,,the                       ,,education 
,,and ,,employment ,,of ,,women4        
,,by                                    
,,josephine ,e4 ,,butler4               
,london3                                
,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4                 
#ahfh4                                  
,,liverpool3                     ,t4    
,,brakell1 ,,printer1 ,,cook ,,street4  
,,the ,,education ,,and ,,employment    
,,of ,,women4      ,the economical      
position of women is one of those       
subjects on which there  exists a       
8conspiracy of silence40 ,while most    
people1 perhaps1 imagine  that nearly   
all women marry and are supported by    
their husbands1 those  who know better  
how women live1 or die1 have rarely     
anything to say on  the subject4 ,such  
social problems as this are certainly   
painful2 they  may or may not be        
insoluble2 they must not be ignored4    
,the phrase 8to become a governess0 is  
sometimes used as if it were a          
satisfactory outlet for any unsupported 

woman above the rank of  housemaid4     
,when we see advertisements in the      
newspapers1 offering 8a  comfortable    
home10 with no salary1 as a sufficient  
reward for  accomplishments of the most 
varied character1 we sometimes wonder at
 the  audacity of employers2 but when we
 learn that such an advertisement1      
offering the situation of nursery       
governess1 unpaid1 was answered by      
three hundred women1 our surprise has in
 it something of despair4    ,the truth 
is1 that the facts of society have      
changed more rapidly than  its          
conventions4 ,formerly muscles did the  
business of the world1 and the  weak    
were protected by the strong2 now brains
 do the business of the  world1 and the 
weak are protected by law4 ,the         
industrial disabilities of  women1      
unavoidable under the earlier rgime1    
have become cruel under  the later4     
,there is neither the old necessity of  
shelter1 nor the old  certainty of      
support4    ,the census of #ahfa gave   

nearly six millions of adult ,english   
women1  distributed as follows3--       
,wives             #c1dhh1ieb           
,widows              #gef1gag           
,spinsters over #bj #a1ecg1cad          
------------------                      
#e1ghb1ihc    ,the census also gives the
 numbers of women who work for their own
  subsistence1 as follows3--            
,wives                                  
#hch1hef                  ,widows       
#dhg1ege                  ,spinsters    
7above or under #bj7 #b1aaj1cah         
------------------                      
#c1dcf1gdi    ,in the first place1 then1
 it appears that marriage1 as a means of
  subsistence 7to say nothing of the    
indecorum of looking forward to it in   
this light7 is exceedingly precarious in
 two ways4 ,the proportion of  wives to 
widows and spinsters in #ahja was just  
about three to two1 while  of these     
wives themselves nearly one in four was 
occupied in other than  domestic duties1
 either as her husband's coadjutor1 as  

in farm-houses  and shops1 or1 of       
necessity1 as his substitute in cases of
 his  desertion1 or helplessness1 or    
vice4 ,in the second place1 the number  
of  widows and spinsters supporting     
themselves1 which in #ahea was two      
millions1 had increased in #ahfa to more
 than two millions and a half4  ,the    
rapidity of the increase of this class  
is painfully significant4 ,two  and a   
half millions of ,englishwomen without  
husbands1 and working for  their own    
subsistence6 ,this is not an accident1  
it is a new order of  things4 ,of the   
three and a half millions of            
women--wives1 widows1 and               
spinsters--engaged in other than        
domestic occupations1 it is probable    
that scarcely a thousand make1 without  
capital1 and by their own  exertions1   
one hundred pounds a year4 ,the best    
paid are housekeepers in  large         
establishments1 a few finishing         
governesses1 and professed cooks4       
#dc1ifd women are returned as outdoor   

agricultural labourers--a fact  worthy  
of remembrance when it is said that     
women are too weak to serve  in         
haberdashers' shops4 ,women1 refused    
admission to such shops on the  pretext 
that they are not strong enough to lift 
bales of goods1 have  been afterwards   
traced to the occupations of dock       
porters and  coal-heavers4 ,in practice 
the employments of women are not        
determined by  their lightness1 but by  
their low pay4 ,one newspaper still     
scoffs at the  desire of women to be    
self-supporting3 but starvation is a    
sufficient  answer to sneers4 ,as a     
favourable symptom of the last few      
years1 ,i may  add that #ahbb women are 
returned as employed by the             
,post-office4 #bac  women are returned  
as telegraph-clerks4 ,it is instructive 
to note the  way in which the salary of 
these women telegraph-clerks has fallen4
 ,when  the telegraph companies were    
first formed1 the pay of a female clerk 
was  eight shillings a week1 to be      

increased by a shilling yearly1 until it
  reached fourteen shillings a week4 ,so
 great1 however1 has been the           
competition of women for these          
situations1 that the pay has been       
reduced  to five shillings a week1 a sum
 on which a woman can scarcely live     
unassisted4 ,in ,france the women       
telegraph-clerks have met with a worse  
fate4 ,the government took the          
management of the telegraphs1 and       
dismissed the women1 because they had no
 votes to bestow on the  government     
candidates4 ,the exclusion of women from
 the suffrage has been  called a        
harmless injustice2 but there is no     
injustice which is not  liable to become
 an injury4    ,at present the principal
 employments open to women are teaching1
  domestic service1 and sewing4 ,i come 
to consider the remuneration of the     
highest profession open to women4    ,in
 #ahja there were #hj1jag female        
teachers in ,england1 of whom the       
majority were governesses in private    

families4 ,it is difficult to  ascertain
 the average salary of governesses1     
because the ,governesses'  ,institutions
 in ,london and ,manchester1 which are  
the chief sources of  information on the
 subject1 refuse to register the        
applications of  governesses who accept 
salaries of less than #be a year4 ,the  
number of  this lowest class may be     
guessed from the fact that for a        
situation as  nursery governess1 with a 
salary of #bj a year1 advertised in a   
newspaper1 there were five hundred      
applicants2 as ,i have already stated1  
three hundred applied for a similar     
place with no salary at all4 ,to  return
 to the higher class4 ,the register of  
the last six months at the  ,manchester 
,governesses' ,institution shows an     
entry of--            #ed governesses   
who asked for #cj  and under1  per      
annum4          #bj                     
#dj                           #ai       
#ej                           #ag       
#fj                           #aj       

