,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,a subscript x is d5ot$ by x1 = example ,h#b,o4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,univ]se 444 1 1 1 4 1 4 4 ,animula6 vagula1 bl&ula1 ,hospes comesque corporis1 ,quae nunc abibis 9 loca1-- ,pallidula1 rigida1 nudula4444 ,,hadrian4 #8,god ha? end[$ u ) diff]5t faculties1 suitable & proportional to ! diff]5t objects t engage !m4 ,we discov] s5sible ?+s by our s5ses1 rational ?+s by our reason1 ?+s intellectual by und]/&+2 b div9e & cele/ial ?+s he has res]v$ = ! ex]cise ( our fai?1 :i* is a k9d ( div9e & sup]ior s5se 9 ! s\l4 ,our reason & und]/&+ may at "s times snat* a glimpse1 b _c take a /eady & adequate prospect ( ?+s s f> above _! rea* & sph]e4 ,?us1 by ! help ( natural reason1 ,i may "k !re is a ,god1 ! fir/ cause & orig9al ( all ?+s2 b 8 ess5ce1 attributes1 & w1 are hid )9 ! veil ( inaccessible light1 & _c be disc]n$ by u b ?r\gh fai? 9 8 div9e revelation4 ,he t walks )\t ?is light1 walks 9 d>kness1 ?\gh he may /rike out "s fa9t & glimm]+ sp>kles ( 8 own4 ,& he t1 out ( ! gross & wood5 dictates ( 8 natural reason1 c>ves out a religion to himself1 is b a m ref9$ idolat] ?an ^? :o wor%ip /ocks & /ones1 hamm]+ an idol out ( 8 fancy1 & ador+ ! works ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,= ?is reason ,god is n[h]e said to be jeal\s1 b ^u ! acc\nt ( 8 wor%ip4'--,pilgrims ,progress1 ,"p ,,iii4 #8,to die1--to sleep2-- ,to sleep6 p]*ance to dream2--ay1 !re's ! rub2 ,= 9 t sleep ( dea? :at dreams may come1 ,:5 we h %uffl$ (f ?is mortal coil1 ,mu/ give u pause4'--,,%akespe>e1 ,hamlet1 ,act iii4 ,sc5e #a4 ,illu/ration3 7decorative icon7 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,univ]se ,,or ,,physical ,,speculations ,,on ,a ,,future ,,/ate ,,by ,b4 ,,/ew>t ,,& ,p4 ,g4 ,,tait4 ----! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4 ,,sev5? ,,edition 7,revis$1 & ,enl>g$47 ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co #ahgh4 ,all ,rights res]v$4 ,bless$ ,"l1 :o ha/ caus$ all holy ,scriptures to be writt5 = our le>n+2 ,grant t we may 9 su* wise he> !m1 read1 m>k1 le>n1 & inw>dly dige/ !m1 t by pati5ce1 & com=t ( ?y holy ,^w1 we may embrace1 & ev] hold fa/ ! bless$ hope ( ev]la/+ life1 :i* ?\ ha/ giv5 u 9 our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4--,am54 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press3 ,t4 ,,& ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ 0 prefix$ to our ,six? ,edition4 ,?\gh _m *anges1 "s ( importance1 h s9ce be5 made 9 ! text1 we d n ?9k x necess>y to call att5tion to !m "h4 ,our read]s w f9d ne> ! end ( our "w ! foll[+ p>agraph1 :i* has appe>$ 9 e edition3--#8,we are 9 hopes t :5 ?is region ( ?\ght comes to be fur!r exam9$1 x may lead to "s common gr\nd on :i* foll[]s ( sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( reveal$ religion on ! o!r1 may meet toge!r & recognise ea* o!r's claims )\t any sacrifice ( ! _s ( indep5d5ce1 or any dim9ution ( self-respect4 ,ent]ta9+ ^! views1 we %all welcome ) s9c]e pleasure any rem>ks or criticism on ^! speculations ( ours1 :e!r by ! lead]s ( sci5tific ?\ght1 or by ^? ( religi\s inquiry4' ,a "w l ours1 conta9+ a *all5ge ( ?is sort1 has naturally call$ =? a great am\nt ( criticism4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! exi/5ce ( ! #8odium !ologicum1' we are b\nd to confess t at fir/ we 7 dispos$ to tremble on op5+ any review ( our "w 9 a !ological j\rnal ( repute4 ,we 7 soon h[ev] delightfully p]plex$ at f9d+ t ! lead]s ( religi\s inquiry 7 dispos$ to treat u ) ! utmo/ c\rtesy1 agree+ ) u 9 v _m po9ts1 & /at+ :5 necess>y any diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 a mann] calculat$ alike to pres]ve _! indep5d5ce & to conciliate our self-respect4 ,we feel mu* gratifi$ & enc\rag$ by ?is treatm5t1 & we ?9k t if our f\r? edition be comp>$ ) our fir/1 x w be f\nd t we possess "s pla/icity & h le>n$ to make "s use ( ! criticism s fai?fully & c\rte\sly be/[$ ^u u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h we w\ld wi% to take an opportunity ( /at+ t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity z upheld by u has ref]5ce solely to ! intellectual faculties4 ,we are l$1 = in/ance1 by ?is pr9ciple to ass]t t ! process ( production ( ! visible univ]se mu/ h be5 ( su* a nature z to be compreh5sible m or less to ! high] intellig5ces ( ! univ]se4 ,b we are n l$ to ass]t ! et]nity ( /uff or matt]1 = t w\ld d5ote an unau?oris$ application to ! invisible univ]se ( ! exp]im5tal law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] :i* belongs entirely to ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s4 ,nor are we l$ to ass]t t ! e!r mu/ play "s important "p 9 our future bodies1 = our k ( ?+s is va/ly too limit$ to enable u to come to any su* conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not)/&+ ^! rem>ks1 if any !ologian ( repute ?9ks t our f\r? & subsequ5t editions sav\r too mu* ( ideas ( ?is nature1 we w gladly am5d our language :5 a suitable opportunity occurs4 ,x is probably due to misconception ( our words1 possibly to a difficulty1 :i* we h all along felt1 ( f9d+ words exactly fitt$ to express "s ( ! m novel ( ! conceptions to :i* we h be5 l$1 t we h be5 spok5 (1 to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 by "s fri5dly critics1 z #8subtly mat]iali/ic' or z #8loose ,positivi/s4' ,unless we 7 to co9 new t]ms 7:i* we may yet f9d x necess>y to d71 x w probably be f\nd all b impossible to escape su* *>ges :5 writ+ on su* matt]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile ! treatm5t we h exp]i5c$ f ! true lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght has be5 all t we c\ld wi%1 & :ile "s ( !m h come =w>d z our *ampions r ?an our critics1 we regret to ?9k t c]ta9 ( _! foll[+ h n inv>iably imitat$ ! good example ?us set !m4 ,all are n ,bay>ds1 :e!r we reg>d ! temp] ( ! blade or t ( ! individual :o wields x4 ,pages ( s-call$ #8extracts' f our book h be5 /rung toge!r1 n[ by "s writ]s ( ! ,high ,*ur* s*ool1 anon by writ]s ( ! v l[e/ ,evangelical type1 9 ea* case ) absolute disreg>d ( _! orig9al collocation & surr\nd+s1 & ! result is ( c\rse z utt]ly unfair a repres5tation ( our mean+ z c\ld possibly be giv54 ,^! #8extracts1' :i* are always scrupul\sly enclos$ 9 inv]t$ commas1 are n m]ely alt]$ 9 mean+ by be+ arbitr>ily deta*$ f ! context--!y are (t5 alt]$ by ! ins]tion ( t]ms 7e4g4 lum9if]\s =ce67 :i* we1 z sci5tific m51 c\ld n possibly h employ$4 ,p :o adopt a sy/em l ?is des]ve to h1 once = all1 ?or\ghly br\ght home to !m ! bitt] rebuke adm9i/]$ to _! analogues long ago by a witty if semi-pr(ane div9e1 :o propos$ to *oose 8 text on _! pr9ciple1 & gave out1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 audi5ce1 "p only ( a v]se1 viz41 #8,hang all ! law & ! prophets'6 ,we h plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is ,preface ! only words ( ours :i* appe> to commit u to controv]sy1 & we tru/ t a /udy ( !m w conv9ce our read]s1 z x has conv9c$ u1 t we d n /& committ$ to ! hopeless task ( ent]+ ! li/s aga9/ ?is species ( controv]siali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ) reluctance t we h felt ourselves compell$ to allude to a me?od ( controv]sy1 9 our op9ion1 z defici5t 9 ,*ri/ian c\rtesy z x is p[]ful to /ifle ! int]e/s ( tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! attacks :i* h be5 made on our "w s9ce ! six? edition 0 publi%$1 are 7all at lea/ t we h se57 completely met by ! ,introduction4 ,_! basis1 :5 su* exi/s1 has usually be5 "s %ort passage1 arbitr>ily deta*$ f its context1 & ?us made susceptible ( any gloss desir$4 ,novemb] #ahgg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,=getful ( ! spl5did example %[n by intellectual giants l ,newton & ,f>aday1 & agha/ at ! mat]iali/ic /atem5ts n[-a-days freely made 7(t5 pr(ess$ly 9 ! "n ( sci5ce71 ! or?odox 9 religion are 9 some:at evil case4 ,z a natural consequ5ce ( _! too ha/ily rea*$ conclusion1 t mod]n sci5ce is incompatible ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 n a few ( !m h rais$ an outcry aga9/ sci5ce itself4 ,?is result is d\bly to be deplor$2 = !re _c be a d\bt t x is calculat$ to d mis*ief1 n m]ely to sci5ce b to religion4 ,our object1 9 ! pres5t "w1 is to endeav\r to %[ t ! presum$ incompatibility ( ,sci5ce & ,religion does n exi/4 ,?is1 inde$1 ought to be self-evid5t to all :o believe t ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se is ,himself ! ,au?or ( ,revelation4 ,b x is /rangely impressive to note h[ v little (t5 suffices to al>m ev5 ! firme/ ( human fai?4 ,( c\rse we _c1 9 ?is small volume1 ent] ^u ! :ole ( s va/ a subject1 & we h !re=e cont5t$ ourselves ) a brief1 ?\gh1 we hope1 suffici5tly develop$ discussion ( "o v important--ev5 fundam5tal--po9t4 ,we endeav\r to %[1 9 fact1 t immortality is /rictly 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity 7rightly view$72 t pr9ciple :i* has be5 ! guide ( all mod]n sci5tific advance4 ,z "o result ( ?is inquiry we are l$1 by /rict reason+ on purely sci5tific gr\nds1 to ! probable conclusion t #8a life = ! unse51 ?r\gh ! unse51 is to be reg>d$ z ! only p]fect life4' 7,see ,*ap4 ,,vii47 ,we ne$ n po9t out "h ! be>+ ( ?is on religion4 ,incid5tally1 ! read] w f9d _m rem>ks & tra9s ( reason+ :i* 7by ! alt]ation ( a ^w or two7 c be made to apply to o!r po9ts ( almo/ equal importance4 ,we may /ate t ! ideas "h develop$--v imp]fectly ( c\rse1 z mu/ always be ! case 9 matt]s ( ! k9d--are n ! result ( ha/y guess+1 b h be5 press$ on u by ! reflections & discussions ( sev]al ye>s4 ,we h to ?ank _m ( our fri5ds1 !ological z well z sci5tific1 = ready & valuable assi/ance4 ,! matt] ( our "w has c]ta9ly ga9$ by ?is1 ?\gh x is likely t ! mann] may h suff]$ by ! introduction1 "h & !re1 ( peculi>ities ( /yle :i* c\ld n easily be remov$ )\t damage to ! s5se4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,z a preface to our ,second ,edition1 we _c d bett] ?an record ! exp]i5ce d]iv$ f our fir/4 ,x is inde$ gratify+ to f9d a wond]ful want ( unanimity among ! critics :o assail u1 & x is probably ow+ to ?is cause t we h be5 able to pres]ve a k9d ( k9etic /ability1 j z a man does 9 consequ5ce ( be+ equally belab\r$ on all sides by ! myriad petty impacts ( little p>ticles ( air4 ,"s call u infidels1 :ile o!rs repres5t u z v mu* too or?odoxly cr$ul\s2 "s call u pan!i/s1 "s mat]iali/s1 o!rs spirituali/s4 ,z we _c belong at once to all ^! v>i$ categories1 ! presumption is t we belong to none ( !m4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is our own op9ion4 ,v5tur+ to classify our critics1 we w\ld divide !m into ?ree gr\ps3-- 7#a47 ,!re are ^? :o h d\btless fai? 9 revelation2 b m especially1 sometimes solely1 9 _! own me?od ( int]pret+ x2 none1 h[ev]1 9 ! me?od accord+ to :i* really sci5tific m5 ) a wond]ful unanimity h be5 l$ to int]pret ! works ( nature4 ,^! critics call u1 "s infidels1 "s pan!i/s1 "s dang]\sly subtle mat]iali/s1 etc4 7#b47 ,!re are ^? :o h fai? 9 ! me?ods accord+ to :i* m5 ( sci5ce int]pret ! laws ( nature1 b none :atev] 9 revelation or !ology4 ,^! consid] u z or?odoxly cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s1 or z writ]s ( #8! mo/ h>d5$ & imp5it5t nons5se t ev] call$ itself orig9al speculation4' 7#c47 ,!re are ^? :o h a pr(\nd belief t ! true pr9ciples ( sci5ce w be f\nd 9 accordance ) revelation1 & :o welcome any "w ^: object is to endeav\r to reconcile ^! two fields ( ?\ght4 ,su* m5 believe t ! ,au?or ( revelation is likewise ! ,au?or ( nature1 & t ^! works ( ,8 w ultimately be f\nd to be 9 p]fect accord4 ,su* ( ?is s*ool z h yet spok5 h approv$ ( our "w4 ,our read]s may judge = !mselves :i* ( ^! ?ree classes ( belief repres5ts mo/ ne>ly ! true ,ca?olic ,fai?4 ,_m ( our critics seem to fancy t we presume to attempt su* an absurdity z a demon/ration ( ,*ri/ian tru? f a m]e physical basis6 ,we simply confute ^? :o 79 ! outrag$ "n ( sci5ce7 h ass]t$ t sci5ce is incompatible ) religion4 ,surely x is n we :o are dogmati/s1 b ^? :o ass]t t ! pr9ciples & well-asc]ta9$ conclusions ( sci5ce are antagoni/ic to ,*ri/ianity & immortality4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( our discussion we are to "s ext5t con/ructors1 & f9d analogies 9 nature :i* seem to u to ?r[ light ^u ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 yet 9 ! ma9 our object is r to break d[n unf\nd$ objections ?an to con/ruct apologetic argum5ts4 ,^! we leave to ! ,!ologian4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] has v cle>ly describ$ our position by /at+ t f a purely physical po9t ( view1 #bjd we #8cont5d = ! possibility ( immortality & ( a p]sonal ,god4' ,to v>y ! metaphor1 we h m]ely /ripp$ (f ! hide\s mask ) :i* mat]ialism has cov]$ ! face ( nature to f9d und]nea? 7:at e "o ) fai? 9 any?+ at all mu/ expect to f9d7 some?+ ( surpass+ beauty1 b yet ( inscrutable dep?4 ,= inde$ we are entire believ]s 9 ! inf9ite dep? ( nature1 & hold t j z we mu/ imag9e space & duration to be inf9ite1 s mu/ we imag9e ! /ructural complexity ( ! univ]se to be inf9ite also4 ,to our m9ds x appe>s no less false to pron\nce et]nal t aggregation we call ! atom1 ?an x w\ld be to pron\nce et]nal t aggregation we call ! ,sun4 ,all ?is foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 9 virtue ( :i* we make sci5tific progress 9 ! k ( ?+s1 & :i* leads u1 :atev] /ate ( ?+s we contemplate1 to look = its antec$5t 9 "s previ\s /ate ( ?+s also 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,?is pr9ciple repres5ts ! pa? f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 or to speak m precisely1 our conviction t !re is a pa?4 ,nev]!less x does n au?orise u to dogmatise reg>d+ ! prop]ties ( ! unkn[n ly+ beyond or at ! b\nd>y ( our little #8cle>+4' ,we mu/ g up to x & exam9e x (t51 ) long cont9u$ lab\r1 "u great difficulties1 be=e we c at all say :at its prop]ties are4 ,among ^? :o recognise u z or?odox1 & = t reason attack u1 !re is "o ( des]v$ly high au?ority4 ,our #8bro!r1' ,pr(essor ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 has publi%$ a lively attack on our speculations 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,we are b\nd respectfully to consid] ! argum5ts ( an adv]s>y ( 8 calibre4 ,he appe>s to be unable to conceive ! possibility ( a spiritual body :i* %all n die ) ! natural body4 ,or r1 he conceives t he is 9 a position to ass]t1 f 8 k ( ! univ]se1 t su* a ?+ _c be4 ,we jo9 issue ) him at once1 = ! dep? ( our ignorance ) reg>d to ! unse5 univ]se =bids u to come to any su* conclusion ) reg>d to a possible spiritual body4 ,our critic beg9s 8 article by summon+ up or con/ruct+ a mo/ grotesque & ludicr\s figure1 :i* he calls our argum5t1 & =?) proce$s to demoli%2 & he ends by summon+ up a horrible & awful phantom1 aga9/ :i* he feel+ly w>ns u4 ,?is phantom has already1 x seems1 de/roy$ two civilisations1 & is capable ( ev5 worse ?+s1 ?\gh x is m]ely ! #8sift$ s$im5t ( a residuum4' ,he does n tell u :e!r he means ,religion 9 g5]al1 or only t p>ticul>ly objectionable =m ( x call$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,our critic %[s t he has n read our "w1--has1 9 fact1 m]ely glanc$ into x "h & !re4 ,?is is prov$ by :at he says ( ,/ruve's notions1 on :i* we lay no /ress :atev]1 :ile he puts !m =w>d z ! ma9/ay ( our argum5t4 ,we are also made out to be ! ass]tors ( a peculi> molecul> con/itution ( ! unse5 univ]se1 al?\gh ) ref]5ce to ?is we say 9 our "w1 page #bag1 #8= ! sake ( br++ our ideas 9 a concrete =m be=e ! read]1 & = ?is purpose only1 we w n[ adopt a def9ite hypo!sis4' ,( c\rse x is too mu* to expect a critic n[-a-days to read e ^w ( a book :i* he is cont5t to demoli%1 b we did hope he might h notic$ ! italics4 ,our critic too commits sev]al s+ul> mi/akes due to imp]fections ( memory4 ,:y speak ( ! negative z univ]sal1 :i* appe>s 9 su* words z immortality1 endless exi/5ce1 etc41 :5 ! mo/ common ( all expressions connect$ ) ! subject are ! phrases1 #8et]nal life1' #8ev]la/+ life1' etc41 none ( :i* involve ! negative8 ,h[ ! sun c\ld g d[n ^u #8,gideon' is n obvi\s4 ,_h x done s x w\ld c]ta9ly h occasion$ p]sonal inconv5i5ce 7to say ! lea/7 to t h]o4 ,b :at's 9 a "n8 ,our critic 0 evid5tly ?9k+ ( ,jo%ua & #8,gibeon1' & :y %\ld a critic c>e ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,amorites & ,amalekites8 ,x is a m]e matt] ( spell+1--a trifle4 ,simil> mi/akes 9 a previ\s article are apologis$ = 9 a footnote app5d$ to t on ! #8,unse5 ,univ]se4' ,probably ! au?or design$ ! apology to ext5d to x also1 b =got to say s2 aga9 a trifle4 ,b x is ( /raws1 "s ev5 weak] ?an ^!1 t ! impos+ article is built2 s t :5 we come =? to battle we f9d no?+ to reply to4 ,to r$uce matt]s to ord]1 we may confid5tly ass]t t ! only reasonable & def5sible alt]native to our hypo!sis 7or1 at lea/1 some?+ simil> to x7 is1 ! /up5d\s pair ( assumptions t visible matt] is et]nal1 & t ,,x ,,is ,,alive4 7,see #bdj47 ,if any "o c be f\nd to uphold notions l ^! 7f a sci5tific po9t ( view71 we %all be mo/ happy to ent] ! li/s ) him4 ,we h made num]\s small ?\gh sometimes important *anges 9 ! text1 b none ( !m at all modify ! g5]al t5or ( ! "w z x fir/ appe>$ two mon?s ago4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,we h reason to ?9k t not)/&+ all we h said1 ! position we take is n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 & we w\ld !re=e utilise ! ,preface to our ,?ird ,edition to put ourselves "r ) ! public on ?is vital po9t4 ,to beg9 ) ! sci5tific side ( our argum5t1 we mu/ once m make ! /atem5t t x is n we :o are ! dogmati/s1 b r t s*ool ( sci5tific m5 :o ass]t ! incompatibility ( sci5ce ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,p]si/5t z !y h be5 9 _! endeav\rs to close ! door lead+ f ! se5 to ! unse51 we z resolutely ma9ta9 t x mu/ be left op54 ,?is class take cr$it to !mselves = hav+ ?us b>r$ ! entrance to a ?rong ( sup]/iti\s fancies :i* w\ld inevitably ru% ?r\gh an op5 av5ue--=gett+ t !y h by ! same act b>r$ ! way to all ! high] aspirations ( man4 ,b ?\gh we h f\nd$ no argum5t = immortality on ! exi/5ce ( ^! high] aspirations1 we _c all[ our adv]s>ies to b> ! way ^u ! plea t x w\ld inevitably be ! resort ( unwor?y pass5g]s4 ,if x be ! ,k+'s highway x mu/ be left op52 if ! unse5 univ]se be a reality1 surely we are n to dismiss x f our m9ds le/ "s p might ent]ta9 absurd views reg>d+ its relation to ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,su* fancies are no new ?+ 9 ! progress ( k4 ,:5 two ?+s are kn[n to exi/1 we may h t5 ?\s& errone\s hypo!ses reg>d+ _! mutual relations1 b only "o true !ory4 ,9 ! next place1 we w\ld say "o ^w to t religi\s s*ool :i* is m p>ticul>ly affect$ by our pres5t inquiry1--we mean ! s*ool :o ass]t ! resurrection ( our mat]ial bodies1 & a grossly mat]ial future /ate4 ,we h endeav\r$ to expla9 to ?is class ( m5 t _! belief is inconsi/5t ) ! integrity ( t ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity :i* und]lies n only all sci5tific inquiry1 b all action ( any k9d 9 ?is _w ( ours4 ,"u ^! circum/ances su* m5 h ?ree hone/ alt]natives be=e !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y may ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( our position & *ange _! views2 or1 secondly1 !y may combat our argum5t reg>d+ ! alleg$ incompatibility ( _! position ) ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity2 or1 la/ly1 !y may decl9e to accept ?is sci5tific pr9ciple 9 matt]s :i* conc]n _! fai?4 ,:at we compla9 ( is1 t ! memb]s ( ?is s*ool h *os5 none ( ^! alt]natives1 b h r attempt$ to br& u z infidels & mat]iali/s1 app>5tly =gett+ 7z usual7 t su* a me?od ( conduct+ a discussion is nei!r ,*ri/-l nor conv9c+4 ,b :ile "o class ( religi\s m5 h tri$ to br& u ) ^! names1 ^? ( ano!r s*ool consid] our !ology n>r[ & gloomy4 ,we reply to ^! m5 t we d n pret5d to be !ologians 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,our position 9 ?is respect has be5 greatly misund]/ood4 ,we are1 no d\bt1 endeav\r+ to br+ ab\t a reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is we mu/ fir/ f9d out :at is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 next :at is ! fundam5tal cre$ ( ! great majority ( ,*ri/ians1 & !n endeav\r to %[ t ! two are n incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is process we h be5 l$ to reg>d ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity z ! great law :i* regulates sci5tific inquiry1 & !re _c be a d\bt t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are reg>d$ z au?oritative expositions ( religi\s tru? by ! great majority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ we f9d t ! expressions 9 ! ,scriptures reg>d+ ! future ( man & ! con/itution ( ! unse5 _w1 tak5 9 _! obvi\s1 if n absolutely lit]al mean+1 are n inconsi/5t ) sci5tific d$uctions f ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,we "k v well t1 especially ( late ye>s1 a multitude ( religi\s s*ools h ris5 up :o take _m ( ^! expressions 9 a non-lit]al & f> f obvi\s acceptation1 & :o1 p]haps1 d n accord ! same au?ority to ! writ]s z 0 =m]ly done4 ,into ! disputes betwe5 ^! v>i\s religi\s s*ools we d n pret5d to ent]1 nor d we see t ! ,%ibbole?s ( su* s*ools c be affect$ by our argum5ts1 inasmu* z _! discussions h1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 no?+ :atev] to d ) ,physical pr9ciples4 ,!y are r f\nd$ on hi/orical1 or moral1 or metaphysical consid]ations1 all ( :i* are =eign to our argum5t4 ,hav+ no pret5sions to a title :i* we c]ta9ly d n covet1 we tru/ t we %all no long] be reg>d$ z !ologians ei!r ( a n>r[ & gloomy1 or a lax & h]etical s*ool1 or inde$ ( any s*ool :atsoev]4 ,septemb] #ahge4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,& ,,fif? ,,editions4 ,9 consequ5ce ( misappreh5sions into :i* sev]al ( our critics h fall51 we h prefix$ to ?is edition an ,introduction :]e9 ! objects ( our "w1 & ! mode 9 :i* we seek to atta9 !m1 are fully b compactly expla9$4 ,we ne$ !re=e say no?+ on ^! matt]s "h4 ,! "w has be5 greatly enl>g$1 & 9 _m p>ts almo/ rewritt52 b we h n[h]e f\nd x necess>y to alt] or recall any ( ! /atem5ts hi!rto made by u4 ,z we n[ give our names1 we c at l5g? compla9 ( ! conduct ( a ,london #8,weekly1' :i*1 only a few days aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( our book1 took ! 7we hope7 v unusual c\rse ( /at+ ! au?or%ip z a matt] ( absolute fact1 n ( conjecture4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 n au?oris$ to d s1 ei!r by ourselves or by our ,publi%]3--& we regret to f9d t ! exig5cies ( competition = public fav\r c be ?\ght capable ( ju/ify+1 9 ! eyes ( any "o1 su* a c\rse ( conduct4 ,z ,pr(essors ( ,natural ,philosophy we h "o sad rem>k to make4 ,! great majority ( our critics h exhibit$ almo/ absolute ignorance z to ! prop] use ( ! t]m ,=ce1 :i* has _h "o1 & only "o1 def9ite sci5tific s5se s9ce ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,z su* m5 are usually among ! exceptionally well educat$1 ignorance ( ?is important "q mu/ be all b univ]sal4 ,9 addition to :at we h said on ! subject 9 ! text 7 #ig71 we w\ld n[ only m5tion t ! sole record$ case ( true ,p]si/5cy or ,inde/ructibility ( ,=ce :i* we recollect hav+ ev] met )1 occurs 9 connection ) ,b>on ,mun*aus5's rem>kable desc5t f ! moon4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a v /rik+ case2 b x is app>5tly unique1 & x 0 n subject$ to sci5tific scrut9y4 ,b4 ,,/ew>t4 ,p4 ,g4 ,,tait4 ,april #ahgf4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,introduction1 #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,sket*4 ,article ,object ( ! ,book1 #a #bb ,two classes ( speculators1 #b #bd ,:y d\bt]s ( immortality h lately increas$1 #c #bf ,belief ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians-- ,sep>ation betwe5 prie/s & p1 #d #bf ,! abode ( ! dead1 #e #bg ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #f #bh ,embalm+ ( ! body1 #g #bh ,belief ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews-- ,position ( ,moses1 #h-i #bh ,8 task1 #aj #bi ,belief ( ! ,jews 9 an unse5 _w1 #aa #cj ,_! belief 9 a future /ate1 #ab #ca ,_! belief 9 a resurrection1 #ac #cb ,belief ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks & ,romans-- ,unsub/antial nature ( ,elysium1 #ad #cc ,transmigration introduc$1 #ae #cd ,rise ( ! ,epicurean s*ool1 #af #cf ,unc]ta9ty ( philosophic op9ion1 #ag #cg ,belief ( ! ,ea/]n ,aryans-- ,! ,rig-,v$a1 #ah #cg ,x inculcates immortality1 #ai #ci ,d\ble s\rce ( corruption1 #bj #dj ,zoroa/rian re=mation & t5ets1 #ba-bb #dj ,re=mation ( ,buddha1 #bc #da ,mean+ ( ,nirvna1 #bd #db ,obs]vations on anci5t beliefs1 #be-bi #dc ,belief ( ! ,disciples ( ,*ri/-- ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 #cj #dg ,future /ate taught by ,*ri/1 #ca-cb #di ,p]i%able nature ( t :i* is se51 #cc #ej ,! ,*ri/ian ,heav5 & ,hell1 #cd #ea ,g5]al op9ion reg>d+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 #ce #eb ,g5]al op9ion reg>d+ ! position ( ,*ri/1 #cf #ec ,spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 #cg #ed ,rise ( ,mohamm$1 #ch #ee ,mat]iali/ic conceptions ( ! d>k ages1 #ci #eg ,extreme sci5tific s*ool1 #dj-da #ei ,po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ?is s*ool & ,*ri/ians1 #db #fj ,v>ieties ( op9ions among ,*ri/ians1 #dc-dd #fj ,believ]s 9 a new revelation1 #de #fb ,sw$5borg & 8 doctr9es1 #df #fc ,rem>ks on ,sw$5borg1 #dg #fe ,mod]n spirituali/s1 #dh-di #fg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,position ,,tak5 ,,by ,,! ,,au?ors--,,physical ,,axioms4 ,class ( read]s to :om ! ,au?ors appeal1 #ej-ec #fi ,position assum$ by ! ,au?ors-- ,laws ( ! univ]se def9$1 #ed #gb ,embodim5t ( "s sort ess5tial1 #ee #gc ,mat]iali/ic position describ$1 #ee #gd ,unju/ifiable assumptions ( mat]iali/s1 #ef-eh #gd ,intimacy ( connection betwe5 m9d & matt]1 #ei #gg ,ess5tial requisites = cont9u$ exi/5ce-- ,an organ ( memory1 #fj #gh ,possibility ( action 9 ! pres5t1 #fa #gh ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity-- ,illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to a/ronomy1 #fb-ge #gi ,brea* ( ! pr9ciple illu/rat$1 #gf #hg ,ext5sion to o!r faculties ( man1 #gg #hh ,application ( ?is pr9ciple to ,*ri/ian miracles-- ,errone\s position ( old div9es1 #gh #hi ,su* oppos$ to ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 #gi #ij ,new me?od ( explanation1 #hj-hb #ij ,application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! doctr9es ( ! extreme sci5tific s*ool-- ,! visible univ]se w probably come to an end 9 trans=mable en]gy1 #hc-hd #ib ,x mu/ h be5 develop$ out ( ! invisible1 #he #id ,,! ,,univ]se1-- #hf #ie ,simil> errors committ$ by ! extreme s*ools ( !ology & sci5ce1 #hg #if ,application ( ?is pr9ciple to ,immortality-- ,?ree conceivable suppositions1 #hh #if ,^! r$uc$ to two1 #hi #ig ,future c\rse ( our argum5t1 #ij #ig ,! problem may be pr(itably discuss$1 #ia #ih ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,physical ,,univ]se4 ,def9ition ( ! t]m #8,physical ,univ]se'1 #ib #ii ,x conta9s some?