,,transcrib]',s ,,note      ,"s m9or    
misspell+s 9 ! text are sil5tly         
correct$4      ,enclos$ small caps 9    
d\ble tilde1    enclos$ italics font 9  
und]scores1    bold text 9 equal sign4  
,! numb]+ ( ! draw+s does n correspond  
to _! m>k$    numb]4 ,h[ev]1 !y h be5   
left z !y are1 z ! au?or has    ent]$ !m
 by h& 9 ! draw+s4      ,9 ! table on ! 
color ( ! oxide lay] ( temp]$ /eel 9 !  
temp]+ section1 ! fir/ column has be5   
set )\t trail+    commas1 z ! au?or has 
h&l$ ?is inconsi/5tly4      ,! new      
orig9al cov] art includ$ ) ?is e,book is
 grant$ to !    public doma94           
,a ,,few ,,secrets ,,( ,,!              
,,metallurgi/  ,,simply ,,told          
,,atlas ,,crucible ,,/eel ,,co4         
,,publi%]s  ,,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4          
,a ,,few ,,secrets ,,( ,,!              
,,metallurgi/  ,,simply ,,told    ,,by  
,,g]ald ,w4 ,,h9kley1 ,m4 ,e4           
,,cornell ,,univ]sity  ,,ordnance       
,,eng9e]  ,,& ,,assi/ant ,,to ,,presid5t
  ,,atlas ,,crucible ,,/eel ,,co4       

,,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4    ,,fir/ ,,edition  
,,copyright$ #aiah  ,,by  ,,press ,,(   
,,dunkirk ,,pr9t+ ,,company             
,,preface4      ,?is is n & is n int5d$ 
to be a ?or\ghly complete explanation   
or discussion ( ! allotropic !ory ( iron
 & /eel1 b r a  brief outl9e ( a few ( !
 great pr9ciples ( metallurgy writt5    
prim>ily = ! layman4 ,if )\t lead+ him  
a/ray f ! real  sci5tific und]/&+ ( !   
subject we h succe$$ 9 briefly  b       
satisfactorily answ]+ ! old famili> "q1 
8,:y d /eels  h>d5801 we w 9 a l>ge     
measure1 h accompli%$ our purpose4      
,besides ! p]sonal obs]vations :i* !    
writ] has made f "t  to "t 9 !          
metallurgical laboratory1 he has avail$ 
himself freely  ( ! works ( _m & em95t  
au?ors deal+ ) ?is subject &  :]e       
disputable conditions h aris5 9 reg>d to
 c]ta9 !ories1  uses1 etc41 has attempt$
 to adopt ! mo/ logical cons5sus (      
op9ion4    ,g4 ,w4 ,h4                  
,,cont5ts4    ,a ,,few ,,secrets ,,( ,,!
  ,,metallurgi/  ,,simply ,,told4       

,page         ,,introduction            
#ag       ,,*apt] ,i4       ,a ,slight  
,te/ ( ! ,imag9ation      #ai           
,,*apt] ,,ii4       ,comp>ison ,betwe5  
,conditions     ,:i* ,exi/ 9 ! ,iron &  
,/eel ,family to ,^? ,:i*     ,exi/ ) ,m
 ,famili> ,elem5ts      #bb             
,,*apt] ,,iii4       ,an ,exp]im5t      
,p]=m$ )     a ,piece ( ,pe>litic ,/eel 
#bi       ,,*apt] ,,iv4       ,high     
,spe$ ,/eel                      #ea    
,,*apt] ,v4       ,! ,g5]al ,effect ( ! 
,m     ,important ,elem5ts 9 ,tool      
,/eels                                  
#fa       ,c>bon ,/eels                 
#fa       ,alloy ,/eels                 
#fc       ,high ,spe$ ,/eels            
#fd       ,elem5ts ,:i* ,occur 9 all    
,/eels                                  
#ff       ,iron                         
#ff       ,c>bon                        
#fg       ,manganese                    
#fg       ,silicon                      
#fh       ,phosphorus                   
#fi       ,sulphur                      

#gj       ,elem5ts ,:i* ,h ,become      
,especially ,associat$ )     ,special   
,alloy ,/eels                   #gj     
,*romium                                
#gj       ,tung/5                       
#gb       ,molybd5um                    
#gc       ,vanadium                     
#gc       ,cobalt                       
#gd       ,uranium1 ,titanium & ,alum9um
        #ge       ,impurities           
#ge       ,heat ,treatm5t               
#gf       ,h>d5+                        
#gg       ,anneal+                      
#gi       ,temp]+                       
#ha       ,conclusion                   
#hd       ,,*apt] ,,vi4       ,:at ,tool
 ,/eel ,is ,do+ ,t[>ds     ,w9n+ ! ,w>  
#he       ,,app5dix4       ,analysis1   
,uses & ,heat ,treatm5t     ( ,v>i\s    
,grades (     ,tool ,/eels              
#ib       ,high ,spe$ ,/eels            
#ic       ,die ,/eel = ,hot ,"w         
#id       ,special ,alloy ,/eel         
#ie       ,semi-,high ,spe$ ,/eel       
#if       ,simple ,c>bon ,tool ,/eel    

#ig       ,non-,%r9k+ ,oil ,h>d5+       
,/eel                                   
#ih       ,special ,hot ,"w ,alloy ,/eel
          #ii          ,a ,,few         
,,secrets ,,( ,,!  ,,metallurgi/        
,,simply ,,told      ,,introduction4    
,:5 z a /ud5t at a ,te*nical ,college ( 
"o ( our great  ,univ]sities1 ,i came to
 ! /udy ( ,diff]5tial & ,integral       
,calculus1 ,i rememb] t ,i 0 seiz$ ) a  
k9d ( m5tal p>alysis  at ! ?\ght ( !    
great unkn[n t lay be=e me4 ,=tunately1 
h[ev]1 a little book 0 br\ght to my     
att5tion1 "u !  enc\rag+ title          
8,calculus ,made ,easy04 ,z a matt] (   
fact ! little  volume did n attempt to  
take its read]s ?r\gh all ! intricacies 
( ! entire subject1 b x did succe$ 9    
giv+ a c]ta9 />t on  ! long j\rney :i*  
has to be und]gone by a /ud5t ( !       
,calculus4 ,its op5+ s5t5ce 0 enc\rag+1 
:i* ,i h always  rememb]$1 & :i* read   
some?+ z foll[s3    8,:at "o fool c     
accompli%1 ano!r fool c d1 !re=e take   
c\rage04 ,?is same ?\ght applies to !   

subject :i* is n[ be=e  u4              
,,*apt] ,i4    ,a ,,slight ,,te/ ,,( ,,!
 ,,imag9ation4      ,we live 9 a _w 9   
:i* c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e &  ! 
s-call$ elem5ts surr\nd+ our daily      
exi/5ce1 are entirely  famili> to u4 ,f 
=ce ( habit we are likely to =get t _h  
,nature1 = in/ance1 be5 plann$ "u a     
diff]5t range ( livable  temp]atures1   
all ! famili> objects ( our daily       
exi/5ce w\ld  h exi/$ "u entirely       
diff]5t =m4    ,= in/ance1 if ! normal  
temp]ature _h be5 ab\t #bgjj degrees    
,fahr5heit in/ead ( ab\t #fj degrees    
,fahr5heit1 & we _h be5  con/ruct$ s t  
we c\ld com=tably endure t degree (     
temp]ature1 we c\ld h gone sail+ on a   
sea ( molt5 iron1 9  boats built (      
plumbago crucibles1 & o>s made ( silica 
brick4 ,"u  ^! delightful conditions we 
c\ld place froz5 lumps ( our sea (  iron
 9 our ice boxes = refrig]ation4 ,flat  
irons & /ove lids  w\ld !re=e h be5 !   
product ( ! ice man4 ,! wat] )  :i* we  
are n[ famili>1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n exi/ 9  

its liquid  =m1 or ev5 z /eam1 b in/ead 
z a highly gase\s /ate1 :i* we  w\ld    
probably h be5 call$ ^u to brea!4 ,c]ta9
 o!r  sub/ances ) :i* we are p]fectly   
famili> 9 our daily life1 su*  z !      
common /ick sulphur1 = in/ance1 w\ld    
exi/ 9 an entirely  diff]5t physical    
/ate1 al?\gh _! *emical prop]ties w\ld  
be entirely un*ang$1 & we w\ld be giv5  
to und]/& t an  8allotropic0            
trans=mation _h tak5 place4    ,if we c 
n[ imag9e ourselves z exi/+ "u !        
relative  conditions describ$ above1 :i*
 are und\bt$ly ! 8natural0  conditions (
 "s o!r _w1 x w !n be easy = u to       
und]/& q cle>ly "s ( ! o!r 8allotropic0 
=ms ( iron  & /eel ?an ^? ) :i* we are  
at pres5t famili>4          ,,*apt]     
,,ii4    ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5           
,,conditions ,,:i* ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,iron
 ,,& ,,/eel ,,family  ,,to ,,^? ,,:i*   
,,exi/ ,,) ,,m ,,famili> ,,elem5ts4     
,"o ( ! fir/ physical *anges :i* we w\ld
 discov] w\ld be t  :5 we desir$ to     
8freeze0 a 8crucible0 pailful ( our iron

 wat]1 we  c\ld d s mu* m easily if !   
same 7 9 its absolutely pure  /ate ?an  
we c\ld if x 7 mix$ ) "s o!r elem5t1 su*
 z  c>bon4 ,( c\rse1 we h long kn[n t   
?is is ! case ) wat]  & salt1 & j z x   
becomes h>d] & h>d] to freeze wat] )    
great] & great] p]c5tages ( salt mix$ ) 
x1 s ! freez+  ( iron ) great] & great] 
p]c5tages ( c>bon mix$ ) x1  w\ld also  
occur at l[] & l[] temp]atures4    ,if  
we />t$ to add salt to a pail ( wat] we1
 ( c\rse1 w\ld h  diff]5t degrees (     
br9e4 ,j s ) ! addition ( c>bon to a    
crucible ( pure iron1 we w\ld likewise h
 diff]5t degrees ( !  result+ mixture4  
,9 add+ ! salt to ! pailful ( wat]1 we  
w\ld  arrive at a po9t :]e ! wat] _h    
absorb$ all ( ! salt :i* x  0 capable ( 
hold+ at room temp]ature4 ,if we _h add$
 a little  less salt we w\ld h _h free  
wat] 9 excess ( salt1 & if we _h  add$ a
 little m salt x w\ld h be5 impossible =
 ! wat] to  h dissolv$ x1 & we w\ld1    
!re=e1 h _h salt 9 excess (  wat]4    ,=
 conv5i5ce we w call ! mixture above    

m5tion$1 at :i* !  wat] _h become       
?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! salt1 8cem5tite01 
because ?is is ! "n :i* our fri5ds1 !   
metallurgi/s1 h  giv5 to a simil>       
mixture ( iron & c>bon4 ,!y call ! wat]1
  8f]rite02 ! salt1 8c>bide0 & ! result+
 mixture ( br9e1  8cem5tite04 ,?is      
mixture ( iron & c>bon always exi/s 9   
exactly  ! same ratio1 namely1 #ic4d    
iron & #f4f c>bon1 & is express$        
*emically by ! symbol ,fe#c;,c1 :i*     
means1 9 o!r words1 t ?ree  8atoms0 (   
iron h unit$ ) "o 8atom0 ( c>bon to =m !
  8*emical comp\nd01 8iron c>bide01 :i* 
! metallurgi/s1 z above  m5tion$1 desire
 to t]m 8,cem5tite04    ,n[ let u g back
 to ! br9e solution ) :i* we are already
  famili>1 & suppose t we add$ a little 
m salt ?an ! wat]  c\ld absorb1 & :i*   
!re=e w\ld exi/ 9 a 8solid solution01  &
 !n br+ ?is 8me*anical mixture0 to su* a
 l[ temp]ature t  x w\ld actually       
8freeze04 ,= conv5i5ce1 & 9 ord] to     
agree )  ! metallurgi/s aga91 let u call
 ! result+ /ructure  8pe>lite04 ,t is ! 

