,,outl9es ,,( ,,mahayana ,,buddhism ,,by ,,daisetz ,,teit>o ,,suzuki ,,*icago ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,company #aijh ,,preface4 v ,! object ( ?is book is tw(old3 7#a7 ,to refute ! _m wrong op9ions :i* are ent]ta9$ by ,we/]n critics conc]n+ ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,mahyna ,buddhism2 7#b7 ,to awake int]e/ among s*ol>s ( comp>ative religion 9 ! developm5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t & fai? z exemplifi$ by ! gr[? ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful spiritual =ces 9 ! _w4 ,! book is !re=e at once popul> & s*ol>ly4 ,x is popul> 9 ! s5se t x tries to expose ! fallacy ( ! g5]al attitude assum$ by o!r religioni/s t[>ds ,mahynism4 ,x aims to be s*ol>ly1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x endeavors to exp\nd "s ( ! mo/ sali5t features ( ! doctr9e1 hi/orically & sy/ematically4 ,9 attempt+ ! accompli%m5t ( ?is latt] object1 h[ev]1 ! au?or makes no great claim1 because x is impossible to pres5t )9 ?is prescrib$ space all ! data t are available = a compreh5sive & sy/ematic elucidation ( ! ,mahyna ,buddhism1 ^: hi/ory began 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era & ran ?r\gh a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e x assum$ ! =m 9 :i* x is at pres5t taught 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod1 ! ,mahyna vi doctr9e 0 elaborat$ by ! be/ m9ds t ,india1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1 & ,japan ev] produc$4 ,x is no wond] !n t s _m div]se & app>5tly contradictory tea*+s are all compris$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,to exp\nd all ^! !ories ev5 t5tatively w\ld be altoge!r outside ! scope ( su* a "w z ?is4 ,all t ,i c\ld or hop$ to d 0 to discuss a few ( ! mo/ g5]al & mo/ ess5tial topics ( ,mahynism1 mak+ ?is a sort ( introduction to a m detail$ exposition ( ! sy/em z a :ole z well z 9 p>ticul>4 ,to atta9 ! fir/ object1 ,i h gone occasionally outside ! sph]e )9 :i* ,i _h prop]ly to conf9e ! "w4 ,b ?is deviation seem$ imp]ative = ! reason t "s critics are s prejudic$ t ev5 seem+ly self-evid5t tru?s are n compreh5d$ by !m4 ,i may be prejudic$ 9 my own way1 b v frequ5tly ,i h wond]$ h[ completely & h[ wret*$ly "s p c be made ! prey ( self-delusion4 ,! doctr9al hi/ory ( ,mahyna ,buddhism is v little kn[n to ,occid5tal s*ol>s4 ,?is is ma9ly due to ! inaccessibility ( mat]ial :i* is l>gely writt5 9 ! ,*9ese tongue1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( languages = =eign]s to ma/]4 ,9 ?is age ( lib]al culture1 x is a great pity t s few ( ! preci\s /ones conta9$ 9 ! religion ( ,buddha are obta9able by ,we/]n p4 ,human nature is ess5tially ! same ! _w ov]1 & vii :5ev] & :]ev] conditions mature we see ! same spiritual ph5om5a2 & ?is fact ev] /r5g!ns our fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( tru? & 9 ! ultimate reign ( lov+k9dness4 ,x is my s9c]e desire t 9 s f> z my intellectual atta9m5t p]mits ,i %all be all[$ to pursue my /udy & to %>e my f9d+s ) my fell[-be+s4 ,9 conclud+ ?is prelude1 ! au?or wi%es to say t ?is little book is pres5t$ to ! public ) a full k ( its _m defects1 to revise :i* he w n fail to make use ( e opportunity (f]$ him4 _/,daisetz ,t4 ,suzuki_/4 viii ,,cont5ts4 ix ,preface ,introduction 7#a7 ,! ,mahyna & ,hnayna ,buddhism4 ,:y ! ,two ,doctr9es8--,! ,orig9al ,mean+ ( ,mahyna4--,an ,old] ,classification ( ,buddhi/s4--,mahyna ,buddhism def9$4 7#b7 ,is ! ,mahyna ,buddhism ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ,buddha8 ,no ,life ,)\t ,gr[?4--,mahynism a ,liv+ ,religion4 7#c7 ,"s ,mis/atem5ts ab\t ! ,mahynism4 ,:y ,inju/ice ,done to ,buddhism4--,examples ( ,inju/ice4--,moni] ,moni]-,williams4--,beal4--,waddell4 7#d7 ,! ,significance ( ,religion4 ,no ,reveal$ ,religion4--,! ,my/]y4--,intellect & ,imag9ation4--,! ,cont5ts ( ,fai? v>y4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,g5]al ,*>act]isation ( ,buddhism4 ,no ,god & ,no ,s\l4--,k>ma4--,avidy4--,non-tman4--,! ,non-tmanness ( ,?+s4--,dh>makya4--,nirvna4--,intellectu al ,t5d5cy ( ,buddhism4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,hi/orical ,*>act]isation ( ,mahynism4 ,/hiramati's ,conception ( ,mahynism4--,sev5 ,pr9cipal ,features ( ,mahynism4--,t5 ,ess5tial ,features ( ,mahynism4 x ,speculative ,mahynism4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,practice & ,speculation4 ,relation ( ,feel+ & ,intellect4--,buddhism & ,speculation4--,religion & ,metaphysics4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,classification ( ,k4 ,?ree ,=ms ( ,k4--,illusion4--,relative ,k4--,absolute ,k4--,_w-,views f\nd$ on ! ?ree ,=ms ( ,k4--,two ,=ms ( ,k4--,transc5d5tal ,tru? & ,relative ,und]/&+4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,bhtata?t 7,su*ness74 ,indef9ability4--,! 8,?undr\s ,sil5ce40--,su*ness ,condition$4--,que/ions ,defy+ ,solution4--,! ,!ory ( ,ignorance4--,dualism & ,moral ,evil4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,ta?gata-,g>bha & ! laya-vijnna4 ,! ,g>bha & ,ignorance4--,! laya-vijna & its ,evolution4--,! ,manas4--,! ,smkhya ,philosophy & ,mahynism4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,!ory ( ,non-tman or ,non-ego4 tman4--,buddha's ,fir/ ,l9e ( ,inquiry4--,! ,sk&ha4--,k+ ,mil9da & ,ngas5a4--,an&a's ,attempts to ,locate ! ,s\l4--tman & ! 8,old ,man40--,! ,v$ntic ,conception4--,ngrjuna on ! ,s\l4--,non-tman-ness ( ,?+s4--,svabhva4--,! ,real ,significance ( ,empt9ess4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,k>ma4 ,def9ition4--,! ,work+ ( ,k>ma4--,k>ma & ,social inju/ice4--,an ,individuali/ic ,view ( ,k>ma4--,k>ma & ,det]m9ism4--,! ,matur+ ( ,good ,/ock & ! ,accumulation ( ,good ,m]its4--,immortality4 xi ,practical ,mahynism4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,dh>makya4 ,god4--,dh>makya4--,dh>makya z ,religi\s ,object4--,m ,detail$ ,*>act]isation4--,! ,dh>makya & ,individual ,be+s4--,! ,dh>makya z ,love4--,lat] ,mahyni/s' ,view ( ! ,dh>makya4--,! ,fre$om ( ! ,dh>makya4--,! ,w ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,trikya4 ,! ,human & ! ,sup]-human ,buddha4--,an ,hi/orical ,view4--,:o 0 ,buddha8--,! ,trikya z ,expla9$ 9 ! ,suv>na-,prabh4--,revelation 9 ,all ,/ages ( ,culture4--,! ,sambhogakya4--,a ,m]e ,subjective ,exi/5ce4--,attitude ( ,mod]n ,mahyni/s4--,recapitulation4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,bodhisattva4 ,! ,?ree ,ynas4--,/rict ,individualism4--,! ,doctr9e ( ,p>iv>ta4--,bodhisattva 9 8,primitive0 ,buddhism4--,we are all ,bodhisattvas4--,! ,buddha's ,life4--,! ,bodhisattva & ,love4--,! ,mean+ ( ,bodhi & ,bodhicitta4--,love & ,k>un4--,ngrjuna & ,/hiramati on ,bodhicitta4--,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,bodhicitta4--,! ,bodhisattva's ,pranidhna4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,t5 ,/ages ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,gradation 9 our ,spiritual ,life4--,pramudit4--,vimal4--,prabhk>4 --,arcismat4--,sudurjan4--,abhimukh4--,d rangam4--,acal4--,sdhumat4 --,dh>mamegh4 xii ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,nirvna4 ,nihili/ic ,nirvna n ! ,fir/ ,object4--,nirvna is ,positive4--,! ,mahyni/ic ,conception ( ,nirvna4--,nirvna z ! ,dh>makya4--,nirvna 9 its ,f\r? ,s5se4--,nirvna & ,samsra are ,"o4--,! ,middle ,c\rse4--,h[ to ,realise ,nirvna4--,love ,awak5s ,intellig5ce4--,conclusion4 ,app5dix1 ,hymns ( ,mahyna ,fai?4 ,index4 ,endnotes4 ,,introduction4 #a #a4 ,,! ,,mah,y,,na ,,& ,,! ,h,,nay,,na ,,buddhism4 _/,!_/ t]ms 8,mahyna0 & 8,hnayna0 may s\nd unfamili> to mo/ ( our read]s1 p]haps ev5 to ^? :o h devot$ "s "t to ! /udy ( ,buddhism4 ,!y h hi!rto be5 induc$ to believe t !re is b "o =m ( ,buddhism1 & t !re exi/s no su* di/9ction z ,mahynism & ,hnaynism4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are div]se s*ools 9 ,buddhism j z 9 o!r religi\s sy/ems4 ,x is said t1 )9 a few hundr$ ye>s aft] ! demise ( ,buddha1 !re 7 m ?an tw5ty diff]5t s*ools1#a all claim+ #b to be ! or?odox tea*+ ( _! ma/]4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 seem to h vani%$ into insignificance "o aft] ano!r1 :5 !re arose a new s*ool q diff]5t 9 its g5]al con/itution f its pr$ecessors1 b f> m important 9 its significance z a religi\s movem5t4 ,?is new s*ool or r sy/em made itself s prom95t 9 ! meantime z to /& di/9ctly alone f all ! o!r s*ools1 :i* lat] became a class by itself4 ,ess5tially1 x taught ev]y?+ t 0 consid]$ to be ,buddhi/ic1 b x 0 v compreh5sive 9 its pr9ciple & me?od & scope4 ,&1 by reason ( ?is1 ,buddhism 0 n[ split into two great sy/ems1 ,mahynism & ,hnaynism1 ! latt] indiscrim9ately includ+ all ! m9or s*ools :i* prec$$ ,mahynism 9 _! =mal e/abli%m5t4 ,broadly speak+1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mahynism & ,hnaynism is ?is3 ,mahynism is m lib]al & progressive1 b 9 _m respects too metaphysical & full ( speculative ?\ghts t frequ5tly rea* a dazzl+ em95ce3 ,hnaynism1 on ! o!r h&1 is some:at cons]vative & may be consid]$ 9 _m po9ts to be a rationali/ic e?ical sy/em simply4 ,mahyna lit]ally means 8great vehicle0 & ,hnayna 8small or inf]ior vehicle10 t is1 ( salvation4 ,?is di/9ction is recognis$ only by ! foll[]s ( ,mahynism1 because x 0 by !m t ! unwelcome title ( ,hnaynism 0 giv5 to _! rival bre?r51--?9k+ t !y 7 m progressive #c & _h a m assimilat+ en]gy ?an ! latt]4 ,! adh]5ts ( ,hnaynism1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 refus$ to sanction ! ,mahyni/ doctr9e z ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ,buddha1 & insi/$ t !re c\ld n be any o!r ,buddhism ?an _! own1 to !m naturally ! ,mahyna sy/em 0 a sort ( h]esy4 ,geographically1 ! progressive s*ool ( ,buddhism f\nd its support]s 9 ,nepal1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1 ,corea1 & ,japan1 :ile ! cons]vative s*ool e/abli%$ itself 9 ,ceylon1#b ,siam1 & ,burma4 ,h5ce ! ,mahyna & ! ,hnayna are also kn[n respectively ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,buddhism4 ,en passant1 let me rem>k t ?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n q correct1 = we h "s #d s*ools 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 ^: equival5t or c\nt]p>t _c be f\nd 9 ! s-call$ ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 t is1 ,buddhism fl\ri%+ 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,= in/ance1 we d n h 9 ,nepal or 9 ,tibet any?+ l ! ,sukhvat sects ( ,japan or ,*9a4 ,( c\rse1 ! g5]al ess5tial ideas ( ! ,sukhvat philosophy are f\nd 9 ! stra lit]ature z well z 9 ! writ+s ( su* au?ors z ,avaghoa1 ,asanga1 & ,ngrjuna4 ,b ^? ideas 7 n develop$ & made into a new sect z !y 7 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!re=e1 x may be m prop] to divide ,buddhism into ?ree1 in/ead ( two1 geographical sections3 ,s\!rn1 ,nor!rn1 & ,ea/]n4 ,:y ! two ,doctr9es8 ,9 spite ( ?is di/9ction1 ! two s*ools1 ,hnaynism & ,mahynism1 are no m ?an two ma9 issues ( "o orig9al s\rce1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ by kyamuni2 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 we f9d _m common traits :i* are ess5tial to bo? ( !m4 ,! _s t animat$ ! inn]mo/ he>t ( ,buddha is p]ceptible 9 ,s\!rn z well z 9 ,nor!rn ,buddhism4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n radical or qualitative z imag9$ by "s4 ,x is due1 on ! "o h&1 to a g5]al unfold+ ( ! religi\s consci\sness & a con/ant broad5+ ( ! intellectual horizon1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! cons]vative ef=ts to lit]ally pres]ve ! mona/ic rules & traditions4 ,bo? s*ools />t$ ) ! same _s1 pursu+ ! #e same c\rse4 ,b aft] a :ile "o did n feel any necessity = broad5+ ! _s ( ! ma/] & adh]$ to 8 words z lit]ally z possible2 :il/ ! o!r1 actuat$ by a lib]al & compreh5sive _s1 has drawn n\ri%m5ts f all available s\rces1 9 ord] to unfold ! g]ms 9 ! orig9al sy/em t 7 vigor\s & g5]ative4 ,^! div]se incl9ations among primitive ,buddhi/s naturally l$ to ! diss5sion ( ,mahynism & ,hnaynism4 ,we _c "h ent] into any detail$ acc\nts z to :at ext]nal & int]nal =ces 7 act+ 9 ! body ( ,buddhism to produce ! ,mahyna sy/em1 or z to h[ gradually x unfold$ itself s z to absorb & assimilate all ! discordant ?\ghts t came 9 contact ) x4 ,suffice x to /ate & answ] 9 g5]al t]ms ! "q :i* is frequ5tly ask$ by ! un9itiat$3 8,:y did "o ,buddhism ev] all[ itself to be diff]5tiat$ into two sy/ems1 :i* are app>5tly 9 contradiction 9 m ?an "o po9t ) ea* o!r80 ,9 o!r words1 8,h[ c !re be two ,buddhisms equally repres5t+ ! true doctr9e ( ! f\nd]80 ,! reason is pla9 en\gh4 ,! tea*+s ( a great religi\s f\nd] are z a rule v g5]al1 compreh5sive1 & _m-sid$3 &1 !re=e1 !re are great possibilities 9 !m to all[ v>i\s lib]al int]pretations by 8 disciples4 ,& x is on ?is v acc\nt ( compreh5siv5ess t enables foll[]s ( div]se ne$s1 *>act]s1 & tra9+s to #f satisfy _! spiritual appetite univ]sally & sev]ally ) ! tea*+s ( _! ma/]4 ,?is compreh5siv5ess1 h[ev]1 is n due to ! int5tional use by ! lead] ( ambigu\s t]ms1 nor is x due to ! obscurity & confusion ( 8 own conceptions4 ,! initiator ( a movem5t1 spiritual z well z intellectual1 has no "t to ?9k out all its possible details & consequ5ces4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5t is und]/ood by ! contempor>ies & ! f\ndation ( x is solidly laid d[n1 8 own "p z initiator is accompli%$2 & ! rema9d] c safely be left ov] to 8 successors4 ,! latt] w take up ! "w & c>ry x out 9 all its p>ticul>s1 :ile mak+ all necess>y alt]ations & ameliorations accord+ to circum/ances4 ,!re=e1 ! rle to be play$ by ! orig9ator is necess>ily indef9ite & compreh5sive4 ,kant1 = in/ance1 z promot] ( ,g]man philosophy1 has become ! fa!r ( su* div]se philosophical sy/ems z ,jacobi's1 ,fi*te's1 ,hegel's1 ,s*op5hau]'s1 etc41 :ile ea* ( !m endeavor$ to develop "s po9ts indef9itely or cov]tly or indirectly /at$ by ,kant himself4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 z in/igator ( a revolution>y movem5t aga9/ ,judaism1 did n h any /]eotyp$ !ological doctr9es1 su* z 7 e/abli%$ lat] by ,*ri/ian doctors4 ,! indef9it5ess ( 8 views 0 s app>5t t x caus$ ev5 among 8 p]sonal disciples a sort ( diss5sion1 :ile a majority ( 8 disciples *]i%$ a vision>y hope = ! adv5t #g ( a div9e k+dom on e>?4 ,b ^? ext]nalities :i* are doom$ to pass1 d n prev5t ! _s ( ! movem5t once awak5$ by a great lead] f gr[+ m p[]ful & noble4 ,! same ?+ c be said ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha4 ,:at he inspir$ 9 8 foll[]s 0 ! _s ( t religi\s sy/em :i* is n[ kn[n z ,buddhism4 ,guid$ by ?is _s1 8 foll[]s sev]ally develop$ 8 tea*+s z requir$ by _! special ne$s & circum/ances1 f9ally giv+ bir? to ! di/9ction ( ,mahynism & ,hnaynism4 ,! ,orig9al ,mean+ ( ,mahyna4 ,! t]m ,mahyna 0 fir/ us$ to designate ! highe/ pr9ciple1 or be+1 or k1 ( :i* ! univ]se ) all its s5ti5t & non-s5ti5t be+s is a manife/ation1 & ?r\gh :i* only !y c atta9 f9al salvation 7moka or nirvna74 ,mahyna 0 n ! "n giv5 to any religi\s doctr9e1 nor _h x any?+ to d ) doctr9al controv]sy1 ?\gh lat] x 0 s utilis$ by ! progressive p>ty4 ,avaghoa1 ! fir/ ,mahyna exp\nd] kn[n to u1--liv+ ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/1--us$ ! t]m 9 8 religio-philosophical book call$ ,disc\rse on ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 9 ! ,mahyna#c z synonym\s ) ,bhtata?t1 or ,dh>maky1#d ! #h highe/ pr9ciple ( ,mahynism4 ,he lik5$ ! recognition (1 & fai? 91 ?is highe/ be+ & pr9ciple into a conveyance :i* w c>ry u safely across ! tempe/u\s ocean ( bir? & dea? 7samsra7 to ! et]nal %ore ( ,nirvna4 ,soon aft] him1 h[ev]1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! two s*ools ( ,buddhism1 cons]vatives & progressioni/s z we might call !m1 became m & m pron\nc$2 & :5 x rea*$ its climax :i* 0 mo/ probably 9 ! times ( ,ngrjuna & ryadeva1 i4e41 a few c5turies aft] ,avaghoa1 ! progressive p>ty +5i\sly inv5t$ ! t]m ,hnayna 9 contra/ to ,mahyna1 ! latt] hav+ be5 adopt$ by !m z ! wat*word ( _! own s*ool4 ,! ,hnayni/s & ! ,tr?akas#e !n 7 sweep+ly condemn$ by ! ,mahyni/s z inadequate to a*ieve a univ]sal salvation ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,an ,old] ,classification ( ,buddhi/s4 ,be=e ! di/9ction ( ,mahyni/s & ,hnayni/s became def9ite1 t is to say1 at ! "t ( ,ngrjuna or ev5 be=e x1 ^? ,buddhi/s :o held a m progressive & broad] view tri$ to di/+ui% ?ree ynas among ! foll[]s ( ! ,buddha1 viz41 ,bodhisattva-yna1 ,pratyekabuddha-yna1 & rvaka-yna2 yna be+ ano!r "n = class4 #i ,! ,bodhisattva is t class ( ,buddhi/s :o1 believ+ 9 ! ,bodhi 7intellig5ce or wisdom71 :i* is a reflection ( ! ,dh>makya 9 ! human s\l1 direct all _! spiritual en]gy t[>d realis+ & develop+ x = ! sake ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,! ,pratyekabuddha is a 8solit>y ?9k]0 or a philosoph]1 :o1 retir+ into solitude & calmly contemplat+ on ! evanesc5ce ( worldly pleasures1 endeavors to atta9 8 own salvation1 b rema9s unconc]n$ ) ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-be+s4 ,religi\sly consid]$1 a ,pratyekabuddha is cold1 impassive1 egoti/ic1 & lacks love = all mank9d4 ,! rvaka :i* means 8he>]0 is inf]ior 9 ! e/imate ( ,mahyni/s ev5 to ! ,pratyekabuddha1 = he does n possess any intellect t enables him to ?9k indep5d5tly & to f9d out by himself ! way to f9al salvation4 ,be+ end[$1 h[ev]1 ) a pi\s he>t1 he is will+ to li/5 to ! in/ructions ( ! ,buddha1 to believe 9 him1 to obs]ve fai?fully all ! moral precepts giv5 by him1 & re/s fully cont5t$ )9 ! n>r[ horizon ( 8 m$iocre intellect4 ,to a fur!r elucidation ( ,bodhisattvahood & its important be>+s 9 ! ,mahyna ,buddhism1 we devote a special *apt] bel[4 ,= ,mahynism is no m ?an ! ,buddhism ( ,bodhisattvas1 :ile ! ,pratyekabuddhas & ! rvakas are consid]$ by ,mahyni/s to be adh]5ts ( ,hnaynism4 #aj ,! ,mahyna ,buddhism ,def9$4 ,we c n[ =m a some:at def9ite notion z to :at ! ,mahyna ,buddhism is4 ,x is ! ,buddhism :i*1 inspir$ by a progressive _s1 broad5$ its orig9al scope1 s f> z x did n contradict ! inn] significance ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha1 & :i* assimilat$ o!r religio-philosophical beliefs )9 itself1 :5ev] x felt t1 by s do+1 p ( m widely diff]5t *>act]s & intellectual end[m5ts c\ld be sav$4 ,let u be satisfi$ at pres5t ) ?is /atem5t1 until we ent] into a m detail$ exposition ( its doctr9al peculi>ities 9 ! pages t foll[4 ,x may n be out ( place1 :ile pass+1 to rem>k t ! t]m ,mahynism is us$ 9 ?is "w m]ely 9 contradi/9ction to t =m ( ,buddhism1 :i* is fl\ri%+ 9 ,ceylon & ,burma & o!r c5tral ,asiatic nations1 & ^: lit]ature is pr9cipally writt5 9 ! language call$ ,pli1 :i* comes f ! same /ock z ,sanskrit4 ,! t]m 8,mahyna0 does n imply1 z x is us$ "h1 any s5se ( sup]iority ov] ! ,hnayna4 ,:5 ! hi/orical aspect ( ,mahynism is treat$1 x may naturally develop t its ov]-zeal\s & "o-sid$ devotees unnecess>ily emphasis$ its controv]sial & dogmatical phase at ! sacrifice ( its true _s2 b ! read] mu/ n ?9k t ?is "w has any?+ to d ) ^? complications4 ,9 fact1 ,mahynism pr(esses to be a b\ndless ocean 9 :i* all =m #aa ( ?\ght & fai? c f9d its cong5ial & welcome home2 :y !n %\ld we make x militate aga9/ its own fell[-doctr9e1 ,hnaynism8 #b4 ,,is ,,! ,,mah,y,,na ,,buddhism ,,! ,,g5u9e ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,buddha8 ,:at is g5]ally kn[n to ! ,we/]n nations by ! "n ( ,buddhism is ,hnaynism1 ^: scriptures z above /at$ are writt5 9 ,pli & /udi$ mo/ly 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma1 & ,siam4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is language t ! fir/ k ( ,buddhism 0 acquir$ by ,ori5tali/s2 & naturally !y came to reg>d ,hnaynism or ,s\!rn ,buddhism z ! only g5u9e tea*+s ( ! ,buddha4 ,!y insi/$1 & "s ( !m /ill insi/1 t to h an adequate & ?or\gh k ( ,buddhism1 !y mu/ conf9e !mselves solely to ! /udy ( ! ,pli1 t :atev] may be le>n$ f o!r s\rces1 i4e41 f ! ,sanskrit1 ,tibetan1 or ,*9ese docum5ts %\ld be consid]$ z ?r[+ only a side-light on ! reliable in=mation obta9$ f ! ,pli1 & fur!r t ! k d]iv$ f ! =m] %\ld 9 c]ta9 cases be disc>d$ z acc\nts ( a deg5]at$ =m ( ,buddhism4 ,ow+ to ^! un=tunate hypo!ses1 ! significance ( ,mahynism z a liv+ religion has be5 entirely ignor$2 & ev5 ^? :o are reg>d$ z be/ au?orities on ! subject appe> greatly mis9=m$ &1 :at is worse1 altoge!r prejudic$4 #ab ,no ,life ,)\t ,gr[?4 ,?is is v unfair on ! "p ( ! critics1 because :at religion is !re 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d t has n made any developm5t :atev]1 t has rema9$ ! same1 l ! granite1 ?r\gh\t its entire c\rse8 ,let u ask :e!r !re is any religion :i* has %[n "s signs ( vitality & yet reta9$ its primitive =m intact & unmodifi$ 9 e respect4 ,is n *angeabl5ess1 t is1 susceptibility to irritation ! mo/ ess5tial sign ( vitality8 ,e organism gr[s1 :i* means a *ange 9 "s way or o!r4 ,!re is no =m ( life to be f\nd any:]e on e>?1 t does n gr[ or *ange1 or t has n any inh]5t p[] ( adju/+ itself to ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,take1 = example1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,is ,prote/antism ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 or does ,ca?olicism repres5t 8 true _s8 ,jesus himself did n h any def9ite notion ( ,tr9ity doctr9e1 nor did he propose any sugge/ion = ritualism4 ,accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 he appe>s to h *]i%$ a r immature conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god ?an a purely ideal "o z conceiv$ by ,paul1 & 8 p]sonal disciples :o 7 j z illit]ate philosophically z ! ma/] himself 7 anxi\sly wait+ 9 all probability = its mundane realisation4 ,b :at ,*ri/ians1 ,ca?olics or ,prote/ants1 9 ^! days ( enlight5m5t1 w\ld d>e #ac give a lit]al explanation to ?is mat]ial conception ( ! com+ k+dom8 ,aga91 ?9k ( ,jesus's view on m>riage & social life4 ,is x n an e/abli%$ fact t he highly advocat$ celibacy & 9 ! case ( m>ri$ p /rict cont95ce1 & also t he greatly favor$ pi\s pov]ty & asceticism 9 g5]al8 ,9 ^! respects1 ! monks ( ! ,m$ieval ,ages & ! ,ca?olic prie/s ( ! pres5t day 7?\gh ,i _c say !y are ascetic & poor 9 _! liv+7 mu/ be said to be 9 m accord ) ! tea*+ ( ! ma/] ?an _! ,prote/ant bre?r54 ,b :at ,prote/ants w\ld s]i\sly v5ture to def5d all ^? views ( ,jesus1 9 spite ( _! av[$ decl>ation t !y are s9c]ely foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( _! ,"l8 ,tak+ all 9 all1 ^! contradictions d n prev5t !m1 ,prote/ants z well z ,ca?olics1 f call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians & ev5 good1 pi\s1 devot$ ,*ri/ians1 z long z !y are consci\sly or unconsci\sly animat$ by ! same _s1 t 0 burn+ 9 ! son ( ! c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?1 an obscure village ( ,galilee1 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! same mode ( reason+ holds good 9 ! case ( ,mahynism1 & x w\ld be absurd to insi/ on ! g5u95ess ( ,hnaynism at ! exp5se ( ! =m]4 ,take = grant$ t ! ,mahyna s*ool ( ,buddhism conta9s "s elem5ts absorb$ f o!r ,indian religio-philosophical sy/ems2 b :at ( x8 ,is n ,*ri/ianity also an amalgamation1 #ad s to speak1 ( ,jewi%1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,babylonian1 ,egyptian1 & o!r pagan ?\ghts8 ,9 fact e heal?y & en]getic religion is hi/orical1 9 ! s5se t1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 x has adapt$ itself to ! ev]-*ang+ environm5t1 & has assimilat$ )9 itself v>i\s elem5ts :i* appe>$ at fir/ ev5 ?reat5+ its own exi/5ce4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 ?is process ( assimilation1 adaptation1 & modification has be5 go+ on f its v beg9n+4 ,z ! result1 we see 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( to-day its orig9al type s metamorphos$1 s f> z its outw>d appe>ance is conc]n$1 t nobody w\ld n[ take x = a fai?ful copy ( ! prototype4 ,mahynism a ,liv+ ,fai?4 ,s ) ,mahynism4 ,:atev] *anges x has made dur+ its hi/orical evolution1 its _s & c5tral ideas are all ^? ( its f\nd]4 ,! "q :e!r or n x is g5u9e1 entirely dep5ds on our int]pretation ( ! t]m 8g5u9e40 ,if we take x to mean ! lifeless pres]vation ( ! orig9al1 we %\ld say t ,mahynism is n ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ! ,buddha1 & we may add t ,mahyni/s w\ld be pr\d ( ! fact1 because be+ a liv+ religi\s =ce x w\ld nev] condesc5d to be ! corpse ( a by-gone fai?4 ,! fossils1 h[ev] fai?fully pres]v$1 are no?+ b rigid inorganic sub/ances f :i* life is =ev] dep>t$4 #ae ,mahynism is f> f ?is2 x is an ev]-gr[+ fai? & ready 9 all times to ca/ (f its old g>m5ts z soon z !y are worn out4 ,b its _s orig9ally inspir$ by ! 8,tea*] ( ,m5 & ,gods0 7/adevamanuynam7 is mo/ jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ pollution & deg5]ation4 ,!re=e1 z f> z its _s is conc]n$1 !re is no room left to d\bt its g5u95ess2 & ^? :o desire to h a complete survey ( ,buddhism _c ignore ! significance ( ,mahynism4 ,x is naught b an idle talk to "q ! hi/orical value ( an organism1 :i* is n[ full ( vitality & active 9 all its functions1 & to treat x l an ar*eological object1 dug out f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 or l a piece ( bric--brac1 discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( an anci5t royal palace4 ,mahynism is n an object ( hi/orical curiosity4 ,its vitality & activity conc]n u 9 our daily life4 ,x is a great spiritual organism2 its moral & religi\s =ces are /ill ex]cis+ an enorm\s p[] ov] millions ( s\ls2 & its fur!r developm5t is sure to be a v valuable contribution to ! _w-progress ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,:at does x matt]1 !n1 :e!r or n ,mahynism is ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ! ,buddha8 ,"h is an in/ance ( mo/ flagrant contradictions pres5t 9 our m9ds1 b ( :i* we are n consci\s on acc\nt ( our preconceiv$ ideas4 ,*ri/ian critics vigor\sly insi/ on ! g5u95ess ( _! own religion1 :i* is no m ?an a #af hybrid1 at lea/ outw>dly2 b !y want to condemn _! rival religion z deg5]at$1 because x w5t ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t l !irs4 ,x is ( no practical use to tr\ble ) ?is nons5sical "q1--! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ,mahynism1 :i* by ! way is frequ5tly rais$ by outsid]s z well z by "s un5light5$ ,buddhi/s !mselves4 #c4 ,,"s ,,mis/atem5ts ,,ab\t ,,! ,,mah,y,,na ,,doctr9es4 ,be=e ent]+ fully into ! subject prop] ( ?is "w1 let u glance ov] "s errone\s op9ions ab\t ! ,mahyna doctr9es1 :i* are held by "s ,we/]n s*ol>s1 & naturally by all un9itiat$ read]s1 :o are l ! bl9d l$ by ! bl9d4 ,x may n be altoge!r a sup]flu\s "w to give !m a pass+ review 9 ?is *apt] & to %[ broadly :at ,mahynism is n4 ,:y ,inju/ice is done to ,buddhism4 ,! p :o h _h _! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts habitually tra9$ by "o p>ticul> set ( religi\s dogmas1 frequ5tly misjudge ! value ( ^? ?\ghts t are /range & unfamili> to !m4 ,we may call ?is class ( p bigots or religi\s en?usia/s4 ,!y may h f9e religi\s & moral s5tim5ts z f> z _! own religi\s tra9+ goes2 b1 :5 exam9$ f a broad] po9t ( view1 !y are to a great ext5t vitiat$ #ag ) prejudices1 sup]/itions1 & fanatical beliefs1 :i*1 s9ce *ildhood1 h be5 pump$ into _! receptive m9ds1 be=e !y 7 suffici5tly develop$ & c\ld =m indep5d5t judgm5ts4 ,?is fact s mis]ably spoils _! purity ( s5tim5t & obscures _! transp>5cy ( intellect1 t !y are disqualifi$ to p]ceive & appreciate :atev] is good & true & beautiful 9 ! s-call$ hea!n religions4 ,?is is ! ma9 reason :y ^? ,*ri/ian mission>ies are incapable ( rightly und]/&+ ! _s ( religion g5]ally--,i mean1 ^? mission>ies :o come to ! ,ea/ to sub/itute "o set ( sup]/itions = ano!r4 ,?is /rong g5]al indictm5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 h[ev]1 is by no means prompt$ by any p>tisan _s4 ,my desire1 on ! contr>y1 is to d ju/ice to ^? ?\ghts & s5tim5ts t h be5 work+ consci\sly or unconsci\sly 9 ! human m9d f "t immemorial & %all "w on till ! day ( ! la/ judgm5t1 if !re ev] be su* a day4 ,to see :at ^! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts are1 :i*1 by ! way1 con/itute ! k]nel ( e religion1 we mu/ )\t any reluctance ?r[ (f all ! prejudices we are liable to *]i%1 ?\gh q unkn[+ly2 & keep+ always 9 view :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 ! religi\s consci\sness1 we mu/ n conf\nd x ) its accessories1 :i* are doom$ to die 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 #ah ,examples ( ,inju/ice4 ,z specim5 ( inju/ice done to ! ,mahyna ,buddhism by ,*ri/ian critics1 we quote ! foll[+ passages f ,moni]-,william's ,buddhism1 ,waddell's ,buddhism 9 ,tibet1 & ,samuel ,beal's ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 all ( :i* are repres5tative works ea* 9 its own field4 ,moni] ,moni]-,williams4 ,moni] ,moni]-,williams is a well-kn[n au?ority on ,sanskrit lit]ature1 & 8 works 9 ?is dep>tm5t w long rema9 z a valuable contribution to human k4 ,b1 un=tunately1 z soon z he attempts to ent] ! doma9 ( religi\s controv]sy1 8 intellect becomes pite\sly obscur$ by 8 preconceiv$ ideas4 ,he ?9ks1 = in/ance1 t ! pr9cipal feature ( ,mahynism consi/s m]ely 9 amplify+ ! numb] ( ,bodhisattvas1 :o are cont5t$1 accord+ to 8 view1 ) _! 8p]petual resid5ce 9 ! heav5s1 & q will+ to put (f all desires = ,buddhahood & ,p>9irvana40 7,p4 #aij47 ,?is rem>k is s absurd t x w at once be reject$ by any "o :o has a fir/-h& k ( ! ,mahyna sy/em1 z ev5 unwor?y ( refutation1 b ,moni]-,williams takes special pa9s to give to 8 *>act]isation ( ! ,mahyna doctr9e a %[ ( rational explanation4 8,( c\rse10 says he1 8m5 in/9ctively recoil$ f utt] self-annihilation1 #ai & s ! ,buddha's foll[]s end$ 9 *ang+ ! true idea ( ,nirvana & conv]t+ x f a condition ( non-exi/5ce into a /ate ( lazy beatitude 9 cele/ial regions 7671 :ile !y enc\rag$ all m5--:e!r monks or laym5--to make a s5se ( dreamy bliss 9 ,heav5 7671 & n total ext9ction ( life1 ! end ( all _! ef=ts40 7,p4 #aef47 ,?is view ( ! ,buddhi/ heav5 z int]pret$ by ,moni]-,williams is no?+ b ! conception ( ! ,*ri/ian heav5 color$ ) paganism4 ,no?+ is m =eign to ,buddhi/s ?an ?is di/+ui%$ ,sankriti/'s int]pretation ( cele/ial exi/5ce4 ,! life ( devas 7cele/ial be+s7 is j z mu* subject to ! law ( bir? & dea? z t ( m5 on e>?4 ,:at consolation w\ld !re be = ! ,mahyni/s /riv+ aft] ! highe/ pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 only to f9d !mselves transmigrat$ to a cele/ial abode1 t is also full ( sorr[s & suff]+s8 ,always work+ = ! welf>e ( _! fell[-creatures1 ! ,bodhisattvas nev] desire any e>?ly or heav5ly happ9ess = !mselves4 ,:atev] m]its1 accord+ to ! law ( k>ma1 !re be /or$ up = _! good "w1 !y d n h any wi% to enjoy !m by !mselves1 b !y w h all ^! m]its turn$ ov] 7p>iv>ta7 to ! int]e/s ( _! fell[-be+s4 ,?is is ! ideal ( ,bodhisattvas1 i4e41 ( ! foll[]s ( ,mahynism4 #bj ,beal4 ,samuel ,beal :o is consid]$ by ,we/]n s*ol>s to be an au?ority on ,*9ese ,buddhism1 ref]r+ to ! ,mahyna conception ( ,dh>makya1#f says 9 8 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a 7p4 #aef73 8,we c h little d\bt1 !n1 t f e>ly days wor%ip 0 (f]$ by ,buddhi/s at sev]al spots1 consecrat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ,tea*]1 to an invisible pres5ce4 ,?is pres5ce 0 =mulat$ by ! lat] ,buddhi/s "u ! phrase1 #8! ,body ( ! ,law'1 ,dh>makya40 ,!n1 allud+ to ,buddha's in/ruction t says aft] 8 ,p>9irvana ! ,law giv5 by him %\ld be reg>d$ z himself1 ,beal proce$s to say3 8,"h 0 ! g]m f :i* proce$$ ! idea or =mula ( an invisible pres5ce3 tea*+ & p[] ( ! ,law 7,dh>ma7 repres5t$ ! ,dh>makya or ,law-,body ( ,buddha1 pres5t ) ! ord]1 & fit = rev]5ce40 ,to int]pret ,dh>makya z ! ,body ( ! ,law is q inadequate & mislead+4 ,to ! ,hnayni/s1 !re is no?+ beside ! ,tripitaka z ! object ( rev]5ce1 &1 !re=e1 ! notion ( ! ,body ( ! ,law has no mean+ to !m4 ,! idea #ba is di/9ctly ,mahyni/ic1 b ,beal is n well in=m$ ab\t its real significance z und]/ood by ! ,buddhi/s4 ,! *ief reason ( 8 mis9t]pretation1 z ,i judge1 lies 9 8 r5d]+ dh>ma by 8law01 :ile dh>ma "h means 8t :i* subsi/s10 or 8t :i* ma9ta9s itself ev5 :5 all ! transi5t modes disappe>10 9 %ort1 8be+10 or 8sub/ance40 ,dh>makya1 !re=e1 w\ld be a sort ( ! ,absolute1 or ,ess5ce-,body ( all ?+s4 ,?is notion plays su* an important rle 9 ,mahynism t an adequate k ( x is indisp5sable to und]/& ! con/itution ( ,mahynism z a religi\s sy/em4 ,waddell4 ,let u /ate "o m case ( misrepres5tation by ,we/]n s*ol>s ( ! ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,waddell1 au?or ( ,buddhism 9 ,tibet1 ref]r+ to ! po9t ( div]g5ce betwe5 ! s-call$ ,nor!rn ,buddhism & ! ,s\!rn1 says 7pp4 #aj-aa73 8,x 0 ! !i/ic ,mahyna doctr9e :i* sub/itut$1 = ! agno/ic idealism & simple morality ( ,buddha1 a speculative !i/ic sy/em ) a my/icism ( sophi/ic nihilism 9 ! backgr\nd40 ,& aga93 8,?is ,mahyna mean+ ,ngrjuna's ,mdhyamika s*ool 0 ess5tially a sophi/ic nihilism1 or r ,p>9irvana1 :ile ceas+ to be ext9ction ( life1 0 conv]t$ a my/ic /ate :i* admitt$ ( no def9ition40 #bb ,x may n be wrong to call ,mahynism a speculative !i/ic sy/em 9 a wide s5se1 b x mu/ be ask$ on :at gr\nd ,waddell ?9ks t x has 9 its backgr\nd 8a my/icism ( sophi/ic nihilism04 ,c\ld a religi\s sy/em be call$ sophi/ry :5 x makes a close inquiry into ! sci5ce ( dialectics1 9 ord] to %[ h[ futile x is to seek salvation ?r\gh ! intellect alone8 ,c\ld a religi\s sy/em be call$ a nihilism :5 x endeavors to rea* ! highe/ reality :i* transc5ds ! ph5om5ality ( concrete individual exi/5ces8 ,c\ld a doctr9e be call$ nihili/ic :5 x def9es ! absolute z nei!r void 7nya7 nor n-void 7anya78 ,i c\ld cull "s m passages f o!r ,buddhi/ s*ol>s ( ! ,we/ & %[ h[ f> ,mahynism has be5 made by !m a subject ( misrepres5tation4 ,b s9ce ?is "w is n a polemic1 b devot$ to a positive exposition ( its basic doctr9es1 ,i refra9 f s do+4 ,suffice x to /ate t "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! inju/ice done to ,buddhism by ! ,*ri/ian critics comes f _! preconceptions1 ( :i* !y may n be aw>e1 b :i* all ! m vitiate _! 8imp>tial0 judgm5ts4 #d4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,religion4 ,^? misconceptions ab\t ,buddhism z above /at$ induce me to digress 9 ?is introductory "p & to say a few words conc]n+ ! di/9ction #bc betwe5 ! =m & ! _s ( religion4 ,a cle> k ( ?is di/9ction w greatly facilitate ! =mation ( a correct notion ab\t ,mahynism & w also help u duly to appreciate its significance z a liv+ religi\s fai?4 ,by ! _s ( religion ,i mean t elem5t 9 religion :i* rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh\t its successive /ages ( developm5t & trans=mation3 :ile ! =m ( x is ! ext]nal %ell :i* is subject to any modification requir$ by circum/ances4 ,no ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,x admits ( no d\bt t religion1 z ev]y?+ else "u ! sun1 is subject to ! laws ( evolution1 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no su* ?+ z a reveal$ religion1 ^: tea*+s are suppos$ to h be5 deliv]$ to u direct f ! h&s ( an an?ropomorphic or an?ropopsy*ic sup]natural be+1 & :i*1 l an inorganic sub/ance1 rema9s =ev] ! same1 )\t *ang+1 )\t gr[+1 )\t modify+ itself 9 accord ) ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,unless p are s bl9d$ by a belief 9 ?is k9d ( religion z to insi/ t its dogmas h suff]$ absolutely no *ange :atev] s9ce its 8revelation10 !y mu/ recognise l e cle>-head$ p]son ! fact t !re are "s ephem]al elem5ts 9 e religion1 :i* mu/ c>efully be di/+ui%$ f its qu9tess5ce :i* rema9s et]nally ! same4 ,:5 ?is discrim9ation is n obs]v$1 prejudice #bd w at once ass]t itself1 induc+ !m to imag9e t ! religion 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght up ) all its tru?s & sup]/itions is ! only or?odox religion 9 ! _w1 & all ! o!r religions are no?+ else ?an hea!nism1 idolatry1 a!ism1 apo/asy1 & ! l4 ,?is attitude ( su* religioni/s1 h[ev]1 s]ves only to betray _! own n>r[ness ( m9d & dimness ( spiritual insight4 ,no "o :o desires to p5etrate into ! inn]mo/ recesses ( ! human he>t & :o longs to feel ! fulle/ mean+ ( life1 %\ld fo/] 9 himself 9 ! lea/ degree a disposition ( bigotry4 ,! ,my/]y4 ,religion is ! inmo/ voice ( ! human he>t t "u ! yoke ( a seem+ly f9ite exi/5ce groans & travails 9 pa94 ,mank9d1 f _! fir/ appe>ance on e>?1 h nev] be5 satisfi$ ) ! f9it5ess & imp]man5cy ( life4 ,!y h always be5 ye>n+ aft] some?+ t w lib]ate !m f ! slav]y ( ?is mortal coil1 or f ! curs$ bondage ( metempsy*osis1 z ,h9du ?9k]s express x4 ,?is some?+1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( its transc5d+ all ! pr9ciples ( sep>ation & individuation1 :i* *>act]ise ! ph5om5a ( ?is mundane exi/5ce1 has always rema9$ z some?+ indef9ite1 inadequate1 *aotic1 & full ( my/]y4 ,&1 accord+ to diff]5t degrees ( intellectual developm5t 9 diff]5t ages & nations1 p h endeavor$ to inve/ ?is #be my/]i\s some?+ ) all sorts ( human feel+s & intellig5ce4 ,mo/ ( mod]n sci5ti/s are n[ cont5t ) ! hypo!sis t ! my/]y is unfa?omable by ! human m9d1 :i* is condition$ by ! law ( relativity1 & t our bus9ess "h1 moral z well z intellectual1 c be execut$ )\t tr\bl+ ourselves ) ?is ev]-haunt+ problem ( my/]y2--?is doctr9e is call$ agno/icism4 ,b ?is hypo!sis c 9 no wise be consid]$ ! f9al s5t5ce pass$ on ! my/]y4 ,f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! maxim ( agno/icism is excell5t1 z sci5ce does n pret5d to v5ture into ! realm ( non-relativity4 ,dissatisfaction1 h[ev]1 pres5ts itself1 :5 we attempt to sil5ce by ?is hypo!sis ! la/ dem& ( ! human he>t4 ,intellect & ,imag9ation4 ,! human he>t is n an intellectual cry/al4 ,:5 ! intellect displays itself 9 its full glory1 ! he>t /ill a*es & /ruggles to get hold ( some?+ beyond4 ,! intellect may sometimes decl>e t x has at la/ laid its h& on :at is dem&$ by ! he>t4 ,"t passes on1 & ! my/]y is exam9$ f ! o!r po9ts t escap$ consid]ation be=e1 &1 to ! great disappo9tm5t ( ! he>t1 ! suppos$ solution is f\nd to be want+4 ,! intellect is baffl$4 ,b ! human he>t nev] gets tir$ ( its ye>n+s & dem&s a satisfaction ev] m press+ly4 ,%\ld !y be consid]$ a m]e nightm>e ( imag9ation8 ,surely #bf n1 = h]e9 lies ! field :]e religion claims supreme au?ority1 & its claim is p]fectly "r4 ,b religion _c fabricate :atev] x pleases2 x mu/ "w 9 p]fect accord ) ! intellect4 ,z ! ess5tial nature ( man does n consi/ solely 9 intellect1 or w1 or feel+1 b 9 ! cord9ation ( ^! psy*ical elem5ts1 religion mu/ gu>d h]self aga9/ ! unre/ra9$ flight ( imag9ation4 ,mo/ ( ! sup]/itions fondly *]i%$ by a pi\s he>t are due to ! disreg>d ( ! intellectual elem5t 9 religion4 ,! imag9ation creates3 ! intellect discrim9ates4 ,creation )\t discrim9ation is wild3 discrim9ation )\t creation is b>r54 ,religion & sci5ce1 :5 !y d n "w ) mutual und]/&+1 are sure to be "o-sid$4 ,! s\l makes an abnormal gr[? at "o po9t1 loses its balance1 & is f9ally giv5 up to a collapse ( ! entire sy/em4 ,^? pi\s religi\s en?usia/s :o see a natural enemy 9 sci5ce & d5\nce x ) all _! en]gy1 are1 9 my op9ion1 z purbl9d & di/ort$ 9 _! view1 z ^? m5 ( sci5ce :o ?9k t sci5ce alone mu/ claim ! :ole field ( s\l-activities z well z ^? ( nature4 ,i am n 9 sympa?y ) ei!r ( !m3 = "o is j z arrogant 9 its claim z ! o!r4 ,)\t a c>eful exam9ation ( bo? sides ( a %ield1 we are n compet5t to give a correct op9ion ^u x4 ,b ! imag9ation is n ! exclusive possession ( religion1 nor is discrim9ation or ratioc9ation ! #bg monopoly ( sci5ce4 ,!y are reciprocal & complem5t>y3 "o _c d any?+ )\t ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & religion is n t betwe5 c]titude & probability4 ,! diff]5ce is r 9 _! respective fields ( activity4 ,sci5ce is solely conc]n$ ) ?+s conditional1 relative1 & f9ite4 ,:5 x expla9s a giv5 ph5om5on by "s fix$ laws :i* are 9 turn no?+ b a g5]alisation ( p>ticul> facts1 ! task ( sci5ce is done1 & any fur!r attempt to g beyond ?is1 i4e41 to make an inquiry into ! :5ce1 :i!r1 & :y ( ?+s1 is beyond its realm4 ,b ! human s\l does n rema9 satisfi$ "h1 x asks = ! ultimate pr9ciple und]ly+ all s-call$ sci5tific laws & hypo!ses4 ,sci5ce is indiff]5t to ! teleology ( ?+s3 a me*anical explanation ( !m appeases its intellectual curiosity4 ,b 9 religion teleology is ( p>am\nt importance1 x is "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal problems1 & a sy/em :i* does n give any def9ite conception on ?is po9t is no religion4 ,sci5ce1 aga91 does n c>e if !re is some?+ beyond or outside its manifold laws & !ories2 b a religion :i* does n possess a ,god or any?+ correspond+ to x1 ceases to be s1 = x fails to give consolation to ! human he>t4 ,! ,cont5ts ( ,fai? v>y4 ,! solution ( religi\s problems1 z f> z !y fall )9 ! sph]e ( relative exp]i5ce1 is l>gely #bh a matt] ( p]sonal conviction1 det]m9$ by "o's intellectual developm5t1 ext]nal circum/ances1 education1 disposition1 etc4 ,! conceptions ( fai? ?us =mulat$ are naturally inf9itely div]sifi$2 ev5 among ! foll[]s ( a c]ta9 def9ite set ( dogmas1 ea* w und]/& !m 9 8 own way1 ow+ to individual peculi>ities4 ,if we c\ld subject _! conceptions ( fai? to a /rict analysis z a *emi/ does 8 mat]ials1 we %\ld detect 9 !m all ! possible =ms ( diff]5tiation4 ,b all ^! ?+s belong to ! ext]ior ( religion & h no?+ to d ) ! ess5tials :i* und]lie !m4 ,! abid+ elem5ts ( religion come f )91 & consi/ ma9ly 9 ! my/]i\s s5tim5t t lies hidd5 9 ! deepe/ dep?s ( ! human he>t1 & t1 :5 awak5$1 %akes ! :ole /ructure ( p]sonality & br+s ab\t a great spiritual revolution1 :i* results 9 a complete *ange ( "o's _w-conception4 ,:5 ?is my/]i\s s5tim5t f9ds expression & =mulates its conceptions 9 ! t]ms ( intellect1 x becomes a def9ite sy/em ( beliefs1 :i* is popul>ly call$ religion1 b :i* %\ld prop]ly be t]m$ dogmatism1 t is1 an intellectualis$ =m ( religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! outw>d =ms ( religion consi/ ( ^? *ang+ elem5ts t are ma9ly det]m9$ by ! intellectual & moral developm5t ( ! times z well z by individual e/hetical feel+s4 ,true ,*ri/ians & enlight5$ ,buddhi/s may1 !re=e1 f9d _! po9t ( agreem5t 9 ! recognition #bi ( ! inmo/ religi\s s5tim5t t con/itutes ! basis ( our be+1 ?\gh ?is agreem5t does by no means prev5t !m f reta9+ _! individuality 9 ! conceptions & expressions ( fai?4 ,my conviction is3 ,if ! ,buddha & ! ,*ri/ *ang$ _! accid5tal places ( bir?1 ,gautama might h be5 a ,*ri/ ris+ aga9/ ! ,jewi% traditionalism1 & ,jesus a ,buddha1 p]haps prop\nd+ ! doctr9e ( non-ego & ,nirvna & ,dh>makya4 ,h[ev] great a man may be1 he _c b be an e*o ( ! _s ( ! times4 ,he nev] /&s1 z is suppos$ by "s1 s alo( & t[]+ above ! masses z to be practically by himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 8he10 z ,em]son says1 8f9ds himself 9 ! riv] ( ! ?\ghts & ev5ts1 =c$ onw>d by ! ideas & necessities ( 8 contempor>ies40 ,s x 0 ) ! ,buddha1 & s ) ! ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 no?+ b ! concrete repres5tatives ( ! ideas & feel+s t 7 /ruggl+ 9 ^? times aga9/ ! e/abli%$ in/itutions1 :i* 7 deg5]at+ fa/ & m5ac$ ! progress ( humanity4 ,b at ! same "t ^? ideas & s5tim5ts 7 ! outbur/ ( ! ,et]nal ,s\l1 :i* occasionally makes a solemn ann\ncem5t ( its w1 ?r\gh great hi/orical figures or ?r\gh great _w-ev5ts4 99 99 99 ,believ+ t a bit ( religio-philosophical exposition z above indulg$ w prep>e ! m9ds ( #cj my ,*ri/ian read]s s9c]ely to take up ! /udy ( a religi\s sy/em o!r ?an _! own1 ,i n[ proce$ to a sy/ematical elucidation ( ! ,mahyna ,buddhism1 z x is believ$ at pres5t 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,*>act]isation ,,( ,,buddhism4 #ca ,no ,god & no ,s\l4 _/,buddhism_/ is consid]$ by "s to be a religion )\t a ,god & )\t a s\l4 ,! /atem5t is true & untrue accord+ to :at mean+ we give to ^? t]ms4 ,buddhism does n recognise ! exi/5ce ( a be+1 :o /&s alo( f 8 8creations10 & :o m$dles occasionally ) human affairs :5 8 caprici\s w pleases him4 ,?is conception ( a supreme be+ is v (f5sive to ,buddhi/s4 ,!y are unable to p]ceive any tru? 9 ! hypo!ses1 t a be+ l ourselves creat$ ! univ]se out ( no?+ & fir/ peopl$ x ) a pair ( s5ti5t be+s2 t1 ow+ to a crime committ$ by !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld h be5 avoid$ if ! creator s desir$1 !y 7 condemn$ by him to et]nal damnation2 t ! creator 9 ! meantime feel+ pity = ! curs$1 or suff]+ ! bite ( remorse = 8 some:at ra% de$1 despat*$ 8 only belov$ son to ! e>? = ! purpose ( rescu+ mank9d f univ]sal mis]y1 etc41 etc4 ,if ,buddhism is call$ a!ism on acc\nt ( its #cb refusal to take poetry = actual fact1 its foll[]s w\ld h no objection to ! designation4 ,next1 if we und]/& by s\l tman1 :i*1 secretly hid+ itself beh9d all m5tal activities1 direct !m aft] ! fa%ion ( an organi/ /rik+ diff]5t notes z he pleases1 ,buddhi/s outspok5ly d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a fabul\s be+4 ,to po/ulate an indep5d5t tman outside a comb9ation ( ! five ,sk&has#g1 ( :i* an individual be+ is suppos$ by ,buddhi/s to consi/1 is to unres]v$ly welcome egoism ) all its p]nici\s coroll>ies4 ,& :at di/+ui%es ,buddhism mo/ *>act]i/ically & emphatically f all o!r religions is ! doctr9e ( non-tman or non-ego1 exactly opposite to ! po/ulate ( a s\l-sub/ance :i* is *]i%$ by mo/ ( religi\s en?usia/s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,buddhism is und\bt$ly a religion )\t ! s\l4 ,to make ^! po9ts cle>] 9 a g5]al way1 let u briefly treat 9 ?is *apt] ( su* pr9cipal t5ets ( ,buddhism z ,k>ma1 tman1 ,avidy1 ,nirvna1 ,dh>makya1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! doctr9es be+ ! common prop]ty ( ! two s*ools ( ,buddhism1 ,hnaynism & ,mahynism1 _! brief1 compreh5sive exposition "h w furni% our read]s ) a g5]al notion ab\t ! con/itution ( ,buddhism1 & w also prep>e !m to pursue a fur!r specific exposition ( ! ,mahyna doctr9e :i* foll[s4 #cc ,k>ma4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal doctr9es e/abli%$ by ,buddha is t no?+ 9 ?is _w comes f a s+le cause1 t ! exi/5ce ( a univ]se is ! result ( a comb9ation ( sev]al causes 7hetu7 & conditions 7pratyaya71 & is at ! same "t an active =ce contribut+ to ! production ( an effect 9 ! future4 ,z f> z ph5om5al exi/5ces are conc]n$1 ?is law ( cause & effect holds univ]sally valid4 ,no?+1 ev5 ,god1 c int]f]e ) ! c\rse ( ?+s ?us regulat$1 mat]ially z well z morally4 ,if a ,god really exi/s & has "s conc]n ab\t our worldly affairs1 he mu/ fir/ con=m himself to ! law ( causation4 ,because ! pr9ciple ( k>ma1 :i* is ! ,buddhi/ t]m = causation morally conceiv$1 holds supreme ev]y:]e & all ! "t4 ,! conception ( k>ma plays ! mo/ important rle 9 ,buddhi/ e?ics4 ,k>ma is ! =mative pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 ,x det]m9es ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ! de/9y ( our exi/5ce4 ,! reason :y we _c *ange our pres5t /ate ( ?+s z we may w1 is t x has already be5 det]m9$ by ! k>ma t 0 p]=m$ 9 our previ\s lives1 n only individually b collectively4 ,b1 = ?is same reason1 we %all be able to "w out our de/9y 9 ! future1 :i* is no?+ b ! resultant ( sev]al factors t are work+ & t are be+ work$ by ourselves 9 ?is life4 #cd ,!re=e1 says ,buddha3 8,by self alone is evil done1 ,by self is "o disgrac$2 ,by self is evil left undone1 ,by self alone is he purifi$2 ,purity & impurity belong to self3 ,no "o c purify ano!r40#h ,aga91 8,n 9 ! sky ,nor 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 ,nor ent]+ a cleft ( ! m\nta9s1 ,is f\nd t realm on e>? ,:]e "o may /& & be ,f an evil de$ absolv$40#i ,?is doctr9e ( k>ma may be reg>d$ z an application 9 our e?ical realm ( ! !ory ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,ev]y?+ done is done once = all2 its footpr9ts on ! s& ( our moral & social evolution are =ev] left2 nay1 m ?an left1 !y are g5]ative1 good or evil1 & wait+ = fur!r developm5t "u favorable conditions4 ,9 ! physical _w1 ev5 ! slighte/ possible movem5t ( our limbs _c b affect ! g5]al cosmic motion ( ! e>?1 h[ev] inf9itesimal x be2 & if we _h a prop] in/rum5t1 we c\ld surely measure its precise ext5t ( effect4 ,s is x ev5 ) our de$s4 ,a de$ once p]=m$1 toge!r ) its subjective motives1 c nev] vani% )\t leav+ "s impressions ei!r on ! individual #ce consci\sness or on ! supra-individual1 i4e41 social consci\sness4 ,we ne$ n fur!r /ate t ! conception ( k>ma 9 its g5]al aspect is sci5tifically v]ifi$4 ,9 our moral & mat]ial life1 :]e ! law ( relativity rules supreme1 ! doctr9e ( k>ma mu/ be consid]$ ?or\ghly valid4 ,& z long z its validity is admitt$ 9 ?is field1 we c live our ph5om5al life )\t resort+ to ! hypo!sis ( a p]sonal ,god1 z decl>$ by ,lam>ck :5 8 significant "w on evolution 0 pres5t$ to ,emp]or ,napoleon4 ,b x w d inju/ice to ,buddhism if we designate x agno/icism or naturalism1 d5y+ or ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ultimate1 unify+ pr9ciple1 9 :i* all contradictions are oblit]at$4 ,dh>makya is ! "n giv5 by ,buddhi/s to ?is highe/ pr9ciple1 view$ n only f ! philosophical b also f ! religi\s /&po9t4 ,9 ! ,dh>makya1 ,buddhi/s f9d ! ultimate significance ( life1 :i*1 :5 se5 f its ph5om5al aspect1 _c escape ! bondage ( k>ma & its irrefragable laws4 ,avidy4 ,:at claims our att5tion next1 is ! problem ( nesci5ce1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial features ( ,buddhism4 ,buddhi/s ?9k1 nesci5ce 79 ,sanskrit avidy7 is ! subjective aspect ( k>ma1 involv+ u 9 a s]ies ( rebir?s4 ,rebir?1 consid]$ by itself1 is no moral evil1 b r a necess>y #cf condition ( progress t[>d p]fection1 if p]fection ev] be atta9able "h4 ,x is an evil only :5 x is ! outcome ( ignorance1--ignorance z to ! true mean+ ( our e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,ignorant are !y :o d n recognise ! evanesc5ce ( worldly ?+s & :o t5aci\sly cleave to !m z f9al realities2 :o madly /ruggle to %un ! mis]y br\ght ab\t by _! own folly2 :o savagely cl+ to ! self aga9/ ! w ( ,god1 z ,*ri/ians w\ld say2 :o take p>ticul>s z f9al exi/5ces & ignore ,"o p]vad+ reality :i* und]lies !m all2 :o build up an adamant9e wall betwe5 ! m9e & ?9e3 9 a ^w1 ignorant are ^? :o d n und]/& t !re is no su* ?+ z an ego-s\l1 & t all individual exi/5ces are unifi$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,dh>makya4 ,buddhism1 !re=e1 mo/ emphatically ma9ta9s t to atta9 ! bliss ( ,nirvana we mu/ radically dispel ?is illusion1 ?is ignorance1 ?is root ( all evil & suff]+ 9 ?is life4 ,! doctr9e ( nesci5ce or ignorance is te*nically express$ 9 ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is commonly call$ ! ,twelve ,nidnas or ,pratyayasamutpada1 t is to say ,*a9s ( ,dep5d5ce3 7#a7 ,!re is ,ignorance 7avidy7 9 ! beg9n+2 7#b7 f ,ignorance ,action 7sanskra7 comes =?2 7#c7 f ,action ,consci\sness 7vijna7 comes =?2 7#d7 f ,consci\sness ,"n-&-,=m 7nm>pa7 comes =?2 7#e7 f ,"n-&-,=m ! ,six ,organs 7adytana7 come =?2 7#f7 f ! ,six ,organs #cg ,t\* 7sp>a7 comes =?2 7#g7 f ,t\* ,s5sation 7v$an7 comes =?2 7#h7 f ,s5sation ,desire 7tn7 comes =?2 7#i7 f ,desire ,cl++ 7updna7 comes =?2 7#aj7 f ,cl++ ,be+ 7bhva7 comes =?2 7#aa7 f ,be+ ,bir? 7jati7 comes =?2 & 7#ab7 f ,bir? ,pa9 7dukha7 comes =?4 ,accord+ to ,vasub&hu's ,abhidh>makoa1 ! =mula is expla9$ z foll[s3 ,be+ ignorant 9 our previ\s life z to ! significance ( our exi/5ce1 we let loose our desires & act wantonly4 ,ow+ to ?is k>ma1 we are de/9$ 9 ! pres5t life to be end[$ ) consci\sness 7vijna71 "n-&-=m 7nm>pa71 ! six organs ( s5se 7adytana71 & s5sation 7v$an74 ,by ! ex]cise ( ^! faculties1 we n[ desire =1 hank] aft]1 cl+ to1 ^! illusive exi/5ces :i* h no ultimate reality :atev]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is 8,w to ,live0 we pot5tially accumulate or make up ! k>ma t w lead u to fur!r metempsy*osis ( bir? & dea?4 ,! =mula is by no means logical1 nor is x exhau/ive1 b ! fundam5tal notion t life />t$ 9 ignorance or bl9d w rema9s v]itable4 ,non-,atman4 ,! problem ( nesci5ce naturally leads to ! doctr9e usually kn[n z t ( non-,atman1 i4e41 non-ego1 to :i* allusion 0 made at ! beg9n+ #ch ( ?is *apt]4 ,?is doctr9e ( ,buddhism is "o ( ! subjects t h caus$ mu* criticism by ,*ri/ian s*ol>s4 ,its !sis runs3 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ego-s\l1 :i*1 accord+ to ! vulg> int]pretation1 is ! ag5t ( our m5tal activities4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,buddhism is sometimes call$ a religion )\t ! s\l1 z a=esaid4 ,?is ,buddhi/ negation ( ! ego-s\l is p]haps />tl+ to ! p1 :o1 hav+ no speculative p[]1 bl9dly accept ! traditional1 mat]iali/ic view ( ! s\l4 ,!y ?9k1 !y are v spiritual 9 endors+ ! dualism ( s\l & fle%1 & 9 mak+ ! s\l some?+ l a corporeal entity1 ?\gh f> m e!real ?an an ord9>y object ( ! s5ses4 ,!y ?9k ( ! s\l z be+ m 9 ! =m ( an angel1 :5 !y tea* t x asc5ds to heav5 imm$iately aft] its release f ! mat]ial imprisonm5t4 ,!y fur!r imag9e t ! s\l1 because ( its imprisonm5t 9 ! body1 groans 9 pa9 = its lib]ty1 n be+ able to be> its mundane limitations4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l is a cont9uation aft] ! dismemb]m5t ( mat]ial elem5ts ( ?is e!real1 a/ral1 gho/-l entity1--v mu* resembl+ ! ,samkhyan ,l+ham or ! ,v$antic skama-rra4 ,self-consci\sness w n a :it suff] 9 its cont9u$ activity1 z x is ! ess5tial function ( ! s\l4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 p>5ts & sons & daught]s1 wives & husb&s1 all transfigur$ & sublimat$1 w meet aga9 9 ! #ci cele/ial abode1 & p]petuate _! home life mu* aft] ! mann] ( _! e>?ly "o4 ,p :o take ?is view ( ! s\l & its immortality mu/ feel a great disappo9tm5t or ev5 res5tm5t1 :5 !y are ask$ to recognise ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( non-tman4 ,! absurdity ( ascrib+ to ! s\l a sort ( a/ral exi/5ce taught by "s !osophi/s is due to ! confusion ( ! "n & ! object correspond+ to x4 ,! s\l1 or :at is tantam\nt accord+ to ! vulg> notion1 ! ego1 is a "n giv5 to a c]ta9 cord9ation ( m5tal activities4 ,ab/ract names are inv5t$ by u to economise our intellectual labors1 & ( c\rse h no correspond+ realities z p>ticul> pres5ces 9 ! concrete objective _w4 ,vulg> m9ds h =gott5 ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ab/ract names4 ,be+ accu/om$ always to f9d c]ta9 objective realities or concrete individuals answ]+ to c]ta9 names1 !y--^? nave reali/s--imag9e t all names1 irrespective ( _! nature1 mu/ h _! concrete individual equival5ts 9 ! s5sual _w4 ,_! idealism or spiritualism1 s call$1 is 9 fact a gross =m ( mat]ialism1 9 spite ( _! unf\nd$ fe> = ! latt] z a!i/ic & ev5 immoral2--curse ( ignorance6 ,! non-tman !ory does n d5y t !re is a cord9ation or unification ( v>i\s m5tal op]ations4 ,buddhism calls ?is sy/em ( cord9ation vijna1 n tman4 ,vijna is consci\sness1 :ile #dj tman is ! ego conceiv$ z a concrete entity1--a hypo/atic ag5t :i*1 abid+ 9 ! deepe/ recess ( ! m9d1 directs all subjective activities accord+ to its own discretion4 ,?is view is radically reject$ by ,buddhism4 ,a famili> analogy illu/rat+ ! doctr9e ( non-tman is ! notion ( a :eel or t ( a h\se4 ,:eel is ! "n giv5 to a comb9ation 9 a fix$ =m ( ! spokes1 axle1 tire1 hub1 rim1 etc42 h\se is t giv5 to a comb9ation ( ro(s1 pill>s1 w9d[s1 floors1 walls1 etc41 aft] a c]ta9 model & = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,n[1 take all ^! p>ts indep5d5tly1 & :]e is ! h\se or ! :eel to be f\nd8 ,h\se or :eel is m]ely ! "n designat+ a c]ta9 =m 9 :i* p>ts are sy/ematically & def9itely dispos$4 ,:at an absurdity1 !n1 x mu/ be to insi/ on ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! :eel or ( ! h\se z an ag5t beh9d ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 p>ts ?us def9itely arrang$6 ,x is wond]ful t ,buddhism cle>ly anticipat$ ! outcome ( mod]n psy*ological rese>*es at ! "t :5 all o!r religi\s & philosophical sy/ems 7 eag]ly *]i%+ dogmatic sup]/itions conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ego4 ,! refusal ( mod]n psy*ology to h s\l mean any?+ m ?an ! sum-total ( all m5tal exp]i5ces1 su* z s5sations1 ideas1 feel+s1 decisions1 etc41 is precisely a rehe>sal ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( non-tman4 ,x does n d5y t !re is a unity ( consci\sness1 #da = to d5y ?is is to d\bt our ev]yday exp]i5ces1 b x refuses to ass]t t ?is unity is absolute1 uncondition$1 & indep5d5t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is ph5om5al phase ( exi/5ce1 is a comb9ation ( c]ta9 causes 7hetu7 & conditions 7pratyaya7 br\ght toge!r accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( k>ma2 & ev]y?+ t is comp\nd is f9ite & subject to dissolution1 &1 !re=e1 always limit$ by some?+ else4 ,ev5 ! s\l-life1 z f> z its ph5om5ality goes1 is no exception to ?is univ]sal law4 ,to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a s\l-sub/ance :i* is suppos$ to lie hidd5 beh9d ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 is n only mislead+1 b h>mful & productive ( "s morally dang]\s conclusions4 ,! supposition t !re is some?+ :]e !re is really no?+1 makes u cl+ to ?is *im]ical =m1 ) no o!r result ?an subject+ ourselves to an et]nal s]ies ( suff]+s4 ,s we read 9 ! ,lankvatra ,stra1 ,,iii3 8,a fl[] 9 ! air1 or a h>e ) horns1 ,or a pregnant maid ( /one3 ,to take :at is n = :at is1 ',tis call$ a judgm5t false4 8,9 a comb9ation ( causes1 ,! vulg> seek ! reality ( self4 ,z tru? !y und]/& n1 ,f bir? to bir? !y transmigrate40 ,! ,non-,atman-ness ( ,?+s4 ,mahynism has gone a /ep fur!r ?an ,hnaynism 9 ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( non-tman1 = x expressly disav[s1 besides ! d5ial #db ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ego-sub/ance1 a n\m5al conception ( ?+s1 i4e41 ! conception ( p>ticul>s z hav+ some?+ absolute 9 !m4 ,hnaynism1 inde$1 also disfavors ?is conception ( ?+9ess1 b x does s only implicitly4 ,x is ,mahynism t def9itely insi/s on ! non-exi/5ce ( a p]sonal 7pudgala7 z well z a ?+i% 7dh>ma7 ego4 ,accord+ to ! vulg> view1 p>ticul> exi/5ces are real1 !y h p]man5t sub/antial entities1 rema9+ =ev] z su*4 ,!y ?9k1 !re=e1 t organic matt] rema9s =ev] organic j z mu* z inorganic matt] rema9s inorganic2 t1 z !y are ess5tially diff]5t1 !re is no mutual trans=mation betwe5 !m4 ,! human s\l is diff]5t f t ( ! l[] animals & s5ti5t be+s f non-s5ti5t be+s2 ! diff]5ce be+ well-def9$ & p]man5t1 !re is no bridge ov] :i* "o c cross to ! o!r4 ,we may call ?is view naturali/ic egoism4 ,mahynism1 aga9/ ?is egoi/ic conception ( ! _w1 ext5ds its !ory ( non-tman to ! realm ly+ outside u4 ,x ma9ta9s t !re is no irr$ucible reality 9 p>ticul> exi/5ces1 s long z !y are comb9ations ( sev]al causes & conditions br\ght toge!r by ! pr9ciple ( k>ma4 ,?+s are "h because !y are su/a9$ by k>ma4 ,z soon z its =ce is exhau/$1 ! conditions t made _! exi/5ce possible lose effici5ce & dissolve1 & 9 _! places w foll[ o!r conditions & exi/5ces4 ,!re=e1 :at is organic #dc to-day1 may be inorganic to-morr[1 & vice v]sa4 ,c>bon1 = in/ance1 :i* is /or$ )9 ! e>? appe>s 9 ! =m ( coal or graphite or diamond2 b t :i* exi/s on its surface is f\nd sometimes comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts 9 ! =m ( an animal or a vegetable1 sometimes 9 its free elem5t>y /ate4 ,x is ! same c>bon ev]y:]e2 x becomes inorganic or organic1 accord+ to its k>ma1 x has no tman 9 itself :i* directs its trans=mation by its own self-det]m9+ w4 ,mutual trans=mation is ev]y:]e obs]vable2 !re is a con/ant %ift+ ( =ces1 an et]nal transmigration ( ! elem5ts1--all ( :i* t5d to %[ ! transitor9ess & non-tman-ness ( individual exi/5ces4 ,! univ]se is mov+ l a :irl-w9d1 no?+ 9 x prov+ to be /ation>y1 no?+ 9 x rigidly adh]+ to its own =m ( exi/5ce4 ,suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 an tman beh9d e p>ticul> be+2 suppose1 too1 x 7 absolute & p]man5t & self-act+2 & ?is ph5om5al _w w\ld !n come to a /&/ill1 & life be =ev] gone4 ,= is n *angeability ! mo/ ess5tial feature & condition ( life1 & also ! /ronge/ evid5ce = ! non-exi/5ce ( individual ?+s z realities8 ,! physical sci5ces recognise ?is univ]sal fact ( mutual trans=mation 9 its positive aspect & call x ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ( matt]4 ,mahynism1 recognis+ its negative side1 proposes ! doctr9e ( ! non-tman-ness ( ?+s1 t is to say1 ! #dd imp]man5cy ( all p>ticul> exi/5ces4 ,!re=e1 x is said1 8,s>vam anityam1 s>vam nyam1 s>vam antman40 7,all is transitory1 all is void1 all is )\t ego47 ,mahyni/s condemn ! vulg> view t d5ies ! consub/antiality & reciprocal trans=mation ( all be+s1 n only because x is sci5tifically unt5able1 b ma9ly because1 e?ically & religi\sly consid]$1 x is fraught ) extremely dang]\s ideas1--ideas :i* f9ally may lead a 8bro!r to deliv] up ! bro!r to dea? & ! fa!r ! *ild10 &1 aga91 x may con/ra9 8! *ildr5 to rise up aga9/ _! p>5ts & cause !m to be put to dea?40 ,:y8 ,because ?is view1 born ( egoism1 w\ld dry up ! well ( human love & sympa?y1 & trans=m u into creatures ( be/ial selfi%ness2 because ?is view is n capable ( inspir+ u ) ! s5se ( mutuality & commis]ation & ( mak+ u dis9t]e/$ly feel = our fell[-be+s4 ,!n1 all f9e religi\s & humane s5tim5ts w\ld dep>t f our he>ts1 & we %\ld be no?+ less ?an rigid1 lifeless corpses1 no pulse beat+1 no blood runn+4 ,& h[ _m victims are (f]$ e day on ?is alt> ( egoism6 ,!y are n necess>ily immoral by nature1 b bl9dly l$ by ! false conception ( life & ! _w1 !y h be5 r5d]$ incapable ( see+ _! own spiritual d\bles 9 _! neighbors4 ,be+ ev] controll$ by _! s5sual impulses1 !y s9 aga9/ humanity1 aga9/ nature1 & aga9/ !mselves4 #de ,we read 9 ! ,mahyna-abhisamaya ,stra 7,nanjo1 no4 #aif73 8,empty & calm & devoid ( ego ,is ! nature ( all ?+s3 ,!re is no individual be+ ,t 9 reality exi/s4 8,nor end nor beg9n+ hav+ ,nor any middle c\rse1 ,all is a %am1 "h's no reality :atev]3 ,x is l unto a vision & a dream4 8,x is l unto cl\ds & lightn+1 ,x is l unto gossam] or bubbles float+ ,x is l unto fi]y revolv+ :eel1 ,x is l unto wat]-spla%+4 8,because ( causes & conditions ?+s are "h3 ,9 !m !re's no self-nature i4e41 tman3 ,all ?+s t move & "w1 ,"k !m z su*4 8,ignorance & ?ir/y desire1 ,! s\rce ( bir? & dea? !y are3 ,"r contemplation & discipl9e by he>t1 ,desire & ignorance oblit]ate4 8,all be+s 9 ! _w1 ,beyond words !y are & expressions3 ,_! ultimate nature1 pure & true1 ,is l unto vacuity ( space40#aj ,! ,dh>makya4 ,! ,dh>makya1 :i* lit]ally means 8body or sy/em ( be+10 is1 accord+ to ! ,mahyni/s1 #df ! ultimate reality t und]lies all p>ticul> ph5om5a2 x is t :i* makes ! exi/5ce ( individuals possible2 x is ! raison d'tre ( ! univ]se2 x is ! norm ( be+1 :i* regulates ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ?\ghts4 ,! conception ( ,dh>makya is peculi>ly ,mahyni/ic1 = ! ,hnayna s*ool did n g s f> z to =mulate ! ultimate pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 its adh]5ts /opp$ %ort at a positivi/ic int]pretation ( ,buddhism4 ,! ,dh>makya rema9$ = !m to be ! ,body ( ! ,law1 or ! ,buddha's p]sonality z embodi$ 9 ! tru? taught by him4 ,! ,dh>makya may be comp>$ 9 "o s5se to ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity & 9 ano!r s5se to ! ,brahman or ,p>amtman ( ,v$antism4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! =m] 9 t x does n /& transc5d5tally above ! univ]se1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian view1 0 creat$ by ,god1 b :i* is1 accord+ to ,mahynism1 a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya himself4 ,x is also diff]5t f ,brahman 9 t x is n absolutely imp]sonal1 nor is x a m]e be+4 ,! ,dh>makya1 on ! contr>y1 is capable ( will+ & reflect+1 or1 to use ,buddhi/ phraseology1 x is ,k>un 7love7 & ,bodhi 7intellig5ce71 & n ! m]e /ate ( be+4 ,?is pan!i/ic & at ! same "t en!i/ic ,dh>makya is work+ 9 e s5ti5t be+1 = s5ti5t be+s are no?+ b a self-manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,individuals are n isolat$ exi/5ces1 z imag9$ by mo/ p4 ,if isolat$1 #dg !y are no?+1 !y are s _m soap-bubbles :i* vani% "o aft] ano!r 9 ! vacuity ( space4 ,all p>ticul> exi/5ces acquire _! mean+ only :5 !y are ?\ght ( 9 _! on5ess 9 ! ,dh>makya4 ,! veil ( ,mya1 i4e41 subjective ignorance may temporally ?r[ an ob/acle to our p]ceiv+ ! univ]sal light ( ,dh>makya1 9 :i* we are all "o4 ,b :5 our ,bodhi or intellect1 :i* is by ! way a reflection ( ! ,dh>makya 9 ! human m9d1 is s fully enlight5$1 we no m build ! artificial b>ri] ( egoism be=e our spiritual eye2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! meum & teum is oblit]at$1 no dualism ?r[s ! nets ( entanglem5t ov] u2 ,i recognise myself 9 y & y recognise y\rself 9 me2 tat tvam asi4 ,or1 8,:at is "h1 t is !re2 ,:at is !re1 t is "h3 ,:o sees duality "h1 ,f dea? to dea? goes he40#aa ,?is /ate ( enlight5m5t may be call$ ! spiritual expansion ( ! ego1 or1 negatively1 ! ideal annihilation ( ! ego4 ,a nev]-dry+ /ream ( sympa?y & love :i* is ! life ( religion w n[ spontane\sly fl[ out ( ! f\nta9head ( ,dh>makya4 ,! doctr9e ( non-ego tea*es u t !re is no reality 9 individual exi/5ces1 t we d n h any transc5d5tal entity call$ ego-sub/ance4 #dh ,! doctr9e ( ,dh>makya1 to supplem5t ?is1 tea*es u t we all are "o 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,be+ & only z su* are immortal4 ,! "o %[s u ! folly ( cl++ to individual exi/5ces & ( covet+ ! immortality ( ! ego-s\l2 ! o!r conv9ces u ( ! tru? t we are sav$ by liv+ into ! unity ( ,dh>makya4 ,! doctr9e ( non-tman lib]ates u f ! %ackle ( unf\nd$ egoism2 b z m]e lib]ation does n mean any?+ positive & may p]*ance lead u to asceticism1 we apply ! en]gy ?us releas$ to ! execution ( ! w ( ,dh>makya4 ,! que/ions3 8,:y h we to love our neighbors z ourselves8 ,:y h we to d to o!rs all ?+s :atsoev] we w\ld t !y %\ld d to u80 are answ]$ ?us by ,buddhi/s3 8,x is because we are all "o 9 ! ,dh>makya1 because :5 ! cl\ds ( ignorance & egoism are totally disp]s$1 ! light ( univ]sal love & intellig5ce _c help b %9e 9 all its glory4 ,&1 envelop$ 9 ?is glory1 we d n see any enemy1 nor neighbor1 we are n ev5 consci\s ( :e!r we are "o 9 ! ,dh>makya4 ,!re is no #8my w' "h1 b only #8?y w1' ! w ( ,dh>makya1 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+40 ,! ,apo/le ,paul says3 8,= z 9 ,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive40 ,:y8 ,buddhi/s w\ld answ]1 8because ,adam ass]t$ 8 egoism 9 giv+ himself up to ignorance1 7! tree ( k is 9 tru? ! tree ( ignorance1 #di = f x comes ! duality ( me & !e72 :ile ,*ri/ on ! contr>y surr5d]$ 8 egoi/ic ass]tion to ! intellig5ce ( ! univ]sal ,dh>makya4 ,t is :y we die 9 ! =m] & are made alive 9 ! latt]40 ,nirvna4 ,! mean+ ( ,nirvna has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ by non-,buddhi/ /ud5ts f ! philological & ! hi/orical /&po9t2 b x matt]s little :at conclusions !y h rea*$1 z we are n go+ to recapitulate !m "h2 nor d !y at all affect our pres5tation ( ! ,buddhi/s' own view z bel[4 ,= x is ! latt] t conc]ns u "h mo/ & con/itutes ! all-important "p ( ! problem4 ,we h _h too mu* ( non-,buddhi/ speculation on ! "q at issue4 ,! majority ( ! critics1 :ile claim+ to be fair & imp>tial1 h1 by "s preconceiv$ ideas1 be5 l$ to a conclusion1 :i* is n at all acceptable to intellig5t ,buddhi/s4 ,fur!r1 ! fact has escap$ _! notice t ,pli lit]ature f :i* !y *iefly d]ive _! in=mation on ! subject repres5ts ! views ( "o ( ! _m sects t arose soon aft] ! demise ( ! ,ma/] & 7 con/antly bran*+ (f at & aft] ! "t ( ,k+ ,aoka4 ,! probability is1 t ,buddha himself did n h any /]eotyp$ conception ( ,nirvana1 &1 z mo/ great m9ds d1 express$ 8 ideas outright z =m$ "u v>i\s circum/ances2 ?\gh ( c\rse !y c\ld n be #ej 9 contradiction ) 8 c5tral beliefs1 :i* mu/ h rema9$ ! same ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( 8 religi\s life4 ,!re=e1 to und]/& a problem 9 all its app>5tly contradictory aspects1 x is v necess>y to grasp at ! />t ! _s ( ! au?or ( ! problem1 & :5 ?is is done ! re/ w be und]/ood comp>atively mu* easi]4 ,non-,buddhi/ critics lack 9 ?is mo/ important qualification2 !re=e1 x is no wond] t ,buddhi/s !mselves are always reluctant to acc$e to _! int]pretations4 ,en\gh = apology4 ,nirvna1 accord+ to ,buddhi/s1 does n signify an annihilation ( consci\sness nor a temporal or p]man5t suppression ( m5tation#ab1 z imag9$ by "s2 b x is ! #ea annihilation ( ! notion ( ego-sub/ance & ( all ! desires t arise f ?is errone\s conception4 ,b ?is repres5ts ! negative side ( ! doctr9e1 & its positive side consi/s 9 univ]sal love or sympa?y 7k>un7 = all be+s4 ,^! two aspects ( ,nirvna1 i4e41 negatively1 ! de/ruction ( evil passions1 &1 positively1 ! practice ( sympa?y1 are complem5t>y to ea* o!r2 & :5 we h "o we h ! o!r4 ,because1 z soon z ! he>t is fre$ f ! cangue ( egoism1 ! same he>t1 hi!rto s cold & h>d1 und]goes a complete *ange1 %[s animation1 &1 joy\sly escap+ f self-imprisonm5t1 f9ds its fre$om 9 ! bosom ( ,dh>makya4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se1 ,nirvna is ! 