( imprison$ vapors4 ,! p[d]$ or pa/y mass is transf]r$ to a filt] & wa%$ ) c>bon bisulfid to remove all unalt]$ oil4 ,! wa%+ ) c>bon bisulfid is ha/5$ by pressure & ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solv5t %\ld be us$4 ,aft] dry+1 ! weight ( insoluble matt] is obta9$ & d$uct$ f ! total weight ( ! sample us$4 ,! color & t5acity ( ! h>d1 insoluble portion are *>act]i/ic4 ,! quantitive "p ( ! op]ation appe>s to h b little value1 b appli$ qualitively 9 ?is laboratory x produces h>d1 lea!ry masses ) cotton1 olive & peanut oils1 & b little *ange 9 l>d & beef fats4 ,qualitively appli$1 ! process is conduct$ z describ$ above b )\t mak+ ! weigh+s4 ,9 ?is in/ance x is z easy ( application z ! process ( ,be*i & is des]v+ ( great] att5tion ?an has be5 giv5 x by analy/s4 ,9 ! comb9ation :i* takes place betwe5 ! sulfur & ! fat x is probable t only addition products are =m$1 s9ce ! quantity ( alkali requir$ = saponification is n dim9i%$ by previ\sly treat+ ! fat ) sulfur *lorid4#ccb ,! reactions :i* take place are probably well repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equations1 9 :i* oleic acid is treat$ ) sulfur *lorid3 ,c,h,o ,s ,c,h,s4,o4 ,c,h,s4,o ,na,o,h ,c,h,,s,na ,h,o4 #cff4 ,detection ( ,*ole/]9 & ,phyto/]9 9 ,glyc]ids4--,*ole/]9 is (t5 f\nd 9 animal glyc]ids & a correspond+ body1 phyto/]91 is sometimes f\nd 9 oils ( a vegetable orig94#ccc ,:5 "o ( ^! two bodies is pres5t x may be useful 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 animal & vegetable glyc]ids4 ,!y are detect$ z foll[s3 ,fifty grams ( ! glyc]ids 9 ea* case are saponifi$ ) alcoholic alkali1 pref]ably pota%1 9 ord] to h a s(t soap4 ,aft] saponification is complete1 ! alcohol is evaporat$ & ! residual soap dissolv$ 9 two lit]s ( wat]4 ,! mixture is %ak5 ) e!r & ! e!real solution evaporat$ to a small bulk4 ,! residue1 :i* may conta9 a small quantity ( unsaponifi$ fat1 is aga9 treat$ ) alcoholic pota% & subject$ a second "t to ! action ( e!r1 z indicat$ above1 ) ! addition ( a few drops ( wat] & ( alcohol if ! emulsion sep>ate sl[ly4 ,! e!real extract f9ally secur$ is all[$ to evaporate sl[ly & ! *ole/]9 7phyto/]97 is obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,! melt+ po9t ( ! *ole/]9 cry/als is #adf & t ( ! phyto/]9 #acb4 ,*ole/]9 cry/allizes 9 ?9 rhombic tables :ile phyto/]9 sep>ates 9 /ell> aggregates or 9 bundles ( long ne$les4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 *lor(orm ! two products %[ diff]5t color reactions ) sulfuric acid1 *ole/]9 giv+ a *]ry & phyto/]9 a blue-r$ t9t4 ,9 a mixture ( animal & vegetable glyc]ids ! two products are obta9$ toge!r & ! melt+ po9t ( ! mixture may af=d "s idea ( ! relative quantities ( ea* pres5t4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t no reliable judgm5t c be =m$ f ^! data ( ! relative proportions ( ! two k9ds ( glyc]ids 9 ! orig9al sample4 #cfg4 ,*ole/]9 & ,p>aff9 9 ,e!r ,extracts4--,9 e!real extracts ( "s bodies1 especially ( fl[]s ( ! *rysan!mum1 p>aff9 is f\nd comb9$ ) *ole/]94 ,! two bodies may be sep>at$ z foll[s3#ccd ,! e!r extract is treat$ ) aque\s !n ) alcoholic pota% sev]al times2 ! residue soluble 9 e!r is a solid body melt+ at f #gj to #ajj4 ,if ! e!real solution be cool$ 9 a mixture ( sn[ & salt1 a cry/all9e deposit is =m$4 ,?is sub/ance1 purifi$ by repeat$ precipitations1 is obta9$ colorless 9 f9e cry/all9e scales melt+ at #fd4 ,x is v soluble 9 e!r1 b5z5e & *lor(orm1 almo/ insoluble 9 cold alcohol1 & some:at soluble 9 hot4 ,its p]c5tage composition is3 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bon #he4jj ,hydrog5 #ad4ie ,x is !re=e a p>aff94 ,! e!real solution1 fre$ by ! above process f p>aff91 leaves on evaporation a cry/all9e mass :i* is *ole/]91 reta9+ /ill a small quantity ( fat matt]s4 ,9 treat+ ! cry/als ) alcoholic pota% ^! fat bodies are saponifi$ & ! residue is tak5 up ) e!r4 ,! *ole/]9 is obta9$ 9 f9e ne$les melt+ at f #agj to #agf4 ,x pres5ts all ! reactions ( *ole/]91 especially ! *>act]i/ic reaction ) *lor(orm & sulfuric acid4 #cfh4 ,absorption ( ,oxyg54--,among oils a di/9ction is made betwe5 ^? :i* oxidize readily & ^? :i* are ( a m /able composition4 ,l9se$ oil1 = in/ance1 9 pres5ce ( c]ta9 metallic oxids1 absorbs oxyg5 readily & is a type ( ! dry+ oils1 :ile olive oil repres5ts ! opposite type4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ is due to ,liva*e & is c>ri$ out z foll[s3#cce ,precipitat$ metallic lead 7by z9c7 is mix$ 9 a flat di%1 ) ! oil to be te/$1 9 ! proportions ( "o gram ( lead to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a gram ( oil1 & expos$ to ! air & light ( ! workroom4 ,! di% is weigh$ f "t to "t until !re is no long] any increase 9 weight4 ,in/ead ( lead1 f9ely divid$ copp] has be5 us$ by ,krug 9 ?is laboratory1 b ! p]c5tage ( absorption ( oxyg5 is n s high ) copp] z ) lead4 ,krug f\nd ! quantities ( oxyg5 absorb$1 aft] n9e days1 by ! samples treat$ ) copp] & lead respectively to be ! foll[+3 ,copp]1 p] c5t ,lead1 p] oxyg5 absorb$4 c5t oxyg5 absorb$4 ,olive oil #a4fi #b4jc ,cottonse$ oil #d4be #e4cj ,peanut oil #b4gd #c4hg ,l9se$ oil #e4ee #g4cb ,liva*e f\nd t l9se$ oil absorb$ ab\t twice z mu* oxyg5 z indicat$ by ! data j giv54 #cfi4 ,elaid9 ,reactions4--,9 discrim9at+ betwe5 oils & fats hav+ a prepond]ance ( ole9 & o!rs ) a small] proportion ( t glyc]id1 ! conv]sion ( ! ole9 into its isom] elaid9 is ( diagno/ic value4 ,! foll[+ w be f\nd a conv5i5t me?od ( apply+ ?is te/3#ccf ,ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! oil are plac$ 9 a te/ tube toge!r ) half t quantity ( nitric acid & "o gram ( m]cury4 ,! mixture is %ak5 until ! m]cury dissolves :5 ! mass is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = tw5ty m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t x is aga9 %ak5 & plac$ aside4 ,9 f "o to ?ree h\rs ! reaction is complete4 ,olive1 peanut & l>d oils give v h>d elaid9s4 ,! dep? to :i* a plung] ( giv5 weight & dim5sions s9ks into an elaid9 mixture at a giv5 temp]ature1 has be5 us$ z a measure ( ! p]c5tage ( ole9 conta9$ 9 ! sample ( oil1 b x is evid5t t su* a det]m9ation is only r\ghly approximate4 ,copp] may be us$ in/ead ( m]cury = ! g5]ation ( ! oxids ( nitrog51 b x is n s effective4 ,! vapors ( nitric oxids may also be conduct$ directly into ! oil f a conv5i5t g5]ator4 ,! reaction may also be accompli%$ by %ak+ ! oil ) nitric acid & add+1 a drop at a "t1 a solution ( potassium nitrite4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 #bbi ,b5$ikt & ,lewk[its*2 ,oils1 ,fats1 ,waxes1 p4 #a4 #bcj ,op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #df4 #bca ,ar*iv fr ,physiologie1 #ahie1 ,b& #fa1 ,s4 #cda3 ,*emik]-,zeitung ,rep]torium1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #cch4 #bcb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #fc4 #bcc ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #be4 #bcd ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahhf1 p4 #ejh4 #bce ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #dbc4 #bcf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dce4 #bcg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dcg4 #bch ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 #bci ,b5$ikt & ,lewk[its*2 ,oils1 ,fats1 & ,waxes1 pp4 #if et seq43 ,zune2 ,analyse des ,beurres1 pp4 #bf et seq4 #bdj ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahhe1 p4 #ece4 #bda ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #ig4 #bdb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ddc4 #bdc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 pp4 #ig & #ih4 #bdd ,butt]1 its ,analysis & ,adult]ations1 p4 #bd4 #bde ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cd4 #bdf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ddg4 #bdg ,analyse des ,beurres1 pp4 #cc et #fc3 ,zeits*rift fr ,in/rum5t5kunde1 #ahhg1 ,ss4 #af1 #ee1 #cib1 #ddd3 ,zeits*rift fr physikalis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #bid4 7,ou4 pp4 #cbh-i & #ccd read ,amagat = ,armagat47 #bdh ,zeits*rift fr physikalis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #bid4 #bdi ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #aj1 p4 #cib4 #bej ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 pp4 #dgc et seq4 #bea ,jean2 ,*imie ,analytique des ,matires ,grasses1 p4 #bf4 #beb ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ca4 #bec ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #ace4 #bed ,s*lussb]i*t b] die ,butt]unt]su*ungsfrage1 ,mil*wir?s*aftli*] ,v]e91 ,korrespond5zblatt1 ,no4 #ci1 #ahia1 ,s4 #ae4 #bee ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ge4 #bef ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #agc4 #beg ,communicat$ by ,krug to au?or4 #beh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 pp4 #ddi et seq4 #bei ,vid4 op4 cit4 #bh1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #ahi4 #bfj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 ,plates #cb & #ce4 #bfa ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #deb4 #bfb ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra41 p4 #ic4 #bfc ,vogel2 ,practis*e ,spectralanalyse1 ,s4 #bgi3 ,zune2 ,analyse des ,beurres1 ,tome #b1 p4 #dh3 ,b5$ikt & ,lewk[its*2 ,oils1 ,fats1 ,waxes1 p4 #hc4 #bfd ,bullet9 de l',association ,belge des ,*imi/es1 ,tome #i1 p4 #ade4 #bfe ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,ab/racts1 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #ajgh3 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,b& #beb1 ,s4 #bif4 #bff ,! ,analy/1 ,july #ahid1 p4 #aeb4 #bfg ,rapport sur les ,procd p\r reconnitre les ,falsifications des ,huiles d',olive1 p4 #cg4 #bfh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #bea4 #bfi ,taylor2 ,annual ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahgg1 p4 #fbb3 ,milliau2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #aec4 #bgj ,gantt]2 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #ahic1 ,b& #cb1 ,s4 #cjc4 #bga ,welmans2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahib1 p4 #edh4 #bgb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #bed4 #bgc ,ph>maceutis*e ,zeitung1 #ahia1 p4 #gih3 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #ei4 #bgd ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aab1 p4 #aje4 #bge ,pe>ma9 & ,moor2 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #agd4 #bgf ,ph>maceutis*e ,zeits*rift fr ,russl&1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #gba3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhi1 p4 #bc4 #bgg ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ejb4 #bgh ,muir2 ,elem5ts ( ,!rmal ,*emi/ry1 p4 #be et seq4 #bgi ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #ce 7#aheb71 p4 #egb4 #bhj ,all52 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ef4 #bha ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #bce2 et op4 cit4 #bc1 p4 #bag4 #bhb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #dd4 #bhc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dde3 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 ,vol4 #aj4 #bhd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #bc1 p4 #fa4 #bhe ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahia1 p4 #bcd4 #bhf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #bdj4 #bhg ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bb1 p4 #eh4 #bhh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #adf4 #bhi ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #cgh4 #bij ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 #ahhd1 ,ss4 #bec-bha3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahhd1 p4 #fda4 #bia ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cb4 #bib ,lieb]mann2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gessells*aft1 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #daag4 #bic ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #acf4 #bid ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eg1 #ahie1 pp4 #acj & #ajcj4 #bie ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cb1 ,ss4 #aha et seq4 #bif ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fa1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #cgb4 #big ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahie1 ,s4 #bed4 #bih ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,ss4 #aghf & #ahca4 #bii ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fa1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #bgg4 #cjj ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #be1 #ahhj4 #cja ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ei1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #ej4 #cjb ,williams2 vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #bgg4 #cjc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ei1 #ahhi1 p4 #fa4 #cjd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fa1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #aaj4 #cje ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #eii2 ,b& #ab1 ,s4 #cba2 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #aeb4 #cjf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #fj4 #cjg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #eeg4 #cjh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #dei2 vid4 op4 cit4 #fc1 p4 #bg4 #cji ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fi1 #ahie1 ,s4 #gba4 #caj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #aii3 vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 pp4 #eh-dfa3 vid4 op4 cit4 #fc1 p4 #cj4 #caa ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eb1 p4 #dj4 #cab ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #aai4 #cac ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #abg4 #cad ,monat%efte fr ,*emie und v]w&te ,!ile &]] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,b& #h1 ,s4 #dj4 #cae ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eg1 #ahij1 p4 #hdf4 #caf ,rei*]t2 vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #fh4 #cag ,meissl2 vid4 op4 cit4 #fb1 ,b& #bcc1 ,s4 #bbi4 #cah ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #aba4 #cai ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fc1 p4 #bh4 #cbj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #ade2 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #fh3 vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ec3 vid4 op4 cit4 #ei1 #ahgg1 p4 #adg4 #cba ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eg1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ebf & #fig3 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #aj1 p4 #cbf3 vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 pp4 #abc-abg4 #cbb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #adc4 #cbc ,vid4 op4 *4 #g1 p4 #adc4 #cbd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 #ahij1 ,s4 #d4 #cbe ,all52 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #bbd-bcf4 #cbf ,analyse ,*imique des ,matires ,grasses1 p4 #ac4 #cbg ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #dea4 #cbh ,annali del ,laboratorio ,*imico1 #ahia-ib1 p4 #aig3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #dfe3 ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ddi2 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #aai & #bge2 vid4 op4 cit4 #caa4 #cbi ,rapport pres5t a l',academie ,sci5ces le #bj fevri]1 #ahhc3 ,analyse des ,matires ,grasses1 p4 #ag3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ddf4 #ccj ,analyse des ,matires ,grasses1 p4 #ae4 #cca ,*emical ,news1 #ahhh1 p4 #aac3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #dfh4 #ccb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fi1 #ahie1 ,s4 #ece4 #ccc ,ju/us ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie1 ,b& #aib1 ,s4 #agh3 vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 ,b& #bf1 ,s4 #ege3 vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #ead4 #ccd ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #ahhi1 p4 #ddg4 #cce ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 ,tome #ac1 p4 #bfc3 vid4 op4 cit4 #fi1 #ahhd1 ,s4 #bfb4 #ccf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #g1 p4 #eae4 ,,"p ,,fif?4 ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,e/imation ,,( ,,bodies ,,conta9+ ,,nitrog54 #cgj4 ,nature ( ,nitrog5\s ,bodies4--,! nitrog5\s bodies1 valuable z foods1 belong to ! g5]al class ( proteids & album9oids4 ,!y are compos$ *iefly ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 sulfur & nitrog54 ,"s ( !m1 z leci?9 & nucle91 conta9 phosphorus in/ead ( sulfur1 b ^! resemble ! fats r ?an ! proteids4 ,nitrog5\s organic bodies ( ! class m5tion$ above are designat$ by ! g5]al "n proteids4 ,! t]m album9 is re/rict$ 9 a physiological s5se to a c]ta9 class ( proteids4 ,! t]m album9oid is (t5 us$ synonym\sly1 z above1 = proteids1 b1 m /rictly speak+1 x %\ld be res]v$ = t class ( bodies su* z gelat91 muc91 k]at9 & ! l1 n really proteids1 b1 nev]!less1 closely resembl+ !m4#ccg ,9 *emical composition ! proteids are *>act]iz$ by ! relative con/ancy ( _! nitrog5 cont5t1 ! mean p]c5tage ( ?is elem5t be+ ab\t sixte51 b v>y+ 9 "s in/ances m ?an two units f t numb]4 #cga4 ,classification ( ,proteids4--,_m classifications ( ! proteids h be5 giv5 bas$ on physical1 *emical & physiological *>act]i/ics4 ,9 respect ( orig91 !y are divid$ into two great classes1 viz41 vegetable & animal4 ,9 respect ( _! physical & *emical prop]ties ! foll[+ classification ( ! proteids may be made4#cch ,album9s4--,^! are proteids soluble 9 wat] & n precipitat$ f _! aque\s solutions by sodium *lorid or magnesium sulfate4 ,!y are easily coagulat$ by heat & are repres5t$ by ?ree great classes1 viz41 egg-1 s]um-1 & lactalbum94 ,egg album9 occurs 9 ! :ite ( egg2 s]um album9 is f\nd 9 ! s]um ( ! blood4 ,vegetable album9s h be5 prep>$ f :eat1 rye1 potatoes1 & papaws4 7,c>ica ,papaya74 ,^! vegetable album9s are coagulat$ by heat at ab\t #gj & are n precipitat$ by ! salt solutions nam$ above1 nor by acetic acid4 ,! myros9 ( mu/>d se$s also resembles vegetable album94 ,globul9s4--,^! bodies are insoluble 9 wat]1 soluble 9 dilute solutions ( neutral salts1 b precipitat$ !refrom by saturation ) sodium *lorid or magnesium sulfate4 ,!y are coagulat$ by heat4 ,among o!rs belong+ to ?is gr\p are s]um globul91 fibr9og51 myos91 cry/al91 & glob94 ,s]um globul9 is f\nd 9 ! s]um ( blood2 cell globul9 is f\nd 9 lymph cells2 fibr9og5 occurs 9 ! blood plasma2 plasm91 9 blood plasma2 myos91 9 dead muscles2 vitell91 9 ! yolk ( eggs2 cry/al91 9 ! l5s ( ! eye2 haemoglob91 9 ! r$ pigm5t ( ! blood2 haemocyan91 9 ! blood ( c]ta9 l[ grade animals4 ,vegetable globul9s are f\nd 9 ! c]eals1 legum9\s plants1 papaws & o!r vegetables1 & are divid$ into two gr\ps1 myos9s & p>aglobul9s4 ,! vegetable myos9s coagulate at f #ee to #fj & are precipitat$ f a sal9e solution by remov+ ! salt by dialysis4 ,9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 !y lose _! true nature z globul9s1 becom+ insoluble 9 weak sal9e solutions4 ,! vegetable p>aglobul9s are coagulat$ at f #gj to #ge4 ,vegetable vitell91 :i* is n includ$ 9 ?is classification1 c be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e =m & ( rem>kable purity4#cci ,album9ates4--,?is "n is giv5 to ! comp\nds ( ! proteids ) metallic oxids or bases1 & also to acid & alkali album9s4 ,!y are insoluble 9 wat] or dilute neutral salts1 b easily soluble 9 /rong acids or alkalies4 ,case9 is a type ( ?is gr\p4 ,acid album9 is made f egg album9 by treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid2 alkali album9 is =m$ 9 egg album9 by ! action ( a dilute alkali2 tr9itroalbum9 is =m$ f dry album9 by treatm5t ) nitric acid2 case9 or case9og5 is ! *ief proteid 9 milk4 ,! *ief vegetable album9ates are legum9 & conglut94 ,legum9 is a vegetable case9 & occurs *iefly 9 peas1 beans & o!r legum9\s se$s4 ,x is prep>$ by extract+ ! meal ( ! se$s m5tion$ ) dilute alkali1 filt]+ ! extract1 precipitat+ ) acetic acid1 wa%+ ! precipitate ) alcohol1 & dry+ ov] sulfuric acid4 ,treat$ ) sulfuric acid x yields leuc91 tyros9 & glutamic & asp>tic acids4 ,conglut9 is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] f almonds4 ,x is probable t ^! bodies d n exi/ z su* 9 ! fre% se$s 9 "q b are produc$ !re9 f ! o!r proteids by ! alkali us$ 9 extraction4 ,a fur!r description ( vegetable proteids w be f\nd 9 ! special p>agraphs devot$ to ! /udy ( ^! bodies 9 ! pr9cipal c]eals4 ,proteoses4--,?is "n is appli$ to proteids :i* are n coagulat$ by heat1 b mo/ ( !m are precipitat$ by saturat$ solutions ( neutral salts4 ,!y are also precipitat$ by nitric acid4 ,!y are =m$ f o!r proteids by ! action ( proteolytic f]m5ts4 ,! albumoses repres5t ?is gr\p4 ,protoalbumose is soluble 9 di/ill$ wat] & weak sal9e solutions & is precipitat$ by m]curic *lorid & copp] sulfate4 ,het]oalbumose is insoluble 9 di/ill$ wat]1 b soluble 9 weak sal9e solutions1 f :i* x sep>ates :5 ! salts are remov$ by dialysis4 ,deut]oalbumose is soluble 9 di/ill$ wat] & sal9e solutions & is n precipitat$ on saturation ) sodium *lorid4 ,x is ?r[n out by m]curic *lorid b n by copp] sulfate4 ,vegetable proteoses are kn[n z phytalbumoses1 two ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! juice ( ! papaw m5tion$ above4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd 9 c]eals4 ,peptones4--,^! bodies are v soluble 9 wat] b are n ?r[n out by heat1 by saturation ) neutral salts1 nor by nitric acid4 ,!y are completely precipitat$ by tann9 & by /rong alcohol4 ,! peptones are ! only soluble proteids :i* are n precipitat$ by saturation ) ammonium sulfate4 ,! pr9cipal animal v>ieties are hemi- & anti-peptones4 ,^! =ms ( proteids d n appe> to exi/ z su* 9 vegetable products b are produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by treat+ o!r proteids ) peps9 or pancreat94 ,9 spr\t+ plants1 !re appe>s to be a widely diffus$ f]m5t capable ( conv]t+ ! proteids ( ! cotyl$ons into peptonoid bodies & ?us fitt+ !m = ent]+ ! tissues ( ! new plant4 ,insoluble ,proteids4--,?is class includes a miscellane\s collection ( nitrog5\s bodies n belong+ to any ( ! def9ite gr\ps already m5tion$4 ,fibr9 & glut5 are types ( ^! insoluble bodies4 ,fibr9 is =m$ f ! fibr9og5 ( fre% blood & causes coagulation4 ,:5 wa%$ free ( r$ blood corpuscles x is a :ite ela/ic solid4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat] & is conv]t$ into albumoses & peptones by tryps9 & peps94 ,x swells up :5 treat$ ) a v weak "o-t5? p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid & dissolves to acid album9 :5 heat$ !re)4 ,glut5 is ! mo/ important ( ! insoluble vegetable proteids & =ms ! *ief "p ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( :eat4 ,x is readily prep>$ by wa%+ :eat fl\r 9 cold wat]1 z w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,x is probably a composite body =m$ by ! process ( extraction f at lea/ two proteid bodies exi/+ 9 :eat4 ,:5 dri$ x =ms a horny ela/ic mass ( a yell[-gray color4 ,glut5 is compos$ ( two bodies1 "o soluble ! o!r insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! "p insoluble 9 alcohol has be5 call$ vegetable fibr91 & ! soluble "p is subdivid$ into two portions1 "o unic$9 or vegetable unic91 & ! o!r glut9 7gliad97 or vegetable gelat94 ,glut51 accord+ to "s au?orities1 does n prop]ly exi/ 9 :eat fl\r1 b is =m$ !re9 by ! action ( wat] & c]ta9 f]m5ts f free exi/+ proteids4 ,a bett] explanation ( ! composition ( glut5 is t ( ,osborne1 :i* w be giv5 fur!r on4 #cgb4 ,album9oids4--,9 ?is p>agraph ! t]m album9oids is n employ$ z synonym\s ) proteids b z *>act]i/ic ( a class ( bodies ne>ly resembl+ !m1 b1 nev]!less1 diff]+ f !m 9 _m important p>ticul>s4 ,foll[+ is an ab/ract ( _! classification z giv5 9 ,watt's diction>y4#cdj ,collag54--,! nitrog5\s portions ( connective tissues are l>gely compos$ ( collag54 ,by boil+ wat] x is conv]t$ into gelat94 ,x may be prep>$ f t5dons z foll[s3 ,! t5d9\s tissues are %r$d$ z f9ely z possible & extract$ ) cold wat] to remove ! soluble proteids4 ,!reaft] !y are subject$ = sev]al days to ! action ( lime wat]1 :i* dissolves ! cem5t hold+ ! fib]s toge!r4 ,! residual insoluble matt] is wa%$ ) wat]1 weak acetic acid1 & aga9 ) wat]4 ,! residue is *iefly collag51 mix$1 h[ev]1 ) "s ela/9 & nucle94 ,) dilute acids & alkalies collag5 swells up aft] ! mann] ( fibr94 ,! organic nitrog5\s matt] ( bone consi/s l>gely ( collag51 :i* is sometimes call$ osse94 ,gelat94--,:5 ! :ite fib]s ( collag51 obta9$ z above1 are subject$ to ! action ( boil+ wat] or ( /eam "u pressure !y dissolve & =m gelat94 ,is+lass is a gelat9 made f ! swimm+ bladd] ( ! /urgeon or o!r fi%4 ,glue is an impure gelat9 obta9$ f hides & bones4 ,pure gelat9 may be prep>$ f ! comm]cial article by remov+ all soluble salts !refrom by treatm5t ) cold wat]1 dissolv+ 9 hot wat] & filt]+ into n9ety p] c5t alcohol4 ,! gelat9 sep>ates 9 ! =m ( :ite filam5ts & ^! are remov$ & dri$4 ,gelat9 is insoluble 9 cold b soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 e!r & *lor(orm4 ,its hot aque\s solutions deflect ! plane ( pol>iz$ light to ! left4 ,its gyrodynat v>ies ) temp]ature & degree ( dilution & is also influ5c$ by acids & alkalies4 ,at #cj x is ,d -#acj4 ,gelat9 is n precipitat$ by acetic acid nor lead acetate solution1 9 :i* respect x diff]s f *ondr94 ,if boil$ = a day1 or 9 a %ort "t if heat$ to #adj 9 a seal$ tube1 gelat9 loses its p[] ( sett+ & is split up into two peptonoid bodies1 semi-glut9 & hemi-coll94 ,gelat9 is easily dige/$ b _c take ! place ( o!r proteids 9 nutrition4 ,muc94--,?is album9oid1 toge!r ) globul91 =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( connective tissue4 ,x is also pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 mucus & is ! *ief lubricant ( muc\s membranes4 ,x is extremely difficult to prep>e muc9 9 a /ate ( purity1 & x is n c]ta9 t x has ev] be5 accompli%$4 ,x is precipitat$ b n r5d]$ subsequ5tly insoluble by sodium *lorid1 magnesium sulfate & alcohol4 ,:5 boil$ ) sulfuric acid x yields leuc9 & tyros9 &1 ) cau/ic soda1 pyrocate*94 ,met- & ,p>album94--,metalbum9 is a =m ( muc9 & diff]s f p>album9 by giv+ no precipitate :5 boil$4 ,bo? bodies yield r$uc+ sug>s :5 boil$ ) dilute sulfuric acid4 ,nucle94--,! nitrog5\s matt]s :i* =m ! nuclei ( ! ultimate cells are call$ nucle94 ,nucle9 resembles muc9 9 _m physical prop]ties b conta9s phosphorus4 ,x is also1 l muc91 resi/ant to peps9 dige/ion4 ,! nucle9 ( eggs & milk probably conta9s iron4 ,nucle9 is f\nd also 9 cells ( vegetable orig9 & 9 yea/ & mildew4 ,nucleoproteids4--,^! are bodies :i* yield bo? nucle9 & album9 :5 boil$ ) wat] or treat$ ) dilute acids or alkalies4 ,_m nucleoproteids h ! physical prop]ties ( mucus & ! slim9ess ( ! bile & ( ! synovial liquid is due to !m4 ,!y are ! *ief nitrog5\s con/itu5t ( all protoplasm4 ,*ondr94--,*ondr9 is obta9$ f c>tilage by boil+ ) wat]4 ,! solutions ( *ondr9 set on cool+ 9 ! mann] ( gelat94 ,!y are precipitat$ by ! same reag5ts us$ = ?r[+ out gelat9 & muc94 ,*ondr9 is also levorotatory4 ,by "s au?orities *ondr9 is reg>d$ z a mixture ( gelat9 & muc94 ,ela/94--,! ela/ic fib]s ( connective tissue are compos$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,x c be prep>$ f ! neck muscles by boil+ ) e!r & alcohol to remove fats & !n = a day & a half ) wat] to extract ! collag5s4 ,! residue is boil$ ) /rong acetic acid & !reaft] ) /rong soda until ! fib]s beg9 to smell4 ,x is !n treat$ ) weak acetic acid & = a day ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! acid is remov$ by wa%+ ) wat] & ! residue is ela/94 ,!re is no solv5t :i* acts on ela/9 )\t decompos+ x4 ,x is dige/$ by bo? peps9 & tryps9 ) ! =mation ( peptones4 ,k]at94--,?is nitrog5\s sub/ance is f\nd *iefly 9 hairs1 nails1 & horns4 ,x is ess5tially an alt]ation proteid product due to p]iph]al exposure4 ,x is prep>$ by dige/+ ! f9e gr\nd mat]ial successively ) e!r1 alcohol1 wat] & dilute acids4 ,! residue is k]at94 ,an imp]fect aque\s solution may be secur$ by heat+ = a long "t "u pressure to #bjj4 ,x is also dissolv$ by boil+ ! mat]ials m5tion$ above ) alkalies1 & :5 ! solution ?us obta9$ is treat$ ) wat]1 hydrog5 sulfid is evolv$1 %[+ t ! sulfur ( ! molecule is loosely comb9$4 ,horn swells up :5 treat$ ) dilute acetic acid & dissolves 9 ! boil+ glacial acid4 ,:5 treat$ ) hot dilute sulfuric acid x yields asp>tic & volatile fat acids1 leuc9 & tyros94 ,k]at91 :5 burn+1 gives (f a *>act]i/ic odor z is p]ceiv$ 9 burn+ hair4 ,o!r ,album9oids4--,among ! album9oids ( less importance may be m5tion$ neurok]at9 f\nd 9 ! m$ull>y %ea? ( n]ve fib]s2 *it9 occurr+ 9 ! tissues ( c]ta9 inv]tebrates2 con*iol91 f\nd 9 ! %ells ( mussels & snails2 spong91 occurr+ 9 sponges2 fibro9 =m+ silk & spid]s webs2 & hyal9 or hyalog5 f\nd 9 edible birds' ne/s4 ,! nitrog5\s bases 9 fle% :i* are soluble 9 cold wat]1 viz41 kreat91 kreat991 c>n91 s>k9 & xan?9 are n class$ among ! album9oid bodies1 s9ce !y h a mu* high] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an is f\nd 9 true proteid bodies1 & are fur!r diff]5tiat$ f !m by ! abs5ce ( sulfur4 #cgc4 ,o!r ,=ms ( ,nitrog54--,9 addition to ! proteids & album9oids m5tion$ above1 agricultural products may conta9 nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 amid nitrog5 & nitric acid4 ,! quantities ( nitrog5 ?us comb9$ are n l>ge b (t5 ( suffici5t magnitude to dem& special /udy4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! bodies belong to transition products1 repres5t+ /ages 9 ! transf] ( nitrog5 f ! simple to complex =ms ( comb9ation1 or ! rev]se4 ,= in/ance1 ! nitrog5 :i* f9ally appe>s 9 ! proteids ( a plant has ent]$ its organism *iefly z nitric acid1 & ! nitric acid :i* is f\nd 9 a vegetable product is !re=e a repres5tative ( ! quantity ( unabsorb$ nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! tissues at ! mom5t :5 ! vital activity ( ! plant is arre/$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x is f\nd t ! absorption ( nitrates by vegetable tissues takes place 9 f> l>g] quantities ?an is necess>y = _! nutrition1 & 9 ^! cases ! excess ( nitrates accumulates1 sometimes to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,9 a case cit$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,kansas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :]e ,indian corn 0 gr[n on gr\nd :i* _h be5 us$ = a hog p51 ! quantity ( potassium nitrate f\nd 9 ! dri$ /alks 0 some:at rem>kable4 ,:5 "o ( ! /alks 0 cut 9 two & tapp$ lightly ^u a table1 cry/als ( potassium nitrate 7 easily obta9$ 9 ! =m ( f9e p[d]4 ,on splitt+ ! corn/alk ! cry/als 9 ! pi? c\ld be se5 )\t ! aid ( a microscope4 ,on ignit+ a piece ( ! dri$ /alk x burn$ rapidly ) deflagration4 ,! p]c5tage ( potassium nitrate 9 ! dri$ mat]ial 0 #ah4h4 ,cattle eat+ ?is fodd] 7 poison$4#cda ,9 pres]v$ meat products l>ge quantities ( oxidiz$ nitrog5 are (t5 f\nd1 & ^! come f ! use ( potassium nitrate z a pres]v+ & color+ ag5t4 ,ammonia is r>ely f\nd 9 vegetable tissues 9 great] quantities ?an m]e traces1 b may (t5 exi/ 9 weighable am\nts 9 animal products4 ,amid nitrog5 is f\nd r con/antly associat$ ) proteid matt]s 9 vegetable products4 ,asp>ag9 & glutam9 are in/ances ( amid bodies ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,beta9 & *ol9 are f\nd 9 cottonse$4 ,! occurr5ce ( nitrog51 9 ! =m ( alkaloids1 is ( int]e/ to agricultural *emi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 *iefly f its pres5ce z nicot9 9 tobacco & f a toxicological po9t ( view1 b 9 o!r localities ! production ( alkaloids1 z = in/ance 9 opium1 tea & c(fee1 is a /aple agricultural indu/ry4 ,! me?ods ( sep>at+ & det]m9+ ^! =ms ( nitrog5 w be giv5 fur!r on4 ,?is description c evid5tly n include an ext5d$ compilation ( ! me?ods ( sep>at+ & det]m9+ alkaloidal bodies1 ) ! exception ( ^? ) :i* ! agricultural analy/ w be call$ ^u frequ5tly to deal1 viz41 nicot9 & caffe9 & nitrog5\s bases su* z beta9 & *ol94 ,,qualitive ,,te/s ,,= ,,nitrog5\s ,,bodies4 #cgd4 ,nitric ,acid4--,any nitric acid or nitrate :i* an agricultural product may conta9 may be lea*$ out by treat+ ! f9e-gr\nd mat]ial ) cold wat]4 ,f vegetable matt]s ?is extract is evaporat$ to a small bulk1 filt]$1 if necess>y1 & te/$ = nitric acid by ! usual treatm5t ) f]r\s sulfate & sulfuric acid4 ,9 ! case ( vegetable sub/ances !re w n usually be en\gh ( organic matt] to int]f]e ) ! delicacy ( ! reaction1 b 9 animal extracts ?is may occur4 ,color$ extracts %\ld be decoloriz$ ) animal *> 7bone-black7 be=e !y are subject$ to exam9ation4 ,x is n well to attempt to remove ! organic matt]s1 b1 s9ce !y are m insoluble 9 wat] ?an ! nitrates1 ! solution conta9+ bo? may be evaporat$ to dryness & treat$ ) a quantity ( cold wat] insuffici5t = complete solution4 ,! nitrates w be f\nd 9 ! solution obta9$ 9 a l>g] proportionate quantity ?an be=e4 #cge4 ,amid ,nitrog54--,"o or m atoms ( ! hydrog5 9 ammonia may be replac$ by acid or basic bodies 7alcohol radicles74 ,9 ! =m] cases amids1 9 ! latt] am9s result4 ,9 ! ratio ( displacem5t !re are =m$ prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y bodies det]m9$ by ! numb] ( hydrog5 atoms replac$4 ,! prim>y amids are ! only ones ( ^! bodies t are ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,! amids are easily decompos$1 ev5 on heat+ ) wat] & ! m readily ) acids & alkalies1 ! amido radicle be+ conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,a type ( ^! reactions is giv5 bel[4 ,,*4,,co4,,nh ,h,o ,,*4,,co4,,oh ,h,n4 ,on boil+ an amid ) hydro*loric acid1 ! ammonia is procur$ z *lorid :5ce x is easily expell$ by heat+ ) an alkali4 ,9 a body free ( ammonia1 an amid is easily detect$ by subject+ ! sub/ance conta9+ x to ! action ( hot hydro*loric acid1 filt]+1 neutraliz+ ! free acid ) sodium hydroxid1 add+ an excess !re( & di/ill+ into an acid4#cdb ,9 case ! quantity ( ammonia produc$ is v small x may be detect$ by ! nessl] reag5t4#cdc ,amids are soluble 9 a fre%1 well wa%$ prep>ation ( cupric hydrate susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,! hydrate also passes into solution =m+ a liquid ( a deep blue color4 ,if amids be add$ to a cold solution ( potassium nitrate 9 sulfuric acid free nitrog5 is evolv$4 #cgf4 ,ammoniacal ,nitrog54--,?is comb9ation ( nitrog5 may be detect$ by di/ill+ ! sample1 or an aque\s extract !re(1 ) magnesia or b>ium c>bonate4 ,! ammonia is collect$ 9 an acid & detect$ !re9 by ! usual qualitive reactions4 #cgg4 ,proteid ,nitrog54--,!re are a few g5]al qualitive reactions = proteid nitrog5 & "s special ones = di/9ct =ms !re(4 ,bel[ w be giv5 a few ( ^? reactions :i* are ( mo/ importance to ! agricultural analy/3 ,conv]sion into ,ammonia4--,all proteid matt]s are conv]t$ into ammonia on boil+ ) /rong sulfuric acid 9 pres5ce ( an oxyg5 c>ri]4 ,m]cury is ! sub/ance usually select$ to effect ! transf] ( ! oxyg54 ,bodies :i* are f\nd to be free ( nitrates1 ammonia & amids1 are subject$ directly to oxidation ) sulfuric acid1 & ! ammonia produc$ !reby is di/ill$ & detect$ 9 ! mann] already sugge/$4 ,if nitrog5 be pres5t 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 amids & nitrates1 ! sub/ance may be heat$ ) an acid1 hydro*loric or acetic1 ?r[n on a filt]1 wa%$ ) hot dilute acid & ! residue te/$ z above = proteid nitrog54 ,biuret ,reaction4--,:5 proteid matt] is dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid1 ! solution1 made alkal9e ) potassium hydroxid & treat$ ) a few drops ( a solution ( copp] sulfate1 gives a violet coloration4 ,?is is commonly kn[n z ! biuret reaction1 because ! sub/ance ,c,h,n,o1 biuret1 left on heat+ urea to #afj gives ! coloration not$ 9 ! conditions m5tion$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,bigel[1 9 ?is laboratory1 t if a solution is to be exam9$ conta9+ a v small am\nt ( a proteid or simil> body1 ! copp] sulfate solution %\ld n conta9 m ?an f\r grams ( ,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & ! te/ %\ld fir/ be made by add+ to ! solution "o or two drops ( ?is copp] sulfate solution1 & !n a /rong excess ( potassium or sodium hydroxid4 ,! te/ may be repeat$1 us+ f "o-half to two cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] sulfate solution1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( proteid pres5t4 ,if too mu* ( ! copp] sulfate solution be employ$ its color may conceal t ( ! reaction4 ,heat+ to ! boil+ po9t sometimes makes ! violet color m di/9ct4 ,if a solid is to be exam9$ x is fir/ susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & 9 ?is /ate treat$ 9 ! same mann] z a solution4 ,if solution is n complete1 ! mixture %\ld be filt]$ :5 ! color produc$ may be obs]v$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,proteoses & peptones give a r$ to r$-violet & o!r proteids a violet to violet-blue coloration4 ,xan?oproteic ,reaction4--,/rong nitric acid produces a yell[ coloration ( proteid matt]1 :i* is int5sifi$ on w>m+4 ,on treat+ ! yell[ mixture ) ammonia 9 slight excess ! color is *ang$ to an orange or r$ t9t4 #cgh4 ,qualitive ,te/s = ,album94--,album9 is "o ( ! *ief proteids & exi/s 9 bo? animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,x is soluble 9 cold wat] & may !re=e be sep>at$ f _m ( its ne>ly relat$ bodies :i* are insoluble 9 t m5/ruum4 ,9 aque\s solutions its pres5ce may be det]m9$ by ! g5]al reactions = proteid matt]s giv5 above or by ! foll[+ te/s3 ,precipitation by ,heat4--,album9 is coagulat$ by heat4 ,vegetable album9s become solid at ab\t #fe & ^? ( animal orig9 at a some:at high] temp]ature 7#ge74 ,"s =ms ( animal album91 h[ev]1 z = in/ance t conta9$ 9 ! s]um1 coagulate at a l[] temp]ature4 ,precipitation by ,acids4--,dilute acids also precipitate album9s especially ) ! aid ( heat4 ,practically all ! album9s are ?r[n out ( solution by application ( heat 9 ! pres5ce ( dilute acids4 ,m]curic ,salts4--,acid m]curic nitrate & a mixture ( m]curic *lorid1 potassium iodid & acetic acid completely precipitate all album9\s matt]s4#cdd ,! yell[ or r$ color produc$ on heat+ album9 ) ! m]curic nitrate is kn[n z ,million's reaction4 #cgi4 ,qualitive ,te/ = ,peptones & ,album9ates4--,:5 peptones & album9ates are dissolv$ 9 an excess ( glacial acetic acid & ! solution treat$ ) sulfuric acid a violet color is produc$ & also a fa9t fluoresc5ce4 ,sep>ation ( ,peptones & ,albumoses4--,9 a solution ( peptones & albumoses ! latt] may be precipitat$ by saturat+ ! solution ) f9ely p[d]$ z9c or ammonium sulfate4 ,action ( ,phosphotung/ic ,acid4--,all proteid matt]s 9 aque\s1 alkal9e or acid solutions1 are precipitat$ by sodium phosphotung/ate 9 a /rongly acid solution4 ,acetic1 phosphoric1 or sulfuric acid may be us$ = produc+ ! requir$ acidity1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! latt]4 ,action ( ,tri*loracetic ,acid4--,9 ! precipitation ( album9 by tri*loracetic acid1 !re is =m$ a comp\nd ( ! two bodies :i* to #ajj p>ts ( album9 has #bf4h p>ts ( ! tri*loracetic acid4 ,! diff]5t album9oid bodies obta9$ by precipitation behave 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!re are =m$ floccul5t precipitates insoluble bo? 9 dilute & conc5trat$ acids 9 ! cold & also at a high temp]ature1 ) ! exception ( ! hemialbumose comp\nd4#cde ,album9 peptone1 h[ev]1 gives ) ! acid nam$ 9 conc5trat$ solution a precipitate easily soluble 9 an excess ( ! reag5t4 ,9 ! analysis ( c['s milk b n ( human milk1 ?is acid c be us$ = ! e/imation ( ! album9oid sub/ances4 ,) bo? k9ds ( milk x c be us$ = ! e/imation ( ! album9 aft] ! removal ( ! case94 ,aft] precipitation ( ! album9oid bodies1 ! milk sug> c be e/imat$ by pol>iz+ ! filtrate &1 volumetrically aft] removal ( ! excess ( ! acid by evaporation4 ,by means ( tri*loracetic acid x is possible to sep>ate album9 peptone f mucus & mucus peptone4 ,a simil> reaction is also produc$ by di*loracetic acid1 b ! reaction ) ?is la/ ag5t is less delicate ?an ) ! o!r4 ,nei!r mucus nor album9 is precipitat$ by *loracetic acid4 #chj4 ,action ( ,album9s on ,pol>iz$ ,light4--,_m ( ! album9s & album9ates1 :5 9 solution1 /rongly deflect ! plane ( pol>iz$ light to ! left4#cdf ,! gyrodynats ( "s ( ! album9s & album9ates are giv5 bel[3 ,s]um album9 ,d -#eg4c to -#fd4f4 ,egg album9 ,d -#ce4e to -#ch4a4 ,s]um globul9 ,d -#dg4h4 ,milk album9 ,d -#gf4j to -#ia4j4 ,our k ( ! gyrodynatic numb]s ( ! proteids & alli$ bodies is too fragm5t>y to be ( any great help 9 analytical "w4 ,9 practice1 ! rotatory p[] ( ^! bodies becomes a di/urb+ =ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( milk sug>4#cdg ,a fur!r /udy ( ?is prop]ty ( c]ta9 proteids may lead to analytical processes = _! detection & det]m9ation1 b no reliable me?ods = ?is c n[ be record$4 #cha4 ,alkaloidal ,nitrog54--,only a g5]al /atem5t c be made "h 9 respect ( ! detection ( alkaloidal nitrog5 9 vegetable or animal tissues4 ,alkaloids are n f\nd 9 heal?y animal tissues & ! description ( me?ods = isolat+ & detect+ ptoma9es is =eign to ! purpose ( ?is "w4 ,9 vegetable tissues ! pres5ce ( alkaloids may be e/abli%$ by ! foll[+ me?ods ( exam9ation4 ,! f9e-gr\nd tissues are made to pass a sieve ( half millimet] me% & :5 susp5d$ 9 wat] are acidifi$ ) sulfuric4 ,! mixture is !n ?or\ghly extract$ by %ak+ 9 a sep>atory funnel ) petroleum e!r1 b5z5e & *lor(orm1 successively4 ,"s res9s1 glucosids & a few alkaloidal bodies n important "h are extract$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,! residue is made di/9ctly alkal9e ) ammonia & treat$ z above ) ! same solv5ts4 ,9 ! solution obta9$ z la/ m5tion$ ne>ly all ! alkaloidal bodies f\nd 9 plants are conta9$4 ,all ! alkaloids 9 a plant may be obta9$ by dige/+ ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial ) dilute sulfuric acid4 ,! acid solution ?us obta9$ is made ne>ly neutral ) ammonia or magnesia1 conc5trat$ to a sirup1 & gums1 mucilage1 etc4 ?r[n out by add+ ab\t ?ree volumes ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! alkaloids are f\nd 9 ! filtrate4 ,! alcohol is evaporat$ f ! filtrate & ! residue te/$ = alkaloids by gr\p reag5ts4#cdh ,potassium m]curic iodid & phosphotung/ic & molybdic acids are types ( ^! reag5ts4 ,! same gr\p reag5ts may also be appli$ to ! extracts obta9$ ) petroleum e!r1 b5z5e & *lor(orm1 9 all cases1 aft] ! removal ( ! solv5ts by evaporation4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitrog5\s ,,bodies ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,products4 #chb4 ,total ,nitrog54--,any "o ( ! me?ods h]et(ore describ$ = ! e/imation ( total nitrog5 9 soils or f]tiliz]s is applicable = ! same purpose to agricultural products4 ,"o among ^!1 h[ev]1 is s sup]ior 9 ! matt] ( conv5i5ce & c]ta9ty1 z to make x pref]able to any o!r4 ,! moi/ combu/ion ( ! sample ) sulfuric acid ) subsequ5t di/illation ( ! ammonia produc$ is ! process :i* is to be recomm5d$4#cdi ,! usual precautions = secur+ a repres5tative sample %\ld be obs]v$1 b no fur!r directions are ne$$4 ,9 all cases h]eaft]1 :]e ! e/imation ( nitrog5 is enjo9$1 x is und]/ood t ! moi/ combu/ion process is to be us$ unless o!rwise /at$4 #chc4 ,e/imation ( ,ammoniacal ,nitrog54--,if ! di/illation ( ammonia be accompli%$ ) ! aid ( magnesia alba or b>ium c>bonate x may be safely conduct$ on ! f9ely gr\nd mat]ials or1 9 case ( animal bodies1 9 z f9e a /ate ( subdivision z may be conv5i5tly secur$4 ,s9ce ! salts ( ammonia are easily soluble 9 wat] !y may be all obta9$ 9 aque\s solution1 & ! di/illation ( ?is solution ) magnesia gives correct results4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! /rong] alkalies1 su* z sodium & potassium hydroxids1 _c be safely us$ 9 ! di/illation ( ammonia f mixtures conta9+ organic nitrog5\s mat]ials because ( ! t5d5cy ( ^! bodies to decomposition1 9 ! circum/ances1 yield+ a portion ( _! nitrog5 z ammonia4 ,b>ium c>bonate acts ) less vigor on non-ammoniacal nitrog5\s matt]s ?an magnesia1 & 9 "s cases1 z po9t$ out fur!r on1 may be sub/itut$ !re= ) advantage4 ,!re is no dang] ( fail+ to obta9 a "p ( ! ammonia on di/illation ) magnesia provid$ ! latt] does n conta9 m ?an a trace ( c>bonate4#cej ,:5 no easily decomposable organic nitrog5\s matt]s are pres5t1 ! di/illation may be conduct$ ) ! /rong] alkalies 9 ! mann] prescrib$4#cea ,all ! necess>y details ( conduct+ ! di/illation are f\nd 9 ! prec$+ volumes ( ?is "w4 #chd4 ,e/imation ( ,amid ,nitrog54--,9 bodies conta9+ no ammonia1 or f :i* ! ammonia has be5 remov$ by ! me?od describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ! nitrog5 9 ! amid bodies is conv]t$ into ammonia by boil+ = ab\t an h\r ) five p] c5t sulfuric or hydro*loric acid4 ,! ammonia ?us produc$ is e/imat$ 9 ! usual mann] aft] di/illation ov] magnesia free ( c>bonate4 ,! free acid is exactly neutraliz$ ) sodium or potassium c>bonate be=e ! addition ( ! magnesia4 ,! results are giv5 9 t]ms ( asp>ag94 ,! reaction :i* takes place 9 ! decomposition ( ! amid body is indicat$ by ! foll[+ equation3 ,asp>ag94 ,sulfuric ,asp>tic ,ammonium acid4 acid4 sulfate4 #b;,c,h,n,o #b;,h,o ,h,,s #b;,c,h,,no 7,h,n7,,s4 ,half ( ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! amid body is ?us obta9$ z ammonia4 ,x is advisable to calculate all ! amid nitrog5 9 agricultural products z asp>ag94 #che4 ,sa*sse's ,me?od4--,a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( amid bodies by lib]ation ( free nitrog5 has be5 describ$ by ,sa*sse & ,kormann4#ceb ,x is bas$ on ! reaction :i* takes place :5 amid bodies are br\ght into contact ) nitrites 9 pres5ce ( an acid4 ,! mixture ( ! reag5ts by :i* ! gas is set free is accompli%$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,! vessel ,a has a capacity ( ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s & c>ries a /opp] ) ?ree p]=ations = ! arrangem5t %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,amid ,,nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,sa*sse',s ,,eudiomet]4 ,ab\t six cubic c5timet]s ( a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( potassium nitrite are plac$ 9 ,a & ! l[] p>ts ( ! tubes a & b are fill$ ) wat] to a little above e 9 ord] to exclude ! air !refrom4 ,dilute sulfuric acid is plac$ 9 "o ( ! funnels & an aque\s solution ( ! amid 9 ! o!r4 ,! air is displac$ f ! empty "p ( ,a by introduc+ ! sulfuric acid1 a little at a "t1 :]eby nitr\s acid & nitric oxid are evolv$4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ until all ! air has be5 driv5 out ?r\gh c d1 ! op5 end ( d be+ kept 9 ! liquid 9 ! di% %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! eudiomet] 9 :i* ! evolv$ nitrog5 is measur$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 & %\ld h a capacity ( ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s1 & be graduat$ to fif?s4 ,x is fill$ ) ! solution ( f]r\s sulfate conta9$ 9 ,b by suck+ at g1 aft] :i* ! clamp h is replac$1 ! cock f clos$1 & ! free end ( d plac$ 9 ! l[] end ( ! eudiomet]4 ,! solution ( ! amid is run sl[ly into ! g5]ator ,a1 ,fig4 #ajc1 toge!r ) small additional quantities ( ! sulfuric acid :5 ! evolution ( gas becomes sl[4 ,f "t to "t h is op5$ & fre% quantities ( ! f]r\s solution all[$ to fl[ into ! eudiomet]4 ,any trace ( ! amid rema9+ 9 ! funnel is wa%$ into ,a ) pure wat]1 ) c>e to avoid ! introduction ( air4 ,:5 ! liquid 9 ,a assumes a p]man5t blue color ! decomposition is complete4 ,! residual gas is driv5 out ( ,a by fill+ ) wat]4 ,! tubes d & h1 aft] all ! nitric oxid is absorb$1 are remov$ f ! eudiomet] :i* is transf]r$ to a cyl9d] conta9+ wat] & imm]s$ !re9 until ! two liquid surfaces are at ! same level & ! volume ( ! nitrog5 obs]v$4 ,aft] correction = temp]ature & pressure1 ! weight ( ! nitrog5 is calculat$4 ,tw5ty-eight p>ts by weight ( nitrog5 correspond to #aej ( pure asp>ag91 #aha ( tyros9 & #aca ( leuc94#cec ,?is me?od ( proc$ure is difficult ( manipulation & is apt to give results t are too high4 ,x _c be pref]r$ to ! m simple & accurate processes already describ$4 #chf4 ,prep>ation ( ,asp>ag94--,9 case ! analy/ desires to prep>e a quantity ( asp>ag9 = comp>ative purposes x may be easily accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a suffici5t quantity ( pease or beans is spr\t$ 9 a d>k place & all[$ to gr[ until ! res]ve food ( ! se$ is exhau/$4 ,! "y spr\ts are ga!r$1 %r$d$ & subject$ to /rong pressure4 ,! juice ?us obta9$ is boil$ to coagulate ! album91 & ?r[n on a filt]4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to a ?9 sirup & set aside to all[ ! asp>ag9 to sep>ate 9 a cry/alliz$ =m4 ,if ! cry/als at fir/ =m$ are color$ !y may be dissolv$1 decoloriz$ ) bone-black1 & recry/alliz$4 ,in/ead ( ! above me?od ! "y %oots may be %r$d$1 extract$ ) hot wat] & ! extract treat$ z above4 ,a l>g] yield ( ! asp>ag9 is obta9$ by ! latt] process ?an by ! "o m5tion$ above4#ced #chg4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,asp>ag9 & ,glutam94--,( all ! amid bodies asp>ag9 is ! mo/ important f an agricultural /&po9t1 because ( its wide di/ribution 9 vegetable products4#cee ,asp>ag9 is easily obta9$ f ! aque\s extracts ( plants by cry/allization4#cef ,9 addition to its cry/all9e *>act]i/ics asp>ag9 may be id5tifi$ by ! foll[+ te/s4 ,heat$ ) alkalies1 includ+ b>ium hydroxid1 asp>ag9 yields ammonia4 ,boil$ ) dilute acids x =ms ammonium salts4 ,a w>m aque\s solution dissolves fre%ly prep>$ copp] hydroxid ) ! production ( a deep blue color4 ,sometimes1 on cool+1 cry/als ( ! copp] comp\nd =m$ are sep>at$4 ,asp>ag9 cry/allizes ) "o molecule ( wat]4 ,glutam9 gives ess5tially ! reactions *>act]i/ic ( asp>ag91 b cry/allizes )\t wat] 9 small :ite ne$les4 ,asp>ag9 is easily detect$ ) ! aid ( ! microscope by plac+ sections ( vegetable tissues conta9+ x 9 alcohol4 ,aft] "s "t microscopic cry/als ( asp>ag9 are sep>at$4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( soluble c>bohydrates s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! sep>ation ( asp>ag9 9 cry/all9e =m4 ,= ! detection ( glutam9 ! liquid conta9+ x is boil$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 by :i* ammonia & glutamic acid are =m$4 ,on ! addition ( lead acetate to ! solution ! glutamic acid is ?r[n out z a lead salt1 9 :i*1 aft] its decomposition ) hydrog5 sulfid1 ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( glutamic acid c be e/abli%$4 ,! above process is *ronophag\s & also unc]ta9 :]e ! quantity ( glutam9 is v small & t ( o!r soluble organic matt]s v l>ge4 ,a mu* bett] process1 bo? = ! detection ( glutam9 & asp>ag91 is ! foll[+1 bas$ on ! prop]ty possess$ by m]curic nitrate ( precipitat+ amids4 ,! aque\s extract conta9+ ! amid bodies is mix$ ) lead acetate until all precipitable matt]s are ?r[n out & ! mixture p\r$ into a filt]4 ,to ! filtrate is add$ a mod]ately acid solution ( m]curic nitrate4 ,! precipitate produc$ is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 decompos$ ) hydrog5 sulfid & aga9 filt]$4 ,! amid bodies 7glutam91 asp>ag91 etc47 are f\nd 9 ! filtrate & c be detect$ & e/imat$ by ! processes already describ$4 ,a reaction %[+ ! pres5ce ( an amid body is n a positive pro( ( ! pres5ce ( asp>ag9 or glutam91 s9ce among o!r amids1 allanto9 may be pres5t4 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd 9 ! spr\ts ( "y plants & also 9 c]ta9 c]eals1 z %[n by rese>*es 9 ?is laboratory4#ceg ,allanto91 glutam91 & asp>ag91 :5 obta9$ 9 solution by ! above process1 may be secur$1 by c>eful evaporation & recry/allization1 9 well def9$ cry/all9e =ms4 ,asp>ag9 gives lu/r\s1 rhombic prisms1 easily soluble 9 hot wat]1 b insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,allanto9 is reg>d$ z a diureid ( glyoxalic acid & has ! composition repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c,h,n,o4 ,x cry/allizes 9 lu/r\s prisms hav+ practically ! same solubility z asp>ag94 ,glutam9 is ! amid ( amidoglut>ic acid4 ,x cry/allizes 9 f9e ne$les4 ,its /ructural =mula is repres5t$ z ,,co4,,nh _/ ,c,h7,,nh7 ,,co,h4 #chg4 ,*ol9 & ,beta94--,*ol9 is a nitrog5\s base f\nd 9 bo? animal & plant tissues4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! circum/ance t x 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! bile4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! bra91 yolk ( eggs1 hops1 beets1 cottonse$ & _m o!r bodies4 ,:5 unit$ ) glyc]olphosphoric acid x =ms leci?91 a comp\nd ( great physiological importance4 ,f a *emical po9t ( view1 *ol9 is oxye?yltrime?yl-ammonium hydroxid1 ,,oh _/ ,c,h 2 7,c,h,,no74 ,n7,,*74,,oh ,x is cry/alliz$ ) difficulty & is deliquesc5t4 ,its mo/ important comp\nd1 f an analytical po9t ( view1 is its plat9um salt ,c,h,o,n,cl,pt,cl4 ,?is salt cry/allizes 9 r$-yell[ plates & is insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,beta91 ,c,h,,no1 is ! product ( ! oxidation ( *ol94 ,9 ?is laboratory ! bases are sep>at$ f cottonse$ & f ea* o!r by ! process describ$ bel[4#ceh ,ab\t five p\nds ( f9e-gr\nd cottonse$ cake are extract$ ) sev5ty p] c5t alcohol4 ,! mat]ial %\ld n be previ\sly treat$ ) dilute m9]al acids because ( ! dang] ( conv]t+ a "p ( ! *ol9 into beta94 ,! alcohol is remov$ f ! filt]$ extract & ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! aque\s solution is treat$ ) lead acetate until no fur!r precipitation takes place1 ?r[n on a filt]1 ! lead remov$ f ! filtrate ) hydrog5 sulfid & ! liquid evaporat$ to a visc\s syrup4 ,! sirup is extract$ ) alcohol conta9+ "o p] c5t ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 a deep beak] & ! bases precipitat$ by means ( an alcoholic solution ( m]curic *lorid4 ,! complete sep>ation ( ! salts requires at lea/ two weeks4 ,! d\ble salts ( ! bases & m]cury ?us obta9$1 aft] free+ f ! "m liquor1 are recry/alliz$ f a solution 9 wat] & f ! pure product ?us obta9$ ! m]cury is remov$ aft] solution 9 wat]1 by hydrog5 sulfid4 ,! filtrate1 aft] sep>at+ ! m]cury1 conta9s ! bases z *lorids 7hydro*lorates74 ,! solution ( ! *lorids is evaporat$ sl[ly 9 7p5e7 vacuo to a ?ick sirup & set ov] sulfuric acid to facilitate cry/allization4 ,! hydro*lorates are obta9$ 9 ?is way colorless & 9 well-%ap$ cry/all9e =ms4 ,9 a quantitive det]m9ation1 a small am\nt ( ! f9e meal is extract$ at once ) "o p] c5t hydro*loric acid 9 sev5ty p] c5t alcohol1 ! salts obta9$ purifi$ z above & weigh$4 ,! foll[+ process s]ves to det]m9e ! relative proportions ( *ol9 & beta9 9 a mixture ( ! two bases4 ,a def9ite weight ( ! *lorids1 prep>$ z direct$ above1 is extract$ by absolute alcohol4 ,?is treatm5t dissolves all ! *ol9 *lorid & a little ( ! beta9 salt4 ,! alcoholic solution is evaporat$ & aga9 extract$ ) absolute alcohol4 ,?is process is repeat$ ?ree times & at ! end ! *ol9 *lorid is obta9$ free ( beta94 ,9 a sample ( cottonse$ cake exam9$ 9 ?is laboratory ! two bases 7 f\nd pres5t 9 ! foll[+ relative proportions1 viz41 *ol9 #ag4e p] c5t1 beta9 #hb4e p] c5t4 ,?us purifi$ ! *ol9 is f9ally precipitat$ by plat9um *lorid4 ,= a description ( ! special reaction1 by means ( :i* *ol9 & beta9 are diff]5tiat$1 ! pap] cit$ above may be consult$4 ,^! bodies h acquir$ an economic int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! occurr5ce 9 cottonse$ meal1 :i* is s ext5sively us$ z a cattle food4 ,x is evid5t f ! relative proportions 9 :i* !y occur t ! less nocu\s base1 beta91 is ! m abundant4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! base orig9ally =m$ is *ol9 & t beta9 is a second>y product4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t x is n safe to fe$ cottonse$ meal to v "y animals1 :ile mod]ate rations !re( may be giv5 to full-gr[n animals )\t mu* expectation ( delet]i\s results4 ,9 ! case ( toxic effects x is fair to presume t a meal has be5 f$ 9 :i* ! *ol9 is relatively m abundant ?an ! beta94 #chi4 ,leci?94--,leci?9 is a nitrog5\s body1 alli$ bo? to ! fats & proteids & conta9+ glyc]ol & phosphoric acid4 ,its p]c5tage composition is repres5t$ ) "s accuracy by ! =mula ,c,h,,npo1 or accord+ to ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,c,h,,npo4 ,x appe>s to be a comp\nd ( *ol9 ) glyc]olphosphoric acid4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ bo? 9 animal & vegetable organisms1 9 ! latt] especially 9 pease & beans4 ,f a physiological po9t ( view1 leci?9 is highly important z ! m$ium = ! passage ( phosphorus f ! organic to ! inorganic /ate1 & ! rev]se4 ,?is function ( leci?9 has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ 9 ?is laboratory by ,maxwell4#cei ,9 ! extraction ( leci?9 f se$s 7pease1 beans1 etc47 x is n possible to secure ! :ole ( ! sub/ance by treatm5t ) e!r alone4#cfj ,! extraction ( ! leci?9 may1 h[ev]1 be entirely accompli%$ by successive treatm5ts = p]iods ( ab\t fifte5 h\rs ) pure e!r & alcohol4 ,?is is bett] ?an to mix ! solv5ts1 s9ce1 9 ?is case1 ! e!r hav+ ! l[] boil+ po9t is *iefly active 9 ! extraction4 ,:5 ! extraction is accompli%$ by dige/ion & n 9 a cont9u\s extract+ app>atus ! two solv5ts may be mix$ toge!r & ?us us$ ) advantage4 ,aft] ! evaporation ( ! solv5ts1 ! leci?9 is ignit$ ) mix$ sodium & potassium c>bonate :]eby ! organic phosphorus is secur$ )\t loss 9 an inorganic =m4 ,:]e great] c>e is desir$1 ! me?od describ$ = organic phosphorus 9 soils may be us$4#cfa ,! inorganic phosphorus ?us obta9$ is e/imat$ 9 ! usual way z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,= analytical purposes1 ! extraction ( leci?9 f vegetable sub/ances is conduct$ 9 ?is laboratory z foll[s3#cfb ,! f9e-gr\nd pea or bean meal is plac$ 9 an extraction app>atus & treat$ cont9u\sly ) anhydr\s e!r = fifte5 h\rs4 ,! e!r 9 ! app>atus is replac$ ) absolute alcohol & ! extraction cont9u$ = six h\rs long]4 ,! alcoholic extract is evaporat$ to dryness & treat$ ) e!r4 ,! "p ( ! leci?9 at fir/ insoluble 9 e!r becomes soluble !re9 aft] x has be5 remov$ f ! vegetable tissues by alcohol4 ,moreov]1 any trace ( inorganic phosphorus :i* may h be5 remov$ by ! alcohol1 is left undissolv$ on subsequ5t treatm5t ) e!r4 ,! e!r extract f ! alcohol residue is add$ to t obta9$ directly1 ! e!r remov$ by evaporation1 & ! total leci?9 oxidiz$ & ! residue us$ = ! e/imation ( phosphorus z already describ$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! leci?9 9 eggs1 ! proc$ure employ$ = vegetable tissues is slightly *ang$4#cfc ,! :ole egg1 exclud+ ! %ell1 is plac$ 9 a flask ) a reflux cond5s] & boil$ = six h\rs ) absolute alcohol4 ,! alcohol is !n remov$ f ! flask by evaporation & ! residue treat$ 9 l mann] ) e!r = t5 h\rs4 ,! e!r is remov$ & ! dry residue rubb$ to a f9e p[d]1 plac$ 9 an extractor & treat$ ) pure e!r = t5 h\rs4 ,! extract ?us secur$ is oxidiz$ aft] ! removal ( ! e!r by fusion ) mix$ alkal9e c>bonates & ! phosphorus det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 #cij4 ,factor = ,calculat+ ,results4--,! p]c5tage ( leci?9 is calculat$ f ! weight ( magnesium pyrophosphate obta9$ by multiply+ x by ! factor1 #g4bgjc4cfd ,?is factor is calculat$ f ! second =mula = leci?9 giv5 above1 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( phosphorus p5toxid1 ,p,o1 is #h4ghi4 ,example4--,9 fifty-f\r grams ( egg1 exclusive ( ! %ell1 is f\nd an am\nt ( organic phosphorus yield+ #j4jhdh gram ( magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,!n #j4jhdh #g4bgjc #j4fafeb & #j4fafeb #ajj #ed #a4ad4 ,!re=e ! p]c5tage ( leci?9 9 ! egg is #a4ad4 #cia4 ,e/imation ( ,alkaloidal ,nitrog54--,! alkaloids conta9 nitrog5 9 a =m m difficult ( oxidation ?an t conta9$ 9 proteid or album9oid =ms4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any ( ! nitrog5 9 alkaloids becomes available = plant nutrition by any ( ! usual processes ( f]m5tation & decay to :i* nitrog5\s bodies are submitt$ 9 ! soil4 ,likewise1 x is true t x is n attack$ by ! dige/ive processes 9 any way prep>atory to its assimilation z food by ! animal tissues4 ,alkaloidal nitrog5 is !re=e n to be reg>d$ z a food ei!r = ! animal or plant4 ,= ! g5]al me?ods ( e/imat+ alkaloids ! read] is ref]r$ to /&>d works on plant *emi/ry & toxicology4 ,! alkaloids ( int]e/ 9 ?is manual are ^? :i* are f\nd 9 tobacco1 tea1 c(fee & a few o!r products ( agricultural importance4 ,! be/ me?ods ( isolat+ & e/imat+ ^! bodies w be giv5 9 ! "p ( ! volume devot$ to ! special consid]ation ( ! articles m5tion$4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,proteid ,,bodies ,,9 ,,vegetable ,,products4 #cib4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t4--,! *ief di/urb+ compon5ts ( vegetable tissues1 9 respect ( _! influ5ce on ! sep>ation & e/imation ( ! proteid con/itu5ts1 are fats & oils & color+ matt]s4 ,9 _m cases ^! bodies are pres5t 9 su* small quantities z to be negligible1 z1 = in/ance1 9 rice4 ,9 o!r cases !y exi/ 9 su* l>ge proportions z to pres5t almo/ insup]able difficulties to analytical op]ations1 z is ! case ) oily se$s4 ,9 all in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is be/ to remove ^! bodies1 ev5 :5 pres5t 9 small proportions1 provid$ x c be done )\t alt]+ ! "* ( ! proteid bodies4 ,?is is secur$ by extract+ ! f9e-gr\nd vegetable mat]ial fir/ ) petroleum e!r1 & aft]w>ds ) /rong alcohol & e!r4 ,practically1 all ( ! fatty bodies & ! great] "p ( ! mo/ objectionable color+ matt]s are remov$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,! extraction %\ld 9 all cases be made at l[ temp]atures1 n exce$+ #ce1 to avoid ! coagulat+ effect ( high] temp]atures ^u ! album9\s bodies :i* may be pres5t4 ,9 ?is laboratory1 fatty se$s1 z = in/ance peanuts1 are fir/ gr\nd into co>se meal1 !n extract$ ) petroleum e!r1 gr\nd to a f9e meal & ! fat extraction complet$ ) petroleum e!r1 n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol & pure sulfuric e!r4 ,! residue ( ! la/ solv5t may be remov$ by aspirat+ air ?r\gh ! extract$ meal4 ,9 "s cases1 x is advisable to extract ) e?yl e!r be=e z well z aft] ! alcoholic extraction4 ,?is treatm5t removes at lea/ a "p ( ! wat] & prev5ts ! dilution ( ! fir/ "p ( alcohol add$ to su* an ext5t z to make x dissolve "s ( ! proteid matt]s4 ,9 ea* case1 a portion ( ! alcoholic extract %\ld be te/$ qualitively = proteid matt]4 ,if any be f\nd1 /rong] alcohol %\ld be us$ =1 at lea/1 ! fir/ extraction4 ,a portion ( ! meal1 prep>$ z above direct$1 is extract$ ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( sodium *lorid1 z describ$ fur!r on1 & a measur$ portion ( ! filt]$ extract dilut$ ) wat] until ! proteid matt] 9 solution beg9s to be precipitat$4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! prop] /r5g? ( ! salt solution1 to be us$ = ! subsequ5t extraction1 is det]m9$4 ,to save "t 9 dialyz+1 ! solution ( salt employ$ z a solv5t %\ld be z dilute z possible4 ,! mixture ( meal & solv5t sometimes filt]s ) difficulty4 ,9 ^! cases1 x is advisable to fir/ p\r x into a l95 bag f :i* ! liquid portion c be remov$ by g5tle pressure & subsequ5tly filt]$ ?r\gh pap]4 ,z a la/ resort1 ! liquid secur$ f ! l95 filt] c be saturat$ ) ammonium1 z9c or magnesium sulfate1 :]eby all ! proteid matt]s are ?r[n out4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! residue is aga9 dissolv$ 9 salt solution & c !n be readily filt]$ ?r\gh pap]4 ,! cle> filtrate %\ld be te/$ by fractional precipitation by heat & ! f9al filtrate by acetic acid1 z w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,! proteid matt] may be fur!r fre$ f amid comp\nds by treatm5t ) copp] sulfate4#cfe ,?is treatm5t is n advisable1 h[ev]1 except = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! total proteid nitrog5 9 ! sample4 ,! action ( ! wat]1 heat & cupric sulfate comb9$ is capable ( induc+ grave *anges 9 ! "* ( ! residual matt] :i* w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! results ( subsequ5t /udies ( ! nature ( ! proteid bodies4 ,9 _m in/ances1 z ) c]eal gra9s1 ! sep>ation ( ! proteid bodies is accompli%$ by no fur!r prelim9>y treatm5t ?an is necess>y to r$uce !m to ! prop] degree ( f95ess4 #cic4 ,div]sity ( ,"*4--,! proteids :i* occur 9 vegetable products are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! tissues ( ! plants1 b 9 c]eals especially 9 ! se$s4 ,9 grass crops & 9 "s ( ! legumes1 su* z clov]1 ! nitrog5\s matt]s are *iefly f\nd 9 ! /raw & leaves4 ,! g5]al classification ( ^! bodies has already be5 giv51 b ea* k9d ( plant pres5ts m>k$ v>iations1 n only 9 ! relative proportions ( ! diff]5t classes1 b also 9 v>iations 9 ! nature ( ea* class4 ,= ?is reason ! /udy ( vegetable proteids is1 9 "s respects1 a new rese>* = ea* k9d ( plant exam9$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al pr9ciples :i* ! analy/ mu/ foll[ 9 8 "w1 & an attempt w be made "h to e/abli% ^! & to con/ruct !reon a rational me?od ( conduct+ ! inve/igation4 ,9 ! sep>ation & e/imation ( complex bodies s ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r1 x is difficult n only to secure satisfactory results1 b also to prev5t ! trans=mation ( "s =ms ( proteid matt] into o!rs ne>ly relat$ !reto by ! action ( ! solv5ts us$ = sep>ation & precipitation4 #cid4 ,sep>ation ( ,glut5 f ,:eat ,fl\r4--,! mo/ important proteid 9 :eat is ! body kn[n z glut51 a comm]cial "n giv5 to ! nitrog5\s matt]s insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! glut5 ?us obta9$ does n repres5t a s+le *emical comp\nd1 b is a complex consi/+ ( at lea/ two proteid bodies1 :i* toge!r =m an ela/ic1 pa/y mass1 insoluble 9 cold wat] conta9+ a trace ( m9]al salts4 ,?is mass has ! prop]ty ( hold+ me*anically entangl$ among its p>ticles bubbles ( gas1 :i*1 exp&+ "u ! action ( heat dur+ cook+1 give to bread made ( glut5\s fl\rs its por\s prop]ty4 ,9 respect ( proteids1 ! ,am]ican :eats1 z a rule1 are q equal to ^? ( =eign orig94 ,?is is an important *>act]i/ic :5 x is rememb]$ t bo? ! mill+ & food values ( a :eat dep5d l>gely on ! nitrog5\s matt] :i* is pres5t4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t m]ely a high p]c5tage ( proteids is n always a sure indication ( ! mill+ value ( a :eat4 ,! p]c5tage ( glut5 to ! o!r proteid con/itu5ts ( a :eat is n always con/ant1 & x is ! glut5 cont5t ( a fl\r on :i* its bread mak+ qualities *iefly dep5d4 ,! p]c5tage ( moi/ glut5 gives1 9 a r\gh way1 ! prop]ty ( ! glut5\s matt] ( absorb+ & hold+ wat] "u conditions z ne>ly con/ant z c be obta9$4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! ratio betwe5 ! moi/ glut5 & ! dry glut5 9 a giv5 sample is an index = comp>ison ) o!r sub/ances 9 ! same sample4 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! p]c5tage ( dry glut5 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! saf] index ( quality4 ,9 respect ( ! cont5t ( glut5\s matt]1 our dome/ic :eats are di/9ctly sup]ior to ^? ( =eign orig94 ,!y are ev5 bett] ?an ! ,canadian :eats 9 ?is respect4 ,x may be fairly inf]r$1 !re=e1 t :ile our dome/ic :eats give a fl\r slightly inf]ior 9 nutritive prop]ties to t d]iv$ f =eign samples1 x is nev]!less bett] adapt$ = bak+ purposes1 & ?is quality m ?an comp5sates = its slight defici5cy 9 respect ( nutrition1 a defici5cy1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is s m9ute z to be h>dly wor? consid]+4#cff ,! glut5 is sep>at$ 9 ?is laboratory f ! o!r con/itu5ts ( a fl\r by ! foll[+ process3 ,t5 grams ( ! f9e-gr\nd fl\r are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 well wet ) ne>ly an equal weight ( wat] at a temp]ature ( n to exce$ #ae1 & ! mass work$ into a ball ) a spatula1 tak+ c>e t none ( x adh]es to ! walls ( ! di%4 ,! ball ( d\gh is all[$ to /& = an h\r1 at ! end ( :i* "t x is held 9 ! h& & knead$ 9 a /ream ( cold wat] until ! />* & soluble matt] are remov$4 ,! ball ( glut5 ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 cold wat] & all[$ to rema9 = an h\r :5 x is remov$1 press$ z dry z possible betwe5 ! h&s1 roll$ into a ball1 plac$ 9 a flat bottom di% & weigh$4 ,! weight obta9$ is ent]$ z moi/ glut54 ,! di% conta9+ ! ball ( glut5 is dri$ = tw5ty h\rs 9 a /eam-ba?1 aga9 weigh$1 & ! weight ( mat]ial obta9$ ent]$ z dry glut54 ,! det]m9ation ( dry & moi/ glut5 _c 9 any s5se be reg>d$ z an isolation & e/imation ( a def9ite *emical comp\nd4 ,= mill]s' & bak]s' purposes1 h[ev]1 ! numb]s ?us obta9$ h a high practical value4 ,a typical :eat gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry w conta9 ab\t #bf4ej p] c5t ( moi/ & #aj4be p] c5t ( dry glut54 ,! glut5 ( :eat is compos$ ( two proteid bodies1 gliad9 & glut594#cfg ,gliad9 conta9s #ag4ff p] c5t1 & glut59 #ag4di p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,gliad9 =ms a /icky mass :5 mix$ ) wat] & is prev5t$ f pass+ into solution by ! small cont5t ( m9]al salts pres5t 9 ! fl\r4 ,x s]ves to b9d toge!r ! o!r +r$i5ts ( ! fl\r1 ?us r5d]+ ! d\gh t\gh & coh]5t4 ,glut59 s]ves to fix ! gliad9 & ?us to make x firm & solid4 ,glut59 alone _c yield glut5 9 ! abs5ce ( gliad91 nor gliad9 )\t ! help ( glut594 ,soluble metallic salts are also necess>y to ! =mation ( glut51 & act z sugge/$ above1 by prev5t+ ! solution ( ! gliad9 9 wat]1 dur+ ! process ( wa%+ out ! />*4 ,no f]m5tation takes place 9 ! =mation ( glut5 f ! +r$i5ts nam$4 ,! glut51 :i* is obta9$ 9 an impure /ate by ! process above describ$1 is1 !re=e1 n to be reg>d$ z exi/+ z su* 9 ! :eat k]nel or fl\r made !refrom1 b to arise by a union ( its elem5ts by ! action ( wat]4 #cie4 ,extraction ) ,wat]4--,x is q impossible to get an extract f f9e-gr\nd vegetable matt] 9 pure wat] because ! soluble salts ( ! sample pass at once into solution & !n a pure wat] solv5t becomes an extremely dilute sal9e solution4 ,! aque\s extract may1 h[ev]1 be subject$ to dialysis1 :]eby ! sal9e matt] is remov$ & ! proteid matt]1 n precipitat$ dur+ ! dialytic process1 may be reg>d$ z t "p ( x 9 ! orig9al sample soluble 9 pure wat]4 ,nev]!less1 9 _m in/ances1 x is important to obta9 an extract ) cold wat]4 ,9 oatmeal ! aque\s extract is obta9$ by ,osborne z foll[s3#cfh ,five p\nds ( f9e-gr\nd meal are %ak5 occasionally ) six lit]s ( cold wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! liquid remov$ by filtration & pressure & ! extraction cont9u$ ) ano!r equal portion ( wat] 9 ! mann] not$4 ,! two liquid extracts are unit$ & saturat$ ) comm]cial ammonium sulfate :i* precipitates all ! dissolv$ proteid matt]4 ,! filtrate obta9$ is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) a saturat$ solution ( ammonium sulfate & remov$ z completely z possible f ! filt] pap] by means ( a spatula4 ,any residual precipitate rema9+ on ! pap] is wa%$ into ! vessel conta9+ ! remov$ precipitate & ! undissolv$ precipitate well beat5 up 9 ! liquid1 :i* is plac$ 9 a dialyz] ) a little ?ymol1 to prev5t f]m5tation1 & subject$ to dialysis = ab\t two weeks4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 ! cont5ts ( ! dialyz] are practically free ( sulfates4 ,! cont5ts ( ! dialyz]s are !n ?r[n on a filt] & 9 ! filtrate are f\nd ^? proteids fir/ extract$ ) wat]1 precipitat$ ) ammonium sulfate & r$issolv$ f ?is precipitat$ /ate by pure wat]4 ,9 ! case ( oatmeal1 ?is proteid matt] is n coagulat$ by heat1 & may be obta9$ 9 ! dry /ate by ! evaporation ( ! filtrate la/ m5tion$ at a l[ temp]ature 9 vacuo4 ,x is evid5t t ! "* ( ! proteid matt] ?us obta9$ w v>y ) ! nature ( ! sub/ance exam9$4 ,9 ! case ( oats1 x appe>s to be a proteose & n an album94 #cif4 ,action ( ,wat] on ,composition ( ,proteids4--,:5 a body1 su* z oatmeal1 conta9+ _m proteids ( ne>ly relat$ "*1 is expos$ to ! action ( a l>ge excess ( wat]1 ! proteid bodies may und]go important *anges :]eby _! relations to solv5ts are *ang$4 ,aft] oatmeal has be5 extract$ ) wat]1 z describ$ above1 ! proteid matt] orig9ally soluble 9 dilute alcohol und]goes an alt]ation & assumes diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! same rem>k is applicable to ! proteid body soluble 9 dilute pota%4 ,ne>ly all ! proteid matt] ( oatmeal is soluble 9 dilute pota%1 if ?is solv5t be appli$ directly1 b if ! sample be previ\sly treat$ ) wat] or a t5 p] c5t salt solution ! subsequ5t proportion ( proteid matt] soluble 9 dilute pota% is greatly dim9i%$4#cfi ,wat] appli$ directly to ! oatmeal app>5tly dissolves an acid album91 a globul9 or globul9s1 & a proteose4 ,! bodies1 h[ev]1 soluble 9 wat]1 exi/ only 9 small quantities 9 oatmeal4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 mo/ in/ances1 x is saf] to beg9 ! extraction ( a c]eal = proteid matt] ) a dilute salt solution r ?an ) wat]1 & to det]m9e ! matt]s soluble 9 wat] alone by subsequ5t dialysis4 #cig4 ,extraction ) ,dilute ,salt ,solution4--,9 g5]al1 x is advisable to beg9 ! "w ( sep>at+ vegetable proteids by extract+ ! sample ) a dilute br9e usually ( t5 p] c5t /r5g?4 ,z conduct$ by ,osborne & ,voorhees1 on :eat fl\r1 ! manipulation is c>ri$ on z foll[s3#cgj ,! f9e-gr\nd :ole :eat fl\r1 ab\t f\r kilograms1 is %ak5 ) twice t weight ( a t5 p] c5t sodium *lorid solution1 /ra9$ ?r\gh a sieve1 to break up lumps1 & all[$ to settle = sixte5 h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 ab\t half ( ! sup]natant liquid is remov$ by a siphon or by decantation & filt]$4 ,two lit]s m ( ! salt solution are add$1 ! mixture well /irr$ & ! :ole br\ght onto ! filt] us$ above4 ,! filtrate is collect$ 9 successive conv5i5t portions & ea* portion1 z soon z x is obta9$1 is saturat$ ) ammonium sulfate4 ,all ! proteid matt] is precipitat$ by ?is reag5t4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 r$issolv$ 9 a conv5i5t quantity ( ! salt solution & dialyz$ = f\rte5 days or until all sulfates & *lorids are remov$4 ,! proteid matt]1 :i* is sep>at$ on dialysis1 9 ?is in/ance1 is a globul94 ,! proteid matt] n precipitat$ on dialysis is assum$ to be t "p ( ! orig9al sub/ance soluble 9 wat]4 ,a "p ( ! wat] soluble proteid matt] obta9$ z above is coagulat$ by heat at f #ej to #hj4 ,! "p n sep>at$ by heat gives a precipitate on saturation ) sodium *lorid4 ,9 :eat !re are f\nd soluble 9 wat] two album9s & a proteose4#cga ,9 sep>at+ ! album9 coagulat+ at a l[ boil+ po9t f ! dialyz$ solution m5tion$ above1 x is heat$ to #fj = an h\r1 ! precipitate collect$ on a goo*1 wa%$ ) hot wat] 7#fj71 & !n successively ) n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol1 wat]-free alcohol & e!r4 ,on dry+ ! residual volum9\s matt] on ! filt] ov] sulfuric acid1 x becomes d5se & horny1 hav+ 9 an a% free /ate1 accord+ to ,osborne1 ! foll[+ composition3 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bon #ec4jf ,hydrog5 #f4hb ,nitrog5 #ag4ja ,sulfur #a4cj ,oxyg5 #ba4ha #cih4 ,treatm5t )\t ,precipitation ) ,ammonium ,sulfate4--,:]e abundant means are at h& = dialyz+ l>ge volumes ( solution1 ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! solution made ) t5 p] c5t sodium *lorid ) ammonium sulfate may be omitt$4 ,:5 ! precipitat$ proteids are to be us$ = ! e/imation ( ! nitrog5 !re9 conta9$1 x has be5 propos$ to sub/itute ! correspond+ z9c salt = ! ammonium sulfate4#cgb ,?is reag5t has giv5 satisfactory results 9 ?is laboratory & :ile a l>g] exp]i5ce is desirable be=e comm5d+ x z an acceptable sub/itute 9 all cases1 yet its obvi\s advantage1 9 be+ free ( nitrog5 = ! use m5tion$1 entitles x to c>eful consid]ation4 ,! manipulation1 ) ! exception ( ! precipitation ) ammonium sulfate1 is ! same z t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! globul9s are completely precipitat$ :5 ! dialysis is complete & may be sep>at$ f ! soluble album9s & proteoses by filtration4 #cii4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,bodies ,soluble 9 ,wat]4--,album9s4--,by ! me?ods ( treatm5t j describ$1 ! proteid matt]s soluble 9 t5 p] c5t sodium *lorid solution are sep>at$ into two classes1 viz41 globul9s insoluble 9 pure wat] & album9s & proteoses soluble 9 pure wat]4 ,! aque\s solution w also conta9 any amids or nitrog5\s bases soluble 9 ! dilute sal9e solution & 9 wat]4 ,osborne & ,voorhees h f\nd t ! be/ way ( sep>at+ ! album9s 9 ! pure aque\s solution is by ! application ( heat4#cgc ,by means ( a fractional coagulation ! album9s are divid$ into classes1 viz41 ^? sep>at+ at f #fj to #fe & ^? rema9+ 9 solution at t temp]ature b sep>at+ up to #he4 ,! respective quantities ( ^! album9s are det]m9$ by collect+ !m 9 a filt] & e/imat+ ! nitrog5 !re9 by moi/ combu/ion 9 ! usual way4 ,ev5 a l>g] numb] ( album9s may be secur$1 z 9 ! maize k]nel1 by su* a fractional precipitation by means ( heat4 ,*itt5d5 & ,osborne f9d 9 ?is in/ance t ! precipitation beg9s at ab\t #dj4cgd ,proteose4--,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! album9s by heat ! filtrate may /ill conta9 proteid matt]4 ,?is matt] belongs to ! proteose class4 ,x may be p>tially secur$ by conc5trat+ ! filtrate1 aft] ! removal ( ! album9s1 to a small bulk :5 a "p ( ! proteose body w sep>ate4 ,x may be ?r[n out entirely by treat+ ! filtrate above m5tion$ ) f9e-gr\nd salt until x is saturat$ or by add+ salt until ! solution conta9s ab\t tw5ty p] c5t !re( & precipitat+ ! proteose by acetic acid4#cge #djj4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,globul9s4--,! globul9s :i* are extract$ ) t5 p] c5t solution ( sodium *lorid & precipitat$ on dialysis may be sep>at$ by fractional solution into sev]al bodies ( ne>ly relat$ prop]ties4 ,?is solution is conv5i5tly accompli%$ by sal9e solv5ts ( increas+ /r5g?4 ,9 ! case ( ! maize globul9s1 ,*itt5d5 & ,osborne employ dilute solutions ( common salt = effect+ ! sep>ation1 beg9n+ ) a qu>t] ( a p] c5t & end+ ) a two p] c5t mixture4#cgf #dja4 ,proteids ,soluble 9 ,dilute ,alcohol4--,"s ( ! proteid bodies :i* are soluble 9 dilute salt solution & 9 wat] are also soluble 9 alcohol4 ,s9ce ^! bodies are m easily id5tifi$ by ! processes already describ$1 att5tion w be giv5 9 ?is p>agraph solely to ^? proteid bodies :i* are insoluble 9 wat] or dilute salt solution & are soluble 9 dilute alcohol4 ,= ! extraction ( ^! bodies1 ! residue1 left aft] extraction ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( sodium *lorid or ) wat]1 is mix$ ) en\gh /rong alcohol to secure by ! admixture ) ! wat] pres5t 9 ! sample an alcohol ( ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t /r5g?4 ,! mixture is well %ak5 & dige/$ = "s "t1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #df1 & ?r[n on a filt] :i* is kept at ab\t ! same temp]ature4 ,! residue is aga9 mix$ ) alcohol ( ! same /r5g? 7sev5ty-five p] c5t7 us+ ab\t f\r lit]s = two & a half kilos ( ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,dur+ ! second dige/ion ! temp]ature is kept at ab\t #fj4 ,! latt] op]ation is repeat$ ?ree times & 9 ea* case ! filtrate obta9$ is evaporat$ sep>ately4#cgg ,?is process is especially applicable to ! meal f maize k]nels1 :i* conta9s a high relative p]c5tage ( an alcohol soluble proteid1 ze94 ,! *ief "p ( ! ze9 is f\nd 9 ! fir/ two extracts1 obta9$ z describ$ above4 ,on evaporation1 ! ze9 sep>ates z a t\gh1 lea!ry1 yell[-color$ mass on ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,x is cut into small pieces & dige/$ = sev]al days 9 cold1 pure alcohol4 ,?is is foll[$ by dige/ion ) a mixture ( e!r & pure alcohol1 & f9ally ) pure e!r4 ,by ?is treatm5t a "p ( ! ze9 becomes insoluble 9 sev5ty-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! "p soluble 9 dilute alcohol is precipitat$ by p\r+ x into wat]4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ ze9 is to extract ! meal ) sev5ty-five p] c5t alcohol aft] x has be5 treat$ ) a t5 p] c5t salt solution4 ,9 ?is case ! extraction is cont9u$ ) sev5ty-five p] c5t alcohol 9 successive portions until no m proteid matt] passes into solution4 ,! sev]al extracts are unit$ & ! alcohol remov$ by di/illation1 by :i* process ! ze9 is sep>at$4 ,x is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 until ! sodium *lorid is remov$1 dissolv$ 9 w>m alcohol ( ab\t eighty p] c5t /r5g? & any insoluble matt] remov$ by filtration4 ,on evaporat+ ! filtrate ne>ly to dryness1 ! ze9 is sep>at$ & press$ z free ( wat] z possible1 yield+ a yell[1 ela/ic sub/ance resembl+ molasses c&y4 ,?is prep>ation is purifi$ by dige/ion ) pure alcohol & e!r 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! two ze9s :i* are secur$ by ! treatm5t1 "o soluble & ! o!r insoluble 9 alcohol1 are practically id5tical 9 composition4#cgh ,ze9 fre%ly precipitat$ by p\r+ its alcoholic solution 9 wat] is :olly insoluble 9 wat]1 &1 on boil+ !re)1 is *ang$ into ! v>iety insoluble 9 dilute alcohol4 ,boil$ ) dilute sulfuric acid1 six 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 x melts1 =m+ a gummy mass1 :i* is v sl[ly attack$ by ! acid yield+ proteoses & peptones4 ,heat$ ) /rong] sulfuric acid x und]goes decomposition1 yield+ leuc91 tyros91 & glutamic acid4 #djb4 ,solv5t ,action ( ,acids & ,alkalies4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 a synopsis has be5 giv5 ( ! me?ods ( sep>at+ proteid matt]s 9 su* a mann] z to secure !m 9 a pure /ate 9 ! same conditions z !y exi/ 9 ! natural sub/ances4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! proteid matt] is /ill left undissolv$ aft] extraction ) ! solv5ts already m5tion$4 ,(t5 important in=mation may be ga9$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! residual proteid matt]s by fractional extraction ) dilute acids & alkalies4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( ^! solutions is su* t !y conta9 ab\t "o p] c5t ( ! acid or alkali1 ! :ole ( ! proteid matt] may be dissolv$ by boil+ successively ) acid & alkali = half an h\r4 ,! proteid matt] pass+ into solution 9 ^! cases is usually *ang$ 9 "*1 assum+ ! nature ( proteoses or alli$ bodies1 :5 treat$ ) an acid1 & becom+ album9ates :5 boil$ ) an alkali4 ,easily soluble c>bohydrate matt] is also remov$ by ?is treatm5t s t ! residue obta9$ consi/s l>gely ( cellulose & is kn[n z crude or insoluble fib]4 ,! removal ( all ! bodies soluble 9 dilute boil+ acid & alkali is accompli%$ by ! me?od describ$ 9 p>agraph #bgb4 ,= rese>* purposes1 ! solv5t action ( dilute alkali is ( *ief importance to ! analy/1 & ! extraction ( ! proteid matt]1 aft] all t is soluble 9 wat]1 common salt solution & alcohol has be5 remov$1 %\ld comm5ce ) a solution ( potassium or sodium hydroxid conta9+ n ov] two-t5?s p] c5t ( ! alkali4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,osborne t ! solv5t action ( v dilute alkali1 9 ! cold1 may be ex]t$ )\t *ang+ ! "* ( ! dissolv$ proteid4#cgi #djc4 ,me?od ( ,extraction4--,! solv5t employ$ is usually a two-t5?s p] c5t solution ( potassium hydroxid4 ,x may be add$ directly to ! sub/ance or may foll[ extraction ) wat]1 salt solution or alcohol4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! manipulation is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ description ( ! treatm5t ( oatmeal3#chj ,"o hundr$ grams ( oatmeal are mix$ ) half a lit] ( a two-t5?s p] c5t potassium hydroxid solution & all[$ to /& = "s "t at room temp]ature4 ,! mixture is /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo? to remove ! *aff & ! residue is /irr$ ) ano!r small portion ( ! solv5t1 aga9 /ra9$ 9 ! same clo? & ! residue squeez$ dry4 ,! /ra9$ liquids are unit$ & en\gh m ( ! solv5t add$ to make ! volume #gjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] /&+ = "s "t1 ! insoluble matt] settles to ! bottom ( ! vessel & ! sup]natant liquid is decant$4 ,m solv5t is add$ to ! residue1 well mix$ !re) & treat$ z above4 ,x is advisable to make a ?ird extraction 9 ! same way4 ,! extracts are unit$1 pass$ ?r\gh a filt]1 ! proteid matt] 9 solution ?r[n out by acetic acid1 wa%$ ) wat]1 alcohol & e!r & dri$ ov] sulfuric acid4 ,! me?ods ( proc$ure1 :5 ! sample has be5 previ\sly extract$ ) wat]1 salt solution or alcohol1 are ess5tially ! same z t j describ$ & ! read] may consult ! pap] ( ,osborne = details4#cha #djd4 ,me?ods ( ,dry+ ,sep>at$ ,proteids4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! analy/ has be5 direct$1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to dry ! proteid matt]1 aft] x is secur$ 9 z pure a =m z possible1 at room temp]ature1 ov] sulfuric acid4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! prep>ation may be obta9$ 9 a =m suit$ to ! /udy ( its physical prop]ties1 s9ce its solubility has n be5 affect$ by subject+ x to a high temp]ature4 ,:5 x is desir$ to use ! sample only = *emical analysis x is n necess>y to wait on ! sl[ process above m5tion$4 ,9 ?is case ! sample may be dri$ 9 an in]t atmosph]e at ! temp]ature ( a /eam-ba? or ev5 at #aaj4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to avoid s high a temp]ature & to conduct ! desiccation 9 vacuo at a heat n above t ( boil+ wat]4 ,! sample1 be=e dry+1 %\ld be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ possible /ate ( comm9ution1 o!rwise p>ticles ( aque\s vapor may be reta9$ ) great t5acity4 ,9 _m cases x is advisable to dry ! sample pretty ?or\ghly1 !n gr9d to a f9e p[d] & f9i% ! desiccation ) ! pulv]ul5t mass4 ,?is treatm5t c be foll[$ :5 ! quantity ( ! mat]ial is consid]ably 9 excess ( t requir$ = ! analytical op]ations4 #dje4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,no me?od ( treatm5t is kn[n by means ( :i* vegetable proteid matt]s may be obta9$ entirely free ( m9]al matt]s4 ,! m9]al bases may be naturally pres5t 9 ! proteid matt] z organic & inorganic salts1 or !y may be me*anically entangl$ !re)1 hav+ be5 d]iv$ ei!r f ! o!r tissues ( ! plant or f ! solv5ts employ$4 ,x is necess>y 9 calculat+ ! analytical data to base ! computation on ! a% free sub/ance4 ,! p]c5tage ( a% is det]m9$ by any ( ! /&>d processes or by heat+ ! sample 9 a combu/ion tube1 to v l[ r$ness1 9 a curr5t ( oxyg54 ,! total residue obta9$ is us$ 9 calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( a%1 & ! weights ( mat]ial subsequ5tly us$ = ! det]m9ation ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog5 & sulfur are correct$ = ! calculations by d$uct+ ! quantity ( m9]al matt] conta9$ !re94 ,by reason ( ! highly hygroscopic nature ( ! dry proteid bodies1 !y mu/ be kept ov] a desiccat+ mat]ial & weigh$ quickly on a balance1 9 an atmosph]e :i* is kept free ( moi/ure by ! usual me?ods4 #djf4 ,c>bon & ,hydrog54--,c>bon & hydrog5 are e/imat$ 9 proteid matt]s by combu/ion ) copp] oxid4 ,osborne pref]s to burn ! sample 9 a plat9um boat 9 a curr5t ( air or ( oxyg5 free ( moi/ure & c>bon dioxid4#chb ,x is advisable to use also a lay] ( lead *romate 9 addition to ! copp] oxid & metallic copp]4 ,! me?od ( conduct+ ! combu/ion has already be5 describ$4#chc ,! analy/ %\ld h at 8 disposal a quantity ( pure sug>1 :i* may be us$ f "t to "t 9 te/+ ! accuracy ( ! "w4 ,9 beg9n+ a s]ies ( combu/ions ?is precaution %\ld nev] be omitt$4 ,! addition ( ! lead *romate is to make m c]ta9 ! absorption ( oxidiz$ sulfur produc$ dur+ ! combu/ion4 #djg4 ,e/imation ( ,nitrog54--,9 mo/ cases x is f\nd conv5i5t1 dur+ ! progress ( sep>at+ vegetable proteids1 to det]m9e ! quantity ( ea* k9d by e/imat+ ! nitrog5 by moi/ combu/ion & comput+ ! quantity ( proteid matt] by multiply+ ! nitrog5 by #f4be4 ,! e/imation ( ! nitrog5 is made ei!r on an aliquot "p ( ! extract or by direct treatm5t ( ! residue4 ,9 ! pure extract$ proteid matt] ! nitrog5 is mo/ conv5i5tly det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion1 b x may also be obta9$ ei!r by combu/ion ) soda-lime or ) copp] oxid1 or by o!r reliable me?ods4#chd ,! p]c5tages ( nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal proteid bodies1 toge!r ) ! factors = comput+ ! weights ( ! proteid bodies f ! weights ( nitrog5 f\nd1 are giv5 bel[3 ,"n ( body4 ,p]c5tage ( nitrog54 ,factor4 ,muc9 #ac4hj to #ad4ac #g4be to #g4jh ,*ondr9 #ad4bj to #ad4fe #g4jd to #f4hc ,album9ates #ac4hg #g4ba ,oat proteids #ae4he #f4ca ,s]um globul9 #ae4fc #f4dj ,egg album9 #ae4ga to #ag4he #f4cg to #e4fj ,maize proteids #af4jf #f4bb ,case9 #ae4da to #af4bi #f4di to #f4ac ,s]um album9 #ae4if #f4bg ,synton9 #af4aj #f4ba ,k]at9 #af4bj to #ag4gj #f4ag to #e4fe ,fibr9og5 #af4fe #f4ja ,peptones #af4ff to #ag4ac #f4jj to #e4hd ,ela/9 #af4ge #e4ig ,:eat proteids #af4hj to #ah4ci #e4ie to #e4dd ,fibr9 #af4ia #e4ia ,flax se$ proteids #ag4gj to #ah4gh #e4fe to #e4cc #djh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulfur4--,sulfur is a *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( ! proteid bodies1 exi/+ 9 quantities approximat+ "o p] c5t ( _! weight4 ,9 ! e/imation ( sulfur1 x is fir/ conv]t$ into sulfuric acid1 :i* is ?r[n out by a soluble b>ium salt & ! sulfur f9ally weigh$ z b>ium sulfate4 ,all ! sulfur exi/+ 9 ! organic /ate 9 a proteid may be obta9$ by burn+ 9 a curr5t ( oxyg5 & conduct+ ! gase\s products ( combu/ion ?r\gh solid sodium or potassium c>bonate at or ne> a r$ heat4#che ,! organic sulfur may also be conv]t$ into sulfuric acid by fus+ ! proteid body ) a mixture ( sodium hydroxid & potassium nitrate4 ,! fus$ mass1 aft] cool+1 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution acidifi$ ) hydro*loric1 evaporat$ to dryness to decompose nitrates & remove excess ( hydro*loric acid & dissolv$ 9 a l>ge excess ( wat]4 ,aft] /&+ = a day1 ! solution is filt]$ & ! sulfuric acid ?r[n out ( ! hot filtrate ) a slight excess ( b>ium *lorid solution4 ,! usual precautions 9 precipitat+1 filt]+ & ignit+ ! b>ium sulfate are to be obs]v$4#chf #dji4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs h be5 /at$ ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! sep>ation ( vegetable proteid matt]s dep5ds1 & a description has be5 giv5 ( ! sev]al processes by :i* ?is sep>ation is accompli%$4 ,9 ea* case1 h[ev]1 special conditions exi/ :i* require special modifications ( ! g5]al processes1 & ^! c only be successfully secur$ by ! skill1 judgm5t & pati5t labor ( ! inve/igator4 ,_m ( ^! cases h be5 already work$ out1 & ! valuable data secur$ by ,*itt5d51 ,osborne & o!rs1 are accessible to ! analy/ 9 ! pap]s already cit$4 ,9 ! case ( ! proteids 9 ! peanut1 a simil> "w has be5 done 9 ?is laboratory by ,bigel[1 ! data ( :i* h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,x is only by a c>eful /udy ( ! "w already done z outl9$ "h & z publi%$ 9 full 9 ! cit$ pap]s1 t ! analy/ w be able to secure tru/wor?y guidance = future inve/igations4 #daj4 ,dialysis4--,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! op]ations connect$ ) ! sep>ation & analysis ( proteids is ! removal ( ! salts :]eby _! solutions are secur$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by subject+ ! solutions ( ! proteid matt]s to dialysis4 ,! solution is plac$ 9 bags made ( p>*m5t dialysis pap]4 ,^! bags are ti$ ab\t a glass tube1 :]eby access may be _h to _! cont5ts dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,s9ce ! volume ( ! liquid increases dur+ ! process1 ! bags %\ld n be fill$ too full 9 ! beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,dialyz+ ,,app>atus4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! dialysis is c>ri$ out by ,bigel[ ) ! city wat] f ! ,potomac1 :i* is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a batt]y ( por\s porcela9 filt]+ tubes to remove any susp5d$ silt or micro-organisms4 ,if unfilt]$ wat] be us$1 ! g]ms !re9 cause a f]m5tation 9 ! proteid matt]1 :i* s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! value ( ! data obta9$1 & :i* c only be avoid$ by ! use ( an antiseptic1 su* z an alcoholic solution ( ?ymol4 ,ev5 ) filt]$ wat]1 ! use ( a few drops ( ! solution m5tion$ is (t5 necess>y4 ,to avoid ! use ( too great quantities ( ! filt]$ wat]1 ! dialyz]s are arrang$ en batt]ie1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! filt]$ wat] ent]s ! fir/ vessel & !nce passes ?r\gh all4 ,! p>*m5t bags are frequ5tly *ang$ f vessel to vessel1 ea* be+ br\ght successively into ! fir/ vessel 9 contact ) ! fre% wat]4 ,9 "s cases ! f9al /eps 9 ! dialysis may be accompli%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,x is advisable to conduct a fractional prelim9>y dialysis ( ! salt solution conta9+ proteids 9 su* a way z to secure ! globul9s precipitat$ 9 ea* int]val ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ea* portion ?us secur$ may be exam9$ ) ! microscope4 ,usually a p]iod ( two weeks is requir$ to entirely remove ! m9]al salts f solution4 ,if prep>$ p>*m5t tubes be us$ = ! dialysis1 !y %\ld be fir/ te/$ = leaks1 & %\ld n be m ?an half fill$4 ,by ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! tubes a great] surface is expos$ to dialytic action1 & ! "t requir$ to complete ! op]ation is correspond+ly decreas$4 ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,e/imation ,,( ,,nitrog5\s ,,bodies ,,9 ,,animal ,,products4 #daa4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--,animal products pres5t _m difficulties 9 respect ( ! r$uction !re( to a suffici5tly comm9ut$ condition = analytical exam9ation4 ,9 ! case ( bones1 ! *opp]s us$ = prep>+ !m = fe$+ to f[ls are ! mo/ effici5t app>atus = r$uc+ !m to fragm5ts4 ,9 ?is condition !y may be gr\nd to a f9] /ate 9 a sausage ma*9e4 ,! fle% ( animals may be r$uc$ by ?is ma*9e1 ) two or ?ree gr9d+s1 to a fairly homog5e\s mass4 ,subsequ5t gr9d+ 9 a mort> ) p[d]$ glass or %>p s& may s]ve to r$uce ! sample to a f9] pulp1 b is n usually necess>y & %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible4 ,! sample ?us prep>$ s]ves = ! e/imation ( wat]1 a% & fat by me?ods already describ$4 ,! sample %\ld be prep>$ 9 quantities ( consid]able magnitude1 ! :ole ( any organ or sep>ate portion ( ! body be+ us$ :5 possible4 ,9 exam9+ ! :ole body ! relative weights ( blood1 bones1 visc]a1 muscle1 hide & o!r p>ts %\ld fir/ ( all be asc]ta9$ & not$4 #dab4 ,treatm5t ( ,muscul> ,tissues = ,nitrog5\s ,bodies4--,= ! pres5t purpose a brief sket* ( ! me?od ( sep>at+ ! nitrog5\s bodies 9 ! muscul> tissues ( ! body is all t c be attempt$4 ,= me?ods ( exam9+ ! diff]5t organs & p>ts ( ! body 9 great] detail1 /&>d works on physiological *emi/ry may be consult$4#chg ,extraction ) ,cold ,wat]4--,a not$ quantity ( ! f9ely divid$ tissues is mix$ ) sev]al volumes ( ice-cold wat] & well rubb$ occasionally = sev]al h\rs1 ! temp]ature mean:ile be+ kept l[4 ,! mixture is p\r$ into a l95 bag & ! liquid portion remov$ by g5tle pressure4 ,! residue 9 l mann] is treat$ ) fre% portions ( cold wat] until x gives up no fur!r soluble matt]s4 ,an aliquot portion ( ! extract is conc5trat$ to a small bulk & s]ves = ! det]m9ation ( total nitrog54 ,! me?ods ( sep>at+ & e/imat+ nitrog5\s bodies 9 fle% soluble 9 wat] w be giv5 9 consid]able detail fur!r on4 ,extraction ) ,ammonium ,*lorid & ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,! residue1 aft] exhau/ion ) cold wat]1 is extract$ ) a solution ( ammonium *lorid conta9+ #aej grams ( ! salt 9 a lit]4 ,?is me?od ( extraction is entirely simil> to t ) wat] j describ$4 ,globul9s & myos9 pass into solution by ?is treatm5t4 ,! residual mass is wa%$ z free z possible ( ! solv5t & is !n fur!r extract$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid conta9+ f\r cubic c5timet]s ( ! fum+ acid 9 a lit]4 ,! treatm5t ) dilute acid is cont9u$ until no fur!r sub/ance passes into solution4 ,?is is det]m9$ by neutraliz+ a portion ( ! extract ) sodium c>bonate1 or by ! direct addition ( potassium f]rocyanid4 ,9 ei!r case abs5ce ( a precipitate indicates t no nitrog5\s matt]s are pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,extraction ) ,alkali4--,! residue f ! acid extraction is wa%$ ) wat] until ! acid is remov$ & !n extract$ 9 a simil> mann] ) a dilute solution ( sodium or potassium hydroxid conta9+ n to exce$ two grams ( ! cau/ic to ! lit]4 ,:5 ?is residue is f9ally wa%$ ) wat] & a little acetic acid1 x w be f\nd t practically all ! purely album9\s bodies conta9$ 9 ! tissues h be5 extract$ ) ! exception ( any fibr91 :i* ! blood1 pres5t 9 ! tissues at ! comm5cem5t ( ! extraction1 may h conta9$4 ,! extract %\ld be acidifi$ ) acetic z soon z obta9$4 ,extraction ) ,boil+ ,wat]4--,! residual matt] boil$ = "s "t ) wat] w "p ) its collag51 :i*1 :5 trans=m$ by ! heat into glut91 passes into solution4 ,! s>colemma1 membranes1 ela/ic fib]s & k]at9 rema9 undissolv$4 #dac4 ,cont5ts ( ! ,sev]al ,extracts4--,by ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( muscul> tissues 9 ! mann] j describ$1 ! nitrog5\s bodies !y conta9 are sep>at$ into five classes1 viz43 ,cold ,wat] ,extract4--,?is conta9s s]um album91 s]um globul91 muscle album91 myos91 muc9 & peptone4 ,ammonium ,*lorid ,extract4--,?is solution conta9s ! globul9s & also 9 _m cases "s myos9 & s]um globul94 ,hydro*loric ,acid ,extract4--,:5 ! extractive matt] remov$ by hydro*loric acid1 ?r[n out by sodium c>bonate & well wa%$ ) wat]1 has a neutral reaction1 x consi/s ( synton91 :5 acid1 ( an album9ate4 ,alkali ,extract4--,! acid album9 ( ! animal tissue is f\nd 9 ! alkal9e solution & may be ?r[n out by mak+ ! solution slightly acid4 ,insoluble ,residue4--,! fif? class conta9s ! insoluble nitrog5\s bodies m5tion$ above4 #dad4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4--,only a brief rsum ( ! me?ods ( treat+ animal tissues = nitrog5\s bases is giv5 above1 s9ce a m elaborate discussion ( ^! pr9ciples & me?ods w\ld lead too f> away f ! ma9 purpose ( ?is manual4 ,= practical purposes1 ! mo/ important ( ^! bodies are ^? soluble 9 wat] & ! me?ods ( treat+ ^! w be h&l$ at "s l5g?4 ,un=tunately1 ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! exact qualities ( ^! bodies are n z satisfactory 9 case ( animal z 9 vegetable nitrog5\s bodies4 ,! fle% bases1 soluble 9 wat]1 conta9 a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an is f\nd 9 true proteid bodies1 & !re=e ! multiplication ( ! weight ( nitrog5 f\nd !re9 by #f4be does n give ev5 a ne> approximation ( ! actual quantities ( ! nitrog5\s bodies pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,"s ( ! fle% bases conta9 m ?an twice z mu* nitrog5 z is f\nd 9 proteids1 & 9 su* cases #c4ab1 & n #f4be1 w\ld be ! m correct factor to use 9 ! computation4 ,:5 possible1 !re=e1 ^! bodies %\ld be precipitat$ & weigh$ aft] dry+1 b ?is is n practicable 9 _m in/ances4 ,! sole res\rce ( ! *emi/ 9 su* cases is to det]m9e ! nature ( ! body z ne>ly z possible by qualitive reactions1 !n to det]m9e ! total nitrog5 !re9 & multiply its weight by ! correspond+ factor4 ,! pr9cipal fle% bases h ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( nitrog5 & ! approximate factors = calculat+ analytical data are also giv53 ,"n ( base4 ,=mula4 ,p] c5t ,factor4 nitrog54 ,glut9 ,c,h,n,o #ag4ie #e4eg ,c>n9 ,c,h,n,o #ca4aa #c4ba ,kreat9 ,c,h,n,o #cb4jf #c4ab ,kreat99 ,c,h,n,o #cg4ag #b4fi ,s>k9 ,c,h,n,o #da4ah #b4dc #dae4 ,composition ( ,meat ,extracts4--,! meat extracts ( comm]ce conta9 all ! con/itu5ts ( meat t are soluble 9 w>m wat]4 ,! p>ts :i* are soluble 9 w>m wat] & n 9 cold are f\nd 9 ! cold aque\s solution z susp5d$ or s$im5t>y matt]s4 ,among ! nitrog5\s bodies pres5t are includ$ album91 albumose & peptone among ! proteids1 c>n91 kreat91 kreat991 s>k9 & xan?9 among ! non-proteids1 & inos9ic & uric acids & urea among o!r nitrog5\s bodies4 ,among ! non-nitrog5\s bodies are f\nd lactic & butyric acids1 inosit & glycog54 ,among m9]al bodies occurs ! phosphates & *lorids ( ! common bases4 ,9 addition to ^! bodies1 meat extracts may also conta9 gelat9 & o!r decomposition products ( proteid matt]4 ,s9ce meat extract is suppos$ to be prep>$ by ! dige/ion ( ! meat free ( bones & put 9 cold wat] or 9 w>m wat] n above #ge1 ! pres5ce ( gelat9 w\ld indicate a diff]5t me?od ( prep>ation1 viz41 ei!r by boil+ wat] or wat] heat$ above ! boil+ po9t "u pressure4 ,9 a prop]ly prep>$ extract1 ! p]c5tage ( gelat9 is v small4 ,approximately "o-t5? ( ! :ole nitrog5 pres5t is 9 ! =m ( albumoses & only a trace z peptones4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! nitrog5 exi/s z fle% bases 7kreat91 etc474 ,! composition ( ?ree meat extracts1 numb]s "o & two solid & numb] ?ree liquid1 is giv5 9 ! subjo9$ table4#chh ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,total nitrog5 #i4bh #i4ad #b4gg ,nitrog5 z album9 trace #j4jh trace 0 0 albumose #j4if #a4ba #j4gj 0 0 peptone trace trace none 0 0 fle% bases #f4ha #e4ig #a4ef 0 0 ammonia #j4dg #j4da #j4ji 0 9 comp\nds insoluble 9 sixty-six p] c5t alcohol #j4ba #j4cc #j4be 0 0 o!r bodies #j4hc #a4ad #j4ag #dag4 ,analysis ( ,meat ,extracts4--,! analysis ( a meat extract %\ld include ! det]m9ation ( ! wat]1 a% & total nitrog54 ,aft] multiply+ ! nitrog5 :i* exi/s z proteids by #f4be & add+ toge!r ! p]c5tages ( all ! +r$i5ts1 a%1 wat]1 etc41 includ+ ammonia1 ! sum is to be subtract$ f #ajj & ! diff]5ce ent]$ z non-nitrog5\s organic matt]4 ,! nature ( ?is conglom]ate has already be5 expla9$4 ,wat]4--,x is advisable to det]m9e ! wat] 9 a p>tial vacuum 7#bj7 or 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 7#bc-be74 ,! wat] may also be det]m9$ 9 solid extracts by plac+ ab\t five grams ( ! mat]ial 9 a flat bottom t9 foil di% ab\t fifty-five millimet]s 9 diamet] & tw5ty millimet]s deep4 ,! mat]ial is dissolv$ 9 en\gh w>m wat] to fill ! di% a little ov] "o-half & ! liquid is !n absorb$ by add+ a weigh$ quantity ( fibr\s asbe/os or ( dry fragm5ts ( pumice /one4 ,! asbe/os is to be pref]r$ because ( ! fact t x may be subsequ5tly cut into small bits = ! det]m9ation ( ! gelat94 ,! di% ?us prep>$ is dri$ to con/ant weight 9 a /eam-ba? or vacuum ov54 ,! weight ( ! di% & ( ! add$ absorb5t1 toge!r ) t ( ! mat]ial employ$ & ( ! dri$ di% & its cont5ts1 give ! data = calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are us$ z describ$ fur!r on = ! det]m9ation ( gelat94 ,9 liquid extracts ! wat] is det]m9$ 9 an entirely analog\s mann]1 us+ ab\t tw5ty grams ( ! mat]ial & omitt+ ! solution 9 wat]4 ,9 solid extracts1 ! "p insoluble 9 cold wat] is det]m9$ sep>ately4 ,a%4--,! a% is det]m9$ by ignition at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 be/ 9 a muffle 7#bh-cb74 ,! a% %\ld be exam9$ qualitively4 ,:]e a quantitive analysis is desir$1 l>g] quantities ( ! extract are inc9]at$ & ! con/itu5ts ( ! a% det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4#chi ,total ,nitrog54--,s9ce nitrates are n pres5t unless add$ 9 ! manufacture1 ! total nitrog5 is be/ det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion4#cij ,nitric ,nitrog54--,! extract %\ld be te/$ = nitrates & if pres5t !y are det]m9$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4#cia ,ammoniacal ,nitrog54--,:5 ammonia is pres5t x is det]m9$ by di/illation ) magnesia4#cib ,s9ce boil+ ) magnesia may cause ! di/illation ( m ammonia ?an is pres5t z ammonium salts1 ! plus be+ due to ! decomposition ( "s o!r nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ,/utz] replaces ! magnesia ) b>ium c>bonate4#cic ,proteid ,nitrog5 ,insoluble 9 ,sixty-,two ,p] ,c5t ,alcohol4--,! aque\s solution is treat$ ) /rong alcohol until ! mixture conta9s ab\t sixty-two p] c5t ( ! reag5t4 ,! precipitate produc$ is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) sixty-two p] c5t alcohol & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$4 ,albumose ,nitrog54--,?is is secur$ by saturat+ ! aque\s solution ) z9c or ammonium sulfate4 ,! sep>at$ albumoses are skimm$ f ! surface1 ?r[n 9 a filt]1 wa%$ ) a saturat$ solution ( z9c sulfate & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ !re9 by moi/ combu/ion4 ,9 ! filtrate f ! above sep>ation1 peptone is detect$ qualitively by add+ a few drops ( dilute solution ( copp] sulfate 7biuret reaction74 ,kreat91 ,kreat99 & ,o!r ,fle% ,bases4--,! cle>1 aque\s solution ( ! extract is acidifi$ ) sulfuric1 mix$ ) a solution ( sodium phosphotung/ate & all[$ to /& = ab\t six days4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ ) a solution ( ! precipitant1 & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$4 ,! nitrog5 f\nd1 less t due to ammonia1 repres5ts ! total nitrog5\s matt] precipitat$ by ! phosphotung/ic acid4 ,f ?is quantity is d$uct$ ! nitrog5 9 ! proteids1 precipitat$ by sixty-two p] c5t alcohol & by ammonium or z9c sulfate1 & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! nitrog5 9 fle% bases4 ,! nitrog5 ?r[n out by ! phosphotung/ic acid is d$uct$ f ! total nitrog51 & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! nitrog5\s bodies n precipitable by ! reag5t nam$4 ,?is me?od ( sep>at+ ! nitrog5\s matt]s 9 meat extracts is bas$ on ! obs]vation t ^! bodies conta9 at mo/ only a small quantity ( peptones1 s small z to be safely negligible4#cid ,quantities us$ = ,analysis4--,9 conduct+ ! sep>ations above not$1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to use 9 ea* case ab\t five grams ( ! solid or tw5ty ( ! liquid extract4 ,9 ! nitrog5 det]m9ations1 ! weight ( ! sample %\ld be inv]sely proportional to its cont5t ( nitrog54 #dag4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,phosphotung/ic ,reag5t4--,! phosphotung/ic reag5t is conv5i5tly prep>$ z foll[s3 ,dissolve #abj grams ( sodium phosphate & #bjj ( sodium tung/ate 9 "o lit] ( wat] & add to ! solution #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,:5 ! reag5t is prep>$ = g5]al purposes x is cu/om>y to acidify ) nitric1 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 inasmu* z ! precipitate is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog51 x is evid5t t sulfuric %\ld be sub/itut$ = nitric acid4 ,9 all cases ! analy/ mu/ be assur$ ( ! /rong acidity ( ! reag5t1 & 9 addition to ?is ! solutions ( proteid matt] to :i* ! reag5t is add$ mu/ fir/ be made /rongly acid ) sulfuric4 #dah4 ,z9c ,sulfate z ,reag5t = ,sep>at+ ,albumoses f ,peptones4--,:5 ! albumoses are sep>at$ f ! peptones1 by precipitation ) ammonium sulfate1 !re may be dang] ( "s ( ?is reag5t adh]+ to ! albumose1 & 9 ?is way ! quantity ( nitrog5 obta9$ on analysis may be increas$4 ,to avoid an accid5t ( ?is k9d ,bm] replaces ! ammonium by z9c sulfate4#cie ,s9ce ! precipitation ( ! albumoses by saturat$ sal9e solutions dep5ds on _! hydrolytic p[]1 ! sub/itution ( ano!r salt = ammonium sulfate capable ( /rongly attract+ wat]1 may be made if t salt does n possess any objectionable prop]ty4 ,cry/alliz$ z9c sulfate w dissolve 9 less ?an its own weight ( cold wat] & is !re=e well suit$ = ! purpose 9 view4 ,9 ! case ( a meat extract1 ! precipitation is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! extract1 fre$ f all solid matt] by filtration & conta9+ ab\t two grams ( ! soluble proteids1 are saturat$ 9 ! cold ) f9ely p[d]$ z9c sulfate4 ,! sep>at$ albumoses collect on ! surface & are skimm$ (f1 p\r$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) cold saturat$ z9c sulfate solution4 ,! filt] & its cont5ts are us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 by moi/ combu/ion4#cif ,! filtrate f ! precipitat$ albumoses gives no biuret reaction1 &1 !re=e1 z 9 ! use ( ammonium sulfate1 is free ( album94 ,! biuret reaction is appli$ to ! z9c sulfate filtrate z foll[s3 ,! filtrate is greatly dilut$ ) wat] & fre$ ( z9c by means ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! filtrate free ( z9c is evaporat$ on ! /eam-ba?1 made /rongly alkal9e ) sodium hydroxid & treat$ ) a few drops ( a two p] c5t copp] sulfate solution1 add$ successively4 ,ano!r advantage possess$ by ! z9c sulfate is f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 ! filtrate f ! sep>at$ albumoses ! peptones & o!r fle% bases c be ?r[n out by phosphotung/ic acid4 ,be=e ! application ( ! reag5t1 ! filtrate %\ld be made /rongly acid by add+ ab\t an equal volume ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o "p ( acid to f\r ( wat]47 ,! nitrog5 9 ! precipitate ?us obta9$ is det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion 9 ! mann] already sugge/$4 ,if ! proteid matt]s conta9 salts ( ammonium x is probable t a difficultly soluble d\ble sulfate ( z9c & ammonium1 7,,nh7,,s4,zn,s,o4#f;,h,o1 w be f\nd 9 ! precipitate4 ,ammonium salts1 if pres5t1 %\ld !re=e be remov$ by di/illation ) magnesia4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to ?r[ d[n ! ammonia ) ! fir/ z9c precipitate1 di/il ?is ) magnesia & det]m9e ! am\nt ( nitrog5 d]iv$ f ! ammonia comp\nds4 ,9 a second sample1 ! total nitrog5 is det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two results gives t due to albumoses4 #dai4 ,exam9ation = ,muscul> ,tissue4--,"s samples ( meat extracts conta9 small quantities ( f9ely gr\nd muscul> tissue4 ,= detect+ ?is ! extract is treat$ ) cold wat] & ! insoluble residue exam9$ ) a microscope4 ,if muscul> tissue be f\nd1 ab\t eight grams ( ! extract or tw5ty-five ( ! fluid prep>ation1 are treat$ ) cold wat]1 ! insoluble matt] collect$ ^u a filt]1 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! residue4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be gives ! quantity ( muscle fib] proteids pres5t4 ,! filtrate f ! above det]m9ation is acidifi$ ) acetic1 boil$1 any precipitate :i* is =m$ collect$ & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$4 ,! nitrog5 obta9$ multipli$ by #f4be gives ! quantity ( coagulable album9 pres5t4 ,an aliquot portion ( ! filtrate is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 & ! p]c5tage !re9 f\nd1 d$uct$ f ! total nitrog5 ( ! sample1 gives a rema9d] :i* may be us$ z a repres5tative ( ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! =m ( album9 & muscul> tissue4 #dbj4 ,e/imation ( ,gelat94--,! t9 foil di% & its cont5ts us$ = ! det]m9ation ( wat]1 z above describ$1 are cut into small pieces1 plac$ 9 a beak] & extract$ f\r times ) absolute alcohol4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! alcohol1 ! residue is extract$ ) ice wat] conta9+ t5 p] c5t ( alcohol1 9 :i* a small piece ( ice is kept to avoid a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! beak] %\ld be %ak5 dur+ ! extraction1 :i* %\ld la/ = ab\t two m9utes4 ,:]e l>ge numb]s ( samples are treat$ at once1 any conv5i5t =m ( %ak+ ma*9e may be employ$4 ,at lea/ two extractions ) ice wat] mu/ be made4 ,! residue is !n collect$ ^u a filt] & wa%$ ) ice wat] until ! wa%+s are completely colorless4 ,! residue on ! filt] is replac$ 9 ! beak]1 boil$ ) wat]1 well wa%$ on ! filt] ) boil+ wat]1 ! filtrate & wa%+s conc5trat$ & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is det]m9ation is bas$ on ! fact t gelat9 is almo/ completely insoluble 9 ice wat] :ile s]um peptones & album9 peptones are almo/ completely soluble 9 t reag5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fle% bases & ! proteids pres5t are almo/ completely remov$ by ! prelim9>y treatm5t ) alcohol & ice wat] or are left undissolv$ by ! hot wat]4 ,! solution 9 boil+ wat]1 !re=e1 conta9s practically no?+ b gelat94#cig ,9 a lat] article1 ,/utz] modifies ! me?od giv5 above z foll[s3#cih ,( dry & moi/ extracts f five to sev5 grams & ( liquid extracts f tw5ty to tw5ty-five grams are us$ = ! det]m9ation & plac$ 9 t9 foil di%es1 z describ$ above4 ,9 case ( solid extracts1 a suffici5t quantity ( w>m wat] is add$ to completely dissolve !m1 ! solution be+ facilitat$ by /irr+4 ,9 case ! solution is too ?9 x %\ld be conc5trat$ be=e go+ fur!r4 ,x is treat$ ) a suffici5t am\nt ( du/-free ignit$ s& to completely absorb x1 & ! di% & its cont5ts are !n dri$ to a con/ant weight4 ,! dri$ cont5ts ( ! di% are rubb$ up 9 a mort>1 ! di% cut into f9e bits1 & all plac$ 9 a beak]4 ,! solid syrphete#cii is extract$ f\r times ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( absolute alcohol1 ! alcohol 9 ea* case be+ p\r$ ?r\gh an asbe/os filt] = ! purpose ( collect+ any matt]s susp5d$ !re94 ,9 a l>ge flask are plac$ #ajj grams ( alcohol1 #cjj grams ( ice & #fjj grams ( cold wat]1 & ! flask is plac$ 9 a l>ge vessel & pack$ ) f9ely divid$ ice4 ,f\r beak]s m>k$ b1 c1 d1 e are also plac$ 9 ice & ! beak] conta9+ ! syrphete1 left aft] extraction ) absolute alcohol z above m5tion$1 is m>k$ a & also plac$ 9 p\nd$ ice4 ,! extraction ) cold alcoholic wat] proce$s z foll[s3 ,9 beak] a are p\r$ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! mixture 9 ! l>ge flask1 its cont5ts are /irr$ = two m9utes & !n ! liquid portion p\r$ (f into beak] b to :i*1 at ! same "t1 a piece ( ice is add$4 ,9 beak] a are p\r$ aga9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s f ! l>ge flask1 treat$ z above describ$1 & ! liquid extract p\r$ into beak] c4 ,9 l mann] ! extraction 9 beak] a is cont9u$ until ea* ( ! beak]s has receiv$ its portion ( ! extract4 ,by ?is "t ! liquid ov] ! s& 9 beak] a %\ld be completely colorless4 ,! filtration ( ! liquid extract is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,9 a funnel ( ab\t sev5 c5timet]s diamet] is plac$ a p]=at$ porcela9 plate ab\t f\r c5timet]s 9 diamet] :i* is cov]$ ) asbe/os felt ) long fib]4 ,?ree filt]s are prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,on ! fir/ filt] are p\r$ ! cont5ts ( beak] b4 ,aft] ! liquid has pass$ ?r\gh1 ! s& & o!r residue 9 beak] a are transf]r$ to ! filt] & ! beak] & residue wa%$ ) ! alcoholic ice wat] f ! l>ge flask4 ,! filtration %\ld be accompli%$ "u pressure4 ,on ! second filt] are p\r$ ! cont5ts ( beak] c4 ,on ! ?ird filt] ! cont5ts ( beak]s d & e4 ,! wa%+ ) alcoholic ice wat] f ! l>ge flask is cont9u$ 9 ea* in/ance until ! filtrate is colorless4 ,at ! same "t ! asbe/os filt]1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = filt]+ ! absolute alcohol extract1 is wa%$ ) ! alcoholic ice wat] mixture f ! l>ge flask4 ,at ! end ! s& rema9+ 9 beak] a toge!r ) all ! asbe/os filt]s are br\ght toge!r into a porcela9 di%1 boil$ two or ?ree times ) wat]1 ! aque\s solution filt]$ & ! filtrate conc5trat$ & us$ = ! e/imation ( ! nitrog54 ,! quantity ( nitrog5 f\nd multipli$ by #f4be repres5ts ! proteid matt] 9 ! gelat9 ( ! sample4 ,! object ( ! multiple filt]s1 describ$ above1 is to accel]ate ! process1 & !y are requir$ because ! gelat9 quickly occludes ! filt] pores4 ,= ?is reason ! asbe/os filt]s are f\nd to op]ate bett] ?an ^? made ( pap]4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! residue ( ! peptones insoluble 9 alcohol may conta91 9 addition to gelat91 also small quantities ( albumoses4 ,f ! quantity ( albumose nitrog5 f\nd1 x is und]/ood t ! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( coagulable album91 det]m9$ z describ$ 9 ! fir/ process m5tion$ above1 is to be d$uct$1 s9ce ^! coagulable album9s are insoluble 9 alcohol4 #dba4 ,e/imation ( ,nitrog5 9 ! ,fle% ,bases ,soluble 9 ,alcohol4--,ab\t five grams ( ! dry extract1 t5 grams ( ! extract conta9+ wat] or tw5ty-five grams ( ! liquid extract are plac$ 9 a beak] & en\gh wat] add$ 9 ea* case to make ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s 9 all4 ,usually no wat] ne$ be add$ to ! liquid extracts4 ,v ?9 peptone solutions %\ld be evaporat$ until ! cont5t ( wat] is r$uc$ to sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ,! solution1 prep>$ z above indicat$1 is treat$ sl[ly ) con/ant /irr+ ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( absolute alcohol1 ! /irr+ cont9u$ = "s m9utes & ! vessel set aside = twelve h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ repeat$ly ) /rong alcohol4 ,leuc91 tyros9 & a "p ( ! fle% bases are dissolv$ by alcohol4 ,! alcohol is remov$ by di/illation & ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,any flocky residue :i* rema9s on solution ) wat] is remov$ by filtration1 ! nitrog5 det]m9$ !re9 & ! quantity !re( add$ to ! albumose nitrog5 f\nd1 z h]eaft] describ$4 ,! volume ( ! aque\s solution is complet$ ) wat] to half a lit]4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are us$ = ! det]m9ation ( total nitrog51 & ano!r #ajj cubic c5timet]s = ! det]m9ation ( ammoniacal nitrog5 by di/illation ) b>ium c>bonate4 ,a "p ( ! ammonia may h escap$ dur+ ! prelim9>y di/illation ( ! alcohol & !re=e ! am\nt f\nd may n repres5t ! :ole am\nt orig9ally pres5t4 ,! use ( ! above det]m9ation is pr9cipally to asc]ta9 ! correction to be made 9 ! am\nt ( total nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! fir/ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution4 #dbb4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,residue ,insoluble 9 ,alcohol4--,! residue insoluble 9 alcohol is wa%$ f ! filt] into ! beak] 9 :i* ! fir/ solution 0 made4 ,! aque\s mixture is w>m$ on a wat]-ba? until ! alcohol adh]+ to ! precipitate is completely evaporat$1 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! beak] are p\r$ ^u a filt] free ( nitrog54 ,a small "p ( ! albumose1 by reason ( ! treatm5t ) alcohol1 t5ds to rema9 undissolv$1 & x is advisable to collect ?is albumose ^u a filt]1 wa% x well ) hot wat] & e/imate ! nitrog5 !re94 ,! quantity ( nitrog5 ?us f\nd is to be add$ to ! albumose nitrog5 det]m9$ z describ$ lat] on4 ,! total filtrate obta9$ f ! la/ filtration is made up to a volume ( half a lit]1 ( :i* fifty cubic c5timet]s are us$ = ! det]m9ation ( total nitrog51 fifty cubic c5timet]s = ! det]m9ation ( gelat91 albumose & peptone1 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s = ! residual peptones4 ,! albumose1 toge!r ) ! gelat9 & peptones c>ri$ d[n ) x1 is precipitat$ ) z9c or ammonium sulfate solution1 & its p] c5t calculat$ f ! am\nt ( nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! precipitate4 ,! true peptone is det]m9$ by subtract+ ! quantity ( nitrog5 det]m9$ z albumose f ! total nitrog5 9 solution4 ,! re/ ( ! liquid1 viz41 #cjj cubic c5timet]s1 is evaporat$ to a small volume & te/$ qualitively = true peptones z foll[s3 ,to sep>ate ! albumose & gelat9 a conc5trat$ liquor is treat$ ) an excess ( f9ely divid$ ammonium sulfate s t a "p ( ! salt rema9s undissolv$4 ,! sep>at$ albumose1 gelat9 & undissolv$ ammonium salts are collect$ on a filt]1 ! filtrate mix$ ) a few drops ( dilute copp] sulfate solution & a consid]able quantity ( conc5trat$ soda or pota% lye add$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! quantity ( copp] is n too great1 o!rwise ! peculi> r$ coloration w be obscur$ by ! blue color ( ! copp] solution4 #dbc4 ,pancreas ,peptone4--,! filtrate obta9$ z describ$ above1 by treat+ ! portion ( ! mat]ial insoluble 9 alcohol ) w>m wat]1 conta9s 9 addition to ! albumose & gelat9 ! :ole ( ! pancreas peptone :i* may be pres5t4 ,to sep>ate ?is peptone1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! aque\s solution are evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% until ! volume does n exce$ t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,:5 cool1 at lea/ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ cool$ solution ( ammonium sulfate solution are add$1 ! mixture ?or\ghly /irr$1 ! precipitate collect$ ^u a filt] & wa%$ ) a cold saturat$ solution ( ammonium sulfate4 ,! cont5ts ( ! filt] are dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! filt] ?or\ghly wa%$ & ! filtrate & wa%+s evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) ! addition ( b>ium c>bonate until1 on ! addition ( new quantities ( b>ium c>bonate1 no fur!r trace ( ammonia c be discov]$4 ,! residue is extract$ ) wat]1 ! b>ium sulfate & c>bonate pres5t sep>at$ by filtration1 well wa%$ & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! evaporat$ filtrate & wa%+s 9 ! usual way & multipli$ by #f4be to det]m9e ! quantity ( pancreas peptone4 #dbd4 ,albumose ,peptone4--,a "p ( ! albumose peptone :i* may be pres5t is det]m9$ 9 conjunction ) ! o!r bodies m5tion$ above4 ,! *ief quantity is f\nd 9 ! solution ( ! residue insoluble 9 alcohol 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( ?is residue 9 hot wat] are mix$ ) an equal volume ( dilute sulfuric acid1 "o volume ( acid to ?ree ( wat]1 9 ! cold1 & a solution ( sodium phosphotung/ate add$ until x produces no fur!r precipitate4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) dilute sulfuric acid & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ !re94 ,! nitrog5 ?us f\nd is d]iv$ f ! albumose1 pancreas peptone & gelat94 ,! quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! pancreas peptone & gelat91 z above describ$1 is subtract$ f ! total quantity f\nd 9 ! phosphotung/ic acid precipitat$1 & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! nitrog5 due to ! albumose4 #dbe4 ,nitrog5 9 ! ,=m ( ,fle% ,bases ,insoluble 9 ,alcohol4--,?is is det]m9$ by subtract+ ! quantity ( nitrog51 det]m9$ by ! phosphotung/ic acid me?od already describ$1 f ! total quantity ( nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! precipitate insoluble 9 alcohol & soluble 9 wat]4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,fif?4 #ccg ,watts' ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 new edition1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #cbg4 #cch ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ccj4 #cci ,b>bi]i1 ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 neue ,folge ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #aad4 #cdj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #a1 p4 #cci4 #cda ,bullet9 ,no4 #di1 ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,may1 #ahie4 #cdb ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjh4 #cdc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #egj4 #cdd ,wiley1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #bhi4 #cde ,ob]may]1 ,*emik]-,zeitung ,rep]torium1 ,oct4 #ahhi1 ,s4 #bfi4 #cdf ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*- und pa?ologis*-*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,s4 #bfi4 #cdg ,wiley1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #bhi4 #cdh ,drag5dorff's ,plant ,analysis1 p4 #ee4 #cdi ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #aib et seq4 #cej ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #aea4 #cea ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjg4 #ceb ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ag1 ,s4 #cba3 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #chj4 #cec ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ab1 p4 #bde4 #ced ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #fa4 #cee ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #aj1 ,ss4 #he1 #aii2 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #cab3 ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #ade4 #cef ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #cbe4 #ceg ,ri*>dson & ,crampton1 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #aahj4 #ceh ,maxwell1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #dgj4 #cei ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #ahe4 #cfj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #ac3 ,s*ulze1 ,zeits*rift physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #dia4 #cfa ,?is "w1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #daa4 #cfb ,vid4 op4 cit41 #bb1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #ae4 #cfc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #ahh4 #cfd ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*- und pa?ologis*-*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,s4 #afi4 #cfe ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bbe4 #cff ,bullet9 ,no4 #de1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ea4 #cfg ,osborne & ,voorhees1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #dgj4 #cfh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #che4 #cfi ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dab4 #cgj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #djb4 #cga ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #djd4 #cgb ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #efb4 #cgc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #cd1 p4 #djd4 #cgd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #c1 p4 #dee4 #cge ,osborne & ,voorhees1 vid4 op4 cit4 #cd1 p4 #dji4 #cgf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #dfd4 #cgg ,*itt5d5 & ,osborne1 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ad1 p4 #cb4 #cgh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #da4 #cgi ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #fci4 #chj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #cii4 #cha ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #cie1 #djj1 #dja4 #chb ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dji4 #chc ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cai4 #chd ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #afi et seq4 #che ,vid4 op4 cit4 #dg1 p4 #dbj4 #chf ,osborne1 vid4 op4 cit4 #dd1 p4 #daj4 #chg ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*- und pa?ologis*-*emis*5 ,analyse4 #chh ,knig und ,bm]1 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #efj4 #chi ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #big1 #bih4 #cij ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ahd4 #cia ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #bjf4 #cib ,?is "w1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dej2 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bbf4 #cic ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #cgg4 #cid ,knig und ,bm]1 vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #efj4 #cie ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #efb4 #cif ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ec1 p4 #ahd4 #cig ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eg1 ,s4 #cgd4 #cih ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #efh4 #cii ,f 4 ,,"p ,,six?4 ,,dairy ,,products4 #dbf4 ,introductory4--,! importance ( dairy products has l$ to ! publication ( a va/ am\nt ( lit]ature relat+ !reto1 & x seems almo/ a hopeless task to pres5t ev5 a typical ab/ract ( ! v>i\s analytical processes :i* h be5 propos$ & us$ 9 _! /udy4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ! prec$+ p>ts ( ?is volume are applicable to ! /udy ( dairy products1 & ! analy/ :o is guid$ by !m c intellig5tly exam9e ! bodies specially consid]$ 9 ! pres5t "p4 ,!re h be5 develop$1 h[ev]1 _m valuable processes = ! special exam9ation ( dairy products1 :i* are ( su* a nature t !y c\ld n be prop]ly discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,9 ! pres5t "p an ef=t w be made to pres5t 9 a typical =m ! mo/ important ( ^! processes & to /ate ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* !y are bas$4 ,?is subject is naturally subdivid$ into ?ree p>ts1 viz41 milk1 butt] & *eese4 ,! milk sug> indu/ry is n ( suffici5t importance to receive a special classification4 ,,milk4 #dbg4 ,composition ( ,milk4--,! composition ( milk n only v>ies ) ! g5us & species ( ! mammal f :i* x is d]iv$1 b also dep5ds 9 a m>k$ degree on idiosyncrasy4#djj ,milk is a mixture conta9+ wat]1 proteids1 fat1 c>bohydrates1 organic & inorganic acids & m9]al salts4 ,!re h also be5 obs]v$ 9 milk 9 m9ute quantities ammonia1 urea1 hypoxan?91 *yme1 *yle1 biliv]d91 *ole/]91 muc91 leci?91 kreat91 leuc9 & tyros94 ,9 ! f]m5tation :i* milk und]goes 9 incipi5t decomposition !re is sometimes develop$ f ! proteid matt]1 z po9t$ out by ,vaughn1 a ptoma9e1 tyrotoxicon1 :i* is a virul5t poison4#dja ,! pres5ce ( ^! la/ nam$ bodies is ( int]e/ *iefly to ! physiologi/ & pa?ologi/ & c receive no fur!r att5tion "h4 ,f a nutritive po9t ( view1 ! important compon5ts ( milk are ! fats1 proteids & sug>1 b especially 9 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! "y ! value ( lime & phosphoric acid mu/ be rememb]$4 ,! mean composition ( ! mo/ important milks1 z det]m9$ by rec5t analyses1 is giv5 bel[3 ,wat]4 ,sug>4 ,proteids4 ,fat4 ,a%4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,c[ #hf4ij #d4hj #c4fj #d4jj #j4gj ,human #hh4ge #f4jj #a4ej #c4de #j4cj ,goat #he4gj #d4de #d4cj #d4ge #j4hj ,ass #hi4ej #f4be #b4jj #a4ge #j4ej ,m>e #ij4ge #e4gj #b4jj #a4bj #j4ce ,%eep #hj4hj #d4ij #f4ee #f4he #j4ij ,! mean composition ( milk1 z giv5 by ,watts & ,knig1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,,watts4 ,m9]al ,wat]4 ,solids4 ,proteids4 ,fats4 ,sug>4 ,salts4 ,woman #hg4fe #ab4ce #c4jg #c4ia #e4ja #j4ag ,ass #ij4gj #i4cj #a4gj #a4ee #e4hj #j4ej ,c[ #hf4ef #ac4dd #d4jh #d4jc #d4fj #j4gc ,goat #hf4gf #ac4bd #d4bc #d4dh #c4ia #j4fb ,%eep #hc4ca #af4fi #e4gc #f4je #c4if #j4fh ,m>e #hb4hd #ag4af #a4fd #f4hg #h4fe ,k,,nig4 ,case9 & ,milk ,wat]4 ,fat4 album94 sug>4 ,a%4 ,woman #hg4da #c4gh #b4bi #f4ba #j4ca ,m>e #ij4gh #a4ba #a4ii #e4fg #j4ce ,ass #hi4fd #a4fc #b4bb #e4ii #j4ea ,c[ #hg4ag #c4fi #c4ee #d4hh #j4ga ,! av]age composition ( #abj1edj samples ( c[ milk1 z det]m9$ by analysis1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( elev5 ye>s1 0 f\nd by ,vie? to be z foll[s3#djb ,p] c5t4 ,total solids #ab4i ,solids n fat #h4h ,fat #d4a ,! quantity ( solids & fat 9 milk is less aft] long] ?an aft] %ort] p]iods betwe5 milk+s4 ,! quantity ( solids & fat 9 c[ milk is less 9 ! spr+ ?an 9 ! autumn4 ,! *ief organic acid naturally pres5t 9 milk is citric1 :i* exi/s probably 9 comb9ation ) lime4 ,! mean cont5t ( citric acid 9 milk is ab\t "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4#djc ,citric acid is n f\nd 9 human milk1 & probably exi/s only 9 ! mamm>y secretions ( h]bivores4 ,among ! m9]al acids ( milk1 phosphoric is ! mo/ important1 b a "p ( ! phosphorus f\nd z phosphoric acid 9 ! a% ( milk may come f pre-exi/+ organic phosphorus 7leci?91 nucle974 ,! sulfuric acid1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! a% ( milk1 is d]iv$ f ! sulfur ( ! proteid matt] dur+ ignition4 ,lactic acid is develop$ f lactose dur+ ! s\r+ ( milk z ! result ( bact]ial activity4 ,gases are also f\nd 9 solutions ( milk1 notably c>bon dioxid1 :i* gives to fre%ly drawn milk its bro?y appe>ance4 ,! a% ( milk has ! foll[+ composition express$ z grams p] lit] ( ! orig9al milk3#djd ,grams ,probable =m ,grams ,compon5t4 p] lit]4 ( comb9ation4 p] lit]4 sodium *lorid #j4ifb ,*lor9 #j4ij potassium *lorid #j4hcj ,,kh,,po #a4aef ,k,,hpo #j4hec ,phosphoric acid #b4db ,mg,h,p,o #j4ccf ,ca,h,p,o #j4fga ,ca7,,po7 #j4hjf ,potassium #a4hj 7z %[n above7 & z potassium citrate #j4die ,sodium #j4di sodium *lorid #j4ifb ,lime #a4ij 7z %[n above7 & z calcium citrate #b4acc ,magnesia #j4bj ,mg,h,p,o #j4ccf ,! p]c5tage composition ( ! a% ( milk1 accord+ to ,fleis*mann & ,s*rott1 is express$ z foll[s3#dje ,p] c5t4 ,potassium oxid1 ,k,o #be4db ,sodium oxid1 ,na,o #aj4id ,calcium oxid1 ,ca,o #ba4de ,magnesium oxid1 ,mg,o #b4ed ,iron oxid1 ,fe,o #j4aa ,sulfuric acid1 ,,s #d4aa ,phosphoric acid1 ,p,o #bd4aa ,*lor91 ,cl #ad4fj ------ #ajc4bh ,less ,cl z ,o #c4bh ------ #ajj4jj #dbh4 ,alt]ability ( ,milk4--,! natural s\r+ & coagulation ( milk is attribut$ by mo/ au?orities to bact]ial action produc$ by infection f ! air or conta9+ vessels4#djf ,pa/eur1 h[ev]1 %[s t fre% milk /]iliz$ at a temp]ature ( #aaj may be expos$ to ! air )\t dang] ( s\r+4#djg ,aft] ab\t ?ree days1 h[ev]1 a f]m5tation is set up :i* is totally diff]5t f t produc$ by ! microzymes naturally pres5t 9 ! milk4 ,?is po9t has be5 fur!r inve/igat$ by ,b*amp1 :o f9ds t ! natural s\r+ ( milk is accompli%$ )\t ! evolution ( any gas1 :ile ! f]m5tation produc$ 9 /]iliz$ milk by ! microbes ( ! air1 is uni=mly att5d$ by a gase\s developm5t4#djh ,z a result ( 8 inve/igations1 he concludes t ! s\r+ ( milk takes place spontane\sly by reason ( milk be+ an organic matt]1 9 ! physiological s5se ( ! t]m1 & t ?is alt]ation is produc$ solely by ! natural microzymes ( ! milk4 ,accord+ to ,b*amp1 ! milk d]iv$ f heal?y animals is capable ( spontane\s alt]ation1 :i* consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( lactic acid & alcohol1 & ( curd 9 ^? milks :i* conta9 case9ates produc$ by ! precipitat+ action ( ! acids =m$4 ,oxyg5 & ! g]ms :i* are pres5t 9 ! air1 accord+ to him1 h no?