#gj      and upwards4    ,these sums1 it
 must be remembered1 are expressions of 
what governesses  wish to receive4#a    
,taking nursery governesses into the    
account1 and  remembering that the above
 statistics refer only to the higher    
ranks of  the profession1 it is probably
 not too much to say1 that from #j to   
#ej a  year is the salary of nine       
governesses in ten4 ,situations offering
 more  than #ej are the prizes of the   
profession1 but are generally such as to
  compel a serious outlay on dress and  
personal expenditure4 ,it is  difficult 
to imagine how the majority of          
governesses manage to scramble  through 
life1 when we remember that their       
position involves several  journeys in  
the year1 that they must sometimes      
provide for themselves  during holiday  
seasons1 and that they must always dress
 as ladies4  ,miserable must be their   
means of providing for old age or       
sickness1 to  say nothing of claims of  
affection or of charity throughout life1

 or the  means required for             
self-culture4#b    ,probably there are  
few portions of society in which more of
 silent  suffering and misery is endured
 than among female teachers1 and in the 
class which supplies them4 ,charitable  
people who have opened little  8,homes0 
for decayed governesses can tell        
histories of struggling lives  and      
crushed hopes which it saddens one to   
hear4 ,the reports of ,bethlehem        
,hospital and other lunatic asylums     
prove that not a few poor governesses   
find their way thither4 ,some are found 
in ,penitentiaries among the  fallen4   
,inquiry shows that insufficient food   
while out of situations1  added to the  
mental trials of an unloved and isolated
 being1 have driven  some of these      
governesses to opium or to strong drink1
 until1 penniless  and degraded1 they   
have sought a refuge among penitents    
where there was  nothing to pay4 8,her  
funds are exhausted1 and she earnestly  
seeks a  re-engagement20 words such as  

these1 taken from an advertisement in   
the  ,times1 headed--8,to the           
benevolent10 are no unfrequent symptom  
of a deep  and wide distress4 ,some     
determined women there are who have     
devoted to  self-culture as much of     
their pittance as could be spared from  
the  barest needs of life1 and of whom  
it is known that1 night after night     
when they went to bed1 they have tied a 
band round their waist to keep  down the
 gnawings of hunger4 ,one such ,i know  
who has risen by her force  of character
 to almost as high a place as it is at  
present possible for  a woman to occupy 
in the educational world1 but who is not
 yet free  from sufferings entailed by  
years of mental anxiety and bodily      
privations4 ,an insufficiency of the    
necessaries of life is not the          
bitterest complaint of many of these    
sufferers1 who by their lives  protest  
that man does not live by bread alone4  
8,worse than bodily  privations or      
pains0 7,i quote the words of one of    

them7 8are these  aches and pangs of    
ignorance1 this unquenched thirst for   
knowledge1  these unassisted and        
disappointed efforts to obtain it1 this 
sight of  bread enough and to spare1 but
 locked away from us1 this depressing   
sense of a miserable waste of powers    
bestowed on us by ,god1 and which we    
know we could have used for the         
lessening of evil and the increase of   
the happiness of our fellow-creatures40 
,the desire for education which is      
widely felt by ,english women1 and      
which has begun to find its expression  
in many practical ways1 is a  desire    
which springs from no conceit of        
cleverness1 from no ambition of  the    
prizes of intellectual success1 as is   
sometimes falsely imagined1  but from   
the conviction that for many women to   
get knowledge is the only  way to get   
bread1 and still more from that         
instinctive craving for light  which in 
many is stronger than the craving for   
bread4 8,amongst the  wealthier         

classes10--,i give the words of one who 
has much knowledge of  that of which she
 speaks--8women are better provided for 
materially1  though even here they are  
often left to the mercy of the chances  
of  life1 indulged and petted whilst    
fortune smiles1 left helpless to face   
the storm of adverse circumstances2 but 
here1 more often than elsewhere1  one   
meets with those sad1 dreary lives1 that
 have always seemed to me  amongst the  
worst permitted evils of earth1--       
#8,a wall so blank                      
,my shadow ,i thank                     
,for sometimes falling there'--    is   
true of many a life4 ,even sharp        
misfortune is sometimes a blessing in  a
 life of this sort2 something to do1 and
 leave to do it4 ,i do not say  that any
 possible education1 any freedom of     
career1 any high training of  faculty1  
would spare all this waste2 some part of
 it is of that sad  mystery of life     
which we cannot explain1 and for the    
unveiling of which  we can only wait and

 pray4 ,but ,i am quite sure that much  
of it is  altogether needless1 and comes
 from the shutting up in artificial     
channels of those good gifts of ,god    
which were meant to flow forth  freely  
and bless the world4 ,if ,i could only  
tell1 as ,i have felt it in  my own     
life1 and in the lives of other women   
whom ,i have loved1 how  wearily one    
strains the eyes for light1 which often 
comes not at all6    8,god knows it all1
 and if men do not know it1 it is       
because they have  been1 ,i will not say
 they are1 cruelly and criminally       
thoughtless4 ,i  wish some of those men 
who talk as if they imagined our life a 
delightful one1 could but be women for  
one little year1 and could feel  the    
dreariness ,i speak of1 feel too the    
intense longing to be up and  doing1    
helping in the world's work which is    
,god's work1 and know the  depressing   
effect of that inaptitude1 which is the 
want1 not of capacity  or of faculty1   
but of training4 ,the serious work of   

life needs all the  help that women as  
well as men can bring to it1 and for    
helpfulness  something more than        
goodwill is needed4 ,always have my own 
ignorance and  helplessness been the    
hindrances to that for which ,i would   
have freely  given my life2 and ,i know 
that other women feel in just the same  
way3 ,i  have heard and known too much  
of thoughtful women not to be sure of   
this4 ,confessions of this kind1 the    
simplest and frankest confessions of    
ignorance1 and of why that ignorance is 
painful1 have been made to me  many a   
time by women whom the world pleases to 
think clever1 but who are  too          
true-hearted to believe the world4      
8,it is not as luxury that we crave     
knowledge1 but as bread of life for     
ourselves and others4 ,we want it that  
we may distribute it to others1  with   
helpful hands and words of blessing4 ,we
 want it as the lever by  which we may  
help to raise the world4 ,if we thought 
only of gratifying  vanity1 there are   

easier and shorter ways to that end4    
,whilst men are a  little too apt to    
depreciate the intelligence of women as 
a class1 they  are apt to over-rate the 
intelligence of individual women whom   
they may  happen to know and esteem4    
,many a woman is credited with power    
merely  because she has never been      
brought to the test of performance40    
,for the amelioration of the condition  
of female teachers two things are       
necessary3 the first is to raise the    
intellectual status of qualified        
teachers1 and to accord a juster social 
recognition to their profession2  the   
second is1 to find other occupations for
 those who are unfit to  teach1 and only
 take to teaching because they can do   
nothing else4    ,the first of these    
objects will be materially advanced--   
#ast--,by the establishment of places   
for a higher education than schools  can
 offer1 such as the projected ,college  
for women4 ,mr4 ,bryce1 in his          
interesting 8,report on ,schools in     