8humanisation0 ( ,dh>makya1 t is to say1 8,god's w done 9 e>? z x is 9 heav540 ,if we make use ( ! #eb t]ms1 subjective & objective4 ,nirvna is ! =m]1 & ! ,dh>makya is ! latt]1 phase ( "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,aga91 psy*ologically1 ,nirvna is enlight5m5t1 ! actualisation ( ! ,bodhicitta#ac 7,he>t ( ,intellig5ce74 ,! gospel ( love & ! doctr9e ( ,nirvna may appe> to "s to contradict ea* o!r1 = !y ?9k t ! =m] is ! s\rce ( en]gy & activity1 :ile ! latt] is a lifeless1 inhuman1 ascetic quietism4 ,b ! tru? is1 love is ! emotional aspect & ,nirvna ! intellectual aspect ( ! inmo/ religi\s consci\sness :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! ,buddhi/ life4 ,t ,nirvna is ! de/ruction ( selfi% desires is pla9ly %[n 9 ?is /anza3 8,to ! giv] m]it is increas$2 ,:5 ! s5ses are controll$ ang] arises n1 ,! wise =sake evil1 ,by ! de/ruction ( desire1 s91 & infatuation1 ,a man atta9s to ,nirvna40#ad ,! foll[+ :i* 0 brea!d =? by ,buddha aga9/ a c]ta9 class ( monks1 te/ifies t :5 ,nirvna is und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( quietism or pessimism1 he vigor\sly repudiat$ x3 8,fe>+ an endless *a9 ( bir? & dea?1 ,& ! mis]y ( transmigration1 ,_! he>t is fill$ ) worry1 ,b !y desire _! safety only4 #ec 8,quietly sitt+ & reckon+ ! brea?s1 ,!y're b5t on ! ,anpnam4#ae ,!y contemplate on ! fil?9ess ( ! body1-- ,?9k+ h[ impure x is6 8,!y %un ! du/ ( ! triple _w1 ,& 9 ascetic practise _! safety !y seek3 ,incapable ( love & sympa?y are !y1 ,= on ,nirvna abides _! ?\ght40#af ,aga9/ ?is ascetic practise ( "s monks1 ! ,buddha sets =? :at might be call$ ! ideal ( ! ,buddhi/ life3 8,ar\se ?y w1 supreme & great1 ,practise love & sympa?y1 give joy & protection2 ,?y love l unto space1 ,be x )\t discrim9ation1 )\t limitation4 8,m]its e/abli%1 n = ?y own sake1 ,b = *>ity univ]sal2 ,save & deliv] all be+s1 ,let !m atta9 ! wisdom ( ! ,great ,way40 ,x is app>5t t ! e?ical application ( ! doctr9e ( ,nirvna is naught else ?an ! ,gold5 #ed ,rule1#ag s call$4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule1 h[ev]1 does n give any reason :y we %\ld s act1 x is a m]e comm& ^: au?ority is ascrib$ to a c]ta9 sup]human be+4 ,?is does n satisfy an intellectually dispos$ m9d1 :i* refuses to accept any?+ on m]e au?ority1 = x wants to g to ! bottom ( ?+s & see on :at gr\nd !y are /&+4 ,buddhism has solv$ ?is problem by f9d+ ! on5ess ( ?+s 9 ,dh>makya1 f :i* fl[s ! et]nal /ream ( love & sympa?y4 ,z we h se5 be=e1 :5 ! curs$ b>ri] ( egoism is brok5 d[n1 !re rema9s no?+ t c prev5t u f lov+ o!rs z ourselves4 ,^? :o wi% to see no?+ b an utt] b>r5ness ( he>t aft] ! annihilation ( egoism1 are mu* mi/ak5 9 _! e/imation ( human nature4 ,= !y ?9k its animation comes f selfi%ness1 & t all =ms ( activity 9 our life are propell$ simply by ! desire to pres]ve self & ! race4 ,!y1 !re=e1 naturally %r9k f ! doctr9e t tea*es t all ?+s worldly are empty1 & t !re is no su* ?+ z ego-sub/ance ^: #ee immortality is s mu* covet$ by mo/ p4 ,b ! tru? is1 ! spr+ ( love does n lie 9 ! idea ( self1 b 9 its removal4 ,= ! human he>t1 be+ a reflection ( ! ,dh>makya :i* is love & intellig5ce1 recov]s its intr9sic p[] & goodness1 only :5 ! veil ( ignorance & egoism is ca/ aside4 ,! animation1 en]gy1 /r5u\sness1 :i* 7 %[n by a self-c5t]$ w1 & :i* !re=e 7 utt]ly despicable1 w n surely die out ) ! removal ( _! odi\s atmosph]e 9 :i* egoism _h envelop$ !m4 ,b !y w ga9 an ev] nobl] int]pretation1 ev] m elevat+ & satisfy+ significance2 = !y h gone ?r\gh a baptism ( fire1 by :i* ! la/ trace ( egoism has be5 ?or\ghly consum$4 ,! old evil ma/] is et]nally buri$1 b ! will+ s]vants are /ill "h & ev] ready to d _! s]vice1 n[ m effici5tly1 = _! new legitimate & m au?oritative "l4 ,de/ruction is 9 common p>lance closely associat$ ) no?+ness1 h5ce ,nirvna1 ! de/ruction ( egoism1 is ord9>ily und]/ood z a synonym ( nihilism4 ,b ! removal ( d>kness does n br+ desolation1 b means enlight5m5t & ord] & peace4 ,x is ! same *amb]1 all ! furniture is left !re z x 0 be=e4 ,9 d>kness *aos reign$1 gobl9s walk$ wild2 9 enlight5m5t ev]y?+ is 9 its prop] place4 ,& did we n /ate pla9ly t ,nirvna 0 enlight5m5t8 #ef ,! ,intellectual ,t5d5cy ( ,buddhism4 ,"o ?+ :i* 9 ?is connection ,i wi% to ref] to1 is :at makes ,buddhism appe> someh[ cold & impassive4 ,by ?is ,i mean its intellectuality4 ,! fact is t any?+ com+ f ,india greatly savors ( philosophy4 ,9 anci5t ,india ev]ybody ( ! high] ca/es seems to h indulg$ 9 intellectual & speculative ex]cises4 ,be+ ri* 9 natural res\rces & ?us ! /ruggle = exi/5ce be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! ,brahmans & ! ,katriyas ga!r$ !mselves "u mo/ luxuri\sly gr[+ trees1 or retir$ to ! m\nta9-grottoes undi/urb$ by ! hurly-burly ( ! _w1 & !re !y devot$ all _! leisure h\rs to metaphysical speculations & discussions4 ,buddhism1 z a product ( ^! p1 is naturally deeply imbu$ ) intellectualism4 ,fur!r1 9 ,india !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 religion & philosophy4 ,e philosophical sy/em 0 at ! same "t a religion1 & vice v]sa4 ,philosophy ) ! ,h9dus 0 n an idle display ( logical subtlety :i* g5]ally ends 9 entangl+ itself 9 ! me%es ( sophi/ry4 ,_! aim ( philosophis+ 0 to h an intellectual insight into ! significance ( exi/5ce & ! de/9y ( humanity4 ,!y did n believe 9 any?+ bl9dly nor accept any?+ on m]e tradition4 ,buddha mo/ *>act]i/ically e*oes ?is s5tim5t :5 he says1 8,foll[ my tea*+s n z taught by a ,buddha1 b z #eg be+ 9 accord ) tru?40 ,?is _s ( self-reliance & self-salvation lat] became s+ul>ly ,buddhi/ic4 ,ev5 :5 ,buddha 0 /ill m]ely an en?usia/ic aspirant = ,nirvna1 he seems to h be5 /rongly possess$ ( ?is _s1 = he mo/ emphatically decl>$ ! foll[+ fam\s passage1 9 response to ! pa!tic p]suasion ( 8 fa!r's m9i/]s1 :o want$ him to come home ) !m3 8,! d\bt :e!r !re exi/s any?+ or n1 is n to be settl$ = me by ano!r's words4 ,arriv+ at ! tru? ei!r by mortification or by tranquilisation1 ,i w grasp myself :atev] is asc]ta9able ab\t x4 ,x is n m9e to receive a view :i* is full ( conflicts1 unc]ta9ties1 & contradictions4 ,:at enlight5$ m5 w\ld g by o!r's fai?8 ,! multitudes are l ! bl9d l$ 9 ! d>kness by ! bl9d40#ah ,to say simply1 8,love y\r enemy10 0 n satisfactory to ! ,h9du m9d1 x want$ to see ! reason :y4 ,& z soon z ! p 7 conv9c$ intellectually1 !y w5t ev5 s f> z to def5d ! fai? ) _! lives4 ,x 0 n an uncommon ev5t t be=e a p>ty ( ,h9du philosoph]s ent]$ into a discussion !y made an agreem5t t ! p5alty ( defeats %\ld be ! sacrifice ( ! life4 ,!y 71 above all1 a p ( intellect1 ?\gh ( c\rse n lack+ 9 religi\s s5tim5t4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t ,buddha did n make ! fir/ proclamation ( 8 message by 8,rep5t1 = #eh ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&10 b by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s4#ai ,"o appeals to ! feel+1 & ! o!r to ! intellect4 ,t :i* appeals to ! intellect naturally seems to be less passionate1 b ! tru? is1 feel+ )\t ! support ( intellect leads to fanaticism & is always ready to yield itself to bigotry & sup]/ition4 ,! doctr9e ( ,nirvna is d\btless m intellectual ?an ! ,*ri/ian gospel ( love4 ,x fir/ recognises ! wret*$ness ( human life z is prov$ by our daily exp]i5ces2 x !n f9ds its cause 9 our subjective ignorance z to ! true mean+ ( exi/5ce1 & 9 our egoc5tric desires :i*1 obscur+ our spiritual insight1 make u t5aci\sly cl+ to ?+s *im]ical2 x !n proposes ! complete annihilation ( egoism1 ! root ( all evil1 by :i*1 subjectively1 tranquillity ( he>t is re/or$1 &1 objectively1 ! realisation ( univ]sal love becomes possible4 ,buddhism1 ?us1 proce$s mo/ logically 9 ! developm5t ( its doctr9e ( ,nirvna & univ]sal love4 ,says ,victor ,hugo 7,les ,misrables1 vol4 ,,ii73 8,! r$uction ( ! univ]se to a s+le be+1 ! expansion ( a s+le be+ ev5 to ,god1 ?is is love40 ,:5 a man cl+s to ! self & does n want #ei to id5tify himself ) o!r fell[-selves1 he _c exp& 8 be+ to ,god4 ,:5 he %uts himself 9 ! n>r[ %ell ( ego & keeps all ! _w outside1 he _c r$uce ! univ]se to 8 inn]mo/ self4 ,to love1 !re=e1 "o mu/ fir/ ent] ,nirvna4 ,! tru? is ev]y:]e ! same & is atta9$ ?r\gh ! removal ( ignorance4 ,b z individual disposition diff]s accord+ to ! previ\s k>ma1 "s are m prone to intellectualism1 :ile ! o!rs to s5tim5tality 79 its psy*ological s5se74 ,let u !n foll[ our own incl9ation consci5ti\sly & n speak evil ( o!rs4 ,?is is call$ ! ,doctr9e ( ,middle ,pa?4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/orical ,,*>act]isation ,,( ,,mah,y,,nism4 #fj _/,we_/ are n[ 9 a position to ent] into a specific exposition ( ! ,mahyna doctr9e4 ,b1 be=e do+ s1 x w be well = u fir/ to consid] ! views t 7 held by ! ,h9du ,buddhi/ ?9k]s conc]n+ its *>act]i/ic features2 9 o!r words1 to make an hi/orical survey ( its peculi>ities4 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,introduction1 ! t]m ,mahyna 0 inv5t$ 9 ! times ( ,ngrjuna & ryadeva 7ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/71 :5 doctr9al /ruggles betwe5 ! rvaka & ! ,bodhisattva classes rea*$ a climax4 ,! progressive ,h9du ,buddhi/s1 desir+ to ann\nce ! ess5tial features ( _! doctr9e1 did s naturally at ! exp5se ( _! rival & by po9t+ out :y !irs 0 great] ?an1 or sup]ior to1 ,hnaynism4 ,_! views 7 ?us necess>ily vitiat$ by a p>tisan _s1 & in/ead ( imp>tially & critically enum]at+ ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ,mahynism1 !y plac$ r too mu* /ress ^u ^? po9ts t d n 9 ^! latt] days appe> to be v ess5tial1 b t 7 !n consid]$ by !m to be ( p>am\nt importance4 ,^! po9ts1 nev]!less1 #fa ?r[ "s light on ! nature ( ,mahyna ,buddhism z hi/orically di/+ui%$ f its consangu9e\s rival & fell[-doctr9e4 ,/hiramati's ,conception ( ,mahynism4 ,/hiramati#bj 9 8 ,introduction to ,mahynism /ates t ,mahynism is a special doctr9e = ! ,bodhisattvas1 :o are to be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two classes1 viz1 ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce ( ! doctr9e consi/s 9 ! belief t objects ( ! s5ses are m]ely ph5om5al & h no absolute reality1 t ! inde/ructible ,dh>makya :i* is all-p]vad+ con/itutes ! norm ( exi/5ce1 t all ,bodhisattvas#ba are inc>nations ( ! ,dh>makya1 :o n by _! evil k>ma previ\sly accumulat$1 b by _! b\ndless love = all mank9d1 assume #fb corporeal exi/5ces1 & t p]sons :o ?us appe> 9 ! fle%1 z avat>s ( ! ,buddha supreme1 associate !mselves ) ! masses 9 all possible social relations1 9 ord] t !y might ?us lead !m to a /ate ( enlight5m5t4 ,:ile ?is is a v summ>y /atem5t ( ! ,mahyna doctr9e1 a m elaborate & ext5d$ enum]ation ( its peculi> features 9 contradi/9ction to ^? ( ,hnaynism1 is made 9 ! ,miscellanea on ,mahyna ,metaphysics1#bb ,! ,spiritual ,/ages ( ! ,yogcra1#bc ,an ,exposition ( ! ,holy ,doctr9e1#bd ,a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,mahynism1#be & o!rs4 ,let u fir/ expla9 ! 8,sev5 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics0 z describ$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree works "h m5tion$4 ,sev5 ,pr9cipal ,features ( ,mahynism4 ,accord+ to ,asanga1 :o liv$ a little lat] ?an ,ngrjuna1 t is1 at ! "t :5 ,mahynism 0 fur!r divid$ into ! ,yogcrya & ! ,mdhyamika s*ool1 ! sev5 features peculi> to ,mahynism z di/+ui%$ f ,hnaynism1 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,its ,compreh5siv5ess4 ,mahynism does n conf9e itself to ! tea*+s ( "o ,buddha alone2 #fc b :]ev] & :5ev] tru? is f\nd1 ev5 "u ! disguise ( mo/ absurd sup]/itions1 x makes no hesitation to w9n[ ! gra9 f ! husk & assimilate x 9 its own sy/em4 ,innum]able good laws taught by ,buddhas#bf ( all ages & localities are all tak5 up 9 ! coh]5t body ( ,mahynism4 7#b7 ,univ]sal love = ,all ,s5ti5t ,be+s4 ,hnaynism conf9es itself to ! salvation ( individuals only2 x does n ext5d its bliss univ]sally1 z ea* p]son mu/ a*ieve 8 own deliv]ance4 ,mahynism1 on ! o!r h&1 aims at g5]al salvation2 x endeavors to save u n only individually1 b univ]sally4 ,all ! motives1 ef=ts1 & actions ( ! ,bodhisattvas pivot on ! fur!rance ( univ]sal welf>e4 7#c7 ,its ,greatness 9 ,intellectual ,compreh5sion4 ,mahynism ma9ta9s ! !ory ( non-tman n only 9 reg>d to s5ti5t be+s b 9 reg>d to ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,:ile x d5ies ! hypo!sis ( a metaphysical ag5t direct+ our m5tal op]ations1 x also rejects ! view t insi/s on ! n\m5al or ?+i% reality ( exi/5ces z !y appe> to our s5ses4 7#d7 ,its ,m>vel\s ,spiritual ,en]gy4 ,! ,bodhisattvas nev] become tir$ ( work+ = univ]sal salvation1 #fd nor d !y despair because ( ! long "t requir$ to accompli% ?is mom5t\s object4 ,to try to atta9 enlight5m5t 9 ! %orte/ possible p]iod & to be self-suffici5t )\t pay+ any att5tion to ! welf>e ( ! masses1 is n ! tea*+ ( ,mahynism4 7#e7 ,its ,greatness 9 ! ,ex]cise ( ! ,upya4 ,! t]m upya lit]ally means exp$i5cy4 ,! great fa!rly sympa!tic he>t ( ! ,bodhisattva has inexhau/ible res\rces at 8 comm& 9 ord] t he might lead ! masses to f9al enlight5m5t1 ea* accord+ to 8 disposition & environm5t4 ,mahynism does n ask its foll[]s to escape ! metempsy*osis ( bir? & dea? = ! sake ( ent]+ into ! le?>gic tranquillity ( ,nirvna2 = metempsy*osis 9 itself is no evil1 & ,nirvna 9 its coma is n productive ( any good4 ,& z long z !re are s\ls groan+ 9 pa91 ! ,bodhisattva _c re/ 9 ,nirvna2 !re is no re/ = 8 unselfi% he>t1 s full ( love & sympa?y1 until he leads all 8 fell[-be+s to ! et]nal bliss ( ,buddhahood4 ,to rea* ?is end he employs innum]able means 7upya7 sugge/$ by 8 dis9t]e/$ lov+k9dness4 7#f7 ,its ,high] ,spiritual ,atta9m5t4 ,9 ,hnaynism ! highe/ bliss atta9able does n g beyond ,arhat%ip :i* is ascetic sa9tl9ess4 ,b ! foll[]s ( ,mahynism atta9 ev5 to ,buddhahood ) all its spiritual p[]s4 7#g7 ,its ,great] ,activity4 ,:5 ! ,bodhisattva #fe rea*es ! /age ( ,buddhahood1 he is able to manife/ himself ev]y:]e 9 ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! univ]se#bg & to m9i/] to ! spiritual ne$s ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,^! sev5 peculi>ities are enum]at$ to be ! reasons :y ! doctr9e def5d$ by ! progressive ,buddhi/s is to be call$ ,mahynism1 or ! doctr9e ( great vehicle1 9 contradi/9ction to ,hnaynism1 ! doctr9e ( small vehicle4 ,9 ea* case1 !re=e1 ,asanga takes pa9s to draw ! l9e ( dem>cation di/9ctly betwe5 ! two s*ools ( ,buddhism & n betwe5 ,buddhism & all o!r religi\s doctr9es :i* exi/$ at 8 "t4 ,! ,t5 ,ess5tial ,features ( ,buddhism4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! t5 ess5tial features ( ,mahynism z pres5t$ 9 ! ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,mahynism1 is made f a diff]5t /&po9t f ! prec$+ "o1 = x is ! pronunciam5to ( ! ,yogcra s*ool ( ,asanga #ff & ,vasub&hu r ?an t ( ,mahynism g5]ally4 ,?is s*ool toge!r ) ! ,mdhyamika s*ool ( ,ngrjuna con/itute ! two divisions ( ,h9du ,mahynism4#bh ,! po9ts enum]at$ by ,asanga & ,vasub&hu z mo/ ess5tial 9 _! sy/em are t54 7#a7 ,x tea*es an imman5t exi/5ce ( all ?+s 9 ! layavijna or ,all-,cons]v+ ,s\l4 ,! conception ( an ,all-,cons]v+ ,s\l1 x is claim$1 0 sugge/$ by ,buddha 9 ! s-call$ ,hnayna stras2 b on acc\nt ( its deep mean+ & ( ! liability ( its be+ conf\nd$ ) ! ego-s\l conception1 he did n disclose its full significance 9 _! stras2 b made x kn[n only 9 ! ,mahyna stras4 ,accord+ to ! ,yogcra s*ool1 ! laya is n an univ]sal1 b an individual m9d or s\l1 :atev] we may t]m x1 9 :i* ! 8g]ms0 ( all ?+s exi/ 9 _! ideality4#bi ,! objective _w 9 reality does n exi/1 b by d9t ( subjective #fg illusion t is creat$ by ignorance1 we project all ^! 8g]ms0 9 ! layavijna to ! outside _w1 & imag9e t !y are !re really z !y are2 :ile ! ,manovijna 7ego-consci\sness7 :i* is too a product ( illusion1 t5aci\sly cl++ to ! layavijna z ! real self1 nev] ab&ons its egoism4 ,! layavijna1 h[ev]1 is indiff]5t to1 & irresponsible =1 all ^! errors on ! "p ( ! ,manovijna4#cj 7#b7 ,! ,yogcra s*ool di/+ui%es ?ree k9ds ( k3 #a4 ,illusion 7p>ikalpita71 #b4 ,discrim9ative or ,relative ,k 7p>atantra71 & #c4 ,p]fect ,k 7p>9ipanna74 ,! di/9ction may be/ be illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n analogy ( a rope & a snake4 ,deceiv$ by a simil>ity 9 appe>ance1 m5 frequ5tly take a rope ly+ on ! gr\nd = a poison\s snake & #fh are t]ribly %ock$ on t acc\nt4 ,b :5 !y approa* & c>efully exam9e x1 !y become at once conv9c$ ( ! gr\ndlessness ( ?is appreh5sion1 :i* 0 ! natural sequ5ce ( illusion4 ,?is may be consid]$ to correspond to :at ,kant calls ,s*e94 ,mo/ p1 h[ev]1 d n g any fur!r 9 _! inquiry4 ,!y are cont5t$ ) ! s5sual1 empirical k ( an object ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,:5 !y und]/& t ! ?+ !y mi/ook = a snake 0 really no?+ b a y>d ( innoc5t rope1 !y ?9k _! k ( ! object is complete1 & d n tr\ble !mselves ) a philosophical inve/igation z to :e!r ! rope :i* to !m is j :at x appe>s to be1 has any real exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,!y d n /op a mom5t to reflect t _! k is m]ely relative1 = x does n g beyond ! ph5om5al significance ( ! ?+s !y p]ceive4 ,b is an object 9 reality su* z x appe>s to be to our s5ses8 ,are p>ticul> ph5om5a z su* really actual8 ,:at is ! value ( our k conc]n+ ^? s-call$ realities8 ,:5 we make an inve/igation into su* problems z ^!1 ! ,yogcra s*ool says1 we f9d t _! exi/5ce is only relative & has no absolute value :atev] indep5d5t ( ! p]ceiv+ subject4 ,!y are ! 8ejection0 ( our ideas into ! outside _w1 :i* are c5tr$ & cons]v$ 9 our layavijna & :i* are awak5$ into activity by subjective #fi ignorance4 ,?is cle> insight into ! nature ( ?+s1 i4e41 into _! non-realness z tman1 con/itutes p]fect k4 7#c7 ,:5 we atta9 to ! p]fect k1 we recognise ! ideality ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an objective _w1 :i* is really an illusive manife/ation ( ! m9d call$ layavijna4 ,b ev5 ?is suppos$ly real exi/5ce ( ! layavijna is a product ( p>ticul>isation call$ =? by ! ignorant ,manovijna4 ,! ,manovijna1 or empirical ego1 z x might be call$1 hav+ no adequate k z to ! true nature ( ! laya1 takes ! latt] = a metaphysical ag5t1 t l ! ma/] ( a puppet-%[ manages all m5tal op]ations accord+ to its hum\r4 ,z ! silkworm imprisons itself 9 ! cocoon creat$ by itself1 ! ,manovijna1 entangl+ itself 9 ignorance & confusion1 takes its own illusory creations = real realities4 7#d7 ,= ! regulation ( moral life1 ! ,yogcra ) ! o!r ,mahyna s*ools1 proposes ! practis+ ( ! six ,pramits 7virtues ( p]fection71 :i* are3 #a4 ,dana 7giv+71 #b4 la 7moral precept71 #c4 ,knti 7meekness71 #d4 ,vrya 7en]gy71 #e4 ,dhyna 7m$itation71 #f4 ,praj 7k or wisdom74 ,9 way ( explanation1 says ,asanga3 8,by n cl++ to weal? or pleasures 7#a71 by n *]i%+ any ?\ghts to violate ! precepts 7#b71 by n feel+ deject$ 9 ! face ( evils 7#c71 by n awak5+ any ?\ght ( indol5ce :ile practis+ goodness 7#d71 #gj by ma9ta9+ s]5ity ( m9d 9 ! mid/ ( di/urbance & confusion ( ?is _w 7#e71 & f9ally by always practis+ ekacitta#ca & by tru?fully compreh5d+ ! nature ( ?+s 7#f71 ! ,bodhisattvas recognise ! tru? ( vijnamtra1--! tru? t !re is no?+ t is n ( ideal or subjective creation40 7#e7 ,mahynism tea*es t !re are t5 spiritual /ages ( ,bodhisattvahood1 viz41 #a4 ,pramudit1 #b4 ,vimal1 #c ,prabhk>1 #d4 ,arcismat1 #e4 ,sudurjay1 #f4 ,abhimukh1 #g4 ,drangam1 #h4 ,acal1 #i4 ,sdhumat1 #aj4 ,dh>mamegh#cb4 ,by pass+ ?r\gh all ^! /ages "o aft] ano!r1 we are believ$ to rea* ! on5ess ( ,dh>makya4 7#f7 ,! ,yogcri/s claim t ! precepts t are practis$ by ! foll[]s ( ,mahynism are f> sup]ior to ^? ( ,hnayni/s4 ,! latt] t5d to ext]nalism & =malism1 & d n g deep into our spiritual1 subjective motives4 ,n[1 !re are physical1 v]bal1 & spiritual precepts obs]v$ by ! ,buddha4 ,! ,hnayni/s obs]ve ! fir/ two neglect+ ! la/ :i* is by f> m important ?an ! re/4 ,= in/ance1 ! rvaka's int]pretation ( ! t5 ikz#cc is lit]al & n spiritual2 #ga fur!r1 !y foll[ ^! precepts because !y wi% to atta9 ,nirvna = _! own sake1 & n = o!rs'4 ,! ,bodhisattva1 on ! o!r h&1 does n wi% to be b\nd )9 ! n>r[ circle ( moral re/riction4 ,aim+ at an univ]sal emancipation ( mank9d1 he v5tures ev5 violat+ ! t5 ikz1 if necess>y4 ,! fir/ ika1 = in/ance1 =bids ! kill+ ( any liv+ be+2 b ! ,bodhisattva does n hesitate to g to w>1 9 case ! cause he esp\ses is "r & b5efici5t to humanity at l>ge4 7#g7 ,z ,mahynism insi/s on ! purification ( ! inn] life1 its tea*+ applies n to ?+s outw>d1 its pr9ciples are n ( ! ascetic & exclusive k9d4 ,! ,mahyni/s d n %un to comm+le !mselves ) ! 8du/ ( worldl9ess02 !y aim at ! realisation ( ! ,bodhi2 !y are n afraid ( be+ ?r[n into ! :irlpool ( metempsy*osis2 !y endeavor to imp>t spiritual b5efits to all s5ti5t be+s )\t reg>d to _! attitude1 :e!r ho/ile or fri5dly1 t[>ds !mselves2 hav+ immovable fai? 9 ! ,mahyna1 !y nev] become contam9at$ by vanity & worldly pleasures ) :i* !y may con/antly be 9 t\*2 !y h a cle> insight into ! doctr9e ( non-tman2 be+ free f all spiritual faults1 !y live 9 p]fect accord ) ! laws ( ,su*ness & dis*>ge _! duties )\t ! #gb lea/ conceit or self-ass]tion3 9 a ^w1 _! inn] life is a realisation ( ! ,dh>makya4 7#h7 ,! intellectual sup]iority ( ! ,bodhisattva is %[n by 8 possession ( k ( non-p>ticul>isation 7annr?a74#cd ,?is k1 philosophically consid]$1 is ! k ( ! absolute1 or ! k ( ! univ]sal4 ,! ,bodhisattva's m9d is free f ! dualism ( samsra 7bir?-&-dea?7 & nirvna1 ( positivism & negativism1 ( be+ & non-be+1 ( object & subject1 ( ego & non-ego4 ,8 k1 9 %ort1 transc5ds ! limits ( f9al realities1 so>+ high to ! realm ( ! absolute & ! abode ( non-p>ticul>ity4 7#i7 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is intellectual elevation1 ! ,bodhisattva p]ceives ! work+ ( bir? & dea? 9 nirvna1 & nirvna 9 ! transmigration ( bir? & dea?4 ,he sees ! 8ev]-*ang+ _m0 9 ! 8nev]-*ang+ "o10 & ! 8nev]-*ang+ #gc "o0 9 ! 8ev]-*ang+ _m40 ,8 inw>d life is 9 accord at once ) ! laws ( transitory ph5om5a & ) ^? ( transc5d5tal ,su*ness4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 he does n recoil z ascetics d :5 he comes 9 contact ) ! _w ( ! s5ses2 he is n afraid ( suff]+ ! ills t ! fle% is heir to2 b1 accord+ to ! latt]1 he nev] cl+s to ?+s evanesc5t1 8 inmo/ consci\sness =ev] dwells 9 ! s]5ity ( et]nal ,su*ness4 7#aj7 ,! f9al *>act]i/ic to be m5tion$ z di/9ctly ,mahyni/ic is ! doctr9e ( ,trikya4 ,!re is1 x is ass]t$1 ! highe/ be+ :i* is ! ultimate cause ( ! univ]se & 9 :i* all exi/5ces f9d _! ess5tial orig9 & significance4 ,?is is call$ by ! ,mahyni/s ,dh>makya4 ,! ,dh>makya1 h[ev]1 does n rema9 9 its absolut5ess1 x reveals itself 9 ! realm ( cause & effect4 ,x !n takes a p>ticul> =m4 ,x becomes a devil1 or a god1 or a deva1 or a human be+1 or an animal ( l[] grade1 adapt+ itself to ! degrees ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! p4 ,= x is ! p's inn] ne$s :i* necessitate ! special =ms ( manife/ation4 ,?is is call$ ,nirmnakya1 t is1 ! body ( trans=mation4 ,! ,buddha :o manife/$ himself 9 ! p]son ( ,gautama1 ! son ( ,k+ ( uddhodna ab\t two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago on ! ,ganges1 is a =m ( ,nirmnakya4 ,! ?ird "o is call$ ,sambhogakya1 or body ( bliss4 ,?is is ! spiritual #gd body ( a ,buddha1 inve/$ ) all possible gr&eur 9 =m & 9 possession ( all imag9able psy*ic p[]s4 ,! conception ( ,sambhogakya is full ( wild imag9ations :i* are n easy ( compreh5sion by mod]n m9ds4#ce ,^! *>act]i/ics enum]at$ at sev5 or t5 z peculi>ly ,mahyni/ic are :at ! ,h9du ,buddhi/ philosoph]s ( ! fir/ c5tury d[n to ! fif? or six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ?\ght to be ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts ( _! fai? & :at !y ?\ght entitl$ x to be call$ ! 8,great ,vehicle0 7,mahyna7 ( salvation1 9 contradi/9ction to ! fai? embrac$ by _! cons]vative bre?r54 ,b1 z we view !m n[1 ! po9ts "h specifi$ are to a great ext5t saturat$ ) a p>tisan _s1 & besides !y are m or less scatt]$ & unconnect$ /atem5ts ( ! s-call$ sali5t features ( ,mahynism4 ,nor d !y furni% mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! nature ( ,mahynism z a coh]5t sy/em ( religi\s tea*+s4 ,!y give b a g5]al & some:at obscure del9eation ( x1 & t 9 opposition to ,hnaynism4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,mahynism is a s*ool ( ,buddhism & has _m *>act]i/ics 9 common ) ,hnaynism4 ,inde$1 ! _s ( ! =m] is also t ( ! latt]1 & z f> z ! g5]al tr5d ( ,buddhism is conc]n$ !re is no ne$ ( emphasis+ #ge ! significance ( "o s*ool ov] ! o!r4 ,on ! foll[+ pages ,i %all try to pres5t a m compreh5sive & imp>tial exposition ( ! ,buddhism1 :i* has be5 p]si/5tly designat$ by its foll[]s z ,mahynism4 ,,speculative ,,mah,y,,nism4 #gf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,practise ,,& ,,speculation4 _/,mahynism_/ p]haps c be/ be treat$ 9 two ma9 divisions1 z x has di/9ctly two pr9cipal features 9 its doctr9al developm5t4 ,i may call "o ! speculative phase ( ,mahynism & ! o!r practical4 ,! fir/ "p is ess5tially a sort ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics1 :]e ! m9d is engag$ solely 9 ratioc9ation & ab/raction4 ,"h ! intellect plays a v prom95t "p1 & "s ( ! mo/ ab/ruse problems ( philosophy are freely discuss$4 ,speculative foll[]s ( ,buddhism h tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! discussion ( !m & h writt5 _m volumes on v>i\s subjects4#cf #gg ,! second or practical phase ( ,mahynism deals ) su* religi\s beliefs t con/itute ! life & ess5ce ( ! sy/em4 ,mahyni/s might h reason$ wrongfully to expla9 _! practical fai?1 b ! fai? itself is ! outbur/ ( ! religi\s s5tim5t :i* is inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,?is practical "p1 !re=e1 is by f> m important1 & 9 fact x c be said t ! speculative "p is m]ely a prep>atory /ep t[>d x4 ,inasmu* z ,mahynism is a religion & n a philosophical sy/em1 x mu/ be practical1 t is1 x mu/ directly appeal to ! inmo/ life ( ! human he>t4 ,relation ( ,feel+ & ,intellect 9 ,religion4 ,s mu* has be5 said ab\t ! relation betwe5 philosophy & religion2 & !re are _m s*ol>s :o s firmly believe 9 ! id5tity ( religion ei!r ) sup]/itions or ) sup]natural revelation1 t ! d5ial ( ?is ass]tion is consid]$ by !m practically to be ! disav[al ( all religions4 ,=1 accord+ to !m1 !re is no midway 9 religion4 ,a religion :i* is rational & yet practical is no religion4 ,n[1 ,buddhism is nei!r a vag>y ( imag9ation nor a revelation f above1 & on ?is acc\nt x has be5 decl>$ by "s to be a philosophy4 ,! title 8,speculative ,mahynism0 ?us1 is apt to #gh be tak5 z a confirmation ( su* op9ion4 ,to remove all ! misconceptions1 !re=e1 :i* might be ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! religi\s nature ( ,mahynism & its attitude t[>d intellectualism1 ,i h deem$ x wise "h to say a few words ab\t ! relation betwe5 feel+ & intellect 9 religion4 ,!re is no d\bt t religion is ess5tially practical2 x does n necess>ily require !orisation4 ,! latt]1 prop]ly speak+1 is ! bus9ess ( philosophy4 ,if religion 0 a product ( ! intellect solely1 x c\ld n give satisfaction to ! ne$s ( man's :ole be+4 ,reason con/itutes b a "p ( ! organis$ totality ( an individual be+4 ,ab/raction h[ev] high1 & speculation h[ev] deep1 d n z su* satisfy ! inmo/ ye>n+s ( ! human he>t4 ,b ?is !y c d :5 !y ent] into "o's inn] life & con/itution2 t is1 :5 ab/raction becomes a concrete fact & speculation a liv+ pr9ciple 9 "o's exi/5ce2 9 %ort1 :5 philosophy becomes religion4 ,philosophy z su*1 !re=e1 is g5]ally di/+ui%$ f religion4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t religion z ! deepe/ expression ( a human be+ c elim9ate altoge!r f x ! intellectual elem5t4 ,! mo/ pr$om9ant rle 9 religion may be play$ by ! imag9ation & feel+1 b ratioc9ation mu/ n fail to ass]t its legitimate "r 9 ! co-ord9ation ( beliefs4 ,:5 ?is "r is d5i$1 religion becomes fanaticism1 sup]/ition1 fata morgana1 & ev5 a m5ace to ! progress ( humanity4 #gi ,! intellect is critical1 objective1 & always tries to /& ap>t f ! ?+s t are tak5 up = exam9ation4 ,?is ali5ation or keep+ itself alo( f concrete facts on ! "p ( ! intellect1 con/antly t5ds to disreg>d ! real significance ( life1 ( :i* x is also a manife/ation4 ,!re=e1 ! conflict betwe5 feel+ & reason1 religion & sci5ce1 in/9ct & k1 has be5 go+ on s9ce ! awak5+ ( consci\sness4 ,see+ ?is fact1 intellectual p are g5]ally prone to condemn religion z b>r+ ! fre$om & ob/ruct+ ! progress ( sci5tific inve/igations4 ,x is true t religion w5t frequ5tly to ! o!r extreme & tri$ to suppress ! j claim ( reason2 x is true t ?is 0 especially ! case ) ,*ri/ianity1 ^: hi/ory ab\nds ) regretable incid5ts result+ f its viol5t encroa*m5ts ^u ! doma9 ( reason4 ,x is also true t ! feel+ & ! intellect are sometimes at v>iance1 t :at ! feel+ e/eems z ! mo/ valuable treasure is at times rel5tlessly cru%$ by ! reason1 :ile ! feel+ looks ) utmo/ contempt at ! results t h be5 rea*$ by ! intellect aft] mu* lucubration4 ,b ?is fatal conflict is no bett] ?an ! fight :i* takes place betwe5 ! head & ! tail ( a hydra :5 x is cut 9 twa92 x always results 9 self-de/ruction4 ,we _c live "u su* a mis]able condition =ev]2 :5 we "k t x is altoge!r due to a myopia on ! "p ( our und]/&+4 ,! #hj tru? is t feel+ & reason 8_c d )\t "o ano!r1 & mu/ "w toge!r insep>ably 9 ! process ( human developm5t1 s9ce reason )\t feel+ c\ld h no?+ to act = & w\ld be impot5t to act1 :ile feel+ )\t reason w\ld act tyrannically & bl9dly--t is to say1 if ei!r c\ld exi/ & act at all )\t ! o!r2 = 9 ! end x is n feel+ nor reason1 :i* acts1 b x is ! man :o acts accord+ z he feels & reasons04 7,h4 ,maudsley's ,natural ,causes & ,sup]natural ,seem+s1 p4 vii74 ,if x is ?us admitt$ t feel+ & reason mu/ co-ord9ate & co-op]ate 9 ! realisation ( human ideals1 religion1 ?\gh ess5tially a ph5om5on ( ! emotional life1 _c be indiff]5t to ! significance ( ! intellect4 ,inde$1 religion1 z mu* z philosophy1 has ev] be5 speculat+ on ! problems t are ( ! mo/ vital importance to human life4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity speculation has be5 c>ri$ on "u ! "n ( !ology1 ?\gh x claims to be fundam5tally a religion ( fai?4 ,9 ,india1 h[ev]1 z m5tion$ else:]e1 !re 0 no divid+ l9e betwe5 philosophy & religion2 & e tea*+1 e sy/em1 & e doctr9e1 h[ev] ab/ract & speculative x might appe> to ! ,we/]n m9d1 0 at bottom religi\s & always aim$ at ! deliv]ance ( ! s\l4 ,!re 0 no philosophical sy/em t did n h "s practical purpose4 ,indian ?9k]s c\ld n sep>ate religion f #ha philosophy1 practice f !ory4 ,_! philosophy fl[$ out ( ! v spr+ ( ! human he>t & 0 n a m]e display ( f9e intellectuation4 ,if _! ?9k+ 7 n 9 ! "r direction & l$ to a fallacy :i* made life m mis]able1 !y 7 ev] ready to surr5d] !mselves to a sup]ior doctr9e z soon z x 0 discov]$4 ,b :5 !y ?\ght !y 7 9 ! "r track1 !y did n hesitate to sacrifice _! life = x4 ,_! philosophy _h z mu* fire z religion4 ,buddhism & ,speculation4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 ,buddhism z mu* z ,h9duism is full ( ab/ract speculations & philosophical reflections s mu* s t "s ,*ri/ian critics are incl9$ to d5y ! religiosity ( ,buddhism4 ,b no /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion w\ld indorse su* a view n[adays4 ,buddhism1 9 spite ( its pr$om9ant intellectualism1 is really a religi\s sy/em4 ,!re is no d\bt t x emphasises ! rational elem5t ( religion m ?an any o!r religi\s tea*+s1 b on t acc\nt we _c say t x altoge!r disreg>ds ! importance ( ! "p to be play$ by ! feel+4 ,its speculative1 philosophical phase is really a prep>ation = fully appreciat+ ! subjective significance ( religion1 = religion is ultimately subjective1 t is to say1 ! ess5ce ( religion is love & fai?1 or1 to use ,buddhi/ phraseology1 x is ! expression ( ! ,bodhi :i* #hb consi/s 9 praj#cg 7intellig5ce or wisdom7 & k>un 7love or compassion74 ,m]e k 7n praj7 has v little value 9 human life4 ,:5 n guid$ by love & fai?1 x readily turns out to be ! mo/ ob$i5t s]vant ( egoism & s5sualism4 ,:at ,t5nyson says 9 ! foll[+ v]ses is p]fectly true ) ,buddhism3 8,:o loves n k8 ,:o %all rail ,aga9/ h] beauty8 ,may %e mix ,) m5 & prosp]6 ,:o %all fix ,h] pill>s8 ,let h] "w prevail4 8,b on h] =ehead sits a fire2 ,%e sets h] =w>d c\nt5ance ,& leaps into ! future *ance1 ,submitt+ all ?+s to desire4 8,half gr[n z yet1 a *ild1 & va9-- ,%e _c fight ! fe> ( dea?4 ,:at is %e1 cut f love & fai?1 ,b "s wild ,pallas f ! bra9 8,( demons8 fi]y-hot to bur/ ,all b>ri]s 9 h] onw>d race ,= p[]4 ,let h] "k h] place2 ,%e is ! second1 n ! fir/4 8,a high] h& mu/ make h] mild1 ,if all be n 9 va91 & guide ,h] foot/eps1 mov+ side by side ,) ,wisdom1 l ! y\ng] *ild40 #hc ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,buddhism nev] ignores ! "p :i* is play$ by ! intellect 9 ! purification ( fai?4 ,= x is by ! judici\s ex]cise ( ! intellect1 t all religi\s sup]/itions & prejudices are f9ally de/roy$4 ,! intellect is s f> ( great consequ5ce1 & we mu/ respect x z ! ?und]bolt ( ,vajrapani1 :i* cru%es ev]y?+ t is m]e %am & false4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ also rememb] t ! qu9tess5ce ( religion l ! h\se built on ! solid rock nev] suff]s on acc\nt ( ?is de/ruction4 ,its f\ndation lies too deeply buri$ 9 human #hd he>t to be damag$ by k or sci5ce4 ,s long z !re is a human he>t w>m ) blood & burn+ ) ! fire ( life1 ! intellect h[ev] p[]ful w nev] be able to trample x "u foot4 ,inde$1 ! m sev]ely ! religi\s s5tim5t is te/$ 9 ! crucible ( ! intellect1 ! m glori\s & illum9at+ becomes its intr9sic virtue4 ,! true religion is1 !re=e1 nev] reluctant to appe> be=e ! tribunal ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 fact by ignor+ ! ultimate significance ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 sci5ce is digg+ its own grave4 ,= :at purpose has sci5ce o!r ?an ! unravell+ ( ! my/]ies ( nature & read+ into ! mean+ ( exi/5ce8 ,& is ?is n :at con/itutes ! f\ndation ( religion8 ,sci5ce _c be f9al1 x mu/ f9d its reason 9 religion2 z a m]e intellectual ex]cise x is n wor?y ( our s]i\s consid]ation4 ,religion & ,metaphysics4 ,! ,fr5* sociologi/1 ,m4 ,guyau1 says 9 8 ,irreligion ( ! ,future 7,engli% translation p4 #aj73 8,e positive & hi/orical religion pres5ts ?ree di/9ctive & ess5tial elem5ts3 7#a7 ,an attempt at a my?ical & non-sci5tific explanation ( natural ph5om5a 7div9e int]v5tion1 miracles1 efficaci\s pray]s1 etc471 or ( hi/orical facts 7inc>nation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ or ( ,buddha1 revelation1 & s =?72 7#b7 ,a sy/em ( dogmas1 t is to say1 ( symbolic ideas1 ( imag9ative beliefs1 =cibly #he impos$ ^u "o's fai? z absolute v]ities1 ev5 ?\gh !y are susceptible ( no sci5tific demon/ration or philosophical ju/ification2 7#c7 ,a cult & a sy/em ( rites1 t is to say1 ( m or less immutable practices reg>d$ z possess+ a m>vel\s efficacy ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 a propitiatory virtue4 ,a religion )\t my?1 )\t dogma1 )\t cult1 )\t rite1 is no m ?an t some:at ba/>d product1 #8natural religion1' :i* is resolvable to a sy/em ( metaphysical hypo!ses40 ,m4 ,guyau seems to ?9k t :at w be left 9 religion1 :5 sev]$ f its sup]/itions & imag9>y beliefs & my/]i\s rites1 is a sy/em ( metaphysical speculations1 & t1 !re=e1 x is n a religion4 ,b 9 my op9ion ! ,fr5* sociologi/ %>es ! error t is v preval5t among ! sci5tific m5 ( to-day4 ,he is p]fectly "r 9 try+ to /rip religion ( all its ephem]al elem5ts & ext]nal integum5ts1 b he is entirely wrong :5 he does ?is at ! exp5se ( its v ess5ce1 :i* consi/s ( ! inmo/ ye>n+s ( ! human he>t4 ,& ?is ess5ce has no aff9ity ) ! sup]/itions :i* gr[ r\nd x l excresc5ces z ! results ( insuffici5t or abnormal n\ri%m5t4 ,nor does x conc]n itself ) m]e philosophis+ & con/ruct+ hypo!ses ab\t metaphysical problems4 ,f> f x4 ,religion is a cry f ! abysmal dep?s ( ! human he>t1 t c nev] be sil5c$1 until x f9ds t some?+ & id5tifies itself ) x1 :i* reveals ! teleological #hf significance ( life & ! univ]se4 ,b ?is some?+ has a subjective value only1 z ,goe! makes ,fau/ exclaim1 8,feel+ is all 9 all1 "n = x ,i h none40 ,:y8 ,because x _c objectively or intellectually be demon/rat$1 z 9 ! case ) ^? laws :i* gov]n ph5om5al exi/5ces1--! prop] objects ( ! discursive human und]/&+4 ,& ?is subjectivity ( religion is :at makes 8all righte\snesses z fil?y g>m5ts40 ,if religion depriv$ ( its dogmas & cults is to be consid]$1 z ,m4 ,guyau ?9ks1 no?+ b a sy/em ( metaphysics1 we utt]ly lose sight ( its subjective significance or its emotional elem5t1 :i* inde$ con/itutes its raison d'tre4 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?is 9 view we proce$ to see fir/ on :at metaphysical hypo!sis speculative ,mahyna ,buddhism is built up2 b ! read] mu/ rememb] t ?is phase ( ,mahynism is m]ely a prelim9>y to its m ess5tial "p1 :i* we exp\nd lat] "u ! head+ ( 8,practical ,mahynism10 9 contradi/9ction to 8,speculative ,mahynism40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,classification ,,( ,,k4 #hg ,?ree ,=ms ( ,k4 _/,mahynism_/ g5]ally di/+ui%es two or ?ree =ms ( k4 ,?is classification is a sort ( epi/emology1 inasmu* z x proposes to asc]ta9 ! ext5t & nature ( human k1 f a religi\s po9t ( view4 ,its object is to see :at k9d ( human k is mo/ reliable & valuable = ! annihilation ( ignorance & ! atta9m5t ( enlight5m5t4 ,! ,mahyna s*ool :i* has giv5 mo/ att5tion to ?is division ( ,buddhi/ philosophy is ! ,yogcra ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,! ,lankvat> & ! ,s&h9irmocana & "s o!r ,stras1 on :i* ! s*ool claims to h its doctr9al f\ndation1 tea* ?ree =ms ( k4 ,! stra lit]ature1 h[ev]1 z a rule does n ent] into any detail$ exposition ( ! subject2 x m]ely classifies k & po9ts out :at =m ( k is mo/ desirable by ! ,buddhi/s4 ,to obta9 a full] & m discursive elucidation1 we mu/ come to ! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka ( t s*ool4 ,( ! text books mo/ g5]ally /udi$ ( ! #hh ,yogcra1 we may m5tion ,vasub&hu's ,vijnamtra ) its comm5t>ies & ,asanga's ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,mahynism4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts are ab/ract$ ma9ly f ^! docum5ts4 ,! ?ree =ms ( k z classifi$ by ! ,yogcra are3 7#a7 ,illusion 7p>ikalpita71 7#b7 ,relative ,k 7p>atantra71 & 7#c7 ,absolute ,k 7p>9ipanna74 ,illusion4 ,illusion 7p>ikalpita71 to use ,kantian phraseology1 is a s5se-p]ception n co-ord9at$ by ! categories ( ! und]/&+2 t is to say1 x is a purely subjective elaboration1 n v]ifi$ by objective reality & critical judgm5t4 ,s long z we make no practical application ( x1 x w h>bor no dang]2 !re is no evil 9 x1 at lea/ religi\sly4 ,p]ceptual illusion is a psy*ical fact1 & z su* x is ju/ifi$4 ,a /raight rod 9 wat] appe>s crook$ on acc\nt ( ! refraction ( light2 a s5sation is (t5 felt 9 ! limb aft] x has be5 amputat$1 = ! n]v\s sy/em has n yet adju/$ itself to ! new condition4 ,!y are all illusions1 h[ev]4 ,!y are d\btless ! correct int]pretation ( ! s5se-impressions 9 "q1 b !y are n confirm$ by o!r s5se-impressions ^: cord9ation is necess>y to e/abli% an objective reality4 ,! moral involv$ 9 ?is is3 all s\nd inf]5ces & correct behavior mu/ be bas$ on critical k & n on illusory premises4 #hi ,reason+ 9 ?is wise1 ! ,mahyni/s decl>e t ! egoism fo/]$ by vulg> m9ds belongs to ?is class ( k1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t ord]1 & t ^? :o t5aci\sly cl+ to egoism z _! f9al /ronghold are believ]s 9 an intellectual fata morgana1 & are l ! ?ir/y de] t madly aft] ! vision>y wat] 9 ! des]t1 or l ! crafty monkey t tries to cat* ! lun> reflection 9 ! wat]4 ,because ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a metaphysical ag5t beh9d our m5tal ph5om5a is n confirm$ by exp]i5ce & s\nd judgm5t1 x be+ m]ely a product ( un5light5$ subjectivity4 ,besides ?is e?ical & philosophical egoism1 all =ms ( _w-conception :i* is f\nd$ on ! s&y basis ( subjective illusion1 su* z feti*ism1 idolatry1 an?ropomorphism1 an?ropopsy*ism1 & ! l1 mu/ be class$ "u ! p>ikalpita-lakana z doctr9es hav+ illusion>y premises4 ,relative ,k4 ,next comes ! p>atantra-lakana1 a welt-ans*auung bas$ ^u relative k1 or bett]1 ^u ! k ( ! law ( relativity4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w has a relative & conditional exi/5ce1 & no?+ c claim an absolute reality free f all limitations4 ,?is closely corresponds to ! !ory advanc$ by mo/ ( mod]n sci5ti/s1 ^: agno/icism d5ies our intellectual capability ( transc5d+ ! law ( relativity4 #ij ,! p>atantra-lakana1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! k d]iv$ f our daily int]c\rse ) ! outw>d _w4 ,x deals ) ! highe/ ab/ractions we c make out ( our s5su\s exp]i5ces4 ,x is positivi/ic 9 its /ricte/ s5se4 ,x says3 ,! univ]se has only a relative exi/5ce1 & our k is necess>ily limit$4 ,ev5 ! highe/ g5]alisation _c g beyond ! law ( relativity4 ,x is impossible = u to "k ! fir/ cause & ! ultimate end ( exi/5ce2 nor h we any ne$ to g ?us beyond ! sph]e ( exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld inevitably involve u 9 ! maze ( my/ic imag9ation4 ,! p>atantra-lakana1 !re=e1 is a positivism1 agno/icism1 or empiricism 9 its _s4 ,?\gh ! ,yogcra ,buddhi/s d n use all ^! mod]n philosophical t]ms1 ! int]pretation "h giv5 is really :at !y int5d$ to mean by ! second =m ( k4 ,a _w-conception bas$ on ?is view1 x is decl>$ by ! ,mahyni/s1 is s\nd z f> z our p]ceptual k is conc]n$2 b x does n exhau/ ! entire field ( human exp]i5ce1 = x does n take into acc\nt our spiritual life & our inmo/ consci\sness4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! human he>t t refuses to be satisfi$ ) m]ely sy/ematis+ "u ! s-call$ laws ( nature ^? multitud9\s impressions :i* we receive f ! outside _w4 ,!re is a s+ul> feel+1 or s5tim5t1 or ye>n+1 :atev] we may call x1 9 our inmo/ he>t1 :i* defies any pla9] #ia description ?an a m]e sugge/ion or an indirect /atem5t4 ,?is some:at my/ic consci\sness seems despite its obscur5ess to conta9 ! mean+ ( our exi/5ce z well z t ( ! univ]se4 ,! intellect may try to p]suade u ) all its subtle reason+s to subdue ?is disquiet+ feel+ & to rema9 cont5t$ ) ! sy/ematis+ ( natural laws1 s call$4 ,b x is deceiv+ itself by s do+2 because ! intellect is b a s]vant to ! he>t1 & s f> z x is n =c$ to self-contradiction1 x mu/ accommodate itself to ! ne$s ( ! he>t4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ transc5d ! n>r[ limits ( conditionality & see :at indisp5sable po/ulates are und]ly+ our life & exp]i5ces4 ,! recognition ( ^! indisp5sable po/ulates ( life con/itutes ! ,yogcra's ?ird =m ( k call$ p>9ipanna-lakana4 ,absolute ,k4 ,p>9ipanna-lakana lit]ally means ! _w-view f\nd$ on ! mo/ p]fect k4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! univ]se is a moni/ico-pan!i/ic sy/em4 ,:ile ph5om5al exi/5ces are regulat$ by natural laws *>act]is$ by conditionality & individuation1 !y by no means exhau/ all our exp]i5ces :i* are /or$ 9 our inmo/ consci\sness4 ,!re mu/ be some?+1--?is is ! absolute dem& ( humanity1 ! ultimate po/ulate ( exp]i5ce1--be x ,w1 or ,intellig5ce1 :i*1 und]ly+ & animat+ all exi/5ces1 =ms #ib ! basis ( cosmic1 e?ical1 & religi\s life4 ,?is highe/ ,w1 or ,intellig5ce1 or bo? may be t]m$ ,god1 b ! ,mahyni/s call x religi\sly ,dh>makya1 ontologically ,bhtata?t1 & psy*ologically ,bodhi or ,sambodhi4 ,& !y ?9k x mu/ be imman5t 9 ! univ]se manife/+ itself 9 all places & times2 x mu/ be ! cause ( p]petual creation2 x mu/ be ! pr9ciple ( morality4 ,?is be+ s1 h[ d we come to ! recognition ( its pres5ce8 ,! ,buddhi/s say t :5 our m9ds are cle> ( illusions1 prejudices1 & egoti/ic assumptions1 !y become transp>5t & reflect ! tru? l a du/-free mirror4 ,! illum9ation ?us ga9$ 9 our consci\sness con/itutes ! s-call$ p>9ipanna1 ! mo/ p]fect k1 t leads to ,nirvna1 f9al salvation1 & et]nal bliss4 ,_w-views ,f\nd$ on ! ,?ree ,=ms ( ,k4 ,! reason w be obvi\s to ! read] :y ! ,yogcra s*ool di/+ui%es ?ree classes ( _w-conception f\nd$ on ! ?ree k9ds ( k4 ,! p>ikalpita-lakana is mo/ primitive & mo/ pu]ile4 ,h[ev]1 9 ^! days ( enlight5m5t1 :at is believ$ by ! masses is naught else ?an a p>ikalpita conception ( ! _w4 ,! mat]ial exi/5ce z x appe>s to our s5ses is to !m all 9 all4 ,!y seem to be unable to %ake (f ! yoke ( egoi/ic illusion & nave realism4 ,_! ,god mu/ be transc5d5t & an?ropopa?ic1 #ic & always will+ to m$dle ) worldly affairs z 8 :im pleases4 ,h[ diff]5t ! _w is1 9 :i* ! multitudes ( unreflect+ m9ds are liv+1 f t :i* is conceiv$ by ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas6 ,h>tmann1 a ,g]man ?9k]1 is "r1 :5 he says t ! masses are at lea/ a c5tury beh9d 9 _! intellectual culture4 ,b ! mo/ /range ?+ 9 ! _w is t1 9 spite ( all _! ignorance & sup]/iti\s beliefs1 ! waves ( univ]sal trans=mation are ev] c>ry+ !m onw>d to a de/9ation1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 !y h n ! slighte/ suspicion4 ,! p>atantra-lakana advances a /ep fur!r1 b ! fundam5tal error involv$ 9 x is its p]si/5t self-contradictory disreg>d = :at our inmo/ consci\sness is con/antly reveal+ to u4 ,! intellect alone c by no means unravel ! my/]y ( our entire exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! highe/ tru?1 we mu/ boldly plunge ) our :ole be+ into a region :]e absolute d>kness defy+ ! light ( intellect is suppos$ to prevail4 ,?is region :i* is no m nor less ?an ! field ( religi\s consci\sness is %unn$ by mo/ ( ! intellectual p on ! plea t ! intellect by its v nature is unable to fa?om x4 ,b ! only way t leads u to ! f9al pacification ( ! he>t-ye>n+s is to g beyond ! horizons ( limit+ reason & to resort to ! fai? t has be5 plant$ 9 ! he>t z ! s9e qua non ( its own exi/5ce & vitality4 ,& by fai? ,i mean ,praj 7wisdom71 transc5d5tal #id k1 t comes direct f ! intellig5ce-ess5ce ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,a m9d1 s tir$ 9 va9ly se>*+ aft] tru? & bliss 9 ! v]biage ( philosophy & ! nons5se ( ritualism1 f9ds itself "h completely re/$ ba?+ 9 ! rays ( div9e effulg5ce1--:5ce ?is is1 x does n "q1 be+ s fill$ ) supramundane bless+s :i* alone are felt4 ,buddhism calls ?is exalt$ spiritual /ate ,nirvna or ,moka2 & p>9ipanna-lakana is a _w-conception :i* naturally foll[s f ?is subjective1 ideal enlight5m5t4#ch ,two ,=ms ( ,k4 ,! o!r ,h9du ,mahynism1 ! ,mdhyamika s*ool ( ,ngrjuna1 di/+ui%es two1 in/ead ( ?ree1 ord]s ( k1 b practically ! ,yogcra & ! ,mdhyamika come to ! same conclusion4#ci #ie ,! two k9ds ( k or tru? di/+ui%$ by ! ,mdhyamika philosophy are ,samvtti-satya & ,p>amr?a-satya1 t is1 conditional tru? & transc5d5tal tru?4 ,we read 9 ,ngrjuna's ,mdhyamika /ra 7,buddhi/ ,text ,society edition1 pp4 #ahj1 #aha73 8,on two tru?s is f\nd$ ,! holy doctr9e ( ,buddhas3 ,tru? conditional1 ,& tru? transc5d5tal4 8,^? :o v]ily "k n ,! di/9ction ( ! two tru?s4 ,"k n ! ess5ce ,( ,buddhism :i* is mean+ful40#dj ,! conditional tru? includes illusion & relative k ( ! ,yogcra s*ool1 :ile ! transc5d5tal tru? corresponds to ! absolute k4 ,9 expla9+ ^! two tru?s1 ! ,mdhyamika philosoph]s h made a con/ant use ( ! t]ms1 nya & anya1 void & n-void1 :i* un=tunately became a cause ( ! misund]/&+ by ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ,ngrjuna's transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,absolute tru? is void 9 its ultimate nature1 = x conta9s no?+ concrete or real or individual t makes x an object ( p>ticul>isation4 ,b ?is mu/ n be und]/ood1 z is done by "s sup]ficial critics1 9 ! s5se ( absolute #if no?+ness4 ,! ,mdhyamika philosoph]s make ! satya 7transc5d5tal tru?7 empty :5 contra/$ ) ! realness ( ph5om5al exi/5ces4 ,because x is n real 9 ! s5se a p>ticul> be+ is real2 b x is empty s9ce x transc5ds ! pr9ciple ( individuation4 ,:5 consid]$ absolutely1 x c nei!r be empty nor n-empty1 nei!r nya nor anya1 nei!r a/i nor n/i1 nei!r abhva nor bhva1 nei!r real nor unreal4 ,all ^! t]ms imply relation & contra/1 :ile ! ,p>amr?a ,satya is above !m1 or bett]1 x unifies all contra/s & anti!ses 9 its absolute on5ess4 ,!re=e1 ev5 to designate x at all may lead to ! misund]/&+ ( ! true nature ( ! ,satya1 = nam+ is p>ticul>is+4 ,x is n1 z su*1 an object ( intellectuation or ( demon/rative k4 ,x und]lies ev]y?+ conditional & ph5om5al1 & does n p]mit itself to be a p>ticul> object ( discrim9ation4 ,transc5d5tal ,tru? & ,relative ,und]/&+4 ,"o may say3 ,if transc5d5tal tru? is ( su* an ab/ract nature1 beyond ! rea* ( ! und]/&+1 h[ c we ev] hope to atta9 x & enjoy its bless+s8 ,b ,ngrjuna says t x is n absolutely out ( ! k5 ( ! und]/&+2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh ! und]/&+ t we become acqua9t$ ) ! qu>t] t[>ds :i* our spiritual ef=ts %\ld be direct$1 only #ig let u n cl+ to ! means by :i* we grasp ! f9al reality4 ,a f+] is ne$$ to po9t at ! moon1 b :5 we h recognis$ ! moon1 let u no m tr\ble ourselves ) ! f+]4 ,! fi%]man c>ries a basket to take ! fi% home1 b :at ne$ has he to worry ab\t ! basket :5 ! cont5ts are safely on ! table8 ,only s long z we are n yet aw>e ( ! way to enlight5m5t1 let u n ignore ! value ( relative k or conditional tru? or lokasamvttisatya z ,ngrjuna t]ms x4 8,if n by worldly k1 ,! tru? is n und]/ood2 ,:5 ! tru? is n approa*$1 ,nirvna is n atta9$40#da ,f ?is1 x is to be inf]r$ t ,buddhism nev] disc\rages ! sci5tific1 critical inve/igation ( religi\s beliefs4 ,= x is "o ( ! functions ( sci5ce t x %\ld purify ! cont5ts ( a belief & t x %\ld po9t out 9 :i* direction our f9al spiritual tru? & consolation h to be s\ght4 ,sci5ce alone :i* is built on relative k is n able to satisfy all our religi\s crav+s1 b x is c]ta9ly able to direct u to ! pa? ( enlight5m5t4 ,:5 ?is pa? is at la/ reveal$1 we %all "k h[ to avail ourselves ( ! discov]y1 z !n ,praj 7or ,sambodhi1 or ,wisdom7 becomes ! #ih guide ( life4 ,"h we ent] into ! region ( ! unkn[able4 ,! spiritual facts we exp]i5ce are n demon/rable1 = !y are s direct & imm$iate t ! un9itiat$ are altoge!r at a loss to get a glimpse ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,bh,,tata?,t 7,,su*ness74 #ii _/,f_/ ! ontological po9t ( view1 ,p>amr?a-satya or ,p>9ipanna 7transc5d5tal tru?7 is call$ ,bhtata?t1 :i* lit]ally means 8su*ness ( exi/5ce40 ,z ,buddhism does n sep>ate be+ f ?\ght nor ?\ght f be+1 :at is su*ness 9 ! objective _w1 is transc5d5tal tru? 9 ! subjective _w1 & vice v]sa ,bhtata?t1 !n1 is ! ,godhead ( ,buddhism1 & x m>ks ! consummation ( all our m5tal ef=ts to rea* ! highe/ pr9ciple1 :i* unifies all possible contradictions & spontane\sly directs ! c\rse ( _w-ev5ts4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! ultimate po/ulate ( exi/5ce4 ,l ,p>amr?a-satya1 z above /at$1 x does n belong to ! doma9 ( demon/rative k or s5su\s exp]i5ce2 x is unkn[able by ! ord9>y processes ( intellectuation1 :i* ! natural sci5ces use 9 ! =mulation ( g5]al laws2 & x is grasp$1 decl>e ! ,buddhi/s1 only by ! m9ds t are capable ( ex]cis+ :at might be call$ religi\s intuition4 ,avaghoa argues1 9 8 ,awak5+ ( ,fai? = ! indef9ability ( ?is fir/ pr9ciple4 ,:5 we say x is nya or empty1 on acc\nt ( its be+ indep5d5t #ajj ( all ! ?9kable qualities1 :i* we attribute to ?+s relative & conditional1 p w\ld take x = ! no?+ness ( absolute void4 ,b :5 we def9e x z a real reality1 z x /&s above ! evanesc5ce ( ph5om5a1 !y w\ld imag9e t !re is some?+ individual & exi/+ outside ! pale ( ?is univ]se1 :i*1 ?\gh z concrete z we ourselves are1 lives an et]nal life4 ,x is l describ+ to ! bl9d :at an elephant looks l2 ea* "o ( !m gets b a v indi/9ct & imp]fect conception ( ! huge creature1 yet e "o ( !m ?9ks he has a true & mo/ compreh5sive idea ( x4#db ,avaghoa1 ?us1 wi%es to es*ew all def9ite /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ultimate nature ( be+1 b z language is ! only mode ) :i* we mortals c express our ideas & communicate !m to o!rs1 he ?9ks ! be/ expression t c be giv5 to x is ,bhtata?t1 i4e41 8su*ness ( exi/5ce10 or simply1 8su*ness40 ,bhtata?t 7su*ness71 ?us absolutely view$1 does n fall "u ! category ( be+ & non-be+2 & m9ds :i* are kept )9 ! n>r[ circle ( contra/s1 mu/ be said to be incapable ( grasp+ x z x truly is4 ,says ,ngrjuna 9 8 /ra 7,*4 ,,xv473 8,betwe5 ?isness 7svabhva7 & ?atness 7p>abhva71 ,betwe5 be+ & non-be+1 ,:o discrim9ates1 ,! tru? ( ,buddhism he p]ceives n40#dc #aja ,or1 8,to ?9k #8x is'1 is et]nalism1 ,to ?9k #8x is n'1 is nihilism3 ,be+ & non-be+1 ,! wise cl+ n to ei!r40#dd ,aga91 8,! dualism ( #8to be' & #8n to be1' ,! dualism ( pure & n-pure3 ,su* dualism hav+ ab&on$1 ,! wise /& n ev5 9 ! middle40#de ,to quote1 aga91 f ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 7pp4 #eh-ei73 8,9 its metaphysical orig91 ,bhtata?t has no?+ to d ) ?+s defil$1 i4e41 conditional3 x is free f all signs ( individualisation1 su* z exi/ 9 ph5om5al objects3 x is indep5d5t ( an unreal1 p>ticul>is+ consci\sness40 ,indef9ability4 ,absolute ,su*ness f its v nature ?us defies all def9itions4 ,we _c ev5 say t x is1 = ev]y?+ t is presupposes t :i* is n3 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce are relative t]ms z mu* z subject & object1 m9d & matt]1 ?is & t1 "o & o!r3 "o _c be conceiv$ #ajb )\t ! o!r4 8,x is n s 7na iti7#df10 !re=e1 may be ! only way our imp]fect human tongue c express x4 ,s ! ,mahyni/s g5]ally designate absolute ,su*ness z nyat or void4 ,b :5 ?is mo/ significant ^w1 nyat1 is to be m fully int]pret$1 we w\ld say ) ,avaghoa t 8,su*ness is nei!r t :i* is exi/5ce nor t :i* is non-exi/5ce2 nei!r t :i* is at once exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 nor t :i* is n at once exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce2 x is nei!r t :i* is unity nor t :i* is plurality2 nei!r t :i* is at once unity & plurality1 nor t :i* is n at once unity & plurality40#dg #ajc ,ngrjuna's fam\s doctr9e ( 8,! ,middle ,pa? ( ,eight ,no's0 brea!s ! same _s1 :i* decl>es3 8,!re is no dea?1 no bir?1 no de/ruction1 no p]si/5ce1 ,no on5ess1 no manyness1 no com+1 no dep>t+10#dh ,else:]e1 he expresses ! same idea 9 a some:at p>adoxical mann]1 mak+ ! hi/orical ,buddha a real concrete manife/ation ( ,su*ness3 8,aft] 8 pass+1 deem n ?us3 #8,! ,buddha /ill is "h1' ,he is above all contra/s1 ,to be & n to be4 8,:ile liv+1 deem n ?us3 #8,! ,buddha is n[ "h4' ,he is above all contra/s1 ,to be & n to be40#di ,?is view ( ,su*ness z no-ness ab\nds 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,dhyna s*ool ( ,mahynism4 ,to cite "o in/ance3 ,:5 ,bodhi-,dh>ma#ej1 ! f\nd] #ajd ( ! ,dhyna sect1 saw ,emp]or ,wu ( ,liang dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ejb-eef71 he 0 ask$ :at ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! ,holy ,doctr9e 01 he did n give any l5g?y1 p]iphra/ic /atem5t aft] ! mann] ( a philosoph]1 b laconically repli$1 8,va/ empt9ess & no?+ holy40 ,! ,emp]or 0 bewild]$ & did n "k h[ to take ! words ( 8 holy advis]4 ,naturally1 he did n expect su* an abrupt answ]1 &1 be+ greatly disappo9t$1 v5tur$ ano!r "q3 8,:o is he1 !n1 t /&s be=e me80 ,by ?is he meant to repudiate ! doctr9e ( absolute ,su*ness4 ,8 l9e ( argum5t be+ ?is3 ,if !re is no?+ 9 ! ultimate nature ( ?+s t di/+ui%es betwe5 hol9ess & s9fulness1 :y ?is _w ( contra/s1 :]e "s are rev]$ z holy1 = in/ance1 ,bodhi-,dh>ma :o is at ?is v mom5t /&+ 9 front ( him ) ! mission ( propagat+ ! holy tea*+s ( ,buddha8 ,bodhi-,dh>ma1 h[ev]1 0 a my/ic & 0 fully conv9c$ ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! human tongue to express ! highe/ tru? :i* is reveal$ only #aje intuitively to ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,8 conclusive answ] 01 8,i d n "k04#ea ,?is 8,i d n "k0 is n to be und]/ood 9 ! _s ( agno/icism1 b 9 ! s5se ( 8,god :5 und]/ood is no ,god10 = 9 se e/ et p] se conceptur4 ,?is way ( describ+ ,su*ness by negative t]ms only1 exclud+ all diff]5ces ( "n & =m 7nm>pa7 to rea* a high] k9d ( affirmation1 seems to be ! mo/ appropriate "o1 inasmu* z ! human und]/&+ is limit$ 9 s _m respects2 b1 nev]!less1 x has caus$ mu* mis9t]pretation ev5 among ,buddhi/s !mselves1 n to m5tion ^? ,*ri/ian ,buddhi/ s*ol>s ( to-day1 :o sometimes appe> almo/ wilfully to miscon/rue ! significance ( ! nyat philosophy4 ,x 0 to avoid ^! un=tunate mis9t]pretations t ! ,mahyni/s frequ5tly made ! p>adoxical ass]tion t absolute ,su*ness is empty & n empty1 nya & aunya1 be+ & non-be+1 sat & asat1 "o & _m1 ?is & t4 ,! 8,?undr\s ,sil5ce40 ,!re yet rema9s ano!r mode ( expla9+ absolute ,su*ness1 :i* ?\gh mo/ practical & mo/ effective = ! religi\sly dispos$ m9ds1 may prove v inadequate to a sceptical intellect4 #ajf ,x is ! 8?undr\s sil5ce0 ( ,vimalakrti 9 response to an inquiry conc]n+ ! nature ( ,su*ness or ! 8,dh>ma ( ,non-duality10 z x is t]m$ 9 ! ,stra4#eb ,bodhisattva ,vimalakrti once ask$ a ho/ ( ,bodhisattvas l$ by ,majuri1 :o came to visit him1 to express _! views z to h[ to ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality4 ,"s repli$1 8,bir? & dea? are two1 b ! ,dh>ma itself 0 nev] born & w nev] die4 ,^? :o und]/& ?is are said to ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality40 ,"s said1 8#8,i' & #8m9e' are two4 ,because ,i ?9k #8,i am' !re are ?+s call$ #8m9e4' ,b z !re is no #8,i am' :]e %all we look = ?+s #8m9e'8 ,by ?us reflect+ we ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality40 ,"s repli$1 8,samsra & ,nirvna are two4 ,b :5 we und]/& ! ultimate nature ( ,samsra1 ,samsra vani%es f our consci\sness1 & !re is nei!r bondage nor release1 nei!r bir? nor dea?4 ,by ?us reflect+ we ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality04 ,o!rs said1 8,ignorance & enlight5m5t are two4 ,no ignorance1 no enlight5m5t1 & !re is no dualism4 ,:y8 ,because ^? :o h ent]$ a m$itation 9 :i* !re is no s5se-impression1 no cogitation1 are free f ignorance z well z f enlight5m5t4 ,?is holds true ) all ! o!r duali/ic categories4 ,^? :o ent] ?us into ! ?\ght ( sam5ess are #ajg said to ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality40 ,/ill o!rs answ]$1 8,to long = ,nirvna & to %un worldl9ess are ( dualism4 ,long n = ,nirvna1 %un n worldl9ess1 & we are free f dualism4 ,:y8 ,because bondage & release are relative t]ms1 & :5 !re is no bondage f ! beg9n+1 :o wi%es to be releas$8 ,no bondage1 no release1 & !re=e no long+1 no %unn+3 ?is is call$ ! ent]+ into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality40 ,_m m answ]s ( simil> nature came =? f all ! ,bodhisattvas 9 ! assembly except ! lead] ,majuri4 ,vimalakrti n[ reque/$ him to give 8 own view1 & to ?is ,majuri respond$1 8,:at ,i ?9k may be /at$ ?us3 ,t :i* is 9 all be+s wordless1 spee*less1 %[s no signs1 is n possible ( cognisance1 & is above all que/ion+s & answ]+s1--to "k ?is is said to ent] into ! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality40 ,f9ally1 ! ho/ ,vimalakrti himself 0 dem&$ by ,majuri to express 8 idea ( ,non-duality1 b he kept completely sil5t & utt]$ n a ^w4 ,!reupon1 ,majuri admir+ly exclaim$1 8,well done1 well done6 ,! ,dh>ma ( ,non-duality is truly above lett]s & words60#ec #ajh ,n[1 ( ?is ,su*ness1 ! ,mahyni/s di/+ui% two aspects1 z x is compreh5d$ by our consci\sness1 :i* are conditional & non-conditional1 or ! ph5om5al _w ( causality & ! transc5d5tal realm ( absolute fre$om4 ,?is di/9ction corresponds to t1 9 ! field ( k1 ( relative tru? & transc5d5tal tru?4#ed #aji ,su*ness ,condition$4 ,absolute transc5d5tal ,su*ness defy+ all means ( *>act]isation does n1 z long z x s rema9s1 h any direct significance 9 ! ph5om5al _w & human life4 ,:5 x does1 x mu/ become conditional ,su*ness z ,gesetzmssigkeit 9 nature & z e?ical ord] 9 our practical life4 ,su*ness z absolute is too remote1 too ab/ract1 & may h only a metaphysical value4 ,its exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce seems n to affect u 9 our daily social life1 inasmu* z x is transc5d5tal4 ,9 ord] to ent] into our limit$ consci\sness1 to become ! norm ( our consci\s activities1 to regulate ! c\rse ( ! evolution>y tide 9 nature1 ,su*ness mu/ surr5d] its 8spl5did isolation10 mu/ ab&on its absolut5ess4 ,:5 ,su*ness ?us comes d[n f its sov]eign-seat 9 ! realm ( un?9kability1 we h ?is univ]se unfold$ be=e our eyes 9 all its div]sity & magnific5ce4 ,tw9kl+ />s inlaid 9 ! vault$ sky2 ! planet elaborately decorat$ ) v]dant mead[s1 t[]+ m\nta9s1 & roll+ waves2 ! birds *e]fully s++ 9 ! woods2 ! bea/s wildly runn+ ?r\gh ! ?ickets2 ! summ] heav5s ornam5t$ ) :ite fleecy cl\ds & on #aaj e>? all bran*es & leaves gr[+ 9 abundant luxury2 ! w9t] prairie de/itute ( all animation1 only ) nak$ trees "h & !re trembl+ 9 ! dre>y nor? w9ds2 all ^! manife/ations1 n v>y+ a hair's bread? ( deviation f _! ma!matical1 a/ronomical1 physical1 *emical1 & biological laws1 are naught else ?an ! "w ( conditional ,su*ness 9 nature4 ,:5 we turn to human life & hi/ory1 we h ! "w ( conditional ,su*ness manife/$ 9 all =ms ( activity z passions1 aspirations1 imag9ations1 intellectual ef=ts1 etc4 ,x makes u desire to eat :5 hungry1 & to dr9k :5 ?ir/y2 x makes ! man long = ! woman1 & ! woman = ! man2 x keeps *ildr5 9 m]rim5t & frolic2 x braces m5 & wom5 bravely to c>ry ! burd5 ( life4 ,:5 we are oppress$1 x causes u to cry1 8,let u h lib]ty or die02 :5 we are treat$ ) inju/ice1 x leads u ev5 to murd] & fire & revolution2 :5 our noble s5tim5ts are ar\s$ to ! highe/ pit*1 x makes u ready to sacrifice all t is mo/ de> to u4 ,9 brief1 all ! kaleidoscopic *anges ( ?is ph5om5al _w1 subjective z well z objective1 come f ! play+ h&s ( conditional ,su*ness ,x n only con/itutes ! goodness & bless+s ( life1 b ! s9s1 crimes1 & mis]y :i* ! fle% is heir to4#ee #aaa ,avaghoa 9 8 ,awak5+ ( ,fai? speaks ( ! ,he>t 7hdaya7 ( ,su*ness & ( ! ,he>t ( ,bir?-&-,dea?4 ,by ! ,he>t ( ,su*ness he means ! absolute & by ! ,he>t ( ,bir?-&-,dea? a manife/ation ( ! absolute 9 ?is _w ( p>ticul>s4 8,!y are n sep>ate10 h[ev]1 says he1 b !y are "o1 = ! ,he>t ( #aab ,su*ness is ! ,he>t ( ,bir?-&-,dea?4 ,x is on acc\nt ( our limit$ s5ses & f9ite m9d t we h a _w ( p>ticul>s1 :i*1 z x is1 is no m ?an a fragm5t ( ! absolute ,bhtata?t4 ,& yet x is ?r\gh ?is fragm5t>y manife/ation t we are f9ally enabl$ to rea* ! fundam5tal nature ( be+ 9 its entirety4 ,says ,avaghoa1 8,dep5d+ on ! ,ta?gata-g>bha1 !re evolves ! ,he>t ( ,bir?-&-,dea?4 ,:at is immortal & :at is mortal are h>moni\sly bl5d$1 = !y are n "o1 nor are !y sep>ate44444 ,h]e9 all ?+s are organis$4 ,h]eby all ?+s are creat$40 ,! above is f ! ontological /&po9t4 ,:5 view$ psy*ologically1 ! ,he>t ( ,su*ness is enlight5m5t1 = ,buddhism makes no di/9ction betwe5 be+ & ?\ght1 _w & m9d4 ,! ultimate nature ( ! two is consid]$ to be absolutely "o4 ,n[1 speak+ ( ! nature ( enlight5m5t1 ,avaghoa says3 8,x is l ! empt9ess ( space & ! brightness ( ! mirror 9 t x is true1 & real1 & great4 ,x completes & p]fects all ?+s4 ,x is free f ! condition ( de/ructibility4 ,9 x is reflect$ e phase ( life & activity 9 ! _w4 ,no?+ goes out ( x1 no?+ ent]s into x1 no?+ is annihilat$1 no?+ is de/roy$4 ,x is "o et]nal s\l1 no =ms ( defilem5t c defile x4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( intellig5ce4 ,by reason ( its num]\s immaculate virtues :i* inh]e 9 x1 x p]fumes ! he>ts ( all be+s40 ,?us1 ! ,he>t ( ,su*ness1 :i* is enlight5m5t & #aac ! ess5ce ( intellig5ce1 con/antly works 9 & ?r\gh ! he>ts ( all human be+s1 t is1 9 & ?r\gh our f9ite m9ds4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,buddhism decl>es t tru? is n to be s\ght 9 highly ab/ract philosophical =mul1 b 9 ! ph5om5a ( our ev]yday life su* z eat+1 dress+1 walk+1 sleep+1 etc4 ,! ,he>t ( ,su*ness acts & does n ab/ract2 x syn!sises & does n 8dissect to murd]40 ,que/ions ,defy+ ,solution4 ,speak+ ( ! _w z a manife/ation ( ,su*ness1 we are "h beset ) ! mo/ puzzl+ que/ions t h baffl$ ! be/ m9ds ev] s9ce ! dawn ( intellect4 ,!y are3 ,:y did ,su*ness ev] leave its abode 9 ! my/]i\s realm ( transc5d5tality & desc5d on e>? :]e e =m ( mis]y greets u on all sides8 ,:at inh]5t necessity 0 !re = x to m+le 9 ! du/ ( worldl9ess :ile x c\ld enjoy ! unspeakable bliss ( its own absolut5ess8 ,9 o!r words1 :y did absolute ,su*ness ev] become conditional ,su*ness8 ,to dispose ( ^! que/ions z n conc]n+ human int]e/s is ! cre$ ( agno/icism & positivism2 b ! fact is1 !y are n que/ions :imsically fram$ by ! human m9d :5 x 0 9 ! mood ( play+ ) itself4 ,!y are qu]ies ( ! mo/ vital importance ev] put to u1 & ! significance ( life entirely hangs on our int]pretation ( !m4 #aad ,buddhism confesses t ! my/]y is unsolvable purely by ! human m9d1 = x is absolutely beyond ! region ( f9ite intellect & ! p[] ( a logical demon/rability4 ,! my/]y c only be solv$ 9 a practical way :5 we atta9 ! highe/ spiritual enlight5m5t ( ,buddhahood1 9 :i* ! ,bodhi ) its unimp$$ sup]natural light directly looks into ! v abyss ( ,su*ness4 ,! ,bodhi or ,intellig5ce :i* con/itutes ! k]nel ( our be+1 is a p>tial realisation 9 u ( ,su*ness4 ,:5 ?is intellig5ce is m]g$ & exp&s 9 ! ,body ( ,su*ness1 z ! wat] 9 a vessel p\r$ into ! wat]s ( ! b\ndless ocean1 x at once p]ceives & realises its nature1 its de/9y1 & its significance 9 life4 ,buddhism is a religion & leaves _m topics ( metaphysics unsolv$1 at lea/ logically4 ,?\gh x is m intellectual & philosophical ?an any o!r religion1 x does n pret5d to build a complete sy/em ( speculation4 ,z f> z !orisation is conc]n$1 ,buddhism is dogmatic & assumes _m propositions )\t reveal+ _! dialectical processes4 ,b !y are all necess>y & fundam5tal hypo!ses ( ! religi\s consci\sness2 !y are ! ultimate dem&s ( ! human s\l4 ,religion has no positive obligation to prove its propositions aft] ! fa%ion ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,x is en\gh = religion to /ate ! facts z !y are1 & ! intellect1 ?\gh hamp]$ by limitations inh]5t 9 x1 has to try h] be/ to put !m toge!r 9 a coh]5t sy/em4 #aae ,! solution1 !n1 by ,buddhism ( ^? qu]ies /at$ above _c be said to be v logical & free f s]i\s difficulties1 b practically x s]ves all requir$ purposes & is conducive to religi\s discipl9e4 ,by ?is ,i mean ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( ,nesci5ce or ,ignorance 7avidy74 ,!ory ( ,ignorance4 ,! !ory ( nesci5ce or ignorance 7avidy7 is an attempt by ,buddhi/s to solve ! relation betwe5 ! "o & ! _m1 betwe5 absolute ,su*ness & conditional ,su*ness1 betwe5 ,dh>makya & ,s>vasattva1 betwe5 wisdom 7bodhi7 & s9 7klea71 betwe5 ,nirvna & ,samsra4 ,b ,buddhism does n give u any sy/ematic exposition ( ! doctr9e4 ,:at x says is categorical & dogmatic4 8,?is univ]se is really ! ,dh>madhtu2#ef x is *>act]is$ by sam5ess 7samat72 !re is no diff]5tiation 7visama7 9 x2 x is ev5 empt9ess itself 7nyat72 all ?+s h no pudgala 7self74 ,b1 because ( nesci5ce1 !re are f\r or six mahbhta 7elem5ts71 five sk&ha 7aggregates71 six 7or eight7 vijna 7s5ses71 & twelve nidna 7*a9s ( causation74 ,all ^! names & =ms 7nm>pa7 are ( nesci5ce or ignorance40 ,or1 accord+ to ,avaghoa1 8,! ,he>t ( ,su*ness is ! va/ ,all ( "o ,dh>madhtu2 x is ! ess5ce ( all doctr9es4 ,! ultimate nature does n p]i%1 nor does x #aaf decay4 ,all p>ticul> objects exi/ because ( confus$ subjectivity 7smti74#eg ,indep5d5t ( confus$ subjectivity1 !re is no outside _w to be p]ceiv$ & discrim9at$40 8,ev]y?+ t is subject to ! law ( bir? & dea? exi/s only because ( ignorance & k>ma40 ,su* /atem5ts z ^! are f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature2 b z to ! "q h[ & :y ?is negative pr9ciple ( ignorance came to ass]t itself 9 ! body ( ,su*ness1 we are at a loss :]e to f9d an au?oritative & def9ite answ] to x4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 :i* is ?is3 ,ignorance 7avidy7 is pr9cipium individium1 t creates ! multitud9\sness ( ph5om5a 9 ! absolute on5ess ( be+1 t tosses up ! ro>+ bill[s ( exi/5ce 9 ! et]nal ocean ( ,su*ness1 t breaks ! sil5ce ( ,nirvna & />ts ! :eel ( metempsy*osis p]petually roll+1 t1 veil+ ! transpicu\s mirror ( ,bodhi1 affects ! reflection ( ,su*ness !re91 t trans=ms ! sam5ess 7samat7 ( ,su*ness to ! duality ( ?isness & ?atness & leads _m confus$ m9ds to egoism ) all its p]nici\s coroll>ies4 ,p]haps1 ! be/ way to attack ! problem ( ignorance is to und]/& t ,buddhism is a ?or\ghly ideali/ic doctr9e z e true religion %\ld be1 & t psy*ologically1 & n ontologically1 #aag %\ld ,su*ness be conceiv$1 & fur!r1 t nesci5ce is inh]5t 9 ,su*ness1 ?\gh only hypo!tically1 illusively1 app>5tly1 & n really 9 any s5se4 ,accord+ to ,brahmanism1 !re 0 9 ! beg9n+ only "o be+2 & ?is be+ will$ to be two2 :i* naturally result$ 9 ! diff]5tiation ( subject & object1 m9d & nature4 ,9 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 ,su*ness is n explicitly /at$ z hav+ _h any desire to be o!r ?an itself1 at lea/ :5 x is purely metaphysically conceiv$4 ,b z ,buddhism int]prets ?is _w ( p>ticul>isation z a manife/ation ( ,su*ness condition$ by ! pr9ciple ( ignorance1 ignorance mu/ be consid]$1 h[ev] illusory 9 its ultimate nature1 to h pot5tially or r negatively exi/$ 9 ! be+ ( ,su*ness2 & :5 ,su*ness1 by its transc5d5tal fre$om ( w1 affirm$ itself1 x did s by negat+ itself1 t is1 by p]mitt+ itself to be condition$ by ! pr9ciple ( ignorance or individuation4 ,! latt]1 z is expressly /at$ ev]y:]e 9 ,buddhi/ stras & /ras1 is no m ?an an illusion & a negative quantity1 x is m]ely ! veil ( ,mya4 ,?is *im]ical nature ( ignorance pres]ves ! ess5tial absolut5ess ( ! fir/ pr9ciple & makes ! monism ( ! ,mahyna doctr9e ?or\ghly consi/5t4 ,:at is to be not$ "h1 h[ev]1 is ?is3 ,buddhism does n necess>ily reg>d ?is _w ( p>ticul>s z altoge!r evanesc5t & dream-l4 ,:5 ignorance alone is tak5 notice #aah ( & ! pres5ce ( ,su*ness 9 all ?is multitud9\sness ( ?