"n :i* !y h giv5 to a correspond+       
8me*anical mixture0 ( cem5tite & f]rite4
    ,?is new con/itu5t 8pe>lite0 conta9s
 approximately ,o4#i c>bon &  consi/s ( 
int]-/ratifi$ lay]s or b&s ( f]rite &   
cem5tite4    ,x is reg>d$ z a sep>ate & 
di/9ct con/itu5t ( /eel1 &  takes its "n
 f ! fact t x has a "m ( pe>l-l         
appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,x always    
occurs at a def9ite range  ( temp]ature 
& always conta9s ! above m5tion$ def9ite
  p]c5tage ( c>bon4    ,f ! above x may 
be suspect$ t a /eel conta9+ ,o4#i      
c>bon1  consi/+ entirely ( pe>lite1 =ms 
r a special & p>ticul>  class ( /eels1  
:i* ! metallurgi/s h decid$ to dignify )
  ! title 8,eutectoid ,/eels04 ,hav+    
done ?is mu* to prop]ly impress  !      
unsuspect+ prob]s ( _! secrets1 !y      
decid$ to call /eels  conta9+ less ?an  
?is ,eutectoid ratio ( c>bon 7#j4i ,c7  
8,hypo-eutectoid ,/eels04 ,^! /eels1 (  
c\rse1 conta9 c]ta9  def9ite am\nts (   
pe>lite ) o!r am\nts ( free or excess   
f]rite4 ,likewise1 if ! c>bon cont5t is 

great] ?an ,o4#i !re  w be an excess (  
cem5tite ov] ! f]rite & we w !n h a     
/ructure ( pe>lite plus free cem5tite4  
,& ^! /eels are spok5  ( z              
8hyp]-eutectoid0 /eels4    ,illu/ration3
 ,hypo-eutectoid ,/eel4 ,c>bon 4#aa4    
,/ructure3  ,light--,f]rite2            
,d>k--,pe>lite4 ,mag4 #ejjx             
,illu/ration3 ,hypo-eutectoid ,/eel4    
,c>bon 4#cg4 ,/ructure3                 
,light--,f]rite2 ,d>k--,pe>lite4 ,mag4  
#ejjx    ,illu/ration3 ,eutectoid ,/eel4
 ,c>bon 4#ij4 ,/ructure3 ,f9e uni=m     
,pe>litic condition4 ,mag4 #ejjx        
,illu/ration3 ,hyp]-eutectoid ,/eel4    
,c>bon #a4bj4 ,/ructure3                
,d>k--,pe>litic2 ,:ite                  
b\nd>ies--,cem5tite4 ,mag4 #ejjx        
,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,an ,,exp]im5t       
,,p]=m$ ,,) ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,pe>litic   
,,/eel4      ,h[ev]1 let u n tr\ble     
ourselves ) too _m def9itions at "o  "t1
 b in/ead amuse ourselves = a :ile by   
runn+ ?r\gh a  little exp]im5t ) a piece
 ( c>bon tool /eel simil> to t  :i* we h

 j be5 discuss+4 ,= our inve/igation we 
w also  ne$ a special k9d ( !rmomet] =  
measur+ high temp]atures4  ,su* an      
in/rum5t is kn[n z a 8pyromet]04 ,n[ we 
w drill a  little hole 9 ! te/ piece (  
c>bon /eel & aft] ins]t+ !  8c\ple0 ( ! 
pyromet] into x1 place ! same 9 !       
electric  furnace4    ,z ! curr5t is    
turn$ on1 ! te/ piece beg9s to gr[ w>m &
  !n hott] & hott]1 gradually up ?r\gh a
 range ( temp]atures  :i* are cont9ually
 record$ by ! ne$le ( ! pyromet]4 #hjj1 
#ijj1 #ajjj1 #abjj degrees ,fahr5heit   
are uni=mly rea*$1 & !  temp]ature ( our
 te/ piece cont9ues to rise1 z !        
absorption (  heat progresses4 ,sudd5ly1
 h[ev]1 ! te/ piece assumes a bright    
gl[ & ! ne$le ( ! pyromet] ceases to    
advance1 & we note  t x is paus+ at ab\t
 #acej degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,!n aft] its 
pause1 ! advance is aga9 resum$ until ! 
piece has become almo/  ready to melt4  
,by plott+ ! uni=m p]iods ( "t at :i* we
 read  ! diff]5t temp]atures record$ by 
! ne$le ( ! pyromet]1  aga9/ !          

temp]atures z read1 we w\ld h a picture 
( our  ph5om5on some?+ z foll[s3        
,illu/ration3 ,graph %[+ ! c\rse ( !    
temp]ature curve z a  function ( ! heat+
 "t ( ! metal sample4    ,n[ let u beg9 
to let our te/ piece cool (f gradually4 
,!  temp]ature ( ! furnace is l[]$ & !  
uni=m range ( cool+  temp]atures is     
record$ by ! ev] s5sitive ne$le ( !     
pyromet]4  ,sudd5ly z be=e1 ! te/ piece 
assumes ! brilliant gl[ not$  previ\sly1
 & aga9 ! ne$le comes to re/1 b ?is "t  
we note  t ! record$ temp]ature is ab\t 
#abej degrees ,fahr5heit in/ead  ( #acej
 degrees ,fahr5heit z be=e4 ,evid5tly   
!re has be5 a  c]ta9 t>d9ess or 8lag0   
:i* has caus$ ! ph5om5on to take  place 
a little too high go+ up & a little too 
l[ com+ d[n1 &  9 fact ! metallurgi/s   
tell u t su* is exactly ! case1 &  t !  
real po9t 9 :i* we are int]e/$ lies j   
half way  betwe5 ! two po9ts indicat$1 z
 we %all pres5tly see4 ,if we  aga9     
repres5t ! results ( our late/ exp]im5t 
graphically1 we  w\ld h a picture some?+

 z ,fig4 #b4    ,illu/ration3 ,graph ( !
 cool+ curve ( ! metal sample  ov] "t   
,n[ plac+ ! second curve s obta9$ on !  
fir/1 we are able to  /udy ! foll[+     
int]e/+ relation%ip4 ,fig4 #c4          
,illu/ration3 ,graph comb9+ ! heat+- &  
cool+-curves f  be=e & demon/rat+ !     
critical range    ,x is natural to      
suspect t bo? ( ! p>allel sections ( our
  curves h some?+ to d ) ! same ?+1 & = 
conv5i5ce  s9ce we notic$ t my/]i\s gl[ 
( ! te/ piece j z !  ne$le came to re/1 
we might call ! p>ticul> po9t :i* lies j
  half way betwe5 ! temp]atures "u      
discussion1 ! po9t ( gl[1  or z !       
metallurgi/s call x1 ! 8po9t (          
recalesc5ce0 & !  range betwe5 ^! two   
temp]atures ! 8critical range04    ,i   
suppose x w\ld be difficult to expla9   
?is ph5om5on ( ! te/  piece unless we   
imag9e t z ! critical range is rea*$ "s 
int]nal reaction ( ! /eel causes x to   
spontane\sly take on heat  at ! same    
temp]ature 9 ! fir/ place & give (f !   
/or$ heat  at ! same temp]ature z !     

piece 0 be+ cool$ d[n1 & ?is  heat caus$
 x to gl[ z 0 notic$4 ,n[ if we 7 to    
exp]im5t  fur!r ) our piece :ile at !   
critical range1 we w\ld f9d  c]ta9 o!r  
rem>kable *anges1 "o ( ! mo/ noticeable 
( :i*  is ! loss ( magnetism at & above 
! critical range4    ,irons & /eels are 
usually ! mo/ magnetic mat]ials1 b !    
attraction ( ! magnet is completely lo/ 
at or above ! critical  range4    ,we c 
easily satisfy ourselves 9 ?is respect  
by not+ !  attraction ( a simple horse  
%oe magnet :5 our piece ( te/ /eel  is  
br\ght into its magnetic field4 ,z !    
pyromet] ne$le passes on  up ?r\gh !    
range ( temp]atures not$ above1 !       
magnetic  attraction is p]fectly evid5t 
:5 sudd5ly ! recalesc5ce po9t is  rea*$1
 ! spell is brok5 & ! magnet & ! te/    
piece fall  ap>t4 ,b let u j consid] ?is
 ph5om5on a mom5t4 ,we are told  by !   
physici/s t magnetism is induc$ 9 a     
piece ( iron or /eel  by a 8re>rangem5t 
( ! int]nal molecul> /ructure1 9 :i* !  
positive ions face "o direction & !     

negative ions 9 ! opposite  direction04 
,!re=e1 if magnetism sudd5ly ceases to  
exi/ x w\ld  seem z if some?+ _h happ5$ 
to ! 8int]nal molecul> /ructure0  ( !   
te/ piece4 ,?us :5 ! recalesc5ce po9t is
 rea*$ we may  conclude t some?+ m ?an a
 m]e absorption ( heat units has  tak5  
place4 ,9 fact we may really believe t  
an actual int]nal  molecul> revolution  
has occurr$ & t "s ( ! natural laws  :i*
 =m]ly _h gov]n$ all ( ^! little        
molecules :i* g to  make up ! :ole piece
 ( /eel1 h be5 ov]?r[n & t !  molecules 
are m or less free to set up a new =m ( 
gov]nm5t =  !mselves1 & t1 !re=e1 :5 a  
piece ( /eel is br\ght to  ! recalesc5ce
 po9t x is really 9 a v s5sitive        
condition4 ,9  fact1 if we %\ld c>e to  
inve/igate fur!r we %\ld f9d t  c]ta9   
o!r great *anges take place at ?is      
critical po9t1 su*1  = in/ance1 z p>tial
 failure ( ! te/ piece to conduct an    
electric curr5t1 :i* =m]ly1 ( c\rse1 x  
did ) great ease4  ,also :5 ! critical  
range is rea*$1 a peculi> contraction ( 

size  int]rupts ! gradual expansion :i* 
_h be5 develop+ z ! te/  piece absorb$  
heat units1 & !re=e ^! sev]al           
obs]vations  give u reason to believe t 
our conclusions z not$ above mu/ be  m  
or less correct4    ,n[ if all /eels    
act$ exactly l ! little te/ piece :i* we
  h be5 obs]v+ above z !y 7 plac$ 9 !   
h>d5+ furnace1  x w\ld n take u v mu*   
long] to f9i% our prelim9>y             
inve/igations4 ,y rememb] ! piece ( /eel
 :i* we h be5  inve/igat+ 0 a piece (   
simple c>bon tool /eel1 conta9+ ab\t    
#j4ij c>bon4 ,b all /eels d n conta9 j  
?is same p]c5tage  ( c>bon1 & may also  
conta9 v>i\s elem5ts o!r ?an c>bon1 all 
( :i* produce _m & v>i$ results dur+ !  
process ( heat+1  treat+ & h>d5+4    ,9 
ord] to bett] visualize ! inve/igation  
:i* we are mak+1 let  u picture         
graphically ea* /ep :i* we take4 ,if    
!re=e1 we let  ! v]tical l9es repres5t !
 diff]5t c>bon cont5ts :i* /eel  might  
h1 & ! horizontal l9es ! diff]5t degrees
 (  temp]atures ?r\gh :i* we might      