,lancashire10 says1 8,the teachers      
cannot be greatly blamed for this0 7i4e4
 inefficient teaching71 8since  it is   
the result of the inadequate provision  
now made in this country  for the       
instruction of women4 ,conceive what    
schoolmasters would be1 if  there were  
in ,england no ,universities1 or any    
foundation schools either  of the higher
 or the lower grade1 and if the private 
schools1 by which  alone education would
 then be supplied1 were to lose the     
reflex  influence and the stimulating   
rivalry of these public institutions4   
,this  is exactly what the state of the 
teachers of girls is now40              
#bndly--,by the accordance of           
,university certificates to women1      
provided  always that these ,university 
certificates possess intrinsic value1   
declare a due amount of knowledge and of
 capacity to teach1 and are  given 8with
 scrupulous care to none but deserving  
persons40    ,governesses would1 ,i     
hope1 not be the only women who would   

avail  themselves of these privileges4  
,everything is good which tends to break
  down the line of social demarcation   
which still1 to a great extent1         
separates governesses from other ladies1
 as once it separated  schoolmasters    
from other gentlemen2 and it is greatly 
to be desired that  women with a real   
talent for teaching1 whatever their     
social position1  should actually teach 
for a few years1 and raise the          
profession of  governesses1 as the      
profession of schoolmasters has been    
raised1 by an  infusion of disinterested
 zeal and the energy of a voluntary     
choice4    ,any effort in the cause of  
governesses is important1 not only as it
  affects individuals at this moment    
engaged in the profession1 but still    
more in its bearing upon the future of  
all ,english girls and women1  through  
the prospect which it holds out of an   
improved education for the  daughters of
 the middle classes1 who1 more and more1
 will have to  maintain themselves4 ,and

 if we think how much honour and dignity
 ought  to attach to the office of a    
teacher 7rightly understood7 we should1 
from the highest motives1 be anxious to 
raise the character and social  standing
 of those who seek that office4 ,for    
this question of woman's  education is  
far from being one of intellectual      
progress merely2 it is a  question of   
deep moral import1 and enters far into  
the heart of society1  affecting the    
best interests of men as well as those  
of women4 ,mr4  ,francis ,newman says1  
8the increased influence of women0      
7through  education chiefly7 8will keep 
in check the liquor traffic1 and other  
abominations which men too readily      
excuse40 ,the connection of this        
question of woman's education with some 
of the most grievous of social  problems
 is closer than might be supposed4 ,de  
,tocqueville asked an  ,american        
gentleman why open immorality1 such as  
,england has to shew1 was  so rare in   
,new ,england3 the answer was1 8because 

of the greater respect  which men have  
for women1 the women who are their      
equals in society40 ,it  will not be for
 themselves alone that enlightened and  
educated women  will demand respect2    
they will claim it also for poor women1 
whom it is  too often deemed a light    
matter to injure in the worst way1 and  
even for  the fallen1 who through the   
voice of their happier sisters shall yet
  demand1 not only compassion1 but the  
respect due to every human being1       
however clouded with misery and sin4    
,when1 on the other hand1 we consider   
the best means of relieving the         
profession of ,governesses by drafting  
its incompetent members into other      
occupations1 the whole question of the  
employment of women rises before  us1 a 
painful and even a terrible problem4    
,three principal obstacles  stand in the
 way of such an enlargement of woman's  
opportunities4 ,these  are--      7#a47 
,prejudice of employers and of the      
public4      7#b47 ,combinations among  

workmen to exclude women from their     
trades4      7#c47 ,defective education 
and training of the women themselves4   
,i will consider these in order--       
7#a47 ,prejudice is slowly dying out1   
but indifference remains4 ,educated  men
 who can help1 who would help if they   
knew the need1 have not yet  learnt that
 need4 ,i do not blame them with any    
bitterness4 ,there has  been enough     
already of bitterness on the one side   
and of levity on the  other4 ,but an    
acknowledgment of past error lies at the
 base of every  true reform4 ,let that  
be acknowledged here1 which every       
thoughtful  observer must see1 that     
through all ages of the world's history 
the more  powerful sex have been liable 
to use their power carelessly1 not for  
protection only1 but for pain4 ,so comes
 it that at this day just and           
chivalrous men find themselves1 7as     
,lord ,palmerston said of the ,emperor  
of ,russia71 8born to a heritage of     
wrong and oppression40 ,they cannot1  if

 they would1 at once alter the structure
 of the society around them4  ,but even 
of these just men ,i complain that they 
do not see4 ,if they  saw1 they would   
act2 and ought they not to see8 ,our    
best men too often  know nothing of the 
lives of any women except those with    
whom they are  immediately connected1   
and whom they guard in comfort and ease4
 ,they do  not think of those who sit in
 cold and want outside4 ,many a         
tender-hearted but not large-hearted    
man1 on hearing some hint of  hardships 
among women outside his own circle1     
thanks ,god that his dear  wife or      
daughter is exempted from them1 and so  
dismisses the subject4  ,when once such 
men are brought to see and to feel1 we  
invariably find  them more indignant    
than women themselves1 who are well     
schooled in  patience4 ,much of this    
misery is strange and unknown to men1   
and was  certainly never designed by    
them4 ,the old social order has changed1
  giving place to the new1 but women    

have fallen out of line with the  onward
 movement1 fettered by their own        
cowardice and the careless  selfishness 
of men4 ,custom and use press heavily on
 women1 they endure  long before they   
dare to think whether the system under  
which they  suffer is a right or a wrong
 one1 whether their burdens be removable
 or  no1--whether1 in short1 they have  
fallen into the hands of ,god or man4   
,even when they are fully persuaded that
 their burdens are removable1  they have
 no voice to raise4 ,they are           
unrepresented1 and the interests  of the
 unrepresented always tend to be        
overlooked4    7#b47 ,the exclusion of  
women from trades is in most cases      
notoriously  based upon a coarse        
selfishness4 ,take the instance of the  
china painters  at ,worcester4 8,it     
appears that both men and women are     
employed in this  art1 but that the     
women having excited the jealousy of the
 men by  surpassing them in skilful     
execution1 and consequently earning     