+s is d5i$1 ?is exi/5ce is positively decl>$ to be void4 ,b :5 an enlight5$ m9d p]ceives ,su*ness ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! utt] d>kness ( ignorance1 ?is life assumes an entirely new aspect1 & we come to realise ! illusiv5ess ( all evils4 ,to return to ! subject1 ignorance or nesci5ce is def9$ by ,avaghoa z a sp>k ( consci\sness#eh t spontane\sly fla%es f ! unfa?omable dep?s ( ,su*ness4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ignorance & consci\sness are int]*angeable t]ms1 ?\gh ) diff]5t %ades ( mean+4 ,ignorance is1 s to speak1 ! raison d'tre ( consci\sness1 is t :i* makes ! appe>ance ( ! latt] possible1 :ile ignorance itself is 9 turn an illusive emanation ( ,su*ness4 ,x is !n evid5t t ! awak5+ ( consci\sness m>ks ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! ris+ ( ?is univ]se f ! abyss ( ! self-id5tity ( ,su*ness4 ,= ! unfold+ ( consci\sness implies ! sep>ation ( ! p]ceiv+ & ! p]ceiv$1 ! viay9 & ! viaya1 ( subject & object1 m9d & nature4 ,! et]nal abyss ( ,su*ness1 s call$1 is ! po9t :]e subjectivity & objectivity are m]g$ 9 absolute on5ess4 ,x is ! "t1 ?\gh /rictly #aai speak+ *ronology does n apply "h1 :5 all 8! t5 ?\s& ?+s0 ( ! _w h n yet be5 diff]5tiat$ & ev5 :5 ! ,god :o 8creat$ ! heav5 & e>?0 has n yet made 8 debut4 ,to use psy*ological t]ms1 x is a /ate ( transc5d5tal or transm>g9al consci\sness1 :]e all s5se-p]ceptions & conceptual images vani%1 & :]e we are 9 a /ate ( absolute unconsci\sness4 ,?is s\nds my/ical2 b x is an e/abli%$ fact t 9 ! field ( our m5tal activities !re is an abyss :]e consci\sness sometimes sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,?is region beyond ! ?re%old ( aw>$ness1 ?\gh (t5 a try/+ place = psy*ical abnormalities1 has a great religi\s significance1 :i* _c be ignor$ by sup]ficial sci5tific argum5ts4 ,"h is ! region :]e ! consci\sness ( subject & object is completely annihilat$1 b "h we d n h ! sil5ce & d>kness ( a grave1 nor is x a /ate ( absolute no?+ness4 ,! self is "h lo/ 9 ! pres5ce ( some?+ indescribable1 or bett]1 x exp&s s z to embrace ! _w-all )9 itself1 & is n consci\s ( any egoi/ic elation or arrogance2 b x m]ely feels ! fulness ( reality & a t\* ( cele/ial joy t _c be imp>t$ to o!rs by any?+ human4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ spiritual insight into ! nature ( be+ comes f ?is s\rce4 ,enlight5m5t is ! "n giv5 by ,buddhi/s to ! actual ga9+ ( ?is insight4 ,bodhi or ,praj or intellig5ce is ! t]m = ! #abj spiritual p[] t br+s ab\t ?is enlight5m5t4 ,:5 ! m9d em]ges f ?is /ate ( sam5ess1 consci\sness spontane\sly comes back z x vani%$ be=e1 reta9+ ! memory ( ! exp]i5ce s unique & n[ confront+ ! _w ( contra/s & mutual dep5d5ce1 9 :i* our empirical ego moves4 ,! transition f "o /ate to ! o!r is l a fla% ( lightn+ sc9tilat+ f beh9d ! cl\ds2 ?\gh ! two1 ! sublim9al & ! sup]ficial consci\sness1 seem to be "o cont9u\s =m ( activity1 p]mitt+ no hiatus betwe5 !m4 ,at any rate1 ?is awak5+ ( subjectivity & ! leav+ beh9d ( transm>g9al consci\sness m>ks ! />t ( ignorance4 ,!re=e1 psy*ologically speak+1 ignorance mu/ be consid]$ synonym\s ) ! awak5+ ( consci\sness 9 a s5ti5t be+4 ,"h we h ! mo/ my/]i\s fact t baffles all our intellectual ef=ts to unravel1 :i* is3 ,h[ & :y has ignorance1 or :at is tantam\nt1 consci\sness1 ev] be5 awak5$ f ! absolute calmness 7nti7 ( be+8 ,h[ & :y h ! waves ( m5tation ev] be5 /irr$ up 9 ! ocean ( et]nal tranquillity8 ,avaghoa simply says1 8spontane\sly40 ,?is by no means expla9s any?+1 or at lea/ x is n 9 ! l9e ) our s-call$ sci5tific int]pretations1 nor does x give u any reason :y4 ,nev]!less1 religi\sly & practically view$1 8spontane\s0 is ! mo/ graphic & vigor\s t]m !re is = describ+ ! actual /ate ( ?+s #aba z !y pass be=e our m5tal eye4 ,9 fact1 !re is always some?+ vague & indef9ite 9 all our psy*ological exp]i5ces4 ,) :atev] sci5tific accuracy1 ) :atev] objective precision we may describe ! ph5om5a t take place 9 ! m9d1 !re is always some?+ t eludes our scrut9y1 is too slipp]y1 z x 71 to take hold (2 s t aft] all our /r5u\s intellectual ef=ts to be exact & p]spicu\s 9 our expositions1 we are /ill compell$ to leave mu* to ! imag9ation ( ! read]4 ,9 case he happ5s to be lack+ 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* we h endeavor$ to describe we %all va9ly hope to awak5 9 him ! said impression ) ! same degree ( int5sity & realness4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,avaghoa & o!r ,mahyni/s decl>e t ! ris+ ( consci\sness out ( ! abysmal dep?s ( ,su*ness is felt by ,buddhas & o!r enlight5$ m9ds only t h actually gone ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce4 ,! :y ( ignorance nobody c expla9 z mu* z ! :y ( ,su*ness4 ,b :5 we p]sonally exp]i5ce ?is spiritual fact1 we no m feel ! ne$ ( h>bor+ any d\bt ab\t h[ or :y4 ,ev]y?+ becomes transp>5t1 & ! rays ( sup]natural enlight5m5t %9e l a halo r\nd our spiritual p]sonality4 ,we move z dictat$ by ! behe/ ( ,su*ness1 i4e41 by ! ,dh>makya1 & 9 :i* we feel inf9ite bliss & satisfaction4 ,?is religi\s exp]i5ce is ! mo/ unique ph5om5on 9 ! life ( a s5ti5t be+4 #abb ,dualism & ,moral ,evil4 ,z we _c ?9k t ! ess5ce ( ! ext]nal _w to be o!r ?an t ( our own m9d1 t is to say1 z we _c ?9k subject & object to be diff]5t 9 _! ultimate nature1 our conclusion naturally is t ! same pr9ciple ( ,ignorance :i* ga!rs ! cl\ds ( subjectivity1 calls up ! multitud9\sness ( ph5om5a 9 ! _w-m9d ( ,su*ness4 ,! univ]se 9 its entirety is an inf9ite m9d1 & our limit$ m9d ) its transm>g9al consci\sness is a microcosm4 ,:at ! f9ite m9d feels 9 its inmo/ self1 mu/ also be :at ! cosmic m9d feels2 nay1 we c g "o /ep fur!r1 & say t :5 ! human m9d ent]s ! region ly+ beyond ! bord] ( subjectivity & objectivity1 x is 9 communion ) ! he>t ( ! univ]se1 ^: secrets are reveal$ "h )\t res]ve4 ,!re=e1 ,buddhism does n make any di/9ction betwe5 kn[+ & be+1 enlight5m5t & ,su*ness4 ,:5 ! m9d is free f ignorance & no m cl+s to ?+s p>ticul>1 x is said to be 9 h>mony & ev5 "o ) ,su*ness4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ignorance z ! pr9ciple ( individuation & a spontane\s expression ( ,su*ness1 is no moral evil4 ,! awak5+ ( subjectivity or ! dawn ( consci\sness =ms "p ( ! necess>y cosmic process4 ,! sep>ation ( subject & object1 or ! appe>ance ( a ph5om5al _w1 is no?+ b a realisation #abc ( ! cosmic m9d 7,dh>makya74 ,z su* ,ignorance p]=ms an ess5tial function 9 ! evolution ( ! _w-totality4 ,ignorance is inh]5t 9 ,buddhas z well z 9 all s5ti5t be+s4 ,e "o ( u _c help p]ceiv+ an ext]nal _w 7viaya7 & =m+ conceptions & reason+ & feel+ & will+4 ,we d n see any moral fault "h4 ,if !re is really any?+ morally wrong1 !n we _c d any?+ ) x1 we are utt]ly helpless be=e x1 = x is n our fault1 b t ( ! cosmic s\l f :i* & 9 :i* we h our be+4 ,ignorance has produc$ ev]y:]e a /ate ( relativity & reciprocal dep5d5ce4 ,bir? is insep>ably l9k$ ) dea?1 congregation ) segregation1 evolution ) involution1 attraction ) repulsion1 ! c5tripetal ) ! c5trifugal =ce1 ! spr+ ) ! fall1 ! tide ) ! ebb1 joy ) sorr[1 ,god ) ,satan1 ,adam ) ,eve1 ,buddha ) ,devadatta1 etc41 etc41 ad inf9itum4 ,^! are necess>y conditions ( exi/5ce2 & if exi/5ce is an evil1 !y mu/ be aboli%$1 & ) _! abolition ! v reason ( exi/5ce is aboli%$1 :i* means absolute no?+ness1 an impossibility z long z we exi/4 ,! "w ( ignorance 9 ! _w ( conditional ,su*ness is q innoc5t1 & ,buddhi/s d n recognise any fault 9 its exi/5ce1 if n contam9at$ by confus$ subjectivity4 ,^? :o speak ( ! curse ( exi/5ce1 or ^? :o conceive ,nirvna to be ! abode ( non-exi/5ce #abd & ! happ9ess ( absolute annihilation1 are consid]$ by ,buddhi/s to be unable to und]/& ! significance ( ,ignorance4 ,is !re !n no fault to be f\nd ) ,ignorance8 ,n 9 ,ignorance itself1 b 9 our defil$ atta*m5t to x1 t is1 :5 we are ignorant ( ,ignorance4 ,x is wrong to cl+ to ! dualism ( subject & object z f9al & act accord+ly4 ,x is wrong to take ! "w ( ignorance z ultimate & to =get ! f\ndation on :i* x /&s4 ,x is wrong1 ?9k+ t ! awak5+ ( consci\sness reveals ! :ole _w1 to ignore ! exi/5ce ( unse5 realities4 ,9 %ort1 evils quickly foll[ our /eps :5 we try to realise ! conclusions ( ignorance )\t kn[+ its true relation to ,su*ness4 ,egoism is ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all errors & evils4 ,:5 we speak ( ignorance z h9d]+ ! light ( intellig5ce f p5etrat+ to ! bottom ( reality1 we usually und]/& ! t]m ignorance n 9 ! philosophical s5se ( pr9cipium individuum1 b 9 ! s5se ( confus$ subjectivity1 :i* conceives ! "w ( ,ignorance z ! f9al reality culm9at+ 9 egoism4 ,s1 we might say t :ile ! pr9ciple ( ,ignorance is philosophically ju/ifi$1 its un5light5$ actualisation 9 our practical life is altoge!r unw>rant$ & br+s on u a s]ies ( dire calamities4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ta?,,gata-,,g>bha ,,& ,,! ,,laya-,,vij,,na4 #abe _/,su*ness_/ 7,bhtata?t71 ! ultimate pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 is kn[n by s _m diff]5t names1 z x is view$ 9 s _m diff]5t phases ( its manife/ation4 ,su*ness is ! ,ess5ce ( ,buddhas1 z x con/itutes ! reason ( ,buddhahood2 x is ! ,dh>ma1 :5 x is consid]$ ! norm ( exi/5ce2 x is ! ,bodhi :5 x is ! s\rce ( intellig5ce2 ,nirvana1 :5 x br+s et]nal peace to a he>t tr\bl$ ) egoism & its vile passions2 ,praj 7wisdom71 :5 x intellig5tly directs ! c\rse ( nature2 ! ,dh>makya1 :5 x is religi\sly consid]$ z ! f\nta9-head ( love & wisdom2 ! ,bodhicitta 7intellig5ce-he>t71 :5 x is ! awak5] ( religi\s consci\sness2 nyat 7vacuity71 :5 view$ z transc5d+ all p>ticul> =ms2 ! summum bonum 7kualam71 :5 its e?ical phase is emphasis$2 ! ,highe/ ,tru? 7p>amr?a71 :5 its epi/emological feature is put =w>d2 ! ,middle ,pa? 7mdhyamrga71 :5 x is consid]$ above ! onesid$ness & limitation ( individual exi/5ces2 ! ,ess5ce ( ,be+ 7bhtakoti71 :5 its ontological aspect is tak5 into #abf acc\nt2 ! ,ta?gata-g>bha 7! ,womb ( ,ta?gata71 :5 x is ?\ght ( 9 analogy to "m e>?1 :]e all ! g]ms ( life are /or$1 & :]e all preci\s /ones & metals are conceal$ "u ! cov] ( fil?4 ,& x is ( ?is la/ aspect ( ,su*ness t ,i "h propose to consid] at "s l5g?4 ,! ,ta?gata-,g>bha & ,ignorance4 ,ta?gata-,g>bha lit]ally means ,ta?gata's womb#ei or treasure or /ore1 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ,ta?gatahood rema9s conceal$ "u ! veil ( ,ignorance4 ,x may rightly be call$ ! womb ( univ]se1 f :i* issues =? ! multitud9\sness ( ?+s1 m5tal z well z physical4 ,! ,ta?gata-,g>bha1 !re=e1 may be expla9$ ontologically z a /ate ( ,su*ness quick5$ by ,ignorance & ready to be realis$ 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>s1 t is1 :5 x is ab\t to trans=m itself to ! duality ( subject & object1 ?\gh !re is yet no p]ceptible manife/ation ( motility 9 any =m4 ,psy*ologically1 x is ! transc5d5tal s\l ( man j com+ "u ! bondage ( ! law ( k>maic causation4 ,?\gh pure & free 9 its nature z ! expression ( ,su*ness 9 man1 ! transc5d5tal #abg s\l or pure intellig5ce is n[ influ5c$ by ! pr9ciple ( bir?-&-dea? & subjects itself to organic det]m9ations4 ,z x is1 x is yet devoid ( diff]5tiation & limitation1 save t !re is a b>e possibility ( !m4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 z soon z x is actualis$ 9 a special =m1 unfold all its p>ticul>ities subject to _! own laws2 x w hung]1 desire1 /rive1 & ev5 be annoy$ by its mat]ial bonds1 & !n1 beg9n+ to long = lib]ation1 w /ruggle inw>dly4 ,"h is !n no m ( ! absolute fre$om ( ,su*ness1 z long z its ph5om5al phase alone is consid]$1 s9ce ! ,g>bha works "u ! con/ra9t ( p>ticul>isation4 ,! ess5ce ( ,ta?gatahood1 h[ev]1 is "h pres]v$ intact1 &1 :5ev] x is possible1 our f9ite m9ds are able to feel its pres5ce & p[]4 ,hypo!tically1 !re=e1 ! ,g>bha is always 9 association ) passions & desires t are ( ,ignorance4 ,we read 9 ! riml-,stra3 8,) ! /orage ( passions atta*$ we f9d ! ,ta?gata-,g>bha10 or1 8,! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata n deta*$ f ! /orage ( passions is call$ ,ta?gata-,g>bha40 ,9 ,buddhism1 passion or desire or s9 7klea7 is g5]ally us$ 9 contra/ to intellig5ce or ,bodhi or ,nirvna4 ,z ! latt]1 religi\sly consid]$1 repres5ts a p>ticul> manife/ation 9 ! human m9d ( ! ,dh>makya or ,bhtata?t1 s ! =m] is a reflection ( univ]sal ,ignorance 9 ! microcosm4 ,!re=e1 ! human s\l 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,buddhism1 intellig5ce & desire are m]g$1 %\ld #abh be reg>d$ z an individuation ( ! ,ta?gata-,g>bha4 ,& x is 9 ?is capacity t ! ,g>bha is call$ layavijna4 ,! layavijna & its ,evolution4 ,z we h se51 ! layavijna or ,all-,cons]v+ ,s\l is a p>ticul>is$ expression 9 ! human m9d ( ! ,ta?gata-,g>bha4 ,x is an individual1 ideal reflex ( ! cosmic ,g>bha4 ,x is ?is 8psy*ic g]m10 z ! laya is (t5 designat$1 t /ores all ! m5tal possibilities1 :i* are set 9 motion by ! impetus ( an ext]nal _w1 :i* works on ! laya ?r\gh ! six s5ses 7vijna74 ,mahynism is ess5tially ideali/ic & does n make a radical1 qualitative di/9ction betwe5 subject & object1 ?\ght & be+1 m9d & nature1 consci\sness & en]gy4 ,!re=e1 ! be+ & activity ( ! laya are ess5tially ^? ( ! ,g>bha2 & aga91 z ! ,g>bha is ! jo9t creation ( univ]sal ,ignorance & ,su*ness1 s is ! laya ! product ( desire 7klea7 & wisdom 7bodhi74 ,! ,g>bha & ! laya1 h[ev]1 are ea* 9 itself innoc5t & absolutely irresponsible = ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs4 ,& let x be rem>k$ "h t ,buddhism does n condemn ?is life & univ]se = _! wick$ness z 0 done by "s religi\s tea*]s & philosoph]s4 ,! s-call$ wick$ness is n radical 9 nature & life4 ,x is m]ely sup]ficial4 ,x is ! "w ( ignorance & desire1 & :5 !y are conv]t$ to d s]vice = ! #abi ,bodhi1 !y cease to be wick$ or s9ful or evil4 ,buddhi/s1 !re=e1 /rongly insi/ on ! innate & intr9sic goodness ( ! laya & ! ,g>bha4 ,says ,avaghoa 9 8 ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 7p4 #ge73 8,9 ! ,all-,cons]v+ ,s\l 7laya7 ,ignorance obta9s1 & f non-enlight5m5t ?us produc$ />ts t :i* sees1 t :i* repres5ts1 t :i* appreh5ds an objective _w1 & t :i* con/antly p>ticul>ises40 ,"h we h ! evolution ( ! ,g>bha 9 its psy*ological manife/ation2 9 o!r words1 we h "h ! evolution ( ! layavijna4 ,:5 ! ,g>bha or laya comes "u ! influ5ce ( bir?-&-dea? 7samsra71 x no long] reta9s its primeval indiff]5ce or sam5ess 7samat72 b !re come to exi/ t :i* sees 7viay97 & t :i* is se5 7viaya71 a m9d & an objective _w4 ,f ! int]action ( ^! two =ms ( exi/5ce1 we h n[ be=e our eyes ! entire panorama ( ! univ]se swiftly & noiselessly mov+ ) its nev]-tir+ /eps4 ,a mo/ favorite simile ) ,buddhi/s to illu/rate ^! incessant activities ( ! ph5om5al _w1 is to comp>e !m to ! waves t are se5 =ev] roll+ 9 a b\ndless ocean1 :ile ! body ( wat]s :i* make up ! ocean is comp>$ to ,su*ness1 & ! w9d t /irs up ! waves to ! pr9ciple ( bir?-&-dea? or ignorance :i* is ! same ?+4 ,s we read 9 ! ,lankvatra ,stra3 #acj 8,l unto ! ocean-waves1 ,:i* by a rag+ /orm madd5$ ,aga9/ ! rugg$ precipice /rike ,)\t int]ruption2 ,ev5 s 9 ! ,alaya-sea ,/irr$ by ! objectivity-w9d ,all k9ds ( m5tation-waves ,arise a-danc+1 a-roll+40#fj ,b all ! psy*ical activities ?us br\ght into full view1 %\ld n be conceiv$ z diff]5t f ! ,m9d 7citta7 itself4 ,x is m]ely 9 ! nature ( our und]/&+ t we ?9k ( attributes ap>t f _! sub/ance1 ! latt] be+ imag9$ to be 9 possession & control ( ! =m]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 fact no sub/ance p] se1 indep5d5t ( its attributes1 & no attributes deta*$ f t :i* unites !m4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ,buddhism1 t !re is no s\l-9-itself consid]$ ap>t f its v>i\s manife/ations su* z imag9ation1 s5sation1 intellectuation1 etc4 ,! innum]able ripples & waves & bill[s ( m5tation t are /irr$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,ta?gata-,g>bha1 are n ?+s =eign or ext]nal to x1 b !y are all p>ticul> expressions ( ! same ess5ce1 !y are work+ out its imman5t de/9y4 ,s cont9ues ! ,lankvatra ,stra3 #aca 8,! sal9e cry/al & its r$-blui%ness1 ,! milky sap & its sweetness1 ,v>i\s fl[]s & _! fruits1 ,! sun & ! moon & _! lum9osity3 ,^! are nei!r sep>able nor insep>able4 ,z waves are /irr$ 9 ! wat]1 ,ev5 s ! sev5 modes ( m5tation ,are awak5$ 9 ! ,m9d & unit$ ) x4 ,:5 ! wat]s are tr\bl$ 9 ! ocean1 ,we h waves t roll ea* 9 its own way3 ,s ) ! ,m9d ,all-,cons]v+4 ,:5 /irr$1 !re9 div]se m5tations arise3 ,citta1 ,manas1 & ,manovijna4 ,^! we di/+ui% z attributes1 ,9 sub/ance !y diff] n f ea* o!r2 ,= !y are nei!r attribut+ nor attribut$4 ,! sea-wat] & ! waves1 ,"o v>ies n f ! o!r3 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,m9d & its activities2 ,betwe5 !m diff]5ce n[h]e obta9s4 ,citta is k>ma-accumulat+1 ,manas reflects an objective _w1 ,manovijna is ! faculty ( judgm5t1 ,! five ,vijnas are ! diff]5tiat+ s5ses40#fa #acb ,! ,manas4 ,! layavijna :i* is sometimes1 z 9 ! prec$+ quotations1 simply call$ citta 7m9d71 is1 z su*1 no m ?an a /ate ( ,su*ness1 all[+ itself to be influ5c$ by ! pr9ciple ( bir?-&-dea?1 i4e41 by ,ignorance2 & !re has 9 x tak5 place z yet no 8awak5+0 or 8/irr+ up0 7vtti71 f :i* results a consci\sness4 ,:5 ! ,manas is evolv$1 h[ev]1 we h a sign ( m5tality !reby set 9 motion1 = ! ,manas1 accord+ to ! ,mahyni/s1 m>ks ! dawn ( consci\sness 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ,manas1 d]iv+ its reason ( consci\sness f ! ,citta or laya1 reflects on x z well z on an ext]nal _w1 & becomes consci\s ( ! di/9ction betwe5 me & n-me4 ,b s9ce ?is n-,i or ext]nal _w is no?+ b an unfoldm5t ( ! laya itself1 ! ,manas mu/ be said really to be self-reflect+1 :5 x discrim9ates betwe5 subject & object4 ,if ! laya is n yet consci\s ( itself1 ! ,manas is1 z ! latt] comes to realise ! /ate ( self-aw>5ess4 ,! laya is p]haps to be comp>$ 9 a s5se to ! ,kantian 8ego ( transc5d5tal app]ception02 :ile ! ,manas is ! actual c5t] ( self-consci\sness4 ,b ! ,manas & ! laya 7or ,citta7 are n two diff]5t ?+s 9 ! s5se t "o emanates f ! o!r or t "o is creat$ by ! o!r4 ,x is bett] to und]/& #acc ! ,manas z a /ate or condition ( ! ,citta 9 its evolution4 ,n[1 ! ,manas is n only contemplative1 b capable ( volition4 ,x awak5s ! desire to cl+ to ! /ate ( individuation1 x h>bors egoism1 passion1 & prejudice2 x wills & creates3 = ,ignorance1 ! pr9ciple ( bir?-&-dea?1 is !re 9 its full =ce1 & ! absolute id5tity ( ,su*ness is "h =ev] dep>t$4 ,!re=e1 ! ,manas really m>ks ! beg9n+ ( concrete1 p>ticul>is+ consci\sness-waves 9 ! et]nal ocean ( ! ,all-,cons]v+ ,m9d4 ,! m9d :i* 0 hi!rto indiff]5t & neutral "h acquires a full consci\sness2 discrim9ates betwe5 ego & non-ego2 feels pa9 & pleasure2 cl+s to t :i* is agreeable & %r9ks f t :i* is disagreeable2 urges activities accord+ to judgm5ts1 false or tru?ful2 memorises :at has be5 exp]i5c$1 & /ores x all3--9 %ort1 all ! modes ( m5tation come into play ) ! awak5+ ( ! ,manas4 ,accord+ to ,avaghoa1 ) ! evolution ( ! ,manas !re arise five important psy*ical activities :i* *>act]ise ! human m9d4 ,!y are3 7#a7 motility1 t is ! capability ( creat+ k>ma2 7#b7 ! p[] to p]ceive2 7#c7 ! p[] to respond2 7#d7 ! p[] to discrim9ate2 & 7#e7 individuality4 ,?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ^! five functions1 ! ,manas is able to create accord+ to its w1 to be a p]ceiv+ subject1 to respond to ! /imuli ( an ext]nal _w1 to deliv] judgm5ts #acd ov] :at x likes & :at x dislikes1 & f9ally to reta9 all its own 8k>ma-se$s0 9 ! pa/ & to mature !m = ! future1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,manas1 ! evolution ( ! ,citta is complete4 ,practically1 x is ! consummation ( m5tality1 = self-consci\sness is ripe n[4 ,! w c affirm its ego-c5tric1 duali/ic activities1 & ! intellect c ex]cise its discrim9at+1 reason+1 & image-reta9+ faculties4 ,! ,manas n[ becomes ! c5t] ( psy*ic cord9ation4 ,x receives messages f ! six s5ses & pron\nces ov] ! impressions :atev] judgm5ts1 intellectual or volitional1 :i* are ne$$ at ! "t = its own cons]vation4 ,x also reflects on its own sanctum1 &1 p]ceiv+ !re ! pres5ce ( ! laya1 wrongfully jumps to ! conclusion t h]e9 lies ! real1 ultimate ego-s\l1 f :i* x d]ives ! notions ( au?ority1 unity1 & p]man5cy4 ,z is evid5t1 ! ,manas is a d\ble-edg$ sword4 ,x may de/roy itself by cl++ to ! error ( ego-conception1 or x may1 by a judici\s ex]cise ( its reason+ faculty1 de/roy all ! misconceptions t arise f a wrong int]pretation ( ! pr9ciple ( ,ignorance4 ,! ,manas de/roys itself by be+ ov]:elm$ by ! dualism ( ego & alt]1 by tak+ !m = f9al1 irr$ucible realities1 & by ?us fo/]+ absolute ego-c5tric ?\ghts & desires1 & by mak+ itself a will+ prey ( an indomitable egoism1 religi\sly & morally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 x #ace sees an error 9 ! conception ( ! absolute reality ( individuals1 :5 x p]ceives a play ( ,ignorance 9 ! dualism ( me & n-me1 :5 x recognises ! raison d'tre ( exi/5ce 9 ! ess5ce ( ,ta?gatahood1 i4e41 9 ,su*ness1 :5 x realises t ! laya :i* is mi/ak5 = ! ego is no m ?an an innoc5t & irreproa*able reflection ( ! cosmic ,g>bha1 x at once transc5ds ! sph]e ( p>ticul>ity & becomes ! v h>b+] ( et]nal enlight5m5t4 ,buddhi/s1 !re=e1 d n see any error or evil 9 ! evolution ( ! ,m9d 7laya74 ,!re is no?+ faulty 9 ! awak5+ ( consci\sness1 9 ! dualism ( subject & object1 9 ! individualis+ op]ation ( bir?-&-dea? 7samsra71 only s long z our ,manas keeps alo( f ! contam9ation ( false egoism4 ,! grave/ error1 h[ev]1 p]meates e fib] ( our m9d ) all its wick$ness & irrationality1 z soon z ! nature ( ! evolution ( ! laya is wrongfully int]pret$ by ! abuse ( ! functions ( ! ,manas4#fb #acf ,?\gh ,mahynism mo/ emphatically d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ego :i* is imag9$ to be lodg+ )9 ! body & to be ! spiritual ma/] ( x1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t x d5ies ! unity ( consci\sness or p]sonality or individuality4 ,9 fact1 ! assumption ( ,manovijna by ,buddhi/s mo/ conclusively proves t !y h an ego 9 a s5se1 ! d5ial ( ^: empirical exi/5ce is tantam\nt to ! d5ial ( ! mo/ concrete facts ( our daily exp]i5ces4 ,:at is mo/ p]si/5tly negat$ by !m is n ! exi/5ce ( ego1 b its f9al1 ultimate reality4 ,b to discuss ?is subject m fully we h a special *apt] bel[ devot$ to 8tman40 ,! ,smkhya ,philosophy & ,mahynism4 ,if we draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,smkhya philosophy & ,mahynism1 ! layavijna may #acg be consid]$ an unification ( ,s\l 7purua7 & ,nature 7prakt71 & ! ,manovijna a comb9ation ( ,buddhi 7intellect7 or ,mahat 7great elem5t7 ) ,ahankra 7ego74 ,accord+ to ! ,smkhyakrika 7#aa71 ! ess5tial nature ( ,prakt is ! p[] ( creation1 or1 to use ,buddhi/ phraseology1 x is bl9d activity2 :ile t ( ,purua is witness+ 7sakitv7 & p]ceiv+ 7dra/tv74 7,! ,krika1 #ai47 ,a mod]n philosoph] w\ld say1 ,purua is intellig5ce & ,prakt ! w2 & :5 !y are comb9$ & bl5d$ 9 "o1 !y make ,h>tmann's ,unbewus/e ,gei/ 7unconsci\s _s74 ,! ,all-,cons]v+ ,m9d 7laya7 9 a c]ta9 s5se resembles ! ,unconsci\s1 z x is ! manife/ation ( ,su*ness1 ! pr9ciple ( enlight5m5t1 9 its evolution>y aspect z condition$ by ,ignorance2 & ,ignorance app>5tly #ach corresponds to ! w z ! pr9ciple ( bl9d activity4 ,! ,smkhya philosophy is an av[$ dualism & p]mits ! exi/5ce ( two pr9ciples indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,mahynism is fundam5tally moni/ic & makes ,ignorance m]ely a condition necess>y to ! unfold+ ( ,su*ness4#fc ,!re=e1 :at ! ,smkhya splits into two1 ,mahynism puts toge!r 9 "o4 ,s is ! p>allelism betwe5 ! ,manovijna1 & ,buddhi & ,ahankra4 ,buddhi1 intellect1 is def9$ z adhyavasya 7,krika1 #bc71 :ile ,ahankra is int]pret$ z abhimanas 7,krika1 #bd71 :i* is evid5tly self-consci\sness4 ,z to ! exact mean+ ( adhyavasya1 !re is a div]g5ce ( op9ion3 8asc]ta9m5t10 8judgm5t10 8det]m9ation10 8appreh5sion0 are "s ( ! ,engli% equival5ts *os5 = x4 ,b ! inn] signification ( ,buddhi is cle> en\gh2 x indicates ! awak5+ ( k1 ! dawn ( rationality1 ! fir/ %$d+ ( light on ! d>k recesses ( unconsci\sness2 s ! comm5tators give z ! synonyms mati 7und]/&+71 khyti 7cognition71 jnam1 praj1 etc41 ! la/ two ( ^!1 :i* mean k or intellig5ce1 be+ also te*nical t]ms ( ,mahynism4 ,&1 z we h se5 above1 ^! s5ses are :at ! ,buddhi/s give to _! ,manovijna1 save t ! #aci latt] 9 addition has ! faculty ( discrim9at+ betwe5 teum & meum1 :ile 9 ! ,smkhya ?is is res]v$ = ,ahankra4 ,?us1 "h1 too1 9 place ( ! ,smkhya dualism1 we h ! ,buddhi/ unity4 ,ano!r po9t we h to take notice "h 9 comp>+ ! two great ,h9du religio-philosophical sy/ems1 is t ! ,smkhya philosophy pluralises ! ,s\l 7purua1 ,krika1 #ah71 :ile ,buddhism po/ulates "o univ]sal ,citta or laya4 ,accord+ to ! foll[]s ( ,kapila1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be z _m s\ls z !re are individuals1 & at e dep>ture or adv5t ( an individual !re mu/ be assum$ a correspond+ s\l pass+ away or com+ into exi/5ce1 ?\gh we d n "k its :5ce & :i!r4 ,buddhism1 on ! o!r h&1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any individual m9d ap>t f ! ,all-,cons]v+ ,m9d 7laya7 :i* is univ]sal4 ,individuality fir/ appe>s at ! awak5+ ( ! ,manovijna4 ,! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,m9d is ,su*ness & is n subject to ! limitations ( "t & space z well z ! law ( causation4 ,b z soon z x ass]ts itself 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>isation1 x negates itself !reby1 &1 becom+ specialis$1 gives rise to individual s\ls4#fd ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,non-,,atman ,,or ,,non-,,ego4 #adj _/,if_/ ,i am reque/$ to =mulate ! gr\nd-pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( ,mahyna ,buddhism1 &1 inde$1 ( all ! s*ools ( ,buddhism1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,all is mom5t>y 7s>vam kanikam74 7#b7 ,all is empty 7s>vam nyam74 7#c7 ,all is )\t self 7s>vam antmam74 7#d7 ,all is su* z x is 7s>vam ta?tvam74 ,^! f\r t5ets1 z x 71 are s closely int]relat$ t1 /& or fall1 !y all inevitably %>e "o & ! same fate toge!r4 ,:atev] diff]5t views ! v>i\s s*ools ( ,buddhism may hold on po9ts ( m9or importance1 !y all concur at lea/ on ^! f\r pr9cipal propositions4 ,( ^! f\r propositions1 ! fir/1 ! second1 & ! f\r? h be5 elucidat$ above1 m or less explicitly4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( a relative _w is ! "w ( ignorance & z su* has no f9al reality1 x mu/ be consid]$ illusory & empty2 ?\gh x does n necess>ily foll[ t on ?is acc\nt our life is n wor? liv+4 ,we mu/ n #ada confuse ! moral value ( exi/5ce ) ! ontological problem ( its ph5om5ality4 ,x all dep5ds on our subjective attitude :e!r or n our _w & life become full ( significance4 ,:5 ! illusiv5ess or ph5om5ality ( individual exi/5ces is grant$ & we use ! _w accord+ly1 t is1 8z n abus+ x10 we escape ! error & curse ( egoism & take ?+s z !y are pres5t$ to u1 z reflect+ ! ,dh>ma ( ,su*ness4 ,we no m cl+ to =ms ( p>ticul>ity z some?+ ultimate & absolutely real & z t 9 :i* lies ! ess5ce ( our life4 ,we take !m = su* z !y are1 & recognise _! reality only 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ a p>tial realisation ( ,su*ness1 & d n g any fur!r4 ,su*ness1 inde$1 lies n hidd5 beh9d !m1 b exi/s imman5tly 9 !m4 ,?+s are empty & illusory s long z !y are p>ticul> ?+s & are n ?\ght ( 9 ref]5ce to ! ,all t is ,su*ness & ,reality4 ,f ?is1 x logically foll[s t 9 ?is _w ( relativity all is mom5t>y1 t no?+ is p]man5t1 s f> z isolat$1 p>ticul> exi/5ces are conc]n$4 ,ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! /atem5t made above1 ! doctr9e ( univ]sal imp]man5cy is an almo/ self-evid5t tru? exp]i5c$ ev]y:]e1 & does n require any special demon/ration to prove its validity4 ,! desire = immortality :i* is s conspicu\s & p]si/5t 9 all ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness t ! v desire has be5 ?\ght to be ! ess5ce ( all #adb religi\s sy/ems1 is ! mo/ conclusive pro( t ?+s on ?is e>? are 9 a con/ant flux ( becom+1 & t !re is no?+ p]man5t or /ation>y 9 our individual exi/5ces2 if o!rwise1 p w\ld nev] h s\ght = immortality4 ,if ?is be grant$ z a fact ( our ev]yday exp]i5ce1 we naturally ask3 8,:y are ?+s s *angeable8 ,:y is life s fleet+8 ,:at is x t makes ?+s s mutable & transitory80 ,to ?is1 ! ,buddhi/'s answ] is3 ,because ! univ]se is a resultant product ( _m effici5t =ces t are act+ accord+ to diff]5t k>mas2--! de/9y ( ^? =ces be+ t no "o =ce or no "o set ( =ces c con/antly be pr$om9ant ov] all ! o!rs1 b t :5 "o has exhau/$ its pot5tial k>ma1 x is replac$ by ano!r t has be5 /eadily com+ =w>d 9 ! meantime4 ,h5ce ! univ]sal cad5ce ( bir? & dea?1 ( ! spr+ & ! fall1 ( ! tide & ! ebb1 ( integration & dis9tegration4 ,:]e !re is attraction1 !re is repulsion2 :]e !re is ! c5tripetal =ce1 !re is ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,because x is ! law ( k>ma t at ! v mom5t ( bir? ! arms ( dea? are ar\nd ! neck ( life4 ,! univ]se is no?+ b a gr& rhy?mic manife/ation ( c]ta9 =ces work+ 9 con=mity to _! pr$et]m9$ laws2 or1 to use ,buddhi/ t]m9ology1 ?is lokadhtu 7mat]ial _w7 consi/s 9 a concat5ation ( hetus 7causes7 & pratyayas 7conditions7 regulat$ by _! k>ma4 #adc ,if ?is 7 n s1 !re w\ld be ei!r a c]ta9 fix$ /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* p]fect equilibrium w\ld be ma9ta9$1 or an inexpressible confusion ( ?+s ( :i* no k or exp]i5ce w\ld be possible4 ,9 ! =m] case1 we %\ld h univ]sal /agnation & et]nal dea?2 9 ! latt] case1 !re w\ld be no univ]se1 no life1 no?+ b absolute *aos4 ,!re=e1 s long z we h ! _w be=e u1 9 :i* all ! possible v>ieties ( p>ticul>isation are manife/$ x _c be o!rwise ?an 9 a /ate ( con/ant vicissitudes & !re=e ( univ]sal transitor9ess4 ,n[1 ! ,buddhi/ argum5t = ! !ory ( non-ego is ?is3 ,if individual exi/5ces are due to relations obta9+ betwe5 div]se =ces1 :i* act sometimes 9 unison ) & sometimes 9 opposition to "o ano!r z pr$et]m9$ by _! k>ma1 !y _c be said to h any transc5d5tal ag5cy beh9d !m1 :i* is a p]man5t unity & absolute dictator4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no tman or ego-s\l beh9d our m5tal activities1 & no ?+-9-itself 7svabhva71 s to speak1 beh9d ea* p>ticul> =m ( exi/5ce4 ,?is is call$ ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( non-tman or non-ego4 tman4 ,buddhi/s use ! t]m 8tman0 9 two s5ses3 fir/1 9 ! s5se ( p]sonal ego1#fe & secondly1 9 #add t ( ?+-9-itself1 p]haps1 ) a slight modification ( its commonly accept$ mean+4 ,let u use ! t]m 8tman0 "h 9 its fir/ s5se z equival5t to bhttman1 = we are go+ fir/ to treat ( ! doctr9e ( non-ego1 & lat] ( t ( no-?+-9-itself4 tman is usually translat$ 8life10 8ego10 or 8s\l10#ff & is a te*nical t]m us$ bo? by ,v$anta philosoph]s & ,buddhi/s4 ,b we h to note at ! beg9n+ t !y d n use ! t]m 9 ! same s5se4 ,:5 ! ,v$anta philosophy1 especially ! lat] "o1 speaks ( tman z our inmo/ self :i* is id5tical ) ! univ]sal ,brahma1 x is us$ 9 its mo/ ab/ract metaphysical s5se & does n mean ! s\l :atev]1 z ! latt] is #ade commonly und]/ood by vulg> m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,buddhi/s und]/& by tman ?is vulg>1 mat]iali/ic conception ( ! s\l 7bhttman7 & positively d5ies its exi/5ce z su*4 ,if we1 = conv5i5ce' sake1 di/+ui% betwe5 ph5om5al & n\m5al 9 our notion ( ego or s\l1 ! tman ( ,buddhism is ! ph5om5al ego1 namely1 a concrete ag5t t is suppos$ to d ! act+1 ?9k+1 & feel+2 :ile ! tman ( ,v$anti/s is ! n\m5al ego z ! raison d'tre ( our psy*ical life4 ,! "o is 9 fact mat]ial1 h[ev] e!real x might be conceiv$4 ,! o!r is a highly metaphysical conception transc5d+ ! rea* ( human discursive k4 ,! latt] may be id5tifi$ ) ,p>amtman & ! =m] ) ,jvtman4 ,p>amtman is a univ]sal s\l f :i*1 accord+ to ,v$antism1 emanates ?is _w ( ph5om5a1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se x may be said to correspond to ! ,ta?gata-g>bha ( ,buddhism4 ,jvtman is ! ego-s\l z x is conceiv$ by ignorant p z an indep5d5t entity direct+ all ! m5tal activities4 ,x is ?is latt] tman t 0 f\nd to be void by ,buddha :5 he arose f 8 long m$itation1 decl>+3 8,_m a life to transmigrate1 ,long que/1 no re/1 ha? be5 my fate1 ,t5t-design]#fg inquisitive =3 ,pa9ful bir? f /ate to /ate4 #adf 8,t5t-design]6 ,i "k !e n[2 ,nev] aga9 to build art ?\3 ,q out are all ?y joyful fires1 ,raft] brok5 & ro(-tree gone1 ,ga9 et]nity--dead desires40#fh ,buddha's ,fir/ ,l9e ( ,inquiry4 ,buddhism f9ds ! s\rce ( all evils & suff]+s 9 ! vulg> mat]ial conception ( ! ego-s\l1 & conc5trates its entire e?ical =ce ^u ! de/ruction ( ! ego-c5tric notions & desires4 ,! ,buddha seems1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( 8 w&]+ life1 to h conceiv$ ! idea t ! way ( salvation mu/ lie someh[ 9 ! removal ( ?is egoi/ic prejudice1 = s long z we are n lib]at$ f its curse we are liable to become ! prey ( ! ?ree v5om\s passions3 covet\sness1 infatuation1 & ang]1 & to suff] ! mis]y ( bir? & dea? & disease & old age4 ,?us1 :5 he receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ructions f ! ,smkhya philosoph]1 ,arada1 he 0 n satisfi$1 because he did n tea* h[ to ab&on ?is ego-s\l itself4 ,! ,buddha argu$3 8,i consid] t ! embodi$ ego-s\l1 ?\gh fre$ f ! evolv5t-evolutes1#fi #adg is /ill subject to ! condition ( bir? & has ! condition ( a se$4 ,! se$ may rema9 dormant s long z x is depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( com+ into contact ) ! requisite conditions ( quick5+ & be+ quick5$1 b s9ce its g]m9at+ p[] has n be5 de/roy$1 x w surely develop all its pot5tialities z soon z x is br\ght into t necess>y contact4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ego-s\l free f entanglem5t i4e4 f ! bondage ( ,prakti is decl>$ to be lib]at$1 yet1 s long z ! ego-s\l rema9s1 !re c be no absolute ab&onm5t ( x1 !re c be no real ab&onm5t ( egoism40#gj ,! ,buddha !n proce$s to indicate ! pa? ?r\gh :i* he rea*$ 8 f9al conclusion & decl>es3 8,!re is no real sep>ation ( ! qualities & _! subject2 = fire _c be conceiv$ ap>t f its heat & =m40 ,:5 ?is argum5t is logically c>ri$ out1 x leads n[h]e b to ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( non-tman1 t says3 ,! exi/5ce ( an ego-s\l _c be conceiv$ ap>t f s5sation1 p]ception1 imag9ation1 intellig5ce1 volition1 etc41 &1 !re=e1 x is absurd to ?9k t !re is an indep5d5t individual s\l-ag5t :i* makes our consci\sness its work%op4 ,to imag9e t an object c be ab/ract$ f its qualities1 n only logically b 9 reality1 t !re is "s unkn[n quantity t is 9 #adh possession ( su* & su* *>act]i/ic m>ks 7lakana7 :]eby x makes itself p]ceivable by our s5ses1 says ,buddhism1 is wrong & unw>rant$ by reason4 ,fire _c be conceiv$ ap>t f its =m & heat2 waves _c be conceiv$ ap>t f ! wat] & its commotion2 ! :eel _c exi/ outside ( its rim1 spokes1 axle1 etc4 ,all ?+s1 ?us1 are made ( hetus & pratyayas1 ( causes & conditions1 ( qualities & attributes2 & x is impossible = our pudgala or tman or ego or s\l to be any exception to ?is univ]sal condition ( ?+s4 ,let me 9 ?is connection /ate an int]e/+ incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,hui-,k'e1 ! second patri>* ( ! ,dhyna sect 9 ,*9a1 0 tr\bl$ ) ?is ego-problem be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,he 0 at fir/ a fai?ful ,confucian1 b ,confucianism did n satisfy all 8 spiritual wants4 ,8 s\l 0 wav]+ betwe5 agno/icism & scepticism1 & consequ5tly he felt an unspeakable angui% 9 8 inmo/ he>t4 ,:5 he le>n$ ( ! arrival ( ,bodhidh>ma 9 8 c\ntry1 he ha/5$ to 8 mona/]y & implor$ him to give him "s spiritual advice4 ,b ,bodhidh>ma did n utt] a ^w1 be+ seem+ly absorb$ 9 8 deep m$itation4 ,hui-,k'e1 h[ev]1 0 det]m9$ to obta9 f him "s religi\s in/ructions at all haz>ds4 ,s x is report$ t he 0 /&+ at ! same spot sev5 days & nights1 :5 he at la/ cut (f 8 left arm ) ! sword he 0 c>ry+ 7be+ #adi a milit>y (fic]7 & plac$ x be=e ,dh>ma1 say+3 8,?is arm is a tok5 ( my s9c]e desire to be in/ruct$ 9 ! ,holy ,doctr9e4 ,my s\l is tr\bl$ & annoy$2 pray let y\r grace %[ me ! way to pacify x40 ,dh>ma quietly arose f 8 m$itation & said3 8,:]e is y\r s\l8 ,br+ x "h & ,i w h x pacifi$40 ,hui-,k'e repli$3 8,i h be5 se>*+ = x all ^! ye>s1 b ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 lay+ a h& on x40 ,dh>ma !n exclaim$3 8,!re1 ,i h y\r s\l pacifi$60 ,at ?is1 x is said1 a fla% ( spiritual enlight5m5t w5t across ! m9d ( ,hui-,k'e1 & 8 8s\l0 0 pacifi$ once = all4 ,! ,sk&has4 ,:5 ! five sk&has are comb9$ accord+ to _! previ\s k>ma & pres5t a temporal exi/5ce 9 ! =m ( a s5ti5t be+1 vulg> m9ds imag9e t !y h "h an individual entity su/a9$ by an immortal ego-sub/ratum4 ,9 fact1 ! mat]ial body 7rpakya7 alone is n :at makes ! ego-s\l1 nor ! s5sation 7v$an71 nor ! de$s 7sanskra71 nor ! consci\sness 7vijna71 nor ! conception 7samj72 b only :5 !y are all comb9$ 9 a c]ta9 =m !y make a s5ti5t be+4 ,yet ?is comb9ation is n ! "w ( a c]ta9 indep5d5t entity1 :i*1 accord+ to its own w1 comb9es ! five sk&has 9 "o =m & !n hides itself 9 x4 ,! comb9ation ( ! con/itu5t #aej elem5ts1 ,buddhism decl>es1 is a*iev$ by !mselves aft] _! k>ma4 ,:5 a c]ta9 numb] ( atoms ( hydrog5 & ( oxyg5 are br\ght toge!r1 !y attract ea* o!r on _! own accord or ow+ to _! own k>ma1 & ! result is wat]4 ,! ego ( wat]1 s to speak1 did n w to br+ ! two elem5ts & make itself out ( !m4 ,ev5 s is x ) ! exi/5ce ( a s5ti5t be+1 & !re is no ne$ ( hypo/asis+ a fabul\s ego-mon/] beh9d ! comb9ation ( ! five sk&has4 ,sk&ha 7kh&a 9 ,pli7 lit]ally means 8aggregate0 or 8agglom]ation01 &1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese exegeti/s1 x is call$ s1 because our p]sonal exi/5ce is an aggregate ( ! five con/itu5t elem5ts ( be+1 because x comes to take a def9ite individual =m :5 ! sk&has are br\ght toge!r accord+ to _! previ\s k>ma4 ,! fir/ ( ! five aggregates is matt] 7rpa71 ^: ess5tial quality is ?\ght to consi/ 9 resi/ance4 ,! mat]ial "p ( our exi/5ce 9 ! five s5se-organs call$ indryas3 eyes1 e>s1 nose1 tongue1 & ! body4 ,! second sk&ha is call$ s5sation or s5se-impression 7v$an71 :i* results f ! contact ( ! six vijnas 7s5ses7 ) ! viaya 7ext]nal _w74 ,! ?ird is call$ samj :i* corresponds to our conception4 ,x is ! psy*ic p[] by :i* we are enabl$ to =m ! ab/ract images ( p>ticul> objects4 ,! f\r? is sanskra :i* may be r5d]$ action or de$4 ,our intellig5t consci\sness1 #aea respond+ to impressions receiv$ :i* are ei!r agreeable or disagreeable or indiff]5t1 acts accord+ly2 & ^! acts be> fruit 9 ! com+ g5]ations4 ,sanskra1 ! f\r? con/itu5t ( be+1 comprises two categories1 m5tal 7caitta7 & non-m5tal 7cittaviprayukta74 ,& ! m5tal is subdivid$ into six3 fundam5tal 7mahbhmi71 good 7kuala71 torm5t+ 7klea71 evil 7akuala71 torm5t+ m9or 7upaklea71 & indef9ite 7aniyata74 ,x may be int]e/+ to enum]ate :at all ^! sankras are1 z !y %$ light on ! practical e?ics ( ,buddhism4 ,!re are t5 fundam5tal sanskras belong+ to ! category ( m5tal or psy*ic activities3 #a4 cetan 7m5tation71 #b4 sp>a 7contact71 #c4 *&a 7desire71 #d4 mati 7und]/&+71 #e4 smti 7recollection71 #f4 manask>a 7conc5tration71 #g4 adhimoka 7unfett]$ intellig5ce71 #h4 samdhi 7m$itation74 ,! t5 good sanskras are3 #a4 raddh 7fai?71 #b4 vrya 7en]gy71 #c4 upeka 7complac5cy71 #d4 hr 7mode/y71 #e4 apatrap 7%ame71 #f alobha 7non-covet\sness71 #g4 advea 7fre$om f hatr$71 #h4 ahimsa 7g5tl5ess ( he>t71 #i4 praradbhi 7m5tal repose71 #aj4 apramda 7att5tiv5ess74 ,! six torm5t+ sanskras are z foll[s3 #a4 moha 7folly71 #b4 pramda 7wantonness71 #c4 kusidya 7indol5ce71 #d4 arddhya 7scepticism71 #e4 /yna 7slo?fulness71 #f4 uddhatpa 7un/ead9ess74 ,! two m9or evil sanskras are3 #a4 ahrkat1 /ate ( n be+ mode/1 or arrogance1 or self-ass]tiv5ess1 #aeb & #b4 anapatrapa1 be+ lo/ to %ame1 or to be )\t consci5ce4 ,! t5 m9or torm5t+ sanskras are3 #a4 krodha 7ang]71 #b4 mraka 7secretiv5ess71 #c4 mts>ya 7nigg>dl9ess71 #d4 rya 7envy74 #e4 prada 7uneas9ess71 #f4 vihims 7noxi\sness71 #g4 upanha 7malignity71 #h4 my 7trick9ess71 #i4 ?ya 7di%one/y71 #aj4 mada 7arrogance74 ,! eight indef9ite sanskras are3 #a4 kuktya 7rep5tance71 #b4 middha 7sleep71 #c4 vit>ka 7inquiry71 #d4 vicra 7inve/igation71 #e4 rga 7excitem5t71 #f4 pratigha 7wra?71 #g4 mna 7self-reliance71 #h4 vicikits 7d\bt+74 ,! second gr& category ( sanskra :i* is n includ$ "u 8m5tal0 or 8psy*ic10 comprises f\rte5 items z foll[s3 #a4 prpti 7atta9m5t71 #b4 aprpti 7non-atta9m5t71 #c4 sabhgat 7gr\p+71 #d asanjika 7unconsci\sness71 #e4 asanjisampatti 7unconsci\s absorption 9 religi\s m$itation71 #f4 nirodhasampatti 7annihilation-trance ( a h]etic71 #g4 jvita 7vitality71 #h4 jti 7bir?71 #i4 /hiti 7exi/+71 #aj4 j> 7decad5ce71 #aa4 anityat 7transitor9ess71 #ab4 nmakya 7"n71 #ac4 padakya 7phrase71 #ad4 vyajanakya 7s5t5ce74 ,n[1 to return to ! ma9 problem4 ,! fif? sk&ha is call$ vijna1 commonly r5d]$ consci\sness1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n q correct4 ,! vijna is intellig5ce or m5tality1 x is ! psy*ic p[] ( discrim9ation1 & 9 _m cases x c be translat$ by s5se4 ,!re are1 accord+ to ,hnayni/s1 six vijnas or s5ses3 visual1 auditory1 olfactory1 gu/atory1 tactual1 & cogitative2 accord+ #aec to ,mahynism !re are eight vijnas3 ! manovijna & ! layavijna1 be+ add$ to ! above six4 ,?is psy*ological phase ( ,mahyna philosophy is pr9cipally work$ out by ! ,yogcra s*ool1 ^: lead+ ?9k]s are ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,k+ ,mil9da & ,ngas5a4 ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 ,nor!rn z well z ,s\!rn1 ab\nds ) expositions ( ! doctr9e ( non-ego1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ important f\ndation-/ones on :i* ! magnific5t temple ( ,buddhism is built4 ,! dialogue#ga betwe5 ,k+ ,mil9da & ,ngas5a1 among _m o!rs1 is v int]e/+ = v>i\s reasons & full ( sugge/ive ?\ghts1 & we h ! foll[+ discussion ( !irs conc]n+ ! problem ( ego ab/ract$ f ! ,dialogue4 ,at _! fir/ meet+ ! ,k+ asks ,ngas5a1 8,h[ is y\r ,rev]5ce kn[n1 & :at is y\r "n80 ,to ?is ! monk-philosoph] replies3 8,i am kn[n z ,ngas5a1 & x is by t "n t my bre?r5 9 ! fai? address me4 ,b al?\gh p>5ts give su* a "n z ,ngas5a1 or ,sras5a1 ,vras5a1 or ,shas5a1 yet ?is ,ngas5a & s on--is only a g5]ally und]/ood t]m1 a designation 9 common use4 ,= !re is no p]man5t self involv$ 9 ! matt]40 ,be+ greatly surpris$ by ?is answ]1 ! ,k+ #aed volleys ^u ,ngas5a a s]ies ( que/ions z foll[s3 8,if !re be no p]man5t self involv$ 9 ! matt]1 :o is x1 pray1 :o gives to y memb]s ( ! ,ord] y\r robes & food & lodg+ & necess>ies = ! sick8 ,:o is x :o enjoys su* ?+s :5 giv58 ,:o is x :o lives a life ( righte\sness8 ,:o is x :o devotes himself to m$itation8 ,:o is x :o atta9s to ! goal ( ! ,excell5t ,way1 to ! ,nirvna ( ,arhat%ip8 ,& :o is x :o de/roys liv+ creatures8 :o is x :o takes :at is n 8 own8 :o is x :o lives an evil life ( worldly lu/s1 :o speaks lies1 :o dr9ks /rong dr9k1 :o 9 a ^w commits any "o ( ! five s9s :i* "w out _! bitt] fruit ev5 9 ?is life8 ,if t be s1 !re is nei!r m]it nor dem]it2 !re is nei!r do] nor cause ( good or evil de$s2 !re is nei!r fruit nor result ( good or evil k>ma4 ,if we are to ?9k t 7 a man to kill y !re w\ld be no murd]1#gb !n x foll[s t !re are no real ma/]s or tea*]s 9 y\r ,ord]1 t y\r ord9ations are void4 ,y tell me t y\r bre?r5 9 ! ,ord] are 9 ! habit ( address+ y z ,ngas5a4 ,n[1 :at is t ,ngas5a8 ,d y mean to say t ! hair is ,ngas5a80 ,?is la/ qu]y be+ d5i$ by ! ,buddhi/ sage1 ! ,k+ asks3 8,or is x ! nails1 ! sk91 ! fle%1 ! n]ves1 ! bones1 ! m>r[1 ! kidneys1 #aee ! he>t1 ! liv]1 ! abdom51 ! sple51 ! lungs1 ! l>g] inte/9es1 ! small] inte/9es1 ! faeces1 ! bile1 ! phlegm1 ! pus1 ! blood1 ! sweat1 ! fat1 ! te>s1 ! s]um1 ! saliva1 ! mucus1 ! oil t lubricates ! jo9ts1 ! ur9e1 or ! bra9 or any or all ( ^!1 t is ,ngas5a8 8,is x ! mat]ial =m t is ,ngas5a1 or ! s5sations1 or ! ideas1 or ! confections 7de$s71 or ! consci\sness1 t is ,ngas5a80 ,to all ^! que/ions1 ! ,k+1 hav+ receiv$ a uni=m d5ial1 exclaims 9 excitem5t3 8,!n1 ?us1 ask z ,i may1 ,i c discov] no ,ngas5a4 ,ngas5a is a m]e empty s\nd4 ,:o !n is ! ,ngas5a t we see be=e u8#gc ,x is a falsehood t y\r ,rev]5ce has spok51 an untru?80 ,ngas5a does n give any direct answ]1 b quietly proposes "s c\nt]-que/ions to ! ,k+4 ,asc]ta9+ t he came 9 a c>riage to ! ,buddhi/ philosoph]1 he asks3 8,is x ! :eel1 or ! framework1 or ! ropes1 or ! spokes ( ! :eels1 or ! goad1 t are ! *>iot80 ,to ?is1 ! k+ says1 8,no10 & cont9ues3 8,x is on acc\nt ( its hav+ all ^! ?+s t x #aef comes "u ! g5]ally und]/ood t]m1 ! designation 9 common use1 ( #8*>iot4'0 8,v good10 says ,ngas5a1 8,y\r ,maje/y has rightly grasp$ ! mean+ ( #8*>iot4' ,& j ev5 s x is on acc\nt ( all ^! ?+s y que/ion$ me ab\t ! ?irty-two k9ds ( organic matt] 9 a human body1 & ! five sk&has 7con/itu5t elem5ts ( be+7 t ,i come "u ! g5]ally-und]/ood t]m1 ! designation 9 common use1 ( #8,ngas5a4'0 ,!n1 ! sage quotes 9 way ( confirmation a passage f ! ,samyutta ,nikya3 8,j z x is by ! condition prec$5t ( ! co-exi/5ce ( its v>i\s p>ts t ! ^w #8*>iot' is us$1 j s x is t :5 ! sk&has are !re we talk ( a #8be+4'0 99 99 99 ,to fur!r illu/rate ! !ory ( non-tman f e>li] ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 let me quote ! foll[+ f ! ,jtaka ,tales 7,no4 #bdd73 ,! ,bodhisattva said to a pilgrim4 8,w y h a dr9k ( ,ganges-wat] fragrant ) ! sc5t ( ! =e/80 ,! pilgrim tri$ to cat* him 9 8 words3 8,:at is ! ,ganges8 ,is ! s& ! ,ganges8 ,is ! wat] ! ,ganges8 ,is ! hi!r bank ! ,ganges8 ,is ! fur!r bank ! ,ganges80 ,b ! ,bodhisattva retort$1 8,if y except ! #aeg wat]1 ! s&1 ! hi!r bank1 & ! fur!r bank1 :]e c y f9d any ,ganges80 ,foll[+ ?is argum5t we might say1 8,:]e is ! ego-s\l1 except imag9ation1 volition1 intellection1 desire1 aspiration1 etc480 ,an&a's ,attempts to ,locate ! ,s\l4 ,9 ! ,surangama ,sutra#gd1 ,buddha exposes ! absurdity ( ! hypo!sis ( an individual concrete s\l-sub/ance by subv]t+ nd&a's sev5 successive attempts to det]m9e its :]eab\ts4 ,mo/ p :o firmly believe 9 p]sonal immortality1 w see h[ vague & *im]ical & logically unt5able is _! notion ( ! s\l1 :5 x is critically exam9$ z 9 ! foll[+ case4 n&a's conception ( ! s\l is some:at pu]ile1 b ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 9 our enlight5$ age ! belief #aeh ent]ta9$ by ! multitude is any bett] ?an 84 ,:5 que/ion$ by ! ,buddha z to ! locality ( ! s\l1 n&a ass]ts t x resides )9 ! body4 ,!reupon1 ! ,buddha says3 8,if y\r intellig5t s\l resides )9 y\r corporeal body1 h[ is x t x does n see y\r inside fir/8 ,to illu/rate1 :at we see fir/ 9 ?is lecture hall is ! int]ior & x is only :5 ! w9d[s are ?r[n op5 t we are able to see ! outside g>d5 & woods4 ,x is impossible = u :o are sitt+ 9 ! hall to see ! outside only & n to see ! inside4 ,reason+ 9 a simil> way1 :y does n ! s\l t is consid]$ to be )9 ! body see ! int]nal organs fir/ su* z ! /oma*1 he>t1 ve9s etc48 ,if h[ev] x does n see ! inside1 surely x _c be said to reside )9 ! body40 n&a n[ proposes to solve ! problem by locat+ ! s\l outside ! body4 ,he says t ! s\l is l a c&le-light plac$ )\t ?is hall4 ,:]e ! light %9es ev]y?+ is visible1 b )9 ! room !re are no c&les burn+1 & !re=e "h prevails no?+ b d>kness4 ,?is expla9s ! incapacity ( ! s\l to see ! inside ( ! body4 ,b ! ,buddha argues t 8x is impossible = ! s\l to be outside4 ,if s1 :at ! s\l feels may n be felt by ! body1 & :at ! body feels may n be felt by ! s\l1 z !re is no relation%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t :5 y1 n&a1 see my h& ?us /ret*$1 y are consci\s t y h ! p]ception ( #aei x4 ,z f> z !re is a correspond5ce betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 ! s\l _c be said to be resid+ outside ! body40 ,! ?ird hypo!sis assum$ by n&a is t ! s\l hides itself j beh9d ! s5se-organs4 ,suppose a man put a pair ( l5ses ov] 8 eyes4 ,_c he see ! outside _w ?r\gh !m8 ,! reason :y x _c see ! inside is t x resides )9 ! s5se-organs4 ,b says ! ,buddha3 8,:5 we h a l5s ov] an eye1 we p]ceive ?is l5s z well z ! outside _w4 ,if ! s\l is hidd5 beh9d ! s5se-organ1 :y does x n see ! s5se-organ itself8 ,z x does n 9 fact1 x _c be resid+ 9 ! place y m5tion40 ,an&a proposes ano!r !ory4 8,)91 we h ! /oma*1 liv]1 he>t1 etc43 )\t1 we h s _m orifices4 ,:]e ! int]nal organs are1 !re is d>kness2 b :]e we h op5+s1 !re is light4 ,close ! eyes & ! s\l sees ! d>kness inside4 ,op5 ! eyes & x sees ! brightness outside4 ,:at d y say to ?is !ory80 ,! ,buddha says3 8,if y take ! d>kness y see :5 ! eyes are clos$ = y\r inside1 d y consid] ?is d>kness z some?+ confront+ y\r s\l1 or n8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :]ev] !re prevails a d>kness1 t mu/ be ?\ght to be y\r int]ior organs4 ,9 ! latt] case1 see+ is impossible1 = see+ presupposes ! exi/5ce ( subject & object4 ,besides ?is1 !re is ano!r difficulty4 ,grant+ #afj y\r supposition t ! eye c\ld turn itself inw>d or outw>d & see ! d>kness ( ! int]ior or ! brightness ( ! ext]nal _w1 x c\ld also see y\r own face :5 ! eye is op5$4 ,if x c\ld n d s1 x mu/ be said to be incapable ( turn+ ! sight inw>d40 ,! fif? assumption z made by n&a is t ! s\l is ! ess5ce ( und]/&+ or intellig5ce1 :i* is n )91 nor )\t1 nor 9 ! middle1 b :i* comes into actual exi/5ce z soon z x confronts ! objective _w1 = x is taught by ! ,buddha t ! _w exi/s on acc\nt ( ! m9d & ! m9d on acc\nt ( ! _w4 ,to ?is ! ,buddha replies3 8,accord+ to y\r argum5t1 ! s\l mu/ be said to exi/ be=e x comes 9 contact ) ! _w2 o!rwise1 ! contact _c h any s5se4 ,! s\l1 !n1 exi/s z an individual pres5ce1 n aft] nor at ! "t ( a contact ) ! ext]nal _w1 b assur$ly be=e ! contact4 ,grant+ ?is1 we come back aga9 to ! old difficulties3 ,does ! s\l come out ( y\r inside1 or does x come 9 f ! outside8 ,9 case ( ! fir/ alt]native1 ! s\l mu/ be able to see its own face40 n&a int]rupts3 8,see+ is done by ! eyes1 & ! s\l has no?+ to d ) x40 ,! ,buddha objects3 8,if s1 a dead man has eyes j z p]fect z a liv+ man4#ge ,he mu/ be able #afa to see ?+s1 b if he sees at all1 he _c be dead4 ,well1 if y\r intellig5t s\l has a concrete exi/5ce1 %\ld x be ?\ght simple or comp\nd8 ,%\ld x be ?\ght ( z fill+ ! body or be+ pres5t only 9 a p>ticul> spot8 ,if x is a simple unit1 :5 "o ( y\r limbs is t\*$1 all ! f\r w at once be consci\s ( ! t\*1 :i* really means no t\*4 ,if ! s\l is a comp\nd body1 h[ c x di/+ui% itself f ano!r s\l8 ,if x is fill+ ! body all ov]1 !re w be no localisation ( s5sation1 z mu/ be ! case accord+ to ! fir/ supposition ( a simple s\l-unit4 ,f9ally1 if x occupies only a p>ticul> "p ( ! body1 y may exp]i5ce c]ta9 feel+s on t spot only1 & all ! o!r p>ts w rema9 p]fectly ane/hetic4 ,all ^! hypo!ses are aga9/ ! actual facts ( our exp]i5ce & _c be logically ma9ta9$40 ,= ! six? "t1 n&a v5tures to untie ! ,gordian knot ( ! s\l-problem4 8,z ! s\l _c be locat$ nei!r )9 nor )\t1 x mu/ be some:]e 9 ! middle40 ,b ! ,buddha aga9 refutes ?is1 say+3 8,?is #8middle' is extremely indef9ite4 ,%\ld x be locat$ z a po9t 9 space or some:]e on ! body8 ,if x is on ! surface ( ! body1 #afb x is n ! middle2 if x is 9 ! body1 x is !n )94 ,if x is said to occupy a po9t 9 space1 h[ %\ld t po9t be indicat$8 ,)\t an indication1 a po9t is no po9t2 & if an indication is ne$$1 x c be fix$ any:]e arbitr>ily1 & !n !re w be no end ( confusion40 n&a int]poses & says t he does n mean ?is k9d ( 8middle40 ,! eye & ! color condition+ ea* o!r1 !re comes to exi/ visual p]ception4 ,! eye has ! faculty to discrim9ate1 & ! color-_w has no s5sibility2 b ! p]ception takes place 9 _! 8middle10 t is1 9 _! int]action2 & !n x is said t !re exi/s a s\l4 ,says ! ,buddha3 8,if ! s\l1 z y say1 exi/s 9 ! relation betwe5 ! s5se-organs 7indya7 & _! respective s5se-objects 7viaya71 %\ld we consid] ! s\l z unit+ & p>tak+ ! natures ( ^! two incongru\s ?+s1 viaya & indya8 ,if ! s\l p>takes some?+ ( ea*1 x has no *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,if x unites ! two natures1 ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object exi/s no m4 #8,9 ! middle' is an empty ^w2 t is to say1 to conceive ! s\l z ! relation betwe5 ! indryas & ! viayas is to make x an airy no?+40 ,! sev5? & f9al hypo!sis (f]$ by n&a is t ! s\l is ! /ate ( non-atta*m5t1 & t1 !re=e1 x has no p>ticul> locality 9 :i* x abides4 ,b ?is is also m]cilessly attack$ by ! ,buddha :o decl>es3 8,atta*m5t presupposes ! exi/5ce ( be+s to :i* a m9d-may be atta*$4 #afc ,n[1 %\ld we consid] ^! ?+s 7dh>mas7 su* z ! _w1 space1 l&1 wat]1 birds1 bea/s1 etc4 z exi/+ or n exi/+8 ,if ! ext]nal _w does n exi/1 we _c speak ab\t non-atta*m5t1 z !re is no?+ to atta* f ! fir/4 ,if ! ext]nal _w really is1 h[ c we manage n to come 9 contact ) x8 ,:5 we say t ?+s are devoid ( all *>act]i/ic m>ks1 x am\nts to ! decl>ation t !y are non-exi/5t4 ,b !y are n non-exi/5t1 !y mu/ h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% !mselves4 ,n[1 ! ext]nal _w has c]ta9ly "s m>ks 7lakana7 & x mu/ by all means be consid]$ z exi/+4 ,!re !n is no room = y\r !ory ( non-atta*m5t40 ,at ?is1 n&a surr5d]s & ! ,buddha discloses 8 !ory ( ,dh>makya1 :i* we %all exp\nd at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt] specially devot$ to x4 99 99 99 ,by way ( a summ>y ( ! above1 let me rem>k t ! ,buddhi/s d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$ empirical ego 9 contradi/9ction to ! n\m5al ego1 :i* latt] c be consid]$ to correspond to ! ,buddhi/ tman4 ,vasub&hu 9 8 treatise on ! ,yogcra's ideali/ic philosophy decl>es t ! exi/5ce ( tman & dh>ma is only hypo!tical1 provisional1 app>5t1 & n 9 any s5se real & ultimate4 ,to express ?is 9 mod]n t]ms1 ! s\l & ! _w1 or subject & object1 h only relative exi/5ce1 & no absolute reality c #afd be ascrib$ to !m4 ,psy*ologically speak+1 e "o ( u has an ego or s\l :i* means ! unity ( consci\sness2 & physically1 ?is _w ( ph5om5a is real ei!r z a manife/ation ( "o en]gy or z a composite ( atoms or electrons1 z is consid]$ by physici/s4 ,to conf9e ourselves to ! psy*ological "q1 :at ,buddhism mo/ emphatically insi/s on is ! non-exi/5ce ( a concrete1 individual1 irr$ucible s\l-sub/ance1 ^: immortality is s mu* covet$ by mo/ un5light5$ p4 ,individuation is only relative & n absolute4 ,buddhism kn[s h[ f> ! pr9ciple c\ld safely & consi/5tly be c>ri$ out1 & its foll[]s w n =get :]e to /op & de/roy ! wall1 almo/ adamant9e to "s religioni/s1 ( individualism4 ,absolute individualism1 z ! ,buddhi/s und]/& x1 incapacitates u to foll[ ! natural fl[ ( sympa?y2 to ba! 9 ! et]nal sun%9e ( div9ity :i* n only surr\nds b p5etrates u2 to escape ! curse ( individual immortality :i* is /rangely s mu* s\ght aft] by "s p2 to trace ?is mundane life to its f\nta9head ( :i* x dr9ks s freely1 yet q unkn[+ly2 to rise rejuv5at$ f ! consum+ fire ( ,kla 7,*ronos74 ,to ?9k t !re is a my/]i\s some?+ beh9d ! empirical ego & t ?is some?+ comes out triumphantly aft] ! fa%ion ( ! immortal phnix f ! fun]al pyre ( corporeality1 is n ,buddhi/ic4 ,:at ,i w\ld rem>k "h 9 connection ) ?is #afe problem ( ! s\l1 is its relation to t ( layavijna1 ( :i* x is said t ! ,buddha 0 v reluctant to talk1 on acc\nt ( its be+ easily conf\nd$ ) ! notion ( ! ego4 ,! laya1 z 0 expla9$1 is a sort ( univ]sal s\l f :i* our individual empirical s\ls are consid]$ to h evolv$4 ,! ,manas :i* is ! fir/ (fspr+ ( ! laya is end[$ ) ! faculty ( discrim9ation1 & f ! wrongful use ( ?is faculty !re arises 9 ! ,manas ! conception ( ! laya z ! ego1--! real concrete s\l-sub/ratum4 ,! laya1 h[ev]1 is n a p>ticul> ph5om5on1 = x is a /ate ( ,su*ness 9 its evolution>y disposition & has no?+ 9 x yet to sugge/ its concrete individuality4 ,:5 ! ,manas f9ds out its error & lifts ! veil ( ,ignorance f ! body ( ! laya1 x soon becomes conv9c$ ( ! ultimate nature ( ! s\l1 s call$4 ,= ! s\l is n individual1 b supra-individual4 tman & ! 8,old ,man40 ,:5 ! ,buddhi/s exclaim3 8,put away y\r egoism1 = ! ego is an empty notion1 a m]e ^w )\t reality10 "s ( our ,*ri/ian read]s may ?9k t if !re is no ego1 :at w become ( our p]sonality or individuality8 ,?\gh ?is po9t w become cle>] z we proce$1 let u rem>k "h t :at ,buddhism und]/&s by ego or tman may be consid]$ to correspond 9 _m respects to ! ,*ri/ian notion ( 8fle%0 or ! #aff 8old man10 :i* is ! s\rce ( all our s9ful acts4 ,says ,paul3 8,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/2 nev]!less ,i live2 yet n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me3 & ! life :i* ,i live n[ 9 ! fle% ,i live by ! fai? ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me & gave himself = me40 7,gal4 ii1 #bj47 ,:5 ?is passage is int]pret$ by ! ,buddhi/s1 ! 8,i0 t 0 annihilat$ ?r\gh crucifixion1 is our false notion ( an ego-s\l 7tman72 & ! 8,i0 t is liv+ ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god is ! ,bodhi1 a reflex 9 u ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians put ! _s & ! fle% 9 contra/ & advise u to 8walk 9 ! _s0 & n to 8fulfil ! lu/ ( ! fle%10 x mu/ be said t !y und]/& by ! fle% our concrete1 mat]ial exi/5ce ^: *>act]i/ic is pr$om9antly individual1 & by ! _s1 t :i* transc5ds p>ticul>ity & egoism2 = 8love1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 fai?1 meekness1 temp]ance10 & su*like virtues are possible only :5 our egoc5tric1 tman-made desires are utt]ly abnegat$4 ,buddhism is m intellectual ?an ,*ri/ianity or ,judaism & pref]s philosophical t]ms :i* are bett] und]/ood ?an popul> language :i* leads (t5 to confusion4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,buddhi/s' conception ( tman1 ! 8fle%0 lacks 9 p]spicuity & exactitude1 n to speak ( its duali/ic t5d5cy :i* is extremely (f5sive to ! ,buddhi/s4 #afg ,! ,v$antic ,conception4 ,?\gh ! doctr9e ( non-tman is pre-em95tly ,buddhi/ic1 o!r ,h9du philosoph]s did n neglect to ackn[l$ge its importance 9 our religi\s life4 ,hav+ gr[n 9 ! same soil "u simil> circum/ances1 ! foll[+ passage :i* is tak5 f ! ,yogavsi/ha 7:i* is suppos$ to be a ,v$antic "w1 ,upaama ,p41 *4 ,,lii1 #ca1 #dd7 s\nds almo/ l ,buddhi/ic3 8,i am absolute1 ,i am ! light ( intellig5ce1 ,i am free f ! defilem5t ( egoism4 ,o ?\ t art unreal6 ,i am n b\nd by !e1 ! se$ ( egoism40#gf ,! au?or !n argues3 ,:]e %all we consid] ! ego-s\l1 s call$1 to be resid+ 9 ?is body ( fle% & bones8 & :at does x look l8 ,we move our limbs1 b ! movem5t is due to ! vital airs 7vta74 ,we ?9k1 b consci\sness is a manife/ation ( ! great m9d 7mahcitta74 ,we cease to exi/1 b ext9ction belongs to ! body 7kya74 ,n[1 take ap>t :at we imag9e to con/itute our p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,! fle% is "o ?+1 ! blood is ano!r1 & s on ) m5tation 7bodha7 & vitality 7sp&a74 ,! e> he>s1 ! tongue ta/es1 ! eye sees1 ! m9d #afh ?9ks1 b :at & :]e is t :i* we call 8ego08 ,!n comes ! conclusion3 8,9 reality1 !re is no su* ?+ z ! ego-s\l1 nor is !re any m9e & ?9e1 nor imag9ation4 ,all ?is is no?+ b ! manife/ation ( ! univ]sal s\l :i* is ! light ( pure intellig5ce40#gg ,ngrjuna on ! ,s\l4 ,9 conclusion1 let me quote "s passage be>+ on ! subject f ,ngrjuna's ,disc\rse on ! ,middle ,pa? 7*apt] #i73gh 8,"s say t !re are see+1 he>+1 feel+1 etc41 because !re is some?+ :i* exi/s ev5 prior to ^? manife/ations4 ,= h[ c\ld see+1 etc4 come f t :i* does n exi/8 ,!re=e1 x mu/ be admitt$ t t be+ i4e4 s\l exi/$ prior to ^? manife/ations4 8,b ?is hypo!sis ( ! prior 7prva7 or indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! s\l is wrong1 because h[ c\ld t be+ be kn[n if x exi/$ prior to see+1 feel+1 etc48 ,if t be+ c\ld exi/ )\t see+1 etc41 ! latt] too c\ld surely exi/ )\t t be+4 ,b h[ c\ld a ?+ :i* c\ld n be kn[n by any sign exi/ be=e x is kn[n8 ,h[ c\ld ?is exi/ )\t t1 & h[ c\ld #afi t exi/ )\t ?is8 ,are n all ?+s relative & condition+ "o ano!r8 8,if t be+ call$ s\l c\ld n exi/ prior to all manife/ations su* z see+1 etc41 h[ c\ld x exi/ prior to ea* ( !m tak5 individually8 8,if x is ! same s\l t sees1 he>s1 feels1 etc41 x mu/ be assum$ t ! s\l exi/s prior to ea* ( ^! manife/ations4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n w>rant$ by facts4 ,because 9 t case "o mu/ be able to he> ) ! eyes1 see ) ! e>s1 z "o s\l is consid]$ to direct all ^! div]se faculties at its w4 8,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! he>] is "o1 & ! se] is ano!r1 ! feel] mu/ be /ill ano!r4 ,!n1 !re w be he>+1 see+1 etc4 simultane\sly1--:i* leads to ! assumption ( a plurality ( s\ls4#gi ,?is too is aga9/ exp]i5ce4 8,fur!r1 ! s\l does n exi/ 9 ! elem5t 7bhta7 on :i* see+1 he>+1 feel+1 etc4 dep5d4 ,to use mod]n expression1 ! s\l does n exi/ 9 ! n]ves :i* respond to ! ext]nal /imuli4 8,if see+1 he>+1 feel+1 etc4 h no s\l t exi/s prior to !m1 !y too h no exi/5ce z su*4 ,= h[ c\ld t exi/ )\t ?is1 & ?is )\t t8 ,subject & object are mutually condition$4 ,! s\l z x is has no indep5d5t1 individual reality :atev]4 ,!re=e1 ! hypo!sis t cont5ds = ! exi/5ce ( an ego-s\l prior #agj to simultane\s )1 or po/]ior to1 see+1 etc41 is to be ab&on$ z fruitless1 = ! ego-s\l exi/e? n40 ,non-tman-ness ( ,?+s4 ,! ^w 8tman0 is us$ by ! ,buddhi/s n only psy*ologically 9 ! s5se ( s\l1 self1 or ego1 b also ontologically 9 ! s5se ( sub/ance or ?+-9-itself or ?+9ess2 & its exi/5ce 9 ?is capacity is also /rongly d5i$ by !m4 ,= ! same reason t ! exi/5ce ( an individual ego-s\l is unt5able1 !y reject ! hypo!sis ( ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( an individual object z su*4 ,z !re is no transc5d5t ag5t 9 our s\l-life1 s !re is no real1 et]nal exi/5ce ( individuals z individuals1 b a sy/em ( diff]5t attributes1 :i*1 :5 ! =ce ( k>ma is exhau/$1 ceases to subsi/4 ,individual exi/5ces _c be real by _! inh]5t nature1 b !y are illusory1 & w nev] rema9 p]man5t z su*2 = !y are con/antly becom+1 & h no selfhood ?\gh !y may s appe> to our p>ticul>is+ s5ses on acc\nt ( our subjective ignorance4 ,!y are 9 reality cnya & antman1 !y are empty & void ( tman4 ,svabhva4 ,! t]m 8svabhva0 7self-ess5ce or n\m5on7 is sometimes us$ by ! ,mahyni/s 9 place ( tman1 & !y w\ld say t all dh>mas h no self-ess5ce1 #aga s>vam dh>mam nisvabhvam1 :i* is to say1 t all ?+s 9 _! ph5om5al aspect are devoid ( individual selves1 t x is only due to our ignorance t we believe 9 ! ?+9ess ( ?+s1 :]eas !re is no su* ?+ z svabhva or tman or n\m5on :i* resides 9 !m4 ,svabhva & tman are ?us habitually us$ by ,buddhi/s z q synonym\s4 ,:at d !y exactly und]/& by 8svabhva0 ^: exi/5ce is d5i$ 9 a p>ticul> object z p]ceiv$ by our s5ses8 ,?is has nev] be5 explicitly def9$ by ! ,mahyni/s1 b !y seem to und]/& by svabhva some?+ concrete1 individual1 yet indep5d5t1 unconditional1 & n subject to ! law ( causation 7pratyayasamutpda74 ,x1 !re=e1 /&s 9 opposition to nyat1 empt9ess1 z well z to conditionality4 ,inasmu* z all be+s are transi5t & empty 9 _! inh]5t be+1 !y _c logically be said to be 9 possession ( self-ess5ce :i* defies ! law ( causation4 ,all ?+s are mutually condition+ & limit+1 & ap>t f _! relativity !y are non-exi/5t & _c be kn[n by u4 ,!re=e1 says ,ngrjuna1 8,if sub/ance be diff]5t f attribute1 x is !n beyond compreh5sion40#hj ,= 8a jag is n to be kn[n indep5d5t ( matt] et cet]a1 & matt] 9 turn is n to be kn[n indep5d5t ( e!r et cet]a40#ha #agb ,z !re is no subject )\t object1 s !re is no sub/ance )\t attribute2 = "o is ! condition = ! o!r4 ,does self-ess5ce !n exi/ 9 causation8 ,no1 8:atev] is subject to conditionality1 is by its v nature tranquil & empty40 7,prattya yad yad bhavati1 tat tac ntam svabhvata47 ,:atev] owes its exi/5ce to a comb9ation ( causes & conditions is )\t self-ess5ce1 & !re=e x is tranquil 7nta71 x is empty1 x is unreal 7asat71 & ! ultimate nature ( ?is univ]sal empt9ess is n )9 ! sph]e ( intellectual demon/rability1 = ! human und]/&+ is n capable ( transc5d+ its inh]5t limitations4 ,says ,p+alaka1 a comm5tator ( ,ngrjuna3 8,! clo? exi/s on acc\nt ( ! ?read2 ! matt+ is possible on acc\nt ( ! rattan4 ,if ! ?read _h its own fix$1 un*angeable self-ess5ce1 x c\ld n be made out ( ! flax4 ,if ! clo? _h its own fix$1 un*angeable self-ess5ce1 x c\ld n be made f ! ?read4 ,b z 9 po9t ( fact ! clo? comes f ! ?read & ! ?read f ! flax1 x mu/ be said t ! ?read z well z ! clo? _h no fix$1 un*angeable self-ess5ce4 ,x is j l ! relation t obta9s betwe5 ! burn+ & ! burn$4 ,!y are br\ght toge!r "u c]ta9 conditions1 & ?us !re takes place a ph5om5on call$ burn+4 ,! burn+ & ! burn$1 ea* has no reality ( its own4 ,= :5 "o is abs5t ! o!r is put out ( exi/5ce4 ,x is s ) all ?+s 9 ?is _w1 !y are all empty1 #agc )\t self1 )\t absolute exi/5ce1 !y are l ! w-o'-!-wisp40#hb ,! ,real ,significance ( ,empt9ess4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x w be app>5t t ! empt9ess ( ?+s 7nyat7 does n mean no?+ness1 z is sometimes int]pret$ by "s critics1 b x simply means conditionality or transitor9ess ( all ph5om5al exi/5ces1 x is a synonym = aniyata or prattya4 ,!re=e1 empt9ess1 accord+ to ! ,buddhi/s1 signifies1 negatively1 ! abs5ce ( p>ticul>ity1 ! non-exi/5ce ( individuals z su*1 & positively1 ! ev]-*ang+ /ate ( ! ph5om5al _w1 a con/ant flux ( becom+1 an et]nal s]ies ( causes & effects4 ,x mu/ nev] be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( annihilation or absolute no?+ness1 = nihilism is z mu* condemn$ by ,buddhism z nave realism4 8,! ,buddha proclaim$ empt9ess z a rem$y = all doctr9al controv]sies1 b ^? :o 9 turn cl+ to empt9ess are beyond treatm5t40 ,a m$ic9e is indisp5sable z long z !re is a disease to heal1 b x turns poison\s :5 appli$ aft] ! re/oration ( p]fect heal?4 ,to make ?is po9t completely cle>1 let me quote ! foll[+ f ,ngrjuna's ,mdhyamika /ra 7,*ap4 ,,xxiv74 8,"s "o may object to ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( empt9ess1 decl>+3 ,if all is void 7nya7 & #agd !re is nei!r creation nor de/ruction1 !n x mu/ be conclud$ t ev5 ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? does n exi/4 ,if ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? does n exi/1 ! recognition ( ,suff]+1 ! /oppage ( ,accumulation1 ! atta9m5t ( ,cessation1 & ! advancem5t ( ,discipl9e1--all mu/ be said to be unrealisable4 ,if !y are altoge!r unrealisable1 !re _c be any ( ! f\r /ates ( sa9tl9ess2 & )\t ^! /ates !re _c be anybody :o w aspire = !m4 ,if !re are no wise m51 ! ,sangha is !n impossible4 ,fur!r1 z !re is no ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru?1 !re is no ,good ,law 7saddh>ma72 & z !re is nei!r ,good ,law nor ,sangha1 ! exi/5ce ( ,buddha himself mu/ be an impossibility4 ,^? :o talk ( empt9ess1 !re=e1 mu/ be said to negate ! ,triple ,treasure 7triratna7 altoge!r4 ,empt9ess n only de/roys ! law ( causation & ! g5]al pr9ciple ( retribution 7phalasadbhvam71 b utt]ly annihilates ! possibility ( a ph5om5al _w40 8,to ?is x is to be rem>k$ t 8,only he is annoy$ ov] su* scepticism :o und]/&s n ! true significance & int]pretation ( empt9ess 7nyat74 8,! ,buddha's tea*+ re/s on ! discrim9ation ( two k9ds ( tru? 7satya73 absolute & relative4 ,^? :o d n h any adequate k ( !m are unable to grasp ! deep & subtle mean+ ( ,buddhism4 ,! ess5ce ( be+1 dh>mata1 is beyond v]bal def9ition or intellectual compreh5sion1 #age = !re is nei!r bir? nor dea? 9 x1 & x is ev5 l unto ,nirvna4 ,! nature ( ,su*ness1 tattva1 is fundam5tally free f conditionality1 x is tranquil1 x di/ances all ph5om5al frivolities1 x discrim9ates n1 nor is x p>ticul>is$4#hc 8,b if n = relative tru?1 absolute tru? is unatta9able1 & :5 absolute tru? is n atta9$1 ,nirvna is n to be ga9$4 8,! dull-head$ :o d n p]ceive ! tru? rightfully g to self-de/ruction1 = !y are l an awkw>d magician ^: trick entangles himself1 or l an unskill$ snake-cat*] :o gets himself hurt4 ,! ,_w-honor$ ,"o knew well ! ab/rus5ess ( ! ,doctr9e :i* is beyond ! m5tal capacity ( ! multitudes & 0 incl9$ n to disclose x be=e !m4 8,! objection t ,buddhism onesid$ly adh]es to empt9ess & !reby exposes itself to grave errors1 entirely misses ! m>k2 = !re are no errors 9 empt9ess4 ,:y8 ,because x is on acc\nt ( empt9ess t all ?+s are at all possible1 & )\t empt9ess all ?+s w come to naught4 ,^? :o d5y empt9ess & f9d fault ) x1 are l a horseman :o =gets t he is on horseback4 8,if !y ?9k t ?+s exi/ because ( _! self-ess5ce 7svabhva71 & n because ( _! empt9ess1 !y !reby make ?+s come out ( causelessness 7ahetupratyaya71 !y de/roy ^? #agf relations t exi/ betwe5 ! act+ & ! act & ! act$2 & !y also de/roy ! conditions t make up ! law ( bir? & dea?4 8,all is decl>$ empty because !re is no?+ t is n a product ( univ]sal causation 7pratyayasamutpda74 ,?is law ( causation1 h[ev]1 is m]ely provisional1 ?