desire to heat ! /eel "u  discussion &  
!n plott$ ! ph5om5on describ$ above we  
w\ld  h a picture some?+ z foll[s3      
,illu/ration3 ,graph %[+ ! po9t (       
recalesc5ce    ,n[ all t picture means  
is t z we heat$ up a piece ( simple     
c>bon tool /eel conta9+ ,o4#i ,c1 we    
discov]$ a c]ta9 v  noticeable reaction 
:i* occurr$ j ab\t half way betwe5 #abej
  degrees & #acej degrees ,fahr5heit1   
:i* we decid$ to call ! po9t  (         
recalesc5ce1 & !n on fur!r heat+ ( !    
piece no o!r su*  ph5om5on 0 notic$4    
,n[ let u g ?r\gh ! same exp]im5t ) a   
piece ( /eel  conta9+ 4#de ,c4 ,yes1 j z
 be=e1 z ! temp]ature #abej degrees     
,fahr5heit is rea*$ we note all ! /range
 symptoms :i* are  *>act]i/ic ( ! po9t (
 recalesc5ce & !n1 j z we are  ab\t to  
decide t x is h>dly necess>y to g fur!r 
we notice  t ! pyromet] ne$le has aga9  
come to re/1 b t ?is "t x  is regi/]+   
#acij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld
 seem z if  ?is piece _h two critical   
ranges in/ead ( "o & we are n[ q  ready 

to aga9 proce$ ) our heat+ to see if    
any?+ else occurs4  ,h[ev]1 z no?+ does 
happ5 we turn to our picture & plot !   
two  po9ts j obs]v$1 toge!r ) ! "o po9t 
f\nd on our fir/  inve/igation1 & !     
draw+ !n looks some?+ z foll[s3         
,illu/ration3 ,graph additional %[s !   
recalesc5ce ( a   second sample conta9+ 
a diff]5t rate ( c>bon    ,n[ let u take
 a piece ( c>bon /eel z be=e1 b ?is "t  
conta9+ 4#ae c>bon1 & aga9 proce$ ) our 
obs]vations4 ,aga9  ! ne$le ( ! pyromet]
 records ! po9t ( recalesc5ce & also  ! 
po9t designat+ ! second range ( critical
 temp]ature1 b  ?is "t /range to say1 z 
! te/ piece cont9ues to absorb heat1 a  
?ird critical range is regi/]$1 all (   
:i* :5 add$ to our  =m] picture gives a 
result some?+ z foll[s3    ,illu/ration3
 ,graph %[+ diff]5t behavior (  samples 
conta9+ diff]5t rates ( c>bon    ,by    
repeat+ ! op]ations z outl9$ above1 )   
pieces ( /eel  conta9+ v>i\s p]c5tages (
 c>bon f z]o to #a4be & by  plott+ !    
diff]5t critical temp]atures s obta9$1  

we f9ally  obta9 a *>t :i* graphically  
expresses ! critical ranges ( iron  &   
/eels due to ! v>iation ( ! c>bon       
cont5t4 ,) v l[  c>bon /eel x is int]e/+
 to note t ! fir/ critical po9t  w\ld n 
occur until #acie degrees ,fahr5heit 0  
rea*$4    ,metallurgi/s h long designat$
 ! l9es s obta9$ by lett]s1  8r01 /&+ =1
 8refroidissem5t01 :i* is ! ,fr5* ^w    
mean+  8cool+01 ! suffixes #a-b-c simply
 /&+ = ! l9es 9 !  ord] drawn4    ,f !  
complet$ *>t x is fur!r evid5t t our    
fir/ piece  conta9+ #j4i c>bon 9 "o way 
is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all s9ce  x is ! only
 case :]e only "o po9t ( critical       
temp]ature  occurs4    ,x w be notic$ f 
! *>t t /eels conta9+ less ?an 4#aj     
c>bon h no po9t ,ar#a & x is !re=e      
und\bt$ly due to !  c>bon cont5t t ?is1 
! po9t ( recalesc5ce1 occurs4 ,f te/s   
:i* we made ) ! magnet we w\ld also f9d 
t ! temp]atures  at :i* loss ( magnetism
 occurs are ^? designat$ by ! l9e ,ar#b1
  :]eas ! loss ( ability to conduct an  
electric curr5t occurs at  ! po9t       

designat$ ,ar#c4 ,9 /eels conta9+ 4#de  
c>bon to 4#ge  c>bon loss ( magnetism & 
loss ( ability to conduct an electric   
curr5t occur at ! same po9ts designat$  
on our *>t by ! l9e  ,ar#c-b2 :]eas 9 ! 
/eel conta9+ 4#ij c>bon--all ^! *anges  
take place at ! same "t4    ,n[1 z we   
conclud$ be=e1 x is evid5t t "s int]nal 
*ange  mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! /eel itself1
 & z we "k t !  *emical cont5t does n   
v>y1 x is fur!r evid5t t ! *ange  mu/ be
 ( a physical nature1 or z 9 ! language 
( !  ,metallurgi/1 an 8allotropic       
*ange04 ,!re=e1 ano!r conclusion  :i* we
 c draw at ?is po9t is t a v mu* m      
?or\gh  inve/igation is requir$ = !     
prop] h&l+ ( /eel at high  temp]atures  
?an a m]e k ( ! *emical analysis ( !    
same4    ,!re is "o v =tunate           
circum/ance connect$ ) ! pass+  f "o (  
^! allotropic *anges to ano!r1 & t is t 
!  effect+ ( "o ( ^! *anges takes "t4 ,x
 does n take a v  long "t1 h[ev]1 = 9 "s
 in/ances ! *ange is affect$ 9 a  v     
small fraction ( a second1 :ile r>ely m 

?an "o or two  seconds are requir$4 ,!  
high] ! temp]ature ! quick] !  *ange4   
,w\ld x n be int]e/+ if we _h be5 s     
con/ruct$ z outl9$  9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
little volume2 t we c\ld h )/ood  ! high
 temp]atures 9 :i* "s ( ^! v int]e/+    
*anges  occur1 because we c\ld !n h&le !
 /eel1 exam9e x &  exp]im5t ) x at our  
leisure4 ,h[ev]1 su* n be+ ! case1 we  w
 h to d]ive "s o!r means = 8cat*+0 !    
/eel :ile x  is 9 "o ( ^! int]e/+       
conditions1 & !n br++ x 9 its  entrapp$ 
condition d[n to room temp]ature4 ,h[   
%all we d x8 ,well1  we rememb] t we    
said x took "t to effect ! *anges "u    
discussion & fur!rmore we rememb] t !   
*anges c only take  place :5 ! /eel is  
)9 ! prop] critical range4 ,!re=e1 if   
we c\ld d some?+ to l[] ! temp]ature ( a
 piece ( /eel  :ile 9 "o ( ! critical   
ranges be=e ! /eel _h "t to effect  !   
usual allotropic *ange ( =m1 we might be
 able to cat* a piece  ( /eel :ile 9 "o 
( ^! unusual conditions1 be=e x _h      
really  _h "t to get back to normal4    

,!re=e1 let u place a piece ( 4#i c>bon 
tool /eel 9 ! heat+  furnace & br+ x up 
to & beyond ! po9t ( recalesc5ce4 ,n[1  
grasp+ ! piece firmly 9 a pair ( tongs )
 all possible spe$ we  plunge x into a  
ne>by pail ( ice wat]1 keep+ ! /eel     
con/antly 9 motion4 ,almo/ in/antly !   
/eel becomes black &  )9 a few seconds  
is actually br\ght d[n to room          
temp]ature4    ,n[ let u take ! /eel out
 & exam9e x4 ,! act ( tapp+ x on  !     
anvil 9 ord] to knock (f ! surplus wat] 
gives u a h9t t  our te/ piece has      
und]gone "s sort ( a *ange4 ,= n[ x r+s 
) a bell-l cle>ness & gives ! hamm] )   
:i* we /rike x  a quick snapp+ reb\nd   
:i* 9 itself indicates great h>dness4   
,next1 we te/ ! piece ) a h>d5$ /eel    
file ) :i* we c\ld  easily h made a deep
 ridge be=e we attempt$ ! heat+ op]ation
  & to our surprise ! file has z little 
effect z if x _h be5  made ( wood4 ,& to
 our surprise on clos] exam9ation1 we   
actually  f9d t our te/ piece has       
scrat*$ ! file--surely x mu/ be v  h>d4 

,we are conv9c$ t "s m>k$ *ange mu/ h   
tak5 place4  ,:at c x be8 ,:y x mu/ be t
 due to ! rapid cool+ 9 !  pail ( ice   
wat] we br\ght ! temp]ature ( ! te/     
piece d[n  bel[ ! critical range be=e ! 
abnormal condition at :i* x  exi/$ :ile 
at & above ! critical range _h f\nd "t  
to  *ange back to its =m] condition4 ,& 
we rememb] t if "o (  ^! allotropic     
*anges is go+ to take place at all1     
nature says x  mu/ d s :ile ! /eel is )9
 ! critical range & !re=e  hav+ =c$ !   
/eel ?r\gh t critical range :i* sep>ates
 "o  allotropic condition f ano!r1 be=e 
x _h f\nd "t to effect  its desir$      
*ange1 we manag$ to entrap ! abnormal   
condition s t  we c\ld see x & feel x & 
get famili> ) x at room  temp]ature4    
,if we s desire we c n[ make o!r h>dness
 te/s on our piece (  /eel at our       
leisure4 ,= ^! sci5ti/s h inv5t$ sev]al 
ma*9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common is call$ !   
scl]oscope 9 :i* a  h>d5$ /eel ball is  
all[$ to drop f a giv5 height on to !   
piece ( /eel to be te/$4 ,!n ! reb\nd ( 