+ else besides matt] or /uff1 #ic #ajj ,gr\nds ( our belief 9 an ext]nal univ]se1 #id #aja ,^! 9 accordance ) our def9ition ( ! laws ( ! univ]se 7,art4 #ed71 #ie #ajb ,mean+ ( cons]vation1 #if #ajc ,use & ,abuse ( ! ,t]m ,=ce1 #ig #ajd ,cons]vation ( ,mom5tum1 #ig #aje ,cons]vation ( ,mom5t ( ,mom5tum1 #ig #ajf ,cons]vation ( ,vis ,viva1 #ig #ajg ,def9ition ( ,en]gy1 #ih-ii #ajh ,newton's second int]pretation ( 8 ,?ird ,law1 #ii-ajj #ajh ,friction *anges "w into heat1 #aja #aaj ,hi/orical sket* ( ! !ory ( en]gy1 #ajb-ajc #aab ,trans=mability ( en]gy con/itutes its use1 #ajd #aae ,case :]e en]gy is useless1 #aje #aaf ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics-- 99,c>not's p]fect heat-eng9e1 99#ajf #aag 99,sir ,w4 ,?omson's def9ition ( absolute temp]ature1 99#ajg #aah 99,melt+ po9t ( ice l[]$ by pressure1 99#ajh #abj 99,sir ,w4 ,?omson's rectification ( ,c>not's reason+1 99#aji-99aaj #abj 99,pr(essor ,j4 ,cl]k-,maxwell's demons1 99#aaa-99aac #abb ,degradation ( en]gy1 #aad #abf ,future ( ! physical univ]se1 #aad-aae #abf ,pa/ ( ! physical univ]se1 #aaf #abh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,e!r4 ,inquiry reg>d+ /ructure & mat]ial ( ! univ]se1 #aag #abi ,v>i\s hypo!ses reg>d+ matt]-- 7#a47 ,greek notion ( ! ,atom1 #aah #acj ,speculations ( ,lucretius1 #aai-acj #aca 7#b47 ,!ory ( ,boscovi* 7c5tres ( =ce71 #aca #acg 7#c47 ,!ory ( inf9ite divisibility1 #acb #ach 7#d47 ,vortex-atom !ory1 #acc-acd #aci ,rem>ks on ^! !ories1 #ace-acf #ada ,relative quantity ( matt] associat$ ) en]gy1 #acg-ach #adb ,univ]sal gravitation-- ,is a weak =ce1 #aci #add ,two ways ( acc\nt+ = x1 #adj #ade ,le ,sage's hypo!sis1 #ada-adb #adf ,! ,e!real m$ium-- ,its pr9cipal prop]ties app>5tly incongru\s1 #adc #adh ,analogy ( ,pr(essor ,/okes1 #add #adi ,di/ortion & displacem5t ( e!r1 #ade #adi ,inf]ior limit ( its d5sity1 #adf #aej ,its suppos$ imp]fect transp>5cy1 #adg #aea ,rem>ks on e!r1 #adh #aec ,rem>ks on ! speculations ( ?is *apt]1 #adi-aej #aed ,modification ( ! vortex-r+ hypo!sis1 #aea-aeb #aee ,possible disappe>ance ( ! visible univ]se1 #aec #aeg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,developm5t4 ,nature ( inquiry /at$1 #aed #aeh ,*emical developm5t-- ,*anges 9 li/s ( elem5t>y sub/ances1 #aee #aei ,pr\t's speculations1 #aef #afj ,exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,/as1 #aef #afj ,family gr\ps1 #aeg #afa ,mr4 ,locky]'s speculations1 #aeh-aei #afa ,globe developm5t-- ,hypo!sis ( ,kant & ,laplace1 #afj #afc ,t5d5cy to aggregation ( mass1 #afa-afb #afd ,process _c h be5 go+ on = ev]1 #afc #aff ,peculi>ity ( products develop$ inorganically1 #afd #afg ,life developm5t-- ,morphological & physiological species1 #afe #afh ,species reg>d$ physiologically1 #aff #agj ,position ( a c]ta9 class ( !ologians1 #afg #aga ,t5d5cy to m9or v>iations1 #afh #agb ,artificial selection1 #afi #agd ,natural selection1 #agj #age ,unprov$ po9t 9 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 #aga #age ,rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 #agb #agg ,developm5t ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 #agc #agg ,mr4 ,wallace's views1 #agd #agh ,pr(essor ,huxley's rem>ks1 #age #agh ,position assum$ by ! au?ors1 #agf #agi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,speculations ,,z ,,to ,,possibility ,,( ,,sup]ior ,,intellig5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,visible ,,univ]se4 ,position ( life 9 ! pres5t physical univ]se1 #agg #ahj ,two k9ds ( equilibrium1 #agh #aha ,two k9ds ( ma*9es or mat]ial sy/ems1 #agi #ahb ,two respects 9 :i* a liv+ be+ resembles a ma*9e1 #ahj #ahc ,a liv+ be+ resembles a delicately con/ruct$ ma*9e1 #aha #ahe ,! delicacy is due to *emical in/ability1 #ahb #ahf ,delicacy ( con/ruction d]iv$ f ! sun's rays1 #ahc #ahf ,delicacy ( con/ruction 9 atmosph]ic *anges1 #ahd #ahg ,wor%ip ( p[]s ( nature--m$ival sup]/itions1 #ahe #ahi ,!ory :i* attributes a s\l to ! univ]se1 #ahf #aij ,real po9t at issue /at$1 #ahg #aij ,man pres5ts ! highe/ ord] ( ! pres5t visible univ]se1 #ahh #aia ,! same idea p]vades ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ahi #aib ,& x likewise p]vades ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aij-aia #aic ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,univ]se4 ,decad5ce ( ! visible univ]se1 #aib-aic #aie ,its arrangem5ts app>5tly wa/eful1 #aid #aig ,explanation ( ?is1 #aie #aig ,memory ( ! univ]se1 #aif-aig #aih ,connection betwe5 se5 & unse51 #aig-aih #aih ,physical explanation ( a future /ate1 #aii-bja #aii ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y's conception ( ! unse51 #bjb #bjj ,objections to ! propos$ !ory ( a future /ate repli$ to-- ,religi\s1 #bjc #bjb ,!ological1 #bjd-bjg #bjb ,sci5tific1 #bjh-bab #bjf ,quasi-sci5tific1 #bac #baj ,miracles & ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/-- ,objections ( extreme s*ool /at$1 #bad #baa ,h[ ^! are to be met1 #bae #bab ,developm5t has produc$ ! visible univ]se1 #baf #bad ,its atoms resemble manufactur$ articles1 #bag #bae ,developm5t ?r\gh intellig5ce1 #bah-bai #bae ,idea pres5t$ 9 concrete =m1 #bbj #bah ,*ri/ian !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se1 #bba-bbg #bbc ,life developm5t--,biog5esis1 #bbh-bbi #bbh ,life comes f ! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 #bcj #bcj ,*ri/ian !ory ( life developm5t1 #bca #bcb ,position ( life 9 ! univ]se discuss$1 #bcb-bch #bcc ,meteoric hypo!sis implies ,discont9uity1 #bci #bdj ,discussion ( ! notion t all matt] is1 9 "s simple s5se1 alive1 #bdj-bda #bdb ,life1 z well z matt]1 comes to u f ! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 #bdb-bdc #bdc ,position review$1 #bdd #bdf ,miracles possible )\t brea* ( ,cont9uity1 #bde #bdg ,peculi> communication ) ! unse5 9 ! case ( ,*ri/1 #bdf #bdh ,app>5t breaks are conceal$ av5ues lead+ to ! unse51 #bdg #bdi ,probable nature ( pres5t connection betwe5 se5 & unse54 ,efficacy ( ,pray]1 #bdh #bej ,angelic intellig5ces1 #bdi #bea ,rem>ks on ,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t1 #bej-beb #bec ,our argum5t may be v mu* deta*$ f all conceptions ( ! ,div9e ess5ce1 #bec #beg ,*ri/ian conceptions ( ,heav51 #bed #beh ,two ideas 9 all ,*ri/ian hymns1 #bee #bei ,possible glimpse into ! conditions ( ! future life1 #bef-beg #bfj ,d>k] side ( ! future1 #beh #bfb ,plato on ! m>k+s ( ! s\l1 #bei #bfc ,*ri/ian ,geh5na1 #bfj #bfd ,m$ival idea ( ,hell1 #bfa #bfe ,! process 9 ! ,geh5na ( ! ,new ,te/am5t app>5tly an endur+ "o1 #bfb #bfg ,p]sonality ( ! ,evil ,"o ass]t$ by ,scripture1 #bfc #bfi ,brief /atem5t ( ! results ( ?is discussion1 #bfd #bgj ,! sci5tific conclusion is directly aga9/ ! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 #bfe #bga ,criticism invit$ f lead]s ( sci5tific ?\ght or ( religi\s inquiry1 #bff #bgb ,,introduction4 ,! pres5t age is "o ( v rapid progress 9 almo/ all bran*es ( k4 ,l a wave swell+ z x advances %orew>d1 ?is progress has viol5tly trans=m$ :ole regions ( ?\ght1 :ile x has repeat$ly invad$ o!rs n h]et(ore deem$ accessible to su* cata/rophes4 ,presum+ ^u a soil ( great natural ri*ness1 ! inhabitants ( ^! latt] regions _h = a long s]ies ( ye>s giv5 !mselves up to a species ( husb&ry :i* 0 beg9n+ at l5g? to be detrim5tal 9 its effects4 ,x ?us came to pass t :ile ! imm$iate result ( ea* inundation 0 a sudd5 al>m & consequ5t confusion1 yet nev]!less a f]tilis+ residuum 0 always left beh9d1 toge!r ) a v pla9 intimation t no region ( ?\ght c p]man5tly fl\ri% if x be entirely cut (f f any ( ! intellectual influ5ces ar\nd x4 ,su*like1 we take x1 h be5 ! results ( ! rec5t great floods ( intellectual en]gy1 mu* ( !m seem+ly subv]sive1 :i* h repeat$ly invad$ ! region occupi$ by ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,at pres5t !re is no book m read ?an ! ,bible1 no life m deeply /udi$ & discuss$ ?an ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,!re is probably a great] am\nt ( e>ne/ att5tion devot$ to ^! subjects ?an to any o!r bran* ( human inquiry4 ,nev]!less !re is great confusion1 & an almo/ despair+ outcry f _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,*ri/ian region4 ,x is imag9$ t f5ces & l&m>ks h disappe>$1 & t at l5g? ! ris+ tide is ab\t to attack1 z x has long ?reat5$1 ! v lives & hold+s ( ! community4 ,x w be our endeav\r to reassure ^! some:at ov]-timid p4 ,be+ /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce1 we w try to gauge ! /r5g? ( ! tide1 & m especially ( ! =ces :i* give x motion1 & endeav\r to conv9ce ^? :o are suffici5tly calm to receive conviction1 t !re nei!r is nor c be any real dang] to _! lives & hold+s f ! viol5ce ( ! wat]s2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 !y w ultimately receive a bless+ f t :i* w rema9 beh9d aft] ! pres5t confusion has disappe>$4 #8,sk9 = sk91' said a c]ta9 evil "o1 #8yea all t a man ha? w he give = 8 life1' & ! prov]b is true 7) a modification7 z reg>ds ! life ( ! s\l1 no less ?an z reg>ds t ( ! body4 ,take away all hope ( a future /ate1--appe> to demon/rate1 if n ) absolute c]ta9ty1 yet ) an approa* to x1 t su* a condition ( ?+s is antagoni/ic to well-und]/ood sci5tific pr9ciples1 & we feel c]ta9 t ! effect ^u humanity w\ld be simply disa/r\s4 ,at any rate1 ^? :o prop\nd an argum5t ( ?is k9d mu/ reasonably expect det]m9$ opposition f ! foll[]s ( religion4 ,let u "h1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 take ! opportunity ( /at+ t we discuss only ! physical aspects ( ! argum5t reg>d+ a future /ate4 ,be+ nei!r metaphysicians nor moral philosoph]s1 we leave to o!rs m compet5t ?an we c be ! argum5t :i* may be bas$ ^u ! univ]sal crav+ among ! intellig5t races ( mank9d = a life beyond ! grave4 ,9 ! f\r? & foll[+ editions ( our "w1 :ile we h n mat]ially alt]$ our argum5t1 we h reca/ to "s ext5t ! %ape 9 :i* x 0 fir/ put be=e ! read]1 & ?is reca/+ has tak5 a m def9ite =m 9 our pres5t edition4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( fri5dly criticism :i* our "w has call$ =? has conv9c$ u t we did n at fir/ suffici5tly sep>ate betwe5 c]ta9 conclusions :i* inevitably fl[$ f our argum5t1 & c]ta9 o!rs :i*1 :ile d]iv+ _! /r5g? f a totally diff]5t qu>t]1 7 yet n inconsi/5t ) ! =m]1 b ev51 x might be1 support$ by !m4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t we h f\nd ourselves cr$it$ ) attempts :i* 7 v f> f our ?\ghts1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! endeav\r to d$uce ,*ri/ian !ological doctr9e f m]e physical consid]ations4 ,we h !re=e ?\ght x desirable to br+ 9 review be=e ! read]1 9 ?is introductory *apt]1 ! fundam5tal po9ts ( our argum5t1 m especially z 9 :at foll[s we may n always be able )\t an undesirable =mality to keep sep>ate ! f\ndation & ! sup]/ructure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 ju/ly r5[n$ ,analogy1 ,bi%op ,butl] beg9s ) a *apt] on a future life4 ,he says ) great tru? t if !re is an idea t dea? w be ! de/ruction ( liv+ p[]s1 t idea mu/ arise ei!r f ! reason ( ! ?+ or ! analogy ( nature4 #8,b x does n arise 7he proce$s to say7 f ! reason ( ! ?+2 = we d n "k :at dea? is4 ,aga91 we d n "k on :at ! exi/5ce ( our liv+ p[]s dep5ds2 = we see !m susp5d$ 9 sleep1 = example1 or 9 a swoon1 & /ill n ext+ui%$4 ,nei!r does x arise f ! analogy ( nature2 = dea? removes all s5sible pro(1 & precludes u consequ5tly f trac+ out any analogy :i* w\ld w>rant u 9 inf]r+ _! de/ruction4' ,n[1 x is well kn[n t s9ce ! days ( ,bi%op ,butl] a s*ool has aris51 ! memb]s ( :i* ass]t t !y h at l5g? le>n$ :at ,dea? is1 & t 9 virtue ( _! k !y are 9 a position to tell u t life is impossible aft] dea?4 ,x is "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ?is volume to demon/rate ! fallacy :i* und]lies ! argum5t br\ght =w>d by ?is s*ool4 ,we attempt to %[ t we are absolutely driv5 by sci5tific pr9ciples to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( an ,unse5 ,univ]se1 & by sci5tific analogy to conclude t x is full ( life & intellig5ce--t x is 9 fact a spiritual univ]se & n a dead "o4 ,b :ile we are fully ju/ifi$ by sci5tific consid]ations 9 ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( su* an unse5 univ]se1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t we h yet atta9$1 or c easily or p]haps ev] atta91 to m ?an a v slight k ( its nature4 ,?us we d n believe t we c really asc]ta9 :at dea? is4 ,to ^?1 !re=e1 :o ass]t t !re is no spiritual unse5 _w1 & t dea? is an end ( ! exi/5ce ( ! individual1 we reply by simply d5y+ _! fir/ /atem5t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is d5ial1 insi/+ t none ( u "k any?+ :atev] ab\t dea?4 ,inde$1 x is at once app>5t t a sci5tific d5ial ( ! possibility ( life aft] dea? mu/ be l9k$ ) at lea/ some?+ l a sci5tific pro( ( ! non-exi/5ce ( a spiritual unse5 _w4 ,= if sci5tific analogy be aga9/ a spiritual ,unse51 !n evid5tly x is equally aga9/ ! likelihood ( life aft] dea?4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 we feel con/ra9$ to believe 9 a spiritual univ]se1 !n ?\gh x does n foll[ t life is c]ta9 aft] dea?1 inasmu* z we d n "k :e!r any provision has be5 made 9 ?is unse5 _w = our reception1 yet x does foll[ t we _c d5y ! possibility ( a future life4 ,= to d s w\ld imply on our "p su* an exhau/ive k ( ! ,unse5 z w\ld ju/ify u 9 believ+ t no arrangem5t _h be5 made 9 x = our transf]5ce ?i!r4 ,n[1 our almo/ absolute ignorance ) reg>d to ! ,unse5 mu/ prev5t u f com+ to any su* conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h be5 accus$ by "s ( our critics ( be+ dogmati/s4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ true t 9 ! fir/ "p ( our argum5t--namely1 t :i* relates to a spiritual unse53--we are cont5t to develop f ! pres5t recognis$ condition ( ?+s4 ,we take ! _w z we f9d x1 & are =c$ by a purely sci5tific process to recognise ! exi/5ce ( an ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,we are likewise l$ to reg>d ! ,unse5 z hav+ giv5 bir? to ! pres5t univ]se1 a conclusion to :i* "o ( our lead+ critics has app>5tly giv5 8 ass5t4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we jo9 issue ) ! mat]iali/ic s*ool4 ,!y cont9ue to insi/--aga9/ all analogy z we take x--t ?is ,unse5 ,univ]se is a dead "o1 hav+ no life wor?y ( ! "n1 al?\gh x mu/ h exi/$ = inconceivable ages be=e ! pres5t ,univ]se arose4 ,let our read]s rem>k t 9 all ?is we introduce no dogma--we d n require to ass]t or ev5 assume ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,we are cont5t to develop our argum5t f a position :i* is common to our adv]s>ies & to ourselves4 ,an objection has be5 rais$ t our argum5t t5ds to ! ,sw$5borgian doctr9e ( a spiritual body4 ,n[1 ! same pr9ciples :i* guide u f ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( ! out] _w to ackn[l$ge an ,unse51 lead u on ! assumption ( our own exi/5ce aft] dea? to ackn[l$ge :at we may t]m a spiritual body4 ,9 o!r words1 our conception ( some?+ :i* reta9s at once a hold ^u ! pa/ & a possibility ( future life assumes ! =m :i* we clo! 9 ?is or simil> language4#a ,b :y ,sw$5borgian8 ,:y n ,paul9e8 ,0 x n ! great ,apo/le :o fir/ gave utt]ance to 8 belief 9 ^! v words8 ,if x be said to u t ! way 9 :i* we reg>d ! spiritual body is decid$ly ,sw$5borgian1 we w\ld reply by ask+ our critics to tell u 9 :at way we reg>d x4 ,we c]ta9ly hold t if we are to accept sci5tific pr9ciples1 "o ( ! necess>y conditions ( immortality is a frame surviv+ dea?1 b we z resolutely ma9ta9 t ( ! nature ( ?is frame we are & mu/ probably rema9 pr(\ndly ignorant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has likewise be5 object$ t we d n suffici5tly all[ = ! possibility t ! pres5t univ]se may be inf9ite1 & t ?us x might la/ = ev] & cont9ue1 al?\gh spasmodically1 to be ! resid5ce ( liv+ be+s ev5 9 spite ( ! con/ant degradation ( its en]gy4 ,unque/ionably we _c prove t ! pres5t visible univ]se is n inf9ite2 ?is we h ackn[l$g$ 9 our "w4 ,b our *ief argum5t is d]iv$ r f ! pa/ ?an f ! future4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! visible univ]se--t is to say ! univ]se ( atoms--mu/ h _h its orig9 9 "t1 & t :ile ,,! ,,univ]se is1 9 its wide/ s5se1 alike et]nal & inf9ite1 ! univ]se ( atoms c]ta9ly _c h exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,:ile we freely confess t we _c prove ! f9ite magnitude ( ! univ]se ( atoms1 inasmu* z we _c be sure t ! />s :i* we see repres5t m ?an a small portion ( ?is univ]se1 we are unable to p]ceive any sci5tific pr9ciple :i* leads u to conclude t ! numb] ( su* atoms mu/ necess>ily be inf9ite4 ,b :e!r x be f9ite or inf9ite1 we h v great difficulty 9 imag9+ ?is univ]se to be et]nal4 ,reg>d+ ! atom z some?+ t has be5 develop$ f a previ\sly exi/+ unse5 univ]se1 we _c readily believe x capable ( la/+ = ev]4 ,b if !re be any elem5t ( decay 9 ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! visible univ]se1 ! assumption ( its pres5t inf9ity w n enable u to pr$icate its future et]nity4 ,hav+ ?us def9$ our position1 we may all[ t 9 our e>li] editions we h possibly giv5 undue prom95ce to ! p>ticul> argum5t 9 fav\r ( an ,unse51 :i* is d]iv$ f ! future degradation ( ! en]gy ( ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,we come n[ to ! second "p ( our subject4 ,all t we h yet endeav\r$ to %[ is t ! !ory ( a future life is n 9 any way :atev] 9 contradiction to any asc]ta9$ facts or pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,b we h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ any pro( t arrangem5ts h be5 made 9 ! ,unse5 _w = our translation ?i!r aft] dea?4 ,x has be5 %[n t !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole range ( sci5ce to lead u to suppose t life is impossible aft] dea?2 b we h yet to inquire :at evid5ce1 if any1 exi/s 9 fav\r ( a future /ate4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ianity believe !y h receiv$ su* evid5ce 9 virtue ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & x is equally well kn[n t ( late ye>s a s*ool ( sci5tific m5 h aris5 :o reject su* an ev5t z "o impossible to be believ$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 reject$ ma9ly because x is an uncommon ev5t1 or "o unconfirm$ by mod]n exp]i5ce1 = x is suffici5tly well kn[n t uncommon ev5ts h a recognis$ place 9 ! univ]se4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re are c]ta9 conjunctions ( ! planets :i* are v uncommon1 & h n occurr$ 9 mod]n exp]i5ce1 b we d n hesitate = a mom5t to believe 9 ! possibility ( _! occurr5ce4 ,nay1 we are 9 a position to g fur!r1 & to ass]t t at p>ticul> epo*s ( "t1 :i* we are capable ( def9+ ) great] or less precision1 su* uncommon conjunctions took place 9 ! pa/1 & w aga9 take place 9 ! future4 ,an absolutely new comet1 "o :i* 7f ! fact t its orbit is hyp]bolic7 0 probably nev] 9 ! sol> sy/em be=e1 & probably _c aga9 return to x1 is by no means a r>ity4 ,n[ we believe t an ext5sion ( purely sci5tific logic drives u to receive z q c]ta9 ! occurr5ce ( two ev5ts :i* are z incompreh5sible z any miracle2 ^! are3--! introduction ( visible matt] & its en]gy1 & ( visible liv+ ?+s into ! univ]se4 ,fur!rmore1 we are l$ by sci5tific analogy to reg>d ! ag5cy 9 virtue ( :i* ^! two a/\nd+ ev5ts 7 br\ght ab\t z an intellig5t ag5cy1 an ag5cy ^: *oice ( ! "t = action is det]m9$ by consid]ations simil> 9 _! nature to ^? :i* influ5ce a human be+ :5 he *ooses ! prop] mom5t = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purpose4 ,if ?is be true1 ! discussion reg>d+ miracles mu/ be remov$ altoge!r f ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 & ?is = ! v good reason t sci5tific logic admits ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts at lea/ z a/\nd+4 ,! "q is n[ r "o = ! hi/orian & ! moral philosoph] to decide4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is cle>ly b\nd to exam9e ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! life & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! latt] is b\nd to look ar\nd & ask :at moral necessity !re 0 = ! int]f]5ce ( ?is peculi> intellig5t ag5cy1 & also :e!r1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! int]f]5ce has prov$ b5eficial4 ,b nei!r ( ^! two ways ( reg>d+ ! subject is at all cognate to our inquiry4 ,we simply %[ t a reception ( ! miracles ( ,*ri/ leads to no intellectual confusion4 ,mean:ile1 !re are "s :o reg>d su* a reception z t5d+ to hi/orical confusion1 or to moral confusion1 or to bo?2 b ) ^! s\rces ( d\bt we h no?+ :atev] to d4 ,x may be ?\ght by "s ( our read]s t "h our discussion ought to end2 b1 z x appe>s to u1 !re yet rema9s ano!r po9t vitally connect$ ) our inquiry4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 h>dly a human be+ :o s]i\sly que/ions ! moral beauty ( ! "* ( ,*ri/2 !re are _m :o "q ! tru? ( ! miracles record$ z hav+ be5 wr\ght by ,him2 :ile /ill m1 x may be1 "q ! tru? ( c]ta9 ( ,8 say+s1 especially su* z h ref]5ce to ! con/itution ( ! ,unse5 _w4 ,ent]ta9+ ! mo/ pr(\nd rev]5ce = ,*ri/ ,himself1 _m ( ! latt] class1 r ?an believe t ,*ri/ enuntiat$ ! doctr9e to :i* !y object1 ma9ta9 t x may h be5 a late human fiction :i* grew up ) & f9ally incru/$ itself ar\nd ! true say+s ( ,*ri/3 "s aga9 ma9ta9 t ! say+s 7 really ^? ( ,*ri/1 b insi/ t ! common int]pretation ( !m is errone\s4 ,on ?is acc\nt we conceive t 9 ord] to complete our programme we %\ld ext5d our inquiry beyond ! miracles ( ,*ri/ s z to embrace ^? ( ,8 say+s :i* h ref]5ce to ,himself & to ! con/itution ( ! ,unse5 _w4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! consid]ation ( ano!r subject1 :i* is1 we v5ture to ?9k1 intimately connect$ ) t :i* appe>s on our title-page2 & 9 ?is respect ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] has v cle>ly def9$ our position by /at+ t 7f a purely physical po9t ( view7 we cont5d = ! possibility ( immortality & ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 />t f a new basis & assume ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity :o is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s4 ,x is n our int5tion to ent] into ! argum5t by :i* ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity may be d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ,8 works4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we mu/ necess>ily "p company ) our mat]iali/ic fri5ds1 = :ile !y may h be5 cont5t to g along ) u 9 our fir/ argum5t to a great] or less l5g?1 !y w mo/ assur$ly n ev5 set foot ^u ! second /age ( our j\rney4 ,we _c help x4 ,assum+ !re=e ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 :o is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s1 we fur!r look ^u ! laws ( ! univ]se z ^? laws accord+ to :i* ! be+s 9 ! univ]se are condition$ by ! ,gov]nor !re(1 z reg>ds "t1 place1 & s5sation4 ,no?+ :atev] lies1 or c be ev5 conceiv$ to lie1 outside ( ?is sov]eign & p>am\nt influ5ce4 ,!re is no impression made ^u ! bodily s5ses--no ?\ght or o!r m5tal op]ation :i* does n take place "u conditions impos$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,if x be ask$ h[ we c imag9e any free-w or moral responsibility to exi/ consi/5tly ) ?is doctr9e1 we may reply t we _c tell 9 virtue ( :at peculi> con/itution ( ?+s ! sov]eignty ( ,god is consi/5t ) our moral responsibility1 nor c we ev5 conceive ! possibility ( our obta9+ ! k requisite to reply to ?is "q4 ,b x may1 we ?9k1 be %[n t ! doctr9e ( ! sov]eign p[] ( ,god z above def9$ is n inconsi/5t ) moral responsibility4 ,= 9 ! /atem5t made ?ree ?+s are spok5 (4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ,god1 ! s\rce ( p[]2 secondly1 !re are ! conditions :i* ,he imposes2 & ?irdly1 !re is ! ,ego1 ! be+ :o is ?us condition$4 ,n[1 ! laws ( ?\ght absolutely =bid our dismiss+ ?is ,ego4 ,x may possibly be argu$ t we consi/ ( a bundle ( s5sations b\nd toge!r1 j z a bundle ( ?reads are1 by some?