+ to d ) ?is alt]ation 9 ! prop]ties ( milk4 ,milk belongs to t class ( organic bodies l blood1 :i* are call$ organic f a physiological po9t ( view1 on acc\nt ( conta9+ automatic =ces :i* produce rapid *anges !re9 :5 !y are )drawn f ! liv+ organisms4 ,aft] milk has become s\r by ! spontane\s action ( ! microzymes :i* x conta9s1 !re are develop$ micro-organisms1 su* z vibriones & bact]ia f a natural evolution f ! microzymes4 ,milk :i* is /]iliz$ at a high temp]ature1 viz41 t ( boil+ wat] or above1 is no long] milk 9 ! true physiological s5se ( t t]m4 ,! globules ( ! milk und]go *anges & ! microzymes a modification ( _! functions1 s t 9 milk ?us alt]$ by heat1 !y are able to produce a coagulation )\t developm5t ( acidity4 ,! microzymes ?us modifi$1 h[ev]1 reta9 to a l>ge ext5t _! ability to become active4 ,human milk diff]s f c[ milk 9 conta9+ nei!r case9ates nor case91 b special proteid bodies1 & also a galactozyme or galactozymase functionally v diff]5t f t :i* exi/s 9 c[ milk4 ,! extractive matt] is also a special k9d1 consi/+ ( milk globules & microzymes belong+ p>ticul>ly to x & conta9+ ?ree times less phosphate & m9]al salts ?an c[ milk4 ,boil+ ! milk ( ! c[ or o!r animals does n r5d] x simil> to t ( woman4 ,!re is no treatm5t1 !re=e1 ( any milk :i* r5d]s x entirely suit$ to ! n\ri%m5t ( infants4 ,! composition ( ! milk ( ! c[ may be repres5t$ by ?ree gr\ps3 #a4 ,organic elem5ts 9 susp5sion2 consi/+ *iefly ( ! globules ( ! milk1 :i* are mo/ly compos$ ( ! fat1 ( an epid]moid membrane conta9+ m9]al matt] ( special soluble album9s & ( microzymes conta9+ also m9]al matt]4 #b4 ,dissolv$ con/itu5ts2 consi/+ ( case9ates1 lactalbum9ates1 galactozymase1 hold+ phosphates 9 comb9ation1 lactose1 extractive matt]1 organic phosphates ( lime1 acetates1 urea & alcohol4 #c4 ,m9]al matt]s 9 solution2 consi/+ ( sodium & calcium *lorids1 c>bon dioxid & oxyg54#dji ,x w be notic$ f ! above classification t ,b*amp fails to m5tion citrate ( lime4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add to ?is brief rsum ( ! !ories ( ,b*amp t !y are entirely at v>iance ) ! op9ions held by ne>ly all 8 contempor>ies4 #dbi4 ,effects ( ,boil+ on ,milk4--,on boil+1 ! album9 9 milk is coagulat$ & on sep>at+ ! proteid bodies by saturation ) magnesium sulfate no album9 is f\nd 9 ! filtrate4 ,! total case9 precipitat$ f boil$ is !re=e great] ?an f unboil$ milk4 ,jag] has %[n t ! case9 c be precipitat$ f boil$ milk by r5net1 b ) great] difficulty ?an f unboil$4#daj ,accord+ to ?is au?or 9 #c4ge p] c5t ( proteid 9 milk !re are f\nd #c4ae p] c5t ( case91 #j4ce ( album9 & #j4be ( globul94 #dcj4 ,appe>ance ( ! ,milk4--,! color1 ta/e1 odor & o!r s5sible *>act]s ( ! milk are to be obs]v$ & not$ at ! "t ! sample is secur$4 ,any v>iation f ! fa9t yell[ color ( ! milk is due to "s abnormal /ate4 ,a r$di% t9t indicates ! admixture ( blood1 :ile a blue color is *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5ce ( unusual micro-organisms4 ,odor & ta/e w reveal (t5 ! "* ( ! food :i* ! animals h eat54 ,any m>k$ dep>ture ( ! sample f ! prop]ties ( normal milk %\ld at once lead to its condemnation = cul9>y or dietetic purposes4 #dca4 ,micro-,organisms ( ! ,milk4--,milk is a natural culture solution = ! gr[? ( micro-organisms1 & !y multiply !re9 ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity4 ,"s ( ^! are useful1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? :i* are active 9 ! rip5+ ( cream1 & o!rs are ( an injuri\s nature1 produc+ f]m5tations :i* de/roy ! sug>s or proteids ( ! milk & develop acid1 alcohol1 muc\s or ptoma9e products4 ,x is n possible "h to ev5 enum]ate ! k9ds ( micro-organisms :i* ab\nd 9 milk & ! read] is ref]r$ to ! /&>d works on t subject4#daa ,= analytical purposes x is important t ! sample be kept z free z possible ( all micro-organisms1 good or bad1 :i* may be accompli%$ by "s ( ! me?ods giv5 bel[4 #dcb4 ,sampl+ ,milk4--,x is n difficult to secure = exam9ation repres5tative samples ( milk1 if ! prop] precautions be tak54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ease & rapidity ) :i* a milk und]goes pr(\nd *anges r5d] necess>y a c>eful control ( ! me?ods ( tak+ samples4 ,! mo/ rapid *anges to :i* a mass ( milk is obnoxi\s are due to ! sep>ation ( ! fat p>ticles & to ! action ( bact]ia4 ,ev5 aft] /&+ = a few m9utes1 x w be f\nd t ! fat globules are n ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,be=e secur+ ! sample = analysis1 x is necess>y to well /ir or mix ! milk4 ,a mean sample may also be secur$ f a c ( milk by ! sampl+ tube devis$ by ,scovell1 :i* w be describ$ bel[4 ,9 secur+ samples1 a full detail$ description ( ! c[ or h]d furni%+ !m is desirable1 toge!r ) all o!r data :i* seem to illu/rate 9 any way ! g5]al & p>ticul> conditions ( ! dairy4 ,samples are to be pres]v$ 9 clean1 well /opp]$ vessels1 prop]ly numb]$ & securely seal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,scovell',s ,,milk ,,sampl+ ,,tube4 #dcc4 ,scovell's ,milk ,sampl]4--,9 sampl+ l>ge quantities ( milk 9 pails or %ipp+ cans1 x is exce$+ly inconv5i5t to mix ! milk by p\r+ f "o vessel to ano!r or by any easy process ( /irr+4 ,9 ord] to get repres5tative samples 9 su* conditions1 ,scovell has put 9 use a sampl]1 by means ( :i* a typical portion ( ! milk may be )drawn f a c )\t ei!r p\r+ or /irr+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! sampl] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf1 repres5t+ x 9 outl9e & longitud9al section4 ,! tube a1 made ( brass1 is op5 at bo? ends & ( any conv5i5t dim5sions4 ,its l[] end slides 9 a l>ge tube b1 clos$ at ! bottom & hav+ ?ree elliptical1 lat]al op5+s c1 :i* admit ! milk z ! tube is sl[ly depress$ 9 ! cont5ts ( ! c4 ,9 gett+ ! sample1 a is rais$ z %[n 9 pr(ile4 ,:5 ! bottom ( b rea*es ! bottom ( ! c a is pu%$ d[n z %[n 9 ! section4 ,! milk conta9$ 9 ! sampl] is !n readily )drawn4 #dcd4 ,pres]v+ ,milk = ,analysis4--,pa/euriz+ or boil+ ! sample is n advisable by reason ( ! *anges produc$ 9 ! milk by heat4 ,! milk sample may be pres]v$ by add+ to x a little *lor(orm1 "o "p 9 #ajj be+ suffici5t4 ,boric & salicylic acids may also be us$1 b n s advantage\sly z =maldehyd or m]curic *lorid4 ,rideal has obs]v$ t "o "p ( =maldehyd w pres]ve #aj1jjj p>ts ( milk 9 a fre% /ate = sev5 days4 ,! =maldehyd sold 9 ! trade conta9s ab\t "o "p ( =maldehyd 9 #cbj ( ! mixture4 ,"o-half p9t ( ?is comm]cial article is suffici5t = ab\t tw5ty gallons ( milk1 correspond+ to ab\t "o "p ( pure =maldehyd to #de1jjj p>ts ( milk4 ,rideal mu* pref]s =mal9 7=maldehyd7 to borax or boric acid z a milk pres]vative4 ,no ill effects due to its toxic action h be5 obs]v$1 ev5 :5 x is consum$ 9 a "o p] c5t solution4#dab ,samples ( milk c be kept 9 ?is way f f\r to six weeks by add+ ab\t "o drop ( ! comm]cial =maldehyd to ea* ounce ( sample4 ,! analy/ %\ld rememb] 9 su* cases t ! =maldehyd may n all escape on evaporation1 on acc\nt ( =m+ "s k9d ( a comp\nd ) ! con/itu5ts ( ! milk1 z is po9t$ out by ,bevan4#dac ,bevan sugge/s t ! =maldehyd may n actually be reta9$ 9 ! sample1 b t ! increase 9 ! app>5t am\nt ( total solids is due to ! conv]sion ( ! lactose into galactose4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 has n be5 det]m9$4 ,ri*mond & ,boseley propose to detect =mal9 by means ( diph5ylam94 ,a solution ( diph5ylam9 is made ) wat]1 ) ! help ( j en\gh sulfuric acid to secure a prop] solv5t effect4 ,! liquid to be te/$1 :i* is suppos$ to conta9 =maldehyd1 or ! di/illate !refrom1 is add$ to ?is solution & boil$4 ,if =maldehyd be pres5t1 a :ite floccul5t precipitate is deposit$1 :i* is color$ gre5 if ! acid us$ conta9 nitrates4 ,= o!r me?ods ( detect+ =mal9 & = a p>tial lit]ature ( ! subject ! pap] m5tion$ above may be consult$4 ,"o gram ( f9e-gr\nd m]curic *lorid dissolv$ 9 #b1jjj grams ( milk w pres]ve x1 practically un*ang$1 = sev]al days4 ,"o gram ( potassium bi*romate dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( milk w also pres]ve x = "s "t4 ,?ymol1 hydro*loric acid1 c>bon disulfid1 e!r & o!r antiseptics may also be employ$4 ,no m ( ! pres]v+ ag5t %\ld be us$ ?an is requir$ to keep ! milk until ! analysis is complet$4 ,all me?ods ( pres]vation are r5d]$ m effici5t by ! ma9t5ance ( a l[ temp]ature1 :]eby ! vitality ( ! bact]ia is greatly r$uc$4 #dce4 ,freez+ ,po9t ( ,milk4--,by reason ( its cont5t ( sug> & o!r dissolv$ solids1 ! freez+ po9t ( milk is depress$ bel[ #j4 ,a good idea ( ! purity ( :ole milk is secur$ by subject+ x to a kryoscopic te/4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is purpose is t us$ 9 g5]al analytical "w 9 ! det]m9ation ( freez+ po9ts4 ,pure full milk freezes at ab\t #j4ee bel[ z]o1 & any m>k$ v>iation f ?is numb] %[s adult]ation or abnormal composition4#dad ,a simple app>atus1 especially adapt$ to milk1 is describ$ by ,beckmann4#dae ,! kryoscopic inve/igation may also be ext5d$ to butt] fat dissolv$ 9 b5zol4 #dcf4 ,electric ,conductivity ( ,milk4--,! electric conductivity ( milk may also be us$ z an index ( its composition4 ,! addition ( wat] to milk dim9i%es its conductivity4#daf ,?is me?od ( inve/igation has at pres5t b little practical value4 #dcg4 ,viscosity ,( ,milk4--,! viscosity ( milk may be det]m9$ by ! me?ods already describ$4 ,any v>iation f ! usual degree ( fluidity is indicat$ ei!r by ! ab/raction ( "s ( ! cont5ts ( ! milk1 ! addition ( "s adult]ant or ! result ( f]m5tation4 #dch4 ,acidity & ,alkal9ity ( ,milk4--,fre% milk ( normal con/itution has an amphot]ic reaction4 ,x w r$d5 blue & blue r$ litmus pap]4 ,?is arises f ! pres5ce 9 ! milk ( bo? neutral & acid phosphates ( ! alkalies4 ,a saturat$ alkal9e phosphate1 i4 e41 "o 9 :i* all ! acid hydrog5 ( ! acid has be5 replac$ by ! base has an alkal9e reaction :ile ! acid phosphates react acid4 ,:5 fre% milk is boil$ its reaction becomes /rongly alkal9e & ?is arises *iefly f ! escape ( ! dissolv$ c>bon dioxid4 ,by ! action ( micro-organisms on ! lactose ( milk1 ! alkal9e reaction soon becomes acid1 & delicate te/ pap] w %[ ?is decomposition long be=e x becomes p]ceptible to ! ta/e4 ,x is advisable to te/ ! reactions ( ! milk z soon z possible aft] x is drawn f ! udd]1 bo? be=e & aft] boil+4 #dci4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,acidity ( ,milk4--,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! acidity ( milk x is important t x fir/ be fre$ ( ! c>bon dioxid x conta9s4#dag ,van ,slyke has f\nd t too high results are obta9$ by ! direct titration ( milk = acidity1 & :5 ! milk is previ\sly dilut$ ! results are also some:at too high4#dah ,good results are got by dilut+ ! milk ) hot wat] & boil+ = a %ort "t to expel ! c>bon dioxid4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( milk are dilut$ ) wat] to ab\t a qu>t] ( a lit]1 z above1 two cubic c5timet]s ( a "o p] c5t alcoholic ph5olph?ali5 add$ & ! titration accompli%$ by dec9ormal alkali4 ,?is v>iation ( ! me?ods ( proc$ure1 sugge/$ by ,hopk9s & ,p[]s1 appe>s to be ! be/ process at pres5t kn[n = ! det]m9ation ( acidity4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! pap] cit$ above = ref]5ces to o!r me?ods :i* h be5 propos$4 #ddj4 ,opacity ,( ,milk4--,! :ite color & opacity ( milk are d\btless due to ! pres5ce ( ! susp5d$ fat p>ticles & to ! colloid case94 ,on ! latt] x is probably pr9cipally dep5d5t s9ce ! color ( milk is n v s5sibly *ang$ aft] x has pass$ ! extractor1 :i* leaves n to exce$ "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t ( fat 9 x4 ,"s idea ( ! quality ( ! milk1 h[ev]1 may be obta9$ by det]m9+ its opacity4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! use ( a lactoscope4 ,! "o g5]ally employ$ 0 devis$ by ,fes] & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a cyl9drical glass vessel ( a little m ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s cont5t1 9 ! l[] "p ( :i* is set a cone ( :ite glass m>k$ ) black l9es4 ,into ?is "p are plac$ f\r cubic c5timet]s ( milk4 ,a small quantity ( wat] is add$ & ! cont5ts ( ! vessel %ak54 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! black l9es on ! :ite glass j become visible4 ,! graduations on ! left side %[ ! volume ( wat] :i* is necess>y to br+ ! d>k l9es into view1 :ile ^? on ! "r indicate approximately ! p]c5tage ( fat pres5t4 ,among ! o!r lactoscopes :i* h be5 us$ may be m5tion$ ^? ( ,donn1 ,vogel1 ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,tromm]1 ,seidlitz1 ,reis*au]1 ,mittel/rass1 ,hnocque1 & ,heusn]4#dai ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( s _m quick & accurate me?ods ( fat e/imation ^! in/rum5ts h little m ?an a hi/orical int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,lactoscope1 ,,lactomet] ,,& ,,creamomet]4 #dda4 ,creamometry4--,! volume ( cream :i* a sample ( milk af=ds "u arbitr>y conditions ( "t & temp]ature is sometimes ( value 9 judg+ ! quality ( milk4 ,a conv5i5t creamomet] is a small cyl9d] graduat$ 9 su* a way t ! volume ( cream sep>at$ 9 a giv5 "t c be easily not$4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( app>atus us$ = ?is purpose1 a typical "o be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! usual "t ( sett+ is tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a quick] det]m9ation is secur$ by plac+ ! milk 9 /rong glass graduat$ tubes & subject+ ^! to c5trifugal action4 ,! process is n exact & is n[ r>ely practic$ z an analytical me?od1 ev5 = valu+ ! butt] mak+ prop]ties ( milk4 #ddb4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! specific gravity ( milk is uni=mly ref]r$ to a temp]ature ( #ae4 ,g5]ally no attempt is made to free ! milk ( dissolv$ gases be=eh&4 ,?is %\ld n be done by boil+ b by plac+ ! sample 9 a vacuum = "s "t4 ,any ( ! me?ods describ$ = det]m9+ specific gravity 9 sug> solutions may be us$ = milk 7#dh-ei74 ,! specific gravity ( milk v>ies 9 g5]al f #a4jbh to #a4jcd4 ,ne>ly all good c[ milk f h]ds w %[ a specific gravity v>y+ f #a4jcj to #a4jcb4 ,9 extreme cases f s+le c[s ! limits may exce$ ^? fir/ giv5 above1 b su* milk _c be reg>d$ z normal4 ,increas+ quantities ( solids n fat 9 solution1 t5d to increase ! specific gravity1 :ile an excess ( fat t5ds to dim9i% x4 ,!re is a g5]al ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! solids n fat & ! fat 9 c[ milk1 :i* may be express$ z #i3 #d4 ,! removal ( cream & ! addition ( wat] 9 su* a mann] z n to affect ! specific gravity ( ! sample di/urbs ?is ratio4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity alone1 !re=e1 _c be reli$ ^u z an index ( ! purity ( a milk4 #ddc4 ,lactometry4--,a hydromet] especially con/ruct$ = use 9 det]m9+ ! d5sity ( milk is call$ a lactomet]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! "o mo/ commonly us$ is kn[n z ! lactomet] ( ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,x is a hydromet]1 delicately con/ruct$1 ) a l>ge cyl9drical air space & a small /em c>ry+ ! !rmometric & lactometric scales4 ,x is %[n held 9 ! creamomet] 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! milk is br\ght to a temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 & ! read+ ( ! lactomet] scale obs]v$4 ,?is is conv]t$ into a numb] express+ ! specific gravity by means ( a table ( correspond+ values giv5 bel[4 ,ea* m>k on ! scale ( ! in/rum5t corresponds to two degrees & ^! m>ks ext5d f #j to #abj4 ,! numb]s ( ?is scale c be conv]t$ into ^? correspond+ to ! direct read+ in/rum5t1 describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph1 by multiply+ !m by #j4bi4 ,! m9imum d5sity = :ole milk at #fj ,f4 is fix$ by ?is in/rum5t at #ajj1 correspond+ to a specific gravity ( #a4jbi4 ,! in/rum5t is also con/ruct$ )\t ! !rmometric scale4 ,! mean d5sity ( _m ?\s& samples ( pure milk1 z obs]v$ by ! ,new ,york au?orities1 is #a4jcai4 ,! specific gravity is easily secur$1 & :ile n ( itself decisive1 %\ld always be det]m9$4 ,! specific gravity ( milk increases = "s "t aft] x is drawn & %\ld be made bo? :5 fre% & aft] ! lapse ( sev]al h\rs4#dbj ,,table ,,%[+ ,,specific ,,gravities ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,degrees ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,bo>d ,,( ,,heal? ,,lactomet]4 ,,temp]ature #fj ,f4 ,degree4 ,sp4 gr4 ,degree4 ,sp4 gr4 #ij #a4jbfai #ajf #a4jcjgd #ia #a4jbfci #ajg #a4jcajc #ib #a4jbffh #ajh #a4jcacb #ic #a4jbfig #aji #a4jcafa #id #a4jbgbf #aaj #a4jcaij #ie #a4jbgee #aaa #a4jcbai #if #a4jbghd #aab #a4jcbdh #ig #a4jbhac #aac #a4jcbgg #ih #a4jbhdb #aad #a4jccjf #ii #a4jbhga #aae #a4jccce #ajj #a4jbijj #aaf #a4jccfd #aja #a4jbibi #aag #a4jccic #ajb #a4jbieh #aah #a4jcdbb #ajc #a4jbihg #aai #a4jcdea #ajd #a4jcjaf #abj #a4jcdhj #aje #a4jcjde #ddd4 ,direct ,read+ ,lactomet]4--,a m conv5i5t =m ( lactomet] is "o :i* gives ! specific gravity directly on ! scale4 ,! figures giv5 repres5t ^? f\nd 9 ! second & ?ird decimal places ( ! numb] express+ ! specific gravity4 ,?us #ca on ! scale indicates a specific gravity ( #a4jca4 ,?is in/rum5t is also kn[n z ! lactomet] ( ,quv5ne4 ,= use ) milk1 ! scale ( ! in/rum5t does n ne$ to embrace a wid] limit ?an f #be to #ce1 & su* an in/rum5t is capable ( giv+ m delicate read+s ?an :5 ! scale ext5ds f #ad to #db1 z is usually ! case ) ! quv5ne in/rum5t4 ,langlet has inv5t$ a lactoscope ) a scale1 %[+ ! corrections to be appli$ = temp]atures o!r ?an #ae4 ,a detail$ description ( ?is in/rum5t1 z well z ! "o propos$ by ,p9*on1 is unnecess>y4#dba #dde4 ,d5sity ( ,s\r ,milk4--,coagulat$ milk _c be us$ directly = ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity1 bo? because ( its consi/5ce & by reason ( ! fact t ! fat is m or less completely sep>at$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! case9 may be dissolv$ by ! addition ( a measur$ quantity ( a solv5t ( a kn[n specific gravity1 ! d5sity ( ! result+ solution det]m9$ & t ( ! orig9al milk calculat$ f ! obs]v$ data4 ,ammonia is a suitable solv5t = ?is purpose4#dbb #ddf4 ,d5sity ( ! ,milk ,s]um4--,! specific gravity ( ! milk s]um1 aft] ! removal ( ! fat & case9 by precipitation & filtration1 may also be det]m9$4 ,= normal c[ milk ! numb] is ab\t #a4jbg4 #ddg4 ,total ,solids4--,! direct gravimetric det]m9ation ( ! total solids 9 milk is att5d$ ) _m difficulties1 & has be5 ! !me ( a v ext5d$ p]iodical lit]ature4 ,a m]e exam9ation ( ! _m processes :i* h be5 propos$ w\ld require sev]al pages4 ,! mo/ direct me?od ( proc$ure is to dry a small quantity ( milk 9 a flat-bottom di% to con/ant weight on a /eam-ba?4 ,! surface ( ! di% %\ld be v l>ge1 ev5 = "o or two grams ( milk2 9 fact ! relation betwe5 ! quantity ( milk & ! surface ( ! di% %\ld be su* t ! fluid is j suffici5t 9 am\nt to moi/5 ! bottom ( ! di% ) ! ?9ne/ possible film4 ,! di%1 dur+ dry+1 is kept 9 a horizontal position at lea/ until its cont5ts w n fl[4 ,! wat] ( ! sample w be practically all evaporat$ 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,! op]ation may be accel]at$ by dry+ 9 vacuo4 ,! dry+ may also be accompli%$ by us+ a flat-bottom di% conta9+ "s absorb5t1 su* z s&1 pumice /one1 asbe/os or crysolite4 ,! milk may also be absorb$ by a dri$ pap] coil & dri$ !reon 7#bf74 ,x is conv5i5t to det]m9e ! wat] 9 ! sample subsequ5tly to be us$ = ! gravimetric det]m9ation ( ! fat1 & ?is is secur$ by ! adoption ( ! pap] coil me?od1 z sugge/$ by ! au?or1 or by ! use ( a p]=at$ metal tube conta9+ por\s asbe/os1 z propos$ by ,babcock4#dbc ,! process is conv5i5tly c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,provide a holl[ cyl9d] ( p]=at$ %eet metal sixty millimet]s long & tw5ty millimet]s 9 diamet]1 clos$ five millimet]s f "o end by a disk ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! p]=ations %\ld be ab\t #j4g millimet] 9 diamet] & z close toge!r z possible4 ,fill loosely ) f "o & a half to two & a half grams ( dry woolly asbe/os & weigh4 ,introduce a weigh$ quantity ( milk 7ab\t five grams74 ,dry at #ajj = f\r h\rs4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! dry+ ! door ( ! ov5 %\ld be left p>tly op5 to all[ escape ( moi/ure4 ,cool 9 a desiccator & weigh4 ,repeat ! dry+ until ! weight rema9s con/ant4 ,place 9 an extractor & treat ) anhydr\s e!r = two h\rs4 ,evaporate ! e!r & dry ! fat at #ajj4 ,! extract$ fat is weigh$ & ! numb] ?us obta9$ may be *eck$ by dry+ & weigh+ ! cyl9d] conta9+ ! residue4 ,! asbe/os be/ suit$ = use 9 ?is process %\ld be ( a woolly nature1 q absorb5t1 &1 previ\s to use1 be ignit$ to free x ( moi/ure & organic matt]4 ,a v>iety ( s]p5t9e1 crysolite is sometimes us$ in/ead ( asbe/os4 ,:5 ! cont5t ( wat] alone is desir$1 x is accurately det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo ov] pumice /one 7page #cc74 ,! me?ods above m5tion$ are typical & w prove a suffici5t guide = conduct+ ! desiccation1 ei!r z describ$ or by any modification ( ! me?ods :i* may be pref]r$4 #ddh4 ,calculation ( ,total ,solids4--,by reason ( ! ease & cel]ity ) :i* ! d5sity ( a milk & its cont5t ( fat c be obta9$1 analy/s h f\nd x conv5i5t to calculate ! p]c5tage ( total solids in/ead ( det]m9+ x directly4 ,?is is accompli%$ by arbitr>y =mulas bas$ on ! data ( num]\s analyses4 ,^! =mulas give satisfactory results :5 ! samples d n v>y widely f ! normal & may be us$ ) advantage 9 mo/ cases4 ,among ! e>lie/ =mulas = ! calculation may be m5tion$ ^? ( ,fleis*mann & ,morg51#dbd ,behr5d & ,morg51#dbe ,claus1 ,/utz] & ,mey]1#dbf ,hehn]1#dbg & ,hehn] & ,ri*mond4#dbh ,)\t do+ m ?an cit+ ^! pap]s x w be suffici5t "h to give ! =mulas z correct$ by ! mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! =mula work$ out by ,babcock ! specific gravity ( ! sample is repres5t$ by ,s1 ! fat by ,f1 & ! solids n fat by t4 ,! =mula is writt5 z foll[s3#dbi #ajj,s - ,,fs t 7 ----------------- - #a77bej - #b4e ,f74 #ajj - #a4jgec;,,fs ,9 ?is =mula x is assum$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! specific gravity ( ! milk s]um & t ( wat] is directly proportional to ! p] c5t ( solids 9 ! s]um1 b ?is assumption is n /rictly correct4 ,ev5 9 extreme cases1 h[ev]1 ! error does n am\nt to m ?an #j4je p] c5t4 ,s9ce a giv5 am\nt ( milk sug> increases ! d5sity ( a milk m ?an ! same quantity ( case91 x is evid5t t ! =mula w\ld n apply to ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! ratio betwe5 ^! two +r$i5ts is greatly di/urb$1 z = in/ance1 ! :ey4 ,! =mula ( ,hehn] & ,ri*mond1 9 its late/ =m1 is express$ z foll[s3 ,g ,t #j4bfbe ---- #a4b;,f1 ,d 9 :i* ,t repres5ts ! total solids1 ,g ! read+ ( ! quv5ne lactomet]1 ,d ! specific gravity1 & ,f ! fat4 ,example4--,let ! read+ ( ! lactomet] be #ca1 correspond+ to ,d #a4jca1 & ! p]c5tage ( fat be ?ree & five-t5?s1 :at is ! p]c5tage ( ! total solids8 ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! =mulas we h #ca ,t #j4bfbe ----- #a4b #c4e #ab4ji4 #a4jca ,to simplify ! calculations1 ,ri*mond's =mula may be writt5 ,g #f;,f ,t ----- ----- #j4ad4 #d #e ,calculat$ by ?is %ort5$ =mula f ! above data ,t #ab4ji1 ! same z giv5 9 ! l>g] =mula4 ,calculat+ ! solids n fat 9 ! hypo!tical case giv5 above by ,babcock's =mula1 we get t #h4df1 & ?is plus #c4e gives #aa4if1 :i* is slightly l[] ?an ! numb] obta9$ by ! ri*mond process4 ,! babcock =mula may be simplifi$ by sub/itut+ ! numb] express+ ! read+ ( ! quv5ne lactomet] = t donat+ ! specific gravity1 9 o!r words1 ! specific gravity multipli$ by #ajj & ! quoti5t dim9i%$ by #ajjj4 ,! =mulas = solids n fat & total solids !n become ,l ,l t ---- #j4b;,f1 & ,t ----- #a4b;,f1 #d #d 9 :i* ,l repres5ts ! read+ ( ! lactomet]4 ,by ! addition ( ! con/ant factor #j4ad ! results calculat$ by ! =mula ( ,babcock are ! same z ^? obta9$ by ! me?od ( ,ri*mond4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! solids n fat 9 milks z calculat$ by ,babcock's =mula4 ,to obta9 ! total solids add ! p] c5t ( fat to solids n fat4 ,to obta9 total solids accord+ to ,ri*mond's =mula increase t numb] by #j4ad4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,solids ,,n ,,fat ,,9 ,,milk ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,qu,,v5ne',s ,,lactomet] ,,read+s ,,& ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,fat4 ,p] c5t ,lactomet] read+ at #fj ,f4 ( fat4 #bf4 #bg4 #bh4 #bi4 #cj4 #ca4 #cb4 #cc4 #cd4 #ce4 #cf4 #j4j #f4ej #f4ge #g4jj #g4be #g4ej #g4ge #h4jj #h4be #h4ej #h4ge #i4jj #j4a #f4eb #f4gg #g4jb #g4bg #g4eb #g4gg #h4jb #h4bg #h4eb #h4gg #i4jb #j4b #f4ed #f4gi #g4jd #g4bi #g4ed #g4gi #h4jd #h4bi #h4ed #h4gi #i4jd #j4c #f4ef #f4ha #g4jf #g4ca #g4ef #g4ha #h4jf #h4ca #h4ef #h4ha #i4jf #j4d #f4eh #f4hc #g4jh #g4cc #g4eh #g4hc #h4jh #h4cc #h4eh #h4hc #i4jh #j4e #f4fj #f4he #g4aj #g4ce #g4fj #g4he #h4aj #h4ce #h4fj #h4he #i4aj #j4f #f4fb #f4hg #g4ab #g4cg #g4fb #g4hg #h4ab #h4cg #h4fb #h4hg #i4ab #j4g #f4fd #f4hi #g4ad #g4ci #g4fd #g4hi #h4ad #h4ci #h4fd #h4hi #i4ad #j4h #f4ff #f4ia #g4af #g4da #g4ff #g4ia #h4af #h4da #h4ff #h4ia #i4af #j4i #f4fh #f4ic #g4ah #g4dc #g4fh #g4ic #h4ah #h4dc #h4fh #h4ic #i4ah #a4j #f4gj #f4ie #g4bj #g4de #g4gj #g4ie #h4bj #h4de #h4gj #h4ie #i4bj #a4a #f4gb #f4ig #g4bb #g4dg #g4gb #g4ig #h4bb #h4dg #h4gb #h4ig #i4bb #a4b #f4gd #f4ii #g4bd #g4di #g4gd #g4ii #h4bd #h4di #h4gd #h4ii #i4bd #a4c #f4gf #g4ja #g4bf #g4ea #g4gf #h4ja #h4bf #h4ea #h4gf #i4ja #i4bf #a4d #f4gh #g4jc #g4bh #g4ec #g4gh #h4jc #h4bh #h4ec #h4gh #i4jc #i4bh #a4e #f4hj #g4je #g4cj #g4ee #g4hj #h4je #h4cj #h4ee #h4hj #i4je #i4cj #a4f #f4hb #g4jg #g4cb #g4eg #g4hb #h4jg #h4cb #h4eg #h4hb #i4jg #i4cb #a4g #f4hd #g4ji #g4cd #g4ei #g4hd #h4ji #h4cd #h4ei #h4hd #i4ji #i4cd #a4h #f4hf #g4aa #g4cf #g4fa #g4hf #h4aa #h4cf #h4fa #h4hf #i4aa #i4cg #a4i #f4hh #g4ac #g4ch #g4fc #g4hh #h4ac #h4ch #h4fc #h4hh #i4ad #i4ci #b4j #f4ij #g4ae #g4dj #g4fe #g4ij #h4ae #h4dj #h4ff #h4ia #i4af #i4da #b4a #f4ib #g4ag #g4db #g4fg #g4ib #h4ag #h4db #h4fh #h4ic #i4ah #i4dc #b4b #f4id #g4ai #g4dd #g4fi #g4id #h4ai #h4dd #h4gj #h4ie #i4bj #i4de #b4c #f4if #g4ba #g4df #g4ga #g4if #h4ba #h4df #h4gb #h4ig #i4bb #i4dg #b4d #f4ih #g4bc #g4dh #g4gc #g4ih #h4bc #h4dh #h4gd #h4ii #i4bd #i4di #b4e #g4jj #g4be #g4ej #g4ge #h4jj #h4be #h4ej #h4gf #i4ja #i4bf #i4ea #b4f #g4jb #g4bg #g4eb #g4gg #h4jb #h4bg #h4eb #h4gh #i4jc #i4bh #i4ec #b4g #g4jd #g4bi #g4ed #g4gi #h4jd #h4bi #h4ed #h4hj #i4je #i4cj #i4ee #b4h #g4jf #g4ca #g4ef #g4ha #h4jf #h4ca #h4eg #h4hb #i4jg #i4cb #i4eg #b4i #g4jh #g4cc #g4eh #g4hc #h4jh #h4cc #h4ei #h4hd #i4ji #i4cd #i4ei #c4j #g4aj #g4ce #g4fj #g4he #h4aj #h4cf #h4fa #h4hf #i4aa #i4cf #i4fa #c4a #g4ab #g4cg #g4fb #g4hg #h4ac #h4ch #h4fc #h4hh #i4ac #i4ch #i4fd #c4b #g4ad #g4ci #g4fd #g4hi #h4ae #h4dj #h4fe #h4ij #i4ae #i4da #i4ff #c4c #g4af #g4da #g4ff #g4ib #h4ag #h4db #h4fg #h4ib #i4ah #i4dc #i4fh #c4d #g4ah #g4dc #g4fi #g4id #h4ai #h4dd #h4fi #h4id #i4bj #i4de #i4gj #c4e #g4bj #g4de #g4ga #g4if #h4ba #h4df #h4ga #h4if #i4bb #i4dg #i4gb #c4f #g4bb #g4dh #g4gc #g4ih #h4bc #h4dh #h4gc #h4ih #i4bd #i4di #i4gd #c4g #g4bd #g4ej #g4ge #h4jj #h4be #h4ej #h4ge #i4jj #i4bf #i4ea #i4gf #c4h #g4bf #g4eb #g4gg #h4jb #h4bg #h4eb #h4gg #i4jb #i4bh #i4ec #i4gh #c4i #g4bh #g4ed #g4gi #h4jd #h4bi #h4ed #h4gi #i4jd #i4cj #i4ee #i4hj #d4j #g4cj #g4ef #g4ha #h4jf #h4ca #h4ef #h4ha #i4jf #i4cb #i4eg #i4hc #d4a #g4cb #g4eh #g4hc #h4jh #h4cc #h4eh #h4hc #i4jh #i4cd #i4ei #i4he #d4b #g4cd #g4fj #g4he #h4aj #h4ce #h4fj #h4he #i4aa #i4cf #i4fb #i4hg #d4c #g4cf #g4fb #g4hg #h4ab #h4cg #h4fb #h4hh #i4ac #i4ch #i4fd #i4hi #d4d #g4ch #g4fd #g4hi #h4ad #h4ci #h4fd #h4ij #i4ae #i4dj #i4ff #i4ia #d4e #g4dj #g4ff #g4ia #h4af #h4da #h4ff #h4ib #i4ag #i4db #i4fh #i4ic #d4f #g4dc #g4fh #g4ic #h4ah #h4dc #h4fh #h4id #i4ai #i4dd #i4gj #i4ie #d4g #g4de #g4gj #g4ie #h4bj #h4de #h4gj #h4if #i4ba #i4df #i4gb #i4ig #d4h #g4dg #g4gb #g4ig #h4bb #h4dg #h4gb #h4ih #i4bc #i4dh #i4gd #i4ii #d4i #g4di #g4gd #g4ii #h4bd #h4di #h4gd #i4jj #i4be #i4ej #i4gf #aj4ja #e4j #g4ea #g4gf #h4ja #h4bf #h4ea #h4gf #i4jb #i4bg #i4eb #i4gh #aj4jc #e4a #g4ec #g4gh #h4jc #h4bh #h4ec #h4gi #i4jd #i4bi #i4ed #i4hj #aj4je #e4b #g4ee #g4hj #h4je #h4cj #h4ee #h4ha #i4jf #i4ca #i4ef #i4hb #aj4jg #e4c #g4eg #g4hb #h4jg #h4cb #h4eg #h4hc #i4jh #i4cc #i4eh #i4hd #aj4ji #e4d #g4ei #g4hd #h4ji #h4cd #h4fj #h4he #i4aj #i4cf #i4fa #i4hf #aj4aa #e4e #g4fa #g4hf #h4aa #h4cf #h4fb #h4hg #i4ab #i4ch #i4fc #i4hh #aj4ac #e4f #g4fc #g4hh #h4ac #h4ci #h4fd #h4hi #i4ae #i4dj #i4fe #i4ij #aj4ae #e4g #g4fe #g4ij #h4ae #h4da #h4ff #h4ia #i4ag #i4db #i4fg #i4ib #aj4ag #e4h #g4fg #g4ib #h4ag #h4dc #h4fh #h4id #i4ai #i4dd #i4fi #i4id #aj4ai #e4i #g4fi #g4id #h4bj #h4de #h4gj #h4if #i4ba #i4df #i4ga #i4if #aj4bb #f4j #g4ga #g4if #h4bb #h4dg #h4gb #h4ih #i4bc #i4dh #i4gc #i4ih #aj4bd #ddi4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! solid residue obta9$ by dry+ milk1 x is important to obs]ve ! directions already giv5 7#bh-cb74 ,9 ! direct ignition ( ! sample1 a portion ( ! sulfur & phosphorus may escape oxidation & be lo/ z volatile comp\nds4 ,?is loss may be avoid$ by ! use ( prop] oxidiz+ ag5ts or by conduct+ ! combu/ion z h]et(ore describ$4#dcj ,9 ! (ficial me?od1 x is direct$ to add six cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid to tw5ty ( milk1 evaporate to dryness & ignite ! residue at a l[ r$ heat until free ( c>bon4#dca ,x is d\btful if ?is precaution be entirely suffici5t to save all ! sulfur & phosphorus1 b ! me?od is evid5tly m reliable ?an ! common "o ( direct ignition )\t any oxidiz+ reag5t :atev]4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,fat4 #dej4 ,=m ( ,fat 9 ,milk4--,! fat 9 milk occurs 9 ! =m ( globules susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 9 o!r words 9 ! =m ( an emulsion4 ,_m au?orities h ass]t$ t ea* globule ( fat is conta9$ 9 a haptog5ic membrane compos$ presumably ( nitrog5\s matt]1 b !re is no conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is op9ion4 ,! weight ( exp]im5tal evid5ce is 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! suppos$ action ( ! membrane & ! ph5om5a produc$ !reby are m easily expla9$ by ! surface t5sion exi/+ betwe5 ! fat globules & ! m5/ruum 9 :i* !y are susp5d$4 ,babcock affirms t ! spontane\s coagulation ( ! fibr9 pres5t 9 milk t5ds to draw ! fat globules into clu/]s1 & ?is t5d5cy c be arre/$ by add+ a little soda or pota% lye to ! milk z soon z x is drawn4#dcb ,! diamet] ( ! fat globules is extremely v>iable1 ext5d+ 9 "s cases f two to tw5ty micromillimet]s4 ,9 c[ milk1 ! usual diamet]s are f ?ree to five micromillimet]s4 #dea4 ,numb] ( ,fat ,globules 9 ,milk4--,! numb] ( fat globules 9 milk dep5ds on _! size & ! p]c5tage ( fat4 ,x is evid5t t no def9ite /atem5t ( ! numb] c be made4 ,!re is a t5d5cy1 on ! "p ( ! globules1 to dim9i% 9 size & increase 9 numb] z ! p]iod ( lactation is prolong$4 ,to avoid l>ge numb]s1 x is conv5i5t to give ! numb] ( globules 9 #j4jjja cubic millimet]4 ,?is numb] may be f\nd )9 wide limits dep5d+ on ! individual1 race1 food & o!r local conditions to :i* ! animal or h]d is subject$4 ,9 g5]al1 9 :ole milk ?is numb] w be f\nd betwe5 #adj & #bej4 #deb4 ,me?od ( ,c\nt+ ,globules4--,! numb] ( globules 9 milk is comput$ ) ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od is ! "o devis$ by ,babcock4#dcc ,9 c>ry+ out ?is computation1 capill>y tubes1 f two to ?ree c5timet]s long & ab\t "o-t5? millimet] 9 int]nal diamet]1 are provid$4 ,! exact diamet] ( ea* tube1 9 at lea/ ?ree po9ts1 is det]m9$ by ! micromet] atta*m5t ( ! microscope1 & f ^! measurem5ts ! mean diamet] ( ! tube is calculat$4 ,?is kn[n1 its cubic cont5t = any giv5 l5g? is easily comput$4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk are dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] to half a lit] & "o end ( a capill>y tube dipp$ !re94 ,! tube is quickly fill$ ) dilut$ milk & ea* end is clos$ ) a little wax to prev5t evaporation4 ,sev]al ( ^! tubes be+ ?us prep>$1 !y are plac$ 9 a horizontal position on ! /age ( ! microscope & cov]$ ) glyc]ol & a cov] glass4 ,! tubes are left at re/ = "s "t until all ! fat globules h atta*$ !mselves to ! upp] surfaces1 9 :i* position !y are easily c\nt$4 ,! micromet] is s plac$ z to lie p>allel ) ! tubes1 & ! numb] ( globules1 correspond+ to ea* division ( its scale1 c\nt$4 ,! mean numb] ( globules correspond+ to ea* division ( ! micromet] scale is ?us det]m9$4 ,to comp>e ! data obta9$ ) ea* tube !y are r$uc$ to a common basis ( ! numb] ( globules f\nd 9 a l5g? ( fifty divisions ( ! micromet] scale 9 a tube hav+ a diamet] ( #ajj divisions1 us+ ! =mula #ajjjjn ,n ---------1 d 9 :i* n ! numb] ( globules f\nd 9 ! /&>d l5g? ( tube measur$ & d ! diamet] ( ! tube4 ,x is n difficult to actually c\nt all ! globules 9 a l5g? ( fifty divisions ( ! scale1 b ! computation may also be made f ! mean numb]s f\nd 9 a few divisions4 ,! usual numb] ( globules f\nd 9 a l5g? ( #j4a millimet] 9 a tube #j4a millimet] 9 diamet]1 v>ies f fifty to "o hundr$4 ,example4--,! l5g? ( "o division ( ! micromet] scale is #j4jjb millimet]1 & ! int]nal diamet] ( ! tube #j4a millimet]4 ,! cont5t ( a tube1 ( a l5g? ( #j4jjb #ej #j4a millimet]1 is !re=e #j4jjjghed cubic millimet]4 ,! cubic cont5t ( a tube #ajj scale divisions 9 diamet] & fifty 9 l5g? is #j4jjcadaf cubic millimet]4 ,! numb] ( globules f\nd 9 fifty divisions ( ! tubes us$ is #dj4 ,!n ! numb] :i* w\ld be conta9$ 9 a tube ( a diamet] ( #ajj divisions ( ! micromet] scale & a l5g? ( fifty divisions !re( is #ajjjjn #djjjjj ,n -------- ------ #afj4 d #bejj ,s9ce ! milk is dilut$ fifty times1 ! actual numb] ( globules correspond+ to ! volume giv5 is #hjjj4 ,x is conv5i5t to r$uce ! obs]vations to "s def9ite volume1 exempla gratia1 #j4jjja cubic c5timet]4 ,! equation = ?is 9 ! above in/ance is #j4jjcadaf3 #j4jjja #hjjj3 x1 :5ce x #bbc1 numb] ( fat globules 9 #j4jjja cubic millimet]4 ,9 "o cubic millimet] ( milk !re are !re=e #b1bcj1jjj fat globules1 & 9 "o cubic c5timet] #b1bcj1jjj1jjj globules4 ,9 a s+le drop ( milk !re are f "o to two hundr$ million fat globules4#dcd #dec4 ,classification ( ,me?ods ( ,det]m9+ ,fat 9 ,milk4--,! fat1 be+ ! mo/ valuable ( ! con/itu5ts ( milk1 is ! subject ( a numb] ( analytical processes4 ,an ef=t w be made "h to classify ^! v>i\s me?ods & to illu/rate ea* class ) "o or m typical processes4 ,9 g5]al ! me?ods may be divid$ into analytical & comm]cial1 ^? ( ! fir/ class be+ us$ = sci5tific & ( ! o!r = trade purposes4 ,= normal milk1 "s ( ! trade me?ods h prov$ to be q z accurate z ! m *ronokleptic analytical processes to :i*1 9 disput$ cases1 a f9al appeal mu/ be tak54 ,:5 ! analy/ is call$ ^u to det]m9e ! fat 9 a l>ge numb] ( samples ( milk "s "o ( ! trade me?ods may (t5 be adopt$ ) great advantage4 #ded4 ,dry ,extraction ,me?ods4--,among ! olde/ & mo/ reliable me?ods ( det]m9+ fat 9 milk1 are includ$ ^? processes bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( dry+ ! milk & extract+ ! fat f ! residue by an appropriate solv5t4 ,! solv5ts g5]ally employ$ are e!r & petroleum _s ( l[ boil+ po9t4 ,! me?ods ( dry+ are legion4 ,9 extract+ ) e!r1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t o!r bodies ?an fat may pass into solution on ! "o h& & on ! o!r any sub/itut$ glyc]id1 su* z leci?9 or nucle91 :i* may be pres5t may escape solution1 at lea/ 9 "p4 ,p]haps petroleum _s1 boil+ at f #de to #fj1 is ! be/ solv5t = fat1 b x is almo/ ! univ]sal cu/om 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries to use e!r4 #dee4 ,! ,(ficial ,me?ods4--,9 ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s two processes are recomm5d$4 7#a7 ,! ,asbe/os ,process3 ,9 ?is process x is direct$ to extract ! residue f ! det]m9ation ( wat] by ! asbe/os me?od 7#ddg7 ) anhydr\s pure e!r until ! fat is remov$1 evaporate ! e!r1 dry ! fat at #ajj & weigh4 ,! fat may also be det]m9$ by diff]5ce1 aft] dry+ ! extract$ cyl9d]s at #ajj4 7#b7 ,pap] ,coil ,me?od3 ,?is is ess5tially ! me?od propos$ by ,adams z modifi$ by ! au?or4#dce ,coils made ( ?ick filt] pap] are cut into /rips #f4be by #fb4e c5timet]s1 ?or\ghly extract$ ) e!r & alcohol1 or ! weight ( ! extract correct$ by a con/ant obta9$ = ! pap]4 ,if ?is latt] me?od be us$1 a small am\nt ( anhydr\s sodium c>bonate %\ld be add$4 ,pap] free ( matt]s soluble 9 e!r is also to be _h = ?is purpose4 ,f a weigh+ bottle ab\t five grams ( milk are transf]r$ to ! coil by a pipette1 tak+ c>e to keep dry ! l[] end ( ! coil4 ,! coil1 dry end d[n1 is plac$ on a piece ( glass1 & dri$ at a temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = "o h\r1 or bett]1 dri$ 9 hydrog5 at a temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 transf]r$ to an extraction app>atus & extract$ ) absolute e!r or petroleum _s boil+ at ab\t #de4 ,! extract$ fat is dri$ 9 hydrog5 & weigh$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t dry+ 9 hydrog5 is n necess>y4 ,! fat may be conv5i5tly dri$ 9 p>tial vacuo4 #def4 ,v>iations ( ,extraction ,me?od4--,! me?od ( prep>+ ! milk = fat extraction is capable ( _m v>iations4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important foll[3 7#a7 ,evaporation on ,s&3 ,! s& %\ld be pure1 dry & ( uni=m size ( gra94 ,x may be held 9 a di% or tube4 ,! di% may be made ( t9 foil1 s t x c be introduc$ ) its cont5ts into ! extraction app>atus aft] ! desiccation is complete4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is cut into fragm5ts ( conv5i5t size aft] its cont5ts h be5 p\r$ into ! extractor4 ,! scissors us$ are wa%$ ) ! solv5t4 7#b7 ,evaporation on ,kieselguhr3 ,dry kieselguhr 7infusorial e>?1 tripoli7 may take ! place ( ! s& z above not$4 ,! manipulation is ! same z ) s&4 7#c7 ,evaporation on ,pla/] ( ,p>is1#dcf 7,soxhlet ,me?od71#dcg 7#d7 ,on ,pumice ,/one1 7#e7 ,on ,p[d]$ ,glass1 7#f7 ,on ,*rysolite3#dch ,! manipulation 9 ^! cases is conduct$ z ) s& & no detail$ description is requir$4 7#g7 ,evaporation on ,organic ,sub/ances3 ,^! v>iations w\ld fall "u ! g5]al head+ ( dry+ on pap]4 ,! foll[+ mat]ials h be5 us$2 viz41 sponge1#dci l9t1#ddj & wood pulp4#dda ,9 ^! v>iations ! pr9cipal precautions to be obs]v$ are to secure ! organic mat]ial 9 a dry /ate & free ( any matt] soluble 9 ! solv5t us$4 7#h7 ,dehydration ) ,anhydr\s ,copp] ,sulfate3 ,9 ?is process ! wat] ( ! sample is absorb$ by p[d]$ anhydr\s copp] sulfate1 ! residual mass extract$ & ! butt] fat obta9$ det]m9$ by saponification & titration4#ddb ,9 ! manipulation ab\t tw5ty grams ( ! anhydr\s copp] sulfate are plac$ 9 a mort>1 a depression made !re9 9 su* a mann] t t5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk c be p\r$ into x )\t wett+ x ?r\gh to ! mort>4 ,! wat] is soon absorb$ :5 ! mass is gr\nd ) a little dry s& & transf]r$ to ! extractor4 ,petroleum _s ( l[ boil+ po9t is us$ z a solv5t1 successive portions ( ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ea* be+ =c$ ?r\gh ! p[d]$ mass "u pressure4 ,two or ?ree treatm5ts ) ! petroleum are requir$4 ,! residual butt] fat1 aft] ! evaporation ( ! petroleum1 is saponifi$ ) a measur$ portion1 ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 ( sem9ormal alcoholic pota% lye4 ,! residual alkali is det]m9$ by titration ) sem9ormal hydro*loric acid 9 ! usual mann]4 ,f ! data obta9$ is calculat$ ! quantity ( alkali employ$ 9 ! saponification4 ,! weight ( butt] fat extract$ is !n calculat$ on ! assumption t #bcj milligrams ( pota% are requir$ to saponify "o gram ( ! fat4 #deg4 ,gypsum ,me?od = ,s\r ,milk4--,9 s\r milk1 extraction ( ! dry residue ) e!r is att5d$ ) dang] ( secur+ a "p ( ! free lactic acid 9 ! extract4 ,?is may be avoid$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by mak+ ! milk neutral or slightly alkal9e be=e desiccation4 ,?is me?od is illu/rat$ by a v>iation ( ,soxhlet's me?od ( dry+ on gypsum propos$ by ,khn4#ddc ,! curdl$ milk is treat$ ) pota% lye ( =ty p] c5t /r5g? until ! reaction is slightly alkal9e4 ,= absorb+ ! sample be=e dry+1 a mixture is employ$ consi/+ ( tw5ty-five grams ( pla/] ( p>is1 f\r ( precipitat$ c>bonate ( lime & two ( acid potassium sulfate4 ,to ?is mixture t5 grams ( ! milk1 r5d]$ alkal9e z above not$1 are add$ 9 a desiccat+ di%1 ! excess ( moi/ure evaporat$ at #ajj1 ! residual mass f9ely gr\nd & extract$ ) e!r = f\r h\rs4 ,a little gypsum may be f\nd 9 ! solution1 b 9 su* small quantities z n to int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! accuracy ( ! results obta9$4 #deh4 ,e/imation ( ,fat 9 ,alt]$ ,milk4--,9 alt]$ milk ! lactose has usually und]gone a f]m5tation af=d+ consid]able quantities ( lactic acid4 ,if su* milks be treat$ by ! extraction me?od = fat1 ! results w always be too high1 because ( ! solubility ( lactic acid 9 e!r4 ,viz]n#ddd has propos$ to avoid ?is error by fir/ w>m+ ! s\r$ milk = a few m9utes to #dj1 at :i* temp]ature ! clabb] is easily divid$ by vigor\s %ak+4 ,( ! milk ?us prep>$1 ?irty grams are dilut$ ) two or ?ree volumes ( wat] & p\r$ onto a smoo? & moi/5$ filt]4 ,! vessel & filt] are wa%$ sev]al times until ! filtrate pres5ts no fur!r acid reaction4 ,! filt] & its cont5ts are next plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ "s f9e wa%$ s&4 ,a small quantity ( wat] is add$1 suffici5t to =m a pa/e4 ,) a /irr+ rod1 ! filt] is entirely brok5 up & ! :ole mass ?or\ghly mix$4 ,dri$ on ! wat] ba? ! mat]ial is subject$ to extraction 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,sev]al analyses made on fre% milk & on milk kept = sev]al mon?s %[ t almo/ id5tical results are obta9$4 ,9 respect ( ?is process !re w\ld be dang]1 on long /&+1 ( ! =mation ( free acids f butt] glyc]ids1 & ^! acids w\ld be remov$ by ! process ( wa%+ prescrib$4 ,9 ?is case ! quantity ( fat obta9$ w\ld be less ?an 9 ! orig9al sample4 #dei4 ,comp>ison ( ,me?ods4--,an imm5se am\nt ( "w has be5 done by analy/s 9 comp>+ ! v>i\s types ( extraction me?ods outl9$ above4#dde ,! cons5sus ( op9ion is t good results are obta9$ by all ! me?ods :5 prop]ly conduct$1 & pref]5ce is giv5 to ! two me?ods f9ally adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,*emi/s4 ,z solv5ts1 pure e!r & petroleum _s ( l[ boil+ po9t are pref]r$4 ,! direct extraction gravimetric processes are important1 s9ce x is to ^! t all ! o!r quick] & easi] me?ods mu/ appeal = ! pro( ( _! accuracy4 #dfj4 ,wet ,extraction ,me?ods4--,x has be5 f\nd q impracticable to extract ! fat f milk by %ak+ x directly ) ! solv5t4 ,an emulsion is produc$ :]eby ! solv5t itself becomes incorporat$ ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! milk1 & f :i* x is n sep>at$ easily ev5 ) ! aid ( :irl+4 ,! di/urb+ elem5t :i* prev5ts ! sep>ation ( ! solv5t is d\btless ! colloid case91 s9ce1 :5 ?is is previ\sly r5d]$ soluble1 ! sep>ation ( ! solv5t hold+ ! fat is easily accompli%$4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! me?ods ( wet extraction are bas$ is a simple "o2 viz41 to secure a complete or p>tial solution ( ! case9 & subsequ5tly to extract ! fat ) a solv5t immiscible ) wat]4 ,! me?ods may be divid$ into ?ree great classes2 viz41 7#a7 ^? 9 :i* ! solv5t is evaporat$ f ! :ole ( ! extract$ fat & ! residual matt]s weigh$2 7#b7 processes 9 :i* an aliquot "p ( ! fat solution is employ$ & ! total fat calculat$ f ! data secur$2 7#c7 ! d5sity ( ! fat solution is det]m9$ at a def9ite temp]ature & ! p]c5tage ( fat correspond+ !reto det]m9$ f tables or o!rwise4 ,me?ods 7#a7 & 7#b7 are practically id5tical 9 pr9ciple & "o or ! o!r may be appli$ accord+ to conv5i5ce or to local consid]ations4 ,! me?ods may be fur!r subdivid$ 9 respect ( ! reag5ts us$ to secure complete or p>tial solution ( ! case91 z1 = in/ance1 alkali or acid4#ddf #dfa4 ,solution 9 an ,acid4--,a good type ( ^! processes is ! me?od ( ,s*mid4#ddg ,9 ?is process t5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk are plac$ 9 a te/ tube ( ab\t five times t cont5t1 graduat$ to measure small volumes4 ,an equal quantity ( hydro*loric acid is add$1 ! mixture %ak51 boil$ until x turns d>k br[n1 & cool$ quickly4 ,! fat is extract$ by %ak+ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( e!r4 ,aft] /&+ "s "t ! e!real solution sep>ates & its volume is not$4 ,an aliquot "p ( ! solution is remov$1 ! solv5t evaporat$1 & ! weight ( fat 9 ! :ole det]m9$ by calculation4 ,! s*mid process has be5 improv$ by ,/okes1#ddh ,hill1#ddi & ,ri*mond4#dej ,! mo/ important ( ^! v>iations consi/s 9 weigh+ in/ead ( measur+ ! milk employ$1 ?us insur+ great] accuracy4 ,dy] & ,rob]ts affirm t ! e!r dissolves "s ( ! c>amel products =m$ on boil+ cond5s$ milk ) hydro*loric acid1 & t ! data obta9$ 9 su* cases by ! process ( ,s*mid are too high4#dea ,s9ce lactic acid is also slightly soluble 9 e!r1 s\r milk %\ld n be extract$ ) t solv5t4 ,9 ^! cases petroleum _s1 or a mixture ( petroleum & e!r1 z sugge/$ by ,p9ette1 may be us$4#deb ,ano!r v>iation consi/s 9 extract+ ! fat ) sev]al portions ( ! solv5t & evaporat+ all ! extracts ?us obta9$ to get ! total fat4 ,?is me?od is p]haps ! be/ ( ^? 9 :i* ! fat is extract$ f ! residual liquid aft] ! decomposition ( ! case9 by an acid1 & may be recomm5d$ z bo? reliable & typical )9 ! limitations m5tion$ above4 #dfb4 ,solution 9 an ,alkali4--,! case9 ( milk is n s readily dissolv$ 9 an alkali z 9 an acid1 b ! solution is suffici5t to p]mit ! extraction ( ! fat4 ,soda & pota% lyes & ammonia are ! alkal9e bodies usually employ$4 ,to promote ! sep>ation ( ! emulsions1 alcohol is add$ ) advantage4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process re/s on ! obs]v$ p[] ( an alkali to free ! fat globules suffici5tly to all[ !m to dissolve 9 e!r or "s o!r solv5t4 ,:5 ! solv5t has sep>at$ f ! emulsion at fir/ =m$1 ! :ole or a "p ( x is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( fat 9 a mann] entirely analog\s to t employ$ 9 ! process ) ! acid solutions describ$ above4 ,!re are _m me?ods bas$ on ?is pr9ciple1 & "s ( ! typical ones w be giv5 bel[4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t extraction f an alkal9e solution is m tr\blesome & less p]fect ?an f an acid & ^! alkal9e me?ods are1 !re=e1 n s mu* practic$ n[ z !y 7 =m]ly4 #dfc4 ,me?od ( ,%ort4--,in/ead ( measur+ ! volume ( ! sep>at$ fat1 ,%ort has propos$ a me?od 9 :i* ! case9 is dissolv$ 9 an alkali & ! fat at ! same "t saponifi$4 ,! soap ?us produc$ is decompos$ by sulfuric acid & ! volume ( ! sep>at$ fat acids not$4 ,?is volume repres5ts eighty-sev5 p] c5t ( ! correspond+ volume ( fat4#dec ,! solv5t employ$ is a mixture ( sodium & potassium hydroxids1 conta9+ 9 "o lit] #abe & #aej grams1 respectively1 ( ^! alkalies4 ,! sample ( milk is mix$ ) half its volume ( ! reag5t & plac$ 9 boil+ wat] = two h\rs4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! case9 is dissolv$ & ! fat saponifi$4 ,aft] cool+ to ab\t #fj1 ! soap is decompos$ by ! addition ( equal p>ts ( sulfuric & acetic acids4 ,! tubes conta9+ ! mixture are aga9 plac$ 9 boil+ wat] = an h\r & !y are !n fill$ ) boil+ wat] to )9 "o in* ( ! top4 ,! tubes may ei!r be furni%$ ) a graduation or ! column ( fat be measur$ by a scale4 #dfd4 ,me?od ( ,?rn]4--,! process ( ,%ort is conduct$ by ,?rn] z foll[s3#ded ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk measur$ at #ae are saponifi$1 9 tubes fitt+ a c5trifugal1 by ! addition ( "o & a half cubic c5timet]s ( an alcoholic pota% lye1 conta9+ #afj grams ( potassium hydroxid p] lit]1 or "o cubic c5timet] ( an aque\s fifty p] c5t soda lye4 ,! saponification is ha/5$ by sett+ ! tubes 9 boil+ wat]1 :]e !y rema9 = two m9utes4 ,! soap =m$ is decompos$ ) a /rong acid1 sulfuric pref]r$1 ! tubes plac$ 9 ! c5trifugal & :irl$ = f\r m9utes1 :5 ! fat acids w be =m$ 9 ! n>r[ graduat$ "p ( ! tube & ! volume occupi$ !reby is not$ aft] imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]4 ,?rn]'s process is n foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,g]many4#dee #dfe4 ,lieb]mann's ,me?od4--,9 ?is me?od1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( milk1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 are plac$ 9 a glass cyl9d] tw5ty-five c5timet]s high & ab\t f\r & a half int]nal diamet]2 five cubic c5timet]s ( pota% lye ( #a4bg specific gravity are add$1 ! cyl9d] clos$ ) a well fitt+ cork /opp] & ?or\ghly %ak54#def ,aft] %ak+1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( petroleum _s1 boil+ po9t ab\t #fj1 are add$4 ,! cyl9d] is aga9 /opp]$ & vigor\sly %ak5 until an emulsion is =m$4 ,to ?is emulsion fifty cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol ( n9ety-five p] c5t /r5g? are add$1 & ! :ole aga9 ?or\ghly %ak54 ,aft] f\r or five m9utes ! petroleum _s1 conta9+ ! fat1 sep>ates4 ,9 ord] to insure an absolute sep>ation ( ! fat1 h[ev]1 ! %ak+ may be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times = ab\t "o-qu>t] m9ute1 wait+ ea* "t betwe5 ! %ak+s until ! _s sep>ates4 ,( ! sep>at$ petroleum _s tw5ty cubic c5timet]s are plac$ 9 a small weigh$ flask4 ,! use ( ! flask is recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* ! petroleum _s c be evaporat$ )\t dang] ( loss ( fat4 ,in/ead ( ! flask a weigh$ beak] or o!r weigh$ di% may be employ$4 ,! petroleum _s is c>efully evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? & ! residue dri$ at #aaj to #abj = "o h\r4 ,! weight f\nd multipli$ by five gives ! cont5t ( fat 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk4 ,! p]c5tage by weight c !n be calculat$ by tak+ into consid]ation ! specific gravity ( ! milk employ$4 ,! results obta9$ by ?is me?od agree well ) ^? obta9$ by ! pap] coil me?od1 :5 petroleum _s in/ead ( sulfuric e!r is us$ z ! solv5t = ! fat4 ,sulfuric e!r1 h[ev]1 gives an app>5tly high] cont5t ( fat because ( ! solution ( o!r bodies n fat pres5t 9 ! milk4 #dff4 ,d5simetric ,me?ods4--,in/ead ( evaporat+ ! sep>at$ fat solution & weigh+ ! residue1 its d5sity may be det]m9$ & ! p]c5tage ( fat dissolv$ !re9 obta9$ by calculation1 or m conv5i5tly f tables4 ,! typical me?od ( ?is k9d is due to ,soxhlet1 & until ! introduction ( mod]n rapid volumetric processes1 x 0 us$ p]haps m ext5sively ?an any o!r proce$+ = ! det]m9ation ( fat 9 milk4#deg ,! reag5ts employ$ 9 ! process are e!r saturat$ ) wat] & a pota% lye conta9+ #djj grams ( pota% 9 a lit]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is bas$ on ! assumption t a milk made alkal9e ) pota% w give up all its fat :5 %ak5 ) e!r & ! quantity ( fat 9 solution c be det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( ! e!real solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,areometric ,,fat ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 :]eby x is easy to drive ! e!real fat solution into ! measur+ vessel by means ( ! bell[s %[n4 ,9 ! bottle1 se5 at ! "r ( ! engrav+ are plac$ #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( milk1 t5 ( ! pota% lye & sixty ( ! aque\s e!r4 ,! milk & pota% are fir/ add$ & well %ak51 ! e!r !n add$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! bottle are %ak5 until a homog5e\s emulsion is =m$4 ,! bottle is !n set aside = ! sep>ation ( ! e!real solution1 :i* is promot$ by g5tly j>r+ x f "t to "t4 ,:5 ! *ief "p ( ! solution has sep>at$1 a suffici5t quantity ( x is driv5 ov] into ! measur+ app>atus1 by means ( ! air bulbs1 to float ! hydromet] conta9$ 9 ! inn] cyl9d]4 ,aft] a few mom5ts ! scale ( ! oleomet] is read & ! p]c5tage ( fat calculat$ f ! table4 ,all ! measurem5ts are made at a temp]ature ( #ag4e4 ,! temp]ature is pres]v$ con/ant by fill+ ! out] cyl9d] ( ! app>atus ) wat]4 ,if ! room be w>m] ?an #ag4e1 ! wat] add$ %\ld be at a temp]ature slightly bel[ t & vice v]sa4 ,! oleomet] c>ries a !rmomet] :i* indicates ! mom5t :5 ! read+ is to be made4 ,! scale ( ! oleomet] is graduat$ arbitr>ily f #dc to #ff1 correspond+ to ! specific gravities #j4gdc & #j4gff1 respectively1 or to correspond+ fat cont5ts ( #b4jg & #e4ab p] c5t1 9 ! milk1 a range :i* cov]s mo/ normal milks4 ,9 ! use ( ! table ! p] c5ts correspond+ to p>ts ( an oleomet] division c be easily calculat$4 ,,table ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,fat ,,9 ,,milk ,,by ,,areometric ,,me?od ,,( ,,soxhlet4 ,read+ ( ,p] c5t fat ,read+ ( ,p] c5t fat oleomet]4 9 milk4 oleomet]4 9 milk4 #dc #b4jg #ee #c4di #dd #b4ah #ef #c4fc #de #b4cj #eg #c4ge #df #b4dj #eh #c4ij #dg #b4eb #ei #d4jc #dh #b4fd #fj #d4ah #di #b4gf #fa #d4cb #ej #b4hh #fb #d4dg #ea #c4jj #fc #d4fc #eb #c4ab #fd #d4gi #ec #c4be #fe #d4ie #ed #c4cg #ff #e4ab #dfg4 ,application ( ! ,areometric ,me?od4--,soxhlet's me?od1 z outl9$ above1 ) _m modifications1 has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ,europe & to a limit$ degree 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! results obta9$ are 9 g5]al satisfactory1 :5 ! sample is a mix$ "o f a l>ge numb] ( c[s & ( av]age composition4 ,! au?or has %[n t ! process is n applicable to abnormal milk & (t5 n to milk d]iv$ f "o animal alone4#deh ,! *ief difficulty is f\nd 9 secur+ a sep>ation ( ! emulsion4 ,?is tr\ble c usually be readily ov]come by :irl+4 ,any c5trifugal ma*9e1 :i* c receive ! bottle 9 :i* ! emulsion is made1 may be employ$ = t purpose4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( m mod]n & conv5i5t me?ods ( fat det]m9ation1 ! areometric me?od has fall5 into disuse & p]haps is no long] practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is valuable n[ *iefly f ! fact t _m ( ! record$ analyses ( milk fat 7 made by x1 & also = its typical "* 9 repres5t+ all me?ods ( analysis ( fat 9 milk bas$ on ! d5sity ( e!real solutions4 #dfh4 ,! ,lactobutyromet]4--,a typical in/rum5t = measur+ ! volume ( fat 9 a milk is kn[n z ,m>*&'s lactobutyromet]4 ,x is bas$ on ! obs]vation t e!r w dissolve ! fat f milk :5 ! case9 is :olly or p>tly dissolv$ by an alkali1 & fur!r1 t ! fat 9 an impure =m c be sep>at$ f its e!real solution by ! action ( alcohol4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t all ! fat is n sep>at$ f ! e!real solution by ?is process1 & also t ! "p sep>at$ is a saturat$ solution 9 e!r4 ,! me?od _c be rigor\sly plac$ 9 ! two classes giv5 above1 b be+ volumetric dem&s consid]ation "h *iefly because ( its hi/orical int]e/4#dei ,! in/rum5t employ$ by ,m>*& is a tube ab\t ?irty c5timet]s long & twelve 9 diamet]1 clos$ at "o end & m>k$ 9 ?ree portions ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ea*4 ,! upp] "p is divid$ 9 t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,! sup]ior divisions are subdivid$ s t ! read+s c be made to hundr$?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,! tube is fill$ ) milk to ! fir/ m>k & two or ?ree drops ( a tw5ty-five p] c5t solution ( soda lye add$ !reto4 ,e!r is p\r$ 9 to ! second m>k1 ! tube clos$ & vigor\sly %ak54 ,alcohol ( ab\t n9ety p] c5t /r5g? is add$ to ! upp] m>k1 ! tube clos$1 %ak5 & all[$ to /& 9 a v]tical position1 ) occasional jolt+1 until ! sep>ation ( ! liquids is complete4 ,9 ord] to promote ! sep>ation ! tube is plac$ 9 a cyl9d] conta9+ wat] at #dj4 ,:5 ! sep>ation is complete ! milk s]um is f\nd at ! bottom1 ! mixture ( alcohol & e!r 9 ! middle & ! fat at ! top4 ,! mixture ( e!r & alcohol conta9s #j4abf gram ( fat1 & ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! sep>at$ e!r fat #j4bcc gram ( fat4 ,! total volume ( ! sep>at$ fat1 multipli$ by #j4bcc1 & ! product increas$ by #j4abf1 w give ! weight ( fat 9 ! t5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk employ$4 ,example4--,milk us$1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( #a4jcb specific gravity #aj4cb grams4 ,! obs]v$ volume ( ! saturat$ e!r fat solution is two cubic c5timet]s4 ,!n ! weight ( fat is #b #j4bcc #j4abf #j4eib gram4 ,! p]c5tage ( fat 9 ! sample is #j4eib #ajj #aj4cb #e4gd4 ,9 ! app>atus us$ 9 ?is laboratory ! upp] division ( ! graduation is m>k$ #ab4f1 because ?is repres5ts ! quantity ( fat :i* rema9s 9 ! e!r-alcohol mixture = "o lit] ( milk4 ,f ?is po9t ! graduation is ext5d$ d[nw>d to n9ety-five1 :i*1 = t5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk1 repres5ts #j4ie gram4 ,aft] ! fat has sep>at$1 en\gh n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol is add$ to br+ ! upp] surface exactly to ! graduation #ab4f4 ,! numb] ( grams p] lit] ( milk is !n read directly f ! scale4 ,9 respect ( applicability1 ! obs]vation made reg>d+ ,soxhlet's areometric me?od may be repeat$4 ,9 practical "w 9 ?is c\ntry ! lactobutyromet] is no long] us$1 b _m ( ! record$ det]m9ations ( fat 9 milk h be5 made by ?is me?od4 #dfi4 ,volumetric ,me?ods4--,= practical purposes1 ! volumetric me?ods ( e/imat+ fat 9 milk h entirely sup]s$$ all ! o!r processes4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! fat readily sep>ates 9 a pure /ate f ! o!r con/itu5ts ( milk :5ev] ! case9 is r5d]$ completely soluble2 :]eas no process has yet be5 devis$ :]eby ! fat c be easily sep>at$ 9 a pure /ate f milk :i* has n be5 treat$ ) "s reag5t capable ( effect+ a solution ( ! case94 ,! volumetric me?ods may be divid$ into two classes2 viz41 7#a7 ,^? 9 :i* ! fat is sep>at$ by ! simple action ( gravity1 & 7#b7 ^? 