images ( public doma9 mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text includes *>act]s t require ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 file encod+1 prim>ily ,greek words & lett]s1 & "s lett]s ) macron or breve3 ,if any ( ^! *>act]s d n display prop]ly--9 p>ticul>1 if ! diacritic does n appe> directly above ! lett]--or if ! apo/rophes & quotation m>ks 9 ?is p>agraph appe> z g>bage1 make sure y\r text read]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,z a la/ resort1 use ! ,lat9-#a v]sion ( ! file in/ead4 ,boldface is %[n z m>ks1 italics z l9es4 ,! ,,roman ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,lat9 ,:y we use x & ,h[ to use x by ,,frances ,e4 ,,"l ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,wellesley ,college ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,publi%$ by ,g9n ,company #ahid ,copyright1 #ahid ,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,"l ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%]'s ,device3 ,! ,a!num ,press _/ ,g9n & ,company ,cont5ts 7add$ by transcrib]7 ,introduction ,,"p ,i4 ,:y ,we ,use ,x4 ,s\nds ( ! ,lett]s4 ,v[els4 ,diph?ongs4 ,consonants4 ,quantity4 ,acc5t4 ,pit*4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,h[ ,to ,use ,x4 ,elision4 ,quantity4 ,acc5t4 ,,introduction4 ,! argum5t br\ght aga9/ ! #8,roman pronunciation' ( ,lat9 is tw(old3 ! impossibility ( p]fect !oretical k1 & ! difficulty ( practical atta9m5t4 ,if to "k ! ma9 features ( ! classic pronunciation ( ,lat9 7 impossible1 !n our obvi\s c\rse w\ld be to refuse ! attempt2 to reg>d ! language z 9 reality dead1 & to make no pret5ce ( read+ x4 ,?is is 9 fact :at ! ,engli% s*ol>s g5]ally d4 ,b if we may "k sub/antially ! s\nds ( ! tongue 9 :i* ,cic]o spoke & ,horace sung1 %all we give up ! delights ( ! melody & ! rhy?m & cont5t ourselves ) ! ?\ght =m8 ,poetry especially does n exi/ ap>t f s\nd2 s5se alone w n con/itute x1 nor ev5 s5se & =m )\t s\nd4 ,b if x is true t ! task ( practical acquisition is1 if n impossible1 extremely difficult1 #8! "w ( a lifetime1' z ! objectors say1 d ! results ju/ify ! exp5diture ( "t & labor8 ,! position ( ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples is n ! same 9 ?is z t ( ,europeans4 ,europeans h n ! same necessity to urge !m to ! #8,roman pronunciation4' ,_! own languages repres5t ! ,lat9 m or less adequately1 9 v[el s\nds1 9 acc5t1 & ev51 to "s ext5t1 9 quantity2 s t ) !m1 all is n lo/ if !y translate ! s\nds into _! own tongues2 :ile ) u1 no?+ is left--s\nd1 acc5t1 quantity1 all is gone2 none ( ^! is reproduc$1 or ev5 sugge/$1 9 ,engli%4 ,we believe a great "p ( our difficulty1 9 ?is c\ntry1 lies 9 ! fact t s few ( ^? :o /udy & tea* ,lat9 really "k :at ! #8,roman pronunciation' is1 or h[ to use x4 ,inquiries are con/antly be+ made by tea*]s1 ,:y is ?is s8 ,:at au?ority is !re = ?is8 ,:at reason = t8 ,9 ! hope ( giv+ help to ^? :o desire to "k ! ,:y & ! ,h[ ?is little comp5dium is made2 9 ! int]e/ ( "t-&-labor-sav+ uni=mity1 & 9 ! belief t :at _c be fully kn[n or p]fectly acquir$ does /ill n prev5t our p]ceiv+1 & %[+ 9 "s wor?y mann] & to1 "s satisfactory degree1 h[1 z well z :at1 ! honey-tongu$ orators & div9e poets ( ,rome spoke or sung4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages free use has be5 made ( ! highe/ ,engli% au?orities1 ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,quotations w be f\nd f ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro's pamphlet on 8,pronunciation ( ,lat910 & f ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis' book on 8,quantitative ,pronunciation ( ,lat902 also f ! pamphlet issu$ by ! ,cambridge 7,eng47 ,philological ,society1 on ! 8,pronunciation ( ,lat9 9 ! ,augu/an ,p]iod40 ,9 ! pres5t comp5dium ! *ief po9ts ( div]g5ce f ! g5]al ,am]ican und]/&+ ( ! #8,roman' me?od are 9 respect ( ! diph?ong ae & ! consonantal u4 ,9 ^! cases ! pronunciation h]e9 recomm5d$ = ! ae is t favor$ by ,roby1 ,munro1 & ,ellis1 & adopt$ by ! ,cambridge ,philological ,society2 = ! v1 or u consonant1 t advocat$ by ,corss51 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 & ,rob9son ,ellis4 ,,! ,,roman ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,lat94 ,,"p ,i4 ,,:y ,,we ,,use ,,x4 ,9 g5]al1 ! great] "p ( our k ( ! pronunciation ( ,lat9 comes f ! ,lat9 gramm>ians1 ^: au?ority v>ies greatly 9 value2 or ?r\gh incid5tal /atem5ts & expressions ( ! classic writ]s !mselves2 or f monum5tal inscriptions4 ,( ^! ?ree1 ! fir/ is inf]ior to ! o!r two 9 quality1 b !y 9 turn are comp>atively meagre 9 quantity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we "k 7a mo/ important piece ( k7 t1 z a rule1 ,lat9 0 pron\nc$ z writt54 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact1 among o!rs1 t ! same exceptions recur1 & are m5tion$ ov] & ov] aga91 9 ! gramm>ians1 & t s mu* is made ( comp>atively1 & confess$ly1 insignificant po9ts4 ,su*1 we may be sure1 w\ld n h be5 ! case _h exceptions be5 num]\s4 ,!n we h ! au?ority ( ,qu9tilian--?an :om is no high]4 ,he speaks ( ! subtleties ( ! gramm>ians3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 iv4 #f4 ,int]iora velut sacri hujus adeuntibus app>ebit multa r]um subtilitas1 quae non modo acu]e +5ia pu]ilia s$ ex]c]e altissimam quoque eruditionem ac sci5tiam possit4 ,& says3 ,id4 ib4 iv4 #g4 ,an cujuslibet auris e/ exig]e litt]>um sonos8 ,b aft] cit+ "s ( ^? idiosyncrasies :i* appe> on ! pages ( all ! gramm>ians1 he f9ally sums up ! matt] 9 ! foll[+ significant words3 ,id4 ib4 vii4 #cj1 #ca4 ,indicium autem suum grammaticus int]ponat 8 omnibus2 nam hoc val]e plurimum debet4 ,ego 7note ! ego7 nisi quod consuetudo obt9u]it sic scrib5dum quidque judico1 quomodo sonat4 ,hic enim e/ usus litt]>um1 ut cu/odiant voces et velut depositum r$dant leg5tibus1 itaque id exprim]e deb5t quod dicturi sumus4 ,?is is /ill a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,italian language1 s t "o may by books1 gett+ ! rules f ! gramm>ians1 le>n to pron\nce ! language ) a good degree ( correctness4 ,on ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,munro says3 8,we see 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,lat94 a map1 z x 71 ( ! language spread op5 be=e u1 & feel sure t *ange ( spell+ meant sy/ematical *ange ( pronunciation3 coira1 co]a1 cura2 aiquos1 aequos1 aecus2 queicumque1 quicumque1 etc41 etc40 ,& aga93 8,we "k exactly h[ ,cic]o or ,qu9tilian did or c\ld spell2 we "k ! syllable on :i* !y plac$ ! acc5t ( almo/ e ^w2 & 9 almo/ e case we already foll[ !m 9 ?is4 ,i h ! conviction t 9 _! be/ days philological p took va/ pa9s to make ! writ+ exactly reproduce ! s\nd+2 & t if ,qu9tilian or ,tacitus spelt a ^w diff]5tly f ,cic]o or ,livy1 he also spoke x s f> diff]5tly40 ,?ree *ief factors are ess5tial to ! ,lat9 language1 & ea* ( ^! mu/ be kn[n ) "s good degree ( c]ta9ty1 if we w\ld lay claim to an und]/&+ ( ,roman pronunciation4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,s\nds ( ! lett]s 7v[els1 diph?ongs1 consonants72 7#b7 ,quantity2 7#c7 ,acc5t4 ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,lett]s4 ,,v[els4 ,! v[els are five3 a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,^! :5 utt]$ alone are always long4 ,pompei4 ,comm4 ad ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #aja et al4 ,vocales autem qu9que sunt3 a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,i/ae qu9que1 qu&o solae pr(]untur1 longae sunt semp]3 qu&o solas litt]as dicis1 longae sunt4 ,a sola longa e/2 e sola longa e/4 ,a is utt]$ ) ! m\? widely op5$1 ! tongue susp5d$ & n t\*+ ! tee?3 ,ars ,gram4 ,m>4 ,vict4 de or?ographia et de metrica ratione1 ,i4 vi4 #f4 ,a litt]a rictu patulo1 susp5sa neque impressa d5tibus l+ua1 enuntiatur4 ,e is utt]$ ) ! m\? less widely op51 & ! lips drawn back & inw>d3 ,id4 ib4 vi4 #g4 ,e quae sequitur1 de represso modice rictu oris1 r$uctisque introrsum labiis1 eff]tur4 ,i w voice itself ) ! m\? half clos$ & ! tee? g5tly press$ by ! tongue3 ,id4 ib4 vi4 #h4 ,i semicluso ore1 impressisque s5sim l+ua d5tibus1 vocem dabit4 ,o 7long7 w give ! 8tragic s\nd0 ?r\gh r\nd$ op5+1 ) lips protrud$1 ! tongue p5dul\s 9 ! ro( ( ! m\?3 ,id4 ib4 vi4 #i4 ,o longum autem1 protrusis labiis1 rictu t]eti1 l+ua arcu oris p5dula1 sonum tragicum dabit4 ,u is utt]$ ) ! lips protrud+ & approa*+ ea* o!r1 l ! ,greek 3 ,id4 ib4 vi4 #aj4 ,u litt]am quoti5s enuntiamus1 productis et coeuntibus labris eff]emus 4 4 4 quam nisi p] conjunctam ,graeci scrib]e ac pronunti>e non possunt4 ,( ^! five v[els ! gramm>ians say t ?ree 7a1 i1 u7 d n *ange _! quality ) _! quantity3 ,pompei4 ,comm4 ad ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #aja4 ,de i/is qu9que litt]is tres sunt1 quae sive breves sive longae ejusdemmodi sunt1 a1 i1 u3 similit] hab5t sive longae sive breves4 ,b two 7e1 o7 *ange _! quality3 ,id4 ib4 ,o v]o et e non sonant breves4 ,e alit] longa alit] brevis sonat4 ,dicit ita ,t]5tianus 7hoc dixit7 #8,quoti5scumque e longam volumus pr(]ri1 vic9a sit ad i litt]am4' ,ipse sonus sic debet son>e1 quomodo sonat i litt]a4 ,qu&o dicis evitat1 vic9a debet esse1 sic pressa1 sic angu/a1 ut vic9a sit ad i litt]am4 ,qu&o vis dic]e brevem e simplicit] sonat4 ,o longa sit an brevis4 ,si longa e/1 debet sonus ipse intra palatum son>e1 ut si dices orator1 quasi intra sonat1 intra palatum4 ,si brevis e/ debet primis labris son>e1 quasi extremis labris1 ut puta sic dices obit4 ,habes i/am regulam expressam 9 ,t]5tiano4 ,qu&o vis exprim]e quia brevis e/1 primis labris sonat2 qu&o exprimis longam1 intra palatum sonat4 ,ars ,gram4 ,m>4 ,vict4 de ,or?og4 et de ,metr4 ,rat41 ,i4 vi4 #i4 ,o qui correptum enuntiat1 nec magno hiatu labra res]abit1 et retrorsum actam l+uam t5ebit4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ! long e ( ! ,lat9 9 its prolongation draws into ! i s\nd1 some:at z if i 7 subjo9$1 z 9 ! ,engli% ve9 or ,italian f$ele4 ,! gramm>ians speak ( ! obscure s\nd ( i & u1 %ort & unacc5t$ 9 ! middle ( a ^w2 s t 9 a numb] ( words i & u 7 writt5 indiff]5tly1 ev5 by classic writ]s1 z optimus or optumus1 maximus or maxumus4 ,?is is b a simple & natural ?+4 ,! same obscurity occurs (t5 9 ,engli%1 z1 = in/ance1 9 words end+ 9 able or ible4 ,h[ easy1 = in/ance1 to confuse ! s\nd & spell+ 9 su* words z dete/able & dige/ible4 ,s]g4 ,explan4 ,art4 ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #dge4 ,hae etiam duae i et u 4 4 4 int]dum expressum suum sonum non hab5t3 i1 ut vir2 u1 ut optumus4 ,non enim possumus dic]e vir producta i1 nec optumus producta u2 unde etiam m$iae dicuntur4 ,et hoc 9 commune patiuntur int] se1 et b5e dixit ,donatus has litt]as 9 quibusdam dictionibus expressum suum sonum non hab]e4 ,hae etiam m$iae dicuntur1 quia quibusdam dictionibus expressum sonum non hab5t1 4 4 4 ut maxume pro maxime4 4 4 4 ,9 quibusdam nom9ibus non c]tum exprimunt sonum2 i1 ut vir modo i opprimitur2 u ut optumus modo u p]dit sonum4 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #dfe4 ,cur p] vi scribitur 7virum78 ,quia omnia nom9a a vi syllaba incipi5tia p] vi scribuntur exceptis bitum9e et bile1 qu&o fel significat1 et illis quae a bis adv]bio componuntur1 ut biceps1 bipat5s1 bivium4 ,cur sonum videtur hab]e 9 hac dictione i vocalis u litt]ae ,graecae8 ,quia omnis dictio a vi syllaba brevi incipi5s1 d vel t vel m vel r vel x sequ5tibus1 hoc sono pronuntiatur1 ut video1 videbam1 videbo3 quia 9 8 temporibus vi corripitur1 mutavit sonum 9 u3 9 praet]ito autem p]fecto1 et 9 aliis 9 quibus producitur1 naturalem s]vavit sonum1 ut vidi1 vid]am1 vidissem1 vid]o4 ,similit] vitium mutat sonum1 quia corripitur2 vita autem non mutat1 quia producitur4 ,similit] vim mutat quia corripitur1 vim5 autem non mutat quia producitur4 ,similit] vir et virgo mutant1 quia corripiuntur3 virus autem et vires non mutant1 quia producuntur4 ,vix mutant1 quia corripitur3 vixi non mutant1 quia producitur4 ,hoc idem pl]ique sol5t etiam 9 illis dictionibus fac]e1 9 quibus a fi brevi incipiunt