+ :i* is no less a s5sation1 namely1 ! impression t we h an individual exi/5ce & moral responsibility2 to :i* we w\ld reply t ev5 if ?is be grant$ we mu/ submit to impressions f :i* !re is no escape4 ,n[1 x appe>s to u t we _c possibly h any impression m deeply seat$ or m impossible to uproot ?an ?is3--t we ourselves exi/ & are responsible2 x is some?+ :i* we cont9ually c>ry ab\t ) u1 ev5 into ! grotesque regions ( ?\ght1 :]e all individuality is d5i$4 ,x is into ^! regions t ! mat]iali/s invite u to accompany !m 9 ord] to p]=m1 or r to delude ourselves ) ! idea t we h p]=m$1 ?is s+ul>ly unhappy despat*6 ,b1 j z we _c conceive ( a man swall[+ up himself1 s nei!r c we conceive ( 8 gett+ rid ( 8 own individuality by any legitimate process ( ?\ght4 ,c we conceive ( consci\sness )\t a be+ :o is consci\s8 or ( s5sation )\t a be+ :o feels8 ,we may p]haps take x = grant$ t ! /atem5ts we h n[ made1 ackn[l$g+ at once a ,sov]eign ,p[] & our own moral responsibility1 w comm5d !mselves to a l>ge body ( ?9k]s :o w virtually agree ) our conclusions4 ,x is to ^! we w\ld n[ address ourselves1 invit+ !m to accompany u ^u ! second /age ( our j\rney4 ,let u "h1 !re=e1 reg>d+ ourselves z moral & intellectual be+s1 be> 9 m9d t !re are v>i\s av5ues ?r\gh :i* we receive in/ruction4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 mean t ^! av5ues are absolutely sep>ate f ea* o!r1 inasmu* z !y mu/ all someh[ or o!r m]ge into ! "o gr& av5ue ?r\gh :i* we p]ceive ! ,sov]eign ,p[] ( ,god4 ,su* av5ues are1--! /udy ( matt] & its laws1--communion ) our fell[s1 &--example4 ,n[ :y %\ld n all ^! v>i\s av5ues be fill$ ) ! k ( ,god1 ?us effect+ ! displacem5t ( a va/ ?rong ( mean & loa?some influ5ces :i* w\ld o!rwise run riot !re8 ,surely t mu/ be a s+ul> process ( reason+ by :i* ! ,mo/ ,high is altoge!r bani%$ f ^! av5ues into :i* x is alleg$ ,he _c possibly condesc5d to ent]4 ,we are confid5t !re is "s misappreh5sion "h2 let u !re=e try to po9t out its probable nature4 ,we h assum$ t a /udy ( creation leads u up to "s conception ( ,god--t we are driv5 by ! faculties :i* ,he has giv5 u to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( a ,p>am\nt ,p[]1 & inasmu* z sci5tific ?\ght leads u to reg>d ,,! ,,univ]se z bo? inf9ite & et]nal1 s are we driv5 to reg>d ?is ,p[] :i* und]lies all ph5om5a z inf9ite & et]nal also4 ,?is at lea/ appe>s to u to be ! conclusion to :i* we are driv5 if we endeav\r to r$uce m5tal confusion to a m9imum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 manife/ly absurd to imag9e t by means ( ?is process we c ev] compreh5d ! ess5tial nature ( ,god4 ,we c no m compreh5d ,8 ess5tial nature by ?is means ?an we c ! ess5tial nature ( matt] or ( life4 ,b surely we c judge ( ,8 "* by ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ,he influ5ces u1 & inde$ all sci5tific g5]alisations--ev5 ! simple conclusion t ! sun w rise to-morr[--are 9 a s5se expressions ( our fai? 9 ! un*ang+ "* ( ,god4 ,n[ if we exam9e ! process by :i* we h obta9$ ?is conception ( ,god x w be se5 t we />t ) a s+le intellectual be+ :o is apply+ himself to a sci5tific /udy ( ! works ( nature4 ,! idea ( our neighb\r does n ent] into x1 & we agree to reg>d ourselves z intellectual r ?an z moral or social be+s4 ,! result is t hav+ volunt>ily conf9$ our argum5t to "o *annel1 we obta9 a k ( ,god's "*--t is to say1 ( ,8 manife/$ relations t[>ds u--:i* is necess>ily incomplete4 ,b are we !re=e entitl$ to say3--,because we obta9 a v imp]fect conception ( ,god by ?is me?od1 we w n believe !re is any o!r me?od by :i* ?is conception may be r5d]$ m complete8 ,s\nd argum5t1 x appe>s to u1 leads ! o!r way altoge!r4 ,= if we assume t ! k ( ,god d]iv$ f "o s\rce is incomplete1 ought we n to try :e!r x c be supplem5t$ by k d]iv$ f o!r s\rces8 ,und\bt$ly if o!r s\rces furni%1 or seem to furni%1 conceptions ( ,god :i* are fundam5tally inconsi/5t ) t :i* we h d]iv$ ?r\gh ! sci5tific *annel1 we are entitl$ to sit 9 intellectual judgm5t ^u !m until ! s\rce ( confusion is 9 "s way remov$4 ,b does ?is inconsi/5cy z a matt] ( fact exi/8 ,we d n ?9k x does4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures reg>d+ ,god are necess>ily my/]i\s1 b my/]y c be no te/ ( _! tru? or falsehood1 inasmu* z x mu/ 9 su* regions be ! almo/ inevitable accompanim5t ( tru?4 ,! "q is n :e!r !y are my/]i\s1 b :e!r !y are consi/5t ) !mselves1 & ) ! k we d]ive f o!r s\rces4 ,we !re=e devote consid]able portions ( ?is volume to a pro( t ! conception ( ,god :i* ! majority ( ,*ri/ians d]ive f ! ,new ,te/am5t is 9 no way inconsi/5t ) t d$uc$ f sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,mean:ile1 & 9 conclusion1 we mu/ be all[$ to express our conviction t mu* evil has be5 wr\ght by a c]ta9 class ( s9c]e & well-mean+ m5 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es ( ,*ri/4 ,by d9t ( contemplat+ l(ty tru?s f "o po9t ( view1 & only "o1 & by d9t ( develop+ excessively1 & 9 "o direction only1 ^? analogies by :i* ! my/]i\s has be5 r5d]$ ?9kable1 !y h produc$ a result = :i* !y !mselves are ma9ly to blame4 ,) a /range rev]sal ( ! process by :i* ,satan trans=ms himself into an ,angel ( ,light1 we h ! noble1 ! beautiful1 & ! true pres5t$ to u by ^! m5 9 a =m :i* is fit only to inspire av]sion or to create disgu/4 ,x is 9 su* t]ms t we reply to ^? ( our critics1 on ! "o h&1 :o attack u = adopt+ :at !y call a n>r[ & gloomy !ology2 & to ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o reg>d z dang]\s ! me?od ( discussion we h pursu$4 ,we h tri$ hone/ly to view ?+s ) two eyes1--! eye ( k & ! eye ( fai?3 fir/ ) "o1 !n ) ! o!r1 f9ally ) bo?4 ,to :at ext5t we h succe$$ is1 aft] all1 a matt] ( m9or importance if only ! lawfulness ( ?is mode ( vision be ultimately all[$4 ,& j z we h a bett] appretiation ( ! =m & di/ance ( natural objects :5 we view !m ) bo? our physical eyes1 s1 we v5ture to ?9k1 mu/ x prove ) ! tru?s ( :i* we n[ speak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h expla9$ t ! fir/ "p ( our argum5t is altoge!r indep5d5t ( revelation2 proce$+ z x does solely ^u sci5tific data1 & ! conclusions :i* ^! seem to r5d] inevitable4 ,9 ! second "p1 h[ev]1 we feel t we ought n to deprive ourselves ( ! ov]:elm+ additional evid5ce :i* we d]ive f ,*ri/ian records4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we %all nei!r gratify "o class ( our critics by />t+ f a po9t :i* ignores :at we reg>d z ! fully w>rant$ belief ( ! great majority ( ,*ri/ians1 nor %all we be ov]rul$ by ! excessive timidity ( ano!r class :o app>5tly reg>d a two-ey$ man z a mon/] 9 ^? regions :]e tru?s ( really vital importance are conc]n$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! horrors & blasphemies ( ,mat]ialism are at lea/ e fir/ day ( ! week s fully treat$ by _m !ologians t x is almo/ unnecess>y = u to say any?+ on _! view ( ! subject1 especially z we c\ld n compete ) ! great majority ( !m 9 /r5g? & happy audacity ( language4 ,we w\ld !re=e cont5t ourselves ) mildly inquir+ :at sort ( reg>d = ! image ( ! ,div9e 9 humanity is %[n by ^? ^: cre$ levels u all ) #8! bea/s t p]i%4' ,ev5 ! anti5t ,pagans 7 less dispos$ to su* mon/rosities3-- #84 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 f9xit 9 effigiem mod]antum cuncta ,deorum4 pronaque cum spect5t animalia cet]a t]ram1 os hom9i sublime d$it3 clumque tu]i jussit1 et erectos ad sid]a toll]e vultus4 sic1 modo quae fu]at rudis et s9e imag9e1 tellus induit ignotas hom9um conv]sa figuras4' ,x is well = ! human race t su* sophi/ical doctr9es z ^? ( ,mat]ialism are z yet receiv$ by a small m9ority only4 #8,if 9 ?is life alone we h hope1' we %\ld be l$ by common s5se & prud5ce to make ! be/ ( x1 our neighb\r's suff]+s not)/&+4 ,at lea/ we %\ld li/5 to him only z did ! judge #8:o nei!r fe>$ ,god1 nor reg>d$ man1' :5 he said1 #8,?is wid[ tr\ble? me2 ,i w av5ge h]1 le/ by h] cont9ual com+ %e we>y me4' ,we w\ld conclude by obs]v+ t ! natural dis9cl9ation to receive z true a religion ^: v fir/ effect is #8to convict ! _w ( s91' is admirably set =? 9 ! /rik+ words ( ,pet]#b3 #8,dep>t f me1 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l4' ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,sket*4 #8,l'immortalit de l'me e/ une *ose qui n\s importe si =t1 et qui n\s t\*e si pr(ondm5t1 qu'il faut avoir p]du t\t s5tim5t p\r tre dans l'indiffr5ce de savoir ce qui en e/4'--,,pascal4 #8,= he %\ld p]sev]e until he has atta9$ "o ( two ?+s2 ei!r he %\ld discov] or le>n ! tru? ab\t !m1 or1 if ?is is impossible1 ,i w\ld h him take ! be/ & mo/ irrefragable ( human notions1 & let ?is be ! raft ^u :i* he sails ?r\gh life--n )\t risk1 z ,i admit1 if he _c f9d "s ^w ( ,god :i* w m surely & safely c>ry him4'--,,plato',s ,phd2 translat$ by ,,j[ett4 #a4 ,! great majority ( mank9d h always believ$ 9 "s fa%ion 9 a life aft] dea?2 _m 9 ! ess5tial immortality ( ! s\l2 b x is c]ta9 t we f9d _m disbeliev]s 9 su* doctr9es :o yet reta9 ! nobl] attributes ( humanity4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be que/ion$ :e!r x be possible ev5 to imag9e ! great bulk ( our race to h lo/ _! belief 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce1 & yet to h reta9$ ! virtues ( civilis$ & well-ord]$ communities4 ,we h said t ! disbeliev]s 9 su* doctr9es =m a m9ority ( ! race2 b at ! same "t x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! /r5g? ( ?is m9ority has ( late ye>s greatly increas$1 s mu* s t at ! pres5t mom5t x numb]s 9 its ranks n a few ( ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! mo/ e>ne/1 & ! mo/ virtu\s ( m54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t1 c\ld we exam9e ^!1 we %\ld f9d !m to be unwill+ disbeliev]s1 compell$ by ! work+ ( _! intellects to ab&on ! desire ( _! he>ts1 only aft] _m /ruggles1 & ) mu* bitt]ness ( _s4 ,o!rs1 aga91 )\t absolutely ab&on+ all hope ( a future exi/5ce1 are yet full ( d\bt reg>d+ x1 & h settl$ d[n into ! belief t we _c come to any reasonable conclusion ^u ! subject4 ,n[1 ^! m5 c h _h no?+ to ga91 b r mu* to lose1 9 arriv+ at ?is result4 ,x has be5 rea*$ by !m ) reluctance1 ) misgiv+s1 n )\t a c]ta9 k9d ( p]secution1 nor )\t ! loss ( fri5ds & ! /irr+ up ( /rife2 /ill !y h fe>lessly look$ ?+s 9 ! face1 & h foll[$ :i!rsoev] !y imag9$ !y 7 l$ by facts1 ev5 to ! br9k ( an abyss4 ,x is ! object ( ! pres5t volume to exam9e ! intellectual process :i* has br\ght ab\t su* results1 & we hope to be able to %[ n only t ! conclusion at :i* ^! m5 h arriv$ is n ju/ifi$ by :at we "k ( ! physical univ]se1 b t on ! o!r h& !re are _m l9es ( ?\ght :i* po9t v /rongly t[>ds an opposite conclusion4 #b4 ,a division z old z ,ari/otle sep>ates#c speculators into two great classes1--^? :o /udy ! ,h[ ( ! ,univ]se1 & ^? :o /udy ! ,:y4 ,all m5 ( sci5ce are embrac$ 9 ! =m] ( ^!1 all m5 ( religion 9 ! latt]4 ,! =m] reg>d ! ,univ]se z a huge ma*9e1 & _! object is to /udy ! laws :i* regulate its work+2 ! latt] aga9 speculate ab\t ! object ( ! ma*9e1 & :at sort ( "w x is int5d$ to produce4 ,! disciples ( ,h[ are accus$ by _! adv]s>ies ( be+ will+ to sacrifice ! individual to ! sy/em2 :ile ! disciples ( ,:y are accus$ by _! adv]s>ies ( be+ will+ to sacrifice ! sy/em to ! individual4 ,we may comp>e ! ,univ]se to a great /eam] ply+ betwe5 two well-kn[n ports1 & c>ry+ two sets ( pass5g]s4 ,! "o set rema9 on deck & try to make out1 z well z !y c1 ! m9d ( ! ,capta9 reg>d+ ! future ( _! voyage aft] !y h rea*$ ! port to :i* !y "k !y are all fa/ ha/5+1 :ile ! o!r set rema9 bel[ & exam9e ! eng9es4 ,occasionally !re is mu* wrangl+ at ! top ( ! ladd] :]e ! two sets meet1 "s ( ^? :o h exam9$ ! eng9es & ! %ip ass]t+ t ! pass5g]s w all be inevitably wreck$ at ! next port1 x be+ physically impossible t ! good %ip c c>ry !m fur!r4 ,to :om ^? on deck reply1 t !y h p]fect confid5ce 9 ! ,capta91 :o has in=m$ "s ( ^? ne>e/ him t ! pass5g]s w n be wreck$1 b w be c>ri$ 9 safety pa/ ! port to an unkn[n l& ( felicity4 ,& s ! alt]cation goes on2 "s :o h be5 on deck be+ unwill+ or unable to exam9e ! eng9es1 & "s :o h exam9$ ! eng9es pref]r+ to rema9 bel[4 #c4 ,our read]s w p]ceive f :at we h said1 t difficulties reg>d+ ! possibility ( a future /ate ( exi/5ce are mo/ likely to arise amid/ ! disciples ( ,h[ or ^? :o /udy ! ma*9]y ( ! ,univ]se1 & inasmu* z ?is class has greatly increas$ ( late1 x foll[s t ! disbeliev]s 9 or d\bt]s ( ! future /ate h increas$ likewise4 ,! disciples ( ,:y h1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/$ f "t immemorial1 & h1 9 ! pl5itude ( _! p[]1 frequ5tly c>ri$ !mselves ) mu* viol5ce t[>ds ! disciples ( ,h[1 :o are ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ t ?is old & v5]able family h always be5 at peace among/ !mselves1 = !re h be5 num]\s cont5tions among _! v>i\s sections1 n ! less acrimoni\s because ! cont5d+ memb]s h be5 to "s ext5t support]s ( a common cause1 believ+ 9 "s fa%ion 9 ! reality ( a _w to come4 ,we %all !re=e beg9 by giv+ our read]s a sket*1 necess>ily & purposely a v meagre "o1 ( ! v>i\s beliefs on ^! subjects held by ! diff]5t bran*es ( ?is great family4 #d4 ,let u beg9 ) ! ,egyptians1 :o are p]haps ! mo/ anti5t p ( :om we h hi/orical records4 ,! mann]s & cu/oms ( ?is nation h be5 v m9utely describ$ by ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son1 to ^: "w we are *iefly indebt$ = ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ place x appe>s t we mu/ sep>ate betwe5 :at ! prie/s believ$ & :at 0 held by ! great body ( ! p4 ,! bulk ( ! nation 7 left by ! prie/s to believe 9 a multiplicity ( deities1 & ev5 to rev]5ce animals z div9e1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! high] ord]s ( ! prie/hood1 :o 7 initiat$ into ! great] my/]ies ( _! religion1 appe> to h ackn[l$g$ ! unity ( ,god4 ,^! believ$ 9 "o ,et]nal ,god1 f :om all o!r deities 7 produc$1 & :om !y did n p]mit !mselves ev5 to "n1 f> less to repres5t "u any visible =m4 ,! ,egyptians likewise believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,dmons or ,g5ii1 :o 7 pres5t unse5 among/ mank9d4 #e4 ,! e>lie/ ,egyptian records atte/ ! belief ( ?is nation 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l3--#8,dissolution1 accord+ to !m1 is only ! cause ( reproduction--no?+ p]i%es :i* has once exi/$1 & ?+s :i* appe> to be de/roy$ only *ange _! natures & pass into ano!r =m4'#d ,anubis held 9 ,egypt an (fice simil> to t ( ,m]cury among ! ,greeks1 be+ ! u%] ( s\ls 9 _! passage to ! future /ate4 ,am5ti 0 ! region to :i* ! s\ls ( m5 7 suppos$ to g aft] dea?1 & ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son notices ! resemblance betwe5 ?is "n & t ( ,em5t #8! ,we/'--! we/1 :]e ! sun 0 se5 to s9k1 be+ look$ ^u z ! end ( ! _w4 ,! gu>dian ( ! l[] regions 0 call$ ,ouom-n-,am5ti1 or ! ,dev\r] ( ,am5ti4 ,x _h frequ5tly ! appe>ance ( a hippopotamus1 b 0 drawn sometimes ) ! head ( a fanciful creature some?+ betwe5 ! hippopotamus & ! crocodile4 #8,! judgm5t ( ! s\l 0 conduct$ by ,osiris1 aid$ by =ty-two assessors1 suppos$ to repres5t ! =ty-two crimes f :i* a virtu\s man 0 expect$ to be free :5 judg$ 9 a future /ate1 or r ! accus+ spirits1 ea* ( :om exam9$ if ! deceas$ 0 guilty ( ! peculi> crime :i* x 0 8 prov9ce to av5ge4'#e #f4 ,z reg>ds ! fate ( ! s\l :5 once ! judgm5t _h be5 pass$ ^u x1--! ,egyptians consid]$ ! s\ls ( m5 to be emanations ( ! ,div9e s\l1 & ea* 0 suppos$ to return to its ,div9e orig9 :5 suffici5tly pure to unite ) ! ,deity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( s9 7 doom$ to pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( torm5ts end+ 9 ! second dea?4 #g4 ,x is consid]$ probable by "s t ! ,egyptian cu/om ( embalm+ ! body _h relation to ?is religi\s doctr9e1 & be=e ! mummy 0 all[$ burial x _h to be judg$ & acquitt$ by t]re/rial au?orities4 ,diodorus gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ! c]emonies :i* !n took place1 9 :i* =ty-two judges 7 summon$ to act z assessors & det]m9e ! fate ( ! body4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! deceas$ _h l$ an evil life1 8 body 0 depriv$ ( ! accu/om$ burial1 & on su* occasions ! grief & %ame felt by ! family 7 excessive4 ,diodorus consid]s t ?is 0 9 itself a /rong inducem5t to e "o to ab/a9 f crime1 & praises v /rongly ! au?ors ( s wise an in/itution4 #h4 ,let u next consid] ! anti5t belief ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,ref]r+ to ! records ( ?is nation1 we f9d t at an e>ly p]iod !y _h be5 slaves or s]fs to ! ,egyptians1 f :om !y 7 deliv]$ by ,moses1 :o became aft]w>ds _! lawgiv]4 ,moses _h by a species ( adoption obta9$ a v prom95t position among ! ,egyptians1 & _h probably be5 initiat$ into _! sacr$ my/]ies1 = we read t he 0 #8le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians4' ,)\t discuss+ ! "q ( inspiration1 we may readily imag9e t1 himself a believ] 9 ! unity ( ,god1 ?is sagaci\s lead] mu/ h p]ceiv$ ! defici5cy ( a religi\s sy/em 9 :i* ! tru? 0 conf9$ to a few1 :ile ! _m 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! mo/ degrad+ idolatry4 ,he 0 ?us 9 a fit /ate to recognise ! p>am\nt importance ( ! :ole m9d & mass ( ! nation be+ p]vad$ ) a belief 9 "o invisible1 ev]-pres5t1 ev]-liv+ ,god4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 mean to ass]t t ,moses got 8 religi\s notions f ,egypt1 b we ?9k x possible t 8 m9d may h be5 prep>$ by ! failure ( ! ,egyptian sy/em to receive a bett] "o4 #i4 ,9 ! ,egyptian sy/em !re 7 two peculi>ities :i* 7 probably connect$ toge!r4 ,we h se5 7,art4 #d7 t among/ ! high] ord]s ( ! prie/hood !re 0 a pr(\nd1 b at ! same "t a sup]/iti\s1 rev]5ce = ! "n ( ,god1 :o 0 unnam$ & unapproa*able1 unless "u "s deifi$ attribute4 ,at ! same "t !re 01 & probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! =m]1 an ignorance ( ! unity ( ,god among/ ! great mass ( ! p1 & a wor%ip ( ! v>i\s deifi$ attributes ( "o supreme be+ z s _m sep>ate div9ities4 #aj4 ,n[ ! task :i* ,moses believ$ himself div9ely commission$ to accompli% 0 ! revelation ( ?is "o liv+ & rul+ ,god to ! :ole body ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,?us we f9d ,god1 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews1 say+ to ,moses1 #8,i am ! ,,"l 7,jehovah71 & ,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 unto ,isaac1 & unto ,jacob1 by ! "n ( ,god ,almighty 7,el ,%addai72 b by my "n ,jehovah 0 ,i n kn[n to !m4'#f ,we d n h[ev] int5d to discuss ! precise mean+ ( ! two names ( ,god1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures--suffici5t = u t ,moses endeav\r$ to impress ^u 8 p ! unity & ev]-liv+ pres5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 #aa4 ,aga91 x w\ld appe> t ! ,jews1 9 addition to _! belief z a nation 9 ! unity ( ,god1 believ$ also 9 ! reality ( an invisible _w conta9+ spiritual intellig5ces1 "s ( :om 7 ! loyal s]vants & mess5g]s ( ,god1 :ile o!rs delight$ 9 ! endeav\r to ?w>t ,8 c\nsels1 & 7 9 rebellion aga9/ ,him4 ,app>5tly bo? ord]s ( ^! 7 suppos$ to h v consid]able p[]1 n only ov] ! m9ds & bodies ( m51 b also ov] ! op]ations ( nature4 ,?us two angels 7 commission$ by ,god to de/roy ,sodom2#g & aga91 9 ! poem ( ,job1 :5 ,satan receiv$ p[] ov] ! ,patri>*1 he ov]:elm$ him by at once incit+ robb]s :o plund]$ 8 sub/ance1 kill+ 8 *ildr5 by a w9d f ! wild]ness1 & f9ally smit+ ! body ( ,job himself ) a loa?some disease4 ,x is p]haps wor?y ( note t :ile we read 9 ^! records ( v>i\s appe>ances ( good spirits 9 ! human =m1 we h no c]ta9 acc\nt ( any su* manife/ation ( evil spirits4 ,x may ev5 be suppos$ t a good deal ( ! ,demonology ( ,scripture belongs to poetic or semi-p>abolic repres5tation ( spiritual tru?s4 ,?us ,col]idge & o!rs h ?\ght t ! ,satan ( ,job is only ! dramatic accus] or adv]s>y imag9$ by ! poet4 #ab4 ,v little is said ab\t man's future /ate 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,hebrews1 l ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans1 believ$ 9 ,%eol 7,hades71 a d>k & gloomy abode peopl$ by ! %ades ( ! dead4 ,b ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! #8pi?less' %ades 7,rephaim7 9 ?is l& ( p[]lessness & =getfulness 0 n ?\ght ( z con/itut+ immortality1 b r z ! ess5ce ( dea? itself4 ,! religi\s hope ( immortality :i* appe>s 9 "s passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t takes ! =m ( a victory ov] or rescue f ! fe> ( ,%eol4 ,b ?is high] hope 0 n br\ght be=e ! m9d ( ! ,hebrew nation 9 ! same way z 0 ! pres5ce & unity ( ,god4 ,x seems to u t ,dean ,/anley's conjecture is probably correct :]e he says1 ) ref]5ce to ?is omission1 #8,n f want ( religion1 b 7if we might use ! expression7 f excess ( religion1 0 ?is void left 9 ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,! future life 0 n d5i$ or contradict$1 b x 0 ov]look$1 set aside1 ov]%ad[$ by ! consci\sness ( ! liv+1 actual pres5ce ( ,god ,himself4 ,t tru?1 at lea/ 9 ! limit$ conceptions ( ! y\?ful nation1 0 too va/ to admit ( any rival tru?1 h[ev] preci\s4 ,:5 ,david or ,hezekiah %rank f ! gloomy vacancy ( ! grave1 x 0 because !y fe>$ le/1 :5 dea? clos$ _! eyes 9 ! pres5t _w1 !y %\ld lose _! hold on t ,div9e fri5d ) ^: be+ & communion ! pres5t _w _h 9 _! m9ds be5 s closely int]wov54'#h #ac4 ,z ! nation grew old] we f9d frequ5t & di/9ct allusions indicat+ a belief 9 a resurrection ( "s k9d4 ,?us we f9d ! angel say+ to ,daniel1 #8,& _m ( !m :i* sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt4 ,& !y t be wise %all %9e z ! brightness ( ! firmam5t2 & !y t turn _m to righte\sness z ! />s = ev] & ev]4'#i ,& aga93 #8,g ?y way till ! end be2 = ?\ %alt re/ & /& 9 ?y lot at ! end ( ! days4'#aj ,aga91 9 ! ,apocrypha1 we f9d "o ( sev5 bre?r5 :o 7 put to dea? by ,antio*us1 say+ to t tyrant1--#8,x is good1 be+ put to dea? by m51 to look = hope f ,god1 to be rais$ up aga9 by ,him2 z = !e1 ?\ %alt h no resurrection to life1'#aa & ! o!r bre?r5 spoke 9 l mann]4 ,"h x is evid5t f ! :ole *apt] t ! hope express$ 0 r ! result ( p]fect tru/ 9 ,god ?an d]iv$ f any process ( _! own reason1 or ev5 f any revelation on ! subject :i* !y imag9$ to h be5 made4 ,we h likewise ! te/imony ( ,josephus z well z ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! ,ph>isees believ$ 9 a resurrection4 ,josephus tells u1--#8,!y ! ,ph>isees say t all s\ls are incorruptible1 b t ! s\ls ( good m5 only are remov$ into o!r bodies1 b t ! s\ls ( bad m5 are subject to et]nal puni%m5t4'#ab ,aga91 we le>n f ! same two au?orities t ! ,sadducees held sceptical notions on ! subject1 & ,josephus says--#8,!y take away ! belief ( ! immortal duration ( ! s\l1 & ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds 9 ,hades4' #ad4 ,if we next turn to ! ,greek & ,roman my?ologies we f9d ideas ( a future /ate v simil> to ^? ent]ta9$ by ! ,egyptians1 f :om probably ! ,greek notions 7 orig9ally l>gely d]iv$4 ,!y call$ by ! "n ( ,elysium ! abode appropriat$ to ! s\ls ( ! good1 :ile ^? ( ! wick$ suff]$ puni%m5t 9 ,t>t>us4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately t ^! regions 7 suppos$ to be ( ! mo/ dreamy & unsub/antial nature3-- #8,! poet rem>ks ,:ately f :om s _m 7 cont5t to d]ive _! cre$ mean+ ,hom] repres5ts ,a*illes among ! %ades z decl>+ t ! life ( ! meane/ drudge on e>? is pref]able to ! v highe/ ( ! unsub/antial glories ( ,elysium3-- ' 1 ' 1 1 4 ,x is rem>kable too t ! same poet seems pla9ly to reg>d ! body n ! s\l z be+ prop]ly 8! man0 aft] dea? has sep>at$ !m4 ,we %\ld be apt to say t su* a "o's body is "h1 & t he1 prop]ly ! p]son himself1 is dep>t$ to ! o!r _w2 b ,hom] uses ! v opposite language 9 speak+ ( ! h]oes sla9 be=e ,troy3 viz41 t _! s\ls 7 despat*$ to ! %ades1 & t ,,!y !mselves 7 left a prey to dogs & birds3-- ' 1 4'#ac ,we agree ) ?is writ] t ! belief 9 an unsub/antial region ( ?is description c h _h no real influ5ce ei!r 9 det]r+ m5 f vice1 or 9 enc\rag+ !m to virtue4 ,inde$ its inevitable t5d5cy mu/ h be5 to fo/] an undue reg>d = ! pleasures ( ?is pres5t life to ! absolute disc\ragem5t ( goodness & virtue4 ,= :ile we ( ! pres5t day reg>d ! future life z 9 "s s5se ! rew>d ( piety & goodness1 ! anti5ts look$ ^u ,hades r z a p5alty :i* inexorable fate _h res]v$ = all m51 & f :i* ev5 piety & goodness 7 p[]less to exempt _! possessors4 ,cum semel occid]is1 et de te spl5dida ,m9os ,fec]it arbitria2 ,non1 ,torquate1 g5us1 non te facundia1 non te ,re/ituet pietas4 ,inf]nis neque enim t5ebris ,diana pudicum ,lib]at ,hippolytum2 ,nec ,le?a valet ,!seus abrump]e c>o ,v9cula ,piri?o4 #ae4 ,! active-m9d$ z well z ! gross-m9d$ memb]s ( ! community c\ld h>dly be expect$ to c>e mu* = su* an unsub/antial future1 & ?is consid]ation may probably h l$ to ! readi] acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( "s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s :o introduc$ a bodily /ate aft] dea?4 ,b ^!1 9 s do+1 r fav\r$ ! doctr9e ( transmigration ?an t ( a resurrection ( ! body :i* 0 se5 to die1 & :i*1 aft] be+ dev\r$ by dogs1 or de/roy$ 9 "s o!r mann]1 !y c\ld h>dly conceive to rise aga94 ,x is well kn[n t ,py?agoras taught ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 al?\gh z none ( 8 writ+s h come d[n to u we are n sure ( ! exact mann] 9 :i* he held x4 ,plato also alludes to a simil> doctr9e1 9 a passage :i* ref]s no d\bt to ! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( s\ls1 & to ! view t x is a puni%m5t to become corporeal at all4 ,he tells u3--#8,if any "o's life has be5 virtu\s he %all obta9 a bett] fate h]eaft]2 if wick$ a worse4 ,b no s\l w return to its pri/9e condition till ! expiration ( t5 ?\s& ye>s1 s9ce x w n recov] ! use ( its w+s until t p]iod1 except x be ! s\l ( "o :o has philosophis$ s9c]ely or toge!r ) philosophy has lov$ beautiful =ms4 ,^! inde$ 9 ! ?ird p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s1 if !y h ?rice *os5 ?is mode ( life 9 succession1 444 %all 9 ! ?ree ?