,,physico-,,theology ,transcriber's ,note3 ,due to the age of this book1 spelling1 grammar1 hyphenation1 capitalization etc do not conform to modern standards1 and in many cases are not even consistent within the text itself4 ,text has been retained as printed4 ,exceptions were made for a few extremely obvious printer's errors 7such as ,,raeder for ,,reader in the heading ,,to ,,the ,,reader1 and confusion between similar-looking ,hebrew letters74 ,italic text is denoted like this2 upright text within italic passages like this2 bold text like this4 ,,physico-,,theology3 ,,or1 ,a ,,demonstration ,,of ,,the ,,being and ,,attributes of ,,god1 ,,from ,,his ,works of ,creation4 ,being the ,substance of ,sixteen ,,sermons ,preached in ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow-,church1 ,london2 ,at the ,honourable ,mr4 ,,boyle's ,,lectures1 in the ,years #agaa1 and #agab4 ,with large ,,notes1 and many curious ,,observations4 ,by ,w3 ,,derham1 ,canon of ,windsor1 ,rector of ,upminster in ,essex1 and ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mala impia consuetudo est contra ,deos disputare1 sive animo id fit1 sive simulat4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 fine4 ,the ,,fifth ,,edition1 more ,correct than any of the former4 ,illustration ,,london3 ,printed for ,w4 and ,j4 ,,innys1 at the ,prince's-,arms the ,west ,end of ,st4 ,paul's4 #agbj4 ,illustration ,,to ,,the ,most ,reverend ,father in ,,god1 ,,thomas1 ,lord ,archbishop of ,,canterbury4 ,primate of all ,,england1 c4 ,the ,surviving ,,trustee of the ,honourable ,mr4 ,,boyle's ,,lectures4 ,may it please ,your ,grace1 ,i may justly put these ,,lectures under your ,graces ,patronage1 their ,publication being wholly owing to ,you3 ,for having the ,honour to be a ,member of the ,,royal ,,society1 as well as a ,divine1 ,i was minded to try what ,i could do towards the ,improvement of ,philosophical ,matters to ,theological ,uses2 and accordingly laid a ,scheme of what ,i have here published a ,part of1 and when ,i had little else to do1 ,i drew up what ,i had to say1 making it rather the diverting ,exercises of my ,leisure ,hours1 than more serious ,theological ,studies4 ,this ,work1 7although ,i made a considerable ,progress in it at first1 whilst a ,novelty1 yet7 having no ,thoughts of ,publishing1 ,i laid aside1 until your ,grace1 being informed of my ,design by some of my ,learned ,friends1 both of the ,clergy and ,laity1 was pleased to call me to the unexpected ,honour of ,preaching ,mr4 ,boyle's ,,lectures3 ,an ,honour ,i was little aware of in my ,country-,privacy1 and not much acquainted with ,persons in high ,stations1 and not at all1 particularly1 with your ,grace4 ,so that therefore as it pleased your ,grace1 not only to confer an unsought profitable ,honour upon me 7a ,stranger7 but also to continue it for ,two ,years1 out of ,your good ,opinion of my ,performance1 in some measure1 answering ,mr4 ,boyle's ,end2 so ,i can do no less than make this publick1 grateful ,acknowledgment of your ,grace's great and unexpected ,favour4 ,but it is not my self alone2 but the whole ,,lecture also is beholden to your ,grace's kind and pious ,endeavours4 ,it was ,you that encouraged this noble ,charity1 and assisted in the ,settlement of it1 in the ,honourable ,founder's ,life-time2 and since his ,death1 it was ,you that procured a more certain ,salary for the ,,lecturers1 paid more constantly and duly than it was beforea4 ,these ,benefits as ,i my self have been a ,sharer of1 so ,i should be very ungrateful should ,i not duly acknowledge1 and repay with my repeated ,thanks and good ,wishes ,and that the infinite ,rewarder of well-doing may give ,your ,grace a plentiful ,reward of these1 and ,your many other1 both ,publick and ,private ,benefactions1 is the hearty ,wish of1 ,your ,,grace's ,most ,humble and ,thankful ,son and ,servant1 ,w4 ,,derham4 ,,footnotes3 a ,it may not only gratify the ,reader's ,curiosity1 but also be of ,use for preventing ,encroachments in ,time to come1 to give the following ,account of ,mr4 ,boyle's ,lectures4 ,mr4 ,boyle1 by a ,codicil1 dated ,july #bh4 #afia4 and annexed to his ,will1 charged his ,messuage or ,dwelling-,house in ,st4 ,michael's ,crooked-,lane1 ,london1 with the ,payment of the clear ,yearly ,rents and ,profits thereof1 to some ,learned ,divine in ,london1 or within the ,bills of ,mortality1 to be ,elected for a ,term not exceeding ,three ,years1 by his ,grace the present ,lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury 7then ,dr4 ,tenison71 ,sir ,henry ,ashurst1 ,sir ,john ,rotheram1 and ,john ,evelyn1 ,esq2 ,the ,business he appointed those ,lectures for1 was1 among others1 to be ready to satisfie real ,scruples1 and to answer such new ,objections and ,difficulties1 as might be started3 to which good ,answers had not been made4 ,and also1 ,to ,preach ,eight ,sermons in the ,year1 the first ,monday of ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 ,april and ,may1 and of ,september1 ,october and ,november4 ,the ,subject of these ,sermons was to be1 ,the ,proof of the ,christian ,religion against notorious ,infidels1 viz4 ,atheists1 ,theists1 ,pagans1 ,jews1 and ,mahometans1 not descending lower to any ,controversies that are among ,christians themselves4 ,but by ,reason the ,lecturers were seldom continued above a ,year1 and that the ,house sometimes stood empty1 and ,tenants brake1 or failed in due ,payment of their ,rent1 therefore the ,salary sometimes remained long unpaid1 or could not be gotten without some ,difficulty3 ,to remedy which ,inconvenience1 his present ,grace of ,canterbury procured a ,yearly ,stipend of #ejl4 to be paid ,quarterly for ever1 charged upon a ,farm in the ,parish of ,brill1 in the ,county of ,bucks3 ,which ,stipend is accordingly very duly paid when demanded1 without ,fee or ,reward4 ,illustration ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,sidenote3 ,vid4 ,bp4 ,burnet's ,funeral ,serm4 p4 #bd4 ,as the noble ,founder of the ,,lectures ,i have had the ,honour of ,preaching1 was a great ,improver of ,natural ,knowledge1 so1 in all ,probability1 he did it out of a pious ,end1 as well as in ,pursuit of his ,genius4 ,for it was his settled ,opinion1 that nothing tended more to cultivate true ,religion and ,piety in a ,man's ,mind1 than a thorough ,skill in ,philosophy4 ,and such ,effect it manifestly had in him1 as is evident from divers of his published ,pieces2 from his constant ,deportment in never mentioning the ,name of ,,god without a ,pause1 and visible ,stop in his ,discourse2 and from the noble ,foundation of his ,lectures for the ,honour of ,,god1 and the generous ,stipend he allowed for the same4 ,sidenote3 ,vid4 ,mr4 ,boyle's ,will4 ,and forasmuch as his ,lectures were appointed by him for the ,proof of the ,christian ,religion against ,atheists and other notorious ,infidels1 ,i thought1 when ,i had the ,honour to be made his ,lecturer1 that ,i could not better come up to his ,intent1 than to attempt a ,demonstration of the ,being and ,attributes of ,,god1 in what ,i may call ,mr4 ,boyle's own1 that is a ,physico-,theological1 ,way4 ,and1 besides that it was for this very ,service that ,i was called to this ,honour1 ,i was the more induced to follow this ,method1 by reason none of my learned and ingenious ,predecessors in these ,lectures1 have done it on purpose1 but only casually1 in a transient1 piece-meal manner2 they having made it their ,business to prove the great ,points of ,christianity in another ,way1 which they have accordingly admirably done4 ,but considering what our ,honourable ,founder's ,opinion was of ,natural ,knowledge1 and that his ,intent was1 that those ,matters by passing through divers ,hands1 and by being treated of in different ,methods1 should take in most of what could be said upon the ,subject1 ,i hope my ,performance may be acceptable1 although one of the meanest4 ,as for others1 who have before me done something of this kind2 as ,mersenne on ,genesis2 ,dr4 ,cockburne in his ,essays2 ,mr4 ,ray in his ,wisdom of ,god1 c4 and ,i may add the first of ,mr4 ,boyle's ,lecturers1 the most learned ,dr4 ,bently in his ,boyle's ,lectures1 the eloquent ,arch-,bishop of ,cambray1 7and ,i hear1 the ingenious ,mons4 ,perault hath something of this kind1 but never saw it37 ,i say1 as to these learned and ingenious ,authors1 as the ,creation is an ample ,subject1 so ,i industriously endeavour'd to avoid doing over what they before had done2 and for that ,reason did not1 for many ,years1 read their ,books until ,i had finish'd my own4 ,but when ,i came to compare what each of us had done1 ,i found my self in many ,things to have been anticipated by some or other of them1 especially by my ,friend1 the late great ,mr4 ,ray4 ,and therefore in some ,places ,i shorten'd my ,discourse1 and referr'd to them2 and in a few others1 where the ,thread of my ,discourse would have been interrupted1 ,i have made use of their ,authority1 as the best ,judges2 as of ,mr4 ,ray's1 for ,instance1 with ,relation to the ,mountains and their ,plants1 and other ,products4 ,if then the ,reader should meet with any ,thing mention'd before by others1 and not accordingly acknowledged by me1 ,i hope he will candidly think me no ,plagiary1 because ,i can assure him ,i have along1 7where ,i was aware of it17 cited my ,authors with their due ,praise4 ,and it is scarce possible1 when ,men write on the same1 or a ,subject near a-kin1 and the ,observations are obvious1 but that they must often hit upon the same ,thing3 ,and frequently this may happen from ,persons making ,observations about one1 and the same ,thing1 without knowing what each other hath done2 which indeed1 when the first ,edition of my ,book was nearly printed off1 ,i found to be my own ,case1 having 7for want of ,dr4 ,hook's ,micrography being at hand1 it being a very scarce ,book1 and many ,years since ,i read it17 given ,descriptions of two or three ,things1 which ,i thought had not been tolerably well observ'd before1 but are describ'd well by that curious ,gentleman4 ,one is a ,feather1 the ,mechanism of which we in the main agree in1 except in his ,representation in ,fig4 #a4 ,scheme #bb4 which is somewhat different from what ,i have represented in my ,fig4 #ah1 c4 ,but ,i can stand by the ,truth1 though not the ,elegance of my ,figures4 ,but as to the other ,differences1 they are accidental1 occasion'd by our taking the ,parts in a different ,view1 or in a different ,part of a ,vane2 and to say the ,truth1 7not flattering my self1 or detracting from the admirable ,observations of that great ,man17 ,i have hit upon a few ,things that escap'd him1 being enabled to do so1 not only by the ,help of such ,microscopes as he made use of2 but also by those made by ,mr4 ,wilson1 which exceed all ,i ever saw1 whether of ,english1 ,dutch1 or ,italian make2 several of which ,sorts ,i have seen and examined4 ,the other ,thing we have both of us figur'd and describ'd1 is1 ,the ,sting of a ,bee or ,wasp2 in which we differ more than in the last4 ,but by a careful ,re-examination1 ,i find1 that although ,dr4 ,hook's ,observations are more critical than any were before1 yet they are not so true as mine4 ,for as to the ,scabbard1 7as he calls it17 ,i could never discover any ,beards thereon2 and ,i dare be confident there are none1 but what are on the two ,spears4 ,and as to the ,point of the ,scabbard1 he hath represented it as tubular1 or bluntish at the ,top2 but it really terminates in a sharp ,point1 and the two ,spears and the ,poyson come out at a ,slit1 or longish ,hole1 a little below the ,top or ,point4 ,and as to the ,spears1 he makes them to be but one1 and that the ,point thereof lies always out of the ,scabbard4 ,but by a strict ,examination1 they will be found to be two1 as ,i have said1 and that they always lie within the ,scabbard1 except in stinging2 as ,i have represented them1 in ,fig4 #ba4 from the transparent ,sting of a ,wasp4 ,and as to the ,spear being made of ,joynts1 and parted into two1 as his ,fig4 #b4 ,scheme #af4 represents1 ,i could never upon a ,review1 discover it to be so1 but imagine1 that by seeing the ,beards lying upon1 or behind the ,spears1 he might take them for ,joynts1 and by seeing the ,point of one ,spear lie before the other1 he might think the ,spear was parted in two4 ,but lest the ,reader should think himself imposed upon both by ,dr4 ,hook and my ,self1 it is necessary to be observ'd1 that the ,beards 7or ,tenterhooks as ,dr4 ,hook calls them7 lie only on one ,side of each ,spear1 not all round them2 and are therefore not to be seen1 unless they are laid in a due ,posture in the ,microscope1 viz4 sideways1 not under1 or atop the ,spear4 ,the last ,thing 7which scarce deserves mention7 is the ,mechanism of the ,hair1 which ,dr4 ,hook found to be solid1 like a long ,piece of ,horn1 not hollow1 as ,malpighi found it in some ,animals4 ,and ,i have found both those great ,men to be in some ,measure in the ,right1 the ,hair of some ,animals1 or in some ,parts of the ,body being very little1 if at all tubular2 and in others1 particularly ,mice1 ,rats and ,cats1 to be as ,i have represented in my ,fig4 #ad4 c4 ,and now if my ,inadvertency in other ,things hath no worse ,effect than it hath had in these1 namely1 to confirm1 correct1 or clear others ,observations1 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse it1 if he meets with any more of the like kind4 ,but not being conscious of any such ,thing 7although probably there may be many such7 ,i am more sollicitous to beg the ,reader's ,candour and ,favour1 with ,relation both to the ,text and ,notes3 ,in the former of which1 ,i fear he will think ,i have much under-done1 as in the latter over-done the ,matter3 ,but for my ,excuse1 ,i desire it may be consider'd1 that the textual ,part being ,sermons1 to be deliver'd in the ,pulpit1 it was necessary to insist but briefly upon many of the ,works of ,,god1 and to leave out many ,things that might have been admitted in a more free ,discourse4 ,so that ,i wish it may not be thought ,i have said too much rather than too little for such an ,occasion and ,place4 ,and indeed1 ,i had no small ,trouble in expunging some ,things1 altering many1 and softening the most1 and1 in a word1 giving in some measure the ,whole a different ,dress than what ,i had at first drawn it up in1 and what it now appears in4 ,and as for the ,notes1 which may be thought too large1 ,i confess ,i might have shorten'd them1 and had ,thoughts of doing it1 by casting some of them into the ,text1 as an ingenious1 learned ,friend advis'd4 ,but when ,i began to do this1 ,i found it was in a ,manner to new-make all1 and that ,i should be necessitated to transcribe the greatest ,part of the ,book1 which 7having no ,assistant7 would have been too tedious for me1 being pretty well fatigu'd with it before4 ,i then thought it best to pare off from some1 and to leave out others1 and accordingly did so in many ,places1 and would have done it in more1 particularly1 in many of the ,citations out of the ,ancients1 both ,poets and others1 as also in many of the anatomical ,observations1 and many of my own and others ,observations3 ,but then ,i consider'd as to the ,first1 that those ,citations do 7many of them at least7 shew the ,sense of ,mankind about ,god's ,works1 and that the most of them may be acceptable to young ,gentlemen at the ,universities1 for whose ,service these ,lectures are greatly intended4 ,and as to the anatomical ,notes1 and some others of the like ,nature1 most of them serve either to the ,confirmation1 or the ,illustration1 or ,explication of the ,text1 if not to the learned1 yet to the unskilful1 less learned ,reader2 for whose sake1 if ,i had added more1 ,i believe he would forgive me4 ,and lastly1 as to the ,observations of my self and some others1 where it happens that they are long1 it is commonly where a ,necessity lay upon me of fully expressing the ,author's ,sense1 or my own1 or where the ,thing was new1 and never before ,publish'd2 in which ,case1 it was necessary to be more ,express and ,particular1 than in ,matters better known1 or where the ,author may be referr'd unto4 ,in the former ,editions ,i promised another ,part ,i ,had relating to the ,heavens1 if ,i was thereunto encouraged4 ,and two large ,impressions of this ,book1 having been sold off1 so as to admit of a ,third before the ,year was gone about2 and hearing that it is translated into two1 if not three ,languages2 but especially being importuned by divers learned ,persons1 both known and unknown1 ,i have thought my self sufficiently engaged to perform that ,promise2 and have accordingly published that ,part4 ,so that ,i have now carry'd my ,survey through most ,parts of the visible ,creation1 except the ,waters1 which are for the most ,part omitted2 and the ,vegetables1 which1 for want of ,time1 ,i was forced to treat of in a perfunctory ,manner4 ,and to the ,undertaking of the former of these1 having receiv'd divers ,sollicitations from ,persons unknown as well as known1 ,i think my self bound in ,civility to own their ,favour1 and to return them my hearty ,thanks for the kind ,opinion they have shewn of my other ,performances1 that they have encourag'd me to undertake this other ,task4 ,and accordingly ,i have begun it1 and 7as far as my ,affairs will permit7 have made some ,progress in it3 ,but ,age and ,avocations growing upon me1 ,i begin to fear ,i shall scarce be able to finish it as ,i would1 and therefore must recommend that ample and noble ,subject to others1 who have more leisure1 and would do it better than ,i4 ,as to ,additions1 ,i have been much sollicited thereto by divers curious and learned ,persons1 who would have had me to insert some of their ,observations1 and many more of my own3 ,but in a ,work of this ,nature1 this would have been endless2 and although the ,book would thereby be render'd much better1 and more compleat1 yet ,i could by no ,means excuse so great an ,injustice to the ,purchasers of the former ,editions4 ,and therefore 7except in the second ,edition1 where it was not easy to be avoided7 few ,additions or ,alterations have been made1 besides what were ,typographical1 or of small ,consideration4 ,only in the third ,edition ,i amended the first ,paragraph of ,note 7a74 ,chap4 #e4 ,book #a4 concerning ,gravity2 and in the ,fourth1 ,page #af4 and #ah4 ,i inserted two ,passages out of ,seneca1 that were inadvertently left out1 and corrected many ,things1 that upon a careful ,review1 seem'd to want amendment4 ,and lastly1 as to the following ,analysis1 it was added at the ,request of some of my learned and ingenious ,friends2 and although it might have been contracted1 they would not suffer it to be so4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,an ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,following ,,book4 ,the ,works of the ,creation relating to our ,terraqueous ,globe1 are such as are visible in the ,outworks or ,appendages of the ,globe1 viz4 these three3 #a4 ,the ,atmosphere ,composed of ,air and ,vapours1 ,page #d4 ,useful to ,respiration and ,animal ,life #e4 ,vegetation of ,plants #i4 ,conveyance of ,the winged ,tribes4 ,sound #aa4 ,the ,functions of ,nature4 ,reflecting and ,refracting ,light #ab4 ,containing the ,winds1 which are of great ,use and ,necessity ,to the ,salubrity and ,pleasure of the ,air #ad4 ,in various ,engines #ah4 ,in ,navigation4 ,clouds and ,rain3 ,of great ,use to the ,refreshment of the ,earth and the things therein #bj4 ,origine of ,fountains1 according to some #bc4 #b4 ,light4 ,its ,fountain #bf4 ,wonderful ,necessity and ,use4 ,improvement by ,glasses #bh4 ,velocity4 ,expansion #bi4 #c4 ,gravity4 ,its great ,benefit #cc4 ,cause of ,levity1 which is of great ,use in the ,world #ce4 ,terraqueous ,globe it self4 ,of which ,i take a ,view in ,general of4 ,its ,spherical ,figure1 which is the most commodious in regard of1 ,light #dj4 ,heat4 ,lodgment of the ,waters4 ,the ,winds #da4 ,its ,bulk #dc4 ,its ,motion ibid4 ,annual4 ,diurnal4 ,its ,place and ,distance from the ,sun1 and other heavenly ,bodies #df4 ,its ,distribution1 so as to cause all the ,parts of the ,globe to ,balance each other #dh4 ,be helpful to one another4 ,the great ,variety and ,quantity of all things serving for ,food1 ,physick1 ,building1 and every ,use and ,occasion of all ,ages1 ,places1 and ,creatures #ec4 ,an ,objection answered #ee4 ,particular of the ,earth3 of its ,constituent ,parts1 viz4 ,its ,soils and ,moulds1 necessary to the ,growth of various ,vegetables #fa4 ,various ,occasions of ,man1 and other ,animals #fb4 ,various ,strata or ,beds1 affording ,materials for ,tools4 ,firing4 ,building4 ,dying1 and thousands of other things #fd4 ,conveyance of the sweet ,fountain-,waters #fe4 ,subterraneous ,caverns and ,vulcano's2 of great ,use to the ,countries where they are #fg4 ,mountains and ,valleys1 which are not rude ,ruins1 but ,works of ,design1 inasmuch as this ,structure of the ,earth is ,the most beautiful and pleasant4 ,the most ,salubrious3 to some ,constitutions1 the ,hills2 to some1 the ,valleys #ga4 ,best to skreen us1 and other things #gb4 ,beneficial to the ,production of various ,vegetables4 ,harbour and ,maintenance of various ,animals #gc4 ,generation of ,minerals and ,metals #ge4 ,absolutely necessary to the ,conveyance of the ,rivers2 and in all probability to the ,origine of ,fountains ibid4 ,conclusion against blaming ,,god #ha4 ,its ,inhabitants2 which are either ,sensitive or ,insensitive4 ,concerning the ,sensitive1 some things are ,common to all the ,tribes1 particularly these ,ten3 ,i4 ,the five ,senses and their ,organs2 the #he4 ,eye1 an admirable ,piece of ,mechanism in regard of its ,form1 for the most part ,spherical1 which is best for ,the ,reception of ,objects4 ,motion of the ,eye #ij4 ,situation in the most commodious part of the ,body of every ,creature4 ,motion1 in some ,animals1 ,every way4 ,fixed2 and the excellent ,provision in that case #ia4 ,size3 which is in ,all ,creatures1 according to their ,occasions4 ,such as live abroad in the ,light2 larger4 ,such as live under ground1 less4 ,number1 in some ,animals3 ,two #id4 ,more3 ,together with the wise ,provision to prevent double ,vision4 ,parts2 some of which are viewed ,transiently1 the ,arteries1 ,veins1 and some of the ,muscles and ,tunicks4 ,more strictly some of the ,muscles1 and the excellent ,provision made for their peculiar ,uses1 ,equilibration1 c4 #if4 ,tunicks3 ,among which the various ,apertures1 ,forms1 and ,positions of the ,pupil are particularly noted #ii4 ,humours1 especially the prodigious ,finery and ,composition of the ,crystalline1 according to ,mr4 ,lewenhoeck4 ,nerves #aje4 ,optick4 ,motory4 ,guard and ,security1 provided for by ,the ,reparation of the ,aqueous ,humour4 ,covering of the ,eye ,lids4 ,strong and curious ,bones4 ,hard and firm ,tunicks4 ,withdrawing them into their ,heads #aji4 ,of erect ,vision #aaa4 ,hearing4 ,its ,organ1 the ,ear1 #aac4 ,double1 enabling us to hear every way1 and a good ,provision for the ,loss or ,hurt of one4 ,situated in the very best place for ,information1 ,security1 and near the ,eye and ,brain4 ,the ,fabrick of the ,outward ,ear1 which is in ,all ,creatures formed1 guarded1 placed1 and every way accoutered according to their various ,places and ,occasion #aae4 ,man suitable to his erect ,posture2 and all its ,parts1 the ,helix1 ,tragus1 ,concha1 c4 admirably suited to the ,reception and ,melioration of ,sounds1 and the ,security of the ,part4 ,inward ,ear3 ,in which ,i take a ,view of the #aba4 ,auditory ,passage1 curiously tunnelled1 tortuous and smooth and being always open1 is lined with the nauseous ,ear-wax for a ,guard4 ,tuba ,eustachiana #abb4 ,bone1 particularly hard and context for ,guard1 and to assist the ,sound4 ,tympanum1 and its ,membrane1 ,muscles1 and four little ,bones to correspond to all kinds of ,sound4 ,labyrinth1 ,semicircular ,canals1 ,cochlea2 all made with the utmost ,art #abg4 ,auditory ,nerves1 one of which is ramified to the ,eye1 ,tongue1 ,muscles of the ,ear1 and to the ,heart2 whence a great ,sympathy between those ,parts #abh4 ,object1 ,sound4 ,under which ,i consider1 ,the ,improvements thereof by the ,wit of ,man #abi4 ,its great ,necessity1 and excellent ,uses #acb4 ,its ,pleasure1 and the ,power of ,musick #acd4 ,smelling4 ,in which sense these things are remarkable2 the ,nostrils1 always open1 cartilaginous1 and endowed with ,muscles #acg4 ,lamin1 serving for ,a ,guard against noxious ,things #ach4 ,the spreading of the ,olfactory ,nerves4 ,prodigious ,use of it in all1 especially some of the ,irrationals #aci4 ,taste4 ,the ,things most remarkable in which ,sense are1 the ,nerves spread about the ,tongue and ,mouth1 with their ,guard4 ,the ,papill1 neatly made #adj4 ,situation thereof to be a ,centinel to the ,stomach and ,food4 ,consent thereof with the other ,senses1 by some ,branches of the fifth ,pair #ada4 ,feeling4 #adb4 ,whose ,organ is the ,nerves #adc4 ,which is dispersed through every ,part of the ,body1 and the admirable ,benefit thereof4 ,,ii4 ,respiration the grand ,act of ,animal ,life #ade4 ,ministering to the ,circulation of the ,blood and ,diastole of the ,heart4 ,the ,parts concerned therein are ,the ,larynx1 with its great ,variety of ,muscles1 c4 for ,respiration1 and forming the ,voice #adh4 ,trachea and ,epiglottis1 exquisitely contriv'd and made4 ,bronchi and ,lungs1 with their curious ,arteries1 ,veins and ,nerves #aej4 ,ribs1 ,diaphragm1 and the several ,muscles concerned4 ,its ,defects in the ,ftus in the ,womb #aec4 ,amphibious ,creatures #aeg4 ,some ,animals in ,winter4 ,,iii4 ,the ,motion of ,animals3 ,concerning which ,i consider ,transiently the ,muscles1 and their ,structure1 their ,size1 ,fastening to the ,joynts1 ,motions1 c4 #aeh4 ,bones1 and their curious ,make4 ,joynts1 with their ,form1 ,bandage and ,lubricity #afa4 ,nerves1 and their ,origine1 ,ramifications and ,inosculations4 ,more particularly the ,loco-,motive ,act it self1 which is ,swift or slow1 with ,wings1 ,legs many or few1 or none at all1 according to the various ,occasions and ,ways of ,animals ,lives4 ,as particularly in ,reptiles1 whose ,food and ,habitation is near at hand4 ,man and ,quadrupeds1 whose ,occasions require a larger ,range1 and therefore a swifter ,motion #afd4 ,birds1 and ,insects1 whose ,food1 ,habitation and ,safety require yet a larger ,range1 and have accordingly a yet swifter ,motion and direct ,conveyance4 ,geometrically and neatly performed by the nicest ,rules4 ,well provided for by the ,due ,equipoise of the ,body #afe4 ,motive ,parts being accurately placed with regard to the ,center of the ,body's ,gravity1 and to undergo their due ,proportion of ,weight and ,exercise4 ,,iv4 ,the ,place allotted to the several ,tribes of ,animals to live and act in4 ,concerning which ,i observe that ,their ,organs are adapted to their ,place #afg4 ,all ,places habitable are duly stocked4 ,various ,animals have their various ,places2 and the ,wisdom thereof #afh4 ,v4 ,the ,balance of ,animals ,numbers1 so that the ,world is not ,overstocked by their ,increase4 ,depopulated by their ,death4 ,which is effected in ,the several ,tribes of ,animals by a due ,proportion in the ,length of their ,life #afi4 ,number of their ,young1 in ,useful ,creatures being many4 ,pernicious few4 ,man very remarkably by the ,different ,length of his ,life4 ,soon after the ,creation #aga4 ,when the ,world was more1 but not fully peopled #aga4 ,when it was sufficiently stocked1 down to the present time4 ,due ,proportions of ,marriages1 ,births and ,burials #agd4 ,balance of ,males and ,females #age4 ,,vi4 ,the ,food of ,animals4 ,in which the ,divine ,management and ,providence appears in the #agi4 ,maintaining such large ,numbers of all kinds of ,animals on the ,land1 in the ,seas1 and divers ,places too unlikely to afford sufficient ,food4 ,adjustment of the ,quantity of ,food to the ,number of ,devourers1 so that ,there is not too much1 so as to rot1 and annoy the ,world #aha4 ,the most useful is most plentiful1 and easiest propagated ibid4 ,delight which the various ,tribes of ,animals have to the ,varieties of ,food1 so that what is grateful to one1 is nauseous to another3 ,which is a wise means to cause ,all ,creatures to be sufficiently supplied4 ,all sorts of ,food to be consumed4 ,the ,world to be kept sweet and clean by those means #ahc4 ,peculiar ,food1 that particular ,places afford to the ,creatures residing therein #ahd4 ,curious ,apparatus in all ,animals for ,gathering1 and ,digestion of their ,food1 viz4 the ,mouth1 nicely shaped for ,food1 c4 ,in ,some1 little and narrow #ahi4 ,some1 with a large deep ,incisure4 ,insects very notable to catch1 hold and devour ,prey2 to carry ,burdens1 to bore and build their ,habitations #aij4 ,birds as notable1 ,horned in all4 ,in some ,hooked for ,rapine1 climbing1 c4 #aib4 ,sharp and strong to pierce ,trees1 c4 ,long and slender to grope4 ,long and broad to quaffer4 ,thick and sharp edged to husk ,grain4 ,compressed to raise ,limpets1 c4 ,teeth1 which are peculiarly hard1 firmly inserted in the ,jaws1 variously shaped in the same1 and different ,animals1 deficient young ,creatures1 c4 #aid4 ,salival ,glands1 commodiously placed for ,mastication and ,deglutition #aif4 ,muscles and ,tendons1 serving to ,mastication1 strong and well lodged4 ,gullet1 sized according to the ,food2 with curious ,fibres1 c4 #aif4 ,stomach2 #aig4 ,which hath a curious ,mechanism of ,fibres1 ,tunicks1 ,glands1 ,nerves1 ,arteries and ,veins4 ,whose ,faculty of ,digestion by such seeming weak ,menstruums is admirable4 ,whose ,size and ,strength is conformable to the ,nature of the ,food1 or ,occasions of ,animals4 ,which is in ,tame ,animals but one4 ,ruminants1 ,birds1 c4 more4 ,guts1 whose ,tunicks1 ,glands1 ,fibres1 ,valves1 and ,peristaltick ,motion deserve ,admiration #bja4 ,lacteals1 together with the ,impregnations from the ,pancreas1 ,gall1 ,glands1 and ,lymphducts4 ,sagacity of all ,animals in finding out1 and providing ,food4 ,in ,man less remarkable for the sake of his ,understanding #bjb4 ,inferiour ,creatures4 ,in such as are ,come to mature ,age1 and are able to help themselves1 by their ,accurate ,smell #bjc4 ,natural ,craft4 ,hunting and groping out of ,sight4 ,seeing and ,smelling at great ,distances #bje4 ,climbing2 the strong ,tendons and ,muscles acting therein4 ,seeing in the dark4 ,helpless4 ,as #bjg4 ,young ,creatures4 ,man1 born the most helpless of any1 the ,parents ,reason1 ,hands and ,affection sufficing4 ,irrationals3 ,for whose ,young the ,creator hath made a sufficient ,provision partly by the ,parent-,animal's own 1 and ,diligence in ,nursing and ,defending them #bjg4 ,sagacity and ,care in repositing their ,eggs and ,young1 where ,food and all ,necessaries are to be found #bji4 ,ability of the ,young themselves to shift for1 and help themselves1 with the little ,helps of their ,dams #baj4 ,creatures destitute of ,food at some ,seasons1 or likely to want it1 who ,are able to live long without ,food #baa4 ,lay up ,food before-hand4 ,,vii4 ,the ,cloathing of ,animals1 which is #bad4 ,suited to the ,place and ,occasions of all4 ,in ,man1 it is left to his own ,reason and ,art1 joined with sufficient ,materials3 ,which is best for him1 ,because he may sute his ,cloathing to his ,quality and ,business #bah4 ,for ,perspiration and ,health sake4 ,to exercise his ,art and ,industry4 ,to excite his ,diligence in keeping himself sweet and clean4 ,in being the ,parent of divers ,callings #bai4 ,irrationals3 ,who are either ,ready furnished with proper ,cloathing4 ,on the dry ,land with ,hair1 ,fleeces1 ,furrs1 ,shells1 hard ,skins1 c4 #bbj4 ,in the ,air with ,feathers1 light1 strong and warm4 ,in the ,waters with ,scales1 hard for ,guard2 smooth for ,passage2 or with strong ,shells to guard such as move more slowly #bbc4 ,provide for themselves by their ,textrine1 or ,architechtonick ,art4 ,of which under the next ,branch4 ,well garnished1 being all ,workman-like1 compleat1 in its kind beautiful1 being #bbd4 ,adorned with gay1 various and elegant ,colours4 ,if sordid1 yet with exact ,symmetry1 and full of curious ,mechanism4 ,,viii4 ,the ,houses and ,habitations of ,man1 who is abundantly furnished with ,contrivance and ,art to build and garnish his ,habitations #bbf4 ,materials of all sorts to effect his ,works4 ,irrationals1 whose marvellous ,instinct is manifested by the ,convenience of their ,nests and ,habitations for the ,hatching and ,education of their ,young #bbh4 ,guard and ,defence of themselves and their ,young4 ,fabrick of their ,nests1 scarce imitable by ,man1 and shewn by their ,contrivance and ,make1 being exactly suitable to their ,occasions1 and made by ,putting only a few ugly ,sticks1 ,moss1 ,dirt1 c4 together #bca4 ,building ,combs according to the best ,rules of ,mathematicks4 ,weaving ,webs1 and making ,cases4 ,for which ,service the ,parts of their ,bodies1 and ,materials afforded by them are very considerable4 ,,ix4 ,animals ,self-,preservation4 ,for which there is always a ,guard in proportion to the ,dangers and ,occasions of their ,state4 ,which is observable in ,man1 whose ,reason and ,art supplies the ,defect of ,natural ,armature4 ,irrational ,creatures2 who ,as they are on one ,hand sufficiently guarded by their ,shells1 ,horns1 ,claws1 ,stings1 c4 #bci4 ,changing their ,colours4 ,wings1 ,feet1 and ,swiftness4 ,diving in1 and tinging the ,waters4 ,ejecting ,juices out of their ,body4 ,accurate ,smell1 ,sight and ,hearing4 ,natural ,craft #bdc4 ,uncouth ,noise1 ugly ,gesticulations1 and horrid ,aspect4 ,horrible ,stink and ,excrements4 ,so on the other ,hand can by their ,strength1 ,sagacity1 or natural ,artifices entrap and captivate1 what is necessary for their ,food and other ,occasions4 ,x4 ,animal's ,generation4 ,equivocal1 is denied #bdd4 ,univocal1 ,which of ,man1 is 1 passed wholly by ,irrational ,creatures1 which is remarkable for their ,sagacity in chusing the fittest ,place for their ,eggs and ,young3 ,where it is observable what a ,compleat ,order they observe4 ,neat ,apparatus their ,bodies are provided with for this purpose #bdh4 ,natural ,venom they inject with their ,eggs into ,vegetables to pervert ,nature1 and produce ,balls1 and ,cases #bej4 ,making use of the fittest ,seasons1 either ,all ,seasons #bea4 ,when ,provisions are most plentiful and easiest had4 ,due ,number of ,young #beb4 ,diligence and ,concern for their ,young1 in point of ,incubation #bec4 ,safety and ,defence #bed4 ,faculty of ,nursing their ,young1 by ,suckling them4 ,in which it is observable ,how suitable this ,food is4 ,how willingly parted with by all1 even the most savage4 ,what a compleat ,apparatus in all ,creatures of ,dugs1 c4 ,putting ,food in their ,mouths1 with their proper ,parts for catching and conveying ,food #bee4 ,neither way1 but by laying in ,provisions before-hand #bef4 ,having in the ,fourth ,book thus dispatched the ,decad of ,things in common to the ,sensitive ,creatures1 ,i take a view of their particular ,tribes1 viz4 of ,man2 whom ,i consider with relation to his ,soul4 ,concerning which having cursorily mentioned divers things1 ,i insist upon two as shewing an especial divine ,management1 the ,various ,genii1 or ,inclinations of ,men1 which is a wise ,provision for the ,dispatch for all the ,world's ,affairs1 and that they may be performed with ,pleasure #bfc4 ,inventive ,faculty1 ,in which it is remarkable that ,its ,compass is so large1 extending to all things of ,use1 and occasioning so many several ,callings4 ,things of greatest ,necessity and ,use were soon and easily found out2 but things less useful later1 and dangerous things not yet4 ,here of divers particular ,inventions1 with an ,exhortation to exercise and improve our ,gifts4 ,body4 ,in which the things particularly remarked upon are the ,erect ,posture #bhb4 ,the most convenient for a ,rational ,being4 ,manifestly intended1 as appears from the ,structure of some particular ,parts mentioned #bhe4 ,nice ,structure of the ,parts ministring thereto4 ,equilibration of all the ,parts #bhf4 ,figure and ,shape of ,man's ,body most agreeable to his ,place and ,business #bhg4 ,stature and ,size1 which is much the best for ,man's ,state #bhh4 ,structure of the ,parts1 which are ,without ,botches and ,blunders4 ,of due ,strength4 ,of the best ,form4 ,most accurately accommodated to their proper ,offices4 ,lodgment of the ,parts1 as the ,five ,senses #big4 ,hand4 ,legs and ,feet1 ,heart4 ,viscera4 ,several ,bones and ,muscles1 c4 #bih4 ,covering of all with the ,skin4 ,provision in ,man's ,body to ,prevent ,evils by the ,situation of the ,eyes1 ,ears1 ,tongue and ,hand #cjj4 ,guard afforded all1 especially the principal ,parts4 ,duplication of some ,parts4 ,cure ,evils by means of ,proper ,emunctories #cja4 ,diseases themselves making ,discharges of things more dangerous #cjc4 ,pain giving ,warning1 and exciting our ,endeavours4 ,consent of the ,parts1 effected by the ,nerves1 a ,sample whereof is given in the ,fifth ,pair1 branched to the ,eye1 ,ear1 c4 ,political1 sociable ,state4 ,for the ,preservation and ,security of which the ,creator hath taken by variety of ,mens4 ,faces #cjh4 ,voices4 ,hand-writing4 ,quadrupeds4 ,of which ,i take no notice1 but wherein they differ from ,man1 viz4 ,prone ,posture1 which is considerable for ,the ,parts ministering to it1 especially the ,legs and ,feet1 sized and made in some for ,strength and slow ,motion #cae4 ,agility and ,swiftness4 ,walking and ,running4 ,walking and ,swimming4 ,walking and ,flying4 ,walking and ,digging4 ,traversing the ,plains4 ,traversing ,ice1 ,mountains1 c4 ,its ,usefulness to ,gather ,food #cag4 ,catch ,prey4 ,climb1 ,leap and ,swim4 ,guard themselves4 ,carry ,burdens1 ,till the ,ground1 and other ,uses of ,man4 ,parts differing from those of ,man4 ,head1 wherein ,i consider ,its ,shape1 commonly agreeable to the ,animal's ,motion #cai4 ,the ,brain1 which is1 ,lesser than in ,man #cai4 ,placed lower than the ,cerebellum4 ,the ,nictitating ,membrane #cba4 ,carotid ,arteries1 and ,rete ,mirabile4 ,nates4 ,neck4 ,answering the ,length of the ,legs #cbb4 ,strengthened by the ,whitleather4 ,stomach1 #cbd4 ,corresponding to the several ,species4 ,suited to their ,proper ,food1 whether ,flesh1 ,grain1 c4 ,heart3 ,its ,ventricles in some ,one only #cbe4 ,two4 ,three1 as some think4 ,situation nearer the midst of the ,body1 than in ,man4 ,want of the ,fattening of the ,pericardium to the ,midriff #cbg4 ,nervous kinds4 ,a ,sample of which is given in the different ,correspondence between the ,head and ,heart of ,man and ,beast by the means of the ,nerves4 #cbi4 ,birds4 ,concerning which ,i take a ,view of their ,body and ,motion2 where ,i consider ,the ,parts concerned in their ,motion #ccc4 ,the ,shape of the ,body1 made exactly for swimming in1 and passing through the ,air4 ,feathers1 which are ,most exactly made for ,lightness and ,strength4 ,all well placed in every ,part1 for the ,covering and ,motion of the ,body4 ,preened and dressed #ccd4 ,wings1 which are ,made of the very best ,materials1 viz4 of ,bones light and strong2 ,joynts exactly opening1 shutting1 and moving1 as the ,occasions of ,flight require2 and the ,pectoral ,muscles1 of the greatest ,strength of any in the whole ,body4 ,placed in the nicest point of the ,body of every ,species1 according to the ,occasions of ,flight1 ,swimming or ,diving4 ,tail1 which is well made1 and placed to keep the ,body steady1 and assist in its ,ascents and ,descents #ccg4 ,legs and ,feet1 which are made light for ,flight1 and incomparably accoutred for their proper ,occasions of ,swimming #cch4 ,walking4 ,catching ,prey4 ,roosting4 ,hanging4 ,wading and ,searching the ,waters4 ,lifting them upon their ,wings4 ,motion it self4 ,performed by the nicest ,laws of ,mechanicks4 ,answering every ,purpose and ,occasion4 ,other ,parts of the ,body1 viz4 the ,head1 remarkable for the commodious ,shape of it self #cda4 ,forms of the ,bill4 ,site of the ,eye and ,ear4 ,position of the ,brain4 ,structure of the ,larynx4 ,tongue4 ,inner ,ear4 ,provision by ,nerves in the ,bill for tasting and distinguishing ,food #cdd4 ,stomachs1 one to ,macerate and prepare #cde4 ,grind and digest ,lungs incomparably made for ,respiration #cdf4 ,making the ,body buoyant4 ,neck1 which is made ,in due ,proportion to the ,legs4 ,to search in the ,waters1 and ,to counterpoise the ,body in ,flight4 ,state4 ,of which ,i take notice of three ,things1 viz4 their ,migration remarkable for ,the ,knowledge ,birds have of ,their ,times of ,passage #cdh4 ,the ,places proper for them4 ,their ,accommodation for long ,flights by long or else strong ,wings4 ,incubation1 which is considerable for ,the ,egg1 and its parts #cea4 ,act itself2 that these ,creatures should betake themselves to it1 know this to be the ,way to produce their ,young1 and with delight and ,patience fit such a due ,number of ,days4 ,the ,neglect of it in any1 as the ,ostrich1 and the wonderful ,provision for the ,young in that ,case #ced4 ,nidification4 ,of which before4 ,insects4 ,which1 altho' a despised ,tribe1 doth in some ,respects more set forth the infinite ,power and ,wisdom of the ,creator1 than the larger ,animals4 ,the things in this ,tribe remarked upon are their ,body #cei4 ,shaped1 not so much for long ,flights1 as for their ,food1 and ,condition of ,life4 ,built not with ,bones1 but with what serves both for ,bones and ,covering too4 ,eyes1 reticulated to see all ways at once #cfj4 ,antenn1 and their ,use #cfa4 ,legs and ,feet made for ,creeping #cfc4 ,swimming and ,walking4 ,hanging on smooth ,surfaces4 ,leaping4 ,digging4 ,spinning and ,weaving ,webs and ,cases4 ,wings1 which are ,nicely distended with ,bones #cfe4 ,some incomparably adorned with ,feathers and elegant ,colours4 ,some joynted and folded up in their ,elytra1 and distended again at pleasure4 ,in ,number either ,two1 with ,poises4 ,four1 without ,poises4 ,surprizing ,minuteness of some of those ,animals themselves1 especially of their ,parts1 which are as numerous and various as in other ,animal ,bodies #cfg4 ,state3 which sets forth a particular ,concurrence of the ,divine ,providence1 in the wise and careful ,provision that is made for their ,security against ,winter1 by their ,subsisting in a different1 viz4 their ,nympha or ,aurelia state #cfi4 ,living in ,torpitude1 without any ,waste of ,body or ,spirits #cgj4 ,laying up ,provision before-hand4 ,preservation of their ,species by their ,chusing proper ,places1 to lay up their ,eggs and ,sperm1 so that the ,eggs may have due ,incubation #cgc4 ,young sufficient ,food4 ,care and ,curiosity in repositing their ,eggs in neat ,order1 and with the proper ,part uppermost #chb4 ,incomparable ,art of ,nidification1 by being endow'd with ,parts proper for1 and agreeable to the several ,ways of ,nidification1 and the ,materials they use in it4 ,architectonick ,sagacity to build and weave their ,cells1 or to make even ,nature herself their ,hand-maid #chd4 ,reptiles4 ,which agreeing with other ,animals in something or other before treated of1 ,i consider only their ,motion1 which is very remarkable1 whether we consider the ,manner of it1 as ,vermicular #cid4 ,sinuous4 ,snail-like4 ,catterpillar-like4 ,multipedous4 ,parts ministring to it4 ,poison1 which serves to ,scourge ,man's ,wickedness #cih4 ,their easy ,capture and ,mastery of their ,prey4 ,their ,digestion4 ,watery ,inhabitants considerable for their ,great ,variety #dja4 ,prodigious ,multitudes4 ,vast bulk of some1 and surprizing minuteness of others #djc4 ,incomparable ,contrivance and ,structure of their ,bodies4 ,supplies of ,food4 ,respiration4 ,adjustment of their ,organs of ,vision to their ,element4 ,poise and ,motion of the ,body every ,way #djb4 ,insensitive ,inhabitants4 ,among which having mentioned ,fossils and others1 ,i insist only upon ,vegetables1 and that in a cursory manner upon their ,great ,variety for the several ,uses of the ,world #djd4 ,anatomy4 ,leaves #djg4 ,flowers and their admirable ,gaiety4 ,seed1 remarkable for its ,generation4 ,make4 ,containing in it a compleat ,plant #djh4 ,preservation and ,safety in the ,gems1 ,fruit1 ,earth1 c4 ,sowing1 which is provided for by ,down1 ,wings1 ,springy ,cases1 carried about by ,birds1 sown by the ,husbandman1 c4 #dab4 ,growing and ,standing3 ,some by ,their own ,strength #dag4 ,the ,help of others1 by clasping about1 or hanging upon them4 ,remarkable ,use1 especially of some which seem to be provided for the ,good of ,all ,places #dbj4 ,some particular ,places1 to ,heal some ,local ,distempers4 ,supply some ,local ,wants4 ,practical ,inferences upon the whole are these ,six1 viz4 ,that ,,god's ,works4 #a4 ,are great and excellent #dbe4 #b4 ,ought to be enquired into1 with a ,commendation of such as do so #dbg4 #c4 ,are manifest to all1 and therefore ,atheism unreasonable #dbh4 #d4 ,ought to excite ,fear and ,obedience #dca4 #e4 ,ought to excite ,thankfulness #dcb4 #f4 ,should move us to pay ,god his due ,homages and ,worship1 particularly that of the ,lord's ,day3 which is an ,appointment ,the most ancient #dch4 ,wisely contrived for ,dispatch of ,business1 and to prevent ,carnality4 ,whose proper ,business is1 to cease from ,worldly1 and to follow ,spiritual ,employments2 the chief of which is the ,publick ,worship of ,,god4 ,illustration ,illustration ,a ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,terraqueous ,globe4 ,illustration ,,introduction4 ,in ,psal4 cxi4 #b4 ,the ,psalmist asserts1 ,that thea ,works of the ,lord are great2 sought out of all them that have ,pleasure therein4 ,this is true of all ,god's ,works1 particularly of his ,works of ,creation3 ,which1 when sought out1 or1 as the ,hebrew ,word b signifieth1 when heedfully and deeply pried into1 solicitously observ'd and enquir'd out1 especially when clearly discovered to us2 in this ,case1 ,i say1 we find those ,works of ,,god abundantly to deserve the ,psalmist's ,character of being ,great and ,noble2 inasmuch as they are made with the most exquisite ,art1 c contrived with the utmost ,sagacity1 and ordered with plain wise ,design1 and ministring to admirable ,ends4 ,for which reason ,st4 ,paul might well affirm of those of ,god1 d ,that the invisible ,things of ,god1 even his eternal ,power and ,godhead1 are understood by them4 ,and indeed they are the most easy1 and intelligible ,demonstrations of the ,being and ,attributes of ,god2e especially to such as are unacquainted with the ,subtilties of ,reasoning and ,argumentation2 as the greatest part of ,mankind are4 ,it may not therefore be unsuitable to the ,nature and ,design of ,lecturesf founded by one of the greatest ,vertuoso's of the last ,age1 and instituted too on purpose for the ,proof of the ,christian ,religion against ,atheists and other ,infidels1 to improve this occasion in the ,demonstration of the ,being and ,attributes of an infinitely wise and powerful ,creator1 from a ,cursory ,survey of the ,works of ,creation1 or 7as often called7 of ,nature4 ,which ,works belong either to our ,terraqueous ,globe1 or the ,heavens4 ,i shall begin with our own ,globe1 being nearest1 and falling most under our ,senses4 ,which being a ,subject very various and copious1 for the more methodical and orderly proceeding upon it1 ,i shall distribute the ,works therein3 ,i4 ,into such as are not properly ,parts1 but ,appendages or ,out-works of the ,globe4 ,,ii4 ,the ,globe it self4 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is not unlikely that the ,psalmist might mean1 at least have an ,eye to1 the ,works of the ,creation in this ,text1 the ,word being the same that in ,psal4 #ai4 #a4 is translated ,god's ,handy-work1 which is manifestly applied to the ,works of ,creation1 and properly signifieth ,factum1 ,opus1 ,opisicium1 from ,fecit1 ,paravit1 ,aptavit4 ,and saith ,kircher1 significat talem affectionem1 qu aliquid existit vel realiter1 vel ornat1 velut non sit in pristino statu quo fuit4 ,concord1 p4 #b4 col4 #ica4 b ,quasivit1 perquisivit1 sciscitatus est1 ,buxtor4 in verb4 ,et simul importat curam1 solicitudinem4 ,conrad4 ,kirch4 ib4 p4 #a4 col4 #aagd4 c ,quod si omnes mundi partes ita constitute sunt1 ut neque ad usum meliores potuerint esse1 neque ad speciem pulchriores2 videamus utrm ea fortuita sint1 an eo statu1 quo cohrere nullo modo potuerint1 nisi sensu moderante divinque providentia4 ,si ergo meliora sunt ea qu ,natur1 qum illa1 qu ,arte perfecta sunt1 nec ,ars efficit quid sine ratione2 ne ,natura quidem rationis expers est habenda4 ,qui igitur convenit1 signum1 aut tabulam pictam cm adspexeris1 scire adhibitam esse artem2 cumque procul cursum navigii videris1 non dubitare1 quin id ratione atque arte moveatur3 aut cm ,solarium1 c4 ,mundum autem1 qui has ipsas artes1 earum artifices1 cuncta complectatur1 consilii rationis esse expertem putare8 ,quod si in ,scythiam1 aut in ,britanniam1 ,sphram aliquis tulerit hanc1 quam nuper familiaris noster effecit ,posidonius1 cujus singul conversiones idem efficiunt in ,sole1 c4----quod efficitur in clo singulis diebus noctibus2 quis in ill barbarie dubitet1 quin ea ,sphra sit perfecta ,ratione8 ,hi autem dubitant de ,mundo1 ex quo oriuntur1 fiunt omnia1 casune ipse sit effectus1--an ,ratione1 an ,mente divin8 ,et ,archimedem arbitrantur plus valuisse in imitandis ,sphr conversionibus1 qum ,naturam in efficiendis1 prsertim cm multis partibus sint illa perfecta1 quam hc simulata1 solertius1 c4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 l4 #b4 c4 #cd1 #ce4 d ,and a little before he saith of ,nature it self1 ,omnem ergo regit ,naturam ipse ,deus c4 e ,mundus codex est ,dei1 in quo jugiter legere debemus1 ,bernard4 ,serm4 ,arbitror nullam gentem1 neque ,hominum societatem1 apud quos ulla ,deorum est religio1 quidquam habere sacris ,eleusiniis aut ,samothraciis simile3 ,ea tamen obscur docent qu profitentur3 ,natura ver opera in omnibus animantibus sunt perspicua4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #ag4 c4 #a4 f ,philosophia est ,catechismus ad ,fidem4 ,cyril4 #a4 contr4 ,jul4 ,illustration ,,book ,i4 ,of the ,out-works of the ,terraqueous ,globe2 the ,atmosphere1 ,light1 and ,gravity4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,atmosphere in general4 ,the ,atmosphere1 or ,mass of ,air1 ,vapours and ,clouds1 which surrounds our ,globe1 will appear to be a matter of ,design1 and the infinitely wise ,creator's ,work1 if we consider its ,nature and ,makea1 and its ,use to the ,worldb4 #a4 ,its ,nature and ,make1 a ,mass of ,air1 of subtile penetrating ,matter1 fit to pervade other ,bodies1 to penetrate into the inmost ,recesses of ,nature1 to excite1 animate1 and spiritualize2 and in short1 to be the very ,soul of this lower ,world4 ,a thing consequently #b4 ,of greatest ,use to the ,world1 useful to the ,life1 the ,health1 the ,comfort1 the ,pleasure1 and ,business of the whole ,globe4 ,it is the ,air the whole ,animal ,world breatheth1 and liveth by2 not only the ,animals inhabiting the ,earthc and ,aird1 but those of the ,waterse too4 ,without it most ,animals live scarce half a ,minutef2 and others1 that are the most accustomed to the want of it1 live not without it many ,days4 ,and not only ,animals themselves1 but even ,trees and ,plants1 and the whole vegetable ,race1 owe their ,vegetation and ,life to this useful ,element2 as will appear when ,i come to speak of them1 and is manifest from their ,glory and ,verdure in a free ,air1 and their becoming ,pale and ,sickly1 and ,languishing and ,dying1 when by any means excluded from itg4 ,thus useful1 thus necessary1 is the ,air to the ,life of the animated ,creatures2 and no less is it to the ,motion and ,conveyance of many of them4 ,all the winged ,tribes owe their ,flight and ,buoyancyh to it1 as shall be shewn in proper place3 ,and even the watery ,inhabitants themselves cannot ascend and descend into their ,element1 well without iti4 ,but it would be tedious to descend too far into ,particulars1 to reckon up the many ,benefits of this noble ,appendage of our ,globe in many useful ,enginesk2 in many of the ,functions and ,operations of ,naturel in the ,conveyance of ,sounds2 and a ,thousand ,things besides4 ,and ,i shall but just mention the admirable use of our ,atmosphere in ministring to the enlightening of the ,world1 by its reflecting the ,light of the heavenly ,bodies to usm2 and refracting the ,sun-beams to our ,eye1 before it ever surmounteth our ,horizonn2 by which means the ,day is protracted throughout the whole ,globe2 and the long and dismal ,nights are shorten'd in the frigid ,zones1 and ,day sooner approacheth them2 yea the ,sun itself riseth in ,appearance 7when really it is absent from them7 to the great ,comfort of those forlorn ,placeso4 ,but passing by all these ,things with only a bare mention1 and wholly omitting others that might have been named1 ,i shall only insist upon the excellent ,use of this noble circumambient ,companion of our ,globe1 in respect of two of its ,meteors1 the ,winds1 and the ,clouds and ,rainp4 ,,footnotes3 a ,mundi pars est ,aer1 quidem necessaria3 ,hic est enim qui clum terramque connectit1 c4 ,senec4 ,nat4 ,qu4 l4 #b4 c4 #d4 b ,ipse ,aer nobiscum videt1 nobiscum audit1 nobiscum sonat2 nihil enim eorum sine eo fieri potest1 c4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #cc4 c ,as the ,air is of absolute ,necessity to ,animal ,life1 so it is necessary that it should be of a due ,temperament or ,consistence2 not foul1 by reason that suffocateth3 not too rare and thin1 because that sufficeth not2 with ,examples of each of which1 ,i shall a little entertain the ,reader4 ,in one of ,mr4 ,hawksbee's ,compressing ,engines1 ,i closely shut up a ,sparrow without forcing any ,air in2 and in less than an ,hour the ,bird began to pant1 and be concerned2 and in less than an ,hour and half to be sick1 vomit1 and more out of ,breath2 and in two ,hours time was nearly expiring4 ,another ,i put in and compressed the ,air1 but the ,engine leaking1 ,i frequently renewed the ,compressure2 by which means1 7although the ,bird panted a little after the first ,hour17 yet after such frequent ,compressures1 and ,immission of fresh ,air1 it was very little concerned1 and taken out seemingly unhurt after three ,hours4 ,after this ,i made two other ,experiments in compressed ,air1 with the ,weight of two ,atmospheres injected1 the ,engine holding tight and well2 the one with the ,great ,titmouse1 the other with a ,sparrow4 ,for near an ,hour they seemed but little concerned2 but after that grew fainter1 and in two ,hours time sick1 and in three ,hours time died4 ,another thing ,i took notice of1 was1 that when the ,birds were sick and very restless1 ,i fancied they were somewhat relieved for a short space1 with the ,motion of the ,air1 caused by their fluttering and shaking their ,wings1 7a thing worth trying in the ,diving-,bell74 ,i shall leave the ingenious ,reader to judge what the cause was of both the ,birds living longer in compressed1 than uncompressed ,air2 whether a less quantity of ,air was not sooner fouled and rendred unfit for ,respiration1 than a greater4 ,from these ,experiments two ,things are manifested2 one is1 that ,air1 in some measure compressed1 or rather heavy1 is necessary to ,animal ,life3 ,of which by and by4 ,the other1 that fresh ,air is also necessary3 ,for pent up ,air1 when overcharged with the ,vapours emitted our of the ,animal's ,body1 becomes unfit for ,respiration4 ,for which ,reason1 in the ,diving-,bell1 after some time of stay under ,water1 they are forced to come up and take in fresh ,air1 or by some such means recruit it4 ,but the famous ,cornelius ,drebell contrived not only a ,vessel to be rowed under ,water1 but also a ,liquor to be carried in that ,vessel1 that would supply the want of fresh ,air4 ,the ,vessel was made for ,king ,james ,i4 ,it carried twelve ,rowers1 besides the ,passengers4 ,it was tried in the ,river of ,thames2 and one of the ,persons that was in that submarine ,navigation was then alive1 and told it one1 who related the ,matter to our famous ,founder1 the ,honourable1 and most ,ingenious ,mr4 ,boyl4 ,as to the ,liquor1 ,mr4 ,boyl saith1 he discovered by a ,doctor of ,physick1 who married ,drebell's ,daughter1 that it was used from time to time when the ,air in the submarine ,boat was clogged by the ,breath of the ,company1 and thereby made unfit for ,respiration2 at which time1 by unstopping a ,vessel full of this ,liquor1 he could speedily restore to the troubled ,air such a proportion of vital ,parts1 as would make it again for a good while fit for ,respiration4 ,the ,secret of this ,liquor ,drebell would never disclose to above one ,person1 who himself assured ,mr4 ,boyl what it was4 ,vid4 ,boyl4 ,exp4 ,phys4 ,mech4 of the ,spring of the ,air1 ,exp4 #da4 in the ,digres4 ,this ,story ,i have related from ,mr4 ,boyl1 but at the same time much question whether the ,virtues of the ,liquor were so effectual as reported4 ,and as too gross1 so too rare an ,air is unfit for ,respiration4 ,not to mention the forced ,rarefactions made by the ,air-,pump1 in the following ,note2 it is found1 that even the extraordinary natural ,rarefactions1 upon the tops of very high ,hills1 much affect ,respiration4 ,an ,ecclesiastical ,person1 who had visited the high ,mountains of ,armenia1 7on which some fancy the ,ark rested7 told ,mr4 ,boyl1 that whilst he was on the upper part of them1 he was forced to fetch his ,breath oftner than he was wont4 ,and taking notice of it when he came down1 the ,people told him1 that it was what happen'd to them when they were so high above the ,plane1 and that it was a common ,observation among them4 ,the like ,observation the same ,ecclesiastick made upon the top of a ,mountain in the ,cevennes4 ,so a learned ,traveller1 and curious ,person1 on one of the highest ,ridges of the ,pyrenees1 call'd ,pic de ,midi1 found the ,air not so fit for ,respiration1 as the common ,air1 but he and his ,company were fain to breath shorter and oftner than in the lower ,air4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,transact4 ,no4 #fc1 or ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #bbf4 ,such another ,relation the learned ,joseph ,acosta gives of himself and his ,company1 that1 when they passed the high ,mountains of ,peru1 which they call ,periacaca1 7to which he saith1 the ,alps themselves seemed to them but as ordinary ,houses1 in regard of high ,towers17 ,he and his ,companions were surprized with such extreme ,pangs of ,straining and ,vomiting1 7not without casting up of ,blood too17 and with so violent a ,distemper1 that he concludes he should undoubtedly have died2 but that this lasted not above three or four ,hours1 before they came into a more convenient and natural ,temperature of the ,air4 ,all which he concludes proceeded from the too great ,subtilty and ,delicacy of the ,air1 which is not proportionable to humane ,respiration1 which requires a more gross and temperate ,air1 ,vid4 ,boyl1 ubi supra4 ,thus it appears1 that an ,air too ,subtile1 ,rare and ,light1 is unfit for ,respiration3 ,but the ,cause is not the ,subtilty or too great ,delicacy1 as ,mr4 ,boyl thinks1 but the too great ,lightness thereof1 which renders it unable to be a ,counterbalance1 or an ,antagonist to the ,heart1 and all the ,muscles ministring to ,respiration1 and the ,diastole of the ,heart4 ,of which see ,book #d4 ,chap4 #g4 ,note #a4 ,and as our ,inability to live in too rare and light an ,air may discourage those vain ,attempts of ,flying and ,whimsies of passing to the ,moon1 c4 so our being able to bear an heavier ,state of the ,air is an excellent ,provision for ,mens ,occasions in ,mines1 and other great ,depths of the ,earth2 and those other greater ,pressures made upon the ,air1 in the ,diving-,bell1 when we descend into great ,depths of the ,waters4 d ,that the ,inhabitants of the ,air1 7,birds and ,insects17 need the ,air as well as ,man and other ,animals1 is manifest from their speedy dying in too feculent1 or too much rarefied ,air2 of which see the preceding and following ,note 7f74 ,but yet ,birds and ,insects 7some ,birds at least7 can live in a rarer ,air than ,man4 ,thus ,eagles1 ,kites1 ,herons1 and divers other ,birds1 that delight in high ,flights1 are not affected with the ,rarity of the ,medium1 as those ,persons were in the preceding ,note4 ,so ,insects bear the ,air-,pump long1 as in the following ,note 7f74 e ,creatures inhabiting the ,waters need the ,air1 as well as other ,animals1 yea1 and fresh ,air too4 ,the ,hydrocanthari of all ,sorts1 the ,nymph of ,gnats1 and many other ,water-,insects1 have a singular ,faculty1 and an admirable ,apparatus1 to raise their back ,parts to the top of the ,waters1 and take in fresh ,air4 ,it is pretty to see1 for ,instance1 the ,hydrocanthari come and thrust their ,tails out of the ,water1 and take in a ,bubble of ,air1 at the tip of their ,vagin and ,tails1 and then nimbly carry it down with them into the ,waters2 and1 when that is spent1 or fouled1 to ascend again and recruit it4 ,so ,fishes also are well known to use ,respiration1 by passing the ,water through their ,mouths and ,gills4 ,but ,carps will live out of the ,water1 only in the ,air2 as is manifest by the ,experiment of their way of ,fatting them in ,holland1 and which hath been practised herein ,england1 viz4 they hang them up in a ,cellar1 or some cool ,place1 in wet ,moss in a small ,net1 with their ,heads out1 and feed them with white ,bread soaked in ,milk for many ,days4 ,this was told me by a ,person very curious1 and of great ,honour and ,eminence1 whose ,word 7if ,i had leave to name him7 no ,body would question3 ,and it being an ,instance of the ,respiration of ,fishes very singular1 and somewhat out of the way1 ,i have for the ,reader's ,diversion taken notice of it4 f ,by ,experiments ,i made my self in the ,air ,pump1 in ,september and ,october1 #agjd2 ,i observed that ,animals whose ,hearts have two ,ventricles1 and no ,foramen ,ovale1 as ,birds1 ,dogs1 ,cats1 ,rats1 ,mice1 c4 die in less than half a ,minute counting from the very first ,exsuction2 especially in a small ,receiver4 ,a ,mole 7which ,i suspected might have born more than other ,quadrupeds7 died in one ,minute 7without ,recovery7 in a large ,receiver2 and doubtless would hardly have survived half a ,minute in a small ,receiver4 ,a ,bat 7although wounded7 sustained the ,pump two ,minutes1 and revived upon the re-admission of the ,air4 ,after that1 he remained four ,minutes and a half and revived4 ,lastly1 ,after he had been five ,minutes1 he continued gasping for a time1 and after twenty ,minutes ,i re-admitted the ,air1 but the ,bat never revived4 ,as for ,insects3 ,wasps1 ,bats1 ,hornets1 ,grashoppers1 and ,lady-,cows seemed dead in appearance in two ,minutes1 but revived in the open ,air in two or three ,hours time1 notwithstanding they had been in ,vacuo twenty four ,hours4 ,the ,ear-wig1 the great ,staphylinus1 the great black lowsy ,beetle1 and some other ,insects would seem unconcerned at the ,vacuum a good while1 and lie as dead2 but revive in the ,air1 although some had lain sixteen ,hours in the exhausted ,receiver4 ,snails bear the ,air ,pump prodigiously1 especially those in ,shells2 two of which lay above twenty four ,hours1 and seemed not much affected4 ,the same ,snails ,i left in twenty eight ,hours more after a second ,exhaustion1 and found one of them quite dead1 but the other revived4 ,frogs and ,toads bear the ,pump long1 especially the former4 ,a large ,toad1 found in the ,house1 died irrecoverably in less than six ,hours4 ,another ,toad and ,frog ,i put in together1 and the ,toad was seemingly dead in two ,hours1 but the ,frog just alive4 ,after they had remained there eleven ,hours1 and seemingly dead1 the ,frog recovered in the open ,air1 only weak1 but the ,toad was quite dead4 ,the same ,frog being put in again for twenty seven ,hours1 then quite died4 ,the ,animalcules in ,pepper-,water remained in ,vacuo twenty four ,hours4 ,and after they had been exposed a ,day or two to the open ,air1 ,i found some of them dead1 some alive4 g ,that the ,air is the principal ,cause of the ,vegetation of ,plants1 ,borelli proves in his excellent ,book ,de ,mot4 ,animal4 ,vol4 #b4 ,prop4 #aha4 ,and in the next ,proposition1 he assureth1 ,in ,plantis quoque peragi ,aeris respirationem quandam imperfectam1 qu earum vita pendet1 conservatur4 ,but of this more when ,i come to survey ,vegetables4 ,some ,lettice-,seed being sown upon some ,earth in the open ,air1 and some of the same ,seed at the same time upon other ,earth in a ,glass-,receiver of the ,pneumatick ,engine1 afterwards exhausted of ,air3 ,the ,seed exposed to the ,air was grown up an ,inch and half high within ,eight ,days2 but that in the exhausted ,receiver not at all4 ,and ,air being again admitted into the same emptied ,receiver1 to see whether any of the ,seed would then come up1 it was found1 that in the ,space of one ,week it was grown up to the ,height of two or three ,inches4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #bc4 ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #bjf4 h ,in volucribus pulmones perforati aerem inspiratum in totam ventris cavitatem admittunt4 ,hujus ratio1 ut propter corporis truncum ,aere repletum quasi extensum1 ipsa magis volatilia evadant1 faciliusque ab aere externo1 proper intimi penum1 sustententur4 ,equidem pisces1 qu levis in aquis natent1 in ,abdomine vesicas ,aere inflatas gestant3 pariter volucres1 propter corporis truncum ,aere impletum quasi inflatum1 nudo ,aeri incumbentes1 minus gravantur1 proindeque levius expeditis volant4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 p4 #a4 c4 #c4 i ,fishes by reason of the ,bladder of ,air within them1 can sustain1 or keep themselves in any ,depth of ,water3 ,for the ,air in that ,bladder being more or less compressed1 according to the ,depth the ,fish swims at1 takes up more or less ,space2 and consequently1 the ,body of the ,fish1 part of whose ,bulk this ,bladder is1 is greater or less according to the several ,depths1 and yet retains the same ,weight4 ,now the ,rule de ,insidentibus humido is1 that a ,body1 that is heavier than so much ,water1 as is equal in ,quantity to the ,bulk of it1 will sink1 a ,body that is lighter will swim2 a ,body of equal ,weight will rest in any part of the ,water4 ,by this ,rule1 if the ,fish1 in the middle ,region of the ,water1 be of equal ,weight to the ,water1 that is commensurate to the ,bulk of it1 the ,fish will rest there1 without any ,tendency upwards or downwards3 ,and if the ,fish be deeper in the ,water1 the ,bulk of the ,fish becoming less by the ,compression of the ,bladder1 and yet retaining the same ,weight1 it will sink1 and rest at the ,bottom4 ,and on the other side1 if the ,fish be higher than the middle ,region1 the ,air dilating it self1 and the ,bulk of the ,fish consequently increasing1 but not the ,weight1 the ,fish will rise upwards and rest at the top of the ,water4 ,perhaps the ,fish by some ,action can emit ,air out of its ,bladder----1 and1 when not enough1 take in ,air1----and then it will not be wondred1 that there should be always a fit ,proportion of ,air in all ,fishes to serve their ,use1 c4 ,then follows a ,method of ,mr4 ,boyl to experiment the ,truth of this4 ,after which1 in ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridgment1 follow ,mr4 ,ray's ,observations4 ,i think that----hath hit upon the true ,use of the ,swimming-,bladders in ,fishes4 ,for1 #a4 ,it hath been observed1 that if the ,swimming-,bladder of any ,fish be pricked or broken1 such a ,fish sinks presently to the ,bottom1 and can neither support or raise it self up in the ,water4 #b4 ,flat ,fishes1 as ,soles1 ,plaise1 c4 which lie always grovelling at the ,bottom1 have no ,swimming-,bladders that ever ,i could find4 #c4 ,in most ,fishes there is a manifest ,chanel leading from the ,gullet----to the said ,bladder1 which without doubt serves for the conveying ,air thereunto4----,in the ,coat of this ,bladder is a musculous ,power to contract it when the ,fish lifts4 ,see more very curious ,observations relating to this ,matter1 of the late great ,mr4 ,ray1 as also of the curious anonymous ,gentleman in the ingenious ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridgment1 before cited1 p4 #hde4 from ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #aad1 #aae4 k ,among the ,engines in which the ,air is useful1 ,pumps may be accounted not contemptible ones1 and divers other ,hydraulical ,engines1 which need not to be particularly insisted on4 ,in these the ,water was imagined to rise by the power of ,suction1 to avoid a ,vacuum1 and such unintelligible ,stuff2 but the justly famous ,mr4 ,boyl was the first that solved these ,phnomena by the ,weight of the ,atmosphere4 ,his ingenious and curious ,observations and ,experiments relating hereto1 may be seen in his little ,tract1 ,of the ,cause of ,attraction by ,suction1 and divers others of his ,tracts4 l ,it would be endless to specify the ,uses of the ,air in ,nature's ,operations3 ,i shall therefore1 for a ,sample only1 name its great ,use to the ,world in conserving animated ,bodies1 whether endowed with animal or vegetative ,life1 and its contrary ,quality of dissolving other ,bodies2 by which means many ,bodies that would prove ,nuisances to the ,world1 are put out of the ,way1 by being reduced into their first ,principles1 7as we say71 and so embodied with the ,earth again4 ,of its ,faculty as a ,menstruum1 or its ,power to dissolve ,bodies2 ,i may instance in ,crystal ,glasses1 which1 with long keeping1 especially if not used1 will in ,time be reduced to a ,powder1 as ,i have seen4 ,so divers ,minerals1 ,earths1 ,stones1 ,fossil-,shells1 ,wood1 c4 which from ,noah's ,flood1 at least for many ,ages1 have lain under ,ground1 so secure from ,corruption1 that1 on the contrary1 they have been thereby made much the stronger1 have in the open ,air soon mouldered away4 ,of which last1 ,mr4 ,boyl gives an ,instance 7from the ,dissertation de admirandis ,hungar4 ,aquis7 of a great ,oak1 like a huge ,beam1 dug out of a ,salt ,mine in ,transylvania1 so hard1 that it would not easily be wrought upon by ,iron ,tools1 yet1 being exposed to the ,air out of the ,mine1 it became so rotten that in four ,days it was easy to be broken1 and crumbled between one's ,fingers4 ,boyl's ,suspic4 about some hid4 ,qual4 in the ,air1 p4 #bh4 ,so the ,trees turned out of the ,earth by the ,breaches at ,west-,thurrock and ,dagenham1 near me1 although probably no other than ,alder1 and interred many ,ages ago in a rotten oazy ,mold1 were so exceedingly tough1 hard1 and found at first1 that ,i could make but little ,impressions on them with the ,strokes of an ,ax2 but being exposed to the ,air and ,water1 soon became so rotten as to be crumbled between the ,fingers4 ,see my ,observations in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #cce4 m ,by reflecting the ,light of the heavenly ,bodies to us1 ,i mean that ,whiteness or ,lightness which is in the ,air in the ,day-time1 caused by the ,rays of ,light striking upon the ,particles of the ,atmosphere1 as well as upon the ,clouds above1 and the other ,objects beneath upon the ,earth4 ,to the same ,cause also we owe the ,twilight1 viz4 to the ,sun-beams touching the uppermost ,particles of our ,atmosphere1 which they do when the ,sun is about eighteen ,degrees beneath the ,horizon4 ,and as the ,beams reach more and more of the airy ,particles1 so ,darkness goes off1 and ,day light comes on and encreaseth4 ,for an ,exemplification of this1 the ,experiment may serve of transmitting a few ,rays of the ,sun through a small ,hole into a dark ,room3 ,by which means the ,rays which meet with ,dust1 and other ,particles flying in the ,air1 are render'd visible2 or 7which amounts to the same7 those swimming small ,bodies are rendered visible1 by their reflecting the ,light of the ,sun-beams to the ,eye1 which1 without such ,reflection1 would it self be invisible4 ,the ,azure ,colour of the ,sky ,sir ,isaac ,newton attributes to ,vapours beginning to condense1 and that are not able to reflect the other ,colours4 ,v4 ,optic4 l4 #b4 ,par4 #c4 ,prop4 #g4 n ,by the ,refractive ,power of the ,air1 the ,sun1 and the other heavenly ,bodies seem higher than really they are1 especially near the ,horizon4 ,what the ,refractions amount unto1 what ,variations they have1 and what ,alterations in time they cause1 may be briefly seen in a little ,book called1 ,the ,artificial ,clock-,maker1 ,chap4 #aa4 ,although this inflective ,quality of the ,air be a great ,incumbrance and ,confusion of ,astronomical ,observations2----yet it is not without some considerable ,benefit to ,navigation2 and indeed in some ,cases1 the ,benefit thereby obtained is much greater than would be the ,benefit of having the ,ray proceed in an exact straight ,line4 ,then he mentions the ,benefit hereof to the ,polar ,parts of the ,world4 ,but this by the by 7saith he47 ,the great ,advantage ,i consider therein1 is the first ,discovery of ,land upon the ,sea2 for by means hereof1 the tops of ,hills and ,lands are raised up into the ,air1 so as to be discoverable several ,leagues farther off on the ,sea than they would be1 were there no such ,refraction1 which is of great ,benefit to ,navigation for steering their ,course in the ,night1 when they approach near ,land2 and likewise for directing them in the ,day-time1 much more certainly than the most exact ,celestial ,observations could do by the ,help of an uninflected ,ray1 especially in such ,places as they have no ,soundings4 ,then he proposes a ,method to find by these means the ,distance of ,objects at ,sea4 ,v4 ,dr4 ,hook's ,post4 ,works4 ,lect4 of ,navig4 p4 #dff4 o ,cum ,belg in nov ,zembl hybernarent1 ,sol illis apparuit #af diebus citis1 qum revera in ,horizonte existeret1 hoc est1 cm adhuc infra ,horizontem depressus esset quatuor circiter gradibus1 quidem aere sereno4 ,varen4 ,geog4 c4 #ai4 ,prop4 #bb4 ,these ,hollanders found1 that the ,night in that place shortened no less than a whole ,month2 which must needs be a very great ,comfort to all such ,places as live very far towards the ,north and ,south ,poles1 where length of ,night1 and want of seeing the ,sun1 cannot chuse but be very tedious and irksome4 ,hook ,ibid4 ,by means of the ,refractions we found the ,sun to rise twenty ,minutes before it should2 and in the ,evening to remain above the ,horizon twenty ,minutes 7or thereabouts7 longer than it should4 ,captain ,james's ,journ4 in ,boyl of ,cold4 ,tit4 #ah4 p4 #aij4 p ,aer--in ,nubes cogitur3 humoremque colligens terram auget imbribus3 tum effluens huc illuc1 ventos efficit4 ,idem annuas frigorum calorum facit varietates3 idemque volatus ,alitum sustinet1 spiritu ductus alit sustentas animantes4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ci4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,windsa4 ,to pass by other ,considerations1 whereby ,i might demonstrate the ,winds to be the infinite ,creator's ,contrivance1 ,i shall insist only upon their great usefulness to the ,world4 ,and so great is their ,use1 and of such absolute ,necessity are they to the ,salubrity of the ,atmosphere1 that all the ,world would be poisoned without those ,agitations thereof4 ,we find how putrid1 fetid1 and unfit for ,respiration1 as well as ,health and ,pleasure1 a stagnating1 confined1 pent up ,air is4 ,and if the whole ,mass of ,air and ,vapours was always at ,rest1 and without ,motion1 instead of refreshing and animating1 it would suffocate and poison all the ,world3 ,but the perpetual ,commotions it receives from the ,gales and ,storms1 keep it pure and healthfulb4 ,neither are those ,ventilations beneficial only to the ,health1 but to the ,pleasure also of the ,inhabitants of the ,terraqueous ,globe2 witness the ,gales which fan us in the heat of ,summer2 without which1 even in this our temperate ,zone1 ,men are scarce able to perform the ,labours of their ,calling1 or not without ,danger of ,health and ,lifec4 ,but especially1 witness the perpetual ,gales which throughout the whole ,year do fan the ,torrid ,zone1 and make that ,climate an healthful and pleasant ,habitation1 which would otherwise be scarce habitable4 ,to these ,i might add many other great ,conveniencies of the ,winds in various ,engines1 and various ,businesses4 ,i might particularly insist upon its great ,use to transport ,men to the farthest distant ,regions of the ,worldd and ,i might particularly speak of the general and coasting ,trade-,winds1 the ,sea1 and the ,land-,breezes2e the one serving to carry the ,mariner in long ,voyages from ,east to ,west2 the other serving to waft him to particular ,places2 the one serving to carry him into his ,harbour1 the other to bring him out4 ,but ,i should go too far to take notice of all ,particularsf4 ,leaving therefore the ,winds1 ,i proceed in the next ,place to the ,clouds and ,rain4 ,,footnotes3 a ,ventus est aer fluens1 is ,seneca's ,definition1 ,na4 ,qu4 l4 #e4 ,and as ,wind is a ,current of the ,air1 so that which excites or alters its ,currents may be justly said to be the ,cause of the ,winds4 ,an quipoise of the ,atmosphere produceth a ,calm2 but if that quipoise be more or less taken off1 a ,stream of ,air1 or ,wind1 is thereby accordingly produced either stronger or weaker1 swifter or slower4 ,and divers things there are that may make such ,alterations in the quipoise or ,balance of the ,atmosphere1 viz4 ,eruptions of ,vapours from ,sea or ,land2 ,rarefactions and ,condensations in one ,place more than another2 the falling of ,rain1 pressure of the ,clouds1 c4 ,pliny1 l4 #b4 c4 #de4 tells us of a certain ,cavern in ,dalmatia1 called ,senta1 in quem1 saith he1 dejecto levi pondere1 quamvis tranquillo die1 turbini similis emicat procella4 ,but as to ,caves it is observed1 that they often emit ,winds more or less4 ,dr4 ,connor1 taking notice of this matter1 specifies these1 ,in regno ,neapolitano ex immani ,cuman ,sibyll antro tenuem ventum effluentem percepi4 ,the like he observed at the ,caves at ,bai1 and in some of the ,mines of ,germany1 and in the large ,salt-,mines of ,cracow in ,poland4 ,ubi1 saith he1 opifices1 ipse fodin dominus ,andreas ,morstin1 ,nob4 ,polonus1 mihi asseruerunt1 qud tanta aliquando ,ventorum tempestas ex ambagiosis hujus fodin recessibus surgere solebat1 quod laborantes fossores humi prosternebat1 nec non portas domicili 7qu sibi in hc fodin artifices exstruunt7 penits evertebat4 ,bern4 ,connor4 ,dissert4 ,med4 ,phys4 p4 #cc4 ,artic4 #c4 ,and as great ,caves1 so great ,lakes sometimes send forth ,winds4 ,so ,gassendus saith the ,lacus ,legnius doth1 ,e quo dum exoritur fumus1 nubes haud dubi creanda est1 qu sit brevi in tempestatem svissimam exoneranda4 ,gassend4 ,vit4 ,peiresk4 l4 #e4 ,p4 #dag4 ,but the most universal and constant ,alterations of the ,balance of the ,atmosphere are from ,heat and ,cold4 ,this is manifest in the ,general ,trade-,winds1 blowing all the ,year between the ,tropicks from ,east to ,west3 if the ,cause thereof be 7as some ingenious ,men imagine7 the ,sun's daily ,progress round that part of the ,globe1 and by his ,heat rarefying one part of the ,air1 whilst the cooler and heavier ,air behind presseth after4 ,so the ,sea and ,land ,breezes in ,note 7d74 ,and so in our ,climate1 the ,northerly and ,southerly ,winds 7commonly esteemed the ,causes of cold and warm ,weather71 are really the ,effects of the ,cold or ,warmth of the ,atmosphere3 ,of which ,i have had so many ,confirmations1 that ,i have no doubt of it4 ,as for ,instance1 it is not uncommon to see a warm ,southerly ,wind1 suddenly changed to the ,north1 by the fall of ,snow or ,hail2 to see the ,wind in a frosty1 cold ,morning ,north1 and when the ,sun hath well warmed the ,earth and ,air1 you may observe it to wheel about towards the ,southerly ,quarters2 and again to turn ,northerly or ,easterly in the cold ,evening4 ,it is from hence also1 that in ,thunder-,showers the ,wind and ,clouds are oftentimes contrary to one another1 7especially if ,hail falls7 the sultry ,weather below directing the ,wind one way2 and the ,cold above the ,clouds another way4 ,i took ,notice upon ,march the #aj #agaj_/a1 7and divers such like ,instances ,i have had before and since7 that the ,morning was warm1 and what ,wind stirred was ,west-,south-,west1 but the ,clouds were thick and black 7as generally they are when ,snow ensues73 ,a little before ,noon the ,wind veered about to ,north by ,west1 and sometimes to other ,points1 the ,clouds at the same time flying some ,north by ,west1 some ,south-,west3 ,about one of the ,clock it rained apace1 the ,clouds flying sometimes ,north-,east1 then ,north1 and at last both ,wind and ,clouds settled ,north by ,west2 ,at which time ,sleet fell plentifully1 and it grew very cold4 ,from all which ,i observe1 #a4 ,that although our ,region below was warm1 the ,region of the ,clouds was cold1 as the black1 snowy ,clouds shewed4 #b4 ,that the struggle between the warmth of ours1 and the cold of the cloudy ,region1 stopped the airy ,currents of both ,regions4 #c4 ,that the falling of the ,snow through our warmer ,air melted into ,rain at first2 but that it became ,sleet after the superiour ,cold had conquered the inferiour ,warmth4 #d4 ,that1 as that ,cold prevailed by ,degrees1 so by ,degrees it wheeled about both the ,winds and ,clouds from the ,northwards towards the ,south4 ,hippocrates1 l4 #b4 ,de ,vict4 ,orat4 ,omnes ,ventos vel nive1 glacie1 vehementi gelu1 fluminibus1 c4 spirare necesse judicat1 ,bartholin4 de usu ,nivis1 c4 #a4 b ,it is well observed in my ,lord ,howards ,voyage to ,constantinople1 that at ,vienna they have frequent ,winds1 which if they cease long in ,summer1 the ,plague often ensues3 ,so that it is now grown into a ,proverb1 that if ,austria be not windy1 it is subject to ,contagion4 ,bohun of ,wind1 p4 #bac4 ,from some such ,commotions of the ,air ,i imagine it is1 that at ,grand ,cairo the ,plague immediately ceases1 as soon as the ,nile begins to overflow2 although ,mr4 ,boyl attributes it to nitrous ,corpuscles4 ,determ4 ,nat4 of ,effluv4 ,chap4 #d4 ,nulla enim propemodum regio est1 qu non habeat aliquem flatum ex se nascentem1 circa se cadentem4 ,inter ctera itaq2 ,providenti opera1 hoc quoq2 aliquis1 ut dignum admiratione suspexerit4 ,non enim ex un caus ,ventos aut invenit1 aut per diversa disposuit3 sed primum ut aera non sinerent pigrescere1 sed assidu vexatione utilem redderens1 vitaiemq2 tracturis4 ,sen4 ,nat4 ,qust4 l4 #e4 c4 #ag1 #ah4 ,all this is more evident1 from the ,cause assigned to malignant epidemical ,diseases1 particularly the ,plague1 by my ingenious1 learned ,friend1 ,dr4 ,mead2 and that is1 an hot and moist ,temperament of the ,air1 which is observed by ,hippocrates1 ,galen1 and the general ,histories of ,epidemical ,diseases1 to attend those ,distempers4 ,vid4 ,mead of ,poisons1 ,essay #e4 p4 #afa4 ,but indeed1 whether the ,cause be this1 or poisonous1 malignant ,exhalations or ,animalcules1 as others think1 the ,winds are however very salutiferous in such ,cases1 in cooling the ,air1 and dispersing and driving away the moist or pestiferous ,vapours4 c ,july #h4 #agjg1 7called for some time after the ,hot ,tuesday17 was so excessively hot and suffocating1 by reason there was no ,wind stirring1 that divers ,persons died1 or were in great ,danger of ,death1 in their ,harvest-,work4 ,particularly one who had formerly been my ,servant1 a healthy1 lusty1 young ,man1 was killed by the ,heat3 ,and several ,horses on the ,road dropped down and died the same ,day4 ,in the foregoing ,notes1 having ,notice of some ,things relating to ,heat1 although it be somewhat out of the way1 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse me1 if ,i entertain him with some ,observations ,i made about the ,heat of the ,air under the ,line1 compared with the ,heat of our ,bodies4 ,j4 ,patrick1 who1 as he is very accurate in making ,barometrical and ,thermometrical ,instruments1 had the ,curiosity for the nicer adjusting his ,thermometers1 to send two abroad under the ,care of two very sensible1 ingenious ,men2 one to the ,northern ,lat4 of #ha2 the other to the ,parts under the quinoctial3 ,in these two different ,climates1 the ,places were marked where the ,spirits stood at the severest ,cold and greatest ,heat4 ,and according to these ,observations he graduates his ,thermometers4 ,with his ,standard ,i compared my ,standard ,thermometer1 from all the ,degrees of ,cold1 ,i could make with ,sal ,armoniack1 c4 to the greatest ,degrees of ,heat our ,thermometers would reach to4 ,and with the same ,thermometer 7of mine7 ,i experimented the greatest ,heat of my ,body1 in ,july #agji4 ,first in an hot ,day without ,exercise1 by patting the ,ball of my ,thermometer under my ,armpits1 and other hottest ,parts of my ,body4 ,by which means the ,spirits were raised #bhd ,tenths of an ,inch above the ,ball4 ,after that1 in a much hotter ,day1 and indeed nearly as hot as any ,day with us1 and after ,i had heated my self with strong ,exercise too1 as much as ,i could well bear1 ,i again tried the same ,experiment1 but could not get the ,spirits above #bhh ,tenths2 which ,i thought an inconsiderable ,difference1 for so seemingly a very different ,heat of my ,body4 ,but from some ,experiments ,i have made 7altho' ,i have unfortunately forgotten them7 in very cold ,weather1 ,i imagine the ,heat of an healthy ,body to be always much the same in the warmest ,parts thereof1 both in ,summer and ,winter4 ,now between those very ,degrees of #bhd and #bhh1 the ,point of the equatorial ,heat falleth4 ,from which ,observation it appears1 that there is pretty nearly an equal ,contemperament of the ,warmth of our ,bodies1 to that of the hottest ,part of the ,atmosphere inhabited by us4 ,if the ,proportion of the ,degrees of ,heat be desired from the ,freezing-,point1 to the ,winter1 ,spring1 and ,summer ,air1 the ,heat of ,man's ,body1 of heated ,water1 melted ,metals1 and so to actual ,fire2 an ,account may be met with of it1 by my most ingenious ,friend1 the great ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 in ,phil4 ,transact4 ,n4 #bgj4 d ,in hoc ,providentia ac ,dispositor ille ,mundi ,deus1 aera ventis exercendum dedit1----non ut nos classes partem freti occupaturas compleremus milite armato1 c4 ,dedit ille ventos ad custodiendam cli terrarumq2 temperiem1 ad evocandas supprimendsq2 aquas1 ad alendos satorum atq2 arborum fructus2 quos ad maturitatem cum aliis causis adducit ipsa jactatio1 attrahens cibum in summa1 ne torpeat1 promovens4 ,dedit ventos ad ulteriora noscenda3 fuisset enim imperitum animal1 fine magn experienti rerum ,homo1 si circumscriberetur natalis soli fine4 ,dedit ventos ut commoda cujusq2 regionis fierent communia2 non ut legiones equitemq2 gestarent1 nec ut perniciosa gentibus arma transveherent4 ,seneca1 ibid4 e ,sea-,breezes commonly rise in the ,morning about nine a ,clock4----,they first approach the ,shore gently1 as if they were afraid to come near it4----,it comes in a fine1 small1 black ,curle upon the ,water1 whereas all the ,sea between it and the ,shore 7not yet reached by it7 is as smooth and even as ,glass in ,comparison4 ,in half an ,hours time after it has reached the ,shore1 it fans pretty briskly1 and so encreaseth gradually till twelve a ,clock2 then it is commonly strongest1 and lasts so till two or three1 a very brisk ,gale4----,after three it begins to die away again1 and gradually withdraws its force till all is spent2 and about five a ,clock----it is lulled asleep1 and comes no more till next morning4 ,and as the ,sea ,breezes do blow in the ,day1 and rest in the ,night2 so on the contrary ,the ,land-,breezes blow in the ,night1 and rest in the ,day1 alternately succeeding each other4----,they spring up between six and twelve at ,night1 and last till six1 eight1 or ten in the ,morning4 ,dampier's ,disc4 of ,winds1 ch4 #d4 f ,one ,thing more ,i believe some of my ,friends will expect from me is1 that ,i shew the ,result of comparing my own ,observations of the ,winds1 with others they know ,i have from ,ireland1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,new-,england1 and some of our ,parts of ,england4 ,but the ,observations being some of them but of one ,year1 and most of the rest of but a few ,years1 ,i have not been able to determine any great ,matters4 ,the chief of what ,i have observed is1 that the ,winds in all these ,places seldom agree1 but when they most certainly do so1 it is commonly when the ,winds are strong1 and of long continuance in the same ,quarter3 ,and more ,i think in the ,northerly and ,easterly1 than other ,points4 ,also a strong ,wind in one ,place1 is oftentimes a weak one in another ,place1 or moderate1 according as ,places have been nearer or farther distant4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #big1 and #cba4 ,but to give a good and tolerable ,account of this or any other of the ,weather1 it is necessary to have good ,histories thereof from all ,parts2 which1 as yet we have but few of1 and they imperfect1 for want of longer and sufficient ,observations4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,clouds and ,rain4 ,the ,clouds and ,raina we shall find to be no less useful ,meteors than the last mentioned2 as is manifest in the refreshing pleasant ,shades which the ,clouds afford1 and the fertile ,dews and ,showers which they pour down on the ,trees and ,plants1 which would languish and die with perpetual ,drought1 but are hereby made ,verdant and ,flourishing1 ,gay and ,ornamental2 so that 7as the ,psalmist saith1 ,psal4 lxv4 #ab1 #ac47 ,the little ,hills rejoice on every side1 and the ,valleys shout for ,joy1 they also sing4 ,and1 if to these ,uses1 we should add the ,origine of ,fountains and ,rivers1 to ,vapours and the ,rains1 as some of the most eminent modern ,philosophersb have done1 we should have another ,instance of the great ,use and ,benefit of that ,meteor4 ,and now1 if we reflect upon this necessary ,appendage of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 the ,atmosphere2 and consider the absolute ,necessity thereof to many ,uses of our ,globe1 and its great ,convenience to the whole3 ,and in a ,word1 that it answereth all the ,ends and ,purposes that we can suppose there can be for such an ,appendage3 ,who can but own this to be the ,contrivance1 the ,work of the great ,creator8 ,who would ever say or imagine such a ,body1 so different from the ,globe it serves1 could be made by ,chance1 or be adapted so exactly to all those forementioned grand ,ends1 by any other ,efficient than by the ,power and ,wisdom of the infinite ,god6 ,who would not rather1 from so noble a ,work1 readily acknowledge the ,workmanc and as easily conclude the ,atmosphere to be made by ,,god1 as an ,instrument wrought by its ,power1 any ,pneumatick ,engine1 to be contrived and made by ,man6 ,,footnotes3 a ,clouds and ,rain are made of ,vapours raised from ,water1 or ,moisture only4 ,so that ,i utterly exclude the ,notion of ,dry1 ,terrene ,exhalations1 or ,fumes1 talked much of by most ,philosophers2 ,fumes being really no other than the humid ,parts of ,bodies respectively ,dry4 ,these ,vapours are demonstratively no other than small ,bubbles1 or ,vesicul detached from the ,waters by the ,power of the ,solar1 or ,subterraneous ,heat1 or both4 ,of which see ,book #b4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7b74 ,and being lighter than the ,atmosphere1 are buoyed up thereby1 until they become of an equal ,weight therewith1 in some of its ,regions aloft in the ,air1 or nearer the ,earth2 in which those ,vapours are formed into ,clouds1 ,rain1 ,snow1 ,hail1 ,lightning1 ,dew1 ,mists1 and other ,meteors4 ,in this ,formation of ,meteors the grand ,agent is ,cold1 which commonly1 if not always1 occupies the superior ,regions of the ,air2 as is manifest from those ,mountains which exalt their lofty ,tops into the upper and middle ,regions1 and are always covered with ,snow and ,ice4 ,this ,cold1 if it approaches near the ,earth1 presently precipitates the ,vapours1 either in ,dews2 or if the ,vapours more copiously ascend1 and soon meet the ,cold1 they are then condensed into ,misting1 or else into ,showers of small ,rain1 falling in numerous1 thick1 small ,drops3 ,but if those ,vapours are not only copious1 but also as heavy as our lower ,air it self1 7by means their ,bladders are thick and fuller of ,water17 in this ,case they become visible1 swim but a little ,height above the ,earth1 and make what we call a ,mist or ,fog4 ,but if they are a ,degree lighter1 so as to mount higher1 but not any great ,height1 as also meet not with ,cold enough to condense them1 nor ,wind to dissipate them1 they then form an heavy1 thick1 dark ,sky1 lasting oftentimes for several ,weeks without either ,sun or ,rain4 ,and in this ,case1 ,i have scarce ever known it to ,rain1 till it hath been first ,fair1 and then ,foul4 ,and ,mr4 ,clarke1 7an ingenious ,clergyman of ,norfolk1 who in his ,life-time1 long before me1 took notice of it1 and kept a ,register of the ,weather for thirty ,years1 which his learned ,grandson1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,clarke put into my ,hands1 he1 ,i say7 saith1 he scarce ever observed the ,rule to fail in all that ,time2 only he adds1 ,if the ,wind be in some of the easterly ,points4 ,but ,i have observed the same to happen1 be the ,wind where it will4 ,and from what hath been said1 the ,case is easily accounted for1 viz4 whilst the ,vapours remain in the same ,state1 the ,weather doth so too4 ,and such ,weather is generally attended with moderate ,warmth1 and with little or no ,wind to disturb the ,vapours1 and an heavy ,atmosphere to support them1 the ,barometer being commonly high then4 ,but when the ,cold approacheth1 and by condensing drives the ,vapours into ,clouds or ,drops1 then is way made for the ,sun-beams1 till the same ,vapours1 being by further ,condensation formed into ,rain1 fall down in ,drops4 ,the ,cold's approaching the ,vapours1 and consequently the ,alteration of such dark ,weather ,i have beforehand perceived1 by some few small ,drops of ,rain1 ,hail1 or ,snow1 now and then falling1 before any ,alteration hath been in the ,weather2 which ,i take to be from the ,cold meeting some of the straggling ,vapours1 or the uppermost of them1 and condensing them into ,drops1 before it arrives unto1 and exerts it self upon the main ,body of ,vapours below4 ,i have more largely than ordinary insisted upon this part of the ,weather1 partly1 as being somewhat out of the way2 but chiefly1 because it gives ,light to many other ,phnomena of the ,weather4 ,particularly we may hence discover the ,original of ,clouds1 ,rain1 ,hail and ,snow2 that they are ,vapours carried aloft by the ,gravity of the ,air1 which meeting together so as to make a ,fog above1 they thereby form a ,cloud4 ,if the ,cold condenseth them into ,drops1 they then fall in ,rain1 if the ,cold be not intense enough to freeze them3 ,but if the ,cold freezeth them in the ,clouds1 or in their ,fall through the ,air1 they then become ,hail or ,snow4 ,as to ,lightning1 and other enkindled ,vapours1 ,i need say little in this ,place1 and shall therefore only observe1 that they owe also their ,rise to ,vapours2 but such ,vapours as are detached from mineral ,juices1 or at least that are mingled with them1 and are fired by ,fermentation4 ,another ,phnomenon resolvable from what hath been said is1 why a cold1 is always a wet ,summer1 viz4 because the ,vapours rising plentifully then1 are by the ,cold soon collected into ,rain4 ,a remarkable ,instance of this we had in the ,summer of #agjh1 part of which1 especially about the ,solstice1 was much colder than usually4 ,on ,june #ab1 it was so cold1 that my ,thermometer was near the ,point of hoar ,frost1 and in some ,places ,i heard there was an hoar ,frost2 and during all the cool ,weather of that ,month1 we had frequent and large ,rains1 so that the whole ,month's ,rain amounted to above two ,inches ,depth1 which is a large ,quantity for ,upminster1 even in the wettest ,months4 ,and not only with us at ,upminster1 but in other ,places1 particularly at ,zurich in ,switzerland1 they seem to have had as unseasonable ,cold and ,wet as we4 ,fuit hic mensis----prter modum humidus1 magno quidem vegetabilibus hominibusque damno4 ,multum computruit ,fnum1 c4 complains the industrious and learned ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,scheuchzer3 ,of which1 and other ,particulars1 ,i have given a larger ,account in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cba4 ,in which ,transaction ,i have observed farther1 that about the ,equinoxes we 7at ,upminster at least7 have oftentimes more ,rain than at other ,seasons4 ,the ,reason of which is manifest from what hath been said1 viz4 in ,spring1 when the ,earth and ,waters are loosed from the brumal ,constipations1 the ,vapours arise in great ,plenty3 ,and the like they do in ,autumn1 when the ,summer ,heats1 that both dissipated them1 and warmed the superior ,regions1 are abated2 and then the ,cold of the superior ,regions meeting them1 condenseth them into ,showers1 more plentifully than at other ,seasons1 when either the ,vapours are fewer1 or the ,cold that is to condense them is less4 ,the manner how ,vapours are precipitated by the ,cold1 or reduced into ,drops1 ,i conceive to be thus3 ,vapours being1 as ,i said1 no other than inflated ,vesicul of ,water2 when they meet with a colder ,air than what is contained in them1 the contained ,air is reduced into a less ,space1 and the watery ,shell or ,case rendered thicker by that means1 so as to become heavier than the ,air1 by which they are buoyed up1 and consequently must needs fall down4 ,also many of those thickned ,vesicul run into one1 and so form ,drops1 greater or smaller1 according to the ,quantity of ,vapours collected together4 ,as to the ,rain of different ,places1 ,i have in some of our ,transactions assigned the ,quantities2 particularly in the last cited ,transaction1 ,i have assigned these1 viz4 the ,depth of the ,rain one ,year with another1 in ,english ,measure1 if it was to stagnate on the ,earth1 would amount unto1 at ,townely in ,lancashire1 #db ,inches2 at ,upminster in ,essex #ai ,inches2 at ,zurich in ,switzerland #cb ,inches2 at ,pisa in ,italy #dc ,inches2 at ,paris in ,france #ai ,inches2 and at ,lisle in ,flanders #bd ,inches4 ,it would be endless to reckon up the bloody and other prodigious ,rains taken notice of by ,historians1 and other ,authors1 as prternatural and ominous ,accidents2 but1 if strictly pried into1 will be found owing to natural ,causes3 ,of which1 for the ,reader's ,satisfaction1 ,i will give an ,instance or two4 ,a bloody ,rain was imagined to have fallen in ,france1 which put the ,country ,people into so great a ,fright1 that they left their ,work in the ,fields1 and in great haste flew to the ,neighbouring ,houses4 ,peirise 7then in the ,neighbourhood7 strictly enquiring into the ,cause1 found it to be only red ,drops coming from a sort of ,butterfly that flew about in great ,numbers at that ,time1 as he concluded from seeing such red ,drops come from them2 and because these ,drops were laid1 ,non supra dificia1 non in devexis lapidum superficiebus1 uti debuerat contingere1 si clo sanguine pluisset2 sed in subcavis potius in foraminibus4----,accessit1 qud parietes iis tingebantur1 non qui in mediis oppidis1 sed qui agrorum vicini erant1 neque secundum partes elatiores1 sed ad mediocrem solm altitudinem1 quantam volitare ,papiliones solent4 ,gassend in vit4 ,peiresk4 ,l4 #b4 p4 #aef4 ,so ,dr4 ,merret saith also1 ,pluvia ,sanguinis qum certissim constat esse tantm ,insectorum excrementa3 ,pluvia ,tritici qum nihil aliud esse qum ,heder baccifer grana ,sturnis devorata excretaque comparanti liquidissim patet4 ,pinax rerum1 c4 p4 #bbj4 ,the curious ,worm tells of the raining of ,brimstone1 ,an4 #afdf4 ,maii #af4 ,hic ,hafni cm ingenti pluvi tota urbs1 omnesque ita inundarentur plate1 ut gressus hominum impediret1 ,sulphureoque odore arem inficeret1 dilapsis aliquantulum aquis1 quibusdam in locis colligere licuit ,sulphureum pulverem1 cujus portionem servo1 colore1 odore1 aliis verum ,sulphur ferentem4 ,mus4 ,worm4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #aa4 ,sect4 #a4 ,together with the ,rain we might take notice of other ,meteors1 particularly ,snow2 which although an irksome ,guest1 yet hath its great ,uses1 if all be true that the famous ,t4 ,bartholin saith of it1 who wrote a ,book de ,nivis usu ,medico4 ,in which he shews of what great ,use ,snow is in fructifying the ,earth1 preserving from the ,plague1 curing ,fevers1 ,colicks1 ,head-,aches1 ,tooth-,aches1 ,sore ,eyes1 ,pleurisies1 7for which ,use he saith his ,country-,women of ,denmark keep ,snow-,water gathered in ,march71 also in prolonging ,life1 7of which he instanceth in the ,alpine ,inhabitants1 that live to a great ,age17 and preserving dead ,bodies2 ,instances of which he gives in ,persons buried under the ,snow in passing the ,alps1 which are found uncorrupted in the ,summer1 when the ,snow is melted2 which sad ,spectacle he himself was an ,eye-,witness of4 ,and at ,spitzberg in ,greenland1 dead ,bodies remain entire and uncorrupted for thirty ,years4 ,and lastly1 concerning such as are so preserv'd when slain1 he saith they remain in the same ,posture and ,figure3 ,of which he gives this odd ,example1 ,visum id extra urbem nostram ,hafniam quum1 #aa ,feb4 #afei4 oppugnantes hostes repellerentur1 magnque strage occumberent2 alii enim rigidi iratum vultum ostendebant1 alii oculos elatos1 alii ore diducto ringentes1 alii brachiis extensis ,gladium minari1 alii alio situ prostrati jacebant4 ,barthol4 de usu ,niv4 c4 #ab4 ,but although ,snow be attended with the ,effects here named1 and others specified by the learned ,bartholin2 yet this is not to be attributed to any peculiar ,virtue in the ,snow1 but some other ,cause4 ,thus when it is said to fructify the ,earth1 it doth so by guarding the ,corn or other ,vegetables against the intenser cold of the ,air1 especially the cold piercing ,winds2 which the ,husbandmen observe to be the most injurious to their ,corn of all ,weathers4 ,so for ,conserving dead ,bodies1 it doth it by constipating such ,bodies1 and preventing all such ,fermentations or internal ,conflicts of their ,particles1 as would produce ,corruption4 ,such an ,example as the preceding is said to have happened some ,years ago at ,paris1 in digging in a ,cellar for supposed hidden ,treasure2 in which1 after digging some ,hours1 the ,maid going to call her ,master1 found them all in their digging ,postures1 but dead4 ,this being noised abroad1 brought in not only the ,people1 but ,magistrates also1 who found them accordingly2 ,ille qui ligone terram effoderat1 socius qui pal effossam terram removerat1 ambo pedibus stabant1 quasi sua quisque oper affixus incubuisset2 uxor unius quasi ab opere defessa in scamno1 solicito quodam vultu1 sedebat1 inclinato in palmam mans genibus innitentis capite2 puerulus laxatis braccis in margine excavat fove defixis in terram oculis alvum exonerabat2 omnes in naturali situ1 carne tanquam statu rigidi1 apertis oculis vultu vitam quasi respirante1 exanimes stabant4 ,dr4 ,bern4 ,connor1 ,dissert4 ,med4 ,phys4 p4 #ae4 ,the ,doctor attributes all this to ,cold2 but ,i scarce think there could be ,cold enough to do all this at ,paris1 and in a ,cellar too4 ,bur his following ,stories are not improbable1 of ,men and ,cattle killed with ,cold1 that remained in the very same ,posture in which they died2 of which he gives1 from a ,spanish ,captain1 this ,instance1 that happened two ,years before1 of a ,soldier who unfortunately straggled from his ,company that were foraging1 and was killed with the ,cold1 but was thought to have fallen into the ,enemies ,hands4 ,but soon after their return to their ,quarters1 they saw their ,comrade returning1 sitting on ,horseback1 and coming to congratulate him1 found him dead1 and that he had been brought thither in the same ,posture on ,horseback1 notwithstanding the jolting of the ,horse4 ,ibid4 p4 #ah4 b ,of this ,opinion was my late most ingenious and learned ,friend1 ,mr4 ,ray1 whose ,reasons see in his ,physico-,theolog4 ,discourses1 ,disc4 #b4 ch4 #b4 p4 #hi1 c4 ,so also my no less learned and ingenious ,friends1 ,dr4 ,halley1 and the late ,dr4 ,hook1 many of the ,french ,vertuoso's also1 and divers other very considerable ,men before them1 too many to be specified here4 c ,an ,polycletum quidem admirabimur propter partium ,statu--convenientiam ac proportionem8 ,naturam autem non mod non laudabimus1 sed omni etiam arte privabimus1 qu partium proportionem non solm extrinsecus more ,statuariorum1 sed in profundo etiam servavit8 ,nonne ,polycletus ipse ,natur est imitator1 in quibus saltem eam potuit imitari8 ,potuit autem in solis externis partibus in quibus artem consideravit4 ,with much more to the like ,purpose1 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #ag4 c4 #a4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,light4 ,thus much for the first ,thing ministring to the ,terraqueous ,globe1 the ,atmosphere and its ,meteors2 the next ,appendage is ,light4a ,concerning which ,i have in my ,survey of the ,heavensb shewed what admirable ,contrivances the infinitely wise ,creator hath for the affording this noble1 glorious and comfortable ,benefit to other ,globes1 as well as ours2 the ,provision he hath made by ,moons1 as well as by the ,sun1 for the ,communication of it4 ,and now let us briefly consider the great ,necessity and ,use thereof to all our ,animal ,world4 ,and this we shall find to be little less than the very ,life and ,pleasure of all those ,creatures4 ,for what ,benefit would ,life be of1 what ,pleasure1 what ,comfort would it be for us to live in perpetual ,darkness8 ,how could we provide ourselves with ,food and ,necessaries8 ,how could we go about the least ,business1 correspond with one another1 or be of any ,use in the ,world1 or any ,creatures be the same to us1 without ,light1 and those admirable ,organs of the ,body1 which the great ,creator hath adapted to the ,perception of that great ,benefit8 ,but now by the help of this admirable1 this first-madec1 because most necessary1 ,creature of ,god1 by this1 ,i say1 all the ,animal ,world is enabled to go here and there1 as their ,occasions call2 they can transact their ,business by ,day1 and refresh and recruit themselves by ,night1 with ,rest and ,sleep4 ,they can with ,admiration and ,pleasure1 behold the glorious ,works of ,god2 they can view the ,glories of the ,heavens1 and see the ,beauties of the flowry ,fields1 the gay ,attire of the feathered ,tribe1 the exquisite ,garniture of many ,quadrupeds1 ,insects1 and other ,creatures2 they can take in the delightsome ,landskips of divers ,countries and ,places2 they can with ,admiration see the great ,creator's wonderful ,art and ,contrivance in the ,parts of ,animals and ,vegetables3 ,and in a word1 behold the ,harmony of this lower ,world1 and of the ,globes above1 and survey ,god's exquisite ,workmanship in every ,creature4 ,to all which ,i might add the ,improvements which the ,sagacity of ,men hath made of this noble ,creature of ,god1 by the ,refractions and ,reflections of ,glasses4 ,but it would be endless to enumerate all its particular ,uses and ,benefits to our ,world4 ,but before ,i leave this ,point1 there are two ,things concerning ,light1 which will deserve an especial ,remark2 and that is1 its swift and almost instantaneous ,motion1 and its vast ,extension4 #a4 ,it is a very great ,act of the ,providence of ,god1 that so great a ,benefit as ,light is1 is not long in its ,passage from ,place to ,place4 ,for was the ,motion thereof no swifter than the ,motion of the swiftest ,bodies on ,earth1 such as of a ,bullet out of a great ,gun1 or even of a ,soundd 7which is the swiftest ,motion we have next ,light71 in this ,case ,light would take up1 in its ,progress from the ,sun to us above thirty two ,years at the rate of the first1 and above seventeen ,years at the rate of the latter ,motion4 ,the ,inconveniencies of which would be1 its ,energy and ,vigour would be greatly cooled and abated2 its ,rays would be less penetrant2 and ,darkness would with greater ,difficulty and much ,sluggishness1 be dissipated1 especially by the fainter ,lights of our sublunary1 luminous ,bodies4 ,but passing with such prodigious ,velocity1 with nearly the instantaneous ,swiftness of almost ,two hundred thousand ,english ,miles in one ,second of ,time1e or 7which is the same ,thing7 being but about seven or eight ,minutes of an ,hour in coming from the ,sun to us1 therefore with all ,security and ,speed1 we receive the kindly ,effects and ,influences of that noble and useful ,creature of ,god4 #b4 ,another ,thing of great ,consideration about ,light is1 its vast ,expansion1 it's almost incomprehensible1 and inconceivable ,extension1 which as a late ingenious ,authorf saith1 8,is as boundless and unlimited as the ,universe it self1 or the ,expansum of all material ,beings3 ,the vastness of which is so great1 that it exceeds the ,comprehensions of ,man's ,understanding4 ,insomuch that very many have asserted it absolutely infinite1 and without any ,limits or ,bounds40 ,and that this noble ,creature of ,god is of this ,extent1g is manifest from our seeing some of the farthest distant ,objects1 the heavenly ,bodies1 some with our naked ,eye1 some with the help of ,optical ,instruments1 and others in all ,probability farther and farther1 with better and better ,instruments3 ,and had we ,instruments of ,power equivalent to the ,extent of ,light1 the luminous ,bodies of the utmost ,parts of the ,universe1 would for the same ,reason be visible too4 ,now as ,light is of greatest ,use to impower us to see ,objects at all1 so the ,extension thereof is no less useful to enable us to see ,objects afar off4 ,by which means we are afforded a ,ken of those many glorious ,works of the infinite ,creator1 visible in the ,heavens1 and can improve them to some of the noblest ,sciences1 and most excellent ,uses of our own ,globe4 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is not worth while to enumerate the ,opinions of the ,aristotelians1 ,cartesians1 and others1 about the ,nature of ,light1 ,aristotle making it a ,quality2 ,cartes a ,pulsion1 or ,motion of the ,globules of the second ,element1 ,vid4 ,cartes ,princip4 p4 #c4 4 #ee1 c4 ,but with the ,moderns1 ,i take ,light to consist of material ,particles1 propagated from the ,sun1 and other luminous ,bodies1 not instantaneously1 but in time1 according to the ,notes following in this ,chapter4 ,but not to insist upon other ,arguments for the ,proof of it1 our noble ,founder hath proved the ,materiality of ,light and ,heat1 from actual ,experiments on ,silver1 ,copper1 ,tin1 ,lead1 ,spelter1 ,iron1 ,tutenage1 and other ,bodies1 exposed 7both naked and closely shut up7 to the ,fire3 ,all which were constantly found to receive an ,increment of ,weight4 ,i wish he could have met with a favourable ,season to have tried his ,experiments with the ,sun-beams as he intended4 ,vid4 ,boyl ,exp4 to make ,fire and ,flame ponderable4 b ,astro-,theol4 ,book #g4 c ,gen4 i4 #c4 ,and ,god said1 ,let there be ,light1 and there was ,light4 d ,it may not be ungrateful to the ,curious1 to take notice of the ,velocity of these two ,things4 ,according to the ,observations of ,mersennus1 a ,bullet-shot out of a great ,gun1 flies #ib ,fathom in a ,second of ,time1 7,vid4 ,mersen4 ,balist47 which is equal to #ehi ,feet ,english1 and according to the ,computation of ,mr4 ,huygens1 it would be #be years in passing from the ,earth to the ,sun4 ,but according to my own ,observations made with one of her ,majesty's ,sakers1 and a very accurate ,pendulum-,chronometer1 a ,bullet1 at its first ,discharge1 flies #eaj ,yards in five half ,seconds1 which is a ,mile in a little above #ag half ,seconds4 ,and allowing the ,sun's ,distance to be1 as in the next ,note1 a ,bullet would be #cb ,years in flying with its utmost ,velocity to the ,sun4 ,as to the ,velocity of ,sound1 see ,book #d4 ,chap4 #c4 ,note #bh4 according to which rate there mentioned1 a ,sound would be near #ag ,years in flying as far as the distance is from the ,earth to the ,sun4 ,confer here the ,experiments of the ,acad4 del ,ciment4 p4 #adj1 c4 e ,mr4 ,romer's ingenious ,hypothesis about the ,velocity of ,light1 hath been established by the ,royal ,academy1 and in the ,observatory for eight ,years1 as our ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #acf4 observe from the ,journ4 des ,scavans2 our most eminent ,astronomers also in ,england admit it3 ,but ,dr4 ,hook thinks with ,monsieur ,cartes1 the ,motion of ,light ,instantaneous1 ,hook ,post4 ,works1 pag4 #gg4 ,and this he endeavours to explain1 pag4 #acj1 c4 ,what ,mr4 ,romer's ,hypothesis is1 may be seen in the ,phil4 ,transact4 before-cited3 ,as also in the before commended ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,opticks3 ,light is propagated from luminous ,bodies in time1 and spends about seven or eight ,minutes of an ,hour in passing from the ,sun to the ,earth4 ,this was first observed by ,romer1 and then by others1 by means of the ,eclipses of the ,satellites of ,jupiter4 ,for these ,eclipses1 when the ,earth is between the ,sun and ,jupiter1 happen about seven or eight ,minutes sooner than they ought to do by the ,tables2 and when the ,earth is beyond the 1 they happen about seven or eight ,minutes later than they ought to do3 ,the reason being1 that the ,light of the ,satellites hath farther to go in the latter ,case than in the former1 by the ,diameter of the ,earth's ,orbit4 ,newt4 ,opt4 ,l4 #b4 ,part4 #c4 ,prop4 #aa4 ,now forasmuch as the ,distance between the ,sun and the ,earth 7according to the ,computations in my ,astro-,theology1 ,b4 #a4 ch4 #c4 ,note #b47 is #hfjeacih ,english ,miles2 therefore1 at the rate of #g ,minutes1 or #dej ,seconds in passing from the ,sun1 ,light will be found to fly above #aiabbe ,miles in one ,second of ,time4 f ,dr4 ,hook ,post4 ,works4 ,lect4 of ,light1 pag4 #gf4 g ,for the proof of this vast ,extent of ,light1 ,i shall take the ,computation of the same great ,man1 pag4 #gg4 ,if1 saith he1 we consider first the vast ,distance between us and the ,sun1 which from the best and latest ,observations in ,astronomy1 is judged to be about #ajjjj ,diameters of the ,earth1 each of which ,it about #gibe ,english ,miles2 therefore the ,sun's distance is #gibejjj ,miles2 and if we consider that according to the ,observations1 which ,i published to prove the ,motion of the ,earth1 which were ,observations of the ,parallax of some of the fixt ,stars in the ,head of ,draco1 made in #afii the whole ,diameter of the ,orb1 viz4 #bjjjj1 made the ,subtense but of one ,minute to one of the fixt ,stars1 which cannot therefore be less distant than #cdch ,diameters of this great ,orb1 and consequently #fhgfjjjj ,diameters of the ,earth3 ,and if this ,star be one of the nearest1 and that the ,stars that are of one ,degree lesser in ,magnitude 7,i mean not of the ,second ,magnitude1 because there may be many ,degrees between the first and second7 be as much farther2 and another sort yet smaller be three times as far2 and a fourth four times as far1 and so onward1 possibly to some #ajj ,degrees of ,magnitude1 such as may be discovered by longer and longer ,telescopes1 that they may be #ajj times as far2 then certainly this material ,expansion1 a part of which we are1 must be so great1 that 'twill infinitely exceed our shallow ,conception to imagine4 ,now1 by what ,i last mentioned1 it is evident that ,light extends it self to the utmost imaginable ,parts1 and by the help of ,telescopes we collect the ,rays1 and make them sensible to the ,eye1 which are emitted from some of the almost inconceivably remote ,objects1 c4----,nor is it only the great ,body of the ,sun1 or the vast ,bodies of the fixt ,stars1 that are thus able to disperse their ,light through the vast ,expansum of the ,universe2 but the smallest ,spark of a lucid ,body will do the very same ,thing1 even the smallest ,globule struck from a ,steel by a ,flint1 c4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,gravity4 ,the last ,thing subservient to our ,globe1 that ,i shall take notice of1 is ,gravitya1 or that ,tendency which ,bodies have to the ,centre of the ,earth4 ,in my ,astro-,theology1 ,book #f4 ,ch4 #b4 ,i have shewn of what absolute ,necessity1 and what a noble ,contrivance this of ,gravity is1 for keeping the several ,globes of the ,universe from shattering to ,pieces1 as they evidently must do in a little ,time by their swift ,rotation round their own ,axesb4 ,the ,terraqueous ,globe particularly1 which circumvolves at the rate of above #ajjj ,miles an ,hourc1 would by the centrifugal force of that ,motion1 be soon dissipated and spirtled into the circumambient ,space1 was it not kept together by this noble ,contrivance of the ,creator1 this natural inherent ,power1 namely1 the ,power of ,attraction or ,gravity4 ,and as by this ,power our ,globe is defended against ,dissipation1 so all its ,parts are kept in their proper ,place and ,order4 ,all material ,things do naturally gravitate thereto1 and unite themselves therewith1 and so preserve its ,bulk intired4 ,and the fleeting ,waters1 the most unruly of all its ,parts1 do by this means keep their constant quipoise in the ,globee1 and remain in that ,place which1 the ,psalmist saith1 ,god had founded for them2 a bound he had set1 which they might not pass2 that they turn not again to cover the ,earth1 ,psal4 civ4 #h1 #i4 ,so1 that even in a natural ,way1 by virtue of this excellent ,contrivance of the ,creator1 the ,observation of the ,psalmist is perpetually fulfilled1 ,psal4 lxxxix4 #i4 ,thou rulest the raging of the ,sea2 when the ,waves thereof arise1 thou stillest them4 ,to these1 and an hundred other ,uses of ,gravity that ,i might have named1 ,i shall only just mention another ,thing owing to it1 and that is ,levityf1 that1 whereby what we call light ,bodies swim1 a ,thing no less useful to the ,world than its opposite1 ,gravity1 is in many ,respects1 to divers ,tribes of ,animals1 but particularly serviceable to the raising up of ,vapoursg1 and to their ,conveyance about the ,world4 ,and now from this transient ,view of no other than the ,out-works1 than the bare ,appendages of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 we have so manifest a ,sample of the ,wisdom1 ,power1 and ,goodness of the infinite ,creator1 that it is easy to imagine the whole ,fabrick is of a ,piece1 the ,work of at least a skilful ,artist4 ,a ,man that should meet with a ,palaceh1 beset with pleasant ,gardens1 adorned with stately ,avenues1 furnished with well-contrived ,aqueducts1 ,cascades1 and all other ,appendages conducing to ,convenience or ,pleasure1 would easily imagine1 that proportionable ,architecture and ,magnificence were within3 ,but we should conclude the ,man was out of his ,wits that should assert and plead that all was the ,work of ,chance1 or other than of some wise and skilful ,hand4 ,and so when we survey the bare ,out-works of this our ,globe1 when we see so vast a ,body1 accouter'd with so noble a ,furniture of ,air1 ,light and ,gravity2 with every ,thing1 in short1 that is necessary to the ,preservation and ,security of the ,globe it self1 or that conduceth to the ,life1 ,health1 and ,happiness1 to the ,propagation and ,increase of all the prodigious ,variety of ,creatures the ,globe is stocked with2 when we see nothing wanting1 nothing redundant or frivolous1 nothing botching or ill-made1 but that every thing1 even in the very ,appendages alone1 exactly answereth all its ,ends and ,occasions3 ,what else can be concluded1 but that all was made with manifest ,design1 and that all the whole ,structure is the ,work of some intelligent ,being2 some ,artist1 of ,power and ,skill equivalent to such a ,work8 ,,footnotes3 a ,that there is such a ,thing as ,gravity1 is manifest from its ,effects here upon ,earth2 and that the ,heavenly ,bodies attract or gravitate to one another1 when placed at due ,distances1 is made highly probable by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,this attractive or gravitating ,power1 ,i take to be congenial to ,matter1 and imprinted on all the ,matter of the ,universe by the ,creator's ,fiat at the ,creation4 ,what the ,cause of it is1 the ,newtonian ,philosophy doth not pretend to determine for want of ,phnomena1 upon which ,foundation it is that that ,philosophy is grounded1 and not upon chimerical and uncertain ,hypotheses3 ,but whatever the ,cause is1 that ,cause penetrates even to the ,centers of the ,sun and ,planets1 without any ,diminution of its ,virtue2 and it acteth not according to the ,superficies of ,bodies 7as ,mechanical ,causes do7 but in proportion to the ,quantity of their solid ,matter2 and lastly1 it acteth all round it at immense ,distances1 decreasing in duplicate proportion to those ,distances1 as ,sir ,isaac ,newton saith1 ,princip4 pag4 ult4 ,what useful ,deductions1 and what a rational ,philosophy have been drawn from hence1 may be seen in the same ,book4 ,this ,attraction1 or ,gravity1 as its ,force is in a certain proportion1 so makes the ,descent of ,bodies to be at a certain rate4 ,and was it not for the ,resistence of the ,medium1 all ,bodies would descend to the ,earth at the same rate2 the lightest ,down1 as swiftly as the heaviest ,mineral3 ,as is manifest in the ,air-,pump1 in which the lightest ,feather1 ,dust1 c4 and a piece of ,lead1 drop down seemingly in the same ,time1 from the top to the bottom of a tall exhausted ,receiver4 ,the rate of the ,descent of heavy ,bodies1 according to ,galileo1 ,mr4 ,huygens1 and ,dr4 ,halley 7after them7 is #af ,feet one ,inch in one ,second of ,time2 and in more ,seconds1 as the ,squares of those ,times4 ,but in some accurate ,experiments made in ,st4 ,paul's ,dome1 ,june #i4 #agaj1 at the ,height of #bbj ,feet1 the ,descent was scarcely #ad ,feet in the first ,second4 ,the ,experiments were made in the ,presence of some very considerable ,members of the ,royal ,society1 by ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 their ,operator1 with glass1 hollow ,balls1 some empty1 some filled with ,quick-silver1 the ,barometer at #big1 the ,thermometer #fj ,degrees above ,freezing4 ,the ,weight of the ,balls1 their ,diameters1 and ,time of the ,descent is in this ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,balls filled with 4 ,empty ,balls4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,weight4 ,diameter4 ,time4 ,weight4 ,diameter4 ,time4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,grains4 ,tenth inch4 ,sec4 ,grains4 ,inch4 ,tenth4 ,sec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ijh #h #h #eaj #e #a #ag #iic #h #h less4 #fdb #e #b #af #hff #h #h #eii #e #a #af #gdg #g #h more4 #eae #e nearly #af #hjh #g #h #dhc #e nearly #ag #ghd #g #h more4 #fda #e #b #af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,the ,reason why the heavy1 full ,balls fell in half the ,time of the hollow ones1 was the ,resistence of the ,air3 ,which ,resistence is very ingeniously and accurately assigned by ,dr4 ,wallis1 in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #ahf4 ,and the cause of the ,resistence of all ,fluids1 7as ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,opt4 ,q4 #bj47 is partly from the ,friction of the ,parts of the ,fluid1 partly from the ,inertia thereof4 ,the ,resistence a spherical ,body meets with from ,friction1 is as the right ,angle under the ,diameter1 and the ,velocity of the moving ,body3 ,and the ,resistence from the ,vis ,inertia1 is as the ,square of that ,product4 ,for a farther ,account of the ,properties and ,proportions1 c4 of ,gravity in the ,fall or ,projection of ,bodies1 ,i shall refer to the larger ,accounts of ,galilus1 ,torricellius1 ,huygens1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 c4 or to the shorter ,accounts of ,dr4 ,halley in ,philos4 ,trans4 abridged by ,mr4 ,lowthorp1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #efa4 or ,dr4 ,clarke in his ,notes on ,rohault1 ,phys4 #b4 c4 #bh4 4 #ac1 #af4 ,and for the ,resistence of ,fluids1 ,i refer to ,dr4 ,wallis before-cited1 and the ,act4 ,erudit4 ,lips4 ,may #afic4 where there is a way to find the ,force of ,mediums upon ,bodies of different ,figures4 b ,that the heavenly ,bodies move round their own ,axes1 is1 beyond all doubt1 manifest to our ,eye1 in some of them1 from the ,spots visible on them4 ,the ,spots on the ,sun 7easily visible with an ordinary ,glass7 do manifest him to revolve round his own ,axis in about #be ,days4 ,the ,spots on and prove those two ,planets to revolve also from ,east to ,west1 as ,dr4 ,hook discover'd in #affd1 and #affe4 ,and also 7although near the strong ,rays of the ,sun7 hath1 from some ,spots1 been discovered by ,mr4 ,cassini1 in #afff1 and #affg1 to have a manifest ,rotation4 ,v4 ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #chb1 and #dbc1 #dbe4 ,and such ,uniformity hath the ,creator observ'd in the ,works of ,nature1 that what is observable in one1 is generally to be found in all others of the same kind4 ,so that since 'tis manifest the ,sun1 and three of his ,planets whirl round1 it is very reasonable to conclude all the rest do so too1 yea1 every ,globe of the ,universe4 c ,the ,earth's ,circumference being #bejca ,miles1 7according to ,book ,,ii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7a747 if we divide that into #bd ,hours1 we shall find the ,motion of the ,earth to be nearly #ajdc ,miles in an ,hour4 ,which1 by the by1 is a far more reasonable and less rapid ,rate1 than that of the ,sun would be1 if we suppose the ,earth to stand still1 and the ,sun to move round the ,earth4 ,for according to the ,proportions in ,note 7e71 of the preceding ,chapter1 the ,circumference of the ,magnus ,orbis is #edjfhfbbe ,english ,miles1 which divided by #bd ,hours1 gives #bbebhcfd ,miles in an ,hour4 ,but what is this to the ,rapidity of the fixt ,stars1 if we suppose them2 not the ,earth1 to move8 ,which is a good ,argument for the ,earth's ,motion4 d ,nihil majus1 qum qud ita stabilis est ,mundus1 atque ita cohret ad permanendum1 ut nihil n excogitari quidem possit aptius4 ,omnes enim partes ejus undique medium locum capessentes1 nituntur qualiter3 maxim autem corpora inter se juncta permanent1 cum quodam quasi vinculo circumdata colligantur3 quod facit ea natura1 qu per omnem mundum omnia ,mente1 ,ratione conficiens1 funditur1 ad medium rapit1 convertit extrema1 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #de4 e ,edem ratione ,mare1 cm supra terram sit1 medium tamen terr locum expetens1 conglobatur undique qualiter1 neque redundat unquam1 neque effunditur4 ,id4 paulo post4 f ,that there is no such ,thing as positive ,levity1 but that ,levity is only a less ,gravity1 is abundantly manifested by the acute ,seig4 ,alph4 ,borelli de ,mot4 ,grav4 pend4 cap4 #d4 ,see also the ,annotations of the learned and ingenious ,dr4 ,clark on ,rohaulti ,phys4 p4 #a4 c4 #af4 ,note #c4 ,also the ,exper4 of the ,acad4 del ,cimento1 p4 #aah1 c4 ,dr4 ,wallis's ,disc4 of ,gravity and ,gravitation before the ,royal ,society1 ,nov4 #ab4 #afgd4 p4 #bh1 c4 g ,i have before in ,note 7a71 ,chap4 #c4 shewn what ,vapours are1 and how they are rais'd4 ,that which ,i shall here note1 is their ,quantity3 ,concerning which the before-commended ,dr4 ,halley hath given us some curious ,experiments in our ,phil4 ,transact4 which may be met with together in ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajh4 and #abf4 ,mr4 ,sedileau also at ,paris observed it for near three ,years4 ,by all their ,observations it appears1 that in the ,winter ,months the ,evaporations are least1 and greatest in ,summer1 and most of all in windy ,weather4 ,and by ,monsieur ,sedileau's ,observations it appears1 that what is raised in ,vapours1 exceeds that which falleth in ,rain4 ,in the seven last ,months of the ,year #afhh1 the ,evaporations amounted to #bb ,inches #e ,lines2 but the ,rain only to ,inches #f ,lines3 ,in #afhi1 the ,evaporations were #cb ,inches #aj ,lines2 but the ,rain #ah ,inches #a ,line3 ,in #afij1 the ,evaporations #cj ,inches #aa ,lines2 the ,rain #ba ,inches of a ,line4 ,vid4 ,mem4 de ,math4 ,phys4 ,ann4 #afib4 p4 #be4 ,if it be demanded1 ,what becomes of the ,overplus of ,exhalations that descend not in ,rain8 ,i answer1 ,they are partly tumbled down and spent by the ,winds1 and partly descend in ,dews1 which amount to a greater quantity than is commonly imagined4 ,dr4 ,halley found the descent of ,vapours in ,dews so prodigious at ,st4 ,helena1 that he makes no doubt to attribute the ,origine of ,fountains thereto4 ,and ,i my self have seen in a still1 cool ,evening1 large thick ,clouds hanging1 without any ,motion in the ,air1 which in two or three ,hours ,time have been melted down by ,degrees1 by the cold of the ,evening1 so that not any the least ,remains of them have been left4 h ,see ,book ,,ii4 ,chap4 #c4 ,note 7c74 ,illustration ,,book ,,ii4 ,of the ,terraqueous ,globe it self in general4 ,in the foregoing ,book having dispatch'd the ,out-works1 let us take a ,survey of the ,principal ,fabrick1 viz4 the ,terraqueous ,globe it self2 a most stupendious ,work in every particular of it1 which doth no less aggrandize its ,makera1 than every curious1 complete ,work1 doth its ,workman4 ,let us cast our ,eyes here and there1 let us ransack all the ,globe1 let us with the greatest ,accuracy inspect every part thereof1 search out the inmost ,secrets of any of the ,creatures2 let us examine them with all our ,gauges1 measure them with our nicest ,rules1 pry into them with our ,microscopes1 and most exquisite ,instrumentsb still we find them to bear ,testimony to their infinite ,workman2 and that they exceed all humane ,skill so far1 as that the most exquisite ,copies and ,imitations of the best ,artists1 are no other than rude bungling ,pieces to them4 ,and so far are we from being able to espy any ,defect or ,fault in them1 that the better we know them1 the more we admire them2 and the farther we see into them1 the more exquisite we find them to be4 ,and for a ,demonstration of this2 ,i shall1 ,i4 ,take a general ,prospect of the ,terraqueous ,globe4 ,,ii4 ,survey its ,particulars4 ,i4 ,the ,things which will fall under a general ,prospect of the ,globe1 will be its ,figure1 ,bulk1 ,motion1 ,place1 ,distribution into ,earth and ,waters1 and the great ,variety of all ,things upon it and in it4 ,,footnotes3 a ,licet----oculis quodammodo contemplari pulchritudinem earum rerum1 quas ,divin ,providenti dicimus constitutas4 ,ac principio ,terra universa cernatur1 locata in media mundi sede1 solida1 globosa----vestita floribus1 herbis1 arboribus1 frugibus4 ,quorum omnium incredibilis multitudo1 insatiabili varietate distinguitur4 ,adde huc ,fontium gelidas perennitates1 liquores perlucidos ,amnium1 ,riparum vestitus viridissimos1 ,speluncarum concavas altitudines1 ,saxorum asperitates1 impendentium ,montium altitudines1 immensitatesque ,camporum3 ,adde etiam reconditas ,auri----venas----,qua ver1 qum varia genera ,bestiarum8----,qui ,volucrum lapsus1 atque cantus8 ,qui ,pecudum pastus8----,quid de ,hominum genere dicam8 ,qui quasi cultores terra constituti1 c4----,qua si1 ut animis1 sic oculis videre possemus1 nemo cunctam intuens terram1 de ,divin ,ratione dubitaret4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ci4 b ,i cannot here omit the ,observations that have been made in these later ,times1 since we have had the ,use and ,improvement of the ,microscope1 concerning the great ,difference1 which by the help of that1 doth appear betwixt ,natural and ,artificial ,things4 ,whatever is ,natural1 doth by that appear adorned with all imaginable ,elegance and ,beauty4----,whereas the most curious ,works of ,art1 the sharpest1 finest ,needle doth appear as a blunt1 rough ,bar of ,iron1 coming from the ,furnace or the ,forge4 ,the most accurate ,engravings or ,embossments seem such rude1 bungling1 deformed ,works1 as if they had been done with a ,mattock1 or a ,trowel4 ,so vast a ,difference is there betwixt the ,skill of ,nature1 and the ,rudeness and ,imperfection of ,art4 ,bp4 ,wilk4 ,nat4 ,rel4 ,l4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,figure of the ,terraqueous ,globe4 ,this ,i suppose ,i may take for granted to be ,spherical1 or nearly soa4 ,and this must be allowed to be the most commodious1 apt ,figure for a ,world on many ,accounts2 as it is most capacious1 as its ,surface is equi-distant from the ,center1 not only of the ,globe1 but at least 7nearly7 of ,gravity and ,motion too1 and as some have thought1 of the central ,heat and ,waters4 ,but these1 and divers other ,things ,i shall pass over1 and insist only upon two or three other ,benefits of this globous ,figure of the ,earth and ,waters4 #a4 ,this ,figure is the most commodious in regard of ,heat1 and ,i may add of ,light also in some measure4 ,for by this means1 those two great ,benefits are uniformly and equally imparted to the ,world3 ,they come harmoniously and gradually on1 and as gradually go off again4 ,so that the daily and yearly ,returns of ,light and ,darkness1 ,cold and ,heat1 ,moist and ,dry1 are ,regular and ,workman-like1 7we may say17 which they would not be1 especially the former1 if the ,mass of ,earth and ,waters were 7as some fanciedb it7 a large ,plain2 or as others1 like a large ,hill in the midst of the ,ocean2 or of a multangular ,figure2 or such like4 #b4 ,this ,figure is admirably adapted to the commodious and equal ,distribution of the ,waters in the ,globe4 ,for since1 by the ,laws of ,gravity1 the ,waters will possess the lowest ,place2 therefore1 if the ,mass of the ,earth was cubick1 prismatick1 or any other angular ,figure1 it would follow1 that one 7too vast a ,part7 would be drowned2 and another be too dry4 ,but being thus orbicular1 the ,waters are equally and commodiously distributed here and there1 according as the ,divine ,providence saw most fit2 of which ,i shall take notice by and by4 #c4 ,the orbicular ,figure of our ,globe1 is far the most beneficial to the ,winds and ,motions of the ,atmosphere4 ,it is not to be doubted1 if the ,earth was of some other1 or indeed any other ,figure1 but that the ,currents of ,air would be much retarded1 if not wholly stopped4 ,we find by ,experience what ,influence large and high ,mountains1 ,bays1 ,capes1 and ,head-lands have upon the ,winds2 how they stop some1 retard many1 and divert and change 7near the ,shores7 even the general and constant ,windsc1 that blow round the ,globe in the ,torrid ,zone4 ,and therefore1 since this is the effect of such little ,excrescences1 which have but little ,proportion to our ,globe1 what would be the ,consequences of much vaster ,angles1 which would equal a ,quarter1 ,tenth1 or but an ,hundredth ,part of the ,globe's ,radius8 ,certainly these must be such a ,barricade1 as would greatly annoy1 or rather absolutely stop the ,currents of the ,atmosphere1 and thereby deprive the ,world of those salutiferous ,gales that ,i have said keep it sweet and clean4 ,thus the ,figure of our ,globe doth manifest it to be a ,work of ,contrivance1 inasmuch as it is of the most commodious ,figure2 and all others would be liable to great and evident ,inconveniences4 ,,footnotes3 a ,although the ,terraqueous ,globe be of an orbicular ,figure1 yet it is not strictly so1 #a4 ,on account of its ,hills and ,vallies4 ,but there are inconsiderable to the ,earth's ,semidiameter2 for they are but as the ,dust upon a common ,globe4 ,but1 #b4 ,our modern ,astronomers assign a much greater ,variation from a globous ,form1 namely1 that of a prolate ,sphroid1 making the ,polar about #cd ,miles shorter than the ,equatorial ,diameter4 ,the ,cause of which they make to be the centrifugal ,force of the diurnal ,rotation of the ,globe4 ,this ,figure they imagine is in ,jupiter1 his ,polar being to his ,equatorial ,diameter1 as #ci to #dj4 ,but whether it be so or no1 ,i confess ,i could never perceive1 although ,i have often viewed that ,planet through very good1 and long ,glasses1 particularly a tolerable good one of #gb ,feet in my ,hands3 ,and although by ,reason of cloudy ,weather1 and 7at present7 ,jupiter's ,proximity to the ,sun1 ,i have not been of late able to take a review of that ,planet2 yet ,saturn 7so far as his ,ring would permit17 and ,mars appear perfectly round thro' ,mr4 ,huygens's long ,glass of #abf ,feet1 which by ,will he bequeathed1 with its whole ,apparatus1 to our ,r4 ,s4 by whose ,favour it is now in my ,hands4 ,and moreover1 ,i believe it difficult1 next to impossible1 to measure the two ,diameters to a #dj ,part1 by reason of the smallness of ,jupiter's apparent ,diameter1 and by reason he is moving all the time of measuring him4 ,as to what is alledged from lengthening the ,pendulums of ,clocks1 to make them keep the same ,time under the ,equator1 as they do in our ,climes2 ,i have shewn from the like ,variations in the ,air-,pump1 that this may arise from the rarity of the ,air there1 more than here4 ,v4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bid4 ,but if the ,degrees of a ,meridian grow larger1 the more we go towards the ,line1 7as ,mr4 ,cassini affirms they do1 by an #hjj ,part in every ,degree1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bgh47 then there is great reason to conclude in behalf of this ,sphroidal ,form4 ,the natural ,cause of this ,sphericity of our ,globe1 is 7according to ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,principles7 that ,attraction1 which the infinite ,creator hath stamp'd on all the ,matter of the ,universe1 whereby all ,bodies1 and all the ,parts of ,bodies mutually attract themselves and one another4 ,by which means1 as all the ,parts of ,bodies tend naturally to their ,center1 so they all betake themselves to a globous ,figure1 unless some other more prevalent ,cause interpose4 ,thus ,drops of ,quick-silver put on a spherical ,form1 the ,parts thereof strongly attracting one another4 ,so ,drops of ,water have the same ,form1 when falling in the ,air2 but are ,hemispherical only when they lie on a hard ,body1 by reason their ,gravity doth so far over-power their self-attracting ,power1 as to take off one half of their ,sphericity4 ,this ,figure is commonly attributed to the ,pressure of the circumambient ,air3 ,but that this can't be the cause1 is manifest from the ,air-,pump2 the case being the very same in an exhausted ,receiver1 as in the open ,air1 and not any the least ,alteration of the ,figure that ,i could perceive1 in all the ,trials ,i have made4 b ,it would be frivolous as well as endless to reckon up the various ,opinions of the ,ancients about the ,figure of the ,terraqueous ,globe2 some of them may be seen in ,varen4 ,geogr4 l4 #a4 c4 #c4 init4 or ,johnston's ,thaumat4 c4 #a4 ,artic4 #c4 ,but among the variety of ,opinions1 one of the principal was1 ,that the visible ,horizon was the ,bounds of the ,earth1 and the ,ocean the ,bounds of the ,horizon1 that the ,heavens and ,earth above this ,ocean1 was the whole visible ,universe2 and that all beneath the ,ocean was ,hades1 or the invisible ,world4 ,hence1 when the ,sun set1 he was said tingere se ,oceano2 and when any went to ,hades1 they must first pass the ,ocean4 ,of this ,opinion were not only the ancient ,poets1 and others among the ,heathens1 but some of the ,christian ,fathers too1 particularly ,lactantius1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and others1 who thought their ,opinion was favoured by the ,psalmist1 in ,psal4 xxiv4 #b4 and cxxxvi4 #f4 ,see ,bp4 ,usher's ,ans4 to a ,jes4 ,chall4 p4 #cff4 c4 c ,neither do these constant ,trade-,winds usually blow near the ,shore1 but only on the ,ocean1 at least #cj or #dj ,leagues off at ,sea1 clear from any ,land2 especially on the ,west ,coast1 or ,side of any ,continent3 ,for indeed on the ,east ,side1 the ,easterly ,wind being the true ,trade-,wind1 blows almost home to the ,shore1 so near as to receive a check from the ,land-,wind4 ,dampier's ,winds1 ,ch4 #a4 ,and not only the general ,trade-,winds1 but also the constant coasting ,trade-,winds1 are in like manner affected by the ,lands4 ,thus1 for ,instance1 on the ,coast of ,angola and ,peru4 ,but this1 saith the curious ,captain ,dampier1 the ,reader must take notice of1 ,that the ,trade-,winds that blow on any ,coast1 except the ,north ,coast of ,africa1 whether they are constant1 and blow all the ,year1 or whether they are shifting ,winds1 do never blow right in on the ,shore1 nor right along ,shore1 but go slanting1 snaking an acute ,angle of about #bb ,degrees4 ,therefore1 as the ,land tends more ,east or ,west1 from ,north or ,south on the ,coast2 so the ,winds do alter accordingly4 ,ibid4 ,ch4 #b4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,bulk of the ,terraqueous ,globe4 ,the next ,thing remarkable in the ,terraqueous ,globe1 is the prodigious ,bulk thereofa4 ,a ,mass of above #bfj ,thousand ,million of ,miles solid ,content4 ,a ,work too grand for any thing less than a ,god to make4 ,to which in the next ,place we may add1 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is not difficult to make a pretty near ,computation of the ,bulk of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 from those accurate ,observations of a ,degree made by ,mr4 ,norwood in ,england1 and ,mr4 ,picart1 and ,mr4 ,cassini in ,france4 ,whose ,measures do in a surprizing manner agree4 ,but ,mr4 ,cassini's seeming to be the most accurate 7as ,i have shewn in my ,astro-,theology1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #b4 ,note 7a747 ,i have there made use of his ,determinations4 ,according to which the ,diameter of the ,earth being #gifg1gb ,english ,miles1 its ,ambit will be #bejca ,miles2 and 7supposing it to be ,spherical7 its ,surface will be #aiidddbbj ,miles2 which being multiplied into of its ,semidiameter1 gives the ,solid ,content1 viz4 #bfdhefjjjjjj ,miles4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,motions of the ,terraqueous ,globe4 ,the ,motions the ,terraqueous ,globe hath1 are round its own ,axis1 and round its ,fountain of ,light and ,heat1 the ,suna4 ,that so vast a ,body as the ,earth and ,waters should be moved at allb1 that it should undergo two such different ,motions1 as the ,diurnal and ,annual are1 and that these ,motions should be so constantly and regularlyc performed for near #fjjj ,years1 without any the least ,alteration ever heard of 7except some ,hours which we read of in ,josh4 x4 #ab1 #ac4 and in ,hezekiah's ,time1 which1 if they cannot be accounted for some other way1 do greatly encrease the ,wonderd2 these ,things1 ,i say17 do manifestly argue some divine infinite ,power to be concerned thereine3 ,but especially1 if to all this we add the wonderful ,convenience1 yea absolute ,necessity of these ,circumvolutions to the ,inhabitants1 yea all the ,products of the ,earth and ,waters4 ,for to one of these we owe the comfortable ,changes of ,day and ,night2 the one for ,business1 the other for ,repose2f the one for ,man1 and most other ,animals to gather and provide ,food1 ,habitation1 and other ,necessaries of ,life2 the other to rest1 refresh1 and recruit their ,spiritsg1 wasted with the ,labours of the ,day4 ,to the other of those ,motions we owe the ,seasons of ,summer and ,winter1 ,spring and ,autumn1 together with the beneficial ,instances and ,effects which these have on the ,bodies and ,state of ,animals1 ,vegetables1 and all other ,things1 both in the ,torrid1 ,temperate1 and ,frigid ,zones4 ,,footnotes3 a ,with the ,copernicans1 ,i take it here for granted1 that the ,diurnal and ,annual ,revolutions are the ,motions of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 not of the ,sun1 c4 but for the ,proof thereof ,i shall refer the ,reader to the ,preface of my ,astro-,theology1 and ,b4 #d4 ,chap4 #c4 b ,every thing that is moved1 must of ,necessity be moved by something else2 and that thing is moved by something that is moved either by another ,thing1 or not by another ,thing4 ,if it be moved by that which is moved by another1 we must of ,necessity come to some prime ,mover1 that is not moved by another4 ,for it is impossible1 that what moveth1 and is moved by another1 should proceed in infinitum4 ,aristot4 ,phys4 l4 #h4 c4 #e4 ,solum quod seipsum movet1 quia nunquam deseritur se1 nunquam ne moveri quidem definit2 quinetiam cteris qu moventur1 hic fons3 hoc principium est movendi4 ,principii autem nulla est origo3 nam ex principio oriuntur omnia2 ipsum autem null ex re ali nasciepotest3 nec enim esset id principium1 quod gigneretur aliunde4 ,cicer4 ,tusc4 ,quest4 l4 #a4 c4 #bc4 ,cogitemus qui fieri possit1 ut tanta magnitudo1 ab aliqu possit natur1 tanto tempore circumferri8 ,ego igitur assero ,deum causam esse1 nec aliter posse fieri4 ,plato in ,epinom4 c ,among the ,causes which ,cleanthes is said in ,tully to assign for ,men's ,belief of a ,deity1 one of the chief is1 quabilitatem mots1 conversionem ,cli1 ,solis1 ,lun1 ,siderumque omnium distinctionem1 varietatem1 pulchritudinem1 ordinem3 quarum rerum aspectus ipse satis indicaret1 non esse ea fortuita4 ,ut siquis in domum aliquam1 aut in gymnasium1 aut in forum venerit2 cm videat omnium rerum rationem1 modum1 disciplinam1 non possit ea sine caus fieri judicare1 sed esse aliquem intelligat1 qui prsit1 cui pareatur3 multo magis in tantis motibus1 tantisque vicissitudinibus1 tam multarum rerum atque tanrarum ordinibus1 in quibus nihil unquam immmensa infinita vetustas mentita sit1 statuat necesse est ab aliqu ,mente tantos natur motus gubernari4 ,cir4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #a4 c4 #e4 ,homines cperunt ,deum agnoscere1 cm viderent ,stellas1 tantam concinnitatem efficere2 ac dies1 noctesque1 state1 hyeme1 suos servare statos ortus1 atque obitus4 ,plutarch de placit4 l4 #a4 c4 #f4 d ,we need not be sollicitous to elude the ,history of these ,miracles1 as if they were only poetical ,strains1 as ,maimonides1 and some others fancy ,joshua's ,day to have been1 viz4 only an ordinary ,summer's ,day2 but such as had the ,work of many ,days done in it2 and therefore by a poetical ,stretch made1 as if the ,day had been lengthened by the ,sun standing still4 ,but in the ,history they are seriously related1 as real ,matters of ,fact1 and with such ,circumstances as manifest them to have been miraculous ,works of the ,almighty2 ,and the ,prophet ,habakkuk1 iii4 #aa4 mentions that of ,joshua as such4 ,and therefore taking them to be miraculous ,perversions of the ,course of ,nature1 instead of being ,objections1 they are great ,arguments of the ,power of ,god3 ,for in ,hezekiah's ,case1 to wheel the ,earth it self backward1 or by some extraordinary ,refractions1 to bring the ,sun's ,shadow backward #aj ,degrees3 ,or in ,joshua's ,case1 to stop the diurnal ,course of the ,globe for some ,hours1 and then again give it the same ,motion2 to do1 ,i say1 there ,things1 required the same infinite ,power which at first gave the ,terraqueous ,globe its ,motions4 e ,nam cm dispositi quasissem fdera ,mundi1 ,prscriptosque ,maris fines1 ,annique meatus1 ,et ,lucis1 ,noctisque vices3 tunc omnia rebar ,consilio firmata ,dei1 qui lege moveri ,sidera1 qui fruges diverso tempore nasci1 ,qui variam ,phben alieno jusserit igne ,compleri1 ,solemque suo2 porrexerit undis ,littora2 ,tellurem medio libraverat axe4 ,claudian in ,rufin4 ,l4 #a4 initio4 f ,diei noctisque vicissitudo conservat animantes1 tribuens aliud agendi tempus1 aliud quiescendi4 ,sic undique omni ratione concluditur1 ,mente1 ,consilioque divino omnia in hoc mundo ad salutem omnium1 conservationemque admirabiliter administrari4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ec4 g ,the acute ,dr4 ,cheyne1 in his ingenious ,philos4 ,princ4 of ,natural ,religion1 among other uses of ,day and ,night1 saith1 the ,night is most proper for ,sleep2 because when the ,sun is above the ,horizon1 ,sleep is prejudicial1 by reason the ,perspirations are then too great4 ,also that ,nutrition is mostly1 if not altogether1 performed in ,time of ,rest2 the ,blood having too quick a ,motion in the ,day3 ,for which ,reason1 weak ,persons1 ,children1 c4 are nourished most1 and recruit best by ,sleep4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,place and ,situation of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 in respect of the ,heavenly ,bodies4 ,another ,thing very considerable in our ,globe1 is its ,place and ,situation at a due ,distance from the ,suna1 its ,fountain of ,light and ,heat2 and from its neighbouring ,planets of the solar ,system1 and from the fixt ,stars4 ,but these ,things ,i have spoken more largely of in my ,survey of the ,heavensb1 and therefore only barely mention them now2 to insist more largely upon1 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is a manifest ,sign of the ,creator's ,management and ,care1 in placing the ,terraqueous ,globe at that very ,distance it is from the ,sun1 and contempering our own ,bodies and all other ,things so duly to that ,distance4 ,for was the ,earth farther from the ,sun1 the ,world would be starved and frozen with ,cold3 ,and was it nigher we should be burnt1 at least the most combustible ,things would be so1 and the ,world would be vexed with perpetual ,conflagrations4 ,for we see that a few of the ,rays of the ,sun1 even no more than what fall within the ,compass of half an ,inch or an ,inch in a ,burning-,glass1 will fire combustible ,bodies1 even in our own ,climate4 b ,astro-,theology1 ,book vii4 ,chap4 #g4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,distribution of the ,earth and ,waters4 ,the ,distribution of the ,waters and the dry ,land1 although it may seem rude and undesigned to a careless ,view1 and is by some taxed as sucha1 yet is admirably well adjusted to the ,uses and ,conveniences of our ,world4 ,for in the first ,place1 the ,distribution is so well made1 the ,earth and ,waters so handsomely1 so ,workman-like laid1 every where all the ,world over1 that there is a just quipoise of the whole ,globe4 ,the ,northern balanceth the ,southern ,ocean1 the ,atlantick the ,pacifick ,sea4 ,the ,american dry ,land1 is a ,counterpoise to the ,european1 ,asiatick and ,african4 ,in the next ,place1 the ,earth and the ,waters are so admirably well placed about in the ,globe1 as to be helpful to one another1 to minister to one another's ,uses4 ,the great ,oceans1 and the lesser ,seas and ,lakes1 are so admirably well distributed throughout the ,globeb1 as to afford sufficient ,vapoursc for ,clouds and ,rains1 to temperate the ,coldc of the ,northern frozen ,air1 to cool and mitigate the ,heatsd of the ,torrid ,zone1 and to refresh the ,earth with fertile ,showers2 yea1 in some measure to minister fresh ,waters to the ,fountains and ,rivers4 ,nay1 so abundant is this great ,blessing1 which the most indulgent ,creator hath afforded us by means of this ,distribution of the ,waters ,i am speaking of1 that there is more than a scanty1 bare ,provision1 or mere ,sufficiency2 even a ,plenty1 a ,surplusage of this useful ,creature of ,god1 7the fresh ,waters7 afforded to the ,world2 and they so well ordered1 as not to drown the ,nations of the ,earth1 nor to stagnate1 stink1 and poison1 or annoy them2 but to be gently carried through convenient ,chanels back again to their grand ,fountaine the ,sea2 and many of them through such large ,tracts of ,land1 and to such prodigious ,distances1 that it is a great ,wonder the ,fountains should be high enoughf1 or the ,seas low enough1 ever to afford so long a ,conveyance4 ,witness the ,danubeg and ,wolga of ,europe1 the ,nileh and the ,nigeri of ,africk1 the ,gangesk and ,euphrates of ,asia1 and the ,amazons ,riverl and ,rio de la ,plata of ,america1 and many others which might be named2 some of which are said to run above #ejjj ,miles1 and some no less than #fjjj from their ,fountains to the ,sea4 ,and indeed such prodigious ,conveyances of the ,waters make it manifest1 that no accidental ,currents and ,alterations of the ,waters themselves1 no ,art or ,power of ,man1 nothing less than the ,fiat of the ,almighty1 could ever have made1 or found1 so long and commodious ,declivities1 and ,chanels for the ,passage of the ,waters4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the most eminent ,author ,i have met with1 that finds fault with the ,distribution of the ,earth and ,waters1 and indeed with the whole present ,structure of the ,globe1 is the learned and eloquent ,theorist1 ,dr4 ,burnet1 who frequently exclaims on this ,point1 ,tellus nostra1 si totam simul complectamur1 non est ordinata venusta rerum compages----sed moles aggesta vario1 incertoque situ partium1 null ordinis aut venustatis habit ratione4 ,theor4 ,sacr4 l4 #a4 c4 #g4 ,ecquis autem ,deo hc ita facta8 c4 ib4 ,quo autem ,herculeo labore opus effet ad excavandum terram in tantum hiatum8----,si immediat caus prim effectus fuisset hic alveus1 aliquem saltem ordinem1 mensuram1 proportionem notare voluisset in ipsius form1 partium dispositione2----sed confusa omnia1 c4 ib4 c4 #h4 ,tellus nostra cm exigua sit1 est etiam rudis3 ,et in ill exiguitate multa sunt superflua1 multa inelegantia4 ,dimidiam terr superficiem inundat ,oceanus2 magn ex parte1 ut mihi videtur1 inutilis4 ,and then he goes on to shew how this ,part of the ,creation might be mended1 ib4 c4 #aj4 ,all this is to me surprizing from an ,author of great ,ingenuity1 who seems in his ,book to have a just ,opinion of1 and due ,veneration for ,god4 ,but certainly such ,notions are very inconsistent with the ,belief of ,god's creating1 especially his governing and ordering the ,world4 ,but suppose the ,terraqueous ,globe was such a rude1 confused1 inconvenient ,mass1 as he pretends1 yet it is well enough for a sinful ,world4 ,but besides1 what others have long ago abundantly answered1 the following ,survey1 will1 ,i hope1 sufficiently manifest it to be the ,work of a wise and beneficent1 as well as omnipotent ,creator4 b ,some have objected against the ,distribution of the ,earth and ,waters1 as if the ,waters occupied too large a part of the ,globe1 which they think would be of greater ,use1 if it was dry ,land4 ,but then they do not consider that this would deprive the ,world of a due ,quantity of ,vapours and ,rain4 ,for if the ,cavities which contain the ,sea1 and other ,waters1 were deeper1 although the ,waters were no less in ,quantity1 only their ,surfaces narrower and lesser1 the ,evaporations would be so much the less1 inasmuch as those ,evaporations are made from the ,surface1 and are1 consequently1 in proportion to the ,surface1 not the ,depth or ,quantity of ,water4 c ,i took notice before in ,book ,i4 ,chap4 #c4 ,note 7a74 ,that the ,vapours constituting ,clouds and ,rain1 are ,vesicul of ,water detached by ,heat4 ,the manner of which ,i conceive to be thus2 ,heat being of an agile ,nature1 or the lightest of all ,bodies1 easily breaks loose from them2 and if they are humid1 in its ,passage1 carries along with it ,particles1 or little ,cases of the ,water2 which being lighter than ,air1 are buoyed up thereby1 and swim in it2 until by knocking against one another1 or being thickened by the ,cold1 7as in the ,note before-cited17 they are reduced into ,clouds and ,drops4 ,having mentioned the manner how ,vapours are raised1 and there being more room here than in the ,note before-cited1 ,i shall1 for the ,illustration of ,natures ,process1 take notice of three ,things observable to our purpose1 in ,water over the ,fire4 #a4 ,that the ,evaporations are proportional to the ,heat ascending out of the ,water4 ,a small ,heat throws off but few ,vapours1 scarce visible3 ,a greater ,heat1 and ascending in greater ,quantities1 carries off grosser1 larger1 and more numerous ,vesicul1 which we call a ,steam3 ,and if the ,heat breaks through the ,water with such a ,fury1 as to lacerate and lift up great ,quantities or ,bubbles of ,water1 too heavy for the ,air to carry or buoy up1 it causeth what we call ,boyling4 ,and the ,particles of ,water thus mounted up by the ,heat1 are visible ,sphrules of ,water1 if viewed with a ,microscope1 as they swim about in a ,ray of the ,sun let into a dark ,room1 with warm ,water underneath2 where some of the ,vapours appear large1 some smaller ,sphrules1 according 7no doubt7 to the larger and lesser ,quantities of ,heat blowing them up and carrying them off4 #b4 ,if these ,vapours be intercepted in their ,ascent by any ,context1 especially cold ,body1 as ,glass1 ,marble1 c4 they are thereby reduced into ,drops1 and ,masses of ,water1 like those of ,rain1 c4 #c4 ,these ,vapours in their ,ascent from the ,water1 may be observed1 in cold frosty ,weather1 either to rise but a little above the ,water1 and there to hang1 or to glide on a little above its ,surface3 ,or if the ,weather be very cold1 after a little ascent1 they may be seen to fall back again into the ,water2 in their ,ascent and ,descent describing a ,curve somewhat like that of an ,arrow from a ,bow4 ,but in a warmer ,air1 and still1 the ,vapours ascend more nimbly and copiously1 mounting up aloft1 till they are out of ,sight4 ,but if the ,air be warm and windy too1 the ,vapours are sooner carried out of ,sight1 and make way for others4 ,and accordingly ,i have often observed1 that hot ,liquors1 if not set too thin1 and not frequently stirred1 cool slower in the greatest ,frosts1 than in temperate ,weather1 especially if windy4 ,and it is manifest by good ,experiments1 that the ,evaporations are less at those times than these2 less by far in the ,winter than the warmer ,months4 c ,as our ,northern ,islands are observed to be more temperate than our ,continents1 7of which we had a notable ,instance in the great ,frost in #agjh_/i1 which ,ireland and ,scotland felt less of1 than most ,parts of ,europe besides2 of which see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,note 7c747 so this ,temperature is owing to the warm ,vapours afforded chiefly by the ,sea1 which by the preceding ,note must necessarily be warm1 as they are ,vapours1 or ,water inflated by ,heat4 ,the ,cause of this ,heat ,i take to be partly that of the ,sun1 and partly ,subterraneous4 ,that it is not wholly that of the ,sun1 is manifest from ,vapours1 being as1 or more copiously raised when the ,sun ,beams are weakest1 as when strongest1 there being greater ,rains and ,winds at the one time than the other4 ,and that there is such a thing as ,subterraneous ,heat1 7whether ,central1 or from the meeting of ,mineral ,juices2 or such as is ,congenial or ,connatural to our ,globe1 ,i have not ,time to enquire2 but ,i say1 that such a ,thing is17 is evident not only from the ,hot-,baths1 many fiery ,erruptions and ,explosions1 c4 but also from the ordinary ,warmth of ,cellars and ,places under ,ground1 which are not barely comparatively warm1 but of sufficient ,heat to raise ,vapours also3 ,as is manifest from the smoking of perennial ,fountains in frosty ,weather1 and ,water drawn out of ,pumps and open ,wells at such a ,time4 ,yea1 even ,animals themselves are sensible of it1 as particularly ,moles1 who dig before a ,thaw1 and against some other ,alterations of the ,weather2 excited1 no doubt1 thereunto by the same warm ,vapours arising in the ,earth1 which animate them1 as well as produce the succeeding ,changes of the ,weather4 d ,besides the ,trade-,winds1 which serve to mitigate the excessive ,heats in the ,torrid ,zone2 the ,clouds are a good ,screen against the scorching ,sun-,beams1 especially when the ,sun passeth their ,zenith2 at which ,time is their ,winter1 or coolest ,season1 by reason they have then most ,clouds and ,rain4 ,for which ,service1 that which ,varene takes notice of1 is a great ,providence of ,god1 viz4 ,pleraque loca ,zon ,torrid vicinum habent mare1 ut ,india1 ,insul ,indic1 ,lingua ,afric1 ,guinea1 ,brasilia1 ,peruvia1 ,mexicana1 ,hispania3 ,pauca loca ,zon ,torrid sunt ,mediterranea4 ,varenii4 ,geogr4 l4 #b4 c4 #bf4 ,prop4 #aj4 4 #g4 e ,that ,springs have their ,origine from the ,sea1 and not from ,rains and ,vapours1 among many other strong ,reasons1 ,i conclude from the ,perennity of divers ,springs1 which always afford the same quantity of ,water4 ,of this sort there are many to be found every where4 ,but ,i shall1 for an ,instance1 single out one in the ,parish of ,upminster1 where ,i live1 as being very proper for my purpose1 and one that ,i have had better ,opportunities of making ,remarks upon above twenty ,years4 ,this in the greatest ,droughts is little1 if at all diminished1 that ,i could perceive by my ,eye1 although the ,ponds all over the ,country1 and an adjoining ,brook have been dry for many ,months together2 as particularly in the dry ,summer ,months of the ,year #agje4 ,and in the wettest ,seasons1 such as the ,summer and other ,months were1 preceding the violent ,storm in ,november #agjc4 7,vid4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhi47 ,i say1 in such wet ,seasons ,i have not observed any ,increment of its ,stream1 excepting only for violent ,rains falling therein1 or running down from the higher ,land into it2 which discoloureth the ,waters oftentimes1 and makes an increase of only a ,day's1 or sometimes but a few ,hours ,continuance4 ,but now1 if this ,spring had its ,origine from ,rain and ,vapours1 there would be an increase and decrease of the one1 as there should happen to be of the other3 ,as actually it is in such temporary ,springs as have undoubtedly their ,source from ,rain and ,vapours4 ,but besides this1 another considerable ,thing in this ,upminster ,spring 7and ,thousands of others7 is1 that it breaks out of so inconsiderable an ,hillock1 or ,eminence of ,ground1 that can have no more ,influence in the ,condensation of the ,vapours1 or stopping the ,clouds1 7which the ,maintainers of this ,hypothesis suppose7 than the lower ,lands about it have4 ,by some ,critical ,observations ,i made with a very nice portable ,barometer1 ,i found that my ,house stands between #hj and #ij ,feet higher than the ,low-,water ,mark in the ,river of ,thames1 nearest me2 and that part of the ,river being scarce thirty ,miles from the ,sea1 ,i guess1 7and am more confirmed from some later ,experiments ,i made nearer the ,sea7 that we cannot be much above #ajj ,feet above the ,sea4 ,the ,spring ,i judge nearly level with1 or but little higher than where my ,house stands2 and the ,lands from whence it immediately issues1 ,i guess about #ae or #bj ,feet higher than the ,spring3 and the ,lands above that1 of no very remarkable ,height4 ,and indeed1 by actual ,measure1 one of the highest ,hills ,i have met with in ,essex1 is but #cfc ,feet high2 7,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cac4 p4 #af47 and ,i guess by some very late ,experiments ,i made1 neither that1 nor any other ,land in ,essex1 to be above #djj ,feet above the ,sea4 ,now what is so inconsiderable a rise of ,land to a perennial ,condensation of ,vapours1 fit to maintain even so inconsiderable a ,fountain1 as what ,i have mentioned is8 ,or indeed the ,high-lands of the whole large ,county of ,essex1 to the maintaining of all its ,fountains and ,rivulets8 ,but ,i shall no farther prosecute this ,argument1 but refer to the late learned1 curious and industrious ,dr4 ,plot's ,tentamen ,phil4 de ,orig4 ,font4 in which he hath fully discussed this ,matter4 ,as to the manner how the ,waters are raised up into the ,mountains and ,higher ,lands1 an easy and natural ,representation may be made of it1 by putting a little ,heap of ,sand1 ,ashes1 or a little ,loaf of ,bread1 c4 in a ,bason of ,water2 where the ,sand will represent the dry ,land1 or an ,island1 and the ,bason of ,water the ,sea about it4 ,and as the ,water in the ,bason riseth to1 or near the top of the ,heap in it1 so doth the ,waters of the ,sea1 ,lakes1 c4 rise in the ,hills4 ,which case ,i take to be the same with the ascent of ,liquids in capillary ,tubes1 or between contiguous ,planes1 or in a ,tube filled with ,ashes3 ,of which the industrious and compleat ,artificer in ,air-,pumps1 ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 hath given us some1 not contemptible ,experiments1 in his ,phys4 ,mech4 ,exp4 pag4 #aci4 ,among the many ,causes assigned for this ascent of ,liquors1 there are two that bid the fairest for it1 viz4 the ,pressure of the ,atmosphere1 and the ,newtonian ,attraction4 ,that it is not the former1 appears from the ,experiments succeeding1 as well1 or better in ,vacuo1 than in the open ,air1 the ascent being rather swifter in ,vacuo4 ,this then being not the ,cause1 ,i shall suppose the other is2 but for the ,proof thereof1 ,i shall refer to some of our late ,english ,authors1 especially some very late ,experiments made before our most famous ,r4 ,s4 which will be so well improved by some of that illustrious ,body1 as to go near to put the ,matter out of doubt4 f ,see ,book ,,iii4 ,chap4 #d4 g ,the ,danube in a sober ,account1 performs a ,course of above #aejj ,miles1 7i4e4 in a strait ,line7 from its ,rise to its ,fall4 ,bohun's ,geogr4 ,dict4 h ,tractus sc4 ,longitudo ,nili est milliarium circiter #fcj ,germ4 sive ,ital4 #bebj1 pro quibus ponere licet #cjjj propter curvaturas4 ,varen4 ,geogr4 l4 #a4 c4 #af4 p4 #bg4 i ,varene reckons the ,course of the ,niger1 at a middle ,computation1 #fjj ,german ,miles1 that is #bdjj ,italian4 k ,that of the ,ganges he computes at #cjj ,german ,miles4 ,but if we add the ,curvatures to these ,rivers1 their ,chanels are of a prodigious ,length4 l ,oritur1 flumen 7quod plerumque ,amazonum1 c47 haud procul ,quito in montibus----,cm per leucas ,hispanicas #acef4 cursum ab occidente in orientem continurit1 ostio #hd leucas lato----in ,oceanum prcipitatur4 ,chr4 ,d',acugna ,relatio de flumine ,amaz4 in ,act4 ,erud4 ,aug4 #afhc4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the great ,variety and ,quantity of all ,things upon1 and in the ,terraqueous ,globe1 provided for the ,uses of the ,world4 ,the last ,remark ,i shall make about the ,terraqueous ,globe in general is1 the great ,variety of ,kinds1 or ,tribes1 as well as prodigious ,number of ,individuals of each various ,tribe1 there is of all ,creaturesa4 ,there are so many ,beasts1 so many ,birds1 so many ,insects1 so many ,reptiles1 so many ,trees1 so many ,plants upon the ,land2 so many ,fishes1 ,sea-,plants1 and other ,creatures in the ,waters2 so many ,minerals1 ,metals1 and ,fossiles in the ,subterraneous ,regions2 so many ,species of these ,genera1 so many ,individuals of those ,species1 that there is nothing wanting to the ,use of ,man1 or any other ,creature of this lower ,world4 ,if every ,age doth change its ,food1 its way of ,cloathing1 its way of ,building2 if every ,ageb hath its ,variety of ,diseases2 nay1 if ,man1 or any other ,animal1 was minded to change these ,things every ,day1 still the ,creation would not be exhausted1 still nothing would be wanting for ,food1 nothing for ,physick1 nothing for ,building and ,habitation1 nothing for ,cleanliness and ,refreshment1 yea1 even for ,recreation and ,pleasure4 ,but the ,munificence of the ,creator is such1 that there is abundantly enough to supply the ,wants1 the ,conveniencies1 yea1 almost the ,extravagancies of all the ,creatures1 in all ,places1 all ,ages1 and upon all ,occasions4 ,and this may serve to answer an ,objection against the ,excellency of1 and ,wisdom shewed in the ,creation2 namely1 ,what need of so many ,creaturesc8 ,particularly of so many ,insects1 so many ,plants1 and so many other ,things8 ,and especially of some of them1 that are so far from being useful1 that they are very noxious2 some by their ,ferity1 and others by their poisonous ,nature1 c48 ,to which ,i might answer1 that in greater ,variety1 the greater ,art is seen2 that the fierce1 poisonous1 and noxious ,creatures serve as ,rods and ,scourges to chastise usd1 as means to excite our ,wisdom1 ,care1 and ,industry1 with more to the same purpose4 ,but these ,things have been fully urged by others2 and it is sufficient to say1 that this great ,variety is a most wise ,provision for all the ,uses of the ,world in all ,ages and all ,places4 ,some for ,food1 some for ,physicke1 some for ,habitation1 some for ,utensils1 some for ,tools and ,instruments of ,work1 and some for ,recreation and ,pleasure1 either to ,man1 or to some of the inferior ,creatures themselves2 even for which inferior ,creatures1 the liberal ,creator hath provided all ,things necessary1 or any ways conducing to their happy1 comfortable living in this ,world1 as well as for ,man4 ,and it is manifest1 that all the ,creatures of ,god1 ,beasts1 ,birds1 ,insects1 ,plants1 and every other ,genus have1 or may have1 their several ,uses even among ,men4 ,for although in one ,place many ,things may lie neglected1 and out of ,use1 yet in other ,places they may be of great ,use4 ,so what hath seemed useless in one ,age1 hath been received in another2 as all the new ,discoveries in ,physick1 and all the ,alterations in ,diet do sufficiently witness4 ,many ,things also there are which in one ,form may be pernicious to ,man2 but in another1 of great ,use4 ,there are many ,plantsf1 many ,animals1 many ,minerals1 which in one ,form destroy1 in another heal4 ,the ,cassada ,plant unprepared poisoneth1 but prepared1 is the very ,bread of the ,west-,indiesg4 ,vipers and ,scorpions1 and many ,minerals1 as destructive as they are to ,man1 yet afford him some of his best ,medicines4 ,or if there be many ,things of little1 immediate ,use to ,man1 in this1 or any other ,age2 yet to other ,creatures they may afford ,food or ,physick1 or be of some necessary ,use4 ,how many ,trees and ,plants1 nay1 even the very ,carcases of ,animals1 yea1 the very ,dust of the ,earthh1 and the most refuse1 contemptible ,things to be met with2 ,i say1 how many such ,things are either ,food1 or probably ,medicine to many ,creatures1 afford them ,retreat1 are ,places of ,habitation1 or ,matrixes for their ,generation1 as shall be shewed in proper ,place8 ,the prodigious ,swarms of ,insects in the ,air1 and in the ,waters1 7many of which may be perhaps at present of no great ,use to ,man7 yet are ,food to ,birds1 ,fishes1 ,reptiles1 ,insects themselves1 and other ,creaturesi1 for whose happy and comfortable ,subsistence1 ,i have said the bountiful ,creator hath liberally provided1 as well as for that of ,man4 ,,footnotes3 a ,non dat ,deus beneficia8 ,unde erg ista qua possides8----,unde hc innumerabilia1 oculos1 aures animum mulcentia8 ,unde illa luxuriam quoque instruens copia8 ,neque enim necessitatibus tantummod nostris provisum est3 usque in delicias amamur4 ,tot arbusta1 non uno modo frugifera1 tot herba salutares1 tot varietates ciborum1 per totum annum digest1 ut inerti quoque fortuita terr alimenta prberent4 ,jam animalia omnis generis1 alia in sicco1 c4----ut omnis rerum natur pars tributum aliquod nobis conferret4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 l4 #d4 c4 #e4 ubi plura vide4 ,hic1 ubi habitamus non intermittit suo tempore ,clum nitescere1 arbores frondescere----cum multitudinem pecudum partim ad vescendum1 partim ad cultus agrorum1 partim ad vehendum1 partim ad corpora vestienda2 hominemque ipsum quasi contemplatorem cli ad deorum1 ipsorumque cultorem4----,hc igitur1 alia innumerabilia cm cernimus1 possumusne dubitare1 quin his prsit aliquis vel ,effector1 si hc nata sunt1 ut ,platoni videtur3 vel si semper fuerint1 ut ,aristoteli placet1 ,moderator tanti operis muneris8 ,cicer4 ,tusc4 ,qust4 l4 #a4 c4 #bh1 #bi4 b ,sunt gentium differenti non mediocres----qu contemplatio aufert rursus nos ad ipsorum animalium naturas1 ingenitasque iis vel certiores morborum omnium medicinas4 ,enim ver rerum omnium ,parens1 nullum animal ad hoc tantum ut pasceretur1 aut alia satiaret nasci voluit3 artesque salutares iis inseruerit4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 l4 #bg4 c4 #ac4 c ,this was no very easy ,question to be answered by such as held1 that all ,things were made for ,man1 as most of the ,ancients did2 as ,aristotle1 ,seneca1 ,cicero and ,pliny1 7to name only some of the chief74 ,and ,cicero cites it as the celebrated ,chrysippus's ,opinion1 ,prclare enim ,chrysippus1 ,ctera nata esse ,hominum ,caus1 ,deorum4 ,de fin4 bon4 mal4 l4 #c4 ,and in his ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 fin4 he seriously proves the ,world it self to have been made for the ,gods and ,man1 and all ,things in the ,world to have been made and contrived for the ,benefit of ,man 7parata inventa ad fructum ,hominum1 are his ,words74 ,so ,pliny in his ,preface to his #g ,book saith1 ,nature made all ,things for ,man2 but then he makes a doubt1 whether she shewed her self a more indulgent ,parent1 or cruel ,step-,mother1 as in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,note 7b74 ,but since the ,works of ,god have been more discovered1 and the ,limits of the ,universe have been found to be of infinitely greater ,extent than the ,ancients supposed them2 this narrow ,opinion hath been exploded4 ,and the ,answer will be found easy to these ,questions1 ,why so many useless ,creatures8 ,in the ,heavens1 ,why so many fixt ,stars1 and the greatest part of them scarce visible8 ,why such ,systems of ,planets1 as in ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 c4 7,see my ,astro-,theology47 ,in the ,earth and ,waters1 ,why so many ,creatures of no use to ,man8 d ,nec mins clara exitii documenta sunt etiam ex contemnendis animalibus4 ,m4 ,varro author est1 cuniculis suffossum in ,hispani opidum1 talpis in ,thessali3 ab ranis civitatem in ,galli pulsam1 ab locustis in ,afric3 ex ,gyaro1 ,cycladum insul1 incolas muribus fugatos2 ,in ,itali ,amyclas serpentibus delatas4 ,citra ,cynamolgos thiopas lat deserta regio est1 scorpionibus solpugis gente sublat3 scolopendris abactos ,trerienses1 author est ,theophrastus4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #bi4 ,to these ,instances may be added1 the ,plague they sometimes suffer from a kind of ,mice 7they call ,leming1 ,leminger1 ,lemmus1 c47 in ,norway1 which eat up every green ,thing4 ,they come in such prodigious ,numbers1 that they fancy them to fall from the ,clouds2 but ,ol4 ,magnus1 rather thinks they come from some of the ,islands4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #b4 ,if the ,reader hath a mind to see a large ,account of them1 with a ,dispute about their ,generation1 a handsome ,cut of them1 with the ,prayers1 and an ,exorcism against them used in the ,church of ,rome1 ,i shall refer him1 7it being too tedious to recite in these ,notes7 to ,musum ,wormian4 l4 #c4 c4 #bc4 ,quare patimur multa mala creatur quam fecit ,deus1 nisi quia offendimus ,deum8----,de pn tu peccatum tuum accusa1 non judicem4 ,nam propter ,superbiam instituit ,deus creaturam istam minimam abjectissimam1 ut ipsa nos torqueret1 ut cm superbus fuerit homo1 se jactaverit adversus ,deum1----cm se erexerit1 ,pulicibus subdatur4 ,quid est1 qud te inflas human superbi8----,pulicibus resiste1 ut dormias4 ,cognosce qui sis4 ,nam propter superbiam nostram domandam----creata illa qu molesta sunt3 populum ,pharaonis superbum potuit ,deus domare de ,ursis1 de c4 ,muscas ,ranas illis immisit1 ut rebus vilissimis superbia domaretur4 ,omnia ergo per ipsum----facta sunt2 fine ipso factum est nihil4 ,august4 ,tract4 #a4 in ,s4 ,johan4 ,but although the infinitely wise ,creator hath put it in the ,power of such vile ,animals to chastise us1 yet hath he shewed no less ,wisdom and ,kindness in ordering many1 if not most of them so1 as that it shall be in the ,power of ,man1 and other ,creatures to obviate or escape their ,evils4 ,for1 besides the noble ,antidotes afforded by ,minerals1 ,vegetables1 c4 many1 if not most of our ,european venemous ,animals carry their ,cure1 as well as ,poison1 in their own ,bodies4 ,the ,oil1 and ,i doubt not1 the ,body of ,scorpions too1 is a certain ,remedy against its ,stroke4 ,a ,bee1 ,wasp1 or ,hornet crushed and rubbed1 and bound upon the ,place1 ,i have always found to be a certain ,cure for the ,sting of those ,creatures4 ,and ,i question not1 but the ,flesh1 especially the ,head of ,vipers1 would be found a ,remedy for their ,bites4 ,our ,viper-,catchers have a ,remedy in which they place so great ,confidence1 as to be no more afraid of the ,bite of a ,viper1 than of a common ,puncture1 immediately curing themselves by the ,application of their ,specifick4 ,this though they keep a great ,secret1 ,i have upon strict ,enquiry found to be no other than ,axungia ,viperina1 presently rubbed into the ,wound4 ,this ,remedy the learned ,doctor tried himself with good ,success in a young ,dog that was bitten in the ,nose4 ,vid4 ,mead of ,poisons1 p4 #bi4 ,and as to the means to escape the ,mischief of such noxious ,animals1 besides what may be effected by the ,care1 ,industry and ,sagacity of ,man2 some of them are so contrived and made1 as to give ,warning or ,time to ,creatures in danger from them4 ,thus1 for ,instance1 the ,rattle-,snake1 the most poisonous of any ,serpent1 who darts its poisonous ,vapours to some distance1 and in all ,probability was the ,basilisk of the ,ancients1 said to kill with its ,eyes1 this involuntarily gives warning by the ,rattle in its ,tail4 ,so the ,shark1 the most rapacious ,animal of the ,waters1 is forced to turn himself on his ,back1 7and thereby gives an ,opportunity of ,escape7 before he can catch his ,prey4 e ,hc sola ,natur placuerat esse remedia parata vulgo1 inventu facilia1 ac sine impendio1 ex quibus vivimus4 ,poste fraudes hominum ingeniorum captur officinas invenire istas1 in quibus sua cuique homini vnalis promittitur vita4 ,statim compositiones mistur inexplicabiles decantantur4 ,arabia atque ,india in medio stimantur1 ulcerique parvo medicina ,rubro mari imputatur1 cm remedia vera quotidie pauperrimus quisque cnet4 ,plin4 l4 #bd4 c4 #a4 ,non sponte su ex tellure germinant ,herb1 qu contra quoscunque morbos accommod sunt2 sed e voluntate ,opisicis1 ad nostram utilitatem producta sunt4 ,basil4 ,ascet4 ,tom4 #b4 ,consult here1 ,book ,x4 ,note 7z71 7aa71 7bb74 f ,among poisonous ,vegetables1 none more famous of old than ,hemlock1 accounted at this ,day also very dangerous to ,man1 of which there are some dismal ,examples in our ,phil4 ,trans4 ,wepfer1 c4 ,but yet this ,plant is ,food for ,goats1 and its ,seeds to ,bustards2 and as ,galen saith1 to ,starlings also4 ,neither is this1 so pernicious a ,plant1 only ,food1 but also ,physick to some ,animals4 ,an ,horse troubled with the ,farcy1 and could not be cured with the most famed ,remedies1 cured himself of it in a short ,time1 by eating ,hemlock1 of which he eat greedily4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bca4 ,and a ,woman which was cured of the ,plague1 but wanted ,sleep1 did with very good ,effect eat ,hemlock for some time2 till falling ill again of a ,fever1 and having left off the ,use of this ,remedy1 he ,nic4 ,fontanus endeavoured to procure her ,rest by repeated ,doses of ,opium1 which had no ,operation1 till the ,help of ,cicuta was again called in with desired ,success4 ,mead of ,pois4 p4 #add4 ,and not only ,hemlock1 but many other1 if not most ,plants accounted poisonous1 may have their great ,use in ,medicine3 ,of which take the ,opinion of an able ,judge1 my ingenious and learned ,friend ,dr4 ,tancred ,robinson1 in a ,letter ,i have of his to the late great ,mr4 ,ray1 of ,nov4 #g4 #afjd1 viz4 ,according to my ,promise1 ,i here send you a few ,observations concerning some ,plants1 seldom used in ,medicine1 being esteemed poisonous1 which if truly corrected1 or exactly dosed1 may perhaps prove the most powerful and effectual ,medicines yet known4 ,having then given an ,account of some of their ,correctives1 he gives these following ,examples1 viz4 #a4 ,the ,hellebores incorporated with a ,sapo1 or ,alkaly-,salts alone1 are successful ,remedies in ,epilepsies1 ,vertigo's1 ,palsies1 ,lethargies1 and ,mania's4 ,dos4 a j4 to ss4 #b4 ,the ,radic4 ,assari1 ,cicut1 and the ,napellus1 in ,agues and periodical ,pains4 ,dos4 j4 to ss4 #c4 ,the ,hyoscyamus in ,hmorrhagies1 violent ,heats and ,perturbation of the ,blood1 and also in all great ,inflammations4 ,dos4 j4 to ss4 #d4 ,the ,semen ,stramonia is a very good ,anodyne1 useful in ,vigilia's1 ,rheumatisms1 ,hysterick ,cases1 in all the ,orgasms of the ,blood or ,spirits1 and where-ever there is an ,indication for a ,paregorick4 ,dos4 j4 to ss4 #e4 ,elaterium thus corrected1 may be given from gr4 x4 to xv4 in ,hydropical ,cases1 without any sensible ,evacuation or ,disturbance4 ,so may the ,soldanella and ,gratiola in greater ,doses4 #f4 ,opium corrected as afore-mentioned1 loses its ,narcotick ,faculty1 and may be given very safely in great ,doses1 and proves more than usually prevalent in ,convulsive ,cases1 ,fluxes1 ,catarrhs1 and all painful ,paroxysms1 c4 g ,it is of the most general ,use of any ,provision all over the ,west-,indies1 especially in the hotter ,parts1 and is used to ,victual ,ships4 ,dr4 ,sloan's ,nat4 ,hist4 of ,jamaica1 ,vol4 #a4 ,chap4 #e4 4 #ab4 h ,i have shewn in the ,phil4 ,trans4 that the ,pediculus fatidicus1 ,mortisaga1 ,pulsatorius1 or ,death-,watch there described1 feedeth upon ,dust2 but that this ,dust they eat1 is powdered ,bread1 ,fruits1 or such like ,dust1 not powdered ,earth2 as is manifest from their great ,diligence and ,curiosity in hunting among the ,dust4 ,see more in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bia4 i ,vid4 ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,illustration ,,book ,,iii4 ,of the ,terraqueous ,globe in particular1 more especially the ,earth4 ,having thus taken a general ,prospect of our ,terraqueous ,globe1 ,i shall in this ,book come to its ,particulars4 ,but here we have such an immense ,variety presenting it self to our ,senses1 and such amazing ,strokes of ,power and ,wisdom1 that it is impossible not to be at a ,stand1 and very difficult to know where to begin1 how to proceed1 or where to end4 ,but we must however attempt4 ,and for the more clear and regular proceeding on this copious ,subject1 ,i shall distribute the ,globe into its own grand constituent ,parts4 ,i4 ,the ,earth and its ,appurtenances4 ,,ii4 ,the ,waters and ,theirs4 ,the first of these only1 is what at present ,i shall be able to take into this ,survey4 ,and in ,surveying the ,earth1 ,i intend1 #a4 ,to consider its constituent ,parts1 or ,things peculiar to its self4 #b4 ,the ,inhabitants thereof1 or the several ,kinds of ,creatures that have their ,habitation1 ,growth1 or ,subsistence thereon4 #a4 ,as to the ,earth it self1 the most remarkable ,things that present themselves to our ,view1 are1 #a4 ,its various ,moulds and ,soils4 #b4 ,its several ,strata1 or ,beds4 #c4 ,its very ,subterraneous ,passages1 ,grotto's and ,caverns4 #d4 ,its ,mountains and ,vallies4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,soils and ,moulds in the ,earth4 ,the various ,soils and ,moulds are an admirable and manifest ,contrivance of the ,all-wise ,creator1 in making this ,provision for the various ,vegetablesa1 and divers other ,uses of the ,creatures4 ,for1 as some ,trees1 some ,plants1 some ,grains dwindle and die in a disagreeable ,soil1 but thrive and flourish in others2 so the ,all-wise ,creator hath amply provided for every ,kind a proper ,bed4 ,if some delight in a warm1 some a cold ,soil2 some in a lax or sandy1 some a heavy or clayie ,soil2 some in a ,mixture of both1 some in this1 and that and the other ,mould1 some in moist1 some in dry ,placesb2 still we find ,provision enough for all these ,purposes3 ,every ,country abounding with its proper ,trees and ,plantsc1 and every ,vegetable flourishing and gay1 somewhere or other about the ,globe1 and abundantly answering the ,almighty ,command of the ,creator1 when the ,earth and ,waters were ordered to their peculiar ,place1 ,gen4 i4 #aa4 ,and ,god said1 ,let the ,earth bring forth ,grass1 the ,herb yielding ,seed1 and the ,tree yielding ,fruit after his kind4 ,all which we actually see is so4 ,to this ,convenience which the various ,soils that coat the ,earth are of to the ,vegetables1 we may add their great ,use and ,benefit to divers ,animals1 to many ,kinds of ,quadrupeds1 ,fowls1 ,insects1 and ,reptiles1 who make in the ,earth their ,places of ,repose and ,rest1 their ,retreat in ,winter1 their ,security from their ,enemies1 and their ,nests to repose their ,young2 some delighting in a lax and pervious ,mould1 admitting them an easy ,passage2 and others delighting in a firmer and more solid ,earth1 that will better secure them against ,injuries from without4 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is not to be doubted1 that although ,vegetables delight in peculiar ,soils1 yet they owe not their ,life and ,growth to the ,earth it self1 but to some agreeable ,juices or ,salts1 c4 residing in the ,earth4 ,of this the great ,mr4 ,boyl hath given us some good ,experiments4 ,he ordered his ,gardener to dig up1 and dry in an ,oven some ,earth fit for the ,purpose1 to weigh it1 and to set therein some ,squash ,seeds1 7a kind of ,indian ,pompion74 ,the ,seeds when sown were watered with ,rain or ,spring-water only4 ,but although a ,plant was produced in one ,experiment of near #c l4 and in another of above #ad l4 yet the ,earth when dried1 and weighed again1 was scarce diminished at all in its ,weight4 ,another ,experiment he alledges is of ,helmont's1 who dried #bjj l4 of ,earth1 and therein planted a ,willow weighing #e l4 which he watered with ,rain or distilled ,water3 ,and to secure it from any other ,earth getting in1 he covered it with a perforated ,tin ,cover4 ,after five ,years1 weighing the ,tree with all the ,leaves it had born in that time1 he found it to weigh #afi l4 #c ,ounces1 but the ,earth to be diminished only about #b ,ounces in its weight4 ,vid4 ,boyl's ,scept4 ,chym4 ,part #b4 pag4 #aad4 b 1 ---- 1 c4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4---- 1 1 1 1 1 ---- 1 1 1 4 ,theophrast4 de ,caus4 ,plant4 l4 #b4 c4 #i4 c ,nec ver ,terr ferre omnes omnia possunt4 ,fluminibus ,salices1 crassisque paludibus ,alni ,nascuntur2 steriles saxosis montibus ,orni3 ,littora ,myrtetis ltissima3 denique apertos ,bacchus amat colles3 ,aquilonem frigora ,taxi4 ,aspice extremis domitum cultoribus orbem1 ,eoasque domos ,arabum1 pictosque ,gelonos3 ,divisa arboribus patri1 c4 ,vir4 ,georg4 ,l4 #b ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the various ,strata or ,beds observable in the ,earth4 ,the various ,strata or ,beds1 although but little different from the last1 yet will deserve a distinct ,consideration4 ,by the ,strata or ,beds1 ,i mean those ,layers of ,mineralsa1 ,metalsb1 ,earth1 and ,stonec1 lying under that upper ,stratum1 or ,tegument of the ,earth last spoken of1 all of a prodigious ,use to ,mankind3 ,some being of great ,use for ,building2 some serving for ,ornament2 some furnishing us with commodious ,machines1 and ,tools to prepare our ,food1 and for ,vessels and ,utensils1 and for multitudes of other ,uses2 some serving for ,firing to dress our ,food1 and to guard us against the ,insults of ,cold and ,weather2 some being of great ,use in ,physick1 in ,exchange and ,commerce1 in manuring and fertilizing our ,lands1 in dying and colouring1 and ten thousand other ,conveniences1 too many to be particularly spoken of3 ,only there is one grand ,use of one of these ,strata or ,beds1 that cannot easily be omitted1 and that is1 those subterraneous ,strata of ,sand1 ,gravel1 and laxer ,earth that admit of1 and facilitate the ,passage of the sweet ,watersd1 and may probably be the ,colanders whereby they are sweetened1 and then at the same time also convey'd to all ,parts of the habitable ,world1 not only through the temperate and torrid ,zones1 but even the farthest ,regions of the frozen ,poles4 ,that these ,strata are the principal ,passages of the sweet ,fountain-,waters1 is1 ,i think not to be doubted1 considering that in them the ,waters are well known to pass1 and in them the ,springs are found by those that seek for them4 ,i say1 the principal ,passages1 because there are other subterraneous ,guts and ,chanels1 ,fissures and ,passages1 through which many ,times the ,waters make their way4 ,now that which in a particular manner doth seem to me to manifest a special ,providence of ,god in the repositing these watery ,beds is1 that they should be dispersed all the ,world over1 into all ,countries1 and almost all ,tracts of ,land3 ,that they should so entirely1 or for the most part1 consist of lax1 incohering ,earth1 and be so seldom blended with other impervious ,moulds1 or if they are so1 it is commonly but accidentally2 and that they are interposed between the other impervious ,beds1 and so are as a ,prop and ,pillar to guard them off1 and to prevent their sinking in and shutting up the ,passages of the ,waters4 ,the ,time when those ,strata were laid1 was doubtless at the ,creation1 when ,god said 7,gen4 i4 #i47 ,let the ,waters under the ,heaven be gathered together unto one ,place1 and let the dry ,land appear2 or else at the ,deluge1 if1 with some sagacious ,naturalists1 we suppose the ,globe of ,earth to have been dissolved by the ,floode4 ,at that ,time 7whatever it was7 when the terraqueous ,globe was in a chaotick ,state1 and the earthy ,particles subsided1 then those several ,beds were in all ,probability reposited in the ,earth1 in that commodious ,order in which they now are found2 and that1 as is asserted1 according to the ,lawsf of ,gravity4 ,,footnotes3 a ,altho' ,minerals1 ,metals and ,stones lie in ,beds1 and have done so ever since ,noah's ,flood1 if not from the ,creation2 yet it is greatly probable that they have ,power of growing in their respective ,beds3 ,that as the ,beds are robbed and emptied by ,miners1 so after a while they recruit again4 ,thus ,vitriol1 ,mr4 ,boyl thinks1 will grow by the ,help of the ,air4 ,so ,alum doth the same4 ,we are assured 7he saith7 by the experienced ,agricola1 ,that the ,earth or ,ore of ,alum1 being robbed of its ,salt1 will in tract of ,time recover it1 by being exposed to the ,air4 ,boyl's ,suspic4 about some ,hid4 ,qual4 in the ,air1 p4 #ah4 b ,as to the ,growth of ,metals1 there is great ,reason to suspect that also1 from what ,mr4 ,boyl hath alledged in his ,observations about the ,growth of ,metals3 ,and in his ,scept4 ,chym4 ,part #f4 pag4 #cfb4 ,compare also ,hakewil's ,apol4 pag4 #afd4 ,and particularly as to the ,growth of ,iron1 to the ,instances he gives from ,pliny1 ,fallopius1 ,csalpinus1 and others2 we may add1 what is well known in the ,forest of ,dean in ,gloucestershire3 ,that the best ,iron1 and most in ,quantity1 that is found there1 is in the old ,cinders1 which they melt over again4 ,this is the ,author of the ,additions to ,gloucestershire in ,cambd4 ,brit4 of the last ,edition1 p4 #bde4 attributes to the ,remissness of the former ,melters1 in not exhausting the ,ore3 ,but in all ,probability it is rather to be attributed to the new ,impregnations of the old ,ore1 or ,cinders1 from the ,air1 or from some seminal ,principle1 or plastick ,quality in the ,ore it self4 c ,as for the ,growth of ,stone1 ,mr4 ,boyl gives two ,instances4 ,one is that famous ,place in ,france1 called ,les ,caves ,goutieres3 ,where the ,water falling from the upper ,parts of the ,cave to the ,ground1 doth presently there condense into little ,stones1 of such ,figures as the ,drops1 falling either severally1 or upon one another1 and coagulating presently into ,stones1 chance to exhibit4 ,vid4 ,scept4 ,chym4 pag4 #cfj4 ,such like ,caves as these ,i have my self met with in ,england2 particularly on the very ,top of ,bredon-,hill in ,worcestershire1 near the ,precipice1 facing ,pershore1 in or near the old ,fortress1 called ,bembsbury-,camp2 ,i saw some ,years ago such a ,cave1 which 7if ,i mis-remember not7 was lined with those ,stalactical ,stones on the ,top and ,sides4 ,on the ,top they hung like ,icicles great and small1 and many lay on the ,ground4 ,they seemed manifestly to be made by an ,exsudation1 or ,exstillation of some petrifying ,juices out of the rocky ,earth there4 ,on the ,spot1 ,i thought it might be from the ,rains soaking through1 and carrying with it ,impregnations from the ,stone1 the ,hill being there all rocky4 ,hard by the ,cave is one or more vast ,stones1 which 7if ,i mistake not7 are incrustated with this ,sparry1 ,stalactical ,substance1 if not wholly made of it4 ,but it is so many ,years ago since ,i was at the ,place1 and not being able to find my ,notes about it1 ,i cannot say whether the whole ,stone is 7in all ,probability7 ,spar1 7as ,i think it is17 or whether ,i found it only cased over with it1 notwithstanding ,i was very nice in examining it then1 and have now some of the ,fragments by me1 consisting1 among other shining ,parts1 of some transparent angular ones4 ,the other ,instance of ,mr4 ,boyl1 is from ,linschoten1 who saith1 that in the ,east-,indies1 when they have cleared the ,diamond ,mines of all the ,diamonds1 ,in a few ,years ,time they find in the same ,place new ,diamonds produced4 ,boyl4 ,ibid4 d ,it is not only agreeable to ,reason1 but ,i am told by ,persons conversant in digging of ,wells throughout this ,county of ,essex1 where ,i live1 that the surest ,beds in which they find ,water1 are ,gravel1 and a coarse1 dark coloured ,sand2 which ,beds seldom fail to yield ,plenty of sweet ,water3 ,but for ,clay1 they never find ,water therein1 if it be a strong1 stiff ,clay2 but if it be lax and sandy1 sometimes ,springs are found in it2 yet so weak1 that they will scarcely serve the ,uses of the smallest ,family4 ,and sometimes they meet with those ,beds lying next1 under a loose1 black ,mould1 7which1 by their ,description1 ,i judged to be a sort of oazy1 or to have the ,resemblance of an ancient1 rushy ,ground17 and in that ,case the ,water is always naught1 and stinks4 ,and lastly1 ,another sort of ,bed they find in ,essex1 in the clayie-,lands1 particularly that part called the ,rodings1 which yields ,plenty of sweet ,water1 and that is a ,bed of white ,earth1 as though made of ,chalk and white ,sand4 ,this they find1 after they have dug through forty1 or more ,feet of ,clay2 and it is so tender and moist1 that it will not lie upon the ,spade1 but they are forced to throw it into their ,bucket with their ,hands1 or with ,bowls2 but when it comes up into the ,air1 it soon becomes an hard white ,stone4 ,thus much for the ,variety of ,beds wherein the ,waters are found4 ,that it is in these ,beds only or chiefly the ,springs run1 is farther manifest from the forcible ,eruption of the ,waters sometimes out of those watery ,beds4 ,of which see ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7k74 ,this ,eruption shews1 that the ,waters come from some ,eminence or other1 lying at a ,distance1 and being closely pent up within the watery ,stratum1 by the clayie ,strata1 the ,waters with force mount up1 when the ,strata above are opened4 e ,v4 ,dr4 ,woodward's ,essay1 ,part #b4 ,steno's ,prodr4 c4 f ,id4 ib4 pag4 #bh4 and #gd4 ,but ,dr4 ,leigh in his ,nat4 ,history of ,lancashire1 speaking of the ,coal-pits1 denies the ,strata to lie according to the ,laws of ,gravitation1 saying the ,strata are a ,bed of ,marle1 afterwards ,free-,stone1 next ,iron-,stone1 then ,coal1 or ,kennel-,mine1 then some other ,strata1 and again ,coal1 c4 ,but upon a stricter ,enquiry into the ,matter1 finding ,i had reason to suspect that few1 if any1 actually had tried the ,experiment1 ,i was minded to bring the ,thing to the ,test of ,experiment my self2 and having an ,opportunity1 on ,april #aa4 #agab4 ,i caused divers ,places to be bored1 laying the several ,strata by themselves2 which afterwards ,i weighed with all ,strictness1 first in ,air1 then in ,water1 taking ,care that no ,air-bubbles1 c4 might obstruct the ,accuracy of the ,experiment4 ,the ,result was1 that in my ,yard1 the ,strata were gradually specifically heavier and heavier1 the lower and lower they went2 and the upper which was ,clay1 was considerably specifically lighter than the lower ,stratum2 which was first a loose ,sand1 then a ,gravel4 ,in which ,stratum principally the ,springs run that supply my ,well4 ,but in my ,fields1 where three ,places were bored 7to no great ,depth7 ,i found below the upper 7superficial ,stratum7 a deep ,bed of ,sand only1 which was of different ,colours and ,consistence1 which ,i weighed as before1 together with the ,virgin-,mould2 but they were all of the same1 or nearly the same specifick ,gravity1 both out of the same ,hole1 and out of different ,holes1 although the ,sand was at last so gravelly1 that it hinder'd our boring any deeper4 ,upon this1 fearing lest some ,error might be in the former ,experiments1 ,i try'd them over again2 and that with the same ,success4 ,after this1 ,i made some ,experiments in some deep ,chalk-,pits1 with the ,flints1 ,chalk1 c4 above and below2 but the ,success was not so uniform as before4 ,acquainting our justly renowned ,r4 ,s4 with these ,experiments1 they ordered their ,operator to experiment the ,strata of a ,coal-,pit2 the ,success whereof may be seen in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,nr4 #ccf4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,subterraneous ,caverns1 and the ,vulcano's4 ,i shall take notice of the subterraneous ,caverns1 ,grotto's and ,vulcano's1 because they are made an ,objectiona against the present ,contrivance and ,structure of the ,globe4 ,but1 if well considered1 they will be found to be wise ,contrivances of the ,creator1 serving to great ,uses of the ,globe1 and ,ends of ,god's ,government4 ,besides many secret1 grand ,functions and ,operations of ,nature in the ,bowels of the ,earth1 that in all ,probability these ,things may minister unto1 they are of great ,use to the ,countries where they areb4 ,to instance in the very worst of the ,things named1 viz4 the ,vulcano's and ignivomous ,mountains2 although they are some of the most terrible ,shocks of the ,globe1 and dreadful ,scourges of the sinful ,inhabitants thereof1 and may serve them as ,emblems1 and ,presages of ,hell it self2 yet even these have their great ,uses too1 being as ,spiracles or ,tunnelsc to the ,countries where they are1 to vent the ,fire and ,vapours that would make dismal ,havock1 and oftentimes actually do so1 by dreadful ,succussions and ,convulsions of the ,earth4 ,nay1 if the ,hypothesis of a central ,fire and ,waters be true1 these ,outlets seem to be of greatest ,use to the ,peace and ,quiet of the terraqueous ,globe1 in venting the subterraneous ,heat and ,vapours2 which1 if pent up1 would make dreadful and dangerous ,commotions of the ,earth and ,waters4 ,it may be then accounted as a special ,favour of the divine ,providence1 as is observed by the ,author before praisedd1 8,that there are scarcely any ,countries1 that are much annoyed with ,earthquakes1 that have not one of these fiery ,vents4 ,and these1 7saith he7 are constantly all in ,flames whenever any ,earthquake happens1 they disgorging that ,fire1 which whilst underneath1 was the ,cause of the ,disaster4 ,indeed1 7saith he17 were it not for these ,diverticula1 whereby it thus gaineth an ,exit1 'twould rage in the ,bowels of the ,earth much more furiously1 and make greater ,havock than now it doth4 ,so1 that though those ,countries1 where there are such ,vulcano's1 are usually more or less troubled with ,earthquakes2 yet1 were these ,vulcano's wanting1 they would be much more annoyed with them than now they are2 yea1 in all ,probability to that ,degree1 as to render the ,earth1 for a vast ,space around them1 perfectly uninhabitable4 ,in one word1 7saith he7 so beneficial are these to the ,territories where they are1 that there do not want ,instances of some which have been rescued1 and wholly delivered from ,earthquakes by the breaking forth of a new ,vulcano there2 this continually discharging that ,matter1 which being till then barricaded up1 and imprisoned in the ,bowels of the ,earth1 was the occasion of very great and frequent ,calamities04 ,thus far that ingenious ,author4 ,,footnotes3 a ,nemo dixerit terram pulchriorem esse qud cavernosa sit1 qud dehiscat in multis locis1 qud disrupta caveis spatiis inanibus2 iisque nullo ordine dispositis1 null form3 nec qu aliud contineant qum tenebras sordes2 unde graves pestifera exhalationes1 terr motus1 c4 ,burnet ubi supr4 c4 #g4 b ,the ,zirchnitzer ,sea in ,carniola1 is of great ,use to the ,inhabitants of that ,country1 by affording them ,fish1 ,fowls1 ,fodder1 ,seeds1 ,deer1 ,swine1 and other ,beasts1 ,carriage for their ,goods1 c4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,nr4 #aia1 c4 or ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #cjf1 c4 where you have put together in one ,view1 what is dispersed in divers of the ,transactions4 ,this ,sea or ,lake proceeds from some subterraneous ,grotto1 or ,lake1 as is made highly probable by ,mr4 ,valvasor1 ,ibid4 ,the ,grotto ,podpetschio may be another ,instance1 that the very subterraneous ,lakes may be of ,use1 even to the ,inhabitants of the ,surface above3 ,of which see ,lowth4 ubi supr4 pag4 #cag4 ,sturmius also may be consulted herein his ,philos4 ,eclect4 ,exercit4 #aa4 de ,terr mot4 particularly in ,chap4 #c4 some of the most eminent ,specus's are enumerated1 and some of their ,uses4 c ,crebri specus remedium prbent4 ,prconceptum enim spiritum exhalant3 quod in certis notatur oppidis1 qu mins quatiuntur1 crebris ad eluviem cuniculis cavata4 ,plin4 ,hist4 ,nat4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #hb4 d ,woodward's ,essay1 ,part #c4 ,consect4 #ac4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,mountains and ,valleys4 ,the last ,thing ,i shall take notice of relating to the ,earth1 shall be the ,hills and ,valleys4 ,these the eloquent ,theorist owns to 8contain somewhat august and stately in the beholding of them1 that inspireth the ,mind with great ,thoughts and ,passions1 that we naturally on such ,occasions think of ,god and his ,greatness04 ,but then1 at the same ,time he saith1 8,the ,hills are the greatest ,examples of ,ruin and ,confusion2 that they have neither ,form nor ,beauty1 nor ,shape1 nor ,order1 any more than the ,clouds in the ,air2 that they consist not of any proportion of ,parts1 referable to any ,design1 nor have the least ,footsteps of ,art or ,counsel04 ,consequently one grand ,part of this lower ,creation1 even the whole present ,face of our terraqueous ,globe1 according to this ingenious ,author1 is a ,work of mere ,chance1 a ,structure in which the ,creator did not concern himself4 ,part of this ,charge ,i have already briefly answered1 and my ,survey now leads me to shew1 that the ,mountains are so far from being a ,blunder of ,chance1 a ,work without ,design1 that they are a noble1 useful1 yea1 a necessary part of our ,globea4 ,and in the first ,place1 as to the ,business of ,ornament1 ,beauty1 and ,pleasure1 ,i may appeal to all ,men's ,senses1 whether the grateful ,variety of ,hills and ,dales1 be not more pleasing than the largest continued ,planes4 ,let those who make it their ,business to visit the ,globe1 to divert their ,sight with the various ,prospects of the ,earth2 let these1 ,i say1 judge whether the far distant ,parts of the ,earth would be so well worth visiting1 if the ,earth was every where of an even1 level1 globous ,surface1 or one large ,plane of many #ajjj ,miles2 and not rather1 as now it is1 whether it be not far more pleasing to the ,eye1 to view from the ,tops of the ,mountains the subjacent ,vales and ,streams1 and the far distant ,hills2 and again from the ,vales to behold the surrounding ,mountains4 ,the elegant ,strains and lofty ,flights1 both of the ancient and modern ,poets on these ,occasions1 are ,testimonies of the ,sense of ,mankind on this ,configuration of the ,earth4 ,but be the ,case as it will as to ,beauty1 which is the least valuable ,consideration1 we shall find as to ,convenience1 this ,configuration of the ,earth far the most commodious on several ,accounts4 #a4 ,as it is the most salubrious1 of great use to the ,preservation or ,restoration of the ,health of ,man4 ,some ,constitutions are indeed of so happy a ,strength1 and so confirmed in ,health1 as to be indifferent to almost any ,place or ,temperature of the ,air3 ,but then others are so weakly and feeble1 as not to be able to bear one1 but can live comfortably in another ,place4 ,with some1 the finer and more subtile ,air of the ,hills doth best agree1 who are languishing and dying in the feculent and grosser ,air of great ,towns1 or even the warmer1 and vaporous ,air of the ,valleys and ,waters3 ,but contrarywise1 others languish on the ,hills1 and grow lusty and strong in the warmer ,air of the ,valleys4 ,so that this ,opportunity of shifting our ,abode from the warmer and more vaporous ,air of the ,valleys1 to the colder and mote subtile ,air of the ,hills1 or from the ,hills to the ,vales1 is an admirable ,easement1 ,refreshment1 and great ,benefit to the valetudinarian1 feeble part of ,mankind1 affording those an easy and comfortable ,life1 who would otherwise live miserably1 languish and pine away4 #b4 ,to this salutary ,conformation of the ,earth1 we may add another great ,convenience of the ,hills1 and that is1 in affording commodious ,places for ,habitation2 serving 7as an eminent ,authorb wordeth it7 8as ,skreens to keep off the cold and nipping ,blasts of the northern and easterly ,winds1 and reflecting the benign and cherishing ,sun-,beams1 and so rendering our ,habitations both more comfortable and more chearly in ,winter2 and promoting the ,growth of ,herbs and ,fruit-,trees1 and the ,maturation of the ,fruits in ,summer40 #c4 ,another ,benefit of the ,hills is1 that they serve for the ,production of great ,varieties of ,herbs and ,treesc4 ,and as there was not a better ,judge of those ,matters1 so ,i cannot give a better ,account of this ,convenience1 than in the ,words of the last cited famous ,author1 the late most eminent and learned ,mr4 ,rayd1 7who hath so fully discussed this ,subject ,i am upon1 that it is scarce possible to tread out of his ,steps therein74 ,his ,observation is1 8,that the ,mountains do especially abound with different ,species of ,vegetables1 because of the great ,diversity of ,soils that are found there1 every ,vertex or ,eminence almost1 affording new ,kinds4 ,now these ,plants1 7saith he17 serve partly for the ,food and ,sustenance of such ,animals as are proper to the ,mountains1 partly for medicinal ,uses2 the chief ,physick1 ,herbs and ,roots1 and the best in their ,kinds growing there3 ,it being remarkable1 that the greatest and most luxuriant ,species in most ,genera of ,plants are native of the ,mountains40 #d4 ,another ,convenience which my last named learned ,friend observese is1 8,that the ,mountains serve for the ,harbour1 ,entertainment1 and ,maintenance of various ,animals2 ,birds1 ,beasts and ,insects1 that breed1 feed and frequent there4 ,for1 7saith he7 the highest ,tops and ,pikes of the ,alps themselves are not destitute of their ,inhabitants1 the ,ibex or ,stein-buck1 the ,rupicapra or ,chamois1 among ,quadrupeds2 the ,lagopus among ,birds4 ,and ,i my self 7saith he7 have observed beautiful ,papilio's1 and ,store of other ,insects upon the ,tops of some of the ,alpine ,mountains4 ,nay1 the highest ,ridges of many of these ,mountains1 serve for the ,maintenance of ,cattle1 for the ,service of the ,inhabitants of the ,valleys40 #e4 ,another ,thing he observes is1 8,that those long ,ridges and ,chains of lofty and topping ,mountains1 which run through whole ,continents ,east and ,westf1 serve to stop the ,evagation of the ,vapours to the ,north and ,south in hot ,countries1 condensing them like ,alembick ,heads into ,water and so 7according to his ,opinion7 by a kind of external ,distillation giving original to ,springs and ,rivers2 and likewise by amassing1 cooling and constipating of them1 turn them into ,rain1 by those ,means rendring the fervid ,regions of the torrid ,zone habitable40 ,to these might be added some other ,uses and ,conveniencesg2 as that the ,hills serve to the ,generation of ,minerals and ,metalsh1 and that in them principally are the most useful ,fossiles found2 or if not found and generated only in them1 yet at least all these subterraneous ,treasures are most easily come at in them3 ,also their ,use to several ,nations of the ,earth1 in being ,boundaries and ,bullwarks to them4 ,but there is only one ,use more that ,i shall insist on1 and that is1 #f4 ,and lastly1 ,that it is to the ,hills that the ,fountains owe their ,rise1 and the ,rivers their ,conveyance4 ,as it is not proper1 so neither shall ,i here enter into any ,dispute about the ,origine of ,springs1 commonly assigned by curious and learned ,philosophers4 ,but whether their ,origine be from condensed ,vapours1 as some thinki2 or from ,rains falling1 as others2 or whether they are derived from the ,sea by way of ,attraction1 ,percolation1 or ,distillation2 or whether all these ,causes concur1 or only some1 still the ,hills are the grand ,agent in this prodigious ,benefit to all the ,earth3 ,those vast ,masses and ,ridges of ,earth serving as so many huge ,alembicks or ,cola in this noble ,work of ,nature4 ,but be the ,modus1 or the ,method ,nature takes in this great ,work as it will1 it is sufficient to my ,purpose1 that the ,hills are a grand ,agent in this so noble and necessary a ,work3 ,and consequently1 that those vast ,masses and lofty ,piles are not as they are charged1 such rude and useless ,excrescences of our ill-formed ,globe2 but the admirable ,tools of ,nature1 contrived and ordered by the infinite ,creator1 to do one of its most useful ,works1 and to dispense this great ,blessing to all ,parts of the ,earth2 without which neither ,animals could live1 nor ,vegetables scarcely grow1 nor perhaps ,minerals1 ,metals1 or ,fossiles receive any ,increase4 ,for was the ,surface of the ,earth even and level1 and the middle ,parts of its ,islands and ,continents1 not mountainous and high1 7as now it is7 it is most certain there could be no ,descent for the ,rivers1 no ,conveyance for the ,waters2 but instead of gliding along those gentle ,declivities which the higher ,lands now afford them quite down to the ,sea1 they would stagnate1 and perhaps stink1 and also drown large ,tracts of ,land4 ,but indeed1 without ,hills1 as there could be no ,rivers1 so neither could there be any ,fountains1 or ,springs about the ,earth2 because1 if we could suppose a ,land could be well watered 7which ,i think not possible7 without the higher ,lands1 the ,waters could find no ,descent1 no ,passage through any commodious ,out-lets1 by ,virtue of their own ,gravity2 and therefore could not break out into those commodious ,passages and ,currents1 which we every where almost find in1 or near the ,hills1 and seldom1 or never in large and spacious ,planes2 and when we do find them in them1 it is generally at great and inconvenient ,depths of the ,earth2 nay1 those very subterraneous ,waters1 that are any where met with by digging in these ,planes1 are in all ,probability owing to the ,hills1 either near or far distant3 ,as among other ,instances may be made out1 from the forcible ,eruption of the subterraneous ,waters in digging ,wells1 in the lower ,austria1 and the ,territories of ,modena1 and ,bologna in ,italy1 mentioned by my fore-named learned ,friend ,mr4 ,rayk4 ,or if there be any such ,place found throughout the ,earth1 that is devoid of ,mountains1 and yet well watered1 as perhaps some small ,islands may2 yet in this very ,case1 that whole ,mass of ,land is no other than as one ,mountain descending1 7though unperceivedly7 gently down from the ,mid-land ,parts to the ,sea1 as most other ,lands do2 as is manifest from the ,descent of their ,rivers1 the ,principal of which in most ,countries have generally their ,rise in the more lofty ,mid-land ,parts4 ,and now considering what hath been said concerning this last ,use of the ,hills1 there are two or three ,acts of the divine ,providence observable therein4 ,one is1 that all ,countries throughout the whole ,world1 should enjoy this great ,benefit of ,mountains1 placed here and there1 at due and proper ,distances1 to afford these several ,nations this excellent and most necessary ,element the ,waters4 ,for according to ,nature's ,tendency1 when the ,earth and ,waters were separated1 and order'd to their several ,places1 the ,earth must have been of an even ,surface1 or nearly so4 ,the several component ,parts of the ,earth1 must have subsided according to their several specifick ,gravities1 and at last have ended in a large1 even1 spherical ,surface1 every where equi-distant from the ,center of the ,globe4 ,but that instead of this ,form1 so incommodious for the ,conveyance of the ,waters1 it should be jetted out every where into ,hills and ,dales1 so necessary for that purpose1 is a manifest ,sign of an especial ,providence of the wise ,creator4 ,so another plain ,sign of the same especial ,providence of ,god1 in this ,matter1 is1 that generally throughout the whole ,world1 the ,earth is so dispos'd1 so order'd1 so well laid2 ,i may say1 that the ,mid-land ,parts1 or ,parts farther from the ,sea1 are commonly the highest3 ,which is manifest1 ,i have said1 from the ,descent of the ,rivers4 ,now this is an admirable ,provision the wise ,creator hath made for the commodious ,passages of the ,rivers1 and for draining the several ,countries1 and carrying off the superfluous ,waters from the whole ,earth1 which would be as great an ,annoyance1 as now they are a ,convenience4 ,another providential ,benefit of the ,hills supplying the ,earth with ,water1 is1 that they are not only instrumental thereby1 to the ,fertility of the ,valleys1 but to their own alsol2 to the ,verdure of the ,vegetables without1 and to the ,increment and ,vigour of the ,treasures within them4 ,thus having vindicated the present ,form and ,fabrick of the ,earth1 as distributed into ,mountains and ,valleys1 and thereby shewn in some ,measure the ,use thereof1 particularly of the ,mountains1 which are chiefly found fault with3 ,i have1 ,i hope1 made it in some ,measure evident1 that ,god was no idle ,spectatorm1 nor unconcerned in the ordering of the terraqueous ,globe1 as the former bold ,charges against it do infer2 that he did not suffer so grand a ,work1 as the ,earth1 to go unfinish'd out of his almighty ,hand2 or leave it to be ordered by ,chance1 by natural ,gravity1 by casual ,earthquakes1 c4 but that the noble ,strokes1 and plain ,remains of ,wisdom and ,power therein1 do manifest it to be his ,work4 ,that particularly the ,hills and ,vales1 though to a peevish weary ,traveller1 they may seem incommodious and troublesome2 yet are a noble ,work of the great ,creator1 and wisely appointed by him for the ,good of our sublunary ,world4 ,and so for all the other ,parts of our terraqueous ,globe1 that are presumed to be found fault with by some1 as if carelessly order'd1 and made without any ,design or ,end2 particularly the ,distribution of the dry ,land and ,waters2 the laying the several ,strata1 or ,beds of ,earth1 ,stone1 and other ,layers before spoken of2 the ,creation of noxious ,animals1 and poisonous ,substances1 the boisterous ,winds2 the ,vulcano's1 and many other ,things which some are angry with1 and will pretend to amend3 ,i have before shewn1 that an infinitely wise ,providence1 an almighty ,hand was concerned even in them2 that they all have their admirable ,ends and ,uses1 and are highly instrumental and beneficial to the ,being1 or ,well-being of this our ,globe1 or to the ,creatures residing thereon4 ,so also for humane ,bodies1 it hath been an ancientn1 as well as modern ,complaint1 that our ,bodies are not as big as those of other ,animals2 that we cannot run as swift as ,deer1 fly like ,birds1 and that we are out-done by many ,creatures in the ,accuracy of the ,senses1 with more to the same ,purpose4 ,but these ,objections are well answered by ,senecao1 and will receive a fuller ,solution from what ,i shall observe of animal ,bodies hereafter4 ,but indeed1 after all1 it is only for want of our knowing these ,things better1 that we do not admirep them enough2 it is our own ,ignorance1 ,dulness or ,prejudice1 that makes us charge those noble ,works of the ,almighty1 as ,defects or ,blunders1 as ill-contriv'd1 or ill-made4 ,it is therefore fitter for such finite1 weak1 ignorant ,beings as we1 to be humble and meek1 and conscious of our ,ignorance1 and jealous of our own ,judgment1 when it thus confronteth infinite ,wisdom4 ,let us remember how few ,things we know1 how many we err about1 and how many we are ignorant of3 ,and those1 many of them1 the most familiar1 obvious ,things3 ,things that we see and handle at ,pleasure2 yea1 our own very ,bodies1 and that very ,part of us whereby we understand at all1 our ,soul4 ,and should we therefore pretend to censure what ,god doth6 ,should we pretend to amend his ,work6 ,or to advise infinite ,wisdom6 ,or to know the ,ends and ,purposes of his infinite ,will1 as if we were of his ,council6 ,no1 let us bear in ,mind1 that there ,objections are the ,products1 not of ,reason1 but of ,peevishness4 ,they have been incommoded by ,storms and ,tempests2 they have been terrify'd with the burning ,mountains1 and ,earthquakes2 they have been annoy'd by the noxious ,animals1 and fatigu'd by the ,hills2 and therefore are angry1 and will pretend to amend these ,works of the ,almighty4 ,but in the ,words of ,st4 ,paulq1 we may say1 ,nay1 but ,o ,man1 who art thou that repliest against ,god8 ,shall the ,thing formed say to him that formed it1 ,why hast thou made me thus8 ,hath not the ,potter power over the ,clay1 of the same ,lump to make one ,vessel to honour1 and another to dishonour8 ,if the ,almighty ,lord of the ,world1 had for his own ,pleasure1 made this our ,world more inconvenient for ,man1 it would better become us to sit still1 and be quiet2 to lament our own great ,infirmities and ,failings1 which deserve a worse ,place1 a more incommodious ,habitation1 than we meet with in this elegant1 this well contriv'd1 well formed ,world2 in which we find every ,thing necessary for the ,sustentation1 ,use and ,pleasure1 both of ,man1 and every other ,creature here below2 as well as some ,whips1 some ,rods to scourge us for our ,sinsr4 ,but yet so admirably well temper'd is our ,state1 such an ,accord1 such an ,harmony is there throughout the ,creation1 that if we will but pursue the ,ways of ,piety and ,virtue1 which ,god hath appointed2 if we will form our ,lives according to the ,creator's ,laws1 we may escape the ,evils of this our frail ,state1 and find sufficient ,means to make us happy while we are in the ,body4 ,the natural ,force and ,tendency of our ,virtue1 will prevent many of the ,harmss1 and the watchful ,providence of our ,almighty ,benefactor1 will be a ,guard against others2 and then nothing is wanting to make us happy1 as long as we are in this ,world1 there being abundantly enough to entertain the ,minds of the most contemplative2 ,glories enough to please the ,eye of the most curious and inquisitive2 ,harmonies and ,conforts of ,nature's own1 as well as ,man's making1 sufficient to delight the ,ear of the most harmonious and musical2 ,all ,sorts of pleasant ,gusto's to gratify the ,taste and ,appetite1 even of the most luxurious2 ,and fragrant ,odours to please the nicest and tenderest ,smell3 ,and in a ,word1 enough to make us love and delight in this ,world1 rather too much1 than too little1 considering how nearly we are ally'd to another ,world1 as well as this4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,though there are some that think ,mountains to be a ,deformity to the ,earth1 c4 yet if well considered1 they will be found as much to conduce to the ,beauty and ,conveniency of the ,universe1 as any of the other ,parts4 ,nature 7saith ,pliny7 purposely framed them for many excellent ,uses2 partly to tame the ,violence of greater ,rivers1 to strengthen certain ,joints within the ,veins and ,bowels of the ,earth1 so break the ,force of the ,sea's ,inundation1 and for the ,safety of the ,earth's ,inhabitants1 whether ,beasts or ,men4 ,that they make much for the ,protection of ,beasts1 the ,psalmist testifies1 ,the highest ,hills are a ,refuge for the wild ,goats1 and the ,rocks for ,conies4 ,the ,kingly ,prophet had likewise learnt the ,safety of those by his own ,experience1 when he also was fain to make a ,mountain his ,refuge from the ,fury of his ,master ,saul1 who prosecuted him in the ,wilderness4 ,true indeed1 such ,places as these keep their ,neighbours poor1 as being most barren1 but yet they preserve them safe1 at being most strong2 witness our unconquered ,wales and ,scotland4----,wherefore a good ,author doth rightly call them ,natures ,bulwarks1 cast up at ,god ,almighty's ,charges1 the ,scorns and ,curbs of victorious ,armies2 which made the ,barbarians in ,curtius so confident of their own ,safety1 c4 ,bishop ,wilkin's ,world in the ,moon1 pag4 #aad4 b ,ray's ,wisdom of ,god1 c4 pag4 #bea4 ,dissolution of the ,world1 pag4 #ce4 c ,theophrastus having reckoned up the ,trees that delight most in the ,hills1 and others in the ,valleys1 observeth1 1 4 1 4 ,theoph4 ,hist4 ,pl4 l4 #c4 c4 #d4 1 ---- 4---- 1 4 ,ib4 l4 #d4 c4 #a4 d ,wisdom of ,god1 p4 #beb4 e ,ubi supra4 f ,many have taken ,notice1 that some of the greatest ,eminences of the ,world run generally ,east and ,west1 of which take the late ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,nichols's ,account1 ,confer4 with a ,theist1 ,part #b4 pag4 #aia4 ,to go no farther than our own ,country1 all our great ,ridges of ,hills in ,england run ,east and ,west2 so do the ,alps in ,italy1 and in some ,measure the ,pyrenees2 so do the ,mountains of the ,moon in ,africk1 and so do ,mount ,taurus and ,caucasus4 ,this he saith is a wise ,contrivance to prevent the ,vapours1 which would all run ,northwards1 and leave no ,rains in the ,mediterranean ,countries4 g ,that the ,generation of many of the ,clouds is owing to the ,hills1 appears from the ,observations of the ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,joh4 ,jam4 ,scheuchzer of ,zurich1 and ,mr4 ,joach4 ,frid4 ,creitlovius cited by him4 ,they observed at ,sun-rising1 divers ,clouds detached by the ,heat of the ,sun1 from some of the ,tops of the ,alps1 c4 upon all which their ,observations1 the ,conclusion is1 ,mirati summam ,creatoris sapientiam1 qui id quod paul ant nulli nobis usui esse videbatur1 maximis rebus destinaverat1 adeque ex illo tempore dubitare cpi1 num ,nubes essent futura1 si istiusmodi ,montes ,petr non darentur4 ,hypothesi hc stante1 elucesceret permagna utilitas1 im necessitas1 quam ,helvitic ,alpes non nobis tantm accolis sed vicinis aliis regionibus prstant1 dispensando1 quas gignunt ,nubes1 ,ventos1 ,aquas4 ,scheuch4 ,iter4 ,alpin4 #b4 p4 #bj4 h ,let us take here ,ol4 ,mag4 ,observation of his ,northern ,mountains1 ,montes excelsi sunt1 sed pro majori parte steriles1 aridi2 in quibus fer nil aliud pro incolarum commoditate conservatione gignitur1 qum inexhausta pretiosorum ,metallorum ubertas1 qu sats opulenti1 fertilesque sunt in omnibus vit necessariis1 forsitan superfluis aliunde si libet conquirendis1 unanimique robore1 ac viribus1 ubi vis contra hc natur dona intentata fuerit1 defendendis4 ,acre enim genus hominum est1 c4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 ,l4 #f4 ,prf4 ,see also ,sir ,robert ,sibbald's ,prodr4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,scot4 p4 #dg4 i ,see ,book ,i4 ,chap4 #c4 ,note 7b74 k ,monsieur ,blundel1 related to the ,parisian ,academy1 what ,device the ,inhabitants the lower ,austria1 7which is encompassed with the ,mountains of ,stiria7 are wont to use to fill their ,wells with ,water4 ,they dig in the ,earth to the ,depth of #be and #bj ,feet1 till they come to an ,argilla clammy ,earth----which they bore through so deep1 till the ,waters break forcibly out2 which ,water it is probable comes from the neighbouring ,mountains in subterraneous ,chanels4 ,and ,cassinus observed1 that in many ,places of the ,territory of ,modena and ,bologna in ,italy1 they make themselves ,wells by the like ,artifice1 c4 ,by this ,means the same ,seig4 ,cassini made a ,fountain at the ,castle of ,urbin1 that cast up the ,water five ,foot high above the level of the ,ground4 ,ray's ,disc4 #a4 pag4 #dj4 ubi plura4 ,upon ,enquiry of some skilful ,workmen1 whose ,business it is to dig ,wells1 c4 whether they had ever met with the like ,case1 as these in this ,note1 they told me they had met with it in ,essex1 where after they had dug to #ej ,foot ,depth1 the ,man in the ,well observed the clayie ,bottom to swell and begin to send out ,water1 and stamping with his ,foot to stop the ,water1 he made way for so suddain and forcible a ,flux of ,water1 that before he could get into his ,bucket1 he was above his ,waste in ,water2 which soon ascended to #ag ,feet height1 and there stayed3 ,and although they often with great ,labour endeavoured to empty the ,well1 in order to finish their ,work1 yet they could never do it1 but were forced to leave it as it was4 l ,as the ,hills being higher1 are naturally disposed to be drier than the ,valleys2 so kind ,nature hath provided the greater ,supplies of ,moisture for them1 such at least of them as do not ascend above the ,clouds and ,vapours4 ,for1 besides the ,fountains continually watering them1 they have more ,dews and ,rains commonly than the ,valleys4 ,they are more frequently covered with ,fogs2 and by retarding1 stopping1 or compressing the ,clouds1 or by their greater ,colds condensing them1 they have larger ,quantities of ,rain fall upon them4 ,as ,i have found by actual ,experience1 in comparing my ,observations with those of my late very curious and ingenious ,correspondent1 ,richard ,townley1 ,esq2 of ,lancashire1 and some others1 to be met with before1 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7a74 ,from which it appears1 that above double the ,quantity of ,rain falleth in ,lancashire1 than doth at ,upminster4 ,the ,reason of which is1 because ,lancashire hath more1 and much higher ,hills than ,essex hath4 ,see ,book ,,ii4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7e74 m ,accusandi san me sententi hc sunt ,sophist1 qui cm nondum invenire1 neque exponere opera ,natur queant1 eam tamen inerti atque insciti condemnant1 c4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part #a4 l4 #aj4 c4 #i4 n ,vide qum iniqui sint divinorum munerum astimatores1 etiam quidam professi sapientiam4 ,queruntur qud non magnitudine corporis quemus ,elephantes1 velocitate ,cervos1 levitate ,aves1 impetu ,tauros2 qud solidior sit cutis ,belluis1 decentior ,damis1 densior ,ursis1 mollior ,fibris2 qud sagacitate nos narium ,canes vincant1 qud acie luminum ,aquil1 spatio tatis ,corvi1 multa ,animalia nandi facilitate4 ,et cm qudam n coire quidem in idem ,natura patiatur1 ut velocitatem corporis vires pares animalibus habeamus2 ex diversis dissidentibus bonis ,hominem non esse compositum1 injuriam vocant2 in negligentes nostri ,deos querimoniam jaciunt1 qud non bona valetudo1 vitiis inexpugnabilis data sit1 qud non futuri scientia4 ,vix sibi temperant quin eousque impudenti provehantur1 ut ,naturam oderint1 qud infra ,deos sumus1 qud non in quo illis stetimus4 ,seneca de ,benef4 l4 #b4 c4 #bi4 o ,quanto satis est ad contemplationem tot tantorumque beneficiorum reverti1 agere gratias1 qud nos in hoc pulcherrimo domicilio voluerunt 7,dii7 secundos fortiri1 qud terrenis prfecerunt4 ,then having reckoned up many of the ,privileges and ,benefits1 which the ,gods1 he saith1 have conferred upon us1 he concludes1 ,ita est3 carissimos nos habuerunt ,dii immortales1 habentque4 ,et qui maximus tribui honos potuit1 ab ipsis proximos collocaverunt4 ,magna accepimus1 majora non cepimus4 ,senec4 ,ibid4 p ,naturam maxim admiraberis1 si omnia ejus opera perlustraris4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,i4 #aa4 conclus4 q ,rom4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 r ,neither are they noxious ,creatures of less ,use to amend our ,minds1 by teaching us ,care and ,diligence1 and more ,wit4 ,and so much the more1 the worse the ,things are we see1 and should avoid4 ,weezels1 ,kites1 and other mischievous ,animals1 induce us to a ,watchfulness3 ,thistles and ,moles to good ,husbandry2 ,lice oblige us to ,cleanliness in our ,bodies2 ,spiders in our ,houses2 and the ,moth in our ,clothes4 ,the ,deformity and ,filthiness of ,swine1 make them the ,beauty-,spot of the ,animal ,creation1 and the ,emblems of all ,vice----,the truth is1 ,things are hurtful to us only by ,accident2 that is1 not of ,necessity1 but through our own ,negligence or ,mistake4 ,houses decay1 ,corn is blasted1 and the ,weevel breeds in ,mault1 soonest towards the ,south4 ,be it so1 it is then our own ,fault1 if we use not the ,means which ,nature and ,art have provided against these ,inconveniencies4 ,grew's ,cosmol4 c4 #b4 4 #di1 #ej4 s ,non est gemendus1 nec gravi urgendus nece1 ,virtute quisquis abstulit fatis iter4 ,senec4 ,hercul4 ,oet4 ,act4 #e4 ,car4 #ahcc4 ,nunquam ,stygias fertur ad umbras ,inclyta virtus4 ,id4 ,ibid4 ,car4 #aihb4 ,illustration ,,book ,,iv4 ,of ,animals in general4 ,in the last ,,book1 having survey'd the ,earth it self in ,particular1 ,i shall next take a ,view of the ,inhabitants thereof2 or the several ,kinds of ,creaturesa1 that have their ,habitation1 ,growth1 or ,subsistence thereon4 ,these ,creatures are either ,sensitive1 or ,insensitive ,creatures4 ,in speaking of those endow'd with ,sense1 ,i shall consider3 ,i4 ,some ,things common to them all4 ,,ii4 ,things peculiar to their ,tribes4 ,i4 ,the ,things in common1 which ,i intend to take ,notice of1 are these ,ten3 #a4 ,the five ,senses1 and their ,organs4 #b4 ,the great ,instrument of ,vitality1 ,respiration4 #c4 ,the ,motion1 or ,loco-motive ,faculty of ,animals4 #d4 ,the ,place1 in which they live and act4 #e4 ,the ,balance of their ,numbers4 #f4 ,their ,food4 #g4 ,their ,cloathing4 #h4 ,their ,houses1 ,nests or ,habitations4 #i4 ,their ,methods of ,self-,preservation4 #aj4 ,their ,generation1 and ,conservation of their ,species by that ,means4 ,,footnotes3 a ,principio clum1 ac terras1 camposque liquentes1 ,lucentemque globum ,lun1 ,titaniaque astra ,spiritus ints alit1 totamque infusa per artus ,mens agitat molem1 magno se corpore miscet4 ,inde hominem1 pecudumque genus1 vitque volantum1 ,et qu marmoreo fert monstra sub quore pontus4 ,igneus est illis vigor1 clestis origo ,seminibus4 ,virgil4 neid4 ,l4 #f4 ,carm4 #gbd4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the five ,senses in general4 ,the first ,thing to be consider'd1 in common to all the ,sensitive ,creatures1 is1 their ,faculty of ,seeing1 ,hearing1 ,smelling1 ,tasting and ,feeling2 and the ,organs ministring to there five ,senses1 together with the exact ,accommodation of those ,senses1 and their ,organs1 to the ,state and ,make of every ,tribe of ,animalsa4 ,the ,consideration of which ,particulars alone1 were there no other ,demonstrations of ,god1 is abundantly sufficient to evince the infinite ,wisdom1 ,power and ,goodness1 of the great ,creator4 ,for1 ,who can but stand amaz'd at the ,glories of these ,works6 ,at the admirable ,artifice of them6 ,and at their noble ,use and ,performances6 ,for suppose an ,animal1 as such1 had ,breath and ,life1 and could move it self hither and thither2 yet how could it know whither to go1 what it was about1 where to find its ,food1 how to avoid thousands of ,dangersb1 without ,sight6 ,how could ,man1 particularly1 view the ,glories of the ,heavens1 survey the ,beauties of the ,fields1 and enjoy the ,pleasure of beholding the noble ,variety of diverting objects1 that do1 above us in the ,heavens1 and here in this lower ,world1 present themselves to our ,view every where2 how enjoy this1 ,i say1 without that admirable ,sense of ,sightc6 ,how could also the ,animal1 without ,smell and ,taste1 distinguish its ,food1 and discern between wholsome and unwholsome2 besides the ,pleasures of delightful ,odours1 and relishing ,gusto's6 ,how1 without that other ,sense of ,hearing1 could it discern many ,dangers that are at a ,distance1 understand the ,mind of others1 perceive the harmonious ,sounds of ,musick1 and be delighted with the ,melodies of the winged ,choir1 and all the rest of the ,harmonies the ,creator hath provided for the ,delight and ,pleasure of his ,creatures6 ,and lastly1 ,how could ,man1 or any other ,creature distinguish ,pleasure from ,pain1 ,health from ,sickness1 and consequently be able to keep their ,body sound and entire1 without the ,sense of ,feeling6 ,here1 therefore1 we have a glorious ,oeconomy in every ,animal1 that commandeth ,admiration1 and deserveth our ,contemplation3 ,as will better appear by coming to ,particulars1 and distinctly considering the ,provision which the ,creator hath made for each of these ,senses4 ,,footnotes3 a ,ex sensibus ante ctera ,homini ,tactus1 deinde ,gustatus3 reliquis superatur multis4 ,aquil claris cernunt3 ,vultures sagacis ordorantur1 liquidis audiunt ,talp obrut terr1 tam denso atque surdo natur elemento4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #fi4 b ,subjacent ,oculi1 pars corporis pretiosissima1 qui lucis usu vitam distinguant morte4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 c ,fmin aliqu ,megarenses solis oculis discernere valebant inter ,ova qu ex ,gallin nigr1 qu ex alb nata sunt1 is what is affirmed 7how truly ,i know not7 by ,grimald4 de ,lumin4 ,color4 ,pr4 #dc4 4 #fj4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,eye4 ,for our clearer ,proceeding in the ,consideration of this noble ,parta1 and understanding its ,oeconomy1 ,i shall consider3 #a4 ,the ,form of the ,eye4 #b4 ,its ,situation in the ,body4 #c4 ,its ,motions4 #d4 ,its ,size4 #e4 ,its ,number4 #f4 ,its ,parts4 #g4 ,the ,guard and ,security ,nature hath provided for this so useful a ,part4 ,as this eminent ,part hath not been pretermitted by ,authors1 that have made it their particular ,design and ,business to speak of the ,works of ,god2 so divers of the aforesaid ,particulars have been touched upon by them4 ,and therefore ,i shall take in as little as possible of what they have said1 and as near as ,i can1 mention chiefly what they have omitted4 ,and1 #a4 ,for the ,form of the ,eye2 which is for the most part ,globous1 or somewhat of the sphroidal ,form3 ,which is far the most commodious optical ,form1 as being fittest to contain the ,humours within1 and to receive the ,images of ,objects from withoutb4 ,was it a ,cube1 or of any multangular ,form1 some of its ,parts would lie too far offc1 and some too nigh those lenticular ,humours1 which by their ,refractions cause ,vision4 ,but by ,means of the ,form before-mentioned1 the ,humours of the ,eye are commodiously laid together1 to perform their ,office of ,refraction2 and the ,retina1 and every other ,part of that little darkned ,cell1 is neatly adapted regularly to receive the ,images from without1 and to convey them accordingly to the common ,sensory in the ,brain4 ,to this we may add the aptitude of this ,figure to the ,motion of the ,eye1 for it is necessary for the ,eye to move this way1 and that way1 in order to adjust it self to the ,objects it would view2 so by this ,figure it is well prepared for such ,motions1 so that it can with great ,facility and ,dexterity direct it self as occasion requires4 ,and as the ,figure1 so no less commodious is1 #b4 ,the ,situation of the ,eye1 namely in the ,headd1 the most erect1 eminent ,part of the ,body1 near the most sensible1 vital ,part1 the ,brain4 ,by its ,eminence in the ,body1 it is prepar'd to take in the moree ,objects4 ,and by its ,situation in the ,head1 besides its ,proximity to the ,brain1 it is in the most convenient ,place for ,defence and ,security4 ,in the ,hands1 it might indeed 7in ,man7 be render'd more eminent than the ,head1 and be turned about here and there at pleasure4 ,but then it would be exposed to many ,injuries in that active ,part1 and the ,handsf render'd a less active and useful ,part4 ,and the like may be said to its ,sight1 in any other ,part of the ,body1 but where it is4 ,but in the ,head1 both of ,man1 and other ,animals1 it is placed in a ,part that seems to be contrived1 and made chiefly for the ,action of the principal ,senses4 ,another ,thing observable in the ,sight of the ,eye1 is the ,manner of its ,situation in the ,head1 in the ,fore-part1 or ,side-part thereof2 according to the particular ,occasions of particular ,animals4 ,in ,man1 and some other ,creatures1 it is placed to look directly forward chiefly2 but withal it is so order'd1 as to take in near the ,hemisphere before it4 ,in ,birds1 and some other ,creatures1 the ,eyes are so seated1 as to take in near a whole ,sphere1 that they may the better seek their ,food1 and escape ,dangers4 ,and in some ,creatures they are seated1 so as to see best behind themg1 or on each ,side1 whereby they are enabled to see their ,enemy that pursues them that way1 and so make their ,escape4 ,and for the ,assistance of the ,eyes1 and some of the other ,senses in their ,actions2 the ,head is generally made to turn here and there1 and move as ,occasion requires4 ,which leads me to the #c4 ,thing to be remarked upon1 the ,motions of the ,eye it self4 ,and this is generally upwards1 downwards1 backwards1 forwards1 and every wayh1 for the better1 more easy1 and distinct ,reception of the visual ,rays4 ,but where ,nature any way deviateth from this ,method1 either by denying ,motion to the ,eyes1 or the ,headi1 it is a very wonderful ,provision she hath made in the ,case4 ,thus for a ,remedy of this ,inconvenience1 in some ,creatures their ,eyes are set out at a ,distancek from the ,head1 to be circumvolved here and there1 or one this1 the other that way1 at ,pleasure4 ,and in ,creatures1 whose ,eyes are without ,motion1 as in divers ,insects2 in this ,case1 either they have more than two ,eyes1 or their ,eyes are nearly two protuberant ,hemispheres1 and each ,hemisphere often consisting of a prodigious number of other little ,segments of a ,spherel4 ,by which ,means those ,creatures are so far from being deny'd any ,benefit1 of that noble and most necessary ,sense of ,sight1 that they have probably more of it than other ,creatures1 answerable to the ,rapidity of their ,flight1 and brisk ,motion2 and to their ,inquests after ,food1 ,habitation1 or ,repositories of ,generation1 or such other ,necessity of the ,animal4 #d4 ,another admirable ,provision in the ,eye1 is1 its ,size2 in some ,animals large1 in some little4 ,it would be endless here to enumerate ,particulars2 as thole of ,quadrupeds1 ,birds1 ,insects1 and other terrestrial ,animals4 ,and as for ,fishes1 they will fall under another ,part of my ,survey4 ,i shall therefore only take ,notice of its ,size in one ,creature1 the ,molem4 ,as the ,habitation of that uncouth ,animal is wholly subterraneous1 its ,lodging1 its ,food1 its ,exercises1 nay1 even all its ,pastimes and ,pleasures1 are in those subterraneous ,recesses and ,passages1 which its own ,industry hath made for it self2 so it is an admirable ,provision made in the ,size of the ,eye of that little ,creature1 to answer all its ,occasions1 and at the same time to prevent ,inconveniences4 ,for as a little ,light will suffice an ,animal living always under ,ground2 so the smallest ,eye will abundantly supply that ,occasion4 ,and as a large protuberant ,eye1 like that of other ,animals1 would much annoy this ,creature in its principal ,business1 of digging for its ,food and ,passage2 so it is endow'd with a very small one1 commodiously seated in the ,head1 and well fenced and guarded against the ,annoyances of the ,earth4 #e4 ,another ,thing remarkable in this noble ,part of ,animals1 is1 its ,numbers2 no less than twon in any ,instance1 that ,i know of2 and in some ,animals more1 as ,i have already hintedo4 ,now this is an admirable ,provision2 first1 for the ,convenience of taking in the larger ,angle or ,space3 ,and in the next ,place1 the ,animal is by this ,provision1 in some ,measure prepar'd for the ,misfortune of the ,loss of one of these noble1 and necessary ,organs of its ,body4 ,but then besides all this1 there is another ,thing considerable in this multiplicate ,number of the ,eye2 and that is1 that the ,object seen is not multiplied as well as the ,organ1 and appears but one1 though seen with two or more ,eyesp4 ,a manifest ,sign of the infinite ,skill of the ,contriver of this so noble a ,part1 and of the exquisite ,art he employed in the ,formation thereof4 ,but the ,design and ,skill of the infinite ,workman1 will best be set forth by #f4 ,surveying the ,parts and ,mechanism of this admirable ,organ the ,eye4 ,and here indeed we cannot but stand amazed1 when we view its admirable ,fabrick1 and consider the prodigious ,exactness1 and the exquisite ,skill employed in every part ministring to this noble and necessary ,sense4 ,to pass by its ,arteries and ,veins1 and such other ,parts common to the rest of the ,body1 let us cast our ,eye on its ,muscles4 ,these we shall find exactly and neatly placed for every ,motion of the ,eye4 ,let us view its ,tunicks1 and these we shall find so admirably seated1 so well adapted1 and of so firm a ,texture1 as to fit every ,place1 to answer every ,occasion1 and to be ,proof against all common ,inconveniences and ,annoyances4 ,let us examine its three ,humours1 and these we shall find all of exquisite ,clearness and ,transparency1 for an easy ,admission of the ,rays2 well placed for the refracting of them1 and formed 7particularly the ,crystalline ,humour7 by the nicest ,laws of ,opticks1 to collect the wandring ,rays into a ,point4 ,and to name no more1 let us look into its darkned ,cell1 where those curious ,humours lie1 and into which the ,glories of the ,heavens and the ,earth are brought1 and exquisitely pictured2 and this ,cell we shall find1 without1 well prepared by ,means of its ,texture1 ,aperture1 and ,colour1 to fence off all the useless or noxious ,rays2 and within1 as well coated with a dark ,tegument1 that it may not reflect1 dissipate1 or any way confuse or disturb the beneficial ,raysq4 ,but to descend to ,particulars1 although it would be a great ,demonstration of the ,glory of ,god1 yet would take up too much ,time1 and hath been in some ,measure done by others that have written of ,god's ,works4 ,passing over therefore what they have observed1 ,i shall under each principal ,part take a transient ,notice of some ,things they have omitted1 or but slightly spoken of4 ,and my first ,remark shall be concerning the ,muscles of the ,eye1 and their ,equilibration4 ,nothing can be more manifestly an act of ,contrivance and ,design1 than the ,muscles of the ,eye1 admirably adapted to move it any1 and every way2 upwards1 downwards1 to this side or that1 or howsoever we please1 or there is occasion for1 so as to always keep that ,parallelism of the ,eye1 which is necessary to true ,vision4 ,for the ,performance of which ,service1 the ,form1 the ,position1 and the due ,strength of each ,muscle is admirable4 ,and here ,i might ,instance the peculiar and artificial ,structure of the ,trochlearis1 and the ,augmentation of its ,power by the ,trochlear2 the ,magnitude and ,strength of the ,attollent ,muscle1 somewhat exceeding that of its ,antagonist2 the peculiar ,muscle1 called the ,seventh1 or ,suspensory ,muscles1 given to ,brutes1 by reason of the prone ,posture of their ,bodies1 and frequent ,occasions to hang down their ,heads3 ,and ,i might speak also of the peculiar ,origine and ,insertion of the lower ,oblique ,musclet1 which is very notable1 and many other ,things relating to these ,parts2 but it would be tedious to descend too much to those admirable ,particulars4 ,and therefore to close up these ,remarks1 all ,i shall farther take ,notice of1 shall be only the exquisite ,equilibration of all these ,opposite and ,antagonist ,muscles1 affected partly by the ,equality of the ,strength2 which is the ,case of the ,adducent and ,abducent ,muscles2 partly by their peculiar ,origine1 or the ,addition of the ,trochlea1 which is the ,case of the ,oblique ,musclesu3 and partly by the natural ,posture of the ,body1 and the ,eye1 which is the ,case of the ,attollent and ,depriment ,muscles4 ,by this so curious and exact a ,libration1 not only unseemly ,contortions1 and incommodious ,vagations of the ,eye are prevented1 but also it is able with great ,readiness and ,exactness to apply it self to every ,object4 ,as to the ,tunicks of the ,eye1 many ,things might be taken notice of1 the prodigious ,fineness of the ,arachnodes1 the acute ,sense of the ,retina1 the delicate ,transparency of the ,corneaw1 and the firm and strong ,texture of that and the ,sclerotica too2 and each of them1 in these and every other respect1 in the most accurate manner adapted to the ,place in which it is1 and the ,business it is there to perform4 ,but for a ,sample1 ,i shall only take notice of that part of the ,uvea which makes the ,pupil4 ,it hath been observed by others1 particularly by our ,honourable ,founderx1 ,that as we are forced to use various ,apertures to our ,optick ,glasses1 so ,nature hath made a far more compleat ,provision in the ,eyes of ,animals1 to shut out too much1 and to admit sufficient ,light1 by the ,dilatation and ,contraction of the ,pupily4 ,but it deserveth our especial ,remark1 that these ,pupils are in divers ,animals of divers ,forms1 according to their peculiar ,occasions4 ,in some 7particularly in ,man7 it is round2 that being the most proper ,figure for the ,position of our ,eyes1 and the ,use we make of them both by ,day and ,night4 ,in some other ,animals it is of a longish ,form2 in some ,transversez1 with its ,aperture large1 which is an admirable ,provision for such ,creatures to see the better laterally1 and thereby avoid ,inconveniencies1 as well as help them to gather their ,food on the ,ground1 both by ,day and ,night4 ,in other ,animals the ,fissure of the ,pupil is erectaa1 and also capable of opening wide1 and shutting up close4 ,the latter of which serveth to exclude the brighter ,light of the ,day1 and the former to take in the more faint ,rays of the ,night1 thereby enabling those ,nocturnal ,animals 7in whom generally this erect ,form of the ,pupil is7 to catch their ,prey with the greater ,facility in the darkbb1 to see upwards and downwards1 to climb1 c4 ,thus much for the ,tunicks4 ,the next ,thing ,i shall take notice of1 will relate to the ,humours of the ,eye1 and that only concerning the ,mechanism of the ,crystalline ,humour2 not its incomparable ,transparency2 nor its exact lenticular ,form2 nor its curious araneous ,membranecc1 that constringeth and dilateth it1 and so varieth its ,focus1 7if any such ,variation there be1 as some affirm with great ,probability17 nor lastly1 its admirable ,approach to or from the ,retina1 by help of the ,ciliar ,ligamentdd1 according as ,objects are far off or near1 because these ,things are what are usually taken notice of2 but that which ,i shall observe is1 the prodigious ,art and ,finery of its constituent ,parts1 it being1 according to some late nice ,microscopical ,observationsee1 composed of divers thin ,scales1 and these made up of one single minutest ,thread or ,fibre1 wound round and round1 so as not to cross one another in any one ,place1 and yet to meet1 some in two1 and some in more different ,centers2 a ,web not to be woven1 an ,optick ,lens1 not to be wrought by any ,art less than infinite ,wisdom4 ,lastly1 ,to conclude the ,parts of this admirable ,organ1 ,i shall make only one ,remark more1 and that is about its ,nerves4 ,and here1 among others1 the admirable ,make of the ,optick ,nerves might deserve to be taken notice of in the first ,place1 their ,medullary ,partff terminating in the ,brain it self1 the ,teguments propagated from the ,meninges1 and terminating in the ,coats of the ,eye1 and their commodious ,insertions into the ,ball of the ,eye1 in some directly opposite to the ,pupil of the ,eye1 in others obliquely towards one ,sidegg4 ,but most of these ,things have been treated of1 and the ,convenience hereof set forth by others that have written of ,god's ,works4 ,i shall therefore take notice only of one wise ,provision the ,creator hath made about the ,motion of the ,eye1 by uniting into one the ,third ,pair of ,nerves1 called the ,motory ,nerveshh1 each of which sending its ,branches into each ,muscle of each ,eye1 would cause a ,distortion in the ,eyes2 but being united into one1 near their ,insertion into the ,brain1 do thereby cause both ,eyes to have the same ,motion2 so that when one ,eye is moved this way and that way1 to this and that ,object1 the other ,eye is turned the same way also4 ,thus from this transient and slight ,view 7,i may call it7 of the ,parts of the ,eye1 it appears what an admirable ,artist was the ,contriver thereof4 ,and now in the ,seventh and last ,place1 ,let us consider what ,provision this admirable ,artist hath made for the ,guard and ,security of this so well formed ,organii4 ,and here we shall find the ,guard equivalent to the ,use and ,excellency of the ,part4 ,the whole ,organ fortified and fenced with strong1 compact ,bones1 lodged in a strong1 well made ,socket1 and the ,eye it self guarded with a nice made ,coverkk4 ,its ,humours1 and its inward ,tunicks1 are indeed tender1 proportionate to their tender1 curious ,uses2 but the ,coats without1 are context and callous1 firm and strong4 ,and in some ,animals1 particularly ,birdsll1 some ,part of those ,tunicles have the ,nature and ,hardness of ,bone or ,horn4 ,but for ,creatures1 whose ,eyes1 like the rest of their ,body1 are tender1 and without the ,guard of ,bones2 there ,nature hath provided for this necessary and tender ,sense1 a wonderful kind of ,guard1 by endowing the ,creature with a ,faculty of withdrawing its ,eyes into its ,headmm1 and lodging them in the same ,safety with the ,body4 ,thus have ,i survey'd this first ,sense of ,animals1 ,i may say in a cursory1 not accurate1 strict manner1 considering the prodigious ,workmanship thereof2 but so1 as abundantly to demonstrate it to be the ,contrivance1 the ,work of no less a ,being than the infinite ,wise1 ,potent1 and ,indulgent ,creatornn4 ,for none less could compose so admirable an ,organ1 so adapt all its ,parts1 so adjust it to all ,occasions1 so nicely provide for every ,use1 and for every ,emergency3 ,in a word1 none less than ,,god1 could1 ,i say1 thus contrive1 order1 and provide an ,organ1 as magnificent and curious as the ,sense is useful2 a ,sense without which1 as all the ,animal ,world would be in perpetual ,darkness1 so it would labour under perpetual ,inconveniencies1 be exposed to perpetual ,harms1 and suffer perpetual ,wants and ,distresses4 ,but now by this admirable ,sense1 the great ,,god1 who hath placed us in this ,world1 hath as well provided for our comfortable ,residence in it2 enabled us to see and chuse wholsome1 yea delicate ,food1 to provide our selves useful1 yea gaudy ,cloathing1 and commodious ,places of ,habitation and ,retreat4 ,we can now dispatch our ,affairs with ,alacrity and ,pleasure1 go here and there as our ,occasions call us4 ,we can1 if need be1 ransack the whole ,globe1 penetrate into the ,bowels of the ,earth1 descend to the bottom of the ,deep1 travel to the farthest ,regions of this ,world1 to acquire ,wealth1 to encrease our ,knowledge1 or even only to please our ,eye and ,fancy4 ,we can now look about us1 discern and shun the ,precipices and ,dangers which every where enclose us1 and would destroy us4 ,and those glorious ,objects which fill the ,heavens and the ,earth1 those admirable ,works of ,god which every where surround us1 and which would be as nothing to us1 without being seen1 do by means of this noble ,sense present their ,glories to usoo1 and fill us with ,admiration and ,pleasure4 ,but ,i need not expatiate in the ,usefulness and ,praises of this ,sense1 which we receive the ,benefit of every ,moment1 and the want1 or any defect of which1 we lament among our greatest ,misfortunes4 ,leaving then this ,sense1 ,i shall proceed to the other four1 but more briefly treat of them1 by reason we have so ample a ,sample of the divine ,art in the last1 and may presume that the same is exerted in all as well as one4 ,for a ,demonstration of which1 let us in the next ,place carry our ,scrutiny to the ,sense of ,hearing4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,in ,dissectionibus anatomicis vix aliquid admirabilius1 aut artificiosius structur ,oculi humani1 meo quidem judicio1 occurrit3 ut merit1 per excellentiam1 ,creatoris appelletur ,miraculum4 ,gul4 ,fabr4 ,hildan4 ,cent4 #b4 ,observ4 #a4 ,so likewise that accurate ,surveyor of the ,eye1 ,dr4 ,briggs1 whose ,ophthalmography ,i have met with since my penning this part of my ,survey4 ,his ,character of this curious piece of ,god's ,work is1 ,inter prcipuas corporis animati partes1 qu magni ,conditoris nostri sapientiam ostendunt1 nulla san reperitur1 qu majori pomp elucet qum ipse ,oculus1 aut qu elegantiori form concinnatur4 ,deum enim ali partes vel minori satellitio stipantur1 vel in tantam venustatem haud assurgunt2 ,ocelli peculiarem honorem decus supremo ,numine efflatum referunt1 nunquam non stupend su ,potentia characteres reprsentant4 ,nulla san pars tam divino artificio ordine1 c4 ,cap4 #a4 4 #a4 b ,it is a good ,reason ,frier ,bacon assigns for the ,sphricity of the ,eye3 ,nam si esset plan figur1 species rei majoris oculo non posset cadere perpendiculariter super eum----,cm erg ,oculus videt magna corpora1 ut fer quartam cli uno aspectu1 manifestum est1 qud non potest esse plan figur1 nec alicujus nisi sphric1 quoniam super sphram parvam possunt cadere perpendiculares infinit1 qu magno corpore veniunt1 tendunt in centrum ,sphr3 ,et sic magnum corpus potest ab oculo parvo videri4 ,for the ,demonstration of which he hath given us a ,figure4 ,rog4 ,bacon4 ,perspect4 ,distinct4 #d4 ,cap4 #d4 ,dr4 ,briggs saith1 ,pars antica1 7sive ,cornea17 convexior est postic3 hc enim ratione radii melis in pupillam detorquentur1 ,oculi fundus ex altar parte in majorem 7propter imagines rerum ibidem delineandos7 expanditur4 ,ibid4 4 #b4 c ,suppose the ,eye had the ,retina1 or back part flat for the ,reception of the ,images1 as in ,fig4 #a4 ,,aba3 it is manifest1 that if the ,extremes of the ,image ,,aa were at a due focal distance1 the middle ,b would be too nigh the ,crystalline1 and consequently appear confused and dim2 but all ,parts of the ,retina lying at a due focal distance from the ,crystalline1 as at ,,aca1 therefore the ,image painted thereon is seen distinct and clear4 ,thus in a dark ,room1 with a ,lens at a ,hole in the ,window1 7which ,sturmius calls his ,artificial ,eye1 in his ,exercit4 ,acad4 one of which he had made for his ,pupils1 to run any where on ,wheels74 ,in this ,room1 ,i say1 if the ,paper that receives the ,images be too nigh1 or too far off the ,lens1 the ,image will be confused and dim2 but in the ,focus of the ,glass1 distinct1 clear1 and a pleasant ,sight4 d ,blemmyis traduntur capita abesse1 ,ore ,oculis pectori affixis4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #e4 c4 #h4 ,occidentem versus quosdam sine cervice ,oculos in humeris habentes4 ,ib4 l4 #g4 c4 #b4 ,from these1 and other such like ,fables1 in this last cited ,chapter of ,pliny1 no doubt our famous ,romancer ,sir ,j4 ,mandevile1 had his ,romnantick ,stories related in his ,travels4 e ,see ,book ,v4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7e74 f ,galen deserves to be here consulted1 who in his ,book ,de ,usu ,partium1 from many ,considerations of the ,hand1 such as what is here mentioned1 as also its ,structure1 ,site and ,use1 largely proves and reflects upon the ,wisdom and ,providence of the ,contriver and ,maker of that ,part4 g ,thus in ,hares and ,conies1 their ,eyes are very protuberant1 and placed so much towards the sides of their ,head1 that their two ,eyes take in nearly a whole ,sphere3 ,whereas in ,dogs1 7that pursue them7 the ,eyes are set more forward in the ,head1 to look that way more than backward4 h ,sed lubricos ,oculos fecit ,natura mobiles1 ut declinarent siquid noceret2 aspectum1 quo vellent1 facile converterent4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #eg4 i ,the ,eyes of ,spiders1 7in some four1 in some six1 and in some eight7 are placed all in the fore-front of their ,head1 7which is round1 and without any ,neck7 all diaphanous and transparent1 like a ,locket of ,diamonds1 c4 neither wonder why ,providence should be so anomalous in this ,animal1 more than in any other we know of4 ,for1 #a4 ,since they wanting a ,neck1 cannot move their ,head1 it is requisite that ,defect should be supplied by the multiplicity of ,eyes4 #b4 ,since they were to live by catching so nimble a ,prey as a ,fly is1 they ought to see her every way1 and to take her per saltum1 7as they do7 without any ,motion of the ,head to discover her3 ,which ,motion would have scared away so timorous an ,insect4 ,power's ,micros4 ,observ4 pag4 #aa4 ,the ,eyes of the ,cameleon resemble a ,lens1 or ,convex ,glass1 set in a versatile globular ,socket1 which she turneth backward1 or any way1 without moving her ,head2 and ordinarily the one a contrary1 or quite different way from the other4 ,dr4 ,goddard in ,phil4 ,tran4 ,n4 #acg4 ,but what is more extraordinary in this ,motion of the ,cameleon's ,eye is to see one of the ,eyes move1 whilst the other remains immoveable2 and the one to turn forward1 at the same time that the other looketh behind2 the one to look up to the ,sky1 when the other is fixed on the ,ground4 ,and these ,motions to be so extreme1 that they do carry the ,pupilla under the ,crest which makes the ,eye-brow1 and so far into the ,canthi1 or ,corners of the ,eyes1 that the ,sight can discern whatever is done just behind it1 and directly before1 without turning the ,head1 which is fastned to the ,shoulders4 ,mem4 for a ,nat4 ,hist4 in ,anatom4 ,dissect4 at ,paris4 ,diss4 of ,camel4 pag4 #bb4 k ,snails send out their ,eyes at a distance1 they being contained in their four ,horns1 like atramentous ,spots1 fitted to the end of their ,horns1 or rather to the ends of those black ,filaments or optick ,nerves1 which are sheathed in her ,horns1 as ,dr4 ,power wordeth it4 ,obs4 #ca4 pag4 #cf4 ,so the ingenious ,dr4 ,lister4 ,exercit4 ,anat4 ,cochl4 ,limac4 l ,vid4 l4 #h4 c4 #c4 ,note 7a74 m ,severinus is of ,aristotle's1 ,pliny's1 and ,alb4 ,magnus's ,opinion1 that the ,mole hath no ,sight2 ,g4 ,seger denies any ,humour to be therein1 but thinks they may probably see1 because ,nature made nothing in vain4 ,but ,borrichius saith1 their ,eyes have appendiculam nerveam in cerebrum euntem1 cujus beneficio globuli illi the little ,eyes extra pellem facil poterant exseri1 retrahique pro arbitrio----,in illis oculorum globulis humor aqueus copiose satis natabat2 cterorum non nisi tenue vestigiem4 ,blas4 ,anat4 ,anim4 c4 #ce4 ,et quoniam ,natura hoc vit genus ipsi destinavit1 etiam perqum exiguos ,oculos----dedit eo concilio1 ut ii1 pretiosissima corporis pars1 terr pulvere n affligerentur4 ,ii insuper pilis recti1 c4 ,humores illis oculis insunt1 tunica nigra1 uvea1 se prodit4 ,ad hos tramite alio nervus venit4 ,schneider in ,blas4 ibid4 ,some time since ,i made divers accurate ,dissections of the ,eyes of ,moles1 with the help of ,microscopes1 having a doubt whether what we take to be ,eyes1 were such or no4 ,and upon a strict ,scrutiny ,i plainly could distinguish the ,vitreous and ,crystalline ,humours1 yea1 the ,ligamentum ,ciliare1 and the atramentaceous ,mucus4 ,the ,pupil ,i could manifestly discern to be round1 and the ,cornea copped1 or conical3 ,the ,eye is at a great distance from the ,brain1 the ,optick ,nerve very slender and long1 reaching from the ,eye through the intermediate ,flesh1 and so passeth to the ,brain1 along with the pair of ,nerves reaching to the ,nose1 which are much the largest that are in all the ,animal4 ,these ,creatures1 ,i imagine1 have the ,faculty of withdrawing their ,eyes1 if not quite into the ,head1 7as ,snails7 yet more or less within the ,hair1 as they have more or less ,occasion to use or guard their ,eyes4 ,galen saith1 ,moles have ,eyes1 the ,crystalline and ,vitreous ,humours1 encompassed with ,tunicks4 ,de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #ad4 c4 #f4 ,so accurate an ,anatomist was he for his ,time4 n ,pliny tells us of a sort of ,heron with but one ,eye1 but 'twas only by hear-say4 ,inter ,aves ,ardeolarum genere1 quos ,leucos vocant1 altero oculo carere tradunt4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 ,so the ,king of the ,nigr that hath but one ,eye1 and that in his ,forehead1 l4 #f4 c4 #cj4 ,which ,fables ,i take notice of more for the ,reader's ,diversion1 than any ,truth in them4 o ,supra1 ,note 7i74 p ,the most celebrated ,anatomists differ greatly about the ,reason why we see not double with two ,eyes4 ,this ,galen1 and others after him1 generally thought to be from a ,coalition or ,decussation of the ,optick ,nerves1 behind the ,os ,sphenodes4 ,but whether they decussate1 coalesce1 or only touch one another1 they do not well agree4 ,the ,bartholines expressly assert they are united1 non per simplicem contactum vel intersectionem in homine1 sed totalem substanti confusionem1 ,anat4 l4 #c4 c4 #b4 ,and whereas ,vesalius1 and some others had found some ,instances of their being disunited2 they say1 sed in plerisque ordinarie confunditur interior substantia1 ut accurat disquisitione deprehendi4 ,but our ,learned ,dr4 ,gibson1 7,anat4 l4 #c4 c4 #aj47 saith1 they are united by the closest ,conjunction1 but not ,confusion of their ,fibres4 ,but others think the ,reason is not from any ,coalescence1 ,contact1 or crossing of the ,optick ,nerves1 but from a ,sympathy between them4 ,thus ,monsieur ,cartes is of ,opinion1 that the ,fibrill constituting the medullary ,part of those ,nerves1 being spread in the ,retina of each ,eye1 have each of them corresponding ,parts in the ,brain2 so that when any of those ,fibrill are struck by any part of an ,image1 the corresponding ,parts of the ,brain are thereby affected1 and the ,soul thereby informed1 c4 but see more hereafter under ,note 7oo71 from ,cartes himself4 ,somewhat like this is the ,notion of our judicious ,dr4 ,briggs1 who thinks the ,optick ,nerves of each ,eye consist of ,homologous ,fibres1 having their rise in the ,thalamus ,nervorum ,opticorum1 and thence continued to both the ,retin1 which are made of them2 ,and farther1 that those ,fibrill have the same ,parallelism1 ,tension1 c4 in both ,eyes2 and consequently when an ,image is painted on the same corresponding1 sympathizing ,parts of each ,retina1 the same ,effects are produced1 the same ,notice or ,information is carried to the ,thalamus1 and so imparted to the ,soul1 or judging ,faculty4 ,that there is such an between the ,retina1 c4 he makes very probable from the ensuing of double ,vision upon the ,interruption of the ,parallelism of the ,eyes2 as when one ,eye is depressed with the ,finger1 or their ,symphony interrupted by ,disease1 ,drunkenness1 c4 ,and lastly1 ,that simple ,vision is not made in the former way1 viz4 by a ,decussation or ,conjunction of the ,optick ,nerves1 he proves1 because those ,nerves are but in few ,subjects decussated1 and in none conjoined otherwise than by a bare ,contact1 which is particularly manifest in ,fishes2 and in some ,instances it hath been found1 that they have been separated without any double ,vision ensuing thereupon4 ,vid4 ,brig4 ,ophthalmogr4 cap4 #aa4 #e4 and ,nov4 ,vis4 ,theor4 passim4 ,what the ,opinion of our justly eminent ,sir ,isaac ,newton is1 may be seen in his ,opticks1 ,qu4 #ae4 ,are not the ,species of ,objects seen with both ,eyes1 united where the ,optick ,nerves meet before they come into the ,brain1 the ,fibres on the right side of both ,nerves uniting there1 c4 ,for the ,optick ,nerves of such ,animals as look the same way with both ,eyes1 7as of ,men1 ,dogs1 ,sheep1 ,oxen1 c47 meet before they come into the ,brain2 but the ,optick ,nerves of such ,animals as do not look the same way with both ,eyes1 7as of ,fishes and of the ,cameleon7 do not meet1 if ,i am rightly informed4 ,newt4 ,opt4 ,q4 #ae4 q ,nigra est ,uvea ut radios 7ab ,oculi fundo ad anteriorem ejus partem reflexos7 obumbret2 n hi 7ut ait clar4 ,cartesius7 ad ,oculi fundum retorti ibidem confusam visionem efficerent4 ,alia forsan ratio hujus nigredinis statuatur1 qud radii in visione superflui1 qui ab objectis lateralibus proveniunt hoc ritu absorbeantur4 ,ita enim loco obscuro interdiu objecta optim intuemur1 quia radii tunc temporis circumfuso lumine non diluuntur4 ,brigg's ,ophthal4 c4 #c4 4 #e4 r ,admirandum ,dei artificium ex diversorum animalium comparatione indies evadit manifestis4 ,mirantur omnes ,trochlearem in oculis ,hominum ,quadrupedum1 quidem jure3 sed admirationem omnem superat1 qud sine ,trochle oculum movens in ,avibus novum genus ,trochle long artificiosis ,nictitandi ,membran dederit4 ,blas4 ,anat4 ,animal4 p4 #b4 c4 #d4 ex ,stenon4 ,musculum ,trochlearem per intermedium trochleam traductum1 nunquam intueor1 quin admirabundus mecum1 1 exclamem 1 4 ,i4 ,c4 ,sturmii ,exercit4 ,acad4 #i4 de ,vis4 ,org4 ,rat4 c4 #c4 4 #d4 p4 #ddf4 s ,observare est quod ,quadrupedes1 qui oculos in terram pronos1 ac pendulos gerunt1 ,musculum peculiarem habent1 quo ,oculi globus suspenditur----,hoc ,musculo ,bos1 ,equus1 ,ovis1 ,lepus1 ,porcus1 c4 prditi sunt3 hoc etiam ,canis instruitur1 sed alio modo conformatum habet4 ,willis de ,an4 ,brut4 p4 #a4 c4 #ae4 ,of this ,opinion also was ,bartholine ,anat4 l4 #c4 c4 #h4 and divers other eminent ,anatomists4 ,but ,dr4 ,briggs is of ,opinion that the ,adnata1 and the other ,muscles sufficiently answer all those ,ends ascribed to that ,muscle by former ,anatomists1 and thinks ,probabilis itaque esse hunc ,musculum nervi ,optici actionem 7per vices7 confirmare1 n prono ,brutorum incessu copioso affluxu humorum debilitetur1 ,ophthal4 c4 #b4 4 #b4 ,the ,musculus ,suspensorius being in the ,porpess1 as well as ,brutes1 ,dr4 ,tyson thinks the ,use of it is not to suspend the ,bulk of the ,eye2 but rather by its equal ,contraction of the ,sclerotis1 to render the ,ball of the ,eye more or less ,spherical1 and so fitter for ,vision4 ,tyson's ,anat4 of the ,porpess1 p4 #ci4 t ,musculus obliquus inferior oritur peculiari quodam foramine in latere ,orbit ocularis facto1 7contra quam in cteris1 c47 quo fit ut ex un parte ,musculo trochleari1 ex alter ver ab hujus ,musculi commodissim positione1 ,oculus in quilibrio quodam constitutus1 irretorto obtutu versus objecta feratur1 nec plus justo accedat versus internum externumve canthum2 qu quidem ,libratio omnino nulla fuisset1 absque hujus ,musculi peculiari originatione 7cujus ratio omnes hucusque ,anatomicos latuit74 ,and so this curious ,anatomist goes on to shew farther the stupendous ,artifice of the great ,creator in this ,position of the ,oblique ,muscles4 ,brigg's ,nova ,vis4 ,theor4 p4 #aa4 meo libro4 u ,besides those particular ,motions which the ,eye receives from the ,oblique ,muscles1 and ,i may add its ,libration also in some ,measure1 some ,anatomists ascribe another no less considerable ,use to them2 namely1 to lengthen and shorten the ,eye 7by squeezing and compressing it7 to make it correspond to the ,distances of all ,objects1 according as they are nigh or far off4 ,thus the ingenious ,dr4 ,keil2 ,the ,aqueous ,humour being the thinnest and most liquid1 easily changeth its ,figure1 when either the ,ligamentum ,ciliate contracts1 or both the ,oblique ,muscles squeeze the middle of the ,ball of the ,eye1 to render it ,oblong when ,objects are too near us4 ,keil's ,anat4 ,chap4 #d4 ,sect4 #d4 ,see ,note 7y74 w ,quis ver opifex prter ,naturam1 qu nihil potest esse callidis1 tantam solertiam persequi potuisset in ,sensibus8 qu primm ,oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit1 sepiit2 quas primum perlucidas fecit1 ut per eas cerni posset3 firmas aurem1 ut continerentur4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #eg4 x ,boyl of ,final ,causes4 y ,it is easy to be observed1 that the ,pupil openeth in dark ,places2 as also when we look at far distant ,objects1 but contracts by an ,increase of ,light1 and when the ,objects are nigh4 ,this ,motion of the ,pupil some say1 is effected by the circular and strait ,fibres of the ,uvea1 and some attribute it to the ,ligamentum ,ciliare4 ,yet ,i have no great doubt but that they both concur in that ,action1 and that the ,ligamentum ,ciliare doth1 at the same time the ,pupil opens or shuts1 dilate or compress the ,crystalline1 and bring it nigher unto1 or carry it farther off the ,retina4 ,for the ,structure of the ,ligamentum ,ciliare1 and its two ,sorts of ,fibres1 drawn with the ,help of a ,microscope1 ,i shall refer to ,mr4 ,cowper's ,anat4 ,t4 #aa4 z ,in ,bove1 ,capr1 ,equo1 ,ove1 quibusdam aliis elliptica est 7,pupilla7 ut eo magis in hisce forsan animalibus1 qu prono incessu victum in agris quritant1 radios laterales ad mala incommoda utrinque devitanda admittat4 ,briggs's ,ophthal4 c4 #g4 4 #f4 ,homini erecto1 aliisque1 c4 caput erigere1 quaquaversus circumspicere solitis1 plurima simul objecta1 tum supr1 tum infr1 tum latere utroque----visu excipiuntur2 quapropter ,oculi ,pupilla rotunda esse debet4----,attamen bovi1 c4 caput fer semper pronum----gerentibus1 tantm qu corm1 paulo latere obversantur1 intuitu opus est3 quapropter ,pupilla----oblonga est1 c4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 p4 #a4 c4 #ae4 aa ,thus ,cats 7their ,pupils being erect1 and the shutting of their ,eye-lids transverse thereunto7 can so close their ,pupil1 as to admit of1 as it were1 one only single ,ray of ,light2 and by throwing all open1 they can take in all the faintest ,rays4 ,which is an incomparable ,provision for these ,animals1 that have occasion to watch and way-lay their ,prey both by ,day and ,night4 bb ,there is besides this large opening of the ,pupil1 in some nocturnal ,animals1 another admirable ,provision1 enabling them to catch their ,prey in the ,dark2 and that is a ,radiation of the ,eyes3 ,of which ,dr4 ,willis thus2 ,hujus usus est ,oculi ,pupillam1 quasi jubare insito1 illuminare1 ut res noctu1 in tenebris positas conspicere valeat3 quare in ,fele plurimm illustris est3 at ,homini1 ,avibus1 ,piscibus deest4 ,this ,illumination he speaks of1 is from the ,tapetum1 in the ,bottom of the ,eye1 or the shining of the ,retina1 round the optick ,nerve4 ,besides which1 he saith1 the ,iris hath a ,faculty also1 in some1 of darting out ,rays of ,light1 so as to enable them to see in the ,dark3 ,of which he tells this ,story2 ,novi quendam cerebro calidiori prditum1 qui post uberiorem vini generosi potum in nocte atrat1 sive tenebris profundis1 literas distincte legere potuit4 ,cujus ratio videtur esse1 qud spiritus animales velut accensi1 adeque ab hc ,iride irradiantes1 jubare infito ,medium illuminabant4 ,willis ,ibid4 ,such another ,thing1 ,pliny tells us1 was reported of ,tiberius ,csar3 ,ferunt ,tib4 ,cs4 nec alii genitorum mortalium1 fuisse naturam1 ut expergefactus noctu paulisper1 haud alio modo quam luce clar1 contueretur omnia4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 ,so ,dr4 ,briggs3 ,virum san calid indolis novi in ,comitatu ,bedfordiensi degentem1 qui oculis felineis----donatus est3 ade ut epistolam----mir admodm in loco obscuro 7ubi eadem mihi vix apparuit7 perlegit4 ,hujus ver ,oculi 7nisi quod ,pupillas insigniores obsinuere7 ab aliorum formatione neutiquam discrepabant4 ,ophthal4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 cc ,the ,tunica ,aranea is taken notice of by ,frier ,bacon1 who calls it1 ,tela ,aranea1 and saith1 in hc continetur----glaciale vel ,crystallinum4 ,rog4 ,bacon's ,perspect4 ,distinct4 #b4 c4 #c4 ,the wrinkling of this1 and the ,cornea 7as the ,skin is of old ,persons7 he thinks is the ,cause of the ,obscurity of the ,sight in such ,persons4 ,bacon ,ib4 par4 #b4 cap4 #b4 ,but this ,tunick some deny1 and others allow of3 ,dr4 ,a4 ,m4 of ,trinity-,college1 ,dublin1 7in his ,relat4 of ,anat4 ,obs4 in the ,eyes of ,animals1 in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,boyl1 ,ann4 #afhb4 annexed to his ,anat4 ,account of the ,elephant burnt in ,dublin1 p4 #eg47 affirms the ,tunica ,aranea1 and saith1 ,i have often seen it before 'twas exposed to the ,air one ,minute1 notwithstanding what ,dr4 ,briggs saith to the contrary1 c4 ,but ,dr4 ,briggs his ,opinion is1 ,humor ,crystallinus1 nisi aeri diutis expositus1 vel lenitr coctus 7instar lactis7 cuticulam non acquirit3 qu ver impropri1 ,tunica ,aranea dicitur1 cm si tantm adventitia1 ut in ,oculo ,bovis recens execto appareat4 ,briggs's ,ophthalm4 c4 #c4 ,the ,crystalline ,humour being of a double ,substance1 outwardly like a ,gelly1 towards the ,center as consistent as hard ,suet1 upon occasion whereof its ,figure may be varied2 which ,variation may be made by the ,ligamentum ,ciliare2 ,dr4 ,grew doth1 upon these ,accounts1 not doubt to ascribe to the ,ligamentum ,ciliare1 a ,power of making the ,crystalline more ,convex1 as well as of moving it to1 or from the ,retina4 ,see ,grew's ,cosmolog4 ,sacr4 l4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,now it is certain by the ,laws of ,opticks1 that somewhat of this is absolutely necessary to distinct ,vision1 inasmuch as the ,rays proceeding from nigh ,objects do more diverge1 and those from distant ,objects less3 ,which requires either that the ,crystalline ,humour should be made more ,convex1 or more flat2 or else an ,elongation1 or shortning of the ,eye1 or of the ,distance between the ,crystalline ,humour and the ,retina4 ,but although ,dr4 ,briggs 7so good a ,judge7 denies the ,tunica ,crystallina1 contrary to the ,opinion of most former ,anatomists2 yet there is great ,reason to conclude he was in a ,mistake1 in my ,opinion1 from the ,observations of the ,french ,anatomists1 of the ,crystalline of the ,eye1 of the ,gemp or ,chamois1 who say1 ,the ,membrana ,arachnodes was very thick1 and hard1 so that it was easily separated from the ,crystallinus1 p4 #ade4 ,the same ,anatomists also favour the ,surmise of ,dr4 ,grew1 ,this ,contraction of the ,fibres of the ,ligamentum ,ciliare on one side1 and ,dilatation on the other would make us think that these ,fibres of the ,ligamentum ,ciliare1 are capable of ,contraction1 and voluntary ,dilatation1 like that of the ,fibres of the ,muscles2 and that this ,action may augment1 or diminish the ,convexity of the ,crystallinus1 according as the ,need which the ,distance of the ,objects may make it to have on the ,eye1 to see more clearly and distinctly4 ,anat4 ,descrip4 of a ,bear1 p4 #di4 ,since my penning the foregoing ,notes1 having as critically as ,i could1 dissected many ,eyes of ,birds1 ,beasts and ,fishes1 ,i manifestly found the ,membrana ,arachnodes1 and will undertake to shew it any one1 with great ,ease and ,certainty4 ,it is indeed so transparent1 as not to be seen distinct from the ,crystalline4 ,but if the ,cornea and ,uvea be taken off before1 or the vitreous ,humour behind it1 and the out-side of the ,crystalline be gently cut1 the ,arachnodes may be seen to open1 and the ,crystalline will easily leap out1 and part from the ,ligamentum ,ciliare2 which otherwise it would not do3 ,for it is by the ,arachnodes braced to the ,ligamentum ,ciliare4 ,this ,membrane or ,tunick1 in the ,ox1 is so substantial and strong1 though thin1 that it yields to1 or sinks under the sharpest ,lancet1 and requires 7for so thin and weak a ,membrane in appearance7 a strong ,pressure to pierce it4 dd ,as ,birds and ,fishes are in divers ,things conformable1 so in some sort they are in their ,eye2 to enable it to correspond to all the ,convergences1 and ,divergences of the ,rays1 which the ,variations of each of the ,mediums may produce4 ,for this ,service the ,tunica ,choroeides1 7in ,fishes7 hath a musculous ,substance at the ,bottom of it1 lying round the optick ,nerve1 at a small ,distance from it2 by which ,means ,i imagine they are able to contract1 and dilate the ,choroeides1 and thereby to lengthen and shorten the ,eye3 ,for the helping in which ,service1 ,i imagine it is that the ,choroeides1 and ,sclerotica1 are in a great ,measure parted1 that the ,choroeides may have the greater ,liberty of acting upon the ,humours within4 ,but in ,birds1 ,i have my self found1 that although the ,choroeides be parted from the ,sclerotica2 yet the ,choroeides hath no ,muscle1 but instead thereof1 a curious pectinated ,work1 seated on the optick ,nerve1 represented in ,fig4 #b4 ,in which c4a4e4b4d4 represents the ,choroeides and ,sclerotica3 a4b4 the ,part of the optick ,nerve1 that is within the ,eye3 v4v4v4 the vitreous ,humour3 a4f4g4b4 the ,pecten3 h4i4 the ,crystalline4 ,for the ,reception of this ,pecten1 the optick ,nerve comes farther within the ,eye1 than in other ,creatures4 ,the ,structure of this ,pecten1 is very like that of the ,ligamentum ,ciliare2 and in the ,eye of a ,magpy1 and some others1 ,i could perceive it to be musculous towards the ,bottom4 ,this ,pecten is so firmly fixed unto1 or embodied in the vitreous ,humour1 that the vitreous ,humour hangs firmly to it1 and is not so easily parted from it4 ,by which ,means all the ,motions of the ,pecten are easily communicated to the vitreous ,humour1 and indeed to all contained in the ,choroeides4 ,and forasmuch as the ,crystalline is connected to the vitreous ,humour1 therefore also the ,alterations in the vitreous ,humour affect also the ,crystalline2 and the ,crystalline is hereby brought nearer unto1 or farther from the ,retina1 as occasion is4 ,besides all which ,observables in the ,choroeides1 and inner ,eye1 ,i have also found this farther remarkable in the ,sclerotica1 and outer-part of the ,eye of ,birds1 viz4 ,that the fore-part of the ,sclerotica is horny and hard1 the middle-part thin and flexible1 and ,braces intervene between the fore and hind-part1 running between the ,choroeides and ,sclerotica2 by which ,means the ,cornea1 and back-part of the ,eye1 are brought to the same ,conformity1 that the rest of the ,eye hath4 ,the great ,end and ,design of this singular and curious ,apparatus in the ,eyes1 both of ,birds and ,fishes1 ,i take to be1 #a4 ,to enable those ,creatures to see at all ,distances1 far off1 or nigh2 which 7especially in the ,waters7 requireth a different ,conformation of the ,eye4 ,in ,birds also1 this is of great ,use1 to enable them to see their ,food at their ,bill's ,end1 or to reach the utmost ,distances their high ,flights enable them to view2 as to see over great ,tracts of ,sea or ,land1 whither they have occasion to fly2 or to see their ,food or ,prey1 even small ,fishes in the ,waters1 and ,birds1 ,worms1 c4 on the ,earth1 when they sit upon ,trees1 high ,rocks1 or are hovering high in the ,air4 #b4 ,to enable those ,animals to adapt their ,eye to all the various ,refractions of their ,medium4 ,even the ,air it self varies the ,refractions1 according as it is rarer or denser1 more or less compressed2 as is manifest from the learned and ingenious ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,experiment in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #beg4 and some other ,experiments since of the before-commended ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 both in natural1 rarify'd and compressed ,air2 in each of which1 the ,refractions constantly varied in exact ,proportion to the ,rarity or ,density of the ,air4 ,vid4 ,hawksbee's ,exp4 pag4 #age1 c4 ,besides this ,conformity in general1 between the ,eyes of ,birds and ,fishes1 ,du ,hamel tells us of a singular ,conformity in the ,cormorant's ,eye1 and that is1 that the ,crystalline is globous1 as in ,fishes1 to enable it to see and pursue its ,prey under ,water3 ,which ,j4 ,faber1 in ,mr4 ,willoughby saith1 they do with wonderful ,swiftness1 and for a long ,time4 ,will4 ,ornithol4 p4 #cbi4 ee ,the ,crystalline ,humour1 when dry'd1 doth manifestly enough appear to be made up of many very thin spherical ,lamin1 or ,scales lying one upon another4 ,mr4 ,lewenhock reckons there may be #bjjj of them in one ,crystalline1 from the outermost to the ,center4 ,every one of these ,scales1 he saith1 he hath discovered to be made up of one single ,fibre1 or finest ,thread wound1 in a most stupendous ,manner1 this way1 and that way1 so as to run several ,courses1 and meet in as many ,centers1 and yet not to interfere1 or cross one another1 in any one ,place4 ,in ,oxen1 ,sheep1 ,hogs1 ,dogs and ,cats1 the ,thread spreads into three several ,courses1 and makes as many ,centers3 ,in ,whales five2 but in ,hares and ,rabbets only two4 ,in the whole ,surface of an ,ox's ,crystalline1 he reckons there are more than #abjjj ,fibres juxtaposited4 ,for the right and clear ,understanding of the ,manner of which admirable ,piece of ,mechanism1 ,i shall refer to his ,cuts and ,descriptions in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #afe4 and #bic4 ,the ,truth hereof ,i have heard some ingenious ,men question2 but it is what ,i my self have seen1 and can shew to any ,body1 with the ,help of a good ,microscope4 ff ,s4 ,malpighi observed the ,middle of the optick ,nerve of the ,sword-,fish1 to be nothing else but a large ,membrane1 folded according to its ,length in many ,doubles1 almost like a ,fan1 and invested by the ,dura mater2 whereas in ,land-,animals it is a ,bundle of ,fibres4 ,v4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bg4 gg ,certissimum est1 qud in omnibus ,oculis humanis 7quos saltem mihi dissecare contigit7 ,nervus opticus ,pupill diametro apponitur1 c4 ,briggs's ,ophthal4 c4 #c4 4 #ae4 ,ita ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 p4 #a4 c4 #ae4 ,nervi ,optici in nobis1 item in ,cane1 ,fele 7 in cateris forsan animalibus calidis7 ad fundum ,oculi delati ,pupilla regioni prospiciunt1 dum interim in aliis ,quadrupedibus1 uti etiam in ,piscibus ,volueribus1 obliqu semper ,tunica ,sclerotidi inseruntur4 ,unde1 c4 ,willis ,ib4 c4 #g4 4 #aa4 hh ,this ,pair is united at its ,rise2 whence is commonly drawn a ,reason why one ,eye being mov'd towards an ,object1 the other is directed also to the same4 ,gibson's ,anat4 ,book ,,iii4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,so ,bartholine ,anat4 ,libellus #c4 c4 #b4 ii ,among all the other ,security the ,eye hath1 we may reckon the ,reparation of the aqueous ,humour2 by which ,means the ,eye when wounded1 and that in all ,appearance very dangerously too1 doth often recover its ,sight3 ,of which ,bern4 ,verzascha gives divers ,examples ancient and modern4 ,one is from ,galen1 of a ,boy so wounded1 that the ,cornea fell1 and became flaccid1 but yet recovered his ,sight4 ,other such like ,instances also he gives from ,realdus ,columbus1 ,rhodius1 and ,tulpius2 and one that he cured himself in these ,words1 ,ego in ,nobilissimi viri filiol similem casum observavi3 hc dum levibus de causis cum fratre altercaret1 iste iracundi percitus cultellum ,scriptorium apprehendit1 sororis oculo vulnus infligit1 inde humor aqueus effluxit4 ,vocatus prsentem ,chirurgum jussi sequens collyrium anodynum exsiccans tepid spis admovere4 aq4 ,plantag4 iv4 ,rosar4 ,sanicul4 ,euphras4 ana ,trochisc4 alb4 ,rhaf4 cum ,opio ii4 ,tuti pp4 i4 ,croci orient4 ss4 ,m4 ,hoc ,collyrium inflammationem compescuit1 vulnus siccavit sanavit4 ,hinc post aliquot menses ,humor aqueus succrevit4 ,nam visus1 sed dibilior1 cum summo parentum gaudio redivit4 ,b4 ,verzasch ,observ4 ,medic4 ,obs4 #ad4 ,another ,cure of this kind1 was experimented by ,dr4 ,daniel ,major1 upon a ,goose1 ,ann4 #afgj1 the aqueous ,humour of both whose ,eyes they let out1 so that the ,eyes fell1 and the ,goose became quite blind3 ,but without the ,use of any ,medicine1 in about two ,days ,time1 ,nature repaired the watery ,humour again1 the ,eyes returned to their ,former ,turgency1 and the ,goose was in a ,week after produced seeing before twenty eight or thirty ,spectators4 ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #a4 ,add4 ad4 ,obs4 #aag4 ,from the same ,cause1 ,i doubt not1 it was that the ,eye of a ,gentleman's ,daughter1 and those of a ,cock1 when wounded1 so that the ,cornea sunk1 were restored by a ,lithuanian ,chymist1 that passed for a ,conjurer1 by the ,use of a ,liquor found in ,may1 in the ,vesicul of ,elm4 ,of which see ,mr4 ,ray's ,catal4 ,cantab4 in ,ulmus from ,henr4 ab ,heers4 kk ,palpebr1 qu sunt tegumenta ,oculorum1 mollissim tactu1 n lederent aciem1 aptissim fact1 ad claudendas ,pupillas1 n quid incideret1 ad aperiendas2 idque providit1 ut identidem fieri posset cum maxim celeritate4 ,munitque sunt ,palpebr tanqum vallo pilorum3 quibus apertis ,oculis1 si quid incideret1 repelleretur1 somno conniventibus1 cm ,oculis ad cernendum non egerimus1 ut qui1 tanqum involuti1 quiscerent4 ,latent prtere utiliter1 excelsis undique partibus sepiuntur4 ,primm enim superiora ,superciliis obducta sudorem capit1 fronte destuentem repellunt4 ,gen deinde ab inferiore parte tutantur subject1 leviterque eminentes4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #eg4 ,tully1 in the ,person of a ,stoick1 having so well accounted for the ,use of the ,eye-,lids1 ,i shall for a further ,manifestation of the ,creator's ,contrivance and ,structure of them1 take notice of two or three ,things3 #a4 ,they consist of a thin and flexible1 but strong ,skin1 by which means they the better wipe1 clean1 and guard the ,cornea4 #b4 ,their ,edges are fortified with a soft ,cartilage1 by which means they are not only enabled the better to do their ,office1 but also to close and shut the better4 #c4 ,out of these ,cartilages grow a ,pallisade of stiff ,hairs1 of great ,use to warn the ,eye of the ,invasion of ,dangers1 to keep off ,motes1 and to shut out too excessive ,light1 c4 and at the same time to admit of 7through their ,intervals7 a sufficient ,passage for ,objects to approach the ,eye4 ,and it is remarkable1 that these ,hairs grow but to a certain1 commodious ,length1 and need no cutting1 as many other ,hairs of the ,body do3 ,also1 that their ,points stand out of the way1 and in the upper-lid bend upwards1 as they do downwards in the lower lid1 whereby they are well adapted to their ,use4 ,from which last ,observables1 we may learn how critical and nice the great ,author of ,nature hath been1 in even the least and most trivial ,conveniencies belonging to ,animal ,bodies2 for which ,reason ,i have added it to ,tully's ,remarks4 ,and more might have been added too1 as particularly concerning the curious ,structure and ,lodgment of the ,right ,muscle1 which opens the ,eye-,lids2 and the ,orbicularis1 or ,circular one1 that shuts them2 the nice ,apparatus of ,glands that keep the ,eye moist1 and serve for ,tears2 together with the ,reason why ,man alone1 who is a social ,animal1 doth exhibit his social ,affections by such outward ,tokens as ,tears2 the ,nerves also1 and other ,organs acting in this ,ministry4 ,i might also speak of the ,passages for discharging the superfluous ,moisture of the ,eyes through the ,nostrils1 and much more of the like kind4 ,but it would take up too much ,room in these ,notes2 and therefore it shall suffice to give only such ,hints as may create a ,suspicion of a noble conomy and ,contrivance in this 7,i had almost said7 least considerable part of the ,eye4 ,but for ,particulars ,i shall refer to the ,anatomists2 and for some of these ,things1 particularly to ,dr4 ,willis's ,cereb4 ,anat4 and de ,anim4 ,brut4 and ,mr4 ,cowper's ,elegant ,cuts in the #aa ,tab4 of his ,anatomy4 ,to the ,eye-,lids we may add another ,guard afforded the ,eyes of most ,quadrupeds1 ,birds1 and ,fishes1 by the nictitating ,membrane1 which ,dr4 ,willis gives this ,account of1 ,plurimis ,animalibus quibus ,musculus suspensorius adest 7which ,limitation he needed not to have added7 etiam alter ,membranosus conceditur1 qui juxta interiorem oculi canthum situs1 quando elevatur1 ,oculi globum fer totum obtegit4 ,hujus usus esse videtur1 ut cm ,besti inter gramina1 c4 capita sua propter victum capessendum demergunt1 hic ,musculus ,oculi ,pupillam1 n stipularum incursu seriatur1 oculit1 munitque4 ,de ,anim4 ,brut4 p4 #a4 c4 #ae4 ,this ,membrane ,man hath not1 he having little ,occasion to thrust his ,head into such ,places of ,annoyance1 as ,beasts and other ,animals2 or if he hath1 he can defend his ,eyes with his ,hands4 ,but ,birds 7who frequent ,trees and ,bushes7 and ,quadrupeds1 7,hedges and long ,grass7 and who have no part ready1 like the ,hand1 to fence off ,annoyances2 these1 ,i say1 have this incomparable ,provision made for the ,safety of their ,eyes4 ,and for ,fishes1 as they are destitute of ,eye-,lids1 because in the ,waters there is no occasion for a ,defensative against ,dust and ,motes1 offensive to the ,eyes of ,land ,animals1 nor to moisten and wipe the ,eyes1 as the ,eye-,lids do1 so the ,nictitating-,membrane is an abundant ,provision for all their ,occasions1 without the ,addition of the ,eye-,lids4 ,and now1 if we reflect1 are these the ,works of any ,thing but a wise and indulgent ,agent8 ll ,although the ,hardness and ,firmness of the ,adnata1 or ,sclerotica in ,birds1 is a good ,guard to their ,eyes1 yet ,i do not think it is made thus1 so much for a ,defence1 as to minister to the lengthning and shortning the ,eye1 mentioned before in ,note 7cc74 mm ,cochleis oculorum vicem ,cornicula bina pratentu implent4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 ,see more of the ,eyes of ,snails before in ,note 7k72 and in ,note 7l71 ,i said that ,i suspected ,moles also might thrust out1 or withdraw their ,eyes more or less within the ,hair or ,skin4 nn ,the diligent ,sturmius was fully persuaded there could not be any speculative ,atheism in any one that should well survey the ,eye4 ,nobis1 saith he1 fuit persuasissimum4 ,atheismum1 quem vocant speculativum1 h4 e4 obsirmatam de ,deitate in ,universo null persuasionem1 habere locum aut inveniri non posse in eo homine1 qui vel unius corporis organici1 speciatim ,oculi fabricam attento animo aspexerit4 ,sturm4 ,exerc4 ,acad4 #i4 ,de ,vis4 ,organ4 ,rat4 in ,epilogo4 oo ,the glorious ,landskips1 and other ,objects that present themselves to the ,eye1 are manifestly painted on the ,retina1 and that not erect1 but inverted as the ,laws of ,opticks require2 and is manifest to the ,eye from ,monsieur ,cartes's ,experiment1 of laying bare the vitreous ,humour on the back part of the ,eye1 and clapping over it a ,bit of white ,paper1 or the ,skin of an ,egg2 and then placing the fore-part of the ,eye to the ,hole of the ,window of a darkned ,room4 ,by which means we have a pretty ,landskip of the ,objects abroad invertedly painted on the ,paper1 on the back of the ,eye4 ,but now the ,question is1 ,how in this ,case the ,eye comes to see the ,objects erect8 ,monsieur ,cartes's ,answer is1 ,notitia illius ex null imagine pendet1 nec ex ull actione ab objectis veniente1 sed ex solo situ exiguarum partium cerebri1 quibus ,nervi expullulant4----,e4g4 cogitandum in ,oculo----situm capillamenti nervi optici----respondere ad alium quendam partis cerebri----qui facit ut ,anima singula loca cognoscat1 qu jacent in rect1 aut quasi rect line2 ut ita mirari non debeamus corpora in naturali situ videri1 quamvis imago in oculo delineata contrarium habeat4 ,dioptr4 c4 #f4 ,but our most ingenious ,mr4 ,molyneux answereth thus1 ,the ,eye is only the ,organ or ,instrument1 'tis the ,soul that sees by means of the ,eye4 ,to enquire then how the ,soul perceives the ,object erect1 by an inverted ,image1 is to enquire into the ,soul's ,faculties----,but erect and inverted are only ,terms of ,relation to up and down2 or farther from1 or nigher to the ,center of the ,earth1 in ,parts of the same ,thing4----,but the ,eye1 or visive ,faculty takes no notice of the internal ,posture of its own ,parts1 but useth them as an ,instrument only1 contrived by ,nature for the ,exercise of such a ,faculty4----,let us imagine1 that the ,eye 7on its lower ,part7 receives an ,impulse by a ,ray from the upper part of the ,object must not the visive ,faculty be necessarily directed hereby to consider this ,stroke1 as coming from the top rather than the bottom of the ,object and consequently be directed to conclude it the ,representation of the top8 ,hereof we may be satisfied1 by supposing a ,man standing on his ,head4 ,for here1 though the upper ,parts of ,objects are painted on the upper ,parts of the ,eye1 yet the ,objects are judged to be erect4 ,what is said of ,erect and ,reverse1 may be understood of ,sinister and ,dexter4 ,molyneux's ,dioptr4 ,nov4 ,part ,i4 ,prop4 #bh4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,sense of ,hearing4 ,concerning the ,sense of ,hearing1 ,i shall take notice of two ,things1 the ,organ1 the ,ear2 and its ,object1 ,sound4 ,i4 ,for the ,organ1 the ,ear2 ,i shall pass by its convenient ,number of being double1 which 7as in the last ,sense7 serves for the commodious ,hearing every way round us2 as also a wise ,provision for the utter ,loss or ,injurya of one of the ,ears4 ,but ,i shall a little insist upon its ,situation1 and its admirable ,fabrick and ,parts4 #a4 ,it is situated in the most convenient ,part of the ,body1 7like as ,i said the ,eye is7 in a ,part near the common ,sensory in the ,brain1 to give the more speedy ,information2 in a ,part where it can be best guarded1 and where it is most free from ,annoyances and ,harms it self1 and where it gives the least ,annoyance and ,hindrance to the ,exercises of any other ,part2 in a ,part appropriated to the peculiar ,use of the principal ,senses1 in the most lofty1 eminent ,part of the ,body1 where it can perceive the most ,objects1 and receive the greatest ,information3 ,and lastly1 in a ,part in the ,neighbourhood of its ,sister ,sense the ,eye1 with whom it hath peculiar and admirable ,communication by its ,nerves1 as ,i intend to shew in its proper ,place4 ,in respect then of its ,situation and ,place in the ,body1 this ,sense is well designed and contrived1 and may so far be accounted the ,work of some admirable ,artist4 ,but1 #b4 ,if we survey its ,fabrick and ,parts1 it will appear to be an admirable ,piece of the ,divine ,wisdom1 ,art1 and ,power4 ,for the ,manifestation of which1 let us distinctly survey the outward and the inward ,part of its curious ,organ4 #a4 ,for the outward ,ear3 ,if we observe its ,structure in all ,kinds of ,animals1 it must needs be acknowledged to be admirably ,artificial1 it being so nicely prepared1 and adjusted to the peculiar ,occasions of each respective ,animal4 ,in ,manb1 it is of a ,form proper for the erect ,posture of his ,body4 ,in ,birds1 of a ,form proper for ,flight2 not protuberant1 because that would obstruct their ,progress1 but close and covered1 to afford the easier ,passage through the ,air4 ,in ,quadrupeds1 its ,form is agreeable to the ,posture1 and slower ,motion of their ,bodies2 and in these too1 various1 according to their various ,occasions4 ,in some large1 erect1 and open1 to hear the least ,approaches of ,dangersc1 in others covered1 to keep out noxious ,bodies4 ,in the ,subterraneous ,quadrupeds1 who are forced to mine1 and dig for their ,food and ,habitation1 as a protuberant ,ear1 like that of other ,quadrupeds1 would obstruct their ,labours1 and be apt to be torn and injured2 so they have the contraryd1 their ,ears short1 lodged deep and backward in their ,head1 and passing to the under ,part thereof1 and all sufficiently fenced and guarded4 ,and as for ,insects1 ,reptiles1 and the ,inhabitants of the ,waters1 if they enjoy this ,sense1 7as there is great ,reason to think they do17 it may probably be lodged commodiously under the same ,security and ,guard1 as the ,smelling1 or some other ,sense is4 ,and moreover1 as the ,form of this ,organ is various in various ,animals1 so in each of them its ,structure is very curious and observable1 being in all admirably contrived to collect the wandering1 circumambient ,impressions1 and ,undulations of ,sound1 and to convey them to the ,sensory within4 ,if ,i should run over the several ,genera of ,animals1 we might find a notable ,prospect of the handy-work of ,gode1 even in this so inconsiderable ,part of ,animals4 ,but ,i shall only carry my ,survey to that of ,man4 ,and here the first ,thing that offereth it self to our ,view1 is the ,helix1 with its tortuous ,cavities1 made to stop1 and collect the sonorous ,undulations1 to give them a gentle ,circulation and ,refraction1 and so convey them to the ,concha1 or larger and more capacious round ,cell at the ,entrance of the ,ear4 ,and to bridle the ,evagation of the ,sound1 when arrived so far1 but withal not to make a ,confusion thereof1 by any disagreeable ,repercussions1 we may take notice of a very curious ,provision in those little ,protuberances1 called the ,tragus1 and ,antitragus of the outward ,ear1 of a commodious ,form and ,texturef1 and conveniently lodged for this ,use4 ,the great ,convenience and ,benefit of this ,form and ,contrivance of the outward ,ear1 is sufficiently manifest by the want thereof1 which causeth a ,confusion in the ,hearing1 with a certain ,murmur1 or ,swooing like the ,fall of ,watersg4 ,another wise ,provision of the ,creator1 is in the ,substance of the outward ,ear1 which is cartilaginous1 the fittest for this ,place4 ,for 7as an ingenious ,anatomisth observes7 8,if it had been ,bone1 it would have been troublesome1 and might by many ,accidents have been broken off3 ,if ,flesh1 it would have been subject to ,contusion04 ,but indeed a worse ,consequence than this would have ensu'd such a ,softness as that of ,flesh1 and that is1 it would neither have remain'd expanded1 neither would it so kindly receive and circulate the ,sounds1 but absorb1 retard1 or blunt their ,progress into the inward ,organ4 ,but being hard1 and curiously smooth and tortuous1 ,sounds find an easie ,passage1 with a regular ,volutation and ,refraction3 ,as in a well-built ,arch1 ,grotto1 or musical ,instrument1 which magnify and meliorate ,sounds2 and some of which convey even a ,whisper to a large ,distancei3 ,but from the outward1 let us carry our ,survey1 #b4 ,to the inward ,part of this admirable ,organ4 ,and here we find the most curious and artful ,provision for every ,emergency and ,occasion4 ,the auditory ,passage1 in the first ,place1 curiously tunnelled1 and artfully turned1 to give ,sounds an easie ,passage1 as well as a gentle ,circulation and ,refraction2 but withal1 so as to prevent their too furious rushing in1 and assaulting the more tender ,parts within4 ,and forasmuch as it is necessary that this ,passage should be always open1 to be upon the ,watchk2 therefore to prevent the ,invasion of noxious ,insects1 or other ,animals1 7who are apt to make their retreat in every little ,hole71 ,nature hath secured this ,passagel1 with a bitter nauseous ,excrementm1 afforded from the ,glandsn appointed for that ,purpose4 ,from hence let us approach the most inward ,parts1 in which we shall see ,strokes of the most exquisite ,art4 ,to pass over the innate ,air1 that most ,authors talk ofo1 7because there is no such7 the passage to the ,palatep1 and their ,uses1 with divers other curious ,things that might be named2 let us stop a little at the ,part containing the rest1 namely1 the ,boneq4 ,the particular ,texture and ,hardness of which1 above other ,bones of the ,body1 is very remarkable2 whereby it serves not only as a substantial ,guard to the ,sensory1 but also to oppose the ,impulses of the therial ,matter1 that there may be no loss1 nor ,confusion in the ,sound2 but that it may be conveyed regularly1 and intirely to the auditory ,nerves4 ,the next ,part ,i shall take ,notice of1 may be that fine ,membrane1 called the ,tympanum1 or ,membrana ,tympanir1 with its inner ,membranes2 together with the four little appendent ,bonest1 and the three inner ,muscles to move them1 and adjust the whole ,compages to the several ,purposes of ,hearing1 to hear all ,manner of ,sounds1 loud or languid1 harsh or gratefulu4 ,from this ,region of the ,tympanum1 ,i might pass to that of the ,labyrinthw1 and therein survey the curious and admirable ,structure of the ,vestibulum1 the ,semicircular ,canalsx1 and ,cochlea2 particularly the artificial ,gyrations1 and other singular ,curiosities observable in the two latter4 ,but ,i shall not expatiate on these recluse ,parts2 only there is one special ,contrivance of the ,nerves1 ministring to this ,sense of ,hearing1 which must not be passed by2 and that is1 the ,branches of one of the auditory ,nervesy1 spread partly to the ,muscles of the ,ear1 partly to the ,eye1 partly to the ,tongue and ,instruments of ,speech1 and inosculated with the ,nerves to go to the ,heart and ,breast4 ,by which ,means there is an admirable1 and useful ,content between these ,parts of the ,body2 it being natural for most ,animals1 upon the ,hearing any uncouth ,sound1 to erect their ,ears1 and prepare them to catch every ,sound2 to open their ,eyes 7those constant faithful ,sentinels7 to stand upon their ,watch2 and to be ready with the ,mouth to call out1 or utter what the present ,occasion shall dictate4 ,and accordingly it is very usual for most ,animals1 when surpriz'd1 and terrify'd with any ,noise1 presently to shriek and cry out4 ,but there is besides this1 in ,man1 another great ,use of this nervous ,commerce between the ,ear and ,mouth3 ,and that is1 7as one of the best ,authors on this ,subject expresseth it7z1 8,that the ,voice may correspond with the ,hearing1 and be a kind of ,echo thereof1 that what is heard with one of the two ,nerves1 may be readily expressed with the ,voice1 by the help of the other40 ,thus much shall suffice to have spoken concerning the ,organ4 ,let us1 ,,ii4 ,take ,notice of the ,object of this admirable ,sense1 namely1 ,sound2 and so conclude this ,chapter4 ,i shall not here enquire into the ,nature and ,properties of ,sound1 which is in a great ,measure intricate1 and hath puzzelled the best ,naturalists3 ,neither shall ,i shew how this admirable ,effect of the divine ,contrivance1 may be improv'd to divers ,usesaa and ,purposes in humane ,life2 but my ,business will be to shew that this ,thing1 of so admirable ,use in the animal ,world1 is the ,work of ,god4 ,and this will appear1 let the subject ,matter of ,sounds be what it will2 either the ,atmospherebb in ,gross1 or the therial ,part thereof1 or soniferous ,particles of ,bodies1 as some fancy1 or whatever else the ,philosopher may think it4 ,for who but an intelligent ,being1 what less than an omnipotent and infinitely wise ,god could contrive1 and make such a fine ,body1 such a ,medium1 so susceptible of every ,impression1 that the ,sense of ,hearing hath occasion for1 to empower all ,animals to express their ,sense and ,meaning to others2 to make known their ,fears1 their ,wants1 their ,pains and ,sorrows in melancholick ,tones2 their ,joys and ,pleasures in more harmonious ,notes2 to send their ,minds at great ,distancescc1 in a short ,timedd1 in loud ,boations2 or to express their ,thoughts near at hand with a gentle ,voice1 or in secret ,whispers6 ,and to say no more1 who less than the same most wise and indulgent ,creator1 could form such an ,oeconomy1 as that of ,melody and ,musick is6 ,that the ,medium should 7as ,i said7 so readily receive every ,impression of ,sound1 and convey the melodious ,vibration of every musical ,string1 the harmonious ,pulses of every animal ,voice1 and of every musical ,pipe2 and the ,ear be as well adapted1 and ready to receive all these ,impressions1 as the ,medium to convey them3 ,and lastly1 that by ,means of the curious ,lodgment1 and ,inosculations of the auditory ,nerves before-mentioned1 the ,orgasms of the ,spirits should be allay'd1 and ,perturbations of the ,mind1 in a great ,measure quieted and stilledee3 ,or to express it in the ,words of the last-cited famous ,authorff1 8,that ,musick should not only affect the ,fancy with ,delight2 but also give ,relief to the ,grief and ,sadness of the ,heart2 yea1 appease all those turbulent ,passions1 which are excited in the ,breast by an immoderate ,ferment1 and ,fluctuation of the ,blood04 ,and now1 who can reflect upon all this curious ,apparatus of the ,sense of ,hearing1 and not give the great ,creator his due ,praise6 ,who can survey all this admirable ,work1 and not as readily own it to be the ,work of an omnipotent1 and infinitely wise and good ,,godgg1 as the most artful ,melodies we hear1 are the ,voice or ,performances of a living ,creature6 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,i presume it will not be ungrateful to take notice here of the admirable1 as well as useful ,sagacity of some deaf ,persons1 that have learnt to supply their want of ,hearing by understanding what is said by the ,motion of the ,lips4 ,my very ingenious ,friend ,mr4 ,waller1 ,r4 ,s4 ,secr4 gives this ,account1 ,there live now and have from their ,birth1 in our ,town1 a ,man and his ,sister1 each about fifty ,years old1 neither of which have the least ,sense of ,hearing1----yet both of these know1 by the ,motion of the ,lips only1 whatever is said to them1 and will answer pertinently to the ,question proposed to them----,the ,mother told me they could hear very well1 and speak when they were ,children1 but both lost that ,sense afterwards1 which makes them retain their ,speech2 though that1 to ,persons not used to them1 is a little uncouth and odd1 but intelligible enough4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #cab4 ,such another ,instance is that of ,mr4 ,goddy1 ,minister of ,st4 ,gervais in ,geneva1 his ,daughter4 ,she is now about sixteen ,years old4 ,her ,nurse had an extraordinary ,thickness of ,hearing2 at a ,year old1 the ,child spake all those little ,words that ,children begin to speak at that ,age4----,at two ,years old1 they perceived she had lost her ,hearing1 and was so ,deaf1 that ever since1 though she hears great ,noises1 yet she hears nothing that one can speak to her4----,but by observing the ,motions of the ,mouth and ,lips of others1 she hath acquired so many ,words1 that out of these she hath formed a sort of ,jargon1 in which she can hold ,conversation whole ,days with those that can speak her own ,language4 ,i could understand some of her ,words1 but could not comprehend a ,period1 for it seemed to be but a confused ,noise4 ,she knows nothing that is said to her1 unless she seeth the ,motion of their ,mouths that speak to her2 so that in the ,night1 when it is necessary to speak to her1 they must light a ,candle4 ,only one thing appeared the strangest part of the whole ,narration3 ,she hath a ,sister1 with whom she hath practised her ,language more than with any other3 ,and in the ,night1 by laying her ,hand on her ,sister's ,mouth1 she can perceive by that what she saith1 and so can discourse with her in the ,night4 ,bishop ,burnet's ,let4 #d4 p4 #bdh4 b ,i cannot but admire that our most eminent modern ,anatomists should not agree1 whether there be any ,muscles in the outward ,ear of ,man or not4 ,dr4 ,keil saith there are two2 ,dr4 ,drake the same ,number2 and ,dr4 ,gibson makes them to be four4 ,so also doth ,monsieur ,dionis1 and so did the ancient ,anatomists3 ,but ,dr4 ,schelhammer expressly denies there are any1 and saith1 ,seduxit autem reliquos ,brutorum ,anatome1 in quorum plerisque tales ,musculi plures inveniuntur2 putrunt autem fortassis ignominiosum ,homini1 si non his instructus esset1 mins inde perfectum animal fore4 ,schel4 de ,auditu p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #g4 ,but ,valsalva1 who wrote very lately1 and is very accurate in his ,survey of the ,ear1 saith1 ,musculi auricul posteriores quandoque quatuor1 quandoque duo2 sed ut plurimm tres adnotantur2 quando solm duo se manifestant1 tunc unus ex illis duplicato tendine verss ,concham deferri solet4 ,horum musculorum in numero varietatem non solm in diversis2 verm etiam in eodem subjecto quandoque vidi----,ex quibus differentiis subort sunt ,auctorum discrepanti in horum ,musculorum numero1 positu3----quod non evenisset1 si pluries in diversis ,corporibus iidem ,musculi qusiti essent4 ,ant4 ,mar4 ,valsalva de ,aur4 ,human4 c4 #a4 4 #f4 ,but ,dr4 ,drake thinks some of ,valsalva's ,muscles the ,product of ,fancy4 ,mr4 ,cowper makes them to be three1 one ,attollent1 and two ,retrabent ,muscles4 ,see ,anat4 ,tab4 #ab4 c ,inter ctera animalia aurita maxim admirabilis est auris leporin fabrica1 quod cm timidissimum animal sit1 prorsus inerme1 natura id tum auditu acurissimo1 tanquam hostium exploratore ad perfentienda pericula1 tum pedibus ceu armis ad currendum aptis munisse videtur4 ,a4 ,kircher's ,phonurg4 l4 #a4 4 #g4 ,technas4 #b4 d ,moles have no protuberant ,ear1 but only a round ,hole between the ,neck and ,shoulder2 which ,situation of it1 together with the thick1 short ,fur that covers it1 is a sufficient ,defensative against external ,annoyances4 ,the ,meatus ,auditorius is long1 round and cartilaginous1 reaching to the under part of the ,skull4 ,round the inside runs a little ,ridge1 resembling two ,threads of a ,skrew2 at the ,bottom whereof is a pretty ,inlet1 leading to the ,drum1 made1 on one side with the aforesaid cochleous ,ridge1 and on the other1 with a small ,cartilage4 ,i observed there was ,cerumen in the ,meatus4 ,as to the inner ,ear1 it is somewhat singular1 and different from that of the other ,quadrupeds1 and much more from ,birds1 although ,i have met with some ,authors that make it agreeing with that of ,birds4 ,there are three small ,bones only 7all hollow7 by which the ,drum 7to use the old ,appellation7 or the ,membrana ,tympani 7as others call it7 acteth upon the ,auditory ,nerve4 ,the first is the ,malleus1 which hath two ,processes nearly of equal ,length2 the longer of which is braced to the ,membrana ,tympani1 the shorter to the side of the ,drum or ,os ,petrosum2 the back part of it resembles the ,head and ,stalk of a small ,mushroom1 such as are pickled4 ,on the back of the ,malleus lies the next small ,bone1 which may be called the ,incus1 long1 and without any ,process1 having somewhat the ,form of the short ,scoop wherewith ,water-men throw the ,water out of their ,wherries4 ,to the end of this the third and last small ,bone is tacked by a very tender ,brace4 ,this little ,bone bears the ,office of the ,stapes1 but is only forked without any ,base4 ,one of these ,forks is at one ,fenestra1 or ,foramen1 the other at another2 in which ,fenestra ,i apprehend the ,forks are tacked to the ,auditory ,nerve4 ,these ,fenestra 7equivalent to the ,fenestra ,ovalis1 and ,rotunda in others7 are the ,inlets into the ,cochlea and ,canales ,semicirculares1 in which the ,auditory ,nerve lieth4 ,the ,semicircular ,canales lie at a distance from the ,drum1 and are not lodged 7as in other ,animals7 in a strong1 thick ,body of ,bone1 but are thrust out1 within the ,skull1 making an ,antrum1 with an handsome ,arch leading into it1 into which a part of the ,brain enters4 ,one ,leg of the ,malleus being fastned to the ,membrana ,tympani1 and the ,incus to the back of the ,malleus1 and the top of that to the top of the ,stapes1 and the ,forks or ,branches of the ,stapes to the ,auditory ,nerve1 ,i observed that whenever ,i moved the ,membrane1 all the little ,bones were at the same time moved1 and consequently the ,auditory ,nerve thereby affected also4 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse me for being so particular in this ,organ only of the ,mole1 a despised ,creature1 but as notable an ,example of ,god's ,work1 as its ,life is different from that of other ,quadrupeds2 for which ,reason it partly is that ,i have enlarged on this part differing from that of others1 and which no ,body that ,i know of1 hath taken much notice of1 and which is not discoverable without great ,patience and ,application2 and partly because by comparing these ,observations with ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7d71 we may judge how the ,sense of ,hearing is performed4 e ,among many ,varieties1 both in the inner and outer ,ear1 those which appear in the ,passage into the ,rock-,bone1 are remarkable4 ,for in an ,owl1 that perches on a ,tree or ,beam1 and hearkens after the ,prey beneath her1 it is produced farther out above than it is below1 for the better ,reception of the least ,sound4 ,but in a ,fox1 that scouteth underneath the ,prey at ,roost2 it is for the same ,reason1 produced farther out below4 ,in a ,pole-,cat1 which hearkens strait forward1 it is produced behind1 for the taking of a forward ,sound4 ,whereas in a ,hare1 which is very quick of ,hearing1 and thinks of nothing but being pursued1 it is supplied with a bony ,tube1 which as a natural ,otocoustick1 is so directed backward1 as to receive the smallest and most distant ,sound that comes behind her4 ,grew's ,cosmolog4 ,sacr4 lib4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #f4 f ,the ,texture of the ,tragus and ,antitragus1 is softer than that of the ,helix1 which serveth gently to blunt1 not forcibly to repel the ,sound in the ,concha4 g ,dr4 ,gibson's ,anatomy1 ,chap4 #bb4 ,book ,,iii4 ,those whose ,ears are cut off1 have but a confused way of ,hearing1 and are obliged either to form a ,cavity round the ,ear with their own ,hands1 or else to make use of a ,horn1 and apply the end of it to the inner ,cavity of the ,ear1 on order to receive the agitated ,air4 ',tis likewise observed1 that those whose ,ears jut out1 hear better than flat-eared ,persons4 ,monsieur ,dionis's ,anat4 ,demonstr4 #h4 h ,gibs4 ,ibid4 i ,it would nauseate the ,reader to reckon up the ,places famed for the ,conveyance of ,whispers1 such as the ,prison of ,dionysius at ,syracuse1 which is said to encrease a ,whisper to a ,noise2 the clapping ones ,hands to the ,sound of a ,cannon1 c4 ,nor the ,aquaducts of ,claudius1 which carry a ,voice sixteen ,miles1 and many others both ,ancient and ,modern4 ,if the ,reader hath a mind to be entertained in this way1 he may find enough in ,kircher's ,phonurgia4 ,but it may not be irksome to mention one or two of our own in ,england4 ,among which1 one of the most famed is the ,whispering-,place in ,gloucester ,cathedral1 which is no other than a ,gallery above the ,east-end of the ,choir1 leading from one side thereof to the other4 ,it consisteth1 7if ,i mistake not7 of five ,angles1 and six ,sides1 the middle-most of which is a naked1 uncovered ,window1 looking into a ,chapel behind it4 ,i guess the two ,whisperers stand at about twenty five ,yards ,distance from one another4 ,but the ,dome of ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 is a more considerable ,whispering-,place1 where the ticking of a ,watch 7when no ,noise is in the ,streets7 may be heard from ,side to ,side2 yea1 a ,whisper may be sent all round the ,dome4 ,and not only in the ,gallery below1 but above1 upon the ,scaffold1 ,i tried1 and found that a ,whisper would be carried over one's ,head round the top of the ,arch1 notwithstanding there is a large ,opening in the middle of it into the upper part of the ,dome4 k ,auditus autem semper patet3 ejus enim sensu etiam dormientes egemus3 ,a quo cm sonus est acceptus1 etiam somno excitamur4 ,flexuosum iter habet1 n quid intrare possit1 si simplex1 directum pateret2 provisum etiam1 ut siqua minima bestiola conaretur irrumpere1 in sordibus aurium1 tanqum in visco1 inhresceret4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #eg4 ,it deserves a particular ,remark here1 that in ,infants in the ,womb1 and newly born1 the ,meatus ,auditorius is shut up very closely1 partly by the ,constriction of the ,passage1 and partly by a glutinous ,substance1 whereby the ,tympanum is guarded against the ,water in the ,secundine1 and against the ,injuries of the ,air as soon as the ,infant is born4 l ,it is remarkable1 that in most1 if not all ,animals1 whose ,ears are tunnelled1 or where the ,meatus ,auditorius is long enough to afford ,harbour to ,ear-wigs1 or other ,insects2 that1 ,i say1 in the ,ears of such1 ,ear-wax is constantly to be found4 ,but in ,birds1 whose ,ears are covered with ,feathers1 and where the ,tympanum lies but a little way within the ,skull1 no ,ear-wax is found1 because none is necessary to the ,ears so well guarded1 and so little tunnelled4 m ,the ,ear-wax was thought by the old ,anatomists to be an ,excrement of the ,brain3 ,humor biliosus cerebro expugnatus1 the ,bartholines say of it1 l4 #c4 c4 #i4 ,but as ,schelhammer well observes1 ,nil absurdius1 qum cerebri excrementum hoc statuere4 ,nam ratio nulla suadet1 ut in cerebro fieri excrementum tale credamus3----neque vi patent per quas ab eo seclusum in meatum auditorium possit inde penetrare4 ,as to its ,taste1 ,casserius gives ,instances of its being sweet in some ,creatures4 ,but ,schelhammer says1 ,ego ver semper1 cum amaritie aliquid dulcedinis in illo deprehendi4 ,vid4 ,schel4 de ,audit4 p4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #aj4 ,but ,i could never distinguish any ,sweetness in it2 but think it insipid mixed with a ,bitterness4 n ,cerumina amara ,arteriolis exudantia4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 par4 #a4 c4 #ad4 ,in the ,skin----are little ,glands1 which furnish a yellow and bitter ,humour4 ,monsieur ,dionis's ,dem4 #ah4 ,an handsome ,cut of those ,glandul ceruminos is in ,dr4 ,drake1 from ,valsalva4 ,pliny attributes a great ,virtue to the ,ear-wax2 ,morsus hominis inter asperrimos numeratur3 medentur sordes ex auribus3 ac ne quis miretur1 etiam ,scorpionum ictibus ,serpentiumque statim imposit4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #bh4 c4 #d4 ,and that it hath an healing ,quality1 and may be accounted a good ,balsam1 ,i my self have experienced4 o ,that there is such a ,thing as the innate ,air1 7talked of much by most ,authors on this ,subject7 ,schelhammer very justly1 ,i think1 denies1 by ,reason there is a ,passage into the inner ,ear from the ,throat1 through which the innate ,air may pass out1 and the outward ,air enter in4 ,v4 ,par4 ,alt4 p4 #b4 c4 #a4 4 #aj4 ,when by stopping our ,breath1 and ,straining1 we force the external ,air into the ,ear1 it may be heard rushing in2 and if much be forced in1 it may be felt also to beat against the ,tympanum4 ,when the ,passage to the ,throat is by any ,means stopp'd1 as by a ,cold in the ,head1 c4 the ,hearing thereby becomes dull and blunt2 by ,reason the ,communication between the outward and inward ,air are obstructed3 ,but when by strong ,swallowing1 or such-like ,motion of the ,throat1 the ,passage is opened1 we perceive it by a sudden ,smack or ,crack1 and we immediately hear very clearly2 the load of feculent ,air being at that ,time discharged from the inner ,ear4 ,it is a wise ,provision1 that the ,passage for the ,air into the ,ear1 is from the ,throat2 ,ut non statim quivis aer externus irrumpere queat 7as ,schelhammer saith1 ,par4 ,ult4 c4 #d4 4 #h47 sed nonnihil immutatus1 ac temperatus1 calore ex medio ventre exspirante2 im fortassis non facil alius1 nisi ex pulmonibus4 p ,valsalva hath given us a more accurate ,description of the ,tuba ,eustachiana1 or ,passage to the ,palate1 than any other ,author1 to whom ,i therefore refer1 ,de ,aur4 ,human4 c4 #b4 4 #af1 c4 ,the chief ,use hereof1 he thinks1 is to give way to the inner ,air1 upon every ,motion of the ,membrana ,tympani1 the ,malleus1 ,incus and ,stapes4 ,this ,passage1 if it be shut up1 ,deafness ensues3 ,of which he gives two ,instances3 ,one a ,gentleman1 who lost his ,hearing by a ,polypus in the ,nose reaching to the ,uvula2 the other a ,yeoman1 labouring with an ,ulcer above the left ,side of the ,uvula2 which when he stopt with a ,tent dipped in ,medicine1 he lost his ,hearing in the left ,ear1 and recovered it1 as soon as the ,tent was out4 ,ibid4 c4 #e4 4 #aj4 q ,os petrosum ex quo interiores ,labyrinthi cavitatum parietes conflati sunt1 album1 durissimum1 necnon maxim compactum4 ,id autem ,natur ita comparatum esse videtur1 ut materia therea ,sonorum objectorum impressionibus onusta1 dum prdictis impingitur ,parietibus1 nihil aut saltem fer nihil mots sui amittat1 atque ade illum qualem ab ,objectis sonoris accepit1 talem communicet spiritui animali contento intra expansiones rami mollioris ,nervorum auris4 ,dr4 ,raym4 ,vieussens of ,montpellier1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #beh4 r ,the ,tympanum of the ,ear1 or as ,valsalva and the ,moderns1 the ,membrana ,tympani was taken notice of as early as ,hippocrates's ,time4 ,in ,birds1 it is strained towards the outward ,parts2 in other ,animals towards the ,brain1 or inner ,parts4 ,monsieur ,dionis saith1 ,it is not equally fastened to the whole ,circumference of the bony ,circle1 in which it is inchased2 for on the upper ,side it hath a free disengaged ,part1 by which some can give vent to the ,smoak in their ,mouth4 ,demonstr4 #h4 ,that there is some ,passage ,i doubt not1 but ,i question whether ,monsieur ,dionis ever saw the disengaged ,part he mentions4 ,i have my self carefully searched divers ,subjects1 and do not remember to have seen any such ,passage2 and ,i perceive it escaped the diligent ,schelhammer's ,eye4 ,valsalva also by injecting in through the ,tuba ,eustachiana1 could not force any ,liquor into the ,meatus ,auditorius2 but yet he imagines he found the ,passage out in another ,place of the ,drum1 in some morbid1 and one sound ,head4 ,valsalv4 de ,aur4 ,hum4 c4 #b4 4 #h4 ,mr4 ,cowper also affirms there is a ,passage by the upper ,part of the ,membrane4 ,anat4 ,ap4 ,fig4 #h4 s ,dr4 ,vieussens1 before-named1 discovered a ,membrane1 tenuissim rarque admodm textur intra cavitatem ,tympani2 as he describes it4 ,whose use he saith is1 #a4 ,occludens ,labyrinthi januam impedit n naturalis purissimus ac subtilissimus ,aer intra cavitates----communicationem----habeat cum aere crasso4 #b4 ,labyrinthi basin calefacit1 c4 ubi supra4 ,probably this double ,membrane may be such1 or after the same ,manner as it is in the ,tympanum of ,birds3 ,of which see my ,observations in ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7d74 t ,the four little ,bones being treated of by all that have concerned themselves about this ,sense of ,hearing1 since their ,discovery1 ,i shall take ,notice of only two ,things concerning them4 #a4 ,the ,discovery of them is owing wholly to the ,diligence and ,sagacity of the latter ,ages2 of which ,schelhammer gives this ,account from ,fallopius1 ,hc ,officula antiquis ,anatomicis----ignota fuere2 primusque qui in lucem produxit ,malleum ,incum fuit ,jac4 ,carpensis2 primus quoque procul omni dubio ,anatomic artis1 quam ,vesalius poste perfecit1 restaurator4 ,tertium ,stapedem invenit ac promulgavit primus ,joh4 ,phil4 ab ,ingrassia1 ,siculus1 ,philosophus ac ,medicus doctissimus4 ,quartum1 ,thom ,bartholin4 teste1 viro long celeberrimo1 ,fran4 ,sylvio debetur ,schel4 ubi supr4 c4 #c4 4 #i4 #b4 ,their ,difference in ,animals3 ,in ,man1 and ,quadrupeds1 they are four1 curiously inarticulated with one another2 with an external and internal ,muscle to draw1 or work them1 in extending1 or relaxing the ,drum2 but in ,fowls the ,case is very different3 ,his unum ,ossiculum solm largita est ,natura1 quod ,collumellam fort appellaveris3 teres enim est subtilissimum1 basi innitens latiori1 rotund4 ,huic adnexa est cartilago valde mobilis1 qu in ,tympanum videtur terminari4 ,id4 ,ib4 4 #h4 ,in the ,ears of all the ,fowl that ,i could examine1 ,i never found any more than one ,bone1 and a ,cartilage1 making a ,joynt with it1 that was easily moveable4 ,the ,cartilage had generally an ,epiphyse1 or two1 one on each ,side4----,the ,bone was very hard and small1 having at the end of it a broad ,plate1 of the same ,substance1 very thin1 upon which it rested1 as on its ,basis4 ,dr4 ,al4 ,moulen in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #ajj4 ,these are the most material ,things ,i find observed by others1 concerning the ,ears of ,fowls1 and some of them hardly1 ,i believe1 observed before4 ,to which ,i shall subjoyn some other ,things ,i have my self discovered1 that ,i presume escaped the ,eyes of those most curious and inquisitive ,anatomists4 ,of which the last cited ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7d74 u ,videtur qud ,tympanum ,auditionis instrumentum prliminare1 quasi prparatorium fuerit1 quad ,soni impressionem1 sive species sensibiles primo suscipiens1 eas in debit proportione1 apt conformitate1 verss ,sensorium1 quod adhuc interis situm est1 dirigat3 simili officio fungitur respectu ,audits1 ac tunic ,oculi ,pupillam constituentes1 respectu ,viss2 utrque ,membran ,species sensibiles refringunt quasi emolliunt1 easque ,sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt1 cui nudo si adveniant1 teneriorem ejus crasin facil ldant1 aut obruant4 ,rever ,tympanum non audit1 sed meliori tutiorique ,auditioni confert4 ,si hc pars destruatur1 ,sensio adhuc aliquamdiu1 rudi lict modo1 peragi possit2 quippe experimento olim in ,cane facto1 c4----,janitoris officio ut ,tympanum rect defungi possit1 expansum ejus pro dat occasione stringi1 aut relaxari debet1 veluti nimirm ,oculi ,pupilla----,quapropter huic ,auris ,tympano1 non secus ac bellico1 machin sive tni qudam apponuntur1 qu superficiem ejus mod tensiorem1 mod laxiorem reddant3 hoc enim efficiunt tria ,ossicula1 cum ,musculo1 c4 ,willis's de ,anim4 ,brut4 c4 #ad4 ,for this ,opinion of ,dr4 ,willis1 ,dr4 ,schelhammer is very severe upon him1 deriding the ,refractions he speaks of2 and therefore seriously proves that they are the ,humours1 not ,tunicks of the ,eye1 that refract the ,rays of ,light2 and then jeeringly demandeth1 ,whether the sonorous ,rays are refracted by passing through a different ,medium8 ,whether the ,convexity or ,concavity of the ,drum collects those ,rays into a focal ,point1 or scatters them8 c4 ,and then saith1 ,ob has rationes clariss4 ,viri1 ac de re ,medic prclar meriti1 sententi non possumus non esse alieniores2 in quo uti ingenium admiror1 quoties medicamentorum vires1 aut morborum causas explicat1 sic ubi forum suum egressus1 ,philosophum agit1 ac vel ,partium usum1 vel ,chymicarum rerum naturam scrutetur1 ejus haud semel non mod judicium desidero1 verm aliquando etiam fidem4 ,this is so severe and unjust a ,censure of our truly famous ,countryman1 7a ,man of known ,probity7 that might deserve a better ,answer2 but ,i have only ,time to say1 that although ,dr4 ,schelhammer hath out-done all that wrote before him1 in his ,book de ,auditu1 and shewed himself a ,man of ,learning and ,industry2 yet as our ,countryman wrote more than he1 7though perhaps not free from ,errors too7 so he hath manifested himself to have been as curious and sagacious an ,anatomist1 as great a ,philosopher1 and as learned and skilful a ,physician1 as any of his ,censurers1 and his ,reputation for ,veracity and ,integrity1 was no less than any of theirs too4 ,but after all this terrible ,clamour1 ,dr4 ,schelhammer prejudicately mistaketh ,dr4 ,willis's ,meaning1 to say no worse4 ,for by utrque ,membran refringunt1 ,dr4 ,willis plainly enough1 ,i think1 means no more than a ,restriction of the ,ingress of too many ,rays2 as his following explicatory ,words manifest1 viz4 refringunt1 quasi emolliunt1 easque ,sensorio non nisi proportionatas tradunt4 ,but indeed ,dr4 ,schelhammer hath shewn himself a too rigid ,censor1 by making ,dr4 ,willis say1 the ,ear-,drum hath such like ,braces as the ,war-,drum1 viz4 ,quod porr de machinis seu tniis ,tympani bellici adducit1 dicitque idem in ,tympano auditorio conspici1 id prorsus falsissimum est4 ,i wonder ,dr4 ,schelhammer did not also charge ,dr4 ,willis with making it a ,porter1 since he saith in the same ,paragraph1 ,janitoris officio1 c4 ,but ,dr4 ,willis's ,meaning is plain enough1 that the little ,bones and ,muscles of the ,ear-,drum do the same ,office in straining and relaxing it1 as the ,braces of the ,war-,drum do in that4 ,and considering how curious and solemn an ,apparatus there is of ,bones1 ,muscles1 and ,joynts1 all adapted to a ready ,motion2 ,i am clearly of ,dr4 ,willis's ,opinion1 that one great ,use of the ,ear-,drum is for the proportioning ,sounds1 and that by its ,extension and ,retraction1 it corresponds to all ,sounds1 loud or languid1 as the ,pupil of the ,eye doth to several ,degrees of ,light3 ,and that they are no other than secondary uses assigned by ,dr4 ,schelhammer1 as the principal or sole ,uses of keeping out the external colder ,air1 ,dust1 and other ,annoyances2 but especially that1 ob solius aers interni potissimm irrumpentis vim1 hunc motum ,tympani ac ,mallei esse conditum1 ut cedere primm1 deinde sibi restitui queat2 as his ,words are1 ,p4 ult4 c4 #f4 4 #ac4 ,it was no improbable thought of ,rohault1 nos attentos prbere1 nil aliud est1 nisi ,tympanum1 ubi ita opus est facto1 contendere aut laxare1 operam dare ut illud in e positione intentum stet1 in qu tremulum aeris externi motum commodissim excipere possit4 ,roh4 ,phys4 p4 #a4 c4 #bf4 4 #dh4 ,the ,hearing of deaf ,persons more easily by ,means of loud ,noises1 is another ,argument of the ,use of the ,straining or ,relaxation of the ,tympanum in ,hearing4 ,thus ,dr4 ,willis 7ubi supra7 ,accepi olim viro fide digno1 se mulierem novisse1 qu lict surda fuerit1 quousque tamen intra conclave ,tympanum pulsaretur1 verba quvis clar audiebat3 quare ,maritus ejus ,tympanistam pro servo domestico conducebat1 ut illius ope1 colloquia interdum cum ,uxore su haberet4 ,etiam de alio ,surdastro mihi narratum est1 qui prope ,campanile degens1 quoties un plures ,campan resonarent1 vocem1 quamvis facil audire1 non alis1 potuit4 ,abscisso ,musculo ,processus majoris ,mallei in recenti aure1 relaxatur ,tympani ,membrana4 ,valsalv4 de ,aur4 ,hum4 c4 #b4 4 #e4 ,upon considering the great ,difference in ,authors ,opinions1 about the ,use of the ,parts1 and ,manner how ,hearing is performed1 as also what a curious ,provision there is made in the ,ear1 by the four little ,bones1 the ,muscles1 ,membrane1 c4 ,i was minded 7since ,i penned this ,note7 to make enquiry my self into this ,part1 and not to rely upon ,authority4 ,and after a diligent search of various ,subjects1 ,i find we may give as rational and easie an ,account of ,hearing1 as of ,seeing1 or any other ,sense2 as ,i have shewn in my last cited ,note 7d7 ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 with relation to ,birds4 ,and as to ,man and ,beasts1 the ,case is the same1 but the ,apparatus more complex and magnificent4 ,for whereas in ,birds1 the auditory ,nerve is affected by the ,impressions made on the ,membrane1 by only the ,intermediacy of the ,collumella2 in ,man1 it is done by the ,intervention of the four little ,bones1 with the ,muscles acting upon them2 his ,hearing being to be adjusted to all kinds of ,sounds1 or ,impressions made upon the ,membrana ,tympani4 ,which ,impressions are imparted to the auditory ,nerve1 in this ,manner1 viz4 ,first they act upon the ,membrane and ,malleus1 the ,malleus upon the ,incus1 and the ,incus upon the ,os ,orbiculare and ,stapes2 and the ,stapes upon the auditory ,nerve3 ,for the ,base of the ,stapes 7the same as the ,operculum in ,birds7 not only covers the ,fenestra ,ovalis1 within which the auditory ,nerve lieth1 but hath a ,part of the auditory ,nerve spread upon it too4 ,it is manifest that this is the true ,process of ,hearing2 because1 if the ,membrane be mov'd1 you may see all the ,bones move at the same ,time1 and work the ,base of the ,stapes up and down in the ,fenestra ,ovalis1 as ,i shewed in this ,chapter1 ,note 7d7 concerning the ,mole2 and as it may be seen in other ,ears carefully opened1 if the ,parts remain in situ4 w ,i do not confine the ,labyrinth to the ,canales ,semicirculares1 or any other ,part1 as the elder ,anatomists seem to have done1 who by their erroneous and blind ,descriptions seem not well to have understood there ,parts2 but with those much more curious and accurate ,anatomists1 ,monsieur de ,vernay1 and ,dr4 ,valsalva2 under the ,labyrinth1 ,i comprehend the ,canales ,semicirculares1 and the ,cochlea1 together with the intermediate ,cavity1 called by them the ,vestibulum4 x ,in the semicircular ,canals1 two ,things deserve to be noted4 #a4 ,that the three ,canals are of three different ,sizes1 ,major1 ,minor1 and ,minimus4 #b4 ,although in different ,subjects1 they are frequently different2 yet in the same ,subject they are constantly the same4 ,the ,reason of all which1 together with their ,uses1 ,valsalva ingeniously thinks is1 that as a ,part of the tender auditory ,nerve is lodged in these ,canals1 so they are of three ,sizes1 the better to suit all the ,variety of ,tones2 some of the ,canals suiting some1 and others1 other ,tones4 ,and although there be some ,difference as to the ,length and ,size of these ,canals1 in different ,persons2 yet1 lest there should be any discord in the auditory ,organs of one and the same ,man1 those ,canals are always in exact ,conformity to one another in one and the same ,man4 ,v4 ,valsal4 ubi supr4 c4 #c4 4 #g4 and c4 #f4 4 #d4 #i4 y ,hic posterior ,nervus extra cranium delatus1 in tres ramos dividitur1 qui omnes motibus patheticis----inserviunt4 ,primus----musculis ,auris impenditur4 ,proculdubio hujus actione efficitur1 ut animalia quvis1 subito soni impulsu1 aurs1 quasi sonum nimis cit transeuntem captaturas erigant4 ,ramus alter----versus utrumque oculi angulum surculos emittit3 qui musculis palpebrarum attollentibus inseruntur2 quorum cert munus est ad subitum soni appulsum oculos confestim aperire1 eosque velut ad ,excubias vocare4----,tertius----ramus versus ,lingu radicem descendens1 musculis ejus ossis ,hyoeideos distribuitur1 adeque organa qudam vocis edend actuat1 c4 ,willis's ,cereb4 ,anat4 c4 #ag4 z ,hujusmodi ,nervorum conformatio in ,homine usum alium insigniorem prstas1 nempe ut ,vox1 c4 ,willis ,ibid4 aa ,among the ,uses to which the ,wit of ,man hath employ'd ,sounds1 we may reckon the ,instruments useful in convocating ,assemblies1 managing ,armies1 and many other ,occasions1 wherein ,bells1 ,trumpets1 ,drums1 ,horns1 and other sounding ,instruments are used2 the ,particularities of which it would be tedious to recount3 ,as that the biggest ,bell in ,europe is reckoned to be at ,erfurt in ,germany1 which they say may be heard twenty four ,miles2 with much more to the same ,purpose4 ,i shall therefore only for a ,sample take notice of the ,speaking-,trumpet2 the ,invention of which is commonly ascribed to our eminent ,sir ,samuel ,morland2 but was more probably ,ath4 ,kircher's2 at least he had contrived such an ,instrument1 before ,sir ,samuel hit upon his4 ,kircher in his ,phonurg4 saith1 the ,tromba published last ,year in ,england1 he had invented twenty four ,years before1 and published in his ,misurgia2 that ,jac4 ,albanus ,ghibbesius1 and ,fr4 ,eschinardus ascribe it to him2 and that ,g4 ,schottus testifieth he had such an ,instrument in his ,chamber in the ,roman ,college1 with which he could call to1 and receive ,answers from the ,porter4 ,and considering how famed ,alexander the ,great's ,tube was1 which is said might be heard #ajj ,stadia1 it is somewhat strange that no ,body sooner hit upon the ,invention4 ,of this ,stentorophonick ,horn of ,alexander1 there is a ,figure preserved in the ,vatican1 which for ,curiosity sake1 ,i have from ,kircher represented in ,fig4 #c4 ,he saith its ,diameter was five ,cubits1 and that it was suspended on a ,supporter4 ,for the ,make of the ,speaking-,trumpet1 and the ,reason why it magnifies ,sounds1 ,i shall refer to ,kircher2 especially to ,sir ,samuel ,morland's ,tuba ,stentorophonica1 ,published in #afgb4 bb ,that the ,air is the ,subject1 or ,medium of ,sound1 is manifest from the ,experiments in rarefied and condensed ,air4 ,in an unexhausted ,receiver1 a small ,bell may be heard at the ,distance of some ,paces2 but when exhausted1 it can scarce be heard at the nearest ,distance3 ,and if the ,air be compressed1 the ,sound will be louder1 proportionably to the ,compression or ,quantity of ,air crouded in1 as ,i have often tried my self1 and may be seen in ,mr4 ,hawksbee's curious ,experiments1 p4 #ig4 ,also his ,experiments in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cba4 ,kircher saith1 he took one of these ,trumpets of fifteen ,palms length1 along with him to the ,mons ,eustachianus1 where he convocated #bbjj ,persons to ,prayers1 by means of the unusual ,sound1 at two1 three1 four1 and five ,italian ,miles ,distance4 ,with these ,bellowing ,trumpets1 ,i shall join some ,bellowing-,caves for the ,reader's ,diversion4 ,ol4 ,magnus describes a ,cave in ,finland1 near ,viburg1 called ,smellen1 into which1 if a ,dog1 or other ,living ,creature be cast1 it sends forth so dreadful a ,sound1 that knocks down every one near it4 ,for which ,reason they have guarded the ,cave with high ,walls1 to prevent the ,mischiefs of its ,noise4 ,vid4 ,ol4 ,magn4 ,histor4 l4 #aa4 c4 #d4 ,such another ,peter ,martyr saith is in ,hispaniola1 which1 with a small ,weight cast into it1 endangers ,deafness at five ,miles ,distance4 ,and in ,switzerland1 ,kircher saith1 in the ,cucumer-,mountain is a ,pit that sends out both a dreadful ,noise and a great ,wind therewith2 and that there is a ,well in his ,country #cjjj ,palms deep1 whose ,sound is equal to that of a great ,gun4 ,vid4 ,kirch4 ,phonurg4 ,ol4 ,magnus speaking of the vast high ,mountains of a ,northern ,province1 call'd ,angermannia saith1 ,ubi bases eorum in profundissimo gurgite stantes1 casu aliquo1 vel proposito ,naut accesserint1 tantum horrorem ex alt fluctuum collisione percipiunt1 ut nisi prcipiti remigio1 aut valido vento evaserint1 solo pavore fer exanimes fiant1 multoque dierum curriculo1 ob capitis turbationem1 pristin mentis1 sanitatis compotes vix evadant4 ,habent bases illorum montium in fluctuum ingressu regressu tortuosas rimas1 sive scissuras1 satis stupendo natur opificio fabricatas1 in quibus long varagine formidabilis ille ,sonitus quasi subterraneum tonitru generatur4 ,ol4 ,magn4 l4 #b4 c4 #d4 ,see also ,chap4 #ab4 ,neither doth this succeed only in forced ,rarefactions and ,condensations of the ,air1 but in such also as are natural2 as is evident from ,david ,frdlichius in ,varenius1 upon the highest ,eminencies of ,carpathus1 near ,kesmarckt in ,hungary4 ,the ,story of ,frdlichius is this1 ,ego ,mense ,junii #afae4 tum adolescens1 sublimitatem horum montium1 cum duobus comitibus ,scholaribus1 experiri volens1 ubi1 cm in prim rupis vertice1 magno labore1 me summum terminum assecutum esse putarem1 demum sese obtulit alia multo altior cautes1 ubi pervasta eaque vacillantia saxa 7quorum unum1 si loco viatore dimovetur----aliquot centena----rapit1 quidem tanto cum fragore1 ut illi metuendum sit n totus ,mons corruat1 eumque obruat7 enixus essem1 iterum alia sublimior prodiit1 c4 donec summo vit periculo ad supremum cacumen penetraverim4 ,ex declivioribus montibus cm in subjectas valles1----nil nisi obscuram noctem1 aut cruleum quid1 instar profundi aeris1 quod vulg sudum clum appellatur1 observare potui1 mihique videbar1 si de monte caderem1 non in terram1 sed recte in solum me prolapsurum4 ,nimi enim declivitate1 species visibiles extenuat hebetat fuerunt4 ,cum ver altiorem montem peterem1 quasi intra nebulas densissimas hrebam----,et cm non procul summo vertice essem de sublimi quiescens prospexi animadverti iis in locis1 ubi mihi antea videbar intra nebulas hsisse1 compactas atque albas sese movere nubes1 supra quas1 per aliquot milliaria1 ultra terminos ,sepusi commodus mihi prospectus patuit4 ,alias tamen etiam nubes altiores1 alias item humiliores1 necnon quasdam qualiter terr distantes vidi4 ,atque hinc tria intellexi1 #a4 ,me tum transivisse principium media ,aeris regionis4 #b4 ,distantiam nubium terr1 non esse qualem4----#c4 ,distantiam nubium----non #gb ,mill4 ,ger4 ut quidam----sed tantum dimidiatum ,mill4 ,ger4 ,in summum montis verticem cm pervenissem1 ade tranquillum subtilem arem ibi offendi1 ut n pili quidem motum sentirem1 cm tamen in depressioribus ventum vehementem expertus sim3 unde collegi summum cacumen istius montis ,carpathici ad ,mill4 ,germ4 radicibus suis imis exsurgere1 ad supremam usque aris regionem1 ad quam ,venti non ascendunt1 pertingere4 ,explosi in e summitate ,sclopetum3 quod non majorem sonitum prim pr se tulit1 qum si ligillum vel bacillum confregissem2 post intervallum autem temporis murmur prolixum invaluit1 inferioresque montis partes1 convalles sylvas opplevit4 ,descendendo per nives annosas intra convalles1 cm iterum ,sclopetum exonerarem1 major horribilior fragor1 qum ex tormento capacissimo inde exoriebatur3 hinc verebar n totus mons concussus mecum corrueret3 duravitque hic sonus per semiquadrantem hor usque dum abstrusissmas cavernas penetrsset1 ad quas ar undiq2 multiplicatus resiliit4----,in his celsis montibus1 plerumq2 ningit grandinatve medi astate1 quoties nempe in subject vicin planitie pluit1 ut hoc ipsum expertus sum4 ,nives diversorum annorum ex colore cortice duriore dignosci possunt4 ,varen4 ,georg4 ,gen4 l4 #a4 c4 #ai4 ,prop4 ult4 ,the ,story being diverting1 and containing divers ,things remarkable1 ,i have chosen to note the whole of it 7altho' somewhat long7 rather than single out the ,passages only which relate to the diminishing the ,sound of his ,pistol1 by the ,rarity of the ,air at that great ,ascent into the ,atmosphere2 and the magnifying the ,sound by the ,polyphonisms or ,repercussions of the ,rocks1 ,caverns1 and other ,phonocamptick ,objects below in the ,mount4 ,but 'tis not the ,air alone that is capable of the ,impressions of ,sound1 but the ,water also1 as is manifest by striking a ,bell under ,water1 the ,sound of which may plainly enough be heard1 but it is much duller1 and not so loud2 and it is also a fourth deeper1 by the ,ear of some great ,judges in ,musical ,notes1 who gave me their ,judgments in the matter4 ,but ,mersenne saith1 a ,sound made under ,water1 is of the same ,tone or ,note1 if heard under ,water2 as are also ,sounds made in the ,air1 when heard under ,water4 ,vid4 ,mersen4 ,hydraul4 ,having mentioned the hearing of ,sounds under ,water1 there is another ,curiosity worth mentioning1 that also farther proves ,water to be susceptible of the ,impressions of ,sound1 viz4 ,divers at the bottom of the ,sea1 can hear the ,noises made above1 only confusedly4 ,but1 on the contrary1 those above cannot hear the ,divers below4 ,of which an ,experiment was made1 that had like to have been fatal3 ,one of the ,divers blew an ,horn in his ,diving-,bell1 at the bottom of the ,sea2 the ,sound whereof 7in that compressed ,air7 was so very loud and irksome1 that stunned the ,diver1 and made him so giddy1 that he had like to have dropt out of his ,bell1 and to have been drowned4 ,vid4 ,sturmii ,colleg4 ,cur4 ,vol4 #b4 ,tentam4 #a4 cc ,as to the ,distance to which ,sound may be sent1 having some doubt1 whether there was any ,difference between the ,northern and ,southern ,parts1 by the ,favour of my learned and illustrious ,friend ,sir ,henry ,newton1 her ,majesty's late ,envoy at ,florence3 ,i procured some ,experiments to be made for me in ,italy4 ,his most ,serene ,highness the ,great ,duke1 was pleased to order great ,guns to be fir'd for this purpose at ,florence1 and ,persons were appointed on purpose to observe them at ,leghorne1 which they compute is no less than #ee ,miles in a strait ,line4 ,but notwithstanding the ,country between being somewhat hilly and woody1 and the ,wind also was not favouring1 only very calm and still1 yet the ,sound was plainly enough heard4 ,and they tell me1 that the ,leghorne ,guns are often heard #ff ,miles off1 at ,porto ,ferraio2 that when the ,french bombarded ,genoa1 they heard it near ,leghorne1 #ij ,miles distant3 and in the ,messina ,insurrection1 the ,guns were heard from thence as far as ,augusta and ,syracuse1 about #ajj ,italian ,miles4 ,these ,distances being so considerable1 give me ,reason to suspect1 that ,sounds fly as far1 or nearly as far in the ,southern1 as in the ,northern ,parts of the ,world1 notwithstanding we have a few ,instances of ,sounds reaching farther ,distances4 ,as ,dr4 ,hearn tells us of ,guns fired at ,stockholm in #afhe1 that were heard #ahj ,english ,miles4 ,and in the ,dutch ,war1 #afgb1 the ,guns were heard above #bjj ,miles4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #aac4 ,also there is this farther ,reason of ,suspicion1 that the ,mercury in the ,barometer riseth higher without than within the ,tropicks1 and the more ,northerly1 still the higher1 which may encrease the ,strength of ,sounds1 by ,note 7bb74 dd ,as to the ,velocity of ,sounds1 by ,reason the most celebrated ,authors differ about it1 ,i made divers nice ,experiments my self1 with good ,instruments2 by which ,i found1 #a4 ,that there is some1 although a small ,difference in the ,velocity of ,sounds1 with or against the ,wind3 which also is1 #b4 ,augmented or diminished by the ,strength or ,weakness of the ,wind4 ,but that nothing else doth accelerate or retard it1 not the ,differences of ,day or ,night1 ,heat or ,cold1 ,summer or ,winter1 ,cloudy or ,clear1 ,barometer high or low1 c4 #c4 ,that all kinds of ,sounds have the same ,motion1 whether they be loud or languid1 of ,bells1 ,guns1 great or small1 or any other sonorous ,body4 #d4 ,that they fly equal ,spaces in equal ,times4 ,fifthly and ,lastly1 ,that the ,mean of their ,flight is at the ,rate of a ,mile in #i half ,seconds1 or #aadb ,feet in one ,second of ,time4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,ibid4 ee ,timothy a ,musician could excite ,alexander the ,great to ,arms with the ,phrygian ,sound1 and allay his ,fury with another ,tone1 and excite him to ,merriment4 ,so ,ericus ,king of ,denmark1 by a certain ,musician1 could be driven to such a ,fury1 as to kill some of his best and most trusty ,servants4 ,more of this ,power of ,musick over the ,affections1 may be seen in ,ath4 ,kirch4 ,phonurg4 ,l4 #b4 4 #a4 ,also in ,is4 ,vossius de ,poematum cantu1 ,rythmi viribus4 ,and not only upon the ,affections1 but also on the ,parts of the ,body4 ,musick is able to exert its ,force1 as appears from the ,gascoigne ,knight1 ,cui ,phormingis sono audito ,vesica statim ad ,urinam reddendam vellicabatur4 ,such another we have in ,a4 #a4 ,ephem4 ,nat4 ,curios4 ,observ4 #acd4 ,also ,morhoff de ,scyph4 vitr4 per cert4 human4 vocis sonum fracto3 where there is not only the ,account of the ,dutchman at ,amsterdam1 one ,nich4 ,peter1 that brake ,romer-,glasses with the ,sound of his ,voice2 but also divers other ,instances of the ,powers and ,effects of ,sound4 ,but to the ,story of the ,gascoigne ,knight1 ,mr4 ,boyl1 from ,scaliger1 adds a pleasant ,passage1 ,that one he had disobliged1 to be even with him1 caused at a ,feast1 a ,bag-pipe to be played1 when he was hemmed in with the ,company2 which made the ,knight bepiss himself1 to the great ,diversion of the ,company1 as well as ,confusion of himself4 ,boyl's ,essay of the ,effect of ,lang4 ,motion4 ,in the same ,book are other ,matters that may be noted here4 ,one whose ,arm was cut off1 was exceedingly tormented with the discharge of the great ,guns at ,sea1 although he was at a great ,distance on ,land4 ,and a great ,ship-,commander observed his wounded ,men1 with broken ,limbs1 suffered in like manner at the ,enemies ,discharges4 ,an ingenious ,domestick of his own would have his ,gums bleed at the tearing of ,brown-,paper4 ,and an ingenious ,gentleman of ,mr4 ,boyl's ,acquaintance confessed to him1 that he was inclined to the ,knight of ,gascoigne's ,distemper1 upon hearing the ,noise of a ,tap running4 ,the dancing to certain ,tunes1 of ,persons bit with the ,tarantula1 he was assured of by an ingenious ,acquaintance at ,tarentum1 who saw several1 among the rest a ,physician1 affected with that ,distemper4 ,and many other ,accounts of this kind1 seemingly credible1 are related in ,morhoff1 ,kircher1 and many others2 although ,dr4 ,cornelio questions the ,matters of ,fact relating to the cure of the ,tarantula-bite1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #hc4 ,mr4 ,boyl also saith1 a sober ,musician told him1 he could make a certain ,woman weep1 by playing one ,tune1 which others would be little affected at4 ,and he saith1 that he himself had a kind of shivering at the repeating two ,verses in ,lucan4 ,and ,i add1 that ,i very well know one to have a sort of chill about his ,prcordia and ,head1 upon reading or hearing the #ec ,chapter of ,isaiah2 as also ,david's ,lamentations for ,saul and ,jonathan1 #a ,sam4 i4 ,neither are our own ,minds and ,bodies only affected with ,sounds1 but inanimate ,bodies are so also4 ,of which many ,stories may be met with in ,kircher1 particularly a large ,stone that would tremble at the ,sound of one particular ,organ-,pipe2 in ,morhoff also1 who among many other ,relations hath this1 ,memini cm ipsi clarif4 ,willisio de experimento ,vitri per vocem fracti narrarem1 ex eo audivisse1 quod in adibus ,musicis sibi vicinis aliquoties collapsum pavimentum fuerit2 quod ipse sonis continuis adscribere non dubitavit4 ,morhoff4 cap4 #ab4 ,mersenne also1 among many ,relations in his ,harmon4 and other ,books1 tells a far more probable ,story1 of a particular ,part of a ,pavement1 that would shake1 as if the ,earth would open1 when the ,organs played1 than what he relates about ,antipathy1 in his ,qust4 ,comment4 in ,genes4 viz4 ,that the ,sound of a ,drum made of a ,wolf's ,skin1 will break another made of ,sheep's ,skin3 ,that ,hens will fly at the ,sound of an ,harp strung with ,fox-,gut-,strings1 and more to the same purpose4 ,mr4 ,boyl also1 in his last cited ,book tells us1 ,seats will tremble at the ,sound of ,organs2 and that he hath felt his ,hat do so too under his hand1 at certain ,notes both of ,organs1 and in ,discourse1 that he tried an ,arch that would answer to ,c fa-ut1 and had done so an #ajj ,years2 and that an experienced ,builder told him any well-built ,vault will answer some determinate ,note4 ,and at ,eastbury-,house near ,barking1 ,i my self discovered the ,porch1 7having firm ,brick-,walls17 not only to sound when struck on the ,bottom1 but also to give almost as loud a ,sound1 when ,i sounded the same ,note with my ,voice4 ff ,willis1 ubi supra4 gg ,ille ,deus est----qui non calamo tantm cantare1 agreste1 atque inconditum carmen ad aliquam tantm oblectationem modulari docuit1 sed tot artes1 tot vocum varietates1 tot sonos1 alios spiritu nostro1 alios externo cantu edituros commentus est4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 l4 #d4 cap4 #f4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,sense of ,smelling4 ,this ,sense ,i shall dispatch in less ,compass than the two last1 because its ,apparatus 7although sufficiently grand and admirable1 yet7 is not so multiplicious as of the ,eye and ,ear2 it being sufficient in this ,sense1 that the odoriferous ,effluvia of ,bodiesa can have an easy1 free ,passage to the olfactory ,nerves1 without the ,formalities of ,refractions1 and other ,preparations necessary to the ,perfection of the two former ,senses4 ,accordingly the all-wise ,creator hath made sufficient ,provision for the ,reception of ,smells1 by the ,apertures of the ,nostrilsb2 made not of ,flesh1 or ,bone1 but cartilaginous1 the better to be kept open1 and withal1 to be dilated or contracted1 as there is occasion3 ,for which ,service it hath several proper and curious ,musclesc4 ,and forasmuch as it is by ,breathingd1 that the odorant ,particles are drawn in1 and convey'd to the ,sensory2 therefore there is a very wise ,provision made in the ,lamin1 with which the upper ,part of the ,nose is barricaded1 which serve to two excellent ,uses3 ,partly1 to fence out any noxious ,substances from entering the breathing ,passages in our ,sleep1 or when we cannot be awaree2 and partly1 to receive the ,divarications of the olfactory ,nerves1 which are here thick spread1 and which do by these ,means meet the ,smells entring with the ,breath1 and striking upon them4 ,and accordingly1 the more accurate this ,sense is in any ,animal1 the longer we may observe those ,lamin are2 and more of them in number folded up1 and crouded together1 to contain the more nervous ,filaments1 and to detain and fetter the odoriferous ,particles in their ,windings and ,turnings4 ,and an admirable ,provision this is1 which the great ,creator hath made for the good of brute ,creaturesf2 the chief ,acts of many of whose ,lives1 are perform'd by the ,ministry of this ,sense4 ,in insects1 and many other ,creatures1 it is of great ,use in the ,propagation of their ,kind2 as particularly in helping them to safe and convenient ,places for the ,incubation of their ,eggs1 and breeding up their ,young4 ,others are by the ,accuracy of this ,sense1 of ,use to ,mankind1 which would be otherwise of little or no ,useg4 ,and most of the irrational ,animals1 ,birds1 ,beasts1 and creeping ,things1 do1 by their ,smell1 find out their ,food2 some at great ,distances1 and some at ,hand4 ,with what ,sagacity do some discover their ,food in the ,midst of ,mud and ,dirth8 ,with what ,curiosity do the herbaceous ,kind pick and chuse such ,plants as afford them wholsome ,food1 or sometimes such as are ,medicinali1 and refute such as would hurt and destroy them8 ,and all by the ,help principally1 if not only1 of the ,smell1 assisted by its near ,ally the ,taste4 ,of which ,i shall in the next ,place speak very briefly4 ,,footnotes3 a ,piece of ,ambergrease suspended in a ,pair of ,scales1 that would turn with a very small ,part of a ,grain1 lost nothing of its ,weight in #c ,days2 neither did ,assa ftida in #e ,days2 but an ,ounce of ,nutmegs lost #e ,grains in #f ,days2 and ,cloves #g ,grains4 ,boyl's ,subtil4 of ,effluv4 c4 #e4 b ,nares1 e qud omnis ,odor ad superiora fertur1 rect sursum sunt3 ,et qud ,cibi ,potionis judicium magnum earum est1 non sine caus vicinitatem ,oris secut sunt4 ,cicero de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ef4 c ,had not the ,contriver of ,animal ,bodies been minded that his ,work should have all the ,signatures of ,accuracy1 this ,sense might have been performed with a bare ,aperture of the ,nose2 but that nothing might go imperfect out of his ,hand1 he hath made a part of the ,nose easily moveable1 and given a ,set of ,muscles to lift up1 and open and shut the ,nostrils2 and so adjust it to every ,occasion of this ,sense4 d ,odorem non aliud1 qum infectum ,aera1 intelligi posse4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #i4 c4 #g4 e ,for a further ,guard against the ,ingress of noxious ,things1 the ,vibrissi1 or ,hairs placed at the ,entrance of the ,nostrils serve1 which1 in some measure1 stop the ,entrance of ,things improper1 or however give ,warning of them1 but at the same ,time allow an easy ,passage to the ,breath and ,odours4 f ,mult prclarius emicat ,olfactus in brutis animalibus1 qum in homine3 ista namque hoc solo indice1 herbarum1 aliorumque corporum pris ignotorum virtutes certissim dignoscunt1 quin victum suum absentem1 vel in abstruso positum1 ,odoratu venantur1 ac facillim investigant4 ,qud autem mins sagaces sunt hominum nares1 illud non facultatis hujus abusui 7prout nonnulli volunt7 ascribi debet1 verm in caus est ipsius ,organi defectus3 hoc enim circa victs humani criteria 7ubi ratio1 intellectus adsunt7 non ita accuratum requiritur3 ,proptere enim inferiores potenti in homine1 natur mins perfect existunt1 ut superiorum cultui exercitio relinqueretur locus4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 cap4 #ac4 g ,thus the chief ,use of ,hounds is to hunt2 and other ,dogs1 to be a ,watch and ,guard to our ,houses by ,night4 ,for which ,services 7particularly in ,hounds7 their ,olfactory ,nerves are not only remarkably large1 7like as they are in other ,brutes17 but their ,branches and ,filaments are1 in the ,lamin of the ,nostrils1 both more and larger than ,i have seen in any other ,creature whatsoever4 ,also there are more ,convulsions of the ,lamin than ,i ever remember to have found in any other ,animal4 ,the ,sagacity of ,hounds is prodigious1 of which see an ,instance in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7hhh74 h ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7e74 i ,vid4 ,plin4 ,hist4 ,nat4 l4 #h4 cap4 #bg4 ,qu animalia quas herbas ostenderunt4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,tastea4 ,in this1 as in the last ,sense1 we have an ,apparatus abundantly sufficient to the ,sense2 ,nerves curiously divaricated about the ,tongueb1 and ,mouth1 to receive the ,impressions of every ,gusto2 and these ,nerves guarded with a firm and proper ,tegument to defend them from ,harms2 but withal1 so perforated in the papillary ,eminences1 as to give a free ,admission to ,tastes4 ,but ,i shall say no more of this ,sense2 only a ,word or two of its ,consent with the ,smell1 and the ,situation of them both3 ,their ,situation is in the most convenient ,place imaginable1 for the ,discharge of their ,offices2 at the first ,entrancec1 in the ,way to the grand ,receptacle of our ,food and ,nourishment2 to survey what is to be admitted therein2 to judge between what is wholsome1 and fit for ,nourishment1 and what is unsavoury and pernicious4 ,and for this ,end1 the all-wise ,creator seems to have establish'd a great ,consent between the ,eye1 the ,nose1 and ,tongue1 by ordering the ,branches of the same ,nervesd1 to each of those three ,parts2 as also indeed to divers other ,parts of the ,body1 which ,i may have occasion to mention in a more proper ,placee4 ,by which ,means1 there is all the ,guard that can be1 against pernicious ,food2 forasmuch as before it is taken into the ,stomach1 it is to undergo the ,trial of three of the ,senses2 the ,scrutiny of the ,eye1 the strict ,surveyor of its outward ,appearance2 and the ,probation of the ,smell and ,taste1 the two severest ,judges of its natural ,constitution and ,composition4 ,,footnotes3 a 1 c4 ,saporum genera1----dulcis1 pinguis1 austerus1 acerbus1 acris1 salsus1 amarus1 acidus4 ,theophr4 de ,caus4 ,plant4 l4 #f4 c4 #a4 ,what may the ,cause of the difference of ,tastes1 he saith is hard to assign1 1 c4 ,utrum affectionibus ,sensuum----an figuris1 quibus singuli constant1 ut ,democritus censet4 id4 ib4 1 c4 ,democritus----dulcem esse saporem qui rotundus3 acerbum qui figur magn2 asperum qui multis angulis1 c4 id4 ib4 c4 ,but of the ,diversities and ,causes of ,tastes1 see ,dr4 ,grew1 ,lect4 #f4 and ,dr4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 c4 #ab4 b ,intellectus ,saporum est cteris in prim lingu3 ,homini1 in palato4 ,plin4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 ,the ,opinions of ,anatomists concerning the ,organ of ,taste1 are various4 ,bauhin1 ,t4 ,bartholin1 ,bartholette1 ,vestinge1 ,deusinge1 c4 place it in the laxer1 fleshy ,parts of the ,tongue4 ,our famous ,wharton1 in the ,gland at the ,root of the ,tongue3 ,laurentius in the thin ,tunick covering the ,tongue2 but the ,learned ,malpighi with great ,probability concludes1 because the outward ,cover of the ,tongue is perforated1 under which lie papillary ,parts1 7of which ,mr4 ,cowper1 hath very good ,cuts in his ,anat4 ,tab4 #ac47 that in these the ,taste lieth4 ,malpighi's ,words are1 ,quare cm dictis meatibus insignibus occurrant papillaria corpora1 probabilius est in his ultimo1 ex subintranti sapido humore titillationem1 mordicationem quandam fieri1 qu ,gustum efficiat4 ,malpig4 ,op4 ,tom4 #b4 ,de ,lingu1 pag4 #ah4 ,prcipuum ac fer solum ,gustats organon est ,lingua2 cui aliquatenus subobscure tamen ,palatum1 superior ,gul pars consentiunt3 in omnibus ver fibr nervos immediata sensionis instrumenta sunt4 ,quare observare est1 ,linguam pr ali quvis parte insigniter fibrosam esse1 etiam textur vald poros constare1 in eum nempe finem1 ut particul rei sapid copiosis ac penitis intra ,sensorii meatus admittantur----,nervi autem qui fibris ,lingu densissim intertextis famulantur1 ac saporum impressiones communicant1 sunt----,nervi paribus tum quinto1 tum nono2 ubique cum dens propaginum serie per totam ejus compagem distributi4 ,willis ibid4 c ,gustatus1 qui sentire eorum quibus vescimur genera debet1 habitat in e parte ,oris1 qu esculentis poculentis iter natura patefecit4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ef4 ,vid4 quoque supr4 ,note 7b71 ,chap4 #d4 d ,multa hujus quinti paris ,nervi propagines ,masticationis operi destinantur2 ideoque quoniam alimenta ingerenda non modo ,gustus1 ast etiam ,olfacts ,viss examen subire debent1 ab eodem ,nervo1 cujus rami ad ,palatum ,fauces missi1 ,manducationis negotium peragunt1 propagines ali1 velut exploratrites1 ad ,nares ,oculos feruntur1 nempe ut isthc aliorum sensuum organa1 etiam ad objecta ,gusts melius dignoscenda probationum auxiliis quibusdam instruantur4 ,willis ,nerv4 ,descrip4 ,usus4 cap4 #bb4 e ,see ,book ,v4 chap4 #h4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,sense of ,feelinga4 ,having spent so much ,time upon the other ,senses1 and therein given such ample ,proofs of the infinite ,creator's ,wisdom2 ,i shall but briefly take ,notice of two ,things relating to this last ,sense4 ,one is its ,organ1 the ,nerves4 ,for as all ,sensation is performed by the ,nervesb1 and indeed the other ,senses 7performed by ,nerves7 are a kind of ,feeling2 so is this ,sense of ,feeling performed by ,nerves likewise1 spread in the most incomparable1 curious ,manner throughout the whole ,body4 ,but to describe their ,origine in the ,brain1 and ,spinal-,marrow1 their ,ramifications to all the ,parts2 their ,inosculations with one another2 and other ,matters2 whereby not only the ,sense of ,feeling is perform'd1 but also animal ,motion1 and an admirable ,consent and ,harmony of all the ,parts of the ,body is effected3 7,to describe1 ,i say1 these ,things7 would take up too much ,time1 and ,i have already1 and shall1 as ,i go along1 give some ,hints thereof4 ,the other ,thing ,i shall take ,notice of1 is1 the ,dispersion of this ,sense throughout the ,body1 both without1 and within4 ,the other ,senses1 ,i have observ'd1 are seated in the very best ,place for the ,relief and ,comfort1 the ,guard and ,benefit of the ,animal4 ,and forasmuch as it is necessary to the ,being1 and well-being of the ,body1 that every ,part should be sensible of ,things safe1 or ,things prejudicial to it self2 therefore it is an admirable ,contrivance of the great ,creator1 to disperse this ,sense of ,feeling throughout every ,partc2 to distinguish between ,pleasure and ,pain2 ,things salutary1 and ,things hurtful to the ,body4 ,thus in the five ,senses of ,animals1 we have an conomy worthy of the ,creator1 and manifestly demonstrating his ,power1 ,wisdom and ,indulgence4 ,for whether we consider the ,mechanism of the ,organs1 or the great ,use and ,convenience of each ,sense1 we find it noble and grand1 curious and artificial2 and every way worthy of its infinite ,maker1 and beyond the ,wit and ,power of any ,thing but a ,,god3 ,and therefore we must even deny our ,senses1 by denying them to be ,god's handy-work4 ,and now from those chief ,machines of animal ,performances and ,enjoyments1 the five ,senses2 let us pass to another ,thing in common to all the ,sensitive ,creatures1 which is ,respiration4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,malpighi is of this ,opinion1 that as ,taste is performed by the ,papill in the ,tongue1 so is ,feeling by such like ,papill under the ,skin4 ,from several ,dissections1 and other ,observations1 he thus concludes1 ,ex his similibus videbatur animus abund certior redditus1 earundem ,papillarum pyramidalium copiam1 quas alis in ,lingu descripsi1 in locis prcipu acquisitiori ,tactui dicatis reperiri1 eodem progigni nervoso cuticulari corpore1 simulque circumvolvi reticulari involucro1 extimam cuticulam1 veluti ultimum terminum attingere4----,microscopio quilibet in mans dorso pro sudore orificia qudam miro ordine dispersa intueri potest1 circa qu frequentia qudam capitula assurgunt2 hc ver sunt ,papillarum fines1 dum cute assurgentes interpositum superant rete1 simulque extimam cuticulam4 ,hc repetitis sectionibus deprehendi2 ex quibus non improbabiliter deducam1 sicuti ex elatioribus----papillis----in ,lingu1 ,gusts ,organon elicitur1----ita ex copios harum ,papillarum congerie----in organis1 ubi maxim animalia ,tacts motione afficiuntur1----adquatum ,tacts organum sufficientr haberi4 ,malpig4 de extern4 ,tact4 ,org4 p4 #bf4 ,consul4 quoque ejusd4 ,vit4 p4 #bh4 ,these ,observations of ,malpighi1 our late curious and diligent ,mr4 ,cowper hath confirmed1 and given us very elegant ,cuts both of the ,skin1 and the ,papill1 and the ,nerves1 ,glands1 c4 under it1 from ,microscopical ,observations4 ,vid4 ,cowper's ,anat4 ,introd4 and ,tab4 #d4 b ,although the ,eye be the usual ,judge of ,colours1 yet some have been able to distinguish them by their ,feeling4 ,quidam fuit qui venit ad ,m4 ,duc4 ,hetruri aulam qui colores per ,tactum cognoscebat4 ,pro experimento velum sericum1 uniformiter textum1 pluribus coloribus tinctum1 offerebatur1 veracitr de colore to singulis partibus judicabat4 ,grimald4 de ,lum4 ,col4 prop4 #dc4 4 #ei4 c ,tactus autem toto corpore quabilitr fusus est1 ut omnes ictus1 omnesque nimios frigoris1 caloris appulsus sentire possimus4 ,cicer4 ubi supr4 ,tactus sensus omnibus est1 etiam quibus nullus alius2 nam ,ostreis1 terrestribus ,vermibus quoque4 ,existimaverim omnibus sensum ,gustats esse4 ,cur enim alios alia sapores appetunt8 in quo vel prcipua ,natur architectio4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #ga4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of ,respiration4 ,of all the ,acts of ,animal ,life1 this is one of the chief1 and most necessary4 ,for whatsoever hath ,animal ,life1 hath also the ,faculty of ,respiration1 or somewhat equivalent theretoa4 ,indeed so congenial is this with ,life1 that ,breath and ,life are in ,scripture ,phrase and ,common ,speech taken as synonymous ,things1 or at least necessary ,concomitants of one another4 ,mosesb expresseth animal ,life1 by ,the ,breath of ,life4 ,saith he1 ,gen4 vii4 #ba1 #bb4 ,all ,flesh that moved on the ,earth1 ,fowl1 ,cattle1 ,beast1 creeping ,things1 and ,man2 all in whose ,nostrils was the ,breath of ,life in the dry ,land died4 ,so the ,psalmist1 ,psal4 civ4 #bi4 ,thou takest away their ,breath1 they die4 ,so grand an ,act therefore in common to all ,animals1 may justly deserve a ,place in this ,survey of the ,works of ,god in the animal ,kingdom4 ,and here ,i might launch out into an ample ,description of all the ,parts ministering to this necessary ,act1 and shew the curious ,contrivance and artificial ,structure of them2 but a transient ,view shall suffice4 ,i might begin with the outward ,guards1 the ,nose and ,mouth2 but these have been already touched upon4 ,but the exquisite ,mechanism of the ,larynx1 its ,variety of ,muscles1 its ,cartilages1 all so exquisitely made for the ,purpose of ,respiration1 and forming the ,voicec1 are very admirable3 ,and no less so is the ,tongued1 which ministers to that1 and many other ,uses too4 ,next1 the ,fabrick of thee ,trachea deserves especial ,remark4 ,its ,valve1 the ,epiglottis on the ,top1 to fence against all ,annoyances2 its cartilaginous ,ringsf nearly environing it1 with its membranous ,part next the ,gullet1 to give the freer ,passage to the ,descent of the ,food4 ,and ,lastly1 ,its inner ,tegument of exquisite ,sense to be readily affected with1 and to make ,efforts against every ,thing that is hurtful or offensive2 these1 ,i say1 do all justly deserve our ,admiration4 ,and no less prodigious are the ,parts farther within2 the ,bronchi1 the ,vesiculg1 with their muscular ,fibresh1 as some assert they have1 together with the ,arteries and ,veins1 which every where accompany the airy ,passages1 for the ,blood to receive there its ,impregnations from the ,air4 ,from hence ,i might proceed to the commodious ,form of the ,ribsi1 the curious ,mechanism of the ,intercostal-,musclesk1 the ,diaphragm1 and all the other ,musclesl ministring both to the ordinary1 and extraordinary ,offices of ,respiration4 ,but passing them by1 ,i shall stop at one prodigious ,work of ,nature1 and manifest ,contrivance of the ,almighty ,creator1 which although taken notice of by othersm1 yet cannot be easily passed by in the ,subject ,i am upon2 and that is the ,circulation of the ,blood in the ,ftus in the ,womb1 so different from the ,method thereof after it is ,born4 ,in the ,womb1 whilst it is as one ,body with the ,mother1 and there is no ,occasion1 nor ,place for ,respiration1 there are two ,passagesn on purpose for the ,transmission of the ,blood without passing it through the ,lungs4 ,but as soon as the ,ftus is ,born1 and become thereby a perfectly distinct ,being1 and breathes for it self1 then these two ,passages are shut up3 one nearly obliterated1 the other becomes only a ,ligament1 except in some ,creatures that are ,amphibious1 or are forced to lie long under ,water1 in whom these ,passages probably remain openo4 ,and now what ,action of any rational ,creature1 what is there in a ,man's ,life1 that doth more plainly shew ,design1 ,reason1 and ,contrivance1 than this very ,act of ,nature doth the ,contrivance and ,design of the great ,,god of ,nature8 ,what is ,thought and ,contrivance1 if this be not8 ,namely1 ,that there should be a temporary ,part in the ,body1 made just for the present ,exigence2 to continue whilst there is occasion for it1 and to cease when there is none2 in some ,creatures to remain always1 by ,reason of their amphibious ,way of ,living1 and in ,land-animals 7purely such7 to cease8 ,another excellent ,contrivance1 a-kin to the last1 is1 for the ,preservation of such ,creatures whose occasions frequently necessitate them to live without1 or with but little ,respiration3 ,fishes might be named here1 whose ,habitation is always in the ,waters2 but these belong to an ,element which ,i cannot at present engage in4 ,but there are many ,animals of our own ,element1 or partly so1 whose ,organs of ,respiration1 whose ,blood1 whose ,heart1 and other ,instruments of ,life1 are admirably accommodated to their ,method of ,living3 ,thus many amphibious ,creaturesp1 who live in ,water as well as ,air2 many quadrupeds1 ,birds1 ,insects1 and other ,animals1 who can live some ,hours1 ,days1 yea1 whole ,winters1 with little or no ,respiration1 in a ,torpitude1 or sort of ,sleep1 or middle ,state between ,life and ,death3 ,the ,provision made for these peculiar ,occasions of ,life1 in the ,fabrick of the ,lungs1 the ,heart1 and other ,parts of such ,creaturesq1 is manifestly the ,work of him1 who as ,st4 ,paul saithr1 giveth to all ,breath1 and ,life1 and all ,things4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the ,uses assign'd to ,respiration by all the ,anatomists before ,malpighi's ,discoveries of the ,structure of the ,lungs1 are so various1 and many of them so improbable1 that it would be frivolous to recount them4 ,but the more eminent modern ,anatomists assign these ,uses4 ,willis thus sums up his ,opinion1 ,prcipua ,pulmonum functio1 usus sunt1 sanguinem aerem per totas partium compages1 intimosque recessus1 atq2 ductus quosque minutissimos traducere1 ubique invicem committere2 in cum nempe finem1 ut sanguis venosus circuitu redux1 chymo recenti dilutus1----tum perfectis misceatur velut subigatur1 tum potissimm ut secundm omnes suas partes ab are nitroso de novo accendatur4 ,pharmaceut4 p4 #b4 ,s4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #b4 ,mayow saith rightly1 that one grand ,use of ,expiration is1 ,ut cum are expulso1 etiam vapores sanguine exhalantes1 simul exsufflentur4 ,and as for ,inspiration1 that it coveyeth a nitro-aerial ferment to the ,blood1 to which the ,animal-,spirits are owing1 and all ,muscular-,motion4 ,mayow de ,respir4 p4 #bb4 c4 me ,edit4 ,somewhat of the ,opinion of these two last cited1 if ,i mistake not 7it being long since ,i read their ,tracts1 and have them not now at hand17 were ,ent1 ,sylvius1 ,swammerdam1 ,diemerbroek1 and my ,friend ,mr4 ,ray in an unpublished ,tract of his1 and in his ,letters now in my ,hands4 ,but our ,dr4 ,thurston1 for good ,reasons1 rejects these from being principal ,uses of ,respiration1 and thinks1 with great ,reason1 the principal ,uses to be to move1 or pass the ,blood from the right to the left ,ventricle of the ,heart4 ,upon which account ,persons hanged1 drowned1 or strangled by ,catarrhs1 so suddenly die1 namely1 because the ,circulation of their ,blood is stopped4 ,for the same ,reason also it is1 that ,animals die so soon in the ,air-,pump4 ,among other ,proofs he instanceth in an ,experiment of ,dr4 ,croon1 ,profess4 ,gresh4 which he made before our ,r4 ,s4 by strangling a ,pullet1 so that not the least ,sign of ,life appear'd2 but by blowing ,wind into the ,lungs through the ,trachea1 and so setting the ,lungs a playing1 he brought the ,bird to ,life again4 ,another ,experiment was once tried by ,dr4 ,walter ,needham1 before ,mr4 ,boyl1 and others at ,oxford1 by hanging a ,dog1 so that the ,heart ceased moving4 ,but hastily opening the ,dog1 and blowing ,wind into the ,ductus ,pecquetianus1 he put the ,blood in ,motion1 and by that means the ,heart1 and so recovered the ,dog to ,life again4 ,v4 ,thurston de ,respir4 ,us4 p4 #fj1 and #fc4 me ,edit4 ,such an ,experiment as ,dr4 ,croon's my ,friend1 the late justly renowned ,dr4 ,hook shewed also our ,r4 ,s4 ,he cut away the ,ribs1 ,diaphragm1 and ,pericardium1 of a ,dog2 also the top of the ,wind-,pipe1 that he might tie it on to the ,nose of a ,pair of ,bellows2 and by blowing into the ,lungs1 he restored the ,dog to ,life2 and then ceasing blowing1 the ,dog would soon fall into dying ,fits2 but by blowing again1 he recovered2 and so alternately would die1 and recover1 for a considerable ,time1 as long1 and often as they pleased4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bh4 ,for the farther ,confirmation of ,dr4 ,thurston's ,opinion1 the ingenious ,dr4 ,musgrave cut off1 and close stopped up the ,wind-,pipe of a ,dog with a ,cork1 and then threw open the ,thorax2 where he found the ,blood stagnating in the ,lungs1 the ,arteria ,pulmonaris the right ,ventricle and ,auricle of the ,heart1 and the two great ,trunks of the ,cava1 distended with ,blood to an immense ,degree2 but at the same ,time1 the ,vena ,pulmonaris1 the left ,ventricle and ,auricle of the ,heart in a manner empty1 hardly a spoonful of ,blood therein4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bdj4 ,or both the ,experiments