syllabae sequ5tibus supra dictis consonantibus1 ut fides1 p]fidus1 confiteor1 infimus1 firmus4 ,sunt autem qui non adeo hoc obs]vant1 cum de vi nemo f]e dubitat4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t 9 ! positions above m5tion$ vi %ort--& ) "s speak]s fi %ort--_h an obscure1 some:at ?ick5$1 s\nd1 n unlike t he>d 9 ! ,engli% words virg91 firm1 a n unnatural obscuration4 ,z ,donatus says ( x3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #cfg4 ,p+ue nescio quid pro naturali sono usurpamus4 ,sometimes1 app>5tly1 ?is t5d5cy ran into excess1 & ! long i 0 also obscur$2 :ile sometimes ! %ort i 0 pron\nc$ too di/9ctly4 ,?is vice is comm5t$ on by ! gramm>ians1 "u ! "n iotacism3 ,pompei4 ,comm4 ad ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #cid4 ,iotacismum dicunt vitium quod p] i litt]am vel p+uius vel exilius prolatam fit4 ,galli p+uius hanc utuntur1 ut cum dicunt ite1 non expresse ipsam pr(]5tes1 s$ int] e et i p+uiorem sonum nescio quem pon5tes4 ,graeci exilius hanc pr(]unt1 adeo expressioni ejus t5ui /ud5tes1 ut si dicant jus1 aliquantulum de priori litt]a sic pr(]ant1 ut videas dissyllabam esse factam4 ,romanae l+uae 9 hoc erit mod]atio1 ut exilis ejus sonus sit1 ubi ab ea v]bum incipit1 ut ite1 aut p+uior1 ubi 9 ea des9it v]bum1 ut habui1 t5ui2 m$ium qu5dam sonum int] e et i habet1 ubi 9 m$io s]mone e/1 ut hom9em4 ,mihi tam5 videtur1 qu&o producta e/1 pl5ior vel acutior esse2 qu&o autem brevis e/ m$ium sonum exhib]e debet1 sicut eadem exempla quae posita sunt possunt decl>>e4 ,! gramm>ians also note ! peculi> relation ( u to q1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,s]g4 ,explan4 ,art4 ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #dge4 ,u v]o hoc accidit proprium1 ut int]dum nec vocalis nec consonans sit1 hoc e/ ut non sit litt]a1 cum int] q et aliquam vocalem ponitur4 ,nam consonans non pote/ esse1 quia ante se habet alt]am consonantem1 id e/ q2 vocalis esse non pote/1 quia sequitur illam vocalis1 ut qu>e1 quomodo4 ,,diph?ongs4 ,9 ,m>ius ,victor9us we f9d diph?ongs ?us def9$3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,gais=d1 ,i4 v4 #ed4 ,duae int] se vocales jugatae ac sub unius vocis enuntiatione prolatae syllabam faciunt natura longam1 quam ,graeci diph?ongon vocant1 veluti gem9ae vocis unum sonum1 ut ae1 oe1 au4 ,& m fully 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,gais=d1 ,i4 v4 #f4 ,sunt longae naturalit] syllabae1 cum duae vocales junguntur1 quas syllabas ,graeci diph?ongos vocant2 ut ae1 oe1 au1 eu1 ei3 nam illae diph?ongi non sunt quae fiunt p] vocales loco consonantium positas2 ut ia1 ie1 ii1 io1 iu1 va1 ve1 vi1 vo1 vu4 ,( ^! diph?ongs eu occurs1--except 9 ,greek words1--only 9 heus1 heu1 eheu2 9 seu1 ceu1 neu4 ,9 neut] & neutiquam ! e is probably elid$4 ,diph?ongs end+ 9 i1 viz41 ei1 oi1 ui1 occur only 9 a few int]jections & 9 cases ( contraction4 ,:ile 9 pron\nc+ ! diph?ong ! s\nd ( bo? v[els 0 to "s ext5t pres]v$1 !re are _m indications t 79 accordance ) ! cu/om ( mak+ a v[el be=e ano!r v[el %ort7 ! fir/ v[el ( ! diph?ong 0 ha/5$ ov] & ! second receiv$ ! /ress4 ,z 9 mod]n ,greek we f9d all diph?ongs t end 9 iota pron\nc$ z simple i1 s 9 ,lat9 !re are num]\s in/ances1 be=e & dur+ ! classic p]iod1 ( ! use ( e = ae or oe1 & x is to be not$ t 9 ! late/ spell+ e g5]ally prevails4 ,munro says3 8,9 ,lucilius's "t ! ru/ics said ,cecilius pretor = ,caecilius praetor2 9 two ,samo?racian inscriptions old] ?an ,b4,c4 #ajj 7! s\nd ( ai by t "t v]g+ to an op5 e71 we f9d mu/e piei & mu/e3 9 simil> inscriptions piei1 & my/ae3 ,paeligni is reproduc$ 9 ,/rabo by 3 ,cic]o1 ,virgil1 ,fe/us1 & ,s]vius all alike give cae/os = 3 by ! fir/ c5tury1 p]haps soon]1 e 0 v frequ5tly put = ae 9 words l taet]3 we (t5 f9d tet]1 erumna1 me/us1 pre/o & ! l3 soon inscriptions & ,,mss4 began p]t9aci\sly to (f] ae = 3 praetum1 praeces1 qua]ella1 aege/as & ! l1 ! ae repres5t+ a %ort & v op5 e3 sometimes x /&s = a long e1 z (t5 9 pla5us1 ! liquid be=e & aft] mak+ p]haps ! e m op5 7 is always sca5a73 & x is f ?is =m pla5us t 9 ,italian1 contr>y to ! usual law ( long ,lat9 e1 we h pino ) op5 e4 ,) su* p$igree !n1 & ) ! g5u9e ,lat9 ae always repres5t$ 9 ,italian by op5 e1 c we hesitate to pron\nce ! ae ) ?is op5 e s\nd80 ,! argum5t sometimes us$1 = pron\nc+ ae l ai1 t 9 ! poets we occasionally f9d ai 9 ! g5itive s+ul> ( ! fir/ decl5sion1 appe>s to h little weight 9 view ( ! foll[+ explanation3 ,m>4 ,vict1 de ,or?og4 et de ,metr4 ,rat41 ,i4 iii4 #ch4 ,ae ,syllabam quidam m ,graecorum p] ai scribunt1 nec illud quidem cu/odi5t1 quia omnes f]e1 qui de or?ographia aliquid scriptum reliqu]unt1 praecipiunt1 nom9a fem9a casu nom9ativo a f9ita1 num]o plurali 9 ae exire1 ut ,aeliae3 eadem p] a et i scripta num]um s+ul>em o/5d]e1 ut hujus ,aeliai3 inducti a poetis1 qui pictai ve/is scrips]unt3 et quia ,graeci p] i potissimum hanc syllabam scribunt propt] exilitatem litt]ae1 autem propt] naturalem productionem jung]e vocali alt]i non possunt3 iota v]o1 quae e/ brevis eademque longa1 aptior ad hanc /ructuram visa e/3 quam pote/atem apud nos habet et i1 quae e/ longa et brevis4 ,vos igitur s9e controv]sia ambiguitatis1 et pluralem nom9ativum1 et s+ul>em g5itivum p] ae scribite3 nam qui non pote/ dignosc]e supra script>um vocum num]os et casum1 valde e/ hebes4 ,( oe ,munro says3 8,:5 hateful b>b>isms l coelum1 co5a1 moe/us are elim9at$1 oe occurs v r>ely 9 ,lat93 coepi1 po5a1 mo5ia1 coetus1 proelia1 besides ar*aisms co]a1 mo]us1 etc41 :]e oe1 com+ f oi1 pass$ into u4 ,if we mu/ h a simple s\nd1 ,i %\ld take ! op5 e s\nd :i* ,i h giv5 to ae3 b ,i %\ld pref] "o l ! ,g]man 4 ,_! r>ity1 h[ev]1 makes ! s\nd ( oe1 eu1 ui ( less importance40 ,( au ,munro says3 8,"h1 too1 au has a curi\s analogy ) ae3 ,! ,lat9 au becomes 9 ,italian op5 o3 ro de3 ,i w\ld pron\nce ?us 9 ,lat93 pl/rum1 ,cldius1 crus4 ,p]haps1 too1 ! fact t gloria1 vittoria & ! common t]m9ation -orio1 h 9 ,italian ! op5 o1 might %[ t ! correspond+ 9 ,lat9 0 op5 by com+ betwe5 two liquids1 or be=e "o3 comp>e pl5us above40 8,i %\ld pref]10 he says1 7to repres5t ! ,lat9 au17 8! ,italian au1 :i* gives m ( ! u ?an our owl1 c[40 ,,consonants4 ,b has1 9 g5]al1 ! same s\nd z 9 ,engli%4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,e quibus b et p litt]ae 4 4 4 disp>i int] se oris (ficio exprimuntur4 ,nam prima exploso e m$iis labiis sono1 sequ5s compresso ore velut introrsum attracto vocis ictu explicatur4 ,b be=e s or t is %>p5$ to p3 ?us urbs is pron\nc$ urps2 obt9uit1 opt9uit4 ,"s words1 inde$1 are writt5 ei!r way2 z obses1 or opses2 obsonium1 or opsonium2 obt+o1 or opt+o2 & ,qu9tilian says x is a "q :e!r ! *ange %\ld be indicat$ 9 writ+ or n3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 vii4 #g4 ,qua]i solet1 9 scrib5do praepositiones1 sonum qu]n junctae efficiunt an quem sep>atae1 obs]v>e conv5iat3 ut cum dico obt9uit1 secundam enim b litt]am ratio poscit1 aures magis audiunt p4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 is bo? s slight & s natural t att5tion ne$ sc>cely be call$ to x4 ,inde$ if quantity is prop]ly obs]v$1 "o c h>dly g wrong4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y attempt1 9 say+ obt9uit1 to give its normal s\nd to b1 y c sc>cely avoid mak+ a false quantity 7! fir/ syllable too long71 :ile if y obs]ve ! quantity 7fir/ syllable %ort7 y\r b w *ange itself to p4 ,c appe>s to h b "o s\nd1 ! h>d1 z 9 sceptic3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,c etiam et 4 4 4 ,g sono proximae1 oris molim9e nisuque diss5tiunt4 ,nam c r$ucta introrsum l+ua h9c atque h9c mol>es urg5s ha]5tem intra os sonum vocis excludit3 g vim prioris p>i l+uae habitu palato sugg]5s l5ius r$dit4 ,n only d we f9d no h9t 9 ! gramm>ians ( any s\nd ak9 to ! s(t c 9 ,engli%1 z 9 sceptre1 b !y all speak ( c & k & q z id5tical1 or sub/antially s1 9 s\nd2 & ,qu9tilian expressly /ates t ! s\nd ( c is always ! same4 ,speak+ ( k z sup]flu\s1 he says3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 vii4 #aj4 ,nam k quidem 9 nullis v]bis ut5dum puto1 nisi quae significat1 etiam ut sola ponatur4 ,hoc eo non omisi1 quod quidam eam quoti5s a sequatur necess>iam cr$unt1 cum sit c litt]a1 quae ad omnes vocales vim suam p]f]at4 ,& ,priscian decl>es3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ac4 ,quamvis 9 v>ia figura et v>io nom9e s9t k et q et c1 tam5 quia unam vim hab5t tam 9 metro quam 9 sono1 pro una litt]a accipi deb5t4 ,)\t ! be/ ( evid5ce we %\ld h>dly believe t words writt5 indiff]5tly ) ae or e aft] c w\ld be s diff]5tly pron\nc$ by ^? us+ ! diph?ong & ^? us+ ! simple v[el1 t1 to take ! in/ance already giv51 9 ! "t ( ,lucilius1 ! ru/ic said ,sesilius = ,kaekilius4 ,nor does x seem probable t 9 diff]5t cases ! same ^w w\ld v>y s greatly1 or t 9 ! num]\s comp\nds :]e aft] c ! a weak5s to i ! s\nd ( ! c 0 also *ang$ f k to s1 z 8kapio0 8insipio02 8kado10 8insido40 ,qu9tilian1 not+ ! *anges ( fa%ion 9 ! s\nd+ ( ! h1 enum]ates1 among o!r in/ances ( excessive use ( ! aspirate1 ! words *oronae 7= coronae71 *5turiones 7= c5turiones71 prae*ones 7= praecones71 z if ! ?ree words 7 alike 9 _! initial s\nd4 ,allud+ to inscriptions 7fir/ volume71 :]e we h pul*] & pulc]1 ,grac*is & ,graccis1 ,mr4 ,munro says3 8,i d n well see h[ ! aspirate c\ld h be5 atta*$ to ! c1 if c _h n a k s\nd1 or h[ 9 ?is case c be=e e or i c\ld h diff]$ f c be=e a1 o1 u40 ,pr(essor ,munro also cites an inscription 7#hdd ( ! 8,corpus ,inscr410 vol4 ,i47 be>+ on ! case 9 ano!r way4 ,9 ?is inscription we h ! ^w dekembres4 8,?is10 says ,mr4 ,munro1 8is "o ( ne>ly two hundr$ %ort1 plebeian1 (t5 half-b>b>\s1 v old inscriptions on a collection ( ollae4 ,! k be=e e1 or any lett] except a1 is soleci/ic1 j z 9 no4 #hca is ! c1 in/ead ( k1 = cal5das4 ,f ?is ,i w\ld inf] t1 z 9 ! latt] ! writ] saw no diff]5ce betwe5 c & k1 s to ! writ] ( ! =m] k 0 ! same z c be=e e40 ,aga9 he says3 8,& f9ally1 :at is to me mo/ conv9c+ ( all1 ,i d n well und]/& h[ 9 a p ( gramm>ians1 :5 = sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 f ,ennius to ,priscian1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s 7 also ! mo/ m9ute philolog]s1 n "o1 s f> z we "k1 %\ld h h9t$ at any diff]5ce1 if su* exi/$40 ,z to ! peculi> effect ( c f9al 9 c]ta9 p>ticles to 8l5g!n0 ! v[el be=e x1 ?is c is d\btless ! remnant ( ! int5sive enclitic ce1 & ! s-call$ #8l5g?' is n 9 ! v[el1 b 9 ! m =cible utt]ance ( ! c4 ,x is true t ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #cd4 ,not&um1 quod ante hanc solam mutam f9alem inv5iuntur longae vocales1 ut hc1 hc1 sc1 hc adv]bium4 ,& ,probus speaks ( c z (t5 prolong+ ! v[el be=e x4 ,b ,victor9us1 m philosophically1 attributes ! l5g? to ! 