\s&? ye> fly away to _! pri/9e abode1 b o!r s\ls1 be+ arriv$ at ! end ( _! fir/ life1 %all be judg$4 ,& ( ^? :o are judg$1 "s1 proce$+ to a subt]rane\s place ( judgm5t1 %all !re su/a9 ! puni%m5ts !y h des]v$2 b o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( a fav\rable judgm5t1 be+ elevat$ into a c]ta9 cele/ial place1 %all pass _! "t 9 a mann] becom+ ! life !y h liv$ 9 a human %ape4 ,& 9 ! ?\s&? ye> bo? ! k9ds ( ^? :o h be5 judg$1 return+ to ! lot & election ( a second life1 %all ea* ( !m receive a life agreeable to 8 desire4 ,"h also ! human s\l %all pass into ! life ( a bea/1 & f t ( a bea/ aga9 into a man if x has fir/ be5 ! s\l ( a man4 ,= ! s\l :i* has nev] p]ceiv$ ! tru? _c pass into ! human =m4'#ad ,a c]ta9 degree ( *oice is "h suppos$ to be left to ! s\l1 & ^? :o _c atta9 to ! m e!real & ref9$ exi/5ce1 h to *oose a bodily "o1 return+1 aft] !y h become suffici5tly purifi$1 once m into human %ape4 #af4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 a dim belief ( ?is nature gave rise to a class ( philosoph]s :o d5i$ ! possibility ( a future /ate altoge!r4 ,! adv5t ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght 0 probably ha/5$ by outw>d ev5ts4 ,9 ! gold5 age ( ,greece a vigor\s republic s]v$ to conc5trate ^u itself ! en]gies ( ! citiz5s1 & "u ^! circum/ances _! m9ds 7 n likely to "q ! tru? ( ! national cre$4 ,:ile ! gods smil$ ^u !m !y 7 cont5t to ackn[l$ge _! active exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,s*mitz1 t ! unfav\rable political circum/ances ( ! "t may h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! rise ( ! ,epicurean s*ool--#8?9k+ m5 7 l$ to seek )9 = t :i* !y c\ld n f9d )\t4' ,! gods ( ,epicurus1 ?is writ] goes on to rem>k1 #8consi/$ ( atoms1 & 7 9 ! enjoym5t ( p]fect happ9ess1 :i* _h n be5 di/urb$ by ! labori\s bus9ess ( creat+ ! _w1 & z ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w w\ld int]f]e ) _! happ9ess1 ,epicurus conceiv$ !m z ex]cis+ no influ5ce :atev] ^u ! _w or man4' ,x is ( su* gods ! poet speaks :5 he says3-- #8,= !y lie beside _! nect>1 & ! bolts are hurl'd ,f> bel[ !m 9 ! valleys1 & ! cl\ds are lightly curl'd ,r\nd _! gold5 h\ses1 girdl$ ) ! gleam+ _w ,:]e !y smile 9 secret1 look+ ov] wa/$ l&s1 ,blight & fam9e1 plague & e>?quake1 ro>+ deeps & fi]y s&s1 ,clang+ fights1 & flam+ t[ns1 & s9k+ %ips & pray+ h&s4' ,! anti5t ,roman poet ,lucretius1 9 8 well-kn[n poem #8,de ,r]um ,natura1' has beautifully int]pret$ ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,adopt+ l ,epicurus ! atomic or corpuscul> !ory ( ?+s1 he tells 8 read]s t ! s\l ( man p]i%es along ) ! body1 & t x is ! height ( folly = man to be afraid ( t :i* may happ5 to him aft] dea?4 #ag4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss 9 detail ! t5ets ( ! v>i\s ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s4 ,a numb] ( indef9ite & sometimes contradictory expressions suffici5tly betrays ! unc]ta9ty ( _! op9ions4 ,desir\s1 x may be1 !mselves to believe--desir\s at lea/ t ! body ( _! c\ntrym5 %\ld believe--9 a future /ate1 x is yet n wond]ful t !y %\ld h felt /rongly ! difficulty ( believ+1 or h express$ _! d\bts 9 writ+s :i* 7 n int5d$ to be read by ! great mass ( ! p4 #ah4 ,proce$+ n[ to ! extreme ea/1 x is well kn[n t ( late ye>s v great light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! anti5t religions ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,magians1 & ! ,buddhi/s4 ,9 an admirable collection ( essays by ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1#ae we h a good epitome ( :at has be5 accompli%$ by ! labori\s inve/igations ( ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,we le>n f ^! t ! mo/ anti5t docum5t is ! ,rig-,v$a1 or ,sacr$ ,hymns ( ! ,brahmans1 9 :i* we h ! religi\s belief ( a l>ge section ( ! ,indo-,g]manic race at a p]iod suppos$ to be f #abjj to #bjjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ^! hymns ! gods are call$ ,deva1 a ^w :i* is conjectur$ to be ! same ) ! ,lat9 ,deus4 #8,x w\ld be easy1' says ,max ,mll]1 #8to f9d 9 ! num]\s hymns ( ! ,v$a passages 9 :i* e important deity is repres5t$ z supreme & absolute4 ,?us 9 "o hymn1 ,agni 7fire7 is call$ 8! rul] ( ! univ]se40444 ,9 ano!r hymn1 ano!r god1 ,indra1 is said to be great] ?an all4 8,! gods10 x is said1 8d n rea* !e1 ,indra1 nor m51--?\ ov]come/ all creatures 9 /r5g?40444 ,ano!r god1 ,soma1 is call$ ! k+ ( ! _w1 ! k+ ( heav5 & e>?1 ! conqu]or ( all4444 ,ano!r poet says ( ano!r god1 ,v>una1 8,?\ art "l ( all1 ( heav5 & e>?2 ?\ art ! k+ ( all1 ( ^? :o are gods1 & ( ^? :o are m540444 ,?is surely1' rem>ks ,max ,mll]1 #8is n :at is commonly und]/ood by ,poly!ism4 ,yet x w\ld be equally wrong to call x ,mono!ism4 ,if we mu/ h a "n = x1 ,i %\ld call x ,ka!no!ism4 ,! consci\sness t all ! deities are b diff]5t names ( "o & ! same godhead1 breaks =? inde$ "h & !re 9 ! ,v$a4 ,b x is f> f be+ g5]al4 ,"o poet = in/ance says1 8,!y call him ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 !n he is ! beautiful-w+$ heav5ly ,g>utmat--t :i* is "o1 ! wise call x1 9 div]s mann]s2 !y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mt>isvan40' #ai4 ,we le>n f ! same au?or t #8!re is 9 ! ,v$a no trace ( metempsy*osis1 or t transmigration ( s\ls f human to animal bodies1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,indian religion4 ,in/ead ( ?is we f9d :at is really ! s9e qu non ( all real religion1 a belief 9 immortality & 9 p]sonal immortality4444 ,?us we read1 ,he :o gives alms goes to ! highe/ place 9 heav52 he goes to ! gods4444 ,aga9 we f9d ?is pray] address$ to ,soma3-- #8,:]e !re is et]nal light1 9 ! _w :]e ! sun is plac$1 9 t immortal1 imp]i%able _w place me1 ,o ,soma6 #8,:]e ,k+ ,vaivasvata reigns1 :]e ! secret place ( heav5 is1 :]e ^! mighty wat]s are1 !re make me immortal6 #8,:]e !re is happ9ess & delight1 :]e joy & pleasure reside1 :]e ! desires ( our desire are atta9$1 !re make me immortal6' ,max ,mll] fur!r rem>ks1 t ! ,rig-,v$a conta9s allusions1 al?\gh vague1 to a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$4 #8,! dogs ( ,yama1 ! k+ ( ! dep>t$1 pres5t "s t]rible aspects1 & ,yama is ask$ to protect ! dep>t$ f !m4 ,aga91 a pit is m5tion$1 into :i* ! lawless are said to be hurl$ d[n1 & into :i* ,indra ca/s ^? :o (f] no sacrifices4' #bj4 ,a religion l ?is1 h[ev] pure at its comm5cem5t1 0 likely soon to become corrupt$4 ,x spe$ily m]g$ into idolatry & poly!ism1 z f> at lea/ z ! ma9 body ( ! wor%ipp]s 7 conc]n$1 :ile at ! same "t ! rule ( ! ,brahmans or (ficiat+ prie/s became /r5g!n$ into an insupportable social tyranny4 ,?us a d\ble re=mation 0 to be appreh5d$1 correspond+ on ! "o h& to ! religi\s1 & on ! o!r to ! c]emonial & social1 developm5t ( ! sy/em4 #ba4 ,! fir/ re=mation 0 t attribut$ to ,zoroa/] & 8 disciples1 ^: belief is conta9$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,9 8 confession ( fai?1 ! disciple ( ! ,eranian or ,zoroa/rian religion decl>es1 #8,i cease to be a wor%ipp] ( ! davas4' ,x mu/ h[ev] be rememb]$ t 9 ?is religion daeva means devil1 or evil _s4 ,?us ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion ne$ n h exclud$1 & app>5tly did n exclude1 ! wor%ip ( good spirits4 ,:il/ ! ,zoroa/rian disciples believ$ 9 a supreme ,god :o rules ! _w1 !y yet gave a prom95t place to a _s ( evil1 :i* aft]w>ds receiv$ ! "n ( ,ahriman1 & 0 suppos$ to ex]cise v consid]able influ5ce ov] ! ord] ( nature & ! m9ds ( m54 ,inde$1 ,ahriman is app>5tly an indep5d5t p[] s /rong t b = ! fact t he acts be=e he ?9ks1 :ile ,ormuzd 7! good _s7 ?9ks be=e he acts1 ! victory ( good w\ld be d\btful4 ,! :ole sy/em h+es on ?is & on ! fact t ev]y?+ noxi\s & evil 9 creation is ! "w ( ,ahriman4 ,max ,mll] is ( op9ion t #8! ,zoroa/rian religion 0 f\nd$ on a solemn prote/ aga9/ ! :ole wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( nature involv$ 9 ! ,v$as2' & aga9 ! same writ] says1 #8,! *>act]i/ic *ange t has tak5 place betwe5 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a is1 t ! battle is no long] a conflict ( gods & demons = c[s 7allud+ to a ,vaidik my?71 nor ( light & d>kness = ra94 ,x is ! battle ( a pi\s man aga9/ ! p[] ( evil4' #bb4 ,! disciples ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion believ$ 9 a future /ate2 ! ill-speak] 7! devil71 we are told 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 %all n de/roy ! second life4 ,! foll[+ extracts giv5 by ,max ,mll] f a cate*ism ( ! mod]n ,p>sis or disciples ( ,zoroa/] give u a v good idea ( _! pres5t cre$3-- #8,q4 ,:om d we ( ! ,z>?o/i community believe 98 #8,a4 ,we believe 9 only "o ,god1 & we d n believe 9 any besides ,him4 #8,q4 ,d we n believe 9 any o!r ,god8 #8,a4 ,:oev] believes 9 any o!r ,god b ?is is an infidel1 & %all suff] ! puni%m5t ( hell4' ,9 ano!r extract ! disciples are told t 9 ! _w to come !y %all receive ! return accord+ to _! actions4 #bc4 ,! next re=m ( ! ,brahm9ical sy/em _h ref]5ce to its social *>act]i/ics1 & 0 occasion$ by ! insupportable tyranny ( ! prie/hood4 ,! re=m]1 a "y pr9ce1 0 born ab\t #ejj ye>s ,b4,c41 & f 8 life & doctr9es receiv$ ! "n ( ,buddha1 or ! ,enlight5$4 ,aft] hav+ le>n$ f v>i\s fam\s ,brahmans1 he came to ! conclusion t _! au/]ities & doctr9es c\ld nei!r free m5 f ! mis]ies ( ?is life nor f ! fe> ( dea?4 ,f ?is /age ,buddha pass$ into ! belief t all we see is vanity--a delusion1 a dream--& t ! highe/ wisdom consi/s 9 p]ceiv+ ?is1 & 9 desir+ to ent] into ,nirvna1 or1 9 o!r words1 to be bl[n out l a flame4 ,x w\ld seem f ^! words t ,buddha himself reg>d$ annihilation r ?an immortality z ! summum bonum2 b no acc\nt ( ,buddhism w\ld be satisfactory :i* did n pay special reg>d to ! notion s widely diffus$ 9 hea!nism1 t matt] is ! s\rce ( all evil4 ,to be lib]at$ f matt] is to be lib]at$ f evil2 & ?is w\ld seem to be ! fundam5tal ?\ght 9 ! ,nirvna 9 all its diff]5t s5ses4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 we "k t1 alli$ to ^! extreme metaphysical op9ions1 ,buddha inculcat$ a moral code :i* is "o ( ! pure/ ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,m4 ,lab\laye says1 #8,x is difficult to compreh5d h[ m5 n assi/$ by revelation c\ld h so>$ s high2' & ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire does n hesitate to ass]t t #8) ! sole exception ( ,*ri/1 !re is n among/ ! f\nd]s ( religion a m pure or t\*+ figure ?an t ( ,buddha4' #bd4 ,9 process ( "t1 among ! foll[]s ( ! ,buddhi/ religion1 ! ^w ,nirvna came to h a v diff]5t mean+ f t :i* x _h at fir/4 ,buddha 0 himself wor%ipp$ z a div9ity1 & 8 ,nirvna came to d5ote a /ate 9 :i* !re 0 a total abs5ce ( pa91 or 9 o!r words an ,elysium4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is we may quote ! acc\nt giv5 by ,max ,mll] ( ! dy+ words ( ,hi\5-,?sang1 a fam\s pilgrim f ,*9a to ! %r9e ( ,buddha1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> ( our era #ffd3-- #8,i desire1' he said1 #8t :atev] m]its ,i may h ga9$ by good works may fall ^u o!r p4 ,may ,i be born aga9 ) !m 9 ! heav5 ( ! bless$1 be admitt$ to ! family ( ,mi-le1 & s]ve ! ,buddha ( ! future :o is full ( k9dness & affection4 ,:5 ,i desc5d aga9 ^u e>?1 to pass ?r\gh o!r =ms ( exi/5ce1 ,i desire at e new bir? to fulfil my duties t[>ds ,buddha1 & arrive at ! la/ at ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect intellig5ce4' #be4 ,hav+ ?us survey$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ! belief reg>d+ a future /ate held by ! great] nations bo? ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 let u n[ make a few obs]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are manife/ly two ways 9 :i* su* a belief may be held4 ,9 "o ( ^! x becomes ! natural result ( an implicit fai? 9 ,god & 8 goodness1 :i* w n suff] him to disappo9t ! natural & innate long+s ( 8 intellig5t creatures4 ,& su* a belief is mo/ likely to arise among/ a nation :i* has already vividly realis$ ! liv+ pres5ce & goodness ( ,god4 ,n[ ! anci5t ,jews 7 su* a nation1 & ! belief t ev5 dea? _c break ! fell[%ip ( ! believ] ) ,god comes out cle>ly en\gh 9 sev]al ( ! ,psalms4 ,moreov]1 ! notion ( "s sort ( future life lies cle>ly 9 :at is said ( ,eno*4 ,all ?is goes beyond ! m]e notion ( ,%eol1 :i* is n ?\ght ( z a happy place4 ,b 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees ?is _h gr[n into a def9ite belief 9 ! resurrection1 & )\t insi/+ on ! tru?fulness ( ! ,second ,book ( ,maccabees z an hi/orical docum5t1 we may yet be sure t x embodies ! feel+s ( ! ,jewi% nation at ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r a "m & sev5 bre?r5 7 actually put to dea? because !y w\ld n transgress :at !y believ$ to be ! laws ( ,god1 or :e!r 9 dy+ !y express$ _! belief t !y w\ld be cont9u$ 9 a bodily exi/5ce by ! ,creator4 ,= x is manife/ f :at we "k ( ! ,jews1 t n m]ely "o family b _m w\ld "u simil> circum/ances h act$ 9 ! mann] describ$ by ! hi/orian1 dy+ ) ! same =titude & enc\rag$ by ! same hope4 ,we h "h a region 9 :i* !re is no ?\ght ( ! ,h[--?is tr\blesome "q has n yet aris51 nor is x likely to arise4 ,no d\bt has yet be5 ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! p[] ( ,god1 nor w\ld su* a d\bt be likely to receive mu* enc\ragem5t "h4 #bf4 ,b ! human m9d w n refra9 f speculation1 & ?is br+s u to ! second me?od 9 :i* a belief reg>d+ a future /ate may be held4 ,x may be held aft] a mode det]m9$ by speculations reg>d+ ! possible conditions ( a future /ate4 ,su* speculations may ( c\rse take e v>iety ( =m1 b yet !re are ?ree well-def9$ classes into :i* !y naturally gr\p !mselves3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! doctr9e ( an e!real /ate1 :i* may or may n be et]nal2 ,secondly1 we h ! doctr9e ( a bodily exi/5ce1 :i* may or may n be et]nal2 &1 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we h ! doctr9e t a future /ate is inconceivable or impossible4 #bg4 ,! fir/ ( ^! beliefs 0 probably held by a portion ( ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 & by mo/ ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 likewise held by _m among/ ! ea/]n nations4 ,x =m$ inde$ "o ( ! two ways ( imag9+ a future /ate1 b x 0 ( a v vague & dre>y nature2 & f ! passage ( ,hom] already quot$ 7,art4 #ad71 we realise ! long+ suppos$ to be felt by ! inhabitants ( su* a place to escape into a m sub/antial region4 ,unque/ionably x 0 n a place 9 :i* practical m5 l ! ,jews1 = in/ance1 w\ld wi% to dwell1 & yet no d\bt x _h great attraction = m9ds ( a vision>y & ec/atic nature1 :o held matt] to be ! s\rce ( evil4 ,! return ( ! s\l to its div9e orig9al1 an ,egyptian doctr9e1 ! entrance into ,nirvna1 proclaim$ by ,buddha1 & ! absorption into ,buddha himself1 proclaim$ by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 are all pro(s t a doctr9e ( ?is nature has peculi> fasc9ations = a dreamy ord] ( m9ds4 ,nor mu/ we analyse too rigidly ! exact mean+ & t5d5cy ( su* doctr9es1 inasmu* z we _c easily ent] into ! real feel+s ( ^? :o prop\nd$ !m1 & :o probably ent]ta9$ conceptions :i* _c adequately be express$ 9 words4 #bh4 ,com+ n[ to ! belief 9 a bodily future exi/5ce1 x is rem>kable t ! doctr9e ( a transmigration ( s\ls 0 ext5sively preval5t among all ! nations we h nam$1 if we except ! ,jews4 ,x 0 believ$ 91 z we h se51 by a l>ge class ( ! ,egyptians2 x 0 introduc$ into ,greece by ,py?agoras & 8 foll[]s2 x is consid]$ to h be5 f "t immemorial a common prop]ty ( ! v>i\s religions ( ! extreme ,ea/2 & x is record$ by ,cs> t ! ,druids believ$ 9 ! same doctr9e1 al?\gh !y conf9$ ! transmigration to human bodies4 ,x w p]haps surprise _m ( our read]s to le>n ! ext5sive preval5ce ( su* a doctr9e1 wond]+ z !y mu/ h[ x is possible to atta* c]ta9ty to an exi/5ce :i* passes ?r\gh ! body ( v>i\s m5 & animals--some?+ p]haps l a draught ( ,le! be+ adm9i/]$ at ! mom5t ( passage4 ,b ! anti5ts1 be+ unable to rise to a high] conception ( a bodily future1 7 compell$ to admit ei!r ?is doctr9e or "o yet m absurd1 namely1 t ! v same body :i* 0 laid 9 ! tomb w once m be animat$ by ! _s :i* =m]ly possess$ x4 ,x does n !re=e surprise u t ! anti5ts1 ) ! exception probably ( a portion ( ! inhabitants ( ,egypt1 & "s ( ! ,jews1 %\ld h pref]r$ ! doctr9e ( transmigration2 b we are exce$+ly surpris$ t ! alt]native doctr9e1 ( manife/ly ,egyptian p>5tage1 %\ld h come to be accept$ by ! mod]n nations ( ,europe "u ! g>b ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we %all return aga9 to ?is subject1 b mean:ile let u obs]ve t1 :5 m5 fir/ began to ask ! ,h[ ( a future /ate1 ! reply 0 some?+ extremely vague & unsatisfy+4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t a class ( m5 :o _h n unlimit$ confid5ce 9 ,god1 & :o c\ld n believe 9 ei!r ( ! doctr9es ( a future /ate1 %\ld h laps$ into philosophical infidelity & d5i$ altoge!r ! possibility ( a future /ate4 #bi4 ,we h ?us arriv$ at a /age ( developm5t 9 :i* we may imag9e ! next /ep to be "o :i* w ?r[ "s light ^u ?is "q ( ,h[--t is1 :i* w give1 or at any rate pr(ess to give1 "s in=mation reg>d+ ! conditions ( a future life4 ,! intellect ( man _h attempt$ to obta9 su* k = itself1 b ! result 0 a conspicu\s failure2 ! sword 0 n %>p en\gh1 nor ! arm :i* wield$ x p[]ful en\gh1 to hew d[n ! ?ick & seem+ly imp5etrable b>ri] :i* closes ! av5ue to ! _w ( spirits4 #8,we _c g to !m1' 0 ! unanim\s wail ( ! anti5t philosoph]s2 till "s ( ! m hopeful ( !m sugge/$ z an alt]native t !y might come to u4 ,= cle>ly1 if ,a & ,b are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a b>ri]1 & !re yet rema9s good-w betwe5 !m1 two c\rses are possible1 & only two1 if !y are to be made acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,"o or o!r mu/ surm\nt ! b>ri]4 ,if ,a be s weak z to be unable to d s1 & if at ! same "t x w\ld be a matt] ( importance to him to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ,b1 !n ,b may be expect$ to surm\nt ! b>ri] if x be surm\ntable1 & exhibit himself to ,a4 #cj4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 x appe>s t ab\t ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ !re 0 an expectation1 h[ev] vague1 t some?+ ( ?is nature 0 ab\t to take place4 ,& :5 ,*ri/ made ,8 appe>ance1 & ga!r$ r\nd ,him a little b& ( disciples1 !re c be no d\bt t ,he claim$ to be ! be>] ( intellig5ce f ! _w ( spirits4 ,all :o accept ! gospel n>ratives1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] f "o ano!r z to ! light 9 :i* !y reg>d ,8 p]son & doctr9e1 w yet1 we ?9k1 agree 9 ?is4 ,! claim made by ,8 disciples = ,8 gospel 0 t x #8_h br\ght life & immortality to light' 7#b ,tim4 i4 #aj71 & t ,*ri/ _h by 8 resurrection #8aboli%$ dea?4' ,! gr\nds ( ! claim 7 built ^u ! belief t ,he %[$ ,himself aft] ,8 resurrection to a body ( m5 :o _h n previ\sly believ$ t ! ,messiah ,himself 0 to die & rise aga94 ,8 disciples 9 %ort took ,8 resurrection = a pro( t life is possible aft] dea?4 ,*ri/ 0 believ$ to be ! fir/-fruits ( a sy/em :i* 0 de/9$ ultimately to enfold 9 ! same glori\s immortality all ^? ( ,8 disciples :o 7 unit$ to _! ,ma/] by a s9c]e & liv+ fai?4 ,evid5tly ,paul atta*$ ! utmo/ importance to ! fact ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 = he says 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ad71 #8,if ,*ri/ be n ris51 !n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is also va94 ,yea1 & we are f\nd false witnesses ( ,god3 because we h te/ifi$ ( ,god t he rais$ up ,*ri/2 :om he rais$ n up1 if s be t ! dead rise n4 ,= if ! dead rise n1 !n is n ,*ri/ rais$3 & if ,*ri/ be n rais$1 y\r fai? is va92 ye are yet 9 y\r s9s4' #ca4 ,let u n[ try to asc]ta9 :at sort ( future /ate 0 taught by ,*ri/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 a bodily /ate--a /ate :i* c\ld ev5 adapt itself ) "s modification to ! views ( ! ,ph>isees :o believ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,b ! modification introduc$ is suffici5tly important4 ,! occasion ( its ann\ncem5t 0 a disputation ) ! ,sadducees1 :o attempt$ to p]plex ,*ri/ by /at+ to ,him ! case ( a woman :o _h be5 m>ri$ 9 ?is life to sev5 bre?r5 9 succession1 & !n ask+ ,him ^: wife %e %\ld be 9 ! resurrection4 ,we are told 7,mat!w xxii4 #bi7 t 9 reply to ?is "q1 #8,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,ye d err1 n kn[+ ! scriptures1 nor ! p[] ( ,god4 ,= 9 ! resurrection !y nei!r m>ry nor are giv5 9 m>riage1 b are z ! angels ( ,god 9 heav54' ,we may ga!r by implication f ?is n>rative1 t ! "q w\ld h puzzl$ ! ,ph>isees1 :o _h c]ta9ly n arriv$ at ?is idea ( ! resurrection /ate4 ,!y mu/ evid5tly h ?\ght t ! resurrection body 0 to be simil> to ! pres5t "o1 & al?\gh !y believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels1 & _! occasional appe>ance to human be+s1 !y _c h ris5 to ! idea t x 0 possible = man to rea* a simil> /ate aft] dea?4 #cb4 ,x may p]haps be said t _m ( ,*ri/'s say+s w\ld seem to lead t[>ds ! doctr9e ( a resurrection ( ! v same mat]ial p>ticles :i* are laid 9 ! grave4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 x may be repli$ t ,*ri/ und\bt$ly wi%$ to impress ^u ,8 he>]s1 :o 7 = ! mo/ "p unle>n$ & ignorant m51 ! sub/antial & bodily reality ( ! future /ate1 & !re=e spoke 9 pla9 language )\t ent]+ into sci5tific m9uti1 :i* w\ld only h p]plex$ !m1 & dim9i%$ ! impression :i* ,8 words 7 o!rwise calculat$ to produce4 ,few ( ,8 he>]s w\ld tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! mode1 nor 0 x until an objection 0 />t$ by ! le>n$ ,sadducees t ,*ri/ took occasion to develop ,8 doctr9e4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view we see t a simil> difficulty mu/ h occurr$ m ?an once 9 ! life ( ,paul1 :o 0 br\ght into contact ) ! philosophy ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,= 9 "o ( 8 ,epi/les#af he asks ! "q1--,h[ are ! dead rais$ up8 & ) :at body d !y come8 ,he !n replies to ! suppos$ objector 9 ! foll[+ noble & beautiful language3--#8,!re is "o glory ( ! sun1 & ano!r glory ( ! moon1 & ano!r glory ( ! />s2 = "o /> diff]e? f ano!r /> 9 glory4 ,s also is ! resurrection ( ! dead2 x is s[n 9 corruption1 x is rais$ 9 incorruption3 x is s[n 9 di%on\r1 x is rais$ 9 glory3 x is s[n 9 weakness1 x is rais$ 9 p[]3 x is s[n a natural body1 x is rais$ a spiritual body4 ,!re is a natural body1 & !re is a spiritual body4' #cc4 ,9 ! next place we rem>k1 t ?is conception ( a spiritual body simil> to t ( ! angels is accompani$ 9 ! religi\s sy/em ( ,*ri/ by a conviction t ! pres5t visible univ]se w assur$ly pass away4 ,?is is express$ 9 bo? divisions ( ! writ+s ackn[l$g$ z sacr$ by ! disciples ( ,*ri/4 ,?us x is said3--#8,( old ha/ ?\ laid ! f\ndation ( ! e>?2 & ! heav5s are ! works ( ?y h&s4 ,!y %all p]i%1 b ?\ %alt endure2 yea1 all ( !m %all wax old l a g>m5t3 z a ve/ure %alt ?\ *ange !m1 & !y %all be *ang$4'#ag ,aga91 ,paul tells u t #8! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4'#ah ,likewise also ,pet] says--#8,! day ( ! ,"l w come z a ?ief 9 ! night2 9 ! :i* ! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat2 ! e>? also1 & ! works t are !re91 %all be burn$ up4444 ,nev]!less we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4'#ai ,9 l mann] ,john tells u t he saw 9 a vision #8a great :ite ?rone1 & him t sat on x1 f ^: face ! e>? & ! heav5 fl$ away2 & !re 0 f\nd no place = !m4'#bj ,f all ?is we may conclude t ! m advanc$ disciples ( ,*ri/ suppos$ ! resurrection body to be angelic 9 its nature1 & simil> to t :i* !y believ$ ,*ri/ _h himself assum$2 & fur!r1 t !y suppos$ ?is body w\ld rema9 :5 ! pres5t visible univ]se _h pass$ away4 #cd4 ,we h already rem>k$ t x 0 ! object ( ,*ri/ to br+ ! future /ate 9 a v vivid mann] be=e ,8 disciples1 s t !y might realise its sub/antial exi/5ce1 & ,he has accord+ly giv5 !m on ! "o h& exalt$ descriptions ( ! joys ( heav51 & on ! o!r awful acc\nts ( ! fate ( ! lo/4 ,heav5 0 v>i\sly describ$ by ,him z a banquet+ h\se1 z a beautiful city1 z ,abraham's bosom1 &1 :5 speak+ to ,8 imm$iate disciples1 z a place :]e !y %all dwell toge!r ) _! ,ma/]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is believ$ t ,*ri/'s description ( hell 0 borr[$ f ! valley ( ,h9nom1 a place ne> ,j]usalem1 :i* =m$ ! receptacle = e species ( fil?1 ! combu/ible p>ts ( :i* 7 consum$ by fire4 ,putrefaction1 or ! worm1 0 always busy !re1 & ! fire 0 always burn+1 & ?is may h giv5 rise to ! expression3 #8,:]e _! worm die? n1 & ! fire is n qu5*$4' ,!re c be no d\bt1 we ?9k1 t su* descriptions 7 meant to be allegorical1 ! int5tion be+ by =cible e>?ly images to convey an idea ( :at c\ld n o!rwise be convey$4 #ce4 ,x is well kn[n t _m v>ieties ( op9ion h be5 ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ ev5 by ^? :o pr(ess to be ,8 disciples4 ,x is n h[ev] "h our object to ent] into !ological controv]sies2 our treatm5t ( ?is subject is at pres5t hi/orical1 & we w !re=e br+ be=e our read]s only ^? views reg>d+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ! con/itution ( ! invisible _w1 :i* are held by ! l>ge majority ( ^? :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,:il/ all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es believe 9 "o ,god1 yet by mo/ ( !m ! ,godhead is believ$ to consi/ ( ?ree p]sons1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! appe>s to be reg>d$ z ! ,be+ or ,ess5ce 9 virtue ( :om ! ,univ]se exi/s4 ,?us 9 recit+ ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ ! ,*ri/ian disciple says3--#8,i believe 9 ,god1 ! ,fa!r ,almighty1 mak] ( ,heav5 & ,e>?2' & ! laws ( ! ,univ]se are reg>d$ by ,*ri/ian !ologians z be+ expressions ( ! w act+ 9 con=mity ) ! "* ( ?is ,be+4 ,?us ,nature 7accord+ to ,:ately7 is ! c\rse 9 :i* ! ,au?or & ,gov]nor ( all ?