,,address1                              
,,deliv]$ ,,9                           
,,craigie ,,hall1 ,,ed9burgh1           
,,febru>y #bd,,?1 #ahga4                
,,by                                    
,,joseph9e ,e4 ,,butl]4                 
,,pr9t$1 ,,by ,,reque/1 ,,= ,,private   
,,circulation ,,among ,,fri5ds ,,9      
,,scotl&4                               
,,price ,,"o ,,%ill+ ,,p] ,,doz54   ,to 
be _h at ! ,c5tral ,(fice1 #bhj1 ,s\?   
,hill1 ,p>k ,road1 ,liv]pool4           
,,man*e/]3                    ,a4       
,,irel&  ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,pall ,,mall4
                                        
#ahga4                                  
,,address4      ,once :5 ,i 0 9 ,p>is1  
,i saw 9 a gall]y a picture1 :i* taught 
me  a lesson4 ,x 0 a picture ( ,sa9t    
,m>gu]ite1 z ! repres5tative (  purity4 
,%e 0 v frail & y\?ful-look+1 b1        
nev]!less1 0  se5 advanc+ 9 ! attitude (
 a conqu]or1 trampl+ ^u a hide\s        
dragon4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! g5tle lady1 
9 h] pure :ite dress1  & ! disgu/+      

creature b5ea? h] feet1 0 /rik+4 ,!     
dragon1  ! embodim5t ( "s f\l impurity1 
wick$ness1 & cruelty1 0  enrag$ at its  
conqu]or1 b t]rifi$ too1 wall[+ on !    
gr\nd1  brea?+ =? fire & v5om1 z hide\s 
a mon/] z y c  conceive4 ,/4 ,m>gu]ite  
_h no look ( fe>1 nay1 n ev5 ( disgu/1  
on h] calm face1 :i* 0 turn$ /raight    
heav5w>d2 & h] fair  feet1 /epp+ ) a    
conqu]or's tread on ! r\gh scales ( !   
pro/rate mon/]1 7 n ! lea/ soil$ by 8   
vil5ess1 b  rema9$ z :ite z h] he>t 0   
pure4 ,?is picture c>ri$ my  ?\ghts away
 to _m a /ruggle :i* ! _w has witness$  
betwe5  good & evil1 & x taught me to   
rememb] t :5 ,god s5ds =?  8 mess5g]s to
 combat impurity 9 its mo/ hide\s =ms1  
^!  mess5g]s1 weak ?\gh !y be1 ne$ nev] 
d\bt 8 p[] to keep !m  unh>m$4 ,!re is  
no evil 9 ! _w s great t ,god _c raise  
up to meet x a correspond+ beauty &     
glory1 :i* w blaze x out  ( c\nt5ance4  
,b m>k me1 fri5ds1 9 ord] to escape     
unhurt1 we mu/  oppose & tread ^u !     
evil4 ,if we m]ely look on at ?is       

unclean  mon/]1 wond]+ at him1 amaz$1 we
 %all be ! worse = x4 ,x is  ! v pa9 &  
vig\r1 & humble tru/ 9 ,god1 induc$ by  
opposition1 :i* enable u to rise above  
hurtful influ5ces4 ,x is  possible to   
rise above all su* hurtful influ5ces1   
above ! horror &  disgu/1 & to atta9 to 
a region 9 :i* pure & elevat+ ?\ghts    
alone prevail4 ,?is is ( ,god's         
goodness1 :o gives u arm\r fitt$ =  !   
battle4    ,i 0 ask$ ?is morn+ :5 x 0 t 
my ?\ghts 7 fir/  direct$ to ?is subject
 conc]n+ :i* we are met toge!r4 ,z ,i am
  "h among fri5ds & fell[-work]s only1  
,i may answ] ?is "q1  :i* is p]sonal to 
myself4 ,x is _m ye>s ago t ,i fir/     
became  acqua9t$ ) ?is sy/em z x exi/$ 9
 ,p>is4 ,i 0 "o ( ^?  p]sons--!y 7 few1 
,i believe--:o read t v brief debate 9 !
  ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahff1 :5 ,mr4     
,h5ley & ,mr4 ,ayrton alone1 b  cle>ly &
 boldly1 ent]$ _! prote/4 ,x 0 9 t ye> t
 !  k fir/ broke ^u me t ?is sy/em1 :i* 
,i _h s long  reg>d$ ) horror1 _h       
actually f\nd a foot+ 9 our ,engl&4 ,x  