better  wages1 were by them forcibly    
deprived of the maulsticks on which it  
is  necessary to rest the wrist while   
painting4 ,thus the women are at once   
rendered incapable of any fine work1 and
 can only be employed in the  coarser   
kinds of painting4 ,the masters submit  
to this tyranny1 though to  their own   
disadvantage1 being probably afraid of a
 strike or riot if  they resist1 and the
 women are forced to yield from the fear
 of personal  violence from their less  
skilful but heavier-fisted rivals4 ,this
 story  appeared in the ,edinburgh      
,review for #ahei1 and it is surprising 
that  it did not excite more general    
indignation40 ,the conduct of the       
,apothecaries' ,company is worse than   
that of the china painters1 inasmuch  as
 doctors have not the excuse of         
indigence to justify their              
exclusiveness4 ,the ,daily ,news1 in a  
recent article1 concludes an  account of
 some of the proceedings of that body   
with these words3--8,we  recommend these

 facts to the good people who think that
 coercion1  restriction1 and the tyranny
 of combination are peculiar to any one 
class of society4 ,it will be a great   
day in ,england when the right of  every
 individual to make the most of the     
ability which ,god has given  him1 free 
from interested interference1 is        
recognised1 and to that goal  we are    
surely advancing2 but our progress is   
slow1 and it is very clear  that it is  
not only in the lower ranks of the      
community that the  obstructive trades' 
union spirit is energetically           
operating40    ,the chivalry1 or the    
justice of educated men could scarcely  
be brought  to bear upon a subject where
 chivalry and justice are needed more4  
,in  this matter1 of the bad effects of 
trades' unions1 much may be hoped for   
from the known character of working men 
themselves1 as a class4 ,they are  not  
wanting in justice1 in tenderness of    
heart1 and in a shrewd  perception of   
right and wrong when they are placed    

before them3 but they  need             
enlightenment and instruction1--and they
 wait for it1--from those who  are their
 superiors in education and trained     
intelligence4 ,untold good  might be    
done1 and much future misery averted1 if
 those among our  leading men who have  
the ear and the confidence of working   
men would  7themselves first instructed7
 bring before them fairly and patiently1
  such subjects as these4 ,economics lie
 at the very root of practical          
morality1 and it is to be hoped that men
 of influence1 and genius1 and          
experience of life1 will address        
themselves gravely to the task of       
instructing the working classes on this 
most grave subject4    ,the common      
objection brought before the ,society   
for promoting the  ,employment of       
,women1 is that a risk would be thus    
incurred of decreasing  the employment  
of men4 ,now1 in the first place1 this  
is by no means  certain4 ,no one        
proposes to interfere with the men at   

present working at  any trade2 but while
 the demand for young men at high wages 
in the  colonies continues practically  
unlimited1 it may be questioned whether 
the admission to a sedentary employment 
at home is not a pitfall as  often as an
 advantage4 ,many a young man would be  
healthier and happier  at some manly    
trade in ,canada or ,australia1 than in 
standing behind an  ,english counter or 
plaiting straw4 ,to take only the trades
 connected  with women's dress and such 
matters1 the census of #ahfa gives the  
following numbers of men employed in    
trades1 some of which would seem  as    
distinctly appropriate to the one sex1  
as soldiering and sailoring to  the     
other4                                  
,males4               #c,mercers1       
,drapers1 and ,linen ,drapers #de1ffj   
,hair ,dressers and ,wig ,makers        
#aj1feb               ,haberdashers and 
,hosiers                #d1cbg          
,straw ,hat and ,bonnet ,makers         
#a1fhg               ,washermen and     

,laundry ,keepers           #a1afe      
,stay and ,corset ,makers               
#hhd               ,milliners and ,dress
 ,makers                #hjc            
,artificial ,flower ,makers             
#gfa               ,berlin ,wool        
,dealers                        #fc     
,artists in ,hair--,hair ,workers       
#db               ,baby ,linen ,makers  
#ac                                     
------------                            
#ff1jeg    ,disabilities of sex are     
parallel to disabilities of creed1 and  
the  economical results are likely to be
 the same4 ,silk weaving was driven     
into ,england by the revocation of the  
,edict of ,nantes1 and ,i believe  that 
now several light trades are being      
driven out of ,england by the           
industrial proscription of women4 8,but 
supposing10 says ,miss ,boucherett1     
8that the competition for employment    
were so great that whatever was  added  
to the prosperity of one sex must be    
deducted from that of the  other1 is it 

just that the whole of the suffering    
thus caused should be  laid upon the    
weaker half of humanity8 ,how great a   
contrast is there  between the spirit of
 ,christianity1 and the course of       
conduct too  frequently pursued in this 
our country60    8,be just before you   
are chivalrous10 many a woman is tempted
 to exclaim1  when she finds every door 
through which she might pass to a       
subsistence1  closed in her face with   
expressions of deference4 ,signs have   
not been  wanting which have justified  
the saying 8that a selfish disregard of 
the  interests of women1 and            
indifference to their sufferings1 is the
 great  national sin of ,england1--and  
all national sins1 if unrepented1 meet  
with  their punishment sooner or later40
    7#c47 ,the defective training of the
 women themselves is the most serious   
of all the hindrances which ,i have been
 considering4 ,here it is that the      
vicious circle returns upon itself4     
,these women cannot teach1 because  they

 are so ill educated1 and again1 they   
are so ill educated that they  can do   
nothing but teach4#d ,many a woman      
rejected from the shop-till  or         
housekeeper's room for ignorance and    
inefficiency1 is compelled to  offer    
herself among the lowest class of       
nursery governesses1 or1 failing  all1  
to embrace the career1 the avenues to   
which stand ever wide open1  yawning    
like the gates of hell1 when all other  
doors are closed4    ,the fault of this 
defective training lies mainly with the 
middle-class  parents who1 as the       
,endowed ,schools ,commissioners say    
plainly enough1  educate their daughters
 to get husbands1 and for nothing else4 
,education was what the slave-owners    
most dreaded for their slaves1 for  they
 knew it to be the sure road to         
emancipation4 ,it is to education  that 
we must first look for the emancipation 
of women from the  industrial           
restrictions of a bye gone age4 ,in the 
meantime ,i may surely  say that no     