+s proce$s 9 ,8 works4 ,b ! majority ( ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es virtually ass]t t !re are two o!r ,div9e ,p]sons1 :o "w ?r\gh & by ! ,univ]se4#ba ,"o great object ( ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is held to be ! manife/ation ( ,god to man1 & possibly to o!r be+s1 9 a mann] & to an ext5t :i* c\ld n be accompli%$ by f9ite intellig5ces4 ,"o great object ( ! ?ird ,p]son is to ent]1 z ,"l & giv] ( life1 into ! s\ls ( m51 & possibly ( o!r be+s1 & to dwell !re 9 su* a mann] z to fit !m = ! position :i* !y are de/9$ ultimately to occupy 9 ! univ]se ( ,god4 #cf4 ,9 ,*ri/ x is suppos$ t we h an inc>nation ( ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 & ! "w :i* ,he accompli%$ is reg>d$ z done n 9 violation ( ! ord] ( ?+s z e/abli%$ by ,god ! ,fa!r1 b r 9 /rict ob$i5ce to x4 ,b :ile ?is is g5]ally accept$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 yet ! doctr9e ( ! submission ( ,*ri/ to law has be5 held by "s z n inconsi/5t ) a view :i* reg>ds ! miracul\s works ( ,*ri/ z manife/ations ( ,8 div9e nature1 s *ang+ ! ord] ( ?+s z to d5ote some?+ wr\ght ^u ! univ]se r ?an some?+ wr\ght ?r\gh x & by its means4 ,we d n ?9k t ?is !ory is borne out by ! words ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,he says3 #8,i seek n m9e own w1 b ! w ( ! ,fa!r :o s5t me4'#bb ,aga91 we are told by ,paul1 t #8:5 ! fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =? 8 ,son1 made ( a woman1 made "u ! law1 to r$eem !m t 7 "u ! law1 t !y might receive ! adoption ( sons4'#bc ,*ri/ also frequ5tly repres5ts ,8 works z wr\ght by ! ,fa!r1 z = in/ance :5 he says3--#8,i d no?+ ( myself2 b z ! ,fa!r ha? taught me1 ,i speak ^! ?+s4'#bd ,9 f9e1 ! :ole g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld appe> to po9t t[>ds a total submission ( ,*ri/ 9 e respect to all ! laws ( ! univ]se3 = ^!1 inde$1 z we %all soon h occasion to %[1 =m b ano!r expression = ! w ( ,god act+ 9 con=mity ) ,8 "*4 ,to make our mean+ cle>1 we may say t ! w ( man is accompli%$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( ! univ]se1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! w ( ,god1 z above def9$1 con/itutes 9 itself ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ x appe>s to u f :at we f9d conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 t ,*ri/ mu/ 9 ?is s5se be reg>d$ z simil> to man2 b1 inasmu* z ! relation ( ,*ri/ to ! univ]se is !re ass]t$ to h be5 diff]5t f t ( any m]e man1 s ! works ( ,*ri/ are to be reg>d$ z diff]5t f ^? :i* any m]e man c accompli%4 #cg4 ,! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 ( :i* we h ?us briefly describ$ ! peculi>ities1 0 soon call$ ^u to d battle1 on ! "o h& ) ! anti5t philosophies ( ,greece & ,rome1 & on ! o!r ) ! semi-savage cre$s ( ^? less civilis$ races ( man :i* 7 de/9$ ultimately to ov]p[] ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b x 0 *iefly :5 ! apo/olic pione]s came into contact ) ! acute m9ds ( ! anti5t philosoph]s t we h light /ruck reg>d+ :at may be t]m$ ! philosophical sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?us we h already rem>k$ 7,art4 #cb71 t ! nature ( ! glorifi$ body is mo/ cle>ly indicat$ to u by ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,z respects ! m b>b>\s nations :i* aft]w>ds embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 !y 7 n likely to puzzle !mselves ab\t ! physical possibilities ( a future /ate1 nor ev5 to conte/ ! reality ( a place ( et]nal physical torm5t4 ,& s x happ5$ t1 :5 deal+ ) a l[] class ( conv]ts1 "s prom95t ,*ri/ians 9 po/-apo/olic p]iods appeal$ m to _! fe>s ?an to _! hopes1 br++ vividly be=e !m awful ideas ( ! nature ( hell2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! high] class ( conv]ts1 if !y _h n a v cle> idea ( heav51 7 yet drawn ) int5se long+ to a future :i* !y 7 to sp5d 9 ! company ( ,*ri/4 #ch4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few hundr$ ye>s we f9d ! :ole ,roman ,empire conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 :ile1 h[ev]1 9 ,arabia & ! ,ea/ x appe>s ei!r to h made v little progress1 or to h become corrupt$ into some?+ v diff]5t f t :i* we read ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x _h n become ! national religion ( ! ,arabs2 & we c well imag9e t ?is nation1 ) _! pret5sions to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ anti5t repres5tatives ( ! ,semitic race1 w\ld n look k9dly ^u a religion :i* took its orig9 9 a rival bran* ( ! same family4 ,we c fur!r imag9e t1 ) su* a feel+1 !y w\ld be v ready to welcome any skilfully devis$ religi\s sy/em :i* %\ld spr+ up among/ !mselves4 ,su* an opportunity 0 af=d$ !m by ,mohamm$4 ,ackn[l$g+ 9 "s measure ! claims ( ,moses & ( ,*ri/1 ,mohamm$ yet claim$ = himself & 8 religion a sup]iority ov] 8 rivals1 flatt]+ by ?is means ! vanity ( 8 own c\ntrym51 :o consid]$ !mselves ! eld] bran* ( ! ,semitic race4 ,! heav5 :i* 0 promis$ by ,mohamm$ 0 altoge!r ( a s5su\s "*1 & well calculat$ to /rike ! imag9ation ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he succe$$ equally well 9 describ+ hell z a place ( physical torture res]v$ = ^? :o did n believe 9 8 religion4 ,he fur!r commission$ 8 foll[]s to propagate 8 t5ets by ! sword1 s t m5 became conv]ts f dread ( e>?ly puni%m5t1 & 7 reta9$ 9 8 ranks by ! success :i* att5d$ 8 arms1 & by ! promise ( a p>adise full ( e>?ly delights1 z well z by ! ?reat ( a horrible mat]ial hell :i* 0 res]v$ = unbeliev]s4 ,we c\ld n possibly h a bett] or m graphic description ( su* a sy/em ?an t :i* is giv5 u by ,byron3-- #8,b him ! maids ( p>adise ,impati5t to _! halls invite1 ,& ! d>k ,heav5 ( ,h\ris' eyes ,on him %all %9e = ev] bright2 ,!y come--_! k]*iefs gre5 !y wave1 ,& welcome ) a kiss ! brave6 ,:o falls 9 battle 'ga9/ ! ,gia\r ,is wor?ie/ an immortal b[]4 ,b ?\1 false ,infidel6 %alt wri! ,b5ea? av5g+ ,monkir's scy!2 ,& f its torm5t 'scape alone ,to w&] r\nd lo/ ,eblis' ?rone1 ,& fire unqu5*'d1 unqu5*able1 ,ar\nd1 )91 ?y he>t %all dwell2 ,nor e> c he> nor tongue c tell ,! tortures ( t inw>d hell6' ,! disciples ( ,mohamm$ believ$ 9 ! unity ( ,god1 b x is evid5t t !y _h n a v exalt$ conception ( ,8 "*4 ,_! tru/ 9 ,him c\ld infuse zeal into _! he>ts & vig\r into _! arms :5 !y w5t to make proselytes by ! sword1 b c\ld n produce t l(ty type ( "* :i* has s frequ5tly appe>$ among/ ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 #ci4 ,we h n[ rea*$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our problem ! p]iod kn[n z ! d>k ages1 dur+ :i* ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry 0 well-nigh ext9ct4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 !re arriv$ a "t :5 ! human m9d1 f a v>iety ( causes1 sudd5ly awoke f ! le?>gy into :i* x _h sunk4 ,:5 sci5tific ?\ght 0 once m direct$ to ! subject ( immortality x 0 easily se5 t ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 9 its vulg> acceptation c\ld n possibly be true1 s9ce a case might easily be imag9$ 9 :i* !re might be a cont5tion betwe5 rival claimants = ! same body4 ,we might1 = in/ance1 imag9e a ,*ri/ian mission>y to be kill$ & eat5 by a savage1 :o 0 aft]w>ds kill$ himself4 ,x is inde$ bo? curi\s & in/ructive to note ! reluctance ) :i* v>i\s sections ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* h be5 driv5 f _! old errone\s conceptions on ?is subject2 & ! exp$i5ts1 always grotesque1 & sometimes positively loa?some1 ) :i* !y h attempt$ to buttress up ! tott]+ edifice4 ,"s deem x necess>y t a s+le mat]ial g]m or organis$ p>ticle ( ! body at dea? %\ld survive until ! resurrection1 =gett+ t "u su* a hypo!sis x w\ld be easy to deprive a man ( ! some:at d\btful b5efits ( su* a resurrection1 by seal+ him up 7:ile yet alive7 9 a /rong iron c(f91 & by appropriate means r$uc+ 8 :ole physical body into an inorganic mass4 ,bo/on1 aga91 9 8 ,f\rfold ,/ate1 goes /ill fur!r1 adopt+ ! idea t a s+le p>ticle ( ins5sible p]spiration :i* has escap$ f a man dur+ 8 life1 w be suffici5t to s]ve z a nucleus = ! resurrection body4 ,s t accord+ to ! disciples ( ?is s*ool1 ! resurrection w be prec$$ by a gigantic manufacture ( %oddy1 ! effete & loa?some rags ( :at 0 once ! body be+ work$ up along ) a l>ge quantity ( new mat]ial into a glori\s & immortal g>m5t1 to =m ! clo?+ ( a be+ :o is to live = ev]6 ,unque/ionably we h cont9uity 9 ?is hypo!sis1 b x is ! cont9uity ( ! ,iri%man's coat 9 ! /ory1 ! own] ( :i* always made a po9t ( reta9+ z _m z possible ( ! rags :i* 7 pres5t on ! la/ occasion1 ^? only :i* _h absolutely fall5 to pieces be+ replac$ by some?+ new6 ,we h only to comp>e ?is grotesquely hide\s conception ) ! noble & beautiful language ( ,paul1 to recognise ! dep? ( abasem5t into :i* ! ,*ur* _h sunk ?r\gh ! mat]iali/ic conceptions ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 #dj4 ,b x is ne$less to say t ?is (f] ( a c]ta9 class ( !ologians to surr5d] ev]y?+ except a s+le %r$ ( ! worn-out body1 lib]al z x may appe>1 0 nev]!less at once reject$ by ! s*ool ( sci5tific m54 ,dea?1 !y repli$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a total & complete de/ruction ( ! visible body1 s f> at lea/ z ! individual life is conc]n$4 ,at ! same "t pr(ess+ !mselves unable to conceive su* an exi/5ce z a disembodi$ _s1 !y 7 =c$ to conclude l ,prie/ley1#be t ! s\l is n 9 its nature immortal4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! sci5tific s*ool splits up into two or ev5 ?ree sections1 "o believ+ ) ,prie/ley & o!rs t immortality is a fre% & miracul\s gift conf]r$ ^u man at ! resurrection2 ano!r1 unable to conceive ! possibility ( a miracle 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 d5y+ a future /ate altoge!r2 :ile a ?ird section ma9ta9s t !re is no use 9 discuss+ ! subject1 because man aft] dea? has pass$ beyond ! sph]e ( human inquiry4 #da4 ,reg>d+ ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! ,deity1 v>i\s op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$ by ! disciples ( :at we may t]m ! extreme s*ool ( sci5ce4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t we h no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* ,be+1 o!rs t we h no evid5ce ( ,8 p]sonality1 :ile o!rs argue t al?\gh we may become conv9c$ ( ,8 great p[] & wisdom f ! works ( creation1 !re are o!r attributes ( ,8 "* :i* are n s reveal$4 ,we _c1 = in/ance1 say !y1 ma9ta9 ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity 9 ! way 9 :i* we und]/& ! ^w b5evol5ce1 nor h we any evid5ce t ,he is j 9 ! way 9 :i* we und]/& ! ^w ju/ice4 ,x is well kn[n t ! late ,john ,/u>t ,mill w\ld h reg>d$ ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity ) m fav\r _h its "* be5 m ,mani*an1 t is to say1 _h ! _s ( evil be5 all[$ a position m ne>ly equal to t ( ! _s ( good 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 #db4 ,let u "h pause to indicate two po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ?is sci5tific s*ool & ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo?1 we conceive1 ma9ta9 9 "s s5se ! supremacy ( law or ! inv>iability ( ! proc$ure adopt$ by ! ,deity 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se 7,art4 #cf72 bo? ma9ta9 likewise t ! out] works ( ! visible univ]se are insuffici5t to manife/ c]ta9 attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! lik5ess ends2 ?is sci5tific s*ool conceive !y h no in=mation beyond ! visible univ]se1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( an invisible ord] ( ?+s1 & ! fact ( communications hav+ tak5 place betwe5 ! two = ! d\ble purpose ( reveal+ ,god to man1 & ( rais+ man t[>ds ,god4 #dc4 ,leav+ n[ ! views ( ^? :o may be said to con/itute ! extreme left1 let u %ortly consid] ! v>i\s op9ions held reg>d+ a future /ate by ^? :o1 ?\gh (t5 diff]+ widely f "o ano!r1 yet rank !mselves )9 ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n a few :o rev]e ! sacr$ writ+s1 believe nev]!less t ! descriptions ( ! unse5 _w conta9$ !re9 are purely allegorical4 ,^! d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil spirits ex]cis+ an influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( man4 ,satan is reg>d$ by !m z a p]sonification ( evil 71 ! accus]1 ,devil's advocate7 r ?an z possess+ a real objective exi/5ce4 ,! wor/ half ( ! unse5 _w hav+ ?us be5 got rid (1 ! o!r half foll[s 9 due c\rse4 ,su* m5 d n believe 9 ! unse5 pres5ce ( angels 71 mess5g]72 9 f9e !y conceive t !re is no?+ above man b ! ,deity1 & t ,he always acts accord+ to rigid law4 ,x is an imm$iate /ep f ?is to believe 9 ! futility ( pray]1 :i* is look$ ^u z necess>ily devoid ( any objective influ5ce1 al?\gh ! practice ( x may be reg>d$ z possess+ a b5eficial subjective effect4 ,a future life is believ$ to be conceivable1 b only "u conditions & 9 a univ]se ab\t :i* we "k & c "k no?+4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! views ( :at may be call$ ! left c5tre come into contact ) ^? ( ! extreme left4 #dd4 ,b !re are o!rs q dispos$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! unse5 _w1 :o yet reg>d z figurative a l>ge "p ( ! ,biblical descriptions4 ,"s1 l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 consid] ! sep>ation ( ! s\ls ( m5 aft] dea? into two categories1 & only two1 z insuffici5t & unsupport$ by ! _s ( ,scripture2 :ile o!rs _c admit ! et]nity ( mis]y1 b believe t ! mo/ reprobate w ultimately be reclaim$ & elevat$ into ! regions ( bliss4 ,o!rs aga91 argu+ f "s expressions 9 ! ,bible1 reg>d immortality z a boon res]v$ = ! good alone1 believ+ t ! wick$ w be annihilat$1 bo? s\l & body1 9 hell4 ,no d\bt by an en]getic nature su* a fate w\ld be reg>d$ z ev5 worse ?an endless mis]y3 ,sad cure6 = :o w\ld lose1 ,?\gh full ( pa91 ?is intellectual be+8 ,^? ?\ghts t w&] ?r\gh et]nity ,to p]i% r1 swall[$ up & lo/ ,9 ! wide womb ( uncreat$ night1 ,devoid ( s5se & motion4 ,s speaks ,milton1 putt+ ! idea into ! m\? ( ,belial1 ! fall5 _s1 :5 address+ 8 pe]s4 #de4 ,su* are a few ( ! ways 9 :i* ! /atem5ts ( ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les reg>d+ immortality h be5 int]pret$ by ^? :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,b amid ?is great div]sity !re is yet "o pr9ciple common to all4 ,x is imag9$ t some?+ peculi> 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w took place at ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :i* has n s9ce be5 repeat$4 ,communications 7 !n made to mank9d :i* are reg>d$ z unique1 & ! tru? ( :i* x is held w only be v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( ea* individual :5 he has pass$ into t c\ntry f :i* we receive no travell]s' tales4 ,not)/&+ ?is g5]al belief1 n a few h aris5 pret5d+ to h receiv$ a new & supplem5t>y revelation4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases ! sci5tific hi/orian may at once come to a conclusion )\t any violation ( 8 imp>tiality1--!y are s manife/ly ! products ( delusion if n ( impo/ure4 ,!re is h[ev] "o sy/em :i* m]its full] treatm5t1 inasmu* z x has l$ to a mode ( view+ ! spiritual _w :i* has _m foll[]s ev5 at ! pres5t day4 #df4 ,emanuel ,sw$5borg1 ! apo/le ( ?is sy/em1 0 9 _m respects a rem>kable man4 ,liv+ m ?an a c5tury ago1 & dur+ ! "t :5 ,sci5ce 0 paus+ = ! spr+ %e has s9ce made1 he seems to h =e%ad[$1 if he did n anticipate1 _m ( ! doctr9es n[ curr5t4 ,we are n h[ev] n[ conc]n$ ) 8 purely physical speculations4 ,sw$5borg has writt5 at great l5g? reg>d+ ! nature & de/9y ( man1 & ! con/itution ( ! unse5 _w into :i* he ass]ts he _h ! p[] ( ent]+4 ,he assumes ! exi/5ce ( a human or semi-human race be=e ,adam1 ( :i* he rem>ks t !y liv$ z bea/s4 #8,man1' he tells u1 #8consid]$ 9 himself1 is no?+ b a bea/4444 ,man's peculi>ity ov] animals--a peculi>ity !y nei!r h nor c h--consi/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l 9 8 w & und]/&+4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is conjunction ) ! ,"l t man lives aft] dea?2 & al?\gh he %\ld exi/ l a bea/1 c>+ = no?+ b himself & 8 relations1 yet ! ,"l's m]cy is s great1 be+ ,div9e & ,inf9ite1 t ,he nev] leaves him1 b cont9ually brea!s into him ,8 own life1 :]eby he is enabl$ to recognise :at is good & evil & true & false4' ,reg>d+ man's mortal nature we are told by ,sw$5borg t #8man at bir? puts on ! gross] sub/ances ( nature1 8 body consi/+ ( su*4 ,^! gross] sub/ances by dea? he puts (f1 b reta9s ! pur] sub/ances ( nature1 :i* are next to ^? t are spiritual4 ,^! pur] sub/ances s]ve !reaft] z 8 body1 ! cont95t & expression ( 8 m9d4'#bf #8,a man at dea?1' he tells u aga91 #8escapes f 8 mat]ial body z f a r5t or worn-out ve/ure1 c>ry+ ) him e memb]1 faculty1 & function complete1 ) n "o want+1 yet ! corpse is z heavy z :5 he dwelt !re94' ,reg>d+ ! spiritual _w1 he tells u #8t ! :ole natural _w corresponds to ! spiritual _w collectively & 9 e "p2 = ! natural _w exi/s & subsi/s f ! spiritual _w1 j z an effect does f its cause4' ,he also tells u #8t if 9 ! spiritual _w two desire int5sely to see ea* o!r1 t desire at once br+s ab\t a meet+4 ,:5 any angel goes f "o place to ano!r1 :e!r x is 9 8 own city1 or 9 ! c\rts1 or ! g>d5s1 or to o!rs out ( 8 own city1 he arrives soon] or lat]1 j z he is ard5t or indiff]5t1 ! way itself be+ %ort5$ or l5g!n$ 9 proportion4444 ,*ange ( place be+ only *ange ( /ate1 x is evid5t t approximations 9 ! spiritual _w arise f similitudes ( m9d & removals f dissimilitudes2 & ?us spaces are m]ely signs ( inn] diff]5ces4444 ,f t cause alone ! hells are altoge!r sep>at$ f ! heav5s4' ,( ,god he says3 #8,! ,div9e is incompreh5sible ev5 by ! angels1 = !re is no ratio betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 #8,no man or angel c ev] approa* ! ,fa!r & imm$iately wor%ip ,him2 = ,he is invisible1 & be+ invisible c nei!r be ?\ght ( nor lov$4' ,( ,god's ,provid5ce he says3 #8,z 9 ! ,"l we are & act1 ,8 ,provid5ce is ov] u f bir? to dea?1 & ev5 to et]nity4444 ,to talk ( ! ,"l's ,provid5ce z univ]sal1 & to sep>ate x f p>ticul>s1 is l talk+ ( a :ole 9 :i* !re are no p>ts1 or ( some?+ 9 :i* !re is no?+4 ,consequ5tly x is mo/ false1 a m]e picture ( ! imag9ation1 & d[nright /upidity1 to say t ! ,"l's ,provid5ce is univ]sal1 & n at ! same "t 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s2 = to provide & rule 9 ! univ]sal1 & n at ! same "t 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s1 is n to rule at all4' ,sw$5borg likewise believ$ 9 an int]m$iate /ate analog\s to purgatory1 al?\gh he object$ to ! "n4 ,?is 0 call$ by him ! _w ( spirits1 aft] /ay+ 9 :i*1 = a long] or %ort] "t1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7 draft$ (f to heav5 on ! "o side1 & to hell on ! o!r4 #dg4 ,we h n[ said en\gh to give our read]s "s idea ( ,sw$5borg's spiritual sy/em4 ,unque/ionably x is ! sy/em ( a pr(\nd ?9k]1 & _m great m5 h n hesitat$ to express _! admiration ( ,sw$5borg & 8 works4 ,x is "o ?+ h[ev] to admit ! beauty1 ! philosophical complet5ess1 & ev5 ! possible tru? ( _m ( 8 /atem5ts1 & ano!r ?+ to believe t he actually conv]s$ ) ! inhabitants ( ano!r _w 9 ! way 9 :i* "o man conv]ses ) ano!r4 ,b1 aft] all1 suppose t ! e-day exp]i5ce ( m5 is t only he :o lives 9 ! _w z n ( ! _w lives a true life1 & ?is is ! ,bible tea*+1--^: !n is ! true doctr9e8 ,sw$5borg errs if he claims ?is z 8 exclusive p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,paul claim$ x z belong+ to all m54 ,surely m5 ( sci5ce %\ld ( all m5 claim ?is likewise4 ,n[1 :5 a man unque/ionably hone/ makes an ass]tion su* z ,sw$5borg made1 !re are only two possible conclusions to :i* we c come1 unless we *oose to rema9 9 a /ate ( m5tal susp5se4 ,we mu/ ei!r believe t he really saw :at he pr(esses to h se51 or t he 0 ! victim ( "s /range halluc9ation1 9 virtue ( :i* 8 subjective impressions became transf]r$ into ! realms ( objective realities4 ,we "k v well t ! human m9d is extremely prone to su* delusions1 & t ! nature ( ! case is frequ5tly betray$ by "s indiscreet admission :i* we h ext]nal gr\nds = believ+ to be incorrect4 ,_h ,sw$5borg conf9$ himself to ! invisible _w x w\ld h be5 v difficult to prove him ! subject ( a delusion1 b :5 he conv]ses ) angels f ! planets1 & ?us comes to describe _! inhabitants1 he ent]s at once ^u dang]\s gr\nd4 ,conc]n+ 8 description ( ! v>i\s planets x has be5 rem>k$ t 8 in=mation relates only to ^?1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 kn[n :5 he wrote1 ,uranus & ,neptune be+ pass$ ov]4 ,?is ( itself is a suspici\s circum/ance4 ,aga91 he peoples ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn ) inhabitants z well z our own ,moon2 n[1 sci5tific analogy is /rongly aga9/ ei!r ( ^! two planets be+ inhabit$1 :ile x is next to c]ta9 t our moon is entirely )\t inhabitants4 ,9 f9e1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! speculations ( ,sw$5borg 7 any?+ else ?an ! product ( 8 own m9d1 9 ! same s5se z t 9 :i* ! speculations ( ?is volume may be reg>d$ z ! product ( ! m9ds ( its au?ors4 #dh4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is hi/orical sket* let u say a few words ab\t mod]n spirituali/s 9 s f> z _! pret5sions h ref]5ce to our subject4 ,!y ass]t ! pres5ce among !m ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 assum+ sometimes a visible %ape1 & !y comp>e ^! appe>ances to ^? :i* are record$ 9 ! ,sacr$ writ+s4 ,b !re is ?is prom95t di/9ction betwe5 ! two3 ! spiritual communications record$ 9 ! ,scriptures are repres5t$ z made to ^? :o 7 unprep>$ to receive !m1 & also = ! mo/ "p z tak+ place 9 op5 daylight1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 hav+ no sort ( ref]5ce to light or d>kness4 ,:atev] be _! explanation !y h an op5-air look ab\t !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! manife/ations record$ by ! spirituali/s take place z a rule 9 insuffici5t light1 if n 9 total d>kness1 & 9 pres5ce ( ^? :o are 9 a /ate ( m5tal excitem5t4 ,n[1 = our own "p1 we %\ld n be dispos$ to cr$it any communication f ! _w ( spirits t 0 n made op5ly1 & to ^? unprep>$ to receive x1 & !re=e unprejudic$4 ,! man ( sci5ce mu/ be p]fectly recipi5t1 b he mu/ 9 ! int]e/s ( tru? gu>d himself aga9/ ! possibility ( delusion4 ,we "k ! almo/ inf9ite p[] ( ! m9d n only to delude itself1 b to propagate its delusions to o!r m9ds1 &1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! conditions ( ^! manife/ations are specially fav\rable to ! spread ( su* delusions4 ,we d n !re=e hesitate to *oose betwe5 ! two alt]native explanations1 & to reg>d ^! pret5d$ manife/ations z hav+ no objective reality4 #di4 ,b :ile we altoge!r d5y ! reality ( ^! appe>ances1 we ?9k x likely t ! spirituali/s h enl>g$ our k ( ! p[] :i* "o m9d has ( influ5c+ ano!r1 & ?is is 9 itself a valuable subject ( inquiry4 ,we agree too 9 ! position assum$ by ,sw$5borg1 & by ! spirituali/s1 accord+ to :i* !y look ^u ! invisible _w n z some?+ absolutely di/9ct f ! visible univ]se1 & absolutely unconnect$ ) x1 z is frequ5tly ?\ght to be ! case1 b r z a univ]se :i* has "s bond ( union ) ! pres5t4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t w be develop$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ( our book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,position ,,tak5 ,,by ,,! ,,au?ors--,,physical ,,axioms4 #8,?r\gh fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$ by ! ^w ( ,god2 s t ?+s :i* are se5 7 n made ( ?+s :i* d appe>4'--,,hebrews ,,xi4 #c4 #ej4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h giv5 a v brief epitome ( ! v>i\s beliefs reg>d+ immortality & ! invisible _w held by ! civilis$ nations ( ! e>?1 f ! e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory to ! pres5t day4 ,our object has be5 n s mu* to ent] ev5 into g5]al details z to pres5t boldly ^? p>ticul> features ( ea* sy/em ( belief :i* are mo/ closely conc]n$ ) ! subject ( our "w4 ,?us our acc\nt ( ea* sep>ate sy/em is int5tionally incomplete1 ev5 z a simple sket*4 ,x is n[ "t to say some?+ ab\t ! object ( ?is book1 z well z to def9e ! position f :i* we mean to />t 9 pursuance ( t object4 ,we %all !re=e comm5ce by divid+ ^? :o at all conc]n !mselves ab\t our !me into ?ree great classes4 ,fir/1 we h ^? :o are s absolutely c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( _! views ( religion1 & ( ! immortality :i* !y believe x tea*es1 t !y are n qualifi$ to ent]ta9 or ev5 to p]ceive any sci5tific objection4 ,!y ackn[l$ge t c]ta9 d$uctions made by m5 ( sci5ce appe> to contradict or to be incompatible ) c]ta9 tru?s ( _! religion4 ,b ^! !y reg>d z premature conclusions1 av]r+ t :5 ! laws ( nature h be5 m deeply inve/igat$1 !re w be f\nd a p]fect concord betwe5 sci5ce & revelation4 ,c]ta9 sci5tific tru?s !y readily ass5t to1 & x is only ! altoge!r human sup]/ructure ( speculation built ^u ^! t !y pr(ess to "q4 #8,y h built1' !y say1 #8^u ! rock ( tru? a /ructure ( wood1 hay1 /ubble1 & y w\ld p]suade u t x is ! v temple ( ,god4 ,we w n ent] x1 b w pati5tly wait 9 ! expectation ( see+ x spe$ily consum$ ) fire4' ,n[1 :atev] be ! m]its or dem]its ( su* m51 x is n = !m we write4 ,_! m]it may consi/ 9 hav+ made a p]fectly true *>ge aga9/ c]ta9 classes ( sci5tific m5--_! dem]it probably 9 hav+ !mselves treat$ religion precisely z !y accuse _! adv]s>ies ( hav+ treat$ sci5tific tru?4 ,we mu/ let !m alone--!y w n be influ5c$ by any?+ t we c say4 ,we may p]haps be prais$ by !m 9 a c]ta9 measure if x be ?