8d\ble0 s\nd ( ! consonant3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 v4 #df4 ,consid]&a ergo e/ 9 8 duntaxat pronom9ibus natura c litt]ae1 quae crassum quodammodo et quasi gem9um sonum r$dat1 hic et hoc4 ,& he adds t y d n get t m emphatic s\nd 91 = in/ance1 ! conjunction nec4 ,si autem nec conjunctionem aspiciamus1 licet eadem litt]a f9itam1 div]sum tam5 sonabit4 ,& aga93 ,ut dixi1 9 pronom9ibus c litt]a sonum efficit crassiorem4 ,pompeius1 comm5t+ ^u c]ta9 vices ( spee*1 says t "s p]sons br+ out ! f9al c 9 c]ta9 words too heavily1 pron\nc+ sic ludit z sic cludit2 :ile o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 t\* x s lightly t :5 ! foll[+ ^w beg9s ) c y he> b a s+le c3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #cid4 ,item litt]am c quidam 9 quibusdam dictionibus non lat9e ecf]unt1 s$ ita crasse1 ut non disc]nas quid dicant3 ut puta siquis dicat sic ludit1 ita hoc loquitur ut putes eum 9 secunda p>te orationis clud]e dixisse1 non lud]e3 et item si contra dicat illud contr>ium putabis4 ,alii contra ita subtilit] hoc ecf]unt1 ut cum duo c habeant1 des95tis prioris p>tis orationis et incipi5tis alt]ius1 sic loquantur quasi uno c utrumque explic5t1 ut dicunt multi sic cu/odit4 ,d1 9 g5]al1 is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 except t ! tongue %\ld t\* ! tee? r ?an ! palate4 ,pompei4 ,comm4 ad ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,d autem et t quibus1 ut ita dix]im1 vocis vic9itas qua$am e/1 l+uae sublatione ac positione di/+uuntur4 ,nam cum summos atque imos conjunctim d5tes suprema sui p>te pulsav]it d litt]am exprimit4 ,quoti5s autem sublimata p>tem1 qua sup]is d5tibus e/ origo1 contig]it t son>e vocis explicabit4 ,b :5 c]ta9 words 9 common use end+ 9 d 7 foll[$ by words beg9n+ ) a consonant1 ! s\nd ( ! d 0 %>p5$ to t2 & inde$ ! ^w 0 (t51 especially by ! e>li] writ]s1 writt5 ) t1 z1 = in/ance1 set1 haut1 aput3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 iii4 #ej4 ,d tam5 litt]am cons]vat si sequ5s v]bum incipiat a vocali2 ut haud alit] muros2 et haud equidem4 ,at cum v]bum a consonante incipit1 d p]dit1 ut haut dudum1 et haut multum1 et haut placitura ref]t1 et inducit t4 ,f is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli% except t x %\ld be br\ght out m =cibly1 ) m brea?4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #ca4 ,f litt]am imum labium sup]is imprim5tibus d5tibus1 reflexa ad palati fa/igium l+ua1 l5i spiram9e pr(]emus4 ,m>ius ,victor9us says t f 0 us$ 9 ,lat9 words z ph 9 =eign4 ,diom$es 7( ! f\r? c5tury7 says ! same3 ,diom4 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dbb4 ,id hoc scire debemus quod f litt]a tum scribitur cum ,lat9a dictio scribitur1 ut felix4 ,nam si p]egr9a fu]it1 p et h scribimus1 ut ,phoebus1 ,phae?on4 ,& ,priscian makes a simil> /atem5t3 ,prisc4 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #ce4 ,f multis modis muta magis o/5ditur1 cum pro p et aspiratione1 quae similit] muta e/1 accipitur4 ,f ! foll[+ words ( ,qu9tilian we may judge ! brea?+ to h be5 q pron\nc$3 ,qu9t4 ,,xii4 x4 #bi4 ,nam et ilia quae e/ sexta no/r>um1 pa5e non humana voce1 vel omn9o non voce1 potius int] discrim9a d5tium effl&a e/1 quae etiam cum vocalem proxima accipit quassa quodammodo1 utique quoti5s aliquam consonantem frangit1 ut 9 hoc ipso frangit1 multo fit horridior4 ,g1 no less ?an c1 appe>s to h _h b "o s\nd1 ! h>d1 z 9 ! ,engli% ^w get4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,c etiam et g1 ut supra scriptae1 sono proximae1 oris molim9e nisuque diss5tiunt4 ,nam c r$ucta introrsum l+ua1 h9c atque h9c mol>es urg5s1 ha]5tem intra os sonum vocis excludit3 g vim prioris1 p>i l+uae habitu palato sugg]5s1 l5ius r$dit4 ,diom$es speaks ( g z a new consonant1 ^: place _h e>li] be5 fill$ by c3 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dbc4 ,g nova e/ consonans1 9 cujus locum c solebat adponi1 sicut hodieque cum ,gaium notamus ,caes>em1 scribimus ,c4 ,c41 ideoque etiam po/ b litt]am1 id e/ t]tio loco1 dige/a e/1 ut apud ,graecos posita rep]itur 9 eo loco4 ,victor9us ?us ref]s to ! old cu/om /ill 9 use ( writ+ ,c & ,cn1 z initials1 9 c]ta9 names1 ev5 :]e ! names 7 pron\nc$ z ) ,g4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 iii4 #ih4 ,c autem et nom5 habuisse g et usum prae/itisse1 quod nunc ,caius p] ,c1 et ,cneius p] ,cn1 quamvis utrimque syllabae sonus g exprimat1 scribuntur4 ,h has ! same s\nd z 9 ,engli%4 ,! gramm>ians nev] reg>d$ x z a consonant1--at lea/ 9 m ?an "n1--b m]ely z repres5t+ ! r\gh brea?+ ( ! ,greeks4 ,victor9us ?us speaks ( its nature3 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,h quoque int] litt]as obviam grammatici tradid]unt1 eamque adspirationis notam cunctis vocalibus praefici2 ipsi autem consonantes tantum quattuor praeponi1 quoti5s graecis nom9ibus lat9a =ma e/1 p]suas]unt1 id e/ c1 p1 r1 t2 ut *ori1 ,phyllis1 rhombos1 ?ymos2 quae pr(undo spiritu1 anhelis faucibus1 exploso ore1 fundetur4 ,by ! be/ au?orities h 0 look$ ^u z a m]e m>k ( aspiration4 ,victor9us says t ,nigidius ,figulus s reg>d$ x3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 iv4 #e4 ,idem 7,n4 ,f47 h non esse litt]am1 s$ notam adspirationis tradidit4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 ! same diff]5ce ( op9ion & usage among ! ,romans z ) u 9 ! matt] ( s\nd+ ! h4 ,qu9tilian says t ! fa%ion *ang$ ) ! age3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 v4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,cujus quidem ratio mutata cum temporibus e/ saepius4 ,p>cissime ea vet]es usi etiam 9 vocalibus1 cum o$us vicosque dicebant1 diu de9de s]vatum ne consonantibus aspir>5t1 ut 9 ,graecis et 9 triumpis2 erupit brevi tempore nimius usus1 ut *oronae1 *5turiones1 prae*ones1 adhuc quibusdam inscriptionibus maneant1 qua de re ,catulli nobile epigramma e/4 ,inde durat ad nos usque vehem5t]1 et compreh5d]e1 et mihi1 nam mehe quoque pro me apud antiquos trago$i>um praecipue scriptores 9 vet]ibus libris inv5imus4 ,9 ! epigram above ref]r$ to ,catullus ?us satirizes ! excessive use ( ! aspirate3 ,catullus lxxxiv4 ,*ommoda dicebat1 si qu&o commoda vellet ,dic]e1 et h9sidias ,arrius insidias3 ,et tum mirifice sp]abat se esse locutum1 ,cum quantum pot]at dix]at h9sidias4 ,cr$o sic mat]1 sic ,lib] avunculus ejus1 ,sic mat]nus avus dix]at1 atque avia4 ,hoc misso 9 ,syriam requi]unt omnibus aures2 ,audibant eadem haec l5it] et levit]4 ,nec sibi po/ illa metuebant talia v]ba1 ,cum subito adf]tur nuntius horribilis1 ,ionios fluctus po/quam illuc ,arrius isset ,jam non ,ionios esse1 s$ ,hionios4 ,on ! o!r h& ,qu9tilian seems dispos$ to smile at ! excess ( #8culture' :i* drops its h's1 to class ?is ) o!r affect$ #8niceties' ( spee*1 & to reg>d ! :ole matt] z ( slight importance3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 vi4 #ba1 #bb4 ,multum enim litt]atus1 qui s9e aspiratione et producta secunda syllaba salut>it 7av]e e/ enim71 et calefac]e dix]it potius quam quod dicimus1 et cons]vavisse2 8 adjiciat face et dice et similia4 ,recta e/ haec via1 quis negat8 s$ adjacet mollior et magis trita4 ,cic]o confesses t he himself *ang$ 8 practice 9 reg>d to ! aspirate4 ,he _h be5 accu/om$ to s\nd x only ) v[els1 & to foll[ ! fa!rs1 :o nev] us$ x ) a consonant2 b at l5g?1 yield+ to ! importunity ( 8 e>1 he conc$$ ! "r ( usage to ! p1 & #8kept 8 le>n+ to himself4' ,cic4 ,or4 ,,xlviii4 #afj4 ,qu9 ego ipse1 cum scirem ita majores locutos esse ut nusquam nisi 9 vocali aspiratione ut]5tur1 loqueb> sic1 ut pulcros1 cetegus1 triumpos1 ,k>tag9em1 dic]em2 aliqu&o1 idque s]o1 convicio aurium cum extorta mihi v]itas1 usum loqu5di populo concessi1 sci5tiam mihi res]vavi4 ,gellius speaks ( ! anci5ts z hav+ employ$ ! h m]ely to add a c]ta9 =ce & life to ! ^w1 9 imitation ( ! ,attic tongue1 & enum]ates "s ( ^! words4 ,?us1 he says1 !y said la*rymas2 ?us1 sepul*rum1 ah5eum1 vehem5s1 in*o>e1 helv>i1 halluc9>i1 hon]a1 honu/um4 ,gellius ,,ii4 iii4 ,9 8 enim v]bis omnibus litt]ae1 seu spiritus i/ius nulla ratio visa e/1 nisi ut firmitas et vigor vocis1 quasi quibusdam n]vis additis1 int5d]etur4 ,& he tells an int]e/+ anecdote ab\t a manuscript ( ,v]gil3 ,s$ quoniam ah5i quoque exemplo usi sumus1 v5it nobis 9 memoriam1 fidum optatumque1 multi nom9is ,romae1 grammaticum o/5disse mihi librum ,a5eidos secundum mir&ae vetu/atis1 emptum 9 ,sigill>iis ,,xx4 aureis1 quem ipsius ,v]gilii fuisse cr$ebat2 9 quo duo i/i v]sus cum ita scripti =5t3 8,ve/ibulum ante ipsum1 primoque 9 lim9e1 ,pyrrhus3 ,exultat telis1 et luce coruscus ana40 ,additam supra vidimus h litt]am1 et ah5a factum4 ,sic 9 illo quoque ,v]gilii v]su 9 optimis libris scriptum inv5imus3 8,aut foliis undam tepidi dispumat ah5i40 ,i consonant has ! s\nd ( i 9 ! ,engli% ^w onion4 ,! gramm>ians all express !mselves 9 ne>ly ! same t]ms z to its "*3 ,s]g4 ,explan4 9 ,art4 ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #ebj4 ,i et u v>ias hab5t pote/ates3 nam sunt aliqu&o vocales1 aliqu&o consonantes1 aliqu&o m$iae1 aliqu&o nihil1 aliqu&o digammae1 aliqu&o duplices4 ,vocales sunt qu&o aut s+ulae positae syllabam faciunt aut aliis consonantibus sociantur1 ut ,iris et unus et ,isis et urna4 ,consonantes autem sunt1 cum aliis vocalibus 9 una syllaba praeponuntur1 aut cum ipsae int] se 9 una syllaba conjunguntur4 ,nisi enim et prior sit et 9 una syllaba secum habeat conjunctam vocalem1 non erit consonans i vel u4 ,nam ,iulius et ,i>bas cum dicis1 i consonans non e/1 licet praec$at1 quia 9 una syllaba secum non habet conjunctam vocalem1 s$ 9 alt]a consequ5tem4 ,! gramm>ians speak ( i consonant z diff]5t 9 s\nd & effect f ! v[el i2 &1 z !y d n say h[ x diff]s1 we naturally inf] ! v>iation to be t :i* foll[s 9 ! nature ( ?+s f its position & (fice1 z 9 ! k9dr$ ,romance languages4 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ac4 ,sic i et u1 quamvis unum nom5 et unam habeant figuram tam vocales quam consonantes1 tam51 quia div]sum sonum et div]sam vim hab5t 9 metris et 9 pronuntiatione syllab>um1 non sunt 9 eisdem meo judicio elem5tis accipi5dae1 quamvis et ,c5sor9o1 doctissimo artis grammaticae1 idem placuit4 ,x w\ld seem to be by reason ( ?is tw(old nature 7v[el & consonant7 t i has its #8l5g!n+' p[]4 ,probus expla9s ! matt] ?us3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #bbj4 ,praet]ea vim naturamque i litt]ae vocalis pl5issime debemus cognosc]e1 quod du>um int]dum loco consonantium ponatur4 ,hanc enim ex suo num]o vocales duplicem litt]am mittunt1 ut cet]a elem5ta litt]>um s+ulas duplices mittunt1 de quibus suo disputavimus loco4 ,illa ergo ratione i litt]a duplicem sonum designat1 una quamvis figura sit1 si undique fu]it c9cta vocalibus1 ut ac]rimus ,aiax1 et 8,aio te1 ,eacida1 ,romanos v9c]e posse40 ,aga9 9 ! comm5t>ies on ,donatus we f9d3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #dba4 ,plane sci5dum e/ quod i int] duas posita vocales 9 una p>te orationis pro duabus e/ consonantibus1 ut ,troia4 ,priscian tells u t e>li] x 01 z we "k1 ! cu/om to write two i's3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iii4 p4 #dfg4 ,antiqui solebant duas ii scrib]e1 et alt]am priori subjung]e1 alt]am praepon]e sequ5ti1 ut ,troiia1 ,maiia1 ,aiiax4 ,& ,qu9tilian says3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 iv4 ,,ii4 ,sciat etiam ,cic]oni placuisse aiio ,maiiamque gem9ata i scrib]e4 ,?is d\bl+ ( ! s\nd ( i1 natural1 ev5 unavoidable1 betwe5 v[els1 gives u ! consonant effect 7z v[el1 unit+ ) ! prec$+1 z consonant1 introduc+ ! foll[+1 v[el74 ,k has ! same s\nd z 9 ,engli%4 ,! gramm>ians g5]ally agree t k is a sup]flu\s1 or at lea/ unnecess>y1 lett]1 its place be+ fill$ by c4 ,diom$es says3 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd4 ,ex 8 quibusdam sup]vacuae vid5tur k et q1 quod c litt]a h>um locum possit impl]e4 ,& aga93 ,k consonans muta sup]vacua1 qua utimur qu&o a correpta sequitur1 ut ,kal5dae1 caput1 calumniae4 ,its only use is z an initial & sign ( c]ta9 words1 & x is foll[$ by %ort a only4 ,victor9us says3 ,i4 iii4 #bc4 ,k autem dicitur monophonos1 quia nulli vocali jungitur nisi soli a brevi3 et hoc ita ut ab ea p>s orationis incipit1 alit] autem non recte scribitur4 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #cf4 ,k sup]vacua e/1 ut supra diximus3 quae quamvis scribetur nullam aliam vim habet quam c4 ,& ,qu9tilian speaks ( x z a m]e sign1 b says "s ?9k x %\ld be us$ :5 a foll[s1 z initial3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 iv4 #i4 ,et k1 quae et ipsa quorundam nom9um nota e/4 ,&3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 vii4 #aj4 ,nam k quidem 9 nullis v]bis ut5dum puto nisi quae significat etiam ut sola ponatur4 ,hoc eo non omisi quod quidam eam quoti5s a sequatur necess>iam cr$unt1 cum sit c litt]a1 quae ad omnes vocales vim suam p]f]at4 ,?is use ( k1 z an initial1 & 9 c]ta9 words1 0 reg>d$ some:at 9 ! light ( a lit]>y #8fancy4' ,priscian says ( x3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ab4 ,et k quidem p5itus sup]vacua e/2 nulla enim videtur ratio cur a sequ5te haec scribi debeat3 ,c>?ago enim et caput sive p] c sive p] k scribantur nullam faciunt nec 9 sono nec 9 pote/ate ejusdem consonantis diff]5tiam4 ,l is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 only