seem$ to me z if a d>k cl\d 7 hang+ on !
 horizon1 ?reat5+  our l&4 ,! depression
 :i* took possession ( my m9d 0         
ov]:elm+4 ,a few days ago ,i f\nd a     
record ( ^? days1 9 an old  manuscript  
book long laid aside4 ,9 turn+ ov] its  
leaves1 ,i f\nd a  note ( t debate 9 !  
h\se1 ! date1 & a writt5 expression1    
:i* ,i _h s9ce =gott51 ( a pres5tim5t   
:i* at t "t fill$  my m9d1 t 9 "s way or
 o!r ,i %\ld be call$ to meet ?is evil  
?+ face to face--a trembl+ pres5tim5t1  
:i* ,i c\ld n escape  f1 t1 d :at ,i    
w\ld1 ,i myself mu/ ent] into ?is cl\d4 
,i f9d  !re record$ also a brief pray]1 
besee*+ t if ,i mu/ desc5d  into ?is    
d>kness1 t div9e h&1 ^: t\* is heal? &  
/r5g?1 w\ld hold m9e fa/ 9 ! d>kness4 ,i
 c recollect go+  out into ! g>d51 hop+ 
t ! sight ( ! fl[]s & blue sky  might   
bani% ! m5tal pa91 b x clung too fa/ = a
 "t = any  outw>d impression to remove  
x2 & ,i envi$ ! sp>r[s ^u !  g>d5 walk1 
because !y _h n m9ds & s\ls capable (   
torm5t  l m9e4 ,b n[1 :5 ,i look back1  

,i see t t pray] has be5  he>d--! div9e 
h& has held m9e--(t5 :5 ,i knew x n4 ,&1
  fri5ds1 ,god c give m ?an p[] to be> !
 pa92 !re is a  positive joy 9 ,8       
s]vice1 & 9 any w>f>e 9 :i* ,he :o      
conqu]$ s9 & dea? & hell goes be=e u1 & 
is our rew>d4    ,9 ,engl& ! aspect ( ! 
"q be=e u1 :i* affects mo/  /rongly !   
masses ( ! work+-class electors1 is !   
con/itutional  aspect4 ,ev5 ap>t f !    
moral consid]ations involv$1 :i* are by 
f> ! mo/ important1 ! work+ m5 w wage w>
 to ! dea?  aga9/ ?is legislation1 on   
acc\nt ( its uncon/itutional "*2  & x is
 n1 y may suppose1 z a m]ely !oretic    
iniquity :i*  ^! practical m5 oppose x4 
,x comes home to !m v closely2 !y  see  
at once ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 _! own homes
 fir/1 & !  :ole commonweal? ultimately1
 ?r\gh ! admission ( a pr9ciple into    
our p5al legislation :i* is directly &  
viol5tly oppos$ to !  pr9ciples ( !     
,engli% con/itution4 ,_! in/9cts on ?is 
subject  are m ke5 ?an are ^? ( ! upp]  
classes2 ?is ke5ness (  p]ception arises

 ma9ly f ! fact t !y1 n be+ %elt]$ by   
rank1 position1 or weal?1 h no gu>antee 
( lib]ty1 & ( p5al  ju/ice1 except :at  
is f\nd 9 ! bulw>ks ( t con/itution :i* 
^! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t h brok5 d[n4    ,i 
w pres5tly briefly rec\nt to y ! ma9    
features ( ^? j  crim9al laws :i*       
,engli%m5 h liv$ "u hi!rto4 ,scot* laws 
diff]1 ,i believe1 9 _m respects f      
,engli% laws2 & x may be  t !re is n    
among ,scot* work+ m5 t deep atta*m5t to
 !  ,con/itution :i* ,i f9d 9 ! ,engli%1
 ?\gh ,i believe ! ,scot*man  has q z   
/rong a passion = fre$om1 & w\ld be f\nd
 to be  /rong] on ! moral argum5t4 ,x is
 well t we %\ld und]/&  cle>ly ! illegal
 "* ( ! ,acts we oppose4 ,i h be5 !  m  
deeply impress$ ) ! importance ( ?is    
aspect ( ! matt]1  by read+ ! almo/     
univ]sal & p[]ful te/imony ( our great  
lawy]s & hi/orians to ! dang] (         
introduc+1 9 any s+le  in/ance1 a lax1  
vici\s1 or unju/ pr9ciple into our      
crim9al code1  & to ! moral & social    
evils :i* su* an introduction necess>ily