! ball is c>efully  not$4 ,! high] !    
reb\nd1 ! h>d] ! piece4 ,t is natural   
isn't x8 ,we "k t if ! ball 7 all[$ to  
drop on butt]1 x  w\ldn't reb\nd at all1
 because ! butt] is s s(t4 ,a piece (   
wood  w\ld possibly record a v t9y      
reb\nd1 :ile a piece ( h>d5$  tool /eel 
w\ld effect a v mat]ial action ( !      
scl]oscope ball1  ?us indicat+ extreme  
h>dness4    ,n[ let u take our te/ piece
 to ! gr9d /one & gr9d x d[n to  ! %ape 
( a cutt+ tool4 ,x is necess>y to resort
 to ! gr9d  /one1 9 ord] to get ! desir$
 %ape1 because ( c\rse1 our te/  piece  
is f> too h>d to cut ) any o!r metal4   
,aft] hav+  produc$ a tool ( ! desir$   
%ape & size1 let u fa/5 ! same  securely
 into ! c>riage ( a la!1 & !n ^u apply+ 
!  cutt+ edge to a revolv+ piece ( ca/  
iron1 or s(t /eel1 or ev5  to a piece ( 
! v same grade ( /eel out ( :i* ! tool 0
  made1 only :ile x is /ill 9 ! s(t5$ or
 anneal$ condition1 we  f9d t x is      
capable ( easily & quickly cutt+ out a  
good siz$  ribbon ( *ips f ! metal :i*  

is to be ma*9$4    ,h[ev]1 we are soon  
confront$ ) a new difficulty1 = z ! cut 
progresses1 our tool runs into a r\gh   
spot :i* causes x to tremble  & *att] & 
!n sudd5ly our tool cracks 9 two 9 !    
middle &  is at once completely ru9$4   
,x is evid5t t z we are able to increase
 ! desirable elem5t (  h>dness 9 a piece
 ( tool /eel1 we also automatically     
increase !  undesirable elem5t (        
brittl5ess1 & !re=e "s new me?od mu/  be
 devis$ :i* w all[ a suffici5t degree ( 
h>dness to all[  ! tool to cut o!r      
metals & at ! same "t n cause s mu*     
brittl5ess t x w crack 9 two at ! fir/  
r\gh spot :i* x  enc\nt]s4    ,"o me?od 
( assi/+ ! t\gh5+ ( a piece ( h>d5$ tool
  /eel is accompli%$ by ! process (     
8draw+04 ,?is simply means  heat+ !     
piece ( h>d5$ tool /eel up to "s fairly 
w>m  temp]ature1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ be kept
 well bel[ ! critical range  7at :i* !  
/eel w\ld jump at ! *ance to quickly    
*ange back  into "o ( its s(t]          
allotropic =ms7 & !n keep+ ! /eel at    

?is draw+ temp]ature = a :ile until !   
unusual /ra9s &  /ress caus$ by ! rapid 
cool+ h _h an opportunity to h  become  
some:at reliev$4 ,!re=e1 ! process (    
8draw+0 is q  z important z is ! fir/   
act ( h>d5+ itself1 & great c>e  mu/ be 
ex]cis$ 9 und]tak+ ! same4              
,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,high ,,spe$ ,,/eels4 
,aft] ! processes ( h>d5+ & draw+ our   
sample ( simple  c>bon tool /eel h      
become ?or\ghly ma/]$1 x might seem t   
all :i* 0 desir$ _h be5 accompli%$ & t  
we c\ld g on  indef9itely mak+ & us+ our
 simple c>bon /eel tools4 ,h[ev]1  :5 ! 
extraord9>y dem&s ( mod]n indu/ry       
requir$ fa/] &  fa/] cutt+ spe$s1 &     
deep] & deep] cuts1 we comm5c$ to       
realize t our famili> c>bon tool /eels  
w\ld n fill ! bill4  ,?is 0 due to !    
fact t z ! tools became press$ ) !  fa/]
 spe$s & deep] cuts1 !y c\ld n d _! "w  
)\t  becom+ ov]-heat$ by ! friction     
caus$ by ! "w ( upsett+  ! *ip & !re=e !
 critical temp]ature 0 rapidly approa*$4
  ,( c\rse we "k t if ?is temp]ature    

%\ld be rea*$ ! /eel  w\ld quickly lose 
its h>dness & its cutt+ edge w\ld !re=e 
be  completely ru9$4    ,!re=e1 x 0     
necess>y to develop a new k9d ( /eel to 
meet a  new & sev]e condition &         
accord+ly ! "m ( exp]im5t &  inv5tion   
gave bir? to ! n[ fam\s 8,high ,spe$0   
,/eel4    ,! g5]al pr9ciples apply+ to !
 h>d5+ & draw+ ( ,high  ,spe$ ,/eel are 
9 _m ways ! same z describ$ above = !   
simple  c>bon /eel1 except t z we beg9  
to add v>i\s elem5ts o!r  ?an c>bon to !
 melt1 ! result+ alloy becomes m & m    
complex 9 its =m & reactions & !re=e its
 heat treatm5t  causes great] & great]  
/udy & skill 9 its successful  und]tak+4
    ,x is g5]ally kn[n among tool h>d5]s
 t x is necess>y to heat  ! tool to a   
high] degree ( temp]ature 9 ord] to     
secure prop]  h>dness :5 us+ ,high ,spe$
 ,/eel ?an x is :5 a simple ,c>bon      
,tool ,/eel is employ$4 ,we are told t !
 introduction ( c]ta9  elem5ts into !   
melt ( a simple ,c>bon ,tool ,/eel has !
 t5d5cy  to *ange ! critical range4 ,(  

c\rse1 ! =mulas us$ 9 !  manufacture (  
any high grade ,high ,spe$ ,/eel conta9 
v appreciable  am\nts ( v>i\s elem5ts   
o!r ?an ,c>bon :i* mat]ially effect  !  
prop]ty :i* ! /eel w h :5 h>d4 ,! effect
 :i*  ^! elem5ts appe> to produce 9 !   
p]iod ( critical range c be  se5 f      
figure #g4    ,illu/ration3 ,,heat+ ,,& 
,,cool+ ,,( ,,high ,,spe$ ,,/eel ,,%[n  
,,9 ,,fig4  #ab4    ,9 ?is case an      
exp]im5t 0 made ) a piece ( ,high       
,tung/5 ,high  ,spe$ ,/eel simil> to !  
exp]im5t :i* 0 describ$ 9 detail  above 
) ! te/ piece ( simple ,c>bon ,tool     
,/eel4 ,! read+s (  ! pyromet] 7        
c>efully record$ & :5 plott$ on ! graph 
%eet produc$ ! picture "u discussion4   
,"h x w be notic$ t ! vivid reaction1   
:i* we might h  expect$ w\ld occur z !  
temp]ature indicat+ ! fir/ critical     
range 0 rea*$1 0 mat]ially r$uc$4 ,?is  
might lead u to  suspect t ! desir$     
allotropic *ange _h n completely tak5   
place at ?is po9t4 ,9 fact we notic$ t !
 pyromet] ne$le did  n record a vivid   

critical po9t until a v mu* high]       
temp]ature  0 rea*$4 ,all ( ^!          
obs]vations s]ve z a possible           
explanation  or indication ( :y x is    
necess>y to employ v mu* high]          
temp]atures 9 ! h>d5+ ( ,high ,spe$     
,/eel ?an x is 9 !  h>d5+ ( a piece (   
simple ,c>bon ,tool ,/eel4    ,9 a lat] 
*apt] ( ?is little volume we def9e      
,c>bon ,/eels z  ^? :i* d n conta9 en\gh
 ( any elem5t o!r ?an c>bon to          
mat]ially affect ! physical prop]ties   
:i* ! /eel w h  :5 h>d4 ,high ,spe$     
,/eels :i* are "o ( a v important gr\p (
  special alloy /eels1 are ^? /eels to  
:i* "s elem5t o!r  ?an c>bon has be5    
add$ 9 suffici5t am\nt to mat]ially     
effect  ! physical prop]ties :i* ! /eel 
w h :5 h>d4    ,! elem5t :i* /&s out    
alone z ! mo/ vital & important "o  z   
affect+ ! wond]ful & highly desirable   
features look$ = 9  ,high ,spe$ ,/eels  
is ,tung/54 ,we w discuss ! v>i\s       
effects  :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts give to !
 diff]5t alloy /eels 9 a  lat] *apt]1 b 

= ! pres5t we w conf9e ourselves to a   
brief  discussion ( ! heat treatm5t ( ! 
n[ fam\s mod]n ,high ,spe$  ,/eel4      
,illu/ration3 ,high ,spe$ ,/eel4 ,c>bon 
4#eh4 ,/ructure3 ,v f9e  pe>litic       
condition1 ) p>ticles ( free c>bide4    
,mag4 #ejjx    ,z previ\sly sugge/$ !   
press+ dem& ( mod]n indu/ry =  quick]   
"w1 great] effici5cy & enorm\sly        
increas$ out-put (  product1 gave rise  
to ! necessity ( produc+ f> m rem>kable 
tools ?an 0 possible ) ! old fa%ion$    
c>bon tool /eel4  ,!re=e x became       
necess>y to produce a /eel :i* c\ld be  
r5d]$ suffici5tly h>d to cut deep furr[s
 9 ! v>i\s metals  :i* h to be ma*9$ &1 
:i* c\ld be made suffici5tly t\gh  to /&
 ! enorm\s cutt+ /ra9s & *att] &        
vibration ( !  ma*9e1 & at ! same "t    
ma9ta9 all ^! *>act]i/ics :5  ! "w done 
by upsett+ ! *ip ( ! ma*9$ memb]        
actually  r5d]$ ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool r$
 hot4    ,aft] ! seem+ly impossible task
 ( produc+ a /eel to meet ^!  t]rific   
conditions _h be5 successfully          

accompli%$1 ! next  "q :i* arose 0 to   
produce a ma*9e :i* 0 suffici5tly       
p[]ful to /& ! "w done by ! tool1 & s   
fa/ has be5 !  progress made by ! tool  
/eel produc]1 t _m ( our mod]n          
manufactur+ indu/ries ( today are       
con/antly hav+ to introduce  new &      
heavi] ma*9]y into _! v>i\s ma*9e %op & 
tool  rooms 9 ord] to keep pace ) !     
possibilities ( ! tool made  f ! mod]n  
,high ,spe$ ,/eel4    ,n[1 if we 7 to   
run an exp]im5t ) a te/ piece made f    
,high  ,spe$ ,/eel simil> to ! "o :i* we
 ran on ! simple ,c>bon ,tool  ,/eel1 we
 w\ld f9d t _m ( ! same ph5om5a         
previ\sly notic$  w\ld aga9 be record$4 
,probably ! mo/ important diff]5ce w\ld 
be ! fact t in/ead  ( hav+ to qu5* !    
same 9 wat] x w\ld be desirable to use a
  ba? ( oil4 ,9 fact1 wat] w\ld cause ! 
,high ,spe$ ,/eel to cool  (f f> too    
quickly s t x w\ld be likely to crack & 
be r5d]$  useless4    ,a peculi> action 
( ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ,high ,spe$ ,/eel is
 v  likely to mat]ially ret>d ! *ange ( 