m di/9ctly & ) ! tongue m ne>ly approa*+ ! tee?4 ,! s\nd is ?us giv5 by ,victor9us3 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,sequetur l1 quae validum nescio quid p>tem palati qua primordium d5tibus sup]is e/ l+ua trud5te1 diducto ore p]sonabit4 ,b x v>ies accord+ to its position 9 ! =ce & di/9ctness ) :i* x is utt]$4 ,pl9y & o!rs recognize ?ree degrees ( =ce3 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi4 ,l triplicem1 ut ,pl9ius videtur1 sonum habet3 exilem1 qu&o gem9atur secundo loco posita1 ut ille1 ,metellus2 pl5um1 qu&o f9it nom9a vel syllabas1 et qu&o aliquam habet ante se 9 eadem syllaba consonantem1 ut sol1 silva1 flavus1 cl>us2 m$ium 9 aliis1 ut lectum1 lectus4 ,pompeius1 9 8 comm5t>ies on ,donatus1 makes ne>ly ! same /atem5t1 :5 treat+ ( #8labdacism'3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #cid4 ,labdacismum vitium 9 eo esse dicunt quod eadem litt]a vel subtilius1 a quibusdam1 vel p+uius1 ecf]tur4 ,et re v]a alt]utrum vitium quibusdam g5tibus e/4 ,nam ecce ,graeci subtilit] hunc sonum ecf]unt4 ,ubi enim dicunt ille mihi dixit sic sonat duae ll primae syllabae quasi p] unum l s]mo ipse consi/et4 ,contra alii sic pronuntiant ille meum comitatus it]1 et illum ego p] flammas eripui ut aliquid illic soni etiam consonantis ammisc]e videantur1 quod p+uissimae prolationis e/4 ,romana l+ua em5dationem habet 9 hoc quoque di/9ctione4 ,nam alicubi p+uius1 alicubi debet exilius1 pr(]ri3 p+uius cum vel b sequitur1 ut 9 albo2 vel c1 ut 9 pul*ro2 vel f1 ut 9 adelfis2 vel g1 ut 9 alga2 vel m1 ut 9 pulmone2 vel p1 ut 9 scalpro3 exilius autem pr(]5da e/ ubicumque ab ea v]bum incipit2 ut 9 lepore1 lana1 lupo2 vel ubi 9 eodem v]bo et prior syllaba 9 hac f9itur1 et sequ5s ab ea incipit1 ut ille et ,allia4 ,9 ano!r place he speaks ( ! ,africans z #8ab\nd+' 9 ?is vice1 & ( _! pron\nc+ ,metellus & ,catullus2 ,metelus1 ,catulus3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #bhg4 ,9 8 etiam agnoscimus g5tium vitia2 labdacismis scat5t ,afri1 r>o e/ ut aliquis dicat l3 p] gem9um l sic loquuntur ,romani1 omnes ,lat9i sic loquuntur1 ,catullus1 ,metellus4 ,m is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 except be=e q1 :]e x has a nasal s\nd1 & :5 f9al4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,m impressis invicem labiis mugitum qu5dam intra oris specum attractis n>ibus dabit4 ,b ?is #8moo+' s\nd1 9 :i* s _m ( _! words end$1 0 n altoge!r pleas+ to ! ,roman e>4 ,qu9tilian exclaims aga9/ x3 ,qu9t4 ,,xii4 x4 #ca4 ,quid quod pl]aque nos illa quasi mugi5te litt]a cludimus m1 qua nullum ,graece v]bum cadit4 ,! (f5sive s\nd 0 !re=e gott5 rid (1 z f> z possible1 by obscur+ ! m at ! end ( a ^w4 ,priscian speaks ( ?ree s\nds ( m1--at ! beg9n+1 9 ! middle1 & at ! end ( a ^w3 ,prisc4 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi4 ,m obscurum 9 extremitate dictionum sonat1 ut templum1 ap]tum 9 pr9cipio1 ut magnus2 m$iocre 9 m$iis1 ut umbra4 ,?is #8obscur+' l$ 9 v]se to ! cutt+ (f ( ! f9al syllable 9 m :5 ! foll[+ ^w began ) a v[el1--z ,priscian rem>ks 9 ! same connection3 ,f9ales dictionis subtrahitur m 9 metro pl]umque1 si a vocali incipit sequ5s dictio1 ut3 8,illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas40 ,yet1 he adds1 ! anci5ts did n always )draw ! s\nd3 ,vetu/issimi tam5 non semp] eam subtrahebant1 ,ennius 9 ,x ,annalium3 8,insigneita f]e tum milia militum octo ,duxit delectos bellum tol]>e pot5tes40 ,! m 0 n1 h[ev]1 entirely ignor$4 ,?us ,qu9tilian says3 ,qu9t4 ,,ix4 iv4 #dj4 ,atqui eadem illa litt]a1 quoti5s ultima e/ et vocalem v]bi sequ5tis ita cont+it ut 9 eam transire possit1 etiamsi scribitur tam5 p>um exprimitur1 ut multum ille et quantum erat2 adeo ut pa5e cujusdam novae litt]ae sonum r$dat4 ,neque enim eximitur1 s$ obscuratur1 et tantum aliqua int] duas vocales velut nota e/1 ne ipsae coeant4 ,x is a significant fact 9 ?is connection t m is ! only "o ( ! liquids 7semiv[els7 t does n all[ a long v[el be=e x4 ,priscian1 m5tion+ sev]al peculi>ities ( ?is semiv[el1 ?us speaks ( ?is "o3 ,priscian4 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #bc4 ,nunquam tam5 eadem m ante se natura longam 7vocalem7 patitur 9 eadem syllaba esse1 ut illam1 artem1 puppim1 illum1 rem1 spem1 diem1 cum aliae omnes semivocales hoc hab5t1 ut ,maec5as1 ,paean1 sol1 pax1 p>4 ,t ! m 0 really s\nd$ we may inf] f ,pompeius 7on ,donatus7 :]e1 treat+ ( myotacism1 he calls x ! c>eless pronunciation ( m betwe5 two v[els 7at ! end ( "o ^w & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r71 ! runn+ ( ! words toge!r 9 su* a way t m seems to beg9 ! second1 r ?an to end ! fir/3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #bhg4 ,ut si dices hom9em amicum1 oratorem optimum4 ,non enim vid]is dic]e hom9em amicum1 s$ hom9e mamicum1 quod e/ incongruum et inconsonans4 ,similit] oratorem optimum vid]is oratore moptimum4 ,he also w>ns aga9/ ! vice ( dropp+ ! m altoge!r4 ,"o mu/ nei!r say hom9e mamicum1 nor hom9e amicum3 ,pl]umque enim aut susp5sione pronuntiatur aut exclusione4 4 4 4 ,nos quid sequi debemus8 ,quid8 p] susp5sionem tantum modo4 ,qua ratione8 ,quia si dix]is p] susp5sionem homimem amicum1 et haec vitium vitabis1 myotacismum1 et non cades 9 aliud vitium1 id e/ 9 hiatum4 ,f su* passages x w\ld seem t ! f9al syllable end+ 9 m is to be lightly & rapidly pron\nc$1 ! m n to be run ov] ^u ! foll[+ ^w4 ,"s h9t ( ! s\nd may p]haps be got f ! ,engli%man's pronunciation ( su* words z ,birm+ham 7,birm+hm71 ,syd5ham 7,syd5hm71 ,bl5heim 7,bl5hm74 ,n1 except :5 foll[$ by f or s1 is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 only t x is m d5tal4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,n v]o1 sub convexo palati l+ua inha]5te1 gem9o n>is et oris spiritu explicabitur4 ,naturally1 z ) u1 x is m emphatic at ! beg9n+ & end ( words ?an 9 ! middle 7z1 ,d n give ! t5drils ! wrong turn4 ,is n ! s9 condemn$87 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi4 ,n quoque pl5ior 9 primis sonat1 et 9 ultimis1 p>tibus syllab>um1 ut nom51 /am52 exilior 9 m$iis1 ut amnis1 damnum4 ,z 9 ,engli%1 be=e a guttural 7c1 g1 q1 x71 n is s affect$ z to leave its prop] s\nd incomplete 7! tongue n t\*+ ! ro( ( ! m\?7 :ile x draws ! guttural1 s to speak1 into itself1 z 9 ! ,engli% words concord1 ang]1 s9k]1 rel9qui%1 anxi\s4 ,nigidius apud ,gell4 ,,xix4 xiv4 #g4 ,int] litt]am n et g e/ alia vis1 ut 9 nom9e anguis et ang>ia et an*orae et increpat et incurrit et +5uus4 ,9 omnibus enim 8 non v]um n s$ adult]9um ponitur4 ,nam n non esse l+ua indicio e/4 ,nam si ea litt]a esset l+ua palatum tang]et4 ,n only ! ,greeks1 b "s ( ! e>ly ,romans1 wrote g1 in/ead ( n1 9 ?is position1 & gave to ! lett] s us$ a new "n1 agma4 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #bi4 ,sequ5te g vel c1 pro ea 7n7 g scribunt ,graeci et quidam tam5 vetu/issimi auctores ,romani euphoniae causa b5e hoc faci5tes1 ut ,ag*ises1 agceps1 aggulus1 agg5s1 quod o/5dit ,v>ro 9 ,primo de ,orig9e ,l+uae ,lat9ae 8 v]bis3 ,ut ,ion scribit1 qu9quavicesima e/ litt]a1 quam vocant 8agma10 cujus =ma nulla e/ et vox communis e/ ,graecis et ,lat9is1 ut 8 v]bis3 aggulus1 agg5s1 agguilla1 igg]unt4 ,9 ejusmodi ,graeci et ,accius no/] b9a g scribunt1 alii n et g1 quod 9 hoc v]itatem vid]e facile non e/4 ,?is cu/om did n1 h[ev]1 prevail among ! ,romans1 & ,m>ius ,victor9us gives x z 8 op9ion t x is bett] to use n ?an g1 z m correct to ! e>1 & avoid+ ambiguity 7! gg be+ !n left = ! natural expression ( d\ble g74 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 iii4 #gj4 ,famili>ior e/ auribus no/ris n potius quam g1 ut anceps et ancilla et anguia et angu/um et anquirit et ancora1 et similia1 p] n potius quam p] g scribite3 sicut p] duo g quoti5s duorum g sonum aures exig5t1 ut agg]em1 suggillat1 sugg]5dum1 sugge/um1 et similia4 ,n be=e f or s seems to h become a m]e nasal1 l5g!n+ ! prec$+ v[el4 ,cic]o speaks ( ?is z ju/ifi$ by ! e> & by cu/om1 r ?an by reason3 ,cic4 ,or4 ,,xlviii4 ,quid v]o hoc elegantius1 quod non fit natura1 s$ quodam in/itute8 indoctus dicimus brevi prima litt]a1 insanis producta3 inhumanus brevi1 infelix longa3 et1 ne multis1 quibus 9 v]bis eae primae litt]ae sunt quae 9 sapi5te atque felice1 producte dicitur2 9 cet]is omnibus brevit]3 itemque composuit1 consuevit1 concrepit1 confecit4 ,consule v]itatem1 repreh5det2 ref] ad aures1 probabunt4 ,qua]e1 cur8 ,ita se dic5t juv>i4 ,voluptati autem aurium morig]>i debet oratio4 ,9 ,donatus we h ! same fact /at$1 ) ! same reason3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #ddb4 ,quod magis aurium indicio quam artis ratione colligimus4 ,?us we f9d num]al adv]bs & o!rs end+ ei!r 9 i5s or ies1 z c5ti5s or c5ties1 decies or deci5s1 millies or milli5s1 quoti5s or quoties1 toti5s or toties4 ,o!r words1 9 l mann]1 p>ticiples & n\ns1 are writt5 ei!r ) or )\t ! n be=e s1 z contunsum or contusum1 obtunsus or obtusus1 !saurus or !nsaurus 7! ens is regul>ly repres5t$ 9 ,greek by 72 infans or infas1 frons or fros4 ,9 late ,lat9 ! n 0 frequ5tly dropp$ 9 p>ticiple end+s4 ,donatus says t ?is nasal s\nd ( n %\ld be /r5u\sly obs]v$3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #ddb4 ,illud vehem5tissime obs]v>e debemus1 ut con et 9 quoti5sque po/ se hab5t s vel f litt]am1 videamus quemadmodum pronunti5tur4 ,pl]umque enim non obs]vantes 9 b>b>ismos incurrimus4 ,gn 9 ! t]m9ations gnus1 gna1 gnum1 has1 accord+ to ,priscian1 ! p[] to l5g!n ! p5ultimate v[el4 ,prisc4 ,i4 ,gnus quoque1 vel gna1 vel gnum1 t]m9antia1 longam hab5t vocalem p5ultimam2 ut a regno1 regnum2 a /o1 /agnum2 a b5e1 b5ignus2 a male1 malignus2 ab abiete1 abiegnus2 privignus2 ,pelignus4 7,p]haps ! liquid s\nd1 z 9 caon47 ,p is pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%4 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,e quibus b et p litt]ae 4 4 4 disp>i int] se oris (ficio exprimuntur4 ,nam prima exploso e m$iis labiis sono2 sequ5s1 compresso ore1 velut introrsum attracto vocis ictu1 explicatur4 ,q has ! s\nd ( ,engli% q 9 ! words quire1 quick4 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ab4 ,k enim et q1 quamvis figura et nom9e videantur aliquam hab]e diff]5tiam1 cum c tam5 e&em1 tam 9 sono vocum1 quam 9 metro1 pote/atem cont95t4 ,& aga93 ,id4 ib4 p4 #cf4 ,de q quoque suffici5t] supra tractatum e/1 quae nisi e&em vim hab]et quam c4 ,m>ius ,victor9us says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #e4 ,item sup]fluas quasdam vid5tur ret9]e1 x et k et q 4 4 4 ,pro k et q1 c litt]a facillime hab]etur2 x autem p] c et s4 ,& aga93 ,id4 ib4 p4 #cb4 ,k et q sup]vacue num]o litt]>um ins]i doctorum pl]ique cont5dunt1 scilicet quod c litt]a h>um (ficium possit impl]e4 ,! gramm>ians tell u t k & q are always f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( a syllable3 ,prise4 ,keil4 v4 ,,iii4 p4 #aaa4 ,q et k semp] initio syllab>um ponuntur4 ,!y say also t ! use ( q 0 m free among ! e>li] ,romans1 :o plac$ x z initial :]ev] u foll[$1--z !y plac$ k :]ev] foll[$1--b t 9 ! lat]1 e/abli%$1 usage1 its pres5ce 0 condition$ ^u a v[el aft] ! u 9 ! same syllable3 ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,iv4 p4 #ddb4 ,namque illi q praeponebant quoti5s u sequebatur1 ut quum2 nos v]o non possumus q praepon]e nisi ut u sequatur et po/ ipsam alia vocalis1 ut quoniam4 ,diom$es says3 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dbe4 ,q consonans muta1 ex c et u litt]is composita1 sup]vacua1 qua utimur qu&o u et alt]a vocalis 9 una syllaba junguntur1 ut ,quir9us4 ,r is trill$1 z 9 ,italian or ,fr5*3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,sequetur r1 quae1 vibratione vocis 9 palato l+uae fa/igio1 fragorem tremulis ictibus r$dit4 7,?is prop] trill+ ( ! r is mo/ important47 ,s seems to h _h1 almo/1 if n q1 inv>iably ! %>p s\nd ( ! ,engli% s 9 s+1 hiss4 ,9 ,greek words writt5 also ) z1 z ,smyrna 7also writt5 ,zmyrna71 x probably _h ! z s\nd1 & possibly 9 a few ,lat9 words1 z rosa1 mis]1 b ?is is n c]ta94 ,m>ius ,victor9us ?us sets =? ! diff]5ce betwe5 s & x 7cs73 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,deh9c duae supremae1 s et x1 jure junguntur4 ,nam vic9o int] se sonore attracto sibilant rictu1 ita tam5 si prioris ictus pone d5tes excitatus ad m$ium l5is agitetur1 sequ5tis autem crasso spiritu hispidum sonet1 quia p] conjunctionem c et s1 qu>um et locum implet et vim exprimit1 ut s5su aurium ducemur1 efficitur4 ,donatus1 accord+ to ,pompeius1 compla9s ( ! ,greeks z s\nd+ ! s too feebly3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #cid4 ,item s litt]am ,graeci exilit] ecf]unt adeo ut cum dicunt jussit p] unum s dic]e exi/imas4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! ,romans pron\nc$ ! sibilant di/9ctly1--yet n too emphatically1 = ,qu9tilian says1 #8! ma/] ( 8 art 7( speak+7 w n fondly prolong or dally ) 8 s'3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 xi4 #f4 ,ne illas quidem circa s litt]am delicias hic magi/] f]et4 ,t is pron\nc$ l ! ,engli% t pure1 except t ! tongue %\ld approa* ! tee? m ne>ly4 ,pompei4 ,comm4 ad ,donat4 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,d autem et t1 quibus1 ut ita dix]im1 vocis vic9itas qua$am e/1 l+uae sublatione ac positione di/+uuntur4 ,nam cum summos atque imos conjunctim d5tes suprema sua p>te pulsav]it d litt]am exprimit4 ,quoti5s autem sublimata p>tem qua sup]is d5tibus e/ origo contig]it1 t sonore vocis explicabit4 ,f ! same writ] we le>n t "s pron\nc$ ! t too heavily1 giv+ x a #8?ick s\nd'3 ,keil4 v4 ,v4 p4 #cid4 ,ecce 9 litt]a t aliqui ita p+ue nescio quid sonant1 ut cum dicunt etiam nihil de m$ia syllaba infr+ant4 ,by :i* we und]/& t ! t 0 wrongly utt]$ ) a k9d ( ef=t1 su* z prev5t$ its glid+ on to ! i4 ,? ne>ly z 9 !n1 n z 9 ?94 ,u 7consonant7 or ,v4 ,t ! lett] u p]=m$ ! (fice ( bo? v[el & consonant all ! gramm>ians agree1 & /ate ! fact 9 ne>ly ! same t]ms4 ,priscian says t !y 7i & u7 seem q o!r lett]s :5 us$ z consonants1 & t x makes a great diff]5ce 9 :i* ( ^! ways !y are us$3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ac4 ,vid5tur tam5 i et u cum 9 consonantes transeunt quantum ad pote/atem1 quod maximum e/ 9 elem5tis1 aliae litt]ae esse praet] supra dictis2 multum enim int]e/ utrum vocales s9t an consonantes4 ,! gramm>ians also /ate t ?is consonant u 0 repres5t$ by ! ,greek digamma1 :i* ! ,romans call$ vau also4 ,m>ius ,victor9us says3 ,i4 iii4 #dd4 ,nam litt]a u vocalis e/1 sicut a1 e1 i1 o1 s$ eadem vicem obt9et consonantis3 cujus pote/atis notam ,graeci hab5t 1 no/ri vau vocant1 et alii digamma2 ea p] se scripta non facit syllabam1 anteposita autem vocali facit1 ut 1 et 4 ,nos v]o1 qui non habemus hujus vocis nom5 aut notam1 9 ejus locum quoti5s una vocalis pluresve junctae unam syllabam faciunt1 sub/ituimus u litt]am4 ,n[ x is cont5d$ by "s t ?is digamma1 or vau1 0 m]ely tak5 z a symbol1 some:at arbitr>ily p]haps1 & t x did n indicate a p>ticul> s\nd1 b might /& = any?+ :i* ! ,romans *ose to repres5t by x2 & t !re=e x gives u no c]ta9 indication ( :at ! ,lat9 u consonant 04 ,b we are expressly told t x _h ! =ce & s\nd ( ! ,greek digamma4 ,9 ,m>ius ,victor9us we f9d3 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #bc4 ,f autem apud ,aeolis dumtaxat idem val]e quod apud nos vau cum pro consonante scribitur1 voc>ique et digamma4 ,priscian expla9s m fully3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ae4 ,u v]o loco consonantis posita e&em prorsus 9 omnibus vim habuit apud ,lat9os quam apud ,aeolis digamma4 ,unde a pl]isque ei nom5 hoc datur quod apud ,aeolis habuit olim digamma1 id e/ vau1 ab ipsius voce pr(ectum te/e ,v>rone et ,didymo1 qui id ei nom5 esse o/5dunt4 ,pro quo ,caes> hanc figuram scribi voluit1 quod quamvis illi recte visum e/ tam5 consuetudo antiqua sup]avit4 ,adeo autem hoc v]um e/ quod pro ,aeolico digamma u ponitur4 ,:at !n 0 ! s\nd ( ?is ,aeolic digamma or 8 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #aa4 ,aeolicum digamma1 quod apud antiquissimos ,lat9orum e&em vim quam apud ,aeolis habuit4 ,eum autem prope sonum quem nunc habet significabat p cum aspiratione1 sicut etiam apud vet]es ,graecos pro et 2 unde nunc quoque 9 ,graecis nom9ibus antiquam scripturam s]vamus1 pro p et h pon5tes1 ut ,orpheus1 ,phae?on4 ,po/ea v]o 9 ,lat9is v]bis placuit pro p et h1 f scribi1 ut fama1 filius1 facio1 loco autem digamma u pro consonante1 quod cognatione soni videbatur aff9is esse digamma ea litt]a4 ,! ,lat9 u consonant is "h di/9ctly /at$ to be ak9 to ! ,greek digamma 77 9 s\nd4 ,n[ ! (fice ( ! ,greek digamma 0 app>5tly manifold4 ,x /ood = 1 7,eng4 v71 1 1 1 & = ! brea?+s #8r\gh' & #8smoo?4' ,sometimes ! s\nd ( ! digamma is giv51 we are told1 :]e ! "* itself is n writt54 ,x is said t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,olympia x is to-day pron\nc$1 ?\gh n writt51 betwe5 two v[els z 7,eng4 v74 ,:i* ( ^! v>i\s s\nds %\ld be giv5 ! digamma appe>s to h be5 det]m9$ by ! law ( euphony4 ,x 0 sometimes writt5 b n s\nd$ 7l our h74 ,! "q !n is1 :i* ( ^! v>i\s s\nds ( ! digamma is repres5t$ by ! ,lat9 u consonant1 or does x repres5t all1 or none1 ( ^!4 ,speak+ ( f1 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ce4 ,antiqui ,romanorum ,aeolis sequ5tes loco aspirationis eam 7f7 ponebant1 effugi5tes ipsi quoque aspirationem1 et maxime cum consonante recusabant eam pr(]re 9 ,lat9o s]mone4 ,habebat autem haec f litt]a hunc sonum quem nunc habet u loco consonantis posita1 unde antiqui af pro ab scrib]e solebant2 s$ quia non pote/ vau1 id e/ digamma1 9 f9e syllabae inv5iri1 ideo mutata 9 b4 ,sifilum quoque pro sibilum te/e ,nonio ,m>cello de ,doctorum ,indag9e dicebant4 ,& aga93 ,prisc4 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ae4 ,9 b etiam solet apud ,aeolis transire digamma quoti5s ab incipit dictio quae solet aspir>i1 ut 1 dicunt1 quod digamma nisi vocali praeponi et 9 pr9cipio syllabae non pote/4 ,ideo autem locum transmutavit1 quia b vel digamma po/ 9 eadem syllaba pronunti>i non pote/4 ,apud nos quoque e/ inv5ire quod pro u consonante b ponitur1 ut caelebs1 caele/ium vitam duc5s1 p] b scribitur1 quod u consonans ante consonantem poni non pote/4 ,s$ etiam ,bruges et ,bel5a antiquissimi dicebant1 te/e ,qu9tiliano1 qui hoc o/5dit 9 primo in/itutionum oratori>um3 nec mirum1 cum b quoque 9 u euphoniae causa conv]ti inv5imus2 ut auf]o4 ,qu9t4 ,i4 v4 #fi4 ,frequ5t] autem praepositiones quoque copulatio i/a corrumpit2 inde ab/ulit1 aufugit1 amisit1 cum praepositio sit ab sola4 ,x is significant "h t ,cic]o speaks ( ! *ange f du to b z a contraction4 ,he says3 ,cic4 ,or4 ,,lxv4 ,quid v]o lic5tius quam quod hom9um etiam nom9a contrahebant1 quo ess5t aptiora8 ,nam ut duellum1 bellum2 et duis1 bis2 sic ,duellium eum qui ,po5os classe devicit ,bellium nom9av]unt1 cum sup]iores appellati ess5t semp] ,duellii4 ,"o _c b feel 9 read+ ! num]\s passages 9 ! gramm>ians t treat ( ! s\nd ( u consonant1 t if its s\nd _h be5 no o!r ?an ! natural s\nd ( u ) consonantal =ce1 !y nev] w\ld h sp5t s mu* "t & labor 9 expla9+ & elucidat+ x4 ,:y did !y n turn x (f ) ! simple explanation :i* !y give to ! consonantal i--t ( d\ble i8 ,:at m natural ?an to speak ( consonant u z 8d\ble u0 7z we ,engli% d w74 ,b on ! contr>y !y expressly decl>e x to h a s\nd di/9ct & peculi>4 ,qu9tilian says t ev5 if ! =m ( ! ,aeolic digamma is reject$ by ! ,romans1 yet its =ce pursues !m3 ,qu9t4 ,,xii4 x4 #bi4 ,aeolicae quoque litt]ae qua s]vum c]vumque dicimus1 etiamsi =ma a nobis repudiata e/1 vis tam5 nos ipsa p]sequitur4 ,he gives x z 8 op9ion t x w\ld h be5 well to h adopt$ ! vau1 & says t nei!r by ! old way ( writ+ 7by uo71 nor by ! mod]n way 7by uu71 is at all produc$ ! s\nd :i* we p]ceive3 ,qu9t4 ,i4 vii4 #bf4 ,nunc u gem9a scribuntur 7s]vus et c]vus7 ea ratione quam r$didi3 neutro sane modo vox quam s5timus efficitur4 ,nec inutilit] ,claudius ,aeolicam illam ad hos usus litt]am adjec]at4 ,& aga9 /ill m di/9ctly3 ,id4 ib4 iv4 #g1 #h4 ,at grammatici saltem omnes 9 hanc desc5d5t r]um t5uitatem1 des9tne aliquae nobis necess>iae lit]>um1 non cum ,graeca scribimus 7tum enim ab iisdem duas mutuamur7 s$ propriae1 9 ,lat9is1 ut 9 8 s]uus et uulgus ,aeolicum digammon desid]atur4 ,?is ne$ ( a new symbol1 recogniz$ by au?orities l ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian1 is n an insignificant po9t 9 ! argum5t4 ,m>ius ,victor9us says t ,cic]o adds u 7consonant7 to ! o!r five consonants t are und]/ood to assimilate c]ta9 o!r consonants com+ be=e !m3 ,m>4 ,vict4 ,i4 iv4 #fd4 ,s$ propriae sunt cognatae 7consonantes7 quae simili figuratione oris dicuntur1 ut e/ b1 f1 r1 m1 p1 quibus ,cic]o adjicit u1 non eam quae accipitur pro vocali1 s$ eam quae consonantis obt9et vicem1 et int]posita vocali fit ut aliae quoque consonantes4 ,he proce$s to illu/rate ) ! proposition ob3 ,id4 ib4 #fg4 ,ob autem mutatur 9 cognatas easdem1 ut (f]t1 (ficit2 et ommovet1 ommutescit2 et opp&it1 opp]itur2 ovv]tit1 ovvius4 ,let any "o1 keep+ 9 m9d ! di/9ctness ) :i* ! ,romans utt]$ d\bl$ consonants1 attempt to pron\nce ovvius on ! !ory ( consonant u l ,engli% 7w7 7674 ,by ! advocates ( ! w s\nd ( ! v mu* /ress is laid ^u ! fact t ! poets occasionally *ange ! consonant into ! v[el u1 & vice v]sa2 z ,horace1 ,epode ,,viii4 #b3 8,nivesque d$ucunt ,jovem1 nunc m>e nunc silu20 ,or ,lucretius1 9 ,,ii4 #bcb3 8,propt]ea quia corpus aquae naturaque t5vis40 ,su* s+le in/ances sugge/1 inde$1 a common orig9 9 ! u & v1 & a poet's lic5se1 ar*ai/ic p]haps2 b no m det]m9e ! ord9>y value ( ! lett] ?an1 say1 9 ! ,engli% poets ! rhym+ ( wnd ) mnd1 or ! mak+ a di/9ct syllable ( ! ed 9 p>ticiple end+s4 ,ano!r argum5t us$ 9 support ( ! w s\nd is tak5 f ! words ( ,nigidius ,figulus4 ,he 0 cont5d+1 we are told1 t words & names come into be+ n by *ance1 or arbitr>ily1 b by nature2 & he takes1 among o!r examples1 ! words vos & nos1 tu & ego1 tibi & mihi3 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,x4 iv4 #d4 ,vos1 inquit1 cum dicimus motu quodam oris conv5i5te cum ipsius v]bi demon/ratione utimur1 et labias s5sim primores emovemus1 ac spiritum atque animam porro v]sum et ad eos quibuscum s]monicamur int5dimus4 ,at contra cum dicimus nos neque pr(uso int5toque flatu vocis1 neque projectis labiis pronunciamus2 s$ et spiritum et labias quasi intra nosmetipsos co]cemus4 ,hoc idem fit et 9 eo quod dicimus tu et ego2 et tibi et mihi4 ,nam sicuti cum adnuimus et abnuimus1 motus quidem ille vel capitis vel oculorum a natura rei quam significabat non abhorret2 ita 9 8 vocibus1 quasi ge/us quidam oris et spiritus naturalis e/4 ,b a little c>eful exam9ation w %[ t ?is passage favors ! o!r side r4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! description3 8labias s5sim primores emovemus10 w apply to ei!r s\nd1 vos or wos1 al?\gh bett]1 z w appe> ^u consult+ ! mirror1 to vos ?an to wos2 b ! second3 8ac spiritum atque animam porro v]sum et ad eos quibuscum s]monicamur int5dimus10 w c]ta9ly apply f> bett] to vos ?an to wos4 ,9 wos we get ! 8projectis labiis0 to "s ext5t1 al?\gh n s m>k$ z 9 vos2 b we d n get any?