  involves4 ,niebuhr1 ,de ,tocqueville1 
,guizot1 ,hallam1 ,lieb]1 ,creasy1      
,mack9to%1 ,black/one1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 h
 aga9 & aga9  po9t$ out t ^u ! ju/ice & 
purity ( ! p5al legislation (  a c\ntry 
! political wellbe+ ( t c\ntry ma9ly    
dep5ds4 ,!  consid]ation ( ?is subject  
has induc$ 9 me ! deep conviction t     
public wor%ip & ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible 9 a  
c\ntry :]e laws are  corrupt1 & fre$om  
insecure1 w d little m ?an to keep      
consci5ce alive 9 a remnant z x 71 a    
m9ority ( prote/ors1  becom+ ye>ly m    
sadd5$ & m feeble amid/ ! corruption (  
social life ?r\gh ! sure & subtle tea*+ 
( ! laws & public  in/itutions2 x w d   
little m ?an create an antagonism 9 !   
:ole ( society1 betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & !  
educational influ5ce (  public law &    
cu/om4 ,! purity ( our laws1 !n1 is ( ! 
v  highe/ importance 9 e aspect1        
political1 social & moral4 ,aga91  if   
any great purification ( our laws is to 
be br\ght ab\t1 z ,i tru/  x is to be   
br\ght ab\t1 at ?is anxi\s crisis ( our 

nation's  hi/ory1 ,i1 = my "p1 am deeply
 conv9c$1 x _c be a*iev$  except ?r\gh a
 mighty awak5+ ( ! consci5ce ( !        
p--?r\gh a baptism into fre% spiritual  
life--?r\gh a great  /irr+ up ( he>ts to
 pray] & to action4 ,day by day1 z ,i "w
 9  ?is cause1 x is m deeply impress$ on
 my m9d t we ne$ a v  great reviv+ f on 
high4 ,s9ce ,i came to ,scotl& ?is ?\ght
 has  nev] be5 abs5t f my m9d = a mom5t1
 night or day4 ,my s\l  travails 9 pa9  
up to ?is h\r1 wi%+ & long+ = t  outp\r+
 ( ,god's ,_s1 t brea? ( heav5 :i*1 my  
fri5ds1 ,i  decl>e to y ,i believe to be
 our only hope1 9 ?is our day1 (        
prev5t+ our c\ntry f ent]+ ^u ! fir/ /ep
 t[>ds spe$y  national decl9e &         
dissolution2 & x is a cause ( grief &   
pa9 to  me t ,i c f9d no words 9 :i* to 
convey to y ! /r5g? (  t conviction :i* 
is laid ^u my he>t1 & ( t motive :i*    
impels me =w>d z by ! =ce ( an int]nal  
fire :i* burns  )\t ceas+4 ,i resolv$   
be=e com+ "h ?is ev5+ t ,i w\ld  be     
bold1 & t1 ?\gh "s "h might p]haps ?9k  

me fanatical1 ,i  w\ld tell y frankly   
out ( my he>t :at ,i wi% =1 :at ,i ?9k  
we  ne$1 & m--:at ,i believe ,god w     
grant u4 ,!re is1 to my m9d1 a  cl\d (  
bless+ hang+ ov] our l&1 :i* w n long   
rema9 a  little cl\d1 b w cov] ! sky4 ,!
 enemy we h to cont5d  ) is mat]ialism1 
productive ( a despotic absolutism1 9 "o
 =m or  o!r4 ,! evil we are combat+ has 
its root 9 a deep scepticism z to  !    
possibility ( virtue1 & 9 ! d5ial (     
et]nal pr9ciples4  ,!re=e x is t we c   
only combat x1 & its manife/ations 9    
our laws & in/itutions1 by ! p[] & ,_s (
 ,god visit+ once  m 9 an unusual degree
 ?is vex$ l& ( ours4    ,be=e po9t+ out1
 !n1 ! corrupt t5d5cies ( "s ( our mod]n
  legislation1 ,i w sket* to y1 9 !     
words ( a great legal writ]1  ! ma9     
*>act]i/ics ( j crim9al jurisprud5ce1   
begg+ y  nev] to =get t :ile !          
,contagi\s ,diseases ,acts h be5  impos$
 ^u u 9 ! "n ( m]ely sanit>y &          
economical  regulations1 !y are1 9 fact1
 grave p5al enactm5ts--!y h  introduc$ a