\ght t we h help$ to ov]?r[ ! sup]/ructure built by _! adv]s>ies2 we %all c]ta9ly be condemn$ by !m if x be ?\ght t we h help$ to weak5 any portion ( ! sup]/ructure :i* !y !mselves h re>$4 #ea4 ,9 ! next place1 & occupy+ a middle position1 we h ^? :o see /rong gr\nds = believ+ 9 a future life = man & 9 ! exi/5ce ( an invisible _w1 b :o at ! same "t are =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! /r5g? ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ ^! doctr9es by c]ta9 m5 ( sci5ce4 ,"s ( ?is class atta* mu* weight to ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ^! doctr9es d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian records2 o!rs aga91 unable to believe 9 ^! records1 are yet p[]fully impress$ by ! univ]sal long+ = immortality :i* civilis$ man has always %[n1 :ile o!rs atta* ne>ly equal importance to bo? k9ds ( evid5ce4 ,nev]!less1 all ( ! class ( :i* we n[ speak h deeply /udi$ ! sci5tific objections1 & d n well see h[ to surm\nt !m4 ,x is to ?is class t we %all especially address ourselves 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 #eb4 ,! ?ird class ( m5 are ^? ( ! extreme mat]iali/ic s*ool4 ,all human hi/ory1 includ+ ! life ( ,*ri/ & t :i* took place 9 connection ) x1 all ye>n+s ( man = immortality1 all life1 f t ( ! noble/ ( human be+s to t ( ! primordial animat$ g]m1 are expla9$ by ?is class z ! result ( ! int]action ( mat]ial atoms guid$ by c]ta9 measurable physical =ces4 ,!y consid] t !y h no reason to believe t !re is any?+ beyond or beside ! visible univ]se1 & 9 consequ5ce !y decl9e ent]+ into any argum5t ^u ! subject4 ,_! premiss may be wrong1 b _! conclusion foll[s f x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,we h exam9$ 7say !y7 all ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ano!r univ]se1 & f9d x utt]ly wor?less1 :y !n %\ld we discuss ! subject8--x is "o ( ^? delusions t are common 9 man4 ,:5 a travell] pret5ds to h receiv$ in=mation ab\t "s /range & di/ant c\ntry1 our fir/ /ep is to inquire :e!r he is a tru/wor?y & sane man1 & if we f9d he is o!rwise1 x is q unnecess>y = u to discuss ei!r ! in=mation :i* he br+s1 or ! objections to t in=mation4 ,y pret5d to %[ ! sci5tific possibility t ?is in=mation may be correct1 b :y %\ld we /udy y\r argum5t s9ce !re is no evid5ce = suppos+ t !re is any su* place8 #ec4 ,to ^! m5 we w\ld reply t1 ev5 assum+ _! own po9t ( view1 our s*eme w1 we v5ture to sugge/1 be f\nd to give a m complete & cont9u\s explanation ( ! visible ord] ( ?+s ?an "o :i* proce$s ^u ! assumption t !re is no?+ else4 ,9 ?is respect we may lik5 x to ! hypo!sis ( atoms1 or t ( an e!real m$ium1 = nei!r ( :i* h we ! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses1 bo? ( :i* h nev]!less be5 adopt$ z af=d+ ! be/ explanations ( ! ph5om5a ( ! visible univ]se4 #ed4 ,our read]s be+ ?us class$ w n[ be anxi\s to le>n our position4 ,let u beg9 by /at+ at once t we assume1 z absolutely self-evid5t1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity :o is ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( all ?+s4 7,romans i4 #ai-ba47 ,we fur!r look ^u ! laws ( ! univ]se z ^? laws accord+ to :i* ! be+s 9 ! univ]se are condition$ by ! ,gov]nor !re(1 z reg>ds "t1 place1 & s5sation4 ,x is = in/ance on acc\nt ( ^! laws t we _c be pres5t 9 diff]5t places at ! same "t2 or move ov] m ?an a c]ta9 space 9 a c]ta9 "t1 or ?9k m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( ?\ghts2 or feel m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( s5sations 9 a c]ta9 giv5 "t4 ,& h5ce :ile we c v easily imag9e an intellig5ce sup]ior to ourselves1 b yet f9ite1 to be v diff]5tly condition$1 we _c imag9e any f9ite intellig5ce to be absolutely )\t conditions4 ,at any rate1 if f9ite intellig5ces uncondition$ ) respect to "t & space be conceivable exi/5ces1 !y mu/ ( necessity be s absolutely unconnect$ ) ! pres5t univ]se1 :i* has ref]5ce to "t & space1 t _! exi/5ce ne$ n be contemplat$ s f> at lea/ z our argum5t is conc]n$4 #ee4 ,x w ?us be se5 t we _c conceive ( f9ite intellig5ces exi/+ 9 ! univ]se )\t be+ 9 "s way condition$2 b we n[ come to a po9t :i* des]ves a some:at full] discussion4 ,we c imag9e ! mat]iali/s say+ to u3 #8,y are "r 9 ass]t+ ! inconceivability ( su* intellig5ce z t ( man exi/+ )\t be+ condition$1 :i* to our m9d implies "s sort ( association ) matt]--t is precisely ! view we ourselves take4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we c v well conceive ( matt] exi/+ )\t intellig5ce1 z = in/ance a block ( wood1 or a b> ( iron4#bg ,?us ! connection betwe5 ^! two ?+s1 matt] & m9d1 is ( su* a nature1 t m9d _c exi/ )\t matt]1 :ile matt] c & does exi/ )\t m9d4 ,is !re n !re=e a reality ab\t matt] :i* !re is n ab\t m9d8#bh ,c we conceive a s+le p>ticle ( matt] to g out ( ! univ]se = six or eight h\rs & !n to return to x2 b d we n e day see our consci\sness disappe>+ 9 ! case ( deep sleep1 or 9 a swoon1 & !n return+ to u aga98 ,f> be x f u to d5y t we h some?+ :i* is call$ consci\sness1 & is utt]ly di/9ct f matt] & ! prop]ties ( matt]1 z ^! are reg>d$ 9 ,physics4 ,b may n ! connection betwe5 ! two be ( ?is nature8--,:5 a c]ta9 numb] ( mat]ial p>ticles consi/+ ( phosphorus1 c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & p]haps "s o!r elem5ts1 are1 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ations ( _! mutual =ces1 9 c]ta9 positions ) respect to ea* o!r1 & 9 c]ta9 /ates ( motion1 consci\sness is ! result1 b :5ev] ?is relative /ate is br\ght to an end1 !re is also an end ( consci\sness & ! s5se ( individual exi/5ce1 :ile h[ev] ! p>ticles ( phosphorus1 c>bon1 etc41 rema9 z truly z ev]4' #ef4 ,n[ ?is means t matt] mu/ be look$ ^u z mi/ress ( ! h\se1 & individual consci\sness z an occasional visitor :om %e p]mits to p>take ( h] hospitality1 turn+ him out ( doors :5ev] ! l>d] is empty4 ,x is wor? :ile to inve/igate ! process ( ?\ght :i* gives rise to ?is curi\s conception ( ! economy ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle> t c]ta9 arrangem5ts are made 9 ! univ]se1 9 virtue ( :i* correspond+ s5sations are produc$ simultane\sly 9 diff]5t individuals1 :ile 9 o!r arrangem5ts ! s5sations produc$ are ! peculi> prop]ty ( "s "o individual4 ,! "o set h come to be associat$ ) objective realities1 :ile ! o!r set are conc]n$ ) subjective impressions4 ,i am affect$ by a pa9 9 my head1 & ,i am also affect$ by ! sun1 b ! "o affection is ! peculi> product ( my bra91 & ,i c>ry x ab\t ) me1 :ile exp]i5ce has %[n me t ,i _c appropriate ! o!r2 yet x also becomes m9e s soon z x has rea*$ my bra94 ,x w fur!r be all[$1 t !re are c]ta9 mat]ial p>ticles :i* may become vehicles = ei!r or bo? ( ^! k9ds ( s5sations1 :ile !re are o!rs :i* h ! p[] ( produc+ "o only4 ,gold1 silv]1 & plat9um are sub/ances :i* may become ! vehicle ( common impressions1 b n ( peculi> impressions1 s9ce !y d n occur 9 our bra9s4 ,phosphorus1 on ! o!r h&1 is a sub/ance :i* may become ! vehicle ( ei!r k9d4 ,:5 we burn a piece ( phosphorus 9 a lecture-room x is ! vehicle ( a common impression1 :ile ! phosphorus 9 our bra9 is ! vehicle ( a peculi> impression4 ,n[ !re is a v notewor?y diff]5ce betwe5 portions ( phosphorus play+ ^! two p>ts4 ,:5 phosphorus is 9 ! common /ate1 we c exp]im5t ^u x & inve/igate its prop]ties1 b ?is we _c d :5 x exi/s 9 ! bra9 9 its peculi> /ate4 ,! ass]tion1 !re=e1 t phosphorus & its alli$ p>ticles1 ^: motions & positions are accompani$ by individual consci\sness1 are nev]!less1 :5 9 ?is /ate1 ess5tially ! same z !y are 9 ! ord9>y /ate1 appe>s to u to be altoge!r )\t f\ndation4 ,we h no "r ?us to argue f ! "o /ate to ! o!r4 ,= t mo/ peculi> & int]e/+ condition ( phosphorus & o!r matt] 9 :i* x is intimately connect$ ) ! production ( individual consci\sness1 & :]e "s peculi>ity ( prop]ties or behavi\r due to ?is connection might mo/ w>rantably be expect$1 is ! v ?+ :i* we _c inve/igate4 ,to say !re=e t ! liv+ bra9 consi/s ( p>ticles ( phosphorus1 c>bon1 etc41 su* z we "k !m 9 ! common /ate1 & t :5 ! p>ticles ( ! bra9 h1 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ation ( physical =ces1 a c]ta9 position & motion1 !n individual consci\sness foll[s1 is to assign a peculi> relation betwe5 ! bra9-p>ticles & su* consci\sness = :i* we h no sci5tific w>rant4 #eg4 ,alli$ to ?is assumption !re is ano!r 9 ! mat]iali/ic argum5t z we h /at$ x4 ,if 9 ! body !re be no o!r mat]ial ?an ! visible p>ticles1 & 9 ! bra9 no o!r mat]ial ?an a c]ta9 quantity ( phosphorus & o!r ?+s1 su* z we "k !m 9 ! common /ate1 & if individual consci\sness dep5ds ^u ! /ructural pres5ce ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! body & bra91 !n :5 ?is /ructure falls to pieces !re are ( c\rse reasonable gr\nds = suppos+ t su* consci\sness has entirely ceas$4 ,b x is ! object ( ?is volume to exhibit v>i\s sci5tific reasons = believ+ t !re is some?+ beyond t :i* we call ! visible univ]se2 & t individual consci\sness is 9 "s my/]i\s mann] relat$ to1 or dep5d5t ^u1 ! int]action ( ! se5 & unse54 #eh4 ,!re rema9s yet t "p ( ! argum5t :i* h9ts t individual consci\sness is less p]man5t ?an matt]1 inasmu* z su* consci\sness frequ5tly dep>ts f ! univ]se = six or eight h\rs & !n returns to x aga94 ,9 "o s5se ?is is unque/ionably true1 :ile1 h[ev]1 !re is a pot5tial or lat5t consci\sness or possibility ( consci\sness t rema9s beh9d4#bi ,x w be se5 9 ! sequel t ?is fact ( lat5t consci\sness w be us$ by u to /r5g!n our argum5t 9 fav\r ( a future /ate4 #ei4 ,we may conclude1 z ! result ( ?is discussion1 t ! connection betwe5 m9d & matt] is a v intimate "o1 al?\gh we are 9 pr(\nd ignorance z to its exact nature4 ,! intimacy ( ?is connection is a doctr9e almo/ univ]sally held by mod]n physiologi/s4 ,j z no s+le action ( ! body takes place )\t ! wa/e ( "s muscul> tissue1 s1 x is believ$1 no ?\ght takes place )\t "s wa/e ( ! bra94 ,nay1 physiologi/s g ev5 fur!r1 & ass]t t ea* specific ?\ght d5otes "s specific wa/e ( bra9 matt]1 s t !re is "s my/]i\s & obscure connection betwe5 ! nature ( ! ?\ght & ! nature ( ! wa/e :i* x occasions4 ,9 l mann] memory is look$ ^u z dep5d5t ^u traces1 left beh9d 9 ! bra91 ( ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 :5 ! s5sation rememb]$ took place4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 ,belfa/ address 7#ahgd7 tells u3 #8,x is n to be d\bt$ t ^? motions :i* give rise to s5sation leave on ! bra9 *anges ( its sub/ance :i* answ] to :at ,hall] call$ 8ve/igia r]um10 & to :at t great ?9k] ,david ,h>tley t]m$ 8,vibratiuncules40 ,! s5sation :i* has pass$ away leaves beh9d molecules ( ! bra9 compet5t to its reproduction--8s5sig5\s molecules10 s to speak--:i* con/itute ! physical f\ndation ( memory4' #fj4 ,x w be inf]r$ f :at we h said t "o ( ! ess5tial requisites ( cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! individual is ! capability ( reta9+ "s sort ( hold ^u ! pa/3 &1 inasmu* z we are unable to contemplate su* a ?+ z a f9ite disembodi$ _s1 or1 to speak m precisely1 an uncondition$ f9ite _s1 x is fur!r evid5t t ?is hold implies an organ ( "s sort4 ,?is we conceive to be a p]fectly g5]al proposition4 ,we d n limit ourselves 9 mak+ x to any p>ticul> arrangem5t ( bodily =m1 or to any p>ticul> rank ( f9ite organis$ intellig5ce4 ,f ! ar*angel to ! brute we conceive t some?+ analog\s to an organ ( memory mu/ be possess$ by ea*4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 m]ely a coroll>y to :at has be5 /at$ 9 ,art4 #ed above1 & does n require any fur!r discussion4 #fa4 ,b if "o g5]al requisite ( indep5d5t & responsible life be a connection ) ! pa/1 ano!r is ! possibility ( action 9 ! pres5t4 ,a liv+ be+ mu/ h 9 8 frame ! capacity ( v>i$ movem5t4 ,he mu/ possess an organisation 9 :i* !re is ! p[] ( call+ int]nal =ces into play at irregul> int]vals dep5d5t on 8 w4 ,we _c imag9e life to be associat$ ) a motionless mass or ) a mass :i* moves 9 an inv>iable mann]4 ,! liv+ be+ ne$ n always be 9 motion1 b he mu/ reta9 ! capacity ( mov+4 ,he ne$ n always be ?9k+1 b he mu/ reta9 ! capacity ( ?\ght4 ,he ne$ n always be consci\s1 b he mu/ reta9 ! capacity ( consci\sness4 ,to sum up--x ?us appe>s t !re are two g5]al conditions ( organis$ life4 ,!re mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be an organ connect+ ! individual ) ! pa/1 & 9 ! next place !re mu/ be su* a frame & su* a univ]se t he has ! p[] ( v>i$ action 9 ! pres5t4 ,we p>ticul>ly reque/ our read]s to keep well 9 m9d ^! two propositions1 s9ce x is ^u !m t our argum5t w ultimately 9 great "p be built4 #fb4 ,we come n[ to a v important "p ( our inquiry4 ,x w be necess>y to discuss t :i* we t]m ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 & desirable to beg9 by def9+ exactly :at is meant by u :5 ^! words are us$4#cj ,let u introduce our def9ition by "o or two illu/rative examples4 ,take a p>ticul> problem ( a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 &1 beg9n+ at ! v comm5cem5t1 let u suppose an e>ly ,egyptian or ,*aldean a/ronom] to be obs]v+ ! sun 9 ! middle ( summ]4 ,day aft] day1 = p]haps a week1 he has notic$ t ?is lum9>y rises ov] a c]ta9 place & sets ov] a c]ta9 o!r place1 & he conceives t he has n[ obta9$ "s def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ! sun4 ,8 idea is1 t ! sun w g on always do+ ! same ?+1 & he !re=e pr$icts to 8 fell[s1 :o are less obs]vant ?an himself1 exactly :]e x w rise & :]e x w set4 ,!y jo9 him 9 obs]v+ ! lum9>y = a week or m1 & ! sagacity ( our primeval a/ronom] is triumphantly v9dicat$3 ! sun is f\nd do+ z ne>ly z possible t :i* _h be5 pr$ict$ ( x4 #fc4 ,^! m5 h n[ got hold ( ! idea t ! sun w always rise & set at ! same places1 t 9 fact 8 daily j\rney is always ! same1 & t he p]=ms x 9 ! same "t4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( six mon?s !y suspect !y are mi/ak54 ,discr$it is ?r[n ^u ! sagacity ( our a/ronom]1 & he broods ov] 8 disgrace = six mon?s long]4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 on turn+ 8 eyes t[>ds ! sun1 :at is 8 surprise & delight to f9d t lum9>y do+ ! v ?+ t he _h all along pr$ict$1 return+ once m to 8 old po9ts ( ris+ & sett+1--places1 we may presume1 :i* c\ld be easily rememb]$ on acc\nt ( "s peculi>ity ( l&scape4 ,he is n yet prep>$ h[ev] = a high] g5]alisation1 b aga9 calls = 8 fell[s1 & :ile he suspects a c]ta9 am\nt ( irregul>ity 9 ! sun1 yet succe$s 9 conv9c+ !m t 8 guess 0 aft] all n f> f ! tru?4 ,once aga9 he is re9/at$ 9 _! good op9ion4 #fd4 ,h[ev]1 six mon?s aft]1 precisely ! same ?+ recurs once m2 ! ris+ & sett+ po9ts are n[ consid]ably diff]5t f ^? pr$ict$4 ,our a/ronom] aga9 loses cr$it1 & rega9s x only p>tially six mon?s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! po9ts are once m "r4 ,b he has n[ le>n$ a lesson4 ,he p]ceives a me?od 9 all ?is1 & ultimately rises1 by means ( ! difficulty1 to a high] g5]alisation4 ,he sees t ! ris+ & sett+ po9ts ( ! sun g ?r\gh ! complete s]ies ( _! *anges ( position 9 ab\t #cfe days2 & he has ?us le>n$1 9 a rude way1 t ! sun has two motions1 "o ( :i* he accompli%es 9 #bd h\rs1 or "o day1 :ile ! o!r has a p]iod ( #cfe days1 or "o ye>4 #fe4 ,:ile ^! ?+s are 9 progress1 a port5t\s & :olly unexpect$ ev5t takes place3 ! sun = f\r m9utes is totally ext+ui%$4 ,our a/ronom] m$itates mu* on ?is /range ph5om5on1 & is incl9$ to reg>d x z a triumph ( ! p[]s ( ,d>kness1 9 p]sonal conflict ) ^? ( ,light4 ,nev]!less he does n neglect to keep a record ( ! precise day on :i* x took place4 #ff4 ,ye>s pass away1 & our a/ronom] has pass$ away ) !m--he & all 8 g5]ation2 b a regul> record is n[ kept ( cele/ial occurr5ces1 & especially ( eclipses4 ,at l5g? x comes to be p]ceiv$ t !re is a p]iodicity ev5 9 su* unt[>d ph5om5a1 & an attempt is ultimately made1 by means ( ?is k1 to pr$ict :5 ! next eclipse w take place4 ,x is p]fectly successful1 & ! ev5t loses f !nce=? mu* ( its port5t\s significance4 #fg4 ,c5turies roll on1 & ! app>5t motions ( ! heav5ly bodies h n[ be5 gradually r$uc$ to sy/em4 ,! />s 9 p>ticul> are f\nd to move1 j z if !y 7 atta*$ to ! ro( ( a great holl[ vault :i* revolves r\nd ! e>? once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b ev5 among/ !m !re are five exceptions--namely1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn--:i* p]=m a sort ( w&]+ or zigzag motion 9 ! mid/ ( _! /ation>y bre?r51 & h 9 consequ5ce receiv$ ! "n ( planets4 ,all1 h[ev]1 are suppos$ to move r\nd ! e>?1 :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 #fh4 ,9 process ( "t1 ?is sup]iority ( ! e>? ov] ! heav5ly bodies comes to be que/ion$4 ,!re is a ris+ t5d5cy to reg>d our e>? z a some:at insignificant memb] ( a great sy/em1 r ?an z some?+ ap>t by itself4 ,^! t5d5cies are1 h[ev]1 /rongly oppos$ by ! au?orities ( a l>ge section ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 on ! gr\nd t ! language employ$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,scriptures is aga9/ su* a me?od ( reg>d+ ! univ]se4 ,nev]!less ! ,cop]nican sy/em ultimately prevails1 & ! planets & ! e>? are associat$ toge!r z />s :i* travel r\nd ! sun2 :ile ! diurnal motion ( ! heav5ly bodies is attribut$ to a motion ( ! e>? r\nd its axis4 ,& we _c help ?9k+ t philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day are too mu* dispos$ to und]value ! absolutely enorm\s /ride t 0 made :5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 fully e/abli%$4 #fi4 ,b ! planets are /ill suppos$ to move 9 p]fect circles r\nd ! sun2 = besides ! fact t ?is hypo!sis agrees v well ) obs]vation1 !re is a simplicity 9 ! circle :i* leads philosoph]s to believe t nature w\ld adopt x 9 pref]5ce to any m complicat$ curve4 ,has x n be5 f\nd t all app>5t deviation f simplicity 0 9 reality due to ! fact t our po9t ( view is a movable "o1 & does n ?is lead u to believe t ! tru? w be f\nd 9 a circul> orbit8 #gj4 ,:ile su* speculations are indulg$ 91 ,ty*o ,brahe is busy ) 8 in/rum5ts4 ,he is a ?or\ghly accurate man ( sci5ce1 & makes mo/ excell5t obs]vations ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,^! are ultimately discuss$ by ,kepl]1 :o f9ds t ! planets d n move r\nd ! sun 9 circles1 b 9 ellipses1 hav+ ! sun 9 "o focus4 ,he f9ds too t any "o planet describes areas :i* are proportional to ! times ( description2 :ile ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! v>i\s planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun4 ,^! are ,kepl]'s laws2 !y are yet1 h[ev]1 only empirical4 ,we "k !m to be true1 b we _c tell :y !y %\ld be z !y are & n o!rwise4 #ga4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! g5ius ( ,newton to %[ u :y ! planets %\ld obey ^! laws1 & to r$uce ! planet>y sy/em "u ! doma9 ( ord9>y me*anics4 ,he succe$$ 9 %[+ t e mass ( matt] attracts e o!r mass ) a =ce :i* is directly proportional to ! product ( ! masses1 & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & t ?is univ]sal =ce acc\nts1 n only = ,kepl]'s laws ( planet>y motion b1 = ! orbit ( ! moon1 z well z = t ( a projectile dis*>g$ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 #gb4 ,if we n[ pause = a mom5t1 & review ! progress ( ?is inve/igation1 we %all see t x began ) a disposition to reg>d simplicity ( motion z ! te/ ( tru?1 & :5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em %[$ t our po9t ( view is a movable "o1 x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ?is w\ld expla9 all dep>tures f absolute simplicity4 ,b ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl] soon %[$ t ! planets d n move 9 circles1 & we n[ "k t _! motions1 z well z t ( ! moon1 c only be repres5t$ by curves ( extreme complexity4 ,simplicity ( motion has disappe>$1 b x has be5 replac$ by simplicity ( int]-relation betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sy/em :i* are suppos$ to attract ea* o!r accord+ to a simple & def9ite law4 ,?is law may be suppos$ to conta9 9 itself implicitly all ! v>i\s & complicat$ motions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,if appli$ to ! pa/ x w enable u to asc]ta9 ! exact date ( ! anti5t hi/orical eclipses2 if appli$ to ! future x w enable u to =etell all b cata/rophic a/ronomical occurr5ces4 #gc4 ,let u n[ turn to ano!r bran* ( ! same subject4 ,:5 ,galileo fir/ appli$ 8 telescope to ! sun1 he discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( sun-spots4 ,_! sol> orig9 0 h[ev] = "s "t disput$1 ! s*oolm5 ( t day1 hold+ resolutely to ! dicta ( ,ari/otle1 be+ indispos$ to believe t !re c\ld possibly be any imp]fection 9 ! sun4 ,! telescope alone 0 9 fault4 ,!re 0 ev5 a s]mon prea*$ on ,galileo1 ! text ( :i* 0 #8,viri ,galili1 quid /atis 9 coelum spectantes8' ,h[ev]1 z "t w5t on1 obs]vation %[$ t spots 7 unmi/akably sol> ph5om5a1 & ^! v imp]fections are made use ( by mod]n sci5ce to obta9 = u in=mation reg>d+ ! *emical & physical /ructure ( our lum9>y4 ,x also appe>s t ! position & size ( ^! spots dep5d ^u ! positions ( ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us1 & ?is z well z o!r ph5om5a indicate ! exi/5ce ( "s my/]i\s bond betwe5 ! sun & ! v>i\s memb]s ( 8 sy/em1 possibly o!r ?an ! law ( gravitation1 z we n[ und]/& x1 c express4#ca ,9 f9e1 simplicity ( relation ?reat5s to disappe>1 j z simplicity ( motion disappe>$ be=e x4 #gd4 ,nev]!less 9 ?is triumphal m>* ! progress has always be5 f ! less to ! m p]fect1 f ! glimm]+ ( e>ly dawn to ! cle> morn+ light1 if n to ! bright beams ( ! noon-day sun4 ,tempor>y ob/acles h appe>$ only to be surm\nt$1 & l ,augu/9e's ladd] to con/itute a plat=m f :i* a high] & m compreh5sive view might be obta9$4 ,difficulties too1 o!r ?an physical1--/ruggles1 we>9ess1 opposition--h be5 enc\nt]$ & ov]come1 nor has !re be5 any?+ l a grave defeat1 or ! production ( p]man5t confusion4 ,! conclud+ words ( ! ,te ,deum h be5 abundantly fulfill$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! a/ronom]4 ,he has tru/$ 9 ,god1 & he has nev] be5 conf\nd$4 #ge4 ,"h !n we h an in/ance ( :at is meant by ,cont9uity4 ,x does n imply an easy progress1 or a smoo? level road2 x is consi/5t ) a tempor>y halt1 p]haps n ev5 inconsi/5t ) a tempor>y break-d[n1 or ) mom5t>y despair4 ,we are met by difficulties ( _m k9ds--! rock1 ! tangl$ gr[?1 ! swamp1 ! ?ick d>kness1 b nev] by ! abyss4 ,no?+ has occurr$ to conv9ce u t our pa? has be5 absolutely wrong f ! v comm5cem5t1 & t we mu/ altoge!r retrace our /eps2 & ! same ?+ holds 9 o!r problems besides ^? ( a/ronomy4 ,once we h accumulat$ suffici5t tru/wor?y evid5ce to %[ u t we are 9 ! "r way1 we are nev] aft]w>ds irretrievably defeat$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 let u "h notice a peculi>ity :i*1 if x be cle>ly exhibit$ 9 ! progress ( a/ronomy1 is yet by no means conf9$ to t sci5ce1 b appe>s to be *>act]i/ic ( all physical k4 ,?+s are s arrang$ & ! intellect ( man is s con/itut$ t we are l$ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce to recognise c]ta9 laws :i* appe> at fir/ sight to hold exactly1 or :i*1 9 o!r words1 h ! appe>ance ( absolute tru?s4 ,z "t passes on1 & our in/rum5ts become m delicate1 :ile our obs]vations ) !m are multipli$1 signs beg9 to %[ !mselves ( v slight deviations f exactitude 9 ^! laws4 ,mean:ile1 ^! approximate expressions ( tru? dur+ ! long ages 7x may be7 ?r\gh :i* !y h be5 believ$1 h tak5 su* a hold ^u ! m9ds ( m5 t all signs ( _! imp]fect exactitude are at fir/ utt]ly discr$it$4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 x is by means ( ^! slight discrepancies t we are l$ =w>d to high] g5]alisations4 ,?is 0 well po9t$ out by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,9 f9e1 does n some?+ analog\s to ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity prev5t u f suppos+ t we c ev] arrive at ! ultimate expression ( tru? on any1 h[ev] limit$1 subject8 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! language 9 :i* any sci5tific tru? is embodi$ appe>s to u to sav\r too mu* ( ! absolute1 is x n a prop] & hopeful task to endeav\r to break ?is d[n8 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t we welcome all attempts to modify ! expression ( ! law ( gravitation1 :i*1 z our k ( x /&s at pres5t1 seems to pres5t too mu* ( ! appe>ance ( an absolute & f9al tru?4#cb #gf4 ,our read]s w n[ p]haps wi% to h an example ( :at we %\ld t]m a brea* ( ,cont9uity1--?is is easily giv54 ,let u suppose = in/ance t ! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 to move ab\t 9 /range & fanta/ic orbits dur+ "o day1 aft] :i* !y return$ to _! previ\s c\rses4 ,"h we %\ld h an excell5t example ( a brea* ( ,cont9uity1 = ev5 if ?+s 7 s arrang$ z to prev5t physical disa/]1 x is evid5t t ! :ole intellig5t univ]se w\ld be plung$ into irretrievable m5tal confusion4 ,nev] aga9 c\ld x be said t a/ronomy is compet5t to expla9 ! v>i$ motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! obs]v]s w\ld lay d[n _! in/rum5ts1 & ! ma!maticians _! calculations1 & ! sci5ce w\ld come to an end4 ,o!r examples ( a brea* ( ,cont9uity may be z easily imag9$4 ,suppose = in/ance t ! gold ( ! _w 7 to disappe> = six h\rs & !n return to x aga91--%\ld we n h all ! social relations ( m5 z well z _! conceptions ( matt] ?r[n into irretrievable confusion8 ,?is w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be due to ! m]e fact t some?