lover of his country1 of justice or of  
,god1 can see this  misery unmoved4 8,he
 looked for judgment1 but behold        
oppression1 for  righteousness1 but     
behold a cry40    ,i sometimes hear it  
said 8,i am weary of this question of   
the rights1 or  the wrongs1 of women40  
,undoubtedly there are many who are     
quickly weary  of any thought which is  
perplexing or painful3 nevertheless the 
facts  remain the same--that women      
constitute one half of the human race1  
that  whatever effects them1 for good or
 evil1 affects not one half1 but the    
whole of the human race1 and that the   
primary education of all  generations of
 men rests in the hands of women4       
,there are two classes of advocates of  
the improvement of the education  and   
condition of women4 ,the one class urge 
everything from the domestic  point of  
view4 ,they argue in favour of all which
 is likely to make women  better        
mothers1 or better companions for men1  
but they seem incapable of  judging of a

 woman as a human being by herself1 and 
superstitiously  afraid of anything     
which might strengthen her to stand     
alone1 prepared1  singlehanded1 to serve
 her ,god and her country4 ,when it is  
urged upon  them that the women who do  
and must stand alone are counted by     
millions1  they are perplexed1 but only 
fell back on expressions of a fear lest 
a  masculine race of women should be    
produced1 if we admit any theories      
respecting them apart from conjugal and 
maternal relationships4    ,on the other
 hand1 there are advocates who speak    
with some slight  contempt of maternity1
 in whose advocacy there appears to me  
little  evidence of depth of thought1 or
 tenderness1 or wisdom1 and which       
bespeaks a dry1 hard1 unimaginative     
conception of human life4 ,they  appear 
to have no higher ideal for a woman than
 that of a man who has  been            
8tripos'ed10 and is going to 8get on in 
the world10 either in the  way of making
 money or acquiring fame4 ,they speak of

 women as if it were  a compliment to   
them1 or in any way true1 to say that   
they are like men4  ,now it appears to  
me that both these sets of advocates    
have failed to  see something which is  
very true1 and that their ears are deaf 
to some  of the subtle harmonies which  
exist in ,god's creation--harmonies     
sometimes evolved from discords--and    
which we are much hindered from  hearing
 by the noise of the world1 and by our  
own discordant utterances4    ,the first
 class of advocates do not know how     
strong ,nature is1 how true  she is for 
the most part1 and how deeply the       
maternal character is  rooted in almost 
all women1 married or unmarried3 they   
are not1  therefore1 likely to see that 
when a better education is secured to   
women1 when permission is granted them  
not only to win bread for  themselves1  
but to use for the good of society1     
every gift bestowed on  them by ,god1 we
 may expect to find1 7as certainly we   
shall find17 that  they will become the 

more and not the less womanly4 ,every   
good  quality1 every virtue which we    
regard as distinctively feminine1 will1 
under conditions of greater freedom1    
develop more freely1 like plants        
brought out into the light from a cellar
 in which they languished1  dwarfed and 
blanched1 without sun or air4 ,the woman
 is strong in almost  every woman2 and  
it may be called an infidelity against  
,god and against  the truth of nature to
 suppose that the removal of unjust     
restrictions1  and room given to breathe
 freely1 and to do her work in life     
without  depression and without         
bitterness1 will cause her to cast off  
her  nature4 ,it will always be in her  
nature to foster1 to cherish1 to take   
the part of the weak1 to train1 to      
guide1 to have a care for  individuals1 
to discern the small seeds of a great   
future1 to warm and  cherish those seeds
 into fulness of life4 8,i serve10 will 
always be one  of her favourite mottos1 
even should the utmost freedom be       

accorded her  in the choice of vocation2
 for she1 more readily perhaps than men 
do1  recognises the wisdom and majesty  
of ,him who said--8,i am among you as he
  that serveth40 ,in ,him1--8in ,christ 
,jesus10 says the apostle1 8there is    
neither ,jew nor ,greek1 there is       
neither bond nor free2 there is neither 
male nor female40 ,it has been the      
tendency of ,christianity1 gradually    
and slowly1 to break down all unfriendly
 barriers between races1 and to         
extinguish slavery2 and last of all it  
will--this is our hope--remove          
disabilities imposed by the stronger    
portion of society upon the weaker4     
,what do we lose by the abandonment of  
national exclusiveness8 ,is labour      
demoralized because slaves are free8    
,does service cease when servitude  is  
at an end8 ,common sense alone1 without 
the help of historical  knowledge1 might
 lead us to suppose that women will not 
do their  special work in the world     
worse1 but better1 when justice shall be

  done them4#e ,it is in the name of    
,christ that the removal of burdens  and
 disabilities is preached3 much wisdom  
might be learned regarding  some of     
these matters if people would look more 
closely at this1 and  note that this is 
the ,person in whom all virtues which   
are considered  essentially womanly1 as 
well as those which are considered      
essentially  manly1 found their perfect 
development4 ,a little meditation on    
this  double truth--that in ,christ all 
distinctions are done away1 and that in 
,him1 nevertheless1 were exhibited in   
perfect beauty the distinctive  virtues 
of the feminine character--would suggest
 some lessons which the  world has been 
very slow to learn1 would tend to remove
 groundless fears  regarding the        
consequences of the abandonment of many 
unreasonable and  unchristian theories  
which prevail1 and to counteract the    
materialistic  doctrine which has sunk  
too deep into the heart of our so-called
  ,christian community1 a doctrine which

 amounts to this1 that 8the weaker      
races1 classes1 persons must struggle on
 unaided1 and if they are  trampled down
 and die out1 the fact proves that it is
 better for the  world that they should 
perish1 so only a stronger and higher   
stock will  remain20#f a doctrine of    
which we see the fruits in our          
wickednesses in  ,asia1 c41 and which   
takes its stand on a supposed 8law of   
nature0 that  the weak must go down4    
,the tone in which certain foolish      
popular writers speak of unmarried and  
childless women betrays both coarseness 
of feeling and ignorance4 ,they  speak  
of these women as having altogether     
missed their vocation1 and as           
necessarily dwarfed in affection and    
motive1 because they have not  performed
 certain physical functions4 ,we are all
 mothers or  foster-mothers4 ,the few   
exceptions to this rule1--the cases in  
which the  maternal feelings are weak or
 wanting1--are to be found among mothers
 of  families as well as among childless