 great & s]i\s *ange into our crim9al   
jurisprud5ce4  ,?is legal writ]         
says--8,! *>act]i/ics ( a j1 fair1 &    
s\nd  p5al trial 7:i* *>act]i/ics are   
inv>iable 9 ess5ce1 & hold  good = all  
"t7 are z foll[s3 ,no intimidation be=e 
! trial1 no  attempt by artifice to     
induce ! prison] to confess1 or crim9ate
  himself2 ! fulle/ possible realisation
 ( ! pr9ciple t e  man mu/ be held      
innoc5t until he is prov$ to be guilty2 
bail2 a  total disc>d+ ( ! pr9ciple1 t !
 m he9\s ! imput$  crime1 ! less ought  
to be ! protection ( ! prison]1 b1 on ! 
contr>y1 ! adoption ( ! rev]se2 a di/9ct
 indictm5t1 & !  acqua9tance ( ! prison]
 ) x a long en\gh "t be=eh& to  give him
 "t = prep>+ ! def5ce3 ! accusatorial   
process1 )  jury & publicity2 c\nsel &  
def5ce = ! prison]2 a di/9ct  !ory (    
evid5ce 7su* z is def9$ by our /atutes72
 no he>say  te/imony3 a v]dict ^u su*   
evid5ce alone2 ! accusation n to be     
made by ! executive40 ,n[ ?is def9ition 
( a j p5al trial has  hi!rto be5 /rictly

 adh]$ to 9 e case ( moral & legal guilt
  involv+ sev]e p5alties4 ,i c\ld po9t  
out to y--7b y c see x  = y\rselves7--h[
 9 e "o ( ^! p>ticul>s ! ,contagi\s     
,diseases ,acts dep>t f ! *>act]i/ics ( 
a fair1 j1 & s\nd  p5al trial4 ,9 !     
matt] ( m]e economical laws !re is no   
h>m 9  ! fact ( ! accusation be+ made by
 ! executive1 inde$ x is  ne$ful--z =   
in/ance1 :5 ! policeman is ! p]son :o   
accuses a  cab-driv] ( driv+ recklessly2
 b :5 x comes to a matt] ( su*  awful   
s]i\sness z t ( a woman's hon\r1 involv+
 loss (  "*1 :i* "* is (t51 to a poor   
woman1 h] sole e>?ly  prop]ty1 h] only  
possession & capital2 involv+1 moreov]1 
!  p5alties ( p]sonal assault1 ( a      
nature inadmissible hi!rto 9 law  ev5 9 
! case ( prov$ outrage\s guilt2 (       
imprisonm5t & (  public regi/ration z an
 infam\s p]son2 :5 x comes to ?is1 ,i   
say1  x is an awful ?+ to put !         
accusation 9 ! p[] ( !  executive--t    
executive be+ ! secret police1 paid by !
 ,/ate1 =  ! sole bus9ess ( detect+ &   

hunt+ d[n suspect$ or un*a/e  wom54     
,aga91 ! evil is aggravat$ by ! fact t  
no o!r witness  to ! guilt ( ! woman is 
requir$1 except ! gov]nm5t spy1 &  t he1
 by ?is law1 is n requir$ to br+ =w>d   
any ov]t act on  ! "p ( 8 prison]1 or "o
 iota ( positive pro(1 b is only        
requir$ to believe & swe> t ! woman has 
a c]ta9 purpose or  int5tion4    ,if y  
d\bt1 read ! ,act c>efully = y\rself1 & 
read ! acc\nts  ( proce$+s "u ! ,act4   
,aga91 & ?is is all important1 !  d5ial 
( jury trial is c>d9al to ! v exi/5ce ( 
^! ,acts4  ,?us :ile to male crim9als   
all ! safegu>ds ( p5al law are  grant$1 
z inde$ !y ought to be1 wom5 are depriv$
 ( e "o  ( ^! safegu>ds "u ^! ,acts4 ,n[
 ev5 suppos+ t none b  ! mo/ guilty ( ! 
outca/ class 7 br\ght "u ! ,acts1 !     
,acts /ill rema9 an extreme inju/ice1 & 
an aggression ^u our  con/itution1      
fraught ) dang] to ! commonweal?2 =1 z  
,*ancellor ,hob>t said1 8an elem5t (    
lic5se introduc$ into our  crim9al code 
is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! de/ruction ( !    