may be together met with in ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #c4 p4 #ff1 #fg4 ,this ,opinion of our learned ,thurston1 the late learned ,etmullerus espoused1 who being particular in reckoning up the ,uses of ,respiration1 ,i shall therefore the more largely cite him4 ,respiration1 saith he1 serves1 #a4 ,ad ,olfactum4 #b4 ,ad ,screatum ,sputationem4 #c4 ,ad ,oscitationem1 ,tussim1 ,sternutationem1 ,emunctionemque4 #d4 ,ad liquidorum ,sorbitionem1 ,suctionemve4 #e4 ,ad ,loquelam1 ,cantum1 ,clamorem1 ,risum1 ,fletum1 ,flatum1 c4 #f4 ,ad facum ,alvi1 ,urin1 ,fts ,molve1 necnon ,secundinarum expulsionem4 #g4 ,ad promovendi ,ventriculi1 ,intestinorum1 ,lacteorumque vasorum1 c4 contenta4 #h4 ,ad halitus aqueos ,sanguinis pulmonibus1 aris ope1 exportandos4 #i4 ,ad ,diapnon4 #aj4 ,ad exactiorem ,chyli1 ,lymphaque1 necnon ,sanguinis----miscelam4 #aa4 ,ad conciliandum sanguini----coccineam rubedinem1 c4 #ab4 ,nec meros negabimus1 arem----pulmones1 sanguinem illos transcurrentem1 mins calida reddere1 c4 #ac4 ,quod denique ar sanguini singulis ,respirationibus aliquantill sui parte1 admixtus1 paucissimas quasdam in spiritum animalium elaboratione particulas simul contribuat4 ,all these ,uses1 although of great ,consequence1 yet he thinks rather conduce to the ,well-,being1 than the ,being of the ,animal2 because without any of them1 the ,animal would not so speedily die1 as it doth by ,strangling1 or in the ,air-,pump4 ,he therefore assigns a #ad1 and the principal ,use of ,respiration to be1 ,for the passing of the ,blood through the ,lungs1 that is thrown into them by the ,heart4 ,etmull4 ,dissert4 #b4 c4 #aj4 4 #a4 #af4 ,but the late ,dr4 ,drake1 with great ,ingenuity and ,address1 7like a ,person so considerable for his ,years1 as he was in his ,time17 not only establish'd this ,notion of ,respiration1 but also carries it farther1 making it the true ,cause of the ,diastole of the ,heart2 which neither ,borelli1 ,lower1 or ,cowper1 much less any before those great ,men1 have well accounted for4 ,that the ,heart is a ,muscle1 is made evident beyond all doubt by ,dr4 ,lower4 ,and that the ,motion of all ,muscles consists in ,constriction1 is not to be doubted also4 ,by which means the ,systole is easily accounted for4 ,but forasmuch as the ,heart hath no ,antagonist-,muscle1 the ,diastole hath puzzled the greatest ,wits4 ,but ,dr4 ,drake with great ,judgment1 and much ,probability of ,reason1 maketh the ,weight of the ,incumbent ,atmosphere to be the true ,antagonist to all the ,muscles which serve both for ordinary ,inspiration and the ,constriction of the ,heart4 ,the ,particulars of his ,opinion may be seen in his ,anatomy1 l4 #b4 c4 #g4 ,and in ,philos4 ,trans4 #bha4 ,and ,i remember when ,i was at the ,university1 my most ingenious and learned ,tutor ,dr4 ,wills1 when he read ,anatomy to us1 was of ,opinion1 that the ,lungs were blown up by the ,weight of the incumbent ,air1 and represented the manner of ,respiration in this manner1 viz4 ,he put a ,bladder into a ,pair of ,bellows1 turning back the ,neck of the ,bladder1 and tying it fast1 so that no ,air might enter in between the ,bladder and ,bellows4 ,this being done1 when the ,bellows were opened1 the ,bladder would be blown up by the ,weight of the incumbent ,air2 and when shut1 the ,air would be thereby pressed forcibly out of the ,bladder1 so as to blow the ,fire4 ,this ,experiment ,i take ,notice of here2 because 7besides the ,illustration it gives to ,respiration7 that great ,genius seems to have had a truer ,notion of this ,phnomenon1 than was very common then1 viz4 about the ,year #afgg or #gh2 as also1 because ,i have in some ,authors met with the same ,experiment1 without mention of ,dr4 ,wills1 whose ,i take it to have been4 ,another ,use of great ,consideration1 the already commended ,dr4 ,cheyne assigns2 namely1 to form the elastick ,globules of which the ,blood principally consists1 without which there would be a general ,obstruction in all the capillary ,arteries4 ,cheyne's ,phil4 ,prin4 of ,nat4 ,rel4 or ,harris's ,lex4 ,tech4 in ,lungs4 b ,gen4 ii4 #g4 vi4 #ag4 and vii4 #ae4 c ,because it would be endless to specify the curious ,mechanism of all the ,parts1 concurring to the ,formation of the ,voice2 ,i shall therefore for a ,sample note only two ,things1 #a4 ,there are thirteen ,muscles provided for the ,motion of the five ,cartilages of the ,larynx1 ,gibs4 ,anat4 l4 #b4 c4 #ad1 a ,sign of the careful and elaborate ,provision that is made for the ,voice4 #b4 ,it is a prodigious ,faculty of the ,glottis1 in contracting and dilating itself with such ,exquisiteness1 as to form all ,notes4 ,for 7as the ingenious ,dr4 ,keil saith7 supposing the greatest ,distance of the two ,sides of the ,glottis1 to be one tenth ,part of an ,inch in sounding #ab ,notes1 7to which the ,voice easily reaches27 this ,line must be divided into #ab ,parts1 each of which gives the ,aperture requisite for such a ,note1 with a certain ,strength4 ,but if we consider the ,sub-division of ,notes1 into which the ,voice can run1 the ,motion of the ,sides of the ,glottis is still vastly nicer4 ,for if two ,chords sounding exactly ,unisons1 one be shortened1 ,part of its ,length1 a just ,ear will perceive the ,disagreement1 and a good ,voice will sound the ,difference1 which is ,part of a ,note4 ,but suppose the ,voice can divide a ,note into #ajj ,parts1 it follows that the different ,apertures of the ,glottis actually divide the tenth ,part of an ,inch into #abjj ,parts1 the ,effect of each of which produces a sensible ,alteration upon a good ,ear4 ,but because each ,side of the ,glottis moves just equally1 therefore the ,divisions are just double1 or the ,sides of the ,glottis1 by their ,motion do actually divide one tenth ,part of an ,inch into #bdjj ,parts4 ,keil's ,anat4 c4 #c4 ,sect4 #g4 d ,among the ,instruments of ,speech1 the ,tongue is a necessary one2 and so necessary1 that it is generally thought no ,speech can be without it4 ,but in the third ,tome of the ,ephem4 ,germ4 is published1 ,jac4 ,rolandi ,aglossostomographia1 sive ,descriptio ,oris sine ,lingu1 quod perfecte loquitur1 reliquas suas functiones naturalitr exercet4 ,the ,person described is one ,pet4 ,durand1 a ,french ,boy of eight or nine ,years old1 who at five or six lost his ,tongue by a ,gangrene1 occasioned the ,small-,pox4 ,notwithstanding which1 he could 7as the ,title saith7 speak perfectly1 as also taste1 spit1 swallow1 and chew his ,food2 but this latter he could do only on that ,side he put it into1 not being able to turn it to the other ,side his ,mouth4 ,in the same ,tract1 ,chap4 #f4 is this ,observation of ventriloquous ,persons1 ,memini me quodam sat celebri ,anatomico audivisse1 dum de duplicatur ,mediastini ageret1 si ,membrana ista duplex naturalitr unita in duas partes dividatur1 loquelam quasi ex pectore procedere1 ut circumstantes credant ,dmoniacum hunc1 aut ,sternomythum4 e ,the ,variation of the ,wind-pipe is observable in every ,creature1 according as it is necessary for that of the ,voice4 ,in an ,urchin1 which hath a very small ,voice1 'tis hardly more than membranous4 ,and in a ,pigeon1 which hath a low and soft ,note1 'tis partly cartilaginous1 and partly membranous4 ,in an ,owl1 which hath a good audible ,note1 'tis more cartilaginous2 but that of a ,jay1 hath hard ,bones instead of ,cartilages2 and so of a ,linnet3 ,whereby they have both of them a louder and stronger ,note1 c4 ,the ,rings of the ,wind-pipe are fitted for the ,modulation of the ,voice3 ,for in ,dogs and ,cats1 which in the ,expression of divers ,passions use a great many ,notes1 7as ,men do17 they are open and flexible1 as in ,man4 ,whereby all1 or any of them are dilated1 or contracted1 more or less1 as is convenient for a higher or deeper ,note1 c4 whereas in some other ,animals1 as in the ,japan-,peacock1 which useth hardly more than one single ,note1 they are entire1 c4 ,grew's ,cosmolog4 ,sacr4 ,book ,i4 ,chap4 #e4 4 #i1 #aj4 f ,it is a farther manifest ,indication of singular ,design in the cartilaginous ,rings of the aspera ,arteria1 that all the ,way where they are contiguous to the ,oesophagus1 they are membranous1 to afford an easie ,passage to the ,food2 but after that1 in the ,bronchi2 they are1 some compleatly annular1 some triangular1 c4 ,and another observable is1 the lower ,parts of the superior ,cartilages1 receive the upper ,parts of the inferior1 in the ,bronchi2 whereas in the aspera ,arteria1 the ,cartilages run and remain parallel to one another2 which is a noble ,difference or ,mechanism in this 7in a ,manner7 one and the same ,part1 enabling the ,lungs and ,bronchi to contract themselves in ,expiration1 and to extend and dilate themselves in ,inspiration4 g ,i shall not here intrench so much upon the ,anatomist's ,province1 to give a ,description of the ,lungs1 although it be a curious ,piece of ,god's ,workmanship2 but refer to ,seignior ,malpighi1 the first ,discoverer of their ,vesicul in #affj1 in his two ,letters to ,borelli de ,pulmon4 ,also to ,dr4 ,willis's ,pharm4 ,rat4 p4 #b4 ,s4 #a4 c4 #a4 de ,respir4 ,orig4 ,us4 who as he wrote after ,malpighi1 so hath more accurately described those parts2 and to ,mr4 ,cowper's ,anat4 ,tab4 #bd1 #be4 ,and if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see what ,opposition ,seignior ,malpighi's ,discoveries met with at ,home and ,abroad1 and what ,controversies he had on that ,account1 as also his ,censures of ,dr4 ,willis's ,descriptions and ,figures1 he may consult ,malpighi's ,life written by himself1 pag4 #d to #ba4 ,that the ,lungs consist of ,vesicul1 or ,lobuli of ,vesicul admitting of ,air from the ,bronchi1 is visible1 because they may be blown up1 cleansed of ,blood1 and so dried4 ,but ,mr4 ,cowper saith1 he could never part the ,lobuli1 7so as to make ,dr4 ,willis's ,fig4 #a4 ,tab4 #c4 #d47 so that probably the ,vesicul are contiguous to one another throughout each ,lobe of the ,lungs4 ,and not only ,air2 but ,diemerbroeck proves1 that the ,vesicul admit of ,dust also1 from two asthmatick ,persons he opened2 one a ,stonecutter's ,man1 the ,vesicul of whose ,lungs were so stuffed with ,dust1 that in cutting1 his ,knife went as if through an ,heap of ,sand2 the other was a ,feather-driver1 who had these ,bladders filled with the fine ,dust or ,down of ,feathers4 h ,there is a considerable ,difference between ,dr4 ,willis1 and ,etmuller1 viz4 ,whether the ,vesicul of the ,lungs have any muscular ,fibres or not8 ,etmuller expressly saith1 ,nullas ,fibras musculosas1 multo mins rubicundam ,musculorum compagem 7sunt enim ,vesicul albid fere diaphan7 in ipsis reperiri4 ubi supr4 c4 #f4 4 #b4 ,and afterwards1 4 #c4 ,pulmones esse molles flexilesque musculosis fibris ceu propri explicationis organis destitutos4 ,but ,dr4 ,willis as expressly alerts they have musculous ,fibres1 and assigns an excellent ,use of them2 ,cellul ist vesiculares1 ut nixus pro expiratione contractivos edant1 etiam fibras1 ut per ,microscopium plan conspicere est1 musculares obtinent1 ubi supr4 4 #af4 ,and in the next 1 ,ut pro dat occasione majorem aris copiam exsufflent1 aut materiam extussiendam ejiciant1 fibris muscularibus donat1 sese arctis contrahunt1 contentaque sua penits exterminant4 ,et enim ordinari pectoris ,systol1 quas musculorum relaxationes ex parte efficiunt1 arem forsan totum ,trache ,bronchiis1 haud tamen ,vesiculis1 quque vice ejiciunt3 propter has 7quoties opus erit7 inaniendas1 totius ,pectoris cavitas plurimm angustatur1 cellul ips vesiculures propriis fibris constrictis coarctantur4 i ,circa hos motus ,scil4 ,pectoris dilatationem1 c4 divini ,conditoris mechanicen1 ad regulas ,mathematicas plan adaptaram1 satis admirari non possumus2 siquidem null ali in re manifests videtur4 ,quippe cm pectoris1 tum ampliato1 tum coarctatio quibusdam ,musculis 7quorum munus unicum est contrahere7 perfici debeat2 res ita instituitur1 ut ,cost qu thoracis1 volut parallelogrammi oblongi versus cylindrum incurvati1 latera efformant1 in figuram mod quadratam1 cum angulis rectis1 pro pectoris ampliatione2 mod in rhomboeidem1 cum angulis acutis pro ejusdem contractione1 ducantur1 c4 ,willis1 ubi supr4 4 #bh4 ,galen having spoken of the ,parts ministring to ,respiration1 concludeth1 ,nihil usquam ,natur ullo pacto per incuriam1 fuisse prteritum1 qua cm omnia prsentiret provideret1 qu sunt necessaria illa1 qu causa alicujus extiterunt1 confecutura1 omnibus instaurationes parare occupavit1 cujus apparatus copiosa facultas admirabilem ,sapientiam testantur4 ,de us4 part4 l4 #e4 c4 #ae4 ,see also l4 #f4 c4 #a4 k ,for the ,structure of the ,intercostals1 ,midriff1 c4 ,i shall refer to ,dr4 ,willis1 and other ,anatomists4 ,bur ,dr4 ,drake taxeth ,dr4 ,willis with an ,error in fancying there is an ,opposition in the ,office of the ,intercostals1 by reason that the ,fibres of the external and internal ,intercostals decussate2 that therefore the external serve to raise the ,ribs1 the internal to draw them down4 ,but ,dr4 ,drake is of ,steno's1 and ,dr4 ,mayow's ,opinion1 that notwithstanding the ,decussation of their ,fibres1 the ,power they exert upon1 and the ,motion they effect in the ,ribs1 is one and the same4 ,drake's ,anat4 l4 #b4 c4 #g4 and l4 #d4 c4 #e4 ,mayow de ,respir4 c4 #g4 l ,although ,dr4 ,drake and some others deny the ,intercostals being ,antagonist-,muscles1 as in the preceding ,note1 yet they1 and most other ,anatomists that ,i have met with1 attribute a considerable ,power to them in the act of ,respiration1 as they do also to the ,subclavian and ,triangular ,muscles3 but the learned ,etmuller denies it for these three ,reasons1 #a4 ,quia respirando nullam in illis contractionem sentio4 #b4 ,quia----sibi invicem non adducuntur1 c4 #c4 ,quia ,cost omnes ab aliis mod enarratis musculis moventur1 idque simul1 c4 ,intercostales itaque1 necnon ,subclavios ,musculos ,costis1 parietum instar1 ad complenda interstitia intercostalia1 pectusque integrandum1 ac ,costas connectendas1 intertectos esse1 probabiliter concludo2 quo munere triangulares etiam----fungi1 rationi consentaneum est4 ,etmul4 ,dissert4 #b4 cap4 #d4 4 #f4 ,but as to the ,use of the ,triangular ,muscle in ,respiration1 we may judge of it1 from its remarkable ,size1 and ,use in a ,dog2 of which ,dr4 ,willis gives this ,account from ,fallopius3 ,in ,homine parvus ade subtilis iste ,musculus est1 ut vix pro ,musculo accipi queat3 in ,cane per totum os pectoris protenditur1 cartilagines omnes1 etiam verarum ,costarum sterno inosculatas1 occupat3 ,cujus discriminis ratio divinam circa ,animalium fabricas ,providentiam plan indigitat4 ,quippe cm hoc animal1 ad cursus velocissimos diu continuandos natum1 quo sanguis1 dum intensis agitatur1 rit accendatur eventileturque1 arem celerrim fortiter uti inspirare1 ita etiam exspirare debet----idcirco propter hunc actum firmis obeundum 7cujus in ,homine haud magnus est usus7 musculus caninas molem ingentem tanto operi parem fortitur4 ,willis ubi supr4 4 #cb4 m ,ray's ,wisdom of ,god in the ,creation1 p4 #cdc4 n ,mr4 ,cheselden1 an ingenious and most accurate ,anatomist1 having somewhat particular in his ,observations about the ,circulation of the ,blood through the ,heart of the ,ftus1 ,i shall present the ,reader with some of his ,observations1 which he favoured me with the ,sight of4 ,the ,blood 7saith he7 which is brought to the ,heart by the ascending ,cava1 passes out of the right ,auricle into the left1 through a ,passage called ,foramen ,ovale1 in the ,septum common to them both without passing through the right ,ventricle 7as after the ,birth7 while the ,blood from the descending ,cava passeth through the right ,auricle and ,ventricle into the pulmonary ,artery1 and thence into the ,aorta through the ,duct1 betwixt that and the pulmonary ,artery1 called ,ductus ,arteriosus1 whilst a small ,portion of the ,blood1 thrown into the pulmonary ,artery passeth through the ,lungs1 no more than is sufficient to keep open the pulmonary ,vessels4 ,thus both ,ventricles are employed in driving the ,blood through the ,aorta to all ,parts of the ,ftus1 and to the ,mother too4 ,but after the ,birth1 the ,blood being to be driven from the ,aorta through the ,ftus alone1 and not the ,mother too1 one ,ventricle becomes sufficient1 whilst the other is employed in driving the ,blood through the ,lungs1 the ,ductus ,arteriosus being shut up by means of the ,alteration of its ,position1 which happens to it from the raising the ,aorta by the ,lungs when they become inflated4 ,after that the ,blood is thus driven into the ,lungs1 in its return it shuts the ,valve of the ,foramen ,ovale against the ,foramen it self1 to whose ,sides it soon adheres1 and so stops up the ,passage4 ,the ,ductus ,arteriosus1 or ,ductus ,arteriosus in ,ligamentum versus1 is seldom to be discerned in adult ,bodies1 but the ,figure of the ,foramen ,ovale is never obliterated4 o ,it hath been generally thought to be not improbable1 but that on some ,occasions the ,foramen ,ovale may remain open in ,man4 ,in a ,girl of four or five ,years of ,age1 ,dr4 ,connor found it but half closed1 and in the ,form of a ,crescent4 ,and he thinks somewhat of this kind might be in the ,person whose ,skeleton was found to have no ,joynts in the ,back-,bone1 ,ribs1 c4 ,of which a ,description1 with ,cuts1 may be found in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bae4 and more largely in his ,dissert4 ,med4 ,phys4 de stupendo ,ossium coalitu1 where he adds to the ,girl1 in whom the ,for4 ,ov4 was not shut1 a like ,observation of another ,girl he opened at ,oxford of three ,years ,old1 ,in qu ,foramen ,ovals fer erat occlusum1 in medio tamen1 exili foramine1 per quod ,turundam facil transmisi1 erat pervium1 pag4 #cj4 ,so ,mr4 ,cowper 7than whom none more accurate and a better ,judge7 saith1 ,i have often found the ,foramen ,ovale open in the ,adult4 ,anat4 ,append4 ,fig4 #c4 ,but ,mr4 ,cheselden is of a different ,opinion4 ,of which in the following ,note4 ,from somewhat of this ,cause ,i am apt to think it was that the ,tronningholm ,gardiner escaped drowning1 and some others mentioned by ,pechlin4 ,his ,stories are1 ,hortulanus ,tronningholmensis etiamnum vivens1 annos natos #fe1 pro ill tate satis adhuc valens vegetus1 cm ante #ah annos1 alii in aquas delapso opem ferre vellet1 forte fortun ipse per glaciem incautis procedens1 aquas incidet #ah ulnas profundas3 ubi ille1 corpore erecto quasi ad perpendiculum1 pedibus fundo adhsit4 ,constitit sic per #af horas1 antequm produceretur in auras4 ,dixit autem1 simul ac infra aquarum superficiem fuit demersus1 statim obriguisse totum1 1 si quem tum habuit motum sensum1 amisisse1 nisi quod sonantes ,stockolmii campanas etiam sub aquis obscuris percipere sibi sit visus4 ,sensit etiam1 statim sese velut vesiculam ori applicsse1 ade ut aqua nulla os penetraverit1 in aures ver transitum1 etiam sentiente illo1 habuerit2 atque inde auditum suum debilitatum aliquandiu esse4 ,hoc statu dum #af horas permansit frustr qusitus1 tandem repertum1 conto in caput infixo1 cujus etiam sensum se habuisse dixit1 fundo extraxerunt1 sperantes ex more aut persuasione gentis revicturum esse4 ,itaque pannis linteisque productum obvolvunt1 ne ar admitti possit perniciosus futurus subito illapsu3 custoditum sic satis ab are sensim sensimque tepidiori loco admovent mox calidis adoriuntur fasciis1 fricant1 radunt1 sufflaminatum tot horis sanguinis corporisque motum negotios ill oper reducunt3 denique antapoplecticis genialibus liquoribus vit reddunt pristin mobilitati4 ,retulit is atque ostendit se etiamnum in capite circumferre vestigia violenti conto illat1 cephalalgiis vexari gravissimis4 ,et propter hunc ipsum casum1 religios popularibus1 hujusce rei testibus probatum1 ,serenissim ,regin matris munificenti annuo stipendio est donatus---- ,serenis4 ,principi----oblatus1 vivus sui testis----,consignatam manu habes ,historiam ,d4 ,tilasii1 ,biblioth4 ,reg4 ,prfecti1 qui testatus est se prnovisse mulierem1 qu tres ipsos dies sub aquis hsit1 similem in modum1 quo ,hortulanus ille1 resuscitata1 adhuc dum lucis plen fruitur usur4 ,accedit ,nob4 ,burmanni----fides4 qui confessus est1----se in pago ,boness parochi ,pithovi concionem frequentsse funebrem1 in qu1 dum acta recenseret ,prco ,senis cujusdam septuagenarii ,laur4 ,jon----audiverit ex ore ,concionatoris1 vivum eum1 adolescentum #ag annorum1 aquis submersum1 #g demum hebdomad 7rem prodigiosam67 extractum ad se rediisse vivum incolumem4 ,pechlin4 de ,aer4 ,alim4 def4 c4 #aj4 ,shall we to this ,cause1 or to the ,ossification1 or more than ordinary ,strength of the ,wind-,pipe1 attribute the ,recovery to ,life of ,persons hanged8 ,of which ,pechlin gives an ,instance that fell under his own ,knowledge1 of a ,woman hanged1 and in all ,appearance dead1 but recovered by a ,physician accidentally coming in1 with a plentiful ,administration of ,spir4 ,sal4 ,armon4 ,pechl4 ib4 c4 #g4 ,and the ,story of ,anne ,green1 executed at ,oxford1 ,dec4 #ad4 #afej4 is still well remembered among the ,seniors there4 ,she was hanged by the ,neck near half an ,hour1 some of her ,friends in the mean ,time thumping her on the ,breast1 others hanging with all their ,weight upon her ,legs1 sometimes lifting her up1 and then pulling her down again with a sudden ,jirk1 thereby the sooner to dispatch her out of her ,pain3 as her printed ,account wordeth it4 ,after she was in her ,coffin1 being observed to breath1 a lusty ,fellow stamped with all his ,force on her ,breast and ,stomach1 to put her out of her ,pain4 ,but by the assistance of ,dr ,peity1 ,dr4 ,willis1 ,dr4 ,bathurst1 and ,dr4 ,clark1 she was again brought to ,life4 ,i my self saw her many ,years after1 after that she had 7,i heard7 born divers ,children4 ,the ,particulars of her ,crime1 ,execution and ,restauration1 see in a little ,pamphlet1 called ,news from the ,dead1 written1 as ,i have been informed1 by ,dr4 ,bathurst1 7afterwards the most vigilant and learned ,president of ,trinity-,college1 ,oxon17 and published in #afea4 with ,verses upon the ,occasion4 p ,the ,sea-,calf hath the ,foramen ,ovale1 by which means it is enabled to stay long under the ,water1 as the ,paris4 ,anatomists4 ,of which see in ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7c74 ,but the fore-commended ,mr4 ,cheselden thinks the ,foramen ,ovale is neither open in amphibious ,creatures1 nor any adult ,land-,animals4 ,when ,i first 7saith he7 applied my self to the ,dissection of ,human ,bodies1 ,i had no distrust of the frequent ,accounts of the ,foramen ,ovale being open in ,adults3 but ,i find since1 that ,i mistook the ,ostium ,venarum ,coronariarum for the ,foramen4 ,the like ,i suppose ,authors have done1 who assert that it is always open in amphibious ,animals3 for we have made diligent ,enquiry into those ,animals1 and never found it open4 ,neither would that 7as they imagine7 serve these ,creatures to live under ,water1 as the ,ftus doth in ,utero1 unless the ,ductus ,arteriosus was open also4 ,this ,opinion of ,mr4 ,cheselden hath this to render it probable1 that the ,ostium ,venarum ,coronariarum is so near the ,foramen ,ovale1 that without due regard1 it may be easily mistaken for it4 ,such therefore as have ,opportunity of examining this ,part in amphibious ,animals1 or any other ,subject1 ought to seek for the ,ostium1 whenever they suspect they have met with the ,foramen4 q ,of the singular ,conformation of the ,heart and ,lungs of the ,tortoise1 which is an amphibious ,animal4 ,see ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7b74 r ,acts xvii4 #be4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,motion of ,animals4 ,next to the two grand ,acts of animal ,life1 their ,sense or ,respiration1 ,i shall consider their ,motion1 or locomotive ,faculty2 whereby they convey themselves from ,place to ,place1 according to their ,occasions1 and ,way of ,life3 ,and the admirable ,apparatus to this ,purpose1 is a plain ,demonstration of ,god's particular ,foresight1 ,care1 and especial ,providence towards all the animal ,world4 ,and here ,i might view in the first ,place the ,muscles1 their curious ,structurea1 the nice tacking them to every ,joynt1 to pull it this ,way1 and that ,way1 and the other ,way1 according to the special ,purpose1 ,design1 and ,office of every such ,joint3 ,also their various ,size and ,strength2 some large and corpulent1 others less1 and some scarce visible to the naked ,eye2 all exactly fitted to every ,place1 and every use of the ,body4 ,and lastly1 ,i might take ,notice of the muscular ,motions1 both involuntary and spontaneousb4 ,next1 ,i might survey the special ,fabrick of the ,bonesc1 ministring to animal ,motion4 ,next1 ,i might take notice of the ,joyntsd1 their compleat ,form adjusted to the ,place1 and ,office they are employed in2 their ,bandage1 keeping them from ,luxations2 the oily ,mattere to lubricate them1 and their own ,smoothness to facilitate their ,motion4 ,and lastly1 ,i might trace the various ,nerves throughout the ,body2 sent about to minister to its various ,motionsf4 ,i might consider their ,origineg1 their ,ramifications to the several ,parts1 and their ,inosculations with one another1 according to the ,harmony and ,accord of one ,part with another1 necessary for the ,benefit of the ,animal4 ,but some of those ,things ,i have given some ,touches upon already1 and more ,i shall mention hereafterh1 and it would be tedious here to insist upon them all4 ,i shall therefore only speak distinctly to the ,locomotive ,act it self1 or what directly relates to it4 ,and here it is admirable to consider the various ,methods of ,naturei1 suited to the ,occasions of various ,animals4 ,in some their ,motion is swift1 in others slow4 ,in some performed with two1 four1 or more ,legs3 in some with two1 or four ,wings3 in some with neitherk4 ,and first for swift or slow ,motion4 ,this we find is proportional to the ,occasions of each respective ,animal4 ,reptiles1 whose ,food1 ,habitation1 and ,nests1 lie in the next ,clod1 ,plant1 ,tree1 or ,hole1 or can bear long ,hunger and ,hardship1 they need neither ,legs nor ,wings for their ,transportation2 but their vermicular or sinuous ,motion 7performed with no less ,art1 and as curiously provided for as the ,legs or ,wings of other ,creatures3 ,this1 ,i say17 is sufficient for their ,conveyance4 ,man and ,beasts1 whose ,occasions require a large ,room1 have accordingly a swifter ,motion1 with proper ,engines for that ,service2 answerable to their ,range for ,food1 their ,occupation of ,business1 or their want of ,armature1 and to secure them against ,harmsl4 ,but for the winged ,creatures 7,birds and ,insects17 as they are to traverse large ,tracts of ,land and ,water1 for their ,food1 for their commodious ,habitation1 or ,breeding their ,young1 to find ,places of ,retreat and ,security from ,mischiefs2 so they have accordingly the ,faculty of flying in the ,air2 and that swiftly or slowly1 a long or short a ,time1 according to their ,occasions and ,way of ,life4 ,and accordingly their ,wings1 and whole ,body1 are curiously prepared for such a ,motion2 as ,i intend to shew in a proper ,placem4 ,another remarkable ,thing in the motive ,faculty of all ,creatures1 is the neat1 geometrical ,performance of it4 ,the most accurate ,mathematician1 the most skilful in mechanick ,motions1 can't prescribe a nicer ,motion 7than what they perform7 to the ,legs and ,wings of those that walk or flyn1 or to the ,bodies of those that creepo4 ,neither can the ,body be more compleatly poised for the ,motion it is to have in every ,creature1 than it already actually is4 ,from the largest ,elephant1 to the smallest ,mite1 we find the ,body artfully balancedp4 ,the ,head not too heavy1 nor too light for the rest of the ,body1 nor the rest of the ,body for itq4 ,the ,viscera are not let loose1 or so placed1 as to swag1 over-balance1 or over-set the ,body2 but well-braced1 and distributed to maintain the quipoise of the ,body4 ,the motive ,parts also are admirably well fixed in respect to the ,center of ,gravity2 placed in the very ,point1 fittest to support and convey the ,body4 ,every ,leg beareth his true ,share of the ,body's ,weight4 ,and the ,wings so nicely are set to the ,center of ,gravity1 as even in that fluid ,medium1 the ,air1 the ,body is as truly balanced1 as we could have balanced it with the nicest ,scales4 ,but among all ,creatures1 none more elegant than the sizing the ,body of ,man1 the gauging his ,body so nicely1 as to be able to stand erect1 to stoop1 to sit1 and indeed to move any way1 only with the ,help of so small a ,stay as the ,feetr3 whose ,mechanism of ,bones1 ,tendons and ,muscles to this purpose1 is very curious and admirable4 ,,footnotes3 a ,that the ,muscles are compounded of ,fibres1 is visible enough4 ,which ,fibres1 the curious and ingenious ,borelli saith1 are cylindraceous2 not hollow1 but filled with a spungy1 pithy ,substance1 after the manner of ,elder1 as he discovered by his ,microscopes4 ,borel4 de ,mot4 ,animal4 ,part #a4 ,these ,fibres1 he saith1 are naturally white2 but derive their ,redness only from the ,blood in them4 ,these ,fibres do in every ,muscle1 7in the ,belly at least of the ,muscle17 run parallel to one another1 in a neat orderly ,form4 ,but they do not at all tend the same ,way1 but some run aslant1 some longways1 c4 according to the ,action or ,position of each respective ,muscle4 ,the ,particulars of which1 and of divers other ,observables in the ,muscles1 would1 besides ,figures1 take up too much room in these ,notes2 and therefore ,i must refer to the ,anatomists1 particularly ,steno1 ,borelli1 ,cowper1 c4 b ,the infinite ,creator hath generally exerted his ,art and ,care1 in the ,provision made by proper ,muscles and ,nerves1 for all the different ,motions in animal ,bodies1 both involuntary1 and voluntary4 ,it is a noble ,providence that most of the vital ,motions1 such as of the ,heart1 ,stomach1 ,guts1 c4 are involuntary1 the ,muscles acting whether we sleep or wake1 whether we will or no4 ,and it is no less providential that some1 even of the vital ,motions1 are partly voluntary1 partly involuntary1 as that for ,instance1 of ,breathing1 which is performed both sleeping and waking2 but can be intermitted for a short ,time on occasion1 as for accurate hearing any ,thing1 c4 or can be encreased by a stronger ,blast1 to make the greater ,discharges of the ,blood from the ,lungs1 when that any ,thing overcharges them4 ,and as for the other ,motions of the ,body1 as of the ,limbs1 and such as are voluntary1 it is a no less ,providence1 that they are absolutely under the ,power of the ,will2 so as that the ,animal hath it in his ,power to command the ,muscles and ,spirits of any part of its ,body1 to perform such ,motions and ,actions as it hath ,occasion for4 c ,quid dicam de ,ossibus8 qu subjecta corpori mirabiles commissuras habent1 ad stabilitatem aptas1 ad artus finiendos accommodatas1 ad motum1 ad omnem corporis actionem4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ee4 ,by ,reason it would be endless to mention all the ,curiosities observable in the ,bones1 ,i shall for a ,sample1 single out only an ,instance or two1 to manifest that ,design was used in the ,structure of these ,parts in ,man4 ,the first shall be in the ,back-,bone1 which 7among many others7 hath these two ,things remarkable4 #a4 ,its different ,articulations from the other ,joynts of the ,body4 ,for here most of the ,joynts are flat1 and withal guarded with ,asperities and ,hollows1 made for catching and holding2 so as firmly to lock and keep the ,joynts from ,luxations1 but withal to afford them such a ,motion1 as is necessary for the ,incurvations of the ,body4 #b4 ,the difference of its own ,joynts in the ,neck1 ,back and ,loins4 ,in the ,neck1 the ,atlas1 or upper ,vertebra1 as also the ,dentata1 are curiously made1 and joynted 7differently from the rest7 for the commodious and easie bending and turning the ,head every way4 ,in the ,thorax1 or ,back1 the ,joynts are more close and firm2 and in the ,loins1 more lax and pliant2 as also the ,spines are different1 and the ,knobs and ,sockets turned the quite contrary way1 to answer the ,occasions the ,body hath to bend more there1 than higher in the ,back4 ,i shall close this ,remark with the ingenious ,dr4 ,keil's ,observation4 ,the ,structure of the ,spine is the very best that can be contrived2 for had it been all ,bone1 we could have had no ,motion in our ,backs2 had it been of two or three ,bones articulated for ,motion1 the ,medulla ,spinalis must have been necessarily bruised at every ,angle or ,joynt2 besides1 the whole would not have been so pliable for the several ,postures we have occasion to put our selves in4 ,if it had been made of several ,bones without intervening ,cartilages1 we should have had no more ,use of it1 than if it had been but one ,bone4 ,if each ,vertebra had had its own distinct ,cartilages1 it might have been easily dislocated4 ,and lastly1 ,the oblique ,processes of each superior and inferior ,vertebra1 keep the middle one that it can neither be thrust backwards nor forwards to compress the ,medulla ,spinalis4 ,keil's ,anat4 c4 #e4 4 #h4 ,compare here what ,galen saith of the ,articulations1 ,ligaments1 ,perforation1 c4 of the ,spine1 to prove the ,wisdom and ,providence of the ,maker of animal ,bodies1 against such as found fault with ,nature's ,works2 among which he names ,diagoras1 ,anaxagoras1 ,asclepiades and ,epicurus4 ,v4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #ab4 init4 and ,chap4 #aa1 c4 also ,l4 #ac4 init4 #b4 ,the next ,instance shall be in one or two ,things1 wherein the ,skeletons of ,sexes differ4 ,thus the ,pelvis made in the ,belly by the ,ilium1 ,ossa ,coxendicis and ,pubis1 is larger in a ,female than ,male ,skeleton1 that there may be more room for the lying of the ,viscera and ,ftus4 ,so the ,cartilage bracing together the two ,ossa ,pubis1 or ,sharebones1 ,bartholine saith1 is twice thicker and laxer in ,women than ,men3 ,as also is the ,cartilage that tieth the ,os ,sacrum to its ,vertebra2 and all to give way to the ,passage of the ,ftus4 ,another considerable ,difference is in the cartilaginous ,production of the seven long ,ribs1 whereby they are braced to the ,breast-,bone4 ,these are harder and firmer in ,women than in ,men2 the better to support the ,weight of the ,breasts1 the sucking ,infant1 c4 d ,it is remarkable in the ,joynts1 and a manifest ,act of ,caution and ,design1 #a4 ,that altho' the ,motion of the ,limbs be circular1 yet the ,center of that ,motion is not in a ,point1 but an ample ,superficies4 ,in a ,point1 the ,bones would wear and penetrate one another2 the ,joynts would be exceedingly weak1 c4 but the ,joynts consisting of two large ,superficies1 ,concave and ,convex1 some furrowed and ridged1 some like a ,ball and ,socket1 and all lubricated with an oily ,substance1 they are incomparably prepared both for ,motion and ,strength4 #b4 ,that the ,bones next the ,joynt are not spungy1 as their ,extremities commonly are1 nor hard and brittle1 but capped with a strong1 tough1 smooth1 cartilaginous ,substance1 serving both to ,strength and ,motion4 ,but let us here take notice of what ,galen mentions on this ,subject4 ,articulorum unusquisque ,eminentiam ,cavitati immissam habet3 ,veruntamen hoc fortasse non ade mirabile est3 ,sed si1 considerat omnium totius corporis ossium mutu connexione1 ,eminentias cavitatibus suscipientibus quales semper inveneris2 ,hoc mirabile4 ,si enim justo amplior esset ,cavitas1 laxus san infirmus fieret ,articulus2 si strictior1 motus difficulter fieret1 ut qui nullam versionem haberet2 ac periculum esset non parvum1 eminintias ossium arctatas frangi3 sed horum neutrum factum est4----,sed quoniam ex tam secur constructione periculum erat1 n motiones difficilis fierent1 eminenti ossium extererentur1 duplex rursus auxilium in id ,natura molita est4 #a4 ,cartilagine os utrumque subungens1 atque oblinens3 alterum1 ipsis ,cartilaginibus humorem unctuosum1 velut oleum1 superfundens2 per quem facil mobilis1 attritu contumax omnis articulatio ,ossium facta est4----,ut undique diligenter ,articulus omnis custodiretur1 ,ligamenta qudam ex utroque osse produxit ,natura4 ,galen de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #a4 c4 #ae4 e ,for the affording this oily or mucilaginous ,matter1 there are ,glandules very commodiously placed near the ,joynts1 so as not to suffer too great ,compression by the ,motion of the neighbouring ,bones1 and yet to receive a due ,pressure1 so as to cause a sufficient ,emission of the ,mucilage into the ,joynts4 ,also another ,thing considerable is1 that the excretory ,ducts of the mucilaginous ,glands have some ,length in their ,passage from the ,glands to their ,mouths2 which is a good ,contrivance1 to prevent their ,mouths being oppressed by the ,mucilage1 as also to hinder the too plentiful ,effusion thereof1 but yet to afford a due ,expressure of it at all ,times1 and on all ,occasions1 as particularly in violent and long-continued ,motions of the ,joynts1 when there is a greater than ordinary ,expence of it4 ,see ,cowper's ,anat4 ,tab4 #gi4 f ,there is no doubt to be made1 but that the ,muscles receive their ,motion from the ,nerves4 ,for if a ,nerve be cut1 or straightly bound1 that goes to any ,muscle1 that ,muscle shall immediately lose its ,motion4 ,which is doubtless the case of ,paralyticks2 whose ,nerves are some of them by ,obstructions1 or such like ,means1 reduced to the same ,state as if cut or bound4 ,and this also is the cause of that ,numness or ,sleepiness we find oftentimes1 by long sitting or lying on any ,part4 ,neither is this a modern ,notion only3 ,for ,galen saith1 ,principium ,nervorum omnium ,cerebrum est1 spinalis ,medulla4----,et ,nervi ,cerebro animalem virtutem accipiunt----,nervorum utilitas est facultatem ,senss ,mots principio in partes diducere4 ,and this he intimates to have been the ,opinion of ,hippocrates and ,plato4 ,de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #a4 c4 #af4 passim4 g ,dr4 ,willis thinks1 that in the ,brain the ,spirits are elaborated that minister to voluntary ,motion2 but in the ,cerebellum1 such as effect involuntary1 or natural ,motions2 such as that of the ,heart1 the ,lungs1 c4 ,cerebri ,anat4 c4 #ae4 h ,see ,book ,v4 ,chap4 #h4 i ,to the foregoing1 ,i shall briefly add some ,examples of the special ,provision made for the ,motion of some ,animals by ,temporary ,parts4 ,frogs and ,toads1 in their ,tadpole-state1 have ,tails1 which fall off when their ,legs are grown out4 ,the ,lacerta aquatica1 or ,water-,newt1 when ,young1 hath four neat ramified ,fins1 two on a ,side1 growing out a little above its ,fore-,legs1 to poise and keep its ,body upright1 7which gives it the ,resemblance of a young ,fish17 which fall off when the ,legs are grown4 ,and the ,nymph and ,aureli1 of all or most of the ,insects bred in the ,waters1 as they have particular ,forms1 different from the ,insects they produce2 so have also peculiar ,parts afforded them for their ,motion in the ,waters3 ,oars1 ,tails1 and every ,part adapted to the ,waters1 which are utterly varied in the ,insects themselves1 in their mature ,state in the ,air4 k ,jam ver alia animalia gradiendo1 alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt1 alia volando1 alia nando4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #dg4 ,compare also what ,galen excellently observes concerning the ,number of ,feet in ,man1 and in other ,animals2 and the wise ,provision thereby made for the ,use and ,benefit of the respective ,animals4 ,de ,us4 ,part4 in the beginning of the third ,book4 l ,as ,i shall hereafter shew1 that the indulgent ,creator hath abundantly provided for the ,safety of ,animals by their ,cloathing1 ,habitations1 ,sagacity and ,instruments of ,defence2 so there appears to be a ,contemperament of their ,motion with these ,provisions4 ,they that are well armed and guarded1 have commonly a slower ,motion2 whereas they that are destitute thereof1 are swifter4 ,so also timid helpless ,animals are commonly swift2 thus ,deer and ,hares3 ,but ,animals endowed with ,courage1 ,craft1 ,arms1 c4 commonly have a slower ,motion4 m ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 n ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 the end4 o ,see ,book ,,ix4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7c74 p ,siquis unquam alius ,opifex1 qualitatis proportionis magnam habuit providentiam1 cert ,natura habuit in animalium corporibus conformandis2 unde ,hippocrates eam rectissim justam nominat4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #b4 c4 #af4 q ,the ,make of the ,bodies of some ,water-fowl1 seems to contradict what ,i here say1 the ,heads and long ,necks of some1 as of ,swans1 ,ducks and ,geese2 and the hinder ,parts of others1 as of the ,doucker and ,more-hen1 and some other ,kinds1 seeming to be too heavy for the rest of their ,body4 ,but instead of being an ,argument against1 it is a notable ,instance of1 the divine ,art and ,providence1 these ,things being nice ,accommodations to their way of ,life4 ,of such as have long ,necks1 see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7i74 ,and as for such whose hinder ,parts seem to over-balance their foremost ,parts1 whereby they fly with their ,bodies in a manner erect1 this also is an excellent ,accommodation to their way of ,life1 which is ,diving rather than ,flying4 ,vid4 ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7k74 r ,see ,book ,v4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7h74 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of the ,place allotted to the several ,tribes of ,animals4 ,having dispatched the ,motion of ,animals1 let us in the next ,place consider the ,place which the infinitely wise ,creator hath appointed them to move and act1 and perform the ,offices of the ,creation in4 ,and here we find every ,particular well ordered4 ,all ,parts of our ,terraqueous ,globe fit for an ,animal to live and act in1 are sufficiently stocked with proper ,inhabitants3 ,the watery ,element 7unfit1 one would think1 for ,respiration and ,life7 abounding with ,creatures fitted for it2 its ,bowels abundantly stored1 and its ,surface well bespread4 ,the ,earth also is plentifully stocked in all its ,parts1 where ,animals can be of any ,use2 not probably the deepest ,bowels thereof indeed1 being ,parts in all likelihood unfit for ,habitation and ,action1 and where a living ,creature would be useless in the ,world2 but the ,surface every where abundantly stored4 ,but that which is most considerable in this ,matter1 and plainly sheweth the divine ,management in the ,case1 is1 that those ,creatures are manifestly designed for the ,place in which they are1 and the ,use and ,services they perform therein4 ,if all the ,animals of our ,globe had been made by ,chance1 or placed by ,chance1 or without the divine ,providence1 their ,organs would have been otherwise than they are1 and their ,place and ,residence confused and jumbled4 ,their ,organs 7for ,instance7 of ,respiration1 of ,vision1 and of ,motion1 would have fitted any ,medium1 or have needed none2 their ,stomachs would have served any ,food1 and their ,blood1 and ,covering of their ,bodies been made for any ,clime1 or only one ,clime4 ,consequently all the ,animal ,world would have been in a confused1 inconvenient1 and disorderly ,commixture4 ,one ,animal would have wanted ,food1 another ,habitation1 and most of them ,safety4 ,they would have all flocked to one1 or a few ,places1 taken up their ,rest in the ,temperate ,zones only1 and coveted one ,food1 the easiest to be come at1 and most specious in shew2 and so would have poisoned1 starved1 or greatly incommoded one another4 ,bur as the ,matter is now ordered1 the ,globe is equally bespread1 so that no ,place wanteth proper ,inhabitants1 nor any ,creature is destitute of a proper ,place1 and all ,things necessary to its ,life1 ,health1 and ,pleasure4 ,as the ,surface of the ,terraqueous ,globe is covered with different ,soils1 with ,hills and ,vales1 with ,seas1 ,rivers1 ,lakes and ,ponds1 with divers ,trees and ,plants1 in the several ,places2 so all these have their ,animal ,inhabitants1 whole ,organs of ,life and ,action are manifestly adapted to such and such ,places and ,things2 whose ,food and ,physick1 and every other ,convenience of ,life1 is to be met with in that very ,place appointed it4 ,the watery1 the amphibiousa1 the airy ,inhabitants1 and those on the dry ,land ,surface1 and the ,subterraneous under it1 they all live and act with ,pleasure1 they are gay1 and flourish in their proper ,element and allotted ,place1 they want neither for ,food1 ,cloathing1 or ,retreat2 which would dwindle and die1 destroy1 or poison one another1 if all coveted the same ,element1 ,place1 or ,food4 ,nay1 and as the ,matter is admirably well ordered1 yet considering the ,world's increase1 there would not be sufficient ,room1 ,food1 and other ,necessaries for all the living ,creatures1 without another grand ,act of the divine ,wisdom and ,providence1 which is the ,balancing the ,number of ,individuals of each ,species of ,creatures1 in that ,place appointed thereto3 ,of which in the next ,chapter4 ,,footnotes3 a ,est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis1 qu gignuntur in terr3 veluti ,crocodili1 fluviatilesque ,testudines1 qudamque ,serpentes ort extra aquam1 simul ac primm niti possunt1 aquam persequuntur4 ,quin etiam ,anatum ova ,gallinis spe supponimus----,pulli deinde eas matres relinquunt---- effugiunt1 cm primm aquam1 quasi naturalem domum1 videre potuerunt4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #dh4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the ,balance of ,animals1 or the due ,proportion in which the ,world is flocked with them4 ,the whole ,surface of our ,globe can afford ,room and ,support only to such a ,number of all ,sorts of ,creatures4 ,and if by their doubling1 trebling1 or any other ,multiplication of their ,kind1 they should encrease to double or treble that ,number1 they must starve1 or devour one another4 ,the keeping therefore the ,balance even1 is manifestly a ,work of the divine ,wisdom and ,providence4 ,to which end1 the great ,author of ,life hath determined the ,life of all ,creatures to such a ,length1 and their ,increase to such a ,number1 proportional to their ,use in the ,world4 ,the ,life of some ,creatures is long1 and their ,increase but small1 and by that means they do not over-stock the ,world4 ,and the same ,benefit is effected1 where the ,increase is great1 by the ,brevity of such ,creatures ,lives1 by their great ,use1 and the frequent ,occasions there are of them for ,food to ,man1 or other ,animals4 ,it is a very remarkable ,act of the ,divine ,providence1 that useful ,creatures are produced in great ,plentya1 and others in less4 ,the prodigious and frequent ,increase of ,insects1 both in and out of the ,waters1 may exemplify the one2 and 'tis observable in the other1 that ,creatures less useful1 or by their ,voracity pernicious1 have commonly fewer ,young1 or do seldomer bring forth3 ,of which many ,instances might be given in the voracious ,beasts and ,birds4 ,but there is one so peculiar an ,animal1 as if made for a particular ,instance in our present ,case1 and that is the ,cuntur of ,perub3 ,a ,fowl of that ,magnitude1 ,strength and ,appetite1 as to seize not only on the ,sheep1 and lesser ,cattle1 but even the larger ,beasts1 yea1 the very ,children too4 ,now these1 as they are the most pernicious of ,birds1 so are they the most rare1 being seldom seen1 or only one1 or a few in large ,countries2 enough to keep up the ,species2 but not to over-charge the ,world4 ,thus the ,balance of the animal ,world1 is1 throughout all ,ages1 kept even2 and by a curious ,harmony1 and just ,proportion between the ,increase of all ,animals1 and the ,length of their ,lives1 the ,world is through all ,ages well2 but not over-stored3 ,one ,generation passeth away1 and another ,generation comethc2 so equally in its ,room1 to balance the ,stock of the terraqueous ,globe in all ,ages1 and ,places1 and among all ,creatures2 that it is an actual ,demonstration of our ,saviour's ,assertion1 ,mat4 x4 #bi4 that the most inconsiderable1 common ,creature1 ,even a ,sparrow 7two of which are sold for a ,farthing7 doth not fall on the ,ground without our heavenly ,father4 ,this ,providence of ,god is remarkable in every ,species of living ,creatures3 ,but that especial ,management of the ,recruits and ,decays of ,mankind1 so equally all the ,world over1 deserves our especial ,observation4 ,in the ,beginning of the ,world1 and so after ,noah's ,flood1 the ,longvity of ,men1 as it was of absolute ,necessity to the more speedy peopling of the new ,world2 so is a special ,instance of the divine ,providence in this ,matterd4 ,and the same ,providence appears in the following ,ages1 when the ,world was pretty well peopled1 in reducing the common ,age of ,man then to #abj ,years1 7,gen4 vi4 #c47 in ,proportion to the ,occasions of the ,world at that ,time4 ,and lastly1 when the ,world was fully peopled after the ,flood1 7as it was in the ,age of ,moses1 and so down to our present ,time7 the lessening the common ,age of ,man to #gj or #hj ,yearse1 7the ,age mentioned by ,moses1 ,psal4 xc4 #aj4 this1 ,i say17 is manifestly an ,appointment of the same infinite ,lord that ruleth the ,world3 ,for1 by this ,means1 the peopled ,world is kept at a convenient ,stay2 neither too full1 nor too empty4 ,for if ,men 7the ,generality of them1 ,i mean7 were to live now to ,methusalah's ,age of #ifi ,years1 or only to ,abraham's1 long after the ,flood1 of #age ,years1 the ,world would be too much over-run2 or if the ,age of ,man was limited to that of divers other ,animals1 to ten1 twenty1 or thirty ,years only2 the ,decays then of ,mankind would be too fast3 ,but at the middle ,rate mentioned1 the ,balance is nearly even1 and ,life and ,death keep an equal ,pace4 ,which ,equality is so great and harmonious1 and so manifest an ,instance of the divine ,management1 that ,i shall spend some ,remarks upon it4 ,it appears from our best ,accounts of these ,matters1 that in our ,european ,partsf1 and ,i believe the same is throughout the ,world2 that1 ,i say1 there is a certain ,rate and ,proportion in the ,propagation of ,mankind3 ,such a ,number marryg1 so many are born1 such a ,number die2 in ,proportion to the ,number of ,persons in every ,nation1 ,county1 or ,parish4 ,and as to ,births1 two ,things are very considerable3 ,one is the ,proportion of ,males and ,femalesh1 not in a wide ,proportion1 not an uncertain1 accidental ,number at all ,adventures2 but nearly equal4 ,another ,thing is1 that a few more are born than appear to die1 in any certain ,placei4 ,which is an admirable ,provision for the extraordinary ,emergencies and ,occasions of the ,world2 to supply unhealthful ,places1 where ,death out-runs ,life2 to make up the ,ravages of great ,plagues1 and ,diseases1 and the ,depredations of ,war1 and the ,seas2 and to afford a sufficient ,number for ,colonies in the unpeopled ,parts of the ,earth4 ,or on the other ,hand1 we may say1 that sometimes those extraordinary ,expences of ,mankind1 may be not only a just ,punishment of the ,sins of ,men2 but also a wise ,means to keep the ,balance of ,mankind even2 as one would be ready to conclude1 by considering the ,asiatick1 and other the more fertile ,countries1 where prodigious ,multitudes are yearly swept away with great ,plagues1 and sometimes ,war2 and yet those ,countries are so far from being wasted1 that they remain full of ,people4 ,and now upon the whole ,matter1 ,what is all this but admirable and plain ,management8 ,what can the maintaining throughout all ,ages1 and ,places1 these ,proportions of ,mankind1 and all other ,creatures2 this ,harmony in the ,generations of ,men be1 but the ,work of one that ruleth the ,world8 ,is it possible that every ,species of ,animals should so evenly be preserved1 proportionate to the ,occasions of the ,world8 ,that they should be so well balanced in all ,ages and ,places1 without the ,help of almighty ,wisdom and ,power8 ,how is it possible by the bare ,rules1 and blind ,acts of ,nature1 that there should be any tolerable ,proportion2 for ,instance1 between ,males and ,females1 either of ,mankind1 or of any other ,creaturek2 especially such as are of a ferine1 not of a domestick ,nature1 and consequently out of the ,command and ,management of ,man8 ,how could ,life and ,death keep such an even ,pace through all the animal ,world8 ,if we should take it for granted1 that1 according to the ,scripture ,history1 the ,world had a ,beginning1 7as who can deny itl2 or if we should suppose the ,destruction thereof by ,noah's ,flood3 ,how is it possible1 after the ,world was replenished17 that in a certain ,number of ,years1 by the greater ,increases and ,doublings of each ,species of ,animals2 that1 ,i say1 this ,rate of ,doublingm should cease2 or that it should be compensated by some other ,means8 ,that the ,world should be as well1 or better stocked than now it is1 in #afef ,years 7the ,time between the ,creation and the ,flood2 this7 we will suppose may be done by the natural ,methods of each ,species ,doubling or ,increase3 ,but in double that ,number of ,years1 or at this ,distance from the ,flood1 of #djjj ,years1 that the ,world should not be over stock'd1 can never be made out1 without allowing an infinite ,providence4 ,i conclude then this ,observation with the ,psalmist's ,words1 ,psal4 civ4 #bi1 #cj4 ,thou hidest thy ,face1 all ,creatures are troubled2 thou takest away their ,breath1 they die1 and return to their ,dust4 ,thou sendest forth thy ,spirit1 they are created2 and thou renewest the ,face of the ,earth4 ,,footnotes3 a ,benigna circa hoc ,natura1 innocua esculenta animalia fcunda generavit4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #ee4 b ,captain ,j4 ,strong gave me this ,account1 together with a ,quill-,feather of the ,cuntur or ,condor of ,peru4 ,on the ,coast of ,chili1 they met with this ,bird in about #cc ,s4 ,lat4 not far from ,mocha1 an ,island in the ,south-,sea1----they shot it sitting on a ,cliff1 by the ,sea-side2 that it was #af ,feet from ,wing to ,wing extended2 that the ,spanish ,inhabitants told them they were afraid of these ,birds1 lest they should prey upon their ,children4 ,and the ,feather he gave me 7saith the ,doctor7 is #b ,feet1 #d ,inches long2 the ,quill-part #e ,inches long1 and #a ,inch about in the largest ,part4 ,it weighed #c dr4 #ag gr4 and is of a dark brown ,colour4 ,dr4 ,sloane in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bjh4 ,to this ,account1 the ,doctor1 7in a ,letter to ,mr4 ,ray1 ,march #ca1 #afid1 with other ,papers of ,mr4 ,ray's1 in my ,hands17 adds the ,testimony of ,jos4 ,acosta1 l4 #d4 c4 #g4 and ,garcilass4 de la ,vega1 who l4 #h4 c4 #ai4 saith1 ,there are other ,fowls1 call'd ,cuntur1 and by the ,spaniards corruptly ,condor4 ,many of these ,fowls having been kill'd by the ,spaniards1 had their ,proportion taken1 and from ,end to ,end of their ,wings measured #ae or #af ,feet4----,nature1 to temper and allay their ,fierceness1 deny'd them the ,talons which are given to the ,eagle2 their ,feet being tipp'd with ,claws like a ,hen3 ,however1 their ,beak is strong enough to tear off the ,hide1 and rip up the ,bowels of an ,ox4 ,two of them will attempt a ,cow or ,bull1 and devour him3 ,and it hath often happened1 that one of then alone hath assaulted ,boys of ten or twelve ,years of ,age1 and eaten them4 ,their ,colour is black and white1 like a ,magpie4 ,it is well there are but few of them2 for if they were many1 they would very much destroy the ,cattle4 ,they have on the forepart of their ,heads1 a ,comb1 not pointed like that of a ,cock2 but rather even1 in the ,form of a ,razor4 ,when they come to alight from the ,air1 they make such an humming ,noise1 with the fluttering of their ,wings1 as is enough to astonish1 or make a ,man deaf4 c ,eccles4 i4 #d4 d ,the ,divine ,providence doth not only appear in the ,longvity of ,man1 immediately after the ,creation and ,flood2 but also in their different ,longvity at those two ,times4 ,immediately after the ,creation1 when the ,world was to be peopled by one ,man1 and one ,woman1 the ,age of the greatest ,part of those on ,record1 was #ijj ,years1 and upwards4 ,but after the ,flood1 when there were three ,persons by whom the ,world was to be peopled1 none of those ,patriarchs1 except ,shem1 arriv'd to the ,age of #ejj2 and only the three first of ,shem's ,line1 viz4 ,arphaxad1 ,salah1 and ,eber1 came near that ,age2 which was in the first ,century after the ,flood4 ,but in the second ,century1 we do not find any reached the ,age of #bdj4 ,and in the third ,century1 7about the latter ,end of which ,abraham was born17 none1 except ,terah1 arriv'd to #bjj ,years3 ,by which ,time the ,world was so well peopled1 7that ,part of it1 at least where ,abraham dwelt17 that they had built ,cities1 and began to be cantoned into distinct ,nations and ,societies1 under their respective ,kings2 so that they were able to wage ,war1 four ,kings against five1 ,gen4 xiv4 ,nay1 if the ,accounts of ,anian1 ,berosus1 ,manetho1 and others1 yea1 ,africanus be to be credited2 the ,world was so well peopled1 even before the ,times we speak of1 as to afford sufficient ,numbers for the great ,kingdoms of ,assyria1 gypt1 ,persia1 c4 ,but learned ,men generally1 with great ,reason1 reject these as legendary ,accounts4 ,if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see a ,computation of the ,increase of ,mankind1 in the three first ,centuries after the ,flood1 he may find two different ,ones of the most learned ,archbishop ,usher1 and ,petavius2 together with a ,refutation of the so early ,beginning of the ,assyrian ,monarchy2 as also ,reasons for placing ,abraham near #ajjj ,years after the ,flood1 in our most learned ,bishop ,stillingfleet's ,orig4 ,sacr4 ,book ,,iii4 ,chap4 #d4 4 #i4 e ,that the common ,age of ,man hath been the same in all ,ages since the ,world was peopled1 is manifest from prophane1 as well as sacred ,history4 ,to pass by others3 ,plato lived to the ,age of #ha1 and was accounted an old ,man4 ,and those which ,pliny reckons up1 l4 #g4 c4 #dh4 as rare ,examples of long ,life1 may for the most ,part be match'd by our modern ,histories2 especially such as ,pliny himself gave ,credit unto4 ,dr4 ,plot hath given us divers ,instances in his ,history of ,oxfordshire1 c4 #b4 4 #c4 and c4 #h4 4 #ed4 and ,history of ,staffordshire1 c4 #h4 4 #ia1 c4 ,among others1 one is of twelve ,tenants of ,mr4 ,biddulph's1 that together made #ajjj ,years of ,age4 ,but the most considerable ,examples of aged ,persons among us1 is of old ,parre of ,shropshire1 who lived #aeb ,years #i ,months1 according to the learned ,dr4 ,harvey's ,account2 and ,henry ,jenkins of ,yorkshire1 who lived #afi ,years1 according to the ,account of my learned and ingenious ,friend ,dr4 ,tancred ,robinson2 of both which1 with others1 see ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,v4 #c4 p4 #cjf4 ,the great ,age of ,parre of ,shropshire1 minds me of an ,observation of the ,reverend ,mr4 ,plaxton1 that in his two ,parishes of ,kinardsey and ,donington in ,shropshire1 every sixth ,soul was #fj ,years of ,age1 or upwards1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #caj4 ,and if we step farther ,north into ,scotland1 we shall find divers recorded for their great ,age3 ,of which ,i shall present the ,reader with only one modern ,example of one ,laurence1 who married a ,wife after he was #ajj ,years of ,age1 and would go out to ,sea a ,fishing in his little ,boat1 when he was #adj ,years old2 and is lately dead of no other ,distemper but mere old ,age1 saith ,sir ,rob4 ,sibbald1 ,prodr4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,scot4 p4 #dd4 and l4 #c4 p4 #d4 ,as for ,foreigners1 the ,examples would be endless2 and therefore that of ,joh4 ,ottele shall suffice1 who was as famous for his ,beard1 as for being #aae ,years of ,age4 ,he was but two ,brabant ,ells high2 and his long grey ,beard was one ,ell long4 ,his ,picture and ,account may be seen in ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #c4 ,obs4 #afc4 ,as for the ,story ,roger ,bacon tells1 of one that lived #ijj ,years by the ,help of a certain ,medicine1 and many other such ,stories1 ,i look upon them as fabulous4 ,and no better is that of the ,wandring ,jew1 named ,joh4 ,buttadus1 said to have been present at our ,saviour's ,crucifixion2 although very serious ,stories are told of his being seen at ,antwerp1 and in ,france1 about the ,middle of the last ,century but one2 and before in ,ann4 #aedb1 conversed with by ,paul of ,eitsen1 ,bishop of ,sleswick2 and before that1 viz4 in #abbh1 seen and convers'd with by an ,armenian ,archbishop's ,gentleman2 and by others at other ,times4 ,if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see more ,examples1 he may meet with some of all ,ages1 in the learned ,hakewill's ,apol4 p4 #aha4 where he will also find that learned ,author's ,opinion of the ,causes of the ,brevity and ,length of humane ,life4 ,the ,brevity thereof he attributeth to a too tender ,education1 sucking strange ,nurses1 too hasty ,marriages2 but above all1 to ,luxury1 high ,sauces1 strong ,liquors1 c4 ,the ,longvity of the ,ancients he ascribes to ,temperance in ,meat and ,drink1 anointing the ,body1 the ,use of ,saffron and ,honey1 warm ,clothes1 lesser ,doors and ,windows1 less ,physick and more ,exercise4 f ,the ,proportions which ,marriages bear to ,births1 and ,births to ,burials1 in divers ,parts of ,europe1 may be seen at an easy ,view in this ,table3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,names of the ,places4 ,marriages to ,births to ,births3 ,as ,burials3 as ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,england in general4 #a to #d4fc #a4ab to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,london4 #a to #d4 #a to #a4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hantshire1 from #aefi1 to #afeh4 #a to #d4 #a4b to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tiverton in ,devon1 #aefj1 to #afdi4 #a to #c4g #a4bf to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,cranbrook in ,kent1 #aefj1 to #afdi4 #a to #c4i #a4f to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,aynho in ,northamptonshire for #aah ,y4 #a to #f #a4f to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,leeds in ,yorkshire for #abb ,years4 #a to #c4g #a4jg to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,harwood in ,yorkshire #eg ,years4 #a to #c4d #a4bc to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,upminster in ,essex #ajj ,years4 #a to #d4f #a4jh to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,frankfort on the ,main in #afie4 #a to #c4g #a4b to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,old middle and lower ,marck in #afih4 #a to #c4g #a4i to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,domin4 of the ,k4 of ,prussia in #afih4 #a to #c4g #a4e to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,breslaw in ,silesia from #afhg to #afia4 #a4f to #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,paris in #afgj1 #afga1 #afgb4 #a to #d4g #a to #a4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,which ,table ,i made from ,major ,graunt's ,observations on the ,bills of ,mortality2 ,mr4 ,king's ,observations in the first of ,dr4 ,davenant's ,essays2 and what ,i find put together by my ingenious ,friend ,mr4 ,lowthorp1 in his ,abridgment1 ,vol4 #c4 p4 #ffh4 and my own ,register of ,upminster4 ,that from ,aynho ,register in ,northamptonshire1 ,i had from the present ,rector1 the learned and ingenious ,mr4 ,wasse3 ,and ,i was promised some ,accounts from the ,north1 and divers others ,parts of this ,kingdom2 but have not yet received them3 ,only those of ,leeds and ,harwood in ,yorkshire1 from my curious and ingenious friend ,mr4 ,thoresby4 g ,the preceding ,table shews1 that ,marriages1 one with another1 do each of them produce about four ,births2 not only in ,england1 but in other ,parts of ,europe also4 ,and by ,mr4 ,king's ,estimate1 7the best ,computations ,i imagine of any1 being derived from the best ,accounts2 such as the ,marriage1 ,birth1 ,burial-,act1 the ,poll ,books1 c4 by his ,estimate1 ,i say17 about #a in #ajd marry4 ,for he judgeth the ,number of the ,people in ,england1 to be about five ,millions and a half2 of which about #dajjj annually marry4 ,as to what might be farther remarked concerning ,marriages1 in regard of the ,rights and ,customs of several ,nations1 the ,age to which divers ,nations limited ,marriage1 c4 it would be ,endless1 and too much out of the ,way to mention them3 ,i shall only therefore1 for the ,reader's ,diversion1 take ,notice of the ,jeer of ,lactantias1 ,quare apud ,poetas salacissimus ,jupiter desiit liberos tollere8 ,utrum sexagenarius factus1 ei ,lex ,papia fibulam imposuit8 ,lactant4 ,instit4 l4 #a4 c4 #af4 ,by which ,lex ,papia1 ,men were prohibited to marry after #fj1 and ,women after #ej ,years of ,age4 h ,major ,graunt1 7whose ,conclusions seem to be well-grounded17 and ,mr4 ,king1 disagree in the ,proportions they assign to ,males and ,females4 ,this latter makes in ,london1 #aj ,males to be to #ac ,females2 in other ,cities and ,market-,towns1 #h to #i2 and in the ,villages and ,hamlets1 #ajj ,males to #ii ,females4 ,but ,major ,graunt1 both from the ,london1 and ,country ,bills1 saith1 there are #ad ,males to #ac ,females3 ,from whence he justly infers1 ,that ,christian ,religion1 prohibiting ,polygamy1 is more agreeable to the ,law of ,nature than ,mahumetism1 and others that allow it1 ,chap4 #h4 ,this ,proportion of #ad to #ac1 ,i imagine is nearly just1 it being agreeable to the ,bills ,i have met with1 as well as those in ,mr4 ,graunt4 ,in the #ajj ,years1 for ,example1 of my own ,parish-,register1 although the ,burials of ,males and ,females were nearly equal1 being #fcf ,males1 and #fbc ,females in all that ,time2 yet there were baptized #gji ,males1 and but #fge ,females1 which is #ac ,females to #ac4g ,males4 ,which ,inequality shews1 not only1 that one ,man ought to have but one ,wife2 but also that every ,woman may1 without ,polygamy1 have an ,husband1 if she doth not bar her self by the want of ,virtue1 by ,denial1 c4 ,also this ,surplusage of ,males is very useful for the ,supplies of ,war1 the ,seas1 and other such ,expences of the ,men above the ,women4 ,that this is a ,work of the ,divine ,providence1 and not a ,matter of ,chance1 is well made out by the very ,laws of ,chance1 by a ,person able to do it1 the ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,arbuthnot4 ,he supposeth ,thomas to lay against ,john1 that for eighty two ,years running1 more ,males shall be born than ,females2 and giving all ,allowances in the ,computation to ,thomas's side1 he makes the ,odds against ,thomas1 that it doth not happen so1 to be near five ,millions of ,millions1 of ,millions1 of ,millions to one2 but for ,ages of ,ages 7according to the ,world's ,age7 to be near an infinite ,number to one against ,thomas4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cbh4 i ,the foregoing ,table shews1 that in ,england in general fewer die than are born1 there being but #a ,death to #a ,births4 ,but in ,london more die than are born4 ,so by ,dr4 ,davenant's ,table1 the ,cities likewise and ,market-,towns bury to one ,birth4 ,but in ,paris they out-do ,london1 their ,deaths being #a to one ,birth3 ,the ,reason of which ,i conceive is1 because their ,houses are more crowded than in ,london4 ,but in the ,villages of ,england1 there are fewer die than are born1 there being but #a ,death to #a ,births4 ,and yet ,major ,graunt1 and ,dr4 ,davenant1 both observe1 that there are more ,breeders in ,london1 and the ,cities and ,market-,towns1 than are in the ,country1 notwithstanding the ,london-,births are fewer than the ,country2 the ,reason of which see in ,graunt1 ,chap4 #g4 and ,davenant ubi supr4 p4 #ba4 ,the last ,remark ,i shall make from the foregoing ,table1 shall be1 that we may from thence judge of the ,healthfulness of the ,places there mentioned4 ,if the ,year #afih was the mean ,account of the three ,marcks1 those ,places bid the fairest for being most healthful2 and next to them1 ,aynho and ,cranbrook for ,english ,towns4 k ,quid loquar1 quanta ratio in bestiis ad perpetuam conservationem earum generis appareat8 ,nam primum ali ,mares1 ali ,fmin sunt1 quod perpetuitatis caus machinata natura est4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ea4 l ,altho' ,aristotle held the ,eternity of the ,world1 yet he seems to have retracted that ,opinion1 or to have had a different ,opinion when he wrote his ,metaphysicks2 for in his first ,book he affirms1 that ,god is the ,cause and ,beginning of all ,things2 and in his ,book de ,mundo he saith1 ,there is no doubt1 but ,god is the ,maker and ,conservator of all ,things in the ,world4 ,and the ,stoicks ,opinion is well known1 who strenuously contended that the ,contrivance and ,beauty of the ,heavens and ,earth1 and all ,creatures was owing to a wise1 intelligent ,agent4 ,of which ,tully gives a large ,account in his second ,book de ,nat4 ,deor4 in the ,person of ,balbus4 m ,i have before in ,note 7g71 observed1 that the ordinary rate of the ,doubling or ,increase of ,mankind is1 that every ,marriage1 one with another1 produces about four ,births2 but some have much exceeded that4 ,babo1 ,earl of ,abensperg1 had thirty two ,sons and eight ,daughters1 and being invited to hunt with the ,emperor ,henry ,,ii4 and bring but few ,servants1 brought only one ,servant1 and his thirty two ,sons4 ,to these many others might be added2 but one of the most remarkable ,instances ,i have any where met with1 is that of ,mrs4 ,honywood1 mentioned by ,hakewill1 ,camden1 and other ,authors2 but having now before me the ,names1 with some ,remarks 7which ,i received from a pious neighbouring ,descendant of the same ,mrs4 ,honywood7 ,i shall give a more particular ,account than they4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,honywood was ,daughter1 and one of the ,co-,heiresses of ,robert ,atwaters1 ,esq2 of ,lenham in ,kent4 ,she was born in #aebg1 married in ,february #aedc1 at sixteen ,years of ,age1 to her only ,husband ,robert ,honywood1 of ,charing in ,kent1 ,esq2 ,she died in the ninety third ,year of her ,age1 in ,may #afbj4 ,she had sixteen ,children of her own ,body1 seven ,sons and nine ,daughters2 of which one had no issue1 three died young1 and the youngest was slain at ,newport ,battle1 ,june #bj1 #afjj4 ,her ,grand-,children in the second ,generation1 were one hundred and fourteen2 in the third two hundred and twenty eight2 and nine in the fourth ,generation4 ,so that she could say the same that the ,distick doth1 made of one of the ,dalburg's ,family of ,basil3 #a #b #c #d ,mater ait ,nat1 dic ,nat1 filia ,natam #e #f ,ut moneat1 ,nat1 plangere ,filiolam4 #a #b #c ,rise up ,daughter1 and go to thy ,daughter1 #d #e #f for her ,daughters ,daughter hath a ,daughter4 ,mrs4 ,honywood was a very pious ,woman1 afflicted1 in her declining ,age1 with ,despair1 in some measure2 concerning which1 some ,divines once discoursing with her1 she in a ,passion said1 ,she was as certainly damned as this ,glass is broken1 throwing a ,venice-,glass against the ,ground1 which she had then in her ,hand4 ,but the ,glass escaped breaking1 as credible ,witnesses attested4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,food of ,animals4 ,the preceding ,reflection of the ,psalmist1 mindeth me of another ,thing in common to ,animals1 that pertinently falleth next under ,consideration1 which is the ,appointment of ,food1 mentioned in ,verse #bg1 #bh1 of the last cited ,psalm civ4 ,these ,creatures wait all upon thee1 that thou may'st give them their ,meat in due ,season4 ,that thou givest them1 they gather2 thou openest thy ,hand1 they are filled with ,good4 ,the same is again asserted in ,psal4 cxlv4 #ae1 #af4 ,the ,eyes of all wait upon thee1 and thou givest them their ,meat in due ,season4 ,thou openest thy ,hand1 and satisfiest the ,desire of every living ,thing4 ,what the ,psalmist here asserts1 affords us a glorious ,scene of the divine ,providence and ,management4 ,which1 7as ,i have shew'd it to concern it self in other lesser ,things27 so we may presume doth exert it self particularly in so grand an ,affair as that of ,food1 whereby the animal ,world subsists3 ,and this will be manifested1 and the ,psalmist's ,observations exemplified1 from these six following ,particulars3 ,i4 ,from the subsisting and maintaining such a large ,number of ,animals1 throughout all ,parts of the ,world4 ,,ii4 ,from the proportionate ,quantity of ,food to the ,eaters4 ,,iii4 ,from the ,variety of ,food suited to the ,variety of ,animals3 ,or the ,delight which various ,animals have in different ,food4 ,,iv4 ,from the peculiar ,food which peculiar ,places afford to the ,creatures suited to those ,places4 ,v4 ,from the admirable and curious ,apparatus made for the gathering1 preparing1 and ,digestion of the ,food4 ,and1 ,,vi4 and lastly1 ,from the great ,sagacity of all ,animals1 in finding out and providing their ,food4 ,i4 ,it is a great ,act of the divine ,power and ,wisdom1 as well as ,goodness1 to provide ,food for such a ,world of ,animalsa1 as every where possess the terraqueous ,globe2 on the dry ,land2 and in the ,sea and ,waters2 in the torrid and frozen ,zones1 as well as the temperate4 ,that the temperate ,climates1 or at least the fertile ,valleys1 and rich and plentiful ,regions of the ,earth1 should afford ,subsistence to many ,animals1 may appear less wonderful perhaps3 ,but that in all other the most likely ,places for ,supplies sufficient ,food should be afforded to such a prodigious ,number1 and so great ,variety of ,beasts1 ,birds1 ,fishes and ,insects2 is owing to that ,being1 who hath as wisely adapted their ,bodies to their ,place and ,food1 as well as carefully provided ,food for their ,subsistence there4 ,but ,i shall leave this ,consideration1 because it will be illustrated under the following ,points2 and proceed1 ,,ii4 ,to consider the ,adjustment of the ,quantity of ,food1 in ,proportion to the ,eaters4 ,in all ,places there is generally enough2 nay1 such a ,sufficiency1 as may be styled a ,plenty2 but not such a ,superfluity1 as to waste and corrupt1 and thereby annoy the ,world4 ,but that which is particularly remarkable here1 is1 that among the great ,variety of ,foods1 the most useful is the most plentiful1 most universal1 easiest propagated1 and most patient of ,weather1 and other ,injuries4 ,as the herbaceous ,eaters1 7for ,instance7 are many1 and devour much2 so the dryland ,surface we find every where almost naturally carpeted over with ,grass1 and other agreeable wholsome ,plants2 propagating themselves in a ,manner every where1 and scarcely destroyable by the ,weather1 the ,plough1 or any ,art4 ,so likewise for ,grain1 especially such as is most useful1 how easily is it cultivated1 and what a large ,increase doth it produce8 ,pliny's ,example of ,wheatb1 is a sufficient ,instance in this ,matter2 which 7as that curious ,heathen observes7 being principally useful to the ,support of ,man1 is easily propagated1 and in great ,plenty3 ,and an happy ,faculty that is of it1 that it can bear either extreams of ,heat or ,cold1 so as scarce to refuse any ,clime4 ,,iii4 ,another wise ,provision the ,creator hath made relating to the ,food of ,animals1 is1 that various ,animals delight in various ,foodc2 some in ,grass and ,herbs2 some in ,grain and ,seeds2 some in ,flesh2 some in ,insects2 some in thisd1 some in that2 some more delicate and nice2 some voracious and catching at any ,thing4 ,if all delighted in1 or subsisted only with one ,sort of ,food1 there would not be sufficient for all2 but every ,variety chusing various ,food1 and perhaps abhorring that which others like1 is a great and wise ,means that every ,kind hath enough1 and oftentimes somewhat to spare4 ,it deserves to be reckoned as an ,act of the divine ,appointment1 that what is wholesome ,food to one1 is nauseous1 and as a ,poyson to another2 what is a sweet and delicate ,smell and ,taste to one1 is ftid and loathsome to another3 ,by which ,means all the ,provisions the ,globe affords are well dispos'd of4 ,not only every ,creature is well provided for1 but a due ,consumption is made of those ,things that otherwise would encumber the ,world1 lie in the ,way1 corrupt1 rot1 stink and annoy1 instead of cherishing and refreshing it4 ,for our most useful ,plants1 ,grain and ,fruits1 would mould and rot2 those ,beasts1 ,fowls and ,fishes1 which are reckoned among the greatest ,dainties1 would turn to ,carrion1 and poyson us3 ,nay1 those ,animals which are become ,carrion1 and many other ,things that are noysome1 both on the ,dry-land1 and in the ,waters1 would be great ,annoyances1 and breed ,diseases1 was it nor for the ,provision which the infinite ,orderer of the ,world hath made1 by causing these ,things to be sweet1 pleasant1 and wholsome ,food to some ,creature or other1 in the ,place where those ,things fall3 ,to ,dogs1 ,ravens1 and other voracious ,animals1 for ,instance1 on the ,earth2 and to rapacious ,fishes1 and other ,creatures inhabiting the ,waters4 ,thus is the ,world in some ,measure kept sweet and clean1 and at the same ,time1 divers ,species of ,animals supply'd with convenient ,food4 ,which ,providence of ,god1 particularly in the ,supplies afforded the ,ravens1 is divers ,times taken ,notice of in the ,scripturese2 but whether for the ,reasons now hinted1 or any other special ,reasons1 ,i shall not enquire4 ,thus our ,saviour1 ,luke xii4 #bd4 ,consider the ,ravens2 for they neither sow nor reap1 which neither have ,storehouse1 nor ,barn1 and ,god feedeth them4 ,it is a manifest ,argument of the divine ,care and ,providence1 in supplying the ,world with ,food and ,necessaries1 that the ,ravens1 accounted as unclean1 and little regarded by ,man1 destitute of ,stores1 and that live by ,accidents1 by what falleth here and there2 that such a ,bird1 ,i say1 should be provided with sufficient ,food2 especially if that be true1 which ,aristotlef1 ,plinyg1 and lianh1 report of their unnatural ,affection and ,cruelty to their ,young3 8,that they expel them their ,nests as soon as they can fly1 and then drive them out of the ,country04 ,thus having considered the wise ,appointment of the ,creator1 in suiting the ,variety of ,food1 to ,variety of ,animals3 ,let us in the ,,iv4 ,place1 ,take a ,view of the peculiar ,food1 which particular ,places afford to the ,creatures inhabiting therein4 ,it hath been already observedi1 that every ,place on the ,surface of the terraqueous ,globe1 is stocked with proper ,animals1 whose ,organs of ,life and ,action are curiously adapted to each respective ,place4 ,now it is an admirable ,act of the divine ,providence1 that every ,place affords a proper ,food to all the living ,creatures therein4 ,all the various ,regions of the ,world1 the different ,climatesk1 the various ,soils1 the ,seas1 the ,waters1 nay our very ,putrefactions1 and most nasty ,places about the ,globe1 as they are inhabited by some or other ,animal1 so they produce some proper ,food or other1 affording a comfortable ,subsistence to the ,creatures living there4 ,i might for ,instancesl of this1 bring the great ,variety of ,herbs1 ,fruits and ,grains on the ,earth1 the large ,swarms of ,insects in the ,air1 with every other ,food of the ,creatures residing in the ,earth1 or flying in the ,air4 ,but ,i shall stop at the ,waters1 because the ,psalmist1 in the fore-cited civ ,psalm1 speaks with relation to the especial ,provision for the ,inhabitants of the ,waters2 and also by reason that many ,land ,animals have their chief ,maintenance from thence4 ,now one would think1 that the ,waters were a very unlikely ,element to produce ,food for so great a ,number of ,creatures1 as have their ,subsistence from thence4 ,but yet how rich a ,promptuary is it1 not only to large multitudes of ,fishes1 but also to many amphibious ,quadrupeds1 ,insects1 ,reptiles1 and ,birds6 ,from the largest ,leviathan1 which the ,psalmist saithm playeth in the ,seas1 to the smallest ,mite in the ,lakes and ,ponds1 all are plentifully provided for2 as is manifest from the ,fatness of their ,bodies1 and the ,gaiety of their ,aspect and ,actions4 ,and the ,provision which the ,creator hath made for this ,service in the ,waters is very observable2 not only by the ,germination of divers aquatick ,plants there1 but particularly by appointing the ,waters to be the ,matrix of many ,animals1 particularly of many of the ,insect-,kind1 not only of such as are peculiar to the ,waters1 but also of many appertaining to the ,air and the ,land1 who1 by their near ,alliance to the ,waters1 delight to be about them1 and by that means become a ,prey1 and plentiful ,food to the ,inhabitants of the ,waters4 ,and besides these1 what prodigious ,shoals do we find of minute ,animals1 even sometimes discolouring the ,watersn6 ,of these 7not only in the ,water1 but in the ,air and on ,land7 ,i have always thought there was some more than ordinary ,use intended by the ,all-wise ,creator4 ,and having bent many of my ,observations that way1 ,i have evidently found it accordingly to be4 ,for be they never so numberless or minute1 those ,animals serve for ,food to some ,creatures or other4 ,even those ,animalcules in the ,waters1 discoverable only with good ,microscopes1 are a ,repast to others there1 as ,i have often with no less ,admiration than ,pleasure seeno4 ,but now the usual ,objection is1 that ,necessity maketh ,usep4 ,animals must be fed1 and they make use of what they find3 ,in the desolate ,regions1 and in the ,waters1 for ,instance1 they feed upon what they can come at2 but1 when in greater ,plenty1 they pick and chuse4 ,but this ,objection hath been already in some measure answered by what hath been said2 which plainly argues ,design1 and a super-intending ,wisdom1 ,power and ,providence in this special ,business of ,food4 ,particularly the different ,delight of divers ,animals in different ,food1 so that what is nauseous to one1 should be ,dainties to another1 is a manifest ,argument1 that the ,allotment of ,food is not a ,matter of mere ,chance1 but entailed to the very ,constitution and ,nature of ,animals2 that they chuse this1 and refuse that1 not by ,accident1 or ,necessity1 but because the one is a proper ,food1 agreeable to their ,constitution1 and so appointed by the infinite ,contriver of their ,bodies2 and the other is disagreeable and injurious to them4 ,but all this ,objection will be found frivolous1 and the ,wisdom and ,design of the great ,creator will demonstratively appear1 if we take a ,survey1 ,v4 ,of the admirable and curious ,apparatus in all ,animals1 made for the ,gathering1 ,preparing and ,digestion of their ,food4 ,from the very first ,entrance1 to the utmost ,exit of the ,food1 we find every ,thing contrived1 made and disposed with the utmost ,dexterity and ,art1 and curiously adapted to the ,place the ,animal liveth in1 and the ,food it is to be nourished with4 ,let us begin with the ,mouth4 ,and this we find1 in every ,species of ,animals1 nicely conformable to the ,use of such a ,part2 neatly sized and shaped for the catching of ,prey1 for the gathering or receiving ,foodq1 for the ,formation of ,speech1 and every other such like ,user4 ,in some ,creatures it is wide and large1 in some little and narrow3 in some with a deep ,incisure up into the ,heads1 for the better catching and holding of ,prey1 and more easy ,comminution of hard1 large and troublesome ,food2 in others with a much shorter ,incisure1 for the gathering and holding of herbaceous ,food4 ,in ,insects it is very notable4 ,in some forcipated2 to catch hold and tear their ,preyt4 ,in some aculeated1 to pierce and wound ,animalsu1 and suck their ,blood4 ,and in others strongly rigged with ,jaws and ,teeth1 to gnaw and scrape out their ,food1 to carry ,burdensw to perforate the ,earth1 yea the hardest ,wood1 yea even ,stones themselves1 for ,housesx to themselves1 and ,nests for their young4 ,and lastly1 in ,birds it is no less remarkable4 ,in the first ,place1 it is neatly shaped for piercing the ,air1 and making ,way for the ,body thro' the airy ,regions4 ,in the next ,place1 it is hard and horny1 which is a good ,supplement for the want of ,teeth1 and causeth the ,bill to have the ,use and ,service of the ,hand4 ,it's hooked ,form is of great ,use to the rapacious ,kindy1 in catching and holding their ,prey1 and in the ,comminution thereof by tearing2 to others it is no less serviceable to their ,climbing1 as well as neat and nice ,comminution of their ,foodz4 ,its extraordinary ,length and ,slenderness is very useful to some1 to search and grope for their ,food in moorish ,placesaa2 as its ,length and ,breadth is to others to hunt and search in muddy ,placesbb3 ,and the contrary ,form1 namely1 a thick1 short1 and sharp-edg'd ,bill1 is as useful to other ,birds1 who have occasion to husk and flay the ,grains they swallow4 ,but it would be endless1 and tedious1 to reckon up all the various ,shapes1 and commodious ,mechanism of all2 the ,sharpness and ,strength of those who have ,occasion to perforate ,wood and ,shellscc2 the ,slenderness and ,neatness of such as pick up small ,insects2 the ,cross-form of such as break up ,fruitsdd2 the compressed ,form of othersee1 with many other curious and artificial ,forms1 all suited to the ,way of ,living1 and peculiar ,occasions of the several ,species of ,birds4 ,thus much for the ,mouth4 ,let us next take a short ,view of the ,teethff1 ,in which their peculiar ,hardnessgg is remarkable1 their ,growthhh also1 their firm ,insertion and ,bandage in the ,gums and ,jaws1 and their various ,shape and ,strength1 suited to their various ,occasion and ,useii2 the foremost weak and farthest from the ,center1 as being only ,preparers to the rest2 the others being to grind and mince1 are accordingly made stronger1 and placed nearer the ,center of ,motion and ,strength4 ,likewise their various ,formkk1 in various ,animals is considerable1 being all curiously adapted to the peculiar ,foodll1 and ,occasions of the several ,species of ,animalsmm4 ,and lastly1 the temporary ,defect of themnn1 is no less observable in ,children1 and such young ,creatures1 where there is no ,occasion for them2 but they would be rather an ,annoyance to the tender ,nipples and ,breasts4 ,from the ,teeth1 the grand ,instruments of ,mastication2 let us proceed to the other ministerial ,parts4 ,and here the ,parotid1 ,sublingual1 and maxillary ,glands2 together with those of the ,cheeks and ,lips1 are considerable2 all lodged in the most convenient ,places about the ,mouth and ,throat to afford that noble digestive salival ,liquor1 to be mixed with the ,food in ,mastication1 and to moisten and lubricate the ,passages1 to give an easie descent to the ,food4 ,the commodious ,form also of the ,jaws1 deserves our ,notice2 together with the strong ,articulation of the lowermost1 and its ,motion4 ,and lastly1 the curious ,form1 the great ,strength1 the convenient ,lodgment and ,situation of the several ,muscles and ,tendonsoo1 all ministring to this so necessary an ,act of ,life1 as ,mastication is2 they are such ,contrivances1 such ,works1 as plainly set forth the infinite ,workman's ,care and ,skill4 ,next to the ,mouth1 the ,gullet presenteth it self2 in every ,creature well-siz'd to the ,food it hath occasion to swallow2 in some but narrow1 in others as large and extensivepp2 in all exceedingly remarkable for the curious ,mechanism of its ,muscles1 and the artificial ,decussation and ,position of their ,fibresqq4 ,and now we are arriv'd to the grand ,receptacle of the ,food1 the ,stomach2 for the most ,part as various as the ,food to be convey'd therein4 ,and here ,i might describe the admirable ,mechanism of its ,tunicks1 ,muscles1 ,glands1 the ,nerves1 ,arteries and ,veinsrr2 all manifesting the super-eminent ,contrivance and ,art of the infinite ,workmanss2 they being all nicely adjusted to their respective ,place1 ,occasion and ,service4 ,i might also insist upon that most necessary ,office of ,digestion2 and here consider that wonderful ,faculty of the ,stomachs of all ,creatures1 to dissolvett all the several ,sorts of ,food appropriated to their ,species2 even sometimes ,things of that ,consistency as seem insolubleuu2 especially by such seemingly simple and weak ,menstruums as we find in their ,stomachs3 ,but ,i shall only give these ,things a bare mention1 and take more peculiar ,notice of the ,special ,provision made in the particular ,species of ,animals1 for the ,digestion of that special ,food appointed them4 ,and in the first ,place it is observable1 that1 in every ,species of ,animals1 the ,strength and ,size of their ,stomachww is conformable to their ,food4 ,such whose ,food is more delicate1 tender1 and nutritive1 have commonly this ,part thinner1 weaker1 and less bulky2 whereas such whose ,aliment is less nutritive1 or whose ,bodies require larger ,supplies to answer their ,bulk1 their ,labours1 and waste of ,strength and ,spirits1 in them it is large and strong4 ,another very remarkable ,thing in this ,part1 is1 the ,number of ,ventricles in divers ,creatures4 ,in many but one2 in some two or morexx4 ,in such as make a sufficient ,comminution of the ,food in the ,mouth1 one suffices4 ,but where ,teeth are wanting1 and the ,food dry and hard1 7as in granivorous ,birds17 there the ,defect is abundantly supply'd by one thin membranaceous ,ventricle1 to receive and moisten the ,food1 and another thick1 strong1 muscular one1 to grind and tearyy it4 ,but in such ,birds1 and other ,creatures1 whose ,food is not ,grain1 but ,flesh1 ,fruits1 ,insects1 or partly one1 partly the other1 there their ,stomachs are accordingly conformable to their ,foodzz1 stronger or weaker1 membranaceous or muscular4 ,but as remarkable a ,thing1 as any in this ,part of ,animals1 is1 the curious ,contrivance and ,fabrick of the several ,ventricles of ruminating ,creatures4 ,the very ,act it self of ,rumination1 is an excellent ,provision for the compleat ,mastication of the ,food1 at the ,resting1 leisure ,times of the ,animal4 ,but the ,apparatus for this ,service1 of divers ,ventricles for its various ,uses and ,purposes1 together with their curious ,mechanism1 deserves great ,admirationaaa4 ,having thus far pursu'd the ,food to the ,place1 where by its ,reduction into ,chyle1 it becomes a proper ,aliment for the ,body2 ,i might next trace it through the several ,meanders of the ,guts1 the ,lacteals1 and so into the ,bloodbbb1 and afterwards into the very ,habit of the ,body3 ,i might also take ,notice of the ,separation made in the ,intestines1 of what is nutritive1 7which is received17 and what is feculent1 7being ejected27 and the ,impregnations there from the ,pancreas and the ,gall2 and after it hath been strained through those curious ,colanders1 the lacteal ,veins1 ,i might also observe its ,impregnations from the ,glands and ,lymphducts2 and1 to name no more1 ,i might farther view the exquisite ,structure of the ,parts ministring to all these delicate ,offices of ,nature2 particularly the artificial ,conformation of the ,intestines might deserve a special ,enquiry1 their ,tunicks1 ,glands1 ,fibres traversing one anotherccc1 and peristaltick ,motion in all ,creatures2 and their cochleous ,passageddd to retard the ,motion of the ,chyle1 and to make amends for the ,shortness of the ,intestines1 in such ,creatures who have but one ,gut2 together with many other ,accommodations of ,nature in particular ,animals that might be mention'd4 ,but it shall suffice to have given only a general ,hint of those curious and admirable ,works of ,god4 ,from whence it is abundantly manifest how little weight there is in the former atheistical ,objection4 ,which will receive a further ,confutation from the ,,vi4 and last ,thing relating to ,food1 that ,i shall speak of1 namely1 ,the great ,sagacity of all ,animals1 in finding out and providing their ,food4 ,in ,man perhaps we may not find any ,thing very admirable1 or remarkable in this ,kind1 by ,means of his ,reason and ,understanding1 and his ,supremacy over the inferior ,creatures2 which answereth all his ,occasions relating to this ,business3 ,but then even here the ,creator hath shewed his ,skill1 in not over-doing the ,matter2 in not providing ,man with an unnecessary ,apparatus1 to effect over and over again what is feasible1 by the ,reach of his ,understanding1 and the ,power of his ,authority4 ,but for the inferior ,creatures1 who want ,reason1 the ,power of that natural ,instinct1 that ,sagacityeee which the ,creator hath imprinted upon them1 do amply compensate that ,defect4 ,and here we shall find a glorious ,scene of the divine ,wisdom1 ,power1 ,providence and ,care1 if we view the various ,instincts of ,beasts1 great and small1 or ,birds1 ,insects and ,reptilesfff4 ,for among every ,species of them1 we may find notable ,acts of ,sagacity1 or ,instinct1 proportional to their ,occasions for ,food4 ,even among those whose ,food is near at ,hand1 and easily come at2 as ,grass and ,herbs2 and consequently have no great need of ,art to discover it2 yet1 that ,faculty of their accurate ,smell and ,taste1 so ready at every turn1 to distinguish between what is salutary1 and what perniciousggg1 doth justly deserve ,praise4 ,but for such ,animals1 whose ,food is not so easily come at1 a ,variety of wonderful ,instinct may be met with1 sufficient to entertain the most curious ,observer4 ,with what entertaining ,power1 and ,artifice do some ,creatures hunthhh1 and pursue their ,game and ,prey6 ,and others watch and way-lay theirsiii6 ,with what prodigious ,sagacity do others grope for it under ,ground1 out of ,sight1 in moorish ,places1 in ,mud and ,dirtkkk2 and others dig and delve for it1 both abovelll1 and under the ,surface of the drier ,landsmmm6 ,and how curious and well designed a ,provision is it of particular large ,nerves in such ,creatures1 adapted to that especial ,service6 ,what an admirable ,faculty is that of many ,animals1 to discover their ,prey at vast ,distances2 some by their ,smell some ,miles offnnn2 and some by their sharp and piercing ,sight1 aloft in the ,air1 or at other great ,distancesooo6 ,an ,instance of the latter of which ,,god himself giveth1 7,job xxxix4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi47 in the ,instinct of the ,eagle3 ,doth the ,eagle mount up at thy ,command1 and make her ,nest on high8 ,she dwelleth and abideth on the ,rock1 upon the ,crag of the ,rock1 and the strong ,placeppp4 ,from thence she seeketh her ,prey1 and her ,eyes behold afar off4 ,what a commodious ,provision hath the ,contriver of ,nature made for ,animals1 that are necessitated to climb for their ,food2 not only in the ,structure of their ,legs and ,feet1 and in the ,strength of their ,tendons and ,muscles1 acting in that particular ,officeqqq2 but also in the peculiar ,structure of the principal ,parts1 acting in the ,acquest of their ,foodrrr6 ,what a ,provision also is that in nocturnal ,birds and ,beasts1 in the peculiar ,structure of their ,eyesss1 7and we may perhaps add the ,accuracy of their ,smell too7 whereby they are enabled to discover their ,food in the ,dark8 ,but among all the ,instances we have of natural ,instinct1 those ,instincts1 and especial ,provisions made to supply the ,necessities of ,helpless ,animals1 do in a particular ,manner demonstrate the great ,creator's ,care4 ,of which ,i shall give two ,instances4 #a4 ,the ,provision made for young ,creatures4 ,that 1 that natural ,affection1 so connatural to all1 or most ,creatures towards their ,youngttt1 what an admirable noble ,principle is it1 implanted in them by the wise ,creator8 ,by ,means of which1 with what ,alacrity do they transact their parental ,ministry8 ,with what ,care do they nurse up their ,young2 think no ,pains too great to be taken for them1 no ,dangersuuu too great to be ventured upon for their ,guard and ,security8 ,how carefully will they lead them about in ,places of ,safety1 carry them into ,places of ,retreat and ,security2 yea1 some of them admit them into their own ,bowelswww8 ,how will they caress them with their affectionate ,notes1 lull and quiet them with their tender parental ,voice1 put ,food into their ,mouths1 suckle them1 cherish and keep them warm1 teach them to pick1 and eat1 and gather ,food for themselves2 and1 in a word1 perform the whole ,part of so many ,nurses1 deputed by the ,sovereign ,lord and ,preserver of the ,world1 to help such young and shiftless ,creatures1 till they are come to that ,maturity1 as to be able to shift for themselves8 ,and as for other ,animals 7particularly ,insects1 whose ,sire is partly the ,sun1 and whose numerous ,off-spring would be too great for their ,parent-,animal's ,care and ,provision7 these are so generated1 as to need none of their ,care1 by ,reason they arrive immediately to their 1 their perfect1 adult ,state1 and are able to shift for themselves4 ,but yet1 thus far their parental ,instinct 7equivalent to the most rational ,care and ,fore-sight7 doth extend1 that the old ones do not wildly drop their ,eggs and ,sperm any where1 at all ,adventures1 but so cautiously reposit it in such commodious ,places 7some in the ,waters1 some on ,flesh1 some on ,plants proper and agreeable to their ,speciesxxx2 and some shut up agreeable ,food in their ,nests1 partly for ,incubation1 partly for ,foodyyy17 that their young in their ,aurelia1 or ,nympha ,state1 may find sufficient and agreeable ,food to bring them up1 till they arrive to their ,maturity4 ,thus far the ,parental ,instinct and ,care4 ,next we may observe no less in the young themselves1 especially in those of the irrational ,animals4 ,forasmuch as the ,parent-,animal is not able to bear them about1 to cloath them1 and to dandle them1 as ,man doth2 how admirably hath the ,creator contrived their ,state1 that those poor young ,creatures can soon walk about1 and with the little ,helps of their ,dam1 shift for1 and help themselves8 ,how naturally do they hunt for their ,teat1 suck1 pickzzz1 and take in their proper ,food8 ,but for the young of ,man1 their ,parents ,reason1 joined with natural ,affection1 being sufficient to help1 to nurse1 to feed1 and to cloath them2 therefore they are born helpless1 and are more absolutely than other ,creatures1 cast upon their ,parents ,careaaaa4 ,a manifest ,act and ,designation of the ,divine ,providence4 #b4 ,the other ,instance ,i promised1 is the ,provision made for the ,preservation of such ,animals as are sometimes destitute of ,food1 or in ,danger of being so4 ,the ,winter is a very inconvenient1 improper ,season1 to afford either ,food or ,exercise to ,insects1 and many other ,animals4 ,when the flowry ,fields are divested of their ,gaiety2 when the fertile ,trees and ,plants are stripp'd of their ,fruits1 and the ,air1 instead of being warmed with the cherishing ,beams of the ,sun1 is chilled with rigid ,frost2 what would become of such ,animals as are impatient of ,cold8 ,what ,food could be found by such as are subsisted by the ,summer-,fruits8 ,but to obviate all this ,evil1 to stave off the ,destruction and ,extirpation of divers ,species of ,animals1 the infinitely wise ,preserver of the ,world hath as wisely ordered the matter2 that1 in the first ,place1 such as are impatient of ,cold1 should have such a special ,structure of their ,body1 particularly of their ,hearts1 and ,circulation of their ,bloodbbbb1 as during that ,season1 not to suffer any waste of their ,body1 and consequently not to need any ,recruits2 but that they should be able to live in a kind of sleepy1 middle ,state1 in their ,places of safe ,retreat1 until the warm ,sun revives both them and their ,food together4 ,the next ,provision is for such as can bear the ,cold1 but would want ,food then2 and that is in some by a long ,patience of ,hungercccc1 in others by their notable ,instinct in laying up ,food beforehand against the approaching ,winterdddd4 ,of this many entertaining ,examples may be given2 particularly we may1 at the proper ,season1 observe not only the little ,treasures and ,holes well-stocked with timely ,provisions1 but large ,fieldseeee here and there throughout bespread with considerable ,numbers of the ,fruits of the neighbouring ,trees1 laid carefully up in the ,earth1 and covered safe1 by the provident little ,animals inhabiting thereabouts4 ,and not without ,pleasure have ,i seen and admired the ,sagacity of other ,animals1 hunting out those subterraneous ,fruits1 and pillaging the ,treasures of those little provident ,creatures4 ,and now from this bare transient ,view of this ,branch of the ,great ,creator's ,providence and ,government1 relating to the ,food of his ,creatures1 we can conclude no less1 than that since this grand ,affair hath such manifest ,strokes of admirable and wise ,management1 that since this is demonstrated throughout all ,ages and ,places1 that therefore it is ,god's ,handy-,work4 ,for how is it possible that so vast a ,world of ,animals should be supported1 such a great ,variety equally and well supplied with proper ,food1 in every ,place fit for ,habitation1 without an especial ,superintendency and ,management1 equal to1 at least1 that of the most prudent ,steward and ,housholder8 ,how should the ,creatures be able to find out their ,food when laid up in secret ,places8 ,and how should they be able to gather even a great deal of the common ,food1 and at last to macerate and digest it1 without peculiar ,organs adapted to the ,service8 ,and what less than an infinitely ,wise ,god could form such a ,set of curious ,organs1 as we find every ,species endowed with1 for this very ,life8 ,organs so artificially made1 so exquisitely fitted up1 that the more strictly we survey them1 the more accurately we view them 7even the meanest of them with our blest ,glasses7 the less ,fault we find in them1 and the more we admire them3 ,whereas the best polished1 and most exquisite ,works1 made by human ,art1 appear through our ,glasses1 as rude and bungling1 deformed and monstrous2 and yet we admire them1 and call them ,works of ,art and ,reason4 ,and lastly1 ,what less than ,rational and ,wise could endow irrational ,animals with various ,instincts1 equivalent1 in their special ,way1 to ,reason it self8 ,insomuch that some from thence have absolutely concluded1 that those ,creatures had some ,glimmerings of ,reason4 ,but it is manifestly ,instinct1 not ,reason they act by1 because we find no varying1 but that every ,species doth naturally pursue at all ,times the same ,methods and ,way1 without any ,tutorage or ,learning3 ,whereas ,reason1 without ,instruction1 would often vary1 and do that by many ,methods1 which ,instinct doth by one alone4 ,but of this more hereafter4 ,,footnotes3 a ,pastum animantibus larg copios natura eum1 qui cuique aptus erat1 comparavit4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #dg4 ,ille ,deus est1----qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit1 qui gregibus ubique passim vagantibus pabulum prstat4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 l4 #d4 c4 #f4 b ,tritico nihil est fertilius3 hoc ei natura tribuit1 quoniam eo maxim alat hominem2 utpote cm modio1 si sit aptum solum----#aej modii reddantur4 ,misit ,d4 ,augusto procurator--ex uno grano 7vix credibile dictu7 #djj paucis mins germina4 ,misit ,neroni similiter #cdj stipulas ex uno grano4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #ah4 c4 #aj4 c ,sed illa quanta benignitas ,natura1 qud tam multa ad vescendum1 tam varia1 tam jucunda gignit3 neque ea uno tempore anni1 ut semper novitate delectemur copi4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ec4 d ,swammerdam observes of the ,ephemeron ,worms1 that their ,food is ,clay1 and that they make their ,cells of the same4 ,upon which occasion he saith of ,moths1 that eat ,wool and ,fur1 ,there are two ,things very considerable1 #a4 ,that the ,cells they make to themselves1 wherein they live1 and with which 7as their ,house1 ,tortoise-like7 they move from ,place to ,place1 they make of the ,matter next at hand4 #b4 ,that they feed also on the same1 therefore when you find their ,cells1 or rather ,coats or ,cases to be made of yellow1 green1 blue or black ,cloth1 you will also find their ,dung of the same ,colour4 ,swammerd4 ,ephem4 vita4 ,published by ,dr4 ,tyson1 ,chap4 #c4 e ,job xxxviii4 #da4 ,psal4 cxlvii4 #i4 f ,aristot4 l4 #i4 c4 #ca4 ,hist4 ,animal4 g ,pliny affirms this of the ,crow as well as ,raven3 ,cter omnes i4e4 ,cornices ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos1 ac volare cogunt1 sicut ,corvi1 qui----robustos suos ftus fugant longis4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #ab4 h ,var4 ,hist4 i ,chap4 #i4 k ,admiranda ,natur dispensatio est1 ut aliter1 alioque modo1 tempore1 industri colatur terra septentrionalis1 aliter thiopia1 c4 ,quoad ,aquilonares1 hoc certum est1 in plerisque agris ,vestrogothorum1 parte object ,meridionali plag1 ,hordeum spatio #cf ,dierum femine projecto maturum colligi1 hoc est fine ,junii usque medium ,augusti1 aliquando celerius4 ,ea namque maturitas ex soli natur1 arisque clementi1 ac humore lapillorum fovente radices1 ,soleque torrente1 necessari provenit1 ut ita nascatur1 ac maturetur1 talesque spic sex ordines in numero arist habent4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #ae4 c4 #h4 ,prata pascua tant luxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate1 ut necessum sit inde arcere jumenta1 n nimio herbarum esu crepent1 c4 ,id4 ib4 l4 #ai4 c4 #cf4 l ,among the many noble ,contrivances for ,food1 ,i cannot but attribute that universal ,aliment1 ,bread1 to the ,revelation1 or at least the ,inspiration of the ,creator and ,conservator of ,mankind2 not only because it is a ,food used in all1 or most ,parts of the ,world2 but especially because it is of incomparable ,use in the great ,work of ,digestion1 greatly assisting the ,ferment1 or whatever causes the ,digestion of the ,stomach4 ,of which take this ,example from the noble ,mr4 ,boyle4 8,he extracted a ,menstruum from ,bread alone1 that would work on ,bodies more ,compact than many hard ,minerals1 nay even on ,glass it self1 and do many ,things that ,aqua-fortis could not do----,yet by no means was this so corrosive a ,liquor as ,aq4 fort4 or as the other acid ,menstruum04 ,vid4 the ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,harris's ,lex4 ,tech4 verbo ,menstruum1 where the way of preparing it may be met with4 m ,psal4 civ4 #bf4 n ,the ,insects that for the most part discolour the ,waters1 are the small ,insects of the ,shrimp-kind1 called by ,swammerdam1 ,pulex aquaticus arborescens4 ,these ,i have often seen so numerous in stagnating ,waters in the ,summer-,months1 that they have changed the ,colour of the ,waters to a pale or deep ,red1 sometimes a ,yellow1 according to the ,colour they were of4 ,of this ,swammerdam hath a pretty ,story told him by ,dr4 ,florence ,schuyl1 viz4 ,se aliquando ,studiis intentum1 magno quodam horrifico rumore fuisse turbatum1 simul ad causam ejus inquirendam excitatum2 verm se vix eum in finem surrexisse1 cm ,ancilla ejus pne exanimis adcurreret1 multo cum singultu referret1 omnem ,lugduni ,batavorum aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem4 ,the ,cause of which1 upon ,examination he found to be only from the numerous ,swarms of those ,pulices4 ,v4 ,swamm4 ,hist4 ,insect4 p4 #gj4 ,the ,cause of this great ,concourse1 and ,appearance of those little ,insects1 ,i have frequently observed to be to perform their ,cot2 which is commonly about the latter end of ,may1 and in ,june4 ,at that ,time they are very venereous1 frisking and catching at one another2 and many of them conjoined ,tail to ,tail1 with their ,bellies inclined one towards another4 ,at this ,time also they change their ,skin or ,slough2 which ,i conceive their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth4 ,and what if at this ,time they change their ,quarters8 ,vid4 ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7f74 ,these small ,insects1 as they are very numerous1 so are ,food to many ,water-,animals4 ,i have seen not only ,ducks shovel them up as they swim along the ,waters1 but divers ,insects also devour them1 particularly some of the middle-sized ,squill aquatic1 which are very voracious ,insects4 o ,besides the ,pulices last mentioned1 there are in the ,waters other ,animalcules very numerous1 which are scarce visible without a ,microscope4 ,in ,may1 and the ,summer ,months1 the green ,scum on the top of stagnating ,waters1 is nothing else but prodigious ,numbers of these ,animalcules3 ,so is likewise the green ,colour in them1 when all the ,water seems green4 ,which ,animalcules1 in all ,probability1 serve for ,food to the ,pulices ,aquatici1 and other the minuter ,animals of the ,waters4 ,of which ,i gave a pregnant ,instance in one of the ,nymph of ,gnats1 to my ,friend the late admirable ,mr4 ,ray1 which he was pleased to publish in the last ,edition of his ,wisdom of ,god in the ,creation1 p4 #dcj4 p ,nil ade quoniam natum'st in ,corpore1 ut uti ,possemus1 sed quod natum'st1 id procreat usum4 ,and afterwards1 ,propterea capitur ,cibus1 ut suffulciat artus1 ,et recreet vireis interdatus1 atque patentem ,per membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi4 ,and after the same manner he discourseth of ,thirst1 and divers other ,things4 ,vid4 ,lucret4 l4 #d4 v4 #hca1 c4 ,against this ,opinion of the ,epicureans1 ,galen ingeniously argues in his ,discourse about the ,hand4 ,non enim ,manus ips 7saith he7 hominem artes docuerunt1 sed ,ratio4 ,manus autem ips sunt artium organa2 sicut ,lyra musici----,lyra musicam non docuit1 sed est ipsius artifex per eam1 qu prditus est1 ,rationem3 agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis1 ita una qulibet anima facultates quasdam su ipsius substanti obtinet1----,qud autem corporis particul animam non impellunt1----manifeste videre licet1 si animalia recns nata confideres1 qu quidem pris agere conantur1 qum perfectas habeant particulas4 ,ego namque ,bovis vitulum cornibus petere conantem spenumero vidi1 antequam ei nata essent cornua2 ,et pullum ,equi calcitrantem1 c4 ,omne enim animal su ipsius ,anim facultates1 ac in quos usus partes su polleant maxim1 nullo doctore1 prsentit4----,qu igitur ratione dici potest1 animalia partium usus partibus doceri1 cm antequam illas habeant1 hoc cognoscere videantur8 ,si igitur ,ova tria acceperis1 unum ,aquil1 alterum ,anatis1 reliquum ,serpentis1 calore modico foveris1 animaliaque excluseris2 illa quidem alis volare conantia1 antequm volare possint2 hoc autem revolvi videbis1 serpere affectans1 quamvis molle adhuc invalidam fuerit4 ,et si1 dum perfecta erunt1 in un edemque domo nutriveris1 deinde ad locum subdialem ducta emiseris1 ,aquila quidem ad sublime2 ,anas autem in paludem2----,serpens ver sub terr irrepet----,animalia quidem mihi videntur ,natur magis qum ,ratione artem aliquam artificiosa exercere3 ,apes fingere alveolos1 c4 ,galen de usu4 ,part ,i4 c4 #c4 q ,alia dentibus prdantur1 alia unguibus1 alia rostri aduncitate carpunt1 alia latitudine ejusdem ruunt1 alia acumine excavant1 alia sugunt1 alia lambunt1 sorbent1 mandunt1 vorant4 ,nec minor varietas in ,pedum ministerio1 ut rapiant1 distrahant1 teneant1 premant1 pendeant1 tellurem scabere non cessent4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #ga4 r ,because it would be tedious to reckon up the ,bones1 ,glands1 ,muscles1 and other ,parts belonging to the ,mouth1 it shall suffice to observe1 that1 for the various ,services of ,man's ,mouth1 besides the ,muscles in common with other ,parts1 there are five ,pair1 and one single one proper to the ,lips only1 as ,dr4 ,gibson reckons them3 ,but my most diligent and curious ,friend the late ,mr4 ,cowper1 discovered a sixth ,pair4 ,and accordingly ,dr4 ,drake reckons six ,pair1 and one single one proper to the ,lips1 l4 #c4 c4 #ac4 s ,galen deserves to be here consulted1 who excellently argues against the casual ,concourse of the ,atoms of ,epicurus and ,asclepiades1 from the provident and wise ,formation of the ,mouths of ,animals1 and their ,teeth answerable thereto4 ,in ,man1 his ,mouth without a deep ,incisure1 with only one canine ,tooth on a side1 and flat ,nails1 because1 saith he1 ,hic ,natura cert sciebat1 se animal mansuetum ac civile effingere1 cui robur vires essent ex sapienti1 non ex corporis fortitudine4 ,but for ,lions1 ,wolfs and ,dogs1 and all such as are called 1 7or having sharp1 serrated ,teeth7 their ,mouths are large1 and deep cut2 ,teeth strong and sharp1 and their ,nails sharp1 large1 strong and round1 accommodated to holding and tearing4 ,vid4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #aa4 c4 #i4 t ,among ,insects the ,squill aquatic1 as they are very rapacious1 so are accordingly provided for it3 ,particularly the ,squilla aquatica maxima recurva 7as ,i call it7 who hath somewhat terrible in its very ,aspect1 and in its ,posture in the ,water1 especially its ,mouth1 which is armed with long1 sharp ,hooks1 with which it boldly1 and greedily catcheth any thing in the ,waters1 even one's ,fingers4 ,when they have seized their ,prey1 they will so tenaciously hold it with their forcipated ,mouth1 that they will not part therewith1 even when they are taken out of the ,waters1 and jumbled about in one's ,hand4 ,i have admired at their peculiar way of taking in their ,food2 which is done by piercing their ,prey with their ,forcipes 7which are hollow7 and sucking the ,juice thereof through them4 ,the ,squilla here mentioned1 is the first and second in ,mouffet's ,theat4 ,insect4 l4 #b4 c4 #cg4 u ,for an ,instance of ,insects endued with a ,spear1 ,i shall1 for its ,peculiarity1 pitch upon one of the smallest1 if not the very smallest of all the ,gnat-kind1 which ,i call1 ,culex minimus nigricans maculatus sanguisuga4 ,among us in ,essex1 they are called ,nidiots1 by ,mouffet ,midges4 ,it is about of an ,inch1 or somewhat more long1 with short ,antenn1 plain in the ,female1 in the ,male feather'd1 somewhat like a ,bottle-,brush4 ,it is spotted with blackish ,spots1 especially on the ,wings1 which extend a little beyond the ,body4 ,it comes from a little slender ,eel-like ,worm1 of a dirty white ,colour1 swimming in stagnating ,waters by a wrigling ,motion2 as in ,fig4 #e4 ,its ,aurelia is small1 with a black ,head1 little short ,horns1 a spotted1 slender1 rough ,belly1 ,vid4 ,fig4 #f4 ,it lies quietly on the top of the ,water1 now and then gently wagging it self this way and that4 ,these ,gnats are greedy ,blood-,suckers1 and very troublesome1 where numerous1 as they are in some ,places near the ,thames1 particularly in the ,breach-,waters that have lately befallen near us1 in the ,parish of ,dagenham2 where ,i found them so vexatious1 that ,i was glad to get out of those ,marshes4 ,yea1 ,i have seen ,horses so stung with them1 that they have had ,drops of ,blood all over their ,bodies1 where they were wounded by them4 ,i have given a ,figure 7in ,fig4 #g47 and more particular ,description of the ,gnats1 because1 although it be common1 it is no where taken notice of by any ,author ,i know1 except ,mouffet1 who1 ,i suppose1 means these ,gnats1 which he calls ,midges1 c4 #ac4 p4 #hb4 w ,hornets and ,wasps have strong ,jaws1 toothed1 wherewith they can dig into ,fruits1 for their ,food2 as also gnaw and scrape ,wood1 whole ,mouthfuls of which they carry away to make their ,combs4 ,vid4 infr4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7c74 x ,monsieur de la ,voye tells of an ancient ,wall of ,free-,stone in the ,benedictines-,abby at ,caen in ,normandy1 so eaten with ,worms1 that one may run ones ,hand into most of the ,cavities3 ,that these ,worms are small and black1 lodging in a greyish ,shell1 that they have large flattish ,heads1 a large ,mouth1 with four black ,jaws1 c4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #ah4 y ,pro iis ,labris cornea acuta ,volucribus ,rostra4 ,eadem rapto viventibus adunca3 collecto1 recta3 herbas ruentibus limumque lata1 ut ,suum generi4 ,jumentis vice mans ad colligenda pabula3 ora apertiora laniatu viventibus4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 z ,parrots have their ,bills nicely adapted to these ,services1 being hooked1 for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for2 and the lower ,jaw being compleatly fitted to the ,hooks of the upper1 they can as minutely break their ,food1 as other ,animals do with their ,teeth4 aa ,thus in ,woodcocks1 ,snipes1 c4 who hunt for ,worms in moorish ,ground1 and1 as ,mr4 ,willughby saith1 live also on the fatty unctuous ,humour they suck out of the ,earth4 ,so also the ,bills of ,curlews1 and many other ,sea-,fowl1 are very long1 to enable them to hunt for the ,worms1 c4 in the ,sands on the ,sea-shore1 which they frequent4 bb ,ducks1 ,geese1 and divers others1 have such long broad ,bills1 to quaffer and hunt in ,water and ,mud2 to which we may reckon the uncouth ,bill of the ,spoon-,bill3 but that which deserves particular ,observation in the ,birds named in these two last ,notes is1 the ,nerves going to the end of their ,bills1 enabling them to discover their ,food out of ,sight2 of which see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7e74 cc ,the ,picus viridis1 or ,green-,woodspite1 and all the ,wood-,peckers have ,bills1 curiously made for digging ,wood1 strong1 hard1 and sharp4 ,a neat ,ridge runs along the top of the green ,wood-,pecker's ,bill1 as if an ,artist had designed it for ,strength and ,neatness4 dd ,the ,loxia1 or ,cross-,bill1 whose ,bill is thick and strong1 with the ,tips crossing one another2 with great ,readiness breaks open ,fir-cones1 ,apples1 and other ,fruit1 to come at their ,kernels1 which are its ,food1 as if the crossing of the ,bill was designed for this ,service4 ee ,the ,sea-,pie hath a long1 sharp1 narrow ,bill1 compressed side-ways1 and every way so well adapted to the raising ,limpets from the ,rocks 7which are its chief1 if not only ,food7 that ,nature 7or rather the ,author of ,nature7 seems to have framed it purely for that ,use4 ff ,those animals which have ,teeth on both ,jaws1 have but one ,stomach2 but most of those which have no upper ,teeth1 or none at all1 have three ,stomachs2 as in ,beasts1 the ,paunch1 the ,read1 and the ,feck2 and in all granivorous ,birds1 the ,crop1 the ,echinus and the ,gizard4 ,for as chewing is to an easie ,digestion1 so is swallowing whole to that which is more laborious4 ,dr4 ,grew's ,cosmol4 ,sacr4 c4 #e4 4 #bd4 gg ,j4 ,peyer saith1 the ,teeth are made of convolved ,skins hardened2 and if we view the ,grinders of ,deer1 ,horses1 ,sheep1 c4 we shall find great ,reason to be of his ,mind4 ,his ,observations are1 ,mirum autem eos 7i4e4 ,dentes7 cm primm pelliculis imbricatim convolutis muco viscido constarent1 in tantam dirigescere soliditatem1 qu ossa cuncta superet4 ,idem fit etiam in ,ossiculis ,ceraforum1 c4----,separatione fact1 per membranas conditur ,magma locellis1 quos formant lamin tenues1 ac duriuscul ad ,dentis figuram ante divinits composit4 ,j4 ,peyer ,merycol4 l4 #b4 c4 #h4 hh ,qui autem 7i4e4 ,dentes7 renascuntur1 minim credendi sunt facultate aliqu plastic ,brutorum denu formari1 sed latentes tantummodo in conspectum producuntur augmento molis ex effluente succo4 ,id4 ibid4 ii ,from these1 and other like ,considerations of the ,teeth1 ,galen infers1 that they must needs be the ,work of some wise1 provident ,being2 not ,chance1 nor a fortuitous ,concourse of ,atoms4 ,for the ,confirmation of which he puts the ,case1 ,that suppose the order of the ,teeth should have been inverted1 the ,grinders set in the room of the ,incisors1 c4 7which might as well have been1 had not the ,teeth been placed by a wise ,agent7 in this case1 what ,use would the ,teeth have been of8 ,what ,confusion by such a slight ,error in their ,disposal only8 ,upon which he argues1 ,at siquis choream hominum #cb 7the ,number of the ,teeth7 ordine disposuit1 eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus2 cm ver ,dentium choream ,natura tam bell exornrit1 nonne ipsam quoque laudabimus8 ,and then he goes on with the ,argument1 from the ,sockets of the ,teeth1 and their nice fitting in them1 which being no less accurately done1 than what is done by a ,carpenter1 or ,stone-,cutter1 in fitting a ,tenon into a ,mortice1 doth as well infer the ,art and ,act of the wise ,maker of ,animal ,bodies1 as the other doth the ,act and ,art of ,man4 ,and so he goes on with other ,arguments to the same ,effect4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #aa4 c4 #h4 kk ,a curious ,account of this may be found in an ,extract of a ,letter concerning the ,teeth of divers ,animals4 ,printed at ,paris1 in ,m4 ,vaugnion's ,compleat ,body of ,chirurg4 ,oper4 ,chap4 #ec4 ll ,as it hath been taken notice of1 that various ,animals delight in various ,food2 so it constantly falls out1 that their ,teeth are accordingly fitted to their ,food2 the rapacious to catching1 holding and tearing their ,prey2 the herbaceous to ,gathering and ,comminution of ,vegetables3 ,and such as have no ,teeth1 as ,birds1 their ,bill1 ,craw and ,gizard1 are assisted with ,stones1 to supply the defect of ,teeth4 ,but the most considerable ,example of this ,kind is in some ,families of the ,insect-,tribes1 as the ,papilio-,kind1 c4 who have ,teeth1 and are voracious1 and live on tender ,vegetables in their ,nympha1 or ,caterpillar-,state1 when they can only creep2 but in their mature ,papilio-,state1 they have no ,teeth1 but a ,proboscis1 or ,trunk to suck up ,honey1 c4 their ,parts for gathering ,food1 as well as their ,food being changed1 as soon as they have ,wings to enable them to fly to it4 mm ,it is remarkable in the ,teeth of ,fishes1 that in some they are sharp1 as also jointed1 so as to fall back1 the better to catch and hold their ,prey1 and to facilitate its ,passage into the ,stomach3 ,so in others they are broad and flat1 made to break the ,shells of ,snails and ,shell-,fish devoured by them4 ,these ,teeth1 or ,breakers1 are placed1 in some1 in the ,mouth2 in some1 in the ,throat2 and in ,lobsters1 c4 in the ,stomach it self2 in the bottom of whose ,stomachs are three of those ,grinders1 with peculiar ,muscles to move them4 nn ,what is there in the ,world can be called an ,act of ,providence and ,design1 if this temporary ,defect of ,teeth be not such2 that ,children1 for ,instance1 should have none whilst they are not able to use them1 but to hurt themselves2 or the ,mother2 and that at the very ,age when they can take in more substantial ,food1 and live without the ,breast1 and begin to need ,teeth1 for the sake of ,speech2 that then1 ,i say1 their ,teeth should begin to appear1 and gradually grow1 as they more and more stand in need of 'em4 oo ,it would be endless to particularize here1 and therefore ,i shall refer to the ,anatomists2 among the rest1 particularly to ,galen1 for the sake of his ,descant upon this ,subject4 ,for having described the great ,accuracy of the ,contrivance and ,make of these ,parts1 he saith1 ,haud scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad ,fortunam opificem id revocare3 alioqui quid tandem erit1 quod cum ,providenti atque ,arte efficitur8 ,omnino enim hoc ei contrariaum esse debet1 quod casu ac fortuit fit4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #aa4 c4 #g4 ubi plura4 pp ,the ,bore of the ,gullet is not in all ,creatures alike answerable to the ,body or ,stomach4 ,as in the ,fox1 which both feeds on ,bones1 and swallows whole1 or with little chewing2 add next in a ,dog1 and other ossivorous ,quadrupeds1 'tis very large1 viz4 to prevent a ,contusion therein4 ,next in a ,horse1 which though he feeds on ,grass1 yet swallows much at once1 and so requires a more open ,passage4 ,but in a ,sheep1 ,rabbit1 or ,ox1 which bite short1 and swallow less at once1 'tis smaller4 ,but in a ,squirrel1 still lesser1 both because he eats fine1 and to keep him from disgorging his ,meat upon his descending ,leaps4 ,and so in ,rats and ,mice1 which often run along ,walls with their ,heads downwards4 ,dr4 ,grew's ,comp4 ,anat4 of ,stom4 and ,guts4 ,chap4 #e4 qq ,of this see ,dr4 ,willis's ,pharm4 ,rat4 ,part #a4 ,sect4 #a4 c4 #b4 ,steno also1 and ,peyer ,mery1 l4 #b4 ,the ,description these give of the muscular ,part of the ,gullet1 the late ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,drake saith is very exact in ,ruminants1 but not in ,men4 ,in ,men1 this ,coat 7the second of the ,gullet7 consists of two fleshy ,lamell1 like two distinct ,muscles4 ,the outward being compared of strait longitudinal ,fibres4----,the inner ,order of ,fibres is annular1 without any observable ,angles4----,the ,use of this ,coat1 and