\gh h]e9 lies ! middle pa?4 8,z ?us !re is n an object 7dh>ma7 :i* is n condition$ 7prattya71 s !re is no?+ t is n empty4 8,if all is n empty1 !n !re is no dea? nor bir?1 & )al disappe>s ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru?4 8,h[ c\ld !re be ,suff]+1 if n = ! law ( causation8 ,imp]man5ce is suff]+4 ,b ) self-ess5ce !re w be no imp]man5ce4 ,s long z imp]man5ce is ! condition ( life1 self-ess5ce :i* is a causeless exi/5ce1 is out ( "q4 ,suppose ,suff]+ is self-exi/5t1 !n x c\ld n come f ,accumulation1 :i* 9 turn becomes impossible :5 empt9ess is n admitt$4 ,aga91 :5 ,suff]+ is self-exi/5t1 !n !re c\ld be no ,cessation1 = ) ! hypo!sis ( self-ess5ce ,cessation becomes a mean+less t]m4 ,aga91 :5 ,suff]+ is self-exi/5t1 !n !re w be no ,pa?4 ,b z we c actually walk on ! ,pa?1 ! hypo!sis ( self-ess5ce is to be ab&on$4 8,if !re is nei!r ,suff]+ nor ,cessation1 x mu/ be said t ! ,pa? lead+ to ! ,cessation ( ,suff]+ is also non-exi/5t4 8,if !re is really self-ess5ce1 ,suff]+ c\ld n #agg be recognis$ n[1 z x _h n be5 recognis$1 = self-ess5ce z su* mu/ rema9 =ev] ! same4 ,t is to say1 enlight5$ m9ds1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,buddha1 n[ recognise ! exi/5ce ( ,suff]+1 ?\gh !y did n recognise x :5 !y 7 /ill un9itiat$4 ,if ?+s 7 all 9 a fix$1 self-det]m9+ /ate on acc\nt ( _! self-ess5ce1 x w\ld be impossible = ^? enlight5$ m5 to discov] :at !y _h nev] obs]v$ be=e4 ,! recognition ( ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? is only possible :5 ?is ph5om5al _w is 9 a /ate ( con/ant becom+1 t is1 :5 x is empty z x really is4 8,z x is ) ! recognition ( ,suff]+1 s x is ) ! /oppage ( ,accumulation1 ! atta9m5t ( ,cessation1 ! realisation ( ,pa? z well z ) ! f\r /ates ( sa9tl9ess4 8,if1 on acc\nt ( self-ess5ce1 ! f\r /ates ( sa9tl9ess 7 unatta9able be=e1 h[ c\ld !y be realis$ n[1 /ill uphold+ ! hypo!sis ( self-ess5ce8 ,b we c atta9 to sa9tl9ess z a matt] ( fact1 = !re are _m holy m5 :o ?r\gh _! spiritual discipl9e h em]g$ f _! =m] life ( ignorance & d>kness4 ,if ev]y?+ _h its own self-ess5ce :i* makes x impossible to trans=m f "o /ate to ano!r1 h[ c\ld a p]son desire to asc5d1 if he ev] s desire1 high] & high] on ! scale ( exi/5ce8 8,if !re 7 no f\r /ates ( sa9tl9ess 7catvri phalni71 !n !re w\ld be no aspirants = x4 #agh ,& if !re 7 no eight wise m5 7puruapugala71 !re c\ld exi/ no ,sangha4 8,aga91 :5 !re c\ld n be ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru?1 ! ,law w\ld be impossible1 & )\t ! ,sangha & ! ,law h[ c\ld ! ,buddha exi/8 ,y might say3 #8,a ,buddha does n exi/ on acc\nt ( wisdom 7,bodhi71 nor does wisdom exi/ on acc\nt ( ! ,buddha4' ,b if a man did n h ,buddha-ess5ce t is1 ,bodhi he c\ld n hope to atta9 to ,buddhahood1 h[ev] /r5u\sly he might ex]t himself 9 ! ways ( ,bodhisattva4 8,fur!r1 if all is n empty b has self-ess5ce1 i4e4 if all is 9 a fix$1 un*angeable /ate ( sam5ess1 h[ c\ld !re be any do+8 ,h[ c\ld !re be good & evil8 ,if y ma9ta9 t !re is an effect 7phala7 :i* does n come f a cause good or evil1 :i* is ! practical conclusion ( ! hypo!sis ( self-ess5ce1 !n x means t retribution is indep5d5t ( our de$1 good or evil4 ,b is ?is ju/ifi$ by our exp]i5ce8 8,if x mu/ !n be admitt$ t our de$ good or evil becomes ! cause ( retribution1 retribution mu/ be said to come f our de$1 good or evil2 !n h[ c\ld we say !re is no empt9ess8 8,:5 y negate ! doctr9e ( empt9ess1 ! law ( univ]sal causation1 y negate ! possibility ( ?is ph5om5al _w4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( empt9ess is negat$1 !re rema9s no?+ t ought to be done2 & a ?+ is call$ done :i* is n yet accompli%$2 & he is said to be a do] :o has #agi n done any?+ :atev]4 ,if !re 7 su* a ?+ z self-ess5ce1 ! multitud9\sness ( ?+s mu/ be reg>d$ z uncreat$ & imp]i%able & et]nally exi/+ :i* is tantam\nt to et]nal no?+ness4 8,if !re 7 no empt9ess !re w\ld be no atta9m5t ( :at has n yet be5 atta9$1 nor w\ld !re be ! annihilation ( pa91 nor ! ext9ction ( all ! passions 7s>vaklea74 8,!re=e1 x is taught by ! ,buddha t ^? :o recognise ! law ( univ]sal causation1 recognise ! ,buddha z well z ,suff]+1 ,accumulation1 ,cessation1 & ! ,pa?40 99 99 99 ,! ,mahyni/ic doctr9es ?us =mulat$ & transmitt$ d[n to ! pres5t days are3 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ! ego2 m5tation is produc$ by ! co-ord9ation ( v>i\s vijnas or s5ses4 ,individual exi/5ces h no selfhood or self-ess5ce or reality1 = !y are b an aggregate ( c]ta9 qualities su/a9$ by effici5t k>ma4 ,! _w ( p>ticul>s is ! "w ( ,ignorance z decl>$ by ,buddha 9 8 ,=mula ( ,dep5d5ce 7,twelve ,nidnas74 ,:5 ?is veil ( ,mya is uplift$1 ! univ]sal light ( ,dh>makya %9es 9 all its magnific5ce4 ,individual exi/5ces !n z su* lose _! significance & become sublimat$ & ennobl$ 9 ! on5ess ( ,dh>makya4 ,egoi/ic prejudices are =ev] vanqui%$1 & ! aim ( our lives is no m ! #ahj gratification ( selfi% crav+s1 b ! glorification ( ,dh>ma z x works its own way ?r\gh ! multitud9\sness ( ?+s4 ,! self does n /& any m 9 a /ate ( isolation 7:i* is an illusion71 x is absorb$ 9 ! univ]sal body ( ,dh>ma1 x recognises itself 9 o!r selves animate z well z inanimate1 & all ?+s are 9 ,nirvna4 ,:5 we rea* ?is /ate ( ideal enlight5m5t1 we are said to h realis$ ! ,buddhi/ life4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,k>ma4 #aha ,def9ition4 _/,k>ma_/1 or ,sanskra :i* is sometimes us$ z its synonym1--?\gh ! latt] gives a slightly diff]5t %ade ( mean+1--comes f ! ,sanskrit root k1 8to d10 8to make10 8to p]=m10 8to effect10 8to produce10 etc4 ,bo? t]ms mean activity 9 its concrete z well z 9 its ab/ract s5se1 & =m an anti!sis to intellig5ce1 contemplation1 or ideation 9 g5]al4 ,:5 k>ma is us$ 9 its mo/ ab/ract s5se1 x becomes an equival5t to 8beg9n+less ignorance10 :i* is univ]sally inh]5t 9 nature1 & corresponds to ! ,w or bl9d activity ( ,s*op5hau]2 = ignorance z we h se5 above is a negative manife/ation ( ,su*ness 7,bhtata?t7 & m>ks ! beg9n+ or unfold+ ( a ph5om5al _w1 ^: exi/5ce is *>act]is$ by incessant activities actuat$ by ! pr9ciple ( k>ma4 ,:5 ,goe! says 9 ,fau/1 8,9 ,anfang w> die ,t10 he uses ! t]m 8,t0 9 ! s5se ( k>ma z x is "h und]/ood4 ,:5 k>ma is us$ 9 its concrete s5se1 x is ! #ahb pr9ciple ( activity 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>s or nm>pas3 x becomes 9 ! physical _w ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy1 9 ! biological realm t ( evolution & h]$ity etc41 & 9 ! moral _w t ( immortality ( de$s4 ,sansk>a1 :5 us$ z an equival5t ( k>ma1 corresponds to ?is concrete signification ( x1 z x is ! case 9 ! ,twelve ,*a9s ( ,dep5d5ce 7,nidnas1 or ,pratyyasamutpda74#hd ,"h x foll[s ignorance 7avidy7 & prec$es consci\sness 7vijna74 ,ignorance 9 ?is case means simply privation ( enlight5m5t1 & does n imply any s5se ( activity :i* is express$ 9 ,sanskra4 ,x is only :5 x is c\pl$ ) ! latt] t x becomes ! pr9ciple ( activity1 & creates z its fir/ (fspr+ consci\sness or m5tality4 ,9 fact1 ignorance & bl9d activity are "o1 _! logical diff]5ce be+ ?is3 ! =m] emphasises ! epi/emological phase & ! latt] ! e?ical2 or1 we might say1 "o is /atical & ! o!r dynamical4 ,if we are to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! fir/ f\r ( ! ,twelve ,nidnas & ! sev]al processes ( evolution t takes place 9 ! ,ta?gata-g>bha z describ$ above1 we c take ,ignorance & ! pr9ciple ( bl9d activity1 sanskra1 #ahc 9 ! ,twelve ,*a9s z correspond+ to ! ,all-cons]v+ ,s\l 7layavijna71 & ! ,vijna1 consci\sness ( ! ,twelve ,*a9s1 to ! ,manovijna1 & ! ,nmrpa to ?is visible _w1 viaya1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( k>ma works 9 its concrete =m4 ,z we h a special *apt] devot$ to 8,ignorance0 z an equival5t ( k>ma 9 its ab/ract s5se1 let u "h treat ( ! ,buddhi/ conception ( k>ma 9 ! realm ( names & =ms1 i4e4 ( k>ma 9 its concrete s5se4 ,b we %all re/rict ourselves to ! activity ( k>maic causation 9 ! moral _w1 z we are n conc]n$ ) physics or biology4 ,! ,work+ ( ,k>ma4 ,! ,buddhi/ conception ( k>ma briefly /at$ is ?is3 ,any act1 good or evil1 once committ$ & conceiv$1 nev] vani%es l a bubble 9 wat]1 b lives1 pot5tially or actively z ! case may be1 9 ! _w ( m9ds & de$s4 ,?is my/]i\s moral en]gy1 s to speak1 is embodi$ 9 & emanates f e act & ?\ght1 = x does n matt] :e!r x is actually p]=m$1 or m]ely conceiv$ 9 ! m9d4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 x is sure to g]m9ate & gr[ ) all its vitality4 ,says ,buddha3 8,k>ma ev5 aft] ! lapse ( a hundr$ kalpas1 ,w n be lo/ nor de/roy$2 ,z soon z all ! necess>y conditions are ready1 ,its fruit is sure to ripe40#he #ahd ,aga91 8,:atev] a man does1 ! same he 9 himself w f9d1 ,! good man1 good3 & evil he t evil has design$2 ,& s our de$s are all l se$s1 & br+ =? fruit 9 k9d40#hf ,a gra9 ( :eat1 x is said1 :i* 0 accid5tally pres]v$ 9 good condition 9 a tomb m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old1 did n lose its g]m9at+ en]gy1 &1 :5 plant$ ) prop] c>e1 x actually />t$ to spr\t4 ,s ) k>ma1 x is end[$ ) an enorm\s vitality1 nay1 x is ev5 immortal4 ,h[ev] remote ! "t ( _! commission might h be51 ! k>ma ( our de$s nev] dies2 x mu/ "w out its own de/9y at :atev] co/1 if n ov]come by "s c\nt]act+ =ce4 ,! law ( k>ma is irrefragable4 ,! irrefragability ( k>ma means t ! law ( causation is supreme 9 our moral sph]e j z mu* z 9 ! physical1 t life consi/s 9 a concat5ation ( causes & effects regulat$ by ! pr9ciple ( k>ma1 t no?+ 9 ! life ( an individual or a nation or a race happ5s )\t due cause & suffici5t reason1 t is1 )\t previ\s k>ma4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 !re=e1 d n believe 9 any special act ( grace or revelation 9 our religi\s realm & moral life4 ,! idea ( deus ex ma*9a is bann$ 9 ,buddhism4 ,:atev] is suff]$ or enjoy$ morally 9 our pres5t life is due to ! k>ma1 accumulat$ #ahe s9ce ! beg9n+ ( life on e>?4 ,no?+ s[n1 no?+ reap$4 ,:atev] has be5 done leaves an ineffable m>k 9 ! individual's life & ev5 9 t ( ! univ]se2 & ?is m>k w nev] be eras$ save by %e] exhau/ion ( ! k>ma or by ! int]ruption ( an ov]:elm+ c\nt]-k>ma4 ,9 case ! k>ma ( an act is n actualis$ dur+ "o's own life-"t1 x w 9 t ( "o's successors1 :o may be physical or spiritual4 ,n only 8! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m10 b also ! good1 = x w n be 8int]r$ ) _! bones10 z vulg> m9ds imag9e4 ,we read 9 ! ,samyukta ,nikya1 ,,iii1 #a-d3 8,assail$ by dea?1 9 life's la/ ?roes1 ,at quitt+ ( ?is human /ate1 ,:at is x "o c call 8 own8 ,:at ) him take z he goes h5ce8 ,:at is x foll[s aft] him1 ,& l a %ad[ ne'er dep>ts8 8,8 good de$s & 8 wick$ness1 ,:ate'er a mortal does :ile "h2 ',tis ?is t he c call 8 own1 ,?is ) him take z he goes h5ce4 ,?is is :at foll[s aft] him1 ,& l a %ad[ ne'er dep>ts4 8,let all1 !n1 noble de$s p]=m1 ,a treasure-/ore = future weal2 ,= m]it ga9$ ?is life )91 ,w yield a bless+ 9 ! next40#hg #ahf ,9 accordance ) ?is k>maic pres]vation1 ,buddhi/s d n expect to h _! s9s expatiat$ by o!r innoc5t p s long z _! own he>ts rema9 uns(t5$ z ev]4 ,b :5 ! all-embrac+ love ( ,buddhas = all s5ti5t be+s k9dles ev5 ! smalle/ sp>k ( rep5tance & enlight5m5t 9 ! he>t ( a s9n]1 & :5 ?is ev]-vacillat+ light gr[s to its full magnitude "u propiti\s conditions1 ! s9n] gets fully awak5$ f ! evil k>ma ( eons1 & ent]s1 free f all curses1 into ! et]nity ( ,nirvna4 ,k>ma & ,social ,inju/ice4 ,! doctr9e ( k>ma is v frequ5tly utilis$ by "s ,buddhi/s to expla9 a /ate ( ?+s :i* mu/ be consid]$ cases ( social inju/ice4 ,!re are "s p :o are born ri* & noble & de/9$ to enjoy all =ms ( e>?ly happ9ess & all ! advantages ( social life1 ?\gh !y h done no?+ t ju/ifies !m 9 luxuriat+ 9 su* a fa%ion any m ?an _! poor neighbors4 ,^! p1 h[ev]1 are decl>$ by "s pseudo-,buddhi/s to be m]ely h>ve/+ ! crops ( good k>ma !y _h prep>$ 9 _! =m] lives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poor1 ne$y1 & l[ t are /ruggl+ to eke out a m]e exi/5ce 9 spite ( _! moral rectitude & hone/ indu/ry1 are consid]$ to be suff]+ ! evil k>ma :i* _h be5 accumulat$ dur+ _! previ\s lives4 ,! law ( moral retribution is nev] #ahg susp5d$1 z !y reason1 on acc\nt ( ! *anges :i* may take place 9 a mortal be+4 ,an act1 good or evil1 once p]=m$1 w n be lo/ 9 ! et]nal succession & int]action ( incid5ts1 b w c]ta9ly f9d ! suff]] ( its due consequ5ce1 & x does n matt] :e!r ! actor has gone ?r\gh ! vicissitudes ( bir? & dea?4 ,= ! ,buddhi/ conception ( individual id5tity is n t ( p]sonal cont9uity1 b ( k>maic cons]vation4 ,:atev] de$s we may commit1 !y inv>iably be> _! legitimate fruit & foll[ u ev5 aft] dea?4 ,!re=e1 if ! ri* & noble neglect to d _! duties or ab&on !mselves to ! enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasures1 !n !y are sure 9 _! future bir?s1 if n 9 _! pres5t life1 to ga!r ! crops !y h ?us unwitt+ly prep>$ = !mselves4 ,! poor1 h[ev] h>d _! lot 9 ?is life1 c claim _! rightful rew>ds1 if !y d n get despair$ ( _! pres5t suff]+s & give !mselves up to temptations1 b dutifully cont9ue to d ?+s good & m]itori\s4 ,because z _! pres5t fate is ! result ( _! =m] de$s1 s w be _! future =tune ! fruit ( _! pres5t de$s4 ,?is view z held by "s pseudo-,buddhi/s gives u a wrong impression ab\t ! practical work+ ( ! pr9ciple ( k>ma 9 ?is _w ( nm>pas1 = x tries to expla9 by k>maic !ory ! ph5om5a :i* lie outside ( ! sph]e ( its applicability4 ,z ,i und]/&1 :at ! !ory ( k>ma #ahh proposes to expla9 is n cases ( social inju/ice & economic inequality1 b facts ( moral causation4 ,! ov]be>+ attitude ( ! ri* & ! noble1 ! unnecess>y suff]+s ( ! poor1 ! ov]-production ( crim9als1 & su*like social ph5om5a arise f ! imp]fection ( our pres5t social organisation1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! doctr9e ( absolute private own]%ip4 ,p are all[$ to amass weal? unlimit$ly = _! own use & to bequea? x to ! successors :o d n des]ve x 9 any way4 ,& !y d n pay reg>d to ! injuries ?is sy/em may incur ^u ! g5]al welf>e ( ! community to :i* !y belong1 & ^u o!r memb]s individually4 ,! ri* might h slaught]$ economically & consequ5tly politically & morally millions ( _! bre?r5 be=e !y c\ld rea* places ( social em95ce !y n[ occupy & enjoy to its full ext5t4 ,!y might h sacrific$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( victims on ! alt> ( ,mammon 9 ord] to c>ry out _! va/ s*eme ( self-aggr&isem5t4 ,&1 :at is worse1 ! weal? ?us accumulat$ by an individual is all[$ by ! law to be h&$ d[n to 8 desc5dants1 :o are 9 a s5se ! p>asitic memb]s ( ! community4 ,!y are privileg$ to live ^u ! sweat & blood ( o!rs1 :o "k n :]e to lay _! heads1 & :o are daily succumb+ to ! heavy burd51 n ( _! free *oice1 b =c$ ^u !m by society4 ,let u "h closely see into ! facts4 ,!re is "o portion ( society t does almo/ no?+ t[>d #ahi ! promotion ( ! g5]al welf>e1 & !re is ano!r portion t1 besides c>ry+ ! burd5 n ( its own1 is h]oically /ruggl+ = b>e exi/5ce4 ,^! sad ph5om5a :i*1 ow+ to ! imp]fection ( social organisation1 we daily witness ab\t u1--%\ld we attribute !m to div]sity ( individual k>ma & make individuals responsible = :at is really due to ! faulty organisation ( ! community to :i* !y belong8 ,no1 ! doctr9e ( k>ma c]ta9ly mu/ n be und]/ood to expla9 ! cause ( our social & economical imp]fection4 ,! region :]e ! law ( k>ma is made to "w supreme is our moral _w1 & _c be made to ext5d also ov] our economic field4 ,pov]ty is n necess>ily ! consequ5ce ( evil de$s1 nor is pl5itude t ( good acts4 ,:e!r a p]son is afflu5t or ne$y is mo/ly det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple ( economy z f> z our pres5t social sy/em is conc]n$4 ,morality & economy are two diff]5t realms ( human activity4 ,hone/y & moral rectitude d n necess>ily gu>antee well-be+4 ,di%one/y & ! violation ( ! moral law1 on ! contr>y1 are v frequ5tly utilis$ z h&maids ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,d we n ?us see _m good1 consci5ti\s p ar\nd u :o are wret*$ly pov]ty-/rick58 ,%all we take !m z suff]+ ! curse ( evil k>ma 9 _! previ\s lives1 :5 we c und]/& ! fact p]fectly well z a case ( social inju/ice8 ,x is n necess>y by any means1 nay1 x is ev5 productive ( evil1 to e/abli% a relation #aij betwe5 ! two ?+s t 9 ! nature ( _! be+ h no causal dep5d5ce4 ,k>ma ought n to be made acc\ntable = economic inequality4 ,a virtu\s man is cont5t$ ) 8 cleanl9ess ( consci5ce & purity ( he>t4 ,obscure z is 8 pres5t social position1 & mis]able z are 8 pres5t pecuni>y conditions1 he has no m9d to look backw>d & f9d ! cause ( 8 social insignificance !re1 nor is he anxi\s ab\t 8 future e>?ly =tune :i* might be await+ him :5 8 k>maic en]gy appe>s 9 a new g>m5t4 ,8 he>t is altoge!r free f su* vanities & anxieties4 ,he is suffici5t unto himself z he is "h & n[4 ,&1 z to 8 altrui/ic aspect ( 8 moral de$s1 he is well consci\s t _! k>ma w\ld spiritually b5efit ev]ybody t gets inspir$ by x1 & also t x w\ld l>gely contribute to ! realisation ( goodness on ?is e>?4 ,:y1 !n1 mu/ we contrive su* a poor !ory ( k>ma z is ma9ta9$ by "s1 9 ord] t !y might give him a spiritual solace = 8 mat]ial mis=tune8 ,vulg> p are too eag] to see ev]y?+ & e act !y p]=m work+ = ! accumulation ( e>?ly weal? & ! promotion ( mat]ial welf>e4 ,!y w\ld want to turn ev5 moral de$s :i* h no relation to ! economic condition ( life into ! opportunities to atta9 ?+s mundane4 ,!y w\ld desire to h ! law ( k>maic causation appli$ to a realm1 :]e prevails an entirely diff]5t set ( laws4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :at proce$s f #aia m]itori\s de$s is spiritual bliss only1--cont5tm5t1 tranquillity ( m9d1 meekness ( he>t1 & immovability ( fai?1--all ! heav5ly treasures :i* c\ld n be corrupt$ by mo? or ru/4 ,& :at m c ! k>ma ( good de$s br+ to u8 ,& :at m w\ld a man ( pi\s he>t desire to ga9 f 8 be+ good8 8,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all dr9k1 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,is n ! life m ?an meat & ! body m ?an raim5t80 ,let u !n d away ) ! worldly int]pretation ( k>ma1 :i* is s contr>y to ! _s ( ,buddhism4 ,z long z we live "u ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 x is impossible to escape ! curse ( social inju/ice & economic inequality4 ,"s p mu/ be born ri* & noble & enjoy+ a sup]abundance ( mat]ial weal?1 :ile o!rs mu/ be groan+ "u ! unbe>able burd5 impos$ ^u !m by cruel society4 ,unless we make a radical *ange 9 our pres5t social organisation1 we _c expect e "o ( u to enjoy equal opportunity & fair *ance4 ,unless we h a c]ta9 =m ( socialism in/all$ :i* is lib]al & rational & sy/ematic1 !re mu/ be "s :o are economically m favor$ ?an o!rs4 ,b ?is /ate ( affairs is a ph5om5on ( worldly in/itution & is doom$ to die away soon] or lat]4 ,! law ( k>ma1 on ! contr>y1 is an et]nal ord9ance ( ! w ( ! ,dh>makya z manife/$ 9 ?is _w ( #aib p>ticul>s4 ,we mu/ n confuse a transi5t accid5t ( human society ) an absolute decree issu$ f ! _w-au?ority4 ,an ,individuali/ic ,view ( ,k>ma4 ,!re is ano!r popul> misconception conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( k>ma1 :i* s]i\sly m>s ! true int]pretation ( ,buddhism4 ,i mean by ?is an individuali/ic view ( ! doctr9e4 ,?is view ass]ts t de$s1 good or evil1 committ$ by a p]son det]m9e only 8 own fate1 no o!r's be+ affect$ !reby 9 any possible way1 & t ! reason :y we %\ld refra9 f do+ wrong is3 = we1 & n o!rs1 h to suff] its evil consequ5ces4 ,?is conception ( k>ma :i* ,i call individuali/ic1 presupposes ! absolute reality ( an individual s\l & its cont9uance z su* 9 a new corporeal exi/5ce :i* is made possible by its previ\s k>ma4 ,because an individual s\l is "h und]/ood z an indep5d5t unit1 :i* /&s 9 no relation to o!rs1 & :i* !re=e nei!r does influ5ce nor is influ5c$ by !m 9 any wise4 ,all t is done by oneself is suff]$ by oneself only & no o!r p h any?+ to d ) x1 nor d !y suff] a :it !reby4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 does n advocate ?is individuali/ic int]pretation ( k>maic law1 = x is n 9 accord ) ! !ory ( non-tman1 nor ) t ( ,dh>makya4 ,accord+ to ! or?odox !ory1 k>ma simply means ! cons]vation or immortality ( ! inn] #aic =ce ( de$s reg>dless ( _! au?or's physical id5tity4 ,de$s once committ$1 good or evil1 leave p]man5t effects on ! g5]al sy/em ( s5ti5t be+s1 ( :i* ! actor is m]ely a compon5t "p2 & x is n ! actor himself only1 b ev]ybody con/itut+ a gr& psy*ic community call$ 8,dh>madhtu0 7spiritual univ]se71 t suff]s or enjoys ! outcome ( a moral de$4 ,because ! univ]se is n a !atre = "o p>ticul> s\l only2 on ! contr>y1 x belongs to all s5ti5t be+s1 ea* =m+ a psy*ic unit2 & ^! units are s intimately knitt$ toge!r 9 blood & s\l t ! effects ( ev5 app>5tly trifl+ de$s committ$ by an individual are felt by o!rs j z mu* & j z surely z ! do] himself4 ,?r[ an insignificant piece ( /one into a va/ expanse ( wat]1 & x w c]ta9ly create an almo/ endless s]ies ( ripples1 h[ev] imp]ceptible1 t nev] /op till !y rea* ! fur!/ %ore4 ,! tremulation ?us caus$ is felt by ! s9k+ /one z mu* z ! wat] di/urb$4 ,! univ]se t may seem to crude obs]v]s m]ely z a sy/em ( crass physical =ces is 9 reality a great spiritual community1 & e "o ( s5ti5t be+s =ms its compon5t "p4 ,?is mo/ complicat$1 mo/ subtle1 mo/ s5sitive1 & be/ organis$ mass ( spiritual atoms transmits its curr5t ( moral electricity f "o p>ticle to ano!r ) utmo/ rapidity & surety4 ,because ?is community is at bottom an expression ( "o ,dh>makya4 ,h[ev] div]sifi$ #aid & dissimil> x may appe> 9 its mat]ial individual aspect1 x is aft] all no m ?an an evolution ( "o p]vad+ ess5ce1 9 :i* ! multitud9\sness ( ?+s f9ds its unity & id5tity4 ,!re=e1 x is = ! int]e/s ( ! community at l>ge1 & n = _! own welf>e only1 t s9c]e ,buddhi/s refra9 f transgress+ moral laws & are enc\rag$ to promote goodness4 ,^? ^: spiritual insight ?us p5etrates deep into ! inn] unity & int]action ( all human s\ls are call$ ,bodhisattvas4 ,x is ) ?is _s1 let me repeat1 t pi\s ,buddhi/s d n wi% to keep = !mselves any m]its creat$ by _! acts ( love & b5evol5ce1 b wi% to turn !m ov] 7p>iv>ta7 to ! deliv]ance ( all s5ti5t creatures f ! d>kness ( ignorance4 ,! mo/ typical way ( conclud+ any religi\s treatise by ,buddhi/s1 !re=e1 runs g5]ally 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,! deep significance ( ! ?ree k>mas z taught by ,buddha1 ,i h ?us complet$ elucidat+ 9 accord ) ! ,dh>ma & logic3 ,by d9t ( ?is m]it ,i pray to deliv] all s5ti5t be+s ,& to make !m soon atta9 to p]fect enlight5m5t40#hh ,or1 8,all ! m]its aris+ f ?is my exposition ,may abide & be univ]sally di/ribut$ among all be+s2 ,& may !y asc5d 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce & increase 9 bliss & wisdom1 ,& soon atta9 to an enlight5m5t supreme1 p]fect1 great1 & f>-rea*+40#hi #aie ,! reason :y a moral de$ p]=m$ by "o p]son w\ld contribute to ! atta9m5t by o!rs ( supreme enlight5m5t1 is t s\ls :i* are ord9>ily suppos$ to be individual & indep5d5t ( o!rs are n s 9 fact1 b are v closely int]m+l$ ) "o ano!r1 s t a /ir produc$ 9 "o is soon] or lat] transmitt$ to ano!r influ5c+ x rightfully or wrongfully4 ,! k>maic effect ( my own de$ det]m9es n only my own future1 b to a n little ext5t t ( o!rs2 h5ce ^? invocations j quot$ by pi\s ,buddhi/s :o desire to d$icate all ! m]its !y c atta9 to ! g5]al welf>e ( ! masses4 ,! ev]-increas+ t5d5cy ( humanity to wid5 & facilitate communication 9 e possible way is a ph5om5on illu/rative ( ! intr9sic on5ess ( human s\ls4 ,isolation kills1 = x is ano!r "n = dea?4 ,e s\l t lives & gr[s desires to embrace o!rs1 to be 9 communion ) !m1 to be supplem5t$ by !m1 & to exp& inf9itely s t all individual s\ls are br\ght toge!r & unit$ 9 ! "o s\l4 ,"u ?is condition only a man's k>ma is enabl$ to influ5ce o!r p1 & 8 m]its c be utilis$ = ! promotion ( g5]al enlight5m5t4 #aif ,k>ma & ,det]m9ism4 ,if ! irrefragability ( k>ma means ! pr$et]m9ation ( our moral life1 "s w\ld reason1 ! doctr9e is fatalism pure & simple4 ,x is q true t our pres5t life is ! result ( ! k>ma accumulat$ 9 our previ\s exi/5ces1 & t z long z ! k>ma pres]ves its vitality !re is no *ance :atev] to escape its consequ5ces1 good or evil4 ,x is also true t z ! meane/ sp>r[ %all n fall on ! gr\nd )\t ! k ( ,god1 & z ! v hairs ( our heads are all numb]$ by him1 s ev5 a s+le blade ( grass does n quiv] be=e ! ev5+ breeze )\t ! =ce ( k>ma4 ,x is also true t if our intellect 7 n ne>-sight$ z x is1 we c\ld r$uce a possible complexity ( ! conditions "u :i* our life exi/s into its simple/ t]ms1 & ?us pr$ict ) ma!matical precision ! c\rse ( a life ?r\gh :i* x is de/9$ to pass4 ,if we c\ld record all our previ\s k>ma f "t immemorial & all its consequ5ces bo? on ourselves & on ^? :o come 9 contact ) u1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ our future life ) utmo/ c]ta9ty4 ,! human intellect1 h[ev]1 z x happ5s1 is incapable ( und]tak+ a "w ( su* an enorm\s magnitude1 we _c p]ceive ! full significance ( det]m9ism2 b1 f ! div9e po9t ( view1 det]m9ism seems to be p]fectly ju/ifi$1 = !re _c be any %ort-sight$ness on ! "p ( a _w-s\l z to ! de/9y ( ! univ]se1 :i* #aig is no?+ b its own expression4 ,x is only f ! human po9t ( view t we feel unc]ta9 ab\t our f9al disposition & endeavor to expla9 exi/5ce n[ f a me*anical1 n[ f a teleological /&po9t1 & yet1 /range en\gh1 at ! bottom ( our s\l we feel t !re is some?+ my/]i\s "h :i* makes u cry1 ei!r 9 despair or 9 tru/ful resignation1 8,let ?y w be done40 ,:ile ?is v confid5ce 9 8?y w0 proves t we h 9 our inmo/ consci\sness & outside ! pale ( intellectual analysis a belief 9 ! supreme ord]1 :i* is absolutely preorda9$ & :i* at lea/ is n controllable by our f9ite1 limit$1 fragm5t>y m9d1 yet ! doctr9e ( k>ma mu/ n be und]/ood 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( fatalism4 ,z f> z a g5]al !ory ( det]m9ism is conc]n$1 ,buddhism has no objection to x4 ,grant t !re is a law ( causation1 t e de$1 actualis$ or ?\ght (1 leaves some?+ beh9d1 & t ?is some?+ becomes a det]m9+ factor = our future life2 !n h[ c\ld we escape ! conclusion t 8ea* ( u is inevitable0 z ,:itman s+s8 ,religi\s confid5ce 9 a div9e w t is suppos$ to give u always ! be/ ( ?+s1 is 9 fact no m ?an a det]m9ism4 ,b if1 9 apply+ ! doctr9e to our practical life1 we =get to endeavor to unfold all ! possibilities t might lie 9 u1 b c\ld be awak5$ only aft] /r5u\s ef=ts1 !re w be no moral *>act]s1 no p]sonal responsibility1 no noble aspirations2 ! m9d w be no?+ b a reflex n]v\s sy/em & life a %e] ma*9]y4 #aih ,9 fact k>ma is n a ma*9e :i* is n incapable ( reg5]ation & self-multiplication4 ,k>ma is a wond]ful organic p[]2 x gr[s1 x exp&s1 & ev5 gives bir? to a new k>ma4 ,x is l unto a gra9 ( mu/>d1 ! lea/ ( all se$s1 b1 be+ full ( vitality1 x gr[s z soon z x comes 9 contact ) ! n\ri%+ soil & become? a tree s t ! birds ( ! air come & lodge 9 ! bran*es !re(4 ,its my/]y is l t ( sympa!tic waves t pass ?r\gh all ! he>ts :i* feel ! great de$s ( a h]o or li/5 to ! /ory ( a self-sacrific+ "m4 ,k>ma1 good or evil1 is contagi\s & sympa!tic 9 its "w4 ,ev5 a mo/ insignificant act ( goodness reaps an unexpect$ly ri* crop4 ,ev5 to ! vile/ rogue comes a *ance = rep5tance by d9t ( a s+le good k>ma ev] effect$ 9 8 life1 :i* has ext5d$ ?r\gh _m a kalpa4 ,& ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ 9 our spiritual _w is t ! k>ma ?us br++ rep5tance & ,nirvna to ! he>t ( ! meane/ awak5s & rek9dles a simil> k>ma pot5tially slumb]+ 9 o!r he>ts & leads !m to ! f9al abode ( enlight5m5t4 ,inasmu* z we conf9e ourselves to g5]al1 sup]ficial view ( ! !ory ( k>ma1 x leads to a =m ( det]m9ism1 b 9 our practical life :i* is a product ( extremely complicat$ factors1 ! doctr9e ( k>ma all[s 9 u all k9ds ( possibilities & all *ances ( developm5t4 ,we ?us escape ! me*anical conception ( life1 we are sav$ f ! despair ( pr$et]m9ation1 ?\gh ?is is true to a great ext5t2 #aii & we are assur$ ( ! actualisation ( hopes1 h[ev] remote x may be4 ,?\gh ! curse ( evil k>ma may sometimes hang ^u u v heavily1 !re is no reason to bury our aspirations altoge!r 9 ! grave2 on ! contr>y1 let u be> x bravely & p]=m all ! acts ( goodness to de/roy ! la/ remnant ( evil & to mature ! /ock ( good k>ma4 ,! ,matur+ ( ,good ,/ock 7kualamla7 & ! ,accumulation ( m]its 7punyask&ha74 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant facts1 :i* we _c well af=d to ignore :ile treat+ ( ! doctr9e ( k>ma1 is ! ,buddhi/ belief t kyamuni rea*$ 8 supreme ,buddhahood only aft] a long practise ( ! six virtues ( p]fection 7pramits7 ?r\gh _m a rebir?4 ,?is belief con/itutes ! v f\ndation ( ! e?ics ( ,buddhism & has all-important be>+s on ! doctr9e ( k>ma4 ,! doctr9e ( k>ma e?ically consid]$ is ?is3 ,s5ti5t be+s c atta9 to p]fection n by an int]v5tion f on high1 b ?r\gh long1 /eady1 unfl9*+ p]sonal ef=ts t[>ds ! actualisation ( ideals1 or1 9 o!r words1 t[>ds ! matur+ ( good /ock 7kualamla7 & ! accumulation ( m]its 7punyask&ha74 ,?is c be accompli%$ only ?r\gh ! k>ma ( good de$s untir+ly practis$ ?r\gh\t _m a g5]ation4 ,ea* s+le act ( goodness we p]=m to-day is record$ ) #bjj /rict accuracy 9 ! annals ( human evolution & is s mu* ! ga9 = ! cause ( righte\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 e de$ ( ill-w1 e ?\ght ( self-aggr&isem5t1 e ^w ( impurity1 e ass]tion ( egoism1 is a drawback to ! p]fection ( humanity4 ,to speak concretely1 ! ,buddha repres5ts ! cry/alisation 9 ! hi/orical p]son ( kyamuni ( all ! good k>ma t 0 accumulat$ 9 innum]able kalpas previ\s to 8 bir?4 ,& if ,devadatta1 z leg5d has him1 0 really ! enemy ( ! ,buddha1 he symbolises 9 him ! evil k>ma t 0 be+ /or$ up ) ! good de$s ( all ,buddhas4 ,lat] ,buddhism has ?us elaborat$ to repres5t 9 ^! two hi/orical figures ! concrete results ( good & evil k>ma1 & tries to %[ 9 :at direction its foll[]s %\ld ex]cise _! spiritual en]gy4 ,! doctr9e ( k>ma is1 !re=e1 really ! !ory ( evolution & h]$ity z work+ 9 our moral field4 ,z ,walt ,:itman fitly s+s1 9 e "o ( u1 8conv]g+ objects ( ! univ]se0 are p]petually fl[+1 ?r\gh e "o ( u is 8afflatus surg+ & surg+--! curr5t & index40 ,& ^! conv]g+ objects & ?is afflatus are no m ?an our k>ma :i* is int]wov5 9 our be+ & :i* is be+ matur$ f ! v beg9n+ ( consci\sness ^u ! e>?4 ,ea* g5]ation ei!r ret>ds or fur!rs ! matur+ ( k>ma & transmits to ! succe$+ "o its /ock ei!r impair$ or augm5t$4 ,^? :o are bl9d en\gh n to #bja see ! significance ( life1 ^? :o take _! ego = ! sole reality1 & ^? :o ignore ! spiritual inh]itance accumulat$ f "t immemorial1--are ! mo/ wor?less1 mo/ ungrateful1 & mo/ irresponsible p ( ! _w4 ,buddhism calls !m ! *ildr5 ( ,mra engag$ 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wilson ( ,scotl& /ates a v pretty /ory ab\t a royal robe 9 8 article on 8,! ,s5se ( ,dang]0 7,! ,moni/1 #aijc1 ,april71 :i* graphically illu/rates h[ pot5tial k>ma /or$ f "t out ( m9d is saturat$ 9 e fibre ( our sublim9al consci\sness or 9 ! layavijna1 z ,buddhi/s might say4 ,! /ory runs z foll[s3 8,an ,ori5tal robe x 01 ^: beg9n+ 0 9 a prehi/oric dyna/y ( :i* ! hi]oglyphics are undeciph]able4 ,) t p]t9acity & durability s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ea/1 ?is royal g>m5t has be5 h&$ d[n1 n ?r\gh hundr$s ( ye>s1 b ?r\gh hundr$s ( g5]ations1--g5]ations1 "s ( !m1 unconsci\sly long & /ale & dre>y2 o!rs %ort & quick & m]ry4 ,a g>m5t ( k+s1 ?is1 & ( que5s1 a g>m5t to :i*1 z tradition prescrib$1 ea* mon>* add$ some?+ ( quality1--a jewel ( price1 a pat* ( gold1 a hem ( ri* embroid]y1--& ) ea* contribution a leg5d1 work$ into ! imp]i%able fibre1 told ! /ory ( ! giv]4 ,did some?+ ( ! p]sonality ( ^! k+s & que5s l+] 9 ! "w ( _! h&s8 ,if s1 ! robe 0 no dead ?+1 no m]e cov]+ to be lightly assum$ or lightly laid aside1 b a liv+ #bjb p[]1 royal influ5ce1 & ! we>]1 all unwitt+1 mu/ h tak5 on some?+ ( ! "* ( ! dead4 ,x is a pr9cess ( ! royal blood1 p]haps1 s5sitive & my/ical1 trembl+ on ! appreh5sive v]ge ( mon>*y1 :o dons ! robe1 & z %e dons x1 t+les to its message4 ,^! great rubies t blaze ^u its front are ! s\v5irs ( bloody conqu]ors4 ,z %e f+]s !m idly1 %e is ?rill$ ) an emotion %e does n und]/&1 = 9 h] blood some?+ answ]s to ! fight+ _s !y embody4 ,pe>ls are = peace4 ,t rope has be5 /rung by k+s & que5s :o favor$ art & le>n+2 & z ! girl's f+]s /ray t[>ds !m ! inspiration *anges & h] m9d rev]ts to ! purposes ( ! civilis$ s*ol>4 ,"h is a gaudy hem1 ! legacy ( an unfai?ful que51 /eep$ 9 intrigue all h] life until h] murd] end$ x2 & z ! maid5 lifts x to exam9e x m closely1 %e le>ns ) %ame & blu%es1 yet n kn[+ :at has wr\ght ?is *ange 9 h]1 t1 deep d[n 9 h] "*1 are mis*iev\s possibilities1 possibilities ( wick$ness & disgrace t w dog ! foot/eps ( h] reign4 ,su*like are ! sugge/ions :i* ! hidd5 p>ts ( ! m9d br+ =?1 & 9 su* subtle mann] are !y born40 ,! doctr9e ( k>ma ?us decl>es t an act ( love & good-w y are p]=m+ "h is n = y\r selfi% int]e/s1 b x simply means ! appreciation ( ! works ( y\r wor?y ance/ors & ! dis*>ge ( y\r duties t[>ds #bjc all humanity & y\r contribution to ! _w-treasury ( moral ideals4 ,mature good /ock1 accumulate m]its1 purify evil k>ma1 remove ! ego-h9drance1 & cultivate love = all be+s2 & ! heav5ly gate ( ,nirvna w be op5$ n only to y1 b to ! entire _w4 ,we c s+ ) ,walt ,:itman ! immortality ( k>ma & ! et]nal progress ( humanity1 ?us3 8,did y guess any?+ liv$ only its mom5t8 ,! _w does n s exi/--no "p palpable or impalpable s exi/2 ,no consummation exi/s )\t be+ f "s long previ\s consummation--& t f "s o!r1 ,)\t ! f>!/ conceivable "o com+ a bit ne>] ! beg9n+ ?an any40#ij ,immortality4 ,we read 9 ! ,mil9da-paha3 8,y\r ,maje/y1 x is z if a man 7 to asc5d to ! /ory ( a h\se ) a light1 & eat !re2 & ! light 9 burn+ 7 to set fire to ! ?at*2 & ! ?at* 9 burn+ 7 to set fire to ! h\se2 & ! h\se 9 burn+ 7 to set fire to ! village2 & ! p ( ! village 7 to seize him1 & say1 #8,:y1 ,o man1 did y set fire to ! village8' & he 7 to say1 #8,i did n set fire to ! village4 ,! fire ( ! lamp by ^: light ,i ate 0 a diff]5t "o f ! "o :i* set fire to ! village'2 #bjd & !y1 qu>rel+1 7 to come to y4 ,^: cause1 ,y\r ,maje/y1 w\ld y su/a980 8,t ( ! p ( ! village1 ,rev]5d ,sir10 etc4 8,& :y80 8,because1 9 spite ( :at ! man might say1 ! latt] fire sprang f ! =m]40 8,9 exactly ! same way1 ,y\r ,maje/y1 al?\gh ! "n & =m :i* is born into ! next exi/5ce is diff]5t f ! "n & =m :i* is to end at dea?1 nev]!less1 x is sprung f x4 ,!re=e is "o n fre$ f "o's evil de$s40 ,! above is ! ,buddhi/ notion ( individual id5tity & its cons]vation1 :i* d5ies ! immortality ( ! ego-s\l & upholds t ( k>ma4 ,ano!r good way1 p]haps1 ( illu/rat+ ?is doctr9e is to foll[ ! gr[? & p]petuation ( ! se$4 ,! se$ is 9 fact a concrete expression ( k>ma4 ,:5 a plant rea*es a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 x blooms & be>s fruit4 ,?is fruit conta9s 9 x a lat5t en]gy :i* "u favorable conditions gr[s to a mature plant ( its own k9d4 ,! new plant n[ repeats ! processes :i* its pr$ecessors w5t ?r\gh1 & an et]nal p]petuation ( ! plant is atta9$4 ,! life ( an individual plant _c be p]man5t accord+ to its inh]5t nature1 x is de/9$ to be cut %ort "s "t 9 its c\rse4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! curr5t ( an ev]-la/+ vitality t has be5 runn+ 9 ! plant ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,because ?is curr5t is n individual 9 its nature & /&s above ! vicissitudes #bje :i* take place 9 ! life ( p>ticul> plants4 ,x may n be manife/$ 9 its k9etic =m all ! "t1 b pot5tially x is ev] pres5t 9 ! be+ ( ! se$4 ,*anges are simply a matt] ( =m1 & d n int]f]e ) ! curr5t ( life 9 ! plant1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! univ]se z ! en]gy ( vegetation4 ,?is en]gy ( vegetation is t :i* is manife/$ 9 a mature plant1 t :i* makes x blossom 9 ! spr+time1 t :i* goes to se$1 t :i* lies app>5tly dormant 9 ! se$s1 & t :i* resuscitates !m to spr\t among favorable surr\nd+s4 ,?is en]gy ( vegetation1 ?is my/]i\s =ce1 :5 /at$ 9 ,buddhi/ phraseology1 is no?+ else ?an ! vegetative expression ( k>ma1 :i* 9 ! biological _w con/itutes ! law ( h]$ity1 or ! transmission ( acquir$ "*1 or "s o!r laws :i* might be discov]$ by ! biologi/4 ,& x is :5 ?is =ce manife/s itself 9 ! moral realm ( human affairs t k>ma obta9s its prop] significance z ! law ( moral causation4 ,n[1 !re are sev]al =ms ( transmission1 by means ( :i* ! k>ma ( a p]son or a p or a nation or a race is able to p]petuate itself to et]nity4 ,a few ( !m are describ$ bel[4 ,"o may be call$ g5ealogical1 or1 p]haps1 biological4 ,suppose "h are desc5dants ( an illu/ri\s family1 "s ( ^: ance/ors di/+ui%$ !mselves by brav]y1 or b5evol5ce1 or intellig5ce1 or by "s o!r praisewor?y de$s or faculties4 ,^! #bjf p are z a rule respect$ by _! neighbors z if _! ance/ral spirits 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh g5]ations & /ill l+]+ among _! consangu9e\s successors4 ,"s ( !m 9 ! l9e might h ev5 be5 bel[ ! normal level 9 _! intellect & morals1 b ?is fact does n altoge!r nullify ! possibility & belief t o!rs ( _! family might "s day develop ! faculties possess$ by ! =efa!rs1 dormant z !y appe> n[1 ?r\gh ! inspiration !y c\ld get f ! noble examples ( ! pa/4 ,! respect !y are enjoy+ & ! possibility ( inspiration !y may h are all ! "w ( ! k>ma g5]at$ by ! ance/ors4 ,! au?or or au?ors ( ! noble k>ma are all gone n[1 _! bones h long return$ to _! elem5ts1 _! ego-s\ls are no m1 _! concrete individual p]sonalities are ?+s ( ! pa/2 b _! k>ma is /ill "h & z fre% z x 0 on ! day ( its g5]ation & w s rema9 till ! end ( "t4 ,if "s ( !m1 on ! o!r h&1 left a black record beh9d !m1 ! evil k>ma w t5aci\sly cl+ to ! hi/ory ( ! family1 & ! desc5dants w h to suff] ! curse z long z its vitality is kept up1 no matt] h[ innoc5t !y !mselves are4 ,"h "o important ?+ ,i wi% to note is ! my/]i\s way 9 :i* evil k>ma works4 ,evil does n always g5]ate evils only2 x v frequ5tly turns out to be a condition1 if n a cause1 :i* w induce a moral be+ to ov]come x ) 8 #bjg utmo/ spiritual ef=ts4 ,8 be+ consci\s ( ! v fact t 8 family hi/ory is someh[ besmir*$ ) d>k spots1 w\ld rek9dle 9 8 he>t a flick]+ light ( goodness4 ,8 /ock ( good k>ma f9ally be+ br\ght into maturity1 8 virtues w\ld !n eclipse ! evils ( ! pa/ & turn a new page be=e him1 :i* is full ( bliss & glory4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w1 ?us1 seems to turn to be m]ely a means = ! f9al realisation ( ,good4 ,buddhi/s ascribe ?is spiritual ph5om5on to ! virtues ( ! upya 7exp$i5cy7 ( ! ,dh>makya or ,amitbha ,buddha4#ia ,to return to ! subject4 ,x does n ne$ any fur!r illu/ration to %[ t all ^! ?+s :i* h be5 said ab\t ! family are also true ( ! race1 ! tribe1 clan1 nation1 or any o!r =m ( community4 ,hi/ory ( mank9d 9 all its manifold aspects ( exi/5ce is no?+ b a gr& drama visualis+ ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( k>maic immortality4 ,x is l an imm5se ocean ^: b\nd>ies nobody kn[s & ! waves ( ev5ts n[ swell+ & surg+1 n[ ebb+1 n[ :irl+1 n[ reflux+1 9 all times1 day & night1 illu/rate h[ ! laws #bjh ( k>ma are at "w 9 ?is actual life4 ,"o act provokes ano!r & t a ?ird & s on to et]nity )\t ev] los+ ! *a9 ( k>maic causation4 ,next1 we come to a =m ( k>ma :i* might be call$ hi/orical4 ,by ?is ,i mean t a man's k>ma c be immortalis$ by "s hi/orical objects1 su* z build+s1 lit]>y works1 productions ( art1 implem5ts1 or in/rum5ts4 ,9 fact1 almo/ any object1 human or natural1 :i*1 h[ev] insignificant 9 itself1 is associat$ ) ! memory ( a great man1 be>s 8 k>ma1 & transmits x to po/]ity4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! facts t all lit]>y "w embodies 9 itself ! au?or's s\l & _s1 & t po/]ity c feel 8 liv+ pres5ce 9 ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts express$ !re1 & t :5ev] ! read] draws 8 inspiration f ! "w & actualises x 9 action1 ! au?or & ! read]1 ?\gh corporeally sep>ate & liv+ 9 diff]5t times1 mu/ be said spiritually feel+ ! pulsation ( "o & ! same he>t4 ,& ! same ?+ is true ( productions ( art4 ,:5 we ent] a gall]y decorat$ ) ! noble works ( ,grcean or ,roman arti/s1 we feel z if we 7 brea?+ "r 9 ! mid/ ( ^! art-lov+ p & seem to reawak5 9 u ! same impressions t 7 receiv$ by !m4 ,we =get1 z !y did1 ! reality ( our p>ticul> exi/5ce1 we are unconsci\sly rais$ above x1 & our imag9ation is fill$ ) ?+s n e>?ly4 ,:at a my/]i\s p[] x is6--! #bji p[] by :i* ^? inanimate objects c>ry u away to a _w ( ideals6 ,:at a my/]i\s p[] x is t reawak5s ! spirits ( by-gone arti/s on a %eet ( canvas or 9 a piece ( m>ble6 ,x 0 n inde$ entirely )\t tru? t primitive or ignorant p intuitively believ$ 9 ! spiritual p[] ( idols4 ,:at !y fail$ to grasp 0 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! subjective pres5ce ( a _s & its objective reality4 ,z f> z _! religi\s feel+1 & n _! critical intellect1 0 conc]n$1 !y 7 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ 9 idolatry4 ,tak+ all 9 all1 ^! facts unmi/akably te/ify ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( ! immortality ( k>ma4 ,a *ord ( k>ma t\*$ by mortals ( bygone ages /ill vibrates 9 _! works1 & ! vibration ) its full =ce is transmitt$ to ! sympa!tic s\ls d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,ar*itectural creations be> out ! doctr9e ( k>ma ) no less =ce ?an works ( art & lit]ature4 ,z ! upp]mo/ bricks on an ,egyptian pyramid w\ld fall on ! gr\nd ) ! same am\nt ( en]gy t requir$ to raise !m up 9 ! times ( ,ph>aohs2 z a burn+ piece ( coal 9 ! furnace t 0 dug out f ! he>t ( ! e>? emits ! same quantity ( heat t x absorb$ f ! sun "s hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago2 ev5 s e insignificant bit ( rock or brick or cem5t we may f9d among ! ru9s ( ,babylonian palaces1 ,indian topes1 ,p]sian kiosks1 ,egyptian obelisks1 or ,roman pan!ons1 is fraught ) ! same _s & s\l t actuat$ #baj ! anci5t peoples to con/ruct ^? gigantic ar*itectural wond]s4 ,! _s is "h1 n 9 its individual =m1 b 9 its k>maic pres5ce4 ,:5 we pick ^! insignificant1 unseemly pieces1 our s\ls become s+ul>ly responsive to inspirations com+ f ^? ( ! pa/1 & our m5tal eyes vividly p]ceive ! spl5dor ( ! gods1 glory ( ! k+s1 peace ( ! nation1 prosp]ity ( ! peoples1 etc41 etc4 ,because our s\ls & !irs are l9k$ ) ! *a9 ( k>maic causation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? visible rema9s ( anci5t days4 ,because ! k>ma ( ^? old peoples is /ill brea?+ its immortality 9 ^? ar*itectural productions & s5d+ its sympa!tic waves out to ! behold]s4 ,:5 ?us we come to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! immortality ( k>ma1 we c truly exclaim ) ,*ri/ians1 8,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory80 ,x is h>dly necess>y to give any fur!r illu/ration to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( k>ma conc]n+ its hi/orical significance4 ,all sci5tific app>atus & in/rum5ts are an undy+ eye-witness ( ! g5ius ( ! inv5tors4 ,all indu/rial ma*9es & agricultural implem5ts mo/ concretely te/ify ! immortality ( k>ma creat$ by ! con/ructors1 9 exact proportion z !y are b5eficial to ! g5]al welf>e & progress ( humanity4 ,! in/rum5ts or ma*9es or implem5ts may be sup]s$$ by lat] & bett] ones1 & possibly altoge!r =gott5 by succe$+ g5]ations1 b ?is does n annul ! fact t ! #baa improv$ ones 7 only possible ?r\gh ! k & exp]i5ce :i* came f ! use ( ! old] ones1 9 o!r words1 t ! ideas & ?\ghts ( ! =m] inv5tors are /ill surviv+ ?r\gh ^? ( _! successors1 j z mu* z 9 ! case ( g5ealogical k>ma-transmission4 ,:atev] g>b ! k>ma ( a p]son may we> 9 its way d[n to po/]ity1 x is ev] !re :]e its inspiration is felt4 ,ev5 9 an article ( mo/ trivial significance1 ev5 9 a piece ( rag1 or 9 a slip ( "t-worn pap]1 only let !re be an association ) ! memory ( ! deceas$2 & an unutt]able feel+ imp]ceptibly creeps into ! he>t ( ! behold]2 & if ! deceas$ 7 kn[n = 8 sa9tl9ess or righte\sness1 ?is w\ld be an opportunity = our inspiration & moral elevation accord+ to h[ our own k>ma at t mom5t is made up4 ,we n[ come to see m closely ! spiritual purport ( k>maic activity4 ,any intellig5t read] c\ld inf] f :at has be5 said above :at important be>+ ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( k>ma has on our moral & spiritual life4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 h[ev]1 w greatly help him to und]/& ! full ext5t ( ! doctr9e & to pass an imp>tial judgm5t on its m]its4 ,"h1 if n any:]e else1 looms up mo/ conspicu\sly ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity z to _! conception ( s\l-activity4 ,*ri/ianity1 if ,i und]/& x rightly1 conceives our s\l-ph5om5a z ! "w ( an #bab individual ego-entity1 :i* keeps itself my/]i\sly hidd5 some:]e )9 ! body4 ,to ,*ri/ians1 ! s\l is a metaphysical be+1 & its inc>nation 9 ! fle% is imprisonm5t4 ,x groans aft] emancipation1 x craves = ! cele/ial abode1 :]e1 aft] bodily dea?1 x c enjoy all ! bless+s due to its nak$ exi/5ce4 ,x f9ds ! nect> ( immortality up 9 ,heav5 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god ! fa!r & ,*ri/ ! son1 & n 9 ! p]petuation ( k>ma 9 ?is univ]se4 ,! s\l ( ! wick$1 on ! o!r h&1 is et]nally damn$1 if x is conc$$ t !y h any s\l4 ,z soon z x is lib]at$ f ! bodily inc>c]ation1 x is hurl$ into ! inf]nal fire1 & is !re consum$ suff]+ unspeakable agony4 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 does n believe 9 ! transmigration or re9c>nation ( a s\l4 ,a s\l once dep>t$ f ! fle% nev] returns to x2 x is ei!r liv+ an et]nal life 9 ,heav5 or suff]+ an in/ant annihilation 9 ,hell4 ,?is is ! necess>y conclusion f _! premises ( an individual concrete ego-s\l4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 does n tea* ! metaphysical exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,all our m5tal & spiritual exp]i5ces1 x decl>es1 are due to ! op]ations ( k>ma :i* inh]its its effici5cy f its previ\s 8se$s ( activity0 7k>mabja71 & :i* has br\ght ! five sk&has into ! pres5t /ate ( co-ord9ation4 ,! pres5t k>ma1 :ile 9 its =ce1 g5]ates 9 turn ! 8se$s ( activity0 :i* "u favorable conditions gr[ to maturity aga94 ,!re=e1 z long #bac z ! =ce ( k>ma is ?us successively g5]at$1 !re are ! five sk&has con/antly com+ into exi/5ce & work+ co-ord9ately z a p]son4 ,k>ma-reproduction1 s to speak1 effect$ 9 ?is mann]1 is ! ,buddhi/ conception ( ! transmigration ( a s\l4 ,a ,japanese national h]o1 ,g5]al ,kusunoki ,masa%ige1 :o 0 an or?odox ,buddhi/1 is said to h utt]$ ! foll[+ words :5 he fell 9 ! battle-field3 8,i w be reborn sev5 times yet & complete dis*>g+ my duties = ! ,imp]ial ,h\se40 ,& he did n utt] ^! words to no purpose4 ,because ev5 to-day1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 8 _s is /ill alive among 8 c\ntrym51 & inde$ 8 bronze /atue on horseback is solemnly gu>d+ ! ,japanese ,imp]ial palace4 ,he 0 reborn m ?an sev5 times & w be reborn z long z ! ,japanese z a nation exi/ on e>?4 ,?is con/ant rebir? or re9c>nation means no m nor less ?an ! immortality ( k>ma4 ,says ,buddha3 8,ye disciples1 take aft] my dea? ^? moral precepts & doctr9es :i* 7 taught to y = my own p]son1 = ,i live 9 !m40 ,to live 9 k>ma1 & n z an ego-entity1 is ! ,buddhi/ conception ( immortality4 ,!re=e1 ! ,buddhi/s w p]fectly agree ) ! s5tim5t express$ by a not$ mod]n poet 9 ^! l9es3 8,we live 9 de$s1 n ye>s2 9 ?\ghts1 n 9 brea?s3 ,9 feel+s1 n 9 figures on a dial1 ,we %\ld c\nt "t by he>t-?robs4 ,he mo/ lives ,:o ?9ks mo/1 feels ! noble/1 acts ! be/40 #bad ,"s may l to call ?is k9d ( immortality unsatisfactory1 & impetu\sly dem& t ! ego-s\l1 in/ead ( my/]i\s =ce ( k>ma1 %\ld be made immortal1 z x is m tangible & bett] appreciat$ by ! masses4 ,! ,buddhi/ response to su* a dem& w\ld be2 8,if _! intellectual & moral insight is n develop$ en\gh to see tru? 9 ! !ory ( k>ma1 :y1 we %all let !m adh]e z long z !y please to _! crude1 primitive fai? & re/ cont5t$ ) x40 ,ev5 ! ,buddha c\ld n make *ildr5 f9d pleasure 9 ab/ract metaphysical problems1 :atev] tru? & g5u9e spiritual consolation !re might be 9 !m4 ,:at _! he>ts are aft] are toys & fairy-tales & p>ables4 ,!re=e1 a motto ( ,buddhism is3 8,m9i/] to ! pati5ts accord+ to _! wants & conditions40 ,we _c make a plant gr[ ev5 an in* high] by artificially pull+ its roots2 we h b to wait till x is ready = developm5t4 ,unless a *ild becomes a man1 we mu/ n expect ( him to put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,! conclusion t c\ld be drawn f ! above is obvi\s4 ,if we desire immortality1 let !re be ! matur+ ( good k>ma & ! cleans+ ( ! he>t f ! contam9ation ( evils4 ,9 good k>ma we are made to live et]nally1 b 9 evil "o we are doom$1 n only ourselves b e "o t foll[s our /eps on ! pa? ( evils4 ,k>ma is always g5]ative2 !re=e1 good k>ma is inf9ite bliss1 & evil "o is et]nal curse4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t at ! appe>ance ( ! ,buddha 9 ! ,jambudvpa #bae heav5 & e>? res\nd$ ) ! joy\s acclamation ( gods & m54 ,x 0 a signal triumph = ! cause ( goodness4 ,! ideal ( moral p]fection f\nd a concrete example 9 ! p]son ( kyamuni4 ,x %[$ h[ ! /ock ( good k>ma accumulat$ & matur$ f ! beg9n+ ( consci\sness on e>? c\ld be cry/alis$ 9 "o p]son & br\ght to an actuality ev5 9 ?is _w ( woes4 ,! ,buddha1 !re=e1 0 ! culm9ation ( all ! good k>ma previ\sly /or$ up by 8 spiritual ance/ors4 ,& he 0 at ! same "t ! />t+ po9t = ! f]m5tation ( new k>ma1 because 8 moral 8se$s ( activity0 :i* 7 g5]at$ dur+ 8 lifetime h be5 scatt]$ lib]ally :]ev] 8 virtues & tea*+s c\ld be promulgat$4 ,t is1 8 k>ma-se$s h be5 s[n 9 ! s\ls ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,e "o ( ^! se$s :i* are inf9ite 9 numb] w become a new c5tre ( moral activity4 ,9 proportion h[ /rong x gr[s & beg9s to be> fruit1 x de/roys ! se$s ( evil do]s4 ,good k>ma is a comb9$ %ield & sword1 :ile x protects itself x de/roys all t is aga9/ x4 ,!re=e1 good k>ma is n only /atically immortal1 b x is dynamically s2 t is to say1 its immortality is n a m]e abs5ce ( bir? & dea?1 b a con/ant positive increase 9 its moral effici5cy4 ,pi\s ,buddhi/s believe t e "t ,buddha's "n is invok$ ) a he>t free f evil ?\ghts1 he ent]s "r into ! s\l & becomes integral "p ( 8 be+4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t #baf ,buddha's ego-sub/ratum :i* might h be5 enjoy+ its immortal spiritual bliss 9 ! pres5ce ( an an?ropomorphic ,god desc5ds on e>? at ! invocation ( 8 "n & r5d]s 9 t capacity :atev] help ! supplicant ne$s4 ,x means1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,buddhi/ awak5s 9 8 p]sonal k>ma t :i* con/itut$ ,buddhahood 9 ! ,buddha & n\ri%es x to maturity4 ,t :i* con/itutes ,buddhahood is n ! p]sonal ego ( ! ,buddha1 b 8 k>ma4 ,e *emical elem5t1 :5ev] occasion$ to befree itself f a comb9ation1 nev] fails to g5]ate heat :i* x absorb$ at ! "t ( comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts2 & ?is takes place no matt] h[ remote ! "t ( comb9ation 04 ,x is ev5 s ) ! k>ma-se$ ( ,buddha4 ,x might h be5 9 ! b>r5 soil ( a s9ful he>t1 &1 be+ deeply buri$ !re = _m a ye>1 might h be5 =gott5 altoge!r by ! own]4 ,b1 soon] or lat]1 x w nev] fail to gr[ "u favorable conditions & g5]ate :at x ga9$ f ! ,buddha 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,& ?is reg5]ation w n be m]ely *emical1 b pr$om9antly biological2 = x is ! law :i* conditions ! immortality ( k>ma4 ,,practical ,,buddhism4 #bag ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,dh>mak,,ya4 _/,we_/ h consid]$ ! doctr9e ( ,su*ness 7,bhtata?t7 "u 8,speculative ,buddhism10 :]e x appe>$ altoge!r too ab/ract to be ( any practical use to our e>?ly life4 ,! !ory z su* did n seem to h any imm$iate be>+s on our religi\s consci\sness4 ,! fact is1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh "s practical modification be=e x fully satisfies our spiritual ne$s4 ,z !re is no concrete figure 9 ?is _w t is a p]fect type ( ma!matical exactitude1--s9ce ev]y?+ "h mu/ be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh our m or less di/ort$ physical organs2 ev5 s ) pure reason3 h[ev] p]fect 9 itself1 x mu/ appe> to u m or less modifi$ :ile pass+ ?r\gh our affective-intellectual objectives4 ,?is modification ( pure reason1 h[ev]1 is necess>y f ! human po9t ( view2 because m]e ab/raction is cont5tless1 lifeless1 & has no value = our practical life1 & aga91 because our religi\s crav+s w n be satisfi$ ) empty concepts lack+ vitality4 ,we may sometimes ignore ! claims ( reason #bah & re/ satisfi$1 ?\gh usually unconsci\sly1 ) ass]tions :i* are conflict+ :5 critically exam9$1 b we _c disreg>d by any means ^? ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* f9ds satisfaction only 9 ! v fact ( ?+s4 ,if x ev] h>bor$ "s flagrant contradictions 9 ! "n ( fai?1 x 0 because its ev]-press+ dem&s _h to be met ) ev5 at ! exp5se ( reason4 ,! tru? is3 ! religi\s consci\sness fir/ ( all dem&s fact1 & :5 x atta9s t1 x is n ( mu* consequ5ce to x :e!r or n its intellectual int]pretation is logically t5able4 ,if on ! o!r h& logic be all-important & dem& ! fir/ consid]ation & ! s5tim5t _h to foll[ its trail )\t a murmur+1 our life w\ld surely lose its savory aspect1 turn ta/eless1 our exi/5ce w\ld become void1 ! _w w\ld be a m]e succession ( mean+less ev5ts1 & :at rema9s w\ld be no?+ else ?an deva/ation1 b>r5ness1 & univ]sal mis]y4 ,! tru? is1 9 ?is life ! w pr$om9ates & ! intellect subs]ves2 :i* expla9s ! fact t :ile all exi/+ religions on ! "o h& display "s logical inaccuracy & on ! o!r h& a me*anical explanation ( ! _w is ga9+ gr\nd m & m1 religion is /ill play+ an important "p ev]y:]e 9 our practical life4 ,ab/raction is good = ! ex]cises ( ! intellect1 b :5 x is ! "q ( life & dea? we mu/ h some?+ m sub/antial & ( m vitality ?an !orisation4 ,x may n be a ma!matically exact #bai & c]ta9 proposition1 b x mu/ be a work+1 liv+1 real !ory1 t is1 x mu/ be a fai? born ( ! inmo/ consci\sness ( our be+4 ,:at practical trans=mations !n has ! doctr9e ( ,su*ness1 9 ord] to meet ! religi\s dem&s1 to suff]8 ,god4 ,buddhism does n use ! ^w ,god4 ,! ^w is r (f5sive to mo/ ( its foll[]s1 especially :5 x is intimately associat$ 9 vulg> m9ds ) ! idea ( a creator :o produc$ ! _w out ( no?+1 caus$ ! d[nfall ( mank9d1 &1 t\*$ by ! pang ( remorse1 s5t d[n 8 only son to save ! deprav$4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ?is1 ,buddhism mu/ n be judg$ z an a!ism :i* endorses an agno/ic1 mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ,f> f x4 ,buddhism outspok5ly ackn[l$ges ! pres5ce 9 ! _w ( a reality :i* transc5ds ! limitations ( ph5om5ality1 b :i* is nev]!less imman5t ev]y:]e & manife/s itself 9 its full glory1 & 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+4 ,god or ! religi\s object ( ,buddhism is g5]ally call$ ,dh>makya-,buddha & occasionally ,vairocana-,buddha or ,vairocana-,dh>makya-,buddha2 /ill ano!r "n = x is ,amitbha-,buddha or ,amityur-,buddha1--! latt] two be+ mo/ly us$ by ! foll[]s ( ! ,sukhvat sect ( ,japan & ,*9a4 #bbj ,aga91 v frequ5tly we f9d kyamuni1 ! ,buddha1 & ! ,ta?gata /ripp$ ( 8 hi/orical p]sonality & id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ tru? & reality4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/ a legion ( names inv5t$ by ! f]tile imag9ation ( ,buddhi/s = _! object ( rev]5ce z call$ =? by _! v>i\s spiritual ne$s4 ,dh>makya4 ,we/]n s*ol>s usually translate ,dh>makya by 8,body ( ! ,law0 mean+ by ! ,law ! doctr9e set =? by kyamuni ! ,buddha4 ,x is said t :5 ,buddha 0 prep>+ himself to ent] into et]nal ,nirvna1 he comm&$ 8 disciples to rev]e ! ,dh>ma or religion taught by him z 8 own p]son1 because a man cont9ues to live 9 ! "w1 de$s1 & words left beh9d himself4 ,s1 ,dh>makya came to be und]/ood by ,we/]n s*ol>s z mean+ ! p]son ( ,buddha inc>nat$ 9 8 religion4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! t]m is n v accurate1 h[ev]1 & is productive ( "s v s]i\s mis9t]pretations conc]n+ ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,mahynism4 ,hi/orically1 ! ,body ( ! ,law z ! ,buddha inc>nate might h be5 ! s5se ( ,dh>makya1 z we c inf] f ! occasional use ( ! t]m 9 "s ,hnayna texts4 ,b z x is us$ by ,ea/]n ,buddhi/s1 x has acquir$ an entirely new significance1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! body ( religi\s tea*+s e/abli%$ by ! ,buddha4 #bba ,?is trans=mation 9 ! conception ( ,dh>makya has be5 effect$ by ! diff]5t int]pretation ! t]m ,dh>ma came to receive f ! h& ( ! ,mahyni/s4 ,dh>ma is a v pregnant ^w & cov]s a wide range ( mean+4 ,x comes f ! root dh1 :i* means 8to hold10 8to c>ry01 8to be>10 & ! primitive s5se ( dh>ma 0 8t :i* c>ries or be>s or supports10 & !n x came to signify 8t :i* =ms ! norm1 or regulates ! c\rse ( ?+s10 t is1 8law10 8in/itution10 8rule10 8doctr9e10 !n1 8duty10 8ju/ice10 8virtue10 8moral m]it10 8"*10 8attribute10 8ess5tial quality10 8sub/ance10 8t :i* exi/s10 8reality10 8be+10 etc41 etc4 ,! ,engli% equival5t mo/ frequ5tly us$ = dh>ma by ,ori5tal s*ol>s is law or doctr9e4 ,?is may be all "r z f> z ! ,pli texts g2 b :5 we wi% to apply ?is int]pretation to ! ,mahyna t]ms1 su* z ,dh>madhtu1 ,dh>makya1 ,dh>malaka1 ,dh>maloka1 etc41 we are plac$ 9 an awkw>d position & are at a loss h[ to get at ! mean+ ( ^? t]ms4 ,!re are passages 9 ,mahyna lit]ature 9 :i* ! :ole significance ( ! text dep5ds ^u h[ we und]/& ! ^w dh>ma4 ,& x may ev5 be said t "o ( ! _m reasons :y ,*ri/ian /ud5ts ( ,buddhism s frequ5tly fail to recognise ! importance ( ,mahynism is due to _! mis9t]pretation ( dh>ma4 ,max ,muell]1 !re=e1 rightly rem>ks 9 8 introduction to an ,engli% translation ( ! ,vajrac*$ka ,stra1 :5 he says3 8,if we #bbb 7 always to translate dh>ma by law1 x seems to me t ! :ole drift ( our treatise w\ld become un9telligible40 ,n only t p>ticul> text ( ,mahynism1 b its entire lit]ature w\ld become utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,9 ,mahynism ,dh>ma means 9 _m cases 8?+10 8sub/ance10 or 8be+10 or 8reality10 bo? 9 its p>ticul> & 9 its g5]al s5se1 ?\gh x is also frequ5tly us$ 9 ! s5se ( law or doctr9e4 ,kya may be r5d]$ 8body10 n 9 ! s5se ( p]sonality1 b 9 t ( sy/em1 unity1 & organis$ =m4 ,dh>makya1 ! comb9ation ( dh>ma & kya1 ?us means ! organis$ totality ( ?+s or ! pr9ciple ( cosmic unity1 ?\gh n z a purely philosophical concept1 b z an object ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,?r\gh\t ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al ,sanskrit =m w be reta9$ 9 pref]5ce to any ,engli% equival5ts t h be5 us$ h]et(ore2 = ,dh>makya conveys to ! m9ds ( ,ea/]n ,buddhi/s a peculi> religi\s flavor1 :i*1 :5 translat$ by ei!r ,god or ! ,all or "s ab/ract philosophical t]ms1 suff]s consid]ably4 ,dh>makya z ,religi\s ,object4 ,z a=esaid1 ! ,dh>makya is n a product ( philosophical reflection & is n exactly equival5t to ,su*ness2 x has a religi\s signification z ! object ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,! ,dh>makya is a s\l1 a will+ & kn[+ be+1 "o t is #bbc w & intellig5ce1 ?\ght & action4 ,x is1 z und]/ood by ! ,mahyni/s1 n an ab/ract metaphysical pr9ciple l ,su*ness1 b x is liv+ _s1 t manife/s itself 9 nature z well z 9 ?\ght4 ,! univ]se z an expression ( ?is _s is n a mean+less display ( bl9d =ces1 nor is x an ar5a = ! /ruggle ( div]se me*anical p[]s4 ,fur!r1 ,buddhi/s ascribe to ! ,dh>makya innum]able m]its & virtues & an absolute p]fect intellig5ce1 & makes x an inexhau/ible f\nta9-head ( love & compassion2 & x is 9 ?is t ! ,dh>makya f9ally assumes a totally diff]5t aspect f a m]e metaphysical pr9ciple1 cold & lifeless4 ,! ,avatamsaka ,stra gives "s compreh5sive /atem5ts conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,dh>makya z foll[s3 8,! ,dh>makya1 ?\gh manife/+ itself 9 ! triple _w1 is free f impurities & desires4 ,x unfolds itself "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e respond+ to ! call ( k>ma4 ,x is n an individual reality1 x is n a false exi/5ce1 b is univ]sal & pure4 ,x comes f n[h]e1 x goes to n[h]e2 x does n ass]t itself1 nor is x subject to annihilation4 ,x is =ev] s]5e & et]nal4 ,x is ! ,"o1 devoid ( all det]m9ations4 ,?is ,body ( ,dh>ma has no b\nd>y1 no qu>t]s1 b is embodi$ 9 all bodies4 ,its fre$om or spontaneity is incompreh5sible1 its spiritual pres5ce 9 ?+s corporeal is incompreh5sible4 ,all =ms ( corporeality are involv$ !re91 x is able to create all ?+s4 ,assum+ any concrete #bbd mat]ial body z requir$ by ! nature & condition ( k>ma1 x illum9ates all creations4 ,?\gh x is ! treasure ( intellig5ce1 x is void ( p>ticul>ity4 ,!re is no place 9 ! univ]se :]e ?is ,body does n prevail4 ,! univ]se becomes1 b ?is ,body =ev] rema9s4 ,x is free f all opposites & contr>ies1 yet x is work+ 9 all ?+s to lead !m to ,nirvna40 ,m ,detail$ ,*>act]isation4 ,! above gives u a g5]al1 concise view z to :at ! ,dh>makya is1 b let me quote ! foll[+ m detail$ description ( x1 9 ord] t we may m cle>ly & def9itely see into ! *>act]i/ically ,buddhi/ic conception ( ! highe/ be+4#ib 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,! ,ta?gata#ic is n a p>ticul> dh>ma1 nor a p>ticul> =m ( activity1 nor has x a p>ticul> body1 nor does x abide 9 a p>ticul> place1 nor is its "w ( salvation conf9$ to "o p>ticul> p4 ,on ! contr>y1 x involves 9 itself inf9ite dh>mas1 inf9ite activities1 inf9ite bodies1 inf9ite spaces1 & univ]sally works = ! salvation ( all ?+s4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is l unto space4 ,space#id conta9s 9 itself all mat]ial exi/5ces & all ! vacuums t obta9 betwe5 !m4 ,aga91 x e/abli%es #bbe itself 9 all possible qu>t]s1 & yet we _c say ( x t x is or x is n 9 ?is p>ticul> spot1 = space has no palpable =m4 ,ev5 s ) ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata4 ,x pres5ts itself 9 all places1 9 all directions1 9 all dh>mas1 & 9 all be+s2 yet ! ,dh>makya itself has n be5 !reby p>ticul>is$4 ,because ! ,body ( ! ,ta?gata has no p>ticul> body b manife/s itself ev]y:]e & any:]e 9 response to ! nature & condition ( ?+s4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is l unto space4 ,space is b\ndless1 compreh5ds 9 itself all exi/5ce1 & yet %[s no trace ( passion p>tiality4 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata4 ,x illum9ates all good works worldly z well z religi\s1 b x betrays no passion or prejudice4 ,:y8 ,because ! ,dh>makya is p]fectly free f all passions & prejudices4#ie 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is l unto ! ,sun4 ,! b5efits conf]r$ by ! light ( ! sun ^u all liv+ be+s on e>? are incalculable3 e4g4 by dispell+ d>kness x gives n\ri%m5t to all trees1 h]bs1 gra9s1 plants1 & grass2 x vanqui%es humidity2 x illum9ates e!r :]eby b5efitt+ all ! #bbf liv+ be+s 9 air2 its rays p5etrate into ! wat]s :]eby br++ =? ! beautiful lotus-fl[]s into full blossom2 x imp>tially %9es on all figures & =ms & br+s into completion all ! works on e>?4 ,:y8 ,because f ! sun emanate inf9ite rays ( life-giv+ light4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,sun-,body ( ! ,ta?gata :i* 9 innum]able ways be/[s b5efits ^u all be+s4 ,t is1 x b5efits u by de/roy+ evils1 all good ?+s ?us be+ quick5$ to gr[?2 x b5efits u ) its univ]sal illum9ation :i* vanqui%es ! d>kness ( ignorance h>bor$ 9 all be+s2 x b5efits u ?r\gh its great compassionate he>t :i* saves & protects all be+s2 x b5efits u ?r\gh its great lov+ he>t :i* deliv]s all be+s f ! mis]y ( bir? & dea?2 x b5efits u by ! e/abli%m5t ( a good religion :]eby we are all /r5g!n$ 9 our moral activities2 x b5efits u by giv+ u a firm belief 9 ! tru? :i* cleanses all our spiritual impurities2 x b5efits by help+ u to und]/& ! doctr9e by virtue ( :i* we are n l$ to disav[ ! law ( causation2 x b5efits u ) a div9e vision :i* enables u to obs]ve ! metempsy*osis ( all be+s2 x b5efits u by avoid+ injuri\s de$s :i* may de/roy ! /ock ( m]its accumulat$ by all be+s2 x b5efits u ) an intellectual light :i* unfolds ! m9d-fl[]s ( all be+s2 x b5efits u ) an aspiration :]eby we are enliv5$ to practice all t con/itutes ,buddhahood4 ,:y8 ,because ! ,sun-,body #bbg ( ! ,ta?gata univ]sally emits ! rays ( ! ,light ( ,intellig5ce4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,:5 ! day breaks1 ! ris+ sun %9es fir/ on ! peaks ( all ! high] m\nta9s1 !n on ^? ( high m\nta9s1 & f9ally all ov] ! pla9s & fields2 b ! sunlight itself does n make ?is ?\ght3 ,i w %9e fir/ on all ! highe/ m\nta9s & !n gradually asc5d+ high] & high] %9e on ! pla9s & fields4 ,! reason :y "o gets ! sunlight e>li] ?an ano!r is simply because !re is a gradation ( height on ! surface ( ! e>?4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,ta?gata :o is 9 possession ( innum]able & immeasurable suns ( univ]sal intellig5ce4 ,! innum]able rays ( ! ,light ( ,intellig5ce1 emanat+ ev]la/+ly f ! spiritual ,body ( ! ,ta?gata1 w fir/ fall on ! ,bodhisattvas & ,mahsattvas :o are ! highe/ peaks among mank9d1 !n on ! ,nidnabuddhas1 !n on ! rvakas1 !n on ^? be+s :o are end[$ ) def9itely good "*1 z !y w ea* accord+ to 8 own capacity unhesitat+ly embrace ! doctr9e ( deliv]ance1 & f9ally on all common mortals ^: "* may be ei!r indef9ite or def9itely bad1 provid+ !m ) ^? conditions :i* w prove b5eficial 9 _! future bir?s4 ,b ! ,light ( ,intellig5ce emanat+ f ! ,ta?gata does n make ?is ?\ght3 #8,i w fir/ %9e on ! ,bodhisattvas #bbh & !n gradually pass ov] to all common mortals1 etc4' ,! ,light is univ]sal & illum9ates ev]y?+ )\t any prejudice1 yet on acc\nt ( ! div]sity t obta9s among s5ti5t be+s z to _! "*1 aspirations1 etc41 ! ,light ( ,intellig5ce is div]sely p]ceiv$ by !m4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,:5 ! sun rises above ! horizon1 ^? p born bl9d1 on acc\nt _! defective sight1 _c see ! light at all1 b !y are nev]!less b5efit$ by ! sunlight1 = x gives !m j z mu* z to any o!r be+s all t is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( life3 x dispels dampness & coldness & makes !m feel agreeable1 x de/roys all ! injuri\s g]ms t are produc$ on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( sun%9e1 & ?us keeps ! bl9d z well z ! n-bl9d com=table & heal?y4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,sun ( ,intellig5ce ( ! ,ta?gata4 ,all ^? be+s ^: spiritual vision is bl9d$ by false doctr9e1 or by ! violation ( ,buddha's precepts1 or by ignorance1 or by evil influ5ces1 nev] p]ceive ! ,light ( ,intellig5ce2 because !y are devoid ( fai?4 ,b !y are nev]!less b5efit$ by ! ,light2 = x disp]ses indiscrim9ately = all be+s ! suff]+s aris+ f ! f\r elem5ts1 & gives !m physical com=ts2 = x de/roys ! root ( all passions1 prejudices1 & pa9s = unbeliev]s z well z = believ]s444 ,by virtue ( ?is omnipres5t ,light ( ,intellig5ce1 ! ,bodhisattvas w atta9 p]fect purity & ! #bbi k ( all ?+s1 ! ,nidnabuddhas & ravakas w de/roy all passions & desires2 mortals poorly end[$ & ^? born bl9d w rid ( impurities1 control ! s5ses1 & believe 9 ! f\r views2#if & ^? creatures liv+ 9 ! evil pa?s ( exi/5ce su* z hell1 _w ( gho/s1 & ! animal realm1 w be fre$ f _! evils & torture & w1 aft] dea?1 be born 9 ! human or cele/ial _w444 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,! ,light ( ,dh>makya is l unto ! full moon :i* has f\r wondr\s attributes3 7#a7 ,x outdoes 9 its brilliance all />s & satellites2 7#b7 ,x %[s 9 its size increase & decrease z obs]vable 9 ! ,jambudvpa2 7#c7 ,its reflection is se5 9 e drop or body ( cle> wat]2 7#d7 ,:oev] is end[$ ) p]fect sight1 p]ceives x vis-a-vis4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,ev5 s ) ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata1 t has f\r wondr\s attributes3 7#a7 ,x eclipses ! />s ( ! ,nidnabuddhas1 rvakas1 etc42 7#b7 ,x %[s 9 its e>?ly life a c]ta9 v>iation :i* is due to ! diff]5t natures ( ! be+s to :om x manife/s itself1#ig :ile ! ,dh>makya #bcj itself is et]nal & %[s no increase or decrease 9 any way2 7#c7 ,its reflection is se5 9 ! ,bodhi 7intellig5ce7 ( e pure-he>t$ s5ti5t be+2 7#d7 ,all :o und]/& ! ,dh>ma & obta9 deliv]ance1 ea* accord+ to 8 own m5tal calibre1 ?9k t !y h really recognis$ 9 _! own way ! ,ta?gata face to face1 :ile ! ,dh>makya itself is n a p>ticul> object ( und]/&+1 b univ]sally br+s all ,buddha-works into completion4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,! ,dh>makya is l unto ! ,great ,brahm>ja :o gov]ns ?ree ?\s& *iliocosms4 ,! ,rja by a my/]i\s trick makes himself se5 univ]sally by all liv+ be+s 9 8 realm & causes !m to ?9k t ea* ( !m has se5 him face to face2 b ! ,rja himself has nev] divid$ 8 own p]son nor is he 9 possession ( div]se features4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,ev5 s ) ! ,ta?gata2 he has nev] divid$ himself into _m1 nor has he ev] assum$ div]se features4 ,b all be+s1 ea* accord+ to 8 und]/&+ & /r5g? ( fai?1 recognise ! ,body ( ! ,ta?gata1 :ile he has nev] made ?is ?\ght t he w %[ himself to su* & su* p>ticul> p & n to o!rs444 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,! ,dh>makya is l unto ! maniratna 9 ! wat]s1 ^: wondr\s #bca light trans=ms ev]y?