+ l ! same 8pr(uso int5toque flatu vocis0 z 9 vos4 ,! same may be said ( ! argum5t drawn f ! anecdote relat$ by ,cic]o 9 8 de ,div9atione3 ,cic4 de ,div4 ,,xl4 #hd4 ,cum ,m4 ,crassus ex]citum ,brundisii impon]et1 quidam 9 portu c>icas ,cauno advectas v5d5s 8,cauneas60 clamitabat4 ,dicamus1 si placet1 monitum ab eo ,crassum cav]et ne iret1 non fuisse p]iturum si om9i p>uisset4 ,n[ :5 we rememb] t ,caunos1 :5ce ^! p>ticul> figs came1 0 a ,greek t[n2 t ! fig-sell] 0 v likely a ,greek himself 7,brundisium be+ a ,greek port s to speak71 b at any rate probably pron\nc$ ! "n z x 0 d\btless always he>d2 & t u 9 su* a connection is at pres5t pron\nc$ l our f or v1 & we "k ( no "t :5 x 0 pron\nc$ l our u1 x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t ! fig-sell] 0 cry+ 8,cafneas60--a s\nd f> m sugge/ive ( ,cave-ne-eas6 ?an 8,cauneas60 ( ,cawe ne eas6 ,b beyond ! te/imony1 direct & indirect1 ( gramm>ians & classic writ]s1 an argum5t aga9/ ! w s\nd appe>s 9 ! fact t ?is s\nd is n f\nd 9 ,greek 7f :i* ! vau is borr[$71 nor 9 ,italian or k9dr$ ,romance languages4 ,! initial u 9 ,italian repres5ts n ,lat9 u consonant1 b "s o!r lett]1 z h1 9 uomo 7= homo74 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d ! v s\nd1 z v$ova 7f vidua71--notice ! two v s\nds1--or ! u sometimes *ang$ to b1 z s]b>e f s]v>e2 bibita & bev&a1 bo? f bibo4 ,9 ,fr5* we f9d ! ,lat9 u consonant pass+ into f1 z ovum into uf2 novem into neuf4 ,x seems n improbable t 9 ,cic]o's "t & lat] ! consonant u repres5t$ "s v>iation ( s\nd1 t its value v>i$ 9 ! direction ( b or f1 & possibly1 9 "s ,greek words especially1 x 0 m vocaliz$1 z 9 vae6 7,greek 74 ,yet "h x is wor?y ( note t ! correspond+ words 9 ,italian are n writt5 ) u b ) gu1 z guai6 ,9 consid]+ ! s\nd ( ,lat9 u consonant we mu/ always keep 9 m9d t ! "q is "o ( "t1--n1 0 u ev] pron\nc$ z ,engli% w2 b1 0 x s pron\nc$ 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o & ,virgil4 ,pr(essor ,ellis well says3 8,any "o :o wi%es to arrive at a conclusion respect+ ! ,lat9 consonantal u mu/ le>n to pron\nce & di/+ui% readily ! f\r s]ies ( s\nds3 a e i o1 wa we wi wo wu1 v'a v'e v'i v'o v'u1 va ve vi vo vu40 ,n[ ! "q is3 ,at :at po9t along ?is l9e d we f9d ! u consonant ( ! gold5 age8 ,roby1 ?\gh n agree+ ) ,ellis 9 reject+ ! ,engli% w s\nd1 z ! repres5tative ( t p]iod1 decl>es himself 8q cont5t to ?9k t a labial v 0 prov9cially contempor>y & 9 ! end g5]ally sup]s$$ x40 ,b #8prov9cialisms' d n seem suffici5t to acc\nt = ! use ( = u consonant 9 inscriptions & 9 writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,= in/ance1 ,n]va & ,sev]us 9 contempor>y inscriptions are writt5 bo? ) & ) 3 1 2 1 4 ,& 9 ,plut>* we f9d num]\s in/ances ( tak+ ! place ( 4 ,x is true t ! in/ances 9 :i* we f9d tak+ ! place ( 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & e>li]1 are decid$ly 9 ! m9ority1 b :5 we recollect t 0 ! orig9al & natural repres5tative ( ! ,lat9 u1 ! fact t a *ange 0 made at all is ( great weight1 & "o in/ance ( = u w\ld outweigh a doz5 in/ances ( ! old =m1 ou4 ,t ! lett] %\ld be *ang$ 9 ! ,greek1 ev5 :5 x _h n be5 9 ! ,lat91 seems to make x c]ta9 t ! #8,greek e>1' at lea/1 _h detect$ a real v>iation ( s\nd f ! orig9al u1 & "o t approa*$1 at lea/1 _! 7,eng4 v74 ,nor1 9 ?is connection1 %\ld we fail to notice ! words 9 ,lat9 :]e u consonant is repres5t$ by b1 su* z bubile f bovile1 def]vi & def]bui f def]veo4 ,9 conclud+ ! argum5t = ! labial v s\nd ( consonantal u1 x may be prop] to sugge/ a fact :i* %\ld h no weight aga9/ a conclusive argum5t on ! o!r side1 b :i* might1 p]haps1 be all[$ to turn ! scale nicely balanc$4 ,! w s\nd is n only unfamili> b ne>ly1 if n q1 impossible1 to ! lips ( any ,european p except ! ,engli%1 & w\ld !re=e ( necessity h to be left out ( any univ]sally adopt$ s*eme ( ,lat9 pronunciation4 ,pr(essor ,ellis p]t95tly says3 8,z a matt] ( practical conv5i5ce ,engli% speak]s %\ld ab/a9 f w 9 ,lat91 because no ,cont95tal nation c adopt a s\nd !y _c pron\nce40 ,x has ! same s\nd z 9 ,engli%4 ,m>ius ,victor9us says3 ,keil4 t4 ,,vi4 p4 #cb4 ,deh9c duae supremae s et x jure jung5tur1 nam vic9o int] se sonore attracto sibilant rictu1 ita tam5 si prioris ictus pone d5tes excitatus ad m$ium l5is agitetur2 sequ5tis autem crasso spiritu hispidum sonet qui p] conjunctionem c et s1 qu>um et locum implet et vim exprimit1 ut s5su aurium ducamur efficitur4 ,aga93 ,id4 ib4 p4 #e4 ,x autem p] c et s possemus scrib]e4 ,&3 ,po/eaquam a ,graecis 1 et a nobis x1 recepta e/1 abiit et illorum et no/ra p]plexa ratio1 et 9 primis obs]vatio ,nigidii1 qui 9 libris suis x litt]a non e/ usus1 antiquitatem sequ5s4 ,x suff]s a long v[el be=e x1 be+ compos$ ( ! c 7! only mute t all[s a long v[el be=e x7 & ! s4 ,z probably _h a s\nd ak9 to ds 9 ,engli%4 ,aft] giv+ ! s\nd ( x z cs1 ,m>ius ,victor9us goes on to speak ( z ?us3 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #e4 ,sic et z1 si modo lat9o s]moni necess>ia esset1 p] d et s litt]as fac]emus4 ,,quantity4 ,a syllable 9 ,lat9 may consi/ ( f "o to six lett]s1 z a1 ab1 ars1 ,m>s1 /ans1 /irps4 ,9 divid+ into syllables1 a consonant betwe5 two v[els belongs to ! v[el foll[+ x4 ,:5 !re are two consonants1 ! fir/ goes ) ! v[el be=e1 ! second ) ! v[el aft]1 unless ! consonants =m su* a comb9ation z may /& at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w 7,lat9 or ,greek71 t is1 z may be utt]$ ) a s+le impulse1 z "o lett]2 9 :i* case !y g1 z "o1 ) ! v[el foll[+4 ,an app>5t exception is made 9 ! case ( comp\nd words4 ,^! are divid$ into _! compon5t p>ts :5 ^! p>ts rema9 intact4 ,on ^! po9ts ,priscian says3 ,si antec$5s syllaba t]m9at 9 consonantem necesse e/ et sequ5tem a consonante incip]e2 ut artus1 ille1 arduus2 nisi fit compositum3 ut abeo1 adeo1 p]eo4 ,nam 9 simplicibus dictionibus necesse e/ s et c ejusdem esse syllabae1 ut pascua1 luscus4 ,m quoque1 vel p1 vel t1 9 simplicibus dictionibus1 si antec$at s1 ejusdem e/ syllabae1 ut cosmos1 p]spir>e1 te/is4 ,9 semivocalibus similit] sunt praepositivae aliis semivocalibus 9 eadem syllaba2 ut m sequ5te n1 ut ,mne/eus1 amnis4 ,ea* lett] has its #8"t1' or #8times4' ,?us a %ort v[el has ! "t ( "o beat 7mora72 a long v[el1 ( two beats2 a s+le consonant1 ( a half beat2 a d\ble consonant1 ( "o beat4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 a syllable may h z _m z ?ree1 or ev5 f\r1 tempora2 b practically only two are recogniz$4 ,all ov] two are disreg>d$ & ea* syllable is simply c\nt$ #8%ort' 7"o beat7 or #8long' 7two beats74 ,priscian says3 ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #eb4 ,9 longis natura vel positione duo sunt tempora1 ut d1 ars2 duo semis1 qu&o po/ vocalem natura longam una sequitur consonans1 ut sol2 tria1 qu&o po/ vocalem natura longam duae consonantes sequuntur1 vel una duplex1 ut mons1 rex4 ,tam5 9 metro necesse e/ unamquamque syllabam vel unius vel duorum accipi temporum4 ,,acc5t4 ,! gramm>ians tell u t e syllable has ?ree dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread? & height1 or t5or1 spiritus1 tempus3 ,keil4 ,supp4 p4 ,,xviii4 ,habet etiam unaquaeque syllaba altitud9em1 latitud9em et longitud9em2 altitud9em 9 t5ore2 crassitud9em vel latitud9em1 9 spiritu2 longitud9em 9 tempore4 ,diom$es says3 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dcj4 ,acc5tus e/ dictus ab acc95do1 quod sit quasi quidam cujusque syllabae cantus4 ,& ,cic]o3 ,cic4 ,or4 ,,xviii4 ,ipsa enim natura1 quasi modul>etur hom9em orationem1 9 omni v]bo posuit acutam vocem1 nec una plus1 nec a po/rema syllaba citra t]tiam4 ,! gramm>ians recognize ?ree acc5ts2 b practically we ne$ take acc\nt ( b two1 inasmu* z ! ?ird is m]ely negative4 ,! syllable hav+ ! grave acc5t is1 z we %\ld say1 unacc5t$4 ,diom4 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dcj4 ,sunt v]o tres1 acutus1 gravis1 et qui ex duobus con/at circumflexus4 ,ex 81 acutus 9 correptis semp]1 int]dum productis syllabis v]satur2 inflexus 7or #8circumflexus'71 9 8 quae producuntur2 gravis autem p] se nunquam consi/]e 9 ullo v]bo pote/1 s$ 9 8 9 quibus inflexus e/1 aut acutus cet]as syllabas obt9et4 ,! same writ] ?us gives ! place ( ea* acc5t3 ,keil4 v4 ,i4 p4 #dca4 7,acutus7 apud ,lat9os duo tantum loca t55t1 pa5ultimum et antepa5ultimum2 circumflexus autem1 quotlibet syllab>um sit dictio1 non t5ebit nisi pa5ultimum locum4 ,omnis igitur p>s orationis hanc rationem pronuntiationis det9et4 ,omnis vox monosyllaba aliquid significans1 si brevis e/1 acuetur1 ut ab1 mel1 fel2 et1 si positione longa fu]it1 acutum similit] t5orem habebit1 ut ars1 p>s1 pix1 nix1 fax4 ,s9 autem longa natura fu]it1 flectetur1 ut lux1 spes1 flos1 sol1 mons1 fons1 lis4 ,omnis vox dissyllaba priorem syllabam aut acuit aut flectit4 ,acuit1 vel cum brevis e/ utraque1 ut deus1 citus1 datur1 arat2 vel cum positione longa e/ utraque1 ut soll]s2 vel alt]utra positione longa dum ne natura longa sit1 prior1 ut pontus2 po/]ior1 ut cohors4 ,si v]o prior syllaba natura longa et sequ5s brevis fu]it1 flectitur prior1 ut luna1 ,roma4 ,9 trisyllabis autem et tetrasyllabis et de9ceps1 secunda ab ultima semp] obs]v&a e/4 ,haec1 si natura longa fu]it1 inflectitur1 ut ,romanus1 ,ce!gus1 m>9us1 ,crisp9us1 amicus1 ,sab9us1 ,quir9us1 lectica4 ,si v]o eadem pa5ultima positione longa fu]it1 acuetur1 ut ,metellus1 ,catullus1 ,m>cellus2 ita tam5 si positione longa non ex muta et liquida fu]it4 ,nam mutabit acc5tum1 ut latebrae1 t5ebrae4 ,et si novissima natura longa itemque pa5ultima1 sive natura sive positione longa fu]it1 pa5ultima tantum acuetur1 non inflectetur2 sic1 natura1 ut ,fid5ae1 ,a!nae1 ,!bae1 ,cymae2 positione1 ut tabellae1 f5e/rae4 ,s9 autem m$ia et novissima breves fu]9t1 prima s]vabit acutum t5orem1 ut ,s]gius1 ,mallius1 ascia1 fusc9a1 ,julius1 ,claudius4 ,si omnes tres syllabae longae fu]9t1 m$ia acuetur1 ut ,romani1 legati1 praetores1 pra$ones4 ,priscian ?us def9es ! acc5ts3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iii4 p4 #eai4 ,acutus namque acc5tus ideo inv5tus e/ quod acuat sive elevet syllabam2 gravis v]o eo quod deprimat aut deponat2 circumflexus ideo quod deprimat et acuat4 ,!n aft] giv+ ! place ( ! acc5t he notes "s di/urb+ influ5ces1 :i* cause exceptions to ! g5]al rule3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iii4 pp4 #eai-eba4 ,tres quidem res acc5tuum regulas conturbant2 di/+u5di ratio2 pronunti&i ambiguitas2 atque necessitas4 4 4 4 ,ratio namque di/+u5di legem acc5tuum saepe conturbat4 ,siquis pronuntians dicat pon et erg1 quod apud ,lat9os 9 ultima syllaba nisi discretionis causa acc5tus poni non pote/3 ex hoc e/ quod diximus pon et erg4 ,ideo pon dicimus ne putetur v]bum esse imp]ativi modi1 hoc e/ pne2 erg ideo dicimus ne putetur conjunctio rationalis1 quod e/ rgo4 ,ambiguitas v]o pronunti&i legem acc5tuum saepe conturbat4 ,siquis dicat int]ealoci1 qui nescit1 alt]am p>tem dicat int]ea1 alt]am loci1 quod non sep>atim s$ sub uno acc5tu pronunti&um e/1 ne ambiguitatem 9 s]mone faciat4 ,necessitas pronuntiationis regulam1 corrumpit1 ut puta siquis dicat 9 primis doctus1 addat que conjunctionem1 dicatque doctusque1 ecce 9 pronuntiatione acc5tum mutavit1 cum non 9 secunda syllaba1 s$ 9 prima1 acc5tum hab]e debuit4 ,he also /ates ! law t det]m9es ! k9d ( acc5t to be us$3 ,id4 ib4 p4 #eba4 ,syllaba quae correptam vocalem habet acuto acc5tu pronuntiatur1 ut px1 fx1 px1 nx1 dx1 nx1 quae etiam tali acc5tu pronunti&a e/1 quamvis sit longa positione1 quia naturalit] brevis e/4 ,quae v]o naturalit] producta e/ circumflexo acc5tu exprim5da e/ ut1 rs1 ds1 sps4 ,dissyllabae v]o quae priorem productam hab5t et po/]iorem correptam1 priorem syllabam circumflectunt1 ut mta1 ,crta4 ,illae v]o quae sunt ambae longae vel prior brevis et ult]ior longa acuto acc5to pronunti&ae sunt1 ut npos1 lges1 rges4 ,hae v]o quae sunt ambae breves similit] acuto acc5tu pr(]untur1 ut bonus1 melos4 ,s$ not&um quod si prior sit longa positione non circumflexo1 s$ acuto1 acc5tu pronunti&a e/1 ut arma1 arcus1 quae1 quamvis sit longa positione1 tam5 exprim5da e/ tali acc5tu quia non e/ naturalis4 ,trisyllabae namque et tetrasyllabae sive de9ceps1 si pa5ultimam correptam habu]9t1 antepa5ultimam acuto acc5tu pr(]unt1 ut ,tllius1 ,ho/lius4 ,nam pa5ultima1 si positione longa fu]it1 acuetur1 antepa5ultima v]o gravabitur1 ut ,catllus1 ,metllus4 ,si v]o ex muta et liquida longa 9 v]su esse con/at1 9 oratione quoque acc5tum mutat1 ut latbrae1 t5brae4 ,syllaba v]o ultima1 si brevis sit et pa5ultimam naturalit] longam habu]it ipsam pa5ultimam circumflectit1 ut ,ce?gus1 p]sus4 ,ultima quoque1 si naturalit] longa fu]it1 pa5ultimam acuet1 ut ,a?nae1 ,mycnae4 ,ad hanc autem rem arsis et !sis necess>iae4 ,nam 9 unaquaque p>te oratione arsis et !sis sunt1 non 9 ord9e syllab>um1 s$ 9 pronuntiatione3 velut 9 hac p>te natura1 ut qu&o dico natu elevatur vox1 et e/ arsis intus2 qu&o v]o sequitur ra vox deponitur1 et e/ !sis de=is4 ,quantum autem susp5ditur vox p] ars9 tantum