lib]ty  = all40 ,i w n dwell on o!r     
po9ts1 z = in/ance !  en=c$             
self-crim9ation ( ! wom51 ! disp5s+1    
(t51 ) !  =mality ev5 ( a ,ju/ice1 b w  
pass on4    ,my rec5t inquiries on ^!   
matt]s h made me v sorr[ful1 z a  lov] (
 my c\ntry1 & n only ( womank9d4 ,!re   
are o!r ,acts (  ,p>liam5t n[ 9 =ce1 &  
sev]al o!rs ,i fe> ab\t to be pass$1  ! 
t5d5cy ( :i* is 9 e case m or less      
uncon/itutional1  & m or less           
demoralis+1 us+ ^! words 9 a g5]al s5se4
  ,?is type ( legislation seems to me to
 fl[ f "o s\rce4 ,i  sc>cely "k h[ to   
designate t s\rce4 ,x is clumsy &       
despotic2  &1 ?\gh ,i h no d\bt         
well9t5tion$1 x t5ds to ! /eady         
increase ( ! crim9al class1 by ! rapid  
creation ( new crimes1 new  (f5ces1     
foll[$ by new pa9s & p5alties4 ,x t5ds  
to br+ u back  to ! old pan!i/ic ,/ate  
wor%ip1 to ! sub/itution ( ! w (  !     
,/ate = individual consci5ce1 & to t    
cruelle/ ( all  tyrannies :i* ,de       
,tocqueville %ad[s =? 9 8 pages on !    

despotism ( ! future1 ! despotism :i*   
may exi/ ) democratic  in/itutions4 ,?is
 species ( legislation assumes ! "r to  
co]ce  human be+s to any ext5t :i* may  
seem to m9i/] to a giv5  mat]ial end1 or
 to be tempor>ily exp$i5t4 ,x is /r+5t1 
punitive1  & arbitr>y4 ,x is un*ri/ian 9
 ! s5se t x practically d5ies  !        
possibility ( moral r5ovation1 & cuts (f
 ! means ( ris+  f ! /age ( crim9ality  
to t ( a re9/at$ memb]%ip (  society4 ,x
 deals out m & m puni%m5t1 m & m        
p5alties1  m & m espionage4 ,x1 9 fact1 
legislates m & m =  p]sons1 z if !y 7   
8physical facts10 & n 8moral ag5ts40 ,x 
defies ! in/9ct ( fre$om 9 man1 &       
ignores ! p[] ( r5ewal  9 human "*4 ,!  
broad pr9ciples ( our ,con/itution are s
  glori\s 9 _! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! dignity &
 wor? ( human  be+s1 t :]ev] ?is new    
legislation takes root1 x is oblig$ to  
d s outside ( ! ,con/itution1 s to      
speak1 or 9 direct violation  ( its     
pr9ciples4 ,to ! class ( laws ( :i* ,i  
speak belongs !  ,habitual ,crim9als    

,bill1 :i* ev5 n[ has begun to br+ =?   
vici\s  fruit1 to fill our /reets )     
spies1 & to drive m5 to despair4        
,aga91 !re is ! ,p$l>s ,lic5s+ ,bill1   
:i* =bids a poor man to  get a lic5se to
 sell any?+ :o may h be5 =m]ly committ$ 
=  a legal (f5ce1 & :i* 9 fact says to a
 man1 8,y h s9n$ once1  y %all n        
h5ce=w>d be all[$ to pursue an hone/    
trade40  ,pre-em95t among su*           
legislation /& ! ,acts aga9/ :i* we are 
cont5d+1 9 ?is p>ticul> ( br&+ ^? once  
fall51 &  assign+ !m to ! rank (        
pr(essional & m>k$ crim9als4    ,b ,i   
mu/ "h po9t out v emphatically t !      
,contagi\s ,diseases  ,acts /& alone 9  
"o s5se1 inasmu* z !y embody a f> deep] 
iniquity ?an any ( ^! o!r laws1 &       
directly violate ! law (  ,god1 by (f]+ 
protection to a vice :i* 9 opposition to
 t law  !y pron\nce to be necess>y1 &   
inasmu* z1 :ile !y cruelly  br& ! class 
to :om !y apply1 !y at ! same "t give to
 !  awful traffic :i* ?is class pursues 
! dignity ( a recognis$1  legitimate1 & 