+ t comes 9 contact ) x to its own color4 ,! eyes t p]ceive x become purifi$4 ,:]ev] its illum9ation rea*es1 !re is a m>vel\s display ( gems ( e description1 :i* gives pleasure to all be+s to see4 8,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha6 ,x is ev5 s ) ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata1 :i* may rightly be call$ ! treasure ( treasures1 ! !saurus ( all m]its1 & ! m9e ( intellig5ce4 ,:oev] comes 9 t\* ) ?is light1 is all trans=m$ into ! same color z t ( ! ,buddha4 ,:oev] sees ?is light1 all obta9s ! pure/ eye ( ,dh>ma4 ,:oev] comes 9 t\* ) ?is light1 rids ( pov]ty & suff]+1 atta9s weal? & em95ce1 enjoys ! bliss ( ! incomp>able ,bodhi0444444 ,dh>makya & ,individual ,be+s4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x is evid5t t ! ,dh>makya or ! ,body ( ! ,ta?gata1 or ! ,body ( ,intellig5ce1 :atev] x may be designat$1 is n a m]e philosophical ab/raction1 /&+ alo( f ?is _w ( bir? & dea?1 ( joy & sorr[1 calmly contemplates on ! folly ( mank9d2 b t x is a spiritual exi/5ce :i* is 8absolutely "o1 is real & true1 & =ms ! raison d'tre ( all be+s1 transc5ds all modes ( upya1 is free f desires & /ruggles or compulsion1 & /&s outside ! pale ( our f9ite und]/&+40#ih ,x is #bcb also evid5t t ! ,dh>makya ?\gh itself free f ignorance 7avidy7 & passion 7klea7 & desire 7tn71 is reveal$ 9 ! f9ite & fragm5tal consci\sness ( human be+1 s t we c say 9 a s5se t 8?is body ( m9e is ! ,dh>makya0--?\gh n absolutely2 & also 9 a g5]alis$ =m t 8! body ( all be+s is ! ,dh>makya1 & ! ,dh>makya is ! body ( all be+s10--?\gh 9 ! latt] only imp]fectly & fractionally realis$4 ,z we ?us p>take some?+ 9 ourselves ( ! ,dh>makya1 we all are ultimately de/9$ to atta9 ,buddhahood :5 ! human intellig5ce1 ,bodhi1 is p]fectly id5tifi$ )1 or absorb$ 91 t ( ! ,dh>makya1 & :5 our e>?ly life becomes ! realisation ( ! w ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,! ,dh>makya z ,love4 ,"h an important consid]ation =ces itself ^u u :i* is1 t ! ,dh>makya is n only an intellig5t m9d b a lov+ he>t1 t x is n only a god ( rigorism :o does n all[ a hair's bread? deviation f ! law ( k>ma1 b also an inc>nation ( m]cy t is con/antly belabor+ to develop ! mo/ insignificant m]it into a field yield+ ri* h>ve/s4 ,! ,dh>makya rel5tlessly puni%es ! wrong & does n p]mit ! exhau/ion ( _! k>ma )\t suffici5t reason2 & yet its h&s are always direct+ our life t[>d ! actualisation #bcc ( supreme goodness4 8,pangs ( nature1 s9s ( w1 defects ( d\bt1 & /a9s ( blood10--disc\rag+ & gloomy inde$ is ! k>ma ( evil-do]s6 ,b ! ,dh>makya1 inf9ite 9 love & goodness1 is incessantly manag+ to br+ ?is _w-transaction to a happy t]m9us4 ,e good we d is absorb$ 9 ! univ]sal /ock ( m]its :i* is no m nor less ?an ! ,dh>makya4 ,e act ( lov+k9dness we practice is conceiv$ 9 ! womb ( ,ta?gata1 & !re9 n\ri%$ & matur$1 is aga9 br\ght out to ?is _w ( k>ma to be> its fruit4 ,!re=e1 no life walks on e>? ) aimless feet2 no *aff is ?r[n into ! fire unqu5*able4 ,e exi/5ce1 great or insignificant1 is a reflection ( ! glory ( ! ,dh>makya & z su* wor?y ( its all-embrac+ love4 ,= fur!r corroboration ( ?is view let u cite at r&om f a ,mahyna sutra3#ii 8,) "o great lov+ he>t ,! ?ir/y desires ( all be+s he qu5*e? ) coolness refre%+2 ,) compassion1 ( all do? he ?9k1 ,:i* l space kn[s no b\nds2 ,ov] ! _w's all creation ,) no ?\ght ( p>ticul>ity he reviewe?4 8,) a great he>t compassionate & lov+1 ,all s5ti5t be+s by him are embrac$2 ,) means 7upya7 :i* are pure1 free f /a91 & all excell5t1 ,he do? save & deliv] all creatures innum]able4 #bcd 8,) unfa?omable love & ) compassion ,all creations c>ess$ by him univ]sally2 ,yet free f atta*m5t 8 he>t is4 8,z 8 compassion is great & is inf9ite1 ,bliss une>?ly on e be+ he conf]e?1 ,& himself %[e? all ov] ! univ]se2 ,he'll n re/ till all ,buddhahood truly atta9s40 ,lat] ,mahyni/s' view ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,! above has be5 quot$ almo/ exclusively f ! s-call$ stra lit]ature ( ,mahyna ,buddhism1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r religio-philosophical treatises ( ! s*ool1 because ! stras are consid]$ to be ! acc\nts ( ,buddha himself z record$ by 8 imm$iate disciples4#ajj ,let u n[ see by way ( fur!r elucidation :at views 7 held conc]n+ ! ,dh>makya by su* writ]s z ,asanga1 ,vasub&hu1 etc4 ,we read 9 ! ,g5]al ,treatise on ,mahynism by ,asanga & ,vasub&hu ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,:5 ! ,bodhisattvas ?9k ( ! ,dh>makya1 h[ h !y to picture x to !mselves8 8,briefly /at$1 !y w ?9k ( ! ,dh>makya by pictur+ to !mselves its sev5 *>act]i/ics1 :i* con/itute ! faultless virtues & ess5tial #bce functions ( ! ,kya4 7#a7 ,?9k ( ! free1 unrival$1 unimp$$ activity ( ! ,dh>makya1 :i* is manife/$ 9 all be+s2 7#b7 ,?9k ( ! et]nality ( all p]fect virtues 9 ! ,dh>makya2 7#c7 ,?9k ( its absolute fre$om f all prejudice1 intellectual & affective2 7#d7 ,?9k ( ^? spontane\s activities t un9t]rupt$ly emanate f ! w ( ! ,dh>makya2 7#e7 ,?9k ( ! inexhau/ible weal?1 spiritual & physical1 /or$ 9 ! ,body ( ! ,dh>ma2 7#f7 ,?9k ( its intellectual purity :i* has no /a9 ( onesid$ness2 7#g7 ,?9k ( ! e>?ly works a*iev$ = ! salvation ( all be+s by ! ,ta?gatas :o are reflexes ( ! ,dh>makya40 ,z reg>ds ! activity ( ! ,dh>makya1 :i* is %[n 9 e ,buddha's "w ( salvation1 ,asanga enum]ates five =ms ( op]ation3 7#a7 ,x is %[n 9 8 p[] ( remov+ evils :i* may befall u 9 ! c\rse ( life1 ?\gh ! ,buddha is unable to cure any physical defects :i* we may h1 su* z bl9dness1 deafness1 m5tal ab]ration1 etc4 7#b7 ,x is %[n 9 8 irresi/ible spiritual dom9ation ov] all evil-do]s1 :o1 base z !y are1 _c help do+ "s good if !y ev] come 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,buddha4 7#c7 ,x is %[n 9 8 p[] ( de/roy+ v>i\s unnatural & irrational me?ods ( salvation :i* are practic$ by foll[]s ( asceticism1 h$onism1 or ,i%v>aism4 7#d7 ,x is %[n 9 8 p[] ( cur+ ^? diseas$ m9ds t believe 9 ! reality1 p]man5cy1 & indivisibility ( ! ego-s\l1 t is1 9 ! pudgalavda4 7#e7 ,x is %[n 9 8 inspir+ #bcf influ5ce ov] ^? ,bodhisattvas :o h n yet atta9$ to ! /age ( immovability z well z ov] ^? rvakas ^: fai? & "* are /ill 9 a /ate ( vacillation4 ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,^? spiritual influ5ces ov] all be+s ( ! ,dh>makya ?r\gh ! enlight5$ m9d ( a ,buddha1 :i* we h se5 above z /at$ by ,asanga1 are fraught ) religi\s significance4 ,accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ view1 ^? spiritual p[]s ev]la/+ly emanat+ f ! ,body ( ,dh>ma h no trace ( human elaboration or con/ra9$ ef=t1 b !y are a spontane\s ov]fl[ f its imman5t necessity1 or1 z ,i take x1 f its free w4 ,! ,dh>makya does n make any consci\s1 /ruggl+ ef=ts to %[] ^u all s5ti5t creatures its innum]able m]its1 b5efits1 & bless+s4 ,if !re 7 9 x any trace ( elaboration1 t w\ld mean a /ruggle )9 itself ( div]s t5d5cies1 "o try+ to ga9 asc5d5cy ov] ano!r4 ,& x is app>5t t any /ruggle & its necess>y ally1 compulsion1 are incompatible ) our conception ( ! highe/ religi\s reality4 ,absolute spontaneity & p]fect fre$om is "o ( ^? necess>y attributes :i* our religi\s consci\sness _c help ascrib+ to its object ( rev]5ce4 ,buddhi/s !re=e repeat$ly affirm t ! activity ( ! ,dh>makya is p]fectly free f all ef=t & co]cion1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,its e act ( creation or salvation #bcg or love emanates f its own free w1 unhamp]$ by any /ruggl+ ex]tion :i* *>act]ises ! do+s ( mank9d4 ,?is free w :i* is div9e1 /&+ 9 su* a /rik+ contra/ ) our own 8free w0 :i* is human & at be/ v mu* limit$1 is call$ by ! ,buddhi/s ! ,dh>makya's 8,purvapranidhnabala40#aja ,z ! ,dh>makya works ( its own accord x does n seek any recomp5se = its de$2 & x is evid5t t e act ( ! ,dh>makya is always = ! be/ welf>e ( its creatures1 = !y are its manife/ations & x mu/ "k :at !y ne$4 ,we d n h to ask = our 8daily bread10 #bch nor h we to praise or eulogise its virtues to c\rt its special grace1 nor is !re any necessity = u to (f] pray] or supplication to ! ,dh>makya4 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field :i* nei!r toil nor sp91--& ,i might add1--:i* ask n = any favoritism f above2 yet are !y n array$ ev5 bett] ?an ,solomon 9 all 8 glory8 ,! ,dh>makya %9es 9 its augu/ magnific5ce ev]y:]e !re is life1 nay1 ev5 :]e !re is dea?4 ,we are all liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( x & yet1 /range to say1 z 8! fi% kn[s n ! pres5ce ( wat] ab\t itself10 & also z 8! m\nta9e]s recognise n ! m\nta9s among :i* !y hunt10 ev5 s we "k n :5ce t p[] comes ^: "w is made manife/ 9 u & :i!r x f9ally leade? u4 ,9 spite ( ?is pr(\nd ignorance1 we really feel t we are "h1 & !reby we re/ supremely cont5t$4 ,= we believe t all ?is is wr\ght ?r\gh ! my/]i\s & miracul\s w ( ! ,dh>makya1 :o does all excell5t works & seeks no recomp5se :atev]4 ,! ,w ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,summ>ily speak+1 ! ,dh>makya assumes ?ree ess5tial aspects z reflect$ 9 our religi\s consci\sness3 fir/1 x is intellig5ce 7praj72 secondly1 x is love 7k>un72 & ?irdly1 x is ! w 7pranidhnabala74 ,we "k t x is intellig5ce f ! decl>ation t ! ,dh>makya directs ! c\rse ( ! univ]se1 n bl9dly b rationally2 we "k aga9 t x is love because x embraces all #bci be+s ) fa!rly t5d]ness2#ajb & f9ally we mu/ assume t x is a w1 because ! ,dh>makya has firmly set d[n its aim ( activity 9 t good %all be ! f9al goal ( all evil 9 ! univ]se4 ,)\t ! w1 love & intellig5ce w n be realis$2 )\t love1 ! w & intellig5ce w lose _! impulse2 )\t intellig5ce1 love & ! w w be irrational4 ,9 fact1 ! ?ree are co-ord9ates & con/itute ! on5ess ( ! ,dh>makya2 & by on5ess ,i mean ! absolute1 & n ! num]ical1 unity ( all ^! ?ree ?+s 9 ! be+ ( ! ,dh>makya1 = intellig5ce & love & ! w are diff]5tiat$ z su* only 9 our human1 f9ite consci\sness4 ,"s ,buddhi/s may n agree entirely ) ! view "h exp\nd$4 ,!y may decl>e3 8,we con=m to y\r view :5 y say ! ,dh>makya is intellig5ce & love1 z ?is is expressly /at$ 9 ! stras & /ras2 b we d n see h[ x c\ld be made a w4 ,inde$1 ! ,scriptures say t ! ,dh>makya is 9 possession ( ! ,pranidhnabala1 b ?is bala or p[] is n necess>ily ! w1 x is ! p[] ( pray]s or int5se v[s4 ,! ,dh>makya actually made solemn v[s1 & _! spiritual en]gy abid+ 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>s works out its orig9al plan & makes possible ! univ]sal salvation ( all creatures40 ,x is q true t ! ^w pranidhnabala means #bdj lit]ally 8! p[] ( orig9al pray]s40 ,b ?is lit]>y r5d]+ totally ignores its inn] significance )\t :i* ! nature ( ! ,dh>makya w\ld become un9telligible4 ,we admit t ! ,dh>makya kn[s no high] exi/5ce by :i* x is condition$1 nor has x any fragm5t>y1 limit$ consci\sness l t ( human be+1 nor has x any intr9sic want by :i* x is necessitat$ to appeal to some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 utt]ly nons5sical to speak ( its pray]1 8orig9al0 or borr[$1 z "s ,buddhi/s are incl9$ to ?9k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t :atev] is done by ! ,dh>makya is done by its own free w indep5d5t ( all ! det]m9ations t might affect x f outside4 ,b ,i c presume ! reason :y !y speak ( ! pray]s ( ! ,dh>makya in/ead ( its w4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( emotional outbur/4 ,! f]v5cy ( ! int5se religi\s s5tim5t n infrequ5tly c>ries u beyond ! limits ( ! intellect1 l&+ u 9 a region full ( my/]ies & contradictions4 ,x an?ropomorphises ev]y?+ beyond ! prop] measure ( intellection & ascribes all e>?ly human feel+s & passions to an object :i* ! m9d well-balanc$ dem&s to be above all ! =ms ( human helplessness4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 especially ^? ( ! ,sukhvat sect1#ajc recognise ! exi/5ce #bda ( an all-p[]ful w1 all-embrac+ love1 & all-kn[+ intellig5ce 9 ! ,dh>makya1 b !y want to repres5t x m concretely & 9 a m humanly fa%ion be=e ! m5tal vision ( ! less intellectual foll[]s4 ,! result ?us is t ! ,dh>makya 9 spite ( its absolut5ess made pray]s to himself to emancipate all s5ti5t be+s f ! suff]+s ( bir? & dea?4 ,b are n ^! self-address$ pray]s ( ! ,dh>makya :i* sprang out ( its inmo/ nature exactly :at con/itutes its w8 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,trik,,ya4 #bdb 7_/,buddhi/ ,!ory ( ,tr9ity_/47 ,! ,human & ! ,sup]-human ,buddha4 _/,"o_/ ( ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,pli & ! ,sanskrit1 t is1 betwe5 ! ,hnayna & ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 is 9 ! mann] ( introduc+ ! *>act]s or p]sons :o take pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! n>ratives4 ,9 ! =m]1 s]mons are deliv]$ by ! ,buddha z a rule 9 su* a natural & pla9 language z to make ! read] feel ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]1 fa!rly-he>t$ & philosophically s]5e2 :ile 9 ! latt] g5]ally we h a my/]i\s1 transc5d5t figure1 m cele/ial ?an human1 surr\nd$ & wor%ipp$ by be+s ( all k9ds1 human1 cele/ial1 & ev5 demoniac1 & ?is my/ical c5tral "* p]=m+ "s sup]natural feats :i* might well be n>rat$ by an int5sely poetical m9d4 ,9 ! ,pli scriptures1 ! texts z a rule op5 ) ! =mula1 8,?us x 0 he>d by me0 7,evam me sutam71 !n relate ! ev5ts1 if any1 :i* induc$ ! ,buddha to deliv] !m1 & f9ally lead ! read] to ! ma9 subjects :i* are g5]ally writt5 9 #bdc lucid /yle4 ,_! op5+ or introductory matt] is v simple1 & we d n notice any?+ extraord9>y 9 its fur!r developm5t4 ,b ) ! ,mahyna texts x is q diff]5t4 ,"h we h1 z soon z ! curta9 rises ) ! /]eotyp$ =mula1 8,evam may rutam10 a maje/ic prologue dramatically or r grotesquely repres5t$1 :i* prep>es ! m9d ( ! audi5ce to ! succe$+ sc5es1 9 :i* "s ( ! bolde/ religio-philosophical proclamations are br\ght =?4 ,! p]usal ( ?is introductory "p alone w /upefy ! read] by its r mon/r\s gr&eur1 & he may )\t mu* ado decl>e t :at foll[s mu/ be extraord9>y & may be ev5 nons5sical4 ,! foll[+ is an illu/ration %[+ ! typical mann] ( introduc+ ! *>act]s 9 ! ,mahyna texts4#ajd 8,?us x 0 he>d by me4 ,buddha 0 once /ay+ at ,rjagriha1 on ! ,gridhrakuta m\nta94 ,he 0 9 ! ,hall ( ,ratna*&ra 9 ! ,d\ble ,t[] ( ,*&ana4 ,t5 ye>s pass$ s9ce 8 atta9m5t ( ,buddhahood4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by a hundr$ ?\s& ,bhiku & ,bodhisattvas & ,mahsattvas numb]+ sixty times z _m z ! s&s ( ! ,ganges4 ,all ( !m 7 9 possession ( ! greate/ spiritual en]gy2 !y _h paid homage to ?\s&s ( hundr$ millions #bdd ( niyutas#aje ( ,buddhas2 !y 7 able to set roll+ ! nev]-slid+-back ,:eel ( ,dh>ma2 & :oev] he>d _! names c\ld e/abli% !mselves firmly 9 ! ,highe/ ,p]fect ,k4 ,_! names 74444 ,"h ab\t fifty ,bodhisattvas are m5tion$4 8,all ^! ,bodhisattvas numb]+ sixty times z _m z ! s&s ( ! ,ganges com+ f innum]able ,buddha-c\ntries 7 accompani$ by numb]less ,devas1 ,ngas1 ,yakz1 ,g&h>vas1 ,auras1 ,g>udas1 ,k9n>as1 & ,mahoragas4#ajf ,?is great assembly all jo9$ 9 rev]+1 honor+1 pay+ homage to ! ,bhagavat1 ! ,_w-honor$ ,"o4 8,at ?is "t ! ,bhagavat 9 ! ,d\ble ,t[] ( ,*&ana seat$ himself 9 ! assign$ seat1 ent]$ ^u a samdhi1 & display$ a m>vel\s ph5om5on4 ,!re appe>$ innum]able lotus-fl[]s ) ?\s&-fold petals & ea* fl[] z l>ge z a c>riage-:eel4 ,!y _h p]fectly beautiful color & fragrant od\r1 b _! petals conta9+ cele/ial be+s 9 !m 7 n yet unfold$4 ,!y all 7 rais$ n[ by !mselves high up 9 ! heav5s & hung ov] ! e>? l a canopy ( pe>ls4 ,ea* "o ( ^! lotus-fl[]s emitt$ innum]able rays ( light & simultane\sly grew 9 size ) wond]ful vitality4 ,b ?r\gh ! div9e p[] ( ,buddha !y all ( #bde a sudd5 *ang$ color & )]$4 ,all ! cele/ial ,buddhas sitt+ cross-legg$ )9 ! fl[]s n[ came into full view1 %one ) innum]able hundr$ ?\s&-fold rays ( light4 ,at ?is mom5t ! transc5d5t glory ( ! spot 0 beyond description40444 ,z is "h ?us cle>ly %[n1 ! ,buddha 9 ! ,mahyna scriptures is n an ord9>y human be+ walk+ 9 a s5su\s _w2 he is altoge!r dissimil> to t son ( ,suddhodana1 :o resign$ ! royal life1 w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness1 & aft] six ye>s' pr(\nd m$itation & p5ance discov]$ ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? & ! ,twelve ,*a9s ( ,dep5d5ce2 & we _c b ?9k t ! ,mahyna ,buddha is ! fictiti\s creation ( an int5sely poetic m9d4 ,let x be s4 ,b ! "q :i* engages u n[ is1 8,h[ did ! ,buddhi/s come to relegate ! human ,buddha to oblivion1 z x 71 & assign a my/]i\s be+ 9 8 place inve/$ ) all possible or sometimes impossible maje/y & sup]naturality80 ,?is "q1 :i* m>ks ! rise ( ,mahyna ,buddhism1 br+s u to ! doctr9e ( ,trikya1--:i* 9 a s5se corresponds to ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( tr9ity4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ! ,buddhi/s presume a triple exi/5ce ( ! ,ta?gata1 t is1 ! ,ta?gata is conceiv$ by !m z manife/+ himself 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms ( exi/5ce3 ! ,body ( ,trans=mation1 ! ,body ( ,bliss1 & ! ,body ( ,dh>ma4 ,?\gh !y are conceiv$ z ?ree1 !y are 9 fact all ! manife/ations ( "o ,dh>makya1--! ,dh>makya t reveal$ itself 9 ! hi/orical kyamuni #bdf ,buddha z a ,body ( ,trans=mation1 & 9 ! ,mahyna ,buddha z a ,body ( ,bliss4 ,h[ev] diff]5tly !y may appe> f ! human po9t ( view1 !y are no?+ b ! expression ( "o et]nal tru?1 9 :i* all ?+s h _! raison d'tre4 ,an ,hi/orical ,view4 ,at pres5t we are n 9 possession ( any hi/orical docum5ts t w ?r[ light on ! "q z to h[ e>ly ?is doctr9e ( ,trikya or ,buddhi/ tr9ity conception came to be firmly e/abli%$ among ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s & f\nd its way 9 an already-f9i%$ =m z su* into ! ,mahyna scriptures4 ,z f> z we "k1 x 0 ,avaghoa1 ! fir/ ,mahyna philosoph]1 :o incorporat$ ?is conception 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 9 ! ,mahyna z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is "w1 z ! au?or decl>es1 is a sort ( synopsis ( ! ,mahyna tea*+s1 elucidat+ _! pr9cipal features z taught by ! ,buddha 9 8 v>i\s stras4 ,x is n an orig9al "w :i* exp\nds ! individual views ( ,avaghoa conc]n+ ,buddhism4 ,he wrote ! book 9 a concise & compreh5sive =m1 9 ord] t ! lat] g5]ations :o remote f ! ,buddha c\ld n h ! privilege ( be+ inspir$ by 8 augu/ pres5ce1 might p]use x ) conc5tration ( m9d & syn!tically grasp ! :ole significance ( _m l5g?y & volum9\s stras4 ,!re=e1 9 ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 we are suppos$ #bdg n to f9d any ,mahyna doctr9es t 7 n already taught by ! ,buddha & incorporat$ 9 ! stras4 ,ev]y?+ ,avaghoa treats 9 8 "w mu/ be consid]$ m]ely a recapitulation ( ! doctr9es :i* 7 n only =mulat$ b firmly e/abli%$ z ! ,mahyna fai? long be=e him4 ,8 is simply ! "w ( a record]4 ,he c>efully scann$ all ! ,mahyna scriptures t _h exi/$ prior to 8 "t & fai?fully collect$ all ! pr9cipal tea*+s ( ,mahynism "h & !re scatt]+ly told 9 !m4 ,8 m]it lies 9 compilation & sy/ematisation4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we mu/ assume t all ! doctr9es t are f\nd 9 ,avaghoa & di/9ct f ^? usually held to be ,hnayni/ic are ! tea*+s elaborat$ by ,buddhi/s f ! "t ( ,buddha's dea? d[n to ! "t ( ,avaghoa4 ,b z ! latt] app>5tly believes all ^! doctr9es z ,buddha's own & raises no d\bt conc]n+ _! lat] orig91 ev5 if !y 7 s1 we mu/ assume aga9 t ^! doctr9es 7 9 a /ate ( completion long be=e ,avaghoa's "t4 ,if our calculation is correct t he liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,mahyna fai? mu/ be said to h be5 =mulat$ at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s prior to 8 age1--tak+ ?is presumably z ! "t t is requir$ = ! =mulation & dogmatical e/abli%m5t ( a doctr9e4 ,?is calculation places ! developm5t ( ! ,mahyna fai? dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! ,buddha1 &1 we "k1 x 0 dur+ ?is "t t s _m s*ools & divisions1--among #bdh :i* we mu/ also f9d ! s-call$ 8primitive0 ,buddhism ( ,ceylon1 arose among ! ,buddhi/s1--ea* claim+ to be ! only au!ntic transmission ( ! ,buddha's tea*+4 ,did ,mahynism come out ( ?is turmoil ( cont5tion8 ,did x boldly raise itself f ?is *aos & claim to h solv$ all ! que/ions & d\bts t agitat$ ! m9ds ( ,buddhi/s aft] ! ,nirvna8 ,= c]ta9 we d n "k any?+ conc]n+ ! *ronology ( ! developm5t ( ,buddhi/ philosophy & dogmas 9 ,india1 at lea/ be=e ,avaghoa2 b1 z f> z our ,*9ese ,buddhi/ lit]ature records1 we mu/ conclude t ?is 0 mo/ probably ! case4 ,to give our read]s a glimpse ( ! /ate ( ?+s t 7 tak+ place 9 ^? e>ly days ( ,buddhism 9 ,india1 ,i w quote "s passages f ,vasumitra's ,disc\rse on ! ,po9ts ( ,controv]sy by ! ,diff]5t ,s*ools ( ,buddhism1--! "w once ref]r$ to 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is book4 ,! two pr9cipal s*ools t arose soon aft] ! ,nirvna ( ! ,buddha 71 z is well kn[n1 ! ,eld]s & ! ,great ,c\ncil1 & ?\gh !y 7 fur!r divid$ into a numb] ( small] sections & _! views became s complex & int]mix$ t "s ( ! ,eld]s %>$ simil> views ) ! ,great ,c\ncil ,s*ool & vice v]sa1 yet we c fairly di/+ui% "o f ! o!r & describe ! ess5tial peculi>ities ( ea* s*ool4 ,^! po9ts ( diff]5ce1 g5]ally speak+1 are z foll[s1 conf9+ ourselves to _! conceptions ab\t ! ,buddha3 #bdi 7#a7 ,accord+ to ! ,s*ool ( ! ,great ,c\ncil1 ! ,buddha's p]sonality is transc5d5tal 7lokott>a71 & all ! ,ta?gatas are free f ! defilem5ts t might come f ! mat]ial exi/5ce 7bhva-rava74#ajg ,= 9 ! ,buddha all evil passions h]$it>y & acquir$ 7 et]nally uproot$1 & 8 pres5ce on e>? 0 absolutely spotless4 7,! ,vibhaa1 ,,clxxiii47 ,cont5d+ ?is view1 ! ,eld]s held t ! ,buddha's p]sonality 0 n free f ,bhvrava1 ?\gh 8 m9d 0 fully enlight5$4 ,8 corporeal exi/5ce 0 ! product ( bl9d love veil$ ) ignorance & tangl$ ) atta*m5t4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 ! ,buddha's feature w\ld n h awak5$ an impure affection 9 ! he>t ( a maid51 an ill-w 9 ! he>t ( a highwayman1 /upidity 9 ! m9d ( an ascetic1 & arrogance 9 t ( a haughty ,brahman4 ,^! incid5ts :i* #bej happ5$ dur+ ! life ( ! ,buddha ev9ce t 8 corporeal pres5ce 0 apt to agitate o!rs' he>ts1 & to t ext5t x 0 contam9at$ by ,bhvrava4 7#b7 ,! ,great ,c\ncil ,s*ool insi/s t e ^w utt]$ by a ,ta?gata has a religi\s1 spiritual mean+ & purports to ! edification ( 8 fell[-be+s2 t 8 "o utt]ance is v>i\sly int]pret$ by 8 audi5ce ea* accord+ to 8 own disposition1 b all to 8 spiritual welf>e2 t e in/ruction giv5 out by ! ,buddha is rational & p]fect4 ,aga9/ ^! views ! ,eld]s ?9k t ! ,buddha occasionally utt]$ ?+s :i* _h no?+ to d ) ! enlight5m5t ( o!rs2 t ev5 ) ! ,buddha some?+ 0 out ( 8 atta9m5t1 = in/ance1 he c\ld n make e "o ( 8 he>]s p]fectly und]/& 8 prea*+s2 t ?\gh ! ,buddha nev] taught any?+ irrational & h]etical1 yet all 8 spee*es 7 n p]fect1 he said "s ?+s :i* _h no conc]n ) rationality or or?odoxy4 7#c7 ,! corporeal body 7rpakya7 ( ! ,buddha has no limits 7koi72 8 maje/ic p[] has no limits2 e ,buddha's life is unlimit$2 a ,buddha kn[s no fatigue1 kn[s n :5 to re/1 always occupy+ himself ) ! enlight5m5t ( all s5ti5t be+s & ) ! awak5+ 9 _! he>ts ( pure fai?4 ,aga9/ ^! t5d5cies ( ! ,great ,c\ncil ,s*ool to deify ! hi/orical ,buddha1 ! ,eld]s g5]ally insi/ on ! humanity ( ,buddhahood4 ,?\gh ! #bea ,eld]s agree ) ! ,great ,c\ncil 9 t ! body assum$ by ! ,buddha z ! result ( 8 untir+ accumulation ( good k>ma ?r\gh eons ( 8 successive exi/5ces possesses a wond]ful p[]1 spiritual & mat]ial1 !y d n conceive x to be beyond all limitations4 7#d7 ,! ,great ,c\ncil ,s*ool says t ) ! ,buddha sleep is n necess>y & he has no dreams4 ,! ,eld]s admit t ! ,buddha nev] dreams1 b d5ies t he does n ne$ any sleep4 7#e7 ,z ! ,buddha is always 9 ! /ate ( a deep1 exalt$ spiritual m$itation1 x is n necess>y = him to ?9k :at to say :5 reque/$ to answ] c]ta9 que/ions4 ,?\gh he might appe> to ! inquir]s z if he ?or\ghly cogitates ov] ! problems pres5t$ to him = solution1 ! ,buddha's response is 9 fact imm$iate & )\t any ef=ts4 ,! ,eld]s1 on ! o!r h&1 presume ! ,buddha's m5tal calculation z to h[ to express 8 ideas z be/ suit$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! audi5ce4 ,inde$1 he does n cogitate ov] ! problem itself1 = ) him ev]y?+ is transp>5t1 b he ?9ks ov] ! be/ me?od ( pres5t+ 8 ideas be=e 8 pupils4#ajh #beb ,n[ to return to ! doctr9e ( ,dh>makya & ,trikya4 ,:5 we consid] ^! controv]sies z above /at$1 x is app>5t t among _m o!r que/ions :i* arose soon aft] ! demise ( ! ,buddha kyamuni1 !re 0 "o1 :i* 9 all probability mo/ agitat$ ! m9ds ( 8 disciples4 ,i mean ! "q ( ! p]sonality ( ,buddha4 ,0 he m]ely a human be+ l ourselves8 ,!n1 h[ c\ld he rea* su* a height ( moral p]fection8 ,or 0 he a div9e be+8 ,b ,buddha himself did n communicate any?+ to 8 disciples conc]n+ 8 div9ity1 nor did he tell !m to accept ! ,dh>ma on acc\nt ( 8 div9e p]sonality1 b solely = ! sake ( tru?4 ,b = all t h[ c\ld ! disciples ev] eradicate f _! he>ts ! feel+ ( sacr$ rev]5ce = _! tea*]1 :i* 0 s indelibly engrav$ !re8 ,:5ev] !y recall$ ! s]mons1 anecdotes1 or g?s ( _! ma/]1 ! tru? & _s embodi$ 9 !m & ! au?or mu/ h become s closely associat$ t !y c\ld n b ask !mselves3 8,:at 9 ! ,buddha caus$ him to p]ceive & decl>e ^! solemn pr(\nd tru?s8 ,:at 0 x t =m$ 9 him su* a noble maje/ic "*8 ,:at 0 !re 9 ! m9d ( ,buddha t rais$ him to su* a p]fection ( intellectual & religi\s life8 ,h[ 0 x possible t1 possess$ ( su* exalt$ moral & spiritual virtues1 ,buddha too _h to succumb to ! law ( bir? & dea? t is ! lot ( common mortals80 ,"s su* que/ions mu/ h be5 repeat$ly ask$ be=e !y #bec c\ld answ] !m by ! doctr9es ( ,dh>makya & ,trikya4 ,:o 0 ! ,buddha8 ,! evid5ce t ^! que/ions 7 con/antly di/urb+ ! m9ds ( ! disciples ev] s9ce ! ,ma/]'s entrance into ,p>9irvna1 is scatt]+ly reveal$ ?r\gh\t ! ,buddhi/ texts bo? ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn4 ,! regret ( ! imm$iate foll[]s t !y did n ask ! ,buddha to prolong 8 e>?ly life1 :ile ! ,buddha told !m t he c\ld d s if he wi%$1 & _! lam5tation ov] ! rema9s ( ! ,bless$ ,"o1 8,h[ soon ! ,light ( ! ,_w has pass$ away60#aji--^! utt]ances may be consid]$ ! fir/ drops =ebod+ ! %[]s ( d\bt & speculation z to 8 p]sonality4 ,accord+ to ! ,suv>na ,prabh ,stra1#aaj a ,bodhisattva1 by ! "n ( ,ruciraketu1 0 greatly annoy$ by ! d\bt :y kyamuni ,ta?gata _h su* a %ort life t]m9at+ only at eighty4 ,he #bed taught ! disciples t ^? :o did n injure any liv+ be+s1 & ^? :o g5]\sly practis$ *>ity1 9 _! =m] lives1 c\ld enjoy a consid]ably long life on e>?2 :y !n 0 ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,"o himself cut s %ort1 :o practis$ ^? virtues f "t immemorial8 ,! stra n[ records t ?is d\bt 0 dispell$ by ! decl>ation ( f\r ,ta?gatas :o my/]i\sly appe>$ to ! sceptic & told him t 8,e drop ( wat] 9 ! va/ ocean c be c\nt$1 b ! age ( kyamuni none c measure4 ,cru% ! m\nt ,sum]u into p>ticles z f9e z mu/>d se$s & we c c\nt !m1 b ! age ( kyamuni none c measure44444 ! ,buddha nev] ent]$ into ,p>9irvana2 ! ,good ,dh>ma w nev] p]i%4 ,he %[$ an e>?ly dea? m]ely = ! b5efits ( s5ti5t be+s4044444 ,"h we h ! conception ( a spiritual ,dh>makya g]m9at+ out ( ! corporeal dea? ( kyamuni4#aaa ,"h we h ! bridge t spans #bee ! wide gap betwe5 ! human kyamuni ,buddha & ! spiritual exi/5ce ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,! ,buddha did n die aft] he p>took ( ! food (f]$ by ,*unda4 ,8 age 0 n eighty4 ,8 life did n pass to an airy no?+ness :5 8 c9]>y urns 7 divid$ among k+s & ,brahmans4 ,8 virtues & m]its :i* 7 accumulat$ ?r\gh\t innum]able kalpas1 c\ld n come to naught s abruptly4 ,:at con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( 8 life--& t ( ours too--c\ld n p]i% ) ! vicissitudes ( ! corporeal exi/5ce4 ,! ,buddha z a p>ticul> individual be+ 0 c]ta9ly subject to trans=mation--s is e mortal1 b 8 tru? mu/ abide =ev]4 ,8 ,dh>makya is above bir? & dea? & ev5 above ,nirvna2 b 8 ,body ( ,trans=mation comes out ( ! womb ( ,ta?gata z de/9$ by k>ma & vani%es into x :5 ! k>ma exhau/s its =ce4 ,! ,buddha :o is /ill seat$ at ! summit ( ! ,gridhrakuta1 deliv]+ to all be+s ! message ( joy & bliss1 & :o among o!r preci\s tea*+s bequea!d to u #bef su* stras z ! ,avatamsaka1 ! ,pund>ka1 etc41 is no m nor less ?an an expression ( ! et]nal _s4 ,?us came ! doctr9e ( ,dh>makya to be =mulat$ by ! ,mahyni/s1 & f ?is ! transition to t ( ,trikya 0 b a natural sequ5ce4 ,because "o )\t ! o!r c\ld n give an adequate solution ( ! problems above cit$4 ,! ,trikya z ,expla9$ 9 ! ,suv>na ,prabh4 ,:at !n is ! ,trikya or triple body ( ! ,ta?gata8 ,x is 7#a7 ,nirmna ,kya1 ! ,body ( ,trans=mation2 7#b73 ,sambhoga ,kya1 ! ,body ( ,bliss2 & 7#c7 ,dh>ma ,kya1 ! ,body ( ,dh>ma4 ,if we draw a p>allelism betwe5 ! ,buddhi/ & ! ,*ri/ian tr9ity1 ! ,body ( ,trans=mation may be consid]$ to correspond to ,*ri/ 9 ! fle%1 ! ,body ( ,bliss ei!r to ,*ri/ 9 glory or to ,holy ,gho/1 & ,dh>makya to ,godhead4 ,let u aga9 quote f ! ,suv>na ,prabh1 9 :i* 7,i-ts+'s translation1 *ap4 ,,iii47 we f9d ! foll[+ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,trikya4 8,! ,ta?gata1 :5 he 0 yet at ! /age ( discipl9e1 practis$ div]s de$s ( morality = ! sake ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,! practise f9ally atta9$ p]fection1 rea*$ maturity1 & by virtue ( its m]its he acquir$ a wond]ful spiritual p[]4 ,! p[] enabl$ him to respond to ! ?\ghts1 de$s1 & liv+s ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,he ?or\ghly und]/ood !m & nev] miss$ ! "r opportunity #beg to respond to _! ne$s4 ,he reveal$ himself 9 ! "r place & 9 ! "r mom5t2 he act$ rightly1 assum+ v>i\s bodily =ms 9 response to ! ne$s ( mortal s\ls4 ,^! bodily =ms are call$ ! ,nirmnakya ( ! ,ta?gata4 8,b :5 ! ,ta?gatas1 9 ord] to make ! ,bodhisattvas ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! ,dh>ma1 to in/ruct !m 9 ! highe/ reality1 to let !m und]/& t bir?-&-dea? 7samsra7 & ,nirvna are ( "o ta/e1 to de/roy ! ?\ghts ( ! ego1 individuality1 & ! fe> ( transmigration1 & to promote happ9ess1 to lay f\ndation = innum]able ,buddha-dh>mas1 to be truly 9 accord ) ,su*ness1 ! k ( ,su*ness1 & ! ,spontane\s ,w1 manife/ !mselves to ! ,bodhisattvas 9 a =m :i* is p]fect ) ! ?irty-two major & eighty m9or features ( excell5ce & %9+ ) ! halo ar\nd ! head & ! back1 ! ,ta?gatas are said to h assum$ ! ,body ( ,bliss or ,sambhogakya4#aab 8,:5 all possible ob/acles aris+ f s9s mat]ial1 intellectual1 & emotional are p]fectly remov$1 & :5 all possible good dh>mas are pres]v$1 !re w\ld rema9 no?+ b ,su*ness & ! k ( ,su*ness1--?is is ! ,dh>makya4 8,! fir/ two =ms ( ! ,ta?gata are provisional & temporal exi/5ces2 b ! la/ "o is a reality1 :]e9 ! =m] two f9d ! reason ( #beh _! exi/5ce4 ,:y8 ,because :5 depriv$ ( ! ,dh>ma ( ,su*ness & ( k ( non-p>ticul>ity1 no ,buddha-dh>ma c ev] exi/2 because x is ,su*ness & ,k ( ,su*ness t absorbs )9 itself all possible =ms ( ,buddha-wisdom & r5d]s possible a complete ext9ction ( all passions & s9s aris+ f p>ticul>ity40 ,accord+ to ! above1 ! ,dh>makya :i* is tantam\nt to ,su*ness or ,k ( ,su*ness is absolute2 b l ! moon ^: image is reflect$ 9 a drop ( wat] z well z 9 ! b\ndless expanse ( ! waves1 ! ,dh>makya assumes on itself all possible aspects f ! grosse/ mat]ial =m to ! subtle/ spiritual exi/5ce4 ,:5 x responds to ! ne$s ( ! ,bodhisattvas ^: spiritual life is on a mu* high] plane ?an t ( ord9>y mortals1 x takes on itself ! ,body ( ,bliss or ,sambhogakya4 ,?is ,body is a sup]natural exi/5ce1 & almo/ all ! ,buddhas 9 ! ,mahyna scriptures belong to ?is class ( be+4 ,avaghoa 7p4 #aja7 says3 8,! ,body has inf9ite =ms4 ,! =m has inf9ite attributes4 ,! attribute has inf9ite excell5ces4 ,& ! accompany+ fruition1 t is1 ! region :]e !y are de/9$ to be born by _! previ\s k>ma1 also has inf9ite m]its & ornam5tations4 ,manife/+ itself ev]y:]e1 ! ,body ( ,bliss is inf9ite1 b\ndless1 limitless1 un9t]mitt5t 9 its activity :i* comes directly f ! ,m9d ,dh>makya40 ,b ! ,buddhas reveal$ to ! eyes ( common #bei mortals are n ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are common mortals !mselves1 & ! e>?ly kyamuni :o came out ( ! womb ( ,mydev & pass$ away "u ! sla trees at ! age ( eighty ye>s 0 "o ( !m4 ,he 0 ess5tially a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya1 & z su* we ord9>y p also p>take some?+ ( him4 ,b ! masses1 unless favor$ by good k>ma accumulat$ 9 ! pa/1 are g5]ally "u ! spell ( ignorance4 ,!y d n see ! glory ( ,dh>makya 9 its p]fect purity %9+ 9 ! lilies ( ! field & sung by ! f[ls ( ! air4 ,!y are bl9dly grop+ 9 ! d>k wild]ness1 !y are va9ly seek+1 !y are wildly knock+4 ,to ! ne$s ( ^! p ! ,dh>makya responds by assum+ an e>?ly =m z a human ,buddha4 ,revelation 9 ,all ,/ages ( ,culture4 ,en passant1 let u rem>k t x is 9 ?is s5se t ,*ri/ is conceiv$ by ,buddhi/s also z a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya 9 a human =m4 ,he is a ,buddha & z su* n ess5tially diff]5t f kyamuni4 ,! ,dh>makya reveal$ itself z kyamuni to ! ,indian m9d1 because t 0 9 h>mony ) its ne$s4 ,! ,dh>makya appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ on ! ,semitic /age1 because x suit$ _! ta/e be/ 9 ?is way4 ,! doctr9e ( ,trikya1 h[ev]1 goes ev5 fur!r & decl>es t demons1 animal gods1 ance/or-wor%ip1 nature-wor%ip1 & :at n1 are all due to ! activity & revelation ( ! ,dh>makya respond+ to ! spiritual ne$s ( b>b>\s #bfj & half-cultur$ p4 ,! ,buddhi/s ?9k t ! ,dh>makya nev] does ?+s t are aga9/ ! spiritual welf>e ( its creatures1 & t :atev] is done by x is = _! be/ int]e/s at t mom5t ( revelation1 no matt] h[ !y compreh5d ! nature ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,! ,great ,"l ( ,dh>ma nev] ?r[s a pe>l be=e ! sw9e1 = he kn[s ! animal's ne$s are = ?+s m sub/antial4 ,he does n reveal himself 9 an exalt$ spiritual =m to ! p ^: he>ts are n yet capable ( grasp+ any?+ beyond ! grossly mat]ial4 ,z !y und]/& animal gods bett] ?an a metaphysical or highly ab/ract$ be+1 let !m h !m & d]ive all possible bless+s & b5efits ?r\gh _! wor%ip+4 ,b z soon z !y become dissatisfi$ ) ! animal or human-fa%ion$ gods1 !re mu/ n be a mom5t's hesitation to let !m h exactly :at _! enlight5$ und]/&+ c compreh5d4#aac #bfa ,!y are ?us all ! :ile be+ l$1 ?\gh unconsci\sly on _! "p1 to ! high] & high] region ( my/]y1 till !y come fully to grasp ! true & real mean+ ( ! ,dh>makya 9 its absolute purity1 or1 to use ,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 till 8we all1 ) op5 face behold+ z 9 a glass ! glory ( ! ,"l1 are *ang$ into ! same image f glory1 ev5 z by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l40 7#b ,cor ,,iii4 #ah47 ,! ,mahyni/s n[ argue t ! reason :y kyamuni ent]$ into ,p>9irvana :5 8 worldly c>e] 0 ?\ght by him to be ov] is t by ?is 8 resignation to ! law ( bir? & dea?1 he wi%$ to exemplify 9 him ! imp]man5cy ( worldly life & ! folly ( cl++ to x z f9al reality4 ,z = 8 ,dh>makya1 x has an et]nal life1 x 0 nev] born1 & x w\ld nev] p]i%2 & :5 call$ by ! spiritual ne$s ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 x w ca/ (f ! g>b ( absolut5ess & prea* 9 ! =m ( a ,sambhogakya 8nev]-ceas+ s]mons :i* run l a /ream = ev] & aye40 ,x w be evid5t f ?is t ,buddhi/s are ready to consid] all religi\s or moral lead]s ( mank9d1 :atev] _! nationality1 z ! ,body ( ,trans=mation ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,translat$ into ,*ri/ian ?\ghts1 ,god reveals himself 9 e be+ t is wor?y ( him4 ,he reveals himself n only at a c]ta9 #bfb p]iod 9 hi/ory1 b ev]y:]e & all ! "t4 ,8 glory is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh\t all ! /ages ( human culture4 ,?is manife/ation1 f ! v nature ( ,god1 _c be int]mitt5t & sporadic z is imag9$ by "s 8or?odox ,*ri/ians40 ,! foll[+ f ,/4 ,paul's fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7,*ap4 ,,xiii71 :5 read 9 ?is connection1 s\nds almo/ l a ,buddhi/ philosoph]'s utt]ance3 8,n[ !re are div]sities ( gifts1 b ! same ,_s4 ,& !re are div]sities ( adm9i/rations1 b ! same ,"l4 ,& !re are div]sities ( op]ations1 b x is ! same ,god :i* worke? all 9 all4 ,b ! manife/ation ( ! ,_s is giv5 to e man to pr(it )al4 ,= to "o is giv5 by ! ,_s ! ^w ( wisdom2 to ano!r ! ^w ( k by ! same ,_s2 to ano!r fai? by ! same ,_s2 to ano!r ! gifts ( heal+ by ! same ,_s2 to ano!r ! work+ ( miracles2 to ano!r prophecy2 to ano!r div]s k9ds ( tongues2 to ano!r ! int]pretation ( tongues2 b all ^! worke? t "o & ! selfsame ,_s1 divid+ to e man sev]ally z he w4 ,= z ! body is "o & ha? _m memb]s1 & all ! memb]s ( t "o body1 be+ _m1 are "o body3 s also is ,*ri/4 ,= by "o ,_s are we all baptis$ into "o body1 :e!r we be ,jews or ,g5tiles1 :e!r we be bond or free2 & h be5 all made to dr9k into "o ,_s40 #bfc ,! ,sambhogakya4 ,"o peculi> po9t 9 ! doctr9e ( ,trikya1 :i* mod]n m9ds f9d r difficult to compreh5d1 is ! conception ( ! ,sambhogakya1 or ! ,body ( ,bliss4 ,we c und]/& ! relation betwe5 ! ,dh>makya & ,nirmnakya1 ! latt] be+ simil> to ! notion ( ,god inc>nate or to t ( ,avat>a4 ,inasmu* z ! ,dh>makya does n exi/ outside ! triple _w b 9 x z ! raison d'tre ( its exi/5ce1 all be+s mu/ be consid]$ a p>tial manife/ation ( x2 & 9 ?is s5se ,buddhi/s sometimes call !mselves ,bodhisattvas1 t is1 be+s ( intellig5ce1 because intellig5ce 7,bodhi7 is ! psy*ological aspect ( ! ,dh>makya z realis$ 9 s5ti5t be+s4 ,b ! conception ( ,sambhogakya is altoge!r too my/]i\s to be fa?om$ by a limit$ consci\sness4 ,! fact becomes m app>5t :5 we are told t ! ,sambhogakya1 ,body ( ,bliss1 is a corporeal exi/5ce & at ! same "t fill+ ! univ]se & t !re are two =ms ( ! ,body ( ,bliss1 "o = self-enjoym5t & ! o!r z a sort ( religi\s object = ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,t ! ,body ( ,bliss is corporeal & yet inf9ite has already be5 %[n by ! quotations f ! ,suv>na ,prabh & ,avaghoa on ! prec$+ pages4 ,= fur!r confirmation ( ?is po9t no less au?ority ?an ,asanga & ,vasub&hu w be "h ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ! ,mahyana & #bfd 9 its comm5t>y1 ! au?or ,asanga & ! comm5tator ,vasub&hu endeavor to prove :y ! ,body ( ,bliss _c be ! raison d'tre ( ! ,dh>makya1 in/ead ( vice v]sa2 & 9 ?is connection !y argue t 7#a7 ! ,body ( ,bliss consi/s ( ! five ,sk&has1 t is1 ( mat]ial =m 7rpa71 s5sation 7v$an71 ideas 7samj71 de$s 7sanskra71 & consci\sness 7vijna72 7#b7 x is subject to p>ticul>isation2 7#c7 x reveals diff]5t virtues & *>act]s accord+ to ! desires ( ,bodhisattvas2 7#d7 ev5 to ! same individual x appe>s diff]5tly at diff]5t times2 7#e7 :5 x manife/s itself simultane\sly be=e an assemblage ( ,bodhisattvas ( div]s *>act]s & qualifications1 x at once assumes div]s =ms1 9 ord] to satisfy _! inf9itely div]sifi$ incl9ations2 7#f7 x is a creation ( ! layavijna1 ,all-cons]v+ ,m9d4 ,^! six peculi>ities ( ! ,body ( ,bliss z enum]at$ by ,asanga & ,vasub&hu make x inde$ entirely dep5d5t on ! ,dh>makya1 b !y d n place u 9 any bett] position to p5etrate into ! deep my/]y ( its nature4 ,its sup]natural incompreh5sibility rema9s ! same =ev]4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 h[ev]1 ! ,body ( ,bliss may be consid]$ to be correspond+ to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( an angel4 ,sup]naturalness & lum9osity are ! two *>act]s possess$ by bo?1 b angels are m]ely mess5g]s ( ,god communicat+ ! latt]'s w to human be+s4 ,:5 !y reveal !mselves to a specially favor$ p]son1 x is n ( _! own #bfe acc\nt4 ,:5 !y speak to him at all1 x is by ! "n ( ! be+ :o s5t !m4 ,!y d n repres5t him1 !y d n act 8 own w by !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,body ( ,bliss is ! ma/] ( its own4 ,x is an expression ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,x in/ructs & b5efits all ! creatures :o come to x4 ,x acts accord+ to its own w & judgm5t4 ,9 ^! respects ! ,body ( ,bliss is altoge!r diff]5t f ! ,*ri/ian conception ( angels4 ,b w x be m appropriately comp>$ to ,*ri/ 9 glory8 ,let u make ano!r quotation f lat] au?orities ?an ,asanga & 8 bro!r ,vasub&hu1 & let u see m conv9c+ly :at complicat$ notions are involv$ 9 ! idea ( ! ,body ( ,bliss4 ,accord+ to ! comm5tators on ,vasub&hu's ,vijnamtra /ra 7a treatise on ! ,yoga philosophy71#aad ! ,body ( ,bliss has two di/9ct aspects3 7#a7 ,! body obta9$ by ! ,ta?gata = 8 self-enjoym5t1 by d9t ( 8 religi\s discipl9e ?r\gh eons2 7#b7 ,! body :i* ! ,ta?gata manife/s to ! #bff ,bodhisattvas 9 ,pure ,l& 7sukhvat74 ,?is la/ body is 9 possession ( wond]ful spiritual p[]s1 reveals ! ,:eel ( ,dh>ma1 resolves all ! religi\s d\bts rais$ by ! ,bodhisattvas1 & lets !m enjoy ! bliss ( ! ,mahyna ,dh>ma4 ,a ,m]e ,subjective ,exi/5ce4 ,judg+ f all ^! *>act]isations1 ! mo/ plausible conclusion t sugge/s itself to mod]n sceptical m9ds is t ! ,sambhogakya mu/ be a m]e creation ( an intellig5t1 f9ite m9d1 :i* is int5tly b5t on rea*+ ! highe/ reality1 b1 n be+ able1 on acc\nt ( its limitations1 to grasp ! object 9 its absolut5ess1 ! f9ite m9d fabricates all its ideals aft] its own fa%ion into a spiritual-mat]ial be+1 :i* is logically a contradiction1 b religi\sly an object des]v+ v5]ation & wor%ip4 ,& ?is be+ is no m ?an ! ,body ( ,bliss4#aae ,x lies half way betwe5 ! pure be+ ( ,dh>makya & ! e>?ly =m ( ,nirmnakya1 ! ,body ( ,trans=mation4 ,x does n belong to ei!r1 b p>takes some?+ ( bo?4 ,x is 9 a s5se spiritual #bfg l ! ,dh>makya1 & yet x _c g beyond mat]ial limitations1 = x has a =m1 def9ite & det]m9ate4 ,:5 ! human s\l is ?ir/y aft] a pure be+ or an absolute :i* _c be compreh5d$ 9 a palpable =m1 x creates a hybrid1 an imitation1 or a reflection1 & tries to be satisfi$ ) x1 j z a little girl has h] innate & n yet fully develop$ mat]nity satisfi$ by t5d]ly embrac+ & nurs+ ! doll1 an inanimate imitation ( a real liv+ baby4 ,& ! ,mahyni/s seem to h made mo/ ( ?is *ildi% humanness4 ,!y produc$ z _m stras z _! spiritual ye>n+s dem&$1 q reg>dless ( hi/orical facts1 & made ! ,body ( ,bliss ( ! ,ta?gata ! au?or ( all ^! works4 ,= if ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata nev] ent]$ into ,p>9irvna1 :y !n c\ld he n deliv] s]mons & cite g?s z (t5 z be+s ( intellig5ce 7,bodhisattvas7 felt _! ne$s8 ,! ,suv>na ,prabh 7fas4 #b1 *ap4 #c7 aga9 e*oes ?is s5tim5t z foll[s3 8,to illu/rate by analogy1 ! sun or ! moon does n make any consci\s discrim9ation1 nor does ! wat]-mirror1 nor ! light conceiv$ sep>ate f ! body f :i* x emanates4 ,b :5 all ^! ?ree are br\ght toge!r1 !re is produc$ an image ( ! sun or ! moon 9 ! wat]4 ,s x is ) ,su*ness & ,k ( ,su*ness4 ,x is n possess$ ( any p>ticul> consci\sness1 b by virtue ( ! ,spontane\s ,w inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ,su*ness1 or :at is ! same ?+1 9 ! #bfh ,dh>makya1 ! ,body ( ,trans=mation or ( ,bliss z a %ad[ ( ! ,dh>makya reveals itself 9 response to ! spiritual ne$s ( s5ti5t be+s4 8,&1 aga91 z ! wat]-mirror b\ndlessly exp&+ reflects 9 all diff]5t ways ! images ( ksa 7void space7 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( light1 :ile space itself is void ( all p>ticul> m>ks1 s ! ,dh>makya reflects its images sev]ally 9 ! receiv+ m9ds ( believ]s1 & ?is by virtue ( ,spontane\s ,w4 ,! ,w creates ! ,body ( ,trans=mation z well z ! ,body ( ,bliss 9 all _! possible aspects1 :ile ! orig9al1 ! ,dh>makya1 does n suff] "o :it a *ange on ?is acc\nt40 ,accord+ to ?is1 x is evid5t t :5ev] our spiritual ne$s become suffici5tly int5se !re is a response f ! ,dh>makya1 & t ?is response is n always uni=m z ! recipi5t m9ds %[ diff]5t degrees ( developm5t1 intellectually & spiritually4 ,if we call ?is communion betwe5 s5ti5t s\ls & ! ,dh>makya an inspiration1 all ! ph5om5a t fl[ out ( fulness ( he>t & reflect purity ( s\l %\ld be call$ 8works ( inspiration02 & 9 ?is s5se ! ,mahyni/s consid] _! scriptures z emanat+ directly f ! f\nta9head ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,attitude ( ,mod]n ,mahyni/s4 ,mod]n ,mahyni/s 9 full accordance ) ?is int]pretation ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,trikya d n place #bfi mu* importance on ! objective aspects ( ! ,body ( ,bliss 7,sambhogakya74 ,!y consid] !m at be/ ! fictiti\s products ( an imag9ative m9d2 !y nev] t>ry a mom5t to ?9k t all ^! my/]i\s ,ta?gatas or ,bodhisattvas :o are sometimes too extravagantly & g5]ally too t$i\sly describ$ 9 ! ,mahyna texts are objective realities1 t ! ,sukhvats or ,pure ,l&s#aaf are decorat$ ) su* worldly /uff z gold1 silv]1 em]ald1 cat's eye1 pe>l1 & o!r preci\s /ones1 t pi\s ,buddhi/s w\ld be transf]r$ aft] _! dea? to ^! o/5tati\sly ornam5t$ heav5s1 be seat$ on ! p$e/als ( lotus-fl[]s1 surr\nd$ by innum]able ,bodhisattvas & ,buddhas1 & w\ld enjoy all ! spiritual enjoym5ts t human m9d c conceive4 ,on ! contr>y1 mod]n ,buddhi/s look ) disda9 on ^! egoti/ic mat]iali/ic conceptions ( religi\s life4 ,=1 to a fully enlight5$ s\l1 ( :at use c\ld ^? worldly treasures #bgj be8 ,:at happ9ess1 e>?ly or heav5ly1 does su* a s\l dream (1 outside ! bliss ( embrac+ ! w ( ! ,dh>makya z 8 own8 ,recapitulation4 ,to sum up1 ! ,buddha 9 ! ,pli scriptures 0 a human be+1 ?\gh occasionally he is cr$it$ to h a*iev$ ?+s sup]natural & sup]human4 ,8 hi/orical c>e] began ) ! ab&onm5t ( a royal life1 !n ! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & a long e>ne/ m$itation on ! great problems ( bir?-&-dea?1 & 8 f9al enlight5m5t "u ! ,bodhi tree1 !n 8 fifty ye>s' religi\s p]egr9ation along ! valleys ( ! ,ganges1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a religi\s sy/em kn[n z ,buddhism1 & f9ally 8 et]nal entrance into ! 8,p>9irvna t leaves no?+ beh9d0 7anupadhieanirvna74 ,& z f> z pla9 hi/orical facts are conc]n$1 ^! seem to exhau/ ! life ( kyamuni on e>?4 ,b ! deep rev]5ce :i* 0 felt by 8 disciples c\ld n be satisfi$ ) ?is prosaic humanness ( _! ma/] & made him some?+ m ?an a mortal s\l4 ,s ev5 ! ,pli tradition gives him a supramundane life besides ! e>?ly "o4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 a ,bodhisattva 9 ! ,tuita heav5 be=e 8 entrance into ! womb ( ,mydev4 ,! honor ( ,bodhisattvahood 0 acc$$ to him on acc\nt ( 8 de$s ( self-sacrifice :i* 7 prais$ ?r\gh\t 8 innum]able pa/ inc>nations4 ,:ile he 0 walk+ #bga among u 9 ! fle%1 he 0 glorifi$ ) ! ?irty-two major & eighty m9or excell5t *>act]i/ics ( a great man4#aag ,b he 0 n ! fir/ ,buddha t walk$ on e>? to tea* ! ,dh>ma1 = !re 7 already sev5 ,buddhas be=e him1 nor 0 he ! la/ "o t w\ld appe> among u1 = #bgb a ,bodhisattva by ! "n ( ,maitreya is n[ 9 heav5 & mak+ prep>ations = ! atta9m5t ( ,buddhahood 9 "t to come4 ,b "h /opp$ ! ,pli writ]s1 !y did n v5ture to make any fur!r speculation on ! nature ( ,buddhahood4 ,_! religi\s ye>n+s did n spur !m to a high] flight ( ! imag9ation4 ,!y recit$ simple stras or g?s1 obs]v$ ! ilas 7moral precepts7 z /rictly & lit]ally z !y c\ld1 & ?\ght ! _s ( _! ,ma/] /ill alive 9 ^! in/ructions2--let alone ! p]sonality ( ! ,ta?gata4 ,b !re 0 at ! same "t ano!r gr\p ( ! disciples ( ! ,buddha1 ^: religi\s & intellectual incl9ations 7 n ( ! same type z _! fell[-believ]s2 & on t acc\nt a simple fai? 9 ! ,buddha z pres5t 9 8 tea*+s did n q satisfy !m4 ,!y p]haps reason$ 9 ?is fa%ion3 8,if !re 7 sev5 ,buddhas be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,great ,muni ( akya & !re w\ld be "o m :o is to come1 :]e1 let u ask1 did !y d]ive _! au?ority & k to prea*8 ,h[ is x t !re _c be any m ,buddhas1 t !y d n come to u mu* (t5]8 ,if !y 7 human be+s l ourselves1 :y n we ourselves be ,buddhas80 ,^! que/ions1 :5 logically c>ri$ out1 naturally l$ !m to ! !ory ( ,dh>makya1 t all ! pa/ ,buddhas1 & ^? to come1 & ev5 we ord9>y mortals made ( clay & doom$ to die soon1 owe ! raison d'tre ( _! exi/5ce to ! ,dh>makya1 :i* alone is immortal 9 u #bgc z well z 9 ,buddhas4 ,! fir/ religi\s ef=t we h to make is1 !re=e1 to recognise ?is ar*etype ( all ,buddhas & all be+s4 ,b ! ,dh>makya z su* is too ab/ract = ! av]age m9d to become ! object ( its religi\s consci\sness2 s !y p]sonifi$ or r mat]ialis$ x4 ,9 o!r words1 !y idealis$ kyamuni1 end[$ him n only ) ! physical signs 7lakz7 ( greatness z 9 ! ,pli scriptures1 b ) ^? ( cele/ial transfiguration1 & call$ him a ,body ( ,bliss ( ! ,ta?gata2 :ile ! hi/orical human ,buddha 0 call$ a ,body ( ,trans=mation & all s5ti5t be+s ,bodhisattvas1 t is1 be+s ( intellig5ce de/9$ to become ,buddhas4 ,?is idealis$ ,buddha1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 a p]sonifi$ ,dh>makya1 accord+ to ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/s1 n only reveal$ himself 9 ! p>ticul> p]son ( ,siddhr?a ,gautama 9 ,c5tral ,asia a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 b is reveal+ himself 9 all times & all places4 ,!re is no specially favor$ spot on ! e>? :]e only ! ,buddha makes 8 appe>ance2 f ! z5i? ( ,akanita heav5 d[n to ! bottom ( ,nraka1 he is manife/+ un9t]rupt$ly & un9t]mitt5tly & is work+ out 8 ideas1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 our limit$ und]/&+ is unable to h an adequate k4 ,! ,avatamsaka ,stra 7,buddhabhadra's translation1 fas4 #de1 *ap4 #cd7 describes h[ ! ,buddha works out 8 s*eme ( salvation 9 all possible ways4 7,see also ! ,saddh>ma #bgd pund>ka1 ,k]n's translation1 *ap4 #b1 p4 #cj et seq41 & also pp4 #dac-daa474 8,9 ?is wise ! ,buddha tea*es & deliv]s all s5ti5t be+s ?r\gh 8 religi\s tea*+s ^: numb] is innum]able z atoms4 ,he may reveal sometimes 9 ! _w ( devas1 sometimes 9 t ( ,ngas1 ,yakz1 ,g&h>vas1 ,asuras1 ,g>udas1 ,k9n>as1 ,mahoragas1 etc41 sometimes 9 ! _w ( ,brahmans1 sometimes 9 ! _w ( human be+s1 sometimes 9 ! palace ( ,ym>ja 7k+ ( dea?71 sometimes 9 ! und]world ( damn$ spirits1 gho/s1 & bea/s4 ,8 all-sway+ compassion1 intellig5ce1 & w w\ld n re/ until all be+s _h be5 br\ght "u 8 %elt] ?r\gh all possible means ( salvation4 ,he may a*ieve 8 "w ( r$emption sometimes by means ( 8 "n1 sometimes by means ( memory1 sometimes ( voice1 sometimes ( p]fect illum9ation1 sometimes ( ! net ( illum9ation4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] conditions are ripe = 8 appe>ance1 he w\ld nev] fail to pres5t himself be=e s5ti5t be+s & also to manife/ views ( gr&eur & spl5dor4 8,! ,buddha does n dep>t f 8 own region1 he does n dep>t f 8 seat 9 ! t[]2 yet he reveals himself 9 all ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,he w\ld sometimes emanate f 8 own body ! cl\ds ( ,nirmnakyas1 or sometimes reveal himself 9 an undivid$ p]sonality1 & it9]at+ 9 all qu>t]s w\ld tea* & deliv] all s5ti5t be+s4 ,he may assume sometimes ! =m ( a rvaka1 sometimes t ( a ,brahmadeva1 sometimes t ( #bge an ascetic1 sometimes t ( a good physician1 sometimes t ( a tradesman1 sometimes t ( a ,bhiku or hone/ work]1 sometimes t ( an arti/1 sometimes t ( a deva4 ,aga91 he may reveal himself sometimes 9 all ! =ms ( art & indu/ry1 sometimes 9 all ! places ( congregation1 su* z t[ns1 cities1 villages1 etc4 ,& :atev] 8 subjects = salvation may be1 & :atev] 8 surr\nd+s1 he w accommodate himself to all possible conditions & a*ieve 8 "w ( enlight5m5t & salvation0#aah4444 ,! practical sequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e ( ,trikya is app>5t2 x has ev] m broad5$ ! _s ( tol]ance 9 ,buddhi/s4 ,z ! ,dh>makya univ]sally responds to ! spiritual ne$s ( all s5ti5t be+s 9 all times & 9 all places & at any /age ( _! spiritual developm5t1 ,buddhi/s consid] all spiritual lead]s1 :atev] _! nationality & p]sonality1 z ! expressions ( ! "o omnipot5t ,dh>makya4 ,& z ! ,dh>makya always manife/s itself = ! be/ int]e/s ( s5ti5t creatures1 ev5 ^? doctr9es & _! au?ors t are app>5tly aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ,buddhism are tol]at$ ?r\gh ! conviction t !y are all mov+ accord+ to ! ,spontane\s ,w t p]vades ev]y:]e & works all ! "t4 ,?\gh1 sup]ficially1 !y may appe> z evils1 _! c5tral & f9al aim is goodness & h>mony :i* are de/9$ by ! ,w ( ! ,dh>makya to ov]come ?is _w ( tribulations & #bgf contradictions4 ,! g5]al intellectual t5d5cy ( ,buddhism has done a great deal t[>ds cultivat+ a tol]ant _s 9 its believ]s1 & we mu/ say t ! doctr9e ( ,tr9ity :i* appe>s sometimes too radical 9 its pan!i/ic _s has contribut$ mu* to ?is cause4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,bodhisattva4 #bgg _/,next_/ to ! conception ( ,buddha1 :at is important 9 ,mahyna ,buddhism is t ( ,bodhisattva 7intellig5ce-be+7 & ( t :i* con/itutes its ess5ce1 ,bodhicitta1 intellig5ce-he>t4 ,z /at$ above1 ! foll[]s ( ,mahynism d n call !mselves rvakas or ,pratyekabuddhas or ,arhats z d ^? ( ,hnaynism2 b !y di/+ui% !mselves by ! title ( ,bodhisattva4 ,:at ?is means w be ! subject-matt] ( ?is *apt]4 ,let u beg9 ) a quotation f ! ,saddh>ma-pund>ka ,stra1 9 :i* a well-def9$ di/9ction betwe5 ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas & ! ,bodhisattvas is giv54#aai ,! ,?ree ,ynas4 8,n[1 riputra1 ! be+s :o h become wise1 h fai? 9 ! ,ta?gata1 ! fa!r ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly apply !mselves to 8 comm&m5ts4 8,among/ !m !re are "s :o1 wi%+ to foll[ ! dictate ( an au?oritative voice1 apply !mselves to ! comm&m5t ( ! ,ta?gata to #bgh acquire ! k ( ! ,f\r ,great ,tru?s1 = ! sake ( _! own complete ,nirvana4 ,^!1 "o may say1 to be ^? :o1 seek+ ! vehicle ( ! rvaka1 fly f ! triple _w44444 8,o!r be+s desir\s ( ! uncondition$ k1 ( self-re/ra9t & tranquillity1 apply !mselves to ! comm&m5t ( ! ,ta?gata to le>n to und]/& ! ,twelve ,*a9s ( ,dep5d5ce1 = ! sake ( _! own complete ,nirvana4 ,^!1 "o may say1 to be ^? :o1 seek+ ! vehicle ( ! ,pratyekabuddha1 fly f ! triple _w44444 8,o!r be+s aga9 desir\s ( omnisci5ce1 ,buddha-k1 absolute k1 uncondition$ k1 apply !mselves to ! comm&m5t ( ! ,ta?gata & to le>n to und]/& ! k1 p[]s1 & conviction ( ! ,ta?gata1 = ! sake ( ! common weal & happ9ess1 out ( compassion to ! _w1 = ! b5efit1 weal & happ9ess ( ! _w at l>ge1 ( bo? gods & m51 = ! sake ( ! complete ,nirvana ( all be+s4 ,^!1 "o may say1 to be ^? :o seek+ ! ,great ,vehicle 7,mahyna7 fly f ! triple _w4 ,!re=e1 !y are call$ ,bodhisattva-mahsattvas4044444 ,?is *>act]isation ( ! ,bodhisattvas z di/9ct f ! rvakas & ,pratyekabuddhas con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ significant features ( ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,"h ! ,bodhisattva does n ex]t himself 9 religi\s discipl9e = ! sake ( 8 own weal1 b = ! sake ( ! spiritual b5efit ( all 8 fell[-creatures4 ,if he w1 he c\ld1 #bgi l ! rvakas & ,pratyekabuddhas1 ent] into et]nal ,nirvana t nev] slides back2 he c\ld enjoy ! cele/ial bliss ( undi/urb$ tranquillity 9 :i* all our worldly tribulations are =ev] buri$2 he c\ld seclude himself f ! hurly-burly ( ! _w1 &1 sitt+ cross-legg$ 9 a lonely cave1 quietly contemplate on ! evanesc5ce ( human int]e/s & ! frivolity ( e>?ly affairs1 & !n self-cont5t$ly await ! "t ( f9al absorption into ! absolute ,all1 z /reams & riv]s f9ally run into "o great ocean & become ( "o ta/e4 ,b1 9 spite ( all ^! self-suffici5t bless+s1 ! ,bodhisattva w\ld n seek 8 own ease1 b he w\ld m+le himself 9 ! turmoil ( worldly life & devote all 8 en]gy to ! salvation ( ! masses ( p1 :o1 on acc\nt ( _! ignorance & infatuation1 are =ev] transmigrat+ 9 ! triple _w1 )\t mak+ any progress t[>ds ! f9al goal ( humanity4 ,along ?is ,bodhisattvaic devotion1 h[ev]1 !re 0 ano!r curr5t ( religi\s ?\ght & practice runn+ among ! foll[]s ( ,buddha4 ,by ?is ,i mean ! attitude ( ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas4 ,bo? ( !m s\ght peace ( m9d 9 asceticism & cold philosophical speculation4 ,bo? ( !m 7 int5tly incl9$ to ga9 ,nirvana :i* may be lik5$ unto an ext+ui%$ fire4 ,x 0 n !irs to ?9k ( ! common weal ( all be+s1 &1 !re=e1 :5 !y atta9$ _! own r$emption f e>?ly s9s & passions1 _! religi\s discipl9e 0 complet$1 & no fur!r attempt 0 #bhj made by !m to ext5d ! bliss ( _! p]sonal enlight5m5t to _! fell[-creatures4#abj ,!y recoil$ f m+l+ !mselves among vulg> p le/ _! holy life %\ld get contam9at$4 ,!y did n h confid5ce en\gh 9 _! own p[] to help ! masses to break ! iron yoke ( ignorance & mis]y4 ,moreov]1 ev]ybody 0 suppos$ to ex]t himself = 8 own emancipation1 h[ev] unbe>able 8 pa9 0 = o!rs c\ld n d any?+ to alleviate x4 ,sympa?y 0 ( no avail2 because ! rew>d ( 8 own k>ma good or evil c\ld be suff]$ by himself alone1 nor c\ld x be avoidable ev5 by ! do] himself4 ,?+s done 7 done #bha once = all1 & _! k>ma made an indelible m>k on ! pages ( 8 de/9y4 ,ev5 ,buddha :o 0 suppos$ to h atta9$ t exalt$ position by practis+ innum]able pi\s de$s 9 all 8 =m] lives1 c\ld n escape ! fruit ( evil k>ma :i* 0 q unwitt+ly committ$ by him4 ,?is iron arm ( k>ma seizes ev]ybody 9 p]son & does n all[ any sub/itute :atev]4 ,^? :o wi% to give a halt to ! work+ ( k>ma c\ld d s only by apply+ a c\nt]-=ce to x1 & ?is ) no o!r h& ?an 8 own4 ,! ,mahyni/ conception ( ,bodhisattvahood may be consid]$ an ef=t some:at to mitigate ?is ru?less me*anical rigidity ( ! law ( k>ma4 #bhb ,/rict ,individualism4 ,! ,buddhism ( ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas is ! mo/ unscrupul\s application to our e?ico-religi\s life ( ! individuali/ic !ory ( k>ma4 ,all ?+s done are done by oneself2 all ?+s left undone are left undone by oneself4 ,!y w\ld say3 8,y\r salvation is exclusively y\r own bus9ess1 & :atev] sympa?y ,i may h is ( no avail4 ,all t ,i c d t[>d help+ y is to let y see intellectually ! way to emancipation4 ,if y d n foll[ x1 y h b to suff] ! fruition ( y\r folly4 ,i am helpless ) all my enlight5m5t1 ev5 ) my ,nirvana1 to emancipate y f ! mis]y ( p]petual metempsy*osis40 ,b ) ! ,buddhism ( ! ,mahyna ,bodhisattvas ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,x is all-sympa?y1 x is all-compassion1 x is all-love4 ,a ,bodhisattva w\ld n seclude himself into ! absolute tranquillity ( ,nirvana1 simply because he wi%es to emancipate 8 fell[-creatures also f ! bondage ( ignorance & infatuation4 ,:atev] rew>ds he may get = 8 self-enjoym5t z ! k>ma ( 8 virtu\s de$s1 he w\ld turn !m ov] 7p>iv>ta7 t[>ds ! uplift+ ( ! suff]+ masses4 ,& ?is self-sacrifice1 ?is unselfi% devotion to ! welf>e ( 8 fell[-be+s con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,! ideal ,bodhisattva1 !re=e1 is ?\ght to be no m ?an an inc>nation ( ,intellig5ce & ,love1 ( ,praj & ,k>un4 ,! irrefragability ( k>ma seems to be satisfactory #bhc f ! intellectual & individuali/ic /&po9t1 = ! intellect dem&s a ?or\gh application ( logic1 & individualism does n all[ ! transf]r+ ( responsibility f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,f ?is viewpo9t1 !re=e1 a rigor\s en=cem5t z dem&$ by ,hnaynism ( ! pr9ciple ( self-emancipation does n %[ any logical fault2 div9e grace mu/ be susp5d$ z ! curse ( k>ma produc$ by ignorance t5aci\sly cl+s to our s\l4 ,b :5 view$ f ! religi\s side ( ! "q1 ?is inflexibility ( k>ma is m ?an poor mortals c endure4 ,!y want some?+ m ela/ic & pliable t yields to ! supplication ( ! feel+4 ,:5 individuals are consid]$ no?+ b isolat$1 disconnect$ atoms1 betwe5 :i* !re is no unify+ bond :i* is ! feel+1 !y are too weak to resi/ & ov]come ! ev]-?reat5+ =ce ( evil1 ^: reality z long z a _w ( p>ticul>s exi/s _c be contradict$4 ,?is religi\s necessity felt 9 our inmo/ consci\sness may expla9 ! reason :y ,mahyna ,buddhism propos$ ! doctr9e ( p>iv>ta 7turn+ ov]7 f\nd$ on ! on5ess ( ,dh>maky4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,p>iv>ta4 ,! doctr9e ( turn+ ov] 7p>iv>ta7 ( "o's own m]its to o!rs is a great dep>ture f t :i* seems to h be5 ! tea*+ ( 8primitive ,buddhism40 ,9 fact1 x is m ?an a dep>ture1 x #bhd is ev5 9 opposition to ! latt] 9 "s measure4 ,because :ile individualism is a pr$om9ant feature 9 ! religi\s practice ( ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas1 univ]salism or supra-individualism1 if ,i am all[$ to use ^! t]ms1 is ! pr9ciple advocat$ by ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,! latt] believe t all be+s1 be+ a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya1 are 9 _! ess5ce ( "o nature2 t individual exi/5ces are real s f> z subjective ignorance is conc]n$2 & t virtues & m]its issu+ directly f ! ,dh>makya :i* is intellig5ce & love1 _c fail to produce univ]sal b5efit & to effect f9al emancipation ( all be+s4 ,?us1 ! religion ( ! ,bodhisattvas proposes to a*ieve :at 0 ?\ght impossible by ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas1 t is1 ! turn+ ov] ( "o's own m]its to ! s]vice ( o!rs4 ,x is 9 ?is _s t ! ,bodhisattvas conceive ! s]i\sness ( ! significance ( life2 x is 9 ?is _s t1 pond]+ ov] ! reason ( _! exi/5ce on e>?1 !y come to ! foll[+ view ( life3 8,all ignorant be+s are daily & nightly p]=m+ evil de$s 9 innum]able ways2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 _! suff]+ begg>s description4 ,!y d n recognise ! ,ta?gata1 d n li/5 to 8 tea*+s1 d n pay homage to ! congregation ( holy m54 ,& ?is evil k>ma w surely br+ !m a heavy crop ( mis]y4 ,?is reflection fills ! he>t ( a ,bodhisattva ) gloomy feel+s1 :i* 9 turn #bhe gives rise to ! immovable resolution1 t he himself w c>ry all ! burd5s = ignorant be+s & help !m to rea* ! f9al goal ( ,nirvana4 ,ine/imably heavy z ^! burd5s are1 he w n sw]ve nor yield "u _! weight4 ,he w n re/ until all ignorant be+s are fre$ f ! entangl+ me%es ( desire & s91 until !y are uplift$ above ! d>k5+ veil ( ignorance & infatuation2 & ?is 8 m>vel\s spiritual en]gy defies ! n>r[ limitations ( "t & space1 & w ext5d ev5 to et]nity :5 ! :ole sy/em ( worlds comes to a conclusion4 ,!re=e1 all ! innum]able m]itori\s de$s practis$ by ! ,bodhisattvas are d$icat$ to ! emancipation ( ignorant be+s4 8,! ,bodhisattvas d n feel1 h[ev]1 t !y are be+ compell$ by any ext]nal =ce to devote _! lives to ! edification & uplift+ ( ! masses4 ,!y d n recognise any outw>d au?ority1 ! violation ( :i* may react ^u !m 9 ! =m ( a puni%m5t4 ,!y h already pass$ beyond ?is /age ( _w-conception :i* implies a dualism2 !y are on ! contr>y mov+ 9 a mu* wid] & high] sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,all t is done by !m spr+s f _! spontane\s w1 f ! free activity ( ! ,bodhicitta1 :i* con/itutes _! reason ( exi/5ce2 & ?us !re is no?+ compulsory 9 _! ?\ghts & movem5ts4 ,to use ,laotzean t]m9ology1 !y are practis+ non-action1 wu wei1 & :atev] may appe> to ! ignorant & un5light5$ z a /r5u\s & re/less life1 is m]ely a natural #bhf ov]fl[ f ! inexhau/ible f\nt ( en]gy call$ ,bodhicitta1 he>t ( intellig5ce40#aba ,bodhisattva 9 8,primitive0 ,buddhism4 ,! notion ( ,bodhisattva 0 n entirely abs5t 9 8primitive0 ,buddhism1 only x did n h su* a wide signification4 ,all ,buddhas 7 ,bodhisattvas 9 _! =m] lives4 ,! ,jtaka /ories m9utely describe :at self-sacrific+ de$s 7 done by !m & h[ by ! k>ma ( ^! m]its !y f9ally atta9$ ,buddhahood4 kyamuni 0 n ! only ,buddha1 b !re _h already be5 sev5 or tw5ty-f\r ,buddhas prior to him1 & ! com+ ,buddha to be kn[n z ,maitreya is believ$ to be discipl9+ himself 9 ! ,tuita heav5 & go+ ?r\gh ! /ages ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,! "o :o is ?us de/9$ to be ! future ,buddha mu/ be extraord9>ily gift$ 9 spiritual en]gy4 ,he mu/ pass ?r\gh eons ( self-discipl9e1 mu/ practise de$s ( non-atman ) unfl9*+ c\rage & =titude ?r\gh innum]able exi/5ces4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ! ,jtaka tales w be suffici5t to see :at pond]\s & exact+ conditions 7 conceiv$ by ! s-call$ ,hnayni/s to be necess>y = a human be+ to become a fully qualifi$ ,buddha4#abb #bhg 8,( m5 x is he1 & only he1 :o is 9 a fit condition by ! atta9m5t ( sa9t%ip 9 t same exi/5ce1 t c successfully make a wi% to be a ,buddha4 ,( ^? 9 a fit condition x is only he :o makes ! wi% 9 ! pres5ce ( a liv+ ,buddha t succe$s 9 8 wi%2 aft] ! dea? ( a ,buddha a wi% made at a relic %r9e1 or at ! foot ( a ,bo-tree1 w n be successful4 ,( ^? :o make ! wi% 9 ! pres5ce ( a ,buddha x is he & only he :o has retir$ f ! _w t c successfully make ! wi%1 & n "o :o is a layman4 ,( ^? :o h retir$ f ! _w x is only he :o is possess$ ( ! ,five ,high ,p[]s & is ma/] ( ! ,eight ,atta9m5ts t c successfully make ! wi%1 & no "o c d s :o is lack+ 9 ^! excell5ces4 ,( ^?1 ev51 :o possess ^! excell5ces1 x is he1 & only he1 :o has su* firm resolve t he is ready to sacrifice 8 life = ! ,buddhas t c successfully make ! wi%1 b no o!r4 ,( ^? :o possess ?is resolve x is he1 & only he1 :o has great zeal1 det]m9ation1 /r5u\sness1 & endeavor 9 /riv+ = ! qualities t make a ,buddha t is successful4 ,! foll[+ comp>isons w %[ ! int5sity ( ! zeal4 ,if he is su* a "o z to ?9k3 #8,! man :o1 if all )9 ! rim ( ! _w 7 to become wat]1 w\ld be ready to swim across x ) 8 own arms & get fur!r %ore1--he is ! "o to atta9 ! ,buddha%ip3 or1 9 case all )9 ! rim ( ! _w 7 to become a #bhh jungle ( bamboo1 w\ld be ready to elb[ & trample 8 way ?r\gh x & get to ! fur!r side1--he is ! "o to atta9 ! ,buddha%ip2 or1 9 case all )9 ! rim ( ! _w 7 to become a t]ra firma ( ?ick-set javel9s1 w\ld be ready to tread on !m & g afoot to ! fur!r side1--he is ! "o to atta9 ! ,buddha%ip2 or1 9 case all )9 ! rim ( ! _w 7 to become live coals1 w\ld be ready to tread on !m & s get to ! fur!r side1--he is ! "o to atta9 ! ,buddha%ip1'--if he deems n ev5 "o ( ^! feats too h>d = himself b has su* great zeal1 det]m9ation1 /r5u\sness1 & p[] ( endeavor t he w\ld p]=m ^! feats 9 ord] to atta9 ! ,buddha%ip1 !n1 b n o!rwise1 w 8 wi% succe$40 ,f ?is x is app>5t t ev]ybody c\ld n become a ,buddha 9 8primitive0 ,buddhism2 ! highe/ aspiration t c\ld be *]i%$ by him 0 to believe 9 ! tea*+s ( ,buddha1 to foll[ ! precepts laid d[n by him1 & to atta9 at mo/ to ,arhat%ip4 ,! idea ( ,arhat%ip1 h[ev]1 0 consid]$ by ,mahyni/s cold1 impassionate1 & h>d-he>t$1 = ! sa9t calmly reviews ! sight ( ! suff]+ masses2 & !re=e ,arhat%ip 0 altoge!r unsatisfactory to be ! object = ! ,bodhisattvas ( _! high religi\s aspirations4 ,! ,mahyni/s want$ to g ev5 beyond ! atta9m5t ( ,arhat%ip1 h[ev] exalt$ its spirituality may be4 ,!y want$ to make e humble s\l #bhi a be+ l kyamuni1 !y want$ lavi%ly to di/ribute ! bliss ( enlight5m5t2 !y want$ to remove all ! b>ri]s t 7 suppos$ to lie betwe5 ,buddhahood & ! common humanity4 ,b h[ c\ld !y d ?is :5 ! iron h&s ( k>ma held tight ! fate ( ea* individual6 ,h[ 0 x possible = him to id5tify 8 be+ ) ! ideal ( mank9d8 ,p]haps ?is s]i\s problem c\ld n v well be solv$ by ,buddhi/s1 :5 _! memory ( ! maje/ic p]sonality ( kyamuni 0 /ill vivid be=e _! m5tal eyes4 ,x 0 probably no easy task = !m to ov]come ! feel+ ( awe & rev]5ce :i* 0 s deeply engrav$ 9 _! he>ts1 & to raise !mselves to su* a height z rea*$ by _! ,ma/]1 ev5 ideally4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly an act ( sacrilege4 ,b1 z "t advances1 ! p]sonal recollection ( ! ,ma/] w\ld naturally wane & w\ld n play s mu* influ5ce z _! own religi\s consci\sness :i* is ev] fre% & active4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all great hi/orical *>act]s t comm& ! rev]5ce & awe ( po/]ity d s only :5 _! words or acts or bo? unravel ! deepe/ secrets ( ! human he>t4 ,& ?is feel+ ( awe & rev]5ce & ev5 ( wor%ip is n due s mu* to ! great *>act]s !mselves z to ! wor%ip]'s own religi\s consci\sness4 ,hi/ory passes1 b ! he>t p]si/s4 ,an individual call$ kyamuni may be =gott5 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b ! sacr$ *ord 9 ! inmo/ he>t /ruck by him rev]b]ates ?r\gh et]nity4 ,s ) ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/s1 #bij ! religi\s s5tim5t at la/ ass]t$ itself 9 spite ( ! p]sonal recollection & rev]5tial feel+ = ! ,ma/]4 ,& p]haps 9 ! foll[+ way 0 ! reason+ !n advanc$ by !m relative to ! great problem ( ,buddhahood4 ,we are all ,bodhisattvas4 ,z kyamuni 0 a ,bodhisattva 9 8 =m] lives de/9$ to become a ,buddha1 s we are all ,bodhisattvas & ev5 ,buddhas 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 :5 we und]/& t all s5ti5t be+s1 ! ,buddha n except$1 are "o 9 ! ,dh>makya4 ,! ,dh>makya manife/s 9 u z ,bodhi :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,buddhas z well z ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,?is ,bodhi c suff] no *ange :atev] 9 quantity ev5 :5 ! ,bodhisattva atta9s f9ally to ! highe/ human p]fection z kyamuni ,buddha4 ,9 ?is _s1 !re=e1 ! ,buddha exclaim$ :5 he obta9$ enlight5m5t1 8,x is m>vel\s inde$ t all be+s animate & inanimate univ]sally p>take ( ! nature ( ,ta?gatahood40 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 a ,buddha & ! ignorant masses is t ! latt] d n make manife/ 9 !m ! glory ( ,bodhi4 ,!y only are n ,bodhisattvas :o1 envelop$ 9 ! div9e rays ( light 9 a cele/ial abode1 philosophically review ! _w ( tribulations4 ,ev5 we mortals made ( du/ are ,bodhisattvas1 inc>nates ( ! ,bodhi1 capable ( be+ unit$ 9 ! all-embrac+ love ( ! ,dh>makya & also ( oblit]at+ ! #bia individual curse ( k>ma 9 ! et]nal & absolute intellig5ce ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,z soon z we come to live 9 ?is love & intellig5ce1 individual exi/5ces are no h9drance to ! turn+ ov] 7p>iv>ta7 ( "o's spiritual m]its 7punya7 to ! s]vice ( o!rs4 ,let u only h an insight into ! spirituality ( our exi/5ce & we are all ,bodhisattvas & ,buddhas4 ,let u ab&on ! selfi% ?