these ,orders of ,fibres is to promote ,deglutition2 of which the ,longitudinal1----shorten the ,oesophagus1 and so make its ,capacity larger1 to admit of the ,matter to be swallowed4 ,the ,annular1 on the contrary1 contract the ,capacity1 and closing behind the descending ,aliment1 press it downwards4 ,drake's ,anat4 vol4 #a4 l4 #a4 c4 #i4 rr ,see ,willis1 ibid4 ,cowper's ,anat4 ,tab4 #ce4 and many other ,authors4 ss ,promptuarium autem hoc1 alimentum universum excipiens1 ceu ,divinum1 non ,humanum sit opificium4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #d4 c4 #a4 tt ,how great a ,comprehension of the ,nature of ,things1 did it require1 to make a ,menstruum1 that should corrode all sorts of ,flesh coming into the ,stomach1 and yet not the ,stomach it self1 which is also ,flesh8 ,dr4 ,grew's ,cosmol4 ,sacr4 c4 #d4 uu ,the ,food of the ,castor being oftentimes1 if not always1 dry ,things1 and hard of ,digestion1 such as the ,roots and ,bark of ,trees1 'tis a wonderful ,provision made in that ,creature's ,stomach1 by the digestive ,juice lodged in the curious little ,cells there4 ,a ,description of whose admirable ,structure and ,order may be found in ,blasius from ,wepser2 concerning which he saith1 ,in quibus ,mucus reconditus1 non secus ac ,mel in ,favis4----,nimiram quia ,castoris alimentum exsuccum1 coctu difficillimum est1 sapientissimus summ admirandus in suis operibus rerum ,conditor1 ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ipsi pulcherrim ist affabr fact structur benignissim prospexit1 ut nunquam deesset ,fermentum1 quod ad solvendum1 comminuendum alimentum durum asperum par foret4 ,vid4 ,blas4 ,anat4 ,animal4 c4 #aj4 ,confer etiam ,act4 ,erud4 ,lips4 ,ann4 #afhd4 p4 #cfj4 ,most of our modern ,anatomists and ,physicians attribute ,digestion to a dissolving ,menstruum2 but ,dr4 ,drake takes it to be rather from fermentative1 dissolving ,principles in the ,aliment it self1 with the ,concurrence of the ,air and ,heat of the ,body2 as in ,dr4 ,papin's ,digester4 ,vid4 ,dr4 ,anat4 vol4 #a4 c4 #ad4 ww ,all carnivorous ,quadrupeds have the smallest ,ventricles1 ,flesh going farthest4 ,those that feed on ,fruits1 and ,roots1 have them of a middle ,size4 ,yet the ,mole1 because it feeds unclean1 hath a very great one4 ,sheep and ,oxen1 which feed on ,grass1 have the greatest4 ,yet the ,horse 7and for the same ,reason the ,coney and ,hare7 though ,graminivorous1 yet comparatively have but little ones4 ,for that a ,horse is made for ,labour1 and both this1 and the ,hare1 for quick and continued ,motion2 for which1 the most easie ,respiration1 and so the freest ,motion of the ,diaphragme is very requisite2 which yet could not be1 should the ,stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it1 as in ,sheep and ,oxen it doth1 ,grew1 ib4 ,chap4 #f4 xx ,the ,dromedary hath four ,stomachs1 one whereof is peculiarly endowed with about twenty ,cavities1 like ,sacks1 in all ,probability for the holding of ,water4 ,concerning which1 see ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7a74 yy ,to assist in which ,office1 they swallow small angular ,stones1 which are to be met with in the ,gizards of all granivorous ,birds2 but in the ,gizard of the ,iynx1 or ,wryneck1 which was full only of ,ants1 ,i found not one ,stone4 ,so in that of the ,green ,wood-,pecker 7full of ,ants and ,tree-maggots7 there were but few ,stones4 zz ,in most carnivorous ,birds1 the third ,ventricle is ,membranous2 where the ,meat is concocted1 as in a ,man3 ,or somewhat ,tendinous1 as in an ,owl2 as if it were made indifferently for ,flesh1 or other ,meat1 as he could meet with either4 ,or most thick and tendinous1 called the ,gizard2 wherein the ,meat1 as in a ,mill1 is ground to ,pieces4 ,grew1 ubi supra1 ,chap4 #i4 aaa ,it would be much too long a ,task to insist upon it here as it deserves1 and therefore concerning the whole ,business of ,rumination1 ,i shall refer to ,j4 ,conr4 ,peyeri ,merycolog4 seu de ,ruminantibus ,ruminatione ,commentar4 where he largely treateth of the several ,ruminating ,animals1 of the ,parts ministring to this ,act1 and the great ,use and ,benefit thereof unto them4 bbb ,there are too many ,particulars to be insisted on1 observable in the ,passages of the ,chyle1 from the ,guts to the ,left ,subclavian ,vein1 where it enters into the ,blood2 and therefore ,i shall only1 for a ,sample of this admirable ,oeconomy1 take notice of some of the main and more general ,matters4 ,and1 #a4 ,after the ,food is become ,chyle1 and gotten into the ,guts1 it is an excellent ,provision made1 not only for its ,passage through the ,guts1 but also for its ,protrusion into the ,lacteals1 by the ,peristaltick ,motion and ,valvul conniventes of the ,guts4 #b4 ,it is an admirable ,provision1 that the ,mouths of the ,lacteals1 and indeed the ,lacteals primi generis themselves are small and fine1 not wider than the ,capillary ,arteries are1 lest by admitting ,particles of the ,nourishment grosser than the ,capillaries1 dangerous ,obstructions might be thereby produced4 #c4 ,after the ,reception of the ,aliment into the ,lacteals primi generis1 it is a noble ,provision for the ,advancement of its ,motion1 that in the ,mesenterick ,glands1 it meets with some of the ,lymph-,ducts1 and receives the ,impregnations of the ,lympha4 ,and passing on from thence1 it is no less ,advantage4 #d4 ,that the ,lacteals1 and ,lymph-,ducts meet in the ,receptaculum ,chyli1 where the ,aliment meeting with more of the ,lympha1 is made of a due ,consistence1 and ,temperament1 for its farther ,advancement through the ,thoracick ,duct1 and so into the ,left ,subclavian ,vein and ,blood4 ,lastly1 ,this ,thoracick ,duct it self is a ,part of great ,consideration4 ,for 7as ,mr4 ,cowper saith7 ,if we consider in this ,duct its several ,divisions and ,inosculations1 its numerous ,valves looking from below upwards1 its advantagious ,situation between the great ,artery and ,vertebr of the ,back1 together with the ,ducts discharging their refluent ,lympha from the ,lungs1 and other neighbouring ,parts1 we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost ,art of ,nature used in furthering the steep and perpendicular ,ascent of the ,chyle4 ,anat4 ,introduct4 ccc ,these1 although noble ,contrivances and ,works of ,god1 are too many to be insisted on1 and therefore ,i shall refer to the ,anatomists1 particularly ,dr4 ,willis ,pharmaceut4 ,dr4 ,cole1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #abe4 and ,mr4 ,cowper's elegant ,cuts in ,anat4 ,tab4 #cd1 #ce4 and ,append4 ,fig4 #ci1 #dj4 ddd ,in the ,thornback1 and some other ,fishes1 it is a very curious ,provision that is made to supply the ,paucity and ,brevity of the ,guts2 by the ,perforation of their single ,gut1 going not strait along1 but round like a ,pair of ,winding ,stairs2 so that their ,gut1 which seems to be but a few ,inches long1 hath really a ,bore of many ,inches4 ,but of these1 and many other noble ,curiosities and ,discoveries in ,anatomy1 the ,reader will1 ,i hope1 have a better and larger ,account from the curious and ingenious ,dr4 ,dowglas1 who is labouring in those ,matters4 eee ,quibus bestiis erat is cibus1 ut alius generis bestiis vescerentur1 aut vires natura dedit1 aut celeritatem3 data est quibusdam etiam machinatio qudam1 atque solertia1 c4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #dh4 fff ,among ,reptiles that have a strange ,faculty to shift for ,food1 c4 may be reckoned ,eels1 which1 although belonging to the ,waters1 can creep on the ,land from ,pond to ,pond1 c4 ,mr4 ,mosely of ,mosely1 saw them creep over the ,meadows1 like so many ,snakes from ,ditch to ,ditch2 which he thought1 was not only for bettering their ,habitation1 but also to catch ,snails in the ,grass4 ,plot's ,hist4 of ,staffordshire1 c4 #g4 4 #cb4 ,and as early as the ,year #aabe1 the ,frost was so very intense1 that the ,eels were forced to leave the ,waters1 and were frozen to ,death in the ,meadows4 ,vid4 ,hakewill's ,apol4 l4 #b4 ,chap4 #g4 ,s4 #b4 ggg ,enumerare possum1 ad pastum capessendum conficiendmque1 qu sit in figuris animantium quam solers1 subtilisque descriptio partium1 qumque admirabilis fabrica membrorum4 ,omnia enim qu intus inclusa sunt1 ita nata1 atque ita locata sunt1 ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit1 nihil ad vitam retinendam non necessarium4 ,dedit autem eadem ,natura belluis sensum1 appetitum1 ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus capessendos2 altero secernerent pestifera salutaribus4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #cg4 ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #d4 hhh ,it would be endless to give ,instances of my own and others ,observations of the prodigious ,sagacity of divers ,animals in ,hunting1 particularly ,hounds1 ,setting-,dogs1 c4 one therefore shall suffice of ,mr4 ,boyl's1 viz4 ,a ,person of ,quality----to make a ,trial1 whether a young ,blood-,hound was well instructed1----caused one of his ,servants----to walk to a ,town four ,miles off1 and then to a ,market-,town three ,miles from thence4----,the ,dog1 without seeing the ,man he was to pursue1 followed him by the ,scent to the abovementioned ,places1 notwithstanding the ,multitude of ,market-,people that went along in the same ,way1 and of ,travellers that had occasion to cross it4 ,and when the ,blood-,hound came to the chief ,market-,town1 he passed through the ,streets1 without taking notice of any of the ,people there1 and left not till he had gone to the ,house1 where the ,man he sought rested himself1 and found him in an upper ,room1 to the wonder of those that followed him4 ,boyl4 ,determ4 ,nat4 of ,effluv4 ,chap4 #d4 iii ,there are many ,stories told of the ,craft of the ,fox1 to compass his ,prey2 of which ,ol4 ,magnus hath many such1 as1 feigning the barking of a ,dog1 to catch ,prey near ,houses2 feigning himself dead1 to catch such ,animals as come to feed upon him2 laying his ,tail on a ,wasp-,nest1 and then rubbing it hard against a ,tree1 and then eating the ,wasps so killed3 ,ridding himself of ,fleas1 by gradually going into ,water1 with a ,lock of ,wool in his ,mouth1 and so driving the ,fleas up into it1 and then leaving it in the ,water2 ,by catching ,crab-,fish with his ,tail1 which he saith he himself was an ,eye-,witness of2 ,vidi ego in ,scopulis ,norvegia ,vulpem1 inter rupes immiss caud in aquas1 plures educere ,cancros1 ac demum devorare4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #ah4 c4 #ci1 #dj4 ,but ,pliny's fabulous ,story of the ,hyna out-does these ,relations of the ,fox1 ,sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula assimulare1 nomenque alicujus addiscere1 quem evocatum fors laceret4 ,item ,vomitionem hominis imitari ad sollicitandos ,canes quos invadat4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #cj4 kkk ,this do ,ducks1 ,woodcocks1 and many other ,fowls1 which seek their ,food in dirty1 moorish ,places4 ,for which ,service they have very remarkable ,nerves reaching to the end of their ,bills4 ,of which see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7e74 lll ,swine1 and other ,animals that dig1 have their ,noses made more tendinous1 callous1 and strong for this ,service1 than others that do not dig4 ,they are also edged with a proper1 tough ,border1 for penetrating and lifting up the ,earth2 and their ,nostrils are placed well1 and their ,smell is very accurate1 to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging4 mmm ,the ,mole1 as its ,habitation is different from that of other ,animals1 so hath its ,organs in every respect curiously adapted to that way of ,life2 particularly its ,nose made sharp1 and slender1 but withal tendinous and strong1 c4 ,but what is very remarkable1 it hath such ,nerves reaching to the end of its ,nose and ,lips1 as ,ducks1 c4 have1 mentioned above in ,note 7kkk74 ,which ,pair of ,nerves ,i observed to be much larger in this ,animal than any other ,nerves proceeding out of its ,brain4 nnn ,predacious ,creatures1 as ,wolfs1 ,foxes1 c4 will discover ,prey at great ,distances2 so will ,dogs and ,ravens discover ,carrion a great way off by their ,smell4 ,and if 7as the ,superstitious imagine7 the latter flying over and haunting ,houses be a sign of ,death1 it is no doubt from some cadaverous ,smell1 those ,ravens discover in the ,air by their accurate ,smell1 which is emitted from those diseased ,bodies1 which have in them the ,principles of a speedy ,death4 ooo ,thus ,hawks and ,kites on ,land1 and ,gulls and other ,birds that prey upon the ,waters1 can at a great ,height in the ,air see ,mice1 little ,birds and ,insects on the ,earth1 and small ,fishes1 ,shrimps1 c4 in the ,waters1 which they will dart down upon1 and take4 ppp ,mr4 ,ray gives a good ,account of the ,nidification of the ,chrysatos caud annulo albo cinct4 ,hujus ,nidus ,ann4 #affh4 in sylvosis prope ,derwentiam1 c4 inventus est bacillis seu virgis ligneis grandioribus compositus1 quorum altera extremitas rupis cujusdam eminenti1 altera duabus ,betulis innitebatur1--,erat ,nidus quadratus1 duas ulnas latus4--,in eo pullus unicus1 adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni1 unius leporis1 trium ,grygallorum pullorum4 ,synops4 ,method4 ,avium1 p4 #f4 ,and not only ,lambs1 ,hares1 and ,grygalli1 but ,sir ,robert ,sibbald tells us1 they will seize ,kids and ,fawns1 yea1 and ,children too3 ,of which he hath this ,story of an ,eagle in one of the ,orcades ,islands1 ,qu ,infantulum unius anni pannis involutum arripuit 7quem ,mater tessellas ustibiles pro igne allatura momento temporis deposuerat in loco ,houton-,hed dicto7 cumque deportsse per #d milliaria passuum ad ,hoiam2 qu re ex matris ejulatibus cognit1 quatuor viri illuc in navicul profecti sunt1 scientes ubi ,nidus esset1 infantulum illsum intactum deprehenderunt4 ,prod4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,scot4 l4 #c4 p4 #b4 p4 #ad4 qqq ,see in ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7l74 the ,characteristicks of the ,wood-,pecker-kind4 rrr ,the ,contrivance of the ,legs1 ,feet and ,nails of the ,opossum seems very advantagious to this ,animal in climbing ,trees 7which it doth very nimbly7 for preying upon ,birds4 ,but that which is most singular in this ,animal1 is the ,structure of its ,tail1 to enable it to hang on ,boughs4 ,the ,spines1 or ,hooks----in the middle of the under side of the ,vertebr of the ,tail2 are a wonderful ,piece of ,nature's ,mechanism4 ,the first three ,vertebr had none of these ,spines1 but in all the rest they were to be observed4----,they were placed just at the ,articulation of each ,joynt1 and in the middle from the ,sides4----,for the performing this ,office of hanging by the ,tail nothing1 ,i think1 could be more advantagiously contrived4 ,for when the ,tail is twirled or wound about a ,stick1 this ,hook of the ,spin easily sustains the ,weight1 and there is but little labour of the ,muscles required1 only enough for bowing or crooking the ,tail4 ,this1 and more to the same purpose1 see in ,dr4 ,tyson's ,anat4 of the ,oposs4 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #bci4 sss ,see before ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7z71 7aa71 7bb74 ttt ,quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque iis1 qua procreaverint1 usque ad eum finem1 dum possint seipsa defendere8 ,and having instanced in some ,animals1 where this ,care is not necessary1 and accordingly is not employed1 he goes on1 ,jam ,gallin1 avesque reliqu1 quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum1 cubilia sibi1 nidosque construunt1 eosque qum possunt mollissim substernunt1 ut qum facillime ova serventur4 ,ex quibus pullos cm excluserint1 ita tuentur1 ut pennis foveant1 ne frigore ldantur1 si est calor1 sole se opponant4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ea1 #eb4 ,to this natural ,care of ,parent-,animals to their young1 we may add the ,returns made by the young of some towards the old ones4 ,pliny saith of ,rats1 ,genitores suos fesses senect1 alunt insigni pietate4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #eg4 ,so ,cranes1 he saith1 ,genitricum senectam invicem educant4 ,l4 #aj4 c4 #bc4 ,this ,st4 ,ambrose takes ,notice of in his ,hexameron1 and ,ol4 ,magnus after him1 ,depositi patris artus1 per longvum senectutis plumis nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet1----collatitio cibo pascit1 quando etiam ipsa natur reparat dispendia1 ut hinc inde senem sublevantes1 fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant1 in pristinos usus desueta membra reducant4 ,for which ,reason this ,bird is denominated ,pia4 ,vid4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #ai4 c4 #ad4 ,hereto may be added also the conjugal of the little green thiopian ,parrot1 which ,mr4 ,ray describes from ,clusius4 ,fmellea senescentes 7quod vald notabile7 vix edere volebant1 nisi cibum jam mare carptum1 aliquandiu in prolobo retentum1 quasi coctum rostro suo exciperent1 ut ,columbarum pulli matre ali solent4 ,synops4 ,meth4 ,av4 p4 #cb4 uuu ,the most timid ,animals1 that at other ,times abscond1 or hastily fly from the ,face of ,man1 ,dogs1 c4 will1 for the sake of their young1 expose themselves4 ,thus among ,fowls1 ,hens will assault1 instead of fly from such as meddle with their ,brood4 ,so ,partridges1 before their young can fly1 will drop frequently down1 first at lesser1 and then at greater ,distances1 to dodge and draw off ,dogs from pursuing their young4 www ,the ,opossum hath a curious ,bag on purpose for the securing and carrying about her young4 ,there are belonging to this ,bag two ,bones 7not to be met with in any other ,skeleton7 and four ,pair of ,muscles2 and some say ,teats lie therein also4 ,dr4 ,tyson1 ,anat4 of the ,oposs4 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bci4 where he also1 from ,oppian1 mentions the ,dog-,fish1 that upon any ,storm or ,danger1 receives the young ,ones into her ,belly1 which come out again when the ,fright is over4 ,so also the ,squatina and ,glaucus1 the same ,author saith1 have the same ,care for their young1 but receive them into different ,receptacles4 xxx ,see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 yyy ,see ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7c74 zzz ,there is manifestly a superintending ,providence in this ,case1 that some ,animals are able to suck as soon as ever they are born1 and that they will naturally hunt for the ,teat before they are quite gotten out of the ,secundines1 and parted from the ,navel-,string1 as ,i have seen4 ,but for ,chickens1 and other young ,birds1 they not being able immediately to pick till they are stronger1 have a notable ,provision made for such a ,time1 by a part of the ,yolk of the ,egg being inclosed in their ,belly1 a little before their ,exclusion or ,hatching1 which serves for their ,nourishment1 till they are grown strong enough to pick up ,meat4 ,vid4 ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7a74 aaaa ,qui ,infantes de ope nostr ac de divin misericordia plus merentur1 qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes ac stentes1 nil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur4 ,cypr4 ,ep4 ad ,fid4 bbbb ,i might name here some of the ,species of ,birds1 the whole ,tribe almost of ,insects1 and some among other ,tribes1 that are able to subsist for many ,months without ,food1 and some without ,respiration too1 or very little2 ,but it may suffice to instance only in the ,land-,tortoise1 of the ,structure of whose ,heart and ,lungs3 ,see ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7b74 cccc ,inediam diutissim tolerat ,lupus1 ut alia omnia carnivora1 lict voracissima2 magn utique natur providenti2 quoniam esca non semper in promptu est4 ,ray's ,synops4 ,quadr4 p4 #agd4 ,to the long ,abstinence mentioned of ,brute-,animals1 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse me if ,i add one or two ,instances of extraordinary ,abstinence among ,men4 ,one ,martha ,taylor1 born in ,derbyshire1 by a ,blow on the ,back fell into such a ,prostration of ,appetite1 that she took little ,sustenance1 but some ,drops with a ,feather1 from ,christmas #affg4 for thirteen ,months1 and slept but little too all the ,time4 ,see ,dr4 ,sampson's ,account thereof in ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #c4 ,obs4 #agc4 ,to this we may add the ,case of ,s4 ,chilton1 of ,tinsbury1 near ,bath1 who in the ,years #afic1 #afif1 and #ig1 slept divers ,weeks together4 ,and although he would sometimes1 in a very odd manner1 take ,sustenance1 yet would lie a long ,time without any1 or with very little1 and all without any considerable ,decay4 ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cjd4 dddd ,they are admirable ,instincts which the ,sieur de ,beauplan relates of his own ,knowledge1 of the little ,animals called ,bohaques in ,ukraine4 ,they make ,burroughs like ,rabbets1 and in ,october shut themselves up1 and do not come out again till ,april4----,they spend all the ,winter under ,ground1 eating what they laid up in ,summer4----,those that are lazy among them1 they lay on their ,backs1 then lay a great handful of dry ,herbage upon their ,bodies1 c4 then others drag those ,drones to the ,mouths of their ,burroughs1 and so those ,creatures serve instead of ,barrows1 c4 ,i have often seen them practise this1 and have had the ,curiosity to observe them whole ,days together4----,their ,holes are parted like ,chambers2 some serve for ,store-,houses1 others for ,burying-,places1 c4 ,their ,government is nothing inferior to that of ,bees1 c4 ,they never go abroad without posting a ,centinel upon some high ,ground1 to give notice to the others whilst they are feeding4 ,as soon as the ,centinel sees any ,body1 it stands upon his ,hind-,legs and whistles4 ,beauplan's ,description of ,ukraine1 in ,vol4 ,i4 of the ,collection of ,voyages1 c4 ,a like ,instance of the ,northern ,galli ,sylvestres1 see in ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7g74 ,as for the ,scriptural ,instance of the ,ant1 see hereafter ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7d74 eeee ,i have in ,autumn1 not without ,pleasure observed1 not only the great ,sagacity and ,diligence of ,swine1 in hunting out the ,stores of the ,field-,mice2 but the wonderful ,precaution also of those little ,animals1 in hiding their ,food beforehand against ,winter4 ,in the ,time of ,acorns falling1 ,i have1 by means of the ,hogs1 discovered1 that the ,mice had1 all over the neighbouring fields1 treasured up single ,acorns in little ,holes they had scratched1 and in which they had carefully covered up the ,acorn4 ,these the ,hogs would1 ,day after ,day1 hunt out by their ,smell4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,cloathing of ,animals4 ,having in the foregoing ,chapter somewhat largely taken a view of the ,infinite ,creator's ,wisdom and ,goodness towards his ,creatures1 in ordering their ,food1 ,i shall be more brief in this ,chapters in my ,view of their ,cloathinga2 another necessary ,appendage of ,life1 and in which we have plain ,tokens of the ,creator's ,art1 manifested in these two ,particulars2 the ,suitableness of ,animals ,cloathing to their ,place and ,occasions2 and the ,garniture and ,beauty thereof4 ,i4 ,the ,cloathing of ,animals is suited to their ,place of ,abode1 and ,occasions there2 a manifest ,act of ,design and ,skill4 ,for if there was a ,possibility1 that ,animals could have been accoutred any other ,way1 than by ,god that made them1 it must needs have come to pass1 that their ,cloathing would have been at all ,adventures1 or all made the same ,mode and ,way1 or some of it1 at least1 inconvenient and unsuitable4 ,but on the contrary1 we find all is curious and compleat1 nothing too much1 nothing too little1 nothing bungling1 nothing but what will bear the ,scrutiny of the most exquisite ,artist2 yea1 and so far out-do his best ,skill1 that his most exquisite ,imitations1 even of the meanest ,hair1 ,feather1 ,scale1 or ,shell1 will be found only as so many ugly1 ill-made ,blunders and ,botches1 when strictly brought to the ,test of good ,glasses4 ,but we shall find an ,example remarkable enough in the present ,case1 if we only compare the best of ,cloathing which ,man makes for himself1 with that given by the ,creator for the ,covering of the irrational ,creatures4 ,of which it may be said1 as our ,saviour doth of the ,flowers of the ,field1 ,mat4 vi4 #bi4 ,that even ,solomon1 in all his ,glory1 was not arrayed like one of these4 ,but let us come to ,particulars1 and consider the ,suitableness of the different ,method the ,creator hath taken in the ,cloathing of ,man1 and of the irrational ,animals4 ,this ,plinyb pathetically laments1 and says1 ,it is hard to judge1 whether ,nature hath been a kinder ,parent1 or more cruel ,step-,mother to ,man4 ,for1 says he1 ,of all ,creatures1 he alone is covered with other's ,riches1 whereas ,nature hath given various ,cloathing to other ,animals1 ,shells1 ,hides1 ,prickles1 ,shag1 ,bristles1 ,hair1 ,down1 ,quills1 ,scales1 ,fleeces2 and ,trees she hath fenced with a ,bark or two against the ,injuries of ,cold and ,heat4 ,only poor naked ,man1 says he1 is in the ,day of his ,birth cast into the wide ,world1 to immediate crying and squalling2 and none of all ,creatures besides1 so soon to ,tears in the very beginning of their ,life4 ,but here we have a manifest ,demonstration of the ,care and ,wisdom of ,god towards his ,creatures2 that such should come into the ,world with their ,bodies ready furnished and accommodated1 who had neither ,reason nor ,forecast to contrive1 nor ,parts adapted to the ,artifices and ,workmanship of ,cloathing2 but for ,man1 he being endowed with the transcending ,faculty of ,reason1 and thereby made able to help himself1 by having ,thoughts to contrive1 and withal ,hands to effect1 and sufficient ,materialsc afforded him from the ,skins and ,fleeces of ,animals1 and from various ,trees and ,plants3 ,man1 ,i say1 having all this ,provision made for him1 therefore the ,creator hath wisely made him naked1 and left him to shift for himself1 being so well able to help himself4 ,and a notable ,act this is of the ,wisdom of ,god1 not only as the more setting forth his ,care and ,kindness to them that most needed his ,help1 the helpless irrational ,animals1 and in his not over-doing his ,work2 but also as it is most agreeable to the ,nature and ,state of ,mand1 both on natural and political ,accounts4 ,that ,man should cloath himself is most agreeable to his ,nature1 particularly 7among other ,things17 as being most salutary1 and most suitable to his ,affairs4 ,for by this ,means1 ,man can adapt his ,cloathing to all ,seasons1 to all ,climates1 to this1 or to any ,business4 ,he can hereby keep himself sweet and clean1 fence off many ,injuries2 but above all1 by this ,method of ,cloathing1 with the natural ,texture of his ,skin adapted to it1 it is that grand ,means of ,health1 namely1 insensible ,perspiratione is perform'd1 at least greatly promoted1 without which an human ,body would be soon over-run with ,disease4 ,in the next ,place1 there are good political ,reasons for ,man's cloathing himself1 inasmuch as his ,industry is hereby employ'd in the ,exercises of his ,art and ,ingenuity2 his ,diligence and ,care are exerted in keeping himself sweet1 cleanly1 and neat2 many ,callings and ,ways of ,life arise from thence1 and1 7to name no more17 the ,ranks and ,degrees of ,men are hereby in some ,measure render'd visible to others1 in the several ,nations of the ,earth4 ,thus it is manifestly best for ,man that he should cloath himself4 ,but for the poor shiftless ,irrationals1 it is a prodigious ,act of the great ,creator's ,indulgence1 that they are all ready furnished with such ,cloathing1 as is proper to their ,place and ,businessf4 ,some covered with ,hairg1 some with ,feathersh1 some with ,scales1 some with ,shellsi1 some only ,skin1 and some with firm and stout ,armature2 all nicely accommodated to the ,element in which the ,creature liveth1 and its occasions therek4 ,to ,quadrupeds ,hair is a commodious ,cloathing2 which1 together with the apt ,texture of their ,skin1 fitteth them for all ,weathers1 to lie on the ,ground1 and to do the ,offices of ,man2 and the thick and warm ,furs and ,fleeces of others1 are not only a good ,defensative against the ,cold and ,wet2 but also a soft ,bed to repose themselves in2 and to many of them1 a comfortable covering1 to nurse and cherish their tender ,young4 ,and as ,hair to ,quadrupeds2 so ,feathers are as commodious a ,dress to such as fly in the ,air1 to ,birds1 and some ,insects2 not only a good ,guard against ,wet and ,cold1 and a comfortable ,covering to such as hatch and brood their ,young2 but also most commodious for their ,flight4 ,to which purpose they are nicely and neatly placed every where on the ,body1 to give them an easie ,passage through the ,airl1 and to assist in the wafting their ,body through that thin ,medium4 ,for which ,service1 how curious is their ,texture for ,lightness1 and withal for ,strength8 ,hollow and thin for ,lightness1 but withal1 context and firm for ,strength4 ,and where 'tis necessary they should be filled1 what a light and strong medullary ,substance is it they are filled with8 ,by which curious ,contrivances1 even the very heaviest ,parts made for ,strength1 are so far from being a ,load to the ,body1 that they rather assist in making it light and buoyant1 and capacitate it for ,flight4 ,but for the ,vanes1 the lightest part of the ,feather1 how curiously are they wrought with capillary ,filaments1 neatly interwoven togetherm1 whereby they are not only light1 but also sufficiently close and strong1 to keep the ,body warm1 and guard it against the ,injuries of ,weather1 and withal1 to impower the ,wings1 like so many ,sails1 to make strong ,impulses upon the ,air in their ,flightn4 ,thus curious1 thus artificial1 thus commodious is the ,cloathing of ,beasts and ,birds3 ,concerning which1 more in proper ,place4 ,and no less might ,i shew that of ,reptiles and ,fisheso to be1 if it was convenient to enlarge upon this ,branch of the ,creator's ,works4 ,how well adapted are the ,annuli of some ,reptiles1 and the ,contortions of the ,skin of others1 not only to fence the ,body sufficiently against outward ,injuries2 but to enable them to creep1 to perforate the ,earthp1 and in a word1 to perform all the ,offices of their ,reptile ,state1 much better than any other ,tegument of the ,body would do8 ,and the same might be said of the ,covering of the ,inhabitants of the ,waters1 particularly the ,shells of some1 which are a strong ,guard to the tender ,body that is within1 and consistent enough with their slower ,motion2 and the ,scales and ,skins of others1 affording them an easie and swift ,passage through the ,waters4 ,but it may be sufficient to give only a ,hint of these ,things1 which more properly belong to another ,place4 ,thus hath the indulgent ,creator furnish'd the whole animal ,world with convenient1 suitable ,cloathing4 ,,ii4 ,let us in the next ,place take a short ,view of the ,garnitureq1 and ,beauty thereof4 ,and here we shall thus far1 at least1 descry it to be beautiful2 that it is compleat and workman-like4 ,even the ,cloathing of the most sordid ,animals1 those that are the least beautified with ,colours1 or rather whose ,cloathing may regrate the ,eyer2 yet when we come strictly to view them1 and seriously consider the nice ,mechanism of one ,part1 the admirable ,texture of another1 and the exact ,symmetry of the ,whole2 we discern such ,strokes of inimitable ,skill1 such incomparable ,curiosity1 that we may say with ,solomon1 ,eccl4 iii4 #aa4 ,god hath made every ,thing beautiful in his ,time4 ,but for a farther ,demonstration1 of the super-eminent ,dexterity of his almighty ,hand1 he hath been pleas'd1 as it were on ,purpose1 to give surprizing ,beauties to divers ,kinds of ,animals4 ,what radiant ,colours are many of them1 particularly some ,birds and ,insectss1 bedeck'd with6 ,what a prodigious ,combination is there often of these1 yea1 how nice an ,air frequently of meaner ,colourst1 as to captivate the ,eye of all ,beholders1 and exceed the ,dexterity of the most exquisite ,pencil to copy8 ,and now1 when we thus find a whole ,world of ,animals1 cloathed in the wisest ,manner1 the most suitable to the ,element in which they live1 the ,place in which they reside1 and their ,state and ,occasions there2 when those that are able to shift for themselves1 are left to their own ,discretion and ,diligence1 but the ,helpless well accouter'd and provided for2 when such incomparable ,strokes of ,art and ,workmanship appear in all1 and such inimitable ,glories and ,beauties in the ,cloathing of others2 who can1 without the greatest ,obstinacy and ,prejudice1 deny this to be ,,god's ,handy-work8 ,the gaudy1 or even the meanest ,apparel which ,man provideth for himself1 we readily enough own to be the ,contrivance1 the ,work of ,man3 ,and shall we deny the ,cloathing of all the ,animal ,world betides 7which infinitely surpasseth all the ,robes of earthly ,majesty2 shall we1 dare we1 deny that7 to be the ,work of any ,thing less than of an infinite1 intelligent ,being1 whose ,art and ,power are equal to such glorious ,work6 ,,footnotes3 a ,concerning the ,cloathing of ,animals1 ,aristotle observes1 ,that such ,animals have ,hair as go on ,feet and are viviparous2 and that such are covered with a ,shell1 as go on ,feet1 and are oviparous1 ,hist4 ,anim4 l4 #c4 c4 #aj4 b ,cujus ,hominis caus videtur cuncta alia genuisse ,natura1 magn sv mercede contra tanta sua munera3 ut non sit sats stimare1 ,parens melior homini1 an tristior ,noverca fuerit4 ,ante omnia unum ,animantium cunctorum alienis velat opibus3 cteris vari tegumenta tribuit1 testas1 cortices1 coria1 spinas1 villos1 setas1 pilos1 plumam1 pennas1 squamas1 vellera4 ,truncos etiam arboresque cortice1 interdum gemino1 frigoribus1 calore tutata est4 ,hominem tantum nudum1 in nud humo1 natali die abjicit ad vagitus statim ploratum1 nullumque tot animalium aliud ad lacrymas1 has protinus vita principio4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #g4 ,prom4 ,let ,seneca answer this ,complaint of ,pliny1 although perhaps what he saith might be more properly noted in another ,place3 ,quisquis es iniquus stimator fortis humana1 cogita quanta nobis tribuerit ,parens noster1 quanto valentiora animalia sub jugum miserimus1 quanto velociora assequamur1 qum nihil sit mortale non sub ictu nostro positum4 ,tot virtutes accepimus1 tot artes1 animum denique cui nihil non eodem quo intendit momento pervium est1 ,sideribus velociorem1 c4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 l4 #b4 c4 #bi4 c ,mirantur plurimi quomodo tut1 san vivant homines in horrendis frigoribus plag ,septentrionalis2 hancque levem qustionem ultra #cj annos audieram in ,italia1 prsertim ab thiopibus1 ,indis1 quibus onerosus videtur vestitus sub ,zon terrid4----,quibus respondetur1----,gaudet ,indus multiplici plumarum genere1 mags forsan pro tegumento1 qum necessitate3 rursus ,scytha villoso vestitu----,ita sub polo ,arctico adverss asperrimas hyemes----opportuna remedia faciliter administrat ,natura4 ,ligna videlicet in maxima copia1 levissimo pretio1 demum ,pelles diversorum animalium1 tam sylvestrium qum domesticorum4 ,then he gives a ,catalogue of them1 and saith1 ,quarum omnium experti pellifices ita ingenios noverunt mixturas componere1 ut pulcherrimum decorum ostendat varietas1 calidissimum fomentum adjuncta mollities4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #f4 c4 #bj4 ,to this ,guard against the ,cold1 namely1 of ,fire and ,cloathing2 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse me1 if ,i take this ,opportunity of adding some other ,defensatives ,nature1 7or rather the great ,author of ,nature17 hath afforded these northern ,regions3 ,such are their high ,mountains1 abounding1 as ,ol4 ,magnus saith1 through all ,parts2 also their numerous ,woods1 which besides their ,fire1 do1 with the ,mountains1 serve as excellent ,screens against the ,cold1 piercing ,air and ,winds4 ,their prodigious ,quantities of ,minerals1 and ,metals1 also afford ,heat1 and warm ,vapours1 ,miner septentrionalium regionum sats mult1 magn1 divers1 opulent sunt1 saith the same curious1 and 7for his ,time17 learned ,archbishop1 l4 #f4 c4 #a4 and in other ,places4 ,and for the ,warmth they afford1 the ,volcano's of those ,parts are in ,evidence2 as are also their terrible ,thunder and ,lightning1 which are observ'd to be the most severe and mischievous in their metalline ,mountains1 in which large ,herds of ,cattle are sometimes destroy'd2 the ,rocks so rent and shatter'd1 that new ,veins of ,silver are thereby discover'd2 and a troublesome ,kind of ,quinsie is produc'd in their ,throats1 by the stench1 and poisonous ,nature of the sulphureous ,vapours1 which they dissolve1 by drinking warm ,beer and ,butter together1 as ,olaus tells us in the same ,book1 ,chap4 #aa4 ,to all which ,defensatives1 ,i shall1 in the last ,place add1 the warm ,vapours of their ,lakes1 7some of which are prodigiously large1 of #acj ,italian ,miles in ,length1 and not much less in ,breadth27 also of their ,rivers1 especially the ,vapours which arise from the ,sea4 ,of which ,guard against severe ,cold1 we have lately had a convincing ,proof in the great ,frost1 in #agjh1 wherein1 when ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,denmark2 yea1 the more southerly ,regions of ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and other ,parts suffer'd severely1 ,ireland and ,scotland felt very little of it1 hardly more than in other ,winters2 of the ,particulars of which1 having given an ,account in the ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cbd4 ,i shall thither refer the ,reader4 ,but it seems this is what doth ordinarily befal those northern ,parts2 particularly the ,islands of ,orkney1 of which the learned ,dr4 ,wallace gives this ,account3 ,here the ,winters are generally more subject to ,rain than ,snow2 nor doth the ,frost and ,snow continue so long here1 as in other ,parts of ,scotland2 but the ,wind in the mean ,time will often blow very boisterously2 and it ,rains sometimes1 not by ,drops1 but by spouts of ,water1 as if whole ,clouds fell down at once4 ,in the ,year #afhj1 in the ,month of ,june1 after great ,thunder1 there fell ,flakes of ,ice near a ,foot thick4 ,wall4 ,account of ,ork4 ,chap4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,from which last ,passage ,i observe2 ,that although in those ,parts1 the ,atmosphere near the ,earth be warm1 it is excessively cold above2 so as to freeze some of those ,spouts of ,water in their ,descent1 into such great1 and almost incredible ,masses of ,hail4 ,and whence can this ,warmth proceed1 but from the ,earth1 or ,sea1 emitting ,heat sufficient to stave off the ,cold above8 ,consult ,book ,,ii4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7c74 d ,sicut enim si innata sibi i4e4 ,homini aliqua haberat arma1 illa ei sola semper adessent1 ita si artem aliquam ,natura fortitus esset1 reliquas san non haberet4 ,quia ver ei melius erat omnibus armis1 omnibusque artibus uti1 neutrum eorum natur ipsi propterea datum est4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #a4 c4 #d4 e ,concerning insensible ,perspiration1 ,sanctorius observes1 ,that it much exceeds all the ,sensible put together4 ,de ,stat4 ,med4 ,aph4 #d4 ,that as much is evacuated by insensible ,perspiration in one ,day1 as is by ,stool in fourteen ,days4 ,particularly1 that1 in a ,night's ,time1 about sixteen ,ounces is commonly sent out by ,urine1 four ,ounces by ,stool2 but above forty ,ounces by insensible ,perspiration1 ,aphor4 #ei1 #fj4 ,that if a ,man eats and drinks #h l4 in a ,day1 #e l4 of it is spent in insensible ,perspiration1 4 #a4 ,aph4 #f4 ,and as to the ,times1 he saith1 ,ab assumpto cibo #e horis #a l4 circiter perspirabilis----exhalare solet1 #e;a ad #ab;am #c l4 circiter2 #ab;a ad #af;am vix selibram1 ,aph4 #ef4 ,and as to the wonderful ,benefits of insensible ,perspiration1 they are abundantly demonstrated by the same learned ,person1 ubi supra2 as also by ,borelli in his second ,part1 ,de ,mot4 ,animal1 ,prop4 #afh4 who saith1 ,necessaria est insensibilis ,transpiratio1 ut vita ,animalis conservetur4 f ,animantium ver quanta varietas est8 ,quanta ad cam rem vis1 ut in suo quque genere permaneant8 ,quaram ali coriis tect sunt1 ali villis vestic1 ali spinis hirsut3 plum alias1 alias squam videmus obductas1 alias esse cornibus armatas1 alias habere effugia pennarum4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #dg4 g ,from ,malpighi's curious ,observations of the ,hair1 ,i shall note three ,things4 #a4 ,their ,structure is fistulous1 or tubular2 which hath long been a ,doubt among the curious4 ,fistulosum esse ,pilum demonstrant lustratio pilarum caud collo ,equorum1 c4----prcipu setarum ,apri1 qu patentiorem ex fistulis compositionem exhibent4 ,est autem dictus ,apri pilus ,cylindricum corpus quasi diaphanum----fistularum aggere conflatum1 speciem column striat pr se fert4 ,componentes fistul in gyrum situat in apice patentiores redduntur2 nam hians pilus in geminas dividitur partes1 componentes minim fistul----libersores reddit manifestantur1 ita ut enumerari possunt2 has autem #bj1 ultra numeravi4----,exposit fistul----tubulos sunt1 frequentibus tunicis transversaliter situatis1 veluti valvulis pollent4 ,et quoniam ,spin1 in ,erinaceis prcipui1 c4 nil aliud sunt1 quam duri rigidi pili1 ideo1 c4 ,and then he describes the ,hedgehog's ,spines1 in which those ,tubes manifestly appear2 together1 with medullary ,valves and ,cells2 not inelegant1 which he hath figur'd in ,tab4 #af4 at the ,end of his ,works4 ,that which this sagacious1 and not enough to be commended ,observer1 took notice of in the ,structure of ,hair1 and its ,parity to the ,spines2 ,i have my self observ'd in some ,measure to be true1 in the ,hair of ,cats1 ,rats1 ,mice1 and divers other ,animals2 which look very prettily when view'd with a good ,microscope4 ,the ,hair of a ,mouse1 7the most transparent of any ,i have view'd17 seems to be one single transparent ,tube1 with a ,pith made up of a fibrous ,substance1 running in dark ,lines2 in some ,hairs tranversly1 in others spirally1 as in ,fig4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,these darker medullary ,parts1 or ,lines1 ,i have observ'd1 are no other than small ,fibres convolved round1 and lying closer together than in other ,parts of the ,hair4 ,they run from the ,bottom1 to the ,top of the ,hair2 and ,i imagine1 serve to the gentle ,evacuation of some ,humour out of the ,body2 perhaps the ,hair serves as well for the insensible ,perspiration of hairy ,animals1 as to fence against ,cold and ,wet4 ,in ,fig4 #ad1 #af1 is represented the ,hair of a ,mouse1 as it appears through a small ,magnifier2 and in ,fig4 #ae1 #ag1 as it appears when view'd with a larger ,magnifier4 ,upon another ,review1 ,i imagine1 ,that although in ,fig4 #ad1 #ae1 the dark ,parts of the ,pith seem to be transverse2 that they1 as well as in the two other ,figures1 run round in a screw-like ,fashion4 h ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7d7 7e74 i ,see ,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,note 7c74 k ,it is a ,sign some wise ,artist was a ,contriver of the ,cloathing of ,animals2 not only as their ,cloathing varies1 as their ,way of ,living doth2 but also because every ,part of their ,bodies is furnish'd with proper suitable ,cloathing4 ,thus divers ,animals1 that have their ,bodies cover'd for the most ,part with short1 smooth ,hair2 have some ,parts left naked1 where ,hair would be an ,annoyance3 ,and some ,parts beset with long ,hair2 as the ,mane and ,tail2 ,and some with stiff1 strong ,bristles2 as about the ,nose2 ,and sometimes within the ,nostrils2 to guard off1 or give warning of ,annoyances4 l ,the ,feathers being placed from the ,head towards the ,tail1 in close and neat ,order1 and withal preened and dressed by the ,contents of the ,oil-,bag1 afford as easie a ,passage through the ,air1 as a ,boat new cleaned and dressed finds in its ,passage through the ,waters4 ,whereas1 were the ,feathers placed the contrary1 or any other way 7as they would have been1 had they been placed by ,chance1 or without ,art7 they would then have gathered ,air1 and been a great ,encumbrance to the ,passage of the ,body through the ,air4 ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7b74 m ,in ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7e74 there is a particular ,account of the ,mechanism of their ,vanes1 from some nice ,microscopical ,observations1 and therefore ,i shall take no farther ,notice of it here4 n ,vid4 ,borell4 de ,mot4 ,animal4 ,prop4 #ahb4 ,vol4 ,i4 o ,see ,book ,,ix4 p ,for a ,sample of this ,branch of my ,survey1 let us chuse the ,tegument of ,earth-,worms1 which we shall find compleatly adapted to their ,way or ,life and ,motion1 being made in the most compleat ,manner possible for terebrating the ,earth1 and creeping where their ,occasions lead them4 ,for their ,body is made throughout of small ,rings1 and these ,rings have a curious ,apparatus of ,muscles1 enabling those ,creatures with great ,strength to dilate1 extend1 or contract their ,annuli1 and whole ,body2 those ,annuli also are each of them armed with small1 stiff1 sharp ,beards1 or ,prickles1 which they can open1 to lay hold on1 or shut up close to their ,body3 ,and lastly1 ,under the ,skin there lies a slimy ,juice1 that they emit1 as ,occasion is1 at certain ,perforations between the ,annuli1 to lubricate the ,body1 and facilitate their ,passage into the ,earth4 ,by all which ,means they are enabled with great ,speed1 ,ease1 and ,safety1 to thrust and wedge themselves into the ,earth2 which they could not do1 had their ,bodies been covered with ,hair1 ,feathers1 ,scales1 or such like ,cloathing of the other ,creatures4 ,see more concerning this ,animal1 ,book ,,ix4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7a74 q ,aristotle1 in his ,hist4 ,anim4 l4 #c4 c4 #ab4 names several ,rivers1 that by being drank of1 change the ,colour of the ,hair4 r ,for an ,example2 ,let us take the ,cloathing of the ,tortoise and ,viper2 because1 by an incurious ,view1 it rather regrateth1 than pleaseth the ,eye3 ,but yet1 by an accurate ,survey1 we find the ,shells of the ,former1 and the ,scales of the ,latter1 to be a curious ,piece of ,mechanism1 neatly made2 and so compleatly1 and well put1 and tack'd together1 as to exceed any human ,composures3 ,of the ,latter see more in ,book ,,ix4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7c74 s ,it would be endless to enter into the ,particulars of the beautiful ,birds and ,insects of our ,european ,parts2 but especially those inhabiting the ,countries between the ,tropicks1 which are observed as much to exceed our ,birds in their ,colours1 as ours do theirs in their ,singing4 t ,the ,wryneck1 at a ,distance1 is a ,bird of mean ,colour2 neither are indeed its ,colours radiant1 or beautiful1 singly considered3 ,but when it is in the ,hand we see its light and darker ,colours so curiously mixed together1 as to give the ,bird a surprizing ,beauty4 ,the same is also observable in many ,insects1 particularly of the ,phalna kind4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of the ,houses and ,habitation of ,animals4 ,having in the last ,chapter1 as briefly as well ,i could1 surveyed the ,cloathing of ,animals1 ,i shall in this take a ,view of their ,houses1 ,nests1 their ,cells and ,habitations2 another ,thing no less necessary to their ,well-being than the last2 and in which the ,great ,creator hath likewise signalized his ,care and ,skill1 by giving ,animals an architectonick ,faculty1 to build themselves convenient ,places of ,retirement1 in which to repose and secure themselves1 and to nurse up their ,young4 ,and here1 as before1 we may consider the case of ,man1 and that of the irrational ,animals4 ,man having 7as ,i said7 the ,gift of ,reason and ,understanding1 is able to shift for himself1 to contrive and build1 as his ,pleasure leads him1 and his ,abilities will admit of4 ,from the meanest ,huts and ,cottages1 he can erect himself stately ,buildings1 bedeck them with exquisite ,arts of ,architecture1 ,painting1 and other ,garniture1 ennoble them1 and render them delightful with pleasant ,gardens1 ,fountains1 ,avenues1 and what not8 ,for ,man therefore the ,creator hath abundantly provided in this respect1 by giving him an ,ability to help himself4 ,and a wise ,provision this is1 inasmuch as it is an excellent ,exercise of the ,wit1 the ,ingenuity1 the ,industry and ,care of ,man4 ,but since ,ingenuity1 without ,materials1 would be fruitless1 the ,materials therefore which the ,creator hath provided the ,world with1 for this very ,service of ,building1 deserves our ,notice4 ,the great ,varieties of ,treesa1 ,earth1 ,stones and ,plants1 answering every ,occasion and ,purpose of ,man for this ,use1 in all ,ages and ,places all the ,world over1 is a great ,act of the ,creator's ,goodness2 as manifesting1 that since he has left ,man to shift for himself1 it should not be without sufficient ,help to enable him to do so1 if he would but make use of them1 and the ,sense and ,reason which ,god hath given him4 ,thus sufficient ,provision is made for the ,habitation of ,man4 ,and no less shall we find is made for the rest of the ,creatures2 who although they want the ,power of ,reason to vary their ,methods1 and cannot add to1 or diminish from1 or any way make ,improvements upon their natural ,way2 yet we find that natural ,instinct1 which the ,creator's infinite ,understanding hath imprinted in them1 to be abundantly sufficient1 nay1 in all ,probability1 the very best or only ,method they can take1 or that can be invented for the respective ,use and ,purpose of each peculiar ,species of ,animalsb4 ,if some ,creatures make their ,nests in ,holes1 some in ,trees1 some in ,shrubs1 some in the ,earthc1 some in ,stone1 some in the ,waters1 some here1 and some there1 or have none at all2 yet we find1 that that ,place1 that ,method of ,nidification doth abundantly answer the ,creatures ,use and ,occasions4 ,they can there sufficiently and well repose1 and secure themselves1 lay1 and breed up their ,young4 ,we are so far from discovering any ,inconvenience in any of their respective ,ways1 from perceiving any ,loss befal the ,species1 any decay1 any perishing of their ,young2 that in all ,probability1 on the contrary1 in that particular ,way they better thrive1 are more secure1 and better able to shift for1 and help themselves4 ,if1 for ,instance1 some ,beasts make to themselves no ,habitation1 but lie abroad in the open ,air1 and there produce their ,young2 in this case we find there is no need it should be otherwise1 by ,reason they are either taken care of by ,man d1 or in no ,danger1 as other ,creatures1 from ,abroad4 ,if others reposite their ,young in ,holese and ,dens1 and secure themselves also therein1 it is1 because such ,guard1 such ,security is wanting1 their ,lives being sought either by the ,hostility of ,man1 or to satisfie the ,appetite of rapacious ,creaturesf4 ,if among ,birds1 some build their ,nests close1 some open1 some with this1 some with another ,material1 some in ,holes1 some in ,trees1 some on the ,groundg1 some on ,rocks and ,crags on high 7of which ,god himself hath given an ,instance in the ,eagle1 ,job xxxix4 #bg1 #bh47 ,and so among the ,insect and ,reptile ,kinds1 if some reposite their ,eggs or ,young in the ,earth1 some in ,wood1 some in ,stone1 some on one ,kind of ,plant1 some on another1 some in warm and dry ,places1 some in the ,water and moist ,places1 and some in their own ,bodies only1 as shall be shewn in proper ,place2 in all these ,cases it is in all ,probability1 the best or only ,method the ,animal can take for the ,hatching and ,production of its ,young1 for their ,supplies1 ,safety1 or some other main ,point of their ,being or ,well-being4 ,this is manifest enough in many ,cases1 and therefore probable in all4 ,it is manifest that such ,animals1 for ,instance1 as breed in the ,waters 7as not only ,fish1 but divers ,insects1 and other ,land-,animals do7 that their ,young cannot be hatched1 fed1 or nursed up in any other ,element4 ,it is manifest also1 that ,insects1 which lay their ,eggs on this1 and that1 and the other agreeable ,tree1 or ,plant1 or in ,flesh1 c4 that it is by that ,means their ,young are fed and nursed up4 ,and it is little to be doubted also1 but that these ,matrixes may much conduce to the ,maturation and ,production of the ,young4 ,and so in all other the like ,cases of ,nidification1 of ,heat or ,cold1 ,wet or ,dry1 ,exposed or ,open1 in all ,probability this is the best ,method for the ,animal's ,good1 most salutary and agreeable to its ,nature1 most for its ,fecundity1 and the ,continuance and ,increase of its ,species2 to which every ,species of ,animals is naturally prompt and inclined4 ,thus admirable is the natural ,sagacity and ,instincth of the irrational ,animals in the ,convenience and ,method of their ,habitations4 ,and no less is it in the ,fabrick of them4 ,their architectonick ,skill1 exerted in the ,curiosity and ,dexterity of their ,works1 and exceeding the ,skill of ,man to imitate2 this1 ,i say1 deserves as much or more ,admiration and ,praise1 than that of the most exquisite ,artist among ,men4 ,for with what inimitable ,arti do these poor untaught ,creatures lay a parcel of rude and ugly ,sticks and ,straws1 ,moss and ,dirt together1 and form them into commodious ,nests8 ,with what ,curiosity do they line them within1 wind and place every ,hair1 ,feather1 or ,lock of ,wool1 to guard the tender ,bodies of themselves and their ,young1 and to keep them warm8 ,and with what ,art and ,craft do many of them thatch over1 and coat their ,nests without1 to dodge and deceive the ,eye of ,spectators1 as well as to guard and fence against the ,injuries of ,weatherk8 ,with what prodigious ,subtilty do some foreign ,birdsl not only plat and weave the fibrous ,parts of ,vegetables together1 and curiously tunnel them1 and commodiously form them into ,nests1 but also artificially suspend them on the tender ,twigs of ,trees1 to keep them out of the reach of rapacious ,animals8 ,and so for ,insects1 those little1 weak1 those tender ,creatures2 yet1 what admirable ,artists are they in this ,business of ,nidification6 ,with what great ,diligence doth the little ,bee gather its ,combs from various ,treesm and ,flowers1 the ,wasp from solidn ,timber6 ,and with what prodigious geometrical ,subtilty do those little ,animals work their deep hexagonal ,cells1 the only proper ,figure that the best ,mathematician could chuse for such a ,combination of ,houseso6 ,with what ,accuracy do other ,insects perforate the ,earthp1 ,wood1 yea1 ,stone it selfq6 ,for which ,service1 the compleat ,apparatus of their ,mouthsr1 and ,feets1 deserves particular ,observation1 as hath been1 and will be hereafter observ'd4 ,and further yet2 ,with what ,care and ,neatness do most of those little sagacious ,animals line those their ,houses within1 and seal them up1 and fence them withoutt6 ,how artificially will others fold up the ,leaves of ,trees and ,plantsu2 others house themselves in ,sticks and ,straws2 others glue light and floating ,bodies togetherw1 and by that ,artifice make themselves floating ,houses in the ,waters1 to transport themselves at ,pleasure after their ,food1 or other necessary ,occasions of ,life6 ,and for a ,close1 let us take the scriptural ,instance of the ,spider1 ,prov4 xxx4 #bh4 which is one of the four little ,things1 which1 v4 #dd4 ,agur says1 is exceeding ,wise3 ,the ,spider taketh hold with her ,hands1 and is in ,kings ,palacesx4 ,i will not dispute the ,truth of our ,english ,translation of this ,text1 but supposing the ,animal mention'd to be that which is meant2 it is manifest1 that the ,art of that ,species of ,creatures1 in spinning their various ,webs1 and the ,furniture their ,bodies afford to that ,purpose1 are an excellent ,instinct1 and ,provision of ,nature1 setting forth its glorious ,author4 ,and now from this short and transient ,view of the architectonick ,faculty of ,animals1 especially the ,irrationals2 we may easily perceive some superiour and wise ,being was certainly concern'd in their ,creation or ,original4 ,for1 how is it possible that an irrational ,creature should1 with ordinary and coarse1 or indeed any ,materials1 be ever able to perform such ,works1 as exceed even the ,imitation of a rational ,creature8 ,how could the ,bodies of many of them1 7particularly the last mention'd17 be furnish'd with architective ,materials8 ,how could they ever discover them to be in their ,bodies1 or know what ,use to make of them8 ,we must therefore necessarily conclude1 ,that the ,irrationals either have ,reason and ,judgment1 not only ,glimmerings thereof1 but some of its superiour ,acts1 as ,wisdom and ,foresight1 ,discretion1 ,art and ,care2 or else1 that they are only passive in the ,case1 and act by ,instinct1 or by the ,reason of some superiour ,being imprinted in their ,nature1 or some ,way or other1 7be it how it will17 congenial with them4 ,that they are ,rational1 or excel ,man in ,art and ,wisdom1 none surely will be so foolish as to say3 ,and therefore we must conclude1 ,that those excellent ,ends they pursue1 and that admirable ,art they exert1 is none of their own1 but owing to that infinitely wise and excellent ,being1 of whom it may be said1 with reference to the irrational1 as well as rational ,creatures1 as it is1 ,prov4 ii4 #f4 ,the ,lord giveth ,wisdom2 out of his ,mouth cometh ,knowledge and ,understanding4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ----,dant utile lignum ,navigiis ,pinos1 domibus ,cedrosque1 ,cupressosque3 ,hinc radios trivere ,rotis1 hinc tympana plaustris ,agricol1 pandas ratibus posuere carinas4 ,viminibus ,salices fcund1 frondibus ,ulmi2 ,at ,myrtus validis hastilibus1 bona bello1 ,cornus2 ,ityros ,taxi torquentur in arcus4 ,nec ,tili leves1 aut torno rasile ,buxum1 ,non formam accipiunt1 ferroque cavantur acuto3 ,necnon torrentum undam levis innatat ,alnus ,missa ,pado3 necnon apes examina condunt ,corticibusque cavis1 vitiosque ,ilicis alveo4 ,virg4 ,georg4 l4 #b4 carm4 #ddb4 b ,see ,chap4 #ae4 and ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 c ,many of the ,vesp-,ichneumones are remarkable enough for their ,nidification and ,provision for their ,young4 ,those that build in ,earth 7who commonly have golden and black ,rings round their ,alvi7 having lined the little ,cells1 they have perforated1 lay therein their ,eggs1 and then carry into them ,maggots from the ,leaves of ,trees1 and seal them up close and neatly4 ,and another ,ichneumon1 more of the ,vespa than ,musca-,ichneumon ,kind 7having a little ,sting in its ,tail1 of a black ,colour7 gave me the ,pleasure1 one ,summer1 of seeing it build its ,nest in a little ,hole in my ,study-,window4 ,this ,cell was coated about with an odoriferous1 resinous ,gum1 collected1 ,i suppose1 from some ,fir-,trees near2 after which it laid two ,eggs 7,i think the ,number was7 and then carried in divers ,maggots1 some bigger than it self4 ,these it very sagaciously sealed close up into the ,nest1 leaving them there doubtless1 partly to assist the ,incubation2 and especially for ,food to the future ,young when hatched4 ,of this ,artifice of these ,ichneumons1 ,aristotle himself takes ,notice1 7but ,i believe he was scarce aware of the ,eggs sealed up with the ,spiders74 1 c4 ,as to the ,vesp1 called ,ichneumones1 7less than others7 they kill ,spiders1 and carry them into their ,holes1 and having sealed them up with ,dirt1 they therein hatch1 and produce those of the same ,kind4 ,hist4 ,anim4 l4 #e4 c4 #bj4 ,to what hath been said about these ,ichneumon ,wasps1 ,i shall add one ,observation more1 concerning the providential ,structure of their ,mouth in every of their ,tribes1 viz4 their ,jaws are not only very strong1 but nicely sized1 curved and placed for gnawing and scraping those compleat little ,holes they perforate in ,earth1 ,wood1 yea in ,stone it self4 d ,tully having spoken of the ,care of some ,animals towards their ,young1 by which they are nursed and brought up1 saith1 ,accedit etiam ad nonnulloram animantium1 earum rerum quas terra gignit1 conservationem1 salutem1 hominum etiam solertia diligentia4 ,nam mult pecudes1 stirpes sunt1 qu fine procuratione hominum salv esse non possunt4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #eb4 e ,prov4 xxx4 #bf4 ,the ,conies are but a feeble ,folk1 yet make they their ,houses in the ,rocks4 f ,see ,note 7l74 g ,it is a notable ,instinct which ,ol4 ,magnus tells of the ,galli ,sylvestres in his ,northern ,country1 to secure themselves against the ,cold and ,storms of the ,winter4 ,cm nives instar collium terr superficiem ubique cooperiunt1 ramosque arborum diutis deprimunt condensant1 certos fructus ,betul arboris----in form longi ,piperis vorant1 glutiunt indigestos2 idque tant aviditate1 ac quantitate1 ut repletum guttur toto corpore majus appareat4 ,deinde partitis agminibus sese inter medios nivium colles immergunt1 prfortim in ,jan4 ,febr4 ,martio1 quando nives ut turbines1 typhones1 vel tempestates gravissim nubibus descendunt4 ,cumque coopert sunt1 certis hebdomadis cibo in gutture collecto1 egesto1 resumpto vivunt4 ,venatorum canibus non produntur4----,quod si prsentiunt nivem imminere majorem1 prdicto fructu1 iterum devorato1 aliud domicilium captant1 in eoque manent usque ad sinem ,martii1 c4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #ai4 c4 #cc4 h ,it is a very odd ,story 7which ,i rather mention for the ,reader's ,diversion1 than for its ,truth7 which ,dr4 ,lud4 de ,beaufort relates1 ,vir fide dignus narravit mihi1 quod cm semel1 animi grati1 nidum avicul ligno obtursset1 seque occultsset1 cupidus videndi1 quid in tali occasione prstaret2 illa cm frustra spis tentsset rostro illud auferre1 casus admodum impatiens1 abiit1 post aliquod temporis spatium reversa est1 rostro gerens plantulam1 qu obturamento applicat1 paul post1 illud veluti telum eripuit tant vi1 ut dispersa impetu herbula1 ac occasionem ipsi1 ab avicul ejus virtutem discendi1 prripuerit4 ,cosmop4 divina1 ,sect4 #e4 ,c4 #a4 ,had he told us what the ,plant was1 we might have given better ,credit to this ,story4 i ,of the ,subtilty of ,birds in ,nidification1 see ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #cc4 k ,among many ,instances that might be given of this ,subtilty of birds1 and other ,creatures1 that of the long-tailed ,titmouse deserves ,observation1 who with great ,art builds her ,nest with ,mosses1 ,hair1 and the ,webs of ,spiders1 cast out from them when they take their ,flight 7see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7e77 with which the other ,materials are strongly tied together4 ,having neatly built1 and covered her ,nest with these ,materials without2 she thatcheth it on the top with the ,muscus arboreus ramosus1 or such like broad1 whitish ,moss1 to keep out ,rain1 and to dodge the ,spectator's ,eye2 and within she lineth it with a great ,number of soft ,feathers2 so many1 that ,i confess ,i could not but admire how so small a ,room could hold them1 especially that they could be laid so close and handsomely together1 to afford sufficient ,room for a ,bird with so long a ,tail1 and so numerous an ,issue as this ,bird commonly hath1 which ,mr4 ,ray saith 7,synops4 ,method4 ,avium1 p4 #gd47 ,ova inter omnes aviculas numerosissima ponit4 ,see more of the ,nest of this ,bird1 from ,aldrovand4 in ,willugh4 ,ornith4 p4 #bdc4 l ,the ,nest of the ,guira tangeima1 the icterus minor1 and the ,jupujuba1 or whatever other ,name the ,american ,hang-,nests may be called by1 are of this ,kind4 ,of which see ,willughby's ,ornith4 ,lib4 #b4 ,chap4 #e4 ,sect4 #ab1 #ac4 ,also ,dr4 ,grew's ,museum ,reg4 ,soc4 ,part #a4 ,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 #d4 ,these ,nests ,i have divers ,times seen1 particularly in great ,perfection in our ,r4 ,s4 ,repository1 and in the noble and well-furnished ,museum of my often-commended ,friend ,sir ,hans ,sloane2 and at the same ,time ,i could not but admire at the neat ,mechanism of them1 and the ,sagacity of the ,bird1 in hanging them on the ,twigs of ,trees1 to secure their ,eggs and ,young from the ,apes4 m ,i mention ,trees1 because ,i have seen ,bees gather the ,gum of ,fir-,trees1 which at the same ,time gave me the ,pleasure of seeing their way of loading their ,thighs therewith2 performed with great ,art and ,dexterity4 n ,wasps1 at their first ,coming1 may be observ'd to frequent ,posts1 ,boards1 and other ,wood that is dry and sound2 but never any that is rotten4 ,there they may be heard to scrape and gnaw2 and what they so gnaw off1 they heap close together between their ,chin and ,fore-,legs1 until they have gotten enough for a ,burden1 which they then carry away in their ,mouths1 to make their ,cells with4 o ,circular ,cells would have been the most capacious2 but this would by no ,means have been a convenient ,figure1 by ,reason much of the ,room would have been taken up by ,vacancies between the ,circles2 therefore it was necessary to make ,use of some of the rectilinear ,figures4 ,among which only three could be of ,use2 of which ,pappus ,alexandrin4 thus discourseth2 ,cm igitur tres figur sunt1 qu per seipsas locum circa idem punctum consistentem replere possunt1 ,triangulum seil4 ,quadratum ,hexagonum1 ,apes illam qu ex pluribus angulis constat sapienter delegerunt1 utpote suspicantes eam plus mellis capere qum utramvis reliquarum4 ,at ,apes quidem illud tantm quod ipsis utile est cognoscunt1 viz4 ,hexagonum ,quadrato ,triangulo esse majus plus ,mellis capere posse1 nimirum quali materi in constructionem uniuscujusque consumpt4 ,nos ver qui plus sapienti qum ,apes habere profitemur1 aliquid etiam mags insigne investigabimus4 ,collect4 ,math4 l4 #e4 p ,see before ,note 7c74 q ,see ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7x74 r ,see ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7y74 s ,among many ,examples1 the ,legs and ,feet of the ,mole-,cricket1 7,gryllotalpa17 are very remarkable4 ,the ,fore-,legs are very brawny and strong2 and the ,feet armed each with four flat strong ,claws1 together with a small ,lamina1 with two larger ,claws1 and a third with two little ,claws3 ,which ,lamina is joynted to the ,bottom of the ,foot1 to be extended1 to make the ,foot wider1 or withdrawn within the ,foot4 ,these ,feet are placed to scratch somewhat sideways as well as downward1 after the ,manner of ,moles ,feet2 and they are very like them also in ,figure4 ,somewhat of this ,nature1 ,swammerdam observes of the ,worms of the ,ephemeron4 ,to this ,purpose1 to dig their ,cells1 the wise ,creator hath furnish'd them1 7saith he17 with fit ,members4 ,for1 besides that their two ,fore-,legs are formed somewhat like those of the ordinary ,moles1 or ,gryllotalpa2 he hath also furnish'd them with two toothy ,cheeks1 somewhat like the ,sheers of ,lobsters1 which serve them more readily to bore the ,clay4 ,swammerdam's ,ephem4 ,vit4 ,publish'd by ,dr4 ,tyson1 ,chap4 #c4 t ,see the before-cited ,note 7c74 u ,they are for the most ,part1 some of the ,phaln-,tribe1 which inhabit the tunnelled1 convolved ,leaves1 that we meet with on ,vegetables in the ,spring and ,summer4 ,and it is a somewhat wonderful ,artifice1 how so small and weak a ,creature1 as one of those newly-hatch'd ,maggots1 7for doubtless it is they1 not the ,parent-,animal1 because she emits no ,web1 nor hath any tectrine ,art17 can be able to convolve the stubborn ,leaf1 and then bind it in that neat round ,form1 with the ,thread or ,web it weaves from its own ,body2 with which it commonly lines the convolved ,leaf1 and stops up the two ,ends1 to prevent its own falling out2 and ,earwigs1 and other noxious ,animals getting in4 w ,the several ,sorts of ,phryganea1 or ,cadews1 in their ,nympha1 or ,maggot-state1 thus house themselves2 one ,sort in ,straws1 call'd from thence ,straw-,worms2 others in two or more ,sticks1 laid parallel to one another1 creeping at the ,bottom of ,brooks2 others with a small ,bundle of ,pieces of ,rushes1 ,duck-weed1 ,sticks1 c4 glu'd together1 where-with they float on the ,top1 and can row themselves therein about the ,waters1 with the ,help of their ,feet3 ,both these are call'd ,cob-bait4 ,divers other ,sorts there are1 which the ,reader may see a ,summary of1 from ,mr ,willughby1 in ,raii ,method4 ,insect4 p4 #ab4 together with a good1 though very brief ,description of the ,papilionaceous ,fly1 that comes from the ,cod-bait ,cadew4 ,it is a notable architectonick ,faculty1 which all the ,variety of these ,animals have1 to gather such ,bodies as are fittest for their ,purpose1 and then to glue them together2 some to be heavier than ,water1 that the ,animal may remain at the ,bottom1 where its ,food is2 7for which ,purpose they use ,stones1 together with ,sticks1 ,rushes1 c47 and some to be lighter than ,water1 to float on the ,top1 and gather its ,food from thence4 ,these little ,houses look coarse and shew no great ,artifice outwardly2 but are well tunnelled1 and made within with a hard tough ,paste2 into which the hinder ,part of the ,maggot is so fix'd1 that it can draw its ,cell after it any where1 without ,danger of leaving it behind2 as also thrust its ,body out1 to reach what it wanteth2 or withdraw it into its ,cell1 to guard it against ,harms4 x ,having mention'd the ,spider1 ,i shall take this ,occasion1 7although it be out of the ,way17 to give an ,instance of the ,poyson of some of them4 ,scaliger ,exerc4 #ahf4 relates1 ,that in ,gascony1 his ,country1 there are ,spiders of that virulency1 that if a ,man treads upon them1 to crush them1 their ,poyson will pass through the very ,soles of his ,shoe4 ,boyl4 ,subtil4 of ,effluv4 c4 #d4 ,mr4 ,leewenhoek put a ,frog and a ,spider together into a ,glass1 and having made the ,spider sting the ,frog divers ,times1 the ,frog dy'd in about an ,hour's ,time4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bgb4 ,in the same ,transaction1 is a curious ,account of the ,manner how ,spiders lay1 and guard their eggs1 viz4 they emit them not out of the hindermost ,part of the ,body1 but under the upper ,part of her ,belly1 near the ,hind-,legs1 c4 ,also there is an ,account of the ,parts from which they emit their ,webs1 and divers other ,things worth ,observation1 with ,cuts illustrating the ,whole4 ,but in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bb4 ,dr4 ,nath4 ,fairfax1 from ,s4 ,redi1 and his own ,observations1 thinks ,spiders not venomous2 several ,persons1 as well as ,birds1 swallowing them without ,hurt3 ,which ,i my self have known in a ,person of ,learning1 who was advis'd to take them medicinally at first1 and would at any ,time swallow them1 affirming them to be sweet1 and well tasted3 ,and not only innocuous1 but they are very salutiferous too1 in some of the most stubborn ,diseases1 if the pleasant ,story in ,mouffet be true2 of a rich ,london ,matron1 cur'd of a desperate ,tympany1 by a certain ,debauchee1 that hearing of her ,case1 and that she was given over by the ,doctors1 went to her1 pretending to be a ,physician1 and confidently affirming he would cure her2 which she being willing to believe1 agrees with him for so much ,money1 one half to be paid down1 the other upon ,cure4 ,upon which he gives her a ,spider1 promising her ,cure in three ,days4 ,upon which1 7not doubting but that he had poison'd her1 and fearing he might be call'd to account for it17 he gets out of ,town as fast as he could4 ,but instead of being poison'd1 she soon recover'd4 ,after some ,months1 the ,quack gets privately to ,town1 when he thought the ,bustle might be over2 and enquiring how his ,patient did1 was inform'd of her ,cure2 and thereupon visiting her1 and making an ,excuse for his ,absence1 he receiv'd his ,pay with great ,applause and ,thanks4 ,mouff4 ,insect4 l4 #b4 c4 #ae4 ,having said so much of ,spiders1 ,i might here add their ,flight3 ,but of this1 see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7e74 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,animals ,self-,preservation4 ,having thus consider'd the ,food1 ,cloathing1 and ,houses of ,animals2 let us in this ,chapter take a ,glance of another excellent ,provision1 the wise ,creator hath made for the ,good of the animal ,world2 and that is1 the ,methods which all ,animals naturally take for their ,self-,preservation and ,safety4 ,and here it is remarkable1 7as in the ,cases before17 that ,man1 who is endow'd with ,reason1 is born without ,armature1 and is destitute of many ,powers1 which irrational ,creatures have in a much higher ,degree than he1 by ,reason he can make himself ,arms to defend himself1 can contrive ,methods for his own ,guard and ,safety1 can many ,ways annoy his ,enemy1 and stave off the ,harms of noxious ,creatures4 ,but for others1 who are destitute of this super-eminent ,faculty2 they are some ,way or other provided with sufficient ,guarda1 proportionate to their ,place of ,abode1 the ,dangers they are like to incur thereb2 and in a ,word1 to their greatest ,occasions1 and ,need of ,security4 ,accordingly1 some are sufficiently guarded against all common ,dangers1 by their natural ,cloathing1 by their ,armature of ,shells1 or such like hard1 and impregnable ,covering of their ,bodyc4 ,others destitute of this ,guard1 are armed1 some with ,hornsd1 some with sharp ,quills and ,pricklese1 some with ,claws1 some with ,stingsf2 some can shift and change their ,coloursg2 some can make their ,escape by the ,help of their ,wings1 and others by the ,swiftness of their ,feet2 some can screen themselves by diving in the ,waters1 others by tinging and disordering the ,watersh1 can make their ,escape2 and some can guard their ,bodies1 even in the very ,flames1 by the ,ejection of the ,juice of their ,bodiesi2 and some by their accurate ,smell1 ,sight or ,hearing1 can foresee ,dangersk2 others by their natural ,craft1 can prevent or escape theml2 others by their ,uncouth ,noisem2 by the horrid ,aspect1 and ugly ,gesticulations of their ,bodyn2 and some even by the ,power of their ,excrements1 and their ,stinko1 can annoy their ,enemy1 and secure themselves2 and against somep1 the divine ,providence it self hath provided a ,guard4 ,by such ,shifts and ,means as these1 a sufficient ,guard is ministred to every ,species of ,animals1 in its proper respective ,place2 abundantly enough to secure the ,species from ,destruction1 and to keep up that ,balance1 which ,i have formerly shew'd1 is in the ,world among every1 and all the ,species of ,animals2 but yet not enough to secure ,individuals1 from becoming a ,prey to ,man1 or to other ,creatures1 as their ,necessities of ,life require4 ,to which ,purpose1 the natural ,sagacity and ,craft of the one intrappingq1 and captivating1 being in some ,measure equivalent to that of the other in evading1 is as excellent a ,means for the maintaining the one1 as preserving the other2 and if well consider'd1 argues the ,contrivance of the infinitely wise ,creator and ,preserver of the ,world4 ,,footnotes3 a ,callent in hoc cuncta animalia1 sciuntque non sua mod commoda1 verum hostium adversa2 nrunt sua cela1 nrunt occasiones1 partesque dissidentium imbellis4 ,in ventre mollis est tenuisque cutis ,crocodilo3 ideoque se1 ut territi1 mergent ,delphini1 subcuntesque alvum ill secant spin4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #be4 b ,omnibus aptum est ,corpus ,anim moribus facultatibus3 ,equo fortibus ungulis juba est ornatum 7etenim velox superbum generosum est animal47 ,leoni autem1 utpose animoso feroci1 dentibus unguibus validum4 ,ita autem ,tauro ,apro2 illi enim ,cornua1 huic exerti ,dentes4---- ,cervo autem ,lepori 7timida enim animalia7 velox corpus1 sed inerme4 ,timidis enim velocitas1 arma audacibus conveniebant----,homini autem 7sapiens enim est----7 manus dedit1 instrumentum ad omnes artes necessarium1 paci non mins qum bello idoneum4 ,non igitur indiguit ,cornu sibi innato cm meliora ,cornibus arma manibus1 quandocunque volet1 possit accipere3 ,etenim ,ensis ,hasta majora sunt ,arma1 ad incidendum promptiora4----,neque ,cornu1 neque ,ungul quicquam nisi comins agere possunt2 ,hominum ver arma emins juxt ac comins agunt3 telum quidem sagitta magis qum cornua4----,non igitur est nudus1 neque inermis4----sed ipsi est ,thorax ferreus1 quandocunque libet1 omnibus ,coriis difficilius sauciatu organum4----,nec ,thorax solm sed ,domus1 ,murus1 ,turris1 c4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #a4 c4 #b4 c ,shells deserve a ,place in this ,survey1 upon the ,account of their great ,variety2 the curious and uncouth ,make of some1 and the beautiful ,colours1 and pretty ,ornaments of others2 but it would be endless to descend to ,particulars4 ,omitting others1 ,i shall therefore only take ,notice of the ,tortoiseshell1 by ,reason a great deal of ,dexterity appears1 even in the ,simplicity of that ,animal's ,skeleton4 ,for1 besides that the ,shell is a stout ,guard to the ,body1 and affords a safe ,retreat to the ,head1 ,legs and ,tail1 which it withdraws within the ,shell upon any ,danger2 besides this1 ,i say1 the ,shell supplieth the ,place of all the ,bones in the ,body1 except those of the extreme ,parts1 the ,head and ,neck1 and the four ,legs and ,tail4 ,so that at first ,sight1 it is somewhat surprizing to see a compleat ,skeleton consisting of so small a ,number of ,bones1 and they abundantly sufficient for the ,creature's ,use4 d ,dente timentur ,apri3 defendunt cornua ,tauros3 ,imbelles ,dame quid nisi prda sumus6 ,martial4 l4 #ac4 ,epigr4 #id4 e ,the ,hedgehog being an helpless1 slow1 patient ,animal1 is accordingly guarded with ,prickles1 and a ,power of rolling it self up in them4 ,clavis terebrari sibi pedes1 discindi viscera patientissim ferebat1 omnes cultri ictus sine gemitu plusquam ,spartan nobilitate concoquens4 ,borrichius in ,blas4 de ,echino4 ,panniculum carnosum amplexabatur ,musculus pan circularis1 admirand fabric1 lacinius suas ad pedes1 caudam1 caput1 vari exporrigens1 cujus minsterio ,echinus se ad arbitrium in orbem contrahit4 ,act4 ,dan4 in ,blasio4 ,iste lict digitos restudine pungat acut1 ,cortice deposito mollis ,echinus erit4 ,mart4 l4 #ac4 ,epig4 #hf4 f ,the ,sting of a ,wasp1 or ,bee1 c4 is so pretty a ,piece of ,work1 that it is worth taking ,notice of1 so far as ,i have not found others to have spoken of it4 ,others have observ'd the ,sting to be an hollow ,tube1 with a ,bag of sharp penetrating ,juices1 7its ,poison17 joined to the ,end of it1 within the ,body of the ,wasp1 which is1 in ,stinging1 injected into the ,flesh through the ,tube4 ,but there are besides this1 two small1 sharp1 bearded ,spears1 lying within this ,tube or ,sting1 as in a ,sheath4 ,in a ,wasp's ,sting1 ,i counted eight ,beards on the ,side of each ,spear1 somewhat like the ,beards of ,fish-hooks4 ,these ,spears in the ,sting1 or ,sheath1 lie one with its ,point a little before that of the other2 as is represented in ,fig4 #ba4 to be ready1 7,i conceive17 to be first darted into the ,flesh2 which being once fix'd1 by ,means of its foremost ,beard1 the other then strikes in too1 and so they alternately pierce deeper and deeper1 their ,beards taking more and more hold in the ,flesh2 after which the ,sheath or ,sting follows1 to convey the ,poison into the ,wound4 ,which1 that it may pierce the ,better1 it is drawn into a ,point1 with a small ,slit a little below that ,point1 for the two ,spears to come out at4 ,by ,means of this pretty ,mechanism in the ,sting1 it is1 that the ,sting when out of the ,body1 and parted from it1 is able to pierce and sting us3 ,and by ,means of the ,beards being lodged deep in the ,flesh1 it comes to pass that ,bees leave their ,stings behind them1 when they are disturbed before they have ,time to withdraw their ,spears into their ,scabbard4 ,in ,fig4 #ba4 is represented the two ,spears as they lie in the ,sting4 ,in ,fig4 #bb4 the two ,spears are represented when squeez'd out of the ,sting1 or the ,scabbard2 in which ,latter1 ,fig4 ,a c b1 is the ,sting1 c d1 and b e1 the two bearded ,spears thrust out4 g ,the ,camelion is sufficiently fam'd on this ,account4 ,besides which1 ,pliny tells us of a ,beast as big as an ,ox1 called the ,tarandus1 that when he pleaseth1 assumes the ,colour of an ,ass1 and ,colorem omnium fruticum1 arborum1 florum1 locorumgue reddit1 in quibus latet metuens1 ideoque rar capitur4 ,plin4 l4 #h4 c4 #cd4 ,how true this is1 there may be some ,reason to doubt2 but if any ,truth be in the ,story1 it may be from the ,animal's chusing such ,company1 or ,places1 as are agreeable to its ,colour3 ,as ,i have seen in divers ,caterpillars1 and other ,insects1 who ,i believe were not able to change their ,colour1 from one ,colour to another2 yet ,i have constantly observ'd1 do fix themselves to such ,things as are of the same ,colour2 by which ,means they dodge the ,spectator's ,eye4 ,thus the ,caterpillar that feeds on ,elder1 ,i have more than once seen1 so cunningly adhering to the small ,branches of the same ,colour1 that it might be easily mistaken for a small ,stick1 even by a careful ,view4 ,so a large green ,caterpillar1 that feeds on ,buckthorn1 and divers others4 ,to which ,i may add the prodigious ,sagacity of the ,ichneumon ,flies1 that make the ,kermes1 7for of that ,tribe all the ,kermes ,i ever saw was27 how artificially they not only inclose their ,eggs within that gummy ,skin1 or ,shell2 but also so well humour the ,colour of the ,wood they adhere to1 by various ,streaks and ,colours1 that it is not easie to distinguish them from the ,wood it self4 h ,contra metum vim1 suis se armis quque defendit4 ,cornibus ,tauri1 ,apri dentibus1 morsu ,leones1 ali fug se1 ali occultatione tutantur3 atramenti effusione ,sepia1 torpore ,topedines4 ,multa etiam insectantes odoris intolerabili1 fditate depellunt4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ej4 i ,a ,knight call'd ,corvini at ,rome1 cast a ,salamander into the ,fire1 which presently swell'd1 and then vomited ,store of thick slimy ,matter1 which put out the ,coals2 to which the ,salamander presently retir'd1 putting them out again in the same ,manner1 as soon as they re-kindled1 and by this ,means sav'd it self from the ,force of the ,fire for the ,space of two ,hours3 ,after which it liv'd nine ,months4 ,vid4 ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #ba4 in ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #haf4 k ,pliny gives an ,instance in each4 ,l4 #aj4 c4 #fi4 ,aqull claris cernunt qum homines2 ,vultures sagacis odorantur3 liquidis audiunt ,talp obrut terr1 tam denso atque surdo natur elemento4 l ,the ,doubling of the ,hare1 before she goes to ,form1 thereby to dodge and deceive the ,dogs1 although a vulgar ,observation1 is a notable ,instinct for an ,animal1 less fam'd for ,cunning than the ,fox1 and some others4 m ,it is natural for many ,quadrupeds1 ,birds and ,serpents1 not only to put on a torvous angry ,aspect1 when in ,danger2 but also to snarl1 hiss1 or by some other ,noise deter their ,adversary4 n ,the ,iynx1 or ,wryneck1 although a ,bird of very beautiful ,feathers1 and consequently far enough off from being any way terrible2 yet being in ,danger1 hath such odd ,contortions of its ,neck1 and ,motions of its ,head1 that ,i remember have scar'd me1 when ,i was a ,boy1 from taking their ,nests1 or touching the ,bird2 daring no more to venture my ,hand into their ,holes1 than if a ,serpent had lodged in it4 o ,bonasus tuetur se calcibus stercore1 qud ab se quaternis passibus trium jugerum longitudine4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #h4 c4 #ae4 ejaculatur1 quod spe comburit ade ut deglabrentur canes4 ,ray's ,synops4 ,quadr4 p4 #ga4 ,camelus ,peruvianus ,clama dictus neminem offendit1 sed miro admodum ingenio se ab iliat vindicat injuri1 nimirum vomit vel cibi1 vel humoris in vexantem retrarsum cum impetu ejaculato1 ob protensam colli longitudinem4 ,id4 ib4 p4 #adf4 ,tzquiepatl 7,anglic ,squnck ,prf4 and one that ,i saw they call'd a ,stonck47 ,cm quis eam insectatur1 fundit cum ventris crepitu halitum ftidissimum3 quin ipsa tota teterrimum exhalat odorem1 urina stercusque est ftidissimum1 atque ade pestilens1 ut nihil sit reperire in nostro orbe1 cui in hc re possit comparari3 quo fit1 ut in periculo constituta1 urinam fces ad #h pluriumve passuum intervallum ejiciat1 hoc modo se ab omnibus vindicans injuriit1 ac vestes inficiens maculis luteis indelibilibus1 nunquam satis perspirante odore3 alis innoxium ,animal eduleque1 hc sol ratione horrendissimum4 ,id4 ib4 p4 #ahb4 ,si ,accipiter ,ardeam in sublimi molestat1 stercore immisso in pennas ejus1 eas putrescere facit3 ut ,solinus scribis de ,bonaso1 c4 ,ita ,lupus urinam spargit in persequentem4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 l4 #ai4 c4 #ad4 p ,thus against the ,crocodile1 which can catch its ,prey only before it1 not on one ,side4 ,so the ,shark1 of which take my often-commended ,friend ,sir ,hans ,sloane's ,observation3 ,it hath this particular to it1 with some others of its own ,tribe2 that the ,mouth is in its under ,part1 so that it must turn the ,belly upwards to ,prey4 ,and was it not for that ,time it is in turning1 in which the pursu'd ,fishes escape1 there would be nothing that could avoid it2 for it is very quick in ,swimming1 and hath a vast ,strength1 with the largest ,swallow of any ,fish1 and is very devouring4 ,sloane's ,voyage to ,jamaica1 p4 #bc4 q ,see ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7iii74 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of the ,generation of ,animals4 ,there remains now only one ,thing more of the ten ,things in common to ,animals1 and that is what relates to their ,generationa1 and ,conservation of their ,speciesb1 by that ,means4 ,it would not be seemly to advance far in this admirable ,work of ,god2 neither shall ,i at all insist upon that of ,man for the same ,reason4 ,and as for the ,irrationalsc1 ,i shall confine my self to these five ,matters4 ,i4 ,their natural ,sagacity in chusing the fittest ,places to reposite their ,eggs and ,young4 ,,ii4 ,the fittest ,times and ,seasons they make use of for their ,generation4 ,,iii4 ,the due and stated ,number of their ,young4 ,,iv4 ,their ,diligence and earnest ,concern in their ,breeding up4 ,v4 ,their ,faculty of ,feeding them1 and their ,art and ,sagacity exerted therein4 ,i4 ,the natural ,sagacity of irrational ,animals1 in chusing the fittest ,places to reposite their ,eggs and ,young4 ,of this ,i have given larger ,hints already than ,i needed to have done1 when ,i spake of the ,architectured of ,animals1 intending then to have wholly pass'd by this ,business of ,generation2 ,i shall therefore now only superadd a few other ,instances1 the more to illustrate this ,matter4 ,it hath been already shewn1 and will hereaftere farther appear1 that the ,places in which the several ,species of ,animals lay up their ,eggs1 and ,young1 are the best for that ,purpose2 ,watersf for one2 ,flesh for another2 ,holes in ,woodg1 ,earth1 or ,stoneh1 for others2 and ,nests for others2 and we shall find1 that so ardent is the ,propensity of all ,animals1 even of the meanest ,insects1 to get a fit ,place for the ,propagation of their ,young2 that1 as will hereafter appear1 there is scarce any ,thing that escapeth the ,inquest of those little subtile ,creatures4 ,but besides all this1 there are two or three ,things more observable1 which plainly argue the ,instinct of some superior rational ,being4 ,as1 #a4 ,the compleat and neat ,order which many ,creatures observe in laying up their ,seed1 or ,eggs1 in proper ,repositories3 ,of which ,i shall speak in another ,placei4 #b4 ,the suitable ,apparatus in every ,creature's ,body1 for the laying-up its ,eggs1 ,seed1 or ,young1 in their proper ,place4 ,it would be as endless as needless to name all ,particulars1 and therefore an ,instance or two of the ,insect-,tribe may serve for a ,specimen in this ,place1 till ,i come to other ,particulars4 ,thus ,insects1 who have neither ,feet adapted to scratch1 nor ,noses to dig1 nor can make artificial ,nests to lay up their ,young2 yet what abundant ,amends is there made them1 in the ,power they have either to extend the ,abdomenk1 and thereby reach the commodious ,places they could not otherwise come at2 or else they have some aculeous ,part or ,instrument to terebrate1 and make ,way for their ,eggs into the ,rootl1 ,trunkm1 ,fruitn1 ,leaveso1 and the tender ,buds of ,vegetablesp1 or some other such curious and secure ,method they are never destitute of4 ,to which we may add1 #c4 ,the natural ,poisonq1 7or what can ,i call it87 which many or most of the ,creatures1 last intended1 have1 to cause the ,germination of such ,balls1 ,cases1 and other commodious ,repositories1 as are an admirable ,lodgment to the ,eggs and ,young2 that particularly in the ,incubation and ,hatching the ,young1 and then afford them sufficient ,food and ,nourishment in all their ,nympha-,state1 in which they need ,food2 and are afterwards commodious ,houses and ,beds for them in their ,aurelia-,state1 till they are able to break ,prison1 fly abroad1 and shift for themselves4 ,but this shall be taken ,notice of1 when ,i come to treat of ,insects4 ,,ii4 ,as irrational ,animals chuse the fittest ,place1 so also the fittest ,times and ,seasons for their ,generation4 ,some indeed are indifferent to all ,times1 but others make use of peculiar ,seasonsr4 ,those1 for ,instance1 whose ,provisions are ready at all ,seasons1 or who are under the ,tuition of ,man1 produce their ,young without any great regard to ,heat or ,cold1 ,wet or ,dry1 ,summer or ,winter4 ,but others1 whose ,provisions are peculiar1 and only to be met with at certain ,seasons of the ,year1 or who1 by their ,migration and ,change of ,place1 are tied up to certain ,seasons2 these 7as if endowed with a natural ,care and ,foresight of what shall happen7 do accordingly lay1 hatch and nurse up their ,young in the most proper ,seasons of all the ,year for their ,purpose2 as in ,spring1 or ,summer1 the ,times of ,plenty of ,provisions1 the ,times of ,warmth for ,incubation1 and the most proper ,seasons to breed up their ,young1 till they are able to shift for themselves1 and can range about for ,food1 and seek ,places of ,retreat and ,safety1 by flying long ,flights as well as their ,progenitors1 and passing into far distant ,regions1 which 7when others fail7 afford those helpless ,creatures the ,necessaries of ,life4 ,,iii4 ,to the special ,seasons1 ,i may add the peculiar ,number of ,young produced by the irrational ,creatures4 ,of which ,i have already taken some ,notice1 when ,i spake of the ,balance of ,animalss4 ,now1 if there was not a great deal more than ,chance in this ,matter1 even a wise ,government of the ,creation1 it could never happen that every ,species of ,animals should be tied up to a certain ,rate and ,proportion of its ,increase2 the most useful would not be the most fruitful1 and the most pernicious produce the fewest ,young1 as ,i have observed it commonly is4 ,neither would every ,species produce such a certain ,rote as it is only able to breed up3 ,but all would be in a confused1 huddled ,state4 ,instead of which1 on the contrary1 we find every ,thing in compleat ,order2 the ,balance of ,genera1 ,species and ,individuals always proportionate and even2 the ,balance of ,sexes the same2 most ,creatures tied up to their due ,stint and ,number of ,young1 without their own ,power and ,choice1 and others 7particularly of the wingedt ,kind7 producing their due ,number at their ,choice and ,pleasure2 some large ,numbers1 but not more than they can cover1 feed and foster2 others fewer1 but as many as they can well nurse and breed up4 ,which minds me1 ,,iv4 ,of the ,diligence and earnest ,concern which irrational ,animals have of the ,production and ,breeding up their ,young4 ,and here ,i have already taken ,notice of their 1 or natural ,affection1 and with what ,zeal they feed and defend1 their ,young4 ,to which may be added these two ,things4 #a4 ,the wonderful ,instinct of ,incubation4 ,it is utterly impossible1 that ever unthinking1 untaught ,animals should take to that only ,method of hatching their ,young1 was it not implanted in their ,nature by the infinitely wise ,creator4 ,but so ardent is their ,desire1 so unwearied is their ,patience when they are ingaged in that ,business1 that they will abide their ,nests for several ,weeks1 deny themselves the ,pleasures1 and even the ,necessaries of ,life2 some of them even starving themselves almost1 rather than hazard their ,eggs1 to get ,food1 and others either performing the ,office by ,turnsu1 or else the one kindly seeking out1 and carrying ,food to the otherw1 engaged in the office of ,incubation4 ,but of these ,matters in a more proper ,placex4 #b4 ,when the young ones are produced1 not only with what ,care do they feed and nurse them1 but with what surprizing ,courage do all or most ,creatures defend them6 ,it is somewhat strange to see timid ,creaturesy1 who at other ,times are cowardly1 to be full of ,courage1 and undaunted at that ,time2 to see them furiously and boldly encounter their ,enemy1 instead of flying from him1 and expose themselves to every ,danger1 rather than hazard and forsake their ,young4 ,with this earnest ,concern of the irrational ,animals for their ,young1 we may join in the ,v4 ,and last ,place1 ,their ,faculty and ,sagacity of feeding them4 ,about which ,i shall take notice of three ,things4 #a4 ,the ,faculty of suckling the ,young1 is an excellent ,provision the ,creator hath made for those helpless ,creatures4 ,and here the ,agreeableness and ,suitableness of that ,food to young ,creatures1 deserves particular ,observation1 as also their ,delight in it1 and ,desire and ,endeavours after it1 even as soon as bornz1 together with the ,willingness of all1 even the most savage and fierce ,animals1 to part with it1 and to administer it to their ,young1 yea1 to teach and institute them in the ,art of taking it4 ,and lastly1 to name no more1 the curious ,apparatus which is made for this ,service in the divers ,species of ,animals1 by a due ,number of ,breasts1 proportionable to the ,occasions of each ,animal1 by curious ,glands in those ,breasts1 to separate that nutritive ,juice1 the ,milk1 by ,arteries and ,veins to convey it to them1 and proper ,rivulets and ,channels to convey it from them1 with ,dugs and ,nipples1 placed in the most convenient ,part of the ,bodyaa of each ,animal1 to administer it to their ,young2 all these ,things1 ,i say1 do manifestly proclaim the ,care and ,wisdom of the great ,creator4 #b4 ,as for such ,animals as do in another manner breed up their ,young1 by finding out ,food1 and putting it into their ,mouth1 the ,provision made in them for this ,service1 to strike1 catch1 to pouch and convey their ,prey and ,food to their ,youngbb1 is very considerable4 ,and so is also their ,sagacity in equally distributing it among them1 that among many1 all shall be duly1 equally1 and in good ,order1 fed4 #c4 ,there is yet another ,instinct remaining1 of such ,animals as can neither administer ,suck to their ,young1 neither lay them in ,places affording ,food1 nor can convey and bring them ,food1 but do with their ,eggs1 lay up ,provisions for their future ,young4 ,somewhat of this is reported of some ,birdscc2 but ,i have my self with ,pleasure1 frequently seen some of the ,species of ,insects to carry ample ,provisions into their dry and barren ,cells1 where they have seal'd them carefully and cautiously up with their ,eggs1 partly1 'tis like1 for ,incubation sake1 and partly as an easy ,bed to lodge their ,young2 but chiefly for future ,provision for their ,young1 in their ,nympha-,state1 when they stand in need of ,fooddd4 ,,footnotes3 a ,spontaneous ,generation1 is a ,doctrine so generally exploded1 that ,i shall not undertake the ,disproof of it4 ,it is so evident1 that all ,animals1 yea1 ,vegetables too1 owe their ,production to ,parent-,animals and ,vegetables2 that ,i have often admir'd at the ,sloath and ,prejudices of the ancient ,philosophers1 in so easily taking upon ,trust the ,aristotelian1 or rather1 the gyptian ,doctrine of equivocal ,generation2 that when they saw ,flies1 ,frogs and ,lice1 for ,instance1 to be ,male and ,female1 and accordingly to ingender1 lay ,eggs1 c4 they could ever imagine any of these ,creatures should be spontaneously produc'd1 especially in so romantick a ,manner1 as in the ,clouds3 as they particularly thought ,frogs were1 and that they dropp'd down in ,showers of ,rain4 ,for an ,answer to this ,case of ,frogs1 ,i shall refer to a ,relation of my own1 which my late most ingenious1 and learned ,friend1 the great ,mr4 ,ray1 requested of me1 and was pleas'd to publish in his last ,edition of his ,wisdom of ,god manifested1 c4 p4 #cfe4 ,but some will yet assert the ,raining of ,frogs2 among which the curious ,dr4 ,plot is somewhat of this ,opinion2 telling us of ,frogs found on the ,leads of the ,lord ,aston's ,gatehouse1 at ,tixal in ,staffordshire1 which he thinks by some such ,means came there2 as also on the ,bowling-,green1 frequently after a ,shower of ,rain4 ,plot's ,hist4 ,staff4 c4 #a4 4 #dg4 ,but we may take a ,judgment of this1 and an ,hundred such like ,reports1 to be met with in considerable ,authors1 from other the like ,reports that have been better inquir'd into4 ,in a ,scarcity in ,silesia1 a mighty ,rumour was spread of its raining ,millet-,seed2 but the ,matter being inquir'd into1 'twas found to be only the ,seeds of the ,ivy-leaved ,speedwell1 or small ,henbit1 growing in the ,place in great ,plenty4 ,eph4 ,germ4 ,an4 #c4 ,obs4 #dj4 ,so in the ,archipelago1 it was thought ,ashes were rain'd1 ,ships being cover'd therewith at a hundred ,leagues ,distance2 but in all ,probability1 it was from an ,eruption of ,vesuvius1 that then happen'd4 ,about ,warminster in ,wilts1 'twas reported it rain'd ,wheat2 but a curious ,observer1 ,mr4 ,cole1 found it to be only ,ivy-,berries1 blown thither in a considerable ,quantity by a ,tempest4 ,in the ,year #afif1 at ,cranstead near ,wrotham in ,kent1 a ,pasture-,field was over-spread with little young ,whitings1 suppos'd to fall from the ,clouds1 in a ,tempest of ,thunder and ,rain2 but doubtless they were brought thither with ,waters from the ,sea by the ,tempest4 ,see the before-commended ,mr4 ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #adc1 #add4 ,neither needeth it seem strange1 that ,ashes1 ,ivy-,berries1 small ,fishes1 or young ,frogs1 7which yet may have some other ,conveyance17 should be thus transported by tempestuous ,winds1 considering to what ,distance1 and in what ,quantities the ,sea-,waters were carry'd by the ,great-,storm1 ,nov4 #bf4 #agjc1 of which an ingenious ,friend sent me these ,accounts from ,lewes in ,sussex1 viz4 ,that a ,physician travelling soon after the ,storm1 to ,tisehurst1 twenty ,miles from the ,sea1 as he rode along pluck'd some ,tops of ,hedges1 and chewing them1 found them ,salt3 ,that some ,grapes hanging on the ,vines at ,lewes were so too4 ,that ,mr4 ,williamson ,rector of ,ripe1 found the ,twigs in his ,gardens ,salt the ,monday after the ,storm2 and others observ'd the same a ,week after4 ,that the ,grass of the ,downs about ,lewes1 was so ,salt1 that the ,sheep would not feed till ,hunger compell'd them3 ,and that the ,miller of ,berwick1 7three ,miles from the ,sea17 attempting with his ,man to secure his ,mill1 were so wash'd with ,flashes of ,sea-,water1 like the ,breakings of ,waves against the ,rocks1 that they were almost strangled therewith1 and forced to give over their ,attempt4 ,i call'd this ,doctrine of equivocal ,generation1 an gyptian ,doctrine2 because probably it had its ,rise in gypt1 to salve the ,hypothesis1 of the ,production of ,men1 and other ,animals1 out of the ,earth1 by the ,help of the ,sun's ,heat4 ,to prove which1 the gyptians1 7as ,diod4 ,sicul4 saith17 produce this ,observation1 ,that about ,thebes1 when the ,earth is moistened by the ,nile1 by the ,intense ,heat of the ,sun1 an innumerable ,number of ,mice do spring out4 ,from whence he infers1 ,that all ,kinds of ,animals1 might as well at first come likewise out of the ,earth4 ,and from these the learned ,bishop ,stillingfleet thinks other ,writers1 as ,ovid1 ,mela1 ,pliny1 c4 have1 without examining its ,truth1 taken up the same ,hypothesis4 ,v4 ,stillingfleet's ,orig4 ,sacr4 ,part #b4 ,book #a4 ,chap4 #a4 ,the before-commended ,dr4 ,harris1 from the ,observations of ,dr4 ,harvey1 ,sr4 ,malpighi1 ,dr4 de ,graaf1 and ,mr4 ,leewenhoeck1 infers three ,things concerning ,generation as highly probable4 #a4 ,that ,animals are ex ,animalculo4 #b4 ,that the ,animalcules are originally in femine ,marium1 non in ,fminis4 #c4 ,that they can never come forward1 or be formed into ,animals of the respective ,kind1 without the ,ova in ,fminis4 ,his ,proofs and ,illustrations1 see under the ,word ,generation1 in his ,lex4 ,techn4 ,vol4 #b4 b ,at cert ,natura1 si fieri potuisset1 maxim optasset suum opificium esse immortale3 quod cm per materiam non liceret 7nam quod----ex carne est compositum1 incorruptibile esse non potest7 subsidium quod potuit ipsi ad immortalitatem est sacricata1 sapientis cujusdam urbis conditoris exemplo1 c4 ,nam mirabilem quondam rationem invenit1 quomodo in demortui animalis locum1 novum aliud sufficiat4 ,galen4 de ,usu4 ,part4 l4 #ad4 c4 #bb4 c ,animantia ,bruta ,obstetricibus non indigent in edendo ,partu1 cm indit ,natur vi ,umbilicus seipsum occludat4 ,ol4 ,rudbeck in ,blasii ,anat4 ,felis4 d ,chap4 #ac4 e ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 f ,the ,ephemeron1 as it is an unusual and special ,instance of the ,brevity of ,life2 so ,i take to be a wonderful ,instance of the special ,care and ,providence of ,god1 in the ,conservation of the ,species of that ,animal4 ,for1 #a4 ,as an ,animal1 whose ,life is determin'd in about five or six ,hours ,time1 7viz4 from about six in the ,evening1 till about eleven a ,clock at ,night17 needs no ,food2 so neither doth the ,ephemeron eat1 after it is become a ,fly4 #b4 ,as to its ,generation2 in those five ,hours of its ,life1 it performs that1 and all other necessary ,offices of ,life3 ,for in the ,beginning of its ,life1 it sheds its ,coat2 and that being done1 and the poor little ,animal thereby render'd light and agile1 it spends the rest of its short ,time in striking over the ,waters1 and at the same ,time the ,female droppeth her ,egg on the ,waters1 and the ,male his ,sperm on them to impregnate them4 ,these ,eggs are spread about by the ,waters2 descend to the ,bottom by their own ,gravity2 and are hatch'd by the ,warmth of the ,sun1 into little ,worms1 which make themselves ,cases in the ,clay1 and feed on the same without any ,need of parental ,care4 ,vid4 ,ephem4 vita1 translated by ,dr4 ,tyson from ,swammerdam4 ,see also ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7r74 g ,see ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7c71 and ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 h ,the ,worms in ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7x71 breed in the ,holes they gnaw in ,stone1 as manifest from their ,eggs found therein4 i ,see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7q74 k ,many1 if not most ,flies1 especially those of the ,flesh-,fly-kind1 have a ,faculty of extending their ,uropygia1 and thereby are enabled to thrust their ,eggs into convenient ,holes1 and ,receptacles for their ,young1 in ,flesh1 and whatever else they ,fly-blow4 ,but none more remarkable than the ,horse-,fly1 called by ,pennius1 in ,mouffet1 7p4 #fb47 1 i4e4 ,curvicauda1 and the ,whame or ,burrel-,fly1 which is vexatious to ,horses in ,summer1 not by stinging them1 but only by their bombylious ,noise1 or tickling them in sticking their ,nits1 or ,eggs on the ,hair2 which they do in a very dexterous ,manner1 by thrusting out their ,uropygia1 bending them up1 and by gentle1 slight ,touches1 sticking the ,eggs to the ,hair of the ,legs1 ,shoulders1 and ,necks1 commonly of ,horses2 so that ,horses which go abroad1 and are seldom dressed1 are somewhat discoloured by the numerous ,nits adhering to their ,hair4 ,having mentioned so much of the ,generation of this ,insect1 although it be a little out of the ,way1 ,i hope ,i shall be excused for taking ,notice of the long-tailed ,maggot1 which is the ,product of these ,nits or ,eggs1 called by ,dr4 ,plot1 ,eruca glabra1 or rather ,eula ,scabra1 it should be caudata aquatico-arborea1 it being found by him in the ,water of an hollow ,tree1 but ,i have found it in ,ditches1 ,saw-,pits1 ,holes of ,water in the ,high-way1 and such-like ,places where the ,waters are most still and foul4 ,this ,maggot ,i mention1 as being a singular and remarkable ,work of ,god1 not so much for its being so utterly unlike as it is to its ,parent ,bee-like-,fly1 as for the wise ,provision made for it by its long ,tail2 which is so joynted at certain ,distances from the ,body1 as that it can be withdrawn1 or sheathed1 one ,part within another1 to what ,length the ,maggot pleaseth1 so as to enable it to reach the ,bottom of very shallow1 or deeper ,waters1 as it hath ,occasion1 for the gathering of ,food4 ,at the end of this tapering is a ,ramification of ,fibrill1 or small ,hairs representing1 when spread1 a ,star2 with the help of which1 spread out on the top of the ,waters1 it is enabled to hang making by that means a small ,depression or ,concavity on the ,surface of the ,water4 ,in the midst of this ,star1 ,i imagine the ,maggot takes in ,air1 there being a ,perforation1 which with a ,microscope ,i could perceive to be open1 and by the ,star to be guarded against the ,incursion of the ,water4 l ,the ,excrescences on the ,root of ,cabbages1 ,turneps1 and divers other ,plants1 have always a ,maggot in them2 but what the ,animal is that thus makes its way to the ,root under ,ground1 whether ,ichneumon1 ,phalna1 ,scarab1 or ,scolopendra1 ,i could never discover1 being not able to bring them to any thing in ,boxes4 m ,i presume they are only of the ,ichneumon-,fly-kind1 that have their ,generation in the ,trunks of ,vegetables4 ,in ,malpighi de ,gallis1 ,fig4 #fa4 is a good ,cut of the gouty ,excrescences1 or rather ,tumours of the ,briar-stalk3 ,from which proceeds a small black ,ichneumon-,fly1 with red ,legs2 black1 smooth jointed ,antenn2 pretty large ,thorax2 and short1 round ,belly1 of the ,shape of an ,heart4 ,it leapeth as a ,flea4 ,the ,male1 7as in other ,insects17 is lesser than the ,female1 and very venereous1 in spite of ,danger1 getting upon the ,female1 whom they beat and tickle with their ,breeches and ,horns1 to excite them to a ,cot4 ,another ,example of the ,generation in the ,trunks of ,vegetables1 shall be from the ,papers of my often-commended ,friend ,mr4 ,ray1 which are in my ,hands1 and that is an ,observation of the ingenious ,dr4 ,nath4 ,wood3 ,i have 7said he7 lately observed many ,eggs in the common ,rush4 ,one sort are little transparent ,eggs1 in ,shape somewhat like a ,pear1 or ,retort1 lying within the ,skin1 upon1 or in the ,medulla1 just against a brownish ,spot on the out-side of the ,rush2 which is apparently the ,creatrix of the ,wound made by the ,fly1 when she puts her ,eggs there4 ,another ,kind is much longer1 and not so transparent1 of a long oval1 or rather cylindrical ,form2 six1 eight1 or more1 lie commonly together1 across the ,rush1 parallel to each other1 like the ,teeth of a ,comb1 and are as long as the ,breadth of the ,rush4 ,letter from ,kilkenny in ,ireland1 ,apr4 #bh4 #afig4 n ,see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7d74 o ,i have in ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7u71 and ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7c71 7f71 taken ,notice of the ,nidification and ,generation of some ,insects on the ,leaves of ,vegetables1 and shall therefore1 for the ,illustration of this ,place1 chuse an uncommon ,example out of the ,scarab-kind 7the ,generation of which ,tribe hath not been as yet mentioned7 and that is of a small ,scarab bred in the very ,tips of ,elm-,leaves4 ,these ,leaves1 in ,summer1 may be observed to be1 many of them1 dry and dead1 as also turgid2 in which lieth a dirty1 whitish1 rough ,maggot4 ,from which proceeds a ,beetle of the smallest kind1 of a light1 ,weesle ,colour1 that leapeth like a ,grashopper1 although its ,legs are but short4 ,its ,eyes are blackish1 ,elytra thin1 and prettily furrowed1 with many ,concavities in them2 small club-headed ,antenn1 and a long ,rostrum like a ,proboscis4 ,the same1 or much like this1 ,i have met with on ,tips of ,oaken and ,holly-,leaves4 ,how the ,scarab lays its ,eggs in the ,leaf1 whether by terebrating the ,leaf1 or whether the ,maggot1 when hatched1 doth it1 ,i could never see4 ,but with great ,dexterity1 it makes its ,way between the upper and under ,membranes of the ,leaf feeding upon the parenchymous ,part thereof4 ,its ,head is slenderer and sharper than most of ,maggots1 as if made on purpose for this ,work2 but yet ,i have often wondered at their ,artifice in so nicely separating the ,membranes of the ,elm-,leaf1 without breaking them1 and endangering their own tumbling out of 'em1 considering how thin and very tender the ,skins of that ,leaf 7particularly7 are4 p ,see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7z74 q ,see ,book ,,viii4 ,chap4 #f4 to ,note 7bb71 c4 r 1 4 ,arist4 ,hist4 ,an4 l4 #e4 c4 #h ubi plura4 s ,chap4 #aj4 t ,mr4 ,ray alledges good ,reasons to conclude1 that although ,birds have not an exact ,power of numbering1 yet1 that they have of distinguishing many from few1 and knowing when they come near to a certain ,number2 and that they have it in their ,power to lay many or few ,eggs4 ,all which he manifesteth from ,hens1 and other domestick ,fowls1 laying many more ,eggs when they are withdrawn1 than when not4 ,which holds in wild as well as domestick ,birds1 as appears from ,dr4 ,lister's ,experiment in withdrawing a ,swallow's ,eggs1 which by that ,means laid nineteen ,eggs successively before she gave over4 ,v4 ,ray's ,wisdom of ,god1 c4 p4 #acg4 u ,palumbes incubat fmina post meridiana in matutinum1 ctero mas4 ,columb incubant ambo1 interdiu ,mas1 noctu ,fmina4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #aj4 c4 #eh4 w ,of the common ,crow1 ,mr4 ,willughby saith1 ,the ,females only sit1 and that diligently1 the ,males in the mean time bring them ,victuals1 as ,aristotle saith4 ,in most other ,birds1 which pair together1 the ,male and ,female sit by ,turns4 ,ornithol4 l4 #b4 4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #b4 ,and ,i have observed the ,female-,crows to be much fatter than the ,males1 in the ,time of ,incubation1 by ,reason the ,male1 out of his conjugal ,affection1 almost starves himself1 to supply the ,female with ,plenty4 x ,see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #d4 y ,volucribus ,natura novam quandam1 ,pullos educandi1 rationem excogitavit3 ipsis enim prcipuum quendam amorem in ea qu procrearent1 ingeneravit1 quo impulsu bellum pro pullis cum ferocibus animalibus1 qu ante declinrunt1 intrepide suscipiunt1 victmque ipsis convenientem suppeditant4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #ad4 c4 #d4 z ,in iis animanatibus qu lacte aluntur1 omnis fer cibus matrum lactescere incipit2 eaque1 qu paulo ant nata sunt1 sine magistro1 duce natur1 mammas appetunt1 earumque ubertate saturantur4 ,atque ut intelligamus nihil horum esse fortutitum1 hc omnia esse provida1 solertisque natur1 qu multiplices ftus procreant1 ut ,sues1 ut ,canes1 his ,mammarum data est multitudo2 quas easdam paucas habent e besti1 qu pauca gignunt4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ea4 ,consule quoque ,galen de ,us4 ,part4 l4 #d4 c4 #d4 l4 #ae4 c4 #g4 aa ,animalia solidipeda1 ruminantia1 vel cornigera1 inter femora ,mammas habent1 quorum ,ftus statim partu pedibus insistunt1 qud matres inter lactandum non decumbant1 ut ,equa1 ,asina1 c4 ,animalia digitata multipara in medio ventre1 scil4 spatio ab inguine ad pectus 7in ,cuniculo usque ad jugulum7 duplicem mammarum seriem fortita sunt1 qu omnia decumbentia ubera ftibus admovent1 ut ,ursa1 ,lena1 c4 ,si ver hc in solo inguine ,mammas gererent1 propria cura inter decumbendum ftus accessum ad mammas nonnihil prpedirent4 ,mulieribus ,mamm bin sunt1 ut ,papill1 nimirum ut latus lateri conformitr respondeat1 ut alternatim infans latere in latus inter sugendum tranferatur1 ne corpus ejus uni lateri nimis assuescens quoquo modo incurvetur4 ,simia1 homo ,sylvestris1 c4 ,blas4 ,anat4 ,animal4 ,par4 #a4 ,cap4 #f4 de ,cane ex ,whartono4 ,see here what ,pliny hath also1 ,l4 #aa4 ,cap4 #dj4 ,in the ,elephant1 the ,nipples are near the ,breast1 by ,reason the old one is forced to suck her self1 and by the help of her ,trunk conveys the ,milk into the ,mouth of her ,young4 ,vid4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #ccf4 bb ,for an ,exemplification1 ,i might name many ,animals1 particularly ,birds1 whole ,parts are compleatly suited to this ,service4 ,they are ,characteristicks of rapacious ,birds1 to have aduncous ,bills and ,talons to hold and tear1 and strong brawny ,thighs to strike and carry their ,prey1 as well as a sharp piercing ,sight to spy it afar off4 ,raii ,synops4 ,method4 ,av4 p4 #a4 ,the ,pelecane also might be here named1 for its prodigious ,bag under its ,bill and ,throat1 big enough to contain thirty ,pints4 ,id4 ibid4 p4 #abb4 ,and to name no more1 the common ,heron hath its most remarkable ,parts adapted to thus ,service2 long ,legs for wading1 and a long ,neck answerable thereto to reach ,prey1 a wide1 extensive ,throat to pouch it2 long ,toes1 with strong hooked ,talons1 7one of which is remarkably serrate on the ,edge7 the better to hold their ,prey2 a long sharp ,bill to strike their ,prey1 and serrate towards the ,point1 with sharp hooked ,beards standing backward1 to hold their ,prey fast when struck2 and lastly1 large1 broad1 concave ,wings 7in ,appearance much too large1 heavy and cumbersome for so small a ,body1 but7 of greatest ,use to enable them to carry the greater ,load to their ,nests at several ,miles ,distance2 as ,i have seen them do from several ,miles beyond me1 to a large ,heronry above three ,miles distant from me4 ,in which ,i have seen ,plaise1 and other ,fish1 some ,inches long1 lying under the high ,trees in which they build2 and the curious and ingenious ,owner thereof1 ,d',acre ,barret1 ,esq2 hath seen a large ,eel convey'd by them1 notwithstanding the great ,annoyance it gave them in their ,flight1 by its twisting this ,way and that ,way about their ,bodies4 cc ,this is reported of the ,american ,ostrich1 mentioned by ,acarette1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #hi4 ,of which see ,book ,,vii4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7e74 dd ,hornets1 ,wasps1 and all the ,kinds of ,bees provide ,honey2 and many of the ,pseudosphec1 and ,ichneumon ,wasps and ,flies1 carry ,maggots1 ,spiders1 c4 into their ,nests2 of which see above1 ,note 7c7 ,chap4 #ac4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,conclusion4 ,thus ,i have1 as briefly as well ,i could 7and much more briefly than the ,matters deserved7 dispatched the ,decad of ,things ,i proposed in common to the sensitive ,creatures4 ,and now let us pause a little1 and reflect4 ,and upon the whole ,matter1 what less can be concluded than that there is a ,being infinitely ,wise1 ,potent1 and ,kind1 who is able to contrive and make this glorious ,scene of ,things1 which ,i have thus given only a ,glance of8 ,for what less than ,infinite1 could stock so vast a ,globe with such a noble ,set of ,animals8 ,all so ,contrived1 as to minister to one another's ,help some ,way or other1 and most of them serviceable to ,man peculiarly1 the ,top of this lower ,world1 and who was made1 as it were1 on purpose to observe1 and survey1 and set forth the ,glory of the infinite ,creator1 manifested in his ,works6 ,who6 ,what but the ,great ,,god could so admirably provide for the whole ,animal ,world every ,thing serviceable to it1 or that can be wished for1 either to conserve its ,species1 or to minister to the ,being or ,well-being of ,individuals6 ,particularly1 who could ,feed so spacious a ,world1 who could please so large a ,number of ,palates1 or suit so many ,palates to so great a ,variety of ,food1 but the infinite ,conservator of the ,world6 ,and who but the same great ,,he1 could provide such commodious ,cloathing for every ,animal2 such proper ,houses1 ,nests and ,habitations2 such suitable ,armature and ,weapons2 such ,subtilty1 ,artifice and ,sagacity1 as every ,creature is more or less armed and furnished with1 to fence off the ,injuries of the ,weather1 to rescue it self from ,dangers1 to preserve it self from the ,annoyances of its ,enemies2 and1 in a word1 to conserve its ,self1 and its ,species6 ,what but an infinite superintending ,power could so equally balance the several ,species of ,animals1 and conserve the ,numbers of the individuals of every ,species so even1 as not to over or under-people the terraqueous ,globe6 ,who1 but the infinite wise ,lord of the ,world1 could allot every ,creature its most suitable ,place to live in1 the most suitable ,element to breath1 and move1 and act in4 ,and who but ,,he could make so admirable a ,set of ,organs1 as those of ,respiration are1 both in ,land and ,water-,animals6 ,who could contrive so curious a ,set of ,limbs1 ,joynts1 ,bones1 ,muscles1 and ,nerves1 to give to every ,animal the most commodious ,motion to its ,state and ,occasions6 ,and to name no more1 what ,anatomist1 ,mathematician1 ,workman1 yea ,angel1 could contrive and make so curious1 so commodious1 and every way so exquisite a ,set of ,senses1 as the five ,senses of ,animals are2 whole ,organs are so dexterously contrived1 so conveniently placed in the ,body1 so neatly adjusted1 so firmly guarded1 and so compleatly suited to every ,occasion1 that they plainly set forth the ,agency of the infinite ,creator and ,conservator of the ,world4 ,so that here1 upon a transient ,view of the ,animal ,world in general only1 we have such a ,throng of ,glories1 such an enravishing ,scene of ,things as may excite us to admire1 praise1 and adore the infinitely wise1 powerful1 and kind ,,creator2 to condemn all atheistical ,principles2 and with holy ,david1 ,psalm xiv4 #a4 to conclude that he is in good earnest a ,fool1 that dares to say1 ,there is no ,god1 when we are every where surrounded with such manifest ,characters1 and plain ,demonstrations of that infinite ,being4 ,but in the next ,book we shall still find greater ,tokens1 if possible1 when ,i come to take a ,view of ,animals in particular4 ,illustration ,illustration ,a ,,survey ,of the ,particular ,tribes of ,,animals4 ,in the foregoing ,book1 having taken a ,view of the ,things in common to ,animals1 my ,business in the next1 will be to inspect the particular ,tribes1 in order to give further ,manifestations of the ,infinite ,creator's ,wisdom1 ,power and ,goodness towards the ,animal ,world4 ,illustration ,,book ,v4 ,a ,,survey of ,,man4 ,the first ,genus of ,animals that ,i shall take ,notice of1 shall be ,man1 who may justly claim the ,precedence in our ,discourse1 inasmuch as ,god hath given him the ,superiority in the ,animal ,world2 ,gen4 i4 #bf4 ,and ,god said1 ,let us make ,man in our ,image1 after our ,likeness2 and let them have ,dominion over the ,fish of the ,sea1 and over the ,fowl of the ,air1 and over the ,cattle1 and over all the ,earth1 and over every creeping ,thing that creepeth upon the ,earth4 ,and as to ,man1 we have so excellent a ,piece of ,workmanship1 such a ,microcosm1 such an ,abridgment of the ,creator's ,art in him1 as is alone sufficient to demonstrate the ,being and ,attributes of ,,god4 ,which will appear by considering the ,soul and the ,body of ,man4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,soul of ,man4 ,my ,survey of ,man1 ,i shall begin with the ,soul of ,man1 by ,reason it is his most noble ,parta1 the ,copy of the ,divine ,image in usb1 in which we have enough to fill us with ,admiration of the ,munisence1 ,power1 and ,wisdom of the ,infinite ,creatorc1 when we contemplate the noble ,faculties of this our superiour ,part1 the vast ,reach and ,compass of its ,understanding1 the prodigious ,quickness and ,piercingness of its ,thought1 the admirable ,subtilty of its ,invention1 the commanding ,power of its ,wisdom1 the great ,depth of its ,memoryd1 and in a word1 its ,divine ,nature and ,operations4 ,but ,i shall not dwell on this1 tho' the superiour ,part of ,man1 because it is the least known4 ,only there are two ,things ,i can't easily pass by1 because they manifest the especial ,concurrence and ,design of the infinitely ,wise ,creator1 as having a particular and necessary ,tendency to the ,management and good ,order of the ,world's ,affairs4 ,the ,i4 ,of which is the various ,genii1 or ,inclinations of ,men's ,minds to this1 and that1 and the other ,businesse4 ,we see how naturally ,men betake themselves to this and that ,employment3 ,some delight most in ,learning and ,books1 some in ,divinity1 some in ,physick1 ,anatomy and ,botany1 some in ,critical ,learning and ,philology1 some in ,mathematicks1 some in ,metaphysicks1 and deep ,researches2 and some have their ,delight chiefly in ,mechanicks1 ,architecture1 ,war1 ,navigation1 ,commerce1 ,agriculture2 and some have their ,inclinations lie even to the servile ,offices of the ,world1 and an hundred ,things besides4 ,now all this is an admirably wise1 as well as most necessary ,provision1 for the easy and sure transacting the ,world's ,affairs2 to answer every ,end and ,occasion of ,man1 yea1 to make ,man ,helpful to the poor1 helpless ,beasts1 as far as his ,help is needful to them2 and all1 without any great ,trouble1 ,fatigue1 or great ,inconvenience to ,man2 rather as a ,pleasure1 and ,diversion to him4 ,for so far it is from being a ,toil1 that the greatest ,laboursf1 ,cares1 yea1 and ,dangers too1 become pleasant to him who is pursuing his ,genius2 and whose ,ardour of ,inclination eggs him forward1 and buoys him up under all ,opposition1 and carrieth him through every ,obstacle1 to the ,end of his ,designs and ,desires4 ,,ii4 ,the next is1 ,the inventive ,power of the ,soulg4 ,under which ,i might speak of many ,things2 but ,i shall take ,notice only of two1 because they manifest the particular ,concern and ,agency of the infinitely wise ,creator4 ,the #a4 ,is1 ,that ,man's ,invention should reach to such a great ,variety of ,matters2 that it should hit upon every ,thing1 that may be of any ,use1 either to himself1 or to human ,society2 or that may any ,ways promote1 7what in him lies17 the ,benefit of this lower ,part of the ,creation4 ,for the ,illustration of this1 ,i might take a ,view of all the ,arts and ,sciences1 the ,trades1 yea1 the very ,tools they perform their ,labours1 and ,contrivances with1 as numerous as their ,occasions and ,contrivances are various4 ,indeed1 ,what is there that falleth under the ,reach of ,man's ,senses1 that he doth not employ to some ,use and ,purpose1 for the ,world's ,good8 ,the celestial ,bodies1 the ,sun1 the ,moon1 with the other ,planets1 and the fix'd ,stars1 he employs to the noble ,uses of ,astronomy1 ,navigation and ,geography4 ,and1 ,what a noble ,acumen1 what a vast ,reach must the ,soul be endow'd with1 to invent those curious ,sciences of ,geometry and ,arithmetick1 both ,specious1 and in ,numbers2 and those nice and various ,instruments1 made use of by the ,geometrician1 ,astronomer1 ,geographer and ,sailor8 ,and lastly1 ,what a wonderful ,sagacity is shewn in the ,business of ,optics1 and particularly in the late ,invention of the ,telescope2 wherewith new ,wonders are discover'd among ,god's ,works1 in the ,heavens1 as there are here on ,earth1 with the ,microscope1 and other ,glasses4 ,and as for this lower ,world1 ,what ,material is here to be found2 what kind of ,earth1 or ,stone1 or ,metal2 what ,animal1 ,tree1 or ,plant1 yea1 even the very ,shrubs of the ,field2 in a ,word1 what of all the excellent ,variety1 the ,creator has furnish'd the ,world with1 for all its ,uses and ,occasions1 in all ,ages2 what1 ,i say1 that ,man's ,contrivance doth not extend unto1 and make some ,way or other advantagious to himself1 and useful for ,building1 ,cloathing1 ,food1 ,physick1 or for ,tools or ,utensils1 or for even only ,pleasure and ,diversion8 ,but now considering the great ,power and ,extent of human ,invention4 #b4 ,there is another ,thing1 that doth farther demonstrate the ,super-intendence of the great ,creator1 and ,conservator of the ,world2 and that is1 ,that ,things of great1 and absolutely necessary ,use1 have soon1 and