ev5 protect$ indu/ry4    ,x %\ld be "o (
 ! aims ( wise legislation to ?r[ wide  
op5 !  door ( recov]y to ! laps$        
classes2 & motives ev5 (  self-int]e/   
%\ld prompt legislators to endeav\r to  
re9/ate e  crim9al :o has endur$ 8 legal
 puni%m5t4 ,! elem5t1 :i* ,i h  tri$ to 
indicate1 embodi$ 9 "s ( our rec5t      
legislation1 t5ds to  create a l>ge     
class ( crim9als & outlaws1 ( sull5 &   
despair+  p1 lo/ to self-respect1 & =   
ev] hunt$ by a wat*ful police4  ,we are 
be+ hurri$ into fe>ful dang]s4 ,x has   
appe>$ to me at  times z if we 7 smitt5 
) a curse1 a judicial bl9dness1 :i* is  
lead+ a ,p>liam5t1 nom9ally ! mo/ lib]al
 we h ev] _h1 to  inaugurate a reign (  
mat]ialism & despotism4 ,we "k ! effects
 (  ! gr[? ( a prolet>iate class 9      
anci5t ,rome & 9 o!r  c\ntries4 ,we are 
rapidly creat+ at ?is mom5t a           
prolet>iate class1  & ! creation ( su* a
 class ensures soon] or lat] ! smo!r+  (
 a nation 9 its own mud4 ,i hold 9 my h&
 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1  call$ 8,a ,bill =

 ! bett] protection ( infant life10 :i* 
to "s  ext5t illu/rates :at ,i h be5    
say+4 ,i d n wi% to be  und]/ood to     
condemn absolutely all su* legislation1 
b x is  impossible n to be /ruck ) !    
fact t ?is ,bill1 ! 8,habitual          
,drunk>ds ,bill10 & o!rs :i* ,i h       
m5tion$ h n 9 !m "o  p>ticle (          
prev5tion4 ,^! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t assume 
t we are to  acquiesce 9 ! pres5t /ate (
 ,engl& z its normal /ate2 !y  assume t 
we are to cont9ue to h s _m ?\s&s (     
paup]s1 s  _m ?\s&s ( habitual crim9als1
 ( outca/ wom51 ( drunk>ds1  c41 c4     
,measures = deal+ ) ^! classes z !y n[  
exi/ may  be necess>y2 b1 :ile !y are   
enact$1 common s5se requires1 &  surely 
! c\ntry w dem&1 t measures = prev5t+ ^!
  enorm\s evils %all at lea/ keep pace )
 measures = regulat+  !m4 ,a measure1 = 
in/ance1 is pass$ = lic5s+ baby-f>m+1 & 
= puni%+ infanticide1 b no?+ is done to 
increase !  responsibility ( ! fa!rs (  
illegitimate *ildr51 & ! s$uc]s  ( girls
 :o are m9ors are /ill left unpuni%$ by 

law4 ,little or  no?+ has yet be5 done  
to less5 ! temptations to drunk5ness1   
:ile exp5sive provision is to be made = 
^? :o h become  confirm$ 9 t vice4      
,n[ ! _s ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ is ! v       
opposite ( t  :i* animates s mu* ( ?is  
legislation4 ,x is said ( ,god1 8,he    
give? lib]ally & upbraide? n20 b man    
gives grudg+ly1  upbraid+ all ! "t4 ,!  
,*ri/ian religion tea*es t we %all      
=give a fall5 bro!r n once b _m times1 &
 t =giv5ess  %all be practically prov$  
by grant+ an op5 pa? to recov]y1 t  x   
%all n be a =giv5ess foll[$ by p]petual 
espionage1  suspicion1 & ! ban ( society
 fa/5$ ^u ! once fall5 = !  re/ ( _!    
lives4 ,i am n insi/+ t ! ,*ri/ian rule 
is to be  foll[$ out to ! lett] 9 p5al  
legislation1 b ,i ma9ta9 t  legislation 
:i* viol5tly adopts pr9ciples ! v       
opposite (  ,*ri/ian comes f an evil    
s\rce1 & w be foll[$ by disa/r\s        
consequ5ces4    ,! pr9ciple ( arbitr>y  
compulsion embodi$ 9 "s ( our sanatory  
,acts is fraught ) dang]4 ,! m$ical &   

sanatory measures embodi$  9 su* ,acts  
may 9 !mselves be excell5t1 b !y are = !
 mo/  "p gr\nd$ on op9ion only--! op9ion
 sometimes ( a m]e  clique1--:i* op9ion 
has none ( ! au?ority ( ^? et]nal       
pr9ciples ( "r & wrong :i* are writt5 )9
 ! human  consci5ce4 ,:]e=e1 by !       
creation ( a multitude ( te*nical       
crimes ?r\gh ! multiplication ( ^!      
compulsory-sanatory & o!r  ,acts1 !     
crim9al class is enorm\sly increas$1 &  
to "s ext5t !  m9d is demoralis$1 :ile !
 body may or may n be kept 9 heal?4  ,! 
=cible doctor+ ( ! p1 :e!r !y w or no1  
is1 z a  matt] ( m]e policy1 a mo/      
dang]\s exp]im5t4 ,! magi/]ial  p[]s n[ 
grant$ to ,/ate doctors1 ! am\nt (      
domicili>y  visitation already legalis$ 
= police & m$ical m51 to :i* !  families
 ( ! poor h to submit1 are n likely to  
make ! p  9 love ) ! laws1 or to induce 
9 !m a read9ess to help _!  op]ation2 & 
if ! p at l>ge d n *e]fully help !      
action  ( any law1 t law mu/ come to end
 ei!r by dy+ a natural dea? or  by      