 women4 ,i have known many unmarried    
women in whom all the best              
characteristics of maternity are        
stronger  than in some who are actually 
mothers4 ,it would be wise of the ,state
 to  avail itself of this abundance of  
generous womanliness1 of tender and     
wise motherliness which lives in the    
hearts of thousands of women who  are   
free to bring their capacities to bear  
where they are most needed4  ,the       
country counts by tens of thousands its 
orphan and outcast children1  in        
workhouses1 and in the streets of our   
great cities4 ,these orphans  have      
lately been called 8the children of the 
,state30 for the care of  these children
 of the ,state alone1 mothers and nurses
 of the ,state are  needed1 women who   
must be free to some extent from        
domestic ties of  their own4 ,these     
workhouse children are not likely to    
grow up to be  useful to the country or 
other than dangerous classes1 while they
 are  left wholly to the mercy of       

vulgar1 uneducated people4#g    ,leon   
,fauchat exclaimed1 when told of crimes 
committed in our country  against       
children1--8,est-il possible que ces    
choses soient permises par  une nation  
qui a des entrailles60 8,take heed that 
ye offend not one of  these little      
ones10 are words of most solemn import3 
when women begin to  deserve and acquire
 more weight in the community1 the      
warning contained  in them will be      
better understood4 ,the interests of    
children will not  remain unrepresented 
any longer than women remain so4 ,i say 
this with  certainty1 knowing the nature
 of woman4 ,it will not be left to an   
indignant father1 or philanthropist1 or 
to an impassioned poetess1 at  long     
intervals to translate in the ears of   
the public the inarticulate  cry of the 
children3                8,they are     
weeping in the playtime of the others1  
,in the country of the free1            
,for the man's grief abhorrent1 draws   
and presses                  ,down the  

cheeks of infancy40                     
8,they look up with their pale and      
sunken faces1                  ,and     
their look is dread to see1             
,for they mind you of their ,angels in  
their places1                  ,with    
eyes meant for ,deity3          #8,how  
long1' they say1 #8how long1 ,o cruel   
nation1            ,will you stand1 to  
move the world1 on a child's heart1     
,stifle down with a mailed heel its     
palpitation1            ,and tread      
onward to your throne amid the mart8    
,our blood splashes upwards1 ,o our     
tyrants1                  ,and your     
purple shows your path2                 
,but the child's sob curseth deeper in  
the silence                  ,than the  
strong man in his wrath4'0    ,the ears 
of my reader would not endure to hear   
what ,i could tell1 what  my eyes have  
seen1 of outraged innocence1 of horrors 
and miseries  endured among the children
 of the poor4 ,i am not unmindful of the
  benevolent enterprise there is in our 

country1 the orphanages1 schools  and   
homes springing up everywhere4 ,god be  
thanked for these6 but they do  not yet 
meet the evil2 and we must remember that
 stone walls do not shut  out crime1 nor
 regulations confer blessing2 these     
institutions  themselves fail in their  
purpose unless the compassionate motive 
which  originated them be sustained in a
 constant and abundant flow4 ,the       
histories of many charities in foreign  
countries and at home prove that        
institutions devised by loving hearts   
for protection and blessing1 have       
become1 for lack of the constancy of the
 internal impulse1 neither more  nor    
less than 8habitations of cruelty40     
,what ,i here complain of is the        
thriftless waste of good feelings1 of   
emotion1--emotion which on the one  hand
 is ill trained1 and consequently takes 
a false or unreal direction1  and on the
 other is wearing itself out1 unclaimed4
 ,tears shed over  sentimental works of 
fiction or some imaginative woe might   

well be  bestowed on the realities      
around us4 ,surely there is room enough 
among  them for the promptings of a     
mighty compassion6 ,surely there is     
cause  enough here for tears6 8,mine eye
 runneth down with rivers of water for  
the destruction of the daughter of my   
people40    ,and there is other work on 
every side waiting to be done by        
women1--the  work of healers1 preachers1
 physicians1 artists1 organizers of     
labour1  captains of industry1 c41 while
 on the other hand women are waiting to 
be prepared for service1 and ready to   
bridge over1 as they alone can1  many a 
gulf between class and class which now  
presents a grave obstacle  to social and
 political progress4    ,the second kind
 of advocacy of the rights of women1 of 
which ,i spoke1  may be said to be      
simply a reaction against the first4 ,it
 is chiefly  held by a few women of     
superior intellect who feel keenly the  
disadvantages of their class1 their     
feebleness1 through want of  education1 

against public opinion1 which is taken  
advantage of by base  people1 their     
inability1 through want of              
representation1 to defend their  weaker 
members1 and the dwarfing of the        
faculties of the ablest and best  among 
them4 ,these women have associated      
little with men1 or at best1  know very 
little of their inner life1 and do not  
therefore see as  clearly as they see   
their own loss1 the equal loss that it  
is to men1  and the injury it involves  
to their characters1 to live dissociated
 from  women3 they therefore look forth 
from their isolation with something of  
an excusable envy on the freer and      
happier lot1 which includes1 they       
believe1 a greater power to do good1 and
 imagine that the only hope for         
themselves is to push into the ranks of 
men1 to demand the same  education1 the 
same opportunities1 in order that they  
may compete with  them on their own     
ground4 ,they have lost the conception  
of the noblest  development possible for

 both men and women2 for assuredly that 
which  men1 for the most part1 aim at1  
is not the noblest1 and yet that is what
  such women appear to wish to imitate2 
they have lost sight of the truth1  too1
 that men and women were made equal     
indeed1 but not alike1 and were  meant  
to supplement one another1 and that in  
so doing1--each supplying  force which  
the other lacks1--they are attracted    
with a far greater  amount of impulse to
 a common centre4 ,when ,st4 ,chrysostom
 preached in  ,constantinople1 that 8men
 ought to be pure1 and women            
courageous10 he  was treated as a       
dangerous innovator1 a perverter of the 
facts of  nature1 a changer of customs4 
,i hope that many such innovators will  
arise1 who will shew forth in practice  
the possibility of the attainment  of a 
common standard of excellence for man   
and woman1 not by usurpation  on either 
hand1 nor by servile imitation1 but by  
the action of each upon  each1 by mutual
 teaching and help4 ,the above          

misconception1 like many  other errors1 
results from men and women living so    
dissociated as they  do in our country2 
hence comes also all that reserve1 and  
incapacity for  understanding each other
 which has existed between the sexes for
 so many  generations1 those false      
notions about women which are           
entertained in  society1 and great      
injury to the work1 and happiness1 and  
dignity of man  and woman alike3 for it 
may be truly said that many of the most 
serious  evils in ,england are but the  
bitter and various fruit of the         
sacreligious disjoining of that which   
,god had joined together1 the  disunion 
of men and women1 theoretically and     
practically1 in all the  graver work of 
life4    ,the following account of the  
,school of ,art1 in ,newman ,street1    
,london1 is  interesting1 as affording  
some illustration of this subject4 ,mrs4
  ,heatherley writes1 8,this ,school was
 begun on the separate principle1  about
 twenty-three years ago1 by ,mr4 ,james 