9 :i* ! natural action ( gravity is supplant$ by c5trifugal motion4 ,ea* ( ^! classes embraces a l>ge numb] ( v>iations & "s ( ! typical ones w be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,z solv5ts = ! case9 a l>ge numb] ( reag5ts has be5 us$1 includ+ alkalies & s+le & mix$ acids4 ,9 practice1 pref]5ce is giv5 to ! lea/ complex & mo/ easily prep>$ solv5ts4 #dgj4 ,me?od ,( ,patrick4--,a typical illu/ration ( ! me?od ( collect+ ! fat aft] solution ( ! case91 )\t ! aid ( :irl+1 is f\nd 9 ! process devis$ by ,patrick4#dfj ,! solv5t employ$ is a mixture ( acetic1 sulfuric & hydro*loric acids1 saturat$ ) sodium sulfate1 9 ! respective volumetric proportions ( n9e1 five & two4 ,! sep>ation is accompli%$ 9 a l>ge te/ tube drawn out ne> ! top into a con/rict$ neck :i* is graduat$ to measure ! volume ( ! sep>at$ fat or to give direct p]c5tage results4 ,! tube %\ld h a cont5t ( ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s bel[ ! upp] m>k on ! neck4 ,9 use #aj4d cubic c5timet]s ( milk & a suffici5t quantity ( ! mix$ acids to fill x ne>ly to ! upp] m>k are plac$ 9 ! tube1 toge!r ) a piece ( pumice /one1 & ! mixture boil$4 ,on cool+ bel[ #ajj1 ! fat w sep>ate & ! volume !re( may be measur$ 9 ! con/rict$ portion ( ! tube4 ,! volume ( ! fat may be conv]t$ into weight on multiply+ by #j4hh at #fj1 or m conv5i5tly ! p]c5tage ( fat be tak5 f a table4 ,9 practice1 ! tube is fill$ ) ! milk & acid mixture ne>ly up to ! neck1 its cont5ts well mix$ & additional acid mixture add$ until ! liquid is rais$ 9 ! tube above ! neck4 ,aft] mix+ a second "t1 ! cont5ts are boil$ = five m9utes & ! fat all[$ to collect 9 ! exp&$ "p ( ! tube above ! neck4 ,:5 ! fat has collect$1 ! mixture is boil$ g5tly a second "t = a few m9utes4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! fat is mix$ ) ! upp] portions ( ! acid liquid & cl>ifi$4 ,! cle>+ ( ! fat may be ha/5$ by spr9kl+ ov] x a little effloresc$ sodium sulfate4 ,! fat is br\ght into ! graduat$ neck by op5+ a small orifice 9 ! belly ( ! tube1 :i* is clos$ by means ( a rubb] b&4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has rea*$ #fj1 ! space occupi$ by ! fat is not$ & ! numb]s obta9$ express ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 ! sample4 ,?is process is illu/rative ( ! pr9ciple ( analysis1 b is no long] us$ 9 analytical det]m9ations4 #dga4 ,! ,lactocrite4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods = fat e/imation 9 milk1 dep5d+ on ! solution ( ! case9 & ! collection ( ! fat by means ( :irl+1 is bas$ on ! use ( a c5trifugal ma*9e kn[n z ! lactocrite4 ,?is app>atus is model$ v l ! ma*9e usually employ$ = cream]y "w1#dfa & at "o "t 0 ext5sively us$1 b x has n[ giv5 place to less tr\blesome & exp5sive ma*9es4 ,! acid mixture = free+ ! fat ( case9 is compos$ ( glacial acetic acid c>ry+ five p] c5t ( sulfuric4 ,! samples ( milk are heat$ ) ! acid mixture 9 te/ tubes provid$ ) /opp]s & %ort glass tubes to return ! cond5sation products4 ,! hot mixture is p\r$ into a small metallic cyl9drical cup hold+ ab\t ?ree cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is cup fits by means ( an accurately gr\nd %\ld] on a metal cas+1 c>ry+ inside a heavy glass graduat$ tube ( small int]nal diamet]4 ,! excess ( ! milk mixture escapes ?r\gh a small ap]ture 9 ! metallic screw cap ( ! metal hold]4 ,! metal hold] is cut away on bo? sides 9 ord] to expose ! graduations on ! glass tube4 ,! glass tube is held wat]-tight by means ( p]=at$ ela/ic wa%]s4 ,?us prep>$ ! tubes are ins]t$ 9 ! radial holes ( a revolv+ /eel disk previ\sly heat$ to a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,! :irl+ is accompli%$ 9 a few m9utes by imp>t+ to ! /eel disk a spe$ ( ab\t #f1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,at ! end ( ?is op]ation ! fat is f\nd 9 a cle> column 9 ! small glass tube & ! numb] ( ! divisions x occupies 9 ?is tube is not$4 ,ea* division ( ! scale repres5ts "o-t5? p] c5t ( fat4 ,?is app>atus is capable ( giv+ accurate results :5 all its p>ts are 9 good work+ ord]4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! *ief difficulty :i* its use has pres5t$ is 9 keep+ ! jo9ts 9 ! glass metal tube tight4 ,?is description ( ! app>atus is giv5 to secure an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple involv$1 a pr9ciple :i* has be5 work$ out 9 lat] times into "s ( ! mo/ rapid & practical processes ( e/imat+ fat 9 milk4 #dgb4 ,modification ( ,l9d/rm4--,_m modifications h be5 propos$ = conduct+ ! det]m9ation ( fat by means ( ! lactocrite1 b !y d n involve any new pr9ciple & are ( d\btful m]it4 ,9 ! modification sugge/$ by ,l9d/rm1 :i* has atta9$ q an ext5d$ practical application1 ! solv5t mixture is compos$ ( lactic & sulfuric acids & ! butyromet] tubes are s *ang$ z to p]mit ! collection ( ! fat 9 ! graduat$ neck aft] :irl+1 by means ( add+ wat]4 ,! app>atus is also adju/$ to secure ! congelation ( ! fat column be=e its volume is not$4#dfb ,! analy/ c read ! fat volume at 8 leisure :5 x is 9 ! solid /ate & is n confus$ by *anges ( volume dur+ ! obs]vation4 ,! be/ acid mixture has be5 f\nd to be compos$ ( #ajj volumes ( lactic1 an equal am\nt ( acetic & fifte5 volumes ( sulfuric acids4#dfc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,babcock',s ,,butyromet] ,,& ,,acid ,,measure4 #dgc4 ,! ,babcock ,me?od4--,among ! _m quick volumetric me?ods :i* h be5 propos$ = ! det]m9ation ( fat 9 milk1 none has secur$ s wide an application z t sugge/$ by ,babcock4#dfd ,! *ief po9t ( advantage 9 ! use ( ?is me?od is f\nd 9 effect+ ! solution ( ! case9 by means ( sulfuric acid ( ab\t #a4hc specific gravity4 ,by ?is reag5t ! case9 is dissolv$ 9 a few mom5ts )\t ! aid ( any o!r heat ?an t g5]at$ by mix+ ! milk ) ! reag5t4 ,! bottle 9 :i* ! sep>ation is made is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,! graduations on ! neck are bas$ on ! use ( eighte5 grams ( milk4 ,to avoid ! tr\ble ( weigh+1 ! milk is measur$ f a pipette graduat$ to deliv] eighte5 grams ( milk ( ! usual specific gravity4 ,:ile x is true t normal milk may v>y some:at 9 its d5sity1 x has be5 f\nd t a pipette m>k$ at #ag4f cubic c5timet]s deliv]s a weight :i* c be safely assum$ to v>y b slightly f ! "o desir$4 ,! graduat$ bottle holds easily ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( liquid 9 its exp&$ portion & ! volume ( milk j not$ is mix$ ) an equal volume ( sulfuric acid1 conv5i5tly measur$ f ! lip cyl9d] %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! complete mixture ( ! milk & acid is effect$ by g5tly rotat+ ! bottle until its cont5ts are homog5e\s4 ,! f9al color ( ! mixture v>ies f d>k br[n to black4 ,:ile /ill hot1 ! bottles are plac$ 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e & :irl$ = at lea/ five m9utes4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t ma*9e1 :]e x is available1 is ! "o driv5 by a jet ( /eam4 ,! revolutions ( ! c5trifugal %\ld be at lea/ #gjj p] m9ute = a tw5ty in* & #a1bjj = a twelve in* :eel4 ,aft] five m9utes ! bottles are remov$ & fill$ to ! upp] m>k or ne>ly s ) hot wat]1 replac$ 9 ! ma*9e & :irl$ = at lea/ "o m9ute4 ,! fat w !n be f\nd 9 a cle>ly def9$ column 9 ! graduat$ neck ( ! bottle4 ,9 read+ ! scale1 ! extreme limits betwe5 ! l[e/ po9t m>k$ by ! l[] m5iscus & ! highe/ po9t m>k$ by ! edge ( ! upp] m5iscus are to be reg>d$ z ! t]m9i ( ! fat column4 ,9 te/+ cream by ! babcock process1 x may ei!r be dilut$ until ! column ( fat secur$ is conta9$ 9 ! graduat$ "p ( ! neck or specially graduat$ bottles may be us$4 ,cond5s$ ,milk3 ,9 apply+ ! babcock te/ to cond5s$ milk1 x is necess>y to weigh ! sample & to use only ab\t eight grams4#dfe ,?is quantity is plac$ 9 ! bottle & dissolv$ 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ! analysis complet$ z above4 ,! read+ not$ is multipli$ by eighte5 & divid$ by ! weight ( ! sample tak54 ,skim ,milk3 ,9 det]m9+ ! fat 9 skim milk & :ey1 x is desirable to use a bottle ( d\ble ! usual capacity1 b ) ! same graduation on ! neck4 ,! p]c5tage ( fat not$ is divid$ by two4 ,*eese3 ,five grams are a conv5i5t quantity ( *eese to employ4 ,to ?is quantity 9 ! bottle are add$ fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & ! flask g5tly %ak5 & w>m$ until ! *eese is s(t5$4 ,! treatm5t ) acid & :irl+ are ! same z describ$ above4 ,! not$ read+ is multipli$ by eighte5 & divid$ by five4 #dgd4 ,solution 9 ,amyl ,alcohol & ,hydro*loric & ,sulfuric ,acids4--,leffmann & ,beam h propos$ to aid ! solution ( ! case9 9 sulfuric acid by ! previ\s addition to ! milk ( a mixture ( equal volumes ( amyl alcohol & hydro*loric acid4#dff ,9 ?is process ! same graduat$ flasks may be us$ z 9 ! babcock process1 or a special flask may be employ$4 ,9 ?is case ! graduation ( ! neck is = fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( milk1 & ea* "o & a half cubic c5timet]s is divid$ into eighty-six p>ts4 ,! quantity ( milk not$ is plac$ 9 ! flask1 toge!r ) ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! mixture ( amyl alcohol & hydro*loric acid1 & well %ak54 ,to ! mixture1 sulfuric acid ( #a4hc specific gravity is add$ until ! belly ( ! flask is ne>ly full & ! cont5ts well mix$ by %ak+4 ,:5 ! case9 is dissolv$1 ! addition ( ! sulfuric acid is cont9u$ until ! flask is fill$ to ! upp] m>k & aga9 ! cont5ts mix$4 ,x is well to close ! m\? ( ! flask ) a /opp] :ile %ak+4 ,! bottle is plac$ 9 a c5trifugal & :irl$ = a few mom5ts1 :5 ! fat is collect$ 9 ! graduat$ neck & its volume not$4 ,! process is also kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ! beiml+ me?od4#dfg ,! fat sep>at$ 9 ! above process is probably mix$ ) a little fusel oil1 & !re=e x is advisable to use ! specially graduat$ bottle in/ead ( "o m>k$ 9 absolute volumes4#dfh ,! me?od1 :5 conduct$ accord+ to ! details f\nd 9 ! pap]s cit$1 gives accurate results1 b is some:at m complicat$ ?an ! babcock process & is n n[ us$ to any great ext5t 9 analytical "w4 #dge4 ,me?od ( ,g]b]4--,! me?od propos$ by ,g]b] = e/imat+ fat 9 milk is bas$ on ! processes ( ,babcock1 ,beiml+ & ,beam already describ$4 ,! tubes 9 :i* ! decomposition ( ! milk & ! measurem5t ( ! fat are accompli%$ are ( two k9ds1 "o op5 at only "o end = milk & ! o!r op5 at bo? ends = *eese4 ,!y are clos$ dur+ ! sep>ation by rubb] /opp]s4#dfi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,g]b]',s ,,butyromet]s4 ,! app>atus h be5 greatly improv$ & simplifi$ s9ce ! fir/ description ( !m 0 publi%$ & h come into ext5sive use 9 ,europe & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4#dgj ,! butyromet] tubes are made ( v>i\s sizes & %apes1 b ! mo/ conv5i5t are ^? not$ above z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,be=e add+ ! /rong sulfuric acid1 "o cubic c5timet] ( amyl alcohol is mix$ ) ! milk 9 ! butyromet]4 ,?is admixture s]ves to cl>ify ! fat & r5d] ! read+ m easy4 ,! c5trifugal is run by h&1 & ! requir$ spe$ ( rotation is giv5 x by means ( a cord wrapp$ spirally ab\t its axis1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! cord 9 ! new ma*9es is replac$ by a lea!r /rap work+ on a rat*et4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,g]b]',s ,,c5trifugal4 ,! process is m spe$y ?an t ( ,babcock1 & ! results h be5 %[n by a l>ge exp]i5ce to be reliable & accurate4 ,! sulfuric acid employ$ is ( #a4hbe to #a4hcj specific gravity4 ,!re is no dang] ( loss by ! =mation ( volatile e!rs :]e ! quantity ( amyl alcohol us$ does n exce$ "o cubic c5timet]4 ,9 a comp>ison ( ! respective m]its ( ! me?ods ( ,babcock1 ,?rn] & ,g]b]1 made by ,hausamann1 ! fir/ place is aw>d$ to ! ,g]b] process4#dga ,9 ! figure #aaj1 ! butyromet]s m>k$ #b1 #e & #h are = milk1 & ^? numb]$ #a1 #c & #g are = cream & *eese4 ,9 conduct+ ! analysis1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sulfuric acid are plac$ 9 ! butyromet] ) "o cubic c5timet] ( ! amyl alcohol4 ,:5 mix$1 elev5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk are add$ & ! cont5ts ( ! tube well mix$1 ! tube /opp]$ & plac$ 9 ! c5trifugal4 ,! l>g] tubes1 op5 at bo? ends1 require d\ble ! quantities ( ! reag5ts m5tion$4 ,! measurem5ts are made at ab\t #ae4 ,m9ute directions = conduct+ ! analyses ) milk1 skim milk1 butt]milk1 cream1 cond5s$ milk1 *eese & butt] accompany ea* app>atus4 ,,proteid ,,bodies ,,9 ,,milk4 #dgf4 ,k9ds ( ,proteid ,bodies 9 ,milk4--,! proteid bodies 9 milk are all f\nd 9 at lea/ p>tial solution4 ,"s au?orities /ate t a portion ( ! case9 is pres5t 9 ! =m ( f9e p>ticles susp5d$ aft] ! mann] ( ! fat globules4#dgb ,! numb] & k9d ( proteid bodies are n kn[n ) def9it5ess4 ,among ^? :i* are kn[n ) c]ta9ty are case91 album91 peptone & fibr94 ,! latt] body 0 discov]$ 9 milk by ,babcock4#dgc ,lactoglobul9 & lactoprote9 are also names giv5 to imp]fectly kn[n proteid bodies 9 milk4 ,lactoprote9 is n precipitat$ ei!r by acids or by heat & is !re=e probably a peptone4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! proteid matt]s 9 milk is case94 ,case9 has be5 call$ case9og5 by ,halliburton1#dgd & p>acase9 by ,s*ulze & ,rse4#dge ,case9 has intimate relations to ! m9]al matt]s 9 milk1 & is probably itself made up ( sev]al proteid bodies ( slightly diff]+ prop]ties4 ,9 g5]al all t class ( proteid matt] conta9$ 9 milk :i* is precipitat$ by r5net or a weak acid1 or spontane\sly on ! developm5t ( lactic acid1 is designat$ by ! t]m case91 :ile ! album9s & peptones 9 simil> conditions rema9 9 solution4 ,case9 conta9s phosphorus1 presumably z nucle94 ,fibr9 is recogniz$ 9 milk by ! reactions x gives ) hydrog5 p]oxid or gum guiacum4 ,! decomposition ( hydrog5 p]oxid is n a c]ta9 te/ = fibr91 inasmu* z pus & _m o!r bodies w produce ! same effect4 ,if ! milk decompose hydrog5 p]oxid1 h[ev]1 be=e & n aft] boil+1 an additional pro( ( ! pres5ce ( fibr9 is obta9$1 s9ce boil$ fibr9 does n act on ! reag5t4#dgf ,! gum guiacum te/ is appli$ by dipp+ a /rip ( filt] pap] into ! milk & dry+4 ,! solution ( gum guiacum is appli$ to ! dri$ pap] & ! pres5ce ( fibr9 is recogniz$ by ! blue color :i* is produc$4 ,! fibr9 is probably *ang$ into "s o!r proteid dur+ ! rip5+ ( cream 9 :i* ! fibr9 is *iefly f\nd4 ,! album9 9 milk is coagulat$ by boil+1 :ile ! case9 rema9s practically unaffect$ :5 subject$ to t temp]ature4 #dgg4 ,e/imation ( ,total ,proteid ,matt]4--,! total proteid matt] 9 milk is det]m9$ by any ( ! g5]al me?ods applicable to ! e/imation ( total nitrog51 b ! moi/ combu/ion me?od is by f> ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,f ! total nitrog51 t :i* repres5ts ammonia or o!r nonproteid nitrog5\s bodies1 is to be d$uct$ & ! rema9d] multipli$ by an appropriate factor4 ,practically all ! nitrog5 obta9$ is d]iv$ f ! proteid matt]s &1 z a rule1 no correction is necess>y4 ,! factors employ$ = calculat+ ! weight ( proteid matt] f ! nitrog5 obta9$ v>y f #f4be to #g4jd4 ,x is desirable t additional inve/igations be made to det]m9e ! magnitude ( ?is factor4 ,x is sugge/$ t provisionally ! factor #f4dj be us$4 ,9 ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s x is direct$ t ab\t five grams ( milk be plac$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flask & treat$ )\t previ\s evaporation exactly z describ$ = ! e/imation ( total nitrog5 9 ! abs5ce ( nitrates4 ,! nitrog5 obta9$ is multipli$ by #f4be to get ! total proteid matt]4#dgg ,9 ord] to prev5t ! too great dilution ( ! sulfuric acid1 ! milk may be evaporat$ to dryness or ne>ly s be=e oxidation4 ,9 ?is laboratory x is conv5i5tly done by plac+ ! milk fir/ 9 ! oxidiz+ flask1 connect+ ?is ) ! vacuum s]vice & plac+ ! flask 9 hot wat]4 ,! aque\s cont5ts ( ! milk are quickly giv5 (f at a temp]ature n exce$+ #he1 & ! "t requir$ is only a few m9utes4 ,! milk may also be dri$ 9 di%es made ( ?9 glass or t9 foil &1 aft] desiccation1 introduc$ ) ! fragm5ts ( ! di%es into ! oxidiz+ flask4 ,! prelim9>y dry+ 9 ! oxidiz+ flask is recomm5d$ z ! be/4 ,sldn] oxidizes ! nitrog5 9 human milk by boil+ t5 cubic c5timet]s !re( = ?ree h\rs ) tw5ty-five ( sulfuric acid1 fifty milligrams ( copp] oxid & ?ree drops ( a f\r p] c5t plat9ic *lorid solution1 &1 aft] di/ill+ ! ammonia1 uses ! factor #f4ci = calculat+ ! proteid matt]4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or human milk is mu* less ri* 9 nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 conta9+ n m ?an "o & a half p] c5t !re( 9 av]age samples collect$ at lea/ a mon? aft] p>turition4#dgh #dgh4 ,precipitation ( ,total ,proteids ) ,copp] ,sulfate4--,?is me?od ( ?r[+ out ! total proteids ( milk is due to ,rit?aus54#dgi ,! proteids & fat are precipitat$ toge!r by ! addition ( a measur$ volume ( copp] sulfate solution1 conta9+ #fc4ib grams ( ! cry/alliz$ salt 9 "o lit]4 ,! process1 z modifi$ by ,pfeiff]1 is conduct$ z foll[s3#dhj ,t5 grams ( milk are dilut$ ) t5 times t mu* wat]1 five cubic c5timet]s ( ! copp] sulfate solution add$ & !n soda lye solution drop by drop until ! copp] is j precipitat$4 ,?is is det]m9$ by te/+ a few drops ( ! filtrate ) soda lye1 :i*1 :5 ! copp] is precipitat$1 w give nei!r a turbidity nor a blue color4 ,! mixture is p\r$ into a dry t>$ filt]1 ! precipitate wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$ to con/ant weight & weigh$4 ,! fat is remov$ f ! dry pulv]iz$ mass by extraction ) e!r & ! residue dri$ & weigh$4 ,! quantity ( copp] oxyhydrate conta9$ 9 ! precipitate is calculat$ f ! quantity ( ! copp] solution us$ & am\nts to #j4bjbf gram4 ,! case9 ?us prep>$ conta9s n only ! copp] comp\nd nam$1 b also "s ( ! sodium sulfate =m$ on ! addition ( ! soda lye & o!r m9]al salts pres5t 9 ! milk & f :i* x is q impossible to completely free x4 ,!re are also _m o!r objections to ! process1 & ! product is ( su* a nature z to r5d] ! data obta9$ by ! me?od v d\btful4 ,?is me?od is *iefly valuable on acc\nt ( its hi/orical int]e/4 ,n only are ! dry+ & weigh+ ( ! precipitate r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! mod]n me?ods ( det]m9+ nitrog51 b !re are num]\s s\rces ( error :i* seem to ?r[ d\bt on ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,! copp] hydroxid does n lose all its wat] ev5 on dry+ at #abe4dha ,! me?od !re=e c only be recomm5d$ = practical purposes :5 all ! t$i\s processes ( dry+1 extract+ & calculat+ ! quantity ( copp] oxid are ab&on$ & ! moi/ wa%$ precipitate us$ directly = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog54 #dgi4 ,proteid ,bodies by ,ammonium ,sulfate4--,all ! proteid bodies except peptones are precipitat$ f milk on saturation ) ammonium sulfate4 ,?is me?od has little analytical value because ( ! pres5ce ( nitrog5\s salt 9 ! precipitate4 ,z9c sulfate may be sub/itut$ = ! ammonium salt & ?us a det]m9ation ( proteid matt] o!r ?an peptone be obta9$4 ,?is result subtract$ f ! total proteid nitrog5 gives t due to peptone4 #dhj4 ,total ,proteid ,matt] by ,tannic ,acid4--,= ! det]m9ation ( ! total proteid matt] 9 milk ,sebeli5 uses ! foll[+ process4#dhb ,f ?ree to five grams are dilut$ ) ?ree or f\r volumes ( wat]1 a few drops ( a sal9e solution add$ 7sodium phosphate1 sodium *lorid1 magnesium sulfate1 et similia71 & ! proteid bodies ?r[n out ) an excess ( tannic acid solution4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) an excess ( ! precipitant & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$ & multipli$ by #f4cg4 #dha4 ,sep>ation ( ,case9 f ,album94--,sebeli5 pref]s magnesium sulfate or sodium *lorid to acetic acid z ! be/ reag5t = sep>at+ case9 f lactalbum94 ,( ! two sal9e reag5ts m5tion$1 ! =m] is ! bett]4 ,! milk is fir/ dilut$ ) a d\ble volume ( ! saturat$ sal9e solution & !n ! f9e p[d]$ salt add$ until saturation is secur$4 ,! case9 is completely ?r[n out by ?is treatm5t1 collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) ! saturat$ sal9e solution1 & ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total & case9 nitrog5 gives ! quantity due to ! album9 plus ! almo/ negligible quantity due to globul94#dhc #dhb4 ,van ,slyke's ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ,case94--,! case9 may be sep>at$ f ! o!r album9oids 9 milk by ! proc$ure propos$ by ,van ,slyke4#dhd ,t5 grams ( ! fre% milk are dilut$ ) n9ety cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ! temp]ature rais$ to #dj4 ,! case9 is ?r[n d[n ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( acetic acid1 ( :i* ab\t "o & a half cubic c5timet]s are requir$4 ,! mixture is well /irr$ & ! precipitate all[$ to subside4 ,! :ey is decant$ onto a filt]1 & ! precipitate wa%$ two or ?ree times ) cold wat]1 br\ght f9ally onto ! filt] & wa%$ once or twice ) cold wat]4 ,! filt] pap] & its cont5ts are us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 ! usual way4 ,! case9 is calculat$ f ! nitrog5 f\nd by multiplication by ! factor #f4be4 ,milk may be pres]v$ = ?is me?od ( det]m9ation by add+ to x "o "p ( f9ely p[d]$ m]curic *lorid = ea* two ?\s& p>ts ( ! sample4 ,! me?od is n applicable to curdl$ milk4 #dhc4 ,!ory ( ,precipitation4--,mo/ au?orities n[ agree 9 suppos+ t ! /ate ( semisolution 9 :i* ! case9 is held 9 milk is secur$ by ! pres5ce ( m9]al matt]s 9 ! milk1 9 "s intimate comb9ation ) ! case94 ,among ^! bodies lime is ( ! mo/ importance4 ,! action ( ! dilute acid is *iefly on ^! m9]al bodies1 releas+ !m f comb9ation ) ! case91 :i*1 be+ insoluble 9 ! milk s]um1 is precipitat$4 #dhd4 ,factors = ,calculation4--,mo/ analy/s /ill use ! common proteid factor1 #f4be1 9 calculat+ ! quantity ( proteids f ! nitrog5 det]m9$ by analysis4 ,= case9 _m diff]5t factors h be5 propos$4 ,accord+ to ,mak]is ! factor v>ies f #f4hc to #g4jd4dhe ,munk gives #f4cd = human & #f4cg = c[ milk4#dhf ,sebeli5 adopts ! latt] factor1 & ,hamm]/5 ne>ly ! same2 viz41 #f4ci4 ,! weight ( au?ority1 at ! pres5t "t1 favors a factor consid]ably above #f4be = calculat+ ! case9 &1 9 fact1 ! total proteids ( milk f ! weight ( nitrog5 obta9$4 #dhe4 ,b*amp's ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,pure ,case94--,! case9 9 ab\t "o lit] ( milk is precipitat$ by add+ gradually ab\t ?ree grams ( glacial acetic acid dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! addition ( ! acid is arre/$ at ! mom5t :5 litmus pap] %[s a slightly acid reaction4 ,! precipitate ?us produc$1 conta9+ all ! case91 ! milk globules & ! microzymes1 is sep>at$ by filtration1 be+ wa%$ by decantation be=e collect+ x on ! filt]4 ,on ! filt] x is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] & ! fat remov$ by %ak+ ) e!r4 ,! residue is susp5d$ 9 wat]1 dissolv$ 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( ammonium c>bonate1 any insoluble residue 7microzymes1 globules7 sep>at$ by filtration & ! pure case9 ?r[n out ( ! filtrate by ! addition ( acetic acid4 ,! wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 solution 9 ammonium c>bonate1 filtration & reprecipitation are repeat$ ?ree or f\r times 9 ord] to obta9 ! case9 entirely free ( o!r sub/ances4 ,case9 ?us prep>$ is burn$ to a c>bon free a% ) difficulty & conta9s b little ov] "o-t5? p] c5t ( m9]al matt]4#dhg #dhf4 ,sep>ation ( ,case9 ) ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! sup]saturation ( ! lime comp\nds ( case9 ) c>bon dioxid dim9i%es ! solv5t action ( ! lime & ?us helps to ?r[ out ! proteid matt]4 ,= ?is reason ,hoppe-,seyl] recomm5ds ! use ( c>bon dioxid to promote ! precipitation ( ! case94#dhh ,! milk is dilut$ ) ab\t tw5ty volumes ( wat] & treat$1 drop by drop1 ) v dilute acetic acid z long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,a /ream ( pure c>bon dioxid is conduct$ ?r\gh ! mixture = half an h\r1 & x is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = twelve h\rs1 :5 ! case9 w h all gone d[n & ! sup]natant liquid w be cle>4 ,album9s & peptones are n ?r[n out by ?is treatm5t4 ,! me?od ( precipitation is advantage\sly modifi$ by saturat+ ! dilut$ milk ) c>bon dioxid be=e add+ ! acetic acid1 less ( ! latt] be+ requir$ :5 us$ 9 ! ord] j not$4#dhi #dhg4 ,sep>ation ( ,album94--,9 ! filtrate f ! case9 precipitate ! album9 may be sep>at$ by heat+ to #hj4 ,x may also be precipitat$ by tannic acid1 9 :i* case x may conta9 a little globul94 ,x may also be ?r[n out by saturation ) ammonium or z9c sulfates4 ,! latt] reag5t is to be pref]r$ :5 ! nitrog5 is to be det]m9$ 9 ! precipitate4 ,! quantities ( album9 & globul91 especially ! latt]1 pres5t 9 milk are small comp>$ ) its cont5t ( case94 #dhh4 ,sep>ation ( ,globul94--,! pres5ce ( globul9 9 milk is demon/rat$ by ,sebeli5 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#dij ,! milk is saturat$ ) f9ely p[d]$ common salt & ! precipitate produc$ is sep>at$ by filtration4 ,?is filtrate 9 turn is saturat$ ) magnesium sulfate4 ,! precipitate produc$ by ?is reag5t is collect$ on a filt]1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & precipitat$ by saturation ) sodium *lorid4 ,?is process is repeat$ sev]al times4 ,! f9al precipitate is prov$ to be globul9 by ! foll[+ reactions3 ,:5 a solution ( x is dialyz$ ! proteid body sep>ates z a floccul5t precipitate1 :i* is easily dissolv$ 9 a weak solution ( common salt4 ,! cle> solution ?us obta9$ becomes turbid on add+ wat]1 & m s aft] ! addition ( a little acetic acid4 ,a neutral solution ( ! body is also completely precipitat$ by saturation ) sodium *lorid4 ,^! reactions s]ve to id5tify ! body z a globul9 & n an album94 ,all ! globul9 9 milk is n obta9$ by ! process1 s9ce a "p ( x is sep>at$ ) ! case9 9 ! fir/ precipitation4 #dhi4 ,o!r ,precipitants ( ,milk ,proteids4--,_m o!r reag5ts besides ^? m5tion$ h be5 us$ = precipitat+ milk proteids1 :olly or 9 "p4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! dilute m9]al acids1 lactic acid1 r5net1 m]curic iodid 9 acetic acid1 phosphotung/ic acid1 acid m]curic nitrate1 lead acetate & _m o!rs4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! au?or t _m ( ^! precipitants d n remove all ! nitrog5 b t among o!rs ! m]cury salts are effective4#dia ,:5 nitrog5 is to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ ! acid m]curic nitrate _c be employ$4 #dij4 ,precipitation by ,dialysis4--,s9ce ! case9 is suppos$ to be held 9 solution by ! action ( salts x is probable t x may be precipitat$ by remov+ ^! salts by dialysis4 #dia4 ,c>bohydrates 9 ,milk4--,! me?ods ( det]m9+ lactose 9 milk1 bo? by ! copp] r$uction & optical processes1 h be5 fully set =? 9 =ego+ p>agraphs 7#bdc1 #bdd1 #bei1 #bfb74 ,9 g5]al1 ! optical me?od by d\ble dilution is to be pref]r$ z practically exact & capable ( application ) ! m9imum consumption ( "t4#dib ,= normal milks a s+le pol>ization is entirely suffici5t1 mak+ an arbitr>y correction = ! volume occupi$ by ! precipitat$ proteids & fat4 ,?is correction is conv5i5tly plac$ at six & a half p] c5t ( ! volume ( milk employ$4 ,! pol>imetric e/imation ( lactose 9 human milk is likely to give errone\s results by reason ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! s]um ( pol>iz+ bodies n precipitable by ! reag5ts commonly employ$ = ! removal ( proteids4#dic ,! same /atem5t may be made 9 respect ( ass & m>e milk4 ,! use ( acetopicric acid = remov+ di/urb+ bodies1 z propos$ by ,?ibonet#did does n insure results free f error4 ,) ! milks above m5tion$1 x is saf] to rely on ! data obta9$ by ! alkal9e copp] reag5ts4 #dib4 ,dextr9oid ,body 9 ,milk4--,9 treat+ ! precipitate1 produc$ 9 milk by copp] sulfate1 ) alcohol & e!r = ! purpose ( remov+ ! fat1 ,rit?aus5 isolat$ a dextr9 l body q diff]5t f lactose 9 its prop]ties4#die ,! alcohol e!r extract evaporat$ to dryness leaves a mass n :olly soluble 9 e!r1 & !re=e n compos$ ( fat4 ,?is residue extract$ ) e!r1 pres5ts flocky p>ticles1 soluble 9 wat] & mo/ly precipitat$ !refrom by alcohol4 ,?is body has a slight r$uc+ effect on alkal9e copp] salts & produces a gray color ) bismu? nitrate4 ,! quantity ( ?is mat]ial is s m9ute z to lead ,rit?aus5 to obs]ve t x does n s5sibly affect ! fat det]m9ations :5 n sep>at$4 ,x is n cle>ly demon/rat$ t x is a dextr9oid body & ! analy/ ne$ n fe> t ! optical det]m9ation ( milk sug> w be s5sibly affect$ !reby4 ,raum] & ,sp? assume t c]ta9 discrepancies1 obs]v$ by !m 9 ! data obta9$ = lactose by ! copp] & optical me?ods1 are due to ! pres5ce ( ?is dextr9oid body1 b no positive pro( !re( is adduc$4#dif #dic4 ,amyloid ,bodies 9 ,milk4--,h]z has obs]v$ 9 milk a body hav+ "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( />*4#dig ,obs]v$ by ! microscope1 ^! p>ticles h "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! />* gra9s ( vegetables1 ) a diamet] ( f t5 to ?irty-five micromillimet]s4 ,!y are color$ blue by iod94 ,:5 boil$ ) wat]1 h[ev]1 ^! p>ticles diff] f />* 9 n =m+ a pa/e4 ,! p>ticles are mo/ abundant 9 ! turbid lay] f\nd imm$iately b5ea? ! e!r fat solution 9 ! areometric process ( ,soxhlet4 ,! amyloid p>ticles may be collect$ f *eese & butt] by boil+ ) wat]1 :5 !y settle & c be obs]v$ on ! s$im5t aft] free+ ( fat by e!r4 ,"s ( ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! adult]ation ( dairy products ) />* may h be5 made errone\sly by reason ( ! natural occurr5ce ( ^! p>ticles4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! dextr9 l body m5tion$ above ?is />*y sub/ance1 if x really exi/1 occurs 9 too m9ute a quantity to influ5ce ! results ( any ( ! analytical me?ods h]et(ore describ$4 ,9 connection ) ! suppos$ pres5ce ( an amyloid body 9 milk1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t c]ta9 decomposition nitrog5\s bodies give practically ! same reactions z are not$ above4#dih ,among ^! may be m5tion$ *it91 :i* occurs v ext5sively 9 ! animal _w4 ,! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( dextr9oid & amyloid bodies 9 milk re/s on evid5ce :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly revis$ be=e be+ und\bt$ly accept$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,butt]4 #did4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! g5]al analysis ( butt] fat is conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! "p ( ?is volume devot$ to ! exam9ation ( fats & oils4 ,! me?ods ( sampl+1 dry+1 filt]+1 & ( det]m9+ physical & *emical prop]ties1 are !re develop$ 9 suffici5t detail to guide ! analy/ 9 all op]ations ( a g5]al nature4 ,!re rema9 = consid]ation "h only ! special processes practic$ 9 butt] analysis & :i* are n appli$ to fats 9 g5]al4 ,^! processes naturally relate to ! /udy ( ^? prop]ties ( a di/9ctive nature1 by means ( :i* butt] is diff]5tiat$ f o!r fats = :i* x may be mi/ak5 or ) :i* x may be adult]at$4 ,^! special /udies1 !re=e1 are direct$ *iefly to ! consid]ation ( ! peculi> physical prop]ties ( butt] fat1 to its cont5t ( volatile acids & to its *>act]i/ic =ms ( cry/allization z obs]v$ ) ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,= dietetic1 economic & legal reasons1 x is highly important t ! analy/ be able to di/+ui% a pure butt] f any sub/itute !re=4 #die4 ,appe>ance ( ,melt$ ,butt]4--,fre%1 pure butt]1 :5 sl[ly melt$1 %[s aft] a %ort "t ! butt] fat completely sep>at$1 ( a delicate yell[ color & q transp>5t4 ,old samples ( butt] d n give a fat lay] ( equal transp>5cy4 ,oleom>g>91 or any artificial butt] :5 simil>ly treat$1 gives a fat lay] opalesc5t or opaque4 ,by means ( ?is simple te/ an easy sep>ation ( pure f adult]at$ butt] may be effect$4 ,9 mixtures1 ! degree ( turbidity %[n by ! sep>at$ fats may be reg>d$ z a r\gh index ( ! am\nt ( adult]ation4 ,9 conduct+ ! "w1 ! samples ( butt]1 9 conv5i5t quantities accord+ to ! size ( ! conta9+ vessel1 are plac$ 9 beak]s & w>m$ sl[ly at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ej4 ,aft] a lapse ( half an h\r ! obs]vations are made4 ,if "o "p ( ! melt$ butt] be %ak5 ) two volumes ( w>m wat] 7#dj7 & set aside = five m9utes ! fat is /ill f\nd z an emulsion1 :ile oleom>g>91 simil>ly treat$1 %[s ! fat mo/ly sep>at$4 ,?is process has "s m]it1 b mu/ n be too highly valu$4#dii #dif4 ,microscopic ,exam9ation ( ,butt]4--,! microscope is helpful 9 judg+ ! purity ( butt] & ! admixture ( =eign fats1 if n 9 too small quantity to be ( any comm]cial importance1 c easily be detect$ by ?is means4#ejj ,! me?ods ( prep>+ butt] fat 9 a cry/all9e /ate are ! same z ^? describ$ 9 p>agraphs #cjg-cji4 ,! cry/als ( butt] fat diff] greatly 9 appe>ance ) ! diff]5t me?ods ( prep>ation4 ,:5 butt] is melt$1 filt]$1 heat$ to ! boil+ po9t ( wat] & sl[ly cool$1 x =ms sph]oidal cry/all9e masses z se5 by ! microscope1 :i* pres5t a well def9$ cross ) pol>iz$ light4 ,?is cross is n peculi> to butt] fat1 b is develop$ !re9 ) great] di/9ctiv5ess ?an 9 o!r fats ( animal orig94 ,pure1 fre%1 unmelt$ butt]1 :5 view$ ) pol>iz$ light ?r\gh a plate ( sel5ite1 pres5ts a field ( vision ( uni=m t9t1 v>y+ ) ! relative positions ( ! nicols4 ,:5 =eign fats1 previ\sly melt$1 z 9 r5d]+1 are mix$ ) ! butt] ! cry/allization !y und]go di/urbs ?is uni=mity ( t9t & ! field ( vision appe>s p>ticolor$4 ,old1 rancid or melt$ butt] may give rise to ! same or simil> ph5om5a "u l conditions ( exam9ation4 ,! microscope ?us becomes a mo/ valuable in/rum5t = sort+ butt]s & 9 di/+ui%+ !m 9 a prelim9>y way f oleom>g>94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,!rmomet] ,,= ,,butyrorefractomet]4 #dig4 ,judgm5t ( ,suspect$ ,butt] or ,l>d by ,refractive ,p[]4--,9 discrim9at+ betwe5 pure & adult]at$ butt]s by ! aid ( ! butyrorefractomet] 7#cja71 ! absolute read+ ( ! in/rum5t is ( less importance ?an ! diff]5ce :i* is detect$ betwe5 ! highe/ p]missible numb]s1 = any degree ( temp]ature1 & ! actual read+ obta9$ at t temp]ature4 ,^! diff]5ces1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 d n p]ceptibly v>y ) ! temp]ature1 & h]et(ore !y h be5 det]m9$ ) ! aid ( a table1 & 9 ?is respect ! obs]vations h be5 made ! m labori\s4 ,wollny has r5d]$ ^! tables unnecess>y by con/ruct+ a !rmomet] 9 :i* ! m]cury column does n indicate degrees ( temp]ature1 b ! highe/ p]missible numb] = butt] or l>d at ! temp]ature ( obs]vation4 ,! scale ( ! in/rum5t is s adju/$ z to include temp]atures ( f #cj to #dj1 :i* r5d]s x suit$ to ! exam9ation ( butt] & l>d4 ,! oleo!rmomet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,! side ( ! scale ,b is = butt] & t m>k$ ,s = l>d4 ,! use ( ! in/rum5t is ! simple/ possible4 ,! sample ( fat is plac$ 9 ! prisms 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] is at re/1 ! scale ( ! in/rum5t is read4 ,9 ! case ( a butt]1 if ! read+ ( ! scale give a high] numb] ?an t indicat$ by ! !rmomet]1 ! sample is pron\nc$ suspici\s & ! degree ( suspicion is proportional to ! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s4 #dih4 ,e/imation ( ,wat]1 ,fat1 ,case91 ,a% & ,salt4--,! me?ods propos$ by ! au?or = conduct+ ^! det]m9ations1 ) m9or am5dm5ts1 h be5 adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4#eja ,wat]4--,! sample held 9 a flat bottom di% is dri$ to con/ant weight at ab\t #ajj4 ,! weight ( ! sample us$ %\ld be proportional to ! area ( ! bottom ( ! di%1 :i* %\ld be j cov]$ by ! film ( melt$ fat4 ,! di% may be previ\sly p>tly fill$ ) s&1 asbe/os or pumice /one4 ,! dry+ may take place 9 ! air1 9 an in]t gas or 9 a vacuum4 ,fat4--,! fat 9 a sample ( butt] is readily det]m9$ by treat+ ! cont5ts ( ! di% aft] ! det]m9ation ( wat] ) an appropriate solv5t4 ,! process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! dry butt] f ! wat] det]m9ation is dissolv$ 9 ! di% ) e!r or petroleum _s4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are !n transf]r$ to a weigh$ goo* ) ! aid ( a wa% bottle conta9+ ! solv5t1 & wa%$ till free ( fat4 ,! crucible & cont5ts are heat$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] till ! weight is con/ant4 ,! weight ( fat is calculat$ by diff]5ce f ! data obta9$4 ,! fat may also be det]m9$ by dry+ ! butt] on asbe/os or s&1 & subsequ5tly extract+ ! fat by anhydr\s alcohol free e!r4 ,! extract1 aft] evaporation ( ! e!r1 is dri$ to con/ant weight at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & weigh$4 ,case9 or ,curd & ,a%4--,! crucible conta9+ ! residue f ! fat det]m9ation is cov]$ & heat$1 g5tly at fir/1 gradually rais+ ! temp]ature to j bel[ r$ness4 ,! cov] may !n be remov$ & ! heat cont9u$ till ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are :ite4 ,! loss 9 weight ( ! crucible & cont5ts repres5ts case9 or curd1 & ! residue is m9]al matt] or a%4 ,salt4--,x is ! usual cu/om 9 ! manufacture ( butt] 9 ?is c\ntry to add1 z a condim5t1 a c]ta9 proportion ( salt4 ,9 ,europe1 ! butt] (f]$ = consumption is usually unsalt$4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( salt is f\nd 9 ! removal !re(1 f ! sample1 by repeat$ wa%+ ) hot wat] & 9 det]m9+ ! salt 9 ! wa% wat] by precipitation ) silv] nitrate4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,f five to t5 grams ( ! sample are plac$ 9 a sep>atory funnel1 hot wat] add$1 ! /opp] ins]t$ & ! cont5ts ( ! funnel well %ak54 ,aft] /&+ until ! fat has all collect$ on top ( ! wat]1 ! /opcock is op5$ & ! wat] is all[$ to run into an erl5mey]1 be+ c>eful to let none ( ! fat globules pass4 ,hot wat] is aga9 add$ to ! beak]1 & ! extraction is repeat$ sev]al times1 us+ ea* "t f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! result+ wa%+s conta9 all b a m]e trace ( ! sodium *lorid orig9ally pres5t 9 ! butt]4 ,! sodium *lorid is det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate by a set solution ( silv] nitrate1 us+ a few drops ( a solution ( potassium *romate z an indicator4 ,x is evid5t t ! quantity ( salt may also be det]m9$ f ! a% or m9]al matt] obta9$1 z above not$1 by ! same process4 ,if desirable1 :i* is r>ely ! case1 ! gravimetric me?od ( e/imat+ ! silv] *lorid may be us$4 #dii4 ,volatile or ,soluble ,acids4--,! di/+ui%+ feature ( butt]1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 is f\nd 9 its cont5t ( volatile or soluble fat acids4 ,among ! volatile acids are reckon$ ^? :i* are c>ri$ ov] 9 a curr5t ( /eam at a temp]ature only slightly high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,z soluble acids are reg>d$ ^? :i* pass )\t great difficulty into solution 9 hot wat]4 ,^! two classes are compos$ ess5tially ( ! same acids4 ,( ^! butyric is ! mo/ important1 foll[$ by caproic1 caprylic & capric acids4 ,small quantities or r traces ( acetic1 lauric1 myri/ic & ara*idic acids are also sometimes f\nd 9 butt]4 ,palmitic1 /e>ic & oleic acids also occur 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! above nam$ acids1 9 comb9ation ) glyc]ol1 =m ! butt] fat4 #ejj4 ,relative ,proportion ( ,+r$i5ts4--,! composition ( butt] fat is giv5 diff]5tly by diff]5t au?orities4#ejb ,a typical dry butt] fat may be reg>d$ z hav+ ! foll[+ composition3 ,p] c5t4 ,butyr9 #g4jj ,capro91 ,capryl9 & ,capr9 #b4cj ,ole9 #cg4gj ,palmit91 /e>91 etc4 #ec4jj ,pure butt] fat consi/s pr9cipally ( ! above glyc]ids1 "s color+ pr9ciples1 v>y+ 9 quantity & composition ) ! food ( ! animal1 & a trace ( leci?91 *ole/]ol1 phyto/]ol & a lipo*rome4 #eja4 ,e/imation ( ,volatile or ,soluble ,acids4--,! volatile or soluble acids 9 butt] fat are e/imat$ by ! me?ods already describ$ 7#cdi1 #cea74 ,9 practice pref]5ce is giv5 to ! me?od ( det]m9+ volatile acids1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple t "u /&>d conditions practically all ! acids ( ?is nature are secur$ 9 a c]ta9 volume ( ! di/illate4 ,?is assumption is n /rictly true1 b ! me?od (f]s a conv5i5t & reliable mann] ( obta9+ results :i*1 if n absolute1 are at lea/ comp>ative4 ,! quantity ( acid di/ill$ is det]m9$ by titration ) t5? normal alkali & = conv5i5ce ! data are express$ 9 t]ms ( ! volume ( ! alkali consum$4 ,five grams ( normal butt] fat w give a di/illate1 "u ! conditions giv51 requir+ ab\t tw5ty-eight cubic c5timet]s ( t5? normal alkali = complete saturation4 ,?is is kn[n z ! rei*]t-meissl numb]4 ,occasionally ?is numb] may rise to ?irty-two or may s9k to tw5ty-five4 ,cases h be5 report$ :]e x fell bel[ ! latt] numb]1 b su* samples _c be reg>d$ z normal butt]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! rei*]t-meissl numb] is ! mo/ important ( ! *emical processes appli$ to butt] fat analysis4 #ejb4 ,saponification ,value & ,rei*]t ,numb]4--,x may (t5 be conv5i5t to make ! same sample ( butt] fat s]ve bo? = ! det]m9ation ( ! saponification value & ( ! rei*]t numb]4 ,= ?is purpose x is conv5i5t to use exactly five grams ( ! dry filt]$ fat4 ,! saponification may be accompli%$ ei!r "u pressure or by atta*+ a reflux cond5s] to ! flask z sugge/$ by ,brem]4#ejc ,:5 ! saponification1 :i* is accompli%$ ) alcoholic pota% lye conta9+ ab\t #a4be grams 9 ea* t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sev5ty p] c5t alcohol1 is f9i%$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask are cool$1 ! residual alkali is titrat$ ) a set sulfuric acid solution1 us+ ph5olph?ale9 z indicator4 ,:5 ! color has almo/ disappe>$1 an additional quantity ( ! indicator is add$ & ! titration cont9u$ until ! liquid is ( an amb] t9t4 ,a sample ( ! alkali1 treat$ z above1 is titrat$ at ! same "t & f ! two sets ( data obta9$1 ! saponification numb] is calculat$ z indicat$ 9 p>agraph 7#cde74 ,a few drops ( ! alcoholic lye are add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask & ! alcohol remov$ by evaporation4 ,! residual soap & potassium sulfate are dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( rec5tly boil$ wat]1 "s pieces ( pumice add$1 & ! volatile acids remov$ by di/illation 9 ! usual way aft] add+ an excess ( sulfuric acid4 ,x is important to conduct blank di/illations 9 ! same =m ( app>atus to det]m9e ! magnitude ( any corrections to be made4 ,! size ( ! di/ill+ flask & ! =m ( app>atus to prev5t me*anical projection ( sulfuric acid into ! di/illate %\ld be ! same 9 all cases4 #ejc4 ,modification ( ! ,rei*]t-,meissl ,me?od4--,kreis has propos$ ! use ( /rong sulfuric acid = saponify+ ! fats1 ! saponification & di/illation be+ accompli%$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,a s\rce ( error ( "s inconv5i5ce 9 ?is me?od is due to ! developm5t ( sulfur\s acid by ! r$uc+ action ( ! organic matt] on ! oil ( vitriol4 ,p9ette proposes to avoid ?is difficulty by add+1 be=e ! di/illation is begun1 suffici5t potassium p]manganate to produce a p]man5t r$ coloration4 ,by ?is means ! sulfur\s acid is completely oxidiz$ & its transf] to ! /&>d alkali dur+ di/illation entirely prev5t$4 ,! same result is accompli%$ by ,micko by ! use ( potassium bi*romate4 ,! details ( ! manipulation are z foll[s3#ejd ,ab\t five grams ( ! fus$ fat 7butt] or oleom>g>97 are plac$ 9 a flask ( approximately #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,aft] cool+1 !re are add$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid conta9+ ?ree grams ( wat] to ea* n9ety-sev5 grams ( ! /ronge/ acid4 ,! fat & acid are well mix$ by a g5tle rotatory motion ( ! flask & plac$ 9 a wat] ba? at a temp]ature ( #ce 7circa7 = fifte5 m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! flask is remov$ f ! ba? & #abe cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$1 little by little1 keep+ ! cont5ts cool4 ,next are add$ f\r cubic c5timet]s ( a f\r p] c5t solution ( potassium bi*romate4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are vigor\sly %ak5 &1 aft] five m9utes1 a solution ( f]r\s sulfate is add$ gradually f a burette until ! reaction ) a drop ( potassium f]rocyanid %[s a slight excess ( ! iron salt4 ,! volume ( ! liquor 9 ! flask is !n increas$ to #aej cubic c5timet]s by ! addition ( wat] & #aaj cubic c5timet]s di/ill$4 ,aft] mix+ & filt]+ ?r\gh a dry filt]1 ! acid 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s is det]m9$ by /&>d t5? normal b>ium hydroxid solution & ! numb] ?us obta9$ increas$ by "o-t5? repres5t+ ! total acid obta9$4 #ejd4 ,elim9ation ( ,sulfur\s ,acid4--,prag] & ,/]n#eje propose to elim9ate ! sulfur\s acid by a /ream ( air1 succe$$ by "o ( c>bon dioxid1 & proce$ z foll[s3 ,five grams ( ! butt] fat are br\ght into a lit] flask1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid are add$ & ! flask is kept = t5 m9utes at #cj-cb ) con/ant agitation4 ,:5 ! liquid is cold1 air is bubbl$ ?r\gh x until ! odor ( sulfur\s acid has disappe>$4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$1 ) precautions aga9/ rise ( temp]ature1 & c>bon dioxid is bubbl$ ?r\gh = t5 m9utes4 ,?is is !n displac$ by a /ream ( air = ano!r t5 m9utes1 ! deliv]y tube is wa%$ into ! flask ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ! di/illation is effect$4 ,! foll[+ results are quot$3 ,cubic c5timet]s ( t5? normal alkali requir$ by five grams ( butt] fat3 ,rei*]t-,meissl4 ,prag]-,/]n4 ,sample a #bi4hf #bi4fj 0 b #cj4bc #bi4fe 0 c #bh4cd #bg4gf 0 d #bh4bj #bh4aj ,! au?ors d n comm5t on ! possibility ( loss ( acids o!r ?an sulfur\s 9 ! /ream ( air1 b !y admit t fur!r inve/igation is requisite to r5d] ! sugge/ion ( ,kreis s]viceable4 #eje4 ,errors ,due to ,poor ,glass4--,! easy solubility ( ! glass hold+ ! reag5ts is ! cause ( "s ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! det]m9ation ( ! saponification value4 ,! sep>at$ silica t5ds to c>ry d[n1 me*anically1 a "p ( ! alkali4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t aft] ! color has be5 dis*>g$ by titration ) acid & ! flask set aside a reappe>ance ( ! r$ color is notic$1 aft] a "t1 beg9n+ at ! bottom ( ! flask4#ejf ,9 ord] to avoid difficulties ( ?is nature1 ei!r cold saponification %\ld be practic$ or ! dige/ion vessels us$ = moi/ combu/ion 9 sulfuric acid be employ$4 ,errors may also be easily introduc$ by ! use ( uncalibrat$ burettes & f ! employm5t ( v>y+ quantities ( ! ph5olph?ale9 solution4 #ejf4 ,e/imation ( ! ,molecul> ,weight ( ,butt] & ,butt] ,sub/itutes4--,g>elli & ,c>ono h propos$ a me?od = discrim9at+ betwe5 butt] & its sub/itutes by ! kryoskopic det]m9ation ( molecul> weights4 ,! molecul> weights ( /e>91 palmit9 & ole9 are #hij1 #hjf & #hhd1 & ( butyr91 capro9 & capryl9 #cjc1 #chf & #dgj respectively4 ,pure butt]1 !re=e1 has a l[] mean molecul> weight ?an m>g>94 ,! me?od & app>atus ( ,beckmann are us$ 9 ! det]m9ation1 fifte5 grams ( b5zol be+ employ$ z a solv5t4 ,! con/ant = ! molecul> depression ( ! b5zol is f\nd to be #ec4 ,! molecul> weight obta9$ ) samples ( pure butt] v>i$ f #fif to #gaf1 & = oleom>g>9 f #ghj to #hhc4 ,! figures obta9$ ) mixtures ( tw5ty1 tw5ty-five1 ?irty-?ree & fifty p] c5t ( m>g>9 ) butt] 7 #gfa1 #gbj1 #gbh & #gdi respectively4 ,! me?od c be reli$ ^u to classify samples z foll[s3 #a4 ,pure butt]4 #b4 ,butt] conta9+ m>g>94 #c4 ,suspici\s butt]4#ejg #ejg4 ,sub/itutes & ,adult]ants ( ,butt]4--,9 ?is c\ntry1 butt] is nev] adult]at$ ) cocoa or sesame oil1 z is sometimes ! case 9 o!r l&s4 ,! common sub/itute = butt] "h is oleom>g>91 & ! mo/ common butt] adult]ant1 neutral l>d4 ,! me?ods ( analyses1 by means ( :i* ^! bodies c be id5tifi$1 h already be5 suffici5tly describ$4 ,by ! use ( c]ta9 dige/ive f]m5ts & o!r bodies1 butt] may be made to hold an excessive quantity ( case91 sug> & wat] 9 ! =m ( a some:at p]man5t emulsion4#ejh ,?is =m ( adult]ation is reveal$ at once on melt+ ! sample4 #ejh4 ,furfurol ,reaction ) ,sesame ,oil4--,olive oil & sometimes butt] are mix$ ) ! *eap] body1 sesame oil4 ,! latt] is detect$ ) c]ta9ty1 f ! r$ coloration x gives :5 mix$ ) furfurol & hydro*loric acid4 ,in/ead ( furfurol1 "s body yield+ x :5 subject$ to ! action ( hydro*loric acid1 viz41 sucrose or a p5tose sug>1 may be us$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,waut]s1 h[ev]1 t an alcoholic solution ( two grams ( furfuraldehyd 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol is ! be/ reag5t4 ,"o-t5? ( a cubic c5timet] ( ?is reag5t is us$ = ea* te/4#eji ,! te/ is made z foll[s3 ,! quantity ( ! furfuraldehyd solution m5tion$ above is mix$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid1 & !re are add$1 )\t mix+1 an equal volume ( ! suspect$ oil4 ,on /&+1 a r$ coloration is produc$ at ! zone ( sep>ation ( ! two liquids4 ,if ! oil be sesame1 ! coloration is produc$ in/antly4 ,z little z "o p] c5t ( sesame 9 a mix$ oil w %[ ! color 9 two m9utes4 ,! manipulation is also v>i$ by %ak+ toge!r ! reag5ts & ! melt$ butt]4 ,turm]ic1 :i* is sometimes us$ 9 color+ butt]1 also gives ! rose-r$ color :5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 b turm]ic supplies its own furfuraldehyd4 ,x is easy to di/+ui% !re=e ! coloration due to sesame oil1 :i* is develop$ only :5 furfuraldehyd is pres5t1 f t due to ! turm]ic1 :i* is produc$ )\t ! aid ( ! special reag5t4 #eji4 ,butt] ,colors4--,:]e c[s are depriv$ ( gre5 food & root crops1 su* z c>rots1 & kept on a poorly balanc$ ration1 ! butt] made f _! milk may be almo/ colorless4 ,to rem$y ?is defect x is q a common practice to color ! product artificially4 ,almo/ ! sole color+ matt] us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is anatto4#eaj ,o!r color+ matt]s :i* are occasionally employ$ are turm]ic1 saffron1 m>igold leaves1 yell[ wood 7,*lorophora t9ctoria71 c>rot juice1 *rome yell[ 7lead *romate7 & d9itrocresol4 ,! use ( small quantities ( anatto1 turm]ic or saffron is unobjectionable1 f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 b ?is is n ! case ) su* a sub/ance z lead *romate4 ,! detection ( anatto or saffron 9 butt] may be accompli%$ by ! me?od ( ,cornwall4#eaa ,ab\t five grams ( ! w>m filt]$ fat are dissolv$ 9 ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ord9>y e!r1 9 a wide tube1 & ! solution is vigor\sly %ak5 = f t5 to fifte5 seconds1 ) f twelve to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( a v dilute solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda 9 wat]1 only alkal9e en\gh to give a di/9ct reaction ) turm]ic pap]1 & to rema9 alkal9e aft] sep>at+ f ! e!real fat solution4 ,! cork$ tube is set aside1 & 9 a few h\rs1 at mo/1 ! great] "p ( ! aque\s solution1 n[ color$ m or less yell[ by ! anatto1 c be drawn f b5ea? ! e!r ) a pipette or by a /opcock bel[1 9 a suffici5tly cle> /ate to be evaporat$ to dryness & te/$ 9 ! usual way ) a drop ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,sometimes x is well to fur!r purify ! aque\s solution by %ak+ x ) "s fre% e!r be=e evaporat+ x1 & any fat globules t may float on its surface dur+ evaporation %\ld be remov$ by t\*+ !m ) a slip ( filt] pap]2 b ! solution %\ld n be filt]$1 because ! filt] pap] may reta9 mu* ( ! color+ matt]4 ,! dry yell[ or slightly orange residue turns blue or violet blue ) sulfuric acid1 !n quickly gre51 & f9ally br[ni% or some:at violet ?is f9al *ange be+ v>iable1 accord+ to ! purity ( ! extract4 ,saffron c be extract$ 9 ! same way2 x diff]s f anatto v decid$ly1 ! mo/ important diff]5ce be+ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! gre5 coloration4 ,g5u9e butt]1 free f =eign color+ matt]1 imp>ts at mo/ a v pale yell[ color to ! alkal9e solution2 b x is important to note t a m]e gre5 coloration ( ! dry residue on addition ( sulfuric acid is n a c]ta9 indication ( anatto 7z "s books /ate7 because ! writ] has ?us obta9$ f g5u9e butt]1 free f =eign color+ matt]1 a dirty gre5 coloration1 b n prec$$ by any blue or violet-blue t9t4 ,blank te/s %\ld be made ) ! e!r4 ,turm]ic is easily id5tifi$ by ! br[ni% to r$di% /ratum t =ms betwe5 ! e!real fat solution & ! alkal9e solution be=e !y are intimately mix$4 ,x may be ev5 bett] recogniz$ by c>efully br++ a feebly alkal9e solution ( ammonia 9 alcohol b5ea? ! e!real fat solution ) a pipette1 & g5tly agitat+ ! two1 s z to mix !m p>tially4 ,ano!r me?od ( sep>at+ artificial color+ matt] has be5 propos$ by ,m>t94#eab ,a me?od ( det]m9+ ! relative am\nt ( butt] color has be5 work$ out by ,babcock4#eac ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,*eese4 #eaj4 ,composition ,( ,*eese4--,pure *eese is made f :ole milk by precipitat+ ! case9 ) r5net4 ,! precipitat$ case9 c>ries d[n also ! fat ( ! milk & a little lactose & :ey rema9 incorporat$ ) ! *eesy mass4 ,! +r$i5ts ( *eese are !re=e ^? ( ! :ole milk less ! great] "p ( ! :ey1 id e/1 milk sug>1 lactalbum91 globul91 soluble m9]al matt]s & wat]4 ,9 ! conv]sion ( ! crude precipitate not$ above into ! *eese ( comm]ce1 x is subject$ to a rip5+ process :i* is *iefly condition$ by bact]ial action4 ,x is n possible "h to ent] into a discussion ( me?ods ( isolat+ & id5tify+ ! bact]ia :i* promote or ret>d ! rip5+ process4#ead ,z a rule1 ab\t a mon? is requir$ = ! cur+ process1 be=e ! *eeses are ready = box+ & %ipm5t4 ,! mo/ important *anges dur+ rip5+ take place 9 ! proteid matt]1 :i* is s alt]$ z to become m palatable & m dige/ible z a result ( ! bact]ial activity4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( ! pr9cipal *eeses ( comm]ce are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3#eae ,wat]1 ,case91 ,fat1 ,sug>1 ,a%1 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,*$d> #cd4ch #bf4ch #cb4ga #b4ie #c4eh ,*e%ire #cb4ei #cb4ea #bf4jf #d4ec #d4ca ,/ilton #cj4ce #bh4he #ce4ci #a4ei #c4hc ,brie #ej4ce #ag4ah #be4ab #a4id #e4da ,neuf*atel #dd4dg #ad4fj #cc4gj #d4bd #b4ii ,roque=t #ca4bj #bg4fc #cc4af #b4jj #f4ja ,edam #cf4bh #bd4jf #cj4bf #d4fj #d4ij ,swiss #ce4hj #bd4dd #cg4dj #b4cf ,full cream1 #ch4fj #be4ce #cj4be #b4jc #d4jg 7mean ( #adc analyses7 ,x is evid5t t ! composition ( ! *eese w v>y ) ! milk f :i* x is made & ! manipulation to :i* x is subject$4 ,a good ,am]ican gre5 *eese made f milk ( ! composition not$ bel[ w h ! composition :i* is app5d$4#eaf ,,table ,,%[+ ,,mean ,,composition ,,( ,,milk ,,& ,,*eese ,,made ,,!refrom4 ,milk4 ,*eese4 ,p] c5t4 wat] #hg4ch #cf4gj 0 0 fat #c4gc #cd4ah 0 0 proteids #c4ac #bc4dd 0 0 sug>1 a% etc4 #e4gf #e4fh ,f ! above x is se5 t 9 full milk *eese ! ratio ( fat to case9 is #a4df3 #a1 & to solids n fat #a4ag3 #a4 ,?is is a po9t ( "s importance 9 judg+ ! purity ( a *eese4 ,:5 ! full milk ( a mix$ h]d is us$ ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 a *eese w always be consid]ably high] ?an t ( case94 #eaa4 ,manipulation ( ! ,milk4--,:5 sweet milk is receiv$ at ! *eese factory1 a />t] ( s\r milk is add$ to x 9 ord] to ha/5 its rip5+4 ,:5 x is ?\ght t ! prop] degree ( acidity has be5 secur$1 x is subject$ to a r5net te/4 ,9 ?is te/ #afj cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk are heat$ to #cj & mix$ ) five cubic c5timet]s ( ! r5net solution made by dilut+ five cubic c5timet]s ( ! r5net ( comm]ce ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! numb] ( seconds requir$ = ! milk to curdle is not$4 ,! obs]vation is facilitat$ by di/ribut+ ?r\gh\t ! milk a few f9e fragm5ts ( *>coal4 ,! cont5ts ( ! vessel are giv5 a circul> motion &1 at ! mom5t ( sett+1 ! movem5t ( ! black p>ticles is sudd5ly arre/$4 ,if color+ matt] be add$ to ! milk1 x %\ld be done be=e x becomes s\r4 ,! quantity ( r5net requir$ is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! *eese :i* x is desir$ to make4 ,= a *eese to be rapidly cur$1 en\gh r5net %\ld be add$ to produce coagulation 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & :5 sl[ cur+ is practic$ 9 f ?irty to =ty-five m9utes4 ,:5 ! mass is solid s t x c be cut ) a knife1 ! temp]ature is rais$ to #cg1 & x is te/$ on a hot iron until x =ms ?reads an eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,?is te/ is made by apply+ an iron heat$ ne>ly to r$ness to ! curd4 ,:5 ! curd is 9 prop] condition ?reads f a few millimet]s to two c5timet]s 9 l5g? are =m$1 :5 ! iron is )drawn4 ,! long] ?reads indicate1 b only to a limit$ ext5t1 a high] degree ( acidity4#eag ,?is te/ is usually made ab\t two & "o-half h\rs f ! "t ( coagulation4 ,! :ey is !n drawn (f ?r\gh a /ra9] & ! curd is plac$ on racks ) l95 bottoms 9 ord] t ! residual :ey may escape1 ! curd be+ /irr$ mean:ile4 ,9 f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes x c be cut into blocks eight or t5 in*es squ>e & turn$ ov]4 ,?is is repeat$ sev]al times 9 ord] to facilitate ! escape ( ! :ey4 ,:5 ! curd assumes a /r+y condition1 x is run ?r\gh a mill & cut into small bits & is ready = salt+1 be+ cool$ to #bg be=e ! salt is add$4 ,f two to ?ree p\nds ( salt are us$ = ea* #ajj p\nds ( curd4 ,! curd is !n plac$ 9 ! molds & press$ into ! desir$ =m4 ,! *eeses ?us prep>$ are plac$ on %elves 9 ! rip5+ room & ! r9ds greas$4 ,!y %\ld be turn$ & rubb$ e day dur+ ! rip5+1 :i* takes place at a temp]ature ( f #ae to #ah4eah #eab4 ,(ficial ,me?ods ( ,analysis4--,! me?ods ( *eese analysis recomm5d$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s are provisional & are n b9d+ on its memb]s4 ,!y are z foll[s3#eai ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,:]e ! *eese c be cut1 a n>r[ w$ge rea*+ f ! edge to ! c5t] w m ne>ly repres5t ! av]age composition ?an any o!r sample4 ,?is %\ld be *opp$ q f9e1 ) c>e to avoid evaporation ( wat]1 & ! sev]al portions = analysis tak5 f ! mix$ mass4 ,:5 ! sample is obta9$ ) a *eese tri]1 a plug p]p5dicul> to ! surface "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! edge to ! c5t] ( ! *eese m ne>ly repres5ts ! av]age composition ?an any o!r4 ,! plug %\ld ei!r rea* entirely or half way ?r\gh ! *eese4 ,= inspection purposes ! r9d may be reject$1 b = inve/igations :]e ! absolute quantity ( fat 9 ! *eese is requir$ ! r9d %\ld be includ$ 9 ! sample4 ,x is well1 :5 admissible1 to secure two or ?ree plugs on diff]5t sides ( ! *eese1 &1 aft] splitt+ !m l5g?wise ) a %>p knife1 use portions ( ea* = ! diff]5t det]m9ations4 ,det]m9ation ( ,wat]4--,f five to t5 grams ( *eese are plac$ 9 ?9 slices 9 a weigh$ plat9um or porcela9 di% :i* conta9s a small quantity ( fre%ly ignit$ asbe/os to absorb ! fat4 ,! di% is heat$ 9 a wat] ov5 = t5 h\rs & weigh$2 ! loss 9 weight is consid]$ z wat]4 ,if pref]r$1 ! di% may be plac$ 9 a desiccator ov] conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & dri$ to con/ant weight4 ,9 "s cases ?is may require z mu* z two mon?s4 ,! acid %\ld be r5ew$ :5 ! *eese has become ne>ly dry4 ,det]m9ation ( ,e!r ,extract4--,gr9d f five to t5 grams ( *eese 9 a small mort> ) ab\t twice its weight ( anhydr\s copp] sulfate4 ,! gr9d+ %\ld cont9ue until ! *eese is f9ely pulv]iz$ & ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass1 :i* w h a uni=m light blue color4 ,?is mixture is transf]r$ to a glass tube hav+ a /rong filt] pap]1 support$ by a piece ( musl91 ti$ ov] "o end4 ,put a little anhydr\s copp] sulfate into ! tube next to ! filt] be=e introduc+ ! mixture conta9+ ! *eese4 ,on top ( ! mixture place a tuft ( ignit$ asbe/os1 & place ! tube 9 a cont9u\s extraction app>atus & treat ) anhydr\s e!r = fifte5 h\rs4 ,dry ! fat obta9$ at #ajj to con/ant weight4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog54--,! nitrog5 is det]m9$ by ! kjeldahl me?od1 us+ ab\t two grams ( *eese1 & multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 f\nd by #f4be = proteid comp\nds4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,! dry residue f ! wat] det]m9ation may be us$ = ! a% det]m9ation4 ,if ! *eese be ri* 9 fat1 ! asbe/os w be saturat$ !re)4 ,?is may be c>efully ignit$ & ! fat all[$ to burn1 ! asbe/os act+ z a wick4 ,no extra heat %\ld be appli$ dur+ ?is op]ation1 z !re is dang] ( spurt+4 ,:5 ! flame has di$ out1 ! burn+ may be complet$ 9 a muffle at l[ r$ness4 ,:5 desir$1 ! salt may be det]m9$ 9 ! a% 9 ! mann] specifi$ "u butt] 7#dih74 ,det]m9ation ( ,o!r ,con/itu5ts4--,! sum ( ! p]c5tages ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts1 det]m9$ z above1 subtract$ f #ajj w give ! am\nt ( organic acids1 milk sug> etc41 9 ! *eese4 #eac4 ,process ( ,muell]4--,! process ( ,mll]1#ebj z modifi$ by ,krug]1#eba is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,ab\t t5 grams ( a good av]age sample ( *eese are rubb$ 9 a porcela9 mort> ) a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( alcohol & "o "p ( e!r4 ,aft] ! mix$ liquids h be5 9 contact ) ! *eese five or t5 m9utes !y are p\r$ ^u a weigh$ filt] ( f fifte5 to sixte5 c5timet]s diamet]1 & ?is process is repeat$ f "o to ?ree times1 aft] :i* ! cont5ts ( ! mort> are br\ght ^u ! filt]4 ,! filtrate is receiv$ 9 a weigh$ flask1 ! alcohol e!r driv5 (f by evaporation & ! residue dri$4 ,s9ce x is difficult to get all ! p>ticles ( *eese free f ! mort>1 x is advisable to p]=m ! above process 9 a weigh$ di% :i* c aft]w>ds be wa%$ ?or\ghly ) e!r & alcohol & dri$ & ! am\nt ( matt] rema9+ !reon acc\nt$ =4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! flask aft] dry+ is treat$ sev]al times ) pure w>m e!r1 & ! residue also rema9+ ^u ! filt] m5tion$ above is completely extract$ ) e!r4 ,! dri$ residue obta9$ 9 ?is way f ! filt] plus ! residue 9 ! flask :i* receiv$ ! filtrate1 plus ! am\nt left ^u ! di% 9 :i* ! *eese 0 orig9ally rubb$ up1 con/itute ! total dry matt] ( ! *eese fre$ ( fat4 ,all ! mat]ial soluble 9 e!r %\ld be collect$ toge!r1 dri$ & weigh$ z fat4 ,by ?is process ! *eesy mass is conv]t$ into a f9e p[d] :i* c be easily & completely fre$ f fat by e!r1 & c be dri$ )\t becom+ a gummy or horny mass4 ,= ! e/imation ( ! nitrog51 ab\t ?ree grams ( ! well grat$ *eese are us$ & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid4#ebb ,= ! e/imation ( a%1 ab\t five grams are c>boniz$1 extract$ ) wat]1 & ! a% det]m9$ z describ$ bel[4#ebc ,*> f two to ?ree grams ( ! sub/ance & burn to :it5ess at ! l[e/ possible r$ heat4 ,if a :ite a% _c be obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 exhau/ ! *>r$ mass ) wat]1 collect ! insoluble residue on a filt]1 burn1 add ?is a% to ! residue f ! evaporation ( ! aque\s extract & heat ! :ole to a l[ r$ness till ! a% is :ite4 #ead4 ,sep>ation ( ,fat f ,*eese4--,x is (t5 desirable to secure a consid]able quantity ( ! *eese fat = physical & *emical exam9ation )\t ! necessity ( effect+ a complete quantitive sep>ation4 ,9 ?is laboratory ?is is accompli%$ by ! me?od ( ,h5zold4#ebd ,! *eese1 9 quantities ( ab\t #cjj grams1 is cut into fragm5ts ab\t ! size ( a pea & treat$ ) #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( pota% lye1 :i* has previ\sly be5 br\ght to a temp]ature ( ab\t #bj4 ,! /r5g? ( ! lye %\ld be su* t ab\t fifty grams ( ! cau/ic pota% are conta9$ 9 ea* lit] ( ! solution4 ,! treatm5t is conv5i5tly conduct$ 9 a wide neck flask & ! solution ( ! case9 is promot$ by vigor\s %ak+4 ,aft] f five to t5 m9utes1 x w be f\nd t ! case9 is dissolv$ & ! fat is f\nd swimm+ ^u ! surface ( ! solution 9 ! =m ( lumps4 ,! lumps ( fat are collect$ 9 z l>ge a mass z possible by a g5tle %ak+ to & fro4 ,cold wat] is p\r$ into ! flask until ! fat is driv5 up into ! neck1 :5ce x is remov$ by means ( a spoon4 ,! fat obta9$ 9 ?is way is wa%$ a few times ) z little cold wat] z possible 9 ord] to remove ! residue ( pota% lye :i* x may conta94 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! fat by ?is treatm5t is n p]ceptibly attack$ by ! pota% lye4 ,9 a %ort "t1 by ?is proc$ure1 ! fat is practically all sep>at$ & is !n easily prep>$ = *emical analysis by filt]+ & dry+ 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7#bhc74 ,! fat may also be sep>at$1 b ) less conv5i5ce1 by p>tially dry+ ! sample1 r$uc+ x to a f9ely divid$ /ate & apply+ any ( ! usual solv5ts4 ,! solv5t is remov$ f ! extract by evaporation & ! residual fat is filt]$ & prep>$ = exam9ation z usual4 #eae4 ,fill$ ,*eese4--,! skim milk com+ f ! sep>ators is un=tunately too (t5 us$ = *eese mak+4 ,! ab/ract$ fat is replac$ ) a *eap] "o1 usually l>d4 ,^! spuri\s *eeses are f\nd 9 ne>ly e m>ket & are g5]ally sold z g5u9e4 ,! pur*as]s only discov] ! fraud :5 ! *eese is consum$4 ,_m ( ! ,/ates h =bidd5 by /atute ! manufacture & sale ( ?is fraudul5t article4 ,import$ *eeses may also be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 inasmu* z ! me?od ( prep>+ fill$ *eese is well kn[n & ext5sively practic$ abroad4 ,a m]e det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 ! sample is n an index ( ! purity ( ! *eese4 ,x is necess>y to extract ! fat by "o ( ! me?ods already describ$ &1 aft] dry+ & filt]+1 to submit ! suspect$ fat to a microscopic & *emical exam9ation4 ,a l[ cont5t ( volatile fat acid & ! occurr5ce ( cry/all9e =ms =eign to butt] w furni% ! data = a compet5t judgm5t4 ,:5 ! rei*]t-meissl numb] falls bel[ tw5ty-five ! sample may be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,! detection ( ! *>act]i/ic cry/als ( l>d or tall[ is reliable corroborat+ evid5ce 7#cjh74 ,x is /at$ by ,khn#ebe t ! m>g>9 factory ( ,mohr1 at ,bahr5feld-,altona1 has made = _m ye>s a p]fect emulsion ( fat ) skim milk4 ,?is product has be5 mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( fill$ *eese :i* is (t5 f\nd ^u ! ,g]man m>ket4 #eaf4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,nitrog5\s ,bodies 9 ,*eese4--,! g5]al me?ods ( sep>ation already describ$ = proteid bodies 7#dag-dbe7 are also applicable to ! diff]5t nitrog5\s bodies pres5t 9 *eese1 repres5t+ ! residue ( ^! bodies z orig9ally occurr+ 9 ! milk1 & also ! products :i* are =m$ !refrom dur+ ! p]iod ( rip5+4 ,= practical diet>y & analytical purposes1 ^! bodies may be consid]$ 9 ?ree gr\ps3 7a7 ,! useless 7f a nutri5t po9t ( view7 nitrog5\s bodies1 includ+ ammonia1 nitric acid1 ! ph5ylamido-propionic acids1 tyros91 leuc9 & o!r amid bodies4 7b7 ,! albumoses & peptones1 products ( f]m5tation soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 7c7 ,! case9s & album9ates1 insoluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! gr\p ( bodies "u 7a71 accord+ to ,/utz]1 may be sep>at$ f ! gr\ps 7b7 & 7c7 by means ( phosphotung/ic acid4 ,= ?is purpose a portion ( an intimate mixture ( f9e s& & *eese 7#ajj *eese1 #djj s&7 correspond+ to five grams ( *eese1 is %ak5 = fifte5 m9utes ) #aej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,aft] rema9+ at re/ = ano!r fifte5 m9utes #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o acid1 ?ree wat]7 are add$1 foll[$ by treatm5t ) ! phosphotung/ic acid z long z any precipitate is produc$4 ,! mixture is ?r[n on a filt] & ! insoluble matt]s wa%$ ) dilute sulfuric acid until ! filtrate am\nts to half a lit]4 ,( ?is quantity an aliquot "p 7#bjj cubic c5timet]s7 is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog54 ,f ! quantity ( nitrog5 f\nd1 t repres5t+ ! ammonia1 z det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion1 is d$uct$ & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! *eese z amids4#ebf ,albumoses & ,peptones4--,albumoses & peptones are det]m9$ 9 *eese by ! foll[+ me?od3#ebg ,a quantity ( ! s& mixture already describ$1 correspond+ to five grams ( ! *eese1 is treat$ ) ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 heat$ to boil+1 & ! cle> liquid above ! s& p\r$ into a flask ( half a lit] capacity4 ,! extraction is cont9u$ ) successive portions ( wat] 9 l mann] until ! volume ( ! extract is ne>ly half a lit]4 ,:5 cold1 ! volume ( ! extract is complet$ to half a lit] ) wat]1 ! liquor filt]$1 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate treat$ ) an equal volume ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o to ?ree7 & phosphotung/ic acid add$ until no fur!r precipitate takes place4 ,! nitrog5 is det]m9$ 9 ! precipitate aft] filtration & wa%+ ) dilute sulfuric acid4 ,case9 & ,album9ates4--,! quantity ( case9 & album9ates 9 *eese is calculat$ by subtract+ f ! total nitrog5 t correspond+ to ammonia1 amids1 t 9 ! indige/ible residue & t correspond+ to ! albumose & peptone4 ,9 ?ree samples ( *eese1 viz41 camemb]t1 swiss1 & g]vais1 ,/utz] f\nd ! nitrog51 det]m9$ z above1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3#ebh ,camemb]t4 ,swiss4 ,g]vais4 ,n z ammonia #ac4j #c4g #a4f ,n z amids #ch4e #i4j #e4b ,n z albumose peptone #cj4e #h4f #ae4e ,n indige/ible #d4j #b4d #h4f ,n z case91 album9ates #ad4j #gf4c #fi4a ,ammoniacal ,nitrog54--,! ammoniacal nitrog5 is det]m9$ by mix+ a quantity ( ! s&-*eese correspond+ to five grams ( *eese1 ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 add+ an excess ( b>ium c>bonate & collect+ ! ammonia by di/illation 9 ! usual way4 ,dige/ible ,proteids4--,! dige/ible proteids 9 *eese are det]m9$ by ! process ( artificial dige/ion1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! "p ( ?is volume treat+ ( ! nutritive value ( foods4 ,^! data %[ ! rem>kable *anges :i* ! proteids und]go :]e ! rip5+ is c>ri$ v f> z 9 ! camemb]t *eese4 #eag4 ,k\miss4--,f]m5t$ m>e milk has long be5 a favorite bev]age 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x is kn[n z k\miss4 ,9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry c[ milk is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]m5t$ milk1 al?