\ght ( ent]+ into ,nirvana t is conceiv$ to ext+ui% ! fire ( he>t & leave only ! cold a%es ( intellect4 ,let u h sympa?y = all suff]+ be+s & turn ov] all our m]its1 h[ev] small1 to _! b5efit & happ9ess4 ,= 9 ?is way we are all made ! ,bodhisattvas4#abc ,! ,buddha's ,life4 ,?is _s ( univ]sal love prevails 9 all ,mahyna lit]ature1 & ! ,bodhisattvas are ev]y:]e repres5t$ z ex]cis+ x ) utmo/ en]gy4 ,! ,mahyni/s1 !re=e1 c\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) a simple1 prosaic1 & e>?ly acc\nt ( kyamuni1 #bib !y want$ to make x z ideal & poetic z possible1 illu/rat+ ! gospel ( love1 z 0 conceiv$ by !m1 9 e phase ( ! life ( ! ,buddha4 ,! ,mahyni/s fir/ plac$ ! ,buddha 9 ! ,tuita heav5 be=e 8 bir?1 7z 0 done by ! ,hnayni/s71 made him feel pity = ! di/ress$ _w bel[1 made him resolve to deliv] x f 8! ocean ( mis]y :i* ?r[s up sickness z its foam1 toss+ ) ! waves ( old age1 & ru%+ ) ! dreadful onfl[ ( dea?10 & aft] 8 ,p>9irvana1 !y made him abide =ev] on ! peak ( ! ,m\nt ,vulture deliv]+ ! s]mon ( immortality to a great assemblage ( spiritual be+s4 ,9 ?is wise1 !y expla9$ ! significance ( ! appe>ance ( kyamuni on e>?1 :i* 0 no?+ b a practical demon/ration ( ! 8,great ,lov+ ,he>t0 7mahk>uncitta74 ,! ,bodhisattva & ,love4 ,ngrjuna 9 8 "w on ! ,bodhicitta#abd elucidates ! ,mahyni/ notion ( ,bodhisattvahood z foll[s3 8,?us ! ess5tial nature ( all ,bodhisattvas is a great lov+ he>t 7mahk>uncitta71 & all s5ti5t be+s con/itute ! object ( its love4 ,!re=e1 all ! ,bodhisattvas d n cl+ to ! blissful ta/e #bic t is produc$ by ! div]s modes ( m5tal tranquilisation 7dhyna71 d n covet ! fruit ( _! m]itori\s de$s1 :i* may height5 _! own happ9ess4 8,_! spiritual /ate is high] ?an t ( ! rvakas1 = !y d n leave all s5ti5t be+s beh9d !m z ! rvakas d4 ,!y practise altruism1 !y seek ! fruit ( ,buddha-k in/ead ( rvaka-k4 8,) a great lov+ he>t !y look ^u ! suff]+s ( all be+s1 :o are div]sely tortur$ 9 ,avici ,hell 9 consequ5ce ( _! s9s--a hell ^: limits are inf9ite & :]e an endless r\nd ( mis]y is made possible on acc\nt ( all sorts ( k>ma committ$ by s5ti5t creatures4 ,! ,bodhisattvas fill$ ) pity & love desire to suff] !mselves = ! sake ( ^? mis]able be+s4 8,b !y are well acqua9t$ ) ! tru? t all ^? div]se suff]+s caus+ div]se /ates ( mis]y are 9 "o s5se app>itional & unreal1 :ile 9 ano!r s5se !y are n s4 ,!y "k also t ^? :o h an intellectual insight into ! empt9ess 7nyat7 ( all exi/5ces1 ?or\ghly und]/& :y ^? rew>ds ( k>ma are br\ght =? 9 su* & su* ways ?r\gh ignorance & infatuation4 8,!re=e1 all ,bodhisattvas1 9 ord] to emancipate s5ti5t be+s f mis]y1 are inspir$ ) great spiritual en]gy & m+le !mselves 9 ! fil? ( bir? & dea?4 ,?\gh ?us !y make !mselves #bid subject to ! laws ( bir? & dea?1 _! he>ts are free f s9s & atta*m5ts4 ,!y are l unto ^? immaculate1 undefil$ lotus-fl[]s :i* gr[ out ( mire1 yet are n contam9at$ by x4 8,_! great he>ts ( sympa?y :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( _! be+ nev] leave suff]+ creatures beh9d 9 _! j\rney t[>ds enlight5m5t4 ,_! spiritual insight is 9 ! empt9ess 7nyat7 ( ?+s1 b _! "w ( salvation is nev] outside ! _w ( s9s & suff]+s40 ,! ,mean+ ( ,bodhi & ,bodhicitta4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8,bodhisattva08 ,x is a ,sanskrit t]m consi/+ ( two words1 8,bodhi10 & 8sattva40 ,bodhi :i* comes f ! root budh mean+ 8to wake10 is g5]ally r5d]$ 8k0 or 8intellig5ce40 ,sattva 7sat-tva7 lit]ally means 8/ate ( be+02 ?us 8exi/5ce10 8creature10 or 8t :i* is10 be+ its ,engli% equival5t4 8,bodhisattva0 z "o ^w means 8a be+ ( intellig5ce10 or 8a be+ ^: ess5ce is intellig5ce40 ,:y ! ,mahyni/s came to adopt ?is ^w 9 contradi/9ction to rvaka is easily und]/ood1 :5 we see :at special significance !y atta*$ to ! conception ( ,bodhi 9 _! philosophy4 ,:5 ,bodhi 0 us$ by ! rvakas 9 ! simple s5se ( k1 x did n be> any p>ticul> import4 ,b z soon z x came to express "s metaphysical relation to ! conception ( ,dh>makya1 x ceas$ to be us$ 9 its g5]ally accept$ s5se4 #bie ,bodhi1 accord+ to ! ,mahyni/s1 is an expression ( ! ,dh>makya 9 ! human consci\sness4 ,philosophically speak+1 ,su*ness or ,bhtata?t is an ontological t]m1 & ,dh>makya or ,ta?gata or ,buddha be>s a religi\s significance2 :ile all ^! ?ree1 ,bodhi1 ,bhtata?t1 & ,dh>makya1 & _! synonyms are no?+ b diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same reality refract+ ?r\gh ! sev]al defective l5ses ( a f9ite intellect4 ,bodhi1 ?\gh ess5tially an epi/emological t]m1 assumes a psy*ological s5se :5 x is us$ 9 conjunction ) citta1 i4e4 he>t or s\l4 ,bodhicitta1 or ,bodhihdaya :i* means ! same ?+1 is m g5]ally us$ ?an ,bodhi s+ly 9 ! ,mahyna texts1 especially :5 its religi\s import is emphasis$ above its intellectual "o4 ,bodhicitta1 viz4 intellig5ce-he>t is a reflex 9 ! human he>t ( its religi\s ar*etype1 ! ,dh>makya4 ,bodhicitta :5 fur!r amplifi$ is call$ anutt>a-samyak-sambodhicitta1 t is1 8intellig5ce-he>t t is supreme & mo/ p]fect40 ,x w be easily und]/ood n[ t :at con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! ,bodhicitta is ! v same ?+ t makes up ! ,dh>makya4 ,= ! =m] is no?+ b an expression ( ! latt]1 ?\gh f9itely1 fragm5t>ily1 imp]fectly realis$ 9 u4 ,! citta is an image & ! ,dh>makya ! prototype1 yet "o is j z real z ! o!r1 only ! two mu/ n be conceiv$ duali/ically4 ,!re is a ,dh>makya1 !re is a human he>t1 & ! =m] reflects itself #bif 9 ! latt] mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! lun> reflection 9 ! wat]3--to ?9k 9 ?is wise is n p]fectly correct2 because ! fundam5tal tea*+ ( ,buddhism is to view all ^! ?ree conceptions1 ! ,dh>makya1 human he>t1 & ! reflections ( ! =m] 9 ! latt]1 z diff]5t =ms ( "o & ! same activity4 ,love & ,k>un4 ,! ,bodhicitta or ,intellig5ce-he>t1 !re=e1 l ! ,dh>makya is ess5tially love & intellig5ce1 or1 to use ,sanskrit t]ms1 k>un & praj4 ,"h "s may object to ! use ( ! t]m 8love0 = k>un1 p]haps on ! gr\nd t k>un does n exactly correspond to ! ,*ri/ian notion ( love1 z x savors m ( ! s5se ( commis]ation4 ,b if we und]/& by love a sacrifice ( ! self = ! sake ( o!rs 7& x _c be m ?an t71 !n k>un c correctly be r5d]$ love1 ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se4 ,is n ! ,bodhisattva will+ to ab&on 8 own ,nirvanic peace = ! int]e/s ( suff]+ creatures8 ,is he n will+ to d$icate ! k>ma ( 8 m]itori\s de$s p]=m$ 9 8 successive exi/5ces to ! g5]al welf>e ( 8 fell[-be+s8 ,is n 8 "o fundam5tal motive t gov]ns all 8 activities 9 life direct$ t[>ds a univ]sal emancipation ( all s5ti5t be+s8 ,is he n p]fectly will+ to =sake all ! ?\ghts & passions t arise f egoism & to embrace ! w ( ! ,dh>makya8 ,if ?is be ! case1 !n !re is #big no reason :y k>un %\ld n be r5d]$ by love4 ,*ri/ians say t )\t love we are become s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal2 & ,buddhi/s w\ld decl>e t )\t k>un we are l unto a dead v9e hang+ ov] a froz5 b\ld]1 or l unto ! cold a%es left aft] a blaz+ fire4 ,"s may say1 h[ev]1 t ! ,buddhi/ sympa?y or commis]ation some:at betrays a s5se ( passive contemplation on evils4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians say t ,god loves 8 creatures1 ! love implies activity & %[s ,god's will+ness to d :atev] = ! actual b5efits ( 8 subject-be+s4 ,q true4 ,yet :5 ! ,buddha is /at$ to h decl>$ t all s5ti5t be+s 9 ! triple _w are 8 own *ildr5 or t he w n ent] into 8 f9al ,nirvana unless all be+s 9 ! ?ree ?\s& great *iliocosms1 n a s+le s\l except$1 are emancipat$ f ! mis]y ( bir? & dea?1 8 self-sacrific+ love mu/ be consid]$ to be all-compreh5sive & at ! same "t full ( en]gy & activity4 ,:atev] objections !re may be1 we d n see any suffici5t reason aga9/ speak+ ( ! love-ess5ce ( ! ,dh>makya & ! ,bodhicitta4 ,ngrjuna & ,/hiramati on ! ,bodhicitta4 ,says ,ngrjuna 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,transc5d5tality ( ! ,bodhicitta3 8,! ,bodhicitta is free f all det]m9ations1 t is1 x is n includ$ 9 ! categories ( ! five sk&has1 ! twelve yatanas1 & ! eighte5 dhtus4 ,x is n a p>ticul> #bih exi/5ce :i* is palpable4 ,x is non-atmanic1 univ]sal4 ,x is uncreat$ & its self-ess5ce is void nya1 immat]ial1 or transc5d5tal4 8,"o :o und]/&s ! nature ( ! ,bodhicitta sees ev]y?+ ) a lov+ he>t1 = love is ! ess5ce ( ! ,bodhicitta4 8,! ,bodhicitta is ! highe/ ess5ce4 8,!re=e1 all ,bodhisattvas f9d _! raison d'tre ( exi/5ce 9 ?is great lov+ he>t4 8,! ,bodhicitta1 abid+ 9 ! he>t ( sam5ess 7samat7 creates individual means ( salvation 7upaya74#abe #bii ,"o :o und]/&s ?is he>t becomes emancipat$ f ! duali/ic view ( bir? & dea? & p]=ms su* acts z are b5eficial bo? to oneself & to o!rs40 ,/hiramati advocates 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,mahyna-,dh>madhtu#abf ! same view z ,ngrjuna's on ! nature ( ! ,bodhicitta1 :i* ,i summ>ise "h3 8,nirvna1 ,dh>makya1 ,ta?gata1 ,ta?gata-g>bha1 ,p>amr?a1 ,buddha1 ,bodhicitta1 or ,bhtata?t1--all ^! t]ms signify m]ely s _m diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same reality2 & ,bodhicitta is ! "n giv5 to a =m ( ! ,dh>makya or ,bhtata?t z x manife/s itself 9 ! human he>t1 & its p]fection1 or negatively its lib]ation f all egoi/ic impurities1 con/itutes ! /ate ( ,nirvana40 ,be+ a reflex ( ! ,dh>makya1 ! ,bodhicitta is practically ! same z ! orig9al 9 all its *>act]i/ics2 s cont9ues ,/hiramati3 8,x is free f compulsive activities2 x has no beg9n+1 x has no end2 x _c be defil$ by impurities1 x _c be obscur$ by egoi/ic individuali/ic prejudices2 x is incorporeal1 x is ! spiritual ess5ce ( ,buddhas1 #cjj x is ! s\rce ( all virtues e>?ly z well z transc5d5tal2 x is con/antly becom+1 yet its orig9al purity is nev] lo/4 8,x may be lik5$ unto ! ev]-%9+ sunlight :i* may tempor>ily be hidd5 beh9d ! cl\ds4 ,all ! modes ( passion & s9 aris+ f egoism may sometimes d>k5 ! light ( ! ,bodhicitta1 b ! ,citta itself =ev] rema9s free f ^! ext]nal impurities4 ,x may aga9 be lik5$ unto all-compreh5d+ space :i* rema9s et]nally id5tical1 :atev] happ5+s & *anges may occur 9 ?+s envelop$ !re94 ,:5 ! ,bodhicitta manife/s itself 9 a relative _w1 x looks z if be+ subject to con/ant becom+1 b 9 reality x transc5ds all det]m9ations1 x is above ! rea* ( bir? & dea? 7samsra74 8,s long z x rema9s buri$ "u innum]able s9s aris+ f ignorance & egoism1 x is productive ( no e>?ly or heav5ly b5efit4 ,l ! lotus-fl[] ^: petals are yet unfold$1 l ! gold t is deeply entomb$ "u ! dbris ( dung & dirt1 or l ! light ( ! full moon eclips$ by ,aura2 ! ,bodhicitta1 :5 bl9dfold$ by ! cl\ds ( passion1 av>ice1 ignorance1 & folly1 does n reveal its intr9sic spiritual wor?4 8,de/roy at once ) y\r might & ma9 all ^? entanglem5ts2 !n l ! full-bloom$ lotus-fl[]1 l g5u9e gold purifi$ f dirt & du/1 l ! moon 9 a cl\dless sky1 l ! sun 9 its full glory1 l "m e>? produc+ all k9ds ( #cja c]eals1 l ! ocean conta9+ innum]able treasures1 ! et]nal bliss ( ! ,bodhicitta w be ^u all s5ti5t be+s4 ,all s5ti5t be+s are !n emancipat$ f ! mis]y ( ignorance & folly1 _! he>ts are fill$ ) love & sympa?y & free f ! cl++ to ?+s wor?less4 8,h[ev] defil$ & obscur$ ! ,bodhicitta may f9d itself 9 pr(ane he>ts1 x is ess5tially ! same z t 9 all ,buddhas4 ,!re=e1 says ! ,muni ( akya3 #8,o riputra1 ! _w ( s5ti5t be+s is n diff]5t f ! ,dh>makya2 ! ,dh>makya is n diff]5t f ! _w ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,:at con/itutes ! ,dh>makya is ! _w ( s5ti5t be+s2 & :at con/itutes ! _w ( s5ti5t be+s is ! ,dh>makya4' 8,z f> z ! ,dh>makya or ! ,bodhicitta is conc]n$1 !re is no radical di/9ction to be made betwe5 pr(ane he>ts & ! ,buddha's he>t2 yet :5 obs]v$ f ! human /&po9t t is1 f ! ph5om5al side ( exi/5ce ! foll[+ g5]al classification c be made3 87#a7 ,! he>t hopelessly di/ort$ by numb]less egoi/ic s9s & condemn$ to an et]nal transmigration ( bir? & dea? :i* began 9 ! timeless pa/1 is said to be 9 ! /ate ( pr(anity4 87#b7 ,! he>t t1 loa?+ ! mis]y ( w&]+ 9 bir? & dea? & tak+ leave ( all s9ful & deprav$ conditions1 seeks ! ,bodhi 9 ! t5 virtues ( p]fection 7pramit7 & #hd1jjj ,buddha-dh>mas & discipl9es itself 9 all m]itori\s de$s1 #cjb is said to be ! spiritual /ate ( a ,bodhisattva4 87#c7 ,! /ate 9 :i* ! he>t is emancipat$ f ! obscuration ( all passions1 has di/anc$ all suff]+s1 has et]nally effac$ ! /a9 ( all s9s & corruptions1 is pure1 pur]1 & pure/1 abides 9 ! ess5ce ( ,dh>ma1 has rea*$ ! height f :i* ! /ates ( all s5ti5t be+s are survey$1 has atta9$ ! consummation ( all kn[l$ges1 has realis$ ! highe/ type ( manhood1 has ga9$ ! p[] ( spiritual spontaneity :i* frees "o f atta*m5t & hesitation1--?is spiritual /ate is t ( ! fully1 p]fectly1 enlight5$ ,ta?gata04 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,bodhicitta4 ,! ,bodhicitta is pres5t 9 ! he>ts ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,only 9 ,buddhas x is fully awak5$ & active ) its immaculate virility1 :ile 9 ord9>y mortals x is dormant & mis]ably crippl$ by its un5light5$ int]c\rse ) ! _w ( s5suality4 ,"o ( ! mo/ favorite p>ables told by ! ,mahyni/s to illu/rate ?is po9t is to comp>e ! ,bodhicitta to ! moonlight 9 ! heav5s4 ,:5 ! moon %9es ) h] silv]y light 9 ! cle>1 cl\dless skies1 %e is reflect$ 9 e drop & 9 e mass ( wat] on ! e>?4 ,! cry/al dews on ! quiv]+ leaves reflect h] l s _m pe>ls hung on ! bran*es4 ,e little wat]-pool1 probably =m$ tempor>ily by heavy %[]s 9 ! daytime1 reflects h] l s _m />s desc5d$ #cjc on e>?4 ,p]haps "s ( ! pools are muddy & o!rs ev5 fil?y1 b ! moonlight does n refuse to reflect h] immaculate image 9 !m4 ,! image is j z p]fect !re z 9 a cle>1 undi/urb$1 transp>5t lake1 :]e c[s qu5* _! ?ir/ & swans ba! _! ta9tless fea!rs4 ,:]ev] !re is ! lea/ trace ( wat]1 !re is se5 a heav5ly image ( ! goddess ( night4 ,ev5 s ) ! ,bodhicitta3 :]e !re exi/s a little w>m? ( ! he>t1 !re x unfail+ly glorifies itself 9 its be/ z circum/ances p]mit4 ,n[1 ! "q is3 ,h[ %\ld ?is dormant ,bodhicitta 9 our he>ts be awak5$ to its full s5se8 ,?is is answ]$ m or less def9itely 9 almo/ all ! ,mahyna writ+s1 & we may "h recite ! words ( ,vasub&hu f 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,awak5+ ( ! ,bodhicitta1#abg = !y give u a some:at sy/ematic /atem5t ( ^? conditions :i* t5d to awak5 ! ,bodhicitta f its le?>gic inactivity4 7,*ap4 ,,ii47 ,! ,bodhicitta or ,intellig5ce-he>t is awak5$ 9 u 7#a7 by ?9k+ ( ! ,buddhas1 7#b7 by reflect+ on ! faults ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 7#c7 by obs]v+ ! deplorable /ate 9 :i* s5ti5t be+s are liv+1 & f9ally 7#d7 by aspir+ aft] ^? virtues :i* are acquir$ by a ,ta?gata 9 ! highe/ enlight5m5t4 #cjd ,to describe ^! conditions m def9itely3 7#a7 ,by ?9k+ ( ! ,buddhas4 8,all ,buddhas 9 ! t5 qu>t]s1 ( ! pa/1 ( ! future1 & ( ! pres5t1 :5 fir/ />t$ on _! way to enlight5m5t1 7 n q free f passions & s9s 7klea7 any m ?an we are at pres5t2 b !y f9ally succe$$ 9 atta9+ ! highe/ enlight5m5t & became ! noble/ be+s4 8,all ! ,buddhas1 by /r5g? ( _! inflexible spiritual en]gy1 7 capable ( atta9+ p]fect enlight5m5t4 ,if enlight5m5t is atta9able at all1 :y %\ld we n atta9 x8 8,all ! ,buddhas1 erect+ high ! tor* ( wisdom ?r\gh ! d>kness ( ignorance & keep+ awake an excell5t he>t1 submitt$ !mselves to p5ance & mortification1 & f9ally emancipat$ !mselves f ! bondage ( ! triple _w4 ,foll[+ _! /eps1 we1 too1 c\ld emancipate ourselves4 8,all ! ,buddhas1 ! noble/ type ( mank9d1 successfully cross$ ! great ocean ( bir? & dea? & ( passions & s9s2 :y1 !n1 we1 be+ creatures ( intellig5ce1 c\ld also cross ! sea ( transmigration4 8,all ! ,buddhas manife/+ great spiritual p[] sacrific$ ! possessions1 body1 & life1 = ! atta9m5t ( omnisci5ce 7s>vaj72 & we1 too1 c\ld foll[ _! noble examples40 7#b7 ,! faults ( ! mat]ial exi/5ce4 8,?is our bodily exi/5ce consi/+ ( ! five sk&has & ! f\r mahats 7elem5ts7 is a p]petuator ( innum]able #cje evil de$s2 & !re=e x %\ld be ca/ aside4 ,?is our bodily exi/5ce con/antly secretes f its n9e orifices fil?s & impurities :i* are truly loa?some2 & !re=e x %\ld be ca/ aside4 ,?is our bodily exi/5ce1 h>bor+ )9 itself ang]1 av>ice1 & infatuation1 & o!r innum]able evil passions1 consumes a good he>t2 & !re=e x %\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is our bodily exi/5ce is l a bubble1 l a spatt]1 & is decay+ e m9ute4 ,x is an undesirable possession & %\ld be ab&on$4 ,?is our bodily exi/5ce engulf$ 9 ignorance is creat+ evil k>ma all ! "t1 :i* ?r[s u into ! :irlpool ( transmigration ?r\gh ! six gatis40 7#c7 ,! mis]able conditions ( s5ti5t be+s :i* ar\se ! sympa?y ( ! ,bodhisattvas4 8,all s5ti5t be+s are "u ! bondage ( ignorance4 ,spell-b\nd by folly & infatuation1 !y are suff]+ ! sev]e/ pa94 ,n believ+ 9 ! law ( k>ma1 !y are accumulat+ evils2 go+ a/ray f ! pa? ( righte\sness1 !y are foll[+ false doctr9es2 s9k+ deep] 9 ! :irlpool ( passions1 !y are be+ dr[n$ 9 ! f\r wat]s ( s94 8,!y are be+ tortur$ ) all sorts ( pa94 ,!y are ne$lessly haunt$ by ! fe> ( bir? & dea? & old age1 & d n seek ! pa? ( emancipation4 ,mortifi$ ) grief1 anxiety1 tribulation1 !y d n refra9 f committ+ fur!r f\l de$s4 ,cl++ to _! belov$ ones & be+ always afraid ( sep>ation1 !y d n und]/& t !re #cjf is no individual reality1 t individual exi/5ces are n wor? cl++ to4 ,try+ to %un enmity1 hatr$1 pa91 !y *]i% m hatr$4044444444 7#d7 ,! virtues ( ! ,ta?gata4 8,all ! ,ta?gatas1 by virtue ( _! discipl9e1 h acquir$ a noble1 dignifi$ mi5 :i* aspires e behold] ) ! ?\ght t dispels pa9 & woe4 ,! ,dh>makya ( all ! ,ta?gatas is immortal & pure & free f evil atta*m5ts4 ,all ! ,ta?gatas are possess$ ( moral discipl9e1 tranquillity1 intellig5ce1 & emancipation4 ,!y are n hamp]$ by intellectual prejudices & h become ! sanctu>y ( immaculate virtues4 ,!y h ! t5 blas 7p[]s71 f\r abhayas 7fe>lessness71 great compassion1 & ! ?ree smtyupa/hnas 7contemplations74 ,!y are omnisci5t1 & _! love = suff]+ be+s kn[s no b\nds & br+s all creatures back to ! pa? ( righte\sness1 :o h gone a/ray on acc\nt ( ignorance40 99 99 99 ,9 %ort1 ! ,intellig5ce-he>t or ,bodhicitta is awak5$ 9 u ei!r :5 love = suff]+ creatures 7:i* is innate 9 u7 is call$ =?1 or :5 our intellect aspires aft] ! highe/ enlight5m5t1 or :5 ^! two psy*ical activities are set a/ir "u "s favorable circum/ances4 ,z ! ,bodhicitta is a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya 9 our limit$ consci\s m9d1 x con/antly longs = a unification ) #cjg its ar*etype1 9 spite ( ! curse ( ignorance heavily weigh+ ^u x4 ,:5 ?is unification is n effect$ = any reason1 ! he>t 7citta7 %[s its dissatisfaction 9 "s way or o!r4 ,! dissatisfaction may take sometimes a morbid c\rse1 & may result 9 pessimism1 or misan?ropy1 or suicide1 or asceticism1 or "s o!r k9dr$ ecc5tric practices4 ,b if prop]ly guid$ & naturally develop$1 ! m int5se ! dissatisfaction1 ! m en]getic w be ! spiritual activity ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,! ,bodhisattva's ,pranidhna4 ,hav+ awak5$ 8 ,bodhicitta f its unconsci\s slumb]1 a ,bodhisattva w n[ proce$ to make 8 v[s4 ,let me rem>k "h1 h[ev]1 t 8v[0 is n a v appropriate t]m to express ! mean+ ( ! ,sanskrit pranidhna4 ,pranidhna is a /rong wi%1 aspiration1 pray]1 or an inflexible det]m9ation to c>ry out "o's w ev5 ?r\gh an inf9ite s]ies ( rebir?s4 ,buddhi/s h su* a supreme belief 9 ! p[] ( w or _s t1 :atev] mat]ial limitations1 ! w is sure to triumph ov] !m & ga9 its f9al aim4 ,s1 e ,bodhisattva is consid]$ to h 8 own p>ticul> pranidhnas 9 ord] to p]=m 8 %>e 9 ! "w ( univ]sal salvation4 ,8 corporeal %ad[ may vani% z its k>ma is exhau/$1 b 8 pranidhna survives & takes on a new g>m5t1 :i* proc$ure be+ necess>y to #cjh keep x ev] effective4 ,all t is ne$$ = a ,bodhisattva to d ?is is to make himself a p]fect inc>nation ( 8 own aspirations1 putt+ ev]y?+ ext]nal & =eign "u _! controll+ spiritual p[]4 ,buddhi/s are s ?or\ghly ideali/ic & _! fai? 9 ideas & ideals is s un%akable t !y firmly believe t :atev] !y aspire to w come out f9ally z real fact2 &1 !re=e1 ! m int5se & p]man5t & born ( ! inmo/ ne$s ( humanity1 ! m c]ta9 are our ye>n+s to be satisfi$4 7,?is belief1 by ! way1 w help to expla9 ! popul> belief among ! ,buddhi/s t any /rong passion possess$ by a man w survive him & take a =m1 animate or inanimate1 :i* w be/ a*ieve its end47 ,accord+ to ,vasub&hu :om we h quot$ sev]al times1 ! ,bodhisattvas g5]ally are suppos$ to make ! foll[+ t5 pranidhnas1 :i* naturally spr+ f a great lov+ he>t n[ awak5$ 9 !m3#abh 7#a7 8,w\ld t all ! m]its ,i h accumulat$ 9 ! pa/ z well z 9 ! pres5t be di/ribut$ among all s5ti5t be+s & make !m all aspire aft] supreme k1 & also t ?is my pranidhna be con/antly gr[+ 9 /r5g? & su/a9 me ?r\gh\t my rebir?s4 7#b7 8,w\ld t1 ?r\gh ! m]its ( my "w1 #cji ,i may1 :]ev] ,i am born1 come 9 ! pres5ce ( all ,buddhas & pay !m homage4 7#c7 8,w\ld t ,i be all[$ all ! "t to be ne> ,buddhas l %ad[ foll[+ object1 & nev] to be away f !m4 7#d7 8,w\ld t all ,buddhas in/ruct me 9 religi\s tru?s z be/ suit$ to my intellig5ce & let me f9ally atta9 ! five spiritual p[]s ( ! ,bodhisattva4 7#e7 8,w\ld t ,i be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) sci5tific k z well z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion & ga9 an insight into ! tru? ( ! ,good ,law4 7#f7 8,w\ld t ,i be able to prea* untir+ly ! tru? to all be+s1 & gladd5 !m1 & b5efit !m1 & make !m intellig5t4 7#g7 8,w\ld t1 ?r\gh ! div9e p[] ( ! ,buddha1 ,i be all[$ to travel all ov] ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! _w1 pay respect to all ! ,buddhas1 li/5 to _! in/ructions 9 ! ,doctr9e1 & univ]sally b5efit all s5ti5t be+s4 7#h7 8,w\ld t1 by caus+ ! :eel ( immaculate ,dh>ma to revolve1 all s5ti5t be+s 9 ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! univ]se :o may li/5 to my tea*+s or he> my "n1 be fre$ f all passions & awak5 9 !m ! ,bodhicitta4 7#i7 8,w\ld t ,i all ! "t accompany & protect all s5ti5t be+s & remove = !m ?+s :i* are n b5eficial to !m & give !m innum]able bless+s1 & also t ?r\gh ! sacrifice #caj ( my body1 life1 & possessions ,i embrace all creatures & !reby practise ! ,"r ,doctr9e4 7#aj7 8,w\ld t1 ?\gh practis+ ! ,doctr9e 9 p]son1 my he>t be free f ! consci\sness ( compulsion & unnaturalness1 z all ! ,bodhisattvas practise ! ,doctr9e 9 su* a way z n practis+ x yet leav+ no?+ unpractis$2 = !y h made _! pranidhnas = ! sake ( all s5ti5t be+s40 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,t5 ,,/ages ,,( ,,bodhisattvahood4 #caa ,gradation 9 our ,spiritual ,life4 _/,!oretically_/ speak+1 z we h se5 above1 ! ,bodhi or ,bodhicitta is 9 e s5ti5t be+1 & 9 ?is s5se he is a ,bodhisattva4 ,9 pr(ane he>ts x may be f\nd envelop$ 9 ignorance & egoism1 b x c nev] be altoge!r annull$4 ,= ! ,bodhi1 :5 view$ f its absolute aspect1 transc5ds ! realm ( bir? & dea? 7samsra71 is beyond ! _w ( toil & tr\ble & is n subject to any =m ( defilem5t4 ,b :5 x assumes a relative exi/5ce & is only p>tially manife/$ "u ! cov] ( ignorance1 !re appe> v>i\s /ages ( actualisation or ( p]fection4 ,9 "s be+s x may atta9 a m mean+ful expression ?an 9 o!rs1 :ile !re may be ev5 ^? :o app>5tly fail on acc\nt ( _! accurs$ k>ma to %[ ! evid5ce ( its pres5ce4 ,?is latt] class is usually call$ 8,ic*antika10 t is1 p :o are completely ov]:elm$ by ! passions4 ,!y are morally & religi\sly a m]e corpse :i* ev5 a great spiritual physician f9ds x almo/ impossible to resuscitate4 ,b1 philosophically consid]$1 ! glory ( ! ,bodhi mu/ be admitt$ #cab to be %9+ ev5 9 ^! d>k1 ignorant s\ls4 ,su* s\ls1 p]haps1 w h to g r\nd _m a cycle ( transmigration1 be=e _! k>ma loses its poignancy & becomes susceptible to a moral influ5ce ) :i* !y may come 9 contact4 ,?is accurs$ =ce ( k>ma is n ! same 9 all be+s1 x admits ( all possible degrees ( /r5g?1 & causes "s to suff] m int5sely ?an o!rs4 ,b !re is no human he>t or s\l t is absolutely free f ! %ackle ( k>ma & ignorance1 because ?is v exi/5ce ( a ph5om5al _w is a product ( ignorance1 ?\gh ?is fact does n prove t ?is life is evil4 ,! only he>t t transc5ds ! influ5ce ( k>ma & ignorance & is all-purity1 all-love1 & all-intellig5ce1 is ! ,dh>makya or ! absolute ,bodhi itself4 ,! life ( a ,bodhisattva & inde$ ! end ( our religi\s aspiration is to unfold1 realise1 & id5tify ourselves ) ! love & intellig5ce ( t ideal & yet real ,dh>makya4 ,! awak5+ ( ! ,bodhicitta 7or intellig5ce-he>t7 m>ks ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! highe/ good ( human life4 ,?is awak5+ mu/ pass ?r\gh sev]al /ages ( religi\s discipl9e be=e x atta9s p]fection4 ,^! /ages are g5]ally e/imat$ by ! ,mahyni/s at t54 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 to our mod]n sceptical m9ds to be ( no significant consequ5ce1 nor c we detect any v practical & well-def9$ di/9ction betwe5 successive /ages4 ,we fail to und]/& :at religi\s necessity impell$ ! ,h9du ,buddhi/s to e/abli% su* app>5tly unimportant #cac /ages "o aft] ano!r 9 our religi\s life4 ,we c see1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ awak5+ ( ! ,bodhicitta does n trans=m u all at once to ,buddhahood2 we h yet to ov]come ) /r5u\s ef=ts ! baneful influ5ce ( k>ma & ignorance :i* ass]ts itself too readily 9 our practical life4 ,b ! m>k+ ( /ages z 9 ! gradation ( ! ,daabhm 9 our spiritual progress seems to be altoge!r too artificial4 ,nev]!less ,i "h take pa9s z an hi/orical survey to enum]ate ! t5 /ages & to give "s features suppos$ to be mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ea* ,bhm 7/age7 z exp\nd$ 9 ! ,avatamsaka ,sutra4 ,probably !y w help u to und]/& :at moral conceptions & :at religi\s aspirations 7 work+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,daabhm1 = x elaborately describes :at 0 consid]$ by ! ,mahyni/s to be ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ,bodhisattvahood1 & also %[s :at spiritual r\t9e a ,buddhi/ 0 expect$ to pursue4 ,! t5 /ages are3 7#a7 ,pramudit1 7#b7 ,vimal1 7#c7 ,prabhk>1 7#d7 ,arcismat1 7#e7 ,sudurjay1 7#f7 ,abhimukh1 7#g7 ,drangam1 7#h7 ,acal1 7#i7 ,sdhumat1 7#aj7 ,dh>mamegh4 7#a7 ,! ,pramudit4 ,pramudit means 8delight0 or 8joy0 & m>ks ! fir/ /age ( ,bodhisattvahood1 at :i* ! ,buddhi/s em]ge f a cold1 self-suffic+1 & almo/ nihili/ic contemplation ( ,nirvna z fo/]$ by ! rvakas #cad & ,pratyekabuddhas4 ,?is spiritual em]g5ce & emancipation is psy*ologically accompani$ by an int5se feel+ ( joy1 z t :i* is exp]i5c$ by a p]son :5 he unexpect$ly recognises ! mo/ famili> face 9 a f>away l& ( /rang]s4 ,= ?is reason ! fir/ /age is call$ 8joy40 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( p]fect tranquillity ( ,nirvna 9 :i* all passions are alleg$ to h di$ away z decl>$ by ascetics or solit>y philosoph]s1 ! inmo/ voice 9 ! he>t ( ! ,bodhisattva moans 9 a sort ( dissatisfaction or uneas9ess1 :i*1 ?\gh undef9$ & seem+ly ( no significance1 yet refuses to be et]nally buri$ 9 ! sil5t grave ( annihilation4 ,he va9ly gropes 9 ! d>kness2 he va9ly seeks consolation 9 ! samdhi ( non-resi/ance or non-activity2 he va9ly f9ds et]nal peace 9 ! gospel ( self-negation2 8 s\l is /ill tr\bl$1 n exactly kn[+ ! reason :y4 ,b z soon z ! ,bodhicitta 7intellig5ce-he>t7 is awak5$ f its somnol5ce1 z soon z ! w>m? ( love 7mahk>un7 p5etrates into ! colde/ cell ( asceticism1 z soon z ! light ( supreme enlight5m5t 7mahpraj7 dawns ^u ! d>ke/ recesses ( ignorance1 ! ,bodhisattva sees at once t ! _w is n made = self-seclusion nor = self-negation1 t ! ,dh>makya is ! s\rce ( 8univ]sal effulg5ce10 t ,nirvna if relatively view$ 9 contra/ to bir?-&-dea? is no?+ b %am & j z unreal z any worldly exi/5ce2 & ^! insights f9ally lead him to feel t he _c re/ quiet until all s5ti5t be+s are #cae emancipat$ f ! sn>l ( ignorance & elevat$ to ! same position z n[ occupi$ by himself4 7#b7 ,! ,vimal4 ,vimal means 8fre$om f defilem5t10 or1 affirmatively1 8purity40 ,:5 ! ,bodhisattva atta9s1 ?r\gh ! spiritual insight ga9$ at ! fir/ /age1 to rectitude & purity ( he>t1 he rea*es ! second /age4 ,8 he>t is n[ ?or\ghly spotless1 x is fill$ ) t5d]ness1 he fo/]s no ang]1 no malice4 ,he is free f all ! ?\ghts ( kill+ any animate be+s4 ,be+ cont5t$ ) :at belongs to himself1 he ca/s no covet\s eyes on ?+s n 8 own4 ,fai?ful to 8 own betro!d1 he does n h>bor any evil ?\ghts on o!rs4 ,8 words are always true1 fai?ful1 k9d1 & consid]ate4 ,he likes tru?1 hone/y1 & nev] flatt]s4 7#c7 ,! ,prabhk>4 ,prabhk> means 8brightness10 t is1 ( ! intellect4 ,?is pr$om9antly *>act]ises ! spiritual condition ( ! ,bodhisattva at ?is /age4 ,"h he ga9s ! mo/ p5etrat+ insight into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,he recognises t all ?+s t are creat$ are n p]man5t1 are conducive to mis]y1 h no abid+ selfhood 7tman71 are de/itute ( purity1 & subject to f9al decay4 ,he recognises also t ! real nature ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 is nei!r creat$ nor subject to de/ruction1 x is et]nally abid+ 9 ! selfsame ess5ce1 & transc5ds ! limits ( "t #caf & space4 ,ignorant be+s n see+ ?is tru? are always worry+ ov] ?+s transi5t & wor?less1 & con/antly consum+ _! spiritual en]gy ) ! fire ( av>ice1 ang]1 & infatuation1 :i* 9 turn accumulates = _! future exi/5ces ! a%es ( mis]y & suff]+4 ,?is wret*$ condition ( s5ti5t be+s fur!r /imulates ! lov+ he>t ( ! ,bodhisattva to seek ! highe/ intellig5ce ( ,buddha1 :i*1 giv+ him great spiritual en]gy1 enables him to prosecute ! gigantic task ( univ]sal emancipation4 ,8 desire = ! ,buddha-intellig5ce & 8 fai? 9 x are ( su* imm5se /r5g? t he w\ld n falt] ev5 = a mom5t1 if he is only assur$ ( ! atta9m5t ( ! priceless treasure1 to plunge himself into ! smelt]+ fire ( a volcano4 7#d7 ,! ,arcimat4 ,arcimat1 mean+ 8inflammation10 is ! "n giv5 to ! f\r? /age1 at :i* ! ,bodhisattva consumes all ! s$im5ts ( ignorance & evil passions 9 ! fi]y crucible ( ! purify+ ,bodhi4 ,he practises "h mo/ /r5u\sly ! ?irty-sev5 virtues call$ ,bodhipkikas :i* are conducive to ! p]fection ( ! ,bodhi4 ,^! virtues consi/ ( sev5 categories3 7,i7 ,f\r ,contemplations 7smtyu/hna73 #a4 ,on ! impurity ( ! body2 #b4 ,on ! evils ( s5suality2 #c4 ,on ! evanesc5ce ( ! worldly int]e/s2 #d4 ,on ! non-exi/5ce ( tman 9 ?+s composite4 7,,ii7 ,f\r ,righte\s ,ef=ts 7samyakprahna73 #a4 ,to #cag prev5t evils f aris+2 #b4 ,to suppress evils already exi/+2 #c4 ,to produce good n yet 9 exi/5ce2 #d4 ,to pres]ve good already 9 exi/5ce4 7,,iii7 ,f\r ,=ces ( ! ,w 7ddhipda73 #a4 ,! det]m9ation to accompli% :at is will$2 #b4 ,! en]gy to conc5trate ! m9d on ! object 9 view2 #c4 ,! p[] ( reta9+ ! object 9 memory2 #d4 ,! intellig5ce t p]ceives ! way to ,nirvna4 7,,iv7 ,five ,p[]s 7indrya71 f :i* all moral good is produc$3 #a4 ,fai?2 #b4 ,en]gy2 #c4 ,circumspection2 #d4 ,equilibrium1 or tranquillity ( m9d2 #e ,intellig5ce4 7,v7 ,five ,functions 7bala73 ,same z ! above4#abi 7,,vi7 ,sev5 ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,bodhi 7bodhyanga73 #a4 ,! ret5tive p[]2 #b4 ,discrim9ation2 #c4 ,en]gy2 #d4 ,cont5tm5t2 #e4 ,mode/y2 #f4 ,! balanc$ m9d2 #g4 ,l>ge-he>t$ness4 7,,vii7 ,! ,eightfold ,noble ,pa? 7ryamrga73 #a4 ,"r view2 #b4 ,"r resolve2 #c4 ,"r spee*2 #d4 ,"r conduct2 #e4 ,"r livelihood2 #f4 ,"r recollection2 #h4 ,"r tranquilisation1 or contemplation4 #cah 7#e7 ,! ,sudurjay4 ,sudurjay means 8v difficult to conqu]40 ,! ,bodhisattva rea*es ?is /age :5 he1 completely arm$ ) ! ?irty-sev5 ,bodhipkikas & guid$ by ! beacon-light ( ,bodhi1 undaunt$ly breaks ?r\gh ! column ( evil passions4 ,provid$ ) ! two spiritual provisions1 love & wisdom1 & be+ b5efitt$ by ! spirits ( all ! ,buddhas ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 ! ,bodhisattva has develop$ an intellectual p[] to p5etrate deep into ! sy/em ( exi/5ce4 ,he p]ceives ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? 9 its true light2 he p]ceives ! highe/ reality 9 ! ,ta?gata2 he also p]ceives t ! highe/ reality1 ?\gh absolutely "o 9 its ess5ce1 manife/s itself 9 a _w ( p>ticul>s1 t relative k 7samvrtti7 & absolute k 7p>amr?a7 are two aspects ( "o & ! same tru?1 t :5 subjectivity is di/urb$ !re appe>s p>ticul>ity1 & t :5 x is n di/urb$ !re %9es only ! et]nal light ( ,ta?gataj 7,ta?gata-k74 7#f7 ,! ,abhimukh4 ,abhimukh means 8%[+ "o's face10 t is1 ! pres5tation ( intellig5ce 7praj7 be=e ! ,bodhisattva at ?is /age4 ,! ,bodhisattva ent]s ^u ?is /age by reflect+ on ! ess5ce ( all dh>mas :i* are ?r\gh\t ( "o nature4 ,:5 he p]ceives ! tru?1 8 he>t is fill$ ) great love1 he s]5ely contemplates on #cai ! life ( ignorant be+s :o are con/antly go+ a/ray yield+ !mselves to evil temptations1 cl++ to ! false conception ( egoism1 & ?us mak+ !mselves ! prey ( et]nal damnation4 ,he !n proce$s to contemplate ! developm5t ( evils g5]ally4 ,!re is ignorance1 !re is k>ma2 & 9 ?is f]tile soil ( bl9d activity ! se$s ( consci\sness are s[n2 ! moi/ure ( desire ?or\ghly soaks !m1 to :i* ! wat] ( egoism or individuation is p\r$ on4 ,! b$ = all =ms ( p>ticul>ity is well prep>$1 & ! buds ( nm>pas 7"n-&-=m7 mo/ vigor\sly ?rive "h4 ,f ^! we h ! fl[]s ( s5se-organs1 & :i* come 9 contact ) o!r exi/5ces & produce impressions1 feel agreeable s5sations1 & t5aci\sly cl+ to !m4 ,f ?is cl++ or ! w to live z ! pr9ciple ( individuation or z ! pr9ciple ( bhva z is call$ 9 ! ,twelve ,nidnas1 ano!r body consi/+ ( ! five sk&has comes into exi/5ce1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh all ! phases ( trans=mation1 dissolves & disappe>s4 ,all s5ti5t be+s are ?us kept 9 a p]petual oscillation ( comb9ation & sep>ation1 ( pleasure & pa91 bir? & dea?4 ,b ! insight ( ! ,bodhisattva has gone deeply into ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ?+s1 :i* =ev] rema9s ! same & 9 :i* !re is no production & dissolution4 7#g7 ,! ,drangam4 ,drangam means 8go+ f> away40 ,! ,bodhisattva ent]s ^u ?is /age by atta9+ ! s-call$ #cbj ,upyaj1 i4e4 ! k t enables him to produce any means or exp$i5cy suitable = 8 "w ( salvation4 ,he himself abides 9 ! pr9ciples ( nyat 7transc5d5tality71 animitta 7non-individuality71 & apranihita 7desirelessness71 b 8 lov+k9dness keeps him busily engag$ among s5ti5t be+s4 ,he kn[s t ,buddhas are n creatures radically & ess5tially diff]5t f himself1 b he does n /op t5d]+ !m due homage4 ,he is always contemplat+ on ! nature ( ! ,absolute1 b he does n ab&on ! practice ( accumulat+ m]its4 ,he is no m encumb]$ ) worldly ?\ghts1 yet he does n disda9 manag+ secul> affairs4 ,he keeps himself p]fectly alo( f ! consum+ fire ( passion1 b he plans all possible means = ! sake ( s5ti5t be+s to qu5* ! enrag+ flames ( av>ice 7lobha71 ang] 7dvea71 & infatuation 7moha74 ,he kn[s t all individual exi/5ces are l dream1 mirage1 or ! reflection ( ! moon 9 ! wat]1 b he works & toils 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>s & submits himself to ! dom9ation ( k>ma4 ,he is well aw>e ( ! transc5d5tal nature ( ,pure ,l& 7sukhvat71 b he describes x ) mat]ial colors = ! sake ( un5light5$ masses4 ,he kn[s t ! ,dh>makya ( all ! ,buddhas is n a mat]ial exi/5ce1 b he does n refuse to dignify himself ) ! ?irty-two major & eighty m9or excell5t features ( a great man or god 7mahpurua74 ,he kn[s t ! language ( all ! ,buddhas does n fall )9 ! k5 ( human compreh5sion1 b #cba he endeavors ) all contrivances 7upya7 to make x intelligible en\gh to ! und]/&+ ( p4 ,he kn[s t all ! ,buddhas p]ceive ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 b he adapts himself to div]s conditions ( ! mat]ial _w & endeavors to help s5ti5t be+s to und]/& ! significance ( ! ,bodhi accord+ to _! de/9ies & dispositions4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,bodhisattva himself lives on a high] plane ( spirituality f> remov$ f ! defilem5ts ( worldl9ess2 b he does n )draw himself to ?is s]5e1 unmole/$ subjectivity2 he boldly sets out 9 ! _w ( p>ticul>s & s5ses2 &1 plac+ himself on ! level ( ignorant be+s1 he works l !m1 he toils l !m1 & suff]s l !m2 & he nev] fails all ^! times to practise ! gospel ( lov+k9dness & to turn ov] 7p>iv>ta7 all 8 m]its t[>ds ! emancipation & spiritual edification ( ! masses1 t is1 he nev] gets tir$ ( practis+ ! t5 virtues ( p]fection 7pramit74 ,t is to say1 7#a7 ! ,bodhisattva practises ! virtue ( *>ity 7dna7 by freely giv+ away to all s5ti5t creatures all ! m]its t he has acquir$ by foll[+ ! pa? ( ,buddhas4 7#b7 ,he practises ! virtue ( good conduct 7la7 by de/roy+ all ! evil passions t di/urb s]5ity ( m9d4 7#c7 ,he practises ! virtue ( pati5ce 7knti71 = he nev] gets irritat$ or excit$ ov] :at is done to him by ignorant be+s4 7#d7 ,he practises ! virtue ( /r5u\sness 7vriya71 = he nev] gets tir$ ( #cbb accumulat+ m]its & ( promot+ good-w among 8 fell[-creatures4 7#e7 ,he practises ! virtue ( calmness 7dhyna71 = 8 m9d is nev] di/ract$ 9 /eadily pursu+ 8 way to supreme k4 7#f7 ,he practises ! virtue ( intellig5ce 7praj71 = he always re/ra9s 8 ?\ghts f w&]+ away f ! pa? ( absolute tru?4 7#g7 ,he practises ! virtue ( tactfulness 7upya71 = he has an inexhau/ible m9e ( exp$i5cies ready at 8 comm& = ! "w ( univ]sal salvation4 7#h7 ,he practises ! virtue ( w-to-d 7pranidhna7 by det]m9$ly foll[+ ! dictates ( ! highe/ intellig5ce4 7#i7 ,he practises ! virtue ( /r5g? 7bala71 = no evil influ5ces1 no h]etical ?\ghts c ev] fru/rate or slack5 8 ef=ts = ! g5]al welf>e ( p4 7#aj7 ,f9ally1 he practises ! virtue ( k1 7jna71 by tru?fully compreh5d+ & exp\nd+ ! ultimate nature ( be+s4 7#h7 ,! ,acal4 ,acal1 8immovable10 is ! "n = ! eigh? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,:5 a ,bodhisattva1 transc5d+ all =ms ( discursive or delib]ate k1 acquires ! highe/1 p]fect k call$ anutpattikadh>maknti1 he is said to h gone beyond ! sev5? /age4 ,anutpattikadh>maknti lit]ally means 8n-creat$-be+-=be>ance02 & ! ,buddhi/s use ! t]m 9 ! s5se ( keep+ "o's ?\ghts 9 con=mity to ! views t no?+ 9 ?is _w #cbc has ev] be5 creat$1 t ?+s are su* z !y are1 i4e4 !y are ,su*ness itself4 ,?is k is also call$ non-consci\s or non-delib]ate k 9 contradi/9ction to relative k t con/itutes all our logical & demon/rative k4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is s-call$ k is n k 9 its ord9>y signification1 x is a sort ( unconsci\s or subconsci\s intellig5ce1 or imm$iate k z "s call x1 9 :i* n only will+ & act+1 b also kn[+ & will+ are "o s+le1 undivid$ exhibition ( activity1 all logical or natural transition f "o to ! o!r be+ altoge!r abs5t4 ,"h inde$ k is w & w is action2 8,let !re be light10 & !re is light1 & ! light is good2 x is ! /ate ( a div9e m9d4 ,at ?is /age ( p]fection1 ! ,bodhisattva's spiritual condition is comp>$ to t ( a p]son :o1 attempt+ :5 9 a dreamy /ate to cross deep wat]s1 mu/]s all 8 en]gy1 plans all s*emes1 &1 :ile at la/ at ! po9t ( />t+ on ! j\rney1 sudd5ly wakes up & f9ds all 8 elaborate prep>ations to no purpose4 ,! ,bodhisattva hi!rto %[$ untir+ spiritual ef=ts to atta9 ! highe/ k1 /eadily practis$ all virtues t5d+ to ! acquirem5t ( ,nirvna1 & h]oically endeavor$ to ext]m9ate all evil passions1 & at ! culm9ation ( all ^! ex]cises1 he ent]s all ( a sudd5 ^u ! /age ( ,acal & f9ds ! previ\s elaboration my/]i\sly vani%$ f 8 consci\s m9d4 ,he *]i%es #cbd n[ no desire = ,buddhahood1 ,nirvna1 or ,bodhicitta1 mu* less aft] worldl9ess1 egoism1 or ! satisfaction ( evil passions4 ,! consci\s /riv+ t di/+ui%$ all 8 =m] c\rse has n[ giv5 way to a /ate ( spontane\s activity1 ( sa9tly innoc5ce1 & ( div9e playfulness4 ,he wills & x is done4 ,he aspires & x is actualis$4 ,he is nature h]self1 = !re is no trace 9 8 activity t betrays any artificial lucubration1 any volunt>y or compulsory re/ra9t4 ,?is /ate ( p]fect ideal fre$om may be call$ e/hetical1 :i* *>act]ises ! "w ( a g5ius4 ,!re is "h no trace ( consci\sly foll[+ "s prescrib$ laws1 no pa9s ( elaborately con=m+ to ! =mula4 ,to put ?is poetically1 ! inn] life ( ! ,bodhisattva at ?is /age is l ! lilies ( ! field ^: glory is great] ?an t ( ,solomon 9 all 8 human magnific5ce4 ,kant's rem>ks on ?is po9t are v sugge/ive1 & ,i w quote ! foll[+ f 8 ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft 7,reclam edition1 p4 #agc73 8,also muss die ,zweckmssigkeit im ,produkte d] s*n5 ,kun/1 ob sie zw> absi*tli* i/1 do* ni*t absi*tli* s*e953 d4i41 s*ne ,kun/ muss als ,natur anzuseh5 se91 ob man si* ihr] zw> als ,kun/ bewus/ i/4 ,als ,natur ab] ers*e9t e9 ,produkt d] ,kun/ dadur*1 dass zw> alle ,pnktli*keit 9 d] ,ueb]e9kun/ mit ,regeln1 na* d55 alle9 das ,produkt das w]d5 kann1 0 es soll se91 angetr(f5 wird1 ab] ohne ,pe9li*keit1 d4i41 ohne e9e ,spur zu zeig51 dass die ,regel dem ,kn/l] vor ,aug5 #cbe ges*webt und se95 ,gem?skrft5 ,fesseln angelegt hab540#acj 7#i7 ,! ,sdhumat4 ,sdhumat1 mean+ 8good intellig5ce10 is ! "n giv5 to ! n9? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,all ! ,bodhisattvas are said to h rea*$ "h1 :5 s5ti5t be+s are b5efitt$ by ! ,bodhisattva's atta9m5t ( ! highe/ p]fect k1 :i* is unfa?omable by ! ord9>y human intellig5ce4 ,! k leads !m to ! ,dh>ma ( ! deepe/ my/]y1 to ! ,samdhi ( p]fect spirituality1 to ! ,dhran ( div9e spontaneity1 to ,love ( absolute purity1 to ! ,w ( utmo/ fre$om4 ,! ,bodhisattva w acquire at ?is /age ! f\r ,pratisamvids 7compreh5sive k71 :i* are 7#a7 ,dh>mapratisamvid1 7#b7 ,ar?apratisamvid1 7#c7 ,niruktipratisamvid1 7#d7 ,pratibhanapratisamvid4 ,by ! ,dh>mapratisamvid1 ! ,bodhisattvas und]/& ! #cbf self-ess5ce 7svabhva7 ( all be+s2 by ! ,ar?apratisamvid1 _! individual attributes2 by ! ,niruktipratisamvid1 _! inde/ructibility2 by ! ,pratibhanapratisamvid1 _! et]nal ord]4 ,aga91 by ! fir/ intellig5ce !y und]/& t all individual dh>mas h no absolute reality2 by ! second1 t !y are all subject to ! law ( con/ant becom+2 by ! ?ird1 t !y are no m ?an m]e names2 by ! f\r?1 t ev5 m]e names z su* are ( "s value4 ,aga91 by ! fir/ intellig5ce1 !y compreh5d t all dh>mas are ( "o reality :i* is inde/ructible2 by ! second1 t ?is "o reality diff]5tiat+ itself becomes subject to ! law ( causation2 by ! ?ird1 t by virtue ( a sup]ior und]/&+ all ,buddhas become ! object ( admiration & ! hav5 ( all s5ti5t be+s2 by ! f\r?1 t 9 ! "o body ( tru? all ,buddhas prea* inf9ite lights ( ! ,dh>ma4 7#aj7 ,! ,dh>mamegh4 ,dh>mamegh1 8cl\ds ( dh>ma10 is ! "n ( ! t5? & f9al /age ( ,bodhisattvahood4 ,! ,bodhisattvas h n[ practis$ all virtues ( purity1 accumulat$ all ! con/itu5ts ( ,bodhi1 are =tifi$ ) great p[] & intellig5ce1 univ]sally practise ! pr9ciple ( great love & sympa?y1 h deeply p5etrat$ into ! my/]y ( individual exi/5ces1 fa?om$ ! inmo/ dep?s ( s5ti5cy1 foll[$ /ep by /ep ! walk ( all ! ,ta?gatas4 ,e ?\ght *]i%$ by ! ,bodhisattva n[ dwells 9 #cbg all ! ,ta?gatas' abode ( et]nal tranquillity1 & e de$ practis$ by him is direct$ t[>ds ! t5 balas 7p[]71#aca f\r vairadyas 7conviction71#acb & eighte5 av5ikas 7unique *>act]i/ics71#acc ( ! ,buddha4 ,by ^! virtues ! ,bodhisattva has n[ acquir$ ! k ( all ?+s 7s>vaj71 is dwell+ 9 ! sanctum sanctorum ( all dhras & samdhis1 h arriv$ at ! summit ( all activities4 #cbh ,! ,bodhisattva at ?is /age is a p]sonification ( love & sympa?y1 :i* freely issue f ! f\nt ( 8 inn] w4 ,he ga!rs ! cl\ds ( virtue & wisdom1 9 :i* he manife/s himself 9 manifold figures2 he produces ! lightn+s ( ,buddhi1 ,vidys1 & ,vairadyas2 & %ak+ ! :ole _w ) ! ?und] ( ,dh>ma he cru%es all ! evil ones2 & p\r+ =? ! %[]s ( ,good ,law he qu5*es ! burn+ flames ( ignorance #cbi & passion 9 :i* all s5ti5t creatures are be+ consum$4 99 99 99 ,! above pres5tation ( ! ,daabhm#acd ( ,bodhisattvahood all[s u to see :at ideal life is held out by ! ,mahyni/s be=e _! own eyes & 9 :at respect x diff]s f t ( ! rvakas & ,pratyekabuddhas z well z f t ( o!r religi\s foll[]s4 ,mahynism is n cont5t$ to make u m]e transmitt]s or 8he>]s0 ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha1 x wants to inspire ) all ! religi\s & e?ical motives t /irr$ ! noble/ he>t ( kyamuni to its inmo/ dep?s4 ,x fully recognises ! intr9sic wor? ( ! human s\l2 &1 hold+ up its high ideals & noble aspirations1 x endeavors to develop all ! possibilities ( our s\l-life1 :i* by our /r5u\s ef=ts & all-defy+ c\rage w "o day be realis$ ev5 on ?is e>? ( imp]man5ce4 ,we z individual exi/5ces are no?+ b %ad[s :i* w vani% z soon z ! conditions disappe> t make !m possible2 we z mortal be+s are no m ?an ! #ccj ?\s&s ( du/y p>ticles t are haphaz>dly & p[]lessly scatt]$ ab\t be=e ! cyclone ( k>ma2 b :5 we are unit$ 9 ! love & intellig5ce ( ! ,dh>makya 9 :i* we h our be+1 we are ,bodhisattvas1 & we c immovably /& aga9/ ! tempe/ ( bir? & dea?1 aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ bla/ ( ignorance4 ,!n ev5 an app>5tly insignificant act ( lov+k9dness w lead f9ally to ! et]nal abode ( bliss1 n ! actor alone1 b ! :ole community to :i* he belongs4 ,because a /ream ( love spontane\sly fl[s f ! lake ( ,intellig5ce-he>t 7,bodhicitta7 :i* is f$ by ! inexhau/ible spr+ ( ! ,dh>makya1 :ile ignorance leads only to egoism1 hatr$1 av>ice1 di/urbance1 & univ]sal mis]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nirv,,na4 #cca _/,nirvna_/1 accord+ to ,mahyna ,buddhism1 is n und]/ood 9 its nihili/ic s5se4 ,ev5 ) ! rvakas or ,hnayni/s1 ,nirvna 9 ?is s5se is n s mu* ! object ( _! religi\s life z ! recognition ( ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru?1 or ! practise ( ! ,eightfold ,pa?1 or emancipation f ! yoke ( egoism4 ,x is mo/ly due1 z f> z ,i c see1 to non-,buddhi/ critics t ! conception ( ,nirvna has be5 select$ among o!rs z "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,buddha1 decl>+ x at ! same "t to consi/ 9 ! annihilation ( all human passions & aspirations1 noble z well z wor?less4 ,9 fact1 ,nirvna lit]ally means 8ext9ction0 or 8dissolution0 ( ! five sk&has1 & !re=e x may be said t ! ent]+ into ,nirvna is tantam\nt to ! annihilation ( ! mat]ial exi/5ce & ( all ! passions4 ,ca?olic ,buddhi/s1 h[ev]1 d n und]/& ,nirvna 9 ! s5se ( empt9ess1 = !y say t ,buddhism is n a religion ( dea? nor = ! dead1 b t x tea*es h[ to atta9 et]nal life1 h[ to ga9 an insight into ! real nature ( ?+s1 & h[ to regulate our conduct #ccb 9 accordance ) ! highe/ tru?4 ,!re=e1 ,buddhism1 :5 rightly und]/ood 9 ! _s ( its f\nd]1 is some?+ q diff]5t f :at x is commonly suppos$ to be by ! g5]al public4 ,i w endeavor 9 ! foll[+ pages to po9t out t ,nirvna 9 ! s5se ( a total annihilation ( human activities1 is by no means ! prim>y & sole object ( ,buddhi/s1 & !n proce$ to elucidate 9 :at signification x is und]/ood 9 ! ,mahyna ,buddhism & see :at relative position ,nirvna 9 its ,mahyni/ic s5se occupies 9 ! body ( ,buddhism4 ,nihili/ic ,nirvna n ! ,fir/ ,object4 ,9 ord] to see ! true signification ( ,nirvna1 x is necess>y fir/ to obs]ve 9 :at direction ,buddha himself pl\gh$ ! waves 9 8 religi\s cruise & ^u :at %ore he f9ally deb>k$4 ,?is w %[ u :e!r or n ,nirvna z nihili/ic no?+ness is ! prim>y & sole object ( ,buddhism1 to :i* e spiritual ef=t ( its devotees is direct$4 ,if ! atta9m5t ( negativi/ic ,nirvna 7 ! sole aim ( ,buddhism1 we %\ld naturally expect ,buddha's f>ewell address to be *iefly deal+ ) t subject4 ,9 8 la/ s]mon1 h[ev]1 ,buddha did n tea* 8 disciples to conc5trate all _! moral ef=ts on ! atta9m5t ( ,nirvnic quietude disreg>d+ all ! =ms ( activity t exhibit !mselves 9 life4 ,f> f x4 ,he told !m1 accord+ to ! ,mahnibbna sutta 7! ,book ( ! ,great #ccc decease1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #aad7 t 8,decay is inh]5t 9 all compon5t ?+s6 ,"w out y\r salvation ) dilig5ce60 ,?is exhortation ( ! /r5u\s life is q 9 h>mony ) ! la/ words ( ,buddha z record$ 9 ,avaghoa's ,buddhac>ita 7,*9ese translation1 ,*ap4 ,,xxvi74 ,!y 73 8,ev5 if ,i liv$ a kalpa long]1 ,sep>ation w\ld be an inevitable end4 ,a body compos$ ( v>i\s aggregates1 ,its nature is n to abide =ev]4 8,hav+ f9i%$ b5efit+ oneself & o!rs1 ,:y live ,i long] to no purpose8 ,( gods & m5 t %\ld be sav$1 ,ea* & all _h be5 deliv]$4 8,o ye1 my disciples6 ,)\t int]ruption transmit ! ,good ,dh>ma6 ,"k ye t ?+s are de/9$ to decay6 ,nev] aga9 ab&on y\rselves to grief6 8,b pursue ! ,way ) dilig5ce1 ,& arrive at ! ,home ( ,no-sep>ation6 ,i h lit ! ,lamp ( ,intellig5ce1 ,t %9+ dispels ! d>kness ( ! _w4 8,"k ye t ! _w endure? n6 ,z ye %\ld feel happy :5 ye see ,! p>5ts suff]+ a mortal disease ,are releas$ by a treatm5t f pa92 8,s ) me1 ,i n[ give up ! vessel ( mis]y1 ,transc5d#ace ! curr5t ( bir? & dea?1 ,& am et]nally releas$ f all pa9 & suff]+4 ,?is too mu/ be deem$ ble/4 #ccd 8,ye %\ld well gu>d y\rselves6 ,nev] give y\rselves up to indulg5ce6 ,all t exi/s f9ally comes to an end6 ,i n[ ent] into ,nirvna40#acf ,9 ?is we f9d ,buddha's *>act]i/ic admonition to 8 disciples n to wa/e "t b to "w out _! salvation ) dilig5ce & rigor1 b we fail to f9d ! gospel ( annihilation1 ! suppos$ly fundam5tal tea*+ ( ,buddhism4 ,did !n ,buddha />t 9 8 religi\s discipl9e to atta9 ! absolute annihilation ( all human aspirations & aft] a long m$itation rea* ! conclusion t contradict$ 8 premises8 ,f> f x4 ,8 fir/ & la/ ambition 0 no?+ else ?an ! emancipation ( all be+s f ignorance1 mis]y1 & suff]+ ?r\gh enlight5m5t1 k1 & tru?4 ,:5 ,mra ! evil "o 0 exhau/+ all 8 evil p[]s ^u ! de/ruction ( ! ,buddha 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1 ! good gods 9 ! heav5s exclaim$ to ! evil "o3#acg 8,take n on ?yself1 ,o ,mra1 ?is va9 fatigue1--?r[ aside ?y malevol5ce & retire to ?y home4 ,?is sage _c be %ak5 by !e any m ?an ! mighty m\nta9 ,m]u by ! w9d4 #cce 8,ev5 fire might lose its hot nature1 wat] its fluidity1 e>? its /ead9ess1 b nev] w he ab&on 8 resolution1 :o has acquir$ 8 m]it by a long c\rse ( actions ?r\gh unnumb]$ eons4 8,su* is ! purpose ( 81 t h]oic ef=t1 t glori\s /r5g?1 t compassion = all be+s1--until he atta9s ! highe/ wisdom or su*ness1 tattva1 he w nev] rise f 8 seat1 j z ! sun does n rise )\t dispell+ ! d>kness4 8,pity+ ! _w ly+ di/ress$ amid/ diseases & passions1 he1 ! great physician1 ought n to be h9d]$1 :o und]goes all 8 labors = ! sake ( ! rem$y-k4 8,he1 :o1 :5 he beholds ! _w dr[n$ 9 ! great flood ( exi/5ce & unable to rea* ! fur!r %ore1 /rives to br+ !m safely across1--w\ld any "r-m9d$ s\l (f] him wrong8 8,! tree ( k1 ^: roots g deep 9 firmness1 & ^: fibres are pati5ce1--^: fl[]s are moral actions & ^: bran*es are memory & ?\ght1--& :i* gives out ! ,dh>ma z its fruit1--surely :5 x is gr[+ x %\ld n be cut d[n40 ,^! words ( ! good gods 9 ! heav5s tru?fully e*o ! motive t /irr$ kyamuni to take up 8 gigantic task ( univ]sal salvation1 & we are unable "h z be=e to p]ceive a p>ticle ( ! nihili/ic speculation :i* is suppos$ to *>act]ise ,nirvna4 ,! ,buddha f ! v fir/ ( 8 religi\s c\rse se>*$ aft] ! light t w illum9ate #ccf ! :ole univ]se & dispel ! d>kness ( nesci5ce4 ,:at enlight5m5t1 !n1 did ! ,buddha1 pursu+ 8 fir/ object1 f9ally ga98 ,:at tru? 0 x t he is said to h discov]$ "u ! ,bodhi tree aft] six ye>s' p5ance & deep m$itation8 ,z is univ]sally recognis$1 x 0 no m ?an ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? & ! ,twelve ,*a9s ( ,dep5d5ce1 :i* are ackn[l$g$ by ! ,mahyni/s z well z by ! ,hnayni/s z ! ess5tially orig9al tea*+s ( ! ,buddha4 ,:at !n 0 8 subjective /ate :5 he discov]$ ^! tru?s8 ,h[ did he feel 9 8 inmo/ be+ aft] ?is intellectual triumph ov] egoi/ic ?\ghts & passions8 ,accord+ to ! ,s\!rn tradition1 ! fam\s ,hymn ( ,victory is said to be 8 utt]ance on ?is occasion4 ,x reads 7,! ,dh>mapada1 #aec73 8,_m a life to transmigrate1 ,long que/1 no re/1 ha? be5 my fate1 ,t5t-design] inquisitive =2 ,pa9ful bir? f /ate to /ate4 8,t5t-design]1 ,i "k !e n[2 ,nev] aga9 to build art ?\2 ,q out are all ?y joyful fires1 ,raft] brok5 & ro(-tree gone2 ,into ! va/ my he>t goes on1 ,ga9s ,et]nity--dead desires40#ach ,9 ?is ,hymn ( ,victory1 ! 8t5t-design]0 means #ccg ! ego t is suppos$ to be a subtle exi/5ce beh9d our m5tal exp]i5ces4 ,z 0 po9t$ out else:]e ! negative phase ( ,buddhism consi/s 9 ! eradication ( ?is ego-sub/ratum or ! 8design]0 ( et]nal transmigration4 ,! ,buddha n[ f9ds out t ?is ego-s\l is a fantasmagoria & has no f9al exi/5ce2 & ) ?is insight 8 ego-c5tric desires t tr\bl$ him s long are et]nally dead2 he feels ! break+ up ( _! limitations2 he is absorb$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,va/1 9 :i* we all live & move & h our be+4 ,no %ad[ is p]ceptible "h t sugge/s any?+ ( an absolute no?+ness suppos$ to be ! attribute ( ,nirvna4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 let u see :at ! ,mahyna tradition says conc]n+ ?is po9t4 ,! tradition v>ies 9 ?is case z 9 _m o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,beal's ,romantic ,hi/ory ( ,buddha1 :i* is a translation ( a ,*9ese v]sion ( ! ,buddhac>ita 7,fo p5 h+ *+71#aci ,buddha is report$ to h exclaim$ ?is3 8,?r\gh ages pa/ h ,i acquir$ cont9ual m]it1 ,t :i* my he>t desir$ h ,i n[ atta9$1 ,h[ quickly h ,i arriv$ at ! ev]-con/ant condition1 ,& l&$ on ! v %ore ( ,nirvna4 ,! sorr[s & opposition ( ! _w1 ,! ,"l ( ! ,kmalokas1 ,mra ,pisuna1 ,^! are unable n[ to affect1 !y are :olly de/roy$2 ,by ! p[] ( religi\s m]it & ( wisdom are !y ca/ away4 ,let a man b p]sev]e ) unfl9*+ resolution1 ,& seek ,supreme ,wisdom1 x w n be h>d to acquire x2 ,:5 once obta9$1 !n f>ewell to all sorr[s1 ,all s9 & guilt are =ev] done away40#adj #cch ,view+ ! significance ( ,buddhism 9 ?is light1 x is evid5t t ,buddha did n emphasise s mu* ! doctr9e ( ,nirvna 9 ! s5se ( a total abnegation ( human aspirations z ! ab&onm5t ( egoism & ! practical regulation ( our daily life 9 accordance ) ?is view4 ,nirvna 9 :i* all ! passions noble & base are suppos$ to h be5 8bl[n out l a lamp0 0 n ! mo/ covet$ object ( ,buddhi/ life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,buddhism advises all its foll[]s to ex]cise mo/ /r5u\sly all _! spiritual en]gy to atta9 p]fect fre$om f ! bondage ( ignorance & egoism2 because t is ! only way 9 :i* we c conqu] ! vanity ( worldl9ess & enjoy ! bliss ( et]nal life4 ,! foll[+ v]se f ! ,visuddhi ,magga 7,,xxi7 practically #cci sums up ! tea*+ ( ,buddhism z f> z its negative & individual phase is conc]n$3 8,behold h[ empty is ! _w1 ,mogh>ja6 ,9 ?\ghtfulness ,let "o remove belief 9 self1 ,& pass beyond ! realm ( dea?4 ,! k+ ( dea? w nev] f9d ,! man :o ?us ! _w beholds40#ada ,nirvna is ,positive4 ,x is n my int5tion "h to inve/igate ! hi/orical side ( ?is "q2 we are n conc]n$ ) ! problem ( h[ ! foll[]s ( ,buddha gradually develop$ ! positive aspect ( ,nirvna 9 connection ) ! practical application ( 8 moral & religi\s #cdj tea*+s2 nor are we engag$ 9 trac+ ! process ( evolution ?r\gh :i* ,buddha's noble resolution to save all s5ti5t be+s f ignorance & mis]y 0 br\ght out mo/ conspicu\sly by 8 lat] devotees4 ,:at ,i wi% to /ate "h ab\t ! positive conception ( ,nirvna & its developm5t is ?is3 ,! ,mahyna ,buddhism 0 ! fir/ religi\s tea*+ 9 ,india t contradict$ ! doctr9e ( ,nirvna z conceiv$ by o!r ,h9du ?9k]s :o saw 9 x a complete annihilation ( be+1 = !y ?\ght t exi/5ce is evil1 & evil is mis]y1 & ! only way to escape mis]y is to de/roy ! root ( exi/5ce1 :i* is no?+ less ?an ! total cessation ( human desires & activities 9 ,nirvnic unconsci\sness4 ,! ,yoga taught self-=getfulness 9 deep m$itation2 ! ,samkhya1 ! absolute sep>ation ( ,purua f ,prakti1 :i* means undi/urb$ self-contemplation2 ! ,v$nta1 absorption 9 ! ,brahma1 :i* is ! total suppression ( all p>ticul>s2 & ?us all ( !m consid]$ emancipation f human desires & aspirations a heav5ly bliss1 t is1 ,nirvna4 ,metaphysically speak+1 !y might h be5 correct ea* 9 its own way1 b1 e?ically consid]$1 _! views _h little significance 9 our practical life & %[$ a sad defici5cy 9 deal+ ) problems ( morality4 ,! ,buddha 0 ke5ly aw>e ( ?is flaw 9 _! doctr9es4 ,he taught1 !re=e1 t ,nirvna does n consi/ 9 ! complete /oppage ( exi/5ce1 b 9 ! practise ( ! ,eightfold ,pa?4 ,?is moral #cda practise leads to ! unalloy$ joy ( ,nirvna1 n z ! tranquillisation ( human aspirations1 b z ! fulfilm5t or unfold+ ( human life4 ,! ^w ,nirvna 9 ! s5se ( annihilation 0 9 exi/5ce prior to ,buddha1 b x 0 he :o gave a new significance to x & made x wor?y ( atta9m5t by m5 ( moral "*4 ,all ! doctr9al aspects ( ,nirvna are lat] additions or r developm5t made by ,buddhi/ s*ol>s1 accord+ to :om _! argum5ts are solidly bas$ on "s canonical passages4 ,:atev] ! case may be1 my conviction is t ^? :o develop$ ! positive significance ( ,nirvna are m consi/5t ) ! _s ( ! f\nd] ?an ^? :o emphasis$ ano!r aspect ( x4 ,9 ! ,udna we read 7,,iv41 #i73 8,he :om life torm5ts n1 ,:o sorr[s n at ! approa* ( dea?1 ,if su* a "o is resolute & has se5 ,nirvna1 ,9 ! mid/ ( grief1 he is griefless4 ,! tranquil-m9d$ ,bhikkhu1 :o has uproot$ ! ?ir/ = exi/5ce1 ,by him ! succession ( bir?s is end$1 ,he is born no m40#adb ,accord+ to ! ,mahyni/ic conception ,nirvna is n ! annihilation ( ! _w & ! putt+ an end to life2 b x is to live 9 ! :irlpool ( bir? & dea? & yet to be above x4 ,x is affirmation & fulfilm5t1 & ?is is done n bl9dly & egoi/ically1 = ,nirvna is enlight5m5t4 ,let u see h[ ?is is4 #cdb ,! ,mahyni/ic ,conception ( ,nirvna4 ,:ile ! conception ( ,nirvna seems to h rema9$ indef9ite & confus$ z f> z ,hnaynism goes1 ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/s h atta*$ sev]al def9ite %ades ( mean+ to ,nirvna & tri$ to give ea* ( !m "s special1 di/9ctive "*4 ,:5 x is us$ 9 its mo/ compreh5sive metaphysical s5se1 x becomes synonym\s ) ,su*ness 7tattva7 or ) ! ,dh>makya4 ,:5 we speak ( ,buddha's entrance into ,nirvna1 x means ! end ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 i4e41 dea?4 ,:5 x is us$ 9 contra/ to bir? & dea? 7samsra7 or to passion & s9 7klea71 x signifies 9 ! =m] case an et]nal life or a /ate ( immortality1 & 9 ! latt] case a /ate ( consci\sness t foll[s f ! recognition ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,dh>makya 9 individual exi/5ces4 ,nirvna has ?us become a v compreh5sive t]m1 & ?is fact adds mu* to ! confusion & misund]/&+ ) :i* x has be5 treat$ ev] s9ce ,buddhism became kn[n to ! ,occid5t4 ,! s-call$ 8primitive ,buddhism0 is n altoge!r unfamili> ) all ^! mean+s giv5 to ,nirvna1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y might h be5 b fa9tly =e%ad[$4 ,mo/ ( ,european mission>ies & s*ol>s h ignor$ ?is fact & want$ to see 9 ,nirvna b "o def9ite1 /]eotyp$ s5se :i* w loos5 or untie all ! difficult knots connect$ ) its use4 ,"o s*ol> w\ld select a c]ta9 passage 9 a c]ta9 stra1 :]e ! mean+ #cdc is tol]ably di/9ct1 & tak+ ?is z ! key endeavor to solve all ! re/2 :ile ano!r s*ol> w\ld d ! same ?+ ) ano!r passage f ! scriptures & refute o!r fell[-work]s4 ,! majority ( !m1 h[ev]1 h f\nd = mission>y purposes to be advantage\s to hold "o mean+ prom95tly above all ! o!rs t may be consid]$ possibly ! mean+ ( ,nirvna4 ,?is "o mean+ t has be5 made specially conspicu\s is its negativi/ic int]pretation4 ,accord+ to ! ,vijnamtra /ra 7,*9ese v]sion ,vol4 ,x471 ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/s di/+ui% f\r =ms ( ,nirvna4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,absolute ,nirvna1 z a synonym ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,x is et]nally immaculate 9 its ess5ce & con/itutes ! tru? & reality ( all exi/5ces4 ,?\gh x manife/s itself 9 ! _w ( defilem5t & relativity1 its ess5ce =ev] rema9s undefil$4 ,:ile x embraces 9 itself innum]able incompreh5sible spiritual virtues1 x is absolutely simple & immortal2 its p]fect tranquillity may be lik5$ unto space 9 :i* e conceivable motion is possible1 b :i* rema9s 9 itself ! same4 ,x is univ]sally pres5t 9 all be+s :e!r animate or inanimate#adc & makes _! exi/5ce real4 ,9 "o respect x c be id5tifi$ ) !m1 t is1 x c be pan!i/ically view$2 b 9 ! o!r respect x is transc5d5tal1 #cdd = e be+ z x is is n ,nirvna4 ,?is spiritual significance is1 h[ev]1 beyond ! k5 ( ord9>y human und]/&+ & c be grasp$ only by ! highe/ intellig5ce ( ,buddha4 7#b7 ,upadhiea ,nirvna1 or ,nirvna t has "s residue4 ,?is is a /ate ( enlight5m5t :i* c be atta9$ by ,buddhi/s 9 _! lifetime4 ,! ,dh>makya :i* 0 dormant 9 !m is n[ awak5$ & fre$ f ! 8affective ob/acles10#add b !y are yet "u ! bondage ( bir? & dea?2 & ?us !y are n yet absolutely free f ! mis]y ( life3 some?+ /ill rema9s 9 !m t makes !m suff] pa94 7#c7 ,anupadhiea ,nirvna1 or ,nirvna t has no residue4 ,?is is atta9$ :5 ! ,ta?gata-ess5ce 7! ,dh>makya7 is releas$ f ! pa9 ( bir? & dea? z well z f ! curse ( passion & s94 ,?is =m ( ,nirvna seems to be :at is g5]ally und]/ood by ,occid5tal mission>y-s*ol>s z ! ,nirvna ( ,buddhi/s4 ,:ile 9 lifetime1 !y h be5 emancipat$ f ! egoi/ic conception ( ! s\l1 !y h practis$ ! ,eightfold ,pa?1 & !y #cde h de/roy$ all ! roots ( k>ma t makes possible _! metempsy*osis 9 ! _w ( bir? & dea? 7samsra71 ?\gh z ! inevitable sequ5ce ( _! previ\s k>ma !y h yet to suff] all ! evils inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,b at la/ !y h _h ev5 ?is mortal coil dissolv$ away1 & h return$ to ! orig9al ,absolute f :i* by virtue ( ignorance !y _h come out & gone ?r\gh a cycle ( bir?s & dea?s4 ,?is /ate ( supramundane bliss 9 ! realm ( ! ,absolute is ,anupadiea ,nirvna1 t is1 ,nirvna t has no residue4 7#d7 ,! ,nirvna t has no abode4 ,9 ?is1 ! ,buddha-ess5ce has n only be5 fre$ f ! curse ( passion & s9 7klea71 b f ! intellectual prejudice1 :i* mo/ t5aci\sly cl+s to ! m9d4 ,! ,buddha-ess5ce or ! ,dh>makya is reveal$ "h 9 its p]fect purity4 ,all-embrac+ love & all-kn[+ intellig5ce illum9ate ! pa?4 ,he :o has atta9$ to ?is /ate ( subjective enlight5m5t is said to h no abode1 no dwell+ place1 t is to say1 he is no m subject to ! transmigration ( bir? & dea? 7samsra71 nor does he cl+ to ,nirvna z ! abode ( complete re/2 9 %ort1 he is above ,samsra & ,nirvna4 ,8 sole object 9 life is to b5efit all s5ti5t be+s to ! end ( "t2 b ?is he proposes to d n by 8 human consci\s elaboration & /riv+4 ,simply actuat$ by 8 all-embrac+ love :i* is ( ! ,dh>makya1 he wi%es to deliv] all 8 fell[-creatures f mis]y1 he does #cdf n seek 8 own emancipation f ! turmoil ( life4 ,he is fully aw>e ( ! transitor9ess ( worldly int]e/s1 b on ?is acc\nt he desires n to %un !m4 ,) 8 all-kn[+ intellig5ce he ga9s a spiritual insight into ! ultimate nature ( ?+s & ! f9al c\rse ( exi/5ce4 ,he is "o ( ^? religi\s m5 8t weep1 z ?\gh !y wept n2 t rejoice z ?\gh !y rejoic$ n2 t buy1 z ?\gh !y possess$ n2 t use ?is _w1 z n abus+ x2 = ! fa%ion ( ?is _w passes away40 ,nay1 he is 9 "o s5se m ?an ?is2 8 life is full ( positive activity1 because 8 he>t & s\l are devot$ to ! lead+ ( all be+s to f9al emancipation & supreme bliss4 ,:5 a man atta9s to ?is /age ( spiritual life1 he is said to be 9 ! ,nirvna t has no abode4 ,a comm5tator on ! ,vijnamtra /ra adds t ( ^! f\r =ms ( ,nirvna ! fir/ is possess$ by e s5ti5t be+1 :e!r x is actualis$ 9 its human p]fection or ly+ dormant 9 posse & mis]ably obscur$ by ignorance2 t ! second & ?ird are atta9$ by all ! rvakas & ,pratyekabuddhas1 :ile x is a ,buddha alone t is 9 possession ( all ! f\r =ms ( ,nirvna4 ,nirvna z ! ,dh>makya4 ,x is manife/ f ! above /atem5t t 9 ,mahynism ,nirvna has acquir$ sev]al %ades ( mean+ psy*ological & ontological4 ,?is app>5t confusion1 h[ev]1 is due to ! purely ideali/ic #cdg t5d5cy ( ,mahynism1 :i* ignores ! di/9ction usually made betwe5 be+ & ?\ght1 object & subject1 ! p]ceiv$ & ! p]ceiv+4 ,nirvna is n only a subjective /ate ( enlight5m5t b an objective p[] ?r\gh ^: op]ation ?is beatific /ate becomes atta9able4 ,x does n simply mean a total absorption 9 ! ,absolute or ( emancipation f e>?ly desires 9 lifetime z exemplifi$ 9 ! life ( ! ,arhat4 ,mahyni/s p]ceive 9 ,nirvna n only ?is1 b also its id5tity ) ! ,dh>makya1 or ,su*ness1 & recognise its univ]sal spiritual pres5ce 9 all s5ti5t be+s4 ,:5 ,ngrjuna says 9 8 ,mdhyamika /ra#ade t3 8,t is call$ ,nirvna :i* is n want+1 is n acquir$1 is n int]mitt5t1 is n non-int]mitt5t1 is n subject to de/ruction1 & is n creat$20 he evid5tly speaks ( ,nirvna z a synonym ( ,dh>makya1 t is1 9 its fir/ s5se z above describ$4 ,*&ra ,krti1 !re=e1 rightly comm5ts t ,nirvna is s>va-kalpan-kaya-rpam1#adf i4e41 t :i* transc5ds all ! =ms ( det]m9ation4 #cdh ,nirvna is an absolute1 x is above ! relativity ( exi/5ce 7bhva7 & non-exi/5ce 7abhva74#adg ,nirvna is sometimes spok5 ( z possess+ f\r attributes2 7#a7 et]nal 7nitya71 7#b7 blissful 7sukha71 7#c7 self-act+ 7tman71 & 7#d7 pure 7ui74 ,judg+ f ^! qualities ?us ascrib$ to ,nirvna z its ess5tial features1 ,nirvna is "h aga9 id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ reality ( ,buddhism1 t is1 ) ! ,dh>makya4 ,x is et]nal because x is immat]ial2 x is blissful because x is above all suff]+s2 x is self-act+ because x kn[s no compulsion2 x is pure because x is n defil$ by passion & error4#adh #cdi ,nirvna 9 its ,f\r? ,s5se4 ,no fur!r elucidation is ne$$ = ! fir/ signification ( ,nirvna1 = we h treat$ x already :5 expla9+ ! nature ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,nor is x necess>y = u to dwell ^u ! second & ! ?ird phases ( x4 ,! ,occid5tal mission>y-s*ol>s & ,ori5tali/s1 h[ev] "o-sid$ & (t5 bias$1 h almo/ exhau/ively inve/igat$ ^! po9ts f ! ,pli s\rces4 ,:at rema9s = u n[ is to analyse ! ,mahyni/ic conception ( ,nirvna :i* 0 /at$ above z its f\r? signification4 ,nirvna1 briefly speak+1 is a realisation 9 ?is life ( ! all-embrac+ love & all-kn[+ intellig5ce ( ,dh>makya4 ,x is ! unfold+ ( ! reason ( exi/5ce1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y human life rema9s m or less eclips$ by ! %ad[ ( ignorance & egoism4 ,x does n consi/ 9 ! m]e obs]vance ( ! moral precepts laid d[n by ,buddha1 nor 9 ! bl9d foll[+ ( ! ,eightfold ,pa?1 nor 9 retirem5t f ! _w & absorption 9 ab/ract m$itation4 ,! ,mahyni/ic ,nirvna is full ( en]gy & activity :i* issues f ! all-embrac+ love ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,!re is no passivity 9 x1 nor a keep+ alo( f ! hurly-burly ( worldl9ess4 #cej ,he :o is 9 ?is ,nirvna does n seek a re/ 9 ! annihilation ( human aspirations1 does n fl9* 9 ! face ( endless transmigration4 ,on ! contr>y1 he plunges himself into ! ev]-ru%+ curr5t ( ,samsra & sacrifices himself to save 8 fell[-creatures f be+ et]nally dr[n$ 9 x4 ,?\gh ?us ! ,mahyna ,nirvna is realis$ only 9 ! mire ( passions & errors1 x is nev] contam9at$ by ! fil? ( ignorance4 ,!re=e1 he t is abid+ 9 ,nirvna1 ev5 9 ! :irlpool ( egoism & 9 ! d>kness ( s91 does n lose 8 all-see+ insight t p5etrates deep into ! ultimate nature ( be+4 ,he is aw>e ( ! transitor9ess ( ?+s4 ,he kn[s t ?is life is a m]e pass+ mom5t 9 ! et]nal manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya1 ^: "w c be realis$ only 9 b\ndless space & endless "t4 ,z he is fully awake to ?is k1 he nev] gets engross$ 9 ! _w ( s94 ,he lives 9 ! _w l unto ! lotus-fl[]1 ! emblem ( immaculacy1 :i* gr[s out ( ! mire & yet %>es n its defilem5t4 ,he is also l unto a bird fly+ 9 ! air t does n leave any trace beh9d x4 ,he may aga9 be lik5$ unto ! cl\ds t spontane\sly ga!r ar\nd ! m\nta9 peak1 &1 so>+ high z ! w9d bl[s1 vani% away to ! region :]e nobody kn[s4 ,9 %ort1 he is liv+ 91 & yet beyond1 ! realm ( ,samsra & ,nirvna4 ,we read 9 ! ,vimalakirti ,stra 7*ap4 ,,viii473 8,vimalakirti asks ,majuri3 #8,h[ is x t y #cea decl>e all human passions & errors are ! se$s ( ,buddhahood8' 8,majuri replies3 #8,o son ( good family6 ,^? :o cl+ to ! view ( non-activity asamskrita & dwell 9 a /ate ( et]nal annihilation d n awak5 9 !m supremely p]fect k anutt>a-samyak-sambodhi4 ,only ! ,bodhisattvas1 :o dwell 9 ! mid/ ( passions & errors1 & :o1 pass+ ?r\gh ! t5 /ages1 rightly contemplate ! ultimate nature ( ?+s1 are able to awak5 & atta9 intellig5ce praj4 8#8,j z ! lotus-fl[]s d n gr[ 9 ! dry l&1 b 9 ! d>k-color$1 wat]ly mire1 ,o son ( good family1 x is ev5 s ) intellig5ce 7praj or bodhi7 ,9 non-activity & et]nal annihilation :i* are *]i%$ by ! rvakas & ! ,pratyekabuddhas1 !re is no opportunity = ! se$s & spr\ts ( ,buddhahood to gr[4 ,intellig5ce c gr[ only 9 ! mire & dirt ( passion & s94 ,x is by virtue ( passion & s9 t ! se$s & spr\ts ( ,buddhahood are able to gr[4 8#8,o son ( good family6 ,j z no se$s c gr[ 9 ! air1 b 9 ! fil?y1 muddy soil1--& !re ev5 luxuri\sly1--,o son ( good family1 x is ev5 s ) ! ,bodhi4 ,x does n gr[ out ( non-activity & et]nal annihilation4 ,x is only out ( ! m\nta9\s masses ( egoi/ic1 selfi% ?\ghts t ,intellig5ce is awak5$ & gr[s to ! incompreh5sible wisdom ( ,buddha-se$s4 8#8,o son ( good family6 ,j z we _c obta9 #ceb priceless pe>ls unless we dive into ! dep?s ( ! f\r great oceans1 ,o son ( good family1 x is ev5 s ) ,intellig5ce4 ,if we d n dive deep into ! mighty ocean ( passion & s91 h[ c\ld we get hold ( ! preci\s gem ( ,buddha-ess5ce8 ,let x !re=e be und]/ood t ! primordial se$s ( ,intellig5ce draw _! vitality f ! mid/ ( passion & s94'0 ,9 a ,paul9e epi/le we read1 8,f ! f\lness ( ! soil1 ! beauty ( new life gr[s40 ,& ,em]son s+s3 8,let me g :]e'er ,i w1 ,i he> a sky-born music /ill4 ',tis n 9 ! high />s alone1 ,nor 9 ! cup ( budd+ fl[]s1 ,nor 9 ! r$brea/'s mell[ tone1 ,nor 9 ! b[ t smiles 9 %[]s1 ,b 9 ! mud & scum ( ?+s4 ,!re always1 always1 some?