,mathews ,leigh4 ,i first knew  the     
place in #ahdh1 when ,i studied as an   
amateur4 ,mr4 ,leigh1 whilst  agreeing  
to the idea of mixed classes as a       
theory1 always declared that  the men's 
conduct and conversation would render it
 impossible for any  lady to come       
amongst them1 and they were certainly   
very rough in manner  when1 after ,mr4  
,leigh's death1 we took the school4 ,we 
were warned that  we should be ruined by
 introducing the mixed system4 ,very    
soon both  parties found the convenience
 of studying in the ,gallery every day1 
instead of having to take their places  
on alternate days4 ,finding it  succeed1
 at the end of #ahfa we admitted ladies 
to the evening school3  there are about 
two hundred students in the course of   
the year4 ,great  individual freedom is 
allowed1 and a most friendly feeling    
exists  amongst the students4 ,every one
 who knew the place before the admission
  of women agrees that there has been   
great improvement2 quite another  tone  

prevails4 ,we have never had to dismiss 
anyone for conduct that was             
disapproved4 ,from here went the first  
ladies to the ,royal ,academy1 one  of  
whom1 a girl of about twenty-one1 gained
 the gold medal1 last  ,december1 for   
the best historical picture4 ,as a      
general rule1 where  there are equal    
facilities1 the women are the most      
successful4 ,the  ,academy ceased to    
admit them when their numbers reached   
about twelve1  and now takes them in    
only when the time of studentship of    
others  expires4 ,they made this change 
at the end of two years1 without giving 
any notice here or at any other school1 
to the great disappointment of a  number
 of girls4 ,this ,i think is an act of  
hardship1 as there has been  shown      
positively that no incompetence exists4 
,unless there be chances  offered to    
women of being able to follow a         
profession1 parents will  invest in     
consols1 as a general rule1 rather than 
in a superior  education4 ,the mention  

of our school may be useful1 because    
there are  doubts in many minds as to   
the expediency of free intercourse      
between  young people1 and facts are    
better than theories4 ,the more that is 
done  to bring young men and women      
together in a rational manner1 the      
sooner  we may hope to arrive at a      
social state less immoral than the      
present40    ,i am persuaded that anyone
 who will candidly and carefully        
consider the  histories of separate     
communities of men or women1 for        
educational or  other purposes1 must see
 that the evils attendant on such a     
system as  they represent outweigh its  
conveniences4 ,the arrangement is for a 
given  period1 but not so the evils     
which accompany it1 for they1--and of   
this  men are not ignorant1--too often  
leave their effects1 ,i may say their   
curse1 throughout life4 ,the objection  
rises at once of the difficulty of      
adopting any other arrangement than the 
present1 which may be called an         

unnatural one4 ,this objection will be  
more effectually met by facts than  by  
reasoning1 and in time facts will speak 
for themselves1 while up to  the present
 they attest that whenever the          
experiment of a different  system has   
been tried1 the difficulties have been  
found to be very much  less than it was 
believed they would be1 before the trial
 was made4    ,to conclude this part of 
my subject1 although ,i grant that too  
much  stress cannot be laid upon the    
improvement of the education of women   
who  will be actually the mothers of a  
future generation1 yet ,i wish1 on the  
one hand1 that persons who only look at 
it from this point of view would  take  
more into account the valuable service  
our country might command if  it but    
understood the truth about the condition
 and feelings of its  unmarried women1  
and that a more generous trust were felt
 in the  strength of woman's nature1 and
 the probable direction of its          
development when granted more expansion1

 while on the other hand ,i  should like
 to see a truer conception of the       
highest possibilities for  women than is
 implied in the attempt to imitate men1 
and a deeper  reverence for the ,god of 
nature1 whose wisdom is more manifested 
in  variety than in uniformity4 ,it     
cannot be denied that a just cause has  
sometimes been advocated by women in a  
spirit of bitterness4 ,energy  impeded  
in one direction1 will burst forth in   
another2 hence the defiant  and         
sometimes grotesque expression which the
 lives and acts of some few  women have 
been of the injustice done to them by   
society4 ,this will  cease1 and while it
 lasts1 it ought to excite our pity     
rather than our  anger4 ,it must be     
remembered that it is but a symptom of a
 long endured  servitude1 a protest     
against a state of things which we hope 
will give  place to a better4 ,it is    
folly to regard it as the natural fruit 
of that  of which we have scarcely seen 
the beginning4 ,acts of violence on the 

part of a long oppressed nation are not 
the offspring of dawning  liberties1 but
 of a doomed tyranny4 ,again1 no        
important reform can be  carried without
 a measure of attendant confusion4 ,evil
 agencies are the  most vigilant for    
destruction at the beginning of a great 
and good work1  and many lives have to  
be consumed in its inauguration4 ,any   
evils which  may at first attend a      
social reform ought not to alarm us3    
they are  transient2 they are but the   
breakers on the bar which must be       
crossed  before we launch into deep     
waters1 but the 8noise and dust of the  
wagon  which brings the harvest home40  
,there is a near future and there is a  
far future2 there are plans for  the    
near future and plans for the far       
future4 ,the world is full of plans  for
 the near future2 not so of plans for   
the far future4 ,there are  people who  
do just what comes first to their hand  
to do1 there are  others who do all for 
a near future1 others again who do all  

for a far  off end4 ,the first and the  
last have much in common2 it is the     
second  aim1 which when exclusively     
pursued1 misleads4 ,plans and schemes   
for the  near future gain and obtain    
with most people2 not unfrequently they 
wither away like untimely fruit3 those  
who look afar off prevail1 yet  not     
they1 but rather ,he prevails in them1  
who taught them to stretch  their vision
 to the distant horizon1 and enables    
them to bear with  composure the        
disappointment of present hopes4        
,some say1 8in order to insure success  
for this or that movement1 you  must    
have a scheme beforehand1 a well-planned
 system1 a fixed principle  of action1  
else you will be blown hither and       
thither40 ,without offering  any        
opposition to such a theory1 there are  
others to whom there appears  but one   
principle of action1--to fix the eyes on
 the far future1 and to  do to-day the  
work of to-day2 each day to undo the    
heavy burdens as they  come to their    

hand1 each day to break some link of the
 chains which  bind1 and to let some who
 are now oppressed go free4 ,god guiding
 these  efforts to the desired end4#h   
,they have more faith in that which     
grows  from within than in that which is
 planned from without1 and built        
according to the preconceived plan4     
,such plans or schemes as must be       
adopted by them are made as elastic as  
possible1 so that the builders  can     
avail themselves1 at each step1 of      
experience gained1 and be ready  to     
correct or undo any part of the work    
without sacrificing the whole2  they are
 content with the light which falls on  
the path immediately at  their feet1 and
 with the fairer light in the distance4 
,perhaps it is by  such a principle of  
action that we can best supply 8the     
needs of the  times10 and it is the     
possibility of adopting such a principle
 in times  of need that alone can ensure
 permanence in usefulness for the       
venerable  institutions of the country4 