\gh x is less ri* 9 lactose ?an m>e milk4 ,! process ( manufacture is simple1 provid$ a suitable />t] is at h&4 ,a portion ( a previ\s brew+ is ! mo/ conv5i5t "o1 ! f]m5tation be+ promot$ by ! addition ( a little yea/4 ,aft] ! process ( f]m5tation is f9i%$ ! k\miss is plac$ 9 bottles & pres]v$ 9 a horizontal position 9 a cell>1 :]e ! temp]ature is n all[$ to rise above #ab4 #eah4 ,det]m9ation ( ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! c>bon dioxid 9 k\miss is conv5i5tly e/imat$ by connect+ ! bottle by means ( a *ampagne tap ) a sy/em ( absorption bulbs4#ebi ,! exit tube f ! k\miss bottle passes fir/ into an erl5mey]1 :i* s]ves to break & reta9 any bubbles t pass ov]4 ,! wat] is next remov$ by means ( sulfuric acid4 ,! k\miss bottle is plac$ 9 a ba? ( wat] :i* is rais$ to ! boil+ po9t z ! evolution ( ! gas is accompli%$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation any residual c>bon dioxid 9 ! app>atus is remov$ by aspiration aft] remov+ ! tap & connect+ x ) a soda-lime tube to hold ! c>bon dioxid 9 ! air4 ,a l>ge balance suit$ to weigh+ ! k\miss bottle is requir$ = ?is det]m9ation4 ,! c>bon dioxid may also be det]m9$1 b less accurately1 by loss ( weight 9 ! k\miss bottle aft] add+ weight ( wat] reta9$ 9 ! app>atus4 #eai4 ,acidity4--,al?\gh k\miss may conta9 a trace ( acetic acid1 x is be/ to det]m9e ! acid z lactic4 ,! cl>ification is mo/ easily accompli%$ by mix+ ! k\miss ) an equal volume ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol1 %ak+ & filt]+4 ,! fir/ filtrate w usually be f\nd cle>4 ,if n x is refilt]$4 ,9 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate ! acidity is det]m9$ by titration ) t5?-normal sodium hydroxid solution1 us+ ph5olph?ale9 z indicator4 ,! necess>y corrections = dilution & volume ( ! precipitat$ case9 are to be made4 ,a l95 filt] may be us$ :5 pap] is f\nd too sl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,c>bon ,,dioxid ,,9 ,,k\miss4 #ebj4 ,alcohol4--,half a lit] ( k\miss1 to :i* #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] h be5 add$1 is di/ill$ until ! di/illate am\nts to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,if ! di/illate be turbid #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$ & ! di/illation repeat$4 ,! alcohol is det]m9$ by ! processes describ$ h]eaft]4 #eba4 ,lactose4--,! milk sug> may be det]m9$ by any ( ! me?ods describ$1 b mo/ conv5i5tly by d\ble dilution & pol>ization 7#hf74 #ebb4 ,fat4--,evaporate tw5ty grams ( ! sample to dryness & extract ) pure e!r or petroleum _s 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7#dee74 ,! analysis is m quickly accompli%$ by ! volumetric me?od ( ,babcock or ,g]b] 7#dgc-dge74 #ebc4 ,proteids4--,! total proteids are mo/ easily e/imat$ by ! (ficial kjeldahl me?od4#ecj ,! sep>ation ( ! proteid bodies is accompli%$ by ! me?ods describ$ 9 p>agraphs #dge-dhi4 ,9 addition to ! me?ods already describ$ = sep>at+ ! soluble & susp5d$ proteid bodies 9 milk1 & :i* may be us$ also = k\miss1 ! foll[+ %\ld also be m5tion$ z ( especial wor?3 ,sep>ation by ,filtration ?r\gh ,por\s ,porcela94--,a purely physical me?od1 & "o :i* is to be recomm5d$ by reason ( ! abs5ce ( any *emical action ^u ! diff]5t proteid matt]s1 is t propos$ by ,lehmann1 dep5d+ ^u ! pr9ciple t :5 milk is =c$ ?r\gh por\s porcela91 ! album9 passes ?r\gh toge!r ) ! milk1 sug> & o!r soluble con/itu5ts z a cle> filtrate1 :ile ! case9 & fat are p]fectly reta9$4#eca ,by ?is me?od x is q c]ta9 t ! album9 & o!r p]fectly soluble proteids ( milk may be obta9$ 9 ! pure/ =m4 ,sep>ation by ,precipitation ) ,alum4--,probably ! be/ *emical me?od ( sep>at+ ! two classes ( proteid matt]s is t propos$ by ,s*losmann1 :i* is effect$ by means ( precipitat+ ! case9 ) a solution ( alum4#ecb ,! pr9ciple ( ?is sep>ation re/s ^u ! fact t a solution ( pota% alum1 :5 add$ to milk dilut$ ) f\r or five times its volume ( wat]1 w completely sep>ate ! case9 )\t affect+ ! album9 or globul94 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! milk are dilut$ ) f ?ree to five times t quantity ( wat] & w>m$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #dj4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( a conc5trat$ solution ( pota% alum is add$1 ! mixture well /irr$ & ! coagula :i* are =m$ all[$ to subside4 ,if ! coagulation ( ! case9 does n take place promptly1 a small addition ( ! alum solution is made1 usually n exce$+ half a cubic c5timet]1 until ! precipitation is complete4 ,! temp]ature dur+ ! process %\ld be kept z ne>ly z possible #dj4 ,aft] a few m9utes1 ! mixture is p\r$ ^u a filt] & ! filtrate1 if n p]fectly cle>1 is p\r$ back until x is secur$ free ( turbidity4 ,9 difficult cases ! filtration may be promot$ by ! addition ( "s common salt or calcium phosphate1 ! latt] act+ me*anically 9 hold+ back ! f9e p>ticles ( case94 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) wat] at a temp]ature ( #dj1 & aft]w>ds ) alcohol1 n all[+ ! alcohol wa% wat] to fl[ into ! filtrate4 ,:5 ! wat] has be5 *iefly remov$ f ! precipitate by wa%+ ) alcohol1 ! fat ( ! precipitat$ case9 is remov$ ) e!r & ! residue us$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 ! usual way4 ,! album9 is remov$ f ! filtrate by a tann9 solution 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7#dhj74 ,if x be desir$ to sep>ate ! album9 & globul91 ! me?ods describ$ 9 p>agraph #cii may be us$4 #ebd4 ,m]curial ,me?od4--,a volumetric me?od = det]m9+ ! total proteid matt] 9 milk has lately be5 propos$ by ,d5iges4#ecc ,x is bas$ ^u ! obs]vation t 9 ! precipitation ( proteid matt] by m]cury salts1 a def9ite quantity ( m]cury 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( proteid1 is c>ri$ d[n !re)4 ,! precipitation is made ) a m]curial salt ( kn[n /r5g? & ! excess ( ! m]curial salt 9 ! filtrate is det]m9$ by titration4 ,= ! details ( ! manipulation1 ! pap] cit$ above may be consult$4 #ebe4 ,wat] & ,a%4--,f two to five grams ( ! k\miss are dri$ to con/ant weight 9 a flat plat9um di% ov] ignit$ s&1 asbe/os or pumice /one1 & ! dri$ residue inc9]at$4 #ebf4 ,composition ( ,k\miss4--,! composition ( k\miss v>ies ) ! "* ( ! milk us$ & ! ext5t ( ! f]m5tation4 ,"s ( ! data obta9$ by analy/s are giv5 bel[3#ecd ,,composition ,,( ,,k\miss4 ,c>bon ,k9d ,wat]1 ,sug>1 ,alcohol1 ,fat1 ,proteid1 dioxid1 ,acidity1 ( ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] milk4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,c[ #hi4cb #d4ch #j4gf #b4jh #b4ef #j4hc #j4dg ,probably #c4ie #a4ch #j4hh #b4hi #j4hb c[ skim'd ,m>e #ia4hg #j4gi #b4hi #a4ai #a4ia #a4jd ,f ! above x is se5 t k\miss is made ei!r f :ole or skim milk1 & t ! p]c5tage ( alcohol may v>y )9 l>ge limits1 its proportion be+ inv]se to t ( ! milk sug>4 ,k\miss is a bev]age :i* is v palatable1 easily dige/$ & "o :i* is n appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 proportion to its m]its1 especially = ! use ( invalids4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,six?4 #djj ,wiley2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 #ahhi1 p4 #hd4 7,omit 8food0 be=e idiosyncrasy47 #dja ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal & ,transactions1 ,s]ies #c1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #dgi4 #djb ,! ,analy/1 #ahib1 p4 #he4 #djc ,h5kel2 ,wi5] ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,zeitung1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #dja3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bd1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aee4 #djd ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ce1 ,s4 #cea3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bd1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aea4 #dje ,baumei/]2 ,mil* und ,molk]ei-,producte1 ,s4 #af4 #djf ,bullet9s ,nos4 #i & #be ( ! ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s ,nos4 #i & #bi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #djg ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #c;e ,srie1 ,tome #fd1 p4 #fa4 #djh ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is1 #c ,srie1 ,tome #ae-af1 p4 #bdh4 #dji ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dec4 #daj ,c5tral-,blatt fr m$ic9is*e ,wiss5s*aft1 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #ade4 #daa ,conn2 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #i & #be1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #i & #bi1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,les ,microbes et leur ,rle dans la ,lait]ie ,freud5rei*3 ,langlois1 ,le ,lait1 pp4 #ie et seq4 #dab ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bj1 p4 #aeg4 #dac ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #aeb4 #dad ,=s*ungs-,b]i*te b] ,leb5smittel etc41 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #cfh4 #dae ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #a1 ,s4 #dbb4 #daf ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #cgb4 #dag ,hopk9s & ,p[]s2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dg1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #abg4 #dah ,bullet9 ,no4 #ch1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aah4 #dai ,becke2 ,die ,mil*prfungs-,me?od51 ,s4 #de3 ,r\vi]2 ,le ,lait1 p4 #de4 #dbj ,! ,analy/1 #ahij1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #agj4 #dba ,r\vi]2 ,le ,lait1 p4 #ce4 #dbb ,c5tral-,blatt fr ,nahrungs und ,g5ussmittel ,*emie1 ,b& #ac1 ,s4 #bgg4 #dbc ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cf4 #dbd ,j\rnal fr ,l&wirts*aft1 #ahhb1 ,s4 #bic2 #ahhe1 ,s4 #bea4 #dbe ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahgi1 ,s4 #bdi4 #dbf ,=s*ung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,viehhaltung1 #ahgi1 ,s4 #bfe4 #dbg ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #abi4 #dbh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #bf4 #dbi ,bullet9 ,no4 #dg1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #abc4 #dcj ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #a1 page #daa4 #dca ,bullet9 ,no4 #af1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cf4 #dcb ,six? ,annual ,report ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #fd4 #dcc ,f\r? ,annual ,report ,new ,york 7,g5eva7 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #bih4 #dcd ,woll2 ,sev5? ,annual ,report ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #bch4 #dce ,! ,analy/1 #ahhe1 p4 #df3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,"p #a1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #hf4 #dcf ,haidl52 ,die ,mil*prfungs-,me?od51 ,s4 #ab4 #dcg ,d+l]'s polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,b& #bcb1 ,s4 #dfa4 #dch ,macf>lane2 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #gc4 #dci ,duclaux2 ,le ,lait1 p4 #agf4 #ddj ,abraham2 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #i1 p4 #bb4 #dda ,gantt]2 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bf1 ,s4 #fgg4 #ddb ,morse1 ,piggot & ,burton2 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #i1 pp4 #ajh & #bbb4 #ddc ,*emik]-,zeitung ,rep]torium1 #ahhi1 ,s4 #bbh4 #ddd ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #ahij1 p4 #dfj4 #dde ,ri*mond2 ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #dh3 ,bullet9s #bh1 #ca1 #ce1 #ch1 #dc1 & #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ddf ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ca4 #ddg ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bg1 ,s4 #dfd4 #ddh ,*emical ,news1 ,nov4 #ahhi4 #ddi ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #fg4 #dej ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #ec4 #dea ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #ha4 #deb ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ae1 ,s4 #ahcc4 #dec ,j\rnal ( ,analytical ,*emi/ry1 #ahhh1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #cga3 ,fif? ,annual ,report ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #ded ,molk]ei ,zeitung1 #ahib1 ,no4 #a2 ,*emis*es ,c5tral-,blatt1 #ahib1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #dbi4 #dee ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #ahaf2 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #cdh4 #def ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cb1 ,s4 #afh4 #deg ,zeits*rift des ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]e9s 9 ,bay]n1 #ahhj2 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #deb4 #deh ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ib4 #dei ,in/ruction sur l',emploi du ,lactobutyromet]1 ,p>is1 #ahef et #ahgh3 ,becke2 ,die ,mil*prfungs-,me?od51 ,s4 #ff4 #dfj ,bullet9 ,no4 #h1 ,i[a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #bie4 #dfa ,d+l]'s polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,b& #bfa1 ,s4 #bai4 #dfb ,mil* ,zeitung1 ,b& #ba1 ,s4 #dif4 #dfc ,op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #he4 #dfd ,bullet9 ,no4 #bd1 ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #dfe ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #dff ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #hc4 #dfg ,bullet9 ,no4 #ba1 ,v]mont ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #dfh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fg1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #add2 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #acj2 ,vol4 #ai1 p4 #fb4 #dfi ,*emik]-,zeitung1 ,b& #af1 ,s4 #ahci4 #dgj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #cdh2 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #ahaf4 #dga ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #cdh4 #dgb ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #ajg1 p4 #ggb2 ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,h&bu* d] ,physiologis*- und ,pa?ologis*-,*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,s4 #dgi4 #dgc ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 #ahhh1 p4 #ac4 #dgd ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #dei4 #dge ,die ,l& wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ca1 ,s4 #aca4 #dgf ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #fd4 #dgg ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cf4 #dgh ,zeits*rift fr ,biologie1 ,b& #cc1 ,s4 #dc4 #dgi ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 #b1 ,b& #ae1 ,s4 #cbi4 #dhj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #gi1 ,b& #cc1 ,neue ,folge1 #ae1 ,s4 #ee4 #dha ,/5b]g2 ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ac1 ,s4 #ach4 #dhb ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #acg4 #dhc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #afj4 #dhd ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #fdd4 #dhe ,h&bu* d] ,physiologis*- und ,pa?ologis*-,*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,s4 #bhe4 7,read1 ,makris in/ead ( ,mak]is47 #dhf ,zeits*rift fr ,biologie1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #fd4 #dhg ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is1 #c ,srie1 ,tome #aa1 p4 #aeb4 #dhh ,vid4 op4 cit4 #hf1 ,s4 #dhg4 #dhi ,zeits*rift fr ,nahrungsmittel-,unt]su*ung1 ,b& #aj1 ,s4 #ajd4 #dij ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #i1 ,s4 #dde4 #dia ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #bhi4 #dib ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #dbh4 #dic ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 #f;e ,srie1 ,tome #d1 p4 #fe4 #did ,contribution l'tude des ,lactoses1 ,?se p\r le diplme suprieure de ,ph>macie1 ,p>is1 #ahib4 7,read ,?ibault in/ead ( ,?ibonet47 #die ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 ,neue ,folge1 ,b& #ae1 ,s4 #cdh4 #dif ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahif1 ,s4 #gb4 #dig ,*emis*es ,c5tral-,blatt1 #ahib1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #ajbh4 #dih ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #ba1 ,s4 #gec4 #dii ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ij1 ,s4 #hf4 #ejj ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #bi et seq4 #eja ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #gc-ge3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #bf4 #ejb ,b5$ikt & ,lewk[its*2 ,oils1 ,fats & ,waxes1 p4 #dij4 #ejc ,=su*ungs-,b]i*te b] ,leb5smittel1 #ahie1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #dbd2 ,*emik]-,zeitung ,rep]torium1 #ahif1 ,b& #bj1 ,s4 #ae4 #ejd ,revue ,int]nationale des ,falsifications1 ,mai1 #ahic1 p4 #aeg4 #eje ,*emik]-,zeitung1 #ahic1 ,b& #ag1 ,s4 #dfh4 #ejf ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahif1 ,s4 #agg4 #ejg ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ij1 ,aug4 #bf1 #ahid1 ,s4 #bai2 ,le ,/azioni ,sp]im5tali ,agr>ie ,italiane1 #ahic1 pp4 #be-gg4 #ejh ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ab1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #eji ,bullet9 de l',association ,belge des ,*imi/es1 ,tome #i1 p4 #bgi4 #eaj ,vid4 op4 cit4 #aja1 p4 #bf4 #eaa ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #bg3 ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #di4 #eab ,vid4 op4 cit4 #aaa1 p4 #bh4 #eac ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #ead ,russell2 ,dairy ,bact]iology4 #eae ,woll2 ,dairy ,cal5d>1 p4 #bbc4 #eaf ,van ,slyke2 ,bullet9 #hb1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #fed4 #eag ,babcock2 ,twelf? ,annual ,report ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #acc4 #eah ,woll2 ,dairy ,cal5d>1 #ahie1 p4 #bbj4 #eai ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cg4 #ebj ,l&wirts*aftli*es ,jahrbu*1 #ahgb1 "p #a4 #eba ,molk]ei ,zeitung1 #ahic1 ,nos4 #bj1 #bb4 #ebb ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjd4 #ebc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #abj1 p4 #bd4 #ebd ,mil* ,zeitung1 #ahie1 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #gbi3 ,*emik]-,zeitung ,rep]torium1 ,b& #ai1 ,s4 #cgb4 #ebe ,*emik]-,zeitung1 #ahie1 ,s4 #eed4 #ebf ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ce1 ,s4 #dig4 #ebg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #dii4 #ebh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #ejb4 #ebi ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #aah1 #bic4 #ecj ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjd4 #eca ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,b& #ef1 ,s4 #eeh4 #ecb ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #bac4 #ecc ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is1 ,tomes #ae-af1 p4 #aabf4 #ecd ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #h1 p4 #bjj3 ,bullet9 #ac1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #abj4 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 ,,miscellane\s ,,agricultural ,,products4 #ebg4 ,classification4--,9 ! prec$+ p>ts h be5 set =? ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! conduct ( agricultural analysis & a rsum ( ! be/ practice ( ! art4 ,! analy/1 z a rule1 w seldom be requir$ to und]take inve/igations :i* are unnotic$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,cases w arise1 h[ev]1 9 :i* problems are pres5t$ :i* c n be solv$ by ! rules already elucidat$4 ,9 respect ( ! great classes ( agricultural bodies1 x w be obs]v$ t dairy products h already receiv$ special m5tion4 ,9 respect ( foods & fodd]s 9 g5]al1 x is evid5t t !y are *iefly compos$ ( moi/ure1 a%1 c>bohydrates1 oils & proteid matt]s4 ,! me?ods ( id5tify+1 sep>at+ & e/imat+ ^! con/itu5ts h be5 fully set =?4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 to /udy 9 ?is "p ! analytical processes :i* are applicable to c]eals1 cattle foods & o!r food products1 fur!r ?an is necess>y to pres5t 9 ! mo/ important cases a work+ rsum ( pr9ciples & me?ods4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 c]ta9 products ( importance :i* require "s special modifications ( treatm5t1 & x is to ^! t ! pres5t "p w be *iefly devot$4 ,among ^! are f\nd tobacco1 tea & c(fee1 fruits1 f]m5t$ & di/ill$ dr9ks & c]ta9 animal products4 ,x is evid5t t an enum]ation ( all agricultural products1 ) a description ( _! me?ods ( exam9ation1 w\ld be impracticable 9 ! available space & undesirable by reason ( ! repetition :i* w\ld be requir$4 ,9 ea* case ! analy/1 9 possession ( ! me?ods describ$1 w be able to adapt ! means at 8 disposal to ! desir$ purpose to bett] advantage ?an any rigid directions c\ld possibly secure4 ,9 respect ( ! analytical me?ods ( det]m9+ ! nutritive value ( foods1 !y may be divid$ into *emical & physiological4 ,! *emical me?ods embrace ! !rmal & artificial dige/ion inve/igations1 & ! physiological include ^? :i* are c>ri$ out ) ! help ( ! animal organisms4 ,9 ! latt] case ! dige/ive process is *eck$ by ! analysis ( ! foods be=e +e/ion & ( ! excreta ( all k9ds dur+ & aft] dige/ion4 ,x is evid5t t a detail$ description ( ?is me?od %\ld be look$ = 9 works devot$ to physiological *emi/ry4 ,,c]eals ,,& ,,c]eal ,,foods4 #ebh4 ,g5]al ,analysis4--,! c]eals are prep>$ = analysis by gr9d+ until ! fragm5ts pass a sieve hav+ circul> p]=ations half a millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! moi/ure1 a%1 e!r extract1 proteids & c>bohydrates are det]m9$ by "s "o ( ! processes already describ$ 9 detail4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! me?ods ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s are g5]ally foll[$4#ece ,= conv5i5ce ^! me?ods are summ>iz$ bel[4 ,moi/ure4--,dry f two to ?ree grams ( ! f9e-gr\nd sample = five h\rs1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 9 a curr5t ( dry hydrog54 ,if ! sub/ance be held 9 a glass vessel1 ! latt] %\ld n be 9 contact ) ! boil+ wat]4 ,a%4--,*> f two to ?ree grams ( ! sample & burn to :it5ess at ! l[e/ possible r$ heat4 ,if a :ite a% c n be obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 exhau/ ! *>r$ mass ) wat]1 collect ! insoluble residue on a filt]1 burn x1 add ?is a% to ! residue f ! evaporation ( ! aque\s extract & heat ! :ole to l[ r$ness until ! a% is :ite4 ,e!r ,extract4--,pure e!r is prep>$ by wa%+ ! comm]cial article f\r or five times ) wat] to free x ( ! *ief "p ( ! alcohol x conta9s4 ,! residual wat] is mo/ly remov$ by treat+ ! liquid ) cau/ic soda or pota%4 ,any residual alcohol or wat] is f9ally remov$ by ! action ( metallic sodium4 ,! e!r ?us prep>$ is /opp]$1 aft] ! evolution ( hydrog5 has ceas$1 & is kept ov] metallic sodium4 ,imm$iately be=e use x %\ld be di/ill$ out ( contact ) moi/ air4 ,! residue f ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure1 z describ$ above1 is extract$ 9 an appropriate app>atus 7#ci7 ) ! pure e!r = sixte5 h\rs4 ,! extract is dri$ to con/ant weight4 ,! weight may be *eck$ by dry+ & weigh+ ! extraction tube & its cont5ts be=e & aft] ! op]ation4 ,crude ,proteids4--,proce$ z 9 ! me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog5 9 ! abs5ce ( nitrates & multiply ! weight ( nitrog5 obta9$ by #f4be4 ,?is factor is a g5]al "o1 b %\ld n be rigidly appli$4 ,9 ea* in/ance1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! c]eal1 ! appropriate factor1 po9t$ out 9 p>agraph #djg %\ld be us$1 & ! factor #f4be be appli$ only 9 ^? cases :]e a special factor is n giv54 ,! factors = ! common c]eals are :eat #e4gj1 rye #e4fb1 oats #f4jf1 maize #f4bb1 b>ley #e4hb & flaxse$ #e4fb4 ,= sep>at+ ! proteid matt]s consult p>agraphs #cib-daj4 ,9 ! case ( :eat ! me?ods ( ,tell] may be consult$4#ecf ,amid ,nitrog54--,! album9oid nitrog5 is det]m9$ z direct$ 9 p>agraph #bjc ( volume ,,ii4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is numb] & t repres5t+ ! total nitrog5 gives ! nitrog5 z amids4 ,fib] & ,c>bohydrates4--,! me?ods ( analysis are describ$ 9 detail 9 ,"p ,?ird4 #ebi4 ,bread4--,9 g5]al1 ! same processes are foll[$ 9 bread analysis z are us$ ) c]eals & fl\rs4 ,9 addition to ! regul> analytical processes1 breads are to be exam9$ = adult]ants1 blea*+ & color+ matt]s1 & = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 _! nutri5t con/itu5ts 9 ! processes ( f]m5tation & cook+4 ,temp]ature ( ,bak+4--,! int]ior ( a loaf dur+ ! process ( bak+ does n atta9 ! high temp]ature commonly suppos$4 ,?is temp]ature is r>ely f\nd to be m ?an "o degree above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4#ecg ,9 biscuits & o!r ?9 cakes1 :i* become practically dry & :i* by reason ( _! ?9ness are ! m readily p5etrat$ by heat1 ! temp]ature may g z high z #aaj4 ,soluble ,extract4--,! quantity ( matt]s bo? 9 fl\r & bread1 soluble 9 cold wat]1 is det]m9$ by extraction 9 ! usual way & dry+ ! extract4 ,soluble album9oids1 sug>s & m9]al salts are extract$ by ?is process4 ,:5 possible1 ! op]ation %\ld be conduct$ bo? on ! bread & ! fl\r f :i* x is made4 ,color4--,9 bak]'s p>lance is f\nd an app>5t contradiction ( t]ms1 s9ce x speaks ( bread ) 8no color0 :5 ! loaf is d>k br[n1 :ile a :ite loaf is said to h a high color4 ,an ideal color = ! int]ior ( a loaf is a light cream t9t1 :i* is m desirable ?an a pure :ite4#ech ,! texture1 odor & flavor ( ! loaf are also to be consid]$1 b ^! are prop]ties ( m importance to ! te*nical exp]t ?an to ! analy/4 ,quantity ( ,wat]4--,x is n possible to set a rule ( limitation 9 respect ( ! quantity ( wat] a bread %\ld hold4 ,= full loaves1 p]haps =ty p] c5t is n too high a maximum1 :ile "s au?ors put x z l[ z ?irty-f\r p] c5t4 ,"s fl\rs are capable ( hold+ m wat] ?an o!rs1 & ! loaf %\ld h j en\gh wat] to imp>t to ! slice ( bread ! requisite degree ( s(tness & ! prop] texture4 ,mo/ breads w h a cont5t ( wat] rang+ f ?irty to =ty p] c5t4 ,9 biscuits & o!r ?9 cakes ! moi/ure is mu* less 9 quantity4 ,acidity4--,! acidity ( bo? bread & fl\r is det]m9$ by %ak+ t5 grams ( ! sample ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] = fifte5 m9utes1 p\r+ ! mass on a filt] & titrat+ an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate ) t5?-normal alkali4 ,! acidity is reckon$ z lactic acid 9 ! case ( breads rais$ by f]m5tation4 ,nature ( ,nitrog5\s ,comp\nds4--,! me?ods ( inve/igation are describ$ 9 p>agraphs #cib-daj4 #ecj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,alum 9 ,bread4--,! pres5ce ( alum 9 bread may be detect$ by means ( logwood4 ,five grams ( fre% logwood *ips are dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( amyl alcohol4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is decoction & ! same quantity ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate are mix$ ) t5 grams ( fl\r & an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,) pure fl\r1 a slight p9k t9t is produc$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( alum ! color *anges to a lav5d] or blue1 :i* is p]si/5t on heat+4 ,! te/ may be v>i$ by dilut+ five cubic c5timet]s ( ! reag5ts m5tion$ ) n9ety cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & p\r+ ! mixture ov] t5 grams ( ! crumbl$ bread4 ,aft] /&+ = five m9utes1 any residual liquid is p\r$ (f & ! residue1 wa%$ once ) a little wat]1 is dri$ 9 a /eam ba?1 :5 ! blue color is develop$ if alum be pres5t4#eci #eca4 ,*emical ,*anges ,produc$ by ,bak+4--,*anges ( a *emical nature1 produc$ 9 bread by bak+1 are f\nd *iefly 9 modifications ( ! />* & proteids4 ,! />* is p>tly conv]t$ into dextr9 & ! album9s are coagulat$4 ,! *anges 9 dige/ion coeffici5t are det]m9$ by ! me?ods :i* foll[4 ,! f]m5tations :i* prec$e ! bak+ are due to ! usual decompositions ( ! c>bohydrates "u ! influ5ce ( yea/ g]ms4 ,,fodd]s1 ,,grasses ,,& ,,ensilage4 #ecb4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,! analy/1 9 exam9+ ! fibr\s foods ( cattle1 is expect$ to det]m9e moi/ure1 a%1 fib] & o!r c>bohydrates1 e!r extract & album9oid & amid nitrog54 ,if a m exhau/ive /udy be requir$1 ! sug> & />* are sep>at$ f ! o!r non-nitrog5\s matt]s1 ! c>bohydrate bodies yield+ furfuraldehyd sep>ately det]m9$ & ! a% subject$ to a quantitive analysis4 ,! processes are conduct$ 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( proc$ure fully set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,gre5 fodd]s & grasses are easily dri$ & sampl$ by comm9ution 9 ! %r$d] describ$ on page #i1 & roots by t %[n on page #aj4 ,! moi/ure is det]m9$ by dry+ a small sample ( ! %r$d$ mass1 :ile ! re/ ( x is dri$1 fir/ at ab\t #fj & f9ally at #ajj1 or a little above1 gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & subject$ to analysis by me?ods already describ$4 ,! food values z obta9$ by analysis %\ld be comp>$1 :5 possible1 ) ^? secur$ by natural & artificial dige/ion4 ,ensilage is %r$d$ & analyz$ 9 precisely ! same way1 b 9 dry+1 ! cont5t ( volatile acids =m$ dur+ f]m5tation mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! loss on dry+ ensilage at #ajj1 or slightly above1 is due n only to ! escape ( wat] b also to ! volatilization ( ! acetic acid1 :i* is "o ( ! f9al products ( f]m5tation :i* ! mass und]goes 9 ! silo4 #ecc4 ,organic ,acids 9 ,ensilage4--,9 ! exam9ation ( ensilage1 ! organic acids :i* are pres5t may be det]m9$ by ! processes describ$ 9 foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! acetic acid1 =m$ *iefly by f]m5tation1 is conv5i5tly det]m9$ by ! me?od giv5 = tobacco fur!r on4 ,lactic acid is detect$ & e/imat$ by express+ ! juice f a sample ( ensilage1 remov+ ! acetic acid by di/illation1 repeat$ once or twice1 & treat+ ! filt]$ residue ) z9c c>bonate 9 excess1 filt]+ & det]m9+ ! z9c lactate 9 ! filtrate4 ,! z9c is det]m9$ by ! me?od describ$ = evaporat$ apples & ! lactic acid calculat$ f ! weight ( z9c f\nd4 ,cry/alliz$ z9c lactate conta9s #ah4ah p] c5t ( wat] & #bg4bg p] c5t ( z9c oxid4#edj #ecd4 ,*anges due to ,f]m5tation 9 ! ,silo4--,silage diff]s f gre5 fodd] 9 hav+ less />* & sug>1 m acetic & lactic acids & alcohol & a high] proportion ( amid to album9oid nitrog54#eda ,!re is also a consid]able loss ( nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 ensilage1 due probably to _! conv]sion into ammonium acetate1 :i* is lo/ on dry+4 #ece4 ,alcohol 9 ,ensilage4--,! f]m5tation :i* takes place 9 ! silo is n :olly ( an alcoholic nature1 z ! developm5t ( lactic acid1 not$ above1 cle>ly indicates4 ,! alcohol :i* is =m$ may escape & b small quantities c be detect$ 9 ! rip5$ product4 ,s small is ?is quantity ( alcohol t x appe>s to be useless to try to secure a quantitive e/imation ( x4 ,qualitively1 x may be detect$ by collect+ x 9 a di/illate1 :i* is neutraliz$ or made slightly alkal9e ) soda or pota% lye & r$i/ill$4 ,! great] "p ( ! alcohol w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ few cubic c5timet]s1 :i* are made alkal9e ) pota% lye & z mu* iod9 add$ z c be )\t giv+ a r$ t9t to ! solution4 ,any alcohol :i* is pres5t w soon sep>ate z iod(orm4 #ecf4 ,comp>ative ,values ( ,fodd] & ,ensilage4--,9 judg+ ( ! comp>ative values ( gre5 & dry fodd]s = fe$+ purposes1 x is necess>y to secure repres5tative samples 9 ! gre51 quickly dri$ & ensilag$ condition4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! great] "p ( ! sug> conta9$ 9 gre5 fodd]s is lo/ bo? by natural cur+ & by plac+ 9 a silo4 ,:5 well cur$ by ! usual processes !re is b little loss ( nitrog5\s matt]s1 b 9 ! silo ?is loss is ( consid]able magnitude1 am\nt+ 9 "s in/ances to z mu* z ?irty p] c5t4 ,! ideal way ( prep>+ gre5 fodd]s 9 ord] to pres]ve ! maximum food value effici5tly1 is to %r$ !m & dry rapidly by artificial heat1 or 9 ! sunlight1 until !y are 9 a condition :i* insures fre$om f f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is condition1 :5 plac$ 9 bales1 "u heavy pressure1 ! food con/itu5ts are pres]v$ 9 ! highe/ available =m4 ,! imm5se sug> cont5t ( ! /alks ( maize & sorghum c\ld be pres]v$ 9 ?is way almo/ indef9itely4 ,,fle% ,,products4 #ecg4 ,names ,( ,meats4--,! p>ts ( ! animal f :i* ! meats are tak5 h receiv$ di/9ctive names1 :i* s]ve to designate ! p>ts ( ! c>cass (f]$ = sale4 ,^! names are n inv>iable & naturally are q diff]5t 9 _m m>kets4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re is "s degree ( uni=mity among but*]s 9 nam+ ! meats f diff]5t p>ts4 ,! names 9 sci5tific use = ! p>ts ( mutton1 beef & pork are f\nd 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4#edb #ech4 ,sampl+4--,:5 possible ! :ole animal %\ld con/itute ! sample4 ,! relative weights ( blood1 inte/9al organs1 hide1 ho(s1 horns1 bones & edible fle% are det]m9$ z accurately z possible4 ,! g5]al me?od ( prep>+ samples ( animal products is giv5 9 p>agraph #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,names ,,( ,,cuts ,,( ,,meat4 ,! me?od ( sampl+ employ$ by ,atwat] & ,woods is ess5tially t j not$4#edc ,! sample1 z receiv$ at ! laboratory1 is weigh$1 ! fle% 7edible portion7 is !n sep>at$ f ! refuse 7sk91 bones etc47 & bo? portions weigh$4 ,!re is always a slight loss 9 ! sep>ation1 evid5tly due to evaporation & to small fragm5ts ( ! tissues t adh]e to ! h&s & to ! implem5ts us$ 9 prep>+ ! sample4 ,! p]fect sep>ation ( ! fle% f ! o!r tissues is difficult1 b ! loss result+ f ?is is small4 ,9 sampl+ ! mat]ial = analysis1 x is f9ely *opp$1 ei!r 9 a tray or 9 a sausage cutt]1 & 9 ea* case is well mix$4 #eci4 ,me?ods ( ,analysis4--,! g5]al me?ods = ! analyses ( food products are applicable to meats & animal products 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! sep>ation ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ! me?ods describ$ 9 p>agraphs #daa-dad are foll[$4 ,x is n safe to e/imate z proteids ! total nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be1 s9ce ! fle% bases h mu* high] p]c5tages ( nitrog5 ?an are f\nd 9 proteid matt]s4 ,z indicat$ 9 p>agraph #bhj ! complete extraction ( dri$ meats by e!r is difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,aft] a few h\rs x may be assum$ t ! total extract w repres5t ! fat1 al?\gh additional soluble matt]s are obta9$ by cont9u+ ! process4 ,! heat produc+ p[] may be calculat$ f ! analytical data secur$4 ,! me?ods :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages w be f\nd suffici5t = guidance 9 ! exam9ation ( animal products1 & ! analy/ w f9d !m1 :5 modifi$ to suit p>ticul> cases1 adapt$ to ! isolation & e/imation ( proximate food pr9ciples4 ,! me?ods ( analyses foll[$ by ,atwat] & ,woods are giv5 bel[3#edd ,wat] & ,wat]-,free ,sub/ance4--,! dry+ is done 9 ord9>y wat] ov5s at a temp]ature ( nom9ally #ajj1 b actually at #if & #ih4 ,= ea* analysis ( animal tissues 7fle%7 "o or m samples ( f fifty to "o hundr$ grams ( ! fre%ly *opp$ sub/ance are weigh$ on a small plate1 heat$ = f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 cool$1 all[$ to /& 9 ! op5 air = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 weigh$1 gr\nd1 sift$ ?r\gh a sieve ) circul> holes "o-half millimet] 9 diamet]1 bottl$ & set aside = analysis4 ,9 case ( fat samples :i* _c be work$ ?r\gh s f9e a sieve1 ei!r a co>s] sieve is us$ or ! sub/ance cru%$ z f9ely z practicable & bottl$ )\t sift+4 ,= ! complete desiccation1 ab\t two grams ( mat]ial are dri$ = ?ree h\rs4 ,x is extremely difficult to get an absolutely con/ant weight1 ?\gh x is f\nd t ?is is 9 mo/ cases approximately atta9$ 9 f\r h\rs4 ,nitrog51 ,prote91 ,album9oids etc4--,! nitrog5 is det]m9$ 9 ! p>tly dri$ sub/ance by ! me?od ( ,kjeldahl4 ,! prote9 is calculat$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 by #f4be4 ,! nitrog5\s matt]s 9 meats & fi%1 i4 e41 9 ! mat]ials :i* h practically no c>bohydrates1 are also e/imat$ by subtract+ ! sum ( e!r extract & a% f ! wat]-free sub/ance1 or ! sum ( wat]1 e!r extract & a% f ! fre% sub/ance1 ! rema9d] be+ tak5 z proteids1 album9oids etc41 by diff]5ce4 ,:ile ?is is n an absolutely correct measure ( ! total nitrog5\s matt]1 x is d\btless m ne>ly s ?an ! product ( ! nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be4 ,fat 7,e!r ,extract74--,! fat is extract$ ) e!r 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! po9t at :i* ! extraction is complete is n always easy to det]m9e4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! extraction is cont9u$ = su* "t z exp]i5ce indicates to be suffici5t1 & !n ! flask is replac$ by ano!r & ! extraction repeat$ until ! new flask %[s no increase 9 weight4 ,accord+ to exp]i5ce1 ! fat ( _m animal tissues is mu* m difficult to extract ?an t ( mo/ vegetable sub/ances4 ,9 g5]al1 ! great] ! p]c5tage ( fat 9 a sub/ance ! m difficult is ! removal ( ! la/ traces4 ,dri$ fle% is frequ5tly s h>d t ! f95ess ( ! mat]ial to be extract$ seems to be a v important matt]4 ,a%4--,a% is det]m9$ by ! me?od recomm5d$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 ,food ,value--,pot5tial ,en]gy4--,! food mat]ials are n necess>ily burn$ 9 ! calorimet]1 b ! fuel value ( a p\nd ( ea* ( ! foods1 z giv5 9 ! tables1 is obta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( hundr$?s ( a p\nd ( prote9 & ( c>bohydrates by #ah4f & ! numb] ( hundr$?s ( a p\nd ( fat by #db4b1 & tak+ ! sum ( ^! ?ree products z ! numb] ( calories ( pot5tial en]gy 9 ! mat]ials4 ,m reliable results are obta9$ by us+ ! factors obta9$ by ,/ohmann2 viz41 #egca calories = proteids1 #iejj calories = common glyc]ids1 #ibca calories = butt] fat1 #cgdf calories = p5tose sug>s1 #cgdi calories = dextrose & levulose & #ciec calories = sucrose & milk sug>4#ede #edj4 ,fur!r ,exam9ation ( ,nitrog5\s ,bodies4--,x is evid5t t bo? ( ! me?ods propos$ above = ! exam9ation ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( meats are unreliable4 ,if ! total nitrog5 be det]m9$ & multipli$ by #f4be ! product does n by any means repres5t ! true quantity ( nitrog5\s matt] s9ce ! fle% bases conta9 9 "s in/ances m ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wat]1 a% & fat 9 a meat sample be det]m9$ & ! sum ( _! p] c5ts be subtract$ f #ajj1 ! diff]5ce repres5ts ! nitrog5\s bodies plus all undet]m9$ matt]s & errors ( analysis4 ,! assumption t meats are free ( c>bohydrates is n t5able s9ce glycog5 is con/antly f\nd !re9 & 9 horse fle% 9 comp>atively l>ge am\nts4 ,9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific analysis ( meats1 ! nitrog5\s bodies %\ld be sep>at$ & det]m9$ by gr\ps1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples develop$ 9 p>agraphs #daa-dad4 ,?is process requires a great am\nt ( analytical "w & 9 g5]al x w be suffici5t to make a cold wat] extract to secure ! fle% bases & a hot wat] extract to secure ! gelat94 ,! nitrog5 is !n det]m9$ 9 ea* ( ^! portions sep>ately4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! cold wat] extract is multipli$ by f\r1 9 ! hot wat] extract by six & 9 ! residue by #f4be4 ,! sum ( ^! products repres5ts approximately ! total nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! sample4 ,aque\s extracts conta9+ nitrog5 are easily prep>$ = moi/ combu/ion by plac+ !m 9 ! dige/ion flasks1 connect+ ! latt] ) ! vacuum s]vice & evaporat+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask ne>ly to dryness4 ,! sulfuric acid is !n add$ & ! nitrog5 conv]t$ into ammonia & det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 #eda4 ,fractional ,analysis ( ,meats4--,a bett] idea ( ! composition ( a meat is obta9$ by sep>at+ its con/itu5ts into sev]al gr\ps by ! action ( diff]5t solv5ts4 ,?is me?od has be5 elaborat$ by ,knorr4#edf ,! sep>ation ( ! meats 9 edible portion & wa/e & ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure & fat are conduct$ z already describ$4 ,! residue f ! fat extraction is exhau/$ ) alcohol1 & 9 ! extract are f\nd ! nitrog5\s bases kreat91 kreat991 s>k9 & xan?91 & urea1 lactic1 butyric1 acetic & =mic acids1 glycog5 & inosit4 ,9 ! residue f ! alcohol extraction1 ! proteid nitrog5 is det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate sample4 ,a sep>ate portion ( ! sample is gr\nd to a f9e pa/e & repeat$ly rubb$ up ) cold wat]1 :i* is p\r$ ?r\gh a t>$ filt]4 ,:5 ! extraction is complete1 ! filt] & its cont5ts are dri$ & ! dry residue det]m9$4 ,?is residue repres5ts ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! muscle fib]s & _! %ea?s toge!r ) any o!r bodies insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! filtrate f ! cold wat] extraction is heat$ to boil+ to precipitate ! album9\s matt]s :i* are collect$1 dri$ & weigh$1 or ! nitrog5 !re9 det]m9$ & ! album9\s matt]s calculat$ by multiply+ by ! usual factor4 ,! filtrate f ! coagulat$ album9\s bodies is evaporat$ to dryness & weigh$4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( ! same mat]ials z ! alcoholic extract m5tion$ above4 ,! a% & nitrog5 9 ! aque\s extract are also det]m9$4 ,! mean cont5t ( ! edible p>ts ( common meats1 express$ z p] c5ts 9 gr\ps z m5tion$1 foll[3 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #gc4aa ,a% #a4ah ,total soluble matt] #bf4hi ,phosphoric acid #j4di ,p] c5t4 ,proteids insoluble 9 cold wat] #ac4gf ,( :i* coagulable by heat #b4bd ,cold wat] extract #c4ef ,a% 9 wat] extract #a4ji ,( :i* phosphoric acid #j4ch ,p] c5t4 ,fat #d4ic ,alcohol extract #c4jc ,proteids 9 residue f alcohol #ag4hh ,total nitrog5 9 sample #c4cg #edb4 ,e/imation ( ,/>* 9 ,sausages4--,/>*y sub/ances are sometimes add$ to sausages = ! purpose ( increas+ _! weight4 ,! pres5ce ( />* 9 a sausage is easily detect$ by iod94 ,! quantity may be det]m9$ by ! foll[+ process3#edg ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is bas$ ^u ! obs]vation t :ile />* is easily soluble 9 an aque\s solution ( ! alkalies1 x is insoluble 9 an alcoholic solution !re(4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts ( meat1 viz41 fat & proteid matt]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are readily soluble 9 an alcoholic solution ( pota% or soda4 ,?is r5d]s ! sep>ation ( ! />* easy4 ,! sample is w>m$ on a wat] ba? ) a consid]able excess ( an eight p] c5t solution ( potassium hydroxid 9 alcohol :]eby ! fat & fle% are quickly dissolv$4 ,! />* & o!r c>bohydrate bodies1 rema9 9 an undissolv$ /ate4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! gelat9iz+ ( ! soap :i* is =m$1 ! mass is dilut$ ) w>m alcohol1 ! insoluble residue collect$ ^u a filt] & wa%$ ) alcohol until ! alkal9e reaction disappe>s4 ,! residue is !n treat$ ) aque\s potassium hydroxid solution1 :]eby ! />* is br\ght into solution &1 aft] filtration1 is treat$ ) alcohol until x is all precipitat$4 ,! precipitat$ />* is collect$ ^u a filt]1 wa%$ ) alcohol & f9ally ) e!r1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,/>* prep>$ 9 ?is way conta9s a consid]able quantity ( pota%1 ! am\nt ( :i* c be det]m9$ by inc9]ation4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is tr\ble1 ! />*1 aft] sep>ation 9 ! fir/ in/ance z above m5tion$ & solution 9 aque\s potassium hydroxid1 is precipitat$ on ! addition ( en\gh acetic to r5d] ! solution slightly acid4 ,! precipitat$ />*1 9 ?is in/ance1 is practically free ( pota%1 s9ce potassium acetate is soluble 9 alcohol4 #edc4 ,detection ( ,horse ,fle%4--,s9ce horse fle% has become an important article ( human food & is (t5 sold z beef & sausage1 a me?od ( di/+ui%+ x is desirable4 ,! comp>ative anatomi/ is able to detect horse fle% :5 accompani$ by its bones1 or 9 portions suffici5tly l>ge = ! id5tification ( muscul> *>act]i/ics4 ,x is well kn[n t horse fle% conta9s a mu* high] p]c5tage ( glycog5 ?an is f\nd 9 o!r edible meats4 ,niebel has bas$ a me?od ( detect+ horse fle% ^u ?is fact1 ! glycog5 be+ conv]t$ into dextrose & det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,:5ev] ! p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! dry fat-free fle% exce$s "o p] c5t1 ,niebel inf]s t ! sample "u exam9ation is horse fle%4#edh ,! reaction = horse fle%1 propos$ by ,brutigam & ,edelmann1 is pref]r$ by ,baum]t4 ,9 ?is te/ ab\t fifty grams ( ! fle% are boil$ = an h\r ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 ! filt]$ b\illon evaporat$ to ab\t half its volume1 treat$ ) dilute nitric acid & ! cle> filtrate cov]$ ) iod9 wat]4 ,horse fle%1 by reason ( its high glycog5 cont5t1 produces a burgundy r$ zone at ! po9ts ( contact ( ! two liquids4 ,9 ! case ( sausages1 if />* h be5 add$1 a blue zone is produc$1 & if dextr9 be pres5t1 a r$ zone1 bo? ( :i* obscure ! glycog5 reaction4 ,! />* is easily remov$ by treat+ ! b\illon ) glacial acetic acid4 ,no me?od is at pres5t kn[n = sep>at+ dextr9 f glycog54 ,! detection ( horse fle% is a matt] ( consid]able importance to agriculture z well z to ! consum]s1 especially ( sausages4 ,a consid]able quantity ( horse fle% is annually s5t to ! m>ket1 little ( :i* presumably is sold "u its own "n4 ,z a *eap sub/itute = beef & pork 9 sausages1 its use mu/ be reg>d$ z fraudul5t1 al?\gh no objection c be urg$ aga9/ its sale :5 (f]$ "u its own "n4#edi ,,me?ods ,,( ,,dige/ion4 #edd4 ,artificial ,dige/ion4--,! nutri5t values ( c]eals & o!r foods are det]m9$ bo? by *emical analysis & by dige/ion exp]im5ts4 ,! heat =m+ prop]ties ( foods are disclos$ by combu/ion 9 a calorimet]1 b ! quantity ( heat produc$ is n 9 e case a guide to ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! nutritive value4 ,?is is m c]ta9ly %[n1 especially 9 ! case ( proteid bodies1 by ! action ( ! natural dige/ive f]m5ts4 ,x is probable t ! dige/ion1 :i* is secur$ by ! action ( ^! f]m5ts )\t ! dige/ive organs1 is n always ! same z ! natural process1 b :5 ! conditions :i* prevail 9 natural dige/ion are imitat$ z closely z possible ! effects produc$ c be consid]$ z approximately ^? ( ! alim5t>y canal 9 heal?y action4 ,?ree classes ( f]m5ts are active 9 artificial dige/ion1 viz41 amylolytic f]m5ts1 s]v+ to hydrolyze />* & sug>s & to conv]t !m into dextrose1 maltose & levulose1 aliphalytic f]m5ts1 :i* decompose ! glyc]ids & proteolytic f]m5ts1 :i* act on ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( foods4 ,:5 ^! f]m5ts are made to act on foods "u prop] conditions ( acidity & temp]ature1 artificial dige/ion ensues1 & by ! measurem5t ( ! ext5t ( ! action an approximate e/imate ( _! dige/ibility c be secur$4 ,9 artificial dige/ion1 ! temp]ature %\ld be kept ne> t ( ! body1 viz41 at ab\t #dj4 ,! soluble f]m5ts :i* are active 9 ! dige/ion ( foods1 z has be5 intimat$1 comprise ?ree great classes4 ,among ! fir/ class1 viz41 ! amylolytic f]m5ts1 are includ$ n only ^? :i* conv]t />* into dextrose1 b also ^? :i* cause ! hydrolysis ( sug>s 9 g5]al4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ptyal91 inv]tase1 trehalase1 maltase1 lactase1 dia/ase1 inulase1 pectase & cyto-hydrolytic f]m5ts :i* act ^u ! celluloses & o!r fib]s4 ,among ! aliphalytic f]m5ts1 9 addition to ^? :i* act also ^u proteid matt]1 may be m5tion$ a special "o1 lipase4 ,9 ! ?ird class ( f]m5ts are f\nd peps91 tryps9 or pancreat9 & papa94 ,= ! late/ in=mation 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! soluble f]m5ts & _! nom5clature1 ! "w ( ,b\rquelot may be consult$4#eej #ede4 ,amylytic ,f]m5ts4--,a v active f]m5t ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 ! saliva4 ,saliva may be easily collect$ f s*ool boys1 :o w be f\nd will+ to engage 9 its production if suppli$ ) a *ew+ gum4 ,a gum free ( sug> is to be us$1 or if ! *ew+ gum ( comm]ce is employ$1 ! saliva %\ld n be collect$ until ! sug> has disappe>$4 ,a doz5 boys ) vigor\s *ew+ w soon provide a suffici5t quantity ( saliva = practical use4 ,! amylolytic dige/ion is conduct$ 9 ! app>atus h]e9aft] describ$ = dige/ion ) peps9 & pancreat94 ,! />* or sug> 9 f9e p[d] is mix$ ) t5 p>ts ( wat] & "o "p ( saliva & kept at ab\t #cg4e = a def9ite "t4 ,! product is !n exam9$ = />*1 sucrose1 maltose1 dextrose1 dextr9 & levulose by ! processes already describ$4 ,9 natural dige/ion ! hydrolysis ( ! c>bohydrates is n complet$ 9 ! m\?4 ,! action ( ! f]m5t is some:at dim9i%$ 9 ! /oma*1 b n p]haps until half an h\r aft] eat+4 ,! dilute hydro*loric acid 9 ! /oma*1 :i* accumulates "s "t aft] eat+1 is n active 9 ?is hydrolysis4 ,on ! contr>y ! amylolytic f]m5t ( ! saliva is some:at enfeebl$ by ! pres5ce ( an acid4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! saliva is ptyal94 ,! dia/atic hydrolysis ( />* has already be5 describ$ 7#agi74 ,x is be/ secur$ at a some:at high] temp]ature ?an t ( ! human /oma*4 #edf4 ,aliphalytic ,f]m5ts4--,9 ! hydrolysis ( glyc]ids 9 ! process ( dige/ion ! fat acids & glyc]ol are set free4 ,:e!r ! glyc]ids be completely hydrolyz$ be=e absorption is n def9itely kn[n4 ,9 c]ta9 cases :]e l>ge quantities ( oil h be5 exhibit$ = rem$ial purposes1 ! fat acids & soaps h be5 f\nd 9 sph]ical masses 9 ! dejecta#eea & h be5 mi/ak5 = gall /ones4 ,! fat :i* ent]s ! *yle appe>s to be mo/ly un*ang$1 except t x is emulsifi$4#eeb ,! aliphalytic f]m5t c be prep>$ f ! fre% pancreas1 pref]ably f animals t h n be5 f$ = =ty h\rs be=e kill+4 ,x is important to prep>e ! f]m5t entirely free ( any trace ( acid4 ,! fre% gl&s are rubb$ to a f9e pa/e ) p[d]$ glass & extract$ = f\r days ) pure glyc]ol1 to :i* "o "p ( "o p] c5t soda solution has be5 add$4 ,! filt]$ liquor conta9s aliphalytic1 proteolytic & amylytic f]m5ts1 & is employ$ = saponification by %ak+ ) ! fat to =m an emulsion & keep+ ! mixture1 ) occasional %ak+1 at a temp]ature ( f #dj to #fj4 ,! free acids c be titrat$ or sep>at$ f ! unsaponifi$ fats by solution 9 alcohol4#eec ,h]et(ore x has n be5 possible to sep>ate a pure aliphalytic f]m5t f any ( ! dige/ive gl&s4 ,! dige/ion ( c>bohydrates & t ( fats are intimately associat$1 & ^! two classes ( foods seem to play ne>ly ! same rle 9 ! animal economy4 ,! aliphalytic f]m5ts1 prep>$ f ! fre% pancreas1 act also on ! glucosids & o!r e/]-l c>bohydrate bodies4 ,s9ce ! fats may be reg>d$ z e!rs1 ! d\ble action indicates ! simil>ity ( composition 9 ! two classes ( bodies4#eed ,! aliphalytic f]m5ts exi/ also 9 plants & h be5 isolat$ f rape se$4#eee #edg4 ,proteolytic ,f]m5ts4--,! mo/ important process 9 artificial dige/ion is ! "o relat+ to ! action ( ! f]m5ts on proteid matt]s4 ,! hydrolysis ( fats & c>bohydrates by natural f]m5ts takes place be/ 9 an alkal9e m$ium1 :ile 9 ! case ( proteids :5 peps9 is us$ an acid m$ium is pref]r$4 ,s9ce ! acidity ( ! /oma* is due *iefly to hydro*loric1 t acid is employ$ 9 artificial dige/ion4 ,! hydrolyte us$ is uni=mly ! natural f]m5t ( ! ga/ric secretions1 viz41 peps92 b ?is is (t5 foll[$ by ! pancreatic f]m5t1 7pancreat91 tryps97 9 an alkal9e m$ium4 ,dur+ ! dige/ion1 ! proteids are *ang$ into peptones1 & ! measurem5t ( ?is *ange det]m9es ! degree ( dige/ion4 ,! total proteid matt] is det]m9$ 9 ! sample1 & aft] ! dige/ion is complet$1 ! soluble peptones are remov$ by wa%+ & ! residual insoluble proteid matt] det]m9$ by moi/ combu/ion4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two det]m9ations %[s ! quantity ( proteid matt] dige/$4 ,! inve/igations ( ,khn on ! dige/ion ( proteids may be pr(itably consult$4#eef ,= a summ>y ( dige/ion exp]im5ts 9 ?is c\ntry ! rsum prep>$ by ,gordon may be consult$4#eeg ,! me?od foll[$ 9 ?is laboratory is fully describ$ by ,bigel[ & ,hamilton4#eeh #edh4 ,f]m5ts ,employ$4--,bo? ! peps9s ( comm]ce & ^? prep>$ directly f ! /oma*s ( pigs may be us$4 ,! comm]cial scale peps9 is f\nd1 z a rule1 entirely satisfactory1 & m uni=m results are secur$ by its use ?an f peps9 solutions made f "t to "t f pig /oma*s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! peps9 solution "o gram ( ! be/ scale peps9 is dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( #j4cc p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,two grams ( ! sample ( food products1 9 f9e p[d]1 are susp5d$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution & kept1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 at a temp]ature ( #dj = twelve h\rs4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are p\r$ on a wet filt]1 ! residue on ! filt] well wa%$ ) wat] n above #dj1 ! filt] pap] & its cont5ts transf]r$ to a kjeldahl flask & ! residual nitrog5 det]m9$ & multipli$ by #f4be to get ! undige/$ proteid matt]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( dige/ions c be conduct$ at once 9 a ba? %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag4eei ,! quantity ( wat] 9 ! ba? %\ld be z l>ge z possible4 #edi4 ,dige/ion 9 ,peps9 & ,pancreat94--,! dige/ion ( ! proteids is n z a rule :olly accompli%$ by ! /oma* juices1 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to secure 9 artificial dige/ion results approximat+ ^? produc$ 9 ! liv+ organism1 x is necess>y to foll[ ! treatm5t ) peps9 by a simil> "o ) ! pancreas juices4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 ?is laboratory is ess5tially t ( ,/utz] modifi$ by ,wilson4#efj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,ba? ,,= ,,artificial ,,dige/ion4 ,! residue f ! peps9 dige/ion1 aft] wa%+1 is treat$ = six h\rs at ne> #dj ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( pancreas solution1 prep>$ z foll[s3 ,free ! pancreas ( a heal?y /e] ( fat1 pass x ?r\gh a sausage gr9d]1 rub "o kilogram 9 a mort> ) f9e s& & all[ to /& = a day or long]4 ,add ?ree lit]s ( lime wat]1 "o ( glyc]ol1 ( #a4bc specific gravity1 & a little *lor(orm & set aside = six days4 ,sep>ate ! liquor by pressure 9 a bag & filt] x ?r\gh pap]4 ,be=e us+1 mix a qu>t] ( a lit] ( ! filtrate ) ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit] ( wat] & five grams ( dry sodium c>bonate1 or its equival5t cry/alliz$1 heat f #ch to #dj = two h\rs & filt]4#efa ,9 ord] to avoid ! tr\ble ( prep>+ ! pancreas solution pure active pancreat9 may be us$4#efb ,"o & a half grams ( pure pancreat9 & ?ree grams ( sodium c>bonate are dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( wat] & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are us$ = ea* two grams ( ! sample4 ,9 all cases :]e comm]cial peps9 & pancreat9 are us$1 _! activity %\ld be te/$ ) bodies su* z boil$ :ites ( eggs1 ^: coeffici5t ( dige/ibility is well kn[n & ^? samples be reject$ :i* d n prove to h ! requir$ activity4#efc #eej4 ,dige/ion 9 ,pancreas ,extract4--,9 ord] to save ! "t requir$ = successive dige/ions 9 peps9 & pancreat9 ,niebl+ has propos$ to make ! dige/ion 9 ! pancreas extract alone4#efd ,?is process & also a slight modification ( x h be5 us$ ) success by ,bigel[ & ,mc,elroy4#efe ,two grams ( ! sample are wa%$ ) e!r & plac$ 9 a dige/ion flask ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( two-t5?s p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are boil$ = fifte5 m9utes1 cool$1 & made slightly alkal9e ) sodium c>bonate4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! unfilt]$ pancreas solution1 prep>$ z direct$ above1 are add$ & ! dige/ion cont9u$ at #dj = six h\rs4 ,! residue is ?r[n on a filt]1 wa%$1 & ! nitrog5 det]m9$4 ,! me?od is simplifi$ by ! sub/itution ( active comm]cial pancreat9 = pancreas extract4 ,! solution ( ! f]m5t is made ( ! same /r5g? z is specifi$ above4 #eea4 ,artificial ,dige/ion ( ,*eese4--,! artificial dige/ion ( *eese is conduct$ by ,/utz] z foll[s3#eff ,! dige/ive liquor is prep>$ f ! fre% /oma*s ( pigs by cutt+ !m into f9e pieces & mix+ ) five lit]s ( wat] & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid = ea* /oma*4 ,to prev5t decomposition1 two & a half grams ( ?ymol1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 are add$ to ea* #fjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! mixture4 ,! mixture is all[$ to /& = a day ) occasional %ak+1 p\r$ into a flannel bag & ! liquid portion all[$ to dra9 )\t press+4 ,! liquor obta9$ 9 ?is way is filt]$1 fir/ ?r\gh co>se & !n ?r\gh f9e pap]1 & :5 ?us prep>$ w keep sev]al mon?s )\t *ange4 ,x is advisable to det]m9e ! cont5t ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! liquor by titration & ?is cont5t %\ld be two-t5?s ( a p] c5t4 ,! *eese to be dige/$ is mix$ ) s& z previ\sly describ$1 fre$ ( fat by extraction ) e!r1 & a quantity correspond+ to five grams ( *eese plac$ 9 a beak]1 cov]$ ) half a lit] ( ! dige/ive liquor & kept at a temp]ature ( #dj = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,at int]vals ( two h\rs ! flasks are well %ak5 & five cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid add$ & ?is treatm5t cont9u$ until ! quantity ( hydro*loric acid am\nts to "o p] c5t4 ,aft] ! dige/ion is f9i%$1 ! cont5ts ( ! beak] are ?r[n on a filt]1 wa%$ ) wat] & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! usual way 9 ! residue4 ,by all[+ ! peps9 solution to act = two days z describ$ above1 ! subsequ5t dige/ion ) pancreas solution is sup]flu\s4 #eeb4 ,sugge/ions ,reg>d+ ,manipulation4--,! filt] pap]s %\ld be z quick work+ z possible to secure ! sep>ation ( all undissolv$ p>ticles4 ,!y %\ld be ( suffici5t size to hold ! :ole cont5ts ( ! dige/ion flask at once1 s9ce if all[$ to become empty & p>tially dry1 filtration is greatly imp$$4 ,! residue %\ld be dri$ at once if n submitt$ imm$iately to moi/ combu/ion4 ,aft] dry+1 ! det]m9ation ( ! nitrog5 c be made at any conv5i5t "t4 ,beak] flasks1 i4 e41 lip erl5mey]s ) a wide m\? are mo/ conv5i5t = hold+ ! mat]ials dur+ dige/ion4 ,! flasks are mo/ conv5i5tly held by a cross$ rubb] b& atta*$ at ei!r end to p9s 9 ! wood5 slats ext5d+ across ! dige/ive ba?4 ,! ba? %\ld be susp5d$ by cords f supports on ! ceil+ & a g5tle rotatory motion imp>t$ to x resembl+ ! p]i/altic action att5d+ natural dige/ion4 #eec4 ,natural ,dige/ion4--,! dige/ion ( foods by natural processes is det]m9$ *iefly by ! classes ( f]m5ts already not$4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ dige/ive exp]im5ts ) ! animal organism may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,a giv5 weight ( food ( kn[n composition is f$ to a heal?y animal "u ! conditions ( c>eful control & prep>ation already m5tion$4 ,! solid dejecta ( ! animal dur+ a giv5 p]iod are collect$ & weigh$ daily1 be+ receiv$ directly f ! animal 9 an appropriate bag1 safely secur$1 z is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! dejecta are weigh$1 dri$1 gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 mix$ & a repres5tative "p analyz$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! solid bodies 9 ! dejecta & ^? giv5 9 ! food dur+ ! p]iod ( exp]im5t repres5ts ^? nutri5ts :i* h be5 dige/$ & absorb$ dur+ ! passage ( ! food ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! ur9e1 conta9+ solid bodies repres5t+ ! wa/e ( ! animal organism1 does n require to be analyz$ = ! simple control ( dige/ive activity outl9$ above4 ,9 a complete det]m9ation ( ?is k9d ! exhalations f ! surface ( ! body & f ! lungs are also det]m9$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! human animal is select$ = ! exp]im5t2 9 ! =m] x is m conv5i5t to employ ! l[] animals1 su* z ! %eep & c[4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /alls & ( ! app>atus = collect+ ! excreta %\ld be su* z is bo? conv5i5t & effective4#efg ,! me?od ( con/ruct+ a bag = atta*m5t to a %eep is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,x is made accord+ to ! directions giv5 by ,gay1 ( heavy clo? & 9 su* a way z to fit closely ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! animal4#efh ,:5 atta*$1 its appe>ance is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,,bag ,,= ,,collect+ ,,feces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,,fecal ,,bag ,,atta*m5t4 ,heal?y animals 9 ! prime ( life are us$1 & ! fe$+ exp]im5ts are conduct$ ) z l>ge a numb] ( animals z possible1 9 ord] to elim9ate ! effects ( idiosyncrasy4 ,! food us$ is previ\sly prep>$ 9 abundant quantity & its composition det]m9$ by ! analysis ( an av]age sample4 ,! fe$+ p]iod is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ! animal is f$ = a few days ) ! select$ food until x is c]ta9 t all ! excreta are d]iv$ f ! nutri5ts us$4 ,9 ! second "p ! same food is cont9u$ & ! excreta collect$1 weigh$1 ! moi/ure det]m9$1 & ! total weight ( ! wat]-free excreta asc]ta9$4 ,! fir/ "p %\ld be ( at lea/ sev5 & ! second ( at lea/ five days duration4 ,! ur9e & dung are analyz$ sep>ately4 ,males are pref]r$ = ! dige/ion exp]im5ts because ( ! great] ease ( collect+ ! ur9e & feces )\t mix+4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! feces only are collect$4 ,! me?ods ( analysis d n diff] f ^? describ$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! usual +r$i5ts ( a food4 ,example4--,! foll[+ data tak5 f ! results ( dige/ive exp]im5ts1 obta9$ at ! ,ma9e ,/ation1 w illu/rate ! me?od ( comp>+ ! composition ( ! food ) t ( ! feces & ( det]m9+ ! degree ( dige/ion :i* ! proteids & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! food h und]gone4 ,,composition ,,( ,,maize ,,fodd] ,,& ,,( ,,feces ,,!refrom ,,aft] ,,fe$+ ,,to ,,%eep4 ,,be=e ,,dry+4 ,wat]1 ,a%1 ,proteid1 ,fib]1 ,fat1 ,undet]m9$1 p] p] p] p] p] p] ,food4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,sweet maize #hc4he #a4ac #b4ah #d4ad #j4fb #h4jh ,feces #gb4ja 444 444 444 444 444 ,,dry4 ,a%1 ,proteid1 ,fib]1 ,fat1 ,undet]m9$1 p] p] p] p] p] ,food4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,sweet maize #g4ja #ac4eb #be4fc #c4hf #di4ih ,feces #ad4db #ag4eb #ai4cd #b4fh #df4jd ,,daily ,,weights4 ,gre51 ,dry1 ,food4 grams4 grams4 ,sweet maize #beba #djg ,feces #dde #abe ,,p] ,,c5t ,,dige/$4 ,food4 ,a%1 ,proteid1 ,fib]1 ,undet]m9$1 ,fat1 ,sweet maize #cg4j #fj4b #gf4i #ga4h #gh4c ,9 ! above in/ance x is se5 t ! coeffici5t ( dige/ibility ext5d$ f #cg4j p] c5t 9 ! case ( ! m9]al compon5ts ( ! food1 to #gh4c p] c5t 9 ! case ( ! fats4 ,^! data are tak5 only f ! results obta9$ f a s+le %eep & "o article ( food4 ,! mean data secur$ f two animals & ?ree k9ds ( maize fodd] %[ ! foll[+ p] c5ts ( dige/ibility3 ,a% #ci4d1 proteid #fa4h1 fib] #gf4g1 undet]m9$ matt]s #gb4a1 fat #gf4d4 ,! undet]m9$ matt]s are ^? usually kn[n z nitrog5 free extract & compos$ *iefly ( p5tosans & o!r c>bohydrates4#efi #eed4 ,natural ,dige/ibility ( ,p5tosans4--,! dige/ibility ( p5tosan bodies 9 foods "u ! influ5ce ( natural f]m5ts has be5 inve/igat$ by ,l9dsey & ,holl&4#egj ,! fe$+ & collection ( ! feces is c>ri$ on z describ$ above & ! relative proportions ( p5tosan bodies 9 ! foods & feces det]m9$ by e/imat+ ! furfuraldehyd z prescrib$ 9 p>agraph #aej4ega ,,pres]v$ ,,meats4 #eee4 ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation4--,9 g5]al ! me?ods ( exam9ation are ! same z ^? appli$ 9 ! /udy ( fre% meats4 ,! cont5ts ( wat]1 salt & o!r pres]vatives1 fat & nitrog5\s matt]s are ( mo/ importance4 ,:5 n already 9 a f9e /ate1 ! pres]v$ meats are run ?r\gh meat cutt]s until r$uc$ to a f9e pulp4 ,mo/ pott$ meats are already 9 a /ate ( subdivision well suit$ to analytical "w4 ,! composition ( pres]v$ meats has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ 9 ?is laboratory by ,davis4#egb #eef4 ,e/imation ,( ,fat4--,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! difficulty ( extract+ ! fat f meats by e!r or o!r solv5ts4#egc ,9 pres]v$ meats1 z well z 9 fre%1 x is pref]able to adopt "s me?od :i* w p]mit ( ! decomposition ( ! o!r organic matt]s & ! sep>ation ( ! fat 9 a free /ate4 ,! mo/ promis+ me?ods are ^? employ$ 9 milk analyses = ! solution ( nitrog5\s matt]s4 ,sulfuric or hydro*loric acid may be us$ = ?is purpose1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to sulfuric4 ,! sep>at$ fats may be tak5 up ) e!r or sep>at$ by c5trifugal action4 ,a me?od ( ?is k9d = pres]v$ meats1 sugge/$ by ,hefelmann1 is describ$ bel[4 ,ab\t six grams ( ! moi/ pres]v$ meat are plac$ 9 a calibrat$ te/ tube & dissolv$ 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( fum+ hydro*loric acid4 ,! tube is plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 quickly heat$ to boil+ & kept at t temp]ature = half an h\r4 ,ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( cold wat] are add$ & ! temp]ature l[]$ to #cj1 !n tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( e!r & ! tube g5tly %ak5 to promote ! solution ( ! fat4 ,:5 ! e!r lay] has sep>at$1 its volume is read & an aliquot "p remov$ by means ( a pipette1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! e!real solution is greatly promot$ by :irl+4 ,! mean proportions ( ! +r$i5ts ( pres]v$ meats are ab\t z foll[s3 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #fg4j ,dry matt] #cc4j ,( :i* ,nitrog5\s bodies #ai4j ,fats #aj4e ,a% & undet]m9$ #c4e #eeg4 ,meat ,pres]vatives4--,v>i\s bodies are us$ to give ta/e & color to pres]v$ meats & to pres]ve !m f f]m5tation4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! bodies are common salt1 potassium & sodium nitrates1 sulfur\s1 boric1 b5zoic & salicylic acids1 =maldehyd1 sac*>9 & hydronaph?ol4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( ! me?ods ( detect+ & isolat+ ^! bodies has be5 made 9 ?is laboratory by ,davis & ! results are yet to be publi%$ z a "p ( ,bullet9 #ac4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nutritive ,,values4 #eeh4 ,nutritive ,value ( ,foods4--,! value ( a food z a nutri5t dep5ds on ! am\nt ( heat x gives on combu/ion 9 ! tissues ( ! body1 i4 e4 oxidation1 & 9 its fitness to n\ri% ! tissues ( ! body1 to promote gr[? & repair