+ s+s40 ,d we n see "h a mo/ explicit /atem5t ( ! ,mahyni/ic s5tim5t8 ,nirvna & ,samsra are ,"o4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature 9 ! ,mahyni/ic conception ( ,nirvna is express$ 9 ?is =mula3 8,yas klez s bodhi1 yas samsras tat nirvnam40 ,:at is s9 or passion1 t is ,intellig5ce1 :at is bir? & dea? 7or transmigration71 t is ,nirvna4 ,?is is a r bold & revolutionis+ proposition 9 ! dogmatic hi/ory ( ,buddhism4 ,b x is no m ?an ! natural developm5t ( ! _s t 0 brea!d by its f\nd]4 #cec ,9 ! ,vieac9ta-brahma-p>ipc*a ,stra1#adi x is said t 7*ap4 ,,ii73 8,samsra is ,nirvna1 because !re is1 :5 view$ f ! ultimate nature ( ! ,dh>makya1 no?+ go+ out (1 nor com+ into1 exi/5ce1 samsra be+ only app>5t3 ,nirvna is samsra1 :5 x is covet$ & adh]$ to40 ,9 ano!r place 7op4 cit47 ! idea is express$ 9 mu* pla9] t]ms3 8,! ess5ce ( all ?+s is 9 tru? free f atta*m5t1 attributes1 & desires2 !re=e1 !y are pure1 &1 z !y are pure1 we "k t :at is ! ess5ce ( bir? & dea? t is ! ess5ce ( ,nirvna1 & t :at is ! ess5ce ( ,nirvna t is ! ess5ce ( bir? & dea? 7samsra74 ,9 o!r words1 ,nirvna is n to be s\ght outside ( ?is _w1 :i*1 ?\gh transi5t1 is 9 reality no m ?an ,nirvna itself4 ,because x is contr>y to our reason to imag9e t !re is ,nirvna & !re is bir? & dea? 7samsra71 & t ! "o lies outside ! pale ( ! o!r1 &1 !re=e1 t we c atta9 ,nirvna only aft] we h annihilat$ or escap$ ! _w ( bir? & dea?4 ,if we are n hamp]$ by our confus$ subjectivity1 ?is our worldly life is an activity ( ,nirvna itself40 ,ngrjuna repeats ! same s5tim5t 9 8 ,mdhyamika /ra1 :5 he says3 #ced 8,samsra is 9 no way to be di/+ui%$ f ,nirvna3 ,nirvna is 9 no way to be di/+ui%$ f ,samsra40#aej ,or1 8,! sph]e ( ,nirvna is ! sph]e ( ,samsra3 ,n ! slighte/ di/9ction exi/s betwe5 !m40#aea ,asanga goes a /ep fur!r & boldly decl>es t all ! ,buddha-dh>mas1 ( :i* ,nirvna or ,dh>makya =ms ! f\ndation1 are *>act]is$ ) ! passions1 errors1 & s9s ( vulg> m9ds4 ,he says 9 ,mahyna-,sangraha /ra 7! ,*9ese ,tripitaka1 ,japanese edition ( #ahha1 wang ,,viii41 p4 #hd73 87#a7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) et]nality1 = ! ,dh>makya is et]nal4 87#b7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) an ext+ui%+ p[]1 = !y ext+ui% all ! ob/acles = f9al emancipation4 87#c7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) reg5]ation1 = ! ,nirmnakya ,body ( ,trans=mation con/antly reg5]ates4 87#d7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) ! p[] ( atta9m5t1 = by ! atta9m5t ( tru? !y subjugate innum]able evil passions z *]i%$ by ignorant be+s4 87#e7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) ! desire to ga91 ill humor1 folly1 & all ! o!r #cee passions ( vulg> m9ds1 = x is ?r\gh ! ,buddha's love t ^? deprav$ s\ls are sav$4 87#f7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are *>act]is$ ) non-atta*m5t & non-defilem5t1 = ,su*ness :i* is made p]fect by ^! virtues _c be defil$ by any evil p[]s4 87#g7 ,all ,buddha-dh>mas are above atta*m5t & defilem5t1 = ?\gh all ,buddhas reveal !mselves 9 ! _w1 worldl9ess _c defile !m40#aeb ,buddha-dh>ma means any ?+1 or any virtue1 or any faculty1 t belongs to ,buddhahood4 ,non-atta*m5t is a ,buddha-dh>ma1 love is a ,buddha-dh>ma1 wisdom is a ,buddha-dh>ma4 & 9 fact any?+ is a ,buddha-dh>ma :i* is an attribute ( ! ,p]fect ,"o1 n to m5tion ! ,dh>makya or ,nirvna :i* con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( ,buddhahood4 ,!re=e1 ! conclusion :i* is to be drawn f ^? sev5 propositions ( ,asanga z above quot$ is ?is3 ,n only is ?is _w ( con/ant trans=mation z a :ole ,nirvna1 b its app>5t errors & s9s & evils are also ! v>i\s phases ( ! manife/ation ( ,nirvna4 ,! above be+ ! ,mahyni/ic view ( ,nirvna1 x is evid5t t ,nirvna is n some?+ transc5d5tal or t :i* /&s above ?is _w ( bir? #cef & dea?1 joy & sorr[1 love & hate1 peace & /ruggle4 ,nirvna is n to be s\ght 9 ! heav5s nor aft] a dep>ture f ?is e>?ly life nor 9 ! annihilation ( human passions & aspirations4 ,on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! mid/ ( worldl9ess1 z life ) all its ?rills ( pa9 & pleasure is no m ?an ,nirvna itself4 ,ext+ui% y\r life & seek ,nirvna 9 an*oretism1 & y\r ,nirvna is =ev] lo/4 ,consign y\r aspirations1 hopes1 pleasures1 & woes1 & ev]y?+ t makes up a life to ! et]nal sil5ce ( ! grave1 & y bury ,nirvna nev] to be recov]$4 ,9 asceticism1 or 9 m$itation1 or 9 ritualism1 or ev5 9 metaphysics1 ! m impetu\sly y pursue ,nirvna1 ! fur!r away x flies f y4 ,x 0 ! mo/ s]i\s mi/ake ev] committ$ by any religi\s ?9k]s to imag9e t ,nirvna :i* is ! complete satisfaction ( our religi\s feel+ c\ld be ga9$ by lay+ aside all human desires1 ambitions1 hopes1 pa9s1 & pleasures4 ,h y\r own ,bodhi 7intellig5ce7 ?or\ghly enlight5$ ?r\gh love & k1 & ev]y?+ t 0 ?\ght s9ful & fil?y turns out to be ( div9e purity4 ,x is ! same human he>t1 =m]ly ! f\nt ( ignorance & egoism1 n[ ! abode ( et]nal beatitude--,nirvna %9+ 9 its intr9sic magnific5ce4 ,suppose a tor* light is tak5 into a d>k cell1 :i* p _h hi!rto imag9$ to be ! abode ( hide\s1 uncanny gobl9s1 & :i* on t acc\nt !y want$ to h completely de/roy$ to ! #ceg gr\nd4 ,! bright light n[ u%]$ 9 at once disp]ses ! d>kness1 & e nook & corn] !re9 is p]fectly illum9$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 x n[ assumes its prop] aspect4 ,& to _! surprise p f9d t ^? figures :i* !y =m]ly consid]$ to be uncanny & horrible are no?+ b huge preci\s /ones1 & !y fur!r le>n t e "o ( ^? /ones c be us$ 9 "s way = ! great b5efit ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,! d>k cell is ! human he>t be=e ! enlight5m5t ( ,nirvna1 ! tor* light is love & intellig5ce4 ,:5 love w>ms & intellig5ce bright5s1 ! he>t f9ds e passion & s9ful desire t 0 ! cause ( unbe>able angui% n[ turn$ into a div9e aspiration4 ,! he>t itself1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! same j z mu* z ! cell1 ^: id5tity 0 nev] affect$ ei!r by d>kness or by brightness4 ,?is p>able nicely illu/rates ! ,mahyni/ic doctr9e ( ! id5tity ( ,nirvna & ,samsra1 & ( ! ,bodhi & ,klea1 t is1 ( intellig5ce & passion4 ,!re=e1 x is said3 8,all s9s trans=m$ into ! con/itu5ts ( enlight5m5t6 ,! vicissitudes ( ,samsra trans=m$ into ! beatitude ( ,nirvna6 ,all ^! come f ! ex]cise ( ! great religi\s discipl9e 7upya72 ,beyond our und]/&+1 inde$1 is ! my/]y ( all ,buddhas40#aec #ceh ,! ,middle ,c\rse4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,buddha always %[$ an eclectic1 conciliatory1 syn!tic _s 9 8 tea*+s4 ,he refus$ to li/5 to any extreme doctr9e :i* elevates "o end too high at ! exp5se ( ! o!r & culm9ates 9 ! collapse ( ! :ole edifice4 ,:5 ! ,buddha left 8 seat ( enlight5m5t "u ! ,bodhi tree1 he made x 8 mission to avoid bo? extremes1 asceticism & h$onism4 ,he prov$ ?r\gh\t 8 life to be a calm1 dignifi$1 ?\ghtful1 well-discipl9$ p]son1 & at no "t irritable 9 "*1--9 ?is latt] respect be+ s diff]5t f ! sage ( ,naz>e?1 :o 9 ang] ca/ out all ! tradesm5 9 ! temple & ov]?rew ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 & :o curs$ ! fig tree on :i* he c\ld n f9d any fruit b leaves unfit to appease 8 hung]4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,middle ,pa? 7,mdhyamrga71 :atev] x may mean morally & intellectually1 always *>act]is$ ! life & doctr9e ( ,buddha z well z ! lat] developm5t ( 8 tea*+s4 ,8 foll[]s1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 _! individual views1 pr(ess$ z a rule to pursue /eadily ! ,middle ,pa? z pav$ by ! ,ma/]4 ,ev5 :5 ,ngrjuna proclaim$ 8 celebrat$ doctr9e ( ,eight ,no's :i* seems to sup]ficial critics no?+ b an absolute nihilism1 he said t ! ,middle ,pa? c\ld be f\nd only 9 ^? eight no's4#aed #cei ,mahynism has c]ta9ly appli$ ?is syn!tic me?od ( ,buddha to its !ory ( ,nirvna & ennobl$ x by fully develop+ its imman5t signification4 ,9 ! ,disc\rse on ,buddha-ess5ce1 ,vasub&hu quotes ! foll[+ passage f ! rimala ,stra1 :i* pla9ly %[s ! pa? along :i* ! ,mahyni/s travel$ be=e !y rea*$ _! f9al conclusion3 8,^? :o see only ! transitor9ess ( exi/5ce are call$ nihili/s1 & ^? :o see only ! et]nality ( ,nirvna are call$ et]nali/s4 ,bo? views are incorrect40 ,vasub&hu !n proce$s to say3 8,!re=e1 ! ,dh>makya ( ! ,ta?gata is free f bo? extremes1 & on t acc\nt x is call$ ! ,great ,et]nal ,p]fection4 ,:5 view$ f ?is absolute /&po9t ( ,su*ness1 ! logical di/9ction betwe5 ,nirvna & ,samsra _c 9 reality be ma9ta9$1 & h]eby we ent] ^u ! realm ( non-duality40 ,& ?is realm ( non-duality is ! ,middle ,pa? ( ,nirvna1 n 9 its nihili/ic1 b 9 its ,mahyni/ic1 significance4 ,h[ to ,realise ,nirvna4 ,h[ c we atta9 ! ,middle ,pa? ( ,nirvna8 ,h[ c we realise a life t is nei!r pessimi/ic asceticism nor mat]iali/ic h$onism8 ,h[ c we /e] ?r\gh ! :irlpools ( ,samsra )\t be+ #cfj swall[$ up & yet brav+ _! turbul5t gyration8 ,! answ] to ?is c readily be giv51 :5 we und]/&1 z repeat$ly /at$ above1 t ?is life is ! manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya1 & t ! ideal ( human exi/5ce is to realise )9 ! possibilities ( 8 m9d & body all t he c conceive ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,& ?is we h f\nd to be all-embrac+ love & all-see+ intellig5ce4 ,de/roy !n y\r ignorance at "o bl[ & be done ) y\r egoism1 & !re spr+s =? an et]nal /ream ( love & wisdom4 ,says ,vasub&hu3 8,by virtue ( ,praj intellig5ce or wisdom1 our egoi/ic ?\ghts are de/roy$3 by virtue ( ,k>u love1 altrui/ic ?\ghts are *]i%$4 ,by virtue ( ,praj1 ! affective atta*m5t inh]5t 9 vulg> m9ds is aboli%$2 by virtue ( ,k>u1 ! intellectual atta*m5t z possess$ by ! rvakas & ,pratyekabuddhas is aboli%$4 ,by virtue ( ,praj1 ,nirvna 9 its transc5d5tal s5se is n reject$2 by virtue ( ,k>u1 ,samsra ) its *anges & transmigrations is n reject$4 ,by virtue ( ,praj ! tru? ( ,buddhism is atta9$2 by virtue ( ,k>u1 all s5ti5t be+s are matur$ = salvation40 ,! practical life ( a ,buddhi/ runs 9 two opposite1 ?\gh n antagoni/ic1 directions1 "o upw>d & ! o!r d[nw>d1 & ! two are syn!sis$ 9 ! ,middle ,pa? ( ,nirvna4 ,! upw>d direction po9ts to ! intellectual compreh5sion ( ! tru?1 :ile ! d[nw>d "o to a realisation ( all-embrac+ #cfa love among 8 fell[-creatures4 ,"o is complem5t$ by ! o!r4 ,:5 ! intellectual side is too mu* emphasis$ at ! exp5se ( ! emotional1 we h a ,pratyekabuddha1 a solit>y ?9k]1 ^: f\nta9 ( te>s is dry & does n fl[ ov] ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-be+s4 ,:5 ! emotional side alone is ass]t$ to ! extreme1 love acquires ! egoi/ic t9t t colors ev]y?+ com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,because x does n discrim9ate & takes s5suality = spirituality4 ,if x does n turn out s5tim5talism1 x w assume a h$oni/ic =m4 ,h[ _m sup]/iti\s1 or f\l1 or ev5 atroci\s de$s 9 ! hi/ory ( religion h be5 committ$ "u ! beautiful "n ( religion1 or love ( ,god & mank9d6 ,x makes ! blood run cold :5 we ?9k h[ religi\s fanatics burn$ alive _! rivals or oppon5ts at ! /ake1 cruelly but*]$ ?\s&s ( human lives )9 a day1 br\ght desolation & ru9 ?r\gh\t ! l& ( _! enemies1--& all ^! works ( ! ,devil execut$ = %e] love ( ,god6 ,!re=e1 says ,devala1 ! au?or ( ! ,disc\rse on ! ,mahpurua 7,great ,man73 8,! wise d n approve lov+k9dness )\t intellig5ce1 nor d !y approve intellig5ce )\t lov+k9dness2 because "o )\t ! o!r prev5ts u f rea*+ ! highe/ pa?40 ,k is ! eye1 love is ! limb4 ,direct$ by ! eye1 ! limb kn[s h[ to move2 furni%$ ) ! limb1 ! eye c atta9 :at x p]ceives4 ,love alone is bl9d1 k alone is lame4 ,x is only :5 "o is supplem5t$ #cfb by ! o!r t we h a p]fect1 complete man4 ,9 ,buddha z ! ideal human be+ we recognise ! p]fection ( love & intellig5ce2 = x 0 9 him t ! ,dh>makya f\nd its p]fect realisation 9 ! fle%4 ,b z f> z ! ,bodhisattvas are conc]n$1 _! natural end[m5ts are s div]sifi$ & _! temp]am5t is s unev5 t 9 "s ! intellectual elem5ts are m pr$om9ant :ile 9 o!rs ! emotional side is m pron\nc$1 t :ile "s are m prone to practicality o!rs pref]ably look t[>d intellectualism4 ,?us1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 "s ,bodhisattvas w be m ( philosoph]s ?an ( religi\s se]s4 ,!y may t5d 9 "s cases to emphasise ! intellectual side ( religion m ?an its emotional side & uphold ! importance ( praj 7intellig5ce7 above t ( k>u 7love74 ,b ! ,middle ,pa? ( ,nirvna lies 9 ! true h>monisation ( praj & k>u1 ( bodhi & upya1 ( k & love1 ( intellect & feel+4 ,love ,awak5s ,intellig5ce4 ,b if we h to *oose betwe5 ! two1 let u fir/ h all-embrac+ love1 ! ,buddhi/s w\ld say2 = x is love t awak5s 9 u an int5se desire to f9d ! way ( emancipat+ ! masses f p]petual suff]+s & et]nal transmigration4 ,! intellect w n[ endeavor to realise its highe/ possibilities2 ! ,bodhi w exhibit its fulle/ /r5g?4 ,:5 x is f\nd out t ?is life is an expression ( ! ,dh>makya :i* is "o & et]nal1 t #cfc individual exi/5ces h no selfhood 7tman or svabhva7 z f> z !y are due to ! p>ticul>isation ( subjective ignorance1 &1 !re=e1 t we are true & real only :5 we are conceiv$ z "o 9 ! absolute ,dh>makya1 ! ,bodhisattva's love :i* caus$ him to se>* aft] ! highe/ tru? w n[ unfold its fulle/ significance4 ,?is love1 or fai? 9 ! ,mahyna1 z x is sometimes call$1 is felt r vaguely at ! fir/ awak5+ ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 & agitates ! m9d ( ! aspirant1 ^: life has hi!rto be5 engross$ 9 e =m ( egoc5tric ?\ght & desire4 ,he no m f9ds an unalloy$ satisfaction1 z ! rvakas or ! ,pratyekabuddhas d1 9 8 individual emancipation f ! curse ( ,samsra4 ,h[ev] sweet ! ta/e ( release f ! bond ( ignorance1 x is lack+ some?+ t makes ! fre$om p]fectly agreeable to ! ,bodhisattva :o ?9ks m ( o!rs ?an ( himself2 to be sweet z well z acceptable1 x mu/ be highly savor$ ) lov+k9dness :i* embraces all 8 fell[-be+s z 8 own *ildr54 ,! emancipation ( ! rvaka or ( ! ,pratyekabuddha is l a delici\s food :i* is want+ 9 sal9e ta/e1 = x is no m ?an a dry1 =mal philosophical emancipation4 ,love is t :i* /imulates a man to g beyond 8 own int]e/s4 ,x is ! "m ( all ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas4 ,! sacr$ motive t induces !m to r5\nce a life ( ,nirvnic self-complac5cy1 is no?+ b _! b\ndless love = all be+s4 ,!y d #cfd n wi% to re/ 9 _! individual emancipation1 !y want to h all s5ti5t creatures )\t a s+le exception emancipat$ & ble/ 9 p>adisiacal happ9ess4 ,love1 !re=e1 be/[s on u two spiritual b5efits3 7#a7 ,x saves all be+s f mis]y & 7#b7 awak5s 9 u ! ,buddha-intellig5ce4 ,! foll[+ passages quot$ at r&om f ,devala's ,mahpurua w help our read]s to und]/& ! true signification ( ,nirvna & ! value ( love 7k>u7 z e/imat$ by ! ,mahyni/s4 8,^? :o are afraid ( transmigration & seek _! own b5efits & happ9ess 9 f9al emancipation1 are n at all comp>able to ^? ,bodhisattvas1 :o rejoice :5 !y come to assume a mat]ial exi/5ce once aga91 = x af=ds !m ano!r opportunity to b5efit o!rs4 ,^? :o are only capable ( feel+ _! own selfi% suff]+s may ent] into ,nirvna & n tr\ble !mselves ) ! suff]+s ( o!r creatures l !mselves2 b ! ,bodhisattva :o feels 9 himself all ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-be+s z 8 own1 h[ c he be> ! ?\ght ( leav+ o!rs beh9d :ile he is on 8 way to f9al emancipation1 & :5 he himself is re/+ 9 ,nirvnic quietude844444 ,nirvna 9 tru? consi/s 9 rejoic+ at o!r's be+ made happy1 & ,samsra 9 n s feel+4 ,he :o feels a univ]sal love = 8 fell[-creatures w rejoice 9 di/ribut+ bless+s among !m & f9d 8 ,nirvna 9 s do+4#aee #cfe 8,suff]+ really consi/s 9 pursu+ "o's egoti/ic happ9ess1 :ile ,nirvna is f\nd 9 sacrific+ "o's welf>e = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,p g5]ally ?9k t x is an emancipation :5 !y are releas$ f _! own pa91 b a man ) lov+ he>t f9ds x 9 rescu+ o!rs f mis]y4 8,) p :o are n k9dhe>t$1 !re is no s9 t w n be committ$ by !m4 ,!y are call$ ! mo/ wick$ ^: he>ts are n s(t5$ at ! sight ( o!rs' mis=tune & suff]+4 8,:5 all be+s are tortur$ by av>ice1 passion1 ill humor1 infatuation1 & folly1 & are con/antly ?reat5$ by ! mis]y ( bir? & dea?1 disease & decay44444 h[ c ! ,bodhisattva live among !m & n feel pity = !m8 8,( all good virtues1 lov+k9dness /&s =emo/4444 ,x is ! s\rce ( all m]it4444 ,x is ! #cff "m ( all ,buddhas4444 ,x induces o!rs to take refuge 9 ! incomp>able ,bodhi4 8,! lov+ he>t ( a ,bodhisattva is annoy$ by "o ?+1 t all be+s are con/antly tortur$ & ?reat5$ by all sorts ( pa940 ,let u quote ano!r int]e/+ passage f a ,mahyna stra4 ,:5 ,vimalakirti 0 ask$ :y he did n feel well1 he made ! foll[+ reply1 :i* is full ( religi\s significance3 8,f ignorance !re arises desire & t is ! cause ( my illness4 ,z all s5ti5t be+s are ill1 s am ,i ill4 ,:5 all s5ti5t be+s are heal$ ( _! illness1 ,i %all be heal$ ( my illness1 too4 ,:y8 ,! ,bodhisattva suff]s bir? & dea? because ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,z !re is bir? & dea?1 s !re is illness4 ,:5 s5ti5t be+s are deliv]$ f illness1 ! ,bodhisattvas w suff] no m illness4 ,:5 an only son 9 a good family is sick1 ! p>5ts feel sick too3 :5 he is recov]$ !y are well aga94 ,s x is ) ! ,bodhisattva4 ,he loves all s5ti5t be+s z 8 own *ildr54 ,:5 !y are sick1 he is sick too4 ,:5 !y are recov]$1 he is well aga94 ,d y wi% to "k :5ce ?is sympa!tic illness is8 ,! illness ( ! ,bodhisattva comes f 8 all-embrac+ love 7mahk>un740 ,?is gospel ( univ]sal love is ! consummation ( all religi\s emotions :atev] _! orig94 ,)\t ?is1 !re is no religion--t is1 no religion t is animat$ ) life & _s4 ,= x is 9 ! fact #cfg & nature ( ?+s t we are n mov$ by m]e contemplation or m]e philosophis+4 ,e religion may h its own way ( intellectually int]pret+ ?is fact1 b ! practical result rema9s ! same ev]y:]e1 viz4 t x _c survive )\t ! animat+ en]gy ( love4 ,:atev] s\nd & f9e reason+ !re may be 9 ! doctr9e ( ! rvaka & ! ,pratyekabuddha1 ! =ce t is de/9$ to conqu] ! _w & to deliv] u f mis]y is n intellection1 b ! w1 i4e4 ! prvapranidhna ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,conclusion4 ,we n[ conclude4 ,:at is mo/ evid5t f :at we h se5 above is t ! ,mahyna ,nirvna is n ! annihilation ( life b its enlight5m5t1 t x is n ! nullification ( human passions & aspirations b _! purification & ennoblem5t4 ,?is _w ( et]nal transmigration is n a place :i* %\ld be %unn$ z ! playgr\nd ( evils1 b %\ld be reg>d$ z ! place ( ev]-pres5t opportunities giv5 to u = ! purpose ( unfold+ all our spiritual possibilities & p[]s = ! sake ( ! univ]sal welf>e4 ,!re is no ne$ = u to %r9k1 l ! snail into 8 cozy %elt]1 be=e ! duties & burd5s ( life4 ,! ,bodhisattva1 on ! contr>y1 f9ds ,nirvna 9 a concat5ation ( bir?s & dea?s & boldly faces ! problem ( evil & solves x by purify+ ! ,bodhi f subjective ignorance4 #cfh ,8 rule ( conduct is3 8,sabba ppassa ak>anam1 ,kusalassa upasampada1 ,sacitta p>iyodapanam2 ,etam buddhnu ssanam40#aef ,8 aspirations are solemnly express$ 9 ?is1 :i* we he> daily recit$ 9 ! ,mahyna ,buddhi/ temples & mona/]ies & sem9>ies3 8,s5ti5t be+s1 h[ev] innum]able1 ,i take v[ to save2 ,evil passions1 h[ev] inext+ui%able1 ,i take v[ to de/roy2 ,! av5ues ( tru?1 h[ev] numb]less1 ,i take v[ to /udy2 ,! way ( ! ,enlight5$1 h[ev] unsurpassable1 ,i take v[ to atta940 ,& an indefatigable pursuit ( ^! noble aims w f9ally lead to ! heav5 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ,nirvna1 :i* is n a /ate ( et]nal quietude1 b ! s\rce ( en]gy & intellig5ce4 ,by way ( summ>y1 & to avoid all misconceptions1 let me repeat once m t ,nirvna is ?us no negation ( life1 nor is x an idle contemplation on ! mis]y ( exi/5ce4 ,! life ( a ,buddhi/ consi/s by no means 9 ! monoton\s repetition ( recit+ ! stras & go+ 8 r\nds = meals4 ,f> f t4 ,he ent]s into all ! =ms ( life-activity1 = he does n believe t univ]sal emancipation #cfi is a*iev$ by imprison+ himself 9 ! cloi/]4 ,!oretically speak+1 ,nirvna is ! disp]sion ( ! cl\ds ( ignorance hov]+ ar\nd ! light ( ,bodhi4 ,morally1 x is ! suppression ( egoism & ! awak5+ ( love 7k>un74 ,religi\sly1 x is ! absolute surr5d] ( ! self to ! w ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,:5 ! cl\ds ( ignorance are disp]s+1 our intellectual horizon gets cle>] & wid]2 we p]ceive t our individual exi/5ces are l bubbles & lightn+s1 b t !y obta9 reality 9 _! on5ess ) ! ,body ( ,dh>ma4 ,?is conviction compels u to et]nally ab&on our old egoi/ic conception ( life4 ,! ego f9ds its significance only :5 x is conceiv$ 9 relation to ! n-ego1 t is1 to ! alt]2 9 o!r words1 self-love has no mean+ :atev] unless x is purifi$ by love = o!rs4 ,b ?is love = o!rs mu/ n rema9 bl9d & un5light5$1 x mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! w ( ! ,dh>makya :i* is ! norm ( exi/5ce & ! reason ( be+4 ,! mission ( love is ennobl$ & fulfill$ 9 its true s5se :5 we come to ! fai? t says 8?y w be done40 ,love )\t ?is resignation to ! div9e ord9ance is m]ely ano!r =m ( egoism3 ! root is already rott51 h[ c its trunk1 /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s make a v]itable gr[?8 ,let u !n conclude ) ! foll[+ reflections ( ! ,bodhisattva1 9 :i* we read ! :ole signification ( ,buddhism4 #cgj 8,hav+ practis$ all ! six virtues ( p]fection 7pramit7 & innum]able o!r m]itori\s de$s1 ! ,bodhisattva reflects 9 ?is wise3 8#8,all ! good de$s practis$ by me are = ! b5efit ( all s5ti5t be+s1 = _! ultimate purification f s94 ,by ! m]it ( ^! good de$s ,i pray t all s5ti5t be+s be releas$ f ! innum]able suff]+s suff]$ by !m 9 _! v>i\s abodes ( exi/5ce4 ,by ! turn+ ov] 7p>iv>ta7 ( ^! de$s ,i w\ld be a hav5 = all be+s & deliv] !m f _! mis]able exi/5ces2 ,i w\ld be a great beacon-light to all be+s & dispel ! d>kness ( ignorance & make ! light ( intellig5ce %9e4' 8,he reflects aga9 9 ?is wise3 8#8,all s5ti5t be+s are creat+ evil k>ma 9 innum]able ways1 & by reason ( ?is k>ma !y suff] innum]able suff]+s4 ,!y d n recognise ! ,ta?gata1 d n li/5 to ! ,good ,law1 d n pay homage to ! congregation ( holy m54 ,all ^! be+s c>ry an innum]able am\nt ( great evil k>ma & are de/9$ to suff] 9 innum]able ways4 ,= _! sake ,i w 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?ree evil creations suff] all _! suff]+s & deliv] e "o ( !m4 ,pa9ful z ^! suff]+s are1 ,i w n retreat1 ,i w n be fright5$1 ,i w n be neglig5t1 ,i w n =sake my fell[-be+s4 ,:y8 ,because x is ! w ( ! ,dh>makya t all s5ti5t be+s %\ld be univ]sally emancipat$4' #cga 8,he reflects aga9 9 ?is wise3 8#8,my conduct w be l ! sun-god :o ) 8 univ]sal illum9ation seeks n any rew>d1 :o ceases n on acc\nt ( "o unrighte\s p]son to make a great display ( 8 magnific5t glory1 :o on acc\nt ( "o unrighte\s p]son ab&ons n ! salvation ( all be+s4 ,?r\gh ! d$ication 7p>iv>ta7 ( all my m]its ,i w\ld make e "o ( my fell[-creatures happy & joy\s4'0 7,! ,avatamsaka ,stra1 fas ,,xiv74 #cgb ,,app5dix4 #cgc #cgd #cge ,,hymns ,,( ,,mah,y,,na ,,fai?4 ,,dh>mak,,ya 7,,ta?,,gata74a#ja ,9 all be+s !re abide? ! ,dh>makya2 ,) all virtues dissolv$ 9 x1 x live? 9 et]nal calmness4 ,x kn[e? nor bir? nor dea?1 com+ nor go+2 ,n "o1 n two2 n be+1 n becom+2 ,yet pres5t ev]y:]e 9 worlds ( be+s3 ,?is is :at is p]ceiv$ by all ,ta?gatas4 ,all virtues1 mat]ial & immat]ial1 ,dep5d5t on ! ,dh>makya1 are et]nally pure 9 x4 ,l unto ! sky is ! ultimate nature ( ! ,dh>makya2 ,f> away f ! six du/s1 x is defilem5t-free4 ,( no =m & devoid ( all attributes is ! ,dh>makya1 ,9 :i* are void bo? actor & action3 ,! ,dh>makya ( all ,buddhas1 ?us beyond compreh5sion1 ,quells all ! /ruggles ( sophi/ry & dialectics1 ,di/ances all ! ef=ts ( intellection1 ,?\ghts all are dead 9 x1 & su*ness alone abide?4 --- #cgf ,,! ,,dh>mak,,ya ,,( ,,ta?,,gata4a#jb ,9 all ! worlds ov] ! t5 qu>t]s1 ,o ye1 s5ti5t creatures liv+ !re1 ,behold ! mo/ v5]able ( m5 & gods1 ,^: spiritual ,dh>ma-body is immaculate & pure4 ,z ?r\gh ! p[] ( "o m9d1 ,a ho/ ( ?\ghts is evolv$3 ,s f "o ,dh>ma-body ( ,ta?gata1 ,are produc$ all ! ,buddha-bodies4 ,9 ,bodhi no?+ dual !re exi/e?1 ,nor is any ?\ght ( self pres5t3 ,! ,dh>ma-body1 undefil$ & non-dual1 ,9 its full spl5dor manife/e? itself ev]y:]e4 ,its ultimate reality is l unto ! va/ness ( space2 ,its manife/$ =ms are l unto magic %[s2 ,its virtues excell5t are inexhau/ible1 ,?is1 inde$1 ! spiritual /ate ( ,buddhas only4 ,all ! ,buddhas ( ! pres5t1 pa/1 & future1 ,ea* "o ( !m is an issue ( ! ,dh>ma-body immaculate & pure2 ,respond+ to ! ne$s ( s5ti5t creatures1 ,!y manife/ !mselves ev]y:]e1 assum+ corporeality :i* is beautiful4 ,!y nev] made ! prem$itation ,t !y w\ld manife/ 9 su* & su* =ms4 ,sep>at$ are !y f all desire & anxiety1 ,& free & self-act+ are _! responses4 #cgg ,!y d n negate ! ph5om5ality ( dh>mas1 ,nor d !y affirm ! _w ( individuals3 ,b manife/+ !mselves 9 all =ms1 ,!y tea* & conv]t all s5ti5t creatures4 ,! ,dh>ma-body is n *angeable1 ,nei!r is x un*angeable2 ,all dh>mas 9 ess5ce are )\t *ange1 ,b manife/ations are *angeable4 ,! ,sambodhi kn[e? no b\nds1 ,ext5d+ z f> z ! limits ( ! ,dh>maloka itself2 ,its dep?s are bottomless1 & its ext5t limitless2 ,words & spee*es are p[]less to describe x4 ,( all ! ways t lead to ,enlight5m5t ,! ,ta?gata kn[e? ! true significance2 ,w&]+ freely all ov] ! worlds1 ,ob/acles he enc\nt]e? n[h]e4 --- ,,! ,,ta?,,gata4 7#a7;a#jc ,! ,ta?gata appe>$ n on e>?1 ,nor did he ent] into ,nirvana2 ,by ! supreme p[] ( 8 inmo/ w1 ,he reveals himself freely z he wills4a#jd ,?is fact is beyond compreh5sion1 ,belongs n to ! sph]e ( a limit$ consci\sness1 ,only an intellig5ce p]fect & gone beyond ,is able to h an insight into ! realm ( ,buddhas4 #cgh ,! mat]ial body is n ! ,ta?gata1 ,nor is ! voice1 nor ! s\nd3 ,yet he is n beyond ! visible & ! audible3 ,! ,buddha has inde$ a p[] miracul\s4 ,p ( little fai? are unable to "k ,! inmo/ adytum ( ,buddhahood4 ,x is by ! p]fect+ ( primordial k>ma-intellig5ce ,t ! realm ( all ,buddhas is reveal$4 ,all ,buddhas come f n[h]e1 ,& dep>t = n[h]e3 ,! ,body ( ,dh>ma t is pure1 immaculate1 & incompreh5sible1 ,is inve/$ ) a p[] miracul\sly free4 ,9 inf9ity ( worlds1 ,reveal+ itself 9 ! body ( ,ta?gata1 ,x univ]sally prea*es ! ,law supremely excell5t1 ,& 9 its he>t no atta*m5t l+]s4 ,an intellect t kn[s no limits or b\nds ,p]ceives no ob/acles 9 all dh>mas1 ,& p5etrates into ! dep?s ( ! ,dh>maloka1 ,reveal+ itself ) a p[] miracul\sly div9e4 ,all s5ti5t be+s & all creatures1 ,x und]/&e? ?or\ghly )\t difficulty3 ,its ,bodies ( ,trans=mation are innum]able1 ,& univ]sally reveal$ 9 all ! worlds4 ,^? :o seek aft] ,all-k ,may 9 c\rse ( "t atta9 p]fect enlight5m5t2 ,let !m above all purify ! he>t ,& complete _! discipl9e 9 ,bodhisattvahood4 #cgi ,& !n !y w see ! ,ta?gata's ,immeasurable p[] t comes f 8 free w2 ,devoid ( all d\bts !y are1 & accompani$ ,) sages ^: virtue is unsurpassable4 --- ,,! ,,ta?,,gata 7#b74;a#je ,! ,ta?gata1 9 pure gold5 color1 ,& 9 p]son respl5d5t & maje/ic1 ,9 innum]able ages pa/1 ,all m]its ha? accumulat$4 ,) bliss & wisdom all 9 p]fection1 ,& ! highe/ enlight5m5t atta9+4 ,& ) great lov+ he>t animat$1 ,he n[ appe>e? 9 ?is _w ( endurance4 ,m5 & devas & ! eight ho/s ( demons1 ,all pay him homage mo/ rev]5t1 ,:o1 f 8 inmo/ self-be+1 ,prea*e? ! deepe/ spiritual ,dh>ma4 ,:i* is s unfa?omably deep1 ,t ,buddha alone c und]/& x3 ,multitudes ( be+s1 ignorant & bl9d1 ,li/5+ to x1 are unable to compreh5d4 ,! ,ta?gata is ! great lead] ( be+s2 ,) skill t is excell5t & m>vell\s1 ,guid+ all ^? ignorant s\ls1 ,by degrees br+e? !m to ,enlight5m5t4 #chj ,! he>t ( all be+s is miracul\sly bright1 ,& et]nally calm 9 its be+4 ,pure & immaculate & defilem5t-free1 ,x is repl5i%$ ) all m]its4 ,its ess5ce is l unto ! sky3 ,devoid ( all limitations1 ,kn[e? nei!r bir? nor dea?1 ,& !re is nei!r com+ nor dep>t+4 ,et]nally abid+ 9 ! ,dh>ma-ess5ce1 ,x is immovable z ! ,m\nt ,sum]u2 ,! on5ess 9 x ( all be+s ,is inde$ beyond f9ite k4 ,vulg> m9ds f "t immemorial1 ,bl9dly cl++ to all passions1 ,are ?r[n deep into ! ocean ( pa91 ,& "k n h[ to escape4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd doctr9e ( ,ta?gata1 ,full ( mean+1 spiritual & transc5d5tal1 ,) recipi5t intellects 9 all degrees1 ,9 h>mony unfolde? he ! ,law4 ,a %[] ( "o ta/e f above ,cov]+ all ! t5 qu>t]s1 ,grasses & trees1 woods & =e/s1 ,roots & trunks1 l>ge & small1 ,( all gr[+ on ?is va/ e>?1 ,no?+ is !re t !reby itself b5efite? n4 ,! ,law deliv]$ by ! ,ta?gata ,may ev5 be lik5$ unto x4 #cha ,) "o voice :i* is wondr\s1 ,he give? utt]ance to ?\ghts innum]able1 ,t are receiv$ by audi5ce ( all sort1 ,ea* und]/&+ !m 9 8 own way4 ,9 ?is wise among ! assemblage1 ,none is !re b t ent]s ^u ,buddha-k ,su* is ,buddha's miracul\s p[]1 ,truly call$ 8,incompreh5sible40 --- ,,rep5tance4a#jf ,^? :o rep5t z prescrib$ by ! ,dh>ma1 ,altoge!r _! e>?ly s9s uproot2 ,z fire on doomsday ! _w w consume1 ,) its m\nta9 peaks & inf9ite seas4 ,rep5tance burns up ( e>?ly desires ! fuel2 ,rep5tance to heav5 ! s9n]s is lead+2 ,rep5tance ! bliss ( ! f\r ,dhynas imp>te?2 ,rep5tance br+s %[]s ( jewels & gems2 ,rep5tance a holy life r5d]s firm z a diamond2 ,rep5tance transports to ! palace ( bliss ev]la/+2 ,rep5tance f ! triple _w's prison releases2 ,rep5tance makes blossom ! bloom ( ! ,bodhi4 --- #chb ,,all ,,be+s ,,are ,,mo!rs ,,& ,,fa!rs4 ,all s5ti5t be+s 9 transmigration travel ?r\gh ! six gatis1 ,l unto a :eel revolv+ )\t beg9n+ & end1 ,becom+ 9 turn fa!rs & mo!rs1 m5 & wom53 ,g5]ations & g5]ations1 ea* owes some?+ to o!rs4 ,ye %\ld !n reg>d all be+s z fa!rs & mo!rs2 ,?\gh ?is tru? is too hidd5 to be recognis$ )\t ! aid ( ,holy ,k1 ,all m5 are y\r fa!rs1 ,all wom5 are y\r mo!rs4 ,:ile n yet requit+ _! love receiv$ 9 y\r prior lives1 ,:y %\ld ye1 ?9k+ o!rwise1 h>bor enmity8 ,ev] ?9k+ ( love1 endeavor ye to b5efit "o ano!r2 ,& provoke ye n ho/ility1 qu>rel+ & insult+4 --- ,,! ,,t5 ,,p>,,mit,s4 ,o ye1 sons ( ,buddha1 9 ! ,holy ,way tra9$1 ,) ! ,he>t ( ,highe/ ,intellig5ce awak5$1 ,& liv+ 9 seclusion at ! ,aranyaka1 ,%\ld practice ! t5 pramits4 ,at daily meal ?9k ye fir/ ( almsgiv+1 ,& also di/ribute among be+s ! ,treasure ( ,law2 ,:5 ! ?ree r+sa#jg are pure1 x is call$ true *>ity2 ,?r\gh ?is practice p]fect$ are ! m]its ( discipl9e4 #chc ,w\ld ye und]/& ! m]its ( almsgiv+8 ,"k ye t x comes f ! he>t pure1 & n f ! weal? giv52 ,a preci\s treasure ) a he>t unclean1 ,is surpass$ by a mite ) a he>t clean4 ,weal? giv+ is a dna-pramit1 ,& !re are o!r dna-pramits3 ,to give away "o's life1 wife1 or *ildr51 ,?is is call$ blood-giv+4 ,%\ld a man ( good family come & ask = ! ,law ,let him h all ! ,mahyna stras expla9$1 ,& awak5 9 him ! ,he>t ( ,highe/ ,intellig5ce2 ,?is is call$ a true pramit4 ,) sympa?y & pure fai? & consci5ce1 ,embrace ye all be+s & befree !m f gre$1 ,t !y might atta9 to ! highe/ intellig5ce ( ! ,ta?gata3 ,! giv+ ( weal? & ( ! ,law is ! fir/ pramit4 ,firmly obs]v+ ! ?ree sets ( ! ,bodhisattva-las1a#jh ,o ye1 evolve ! ,bodhi1 di/ance bir?-&-dea?1 ,gu>d ! ,law ( ,buddha & make x long live 9 ! _w1 ,rep5t ! violation ( ! las1 & be always m9dful ( ! true ones4 ,subdue ye ang] & hate & cultivate 9 y\r he>t love & sympa?y2 ,m9dful ( ! k>ma pa/1 h>bor ye n evil ?\ghts aga9/ (f5d]s2 ,be n reluctant = ! sake ( all be+s to sacrifice life3 ,?is is call$ ! pramit ( meekness4 ,9 practic+ :at is h>d to practice1 hesitate ye n a:ile2 ,) ev]-increas+ en]gy ?r\gh ?ree asankheya kalpas1 ,defile n y\rselves1 b always discipl9e ! he>t2 ,& = ! sake ( all creatures seek ye salvation4 #chd ,ent]+ into & ris+ f ! ,samdhi1 spiritual fre$om is obta9$3 ,trans=m+ y\rselves & travell+ 9 all ! t5 qu>t]s1 ,h = all be+s ! cause ( evil desire remov$1 ,& let !m seek deliv]ance 9 ! doctr9e ( ,samdhi4 ,w\ld ye desire to atta9 to ,true ,intellig5ce8 ,fri5dly approa* ,bodhisattvas & ,ta?gatas2 ,gladly li/5+ to ! doctr9e transc5d5tal & sublime1 ,atta9 ye ! ?ree discipl9esa#ji & remove ! two ob/aclesa#aj4 ,recognis+ diff]5ce 9 ! disposition ( be+s1 ,apply ! m$ic9e prop] = ea* disease3 ,love & sympa?y1 skill & exp$i5cy1 ea* fitt+ ! case1 ,try ! prop] means = ! b5efit ( ! multitudes4 ,w\ld ye "k ! true mean+ ( exi/5ce8 ,! middle pa? lies 9 non-atta*m5t1 nei!r 8yea0 nor 8nay02 ,intellig5ce pure is unfa?omable & unites 9 ,su*ness2 ,id5tify m9e ) ?9e1 embrac+ ! :ole4 ,by ! =ce ( intellect1 grasp+ ! nature ( be+s1 ,tea* ! masses ea* 9 accord ) 8 capacity2 ,! =ce ( intellect p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! he>t ( all be+s1 ,de/roys ! root ( transmigration 9 bir? & dea?4 ,intellig5tly judg+ betwe5 black & :ite1 ,consci5ti\sly take hold ( "o & put ! o!r aside1 & let ea* re/ 9 its place2 ,samsra & ,nirvna are b "o 9 _! ess5ce2 ,fulfill+ ! mean+ ( exi/5ce1 *]i% ye n self-conceit4 ,^! t5 de$s ( excell5ce ,comprise all eighty-f\r ?\s& virtues2 ,ea* 9 its class excels all ! o!rs1 ,& is call$ ! ,pramit ( ,bodhisattva4 #che ,eighty-f\r ?\s& samdhis ,becalm ! di/urbant m9d ( all be+s2 ,eighty-f\r ?\s& dhrans ,keep away all ! prejudices & evil influ5ces4 ,! ,great ,sage1 ,k+ ( ,dh>ma1 ) m>vell\s skill1 ,tea*e? ! ,law 9 ?ree ways & conv]te? all be+s2 ,ca/+ ! net ( ! ,doctr9e 9 ! ocean ( bir? & dea?1 ,he drawe? out m5 & gods to ! abode ( bliss4 --- ,,! ,,bodhi4a#aa ,all ?+s are ( ! ,bodhi1 ,! ,bodhi is 9 all ?+s2 ,! ,bodhi & all ?+s are "o3 ,:o kn[e? ?is is call$ ! ,_w-honor$4 --- ,,nirvana ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,evils4 ,gre$ is ,nirvana2 ,s is hate1 & folly2 ,9 ^! ?ree passions ,!re dwells a ,buddha-dh>ma inexpressible4 ,:o sev]alises1 ?9k+1 ,!re's gre$1 & hate1 & folly1 ,he is z f> f ,buddha1 ,z heav5 f e>?4 ,! ,bodhi & gre$1 ,!y're "o1 n two3 ,out ( "o ,dh>ma-gate come? all2 ,"h's sam5ess1 no div]sity4 #chf ,?is he>+1 ! vulg> /& agha/2 ,f> f ! ,buddha-pa? are !y4 ,! he>t1 :5 innoc5t ( gre$1a#ab ,is nev] tr\bl$4 ,9 ^: m9d self is lurk+ /ill1 ,& :o imag9es t some?+ he has1 ,gre$y is ?is man call$1 ,& he is b\nd = hell4 ,:at is ! true nature ( gre$1 ,t is ! nature ( ,buddha-dh>ma2 ,:at is ! nature ( ,buddha-dh>ma1 ,t is ! nature ( gre$4a#ac ,^! two are ( "o nature2 ,t is1 ( no-nature2 ,:o kn[e? ?is tru?1 ,w\ld be ! _w-lead]4 --- ,,non-,,atman ,,& ,,prejudice4a#ad ,!re once 0 an ignorant man2 ,s afraid ( ! sky 0 he ,t pite\sly cry+ he w&]$ away4 ,( its sudd5 collapse he 0 fe>ful4 ,b ! sky has no b\nd>y1 ,& to nobody 't w be h>mful4 ,x 0 due to 8 ignorance ,t he trembl$ s fitfully4 ,) ! ,bhik%us & ,brahmans ,x is ev5 s1 :o are prejudic$4 ,le>n+ t empty is ! _w1 ,al>m$ are !y at he>t2 ,& wrongly imag9e t if empty 7 ! nature ( tman ,no?+ness w\ld be ! end ( all "w4 --- #chg ,,non-,,action4 ,z ! vacuity ( sky1 ,be+ s cle> & free ( cl\d & fog1 ,^u ! e>? bel[1 ,betrays no signs a %[] to give3 ,s ! enlight5$ ,betray no le>n+1 no intellig5ce3 ,& we1 s5ti5t be+s1 ,c trace no ef=ts 9 _! deliv]ance ( ! ,law4a#ae --- ,,self-,,delusion4 ,!re liv$ once a pa9t]1 ,:o su* a mon/r\s ,yak%a pa9t$ ,t he himself 0 t]rifi$ ,& los+ all 8 s5ses on ! gr\nd he fell3 ',tis ev5 s ) vulg> m9ds2 ,infatuat$1 self-delud$ by ! s5ses1 ,( _! own error !y are unaw>e1 ,& g f bir? to bir? )\t an end4 --- ,,all ,,9 ,,"o4 ,z all ! wat]s 9 ! valley ,are empti$ 9 ! ocean ,:i* is ( "o & ! same ta/e3 ,s ! enlight5$1 ,:atev] is ,good & b5eficial1 ,turn ov] to ! ,bodhi ,& to t ,reality ,9 :i* all ?+s become ( "o & ! same ta/e4 --- #chh ,,nihilism4 ,! va/ vacuity ( space1 ,h[ limitless & measureless6 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ! void ,h[ c\ld a f>m] s[ 8 se$s8 ',tis ev5 s ) ,nihilism3 ,! pa/ is gone =ev]1 ,! future's n "h yet1 ,& 9 ! pres5t no ,buddha-se$s h !y4 --- ,,! ,,nihili/4 ,a man :o suff]s f a disease incurable1 ,h[ev] excell5t 8 treatm5t be1 ,impossible he w f9d 8 heal? to ga91 ,= 8 defies all means ( rem$y4 ',tis ev5 s ) !m :o walk 9 ! way ( empt9ess2 ,no matt] :]eso'er !y be1 ,h[ bl9dly !y are cl++ unto x6 ,su* ,i decl>e to be incurable4 --- ,,! ,,buddha',s ,,dh>ma 7#a7 ,z 9 its on5ess ! elem5t e>? ,embraces div]sities ( objects1 ,& discrim9ates n ?is or t2 ,ev5 s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 ,z 9 its on5ess ! elem5t fire ,burns ev]y?+ on e>?1 ,& discrim9ates n 9 its nature2 ,ev5 s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 #chi ,z wat]s 9 ! va/ ocean1 ,absorb+ hundr$s ( /reams1 ,are ( ! same ta/e =ev]2 ,ev5 s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 ,z ! dragon-god ) ?und] & lightn+ ,br+s %[]s on ! e>? all ov]1 ,& ! ra9-drops discrim9ate n2 ,ev5 s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 --- ,,! ,,buddha',s ,,dh>ma4 7#b7 ,z 9 h] on5ess "m e>? ,creates div]sities ( se$s ,& 9 h] inmo/ no discrim9ation kn[s2 ,e'en s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 ,z 9 ! cl\dless sky ! sun ,o'er ! t5 qu>t]s all illum9ates1 ,& 9 its brightness %[s no diff]5ce2 ,e'en s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 ,z high up 9 ! heav5s is ! moon ,beheld by all be+s on e>?1 ,& !re's n[h]e h] glory rea*es n2 ,e'en s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 ,! ,brahma-rja great ,9 ?\s&s ( worlds himself all manife/s ,& kn[s 9 8 be+ no div]sities2 ,e'en s is x ) all ! ,buddha's ,dh>ma4 --- #cij ,,! ,,passions ,,& ,,wisdom4 ,only 9 ! fil?9ess ( soil1 ,c\ld ! se$ be s[n & gr[2 ,ev5 s 9 ! mire ( passion ,*]i%$ by all s5ti5t be+s ,all ov] ! _w1 ,if by ! sons ( ,buddha well att5d$ to1 ,!re w gr[ ! se$ ( ,buddha-dh>ma4 ,j z 9 fil? & mud ,! lotus gr[s & blooms1 ,ev5 s 9 a he>t defil$ ) evil k>ma ,! se$s ( ,buddha-dh>ma are gr[+4 --- ,,ignorance ,,& ,,enlight5m5t4 7#a7 ,a mansion !re 0 once :i* 0 a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ( age2 ,no occupant 0 !re1 nor doors nor w9d[s2 ,devas & m51 all ( a sudd51 ,!re came & burn$ a lamp2 ,& ! d>kness t dwelt s long ,dep>t$ in/antly )\t a ^w4 ,! inky d>kness t ! mansion fill$ ,resi/$ n1 8,i've liv$ "h = ages1 ,& ,i'll nev] be remov$ f "h40 ,ev5 ) k>ma-consci\sness & ! horde ( passions 9 ! he>t1 ,! analogy holds true4 ,?\gh !re abid+ _m hundr$ ?\s& kalpas1 ,_! ultimate nature is n true nor real4 ,:5 a travel]1 day or night1 ,ent]s ^u ! tru?ful pa?1 ,! lamp ( wisdom burns 9 its full spl5dor2 ,& ! horde ( evil passions ,_c t>ry !re1 ev5 = a mom5t4 --- #cia ,,ignorance ,,& ,,enlight5m5t4 7#b7 ,bright %9es ! lamp1 ,& ! inky night is gone4 ,b ) ! d>kness ,! qu>t]s vani% n2 ,yet ?is illum9at+ lamp1 ,if n 9 ! d>k1 n[h]e do? %9e3 ,= light & d>k dep5d ^u ea* o!r2 ,no selfhood hav+1a#af !y're empty4 ',tis ev5 s ) enlight5m5t4 ,9 comes enlight5m5t1 ,& out goes ignorance ( its own accord4 ,b bo? are l unto ! fl[]s 9 ! air1 ,= nei!r by itself exi/s2 ,impossible is "o alone1 ei!r to keep or to =ego4 --- ,,! ,,bodhisattva ,,& ,,all ,,be+sa#ag ,great ,"m ,e>? ,all creatures ,provides & n\ri%es1 ,b f none ( !m ,%e seeks a favor special1 nor is %e to any p>tial3 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva4 ,s9ce 8 awak5+ ( ! ,he>t1 ,until he ga9s ! dep?s ( ! ,law ,& realises ! highe/ k1 ,he toils to save all creatures1 ,himself no favor seek+1 nor to o!rs grant+ any2 ,reg>dless ( fri5d & enemy1 ,embrac+ all ) s+le he>t1 ,he fa%ions "o & all = ,bodhi4 99 99 99 #cib ,! elem5t ,wat] ,all p]meat+ ,makes h]bs & trees ,9 luxury gr[1 ,yet any favor special x nor %[s nor seeks2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva2 ,) a pure he>t ( love ,all s5ti5t be+s equally embraces he2 ,all p]meat+ gradually1 univ]sally1 ,! se$s immaculate he n\ri%es1 ,:i*1 break+ d[n all evils p[]ful1 ,obta9 ! fruit ( ,buddha-k4 99 99 99 ,! elem5t ,fire ,matures & rip5s all ,! t5d] %oots ( ! c]eals2 ,yet ! elem5t fire ,f ^? "y plants ,no favor seeks1 nor any %[s to !m2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva3 ,) k-fire ,matures he all ,! t5d] %oots ( creatures2 ,yet he f !m ,no favor special seeks1 nor %[s he any4 99 99 99 ,! elem5t ,air1 ,by reason ( its virtue1 ,p]vades all ov] ,buddha-l&s2 ,) ! ,bodhisattva ',tis ev5 s1 ,:o ) consummate skill ,to ,buddha's *ildr5 ,prea*es ! ,doctr9e ,holy4 --- #cic ,,! ,,bodhisattva4 _/,8 ,firmness_/4 ,z ,mra1 ! evil "o1 ,comm&+ 8 f\r armies1 ,ev5 by ! devas 9 ! ,kmaloka1 ,_c be ov]:elm$2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,^: he>t1 pure & clean1 ,by all ! ho/s ( ,evil1 ,_c be tempt$1 nor confus$4 _/,8 ,progress_/4 ,z ! new moon1 ,9 size increas+ gradually1 ,becomes p]fect & full 9 ! end2 ,ev5 s ! ,bodhisattva1 ,) a he>t defilem5t-free1 ,all ! good dh>mas seek+ & p]=m+1 ,9 virtue gradually progresses1 ,& f9ally obta9s ! ,law ( ,purity1 p]fect & full4 _/,8 ,enlight5m5t_/4 ,! ris+ sun1 ,all illum9+1 ,all =ms & images 9 ! _w ,9 glory are reveal$2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva3 ,! light ( k emitt+1 ,& s5ti5t be+s illum9+1 ,br+e? he all to wisdom4 #cid _/,8 ,fe>lessness_/4 ,lion1 ! k+ ( bea/s1 ,maje/ic1 ov]p[]+1 ,& 9 ! =e/ w&]+1 ,kn[s he no fe>1 no t]ror2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva3 ,calmly abid+ 9 ,le>n+1 ,intellig5ce1 & ,morality1 ,?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ,:]ev] he w&]s ab\t1 ,kn[s he no fe>1 no d\bt4 _/,8 ,en]gy_/4 ,! giant elephant1 ,) en]gy wondr\s1 ,a burd5 heavy c>ry+1 ,%[s n ! lea/ fatigue2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva3 ,be>+1 = ! sake ( ! masses1 ,! mis]y ( ! fle%1 ,he %[s n ! lea/ apa?y4 _/,8 ,purity_/4 ,! lotus-fl[]1 ,?\gh gr[+ 9 ! m>%y l&1 ,by dirt1 or mire1 or fil? ,is n defil$2 ,s is ! ,bodhisattva3 ,?\gh liv+ 9 ?is _w1 ,no =m ( passion ,ev] t\*es him4 #cie _/,8 ,self-sacrifice_/4 ,!re liv$ once a man ,:o craftily & skillfully ,fell$ ! trunks ( trees1 ,b left ! roots unt\*$1 ,t aft] due "t ,!y might once m be gr[+2 ',tis ev5 s ) ! ,bodhisattva3 ,) ! upya t is excell5t1 ,desires & passions d[n he fells1 ,b leaves _! se$ unsca!d ,by reason ( 8 all-embrac+ love1 ,& !reby ev] & anon comes he on e>?4a#ah --- ,,! ,,bodhisattva',s ,,homeless ,,life4a#ai ,! homeless ,bodhisat reg>ds ! home life or ! _w at l>ge ,z a hurricane t abates n a:ile1 ,or z ! moon's illusive image 9 wat] ca/1 ,:i* ! imag9ation takes delib]ately = ! real4 ,! wat] 9 itself conta9s no lun> image real2 ,! real moon1 dep5d5t on wat] cle>1 a %ad[ ca/s2 ,s are all be+s unreal2 only conditionally !y exi/2 ,yet 'tis imag9$ by ! vulg> t an ,atman !y h4 ,! ,atman is ! product ( conditions1 & real x is n2 ,b = a reality ! imag9ation x takes4 ,h ! two prejudicesa#bj remov$1 ,& we p]ceive ,intellig5ce mo/ high & pe]less4 #cif ,our confus$ imag9ation is l unto a black /orm1 ,bl[+ ov] ! woods ( bir? & dea?1 /irs up ! leaves ( consci\sness3 ,by ! f\r w9ds ( fallacy 'tis haunt$ all ! "t1 ,& five damnation-causes x produces1 ,entw9+ are inde$ ! roots ( evil1 :i* are ?ree1 ,?r\gh bir? & dea? do? transmigration ev] onw>d move4 ,:o to ! ,sutras li/5 & 9 !m dev\tly believe1 ,! "r view !y acquire1 remov+ all ! ?\ghts :i* are fallaci\s1 ,& e in/ant gr[+ are ,se$s ( ,intellig5ce1 ,& ! ,samdhi ( k great & ( spirituality is awak5$4 ,:5 well discipl9$ 9 speculation deep & subtle1 ,9 ! d>k no m we grope1 nor d we reap ! crop ( pa92 ,p]ceiv+ ,su*ness 9 ! ultimate nature ( ?+s1 ,subject & object bo? gone1 & vani%$ are all s9s4 ,female & male1 !y're attributes1 & !y are void ess5tially3 ,! ignorant imag9e & create ! two :i* only relatively exi/4 ,! ,buddha has de/roy$ p]man5tly ! cause ( ignorance1 ,& 9 ! ultimate reality no?+ p>ticul> sees he1 male or female4 ,! excell5t fruit ( wisdom1 if ev] atta9$1 rema9s ! same = aye2 ,! vulg> na?less imag9e wrongly & see !re9 a ?+ concrete & def9ite4 ,! ,buddha's features ?irty-two are aft] all no-features2 ,:o sees no-features 9 ! features1 ! feature true he und]/&s4 #cig ,to w&] homeless1 & immaculate de$s to practise1 ,ov] ! he>t to wat*1 9 solitude quietly to sit3 ,?is is ! rightful way ! ,bodhisattva cleanses 8 he>t2 ,erelong w he atta9 ! fruit ( enlight5m5t4 --- ,,! ,,buddhi/4a#ba ,enc\rage n1 = y\r self-int]e/s1 ,het]odoxy & false doctr9es2 ,a m]ciful he>t = all h ye2 ,remove /upidity & untru? f y\r m9ds2 ,be ye ,ta?gata's mo/ fai?ful s]vants2 ,& tea* ! masses :o are ignorant1 ,to !m ! ,bodhi imp>t1 on y\rselves x practis+2 ,& !reby make ! ,buddha's "n res\nd on e>?2 ,deliv] ! multitudes f s9 & initiate !m ,to ! p]fect enlight5m5t ( ! ,buddha3 ,ye by ^! virtues firmly /&1 ,& y\r ,intellig5ce-he>t do? nev] fail4 --- ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,bodhisattva4a#bb ,) lov+k9dness1 a ,great ,be+ :o saves & protects1 ,reg>ds all be+s imp>tially z 8 only *ild2 ,en]getically1 *e]fully1 & )\t /9t1 ,8 life he sacrifices1 uproot+ pa91 & br++ bliss unspeakable4 ,surely he w atta9 ! height ( tru? & beauty1 ,=ev] be fre$ f ! entanglem5t ( bir? & dea?4 ,& erelong w he ! fruit ( enlight5m5t obta91 ,et]nally peaceful1 & 9 ! ,uncreate joy f9d+4 --- #cih ,a ,,v[ ,,( ,,! ,,bodhisattva4a#bc ,= ! sake ( all s5ti5t be+s on e>?1 ,i aspire = ! abode ( enlight5m5t :i* is mo/ high2 ,9 all-embrac+ love awak5$1 & ) a he>t /eadily firm1 ,ev5 my life ,i w sacrifice1 de> z x is4 ,9 enlight5m5t no sorr[s are f\nd1 no burn+ desires2 ',tis enjoy$ by all m5 :o are wise4 ,all s5ti5t creatures f ! turbul5t wat]s ( ! triple _w1 ,i'll release1 & to et]nal peace !m ,i'll lead4 --- ,,! ,,true ,,homeless ,,"o4a#bd ,?\gh n we>+ ! yell[ robe1 ,^: he>t is free f defilem5t1 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ,buddhas1 ,he is ! true homeless "o4 ,?\gh n devoid ( %[y ornam5ts1 ,:o has cut (f all entanglem5ts1 ,& 9 ^: he>t exi/s nei!r knott9ess nor loos5ess1 ,he is ! true homeless "o4 ,?\gh n initiat$ by ! ,rules1 ,^: he>t is clean ( all evil ?\ghts1 ,& op5 only to tranquillity1 intellig5ce1 & virtu\s de$s1 ,he is ! true homeless "o4 ,?\gh n in/ruct$ 9 ! ,law1 ,^: insight goes deep into ! ultimate1 ,& is no m delud$ by %am appe>ances1 ,he is ! true homeless "o4 #cii ,! m9d t takes no ?\ght ( ! ego1 ,t goes beyond ! illusory ph5om5a1 ,yet s9ks n into /upidity ,truly awak5$ to ,intellig5ce x is4 ,^: m9d1 awak5$ to ,intellig5ce1 ,sees no sub/antiality 9 ! ego1 ,&1 n see+1 yet rema9s firm1 ,?is man _c be injur$4 --- ,,! ,,bodhisattva',s ,,spiritual ,,life4a#be ,l unto ! va/ ocean t receives ,all ! wat]s1 & yet ov]fl[s n2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o kn[e? no fatigue 9 seek+ ! m]its ( ! ,dh>ma4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t absorbs ,all ! /reams1 & yet %[s no increase2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o1 receiv+ ! deepe/ ,dh>ma1 no?+ ga9e?4a#bf ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t refuses to take fil?1 ,& :]e9 :5 absorb$ do? f\lness *ange to purity2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:om all ! fil? ( passion _c t>ni%4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean ^: bottom is unfa?omable2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,^: virtues & wisdom are s immeasurable ,t none ev] kn[s _! limits4 #djj ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean 9 :i* !re's no div]sity1 ,all ! wat]s & /reams p\r+ !re9to become ( "o ta/e alone2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o li/5e? to "o note ( ,dh>ma4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t exi/e? n ,= ! int]e/s ( "o individual2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,^: aspirations are = ! b5efit ( all4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t embosoms ! jewel call$ 8all-jewel40 ,( :i* all jewels are produc$2 ,ev5 s is ! jewel-treasure ( ! ,bodhisattva1 ,= x is ?r\gh ?is t all ! o!r jewels %9e4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t produces ! ?ree k9ds ( jewel1 ,& yet discrim9ates n betwe5 !m2 ,ev5 s is ! tea*+ ( ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o1 equally deliv]+ ! ?ree ynas1 make? n any di/9ction4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t by degrees becomes deep]2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o1 practis+ virtues = ! sake ( all1 ,=ev] aspire? aft] ! deepe/ omnisci5ce4 ,aga91 l unto ! va/ ocean t h>bors n a corpse2 ,ev5 s is ! ,bodhisattva1 ,:o1 ) ! he>t ( purity & ! v[ ( ,bodhi1 ,h>bore? n a passion1 nor ! ?\ght ( ! rvaka4 --- #dja ,,! ,,bodhisattva',s ,,fai?4 7#a7;a#bg ,p]ceiv+ all 9 "o1 ,& "o 9 all1 ,! ,bodhisattva dilig5t 9 8 "w ,is nev] giv5 up to indol5ce4 ,pa9 he %unne? n1 to pleasure he cl+e? n1 ,z he is ev] b5t on ! deliv]ance ( all be+s2 ,to him all ,buddhas w !mselves reveal1 ,& ( _! pres5ce he is nev] we>y4 ,he is 9 ! deepe/ dep?s ( ! ,dh>ma1 ,:]e is f\nd ! inexhau/ible ocean ( m]it4 ,all s5ti5t be+s 9 ! fivefold pa? ( exi/5ce1 ,he love? z 8 own *ild2 ,remov+ ?+s unclean & fil?y1 ,supply+ !m ) dh>mas pure & immaculate4 --- ,,! ,,bodhisattva',s ,,fai?4 7#b7;a#bh ,:ile to ! doctr9e mo/ high li/5+1 ,! ,light ( ,pure ,intellig5ce )9 me gl[s1 ,t %9+ ov] all ! univ]se ,all ! enlight5$ ones to me reveals4 ,:o ?9k !re are individuals ,!y put !mselves 9 ! position mo/ difficult2 ,dh>mas h no ego-ma/] :i* is real1 ,= !y are m]ely names & expressions4 ,! vulg> & ignorant "k n ,t )9 !mselves !y h a reality true & real1 ,t ! ,ta?gata is n ( any p>ticul> =m2 ,!re=e ! ,ta?gata !y see n4 #djb ,dirt & du/ obscur+ _! intellig5ce-eye1 ,enlight5m5t p]fect & true !y see n2 ,& ?r\gh\t kalpas immeasurable & innum]able1 ,9 ! /ream ( bir? & dea? !y g a-roll+4 ,w&]+ & roll+ is ,samsra1 ,no-m-a-roll+ is ,nirvna2 ,yet ,samsra & ,nirvna1 ,absolutely1 exi/s nei!r ( !m4 ,to believ] 9 falsehood & sophi/ry1 ,samsra is "h & ,nirvna !re2 ,cle>ly !y grasp n ! ,dh>ma ( anci5t sages1 ,nor und]/& ! ,pa? ,incomp>able4 ,^? :o ?us cl+ to =ms individual1 ,( ,buddha's univ]sal enlight5m5t1 ?\gh !y he>1 ,!mselves negate1 & away !y w&] f ! "r c\rse ( ?\ght2 ,!re=e1 !y _c see ! ,buddha4 ,:o ! ,dh>ma ( ,tru? p]ceive1 ,s]5e !y are = aye1 & abide 9 ,su*ness2 ,enlight5m5t mo/ tru?ful !y und]/&1 ,transc5d+ words & all ! modes ( spee*4 ,illusory are all =ms individual2 ,no su* ?+ z dh>ma "h exi/s3 ,no enlight5$ ones ,seek ,tru? 9 ?+s p>ticul>4 ,^: insight to ! pa/ ext5ds1 ,to ! future & ov] ! pres5t1 ,& :o =e'er abides 9 s]5ity ( ,su*ness1 ,he's said to be a ,ta?gata4 --- #djc ,,! ,,bodhisattva',s ,,fai?4 7#c7;a#bi ,i w\ld r suff] suff]+s innum]able ,t ,i might li/5 to ! voices ( ,buddhas1 ,?an enjoy all sorts ( pleasure ,& n he> ,buddhas' names4 ,! reason :y s9ce ages out ( m9d ,we suff] suff]+s c\ntless ,& transmigrate ?r\gh bir? & dea?1 ,is t we h n he>d ,buddhas' names4 ,a reality t exi/s 9 ?+s unreal1 ,a p]fect ,intellect syn!tis+ tru? & falsehood1 ,& t :i* transc5ds all ! modes ( relativity1 ,?is is call$ ! ,bodhi4 ,buddhas ( ! pres5t are n products ( composite conditions1 ,nor are ^? ( ! pa/1 nor ^? ( ! future4 ,:at is =mless 9 all =ms1 ,t is ! true ess5ce ( ,buddhas4 ,:o ?us p]ceives ,! deepe/ significance ( all exi/5ces1 ,9 innum]able ,buddhas1 he w see ,! tru? & reality ( ! ,dh>ma-body4 ,! ,dh>ma-body kn[s tru? z true1 ,& falsehood z false1 ,& well und]/&s ! realm ( reality2 ,!re=e1 x is call$ p]fect intellect4 ,! enlight5$ has no?+ enlight5$1 ,:i* is ! true spirituality ( all ,buddhas3 ,& 9 ?is wise !y behave1 ,nei!r to be "o nor to be two4 #djd ,!y see ! "o 9 ! _m1 ,!y see ! _m 9 ! "o ,! ,dh>ma has no?+ to dep5d ^u2 ,h[ c\ld x be a product ( comb9ation8 ,! actor & ! action1 ,nei!r really subsi/s3 ,:o c und]/& ?is1 ,seeks n reality 9 ei!r ( !m4 ,& "h :]e reality is unseekable1 ,buddhas f9d !re ! re/+ abode ,! ,dh>ma has no?+ to dep5d ^u2 ,& ! enlight5$ h no?+ to cl+ to4 #dje ,,notes ,,to ,,! ,,app5dix4 a#ja ,?is & ! foll[+ are translations f "s ,mahyna texts 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 :i* 7 r5d]$ into ! ,*9ese language at v>i\s times f ,sanskrit mo/ly ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( ! ,h9du mission>ies & ,*9ese s*ol>s4 ,a detail$ analysis ( ^! texts is mo/ urg5tly ne$$1 z !y conta9 _m in=mations ( great importance n only conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,india b also conc]n+ e>ly ,h9du culture g5]ally4 ,a r incomplete idea z to _! cont5ts & mat]ial & g5]al "* w be atta9$ by ! p]usal ( ,rev4 ,nanjo's ,catalogue ( ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka1 ,ox=d1 #ahhc4 ,mahyna-mlajta-hdayabhmi-dhyna ,stra1 7,nanjo1 no4 #iee17 fas4 iii4 a#jb ,! ,avatamsaka1 fas4 xiv41 p4 #gc4 a#jc ,! ,avatamsaka1 7,buddhabhadra's translation71 fas4 xiv1 p4 #gb4 a#jd ,to conceive ! ,ta?gata z a p]sonal be+ :o appe>$ on e>? = a c]ta9 limit$ "t & !n et]nally disappe>$ is n ,mahyni/ic4 ,he reveals himself con/antly & ( 8 own w 9 ?is _w ( p>ticul>s4 a#je ,s>vadh>ma-pravtti-nirdea ,stra 7,nanjo1 no4 #ajab74 a#jf ,mahyna-mlajta-hrdavabhmi-dhyna ,stra 7,nanjo #iee71 fas4 iii1 p4 #ge4 a#jg ,! ?ree r+s are3 #a4 ! giv]1 #b4 ! receiv]1 & #c4 ! ?+ giv51 mat]ial or immat]ial4 a#jh ,precepts4 ,! ?ree sets are3 #a4 "o relat+ to good behavior1 #b4 to ! accumulation ( m]it1 & #c4 to lov+k9dness t[>d all be+s4 #djf a#ji ,! m5tal 7subjective71 physical 7objective71 & oral4 a#aj ,! intellectual & ! affective4 a#aa ,s>vadh>ma-pravtti-nirdea ,stra4 a#ab ,lit]ally1 8:5 gre$ is nei!r born nor dead40 ,?is means1 to live 9 ! _w z n liv+ 9 x4 ,?is subjective div9e innoc5ce is ?\ght by ,buddhi/s ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s life4 ,! consci\sness ( "o's wor?1 or self-conceit1 is a great ob/acle 9 ! pa? ( p]fect virtue4 ,z 9 ! case ( me*anical "w or physical ex]cise1 we atta9 p]fect skillfulness only :5 ! "w is involunt>ily done1 i4e41 )\t any consci\s ef=t on ! "p ( ! p]=m]2 s 9 our moral & spiritual life we atta9 ! height ( virtu\sness or sa9tl9ess :5 we id5tify ourselves ) ! reason ( our be+4 ,?is is ,laotze's doctr9e ( non-action or non-resi/ance1 & also ! tea*+ ( ! ,bhagavadgta4 ,z rem>k$ else:]e1 :5 a man rea*es ?is /age ( religi\s life1 he ceases to be human1 b div9e1 9 ! s5se t he transc5ds ! _w ( good & evil & et]nally abides 9 ! realm ( ! beautiful4 a#ac ,?is is a v radical /atem5t & is en\gh to fright5 timid morali/s & 8,god-fe>+0 pieti/s4 ,!re=e1 x is said t 8,give n t :i* is holy to ! dogs1 nei!r ca/ ye y\r pe>ls be=e sw9e40 ,b ?9k n t ?is is exp\nd+ ant9omianism4 a#ad ,?is & all ! foll[+ are tak5 f ! ,kyapa-,p>iv>ta 7,nanjo1 #hje74 a#ae ,?is g? may n be v intelligible to our read]s4 ,! s5se is3 ,:atev] is done by a ,buddha or ,bodhisattva does n come f logical calculation or delib]ate prem$itation1 b imm$iately f 8 inmo/ he>t1 :i*1 9 mo/ natural & free/ mann]1 responds to ! ne$s ( ! suff]+4 ,?is response is altoge!r free f all human elaboration1 = ! ,buddha %[s no pa9ful & /ruggl+ ef=ts 9 s do+4 ,ev]y?+ he does is l ! "w ( nature h]self4 ,8 life is above ! n>r[ sph]e ( human morality :i* is m>k$ ) a desp]ate /ruggle betwe5 good & evil4 ,8 is 9 ! realm ( ! div9ely beautiful4 #djg a#af 8,hav+ no selfhood0 7svabhva71 means t ?+s h no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 no self-nature :i* w et]nally pres]ve _! ?+i% id5tity4 ,?is !ory has be5 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( non-atman4 ,to /ate summ>ily1 d>kness & light are condition$ by ea* o!r2 ap>t f d>kness !re is no light1 & conv]sely1 )\t light d>kness has no mean+4 ,ev5 s ) enlight5m5t & ignorance3 "o indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 !y h no exi/5ce1 !y _c be conceiv$4 ,!y are l imag9>y fl[]s 9 ! air project$ !re by a confus$ subjectivity4 ,!y are no?+ b our ideal fabrication4 ,to cl+ to ,god only1 =gett+ t we are liv+ 9 ! _w bel[1 9 ! _w ( relativity1 is j z mu* "o-sid$ z to lose ourselves 9 ! :irlpool ( e>?ly pleasures )\t ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,life1 h[ev]1 is n anti!tic1 b syn!tic4 ,tru? is nev] "o-sid$1 x is always 9 ! middle4 ,!re=e1 seek enlight5m5t 9 ignorance & tru? 9 error4 ,a duali/ic int]pretation ( ! _w & life is n approv$ by ,buddhi/s4 ,comp>e ! s5tim5t express$ h]e9 ) ,em]son's poem z else:]e quot$1 9 :i* ^! l9es occur3 8,b 9 ! mud & scum ( ?+s1 ,!re always1 always1 some?+ s+s40 a#ag ,! ,kyapah>iv>ta ,stra 7,nanjo1 #hje474 a#ah ,! s5se is3 ,! ,bodhisattva nev] desires a complete absorption 9 ! ,absolute1 9 :i* no individual exi/5ces are di/+ui%able4 ,he always leaves ! 8,w to live0 unhurt1 z x 71 s t he c\ld come 9 ?is _w ( p>ticul>s ev] & anon4 ,:at he has de/roy$ is ! egoi/ic ass]tion ( ! ,w1 = ! aim ( ,buddhism is n to remove ! et]nal pr9ciple ( life1 b to manife/ x 9 its true significance4 ,! wi%es ( ! ,bodhisattva1 !re=e1 are nev] egoc5tric2 he kn[s t transmigration & rebir? are pa9ful1 b z x is by rebir? alone t he c\ld m+le himself 9 ! _w ( s9 & save ! suff]+ creatures !re91 he nev] %uns ! mis]y ( life4 ,8 "w ( revelation is con/ant & et]nal4 a#ai ,! ,mahyna-mlajti-hrdayabhmi-dhyna ,stra1 fas4 ,,iv4 #djh a#bj ,! two prejudices or ob/acles t lie 9 our way to enlight5m5t are3 #a t :i* arises f intellectual %ortsight$ness2 #b4 t :i* arises f impurity ( he>t4 a#ba ,stra on ,mahkyapa's ,"q ,conc]n+ ! ,absolute4 a#bb ,suv>na-,prabh ,stra4 a#bc ,suv>na-,prabh ,stra1 ,*ap4 #bf a#bd ,padmapani ,stra1 ,fas4 #h4 a#be ,! ,avatamsaka ,sutra4 a#bf ,?is means t ! he>t ( ! ,bodhisattva :i* is pure & et]nal 9 its ess5tial nature has no?+ add$ ext]nally to x by /udy+ ! ,dh>ma2 = ! ,dh>ma is no?+ else ?an ! expression ( 8 own he>t4 a#bg ,! ,avatamsaka1 fas4 ,,ix1 p4 #dh4 ,?is pan!i/ic ?\ght ( ! ,"o-,all is g5]ally consid]$ to be ,buddhi/ic2 b ! tru? is t e g5u9e religi\s s5tim5t inevitably leads u to ?is f9al conviction4 ,ev5 9 ! s-call$ transc5d5tal mono!i/ic ,*ri/ianity1 we f9d ! pan!i/ic ?\ght boldly proclaim$ & put 9 contra/ to ! idea ( 8our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav540 ,= in/ance1 read ! foll[+ passage f ,?omas ,kempis3 8,he to :om all ?+s are "o1 he :o r$uce? all ?+s to "o1 & see? all ?+s 9 "o1 may enjoy a quiet m9d1 & rema9 at peace 9 ,god40 7,*ap4 ,,iii47 ,! passage 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john decl>+ t 8! ,fa!r is 9 me & ,i 9 him10 :5 logically c>ri$ out1 comes to e*o ! same s5tim5t ent]ta9$ by ,buddhi/s1 :o recognise a manife/ation ( ! ,dh>makya 9 all be+s1 animate z well z inanimate4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( to-day is t ( ,paul z exp\nd$ 9 8 lett]s1 b ! future "o w advance a few /eps m & w be t ( ,john4 a#bh ,f ! ,avatamsaka ,sutra4 a#bi ,f ! ,avatamsaka ,sutra4 ,,index4 #dji ,abhimuk 7six? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cah4 ,acal 7eigh? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cbb4 ,aoka1 ,k+1 #di4 ,arava 7evil71 expla9$1 #bdi ft4 ,anya1 #bb1 #ie4 ,avagho%a1 #d1 #h1 #fa ft41 #fe ft41 #aaa1 #aae2 on laya1 #ff ft41 #abi1 #aci ft42 ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 #g2 on ,su*ness1 #ii2 on ,ignorance1 #aah2 & ,dionysius1 #ajb ft42 ,buddhac>ita1 quot$1 #adg2 on ,mahynism1 #bdf2 on ! ,sambhogakya1 #beh1 #ccc4 ,agno/icism1 #be4 laya 7or laya-vijna71 ,all-cons]v+ ,s\l1 #ff2 z depository ( 8g]ms01 #ff2 creator ( ! univ]se1 #fh2 & ! ,g>bha1 #abe et seq42 its evolution1 #abh2 & ! s\l1 #afe2 & ! twelve nidnas1 #ahc4 ,amitbha1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bfi4 ,annr?a 7non-p>ticul>isation71 #gb4 n&a attempts to locate ! s\l1 #aeg4 npnam1 ex]cise 9 brea?+1 #ec ft4 ,arada1 #adf4 ,arcismat 7f\r? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #caf4 ,arhat%ip & ,mahynism1 #bhh4 ryadeva1 #c ft41 #h1 #fj4 ,asanga 7& ,vasub&hu71 #d1 #fb1 #fe1 #fi1 #hg1 #hh1 #aec1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bfc1 #ced4 #daj ,asceticism repudiat$1 #eb1 #ec4 ,atman1 & ,samkhyan ,l+ham1 #ch2 & ! ,v$antic arra1 #ch2 & ,vijna1 #ci2 & unity ( consci\sness1 #dj2 & k>ma1 #da2 & imp]man5cy1 #dc2 & egoism1 #dd2 & ! 8old man01 #afe4 7,see also 8ego0 & 8s\l047 ,atonem5t1 vic>i\s1 #bia ft4 ,avatamsaka ,stra1 ,!1 on ,bodhisattva's reflections1 #cfi et seq4 ,av5ikas 7unique features71 #cbg ft4 ,avidy 7ignorance71 #ce et seq41 #aae4 ,balas1 ! t51 ( ! ,buddha1 #cbg4 ,beal1 ,samuel1 refut$1 #bj et seq4 ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures1 quot$1 #aeg ft42 ,romantic ,hi/ory ( ,buddha1 quot$1 on ,buddha's enlight5m5t1 #ccg4 ,bhagavadgta1 quot$1 #abf ft4 ,bhtata?t 7,su*ness71 #ii et seq2 & ,mahyna1 #g2 & p]fect k1 #ib4 ,bodhi 7wisdom71 #df2 & ,praj etc41 def9$1 #hb ft42 z p]fect k1 #ib2 its mean+ expla9$1 #bid2 by ,ngrjuna1 #big2 z a reflex ( ,dh>makya1 #bii2 h[ awak5$ 9 human he>t1 #cjb4 ,bodhicitta 7,intellig5ce-he>t71 #eb4 7,see also 8,bodhi407 ,bodhi-,dh>ma1 ( ,dhyna sect1 #ajc1 #adi1 #aee4 ,bodhipak%ikas1 ! sev51 #caf et seq4 ,bodhisattva1 above sams>a & nirvana1 #gb2 9 ! ?ree ynas1 #bgg2 ! conception (1 9 primitive ,buddhism1 #bhf2 we are1 #bij2 & love1 #bib2 8 t5 pranidhanas1 #cjh2 8 reflections1 #cfi4 ,bodhisattvahood1 t5 /ages (1 #gj1 #caa et seq4 ,bodhisattva-yna1 #i4 ,brahd>anyaka ,upani%ad1 quot$1 #ajb ft4 #daa ,buddha1 & 8 self-rely+ _s1 #eg2 culm9ation ( good k>ma1 #bae2 9 ! ,mahyna texts1 #bdc2 ! idealisation (1 hi/orically treat$1 #bdi et seq42 9 ! ,trikya1 #beb2 ! human1 & ! spiritual ,dh>makya1 #bee2 8 #cb major & #hj m9or m>ks ( greatness1 #bga2 9 ! process ( idealisation1 #bhi2 9 ! ,mahynism1 #bia2 & ,mra1 #ccd2 on ! ego-s\l 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 religi\s c>e]1 #ccg4 ,buddhac>ita1 quot$1 #eg4 ,buddhadh>ma1 #cee4 ,buddha-,ess5ce1 ,disc\rse on1 #ceg ft4 ,buddha-intellig5ce1 #cfd4 ,buddhism7s71 geographically divid$1 #c1 #d2 two1 #d et seq42 & a!ism1 #ca2 & ! s\l problem1 #ca et seq42 & agno/icism1 #ce2 & mod]n psy*ology1 #dj2 intellectual1 #ef et seq42 lib]al1 #ef et seq42 & speculation1 #ha et seq42 & sci5ce1 #ig4 ,buddhi/7s7 classifi$1 #h et seq42 life & love1 #eb2 ideal1 #ec2 aspiration1 #cfh2 rule ( conduct1 #cfh4 kyamuni contra/$ to ,devadatta1 #bjj4 ,c>lyle's ,h]o-,wor%ip1 quot$1 #cbe ft4 ,causation1 univ]sal1 & empt9ess1 #agf4 ,*ri/ & ,buddha1 comp>$1 #eg1 #eh4 ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ego-s\l1 #aff4 ,*ri/ianity1 ! gr[? (1 comp>$ ) ,mahynism1 #ab et seq42 & its f\nd]1 #ac2 n intellectual1 #gi4 ik%as 7moral rules71 t51 #gj ft4 ,confucius1 #fc ft4 ,consci\sness1 sublim9al1 #bja4 ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 & k>ma1 #cd4 ,convictions1 ! f\r1 ( ! ,buddha1 #cbg4 #dab rvaka1 #bgg4 rvaka-yna1 #i4 rimla ,stra1 quot$1 #abg4 nyat1 7or nya71 #bb1 #ie2 & ,*ri/ian critics1 #aje2 expla9$1 #agc2 & univ]sal causation1 #agf4 ,daabhmi1 7see 8t5 /ages ( ,bodhisattvahood071 #caa1 #cbi4 ,deuss51 ,p41 quot$1 #ajg4 ,devala1 #cfa1 #cfd4 ,dh>ma1 its mean+1 #ba1 #bba4 ,dh>madhatu1 #aae ft41 #aic4 ,dh>makya1 ,mahyna1 #g2 briefly expla9$1 #bj1 #de et seq42 ! highe/ pr9ciple1 #ce2 & ,brahman1 #df2 & ,p>amtman1 #df2 & ,god ( ,*ri/ians1 #df2 z love & wisdom1 #df1 #ed1 #ee2 & non-ego1 #dg2 & ! ,gold5 ,rule1 #dh2 & ,bodhisattvas1 #fa2 its univ]sal inc>nation1 #fc ft42 9 ! ,trikya1 #gc1 #beg2 z p]fect k1 #ib2 & praj1 #id2 z a cosmic m9d1 #abc2 a unity1 #aic2 & ,su*ness1 #bag2 z ,god1 #bai2 z religi\s object1 #bbb2 9 ! ,avatamsaka ,sutra1 #bbc2 its detail$ *>act]isation1 #bbd2 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 #bca2 z love1 #bcb2 z a lov+ he>t 9 ! ,avatamsaka1 #bcc2 its sev5 *>act]i/ics1 #bcd2 by ,asanga & ,vasub&hu1 #bcd2 its five modes ( op]ation1 #bce2 its fre$om1 #bcf2 its prvanidhnabala1 #bcg2 z rational w1 #bch2 z fa!r1 #bci2 & its p]petual revelation1 #bei2 ! evolution ( its conception1 #bgb2 all be+s are "o 91 #bij2 & ! ,bodhi1 #bie4 ,dh>mapada1 ,!1 quot$1 #cd1 #ade1 #ccf1 #cfh4 ,dh>mamegha 7t5? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cbf4 ,dh>mapala1 ! ,ang>ika1 #c ft4 ,disc\rse on ,buddha-,ess5ce1 ,!1 by ,vasub&hu1 #ceg4 ,drangama 7sev5? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cai4 #dac ,ego1 n ! s\rce ( en]gy1 #ee2 n\m5al1 #ade1 #afc2 ph5om5al1 #ade2 empirical1 #afc4 ,egoism & ! evolution ( ,manas1 #acd4 ,ego-s\l1 & its attributes1 #adg2 & ! five sk&has1 #adi2 locat$ by ,an&a1 #aeg2 & ! ,*ri/ian fle%1 #aff2 & ! ,v$antic conception1 #afg et seq42 & ,ngrjuna1 #afh2 & svabhava1 #aga2 & ,*ri/ians1 #bab2 z conceiv$ by ,buddha :5 he />t$ on 8 religi\s c>e]1 #ccg4 7,see also 8,ego01 8tman0 & 8s\l074 ,ekacitta1 7"o m9d or ?\ght71 #gj ft4 ,eld]s1 ! ,s*ool (1 #bdh et seq4 ,elephant & ! bl9d1 #ajj4 ,em]son1 quot$1 #bi4 ,enlight5m5t1 #ee1 #aai2 & manas1 #acd2 two ob/acles to1 #cdd ft4 ,fai?1 its cont5ts v>y1 #bg et seq4 ,fatalism1 #aif4 ,gautama & ,*ri/1 #bi4 7,see also 8,buddha074 ,god1 ! ,buddhi/1 #bai4 7,see also 8,dh>makya074 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 quot$1 #aha4 ,gold5 ,rule1 !1 univ]sal1 #ed4 ,great ,c\ncil ,s*ool1 !1 #bdh et seq4 ,guyau1 ,fr5* sociologi/1 #ej ft41 #hd4 ,h>tmann's ,unbewus/e1 #acg4 ,hetus & ,pratyayas1 #cc1 #da1 #adb1 #adh4 ,hnaynism1 #a1 #fj1 #fc1 #bhj4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 quot$1 #eh4 ,hui-,k'e1 second patri>* ( ,z5 sect1 #adh4 #dad ,iccantika 7incapable ( salvation71 #caa4 ,ignorance1 #ce et seq42 & evolution1 #aae2 & consci\sness1 #abj2 no evil1 #abb2 :5 evil8 #abd2 & ,ta?gata-,g>bha1 #abf2 & ,manas1 #acc2 & ,prakrit1 #ach ft4 ,imitation ( ,*ri/1 #cfd fn4 ,immortality1 #ch2 & ,dh>makya1 #ed2 k>maic & n individual1 #bad4 ,inju/ice1 social1 & k>ma1 #ahf ,intellig5ce1 awak5$ by love1 #cfb4 ,jtaka ,tales1 !1 quot$1 #aef4 ,jesus1 #f4 ,jvtman1 #ade4 ,kant1 #f2 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 quot$1 #cbd4 ,k>ma1 & ! law ( causation1 #cc2 briefly expla9$1 #cc et seq42 & non-atman1 #db2 & su*ness1 #aha2 def9$1 #aha2 ! work+ (1 #ahc2 irrefragable1 #ahd2 & inju/ice1 #ahf2 & ! moral laws1 #ahi2 an individuali/ic view1 #aib2 & ! desire to communicate1 #aie2 & det]m9ism1 #aif2 n l a ma*9e1 #aih2 & immortality1 #bjc2 & ,walt ,:itman 7quot$71 #bjc2 h[ transmitt$1 #bje2 & ,dh>makya1 #bjg2 & productions ( art1 #bjh2 & inv5tion1 #baj2 & 8se$s ( activity10 #bab4 ,k>ma-se$s1 #acd4 ,k>un 7love71 #df1 #hb1 #bch1 #bif2 & ,praj1 #cfj4 ,ka?opani%ad1 quot$1 #dg4 ,k 7sambodhi71 #c ft42 ?ree k9ds (1 #fg1 #hg4 ,kualamla1 #aii4 ,lalita ,vi/>a1 quot$1 on ,nirvana1 #cch fn4 #dae ,lankavat>a ,sutra1 quot$1 #da1 #acj4 ,laotze1 #fc ft4 ,laotzean ,wu wei1 #bhe4 ,love1 & ego1 #ee2 & ,nirvana1 #cfb4 ,madhymika1 ,!1 on ,nirvana1 #cdg4 ,madhymika s*ool1 #ba1 #fb1 #ff2 & ! ,yogac>ya1 on tru?1 #ie4 ,mahpurusa1 ,disc\rse on !1 #cfa4 ,mahsangika1 #a ft4 ,mahyna1 #a et seq2 its orig9al mean+1 #g2 & ,bodhisattvas1 #fa2 & ,hnayna1 #gj2 & spiritual life1 #ga2 & ,samkhya1 #acf4 ,mahyna-,abhisamaya ,sutra1 quot$1 #de4 ,mahyna-,sangraha /ra1 #ced4 ,mahynism1 7,mahyna ,buddhism71 def9$1 #aj et seq42 is x g5u9e8 #aa et seq42 z a liv+ fai?1 #ad et seq42 & its ,*ri/ian critics1 #ae2 misund]/ood1 #af et seq42 hi/orically treat$1 #fj et seq42 & ,/hiramati1 #fa et seq42 its sev5 features1 #fb et seq42 & metempsy*osis1 #fd2 t5 ess5tial features1 #fe et seq42 9 its two phases1 #gf et seq42 no nihilism1 #ace ft42 ! developm5t (1 #bdg2 & individualism1 #bhb4 ,maitreya1 #bgb4 ,manas 7self-consci\sness71 #acb4 ,majuri1 #ajf4 ,manovijna 7ego-consci\sness71 #fg1 #fi4 ,masa%ige1 ,kusunoki1 #bac4 ,maudsley1 ,h41 quot$1 #hj4 ,max ,muell]1 quot$1 #ajh ft41 #aaj ft41 #bba4 ,mya1 subjective ignorance1 #dg4 ,m]its1 ! accumulation (1 #aii4 #daf ,middle pa?1 ,doctr9e ( !1 #ei1 #ceh2 ( ,eight ,no's1 #ajc4 ,mil9da-,panha1 quot$1 #bjc4 ,mitra1 ,raj5dra1 ref]r$ to1 #cbi ft4 ,moni] ,moni]-,williams1 refut$1 #ah et seq4 ,ngrjuna1 #c ft41 #d1 #h1 #ba1 #fj1 #ff1 #ie1 #if1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc1 #bib1 #big1 #cec4 ,ngas5a & ,k+ ,mil9da1 #aec4 8,na iti10 #ajb4 ,nntva1 7diff]5ce71 #gb ft4 ,nidnas1 ! twelve1 #cf et seq41 #agi1 #ahb4 ,nirmanakya1 7,body ( ,trans=mation71 #gc1 #beg1 #bfh4 ,nirvana1 #ai2 & its non-,buddhi/ critics1 #di2 briefly expla9$1 #di et seq42 & ! surr5d] ( ego1 #ej2 & ,dh>makya1 #ea2 & love1 #ea1 #eh2 & pessimism1 #eb2 & e?ics1 #ec2 & ,p>9i%panna 7k71 #id2 :at is1 #cca et seq42 n nihili/ic1 #ccb2 ,mahyni/ic1 #cda2 & ,dh>makya1 #cdb2 ! ,mahyni/ic conception (1 #cdb et seq42 absolute1 #cdc2 f\r =ms (1 #cdc2 upadhiesa1 #cdd2 ,anupadhiesa1 #cdd1 t has no abode1 #cde2 & ,i ,cor4 #g1 #cj-ca1 #cdf2 z synonym ( ,dh>makya1 #cdf by ,*&ra ,kirti1 #cdg2 its f\r attributes1 #cdh2 its religi\s phase1 #cdi2 & ,em]son1 #ceb2 & sams>a are "o1 #ceb2 & ,/4 ,paul1 #ceb2 & ! ,eight ,no's ( ,ngrjuna1 #ceh2 ! realisation (1 #cfj2 z ! ,middle ,pa?1 #cfb2 compreh5sively treat$1 #cfg et seq4 ,non-tman1 #cg et seq42 9 ?+s1 #da et seq1 #agj2 & imp]man5ce ( ?+s1 #ada1 7see also 8non-ego01 8self01 8s\l01 8ego074 ,non-duality1 ! ,dh>ma (1 #ajf4 ,non-ego & ,dh>makya1 #dg2 & ! ,ganges wat]1 #aef4 #dag ,no's1 ,! ,eight1 ( ,ngrjuna1 #ceh4 8,old man0 & ,atman1 #afe4 ,p>amr?a-satya 7absolute tru?71 #ia et seq4 ,p>amtman1 #ade4 ,pramit1 #c ft42 six1 #fh2 t51 #cba4 ,p>atantra 7relative k71 #fg2 expla9$1 #hi4 ,p>ikalpita 7illusion71 #fg2 expla9$1 #hh4 ,p>9i%panna 7p]fect k71 #fg2 expla9$1 #ia4 ,p>iv>ta1 7turn+ ov]71 #ai1 #aid2 doctr9e (1 #bhc4 ,paul1 ,apo/le1 quot$1 #dh1 #aff1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,p+alaka1 ,ngrjuna's comm5tator1 quot$1 #agb4 ,prabhk> 7?ird /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cae4 ,praj 7& ,bodhi71 def9$1 #hb ft42 #hb1 #ig1 #aai1 #bch1 #cfj4 ,prakti 7,samkyan primordial matt]71 #ff ft4 ,pramdit 7fir/ /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cac4 ,pranidhna1 a ,bodhisattva's1 #cjg4 ,pratisamvids1 ! f\r1 #cbe4 ,pratyyasamutpda1 7,nidnas71 #cf et seq4 ,pratyekabuddha1 #bgh4 ,pratyekabuddha-yna1 #i4 ,precepts1 ! t5 moral1 #gj ft4 ,pudgala 7ego71 #db1 #adc ft4 ,punyask&ha1 #aii4 ,pure ,l&s1 #bfi4 ,puru%a 7,samkyan s\l71 #ff ft4 ,prvanidhnabala1 #bcg4 ,religion1 its significance1 #bb et seq42 n reveal$1 #bc2 & my/]y1 #bd2 its intellectual & emotional sides1 #be et seq42 & sci5ce1 #bf2 intellect & feel+ 91 #gg2 & philosophy1 #gh2 subjective1 #ha et seq42 n a philosophical sy/em1 #he4 #dah ,rockhill's ,life ( ! ,buddha1 quot$1 on ,nirvana1 #cch fn4 ,saddh>ma ,pund>ka1 quot$1 #bfj ft41 #bgd1 #bgg4 ,sadhumat1 7n9? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cbe4 ,samat 7sam5ess71 #gb ft4 ,sambodhi1 7see 8,bodhi074 ,sambhogakya 7,body ( ,bliss71 #fe ft41 #gc1 #beg2 9 ,avagho%a1 #beh2 its six features1 #bfd2 a m]e subjective exi/5ce1 #bff4 ,samkhya philosophy1 & ,yogac>ya s*ool1 #fg ft42 ref]r$ to1 #adf ft42 on ,nirvana1 #cdj4 ,samvrtti-satya 7conditional tru?71 #ie et seq4 ,samyukta ,nikaya1 quot$1 #aef1 #ahe4 ,sansk>as1 enum]at$1 #aea et seq4 ,s*op5hau]1 #aha4 ,sk&has1 ! five1 #cb ft41 #adi4 ,s\l-sub/ance1 d5i$1 #afd4 ,/havira1 #a ft4 ,/hiramati1 on ,mahynism1 #fa et seq42 on ,bodhicitta1 #bii4 ,su*ness1 7see also ,bhtata?t71 #c2 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,buddhism1 #ii et seq42 indef9able1 #aja2 condition$1 #aji2 9 hi/ory1 #aaj2 9 ! _w1 #aac2 & ! ,bodhi1 #aad2 & ignorance1 #aag2 9 its v>i\s modes1 #abe2 & ,dh>makya1 #abg2 & k>ma1 #aha4 ,sudurjay1 7fif? /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cah4 ,sukhvat sect1 !1 #d1 #bdj4 ,sum$ha1 ! /ory (1 #bhj4 ,srangama ,sutra1 quot$1 #aeg4 ,suv>na ,prabha ,sutra1 #bec ft4 ,svabhava1 & non-ego1 #agj et seq42 & empt9ess1 #age4 #dai 8,tat tvam asi10 #dg1 #ace ft4 ,ta?gata-,g>bha1 #abe1 #ade4 ,teleology1 #hf4 ,t5nyson1 quot$1 #hb4 ,tr?akas1 #h4 ,tol/oi1 quot$1 9 connection ) k>ma1 #bjg ft4 ,trikya1 7tr9ity71 #gc1 #bdb1 #bef1 #bge4 ,tru? 7satya71 conditional & transc5d5tal1 #ie4 ,udna1 quot$1 #eb1 #cch ft41 #cda4 ,univ]se1 a m9d1 #abb4 ,upya 7exp$i5cy71 #fd1 #bfj ft42 its mean+ expla9$1 #bih ft4 ,upyaj1 #cbj4 ,vaiaradyas 7convictions71 ! f\r1 #cbg ft4 ,vairocana1 #bai4 ,vasub&hu1 #hg1 #aec2 8 ,abhidh>makoa1 ref]r$ to1 #cg2 on ,mahyna1 #ff2 ,on ! ,completion ( ,k>ma1 quot$1 #aid2 ,! ,di/+ui%+ ( ! ,mean1 quot$1 #aie2 on ,bodhicitta1 #cjc2 on ,nirvana1 #ceg1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,vasumitra1 on ,v>i\s ,s*ools ( ,buddhism1 #a ft4 ,v$anta philosophy1 & ! ,mahynism1 #ajh ft42 on ,nirvana1 #cdj2 on ,atman1 #add4 ,vicesac9ta-brahma-,p>iprc*a ,sutra1 #cec4 ,victory1 ! hymn (1 #ccf4 ,vijna1 & atman1 #ci4 ,vijnnamtra1 7no?+ b ideas71 #gj4 ,vijnnamtra /ra1 #bfe ft41 #cdc4 ,vimala 7second /age ( ,bodhisattvahood71 #cae4 ,vimalakrti1 #ajf1 #cej1 #cff4 ,visuddhi ,magga1 quot$1 #cci1 #cdh ft4 #dbj ,waddell1 refut$1 #ba et seq4 ,:itman1 ,walt1 quot$1 #aee ft41 #aig4 ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,r41 quot$1 #bja4 ,yoga philosophy1 ,!1 on ,nirvana1 #cdj4 ,yogac>ya s*ool1 #fb1 #fe1 #hg1 #ib1 #ie4 ,yogavasi/ha1 a v$antic book1 quot$1 #afg4 ,,endnotes4 ,,introduction ,,notes4 #a ,accord+ to ,vasumitra's ,treatise on ! ,po9ts ( ,cont5tion by ! ,diff]5t ,s*ools ( ,buddhism1 ( :i* !re are ?ree ,*9ese translations1 ! e>lie/ be+ "o by ,kumrajva 7:o came to ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #dja71 ! fir/ great s*ism seems to h brok5 out ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,buddha4 ,! lead] ( ! diss5t]s 0 ,mahdeva1 & 8 s*ool 0 kn[n z ! ,mahsangka 7,great ,c\ncil71 :ile ! or?odox 0 call$ ! s*ool ( ,/haviras 7,eld]s74 ,s9ce !n ! two s*ools subdivid$ !mselves into a numb] ( m9or sections1 tw5ty ( :i* are m5tion$ by ,vasumitra4 ,! book is highly int]e/+ z ?r[+ light on ! e>ly pages ( ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,india4 77#a77 #b ,! ,anagrika ,dh>mapala ( ,ceylon objects to ?is geographical di/9ction4 ,he does n see any reason :y ! ,buddhism ( ,ceylon %\ld be reg>d$ z ,hnaynism1 :5 x tea*es a realisation ( ! ,highe/ ,p]fect ,k 7,anutt>a-samyak-sambodhi7 & also ( ! six ,virtues ( ,p]fection 7,pramit71--^! two features1 among "s o!rs1 be+ consid]$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ,mahynism4 ,x is possible t :5 ! s-call$ ,mahynism ga9$ great p[] all ov] ,c5tral ,india 9 ! times ( ,ngrjuna & ryadeva1 x also f\nd its advocates 9 ! ,isle ( ,lion1 or at lea/ ! foll[]s ( ,buddha !re might h be5 influ5c$ to su* an ext5t z to modify _! cons]vative views4 ,at ! pres5t /age ( ! /udy ( ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 x is n yet p]fectly cle> to see h[ ?is took place4 ,:5 a ?or\gh comp>ative review ( ,pli1 ,s+halese1 ,tibetan1 ,sanskrit1 & ,*9ese ,buddhi/ docum5ts is effect$1 we %all be able to und]/& ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ,buddhism to its full ext5t4 #c ,translat$ into ,engli% by ! au?or1 #aijj4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,pub4 ,co4 ,*icago4 #d ,^! t]ms are expla9$ else:]e4 #e ,foll[]s ( any religi\s sects o!r ?an ,buddhism4 ,! t]m is sometimes us$ 9 a contemptu\s s5se1 l hea!n by ,*ri/ians4 #f ,! conception ( ,dh>makya con/itutes ! c5tral po9t 9 ! sy/em ( ,mahynism1 & ! "r compreh5sion ( x is ( vital importance4 ,! ,body ( ! ,law1 z x is commonly r5d]$ 9 ,engli%1 is n exact & leads frequ5tly to a misconception ( ! entire sy/em4 ,! po9t is fully discuss$ bel[4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,notes4 #g ,!y are3 7#a7 =m or mat]iality 7rpa71 7#b7 s5sation 7v$an71 7#c7 conception 7samjn71 7#d7 action or de$s 7samkra71 & 7#e7 consci\sness 7vijnna74 ,^! t]ms are expla9$ else:]e4 #h ,! ,dhammapada1 v4 #afe4 ,tr4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,edmunds4 #i ,! ,dhammapada1 v4 #abg4 #aj ,?is la/ passage %\ld n be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( a total abnegation ( exi/5ce4 ,x means simply ! transc5d5tality ( ! highe/ pr9ciple4 #aa ,! ,ka?opaniad1 ,,iv4 #aj4 #ab ,guyau1 a ,fr5* sociologi/1 ref]s to ! ,buddhi/ conception ( ,nirvna 9 8 ,non-,religion ( ! ,future4 ,i take 8 int]pretation z typical ( ^? non-,buddhi/ critics :o are v little acqua9t$ ) ! subject b pret5d to "k mu*4 7,engli% translation1 pp4 #dgb-dgd47 8,grant$ ! wret*$ness ( life1 ! rem$y t pessimi/s propose is ! new religi\s salvation t mod]n ,buddhi/s are to make fa%ionable444 ,! conception is t ( ,nirvna4 ,to sev] all ! ties :i* atta* y to ! ext]nal _w2 to prune away all ! "y (f%oots ( desire1 & recognise t to be rid ( !m is a deliv]ance2 to practise a sort ( complete psy*ial circumcision2 to recoil ^u y\rself & to believe t by s do+ y ent] into ! society ( ! great totality ( ?+s 7! my/ic w\ld say1 ( ,god72 to create an inn] vacuum1 & to feel dizzy 9 ! void &1 nev]!less1 to believe t ! void is pl5itude supreme1 pl]oma1 ^! h always con/itut$ temptations to mank9d4 ,mank9d has be5 tempt$ to m$dle ) !m1 z x has be5 tempt$ to creep up to ! v]ge ( dizzy precipices & look ov]444 ,nirvna leads1 9 fact1 to ! annihilation ( ! individual & ( ! race1 & to ! logical absurdity t ! vanqui%$ are ! victors ov] ! trials & mis]ies ( life40 ,!n1 ! au?or recites ! case ( "o ( 8 acqua9tances1 :o made a practical exp]im5t ( ,nirvna1 reject+ v>iety 9 8 diet1 giv+ up meat1 w9e1 e k9d ( rag\t1 e =m ( condim5t1 & r$uc+ to its l[e/ possible t]ms ! desire t is mo/ fundam5tal 9 e liv+ be+--! desire ( food1 & sub/itut+ a c]ta9 numb] ( cups ( pure milk4 8,hav+ ?us blunt$ 8 s5se ( ta/e & ! gross] ( 8 appetites1 hav+ ab&on$ all physical activity1 he ?\ght to f9d a recomp5se 9 ! pleasure ( ab/ract m$itation & ( e/hetic contemplation4 ,he ent]$ to a /ate :i* 0 n t ( dreaml&1 b nei!r 0 x t ( real life1 ) its def9ite details40 #ac ,= detail$ explanation ( ?is t]m see ,*apt] ,,xi4 #ad ,! ,udna1 ,*4 ,,viii1 p4 #aah4 ,translation by ,g5]al ,/rong4 #ae ,?is is a peculi>ly ,indian religi\s practice1 :i* consi/s 9 c\nt+ "o's exhal+ & inhal+ brea?s4 ,:5 a man is int5sely b5t on ! practise1 he gradually passes to a /ate ( trance1 =gett+ ev]y?+ t is go+ on ar\nd & )9 himself4 ,! practise may h ! m]it ( alleviat+ n]v\sness & giv+ to ! m9d ! bliss ( relaxation1 b x (t5times leads ! m9d to a self-hypnotic /ate4 #af ,"h ,nirvna is evid5tly und]/ood to mean self-abnegation or _w-flight or quietism1 :i* is n 9 accord ) ! true ,buddhi/ int]pretation ( ! t]m4 #ag ,! s5tim5t ( ! ,gold5 ,rule is n ! monopoly ( ,*ri/ianity2 x has be5 express$ by mo/ ( ! lead]s ( ?\ght1 ?us1 = in/ance3 8,requite hatr$ ) virtue0 7,lao-tze74 8,hate is only appeas$ by love0 7,buddha74 8,d n d to o!rs :at ye w\ld n h done to y by o!rs0 7,confucius74 8,"o mu/ nei!r return evil1 nor d any evil to any "o among m51 n ev5 if "o has to suff] f !m0 7,plato1 ,crito1 #di74 #ah ,! ,buddhac>ita1 ,book ,,ix1 #fc-fd4 #ai ,accord+ to "o ,nor!rn ,buddhi/ tradition1 ,buddha is record$ to h exclaim$ at ! "t ( 8 supreme spiritual beatitude3 8,wond]ful6 ,all s5ti5t be+s are univ]sally end[$ ) ! intellig5ce & virtue ( ! ,ta?gata60 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,notes4 #bj ,8 date is n kn[n1 b judg+ f ! cont5ts ( 8 works1 ( :i* we h at pres5t two or ?ree among ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka1 x seems t he liv$ lat] ?an ,avaghoa1 b prior to1 or simultane\sly )1 ,ngrjuna4 ,?is little book occupies a v important position 9 ! developm5t ( ,mahynism 9 ,india4 ,next to ,avaghoa's ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 ! "w mu/ be c>efully /udi$ by s*ol>s :o want to grasp e phase ( ! hi/ory ( ,mahyna s*ool z f> z x c be le>n$ ?r\gh ! ,*9ese docum5ts4 #ba ,be x rem>k$ "h t a ,bodhisattva is n a p>ticul>ly favor$ man 9 ! s5se ( *os5 p or elect4 ,we are all 9 a way ,bodhisattvas1 t is1 :5 we recognise ! tru? t we are equally 9 possession ( ! ,samyak-sambodhi1 ,highe/ ,true ,intellig5ce1 & ?r\gh :i* ev]ybody )\t exception c atta9 f9al enlight5m5t4 #bb ,mahyna-abhidh>ma-sangti-/ra1 by ,asanga4 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #aaii4 #bc ,yogcrya-bhmi-/ra1 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #aagj4 ,! "w is suppos$ to h be5 dictat$ to ,asanga by a my?ical ,bodhisattva4 #bd ,by ,asanga4 ,nanjo1 #aagg4 #be ,mahyna-samp>igraha-/ra1 by ,asanga4 ,nanjo1 #aahc4 #bf ,p]ceiv+ an inc>nation ( ! ,dh>makya 9 e spiritual lead] reg>dless ( 8 nationality & pr(ess$ cre$1 ,mahyni/s recognise a ,buddha 9 ,socrates1 ,mohamm$1 ,jesus1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,confucius1 ,laotze1 & _m o!rs4 #bg ,anci5t ,h9du ,buddhi/s1 ) _! fell[-philosoph]s1 believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( spiritually transfigur$ be+s1 :o1 n hamp]$ by ! limitations ( space & "t1 c manife/ !mselves ev]y:]e = ! b5efit ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,we notice "s my/]i\s figures 9 almo/ all ,mahyna stras1 :o are v (t5 describ$ z %$d+ innum]able rays ( light f ! =ehead & illum9at+ all ! ?ree ?\s& worlds simultane\sly4 ,?is may m]ely be a poetic exagg]ation4 ,b ?is ,sambhogakya or ,body ( ,bliss 7see ,avaghoa's ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 p4 #aja7 is v difficult = u to compreh5d z x is lit]ally describ$4 ,= a full] treatm5t see ! *apt] on 8,trikya40 #bh ,?\gh ,i am v mu* tempt$ to digress & to ent] into a specific treatm5t conc]n+ ^! two ,h9du ,mahyna doctr9es1 ,i reluctantly refra9 f s do+1 z x requires a some:at l5g?y treatm5t & does n entirely fall )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 #bi ,t ,avaghoa's conception ( ! laya v>ies ) ! view "h pres5t$ may be famili> to read]s ( 8 ,awak5+ ( ,fai?4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ ab/ruse problems 9 ! philosophy ( ,mahyna ,buddhism1 & !re are sev]al div]g5t !ories conc]n+ its nature1 attributes1 activities1 etc4 ,9 a "w l ?is1 x is impossible to give ev5 a g5]al /atem5t ( ^? controv]sies1 h[ev] int]e/+ !y may be to /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( intellectual developm5t 9 ,india4 ,! layavijna1 to use ! phraseology ( ,samkhya philosophy1 is a composition1 s to speak1 ( ! ,s\l 7purua7 & ,primordial ,matt] 7prakti74 ,x is ! ,s\l1 s f> z x is neutral & indiff]5t to all ^? ph5om5al manife/ations1 t are go+ on )9 z well z )\t u4 ,x is ,primordial ,matt]1 inasmu* z x is ! res]voir ( ev]y?+1 ^: lid be+ lift$ by ! h&s ( ,ignorance1 !re in/antly spr+s up ?is univ]se ( limitation & relativity4 ,enlight5m5t or ,nirvna1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 recognis+ ! error ( ,ignorance & n 9 cl++ to ! products ( imag9ation4 #cj ,= a m detail$ explanation ( ! ideal philosophy ( ! ,yogcra1 see my article on ! subject 9 ,le ,muson1 #aije4 #ca 8,"o m9d0 or 8"o he>t0 mean+ ! m5tal attitude :i* is 9 h>mony ) ! moni/ic view ( nature 9 its broade/ s5se4 #cb ,^! t5 /ages ( spiritual developm5t are some:at m9utely expla9$ bel[4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 #cc ,! t5 moral precepts ( ! ,buddha are3 7#a7 ,kill no liv+ be+2 7#b7 ,take no?+ t is n giv52 7#c7 ,keep matrimonial sanctity2 7#d7 ,d n lie2 7#e7 ,d n sl&]2 7#f7 ,d n insult2 7#g7 ,d n *att]2 7#h7 ,be n gre$y2 7#i7 ,be> no malice2 7#aj7 ,h>bor no scepticism4 #cd ,mahynism recognises two 8entrances0 ?r\gh :i* a compreh5sive k ( ! univ]se is obta9$4 ,"o is call$ ! 8entrance ( sam5ess0 7samat7 & ! o!r ! 8entrance ( div]sity0 7nntva74 ,! fir/ entrance introduces u to ! univ]sality ( ?+s & sugge/s a pan!i/ic int]pretation ( exi/5ce4 ,! second leads u to ! p>ticul>ity ( ?+s culm9at+ 9 mono!ism or poly!ism1 z x is view$ f diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,! ,buddhi/s decl>e t nei!r entrance alone c lead u to ! sanctum sanctorum ( exi/5ce2 & 9 ord] to obta9 a s\nd1 well-balanc$ k ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 we mu/ g ?r\gh bo? ! entrances ( univ]sality & p>ticul>ity4 #ce ,! doctr9e ( ,trikya w be giv5 fur!r elucidation 9 ! *apt] be>+ ! same title4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,notes4 #cf ,no ef=ts h yet be5 made sy/ematically to trace ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,mahyna ?\ghts 9 ,india z well z 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,we h en\gh mat]ial at lea/ to foll[ ! g5]al c\rse x has tak51 z f> z ! ,*9ese & ,tibetan collections ( ,tripitaka are conc]n$4 ,:5 a ?or\gh comp>ison by imp>tial1 unprejudic$ s*ol>s ( ^! docum5ts has be5 made ) ! ,pali & ,sanskrit lit]ature1 !n we %all be able to write a compreh5sive hi/ory ( ! human ?\ghts t h gov]n$ ! ,ori5tal p dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! result c fur!r be comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( o!r religi\s sy/ems1 ?us ?r[+ mu* light on ! g5]al evolution ( humanity4 #cg ,praj1 bodhi1 buddhi1 vidy & j or jna are all synonym\s & 9 _m cases int]*angeable4 ,b !y all[ a f9] discrim9ation4 ,speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 praj is reason1 bodhi wisdom or intellig5ce1 buddhi enlight5m5t1 vidy ideality or k1 & j or jna intellect4 ,( ^! five t]ms1 praj & bodhi are ess5tially ,buddhi/ic & h acquir$ te*nical mean+1 ,9 ?is "w bo? praj & bodhi are mo/ly translat$ by intellig5ce1 = _! ext5t ( mean+ closely ov]laps ea* o!r4 ,b ?is is r vague1 & :]ev] ,i ?\ght ! t]m intellig5ce alone to be mislead+1 ,i ei!r left ! orig9als untranslat$1 or ins]t$ !m 9 p>5!ses4 ,to be m exact1 praj 9 _m cases c safely be r5d]$ by fai?1 n a belief 9 reveal$ tru?s1 b a sort ( imm$iate k ga9$ by intuitive intellig5ce4 ,praj corresponds 9 "s respects to wisdom1 mean+ ! f\ndation ( all reason+s & exp]i5ces4 ,x may also be consid]$ an equival5t = ,greek sophia4 ,bodhi1 on ! o!r h&1 has a decid$ly religi\s & moral significance4 ,besides be+ praj itself1 x is also love 7k>un73 =1 accord+ to ,buddhism1 ^! two1 praj & k>un1 con/itute ! ess5ce ( ,bodhi4 ,may ,bodhi be consid]$ 9 "s respects synonym\s ) ! div9e wisdom z und]/ood by ,*ri/ian dogmati/s8 ,b !re is some?+ 9 ! ,buddhi/ notion ( ,bodhi t _c prop]ly be express$ by wisdom or intellig5ce4 ,?is seems to be due to ! diff]5ce ( philosophical int]pretation by ,buddhi/s & ,*ri/ians ( ! conception ( ,god4 ,x w become cle>] z we proce$ f>!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,notes4 #ch ,= detail$ exposition ( ! ?ree =ms ( k1 ! read] is reque/$ to p]use ,asanga's ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,mahynism 7,nanjo's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #aahc71 ,vasub&hu's "w on ,mahyna idealism 7,vijnnamtra /ra1 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #abae71 ! ,stra on ! ,my/]y ( ,deliv]ance 7,s&h9irmocana-stra1 ,nanjo4 ,nos4 #bdf & #bdg71 etc4 #ci ,:5 ! em95t repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties1 su* z ,dh>mapala & ,bhavaviveka1 7 at ! height ( _! lit]>y activity 9 ,india ab\t ! fif? or six? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 _! p>tisan _s incit$ !m bitt]ly to d5\nce ea* o!r1 =gett+ ! common gr\nd on :i* _! pr9ciples 7 laid d[n4 ,_! disagreem5t 9 fact on :i* !y put an undue emphasis 0 ( a v trifl+ nature4 ,x 0 m]ely a qu>rel ov] phraseology1 = "o insi/$ on us+ c]ta9 words j 9 ! s5se :i* ! o!r negat$4 #dj 8,dve satye samupritya buddhnm dh>dean ,lokasamvttisatya ca satya ca p>amr?ata4 ,ye ca anayor na jnanti vibhgam satyayor dvayo1 ,te tatvam na vijnanti gambhrabuddhasane40 #da ,vyavahram anritya p>amr?o na deyate1 ,p>amr?am angamya nirvam na adhigamyata4 ,! ,mdhyamika1 p4 #aha4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,notes4 #db ,cf4 ,! ,udna1 *apt] ,,vi4 #dc ,svabhvam p>abhvanca1 bhvancbhvameva ca1 ,ye payanti1 na payante tatvam hi buddhasane4 #dd ,a/ti vatagrho1 n/tyuc*$ad>anam3 ,tasmda/itvan/itve nriyeta vicaksanah #de ,a/ti n/ti ubhe #8pi ant uddh auddhti ime #8pi ant2 ,tasmdubhe anta viv>jayitv ,madhye #8pi synam na k>oti paditah4 #df ,?is is ! fam\s phrase 9 ! ,brhad>anyaka ,upanisad occurr+ 9 sev]al places 7,,ii1 #c1 #f2 ,,iii1 #i1 #bf2 ,,iv1 #b1 #d2 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb2 ,,iv1 #e1 #e74 ,! ,atman or ,brahman1 x says1 8is to be describ$ by ,no1 ,no6 ,he is incompreh5sible1 = he _c be compreh5d$2 he is imp]i%able1 = he _c p]i%2 he is unatta*$1 = he does n atta* himself2 unfett]$1 he does n suff]1 he does n fail4 ,him 7:o kn[s71 ^! two d n ov]come1 :e!r he says t = "s reason he has done evil1 or = "s reason he has done good--he ov]comes bo?1 & nei!r :at he has done1 nor :at he has omitt$ to d1 affects him40 #dg ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 p4 #ei4 ,cf4 ?is ) ! utt]ances ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 z quot$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james 9 8 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 pp4 #daf-dag3 8,! cause ( all ?+s is nei!r s\l nor intellect2 nor has x imag9ation1 op9ion1 or reason1 or intellig5ce2 nor is x spok5 or ?\ght4 ,x is nei!r numb]1 nor ord]1 nor magnitude1 nor littl5ess1 nor equality1 nor inequality1 nor simil>ity1 nor dissimil>ity4 ,x nei!r /&s1 nor moves1 nor re/s4444 ,x is nei!r ess5ce1 nor et]nity1 nor "t4 ,ev5 intellectual contact does n belong to x4 ,x is nei!r sci5ce nor tru?4 ,x is n ev5 royalty nor wisdom2 n "o2 n unity2 n div9ity or goodness2 nor ev5 _s z we "k x404444 ad libitum4 #dh ,anirodham anutpdam anuc*$am avatam1 ,anekr?am annr?am angamam anirgamam4 7,mdhyamika /ra1 fir/ /anza47 #di ,p>am nirodhdbhagavn bhavattyeva nohyate1 ,na bhavatyubhayam ceti nobhayam ceti nohyate3 ,atihamno #8pi bhagavn bhavattyeva nohyate1 ,na bhavatyubhayam ceti nobhayam ceti nohyate4 7,mdhyamika1 p4 #aii74 #ej ,he 0 ! ?ird son ( k+ ( ,ki 787 9 s\!rn ,india4 ,he came to ,*9a ,a4,d4 #ebg & aft] a va9 attempt to conv]t ,emp]or ,wu to 8 own view1 he retir$ to a mona/]y1 :]e1 x is report$1 he sp5t all day 9 gaz+ at ! wall )\t mak+ any fur!r v5ture to propagate 8 my/icism4 ,b f9ally he f\nd a mo/ devot$ disciple 9 ! p]son ( ,%5 ,kuang1 :o 0 once a ,confucian1 & ?r\gh :om ! ,dhyna s*ool became "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,mahyna sect 9 ,*9a z well z 9 ,japan4 ,dh>ma di$ 9 ! ye> #ece4 ,besides ! "o "h m5tion$1 he _h ano!r audi5ce ) ! ,emp]or4 ,at t "t1 ! ,emp]or said to ,dh>ma3 8,i h d$icat$ s _m mona/]ies1 copi$ s _m sacr$ books1 & conv]t$ s _m bhiksus & bhiksunis3 :at d y ?9k my m]its are or ought to be80 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,dh>ma repli$ curtly1 8,no m]it :atev]40 #ea ,ano!r int]e/+ utt]ance by a ,*9ese ,buddhi/1 :o1 e>ne/ly pond]+ ov] ! absolut5ess ( ,su*ness = sev]al ye>s1 und]/ood x "o day all ( a sudd51 is3 8,! v in/ant y say x is some?+ 7or a no?+71 y miss ! m>k40 #eb ,! ,vimalakrti ,stra1 ,kumrajva's translation1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] #e4 #ec ,deuss5 relates1 9 8 address deliv]$ be=e ! ,bombay ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahic1 a simil> attitude ( a ,v$anti/ my/ic 9 reg>d to ! highe/ ,brahma4 8,! ,bhava1 !re=e1 :5 ask$ by ! k+ ,vaksal91 to expla9 ! ,brahman1 kept sil5ce4 ,& :5 ! k+ repeat$ 8 reque/ aga9 & aga91 ! ri%i broke out into ! answ]3 #8,i tell x y1 b y don't und]/& x2 nto 'yam tm1 ?is tm is sil5ce6'0 #ed ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! ,v$anta philosophy1 too1 makes a simil> di/9ction betwe5 ,brahman z sagunam 7qualifi$7 & ,brahman z nirgunam 7unqualifi$74 ,! =m] is relative1 ph5om5al1 & has *>act]i/ics ( its own2 b ! latt] is absolute1 hav+ no qualification :atev] to speak (1 x is absolute ,su*ness4 7,see ,max ,muell]'s ,! ,six ,sy/ems ( ,indian ,philosophy1 p4 #bbj et seq47 ,"h1 a v int]e/+ "q sugge/s itself3 ,:i* is ! orig9al & :i* is ! copy1 ,mahynism or ,v$antism8 ,mo/ ( ,european ,sanskrit s*ol>s w\ld fa9 wi% to dispose ( x at once by decl>+ t ,buddhism mu/ be ! borr[]4 ,b ,i am /rongly incl9$ to ! opposite view1 = !re is reliable evid5ce 9 favor ( x4 ,9 a writ+ ( ,avaghoa1 :o dates mu* e>li] ?an ank>a or ,bad>ayana we notice ?is di/9ction ( absolute ,su*ness & relative ,su*ness4 ,he writes 9 8 ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 7p4 #ee et seq47 t ?\gh ,su*ness is free f all modes ( limitation & conditionality1 & !re=e x _c be ?\ght ( by our f9ite consci\sness1 yet on acc\nt ( ,avidy inh]5t 9 ! human m9d absolute ,su*ness manife/s itself 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 !reby subject+ itself to ! law ( causality & relativity & proce$s to say t !re is a tw(old aspect 9 ,su*ness f ! po9t ( view ( its explicability4 ,! fir/ aspect is tru5ess z negation 7nyat7 9 ! s5se t x is completely set ap>t f ! attributes ( all ?+s unreal1 t x is a v]itable reality4 ,! second aspect is tru5ess z affirmation 7anyat71 9 ! s5se t x conta9s inf9ite m]its1 t x is self-exi/5t4 ,consid]+ ! fact t ,avaghoa comes e>li] ?an any ,v$anta philosoph]s1 x /&s to reason to say t ! latt] might h borr[$ ! idea ( di/+ui%+ ! two aspects ( ,brahma f _! ,buddhi/ pr$ecessors4 ank>a also makes a di/9ction betwe5 saguna & nirguna vidya1 ^: p>allel we f9d 9 ! ,mahyni/ samvtti & p>amr?a satya4 #ee ,:ile pass+1 ,i _c help digress+ & ent]+ on a polemic 9 ?is footnote4 ,! fact is1 ,we/]n ,buddhi/ critics /ubbornly refuse to und]/& correctly :at is insi/$ by ,buddhi/s !mselves4 ,ev5 s*ol>s :o are suppos$ to be well in=m$ ab\t ! subject1 g a/ray & make false *>ges aga9/ ,buddhism4 ,max ,muell]1 = example1 decl>es 9 8 ,six ,sy/ems ( ,indian ,philosophy 7p4 #bdb7 t 8,an important di/9ction betwe5 ,buddhi/s & ,v$anti/s is t ! =m] holds ! _w to h aris5 f :at is n1 ! latt] f :at is1 ! ,sat or ,brahman40 ,! read] :o has c>efully foll[$ my exposition above w at once detect 9 ?is ,max ,muell]'s conclusion an incorrect /atem5t ( ,buddhi/ doctr9e4 ,z ,i h repeat$ly said1 ,su*ness1 ?\gh describ$ 9 negative t]ms1 is n a /ate ( no?+ness1 b ! highe/ possible syn!sis t ! human intellect c rea*4 ,! _w did n come f ! void ( ,su*ness1 b f its fulness ( reality4 ,if x 7 n s1 to :]e does ,buddhism want u to g aft] deliv]ance f ! evanesc5ce & no?+ness ( ! ph5om5al _w8 ,max ,muell] 9 ano!r place 7op4 cit4 p4 #baj7 speaks ( ! ,v$anti/s' ass]tion ( ! reality ( ! objective _w = practical purposes 7vyavahrr?am7 & ( _! antagoni/ic attitude t[>d 8! nihilism ( ! ,buddhi/s40 8,! ,buddhi/s0 ?is seems to ref] to ! foll[]s ( ! ,mdhyamika s*ool1 b a c>eful p]usal ( _! texts w reveal t :at !y d5i$ 0 n ! realness ( ! _w z a manife/ation ( conditional ,su*ness1 b its indep5d5t realness & our atta*m5t to x z su*4 ,! ,mdhyamika s*ool 0 n 9 any s5se a nihili/ic sy/em4 ,true1 its advocates us$ _m negative t]ms1 b :at !y meant by !m 0 obvi\s en\gh to any c>eful read]4 #ef ,dh>madhtu is ! _w z se5 by an enlight5$ m9d1 :]e all =ms ( p>ticul>ity d n contradict "o ano!r1 b make "o h>moni\s :ole4 #eg ,! ^w lit]ally means recollection or memory4 ,avaghoa uses x z a synonym ( ignorance1 & s d _m o!r ,buddhi/ philosoph]s4 #eh ,smti or citta or vijna4 ,!y are all us$ by ,avaghoa & o!r ,buddhi/ au?ors z synonym\s4 ,smti lit]ally means memory2 citta1 ?\ght or m5tation2 & vijna is g5]ally r5d]$ by consci\sness1 ?\gh n v accurately4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,notes4 #ei ,cf4 ! ,bhagavadgt 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 *ap4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ajg73 8,! ,brahman is a womb = me1 9 :i* ,i ca/ ! se$4 ,f t1 ,o desc5dant ( ,bh>ata6 is ! bir? ( all ?+s4 ,( ! bodies1 ,o son ( ,kunti6 :i* are born f all wombs1 ! ma9 womb is ! great ,brahman1 & ,i am ! fa!r1 ! giv] ( ! se$40 #fj ,?is is translat$ f ! ,*9ese ( ikan&a2 ! ,sanskrit reads z foll[s3 8,t>ang hi udadh] yadvat pavanapratyaya rit1 ,ntyamnh prav>tante vyuc*$a ca na vidhyate3 layodhyas ta? nityam viayapavana rita1 ,cittis t>angavijnir ntyamn prav>tate40 #fa ,f ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,sanskrit reads z foll[s3 8,nle rakte #8?a lavae ankhe kre ca rk>e1 ,kaayi phalapupdyih kira ya?a bhsk>e3 ,no #8ny5a ca nnany5a t>ang hi udadh] mat2 ,vijnni ta? sapta1 citt5a saha samyukt4 ,udadhe p>imo #8su t>angnm vicitrat1 layam hi ta? cittam vijnkhyam prav>tate2 ,cittam mana ca vijnam lakar?am prakalpyate2 bh9na lakan hi atu na laky na ca laka4 ,udadhe ca t>angnm ya? n/i viean4 ,vijnnam ta? citte p>imo na labhyate4 ,citt5a cyate k>ma1 manas ca vicyate1 ,vijn5a vijnti1 dyam kalpeti pacabhi40 #fb ,a little digression "h4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 affirm$ ( ! e?ics ( ,mahynism t z x has a nihili/ic t5d5cy its morality turns t[>ds asceticism ignor+ ! significance ( ! s5tim5t & in/9ct4 ,x is true t ,mahynism p]fectly agrees ) ,v$antism :5 ! latt] decl>es3 8,if ! kill] ?9ks t he kills1 if ! kill$ ?9ks t he is kill$1 !y d n und]/&2 = ?is "o does n kill1 nor is t "o kill$40 7,! ,katopani%ad1 ,,ii #ai47 ,?is belief 9 non-action 7,laotzean ,wu ,wei7 app>5tly d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( relativity1 b he w be a sup]ficial critic :o w /op %ort at ?is absolute aspect ( ,mahyna philosophy & refuses to consid] its practical side4 ,z we h se5 above1 ,buddhi/s d n conceive ! evolution ( ! ,manovijna z a fault on ! "p ( ! cosmic m9d1 nor d !y ?9k ! ass]tion ( ,ignorance altoge!r wrong & morally evil4 ,!re=e1 ,mahynism does n d5y ! claim ( reality to ! _w ( ! s5ses1 ?\gh ( c\rse relatively1 & n absolutely4 ,aga91 8,tat tvam asi0 7?\ art x7 or 8,i am ! ,buddha0--?is ass]tion1 ?\gh arrogant x may seem to "s1 is p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 ! realm ( absolute id5tity1 :]e ! s]5e light ( ,su*ness alone p]vades4 ,b :5 we desc5d on e>? & comm+le 9 ! hurly-burly ( our practical1 duali/ic life1 we _c help suff]+ f its mundane limitations4 ,we hung]1 we ?ir/1 we grieve at ! loss ( ! de>e/1 we feel remorse ov] errors committ$4 ,mahynism does n tea* ! annihilation ( ^? human passions & feel+s4 ,!re 0 once a recluse-philosoph]1 :o 0 consid]$ by ! villag]s to h completely vanqui%$ all natural desires & human ambitions4 ,!y almo/ wor%ipp$ him & ?\ght him to be sup]human4 ,"o day e>ly 9 ,w9t]1 a devotee approa*$ him & rev]5tially inquir$ aft] 8 heal?4 ,! sage at once respond$ 9 v]se3 8,a h]mit truly ,i am1 _w-r5\nc$2 ,yet :5 ! gr\nd is :ite ) sn[1 ,a *ill goes ?r\gh me & ,i %iv]40 ,a false conception ( religi\s sa9tl9ess z *]i%$ by s _m pi\s-he>t$1 b )al ignorant1 m9ds1 has l$ !m into "s ( ! grosse/ sup]/itions1 ^: curse is /ill l+]+ ev5 among u4 ,our e>?ly life has s _m limitations & tribulations4 ,! ills t ! fle% is heir to mu/ be reliev$ by "s mat]ial1 sci5tific me?ods4 #fc ,t ! ,buddhi/ ,ignorance corresponds to ! ,smkhya ,prakti c be se5 also f ! fact t "s ,samkhya comm5tators give to ,prakti z its synonyms su* t]ms z kti 7en]gy7 :i* rem9ds ( k>ma or sankra1 tamas 7d>kness71 my1 & ev5 ! v ^w avidy 7ignorance7 #fd ,?is view ( ! on5ess ( ! laya or ,citta 7m9d7 may n be acceptable to "s ,mahyni/s1 p>ticul>ly to ^? :o advocate ! ,yogcra philosophy2 b ! pres5t au?or is "h try+ to exp\nd a m or?odox & m typical & !re=e m widely-recognis$ doctr9e ( ,mahynism1 i4e41 t ( ,avaghoa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,notes4 #fe ,pudgala or pudgalasamja is sometimes us$ by ,mahyni/s z a synonym ( tman4 ,! ,buddhi/ tman 9 ! s5se ( ego-sub/ratum may be consid]$ to correspond to ! ,v$anti/ ,jvtman1 :i* is us$ 9 contradi/9ction to ,p>amtman1 ! supreme be+ or ,brahma4 #ff ,mahyna ,buddhi/s g5]ally und]/& ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( tman to consi/ 9 fre$om1 & by fre$om !y mean et]nality1 absolute unity1 & supreme au?ority4 ,a be+ t is transitory is n free1 z x is condition$ by o!r be+s1 & !re=e x has no tman4 ,a be+ t is an aggregate ( elem5tal matt] or =ms ( en]gy is n absolute1 = x is a /ate ( mutual relation%ip1 & !re=e x has no tman4 ,aga91 a be+ t has no au?oritative comm& ov] itself & o!r be+s1 is n free1 = x w be subject$ to a p[] o!r ?an itself1 & !re=e x has no tman4 ,n[1 take any?+ t we come across 9 ?is _w ( p>ticul>s2 & does x n possess "o or all ( ^! ?ree qualities3 transitor9ess1 composit5ess1 & helplessness or dep5d5ce8 ,!re=e1 all concrete individual exi/5ces n except+ human be+s h no tman1 h no ego1 t is et]nal1 absolute1 & supreme4 #fg ,t5t-design] is a figurative t]m = ! ego-s\l4 ,foll[+ ! preval5t error1 ! ,buddha at fir/ made an e>ne/ se>* aft] ! ego t 0 suppos$ to be snugly sitt+ beh9d our m5tal exp]i5ces1 & ! result 0 ?is utt]ance4 #fh ,! ,dh>mapada1 vs4 #aec-aed4 ,tr4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,edmunds4 #fi ,praktiviktayas4 ,?is is a te*nical t]m ( ,smkhya philosophy & means ! modes ( ,prakrti1 z evolv$ f x & z fur!r evolv+ on4 ,see ,satis ,*&ra ,ban>ji1 ,samkhya-,philosophy1 p4 ,,xxxiii et seq4 #gj ,! passages quot$ "h z well z "o 9 ! next p>agraph are tak5 f ,avaghoa's ,buddhac>ita4 #ga ,! ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da1 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xxxv4 #gb ,?is rem9ds u ( ! passage quot$ else:]e f ! ,ka?a-,upani%ad2 cf4 ! footnote to x4 #gc ,z cit$ else:]e1 ,bodhi-,dh>ma ( ! ,dhyna sect1 :5 que/ion$ 9 a simil> way1 repli$1 8,i d n "k40 ,walt ,:itman e*oes ! same s5tim5t 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 8,a *ild said1 :at is ! grass8 fet*+ x to me ) full h&s2 ,h[ c\ld ,i answ] ! *ild8 ,i d n "k :at x is1 any m ?an he40 #gd ,!re seem to be two ,*9ese translations ( ?is ,stra1 "o by ,kumrajva & ! o!r by ,p>amr?a1 b app>5tly !y are diff]5t texts be>+ ! same title4 ,besides ^! two1 !re is ano!r text entirely 9 ,*9ese translit]ation4 ,ow+ to insuffici5cy ( mat]ial at my disposal "h1 ,i _c say any?+ def9ite ab\t ! id5tity or div]sity ( ^! docum5ts4 ,! foll[+ discussion t is report$ to h tak5 place betwe5 ! ,buddha & ,an&a is an ab/ract prep>$ f ! fir/ & ! second fasciculi ( ,p>amr?a's 787 translation4 ,beal gives 9 8 ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures f ! ,*9ese 7pp4 #bhf-cfi7 an ,engli% translation ( ! fir/ f\r fasc4 ( ! ,surangama4 ,?\gh ?is translation is n q satisfactory 9 _m po9ts ! read] may f9d !re a detail$ acc\nt ( ! discussion :i* is "h only p>tially & r\ghly recapitulat$4 #ge ,cf4 ! foll[+ :i* is extract$ f ! ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ,,xxxv1 #acc73 8,if !re be a s\l di/9ct f ! body :i* does all ?is1 !n if ! door ( ! eye 7 ?r[n d[n if ! eye 7 pluck$ out c\ld x /ret* out its head1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! l>g] ap]ture & ) great] range see =ms mu* m cle>ly ?an be=e8 ,c\ld "o he> s\nds bett] if ! e>s 7 cut (f1 or ta/e bett] if ! tongue 7 pull$ out1 or feel t\* bett] if ! body 7 de/roy$80 #gf ,nirvikalpo #8smi ciddipo nirahank>avasana ,tvaya ahank>abij5a na sambaddho #8smi asanmaya 7#ca7 #gg ,ya? bhtatay na ahammano na tvam na vsan ,atm uddhacidabhasa kevalo yam vijbhate4 7#dd7 #gh ,! foll[+ is a some:at free translation ( ! orig9al ,*9ese ( ,kumrajva1 :i* pretty closely agrees ) ! ,sanskrit text publi%$ by ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society ( ,india4 #gi ,! ,sanskrit text does n give ?is passage4 #hj ,lakyl lakaam anyac cet syt tal lakyam alakanam4 #ha ,rpdi vyatirek5a ya? kumbho na vidyate1 ,vhydi vyatirea ta? rpam na vidyate4 #hb ,ab/ract$ f ,p+alaka's ,comm5t>y on ! ,mdhyamika /ra1 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,*9ese translation is by ,kumrajva4 #hc ,! passage 9 p>5!ses is tak5 f ,*&rakrti's ,comm5t>y on ,ngrjuna1 pp4 #ahj-aha4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,notes4 #hd ,! ,twelve ,nidnas are3 7#a7 ,ignorance 7avidy71 7#b7 action 7sanskra71 7#c7 ,consci\sness 7vijna71 7#d7 ,"n-&-=m 7nm>pa71 7#e7 ,six ,s5se-organs 7yatana71 7#f7 ,contact 7sp>a71 7#g7 ,s5sation 7v$an71 7#h7 ,desire 7trn71 7#i7 ,atta*m5t 7updna71 7#aj7 ,procreation 7bhva71 7#aa7 bir? 7jati71 7#ab7 ,old ,age1 ,dea?1 etc4 7j>1 m>ana1 oka1 etc474 #he ,f a ,*9ese ,mahyna sutra4 #hf ,! ,pli ,jtaka1 no4 #bbb4 ,translation by ,w4 ,h4 ,r\se4 #hg ,w>r5's ,buddhism 9 ,translations1 p4 #bad4 #hh ,on ! ,completion ( ,k>ma1 by ,vasub&hu4 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #abbb4 #hi ,! ,di/+ui%+ ( ! ,mean1 by ,vasub&hu4 ,nanjo1 #abdh4 #ij 8,manhattan's ,/reets ,i ,saunt]'d1 ,pond]+40 ,i might h quot$ ! :ole poem1 if n = limitation ( space4 #ia ,if we und]/& ! foll[+ words ( ,tol/oi 9 ! light :i* we ga9 f ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( k>maic immortality1 we %all p]haps f9d m mean+ 9 !m ?an ! au?or himself wi%$ to imp>t3 8,my bro!r :o is dead acts ^u me n[ m /rongly ?an he did 9 life2 he ev5 p5etrates my be+ & lifts me up t[>ds him40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,notes4 #ib ,! ,avatamsaka ,stra1 ,*9ese translation by ,buddhabhadra1 fas4 ,,xxxiv4 #ic ,t is ! ,dh>makya p]sonifi$4 #id ,9 ,h9du philosophy space is always conceiv$ z an objective entity 9 :i* all ?+s exi/4 #ie ,?is %\ld be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t 8,god make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & on ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & on ! unju/40 ,! ,dh>makya is univ]sal 9 its love1 z space is 9 its compreh5siv5ess4 ,because x is absolutely free f human desires & passions t are ! product ( egoism & !re=e t5d always to be discrim9ative & exclusive4 #if ,! f\r views are3 ,t ! physical body is productive ( impurities2 t s5suality causes pa92 t ! individual s\l is n p]man5t2 & t all ?+s are devoid ( ! ,atman4 #ig ,t is to say3 ,! ,dh>makya1 t assumes all =ms ( exi/5ce accord+ to :at class ( be+ x is manife/+ itself1 is sometimes conceiv$ by ! believ]s to be a %ort-liv$ god1 sometimes an immortal _s1 sometimes a cele/ial be+ ( "o hundr$ kalpas1 & sometimes an exi/5ce ( only a mom5t4 ,z !re are s _m diff]5t dispositions1 *>act]s1 k>mas1 intellectual atta9m5ts1 moral environm5ts1 etc41 s !re are z _m ,dh>makyas z subjectively repres5t$ 9 ! m9ds ( s5ti5t be+s1 ?\gh ! ,dh>makya1 objectively consid]$1 is absolutely "o4 #ih ,asanga's ,g5]al ,treatise on ,mahynism4 7,mahyna samp>igraha74 #ii ,! ,avatamsaka ,stra1 *ap4 #ac1 8,on ,m]it40 #ajj ,?is is by no means ! case1 = "s ( ! ,mahyna stras are und\bt$ly productions ( mu* lat] writ]s ?an ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ! ,buddha1 ?\gh ( c\rse x is v likely t "s ( ! mo/ important ,mahyna canonical books 7 compil$ )9 a few hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,nirvana ( ! ,ma/]4 #aja 8,purvapranidhnabala0 is frequ5tly translat$ 8! p[] ( orig9al 7or primitive7 pray]40 ,lit]ally1 prva means 8=m]0 or 8orig9al0 or 8primitive02 & pranidhna1 8desire0 or 8v[0 or 8pray]02 & bala1 8p[]40 ,s f> z lit]>y r5d]+ is conc]n$1 8p[] ( orig9al pray]0 seems to be ! s5se ( ! orig9al ,sanskrit4 ,b :5 we speak ( primitive pray]s ( ! ,dh>makya or ,ta?gata1 h[ %all we und]/& x8 ,has pray] any s5se 9 ?is connection8 ,! ,dh>makya c by its own free w manife/ 9 any =m ( exi/5ce & f9i% its "w 9 :atev] way x deems be/4 ,!re is no ne$ = x to utt] any pray] 9 ! agony ( /ruggle to accompli%4 ,!re is 9 ! univ]se no =ce :atev] :i* is work+ aga9/ x s p[]fully z to make x cry = help2 & !re _c be any /ruggle or agony 9 ! activity ( ! ,dh>makya4 ,! t]m pray] !re=e is altoge!r mislead+ & inaccurate & implicates u 9 a grave error :i* t5ds to contradict ! g5]al ,buddhi/ conception ( ,dh>makya4 ,we mu/ disp5se ) ! t]m entirely 9 ord] to be 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,buddhism4 ,?is po9t w receive fur!r consid]ation lat]4 #ajb 8,i am ! fa!r ( all be+s1 & !y are my *ildr540 7,! ,avatamsaka1 ! ,pund>ka1 etc47 #ajc ,to get m fully acqua9t$ ) ! significance ( ! ,sukhvat doctr9e1 ! read] is advis$ to look up ! ,sukhvat stras 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xlix4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,notes4 #ajd ,:at foll[s is select$ f a %ort stra call$ ,! ,mahvaipulya-,ta?gatag>bha ,stra1 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,buddhabhadra ( ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #cga-dbj74 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #chd4 #aje ,niyuta is an exce$+ly l>ge numb]1 b g5]ally consid]$ to be equal to "o billion4 #ajf ,all ^! are unhuman =ms ( exi/5ce1 includ+ demons1 dragon-k+s1 w+$ bea/s1 etc4 #ajg rava lit]ally means 8ooz+10 or 8fl[+ out10 & ! ,*9ese translators r5d]$ x by l\1 dripp+1 or leak+4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x is a g5]al "n = evils1 pr9cipally mat]ial & s5su\s4 ,accord+ to an ,indian ,buddhi/ s*ol>1 rava has ?reefold s5se3 7#a7 8keep+10 = x reta9s all s5ti5t be+s 9 ! :irlpool ( bir? & dea?2 7#b7 8fl[+10 = x makes all s5ti5t be+s run 9 ! /ream ( bir? & dea?2 7#c7 8leak+10 or 8ooz+10 = x lets su* evils z av>ice1 ang]1 lu/1 etc41 ooze out f ! six s5se-organs aft] ! fa%ion ( an ulc]1 :i* lets out blood & fil?y sub/ance4 ,! cause ( rava is a bl9d w1 & its result is bir? & dea?4 ,specifically1 ,bhvrava is "o ( ! ?ree ravas1 :i* are 7#a7 kmrava1 7#b7 vidyrava1 & 7#c7 bhvrava4 ,! fir/ is egoti/ic desires1 ! second is ignorance1 & ! ?ird is ! mat]ial exi/5ce :i* we h to suff] on acc\nt ( our previ\s k>ma4 #ajh ,our ?\ghtful read]s mu/ h notic$ "h t ! conceptions ( ! ,buddha z ent]ta9$ by ! ,mahsangika ,s*ool 7,great ,c\ncil7 closely resemble ^? ( ! ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,?\gh we are /ill unable to trace /ep by /ep ! developm5t ( ,mahynism 9 ,india1 ! hypo!sis assum$ by mo/ ( ,japanese ,buddhi/ s*ol>s is t ! ,mahsangika 0 ,mahyni/ic 9 t5d5cy4 #aji ,! ,mahp>9ibbna sutta4 #aaj ,!re are ?ree ,*9ese translations ( ?is stra3 ! fir/1 by ,dh>m>aka dur+ ! fir/ two decades ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d42 ! second1 by ,p>amr?a ( ! ,liang dyna/y1 :o came to ,*9a ,a4,d4 #edf & di$ ,a4,d4 #efi2 & ! ?ird1 by ,i-ts+ ( ! ,tang dyna/y :o came back f 8 ,indian pilgrimage 9 ! ye> #fie & translat$ ?is stra ,a4,d4 #gjc4 ,! la/ is ! only complete ,*9ese translation ( ! ,suv>n ,prabh4 ,a "p ( ! orig9al ,sanskrit text recov]$ 9 ,nepal 0 publi%$ by ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society ( ,india 9 #ahih4 ,nanjo1 ,nos4 #abf1 #abg1 #acj4 #aaa ,! notion t great m5 nev] die seems to be univ]sal4 ,spiritually !y w\ld nev] p]i%1 because ! ideas t mov$ !m & made !m prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity are born ( tru?4 ,& 9 ?is s5se e p]son :o is possess$ ( wor?y ?\ghts is immortal1 :ile s\ls t are made ( trump]y are c]ta9ly doom$ to annihilation4 ,b ! masses are n satisfi$ ) ?is k9d ( immortality4 ,!y mu/ h some?+ m tangible1 m s5sual1 & m individual4 ,! notion ( bodily resurrection ( ,*ri/ is a f9e illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,:5 ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ op5$ ! ma/]'s grave1 !y did n f9d 8 body1 s says leg5d1 & !y at once conceiv$ ! idea ( resurrection1 = !y reason$ t su* a great man z ,jesus c\ld n suff] ! same fate t befalls common mortals only4 ,! /ory ( 8 corporeal resurrection n[ took w+ & w5t wild2 "s he>d him speak to !m1 "s saw him break bread1 & o!rs ev5 t\*$ 8 w\nds4 ,:at a grossly mat]iali/ic conception e>ly ,*ri/ians 7& alas1 ev5 "s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury7 *]i%$ ab\t resurrection & immortality6 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t primitive ,buddhi/s rais$ a s]i\s "q ab\t ! p]sonality ( ,buddha :i* culm9at$ 9 ! conception ( ! ,sambhogakya1 ,body ( ,bliss1 by ,mahyni/s4 #aab ,comp>e ?is to ! transfigur$ ,*ri/4 #aac ,cf4 ,i ,cor4 ,,xiii1 ,,ii4 8,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i spake z a *ild1 ,i und]/ood z a *ild1 ,i ?\ght z a *ild1 b :5 ,i became a man1 ,i put away *ildi% ?+s40 ,?is po9t ( our ev]-asc5d+ spiritual progress is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,saddh>ma-pund>ka ,stra4 ,see ,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,xi4 ,! foll[+ passage quot$ f *ap4 ,,ii1 p4 #di 7,k]n's translation7 w give a tol]ably adequate view conc]n+ div]sity ( means & unity ( purpose z "h exp\nd$3 8,^? highe/ ( m5 h1 all ( !m1 reveal$ mo/ holy laws by means ( illu/rations1 reasons & argum5ts1 ) _m hundr$ pro(s ( skillfulness 7upyakaualya74 ,& all ( !m h manife/$ b "o vehicle & introduc$ b "o on e>?2 by "o vehicle h !y l$ to full rip5ess inconceivably _m ?\s&s ( kotis ( be+s40 ,z 0 else:]e not$1 ?is doctr9e is sometimes kn[n z ! !ory ( ,upya4 ,upya is v difficult t]m to translate into ,engli%2 x lit]ally means 8way10 8me?od10 or 8/rategy40 ,= full] int]pretation see p4 #bih1 footnote4 #aad ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important philosophical works ( ! ,yogacra s*ool4 ,vasub&hu wrote ! text 7,nanjo1 ,no4 #abae7 :i* consi/s only ( ?irty v]ses1 b !re appe>$ _m comm5tators aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or1 :o naturally ent]ta9$ widely diff]5t views among !mselves on ! subject-matt]1 z x is too t]sely treat$ 9 ! text4 ,hsen ,tsang made selections out ( ! t5 not$ ,h9du exegeti/s 9 ,a4,d4 #fei & translat$ !m into ! ,*9ese language4 ,! compilation consi/s ( t5 fascicles & is kn[n z ,disc\rse on ! ,ideality ( ! ,univ]se 7a free r5d]+ ( ! ,*9ese title ,*ang wei %i lun1 ,nanjo1 ,no4 #aaig74 #aae ,may ,i v5ture to say t ! conception ( ,god z ent]ta9$ by mo/ ,*ri/ians is a ,body ( ,bliss r ?an ! ,dh>makya itself8 ,9 "s respects _! ,god is q spiritual1 b 9 o!rs he is ?\ght ( z a concrete mat]ial be+ l ourselves4 ,x seems to me t ! human s\l is ev] /ruggl+ to free itself f ?is p>adox1 ?\gh )\t any app>5t success1 :ile ! masses are n s intellectual & reflective en\gh z to become aw>e ( ?is et]nal contradiction :i* is too deeply buri$ 9 _! m9ds4 #aaf ,! read] mu/ n ?9k t !re is b "o ,pure ,l& :i* is elaborately describ$ 9 ! ,sukhvat ,vyha ,stra z ! abode ( ! ,ta?gata ,amitbha1 situat$ innum]able leagues away 9 ! ,we/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,mahyna texts admit ! exi/5ce ( z innum]able pure l&s z !re are ,ta?gatas & ,bodhisattvas1 & e s+le "o ( ^! holy regions has no b\nd>y & is coexi/5t ) ! univ]se1 &1 !re=e1 _! sph]es necess>ily int]cross+ & ov]lapp+ "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld look to e intellig5t m9d t ^? innum]able ,buddha-c\ntries exi/+ 9 su* a my/]i\s & incompreh5sible mann] _c be any?+ else ?an our own subjective creation4 #aag ,= a description ( ^! m>ks see ! ,dh>masangraha1 pp4 #ec ff4 ,a process ( my/ify+ or deify+ ! p]son ( ,buddha seems to h be5 go+ on imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ! ,ma/]2 & ! ,mahyni/ic conception ( ,nirmnakya & ,sambhogakya is m]ely ! consummation ( ?is process4 ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s :o are sometimes suppos$ to repres5t a m 8primitive0 =m ( ,buddhism describe j z mu* z ,mahynism ! ?irty-two major & eighty m9or excell5t physical m>ks ( a great man z hav+ be5 possess$ by kyamuni1 7= in/ance1 see ! ,mil9dapaha1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxxv4 p4 #aaf74 ,b any p]son ) common s5se w at once see ! absurdity ( repres5t+ any human be+ ) ^? physical peculi>ities4 ,& ?is seems to h inspir$ m rational ,mahyni/s to ab&on ! traditional way ( portray+ ! human ,buddha ) ^? my/]i\s signs4 ,!y transf]r$ !m ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( ,trikya to ! *>act]isation ( ! ,sambhogakya ,buddha1 t is1 to ! ,buddha enjoy+ 9 a cele/ial abode ! fruit ( 8 virtu\s e>?ly life4 ,! ,buddha :o walk$ 9 ! fle% z ! son ( ,k+ ,suddhodana 01 h[ev]1 no m ?an an ord9>y human be+ l ourselves1 because he appe>$ to u 9 a =m ( ,nirmnakya1 i4e4 z a ,body ( ,trans=mation1 devoid ( any su* physical peculi>ities kn[n z ?irty-two or eighty lakanas4 ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 s call$1 seem1 h[ev]1 to h ov]look$ ! ridicul\sness ( attribut+ ^! fanta/ic signs to ! human ,buddha2 & ?is fact expla9s t z soon z ! memory ( ! p]sonal disciples ( ,buddha ab\t 8 p]son vani%$ among ! lat] foll[]s1 int5se speculation & res\rceful imag9ation 7 con/antly ex]cis$ until ! div]s s*ools settl$ ! "q ea* 9 its own way4 #aah ,cf4 ,i ,cor4 ,,xi4 #ai et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,notes4 #aai ,k]n's ,engli% translation 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxi71 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 p4 #hj4 #abj ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! idea ( univ]sal salvation 0 lack+ altoge!r 9 ! foll[]s ( ,hnaynism4 ,b :at di/+ui%$ x s m>k$ly f ,mahynism is t ! =m] did n ext5d ! idea wide en\gh1 b conf9$ x to ,buddhahood only4 ,buddha atta9$ omnisci5ce 9 ord] t he might deliv] ! _w1 b we1 ord9>y mortals1 are too ignorant & too helpless to aspire = ,buddhahood2 let u be cont5t$ ) pay+ homage to ,buddha & fai?fully obs]v+ 8 precepts z laid d[n by him = our spiritual edification4 ,our k & en]gy are too limit$ to cope ) su* a gigantic task z to a*ieve a univ]sal salvation ( mank9d2 let a ,buddha or ,bodhisattva attempt x :ile we may re/ ) a pr(\nd confid5ce 9 him & 9 8 "w4 ,?\ghts some:at l ^! mu/ h be5 go+ ab\t 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,hnayni/s1 :5 _! ,mahyna bre?r5 7 mak+ bold to /rive aft] ,buddhahood !mselves4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools ( ,buddhism1 :5 mo/ concisely express$1 is ?is3 ,:ile "o has a mo/ submissive confid5ce 9 ! ,buddha1 ! o!r endeavors to foll[ 8 example by plac+ himself 9 8 position4 ,! foll[+ quotation 78! ,/ory ( ,sum$ha10 a ,jtaka tale1 f ,w>r5's ,buddhism1 p4 #ad7 9 :i* ,sum$ha1 "o ( ! ,buddha's =m] inc>nations1 expresses 8 resolve to be a ,buddha1 may j z well be consid]$ z t ( a ,mahyni/ himself1 :ile ! ,hnayni/s w\ld n d>e to make ?is wi% _! own3 8,or :y %\ld ,i1 valor\s man1 ,! ocean seek to cross alone8 ,omnisci5ce fir/ w ,i a*ieve1 ,& m5 & gods convey across4 8,s9ce n[ ,i make ?is e>ne/ wi%1 ,9 pres5ce ( ?is ,be/ ( ,m51 ,omnisci5ce sometime ,i'll a*ieve1 ,& multitude convey across4 8,i'll rebir?' circl+ /ream arre/1 ,de/roy exi/5ce's ?ree modes2 ,i'll climb ! sides ( ,doctr9e's %ip1 ,& m5 & gods convey across40 #aba ,?is is a v r\gh summ>y ( ! doctr9e t is kn[n z ,p>iv>ta & exp\nd$ 9 ! ,avatamsaka ,stra1 fas4 #ba-bb :]e t5 =ms ( ,p>iv>ta are di/+ui%$ & expla9$ at l5g?4 #abb ,w>r5's ,buddhism 9 ,translations1 ! 8,/ory ( ,sum$ha10 pp4 #ad-ae4 #abc ,x may be int]e/+ to ,*ri/ian read]s to note 9 ?is connection t mod]n ,buddhi/s d n reject altoge!r ! idea ( vic>i\s atonem5t1 = _! religi\s conviction z se5 "h admits ! p>iv>ta ( a ,bodhisattva's m]its to ! spiritual welf>e ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,b !y w object to ! ,*ri/ian int]pretation t ,jesus 0 s5t d[n on e>? by 8 heav5ly fa!r = ! special mission to atone = ! orig9al s9 ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( 8 innoc5t blood1 = ?is is altoge!r too pu]ile & mat]iali/ic4 #abd ,! full title ( ! "w is ,a ,treatise on ! ,transc5d5tality ( ,bodhicitta 7,nanjo1 ,no4 #acjd74 ,x is a little book consi/+ ( sev5 or eight %eets 9 big ,*9ese type4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,dnapla 7,%ih ,hu7 dur+ ! t5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 #abe ,upaya1 mean+ 8exp$i5t10 8/ratagem10 8device10 or 8craft10 has a te*nical s5se 9 ,buddhism4 ,x is us$ 9 contra/ to intellig5ce 7praj7 & is synonym\s ) love 7k>un74 ,s1 ,vimalakrti says 9 ! stra be>+ 8 "n 7*ap4 #h1 v]ses #a-d73 8,praj is ! "m ( ! ,bodhisattva & ,upaya 8 fa!r2 !re is no lead] ( humanity :o is n born ( !m40 ,intellig5ce 7praj7 is ! "o1 ! univ]sal1 repres5t+ ! pr9ciple ( sam5ess 7samat71 :ile ,upaya is ! _m1 be+ ! pr9ciple ( manifoldness 7nntv74 ,f ! /&po9t ( pure intellig5ce1 ! ,bodhisattvas d n see any p>ticul> suff]+ exi/5ces1 = !re is no?+ t is n ( ! ,dh>makya3 b :5 !y see ! univ]se f ! /&po9t ( _! love-ess5ce1 !y recognise ev]y:]e ! conditions ( mis]y & s9 t arise f cl++ to ! =ms ( p>ticul>ity4 ,to remove ^!1 !y devise all possible means t are direct$ t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! f9al aim ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is only "o religion1 religion ( tru?1 b !re are _m ways1 _m means1 _m upayas1 all issu+ f ! all-embrac+ love ( ! ,dh>makya & equally effici5t to lead ! masses to supreme enlight5m5t & univ]sal good4 ,!re=e1 ontologically speak+1 ?is univ]se1 ! ,buddhi/s w\ld say1 is no?+ b a gr& display ( ,upayas by ! ,dh>makya t desires !reby to lead all s5ti5t be+s to ! ultimate realisation ( ,buddhahood4 ,9 _m cases1 ?us1 x is extremely difficult to r5d] upaya by any ( its ,engli% equival5ts & yet to reta9 its orig9al te*nical s5se unsuff]$4 ,?is is also ! case ) _m o!r ,buddhi/ t]ms1 among :i* we may m5tion ,bodhi1 ,dh>makya1 ,praj1 ,citta1 ,p>iv>ta1 etc4 ,! ,*9ese translators h fang p'i5 = upaya :i* means 8means-accommodation40 #abf ,its full title is ,a ,disc\rse on ! ,non-duality ( ! ,mahyna-,dh>madhtu4 ,x consi/s ( less ?an a doz5 pages 9 ord9>y ,*9ese l>ge pr9t4 ,x 0 translat$ by ,deva-praj & o!rs 9 ! ye> #fia ,a4,d4 #abg ,?is "w 0 translat$ by ,kumrajva into ,*9ese at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x is divid$ into two fascicles1 ea* consi/+ ( ab\t "o score ( ,*9ese pages4 #abh ,! above is a lib]al r5d]+ ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,*apt] ,,iii1 9 ,vasub&hu's ,bodhicitta4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,notes4 #abi ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! five indriyas & ! five balas seems to be r r$undant4 ,b ! ,h9du philosoph]s usually di/+ui% actor f action1 ag5t f function or op]ation4 ,?us ! s5se-organs are di/+ui%$ f s5sations or s5se-consci\snesses1 & ! manovijna 7m9d7 f its functions su* z ?9k+1 att5tion1 memory1 etc4 ,! tman has ?us come to be consid]$ ! c5tral ag5t t controls all ! s5su\s & intellectual activities4 ,?\gh ! ,buddhi/s d n recognise ?is diff]5tiation ( actor & action 9 reality1 !y sometimes loosely foll[ ! popul> usage4 #acj ,9 ?is connection x is v int]e/+ also to note t ,c>lyle expresses ! same s5tim5t ab\t ! greatness ( ,%akespe>e 9 8 ,h]o ,wor%ip4 8,if ,i say t ,%akspe>e is ! greate/ ( ,intellects1 ,i h said all conc]n+ him4 ,b !re is m 9 ,%akspe>e's intellect ?an we h yet se5 ,x is :at ,i call an unconsci\s intellect2 !re is m virtue 9 x t he himself is aw>e (4 ,novalis beautifully rem>ks ( him1 t ^? dramas ( 8 are ,products ( ,nature too1 z deep z ,nature h]self4 ,i f9d a great tru? 9 ?is say+1 ,%akspe>e's ,art is n ,artifice2 ! noble/ wor? ( x is n !re by plan or precontrivance4 ,x gr[s f ! deeps ( ,nature1 ?r\gh ?is noble s9c]e s\l1 :o is a voice ( ,nature40 #aca ,! t5 p[]s ( ! ,buddha are3 7#a7 ,! m5tal p[] :i* discrim9ates betwe5 "r & wrong1 7#b7 ,! k ( ! retribution ( k>ma1 7#c7 ,! k ( all ! diff]5t /ages ( creation1 7#d7 ,! k ( all ! diff]5t =ms ( deliv]ance1 7#e7 ,! k ( all ! diff]5t dispositions ( s5ti5t be+s1 7#f7 ,! k ( ! f9al de/9ation ( all de$s1 7#g7 ,! k ( all ! diff]5t practices ( m$itation1 deliv]ance1 & tranquilisation1 7#h7 ,! k ( =m] exi/5ces1 7#i7 ,! unlimit$ p[] ( div9ation1 7#aj7 ,! k ( ! complete subjection ( evil desires 7rava74 #acb ,! f\r convictions 7vairadyas7 ( ! ,buddha are3 7#a7 ,t he has atta9$ ! highe/ enlight5m5t1 7#b7 ,t he has de/roy$ all evil desires1 7#c7 ,t he has rightly describ$ ! ob/acles t lie 9 ! way to a life ( righte\sness1 7#d7 ,t he has tru?fully taught ! way ( salvation4 #acc ,! eighte5 unique *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! ,buddha f ! re/ ( mank9d are3 7#a7 ,he commits no errors4 ,s9ce "t out ( m9d1 he has discipl9$ himself 9 morality1 m$itation1 intellig5ce1 & lov+k9dness1 & z ! result 8 pres5t life is )\t faults & free f all evil ?\ghts4 7#b7 ,he is faultless 9 8 spee*es4 ,:atev] he speaks comes f 8 transc5d5tal eloqu5ce & leads ! audi5ce to a high] conception ( life4 7#c7 ,8 m9d is faultless4 ,z he has tra9$ himself 9 samdhi1 he is always calm1 s]5e1 & cont5t$4 7#d7 ,he reta9s 8 sam5ess ( he>t 7samhitacitta71 t is1 8 love = s5ti5t be+s is univ]sal & n discrim9ative4 7#e7 ,8 m9d is free f ?\ghts ( p>ticul>ity 7nntvasamj71 t is1 x is abid+ 9 tru? transc5d5tal1 8 ?\ghts are n di/ract$ by objects ( ! s5ses4 7#f7 ,resignation 7upek74 ,! ,buddha kn[s ev]y?+1 yet he is calmly resign$4 7#g7 ,8 aspiration is unfa?omable1 t is1 8 desire to save all be+s f ! suff]+s ( ignorance kn[s no b\nds4 7#h7 ,8 en]gy is inexhau/ible1 :i* he applies ) utmo/ vigor to ! salvation ( b5ight$ s\ls4 7#i7 ,8 m5tation 7smti7 is inexhau/ible1 t is1 he is ev] consci\s ( all ! good doctr9es taught by all ! ,buddhas ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 7#aj7 ,8 intellig5ce 7praj7 is inexhau/ible1 t is1 be+ 9 possession ( all-intellig5ce :i* kn[s no limits1 he prea*es = ! b5efits ( all be+s4 7#aa7 ,8 deliv]ance 7vimukti7 is p]man5t1 t is1 he has et]nally di/anc$ all evil passions & s9ful atta*m5ts4 7#ab7 ,8 k ( deliv]ance 7vimuktijna7 is p]fect1 t is1 8 intellectual insight into all /ates ( deliv]ance is )\t a flaw4 7#ac7 ,he possesses a wisdom :i* directs all 8 bodily movem5ts t[>ds ! b5efit & enlight5m5t ( s5ti5t be+s4 7#ad7 ,he possesses a wisdom :i* directs all 8 spee*es t[>d ! edification & conv]sion ( 8 fell[-creatures4 7#ae7 ,he possesses a wisdom :i* reflects 9 8 cle> m9d all ! turbul5t /ates ( ignorant s\ls1 f :i* he removes ! d>k veil ( nesci5ce & folly4 7#af7 ,he kn[s all ! pa/4 7#ag7 ,he kn[s all ! future4 7#ah7 ,he kn[s all ! pres5t4 #acd ,= an elaborate exposition ( ! ,daabhm1 see ! ,avatamsaka 7sixty volume edition1 fas4 #bd-bg71 ! rangama1 ,vasub&hu's ,comm5t>y on ,asanga's ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,mahyanism 7fas4 #aj-aa71 ! ,vijnnamtra /ra 7fas4 #i71 etc41 & = a special treatm5t ( ! subject consult ! stra be>+ ! "n1 :i* by ! way exi/s 9 a ,sanskrit v]sion & ^: brief sket* is giv5 by ,raj5dra ,mitra 9 8 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature1 p4 #ha et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,notes4 #ace ,lit]ally1 8to advance aga9/40 #acf ,cf4 ,beal's translation 9 ! ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol ,,xix4 pp4 #cjf-cjg1 vs4 #bjie-baja4 ,beal utt]ly misund]/&s ! ,*9ese orig9al4 #acg ,! ,buddhac>ita1 ,c[ell's translation 9 ! ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,xlix4 p4 #ade4 #ach ,f ,a4 ,j4 ,edmunds's translation ( ,dhammapada4 #aci ,p4 #bbe4 ,beal's translation is n always reliable1 & ,i w\ld h my own if ! ,*9ese orig9al 7 at all accessible4 #adj ,! g?s suppos$ to be ! fir/ utt]ance ( ! ,buddha aft] 8 enlight5m5t1 accord+ to ,rockhill's ,life ( ! ,buddha 7p4 #cc7 compil$ f ,tibetan s\rces1 give an inkl+ ( nihilism1 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! orig9al ,tibetan w all[ a diff]5t int]pretation :5 exam9$ by "s "o :o is bett] acqua9t$ ) ! _s ( ,buddhism ?an ,rockhill4 ,rockhill betrays 9 n a few cases 8 insuffici5t k ( ! subject he treats4 ,8 translation ( ! g?s is z foll[s3 8,all ! pleasures ( ! worldly joys1 ,all :i* are kn[n among ! gods1 ,comp>$ ) ! joy ( end+ exi/5ce1 ,are n z its sixte5? "p4 8,sorry is he ^: burd5 is heavy1 ,& happy he :o has ca/ x d[n2 ,:5 once he has ca/ (f 8 burd51 ,he w seek to be bur!n$ no m4 8,:5 all exi/5ces are put away1 ,:5 all notions are at an end1 ,:5 all ?+s are p]fectly kn[n1 ,!n no m w crav+ come back40 ,9 ! ,udna1 ,,ii41 #b1 we h a /anza correspond+ to ! fir/ g? "h cit$1 b ! ,udna does n say 8! joy ( end+ exi/5ce10 b 8! de/ruction ( desire40 ,accord+ to ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 ! ,buddha's utt]ance ( victory is 7,rj5dra ,mitra's ,edition p4 #ddh73 8,c9na v>tmopanta rajh uk rav na puna ravanti4 ,*9ne v>tmani v>ttate dukhasyaionta ucyate40 #ada ,w>r5's ,buddhism 9 ,translations1 p4 #cgf4 #adb ,g5]al ,d4 ,m4 ,/rong's translation1 p4 #fd4 #adc ,! text does n expressly say 8animate or inanimate01 b ?is is ! au?or's own int]pretation accord+ to ! g5]al _s ( ,mahynism4 #add ,!re are two ob/acles to f9al emancipation3 7#a7 affective1 & 7#b7 intellectual4 ,! =m] is our un5light5$ affective or emotional or subjective life & ! latt] our intellectual prejudice4 ,buddhi/s %\ld n only be pure 9 he>t b be p]fect 9 intellig5ce4 ,pi\s m5 are ( c\rse sav$ f transmigration1 b to atta9 p]fect ,buddhahood !y mu/ h a cle>1 p5etrat+ intellectual insight into ! significance ( life & exi/5ce & ! de/9y ( ! univ]se4 ,?is emphasis+ ( ! rational elem5t 9 religion is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic po9ts ( ,buddhism4 #ade ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important philosophical texts ( ,mahynism4 ,its orig9al ,sanskrit ) ! comm5t>y ( ,*&ra ,krti has be5 edit$ by ,satis ,*&ra ,a*>ya & publi%$ by ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society ( ,india4 ,! orig9al l9es run z foll[s 7p4 #aic73 8,aprahnam1 asamprptam1 anuc*9nam1 avatam1 ,aniruddham1 anutpannam1 evam nirvnam ucyate40 #adf ,lit]ally1 t :i* is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( all *>act]isation4 #adg ,cf4 ! foll[+ f ! ,mdhyamika3 8,bhav$ abbvo bhva ca nirvnam ubhayam ka?am3 ,asamsktam ca nirvnam bhvbhavi ca samsktam40 ,or1 8,tasmnna bhvo nbhvo nirvnamiti yujyate40 #adh ,9 ! ,visuddhi-,magga ,,xxi4 7,w>r5's translation1 p4 #cgf et seq471 we read t !re are ?ree />t+ po9ts ( deliv]ance aris+ f ! consid]ation ( ! ?ree pr$om9ant qualities ( ! con/itu5ts ( be+3 #a4 ,! consid]ation ( _! beg9n+s & ends leads ! ?\ghts to ! uncondition$2 #b4 ,! insight into _! mis]abl5ess agitates ! m9d & leads ! ?\ghts to ! desireless2 #c4 ,! consid]ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( be+ z n hav+ an ego leads ! ?\ghts to ! empty4 ,& ^! ?ree1 we are told1 con/itute ! ?ree aspects ( ,nirvna z uncondition$1 desireless1 & empty4 ,"h we h an in/ance 9 ! s-call$ ,s\!rn 8primitive0 ,buddhism ( view+ ,nirvna 9 ! ,mahyni/ic light :i* ,i h "h expla9$ at l5g?4 ,en passant1 let u rem>k t z ,buddha did n leave any docum5t himself embody+ 8 :ole sy/em1 !re sprang up soon aft] 8 dep>ture sev]al s*ools expla9+ ! ,ma/]'s view 9 div]s ways1 ea* claim+ ! legitimate int]pretation2 t 9 view ( ?is fact x is illogical to conclude t ,s\!rn ,buddhism is ! au?oritative repres5tation p> excell5ce ( orig9al ,buddhism1 :ile ! ,ea/]n or ! ,nor!rn is a m]e deg5]ation4 #adi ,!re are ?ree ,*9ese translations ( ?is ,mahyna text1 by ,dh>m>aka1 ,kumrajva1 & ,bodhiruci1 betwe5 #bfe & #eag ,a4,d4 #aej ,samsrasya ca nirvnt k9cid a/i vieaam3 ,na nirvasya samsrt k9cid a/i viesaam4 #aea ,nirvasya ca y koti koti samsrasya ca1 ,vidydanant>a k9cit susukna vidyate4 #aeb ,conc]n+ ! simil>ity 9 mean+ ( ?is /atem5t to ! "o j prec$+1 a comm5tator says t ! six? is ! /atical view ( ,su*ness 7or ,dh>makya7 & ! sev5? its dynamical view4 ,"o expla9s :at ! highe/ reality ( ,buddhism is & ! o!r :at x does or works4 #aec ,! ,disc\rse on ,buddha-ess5ce by ,vasub&hu4 ,! ,japanese ,tripitaka edition ( #ahha1 fas4 ,,ii41 p4 #hd1 :]e ! /anza is quot$ f ! ,stra on ! ,incompreh5sible4 #aed ,?is is express$ 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,mdhyamika /ra1 :i* runs z foll[s3 8,anirodham anutpdam anuc*$am avatam ,anekr?am annr?am angamam anirgamam40 ,lit]ally translat$ ^! l9es read3 8,no annihilation1 no production1 no de/ruction1 no p]si/5ce1 ,no unity1 no plurality1 no com+ 91 no go+ out40 #aee ,comp>e ?is ,buddhi/ s5tim5t ( univ]sal love ) t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & we %all see ! tru? t all religions are "o at ! bottom4 ,we read 9 ,?omas ,kempis's ,imitation ( ,*ri/ 7*4 ,,xiii73 8,my son1 ,i desc5d$ f heav5 = ?y salvation2 ,i took ^u me ?y sorr[s1 n necessity b love draw+ me !reto2 t ?\ ?yself mighte/ le>n pati5ce & be> temporal suff]+s )\t rep9+4 ,= f ! h\r ( my bir?1 ev5 until my dea? on ! cross1 ,i 0 n )\t suff]+ ( grief40 ,?is is exactly ! s5tim5t t /imulates ! ,bodhisattvas to _! gigantic task ( univ]sal salvation4 ,^? :o are free f sect>ian biases w admit )\t hesitation t !re is b "o true religion :i* may assume v>i\s =ms accord+ to circum/ances4 8,_m are ! roads to ! summit1 b :5 rea*$ !re we h b "o univ]sal moonlight40 #aef ,! ,dh>mapada1 ,,xiv4 #e4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,edmunds's translation is1 8,ceas+ to d all wrong1 ,initiation into goodness1 ,cleans+ ! he>t3 ,?is ! religion ( ! ,buddhas40 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes4 ,page numb]s are giv5 9 curly brackets4 ,! foll[+ h be5 left z-pr9t$3 ,ar*aic & inconsi/5t spell+s 7e4g41 ,corea1 ,nirvna_/,nirvana1 cord9ation_/co-ord9ation1 effici5ce_/effici5cy1 laya-vijna_/layavijna1 etc474 ,ellipses ( v>y+ l5g?s4 7p4 #cag7 ,! ,eightfold ,noble ,pa? is li/$ omitt+ ! sev5? /ep 7,"r m9dfulness74 ,also1 ! six? /ep is usually giv5 z 8,"r ef=t10 n 8,"r recollection40 ,! usage ( bo? 8fn40 & 8ft40 to d5ote 8footnote0 9 ! ,index4 ,la/ly1 "s syntactical errors ) possible corrections giv5 9 squ>e brackets3 7p4 #hc7 8,its f\ndation lies too deeply buri$ 9 ! human he>t to be damag$ by k or sci5ce40 7p4 #ajd7 8,:5 ,bodhi-,dh>ma444 saw ,emp]or ,wu ( ! ,liang dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ejb-eef71 he 0 ask$4440 7p4 #bad7 8,9 good k>ma we are made to live et]nally1 b 9 an evil "o we are doom$4440 7p4 #bae7 8,pi\s ,buddhi/s believe t444 he ent]s "r into ! s\l & becomes an integral "p ( 8 be+40 ,alt]ations to ! text3 ,ab&on ! use ( drop-caps4 ,conv]t footnotes to endnotes & add a correspond+ entry 9 ! ,,toc4 ,punctuation corrections3 sev]al miss+_/invisible p]iods & a few commas1 "s quotation m>k pair+s_/ne/+s1 etc4 ,,toc ,add miss+ 8,two ,=ms ( ,k0 subsection "u ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,"u ,*apt] ,,xii1 *ange 8,bhimukh0 to 8,abhimukh04 ,introduction ,*ange 8! o!r s*ools1 :i* latt] became a class by itself0 to lat]4 8l$ to ! diss5sion af ,mahynism & ,hnaynism0 to (4 8,kant1 = in/ance1 z promotor ( ,g]man philosophy0 to promot]4 8a few c5tnries aft] ,avaghoa1 ! progressive p>ty0 to c5turies4 8:ile ! ,prayekabuddhas & ! rvakas are consid]$0 to ,pratyekabuddhas4 8,buddhism _c ignore ! significane ( ,mahynism0 to significance4 8_! rival religion z d5eg]at$1 because x w5t0 to deg5]at$4 8,?is fact s mis]ably spoils _! purity( s5tim5t0 to purity (4 88 intellect becomes piti\sly obscur$ by 80 to pite\sly4 8ref]+ to ! ,mahyna conception ( ,dh>makya0 to ref]r+4 ,*apt] ,i 8t1 ow+ to a crime commit$ by !m0 to committ$4 8d n recognise ! evanesc5ce ( wordly ?+s0 to worldly4 8,! dotr9e ( nesci5ce or ignorance is te*nically0 to doctr9e4 8sons & daught]s1 wives aud husb&s1 all transfigur$0 to &4 8& :i* !re=e 7 utt]ly desplicable0 to despicable4 89 response to ! pa!tic p]suation ( 8 fa!r's0 to p]suasion4 ,*apt] ,,ii 8,/hiramati 9 8 ,indroduction to ,mahynism0 to ,introduction4 8,z ! silkworm imprisons itself 9 ! cacoon creat$0 to cocoon4 8realm ( ! absolute & ! abode ( non-p>ticurality0 to non-p>ticul>ity4 ,*apt] ,,iii 8satisfy ! inmo/ ye>+s ( ! human he>t0 to ye>n+s4 8:i* consi/s ( ! inmo/ ye>+s ( ! human he>t0 to ye>n+s4 ,*apt] ,,iv 8,_w-views ,f\nd$ on ! ,?ree ,froms ( ,k0 to ,=ms4 7p4 #id1 fn4 #a7 8,nanjo4 ,nos4 #bdf aud #bdg71 etc40 to &4 8,f ?is1 x is to be inf]$ t ,buddhism nev]0 to inf]r$4 ,*apt] ,v 7,ngrjana's fam\s doctr9e ( 8,! ,middle ,pa?7 to ,ngrjuna's4 8is no m ?an a fragm5t ( ! abs\lte ,bhtata?t0 to absolute4 8to be v logical & free f s]i\s dufficulties0 to difficulties4 8,adam ) ,eve1 ,buddha ) ,devadatta1 etc41 ect410 to etc4 ,*apt] ,,vi 8& ,buddi & ,ahankra4 ,buddhi1 intellect1 is def9$0 to ,buddhi4 7p4#aci1 fn4 #a7 8doctr9e ( ,mahynism1 i4e44 t (0 *ange ?ird p]iod to a comma4 ,*apt] ,,vii 8fix$ /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* p]fect equillibrium0 to equilibrium4 8! n\m5al ego z ! raison d' tre ( our0 to d'tre4 7lit]ally means 8aggregate0 or 8aglom]ation07 to agglom]ation4 7say+3 8,?is#8middle' is extremely indef9ite7 to ,?is #8middle'4 8! hypo!sis ( ! p]mam5t exi/5ce ( an0 to p]man5t4 7,! t]m 8sabhva0 7self-ess5ce or n\m5on7 is7 to svabhva4 8!y are l ! w-#8o-!-wisp0 to w-o'-!-wisp4 8,if ! ,f\rfold ,noble ,tru? ds n exi/0 to does4 8,! ,buddha 's tea*+ re/s on ! discrim9ation0 to ,buddha's4 ,*apt] ,,viii 8,he is suffic5t unto himself z he is "h & n[0 to suffici5t4 8& ! accumulation ( ( m]its 7punyask&ha70 delete "o (4 8,e "o ( ^! se$s :i* are inf9te 9 numb]0 to inf9ite4 ,*apt] ,,ix 8?an deva/ation1 b>r5ess1 & univ]sal mis]y0 to b>r5ness4 8,ev5 s ) ! ,dh>kya ( ! ,ta?gata0 to ,dh>makya4 8,ev5 s ) ! ,dh>makya ( the,t a?gata0 to ! ,ta?gata4 8su* z bl9dness1 deafness1 m5tal abb]ration1 etc40 to ab]ration4 8,x an?roposises ev]y?+ beyond ! prop] measure0 to an?ropomorphises4 ,*apt] ,x 7p4 #bdc1 fn4 #a7 8! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y 7,a4,d1 #cga-dbj70 *ange ! comma to a p]iod4 8! "w once ref]$ to 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is book0 to ref]r$4 8describe ! ! ess5tial peculi>ities ( ea* s*ool0 delete "o !4 7p4 #bec1 fn4 #b7 8,a "p ( ! org9al ,sanskrit text0 to orig9al4 8,asanga & ,vasub&hu w be "h ref]$ to0 to ref]r$4 8pi\s ,buddhi/s w\ld be transf]$ aft] _! dea?0 to transf]r$4 7p4 #bga1 fn4 #a7 8eighty m9or exell5t physical m>ks ( a great0 to excell5t4 7same7 8,!y transf]$ !m ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( ,trikya0 to transf]r$4 ,*apt] ,,xi 8:i* 0 q unwitt+ly commit$ by him0 to committ$4 8does n all[ ! transf]+ ( responsibility0 to transf]r+4 8,x is uncreate & its self-ess5ce is void0 to uncreat$4 ,*apt] ,,xii 8,on ! evanesc5ce ( ! wordly int]e/s0 to worldly4 8#c4 ,circumspection2 #d4 ,equillibrium1 or tranquillity0 to ,equilibrium4 8alo( f ! consum+ fire ( passsion0 to passion4 8,he practises ! virtue ( /r5u\suess 7vriya70 to /r5u\sness4 ,*apt] ,,xiii 8,& am et]nally releas$ f all pa9 & suffe r+0 to suff]+4 7p4 #ccd1 fn4 #b7 8,c[ell's translation 9 ! ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,vol4 ,,ilix4 p4 #ade0 to ,,xlix4 8,:5 we speak ( ,buddha 's entrance into ,nirvna0 to ,buddha's4 8love is a ,buddha-dh>ma1 wisdom is a ,buddha dh>ma0 to ,buddha-dh>ma4 8emancipation ( ! rvaka or ( ! ,prayekabuddha0 to ,pratyekabuddha4 8he>ts are n s(t5$ at ! sight ( o!rs1 mis=tune & suff]+0 *ange ! comma to a 7possessive7 apo/rophe4 8he does n believe t univ]sal emanciipation0 to emancipation4 8b t ?ay obta9 reality 9 _! on5ess )0 to !y4 8d n pay homage to ! congregration ( holy m50 to congregation4 ,app5dix 8,devoid ( all lim9ations0 to limitations4 8,none is !re b t ent]s ^u ,buddh a-k0 to ,buddha-k4 8,all s5i5t be+s 9 transmigration travel ?r\gh0 to s5ti5t4 8,i'll release1 & to et]nal pease !m ,i'll lead0 to peace4 8,9 ! /ream ( bir? & dea? !y g aroll+0 to a-roll+4 8,no-m-aroll+ is ,nirvna0 to a-roll+4 ,*ange two incid5ts ( ,nonjo to ,nanjo4 8,! ,avatamsaka ,sutru0 to ,sutra4 ,index 7,imitation ( ,*ri/1 #cfe fn47 to #cfd4 7,lalita ,vi/>a1 quot$1 on ,nirvana1 #cci fn47 to #cch4 7,max ,muell]1 quot$1 #ajh ft41 #aaa ft41 #bba47 to #aaj4 7,praj 7& ,bodhi71 def9$1 #fb ft42 #hb1 #ig1 #aai1 #bch1 #cfj47 to #hb4 7,prakti 7,samkyan primordial matt]71 #fg ft47 to #ff4 7,puru%a 7,samkyan s\l71 #fg ft47 to #ff4 78,tat tvam asi10 #dg1 #acf ft47 to #ace4 7,udna1 quot$1 #eb1 #cci ft41 #cda47 to #cch4 7,upya 7exp$i5cy71 #fd1 #bfa ft42 its mean+7 to #bfj4 ,end ( text