"o allotropic =m into  ano!r4 ,9 fact1 !
 *ange is s sl[ t aft] a piece ( ,high  
,spe$ ,/eel has be5 heat$ above !       
critical temp]ature1 x w  actually reta9
 its h>d5$ or au/5itic condition ev5 if 
all[$ to  cool 9 ! air1 & x w\ld only be
 possible to get x back into its  s(t5$ 
condition by ! l5g?y process ( anneal+4 
,anneal+ is ! process ( undo+ exactly   
:at ! act ( h>d5+  accompli%$4 ,long    
tubes are fill$ ) ! tool /eel b>s &     
seal$  f ! air & !n plac$ into ! anneal+
 furnaces1 :]e9 !  anneal+ temp]ature is
 ma9ta9$ = a suffici5t numb] ( h\rs1    
until ! /eel has _h an opportunity to   
become ?or\ghly s(t5$4      ,z be=e /at$
 8draw+0 or 8temp]+0 means ! c>eful     
re-heat+  ( ! /eel to #djj degrees      
,fahr4 to #fjj degrees ,fahr41 ?us all[+
 a  slight 8slipp+0 ( en\gh ( ! high]   
allotropic solution to a  l[] =m1 :i* x 
is always eag] to accompli% at          
temp]atures ne>  ! po9t ( recalesc5ce4  
,?is1 ( c\rse1 relieves ! excess        
brittl5ess ( ! h>d5$ /eel4      ,anneal+

 is ! complete release ( ! high]        
allotropic =m ( !  solution & ! 8trapp$0
 c>bon :i* all[s ( _! return to !       
normal condition ( pe>lite & alpha iron4
 ,!re=e1 x is necess>y  to heat ! /eel  
above ! po9t ( recalesc5ce & cool m or  
less  sl[ly4 ,diff]5t spe$s ( cool+ give
 diff]5t gra91 size1  /ructure &        
physical prop]ty4    ,?is explanation ( 
h>d5+1 :i* is kn[n z ! 8allotropic      
!ory0 is n univ]sally accept$1 al?\gh x 
is difficult to f9d a  bett] or m       
complete explanation ( ! rem>kable      
ph5om5a  involv$4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact rema9s 
t ! great accompli%m5ts  :i* h be5 made 
by ! m5 ( sci5ce & und]/&+ h  caus$     
rem>kable results to h tak5 place 9 !   
manufactur+  _w ( today & ! f9e &       
obscure l9es :i* ^! pati5t &  c>eful    
labor]s are cont9ually draw+ ^u ! map ( 
k are  do+ mu* to make ! _w a bett] &   
saf] & m wond]ful  place 9 :i* to live4 
,,*apt] ,v4    ,,! ,,g5]al ,,effect ,,( 
,,! ,,m ,,important ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,tool
 ,,/eels4      ,we "k t all metals (    

eng9e]+ nature are cry/all9e 9  "*1 t   
is1 ! cry/als =m :5 ! metal solidifies4 
,if  ^! cry/als 7 free x w\ld be easy to
 det]m9e def9itely j  :at prop]ties !   
metal w\ld h4 ,h[ev]1 ! cry/als are n   
free1 b exi/ 9 ! /eel 9 comb9ation ) _m 
o!r types (  cry/als4 ,?is results 9 _m 
complicat$ & complex possibilities 9  ! 
f9i%$ product1 & w br+ u pres5tly to !  
subject (  8,alloy ,/eels04      ,,c>bon
 ,,/eels4    ,c>bon ,/eels are ^? :i* d 
n conta9 en\gh ( any elem5t  o!r ?an    
c>bon to mat]ially affect ! physical    
prop]ties :i*  ! /eel w h :5 h>d4 ,c>bon
 is "o elem5t us$ above all  o!rs by    
manufactur]s 9 gett+ requir$ physical   
prop]ties4 ,an  increase ( "o hundr$? ( 
"o p] c5t 74#ja7 gives a t5sile  /r5g? (
 ab\t "o ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in*1 b ev5 
?is  am\nt ( c>bon also regul>ly        
decreases ! ductility ( ! f9i%$         
product4 ,:5 /eel is heat$ r$ hot &     
plung$ into wat]1 !  c>bon 9 ! metal    
unites ) ! iron 9 "s peculi> way s t  x 
produces a comp\nd ( extreme h>dness4   

,if ! /eel conta9s  n9e-t5?s ( "o p] c5t
 74#ij7 ( c>bon1 a %>p po9t s qu5*$  w  
almo/ scrat* glass4 ,) "o p] c5t 7#a4jj7
 ( c>bon x  rea*es ne>ly its limit (    
h>dness4 ,n[ c>bon /eels ) ?is  p]c5tage
 c>bon c be us$ = "s ( ! h>d] tools1 :i*
 d  n require mu* ductility or t\ghness1
 b ) high] c>bon  cont5ts ?an ?is       
p]c5tage1 ! brittl5ess increases s fa/ t
  ! usefulness ( ! metal is decid$ly    
limit$4    ,!re=e1 :5 ! /eel mu/ meet   
requirem5ts o!r ?an j t  ( h>dness1 su* 
z1 /r5g?1 ductility1 t\ghness1 resi/ance
 to  repeat$ %ock1 8r$ h>dness01 etc41  
!n x is necess>y to resort to  o!r means
 & comb9ations = obta9+ ! requir$ ne$s4 
,x is to  be rememb]$ t su* me?ods &    
comb9ations w mat]ially  increase ! co/ 
( ! f9al product4      ,,alloy ,,/eels4 
,:at is an alloy /eel8 ,! g5]al         
def9ition ( an alloy /eel is1 8a        
solidifi$ solution ( two or m metallic  
sub/ances04 ,!  ,int]national ,committee
 ^u ! nom5clature ( iron & /eel def9es  
alloy /eels z 8^? /eels :i* owe _!      

prop]ties *iefly to !  pres5ce ( an     
elem5t 7or elem5ts7 o!r ?an c>bon04     
,?is latt] def9ition m ne>ly applies to 
our case1 b x mu/ be  born 9 m9d t !    
di/9ction betwe5 an elem5t add$ m]ely to
  produce a slight b5efit to ord9>y     
c>bon /eel1 & ! v same  elem5t add$ to  
produce an alloy /eel itself1 is        
sometimes a v  delicate "o4 ,= example3 
,manganese is add$ 9 am\nts usually less
  ?an #a4ej to all ,bessem] & ,op5-,he>?
 ,/eels1 = ! purpose (  gett+ rid (     
oxyg51 & neutraliz+ ! effect ( !        
sulphur4 ,b  ?is does n produce an      
,alloy ,/eel4 ,:5 we make 8manganese    
/eel0  conta9+ #aj to #bj manganese1 !  
mat]ial !n has prop]ties q  diff]5t f ! 
same /eel )\t ! manganese1 & we !n h a  
,manganese ,alloy ,/eel4    ,?us1 = our 
purpose1 we may consid] an alloy /eel z 
be+ "o to  :i* "s elem5t o!r ?an c>bon  
has be5 add$ 9 suffici5t  am\nt to      
mat]ially affect ! physical prop]ties   
:i* ! /eel  w h :5 h>d4      ,,high     
,,spe$ ,,/eels4    ,high ,spe$ ,/eels   

are p]haps ! mo/ important ( alloy      
/eels1 &  d]ive _! "n f ! fact t !y c be
 us$ z cutt+ tools  :5 ! cut on ! ma*9$ 
memb] is be+ made at a high spe$4  ,?is1
 ( c\rse1 subjects ! tool to sev]e      
op]at+ conditions1  :i* simple c>bon    
/eels c\ld n /&4 ,^! /eels h o!r        
notable *>act]i/ics1 among :i* is t (   
8self-h>d5+0 or  8air-h>d5+01 z x is    
sometimes call$4 ,?is means1 :5 ! /eel  
cools naturally 9 ! air1 f a r$ heat or 
above1 x is n s(t  l ord9>y /eel1 b is  
h>d & capable ( cutt+ o!r metals4       
,ano!r /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( high spe$     
/eels is _! ability  to ma9ta9 a %>p    
cutt+ edge :ile heat$ to a temp]ature f>
  above t :i* w\ld at once de/roy !     
cutt+ ability ( a simple  tool /eel4    
,because ( ?is prop]ty1 a tool made (   
high spe$ /eel  c be made to cut        
cont9u\sly at spe$s ?ree to five times z
 great  z t practicable ) o!r tools4 ,! 
result ( ! friction ( !  *ip on ! tool  
may cause ! tool to become r$ hot at !  
po9t on  top :]e ! *ip rubs h>de/1 & !  

*ip may1 itself1 by its  friction on !  
tool1 & ! int]nal "w done on x1 by      
upsett+  x1 be heat$ to a blue heat1 or 
ev5 hott]4      ,,elem5ts ,,:i* ,,occur 
,,9 ,,all ,,/eels4    ,!re are c]ta9    
elem5ts :i* are practically always f\nd 
9 any  k9d ( /eel4 ,^! elem5ts are      
capable ( produc+ _m v>i$  effects on ! 
f9i%$ product4 ,!y are ,iron1 ,c>bon1   
,manganese1  ,silicon1 ,phosphor\s &    
,sulphur4      ,,iron4    ,! base ( all 
/eels is ,iron4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ?is  
elem5t %\ld be obta9$ 9 ! be/ & pure/   
/ate possible4  ,probably ! be/ 8base0  
iron comes l>gely f ,sw$51 :i* c\ntry   
seems to h produc$ ! highe/ quality (   
iron on ! m>ket today4      ,,c>bon4    
,c>bon has already be5 discuss$ "u      
,c>bon ,/eels1 al?\gh1 (  c\rse1 its    
importance 9 ,alloy ,/eels mu/ n be     
"u-e/imat$4 ,!  proportion ( c>bon aim$ 
at 9 high spe$ tool /eels is ab\t #j4fe1
  :i* 9 simple /eel w\ld n be en\gh to  
give ! maximum h>dness1  ev5 if ! /eel 7
 heat$ above ! critical po9t & qu5*$ 9  

wat]1 & /ill less s :5 ! /eel is cool$ z
 sl[ly z ^!  /eels are 9 _! treatm5t4   
,?is %[s t ! c>bon elem5t acts  9 a     
diff]5t way f :at x does 9 simple c>bon 
/eels z  previ\sly discuss$4            
,,manganese4    ,manganese ,/eel is a   
typical self-h>d5+ /eel & s1 obvi\sly1  
is  any /eel :i* is 9 ! au/5itic        
condition at atmosph]ic  temp]atures1 t 
is to say1 ^: critical temp]ature is    
bel[  atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,?us1      
self-h>d5+ /eels are non-magnetic4      
,because ( its l[-yield po9t1 manganese 
/eel does n give  satisfaction 9 _m     
l9es1 = :i* o!rwise x might be em95tly  
fitt$4    ,manganese us$ 9 small        
quantities 74#cj to #a4ej7 w produce    
c]ta9 desir$ effects4 ,"u ^! conditions 
x acts z a purifi]4  ,& :5 add$ 9 ! =m (
 ,f]ro ,manganese to a heat ( /eel x    
unites ) ! oxyg5 & trans=ms x to slag z 
oxide ( manganese4  ,!re is also good   
reason = believ+ t manganese prev5ts !  
co>se cry/allization1 :i* impurities su*
 z ,phosphorus & ,sulphur  w\ld o!rwise 

produce4 ,five p] c5t to #ad manganese  
r5d]s !  /eel non-magnetic z well z a   
poor conductor ( electricity4           
,,silicon4    ,! divid+ l9e betwe5      
silicon-treat$ /eels & silicon-alloy    
/eels is n cle>ly def9$1 b ! latt] are  
us$ = sev]al  important purposes4       
,su* /eel has be5 us$ 9 spr+s ( ! leaf  
type = automobiles  & o!r vehicles1 !   
silicon be+ consid]$ to add slightly to 
!  t\ghness ( ! spr+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/    
important use ( /eels (  ?is type is    
probably 9 ! manufacture ( electrical   
ma*9]y4 ,x is  possible to produce a    
silicon-alloy /eel :i* has n only a     
great]  magnetic p]meability ?an ! pure/
 iron1 b also1 a high electrical        
resi/ance4 ,its hy/]esis is1 ( c\rse1   
l[1 ?is prop]ty always  accompany+ a    
high p]meability4 ,x !re=e is a v       
valuable  mat]ial = use 9               
electro-magnets1 & 9 electric g5]at+    
ma*9]y1 is ! mo/ effici5t mat]ial kn[n4 
,9 silicon-treat$ /eels1 ! silicon is   
us$ some:at z a scav5g]1  al?\gh x also 