wa/e4 ,! foods :i* supply heat to ! body are organic 9 _! nature & are typically repres5t$ by fats & c>bohydrates4 ,! foods :i* promote gr[? & supply wa/e are n only ^? :i* preem95tly supply heat1 b also include ! inorganic bodies & organic nitrog5\s matt]s repres5t$ typically by ! proteids4 ,x is n prop] to say t "o class ( food is def9itely devot$ to heat =m+ & ano!r to tissue build+1 inasmu* z ! same sub/ance may play an important rle 9 bo? directions4 ,z heat =m]s1 c>bohydrates & proteids h an almo/ equal value1 z measur$ by combu/ion 9 oxyg51 :ile fat has a d\ble value = ?is purpose4 ,! assumption t combu/ion 9 oxyg5 =ms a j crit]ion = det]m9+ ! value ( a food mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,!re are only a few bodies ( ! va/ numb] :i* burn 9 oxyg5 t are capable ( assimilation & oxidation by ! animal organism4 ,only ^? p>ts ( ! food t become soluble & assimilable "u ! action ( ! dige/ive f]m5ts1 take "p 9 nutrition & ! p]c5tage ( food mat]ials dige/$ v>ies )9 wide limits b r>ely approa*es #ajj4 ,x may be safely said t less ?an two-?irds ( ! total food mat]ials +e/$ are dissolv$1 absorb$1 decompos$ & assimilat$ 9 ! animal sy/em4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ h[ f> ! decomposition 7oxidation7 ext5ds be=e assimilation1 & !re=e no !oretical means ( calculat+ ! quantity ( heat :i* is produc$ dur+ ! progress ( dige/ion4 ,! vital !rmo/at is f> m delicate ?an any me*anical contrivance = regulat+ temp]ature & ! quantity ( food1 9 a /ate ( heal?1 conv]t$ into heat1 is j suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! body at a normal degree4 ,any excess ( heat produc$1 z by viol5t muscul> ex]tion1 is dissipat$ ?r\gh ! lungs1 ! p]spiration & o!r secretions ( ! body4 ,pure cellulose or undige/ible fib]1 :5 burn$ 9 oxyg51 w give a !rmal value approximat+ t ( sug>1 b no illu/ration is requir$ to %[ t :5 tak5 into ! sy/em ! bodily heat af=d$ by x is insignificant 9 quantity4 ,!rmal values1 !re=e1 h little comp>ative usefulness 9 det]m9+ nutritive wor?1 except :5 appli$ to foods ( approximately ! same dige/ive coeffici5t4 #eei4 ,comp>ative ,value ( ,food ,con/itu5ts4--,x has already be5 not$ t1 judg$ by combu/ion 9 oxyg51 c>bohydrates & proteids h ab\t half ! !rmal value possess$ by fats4 ,comm]cially1 ! values ( foods dep5d 9 a f> great] degree on _! flavor & cook+ qualities ?an ^u ! am\nt ( nutrition !y conta94 ,butt] fat1 :i* is sc>cely m nutriti\s ?an tall[1 is wor? twice z mu* 9 ! m>ket1 :ile ! prices paid = vegetables & fruits are n bas$ to any great ext5t on _! food prop]ties4#egd ,9 c]eals1 especially 9 :eat1 ! quantity ( fat is relatively small1 & />* is ! prepond]at+ elem5t4 ,9 meats1 c>bohydrates are practically elim9at$ & fats & proteids are ! pr$om9at+ con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! m>kets1 fats & proteids comm& f> high] prices ?an sug>s & />*es4 ,! relative comm]cial food value ( a c]eal may be r\ghly approximat$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tages ( fat & prote9 by two & a half & add+ ! products to ! p]c5tage ( c>bohydrates less insoluble fib]4 ,?is me?od 0 adopt$ 9 valu+ ! c]eals at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition4#ege #efj4 ,nutritive ,ratio4--,9 solid foods ! nutritive ratio is t exi/+ betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( proteids & t ( c>bohydrates1 increas$ by multiply+ ! fat by two & a half & add+ ! product4 ,9 a c]eal conta9+ twelve p] c5t ( prote91 sev5ty-two ( c>bohydrates1 exclusive ( fib]1 & ?ree ( fat1 ! ratio is #ab3 #gb #c #b4e #f4e4 ,in/ead ( calculat+ ! nutritive ratio directly f ! data obta9$ by analysis1 x may be reckon$ f ! p] c5ts ( ! ?ree sub/ances 9 ! sample multipli$ by _! dige/ive coeffici5t4 ,s9ce ! relative am\nts ( proteids1 fats & c>bohydrates dige/$ d n greatly diff]1 ! num]ical expression ( ! nutritive ratio is ne>ly ! same :5 obta9$ by ea* ( ^! me?ods ( calculation4 ,:]e ! proportion ( prote9 is relatively l>ge ! ratio is call$ n>r[1 #a3 #d 444 #f4 ,:5 ! proportion ( prote9 is relatively small ! ratio is call$ broad #a3 #h 444 #ab4 ,9 fe$+1 ! nutritive ratio is v>i$ 9 h>mony ) ! purpose 9 view1 a n>r[ ratio favor+ ! developm5t ( muscul> en]gy1 & a wide "o promot+ ! deposition ( fat & ! developm5t ( heat4 ,^! pr9ciples guide ! sci5tific f>m] 9 mix+ rations = 8 /ock1 ! "w horses receiv+ a comp>atively n>r[ & ! beeves a relatively wide ratio 9 _! food4 #efa4 ,calorimetric ,analyses ( ,foods4--,! g5]al pr9ciples ( calorimetry h be5 already notic$4 ,! !oretical & *emical relations ( calorimetry h be5 fully discuss$ by ,b]!lot1 ,?oms51 ,o/wald & ,muir4#egf ,9 ! analyses ( foods ! values z det]m9$ by calculation or combu/ion are ( importance 9 det]m9+ ! nutritive relations4 ,atwat] has pres5t$ a rsum ( ! hi/ory & importance ( ! calorimetric inve/igations ( foods to :i* ! analy/ is ref]r$4#egg ,9 ! computation ( food values ! p]c5tages ( proteids1 c>bohydrates & fats are det]m9$ & ! requir$ data obta9$ by apply+ ! factors #dajj1 #eejj & #icjj calories = "o gram ( c>bohydrates1 proteids & fats respectively4 ,= mo/ purposes ! comput$ values are suffici5t1 b x is well to *eck !m f "t to "t by actual combu/ions 9 a calorimet]4 #efb4 ,combu/ion 9 ,oxyg54--,! au?or made a s]ies ( combu/ions ( c>bonace\s mat]ials 9 oxyg5 at ! laboratory ( ,purdue ,univ]sity 9 #ahgg1 ! ignition be+ secur$ by a plat9um wire r5d]$ inc&esc5t by ! electric curr5t4 ,! data obta9$ 7 unsatisfactory on acc\nt ( ! crud5ess ( ! app>atus4 ,! discov]y ( ! process ( burn+ ! samples 9 oxyg5 at a high pressure has made x possible to get expressions ( !rmal data :i* :ile n yet p]fect1 possess a work+ degree ( accuracy4 ,! be/ =m ( bomb calorimet] h]et(ore employ$ is t ( ,hempel1 z modifi$ by ,atwat] & ,woods4#egh ,a section ( ?is calorimet]1 ) all ! p>ts 9 place1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,9 ! figure ! /eel cyl9d] ,a1 ab\t #ab4e c5timet]s deep & #f4b 9 diamet]1 repres5ts ! *amb] 9 :i* ! combu/ion takes place4 ,its walls are ab\t half a c5timet] ?ick & x weighs ab\t ?ree kilograms4 ,x is clos$1 :5 all ! p>ts are ready & ! sample 9 place1 by ! coll> ,c1 :i* is secur$ gas tight by means ( a p[]ful spann]4 ,! cov] is provid$ ) a neck ,d c>ry+ a screw ,e & a valve screw ,f4 ,9 ! neck ,d1 :]e ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] screw ,e re/s1 is a %\ld] fitt$ ) a lead wa%]4 ,?r\gh ,g ! oxyg5 us$ = combu/ion is introduc$4 ,! upp] edge ( ! cyl9d] ,a is bevel$ & fits into a groove 9 ! cov] ,b1 c>ry+ a s(t metal wa%]4 ,to facilitate ! screw+ on ( ! cov]1 ball be>+s ,,kk1 made ( h>d /eel1 are introduc$ betwe5 ! coll> & ! cov]4 ,! plat9um wires ,h & ,i support ! plat9um crucible hold+ ! combu/ible bodies :i* are ignit$ by rais+ ! spiral iron wire connect+ !m to ! temp]ature ( fusion by an electric curr5t4 ,! combu/ion app>atus :5 *>g$ is imm]s$ 9 a metal cyl9d] ,m1 conta9+ wat] & re/+ on small cyl9d]s ( cork4 ,! wat] is /irr$ by ! app>atus ,,ll4 ,! cyl9d] ,m is conta9$ 9 two l>ge conc5tric cyl9d]s1 ,n1 ,o1 made ( non-conduct+ mat]ials & cov]$ ) disks ( h>d rubb]4 ,! space betwe5 ,o & ,n may be fill$ ) wat]4 ,! temp]ature is measur$ by ! !rmomet] ,p1 graduat$ to hundr$?s ( a degree & ! read+ is be/ accompli%$ by means ( a ca!tomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,hempel ,,& ,,atwat]',s ,,calorimet]4 #efc4 ,! ,williams ,calorimet]4--,! calorimet] bomb has be5 improv$ by ,williams by mak+ x ( alum9um bronze ( a sph]oidal %ape4 ,! int]ior ( ! bomb is plat$ ) gold4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t ( contacts ! fir+ is secur$ by means ( a p]man5tly insulat$ electrode fix$ 9 ! side ( ! bomb4 ,! calorimetric wat]1 z well z t 9 ! insulat+ vessel1 is /irr$ by means ( an electrical screw s regulat$ z to produce no appreciable degree ( heat me*anically4 ,! combu/ion is />t$ by fus+ a f9e plat9um wire ( def9ite l5g? & ?ickness by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,! heat value ( ?is fusion is det]m9$ & ! calories produc$ d$uct$ f ! total calories ( ! combu/ion4 ,! valve admitt+ ! oxyg5 is seal$ automatically on break+ connection ) ! oxyg5 cyl9d]4 ,! efflu5t gases1 at ! end ( ! combu/ion1 may be )drawn ?r\gh an alkal9e solution & any nitric acid !re9 ?us be fix$ & det]m9$4#egi #efd4 ,manipulation & ,calculation4--,! mat]ial to be burn$ is conv5i5tly prep>$ by press+ x into tablets4 ,! oxyg5 is suppli$ f cyl9d]s1 ( :i* two %\ld be us$1 "o at a pressure ( m ?an tw5ty atmosph]es4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a pump is n requir$4 ,9 practical use1 a kn[n weight ( ! sub/ance to be burn$ is plac$ 9 ! plat9um capsule1 ! cov] ( ! bomb screw$ on1 aft] all adju/m5ts h be5 made1 & ! app>atus imm]s$ 9 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ,m1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #b bel[ room temp]ature4 ,all ! cov]s are plac$ 9 position & ! temp]ature1 ( ! wat] 9 ,m beg9s to rise4 ,read+s ( ! !rmomet] are tak5 at int]vals ( ab\t "o m9ute = six m9utes1 at :i* "t ! temp]ature ( ! bomb & calorimetric wat] may be reg>d$ z s5sibly ! same4 ,! electric curr5t is turn$ on1 ! iron wire at once melts1 ignites ! sub/ance & ! combu/ion rapidly takes place4 ,9 ! case ( bodies :i* d n burn readily ,atwat] adds to !m "s naph?al5e1 ! !rmal value ( :i* is previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! calories due to ! combu/ion ( ! add$ naph?al5e are d$uct$ f ! total calories obta9$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ,m rises rapidly at fir/1 & read+s are made at int]vals ( "o m9ute = five m9utes1 & !n aga9 aft] t5 m9utes4 ,! fir/ ( ! initial read+s1 ! "o at ! mom5t ( turn+ on ! curr5t1 & ! la/ "o m5tion$ above are ! data f :i* ! correction1 made necess>y by ! influ5ce ( ! temp]ature ( ! room1 is calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mulas4#ehj ,! prelim9>y read+s ( ! !rmomet] at "o m9ute int]vals are repres5t$ by t1 t1 t 444 t4 ,! la/ obs]vation t is tak5 z ! beg9n+ temp]ature ( ! combu/ion & is repres5t$ 9 ! =mulas = calculations by 4 ,! read+s aft] combu/ion are also made at int]vals ( "o m9ute1 & are designat$ by 1 444 4 ,! read+s are cont9u$ until !re is no obs]v$ *ange betwe5 ! la/ two4 ,g5]ally ?is is secur$ by five or six read+s4 ,! ?ird p]iod ( obs]vations beg9s ) ! la/ read+ 1 :i* 9 ! next s]ies is repres5t$ by t1 t 444 t4 ,9 ord] to make ! =mulas less cumb]some let t - t ------------ v1 n - #a t - t ------------- v1 n - #a t t t 444 t --------------------------- t1 n t t t 444 t & -------------------------------- t4 n ,! correction to be made to ! diff]5ce betwe5 - = ! influ5ce ( ! outside temp]ature is det]m9$ by ! =mula ( ,regnault-,pfaundl]1 :i* is z foll[s3 v - v t -------------- 7 r -------- - nt7 - 7n - #a7v1 t - t #b 9 :i* r is calculat$ f ! obs]vation ( ! !rmomet] 1 etc41 made imm$iately aft] ! combu/ion4 ,x is equal to ! sum ( obs]vations 1 etc41 increas$ by an arbitr>y factor equival5t to 7 - 7_/#i1 :i* is made necess>y by reason ( ! irregul>ity ( ! temp]ature increase dur+ ! fir/ m9ute aft] combu/ion1 ! mean temp]ature dur+ t m9ute be+ some:at high] ?an ! mean ( ! temp]atures at ! comm5cem5t & end ( t "t4 ,! quantity ( heat =m$ by ! combu/ion ( ! iron wire us$ = ignit+ ! sample is to be d$uct$ f ! total heat produc$4 ,?is correction may be det]m9$ once = all1 ! weight ( ! iron wire us$ be+ not$ & t ( any unburn$ portion be+ asc]ta9$ aft] ! combu/ion4 ,t5 milligrams ( iron1 on complete combu/ion1 w give sixte5 calories4 ,9 ! combu/ion ( sub/ances conta9+ nitrog51 or 9 case ! free nitrog5 ( ! air be n :olly expell$ f ! app>atus be=e ! burn+1 nitric acid is =m$ :i* is dissolv$ by ! wat] produc$4 ,! heat produc$ by ! solution ( nitric acid 9 wat] is #ad4c calories p] gram molecule4 ,! quantity ( nitric acid =m$ is det]m9$ by titration & a correspond+ r$uction made 9 ! total calculat$ calories4 ,9 ! titration ( nitric acid x is advisable to make use ( an alkal9e solution1 ( :i* "o lit] is equival5t to #d4djf grams ( nitric acid4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! reag5t is equival5t to a quantity ( nitric acid repres5t$ by "o calorie4 ,s9ce ! mat]ials ( :i* ! bomb is compos$ h a specific heat diff]5t f t ( wat]1 x is necess>y to compute ! wat] !rmal value ( ea* app>atus4 ,! hydro!rmal equival5t ( ! :ole app>atus is mo/ simply det]m9$ by imm]s+ x at a giv5 temp]ature 9 wat] ( a diff]5t temp]ature4#eha ,) small app>atus ?is me?od is q suffici5t1 b !re are _m difficulties att5d+ its application to l>ge sy/ems weigh+ sev]al kilograms4 ,9 ^! cases ! hydro!rmal equival5t may be calculat$ f ! specific heats ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! app>atus4 ,9 calculat+ ^! values ! specific heats ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! app>atus are z foll[s3 ,brass #j4jic ,/eel #j4ajig ,plat9um #j4jcbd ,copp] #j4jibde ,lead #j4jcae ,oxyg5 #j4bchi ,glass #j4aij ,m]cury #j4jccb ,h>d rubb] #j4ccabe ,example4--,x is requir$ to calculate ! hydro!rmal value ( a calorimet] compos$ ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 ,hydro!rmal value4 ,/eel bomb & cov]1 #bhej grams #j4ajig #cab4fe grams4 ,plat9um l9+1 capsule & wires1 #abj grams #j4jcbd #c4hi 0 ,lead wa%]1 #ajj grams #j4jcae #c4ae 0 ,brass out] cyl9d]1 #ejj grams #j4jic #df4ej 0 ,m]cury 9 !rmomet]1 #aj grams #j4jccb #j4cc 0 ,glass 7"p ( !rmomet] 9 wat]71 #aj grams #j4ai #a4ij 0 ,brass /irr+ app>atus 7"p 9 wat]71 #ajj grams #j4jic #i4cj 0 ------ ,total wat] value ( sy/em #cgg4gb 0 ,:5 a bomb ( #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity is fill$ ) oxyg5 at a pressure ( tw5ty-f\r atmosph]es x w hold ab\t t5 grams ( ! gas1 equival5t to a wat] value ( #b4dj grams4 ,h5ce ! wat] value ( ! above sy/em :5 *>g$1 assum+ ! bomb to be ( ! capacity m5tion$1 is #chj4ab grams4 ,if ! cyl9d] hold+ ! wat] be made ( fib] or o!r non-conduct+ sub/ance1 its specific heat is be/ det]m9$ by fill+ x 9 a kn[n temp]ature ) wat] at a def9ite diff]5t temp]ature4 ,x is advisable to h ! wat] cyl9d] ( su* a size z to p]mit ! use ( a quantity ( wat] = ! total imm]sion ( ! bomb :i* w weigh1 ) ! wat] value ( ! app>atus1 an ev5 numb] ( grams4 ,9 ! case above1 #bfbb4bh grams ( wat] plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] w make a wat] value ( #c1jjj grams1 :i* is "o q conv5i5t = calculation4 #efe4 ,comput+ ! ,calories ( ,combu/ion4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraph has be5 giv5 a brief acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( ! calorimet] & ( ! me?ods ( /&>diz+ x & secur+ ! necess>y corrections 9 ! data directly obta9$ 9 its use4 ,an illu/ration ( ! details ( comput+ ! calories ( combu/ion tak5 f ! pap] ( ,/ohmann1 ,kleb] & ,langbe91 w be a suffici5t guide = ! analy/ 9 conduct+ ! combu/ion & 9 ! use ( ! data obta9$4#ehb ,weight ( sub/ance burn$1 #a4jg grams4 ,wat] value ( sy/em 7wat] app>atus71 #b1ejj grams4 ,prelim9>y !rmometric read+s1 t #bf4h2 t #bg4b2 t #bg4g2 t #bh4a2 t #bh4e2 t #bh4i4 ,!rmometric read+ aft] combu/ion1 #bh4i2 #bjb2 #bac2 #bad4b2 #bad4j4 ,f9al !rmometric read+s1 t #bad4j2 t #bac4h2 t #bac4f2 t #bac4e2 t #bac4c2 t #bac4a2 t #bab4i2 t #bab4g2 t #bab4f2 t #bab4d2 t #bab4b4 ,f ! =mulas giv5 above ! foll[+ num]ical values are comput$3 v #j4db4 v -#j4ah4 t #bg4i4 t #bac4a4 n #e4 - r ------- #ffg4 #i ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! =mula ( ,regnault-,pfaundl]1 ! value ( ! correction = ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal air is #j4db - 7-#j4ah7 #bad #bi t --------------- 7#fgg --------- - 7#e #bg4i77 #bac4a - #bg4i #b - 7#d #j4db7 #j4de1 :i* is to be add$ to ! end temp]ature 7 #bad4j74 ,! computation is !n made f ! foll[+ data3 ,correct$ end temp]ature 7 #j4de7 #bad4de #ae4cfii ,beg9n+ temp]ature 77 #bh4ij #ab4hdjf ,increase 9 temp]ature #ahe4ee #b4ebic ,total calories #b4ebic #bejjj #fcbc4c ,( :i* !re 7 due to iron burn$ #i4a 0 0 0 0 nitric acid dissolv$ #h4b ,total calories due to "o gram ( sub/ance #ehic4e ,! !rmometric read+s are giv5 9 ! divisions ( ! !rmomet] :i* 9 ?is case are s adju/$ z to h ! numb] #bh4ij correspond to #ab4hdjf1 & ea* division is ne>ly equival5t to #j4jad !rmometric degree4 ,! numb] ( calories above giv5 is ! prop] "o :5 ! computation is made to ref] to con/ant volume4 ,by reason ( ! consumption ( oxyg5 & ! *ange ( temp]ature1 al?\gh mutually comp5satory1 ! pressure may be *ang$ at ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! conv]sion ( ! data obta9$ at con/ant volume ref]r$ to con/ant pressure may be made by ! foll[+ =mula1 9 :i* ,q repres5ts ! calories f con/ant volume & ,q ! desir$ data = con/ant pressure1 ,o ! numb] ( oxyg5 atoms1 ,h ! numb] ( hydrog5 atoms 9 a molecule ( ! sub/ance1 & #j4bia a con/ant = a temp]ature ( ab\t #ah1 at :i* ! obs]vations %\ld be made4 ,h ,q ,q 7--- - ,o7 #j4bia4 #b #eff4 ,calorimetric ,equival5ts4--,by ! t]m calorie is und]/ood ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise "o gram ( wat]1 at an initial temp]ature ( ab\t #ah1 "o degree4 ,! t]m #8,calorie' d5otes ! quantity ( heat1 9 l conditions1 requir$ to raise "o kilogram ( wat] "o degree4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison & = assi/+ ! analy/ 9 adju/+ 8 app>atus s z to give reliable results1 ! foll[+ data1 giv+ ! calories ( "s common food mat]ials1 are giv53 ,sub/ance4 ,*emical composition4 ,proteids4 ,calories4 ,c4 ,h4 ,n4 ,s4 ,o4 ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,s]um album9 #eiag4h #ec4ic #g4fe #ae4ae #a4ah #bb4ji ,case9 #ehfg4j #ed4jb #g4cc #ae4eb #j4ge #bb4ch ,egg album9 #egce4j #eb4ie #g4ej #ae4ai #a4ea #bb4he ,meat free ( fat & extract$ ) wat] #egbj4j #eb4aa #f4gf #ah4ad #j4if #bb4ff ,peptone #ebih4h #ej4aj #f4de #af4db #a4bd #be4gi ,proteids 7mean7 #egcj4h #eb4ga #g4ji #af4jb #a4jc #bc4ae ,glyc]ids4 ,butt]fat #ibca4c ,l9se$ oil #idhh4j ,olive oil #idfg4j ,c>bohydrates4 ,=mula4 ,arab9ose #cgbb4j ,c,h,o ,xylose #cgdf4j ,c,h,o ,dextrose #cgdb4f ,c,h,o ,levulose #cgee4j ,c,h,o ,sucrose #ciee4b ,c,h,o ,lactose #cgcf4h ,c,h,o ,h,o ,maltose #cidi4c ,c,h,o #efg4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,butt] & ,oleom>g>94--,!oretically ! heats ( combu/ion ( butt] fat & oleom>g>9 are diff]5t & de ,s*we9itz & ,em]y propose to utilize ?is diff]5ce = analytical purposes4#ehc ,! samples ( pure butt] fat exam9$ by !m af=d$ #icbj1 #icbg & #icfb calories1 respectively4 ,! calories obta9$ = v>i\s samples ( oleom>g>9 v>i$ f #iegd to #igie4 ,on mix+ butt] fat & oleom>g>91 a progressive increase 9 calorimetric p[] is f\nd1 correspond+ to ! p]c5tage ( ! latt] con/itu5t4 ,l>ds exam9$ at ! same "t gave f #iejc to #ifed calories4 ,,fruits1 ,,melons ,,& ,,vegetables4 #efh4 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,fre% fruits & vegetables are mo/ easily prep>$ = analysis by pass+ !m ?r\gh ! pulp+ ma*9e describ$ on page #i4 ,prelim9>y to ! pulp+ !y %\ld be sep>at$ into sk9s1 cores1 se$s & edible portions1 & ! respective weights ( ^! bodies not$4 ,ea* "p is sep>ately r$uc$ to a pulp &1 at once1 a small quantity ( ! well mix$ sub/ance plac$ 9 a flat bottom di% & dri$1 fir/ at a l[ temp]ature1 & f9ally at #ajj1 or some:at high]1 & ! p]c5tage ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! sample det]m9$4 ,! bulk ( ! sample1 ?ree or f\r kilograms1 is dri$ on a tray ( t9n$ or alum9um wire1 fir/ at a l[ & !n at a high temp]ature1 until all or ne>ly all ! moi/ure is driv5 (f4 ,! dri$ pulp is !n gr\nd to z f9e a p[d] z possible & subject$ to ! ord9>y processes ( analysis2 viz41 ! det]m9ation ( ! moi/ure1 a%1 nitrog51 fib]1 fat & c>bohydrates4 ,9 ?is me?od ( analysis x is cu/om>y to det]m9e ! c>bohydrates1 exclusive ( fib]1 by subtract+ ! sum ( ! p] c5ts ( ! o!r con/itu5ts & ! nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be f #ajj4 #efi4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,c>bohydrates4--,x is (t5 desirable to det]m9e ! relative proportions ( ! m important c>bohydrates :i* are f\nd 9 fruits & vegetables4 ,! p5toses & p5tosans are e/imat$ by ! me?od describ$ 9 p>agraph #aej4 ,! cane sug>1 dextrose & levulose are det]m9$ by extract+ a portion ( ! sub/ance ) eighty p] c5t alcohol & e/imat+ ! r$uc+ sug>s 9 ! extract be=e & aft] inv]sion by ! processes describ$ 9 p>agraphs #bch-bea4 ,! p]c5tages ( sug>s d$uct$ f ! p]c5tage ( c>bohydrates1 exclusive ( fib]1 give ! quantity ( gums1 p5tosans1 cellulose & pectose bodies pres5t4 ,pectose exi/s *iefly 9 unripe fruits4 ,by ! action ( ! fruit acids & ( a f]m5t1 pectose1 9 ! process ( rip5+1 is *ang$ into pect9 & simil> hydrolyz$ bodies soluble 9 wat]4 ,! gelat9\s prop]ties ( boil$ fruits & fruit juices are due to ^! bodies1 boil+ accel]at+ _! =mation4 ,9 v ripe fruits ! pect9 is completely trans=m$ into pectic acids4 ,! galactan is e/imat$ z describ$ 9 #ehe4 #egj4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,fre% ,matt]4--,to avoid ! *anges :i* take place 9 dry+ fruits & vegetables1 x is necess>y to exam9e !m 9 ! fre% /ate4 ,! samples may be fir/ sep>at$ into meat & wa/e1 z sugge/$ above1 or %r$d$ z a :ole4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! pulp is det]m9$ z indicat$ above1 & 9 a sep>ate portion ! soluble matt]s are extract$ by repeat$ treatm5t ) cold wat]4 ,! se$s1 sk9s1 cellulose1 pectose & o!r insoluble bodies are ?us sep>at$ f ! sug>s1 pect9s1 pectic & o!r acids1 & o!r soluble matt]s4 ,! insoluble residue is rapidly dri$ & ! relative proportions ( soluble & insoluble matt]s det]m9$4 ,! e/imation ( ^! bodies is accompli%$ 9 ! usual way4 #ega4 ,exam9ation ( ,fruit & ,vegetable ,juices4--,! fruits & vegetables are pulp$1 plac$ 9 a press & ! juices extract$4 ,! pressure %\ld be z /rong z possible & ! press describ$ 9 p>agraph #bhj is well suit$ to ?is purpose4 ,! specific gravity ( ! express$ juice is obta9$ & ! sucrose !re9 det]m9$ by pol>ization be=e & aft] inv]sion4 ,! r$uc+ sug>s & ! relative proportions ( dextrose & levulose are det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 grape juice dextrose is ! pr$om9ant sug> :ile 9 _m o!r fruits left h& or optically inactive sug>s pr$om9ate4 ,soluble gums1 dextr91 pect9 etc41 may be sep>at$ f ! sug>s by c>eful precipitation ) alcohol1 or ! total solids1 a%1 nitrog51 e!r extract & acids be det]m9$ & ! c>bohydrates e/imat$ by diff]5ce4 ,f ! c>bohydrates ! total p]c5tage ( sug>s is d$uct$ & ! rema9d] repres5ts ! quantity ( pect91 gum & o!r c>bohydrates pres5t4 #egb4 ,sep>ation ( ,pect94--,pect9 exi/s 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! juice ( ripe fruits 7pe>s7 & may be obta9$ 9 an approximately pure /ate f ! juices by fir/ remov+ proteids by ! c>eful addition ( tann91 ?r[+ out ! soluble lime salts ) oxalic acid & precipitat+ ! pect9 ) alcohol4 ,on boil+ ) wat]1 pect9 is conv]t$ into p>apect91 :i* gives a precipitate ) lead acetate4 ,boil+ ) dilute acids conv]ts pect9 into metapect91 :i* is precipitat$ by a b>ium salt4 ,pectic acid may be obta9$ by boil+ an aque\s extract 7c>rots7 ) sodium c>bonate & precipitat+ ! pectic ) hydro*loric acid4 ,x is a jelly-l body & dries to a horny mass4 #egc4 ,det]m9ation ( ,free ,acid4--,! free acid1 or r total acidity ( fruits1 is det]m9$ by ! titration ( _! aque\s extracts or express$ juices ) a set alkali4 ,9 common fruits & vegetables ! acidity is calculat$ to malic ,c,h,o1 9 grapes to t>t>ic ,c,h,o1 & 9 citr\s fruits to citric acid ,c,h,o4 ,_m o!r acids are f\nd 9 fruits & vegetables1 b ^? m5tion$ are pr$om9ant 9 ! classes giv54 #egd4 ,composition ( ,common ,fruits4--,! composition ( common fruits 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 ext5sively inve/igat$ at ! ,cali=nia ,/ation & ! foll[+ data are d]iv$ *iefly f its bullet9s4#ehd ,"n4 ,total ,r9d ,se$4 ,pulp4 ,juice4 ,total weight4 sk94 sug>s ,sucrose 9 9 juice4 juice4 p] p] p] cubic p] p] grams4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5timet]s4 c5t4 c5t4 ,naval orange #cjj #bh4d #bg4g #ajg #i4ib #d4hj ,m$it]ranean sweet orange #bjb #bg4j #j4h #bd4j #hf #i4gj #d4ce ,/4 ,mi*ael's orange #ach #ai4b #a4f #be4i #fe4d #h4ga #c4dh ,malta ,blood orange #agg #ca4j #bd4j #ga4j #aj4cj #e4he ,eureka lemon #ajd #cb #j4ab #bd4e #ch #b4jh #j4eg ,fle% ,p] c5t ,apricot #fb4d #ic4he #f4ae #aj4j #ij4j #ac4ca ,prune #be4f #id4b #e4h #ba4b #gh4h #bj4j ,plum #fj4d #ie4b #d4h #bd4g #ge4c #ag4ig ,pea* #ahe #ic4h #f4b #bb4e #gg4e #ag4j ,sk9 ,cores ,apple #ahc #ag4j #g4j #aj4bf #a4ec ,9 :ole fre% fruit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 :ole fruit4 _/----------------------------- ,"n4 ,acid4 ,nitrog5\s ,wat]4 ,dry ,a%4 bodies4 organic matt]4 p] p] p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,naval orange #a4jb #a4ca #hf4ef #ac4jd #j4dj ,m$it]ranean sweet orange #a4ch #j4if #he4hc #ac4jf #j4da ,/4 ,mi*ael's orange #a4ce #a4dc #hd4aj #ae4db #j4dh ,malta ,blood orange #a4fa #a4je #hd4ej #ae4je #j4de ,eureka lemon #g4ff #j4id #he4ii #ac4ej #j4ea ,apricot #j4fh #a4be #he4af #ad4ce #j4di ,prune #j4dj #a4ja #gg4ch #bb4ah #j4dd ,plum #j4dh #a4cc #gg4dc #bb4jd #j4ec ,pea* #j4be #hb4ej #af4ie #j4ee ,apple#ehe #j4aa #hf4dc #ac4bh #j4bi #ege4 ,composition ( ,a% ( ,fruits4--,two or ?ree kilograms ( ! dri$ sample are inc9]at$ at a l[ temp]ature & burn$ to a :ite a% 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 9 p>agraphs #bh-cb4 ,! composition ( ! a% is det]m9$ by ! me?ods already describ$4#ehf ,! pure a% ( "s common :ole fruits has ! foll[+ composition3#ehg ,"n4 ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t c5t c5t c5t c5t c5t c5t pure pota%4 soda4 lime4 magnesia4 f]ric mangano- a% oxid4 manganic 9 oxid4 fruit4 ,prune #j4dg #fc4hc #b4fe #d4ff #e4dg #b4gb #j4ci ,apricot #j4ea #ei4cf #aj4bf #c4ag #c4fh #a4fh #j4cg ,orange #j4dc #dh4id #b4ej #bb4ga #e4cd #j4ig #j4cg ,lemon #j4ec #dh4bf #a4gf #bi4hg #d4dj #j4dc #j4bh ,apple #a4dd #ce4fh #bf4ji #d4jh #h4ge #a4dj ,pe> #a4ig #ed4fi #h4eb #g4ih #e4bb #a4jd ,pea* #d4ij #bg4ie #j4bc #h4ha #ag4ff #j4ee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"n4 ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t c5t c5t c5t phosphorus sulfur silica4 *lor94 p5toxid4 trioxid4 ,prune #ad4jh #b4fh #c4jg #j4cd ,apricot #ac4ji #b4fc #e4bc #j4de ,orange #ab4cg #e4be #j4fe #j4ib ,lemon #aa4ji #b4hd #j4ff #j4ci ,apple #ac4ei #f4ji #d4cb ,pe> #ae4bj #e4fi #a4di ,pea* #dc4fc #j4cg #egf4 ,dri$ ,fruits4--,a me?od ( pres]v+ fruits l>gely practic$ consi/s 9 subject+ !m1 9 ?9 slices or :ole1 to ! action ( hot air until ! great] "p ( ! moi/ure is driv5 (f4 ,! te*nique ( ! process is fully describ$ 9 rec5t publications4#ehh ,x has be5 %[n by ,ri*>ds t fruit subject$ to rapid evaporation und]goes b little *ange aside f ! loss ( wat]4#ehi ,9 ! analyses ( dri$ fruits ! me?ods already describ$ are us$4 ,! pres5ce ( pect9 r5d]s ! filtration ( ! aque\s extract some:at difficult1 & 9 _m cases x is advisable to det]m9e ! sug>s pres5t 9 ! extract )\t previ\s filtration4 #egg4 ,z9c 9 ,evaporat$ ,fruits4--,fruits are commonly evaporat$ on trays made ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,9 ^! in/ances a portion ( ! z9c is dissolv$ by ! fruit acids1 & w be f\nd z z9c malate etc41 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,! pres5ce ( z9c salts is objectionable = hygi5ic reasons1 & !re=e ! employm5t ( galvaniz$ trays %\ld be discont9u$4 ,! pres5ce ( z9c 9 evaporat$ fruits may be detect$ by ! foll[+ process4#eij ,! sample is plac$ 9 a l>ge plat9um di% & heat$ sl[ly until dry & 9 incipi5t combu/ion4 ,! flame is remov$ & ! combu/ion all[$ to proce$1 ! lamp be+ appli$ f "t to "t 9 case ! burn+ ceases4 ,:5 ! mass is burn$ out x w be f\nd to consi/ ( a% & *>1 :i* are gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & extract$ ) hydro*loric or nitric acid4 ,! residual *> is burn$ to a :ite a% at a l[ temp]ature1 ! a% extract$ ) acid1 ! soluble portion add$ to ! fir/ extract & ! :ole filt]$4 ,! iron 9 ! filtrate is oxidiz$ by boil+ ) brom9 wat] & ! boil+ cont9u$ until ! excess ( brom9 is remov$4 ,a drop ( me?yl orange is plac$ 9 ! liquid & ammonia add$ until x is only fa9tly acid4 ,! iron is precipitat$ by add+ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a solution conta9+ #bej grams ( ammonium acetate 9 a lit] & rais+ ! temp]ature to ab\t #hj4 ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) wat] at #hj until free ( *lorids4 ,! filtrate is saturat$ ) hydrog5 sulfid1 all[$ to /& until ! z9c sulfid settles & p\r$ on a close filt]4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to return ! filtrate sev]al times be=e x becomes limpid4 ,! collect$ precipitate is wa%$ ) a saturat$ solution ( hydrog5 sulfid conta9+ a little acetic acid4 ,! precipitate & filt] are transf]r$ to a crucible1 dri$1 ignit$ & ! z9c weigh$ z oxid4 ,small quantities ( z9c salts add$ to fre% apples :i* 7 dri$ & treat$ z above describ$1 7 recov]$ by ?is me?od )\t loss4 ,o!r me?ods ( e/imat+ z9c 9 dri$ fruits are giv5 9 ! bullet9 cit$4 ,evaporat$ apples conta9 a mean cont5t ( #bc4he p] c5t ( wat] & #j4ica p] c5t ( a%4 ,! mean quantity ( z9c oxid f\nd 9 samples ( apples dri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t5 milligrams = ea* #ajj grams ( ! fruit1 an am\nt entirely too small to produce any toxic effects4 ,:5 z9c exi/s 9 ! soil x w be f\nd z a natural con/itu5t 9 ! crop4#eia #egh4 ,composition ( ,wat]melons & ,muskmelons4--,9 ! exam9ation ( melons a sep>ation ( ! r9d1 se$s & meat is some:at difficult ( accompli%m5t1 s9ce ! l9e ( dem>cation is n di/9ct4 ,9 wat]melons ! sep>ation ( r9d & meat is made at ! po9t :]e ! r$ color ( ! meat disappe>s4 ,9 muskmelons no su* def9ite po9t is f\nd & 9 ! exam9ation ( ^! !y are tak5 z a :ole4 ,! total moi/ure1 a% & nitrog5 may be det]m9$ 9 ! :ole mass or 9 ! sep>ate portions4 ,! sug>s are mo/ conv5i5tly det]m9$ 9 ! express$ juices4 ,! mean composition ( ! melons giv5 bel[ is t obta9$ f analyses made 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4#eib ,,composition ,,( ,,melons4 ,total ,total weight1 ,juice1 proteids1 ,a%1 grams4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]melons #ajccj meat #hc4ii #f4ab #j4cg r9d #ha4jb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,muskmelons #cdjg #hj4bc #f4de #j4eg ,,composition ,,( ,,juice4 ,sucrose 9 ,r$uc+ sug>s ,a% 9 juice1 9 juice1 juice1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]melons meat #a4ib meat #d4cc meat #j4ca r9d #j4cd r9d #b4dg r9d #j4ch ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,muskmelons #a4jb #c4jd #j4ec ,,tea ,,& ,,c(fee4 #egi4 ,special ,analysis4--,aside f ! exam9ation ( teas & c(fees = adult]ants1 ! only special det]m9ations :i* are requir$ 9 analyses are ! e/imation ( ! alkaloid 7caffe97 & ( ! tann9 conta9$ !re94 ,x is *iefly to ! alkaloid t ! /imulat+ effects ( ! bev]ages made f tea & c(fee are due4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( tann9 conta9$ 9 tea & c(fee is accompli%$ by ! processes describ$ "u ! *apt] devot$ to t glucosid4 ,! g5]al analysis1 viz41 ! e/imation ( wat]1 e!r extract1 total nitrog51 fib]1 c>bohydrates & a%1 ) ! exceptions not$ above1 is conduct$ by ! me?ods :i* h already be5 giv54 ,= detail$ in/ructions conc]n+ ! detection ( adult]ants ( tea & c(fee ! bullet9s ( ! ,*emical ,division1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 may be consult$4#eic #ehj4 ,e/imation ( ,caffe9 7,!974--,! me?od adopt$ by ,sp5c]1 aft] a ?or\gh trial ( all ! usual processes = e/imat+ ?is alkaloid1 is z foll[s3#eid ,to ?ree grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ tea or c(fee1 9 a #cjj cubic c5timet] flask1 add ab\t a qu>t] ( a lit] ( wat]1 sl[ly heat to ! boil+ po9t1 us+ a fragm5t ( tall[ to prev5t fro?+1 & boil g5tly = half an h\r4 ,:5 boil+ beg9s1 ! flask %\ld be ne>ly fill$ ) hot wat] & m add$ f "t to "t to comp5sate = ! loss due to evaporation4 ,aft] cool+1 add a /rong solution ( basic lead acetate until no fur!r precipitation is produc$1 complete ! volume to ! m>k ) wat]1 mix & ?r[ on a filt]4 ,precipitate ! lead f ! filtrate by hydrog5 sulfid & filt]4 ,boil a measur$ volume ( ?is filtrate to expel ! excess ( hydrog5 sulfid1 cool & add suffici5t wat] to comp5sate = ! evaporation4 ,transf] fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution to a sep>atory funnel & %ake sev5 times ) *lor(orm4 ,collect ! *lor(orm solution 9 a t>$ flask & remove ! solv5t by g5tle di/illation4 ,a safety bulb1 su* z is us$ 9 ! kjeldahl nitrog5 me?od1 %\ld be employ$ to prev5t entra9m5t ( caffe9 ) ! *lor(orm vapors4 ,! extraction ) *lor(orm is ne>ly complete aft] %ak+ out f\r times2 a delicate te/1 h[ev]1 w usually reveal ! pres5ce ( caffe9 9 ! wat]y residue ev5 aft] five or six extractions1 h5ce sev5 extractions are recomm5d$ = precaution>y reasons4 ,! residual caffe9 is dri$ at #ge = two h\rs & weigh$4 ,! pr9cipal objection :i* has be5 made to ,sp5c]'s me?od is t ! boil+ ) wat] is n cont9u$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,= ! wat] extraction1 ,all5 prescribes at lea/ six h\rs cohobation4#eie ,9 ?is me?od six grams ( ! p[d]$ sub/ance are boil$ ) half a lit] ( wat] = six h\rs 9 a flask1 ) a cond5s]1 ! decoction filt]$1 ! volume ( ! filtrate complet$ to #fjj cubic c5timet]s ) ! wa% wat]1 heat$ to boil+1 & f\r cubic c5timet]s ( /rong lead acetate solution add$1 ! mixture boil$ = t5 m9utes1 filt]$ & half a lit] ( ! filtrate evaporat$ to fifty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! excess ( lead is remov$ ) sodium phosphate & ! filtrate & wa%+s conc5trat$ to ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,! caffe9 is remov$ by %ak+ f\r times ) *lor(orm4 ,old] b less desirable processes are fully describ$ by ,all54#eif ,9 ,france ?is me?od is kn[n z ! process ( ,petit & ,legrip1 & x has be5 work$ out 9 great detail by ,gr&val & ,laj\x & by ,petit & ,t]bat4#eig #eha4 ,e/imation ( ,caffe9 by ,precipitation ) ,iod94--,! caffe9 9 ?is me?od is extract$1 ! extract cl>ifi$ by lead acetate & ! excess ( lead remov$ z 9 ,sp5c]'s process describ$ above4 ,! caffe9 is det]m9$ 9 ! acidifi$ aque\s solution ?us prep>$1 accord+ to ! plan propos$ by ,gomb]g1 z foll[s3#eih ,def9ite volumes ( ! aque\s solution ( ! caffe9 are acidulat$ ) sulfuric & ! alkaloid precipitat$ by an excess ( a set solution ( iod9 9 potassium iodid4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! excess ( iod9 9 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is det]m9$ by titration ) a t5? normal solution ( sodium ?iosulfate4 ,! filtration ( ! iod9 liquor is accompli%$ on glass wool or asbe/os4 ,! results ( ! analyses are calculat$ f ! composition ( ! precipitat$ caffe9 p]iodid2 viz41 ,c,h,n,o4,,hi4,i4 ,! weight ( ! alkaloid is calculat$ f ! am\nt ( iod9 requir$ = ! precipitation by ! equation #d;,i3 ,c,h,n,o #ejh3 #aid4 ,f ?is equation x is %[n t "o "p ( iod9 is equival5t to #j4chai "p ( caffe91 or "o cubic c5timet] ( t5? normal iod9 solution is equal to #j4jjdhe gram ( iod94 ,9 practice1 x is recomm5d$ to divide ! aque\s extract ( ! alkaloid1 prep>$ z direct$ above1 into two portions1 "o ( :i* is treat$ ) ! iod9 reag5t )\t fur!r prep>ation1 & ! o!r aft] acidulation ) sulfuric4 ,aft] t5 m9utes1 ! residual iod9 is e/imat$ 9 ea* ( ! solutions z indicat$ above4 ,! "o portion1 conta9+ only ! acetic acid result+ f ! decomposition ( ! lead acetate1 s]ves to indicate :e!r ! aque\s solution ( ! caffe9 conta9s o!r bodies ?an t alkaloid capable ( =m+ a precipitate ) ! reag5t1 s9ce ! caffe9 itself is n precipitat$ ev5 9 pres5ce ( /rong acetic acid4 ,9 ! solution acidulat$ ) sulfuric1 ! caffe91 toge!r ) ! o!r bodies capable ( comb9+ ) iod91 is precipitat$4 ,! residual iod9 is det]m9$ 9 ea* case1 & ?us ! quantity :i* is unit$ ) ! caffe9 is easily asc]ta9$4 ,! weight ( iod9 :i* has ent]$ into ! precipitat$ caffe9 p]iodid multipli$ by #j4chai gives ! weight ( ! caffe9 9 ! solution4 ,gomb]g's me?od has be5 subject$ to a c>eful comp>ative /udy by ,sp5c] & has be5 mu* improv$ by him 9 important p>ticul>s4#eii ,x is especially necess>y to secure ! complete expulsion ( ! hydrog5 sulfid & to obs]ve c]ta9 precautions 9 ! addition ( ! iod9 reag5t4 ,! precipitation %\ld be made 9 a glass-/opp]$ flask1 %ak+ ?or\ghly aft] ! addition ( ! iod9 & collect+ ! precipitate on a goo*4 ,z ?us modifi$1 ! iod9 process gives results comp>able ) ^? obta9$ by ,sp5c]'s me?od1 & x c also be us$ to advantage 9 e/imat+ caffe9 9 heada*e tablets 9 ! pres5ce ( acetanilid4 #ehb4 ,free+ ,caffe9 ( ,*lorophyll4--,any *lorophyll :i* may pass into solution & be f\nd 9 ! caffe9 may be remov$ by dissolv+ ! caffe9 9 t5 p] c5t sulfuric acid1 filt]+1 neutraliz+ ) ammonia & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) *lor(orm1 ! *lor(orm remov$ at a l[ temp]ature & ! pure caffe9 ?us obta9$4#fjj #ehc4 ,proteid ,nitrog54--,! proteid nitrog5 9 tea & c(fee may be det]m9$ 9 ! residue aft] extraction ( ! alkaloid by boil+ wat] z describ$ above4 ,m easily x is secur$ by det]m9+ ! total nitrog5 9 ! sample & d$uct+ !refrom ! nitrog5 pres5t z caffe94 ,! rema9d]1 multipli$ by #f4be1 w give ! quantity ( proteid matt]4 #ehd4 ,c>bohydrates ( ! ,c(fee ,bean4--,! c>bohydrates ( ! c(fee bean include ^? common to vegetable sub/ances2 viz41 cellulose1 p5tosan bodies 7xylan1 araban71 fib] etc41 toge!r ) c]ta9 sug>s1 ( :i* sucrose is po9t$ out by ,ewell z ! *ief4#fja ,9 small] quantities are f\nd a galactose yield+ body 7galactan71 z po9t$ out by ,maxwell1 a dextr9oid & a trace ( a sug> r$uc+ alkal9e copp] solution4 ,! sucrose may be sep>at$ f ! c(fee bean by ! foll[+ process3#fjb ,! f9ely gr\nd fl\r is extract$ ) sev5ty p] c5t alcohol1 ! extract cl>ifi$ ) lead acetate1 filt]$1 ! lead remov$ f ! filtrate ) hydrog5 sulfid1 ! excess ( ! gas remov$ by boil+1 ! filtrate evaporat$ 9 a p>tial vacuum to a sirup & ! sucrose cry/alliz$ f a solution ( ! sirup 9 alcohol4 ,= a quantitive det]m9ation1 t5 grams ( ! c(fee fl\r are extract$ ) e!r & ! residue ) sev5ty-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,?is process1 conduct$ 9 a cont9u\s extraction app>atus1 %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! alcohol is remov$ by evaporation1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat]1 cl>ifi$ ) basic lead acetate1 filt]$1 ! precipitate wa%$1 ! lead remov$1 aga9 filt]$1 ! filtrate wa%$ & wa% wat] & filtrate made to a def9ite volume4 ,9 an aliquot "p ( ?is solution ! sug>s are det]m9$ by ! alkal9e copp] me?od1 bo? be=e & aft] inv]sion4 ,f ! data obta9$ ! p]c5tage ( sucrose is calculat$4 ,9 a c(fee exam9$ by ,ewell ! p]c5tage ( sucrose 0 f\nd to be #f4cd4 ,! p5tose yield+ con/itu5ts ( ! c(fee bean am\nt to f eight to t5 p] c5t4 ,:5 c(fee meal is extract$ ) a five p] c5t solution ( sodium c>bonate1 a gummy sub/ance is obta9$1 :i* is precipitable by alcohol4 ,?is gum1 aft] wa%+ ) hydro*loric acid conta9+ alcohol1 gives a gray1 transluc5t1 h>d mass on dry+4 ,on hydrolysis x yield$ #ge4b p] c5t ( dextrose1 on di/illation ) hydro*loric acid1 ?irte5 p] c5t ( furfuraldehyd &1 on oxidation ) nitric acid1 #ah4g p] c5t ( mucic acid4 ,?is gum1 !re=e1 consi/s *iefly ( a mixture ( galactan1 xylan & araban4 #ehe4 ,e/imation ( ,galactan4--,f ?ree to five grams ( ! sub/ance suppos$ to conta9 galactan are plac$ 9 a beak] ) sixty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4ae specific gravity4 ,! mixture is evaporat$ on a /eam ba? until x is r$uc$ to "o-?ird ( its orig9al volume1 all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$1 well /irr$ & aga9 all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 until ! mucic acid is sep>at$ 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,to remove impurities f ! mucic acid x is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) n to exce$ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 plac$ toge!r ) ! filt] 9 ! beak]1 f tw5ty-five to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium c>bonate solution1 conta9+ "o "p ( dry ammonium c>bonate1 n9ete5 p>ts ( wat] & "o "p ( ammonium hydroxid1 add$ & heat$ to ne> ! boil+ po9t4 ,! mucic acid is dissolv$ by ! ammonium c>bonate solution & any insoluble impurity sep>at$ by filtration1 ! filtrate be+ receiv$ 9 a plat9um di%1 ! residue well wa%$ & ! entire filtrate & wa% wat] evaporat$ to dryness on a /eam ba? acidifi$ ) dilute nitric1 well /irr$ & all[$ to /& until ! mucic acid sep>ates 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,! sep>ation is usually accompli%$ 9 half an h\r1 aft] :i* "t ! cry/als ( mucic acid are collect$ on a t>$ filt]1 or goo*1 & wa%$ ) n to exce$ fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat] foll[$ ) sixty cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol1 !n ) e!r1 dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,= comput+ ! am\nt ( galactose1 "o gram ( ! mucic acid is equal to #a4ccc ( galactose & "o gram ( galactose is equal to n9e-t5?s gram ( galactan4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 ! mat]ial %\ld be fre$ ( fatty matt]s 9 ! case ( oily se$s & o!r sub/ances simil> !reto4#fjc #ehf4 ,revis$ ,factors = ,p5tosans4--,! factors giv5 9 p>agraph #aed h lately be5 recalculat$ by ,mann1 ,krug] & ,toll5s1 & z a result ( _! inve/igations ! foll[+ factors are n[ recomm5d$4#fjd ,! quantity ( furfurol is d]iv$ f ! weight ( furfurolhydrazone obta9$ by ! =mula3 #a4 ,furfurolhydrazone #j4eaf #j4jajd furfurol4 #b4 ,furfurol #a4hd p5tosans4 #c4 ,furfurol #a4fd xylan4 #d4 ,furfurol #b4jb araban4 ,! p5toses 7xylose1 arab9ose7 may be calculat$ f ! p5tosans 7xylan1 araban7 by divid+ by #j4hh4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure pref]r$ = ! e/imation ( ! p5tosans is t describ$ 9 p>agraph #aeg4 ,! phlorogluc9 is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid ( #a4jf specific gravity be=e x is add$ to ! furfurol di/illate4 ,! late/ factor = conv]t+ ! phloroglucid obta9$ into furfurol is to divide by #a4hb = small quantities & #a4ic = l>ge quantities4 ,aft] ! furfurol is obta9$1 ! factors giv5 above are appli$4 #ehg4 ,application ( ,ro5tg5 ,rays to ,analysis4--,! detection ( m9]al matt]s 9 vegetable sub/ances by ro5tg5 photography has be5 propos$ by ,ranvez4#fje ,?is process w prove extremely valuable 9 detect+ ! lac+ ( teas ) m9]al sub/ances4 ,practically1 x has be5 appli$ by ,ranvez 9 ! detection ( m9]al sub/ances mix$ ) saffron ) fraudul5t int5t4 ,b>ium sulfate is (t5 mix$ ) saffron = ! purpose ( increas+ its weight4 ,pure saffron & adult]at$ samples are enclos$ 9 capsules ( black pap] & expos$ on ! same s5sitive plate = a def9ite "t to ! rays emanat+ f a crookes tube4 ,9 ?is case ! pure saffron =ms only a v fa9t %ad[ 9 ! develop$ negative1 :ile ! p>ts to :i* b>ium sulfate are atta*$ produce /rong %ad[s4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is applicable to a wide range ( analytical rese>*4 ,,tann9s ,,& ,,alli$ ,,bodies4 #ehh4 ,occurr5ce & ,composition4--,! tann9s & alli$ bodies1 :i* are ( importance 9 ?is connection1 are ^? :i* occur 9 food products & bev]ages & also ^? made use ( 9 ! lea!r indu/ry4 ,! t]m tann9 is appli$ to a l>ge class ( a/r+5t sub/ances1 _m ( :i* are glucosids4 ,tannic acid is ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! tann9s1 & is f\nd 9 a /ate ( comp>ative purity 9 nutgalls4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! tannic acid is d]iv$ is indicat$ by a prefix to ! "n1 e4 g41 gallotannic1 f nutgalls1 & caffetannic1 f c(fee etc4 ,! tann9s h lately be5 ! !me ( a critical /udy by ,trimble1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to 8 "w = an exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject4#fjf ,tann9 is "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ comp\nds1 occurr+ 9 hundr$s ( plants4 ,comm]cially1 ! oaks & hemlocks are ! mo/ important plants conta9+ tann94 ,! suma*1 mangrove1 canaigre1 palmetto & _m o!rs h also be5 utiliz$ z comm]cial s\rces ( tann94 ,! tann9s z a class are amorph\s & odorless4 ,!y are slightly acid & /rongly a/r+5t4 ,_! colors v>y f d>k br[n to pure :ite4 ,!y are soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 e!r & glyc]ol & insoluble 9 *lor(orm1 b5zol1 petroleum e!r1 c>bon bisulfid & ! oils4 ,! tann9s give blue or gre5 precipitates ) iron salts & mo/ ( !m br[n precipitates ) potassium bi*romate4 ,!y are all precipitat$ by gelat9 or album94 ,tann9s are n only g5]ally ( a glucosidal nature1 b are f\nd q con/antly associat$ ) r$uc+ sug>s1 or 9 un/able comb9ation !re)4 ,! r$uc+ sug>s may be sep>at$ f ! tann9 by precipitat+ ! latt] ) lead acetate & det]m9+ ! glucose 9 ! filtrate aft] ! removal ( ! lead4 ,a sep>ate portion ( ! tann9 is hydrolyz$ ) sulfuric or hydro*loric acid & ! r$uc+ sug>s aga9 det]m9$4 ,any excess ( sug>s ov] ! fir/ det]m9ation is due to ! hydrolysis ( ! tann9 glucosid4 #ehi4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,tann9s4--,! qualitive reactions above m5tion$ s]ve to detect ! pres5ce ( a tann94 ,( ! iron salts f]ric acetate or *lorid is pref]r$4 ,f]r\s salts d n give any reaction ) dilute tann9 solutions4 ,an ammoniacal solution ( potassium f]ricyanid =ms ) tann9s a deep r$ color *ang+ to br[n4 ,9 quantitive "w ! tann9s are mo/ly det]m9$ by precipitation ) metallic salts1 by treatm5t ) gelat9 or hide p[d]1 or by oxidation ) potassium p]manganate4 ,directions = ! e/imation ( glucosids 9 g5]al are f\nd 9 ,drag5dorff's book4#fjg #eij4 ,precipitation ) ,metallic ,salts4--,! me?ods dep5d+ on precipitation ( ! tann9s ) metallic salts are b little us$ & only "o ( !m w be m5tion$ "h4 ,a full description ( ! o!rs is conta9$ 9 ,trimble's book4#fjh ,a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( caffetannic acid 9 c(fee has be5 work$ out by ,krug & us$ ) "s satisfaction4#fji ,9 ?is me?od two grams ( ! c(fee meal are dige/$ = ?irty-six h\rs ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 a little m ?an twice t volume ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol add$ & ! dige/ion cont9u$ = a day4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are p\r$ on a filt] & ! residue wa%$ ) alcohol4 ,! filtrate conta9s tann91 caffetannic acid & traces ( color+ matt] & fat4 ,x is heat$ to ! boil+ po9t & cl>ifi$ ) a solution ( lead acetate4 ,a caffetannate ( lead conta9+ =ty-n9e p] c5t ( ! metal is precipitat$4 ,z soon z ! precipitate has become floccul5t x is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) n9ety p] c5t alcohol until ! soluble lead salts are all remov$1 !n ) e!r & dri$4 ,! composition ( ! precipitate is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,pb7,c,h,o74 ,! caffetannic acid is calculat$ by ! equation3 ,weight ( precipitate3 weight ( caffetannic acid #abfg3 #feb4 #eia4 ,! ,gelat9 ,me?od4--,! precipitation ( tann9 ) gelat9 is ! basis ( a process = its quantitive e/imation :i*1 accord+ to ,trimble1 is conduct$ z foll[s3#faj ,two & a half grams ( gelat9 & t5 grams ( alum are dissolv$ 9 wat] & ! volume ( ! solution made up to "o lit]4 ,! solution ( gelat9 & also t ( ! tann9 are heat$ to #gj & ! tann9 is precipitat$ by add+ ! gelat9 reag5t sl[ly1 ) con/ant /irr+1 until ! precipitate coagulates1 &1 on settl+1 leaves a cle> liquor 9 :i* no fur!r precipitate is produc$ on add+ a few drops m ( ! reag5t4 ,9 case ! cle>+ ( ! mixture d n take place readily1 ! process %\ld be repeat$ ) a m dilute tann9 solution4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on two c\nt]pois$ filt] pap]s "o plac$ inside ! o!r1 dri$ at #aaj & weigh$1 ! empty filt] pap] be+ plac$ on ! pan ) ! weights4 ,= pure tann9 7gallotannic acid7 fifty-f\r p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! precipitate are tann94 ,ammonium *lorid & common salt h be5 us$ 9 place ( ! alum 9 prep>+ ! reag5t1 b if ! proportion ( alum m5tion$ above be us$1 satisfactory results w be obta9$ 9 mo/ cases4 #eib4 ,! ,hide ,p[d] ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od is bas$ on ! *ange 9 specific gravity1 i4 e41 total solids1 :i* a tann9 solution w und]go :5 br\ght into contact ) raw hides 9 a /ate ( f9e subdivision4 ,! hide p[d] absorbs ! tann91 & ! total solid cont5t ( ! solution is correspond+ly dim9i%$4 ,! me?od is conduct$ accord+ to ! (ficial directions z foll[s3#faa ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--,! b>k1 wood1 leaves or o!r mat]ials hold+ ! tann9s1 are dri$ & gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & ?or\ghly extract$ ) wat] z m5tion$ bel[4 ,9 ea* case ! solution or extraction is made z ?or\gh z possible & ! volume ( ! extract is made up to a def9ite am\nt4 ,quantity ( ,tann+ ,mat]ial4--,use su* an am\nt ( ! tann+ mat]ial z %all give 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ solution ab\t "o gram ( dry solids4 ,9 ! case ( b>ks1 woods1 leaves & simil> mat]ials1 transf] to a half lit] flask1 fill ! flask ) wat] at approximately #hj & let /& ov] night 9 a ba? :i* is kept at #hj1 cool1 fill to ! m>k1 %ake well & filt]4 ,9 ! case ( extracts & sweet liquors1 wa% ! prop] quantity into a half lit] flask ) wat] at approximately #hj1 almo/ fill+ ! flask1 cool & fill to ! m>k4 ,det]m9ation ( ,moi/ure4--,dry five grams ( ! sample 9 a flat bottom di% at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] until ! weight becomes con/ant4 ,det]m9ation ( ,total ,solids4--,%ake ! solution1 :i* %\ld be at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bj1 & imm$iately remove #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) a pipette1 evaporate 9 a weigh$ di% & dry to con/ant weight at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,det]m9ation ( ,soluble ,solids4--,filt] a portion ( ! solution ?r\gh a fold$ filt]1 return+ ! filtrate to ! filt] twice & add+ a teaspoonful ( kaol91 if necess>y4 ,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate & dry z above4 ,det]m9ation ( ,tann+ ,sub/ances4--,extract tw5ty grams ( hide p[d] by %ak+ = five m9utes ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 filt] ?r\gh well wa%$ musl9 or l951 repeat ! op]ation ?ree times & dry z mu* z possible 9 a suitable press4 ,weigh ! wet p[d] & det]m9e ! residual moi/ure 9 ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! :ole by dry+ to con/ant weight at #ajj4 ,%ake #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! unfilt]$ solution ( ! tann9 ) ! re/ ( ! moi/ hide p[d] = ab\t five m9utes1 add five grams ( b>ium sulfate1 %ake = "o m9ute & filt] ?r\gh a s*lei*] & s*ll fold$ filt]1 ,no4 #eij1 fifte5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 return+ ! fir/ tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate4 ,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> filtrate & dry ! residue to con/ant weight at a temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! soluble solids obta9$ 9 ! filt]$ tann9 solution & ! residue z obta9$ above is ! am\nt ( tann+ mat]ial absorb$ by ! hide p[d]4 ,?is weight mu/ be correct$ = ! wat] reta9$ by ! hide p[d]4 ,! %ak+ mu/ be conduct$ by means ( a me*anical %ak]1 9 ord] to remove all ! tann9 sub/ance f ! solution4 ,! simple ma*9e us$ by druggi/s1 & kn[n z ! milk%ake1 is recomm5d$4 ,te/+ ! ,hide ,p[d]4--,%ake t5 grams ( ! hide p[d] ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] = five m9utes1 filt] ?r\gh musl9 or l951 squeeze out ?or\ghly by h&1 replace ! residue 9 ! flask & repeat ! op]ation twice ) ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,pass ! la/ filtrate ?r\gh pap] until a p]fectly cle> liquid is obta9$4 ,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! f9al filtrate 9 a weigh$ di%1 dry at #ajj until ! weight is con/ant4 ,if ! residue am\nt to m ?an t5 milligrams ! sample %\ld be reject$4 ,! hide p[d] mu/ be kept 9 a dry place & te/$ once a mon?4 ,prep>e a solution ( pure gallotannic acid by dissolv+ five grams 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 ,det]m9e ! total solids by evaporat+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution & dry+ to con/ant weight4 ,treat #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ) hide p[d] exactly z describ$ above4 ,! hide p[d] mu/ absorb at lea/ n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! total solids pres5t4 ,! gallotannic acid us$ mu/ be completely soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 acetone & acetic e!r & %\ld conta9 n m ?an "o p] c5t ( sub/ances n remov$ by dige/+ ) excess ( yell[ m]curic oxid on ! /eam ba? = two h\rs4 ,te/+ ! ,non-,tann9 ,filtrate4 ,= ,tann93--,te/ a small portion ( ! cle> non-tann9 filtrate ) a few drops ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( gelat94 ,a cl\d9ess indicates ! pres5ce ( tann91 9 :i* case ! det]m9ation mu/ be repeat$1 us+ tw5ty-five grams ( hide p[d] in/ead ( tw5ty grams4 ,= ,soluble ,hide3--,to a small portion ( ! cle> non-tann9 filtrate1 add a few drops ( ! orig9al solution1 previ\sly filt]$ to remove r$s4 ,a cl\d9ess indicates ! pres5ce ( soluble hide due to incomplete wa%+ ( ! hide p[d]4 ,9 ?is case1 repeat ! det]m9ation ) p]fectly wa%$ hide p[d]4 #eic4 ,! ,p]manganate ,gelat9 ,me?od4--,?is process1 :i* is ess5tially ! me?od ( ,lw5?al1 z improv$ by ,c\ncl]1 ,s*ro$] & ,proctor & z us$ by ,sp5c] = ! det]m9ation ( tann9 9 teas1 is conduct$ z describ$ bel[4#fab ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is bas$ on ! oxidation ( all bodies 9 solution oxidizable by potassium p]manganate1 ! subsequ5t precipitation ( ! tann9 by a gelat9 solution1 & ! f9al oxidation1 by means ( p]manganate1 ( ! rema9+ organic bodies4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total oxidizable matt] & t left aft] ! precipitation ( ! tann9 repres5ts ! tann9 orig9ally 9 solution4 ,reag5ts ,requir$4--,! foll[+ reag5ts are necess>y to ! prop] conduct ( ! potassium p]manganate process3 7#a74 ,potassium p]manganate solution conta9+ ab\t "o & a ?ird grams ( ! salt 9 a lit]3 ,! potassium p]manganate solution is set by titration aga9/ ! dec9ormal oxalic acid solution m5tion$ bel[4 ,! end reaction ) ! indicator mu/ be ( ! same t9t 9 all ! titrations1 i4 e41 ei!r gold5 yell[ or p9k4 7#b74 ,t5?-normal oxalic acid solution = det]m9+ ! exact tit] ( ! p]manganate solution3 7#c74 ,indigo-c>m9 solution to be us$ z an indicator & conta9+ six grams ( indigo-c>m9 & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid 9 a lit]4 ,! indigo-c>m9 mu/ be v pure & q free ( indigo-blue4 7#d74 ,gelat9 solution1 prep>$ by dige/+ tw5ty-five grams ( gelat9 at room temp]ature = "o h\r 9 a saturat$ solution ( sodium *lorid1 !n heat+ until solution is complete1 cool+ & mak+ ! volume up to "o lit]3 7#e74 ,a salt acid solution1 made by add+ to #ige cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium *lorid1 en\gh /rong sulfuric acid to br+ ! volume ( ! mixture to "o lit]3 7#f74 ,p[d]$ kaol9 = promot+ filtration4 ,! ,process4--,five grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ tea 7or o!r vegetable sub/ance conta9+ tann97 are boil$ ) di/ill$ wat] 9 a flask ( half a lit] capacity = half an h\r4 ,! di/ill$ wat] %\ld be at room temp]ature :5 p\r$ ov] ! p[d]$ tea4 ,aft] cool+1 ! volume ( ! decoction is complet$ to half a lit]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask p\r$ on a filt]4 ,to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ tea infusion are add$ two & a half times z mu* ( ! indigo-c>m9 solution & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! p]manganate solution is run 9 f a burette1 a little at a "t1 ) vigor\s /irr+1 until ! color *anges to a light gre51 & !n drop by drop until ! f9al color select$ = ! end ( ! reaction1 gold5 yell[ or fa9t p9k1 is obta9$4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( p]manganate requir$ is not$ & repres5t$ by a 9 ! =mula bel[4 ,! titration %\ld be made 9 triplicate & ! mean ( ! two m ne>ly agree+ read+s tak5 z ! correct "o4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ tea infusion1 obta9$ z direct$ above1 are mix$ ) half t quantity ( ! gelat9 reag5t1 ! fir/ nam$ quantity ( ! acid salt solution add$1 toge!r ) t5 grams ( ! p[d]$ kaol91 ! mixture well %ak5 = sev]al m9utes & p\r$ on a filt]4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 correspond+ to t5 ( ! orig9al tea solution are titrat$ ) ! p]manganate reag5t1 "u ! conditions giv5 above1 & ! read+ ( ! burette made & repres5t$ by b4 ,! quantity ( p]manganate solution1 viz41 c1 requir$ to oxidize ! tann9 is calculat$ f ! =mula a - b c4 ,! relation betwe5 ! p]manganate1 oxalic acid & tann9 is su* t #j4jdaeg gram ( gallotannic acid is equival5t to #j4jfc gram ( oxalic acid4 ,! relation betwe5 ! oxalic acid solution & ! p]manganate hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$ ! data = calculat+ ! quantity ( tann91 e/imat$ z gallotannic acid1 are at h&4 #eid4 ,! ,p]manganate ,hide ,p[d] ,me?od4--,in/ead ( ?r[+ out ! tann9 ) gelat9 x may be absorb$ by hide p[d]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process1 save ?is modification1 is ! same z 9 ! me?od j describ$4 ,z describ$ by ,trimble1 ! analysis is conduct$ accord+ to ! foll[+ directions3#fac ,reag5ts ,requir$4--,! reag5ts requir$ = conduct+ ! p]manganate hide p[d] process are z foll[s3 #a4 ,p]manganate ,solution4--,t5 grams ( pure potassium p]manganate are dissolv$ 9 six lit]s ( wat]4 ,! solution is /&>diz$ ) pure tann94 ,! moi/ure 9 ! pure tann9 is det]m9$ by dry+ at #ajj to con/ant weight & !n a quantity ( ! undri$ sub/ance1 repres5t+ two grams ( ! dri$ mat]ial1 is dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution & d\ble t quantity ( ! indigo solution to be describ$ bel[1 are mix$ ) ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit] ( wat] & ! p]manganate solution add$ f a burette ) con/ant /irr+ until ! liquid assumes a gre5i% color & !n1 drop by drop1 until a pure yell[ color ) a p9ki% rim is obta9$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! pure tann9 solution are dige/$1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 ) ?ree grams ( hide p[d] :i* has be5 previ\sly well moi/5$ & dri$ 9 a press = eighte5 or tw5ty h\rs1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask ?r[n on a filt] & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate titrat$ ) ! p]manganate solution z direct$ above4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( p]manganate solution requir$ = ! fir/ & second titrations repres5ts ! am\nt ( pure tann9 or oxidizable matt] remov$ by ! hide p[d]4 #b4 ,indigo ,solution4--,! indicator :i* is us$ 9 ! titrations is prep>$ by dissolv+ ?irty grams ( sodium sulf9digotate 9 ?ree lit]s ( dilute sulfuric acid made by add+ "o volume ( ! /rong acid to ?ree volumes ( wat]4 ,! solution is %ak5 = a few m9utes1 ?r[n ^u a filt] & ! insoluble residue wa%$ ) suffici5t wat] to make ! volume ( ! filtrate six lit]s4 #c4 ,hide ,p[d]4--,! hide p[d] us$ %\ld be :ite1 wooly 9 "* & suffici5tly well extract$ ) wat] to af=d no o!r extract capable ( oxidiz+ ! p]manganate solution4 ,! ,process4--,! reag5ts hav+ be5 prep>$ & te/$ z above1 ! solution ( ! sub/ance conta9+ ! tann91 prep>$ z describ$ fur!r on1 is titrat$ fir/ ) ! p]manganate solution 9 ! mann] already giv54 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! tann9 solution are !n %ak51 f1 "t to "t = eighte5 h\rs1 ) ?ree grams ( hide p[d]1 ?r[n ^u a filt] & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate titrat$ ) ! potassium p]manganate z above describ$4 ,f ! data obta9$1 ! quantity ( p]manganate solution correspond+ to ! tann9 remov$ by ! hide p[d] is easily calculat$4 ,! value ( ! p]manganate solution hav+ be5 previ\sly set ) a pure tann91 r5d]s easy ( calculation ! correspond+ am\nt ( pure tann9 9 ! solution "u exam9ation4 #eie4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,tann9 ,infusion4--,a sample weigh+ ab\t a kilogram %\ld be secur$1 repres5t+ z ne>ly z possible ! :ole ( ! mat]ials conta9+ tann9 9 a giv5 lot4 ,! sample is r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve conta9+ ap]tures ab\t a millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! quantity ( ! sample us$ = ! extraction dep5ds l>gely ^u its cont5t ( tann94 ,five grams ( nutgalls1 t5 grams ( suma* or tw5ty grams ( oak b>k repres5t ab\t ! quantities necess>y = ^! classes ( tann9-hold+ mat]ials4 ,! sample is boil$ = half an h\r ) half a lit] ( wat]1 filt]$ ?r\gh a l95 bag into a lit] flask & wa%$ & press$ ) en\gh wat] to make ! volume ( ! filtrate equal to "o lit]4 ,! prop] quantities ( ?is solution are us$ = ! analytical processes describ$ above4 ,,tobacco4 #eif4 ,f]m5t$ & ,unf]m5t$ ,tobacco4--,samples ( tobacco may rea* ! analy/ ei!r 9 ! f]m5t$ or unf]m5t$ /ate4 ,z a basis = comp>ison1 x is advisable 9 all cases to det]m9e ! con/itu5ts ( ! sample be=e f]m5tation sets 94 ,! analysis1 aft] f]m5tation is complete1 w !n %[ ! *anges ( a *emical nature :i* x has und]gone dur+ ! process ( cur+ & sweat+4 ,only tobacco :i* has und]gone f]m5tation is f\nd to be 9 a suitable condition = consumption4 ,9 addition to ! natural con/itu5ts ( tobacco1 x may conta91 9 ! manufactur$ /ate1 flavor+ +r$i5ts su* z licorice & sug>1 color+ matt]s & 9 "s in/ances1 x is said1 opium or o!r /imulat+ drugs4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t opium is n (t5 f\nd 9 manufactur$ tobacco1 & x has nev] be5 f\nd 9 ?is laboratory 9 cig>ettes1 al?