,what such institutions generally do is 
to  resist all movement1 or if they     
admit any change1 it is only to         
crystallize anew in an altered form4    
,almost all true help is special2  and  
crystallized institutions seldom have   
help to give for great and  special     
necessities4 ,but there are times when  
an impulse1 having its  origin in the   
hearts of men1 is found to be stronger  
than custom and  use2 if it cannot work 
within the established bounds1 or by    
existing  machinery1 it will work       
without them4 ,somehow or other         
difficulties  vanish before such an     
impulse1 and much is accomplished which 
before was  held to be impossible4    ,i
 cannot conclude these remarks without  
expressing the gladness and  gratitude  
with which ,i am filled when ,i see the 
earnest spirit in which  some of the    
best and most thoughtful men are        
beginning to consider these  matters2   
and ,i venture especially to acknowledge
 the kindness of men in  high           

educational positions themselves1 whose 
sympathies have lately been  enlisted on
 behalf of the women-teachers whose     
struggles1 and sorrows1  and social     
disadvantages ,i have tried to indicate4
 ,mr4 ,maurice says1  very truly1       
8,whenever in trade or in any department
 of human activity1  restrictions       
tending to the advantage of one class   
and the injury of  others have been     
removed1 there a divine power has been  
at work  counteracting not only the     
selfish calculations1 but often the     
apparently sagacious reasonings of their
 defenders40 ,if we were not  assured   
that there is indeed a divine power at  
work in all these things  which some of 
us have so deeply at heart1 we should   
lack the only  stimulus which enables us
 to work on1 to live and to die for that
 which  we hold to be right and true2   
for 8except the ,lord build the house1  
their labour is but vain that build it40
                                        
,,josephine ,e4 ,,butler4        ,may1  

#ahfh4                    ,t4 ,,brakell1
 ,,printer1 ,,cook ,,street1            
,,liverpool4    -----    ,footnote #a3  
,miss ,strongitharm states in respect of
 the ,governesses' ,institution at      
,manchester--8,remember that those who  
register here are the favourable        
specimens of the class1 the governesses 
who accept salaries under    #bj1--;and 
their name is ,legion1--being excluded  
by the ,rules of the    ,institution1   
and that the salaries asked by no means 
represent1 in    most cases1 the        
salaries obtained--a governess being    
often too glad to    get a home on      
almost any terms40    ,footnote #b3     
,the condition of governesses in schools
 is1 on the whole1 better than    in    
private families2 they have more        
companionship and independence1    and1 
except in the very poor schools1 are    
better paid4    ,footnote #c3           
,census for ,england and ,wales4 ,vol4  
ii4 ,occupation of the people3          
summary tables4    ,footnote #d3        

8,in one of ,jerrold's sketches1 ,mr4   
,isaac ,check is asked1 #8,what can you 
do8' ,now as ,isaac had not dined for   
three days1 he thought himself          
justified in saying--#8,anything4'      
,hunger thus conferred the cheap        
diploma of omnipotence3 why not of      
omniscience too8 ,in a bitter moment    
,i have been tempted to say that a      
governess is too often a poor lady      
who knows nothing1 and teaches          
everything for nothing40--,dr4 ,hodgson4
    ,footnote #e3      8,i have         
preached10 says ,theodore ,parker1 8the 
equivalency of man and    woman--that   
each in some particulars is inferior to 
the other1 but1 on    the whole1 mankind
 and womankind1 though so diverse1 are  
yet equal in    their natural faculties2
 and have set forth the evils which come
 to    both from her present inferior   
position4444 ,but ,i have thought she   
will generally prefer domestic to public
 functions1 and have found no           
philosophic or historic argument for    

thinking she will ever incline    much  
to the rough works of man1 or take any  
considerable part in    ,republican     
politics40    ,footnote #f3      ,f4    
,newman4    ,footnote #g3      ,i have  
spoken of the incompetency of a vast    
number of teachers1 an    incompetency  
sometimes natural1 more often the effect
 of want of    training4 ,but ,i believe
 it is widely acknowledged that women   
generally    have a great aptitude for  
teaching boys as well as girls4 ,mr4    
,bryce1    in his ,report1 says1 8,the  
bright point in this otherwise gloomy   
landscape is that women are naturally   
skilful teachers1 and that they    are1 
as far as my observation goes1 zealous  
and conscientious    teachers4 ,whenever
 ,i happened to hear the teaching of a  
lady of good    ability who had herself 
been thoroughly educated1 its merits    
struck me    as at least equal1 and     
probably superior1 to those which would 
be    found in the teaching of a man of 
the same general capacity and           

education4 ,women seem to have more     
patience as teachers1 more    quickness 
in seeing whether the pupil understands1
 more skill in    adapting their        
explanations to the peculiarities of the
 pupils' minds1    and certainly a nicer
 discernment of his or her character4   
,they are    quite as clear in          
exposition as men are1 and1 when well   
trained1 quite    as capable of making  
their teaching philosophical4 ,i must   
confess    myself to have been also     
impressed by the interest which they so 
often    took in their pupils1 and their
 genuine ardour to do their best for    
them40    ,footnote #h3      8,is not   
this the fast that ,i have chose8 to    
loose the bands of    wickedness1 to    
undo the heavy burdens1 and to let the  
oppressed go    free1 and that ye break 
every yoke2 is it not to deal thy bread 
to the    hungry1 and that thou bring   
the poor that are cast out to thy       
house80--,isaiah lviii4 #f1 #g4         
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,,transcriber',s ,,notes        ,typos  
fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect
 retained4    ,used numbers for         
footnotes1 placing them all at the end  
of the last       chapter4    ,enclosed 
italics font in underscores4            
,enclosed blackletter font in equals4