+ _h disappe>$ f ! visible univ]se4 ,individual consci\sness we h se5 is seem+ly 9 ! habit ( do+ s & aga9 reappe>+1 & we d n tr\ble ourselves mu* ab\t x4 ,cont9uity1 9 f9e1 does n preclude ! occurr5ce ( /range1 abrupt1 un=ese5 ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 b only ( su* ev5ts z mu/ f9ally & = ev] put to confusion ! intellig5t be+s :o reg>d !m4 #gg4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity may be said to be ! def9ite expression 9 words ( our tru/ t ,he w n put u to p]man5t intellectual confusion1 & we c easily conceive simil> expressions ( tru/ ) ref]5ce to ! o!r faculties ( man4 ,our subject may !re=e be approa*$ f o!r po9ts ( view1 & o!r argum5ts may be us$ f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple t ( two or m alt]natives t "o is to be select$ :i* puts our faculties to ! lea/ confusion4 ,b x is dang]\s to speculate mu* fur!r ^u su* subjects2 ! pa? is s easy1 l ! #8pleasant1 gre5 lane' spok5 ( by ,ignorance 9 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 t x _c b soon lead u into c]ta9 hopeless realms4#cc #gh4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to apply ?is pr9ciple to a prelim9>y discussion ( ! miracul\s ev5ts :i* are alleg$ to h tak5 place 9 connection ) ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,we may c]ta9ly beg9 by assum+ t _h ^! ev5ts be5 ord9>y ones no d\bt w\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ reg>d+ _! actual occurr5ce2 x is n1 h[ev]1 our prov9ce to discuss ! hi/orical evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[1 until ( late ye>s1 ! div9es :o h ass]t$ ! actual occurr5ce ( ^! ev5ts h = ! mo/ "p atta*$ to ?is ass]tion a hypo!sis ( _! own1 repres5t+ ! ev5ts 9 "q z due to absolute int]f]5ces ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nor ) 8 usual physical proc$ure4 ,ea* 0 ?us suppos$ to repres5t 9 its physical aspect some?+ :i* c\ld n possibly be d$uc$ f t :i* w5t be=e or t :i* foll[$ aft]4 ,x 0 n exactly ass]t$ t !y 7 arbitr>y ev5ts1 or t !y 7 n ! results ( purpose1 b only t ! purpose ( :i* !y 7 ! accompli%m5t c\ld n be c>ri$ out )\t "s physical break4 ,9 f9e1 ) ! view ( remov+ spiritual confusion1 intellectual confusion 0 introduc$1 z be+ ! less] evil ( ! two4 ,?us1 if he submits to be guid$ by su* int]pret]s1 ea* intellig5t be+ w = ev] cont9ue to be baffl$ 9 any attempt to expla9 ^! ph5om5a1 because !y are said to h no physical relation to any?+ t w5t be=e or t foll[$ aft]4 ,9 f9e1 !y are made to =m a univ]se )9 a univ]se1 a portion cut (f by an insurm\ntable b>ri] f ! doma9 ( sci5tific inquiry4 #gi4 ,x is n en\gh to say t we _c see any f\ndation = ?is hypo!sis introduc$ by c]ta9 !ologians reg>d+ ^! ev5ts4 ,x is c]ta9ly necess>y to add1 z we h already done 7,art4 #cf71 t su* a me?od ( reg>d+ !m is ess5tially oppos$ to ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 x _c = a mom5t be said t ,he 0 above law4 ,he speaks ( himself1 & is spok5 ( by ! apo/les1 z b\nd 9 all respects by ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,nor w x suffice to say t ,he obey$ ! moral & spiritual1 b broke occasionally ! physical1 laws ( ! univ]se1 or _h !m brok5 = ,him4 ,9 f9e1 we conceive t ! ,new ,te/am5t pla9ly ass]ts t :at ,*ri/ accompli%$ 0 n 9 defiance ( law1 b 9 fulfilm5t ( x2 & t ,8 ability to d s mu* 0 simply due to ! fact t ,8 position ) ref]5ce to ! univ]se 0 diff]5t f t ( any o!r man4 #hj4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 a va/ly bett] me?od ( explanation has be5 introduc$4 ,*>les ,babbage1 ! design] ( ! well-kn[n calculat+ eng9e1 %[$ 79 a v rem>kable book :i* he call$ a n9? ,bridgewat] treatise7 t x w\ld be possible to design & con/ruct a ma*9e :i*1 aft] hav+ work$ = a long "t accord+ to a p>ticul> me?od ( proc$ure1 %\ld sudd5ly manife/ a s+le brea* 9 its me?od1 & !n resume & = ev] aft]w>ds keep to its orig9al law4 ,he argu$ f ?is t an app>5t brea* 9 ! physical proc$ure ( ! univ]se is q consi/5t ) ! fundam5tal idea ( law4 ,jevons also1 comm5t+ ^u ^! speculations ( ,babbage1 rem>ks ?us 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dch71 #8,if su* occurr5ces c be design$ & =ese5 by a human arti/1 x is surely )9 ! capacity ( ! ,div9e arti/ to provide = simil> *anges ( law 9 ! me*anism ( ! atom1 or ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4' #ha4 ,:ile we ?9k t ?is is a v di/9ct & important advance ^u ! old idea1 we v5ture to pron\nce x altoge!r incomplete )\t "s fur!r explanation & modification4 ,! p[] ( ! ,div9e ,be+ is surely unlimit$1 b1 nev]!less1 we h p]fect tru/ t ,god1 :om we believe to h giv5 u intellig5ce1 w "w 9 su* a way z n to put u to p]man5t intellectual confusion4 ,yet ev5 on ?is hypo!sis1 & ) ?is tru/1 a s+le app>5t exception to ! usual proc$ure may be suppos$ to occur1 if x be all[$ t ?is may be made use ( 9 ord] to d$uce f x ! great g5]al law ( work+ :i* includes bo? ! usual c\rse & ! app>5t exception4 ,b x appe>s obvi\s to u t if ! exception be ( su* a nature t x mu/ = ev] conf\nd all ! intellig5ces ( ! univ]se :o reg>d x1 !n we ga9 no?+ by ! supposition t x 0 all[$ = 9 ! secret c\nsels ( ,god4 #hb4 ,und\bt$ly we _c p]mit c]ta9 ev5ts to be set aside by m]ely human au?ority z que/ions into :i* x is deem$ irreligi\s1 unpr(itable1 or useless = our reason to pry2 nay1 we are tempt$ to advance ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 & to ass]t t x con/itutes our duty z well z our privilege to d our be/ to grasp ! mean+ ( all ev5ts :i* come be=e u4 ,does n ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! intellect ( man is int5d$ to "w include all occurr5ces1 ( :atev] nature1 ^u e>?--t e>? :i* man is comm&$ to subdue--a comm& equival5t to victory8 #hc4 ,we h n[ indicat$ ) suffici5t cle>ness ! fault we h to f9d ) ! !ological position z x /ood until rec5tly1--let u next briefly allude to ! position ( ! extreme s*ool ( sci5ce4 ,ignor+ all b ! visible univ]se1 & apply+ ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity to its ph5om5a1 ! memb]s ( ?is s*ool 7 indubitably l$ to mo/ important g5]alisations reg>d+ ! me?od ( work+ ( t great sy/em4 ,!y ev5 drove back ) mu* success1 & v prop]ly1 c]ta9 deta*m5ts ( !ologians :o _h occupi$ portions ( ! field 9 an unw>rantable mann]4 ,s f> ! ,g5ius :om !y _h summon$ up appe>$ to be ! v pr9ciple ( ord]4 ,b ?+s wore a diff]5t complexion z "t w5t on4 ,x 0 fanci$ t hi/orical ,*ri/ianity mu/ disappe>1 & t ! belief 9 ! reality ( a future /ate mu/ foll[ aft] x4 ,!y 7 surr5d]$4 ,b x 0 extremely />tl+ :5 ! ,g5ius invok$1 n cont5t ) :at he _h already dev\r$1 broadly h9t$ t ! :ole visible univ]se w\ld furni% an acceptable sacrifice1--!n ev5 ! mo/ extreme p>tisans ( ! s*ool began at l5g? to be al>m$4 ,x 0 too mu* to be borne1 t a ,g5ius summon$ up 9 ! v "n ( ord] %\ld turn out to be a demon s insatiate z ?is6 ,mu/ ! :ole visible univ]se1 inde$1 arrive at su* a /ate z to be totally unfit = ! habitation ( liv+ be+s8 ,! individual !y 7 cont5t to sacrifice1 p]haps ev5 ! race1 b !y w\ld sp>e ! univ]se4 ,und\bt$ly1 if x be possible to pity m5 :o c\ld s easily disp5se ) ,*ri/ianity & immortality1 !y _h at l5g? got !mselves into a deplorable dilemma4 ,= ! pr9ciple !y _h invok$ 0 absolutely )\t pity1 & 9 ! mo/ he>tless mann] cont9u$ to po9t t[>ds ! sacrifice ( ! visible univ]se4 ,?is1 !y 7 told1 0 only a huge fire1 & mu/ ultimately burn itself out4 ,no?+ w\ld be left b ! a%es1--! dead & wor?less body ( ! pres5t sy/em4 #hd4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ^! m5 %\ld be />tl$ at _! conclusion1 & try someh[ to evade x4 ,su* an attempt 0 actually made1 & a gleam ( lurid light seem$ = a mom5t to illum9ate ! ?ick d>kness conjur$ up by ! hypo!sis4 ,x 0 conjectur$ t ! visible univ]se might 9 reality be inf9ite1 ev5 if ! numb] ( />s be n s1 & t su* a univ]se might la/ f et]nity to et]nity1 & if x might n be suppos$ t su* a sy/em c\ld cont9u\sly & )\t int]ruption af=d a habitation = animat$ be+s1 yet x might d s discont9u\sly & by fits & />ts1 its available en]gy be+ recruit$ by repeat$ collisions1 ext5d+ 9 a s]ies f et]nity to et]nity4 ,! life ( :ole sy/ems1 p]haps ev5 ( :ole galaxies1 w\ld ?us disappe>1 to be replac$ aft] myriads ( ages by ! feeble beg9n+s ( an entirely new ord] ( ?+s4 ,su* a hypo!sis no d\bt contemplates a ceaseless *ange1 & satisfies s f> ! requirem5ts ( en]gy4 ,b :ile ! /ructures built are p]i%able1 ! /ones out ( :i* !y are built--! atoms--are suppos$ to be et]nal4 ,x is ?is et]nity ( ! atom :i* vitiates ! hypo!sis1 = we %all %[ 9 ! sequel t ?is is a doctr9e :i* c only be held by ignor+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,inde$ we c h>dly escape f ! conclusion t ! visible univ]se mu/ 9 matt]1 z well z 9 trans=mable en]gy1 come to an end4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity ^u :i* all su* argum5ts are bas$ /ill dem&+ a cont9uance ( ! univ]se1 we are =c$ to believe t !re is some?+ beyond t :i* is visible1 or t1 to use ! words ( an old writ] 7:i* we h inscrib$ on our title-page71--#8! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal4' #he4 ,look+ back in/ead ( =w>d--to ! orig9 ( ?is visible univ]se1 r ?an to its end1 we are br\ght ev5 m def9itely to a simil> conclusion4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta91 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 t ! visible univ]se mu/ h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t2 b if x be all t exi/s1 !n ! fir/ abrupt manife/ation ( x is z truly a break ( cont9uity z its f9al ov]?r[4 ,x may s\nd /range to "s ( our read]s to be told t x is ! duty ( ! man ( sci5ce to pu% back ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause 9 "t z f> z possible2 nev]!less1 ?is accurately repres5ts ! "p 9 ! univ]se :i* he is call$ ^u to play4 ,we dig into ! cru/ ( ! e>? & f9d !re9 /ratifi$ deposits conta9+ fossil =ms1 & we may ei!r suppose t ,god creat$ ^! z !y are1 or t !y came into _! place ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural =ces1 & repres5t ! relics ( an anti5t _w ( life2 ! latt] ( ^! is und\bt$ly ! sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,! only o!r hypo!sis is t ( c]ta9 writ]s belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :o ass]t$ t ! devil put ! fossils !re4 ,or1 aga91 we may suppose t ,god creat$ ! sun1 plac$ ! e>? & ! o!r planets 9 _! pres5t orbits1 & gave !m ! requisite velocities1 all at once1 or t ! sol> sy/em gradually cond5s$ into its pres5t /ate f a *aotic mass ( nebul\s mat]ial2 c]ta9ly1 aga91 ! latt] is ! sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,9 l mann]1 if we c suppose any ph5om5on1 any condition$ ord] ( ?+s1 antec$5t to ! appe>ance ( ! visible univ]se1 we h ga9$ a /ep4 ,9 fact1 we conceive x to be ! duty ( ! man ( sci5ce to treat ! orig9al production ( ! visible univ]se j 9 ! same way z he w\ld any o!r ph5om5on4 ,x is no d\bt a v l>ge ?+1 b we mu/ n be t]rifi$ at m]e bigness1--we mu/ mete out ! same sci5tific measure to all ev5ts1 :e!r !y be great or small4 ,we !re=e welcome a hypo!sis l t ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1#cd :i* reg>ds ! primordial atoms ( ! visible univ]se z vortices someh[ produc$ 9 a pre-exi/+ p]fect fluid1 provid$ t su* a hypo!sis is o!rwise t5able4 #hf4 ,let n any ( our read]s reg>d ?is process z an attempt to drive ! ,creator out ( ! field altoge!r1 = ?is is mo/ assur$ly n ! case4 ,is x less rev]5t to reg>d ! univ]se z an illimitable av5ue :i* leads up to ,god1 ?an to look ^u x z a limit$ area b\nd$ by an imp5etrable wall1 :i*1 if we c\ld only pi]ce x1 w\ld admit u at once into ! pres5ce ( ! ,et]nal8 ,9 f9e1 we d n hesitate to ass]t t ! visible univ]se _c compreh5d ! :ole works ( ,god1 because x _h its beg9n+ 9 "t1 & w also come to an end4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 x =ms only an inf9itesimal portion ( t /up5d\s :ole :i* is alone entitl$ to be call$ ,,! ,,univ]se4 #hg4 ,we ?us see t ! extreme sci5tific s*ool1 z well z ! old !ological s*ool1 h err$ 9 _! conclusions1 because !y h nei!r ( !m loyally foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,! !ologians1 reg>d+ 7l ! anti5t philosoph]7 matt] & its laws ) contempt1 h )\t scruple assum$ t frequ5t invasions ( ^! laws c\ld be consi/5t ) a t5able hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! extreme sci5tific s*ool1 :5 !y 7 br\ght by ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity into su* a position t _! next logical /ep %\ld h be5 ! realisation ( ! unse51 fail$ to take x1 & h suff]$ griev\sly 9 consequ5ce4 #hh4 ,x rema9s n[1 be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 to sket* briefly ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity to ! problem we h 9 h&4 ,!re are ?ree conceivable suppositions ) ref]5ce to individual exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! result ( a transf]5ce f "o grade ( be+ to ano!r 9 ! pres5t visible univ]se2 or secondly1 ( a transf]5ce f ! visible univ]se to "s o!r ord] ( ?+s intimately connect$ ) x2 or la/ly1 we may conceive x to repres5t ! result ( a transf]5ce f ! pres5t visible univ]se to an ord] ( ?+s entirely unconnect$ ) x4 #hi4 ,?is la/ hypo!sis may h[ev] be v spe$ily dispos$ ( if we are to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,we h se5 t "o ( ! requisites = consci\s individual exi/5ce is an organ connect+ ! individual ) ! pa/4 ,n[1 7 we to suppose a transf]5ce ( liv+ be+s f ! pres5t visible univ]se to an ord] ( ?+s o!rwise entirely unconnect$ ) x1 ?is w\ld be a manife/ brea* ( ! law ( ,cont9uity4 ,imag9e ! utt] confusion into :i* ?is pres5t univ]se w\ld be plung$1 if a set ( inhabitants 7 transf]r$ into x hav+ organs connect+ !m ) a pa/ exi/5ce 9 an entirely diff]5t univ]se4 ,a confusion precisely simil> w\ld be occasion$ by c>ry+ out a transf] accord+ to ! hypo!sis 9 "q2 s t we are able at once to r$uce our suppositions to two3 ! fir/ involv+ a transf]5ce f "o grade to ano!r ( ! visible univ]se1 & ! second a transf]5ce f ! visible univ]se to "s o!r ord] ( ?+s intimately connect$ ) x4 #ij4 ,9 :at prec$es1 we h argu$ by anticipation t ! pres5t visible univ]se w become effete2 b 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s x w be necess>y to ma9ta9 ?is ass]tion by a m9ute exam9ation ( ^? laws :i* repres5t ! c\rse ( ?+s obs]v$ 9 ! pres5t univ]se4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ settle ! fitness or unfitness ( ! pres5t visible univ]se be=e we proce$ to discuss our second hypo!sis4 #ia4 ,b :e!r ! transf] be suppos$ to take place 9 ! visible univ]se1 or f x to ano!r intimately connect$ ) x1 ! subject 9 ei!r case is c]ta9ly "o on :i* we may legitimately employ our reason+ faculties4 ,s f> inde$ is ! subject f be+ "o :i* x w be utt]ly & = ev] useless to discuss1 t x has become our duty z well z our privilege to make ! attempt1 9 ! p]fect tru/ t "t w inevitably br+ tru? ) x4 ,we ?9k t ?is fact has be5 too mu* ov]look$ by ^? :om we may t]m ! mod]ate s*ool ( sci5tific ?9k]s4 ,n d5y+ ! possibility ( a future /ate1 !y h yet %runk f all attempts to inve/igate its conditions4 ,we are 9 hopes t a p]usal ( ?is volume w lead ^! writ]s to see t ! subject is "o :i* may be pr(itably discuss$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,physical ,,univ]se4 444 1 1 4-- 4 4 #8,! cl\d-capp'd t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1 ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all dissolve2 ,&1 l ?is insub/antial pageant1 fad$1 ,leave n a rack beh9d4'--,,%akespe>e1 ,tempe/4 #8,all worldly %apes %all melt 9 gloom1 ,! sun himself mu/ die ,be=e ?is mortal %all assume ,8 immortality4'--,,campbell4 #ib4 ,hav+ 9 ! la/ *apt] briefly indicat$ ! nature ( ! proposition :i* we int5d to br+ =w>d1 we mu/ next /udy1 z a prelim9>y to fur!r discussion1 :at sci5ce tells u ab\t ! pres5t physical univ]se3 :at are ! g5]al laws to :i* x is n[ subject2 :5 & :at mu/ h be5 its beg9n+2 :5 & :at w be its inevitable end4 ,we h be5 driv5 into becom+ accu/om$ to ! phrase1 #8! mat]ial univ]se1' :i* is g5]ally us$ 9 a s5se absolutely id5tical ) t :i* we h *os5 z ! title ( ?is *apt]4 ,we %all soon see t ! t]m is a v inapt "o1 inasmu* z matt] is 7?\gh x may s\nd p>adoxical to say s7 ! less important half ( ! mat]ial ( ! physical univ]se4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all /ill fur!r re/rict ourselves by omitt+1 z f> z possible1 any ref]5ce to life 7ev5 9 its l[e/ aspect71 & we likewise def] to a future *apt] our acc\nt ( ! m reasonable speculations :i* h be5 advanc$ ) reg>d to ! intimate /ructure ( matt] & e!r4 #ic4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s t !re has gradually dawn$ ^u ! m9ds ( sci5tific m5 ! conviction t !re is some?+ besides matt] or /uff 9 ! physical univ]se1 some?+ :i* has at lea/ z mu* claim z matt] to recognition z an objective reality1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 f> less directly obvi\s to our s5ses z su*1 & !re=e mu* lat] 9 be+ detect$4 ,s long z m5 spoke ( light1 heat1 electricity1 etc41 z impond]ables1 !y m]ely avoid$ or put aside ! difficulty4 ,:5 !y attempt$ to rank !m z matt]1--heat1 = in/ance1 z caloric1--!y at once fell into errors1 f :i* a clos] scrut9y ( exp]im5tal results w\ld assur$ly h sav$ !m4 ,! idea ( sub/ance or /uff z necess>y to objective exi/5ce v naturally arises f ord9>y obs]vations on matt]2 & z !re c\ld be little d\bt ( ! physical reality ( heat1 light1 etc41 ^! 7 9 e>ly times at once set d[n z matt]4 ,fire1 9 fact 7includ+1 x is to be presum$1 ev]y?+ :i* involv$ ei!r heat or flame1 real or app>5t71 0 9 e>ly times "o ( ! f\r s-call$ elem5ts4 ,9 ^? days ! sun 0 suppos$ to be only a great fire2 a lightn+-fla%1 an aurora1 or a comet1 0 m]ely a flame2 9 o!r words1 ! ess5ce ( all ^! 0 ! elem5t fire1 or1 z x 0 lat] call$1 caloric4 ,! sun1 except :5 he appe>$ z ! spread] ( pe/il5ce1 0 ! b5efic5t fire1 z 7 also "s ( ! planets2 ! lightn+1 ! comet1 ev5 ! moon & ,saturn1 7 baleful fires4 ,?is endeav\r to assign a sub/antive exi/5ce to e ph5om5on is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly natural2 b on t v acc\nt excessively likely to be wrong4 ,humanum e/ err>e comes ) q z mu* he>t-felt conviction ( its tru? f ! lips ( ! hone/ ,pagan z f ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian believ]2 ?\gh p]haps its mean+ may be consid]ably less ext5d$ 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] case4 #id4 ,b1 be=e discuss+ :at is t some?+ else besides /uff :i* has an objective ?\gh n a sub/antive#ce exi/5ce1 let u 9 ! fir/ place inquire into ! gr\nds ( our belief1 t matt] itself has a real exi/5ce ext]nal to u2 t1 9 fact1 ! s-call$ evid5ce ( our s5ses is n a m]e delusion4 ,!re is a /rong temptation to be metaphysical "h1 b we w endeav\r to resi/ x4 ,n[ physical sci5ce furni%es u ) ! foll[+ among _m o!r argum5ts 9 pro( ( ! reality ( ! ext]nal univ]se3-- ,exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d consi/5tly %[s u t we _c produce or de/roy ev5 ! smalle/ quantity ( matt]4 ,ex]cise our greate/ p[]s ( imag9ation1 d ) x :at we please1 we _c make our s5ses indicate to u an increase or dim9ution 9 a giv5 quantity ( :at we call matt]4 ,we f9d x s f> am5able to our control t we c alt] its arrangem5t1 =m1 d5sity1 /ate ( aggregation1 temp]ature1 etc42 nay1 by s approximat+ x to o!r matt] z to produce a *emical comb9ation1 we may entirely trans=m its appe>ance & prop]ties1--all b "o3 its mass or quantity is completely beyond our control4 ,measure x by :at process we please1 by ! #8muscul> s5se1' by weight1 anyh[1 !re x is1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( u1 laugh+ our ef=ts to scorn6 ,c ?is be a m]e m5tal idea :i* ! m9d t conceiv$ x 7or1 at all ev5ts1 9 "s way receiv$ ! conception ( x7 is unable to de/roy8 ,b !re is "o o!r argum5t on ?is po9t :i* mu/ be m5tion$4 ,n only d our own s5ses inv>iably indicate to u ! impossibility ( alt]+ ! quantity ( matt]1 b ! s5ses ( all m5 alike po9t to ! same quantity1 quality1 & collocation ( matt] 9 ! e>? & ext]nal to ! e>?4 ,:5ce ?is extraord9>y agreem5t betwe5 ! evid5ces ( ! s5ses 9 diff]5t m51 :5 ! m9ds are s diff]5t8 ,our conviction !n ( ! objective reality ( matt] 7at lea/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,natural ,philosoph]7 is bas$ ^u ! exp]im5tal tru? t we c nei!r increase nor dim9i% its quantity1 9 fact on :at we may conv5i5tly = our pres5t purpose call ! ,cons]vation ( ,matt]4 #ie4 ,"h let u pause = a mom5t to comp>e toge!r ?is view ( matt] & ! def9ition ( ! laws ( ! univ]se1 :i* we h already giv54 ,! laws ( ! univ]se we def9$ 7,art4 #ed7 to be ! laws accord+ to :i* ! be+s 9 ! univ]se are trammell$ by ! ,gov]nor !re( z reg>ds "t1 space1 & s5sation4 ,n[1 x may be ask$1 is ?is def9ition consi/5t ) a belief 9 ! objective reality ( matt]8 ,our reply is1 t to our m9ds ! two are 9 p]fect accordance4 ,we d n "h int5d to ent] into any metaphysical discussion4 ,x is en\gh = u to say t our practical work+ c]ta9ty ( ! reality ( matt] dep5ds ^u ! facts1 fir/ly1 t x (f]s resi/ance to our imag9ation & our w1 &1 secondly1 t 9 p>ticul> x (f]s absolute resi/ance to all attempts to *ange its quantity4 ,we %all soon see t exp]im5t tea*es u t bo? prop]ties belong to some?+ else4 #if4 ,return+ f ?is digression let u !re=e assume t ! objective reality ( ! ext]nal univ]se has be5 prov$1 & t ?is reality is /rongly impress$ ^u u 9 virtue ( t pr9ciple :i* we h call$ ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,b z soon z we grant ?is1 we are oblig$ by our reason1 h[ev] little our s5ses may incl9e u to x1 or r h[ev] mu* !y may dispose u aga9/ x1 to all[ objective reality to :atev] else may be f\nd to be 9 ! same s5se cons]v$4 7,we h "h italicis$ ^! f\r words = a reason :i* w aft]w>ds appe>47 ,?is is a "q :i* des]ves & mu/ secure c>eful consid]ation4 #ig4 ,9 ab/ract dynamics sev]al ?+s are said & ma!matically prov$ by d$uctions f exp]im5t to be cons]v$1 b "o only ( ^! 9 ! /rict s5se 9 :i* we h spok5 ( ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,we w exam9e !m briefly1 & our non-ma!matical read]s mu/ p>don u if we make use ( c]ta9 te*nical expressions belong+ to ! doma9 ( ma!matical physics4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial t ! read] %\ld h cle> notions on ^! po9ts1 = !re is widespread confusion & error z to ! mean+ ev5 ( s simple & elem5t>y a t]m z #8=ce4' ,he w (t5 f9d x us$ indiff]5tly 9 ei!r ( two s5ses :i* h no connection :atev] ) "o ano!r2 & unless he completely gets ov] ?is abuse ( language he ne$ n hope to be able to foll[ ! pres5t portion ( our prelim9>y argum5t4 ,=ce prop] is a pull1 pu%1 weight1 pressure1 etc41 & c be measur$1 9 ! v]nacul> ( eng9e]s1 z equival5t to s _m p\nds weight2 b ! unju/ifiable use ( ! ^w applies x to "w done by a =ce1 s _m p\nds rais$ s _m feet1 i4e4 =ce ov]come ?r\gh a space4 ,two su* ?+s are ( diff]5t k9ds1 & _c possibly be comp>$ toge!r4 ,!y diff] 9 fact 9 precisely ! same way z l5g? or bread? diff]s f sup]ficial area1 i4e4 z a l9e> foot diff]s f a squ>e foot6 ,& ! mod]n abuse ( ! ^w is m outrage\s1 alike to sci5ce & to common s5se1 ?an w\ld be ! attempt to assign ! height ( a m\nta9 9 acres6 ,= ! absurdity does n end ev5 "h4 ,we h1 z yet1 absolutely no pro( :atev] t =ce prop] has objective exi/5ce4 ,9 all probability !re is no su* ?+ z =ce 7:i* is sugge/$ to u by ! impressions ( our muscul> s5se71 any m ?an !re is su* a ?+ z ,s\nd1 or ,light1 :i* are m]e names = physical impressions produc$ ^u special n]ves by ! en]gy ( undulatory motions ( c]ta9 m$ia4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is a v conv5i5t "o = ! rate ( transf]5ce or trans=mation ( en]gy p] unit ( l5g? 9 a giv5 direction4 7#a47 ,cons]vation ( ,mom5tum4--,:at is und]/ood by ?is is a m]e direct consequ5ce ( ,newton's fir/ int]pretation ( 8 ,?ird ,law ( ,motion1 viz41 t ,action & ,reaction are equal & opposite4 ,9 ?is fir/ int]pretation ,newton tells u to consid] actions & reactions z =ces prop]1 or 7_! equival5ts7 quantities ( motion4 ,?is is ! t]m employ$ by ,newton2 b we n[ designate x mom5tum1 & measure x by ! product ( ! mass & ! velocity ( a body4 ,/at$ 9 its simple/ =m1 ?is law ass]ts t ! mom5tum ( a sy/em ( bodies1 measur$ 9 any direction :atev]1 is n alt]$ by _! mutual action1 :e!r t action be ( ! nature ( traction1 attraction1 repulsion1 or impact4 ,& we see at once f ?is ?ird law ( motion t x mu/ be s1 because ! *ange ( mom5tum1 9 any direction1 ( any "o "p ( ! sy/em1 p] unit ( "t1 is ! measure ( ! =ce act+ on t "p 9 t direction4 ,:atev] mom5tum 9 ?is p>ticul> direction is ga9$ by "o memb] ( ! sy/em mu/ h be5 lo/ by o!r memb]s1 b n f _! :ole mom5tum1 m]ely f ! "p ( x 9 ?is direction4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! 