deprimitur p] !s94 ,s$ ipsa vox quae p] dictiones =matur donec acc5tus p]ficiatur 9 ars9 deputatur1 quae autem po/ acc5tum sequitur 9 !s94 ,9 ! matt] ( exceptions to ! rule t acc5t does n fall on ! ultimate1 we f9d a some:at wide div]g5ce ( op9ion among ! gramm>ians4 ,"s ( !m give num]\s exceptions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! di/+ui%+ ( p>ts ( spee*1 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! same ^w us$ z adv]b or preposition1 z nte & ant2 or betwe5 ! same =m z occurr+ 9 n\ns & v]bs1 z rges & regs2 & 9 f9al syllables contract$ or curtail$1 z f9t 7= f9ivit74 ,b s9ce on ?is po9t ! gramm>ians d n agree among !mselves1 ei!r z to numb] or class ( exceptions1 or ev5 z to ! mann] ( mak+ !m1 we may treat ?is matt] z ( no great importance 7z 9 ,engli%1 we please ourselves 9 say+ prfect or p]fct74 ,& "h x may be said t due att5tion to ! quantity w ( itself (t5 regulate ! acc5t 9 d\btful cases2 z :5 we say doce1 if we duly %ort5 ! o & l5g!n ! e ! effect w be correct1 :e!r ! e> ( ! gramm>ian detect acc5t on ! f9al syllable1 or n4 ,= z ,qu9tilian well says3 ,nam ut color oculorum indicio1 sapor palati1 odor n>ium d9oscitur1 ita sonus aurium arbitrio subjectus e/4 ,,pit*4 ,b besides ! l5g? ( ! syllable1 & ! place & quality ( ! acc5t1 ano!r matt] claims att5tion4 ,9 ,engli% all t is requir$ is to "k ! place ( ! acc5t1 :i* is simply di/+ui%$ by great] /ress ( voice4 ,?is peculi>ity ( our language makes x m difficult = u ?an = o!r peoples to get ! ,lat9 acc5t1 :i* is "o ( pit*4 ,9 ,lat9 ! acute acc5t means t on ! syllable ?us acc5t$ y raise ! pit*2 ! grave indicates m]ely ! l[] tone2 ! circumflex1 t ! voice is fir/ rais$1 !n depress$1 on ! same syllable4 ,to quote aga9 ! passage f ,priscian3 ,keil4 v4 ,,iii4 p4 #eai4 ,acutus namque acc5tus ideo inv5tus e/ quod acuat sive elevet syllabam2 gravis v]o eo quod deprimat aut deponet2 circumflexus ideo quod deprimat et acuat4 ,9 conclusion ( ?is "p ( ! "w ! foll[+ anecdotes f ,aulus ,gellius are giv51 z s]v+ to %[ t to ! rules ( classic ,roman pronunciation !re 7 exceptions1 app>5tly m or less arbitr>y1 "s--p]haps _m--( :i* we may n n[ hope to discov]2 & z s]v+ /ill m usefully to %[1 by ! /ress laid ^u po9ts ( comp>ative insignificance1 t exceptions 7 r>e1 su* z ev5 s*ol>s c\ld af=d to disagree ^u1 & n su* z to affect ! g5]al t5or ( ! language4 ,s t we are enc\rag$ to believe t1 z ! ,engli% language may be well & ev5 elegantly spok5 by ^? ^: spee* /ill includes scores1 if n hundr$s1 ( v>iations 9 pronunciation1 9 s\nds ( lett]s or 9 acc5t1 s we may hope to pron\nce ! ,lat9 ) "s good degree ( satisfaction1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 we say quisco or quisco1 ctito or ctito3 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,,vi4 xv4 ,amicus no/]1 homo multi /udii atque 9 bon>um discipl9>um op]e frequ5s1 v]bum quiescit usitate e litt]a correpta dixit4 ,alt] item amicus homo 9 doctr9is1 quasi 9 prae/igiis1 mirificus1 communiumque vocum respu5s nimis et fa/idi5s1 b>b>e eum dixisse op9atus e/2 quoniam produc]e debuisset1 non corrip]e4 ,nam quiescit ita oport]e dici pra$icavit1 ut calescit1 nitescit1 /upescit1 atque alia hujuscemodi multa4 ,id etiam addebat1 quod quies e producto1 non brevi1 dic]etur4 ,no/] autem1 qua e/ omnium r]um v]ecunda m$iocritate1 ne si ,aelii quidem ,c9cii et ,santrae dic5dum ita c5suiss5t obsecuturum sese fuisse ait1 contra p]petuam ,lat9ae l+uae consuetud9em4 ,neque se tam insignite locuturum1 absona aut inaudita ut dic]et4 ,litt]as autem sup] hac re fecit1 item int] haec ex]citia qua$am ludicra2 et quiesco non esse 8 simile quae supra posui1 nec a quiete dictum1 s$ ab eo quietem2 ,graecaeque vocis 1 ,ionice a v]bo 1 et modum et orig9em v]bum illud hab]e demon/ravit4 ,rationibusque haud sane frigidis docuit quiesco e litt]a longa dici non conv5ire4 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,,ix4 vi4 ,ab eo1 quod e/ ago et egi1 v]ba sunt quae appellant grammatici frequ5tativa1 actito et actitavi4 ,haec quosdam non sane indoctos viros audio ita pronunti>e ut primam 9 8 litt]am corripiant2 rationemque dicant1 quoniam 9 v]bo pr9cipali1 quod e/ ago1 prima litt]a brevit] pronuntiatur4 ,cur igitur ab eo quod e/ edo et ungo1 9 quibus v]bis prima litt]a brevit] dicitur1 esito et unctito1 quae sunt eorum frequ5tativa prima litt]a longa promimus8 et contra1 dictito1 ab eo v]bo quod e/ dico1 correpte dicimus8 ,num ergo potius actito et actitavi produc5da sunt8 quoniam frequ5tativa f]me omnia eodem modo 9 prima syllaba dicuntur1 quo p>ticipia praet]iti temporis ex iis v]bis unde ea pr(ecta sunt 9 eadem syllaba pronuntiantur2 sicut lego1 lectus1 lectito facit2 ungo1 unctus1 unctito2 scribo1 scriptus1 scriptito2 moneo1 monitus1 monito2 p5deo1 p5sus1 p5sito2 edo1 esus1 esito2 dico1 autem1 dictus1 dictito facit2 g]o1 ge/us1 ge/ito2 veho1 vectus1 vectito2 rapio1 raptus1 raptito2 capio1 captus1 captito2 facio1 factus1 factito4 ,sic igitur actito producte 9 prima syllaba pronunti&um1 quoniam ex eo fit quod e/ ago et actus4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x4 ,! directions n[ to be giv5 may be fitt+ly introduc$ by a few p>agraphs f ,pr(essor ,munro's pamphlet on ! pronunciation ( ,lat91 already m ?an once quot$ f4 ,he says--& "p ( ?is has be5 cit$ be=e3 8,we "k exactly h[ ,cic]o or ,qu9tilian did or c\ld spell2 we "k ! syllable on :i* !y plac$ ! acc5t ( almo/ e ^w2 & 9 almo/ e case we already foll[ !m 9 ?is4 ,i h ! conviction t 9 _! be/ days philological p took va/ pa9s to make ! writ+ exactly reproduce ! s\nd+2 & t if ,qu9tilian or ,tacitus spelt a ^w diff]5tly f ,cic]o or ,livy1 he also spoke x s f> diff]5tly4 ,) ! same am\nt ( evid5ce1 direct & indirect1 we h = ,lat91 x w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be wor? anybody's :ile to try to recov] ! pronunciation ( ,fr5* or ,engli%2 x might1 ,i ?9k1 be wor? 8 :ile to try to recov] t ( ,g]man or ,italian1 9 :i* s\nd & spell+ accord m ne>ly1 & acc5t obeys m det]m9able laws40 8,i am conv9c$10 he says 9 ano!r place1 8t ! ma9/ay ( an effici5t re=m is ! adoption ess5tially ( ! ,italian v[el sy/em3 x comb9es beauty1 firmness & precision 9 a degree n equall$ by any o!r sy/em ( :i* ,i h any k4 ,! little ragg$ boys 9 ! /reets ( ,rome & ,flor5ce enunciate _! v[els 9 a /yle ( :i* pr9ces might be pr\d40 ,& aga93 8,i d n propose t e "o %\ld le>n ,italian 9 ord] to le>n ,lat94 ,:at ,i w\ld sugge/ is1 t ^? :o "k ,italian %\ld make use ( _! k & %\ld 9 _m po9ts take ,italian s\nds = ! model to be foll[$2 t ^? :o d n "k x %\ld try to le>n f o!rs ! s\nds requir$1 or su* an approximation to !m z may be possible 9 ea* case40 ,we may !n sum up ! results at :i* we h arriv$ 9 ! foll[+ directions3 ,fir/ ( all pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! v[el s\nds1 to make !m full & di/9ct1 tak+ ! ,italian model1 if y "k ,italian1 & always obs]v+ /rictly ! quantity4 ,pron\nce z 9 ,italian fato2 or z f9al a 9 aha6 z 9 ,italian fatto2 or z initial a 9 aha6 or z 9 fa/ 7n z 9 fat74 z second e 9 ,italian f$ele2 or z 9 fte 7n fate72 or z 9 ve94 z 9 ,italian fetta2 or z 9 v4 z fir/ i 9 ,italian timide2 or z 9 caprice4 z second i 9 ,italian timide2 or z 9 caprici\s4 or 1 :]e ! spell+ v>ies betwe5 ! two 7e4g4 maximus1 maxumus71 z 9 ,g]man ,mll]4 z fir/ o 9 ,italian orlo2 or z 9 m4 z fir/ o 9 ,italian rotto2 or z 9 :olly 7n z 9 holly74 z 9 ,italian rumore2 or z 9 rural1 z 9 ,italian ruppe2 or z 9 puss 7n z 9 fuss74 ,let i 9 v be=e d1 t1 m1 r or x1 9 ! fir/ syllable ( a ^w1 be pron\nc$ q obscurely1 some:at z fir/ i 9 virg94 ,9 ! matt] ( diph?ongs1 be sure to take always ! correct spell+1 to beg9 )1 & ?us avoid :at ,munro ju/ly t]ms 8hateful b>b>isms l coelum1 co5a1 moe/us40 ,mu* "t is wa/$ by /ud5ts & bad habits are acquir$ 9 n f9d+1 at ! outset1 ! "r spell+ ( ea* ^w & hold+ to x4 ,?is ea* /ud5t mu/ d = himself1 consult+ a good diction>y1 z editors & editions are n always to be dep5d$ on4 ,"h x is ! diph?ongs t pres5t ! *ief difficulty & call = ! greate/ c>e4 ,9 pron\nc+ diph?ongs s\nd bo? v[els1 b glide s rapidly f ! fir/ to ! second z to (f] to ! e> b a s+le s\nd4 ,9 ! publication ( ! ,cambridge 7,eng47 ,philological ,society on 8,pronunciation ( ,lat9 9 ! ,augu/an ,p]iod10 ! foll[+ directions are giv53 8,! pronunciation ( ^! diph?ongs1 ( :i* ! la/ ?ree are extremely r>e1 is be/ le>nt by fir/ s\nd+ ea* v[el sep>ately & !n runn+ !m toge!r1 ae z ah-eh1 au z ah-oo1 oe z o-eh1 ei z eh-ee1 eu z eh-oo1 & ui z oo-ee40 ,?us3 ae 7ah-h7 z 9 ,g]man nh]2 or z ea 9 pe>2 or ay 9 aye 7ev]72 7n l 9 fate nor l ai 9 aisle74 ai 7ah-e7 z 9 aye 7yes74 au 7ah-o7 z 9 ,g]man ,haus1 ) m ( ! u s\nd ?an ou 9 h\se4 ei 7eh-e7 ne>ly z 9 veil4 7,9 de91 de9de1 ! ei is n a diph?ong1 b ! e1 :5 n =m+ a di/9ct syllable1 is elid$47 eu 7eh-o7 z 9 ,italian ,europa4 7,9 neut] & neutiquam elide ! e47 oe 7o-h7 ne>ly l ,g]man 9 ,goe!4 oi is n f\nd 9 ! classical p]iod4 7,9 pro91 pro9de1 ! o is ei!r elid$ or =ms a di/9ct syllable4 ou 9 pr\t is n a diph?ong2 ! u is ei!r elid$ or =ms a di/9ct syllable47 ui 7oo-e7 z 9 cuirass4 ,9 ! pronunciation ( consonants c]ta9 po9ts claim special att5tion4 ,& fir/ among ^! is ! s\nd+ ( ! d\bl$ consonants4 ,:oev] has he>d ,italian spok5 recognizes "o ( its greate/ beauties to be ! di/9ctness1 yet smoo?ness1 ) :i* its ll & rr & cc--9 %ort1 all its d\bl$ consonants--are pron\nc$4 ,no feature ( ! language is m *>m+4 ,& "o :o attempts ! same 9 ,lat9 & p]sev]es1 ) :atev] difficulty & pa9s1 w be amply rew>d$ 9 ! music ( ! language4 ,a good work+ rule = pron\nc+ d\bl$ consonants is to hold ! fir/ until ready to pron\nce ! second3 z 9 ! words we'll lie till late1 n to be pron\nc$ z we lie till eight4 ,next 9 importance1 &1 9 ,new ,engl& at lea/1 fir/ 9 difficulty1 is ! trill+ ( ! r4 ,!re c be no approximation to a satisfactory pronunciation ( ,lat9 until ?is r is acquir$2 b ! satisfaction 9 ! result :5 accompli%$ is well wor? all ! pa9s tak54 ,ano!r po9t to be obs]v$ is t ! d5tals t1 d1 n1 l1 require t ! tongue t\* ! tee?1 r ?an ! palate4 ,munro says3 8d & t we treat ) our usual slov5l9ess1 & =ce !m up to ! ro( ( our m\?3 we %\ld make !m real d5tals1 z no d\bt ! ,romans made !m1 & !n we %all see h[ readily ad at1 apud aput1 illud illut & ! l int]*ange40 ,?is requires c>e1 b amply repays ! ef=t4 ,x is necess>y also to rememb] t n be=e a guttural is pron\nc$ z 9 ! same position 9 ,engli%1 e4g41 9 ancora z 9 an*or2 9 anxius z 9 anxi\s2 9 rel9quo z 9 rel9qui%4 ,rememb] to make n be=e f or s a m]e nasal1 hav+ z little prom95ce o!rwise z possible1 & to c>efully l5g!n ! prec$+ v[el4 ,/udi\sly obs]ve ! l5g? ( ! v[el be=e ! t]m9ations gnus1 gna1 gnum4 ,rememb] t ! f9al syllable 9 m1 :5 n elid$1 is to be pron\nc$ z lightly & rapidly z possible1 ! m lightly & indi/9ctly ! bett]4 ,rememb] t s mu/ n be pron\nc$ z z1 except :]e x repres5ts z 9 ,greek words1 z ,smyrna 7,zmyrna71 ,sm>agdus 7,zm>agdus71 o!rwise always pron\nce z 9 sis4 ,rememb] 9 pron\nc+ v to direct ! l[] lip t[>d ! upp] lip1 avoid+ ! upp] tee?4 ,9 g5]al1 9 pron\nc+ ! consonants con=m to ! foll[+ s*eme3 b z 9 blab4 b be=e s or t1 %>p5$ to p1 z urbs urps2 obt9uit opt9uit4 c z sceptic 7nev] z 9 sceptre74 * z 9 *emi/ 7nev] z 9 *e] or *ivalry74 d z 9 did1 b made m d5tal ?an 9 ,engli%4 d f9al1 be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) a consonant1 9 p>ticles especially1 (t5 %>p5$ to t z 9 tid-bit 7tit-bit74 f z 9 fief1 b ) m brea? ?an 9 ,engli%4 g z 9 gig 7nev] z 9 g974 gn 9 t]m9ations gnus1 gna1 gnum1 makes prec$+ v[el long4 h z 9 hah6 i 7consonant7 z 9 onion4 k z 9 k9k4 l initial & f9al1 z 9 lull4 l m$ial1 z 9 lullaby1 always m d5tal ?an 9 ,engli%4 m initial & m$ial1 z 9 membrane4 m be=e q1 nasaliz$4 m f9al1 :5 n elid$1 t\*$ lightly & obscurely1 some:at z 9 t&em 7t&m72 or z 9 ! ,engli%man's pronunciation ( ,bl5heim 7,bl5hm71 ,birm+ham 7,birm+hm74 n initial & f9al1 z 9 n9e4 n m$ial1 z 9 damnable1 always m d5tal ?an 9 ,engli%4 n be=e c1 g1 q1 x1 z 9 concord1 ang]1 s9k]1 rel9qui%1 