revolution4 ,mu* sull5ness &            
rev5gefulness are ev5 n[ be+  br$ 9 !   
m9ds ( l>ge sections ( our work+ m5 by !
 action (  "s ( ^! /r+5t crim9al-mak+   
laws2 :]eas x %\ld be !  policy ( a wise
 gov]nm5t to secure ! co-op]ation ( ?is 
va/ &  p[]ful portion ( our population 9
 ! ma9t5ance ( law & ord]4    ,!re is   
ano!r evil incid5tal to ! en=cem5t ( ^! 
multipli$  enactm5ts :i* are n[ s       
rapidly foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,all ^!  laws  
are adm9i/]$ by ! c5tral au?ority1 :i*1 
f ,london1  /ret*es its h& ov] ! va/    
populations ( our great cities4 ,?is    
gradually increas+ c5tralisation        
ov]rides municipal au?ority1  represses 
corporate fre$om1 & t5ds to dead5 &     
/upefy !  political life & self-gov]n+  
p[] ( our great prov9cial  capitals4 ,! 
local self-gov]nm5t ( our c\ntry has ev]
 be5 !  object ( ! admiration ( ?\ghtful
 =eign]s1 :o attribute to x  mu* ( !    
manly "*1 ! respect = law1 & ! read9ess 
(  res\rce 9 em]g5cies :i* *>act]ise our
 c\ntrym54 ,b all ^!  ?+s are /ruck at  

by ?is ?reat5+ imp]ialism1 :i* works !  
ru9 ( corporate fre$om z mu* z t (      
individual virtue &  lib]ty1 by treat+ !
 subject z a m]e *ild or *attel1 &      
impos+ a uni=m rule ^u all alike4    ,! 
new =?com+ ,sanatory ,bill is "o :i*    
ought to be jeal\sly  wat*$ by ! p4 ,x  
seems likely to involve uni=mity (      
prescription 9 matt]s :]e su* uni=mity  
is lea/ wise1 & :]e  ! p[] (            
self-regulation is mo/ :olesome1 z well 
z to increase  ! magi/]ial p[]s ( ,/ate 
doctors to an ext5t hi!rto unkn[n4    ,!
 influ5ce ( wom5 & _! fai? 9 !          
recov]ability ( human  nature are ne$$ 9
 ^! legislative matt]s4 ,our male       
legislators are  apt to ride r\gh-%od   
ov] u 9 matt]s ( dome/ic detail4 ,_!    
heavy-h&$ legislation is appli$ n[ n    
only to matt]s ( imp]ial  int]e/1 b to  
ev]y?+ :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns our        
consci5ce  & feel+s4 ,x seems to me t we
 wom5 %all soon h to fight =  ! la/ in* 
( gr\nd left u2--n = our civil rights   
only1 b =  our he>?s1 our homes1 our    

b$s1 our babies1 our v p]sons4 ,!       
crud5ess ( intellect ( "s ( our "y male 
legislators ne$s to be  correct$ by !   
wisdom ( ! ?\ghtful matrons ( ,engl&4 ,a
 "y  ,m4,p4 said to me lately1 8,we %all
 d no good at all until we make  pov]ty 
a crime2 disease is already made a crime
 9 "s cases1 &  pov]ty ought to be s    
also40 ,i did n answ] him1 b 9 my he>t  
,i  said1 8,?\ fool60    ,su* are "s ( !
 dang]s be=e u4 ,x has lately be5       
sugge/$ by  sev]al g5tlem5 :o are alive 
to ?is subject1 t x may be  desirable & 
necess>y to =m "s sort ( a ,cov5ant or  
,league1 ( a  wide & national "*1 = !   
protection ( fre$om & virtue z  its     
g5]al object1 & 9 p>ticul> to obs]ve    
vigilantly1 & exam9e  /rictly1 e        
proposal & act ( ! legislature1         
especially su* z  emanate f c]ta9 fav\r$
 cliques or pr(essions1 & to secure t   
no?+ passes into law :i* has n !        
sanction ( ! :ole nation1  m>k$ by op5  
debate 9 ,p>liam5t1 & by a majority (   
votes 9 a  ,h\se :]e !re is m ?an a m]e 