easily occurr'd to the ,invention of ,man2 but ,things of little ,use1 or very dangerous ,use1 are rarely and slowly discover'd1 or still utterly undiscover'd4 ,we have as early as the ,mosaick ,history1 an ,account of the ,inventions of the more useful ,crafts and ,occupations3 ,thus ,gen4 iii4 #bc4 ,adam was sent forth from the ,garden of ,eden1 by ,god himself1 to till the ,ground4 ,and in the next ,chapter1 his two ,sons ,cain and ,abel2 the one was of the same ,occupation1 a ,tiller of the ,ground1 the other a ,keeper of ,sheeph4 ,and the ,posterity of these1 are in the latter ,end of ,gen4 iv4 recorded1 ,jabal to have been the ,father of such as dwell in ,tentsi2 i4e4 ,he was the ,inventor of ,tents1 and pitching those moveable ,houses in the ,fields1 for looking after1 and depasturing their ,cattel in the ,desarts1 and uncultivated ,world4 ,tubal-,cain was an ,instructer of every ,artificer in ,brass and ,ironk1 or the ,first that found out the ,art of melting1 and malleatingl ,metals1 and making them useful for ,tools1 and other necessary ,implements4 ,and his ,sister ,naamah1 whose ,name is only mentioned1 is by some thought to have been the ,inventor of ,spinning and ,cloathing4 ,yea1 the very ,art of ,musick is thus early ascribed to ,jubalm2 so indulgent was the ,creator1 to find a ,means to divert ,melancholy1 to cheer the ,spirits1 and to entertain and please ,mankind4 ,but for ,things of no ,use1 or but little ,use1 or of pernicious ,consequence2 either they have been much later thought of1 and with great ,difficulty1 and perhaps ,danger too1 brought to pass2 or else they still are1 and perhaps will always remain1 ,exercises of the ,wit and ,invention of ,men4 ,of this we might give divers ,instances3 ,in ,mathematicks1 about squaring the ,circlen2 in ,mechanickso1 about the ,art of ,flying2 and in ,navigation1 about finding the ,longitude4 ,these ,things1 although some of them in ,appearance innocent1 yea1 perhaps very useful1 yet remain for the most ,part secret2 not because the ,discovery of most of them is more impossible1 or difficult than of many other ,things1 which have met with a ,discovery2 nor is it for want of ,man's ,diligence therein1 or his careful ,pursuit and ,enquiry after them1 7for perhaps1 nothing already discover'd hath been more eagerly sought after27 but with much better ,reason1 7,i am sure with greater ,humility and ,modesty17 we may conclude it is1 because the infinitely wise ,creator1 and ,ruler of the ,world1 hath been pleas'd to lock up these ,things from ,man's ,understanding and ,invention1 for some ,reasons best known to himself1 or because they might be of ill ,consequence1 and dangerous amongst ,men4 ,as in all ,probability the ,art of ,flying would particularly be3 ,an ,art which in some ,cases might be of good ,use1 as to the ,geographer and ,philosopher2 but in other ,respects1 might prove of dangerous and fatal ,consequence3 ,as for instance1 ,by putting it in ,man's ,power to discover the ,secrets of ,nations and ,families1 more than is consistent with the ,peace of the ,world1 for ,man to know2 by giving ill ,men greater ,opportunities to do ,mischief1 which it would not lie in the ,power of others to prevent2 and1 as onep observes1 by making ,men less sociable3 8,for upon every true or false ,ground of ,fear1 or ,discontent1 and other ,occasions1 he would have been fluttering away to some other ,place2 and ,mankind1 instead of cohabiting in ,cities1 would1 like the ,eagle1 have built their ,nests upon ,rocks04 ,that this is the true ,reason of these ,matters1 is manifest enough from holy ,scripture1 and ,reasonq also gives its ,suffrage thereto4 ,the ,scripture expressly tells us1 ,that every good ,gift1 and every perfect ,gift1 is from above1 and cometh down from the ,father of ,lights1 ,s4 ,james i4 #ag4 ,solomon1 ,prov4 ii4 #f4 saith1 ,the ,lord giveth ,wisdom2 out of his ,mouth cometh ,knowledge and ,understanding4 ,and ,elihu is very express1 ,job xxxii4 #h4 ,but there is a ,spirit in ,man1 and the ,inspiration of the ,almighty giveth them ,understanding1 1 as the ,,lxx render it1 ,the ,inspiratus1 the ,afflatus of the ,almighty1 is their ,instructor1 ,mistress or ,teacher4 ,and in ,scripture1 not only the more noble1 superiour ,acts of ,wisdom or ,science2 but much inferiour also1 bear the ,name of ,wisdom1 ,knowledge and ,understanding1 and are ascrib'd unto ,,god4 ',tis well known that ,solomon's ,wisdom is wholly ascrib'd unto ,,god2 and the ,wisdom and ,understanding which ,,god is said to have given him1 #a ,kings iv4 #bi4 is particularly set forth in the following ,verses1 by his great ,skill in moral and natural ,philosophy1 in ,poetry1 and probably in ,astronomy1 ,geometry1 and such other of the politer ,sciences1 for which gypt1 and the eastern ,nations were celebrated of oldr3 ,and ,solomon's ,wisdom excell'd the ,wisdom of all the ,children of the east ,country1 and all the ,wisdom of gypt4 ,for he was wiser than all ,men1 than ,ethan1 c4 ,and he spake #cjjj ,proverbs3 ,and his ,songs were #ajje4 ,and he spake of ,trees1 from the ,cedar to the ,hyssop of the ,wall1 7i4e4 of all ,sorts of ,plants27 also of ,beasts1 ,fowl1 creeping ,things1 and ,fishes4 ,so likewise the ,wisdom of ,daniel1 and his three ,companions1 is ascrib'd unto ,,god1 ,dan4 i4 #ag4 ,as for these four ,children1 ,god gave them ,knowledge1 and ,skill in all ,learning and ,wisdom2 and ,daniel had ,understanding in all ,visions and ,dreams4 ,and accordingly in the next ,chapter1 ,daniel acknowledgeth and praiseth ,god4 4 #bj4 #ba4 ,daniel answered and said1 ,blessed be the ,name of ,god for ever and ever1 for ,wisdom and ,might are his4----,he giveth ,wisdom unto the ,wise1 and ,knowledge to them that know ,understanding4 ,but not only ,skill in the superiour ,arts and ,sciences2 but even in the more inferiour mechanick ,art1 is call'd by the same ,names1 and ascrib'd unto ,,god3 ,thus for the ,workmanship of the ,tabernacle1 ,exod4 xxxi4 #b4 to 4 #f4 ,see1 ,i have call'd ,bezaleel2 and ,i have fill'd him with the ,spirit of ,god1 in ,wisdom1 and in ,understanding1 and in all ,manner of ,workmanship3 ,to devise cunning ,works1 to work in ,gold1 ,silver and ,brass2 and in cutting of ,stones1 to set them2 and in carving of ,timber1 to work in all ,manner of ,workmanship4 ,so the ,spinsters1 ,weavers1 and other ,crafts-people1 are call'd wise-hearted1 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #aj4 #be4 and other ,places4 ,and in ,exod4 xxxvi4 #a4 c4 the ,,lord is said to have put this ,wisdom in them1 and ,understanding to know how to work all these ,manner of ,works1 for the ,service of the ,sanctuary4 ,and lastly1 to name no more ,instances1 ,hiram the chief ,architect of ,solomon's ,temple1 is in #a ,kings vii4 #ad4 and #b ,chron4 ii4 #ad4 call'd a cunning ,man1 fill'd with ,wisdom and ,understanding1 to work in ,gold1 ,silver1 ,brass1 ,iron1 ,stone1 ,timber1 ,purple1 ,blue1 fine ,linen1 and ,crimson2 also to grave1 and find out every ,device which should be put to him4 ,thus doth the ,word of ,god1 ascribe the ,contrivances and ,crafts of ,men1 to the ,agency1 or ,influence of the ,spirit of ,god1 upon that of ,man4 ,and there is the same ,reason for the ,variety of ,genii1 or ,inclinations of ,men also2 which from the same ,scriptures1 may be concluded to be a ,designation1 and ,transaction of the same almighty ,governour of the ,world's ,affairs4 ,and who indeed but ,,he1 could make such a divine ,substance1 endow'd with those admirable ,faculties1 and ,powers1 as the rational ,soul hath2 a ,being to bear the great ,creator's ,vicegerency in this lower ,world2 to employ the several ,creatures2 to make ,use of the various ,materials2 to manage the grand ,businesses2 and to survey the ,glories of all the visible ,works of ,god8 ,a ,creature1 without which this lower ,world would have been a dull1 uncouth1 and desolate kind of ,globe4 ,who1 ,i say1 or what less than the infinite ,,god1 could make such a rational ,creature1 such a divine ,substance as the ,soul8 ,for if we should allow the ,atheist any of his nonsensical ,schemes1 the ,epicurean his fortuitous ,concourse of ,atoms1 or the ,cartesians his created ,matter put in ,motion2 yet with what tolerable ,sense could he1 in his ,way1 produce such a divine1 thinking1 speaking1 contriving ,substance as the ,soul is2 endow'd exactly with such ,faculties1 ,power1 and ,dispositions as the various ,necessities and ,occasions of the ,world require from such a ,creature8 ,why should not rather all the ,acts1 the ,dispositions and ,contrivances of such a ,creature as ,man1 7if made in a mechanical ,way1 and not contriv'd by ,god17 have been the same8 ,particularly1 ,why should he not have hit upon all ,contrivances of equal ,use1 early as well as many ,ages since8 ,why not that ,man have effected it1 as well as this1 some thousands of ,years after8 ,why also should not all ,nations1 and all ,agest1 improve in every ,thing1 as well as this1 or that ,age1 or ,nationu only8 why should the ,greeks1 the ,arabians1 the ,persians1 or the gyptians of old1 so far exceed those of the same ,nations now8 ,why the ,africans and ,americans so generally ignorant and barbarous1 and the ,europeans1 for the most part1 polite and cultivated1 addicted to ,arts and ,learning8 ,how could it come to pass that the ,use of the ,magnetw1 ,printingx1 ,clocksy1 ,telescopesz1 and all hundred ,things besides1 should escape the ,discovery of ,archimedes1 ,anaximander1 ,anaximenes1 ,posidonius1 or other great ,virtuoso's of the early ,ages1 whose ,contrivances of various ,engines1 ,spheres1 ,clepsydr and other curious ,instruments are recordedaa8 ,and why cannot the present or past ,age1 so eminent for polite ,literature1 for ,discoveries and ,improvements in all curious ,arts and ,businesses 7perhaps beyond any known ,age of the ,world2 why cannot it1 ,i say7 discover those hidden ,qusita1 which may probably be reserved for the ,discovery of future and less learned ,generations8 ,of these ,matters1 no satisfactory ,account can be given by any mechanical ,hypothesis1 or any other ,way1 without taking in the ,superintendence of the great ,creator and ,ruler of the ,world2 who oftentimes doth manifest himself in some of the most considerable of those ,works of ,men1 by some remarkable ,transactions of his ,providence1 or by some great ,revolution or other happening in the ,world thereupon4 ,of this ,i might instance in the ,invention of ,printingbb1 succeeded first by a train of ,learned ,men1 and the ,revival of ,learning1 and soon after that by the ,reformation1 and the much greater ,improvements of ,learning at this ,day4 ,but the most considerable ,instance ,i can give is1 the ,progress of ,christianity1 by means of the civilized ,disposition1 and large ,extent of the ,roman ,empire4 ,the latter of which1 as it made way for human ,power2 so the former made way for our most excellent ,religion into the ,minds of ,men4 ,and so ,i hope1 and earnestly pray1 that the ,omnipotent and ,all-wise ,ruler of the ,world will transact the ,affairs of our most ,holy ,religion1 e'er it be long1 in the ,heathen ,world2 that the great ,improvements made in the last1 and present ,age1 in ,arts and ,sciences1 in ,navigation and ,commerce1 may be a ,means to transport our ,religion1 as well as ,name1 through all the ,nations of the ,earth4 ,for we find that our ,culture of the more polite and curious ,sciences1 and our great ,improvements in even the ,mechanick ,arts1 have already made a ,way for us into some of the largest and farthest distant ,nations of the ,earth2 particularly into the great ,empire of ,chinacc4 ,and now1 before ,i quit this ,subject1 ,i cannot but make one ,remark1 by way of practical ,inference1 from what has been last said2 and that is1 ,since it appears that the ,souls of ,men are ordered1 disposed and actuated by ,god1 even in secular1 as well as spiritual ,christian ,acts2 a ,duty ariseth thence on every ,man1 to pursue the ,ends1 and answer all the ,designs of the divine ,providence1 in bestowing his ,gifts and ,graces upon him4 ,men are ready to imagine their ,wit1 ,learning1 ,genius1 ,riches1 ,authority1 and such like1 to be ,works of ,nature1 ,things of ,course1 or owing to their own ,diligence1 ,subtilty1 or some ,secondary ,causes2 that they are ,masters of them1 and at ,liberty to use them as they please1 to gratifie their ,lust or ,humour1 and satsifie their depraved ,appetites4 ,but it is evident1 that these ,things are the ,gifts of ,god1 they are so many ,talents entrusted with us by the infinite ,lord of the ,world1 a ,stewardship1 a ,trust reposed in us2 for which we must give an ,account at the ,day when our ,lord shall call2 according to the parabolical ,representation of this ,matter by our ,blessed ,saviour1 ,matt4 xxv4 #ad4 ,our ,duty then is not to abuse these ,gifts of ,god1 not to neglect the ,gift that is in us1 not to hide our ,talent in the ,earth2 but as ,st4 ,paul exhorteth ,timothy1 #b ,tim4 i4 #f4 we must stir up the ,gift of ,god which is in us1 and not let it lie idle1 concealed or dead2 but we must 1 blow it up1 and enkindle it1 as the ,original imports2 we must improve and employ our ,gift to the ,glory of the ,giver2 or in that ,ministration1 that ,use and ,service of the ,world1 for which he gave it4 ,our ,stewardship1 our ,craft1 our ,calling1 be it that of ,ambassadors of ,heaven1 committed to us1 as 'twas to ,timothy1dd by the laying on of ,hands2 or be it the more secular ,business of the ,gentleman1 ,tradesman1 ,mechanick1 or only ,servant2 nay1 our good ,genius1 our ,propensity to any ,good1 as suppose to ,history1 ,mathematicks1 ,botany1 ,natural ,philosophy1 ,mechanicks1 c4 ,i say all these ,occupations1 in which the ,providence of ,god hath engaged ,men1 all the ,inclinations to which his ,spirit hath disposed them1 ought to be discharged with that ,diligence1 that ,care and ,fidelity1 that our great ,lord and ,master may not say to us1 as ,he said to the unfaithful ,steward1 ,luke xvi4 #b4 ,give an ,account of thy ,stewardship1 for thou mayest be no longer ,steward2 but that he may say1 as 'tis in the ,parable before cited1 ,mat4 xxv4 #ba4 ,well done thou good and faithful ,servant1 thou hast been faithful over a few ,things1 ,i will make thee ,ruler over many ,things1 enter thou into the ,joy of thy ,lord4 ,since now the ,case is thus1 let us be persuaded to follow ,solomon's ,advice1 ,eccles4 ix4 #aj4 ,whatsoever thy ,hand findeth to do1 do it with thy ,mightee3 8,lay hold on every ,occasion that presents it self1 and improve it with the utmost ,diligence2 because now is the ,time of ,action1 both in the ,employments of the ,body1 and of the ,mind2 now is the ,season of studying either ,arts and ,sciences1 or ,wisdom and ,virtue1 for which thou wilt have no ,opportunities in the ,place whither thou art going in the other ,world4 ,for there is no ,work1 nor ,device1 nor ,knowledge1 nor ,wisdom in the ,grave whither thou goest40 ,,footnotes3 a ,fam ver1 ,animum ipsum1 ,mentemque homines1 ,rationem1 ,consilium1 ,prudentiam1 qui non divin cur perfecta esse perspicit1 is his ipsis rebus mihi videtur carere4 ,cic4 de ,nat1 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ei4 b ,sensum ,clesti demissum traximus arce1 ,cujus egent prona1 terram spectantia3 mundi ,principio indulsit communis ,conditur1 illis ,tantm ,animas2 nobis ,animum quoque4 ,juven4 ,sat4 xv4 v4 #add4 ,es cum non aliter possent mortalia singi4 ,adjunxit geminas1 ill cum corpore laps ,intereunt3 hc sola manet1 bustoque superstes ,evolat4 ,claud4 de #d ,consul4 ,hon4 c ,nam siquis nulli sect addictus1 sed liber sententi rerum considerationem inierit1 conspicatus in tant carnium ac succorum colluvie tantam mentem habitare2 conspicatus item cujusvis animalis constructionem 7omnia enim declarans ,opisicis ,sapientiam7 ,mentis1 qu homini inest1 excellentiam intelliget1 tum opus de partium utilitate1 quod prius exiguum esse sibi videbatur1 perfectissim ,theologi verum principium constituet2 qu ,theologia mult est major atque prstantior tot ,medicin4 ,galen4 de usu ,part4 ,l4 #ag4 c4 #a4 d ,among many ,examples that ,i could give of ,persons famous for ,memory1 ,seneca's ,account of himself may be one1 ,hanc ,memoriam aliquando in me floruisse1 ut non tantm ad usum sufficeret1 sed in miraculum usque procederet1 non nego4 ,nam #bjjj nominum recitata1 quo ordine erant dicta1 reddebam3 ab his qui ad audiendum prceptorem nostrum convenerunt1 singulos versus singulis datos1 cm plures qum #bjj efficerentur1 ab ultimo incipiens usque ad primum recitabam4 ,after which1 mention is made of the great ,memory of ,latro ,porcius 7charissimi mihi sodalis1 ,seneca calls him7 who retained in his ,memory all the ,declamations he had ever spoken1 and never had his ,memory fail him1 not so much as in one single ,word4 ,also he takes ,notice of ,cyneas1 ,ambassador to the ,romans from ,king ,pyrrhus1 who in one ,day had so well learnt the ,names of his ,spectators1 that postero die novus homo ,senatum1 omnem urbanam circumfusam ,senatui plebem1 nominibus suis persalutavit4 ,senec4 controvers4 ,l4 #a4 init4 ,vid4 quoque ,plin4 ,l4 #g4 c4 #bd4 where he also adds other ,examples1 viz4 ,cyrus rex omnibus in exercitu suo militibus nomina reddidit2 ,l4 ,scipio populo ,rom4 ,mithidrates #bb gentium rex1 totidem linguis jura dedit1 pro concione singulas sine interprete affatus4 ,charmidas 7seu potis ,carneades7----qu quis exegerat volumina in bibliothecis1 legentis modo reprsentavit4 e ,diversis etenim gaudet natura ministris1 ,ut fieri diversa queant ornantia terras4 ,nec patitur cunctos ad eandem currere metam1 ,sed varias jubet ire vias1 variosque labores ,suscipere1 ut vario cultu sit pulchrior orbis4 ,paling4 in ,scorp4 1 c4 ,ita non omnibus hominibus sua dona dat ,deus1 neque bonam indolem1 neque prudentiam1 nec eloquentiam3 alius namque vultum habet deformem2 sed ,deus formam eloquenti ornat1 c4 ,homer4 ,odys4 #h4 ,the like also in ,iliad4 ,l4 #ac4 f ,although ,solomon declares1 ,eccles4 xii4 #ab4 ,that much ,study is a ,weariness to the ,flesh2 yet we see with what ,pleasure and ,assiduity many apply themselves to it4 ,thus ,cicero tells of ,cato1 whom he casually found in ,lucullus's ,library1 ,m4 ,catonem vidi in ,bibliothec sedentem1 multis circumfusum ,stoicorum libris4 ,erat enim1 ut scis1 in eo inexhausta aviditas legendi1 nec satiari poterat3 quippe ne reprehensionem quidem vulgi inanem reformidans1 in ipsa curi soleret legere spe1 dum senatus cogeretur----ut ,heluo librorum----videbatur4 ,cicer4 de finib4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #b4 g ,mentem hominis1 quamvis eam non videas1 ut ,deum non vides1 tamen ut ,deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus1 sic ex memori rerum1 ,inventione1 celeritate mots1 omnique pulchritudine virtutis vim divinam mentis agnoscito4 ,cicer4 ,tusc4 ,qust4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #bi4 h ,gen4 iv4 #b4 i 4 #bj4 k 4 #bb4 l 1 the ,,lxx call him1 i4e4 ,a ,worker with an ,hammer4 m 4 #ba4 n ,although the ,quadrature of the ,circle1 hath in former ,ages exercis'd some of the greatest mathematical ,wits2 yet nothing has been done in that ,way so considerable1 as in1 and since the ,middle of the last ,century2 when in the ,year #afeg1 those very ingenious and great ,men1 ,mr ,william ,neile1 and my ,lord ,brounker1 and ,sir ,christopher ,wren afterwards1 in the same ,year1 geometrically demonstrated the ,equality of some ,curves to a strait ,line4 ,soon after which1 others at ,home1 and ,abroad1 did the like in other ,curves4 ,and not long afterwards1 this was brought under an analytical ,calculus3 ,the first ,specimen whereof1 that was ever publish'd4 ,mr4 ,mercator gave in #afhh1 in a ,demonstration of my ,lord ,brounker's ,quadrature of the ,hyperbola1 by ,dr ,wallis's ,reduction of a ,fraction1 into an infinite ,series by ,division4 ,but the penetrating ,genius of ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 had discover'd a ,way of attaining the ,quantity of all quadrible ,curves analytically1 by his ,method of ,fluxions1 some ,time before the ,year #affh1 as ,i find very probable from an historical ,account1 in a long ,letter of ,mr4 ,collins1 written in his own ,hand1 and sent to ,richard ,townley1 ,esq2 of ,lancashire1 whose ,papers are in my ,hands4 ,in that ,letter1 ,mr4 ,collins saith1 ,that in ,september #affh1 ,mr4 ,mercator publish'd his ,logarithmotechnia1 one of which he soon sent to ,dr4 ,barrow1 who thereupon sent him up some ,papers of ,mr4 ,newton's1 now ,sir ,isaac2 by which1 and former ,communications made thereof by the ,author1 to the ,doctor2 it appears that the said ,method was invented some ,years before1 by the said ,mr4 ,newton1 and generally apply'd4 ,and then he goes on to give some ,account of the ,method2 what it performs in the ,circle1 c4 what ,mr4 ,gregory had done in that kind1 who intended to publish somewhat in ,latin about it1 but would not anticipate ,mr4 ,newton1 the first ,inventor thereof2 with much more of this ,nature4 ,the ,design1 ,i find1 of that indefatigable ,promoter of ,mathematicks1 ,mr4 ,collins1 was to acquaint ,mr4 ,townley1 in his ,letter1 with what had been done2 and to get the ,assistance of that ingenious ,gentleman1 towards the compleating a ,body of ,algebra4 o ,i do not mention here the perpetual ,motion1 which hath exercis'd the mechanical ,wits for many ,ages2 because it is a ,thing impossible1 if not a ,contradiction3 ,as the before-commended ,dr4 ,clarke asserts in ,rohaul4 ,phys4 p4 #acc4 p ,grew's ,cosmol4 ,sacr4 l4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #be4 q ,nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino unquam fuit4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ff4 r gypt1 and some of the eastern ,nations1 are celebrated for their ,skill in polite ,literature3 both in ,scripture and profane story3 ,job was of those ,parts2 so were the and 1 the ,brachmans and ,gymnosophists4 ,moses and ,daniel had their ,education in these ,parts3 ,and ,pythagoras1 ,democritus1 and others1 travell'd into these ,parts for the ,sake of their ,learning4 s ,as we are not to accuse any falsly2 so far be it from me to detract from so great a ,man as ,monsieur ,cartes was3 ,whose ,principles1 although many have perverted to atheistical ,purposes1 and whose ,notions have1 some of them1 but an ill ,aspect2 yet ,i am unwilling to believe he was an ,atheist2 since in his ,principia ,philosiphi1 and other of his ,works1 he vindicates himself from this ,charge2 and frequently shews seemingly a great ,respect for ,religion3 ,besides1 ,that many of his suspicious ,opinions are capable of a favourable ,interpretation1 which will make them appear in a better ,form3 ,thus when he discardeth final ,causes from his ,philosophy1 it is not a ,denial of them2 but only excluding the ,consideration of them1 for the ,sake of free philosophising2 it being the ,business of a ,divine1 rather than a ,philosopher1 to treat of them4 t ,for ,ages of ,learning and ,ignorance1 we may compare the present1 and some of the ,ages before the ,reformation4 ,the last ,century1 and the few ,years of this1 have had the ,happiness to be able to vie with any ,age for the ,number of learned ,men of all ,professions1 and the ,improvement made in all ,arts and ,sciences2 too many1 and too well known to need a ,specification4 ,but for ,ignorance1 we may take the ninth ,age1 and so down to the ,reformation2 even as low as ,queen ,elizabeth1 although ,learning began to flourish2 yet we may guess how ,matters stood1 even among the ,clergy1 by her #ec ,injunct4 ,n4 #aeei1 ,such as are but mean ,readers1 shall peruse over before1 once or twice1 the ,chapters and ,homilies1 to the ,intent they may read to the better ,understanding of the ,people1 the more ,encouragement of ,godliness4 ,spar4 ,collect4 p4 #hb4 ,but this is nothing1 in comparison to the ,ages before1 when the ,monk said1 ,grcum non est legi2 or as ,espencus more elegantly hath it1 ,grac nsse suspectum1 ,hebraic prope ,hreticum4 ,which ,suspicion1 7said the learned ,hakewill17 ,rhemigius surely was not guilty of1 in commenting upon diffamatus1 #a ,thes4 i4 #h4 who saith1 that ,st4 ,paul somewhat improperly put that for divulgatus1 not being aware that ,st4 ,paul wrote in ,greek1 and not in ,latin4 ,nay1 so great was their ,ignorance1 not only of ,greek1 but of ,latin too1 that a ,priest baptiz'd in nomine ,patria1 ,filia1 ,spiritua sancta4 ,another suing his ,parishioners for not paving his ,church1 prov'd it from ,jer4 xvii4 #ah4 ,paveant illi1 non paveam ego4 ,some ,divines in ,erasmus's ,time1 undertook to prove ,hereticks ought to be burnt1 because the ,apostle said1 ,hreticum devita4 ,two ,fryars disputing about a ,plurality of ,worlds1 one prov'd it from ,annon decem sunt facti mundi8 ,the other reply'd1 ,sed ubi sunt novem8 ,and notwithstanding their ,service was read in ,latin1 yet so little was that understood1 that an old ,priest in ,hen4 ,,viii4 read ,mumpsimus ,domine1 for ,sumpsimus3 ,and being admonish'd of it1 he said1 he had done so for thirty ,years1 and would not leave his old ,mumpsimus for their new ,sumpsimus4 ,vid4 ,hakew4 ,apol4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #g4 ,sect4 #b4 u ,there is 7it seems7 in ,wits and ,arts1 as in all ,things beside1 a kind of circular ,progress3 ,they have their ,birth1 their ,growth1 their ,flourishing1 their ,failing1 their ,fading2 and within a while after1 their ,resurrection1 and ,reflourishing again4 ,the ,arts flourished for a long ,time among the ,persians1 the ,chaldans1 the gyptians4----,but afterwards the ,grecians got the start of them1 and are now become as barbarous themselves1 as formerly they esteemed all besides themselves to be4 ,about the ,birth of ,christ1 ,learning began to flourish in ,italy1 and spread all over ,christendom2 till the ,goths1 ,huns1 and ,vandals ransacked the ,libraries1 and defaced almost all the ,monuments of ,antiquity3 so that the ,lamp of ,learning seemed to be put out for near the ,space of #ajjj ,years1 till the first ,mansor1 king of ,africa and ,spain1 raised up1 and spurred forward the ,arabian ,wits1 by great ,rewards and ,encouragement4 ,afterwards ,petrarch opened such ,libraries as were undemolished4 ,he was seconded by ,boccace1 and ,john of ,ravenna1 and soon after by ,aretine1 ,philelphus1 ,valla1 c4 ,and those were followed by neas ,sylvius1 ,angelus ,politianus1 ,hermolaus ,barbarus1 ,marsilius ,ficinus1 and ,joh4 ,picus1 of ,mirandula4 ,these were backed by ,rud4 ,agricola1 ,reucline1 ,melancthon1 ,joach4 ,camerarius1 ,wolphlazius1 ,beat4 ,rhenanus1 ,almaines2 ,by ,erasmus of ,rotterdam2 ,vives a ,spaniard2 ,bembus1 ,sadoletus1 ,eugubinus1 ,italians3 ,turnebus1 ,muretus1 ,ramus1 ,pithus1 ,budus1 ,amiot1 ,scaliger1 ,frenchmen2 ,sir ,tho4 ,more and ,linaker1 ,englishmen4 ,and about this ,time1 even those ,northern ,nations yielded their great ,men2 ,denmark yielded ,olaus ,magnus1 ,holster1 ,tycho ,brahe1 and ,hemingius2 and ,poland1 ,hosius1 ,frixius1 and ,crumerus4 ,but to name the ,worthies that followed these1 down to the present ,time1 would be endless1 and next to impossible4 ,see therefore ,hakewill's ,apolog4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #f4 4 #b4 w ,dr4 ,gilbert1 the most learned and accurate ,writer on the ,magnet1 shews1 that its ,attractive ,virtue was known as early as ,plato and ,aristotle3 but its ,direction was a ,discovery of later ,ages4 ,he saith1 ,superiori vo #cjj aut #djj labentibus annis1 ,motus ,magneticus in ,boream ,austrum repertus1 aut ab hominibus rursus recognitus fuit4 ,de ,mag4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #a4 ,but who the happy ,inventer of this lucky ,discovery was1 is not known4 ,there is some1 not inconsiderable1 ,reason1 to think our famous ,country-man1 ,rog4 ,bacon1 either discovered1 or at least knew of it4 ,but for its ,use in ,navigation1 ,dr4 ,gilbert saith1 in regno ,neapolitano ,melphitani omnium primi 7ut ferunt7 pyxidem instruebant nauticam4----edocti cive quodam ,jol4 ,goia ,a4 ,d4 #acjj4 ibid4 ,if the ,reader hath a mind to see the ,arguments for the ,invention1 being as old as ,solomon's or ,plautus's ,time1 or of much younger ,date1 he may consult ,hakewill4 ib4 c4 #aj4 4 #d4 or ,purchas ,pilgr4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #a4 ,as to the ,magnetick ,variation1 ,dr4 ,gilbert attributes the ,discovery of it to ,sebastian ,cabott4 ,and the ,inclination1 or ,dipping of the ,needle1 was the ,discovery of our ingenious ,rob4 ,norman4 ,and lastly1 ,the ,variation of the ,variation was first found out by the ingenious ,mr4 ,h4 ,gellibrand4 ,astr4 ,prof4 of ,gresham-,col4 about #afcd4 ,vid4 ,gellibr4 ,disc4 ,math4 on the ,variat4 of the ,mag4 ,need4 and its ,variat4 ,anno #afce4 ,but since that1 the before commended ,dr4 ,halley1 having formerly1 in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #adh1 and #aie1 given a probable ,hypothesis of the ,variation of the ,compass1 did in the ,year #agjj1 undertake a long and hazardous ,voyage1 as far as the ,ice near the ,south ,pole1 in order to examine his said ,hypothesis1 and to make a ,system of the ,magnetical ,variations3 ,which being soon after published1 has been since abundantly confirmed by the ,french1 as may be seen in several of the late ,memoirs de ,physique de ,mathematique1 publish'd by the ,french ,academie des ,sciences4 ,to these ,discoveries1 ,i hope the ,reader will excuse me1 if ,i add one of my own1 which ,i deduced some ,years ago1 from some magnetical ,experiments and ,observations ,i made2 which ,discovery ,i also acquainted our ,royal ,society with some time since1 viz4 ,that as the common1 horizontal ,needle is continually varying up and down1 towards the ,e4 and ,w4 so is the ,dipping-,needle varying up and down1 towards or fromwards the ,zenith1 with its ,magnetick ,tendency1 describing a ,circle round the ,pole of the ,world1 as ,i conceive1 or some other ,point4 ,so that if we could procure a ,needle so nicely made1 as to point exactly according to its ,magnetick ,direction1 it would1 in some certain ,number of ,years1 describe a ,circle1 of about #ac gr4 ,radius round the ,magnetick ,poles ,northerly and ,southerly4 ,this ,i have for several ,years suspected1 and have had some ,reason for it too1 which ,i mentioned three or four ,years ago at a ,meeting of our ,royal ,society1 but ,i have not yet been so happy to procure a tolerable good ,dipping-,needle1 or other proper one to my ,mind1 to bring the ,thing to sufficient ,test of ,experience2 as in a short ,time ,i hope to do1 having lately hit upon a ,contrivance that may do the ,thing4 x ,it is uncertain who was the ,inventer of the ,art of ,printing1 every ,historian ascribing the ,honour thereof to his own ,city or ,country4 ,accordingly some ascribe the ,invention of it to ,john ,guttenburg1 a ,knight of ,argentine1 about #addj1 and say1 that ,faustus was only his ,assistant4 ,bertius ascribes it to ,laurence ,john1 of ,harlem1 and saith1 ,fust or ,faust1 stole from him both his ,art and ,tools4 ,and to name no more1 some attribute it to ,john ,fust or ,faust1 and ,peter ,schoeffer 7called by ,fust in some of his ,imprimaturs1 ,pet4 de ,gerneshem puer meus47 ,but there is now to be seen at ,haerlem1 a ,book or two printed by ,lau4 ,kofter1 before any of these1 viz4 in #adcj1 and #adcb4 7,see ,mr4 ,ellis's ,letter to ,dr4 ,tyson1 in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhf47 ,but be the first ,inventer who it will1 there is however great ,reason to believe1 the ,art receiv'd great improvements from ,faust and his ,son-in-,law ,schoeffer1 the latter being the ,inventer of metalline ,types1 which were cut in ,wood before1 first in whole ,blocks1 and afterwards in single ,types or ,letters4 ,see my learned ,friend ,mr4 ,wanley's ,observations1 in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhh1 and #caj4 y ,concerning the ,antiquity and ,invention of ,clocks and ,clock ,work1 ,i refer the ,reader to a little ,book1 called the ,artificial ,clock-maker1 chap4 #f4 ,where there is some ,account of the ,ancients ,inventions in ,clock-,work1 as ,archimedes's ,sphere1 ,cresibius's ,clock1 c4 z ,the ,invention of ,telescopes1 ,hieron4 ,syrturus gives this ,account of1 ,prodiit ,anno #afji1 ,seu ,genius1 seu alter vir adhuc incognitus1 ,hollandi specie1 qui ,middelburgi in ,zelandi convenit ,job4 ,lippersein----,jussit perspicilla plura tam cava quam convexa1 confeci4 ,condicto die rediit1 absolutum opus cupiens1 atque ut statim habuit pr manibus1 bina suscipiens1 cavum scil4 convexum1 unum alterum oculo admovebat1 sensim dimovebat sive ut punctum concurss1 sive ut artificis opus probaret1 postea abiit4 ,artifex1 ingenii minim expers1 novitatis curiosus cpit idem facere imitari1 c4 ,vid4 ,mus4 ,worm4 ,l4 #d4 c4 #g4 aa ,among the curious ,inventions of the ,ancients ,archytas's ,dove was much famed2 of which ,aul4 ,gellius gives this ,account3 ,scripserunt ,simulachrum ,columb ligno ab ,archyt ratione qudam disciplinque mechanic factum1 volsse3 ,ita erat scilicet libramentis suspensum1 aur spirits inclus atque occult concitum4 ,noct4 ,attic4 ,l4 #aj4 c4 #ab4 ,the same eminent ,pythagoran ,philosopher 7as ,favorinus in ,gellius calls him7 is by ,horace accounted a noble ,geometrician too1 ,te maris terr1 numeroque carentis aren ,mensorum ,archyta4 ,among the rest of his ,inventions1 ,children's ,rattles are ascribed to him4 ,aristotle calls them 1 ,polit4 #h4 i4e4 ,archytas's ,rattle4 ,and ,diogenianus the ,grammarian1 gives the ,reason of his ,invention1 1 c4 ,that ,archytas's ,rattle was to quiet ,children2 for he having ,children1 contrived the ,rattle1 which he gave them to prevent their tumbling1 other ,things about the ,house4 ,to these ,contrivances of ,archytas1 we may add ,regiomontanus's ,wooden ,eagle1 which flew forth of the ,city aloft in the ,air1 met the ,emperor a good ,way off1 coming towards it1 and having saluted him1 return'd again1 waiting on him to the ,city ,gates4 ,also his ,iron-fly1 which at a ,feast flew forth off his ,hands1 and taking a ,round1 returned thither again4 ,vid4 ,hakewill ub4 supr4 c4 #aj4 4 #a4 ,as to other ,inventions of the ,ancients1 such as of ,letters1 ,brick and ,tiles1 and building ,houses1 with the ,saw1 ,rule1 and ,plumber1 the ,lath1 ,augre1 ,glue1 c4 also the making ,brass1 ,gold1 and other ,metals2 the use of ,shields1 ,swords1 ,bows and ,arrows1 ,boots1 and other ,instruments of ,war2 the ,pipe1 ,harp1 and other ,musical ,instruments2 the building of ,ships and ,navigation1 and many other ,things besides2 the ,inventors of these 7as reported by ancient ,heathen ,authors7 may be plentifully met with in ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,l4 #g4 c4 #ef4 ,but in this ,account of ,pliny1 we may observe whence the ,ancients 7even the ,romans themselves in some measure7 had their ,accounts of these ,matters1 viz4 from the fabulous ,greeks1 who were fond of ascribing every ,thing to themselves4 ,the ,truth is 7saith the most learned ,bishop ,stillingfleet7 there is nothing in the ,world useful or beneficial to ,mankind1 but they have made a shift to find the ,author of it among themselves4 ,if we enquire after the ,original of ,agriculture1 we are told of ,ceres and ,triptolemus2 if of ,pasturage1 we are told of an ,arcadian ,pan2 if of ,wine1 we presently hear of a ,liber ,pater2 if of iron ,instruments1 then who but ,vulcan8 if of ,musick1 none like to ,apollo4 ,if we press them then with the ,history of other ,nations1 they are as well provided here2 if we enquire an ,account of ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,libya2 for the first we are told a fine ,story of ,cadmus's ,sister2 for the second of ,prometheus's ,mother of that ,name2 and for the third of a ,daughter of ,epaphus4 ,and so the learned ,author goes on with other particular ,nations1 which they boasted themselves to be the ,founders of4 ,only the grave ,athenians thought ,scorn to have any ,father assigned them1 their only ,ambition was to be accounted ,aborigines genuini ,terr4 ,but the ,ignorance and ,vanity of the ,greek ,history1 that learned ,author hath sufficiently refuted4 ,vid4 ,stilling4 ,orig4 ,sacr4 ,part4 #a4 ,b4 #a4 c4 #d4 bb ,whether ,printing was invented in #addj1 as many imagine1 or was sooner practised1 in #adcj1 or #adcb1 as ,mr4 ,ellis's ,account of the ,dutch ,inscription in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhf4 doth import2 it is however manifest1 how great an ,influence 7as it was natural7 this ,invention had in the promoting of ,learning soon afterwards1 mentioned before in ,note 7x74 ,after which followed the ,reformation about the ,year #aeag4 cc ,the ,chinese being much addicted to ,judicial ,astrology1 are great ,observers of the ,heavens1 and the ,appearances in them4 ,for which ,purpose they have an ,observatory at ,pekin1 and five ,mathematicians appointed to watch every ,night2 four towards the four ,quarters of the ,world1 and one towards the ,zenith1 that nothing may escape their ,observation4 ,which ,observations are the next ,morning brought to an ,office to be registred4 ,but notwithstanding this their ,diligence for many ,ages1 and that the ,emperor hath kept in his ,service above #ajj ,persons to regulate the ,kalendar1 yet are they such mean ,astronomers1 that they owe the ,regulation of their ,kalendar1 the ,exactness in calculating ,eclipses1 c4 to the ,europeans2 which renders the ,european ,mathematicians so acceptable to the ,emperor1 that ,father ,verbiest and divers others1 were not only made ,principals in the ,observatory1 but put into ,places of great ,trust in the ,empire1 and had the greatest ,honours paid them at their ,deaths4 ,vid4 ,la ,comte ,mem4 of ,china4 ,letter #b;d4 c4 dd #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad4 #b ,tim4 i4 #f4 ee ,bishop ,patrick in loc4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,man's ,,body1 particularly its ,,posture4 ,having thus1 as briefly as well ,i could1 surveyed the ,soul1 let us next take a ,view of ,man's ,body4 ,now here we have such a ,multiplicity of the most exquisite ,workmanship1 and of the best ,contrivance1 that if we should strictly survey the ,body from ,head to ,foot1 and search only into the known ,parts 7and many more lie undiscovered7 we should find too large and tedious a ,task to be dispatched4 ,i shall therefore have ,time only to take a transient and general ,kind of ,view of this admirable ,machine1 and that somewhat briefly too1 being prevented by others1 particularly two excellent ,authors of our owna1 who have done it on the same ,account as my self4 ,and the ,i4 ,thing that presents itself to our ,view1 is the ,erect ,postureb of ,man's ,body2 which is far the most1 if not the only commodious ,posture for a rational ,creature1 for him that hath ,dominion over the other ,creatures1 for one that can invent useful ,things1 and practise curious ,arts4 ,for without this erect ,posture1 he could not have readily turned himself to every ,business1 and on every ,occasion4 ,his ,handc particularly could not have been in so great a ,readiness to execute the ,commands of the ,will1 and ,dictates of the ,soul4 ,his ,eyes would have been the most prone1 and incommodiously situated of all ,animals2 but by this ,situation1 he can cast his ,eyes upwards1 downwards1 and round about him2 he hath a glorious ,hemisphere of the ,heavensd1 and an ample ,horizon on ,earthe1 to entertain his ,eye4 ,and as this ,erection of ,man's ,body is the most compleat ,posture for him2 so if we survey the ,provision made for it1 we find all done with manifest ,design1 the utmost ,art and ,skill being employ'd therein4 ,to pass by the particular ,conformation of many of the ,parts1 the ,ligaments and ,fastnings to answer this ,posture2 as the ,fastning1 for ,instance1 of the ,pericardium to the ,diaphragm1 7which is peculiar to ,manf2 ,i say1 passing by a deal of this ,nature1 manifesting this ,posture to be an ,act of ,design17 let us stop a little at the curious ,fabrick of the ,bones1 those ,pillars of the ,body4 ,and how artificially do we find them made1 how curiously plac'd from the ,head to ,foot6 ,the ,vertebr of the ,neck and ,back-boneg1 made short and complanated1 and firmly braced with ,muscles and ,tendons1 for easy ,incurvations of the ,body2 but withal for greater ,strength1 to support the ,body's own ,weight1 together with other additional ,weights it may have ,occasion to bear4 ,the ,thigh-bones and ,legs long1 and strong1 and every ,way well fitted for the ,motion of the ,body4 ,the ,feet accommodated with a great ,number of ,bones1 curiously and firmly tack'd together1 to which must be added the ,ministry of the ,musclesh1 to answer all the ,motions of the ,legs and ,thighs1 and at the same ,time to keep the ,body upright1 and prevent its falling1 by readily assisting against every ,vacillation thereof1 and with easy and ready ,touches keeping the ,line of ,innixion1 and ,center of ,gravity in due ,place and ,posturei4 ,and as the ,bones are admirably adapted to prop2 so all the ,parts of the ,body are as incomparably plac'd to poise it4 ,not one ,side too heavy for the other2 but all in nice quipoise3 ,the ,shoulders1 ,arms1 and ,side quilibrated on one ,part2 on the other ,part the ,viscera of the ,belly counterpois'd with the ,weight of the scapular ,part1 and that useful ,cushion of ,flesh behind4 ,and lastly1 ,to all this we may add the wonderful ,concurrence1 and ,ministry of the prodigious ,number and ,variety of ,muscles1 plac'd throughout the ,body for this ,service2 that they should so readily answer to every ,posture2 and comply with every ,motion thereof1 without any previous ,thought or ,reflex act1 so that 7as the excellent ,borellik saith71 8,it is worthy of ,admiration1 that in so great a ,variety of ,motions1 as running1 leaping1 and dancing1 ,nature's ,laws of quilibration should always be observed2 and when neglected1 or wilfully transgressed1 that the ,body must necessarily and immediately tumble down40 ,,footnotes3 a ,mr4 ,ray in his ,wisdom of ,god manifested in the ,works of ,creation1 ,part #b4 and ,dr4 ,cockburn's ,essays on ,faith1 ,part #a4 ,essay #e4 b ,ad hanc providentiam ,natur tam diligentera of which he had been before speaking tamque solertem adjungi multa possunt1 quibus intelligatur1 quant res hominibus ,deo1 quamque eximi tribut sunt3 qui primm eos humo excitaros1 celsos erectos constituit1 ut ,deorum cognitionem1 clum intuentes1 capere possunt4 ,sunt enim terra homines non ut incol1 atque habitatores1 sed quasi spectatores superarum rerum1 atque clestium1 quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus animantium pertinet4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ef4 c ,ut autem sapientissimum animalium est ,homo1 sic ,manus sunt organa sapienti animali convenientia4 ,non enim quia ,manus habuit1 propterea est sapientissimum1 ut ,anaxagoras dicebat2 sed quia sapientissimum erat1 propter hoc ,manus habuit1 ut rectissim censuit ,aristoteles4 ,non enim ,manus ipse hominem artes docuerunt1 sed ,ratio4 ,manus autem ipsa sunt artium organa1 c4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #c4 ,after which1 in the rest of this first ,book1 and part of the second1 he considers the ,particulars of the ,hand1 in order to enquire1 as he saith1 ch4 #e4 ,num eam omnino ,constitutionem habeas manus qu meliorem aliam habere non potuit4 ,of this ,part1 7and indeed of the other ,parts of human ,bodies7 he gives so good an ,account1 that ,i confess ,i could not but admire the ,skill of that ingenious and famed ,heathen4 ,for an ,example1 7because it is a little out of the ,way17 ,i shall pitch upon his ,account of the different ,length of the ,fingers1 ,l4 #a4 #b4 #bd4 ,the ,reason of this ,mechanism1 he saith1 is1 ,that the ,tops of the ,fingers may come to an ,equality1 cm magnas aliquas moles in circuitu comprehendunt1 cm in seipsis humidum vel parvum corpus continere conantur4----,apparent ver in unam circuli circumferentiam convenire ,digiti quinque in actionibus hujusmodi maxim quando exquisit sphricum corpus comprehendunt4 ,and this ,evenness of the ,fingers ,ends1 in grasping sphrical1 and other round ,bodies1 he truly enough saith1 makes the ,hold the firmer4 ,and it seems a noble and pious ,design he had in so strictly surveying the ,parts of ,man's ,body1 which take in his own translated ,words1 ,cm multa namque esset apud veteres1 tam ,medicos1 qum ,philosophos de utilitate particularum dissensio 7quidam enim corpora nostra nullius grati esse facta existimant1 nullque omnino arte2 alii autem alicujus grati1 artificios1----7 primum quidem tant hujus dissensionis invenire studui3 deinde ver unam aliquam universalem methodum constituere1 qu singularum partium corporis1 eorum qu illis accidunt utilitatem invenire possemus4 ,ibid4 cap4 #h4 d ,pronaque cum spectant animalia ctera terram1 ,os ,homini sublime dedit1 clumque tueri ,jussit1 erectos ad sidera tollere vultus4 ,ovid4 ,metam4 ,l4 #a4 car4 #hd4 e ,if any should be so curious1 to desire to know how far a ,man's ,prospect reacheth1 by ,means of the ,height of his ,eye1 supposing the ,earth was an uninterrupted ,globe2 the ,method is a common ,case of right-angled plain ,triangles1 where two ,sides1 and an opposite ,angle are given3 ,thus in ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,h ,b is the ,surface1 or a great ,circle of the terraqueous ,globe2 ,c the ,center1 ,h ,c its ,semidiameter1 ,e the ,height of the ,eye2 and foreasmuch as ,h ,e is a ,tangent1 therefore the ,angle at ,h is a right ,angle3 ,so that there are given ,h ,c #cih1chf ,miles1 or #bajcdgha ,english ,feet1 7according to ,book ,,ii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,note 7a727 ,c ,e the same ,length with the ,height of the ,eye1 on the ,mast of a ,ship1 or at only a ,man's ,height1 c4 added to it2 and ,e ,h ,c the opposite right ,angle4 ,by which three ,parts given1 it is easy to find all the other ,parts of the ,triangle4 ,and first1 the ,angle at ,c1 in order to find the ,side ,h ,e1 the ,proportion is1 ,as the ,side ,c ,e1 to the ,angle at ,h2 so the ,side ,h ,c1 to the ,angle at ,e1 which being substracted out of #ij gr4 the ,remainder is the ,angle at ,c4 ,and then1 ,as the ,angle at ,e1 is to its opposite ,side ,h ,c1 or else as the ,angle at ,h is to its opposite ,side ,c ,e2 so the ,angle at ,c1 to its opposite ,side ,e ,h1 the visible ,horizon4 ,or the ,labour may be shortned1 by adding together the ,logarithm of the ,sum of the two given ,sides1 and the ,logarithm of their ,difference2 the half of which two ,logarithms1 is the ,logarithm of the ,side requir'd1 nearly4 ,for an ,example1 ,we will take the two ,sides in ,yards1 by ,reason scarce any ,table of ,logarithms will serve us farther4 ,the ,semidiameter of the ,earth is #gjaaeid ,yards2 the ,height of the ,eye is two ,yards more1 the ,sum of both ,sides1 is #adjbcaij4 ,logar4 of which ,sum is1 #g1adfhdfh ,logar4 of two ,yards 7the ,differ47 is1 #j1cjajcjj --------- ,sum of both ,logar4 #g1ddghgfh --------- ,the half ,sum1 #c1gbcichd is the ,logar4 of #ebif ,yards three ,miles1 which is the ,length of the ,line ,e ,h1 or ,distance the ,eye can reach at six ,feet ,height4 ,this would be the ,distance1 on a perfect ,globe1 did the visual ,rays come to the ,eye in a strait ,line2 but by ,means of the ,refractions of the ,atmosphere1 distant ,objects on the ,horizon1 appear higher than really they are1 and may be seen at a greater ,distance1 especially on the ,sea2 which is a ,matter of great ,use1 especially to discover at ,sea the ,land1 ,rocks1 c4 and it is a great ,act of the divine ,providence1 in the ,contrivance and ,convenience of the ,atmosphere1 which by this ,means enlargeth the visible ,horizon1 and is all one1 as if the terraqueous ,globe was much larger than really it is4 ,as to the ,height of the ,apparent above the true ,level1 or how much distant ,objects are rais'd by the ,refractions1 the ingenious and accurate ,gentlemen of the ,french ,academy ,royal1 have given us a ,table in their ,measure of the ,earth1 ,art4 #ab4 f ,see ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #e4 ,note 7g74 g ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #h4 ,note 7c74 h ,the ,mechanism of the ,foot1 would appear to be wonderful1 if ,i should descend to a ,description of all its ,parts2 but that would be too long for these ,notes2 therefore a brief ,account1 7most of which ,i owe to the before-commended ,mr4 ,cheselden17 may serve for a ,sample3 ,in the first ,place1 ,it is necessary the ,foot should be concave1 to enable us to stand firm1 and that the ,nerves and ,blood-,vessels may be free from ,compression when we stand or walk4 ,in order hereunto1 the long ,flexors of the ,toes cross one another at the ,bottom of the ,foot1 in the ,form of a ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 to incline the lesser ,toes towards the great ,one1 and the great ,one towards the lesser4 ,the short ,flexors are chiefly concern'd in drawing the ,toes towards the ,heel4 ,the transversalis ,pedis draws the ,outsides of the ,foot towards each other2 and by being inserted into one of the sesamoid ,bones1 of the great ,toe1 diverts the ,power of the abductor ,muscle1 7falsly so call'd17 and makes it become a ,flexor4 ,and lastly1 the peronus ,longus runs round the outer ,ankle1 and obliquely forwards cross the ,bottom of the ,foot1 and at once helps to extend the ,tarsus1 to constrict the ,foot1 and to direct the ,power of the other ,extensors towards the ,ball of the great ,toe3 ,hence the ,loss of the great ,toe1 is more than of all the other ,toes4 ,see also ,mr4 ,cowper's ,anat4 ,tab4 #bh4 c4 i ,it is very well worth while to compare here what ,borelli saith1 de motu ,animal4 ,par4 #a4 cap4 #ah4 ,de statione ,animal4 ,prop4 #acb1 c4 ,to which ,i refer the ,reader1 it being too long to recite here4 k ,borel4 ibid4 ,prop4 #adb4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,figure and ,,shape of ,man's ,,body4 ,the ,figure and ,shape of ,man's ,body1 is the most commodious that could possibly be invented for such an ,animal2 the most agreeable to his ,motion1 to his ,labours1 and all his ,occasions4 ,for had he been a rational ,reptile1 he could not have moved from ,place to ,place fast enough for his ,business1 nor indeed have done any almost4 ,had he been a rational ,quadrupede1 among other ,things1 he had lost the ,benefit of his ,hands1 those noble ,instruments of the most useful ,performances of the ,body4 ,had he been made a ,bird1 besides many other great ,incoveniencies1 those before-mentioned of his ,flying would have been some4 ,in a word1 any other ,shape of ,body1 but that which the ,all-wise ,creator hath given ,man1 would have been as incommodious1 as any ,posture but that of erect2 it would have rendered him more helpless1 or have put it in his ,power to have been more pernicious1 or deprived him of ,ten thousand ,benefits1 or ,pleasures1 or ,conveniences1 which his present ,figure capacitates him for4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,stature and ,,size of ,man's ,,body4 ,as in the ,figure1 so in the ,stature and ,size of ,man's ,body1 we have another manifest ,indication of excellent ,design4 ,not too ,pygmeana1 nor too ,gigantickb1 either of which ,sizes would in some particular or other1 have been incommodious to ,himself1 or to his ,business1 or to the rest of his ,fellow-,creatures4 ,too ,pygmean would have rendered him too puny a ,lord of the ,creation2 too impotent and unfit to manage the inferiour ,creatures1 would have exposed him to the ,assaults of the weakest ,animals1 to the ravening ,appetite of voracious ,birds1 and have put him in the ,way1 and endangered his being trodden in the ,dirt by the larger ,animals4 ,he would have been also too weak for his ,business1 unable to carry ,burdens1 and in a word1 to transact the greater part of his ,labours and ,concerns4 ,and on the other hand1 had ,man's ,body been made too monstrously strong1 too enormously ,gigantickc1 it would have rendered him a dangerous ,tyrant in the ,world1 too strongd in some ,respects1 even for his own ,kind1 as well as the other ,creatures4 ,locks and ,doors might perhaps have been made of sufficient ,strength to have barricaded our ,houses2 and ,walls1 and ,ramparts might perhaps have been made strong enough to have fenced our ,cities4 ,but these ,things could not have been without a great and inconvenient ,expence of ,room1 ,materials1 and such ,necessaries1 as such vast ,structures and ,uses would have occasioned2 more perhaps than the ,world could have afforded to all ,ages and ,places4 ,but let us take the ,descant of a good ,naturalist and ,physician on the ,casee4 8,had ,man been a ,dwarf 7said he7 he had scarce been a reasonable ,creature4 ,for he must then have had a ,jolt ,head2 so there would not have been ,body and ,blood enough to supply his ,brain with ,spirits2 or he must have had a small ,head1 answerable to his ,body1 and so there would not have been ,brain enough for his ,business--,or had the ,species of ,mankind been ,gigantick1 he could not have been so commodiously supplied with ,food4 ,for there would not have been ,flesh enough of the best edible ,beasts1 to serve his ,turn4 ,and if ,beasts had been made answerably bigger1 there would not have been ,grass enough40 ,and so he goeth on4 ,and a little after1 8,there would not have been the same ,use and ,discovery of his ,reason2 in that he would have done many ,things by mere ,strength1 for which he is now put to invent innumerable ,engines--4 ,neither could he have used an ,horse1 nor divers other ,creatures4 ,but being of a middle ,bulk1 he is fitted to manage and use them all4 ,for 7saith he7 no other cause can be aligned why a ,man was not made five or ten ,times bigger1 but his ,relation to the rest of the ,universe40 ,thus far our curious ,author4 ,,footnotes3 a ,what is here urged about the ,size of ,man's ,body1 may answer one of ,lucretius's ,reasons why ,nil ex nihilo gignitur4 ,his ,argument is ,denique cur ,homines ramos natura parare ,non potuit1 pedibus qui pontum per vada possent ,transire1 magnos manibus divellere monteis8 ,lucret4 ,l4 #a4 ,carm4 #bjj4 b ,haud facile fit ut quisquam ingentes corporis vires1 ingenium subtile habeat4 ,diodor4 ,sic4 ,l4 #ag4 c ,altho' we read of ,giants before ,noah's ,flood1 ,gen4 vi4 #d4 and more plainly afterwards in ,numb4 xiii4 #cc4 ,yet there is great ,reason to think the ,size of ,man was always the same from the ,creation4 ,for as to the ,nephilim or ,giants1 in ,gen4 vi4 the ,ancients vary about them2 some taking them for great ,atheists1 and ,monsters of ,impiety1 ,rapine1 ,tyranny1 and all ,wickedness1 as well as of monstrous ,stature1 according as indeed the ,hebrew ,signification allows4 ,and as for the ,nephilim in ,numb4 xiii4 which were evidently ,men of a ,gigantick ,size1 it must be considered1 that it is very probable1 the ,fears and ,discontentments of the ,spies might add somewhat thereunto4 ,but be the ,matter as it will1 it is very manifest1 that in both these ,places1 ,giants are spoken of as ,rarities1 and ,wonders of the ,age1 not of the common ,stature4 ,and such ,instances we have had in all ,ages2 excepting some fabulous ,relations2 such as ,i take to be that of ,theutobotchus1 who is said to have been dug up1 ,anno #afac1 and to have been higher than the ,trophies1 and #bf ,feet long2 and no better ,i suppose the ,giants to have been1 that ,ol4 ,magnus gives an ,account of in his #e ,book1 such as ,harthen1 and ,starchater1 among the ,men2 and among the ,women1 reperta est 7saith he7 puella----in capite vulnerata1 ac mortua1 induta chlamyde purpure1 longitudinis cubitorum #ej1 latitudinis inter humeros quatuor4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 ,l4 #e4 c4 #b4 ,but as for the more credible ,relations of ,goliath 7whose height was #f ,cubits and a ,span1 #a ,sam4 xvii4 #d4 which according to the late curious and learned ,lord ,bishop of ,peterborough is somewhat above #aa ,feet ,english1 vid4 ,bishop ,cumberland of ,jewish ,weights and ,measures7 of ,maximinus the ,emperor1 who was #i ,feet high1 and others in ,augustus1 and other ,reigns1 of about the same ,height3 ,to which we may add the ,dimensions of a ,skeleton1 dug up lately in the ,place of a ,roman ,camp near ,st4 ,albans1 by an ,urn inscribed1 ,marcus ,antoninus2 of which an ,account is given by ,mr4 ,cheselden1 who judgeth by the ,dimensions of the ,bones1 that the ,person was #h ,foot high1 vid4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #ccc4 ,these antique ,examples and ,relations1 ,i say1 we can match1 yea1 out-do1 with modern ,examples2 of which we have divers in ,j4 ,ludolph4 ,comment4 in ,hist4 thiop4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #bb4 ,magus1 ,conringius1 ,dr4 ,hakewill1 and others4 ,which later relates from ,nannez1 of ,porters and ,archers belonging to the ,emperor of ,china1 of #ae ,feet high2 and others from ,purchas1 of #aj and #ab ,feet high1 and more4 ,see the learned ,author's ,apolog4 p4 #bjh4 ,these indeed exceed what ,i have seen in ,england2 but in #afhd1 ,i my self measur'd an ,irish ,youth1 said to be not #ai ,years old1 who was #g ,feet near #h ,inches1 and in #afig1 a ,woman who was #g ,feet #c inches in ,height4 ,but for the ordinary size of ,mankind1 in all ,probability1 it was always 7as ,i said7 the same1 as may appear from the ,monuments1 ,mummies1 and other ancient ,evidences to be seen at this ,day4 ,the most ancient ,monument at this ,day1 ,i presume is that of ,cheops1 in the first and fairest ,pyramid of gypt2 which was1 no doubt1 made of ,capacity every ,way sufficient to hold the ,body of so great a ,person as was intended to be laid up in it4 ,but this we find by the nice ,measures of our curious ,mr4 ,greaves1 hardly to exceed our common ,coffins4 ,the hollow ,part within 7saith he7 is in ,length only #f1dhh ,feet1 and in ,breadth but #b1bah ,feet3 ,the ,depth #b1hfj ,feet4 ,a narrow space1 yet large enough to contain a most potent and dreadful ,monarch1 being dead2 to whom living1 all gypt was too streight and narrow a ,circuit4 ,by these ,dimensions1 and by such other ,observations1 as have been taken by me from several embalmed ,bodies in gypt1 we may conclude there is no decay in ,nature 7though the ,question is as old as ,homer7 but that the ,men of this ,age are of the same ,stature they were near #cjjj ,years ago1 vid4 ,greaves of the ,pyr4 in #afch1 in ,ray's ,collect4 of ,trav4 ,tom4 #a4 pag4 #aah4 ,to this more ancient1 we may add others of a later ,date4 ,of which take these1 among others1 from the curious and learned ,hakewill4 ,the ,tombs at ,pisa1 that are some thousand ,years old1 are not longer than ours2 so is ,athelstane's in ,malmesbury-,church2 so ,sehba's in ,st4 ,paul's1 of the ,year #fic2 so ,etheldred's1 c4 ,apol4 #baf1 c4 ,the same ,evidence we have also from the ,armour1 ,shields1 ,vessels1 and other ,utensils dug up at this ,day4 ,the ,brass ,helmet dug up at ,metaurum1 which was not doubted to have been left there at the ,overthrow of ,asdrubal1 will fit one of our ,men at this ,day4 ,nay1 besides all this1 probably we have some more certain ,evidence4 ,augustus was #e ,foot #i ,inches high1 which was the just ,measure of our famous ,queen ,elizabeth1 who exceeded his ,height #b ,inches1 if proper ,allowance be made for the ,difference between the ,roman and our ,foot4 ,vid4 ,hakew4 ib4 p4 #bae4 d ,to the ,stature of ,men in the foregoing ,note1 we may add some ,remarks about their unusual ,strength4 ,that of ,sampson 7who is not said to have exceeded other ,men in ,stature as he did in ,strength7 is well known4 ,so of old1 ,hector1 ,diomedes1 ,hercules1 and ,ajax are famed2 and since them many others2 for which ,i shall seek no farther than the before commended ,hakewill1 who by his great and curious ,learning1 hath often most of the ,examples that are to be met with on all his ,subjects he undertakes4 ,of the ,after-,ages he names ,c4 ,marius1 ,maximinus1 ,aurelian1 ,scanderberge1 ,bardesin1 ,tamerlane1 ,siska1 and ,hunniades4 ,anno #aebi1 ,klunher1 ,provost of the great ,church at ,misnia1 carry'd a ,pipe of ,wine out of the ,cellar1 and laid it in the ,cart4 ,mayolus saw one hold a ,marble ,pillar in his ,hand #c ,foot long1 and #a ,foot diameter1 which he toss'd up in the ,air1 and catched again1 as if it were a ,ball4 ,another of ,mantua1 and a little ,man1 named ,rodamas1 could break a ,cable1 c4 ,ernando ,burg1 fetched up ,stairs an ,ass laden with ,wood1 and threw both into the ,fire4 ,at ,constantinople1 ,anno #aehb1 one lifted a ,piece of ,wood1 that twelve ,men could scarce raise3 then lying along1 he bare a ,stone that ten ,men could but just roll to him4 ,g4 of ,fronsberge1 ,baron ,mindlehaim1 could raise a ,man off his ,seat1 with only his middle ,finger2 stop an ,horse in his full ,career2 and shove a ,cannon out of its ,place4 ,cardan saw a ,man dance with two ,men in his ,arms1 two on his ,shoulders1 and one on his ,neck4 ,patacoua1 ,captain of the ,cossacks1 could tear an ,horse-,shoe 7and if ,i mistake not1 the same is reported of the present ,king ,augustus of ,poland47 ,a ,gigantick ,woman of the ,netherlands could lift a ,barrel of ,hamburgh ,beer4 ,mr4 ,carew had a ,tenant that could carry a ,but's ,length1 #f ,bushel of ,wheaten ,meal 7of #ae ,gallon ,measure7 with the ,lubber1 the ,miller of #bd ,years of ,age1 on the top of it4 ,and ,j4 ,roman of the same ,county1 could carry the ,carcass of an ,ox4 ,vid4 ,hakewill1 ib4 p4 #bch4 ,viros aliquot moderna memoria tam mineralibus1 qum aliis ,seuthia ,gothia provinciis adducere congruis1 tant fortitudine prditos1 ut quisque eorum in humeros sublevatum ,equum1 vel ,bovem maximum1 im vas ferri #fjj1 #hjj1 aut #ajjj librarum 7quale alique ,puell levare possunt7 ad plura stadia portaret4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ubi supr4 e ,grew's ,cosmol4 ,sacr4 ,b4 #a4 ch4 #e4 4 #be4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,structure of the ,,parts of ,man's ,body4 ,having thus taken a ,view of the ,posture1 ,shape1 and ,size of ,man's ,body1 let us in this ,chapter survey the ,structure of its ,parts4 ,but here we have so large a ,prospect1 that it would be endless to proceed upon ,particulars4 ,it must suffice therefore to take ,notice1 in general only1 how artificially every ,part of our ,body is made4 ,no ,botch1 no ,blunder1 no unnecessary ,apparatus 7or in other ,words7 no ,signs of ,chancea2 but every ,thing curious1 orderly1 and performed in the shortest and best ,method1 and adapted to the most compendious ,use4 ,what one ,part is there throughout the whole ,body1 but what is composed of the fittest ,matter for that ,part2 made of the most proper ,strength and ,texture2 shaped in the compleatest ,form2 and in a word1 accouter'd with every ,thing necessary for its ,motion1 ,office1 ,nourishment1 ,guard1 and what not6 ,what so commodious a ,structure and ,texture could have been given to the ,bones1 for ,instance1 to make them firm and strong1 and withal light1 as that which every ,bone in the ,body hath8 ,who could have shaped them so nicely to every ,use1 and adapted them to every ,part1 made them of such just ,lengths1 given them such due ,sizes and ,shapes1 chanelled1 hollowed1 headed1 lubricated1 and every other ,thing ministring1 in the best and most compendious manner to their several ,places and ,uses8 ,what a glorious ,collection and ,combination have we also of the most exquisite ,workmanship and ,contrivance in the ,eye1 in the ,ear1 in the ,handb1 in the ,footc1 in the ,lungs1 and other ,parts already mention'd8 ,what an ,abridgment of ,art1 what a ,variety of ,usesd1 hath ,nature laid upon that one ,member of the ,tongue1 the grand ,instrument of ,taste1 the faithful ,judge1 the ,centinel1 the ,watchman of all our ,nourishment1 the artful ,modulator of our ,voice1 the necessary ,servant of ,mastication1 ,swallowing1 ,sucking1 and a great deal besides8 ,but ,i must desist from proceeding upon ,particulars1 finding ,i am fallen upon what ,i propos'd to avoid4 ,and therefore for a ,close of this ,chapter1 ,i shall only add ,part of a ,letter ,i receiv'd from the before-commended very curious and ingenious ,physician ,dr4 ,tancred ,robinson1 ,what1 7saith he17 can possibly be better contriv'd for animal ,motion and ,life1 than the quick ,circulation of the ,blood and ,fluids1 which run out of ,sight in capillary ,vessels1 and very minute ,ducts1 without ,impediment1 7except in some ,diseases17 being all directed to their peculiar ,glands and ,chanels1 for the different ,secretion1 sensible and insensible2 whereof the last is far the greatest in ,quantity and ,effects1 as to ,health and ,sickness1 acute ,distempers frequently arising from a ,diminution of ,transpiration1 through the cutaneous ,chimneys1 and some chronical ,ones from an ,augmentation3 ,whereas ,obstructions in the ,liver1 ,pancreas1 and other ,glands1 may only cause a ,schirrus1 a ,jaundice1 an ,ague1 a ,dropsy1 or other slow ,diseases4 ,so an ,increase of that ,secretion may accompany the general ,colliquations1 as in ,fluxes1 hectick ,sweats and ,coughs1 ,diabetes1 and other ,consumptions4 ,what a mighty ,contrivance is there to preserve these due ,secretions from the ,blood1 7on which ,life so much depends17 by frequent ,attritions1 and ,communications of the ,fluids in their ,passage through the ,heart1 the ,lungs1 and the whole ,system of the ,muscles8 ,what ,manders and ,contortions of ,vessels1 in the ,organs of ,separation8 ,and1 ,what a ,concourse of elastick ,bodies from the ,air1 to supply the ,springs1 and continual ,motions of some ,parts1 not only in ,sleep1 and ,rest2 but in long violent ,exercises of the ,muscles8 ,whose ,force drive the ,fluids round in a wonderful rapid ,circulation through the minutest ,tubes1 assisted by the constant ,pabulum of the ,atmosphere1 and their own elastick ,fibres1 which impress that ,velocity on the ,fluids4 ,now ,i have mention'd some ,uses of the ,air1 in carrying on several ,functions in animal ,bodies2 ,i may add the ,share it hath in all the ,digestions of the solid and fluid ,parts4 ,for when this ,system of ,air comes1 by divine ,permittance1 to be corrupted with poysonous1 acrimonious ,steams1 either from the ,earth1 from ,merchandise1 or infected ,bodies1 ,what ,havock is made in all the ,operations of living ,creatures8 ,the ,parts gangrene1 and mortify under ,carbuncles1 and other ,tokens3 ,indeed1 the whole animal ,oeconomy is ruin'd2 of such ,importance is the ,air to all the parts of it4 ,thus my learned ,friend4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,it is manifestly an ,argument of ,design1 that in the ,bodies of different ,animals1 there is an ,agreement of the ,parts1 so far as the ,occasions and ,offices agree1 but a difference of those1 where there is a difference of these4 ,in an ,human ,body are many ,parts agreeing with those of a ,dog for ,instance2 but in his ,forehead1 ,fingers1 ,hand1 ,instruments of ,speech1 and many other ,parts1 there are ,muscles1 and other ,members which are not in a ,dog4 ,and so contrariwise in a ,dog1 which is not in a ,man4 ,if the ,reader is minded to see what particular ,muscles are in a ,man1 that are not in a ,dog2 or in a ,dog that are not in an ,humane ,body1 let him consult the curious and accurate ,anatomist ,dr4 ,douglass's ,myogr4 compar4 b ,galen having described the ,muscles1 ,tendons1 and other ,parts of the ,fingers1 and their ,motions1 cries out1 ,considera igitur etiam hc mirabilem ,,creatoris sapientiam6 ,de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #ah4 c ,and not only in the ,hand1 but in his ,account of the ,foot 7,l4 #c47 he frequently takes notice of what he calls ,artem1 ,providentiam ,sapientiam ,conditoris4 ,as ,ch4 #ac4 ,an igitur non equum est hc quoque admirari ,providentiam ,conditoris1 qui ad utrumque usum1 eisi cert contrarium1 exact convenientes consentientes invicem fabricatus est totius membri tibi particulas8 ,and at the end of the ,chap4 ,qud si omnia qu ipsarum sunt partium mente immutaverimus1 neque invenerimus positionem aliam meliorem e quam nunc sortita sunt1 neque figuram1 neque magnitudinem1 neque connexionem1 neque 7ut paucis omnia complectar7 aliud quidquam eorum1 qu corporibus necessari insunt1 perfectissimam pronunciare oportet1 undique recte constitutam prsentem ejus constructionem4 ,the like also concludes1 ,ch4 #ae4 d ,at enim ,opisicis indistrii maximum est indicium 7quemadmodum ant sapenumer jam diximus7 iis qu ad alium usum fuerunt comparata1 ad alias quoque utilitates abuti1 neque laborare ut singulis utilitatibus singulas faciat proprius particulas4 ,galen4 ub4 supr4 ,l4 #i4 c4 #e4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,placing the ,,parts of ,man's ,body4 ,in this ,chapter1 ,i propose to consider the ,lodgment of the curious ,parts of ,man's ,body1 which is no less admirable than the ,parts themselves1 all set in the most convenient ,places of the ,body1 to minister to their own several ,uses and ,purposes1 and assist1 and mutually to help one another4 ,where could those faithful ,watchmen the ,eye1 the ,ear1 the ,tongue1 be so commodiously plac'd1 as in the upper ,part of the ,building8 ,where could we throughout the ,body find so proper a ,part to lodge four of the five ,senses1 as in the ,heada1 near the ,brainb1 the common ,sensory1 a ,place well guarded1 and of little other ,use than to be a ,seat to those ,senses8 ,and1 ,how could we lodge the fifth ,sense1 that of ,touching otherwisec1 than to disperse it to all ,parts of the ,body8 ,where could we plant the ,handd1 but just where it is1 to be ready at every ,turn1 on all ,occasions of ,help and ,defence1 of ,motion1 ,action1 and every of its useful ,services8 ,where could we set the ,legs and ,feet1 but where they are1 to bear up1 and handsomely to carry about the ,body8 ,where could we lodge the ,heart1 to labour about the whole ,mass of ,blood1 but in1 or near the ,center of the ,bodye8 ,where could we find ,room for that noble ,engine to play freely in8 ,where could we so well guard it against external ,harms1 as it is in that very ,place in which it is lodg'd and secur'd8 ,where could we more commodiously ,place1 than in the ,thorax and ,belly1 the useful ,viscera of those ,parts1 so as not to swag1 and jog1 and over-set the ,body1 and yet to minister so harmoniously1 as they do1 to all the several ,uses of ,concoction1 ,sanguification1 the ,separation of various ,ferments from the ,blood1 for the great ,uses of ,nature1 and to make ,discharges of what is useless1 or would be burdensome or pernicious to the ,bodyf8 ,how could we plant the curious and great ,variety of ,bones1 and of ,muscles1 of all ,sorts and ,sizes1 necessary1 as ,i have said1 to the ,support1 and every ,motion of the ,body8 ,where could we lodge all the ,arteries and ,veins1 to convey ,nourishment2 and the ,nerves1 ,sensation throughout the ,body8 ,where1 ,i say1 could we lodge all these ,implements of the ,body1 to perform their several ,offices8 ,how could we secure and guard them so well1 as in the very ,places1 and in the self same ,manner in which they are already plac'd in the ,body8 ,and lastly1 to name no more1 ,what ,covering1 what ,fence could we find out for the whole ,body1 better than that of ,nature's own providing1 the ,sking8 ,how could we shape it to1 or brace it about every ,part better1 either for ,convenience or ,ornament8 ,what better ,texture could we give it1 which although less obdurate and firm1 than that of some other ,animals2 yet is so much the more sensible of every touch1 and more compliant with every ,motion8 ,and being easily defensible by the ,power of ,man's ,reason and ,art1 is therefore much the properest ,tegument for a reasonable ,creature4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,sensus1 interpretes ac nuntii rerum1 in capite1 tanquam in arce1 mirific ad usus necessarios facti1 collocati sunt4 ,nam oculi tanquam speculatores1 altissimum locum obtinent2 ex quo plurima conspicientes1 fungantur suo munere4 ,et aures cum sonum recipere debeant1 qui natur in sublime fertur2 rect in illis corporum partibus collocata sunt4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ef4 ubi plura de cteris ,sensibus4 b ,galen well observes1 that the ,nerves ministring to ,motion1 are hard and firm1 to be less subject to ,injury2 but those ministring to ,sense1 are soft and tender2 and that for this ,reason it is1 that four of the five ,senses are lodg'd so near the ,brain1 viz4 partly to partake of the ,brain's ,softness and ,tenderness1 and partly for the ,sake of the strong ,guard of the ,skull4 ,vid4 ,gal4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #h4 c4 #e4 #f4 c ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #f4 ,note 7c74 d ,qum ver aptas1 quamque multarum artium ministras ,manus natura homini dedit8 ,the ,particulars of which1 enumerated by him1 see in ,cic4 ubi supr4 c4 #fj4 e ,see ,book ,,vi4 ,chap4 #e4 f ,ut in dificiis ,architecti avertunt ab oculis naribus dominorum ea1 qu profluentia necessari tetri essent aliquid habitura2 sic natura res similes 7scil4 excrementa7 procul amandavit sensibus4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ef4 g ,compare here ,galen's ,observations de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #ae4 ,also ,l4 #b4 c4 #f4 ,see also ,cowper4 ,anat4 where in ,tab4 #d4 are very elegant ,cuts of the ,skin in divers ,parts of the ,body1 drawn from microscopical ,views2 as also of the papill ,pyramidales1 the sudoriferous ,glands and ,vessels1 the ,hairs1 c4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,provision in ,man's ,body against ,,evils4 ,having taking a transient ,view of the ,structure1 and ,lodgment of the ,parts of human ,bodies2 let us next consider the admirable ,provision that is made throughout ,man's ,body1 to stave off ,evils1 and to dischargea them when befallen4 ,for the ,prevention of ,evils1 we may take the ,instances already given1 of the ,situation of those faithful ,sentinels1 the ,eye1 the ,ear1 and ,tongue1 in the superiour ,part of the ,body1 the better to descry ,dangers at a ,distance1 and to call out presently for ,help4 ,and how well situated is the ,hand to be a sure and ready ,guard to the ,body1 as well as the faithful ,performer of most of its ,services8 ,the ,brain1 the ,nerves1 the ,arteries1 the ,heartb1 the ,lungs2 and in a ,word1 all the principal ,parts1 how well are they barricaded1 either with strong ,bones1 or deep ,lodgments in the ,flesh1 or some such the wisest1 and fittest ,method1 most agreeable to the ,office and ,action of the ,part8 ,besides which1 for greater ,precaution1 and a farther ,security1 what an incomparable ,provision hath the infinite ,contriver of ,man's ,body made for the ,loss of1 or any ,defect in some of the ,parts we can least spare1 by doubling them8 ,by giving us two ,eyes1 two ,ears1 two ,hands1 two ,kidneys1 two ,lobes of the ,lungs1 ,pairs of the ,nerves1 and many ,ramifications of the ,arteries and ,veins in the fleshy ,parts1 that there may not be a ,defect of ,nourishment of the ,parts1 in ,cases of ,amputation1 or ,wounds1 or ,ruptures of any of the ,vessels4 ,and as ,man's ,body is admirably contriv'd1 and made to prevent ,evils2 so no less ,art and ,caution hath been us'd to get rid of them1 when they do happen4 ,when by any ,misfortune1 ,wounds or ,hurts do befal2 or when by our own wicked ,fooleries and ,vices1 we pull down ,diseases and ,mischiefs upon our selves1 what ,emunctoriesc1 what admirable ,passagesd1 are dispers'd throughout the ,body2 what incomparable ,methods doth ,nature takee2 what vigorous ,efforts is she enabled to make1 to discharge the peccant ,humours1 to correct the morbifick ,matter2 and in a ,word1 to set all ,things right again8 ,but here we had best take the ,advice of a learned ,physician in the ,case3 8,the ,body1 7saith he17 is so contriv'd1 as to be well enough secur'd against the ,mutations in the ,air1 and the lesser ,errors we daily run upon2 did we not in the ,excesses of ,eating1 ,drinking1 ,thinking1 ,loving1 ,hating1 or some other ,folly1 let in the ,enemy1 or lay violent ,hands upon our selves4 ,nor is the ,body fitted only to prevent2 but also to cure1 or mitigate ,diseases1 when by these ,follies brought upon us4 ,in most ,wounds1 if kept clean1 and from the ,air1----the ,flesh will glew together1 with its own native ,balm4 ,broken ,bones are cemented with the ,callus1 which themselves help to make04 ,and so he goes on with ample ,instances in this ,matter1 too many to be here specify'df4 ,among which he instanceth in the ,distempers of our ,bodies1 shewing that even many of them are highly serviceable to the ,discharge of malignant ,humours1 and preventing greater ,evils4 ,and no less kind than admirable is this ,contrivance of ,man's ,body1 that even its ,distempers should many ,times be its ,cureg2 that when the ,enemy lies lurking within to destroy us1 there should be such a ,reluctancy1 and all ,nature excited with its utmost ,vigour to expel him thence4 ,to which ,purpose1 even ,pain it self is of great and excellent ,use1 not only in giving us ,notice of the ,presence of the ,enemy1 but by exciting us to use our utmost ,diligence and ,skill to root out so troublesome and destructive a ,companion4 ,,footnotes3 a ,one of ,nature's most constant ,methods here1 is by the ,glands1 and the ,secretions made by them2 the ,particulars of which being too long for these ,notes1 ,i shall refer to the modern ,anatomists1 who have written on these ,subjects2 and indeed1 who are the only ,men that have done it tolerably3 ,particularly1 our learned ,drs4 ,cockburn1 ,keil1 ,morland1 and others at ,home and ,abroad3 ,an ,abridgment of whose ,opinions and ,observations1 for the ,reader's ,ease1 may be met with in ,dr4 ,harris's ,lex4 ,tech4 ,vol4 #b4 under the ,words ,glands1 and ,animal ,secretion4 b ,in ,man1 and most other ,animals1 the ,heart hath the ,guard of ,bones2 but in the ,lamprey1 which hath no ,bones1 7no not so much as a ,back-bone17 the ,heart is very strangely secur'd1 and lies immur'd1 or capsulated in a ,cartilage1 or grisly ,substance1 which includes the ,heart1 and its ,auricle1 as the ,skull----doth the ,brain in other ,animals4 ,powers ,micros4 ,obser4 #bb4 c ,here from the ,pustules he observ'd in ,monomotapa were ,grounds to admire the ,contrivance of our ,blood1 which on some ,occasions1 so soon as any ,thing destructive to the ,constitution of it1 comes into it1 immediately by an intestine ,commotion1 endeavoureth to thrust it forth1 and is not only freed from the new ,guest2 but sometimes what likewise may have lain lurking therein----for a great while4 ,and from hence it comes to pass1 that most ,part of ,medicines1 when duly administred1 are not only sent out of the body themselves2 but likewise great ,quantities of morbifick ,matter3 ,as in ,salivation1 c4 ,dr4 ,sloane's ,voy4 to ,jamaica1 p4 #be4 d ,valsalva discover'd some ,passages into the ,region of the ,ear-drum1 of mighty ,use1 7among others17 to make ,discharges of ,bruises1 ,imposthumes1 or any purulent1 or morbifick ,matter from the ,brain1 and ,parts of the ,head4 ,of which he gives two ,examples3 ,one1 a ,person1 who from a ,blow on his ,head1 had dismal ,pains therein1 grew ,speechless1 and lay under an absolute ,suppression and ,decay of his ,strength2 but found certain ,relief1 whenever he had a ,flux of ,blood1 or purulent ,matter out of his ,ear2 which after his ,death ,valsalva discover'd1 was through those ,passages4 ,the other was an apoplectical ,case1 wherein he found a large ,quantity of extravasated ,blood1 making ,way from the ,ventricles of the ,brain1 through those same ,passages4 ,valsal4 de ,aure hum4 c4 #b4 4 #ad4 and c4 #e4 4 #h4 e ,hippocrates ,lib4 de ,alimentis1 takes notice of the ,sagacity of ,nature1 in finding out ,methods and ,passages for the discharging ,things offensive to the ,body1 of which the late learned and ingenious ,bishop of ,clogher1 in ,ireland1 7,boyle17 gave this remarkable ,instance1 to my very curious and ingenious ,neighbour and ,friend1 ,d',acre ,barret1 ,esq2 viz4 ,that in the ,plague ,year1 a ,gentleman at the ,university1 had a large ,plague ,sore gather'd under his ,arm1 which1 when they expected it would have broken1 discharg'd it self by a more than ordinary large and ftid ,stool2 the ,sore having no other ,vent for it1 and immediately becoming sound and well thereon4 ,like to which1 is the ,story of ,jos4 ,lazonius1 of a ,soldier of thirty five ,years of ,age1 who had a ,swelling in his right ,hip1 accompany'd with great ,pain1 c4 ,by the ,use of emollient ,medicines1 having ripen'd the ,sore1 the ,surgeon intended the next ,day to have open'd it2 but about ,midnight1 the ,patient having great ,provocations to stool1 disburthen'd himself three ,times2 immediately upon which1 both the ,tumor and ,pain ceas'd1 and thereby disappointed the ,surgeon's ,intentions4 ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,anno #afij4 ,obs4 #di4 ,more such ,instances we find of ,mr4 ,tonges in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #cbc4 ,but indeed there are so many ,examples of this ,nature in our ,phil4 ,trans4 in the ,ephem4 ,german4 ,tho4 ,bartholine1 ,rhodius1 ,sennertus1 ,hildanus1 c4 that it would be endless to recount them4 ,some have swallow'd ,knives1 ,bodkins1 ,needles and ,pins1 ,bullets1 ,pebbles1 and twenty other such ,things as could not find a ,passage the ordinary ,way1 but have met with an ,exit through the ,bladder1 or some other ,way of ,nature's own providing4 ,but passing over many ,particulars1 ,i shall only give one instance more1 because it may be a good ,caution to some ,persons1 that these ,papers may probably fall into the ,hands of2 and that is1 ,the ,danger of swallowing ,plum-stones1 ,prune-stones1 c4 ,sir ,francis ,butler's ,lady had many ,prune-stones that made ,way through an ,abscess near her ,navel4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #afe4 where are other such like ,examples4 ,more also may be found in ,n4 #bhb1 #cjd1 c4 ,and at this ,day1 a young ,man1 living not far off me1 laboureth under very troublesome and dangerous ,symptoms1 from the ,stones of ,sloes and ,bullace1 which he swallow'd eight or ten ,years ago4 f ,grew's ,cosmol4 4 #bh4 #bi4 g ,nor are ,diseases themselves useless3 ,for the ,blood in a ,fever1 if well govern'd1 like ,wine upon the ,fret1 dischargeth it self of all heterogeneous ,mixtures2 and ,nature1 the ,disease1 and ,remedies1 clean all the ,rooms of the ,house2 whereby that which threatens ,death1 tends1 in ,conclusion1 to the prolonging of ,life4 ,grew ubi supr4 4 #eb4 ,and as ,diseases minister sometimes to ,health2 so to other good ,uses in the ,body1 such as quickning the ,senses3 ,of which take these ,instances relating to the ,hearing and ,sight4 ,a very ingenious ,physician falling into an odd ,kind of ,fever1 had his ,sense of ,hearing thereby made so very nice and tender1 that he very plainly heard soft ,whispers1 that were made at a considerable ,distance off1 and which were not in the least perceiv'd by the ,bystanders1 nor would have been by him before his ,sickness4 ,a ,gentleman of eminent ,parts and ,note1 during a ,distemper he had in his ,eyes1 had his ,organs of ,sight brought to be so tender1 that both his ,friends1 and himself have assur'd me1 that when he wak'd in the ,night1 he could for a while plainly see and distinguish ,colours1 as well as other ,objects1 discernible by the ,eye1 as was more than once try'd4 ,boyl4 deter4 nat4 of ,effluv4 ch4 #d4 ,daniel ,fraser----continu'd ,deaf and ,dumb from his ,birth1 till the #ag ,year of his ,age----,after his ,recovery from a ,fever1 he perceiv'd a ,motion in his ,brain1 which was very uneasy to him2 and afterwards he began to hear1 and in ,process of ,time1 to understand ,speech1 c4 ,vid4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cab4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,consent between the ,,parts of ,man's ,body4 ,it is an admirable ,provision the merciful ,creator hath made for the ,good of ,man's ,body1 by the ,consent and ,harmony between the ,parts thereof3 ,of which let us take ,st4 ,paul's ,description1 in #a ,cor4 xii4 #h4 ,but now hath ,god set the ,members1 every one of them in the ,body1 as it hath pleas'd him4 ,and 74 #ba7 ,the ,eye cannot say unto the ,hand1 ,i have no need of thee3 ,nor again1 the ,head to the ,feet1 ,i have no need of you4 ,but such is the ,consent of all the ,parts1 or as the ,apostle wordeth it1 ,god hath so temper'd the ,body together1 that the ,members should have the same ,care one for another1 4 #be4 ,so that whether one ,member suffer1 all the ,members suffer with it2 or one ,member be honoured1 7or affected with any ,good17 all the ,members rejoyce1 and sympathize with it1 4 #bf4 ,this mutual ,accord1 ,consent and ,sympathy of the ,members1 there is no ,reason to doubta1 is made by the ,commerce of the ,nervesb1 and their artificial ,positions1 and curious ,ramifications throughout the whole ,body1 which is admirable and incomparable1 and might deserve a ,place in this ,survey1 as greatly1 and manifestly setting forth the ,wisdom and ,benignity of the great ,creator2 but that to give a ,description thereof from the ,origin of the ,nerves1 in the ,brain1 the ,cerebellum and ,spine1 and so through every ,part of the ,body1 would be tedious1 and intrench too much upon the ,anatomist's ,province3 ,and therefore one ,instance shall suffice for a ,sample of the ,whole2 and that shall be1 7what was promis'd beforec71 the great ,sympathy occasion'd by the fifth ,pair of ,nerves2 which ,i chuse to instance in1 rather than the ,par vagum1 or any other of the ,nerves2 because although we may have less variety of noble ,contrivance and ,art1 than in that ,pair2 yet we shall find enough for our ,purpose1 and which may be dispatch'd in fewer ,words4 ,now this fifth ,conjugation of ,nerves1 is branch'd to the ,ball1 the ,muscles1 and ,glands of the ,eye2 to the ,ear2 to the ,jaws1 the ,gums1 and ,teeth2 to the ,muscles of the ,lipsd2 to the ,tonsils1 the ,palate1 the ,tongue1 and the ,parts of the ,mouth2 to the ,prcordia also1 in some ,measure1 by inosculating with one of its ,nerves2 and lastly1 to the ,muscles of the ,face1 particularly the ,cheeks1 whose sanguiferous ,vessels it twists about4 ,from hence it comes to pass1 that there is a great ,consent and ,sympathye between these ,parts2 so that a gustable ,thing seen or smelt1 excites the ,appetite1 and affects the ,glands and ,parts of the ,mouth2 that a ,thing seen or heard1 that is shameful1 affects the ,cheeks with modest ,blushes2 but on the contrary1 if it pleases and tickles the ,fancy1 that it affects the ,prcordia1 and ,muscles of the ,mouth and ,face with ,laughter2 but a ,thing causing ,sadness and ,melancholy1 doth accordingly exert it self upon the ,prcordia1 and demonstrate it self by causing the ,glands of the ,eyes to emit ,tearsf1 and the ,muscles of the ,face to put on the sorrowful ,aspect of ,crying4 ,hence also that torvous sour ,look produc'd by ,anger and ,hatred3 ,and that gay and pleasing ,countenance accompanying ,love and ,hope4 ,and in short1 it is by ,means of this ,communication of the ,nerves1 that whatever affects the ,soul1 is demonstrated1 7whether we will or no17 by a consentaneous ,disposition of the ,prcordia within1 and a suitable ,configuration of the ,muscles and ,parts of the ,face without4 ,and an admirable ,contrivance of the great ,,god of ,nature this is2 ,that as a ,face is given to ,man1 and as ,pliny saithg1 to ,man alone of all ,creatures2 so it should be1 7as he observes17 the ,index of ,sorrow and ,chearfulness1 of ,compassion and ,severity4 ,in its ascending ,part is the ,brow1 and therein a ,part of the ,mind too4 ,therewith we deny1 therewith we consent4 ,with this it is we shew our ,pride1 which hath its ,source in another ,place2 but here its ,seat3 ,in the ,heart it hath its ,birth2 but here it abides and dwells2 and that because it could find no other ,part throughout the ,body higher1 or more craggyh1 where it might reside alone4 ,thus ,i have dispatch'd what ,i shall remark concerning the ,soul and ,body of ,man4 ,there are divers other ,things1 which well deserve a ,place in this ,survey2 and these that ,i have taken ,notice of1 deserv'd to have been enlarg'd upon3 ,but what hath been said1 may suffice for a ,taste and ,sample of this admirable ,piece of ,god's ,handy-work2 at least serve as a ,supplement to what others have said before me4 ,for which ,reason ,i have endeavour'd to say as little wittingly as ,i could1 of what they have taken ,notice of1 except where the ,thread of my ,discourse laid a ,necessity upon me4 ,,footnotes3 a ,see ,book #d4 ,chap4 #h4 b ,tria proposita ipsi ,natur in ,nervorum distributione fuerunt4 #a4 ,ut sensoriis instrumentis ,sensum impertiret4 #b4 ,ut motoriis ,motum4 #c4 ,ut omnibus aliis partibus daret1 ut qu si dolorem adferrent1 dignoscerent4 ,and afterwards1 ,si quis in dissectionibus spectavit1 consideravitque justne1 an secus ,natura ,nervos non edem mensur omnibus partibus distribuerit1 sed aliis quidem liberalis1 aliis ver parcis1 eadem cum ,hippocrate1 velit nolit1 de ,natur omnino pronunciabit1 quod ea scilicet sagax1 justa1 artificiosa1 animaliumque provida est4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #e4 c4 #i4 c ,book #d4 ,chap4 #e4 d ,dr4 ,willis gives the ,reason1 cur mutua ,amasiorum oscula labiis impressa1 tum prcordia1 tum genitalia afficiendo1 amorem ac libidinem tam facil irritant1 to be from the ,consent of those ,parts1 by the ,branches of this fifth ,pair4 ,nerv4 ,deser4 c4 #bb4 ,and ,dr4 ,sachs judges it to be from the ,consent of the ,labia ,oris cum ,labiis ,uteri1 that in ,april #affi1 a certain breeding ,lady1 being affrighted with seeing one that had scabby ,lips1 which they told her were occasion'd by a pestilential ,fever1 had such like ,pustules brake out in the ,labia ,uteri4 ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #a4 ,obs4 #bj4 e ,consult ,willis ubi supr4 f ,tears serve not only to moisten the ,eye1 to clean and brighten the ,cornea1 and to express our ,grief2 but also to alleviate it1 according to that of ,ulysses to ,andromache1 in ,seneca's ,troas1 4 #gfb4 ,tempus moramque dabimus1 arbitrio tuo ,implere lacrymis3 ,fletus rumnas levat4 g ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #cg4 h ,nihil altius simul abruptiusque invenit4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of the ,variety of ,mens ,,faces1 ,,voices1 and ,,hand-,,writing4 ,here ,i would have put an ,end to my ,observations relating to ,man2 but that there are three ,things so expressly declaring the ,divine ,management and ,concurrence1 that ,i shall just mention them1 although taken ,notice of more amply by others2 and that is1 ,the great ,variety throughout the ,world of ,mens ,facesa1 ,voicesb1 and ,hand-writing4 ,had ,man's ,body been made according to any of the atheistical ,schemes1 or any other ,method than that of the infinite ,lord of the ,world1 this wise ,variety would never have been3 ,but ,mens ,faces would have been cast in the same1 or not a very different ,mould1 their ,organs of ,speech would have sounded the same1 or not so great a ,variety of ,notes2 and the same ,structure of ,muscles and ,nerves1 would have given the ,hand the same ,direction in ,writing4 ,and in this ,case1 what ,confusion1 what ,disturbance1 what ,mischiefs would the ,world eternally have lain under8 ,no ,security could have been to our ,persons2 no ,certainty1 no ,enjoyment of our ,possessionsc2 no ,justice between ,man and ,man2 no ,distinction between ,good and ,bad1 between ,friends and ,foes1 between ,father and ,child1 ,husband and ,wife1 ,male or ,female2 but all would have been turn'd topsey-turvey1 by being expos'd to the ,malice of the ,envious and ,ill-natur'd1 to the ,fraud and ,violence of ,knaves and ,robbers1 to the ,forgeries of the crafty ,cheat1 to the ,lusts of the ,effeminate and ,debauch'd1 and what not6 ,our ,courts of ,justiced1 can abundantly testify the dire ,effects of mistaking ,men's ,faces1 of counterfeiting their ,hands1 and forging ,writings4 ,but now1 as the infinitely wise ,creator and ,ruler hath order'd the ,matter1 every ,man's ,face can distinguish him in the ,light1 and his ,voice in the ,dark2 his ,hand-writing can speak for him though absent1 and be his ,witness1 and secure his ,contracts in future ,generations4 ,a manifest1 as well as admirable ,indication of the divine ,super-intendence and ,managemente4 ,,footnotes3 a ,if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see ,examples of ,men's ,likeness1 he may consult ,valer4 ,maximus1 7,l4 #i4 c4 #ad47 concerning the ,likeness of ,pompey the ,great1 and ,vibius and ,publicius ,libertinus2 as also of ,pompey the ,father1 who got the ,name of ,coquus1 he being like ,menogenes the ,cook2 with divers others4 b ,as the ,difference of ,tone makes a ,difference between every ,man's ,voice1 of the same ,country1 yea1 ,family2 so a different ,dialect and ,pronunciation1 differs ,persons of divers ,countries2 yea1 ,persons of one and the same ,country1 speaking the same ,language3 ,thus in ,greece1 there were the ,ionick1 ,dorick1 ,attick1 and olick ,dialects4 ,so in ,great-,britain1 besides the grand ,diversity of ,english1 and ,scotch1 the different ,counties vary very much in their ,pronunciation1 ,accent and ,tone1 although all one and the same ,language4 ,and the ,way of the ,gileadites proving the ,ephraimites1 ,judg4 xii4 #f4 by the ,pronunciation of ,shibboleth1 with a ,schin1 or ,sibboleth with a ,samech1 is well known4 ,so ,lapide saith1 the ,flemings prove whether a ,man be a ,frenchman or not1 by bidding him pronounce1 ,act en tachtentich2 which they pronounce1 ,acht en tactentic1 by ,reason they can't pronounce the ,aspirate h4 c ,regi ,antiocho unus ex qualibus----nomine ,artemon1 perquam similis fuisse traditur4 ,quem ,laodice1 uxor ,antiochi1 interfecto viro1 dissimulandi sceleris grati1 in lectulo perinde quasi ipsum ,regem grum collocavit4 ,admissumq2 universum populum1 sermone ejus vultu consimili fefellit3 credideruntque homines ab ,antiocho moriente ,laodicen natos ejus sibi commendari4 ,valer4 ,max4 ib4 d ,quid ,trebellius ,calca6 qum asseveranter se ,clodium tulit6 quidem dum de bonis ejus contendit1 in centumvirale judicium ade favorabilis descendit1 ut vix justis quis sententiis consternatio populi ullum relinqueret locum4 ,in ill tamen qustione neque calumni petitoris1 neque violenti plebis judicantium religio cessit4 ,val4 ,max4 ib4 c4 #ae4 e ,to the foregoing ,instances of divine ,management1 with relation to the political ,state of ,man1 ,i shall add another ,thing1 that ,i confess hath always seem'd to me somewhat odd1 but very providential2 and that is1 the ,value that ,mankind1 at least the civiliz'd ,part of them1 have in all ,ages put upon ,gems1 and the purer finer ,metals1 ,gold and ,silver2 so as to think them equivalent unto1 and exchange them for ,things of the greatest ,use for ,food1 ,cloathing1 and all other ,necessaries and ,conveniences of ,life4 ,whereas those ,things themselves are of very little1 if any ,use in ,physick1 ,food1 ,building or ,cloathing1 otherwise than for ,ornament1 or to minister to ,luxury2 as ,suetonius tells us of ,nero1 who fish'd with a ,net gilt with ,gold1 and shod his ,mules with ,silver2 but his ,wife ,poppa1 shod her ,horses with ,gold4 ,vit4 ,ner4 c4 #cj4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #cc4 c4 #aa4 ,so the same ,suetonius tells us1 ,jul4 ,csar lay in a ,bed of ,gold1 and rode in a silver ,chariot4 ,but ,heliogabalus rode in one of ,gold1 and had his ,close-stool ,pans of the same ,metal4 ,and ,pliny saith1 ,vasa ,coquinaria ex argento ,calvus ,orator fieri queritur4 ,ibid4 ,neither are those precious ,things of greater ,use to the making of ,vessels1 and ,utensils1 7unless some little ,niceties and ,curiosities17 by ,means of their ,beauty1 ,imperdibility1 and ,ductility4 ,of which last1 the great ,mr4 ,boyle hath among others1 there two ,instances1 in his ,essay about are ,subtilty of ,effluviums4 ,chap4 #b4 ,silver1 whose ,ductility1 and ,tractility1 are very much inferior to those of ,gold1 was1 by my procuring1 drawn out to so slender a ,wire1 that----a single ,grain of it amounted to twenty seven ,feet4 ,as to ,gold1 he demonstrates it possible to extend an ,ounce thereof1 to reach to #gggfjj ,feet1 or #aee ,miles and an half1 yea1 to an incredibly greater ,length4 ,and as to ,gems1 the very ,stories that are told of their prodigious ,virtues1 are an ,argument1 that they have very little1 or none more than other hard ,stones4 ,that a ,diamond should discover whether a ,woman be true or false to her ,husband's ,bed2 cause ,love between ,man and ,wife2 secure against ,witchcraft1 ,plague and ,poisons2 that the ,ruby should dispose to ,cheerfulness1 cause pleasant ,dreams1 change its ,colour against a ,misfortune befalling1 c4 that the ,sapphire should grow foul1 and lose its ,beauty1 when worn by one that is ,leacherous2 that the ,emerald should fly to pieces1 if it touch the ,skin of any unchaste ,person in the ,act of ,uncleanness3 ,that the ,chrysolite should lose its ,colour1 if ,poyson be on the ,table1 and recover it again when the ,poyson is off3 ,and to name no more1 that the ,turcoise1 7and the same is said of a gold ,ring17 should strike the ,hour when hung over a drinking ,glass1 and much more the same ,purpose3 ,all these1 and many other such fabulous ,stories1 ,i say1 of ,gems1 are no great ,arguments1 that their ,virtue is equivalent to their ,value4 ,of these1 and other ,virtues1 consult ,worm in his ,museum1 ,l4 #a4 4 #b4 c4 #ag1 c4 ,but as to ,gems changing their ,colour1 there may be somewhat of ,truth in that1 particularly in the ,turcoise last mention'd4 ,mr4 ,boyle observ'd the ,spots in a ,turcoise1 to shift their ,place from one ,part to another1 by gentle ,degrees4 ,so did the ,cloud in an ,agate-handle of a ,knife4 ,a ,diamond he wore on his ,finger1 he observ'd to be more illustrious at some ,times than others3 ,which a curious ,lady told him she had also observ'd in hers4 ,so likewise a rich ,ruby did the same4 ,boyle of ,absol4 ,rest in ,bodies4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,conclusion of the ,survey of ,,man4 ,and now having taken a ,view of ,man1 and finding every ,part of him1 every ,thing relating to him contriv'd1 and made in the very best ,manner2 his ,body fitted up with the utmost ,foresight1 ,art and ,care2 and this ,body1 7to the great ,honour1 ,privilege1 and ,benefit of ,man17 possess'd by a divine ,part1 the ,soul1 a ,substance made as 'twere on ,purpose to contemplate the ,works of ,god1 and glorify the great ,creator2 and since this ,soul can discern1 think1 reason1 and speak2 ,what can we conclude upon the whole ,matter1 but that we lie under all the ,obligations of ,duty and ,gratitude1 to be thankful and obedient to1 and to set forth the ,glories of our great ,creator1 and noble ,benefactor8 ,and what ungrateful ,wretches are we1 how much worse than the poor ,irrationals1 if we do not employ the utmost ,power of our ,tongue1 and all our ,members1 and all the ,faculties of our ,souls in the ,praises of ,god6 ,but above all1 should we1 who have the ,benefit of those glorious ,acts and ,contrivances of the ,creator1 be such wicked1 such base1 such worse than brutal ,fools1 to deny the ,creatora1 in some of his noblest ,works8 ,should we so abuse our ,reason1 yea1 our very ,senses2 should we be so besotted by the ,devil1 and blinded by our ,lusts1 as to attribute one of the best contriv'd ,pieces of ,workmanship to blind ,chance1 or unguided ,matter and ,motion1 or any other such sottish1 wretched1 atheistical ,stuff2 which we never saw1 nor ever heard made any one ,beingb in any ,age since the ,creation8 ,no1 ,no6 ,but like wise and unprejudic'd ,men1 let us with ,david say1 ,psalm cxxxix4 #ad4 7with which ,i conclude17 ,i will praise thee1 for ,i am fearfully and wonderfully made2 marvellous are thy ,works1 and that my ,soul knoweth right well4 ,having thus made what 7considering the ,copiousness and ,excellence of the ,subject17 may be called a very brief ,survey of ,man1 and seen such admirable ,marks of the divine ,design and ,art2 let us next take a transient ,view of the other inferiour ,creatures2 and begin with ,,quadrupeds4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,it was a pious1 as well as just ,conclusion1 the ingenious ,laurence ,bellini makes of his ,opusculum de ,motu ,cordis1 in these ,words3 ,de ,motu ,cordis isthc4 ,qu equidem omnia1 si rudi intelligenti ,hominis tantum consilii1 tantum ratiocinii1 tantum periti mille rerum1 tantum scientiarum exigunt1 ad hoc1 ut inveniantur1 seu ad hoc1 ut percipiantur postquam facta sunt2 illum1 cujus oper1 fabrefacta sunt hc singula1 tam vani erimus atque inanes1 ut existimemus esse consilii impotem1 rationis expertem1 imperitum1 aut ignarum omnium rerum8 ,quantum ad me attinet1 nolim esse ,rationis compos1 si tantum insudandum mihi esset ad consequendam intelligentiam earum rerum1 quas fabrefaceret nescio qu ,vis1 qu nihil intelligeret eorum qu fabrefaceret2 mihi etenim viderer esse vile quiddam1 atque ridiculum1 qui vellem totam tatem meam1 sanitatem1 quicquid humanum est deterere1 nihil curare quicquid est jucunditatum1 quicquid latitiarum1 quicquid commodorum2 non divitias1 non dignitates2 non pnas etiam1 vitam1 ipsam1 ut gloriari possem postremo invenisse unum1 aut alterum1 fortasse me invenisse quidem ex iis innumeris1 qu produxisset1 nescio quis ille1 qui sine labore1 sine cur1 nihil cogitans1 nihil cognoscens1 non unam aut alteram rem1 neque dubi1 sed cert produxisset innumeras innumerabilitates rerum in hoc tam immenso spatio corporum1 ex quibus totus ,mundus compingitur4 ,ab ,deum immortalem6 ,video prsens numen tuum in hisce tam prodigiosis ,generationis initiis1 in altissim eorum contemplatione defixus1 nescio quo stro admirationis conciter1 quasi divin furens cohiberi me minim possum quin exclamem4 ,magnus ,dominus6 ,magnus ,fabricator ,hominum ,deus6 ,magnus atque ,admirabilis6 ,conditor rerum ,deus qum ,magnus es6 ,bellin4 de ,mot4 ,cord4 fin4 b ,hoc i4e4 mundum effici ornatissimum1 pulcherrimum ex concursione fortuita qui existimat fieri potuisse1 non intelligo cur non idem putet1 si innumerabiles unius1 viginti form literarum1 vel aure1 vel qualeslibet1 aliquo conficiantur1 posse ex his in terram excussis annales ,ennii ut deinceps legi possint1 effici1 c4----,quod si ,mundum efficere potest concursus ,atomorum1 cur porticum1 cur templum1 cur domum1 cur urbem non potest8 ,qu sunt minus operosa1 multo quidem faciliora4 ,cicero de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #cg4 ,illustration ,,book ,,vi4 ,a ,survey of ,,quadrupeds4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of their ,prone ,posture4 ,in taking a ,view of this ,part of the ,animal ,world1 so far as the ,structure of their ,bodies is conformable to that of ,man1 ,i shall pass them by1 and only take notice of some ,peculiarities in them1 which are plain ,indications of ,design1 and the ,divine ,super-intendence and ,management4 ,and1 #a4 ,the most visible apparent ,variation is the ,prone ,posture of their ,body3 ,concerning which1 ,i shall take notice only of two ,things1 the ,parts ministring thereto1 and the ,use and ,benefit thereof4 ,i4 ,as for the ,parts1 'tis observable1 that in all these ,creatures1 the ,legs are made exactly conformable to this ,posture1 as those in ,man are to his erect ,posture3 ,and what is farther observable also1 is1 that the ,legs and ,feet are always admirably suited to the ,motion and ,exercises of each ,animal3 ,in some they are made for ,strength only1 to support a vast1 unwieldy ,bodya2 in others they are made for ,agility and ,swiftnessb1 in some they are made for only ,walking and ,running1 in others for that1 and ,swimming tooc2 in others for ,walking and ,diggingd2 and in others for ,walking and ,flyinge3 ,in some they are made more lax and weak1 for the plainer ,lands2 in others rigid1 stiff1 and less flexiblef1 for traversing the ,ice1 and dangerous ,precipices of the high ,mountainsg2 in some they are shod with tough and hard ,hoofs1 some whole1 some cleft2 in others with only a callous ,skin4 ,in which latter1 'tis observable that the ,feet are composed of ,toes1 some short for bare-going2 some long to supply the ,place of a ,handh2 some armed with long and strong ,talons1 to catch1 hold1 and tear the ,prey2 some fenced only with short ,nails1 to confirm the ,steps in ,running and ,walking4 ,,ii4 ,as the ,posture of ,man's ,body is the fittest for a rational ,animal1 so is the ,prone ,posture of ,quadrupeds the most useful and beneficial to themselves1 as also most serviceable to ,man4 ,for they are hereby better made for their gathering their ,food1 to pursue their ,prey1 to leap1 to climb1 to swim1 to guard themselves against their ,enemies1 and in a word1 to do whatever may be of principal ,use to themselves2 as also they are hereby rendered more useful and serviceable to ,man1 for carrying his ,burdens1 for tilling his ,ground1 yea1 even for his ,sports and ,diversions4 ,and now ,i might here add a ,survey of the excellent ,contrivances of the ,parts ministring to this ,posture of the four-footed ,animals1 the admirable ,structure of the ,bonesi1 the ,joints and ,muscles2 their various ,sizes and ,strength2 their commodious ,lodgment and ,situation1 the nice quipoise of the ,body1 with a great deal more to the same purpose4 ,but ,i should be tedious to insist minutely upon such ,particulars1 and besides1 ,i have given a ,touch upon these ,kinds of ,things1 when ,i spake of ,man4 ,passing by therefore many ,things of this ,kind1 that might deserve ,remark1 ,i shall only consider some of the ,parts of ,quadrupeds1 differing from what is found in ,mank1 and which are manifest ,works of ,design4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the ,elephant being a ,creature of prodigious ,weight1 the largest of all ,animals2 ,pliny saith1 hath its ,legs accordingly made of an immense ,strength1 like ,pillars1 rather than ,legs4 b ,deer1 ,hares1 and other ,creatures1 remarkable for ,swiftness1 have their ,legs accordingly slender1 but withal strong1 and every way adapted to their ,swiftness4 c ,thus the ,feet of the ,otter are made1 the ,toes being all conjoined with ,membranes1 as the ,feet of ,geese and ,ducks are4 ,and in ,swimming1 it is observable1 that when the ,foot goes forward in the ,water1 the ,toes are close2 but when backward1 they are spread out1 whereby they more forcibly strike the ,water1 and drive themselves forward4 ,the same may be observed also in ,ducks and ,geese1 c4 ,of the ,castor or ,beaver1 the ,french ,academists say1 ,the ,structure of the ,feet was very extraordinary1 and sufficiently demonstrated1 that ,nature hath designed this ,animal to live in the ,water1 as well as upon ,land4 ,for although it had four ,feet1 like ,terrestrial ,animals1 yet the hindmost seemed more proper to swim than walk with1 the ,five ,toes of which they were compos'd1 being joined together like those of a ,goose by a ,membrane1 which serves this ,animal to swim with4 ,but the fore ones were made otherwise2 for there was no ,membrane which held those ,toes joined together3 ,and this was requisite for the ,conveniency of this ,animal1 which useth them as ,hands like a ,squirrel1 when he eats4 ,memoirs for a ,nat4 ,hist4 of ,animals1 pag4 #hd4 d ,the ,mole's ,feet are a remarkable ,instance4 e ,the ,wings of the ,bat are a prodigious ,deviation from ,nature's ordinary ,way4 ,so 'tis in the ,virginian ,squirrel1 whose ,skin is extended between the ,fore-,legs and its ,body4 f ,of the ,legs of the ,elk1 the ,french ,academists say1 ,although some ,authors report1 that there are ,elks in ,moscovia1 whose ,legs are jointless2 there is great ,probability1 that this ,opinion is founded on what is reported of those ,elks of ,muscovia1 as well as of ,csar's ,alce1 and ,pliny's ,machlis1 that they have ,legs so stiff and inflexible1 that they do run on ,ice without slipping2 which is a ,way that is reported that they have to save themselves from the ,wolves1 c4 ibid4 p4 #ajh4 g ,the common tame ,goat 7whose ,habitation is generally on ,mountains and ,rocks1 and who delighteth to walk on the tops of ,pales1 ,houses1 c4 and to take great and seemingly dangerous ,leaps7 ,i have observ'd1 hath the ,joints of the ,legs very stiff and strong1 the ,hoof hollow underneath1 and its ,edges sharp4 ,the like1 ,i doubt not1 is to be found the ,wild ,goat1 considering what ,dr4 ,scheuchzer hath said of its climbing the most dangerous ,craggs of the ,alps1 and the ,manner of their hunting it4 ,vid4 ,iter4 ,alpin4 #c4 p4 #i4 h ,thus in ,apes and ,monkeys1 in the ,beaver before1 and divers others4 i ,it is a singular ,provision ,nature hath made for the ,strength of the ,lion1 if that be true1 which ,galen saith is reported of its ,bones being not hollow 7as in other ,animals7 but solid3 ,which ,report he thus far confirms1 that most of the ,bones are so2 and that those in the ,legs1 and some other ,parts1 have only a small and obscure ,cavity in them4 ,vid4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #ah4 k ,these ,sorts of ,differences in the ,mechanism of ,animals1 upon the ,score of the ,position of their ,bodies1 occur so often1 that it would be no mean ,service to ,anatomy----if any one would give us a ,history of those ,variations of the ,parts of ,animals1 which spring from the different ,postures of their ,bodies4 ,drake ,anat4 ,v4 #a4 ,b4 #a4 c4 #ag4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,heads of ,,quadrupeds4 ,it is remarkable1 that in ,man1 the ,head is of one singular ,form2 in the four-footed ,race1 as various as their ,species4 ,in some square and large1 suitable to their slow ,motion1 ,food1 and ,abode2 in others less1 slender1 and sharp1 agreeable to their swifter ,motion1 or to make their ,way to their ,fooda1 or ,habitation under ,groundb4 ,but passing by a great many ,observations that might be made of this ,kind1 ,i shall stop a little at the ,brain1 as the most considerable ,part of this part of the ,body1 being the great ,instrument of ,life and ,motion in ,quadrupeds1 as 'tis in ,man of that1 as also in all ,probability the chief ,seat of his immortal ,soul4 ,and accordingly it is a remarkable ,difference1 that in ,man the ,brain is large1 affording ,substance and ,room for so noble a ,guest2 whereas in ,quadrupeds1 it is but small4 ,and another ,thing no less remarkable1 is the ,situation of the ,cerebrum and ,cerebellum1 or the greater or lesser ,brain1 which ,i shall give in the ,words of one of the most exact ,anatomists we have of that ,partc3 8,since1 saith he1 ,god hath given to ,man a lofty ,countenance1 to behold the ,heavens1 and hath also seated an immortal ,soul in the ,brain1 capable of the ,contemplation of heavenly ,things2 therefore1 as his ,face is erect1 so the ,brain is set in an higher ,place1 namely1 above the ,cerebellum and all the ,sensories4 ,but in ,brutes1 whose ,face is prone towards the ,earth1 and whose ,brain is capable of ,speculation1 the ,cerebellum1 7whose ,business it is to minister to the ,actions and ,functions of the ,prcordia1 the principal ,office in those ,creatures7 in them is situated in the higher ,place1 and the ,cerebrum lower4 ,also some of the ,organs of ,sense1 as the ,ears and ,eyes1 are placed1 if not above the ,cerebrum1 yet at least equal thereto40 ,another ,convenience in this ,position of the ,cerebrum and ,cerebellum1 the last ingenious ,anatomistd tells us is this1 8,in the ,head of ,man1 saith he1 the ,base of the ,brain and ,cerebell1 yea1 of the whole ,skull1 is set parallel to the ,horizon2 by which ,means there is the less ,danger of the two ,brains joggling1 or slipping out of their ,place4 ,but in ,quadrupeds1 whose ,head hangs down1 the ,base of the ,skull makes a right ,angle with the ,horizon1 by which ,means the ,brain is undermost1 and the ,cerebell uppermost2 so that one would be apt to imagine the ,cerebell should not be steady1 but joggle out of its ,place4 ,to remedy which ,inconvenience he tells us1 ,and lest the frequent ,concussions of the ,cerebell should cause a ,fainting1 or disorderly ,motion of the ,spirits about the ,prcordia1 therefore1 by the ,artifice of ,nature1 sufficient ,provision is made in all1 by the dura ,meninx closely encompassing the ,cerebellum2 besides which1 it is 7in some7 guarded with a strong bony ,fence2 and in others1 as the ,hare1 the ,coney1 and such lesser ,quadrupeds1 a part of the ,cerebell is on each ,side fenced with the ,os ,petrosum3 ,so that by this double ,stay1 its whole ,mass is firmly contained within the ,skull40 ,besides these ,peculiarities1 ,i might take notice of divers other ,things no less remarkable1 as the ,nictitating ,membrane of the ,eyee1 the different ,passages of the ,carotid ,arteriesf through the ,skull1 their ,branching into the ,rete ,mirabileg1 the different ,magnitude of the ,nates1 and some other ,parts of the ,brain in ,beasts1 quite different from what it is in ,man3 ,but the ,touches already given1 may be ,instances sufficient to prevent my being tedious in inlarging upon these admirable ,works of ,god4 ,,footnotes3 a ,thus ,swine1 for ,instance1 who dig in the ,earth for ,roots and other ,food1 have their ,neck1 and all ,parts of their ,head very well adapted to that ,service4 ,their ,neck short1 brawny1 and strong2 their ,eyes set pretty high out of the ,way2 their ,snout long2 their ,nose callous and strong2 and their ,sense of ,smelling very accurate1 to hunt out and distinguish their ,food in ,mud1 under ,ground1 and other the like ,places where it lies concealed4 b ,what hath been said of ,swine is no less1 rather more remarkable in the ,mole1 whose ,neck1 ,nose1 ,eyes and ,ears1 are all fitted in the nicest ,manner to its subterraneous ,way of ,life4 c ,willis ,cereb4 ,anat4 cap4 #f4 ,cumque huic ,deus os sublime dederit1 c4 d ,id4 paulo post4 ,in capite humano ,cerebri ,cerebelli1 c4 e ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,ch4 #b4 ,note 7kk74 f ,arteria ,carotis ,aliquanto posterius in homine qum in alio quovis animali1 ,calvariam ingreditur1 scil4 juxta illud foramen1 per quod sinus lateralis in ,venam jugularem desiturus cranio elabitur2 nam in cteris hc arteria sub extremitate1 seu processu acuto ossis petrosi1 inter cranium emergit3 verm in capite humano1 eadem1 ambage longiori circumducta 7ut sanguinis torrens1 priusquam ad cerebri oram appellit1 fracto impetu1 lenis placidis fluat7 prope specum ab ingressu sins lateralis factum1 ,calvari basin attingit2---- in majorem cautelam1 tunic insuper ascititi crassiore investitur4 ,and so he goes on to shew the ,conveniency of this ,guard the ,artery hath1 and its ,passage to the ,brain1 and then saith1 ,si hujusmodi conformationis ratio inquiritur1 facil occurrit1 in capite humano1 ubi generosi affectus magni animorum impetus ac ardores excitantur1 sanguinis in ,cerebri oras appulsum debere esse liberum expeditum1 c4 ,atque hoc quidem respectu differt ,homo plerisque ,brutis1 quibus1 ,arteria in mille surculos divisa1 ne sanguinem pleniore alveo1 aut citatiore1 qum par est1 cursu1 ad cerebrum evehat1 ,plexus ,retiformes constituit1 quibus nempe efficitur1 ut sanguis tardo admodum1 lenique quabili fere stillicidio1 in cerebrum illabatur4 ,and then he goes on to give a farther ,account of this ,artery1 and the ,rete mirabile in divers ,creatures4 ,willis1 ibid4 cap4 #h4 g ,galen thinks the ,rete mirabile is for concocting and elaborating the ,animal ,spirits1 as the ,epididymides1 the ,convolutions are for elaborating the ,seed4 ,de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #i4 c4 #d4 ,this ,rete is much more conspicuous in ,beasts than ,man2 and as ,dr4 ,willis well judges1 serves1 #a4 ,to bridle the too rapid ,incursion of the ,blood into the ,brain of those ,creatures1 whose ,heads hang down much4 #b4 ,to separate some of the superfluous serous ,parts of the ,blood1 and send them to the ,salival ,glands1 before the ,blood enters the ,brain of those ,animals1 whose ,blood is naturally of a watery ,constitution4 #c4 ,to obviate any ,obstructions that may happen in the ,arteries1 by giving a free ,passage through other ,vessels1 when some are stopped4 ,in ,quadrupeds1 as the ,carotid ,arteries are branched into the ,rete ,mirabile1 for the bridling the too rapid ,current of ,blood into the ,brain2 so the ,vertebral ,arteries1 are1 near their ,entrance into the ,skull1 bent into an acuter ,angle than in ,man1 which is a wise ,provision for the same ,purpose4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,necks of ,,quadrupeds4 ,from the ,head pass we to the ,neck1 no principal ,part of the ,body1 but yet a good ,instance of the ,creator's ,wisdom and ,design1 inasmuch as in ,man it is short1 agreeable to the ,erection of his ,body2 but in the ,four-footed ,tribe it is long1 answerable to the ,length of the ,legsa1 and in some of these long1 and less strong1 serving to carry the ,mouth to the ,ground2 in others shorter1 brawny and strong1 serving to dig1 and heave up great ,burdensb4 ,but that which deserves especial ,remark1 is that peculiar ,provision made in the ,necks of all1 or most granivorous ,quadrupeds1 for the perpetual holding down their ,head in gathering their ,food1 by that strong1 tendinous and insensible ,aponeurosis1 or ,ligamentc braced from the ,head to the middle of the ,back4 ,by which means the ,head1 although heavy1 may be long held down without any ,labour1 ,pain1 or ,uneasiness to the ,muscles of the ,neck1 that would otherwise be wearied by being so long put upon the ,stretch4 ,,footnotes3 a ,it is very remarkable1 that in all the ,species of ,quadrupeds1 this ,equality holds1 except only the ,elephant2 and that there should be a sufficient special ,provision made for that ,creature1 by its ,proboscis or ,trunk4 ,a ,member so admirably contrived1 so curiously wrought1 and with so great ,agility and ,readiness1 applied by that unwieldy ,creature to all its several ,occasions1 that ,i take it to be a manifest ,instance of the ,creator's ,workmanship4 ,see its ,anatomy to ,dr4 ,a4 ,moulen's ,anat4 of the ,elephant1 p4 #cc4 ,as also in ,mr4 ,blair's ,account in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #cbf4 ,aliorum ea est humilitas ut cibum terrestrem rostris facil contingant4 ,qu autem altiora sunt1 ut ,anseres1 ut ,cygni1 ut ,grues1 ut ,cameli1 adjuvantur proceritate collorum4 ,manus etiam data ,elephantis1 qui propter magnitudinem corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum4 ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #dg4 ,quod iis animalibus qu pedes habent fissos in digitos1 ,collum brevius sit factum1 qum ut per ipsum ,cibum ori admovere queant3 iis ver qu ungulas habent solidas1 aut bifidas1 longius1 ut prona atque inclinantia pasci queant4 ,qui id etiam opus non sit ,artificis utilitatis memoris8 ,ad hc qud ,grues at ,ciconi1 cm crura haberent longiora1 ob eam causam ,rostrum etiam magnum1 ,collum longius habuerint4 ,pisces autem neque ,collum penitus habuere1 utpote qui neque ,crura habent4 ,quo pacto non id etiam est admirandum8 ,galen4 de ,us4 part4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #h4 b ,as in ,moles and ,swine1 in ,ch4 #b4 ,note 7a74 c ,called the ,whiteleather1 ,packwax1 ,taxwax1 and ,fixfax4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,stomachs of ,,quadrupeds4 ,from the ,neck1 let us descend to the ,stomach1 a ,part as of absolute ,necessity to the ,being and ,well-being of ,animals1 so is in the several ,species of ,quadrupeds1 sized1 contrived1 and made with the utmost ,variety and ,art4a ,what ,artist1 what ,being1 but the infinite ,conservator of the ,world1 could so well adapt every ,food to all the several ,kinds of those grand ,devourers of it6 ,who could so well sute their ,stomachs to the ,reception and ,digestion thereof2 one kind of ,stomach to the ,carnivorous1 another to the ,herbaceous ,animals2 one fitted to digest by bare ,mastication2 and a whole set of ,stomachs in others1 to digest with the ,help of ,rumination6 ,which last ,act1 together with the ,apparatus for that ,service1 is so peculiar1 and withal so curious an ,artifice of ,nature1 that it might justly deserve a more particular ,enquiry2 but having formerly mention'd itb1 and least ,i should be too tedious1 ,i shall pass it by4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the peculiar ,contrivance and ,make of the ,dromedary's or ,camel's ,stomach1 is very remarkable1 which ,i will give from the ,parisian ,anatomists3 ,at the top of the ,second of the #d ,ventricles there were several square ,holes1 which were the ,orifices of about #cj ,cavities1 made like ,sacks placed between the two ,membranes1 which do compose the ,substance of this ,ventricle4 ,the ,view of these ,sacks made us to think that they might well be the ,reservatories1 where ,pliny saith1 that ,camels do a long ,time keep the ,water1 which they drink in great ,abundance----to supply the ,wants thereof in the dry ,desarts1 c4 ,vid4 ,memoirs1 c4 ,anat4 of ,dromedary1 p4 #ci4 ,see also ,peyer1 ,merycol4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #c4 b ,book ,,iv4 ch4 #aa4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,heart of ,,quadrupeds4 ,in this ,part there is a notable ,difference found between the ,heart of ,man and that of ,beasts1 concerning the latter1 of which ,i might take notice of the remarkable ,confirmation of the ,hearts of ,amphibious ,quadrupeds1 and their ,difference from those of ,land-,animals1 some having but one ,ventriclea1 some threeb1 and some but two 7like ,land-,animals7 but then the ,foramen ,ovale therewithc4 ,all which may be justly esteemed as wonderful1 as they are excellent ,provisions for the ,manner of those ,animals living4 ,but ,i shall content my self with bare ,hints of these ,things1 and speak only of two ,peculiars more1 and that but briefly4 ,one is the ,situation of the ,heart1 which in ,beasts is near the middle of the whole ,body2 in ,man1 nearer the ,headd4 ,the ,reasons of which ,i shall give from one of the most curious ,anatomists of that ,parte4 8,seeing1 saith he1 the ,trajection and ,distribution of the ,blood depends wholly on the ,systole of the ,heart1 and that its ,liquor is not driven of its own ,nature so readily into the upper ,parts as into ,vessels even with it1 or downwards into those under it3 ,if the ,situation of the ,heart had been further from the ,head1 it must needs either have been made stronger to cast out its ,liquor with greater ,force2 or else the ,head would want its due ,proportion of ,blood4 ,but in ,animals that have a longer ,neck1 and which is extended towards their ,food as it were1 the ,heart is seated as far from the other ,parts2 and they find no ,inconvenience from it1 because they feed with their ,head for the most part hanging down2 and so the ,blood1 as it hath farther to go to their ,head than in others1 so it goes a plainer and often a steep ,wayf40 ,the other peculiar ,matter is1 the fastning 7,i formerly mentioned7 which the ,cone of the ,pericardium hath in ,man to the ,diaphragmg1 whereas in all ,quadrupeds it is loose4 ,by which ,means the ,motion of the ,midriff1 in that necessary ,act of ,respiration1 is assisted both in the upright ,posture of ,man1 as also in the prone ,posture of ,quadrupedsh2 which would be hindred1 or rendred more difficult1 if the ,case was otherwise3 8,which must needs be the ,effect of ,wisdom and ,design1 and that ,man was intended by ,nature to walk erect1 and not upon all-four1 as ,quadrupeds do30 ,to express it in the ,words of a great ,judge in such ,matters i4 ,,footnotes3 a ,frogs are generally thought to have but one ,ventricle in their ,hearts4 b ,the ,tortoise hath three ,ventricles1 as the ,parisian ,academists in their ,memoirs affirm4 ,besides these two ,ventricles before spoken of which were in the hinder ,part of the ,heart1 which faceth the ,spine2 there was1 say they1 a third in the ,fore-part1 inclining a little towards the ,right-side1 c4 ,memoirs1 c4 p4 #bei4 ,but ,mr4 ,bussiere charges this as a ,mistake in those ingenious ,gentlemen1 and asserts there is but one ,ventricle in the ,tortoise's ,heart4 ,see his ,description of the ,heart of the ,land ,tortoise1 in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #cbh4 c ,the ,sea-,calf is said by the ,french ,academists1 to have this ,provision1 and their ,account of it is this3 ,its ,heart was round and flat4 ,its ,ventricles appeared very large1 and its ,auricles small4----,underneath the great ,aperture1 through which the ,trunk of the ,vena ,cava conveyed the ,blood into the right ,ventricle of the ,heart1 there was another1 