produces results some:at simil> to      
manganese4      ,,phosphorus4           
,phosphorus has little effect ^u ! hot  
prop]ties1 b 9 ! cold  /ate makes ! /eel
 brittle & is ( c\rse highly undesirable
  al?\gh "s writ]s h claim$ t x adds to 
! t5sile /r5g?  9 ab\t ! same degree z  
c>bon4      ,,sulphur4    ,sulphur has j
 ! opposite effect ( ,phosphorus1 &     
makes ! /eel  crack :ile x is be+ hot   
work$1 al?\gh aft] ! metal is cold x    
seems to h no p>ticul> effect ^u !      
physical prop]ties4      ,,elem5ts ,,:i*
 ,,h ,,become  ,,especially ,,associat$ 
,,) ,,special  ,,alloy ,,/eels4    ,su* 
elem5ts are3--,*romium1 ,tung/51        
,molybd5um1 ,vanadium1 ,cobalt1         
,uranium1 ,titanium1 ,alum9um1 etc4     
,,*romium4    ,*romium is an            
indisp5sable con/itu5t 9 mod]n high spe$
 /eel1  & does n make a poor high spe$  
/eel1 ev5 :5 us$ alone4 ,!  *ief effect 
:i* *romium produces 9 high spe$ /eels  
is  und\bt$ly t ( 8h>d5+04 ,h[ev]1      
*romium1 l c>bon1 w  produce brittl5ess1

 if add$ 9 too l>ge quantities1 al?\gh  
if kept  d[n to betwe5 #b to #e x seems 
to all[ ! l[]+ ( ! c>bon  elem5t1 :ile  
at ! same "t ma9ta9+ ! desir$ h>d5+     
effect1 )\t caus+ undue brittl5ess4 ,!  
great h>dness 9 !  face ( an armor      
plate1 & ! great t\ghness 9 ! back ( !  
plate1 also ! sup]b prop]ties 9 !       
projectile :i* attempts to  pi]ce !     
plate1 c all be induc$ 9 *romium /eels  
to a degree  unatta9able by ! use ( any 
o!r s+le elem5t4    ,z a simple *romium 
/eel ! product may be us$ 9 five-ply    
plates  = ! manufacture ( safes4 ,^!    
plates are made ( five alt]nate  lay]s1 
two ( *rome /eel & ?ree ( s(t /eel1 &   
aft] hav+  be5 h>d5$1 (f] resi/ance to !
 drill+ tools employ$ by  burgl>s4      
,h>d5$ *romium rolls are manufactur$ =  
use 9  cold-roll+ metals4 ,files1 ball &
 roll]-be>+s are o!r not$  products (   
?is type ( /eel4 ,x is ! ess5tial       
con/itu5t (  ^? /eels :i* nei!r ru/ nor 
t>ni%4      ,,tung/54    ,x 0 soon f\nd 
t ! composition ( 8self-h>d5+0 /eels 0  

n ! be/ "o = high spe$ /eels4 ,tung/5 0 
discov]$ z an  elem5t :i* gave ! /eel   
prop]ties ( h>dness & t\ghness at a  r$ 
heat4 ,aft] ! peculi> heat treatm5t _h  
be5 le>n$1 & !  pres5ce ( manganese or  
*romium 9 addition to ! tung/5 0 %[n  to
 be unnecess>y 9 appreciable am\nts1 x 0
 f\nd t m  durable qualities c\ld be    
obta9$ by increas+ ! p]c5tage (  tung/51
 :ile at ! same "t ! c>bon elem5t 0     
greatly  r$uc$4    ,! be/ grade ( ,high 
,spe$ ,/eel ought to h a tung/5 cont5t (
  ab\t #ah4jj & a c>bon cont5t ( ab\t   
#j4fe4 ,?us :5ev] a /eel  is ne$$ :i*   
mu/ op]ate "u especially sev]e          
conditions1 ?is  w\ld be ! /eel to use4 
,su* conditions are usually met 9 ! case
  ( rapid turn+1 bor+1 plan+1 slott+ &  
%ap+ tools1 also  ) twi/ drills & all   
=ms ( mill+ cutt]s1 ge> cutt]s1 taps1   
ream]s1 special dies1 etc4              
,,molybd5um4    ,molybd5um 0 once ?\ght 
( z be+ some:at 9 a class )  tung/51 b  
its use 9 high spe$ tool /eels is be+   
g5]ally  discont9u$4 ,! reason = ?is is 

t x 0 f\nd t 9 rapid  /eels ?is elem5t  
caus$ irregul> p]=mance1 su* z l>ge     
v>iations 9 ! cutt+ spe$s :i* !y w\ld   
/&4 ,?is elem5t  is also likely to make 
! /eels seamy & conta9 physical         
imp]fections4 ,molybd5um /eels 7 also   
f\nd to crack on qu5*+1  & possess      
decid$ v>iations 9 int]nal /ructure4    
,,vanadium4    ,vanadium /eels are /ill 
9 _! infancy4 ,!re=e1 ! true value  (   
?is elem5t 9 rapid /eels mu/ probably be
 held z n yet fully  det]m9$4 ,) ! s+le 
exception ( c>bon1 no elem5t has su* a  
p[]ful effect ^u /eel z vanadium1 = x is
 only necess>y to use  f #j4aj to #j4ae 
9 ord] to obta9 v noticeable results4 ,9
  addition to act+ z a v great /r5g!n] (
 /eel1 especially  aga9/ dynamic /ra9s1 
vanadium also s]ves z a scav5g] 9 gett+ 
rid ( oxyg5 & possibly nitrog54 ,x is   
also said to decrease  segregation1 :i* 
we may readily believe1 z mo/ ( !       
elem5ts  :i* quiet ! /eel h ?is effect4 
8,vanadium ,/eels0 dem& a some:at high] 
price ?an d ^? /eels  :i* d n conta9 ?is

 elem5t 9 appreciable am\nts4 ,x is1 (  
c\rse1 especially useful = all purposes 
:]e /r5g? & lightness  are desir$1 su* z
 spr+s1 axles1 frames & o!r p>ts (      
railroad  roll+ /ock1 & automobiles4    
,,cobalt4    ,! valuable effect ( cobalt
 is claim$ to be t x increases !  r$    
h>dness ( high spe$ tool /eel1 enabl+ ! 
/eel to cut at a  high] spe$4 ,h[ev]1   
?is elem5t mu* resembles nickel1 :i* has
  be5 l>gely condemn$ z n be+ a         
desirable +r$i5t = high  spe$ tool      
/eels1 because x has ! effect ( mak+ !  
edge ( !  f9i%$ tool s(t or 8leady04    
,,uranium1 ,,titanium ,,& ,,alum9um4    
,^! elem5ts are g5]ally class$ z        
scav5g]s1 al?\gh rec5tly  important     
claims h be5 advanc$ = _! effect ^u !   
physical  prop]ties ( /eel4 ,?is is     
especially true = ! fir/ two4 ,9  pres5t
 practice1 h[ev]1 !y are us$ almo/      
entirely z deoxidiz]s  or cleans]s1 &   
are add$ to ! metal = ?is purpose only4 
,,impurities4    ,phosphorus1 ,sulphur &
 ,copp] are ! mo/ not$ impurities :i*   

occur 9 /eel4 ,! fir/ two are           
practically always pres5t 9 great]  or  
small] am\nts z ! case may be4 ,! be/   
processes ( tool /eel  manufacture are  
capable ( produc+ /eels ) no copp]4     
,:ile  ,alum9um is n g5]ally class$ z an
 impurity1 x nev]!less  sometimes %[s up
 9 ! f9i%$ product :5 its pres5ce is n  
desir$1 & !re=e1 might be consid]$ an   
impurity4    ,comb9ations ( iron ) "s or
 all ( ! above elem5ts 9 ! =m  ( slags &
 oxides are o!r well kn[n impurities4   
,f ! =go+ pages x mu/ be evid5t t       
produc+ a /eel )  exactly ! correct     
*emical cont5t is only "o /ep t[>ds     
secur+ a satisfactory product4 ,h[ev]1 x
 might be well if we 7  to briefly sum  
up a few ( ! m important features ( our 
discussion on ?is int]e/+ subject4      
,,heat ,,treatm5t4    ,! heat treatm5t (
 tool /eels is ( ! utmo/ importance4    
,tool  mak]s ( ! old s*ool prov$ _!     
ability to accompli% c]ta9  desir$      
results 9 ! art ( heat treatm5t )\t     
really fully  und]/&+ exactly h[ or :y  

!y 7 able to d s4 ,today1  h[ev]1       
progressive manufactur]s are us+ !      
results ( rese>*  & su* ?or\gh sci5tific
 inve/igation t ! process has become  f>
 m complicat$ & complex1 & ! results    
obta9$ are  correspond+ly m rem>kable4  
,*emically p]fect /eel may be easily &  
completely ru9$ dur+ !  process ( melt+1
 cogg+1 roll+1 hamm]+1 anneal+1 heat    
treat+ & temp]+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( !    
/eel manufactur] to  c>efully gu>d 8    
product up ?r\gh ! process ( anneal+1 b 
x  usually falls to ! tool mak] to      
und]take ! delicate op]ations (  heat   
treatm5t & temp]+4      ,,h>d5+4    ,!  
application ( heat alone to /eel c v    
mat]ially affect !  condition ( !       
/ructure ( ! metal1 ei!r ) or )\t       
simultane\s me*anical treatm5t4 ,dep5d+ 
^u ! degree ( heat1  ! rate ( heat+ &   
cool+ & ! duration ( su* treatm5t1  ?is 
application may be decid$ly b5eficial or
 h>mful z ! case may  be4    ,we n[ "k t
 :5 /eel is heat$ above ! critical po9t1
 & is  !n all[$ to rapidly cool1 a v    

m>k$ h>dness 9 ! metal is  produc$4 ,!  
degree ( h>dness s atta9$ w1 9 g5]al1   
v>y  directly ) 7#a7 ! p]c5tage ( c>bon1
 7#b7 ! rate ( cool+1  7#c7 & !         
temp]ature above ! critical po9t f :i* !
 cool+  takes place4 ,:5 ! /eel comes f 
! roll+ mill & f !  f9i%+ hamm]s x is 9 
?is h>d5$ condition4 ,!re=e1 9 ord]  to 
r5d] x s(t & ductile en\gh to cut & "w  
up into c]ta9  desir$ %apes1 sizes &    
tools1 x is necess>y to subject ! /eel  
to ! process ( anneal+4 ,?is op]ation is
 usually und]tak5 by  ! /eel produc]1 "u
 :i* circum/ances he is able to control 
8  product ?r\gh ?is delicate proc$ure1 
& deliv] ! same to 8  cu/om]s 9 ! be/   
possible condition = _! use4            
,,anneal+4    ,anneal+ has = its object3
 7#a7 ,completely undo+ ! effect (      
h>d5+1 leav+ ! /eel s(t & ductile 7#b7  
ref9+ ! gra91  9 :i* case ! cry/als are 
all[$ to re-arrange & re-adju/          
!mselves1 usually gr[+ to a r l>ge size 
7#c7 & remov+  /ra9s & /resses caus$ by 
too rapid cool+4 ,su* cool+ /ra9s  are  