\gh all ! /&>d br&s h be5 exam9$ = x4#fad ,9 rese>*es made at ! ,connecticut ,/ation x is %[n t f]m5tation produces b little *ange 9 ! relative quantities ( nitric acid1 ammonia1 fib] & />* 9 ! leaves1 :ile ^? ( nicot91 album9oids & amids are dim9i%$4 ,?is is n 9 h>mony ) ! g5]ally accept$ !ory t />* is inv]t$ & f]m5t$ dur+ ! process4#fae ,! nature ( ! f]m5ts :i* are active 9 produc+ ! *anges :i* tobacco und]goes 9 cur+1 is n def9itely und]/ood4 ,"s ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( ! tobacco und]go a consid]able *ange dur+ ! process4 ,any sug> :i* is f\nd 9 ! fre%ly cur$ leaves disappe>s :olly or 9 "p4 ,z products ( f]m5tation may also be f\nd succ9ic1 fum>ic1 =mic1 acetic1 propionic & butyric acids4 #eig4 ,acid & ,basic ,con/itu5ts ( ,tobacco4--,9 unf]m5t$ & f]m5t$ tobacco are f\nd c]ta9 organic acids1 among ! mo/ important ( :i* are citric1 malic1 oxalic1 pectic & tannic4 ,( ! inorganic acids ! *ief :i* are f\nd are nitric1 sulfuric & hydro*loric4 ,among ! bases ammonia & nicot9 are ! mo/ important4 ,ammonia is f\nd 9 ! unf]m5t$ tobacco 9 only small quantities1 b 9 ! f]m5t$ product x may sometimes rea* z high z half a p] c5t4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! two nitrog5\s bases 9 tobacco r5d]s ! e/imation ( ! proteid matt] conta9$ !re9 some:at t$i\s & difficult4 #eih4 ,composition ( ,tobacco ,a%4--,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( tobacco are highly important f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,! burn+ prop]ties ( tobacco dep5d l>gely ^u ! nature ( its m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,a sample conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( *lorids burns mu* less freely ?an "o 9 :i* ! sulfates & nitrates pr$om9ate4 ,= ?is reason1 ! use ( pota% f]tiliz]s conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( *lor9 is injudici\s 9 tobacco culture1 ! c>bonates & sulfates ( pota% be+ pref]r$4 ,! leaves ( ! tobacco plant conta9 a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( m9]al con/itu5ts ?an ! /ems1 _! respective cont5ts ( pure a%1 t is a% free f c>bon dioxid1 c>bon & s&1 be+ ab\t sev5te5 & sev54 ,! pure a% ( ! leaves has ! foll[+ mean composition3 ,pota% #bi4a p] c5t1 soda #c4b p] c5t1 lime #cf4j p] c5t1 magnesia #g4d p] c5t1 iron oxid #b4j p] c5t1 phosphoric acid #d4g p] c5t1 sulfuric acid #f4j p] c5t1 silica #e4h p] c5t1 & *lor9 #f4g p] c5t4#faf #eii4 ,composition ( ,tobacco4--,! mean composition ( "s ( ! m important v>ieties ( wat]-free tobacco is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3#fag ,havana1 ,sumatra1 ,k5tucky1 ,java1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,nicot9 #c4ih #b4ch #d4ei #c4cj ,malic acid #ab4aa #aa4aa #aa4eg #f4jd ,citric acid #b4je #b4ec #c4dj #c4cj ,oxalic acid #a4ec #b4ig #b4jc #c4ch ,acetic acid #j4db #j4bi #j4dc #j4bb ,tannic acid #a4ac #j4ih #a4dh #j4ea ,nitric acid #a4cb #j4fj #a4hh #j4bc ,pectic acid #aa4cf #aa4hh #h4bb #aj4ac ,cellulose #ae4gf #aj4ei #ab4dh #aa4hb ,ammonia #j4di #j4jf #j4ai #j4bc ,soluble nitrog5\s matt] #g4gd #h4hd #ac4ij #aj4ci ,insoluble 0 0 #i4ge #g4ig #h4aj #i4ec ,residue & *lorophyll #e4ae #h4fc #a4ii #f4de ,oil #a4jc #a4bf #b4bh #j4ha ,a% #ag4ej #ag4jc #ad4cf #ah4df ,undet]m9$ #h4fh #ab4hh #ac4aj #ae4bj ,among ! undet]m9$ matt]s are includ$ ^? ( a gummy or res9\s composition n extract$ by e!r1 ! exact nature ( :i* is n well und]/ood1 & ! />*es1 sug>s1 p5tosans & galactan4 ,tobacco gr[n 9 m nor!rn latitudes has less nicot9 ?an ! samples giv5 9 ! =ego+ table4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( tobacco gr[n 9 ,connecticut3#fah 7,a7 ,unf]m5t$1 7,b7 ,f]m5t$1 ,upp] leaves4 ,%ort seconds4 ,fir/ wrapp]s4 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 7,a7 7,b7 ,wat] #bc4ej #bc4dj #bg4dj #ba4aj #bg4ej #bd4ij ,pure a% #ad4hi #ae4bg #bb4he #be4be #ae4hd #af4bb ,nicot9 #b4ej #a4gi #j4gg #j4ej #a4bf #a4dd ,nitric acid #a4hi #a4ig #b4ci #b4hb #b4ei #b4ce ,ammonia #j4fg #j4ga #j4af #j4af #j4cc #j4dg ,proteids #ab4ai #ac4ca #f4fi #f4ha #aa4ca #aa4fb ,fib] #g4ij #h4gh #g4hi #h4ie #i4ib #aj4db ,/>* #c4bj #c4cf #b4fb #c4ja #b4hi #c4jh ,oil & fat #c4hg #c4db #b4ie #c4jd #b4hd #b4ib ,undet]m'd #bi4ci #bg4ii #bf4bh #bh4cf #be4eb #bf4hh #fjj4 ,e/imation ( ,wat]4--,9 ! e/imation ( wat] 9 vegetable sub/ances1 z has already be5 not$1 x is usual to dry !m 9 ! air or p>tial vacuum1 or 9 an in]t gas1 at a temp]ature ( #ajj until a con/ant weight is rea*$4 ,by ?is process1 n only ! wat]1 b all sub/ances volatile at ! temp]ature & 9 ! conditions m5tion$ are expell$4 ,! quantity ( ^! volatile sub/ances 9 vegetable matt]1 z a rule1 is insignificant & h5ce ! total loss may be e/imat$ z wat]4 ,9 ! case ( tobacco a f> diff]5t condition is pres5t$1 inasmu* z ! nicot91 :i* sometimes am\nts to five p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! sample1 is also volatile "u ! conditions m5tion$4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to dry ! sample ( tobacco at a temp]ature n above fifty degrees & 9 a vacuum z complete z possible4 ,tobacco is also extremely ri* 9 its cont5t ( cry/alliz$ m9]al salts1 conta9+ (t5 wat] ( cry/allization1 & !re is dang] ( ?is cry/al wat] be+ lo/ :5 ! sample is dri$ at #ajj4 ,! desiccation is conv5i5tly made 9 ! app>atus describ$ on page #bb4 ,if a high vacuum be employ$1 viz41 ab\t tw5ty-five in*es ( m]cury1 x is bett] n to all[ ! temp]ature to g above #dj or #de4 ,a r rapid curr5t ( dry air %\ld be all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! app>atus = ! m spe$y removal ( ! moi/ure & a di% conta9+ sulfuric acid may also be plac$ inside ( ! dry+ app>atus4 ,x is possible by proce$+ 9 ?is way to secure con/ant weight 9 ! sample aft] a few h\rs4 #fja4 ,e/imation ( ,nitric ,acid4--,! nitric acid 9 a sample ( tobacco is mo/ easily e/imat$ by ! f]r\s *lorid process4#fai ,! sample is be/ prep>$ by mak+ an alcoholic extract :i* is accompli%$ by exhau/+ ab\t tw5ty-five grams ( ! f9e tobacco p[d] ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s = =ty p] c5t alcohol made slightly alkal9e by soda lye4 ,! mixture is boil$ 9 a flask ) a reflux cond5s] = ab\t an h\r4 ,aft] cool+1 ! volume is complet$ to a def9ite quantity1 &1 aft] filt]+1 an aliquot "p is us$ = ! analytical process4 ,x is evid5t t ! nitric acid _c be e/imat$ 9 ?is case aft] previ\s r$uction to ammonia by z9c or iron on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ammonia 9 ! sample itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( ammonia be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion ( ! sample1 ! nitric acid may be r$uc$ 9 ! usual way1 by z9c or iron1 ! total quantity ( ammonia det]m9$ by di/illation1 ! quantity orig9ally pres5t 9 ! sample d$uct$ & ! residual ammonia calculat$ to nitric acid4 #fjb4 ,sulfuric & ,hydro*loric ,acids4--,^! two acids are det]m9$ 9 ! a% ( ! sample by ! usual me?ods4 ,! sulfuric acid ?us f\nd repres5ts ! orig9al sulfuric acid 9 comb9ation ) ! bases 9 ! m9]al p>ts ( ! plant1 toge!r ) t produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! organic sulfur dur+ combu/ion4 ,9 ord] to avoid all loss ( sulfur dur+ ! combu/ion1 ! precautions already giv5 %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! sulfur pre-exi/+ z sulfates f t conv]t$ into sulfates dur+ ! combu/ion is accompli%$ z previ\sly direct$4#fbj ,= ord9>y purposes1 ?is sep>ation is n necess>y4 ,to avoid loss ( *lor9 f volatilization dur+ inc9]ation ! temp]ature %\ld be kept at ! l[e/ possible po9t until ! mass is *>r$1 ! soluble salts extract$ f ! *>r$ mass & ! inc9]ation complet$ z usual4 #fjc4 ,oxalic1 ,citric & ,malic ,acids4--,! sep>ation & e/imation ( organic acids f vegetable tissues is a matt] ( great difficulty1 especially :5 !y exi/ z is usually ! case1 9 v m9ute proportions4 ,dur+ inc9]ation1 ! salts ( ! inorganic acids are conv]t$ into c>bonates & ! subsequ5t exam9ation ( ! a% gives no indication ( ! "* ( ! orig9al acids4 ,9 ! case ( tobacco1 ! organic acids ( *ief importance1 f an analytical po9t ( view1 are oxalic1 citric & malic4 ,^! acids may be extract$ & sep>at$ by ! foll[+ process3#fba ,t5 grams ( ! dry tobacco p[d] are rubb$ up 9 a mort> ) twelve cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o to five7 & !n absorb$ ) co>se pumice /one p[d] 9 suffici5t quantity to cause all ! liquid to disappe>4 ,! mass is plac$ 9 an extraction app>atus ( prop] size & ?or\ghly extract$ ) e!r until a drop ( ! extract leaves no acid residue on evaporation4 ,usually ab\t t5 h\rs are requir$4 ,! organic acids are ?us sep>at$ f ! m9]al acids4 ,! e!r is remov$ f ! extract & ! residue dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 cool$1 filt]$1 if necess>y sev]al times1 until ! solution is sep>at$ f ! fat & res9 :i* h be5 extract$ by ! e!r4 ,! filtrate is neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 slightly acidifi$ ) acetic & ! oxalic acid conta9$ !re9 ?r[n out by means ( a dilute solution ( calcium acetate1 :i* mu/ n be add$ 9 excess4 ,! calcium oxalate is sep>at$ by filtration1 & det]m9$ z lime oxid4 ,to ! filtrate is add$ drop by drop1 ) con/ant /irr+1 a dilute solution ( lead acetate1 prep>$ by mix+ "o "p ( a saturat$ solution ( lead acetate ) f\r p>ts ( wat]4 ,:5 ! precipitate =m$ has settl$1 ! cle> sup]natant liquid is te/$ by add+ a drop ( acetic acid & a few drops ( ! dilute lead acetate4 ,9 case a precipitate be =m$1 ! addition ( ! lead acetate is cont9u$ until a precipitate is secur$ :i* w imm$iately dissolve 9 acetic acid4 ,at ?is mom5t ! citric acid is almo/ completely precipitat$4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! accumulation ( ! acetic acid by reason ( ! repetition ( ! process z above describ$1 ! mixture is neutraliz$ ea* "t ) dilute ammonia4 ,! precipitat$ neutral lead citrate obta9$ by ! above process1 is sep>at$ by filtration &1 9 ord] to avoid its decomposition :5 wa%$ ) pure wat]1 x is wa%$ ) a v dilute acetic acid solution ( lead acetate4 ,! wa%+ & filtration are accompli%$ z quickly z possible1 & ! f9al wa%+ is made ) alcohol ( ?irty-six p] c5t /r5g?4 ,9 ! filtrate ! residual lead citrate1 toge!r ) a little lead malate1 are precipitat$ by ! alcohol us$ z ! wa% & ?is precipitate is also sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! filtrate conta9+ ! great] "p ( ! malic acid is evaporat$ to remove ! alcohol & treat$ ) lead acetate 9 excess4 ,aft]w>ds x is mix$ ) five times its volume ( ?irty-six p] c5t alcohol conta9+ a half p] c5t ( acetic acid4 ,9 ^! conditions ! lead malate is completely precipitat$ z neutral salt1 & aft] /&+ a few h\rs1 is sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! ?ree precipitates1 obta9$ z above1 are dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,if ! precipitates h be5 collect$ on filt] pap] !y %\ld be remov$ z completely z possible1 ! pap]s inc9]at$ 9 ! usual way & any r$uc$ lead conv]t$ into nitrate & oxid by treatm5t ) nitric acid & subsequ5t ignition4 ,f ! quantities ( lead oxid obta9$1 ! weights ( ! citric & malic acids are comput$4 ,! precipitate :i* is obta9$ by ! action ( alcohol1 above not$1 is also dri$ & ignit$ & ! lead oxid f\nd divid$ equally betwe5 ! citric & malic acids1 ! respective quantities ( :i* f\nd1 are includ$ 9 comput+ _! total weights4 ,! weight ( ! citric acid is calculat$ f ! =mula 7,c,h,o7,pb ,h,o1 & t ( ! malic acid f ! =mula ,c,h,o,pb ,h,o4 #fjd4 ,acetic ,acid4--,= ! det]m9ation ( ! volatile acids ( ! fatty s]ies exi/+ 9 tobacco1 ! foll[+ process1 also due to ,s*ls+1 may be foll[$3#fbb ,! app>atus employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,t5 grams ( ! pulv]iz$ tobacco1 moi/5$ ) wat] & mix$ ) a little p[d]$ t>t>ic acid1 are plac$ 9 ! tube ,a4 ,! two ends ( ! tube1 ,a1 are /opp]$ ) asbe/os or glass wool4 ,/eam1 g5]at$ 9 ! flask1 ,d1 is pass$ into ,b4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes1 or z soon z x is c]ta9 t ! cont5ts ( ,a h rea*$ a temp]ature ( #ajj1 ! di%1 ,f1 conta9+ m]cury1 is plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! /eam1 by ?is arrangem5t1 is =c$ into ! l[] end ( ,a1 passes into ! cond5s] ,e1 & ! cond5s$ wat] collect$ 9 ,c4 ,! op]ation %\ld be s conduct$ z to avoid any cond5sation ( wat] 9 ,b4 ,x is advisable dur+ ! progress ( ! di/illation1 :i* %\ld cont9ue = at lea/ tw5ty m9utes1 to neutralize f "t to "t ! acetic acid collect$ 9 ,c by a set solution ( dilute alkali1 or1 an excess ( ! alkal9e solution may be plac$ 9 ,c & ! "p n neutraliz$ by ! acetic acid det]m9$ at ! end ( ! di/illation by titration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,acetic ,,acid4 #fje4 ,pectic ,acid4--,"u ?is t]m are includ$ n only ! pectic acid b all ! o!r bodies ( a pectose nature conta9$ 9 tobacco4 ,^! bodies are ( consid]able int]e/1 al?\gh !y d n belong to ! mo/ important con/itu5ts4 ,9 fre% tobacco leaves are f\nd ?ree pect9 bodies4 ,"o pect9 is soluble 9 wat]1 ano!r is an insoluble pectose & ! ?ird is ! pectose body =m+ salts ) ! alkalies1 i4 e41 true pectic acid4 ,9 f]m5t$ tobacco pectic acid is f\nd *iefly 9 comb9ation ) lime 9 ! ribs ( ! leaves1 s]v+ to give !m ! necess>y /iffness4 ,= ! e/imation ( ! pect9 bodies 7mucilage7 ! p[d]$ tobacco is ?or\ghly extract$ ) cold wat]4 ,an aliquot "p ( ! aque\s extract is mix$ ) two volumes ( /rong alcohol & all[$ to /& 9 a well clos$ vessel 9 a cool place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) sixty-six p] c5t alcohol1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! dri$ residue is inc9]at$ & ! am\nt ( a% det]m9$4 ,9 g5]al1 vegetable mucilages conta9 ab\t five p] c5t ( a%4 ,if m ?an ?is be f\nd1 x is due to ! solution ( ! salts ( ! organic acids conta9$ 9 ! sample4 ,a dri$ vegetable mucilage1 obta9$ z above1 dissolves 9 wat] to a mucilag9\s liquid :i* does n r$uce alkal9e copp] solution until x has be5 hydrolyz$ by boil+ ) a dilute m9]al acid4#fbc #fjf4 ,tannic ,acid4--,?is acid is sep>at$ & e/imat$ by ! processes giv5 9 p>agraphs #ehi-eie4 #fjg4 ,/>* & ,sug>4--,! unf]m5t$ leaves ( tobacco conta9 consid]able quantities ( c>bohydrates 9 addition to woody fib]1 p5tosans1 galactan & cellulose4 ,among ^!1 />* is ! mo/ important4 ,sug> exi/s 9 small quantities 9 ! fre% leaf1 usually n ov] "o p] c5t4 ,dur+ f]m5tation1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! />* is p>tially conv]t$ into sug> & ! latt] sub/ance disappe>s "u ! action ( ! alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,x has be5 f\nd at ! ,connecticut ,/ation1 h[ev]1 t ! />* cont5t ( ! leaf does n decrease dur+ f]m5tation4 ,! />* & sug> may be det]m9$ 9 ! fre% leaves by ! me?ods already giv54 ,9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 grades ( tobacco x is cu/om>y to add a quantity ( sug>4 ,! analy/ may ?us be call$ ^u to det]m9e 9 "s cases :e!r ! sug> f\nd 9 a sample is natural or add$4 ,! occurr5ce ( natural sug>s 9 tobacco has be5 inve/igat$ at ! in/ance ( ! ,briti% ,treasury4#fbd ,! natural sug>s :i* may be f\nd 9 sun dri$ tobaccos usually disappe> entirely dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,x 0 f\nd by ! ,som]set ,h\se *emi/s t ! cont5t ( sug> 9 comm]cial tobaccos v>ies f none at all to ov] fifte5 p] c5t4 ,a rem>kable example ( ?is v>iation is report$ 9 two samples f ?is c\ntry1 "o ( :i*1 gr[n 9 ,k5tucky1 conta9$ no sug>1 & ! o!r gr[n 9 ,virg9ia1 #ae4b p] c5t4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! sac*>9 matt]s 9 ! tobaccos exam9$ 7 neutral to pol>iz$ light4 ,!y are det]m9$ by _! copp] r$uc+ p[]4 ,! tobacco sug>s are !re=e to be class$ ) ! r$uc+ bodies1 n optically active1 f\nd 9 ! juices ( sorghum & sug> canes4 #fjh4 ,ammonia4--,z has already be5 intimat$1 ammonia exi/s only 9 m9ute quantities 9 fre% tobacco leaves1 b 9 consid]able quantities aft] f]m5tation4 ,9 ! e/imation ( ammonia1 tw5ty grams ( ! tobacco p[d] are dige/$ ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulfuric & aft] an h\r en\gh wat] add$ to make ! total quantity #djj cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] filtration1 an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate1 ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 is treat$ ) magnesium oxid 9 excess & ! ammonia & nicot9 remov$ by di/illation 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! di/illate is collect$ 9 dilute sulfuric acid ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,! total am\nt ( ! two bases is det]m9$ by titration & ! quantity ( base repres5t+ ! nicot91 :i* has be5 det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate sample1 subtract$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! weight ( ! ammonia4#fbe ,! ammonia 9 tobacco is det]m9$ by ,nessl] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#fbf ,! p[d]$ tobacco is mix$ ) wat] & magnesium oxid & aft] /&+ = sev]al h\rs x is di/ill$ 9 a curr5t ( /eam1 ! di/illate receiv$ 9 dilute sulfuric acid & ! process cont9u$ until a drop ( ! di/illate gives no reaction = ammonia ) ! nessl] reag5t4 ,! excess ( sulfuric acid 9 ! di/illate is neutraliz$ ) pure sodium c>bonate & ! nicot9 precipitat$ by a neutral solution ( m]curic iodid & potassium iodid4 ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration1 ! filtrate treat$ ) sodium sulfid1 & ! ammonia aga9 obta9$ by di/illation ) an alkali1 collect$ 9 dilute solution ( set sulfuric acid & det]m9$ by titration4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two det]m9ations repres5ts ! ammonia4 #fji4 ,nicot94--,9 ?is laboratory ,mc,elroy has made a /udy ( "s ( ! be/ approv$ me?ods = det]m9+ nicot91 & f9ds ! mo/ simple & reliable to be t propos$ by ,kissl+4#fbg ,! f9ely p[d]$ tobacco %\ld be dri$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #fj1 or x may be p>tially dri$ at t temp]ature be=e gr9d+ & ! f9al dry+ complet$ aft]w>ds4 ,tw5ty grams ( ! p[d]$ sample are intimately mix$ by means ( a pe/le ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( dilute alcoholic solution ( soda lye1 made by dissolv+ six grams ( sodium hydroxid 9 =ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & complet+ ! volume to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! mass is transf]r$ to an extraction pap] cyl9d]1 plac$ 9 an extraction app>atus & extract$ = ?ree h\rs ) e!r4 ,! e!r is ne>ly all remov$ by c>eful di/illation1 ! residue mix$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a v dilute soda lye solution 7#d to #ajj7 & subject$ to di/illation 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! flask conta9+ ! nicot9 extract %\ld be connect$ ) ! cond5s+ app>atus by a safety bulb z is usual 9 ! di/illation ( sub/ances conta9+ fix$ alkali4 ,! di/illation %\ld be conduct$ rapidly & 9 su* a mann] t :5 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate h be5 collect$1 n m ?an fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid rema9 9 ! di/illation flask4 ,9 ! di/illate1 ! nicot9 is det]m9$ by titration ) a set solution ( dilute sulfuric acid1 us+ rosolic acid or ph5acetol9 z indicator4 ,x is advisable to titrate ea* fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate z x is receiv$ & ! di/illation is cont9u$ until ! la/ fifty cubic c5timet]s give no appreciable quantity ( ! alkaloid4 ,9 ! calculations "o molecule ( sulfuric acid is equival5t to two molecules ( nicot9 accord+ to ! equation ,h,,s 7,c,h,n74 #ih #cbd ,pol>ization ,me?od4--,popovici has bas$ a me?od ( detect+ ! quantity ( nicot9 9 tobacco on its prop]ty ( rotat+ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light4#fbh ,! gyrodynat ( pure nicot9 is express$ by ! =mula a,d -#afa4f4 ,:5 t5 p>ts ( nicot9 are mix$ ) n9ety p>ts ( wat]1 ?is value becomes -#gd4a4 ,by reason ( ?is great depression 9 gyrodynatic value ,popovici det]m9$ ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! dilute solutions ( nicot9 & ! numb] ( m9utes ( angul> rotation produc$ on pol>ization 9 a #bjj millimet] tube4 ,9 a solution 9 :i* two grams ( nicot9 are conta9$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s1 ea* m9ute ( angul> rotation is f\nd to correspond to #f4e milligrams ( nicot94 ,= "o gram 9 solution 9 ! same volume "o m9ute ( angul> rotation corresponds to #e4i milligrams & = a half gram 9 solution to #e4g milligrams4 ,! nicot9 is prep>$ = pol>ization by extract+ ) e!r1 z indicat$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 & ! e!real solution f tw5ty grams ( tobacco is %ak5 ) a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium phosphotung/ate 9 nitric acid by means ( :i* nicot9 & ammonia are precipitat$ & rapidly settle4 ,! sup]natant liquid is c>efully p\r$ (f & ! residue made up to a volume ( fifty cubic c5timet]s ) di/ill$ wat] & ! nicot9 fre$ f any ( its comp\nds by ! addition ( eight grams ( f9ely p[d]$ b>ium hydroxid4 ,9 ord] to promote ! decomposition ( ! nicot9 comp\nds ! mixture %\ld be %ak5 at int]vals = sev]al h\rs4 ,! at fir/ blue precipitate *anges into blue gre5 & f9ally into yell[4 ,x is sep>at$ by filtration & ! some:at yell[ color$ filtrate plac$ 9 an obs]vation tube1 pol>iz$1 ! pol>ization calculat$ to m9utes ( angul> rotation & ! numb] ( m9utes ?us f\nd multipli$ by ! ne>e/ factor giv5 above4 ,! analy/ w f9d a description ( o!r me?ods ( e/imat+ nicot9 9 tobacco 9 ! p]iodical lit]ature ( analytical *emi/ry4#fbi #faj4 ,e/imation ( ,amid ,nitrog54--,= ! e/imation ( amid nitrog5 t5 grams ( ! p[d]$ tobacco are dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( =ty p] c5t alcohol1 ! extract sep>at$ by filtration1 acidifi$ ) sulfuric & ! album91 peptone1 nicot9 & ammonia precipitat$ ) z little phosphotung/ic acid z possible4 ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate evaporat$ 9 a ?9 glass or t9 foil capsule aft] ! addition ( a little b>ium *lorid & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! residue4 ,! nitrog5 ?us obta9$ is t :i* 0 pres5t 9 an amid /ate4 ,! nitrog5 pres5t z amids1 ammonia & nicot9 subtract$ f ! total nitrog5 leaves t pres5t z prote94 #faa4 ,fractional ,extraction ( ,tobacco4--,to det]m9e ! "* ( ! soluble con/itu5ts ( tobacco x is advisable to subject x to a fractional extraction ) diff]5t reag5ts4 ,! reag5ts usually employ$ 9 ! ord] m5tion$ are petroleum e!r1 e!r1 absolute alcohol1 wat]1 dilute soda lye & dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! extract obta9$ by petroleum e!r conta9s vegetable wax1 *lorophyll & its alt]ation products1 fat1 e!real oils1 & res9 bodies4 ,! extract ) e!r may be divid$ into wat] soluble & alcohol soluble bodies4 ,among ! fir/ are small quantities ( glucosids & nicot9 :ile 9 ! alcoholic solution res9 pr$om9ates4 ,! alcoholic extract is also divid$ into wat] soluble & alcohol soluble p>ts4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! nicot91 :i* is insoluble 9 e!r1 9 comb9ation ) acids1 toge!r ) tannic acid & alli$ bodies & also ! sug>4 ,! "p insoluble 9 wat] consi/s *iefly ( res94 ,! aque\s solution conta9s ! vegetable mucilages 7pect97 soluble c>bohydrates1 soluble proteids & organic acids4 ,! dilute soda lye solution conta9s *iefly proteids4 ,! dilute hydro*loric acid solution conta9s ! />* & ! oxalic acid orig9ally comb9$ ) lime4 ,! extractions ) dilute soda lye & dilute hydro*loric acid %\ld be made at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,! residual matt] consi/s ( a mixture ( c>bohydrate bodies to :i* ! t]m crude fib] is usually appli$4 #fab4 ,burn+ ,qualities4--,:5 tobacco is to be us$ = ! manufacture ( cig>s1 or cig>ettes1 or = smok+ 9 pipes1 its ability to keep burn+ is a matt] ( great importance4 ,! tobacco1 :5 once ignit$1 %\ld burn = "s "t & =m1 a fluffy a%1 free ( fus$ m9]al p>ticles4 ,a tobacco ) good burn+ prop]ties is "o conta9+ nitrates 9 consid]able quantity1 n too mu* sug> & />*1 a por\s cellul> /ructure & comp>atively free ( *lor94 ,9 det]m9+ comp>ative burn+ prop]ties ! te/s may be appli$ to ! s+le leaf or ! tobacco may be fir/ roll$ into a cig> =m & burn$ 9 an artificial smok]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,smok+4 ,9 apply+ ! te/ to ! leaf x is important t ! ignition be made ) a fuse )\t flame1 :i* ma9ta9s a uni=m burn+ p[]4 ,any good sl[ burn+ fuse may be us$ & x is appli$ to ! leaf 9 su* a way t a hole may be burn$ 9 x1 leav+ its edges uni=mly ignit$4 ,! numb] ( seconds elaps+ be=e ! la/ sp>k is ext+ui%$ is not$4 ,at ! ,connecticut ,exp]im5t ,/ation a light]1 propos$ by ,nessl]1 is employ$4 ,x is prep>$ by dige/+ eighty grams ( gum arabic 9 #abj cubic c5timet]s1 & =ty grams ( gum tragacan? 9 a qu>t] ( a lit] ( wat] = two days1 mix+ ! mucilag9\s masses & add+ t5 grams ( potassium nitrate & ab\t #cej grams ( pulv]iz$ *>coal4 ,! mixture is roll$1 on a plate spr9kl$ ) *>coal1 into /icks a few in*es 9 l5g? & ( ! diamet] ( a cig> & dri$ at a g5tle heat4 ,^! fuses burn sl[ly & )\t smoke & are well suit$ = light+ tobacco leaves4 ,sev]al te/s1 at lea/ six1 %\ld be made ) ea* leaf4 ,leaves hav+ a uni=m burn+ p[] %\ld be us$ z comp>ators & ! numb] ( seconds !y burn be designat$ by #ajj4 ,x is important t all ! samples to be te/$ be expos$ = a day or two to ! same atmosph]e 9 ord] t !y may h1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same cont5t ( moi/ure4 ,! burn+ te/s1 :5 possible1 %\ld be made bo? be=e & aft] f]m5tation4 ,z a rule f]m5tation improves ! burn+ quality ( second rate leaves1 b has little effect on leaves ( ! fir/ quality4 #fac4 ,artificial ,smok]4--,= ! purpose ( comp>+ ! burn+ prop]ties ( cig>s1 or ( leaves roll$ into cig> =m1 ! artificial smok+ app>atus devis$ by ,p5field & modifi$ 9 ?is laboratory is employ$4#fcj ,! con/ruction ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! light$ cig> is set 9 ! tube at ! left1 s t air ent]+ ! te/-tube mu/ pass ?r\gh ! cig>4 ,! te/-tube conta9s en\gh wat] to seal ! end ( ! tube c>ry+ ! cig>1 & is connect$ ) ! aspirator on ! "r by ! ,t tube1 z %[n4 ,an arm ( ! ,t dips j b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! cup 9 ! c5t]4 ,wat] fl[s 9 a sl[ /ream into ! aspirator ?r\gh ! tube at ! extreme "r1 =c+ ! air out ?r\gh ! arm ( ! ,t until ! siphon beg9s to act4 ,:ile ! wat] is void$ ?r\gh ! long arm ( ! siphon1 air ent]s ?r\gh ! cig>1 ! liquid ris+ 9 ! ,t4 ,! action ( ! app>atus is automatic & int]mitt5t4 ,:5 ! cig> is ab\t "o-?ird burn$1 x is remov$ )\t di/urb+ ! a% cone1 & ! latt] exam9$ & comp>$ ) o!r samples z a /&>d4 ,! seal+ liquid ( ! long arm ( ! ,t may be m]cury or wat]4 ,9 case m]cury be us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to imm]se ! op5 end ( ! ,t m ?an "o millimet] !re94 ,,f]m5t$ ,,bev]ages4 #fad4 ,description4--,among f]m5t$ bev]ages are includ$ ^? dr9ks1 conta9+ alcohol1 prep>$ by f]m5t+ ! sug>s or />*es ( fruits1 c]eals or o!r agricultural products4 ,w9e & be]1 9 _! v>i\s =ms1 & cid] are ! *ief memb]s ( ?is class ( bodies4 ,k\miss1 al?\gh a f]m5t$ bev]age1 is n includ$ 9 ?is classification1 hav+ be5 notic$ "u dairy products4 ,! l>ge numb] ( artificial dr9ks1 made by mix+ alcohol ) fruit & syn!siz$ ess5ces1 is also exclud$1 al?\gh ! me?ods ( analysis :i* are us$ may be appli$ also to !m4 ,f]m5t$ bev]ages conta9+ less ?an two p] c5t ( alcohol are usually reg>d$ z non-intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,be]s are ( sev]al v>ieties1 & ! t]m includes lag] be]1 ale1 port] & /\t4 ,di/ill$ liquors are obta9$ by sep>at+ ! alcohols & o!r volatile matt]s f ! products ( f]m5tation by di/illation4 ,x is n practicable "h to attempt a description ( ! me?ods ( prep>+ f]m5t$ dr9ks4 ,special works on ?is bran* ( ! subject are easy ( access4#fca #fae4 ,important ,con/itu5ts4--,alcohol is ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( f]m5t$ bev]ages4 ,! solid matt]s1 commonly call$ extract1 :i* are obta9$ on evaporation are compos$ ( dextr9s1 sug>s1 organic acids1 nitrog5\s bodies & m9]al matt]s af=d+ a% on combu/ion4 ,( ^! ! dextr9s & sug>s =m ! *ief "p & ! proteid bodies ne>ly t5 p] c5t 9 ! case ( be]s made ( malt & hops4 ,9 be]s ! bitt] pr9ciples d]iv$ f hops1 :ile n important by reason ( quantity1 are ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce f a gu/atory & hygi5ic po9t ( view4 ,! a% ( f]m5t$ bev]ages v>ies ) _! nature1 or ) ! "* ( ! wat] us$ 9 mak+ ! ma%4 ,9 ! manufacture ( be]1 wat] conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( gypsum is (t5 us$1 & ?is sub/ance is sometimes add$ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 especially ( w9e4 ,! pres5ce ( common salt 9 ! a% 9 any notable quantity is evid5ce ( ! addition ( ?is condim5t1 ei!r to improve ! ta/e ( ! bev]age or to increase ! ?ir/ ( ! dr9k]4 ,9 cid] ! organic acids1 especially malic1 are ( importance4 ,glyc]ol is a product ( f]m5tation & ( ! hydrolysis ( ! fats & oils 9 ! sub/ances f]m5t$4 #faf4 ,specific ,gravity4--,9 ord] to secure uni=mity ( expression1 ! specific gravity ( f]m5t$ bev]ages is det]m9$ at ab\t #ae4f1 al?\gh t is a temp]ature mu* bel[ ! av]age f\nd 9 ,am]ican laboratories4 ,! specific gravity may be det]m9$ by an alcoholomet]1 pyknomet] or hydro/atic balance 9 h>mony ) ! directions giv5 9 p>agraphs #dh-ed & #bhe4 ,by reason ( ! extractive matt]s held 9 solution1 f]m5t$ bev]ages are usually heavi] ?an wat]1 ev5 if ! cont5t ( alcohol be tw5ty p] c5t or m4 ,on ! o!r h& di/ill$ liquors are light] ?an wat]4 #fag4 ,det]m9ation ( ,alcohol4--,! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( alcohol pres5t 9 a solution is bas$ on two g5]al pr9ciples4 ,on ! "o h&1 & ?is is ! base ( ! me?ods 9 common use1 ! alcohol is secur$ mix$ only ) wat] & its am\nt det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( ! mixture4 ,on ! o!r h& ! quantity ( alcohol 9 a mixture may be det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! vapors produc$ on boil+4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! use ( ! ebullioscope4 ,! latt] me?od is n employ$ to any ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,use ( ! ,alcoholomet]4--,! alcoholomet] usually employ$ is kn[n by ! "n ( ,gay-,lussac1 :o fir/ made practical use ( x 9 ! det]m9ation ( alcohol4 ,x is con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to read directly ! volume ( absolute alcohol conta9$ 9 "o hundr$ volumes ( ! liquid at a temp]ature ( #ae4f4 ,! in/rum5ts employ$ %\ld be c>efully calibrat$ & ?or\ghly clean$ by wa%+ ) absolute alcohol be=e use4 ,! /em ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be kept free f any greasy sub/ance1 & ?is is secur$ by wa%+ x ) e!r4 ,aft] ?is la/ wa%+ ! analy/ %\ld be c>eful n to t\* ! /em ( ! in/rum5t ) 8 f+]s4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to make ! det]m9ation exactly at #ae4f1 b :5 made at o!r temp]atures ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t is correct$ by tables :i* may be f\nd 9 works especially devot$ to ! analysis ( w9es4#fcb ,9 ?is c\ntry ! alcoholomet] is us$ to "s ext5t1 b ! (ficial me?od is bas$ ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity by an in/rum5t con/ruct$ 9 e respect l ! alcoholomet]1 b giv+ ! specific gravity ( ! liquor at #ae4f in/ead ( its p]c5tage by volume 9 alcohol4 ,! read+ ( ! in/rum5t hav+ be5 det]m9$ at a temp]ature ( #ae4f1 ! correspond+ p]c5tage ( alcohol by volume or by weight is tak5 directly f ! table giv5 fur!r on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,metal ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4 ,me?ods ( ,di/illation4--,! metal app>atus employ$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 = ! di/illation ( f]m5t$ bev]ages 9 ord] to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( alcohol by ! me?od giv5 above1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a retort ( copp] c>ri$ on supports 9 su* a way z to p]mit an alcohol or buns5 lamp to be plac$ "u x4 ,x is connect$ ) a block t9 cond5s] & ! di/illate is receiv$ 9 a tall graduat$ cyl9d] plac$ "u ! cond5s] 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! loss ( any alcohol 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,exactly #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! w9e or f]m5t$ bev]age are us$ = ! di/illation4 ,any acid :i* ! w9e conta9s is fir/ saturat$ ) calcium c>bonate be=e plac+ 9 ! retort4 ,exactly #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate are collect$ & ! volume ( ! di/illate is complet$ to #cjj cubic c5timet]s by ! addition ( rec5tly di/ill$ wat]4#fcc ,! cyl9d] conta9+ ! di/illate is br\ght to a temp]ature ( #ae4f1 ! alcoholomet] ins]t$ & its read+ tak5 ) ! usual precautions4 ,(ficial ,me?od4--,! alcoholomet]s employ$ 9 ! (ficial me?ods are calibrat$ to agree ) ^? us$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue4 ,!y are mo/ conv5i5tly con/ruct$1 c>ry+ ! !rmomet] scale 9 ! same /em ) t %[+ ! specific gravity4 ,x is highly important t ! analy/ assure himself ( ! exact calibration ( ! in/rum5t be=e us+ x4 ,inasmu* z ! volume ( ! di/illate may n be suit$ 9 all cases to ! use ( a l>ge alcoholomet]1 x is cu/om>y 9 ?is laboratory to det]m9e ! specific gravity by means ( ! hydro/atic balance1 z describ$ fur!r on4 ,att5tion is also call$ to ! fact t1 9 ! (ficial me?od1 directions are n giv5 to neutralize ! free acid ( ! f]m5t$ bev]age be=e ! di/illation4 ,s9ce ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,bureau is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! det]m9ation ( alcohol 9 di/ill$ liquors1 ?is omission is ( little consequ5ce4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y f]m5t$ bev]ages ! p]c5tage ( volatile acids1 7acetic etc417 is s small z to make ! error due to ! failure to neutralize x ( b little consequ5ce4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to avoid e possibility ( error1 x is recomm5d$ t 9 all in/ances ! free acids ( ! sample be neutraliz$ be=e di/illation4 ,9 ?is laboratory1 ! di/illations are conduct$ 9 a glass app>atus %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! manipulation is z foll[3#fcd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquor are plac$ 9 a flask ( f #bej to #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$1 ! flask atta*$ to a v]tical cond5s] by means ( a b5t bulb tube1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s di/ill$ & ! specific gravity ( ! di/illate det]m9$4 ,! di/illate is also weigh$1 or its weight calculat$ f ! specific gravity4 ,! correspond+ p]c5tage ( alcohol by weight is obta9$ f ! app5d$ table1 & ?is figure multipli$ by ! weight ( ! di/illate1 & ! result divid$ by ! weight ( ! sample1 gives ! p] c5t ( alcohol by weight conta9$ !re94 ,! p]c5tage ( alcohol by volume ( ! liquor is ! same z t ( ! di/illate1 & is obta9$ directly f ! app5d$ table4 ,9 di/ill$ liquors ab\t ?irty grams are dilut$ to #aej cubic c5timet]s1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s di/ill$ & ! p] c5t ( alcohol by weight det]m9$ z above4 ,! p]c5tage ( alcohol by volume 9 ! di/illate is obta9$ f ! app5d$ table4 ,?is figure divid$ by ! numb] express+ ! volume 9 cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquor tak5 = ! det]m9ation 7calculat$ f ! specific gravity71 & ! result multipli$ by #ajj gives ! p] c5t ( alcohol by volume 9 ! orig9al liquor4 #fah4 ,det]m9+ ! ,specific ,gravity ( ! ,di/illate4--,! specific gravity ( ! di/illate may be det]m9$ by ! pyknomet]1 alcoholomet]1 hydro/atic balance or 9 any accurate way4 ,! volume ( ! di/illate is n always l>ge en\gh to be conv5i5tly us$ ) an alcoholomet]1 especially ! l>ge ones employ$ by ! ,bureau ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue4 ,9 ! laboratory ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 x is cu/om>y to det]m9e ! d5sity ( ! di/illate by ! hydro/atic balance %[n 9 p>agraph #bhe4 ,! specific gravity is 9 ea* case det]m9$ at #ae4f1 ref]r$ to wat] ( ! same temp]ature1 or if at a diff]5t temp]ature calculat$ !reto4 #fai4 ,table = ,use ) ,hydro/atic ,plummet4--,x is m conv5i5t to det]m9e ! d5sity ( ! alcoholic di/illate at room temp]ature ?an to r$uce x to ! /&>d = :i* ! plummet is graduat$4 ,9 ! case ( a plummet :i* displaces exactly five grams1 or multiple !re(1 ( di/ill$ wat] at #ae4f1 ! corrections = temp]atures betwe5 #ab4b & #cj are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ table1 prep>$ by ,bigel[4#fce ,if ! weight ( ! alcoholic solution displac$ be #d4ifjge grams ! app>5t specific gravity #j4iibae & ! temp]ature ( obs]vation #be4d1 ! correction1 :i* is additive1 z giv5 9 ! table is #j4jjaia & ! true specific gravity is #j4iidjf & ! p]c5tage ( alcohol by volume #d4jh4 ,:5 ! plummet does n exactly displace five grams ( wat] at #ae4f1 b ne>ly s1 ! table may /ill be us$4 ,= example1 suppose ! weight ( wat] displac$ be #d4ihfh in/ead ( five grams4 ,! app>5t specific gravity ( ! wat] by ?is plummet is #j4iigcf & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! true specific gravity is #j4jjbfd1 :i* is a con/ant correction to be add$ to ! specific gravity z det]m9$ 9 ea* case4 ,,correction ,,table ,,= ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,bel[ #ae4f ,subtract2 ,above #ae4f ,add4 ,temp4 ,correction4 ,temp4 ,correction4 ,temp4 ,correction4 #ab4b #j4jjjdg #ah4b #j4jjjdc #bd4b #j4jjafc #ab4d #j4jjjdd #ah4d #j4jjjdf #bd4d #j4jjafg #ab4f #j4jjjdb #ah4f #j4jjjej #bd4f #j4jjagb #ab4h #j4jjjci #ah4h #j4jjjec #bd4h #j4jjagf #ac4j #j4jjjcg #ai4j #j4jjjeg #be4j #j4jjaha #ac4b #j4jjfcd #ai4b #j4jjjfa #be4b #j4jjahf #ac4d #j4jjjcb #ai4d #j4jjjfe #be4d #j4jjaia #ac4f #j4jjjbi #ai4f #j4jjjfh #be4f #j4jjaie #ac4h #j4jjjbg #ai4h #j4jjjgb #be4h #j4jjbjj #ad4j #j4jjjbd #bj4j #j4jjjgf #bf4j #j4jjbje #ad4b #j4jjjba #bj4b #j4jjjhj #bf4b #j4jjbaj #ad4d #j4jjjah #bj4d #j4jjjhd #bf4d #j4jjbae #ad4f #j4jjjae #bj4f #j4jjjhg #bf4f #j4jjbbj #ad4h #j4jjjab #bj4h #j4jjjia #bf4h #j4jjbbe #ae4j #j4jjjji #ba4j #j4jjjie #bg4j #j4jjbcj #ae4b #j4jjjjf #ba4b #j4jjjii #bg4b #j4jjbce #ae4d #j4jjjjc #ba4d #j4jjajc #bg4d #j4jjbdj #ae4f #j4jjjjj #ba4f #j4jjajg #bg4f #j4jjbdf #ae4h #j4jjjjc #ba4h #j4jjaaa #bg4h #j4jjbea #af4j #j4jjjjf #bb4j #j4jjaae #bh4j #j4jjbef #af4b #j4jjjji #bb4b #j4jjaai #bh4b #j4jjbfa #af4d #j4jjjab #bb4d #j4jjabc #bh4d #j4jjbfg #af4f #j4jjjaf #bb4f #j4jjabh #bh4f #j4jjbgb #af4h #j4jjjai #bb4h #j4jjacb #bh4h #j4jjbgh #ag4j #j4jjjbb #bc4j #j4jjacf #bi4j #j4jjbhc #ag4b #j4jjjbe #bc4b #j4jjadj #bi4b #j4jjbhh #ag4d #j4jjjbi #bc4d #j4jjade #bi4d #j4jjbid #ag4f #j4jjjcb #bc4f #j4jjadi #bi4f #j4jjbii #ag4h #j4jjjcf #bc4h #j4jjaed #bi4h #j4jjcjf #ah4j #j4jjjci #bd4j #j4jjaeh #cj4j #j4jjcaa ,! table is only accurate :5 ! di/illate does n conta9 ov] sev5 nor less ?an ?ree p] c5t ( alcohol4 ,if ! di/illate conta9 m ?an sev5 p] c5t ( alcohol x is dilut$ & ! comp5sat+ correction made4 #fbj4 ,calculat+ ,results4--,! specific gravity ( ! alcoholic di/illate hav+ be5 det]m9$ by any approv$ me?od & correct$ to a temp]ature ( #ae4f1 ! correspond+ p] c5ts ( alcohol by volume & by weight are f\nd by consult+ ! foll[+ table4#fcf ,if1 = example1 ! correct$ specific gravity be exactly t giv5 9 any figure ( ! table ! correspond+ p] c5ts are directly read4 ,if ! specific gravity f\nd fall betwe5 two numb]s 9 ! table ! correspond+ p] c5ts are det]m9$ by int]polation4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,alcohol ,,by ,,weight ,,& ,,by ,,volume4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,specific ,p] c5t ,p] c5t gravity at alcohol alcohol #ae4f_/ae4f4 by volume4 by weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a4jjjjj #j4jj #j4jj #j4iiiib 4#je 4#jd #ihd 4#aj 4#jh #igf 4#ae 4#ab #ifh 4#bj 4#af #ifa 4#be 4#bj #iec 4#cj 4#bd #ide 4#ce 4#bh #icg 4#dj 4#cb #icj 4#de 4#cf 4#iiibc #j4ej #j4dj #iae 4#ee 4#dd #ijg 4#fj 4#dh #ijj 4#fe 4#eb #hib 4#gj 4#ef #hhd 4#ge 4#fj #hgg 4#hj 4#fd #hfi 4#he 4#fg #hfa 4#ij 4#ga #hed 4#ie 4#ge 4#iihdi #a4jj #j4gi #hdb 4#je 4#hc #hcd 4#aj 4#hg #hbg 4#ae 4#ia #hai 4#bj 4#ie #hab 4#be 4#ii #hje 4#cj #a4jc #gig 4#ce 4#jg #gij 4#dj 4#aa #ghb 4#de 4#ae 4#iigge #a4ej #a4ai #gfh 4#ee 4#bc #gfj 4#fj 4#bg #gec 4#fe 4#ca #gde 4#gj 4#ce #gch 4#ge 4#ci #gca 4#hj 4#dc #gbc 4#he 4#dg #gaf 4#ij 4#ea #gjh 4#ie 4#ee 4#iigja #b4jj #a4ei #fid 4#je 4#fc #fhg 4#aj 4#fg #fgi 4#ae 4#ga #fgb 4#bj 4#ge #ffe 4#be 4#gi #feh 4#cj 4#hc #fea 4#ce 4#hg #fdc 4#dj 4#ia #fcf 4#de 4#ie #j4iifbi #b4ej #a4ii #fbb 4#ee #b4jc #fae 4#fj 4#jg #fjg 4#fe 4#aa #fjj 4#gj 4#ae #eic 4#ge 4#ai #ehf 4#hj 4#bc #egi 4#he 4#bg #ega 4#ij 4#ca #efd 4#ie 4#ce 4#iieeg #c4jj #b4ci #eej 4#je 4#dc #edc 4#aj 4#dg #ecf 4#ae 4#ea #ebi 4#bj 4#ee #ebb 4#be 4#ei #eae 4#cj 4#fd #ejh 4#ce 4#fh #eja 4#dj 4#gb #did 4#de 4#gf 4#iidhg #c4ej #b4hj #dhj 4#ee 4#hd #dgc 4#fj 4#hh #dff 4#fe 4#ib #dei 4#gj 4#if #deb 4#ge #c4jj #dde 4#hj 4#jd #dch 4#he 4#jh #dca 4#ij 4#ab #dbd 4#ie 4#af 4#iidag #d4jj #c4bj #daj 4#je 4#bd #djc 4#aj 4#bh #cig 4#ae 4#cb #cij 4#bj 4#cf #chc 4#be 4#dj #cgf 4#cj 4#dd #cfi 4#ce 4#dh #cfc 4#dj 4#eb #cef 4#de 4#ef 4#iicdi #d4ej #c4fj #cdb 4#ee 4#fd #cce 4#fj 4#fh #cbi 4#fe 4#gb #cbb 4#gj 4#gf #cae 4#ge 4#hj #cjh 4#hj 4#hd #cja 4#he 4#hh #bie 4#ij 4#ib #bhh 4#ie 4#if #j4iibha #e4jj #d4jj #bgd 4#je 4#jd #bfh 4#aj 4#jh #bfa 4#ae 4#ab #bee 4#bj 4#af #bdh 4#be 4#bj #bda 4#cj 4#bd #bce 4#ce 4#bh #bbh 4#dj 4#cb #bbb 4#de 4#cf 4#iibae #e4ej #d4dj #bjh 4#ee 4#dd #bjb 4#fj 4#dh #aie 4#fe 4#eb #ahi 4#gj 4#ef #ahb 4#ge 4#fj #age 4#hj 4#fd #afi 4#he 4#fh #afb 4#ij 4#gb #aef 4#ie 4#gf 4#iiadi #f4jj #d4hj #adc 4#je 4#hd #acf 4#aj 4#hg #acj 4#ae 4#ib #abc 4#bj 4#if #aag 4#be #e4jj #aaa 4#cj 4#je #ajd 4#ce 4#ji #jih 4#dj 4#ac #jia 4#de 4#ag 4#iijhe #f4ej #e4ba #jgi 4#ee 4#be #jgb 4#fj 4#bi #jff 4#fe 4#cc #jei 4#gj 4#cg #jec 4#ge 4#da #jdg 4#hj 4#de #jdj 4#he 4#di #jcd 4#ij 4#ec #jbg 4#ie 4#eg 4#iijba #g4jj #e4fa #jae 4#je 4#fe #jji 4#aj 4#fi #jjb 4#ae 4#gc 4#ihiif 4#bj 4#gg #iij 4#be 4#ha #ihd 4#cj 4#hf #igh 4#ce 4#ij #iga 4#dj 4#id #ife 4#de 4#ih #j4ihiei #g4ej #f4jb #iec 4#ee 4#jf #idg 4#fj 4#aj #idj 4#fe 4#ad #icd 4#gj 4#ah #ibh 4#ge 4#bb #ibb 4#hj 4#bf #iaf 4#he 4#cj #iji 4#ij 4#cd #ijc 4#ie 4#ch 4#ihhig #h4jj #f4db #hia 4#je 4#df #hhe 4#aj 4#ej #hgi 4#ae 4#ed #hgc 4#bj 4#eh #hfg 4#be 4#fb #hfa 4#cj 4#fg #hee 4#ce 4#ga #hdi 4#dj 4#ge #hdc 4#de 4#gi 4#ihhcg #h4ej #f4hc #hca 4#ee 4#hg #hbe 4#fj 4#ia #hai 4#fe 4#ie #hac 4#gj 4#ii #hjg 4#ge #g4jc #hja 4#hj 4#jg #gie 4#he 4#aa #ghi 4#ij 4#ae #ghc 4#ie 4#ai 4#ihggg #i4jj #g4bc #gga 4#je 4#bg #gfe 4#aj 4#ca #ged 4#bj 4#ci #gdh 4#be 4#dc #gdb 4#cj 4#dh #gcf 4#ce 4#eb #gbd 4#de 4#fj 4#ihgai #i4ej #g4fd #gac 4#ee 4#fh #gjg 4#fj 4#gb #gja 4#fe 4#gf #fie 4#gj 4#hj #fhi 4#ge 4#hd #fhc 4#hj 4#hh #fgh 4#he 4#ib #fgb 4#ij 4#if #fff 4#ie #h4jj #j4ihffj #aj4jj #h4jd #fed 4#je 4#jh #fdi 4#aj 4#ab #fdc 4#ae 4#af #fcg 4#bj 4#bj #fcb 4#be 4#bd #fbf 4#cj 4#bh #fbj 4#ce 4#cc #fad 4#dj 4#cg #fji 4#de 4#da 4#ihfjc #aj4ej #h4de #eig 4#ee 4#di #eib 4#fj 4#ec #ehf 4#fe 4#eg #ehj 4#gj 4#fa #ege 4#ge 4#fe #efi 4#hj 4#gj #efc 4#he 4#gd #eeg 4#ij 4#gh #eeb 4#ie 4#hb 4#ihedf #aa4jj #h4hf #edj 4#je 4#ij #ece 4#aj 4#id #ebi 4#ae 4#ih #ebd 4#bj #i4jb #eah 4#be 4#jg #eac 4#cj 4#aa #ejg 4#ce 4#ae #ejb 4#dj 4#ai #dif 4#de 4#bc 4#ihdia #aa4ej #i4bg #dhe 4#ee 4#ca #dgi 4#fj 4#ce #dgd 4#fe 4#ci #dfh 4#gj 4#dc #dfc 4#ge 4#dg #deg 4#hj 4#ea #deb 4#he 4#ee #ddf 4#ij 4#ei #dda 4#ie 4#fc 4#ihdce #ab4jj #i4fg #dcj 4#je 4#ga #dbd 4#aj 4#ge #dai 4#ae 4#gi #dac 4#bj 4#hc #djh 4#be 4#hg #djb 4#cj 4#ib #cig 4#ce 4#if #cia 4#dj #aj4jj #chf 4#de 4#jd #j4ihcha #ab4ej #aj4jh #cge 4#ee 4#ab #cgj 4#fj 4#af #cfd 4#fe 4#bj #cei 4#gj 4#bd #cec 4#ge 4#bh #cdh 4#hj 4#cc #cdb 4#he 4#cg #ccg 4#ij 4#da #cca 4#ie 4#de 4#ihcbf #ac4jj #aj4di #cba 4#je 4#ec #cae 4#aj 4#eg #caj 4#ae 4#fa #cje 4#bj 4#fe #bii 4#be 4#fi #bid 4#cj 4#gd #bhi 4#ce 4#gh #bhc 4#dj 4#hb #bgh 4#de 4#hf 4#ihbgc #ac4ej #aj4ij #bfg 4#ee 4#id #bfb 4#fj 4#ih #bef 4#fe #aa4jb #bea 4#gj 4#jf #bdf 4#ge 4#ad #bdj 4#hj 4#ae #bce 4#he 4#ai #bcj 4#ij 4#bc #bbd 4#ie 4#bg 4#ihbai #ad4jj #aa4ca #bad 4#je 4#ce #bji 4#aj 4#ci #bjc 4#ae 4#dc #aih 4#bj 4#dg #aic 4#be 4#eb #ahh 4#cj 4#ef #ahb 4#ce 4#fj #agg 4#dj 4#fd #agb 4#de 4#fh 4#ihafg #ad4ej #aa4gb #afa 4#ee 4#gf #aef 4#fj 4#hj #aea 4#fe 4#hd #adf 4#gj 4#hh #adj 4#ge 4#ic #ace 4#hj 4#ig #acj 4#he #ab4ja #abe 4#ij 4#je #aai 4#ie 4#ji #j4ihaad #ae4jj #ab4ac #ajh 4#je 4#ag #ajd 4#aj 4#ba #jii 4#ae 4#be #jic 4#bj 4#bi #jhh 4#be 4#cc #jhc 4#cj 4#ch #jgh 4#ce 4#db #jgc 4#dj 4#df #jfh 4#de 4#ej 4#ihjfc #ae4ej #ab4ed #jeg 4#ee 4#eh #jeb 4#fj 4#fb #jdg 4#fe 4#ff #jdb 4#gj 4#gj #jcg 4#ge 4#ge #jcb 4#hj 4#gi #jbf 4#he 4#hc #jba 4#ij 4#hg #jaf 4#ie 4#ia 4#ihjaa #af4jj #ab4ie #jje 4#je 4#ii #jja 4#aj #ac4jc 4#igiif 4#ae 4#jh #iia 4#bj 4#ab #ihf 4#be 4#af #ihj 4#cj 4#bj #ige 4#ce 4#bd #igj 4#dj 4#bi #ife 4#de 4#cc 4#igifj #af4ej #ac4cg #iee 4#ee 4#da #iej 4#fj 4#de #ide 4#fe 4#di #idj 4#gj 4#ec #ice 4#ge 4#eg #ibi 4#hj 4#fb #ibd 4#he 4#ff #iai 4#ij 4#gj #iad 4#ie 4#gd 4#igiji #ag4jj #ac4gh #ijd 4#je 4#hb #hii 4#aj 4#hf #hid 4#ae 4#ij #hhi 4#bj 4#id #hhd 4#be 4#ih #hgi 4#cj #ad4jc #hgd 4#ce 4#jg #hfi 4#dj 4#aa #hfd 4#de 4#ae #j4ighei #ag4ej #ad4ai #hec 4#ee 4#bc #hdh 4#fj 4#bg #hdc 4#fe 4#ca #hch 4#gj 4#ce #hcc 4#ge 4#dj #hbh 4#hj 4#dd #hbc 4#he 4#dh #hah 4#ij 4#eb #hac 4#ie 4#ef 4#ighjh #ah4jj #ad4fj #hjc 4#je 4#fd #gih 4#aj 4#fh #gic 4#ae 4#gc #ghh 4#bj 4#gg #ghc 4#be 4#ha #ggh 4#cj 4#he #ggc 4#ce 4#hi #gfh 4#dj 4#id #gfc 4#de 4#ih 4#iggeh #ah4ej #ae4jb #gec 4#ee 4#jf #gdh 4#fj 4#aj #gdc 4#fe 4#ad #gch 4#gj 4#ah #gcc 4#ge 4#bb #gbh 4#hj 4#bg #gbc 4#he 4#ca #gah 4#ij 4#ce #gac 4#ie 4#ci 4#iggjh #ai4jj #ae4dc #gjc 4#je 4#dg #fih 4#aj 4#ea #fic 4#ae 4#ee #fhh 4#bj 4#ei #fhc 4#be 4#fc #fgh 4#cj 4#fh #fgc 4#ce 4#gb #ffh 4#dj 4#gf #ffc 4#de 4#hj 4#igfeh #ai4ej #ae4hd #fec 4#ee 4#hh #fdh 4#fj 4#ic #fdc 4#fe 4#ig #fch 4#gj #af4ja #fcc 4#ge 4#je #fbh 4#hj 4#ji #fbc 4#he 4#ad #fah 4#ij 4#ah #fac 4#ie 4#bb #j4igfjh #bj4jj #af4bf #fjc 4#je 4#cj #eih 4#aj 4#cd #eic 4#ae 4#ch #ehh 4#bj 4#db #ehc 4#be 4#df #egh 4#cj 4#ea #egc 4#ce 4#eh #efh 4#dj 4#ei #efc 4#de 4#fc 4#igeeh #bj4ej #af4fg #eeb 4#ee 4#ga #edg 4#fj 4#ge #edb 4#fe 4#hj #ecg 4#gj 4#hd #ecb 4#ge 4#hh #ebg 4#hj 4#ib #ebb 4#he 4#if #eag 4#ij #ag4ja #eab 4#ie 4#je 4#igejg #ba4jj #ag4ji #ejb 4#je 4#ac #dig 4#aj 4#ag #dib 4#ae 4#bb #dhg 4#bj 4#bf #dhb 4#be 4#cj #dgg 4#cj 4#cd #dgb 4#ce 4#ch #dfg 4#dj 4#dc #dfb 4#de 4#dg 4#igdeg #ba4ej #ag4ea #dea 4#ee 4#ee #ddf 4#fj 4#ei #dda 4#fe 4#fc #dcf 4#gj 4#fg #dca 4#ge 4#ga #dbf 4#hj 4#gf #dba 4#he 4#hj #daf 4#ij 4#hd #daa 4#ie 4#hh 4#igdjf #bb4jj #ag4ib #dja 4#je 4#if #cif 4#aj #ah4jj #cia 4#ae 4#je #chf 4#bj 4#ji #cha 4#be 4#ac #cge 4#cj 4#ag #cgj 4#ce 4#ba #cfe 4#dj 4#bf #cfj 4#de 4#cj #j4igcee #bb4ej #ah4cd #cej 4#ee 4#ch #cde 4#fj 4#db #cdj 4#fe 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4#ge 4#fb #cih 4#hj 4#ff #cij 4#he 4#ga #cha 4#ij 4#gf #cgc 4#ie 4#hj #j4idcfd #de4jj #cg4hd #cee 4#je 4#hi #cdf 4#aj 4#ic #cch 4#ae 4#ih #cbi 4#bj #ch4jb #cbj 4#be 4#jg #caa 4#cj 4#ab #cjb 4#ce 4#af #bid 4#dj 4#ba #bhe 4#de 4#be 4#idbgf #de4ej #ch4cj #bfg 4#ee 4#ce #beh 4#fj 4#ci #bej 4#fe 4#dd #bda 4#gj 4#dh #bcb 4#ge 4#ec #bbc 4#hj 4#eg #bad 4#he 4#fb #bjf 4#ij 4#ff #aig 4#ie 4#ga 4#idahh #df4jj #ch4ge #agi 4#je 4#hj #agj 4#aj 4#hd #afa 4#ae 4#hi #aeb 4#bj 4#ic #adc 4#be 4#ih #acd 4#cj #ci4jc #abe 4#ce 4#jg #aaf 4#dj 4#ab #ajg 4#de 4#af 4#idjih #df4ej #ci4ba #jhi 4#ee 4#bf #jhj 4#fj 4#cj #jga 4#fe 4#ce #jfb 4#gj 4#ci #jec 4#ge 4#dd #jdd 4#hj 4#di #jce 4#he 4#ec #jbf 4#ij 4#eh #jag 4#ie 4#fb 4#idjjh #dg4jj #ci4fg 4#iciii 4#je 4#gb #iij 4#aj 4#gf #ihj 4#ae 4#ha #iga 4#bj 4#he #ifb 4#be 4#ij #iec 4#cj 4#ie #idd 4#ce 4#ii #icd 4#dj #dj4jd #ibe 4#de 4#jh #j4iciaf #dg4ej #dj4ac #ijf 4#ee 4#ah #hih 4#fj 4#bb #hhh 4#fe 4#bg #hgi 4#gj 4#cb #hgj 4#ge 4#cg #hfa 4#hj 4#da #heb 4#he 4#df #hdb 4#ij 4#ea #hcc 4#ie 4#ee 4#ichbd #dh4jj #dj4fj #hae 4#je 4#fe #hjh 4#aj 4#fi #gif 4#ae 4#gd #ghf 4#bj 4#gh #ggg 4#be 4#hc #gfh 4#cj 4#hh #geh 4#ce 4#ib #gdj 4#dj 4#ig #gci 4#de #da4ja 4#icgcj #dh4ej #da4jf #gba 4#ee 4#aa #gaa 4#fj 4#ae #gjb 4#fe 4#bj #fib 4#gj 4#bd #fhc 4#ge 4#bi #fgc 4#hj 4#cd #ffd 4#he 4#ch #fee 4#ij 4#dc #fde 4#ie 4#dg 4#icfcf #di4jj #da4eb #fbf 4#je 4#eg #fag 4#aj 4#fa #fjg 4#ae 4#ff #eih 4#bj 4#ga #ehh 4#be 4#gf #egh 4#cj 4#hj #efi 4#ce 4#he #eei 4#dj 4#ij #eej 4#de 4#id 4#icedj #di4ej #da4ii #ecj 4#ee #db4jd #eba 4#fj 4#jh #eaa 4#fe 4#ac #ejb 4#gj 4#ah #dib 4#ge 4#bc #dhb 4#hj 4#bg #dgc 4#he 4#cb #dfc 4#ij 4#cg #ded 4#ie 4#da ---------------------------------------- --------- #fba4 ,det]m9ation ( ,p]c5tage ( ,alcohol by ,means ,( ,vapor ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature ( a mixture ( alcohol & wat] vapors is less ?an t ( wat] alone & ! depression is inv]sely proportional to ! quantity ( alcohol pres5t4 ,?is pr9ciple is utiliz$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ebullioscope or ebulliomet]4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! temp]ature ( pure boil+ wat] vapor is det]m9$ by a prelim9>y exp]im5t4 ,?is po9t mu/ be frequ5tly revis$ 9 ord] to correct x = v>iations 9 b>ometric pressure4 ,! wat] is )drawn f ! boil] ( ! app>atus1 ! same volume ( a w9e or be] plac$ !re91 & ! vapor temp]ature aga9 det]m9$4 ,by comp>+ ! boil+ po9t ( ! w9e1 ) a scale calibrat$ = diff]5t p]c5tages ( alcohol1 ! quantity ( _s pres5t is det]m9$4 ,:5 wat] vapor is at #ajj a v9 ord9aire hav+ eight p] c5t ( alcohol gives a vapor at #ic4h4 ,! pres5ce ( extractive matt]s 9 ! sample1 :i* t5d to raise its boil+ po9t1 is neglect$ 9 ! calculation ( results4 #fbb4 ,improv$ ,ebullioscope4--,! pr9ciple m5tion$ 9 ! above p>agraph may be appli$ ) a consid]able degree ( accuracy1 by us+ ! improv$ ebullioscope describ$ bel[4#fcg ,! app>atus consi/s ( a glass flask ,f1 %ap$ some:at l an erl5mey]1 clos$ at ! top ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a c5tral ap]ture = ! ins]tion ( ! delicate !rmomet] ,a ,b1 & a lat]al small] ap]ture = connect+ ! int]ior ( ! flask ) ! cond5s] ,d4 ,! return ( ! cond5s$ vapors f ,d is effect$ ?r\gh ! tube ent]+ ! flask ,f 9 su* a mann] z to deliv] ! cond5s$ liquid b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ,f z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! flask ,f conta9s pieces ( scrap plat9um or pumice /one to prev5t bump+ & secure an ev5 ebullition4 ,! flask ,f re/s ^u a disk ( asbe/os1 p]=at$ 9 su* a way z to h ! op5+ fully cov]$ by ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,to protect ,f aga9/ ! influ5ce ( air curr5ts x is enclos$ 9 ! glass cyl9d] ,e re/+ on ! asbe/os disk bel[ & clos$ ) a deta*able s(t rubb] cov] at ! top4 ,! temp]ature betwe5 ! cyl9d] ,e & ! flask ,f is measur$ by ! !rmomet] ,c & ! flame ( ! lamp ,g %\ld be s adju/$ z to br+ ! temp]ature betwe5 ! flask ,f & ! cyl9d] ,e to ab\t #ij at ! "t ( read+ ! !rmomet] ,b4 ,! bulb ( ! !rmomet] ,b may be protect$ by a ?9 glass tube c>ry+ di/ill$ wat]1 s adju/$ z to prev5t ! escape ( ! wat]y vapor into ,f4 ,! !rmomet] ,b is su* z is us$ = det]m9+ molecul> weights by ! cryoscopic me?od4 ,x has a ci/]n at ,a :i* holds any excess ( m]cury n ne$$ 9 adju/+ ! !rmomet] = any requir$ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,improv$ ,,ebullioscope4 ,a second app>atus1 exactly simil> to ! "o describ$1 is conv5i5tly us$ = measur+ ! *anges 9 b>ometric pressure dur+ ! process ( ! analysis4 ,! temp]ature ( ! vapor ( boil+ wat] hav+ be5 fir/ det]m9$1 ! be] or w9e is plac$ 9 ,f1 & ! temp]ature ( ! vapor ( ! boil+ liquid det]m9$ aft] ! temp]ature ( ! air lay] betwe5 ,e & ,f rea*es ab\t #ij1 measur$ on ! !rmomet] ,c4 ,by us+ alcoholic mixtures ( kn[n /r5g? ! depression = ea* *ang+ p] c5t ( alcohol is det]m9$ = ea* sy/em ( app>atus employ$1 & ?is hav+ once be5 done1 ! p]c5tage ( alcohol 9 any unkn[n liquid is at once det]m9$ by inspect+ ! !rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* is imm]s$ 9 ! vapor f ! boil+ liquid4 ,9 ! app>atus figur$1 a depression ( #j4h is equival5t to "o p] c5t ( alcohol by volume4 ,full directions = ! manipulation ( ! app>atus may be f\nd 9 ! pap] cit$ above4 #fbc4 ,total ,fix$ ,matt]s4--,! residue left on evaporat+ a f]m5t$ bev]age to dryness is commonly kn[n z extractive matt]1 or simply extract4 ,x is compos$ *iefly ( unf]m5t$ c>bohydrates1 organic acids1 nitrog5\s bodies1 glyc]ol & m9]al sub/ances4 ,hydro*loric & sulfuric acids may also be f\nd !re94 ,if any non-volatile pres]vatives h be5 us$ 9 ! sample1 su* z borax1 salicylates & ! l1 ^! w also be f\nd 9 ! solid residue4 ,! bodies :i* escape are wat]1 alcohols1 e!rs & ess5tial oils4 ,! "* ( ! residue left by w9es & be]s is evid5tly diff]5t4 ,9 ea* case x %\ld conta9 typical compon5ts :i* aid 9 judg+ ( ! purity ( ! sample4 ,= in/ance1 9 be]s ! sub/itution = malt ( c>bohydrate bodies comp>atively free ( proteids1 produces a be] conta9+ a defici5cy ( nitrog5\s bodies4 ,pure malt be] w r>ely h less ?an "o-half ( a p] c5t ( proteids1 :ile be] made l>gely ( glucose1 rice or hom9y grits1 w h a mu* small] quantity4 ,fir/ w be describ$ bel[ ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! fix$ residue left on evaporation1 & !reaft] ! processes = asc]ta9+ its lead+ compon5ts4 #fbd4 ,me?ods ( ! ,(ficial ,*emi/s4--,two me?ods are 9 use by ! (ficial *emi/s = det]m9+ ! fix$ solids 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages4#fch ,!y are z foll[s3 ,direct ,me?od4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample are weigh$1 plac$ 9 a plat9um di% ab\t eighty millimet]s 9 diamet] & capable ( hold+ ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s & evaporat$ on ! /eam ba? to a sirupy consi/5ce4 ,! residue is heat$ = two & a half h\rs 9 a dry+ ov5 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & weigh$4 ,9 ,sweet ,w9es4--,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquor are weigh$ & dilut$ to #ajj ) wat]4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are evaporat$ z describ$ above4 ,optional ,me?od4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample are plac$ 9 a plat9um or porcela9 di% & evaporat$ on ! /eam ba? until ! volume is r$uc$ to "o-?ird4 ,! dealcoholiz$ liquid is wa%$ into a fifty cubic c5timet] flask1 cool$ & made up to ! orig9al volume4 ,x is mix$ ?or\ghly & ! specific gravity asc]ta9$ ) a pyknomet]1 hydro/atic balance or an accurately /&>diz$ hydromet]4 ,! p]c5tage ( total solids is obta9$ f ! app5d$ table4 ,! column on ! left ( ! specific gravity gives ! p]c5tage ( extract 9 a w9e1 z calculat$ by ,hag]1 & t on ! "r ! p]c5tage ( extract 9 a be] or wort1 z calculat$ by ,s*ultze4 ,accord+ to ,baum]t1 h[ev]1 ,s*ultze's table gives results :i* approximate m closely ! data obta9$ by direct e/imation ?an does ,hag]'s4 ,,tables ,,( ,,hag] ,,& ,,s*ultze ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,extract ,,by ,,! ,,indirect ,,me?od4 ,hag]4 ,specific gravity4 ,s*ultze4 ----------------------------------- #j4hd #a4jjch #a4jj #j4hf #a4jjci #a4jb #j4hh #a4jjdj #a4je #j4ij #a4jjda #a4jh #j4ib #a4jjdb #a4aj #j4id #a4jjdc #a4ac #j4if #a4jjdd #a4ae #j4ih #a4jjde #a4ah #a4jj #a4jjdf #a4ba #a4jb #a4jjdg #a4bc #a4jd #a4jjdh #a4bf #a4jf #a4jjdi #a4bi #a4jh #a4jjej #a4ca #a4aj #a4jjea #a4cd #a4ab #a4jjeb #a4cf #a4ae #a4jjec #a4ci #a4ag #a4jjed #a4da #a4ai #a4jjee #a4dd #a4bb #a4jjef #a4df #a4be #a4jjeg #a4di #a4bg #a4jjeh #a4ea #a4cj #a4jjei #a4ed #a4cb #a4jjfj #a4ef #a4cd #a4jjfa #a4ei #a4cg #a4jjfb #a4fb #a4ci #a4jjfc #a4fd #a4db #a4jjfd #a4fg #a4dd #a4jjfe #a4fi #a4df #a4jjff #a4gb #a4dh #a4jjfg #a4gd #a4ej #a4jjfh #a4gg #a4eb #a4jjfi #a4gi #a4ee #a4jjgj #a4hb #a4eg #a4jjga #a4hd #a4ei #a4jjgb #a4hg #a4fa #a4jjgc #a4ij #a4fd #a4jjgd #a4ib #a4ff #a4jjge #a4ie #a4fh #a4jjgf #a4ig #a4gj #a4jjgg #b4jj #a4gb #a4jjgh #b4jb #a4ge #a4jjgi #b4je #a4gg #a4jjhj #b4jg #a4gi #a4jjha #b4aj #a4hb #a4jjhb #b4ab #a4hd #a4jjhc #b4ae #a4hf #a4jjhd #b4ag #a4hh #a4jjhe #b4bj #a4ij #a4jjhf #b4bc #a4ib #a4jjhg #b4be #a4id #a4jjhh #b4bh #a4if #a4jjhi #b4cj #a4ih #a4jjij #b4cc #b4jj #a4jjia #b4ce #b4jc #a4jjib #b4ch #b4je #a4jjic #b4da #b4jg #a4jjid #b4dc #b4ji #a4jjie #b4df #b4aa #a4jjif #b4dh #b4ad #a4jjig #b4ea #b4af #a4jjih #b4ec #b4ah #a4jjii #b4ef #b4ba #a4jajj #b4eh #b4bc #a4jaja #b4fa #b4be #a4jajb #b4fd #b4bg #a4jajc #b4ff #b4cj #a4jajd #b4fi #b4cb #a4jaje #b4ga #b4cd #a4jajf #b4gd #b4cf #a4jajg #b4gf #b4ch #a4jajh #b4gi #b4dj #a4jaji #b4hb #b4db #a4jaaj #b4hd #b4dd #a4jaaa #b4hg #b4df #a4jaab #b4hi #b4dh #a4jaac #b4ib #b4ej #a4jaad #b4id #b4eb #a4jaae #b4ig #b4ed #a4jaaf #b4ii #b4eg #a4jaag #c4jb #b4ei #a4jaah #c4je #b4fa #a4jaai #c4jg #b4fd #a4jabj #c4aj #b4ff #a4jaba #c4ab #b4fh #a4jabb #c4ae #b4gj #a4jabc #c4ag #b4gb #a4jabd #c4bj #b4ge #a4jabe #c4bc #b4gg #a4jabf #c4be #b4gi #a4jabg #c4bh #b4hb #a4jabh #c4cj #b4hd #a4jabi #c4cc #b4hf #a4jacj #c4ce #b4hh #a4jaca #c4ch #b4ij #a4jacb #c4da #b4ib #a4jacc #c4dc #b4id #a4jacd #c4df #b4if #a4jace #c4dh #b4ih #a4jacf #c4ea #c4jj #a4jacg #c4ed ,if x be desir$ to use ?is table = ! exam9ation ( liquors conta9+ a high] p]c5tage ( extract1 ,s*ultze's table 7int5d$ orig9ally = wort7 may be consult$4 ,gauti] reg>ds ! fix$ solids z ! residue obta9$ on evaporat+1 9 a flat plat9um di%1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( w9e at #ajj = f\r h\rs & a half4#fci ,! (ficial ,fr5* me?od is z foll[s3 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are plac$ 9 a flat bottom1 plat9um di% ( su* a diamet] t ! dep? ( ! liquid !re9 does n exce$ "o millimet]4 ,! di% %\ld be imm]s$ z totally z possible 9 ! /eam4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = six h\rs4 ,! foll[+ me?od is us$ at ! municipal laboratory ( ,p>is3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are plac$ 9 a flat bottom1 plat9um di% sev5ty millimet]s 9 diamet] & tw5ty-five deep4 ,! di% is plac$ on a wat] ba? 9 su* a mann] t x j t\*es ! surface ( ! wat] :i* is kept at a con/ant level4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = sev5 h\rs4#fdj #fbe4 ,det]m9ation 9 a ,vacuum4--,to avoid ! *anges & decomposition produc$ by heat+1 ! fix$ solids may also be det]m9$ by dry+ ! sample 9 a vacuum ov] sulfuric acid4 ,9 ?is laboratory1 x has be5 f\nd t ! process may be greatly facilitat$ by connect+ ! desiccat+ app>atus ) ! vacuum s]vice ( ! work+ desks 9 :i* a vacuum correspond+ to a m]curial column ( #fjj millimet]s is obta9$4 ,! desiccator is provid$ ) a valve :]eby a m9ute curr5t ( dry air is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh x4 ,?is curr5t is n l>ge en\gh to less5 ! vacuum b is suffici5t to greatly accel]ate ! rapidity ( ! evaporation4 ,! evaporation is ha/5$ also1 9 a m>k$ degree1 by absorb+ ! liquid ) a piece ( filt] pap] previ\sly dri$ 9 a vacuum4 ,:5 x is desir$ to exam9e ! residue1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obta9$ 9 a flat di% expos+ a l>ge surface to evaporation4 #fbf4 ,e/imation ( ,wat]4--,x is evid5t t ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 a f]m5t$ bev]age is easily calculat$ :5 ! p]c5tage ( alcohol by weight & t ( ! dry residue are kn[n4 ,9 a giv5 case1 if ! numb] ( grams ( alcohol 9 #ajj ( ! sample be five & t ( fix$ solids f\r & a half1 ! quantity ( wat] !re9 is #ajj - 7#e4j #d4e7 #ij4e grams4 ,9 ?is case ! volatile ess5ces are c\nt$ z wat]1 b ^!1 at mo/1 are s small 9 quantity z to be practically unweighable4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t direct dry+1 9 _m cases1 may give errone\s results1 especially :5 ! sample conta9s an abundance ( e!rs & ( glyc]ol4 ,! loss :i* takes place on evaporation may be dim9i%$ by add+ to ! sample1 be=e evaporation1 a kn[n weight ( potassium sulfate 9 cry/als1 :i* s]ves to increase ! surface ( evaporation1 to ha/5 ! process & to obta9 a quantity ( residue 9 excess ( t secur$ by direct evaporation 9 an op5 di%4 #fbg4 ,total ,acidity4--,! acidity f\nd 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages is due bo? to ! natural acids ( ! mat]ials f :i* !y are made1 & to ^? caus$ by f]m5tation4 ,! typical acids also indicate ! nature ( ! orig9al mat]ials1 z malic 9 cid] & t>t>ic 9 w9e4 ,! acids ( be]s are due almo/ exclusively to f]m5tation1 & acetic is probably ! dom9ant "o4 ,9 det]m9+ total acidity1 x is n always conv5i5t to asc]ta9 be=eh& :at acid pr$om9ates1 nor to accurately di/ribute ! acid among its v>i\s compon5ts4 ,9 ! analytical "w x is advisable1 !re=e1 to e/imate ! total acid ( cid] z malic1 ( w9es z t>t>ic & ( be]s z acetic4 ,! process ( titration is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,expel any c>bon dioxid t is pres5t by cont9u$ %ak+4 ,transf] t5 cubic c5timet]s to a beak] &1 9 ! case ( :ite w9es1 add ab\t t5 drops ( a neutral litmus solution4 ,add dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution until ! r$ color *anges to violet4 ,!n add ! reag5t1 a few drops at a "t1 until a drop ( ! liquid1 plac$ on delicate r$ litmus pap]1 %[s an alkal9e reaction4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution #j4jjge gram t>t>ic1 #j4jjfg ( malic & #j4jjf gram ( acetic acid4 #fbh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,volatile ,acids4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample1 to :i* a little tann9 has be5 add$ to prev5t foam+1 are di/ill$ 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! flask is heat$ until ! liquid boils1 :5 ! lamp "u x is turn$ d[n & ! /eam pass$ ?r\gh until #bjj cubic c5timet]s h be5 collect$ 9 ! receiv]4 ,! di/illate is titrat$ ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution & ! result express$ z acetic acid4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution #j4jjfj gram acetic acid4 ,! acidity due to volatile acids may be det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! total acidity z above describ$1 evaporat+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s to "o-?ird ( _! volume1 re/or+ ! orig9al volume ) wat] & aga9 titrat+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second titrations repres5ts ! volatile acidity4 ,a me?od ( det]m9+ volatile acidity 9 w9es1 )\t ! application ( heat1 has be5 propos$ by de la ,s\rce4#fda ,! sample1 five cubic c5timet]s1 fre$ ( c>bon dioxid by %ak+1 is plac$ 9 a flat di% ab\t eight c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,9 a sep>ate portion ( ! sample1 ! total acidity is det]m9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ph5olph?ali5 by a set solution ( b>ium hydroxid1 "o cubic c5timet] ( :i* is equal to f\r milligrams ( sulfuric acid4 ,! sample 9 ! flat di% is plac$ 9 a desiccator1 :i* conta9s bo? sulfuric acid & solid potassium hydroxid1 & left = two days1 by :i* "t x is practically dry4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 two cubic c5timet]s ( w>m wat] & ! di% is kept 9 ! desiccator = an additional two days4 ,by ?is "t ! volatile acids1 ev5 acetic1 w h disappe>$ & ! residual acidity is det]m9$ aft] solution 9 wat]4 ,! me?od is also applicable :5 w9es h be5 treat$ ) an alkali4 ,9 ?is case two samples ( five cubic c5timet]s ea* are acidifi$ ) two cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( t>t>ic acid conta9+ tw5ty-five grams p] lit]4 ,?is treatm5t sets free ! volatile acids1 & _! quantity is det]m9$ z be=e4 #fbi4 ,titration ) ,ph5olph?ali54--,! total acidity is also easily det]m9$ by titration ) a set alkali1 us+ ph5olph?ali5 z indicator4 ,color$ liquors mu/ be treat$ ) animal black be=e ! analysis4 ,! sample is %ak5 to expel c>bon dioxid & five cubic c5timet]s add$ to #ajj ( wat] conta9+ ph5olph?ali54 ,! set alkali 7t5? normal soda7 is add$ until ! r$ color is dis*>g$4 ,ev5 w9es hav+ a consid]able degree ( color may be titrat$ 9 ?is way4#fdb ,! acidity1 express$ z t>t>ic1 may be /at$ z due to sulfuric by divid+ by #a4ec4 #fcj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,t>t>ic ,acid4--,! det]m9ation ( potassium bit>trate is necess>y :5 an e/imation ( ! free t>t>ic acid is desir$4#fdc ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% & evaporat$ to a sirupy consi/5ce1 a little qu>tz s& be+ add$ to r5d] subsequ5t extraction easi]4 ,aft] cool+1 sev5ty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol are add$ ) con/ant /irr+4 ,aft] /&+ = twelve h\rs1 at z l[ a temp]ature z practicable1 ! solution is filt]$ & ! precipitate wa%$ ) alcohol until ! filtrate is no long] acid4 ,! alcoholic filtrate is pres]v$ = ! e/imation ( ! t>t>ic acid4 ,! filt] & precipitate are return$ to ! porcela9 di% & repeat$ly treat$ ) hot wat]1 ea* extraction be+ filt]$ into a flask or beak] until ! wa%+s are neutral4 ,! comb9$ aque\s filtrates & wa%+s are titrat$ ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution #j4jahh gram potassium bit>trate4 ,! alcoholic filtrate is made up to a def9ite volume ) wat] & divid$ into two equal portions4 ,"o portion is exactly neutraliz$ ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution1 ! o!r portion add$1 ! alcohol evaporat$1 ! residue wa%$ into a porcela9 di% & treat$ z above4 ,"o cubic c5timet] dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution #j4jjge gram t>t>ic acid4 ,z1 h[ev]1 only half ( ! free t>t>ic acid is det]m9$ by ?is me?od3 ,"o cubic c5timet] dec9ormal sodium hydroxid #j4jaej gram ( t>t>ic acid4 #fca4 ,modifi$ ,b]!lot-,fleury ,me?od4--,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are neutraliz$ ) potassium hydroxid solution & mix$ 9 a graduat$ cyl9d] ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! same sample4 ,to "o-fif? ( ! volume1 correspond+ to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( w9e1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( alcohol & e!r are add$ & all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! precipitat$ potassium bit>trate is sep>at$ by filtration1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & titrat$4 ,! excess ( potassium bit>trate ov] ! am\nt ( t con/itu5t pres5t 9 ! w9e corresponds to ! free t>t>ic acid4#fdd #fcb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,t>t>ic1 ,malic & ,succ9ic ,acids4--,two hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are evaporat$ to "o-half1 cool$ & lead subacetate solution add$ until ! reaction is alkal9e4#fde ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) cold wat] until ! filtrate %[s only a slight reaction = lead4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ f ! filt] into a beak]1 by means ( hot wat]1 & treat$ hot ) hydrog5 sulfid until all ! lead is conv]t$ into sulfid4 ,x is !n filt]$ hot & ! lead sulfid wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! wa%+s are no long] acid4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are evaporat$ to fifty cubic c5timet]s & accurately neutraliz$ ) potassium hydroxid4 ,an excess ( a saturat$ solution ( calcium acetate is add$ & ! liquid all[$ to /& f f\r to six h\rs ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,x is !n filt]$ & ! precipitate wa%$ until ! filtrate am\nts to exactly #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! precipitate ( calcium t>trate is conv]t$ into calcium oxid by ignit+ 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,aft] cool+1 f t5 to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( normal hydro*loric acid are add$1 ! solution wa%$ into a beak] & accurately titrat$ ) normal potassium hydroxid solution4 ,e cubic c5timet] ( normal acid saturat$ by ! calcium oxid is equival5t to #j4jgej gram t>t>ic acid4 ,to ! am\nt s obta9$1 #j4jbhf gram mu/ be add$1 repres5t+ ! t>t>ic acid held 9 solution 9 ! filtrate z calcium t>trate4 ,! sum repres5ts ! total t>t>ic acid 9 ! w9e4 ,! filtrate f ! calcium t>trate is evaporat$ to ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 cool$ & mix$ ) ?ree times its volume ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol4 ,aft] /&+ sev]al h\rs1 ! precipitate is collect$ on a weigh$ filt]1 dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,x repres5ts ! calcium salts ( malic1 succ9ic & sulfuric acids & ( ! t>t>ic acid :i* rema9$ 9 solution4 ,?is precipitate is dissolv$ 9 a m9imum quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 filt]$ & ! filt] wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,potassium c>bonate solution is add$ to ! hot filtrate1 & ! precipitat$ calcium c>bonate sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! potassium salts ( ! above nam$ acids4 ,x is neutraliz$ ) acetic acid1 evaporat$ to a small volume & precipitat$ hot ) b>ium *lorid4 ,! precipitate ( b>ium succ9ate & sulfate is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) hot wat] & treat$ on ! filt] ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! b>ium sulfate rema9+ is wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,9 ! filtrate1 :i* conta9s ! b>ium succ9ate1 ! b>ium is precipitat$ hot ) sulfuric acid1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,two hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree p>ts ( b>ium sulfate equal #aah p>ts ( succ9ic acid4 ,! succ9ic & sulfuric acids1 z well z ! t>t>ic acid rema9+ 9 solution1 :i* is equal to #j4jbhf gram1 are to be calculat$ z calcium salts & ! result d$uct$ f ! total weight ( ! calcium precipitate4 ,! rema9d] is ! calcium malate1 ( :i* #agb p>ts equal #acd p>ts malic acid4 ,accord+ to ,macagno1 succ9ic acid may be e/imat$ 9 w9es by ! foll[+ process3#fdf ,"o lit] ( ! w9e is dige/$ ) lead hydroxid1 evaporat$ on ! wat] ba? & ! residue extract$ ) /rong alcohol4 ,! residual salts ( lead are boil$ ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( ammonium nitrate1 :i* dissolves ! salts ( succ9ic acid4 ,! solution is filt]$1 ! lead remov$ by hydrog5 sulfid1 boil$1 neutraliz$ ) ammonia & treat$ ) f]ric *lorid z long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,! f]ric succ9ate is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ & ignit$4 ,! succ9ic acid is calculat$ f ! weight ( f]ric oxid obta9$4 ,malic acid 9 w9es & cid]s is det]m9$ by ! me?od ( ,b]!lot 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#fdg ,! sample is evaporat$ until r$uc$ to a t5? ( its volume4 ,to ! residue an equal volume ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol is add$ & ! mixture set aside = "s "t4 ,! t>t>ic acid & t>trates sep>ate1 toge!r ) ! great] "p ( ! salts ( lime :i* may be pres5t4 ,! sup]natant liquid is decant$ & a small quantity ( lime add$ to x until 9 slight excess ( t requir$ to neutralize ! acidity4 ,calcium malate is sep>at$ mix$ ) lime4 ,! solid matt]s are sep>at$ by filtration1 dissolv$ 9 a t5 p] c5t solution ( nitric acid1 f :i* ! lime bimalate w sep>ate 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,! weight ( calcium bimalate multipli$ by #j4ei gives t ( ! malic acid4 #fcc4 ,pol>iz+ ,bodies 9 ,f]m5t$ ,bev]ages4--,! /udy ( ! nature ( ! c>bohydrates1 :i* con/itute an important "p ( ! solid matt]s dissolv$ 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,^! bodies consi/ ( grape sug>s1 sucrose1 t>t>ic acid & ! unf]m5t$ hydrolytic products d]iv$ f />*4 ,a natural grape sug> 7*iefly dextrose7 is f\nd 9 w9es4 ,sucrose is also a v important con/itu5t ( sweet w9es4 ,! hydrolytic products ( />* are f\nd 9 be]s1 ei!r z a residue f ! f]m5tation ( malt or f ! rice1 glucose1 hom9y grits etc41 add$ 9 brew+4 ,! "* & quantities ( ^! residues c be det]m9$ by ! me?ods already giv5 9 ! p>ts ( ?is volume relat+ to sug>s & />*es4 ,= conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 & = special application to ! inve/igation ( f]m5t$ bev]ages a rsum ( ! me?ods adopt$ by ! (ficial *emi/s foll[s3#fdh #fcd4 ,det]m9ation ( ,r$uc+ ,sug>s4--,! r$uc+ sug>s are e/imat$ z dextrose1 & may be det]m9$ by any ( ! me?ods giv5 = ! e/imation !re( 7#aac-adj74 #fce4 ,pol>ization4--,all results are to be /at$ z ! pol>ization ( ! undilut$ sample4 ,! triple field %ad[ sac*>imet] is recomm5d$1 & ! results are express$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! sug> scale ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,if any o!r in/rum5t be us$1 or if x be desirable to conv]t to angul> rotation1 ! foll[+ factors may be employ$3 #a ,s*midt & ,ha5s* #j4cdfh angul> rotation ,d4 #a angul> rotation ,d #b4hhce ,s*midt & ,ha5s*4 #a ,s*midt & ,ha5s* #b4fjdh ,wild 7sug> scale74 #a ,wild 7sug> scale7 #j4chdj ,s*midt & ,ha5s*4 #a ,wild 7sug> scale7 #j4acca angul> rotation ,d4 #a angul> rotation ,d #j4geaa ,wild 7sug> scale74 #a ,laur5t 7sug> scale7 #j4bafg angul> rotation ,d4 #a angul> rotation ,d #d4faed ,laur5t 7sug> scale74 ,9 ! above table ,d repres5ts ! angul> rotation produc$ ) yell[ mono*romatic light4 7a7 ,9 ,:ite ,w9es or ,be]s4--,sixty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are decoloriz$ ) ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( lead subacetate solution & filt]$4 ,?