anxi\s1 ! tongue n t\*+ ! ro( ( ! m\?4 n be=e f or s1 nasal1 l5g!n+ ! prec$+ v[el1 z 9 r5aissance4 p z 9 pup4 q z 9 quick4 r z 9 ro>1 b trill$1 z 9 ,italian or ,fr5*4 7,?is is mo/ important47 s z 9 sis 7nev] z 9 874 t z 9 tot1 b m d5tal ?an 9 ,engli% 7nev] z 9 motion74 ? ne>ly z 9 !n 7nev] z 9 ?974 v 7u consonant7 ne>ly z 9 v]ve1 b labial1 r ?an labio-d5tal2 l ! ,g]man w 7n l ! ,engli% w74 ,make ,engli% v z ne>ly z may be done )\t t\*+ ! l[] lip to ! upp] tee?4 x z 9 six4 z ne>ly z dz 9 adze4 ,d\bl$ consonants to be pron\nc$ ea* di/9ctly1 by hold+ ! fir/ until ready to pron\nce ! second4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ellis well puts x3 8,no relaxation ( ! organs1 no puff ( w9d or grunt ( voice %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! two p>ts ( a d\bl$ consonant1 :i* %\ld m resemble sep>at$ p>ts ( "o articulation ?an two sep>ate articulations40 8,duplication ( consonants is consequ5tly reg>d$ simply z ! en]getic utt]ance ( a s+le consonant40 ,,elision4 ,pr(essor ,ellis believes t ! m 0 always omitt$ 9 speak+ & ! foll[+ consonant pron\nc$ z if d\bl$ 7quorum p>s z quorupp>s74 ,f9al m at ! end ( a s5t5ce he ?9ks 0 n he>d at all4 ,:]e a v[el foll[$ he ?9ks t ! m 0 n he>d1 ! v[el be=e be+ slurr$ on to ! initial v[el ( ! foll[+ ^w4 ,! ,cambridge 7,eng47 ,philological ,society1 h[ev]1 takes ! view t 8f9al v[els 7or diph?ongs7 :5 foll[$ by v[els 7or diph?ongs7 7 n cut (f1 b lightly run on to ! foll[+ ^w1 z 9 ,italian4 ,b if ! v[el 0 ! same ! effect 0 t ( a s+le s\nd40 ,pr(essor ,munro says3 8,9 respect ( elision ,i w\ld only say t1 by comp>+ ,plautus ) ,ovid1 we may see h[ mu* ! elaborate cultivation ( ! language _h t5d$ to a m di/9ct s\nd+ ( f9al syllables2 & t b = ,virgil's p[]ful influ5ce ! elision ( long v[els w\ld h almo/ ceas$4 ,cle>ly we mu/ n altoge!r pass ov] ! elid$ v[el or syllable 9 m1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( 9 common words1 que1 neque1 & ! l40 ,?is view1 held by ! ,cambridge ,philological ,society & by ,pr(essor ,munro1 is ! "o g5]ally accept$2 ! practice recomm5d$ by !m is ! "o g5]ally 9 use1 & t :i* seems safe & suitable to foll[4 ,t is3 ,d n altoge!r pass ov] ! elid$ v[el or syllable 9 m1 except 9 cases ( v close connection1 9 comp\nd words or phrases1 or :5 ! f9al & initial v[el are ! same1 or 9 ! case ( f9al 9 common words1 z que1 neque1 & ! l2 b let ! f9al v[el run lightly on to ! foll[+ v[el z 9 ,italian1 & t\* lightly & obscurely ! f9al syllable 9 m4 ,! o or e ( pro91 pro9de1 pr\t1 de91 de9de1 neut]1 neutiquam1 :5 n =m+ a di/9ct syllable1 are to be treat$ z cases ( elision betwe5 two words4 ,,quantity4 ,9 ! pronunciation ( ,lat9 ! obs]vance ( quantity & ( pit* are ! two mo/ difficult po9ts ( atta9m5t2 & !y are ! crucial te/ ( good read+4 ,! obs]vance ( quantity is no less important 9 prose ?an 9 v]se4 ,a little reflection w conv9ce ! dulle/ m9d t ! ,romans did n pron\nce a ^w "o way 9 prose & ano!r 9 v]se2 t we h n 9 poetry & prose two languages4 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian bo? enjo9 a due admixture ( long & %ort syllables 9 prose z well z v]se2 & any "o :o takes delight 9 read+ ,lat9 w he>tily agree ) ,pr(essor ,munro :5 he says3 8,= myself1 by obs]v+ quantity1 ,i seem to feel m ke5ly ! beauty ( ,cic]o's /yle & ,livy's1 z well z ,virgil's & ,horace's40 ,!re=e until "o feels at home ) ! quantities1 let him obs]ve ! rule ( beat+ "t 9 read+1 to make sure t ! long syllables get twice ! "t ( ! %ort ones4 ,9 ?is way he w soon h ! pronunciation ( ea* ^w correctly fix$ 9 m9d1 & w n be oblig$ to ?9k ( 8 quantities 9 v]se m ?an 9 prose4 ,a long /ep has be5 tak5 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,lat9 poetry :5 ! read] does n h to be ?9k+ ( ! #8feet4' ,"y /ud5ts p>ticul>ly %\ld be especially c>eful 9 ! f9al syllable ( ! v]se4 ,s9ce1 s f> z ! measure is conc]n$1 !re is no diff]5ce !re betwe5 ! long & ! %ort syllable1 ! read] is apt to be c>eless z to ! l5g? ( ! syllable itself1 & to make all f9al syllables long1 ev5 to ! mispron\nc+ ( ! ^w1 !reby bo? mak+ a false quantity & o!rwise injur+ ! effect ( ! v]se1 by import+ into x a monotony =eign to ! orig9al4 ,does n ,cic]o himself say t a %ort syllable at ! end ( ! v]se is z if y #8/ood' 7came to a /&71 b a long "o z if y #8sat d[n'8 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ! pron\nc+ ( f9al syllables ev]y:]e t ! mo/ s]i\s & p]si/5t faults are f\nd1 bs = bs be+ "o ( ! wor/ & mo/ common cases4 ,h[ mu* ( ! tea*]'s "t might be sp>$1 = bett] ?+s1 if he did n h to correct bs into bs6 ,! disposition to neglect ! d\ble & d\bl$ consonants is ano!r s]i\s fault1 z well z ! slov5ly pronunciation ( two consonants1 :]e ! read] fails to give ! "t necess>y to speak ea* di/9ctly1 mak+ false quantity & mispronunciation at ! same "t4 ,9 g5]al1 if two symbols are writt5 we are to inf] t two s\nds 7 int5d$4 ,! only exception to ?is is 9 ! case ( a few words :]e ! spell+ v>ies1 z casso or caso4 ,9 su* cases we may suppose t ! d\bl$ consonant 0 only design$ to indicate l5g?4 ,ano!r1 app>5t1 exception is 9 ! case ( a mute foll[$ by a liquid2 b ! mute & liquid are regul>ly s\nd$ z "o1 & !re=e d n affect ! l5g? ( ! prec$+ v[el4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( "t1 ! v]se requires !m to be pron\nc$ sep>ately4 ,9 ?is case ea* is to be giv5 di/9ctly2 ! mute & liquid mu/ n coalesce4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 z a rule1 ! v[el be=e a mute foll[$ by a liquid is %ort1 9 :i* case x mu/ on no acc\nt be l5g!n$4 ,?us1 ord9>ily1 we say p-tris1 b ! v]se may require pat-ris4 ,al?\gh ! v[el be=e two consonants is g5]ally %ort1 we f9d1 9 "s in/ances1 a long v[el 9 ?is position4 ,= example1 x w\ld appe> t ! v[el ( ! sup9e & cognate p>ts ( ! v]b is long if ! v[el ( ! pres5t indicative1 ?\gh %ort1 is foll[$ by a m$ial 7b1 g1 d1 z71 z ctus1 lctus1 f g1 lg4 ,let x be rememb]$ 9 ! matt] ( i consonant betwe5 two v[els1 t we h really ! =ce ( two ii's1 z orig9ally writt51 "o1 v[el1 mak+ a diph?ong ) ! prec$+1 ! o!r1 consonant1 introduc+ ! new syllable2 & t ! same is true ( ! comp\nds ( jacio1 :i* %\ld be writt5 ) a s+le i b pron\nc$ z ) two1 z obicit 7objicit74 ,,acc5t4 ,! "q ( acc5t pres5ts little difficulty z to place1 b "s z to quality1 & mu* z to k9d4 ,z to quality1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile ! acute acc5t is f\nd on syllables ei!r %ort or long 7by nature or position71 & on ei!r ! p5ult or ! antep5ult1 ! circumflex is f\nd only on long v[els1 & 79 words ( m ?an "o syllable7 only on ! p5ult1 & !n only 9 case ! ultima is %ort4 ,?us1 sps1 b dx2 ln1 b ln2 legtus1 b legti4 ,9 ^! examples ! l5g? ( ! syllable is ! same & ( c\rse rema9s ! same 9 inflection1 b ! quality ( ! acc5t *anges4 ,9 ! "o case ! voice is bo? rais$ & depress$ on ! same syllable1 9 ! o!r x is only rais$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ellis puts x3 8,if ! la/ syllable b "o is long1 x is spok5 ) a rais$ pit*1 :i* is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t if its v[el is %ort1 z3 vnts1 or if ! la/ syllable is long1 z3 fme2 b s9ks imm$iately if its own v[el is long1 & at ! same "t ! v[el ( ! la/ syllable is %ort1 z fm1 to be di/+ui%$ f fm40 ,b :5 we come to ! "q ( ! k9d ( acc5t1 we come ^u ! mo/ s]i\s matt] practically 9 ! pronunciation ( ,lat91 & ?is because ( a difficulty peculi> to ! ,engli% speak+ peoples4 ,! ,engli% acc5t is "o ( /ress1 :]eas ! ,roman is "o ( pit*4 ,no "o w disagree ) ,pr(essor ,ellis :5 he 8assumes10 9 8 ,quantitative ,pronunciation ( ,lat91 8t ! ,augu/an ,romans _h no =ce acc5t1 t is1 t !y did n1 z we d1 di/+ui% "o syllable 9 e ^w inv>iably by pron\nc+ x ) great] =ce1 t is1 ) great] l\dness1 ?an ! o!rs1 b t ! =ce v>i$ accord+ to ! feel+ ( ! mom5t1 or ! beat ( ! timekeep] 9 s++1 & 0 us$ = purposes ( expression2 j z ) u1 musical pit* is free1 t is1 j z we may pron\nce ! same ^w ) diff]5t musical pit*es = its diff]5t syllables1 & 9 fact are oblig$ to v>y ! musical pit* 9 int]rogations & replies4 ,! fixity ( musical pit* & fre$om ( degrees ( =ce 9 ,lat91 & ! fre$om ( musical pit* & fixity ( degrees ( =ce 9 ,engli% %>ply di/+ui% ! two pronunciations ev5 irrespective ( quantity40 ,b ?is pit* acc5t1 :ile ali5 to u1 is n impossible ( acquisition1 & x is ess5tial to any adequate r5d]+ ( any ,lat9 writ]1 :e!r ( prose or v]se4 ,nor w ! atta9m5t be a "w ( indef9ite "t if "o pursues ) con/ancy "s su* c\rse z ! foll[+1 recomm5d$ by ,pr(essor ,ellis3 8,! place ( rais$ pit*10 he says1 8mu/ be /rictly obs]v$1 & = ?is purpose ! v]ses _h bett] be fir/ read 9 a k9d ( s+-song1 ! high pit*$ syllables be+ all ( "o pit* & ! l[ pit*$ syllables be+ all ( "o pit* also1 b ab\t a musical #8fif?' l[] ?an ! o!r1 z if ! latt] 7 sung to ! l[e/ note ( ! f\r? /r+ ( a viol91 & ! =m] 7 sung to ! l[e/ note ( its ?ird /r+40 99 99 99 ,9 ! =ego+ pages an ef=t has be5 made to br+ toge!r compactly & to set =? concisely ! nature ( ! #8,roman me?od' ( pron\nc+ ,lat92 ! reasons = adopt+1 & ! simple/ means ( acquir+ x4 ,no attempt has be5 made at a philosophical or exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject2 b at ! same "t x is hop$ t no?+ unphilosophical has crept 91 or any?+ be5 omitt$1 :i* might h be5 giv51 to r5d] ! subject intelligible & enable ! intellig5t read] to und]/& ! po9ts & be able to give a reason = ea* usage h]e9 recomm5d$4 ,! ma9 object 9 view 9 prep>+ ?is little book has be5 to help ! tea*]s ( ,lat9 9 ! second>y s*ools1 to furni% !m some?+ n too volum9\s1 yet z satisfactory z ! nature ( ! case all[s1 ^u a subject :i* ! pres5t div]sity ( op9ion & practice has r5d]$ unnecess>ily obscure4 ,to ^! tea*]s1 !n1 a ^w f ,pr(essor ,ellis may be fitly spok5 9 conclusion3 8,to tea* a p]son to read prose well1 ev5 9 8 own language1 is difficult1 p>tly because he has seldom he>d prose well read1 ?\gh he is con/antly he>+ prose ar\nd him1 intonat$1 b unrhy?mical4 ,9 ! case ( a dead language1 l ! ,lat91 :i* ! pupil nev] he>s spok51 & seldom he>s read1 except by himself or 8 equally ignorant & hobbl+ fell[-s*ol>s1 ?is difficulty is inord9ately increas$4 ,let me once m impress on e tea*] ( ,lat9 ! duty ( himself le>n+ to read ,lat9 readily accord+ to acc5t & quantity2 ! duty ( 8 read+ out to 8 pupils1 ( 8 sett+ !m a patt]n1 ( 8 he>+ t !y foll[ x1 ( 8 correct+ _! mi/akes1 ( 8 lead+ !m into "r habits4 ,if ! quantitative pronunciation be adopt$1 no "o w be fit to become a classical tea*] :o _c read a simple ,lat9 s5t5ce dec5tly1 ) a /rict obs]vance ( t quantity by :i* alone ! greate/ ( ,lat9 orators regulat$ 8 own rhy?ms40 8,all pronunciation is acquir$ by imitation1 & x is n till aft] he>+ a s\nd _m times t we are able to grasp x suffici5tly well to imitate4 ,x is a mi/ake con/antly made by tea*]s ( language to suppose t a pupil kn[s by once he>+ unfamili> s\nds1 or ev5 unfamili> comb9ations ( famili> s\nds4 ,:5 pupils are made to imitate too soon1 !y acquire an errone\s pronunciation1 :i* !y aft]w>d he> con/antly f !mselves actually or m5tally1 & believe t !y he> f ! tea*] dur+ ! small fraction ( a second t ea* s\nd la/s1 & h5ce ! habits ( ^! organs become fix$40 ,! foll[+ direction is ( ! utmo/ importance 7,curw5's 8,/&>d ,c\rse10 p4 #c73 8,! tea*] nev] s+s 7speaks7 ) 8 pupils1 b s+s 7utt]s1 reads1 dictates7 to !m a brief & s(t patt]n4 ,! fir/ art ( ! pupil is to li/5 well to ! patt]n1 & !n to imitate x exactly4 ,he t li/5s be/ s+s 7speaks7 be/40 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,inconsi/5cies 7not$ by transcrib]7 ,keil4 v4 ,,vi4 p4 #bc4 ,f autem apud ,aeolis ! lett] is pr9t$ z an ,f1 n a capital digamma ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #ae4 444 ,pro quo ,caes> hanc figuram ! lett] %[n 9 brackets is pr9t$ z an upside-d[n digamma ,keil4 v4 ,,ii4 p4 #aa4 444 apud vet]es ,graecos pro et ! ?ird lett] may n display on y\r comput]2 x is ! capital ,heta1 resembl+ ! left half ( capital ,h or ,eta v 7u consonant7 444 )\t t\*+ ! l[] lip 444 text reads 8t\*-0 at l9e-end