p>ticul>ly likely to exi/ :]e ! rate (  
cool+ is diff]5t  9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! b>1
 b ! process ( anneal+ ought to  rem$y  
any su* condition1 leav+ ! /eel s(t1    
ductile & (  ref9$ & uni=m cry/all9e    
/ructure ?r\gh\t4    ,! process (       
anneal+ is easi] to expla9 ?an x is to  
actually  put into practice4 ,! /eel is 
fir/ pack$ 9 lime1 *>coal1 f9e  dry a%es
 or s&1 & !n seal$ 9 long air-tight     
tubes or boxes4    ,! :ole receptacle is
 next sl[ly br\ght up to a dull r$ heat1
 (  ab\t #aejj degrees ,fahr5heit4    ,x
 is v important to heat ! mat]ial       
uni=mly all ! way  ?r\gh1 & !n hold x 9 
?is condition f ?ree to eight h\rs4     
,?us1 all[+ ! slipp+ ( "o allotropic    
condition into ano!r4    ,! receptacle  
mu/ be cool$ equally sl[ly1 ei!r all[+ !
  pack$ /eel to cool sl[ly d[n ) !      
furnace1 or by plac+ !  same 9 a soak+  
or cool+ pit1 :i* also accompli%es !    
desir$  result4    ,aft] ! receptacle   
has become entirely cool$ x is op5$ & ! 
/eel unpack$ & remov$4 ,! /eel is !n    

ready = its f9al  inspection be=e %ipp+ 
to ! tool mak]4      ,,temp]+4    ,!    
process ( temp]+ usually has to be      
und]tak5 by ! tool mak]  or us] aft] !  
anneal$ /eel1 :i* he receiv$ f ! /eel   
mill1 has be5 cut up & %ap$ into !      
desir$ =m & size4    ,! ma9 object (    
temp]+ /eel is to re-h>d5 ! mat]ial to  
su*  an ext5t t x w cut o!r metals1     
reta9+ its desir$ %ape  size & cutt+    
edge1 :ile at ! same "t x mu/ n possess 
too  mu* brittl5ess4 ,! treatm5t v>ies  
mat]ially ) diff]5t br&s  ( /eels4    ,=
 ! av]age grade ( ! be/ ,high ,spe$     
,/eel conta9+ f #af  to #ah tung/51 !   
tool %\ld be br\ght v sl[ly up to a dull
  *]ry r$4 ,x is usually consid]$ good  
practice to fir/ place !  tool ne> or on
 top ( ! pre-heat+ furnace be=e actually
 plac+  x 9 ! pre-heat]1 9 ord] t !     
heat+ might be effect$ j  z sl[ly z     
possible4 ,! pre-heat+ op]ation %\ld br+
 ! tool  up to ab\t #afjj to #ahjj      
degrees ,fahr5heit1 aft] :i* ! tool     
%\ld be plac$ 9 ! high heat+ furnace &  

br\ght up to #bcjj to  #bdjj degrees    
,fahr5heit1 or a :ite sweat+ heat4 ,c>e 
%\ld be tak5  n to all[ ! tool to rema9 
9 ?is condition = m ?an an  in/ant1 z x 
is !n 9 a v critical condition & c\ld be
 easily  burn$ or ru9$4    ,!re=e1 !    
tool %\ld be imm$iately pull$ f !       
furnace &  plung$ into a good clean oil 
ba?1 keep+ x con/antly 9 motion4    ,z  
,high ,spe$ ,/eels are air-h>d5+ /eels1 
x is also ! practice  to h>d5 ^! /eels  
by simply plac+ ! cutt+ edge 9 an air   
bla/1 :i* produces maximum h>dness 9 !  
desir$ po9t & all[s  ! body ( ! tool to 
cool at a little sl[] rate1 ?us slightly
  reliev+ ! cool+ /ra9s & produc+ a     
little less brittl5ess  !re94 ,su* cool+
 /ra9s c be reliev$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole tool 
by draw+ ! same back to ab\t #djj to    
#ejj degrees ,fahr5heit1 &  sometimes z 
high z #ajej degrees ,fahr5heit1 dep5d+ 
^u !  p>ticul> tool & its use4    ,!    
treatm5t ( ,c>bon ,/eels v>ies ) ea*    
p>ticul> br&4 ,great  c>e mu/ always be 
tak5 to heat ! /eel uni=mly1 z a mat]ial

  :i* is heat$ unev5ly w exp& & contract
 unev5ly &1 9  consequ5ce1 w crack :5   
qu5*$4    ,! /eel %\ld always be h>d5$  
on ! ris+ heat1 9 g5]al  br++ ! same    
sl[ly up to a dull *]ry r$1 or to ab\t  
#adej  degrees ,fahr5heit1 & !n qu5*+ 9 
cle> cold wat]1 keep+ !  same 9 motion  
until ! /eel is cold4 ,! temp] %\ld !n  
be drawn  accord+ to ! purpose ( ! tool1
 :i* c\ld only be discuss$ =  ea*       
p>ticul> case4 ,! foll[+ range (        
temp]atures are  int]e/+1 z be+         
approximately indicat$ by ! ?9 film (   
oxide  t9ts :i* occur on ! tool und]go+ 
a temp]+ op]ation3      ,pale ,yell[    
#dbh ,degrees ,fahr5heit    ,gold5      
,yell[     #dfi ,degrees ,fahr5heit     
,purple            #eca ,degrees        
,fahr5heit    ,bright ,blue       #eej  
,degrees ,fahr5heit    ,d>k ,blue       
#fja ,degrees ,fahr5heit                
,,conclusion4    ,! effects ( anneal+1  
roll+1 hamm]+1 treat+ & temp]+  are be/ 
und]/ood by ^? manufactur]s :o make a   
specialty (  supply+ a high grade tool  

/eel1 & 9 g5]al x w\ld be well if       
cu/om]s w\ld consult freely ) ! produc]s
 ( ^! /eels1  be=e attempt+ ! delicate  
und]tak+ ( ,heat ,treatm5t4             
,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,,:at ,,tool ,,/eel    
,,is ,,do+ ,,t[>ds  ,,w9n+ ,,! ,,w>4    
,x h>dly seems fitt+ t we %\ld close ^! 
pages )\t giv+  our read]s "s little    
idea ( j :at ! tool /eel indu/ry is  do+
 = ! successful conclusion ( ! great    
cause ne>e/ our  he>ts4    ,"o ( ! fir/ 
/atem5ts :i* we c\ld make w\ld be t e   
metal work] 9 ! _w absolutely requires  
"s =m ( tool /eel  or special alloy /eel
 9 ! manufacture ( 8 product4 ,( c\rse1 
a  v great _m manufactur]s o!r ?an !    
actual metal work]s also  ne$ ?is same  
supply ( tool /eel 9 ord] t _!          
production  might n imm$iately cease4   
,volumes c\ld be writt5 on ! vital      
importance ( tools to indu/ry 9 g5]al1 f
 ! drills :i* drill  out ! hole 9 a     
hypod]mic ne$le1 to a twelve-ton        
drop-=ge /eam  hamm]4 ,b = ! pres5t we  
may conf9e ourselves to simply !        

briefe/ m5tion ( ! va/ numb] ( iron &   
/eel products actually  & vitally engag$
 9 ! prosecution ( ! w>4    ,we are told
 t we ne$ %ips1 yet ! %ip indu/ry c\ld n
 proce$  a day if its supply ( necess>y 
tools 0 cut (f4 ,! ov]:elm+  increase 9 
! manufactur+ op]ations ( ! _w :i* has  
tak5  place s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,european   
,w> c bett] be imag9$ ?an  expla9$1 x   
be+ only necess>y = u to po9t out "h t !
  "o absolute necessity :i* is common to
 all & requir$ by all  bran*es ( su* va/
 manufacture is ! prop] supply (        
necess>y  tools4    ,x has be5 ! p]sonal
 duty ( ! writ] to make v>i\s visits to 
diff]5t ,gov]nm5t %ops & ,ars5als z well
 z to ! plants &  %ops ( torp$o1 %ell & 
munition manufactur]s & ! vital "p  :i* 
! tools ( production are play+ 9 ! great
 und]tak+ has  be5 =cefully impress$ ^u 
8 att5tion4    ,! metals :i* are de/9$  
to play an active "p 9 actual w>f>e  are
 naturally requir$ to meet ! mo/ sev]e  
conditions imag9able4  ,?us we f9d !    
high manganese armor plate & ! high     

*rome-manganese armor pi]c+ projectile4 
,we f9d ! new  specifications = /eel    
=g+1 = hulls & eng9es n[ h rigid        
*rome-vanadium & special nickle         
requirem5ts1 all ( :i* means  t ! tools 
t d ! ma*9+1 plan+1 %ap+1 cutt+1        
drill+1 bor+1 ream+1 /amp+ & _m o!r     
op]ations mu/ be  made ( a t\gh] & h>d] 
mat]ial ?an ev] be=e4    ,we "k t = e   
man :o may fight on ! battle field1 at  
lea/  two m5 mu/ labor 9 our %ops &     
factories ov] me*anical  op]ations4     
,^? ( u :o h be5 9 imm$iate t\* ) "s ( !
 vital  requirem5ts ( ! ,w> & ,navy     
,dep>tm5ts 9 ^! /r5u\s days  realize !  
%ock+ abs5ce ( ! complete prep>$ness1   
:i* we  mu/ rapidly accompli% if we are 
to come any:]e ne> supply+ our  own     
soldi]s on ! fight+ front ) ! fight+    
ma*9]y &  supplies ( :i* !y are 9 su*   
urg5t ne$4 ,we realize t aft]  all ^!   
mon?s ( increas$ indu/rial prep>$ness1  
we are1  !re=e1 /ill unprep>$ 9 ! full  
mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! v  f\ndation ( our     
/ructure %[s a />tl+ am\nt (            

unprep>$ness4  ,we l to gaze ^u !       
ext]ior t[]s & battlem5ts ( a ca/le (   
prep>$ness1 & ^! are wond]ful & enc\rag+
 to look ^u b  d[n bel[ all ^! are c]ta9
 neglect$ & unf9i%$ pill>s 9  ! unse5   
cell> ( t f\ndation1 :i* ?reat5 !       
/ability (  ! entire mass4 ,x is1 !re=e1
 "s ( ^! fundam5tal details  :i* h be5  
neglect$ z we h beheld ! vision ( !     
sup]-/ructure above4 ,p]%+ ne$s1        
#a1ejj1jjj boys 9 khaki & ov]  ! %\ld] (
 ea* is 8 protection aga9/ ! ,hun4      
,ev]yone (  ^! rifles is a spl5did      
monum5t ( ! accompli%m5t ( tool /eel  & 
special alloy /eel4    ,e day ( our     
pres5t exi/5ce x happ5s t ov] a million 
%ells scream ov] ! miles ( battle l9e 9 
,france4 ,?is curta9 (  high explosive &
 %rapnel is ano!r direct expression ( ! 
wond]s  :i* ! mod]n high spe$ & special 
alloy /eel h accompli%$4  ,we are told t
 a #c8 %rapnel %ell conta9s sev5ty      
drill$ holes or  a drill+ ( #ai-a_/d0 9 
dep?4 ,t means t #a1fjj1jjj feet or ov] 
?ree hundr$ miles ( drill$ holes are %ot

 away e tw5ty-f\r  h\rs on ! battle     
fronts ( ,europe4    ,9 a publication   
8,fight+ ,indu/ry0 publi%$ by "o ( our  
l>ge/  twi/ drill companies 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 we note t ! drill$ holes  9     
v>i\s implem5ts ( our militant h>ness   
are z foll[s3      #h8 %rapnel %ell     
#gj    ,spr+field rifle      #id        
,torp$o              #cdff    ,ma*9e gun
           #cej    ,a]oplane            
#djhi    #c-ton auto truck     #eidf    
,light ambulance      #aejj    #c0 field
 gun         #abhj    ,gun caisson      
#eid    ,anti-air craft gun   #abjj     
,self-b9d]           #ejj    ,?re%]     
#dbj    ,motorcycle           #aafj     
,f\r million m5 mu/ "w ) tools 9 ord] t 
two million m5 may  fight 9 ,france4 ,^!
 m5 c n1 8j be giv5 a tool & told to    
use x40 ,x is necess>y t !y h ye>s (    
c>eful tra9+ &  actual exp]i5ce 9 ord] t
 !y might effectively make use ( !      
intricate tools & ma*9]y :i* ! "m (     
mod]n indu/ry is  /riv+ to place 9 _!   
h&s4 ,at pres5t e tool /eel mill 9      