fraction ( memb]s pres5t4 ,x  has be5   
sugge/$ t no p5al measures1 involv+     
ext5sive  int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty ( !      
subject1 or measures sanction+  !       
erection ( new tribunals = ! assign+ (  
grave & t]rible  p5alties1 %all 9 future
 be enact$ except :]e two-?irds1 or at  
lea/ "s reasonably l>ge proportion ( !  
,h\se are pres5t4 ,x is a  rule1 9 _m   
private & public associations1 t no     
grave or  important *anges or measures  
%all be made or enact$ except 9 !       
pres5ce ( a v l>ge proportion ( !       
memb]s1 con/itut+ a  quorum4 ,x w\ld    
surely be a v "r & natural dem& on ! "p 
( ! p ( ,engl& 7) ! w>n+ !y h n[ be=e _!
  eyes ( ! secret pass+ ( ! ,contagi\s  
,diseases ,acts7 t  ,p>liam5t %\ld nev] 
aga9 make any great *ange 9 our p5al    
code1  or infr+e ^u con/itutional       
pr9ciples1 9 ! "n ( sanit>y             
improvem5ts1 m$ical necessities1 or any 
o!r ?+1 except by means  ( su* a        
p>liam5t>y quorum z w\ld satisfy !      
nation4    ,any national league1 su* z  

has be5 sugge/$1 = ! def5ce ( !         
con/itution1 ( lib]ty1 & ( morality1    
w\ld ( c\rse be compos$  bo? ( m5 &     
wom54 ,wom5 are becom+ rapidly educat$ 9
 all ^!  matt]s1 & _! vigilance w\ld    
naturally exce$ ev5 t ( m51  = mo/ ( ^! 
?reat5+ tyrannies fall fir/1 if n       
exclusively1 on wom5 & *ildr54    ,i "k 
n :at "w ,god may h 9 /ore = u1 de>     
fri5ds1 b  ?is ,i "k1 t x is n = any    
small end t ,he has call$ our           
,association toge!r1 a mighty b& ?r\gh\t
 ! k+dom1 unit$ )  "o he>t 9 ! pres5ce (
 a common dang]4 ,he has n call$ up all 
^! rapidly-=m$ & grave fri5d%ips1 ?is   
lov+ co-op]ation &  p[]ful mutual help1 
= any end or aim inadequate to s great  
an  in/rum5t4 ,i believe t ! repeal ( ! 
,contagi\s ,diseases ,act1  :i* is our  
imm$iate object1 is only a small "p ( ! 
"w ,he has  design$ = u4 ,i "k n :at t  
"w may be2 b ?is is sure1  t ,god kn[s &
 t he is guid+ u4 ,i believe t !        
mat]ialism  ( ! day & ! pr9ciple :i*    
opposes t mat]ialism are ab\t to  meet &

 to try _! /r5g? 9 a deadly enc\nt]1 & t
 we h a  great & holy "w be=e u4 ,we mu/
 be fill$ ) high c\rage1  hope1 & /]n   
resolve4 ,?9k :at a ma*9]y we h n[ = "w6
  ,our bran* societies1 our local       
secret>ies1 our p[] ( conc5tration  on a
 giv5 po9t at a giv5 mom5t1 our         
organisation g5]ally1  resembles a great
 telegraphic sy/em :i* is a swift &     
=midable  p[]4 ,b our p[] is n 9 !      
ma*9]y2 x is 9 ! liv+  pr9ciple :i* runs
 l lightn+ ?r\gh ?is great telegraphic  
sy/em4    ,i "k !re is abundant life 9  
,scotl&1 b ,i v5ture to besee* y1       
fri5ds1 on behalf ( ,engl&1 :i* ne$s y\r
 help1 z well z ( y\r  own c\ntry1 to   
pray & seek = a r$\bl+ ( t life2 =      
surely  ,god is ab\t to d great ?+s4 ,! 
p[] ( evil is v awful1 b  great] is ,he 
:o is ) u ?an !y :o are aga9/ u4 ,all _c
  "w actively = ! ends we h 9 view1 b   
all c pray1 &          8,m ?+s are done 
by pray] ?an ?is _w dreams (40          
,a4 ,irel& & ,co41 ,pr9t]s1 ,man*e/]4   
----------------------------------------

--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes        ,typos   
fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 
,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4