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ ) "o & five-t5?s cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate1 filt]$ & pol>iz$4 ,?is gives a solution ( ne>ly t5 to elev51 :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! calculation1 & ! pol>iscope read+ mu/ accord+ly be increas$ "o-t5?4 7b7 ,9 ,r$ ,w9es4--,sixty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are decoloriz$ ) six cubic c5timet]s ( lead subacetate solution & filt]$4 ,to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate are add$1 filt]$ & ! filtrate pol>iz$4 ,! dilution 9 ?is case is ne>ly five to six1 & ! pol>iscope read+ mu/ accord+ly be increas$ "o-fif?4 7c7 ,9 ,sweet ,w9es4 7#a7 ,be=e ,inv]sion4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s are decoloriz$ ) two cubic c5timet]s ( lead subacetate solution & filt]$ aft] ! addition ( eight cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,"o-half cubic c5timet] ( a saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate & f\r & five-t5?s cubic c5timet]s ( wat] are add$ to fifty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 ! liquids mix$1 filt]$ & pol>iz$4 ,! pol>iscope read+ is multipli$ by #a4b4 7#b7 ,aft] ,inv]sion4--,?irty-?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate f ! lead subacetate 9 7#a7 are plac$ 9 a flask ) ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] mix+ well1 ! flask is plac$ 9 wat] & heat$ until a !rmomet]1 plac$ 9 ! flask ) ! bulb z ne> ! c5t] ( ! liquid z possible1 m>ks #fh1 consum+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes 9 ! heat+4 ,x is !n remov$1 cool$ quickly to room temp]ature1 filt]$ & pol>iz$1 ! temp]ature be+ not$4 ,! pol>iscope read+ is multipli$ by #a4b4 ,because ( ! action ( lead subacetate on inv]t sug> 7#hg7 x is advisable to decolorize ! samples ) o!r reag5ts 7#hg-hi74 7#c7 ,aft] ,f]m5tation4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e1 :i* h be5 dealcoholiz$ by evaporation & made up to ! orig9al volume ) wat]1 are mix$1 9 a small flask1 ) well wa%$ be] yea/ & kept at #cj until f]m5tation has ceas$1 :i* requires f two to ?ree days4 ,! liquid is wa%$ into a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 a few drops ( a solution ( acid m]curic nitrate & !n lead subacetate solution1 foll[$ by sodium c>bonate1 add$4 ,! flask is fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 %ak51 ! solution filt]$ & pol>iz$ & ! read+ multipli$ by two4 #fcf4 ,application ( ,analytical ,me?ods4--7#a7 ,!re is no rotation4--,?is may be due to ! abs5ce ( any rotatory body1 to ! simultane\s pres5ce ( ! dextrorotatory nonf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose & levorotatory sug>1 or to ! simultane\s pres5ce ( dextrorotatory cane sug> & levorotatory inv]t sug>4 7a7 ,! ,w9e is ,inv]t$4--,a levorotation %[s t ! sample conta9s cane sug>4 7b7 ,! ,w9e is ,f]m5t$4--,a dextrorotation %[s t bo? levorotatory sug> & ! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose are pres5t4 ,if no *ange take place 9 ei!r 7a7 or 7b7 9 ! rotation1 x proves ! abs5ce ( unf]m5t$ cane sug>1 ! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose & ( levorotatory sug>4 7#b7 ,!re is "r rotation4--,?is may be caus$ by unf]m5t$ cane sug>1 ! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose or bo?4 7a7 ,! sug> is inv]t$3 7a7 ,x rotates to ! left aft] inv]sion4--,unf]m5t$ cane sug> is pres5t4 7a7 ,x rotates m ?an #b4c to ! "r4--,! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose are pres5t4 7a7 ,x rotates less ?an #b4c & m ?an #j4i to ! "r4--,x is 9 ?is case treat$ z foll[s3 ,two hundr$ & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample are evaporat$ to a ?9 sirup ) a few drops ( a tw5ty p] c5t solution ( potassium acetate4 ,to ! residue #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol are add$ ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! alcoholic solution is filt]$ into a flask & ! alcohol remov$ by di/illation until ab\t five cubic c5timet]s rema94 ,! residue is mix$ ) wa%$ bone-black1 filt]$ into a graduat$ cyl9d] & wa%$ until ! filtrate am\nts to ?irty cubic c5timet]s4 ,:5 ! filtrate %[s a dextrorotation ( m ?an #a4e1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose4 7#c7 ,!re is left rotation4--,! sample conta9s unf]m5t$ levorotatory sug>1 d]iv$ ei!r f ! mu/ or ma% or f ! inv]sion ( add$ cane sug>4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 also conta9 unf]m5t$ cane sug> & ! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose4 7a7 ,! w9e sug>s are f]m5t$ accord+ to directions 9 #bfb4 7a7 ,x pol>izes #c aft] f]m5tation4--,x conta9s only levorotatory sug>4 7a7 ,x rotates to ! "r4-- ,x conta9s bo? levorotatory sug> & ! unf]m5table con/itu5ts ( comm]cial dextrose4 7b7 ,! sucrose is inv]t$ accord+ to 7c71 9 7#b74 7b7 ,x is m /rongly levorotatory aft] inv]sion4 ,9 conta9s bo? levorotatory sug> & unf]m5t$ cane sug>4 #fcg4 ,e/imation ( ,sucrose1 ,dextrose1 ,inv]t ,sug>1 ,maltose & ,dextr94--,! total & relative quantities ( ^! c>bohydrates are det]m9$ by ! processes already describ$ 7#bcg-bfb74 #fch4 ,det]m9ation ( ,glyc]ol4--7a7 ,9 ,dry ,w9es & ,be]s4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% to ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s1 a little qu>tz s& & milk ( lime add$ & ! evaporation c>ri$ almo/ to dryness4 ,! residue is mix$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 us+ a glass pe/le or spatula to break up any solid p>ticles1 heat$ to boil+ on ! wat] ba?1 all[$ to settle & ! liquid filt]$ into a small flask4 ,! residue is repeat$ly extract$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ) small portions ( boil+ alcohol1 until ! filtrate 9 ! flask am\nts to ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,a little qu>tz s& is add$1 ! flask connect$ ) a cond5s] & ! alcohol sl[ly di/ill$ until ab\t t5 cubic c5timet]s rema94 ,! evaporation is cont9u$ on ! wat] ba? until ! residue becomes sirupy4 ,x is cool$ & dissolv$ 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( absolute alcohol4 ,! solution may be facilitat$ by g5tle heat+ on ! /eam ba?4 ,fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( anhydr\s e!r are add$1 ! flask /opp]$ & all[$ to /& until ! precipitate has collect$ on ! sides & bottom ( ! flask4 ,! cle> liquid is decant$ into a t>$ weigh+ bottle1 ! precipitate repeat$ly wa%$ ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture ( "o "p ( absolute alcohol & "o & five-t5?s p>ts anhydr\s e!r & ! wa%+s add$ to ! solution4 ,! e!r-alcohol is evaporat$ on ! /eam ba?1 ! residue dri$ "o h\r 9 a wat] ov51 weigh$1 ! am\nt ( a% det]m9$ & its weight d$uct$ f t ( ! weigh$ residue to get ! quantity ( glyc]ol4 7b7 ,9 ,sweet ,w9es4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are evaporat$ on ! /eam ba? to a sirupy consi/5ce1 a little qu>tz s& be+ add$ to r5d] subsequ5t extraction easi]4 ,! residue is repeat$ly treat$ ) absolute alcohol until ! unit$ extracts am\nt to f #ajj to #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,! solution is collect$ 9 a flask & = e "p ( alcohol "o & five-t5?s p>ts ( e!r are add$1 ! liquid well %ak5 & all[$ to /& until x becomes cle>4 ,! sup]natant liquor is decant$ into a beak] & ! precipitate wa%$ ) a few cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture ( "o "p alcohol & "o & five-t5?s p>ts e!r4 ,! unit$ liquids are di/ill$1 ! evaporation be+ f9i%$ on ! wat] ba?1 ! residue is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 transf]r$ to a porcela9 di% & treat$ z "u 7a74 #fci4 ,det]m9ation ( ,color+ ,matt]s 9 ,w9es4--,! me?ods ( detect+ ! m commonly occurr+ color+ matt]s 9 w9es z practic$ by ! (ficial *emi/s are giv5 bel[4 7a7 ,caz5euve ,reaction4--,add two-t5?s gram ( precipitat$ m]curic oxid to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( w9e1 %ake = "o m9ute & filt]4 ,pure w9es give filtrates :i* are colorless or light yell[1 :ile ! pres5ce ( a m or less r$ coloration indicates t an anil9 color has be5 add$ to ! w9e4 7b7 ,me?od ( ,so/egni & ,c>p5ti]i4--,evaporate ! alcohol f #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( w9e4 ,add f two to f\r cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( hyro*loric acid1 imm]se !re9 "s ?reads ( fat-free wool & boil = five m9utes4 ,remove ! ?reads1 wa% !m ) cold wat] acidifi$ ) hydro*loric1 !n ) hot wat] acidifi$ ) hydro*loric1 !n ) pure wat] & dissolve ! color 9 a boil+ mixture ( fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & two cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ ammonia4 ,replace ! ?reads by new ones1 acidify ) hydro*loric & boil aga9 = five m9utes4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( anil9 colors to ! am\nt ( two milligrams p] lit]1 ! ?reads are dy$ z foll[s3 ,safran9 light rose-r$4 ,v9ol9 rose-r$ to violet4 ,bordeaux-r$ rose-r$ to violet4 ,ponceau-r$ rose-r$4 ,tropol9 oo /raw yell[4 ,tropol9 ooo light orange4 7c7 ,detection ( ,fu*s9 & ,orseille4--,to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( w9e add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( lead acetate solution1 heat slightly & mix by %ak+4 ,filt] into a te/-tube1 add two cubic c5timet]s ( amyl alcohol & %ake4 ,if ! amyl alcohol be color$ r$1 sep>ate x & divide x into two portions4 ,to "o add hydro*loric acid1 to ! o!r ammonia4 ,:5 ! color is due to fu*s91 ! amyl alcohol w 9 bo? cases be decoloriz$2 :5 due to orseille1 ! ammonia w *ange ! color ( ! amyl alcohol to purple-violet4 #fdj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,! residue f ! direct extract det]m9ation is inc9]at$ at z l[ a heat z possible4 ,repeat$ moi/5+1 dry+ & heat+ to l[ r$ness is advisable to get rid ( all organic sub/ances4 ,:5 a quantitive analysis ( ! a% is desir$1 l>ge quantities ( ! sample are evaporat$ to dryness & ! residue inc9]at$ ) ! usual precautions4 #fda4 ,det]m9ation ,( ,pota%4--7a7 ,kays]'s ,me?od4--,dissolve sev5-t5?s gram pure sodium hydroxid & two grams ( t>t>ic acid 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( w9e1 add #aej cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-two to n9ety-f\r p] c5t alcohol & all[ ! liquid to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! precipitat$ potassium bit>trate is collect$ on a small filt] & wa%$ ) fifty p] c5t alcohol until ! filtrate am\nts to #bfj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! precipitate & filt] are transf]r$ to ! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation 0 made1 ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 ! volume made up to #bjj cubic c5timet]s & fifty cubic c5timet]s !re( titrat$ ) dec9ormal sodium hydroxid solution1 add+ #j4jjd gram to ! f9al result1 repres5t+ ! pota% :i* rema9s 9 solution z bit>trate4 7b7 ,plat9um ,*lorid ,me?od4--,evaporate #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! w9e to dryness1 inc9]ate ! residue & det]m9e ! pota% z 9 a% analysis4#fdi #fdb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulfur\s ,acid4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( w9e are di/ill$ 9 a curr5t ( c>bon dioxid1 aft] ! addition ( phosphoric acid1 until ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s h pass$ ov]4 ,! di/illate is collect$ 9 accurately set iod9 solution4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 ! excess ( iod9 is det]m9$ ) set sodium ?iosulfate solution & ! sulfur\s acid calculat$ f ! iod9 us$4 #fdc4 ,detection ( ,salicylic ,acid4--7a7 ,spica's ,me?od4--,acidify #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquor ) sulfuric & extract ) sulfuric e!r4 ,evaporate ! extract to dryness1 w>m ! residue c>efully ) "o drop ( conc5trat$ nitric acid & add two or ?ree drops ( ammonia4 ,! pres5ce ( salicylic acid 9 ! liquor is indicat$ by ! =mation ( a yell[ color due to ammonium picrate & may be confirm$ by dye+ !re9 a ?read ( fat-free wool4 7b7 ,bigel['s ,me?od4--,place #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! w9e 9 a sep>atory funnel1 add five cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid 7#a-c7 & extract ) a suffici5t quantity ( a mixture ( eight or n9e p>ts ( e!r to "o "p ( petroleum e!r4 ,?r[ away ! aque\s "p ( ! extract1 wa% ! e!r once ) wat]1 !n %ake ?or\ghly ) ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 to :i* f six to eight drops ( a "o-half p] c5t solution ( f]ric *lorid h be5 add$4 ,disc>d ! aque\s solution1 :i* conta9s ! great] "p ( ! tann9 9 comb9ation ) iron1 wa% aga9 ) wat]1 transf] ! e!real solution to a porcela9 di% & all[ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,heat ! di% on ! /eam ba?1 take up ! residue ) "o or two cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 filt] into a te/-tube & add "o to two drops ( "o-half p] c5t solution ( f]ric *lorid4 ,! pres5ce ( salicylic acid is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( a violet-r$ coloration4 ,9 ! case ( r$ w9es1 a second extraction ( ! residue ) e!r mixture is sometimes necess>y4 ,?is me?od _c be us$ 9 ! exam9ation ( be]s & ales4 7c7 ,gir>d's ,me?od4--,extract a portion ( ! acidifi$ liquor ) e!r z 9 ! prec$+ me?ods1 evaporate ! extract to dryness & exhau/ ! residue ) petroleum e!r4 ,! residue f ! petroleum e!r extract is dissolv$ 9 wat] & treat$ ) a few drops ( a v dilute solution ( f]ric *lorid4 ,! pres5ce ( salicylic acid is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( a violet-r$ coloration4 #fdd4 ,detection ( ,gum & ,dextr94--,f\r cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample are mix$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol4 ,:5 gum arabic or dextr9 is pres5t1 a lumpy1 ?ick & /r+y precipitate is produc$1 :]eas pure w9e becomes at fir/ opalesc5t & !n gives a floccul5t precipitate4 #fde4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog54--,! be/ me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog5 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages is ! common "o ( moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid4 ,! sample is plac$ 9 ! kjeldahl dige/ion flask1 :i* is atta*$ to ! vacuum s]vice & plac$ 9 a /eam ba? until its cont5ts are dry or ne>ly s4 ,! process is !n conduct$ 9 h>mony ) ! well kn[n me?ods4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( ! sample are to be employ$1 z 9 dr9ks conta9+ b little nitrog51 ! prelim9>y evaporation may be accompli%$ 9 an op5 di%1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are transf]r$ to ! dige/ion flask be=e any solid matt] is deposit$4 ,! same proc$ure may be foll[$ :5 ! sample foams too mu* on heat+4 #fdf4 ,sub/itutes = ,hops4--,x is (t5 claim$ t *eap & delet]i\s bitt]s are us$ 9 brew+ 9 ord] to save hops4 ,:ile x is d\btless true t =eign bitt]s are sometimes employ$1 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is laboratory goes to %[ t su* an adult]ation is n v preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry4#fej ,possibly /ry*n91 picrotox91 quass91 g5tian & o!r bitt] pr9ciples h sometimes be5 f\nd 9 be]1 b _! use is no long] common4 ,x is difficult to decide 9 e case :e!r or n =eign bitt]s h be5 add$4 ,a common process is to treat ! sample ) lead acetate1 filt]1 remove ! lead f ! filtrate & detect any rema9+ bitt]s by ! ta/e4 ,all ! hop bitt]s are remov$ by ! above process4 ,any rema9+ bitt] ta/e is due to o!r sub/ances4 ,= ! me?ods ( detect+ ! special bitt] pr9ciples 9 hops & o!r sub/ances1 ! "w ( ,drag5dorff may be consult$4#fea #fdg4 ,b\quet ( ,f]m5t$ & ,di/ill$ ,liquors4--,! b\quet ( f]m5t$ & di/ill$ liquors is due to ! pres5ce ( volatile matt]s :i* may h ?ree diff]5t orig9s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! mat]ials f :i* ^! bev]ages are made conta9 ess5tial oils & o!r odorif]\s pr9ciples4#feb ,9 ! grape1 = in/ance1 ! ess5tial oils are f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 ! sk9s4 ,^! ess5tial pr9ciples may be secur$ by di/ill+ ! sk9s ( grapes 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,?is me?od ( sep>ation1 h[ev]1 _c be reg>d$ z /rictly quantitive4 ,9 ! second place1 ! yea/s :i* produce ! alcoholic f]m5tation are also capable ( produc+ odorif]\s products4 ,^! m9ute vegetations1 resembl+ 9 _! biological relations ! mu%rooms1 gr[ 9 ! soil & rea* _! maturity at ab\t ! "t ( ! h>ve/ ( ! grapes4 ,_! spores are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! air1 rea* ! express$ grape juice & produce ! v9\s f]m5tation4 ,! p>ticul> odor due to any giv5 yea/ p]si/s ?r\gh _m g5]ations ( culture %[+ t ! body :i* produces ! odor is ! direct result ( ! vegetable activity ( ! yea/4 ,a be] yea/1 aft] _m g5]ations ( culture1 w /ill give a product :i* smells l be]1 & 9 l mann] a w9e yea/ w produce "o :i* has ! odor ( w9e4 ,! quantity ( odorant matt] produc$ by ?is vegetable action is s m9ute z to escape detection 9 a quantitive or qualitive way by *emical means4 ,^! subtle p]fumes arise moreov] n only f ! break+ up ( ! sug> molecule1 b are also ! direct results ( molecul> syn!sis accompli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! yea/ itself4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! f]m5t$ & di/ill$ liquors conta9 odorif]\s pr9ciples due to ! *emical reactions :i* take place by ! break+ up ( ! sug> & o!r molecules dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,! alcohols & acids produc$ h di/9ct odors by :i* !y are (t5 recogniz$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( e?ylic1 propylic1 butylic1 amylic & o5an?ylic alcohols & acetic acid4 ,^! alcohols !mselves also und]go oxidation1 pass+ fir/ into ! /ate ( aldehyds :i*1 toge!r ) e!rs1 produce ! peculi> aroma :i* is f\nd 9 v>i\s fruits4 ,! e!rification not$ above is ( c\rse prec$$ by ! =mation ( acids correspond+ to ! v>i\s aldehyds pres5t4 ,! =mation ( ^! e!rs takes place v sl[ly dur+ ag+1 & x !re=e requires ?ree or f\r ye>s = ! prop] rip5+ ( w9es or di/ill$ liquors4 ,by means ( artificial heat1 electricity & a]ation1 ! oxidiz+ processes above not$ may be ha/5$1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! products aris+ f ?is artificial treatm5t are z p]fect z ^? :i* are =m$ 9 ! natural processes4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,sev5?4 #ece ,bullet9 #df1 ,*emical ,division ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #bd-be4 #ecf ,bullet9 #db1 ,arkansas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 pp4 #ha et seq4 #ecg ,ball&2 ,re*]*es sur les ,bls1 les ,f>9es et le ,pa91 p4 #bbi4 #ech ,jago2 ,fl\r & ,bread1 p4 #deg4 #eci ,jago2 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #dfe4 #edj ,ri*>dson2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,transactions1 #ahhe1 pp4 #hd et seq4 #eda ,auct4 et op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #hj et seq4 #edb ,bullet9 #bh1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #edc ,bullet9 #bi1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #h4 #edd ,op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #ede ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,record1 ,vol4 #f1 pp4 #eij et seq4 #edf ,annual ,report1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahhd1 p4 #cfe4 #edg ,=s*ungs-,b]i*te b] ,leb5smittel1 ,b& #c1 ,s4 #adb4 #edh ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahie1 ,s4 #fbj4 #edi ,op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 #eej ,les ,f]m5ts ,solubles2 ,dia/ases--,enzymes4 #eea ,wiley2 ,m$ical ,news1 ,july1 #ahhh4 #eeb ,vir*['s ,ar*iv41 ,b& #abc1 ,s4 #bcj3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,ab/racts1 #ahib1 p4 #gee4 #eec ,lad5b]g2 ,h&wrt]bu* d] ,*emie1 ,b& #d1 ,s4 #abb4 #eed ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahib1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #egi4 #eee ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahij1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #fbh4 #eef ,die 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#ih1 p4 #fg4 #fda ,! ,analy/1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #aeh4 #fdb ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ih1 p4 #ih4 #fdc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ajj1 p4 #gd4 #fdd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ajj1 p4 #ge4 #fde ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ajj1 p4 #ge4 #fdf ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is1 ,srie #b1 ,tome #bd1 p4 #bhh2 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #h1 ,s4 #beg4 #fdg ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ih1 p4 #abj4 #fdh ,bullet9 #df1 ,*emical ,division ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #gb1 et4 seq4 #fdi ,?is "w1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #bfg & #cbf4 #fej ,bullet9 #ac1 ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #bif4 #fea ,plant ,analysis1 pp4 #ch1 et seq4 #feb ,rep]toire de ,ph>macie1 ,srie #c;e1 ,tome #g1 p4 #dcf4 ,,index4 ,page4 ,a ,abbe1 refractomet]1 #cbi ,acetic acid1 e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fjb ,acetyl value1 #chd1 #che ,acidity1 e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #bg ( milk1 det]m9ation1 #dgc ,acids1 det]m9ation 9 fruits & vegetables1 #egi ,agricultural products1 classification ( miscellane\s1 #eda description1 #a ,air-ba?1 dry+1 #af ,album91 def9ition1 #daj gyrodynals ( hydrates1 #bgf precipitants 9 milk1 #bgf qualitive te/s1 #dbj sep>ation 9 milk1 #eji ,album9ates1 def9ition & prop]ties1 #daa e/imation 9 *eese1 #eca qualitive te/s1 #dba ,album9oids1 #dac def9ition1 #daj ,album9s1 action1 on pol>iz$ light1 #dbb gyrodynats1 #dbb prop]ties1 #daj sep>ation1 #dci ,albumose peptone1 #dfa ,albumoses1 e/imation1 9 *eese1 #eca sep>ation1 f peptones1 #dee ,alcohol1 calculat+1 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #faf dige/ion1 #bde e/imation1 by vapor temp]ature1 #fbb 9 ensilage1 #edf f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fab k\miss1 #ecd sug> analysis1 #ahf reag5t = precipitat+ dextr91 #bib table %[+ p]c5tage1 #fag-fba ,alcoholic dige/ion1 sug> beets1 #bdh-bej ,alcoholomet]1 #fab ,aliphalytic f]m5ts1 #eef ,alkali1 action on r$uc+ sug>s1 #aca1 #acb ,alkal9e copp] solutions1 comp>ison1 #abg-abi ,alkaloidal nitrog51 e/imation1 #dcb qualitive te/s1 #dbb1 #dbc ,alkaloids1 occurr5ce1 #dag ,allanto91 #dbh ,alle9 & ,gaud1 modification ( ,pavy's process1 #ade ,all51 modification ( ,pavy's process1 #add potassium cyanid process1 #adf ,allihn1 gravimetric dextrose me?od1 #aee-aeh ,alum1 occurr5ce1 9 bread1 #edd reag5t = case91 #ece ,alum9a cream1 cl>ification1 #ajj ,alum9um di%es1 dry+1 #cc ,amagat-,jean1 refractomet]1 #ccd-cch ,amid nitrog51 e/imation1 #dbd 9 c]eals1 #edc tobacco1 #fjg occurr5ce1 #dag qualitive te/1 #dah sep>ation1 9 *eese1 #ecj ,ammonia1 e/imation1 9 tobacco1 #fje ,ammoniacal copp] solution1 #adc nitrog51 e/imation1 #dbc1 #dbd 9 *eese1 #eca qualitive te/1 #dai ,ammonium sulfate1 reag5t = milk proteids1 #ejg precipitat+ proteids1 #dcc ,amyl alcohol1 use1 9 milk fat analysis1 #eja ,amylif]\s bodies1 desiccation1 #bii ,amyloid bodies 9 milk1 #eab ,amylolytic f]m5ts1 #eef ,anatto1 #ebb ,animal products1 sampl+1 #ddh sub/ances1 prep>ation1 #d1 #e ,anoptose1 #bcd ,antipeptones1 #dab ,aque\s diffusion1 sug> beet analysis1 #bea1 #beb ,araban1 occurr5ce1 #ehf ,arab9ose1 molecul> weight1 #agg ,ara*idic acid1 sep>ation1 #cih1 #cii ,areometric me?od1 application 9 milk fat analysis1 #did1 #die ,areometry1 #gj ,artificial dige/ion1 #eee manipulation1 #efa smok]1 #fji ,a%1 composition1 9 milk1 #dff1 #dfg ( fruit1 #ehj e/imation1 #cf 9 butt]1 #eaf c]eals1 #edb f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcg k\miss1 #ecf meats1 #eej milk1 #dhb proteids1 #ddd ,g]man me?od1 #ci ,asp>ag91 #dag e/imation1 #dbf1 #dbg prep>ation1 #dbf ,asp>tic acid1 #dab ,atwat] & ,woods1 calorimet]1 #efi me?ods ( meat analysis1 #edi prep>ation ( fi%1 #ab ,auric *lorid1 color te/ ) fats & oils1 #cef ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,fif?1 #dfb1 #dfc ,fir/1 #ef1 #eg ,f\r?1 #djf-dji ,second1 #bbb ,sev5?1 #fda-fdd ,six?1 #ecf-edj ,?ird1 #cjf-cjh ,b ,babcock1 =mula1 = calculat+ total solids1 #dgi1 #dhj me?od ( c\nt+ fat globules1 #dhc1 #dhd milk fat analysis1 #dii1 #ejj ,bact]ia1 reactions1 on sug>1 #aif ,bagasse1 analysis1 #bci1 #bdj ,b>fo$1 reag5t1 = remov+ dextrose1 #bia1 #bib ,b>ium sac*>ate1 #ahg ,b>ley />*1 #bba ,basic lead acetate1 cl>ification1 #aja ,baum & brix degrees1 comp>ison1 #gc ,bean />*1 #bbj ,be*i's te/ = cottonse$ oil1 #djj1 #dja ,beet rasp1 #aj1 #bea ,beiml+1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #ejb ,beta91 #dag sep>ation f *ol91 #dbi ,bigel[ & ,mc,elroy1 e/imation ( sug> 9 evaporat$ milks1 #bif-bih me?od ( dialysis1 #ddg table = correct+ hydro/atic plummet1 #fae ,biliv]d91 occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfd ,birotation1 #aah ma!matical !ory1 #agg1 #agh ,biuret reaction1 #dai ,block1 feculomet]1 #cjj ,bone-black1 decolorization1 #ajd ,bordeaux-r$1 det]m9ation1 9 w9es1 #fcg ,b\quet ( f]m5t$ & di/ill$ liquors1 #fdj1 #fda ,bread1 acidity1 #edd am\nt ( wat]1 #edd bak+1 temp]ature1 #edc *emical *anges 9 bak+1 #ede color1 #edd me?ods ( analysis1 #edc-ede nitrog5\s comp\nds1 #edd soluble extract1 #edc ,brix & baum degrees1 comp>ison1 #gc ,brom9 addition numb]1 #cga-cgc ,brull1 color te/ = fats & oils1 #cee ,butt]1 adult]ants1 #eba appe>ance ( melt$1 #eac ) pol>iz$ light1 #ead calorimetric di/9ction1 f oleom>g>91 #egf colors1 #ebb detection1 #ebc fat analysis1 classification ( me?ods1 #dhd e/imation1 #dhb-ejd me?ods ( analysis1 #eab-ebc microscopic exam9ation1 #eac molecul> weight1 #ebj refractive index1 #ead relative proportion ( +r$i5ts1 #eag sub/itutes1 molecul> weight1 #ebj1 #eba ,butyr91 #caj ,butyrorefractomet]1 #cci-cda range ( application1 #cdb ,c ,caffe91 e/imation1 #ehc ,caffetannic acid1 #eij ,calcium sac*>ates1 #ahh ,caldwell1 hydrog5 dry+ ov51 #bf1 #bg ,calories1 computation1 #egd-egh def9ition1 #egf ,calorimet]1 description1 #efi =mulas = calculation1 #egb hydro!rmal value1 #egc manipulation1 #ega ,calorimetric equival5ts1 #egf ,calorimetry1 #efh-egf ,canada balsam1 m\nt+ />*es1 #bai ,cane cutt+ ma*9es1 #bcf1 #bcg pulp1 det]m9ation ( sug>1 #bch dry+ & extraction1 #bch sug>1 gyrodynat1 #aag1 #aah ,c>bohydrates1 #eh e/imation 9 c]eals1 #edc k9d1 #eh milk1 #eaa molecul> weights1 #age nom5clature1 #ei occurr5ce1 #eh 9 c(fee1 #ehe ( r>e1 #cjf sep>ation1 #bgi 9 fruits & vegetables1 #egg ,c>bon1 e/imation 9 proteids1 #ddd dioxid1 det]m9ation1 9 sug> analysis1 #ahf e/imation1 9 k\miss1 #ecb reag5t = case91 #eji tetra*lorid1 reag5t 9 iod9 addition1 #cfh ,c>n91 #daf composition1 #dea ,c>r1 vacuum dry+ ov51 #bb1 #bc ,case91 e/imation1 9 butt]1 #eaf *eese1 #eca ) m]curial salts1 #ece factors = calculat+1 #ejh me?od ( e/imat+1 #ejh precipitants 9 milk1 #bgf precipitation1 by alum1 #ece prep>ation1 #eji sep>ation1 by filt]+ ?r\gh por\s porcela91 #ecd f album91 #ejg solution1 9 acid1 #dhi !ory ( precipitation1 #ejh ,case9og51 #ejd ,cassava />*1 #bbb ,cattle foods1 #ede ,cellulose1 con/itution1 #cjc qualitive reactions1 #cjf sep>ation1 #cjd solubility1 #cje ,c]eals1 g5]al pr9ciples ( analysis1 #edb ,*almot & ,toll5s1 me?od ( e/imat+ p5tosans1 #ahb ,*&l] & ,ricketts1 pol>iscope1 #bff ,*eese1 artificial dige/ion1 #efa composition1 #ebd con/itu5ts1 #ecj fill$1 #ebi me?ods ( analysis1 #ebf-ecc manufacture1 #ebe proteids1 sep>ation1 #ecj1 #eca ,*it91 #daf "* ( reaction1 #eab ,*lorophyll1 sep>ation1 f caffe91 #ehe ,*ole/]91 detection1 #djc1 #djd occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dfd ,*ol91 #dag sep>ation1 f cottonse$1 #dbh1 #dbi ,*ondr91 #dae ,*rome yell[1 #ebb ,*rysolite1 use1 9 dry+1 #dhf ,*yle1 occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dfd ,*yme1 occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dfd ,citric acid1 e/imation1 9 tobacco1 #fja occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dff ,cl]get1 me?od ( inv]sion1 #aje-ajg ,cobalt\s nitrate1 reag5t = nitrate1 #ahi ,collag51 #dac ,color+ matt]s1 det]m9ation1 9 w9es1 #fcf1 #fcg ,combu/ion products1 #cf1 #cg ,con*iol91 #daf ,conglut91 #daa ,con/ant mono*romatic flame1 #he ,control obs]vation tube1 #ie1 #if ,copp] c>bonate process1 #ach-adj use1 9 e/imat+ sucrose1 dextrose & levulose1 #bhb1 #bhc cyanid1 reag5t = e/imat+ lactose1 #bid1 #bie oxid1 weigh+1 9 sug> analysis1 #bfb reag5t 9 det]m9+ oxyg5 absorption ( oils1 #dje salts1 r$uction1 by sug>1 #abc solution1 action on dextrose1 #abe sulfate1 reag5t = milk proteids1 #ejf sep>at+ proteid f amid nitrog51 #dcc titration ( residual1 #adh1 #adi ,cottonse$ oil1 detection1 #djj ,c\rtonne1 a% muffle1 #dj ,crampton1 prep>ation ( fat cry/als1 #cdg ,creamometry1 #dgd ,creydt1 =mula1 #aaj ,crism]1 critical temp]ature1 #cdi1 #cej ,critical temp]ature1 fats & oils1 #cdi ,crude proteids1 e/imation1 9 c]eals1 #edc ,cry/all91 #daa ,cry/allization1 temp]ature1 #cbg ,cupr\s oxid1 specific gravity1 #acg ,curd1 e/imation1 9 butt]1 #eaf ,d ,dairy products1 importance1 #dfd ,davis1 meat pres]vatives1 #eff ,d5sity1 det]m9ation1 #fc ( s\r milk1 #dgg ,deut]oalbumose1 #dab ,dextr91 detection1 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fci occurr5ce1 9 glucose1 #bfd precipitation1 by alcohol1 #bib sep>ation1 f dextrose & maltose1 #bhg-bic ,dextr9oid bodies 9 milk1 #eaa ,dextrosazone1 #aic ,dextrose1 action ( alkal9e copp] solution1 #abe e/imation1 9 pres5ce ( sucrose1 #bgd1 #bge & levulose1 #bhj-bhe gr\p1 qualitive te/1 #aij gyrodynat1 #aah molecul> weight1 #agf removal1 by copp] acetate1 #bia sep>ation f maltose & dextr91 #bhg-bic table = calculat+1 f copp]1 #bfj ,dialysis1 #ddg application1 = precipitat+ milk proteids1 #eaa ,dia/ase1 action1 on />*1 #aih prep>ation1 #cjj ,diffusion1 in/antane\s1 #bdc ,dige/ion1 alcoholic1 #bde ,di/illation1 me?ods1 #fab1 #fac ,doolittle1 viscosimet]1 #cdc1 #cdd ,d\ble dilution1 milk analysis1 #bgh pol>ization1 #ajb ,dreef gr9d+ ma*9e1 #aa ,dry sub/ance1 e/imation1 = factory control1 #bfc ,dry+ samples1 g5]al pr9ciples1 #cd1 #ce ,e ,e>? bases1 reag5ts = precipitat+ sug>1 #ahg ,ebullioscope1 #fbb1 #fbc ,edson1 pres]v+ sug> juices1 #bce ,elaid91 #djf ,ela/91 #dae ,electric dry+ ov51 #ai ,ensilage1 alcohol1 #edf *anges1 due to f]m5tation1 #edf comp>ative value1 #edg organic acids1 #edf ,e!r extract1 e/imation1 9 c]eals1 #edb solv5t1 #da ,evaporat$ fruits1 #ehj milk1 e/imation ( sug>1 #bif ,ewell1 me?od ( e/imat+ c(fee c>bohydrates1 #ehe p]manganate me?od1 #acf ,excreta1 collection1 #efb1 #efc ,extract1 composition1 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fbd e/imation1 by indirect me?od1 #fbe 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fbd vacuum1 #fbf ,extraction app>atus1 #dc-ea by dige/ion1 #db p]colation1 #dc compact app>atus1 #dh-ea me?ods1 #da1 #db ) alcohol1 #bde ,f ,fat acids1 det]m9ations ( nature1 #cif =mulas = calculat+ yield1 #cib1 #cic temp]ature ( cry/allization1 #cbg cry/als1 appe>ance1 ) pol>iz$ light1 #cdg microscopic appe>ance1 #cdf1 #cdg e/imation1 9 alt]$ milk1 #dhg1 #dhh butt]1 #eae k\miss1 #ecd meats1 #eej pres]v$ meats1 #efc extraction1 me?ods1 adapt$ to milk1 #dhf =m ( globules 9 milk1 #dhb globules1 me?od ( c\nt+1 #dhc numb]1 9 milk1 #dhb 9 milk1 classification ( me?ods ( analysis1 #dhd comp>ison ( me?ods ( analysis1 #dhh wet extraction me?ods1 #dhh ,fats & oils1 coloration1 produc$ by oxidants1 #ceb consi/5ce1 #cif dry+1 = analysis1 #caf e/imation ( wat]1 #cag extraction1 #da melt+ po9t1 #cbj-cbc microscopic appe>ance1 #cde physical prop]ties1 #cag-cde pol>ization1 #cej prep>ation1 = microscope1 #cde1 #cdf refractive index1 #cbh sampl+1 #cae solubility1 9 alcohol1 #cea specific gravity1 #cag-cai table ( d5sities1 #cbj temp]ature ( cry/allization1 #cbg !rmal reactions1 #cef-cfc turbidity temp]ature1 #cea composition1 #cji1 #caj free+1 ( moi/ure1 #cae nom5clature1 #cji ,feculomet]1 ,block1 #cjj ,fehl+ solutions1 comp>ison1 #abg composition1 #abf hi/orical1 #abd ,f]m5tation1 me?od ( sep>at+ sug>s1 #bhh1 #bhi use1 9 sug> analysis1 #ahe ,f]m5t$ bev]ages1 con/itu5ts1 #faa description1 #faj di/illation1 #fab-fad pol>ization1 #fcb specific gravity1 #faa ,f]m5ts1 aliphalytic1 #eef amylolytic1 #eef proteolytic1 #eeg ,fib]1 e/imation1 #cjc1 #cjd 9 canes1 #bda c]eals1 #edc occurr5ce1 #cjc ,fibr91 #dac1 #ejd ,fibr9og51 #daa ,fibro91 #daf ,field ( vision1 appe>ance1 #ha ,fill$ *eese1 #ebi ,fis*]1 c>bohydrates1 #ei ,fi%1 prep>ation1 #ab ,fle% bases1 treatm5t ( residue1 insoluble 9 alcohol1 #dfj ,foods1 con/itu5ts1 comp>ative values1 #efg fuel value1 #eea nutritive values1 #eff pot5tial en]gy1 #eea ,free fat acid1 det]m9ation1 #cid ,fruits1 composition1 #egi evaporat$1 #ehj sampl+1 #egg ,fu*s91 detection1 9 w9es1 #fcg ,furfurol1 det]m9ation1 #ahj precipitation1 ) pyrogalol1 #ahc qualitive te/s1 = sug>s1 #aid reactions1 #aid1 #aie ,g ,galactan1 me?od ( e/imat+1 #ehf occurr5ce1 #ehf ,galactosazone1 #aic ,galactose1 products ( oxidation1 ) nitric acid1 #aia ,gelat91 #dad e/imation1 #def-dei reag5t = tann9s1 #eij ,g]b]1 butyromet]1 #ejb me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #ejb-ejc ,g]r>d1 potassium cyanid process1 #adf ,g+] />*1 #bbj ,gird1 gravimet]1 #bcc ,glacial acetic acid1 reag5t = fats & oils1 #cea ,gladd+1 me?od ( prep>+ fats = ! microscope1 #cdf ,glass1 errors due to poor1 #ebj ,gliad91 #dcf ,glob91 #daa ,globul91 sep>ation 9 milk1 #eaj ,globul9s1 prop]ties1 #daa sep>ation1 #ddj ,glucosazone1 #aga ,glucose1 comm]cial1 #bhf process ( manufacture1 #bhg ,glutamic acid1 #dab ,glutam91 #dag e/imation1 #dbf1 #dbg ,glut51 #dac composition1 #dbf sep>ation1 f :eat fl\r1 #dcd1 #dce ,glut591 #dcf ,glut91 #dac composition1 #dea ,glyc]ids1 pr9cipal1 #caj saponification value1 #chc1 #chd sep>ation1 #cig ,glyc]ol1 e/imation1 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fce1 #fcf =mulas = calculat+ yield1 #cib1 #cic ,gomb]g1 me?od ( e/imat+ caffe91 #ehd1 #ehe ,grape sug>1 birotation1 #bhg comm]cial1 #bfd1 #bhf ,gravimet]1 #bcc ,gre5 samples1 gr9d+1 #i ,gr9d+ app>atus1 #f-aa ,gum1 detection1 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fci ,gypsum1 use1 9 dry+ s\r milk1 #dhg ,gyrodynat1 def9ition1 #aaf ,h ,haemocyan91 #daa ,haemoglob91 #daa ,halle dry+ app>atus1 #bi ,haloid absorption by fat acids1 #cgd-cgf addition numb]s1 #cfd ,heat ( brom9ation1 improv$ me?od ( det]m9+1 #cfa-cfc ,hehn] & ,mit*ell1 me?od ( det]m9+ heat ( brom9ation1 #cfa ,ri*mond1 =mula = calculat+ total solids1 #dgi1 #dhj brom9 addition numb]1 #cgc ,hemi-peptones1 #dab ,hempel1 calorimet]1 #efi ,het]oalbumose1 #dab ,hibb>d1 e/imation ( />*1 #bjg ,hide p[d]1 reag5t = tann9s1 #eij te/+1 #eib ,honey1 composition1 #bfd ,hoppe-,seyl]1 cellulose1 sep>ation1 #cjd ,hops1 bitt] pr9ciples1 #fdj sub/itutes1 #fdj ,horse fle%1 detection1 #eed ,hbl's process1 #cfd-cfg reag5t1 pres]vation1 #cga ,hyal91 #daf ,hyalog51 #daf ,hydro*loric acid1 e/imation1 9 tobacco1 #fjj ,hydrog51 dry+1 #bd e/imation1 9 proteids1 #ddd ,hydromet]1 ball+1 #ga baum1 #ga brix1 #ga ,hydromet]s1 #ga ,hydrometry1 correction = temp]ature1 #gb ,hydro/atic balance1 #fh plummet1 #fae correction table1 #fae ,hypogaeic acid1 sep>ation1 #cii ,hypoxan?91 occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dfd ,i ,impurities1 error due1 #gd ,inc9]ation1 purpose & conduct1 #cg1 #ch ,insoluble fat acids1 det]m9ation1 #cia1 #cib ,inv]sion1 application ( ! process1 #aad calculation ( results1 #ajh1 #aji det]m9ation ( sucrose1 #aje influ5ce ( /r5g? ( solution1 #ajh "t ( heat+1 #ajh ,inv]t sug>1 e/imation ( m9ute quantities1 #beg gyrodynat1 #aai influ5ce ( temp]ature on gyrodynat1 #bfe occurr5ce1 #bfd (ficial me?od1 #afa-afb optical neutrality1 #bfe sep>ation & e/imation1 #bfd table = calculat+1 f copp]1 #bfj e/imat+1 #aei1 #beh ,inv]tase1 det]m9ation ( activity1 #aaa1 #aab use1 9 inv]sion1 #aaj1 #aaa ,inv]tose1 molecul> weight1 #agg ,iod9 addition1 #cfd-cfg "* ( *emical reaction1 #cfg mono*lorid1 sub/itution = hbl reag5t1 #cgj numb]1 e/imation1 #cfi-cgj reaction ) />*1 #aif reag5t = caffe91 #ehd ,j ,juices1 analysis ( fruit & vegetable1 #egh ,k ,k]at91 #daf ,kieselguhr1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,knorr1 extraction app>atus1 #dd fractional analysis ( meats1 #eeb ,koett/orf]1 saponification value1 #chb1 #chc ,k\miss1 acidity1 #ecb composition1 #ecb1 #ecf ,kreat91 #daf composition1 #dca det]m9ation1 #ded occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfd ,kreat991 #daf composition1 #dea det]m9ation1 #ded ,krug1 me?od ( det]m9+ oxyg5 absorption ( oils1 #dje1 #djf e/imat+ p5tosans1 #agi1 #ahc sep>ation ( oleic & hypogaeic acids1 #cii viscosity ( oils1 #cde ,l ,lactobutyromet]1 #die1 #dif ,lactocrite1 use 9 milk fat analysis1 #dih ,lactoglobul91 #ejd ,lactomet]1 direct read+1 #dgf ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #dgf ,lactometry1 #dge1 #dgf ,lactoprote91 #ejd ,lactosazone1 precipitation1 #bie ,lactoscopes1 #dgc1 #dgd ,lactose1 e/imation1 #bic 9 ,k\miss1 #ecd milk1 #bge gyrodynat1 #aai molecul> weight1 #agg (ficial me?od ( e/imation1 #bid ,laur5t lamp1 #hc1 #hd pol>iscope1 #hc con/ruction1 #hf-hh manipulation1 #hh ,lead acetate1 pres]v+ ag5t1 #bce oxid1 sep>ation ( sug>s1 #bhd1 #bhe reag5t = det]m9+ oxyg5 absorption ( oils1 #dje salts1 reag5ts = sep>at+ fat acids1 #cig solutions1 errors1 #ajb subacetate1 action on levulose1 #ajc ,leci?91 extraction f se$s1 #dcj1 #dca factors = calculat+1 #dca occurr5ce & prop]ties1 #dcj 9 milk1 #dfd ,leffmann & ,beam1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #eja ,legum91 #daa ,leuc91 #dab occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfd ,levulosazone1 #aic ,levulose1 e/imation1 #afh 9 pres5ce ( sucrose & dextrose1 #bhj-bhe g5]al =mula = calculation1 #bgd gyrodynat1 #aai optical det]m9ation1 #bfg prep>ation1 #afg pr9ciples ( calculation1 #bgj-bgc table = calculat+ f copp]1 #bfj e/imation1 #afi-aga ,lieb]mann1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #dga1 #dib ,liebig ente1 #bh ,light1 k9d us$ = pol>ization1 #hb ,l9det1 me?od ( inv]sion1 #aji1 #aaj ,l9dsey & ,holl&1 dige/ibility ( p5tosans1 #efd ,l9d/rm1 modification ( lactocrite1 #dii ,l9eol91 #caj ,l9t1 use1 9 dry+1 #dhf ,liva*e1 me?od ( det]m9+ oxyg5 absorption1 #dje ,long & ,bak]1 dia/ase prep>ation1 #cjj table ( refractive indices1 #ccd ,mc ,mc,elroy & ,bigel[1 e/imation ( sug> 9 evaporat$ milks1 #bif-bih e/imation ( nicot91 #fje ,mc,ilhiney1 brom9 addition numb]1 #cgb ,m ,ma]ck]1 app>atus = hydrolysis ( />*1 #bjd me?od ( sug> analysis1 #aec-aee ,magnesium sulfate1 reag5t = precipitat+ proteids1 #dcc ,maize />*1 #bba ,malic acid1 e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcj1 #fca tobacco1 #fja ,malt extract1 #cja ,maltosazone1 #aic ,maltose1 e/imation1 #afe gyrodynat1 #aai1 #bjf molecul> weight1 #agg occurr5ce1 9 glucose1 #bfd sep>ation f dextr9 & dextrose1 #bhg-bic table = calculat+ f copp]1 #bfa det]m9ation1 #afe-afg ,maple sug>1 #bbh conditions ( manufacture1 #bbh ,m>anta />*1 #bai ,massecuites1 analysis1 #bed det]m9ation ( a%1 #bef r$uc+ sug>s1 #bef wat]1 #bee ,maum51 heat ( sulfuric saponification1 #ceg1 #ceh ,maxwell1 me?od ( extract+ leci?91 #dcj1 #dca ,meat extracts1 analysis1 #deb-ded composition1 #dea1 #deb ,meats1 e/imation ( proteids1 #eej fractional analysis1 #eeb me?ods ( analysis1 #edi-eed sampl+1 #edg sci5tific names1#edg ,meissl1 table = inv]t sug>1 #aeh ,melons1 sampl+1 #egg ,melt+ po9t1 det]m9ation by sph]oidal /ate1 #cbc-cbf me?ods ( det]m9+1 #cba-cbf ( fats & oils1 #cbj-cbc ,m]curic comp\nds1 cl>ification1 #ajd cyanid1 reag5t = de/roy+ r$uc+ sug>s1 #bij1 #bia salts1 reag5t = case91 #ece r$uction by sug>1 #aba ,metabolism1 vegetable & animal1 #b ,metalbum91 #dae ,me?yl blue1 qualitive te/ = inv]t sug>1 #aib ,micro-organisms1 occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfi ,midzu ame1 ,japan glucose1 #bhf composition1 #bfd ,milk1 acidity1 #dge alkal9ity1 #dgb alt]abitity1 #dfg1 #dfh appe>ance1 #dfi c>bohydrates1 #bic1 #eaa composition1 #dfd1 #dfe1 #dfh det]m9ation ( total solids1 #dgg effects ( boil+1 #dfi electric conductivity1 #dgb error due to volume ( precipitate 9 pol>ization1 #bgg fat analysis1 volumetric me?ods1 #dif-ejd extraction1 asbe/os process1 #dhe pap] coil me?od1 #dhe v>iation ( me?ods1 #dhf freez+ po9t1 #dgb mean composition1 #dfe opacity1 #dgc pol>ization1 #bgg pres]vatives1 #dga1 #dgb proteids1 #ejd e/imation1 #eje precipitants1 #eaj sampl+1 #dfi1 #dgj s]um1 d5sity1 #dgg specific gravity1 #dgd /]iliz$1 #dfh sug>1 e/imation1 #afc1 #afd table = e/imation1 #afc viscosity1 #dgb ,millian1 me?od = det]m9+ solubility1 #cea modification ( ,be*i's te/1 #dja process ( sep>at+ ara*idic acid1 #cih ,million's reag5t1 #dba ,mills1 gr9d+1 #g-aa ,mits*]li*1 det]m9ation ( a%1 #hc r$uc+ sug>s1 #bef wat]1 #bee specific gravity1 #bed1 #bee ,mono*romatic flame1 con/ant1 #he ,"m beets1 det]m9ation ( sug>1 #bej1 #bea ,mucic acid1 te/ = lactose1 #aij ,muc91 #dad ,munroe1 !rmal reactions ( oils1 #cei ,muscul> tissues1 occurr5ce 9 meat extracts1 #def sep>ation ( nitrog5\s bodies1 #ddh-dej ,muskmelons1 composition1 #eha1 #ehb ,mut]1 me?od ( det]m9+ haloid addition1 #cgd-cgf process ( sep>at+ fat acids1 #cig table1 = id5tify+ />*es1 #bad-bag ,mycs91 #daa ,myros91 #daa ,n ,natural dige/ion1 #efb ,neucle91 #dae ,neucleoproteids1 #dae ,neurok]at91 #daf ,nickel prism1 #gg !ory1 #gg-hj ,nicot91 e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fje-fjg gyrodynat1 #fjf pol>ization1 #fjf ,nitric acid1 color te/1 fats & oils1 #cec e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fjj qualitive te/1 #dah ,nitrog51 e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fci fle% bases1 #dei proteids1 #dde ( total1 #dbc p]c5tage 9 proteids1 #dde ,nitrog5\s bases1 occurr5ce 9 animal tissues1 #dej1 #dea bodies1 composition1 #daj e/imation 9 meats1 #eea occurr5ce 9 animal products1 #ddh-dfb qualitive te/s1 #dah-dba sep>ation 9 *eese1 #ecj ,nutritive ratio1 #efh values1 #eff ,o ,oat />*1 #bba ,obs]vation tube1 cont9u\s1 #bec ,oil press1 #cab removal f />*y bodies1 #cjj ,oils & fats1 extraction1 #caj1 #cad id5tification1 #cie1 #djf physical prop]ties1 #cag1 #cde coeffici5t ( expansion1 #cai composition1 #cji1 #caj heat ( brom9ation1 #cfj nom5clature1 #cji spectroscopic exam9ation1 #cdh ,oleic acid sep>ation f palmitic1 #cig ,ole91 #caj ,oleom>g>91 calometric di/9ction f butt]1 #egf ,oleorefractomet]1 #ccd ,oleo!rmomet]1 #ead ,organic acids1 occurr5ce 9 ensilage1 #edf ,orseille1 detection 9 w9es1 #fcg ,osazones1 melt+ po9ts1 #aic ,o/1 copp] c>bonate me?od1 #beh1 #bei solution1 #beg ,ov51 electric1 #ai hydrog5 dry+1 #be1 #bg /eam coil1 #bj1 #ba wat] jacket1 dry+1 #ad ,oxalic acid1 e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fja ,oxyg51 absorption by oils1 #dje combu/ion1 #efi ,p ,palm sug>1 #bbh ,palmitic acid1 sep>ation f oleic1 #cig ,palmit91 #caj ,pancreas extract1 dige/ion1 #efj peptone1 #dfa ,pancreat9 dige/ion1 #eeh prep>ation1 #efj ,p>aff91 occurr5ce 9 plants1 #djd1 #dje ,p>album91 #dae ,patrick1 volumetric me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #dig ,pavy's process1 #adc ,pea />*1 #bbj ,peanut oil1 detection1 #djj ,pectic acid1 e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fjc ,pect91 occurr5ce1 #egg1 #egh sep>ation1 #egh ,pectose1 occurr5ce1 #egg ,pellet1 cont9u\s obs]vation tube1 #bec me?od ( cold diffusion1 #bdc1 #bdd ,p5tosans1 dige/ibility1 #efd e/imation1 #agh revis$ factors = calculat+1 #ehg ,p5tose sug>s1 e/imation1 #agg ,peps9 dige/ion1 #eeh prep>ation1 #eeh ,peptones1 #dab qualitive te/s1 #dbj1 #dba sep>ation f albumoses1 #dee 9 *eese1 #eca ,p]manganate gelat91 me?od = tann9s1 #eic1 #eid hide p[d] me?od = tann9s1 #eie process1 #acb modifi$ by ,ewell1 #acf ,peska's process1 #add ,petroleum e!r1 prep>ation1 #cab removal f extract$ oils1 #cad solv5t1 #da ,ph5ylhydraz91 action on sug>s1 #agb1 #agd comp\nds ) sug>1 #aib reag5t = precipitat+ furfurol1 #ahj sug>1 #aga ,phlorogluc91 modification ( furfurol me?od1 #ehh reag5t = precipitat+ furfurol1 #ahd ,phosphomolybdic acid1 color te/1 fats & oils1 #cec ,phosphorus1 loss ( organic 9 combu/ion1 #cg ,phosphotung/ic acid1 prep>ation ( reag5t1 #ded ,phytalbumoses1 #dab ,phyto/]91 detection1 #djc1 #djd ,picric acid1 color te/1 ) fats & oils1 #cee ,plasm91 #daa ,pla/] ( p>is1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,pol>imet]1 #hc ,pol>imtre1 #hc ,pol>imetry1 g5]al pr9ciples1 #ib1 #ic ,pol>iscope1 adju/m5t1 #ic1 #id ( qu>tz plates1 #if1 #ig def9ition1 #hj = e/imat+ levulose1 #bfg1 #bgj k9ds1 #hj1 #ha rotation in/rum5ts1 #hb ,pol>i/robomet]1 #hc ,pol>ization1 analytical use ( data 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcd1 #fce = factory control1 #bfc ( f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcb1 #fcc ,pol>iz$ light1 #ge1 #gf application to butt] analysis1 #ead relation to sug> analysis1 #gd ,politis1 me?od ( sug> analysis1 #adh ,ponceau-r$1 detection 9 w9es1 #fcg ,pota%1 e/imation 9 w9es1 #fcg ,potassium cyanid1 use 9 sug> analysis1 #adf hydroxid1 solv5t = proteids1 #ddc nitrate1 occurr5ce 9 maize /alks1 #dag pres]v+ ag5t1 #dag p]manganate1 reag5t = tann9s1 #eic ,potato />*1 #bbj ,potatoes1 e/imation ( />*1 #cja1 #cjb ,p[d]$ glass1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,pres]v$ meats1 #efc ,proteid bodies1 sep>ation1 #dcb1 #ddh nitrog51 e/imation 9 tea & c(fee1 #ehe qualitive te/1 #dai1 #dbj ,proteids1 action ( acids1 #ddb classification1 #daj div]sity ( "*1 #dcd e/imation 9 c]eals1 #edc k\miss1 #ecd meats1 #eej milk1 #eje ( dige/ible 9 *eese1 #eca g5]al pr9ciples ( sep>ation1 #ddf insoluble1 #dac k9ds 9 milk1 #ejd me?ods ( dry+1 #ddc1 #ddd precipitation1 #dci sep>ation1 soluble 9 wat]1 #dci1 #ddj soluble 9 dilute alcohol1 #ddj salt solution1 #dch wat]1 #dcf solution 9 alkalies1 #ddb ,proteolytic f]m5ts1 #eeg ,proteoses1 def9ition & prop]ties1 #dab sep>ation1 #ddj ,protoalbumose1 #dab ,pulfri*1 refractomet]1 #cca1 #ccc ,pumice /one1 use 9 dry+1 #cc1 #dhf ,purity1 app>5t1 #bfc ,pyknomet]1 =mulas = calculat+ volume1 #fg use1 #fc1 #fd at high temp]ature1 #fe1 #ff ,pyrogalol1 reag5t = furfurol det]m9ation1 #ahc ,q ,qu>tz plates1 #if1 #ig applicability1 #ih corrections1 #ig1 #ih ,quv5ne1 lactomet]1 #dff ,r ,raff9ose1 e/imation1 #aae 9 pres5ce ( sucrose1 #bff gyrodynat1 #aai molecul> weight1 #agg ,ra\l1 me?od ( det]m9+ molecul> weights1 #age ,r$uc+ sug>s1 e/imation1 #bcd 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcb factors = computation1 #ada1 #adb relation to quantity ( copp] suboxid1 #ada ,refractive index ( fats & oils1 #cbh indices1 #ccc1 #ccd ,refractomet]s1 #cbi1 #ccc v>iation1 #cch ,regnault-,pfaundl]1 calorimetric =mula1 #egb ,rei*]t numb]1 #eah1 #eai ,resorc91 qualitive te/ = levulose1 #aia ,ri*mond1 !rmal reaction ( oils1 #cei1 #cfj ,rit?aus51 me?od ( precipitat+ milk proteids1 #ejf ,ro5tg5 rays1 application to analyses1 #ehh ,rye />*1 #bba ,s ,sac*>ic acid1 te/ = dextrose gr\p1 #aij ,sa*sse's me?od ( det]m9+ amid bodies1 #dbd1 #dbe solution1 #abb ,saffron1 #ebb ,safran91 detection 9 w9es1 #fcg ,sago />*1 #bbj ,salicylic acid1 detection 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fch1 #fci ,salt1 e/imation 9 butt]1 #eaf ,samples1 collect+1 #e gr9d+1 #f prep>ation1 #c1 #d pres]v+1 #e ,s&1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,saponification1 #cgf1 #chd *emical reactions1 #cgg1 #cgh equival5t1 #chc 9 ! cold1 #cha1 #chb me?ods ( conduct+1 #cgh1 #chb "u pressure1 #cgi1 #chj value1 #chb1 #chc ( butt]1 #eah ) alcohol1 #cha )\t alcohol1 #cha ,s>k91 #daf composition1 #dea ,sausages1 occurr5ce ( />*1 #eec ,s*eibl]1 d\ble pol>ization1 #ajb extraction tube1 #bdh ,s*midt1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #dhi de,schweinitz & ,em]y1 calorimetric di/9ction betwe5 butt] & oleom>g>91 #egf ,s*weitz] & ,lungwitz1 iod9 addition1 #cfg1 #cfh ,scovell1 milk sampl]1 #dgj ,sel5ite plate1 microscopic exam9ation ( />*es1 #bai use 9 exam9ation ( fat cry/als1 #cdc ,sesame oil1 detection1 #djb furfurol reaction1 #eba ,%ad[ pol>iscope1 #ij ,%ort1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #dij ,%r$d+ app>atus1 #i1 #aj1 #bcf ,sid]sky1 modification ( ,solda9i's process1 #adg ,sieb51 me?od ( det]m9+ levulose1 #bhj ,silv] nitrate1 color te/ ) fats & oils1 #cee ,sirups1 analysis1 #bed det]m9ation ( a%1 #bef r$uc+ sug>s1 #bef wat]1 #bee specific gravity1 #bed ,sodium *lorid1 reag5t = extract+ proteids1 #dcc ?iosulfate solution1 prep>ation1 #cfi ,solda9i copp] c>bonate process1 #aci1 #adj gravimetric me?od1 #beh ,soleil-,v5tzke pol>iscope1 #hh1 #hi ,solidify+ po9t ( fats & oils1 #cbf1 #cbg ,soluble acids1 e/imation 9 butt]1 #eag fat acids1 det]m9ation1 #chi1 #cij ,solv5t1 recov]y1 #ec1 #ee 9 op5 di%1 #ee ,solv5ts1 #eb1 #ec object1 #dj ,s\r milk1 d5sity1 #dgg ,soxhlet1 areometric me?od ( milk fat e/imation1 #dib1 #did extraction app>atus1 #dg ,specific gravity1 areometric me?od1 #gj det]m9ation 9 di/illate1 #fae example1 #fh me?od ( express+1 #cai /&>d ( comp>ison1 #cbj heats ( mat]ials 9 calorimet]1 #egc rotatory p[]1 #aae1 #aaf causes ( v>iation1 #aag ,spectroscopy1 oils & fats1 #cdh ,sp5c]1 air-dry+ ov51 #ag me?od ( e/imat+ caffe91 #ehc obs]vation tube1 #bec ,sph]oidal /ate1 melt+ po9t1 #cbc1 #cbf ,sponge1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,spong91 #daf ,/annic bromate1 color te/ ) fats & oils1 #cef ,/>*1 colorimetric e/imation1 #baj composition1 #aif di/urb+ bodies 9 e/imation1 #bji e/imation 9 potatoes1 #cja1 #cjb sausages1 #eec ( a%1 #bjc nitrog51 #bjc wat]1 #bjb1 #bii ) b>ium hydroxid1 #bjh factor = calculat+ f dextrose1 #bje fixation ( iod91 #baa gyrodynat ( soluble1 #bjf hydrolysis at high temp]atures1 #aii 9 an autoclave1 #aii1 #bjj ) acids1 #bjc1 #bjd occurr5ce1 #bih 9 tobacco1 #fjd p>ticles1 sep>ation1 #aig pol>ization1 #bje pr9ciples ( det]m9ation1 #bja prop]ties1 #aif rapid e/imation1 #bjg sep>ation1 #cii solution at high pressure1 #bjf 9 nitric acid1 #bjf ,/>*es1 classification1 #bah description ( typical1 #bai id5tification1 #baa microscopic exam9ation1 #bai occurr5ce 9 ! juices ( plants1 #bbh ,/eam coil ov51 #bj1 #ba ,/e>91 #caj ,/one1 me?od ( e/imat+ p5tosans1 #aha ,/rontium sac*>ates1 #ahg ,/utz]1 artificial dige/ion ( *eese1 #efa me?od ( e/imat+ gelat91 #deg ,succ9ic acid1 e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcj1 #fca ,sucrose1 cobalt\s nitrate te/1 #ahi e/imation 9 c(fee1 #ehf pres5ce ( dextrose1 #bgd levulose & dextrose1 #bhj1 #bhe raff9ose1 #bff molecul> weight1 #agf occurr5ce1 #bfd pipette1 #bca1 #bcb qualitive optical te/1 #ahh sep>ation & e/imation1 #bfd ,sug> analysis1 *emical me?ods1 #abj classification ( me?ods1 #fa1 #fb g5]al rem>ks1 #ajd gravimetric copp] me?ods1 #adi1 #agj ,halle me?od1 #aec1 #aee laboratory gravimetric me?od1 #aej-aec p]manganate process1 #acb-ace volumetric laboratory me?od1 #abi1 #acj me?ods1 #aba ,sug> beets1 analysis1 #bdb app>atus = gr9d+1 #aj extraction ) alcohol1 #bde1 #bdg cont5t 9 maple sap1 #bbh direct det]m9ation 9 canes1 #bce e/imation 9 cane & beet pulp1 #bch sap1 #bbh-bcj sug> beets1 #bdb extraction f plants1 #bcj flask1 diffusion & alcohol dige/ion1 #bde ,sug> flasks1 #ih1 #ii in/antane\s diffusion1 #bdc juices1 pres]vation1 #bce mills1 #bcj prep>ation ( pure1 #fj removal f />*y bodies1 #cjj solutions1 prep>ation = pol>ization1 #ii-ajd specific gravity1 #fb ,sug>s1 det]m9ation 9 dri$ mat]ial1 #bci )\t weigh+1 #bec e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fcb1 #fce hexose1 #ei miscellane\s qualitive te/s1 #aic occurr5ce 9 tobacco1 #fjd optical prop]ties1 #gd1 #ge p5tose1 #ei qualitive te/s1 #ahh sep>ation by lead oxid1 #bhd1 #bhe /ate ( exi/5ce 9 plants1 #bbg ,sulfur *lorid1 reag5t = oils1 #djb1 #djc det]m9ation 9 proteids1 #ddf loss ( organic 9 combu/ion1 #cg ,sulfuric acid1 color te/ = fats & oils1 #ceb e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fjj saponification1 #ceg1 #ceh ,sulfur\s acid1 elim9ation1 #eai e/imation 9 f]m5t$ bev]age1 #fch ,t ,tannic acid1 e/imation 9 tobacco1 #fjd reag5t = milk proteids1 #ejg ,tann91 composition1 #ehh detection1 #ehi1 #eic e/imation #ehi1 #eif by hide p[d] me?od1 #eij1 #eib infusion1 prep>ation1 #eif occurr5ce1 #ehh p]manganate gelat9 me?od1 #eic1 #eid precipitation ) metallic salts1 #ehi ,t>t>ic acid1 e/imation 9 w9e1 #bbi1 #bcj ,tea & c(fee1 #ehb ,!91 #ehc ,!rmal reactions1 fats & oils1 #cef1 #cfc ,!rmo/at = /eam ba?1 #ae ,?rn]1 me?od ( milk fat analysis1 #dia ,tobacco1 acid & basic con/itu5ts1 #eig burn+ qualities1 #fjh composition1 #eih1 #eii ( a%1 #eih f]m5tation1 #eif1 #eig fractional extraction1 #fjh ,toll5s & ,gn!r1 me?od ( e/imat+ p5tosans1 #ahj ,torsion ,viscosimet]1 #cdb ,total solids1 calculation1 #dgh =mulas = calculat+1 #dgi1 #dhj ,tr9itroalbum91 #daa ,triple %ad[ pol>iscope1 #ia1 #ib ,tropol91 detection 9 w9es1 #fcg ,turbidity temp]ature1 fats & oils1 #cea ,turm]ic1 #ebb ,tyros91 #dab occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfd ,tyrotoxicon1 occurr5ce 9 milk1 #dfd ,u ,uls*1 dry+ ov51 #ca ,unic$91 #dac ,urea1 occurr5ce1 9 milk1 #dfd ,v ,vacuum1 dry+1 #ah ,van ,slyke1 me?od ( e/imat+ case91 #ejh ,vegetable sub/ances1 prep>ation1 #c1 #d ,vegetables1 sampl+1 #egg ,v9ol91 detection 9 w9es1 #fcg ,viscosimetry1 #cdb1 #cde ,viscosity ( fats & oils1 #cdb ,visc\s liquids1 dry+1 #cb1 #cc ,vitell91 #daa ,vogel1 table = id5tify+ />*es1 #bab1 #bac ,volatile acids1 e/imation 9 butt]1 #eag f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fbg1 #fbh bodies1 dry+1 #ac fat acids1 det]m9ation1 #chf1 #chh di/illation1 #chg1 #chh titration1 #chh ,volume ( precipitate1 calculation1 #bgi ,w ,wat]1 action on composition ( proteids1 #dcg e/imation 9 butt]1 #eae c]eals1 #edb f]m5t$ bev]ages1 #fbf fruits & vegetables1 #egh k\miss1 #ecf meats1 #edi tobacco1 #eii ,wat]melons1 composition1 #eha1 #ehb ,wax1 occurr5ce 9 tobacco1 #fjh ,waxes1 composition1 #cji ,we/phal balance1 #fi ,:eat />*1 #bba ,wie*mann1 =mula = calculat+ sug>s1 #cjg me?od ( e/imat+ levulose1 sucrose & dextrose1 #bhj1 #bha ,williams1 calorimet]1 #egj ,w9t]1 e/imation ( levulose & dextrose 9 pres5ce ( sucrose1 #bhc1 #bhd ,wood pulp1 use 9 dry+1 #dhf ,wrampelmay]1 dry+ ov51 #cj ,x ,xan?91 #daf ,xan?oproteic reaction1 #dbj ,xylan1 occurr5ce1 #ehf ,y ,yea/1 inv]sion1 #aac ,z ,ze91 #dda ,zeiss1 butyrorefractomet]1 #cci1 #cda ,z9c1 occurr5ce1 9 evaporat$ fruits1 #chj1 #eha sulfate1 reag5t = precipitat+ proteids1 #dcc sep>at+ albumoses f peptones1 #dee ,,corrections ,,= ,,vol4 ,i4 ,page #e1 #aa? l9e1 ins]t 8t50 be=e 8?\s&40 ,page #ba1 read 8,magdeburg0 in/ead ( 8,madgeburg0 9 bo? in/ances4 ,page #fa1 = p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 9 ulm9 read 8#bh4g0 in/ead ( 8#h4g40 ,page #fb1 = p] c5t4 ( c>bon 9 apocr5ic acid read 8#ed4d0 in/ead ( 8#cd4d40 ,page #aab1 #b;d l9e f bottom1 read 8#ad0 in/ead ( 8#ac40 ,page #adj1 ! s5t5ce beg9n+ 8,! burette is l[]$ etc40 is repeat$4 ,dele "o ( !m4 ,page #ada1 #f? l9e1 ins]t 8or air dri$0 aft] 8moi/ure40 ,page #ada1 9 example read #aj4be1 #aj4bb1 #ac4jg & #gf4ba = #i4eb1 #i4bb1 #ab4jg1 & #fj4ce respectively4 ,page #aeh1 #c;d l9e ( #agb1 ins]t 8& e/imat+ soluble matt]s !re90 aft] 8fl[40 ,page #aei1 omit 8 0 9 fir/ =mula4 ,page #bic1 #ab? l9e1 read 8,u0 = 8,v40 ,page #cji1 la/ l9e1 read 8six?0 = 8sixte5?40 ,page #cab1 #a/ l9e1 read 8atmosph]e0 in/ead ( 8room40 ,page #cae1 #f? & #g? l9es1 read #bii1 & #cjj1 = #bid1 & #bie1 respectively4 ,page #cbc1 #c;d l9e f bottom1 read #cja = #bii4 ,page #ccc1 #e? l9e ( #caf1 ins]t aft] 8is0 8to elim9ate c>bon dioxid &40 ,page #ced1 #c;d l9e f end ( 7#f7 ins]t aft] 8solution0 8acidifi$ ) acetic &20 same l9e1 transf] 8r0 f 8!r10 to 8pecipitate40 ,page #ceg1 #f? l9e f end ( 7#d7 ins]t aft] 8diff]5ce0 8& ! phosphoric acid e/imat$ z 9 #chj1 d$uct$ !refrom40 ,page #cfg1 #d? l9e1 add aft] 8tak510 8,! phosphoric acid may be det]m9$ z describ$ 9 #cgb1 or foll[+ p>agraphs40 ,page #daj1 l9e #ba1 dele 8dilute0 & ins]t 8"o p] c5t nitric40 ,page #daj1 l9e #be1 aft] 8capsule0 ins]t 8add+ wat] once or twice40 ,page #ddi1 #d? l9e read 8hydrobromic0 = 8hydro*loric40 ,page #deg1 ref]5ce 8#cj0 read 8,b& #ch0 in/ead ( 8,b& #cg40 ,page #dfh1 #h? l9e1 dele 8or gypsum0 & read 8#bjj0 in/ead ( 8#ej40 ,page #dga1 la/ l9e1 read 8n0 = 8v40 ,page #dgb1 #d? l9e1 ins]t 8un0 be=e 8successful40 ,page #dif1 #e? l9e1 ins]t 8!0 be=e 8soil40 ,page #eae1 next to la/ & la/ l9es1 read 8/ann\s0 in/ead ( 8z9c40 ,page #eaf1 second l9e1 read 8/ann\s0 in/ead ( 8z9c40 ,page #eeg1 #i? l9e ( #ejj read 8r$-yell[0 in/ead ( 8blue40 ,,corrections ,,= ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,page #ad1 l9e #ba1 read 8#fa4gd p] c5t40 = 8#af4gd p] c5t40 ,page #bc1 #h? l9e f bottom1 read 8#j4jjbe40 = 8#j4jjce40 ,page #ed1 #i? l9e1 read 8:ite0 in/ead ( 8yell[40 ,page #ed1 #ac? l9e1 read 8phosphate0 in/ead ( 8phosphomolybdate40 ,page #eg1 #h? l9e f bottom1 read 8saturat$0 in/ead ( 8citrate40 ,page #gc1 read 8,kosmann0 9 #aj? l9e ( p>agraph #gb = 8,kormann40 ,page #aeh1 ref]5ce numb] #gb1 read 8#ahhi0 in/ead ( 8#ahhh40 ,,corrections ,,= ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,page #aa1 "n ( ,figure #d read 8,dreef0 in/ead ( 8,dree40 ,page #dj1 fif? & sev5? l9es1 read 8,c\rtonne0 in/ead ( 8,c\rt\ne40 ,page #ei1 eigh? l9e f bottom1 ins]t 8orig9al0 be=e 8optical40 ,page #fj1 second l9e1 read 8d0 in/ead ( 8l0 be=e 8fructose40 ,page #fh1 leg5d ( ,figure #bi1 read 8areomet]s0 in/ead ( 8a]eomet]s40 ,page #adf1 six? l9e f bottom1 ins]t 8cyanid0 aft] 8potassium40 ,page #aei1 in/ead ( head+s = table z giv51 sub/itute ^? on page #afj4 ,page #agg1 9 =mula = lactose1 read 8,h0 in/ead ( 8,h02 9 =mula = arab9ose1 read 8,h0 in/ead ( 8,h40 ,page #ahj1 sev5? l9e f bottom1 read 8,gn!r0 in/ead ( 8,gun!r40 ,page #aia1 read p>agraph #afi4 ,sev5? l9e read 8resorc90 in/ead ( 8resors940 ,page #bfh1 leg5d ( ,figure #gg1 read 8,desiccat+0 in/ead ( 8,dessicat+40 ,page #bhh1 9 =mula 7#b7 read 8#ec;d0 in/ead ( 8#ed;d40 ,pages #cbh1 #cbi & #ccd1 read 8,amagat0 in/ead ( 8,armagat40 ,page #cdh1 f\r? l9e f bottom1 omit acc5t 9 8sesame40 ,page #cfe1 7b7 fir/ l9e1 read #bd4h in/ead ( #bd4f4 ,page #dbd1 #d? l9e f bottom1 read 8nitrites0 in/ead ( 8nitrates40 ,page #dbe1 #d? & #e? l9es1 read 8nitrite0 in/ead ( 8nitrate40 ,page #dde1 9 table ( factors = comput+ proteids "u ,maize ,proteids1 read 8#af4jf & #f4bb0 in/ead ( 8#ae4fd & #f4ci0 respectively4 ,page #dea1 six? l9e f bottom1 read 8occur0 in/ead ( 8occurs40 ,page #dfd1 twelf? l9e f bottom1 dele 8food40 ,page #dii1 n9? l9e f bottom1 read 8,babcock40 ,page #edc1 sixte5? l9e1 read 8#f4jf & #f4bb0 = 8#f4ca & #f4ci0 respectively4 ,pages #eee-eef1 read 8amylolytic0 = 8amylytic40 ,page #eee1 fif? & sev5te5? l9es f bottom1 ins]t aft] 8into dextr91 maltose40 ,page #egb1 second equation1 read 8t0 in/ead ( 8t40 ,page #egc1 #crd l9e f bottom1 read 8/irr+0 = 8/or+40 ,page #egd1 #f? l9e f bottom1 read 80 = 8,o#d40 ,page #ege1 #af? l9e f bottom1 ins]t 8"o gram (0 be=e 8sub/ance40 ,page #egf in/ead ( #efg1 f\r? l9e ( p>agraph #eff1 read 8,calorie0 in/ead ( 8calorie40 ,page #fdd1 dele 8,b& #ab1 ,ss4 #fd und #aii0 9 ref]5ce #id4