which penetrated into the ,arteria ,venosa1 and from thence into the left ,ventricle1 and afterwards into the ,aorta4 ,this ,hole called the ,foramen ,ovale in the ,ftus1 make the ,anastomisis1 by the ,means of which1 the ,blood goes from the ,cava into the ,aorta1 without passing through the ,lungs4 ,french ,anatomists1 p4 #abd4 d 1 c4 ,arist4 ,hist4 ,an4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ag4 e ,dr4 ,lower1 de ,corde1 c4 #a4 f ,i might have mentioned another wise ,provision from the same ,author1 which take in his own ,words3 ,in ,vitulu ,equis1 im plerique aliis animalibus majoribus1 non solas propagines ,nervo sexti paris ut in ,homine1 sed etiam plurimas ,nervo intercostali1 ubi rect cor transit1 cor accedere1 im in parenchyma ejus dimitti3 hoc ideo ,natur quasi subsidium ,brutis comparatum1 ne capita qu terram prona spectant1 non satis facil aut copios ,spiritus ,animales impertirent4 ,blasii ,anat4 ,animal4 ,par4 #a4 c4 #d4 ex ,lowero4 de ,corde4 g ,diaphragmatis circulo nerveo firmiter adheret ,pericardium quod ,homini singulare2 nam ab eo in ,canibus ,simiis distat1 item in aliis animalibus omnibus4 ,bartholm4 ,anat4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #e4 h ,finalem causam quod atrinet1----cm erectus sit ,hominis incessus atque figura1 eoque facilius abdominis viscera suo pondere descendant1 minore ,diaphragmatis nixu atque ,systole ad ,inspirationem opus est2 porro1 cm in ,exspiratione pariter necessarium sit ,diaphragma relaxari1----cm capsula cordis omnino connectendum fuit1 in ,homine1 ne fort1 quamdiu erectus incedit1 ab ,hepatis aliorumque viscerum appensorum pondere deorsum ade deprimeretur1 ut neque ,pulmo satis concidere1 neque ,expiratio debito modo peragi potuerit4 ,quocirea in ,quadrupedibus1 ubi abdominis viscera in ipsum ,diaphragma incumbunt1 ipsumque in pectoris cavitatem suo pondere impellant1 ista partium accretio ,exspirationi quidem inutilis1 ,inspirationi autem debitam ,diaphragmatis tensionem impediendo1 prorsus incommoda fuisset4 ,lower1 ib4 p4 #h4 i ,dr4 ,tyson's ,anat4 of the ,orang-,outang1 in ,ray's ,wisd4 of ,god1 p4 #bfb4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,difference between ,,man and ,,quadrupeds in the ,nervous ,kind4 ,there is only one ,difference more between ,man and ,quadrupeds that ,i shall take notice of1 and that is the ,nervous ,kind3 ,and because it would be tedious to insist upon many ,particularsa1 ,i shall1 for a ,sample1 insist chiefly upon one1 and that is1 of ,nature's prodigious ,care for a due ,communication and ,correspondence between the ,head and ,heart of ,man1 more than what is in the four-footed ,tribe4 ,for this ,purpose1 besides the ,correspondence1 those ,parts have by ,means of the ,nerves of the ,par ,vagum 7common both to ,man and ,beast7 there is a farther and more special ,communication and ,correspondence occasioned by the ,branchesb of the intercostal ,pair sent from the ,cervical ,plexus to the ,heart1 and ,prcordia4 ,by which ,means the ,heart and ,brain of ,man have a mutual and very intimate ,correspondence and ,concern with each other1 more than is in other ,creatures2 or as one of the most curious ,anatomists and ,observers of these ,things saithc1 8,brutes are as 'twere ,machines made with a simpler1 and less operose ,apparatus1 and endowed therefore with only one and the same ,kind of ,motion1 or determined to do the same ,thing3 ,whereas in ,man1 there is a great ,variety of ,motions and ,actions4 ,for by the ,commerce of the aforesaid ,cervical ,plexusd he saith1 ,the ,conceptions of the ,brain presently affect the ,heart1 and agitate its ,vessels and whole ,appendage1 together with the ,diaphragm4 ,from whence the ,alteration in the ,motion of the ,blood1 the ,pulse and ,respiration4 ,so also on the contrary1 when any ,thing affects or alters the ,heart1 those ,impressions are not only retorted to the ,brain by the same ,duct of the ,nerves1 but also the ,blood it self 7its ,course being once changed7 flies to the ,brain with a different and unusual ,course1 and there agitating the animal ,spirits with divers ,impulses1 produceth various ,conceptions and ,thoughts in the ,mind40 ,and he tells us1 8,that hence it was that the ancient ,divines and ,philosophers too1 made the ,heart the ,seat of ,wisdom2 and certainly 7saith he7 the ,works of ,wisdom and ,virtue do very much depend upon this ,commerce which is between the ,heart and ,brain30 ,and so he goeth on with more to the same purpose4 ,upon the ,account of this ,intercostal ,commerce with the ,heart1 being wanting in ,brutes1 there is another singularly careful and wise ,provision the infinite ,creator hath made in them1 and that is1 ,that by ,reason both the ,par ,vagum and the ,intercostal too1 do not send their ,branches to the ,heart1 and its ,appendage in ,brutes1 therefore1 lest their ,heart should want a due ,proportion of ,nervous ,vessels1 the ,par ,vagum sends more ,branches to their ,heart than to that of ,man4 ,this as it is a remarkable ,difference between ,rational and ,irrational ,creatures2 so it is as remarkable an ,argument of the ,creator's ,art and ,care2 who altho' he hath denied ,brute-,animals ,reason1 and the ,nerves ministring thereto1 yet hath another ,way supplied what is necessary to their ,life and ,state4 ,but let us hear the same great ,author's ,descant upon the ,pointe2 8,inasmuch saith he1 as ,beasts are void of ,discretion1 and but little subject to various and different ,passions1 therefore there was no need that the ,spirits that were to be convey'd from the ,brain to the ,prcordia1 should pass two different ,ways1 namely1 one for the ,service of the vital ,functions1 and another for the reciprocal ,impressions of the ,affections2 but it was sufficient that all their ,spirits1 whatever ,use they were designed for1 should be conveyed one and the same ,way40 ,here now in the ,nervous ,kind we have manifest ,acts of the ,creator's ,design and ,wisdom1 in this so manifest and distinct a ,provision for ,rational and ,irrational ,creatures2 and that ,man was evidently intended to be the one1 as the ,genus of ,quadrupeds was the other4 ,,footnotes3 a ,amongst these1 ,i might name the ,site of the ,nerves proceeding from the ,medulla ,spinalis1 which ,dr4 ,lower takes notice of4 ,in ,beasts1 whose ,spine is above the rest of the ,body1 the ,nerves tend directly downwards2 but in ,man1 it being erect1 the ,nerves spring out of the ,spine1 not at ,right1 but in ,oblique ,angles downwards1 and pass also in the ,body the same ,way4 ,ibid4 p4 #af4 b ,in plerisq2 ,brutis tantm hc vi 7i4e4 by the ,par vagum7 vix omnino per ullos ,paris ,intercostalis nervos1 aditus ad cor aut ,appendicem ejus patescit4 ,verm in ,homine1 ,nervus ,intercostalis1 prter officia ejus in imo ventre huic cum cteris animalibus communia1 etiam ante pectoris claustra internuncii specialis loco est1 qui ,cerebri ,cordis sensa mutua ultra citraque refert4 ,willis ,nervor4 descr4 usus1 ,cap4 #bf4 c ,id4 ib4 ,dum hanc utriusque speciei differentiam perpendo1 succurrit animo1 ,bruta esse velut machinas1 c4 d ,that our great ,man was not mistaken1 there is great ,reason to imagine1 from what he observed in dissecting a ,fool4 ,besides1 the ,brain being but small1 he saith1 ,prcipua autem discriminis nota quam inter illius viri cordati partes advertimus1 bcce erat2 nempe qud prdictus ,nervi ,intercacostalis ,plexus1 quem ,cerebri ,cordis internuncium ,hominis proprium diximus1 in ,stulto hoc valde exilis1 minori ,nervorum satellitio stipatus fuerit4 ,ibid4 e ,id4 ib4 cap4 #bi4 ,in quantum ,besti prudenti carent1 variis diversisque passionibus1 c4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,,conclusion4 ,and now 'tis ,time to pause a while1 and reflect upon the whole4 ,and as from the ,confederations in the preceding ,book1 we have especial ,reason to be thankful to our infinitely merciful ,maker1 for his no less kind than wonderful ,contrivances of our ,body2 so we have ,reason from this brief ,view ,i have taken of this last ,tribe of the ,creation1 to acknowledge and admire the same ,creator's ,work and ,contrivances in them4 ,for we have here a large ,family of ,animals1 in every particular ,respect1 curiously contrived and made1 for that especial ,posture1 ,place1 ,food1 and ,office or ,business which they obtain in the ,world4 ,so that if we consider their own particular ,happiness and ,good1 or ,man's ,use and ,service2 or if we view them throughout1 and consider the ,parts wherein they agree with ,man1 or those especially wherein they differ1 we shall find all to be so far from being ,things fortuitous1 undesigned1 or any way accidental1 that every ,thing is done for the best2 all wisely contrived1 and incomparably fitted up1 and every way worthy of the great ,creator4 ,and he that will shut his ,eyes1 and not see ,goda in these his ,works1 even of the poor ,beasts of the ,earth1 that will not say 7as ,elihu hath it1 ,job xxxv4 #aj1 #aa47 ,where is ,god my ,maker1 who teacheth us more than the ,beasts of the ,earth1 and maketh us wiser than the ,fowls of the ,heaven8 ,of such an one we may use the ,psalmist's ,expression1 ,psal4 xlxix4 #ab4 ,that he is like the ,beastsb that perish4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ----,deum namque ire per omnes ,terrasque tractusque ,maris1 ,clumque profundum1 ,hinc ,pecudes1 ,armenta1 viros1 genus omne ,ferarum4 ,virgil ,georg4 ,l4 #d4 b ,illos qui nullum omnino ,deum esse dixerunt1 non mod non ,philosophos1 sed ne homines quidem fuisse dixerim2 qui1 mutis simillimi1 ex solo corpore constiterunt1 nihil videntes animo4 ,lactant4 ,l4 #g4 c4 #i4 ,illustration ,,book ,,vii4 ,a ,survey of ,,birds4 ,having briefly1 as well as ,i could1 dispatch'd the ,tribe of ,quadrupeds1 ,i shall next take as brief and transient a ,view of the feather'd ,tribe4 ,and here we have another large ,province to expatiate in1 if we should descend to every ,thing wherein the ,workmanship of the ,almighty appears4 ,but ,i must contract my ,survey as much as may be2 and shall therefore give only such ,hints and ,touches upon this curious ,family of ,animals1 as may serve for ,samples of the rest of what might be observ'd4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,motion of ,birds1 and the ,,parts ministring thereto4 ,as this ,tribe hath a different ,motion from that of other ,animals1 and an amphibious ,way of ,life2 partly in the ,air1 and partly on the ,land and ,waters2 so is their ,body accordingly shap'd1 and all their ,parts incomparably fitted for that ,way of ,life and ,motion2 as will be found by a cursory ,view of some of the ,particulars4 ,and the ,i4 ,and most visible ,thing1 is the ,shape and ,make of their ,body1 not thick and clumsy1 but incomparably adapted to their ,flight3 ,sharp before1 to pierce and make ,way through the ,air1 and then by gentle ,degrees rising to its full ,bulk4 ,to which we may add1 ,,ii4 ,the neat ,position of the ,feathers throughout the ,body2 not ruffled1 or discompos'd1 or plac'd some this1 some a contrary ,way1 according to the ,method of ,chance2 but all artificially plac'da1 for facilitating the ,motion of the ,body1 and its ,security at the same ,time1 by way of ,cloathing3 ,and for that ,end1 most of the ,feathers tend backward1 and are laid over one another in exact and regular ,method1 armed with warm and soft ,down next the ,body1 and more strongly made1 and curiously clos'd next the ,air and ,weather1 to fence off the ,injuries thereof4 ,to which ,purpose1 as also for the more easy and nimble gliding of the ,body through the ,air1 the ,provision ,nature hath made1 and the ,instinct of these ,animals to preen and dress their ,feathers1 is admirable2 both in respect of their ,art and ,curiosity in doing it1 and the ,oyl-bagb1 ,glands1 and whole ,apparatus for that ,service4 ,,iii4 ,and now having said thus much relating to the ,body's ,motion1 let us survey the grand ,instrument thereof1 the ,wings4 ,which as they are principal ,parts1 so are made with great ,skill1 and plac'd in the most commodious ,point of the ,bodyc1 to give it an exact ,equipoise in that subtile ,medium1 the ,air4 ,and here it is observable1 with what incomparable ,curiosity every ,feather is made2 the ,shaft exceeding strong1 but hollow below1 for ,strength and ,lightness sake2 and above1 not much less strong1 and fill'd with a ,parenchyma or ,pith1 both strong and light too4 ,the ,vanes as nicely gaug'd on each ,side as made2 broad on one ,side1 and narrower on the other2 both which incomparably minister to the progressive ,motion of the ,bird1 as also to the ,union and ,closeness of the ,wingd4 ,and no less exquisite is the textrine ,art of the ,plumagee also2 which is so curiously wrought1 and so artificially interwoven1 that it cannot be viewed without ,admiration1 especially when the ,eye is assisted with ,glasses4 ,and as curiously made1 so no less curiously are the ,feathers placed in the ,wing1 exactly according to their several ,lengths and ,strength3 ,the ,principals set for ,stay and ,strength1 and these again well lined1 faced1 and guarded with the ,covert and ,secondary ,feathers1 to keep the ,air from passing through1 whereby the stronger ,impulses are made thereupon4 ,and lastly1 ,to say no more of this ,part1 that deserves more to be said of it1 what an admirable ,apparatus is there of ,bones1 very strong1 but withal light and incomparably wrought8 of ,joynts1 which open1 shut1 and every way move1 according to the ,occasions either of extending it in ,flight1 or withdrawing the ,wing again to the ,body8 ,and of various ,muscles2 among which the peculiar ,strength of the ,pectoral ,muscles deserves especial ,remark1 by ,reason they are much strongerf in ,birds than in ,man1 or any other ,animal1 not made for ,flying4 ,,iv4 ,next the ,wings1 the ,tail is in ,flight considerable2 greatly assisting in all ,ascents and ,descents in the ,air1 as also serving to steadyg ,flight1 by keeping the ,body upright in that subtile and yielding ,medium1 by its readily turning and answering every ,vacillation of the ,body4 ,and now to the ,parts serving to ,flight1 let us add the nice and compleat ,manner of its ,performance2 all done according to the strictest ,rules of ,mechanismh4 ,what ,rower on the ,waters1 what ,artist on the ,land1 what acutest ,mathematician could give a more agreeable and exact ,motion to the ,wings1 than these untaught flying ,artists do theirs6 ,serving not only to bear their ,bodies up in the ,air1 but also to waft them along therein1 with a speedy progressive ,motion1 as also to steer and turn them this ,way and that ,way1 up and down1 faster or slower1 as their ,occasions require1 or their ,pleasure leads them4 ,v4 ,next to the ,parts for ,flight1 let us view the ,feet and ,legs ministering to their other ,motion3 ,both made light1 for easier ,transportation through the ,air2 and the former spread1 some with ,membranes for ,swimmingi1 some without1 for steady ,going1 for ,perching1 for ,catching and ,holding of ,preyk1 or for ,hanging by the ,heels to gather their ,foodl1 or to fix themselves in their ,places of ,retreat and ,safety4 ,and the latter1 namely the ,legs1 all curved for their easy ,perching1 ,roosting1 and ,rest1 as also to help them upon their ,wings in taking their ,flight1 and to be therein commodiously tucked up to the ,body1 so as not to obstruct their ,flight4 ,in some long1 for ,wading and ,searching the ,waters2 in some of a moderate ,length1 answerable to their vulgar ,occasions2 and in others as remarkably short1 to answer their especial ,occasions and ,manner of ,lifem4 ,to all which let us add the placing these last mentioned ,parts in the ,body4 ,in all somewhat out of the ,center of the ,body's ,gravityn1 but in such as swim1 more than in others1 for the better rowing their ,bodies through the ,waters1 or to help them in that ,divingo too4 ,,footnotes3 a ,see before ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,note 7l74 b ,mr4 ,willughby saith1 there are two ,glands for the ,secretion of the unctuous ,matter in the ,oyl-bag4 ,and so they appear to be in ,geese4 ,but upon ,examination1 ,i find1 that in most other ,birds1 7such at least as ,i have enquir'd into17 there is only one ,gland3 ,in which are divers little ,cells1 ending in two or three larger ,cells1 lying under the ,nipple of the ,oyl-bag4 ,this ,nipple is perforated1 and being pressed1 or drawn by the ,bird's ,bill1 or ,head1 emits the liquid ,oyl1 as it is in some ,birds1 or thicker unctuous ,grease1 as it is in others4 ,the whole ,oyl-bag is in its structure somewhat conformable to the ,breasts of such ,animals as afford ,milk4 c ,in all ,birds that fly much1 or that have the most occasion for their ,wings1 it is manifest that their ,wings are plac'd in the very best ,part1 to balance their ,body in the ,air1 and to give as swift a ,progression1 as their ,wings and ,body are capable of3 ,for otherwise we should perceive them to reel1 and fly unsteadily2 as we see them to do1 if we alter their quipoise1 by cutting the ,end of one of the ,wings1 or hanging a ,weight at any of the extreme ,parts of the ,body4 ,but as for such ,birds as have as much occasion for ,swimming as ,flying1 and whole ,wings are therefore set a little out of the ,center of the ,bodies ,gravity4 ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #h4 ,note 7q74 ,and for such as have more occasion for ,diving than ,flying1 and whose ,legs are for that ,reason set more backward1 and their ,wings more forward4 ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7k7 of this ,book4 d ,the wise ,author of ,nature hath afforded an ,example of the great ,nicety in the ,formation of ,birds1 by the ,nicely observ'd in a ,part no more considerable than the ,vanes of the ,flag-feathers of the ,wing4 ,among others1 these two ,things are observable3 #a4 ,the ,edges of the exterior or narrow ,vanes bend downwards1 but of the interior or wider ,vanes upwards2 by which ,means they catch1 hold1 and lie close to one another1 when the ,wing is spread2 so that not one ,feather may miss its full ,force and ,impulse upon the ,air4 #b4 ,a yet lesser ,nicety is observ'd1 and that is1 in the very sloping the ,tips of the ,flag-feathers3 ,the interiour ,vanes being neatly slop'd away to a ,point1 towards the outward ,part of the ,wing2 and the exteriour ,vanes slop'd towards the ,body1 at least in many ,birds2 and in the ,middle of the ,wing1 the ,vanes being equal1 are but little slop'd4 ,so that the ,wing1 whether extended or shut1 is as neatly slop'd and form'd1 as if constantly trimm'd with a ,pair of ,scissors4 e ,since no exact ,account that ,i know of1 hath been given of the ,mechanism of the ,vanes1 or ,webs of the ,feathers1 my ,observations may not be unacceptable4 ,the ,vane consists not of one continu'd ,membrane2 because if one broken1 it would hardly be reparable3 ,but of many ,lamin1 which are thin1 stiff1 and somewhat of the ,nature of a thin ,quill4 ,towards the ,shaft of the ,feather1 7especially in the ,flag-feathers of the ,wing17 those ,lamin are broad1 c4 of a semicircular ,form2 which serve for ,strength1 and for the closer shutting of the ,lamin to one another1 when ,impulses are made upon the ,air4 ,towards the outer ,part of the ,vane1 those ,lamin grow slender and taper3 ,on their under ,side they are thin and smooth1 but their upper outer ,edge is parted into two hairy ,edges1 each ,side having a different ,sort of ,hairs1 laminated or broad at ,bottom1 and slender and bearded above the other half4 ,i have1 as well as ,i could1 represented the uppermost ,edge of one of these ,lamin in ,fig4 #ah4 with some of the ,hairs on each ,side1 magnify'd with a ,microscope4 ,these bearded ,bristles1 or ,hairs1 on one ,side the ,lamin1 have strait ,beards1 as in ,fig4 #ai4 those on the other ,side1 have hook'd ,beards on one ,side the slender ,part of the ,bristle1 and strait ones on the other1 as in ,fig4 #bj4 ,both these ,sorts of ,bristles magnify'd1 7only scattering1 and not close17 are represented as they grow upon the upper ,edge of the ,lamina s4 t4 in ,fig4 #ah4 ,and in the ,vane1 the hook'd ,beards of one ,lamina1 always lie next the strait ,beards of the next ,lamina2 and by that ,means lock and hold each other2 and by a pretty ,mechanism1 brace the ,lamin close to one another4 ,and if at any ,time the ,vane happens to be ruffled and discompos'd1 it can by this pretty easy ,mechanism1 be reduc'd and repair'd4 ,vid4 ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,note 7m74 f ,pectorales ,musculi ,hominis flectentes humeros1 parvi parum carnosi sunt2 non quant #ej;am aut #gj;am partem omnium ,musculorum ,hominis4 ,e contra in ,avibus1 ,pectorales ,musculi vastissimi sunt1 aquant1 im excedunt1 mags pendent1 qum reliqui omnes ,musculi ejusdem ,avis simul sumpti4 ,borell4 de ,mot4 ,animal4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,prop4 #ahd4 ,mr4 ,willughby having made the like ,observation1 hath this ,reflection on it1 whence1 if it be possible for ,man to fly1 it is thought by them who have curiously weighed and considered the matter1 that he would attempt such a ,thing with ,hopes of ,success1 must so contrive and adapt his ,wings1 that he may make use of his ,legs1 and not his ,arms in managing them3 7because the ,muscles of the ,legs are stronger1 as he observes47 ,willugh4 ,ornith4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #ai4 g ,mr4 ,willughby1 ,ray1 and many others1 imagine the principal use of the ,tail to be to steer1 and turn the ,body in the ,air1 as a ,rudder4 ,but ,borelli hath put it beyond all doubt1 that this is the least use of it1 and that it is chiefly to assist the ,bird in its ,ascents and ,descents in the ,air1 and to obviate the ,vacillations of the ,body and ,wings4 ,for as for turning to this or that ,side1 it is performed by the ,wings and ,inclination of the ,body1 and but very little by the help of the ,tail4 h ,see ,borelli ubi supr4 ,prop4 #ahb1 c4 i ,it is considerable in all ,water-,fowl1 how exactly their ,legs and ,feet correspond to that way of ,life4 ,for either their ,legs are long1 to enable them to wade in the ,waters3 ,in which case1 their ,legs are bare of ,feathers a good way above the ,knees1 the more conveniently for this ,purpose4 ,their ,toes also are all abroad2 and in such as bear the ,name of ,mudsuckers1 two of the ,toes are somewhat joined1 that they may not easily sink in walking upon boggy ,places4 ,and as for such as are whole-footed1 or whose ,toes are webbed together 7excepting some few7 their ,legs are generally short1 which is the most convenient ,size for ,swimming4 ,and 'tis pretty enough to see how artificially they gather up their ,toes and ,feet when they withdraw their ,legs1 or go to take their ,stroke2 and as artificially again extend or open their whole ,foot1 when they press upon1 or drive themselves forward in the ,waters4 k ,some of the ,characteristicks of ,rapacious ,birds1 are1 to have hooked1 strong1 and sharp-pointed ,beaks and ,talons1 fitted for ,rapine1 and tearing of ,flesh2 and strong and brawny ,thighs1 for striking down their ,prey4 ,willughby ,ornith4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #a4 ,raii ,synops4 ,av4 ,method4 p4 #a4 l ,such ,birds as climb1 particularly those of the ,wood-pecker ,kind1 have for this ,purpose 7as ,mr4 ,willughby observes1 ,l4 #b4 c4 #d47 #a4 ,strong and musculous ,thighs4 #b4 ,short ,legs and very strong4 #c4 ,toes standing two forwards and two backwards4 ,their ,toes also are close joined together1 that they may more strongly and firmly lay hold on the ,tree they climb upon4 #d4 ,all of them----have a hard stiff ,tail bending also downwards1 on which they lean1 and so bear up themselves in climbing4 m ,swifts and ,swallows have remarkably short ,legs1 especially the former1 and their ,toes grasp any ,thing very strongly4 ,all which is useful to them in building their ,nests1 and other such ,occasions as necessitate them to hang frequently by their ,heels4 ,but there is far greater use of this ,structure of their ,legs and ,feet1 if the ,reports be true of their hanging by the ,heels in great ,clusters 7after the manner of ,bees7 in ,mines and ,grotto's1 and on the ,rocks by the ,sea1 all the ,winter4 ,of which latter1 ,i remember the late learned ,dr4 ,fry told this ,story at the ,university1 and confirmed it to me since1 viz4 ,that an ancient ,fisherman1 accounted an honest ,man1 being near some ,rocks on the ,coast of ,cornwal1 saw at a very low ,ebb1 a black ,list of something adhering to the ,rock1 which when he came to examine1 he found it was a great ,number of ,swallows1 and1 if ,i misremember not1 of ,swifts also1 hanging by the ,feet to one ,another1 as ,bees do2 which were covered commonly by the ,sea-,waters1 but revived in his warm ,hand1 and by the ,fire4 ,all this the ,fisherman himself assured the ,doctor of4 ,of this1 see more1 ,chap4 #c4 ,note 7d7 of this ,book4 n ,in ,birds that frequent not the ,waters1 the ,wings are in the ,center of ,gravity1 when the ,bird lies along1 as in ,flying2 but when it stands or walks1 the ,erection of the ,body throws the ,center of ,gravity upon the ,thighs and ,feet4 o ,see ,chap4 #d4 ,note 7k74 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,head1 ,,stomach1 and other ,parts of ,birds4 ,thus having dispatched the ,parts principally concerned in the ,motion of the ,feather'd ,tribe1 let us proceed to some other ,parts not yet animadverted upon4 ,and we will begin with the ,head1 concerning which ,i have already taken notice of its ,shape for making way through the ,air2 of the make of the ,bill1 for gathering ,food1 and other ,uses2 the commodious ,situation of the ,eye2 and ,i might add that of the ,ear too1 which would be in the way1 and obstruct ,flight1 if 'twas like that of most other ,animals3 ,also ,i might say a great deal of the ,conformation of the ,brain1 and of the ,parts therein wanting1 and of others added1 like to what is observable in ,fishes2 whose ,posture in the ,waters resembles that of ,birds in the ,aira1 and both very different from ,man and ,beasts2 and lastly1 to hint at no more1 ,i might survey the peculiar ,structure of the ,larynxb1 the ,tonguec1 the inner ,eard1 and many ,matters besides2 but for a ,sample1 ,i shall only insist upon the wonderful ,provision in the ,bill for the judging of the ,food1 and that is by peculiar ,nerves lodged therein for that ,purpose2 small and less numerous in such as have the ,assistance of another ,sense1 the ,eye2 but large1 more numerous1 and thickly branched about1 to the very ,end of the ,beak1 in such as hunt for their ,food out of ,sight in the ,waters1 in ,mud1 or under ,grounde4 ,and now from the ,head and ,mouth1 pass we to its near ,ally1 the ,stomach1 another no less notable than useful ,part2 whether we consider the ,elegancy of its ,fibres and ,muscles1 or its ,multiplicity2 one to soften and macerate1 another to digest2 or its ,variety1 suited to various ,foods1 some membraneous1 agreeable to the frugivorous1 or carnivorous ,kind2 same musculous and strongf1 suited to the ,comminution1 and grinding of ,corn and ,grain1 and so to supply the ,defect of ,teeth4 ,and now to this ,specimen of the ,parts1 ,i might add many other ,things1 no less curiously contriv'd1 made and suited to the ,occasions of these ,volatiles2 as particularly the ,stratum and ,lodgment of the ,lungsg2 the ,configuration of the ,breast1 and its ,bone1 made like a ,keel1 for commodious ,passage through the ,air1 to bear the large and strong ,muscles1 which move the ,wings1 and to counterpoise the ,body1 and support and rest it upon at roost4 ,the ,neck also might deserve our ,notice1 always either exactly proportion'd to the ,length of the ,legs1 or else longer1 to hunt out ,food1 to search in the ,watersh2 as also to counterpoise the ,body in ,flighti4 ,and lastly1 ,i might here take ,notice of the ,defect of the ,diaphragm1 so necessary in other ,animals to ,respiration2 and also of divers other ,parts redundant1 defective1 or varying from other ,animals4 ,but it would be tedious to insist upon all2 and therefore to the ,examples already given1 ,i would rather recommend a nice ,inspectionk1 of those curious ,works of ,god1 which would be manifest ,demonstrations of the admirable ,contrivance and ,oeconomy of the ,bodies of those ,creatures4 ,from the ,fabrick therefore of their ,bodies1 ,i shall pass to a ,glance of one or two ,things1 relating to their ,state2 and so conclude this ,genus of the animal ,world4 ,,footnotes3 a ,cerebra ,hominum ,quadrupedum in plerisque similia existunt----,capitibus ,volucrum ,piscium contenta1 ab utrisque prioribus long diversa1 tamen inter se1 quoad prcipuas partes1 ,symbola reperiuntur4 ,the ,particulars wherein the ,brains of ,birds and ,fishes agree with one another1 and wherein they differ from the ,brain of ,man and ,beasts1 see in the same justly famous ,author1 ,willis ,cereb4 ,anat4 c4 #e4 b ,circa bifurcationem ,asper ,arteri1 elegans ,artificis liber agentis indicium detegitur ex ,avium comparatione cum ,quadrupedibus3 cm ,vocis gratia in diversis ,avibus diversam musculorum fabricam bifurcationi ,asper ,arteri dederit1 quorum nullum vestigium extat in ,homine ,quadrupedibus mihi visis1 ubi omnes vocis musculos capiti ,arteri junxit4 ,in ,aquil1 c4 supra bifurcationem1 c4 ,steno in ,blas4 ,anat4 ,animal4 ,p4 #b4 c4 #d4 ,the ,aspera ,arteria is very remarkable in the ,swan1 which is thus described by ,t4 ,bartholin1 viz4 ,aspera ,arteria admirand sats structur4 ,nam pro ,colli longitudine deorsum ,oesophagi comes protenditur donec ad sternum perveniat1 in cujus capsulam se incurvo flexu insinuat recondit1 velut in tuto loco thec1 moxque ad fundum ejusdem cavitatis delata sursum reflectitur1 egrediturque angustias ,sterni1 ,claviculis mediis concensis1 quibus ut fulcro nititur1 ad ,thoracem se flectit----,miranda hercle modis omnibus constitutio ,respriationi inservit ,voci4 ,nam cm in stagnorum fundo edulia pro victu qurat1 longissimo indiguis collo1 ne longa mora suffocationis incurreret periculum4 ,et cert dum dimidiam fere horam toto ,capite ,collo pronis vado immergitur1 pedibus in altum elatis cloque obversis1 ex e ,arteri qu pectoris dict vagin reclusa est portione1 tanquam ex condo promo spiritum haurit4 ,blas4 ib4 c4 #aj4 c ,the ,structure of the ,tongue of the ,wood-,pecker is very singular and remarkable1 whether we look at its great ,length1 its ,bones and ,muscles1 its encompassing part of the ,neck and ,head1 the better to exert it self in ,length2 and again1 to retract it into its ,cell2 and lastly1 whether we look at its sharp1 horny1 bearded ,point1 and the glewy ,matter at the end of it1 the better to stab1 to stick unto1 and draw out little ,maggots out of ,wood4 ,utilis enim ,picis 7saith ,coiter7 ad ,vermiculos1 ,formicas1 aliaque ,insect venanda talis ,lingua foret4 ,siquidem ,picus1 innata su sagacitate cm deprehendit alibi in arboribus1 vel carie1 vel ali de caus cavatis1 ,vermes insectaque delitescere1 ad illas volitat1 seseque digitis1 ungulisque posterioribus robustissimis1 ,caud pennis rigidissimis sustentat1 donec valido ac peracuto ,rostro arborent pertundat2 arbore pertus1 foramini rostrum immittit1 ac quo animacula stridore excitet percellatque1 magnam in arboris cavo emittit vocem1 insecta vociferatione hc concitata huc illucque repunt2 ,picus v4 linguam suam exerit1 atque aculeis1 hamisque animalia infigit1 infixa attrahit devorat4 ,vid4 ,blasii ubi supra4 ,p4 #b4 c4 #bd4 d ,i have before1 in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #c4 ,note 7u71 taken notice of what others have observed concerning the inner ,ear of ,birds1 reserving my own ,observations for this ,place3 ,which ,i hope may be acceptable1 not only for being some of them new1 but also shewing the ,mechanism of ,hearing in general4 ,in this ,organ of ,birds1 ,i shall take notice only of three ,parts1 the ,membranes and ,cartilages2 the ,columella2 and the ,conclave3 ,the ,drum1 as some call it1 or ,membrana ,tympani1 as others1 consists of two ,membranes1 the ,outer1 which covers the whole ,meatus1 ,bason or ,drum1 7as some call it7 and the inner ,membrane4 ,to support1 distend and relax the outermost1 there is one single ,cartilage1 reaching from the ,side of the ,meatus1 to near the middle of the ,membrane4 ,on the top of the ,columella is another ,cartilage1 consisting of three ,branches1 a4b4c4 in ,fig4 #bc4 ,the longest middle ,branch a4 is joined to the top of the single upper ,cartilage before spoken of1 and assists it to bear up the upper outer ,membrane3 ,the two ,branches1 b4c4 are joined to the ,os ,petrosum1 at some distance from the outer ,membrane3 ,upon this inner ,cartilage1 is the inner ,membrane fixed1 the two outer ,sides of which1 a4b4 and a4c4 are joined to the outer ,membrane1 and make a kind of three-square ,bag4 ,the ,design of the two ,branches or ,legs of the ,cartilage1 b4c4 are ,i conceive to keep the ,cartilage and ,columella from wavering side-ways1 and to hinder them from flying too much back3 ,there is a very fine slender ,ligament extended from the opposite side1 quite cross the ,meatus or ,bason1 to the ,bottom of the ,cartilage1 near its joining to the ,columella4 ,thus much for the ,membran ,tympani1 and their ,cartilages4 ,the next ,part is the ,columella 7as ,schelhammer calls it47 ,this is a very fine1 thin1 light1 bony ,tube2 the ,bottom of which spreads about1 and gives it the ,resemblance of a wooden ,pot-lid1 such as ,i have seen in ,country-,houses4 ,it exactly shuts into1 and covers a ,foramen of the ,conclave1 to which it is braced all round1 with a fine subtile ,membrane1 composed of the tender ,auditory ,nerve4 ,this ,bottom or ,base of the ,columella1 ,i call the ,operculum4 ,the last ,part1 which some call the ,labyrinth and ,cochlea1 consisting of ,branches more like the ,canalos ,semicirculares in ,man1 than the ,cochlea1 ,i call the ,conclave ,audits4 ,it is 7at in most other ,animals7 made of hard context ,bone4 ,in most of the ,birds ,i have opened1 there are circular ,canals1 some larger1 some lesser1 crossing one another at right ,angles1 which open into the ,conclave4 ,but in the ,goose it is otherwise1 there being cochleous ,canals1 but not like those of other ,birds4 ,in the ,conclave1 at the ,side opposite to the ,operculum1 the tender ,part of the ,auditory ,nerve enters1 and lineth all those inner retired ,parts1 viz4 the ,conclave and ,canals4 ,as to the ,passages1 ,column1 and other ,parts observable in the ,ear of ,birds1 ,i shall pass them by1 it being sufficient to my ,purpose1 to have described the ,parts principally concerned in the ,act of ,hearing4 ,and as the ,ear is in ,birds the most simple and incomplex of any ,animals ,ear2 so we may from it make an easy and rational ,judgment1 how ,hearing is performed1 viz4 ,sound being a ,tremor1 or ,undulation in the ,air1 caused by the ,collision of ,bodies1 doth as it moves along1 strike upon the ,drum1 or ,membrana ,tympani of the ,ear3 ,which ,motion1 whether strong or languid1 shrill or soft1 tuneful or not1 is at the same ,instant impressed upon the ,cartilages1 ,columella1 and ,operculum1 and so communicated to the ,auditory ,nerve in the ,conclave4 ,and now if we compare the ,organ and ,act of ,hearing1 with those of ,sight1 we shall find1 that the ,conclave is to ,hearing1 as the ,retina is to ,sight2 that sonorous ,bodies make their ,impressions thereby on the ,brain1 as visible ,objects do by the ,retina4 ,also1 that as there is an ,apparatus in the ,eye1 by the opening and shutting of the ,pupil1 to make it correspond to all the ,degrees of ,light1 so there is in the ,ear to make it conformable to all the ,degrees of ,sound1 a noble ,train of little ,bones and ,muscles in ,man1 c4 to strain and relax the ,membrane1 and at the same ,time to open and shut the ,basis of the ,stapes 7the same as what ,i call the ,operculum in ,birds37 ,but in ,birds1 there is a more simple1 but sufficient ,apparatus for this ,purpose1 tender ,cartilages1 instead of ,bones and ,joints1 to correspond to the various ,impressions of ,sounds1 and to open and shut the ,operculum4 ,besides which1 ,i suspect the ,ligament ,i mentioned1 is only the ,tendon of a ,muscle1 reaching to the inner ,membrana ,tympani1 and joined thereto 7as ,i find by a stricter ,scrutiny7 and not to the ,cartilage1 as ,i imagined4 ,by this ,muscle1 the inner ,membrane1 and by ,means of that the ,outer also can be distended or relaxed1 as it is in ,man1 by the ,malleus and its ,muscle1 c4 e ,flat-billed ,birds1 that grope for their ,meat1 have three ,pair of ,nerves1 that come into their ,bills1 whereby they have that ,accuracy to distinguish what is proper for ,food1 and what to be rejected by their ,taste1 when they do not see it4 ,this was most evident in a ,duck's ,bill and ,head2 a ,duck having larger ,nerves that come into their ,bills than ,geese1 or any other ,bird that ,i have seen2 and therefore quaffer and grope out their ,meat the most4 ,but then ,i discovered none of these ,nerves in round-bill'd ,birds4 ,but since1 in my ,anatomies in the ,country1 in a ,rook1 ,i first observed two ,nerves that came down betwixt the ,eyes into the upper ,bill1 but considerably smaller than any of the three ,pair of ,nerves1 in the ,bills of ,ducks1 but larger than the ,nerves in any other round-bill'd ,birds4 ,and 'tis remarkable that these ,birds1 more than any other round-bill'd ,birds1 seem to grope for their ,meat in ,cow-dung1 c4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,clayton1 in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #bjf4 ,i observ'd three ,pair of ,nerves in all the broad-bill'd ,birds that ,i could meet with1 and in all such at feel for their ,food out of ,sight1 as ,snipes1 ,woodcocks1 ,curlews1 ,geese1 ,ducks1 ,teals1 ,widgeons1 c4 ,these ,nerves are very large1 equalling almost the ,optic ,nerve in ,thickness4----,two are distributed nigh the ,end of the upper ,bill1 and are there very much expanded1 passing through the ,bone into the ,membrane1 lining the ,roof of the ,mouth4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,moulen4 ,ibid4 ,n4 #aii4 ,or both in ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,v4 #b4 p4 #hfa1 #hfb4 f ,the ,gizzard is not only made very strong1 especially in the ,granivorous2 but hath also a ,faculty of ,grinding what is therein4 ,for which ,purpose1 the ,bird swalloweth rough ,stones down1 which1 when grown smooth1 are rejected and cast out of the ,stomach1 as useless4 ,this ,grinding may be heard in ,falcons1 ,eagles1 c4 by laying the ,ear close to them1 when their ,stomachs are empty1 as the famous ,dr4 ,harvey saith4 ,de ,generat4 ,exer4 #g4 ,as to the ,strength of the ,gizzard1 and the ,use of ,stones to the ,digestion of ,fowls1 divers curious ,experiments may be met with1 try'd by ,seigneur ,redi1 with glass ,bubbles1 solid ,glass1 ,diamonds1 and other hard ,bodies4 ,see his ,exp4 ,nat4 g ,it is no less remarkable in ,birds1 that their ,lungs adhere to the ,thorax1 and have but little play1 than that to other ,animals they are loose1 and play much1 which is a good ,provision for their steady ,flight4 ,also they want the ,diaphragm1 and instead thereof1 have divers large ,bladders made of thin transparent ,membranes1 with pretty large ,holes out of one into the other4 ,these ,membranes seem to me to serve for ,ligaments1 or ,braces to the ,viscera1 as well as to contain ,air4 ,towards the upper ,part1 each ,lobe of the ,lungs is perforated in two ,places1 with large ,perforations2 whereof one is towards the outer1 the other towards the inner ,part of the ,lobe4 ,through these ,perforations1 the ,air hath a ,passage into the ,belly1 7as in ,book ,i4 ,chap4 #a4 ,note 7b727 that is1 into the foremention'd ,bladders2 so that by blowing into the aspera ,arteria1 the ,lungs will be a little rais'd1 and the whole ,belly blown up1 so as to be very turgid4 ,which doubtless is a ,means to make their ,bodies more or less buoyant1 according as they take in more or less ,air1 to facilitate thereby1 their ,ascents1 and ,descents3 ,like as it is in the ,air-bladders of ,fishes1 in the last cited ,place4 ,note 7i74 h ,such ,birds as have long ,legs1 have also a long ,neck2 for that otherwise they could not commodiously gather up their ,food1 either on ,land1 or in the ,water4 ,but on the other ,side1 those which have long ,necks1 have not always long ,legs1 as in ,swans----whose ,necks serve them to reach to the ,bottom of ,rivers1 c4 ,willughby's ,ornithol4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #g4 i ,we have sufficient ,instances of this in ,geese1 ,ducks1 c4 whose ,wings1 7their ,bodies being made for the ,convenience of ,swimming17 are plac'd out of the ,center of ,gravity1 nearer the ,head4 ,but the extending the ,neck and ,heads in ,flight1 causeth a due quipoise and ,libration of the ,body upon the ,wing4 ,which is another excellent ,use of the long ,necks of these ,birds1 besides that of reaching and searching in the ,waters for their ,food4 ,but in the ,heron1 whose ,head and long ,neck1 7although tuck'd up in ,flight17 over-balance the hinder ,part of the ,body2 the long ,legs are extended in ,flight1 to counterpoise the ,body1 as well as to supply what is wanting in the ,tail1 from the ,shortness of it4 k ,steno thus ,concludes his ,myology of the ,eagle1 ,imperfecta hc ,musculorum descriptio1 non mins arida est ,legentibus1 qum ,inspectantibus fuerit jucunda eorundem prparatio4 ,elegantissima enim ,mechanices artificia1 creberrim in illis obvia1 verbis non nisi obscure exprimuntur1 carnium autem ductu1 tendinum colore1 insertionum proportione1 trochlearam distributione oculis exposita omnem superant admirationem4 ,steno in ,blas4 ,anat4 ,animal4 ,p4 #b4 c4 #d4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,migration of ,birds4 ,concerning the ,state of this ,tribe of ,animals1 the first ,thing ,i shall speak of1 7by ,reason ,god himself instanceth in it17 shall be their ,migration1 mention'd1 ,jer4 viii4 #g4 ,yea1 the ,stork in the ,heaven knoweth her appointed ,times1 and the ,turtle1 and the ,crane1 and the ,swallow observe the ,time of their ,coming2 but my ,people1 c4 ,in which ,act of ,migration1 there are two ,things to me1 exceedingly notable4 ,one is what the ,text speaks of1 their knowing their proper ,times for their ,passage1 when to comea1 when to go2 as also that some should come when others go2 and some others go when these come4 ,there is no doubt but the ,temperature of the ,air1 as to ,heat and ,cold1 and their natural ,propensity to breed their ,young2 may be great ,incentives to those ,creatures to change their ,habitation3 ,but yet it is a very odd ,instinct1 that they should at all shift their ,habitation3 ,that some certain ,place is not to be found in all the terraqueous ,globe1 affording them convenient ,food and ,habitation all the ,year1 either in the colder ,climes1 for such as ,delight in the colder ,regions1 or the hotter1 for such ,birds of ,passage as fly to us in ,summer4 ,also it is somewhat strange1 that those untaught1 unthinking ,creatures1 should so exactly know the best and only proper ,seasons to go and come4 ,this gives us good ,reason to interpret the appointed timesb1 in the ,text1 to be such ,times as the ,creator hath appointed those ,animals1 and hath accordingly1 for this ,end1 imprinted upon their ,natures such an ,instinct1 as exciteth and moveth them thus1 at proper ,times1 to fly from a ,place that would obstruct their ,generation1 or not afford convenient ,food for them1 and their ,young1 and betake themselves to another ,place1 affording all that is wanting for ,food or ,incubation4 ,and this leads me to another ,thing remarkable in this ,act of ,migration2 and that is1 ,that those unthinking ,creatures should know what ,way to steer their ,coursec and whither to go4 ,what but the great ,creator's ,instinct should ever move a poor foolish ,bird1 to venture over vast ,tracts of ,land1 but especially over large ,seas8 ,if it should be said1 ,that by their high ,ascents up into the ,air1 they can see cross the ,seas2 yet what should teach or persuade them1 that that ,land is more proper for their ,purpose1 than this8 ,that ,britain1 7for ,instance17 should afford them better ,accommodations than gyptd1 than the ,canaries1 than ,spain1 or any of those many intermediate ,places over which some of them probably fly4 ,and lastly1 to all this1 let us briefly add the ,accommodations these ,birds of ,passage have1 to enable them to take such long ,flights1 viz4 the ,length of their ,wings1 or their more than ordinary ,strengthe for ,flight4 ,,footnotes3 a ,curiosa res est1 scire1 qum exacte hoc genus avium1 ,gruum quontannis observet tempora sui redits ad nos4 ,anno #affg4 prim ,grues comparuerunt in campestribus ,pis #bj ,feb4 c4 ,f4 ,redi ,exp4 ,nat4 p4 #ajj4 ubi plura4 b ,from indixit1 constituit1 scil locum1 vel tempus1 ubi vel quando aliquid fieri debet4 ,buxt4 in verb4 ,de voluntate su certiorem reddidit4 ,con4 ,kircher concordant4 ,pars4 #a4 ,col4 #ahdf4 ,generaliter pro re aligu cert1 artestat1 definit accipitur4 #a4 ,pro tempore certo constituto4 #b4 ,deinde pro sesto seu ,solennitate1 qu certo stato tempore celebratur4 #c4 ,pro loco certo constituto4 ,id4 ibid4 ,col4 #ahdg4 c ,quis non cum admiratione videat ordinem politiam peregrinantium ,avium1 in itinere1 turmatim volantium1 per longos terrarum maris tractus absque ,acu marin8----,quis eas certum iter in aris mutabili regione docuit8 ,quis prterit signa1 futur vi indicia2 quis eas ducit1 nutrit1 vit necessaria ministrat8 ,quis insulas hospitia1 illa1 in quibus victum reperiant1 indicavat2 modumque ejusmodi loca in peregrinationibus suis inveniendi8 ,hc san superant hominum captum industriam1 qui non nisi longis experientiis1 multis itinerariis1 chartis geographicis1---- acs magnetic beneficio1----ejusmodi marium terrarum tractus conficere tentant audent4 ,lud4 de ,beaufort4 ,cosmop4 divina ,sect4 #e4 c4 #a4 d ,i instance particularly in gypt1 because ,mr4 ,willughby thinks ,swallows fly thither1 and into thiopia1 c4 and that they do nor lurk in ,holes1 or under ,water1 as ,olaus ,magnus ,reports4 ,vid4 ,ornith4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #c4 ,but ,etmuller puts the ,matter out of doubt2 who saith1 ,memini me plures1 qum quas ,medimnus caperit1 ,hirundines arcte coacervatas intra ,piscin cannas1 sub glacie prorsus ad sensum exanimes pulsantes tamen1 reperiisse4 ,etmuller ,dissert4 #b4 c4 #aj4 4 #e4 ,this as it is like what ,ol4 ,magnus saith1 so is a ,confirmation of it4 ,the ,archbishop's ,account is1 ,in ,septentrionalibus aquis spius casu ,piscatoris extrahuntur ,hirundines1 in modum conglemerat mass1 qu ore ad os1 al ad alam1 pede ad pedem post principium autumni sese inter cannas descensur colligrunt4----,massa autem illa per imperitos adolescentes----extracta1 atque in stuaria portata1 caloris accessu ,hirundines resolut1 volare quidem incipiunt1 sed exiguo tempore durant4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 ,l4 #ai4 c4 #bj4 ,since my penning this ,note1 we had1 at a ,meeting of the ,royal-,society1 ,feb4 #ab4 #agab-ac4 a farther ,confirmation of ,swallows retiring under ,water in ,winter1 from ,dr4 ,golas1 a ,person very curious in these ,matters2 who speaking of their ,way of ,fishing in the northern ,parts1 by breaking ,holes1 and drawing their ,nets under the ,ice1 saith1 that he saw sixteen ,swallows so drawn out of the ,lake of ,samrodt1 and about ,thirty out of the ,king's great ,pond in ,rosineilen2 and that at ,schlebitten1 near an ,house of the ,earl of ,dohna1 he saw two ,swallows just come out of the ,waters1 that could scarce stand1 being very wet and weak1 with their ,wings hanging on the ,ground3 ,and that he hath observ'd the ,swallows to be often weak for some ,days after their ,appearance4 e ,as ,swallows are well accommodated for long ,flights1 by their long ,wings1 so are ,quails by the ,strength of their pectoral ,muscles1 by the ,breadth of their ,wings1 c4 ,for ,quails have but short ,wings for the ,weight of their ,body2 and yet they fly from us into warmer ,parts1 against ,winter1 and to us in ,spring1 crossing our ,seas4 ,so divers ,travellers tell us they cross the ,mediterranean twice a ,year1 flying from ,europe to ,africa1 and back again3 ,thus ,bellonius in ,mr4 ,willughby1 saith1 ,when we sail'd from ,rhodes to ,alexandria of gypt1 many ,quails flying from the ,north towards the ,south1 were taken in our ,ship2 whence ,i am verily persuaded1 that they shift ,places3 ,for formerly also1 when ,i sail'd out of the ,isle of ,zant to ,morea1 or ,negropont1 in the ,spring ,time1 ,i had observ'd ,quails flying the contrary ,way1 from ,south to ,north1 that they might abide there all ,summer4 ,at which ,time also1 there were a great many taken in our ,ship4 ,ornith4 p4 #agj4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,incubation of ,birds4 ,another ,thing relating to the ,state of this ,tribe of ,animals1 is their ,incubation4 ,and first1 the ,egg it self deserves our ,notice4 ,its ,parts within1 and its crusty ,coat without1 are admirably well fitted for the ,business of ,incubation4 ,that there should be one ,part provided for the ,formation of the ,bodya1 before its ,exit into the ,world1 and another for its ,nourishment1 after it is come into the ,world1 till the ,bird is able to shift for1 and help it self2 and that these ,parts should be so accurately brac'd1 and kept in due ,placeb1 is certainly a design'd1 as well as curious ,piece of ,workmanship4 ,and then as to the ,act it self1 of ,incubation1 ,what a prodigious ,instinct is it in all1 or almost all the several ,species of ,birds1 that they1 and only they1 of all ,creatures1 should betake themselves to this very ,way of ,generation8 ,how should they be aware that their ,eggs contain their ,young1 and that their ,production is in their ,powerc8 ,what should move them to betake themselves to their ,nests1 and there with ,delight and ,patience to abide the due ,number of ,days8 ,and when their ,young are gotten into the ,world1 ,i have already shewn how admirable their ,art1 their ,care1 and is in bringing them up until1 and only until1 they are able to shift for themselves4 ,and lastly1 when almost the whole ,tribe of ,birds1 do thus by ,incubation1 produce their ,young1 it is a wonderful ,deviation1 that some few ,families only1 should do it in a more novercal ,wayd1 without any ,care or ,trouble at all1 only by laying their ,eggs in the ,sand1 exposed to the ,heat and ,incubation of the ,sun4 ,of this the ,holy ,scripture it self gives us an ,instance in the ,ostrich3 ,of which we have an ,hint1 ,lam4 iv4 #c4 ,the ,daughter of my ,people is become cruel1 like the ,ostriches in the ,wilderness4 ,this is more plainly expressed in ,job xxxix4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,the ,ostrich leaveth her ,eggs in the ,earth1 and warmeth them in the ,dust1 and forgetteth that the ,foot may crush them1 or that the ,wild-,beast may break them4 ,she is hardened against her ,young ones1 as though they were not hers3 ,her ,labour is in vain1 without ,fear4 ,because ,god hath deprived her of ,wisdom1 neither hath he imparted unto her ,understanding4 ,in which ,words ,i shall take notice of three ,things1 #a4 ,of this anomalous ,way of ,generation4 ,it is not very strange1 that no other ,incubation but that of the ,sun1 should produce the ,young2 but 'tis very odd and wonderful that any one ,species should vary from all the rest of the ,tribe4 ,but above all1 #b4 ,the singular ,care of the ,creator1 in this ,case1 is very remarkable1 in supplying some other ,way the ,want of the ,parent-,animals ,care and e1 so that the ,young should notwithstanding be bred up in those large and barren ,desarts of ,arabia and ,africa1 and such like ,places where those ,birds dwell1 the most unlikely and unfitting 7in all human ,opinion7 to afford ,sustenance to young helpless ,creatures2 but the fittest therefore to give ,demonstrations of the ,wisdom1 ,care1 and especial ,providence of the infinite ,creator and ,conservator of the ,world4 #c4 ,the last ,thing ,i shall remark is1 ,that the ,instincts of ,irrational ,animals1 at least of this specified in the ,text1 is attributed to ,,god4 ,for the ,reason the ,text gives why the ,ostrich is hardened against her young ,ones1 as though they were not hers1 is1 ,because ,,god hath deprived her of ,wisdom1 and not imparted ,understanding to her2 i4e4 he hath denied her that ,wisdom1 he hath not imparted that ,understanding1 that 1 that natural ,instinct to provide for1 and nurse up her ,young1 that most other ,creatures of the same1 and other ,tribes are endowed with4 ,thus ,i have dispatched what ,i intend to insist upon concerning the ,state of this ,set of ,animals2 of which1 as also of their admirable ,instincts1 a great deal more might deserve our especial ,observation2 particularly the admirable ,curiosity1 ,art1 and ,variety of ,nidificationf1 used among the various ,species of ,birds2 the great ,sagacity1 and many ,artifices used by them in the ,investigation and ,capture of their ,preyg1 the due ,proportion of the more and less useful1 the ,scarcity of the ,voracious and ,pernicious1 and the ,plenty of the ,mansuete and ,usefulh4 ,also the ,variety of their ,motion and ,flight might deserve ,consideration1 the ,swiftness of such whose ,food is to be sought in far distant ,places1 and different ,seasonsi2 the slower ,motion and short ,flights of others more domestick2 and even the ,aukwardness of some others to ,flight1 whose ,food is near at hand1 and to be gotten without any great ,occasion of ,flightk4 ,these and divers other such like ,things as these1 ,i say1 ,i might have spoken more largely unto2 but ,i shall pass them by with only a bare ,mention1 having already taken notice of them in the ,company of other ,matters of the like ,nature1 and manifested them to be ,acts of excellent ,design1 ,wisdom1 and ,providence1 in the great ,creator4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the ,chicken is form'd out of1 and nourish'd by the ,white alone1 till it be grown great4 ,the ,yolk serves for the ,chicken's ,nourishment1 after it is well grown1 and partly also after it is hatch'd4 ,for a good ,part of the ,yolk remains after ,exclusion1 being receiv'd into the ,chicken's ,belly2 and being there reserv'd1 as in a ,store-house1 is by the ,appendicula1 or ,ductus intestinalis1 as by a ,funnel1 convey'd into the ,guts1 and serves instead of ,milk1 c4 ,willugh4 ,ornith4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #c4 ,ipsum animal ex albo liquore ,ovi corporatur4 ,cibus ejus in lutco est4 ,plin4 ,l4 #aj4 c4 #ec4 ,aristotle saith1 ,the long sharp ,eggs bring ,females2 the round ones1 with a larger ,compass at the sharper ,end1 ,males4 ,hist4 ,an4 ,l4 #f4 c4 #b4 ,after which1 he tells of a ,sott at ,syracuse1 that sate drinking so long1 till ,eggs were hatch'd2 as also of the ,custom of gypt1 of hatching ,eggs in ,dunghills4 b ,as the ,shell and ,skin keep the ,yolk and two ,whites together2 so each of the ,parts1 7the ,yolk and inner ,white at least17 are separated by ,membranes1 involving them4 ,at each ,end of the ,egg is a ,treddle1 so call'd1 because it was formerly thought to be the ,sperm of the ,cock4 ,but the ,use of these1 7saith ,dr4 ,harvey in ,willugh4 ,ornith4 c4 #c47 is to be as 'twere1 the ,poles of this ,microcosm1 and the ,connections of all the ,membranes twisted and knit together1 by which the ,liquors are not only conserv'd1 each in its ,place1 but do also retain their due ,position one to another4 ,this1 although in a great ,measure true1 yet doth not come up to what ,i have my self observ'd2 for ,i find1 that these ,chalaz1 or ,treddles1 serve not barely to keep the ,liquors in their ,place1 and ,position to one another2 but also to keep one and the same ,part of the ,yolk uppermost1 let the ,egg be turn'd nearly which way it will2 which is done by this ,mechanism3 ,the ,chalaz are specifically lighter than the ,whites1 in which they swim2 and being brac'd to the ,membrane of the ,yolk1 not exactly in the ,axis of the ,yolk1 but somewhat out of it2 causeth one ,side of the ,yolk to be heavier than the other2 so that the ,yolk being by the ,chalaz made buoyant1 and kept swimming in the ,midst of two ,whites1 is by its own heavy ,side kept with the same ,side always uppermost2 which uppermost ,side ,i have some ,reason to think1 is that on which the ,cicatricula lies2 that being commonly uppermost in the ,shell1 especially in some ,species of ,eggs more ,i think than others4 c ,all ,birds lay a certain ,number of ,eggs1 or nearly that ,number1 and then betake themselves to their ,incubation2 but if their ,eggs be withdrawn1 they will lay more4 ,of which1 see ,mr4 ,ray's ,wis4 of ,god1 p4 #acg4 d ,the ,tabon is a ,bird no bigger than a ,chicken1 but is said to lay an ,egg larger than a ,goose's ,egg1 and bigger than the ,bird it self4 ,these they lay a ,yard deep in the ,sand1 where they are hatch'd by the ,warmth of the ,sun2 after which they creep out1 and get to ,sea for ,provisions4 ,navarett's ,account of ,china in ,collect4 of ,voyages1 ,vol4 #a4 ,this ,account is in all ,probability borrow'd from ,nieremberg1 or ,hernandez1 7that copy'd from him17 who call this ,bird by the ,name of ,daie1 and its ,eggs ,tapun1 not the ,bird it self1 as ,navarette doth4 ,but my ,friend ,mr4 ,ray saith of it1 ,historia isthc proculdubio fabulosa falsa est4 ,quamvis enim ,aves nonnulla maxima ova pariunt1 ut v4g4 ,alk1 ,lomwi1 ,anates1 ,arctic1 c4 hujusmodi tamen unum duntaxat1 non plura ova ponunt antequam incubent3 nec ullam in rerum natur avem dari existimo cujus ova albumine careant4 ,cum ,albumen prcipua ovi pars sit1 quodque primum ftus alimentum subministrat4 ,raii ,synop4 ,av4 ,method4 p4 #aee4 e ,the ,eggs of the ,ostrich being buried in the ,sand1 are cherished only by the ,heat of the ,sun1 till the ,young be excluded4 ,for the ,writers of ,natural ,history do generally agree1 that the old ,birds1 after they have laid and covered their ,eggs in the ,sand1 forsake them1 and take no more ,care of them4 ,willugh4 ,ornith4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #h4 4 #a4 ,but there is another ,ostrich of ,america which ,acaret tells us of1 that takes more ,care of her ,young1 by carrying four of her ,eggs1 a little before she hatcheth1 to four ,parts of her ,nest1 there to breed ,worms for ,food for her ,young4 ,acaret's ,disc4 in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #hi4 f ,see ,book ,,iv4 ch4 #ac4 g ,see ,book ,,iv4 ch4 #aa4 and #ad4 h ,see ,book ,,iv4 ch4 #aj4 beginn4 i ,see ,book ,,iv4 ch4 #h4 k ,the ,colymbi1 or ,douckers1 having their ,food near at hand in the ,waters1 are remarkably made for ,diving therein4 ,their ,heads are small1 ,bills sharp-pointed1 ,wings small1 ,legs flat and broad1 and placed backward1 and nearer the ,tail than in ,other ,birds2 and lastly1 their ,feet2 some are whole-footed1 some cloven-footed1 but withal fin-toed4 ,vid4 ,willugh4 ,ornith4 ,l4 #c4 4 #e4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,,conclusion4 ,and now1 if we reflect upon the whole ,matter1 we shall here find another large ,tribe of the ,creation1 abundantly setting forth the ,wisdom and ,glory of their great ,creator4 ,we praise the ,ingenuity and ,invention of ,man1 for the ,contrivance of various pneumatick ,engines2 we think them witty1 even for their unsuccessful ,attempts to swim in1 and sail through that subtle ,element the ,air2 and the curious ,mechanism of that ,artist is had in ,remembrance1 and praised to this ,day1 who made a ,dove1 or an ,eaglea to fly but a short ,space4 ,and is not therefore all imaginable ,honour and ,praise due to that infinite ,artist1 that hath so admirably contrived and made1 all the noble ,variety of ,birds2 that hath with such incomparable ,curiosity and ,art1 formed their ,bodies from ,head to ,tail1 without and within1 that not so much as any ,muscle1 or ,bone1 no1 not even a ,featherb is unartificially made1 misplaced1 redundant1 or defective1 in all the several ,families of this large ,tribe8 ,but every ,thing is so incomparably performed1 so nicely fitted up for ,flight1 as to surpass even the ,imitation of the most ingenious ,artificer among mortal rational ,beings4 ,,footnotes3 a ,vid4 ,book ,v4 ch4 #a4 ,note 7aa74 b ,deus non solm ,angelum1 ,hominem1 sed nec exigui contemptibilis animantis viscera1 nec ,avis pennulam1 nec ,herb flosculum1 nec ,arboris folium sine suarum partium convenienti dereliquit4 ,augustin4 de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,l4 #e4 c4 #aa4 ,illustration ,,book ,,viii4 ,of ,,insects and ,,reptiles4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,insects in general4 ,having dispatch'd that ,part of the animal ,world1 which used to be accounted the more perfect1 those ,animals styled less perfect or imperfect1 will next deserve a ,place in our ,survey1 because when strictly enquired into1 we shall find them to be so far from deserving to be accounted mean and despicable ,parts of the ,creation1 owing their ,original and ,production to ,putrefactions1 c4 as some have thought1 that we shall find them1 ,i say1 noble1 and most admirable ,works of ,,god4 ,for1 as the famous ,natural ,historian1 ,plinya1 prefaceth his ,treatise of ,insects1 to prevent the ,reproach of condescending 7as might be thought7 to so mean a ,subject3 ,in great ,bodies1 saith he1 ,nature had a large and easy ,shop to work upon obsequious ,matter4 ,whereas1 saith he1 in these so small1 and as it were no ,bodies1 what ,footsteps of ,reason1 what ,power1 what great ,perfection is there8 ,of this having given an ,instance or two of the exquisite ,senses1 and curious ,make of some ,insectsb1 he then goes on1 ,we admire1 saith he1 turrigerous ,shoulders of ,elephants1 the lofty ,necks and ,crests of others2 but1 saith he1 the ,nature of ,things is never more compleat than in the least ,things4 ,for which ,reason he intreats his ,readers 7as ,i do mine7 that because they slighted many of the ,things themselves which he took notice of1 they would not therefore disdainfully condemn his ,accounts of them1 since1 saith he1 in the ,contemplation of ,nature1 nothing ought to seem superfluous4 ,thus that eminent ,naturalist hath made his own1 and my ,excuse too2 the ,force and ,verity whereof will farther appear1 by what ,i shall say of these ,animals which 7as despicable as they have been1 or perhaps may be thought7 we shall find as exquisitely contrived1 and curiously made for that ,place and ,station they bear in the ,world1 as any other ,part of the ,animal ,world4 ,for if we consider the innumerable ,variety of their ,species1 the prodigious ,numbers of ,individuals1 the ,shape and ,make of their little ,bodies1 and every ,part thereof1 their ,motion1 their ,instincts1 their regular ,generation and ,production2 and1 to name no more1 the incomparable ,beauty and ,lustre of the ,colours of many of them1 what more admirable and more manifest ,demonstration of the infinite ,creator1 than even this little contemned ,branch of the ,animal ,world8 ,but let us take a short ,view of ,particulars4 ,,footnotes3 a ,in magnis siquidem corporibus1 c4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #b4 b ,ubi tot sensus collocavit in ,culice8 ,et sunt alla dictu minora4 ,sed ubi ,visum in eo prtendit3 ,ubi ,gustatum applicavit8 ,ubi ,odoratum inferuit8 ,ubi ver truculentam illam portione maximam vocem ingeneravit8 ,qu subtilitate ,pennas adnexuit8 prlongavit ,pedum crura8 ,desposuit jejunam ,caveam1 ut ,alvum8 ,avidam ,sanguinis1 potissimum humani1 sitim1 accendit8 ,telum ver perfodiendo tergori1 quo spiculavit ingenio8 ,atque ut capaci1 cm cerni non possit exilitas1 ita reciproc geminavit arte1 ut fodiendo acuminatum pariter sorbendoque fistulosum esset4 ,quos ,teredini ad perforanda ,robora cum sono teste dentes affixit8 ,potissimumque ligno cibatum fecit3 ,sed turrigeros ,elephantorum miramur humeros1 ,taurorumque colla1 truces in sublime jactus1 ,tigrium rapinas1 ,leonum jubas1 cm rerum natura nusquam mags qum in minimis1 tota sit4 ,plin4 ibid4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,shape and ,structure of ,,insects4 ,let us begin with the ,shape and ,fabrick of their ,bodies4 ,which although it be somewhat different from that of ,birds1 being particularly1 for the most part1 not so sharp before1 to cut and make way through the ,air1 yet is better adapted to their manner of ,life4 ,for considering that there is little ,necessity of long ,flights1 and that the ,strength and ,activity of their ,wings doth much surpass the ,resistance their ,bodies meet with from the ,air1 there was no great ,occasion their ,bodies should be so sharpened before4 ,but the ,condition of their ,food1 and the ,manner of gathering it1 together with the great ,necessity of accurate ,vision by that admirable ,provision made for them by the reticulated ,cornea of their ,eyes2 these ,things1 ,i say1 as they required a larger ,room1 so were a good ,occasion for the ,largeness of the ,head1 and its ,amplitude before4 ,but for the rest of their ,body1 all is well made1 and nicely poised for their ,flight1 and every other of their ,occasions4 ,and as their ,shape2 so the ,fabrick and ,make of their ,bodies is no less accurate1 admirable1 and singular2 not built throughout with ,bones1 and cover'd with ,flesh and ,skin1 as in most other ,animals2 but cover'd with a curious ,mail of a middle ,naturea1 serving both as ,skin and ,bone too1 for the ,shape1 as well as ,strength and ,guard of the ,body1 and as it were on ,purpose to shew that the great ,contriver of ,nature is not bound up to one ,way only4 ,,footnotes3 a ,insecta non videntur ,nervos habere1 nec ,ossa1 nec ,spinas1 nec ,cartilaginem1 nec ,pinguia1 nec ,carnes1 ne crustam quidem fragilem1 ut qudam marina1 nec qu jure dicatur ,curis3 sed media cujusdam inter omnia hc natur corpus1 c4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #d4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,eyes and ,antenn of ,,insects4 ,to this last-mention'd ,guard1 we may add1 that farther ,guard provided in the ,eyes and ,antenn4 ,the ,structure of the ,eye1 is1 in all ,creatures1 an admirable ,piece of ,mechanism2 but that observable in the ,eyes of ,insects so peculiar1 that it must needs excite our ,admiration3 ,fenced with its own ,hardness1 yea1 even its own accurate ,vision1 is a good ,guard against external ,injuries2 and its ,cornea1 or outward ,coat1 all over beset with curious1 transparent1 lenticulara ,inlets1 enabling those ,creatures to see1 7no doubt17 very accurately every ,way1 without any ,interval of ,time or ,trouble to move the ,eye towards ,objects4 ,and as for the other ,part1 the ,antenn1 or ,feelers1 whatever their ,use may be in cleaning the ,eyes1 or other such like use2 they are1 in all ,probability1 a good ,guard to the ,eyes and ,head1 in their ,walk and ,flight1 enabling them1 by the ,sense of ,feeling1 to discover such ,annoyances1 which by their ,proximity may perhaps escape the ,reach of the ,eyes and ,sightb4 ,besides which1 they are a curious ,piece of ,workmanship1 and in many1 a very beautiful ,piece ofc ,garniture to the ,body4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the ,cornea of ,flies1 ,wasps1 c4 are so common an ,entertainment with the ,microscope1 that every body knows it is a curious ,piece of ,lattice-work4 ,in which this is remarkable1 that every ,foramen is of a lenticular ,nature2 so that we see ,objects through them topsey-turvey1 as through so many convex ,glasses3 ,yea1 they become a small ,telescope1 when there is a due focal ,distance between them and the ,lens of the ,microscope4 ,this lenticular ,power of the ,cornea1 supplies1 7as ,i imagine17 the ,place of the ,crystalline1 if not of the vitreous ,humour too1 there being neither of those ,humours that ,i could ever find1 7although for ,truth ,sake1 ,i confess ,i have not been so diligent as ,i might in this ,enquiry27 but instead of ,humours and ,tunicks1 ,i imagine that every ,lens of the ,cornea1 hath a distinct ,branch of the optick ,nerve ministring to it1 and rendring it as so many distinct ,eyes4 ,so that as most ,animals are binocular1 ,spiders for the most ,part octonocular1 and some1 7as ,mr4 ,willughby thought1 ,raii ,hist4 ,insect4 p4 #ab47 senocular2 so ,flies1 c4 are multocular1 having as many ,eyes as there are ,perforations in their ,cornea4 ,by which ,means1 as other ,creatures are oblig'd to turn their ,eyes to ,objects1 these have some or other of their ,eyes ready plac'd towards ,objects1 nearly all round them3 ,thus particularly it is in the ,dragon-,fly1 7,libella17 the greatest ,part of whose ,head is possess'd by its ,eyes3 ,which is of excellent ,use to that predatious ,insect1 for the ready seeing and darting at small ,flies all round it1 on which it preys4 b ,it is manifest1 that ,insects clean their ,eyes with their ,fore-legs1 as well as ,antenn4 ,and considering1 that as they walk along1 they are perpetually feeling1 and searching before them1 with their ,feelers1 or ,antenn2 therefore ,i am apt to think1 that besides wiping and cleaning the ,eyes1 the ,uses here nam'd may be admitted4 ,for as their ,eyes are immoveable1 so that no ,time is requir'd for the turning their ,eyes to ,objects2 so there is no ,necessity of the ,retina1 or optick ,nerve being brought nigher unto1 or set farther off from the ,cornea1 7which would require ,time17 as it is in other ,animals3 ,but their ,cornea and optick ,nerve1 being always at one and the same ,distance1 are fitted only to see distantial ,objects1 but not such as are very nigh3 ,which ,inconvenience the ,feelers obviate1 lest it should be prejudicial1 in occasioning the ,insect to run its ,head against any ,thing4 ,and that this1 rather than the wiping the ,eyes1 is the chief ,use of the ,feelers1 is farther manifest from the ,antenn of the ,flesh-,fly1 and many other ,insects1 which are short1 and strait1 and incapable of being bent unto1 or extended over the ,eyes3 ,as also from others enormously long1 such as those of the ,capricorni1 or ,goat-chasers1 the ,cadew-,fly1 and divers others1 both ,beetles and ,flies4 c ,the lamellated ,antenn of some1 the clavellated of others1 the neatly articulated of others1 the feather'd and divers other ,forms of others1 of the ,scarab1 ,papilionaceous ,gnat1 and other ,kinds2 are surprizingly beautiful1 when view'd through a ,microscope4 ,and in some1 those ,antenn distinguish the ,sexes3 ,as in the ,gnat-kind1 all those with ,tufts1 ,feathers1 and ,brush-horns1 are ,males2 those with short1 single shafted ,antenn1 are ,females4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,parts and ,motion of ,,insects4 ,from the ,head1 pass we to the ,members1 concern'd in their ,motion4 ,and here we have a copious ,subject1 if ,i was minded to expatiate4 ,i might take ,notice of the admirable ,mechanism in those that creep2 the curious ,oars in those amphibious ,insects that swim and walka2 the incomparable ,provision made in the ,feet of such as walk1 or hang upon smooth ,surfacesb2 the great ,strength and ,spring in the ,legs of such as leapc2 the strong and well-made ,feet and ,talons of such as digd3 ,and to name no more1 the admirable ,faculty of such as cannot fly1 to convey themselves with ,speed and ,safety1 by the ,help of their ,webse1 or some other ,artifice to make their ,bodies lighter than the ,airf3 ,these1 and a ,multitude of other such like ,things as these1 ,i might1 ,i say1 take ,notice of1 as great ,evidences of the infinite ,creator's ,wisdom3 ,but lest ,i should be too tedious1 ,i will confine my ,observations to the ,legs and ,wings only4 ,and these1 at first ,view1 we find to be incomparably fitted up for their intended ,service1 not to over-load the body1 not in the least to retard it2 but to give it the most proper and convenient ,motion4 ,what1 for ,example1 can be better contriv'd1 and made for this ,service1 than the ,wings8 ,distended and strengthen'd by the finest ,bones1 and these cover'd with the finest and lightest ,membranes1 some of them adorn'd with neat and beautiful ,feathersg2 and many of them provided with the finest ,articulations1 and ,foldings1 for the ,wings to be withdrawn1 and neatly laid up in their ,vagin1 and ,cases1 and again readily extended for ,flighth4 ,and then for the ,poising of the ,body1 and keeping it upright1 and steady in ,flight1 it is an admirable ,artifice and ,provision for this ,purpose2 in some1 by four ,wingsi2 and in such as have but two1 by ,pointels1 and ,poises plac'd under the ,wings1 on each ,side the ,body4 ,and lastly1 ,it is an amazing ,thing to reflect upon the surprizing ,minuteness1 ,art1 and ,curiosity of thek ,joynts1 the ,muscles1 the ,tendons1 the ,nerves1 necessary to perform all the ,motions of the ,legs1 the ,wings1 and every other ,part4 ,i have already mention'd this in the larger ,animals2 but to consider1 that all these ,things concur in minute ,animals1 even in the smallest ,mite2 yea1 the ,animalcules1 that1 7without good ,microscopes17 escape our ,sight2 to consider1 ,i say1 that those minutest ,animals have all the ,joynts1 ,bones1 ,muscles1 ,tendons and ,nerves1 necessary to that brisk and swift ,motion that many of them have1 is so stupendous a ,piece of curious ,artl1 as plainly manifesteth the ,power and ,wisdom of the infinite ,contriver of those inimitable ,fineries4 ,but having nam'd those minute ,animals1 ,why should ,i mention only any one ,part of their ,bodies1 when we have1 in that little ,compass1 a whole and compleat ,body1 as exquisitely form'd1 and1 7as far as our ,scrutiny can possibly reach17 as neatly adorn'd as the largest ,animal8 ,let us consider1 that there we have ,eyes1 a ,brain1 a ,mouth1 a ,stomach1 ,entrails1 and every other ,part of an animal ,body1 as well as ,legs and ,feet2 and that all those ,parts have each of them their necessary ,apparatus of ,nerves1 of various ,muscles1 and every other ,part that other ,insects have2 and that all is cover'd and guarded with a well-made ,tegument1 beset with ,bristles1 adorn'd with neat ,imbrications1 and many other ,fineries4 ,and lastly1 ,let us consider in how little ,compass all ,art and ,curiosity may lie1 even in a ,body many ,times less than a small ,grain of ,sandm2 so that the least ,drop of ,water can contain many of them1 and afford them also sufficient ,room to dance and frisk about inn4 ,having survey'd as many of the ,parts of ,insects as ,i care to take ,notice of2 ,i shall in the next ,place say somewhat of their ,state1 and ,circumstances of ,life4 ,and here ,i shall take ,notice only of two ,things1 which have been only hinted at before2 but will deserve more particular ,consideration here1 as being ,acts of a wonderful ,instinct2 namely1 ,their ,security of themselves against ,winter2 and their special ,care of preserving their ,species4 ,,footnotes3 a ,all the ,families of ,hydrocanthari1 ,notonecti1 c4 have their hindmost ,legs made very nicely1 with commodious ,joynts flat1 and ,bristles on each ,sides towards the ,end1 serving for ,oars to swim2 and then1 nearer the ,body1 are two stiff ,spikes1 to enable them to walk when ,occasion is4 b ,i might here name divers ,flies1 and other ,insects1 who1 besides their sharp hook'd ,nails1 have alto skinny ,palms to their ,feet1 to enable them to stick on ,glass1 and other smooth ,bodies1 by ,means of the ,pressure of the ,atmosphere4 ,but because the ,example will illustrate another ,work of ,nature1 as well as this1 ,i shall chuse a singular ,piece of ,mechanism1 in one of the largest ,sorts of ,hydrocanthari4 ,of these large ones there are two ,sorts1 one largest1 all black1 with ,antenn handsomely emboss'd at the ,ends4 ,the other somewhat lesser1 hardly so black1 with capillary ,antenn2 the ,forehead1 ,edges of the ,vagin1 and two ,rings on the ,thorax1 of a tawney ,colour4 ,the ,female hath ,vagin prettily furrow'd1 the ,male smooth4 ,but that which is most to our ,purpose in this ,male1 is a ,flap1 or hollowish ,cap near the middle ,joynt of the ,fore-legs2 which when clap'd on the ,shoulders of the ,female in ,coitu1 sticks firmly thereon3 ,after the ,manner as ,i have seen ,boys carry heavy ,stones1 with only a wet ,piece of ,leather clap'd on the ,top of the ,stone4 c ,thus1 ,grasshoppers and ,crickets have brawny strong ,thighs1 with long1 slender1 but strong ,legs1 which enable them to leap with great ,agility and ,strength4 d ,i have wonder'd to see with what great ,quickness1 ,art and ,strength1 many ,vesp-,ichneumons1 ,wild-,bees1 and ,beetles1 perforate the ,earth2 yea1 even ,wood it self3 ,but the most remarkable ,animal to this ,way1 is the ,mole-,cricket in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7s74 e ,i have with ,pleasure often seen ,spiders dart out their ,webs1 and sail away by the ,help thereof4 ,for the ,manner of which1 see ,mr4 ,lowth1 ,abridg4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #gid4 from ,dr4 ,lister and ,dr4 ,hulse1 who both claim'd the ,discovery thereof4 ,and do both seem to have hit thereupon1 without any ,foreknowledge of what each other hath discover'd1 as is said in the last cited ,place1 and as ,i more particularly find by ,mr4 ,ray's ,philos4 ,letters1 ,printed ,ann4 #agah4 p4 #ie1 c4 ,by which also ,i find the two ingenious ,doctors were very modest in their ,claims1 and very amicable in the ,matter4 ,in one of ,dr4 ,lister's to ,mr4 ,ray1 he thinks there is a fair ,hint of the ,darting of ,spiders in ,arist4 ,hist4 ,an4 ,l4 #i4 c4 #ci4 ,and in ,pliny1 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #bd4 ,but for their ,sailing1 that the ,ancients are silent of1 and he thinks it was seen first by him4 ,and in another ,letter1 ,jan4 #bj1 #afgj1 speaking of the ,height ,spiders are able to fly1 he saith1 ,the last ,october1 c4 ,i took ,notice1 that the ,air was very full of ,webs1 ,i forthwith mounted to the ,top of the highest ,steeple on the ,minster1 in ,york1 and could thence discern them yet exceeding high above me4 ,some that fell1 and were intangled upon the ,pinacles1 ,i took and found them to be ,lupi3 which ,kind seldom or never enter ,houses1 and cannot be suppos'd to have taken their ,flight from the ,steeple4 f ,there are1 7,i imagine17 divers ,animals1 as well as ,spiders1 that have some ,way of ,conveyance1 as little known to us1 as that of ,spiders formerly was4 ,thus the ,squillul1 pulices ,arborescentes1 and microscopical ,animalcules of the stagnating ,waters1 so numerous in them1 as to discolour sometimes the ,water1 and make them look as if they were tinged ,red1 ,yellow or ,green1 or cover'd with a thick green ,scum2 all which is nothing but ,animalcules of that ,colour4 ,that these ,creatures have some ,way of ,conveyance1 ,i conclude3 because most stagnating ,waters are stock'd with them2 new ,pits and ,ponds1 yea1 ,holes and ,gutters on the ,tops of ,houses and ,steeples4 ,that they are not bred there by quivocal ,generation1 every ingenious1 considering ,philosopher will grant2 that they have not ,legs for travelling so far1 is manifest from ,inspection3 ,and therefore ,i am apt to think1 that they have some ,faculty of inflating their ,bodies1 or darting out ,webs1 and making their ,bodies buoyant1 and lighter than ,air2 or their ,bodies1 when dry1 may be lighter than ,air1 and so they can swim from ,place to ,place2 or the ,eggs of such as are oviparous1 may be light enough to float in the ,air4 ,but then the ,viviparous1 7as my late ingenious ,friend1 ,mr4 ,charles ,king1 shew'd me the ,pulices aquat4 arbores4 are2 these ,i say17 can't be this ,way accounted for4 ,the ,cause of these latter ,suspicions was1 that in the ,summer ,months1 ,i have seen the ,pulices arbores4 and the green ,scum on the ,waters1 7nothing but ,animalcules1 as ,i said17 lie in a ,manner dry on the ,surface of the ,waters2 at which ,time1 7as ,i have shewn in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7n717 those ,animalcules copulate2 and perhaps1 they may at the same ,time change their ,quarters1 and seek out new ,habitations for their numerous ,offspring1 as well as themselves4 g ,it is well known to all ,persons any ,way conversant in microscopical ,observations1 that these elegant ,colours of ,moths1 and ,butterflies1 are owing to neat and well-made ,feathers1 set with great ,curiosity and ,exactness in ,rows1 and good ,order4 h ,all that have ,elytra1 ,scarabs 7who have whole ,elytra1 or reaching to the ,podex17 or the 1 such as ,earwigs1 and ,staphylini of all ,sorts1 do1 by a very curious ,mechanism1 extend and withdraw their membranaceous ,wings1 7wherewith they chiefly fly27 and it is very pretty to see them prepare themselves for ,flight1 by thrusting out1 and unfolding their ,wings2 and again withdraw those ,joynts1 and neatly fold in the ,membranes1 to be laid up safely in their ,elytra or ,cases4 ,for which ,service the ,bones are well plac'd1 and the ,joynts ministring thereunto are accurately contriv'd1 for the most compendious1 and commodious folding up the ,wings4 i ,for the keeping the ,body steady and upright in ,flight1 it generally holds true1 7if ,i mistake not17 that all bipennated ,insects have ,poises joyn'd to the ,body1 under the hinder ,part of their ,wings2 but such as have four ,wings1 or ,wings with ,elytra1 none4 ,if one of the ,poises1 or one of the lesser auxiliary ,wings be cut off1 the ,insect will fly as if one ,side overbalanc'd the other1 until it falleth on the ,ground2 so if both be cut of1 they will fly aukwardly1 and unsteadily1 manifesting the ,defect of some very necessary ,part4 ,these ,poises1 or ,pointells are1 for the most ,part1 little ,balls1 set at the ,top of a slender ,stalk1 which they can move every ,way at ,pleasure4 ,in some they stand alone1 in others1 7as in the whole ,flesh-,fly ,tribe17 they have little ,covers or ,shields1 under which they lie and move4 ,the ,use1 no doubt1 of these ,poises1 and secondary lesser ,wings1 is to poise the ,body1 and to obviate all the ,vacillations thereof in flight2 serving to the ,insect1 as the long ,pole1 laden at the ,ends with ,lead1 doth the ,ropedancer4 k ,as all the ,parts of ,animals are mov'd by the ,help of these2 so there is1 no doubt1 but the minutest ,animals have such like ,parts3 ,but the ,muscles and ,tendons of some of the larger ,insects1 and some of the lesser too1 may be seen with a ,microscope4 l ,the minute ,curiosities1 and inimitable ,fineries1 observable in those lesser ,animals1 in which our best ,microscopes discover no ,botch1 no rude ill-made ,work1 7contrary to what is in all artificial ,works of ,man17 ,do they not far more deserve our ,admiration1 than those celebrated ,pieces of humane ,art8 ,such as the ,cup made of a ,pepper-,corn1 by ,oswald ,nerlinger1 that held #abjj ivory ,cups1 all gilt on the ,edges1 and having each of them a ,foot1 and yet affording ,room for #djj more1 in the ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #a4 ,addend4 ad ,obs4 #ac4 ,such also was ,phaton in a ,ring1 which ,galen thus reflects upon1 when he speaks of the ,art and ,wisdom of the ,maker of ,animals1 particularly such as are small1 ,quanto1 saith he1 ipsum minus fuerit1 tanto majorem admirationem tibi excitabit2 quod declarant ,opifices cm in corporibus parvis aliquid insculpant3 cujus generis est qud nuper quidam in ,annulo ,phatonta quatuor equis invectum sculpsit4 ,omnes enim qui frnum1 os1 dentes anteriores habebant1 c4 ,and then having taken ,notice1 that the ,legs were no bigger than those of a ,gnat1 he shews that their ,make did not come up to those of the ,gnat2 as also1 saith he1 ,major adhuc alia qudam esse videtur artis ejus1 qui ,pulicem condidit1 ,vis atque ,sapientia1 quod1 c4 ,cm igitur ,ars tanta in tam abjectis animalibus appareat1----quantam ejus ,vim ac ,sapientiam in prstantioribus inesse putabimus8 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #ag4 c4 #a4 fin4 m ,it will in some ,measure appear1 how wonderfully minute some microscopical ,animalcules are1 by what follows in the next ,note4 ,but because more particular ,examples would be endless1 ,i shall refer to the ,observations of ,mr4 ,leuwenhoeck1 and others1 in the ,philos4 ,trans4 and elsewhere4 n ,it is almost impossible1 by ,reason of their perpetual ,motion1 and changing ,places1 to count the ,number of the ,animalcules1 in only a ,drop of the green ,scum upon ,water2 but ,i guess ,i have sometimes seen not fewer than #ajj frisking about in a ,drop no bigger than a ,pin's ,head4 ,but in such a ,drop of ,pepper-water1 a far greater ,number2 these being much less than those4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,sagacity of ,,insects to secure themselves against ,winter4 ,it is an extraordinary ,act of ,instinct and ,sagacity1 observable in the generality of the ,insect-,tribe1 that they all take ,care to secure themselves1 and provide against the ,necessities of ,winter4 ,that when the ,distresses of ,cold and ,wet force them1 they should retire to warm and dry ,places of ,safety1 is not strange2 but it is a prodigious ,act of the infinite ,conservator's ,care to enable some to live in a different ,kind of ,insect-,state2 others to live1 as without ,action1 so without ,food2 and others that act and eat1 to lay up in ,summer sufficient ,provisions against the approaching ,winter4 ,some1 ,i say1 live in a different ,state4 ,for having sufficiently fed1 nourished1 and bred up themselves to the ,perfection of their ,vermicular1 ,nympha-,state1 in the ,summer-,months1 they then retire to ,places of ,safety1 and there throw off their ,nympha1 and put on their ,aurelia or ,chrysalis-,state for all the ,winter1 in which there are no ,occasions for ,food4 ,this is the constant ,method of many ,families of the ,insect-,tribea4 ,but there are others1 and some of them in their most perfect ,state too1 that are able to subsist in a kind of ,torpitude or ,sleeping ,state1 without any ,food at all2 by ,reason as there is no ,action so no ,waste of ,body1 no ,expence of ,spirits1 and therefore no need of ,foodb4 ,but for others that move and act1 and need ,food1 it is a prodigious ,instinct and ,foresight the ,creator hath imprinted on them1 to lay up sufficient ,food in ,summer for the ,winter'sc ,necessities and ,occasions4 ,and it is very pretty to see with what unwearied ,diligence all ,hands are at work for that ,purpose1 all the warmer ,months4 ,of this the ,holy ,scripture it self gives us an ,instance in the ,ant1 calling that little ,animal exceeding wise1 ,prov4 xxx4 #bd4 ,and the ,reason is1 4 #be4 ,the ,ants are a ,people not strong1 yet they prepare their ,meat in the ,summer4 ,and therefore ,solomon sends the ,sluggard to this little contemptible ,creature1 to learn ,wisdom1 ,foresight1 ,care and ,diligence1 ,prov4 vi4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,go to the ,ant1 thou ,sluggard1 consider her ,ways1 and be wise3 which having no ,guide1 ,overseer1 or ,ruler1 provideth her ,meat in the ,summer1 and gathereth her ,food in the ,harvest4 ,to this ,scriptural ,example1 give me leave to anticipate1 and subjoin an ,observation of the farther great ,wisdom of this little ,creature2 and that is their unparallelled 1 their ,tenderness1 ,sagacity1 and ,diligence about their ,youngd4 ',tis very diverting1 as well as admirable to see1 with what ,affection and ,care they carry about their ,young in their ,mouths1 how they expose themselves to the greatest ,dangers1 rather than leave their ,young exposed or forsaken2 how they remove them from ,place to ,place in their little ,hills1 sometimes to this ,part1 sometimes to that1 for the ,benefit of convenient ,warmth1 and proper ,moisture2 and then again withdraw1 and guard them against ,rain and ,cold4 ,now that this great ,wisdom which the ,scriptures attribute unto1 and is discernible in this little ,animal1 is owing only to the ,instinct1 or ,infusions of the great ,conservator of the ,world1 is evident1 because either this ,wisdom1 ,thought1 and ,forecast1 is an ,act of the ,animal it self1 or of some other ,being that hath ,wisdom4 ,but the ,animal being irrational1 'tis impossible it can be its own ,act1 but must be derived1 or received from some wise ,being4 ,and who8 ,what can that be1 but the infinite ,lord1 ,conservator and ,governour of all the ,world8 ,,footnotes3 a ,it would be endless to enter into ,particulars here1 because all the ,papilionaceous1 ,flesh1 and ,ichneumon-,fly ,tribes1 and all others that undergo the ,nympha and ,aurelia-,state1 between that of the ,egg and ,mature-,state1 7which are very numerous7 appertain to this ,note4 ,for a ,sample therefore only1 ,i shall take what some may think a mean one1 but if considered1 deserves our ,admiration1 and that is the ,sagacity of the ,white ,butter-fly ,caterpiller1 which having fed it self its due ,time1 then retires to ,places of ,security4 ,i have seen great ,trains of them creeping up the ,walls and ,posts of the next ,houses1 where1 with the help of some ,cobweb-like ,filaments1 they hang themselves to the ,cielings1 and other commodious ,places1 and then become ,aureli2 in which ,state and ,places they hang secure from ,wet and ,cold1 till the ,spring and warmer ,months1 when they are transmuted into ,butter-,flies4 b ,i shall not name any of the particular ,species of ,insects which live in this ,state1 because they are very numerous1 but only remark two ,things observable in their ,sagacity in this ,matter3 #a4 ,that they are not driven by ,stress of ,weather to their ,retirement1 but seem as naturally to betake themselves thereto1 as other ,animals do to ,rest and ,sleep4 ,for before the ,approach of cold ,weather1 towards the ,end of ,summer1 we may see some ,kinds of them flocking together in great ,numbers within ,doors 7as ,swallows do a little before they leave us7 as if they were making ready for their ,winter's ,rest4 #b4 ,that every ,species betakes it self to a proper convenient ,receptacle2 some under the ,waters to the ,bottoms of ,ponds2 some under the ,earth1 below the ,frosts2 some under ,timber1 ,stone1 c4 lying on the ,ground2 some into hollow ,trees1 or under the ,bark1 or in the ,wood2 some into warm and dry ,places2 and some into dry alone4 c ,there are not many ,kinds that thus provide their ,food before-hand4 ,the most remarkable1 are the ,ant and the ,bee2 concerning the first of which1 ,origen hath this ,remark1 viz4 ,de solerti ,formicarum1 ventur hyemi matur prospiciontium1 sibique invicem sub onere sessis succurrentium2 qudque fruges arrosas condunt1 ne rursus enascantur1 sed per annum alimento sint1 non ratiocinationem ,formicarum in caus debemus credere1 sed almam matrem ,naturam bruta quoque sic ornantem1 ut etiam minimis addat sua qudam ingenia4 ,orig4 cont4 ,cels4 ,l4 #d4 ,but as for ,wasps1 ,hornets1 ,humble ,bees1 and other ,wild-,bees1 ,vesp ,ichneumons1 and divers others that carry in ,materials for ,nests and ,food2 this is only for the ,service of their ,generation1 for hatching their ,eggs1 and nourishing their ,young1 not for ,supplies in ,winter2 for they all forsake their ,nests towards ,winter1 and retire to other ,quarters1 living 7,i conceive7 without ,food all that ,time4 d ,hos vermiculos ,formicarum ,ova vulg vocatos incredibili cur ,formic educant1 summamque dant operam1 ne vel tantillum1 quod spectet eorum vermiculorum educationem atque nutritionem1 omittant2 quem in finem fere semper eosdem ore circumportant secum1 ne ulla eos ldet injuria4 ,in museo meo nonnullas istius generis formicas1 vitro terr repleto1 conclusas cum ,vermiculis istis adservabam2 ibi non sine jucunditate spectabam1 quo terra fieret in superficie siccior1 eo profundis ,formicas cum ftibus suis prorepere3 cm ver aquam adfunderem1 visu mirificum erat1 quanto affectu1 quanta solicitudine1 quanta omnem in eo collacarent operam1 ut ftus suos sicciore tuto loco reponerent4 ,spis vidi1 cm aliquot diebus aqu caruissent1 atque cm affuso tantillo aqu terram illam humectarem1 vestigio ,formicis ftus suos eo loci fuisse allatos1 quos ibi distinct conspiciebam moveri atque fugere humorem4 ,multoties fui conatus1 ut eos ,vermiculos ipse educarem1 at semper conatum fefellit eventus3 neque ipsas ,formicarum ,nymphas alimenti jam non indigas unquam sine ipsis ,formicis potui fotu artificiali excludere4 ,j4 ,swammerd4 ,epilog4 ad ,hist4 ,insect4 p4 #aec4 ,sir ,edward ,king1 who was very curious in examining the ,generation of ,ants1 observes their great ,care and ,diligence1 #a4 ,about their ,sperm1 or true ,eggs1 which is a fine white ,substance1 like ,sugar1 which they diligently gather together into a ,heap1 when scattered2 and on which they lie in ,multitudes4 7,i suppose1 by way of ,incubation47 #b4 ,i have observed1 saith he1 in ,summer1 that in the ,morning they bring up those of their ,young 7call'd ,ant-,eggs7 towards the ,top of the ,bank3 ,so that you may from #aj in the ,morning1 until #e or #f ,afternoon1 find them near the ,top----for the most ,part on the ,south-side the ,bank4 ,but towards #g or #h at ,night1 if it be cool1 or likely to rain1 you may dig a ,foot deep before you can find them4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bc4 or ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,v4 #b4 p4 #g4 and #i4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,care of ,,insects about their ,young4 ,the other notable ,instinct ,i am to treat of1 is the peculiar ,art and ,care of the ,insect-,tribe1 about the ,preservation of their ,species4 ,here ,i might speak of many ,things1 but ,i have occasionally mentioned divers of them before1 under some or other of the general ,heads1 and therefore shall fix only upon two ,things relating to their special ,art and ,care about the ,productiona of their ,young1 which have not been so particularly spoken to as they deserve4 ,one ,thing is their singular ,providence for their ,young1 in making or finding out such proper ,receptacles and ,places for their ,eggs and ,seed1 as that they may receive the ,advantage of a sufficient ,incubation1 and that the ,young1 when produced1 may have the ,benefit of proper and sufficient ,food for their ,nurture and ,education1 till they are able to shift for themselves4 ,it is admirable to see with what ,diligence and ,care the several ,species of ,insects lay up their ,eggs or ,sperm in their several proper ,places2 not all in the ,waters1 in ,wood1 or on ,vegetables2 but those whose ,subsistence is in the ,watersb1 in the ,water2 those to whom ,flesh is a proper ,food2 in ,fleshc2 those to whom the ,fruitsd or ,leaves of ,vegetables are ,food1 are accordingly reposited1 some in this ,fruit1 some on this ,treee1 some on that ,plantf1 some on another1 and another2 but constantly the same ,family on the same ,tree or ,plant1 the most agreeable to that ,family4 ,and as for others that require a constant and greater ,degree of ,warmth1 they are accordingly provided by the ,parent-,animal with some ,place in or about the ,body of other ,animals2 some in the ,feathers of ,birdsg2 some in the ,hair of ,beastsh2 some in the very ,scales of ,fishesi2 some in the ,nosek2 some in the ,fleshl2 yea1 some in the very ,bowelsm2 and inmost ,recesses of the ,bodies of ,man and other ,creaturesn3 ,and as for others to whom none of these ,methods are proper1 but make themselves ,nests by ,perforations in the ,earth1 in ,wood1 or ,combs they build1 or such like ,ways2 'tis admirable to see with what ,labour and ,care they carry in1 and seal up ,provisions1 that serve both for the ,production of their ,young1 as also for their ,food and ,nurture when produc'do4 ,the other ,piece of remarkable ,art and ,care about the ,production of their ,young1 is their ,curiosity and ,neatness in repositing their ,eggs1 and in their ,nidification4 ,as to the first of which1 we may observe that great ,curiosity1 and nice ,order is generally observ'd by them in this ,matter4 ,you shall always see their ,eggs laid carefully and commodiously upp4 ,when upon the ,leaves of ,vegetables1 or other ,material on ,land1 always glu'd thereon with ,care1 with one certain ,end lowermost1 and with handsom juxta-,positionsq4 ,or if in the ,waters1 in neat and beautiful ,rows oftentimes1 in that spermatick1 gelatine ,matter1 in which they are reposited1 and that ,matter carefully ty'd and fastned in the ,waters1 to prevent its ,dissipationr1 or if made to float1 so carefully spread and poised1 as to swim about with all possible ,artifice4 ,and as to their other ,faculty1 that of ,nidification1 whether it be exerted by boring the ,earth or ,wood1 or building themselves ,cellss1 or spinning and weaving themselves ,cases and ,webs1 it is all a wonderful ,faculty of those poor little ,animals1 whether we consider their ,parts wherewith they work1 or their ,work it self4 ,thus those who perforate the ,earth1 ,wood1 or such like1 they have their ,legs1 ,feet1 ,mouth1 yea1 and whole ,body accommodated to that ,service2 their ,mouth exactly formed to gnaw those handsome round ,holes1 their ,feet as well made to scratch and boret1 and their ,body handsomely turned and fitted to follow4 ,but for such as build or spin themselves ,nests1 their ,art justly bids ,defiance to the most ingenious ,artist among ,men1 so much as tolerably to copy the nice ,geometrical ,combs of someu1 the ,earthen ,cells of others1 or the ,webs1 ,nets and ,casesw woven by others4 ,and here that natural ,gluex which their ,bodies afford some of them to consolidate their ,work1 and combine its ,materials together1 and which in others can be darted out at ,pleasure1 and spun and woven by them into silken ,ballsy or ,webs4 ,i say1 this so peculiar1 so serviceable a ,material1 together with the curious ,structure of all ,parts ministring to this textrine ,power1 as mean a ,business as it may seem1 is such as may justly be accounted among the noble ,designs and ,works of the infinite ,creator and ,conservator of the ,world4 ,in the last ,place1 there is another prodigious ,faculty1 ,art1 ,cunning1 or what shall ,i call it8 that others of those little ,animals have1 to make even ,nature it self serviceable to their ,purpose2 and that is the making the ,vegetation and ,growth of ,trees and ,plants1 the very ,means of the building of their little ,nests and ,cellsz2 such1 as are the ,galls and ,balls found on the ,leaves and ,branches of divers ,vegetables1 such as the ,oak1 the ,willowaa1 the ,briar1 and some others4 ,now this is so peculiar an ,artifice1 and so far out of the ,reach of any mortal ,understanding1 ,wit1 or ,power1 that if we consider the ,matter1 with some of its ,circumstances1 we must needs perceive manifest ,design1 and that there is the ,concurrence of some great and wise ,being1 that hath1 from the ,beginning1 taken ,care of1 and provided for the ,animal's ,good3 ,for which ,reason1 as mean as the ,instance may seem1 ,i might be excused1 if ,i should enlarge upon its ,particulars4 ,but two or three ,hints shall suffice4 ,in the first ,place1 'tis certain that the ,formation of those ,cases and ,balls quite exceeds the ,cunning of the ,animal it self2 but it is the ,act partly of the ,vegetable1 and partly of some ,virulency 7or what shall ,i call it87 in the ,juyce1 or ,egg1 or both1 reposited on the ,vegetable by the ,parent ,animalbb4 ,and as this ,virulency is various1 according to the ,difference of its ,animal1 so is the ,form and ,texture of the ,cases and ,balls excited thereby2 some being hard ,shellscc1 some tender ,ballsdd1 some scalyee1 some smoothff1 some ,hairygg1 some ,long1 some ,round1 some ,conical1 c4hh4 ,and in the last ,place1 let us add1 ,that those ,species of ,insects are all endowed with peculiar and exactly made ,parts for this ,service1 to bore and pierce the ,vegetable1 and to reach and inject their ,eggs and ,juice into the tender ,parts thereof4 ,,footnotes3 a ,the ,doctrine of quivocal ,generation1 is at this ,day so sufficiently exploded by all learned ,philosophers1 that ,i shall not enter the ,dispute1 but take it for granted1 that all ,animals spring from other ,parent-,animals4 ,if the ,reader hath any doubt about it1 ,i refer him to ,seigneur ,redi de ,gen4 ,insect4 and ,m4 ,ray's ,wisd4 of ,god1 c4 p4 #cdd4 ,see also before1 ,book ,,iv4 ,ch4 #ae4 ,note 7a74 b ,it would be endless to specify the various ,species of ,insects1 that have their ,generation in the ,waters4 ,and therefore ,i shall only observe of them1 #a4 ,that their ,eggs are always laid up with great ,care1 and in good ,order4 ,and also1 #b4 ,where proper and sufficient ,food is4 #c4 ,that in their ,nympha-,state in the ,waters1 they have ,parts proper for ,food and ,motion2 and in many1 or most of them1 very different from what they have in their ,mature-,state1 a manifest ,argument of the ,creator's ,wisdom and ,providence4 ,for an ,instance1 see ,note 7r74 c ,as ,seigneur ,redi was one of the first that made it his ,business to discard ,anomalous ,generation1 so he tried more ,experiments relating to the ,vermination of ,serpents1 ,flesh1 ,fish1 putrified ,vegetables2 and in short1 whatever was commonly known to be the ,nursery of ,maggots1 more ,i say probably1 than any one hath done since4 ,and in all his ,observations1 he constantly found the ,maggots to turn to ,aureli1 and these into ,flies4 ,but then1 saith he1 ,dubitare cpi1 utrm omne hoc vermium in carne genus1 ex solo ,muscarum semine1 an ex ipsis putrefactis carnibus oriretur1 tantoque magis confirmabar in hoc meo dubio1 quanto in omnibus generationibus----sapis videram1 in carnibus1 antequm verminare inciperent1 resedisse ejusdem speciei ,muscas1 cujus propago postea nascebatur4 ,upon this he tells us1 he put ,fish1 ,flesh1 c4 into ,pots1 which he covered close from the ,flies with ,paper1 and afterwards 7for the free ,air sake7 with ,lawn1 whilst other ,pots were left open1 with such like ,flesh1 c4 in them2 that the ,flies were very eager to get into the covered ,pots2 and that they produced not one ,maggot1 when the open ones had many4 ,fr4 ,redi de ,gener4 ,insect4 ,among the ,insects that come from the ,maggots he mentions1 he names ,culices4 ,now from the most critical ,observations ,i have made1 ,i never observed any sort of ,gnat to come from putrified ,flesh1 ,vegetables1 or any other ,thing he taxeth with them4 ,so that either he means by ,culex1 some ,fly that we call not by the ,name of ,gnat2 or else their ,gnats in ,italy1 vary in their ,generation from ours in ,england4 ,for among above #cj1 near #dj distinct ,species of ,gnats that ,i have observed about the ,place where ,i live1 ,i never found any to lay their ,eggs in ,flesh1 ,filth1 c4 but the largest ,sort1 called by ,aldrovand1 ,culices maximi1 by ,swammerdam1 ,tipul terrestres1 lay their ,eggs in ,meadows1 c4 under the ,grass2 one of the larger middle ,sort1 in dead ,beer1 ,yeast1 c4 lying on the ,tops1 or in the ,leaks of ,beer-,barrels1 c4 and all the rest 7as far as ever ,i have observed7 lay and hatch in the ,waters1 as in ,note 7r74 ,the ,generation of the ,second of these being akin to some of the foregoing instances1 and a little out of the way1 may deserve a ,place here4 ,this ,gnat lays its ,eggs commonly in dead ,beer1 c4 as ,i said1 and probably in ,vinegar1 and other such ,liquors4 ,some ,time after which1 the ,maggots are so numerous1 that the whole ,liquor stirreth as if it was alive2 being full of ,maggots1 some larger1 some smaller2 the larger are the off-spring of our ,gnat1 the smaller1 of a small dark coloured ,fly1 tending to reddish2 frequent in ,cellars1 and such obscure ,places4 ,all these ,maggots turn to ,aurelia1 the larger of which1 of a ,tan-,colour1 such as our ,gnat4 ,this ,gnat is of the unarmed ,kind1 having no ,spear in its ,mouth4 ,its ,head is larger than of the common ,gnats1 a longer ,neck1 short jointed ,antenn1 spotted ,wings1 reaching beyond its slender ,alvus2 it is throughout of a brown ,colour1 tending to red1 especially in the ,female3 ,the chief ,difference between the ,male and ,female1 is 7as in other ,gnats1 yea1 most ,insects7 the ,male is less than the ,female1 and hath a slenderer ,belly1 and its ,podex not so sharp as the ,female's is4 d ,the ,insects that infest ,fruits1 are either of the ,ichneumon-,fly ,kind1 or ,phaln4 ,plums1 ,pease1 ,nuts1 c4 produce some or other ,ichneumon-,fly4 ,that generated in the ,plum is black1 of a middle ,size1 its ,body near ,inch long1 its ,tail not much less1 consisting of three ,bristles1 wherewith it conveys its ,eggs into ,fruits3 ,its ,antenn1 or ,horns1 long1 slender1 recurved2 its ,belly longish1 tapering1 small towards the ,thorax2 ,legs reddish2 ,wings membranaceous1 thin and transparent1 in ,number #d1 which is one ,characteristic of the ,ichneumon ,fly4 ,the ,pease ,ichneumon-,fly1 is very small1 ,wings large1 reaching beyond the ,podex2 ,antenn long2 ,alvus short1 shaped like an ,heart1 with the ,point towards the ,anus2 it walketh and flieth slowly4 ,no ,tail appears as in the former2 but they have one lieth hidden under the ,belly1 which they can at ,pleasure bend back to pierce ,pease when they are young and tender1 and other ,things also1 as ,i have ,reason to suspect1 having met with this 7as indeed the former two7 in divers ,vegetables4 ,pears and ,apples ,i could never discover any ,thing to breed in1 but only the lesser ,phalna1 about ,inch long1 whitish underneath2 greyish brown above 7dappled with brown ,spots1 inclining to a dirty ,red7 all but about a third ,part at the ,end of the ,wings1 which is not grey1 but brown1 elegantly striped with wavey ,lines1 of a ,gold ,colour1 as if gilt2 its ,head is small1 with a ,tuft of whitish brown in the ,forehead2 ,antenn smooth1 moderately long4 ,the ,aurelia of this ,moth is small1 of a yellowish brown4 ,i know not what ,time they require for their ,generation out of ,boxes2 but those ,i laid up in ,august1 did not become ,moths before ,june following4 e ,there are many of the ,phaln and ,ichneumon-,fly ,tribes1 that have their ,generation on the ,leaves or other ,parts of ,trees and ,shrubs1 too many to be here reckoned up4 ,the ,oak hath many very beautiful ,phaln1 bred in its convolved ,leaves1 white1 green1 yellow1 brown spotted prettily1 and neatly dappled1 and many more besides2 and its ,buds afford a ,place for ,cases1 and ,balls of various ,sorts1 as shall be shewn hereafter2 its ,leaves expanded1 minister to the ,germination of globular1 and other sphroidal ,balls1 and flat ,thec1 some like ,hats1 some like ,buttons excavated in the ,middle1 and divers others such like ,repositories1 all belonging to the ,ichneumon-,fly ,kind4 ,and not only the ,oak1 but the ,maple also1 the ,white-,thorn1 the ,briar1 ,privet1 and indeed almost every ,tree and ,shrub4 f ,and as ,trees and ,shrubs1 so ,plants have their peculiar ,insects4 ,the ,white-,butterfly lays its voracious ,offspring on ,cabbage-,leaves2 a very beautiful reddish ocellated one1 its no less voracious black ,off-spring of an horrid ,aspect1 on the ,leaves of ,nettles2 as also doth a very beautiful1 small1 greenish ,ichneumon-,fly1 in ,cases on the ,leaves of the same ,plant3 ,and to name no more 7because it would be endless7 the beautiful ,ragwort-,moth1 whose upper ,wings are brown1 elegantly spotted with red and underwings edged with brown2 these1 ,i say1 provide for their golden ring'd ,eruce upon the ,ragwort-,plant4 g ,many1 if not most ,sort of ,birds1 are infested with a distinct ,kind of ,lice1 very different from one another in ,shape1 ,size1 c4 ,for ,figures and ,descriptions of them1 ,i shall refer to ,signieur ,redi of ,insects4 ,see also ,moufet1 ,l4 #b4 c4 #bc4 ,these ,lice lay their ,nits among the ,feathers of the respective ,birds1 where they are hatched and nourished2 and as ,aristotle saith1 would destroy the ,birds1 particularly ,pheasants1 if they did not dust their ,feathers4 ,loco infr4 citat4 h ,and as ,birds1 so the several ,sorts of ,beasts have their peculiar ,sorts of ,lice2 all distinct from the two ,sorts infesting ,man3 ,only the ,ass1 they say1 is free1 because our ,saviour rode upon one1 as some think2 but ,i presume it is rather from the ,passage in ,pliny1 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #cc4 or rather ,arist4 ,hist4 ,animal4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #ca4 who saith1 ,quibus pilus est1 non carent eodem ,pediculo excepto ,asino1 qui non ,pediculo tantm1 verm etiam ,redivio immunis est4 ,and a little before1 speaking of those in ,men1 he shews what ,constitutions are most subject to them1 and instanceth in ,alcman the ,poet1 and ,pherecydes ,syrius that died of the ,pthiriasis1 or ,lowly ,disease4 ,for which foul ,distemper1 if ,medicines are desired1 ,moufet de ,insect4 p4 #bfa4 may be consulted4 ,who in the same ,page hath this ,observation1 ,animadverterunt nostrates----ubi ,asores insulas tergo reliquerint1 ,pediculos confestim omnes tabascere3 atque ubi eas reviserint1 iterum innumeros alios subit oriri4 ,which ,observation is confirmed by ,dr4 ,stubs4 ,vid4 ,lowth4 ,abridg4 ,v4 #c4 p4 #eeh4 ,and many ,seamen have told me the same4 i ,fishes1 one would think1 should be free from ,lice1 by ,reason they live in the ,waters1 and are perpetually moving in1 and brushing through them2 but yet have their ,sorts too4 ,besides which1 ,i have frequently found great ,numbers of long slender ,worms in the ,stomachs1 and other ,parts of ,fish1 particularly ,codfish1 especially such as are poor2 which ,worms have work'd themselves deeply into the ,coats and ,flesh1 so that they could nor easily be gotten out3 ,so ,aristotle1 saith of some ,fishes1 ,ballero ,tilloni ,lumbricus1 innascitur1 qui debilitat1 c4 ,chalcis vitio infestatur diro1 ut ,pediculi sub ,branchiis innati qum multi interimant4 ,hist4 ,an4 ,l4 #h4 c4 #bj4 k ,of ,insects bred in the ,nose of ,animals1 those in the ,nostrils of ,sheep are remarkable4 ,i have my self taken out not fewer at a ,time than twenty or thirty rough ,maggots1 lying among the ,lamin of the ,nostrils4 ,but ,i could never hatch any of them1 and so know not what ,animal they proceed from3 ,but ,i have no great doubt1 they are of the ,ichneumon-,fly ,kind2 and not improbably of that with a long ,tail1 call'd ,triseta1 whose three ,bristles seem very commodious for conveying its ,eggs into deep ,places4 ,i have also seen a rough whitish ,maggot1 above two ,inches within the ,intestinum rectum of ,horses1 firmly adhering thereto1 that the hard ,dung did not rub off4 ,i never could bring them to ,perfection1 but suspect the ,side-,fly proceeds from it4 l ,in the ,backs of ,cows1 in the ,summer-,months1 there are ,maggots generated1 which in ,essex we call ,wornils2 which are first only a small ,knot in the ,skin2 and ,i suppose no other than an ,egg laid there by some ,insect4 ,by ,degrees these ,knots grow bigger1 and contain in them a ,maggot lying in a purulent ,matter3 ,they grow to be as large as the ,end of one's ,finger1 and may be squeez'd out at a ,hole they have always open3 ,they are round and rough1 and of a dirty ,white4 ,with my utmost ,endeavour and ,vigilance1 ,i could never discover the ,animal they turn into2 but as they are somewhat like1 so may be the same as those in the ,note before4 ,in ,persia there are very long slender ,worms1 bred in the ,legs1 and other ,parts of ,men's ,bodies1 #f or #g ,yards long4 ,in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,mr4 ,dent1 and ,mr4 ,lewis1 relate divers ,examples of ,worms taken out of the ,tongue1 ,gums1 ,nose1 and other ,parts1 by a ,woman at ,leicester1 which they were ,eye-witnesses of4 ,these1 and divers others mention'd in the ,transactions1 may be seen together in ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,vol4 #c4 p4 #acb4 ,narrat mihi vir fide dignus----,casp4 ,wendlandt----se in ,poloni1 puero cuidam rustico duorum annorum1 ,vermiculum album palbebr extraxisse1----magnitudinis ,eruc4----,similem fere huic casum mihi ,schulzio ,d4 ,segero narravit hoc4 ,anno #afgf4 chirurgus noster ,ant4 ,statlender1 qui cuidam puero1 ex ,aure1 extraxit ,vermiculum talem1 qualis in nucibus avellanis perforatis latitare solet1 sed paul majorem1 coloris albissimi2 alteri minores #e ejusdem generis similiter ex ,aure3 ,omnes aliquot horas supervixerunt----,vermiculos adhuc viventes oculis nostris vidimus4 ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,t4 #b4 ,obs4 #bd4 ubi ,vermiculi ,icon4 ,many other ,instances may be met with in the same ,tome4 ,obs4 #adg1 #adh1 #aed4 ,the ,worms in ,deer are mention'd often among ancient ,writers4 ,aristotle saith1 1 1 c4 ,they ,deer all have ,live ,worms in their ,heads2 bred under the ,tongue1 in a ,cavity near the ,vertebra1 on which the ,head is plac'd2 their ,size not less than of the largest ,maggots2 they are bred all together1 in number about twenty4 ,aristot4 ,hist4 ,animal4 l4 #b4 c4 #ae4 ,to these ,examples may be added the ,generation of the ,ichneumon-,fly in the ,bodies of ,caterpillars1 and other ,nymph of ,insects4 ,in many of which1 that ,i have laid up to be hatch'd in ,boxes1 instead of ,papilios1 c4 as ,i expected1 ,i have found a great ,number of small ,ichneumon-,flies1 whose ,parent-,animal had wounded those ,nymph1 and darted its ,eggs into them1 and so made them the ,foster-,mother of its ,young4 ,more ,particulars of this ,way of ,generation may be seen in the great ,mr4 ,willughby's ,observations in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #gf4 ,but concerning the farther ,generation of this ,insect1 ,i have taken ,notice of other ,particulars in other places of these ,notes4 m ,the ,animals ordinarily bred in the ,stomach and ,guts1 are the three ,sorts of ,worms call'd ,lati1 ,teretes1 and ,ascarides2 concerning which1 it would be irksome to speak in ,particular1 and therefore ,i shall refer to ,moufet1 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,dr4 ,tyson's ,anatomy of them in ,mr4 ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,v4 #c4 p4 #aba4 ,seignior ,redi's ,obs4 and others that have written of them4 ,and not only ,worms1 but other ,creatures also are said to be found in the ,stomach2 ,instances of which are so innumerable1 that ,i shall only select a few related by ,persons of the best ,credit4 ,and first of all1 by some of our own ,countrymen4 ,dr4 ,lister1 7whose ,credit and ,judgment will hastily be question'd17 gives an ,account of true ,caterpillars1 vomited up by a ,boy of nine ,years old2 and another odd ,animal by a poor ,man4 ,mr4 ,jessop1 7another very judicious1 curious and ingenious ,gentleman17 saw ,hexapods vomited up by a ,girl2 which ,hexapods liv'd and fed for five ,weeks4 ,see ,lowth4 ib4 p4 #ace4 ,and to ,foreigners1 it is a very strange ,story 7but attested by ,persons of great ,repute17 of ,catharina ,geileria1 that dy'd in ,feb4 #affb1 in the ,hospital of ,altenburg1 in ,germany1 who for twenty ,years voided by ,vomit and ,stool1 ,toads and ,lizzards1 c4 ,ephemer4 ,germ4 ,t4 #a4 ,obs4 #ajc4 ,see also the #aji4 ,observation of a ,kitten bred in the ,stomach1 and vomited up2 of ,whelps also1 and other ,animals1 bred in like ,manner4 ,but ,i fear a ,stretch of ,fancy might help in some of those last ,instances1 in those ,days when spontaneous ,generation was held1 when the ,philosophers seem to have more slightly examined such ,appearances than now they do4 ,but for the breeding of ,frogs or ,toads1 or ,lacert ,aquatic in the ,stomach1 when their ,spawn happeneth to be drank1 there is a ,story in the second ,tome of the ,ephem4 ,germ4 ,obs4 #ef4 that favours it1 viz4 ,in the ,year #affg1 a ,butcher's ,man going to buy some ,lambs in the ,spring1 being thirsty1 drank greedily of some standing ,water1 which a while after1 caus'd great ,pains in his ,stomach1 which grew worse and worse1 and ended in dangerous ,symptoms4 ,at last he thought somewhat was alive in his ,stomach1 and after that1 vomited up three live ,toads2 and so recover'd his former ,health4 ,such another ,story ,dr4 ,sorbait tells1 and avoucheth it seen with his own ,eyes1 of one that had a ,toad came out of an ,abscess1 which came upon drinking foul ,water4 ,obs4 #ajc4 n ,not only in the ,guts1 and in the ,flesh2 but in many other ,parts of the ,body1 ,worms have been discover'd4 ,one was voided by ,urine1 by ,mr4 ,mat4 ,milford1 suppos'd to have come from the ,kidneys4 ,lowth4 ib4 p4 #ace4 ,more such ,examples ,moufet tells of4 ,ibid4 ,so the ,vermes ,cucurbitini are very common in the ,vessels in ,sheeps ,livers3 ,and ,dr4 ,lister tells of them1 found in the ,kidney of a ,dog1 and thinks that the ,snakes and ,toads1 c4 said to be found in ,animals ,bodies1 may be nothing else4 ,lowth4 ib4 p4 #abj4 ,nay1 more than all this3 ,in ,dr4 ,bern4 ,verzascha's sixth ,observation1 there are divers ,instances of ,worms bred in the ,brain of ,man4 ,one1 a patient of his1 troubled with a violent ,headach1 and an itching about the ,nostrils1 and frequent ,sneezing2 who1 with the ,use of a ,sneezing-,powder1 voided a ,worm1 with a great deal of ,snot from his ,nose4 ,a like ,instance he gives from ,bartholine1 of a ,worm voided from the ,nose of ,o4 ,w4 which he guesseth was the famous ,olaus ,wormius3 ,another1 from a ,country ,woman of ,dietmarsh2 and others in ,tulpius1 ,f4 ,hildanus1 ,schenchius1 c4 ,these ,worms he thinks are undoubtedly bred in the ,brain3 ,but what way they can come from thence1 ,i can't tell4 ,wherefore ,i rather think1 they are such ,worms as are mentioned in ,note 7k71 and even that ,worm that was actually found in the ,brain of the ,paris ,girl 7when opened7 ,i guess might be laid in the ,lamin of the ,nostrils1 by some of the ,ichneumon1 or other ,insect ,kind1 and might gnaw its way into the ,brain1 through the ,os cribiforme4 ,of this he tells us from ,bartholine1 ,tandem cm tabida obiisset1 statim aperto cranio prsentes ,medici totam cerebelli substantiam1 qu ad dexterum vergit1 reliquo corpore sejunctam1 nigrque tunic involutam deprehenderunt3 hc tunica rupt1 latentem ,vermem vivum1 pilosum1 duobus punctis splendidis loco oculorum prodidit1 ejusdem fere molis cum reliqu ,cerebri portione1 qui duarum horaram spacio supervixit4 ,b4 ,verzas4 ,obs4 ,medic1 p4 #af4 ,hildanus tells us such another ,story1 viz4 ,filius ,theod4 aust der ,roulen1 ,avunculi mei1 diuturno vexabatur dolore capitis4----,deinde febricul sternutatione exort1 ruptus est ,abscessus circa os cribrosum---- ,vermis prorepsit4 ,by his ,figure of it1 the ,maggot was an ,inch long1 and full of ,bristles4 ,fabri ,hildan4 ,cent4 #a4 ,obs4 ,galenus ,wierus 7,physician to the ,princ4 ,jul4 ,cleve7 he saith1 told him1 that he had1 at divers ,times1 found ,worms in the ,gall-bladder in ,persons he had opened at ,dusseldorp4 ,id4 ib4 ,obs4 #fj4 o ,see before ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7c74 p ,some ,insects lay up their ,eggs in ,clusters1 as in ,holes of ,flesh1 and such ,places1 where it is necessary they should be crowded together2 which1 no question1 prevents their being too much dried up in dry ,places1 and promotes their hatching4 ,but1 q ,as for such as are not to be clustered up1 great ,order is used4 ,i have seen upon the ,posts and ,sides of ,windows1 little round ,eggs1 resembling small ,pearl1 which produced small hairy ,caterpillars1 that were very neatly and orderly laid4 ,and to name no more1 the ,white ,butterfly lays its neat ,eggs on the ,cabbage ,leaves in good ,order1 always gluing one certain ,end of the ,egg to the ,leaf4 ,i call them neat ,eggs1 because if we view them in a ,microscope1 we shall find them very curiously furrowed1 and handsomely made and adorned4 r ,by ,reason it would be endless to specify the various ,generation of ,insects in the ,water1 ,i shall therefore 7because it is little observed7 raise ,pliny's ,instance of the ,gnat1 a mean and contemned ,animal1 but a notable ,instance of ,nature's ,work1 as he saith4 ,the first ,thing considerable in the ,generation of this ,insect is 7for the ,size of the ,animal7 its vast ,spawn1 being some of them above an ,inch long1 and half a quarter ,diameter2 made to float in the ,waters1 and tied to some ,stick1 ,stone1 or other fix'd ,thing in the ,waters1 by a small ,stem1 or ,stalk4 ,in this gelatine1 transparent ,spawn1 the ,eggs are neatly laid2 in some ,spawns in a single1 in some in a double spiral ,line1 running round from end to end1 as in ,fig4 #i1 and #aj2 and in some transversly1 as ,fig4 #h4 ,when the ,eggs are by the ,heat of the ,sun1 and ,warmth of the ,season hatched into small ,maggots1 these ,maggots descend to the bottom1 and by means of some of the gelatine ,matter of the ,spawn 7which they take along with them7 they stick to ,stones1 and other ,bodies at the bottom1 and there make themselves little ,cases or ,cells1 which they creep into1 and out of at ,pleasure1 until they are arrived to a more mature ,nympha-,state1 and can swim about here and there1 to seek for what ,food they have occasion2 at which ,time1 they are a kind of ,red-worms1 above half an ,inch long1 as in ,fig4 #aa4 ,thus far this mean ,insect is a good ,instance of the divine ,providence towards it4 ,but if we farther consider1 and compare the three ,states it undergoes after it is hatched1 we shall find yet greater ,signals of the ,creator's ,management1 even in these meanest of ,creatures4 ,the three ,states ,i mean1 are its ,nympha-,vermicular ,state1 its ,aurelia1 and ,mature-,state1 all as different as to ,shape and ,accoutrements1 as if the ,insect was three different ,animals4 ,in its ,vermicular-,state1 it is a ,red-,maggot1 as ,i said1 and hath a ,mouth and other ,parts accommodated to ,food3 ,in its ,aurelia-,state it hath no such ,parts1 because it then subsists without ,food2 but in its ,mature1 ,gnat-,state1 it hath a curious well-made ,spear1 to wound and suck the ,blood of other ,animals4 ,in its ,vermicular-,state1 it hath a long ,worm-like ,body1 and something analogous to ,fins or ,feathers1 standing erect near its ,tail1 and running parallel with the ,body1 by means of which resisting the ,waters1 it is enabled to swim about by ,curvations1 or flapping its ,body1 side-ways1 this way and that1 as in ,fig4 #ab4 ,but in its ,aurelia-,state1 it hath a quite different ,body1 with a ,club-,head 7in which the ,head1 ,thorax1 and ,wings of the ,gnat are inclosed7 a slender ,alvus1 and a neat finny ,tail1 standing at right ,angles with the ,body1 quite contrary to what it was before2 by which means1 instead of easy flapping side-ways1 it swims by rapid1 brisk ,jirks1 the quite contrary way2 as is in some measure represented in ,fig4 #ac4 ,but when it becomes a ,gnat1 no finny ,tail1 no ,club-,head1 but all is made in the most accurate manner for ,flight and ,motion in the ,air1 as before it was for the ,waters4 s ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,notes 7n71 7o74 t ,thus the ,mouths and other ,parts of the ,ichneumon-,wasps in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7t74 ,so the ,feet of the ,gryllotalpa1 ibid4 ,note 7s74 u ,see the last cited ,places1 ,note 7o74 w ,of the textrine ,art of the ,spider1 and its ,parts serving to that ,purpose1 see the last cited ,place1 ,note 7x74 ,besides these1 ,caterpillars1 and divers other ,insects1 can emit ,threads1 or ,webs for their ,use4 ,in this their ,nympha-,state1 they secure themselves from falling1 and let themselves down from the ,boughs of ,trees1 and other high ,places1 with one of these ,threads4 ,and in the ,cases they weave1 they secure themselves in their ,aurelia-,state4 ,and not only the ,off-spring of the ,phalna-,tribe1 but there are some of the ,ichneumon-,fly ,kind also1 endowed with this textrine ,art4 ,of these ,i have met with two ,sorts2 one that spun a ,milk-white1 long1 round1 silken ,web1 as big as the top of ones ,fingers1 not hollow within1 as many are1 but filled throughout with ,silk4 ,these are woven round ,bents1 ,stalks of ,ribwort1 c4 in ,meadows4 ,the other is a lump of many yellow1 silken ,cases1 sticking confusedly together on ,posts1 under ,cole-worts1 c4 ,these ,webs contain in them1 small1 whitish ,maggots2 which turn to a small1 black1 ,ichneumon-,fly1 with long1 capillary ,antenn2 ,tan-coloured ,legs2 long ,wings reaching beyond their ,body1 with a black ,spot near the middle2 the ,alvus1 like an ,heart2 and in some1 a small setaceous ,tail4 ,some of these ,flies were of a shining1 beautiful green ,colour4 ,i could not perceive any ,difference1 at least1 not specifical1 between the ,flies coming from those two ,productions4 x ,i have often admired how ,wasps1 ,hornets1 ,ichneumon-,wasps1 and other ,insects that gather dry ,materials for building their ,nests1 have found a proper matter to cement and glue their ,combs1 and line their ,cells2 which we find always sufficiently context and firm4 ,but in all ,probability1 this useful ,material is in their own ,bodies2 as 'tis in the ,tinea vestivora1 the ,cadew ,worm1 and divers others4 ,goedart observes of his ,eruca1 ,num4 xx4 #f4 that fed upon ,sallow-,leaves1 that it made its ,cell of the comminuted ,leaves1 glued together with its own ,spittle1 hc pulveris aut aren instar comminuit1 ac pituitoso quodam sui corporis succo ita maceravit1 ut inde accommodatum subeund mutationi instanti locum sibi extruxerit4 ,domuncula hc communi ,salicum ligno nihil differre videbatur1 nisi qud long esset durior1 ade ut cultro vix disrumpi posset4 y ,an ingenious ,gentlewoman of my ,acquaintance1 ,wife to a learned ,physician1 taking much ,pleasure to keep ,silk-,worms1 had once the ,curiosity to draw out one of the oval ,cases1 which the ,silk-,worm spins----into all the ,silken ,wire it was made up of1 which1 to the great ,wonder as well of her ,husband1 as her self1----appeared to be1 by measure1 a great deal above #cjj ,yards1 and yet weighed but two ,grains and an half4 ,boyl ,subtil4 of ,effluv4 ch4 #b4 z ,since my penning this1 ,i have met with the most sagacious ,malpighi's ,account of ,galls1 c4 and find his ,descriptions to be exceedingly accurate and true1 having traced my self many of the ,productions he hath mentioned4 ,but ,i find ,italy and ,sicily 7his ,book de ,gallis being published long after he was made ,professor of ,messina7 more luxuriant in such ,productions than ,england1 at least1 than the ,parts about ,upminster 7where ,i live7 are4 ,for many1 if not most of those about us1 are taken ,notice of by him1 and several others besides that ,i never met with2 although ,i have for many ,years as critically observed all the ,excrescences1 and other morbid ,tumors of ,vegetables1 as is almost possible1 and do believe that few of them have escaped me4 ,as to the ,method how those ,galls and ,balls are produced1 the most simple1 and consequently the most easy to be accounted for1 is that in the ,gems of ,oak1 which may be called ,squamous-,oak-,cones1 ,capitula squamata1 in ,malpighi3 ,whose ,description not exactly answering our ,english-,cones in divers ,respects1 ,i shall therefore pass his by1 and shew only what ,i have observed my self concerning them4 ,these ,cones are1 in outward ,appearance1 perfectly like the ,gems1 only vastly bigger2 and indeed they are no other than the ,gems1 encreased in ,bigness1 which naturally ought to be pushed out in ,length3 ,the ,cause of which ,obstruction of the ,vegetation is this3 ,into the very ,heart of the young tender ,gem or ,bud 7which begins to be turgid in ,june1 and to shoot towards the latter end of that ,month1 or beginning of the next2 into this1 ,i say7 the ,parent-,insect thrusts one or more ,eggs1 and not perhaps without some venomous ,ichor therewith4 ,this ,egg soon becomes a ,maggot1 which eats it self a little ,cell in the very ,heart or ,pith of the ,gem1 which is the ,rudiment of the ,branch1 together with its ,leaves and ,fruit1 as shall be hereafter shewn4 ,the ,branch being thus wholly destroyed1 or at least its ,vegetation being obstructed1 the ,sap that was to nourish it1 is diverted to the remaining ,parts of the ,bud1 which are only the scaly ,teguments2 which by these ,means grow large and flourishing1 and become a ,covering to the ,insect-,case1 as before they were to the tender ,branch and its ,appendage4 ,the ,case lying within this ,cone1 is at first but small1 as the ,maggot included in it is1 but by degrees1 as the ,maggot increaseth1 so it grows bigger1 to about the ,size of a large white ,pease1 long and round1 resembling the ,shape of a small ,acorn4 ,the ,insect it self1 is 7according to the modern ,insectologers7 of the ,ichneumon-,fly ,kind2 with four ,membranaceous ,wings1 reaching a little beyond the ,body1 articulated ,horns1 a large ,thorax1 bigger than the ,belly2 the ,belly short and conical2 much like the ,heart of ,animals3 ,the ,legs partly whitish1 partly black4 ,the ,length of the ,body from ,head to ,tail1 about of an ,inch2 its ,colour1 a very beautiful shining ,green1 in some tending to a dark ,copper-,colour4 ,figures both of the ,cones1 ,cases1 and ,insects1 may be seen among ,malpighi's ,cuts of ,galls1 ,tab4 #ac4 and ,tab4 #bj4 ,fig4 #gb4 which ,fig4 #gb4 exhibits well enough some others of the ,gall-,insects1 but its ,thorax is somewhat too short for ours4 aa ,not only the ,willow1 and some other ,trees1 but ,plants also1 as ,nettles1 ,ground-,ivy1 c4 have ,cases produced on their ,leaves1 by the ,injection of the ,eggs of an ,ichneumon-,fly4 ,i have observed those ,cases always to grow in1 or adjoining to some ,rib of the ,leaf1 and their ,production ,i conceive to be thus1 viz4 ,the ,parent-,insect1 with its stiff setaceous ,tail1 terebrates the ,rib of the ,leaf1 when tender1 and makes ,way for its ,egg into the very ,pith or ,heart thereof1 and probably lays in therewith1 some proper ,juice of its ,body1 to pervert the regular ,vegetation of it4 ,from this ,wound arises a small ,excrescence1 which 7when the ,egg is hatched into a ,maggot7 grows bigger and bigger1 as the ,maggot increases1 swelling on each ,side the ,leaf between the two ,membranes1 and extending it self into the parenchymous ,part thereof1 until it is grown as big as two ,grains of ,wheat4 ,in this ,case lies a small1 white1 rough ,maggot1 which turns to an ,aurelia1 and afterwards to a very beautiful green1 small ,ichneumon-,fly4 bb ,what ,i suspected my self1 ,i find confirmed by ,malpighi1 who in his exact and true ,description of the ,fly bred in the ,oaken ,galls1 saith1 ,non sat fuit natur tam miro artificio ,terebram seu ,limam condidisse2 sed inflicto vulnere1 vel excitato foramine infundendum exinde liquorem intra ,terebram condidit3 quare fract per transversam muscarum terebr frequentissim1 vivente animali1 gutt aliquot diaphani humoris effluunt4 ,and a little after1 he confirms1 by ocular ,observation1 what he imagin'd before1 viz4 ,semel prope ,junii finem vidi ,muscam1 qualem superis delineavi1 insidentum quercin gemm1 adhuc germinanti2 hrebat etenim foliola stabili ab apice hiantis gemm erumpenti2 convulso in arcum corpore1 terebram evaginabat1 ipsamque sensam immittebat2 tumefacto ventre circa terebr radicem tumorem excitabat1 quem interpolatis vicibus remittebat4 ,in folio igitur1 avuls ,musc1 minima diaphana reperii ejecta ova1 simillima iis1 qu adhuc in tubis supererant4 ,non licuit iterum idem admirari spectaculum1 c4 ,somewhat like this1 which ,malpighi saw1 ,i had the good ,fortune to see my self once some ,years ago3 ,and that was1 the beautiful1 shining ,oak-,ball ,ichneumon strike its ,terebr into an ,oak-,apple divers ,times1 no doubt to lay its ,eggs therein4 ,and hence ,i apprehend we see many ,vermicules towards the ,outside of many of the ,oak-,apples1 which ,i guess were not what the ,primitive ,insects laid up in the ,gem1 from which the ,oak-,apple had its ,rise1 but some other supervenient1 additional ,insects1 laid in after the ,apple was grown1 and whilst it was tender and soft4 cc ,the ,aleppo-,galls1 wherewith we make ,ink1 may be reckoned of this ,number1 being hard1 and no other than ,cases of ,insects which are bred in them2 who when come to ,maturity1 gnaw their ,way out of them2 which is the ,cause of those little ,holes observable in them4 ,of the ,insects bred in them1 see ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #bde4 ,of this ,number also are those little smooth ,cases1 as big as large ,pepper-,corns1 growing close to the ,ribs under ,oaken-,leaves1 globous1 but flattish2 at first touched with a blushing red1 afterwards growing brown2 hollow within1 and an hard thin ,shell without4 ,in this lieth commonly a rough1 white ,maggot1 which becomes a little long winged1 black ,ichneumon-,fly1 that eats a little ,hole in the ,side of the ,gall1 and so gets out4 dd ,for a ,sample of the tender ,balls1 ,i shall choose the globous ,ball1 as round1 and some as big as small ,musket-,bullets1 growing close to the ,ribs1 under ,oaken-,leaves1 of a greenish yellowish ,colour1 with a blush of red2 their ,skin smooth1 with frequent ,risings therein4 ,inwardly they are very soft and spongy2 and in the very ,center is a ,case with a white ,maggot therein1 which becomes an ,ichneumon-,fly1 not much unlike the last4 ,as to this ,gall1 there is one ,thing ,i have observed somewhat peculiar1 and ,i may say providential1 and that is1 that the ,fly lies all the ,winter in these ,balls in its ,infantile-,state1 and comes not to its ,maturity till the following ,spring4 ,in the ,autumn1 and ,winter1 these ,balls fall down with their ,leaves to the ,ground1 and the ,insect inclosed in them is there fenced against the ,winter ,frosts1 partly by other ,leaves falling pretty thick upon them1 and especially by the thick1 parenchymous1 spongy ,walls1 afforded by the ,galls themselves4 ,another ,sample shall be the large ,oak-,balls1 called ,oak-,apples1 growing in the ,place of the ,buds1 whose ,generation1 ,vegetation and ,figure1 may be seen in ,malpig4 de ,gallis1 p4 #bd4 and ,tab4 #aj4 ,fig4 #cc1 c4 ,out of these ,galls1 he saith various ,species of ,flies come1 but he names only two1 and they are the only two ,i ever saw come out of them3 ,frequenter 7saith he7 subnigr sunt musc brevi munit terebr4 ,inter has aliqu observantur aure1 levi viridis tinctur suffus1 oblong pollentes terebr4 ,these two differently coloured ,flies1 ,i take to be no other than ,male and ,female of the same ,species4 ,i have not observed ,tails 7which are their ,terebr7 in all1 as ,malpighi seems to intimate3 ,perhaps they were hid in their ,thec1 and ,i could not discover them3 ,but ,i rather think there were none1 and that those were the ,males3 ,but in others1 ,i have observed long1 recurvous ,tails1 longer than their whole ,bodies4 ,and these ,i take to be the ,females4 ,and in the ,oak-,apples themselves1 ,i have seen the ,aureli1 some with1 some without ,tails4 ,and ,i must confess1 'twas not without ,admiration as well as ,pleasure1 that ,i have seen with what exact ,neatness and ,artifice1 the ,tail hath been wrapt about the ,aurelia1 whereby it is secured from either annoying the ,insect1 or being hurt it self4 ee ,see before ,note 7z74 ff ,as in the preceding ,note4 gg ,of the rough or hairy ,excrescences1 those on the ,briar1 or ,dog-,rose1 are a good ,instance4 ,these ,spongiol villos1 as ,mr4 ,ray1 ,gall rumos1 as ,dr4 ,malpighi calls them1 are thus accounted for by the latter2 ,ex copiosis relictis ovis ita turbatur affluens ,rubi succus1 ut strumosa fiant complura tubercula simul confus congesta1 qu utriculorum seriebus1 fibrarum implicatione contexta1 ramosas propagines germinant1 ita ut minima quasi sylva appareat4 ,qualibet propago ramos1 hinc inde villosos edit4 ,hinc inde pili pariter crumpunt1 c4 ,these ,balls are a safe ,repository to the ,insect all the ,winter in its ,vermicular-,state4 ,for the ,eggs laid up1 and hatched the ,summer before1 do not come to mature ,insects until the ,spring following1 as ,mr4 ,ray rightly observes in ,cat4 ,cantab4 ,as to the ,insects themselves1 they are manifestly ,ichneumon-,flies1 having four ,wings1 their ,alvus thick and large towards the ,tail2 and tapering up till it is small and slender at its setting on to the ,thorax4 ,but the ,alvi or ,bellies are not alike in all1 though coloured alike4 ,in some they are as is now described1 and longer1 without ,terebr1 or ,tails2 in some shorter with ,tails3 ,and in some yet shorter1 and thick1 like the ,belly of the ,ant1 or the ,heart of ,animals1 as in those before1 ,note 7z74 ,but for a farther ,description of them1 ,i shall refer to ,mr4 ,ray1 ,cat4 ,plant4 circa ,cantab4 under ,rosa ,sylvest4 hh ,it being an ,instance somewhat out of the ,way1 ,i shall pitch upon it for an ,example here1 viz4 ,the gouty ,swellings in the ,body1 and the ,branches of the ,blackberry-,bush2 of which ,malpighi hath given us two good ,cuts in ,tab4 #ag4 ,fig4 #fb4 ,the ,cause of these is manifestly from the ,eggs of ,insects laid in 7whilst the ,shoot is young and tender7 as far as the ,pith1 and in some ,places not so deep2 ,which for the ,reasons before-mentioned1 makes the young ,shoots tumify1 and grow knotty and gouty4 ,the ,insect that comes from hence is of the former ,tribe1 a small1 shining black ,ichneumon-,fly1 about a tenth of an ,inch long2 with jointed1 red1 capillary ,horns1 four long ,wings1 reaching beyond the ,body1 a large ,thorax1 red ,legs1 and a short1 heart-like ,belly4 ,they hop like ,fleas4 ,the ,males are less than the ,females2 are very venereous1 endeavouring a ,cot in the very ,box in which they are hatch'd2 getting up on the ,females1 and tickling and thumping them with their ,breeches and ,horns1 to excite them to ,venery4 ,the ,,conclusion4 ,and now these ,things being seriously considered1 what less can be concluded1 than that there is manifest ,design and ,forecast in this ,case1 and that there must needs be some wise ,artist1 some careful1 prudent ,conservator1 that from the very ,beginning of the ,existence of this ,species of ,animals1 hath with great ,dexterity and ,forecast1 provided for its ,preservation and ,good8 ,for what else could contrive and make such a ,set of curious ,parts1 exactly fitted up for that special ,purpose3 ,and withal implant in the ,body such peculiar ,impregnations1 as should have such a strange uncouth ,power on a quite different ,rank of ,creatures8 ,and lastly1 what should make the ,insect aware of this its strange ,faculty and ,power1 and teach it so cunningly and dextrously to employ it for its own ,service and ,good8 ,illustration ,illustration ,,book ,,ix4 ,of ,,reptiles1 and the ,inhabitants of the ,,waters4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,reptiles4 ,having dispatch'd the insect ,tribe1 there is but one ,genus of the ,land-,animals remaining to be survey'd2 and that is1 that of ,reptilesa4 ,which ,i shall dispatch in a little ,compass1 by ,reason ,i have somewhat amply treated of others1 and many of the ,things may be apply'd here4 ,but there are some ,things in which this ,tribe is somewhat singular1 which ,i shall therefore take ,notice of briefly in this ,place4 ,one is their ,motion1 which ,i have in another ,placeb taken ,notice of to be not less curious1 than it is different from that of other ,animals1 whether we consider the ,manner of it1 as vermicular1 or sinuousc1 or like that of the ,snaild1 or the ,caterpillare1 or the ,multipedousf or any other ,way1 or the ,parts ministring to it1 particularly the ,spineg1 and the ,muscles co-operating with the ,spine1 in such as have ,bone1 and the annular and other ,muscles1 in such as have none1 all incomparably made for those curious1 and ,i may say1 geometrical ,windings and ,turnings1 ,undulations1 and all the various ,motions to be met with in the reptile ,kind4 ,another ,thing that will deserve our ,notice1 is1 the ,poysonh that many of this ,tribe are stock'd with4 ,which ,i the rather mention1 because some make it an ,objection against the divine ,superintendence and ,providence1 as being a ,thing so far from useful1 7they think17 that 'tis rather mischievous and destructive of ,god's ,creatures4 ,but the ,answer is easy1 viz4 ,that as to ,man1 those ,creatures are not without their great ,uses1 particularly in the ,cure ofi some of the most stubborn ,diseases2 however1 if they were not1 there would be no ,injustice for ,god to make a ,set of such noxious ,creatures1 as ,rods and ,scourges1 to execute the divine ,chastisements upon ungrateful and sinful ,men4 ,and ,i am apt to think that the ,nations which know not ,god1 are the most annoy'd with those noxious ,reptiles1 and other pernicious ,creatures4 ,as to the ,animals themselves1 their ,poyson is no doubt of some great and especial ,use to themselves1 serving to the more easy ,conquest1 and sure ,capture of their ,prey1 which might otherwise be too resty and strong1 and if once escap'd1 would hardly be again recover'd1 by ,reason of their swifter ,motion1 and the ,help of their ,legs2 besides all which1 this their ,poyson may be probably of very great ,use to the ,digestion of their ,food4 ,and as to the innocuous ,part of the ,reptile-,kind1 they as well deserve our ,notice for their ,harmlesness1 as the others did for their ,poyson4 ,for as those are endow'd with ,poyson1 because they are predaceous2 so these need it not1 because their ,food is near at hand1 and may be obtain'd without ,strife and ,contest1 the next ,earthk affording ,food to such as can terebrate1 and make ,way into it by their ,vermicular ,faculty2 and the next ,vegetable being ,food to others that can climb and reachl1 or but crawl to it4 ,,footnotes3 a ,notwithstanding ,i have before1 in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,note 7p71 taken ,notice of the ,earth-,worm2 yet it being a good ,example of the ,creator's wise and curious ,workmanship1 in even this meanest ,branch of the ,creation1 ,i shall superadd a few farther ,remarks from ,drs4 ,willis and ,tyson4 ,saith ,willis1 ,lumbricus terrestris1 licet vile contemptibile habetur1 ,organa vitalia1 necnon alia viscera1 membra divino artificio admirabiliter fabrefacta sortitur3 totius corporis compages musculorum annularium catena est1 quorum fibr orbiculares contract quemque annulum1 prius amplum1 dilatum1 angustiorem longiorem reddunt4 ,this ,muscle in ,earth-,worms1 ,i find is spiral1 as in a good ,measure is their ,motion likewise2 so that by this ,means they can1 7like the ,worm of an ,augre17 the better bore their ,passage into the ,earth4 ,their reptile ,motion also1 may be explain'd by a ,wire wound on a ,cylinder1 which when slipp'd off1 and one ,end extended and held fast1 will bring the other nearer it4 ,so the ,earth-,worm1 having shot out1 or extended its ,body1 7which is with a ,wreathing17 it takes hold by those small ,feet it hath1 and so contracts the hinder ,part of its ,body4 ,thus the curious and learned ,dr4 ,tyson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #adg4 ,nam proinde cm portio corporis superior elongata1 exporrecta1 ad spatium alterius extenditur1 ibidemque plano affigitur1 ad ipsum quasi ad centrum portio corporis inferior relaxata1 abbreviata facile pertrabitur4 ,pedunculi serie quadruplici1 per totam longitudinem ,lumbrici disponuntur2 his quasi totidem uncis1 partem mod hanc1 mod istam1 plano affigit1 dum alteram exporrigit1 aut post se ducit4 ,supra oris hiatum1 ,proboscide1 qu terram perforat elevat1 donatur4 ,and then he goes on with the other ,parts that fall under ,view1 the ,brain1 the ,gullet1 the ,heart1 the spermatick ,vessels1 the ,stomachs and ,intestines1 the ,foramina on the ,top of the ,back1 adjoyning to each ,ring1 supplying the ,place of ,lungs1 and other ,parts4 ,willis de ,anim4 ,brut4 ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 b ,in ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #h4 c ,there is a great ,deal of geometrical ,neatness and ,nicety1 in the sinuous ,motion of ,snakes1 and other ,serpents4 ,for the assisting in which ,action1 the annular ,scales under their ,body are very remarkable1 lying cross the ,belly1 contrary to what those in the ,back1 and rest of the ,body do2 also as the ,edges of the foremost ,scales lye over the ,edges of their following ,scales1 from ,head to ,tail2 so those ,edges run out a little beyond1 or over their following ,scales2 so as that when each ,scale is drawn back1 or set a little upright by its ,muscle1 the outer ,edge thereof1 7or ,foot it may be call'd17 is rais'd also a little from the ,body1 to lay hold on the ,earth1 and so promote and facilitate the ,serpent's ,motion4 ,this is what may be easily seen in the ,slough1 or ,belly of the ,serpent-kind4 ,but there is another admirable ,piece of ,mechanism1 that my ,antipathy to those ,animals hath prevented my prying into2 and that is1 that every ,scale hath a distinct ,muscle1 one ,end of which is tack'd to the ,middle of its ,scale2 the other1 to the upper ,edge of its following ,scale4 ,this ,dr4 ,tyson found in the ,rattle-,snake1 and ,i doubt not is in the whole ,tribe4 d ,the wise ,author of ,nature1 having deny'd ,feet and ,claws to enable ,snails to creep and climb1 hath made them amends in a ,way more commodious for their ,state of ,life1 by the broad ,skin along each ,side of the ,belly1 and the undulating ,motion observable there4 ,by this latter 'tis they creep2 by the former1 afflicted with the glutinous ,slime emitted from the ,snail's ,body1 they adhere firmly and securely to all ,kinds of ,superficies1 partly by the ,tenacity of their ,slime1 and partly by the ,pressure of the ,atmosphere4 ,concerning this ,part1 7which he calls the ,snail's ,feet17 and their ,undulation1 ,see ,dr4 ,lister's ,exercit4 ,anat4 #a4 4 #a4 and #cg4 e ,the motive ,parts1 and ,motion of ,caterpillars1 are useful1 not only to their ,progression and ,conveyance from ,place to ,place2 but also their more certain1 easy and commodious gathering of ,food4 ,for having ,feet before and behind1 they are not only enabled to go by a kind of ,steps made by their fore and hind ,parts2 but also to climb up ,vegetables1 and to reach from their ,boughs and ,stalks for ,food at a ,distance2 for which ,services1 their ,feet are very nicely made both before and behind4 ,behind1 they have broad ,palms for sticking too1 and these beset almost round with small sharp ,nails1 to hold and grasp what they are upon3 ,before1 their ,feet are sharp and hook'd1 to draw ,leaves1 c4 to them1 and to hold the fore-part of the ,body1 whilst the hinder-parts are brought up thereto4 ,but nothing is more remarkable in these ,reptiles1 than that these ,parts and ,morton are only temporary1 and incomparably adapted only to their present ,nympha-,state2 whereas in their ,aurelia-,state1 they have neither ,feet nor ,motion1 only a little in their hinder parts3 ,and in their ,mature-,state1 they have the ,parts and ,motion of a flying ,insect1 made for ,flight4 f ,it is a wonderful pretty ,mechanism1 observable in the going of ,multipedes1 as the ,juli1 ,scolopendr1 c4 that on each ,side the ,body1 every ,leg hath its ,motion1 one very regularly following the other from one ,end of the ,body to the other in a ,way not easy to be describ'd in ,words2 so that their ,legs in going1 make a kind of ,undulation1 and give the ,body a swifter ,progression than one would imagine it should have1 where so many ,feet are to take so many short ,steps4 g ,vertebrarum ,apophysos breviores sunt1 prcipu juxta caput1 cujus propterea flexus in aversum1 latera1 facilis ,viperis est3 secus ,leonibus1 c4----,incumbit his ,ossibus ingens ,musculorum minutorum prsidium1 tum spinas tendinum exilium magno apparatu diducentium1 tum vertebras potissimum in diversa flectentium1 atque erigentium4 ,adeoque illam corporis miram agilitatem1 non tantm 7ut ,aristot47 quoniam faciles ad flexum1 cartilagineas produxit vertebras1 sed quia etiam multiplicia mots localis instrumenta musculos fabrefecit provida rerum ,parens ,natura1 consecuta fuit4 ,blas4 ,anat4 ,anim4 ,p4 #a4 c4 #ci4 de ,viper ,veslingio4 ,that which is most remarkable in the ,vertebr of the ,rattle-,snake1 besides the other curious ,articulations1 is1 that the round ,ball in the lower ,part of the upper ,vertebra1 enters a ,socket of the upper ,part of the lower ,vertebra1 like as the ,head of the ,os ,femoris doth the ,acetabulum of the ,os ,ischii2 by which ,contrivance1 as also the ,articulation with one another1 they have that free ,motion of winding their ,bodies any ,way4 ,dr4 ,tyson's ,anat4 of the ,rattle-,snake in ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #add4 ,what is here observ'd of the ,vertebr of this ,snake1 is common to this whole ,genus of ,reptiles4 h ,my ingenious and learned ,friend1 ,dr4 ,mead1 examined with his ,microscope1 the ,texture of a ,viper's ,poyson1 and found therein at first only a ,parcel of small ,salts nimbly floating in the ,liquor2 but in a short ,time the ,appearance was chang'd1 and these saline ,particles were shot out into ,crystals1 of an incredible ,tenuity and ,sharpness1 with something like ,knots here and there1 from which they seem'd to proceed2 so that the whole ,texture did in a ,manner represent a ,spider's ,web1 though infinitely finer4 ,mead of ,poysons1 p4 #i4 ,as to the ,nature and ,operation of this ,poyson1 see the same ingenious ,author's ,hypothesis1 in his following ,pages4 ,this ,poyson of the ,viper1 lieth in a ,bag in the ,gums1 at the ,upper-end of the ,teeth4 ,it is separated from the ,blood by a conglomerated ,gland1 lying in the anterior lateral ,part of the ,os ,sincipitis2 just behind the ,orbit of the ,eye3 ,from which ,gland lieth a ,duct1 that conveys the ,poyson to the ,bags at the ,teeth4 ,the ,teeth are tubulated1 for the ,conveyance1 or ,emission of the ,poyson into the ,wound1 the ,teeth make2 but their ,hollowness doth not reach to the ,apex1 or ,top of the ,tooth1 7that being solid and sharp1 the better to pierce27 but it ends in a long slit below the ,point1 out of which the ,poyson is emitted4 ,these ,perforations of the ,teeth1 ,galen saith1 the ,mountebanks us'd to stop with some kind of ,paste1 before they suffer'd the ,vipers to bite them before their ,spectators4 ,cuts of these ,parts1 c4 may be seen in the last cited ,book of ,dr4 ,mead4 ,also ,dr4 ,tyson's ,anat4 of the ,rattle-,snake1 in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #add4 i ,that ,vipers have their great ,uses in ,physick1 is manifest from their bearing a great ,share in some of our best ,antidotes1 such as ,theriaca ,andromachi1 and others2 also in the ,cure of the ,elephantiasis1 and others the like stubborn ,maladies1 for which ,i shall refer to the medical ,writers4 ,but there is so singular a ,case in the curious ,collection of ,dr4 ,ol4 ,worm4 related from ,kircher1 that ,i shall entertain the ,reader with it4 ,near the ,village of ,sassa1 about eight ,miles from the ,city ,bracciano in ,italy1 saith he1 ,specus feu caverna 7vulg ,la ,grotta delli ,serpi7 duorum hominum capax1 fistulosis quibusdam foraminibus in formam cribri perforata cernitur1 ex quibus ingens qudam1 principio veris1 diversicolorum ,serpentum1 null tamen1 ut dicitur1 singulari veneni qualitate imbutorum progenies quotannis pullulare solet4 ,in hc spelunc ,elephantiacos1 ,leprosos1 ,paralyticos1 ,arabriticos1 ,podagricos1 c4 nudos exponere solent1 qui mox halituum subterraneorum calore in sudorem resoluti1 ,serpentum propullulantium1 totum corpus infirmi implicantium1 suctu linctuque ita omni vitioso virulentoque humore privare dicuntur1 ut repetito hoc per aliquod tempus medicamento1 tandem perfecta sanitati restituantur4 ,this ,cave ,kircher visited himself1 found it warm1 and every ,way agreeable to the ,description he had of it2 he saw their ,holes1 heard a murmuring hissing ,noise in them2 but although he missed seeing the ,serpents 7it being not the ,season of their creeping out7 yet he saw great ,numbers of their ,exuvi1 or ,sloughs1 and an ,elm growing hard by laden with them4 ,the ,discovery of this ,cave1 was by the ,cure of a ,leper going from ,rome to some ,baths near this ,place2 who losing his ,way1 and being benighted1 happened upon this ,cave2 and finding it very warm1 pull'd off his ,cloaths1 and being weary and sleepy1 had the good ,fortune not to feel the ,serpents about him1 till they had wrought his ,cure4 ,vid4 ,museum ,worm4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #i4 ,the before-commended ,dr4 ,mead1 thinks our ,physicians deal too cautiously and sparingly1 in their prescribing only small ,quantities of the ,viper's ,flesh1 c4 in the ,elephantiasis1 and stubborn ,leprosies3 ,but he recommendeth rather the ,gelly or ,broth of ,vipers2 or1 as the ancient ,manner was1 to boil ,vipers1 and eat them like ,fish2 or at least to drink ,wine1 in which they have been long infused4 ,vid4 ,mead4 ubi supr4 p4 #cd4 k ,that ,earth-worms live upon ,earth1 is manifest from the little curled ,heaps of their ,dung ejected out of their ,holes4 ,but in ,philos4 ,transact4 ,n4 #bia1 ,i have said1 it is in all ,probability ,earth made of rotted ,roots and ,plants1 and such like nutritive ,things1 not pure ,earth4 ,and there is farther ,reason for it1 because ,worms will drag the ,leaves of ,trees into their ,holes4 l ,snails might be in ,danger of wanting ,food1 if they were to live only upon such tender ,plants as are near the ,ground1 within their ,reach only2 to impower them therefore to extend their ,pursuits farther1 they are enabled by the ,means mentioned in ,note 7d71 to stick unto1 and creep up ,walls and ,vegetables at their ,pleasure4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,inhabitants of the ,,waters4 ,i have now gone through that ,part of the ,animal ,world1 which ,i proposed to survey1 the ,animals inhabiting the ,land4 ,as to the other ,part of the ,terraqueous ,globe1 the ,waters1 and the ,inhabitants thereof1 not having ,time to finish what ,i have begun1 on that large ,subject1 ,i shall be forced to quit it for the present1 altho' we have there as ample and glorious a ,scene of the ,infinite ,creator's ,power and ,art1 as hath been already set forth on the dry ,land4 ,for the ,waters themselves are an admirable ,work of ,goda1 and of infinite ,useb to that ,part of the ,globe already surveyed2 and the prodigious ,varietyc1 and ,multitudes of curious and wonderful ,things observable in its ,inhabitants of all ,sorts1 are an inexhaustible ,scene of the ,creator's ,wisdom and ,power4 ,the vast ,bulk of somed1 and prodigious ,minuteness of otherse1 together with the incomparable ,contrivance and ,structure of the ,bodiesf of all2 the ,provisions and ,supplies of ,food afforded to such an innumerable ,company of ,eaters1 and that in an ,element1 unlikely one would think1 to afford any great ,store of ,suppliesg2 the ,business of ,respiration perform'd in a ,way so different from1 but equivalent to what is in ,land ,animalsh2 the ,adjustment of the ,organs of ,visioni to that ,element in which the ,animal liveth2 the ,poisek1 the ,supportl1 the ,motion of the ,bodym1 forwards with great ,swiftness1 and upwards and downwards with great ,readiness and ,agility1 and all without ,feet and ,hands1 and ten thousand ,things besides2 all these ,things1 ,i say1 do lay before us so various1 so glorious1 and withal so inexhaustible a ,scene of the divine ,power1 ,wisdom and ,goodness1 that it would be in vain to engage my self in so large a ,province1 without allotting as much ,time and ,pains to it1 as the preceding ,survey hath cost me4 ,passing by therefore that ,part of our ,globe1 ,i shall only say somewhat very briefly concerning the insensitive ,creatures1 particularly those of the vegetable ,kingdom1 and so conclude this ,survey4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,besides their absolute ,necessity1 and great ,use to the ,world1 there are several ,topics1 from whence the ,waters may be demonstrated to be ,god's ,work2 as1 the creating so vast a ,part of our ,globe2 the placing it commodiously therein1 and giving it ,bounds2 the ,methods keeping it sweet and clean1 by its ,saltness1 by the ,tides1 and ,agitations by the ,winds2 the making the ,waters useful to the ,vegetation of ,plants1 and for ,food to ,animals1 by the noble ,methods of sweetning them2 and many other ,things besides1 which are insisted on in that ,part of my ,survey4 b ,pliny having named divers ,mirabilia ,aquarum1 to shew their ,power2 then proceeds to their ,uses1 viz4 ,edem cadentes omnium terr nascentium causa fiunt1 prorsus mirabili natur1 siquis velit reputare1 ut fruges gignantur1 arbores fruticesque vivant1 in clum migrare aquas1 animamque etiam herbis vitalem inde deferre3 just confessione1 omnes terra quoque vires aquarum esse beneficii4 ,quapropter ante omnia ipsarum potentia exempla ponemus3 ,cunctas enim quis mortalium enamerare queat8 ,and then he goes on with an ,enumeration of some ,waters famed for being medicinal1 or some other unusual ,quality4 ,plin4 ,l4 #ca4 c4 #a4 #b4 c ,pliny reckons #agf ,kinds in the ,waters1 whose ,names may be met with in his ,l4 #cb4 c4 #aa4 but he is short in his ,account4 d ,pliny1 ,l4 #i4 c4 #c4 saith1 that in the ,indian ,sea there are ,balen quaternm jugerum 7i4e4 #ifj ,feet7 ,pristes #bjj cubitorum 7i4e4 #cjj ,feet47 ,and ,l4 #cb4 c4 #a4 he mentions ,whales #fjj ,foot long1 and #cfj broad1 that came into a ,river of ,arabia4 ,if the ,reader hath a mind1 he may see his ,reason why the largest ,animals are bred in the ,sea1 ,l4 #i4 c4 #b4 e ,as the largest1 so the most minute ,animals are bred in the ,waters1 as those in ,pepper-water2 and such as make the green ,scum on the ,waters1 or make them seem as if green1 and many others4 ,see ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7n71 7v74 f ,it might be here shewn1 that the ,bodies of all the several ,inhabitants of the ,waters are the best contrived and suited to that ,place and ,business in the ,waters1 which is proper for them2 that particularly their ,bodies are cloathed and guarded1 in the best ,manner1 with ,scales1 or ,shells1 c4 suitable to the ,place they are to reside in1 the ,dangers they may there be exposed unto1 and the ,motion and ,business they are there to perform3 ,that the ,center of ,gravity 7of great ,consideration in that fluid ,element17 is always plac'd in the fittest ,part of the ,body3 ,that the ,shape of their ,bodies1 7especially the more swift17 is the most commodious for making ,way through the ,water1 and most agreeable to geometrical ,rules2 and many other ,matters besides would deserve a ,place here1 were they not too long for ,notes1 and that ,i shall anticipate what will be more proper for another ,place1 and more accurately treated of there4 g ,see before ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 h ,galen was aware of the ,respiration of ,fishes by their ,branchi4 ,for having said1 that ,fishes have no ,occasion of a ,voice1 neither respire through the ,mouth as ,land ,animals do1 he saith1 ,sed earum1 quas ,branchias nuncupamus1 constructio1 ipsis vice ,pulmonis est4 ,cm enim crebris ac tenuibus foraminibus sint ,branchi h intercept1 ari quidem vapori perviis1 subtilioribus tamen qum pro mole aqu2 hanc quidem extra repellunt1 illa autem prompt intromittunt4 ,galen de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #f4 c4 #i4 ,so also ,pliny held1 that ,fishes respired by their ,gills2 but he saith ,aristotle was of a different ,opinion4 ,plin4 ,l4 #i4 c4 #g4 ,and so ,aristotle seems to be in his ,hist4 ,animal4 ,l4 #h4 c4 #b4 and in other ,places4 ,and ,i may add our famous ,dr4 ,needham4 ,see his ,de form4 ,ftu1 ,chap4 #f4 and ,answer to ,severinus4 i ,a protuberant ,eye would have been inconvenient for ,fishes1 by hindring their ,motion in so dense a ,medium as ,water is2 or else their brushing through so thick a ,medium would have been apt to wear1 and prejudice their ,eyes2 therefore their ,cornea is flat4 ,to make amends for which1 as also for the ,refraction of ,water1 different from that of the ,air1 the wise ,contriver of the ,eye1 hath made the ,crystalline spherical in ,fishes1 which in ,animals1 living in the ,air1 is lenticular1 and more flat4 k ,as ,i have shew'd before1 that the ,bodies of ,birds are nicely pois'd to swim in the ,air2 so are those of ,fishes for the ,water1 every ,part of the ,body being duly balanc'd1 and the ,center of ,gravity1 7as ,i said in ,note 7f771 accurately fix'd4 ,and to prevent ,vacillation1 some of the ,fins serve1 particularly those of the ,belly2 as ,borelli prov'd by cutting off the ,belly-fins1 which caus'd the ,fish to reel to the right and left ,hand1 and render'd it unable to stand steadily in an upright ,posture4 l ,to enable the ,fish to abide at the ,top1 or ,bottom1 or any other ,part of the ,waters1 the ,air-,bladder is given to most ,fishes1 which as 'tis more full or empty1 makes the ,body more or less buoyant4 m ,the ,tail is the grand ,instrument of the ,motion of the ,body2 not the ,fins1 as some imagine4 ,for which ,reason1 ,fishes are more musculous and strong in that ,part1 than in all the rest of their ,body1 according as it is in the motive ,parts of all ,animals1 in the pectoral ,muscles of ,birds1 the ,thighs of ,man1 c4 ,if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see the admirable ,method1 how ,fishes row themselves by their ,tail1 and other ,curiosities relating to their ,swimming2 ,i shall refer him to ,borelli de mot4 ,anim4 ,part4 #a4 ,chap4 #bc4 particularly to ,prop4 #bac4 ,illustration ,,book ,x4 ,of ,,vegetables4 ,the ,vegetable ,kingdom1 although an inferiour ,branch of the ,creation1 exhibits to us such an ample ,scene of the ,creator's ,contrivance1 ,curiosity1 and ,art1 that ,i much rather chuse to shew what might be said1 than engage too far in ,particulars4 ,i might insist upon the great ,variety there is1 both of ,trees and ,plants provided for all ,ages1 and for every ,use and ,occasion of the ,worlda2 some for ,building1 for ,tools and ,utensils of every ,kind2 some hard1 some soft2 some tough and strong1 some brittle2 some long and tall1 some short and low2 some thick and large1 some small and tender2 some for ,physickb1 some for ,food1 some for ,pleasure2 yea1 the most abjectc ,shrubs1 and the very ,bushes and ,brambles themselves1 the ,husbandman can testify the ,use of4 ,i might also survey here the curious ,anatomy and ,structure of their ,bodiesd1 and shew the admirable ,provision made for the ,conveyance of the lymphatick and essential ,juices1 for communicating the ,air1 as necessary to ,vegetable1 as ,animal ,lifee3 ,i might also speak of1 even the very ,covering they are provided with1 because it is a curious ,work in ,reality1 although less so in ,appearance3 ,and much more therefore might ,i survey the neat ,variety and ,texture of their ,leavesf1 the admirable ,finery1 ,gaiety1 and ,fragrancy of their ,flowersg4 ,i might also inquire into the wonderful ,generation and ,make of the ,seedh1 and the great ,usefulness of their ,fruit3 ,i might shew that the ,rudiments and ,lineaments of the ,parent-,vegetable1 though never so large and spacious1 is locked up in the little ,compass of their ,fruit or ,seed1 though some of those ,seeds are scarce visible to the naked ,eyei4 ,and forasmuch as the ,perpetuity and ,safety of the ,species depends upon the ,safety of the ,seed and ,fruit in a great measure1 ,i might therefore take notice of the peculiar ,care the great ,god of ,nature hath taken for the ,conservation and ,safety hereof3 ,as particularly in such as dare to shew their ,heads all the ,year1 how securely their ,flower1 ,seed or ,fruit is locked up all the ,winter1 together with their ,leaves and ,branches1 in their ,gemsk and well fenced and covered there with neat and close ,tunicks4 ,and for such as dare not so to expose themselves1 with what ,safety are they preserved under the ,coverture of the ,earth1 in their ,root l1 ,seed m1 or ,fruit1 till invited out by the kindly ,warmth of the ,spring6 ,and when the whole ,vegetable ,race is thus called out1 it is very pretty to observe the ,methods of ,nature in guarding those insensitive ,creatures against ,harms and ,inconveniencies1 by making some 7for ,instance7 to lie down prostrate1 and others1 to close themselves up n upon the ,touch of ,animals1 and the most to shut up their ,flowers1 their ,down o1 or other their like ,guard1 upon the ,close and ,cool of the ,evening1 by ,means of ,rain1 or other ,matters that may be prejudicial to the tender ,seed4 ,and now to these ,considerations relating to the ,seed1 ,i might add the various ,ways of ,nature in dissipating and sowing it1 some being for this end1 winged with light ,down1 or ,wings1 to be conveyed about by the ,winds2 others being laid in elastick1 springy ,cases1 that when they burst and crack1 dart their ,seed at convenient ,distances1 performing thereby the ,part of a good ,husbandmanp2 others by their agreeable ,taste and ,smell1 and salutary ,nature1 inviting themselves to be swallow'd1 and carry'd about by the ,birds1 and thereby also fertiliz'd by passing through their ,bodiesq2 and others not thus taken ,care of1 do many of them by their ,usefulness in human ,life1 invite the ,husbandman and ,gardiner carefully to sow and nurse them up4 ,to this so singular a ,care about the ,propagation and ,conservation of the ,species of ,vegetables1 ,i might add the nice ,provision that is made for their ,support and ,aid1 in standing and growing1 that they may keep their ,heads above ,ground1 and not be rotted and spoil'd in the ,earth themselves1 nor thereby annoy us2 but on the contrary1 minister to all their ,ends1 and our ,uses2 to afford us ,houses1 ,utensils1 ,foodr1 ,physick1 ,cloathing1 yea1 ,diversion too1 by the ,beauty of their ,looks1 by the ,fragrancy of their ,smell1 by creating us pleasant ,shades against the scorching ,beams of ,summer1 and skreening us against the piercing ,winds1 and ,cold of ,winters4 ,and it is very observable what admirable ,provisions are made for this ,purpose of their ,support and ,standing1 both in such as stand by their own ,strength1 and such as need the ,help of others4 ,in such as stand by their own ,strength1 it is1 by ,means of the stronger and more ligneous ,parts1 7equivalent to the ,bones in ,animals17 being made not inflexible1 as ,bones2 because they would then be apt to break2 but of a yielding elastick ,nature1 to escape and dodge the ,violence of the ,winds2 and by ,means also of the ,branches spreading handsomely and commodiously about1 at an ,angle of about #de gr4 by which ,means they equally fill up1 and at the same ,time make an quilibration of the ,topt4 ,and as for such ,vegetables as are weak1 and not able to support themselves1 'tis a wonderful ,faculty they have1 so readily and naturally to make ,use of the ,help of their ,neighbours1 embracing and climbing up upon themu1 and using them as ,crutches to their feeble ,bodies3 ,some by their odd convolving ,faculty1 by twisting themselves like a ,screw about others2 some advancing themselves1 by catching and holding with their curious ,claspers and ,tendrels1 equivalent to the ,hands2 some by striking in their rooty ,feet2 and others by the ,emission of a natural ,glue1 closely and firmly adhering to something or other that administers sufficient ,support unto them4 ,all which various ,methods being so nicely accommodated to the ,indigencies of those helpless ,vegetables1 and not to be met with in any besides1 is a manifest ,indication of their being the ,contrivance and ,work of the ,creator1 and that his infinite ,wisdom and ,care condescends1 even to the ,service1 and well-being of the meanest1 most weak1 and helpless insensitive ,parts of the ,creation4 ,in the last ,place1 to the ,uses already hinted at1 ,i might add a large ,catalogue of such among ,vegetables1 as are of peculiar ,use and ,service to the ,world1 and seem to be design'd as 'twere on ,purpose1 by the most merciful ,creator1 for the ,good of ,man1 or other ,creaturesw4 ,among ,grain1 ,i might name the great ,fertilityx of such as serves for ,bread1 the easy ,culture and ,propagation thereof1 and the ,agreement of every ,soil and ,climate to it4 ,among ,trees1 and ,plants1 ,i might instance in some that seem to be design'd1 as 'twere on ,purpose1 for almost every ,lifey1 and ,convenience2 some to heal the most stubborn and dangerous ,distempersz1 to alleviate and ease the ,painsaa of our poor infirm ,bodies1 all the ,world over3 ,and some designed for the peculiar ,service and ,good of particular ,places1 either to cure such ,distempers as are peculiar to them1 by growing more plentifully there than elsewherebb2 or else to obviate some ,inconvenience there1 or to supply some constant ,necessity1 or ,occasion1 not possible1 or at least not easy1 to be supplied any other ,waycc4 ',tis1 for ,instance1 an admirable ,provision made for some ,countries subject to ,drought1 that when the ,waters every where fail1 there are ,vegetables which contain not only ,moisture enough to supply their own ,vegetation and ,wants1 but afford ,drink also both to ,man and other ,creatures1 in their great ,extremitiesdd2 and a great deal more might be instanced in of a like ,nature1 and ,things that bear such plain ,impresses of the ,divine ,wisdom and ,care1 that they manifest the ,super-intendence of the infinite ,creator4 ,thus ,i have given a ,sketch of another ,branch of the ,creation1 which 7although one of the meanest1 yet7 if it was accurately viewed1 would abundantly manifest it self to be the ,work of ,god4 ,but because ,i have been so long upon the other ,parts1 although less than they deserve1 ,i must therefore content my self with those general ,hints ,i have given2 which may however serve as ,specimens of what might have been more largely said about this inferiour ,part of the animated ,creation4 ,as to the ,inanimate ,part1 such as ,stones1 ,minerals1 ,earths1 and such-like1 that which ,i have already said in the ,beginning shall suffice4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,the fifth ,book of ,theophrastus's ,hist4 ,plant4 may be here consulted3 ,where he gives ample instances of the various ,constitutions and ,uses of ,trees1 in various ,works1 c4 ,see also before ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,note 7a74 b ,invisis quoque herbis inseruit ,natura remedia3 quippe cm medicinas dederit etiam aculeatis----in quibus ipsis providentiam ,natur satis admirari amplectique non est4----,inde excogitavit aliquas aspectu hispidas1 tactu truces1 ut tantm non vocem ipsius fingentis illas1 rationemque reddentis exaudire videamur1 ne se depascat avida ,quadrupes1 ne procaces manus rapiant1 ne neglecta vestigia obterant1 ne insidens ,ales infringat3 his muniendo ,aculeis1 telisque armando1 remediis ut tuta ac salva sint4 ,ita hoc quoque quod in iis odimus1 hominum causa excogitatum est4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #bb c4 #f4 ,are some of the ,species of ,nature noxious8 ,they are also useful----,doth a ,nettle sting8 ,it is to secure so good a ,medicine from the ,rapes of ,children and ,cattle4 ,doth the ,bramble cumber a ,garden8 ,it makes the better ,hedge2 where if it chanceth to prick the ,owner1 it will tear the ,thief4 ,grew ,cosmolog4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #b4 4 #dg4 c ,that the most abject ,vegetables1 c4 have their ,use1 and are beneficial to the ,world1 may in some measure appear from the ,use the ,northern ,people put rotten ,wood1 c4 unto4 ,satis ingeniosum modum habent populi septentrionales in nemoribus nocturno tempore pertranseuntes1 imo diurno1 quando in remotioribus ,aquilonis partibus ante1 post ,solstitium hyemale continu noctes habentur4 ,quique his remediis indigent1 ,cortices quercinos inquirunt putres1 easque collocant certo interstitio itineris instituti1 ut eorum splendore1 qu voluerint1 perficiant iter4 ,nec solm hoc prstat ,cortex1 sed ,truncus putrefactus1 ac fungus ipse ,agaricus appellatus1 c4 ,ol4 ,mag4 ,hist4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #af4 ,to this we may add ,thistles in making ,glass1 whose ,ashes ,dr4 ,merret saith1 are the best1 viz4 the ,ashes of the ,common-way ,thistle1 though all ,thistles serve to this ,purpose4 ,next to ,thistles are ,hop-strings1 cut after the ,flowers are gathered4 ,plants that are ,thorny and ,prickly1 seem to afford the best and most ,salt4 ,merret's ,observ4 on ,anton4 ,ner4 p4 #bfe4 ,quid majora sequar8 ,salices1 humilesque ,genist4 ,aut ill pecori frondem1 aut pastoribus umbram ,sufficiunt1 ,sepemque satis1 pabula melli4 ,virg4 ,georg4 ,l4 #b4 4 #dcd4 d ,dr4 ,beal 7who was very curious1 and tried many ,experiments upon ,vegetables7 gives some good ,reasons to imagine1 that there is a direct ,communication between the ,parts of the ,tree and the ,fruit1 so that the same ,fibres which constitute the ,root1 ,trunk1 and ,boughs1 are extended into the very ,fruit4 ,and in old ,horn-beams1 ,i have observed something very like this2 in many of which1 there are divers great and small ,ribs 7almost like ,ivy1 only united to the ,body7 running from the ,root up along the outside of the ,body1 and terminating in one single1 or a few ,boughs3 ,which ,bough or ,boughs spread again into ,branches1 ,leaves and ,fruit4 ,see what ,dr4 ,beal hath in ,lowth4 ,abr4 ,v4 #b4 p4 #gaj4 ,but as to the particular ,canals1 and other ,parts relating to the ,anatomy of ,vegetables1 it is too long a ,subject for this ,place1 and therefore ,i shall refer to ,seigneur ,malpighi's and ,dr4 ,grew's ,labours in this kind4 e ,tanta est ,respirationis necessitas1 usus1 ut ,natura in singulis viventium ordinibus varia1 sed analoga1 paraverit instrumenta1 qu ,pulmones vocamus and so he goes on with observing the ,apparatus made in the various ,genera of ,animals1 and then saith ,in ,plantis ver1 qu infirmum animalium attingunt ordinem1 tantam ,trachearum copiam productionem extare par est1 ut his minim ,vegetantium partes prter corticem irrigentur4----,plant igitur 7ut conjectari fas est7 cum sint viventia1 visceribus infixa terr1 ab hac1 seu potius ab aqu are1 commixtis percolatis terr1 ,respirationis su materiam recipiunt1 ipsarumque ,trache ab halitu terr1 extremas radices subingresso1 replentur4 ,malpig4 ,op4 ,anat4 ,plant4 p4 #ae4 ,these ,trache or ,air-,vessels1 are visible1 and appear very pretty in the ,leaf of ,scabious1 or the ,vine1 by pulling asunder some of its principal ,ribs1 or great ,fibres2 between which1 may be seen the ,spiral ,air-,vessels 7like ,threads of ,cob-web7 a little uncoyled3 ,a ,figure whereof1 ,dr4 ,grew hath given us in his ,anat4 ,plant4 ,tab4 #ea4 #eb4 ,as to the curious coyling1 and other ,things relating to the ,structure of those ,air-,vessels4 ,i refer to ,malpig4 p4 #ad4 and ,dr4 ,grew1 ib4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #c4 4 #af c4 and ,l4 #d4 c4 #d4 4 #ai4 of ,mr4 ,ray1 from them succinctly1 ,hist4 ,plant4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #d4 f ,concerning the ,leaves1 ,i shall note only two or three ,things4 #a4 ,as to the ,fibres of the ,leaf1 they stand not in the ,stalk1 in an even ,line1 but always in an ,angular1 or ,circular ,posture1 and their vascular ,fibres or ,threads1 are #c1 #e1 or #g4 ,the ,reason of their ,position thus1 is for the more erect ,growth and greater ,strength of the ,leaf1 as also for the ,security of its ,sap4 ,of all which see1 ,dr4 ,grew1 ,l4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #h4 c4 and ,l4 #d4 ,par4 #a4 c4 #c4 also ,tab4 #d4 ,fig4 #b4 to #aa4 ,another ,observable in the ,fibres of the ,leaf1 is their orderly ,position1 so as to take in an eighth ,part of a ,circle1 as in ,mallows2 in some a tenth1 but in most a twelfth1 as in ,holy-,oak2 or a sixth1 as in ,sirynga4 ,id4 ib4 ,tab4 #df1 #dg4 #b4 ,the ,art in ,folding up the ,leaves before their ,eruption out of their ,gems1 c4 is incomparable1 both for its ,elegancy and ,security1 viz4 ,in taking up 7so as their ,forms will bear7 the least room2 and in being so conveniently couched as to be capable of receiving ,protection from other ,parts1 or of giving it to one another1 e4g4 ,first1 there is the ,bow-lap1 where the ,leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over another1 but not plaited----but where the ,leaves are not so thick set1 as to stand in the ,bow-lap1 there we have the ,plicature1 or the ,flat-lap2 as in ,rose-tree1 c4 ,and so that curious ,observer goes on shewing the various ,foldings1 to which he gives the ,names of the ,duplicature1 ,multiplicature1 the ,fore-rowl1 ,back-rowl1 and ,tre-rowl1 or ,treble-rowl4 ,grew4 ib4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #ad1 c4 ,to these he adds some others1 ,l4 #d4 ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #i4 ,consult also ,malpig4 de ,gemmis1 p4 #bb4 c4 ,to these curious ,foldings1 we may add another noble ,guard by the ,interposition of ,films1 c4 of which ,dr4 ,grew saith1 there are about six ,ways1 viz4 ,leaves1 ,surfoyls1 ,ingerfoyls1 ,stalks1 ,hoods1 and ,mantlings4 ,grew4 ib4 and ,tab4 #da1 #db4 ,malpig4 ibid4 g ,in the ,flower may be considered the ,empalement1 as ,dr4 ,grew2 the ,calix1 or ,perianthium1 as ,mr4 ,ray and others1 call it1 designed to be a ,security1 and ,bands1 to the other ,parts of the ,flower4 ,floris velut basis fulcimentum est4 ,ray ,hist4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 ,flowers1 whose ,petala are strong 7as ,tulips7 have no ,calix4 ,carnations1 whose ,petala are long and slender1 have an ,empalement of one ,piece3 ,and others1 such as the ,knap-weeds1 have it consisting of several ,pieces1 and in divers ,rounds1 and all with a counterchangeable ,respect to each other1 for the greater ,strength and ,security of themselves1 and the ,petala1 c4 they include4 ,the next is the ,foliation1 as ,dr4 ,grew1 the ,petala1 or ,folia1 as ,mr4 ,ray1 and others4 ,in these1 not only the admirable ,beauty1 and luxuriant ,colours are observable1 but also their curious ,foldings in the ,calix1 before their ,expansion4 ,of which ,dr4 ,grew hath these ,varieties1 viz4 ,the ,close-,couch1 as in ,roses2 the ,concave-,couch1 as in ,blattaria flore albo2 the ,single-,plait1 as in ,pease-,blossoms2 the ,double-,plait1 as in ,blue-,bottles1 c4 the ,couch and ,plait together1 as in ,marigolds1 c4 the ,rowl1 as in ,ladies ,bower2 the ,spire1 as in ,mallows2 and lastly1 the ,plait and ,spire together1 as in ,convolvulus ,doronici folio4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #f4 and ,tab4 #ed4 ,as to the ,stamina with their ,apices1 and the ,stylus1 7called the ,attire by ,dr4 ,grew7 they are admirable1 whether we consider their ,colours1 or their ,make1 especially their ,use1 if it be as ,dr4 ,grew1 ,mr4 ,ray1 and others imagine1 namely1 as a ,male ,sperm1 to impregnate and fructify the ,seed4 ,which ,opinion is corroborated by the ingenious ,observations of ,mr4 ,sam4 ,morland1 in ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhg4 ,reliqua usus alimentique grati genuit ,natura ideoque secula annosque tribuit iis4 ,flores ver odoresque in diem gignit3 magn 7ut palam est7 admonitione hominum1 qu spectatissim floreant1 celerrim marcescere4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #ba4 c4 #a4 h ,as to the curious and gradual ,process of ,nature in the ,formation of the ,seed or ,fruit of ,vegetables1 ,cuts being necessary1 ,i shall refer to ,dr4 ,grew1 p4 #de1 and #bji1 and ,malpig4 p4 #eg4 i ,vetus est ,empedoclis dogma1 ,plantarum semina ,ova esse1 ab iisdem decidua----,inest in eo ,ovo vel ,semine velut in cicatrice1 non sola viventis carina1 sed cum minimo trunco assurgentes partes1 ,gemma scilicet1 insignis radicis ,conus1 c4 ,malpig4 ib4 p4 #ha4 vid4 plura in tract4 de ,seminum veget4 p4 #ad4 passim4 ,in ,malpighi's ,life1 a ,debate may be seen between him and ,seign4 ,triumphetti1 the ,provost of the ,garden at ,rome1 whether the whole ,plant be actually in the ,seed4 ,the ,affirmative is maintained by ,malpighi1 with cogent ,arguments2 among which1 this is one2 ,non proccupat mente1 oculis microscopio armatis1 lustret quso ,phaseolorum1 seminalem plantulam nondum satam1 in qu folia stabilia1 hcque ampla evidenter observabit2 in edem pariter gemmam1 nodos1 seu implantationes varias foliorum caulis deprehendet4 ,caulem insignem fibris ligneis1 utriculorum seriebus constantem conspicu attinget4 ,and whereas ,s4 ,triumphetti had objected1 that vegetatione1 metamorphosi1 inedi plantas in alias degenerare1 ut exemplo plurium constat prcipu tritici in lolium1 lolii in triticum versi4 ,in answer to this1 7which is one of the strongest ,arguments against ,malpighi's ,assertion7 ,malpighi replies1 ,nondum certum est de integritate1 successu experimenti1 nam facienti mihi1 amicis1 tritici metamorphosis non cessit4 ,admissa tamen metamorphosi1 quoniam hc neglecta cultura1 aut vitio soli1 aut aris contingit----ideo ex morboso monstruoso affectu non licet inferre permanentem statum ,natur intentum4 ,observo plantas sylvestres cultur varias reddi1 c4 ,i have more largely taken notice of ,malpighi's ,answer1 because he therein shews his ,opinion about the ,transmutation of ,vegetables4 ,vid4 ,malpig4 ,vit4 p4 #fg4 ,so ,mr4 ,lewenhoeck1 after his nice ,observations of an ,orange-,kernel1 which he made to germinate in his ,pocket1 c4 concludes1 ,thus we see1 how small a ,particle1 no bigger than a course ,sand 7as the ,plant is represented7 is increased1 c4 ,a plain ,demonstration1 that the ,plant1 and all belonging to it1 was actually in the ,seed1 in the young ,plant1 its ,body1 ,root1 c4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bhg4 ,see also ,raii ,cat4 ,cant4 in ,acer maj4 from ,dr4 ,highmore4 ,but in all the ,seeds which ,i have viewed1 except the ,maple1 the ,plant appears the plainest to the naked ,eye1 and also very elegant1 in the ,nux ,vomica4 ,natura non observat magnitudinis proportionem inter semina plantas ab iisdem ortas1 ita ut majus semen majorem semper producat plantam1 minus minorem4 ,sunt enim in genere herbarum non pauca1 quarum semina arborum nonnullarum seminibus non dico qualia sunt1 sed multo majora4 ,sic v4g4 ,semina ,fab1 c4 semina ,ulmi1 c4 multis vicibus magnitudine superant4 ,raii ubi supr1 ,l4 #a4 c4 #ac4 ,filicem reliquasque ,capillares herbas ,semine carere ,veteres plerique----prodidere2 quos etiam secuti sunt ,recentioribus nonnulli1 ,dodonus1 c4----,alii contr1 ,bauhinus1 c4 ,filices congeneres spermatophoras esse contendunt3 ,partim quia ,historia ,creationis1 ,genes4 ii4 #ab4 c4----,hanc sententiam verissimam esse----autopsia convincit4 ,fredericus ,csius1 he saith1 was the first that discovered these ,seeds with the ,help of a ,microscope4 ,and since him1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 hath more critically observed them4 ,among other ,things observed by that ingenious ,gent4 are these1 ,pixidul seu capsul semina continentes in plerisque hoc genus plantis perquam exili granulo aren vulgaris cinere plus duplo minores sunt2 im in nonnullis speciebus vix tertiam quartamve arenul partem magnitudine quant1 vesicularum quarundam annulis aut fasciolis vermiformibus obvolutarum speciem exhibentes4 ,nonnulle ex his vesiculis #ajj circiter semina continere deprehendebantur4----ade eximi parvitate ut nudo oculo prorsus essent invisibilia1 nec nisi microscopii interventu detegi possent4----,osmunda ,regalis1 qu aliis omnibus ,filicis speciebus mole----antecellit----vascula seminalia obtinet qu cum reliquis congeneribus magnitudinis----quorum immensa visum fugiens parvitas cum magnitudine plant collata----ade nullam gerere proportionem invenietur1 ut tantam plantam tantillo semine produci attentum observatarem merit in admirationem rapiat4 ,ray1 ibid4 ,l4 #c4 pag4 #acb4 ,this ,w4 ,c4 was ,mr4 ,wil4 ,cole1 as he owneth in a ,letter ,i have now in my ,hands of his to ,mr4 ,ray1 of ,octob4 #ah1 #afhd4 k ,vegetantium genus1 ut debitam magnitudinem sortiatur1 su mortalitatis jacturam sucessiv prolis eductione reparet1 statis temporibus novas promit partes1 ut tandem emergentes ,uteri1 recentes edant ,soboles4 ,emanantes igitur a caule1 caudice1 ramis1 radicibus novell hujusmodi partes1 non illico laxat extenduntur1 sed compendio quodam coagmentat intra folii axillam cubantes1 non parum subsistunst1 ,gemm appellantur1 c4 ,and then that great ,man goes on to shew the admirable various ,methods of ,nature1 in repositing in that little ,compass1 so large a ,part of a ,tree or ,plant1 the curious ,structure of the ,gems1 the admirable ,guard afforded them1 and the ,leaves1 ,flowers and ,seed contained in them1 c4 ,of which having taken ,notice before1 ,i pass over it now1 and only refer to our ,author ,malpighi1 and ,dr4 ,grew1 in the ,places cited in ,note 7f7 and 7g74 l ,of ,bulbous1 and a great many more1 probably of the far greater ,number of ,perennial ,roots of ,herbs1 as ,arum1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 c4 it is very observable1 that their ,root is annually renewed1 or repaired out of the ,trunk or ,stalk it self4 ,that is to say1 the ,basis of the ,stalk continually1 and by insensible ,degrees descending below the ,surface of the ,earth1 and hiding it self therein1 is thus both in ,nature1 ,place and ,office1 changed into a true ,root4----,so in ,brownwort1 the ,basis of the ,stalk sinking down by ,degrees1 till it lies under ,ground1 becomes the upper ,part of the ,root2 and continuing still to sink1 the next ,year becomes the lower ,part3 ,and the next after that1 rots away2 a new ,addition being still yearly made out of the ,stalk1 as the elder ,parts yearly rot away4 ,grew4 ibid4 ,l4 #b4 pag4 #ei4 ubi plura vid4 m ,how safe and agreeable a ,conservatory the ,earth is to ,vegetables1 more than any other1 is manifest from their rotting1 drying1 or being rendred infecund in the ,waters1 or the ,air2 but in the ,earth their ,vigour is long preserved4 ,thus ,seeds particularly1 ,mr4 ,ray thinks some1 may probably retain their ,fecundity for ten ,years1 and others lose it in five2 but1 saith he1 ,in terr gremio latitantia1 quamvis tot caloris1 frigoris1 humoris siccitatis varietatibus ibidem obnoxia1 diutis tamen 7ut puto7 fertilitatem suam tuentur qum ab hominibus diligentissim custodita2 nam ego alii ante me multi observrunt ,sinapeos vim magnam enatam in aggeribus fossarum recns factis inque areis gramineis effossis1 ubi post hominum memoriam nulla unquam ,sinapeos seges succreverat4 ,quam tamen non spont ortam suspicor1 sed seminibus in terra per tot annos resuduis etiam prolificis4 ,ray4 ,hist4 ,pl4 ,l4 #a4 ,c4 #ac4 n ,plant nonnull schynomen ,veteribus dict1 ,recentioribus ,viv1 ,sensitiv1 ,mimos1 haud obscura sensus indicia produnt2 siquidem folia earnum manu aut baculo tacta1 paululum compressa1 pleno etiam meridie1 splendente ,sole1 illico se contrahunt2 in nonnullis etiam speciebus cauliculi teneriores concidunt velut marcescunt2 quod idem ab are frigidiore admissa patiuntur4 ,ray4 ,hist4 ,pl4 ,t4 #a4 ,l4 #ah4 ,app4 ,s4 #b4 c4 #b4 p4 #igh4 o ,i have observed that many1 if not most ,vegetables1 do expand their ,flowers1 ,down1 c4 in warm1 ,sun-shiny ,weather1 and again close them towards ,evening1 or in ,rain1 c4 especially at the ,beginning of ,flowering1 when the ,seed is young and tender2 as is manifest in the ,down of ,dandelion1 and other ,downs2 and eminently in the ,flowers of ,pimpernel2 the opening and shutting of which1 are the ,country-,man's ,weather-wiser2 whereby ,gerard saith1 he foretelleth what ,weather shall follow the next ,day2 for saith he1 if the ,flowers be close shut up1 it betokeneth ,rain and foul ,weather2 contrarywise1 if they be spread abroad1 fair ,weather4 ,ger4 ,herb4 ,b4 #b4 c4 #ahc4 ,est alia arbor in ,tylis similis1 foliosior tamen1 roseique floris2 quem noctu comprimens1 aperire incipit ,solis exortu1 meridie expandit4 ,incol dormir eam dicunt4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,l4 #ab4 c4 #aa4 p ,so soon as the ,seed is ripe1 ,nature taketh several ,methods for its being duly ,sown2 not only in the opening of the ,uterus1 but also in the make of the ,seed it self4 ,for1 ,first1 ,the ,seeds of many ,plants1 which affect a peculiar ,soil or ,seat1 as of ,arum1 ,poppy1 c4 are heavy and small enough1 without further ,care1 to fall directly down into the ,ground----,but if they are so large and light1 as to be expos'd to the ,wind1 they are often furnish'd with one or more ,hooks1 to stay them from straying too far from their proper ,place----,so the ,seeds of ,avens have one single ,hook2 those of ,agrimony and ,goose-grass1 many2 both the former loving a warm ,bank2 the latter1 an ,hedge for its ,support4 ,on the contrary1 many ,seeds are furnish'd with ,wings or ,feathers2 partly with the ,help of the ,wind to carry them1 when ripe1 from off the ,plant1 as of ,ash1 c4----and partly to enable them to make their ,flight more or less abroad1 that so they may not1 by falling together1 come up too thick2 and that if one should miss a good ,soil or ,bed1 another may hit4 ,so the ,kernels of ,pine have ,wings----yet short----whereby they fly not into the ,air1 but only flutter upon the ,ground4 ,but those of ,typha1 ,dandelion1 and most of the pappous ,kind----have long numerous ,feathers1 by which they are wafted every ,way4----,again1 there are ,seeds which are scatter'd not by flying abroad1 but by being either spirted or flung away4 ,the first of those are ,wood sorrel1 which having a running ,root1 ,nature sees fit to sow the ,seeds at some ,distance4 ,the doing of which is effected by a white sturdy ,cover1 of a tendinous or springy ,nature4----,this ,cover1 so soon as it begins to dry1 bursts open on one ,side1 in an instant1 and is violently turn'd ,inside outward----and so smartly throws off the ,seed4 ,the ,seeds of ,hart's-tongue1 is flung or shot away----by the curious ,contrivance of the ,seed-case1 as in ,codded-,asmart1 only there the spring moves and curls inward1 but here outward1 viz4 ,every ,seed-case----is of a spherick ,figure1 and girded about with a ,sturdy ,spring4----,the ,surface of the ,spring resembles a fine ,screw4----,so soon as----this ,spring is become stark enough1 it suddenly breaks the ,case into two ,halfs1 like two little ,cups1 and so flings the ,seed4 ,grew4 ib4 p4 #aii4 and in ,tab4 #gb4 all these admirable ,artifices are handsomely represented4 ,quin si quantitas modica seminum 7,filicis ,phyiltitidis quoque7 foliis in subjectam charte mund----schedam decutiatur1 detergatrve1 deinde in acervum converratur1 vesicularum seminalium plurimis un dissilientibus1 sibi invicem allisis1 acervulus vari moveri per partes videbitur1 non secus ac si ,syronibus aut istiusmodi bestiolis repletus esset----quin si locus tranquillus sit1 aura proxim admot crepitantium inter rumpendum vasculorum sonitus----percipietur2 si microscopio chartam oculis oberres1 semina per eam undique sparsa1 ad notabilem ab acervo distantiam projecta comperies4 ,ray ibid4 p4 #acb4 ,the admirable ,contrivance of ,nature1 in this ,plant is most plain4 ,for the ,seed-,vessels being the best ,preserver of the ,seed1 'tis there kept from the ,injuries of ,air and ,earth1 'till it be rainy1 when it is a proper ,time for it to grow1 and then it is thrown round the ,earth1 as ,grain by a skilful ,sower4----,when any ,wet touches the ,end of the ,seed ,vessels1 with a smart ,noise and sudden ,leap it opens it self1 and with a ,spring scatters its ,seed to a pretty ,distance round it1 where it grows4 ,dr4 ,sloane ,voy4 to ,jamaica1 p4 #aej4 of the ,gentianella flore cruleo1 c4 or ,spirit-,leaf4 ,the ,plants of the ,cardamine-,family1 and many others1 may be added here1 whose ,cods fly open1 and dart out their ,seed1 upon a small ,touch of the ,hand4 ,but the most remarkable ,instance is in the ,cardamine impatiens1 cujus ,siliqu 7saith ,mr4 ,ray7 vel leviter tact1 actutm ejaculantur ,semina im1 quod long mirabilius videtur1 etsi filiquas non tetigeris1 si tamen manum velut tacturus proxim admoveas1 semina in approprinquantem evibrabunt2 quod tum ,morisonus se spis expertum scribit1 tum ,johnstonus apud ,gerardum verum esse affirmat4 ,hist4 ,plant4 ,l4 #af4 c4 #bj4 ,neither is this ,provision made only for ,land ,vegetables1 but for such also as grow in the ,sea4 ,of which ,i shall give an ,instance from my before commended ,friend ,dr4 ,sloane4 ,as to the ,fuci1----their ,seed hath been discover'd1 7and shew'd me first17 by the ,industry of the ingenious ,herbarist1 ,mr4 ,sam4 ,doody1 who found on many of this ,kind1 solid ,tubercules1 or ,risings in some ,seasons1 wherein were lodg'd several round ,seeds1 as big as ,mustard-,seed1 which1 when ripe1 the outward ,membrane of the ,tubercule breaking1 leaveth the seed to float up and down with the ,waves4 ,the ,seed coming near ,stones1 or any solid ,foundation1 by ,means of a ,mucilage it carries with it1 sticks to them1 and shoots forth ,ligul with ,branches1 and in ,time comes to its ,perfection and ,magnitude4 ,sloan ,voy4 ,jamaica1 p4 #ej4 ,but although ,mr4 ,doody had hinted1 and conjectur'd at the ,thing2 yet the first that discover'd the ,seeds in ,fuci1 was the before commended ,dr4 ,tancred ,robinson2 as may be seen by comparing what ,mr4 ,ray saith in his ,synops4 ,stirp4 ,brit4 p4 #f4 with his ,append4 ,hist4 p4 #ahdi4 ,besides which ,fuci1 the ,dr4 tells me1 he observ'd ,vessels and ,seed in ,coralloid ,shrubs1 as also in several ,fungi1 not only in the ,species of ,crepitus ,lupi1 but also between the ,lamell of other ,species1 and in that subterraneous ,kind call'd ,truffles1 whose ,seed and ,vessels open in the ,cortex1 at some ,seasons he saith1 like that of ,mallows in ,shape4 ,as to the ,crepitus ,lupi1 ,i have more than once examin'd their ,powder1 with those excellent ,microscopes of ,mr4 ,wilson's ,make3 ,but the most satisfactory ,view ,mr4 ,wilson himself gave me2 by which ,i found the ,seeds to be so many exceeding small ,puff-,balls1 with round ,heads1 and longer than ordinary sharp-pointed ,stalks1 as if made on purpose to prick easily into the ,ground4 ,these ,seeds are intermix'd with much dusty ,matter1 and become hurtful to the ,eyes1 probably by their sharp ,stalks pricking and wounding that tender ,organ4 q ,the ancient ,naturalists do generally agree1 that ,misseltoe is propagated by its ,seeds carried about by1 and passing through the ,body of ,birds4 ,thus ,theophrastus de ,caus4 ,plant4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #bd4 1 c4 ,initium ver pastu avium3----,quippe ,visco detracto confectque in alves1 quod frigidissimum est1 semen cum excremento purum dimittitur1 fact mutatione aliqu in arbore ,stercoris caus pullulat1 erumpitque1 c4 ,so also ,pliny saith1 viz4 ,omnino autem satum ,viscum nullo modo nascitur1 nec nisi per alvum ,avium reddittum1 maxim ,palumbis ac ,turdi4 ,hc est natura1 ut nisi maturatum in ventre ,avium1 non proveniat4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #af4 c4 #dd4 ,whether what ,theophrastus and ,pliny affirm1 be conducive to the better fertilizing the ,seeds of ,misseltoe1 ,i know not2 but that it is not of absolute ,necessity1 ,i can affirm upon mine own ,experience1 having seen the ,seeds germinate1 even in the ,bark of ,oak4 ,but although they shot above an ,inch1 and seem'd to root in the ,tree1 yet they came to nothing1 whether destroy'd by ,ants1 c4 which ,i suspected1 or whether disagreeing with the ,oak1 ,i know not4 ,but ,i since find the ,matter put out of doubt by ,mr4 ,doody1 which see in ,mr4 ,ray's ,hist4 ,plant4 ,app4 p4 #aiah4 ,nutmegs are said to be fertiliz'd after the same ,manner1 as ,tavernier saith was confirm'd to him by ,persons that lived many ,years in those ,parts2 whose ,relation was1 ,the ,nutmeg being ripe1 several ,birds come from the ,islands toward the ,south1 and devour it whole1 but are forced to throw it up again1 before it be digested3 ,and that the ,nutmeg1 then besmear'd with a viscous ,matter1 falling to the ,ground1 takes ,root1 and produces a ,tree1 which would never thrive1 was it planted4 ,tavern4 of the ,commod4 of the ,g4 ,mogul4 ,and ,monsieur ,thevenot1 in his ,travels to the ,indies1 gives this ,account2 ,the ,tree is produc'd after this ,manner2 there is a kind of ,birds in the ,island1 that having pick'd off the green ,husk1 swallow the ,nuts1 which having been some ,time in their ,stomach1 they void by the ordinary ,way2 and they fail not to take rooting in the ,place where they fall1 and in ,time to grow up to a ,tree4 ,this ,bird is shap'd like a ,cuckow1 and the ,dutch prohibit their ,subjects under ,pain of ,death1 to kill any of them4 ,vid4 ,sir ,t4 ,pope ,blunt's ,nat4 ,hist4 ,but ,mr4 ,ray gives a somewhat different ,account3 ,hunc fructum ,nucem ,moschatam vari quidem aves depascuntur1 sed maxim ,columb genus album parvum1 qu dehiscente nucamento1 illect suavitate ,macis1 hunc cum ,nuce eripiunt devorant1 nec nisi replet ingluvie capacissim saginam deserunt4 ,nostrates ibi mercatores ,columbis istis ,nut-eaters sive ,nucivoris nomen imposuerunt4 ,quas autem vorant ,nuces1 post integras per alvum reddunt4 ,reddit citis deinde germinant utpote prmacerat fervore ,ventriculi4 ,arbores inde nat ceu prcociores1 facil sunt corruptioni obnoxi fructumque ferunt cteris multo viliorem1 hc causa neglectum incolis contemptumque1 prater ,macin1 quem ad adulterandum meliorem adhibent4 ,ray ,h4 ,p4 ,l4 #bg4 c4 #d4 r ,arbores blandioribus fruge succis hominem mitigavere4 ,ex iis recreans membra ,olei liquor1 viresque potus ,vini3 tot denique sapores annui sponte venientes3 mensa depugnetur licet earum causa cum feris1 pasti naufragorum corporibus pisces expetantur1 etiamnum tamen secund4 ,mille prterea sunt usus earum1 sine quibus vita degi non possit4 ,arbore sulcamus maria1 terrasque admovemus1 arbore exdificamus tecta4 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 ,l4 #ab4 c4 #a4 s ,plantaram ,usus latissime patet1 in omni vita parte occurrit4 ,sine illis laute1 sine illis commode non vivitur1 at nec vivitur omnino3 ,qucunque ad victum necessaria sunt1 qucunque ad delicias faciunt1 e locupletissimo suo penu abunde subministrant4 ,quanto ex iis mensa innocentior1 mundior1 salubrior quam ex ,animalium cde laniena8 ,homo certe natura ,animal carnivorum non est2 nullis ad prdam rapinam armis instructum1 non dentibus exertis serratis1 non unguibus aduncis4 ,manus ad fructus colligendos1 dentes ad mandendas comparati4 ,non legimus ei ante ,diluvium carnes ad esum concessas4 ,at non victum tantum nobis suppeditant1 sed ,vestitum1 ,medicinam ,domicilia aliaque1 dificia1 ,navigia1 ,supellectilem1 ,focum1 ,oblectamenta ,sensuum ,animique3 ,ex his naribus odoramenta sussumigi parantur4 ,horum flores inenarrabili colorum ,schematum varietate1 elegantia1 oculos exhilarant1 suavissima odorum quos expirant fragantia spiritus recreant4 ,horum fructus gule illecebra mensas secundas instruunt1 languentem appetitum excitant4 ,taceo virorem aminissimum oculis amicum1 quem per prata paseua agros1 sylvas spatiantibus objiciunt umbras quas contra stum solis ardores prbent4 ,ray4 ib4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #bd4 p4 #df4 t ,all ,vegetables of a tall and spreading ,growth1 seem to have a natural ,tendency to a hemispherical ,dilation1 but generally confine their ,spreading within an ,angle of #ij gr4 as being the most becoming and useful ,disposition of its ,parts and ,branches4 ,now the shortest ,way to give a most graceful and useful filling to that ,space of dilating and spreading out1 is to proceed in strait ,lines1 and to dispose of those ,lines1 in a ,variety of ,parallels1 c4 ,and to do that in a quadrantal ,space1 c4 there appears but one way possible1 and that is1 to form all the ,intersections which the ,shoots and ,branches make1 with ,angles of #de gr4 only4 ,and ,i dare appeal to all if it be not in this ,manner1 almost to a ,nicety observ'd by ,nature1 c4 ,a visible ,argument that the plastic ,capacities of ,matter are govern'd and dispos'd by an all-wise and infinite ,agent1 the native ,strictnesses and ,regularities of them plainly shewing from whose ,hand they come4 ,account of the ,origine and ,format4 of ,foss4 ,shells1 c4 ,print4 ,lond4 #agje4 pag4 #ch4 #da4 u ,in ,heder1 sui culi rami hinc inde claviculos1 quasi radiculas emittunt1 qu parietibus1 vel occurrentibus arboribus veluti digitis firmantur1 in altum suspenduntur4 ,hujusmodi radicul subrotund sunt1 pilis cooperiuntur3 quad mirum est1 glutinosum fundunt humorem1 seu ,terebinthinam1 qu arcte lapidibus nectuntur agglutinantur4----,non minori industri ,natura utitur in ,vite ,canadensi1 c4 ,the admirable and curious ,make of whose ,tendrels and their ,feet1 see in the illustrious ,author1 ,malpig4 de ,capreolis1 c4 p4 #dh4 ,claspers are of a compound ,nature1 between that of a ,root and a ,trunk4 ,their ,use is sometimes for ,support only2 as in the ,claspers of ,vines1 ,briony1 c4 whose ,branches being long1 slender and fragile1 would fall by their own ,weight1 and that of their ,fruit2 but these ,claspers taking hold of any ,thing that is at ,hand3 ,which they do by a natural ,circumvolution which they have2 7those of ,briony have a retrograde ,motion about every third ,circle1 in the ,form of a double ,clasp2 so that if they miss one ,way1 they may catch the other47 ,sometimes the ,use of ,claspers is also for a ,supply1 as in the ,trunk ,roots of ,ivy2 which being a ,plant that mounts very high1 and being of a closer and more compact ,substance than that of ,vines1 the ,sap would not be sufficiently supply'd to the upper ,sprouts1 unless these assisted the ,mother ,root2 but these serve also for ,support too4 ,sometimes also they serve for ,stabiliment1 ,propagation and ,shade2 for the first of these serve the ,claspers of ,cucumers2 for the second1 those1 or rather the ,trunk-,roots of ,chamomil2 and for all three the ,trunk-,roots of ,strawberries4 ,harris ,lex4 ,tech4 in verb4 ,claspers4 w ,vegetables afford not only ,food to ,irrationals1 but also ,physick1 if it be true which ,aristotle saith1 and after him ,pliny2 which latter in his #hth ,book1 ,chap4 #bg4 specifies divers ,plants made use of as ,specificks1 by divers1 both ,beasts and ,birds3 ,as ,dittany by wounded ,deer1 ,celandine by ,swallows1 to cure the sore ,eyes of their ,young1 c4 ,and if the ,reader hath a ,mind to see more ,instances of this ,nature1 7many of them fanciful enough17 he may consult ,mersenne in ,genes4 pag4 #icc4 x ,see before ,book ,,iv4 ,chap4 #aa4 ,note 7b74 y ,planta hc unica ,aloe ,americana inquit ,fr4 ,hernandez1 quicquid vit esse potest necessarium prstare facil potest1 si esset rebus humanis modus4 ,tota enim illa lignorum spiendorumque agrorum usum prstat1 caules tignorum1 folia ver tecta regendi imbricum1 lancium3 eorundem nervuli1 fibra eundem habent usum ad linteamina1 calceos1 vestimenta conficienda quem apud nos ,linum1 ,cannabis1 ,gossipium1 c4 ,e mucronibus siunt clavi1 aculei1 subula1 quibus perforandis auribus1 macerandi corporis grati1 ,indis uti mos erat cm ,dmonum vacarent cultui2 item acicul1 acus1 tribuli militares rastilla idonea pectendis subtegminibus4 ,prterea succo mananti1 cujus evulsis germinibus internis foliisve tenerioribus cultis ,yztlinis in mediam cavitatem1 stillat planta1 unica ad #ej interdum amphoras 7quod dictu est mirabile7 ,vina1 ,mel1 ,acetum ac ,saccharum parantur ,the ,methods of which he tells4 ,idem succus menses ciet1 alvum lenit1 ,urinam evocat1 ,renes ,vesicam emundat4 ,e radice quoque ,restes fiunt firmissim4 ,crassiores foliorum partes1 truncusque1 decocta sub terr1 edendo sunt apta1 sapiuntque ,citrea frusta saccharo condita3 quin vulnera recentia mir conglutinant4----,folia quoque assa affecto loco imposita convulsionem curant1 ac dolores leniunt 7prcipu si succus ipse calens bibatur7 quamvis ab ,indic proficiscantur lue1 sensum hebetant1 atque torporem inducunt4 ,radicis succus luem ,veneream curat apud ,indos ut ,dr4 ,palmer4 ,ray4 ib4 ,l4 #ba4 c4 #g4 ,see also ,dr4 ,sloane ,voy4 to ,jamaica1 p4 #bdg4 ,there are also two ,sorts of ,aloe besides1 mentioned by the same ,dr4 ,sloane1 one of which is made use of for ,fishing-,lines1 ,bow-,strings1 ,stockings1 and ,hammocks4 ,another hath ,leaves that hold ,rain-,water1 to which ,travellers1 c4 resort to quench their ,thirst1 in ,scarcity of ,wells1 or ,waters1 in those dry ,countries4 ,ibid4 p4 #bdi4 z ,for an ,instance here1 ,i shall name the ,cortex ,peruvianus1 which ,dr4 ,morton calls ,antidotus in levamen crumnarum vit human plurimarum divinitus concessa4 ,de ,febr4 ,exer4 v4 c4 #c4 ,in ,sanitatem ,gentium proculdubio ,deo ,o4 ,m4 conditus4 ,cujus grati1 ,arbor vit1 siqua alia1 jure merit appellari potest4 ,id4 ib4 c4 #g4 ,eheu6 quot convitiis ,herculea divina hc ,antidotus jactabatur8 ,ibid4 ,to this 7if we may believe the ,ephemer4 ,german4 ,ann4 #ab4 ,obser4 #gd4 and some other ,authors7 we may add ,trifolium paludosum1 which is become the ,panacea of the ,german and ,northern ,nations4 aa ,pro doloribus quibuscunque sedandis prstantissimi semper usus ,opium habetur2 quamobrem merit ,nepenthe appellari solet1 remedium ver divinum existit4 ,et quidem sats mirari vix possumus1 quomodo urgente viscerit aut membri cujuspiam tortur insigni1 intolerabili cruciatu1 pharmacum hoc1 incantamenti instar1 levamen subitam1 imm interdum absque somno1 aut saltem pris qum advenerit1 concedit4 ,porr adhuc mags stupendum est1 quod donec particul ,opiatic operari1 potentiam suam narcoticam exerere continuant1 imm etiam aliquamdiu postquam somnus finitur1 summa aleviatio1 indolentia in parte affect persisti4 ,willis1 ,phar4 rat4 par4 #a4 ,s4 #g4 c4 #a4 4 #ae4 bb ,tales ,plantarum species in quacunque regione1 ,deo creantur quales hominibus animalibus ibidem natis maxim conveniunt2 im ex plantarum nascentium frequenti se fere animadvertere posse quibus morbis endemiis qulibet regio subjecta sit1 scribit ,solenander4 ,sic apud ,danos1 ,frisios1 ,hollandos1 quibus1 ,scorbutus frequens1 ,cochlearia copiose provenit4 ,ray4 ,h4 ,pl4 ,l4 #af4 c4 #c4 ,to this may be added ,elsner's ,observations concerning the ,virtues of divers ,things in his ,observations de ,vincetoxico ,scrophularum remedio4 ,f4 ,germ4 ,t4 #a4 ,obs4 #eg4 ,john ,benerovinus1 a ,physician of ,dort1 may be here consulted1 who wrote a ,book on purpose to shew1 that every ,country hath every ,thing serving to its ,occasions1 and particularly ,remedies afforded to all the ,distempers it is subjected unto4 ,v4 ,bener4 1 ,batav4 sive ,introd4 ad ,medic4 indigenam4 cc ,the ,description ,dr4 ,sloane gives of the ,wild-,pine is1 that its ,leaves are chanelled fit to catch and convey ,water down into their ,reservatories1 that these ,reservatories are so made1 as to hold much ,water1 and close at ,top when full1 to hinder its ,evaporation2 that these ,plants grow on the ,arms of the ,trees in the ,woods every where in those ,parts as also on the ,barks of their ,trunks4 ,and one ,contrivance of ,nature in this ,vegetable1 he saith1 is very admirable4 ,the ,seed hath long and many ,threads of ,tomentum1 not only that it may be carried every where by the ,wind----but also that it may by those ,threads1 when driven through the ,boughs1 be held fast1 and stick to the ,arms1 and extant ,parts of the ,barks of ,trees4 ,so soon as it sprouts or germinates1 although it be on the under ,part of a ,bough1----its ,leaves and ,stalk rise perpendicular1 or strait up1 because if it had any other ,position1 the ,cistern 7before-mentioned1 by which it is chiefly nourished----7 made of the hollow ,leaves1 could not hold ,water1 which is necessary for the ,nourishment and ,life of the ,plant----,in ,scarcity of ,water1 this ,reservatory is necessary and sufficient1 not only for the ,plant it self1 but likewise is very useful to ,men1 ,birds1 and all ,sorts of ,insects1 whither they come in ,troops1 and seldom go away without ,refreshment4 ,id4 ib4 p4 #ahh4 and ,phil4 ,trans4 ,n4 #bea1 where a ,figure is of this notable ,plant1 as also in ,lowthorp's ,abridg4 ,v4 #b4 p4 #ffi4 ,the ,wild-,pine1 so called1 c4 hath ,leaves that will hold a ,pint and a half1 or ,quart of ,rain-,water2 ,and this ,water refreshes the ,leaves1 and nourishes the ,root4 ,when we find these ,pines1 we stick our ,knives into the ,leaves1 just above the ,root1 and that lets out the ,water1 which we catch in our ,hats1 as ,i have done many ,times to my great ,relief4 ,dampier's ,voy4 to ,campeachy1 c4 #b4 p4 #ef4 dd ,navarette tells us of a ,tree called the ,bejuco1 which twines about other ,trees1 with its ,end hanging downwards2 and that ,travellers cut the ,nib off it1 and presently a ,spout of ,water runs out from it1 as clear as ,crystal1 enough and to spare for six or eight ,men4 ,i drank1 saith he1 to my ,satisfaction of it1 found it cool and sweet1 and would drink it as often as ,i found it in my ,way4 ,it is a ,juice and natural ,water4 ,it is the common ,relief of the ,herds men on the ,mountains4 ,when they are thirsty1 they lay hold on the ,bejuco1 and drink their ,fill4 ,collect4 of ,voy4 and ,trav4 ,vol4 #a4 in the ,suppl4 to ,navarette's ,account of ,china1 p4 #cee4 ,the ,waterwith of ,jamaica hath the same ,uses1 concerning which1 my before-commended ,friend1 ,dr4 ,sloane1 favoured me with this ,account from his ,original ,papers3 ,this ,vine growing on dry ,hills1 in the ,woods1 where no ,water is to be met with1 its ,trunk1 if cut into ,pieces two or three ,yards long1 and held by either ,end to the ,mouth1 affords so plentifully a limpid1 innocent1 and refreshing ,water1 or ,sap1 as gives new ,life to the droughty ,traveller or ,hunter4 ,whence this is very much celebrated by all the ,inhabitants of these ,islands1 as an immediate ,gift of ,providence to their distressed ,condition4 ,to this we may add what ,mr4 ,ray takes notice of concerning the ,birch-,tree4 ,in initiis ,veris antequam folia prodiere1 vulnerata dulcem succum copios effundit1 quem siti pressi ,pastores in sylvis spenumer potare solent4 ,nos etiam non semel eo liquore recreati sumus1 cm herbarum grati vastas peragravimus sylvas1 inquit ,tragus4 ,raii ,cat4 ,plant4 circa4 ,cantab4 in ,betula4 ,illustration ,,book ,,xi4 ,practical ,,inferences from the foregoing ,,survey4 ,having in the preceding ,books carried my ,survey as far as ,i care at present to engage my self1 all that remaineth1 is to draw some ,inferences from the foregoing ,scene of the great ,creator's ,works1 and so conclude this ,part of my intended ,work4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,that ,,god's ,works are ,great and ,excellent4 ,the first ,inference ,i shall make1 shall be by way of ,confirmation of the ,text1 ,that the ,works of the ,lord are greata4 ,and this is necessary to be observed1 not against the ,atheist only1 but all other careless1 incurious ,observers of ,god's ,works4 ,many of our useful ,labours1 and some of our best modern ,books shall be condemned with only this ,note of ,reproach1 ,that they are about trivial ,mattersb1 when in ,truth they are ingenious and noble ,discoveries of the ,works of ,,god4 ,and how often will many own the ,world in general to be a ,manifestation of the ,infinite ,creator1 but look upon the several ,parts thereof as only ,toys and ,trifles1 scarce deserving their ,regard8 ,but in the foregoing 7,i may call it7 transient ,view ,i have given of this lower1 and most slighted ,part of the ,creation1 ,i have1 ,i hope1 abundantly made out1 that all the ,works of the ,lord1 from the most regarded1 admired1 and praised1 to the meanest and most slighted1 are great and glorious ,works1 incomparably contrived1 and as admirably made1 fitted up1 and placed in the ,world4 ,so far then are any of the ,works of the ,,lord1 7even those esteemed the meanest7 from deserving to be disregarded1 or contemned by usc1 that on the contrary they deserve 7as shall be shewn in the next ,chapter7 to be sought out1 enquired after1 and curiously and diligently pryed into by us2 as ,i have shewed the ,word in the ,text implies4 ,,footnotes3 a ,equidem ne laudare quidem sats pro merito possum ejus ,sapientiam ac ,potentiam1 qui animalia fabricatus est4 ,nam ejusmodi opera non ,laudibus mod1 verm etiam ,hymnis sunt majora1 qu priusquam inspexissemus1 fieri non posse persuasum habeamus1 conspicati ver1 falsos nos opinione fuisse comperimus4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #g4 c4 #ae4 b ,non tamen pigere debet ,lectores1 ea intelligere1 quemadmodum ne ,naturam quidem piguit ea reips efficere4 ,galen4 ibid4 ,l4 #aa4 fin4 c ,an igitur etiamsi quemadmodum ,natura hc1 ejusmodi1 summ ratione ac providenti agere potuit1 ita nos imitari aliquando possemus8 ,ego ver existimo multis nostrum ne id quidem posse1 neque enim artem ,natur exponunt3 ,eo enim modo omnino eam admirarentur1 ,sin mins1 eam saltem non vitaperarent4 ,galen4 ib4 ,l4 #aj4 c4 #c4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,that ,,god's ,works ought to be enquir'd into1 and that such ,enquiries are commendable4 ,the ,creator doubtless did not bestow so much ,curiosity1 and exquisite ,workmanship and ,skill upon his ,creatures1 to be looked upon with a careless1 incurious ,eye1 especially to have them slighted or contemned2 but to be admired by the rational ,part of the ,world1 to magnify his own ,power1 ,wisdom and ,goodness throughout all the ,world1 and the ,ages thereof4 ,and therefore we may look upon it as a great ,error1 not to answer those ,ends of the infinite ,creator1 but rather to oppose and affront them4 ,on the contrary1 my ,text commends ,,god's ,works1 not only for being great1 but also approves of those curious and ingenious ,enquirers1 that seek them out1 or pry into them4 ,and the more we pry into1 and discover of them1 the greater and more glorious we find them to be1 the more worthy of1 and the more expressly to proclaim their great ,creator4 ,commendable then are the ,researches1 which many amongst us have1 of late ,years1 made into the ,works of ,nature1 more than hath been done in some ,ages before4 ,and therefore when we are asked1 ,cui ,bono8 ,to what ,purpose such ,enquiries1 such ,pains1 such ,expense8 ,the ,answer is easy1 ,it is to answer the ,ends for which ,,god bestowed so much ,art1 ,wisdom and ,power about them1 as well as given us ,senses to view and survey them2 and an ,understanding and ,curiosity to search into them3 ,it is to follow and trace him1 when and whither he leads us1 that we may see and admire his ,handy-work our selves1 and set it forth to others1 that they may see1 admire and praise it also4 ,i shall then conclude this ,inference with what ,elihu recommends1 ,job xxxvi4 #bd1 #be4 ,remember that thou magnify his ,work1 which ,men behold4 ,every ,man may see it1 ,men may behold it afar off4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,that ,,god's ,works are manifest to all3 ,whence the ,unreasonableness of ,infidelity4 ,the concluding ,words of the preceding ,chapter suggests a third ,inference1 that the ,works of ,,god are so visible to all the ,world1 and withal such manifest ,indications of the ,being1 and ,attributes of the infinite ,creator1 that they plainly argue the ,vileness and ,perversness of the ,atheist1 and leave him inexcusable4 ,for it is a sign a ,man is a wilful1 perverse ,atheist1 that will impute so glorious a ,work1 as the ,creation is1 to any ,thing1 yea1 a mere ,nothing 7as ,chance is7 rather than to ,,goda4 ',tis a sign the ,man is wilfully blind1 that he is under the ,power of the ,devil1 under the ,government of ,prejudice1 ,lust1 and ,passion1 not right ,reason1 that will not discern what every one can see1 what every ,man may behold afar off1 even the ,existence and ,attributes of the ,,creator from his ,works4 ,for as there is no ,speech or ,language where their ,voice is not heard1 their ,line is gone out through all the ,earth1 and their ,words to the ,end of the ,world3 ,so all1 even the barbarous ,nations1 that never heard of ,,god1 have from these his ,works inferred the ,existence of a ,deity1 and paid their ,homages to some ,deity1 although they have been under great ,mistakes in their ,notions and ,conclusions about him4 ,but however1 this shews how naturally and universally all ,mankind agree1 in deducing their ,belief of a ,god from the ,contemplation of his ,works1 or as even ,epicurus himself1 in ,tullyb saith1 from a ,notion that ,nature it self hath imprinted upon the ,minds of ,men4 ,for1 saith he1 what ,nation is there1 or what kind of ,men1 that without any ,teaching or ,instructions1 have not a kind of ,anticipation1 or preconceived ,notion of a ,deity8 ,an ,atheist therefore 7if ever there was any such7 may justly be esteemed a ,monster among rational ,beings2 a ,thing hard to be met with in the whole ,tribe of ,mankind2 an ,opposer of all the ,worldc2 a ,rebel against human ,nature and ,reason1 as well as against his ,,god4 ,but above all1 monstrous is this1 or would be1 in such as have heard of ,,god1 who have had the ,benefit of the clear ,gospel-,revelation4 ,and still more monstrous this would be1 in one born and baptized in the ,christian ,church1 that hath studied ,nature1 and pried farther than others into ,god's ,works4 ,for such an one 7if it be possible for such to be7 to deny the ,existence1 or any of the ,attributes of ,,god1 would be a great ,argument of the infinite ,inconvenience of those ,sins of ,intemperance1 ,lust1 and ,riot1 that have made the ,man abandon his ,reason1 his ,senses1 yea1 ,i had almost said his very human ,natured1 to engage him thus to deny the ,being of ,,god4 ,so also it is much the same monstrous ,infidelity1 at least betrays the same atheistical ,mind1 to deny ,,god's ,providence1 ,care and ,government of the ,world1 or 7which is a ,spawn of the same ,epicurean ,principles7 to deny ,final ,causese in ,god's ,works of ,creation2 or with the ,profane in ,psal4 lxxiii4 #aa4 to say1 ,how doth ,god know8 ,and is there ,knowledge in the most ,high8 ,for as the witty and eloquent ,salvian saithf1 ,they that affirm nothing is seen by ,,god1 will1 in all ,probability1 take away the ,substance1 as well as ,sight of ,god4----,but what so great ,madness1 saith he1 as that when a ,man doth not deny ,,god to be the ,creator of all ,things1 he should deny him to be the ,governour of them8 ,or when he confesseth him to be the ,maker1 he should say1 ,,god neglecteth what he hath so made8 ,,footnotes3 a ,galen having taken notice of the neat ,distribution of the ,nerves to the ,muscles1 and other ,parts of the ,face1 cries out1 ,hc enim fortun sunt opera6 ,cterm tum omnibus partibus immitti1 tantosque esse singulos nervos magnitudine1 quanta particul erat necesse2 haud scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad ,fortunam opisicem id revocare4 ,alioqui quid tandem erit1 quod cum ,providenti ,arte efficitur8 ,omnino enim hoc ei contrarium esse debet1 quod ,casu ac ,fortuit fit4 ,and afterwards1 ,hc quidem atque ejusmodi ,artis scil4 ac ,sapienti opera esse dicemus1 si mod ,fortun tribuenda sunt qu sunt contraria2 fietque jam quod in proverbiis----,fluvii sursum fluent2 si opera qu nullum habent neque ornamentum neque rationem1 neque modum ,artis esse2 contraria ver ,fortun duxerimus1 c4 ,galen4 ubi supra4 ,l4 #aa4 c4 #g4 b ,primm esse ,deos1 quod in omnium animis1 c4 ,and a little after1 ,cm enim non instituto aliquo1 aut more1 aut lege sit opinio constituta1 maneatque ad unum omnium firma consensio1 intelligi necesse est1 esse ,deos1 quoniam insitas eorum vel potis innatas cognitiones habemus4 ,de quo autem omnium ,natura consentit1 id verum esse necesse est4 ,esse igitur ,deos confitendum est4 ,cicer4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #af4 #ag4 c ,the ,atheist in denying a ,god1 doth1 as ,plutarch saith1 endeavour----immobilia movere1 bellum inferre non tantm longo tempori1 sed multis hominibus1 gentibus1 familiis1 quas religiosus ,deorum cultus1 quasi divino furore correptas1 tenuit4 ,plutar4 de ,iside4 d ,see before ,note 7b74 e ,galen having substantially refuted the ,epicurean ,principles of ,asclepiades1 by shewing his ,ignorance in ,anatomy and ,philosophy1 and by ,demonstrating all the ,causes to be evidently in the ,works of ,nature1 viz4 ,final1 ,efficient1 ,instrumental1 ,material and ,formal ,causes1 concludes thus against his fortuitous ,atoms1 ex quibus intelligi potest3 ,conditorem nostrum in formandis particulis unum hunc sequi scopum1 nempe ut quod melius est eligat4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #f4 c4 #ac4 f ,de ,gubern4 ,dei4 ,l4 #d4 p4 #abd4 meo ,libro2 also ,l4 #g4 c4 #ad4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,that ,,god's ,works ought to excite us to ,fear and ,obedience to ,,god4 ,since the ,works of the ,creation are all of them so many ,demonstrations of the infinite ,wisdom and ,power of ,god1 they may serve to us as so many ,arguments exciting us to the constant ,fear of ,god1 and to a steady1 hearty ,obedience to all his ,laws4 ,and thus we may make these ,works as serviceable to our spiritual ,interest1 as they all are to our ,life1 and temporal ,interest4 ,for if whenever we see them1 we would consider that these are the ,works of our infinite ,lord and ,master1 to whom we are to be accountable for all our ,thoughts1 ,words and ,works1 and that in these we may see his infinite ,power and ,wisdom2 this would check us in ,sinning1 and excite us to serve and please him who is above all ,controul1 and who hath our ,life and whole ,happiness in his ,power4 ,after this manner ,,god himself argues with his own foolish ,people1 and without ,understanding1 who had ,eyes1 and saw not1 and had ,ears1 and heard not1 ,jer4 v4 #ba1 #bb4 ,fear ye not me8 saith the ,lord3 will ye not tremble at my ,presence1 which have placed the ,sand for the ,bound of the ,sea1 by a perpetual ,decree1 that it cannot pass it2 and though the ,waves thereof toss themselves1 yet can they not prevail2 though they roar1 yet can they not pass over it8 ,this was an ,argument that the most ignorant1 stupid ,wretches could not but apprehend2 that a ,being that had so vast and unruly an ,element1 as the ,sea1 absolutely at his ,command1 ought to be feared and obeyed2 and that he ought to be considered as the ,sovereign ,lord of the ,world1 on whom the ,world's ,prosperity and ,happiness did wholly depend2 v4 #bd4 ,neither say they in their ,heart1 let us now fear the ,lord our ,god1 that giveth ,rain1 both the former and the latter in his ,season3 ,he reserveth unto us the appointed ,weeks of the ,harvest4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,that ,,god's ,works ought to excite us to ,thankfulness4 ,as the ,demonstrations which ,,god hath given of his infinite ,power and ,wisdom should excite us to ,fear and ,obedience2 so ,i shall shew in this ,chapter1 that the ,demonstrations which he hath given of his infinite ,goodness in his ,works1 may excite us to due ,thankfulness and ,praise4 ,it appears throughout the foregoing ,survey1 what ,kindness ,,god hath shewn to his ,creatures in providing every ,thing conducing to their ,life1 ,prosperity1 and ,happinessa2 how they are all contrived and made in the best ,manner1 placed in the fittest ,places of the ,world for their ,habitation and ,comfort2 accoutered in the best ,manner1 and accommodated with every1 even all the minutest ,things that may minister to their ,health1 ,happiness1 ,office1 ,occasions1 and ,business in the ,world4 ,upon which ,account1 ,thankfulness and ,praise is so reasonable1 so just a ,debt to the ,creator1 that the ,psalmist calleth upon all the ,creatures to praise ,god1 in ,psalm cxlviii4 ,praise him all his ,angels1 ,praise him all his ,hosts2 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars of ,light1 ,heavens of ,heavens1 and ,waters above the ,heavens4 ,the ,reason given for which is1 4 #e1 #f4 ,for he commanded1 and they were created2 he hath also established them for ever and ever2 he hath made a ,decree which they shall not pass4 ,and not these ,celestials alone1 but the ,creatures of the ,earth and ,waters too1 even the ,meteors1 ,fire and ,hail1 ,snow and ,vapours1 stormy ,winds fulfilling his ,word4 ,yea1 the very ,mountains and ,hills1 ,trees1 ,beasts1 and all ,cattle1 creeping ,things1 and flying ,fowl4 ,but in a particular manner1 all the ,ranks and ,orders1 all the ,ages and ,sexes of ,mankind are charged with this ,duty2 ,let them praise the ,name of the ,lord1 for his ,name alone is excellent2 his ,glory is above the ,earth and ,heavens1 4 #ac4 ,and great ,reason there is we should be excited to true and unfeigned ,thankfulness and ,praiseb to this our great ,benefactor1 if we reflect upon what hath been shewn in the preceding ,survey1 that the ,creator hath done for ,man alone1 without any regard to the rest of the ,creatures1 which some have held were made for the ,sake of ,man4 ,let us but reflect upon the ,excellence and ,immortality of our ,soul2 the incomparable ,contrivance1 and curious ,structure of our ,body2 and the ,care and ,caution taken for the ,security and ,happiness of our ,state1 and we shall find1 that among the whole ,race of ,beings1 ,man hath especial ,reason to magnify the ,creator's ,goodness1 and with suitable ardent ,affections to be thankful unto him4 ,,footnotes3 a ,si pauca quis tibi donsset jugera1 accepisse te diceres beneficium3 immensa terrarum lat patentium spatia negas esse beneficium8 ,si pecuniam tibi aliquis donaverit1----beneficium vocabis3 tot metalla defodit1 tot flumina emisit in ra1 super qu decurrunt sola aurum vehentia3 argenti1 ris1 ferri immane pondus omnibus locis obrutum1 cujus investigandi tibi facultatem dedit1--negas te accepisse beneficium8 ,si domus tibi donetur1 in qu marmoris aliquid resplendeat1 c4 ,nam mediocre munus vocabis8 ,ingens tibi domicilium1 sine ullo incendii1 aut ruin metu struxit1 in quo vides non tenues crustas----sed integras lapidis pretiosissimi moles1 c4 negas te ullum munus accepisse8 ,et cm ista qu habes magno stimes1 quod est ingrati hominis1 nulli debere te judicas8 ,unde tibi istum quem trahis spiritum8 ,unde istam1 per quam ductus vit tu disponis atque ordinas1 lucem8 c4 ,senec4 de ,benef4 ,l4 #d4 c4 #f4 b ,tempestivum tibi jam fuerit1 qui in hisce libris versaris considerare1 in utram ,familiam recipi malis1 ,platonicamne ac ,hippocraticam1 aliorum virorum1 qui ,natur opera mirantur2 an eorum qui ea insectantur1 quod non per ,pedes natura constituit effluere ,excrementa4 ,of which having told a ,story of an ,acquaintance of his that blamed ,nature on this ,account1 he then goes on1 ,at ver si de hujusmodi pecudibus plura verba focero1 melioris mentis homines merit mihi forte succenseant1 dicantque me polluere sacrum sermonem1 quem ego ,,conditoris nostri verum ,hymnum compono1 existimoque in eo veram esse pietatem1----ut si noverim ipse primus1 deinde aliis exposuerim1 qunam sit ipsius ,sapientia1 qu ,virtus1 qu ,bonitas4 ,quod enim cultu conveniente exornaverit omnia1 nullique bona inviderit1 id perfectissim ,bonitatis specimen esse statuo2 hc quidem ratione ejus ,bonitas ,hymnis nobis est celebranda4 ,hoc autem omne invenisse quo pacto omnia potissimm adornarentur1 summa ,sapientia est3 effecisse autem omnia1 qua voluit1 ,virtutis est invicta4 ,galen4 de ,us4 ,part4 ,l4 #c4 c4 #aj4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,that we ought to pay ,,god all due ,homage and ,worship1 particularly that of the ,lord's ,day4 ,for a ,conclusion of these ,lectures1 the last ,thing ,i shall infer1 from the foregoing ,demonstration of the ,being and ,attributes of ,,god1 shall be1 that we ought to pay ,,god all that ,homage and ,worship which his ,right of ,creation and ,dominion entitle him unto1 and his great ,mercies call for from us4 ,and forasmuch as the ,creator appointed1 from the very ,creation1 one ,day in seven to his ,service1 it will not therefore be improper to say something upon that ,subject3 ,and if ,i insist somewhat particularly and largely thereon1 the ,congruity thereof to the ,design of these ,lectures1 and the foregoing ,demonstration1 together with the too great ,inadvertency about1 and ,neglect of this ancient1 universal1 and most reasonable and necessary ,duty1 will1 ,i hope1 plead my ,excuse4 ,but that ,i may say no more than is necessary on this ,point1 ,i shall confine my self to two things1 the ,time ,god hath taken1 and the ,business then to be performed4 ,i4 ,the ,time is one ,day in seven1 and one of the ancientest ,appointments it is which ,,god gave to the ,world4 ,for as soon as ,,god had finished his six ,days ,works of ,creation1 it is said1 ,gen4 ii4 #b1 #c4 he rested on the seventh ,day from all his ,work which he had made4 ,and ,,god blessed the seventh day1 and sanctified it1 because that in it he had rested from all his ,work4 ,this ,sanctificationa1 and blessing the ,seventh ,day1 was setting it apart1 as a ,day of ,distinction from the rest of the ,week-,days1 and appropriating it to holy ,uses and ,purposes1 namely1 the ,commemoration of that great ,work of the ,creation1 and paying ,homage and ,worship to that infinite ,being1 who was the ,effector of it4 ,this ,day1 thus consecrated from the ,beginning1 for the ,celebration of the the ,world's ,birth-,day1 as ,philo calls it1 was probably in some measure forgotten in the following wicked ,ages1 which ,god complains of1 ,gen4 vi4 #e4 and so after the ,flood likewise4 ,but after the ,return out of gypt1 when ,,god settled the ,jewish ,polity1 he was pleased to renew this ,day1 and to establish it for a perpetual standing ,law4 ,and accordingly it was observed down to our blessed ,,saviour's ,time1 countenanced1 and strictly observed by our great ,,lord and ,master himself1 and his ,apostles and ,disciples in1 and after his ,time2 and although for good ,reasons the ,day was changed by them1 yet a seventh ,day hath been constantly observed in all ,ages of ,christianity1 down to our present ,time4 ,thus we have a ,day appointed by ,,god himself1 and observed throughout all ,ages1 except some few perhaps1 which deserve not to be brought into ,example4 ,and a wise ,designation of ,time this is1 well becoming the divine ,care and ,precaution2 serving for the recruiting our ,bodies1 and dispatching our ,affairs1 and at the same ,time to keep up a ,spiritual ,temper of ,mind4 ,for by allowing six ,days to labour1 the ,poor hath ,time to earn his ,bread1 the ,man of ,business ,time to dispatch his ,affairs1 and every ,man ,time for the ,work of his respective ,calling4 ,but had there been more1 or all our ,time allotted to ,labour and ,business1 and none to rest and recruit1 our ,bodies and ,spirits would have been too much fatigued and wasted1 and our ,minds have been too long engaged about worldly ,matters1 so as to have forgotten divine ,things4 ,but the infinitely wise ,ruler of the ,world1 having taken the seventh ,part of our ,time to his own ,service1 hath prevented these ,inconveniencies2 hath given a ,relaxation to our selves2 and ,ease and ,refreshment to our wearied ,beasts1 to poor fatigued ,slaves1 and such as are under the ,bondage of avaritious1 cruel ,masters4 ,and this is one ,reason ,moses gives of the ,reservation and ,rest on the ,seventh ,day1 ,deut4 v4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,six ,days shalt thou labour1 and do all thy ,work2 but the ,seventh is the ,sabbath of the ,,lord thy ,,god2 in it thou shalt not do any ,work1 thou1 nor thy ,children1 ,servants1 ,cattel1 or ,stranger1 that thy ,man ,servant and ,maid ,servant may rest as well as thou4 ,and remember1 that thou wast a ,servant1 c4 therefore the ,lord thy ,god commanded thee to keep the ,sabbath ,day4 ,that carnal1 greedy ,people1 so bent upon ,gain1 without such a ,precept1 would have scarce favoured their own ,bodies1 much less have had ,mercy upon their poor ,bonds-men and ,beasts1 but by this wise ,provision1 this great ,burden was taken off4 ,but on the other hand1 as a longer ,liberty would too much have robbed the ,master's ,time1 and bred ,idleness1 so by this wise ,provision1 of only one ,day of ,rest1 to six of ,labour1 that inconvenience was also prevented4 ,thus the wise ,governour of the ,world1 hath taken ,care for the ,dispatch of ,business4 ,but then as too long ,engagement about worldly ,matters1 would take off ,mens ,minds from ,god and divine ,matters1 so by this ,reservation of every ,seventh ,day1 that great ,inconvenience is prevented also2 all being then bound to worship their great ,lord and ,master1 to pay their ,homages1 and ,acknowledgments to their infinitely kind ,benefactor2 and in a word1 to exercise themselves in divine1 religious ,business1 and so keep up that spiritual ,temper of ,mind1 that a perpetual1 or too long ,application to the ,world would destroy4 ,this1 as it was a good ,reason for the ,order of a ,sabbath to the ,jews2 so is as good it ,reason for our ,saviour's ,continuance of the like ,time in the ,christian ,church4 ,and a ,law this is1 becoming the infinitely wise ,creator and ,conservator of the ,world1 a ,law1 not only of great ,use to the perpetuating the ,remembrance of those greatest of ,god's ,mercies then commemorated1 but also exactly adapted to the ,life1 ,occasions1 and ,state of ,man2 of ,man living in this1 and a-kin to another ,world3 ,a ,law well calculated to the ,dispatch of our ,affairs1 without hurting our ,bodies or ,minds4 ,and since the ,law is so wise and good1 we have great ,reason then to practise carefully the ,duties incumbent upon us2 which will fall under the ,consideration of the ,,ii4 ,thing ,i proposed1 the ,business of the ,day1 which ,god hath reserved to himself4 ,and there are two ,things enjoyned in the ,commandment1 a ,cessation from ,labour and worldly ,business1 and that we remember to keep the ,day holy4 #a4 ,there must be a ,cessation from worldly ,business1 or a ,rest from ,labour1 as the ,word ,sabbathb signifies4 ,six ,days thou shalt do all thy ,work1 but the ,seventh is the ,sabbath of the ,lord thy ,,god 7not thy ,day but his7 in which neither thou1 nor any belonging to thee1 shall do any ,work4 ,in which ,injunction it is observable1 how express and particular this ,commandment is1 more than others1 in ordering all ,sorts of ,persons to cease from ,work4 #b4 ,we must remember to keep the ,day holy4 ,which ,remembrance is another ,thing also in this1 more than in the other ,commandments1 and implies1 #ast1 ,that there is great ,danger of our forgetting1 neglecting1 or being hindred from keeping the ,day holy1 either by the ,infirmity and ,carnality of our own ,nature1 or from the ,avocations of the ,world4 #bly1 ,that the keeping it holy1 is a ,duty of more than ordinary ,consequence and ,necessity4 ,and of greatest ,consequence this is1 ,first1 ,to perpetuate the ,remembrance of those grand ,works of ,,god commemorated on that ,day2 in the first ,ages of the ,world1 the ,creation2 in the middle ,ages1 the ,creation and ,delivery from gypt2 and under ,christianity1 the ,creation and ,redemption by ,christ4 ,which ,mercies1 without such frequent ,occasions1 would be ready to be forgotten1 or disregarded1 in so long a ,tract of ,time1 as the ,world hath already stood1 and may1 by ,god's ,mercy still stand4 ,secondly1 ,to keep up a spiritual ,temper of ,mind1 by those frequent weekly ,exercises of ,religion1 as hath been already mention'd4 ,thirdly1 ,to procure ,,god's ,blessing upon the ,labours and ,business of our six ,days1 which we can never expect should be prosperous1 if we are negligent of ,,god's ,time4 ,for how can we expect ,,god's ,blessing upon a ,week so ill begun1 with a ,neglect1 or ,abuse of ,,god's first ,day8 ,and therefore if we become unprosperous in the ,world2 if ,losses1 ,troubles or ,dangers befall us1 let us reflect how we have spent the ,lord's ,day2 whether we have not wholly neglected it1 or abused it in ,riot1 or made it a ,day for taking ,journeys1 for more private ,business1 and less scandalous ,labour1 as the ,custom of too many is4 ,thus having shewn what ,reason there is to remember to keep holy the ,day dedicated to ,,god1 ,i shall consider how we are to keep it holy1 and so conclude4 ,now the ,way to keep it holy1 is not by bare resting from ,work2 for that1 as a ,father saith1 is ,sabbatum ,boum ,asinorum1 a ,sabbath of ,beasts3 ,but holy ,acts are the proper ,business for a holy ,day1 celebrated by rational ,beings4 ,among all which1 the grand1 principal1 and most universally practis'd1 is the ,publick ,worship of ,,god1 the assembling at the publick ,place of his ,worship1 to pay 7with our ,fellow-,creatures7 our ,homages1 ,thanks1 and ,praises to the infinite ,creator and ,redeemer of the ,world4 ,this as it is the most reasonable ,service1 and proper ,business for this ,day1 so is what hath been the ,practice of all ,ages4 ,it was as early as ,cain and ,abel's ,days1 ,gen4 iv4 #c4 what was practis'd by religious ,persons in the following ,ages1 till the giving of the ,law2 and at the giving of that1 ,god was pleas'd to order ,places1 and his particular ,worship1 as well as the seventh ,day4 ,the ,tabernacle and ,temple were appointed by ,god's express ,command2 besides which1 there were ,synagogues all over the ,nation2 so that in our ,saviour's ,time1 every great ,town or ,village had one1 or more in it1 and ,jerusalem #dfj1 or morec4 ,the ,worship of these ,places1 our blessed ,,saviour was a constant and diligent frequenter of4 ',tis said1 ,he went about all the ,cities and ,villages1 ,teaching in their ,synagogues1 and ,preaching1 and ,healing1 c4 ,mat4 ix4 #ce4 ,and ,st4 ,luke reporteth it as his constant ,custom or ,practice1 ,luke iv4 #af4 ,and as his ,custom was1 he went into the ,synagogue on the ,sabbath-,day4 ,having thus mention'd the ,practice of ,,christ1 it is not necessary ,i should say much of the ,practice of his ,apostles1 and the following purer ,ages of ,christianity1 who1 in short1 as their ,duty was1 diligently follow'd their great ,master's ,example4 ,they did not think it enough to read and pray1 and praise ,god at ,home1 but made ,conscience of appearing in the publick ,assemblies1 from which nothing but ,sickness and absolute ,necessity did detain them2 and if ,sick1 or in ,prison1 or under ,banishment1 nothing troubled them more1 than that they could not come to ,church1 and joyn their ,devotions to the common ,services4 ,if ,persecution at any ,time forc'd them to keep a little ,close2 yet no sooner was there the least ,mitigation1 but they presently return'd to their open ,duty1 and publickly met all together4 ,no trivial ,pretences1 no light ,excuses were then admitted for any ones ,absence from the ,congregation1 but according to the ,merit of the ,cause1 severe ,censures were pass'd upon them1 c4 to express it in the ,words of one of our best ,antiquariesd4 ,the publick ,worship of ,,god then1 is not a ,matter of ,indifference1 which ,men have in their own ,power to do1 or omit as they please2 neither is it enough to read1 pray1 or praise ,god at ,home1 7unless some inevitable ,necessity hindereth27 because the appearing in ,,god's ,home1 on his ,day1 is an ,act of ,homage and ,fealty1 due to the ,,creator1 a ,right of ,sovereignty we pay him4 ,and the with-holding those ,rights and ,dues from ,,god1 is a kind of rejecting ,,god1 a disowning his ,sovereignty1 and a withdrawing our ,obedience and ,service4 ,and this was the very ,reason why the ,profanation of the ,sabbath was punish'd with ,death among the ,jews1 the ,sabbath being a ,sign1 or ,badge of the ,,god they own'd and worshipp'd4e ,thus ,exod4 xxii4 #ac4 ,my ,sabbaths ye shall keep2 for it is a ,,sign between me and you1 throughout your ,generations2 that ye may know that ,i am the ,,lord1 that doth sanctify you2 or as the ,original may be render'd1 a ,sign to acknowledge1 that ,i ,jehovah am your ,sanctifier1 or your ,god3 ,for as our learned ,mede observes1 to be the ,sanctifier of a ,people1 and to be their ,god1 is all one4 ,so likewise very expressly in ,ezek4 xx4 #bj4 ,hallow my ,sabbaths1 and they shall be a ,sign between me and you1 that ye may know that ,i am the ,,lord your ,,god2 or rather as before1 to acknowledge that ,i ,,jehovah am your ,,god4 ,the ,sabbath being thus a ,sign1 a ,mark1 or ,badge1 to acknowledge ,god to be their ,god1 it follows1 that a ,neglect or ,contempt of that ,day1 redounded to ,,god2 to slight that1 was slighting ,god2 to profane that1 was to affront ,god2 for the ,punishment of which1 ,what more equitable ,penalty than ,death8 ,and although under ,christianity1 the ,punishment is not made ,capital1 yet have we no less ,reason for the strict ,observance of this holy ,day1 than the ,jews1 but rather greater ,reasons4 ,for the ,,god we worship1 is the same3 ,if after six ,days ,labour1 he was1 by the ,seventh1 own'd to be ,,god1 the ,creator2 no less is he by our ,christian ,lord's ,day3 ,if by the ,celebration of the ,sabbath1 the ,remembrance of their ,deliverance from the gyptian ,bondage was kept up1 and ,,god acknowledged to be the ,effecter thereof2 we ,christians have a greater ,deliverance1 we own our ,deliverance from ,sin and ,satan1 wrought by a greater ,redeemer than ,moses1 even the blessed ,,jesus1 whose ,resurrection1 and the ,completion of our ,redemption thereby1 was perform'd on the ,christian ,lord's-,day4 ,and now to sum up1 and conclude these ,inferences1 and so put an ,end to this ,part of my ,survey3 ,since it appears1 that the ,works of the ,,lord are so great1 so wisely contriv'd1 so accurately made1 as to deserve to be enquired into2 since they are also so manifest ,demonstrations of the ,creator's ,being and ,attributes1 that all the ,world is sensible thereof1 to the great ,reproach of ,atheism3 ,what remaineth8 ,but that we fear and obey so great and tremendous a ,being2 that we be truly thankful for1 and magnify and praise his infinite ,mercy1 manifested to us in his ,works4 ,and forasmuch as he hath appointed a ,day on ,purpose1 from the ,beginning1 for these ,services1 that we may weekly meet together1 commemorate and celebrate the great ,work of ,creation1 that we may pay our ,acts of ,devotion1 ,worship1 ,homage and ,fealty to him2 and since this is a wise and excellent ,distribution of our ,time1 ,what should we do1 but conscientiously and faithfully pay ,,god these his ,rights and ,dues8 ,and as carefully and diligently manage ,,god's ,time and ,discharge his ,business then1 as we do our own upon our six ,days2 particularly that with the pious ,psalmist1 ,we love the ,habitation of ,god's ,house1 and the ,place where his ,honour dwelleth2 and therefore take up his good ,resolution in ,psal4 v4 #g4 with which ,i shall conclude2 ,but as for me1 ,i will come into thine ,house in the ,multitude of thy ,mercy1 and in thy ,fear will ,i worship towards thy holy ,temple4 ,now to the same infinite ,,god1 the omnipotent ,creator and ,preserver of the ,world1 the most gracious ,redeemer1 ,sanctifier1 and ,inspirer of ,mankind1 be all ,honour1 ,praise and ,thanks1 now and ever4 ,amen4 ,illustration ,,footnotes3 a ,usibus divinis accommodavit1 communi profano usu segregavit1 in usum sacrum ad cultum ,dei destinavit4 ,kirch4 ,concord4 p4 #accf4 ,destinari ad aliquid1 ,sacrari1 c4 ,buxtorf4 in ,verbo4 b ,cessatio1 ,requies4 c ,vid4 ,lightfoot's ,works1 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #ce4 and #fdf4 d ,dr4 ,cave's ,prim4 ,christ4 ,par4 #a4 c4 #g4 e ,at this ,day it is customary for ,servants to wear the ,livery of their ,masters1 and others to bear ,badges of their ,order1 ,profession1 ,servility1 c4 ,so in former ,ages1 and divers ,countries1 it was usual to bear ,badges1 ,marks and ,signs on divers ,occasions4 ,in ,ezek4 ix4 #d4 ,a ,mark was to be set on the ,forehead of those that lamented the ,abominations of the ,city4 ,the like was to be done upon them in ,rev4 vii4 #c4 and ix4 #d4 ,so the ,worshippers of the ,beast1 ,rev4 xiii4 #af4 were to receive a 1 ,a ,mark in their right ,hind1 on their ,foreheads4 ,those 1 1 ,badges1 c4 were very common4 ,soldiers and ,slaves bare them in their ,arms or ,foreheads2 such as were matriculated in the ,heteri1 or ,companies1 bare the ,badge or ,mark of their ,company2 and whoever listed himself into the ,society of any of the several ,gods1 received a 1 or a ,mark in his ,body1 7commonly made with red-hot ,needles1 or some burning in the ,flesh17 of the ,god he had listed himself under4 ,and after ,christianity was planted1 the ,christians had also their ,sign of the ,cross4 ,and not only ,marks in their ,flesh1 ,badges on their ,cloaths1 c4 were usual2 but also the ,dedication of ,days to their imaginary ,deities4 ,not to speak of their ,festivals1 c4 the ,days of the ,week were all dedicated to some of their ,deities4 ,among the ,romans1 ,sunday and ,monday1 to the ,sun and ,moon2 ,tuesday to ,mars1 ,wednesday to ,mercury1 c4 ,so our ,saxon ,ancestors did the same2 ,sunday and ,monday1 7as the ,romans did17 to the ,sun and ,moon2 ,tuesday to ,tuysco2 ,wednesday to ,woden2 ,thursday to ,thor2 ,friday to ,friga2 and ,saturday to ,seater3 ,an ,account of which ,deities1 with the ,figures under which they were worshipp'd1 may be met with in our learned ,verstegan1 ,chap4 #c4 p4 #fh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #c4 ,cornu ,alexand4 ,mag4 quo ,exercit4 ad #ajj ,stad4 coegit ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,place this to fold out at the ,end fronting the left hand4 ,a ,,table ,,of ,,the ,principal ,matters contain'd in this ,,book4 ,a ,abstinence unusual1 #baa ,age of ,man in all ,ages of the ,world1 #agb ,aged ,persons1 #agc ,ages of ,learning and ,ignorance1 #bgb ,air1 #d ,innate1 #aba ,necessary to ,vegetable-,life1 #i ,vessels in ,vegetables1 #djf ,bladder of ,fishes1 #djb ,pump1 ,experiments in it1 #e ,use in enlightning the ,world1 #ab ,heat under the ,line1 and in ,lat4 #ha41 #ac ,alce and ,machlis1 #cag ,aloe ,americana1 #dbj ,amphibious ,creatures1 #aeg ,anatomy comparative 1 #cah ,anger1 #cjg ,animals in general1 #hd ,in ,particular1 #bfj ,places destroy'd by vile ones1 #ef ,animalcules of the ,waters1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #dja ,in ,pepper-,water1 #cfh ,ant1 #bab1 #cga ,antipathy1 #ace ,aqueous ,humour of the ,eye repair'd1 #ajf ,arabians1 #bgc ,archytas's ,dove1 #bef1 #bgf ,art and ,nature compar'd1 #dbf ,armature of ,animals1 #bch ,arteries1 #cja ,arts1 by whom invented1 #bgf ,ascent of ,liquors1 #eb ,asclepiades1 #afj1 #aij1 #dcj ,aspera ,arteria in ,birds1 #cda ,ass free from ,lice1 #cgg ,atmosphere1 #d ,attraction1 #cb1 #dj1 #eb ,auditory ,nerves1 #abh ,augustus ,csar's ,height1 #bji ,augustus ,king of ,poland1 #bia ,austrian-,wells1 how made1 #gf 1 #dbb ,b ,back-bone1 #afj ,badges1 their ,antiquity1 #ddb ,balance of ,animals1 #afh ,balls on ,vegetables1 #bcd1 #chg ,bat1 #h1 #caf ,beaver1 #caf ,bees1 #bcb1 #bdj ,beetles1 #cfc ,bejuco-,tree1 #dbc ,bembsbury-,camp1 #fd ,birch-,tree1 #bbc ,birds1 #ccc ,bills1 #aib1 #cda1 #cdd ,boyancy1 #i1 #cdf ,ears1 #abd1 #cdb ,incubation1 #ceb ,a wonderful ,instinct of one1 #bcb ,migration1 #cdg ,motion1 #afd ,necks and ,legs1 #afe1 #cdf ,rapacious1 #bef ,stomachs1 #cde ,births1 ,burials1 c41 #agd ,blood1 its ,contrivance1 #bja1 #cbi ,blood-,hound1 #bjd ,blushing1 how caused1 #cjg ,bohaques1 #bab ,bonasus1 #bdb ,bones structure1 c41 #aei1 #bid1 #cjj ,brachmans1 #bfi ,brain1 #cai ,branches of ,vegetables1 #dah ,bread1 #ahe ,breasts1 #bee ,breath short on high ,mountains1 #f ,bredon-hill1 #fd ,breezes1 ,sea and ,land1 #ah1 #ai ,briar-,balls1 #cij ,brutes out-do ,man in some ,things1 #hj1 #he ,bulbous ,plants1 #daa ,butterflies ,colours1 #cfe ,white ones1 #cgj1 #cgf ,c ,cabbage ,excrescences1 #bdi ,cadews1 #bcd ,camel1 #cbd ,canales ,semicirculares1 #abg ,capillary ,plants have ,seed1 #daj ,cardamine1 #dad ,carotid ,arteries1 #cba ,carps1 #g ,cartes vindicated1 #bga ,cassada ,plant1 #eh ,cases on ,willow and other ,vegetables1 #chg ,castor1 #aih1 #caf ,caterpillars1 #bda1 #cie ,caves bellowing1 #acj ,goutieres and others1 #fd1 #fg ,celandine1 #dbj ,chamleon1 #ia1 #bdj ,chance1 #ahi1 #aid1 #cac1 #dce ,cheop's ,height1 #bij ,chickens1 #baj ,children numerous1 #agh ,china1 #bgi ,chyle1 #bjj ,circulation of the ,blood restor'd1 #adf ,claspers1 #dai ,clocks ,variation under the quinoctial1 #ci ,clock-work1 its ,invention1 #bce ,cloathing of ,animals1 #bad ,clouds1 #bj1 #di1 #gd ,cold1 how provided against in the northern ,regions1 #bag ,colours felt1 #adc ,colymbi1 #cee ,combs of ,bees1 c41 #bcb ,coneys1 #bbi ,consent of ,parts1 whence1 #cje ,cormorants ,eye1 #ajd ,cortex ,peruvianus1 #dba ,countenance1 whence its variation arises1 #cjh ,cranes1 #bjh ,cricket1 #cfe ,mole1 #bcc1 #cfe ,crocodile1 #bch1 #bdc ,cross-,bill1 #aic ,crow1 #cjg ,crystalline ,humour1 #ajd ,cuntur of ,peru1 #afi ,cup of a ,pepper ,corn1 #cfg ,d ,dandelion1 #dab ,dangerous ,things not easily discover'd1 #bff ,daniel1 #bgj ,day and ,night1 #de ,days of the ,week1 #dcf ,dead ,persons found in the same ,posture as alive1 #bd ,deaf ,persons cured by a ,fever1 #cjd ,understand by the ,motion of the ,lips1 #aac ,hear by the ,help of a ,noise1 #abf ,death-,watch1 #ei ,deer1 ,worms in their ,heads1 #cgi ,degree1 its ,measure1 #dc ,descent of heavy ,bodies1 #cb ,destruction of ,places by vile ,animals1 #ee ,dialects1 #cji ,diamonds grow1 #fd ,diastole of the ,heart1 #adg ,digestion1 #ahi ,diseases sometimes useful1 #cjd ,distribution of the ,earth and ,waters is well1 #dg ,dittany1 #dbj ,divers1 #acb ,dog-,fish1 #bji ,dogs1 #aig1 #bjd ,dolphin1 #bch ,douckers1 #cee ,drebell's submarine ,ship1 #e ,drink afforded by ,plants1 #dbb ,dromedary1 #aii1 #cbd ,drowned ,persons reviving1 #aee ,ducklings naturally run to the ,water1 #afh1 #ahh ,ducks ,bills1 #aic1 #bje ,dugs1 #bee ,dung a guard to ,animals1 #bdb ,e ,eagle1 #bjf1 #bcj1 #cdg ,wooden one of ,regiomontanus1 #bgf1 #cef ,ear1 outer in divers ,animals1 #aae1 #aag inward1 #abj in the ,womb1 #abj ,consent with other ,parts1 #abh ,effects of its ,loss1 #aah ,muscles1 #aai ,wax1 #aba ,earth-worm1 #bbc1 #cic1 #cii ,earwig1 #cfe ,eels1 #bjc ,eggs1 #cea ,cicatricula and ,treddles1 #ceb ,of ,insects well laid up1 #chb due ,number laid1 #beb ,egypt famed for ,art1 #bfi ,elephant1 #bef1 #caf1 #cbc ,elephantiasis1 #cih ,queen ,elizabeth's ,height1 #bij ,elk1 #caf ,elm ,leaves1 a 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