,am]ica is /ra9+ its furnaces1 hamm]s & 
roll+ mills to _!  maximum capacity4 ,!y
 are work+ days1 nights & ,sundays &    
/ill  ! dem& is f> 9 excess ( ! supply4 
,cons]vative e/imations  %[ t ) all !   
add$ ma*9]y & equipm5t :i* is 9 !       
process ( con/ruction at ?is "t1 x w    
/ill take at lea/ two  ye>s & a half    
be=e ! tool /eel indu/ry ( ,am]ica w    
come  any :]e ne> meet+ ! dem& = its    
product4    ,z we gaze ) belat$ pride ^u
 ! huge /ructure ( our pres5t           
,prep>$ness1 does x n seem /range to ?9k
 t ! mo/ vital  pill> ( its :ole        
f\ndation %\ld h be5 =gott5 & neglect$  
s long & :i* is !re=e n[ caus$ to endure
 su* an abnormal  & t]rific /ra98 ,we   
are at la/ =c$ to realize t tool /eel   
is ! v ess5ce ( our :ole exi/5ce4    ,( 
c\rse1 ! great importance ( tool /eel 9 
?is national  em]g5cy does n /op ) !    
actual weapons ( w>f>e4 ,besides !      
railroads1 automobiles1 tramways1       
elevators1 bridges1 build+s1  %oes1     
clo?+ & 9 fact1 e bran* ( ! intricate   

mass (  manufactur$ products s vital to 
our daily exi/5ce1 nations are  cry+ =  
bread4 ,victory hangs on our food       
supply4 ,our ?re%+  ma*9es1 our reap]s &
 our h>ve/+ ma*9]y are all work+ ov]    
"t4 ,b be=e ! ?re%+ ma*9es c ?re% :eat &
 be=e !  reap]s c reap & be=e ! tractors
 & o!r f>m ma*9]y c  contribute _! great
 s]vice to humanity1 x is necess>y t !  
,am]ican production ( tool /eel mu/ pass
 its rigid inspection &  yield =? 9 full
 measure ! great s]vice :i* x is call$  
^u  to give4          ,,app5dix4        
,,analysis1 ,,uses ,,& ,,heat ,,treatm5t
 ,,(  ,,v>i\s ,,grades ,,( ,,tool       
,,/eels4      ,provid+ ! _m             
complications & difficulties :i*        
accompany !  melt+1 hamm]+1 roll+1      
anneal+1 inspect+ & f9i%+  op]ations1 h 
be5 successfully accompli%$1 ! *emical  
analysis  ( ! be/ grades ( tool /eel    
%\ld come )9 ! foll[+  limits3          
,,typical ,,analysis ,,( ,,high  ,,spe$ 
,,/eel4      ,c>bon                     
4#ff     ,tung/5               #ah4ja   

,*romium                #d4ej           
,vanadium                 4#ih          
,phosphorus               4#jbc         
,sulphur                  4#jba         
,manganese                4#bhe         
,silicon                  4#bbh    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #ge4bic      ,,uses4  
,turn+1 ,bor+1 ,plan+1 ,slott+1 ,%ap+   
,tools4 ,also ,twi/ ,drills1  ,mill+    
,cutt]s1 ,ge> ,cutt]s1 ,taps1 ,ream]s1  
,special ,dies1 etc4      ,,heat        
,,treatm5t4    ,heat sl[ly 9 pre-heat]  
to #agjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,!n rapidly
 9  sup]heat] to #bcjj degrees          
,fahr5heit1 tak+ c>e n to burn or  fuse 
delicate projections on special tools4  
,h>d5 ei!r 9 air bla/1  or 9 good clean 
oil2 keep+ tool 9 motion4 ,9 all cases  
m]ely !  end ( ! tool to :ite heat4     
,draw 9 oil f #djj degrees  ,fahr5heit  
to #fjj degrees ,fahr5heit4             
,,typical ,,analysis ,,( ,,die  ,,/eel  
,,= ,,hot ,,"w4      ,c>bon             
4#ci     ,tung/5                #h4da   
,*romium                #b4aj           

,phosphorus               4#jai         
,sulphur                  4#jag         
,manganese                4#cae         
,silicon                  4#bcd    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #hh4eae      ,,uses4  
,hot %e> blades1 hot pun*es1 head] &    
gripp] dies2 us$ 9 bolt  & rivet mak+4  
,also excell5t = compression sets & 9   
g5]al  = all hot "w4      ,,heat        
,,treatm5t4    ,w /& high h>d5+ heats1  
simil> to high spe$ /eel1 #agjj  degrees
 ,fahr5heit & !n #bcjj degrees          
,fahr5heit4 ,h>d5 ei!r 9  air or oil4   
,keep away f wat]4 ,draw to #ejj degrees
 ,fahr5heit4      ,,typical ,,analysis  
,,( ,,special  ,,alloy ,,/eel4          
,c>bon                   4#gh           
,vanadium                 4#bi          
,phosphorus               4#jad         
,sulphur                  4#jaf         
,manganese                4#cbd         
,silicon                  4#bif    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #ih4bh       ,,uses4  
,specially useful 9 tools subject to    
%ock1 su* z h& & pneumatic  *isels1     

boil]mak]s caulk+ tools & rivet sets4   
,also = cold  upsett+ dies1 cold pun*es1
 %e> blades & /amp+ dies4 ,a special    
grade ( ?is /eel makes excell5t taps4   
,,heat ,,treatm5t4    ,heat sl[ly to a  
l[ r$1 ab\t #adjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 or
 if l[  c>bon cont5t to #aejj degrees   
,fahr5heit2 be+ v c>eful n to  ov]-heat4
 ,qu5* 9 good clean temp]$ wat]2 keep+  
tool con/antly  9 motion4 ,draw f #bej  
degrees ,fahr5heit to #djj degrees      
,fahr5heit4      ,,typical ,,analysis   
,,( ,,fa/ ,,f9i%+  ,,semi-,,high ,,spe$4
      ,c>bon                  #a4bh     
,tung/5                #c4ef            
,phosphorus               4#jba         
,sulphur                  4#jai         
,manganese                4#caf         
,silicon                  4#bga    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #id4ecc      ,,uses4  
,d n confuse ! ,high ,spe$1 al?\gh      
excell5t = turn+ *ill$  ca/ iron1 clean 
f9i%+ cuts4 ,especially adapt$ = taps & 
ream]s1 z well z = tools = brass1       
bronze1 alum9um1 copp] &  *ill$ roll    

turn+4      ,,heat ,,treatm5t4    ,heat 
sl[ly to full bright r$1 #adbe degrees  
,fahr5heit to #aejj degrees  ,fahr5heit4
 ,qu5* 9 luke w>m wat]4 ,keep tool      
con/antly 9 motion4  ,draw to n ov] #cjj
 degrees ,fahr5heit4      ,,typical     
,,analysis ,,( ,,simple  ,,c>bon ,,tool 
,,/eel4      ,c>bon                     
#a4ab     ,phosphorus                   
4#jji    ,sulphur                  4#jaa
    ,manganese                4#bed     
,silicon                  4#bac    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #ih4cic      ,,uses4  
,g5]al tool room usage ) mod]ate cutt+  
spe$s4 ,excell5t  la!1 plan]1 & %ap]    
tools1 drills1 %e> blades 7= cold "w    
only7 pun*es1 *isels1 files & m9+ tools4
      ,,heat ,,treatm5t4    ,heat sl[ly 
to ,l[ ,r$ heat1 approximately #acge    
degrees ,fahr5heit 7!  high] ! c>bon !  
l[] ! heat74 ,c>e n to ov]-heat4 ,qu5* 9
  good clean luke w>m wat]4 ,draw to n  
ov] #cej degrees ,fahr5heit4            
,,typical ,,analysis ,,( ,,non-,,%r9k+  
,,oil ,,h>d5+  ,,/eel4      ,c>bon      

4#ia     ,phosphorus               4#jaf
    ,sulphur                  4#jai     
,manganese               #a4fb          
,silicon                  4#ca     ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #ig4abe      ,,uses4  
,?read+ dies1 *as]s1 taps1 ream]s1 & all
 ma/] tools4 ,=  gauges1 plugs1 etc4    
,especially adapt$ = /amp+1 pun*+1      
trimm+  dies & _m o!r uses :]e x is     
necess>y to ov]come %r9k+1  w>p+ or     
*ange ( %ape4      ,,heat ,,treatm5t4   
,heat v sl[ly to pre-heat+ temp]ature ( 
#abjj degrees ,fahr5heit1  !n to h>d5+  
temp]ature f #acfj degrees ,fahr5heit to
 #adbe  degrees ,fahr5heit1 dep5d+ ^u   
size ( piece be+ treat$4    ,h>d5 9 l>d1
 l9se$ or cottonse$ oil2 pref]ably fi%  
oil4 ,d n  qu5* 9 wat]4    ,draw cutt+  
tools1 taps & ream]s at #bej degrees to 
#cjj degrees  ,fahr5heit4 ,l>ge tools   
su* z blank+ & /amp+ dies at #djj       
degrees to #dej degrees ,fahr5heit4     
,,typical ,,analysis ,,( ,,special      
,,hot ,,"w ,,alloy ,,/eel4      ,c>bon  
4#hf     ,*romium                #c4ga  

,phosphorus               4#jbc         
,sulphur                  4#jai         
,manganese                4#cha         
,silicon                  4#bfg    ,iron
 7by d$uction7    #id4gdj      ,,uses4  
,an excell5t composition = hot "w 9     
s]vice = gripp]s1 head]s1  hot pun*es1  
hot %e> blades & simil> tools4          
,especially valuable 9  /ructural /eel &
 boil] %op "w4 ,rivet sets & bull dies  
made  f a /eel ( ?is composition ought  
to resi/ break+ &  batt]+4      ,,heat  
,,treatm5t4    ,v flexible h>d5+ 9 air1 
oil or wat]4 ,if air is us$ heat to     
#afge degrees to #agej degrees          
,fahr5heit & place "u dry air bla/1  or 
/& 9 cool place4 ,to h>d5 9 oil1 heat to
 #aejj degrees to #aeej  degrees        
,fahr5heit & qu5* 9 ?9 oil4 ,to h>d5 9  
wat]1 heat to  #adge degrees ,fahr5heit 
to #aebe degrees ,fahr5heit & qu5* 9    
cool  wat]4 ,draw f #bej degrees to #cjj
 degrees ,fahr5heit4