7algebraic7 sum ( ! mom5ta g5]at$ by ! mutual actions ( ! sy/em is z]o4 ,^! mom5ta are 9 fact direct$ magnitudes 7l ! =ces ( :i* !y are ! measure71 & are !re=e capable ( cancell+ "o ano!r :5 _! num]ical am\nts are equal & _! directions are opposite4 ,9 ?is s5se ! cons]vation is ( ! same nature z t ( ! imag9$ electric or magnetic fluids1 :]e no portion :atev] ( "o k9d c be produc$ )\t ! simultane\s appe>ance ( an equal quantity ( ! o!r1 a quantity j capable ( neutralis+ x4 ,?is is obvi\sly n 9 any s5se analog\s to ! ,cons]vation ( ,matt] ( :i* we h j spok54 ,z an illu/ration take a load$ cannon4 ,be=e fir+1 nei!r cannon nor ball _h mom5tum4 ,aft] fir+1 ! ball has a c]ta9 mom5tum1 ! cannon 79 virtue ( its recoil7 an equal & opposite mom5tum4 ,if we c\ld exactly rev]se ! motions ( ! cannon & ball j z !y sep>ate1 ! impact betwe5 !m w\ld j r$uce ea* to re/1 & no mom5tum w\ld be left4 ,consid]$ sep>ately aft] ! dis*>ge1 ea* has mom5tum1 b 9 ! complete sy/em ( cannon & ball !re is no mom5tum--!re be+ equal quantities ( positive & negative1 9 ! same l9e4 ,9 fact mom5tum _c be produc$ or de/roy$ 9 any sy/em z a :ole4 ,?is is ! ,cons]vation ref]r$ to4 ,x is z if a man always :5 he receiv$ a sum ( money fell to ! same am\nt 9 debt--! /ate ( 8 affairs1 z %[n by 8 books1 w\ld ( c\rse n be alt]$4 7#b47 ,cons]vation ( ,mom5t ( ,mom5tum4--,"h we deal ) quantities ( ! ord] ( ! mom5ts ( =ces ab\t an axis1 i4e4 c\ples 9 ,po9sot's s5se4 ,^! also are direct$ magnitudes dep5d+ = _! cons]vation ^u ! fir/ int]pretation ( ,newton's ?ird law1 & !re=e ! same rem>ks apply to !m z to ! prec$+4 7#c47 ,cons]vation ( ,vis ,viva4--,vis viva is ! old "n = en]gy ( motion or ! consequ5t p[] ( do+ "w4 ,we n[ deal ) quantities :i* _c possess direction1 because !y are ess5tially products ( pairs ( quantities simil>ly direct$1 & are !re=e all to be treat$ z ( ! same algebraic sign1 or r 7to adopt ! language ( ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,hamilton7 z signless quantities4 ,) su* !re c ( c\rse be no cancell+4 ,to make our mean+ cle>1 let u consid] ^u :at vis viva dep5ds4 ,x dep5ds ^u & is proportional to ! product ( ! mass into ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,comp>e1 or r contra/1 ?is ) ! def9ition ( mom5tum giv5 above1 & x w be se5 t vis viva is ! product ( ! mom5tum & ! velocity4 ,n[ mass is ( c\rse a signless quantity2 evid5tly we _c h negative mass4 ,!n ) reg>d to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 ?is w be positive :e!r ! velocity be positive or negative1 :e!r x be 9 "o direction or ! opposite4 ,vis viva1 !re=e1 or en]gy ( motion1 is some?+ :i* is n affect$ ) ! sign ( direction1 or1 z we h already said1 x is a signless quantity4 ,x is f\nd to be conv5i5t to measure x z half ! product ( ! mov+ mass into ! squ>e ( its velocity4 ,s measur$1 x is n[ call$ 7see #ii7 k9etic en]gy4 ,n[ to our cannon aga94 ,be=e fir+ !re is no vis viva ( ei!r cannon or ball4 ,aft] fir+ ea* has vis viva1 b t ( ! ball is great] ?an t ( ! cannon 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! cannon's mass exce$s t ( ! ball4 ,& ! sy/em z a :ole has vis viva ?\gh x has no mom5tum4 ,if1 z be=e1 we c\ld rev]se ! motions ( cannon & ball1 !n1 ev5 :5 !y imp+$1 ! vis viva w\ld n be lo/4 ,z w pres5tly be se51 x w\ld be employ$ 9 heat+ bo? ! imp++ bodies4 #ih4 ,we h said t ! en]gy :i* a body conta9s--its vis viva--its p[] ( do+ "w1 is indep5d5t ( ! direction 9 :i* x is mov+2 &1 fur!r1 t :ile ! mass is ! same1 x is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,= in/ance1 we may measure ! en]gy ( a cannon-ball or ( an arr[ by ! di/ance x w c>ry itself up aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity1 repres5t$ by its own weight1 :5 %ot v]tically upw>ds1 & we f9d t ) a d\ble velocity x w g f\r times z high4 ,or we may po9t ! cannon horizontally1 & measure ! en]gy ( ! same ball by ! numb] ( planks ( oak wood :i* x c p5etrate1 & we %all f9d t a ball ) d\ble ! velocity w p5etrate ne>ly f\r times z _m z "o ) ! s+le velocity4 ,all su* exp]im5ts concur toge!r 9 conv9c+ u t ! en]gy ( ! ball is indep5d5t ( ! direction 9 :i* ! cannon is po9t$1 & is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 s t a d\ble velocity w give a f\rfold en]gy4 #ii4 ,we h j n[ spok5 ab\t a cannon-ball fir$ into ! air aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,su* a ball1 z x m\nts1 w ea* mom5t lose "p ( its velocity1 until x f9ally comes to a /&/ill1 aft] :i* x w beg9 to desc5d4 ,:5 x is j turn+ x is p]fectly h>mless1 & if we 7 /&+ on ! top ( a cliff to :i* x _h j rea*$1 we might )\t dang] cat* x 9 our arms & lodge x on ! cliff4 ,its en]gy has app>5tly disappe>$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 see :e!r ?is is really true or n4 ,x 0 fir$ up at u1 let u say1 by a foe at ! bottom ( ! cliff1 & ! ?\ght occurs to u to drop x d[n ^u him aga91 :i* we d ) great success1 = he is sma%$ to pieces by ! ball4 ,9 tru?1 dynamics in=ms u t su* a ball w aga9 /rike ! gr\nd ) a velocity1 & !re=e ) an en]gy precisely equal to t ) :i* x 0 orig9ally project$ upw>ds4 ,n[1 :5 at ! top ( ! cliff1 if x _h n ! en]gy due to actual motion1 x _h nev]!less "s sort ( en]gy due to its elevat$ position1 = x _h obvi\sly ! p[] ( do+ "w4 ,a pond ( /ill wat]1 unless x c fall1 i4e4 unless x has :at is te*nically call$ a #8head1' is ( no use 9 driv+ a wat]-:eel4 ,! head1 or ! p[] ( desc5d+1 gives x a /ore ( dormant en]gy1 :i* becomes active z ! wat] gradually desc5ds4 ,& ! same am\nt ( "w may be obta9$ 7by means ( a turb9e = in/ance7 f a small quantity ( wat]1 provid$ x has a great #8head1' z c be obta9$ 7by means ( an ord9>y ov]%ot or brea/ :eel7 f wat] ) f> less head1 provid$ x be suppli$ 9 proportionally great] quantity4 ,we ?us recognise two =ms ( en]gy :i* *ange into "o ano!r1 ! "o due to actual motion & ! o!r to position2 ! =m] ( ^! is g5]ally call$ k9etic1 & ! latt] pot5tial en]gy4 ,all ?is appe>s to h be5 cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ,newton1 :o gave x z a second int]pretation ( 8 ,?ird ,law ( ,motion4 ,8 /atem5t is equival5t1 9 mod]n language1 to ! foll[+3#cf--,"w done on any sy/em ( bodies has its equival5t 9 ! =m ( "w done aga9/ friction1 molecul> =ces1 or gravity1 if !re be no accel]ation2 b if !re be accel]ation1 "p ( ! "w is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ resi/ance to accel]ation1 & ! additional k9etic en]gy develop$ is equival5t to ! "w s sp5t4 #ajj4 ,?us ,newton expressly tells u 7?\gh n 9 ^! words7 t we are to include 9 ! same category "w done by or aga9/ a =ce--:e!r t =ce be due to gravity1 friction1 or molecul> action 7su* z ela/icity1 = in/ance71 or ev5 to accel]ation4 7a47 ,:5 "w is done aga9/ gravity1 z 9 lift+ a mass f ! gr\nd1 we h j se5 t x is 7z x 77 /or$ up 9 ! rais$ mass2 we c recov] x at any "t by lett+ ! mass desc5d4 ,?us x is t we furni% a clock ) motive p[] suffici5t to keep x go+ = a week 9 spite ( friction & o!r resi/ance1 by simply w9d+ up its weights4 7b47 ,:5 "w is done aga9/ molecul> =ces1 we h a simil> /or+ up1 z1 = in/ance1 9 draw+ a b[ or 9 w9d+ up a wat*4 7c47 ,:5 "w is done aga9/ ! in]tia ( a body1 i4e4 to accel]ate its velocity1 ,newton's def9itions %[ t ! additional k9etic en]gy s produc$ is equal to ! "w s sp5t4 7d47 ,9 ab/ract dynamics we simply consid] z lo/ ! "w sp5t aga9/ friction4 ,9 ,newton's "t x 0 n kn[n :at became ( x4 #aja4 ,leav+ out1 !n1 = ! pres5t1 ! f\r? alt]native1 we see t :atev] "w is sp5t1 we mu/1 accord+ to ,newton1 ev5 9 ab/ract dynamics recognise t x is n lo/1 b only trans=m$ into an equival5t quantity /or$ up = future use1 ei!r 9 a quiesc5t =m 7z1 = in/ance1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( a rais$ weight or b5t spr+71 or 9 an active =m 7z ! k9etic en]gy ( a mov+ mass74 ,"h1 !n1 at la/1 we recognise ! same sort ( cons]vation z t :i* we f\nd 9 matt]4 ,b ! /atem5t s f> is defective1 z we h se51 9 "o p>ticul>4 ,:at becomes ( "w sp5t 9 ov]com+ friction8 or :at becomes ( ! en]gy ( ! blacksmi?'s hamm] aft] x has /ruck ! anvil8 ,to ?is exp]im5t alone c give ! answ]4 ,let u see :at x has told u4 ,man has be5 call$ a reason+ animal1 a laugh+ animal1 etc41 accord+ to ! mom5t>y :im or hum\r ( ! classifi]2 b he is p]haps /ill m def9itely sep>at$ f all o!r animals :5 specifi$ z ! #8cook+ animal4' ,n[1 x has always appe>$ to u z some?+ little %ort ( m>vell\s t1 ev5 = ! high purpose ( cook+ 8 food1 or ( inflict+ exquisite torture on a vanqui%$ foe1 savage man %\ld ev] h hit ^u ! process ( procur+ fire by friction4 ,consid]+ 8 condition1 & comp>+ 8 opportunities & 8 success ) ^? ( ev5 our greate/ mod]n physici/s1 we _c b look ^u ?is z "o ( ! v greate/ & mo/ notable discov]ies ev] made 9 physics4 ,all ! m notable1 too1 f ! fact t a man l ,newton1 ?\gh ( c\rse aw>e ( x1 absolutely miss$ its significance ev5 at ! v mom5t :5 x alone 0 want$ to fill a s]i\s lacuna 9 "o ( 8 gr&e/ & mo/ important practical g5]alisations4 ,! miss+ l9k 0 all b suppli$ by ,rum=d & ,davy at ! v end ( la/ c5tury4 ,rum=d's boil+ ( wat] by ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! bor+ ( a cannon1 & ,davy's melt+ ( ice by friction 9 vacuo1 7 ea* conclusively demon/rative alike ( ! non-mat]iality ( heat & ( ! ultimate fate ( "w sp5t 9 friction1 :i* is ?us se5 to be conv]t$ into heat2 or at lea/ ^! exp]im5ts c\ld easily h be5 made demon/rative by v slight additions to1 or modifications (1 _! au?or's me?ods or reason+4 ,b ! exact & =mal enuntiation ( ! equival5ce ( heat & "w requir$ to fill ! lacuna 9 ,newton's /atem5t 0 fir/ giv5 by ,davy 9 #ahab4 #ajb4 ,let u "h pause = a mom5t & contemplate ! position to :i* ! solution ( our problem _h ev5 !n atta9$4 ,visible k9etic en]gy1 su* z t ( a cannon-ball %ot upw>ds1 is trans=m$ z x rises into visible pot5tial en]gy4 ,z ! ball desc5ds its en]gy is retrans=m$ f ! pot5tial into ! k9etic v>iety until1 :5 x is ab\t to /rike ! e>?1 x has1 or r w\ld h if !re 7 no atmosph]e1 z mu* k9etic en]gy z x _h :5 x 0 fir/ %ot upw>ds4 ,:5 ! ball has once /ruck ! e>? its k9etic en]gy ( visible motion is *ang$ by impact into t k9etic en]gy ( invisible motion ( its p>ticles :i* is call$ heat2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 9 all cases ( friction1 p]cussion1 & atmosph]ic resi/ance we h a *ange ( visible en]gy into heat1 z = in/ance :5 a railway tra9 is /opp$ by ! action ( ! brake1 :5 a blacksmi? /rikes ! anvil ) 8 hamm]1 :5 a cannon-ball moves ?r\gh & heats ! air1 or :5 a meteorite or fall+-/> is r5d]$ inc&esc5t by ! resi/ance x meets ) ev5 9 ! high] & r>] /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we _h ?us come to ! /age ( reg>d+ heat z a species ( molecul> en]gy into :i* visible en]gy is (t5 trans=m$1 & v soon aft]w>ds x came to be p]ceiv$ t !re 7 o!r =ms ( molecul> en]gy besides heat--"s ( ^! be+ pot5tial & "s k9etic4 ,?us two sub/ances may possess mutual *emical aff9ity :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 j z a rais$ /one t5ds to fall aga9 to ! e>?1 & we obta9 a =m ( pot5tial en]gy 9 ! "o case z truly z 9 ! o!r4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we h c>bon or coal 9 our cell>s or our m9es1 & oxyg5 9 ! air1 we are 9 possession ( a /ore ( *emical pot5tial en]gy ^u :i* we c draw at any mom5t & *ange x dur+ ! process ( combu/ion f ! pot5tial to ! k9etic =m4 ,aga91 9 a curr5t ( electricity we h no d\bt a species ( k9etic en]gy1 al?\gh x /ill puzzles m5 ( sci5ce to say :at =m ( invisible motion su* a curr5t implies4 ,f all ?is1 )\t be+ fur!r p]plex$ ) sci5tific details1 our read]s w p]ceive t !re are _m diff]5t =ms1 "s ( !m pot5tial1 & o!rs ( !m k9etic1 9 :i* en]gy may appe>4 ,:ile we 7 ?us grasp+ ! fact t en]gy c appe> "u v>i\s =ms1 we 7 also beg9n+ to p]ceive t x _h great p[]s ( transmutation--go+ ab\t f "o =m to ano!r1 & ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove did good "w at ?is /age ( ! inquiry 9 br++ toge!r ! v>i\s cases ( su* transmutations 9 8 "w on ! ,correlation ( ! ,physical ,=ces4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 x 0 left = ,j\le & ,cold+1 :o work$ almo/ simultane\sly & by well-devis$ exp]im5tal me?ods f ab\t ! ye> #ahdj1 indep5d5tly to discov]1 & by degrees to enuntiate1 by means ( argum5ts f\nd$ on ! only admissible basis--exp]im5t1 ! gr& law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,9 its mo/ g5]al =m1 ! /atem5t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is m]ely a complet$ v]sion ( ! passage we h already quot$ f ,newton2 & ! exp]im5tal discov]ies ( ,rum=d & ,davy1 ext5d$ & complet$ by ,j\le & ,cold+1 all[ u n[ to put ,newton's second or alt]native int]pretation ( 8 ,?ird ,law ( ,motion into ! mod]n /atem5t ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,9 any sy/em ( bodies :atev]1 to :i* no en]gy is communicat$ by ext]nal bodies1 & :i* p>ts ) no en]gy to ext]nal bodies1 ! sum ( ! v>i\s pot5tial & k9etic en]gies rema9s = ev] unalt]$4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! "o =m ( en]gy becomes *ang$ into ! o!r1--pot5tial into k9etic & k9etic into pot5tial1 or "o species ( ei!r into ano!r2--yet ea* *ange repres5ts at once a creation ( "o k9d ( en]gy & a simultane\s & equal annihilation ( ano!r1 ! total en]gy pres5t1 z we h already said1 rema9+ = ev] unalt]$4 #ajc4 ,tak+ z our #8sy/em ( bodies' ! :ole physical univ]se1 we n[ see t1 accord+ to ! te/ we h already laid d[n1 en]gy has z mu* claim to be reg>d$ z an objective reality z matt] itself4 ,b ! =ms ( /atem5t are mo/ m>k$ly diff]5t = ! two4 ,we be=e spoke ( ! quantity ( matt] )\t qualification1 b we n[ speak ( ! sum ( ! two k9ds ( en]gy4 ,let u ?9k = a mom5t ( ?is1 & we see t :]eas 7to our pres5t k1 at lea/7 matt] is always ! same1 ?\gh x may be mask$ 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 en]gy is con/antly *ang+ ! =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself4 ,! "o is l ! et]nal1 un*angeable ,fate or ,necessitas ( ! anti5ts2 ! o!r is ,proteus himself 9 ! v>iety & rapidity ( its trans=mations4 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' 4#cg #ajd4 ,& aga91 en]gy is ( use to u solely because x is con/antly be+ trans=m$4 ,:5 ! sluice is %ut1 or ! fire put out1 ! ma*9]y /ops2 :5 a man _c dige/ 8 food1 he breaks d[n altoge!r4 ,coal 9 itself1 except on acc\nt ( an occasional fossil x may conta91 or its /ill some:at unc]ta9 mode ( =mation1 or 7to take a l[] po9t ( view7 z a mat]ial = ornam5t1 is a v useless ?+ inde$3 its gr& value consi/s 9 its *emical aff9ity1 9 virtue ( :i* x possesses great pot5tial en]gy z reg>ds ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 :i* c v easily be trans=m$ into its equival5t 9 heat4 #8,keep y\r p[d] dry' is m]ely "o way ( say+ #8pres]ve ! ready trans=mability ( y\r en]gy4' ,9 fact1 if we ?9k = a mom5t ov] :at has j be5 said1 to ! effect t ! only real ?+s 9 ! physical univ]se are matt] & en]gy1 & t ( ^! matt] is simply passive1 x is obvi\s t all ! physical *anges :i* take place1 includ+ ^? :i* are insep>ably associat$ ) ! ?\ghts z well z ! actions ( liv+ be+s1 are m]ely trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,?us x is an inquiry ( ! v utmo/ importance z reg>ds ! pres5t univ]se3 ,are all =ms ( en]gy equally susceptible ( trans=mation8 ,to see ! importance ( ?is "q1 ! read] has only to reflect t if !re be any "o =m ( en]gy less readily or less completely trans=mable ?an ! o!rs1 & if trans=mations con/antly g on1 m & m ( ! :ole en]gy ( ! univ]se w inevitably s9k into ?is l[] grade z "t advances4 ,h5ce ! :ole possibility ( trans=mation mu/ /eadily gr[ less & less2 9 sci5tific language1 ?\gh ! quantity ( en]gy rema9s = ev] un*ang$1 its availability /eadily decreases4 #aje4 ,n[1 e "o kn[s a case 9 :i* !re may be an unlimit$ am\nt ( en]gy pres5t1 no "p ( :i* is available = trans=mation4 ,x is ! simple "o ( heat 9 a numb] ( bodies1 :5 all are at ! same temp]ature4 ,to obta9 "w f heat we mu/ h hott] & cold] bodies1 to correspond1 z x 71 ) ! boil] & cond5s] ( a heat-eng9e2 & j z we c get no "w f /ill wat] if x be all at ! same level1 i4e4 if no "p ( x c fall1 s 9 l mann] we c get no "w f heat unless "p ( x c fall f a high] to a l[] temp]ature4 ,?is is a rem>k ( ! v utmo/ consequ5ce to our argum5t1 & mu/ !re=e be fully elucidat$4 ,un=tunately x is n z yet possible to d ?is )\t introduc+ a good _m sci5tific te*nicalities :i* are unsuit$ to ! great majority ( read]s4 ,9 ! next eight sections we endeav\r to expla9 x z simply z we c4 ,! read] :o _c easily foll[ u may pass1 )\t break ( cont9uity 9 ! argum5t1 at once to ,art4 #aad4 99 #ajf4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! inve/igation ( ! trans=mation ( heat into "w 0 tak5 by ,sadi ,c>not 9 #ahbd3 a /ep :i* has rec5tly be5 f\nd ( ine/imable value 9 e bran* ( mod]n physical sci5ce4 ,he devis$ a me?od ( />tl+ orig9ality = ! purpose ( attack+ ?is special "q ( ! production ( "w f heat4 ,8 inf]5ces f its application 7 n all correct2 ?is 0 due h[ev] to no fault ( ! me?od1 b to ! fact t he un=tunately assum$ 7?\gh ) caution1 & "u a prote/ almo/ am\nt+ to an ass]tion ( ! opposite7 ! mat]iality ( heat4 ,8 me?od embraces two p]fectly new ideas3-- 7#a47 ,t1 at lea/ ) our pres5t k1 no inf]5ce is possible z to ! relation betwe5 heat & "w1 until ! heat$ or work+ sub/ance is br\ght back1 aft] a complete ,cycle ( op]ations1 to its initial physical /ate4 ,obvi\s z ?is /atem5t1 once made1 is1 x 0 altoge!r ignor$ 7tw5ty ye>s aft] ,c>not7 by ,sgu9 & ,may]1 :om "s au?ors /ill p]si/ 9 sett+ =? z ! f\nd]s ( ! dynamical !ory ( heat4 ,_! speculations 7 entirely vitiat$ by _! violation ( ?is pr9ciple4 7#b47 ,t an eng9e ^: cycle ( op]ations is rev]sible is a p]fect eng9e1 t is to say1 gives ! greate/ possible am\nt ( "w f a giv5 quantity ( heat ) any assign$ temp]atures ( boil] & cond5s]4 ,! t]m rev]sible is n "h us$ 9 ! popul> s5se 9 :i* a m]e rev]sal ( ! direction ( motion ( ea* "p is contemplat$1 i4e4 :at w\ld be m prop]ly t]m$ #8back+1' x is us$ 9 ! high] s5se ( tak+ an eng9e :i* conv]ts a c]ta9 quantity ( ! heat sp5t on x into "w1 :ile x lets ! re/ d[n f ! boil] to ! cond5s]1 & !n sp5d+ ^u x ! same am\nt ( "w ) ! result ( tak+ back ! heat f ! cond5s]1 add+ !reto ! heat-equival5t ( ! "w s sp5t1 & ?us re/or+ ! :ole ( its orig9al loss 9 heat to ! boil]2 simply 9 fact rev]s+ all ! results ( ! direct action4#ch 99 #ajg4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 9 #ahdh1 0 ! fir/ to recall att5tion to ! "w ( ,c>not1 aft] ,cold+ & ,j\le _h publi%$ _! exp]im5tal discov]ies2 & he po9t$ out t ! action ( ! rev]sible eng9e gave :at _h be5 up to t "t va9ly s\ght1 an absolute def9ition ( temp]ature--a def9ition1 t is1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! prop]ties ( any p>ticul> species ( matt]4 ,9 fact x is obvi\s t z rev]sibility 9 ! s5se we h j expla9$ is ! /amp ( p]fection 9 a heat-eng9e1 all rev]sible eng9es1 :atev] be ! work+ sub/ance1 w1 "u ! same circum/ances1 t is to say1 ) ! same temp]atures ( boil] & cond5s]1 conv]t ! same fraction ( ! heat sp5t on !m into "w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 /ill leaves wide scope = *oice ( a def9ition ( temp]ature3 b t f9ally det]m9$ on by ,?omson 0 *os5 79 consequ5ce ( a h9t f "s exp]im5tal results ( ,j\le7 s z to make ! absolute measurem5t agree ne>ly ) t ( ! long-famili> air-!rmomet]4 ,x !re=e /&s z foll[s3-- ,! heat tak5 9 by a p]fect eng9e is to ! heat giv5 out by x 9 ! same proportion z ! absolute temp]ature ( ! boil] to t ( ! cond5s]4 ,( c\rse x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t x is only ! excess ( ! heat tak5 9 ov] t giv5 out by any eng9e t c h be5 conv]t$ into available "w4 ,?is foll[s at once f ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by ,j\le & ,?omson#ci toge!r h %[n t ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature is ne>ly #bgd bel[ z]o ( ! c5tigrade scale2 s t on ! absolute scale ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice is #bgd1 :ile t ( wat] boil+ "u ! /&>d pressure is #cgd4 99 #ajh4 ,9 #ahdi ,james ,?omson made a v rem>kable application ( ,c>not's reason+1 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( su* applications :i* h s9ce done imm5se s]vice 9 ! ext5sion ( almo/ e bran* ( physics4 ,he %[$ 9 fact t1 because wat] exp&s 9 ! act ( freez+1 ! melt+ po9t ( ice mu/ be l[]$ by pressure4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson 9 ! same ye> v]ifi$ ?is d$uction1 to its num]ical details1 by direct exp]im5t4 ,trifl+ z ! pr$ict$ & measur$ effect appe>s 7"o degree c5tigrade = ea* #bjjj lbs4 additional pressure p] squ>e in*71 !re c n[ be no d\bt t x goes at lea/ v f> to expla9 ! v>i$ effects ( ! extraord9>y pla/icity ( glaci]-ice s beautifully made out by ! direct measurem5ts ( ,=bes4 99 #aji4 ,we h said t ,c>not un=tunately bas$ 8 reason+ on ! assum$ mat]iality 7& !re=e inde/ructibility7 ( heat4 ,x !re=e became a "q ( great importance to f9d h[ prop]ly to adapt 8 me?ods to ! true !ory4 ,james ,?omson's v]ifi$ pr$iction _h already giv5 a correct & absolutely new physical result f ,c>not's pr9ciples4 ,h[ !n mu/ we get rid ( 8 false assumption8 ,clausius attempt$ ?is 9 #ahej1 b 8 me?od is bas$ solely ^u ! obs]v$ fact t 9 g5]al heat t5ds f hott] to cold] bodies4 ,?is we "k is n always ! case1 = a f9e wire may be made r$-hot by ! curr5t f a !rmo-electric batt]y 7( a suffici5t numb] ( pairs7 :]e ice & boil+ wat] alone are us$ to cool & heat ! alt]nate junctions4 ,"h heat c]ta9ly passes f cold] bodies to a hott] "o4 ,clausius1 no d\bt1 sev]al ye>s lat]1 ext5d$ 8 orig9al /atem5t1 s z to make x /& ?us3--,heat _c ( itself pass f a cold] to a hott] body4 ,we d n consid] ev5 ?is suffici5tly obvi\s = an axiom1 7 x c]ta9ly true1 b1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 x is n4 ,9 fact ! s-call$ axiom is con/antly be+ violat$1 ?\gh on a v small scale1 9 e mass ( gas4 99 #aaj4 ,x 0 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson#dj :o 79 #ahea7 fir/ correctly adapt$ ,c>not's magnific5tly orig9al me?ods to ! true !ory ( heat2 & x is especially notewor?y to rem>k h[1 ev5 at t e>ly "t1 he saw ! full dang] ( attempt+ to lay d[n any?+ too def9ite on ! subject4 ,! foll[+ is ! axiom he gives3-- #8,x is impossible by means ( inanimate mat]ial ag5cy to d]ive me*anical effect f any portion ( matt] by cool+ x bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! colde/ ( ! surr\nd+ objects4' ,b he app5ds ! foll[+ gu>d$ note3-- #8,if ?is axiom be d5i$ = all temp]atures1 x w\ld h to be admitt$ t a self-act+ ma*9e might be set to "w & produce me*anical effect by cool+ ! sea or e>?1 ) no limit b ! total loss ( heat f ! e>? & sea1 or1 9 reality1 f ! :ole mat]ial _w4' ,! full importance ( ?is w appe> pres5tly4 ,to ^? :o c accept ,?omson's axiom ) ! explanation app5d$ to x1 ,c>not's proposition t a rev]sible eng9e is p]fect 79 ! s5se ( be+ ! be/ possible7 is demon/rat$ at once1 z foll[s1 ex absurdo4 ,suppose !re c\ld be an eng9e1 ,m1 m p]fect ?an a rev]sible eng9e1 ,n4 ,set ! two to "w toge!r z a comp\nd eng9e1 ,m lett+ d[n heat f boil] to cond5s]1 & do+ "w2 ,n sp5d+ "w 9 pump+ back aga9 ! heat to ! boil]4 ,if ,n be made to re/ore to ! boil] at e /roke exactly :at ,m takes f x1 ! comp\nd eng9e w d ext]nal "w1 =1 by hypo!sis1 ,m is m p]fect ?an ,n4 ,:5ce does ! "w come8 ,n f ! boil]1 = x rema9s z x 04 ,h5ce ,n mu/ take m heat f ! cond5s] ?an ,m gives x2 i4e4 y get "w by cool+ ! cond5s]4 ,c>ry ! reason+ a little fur!r1 & we see t if ! excess ( "w giv5 by ,m 7 sp5t ^u ,n1 & ?us no "w on ! :ole ei!r sp5t or giv5 out1 ! cond5s] w\ld be /ill fur!r cool$1 & ! boil] heat$6 ,?is1 to mo/ p1 w\ld seem to imply an ample r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,b ,cl]k-,maxwell has %[n x to be physically possible1 & has ?us ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ ,?omson's caution ab\t 8 axiom4 ,z ?is is a po9t ( v great importance1 we (f] no excuse = treat+ x pretty fully4 99 #aaa4 ,cl]k-,maxwell's reason+ is giv5 z dep5d+ ^u ! molecul> !ory ( gases1 b ! only necessity = s re/rict+ x appe>s to be t we !reby connect ! reason+ m directly ) ,heat1 :i*1 on ?is !ory1 is suppos$ to be ! en]gy ( motion ( ! molecules ( ! gas4 ,! illu/ration1 h[ev]1 is m g5]al1 & at ! same "t m simple1 if we d n at fir/ ref] ei!r to heat or to ! molecul> hypo!sis ( ! con/itution ( gases1 b treat ! "q simply z "o conc]n+ ! possible motions ( a numb] ( little mat]ial p>ticles4 ,assume1 !n1 t a great numb] ( small equal sph]ical p>ticles ( matt] are enclos$ 9 a vessel ( any =m1 & assume fur!r t 7ei!r by collision or by repulsive =ce7 ea* ( ^! has ! p[] ( reb\nd+ f ano!r or f ! wall ( ! vessel1 z if x 7 ela/ic1 & _h unit co-effici5t ( re/itution1#da z def9$ 9 treatises on natural philosophy4 ,!n x c be %[n1 z a matt] ( direct calculation1 t--/>t ^! p>ticles z we please1 9 all sorts ( directions1 & ) velocities z v>i$ z we please--aft] a "t1 :i* w be %ort] z ! numb] ( p>ticles is great]1 a sort ( p]man5t /ate w be arriv$ at 9 :i* a c]ta9 law ( di/ribution ( velocity prevails among ! p>ticles 7! same law z t ( ! ,probability ( ,error1 z x is te*nically call$71 ! great] numb] ( !m hav+ ne>ly ! mean squ>e velocity1 & ^? :i* h mu* less or m ?an t be+ few] & few] z ! defect or excess is great]4 ,! t5d5cy is to an av]age di/ribution ( ^! v>ieties ( velocity ?r\gh\t ! vessel1 & ! impacts on ! sides w ?us be ne>ly ! same on e squ>e in* ( its surface4 ,aft] ?is !re is--always provid$ ! p>ticles be suffici5tly num]\s--no p]ceptible *ange 9 ! /ati/ics ( ! gr\p1 except 9 s f> z conc]ns individual p>ticles1 :i* may sometimes be mov+ ) great1 sometimes ) v small1 velocity1 b :i*1 9 ! long-run1 w f> m (t5 be mov+ ) ! mean squ>e velocity1 or at lea/ "s velocity v ne> x4 ,h5ce1 9 no "p ( ! vessel w ! av]age en]gy be s5sibly great] ?an 9 ano!r1 & !re=e 7s f> z ! cont5ts ( ! vessel alone are conc]n$7 !re is no possibility ( gett+ "w f !m4 ,b by enli/+ 9 our s]vice conceivable f9ite be+s 7imag9$ by ,cl]k-,maxwell1 & call$ demons by ,?omson71 x w\ld be possible mat]ially to alt] ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ev5 al?\gh ^! be+s %\ld d absolutely no "w4 99 #aab4 ,= suppose a firm p>tition1 full ( little doors 7!mselves )\t mass7 to be plac$ s z to divide ! vessel into two1 & set a demon at ea* door1 ) in/ructions to op5 x = an in/ant :5ev] he sees he c !reby let a quick-mov+ p>ticle escape f ! fir/ comp>tm5t to ! second1 or a sl[-mov+ p>ticle f ! second into ! fir/4 ,!n1 because ! t5d5cy is n to a uni=m di/ribution ( velocity among ! p>ticles1 b to a di/ribution :i* involves quick] & sl[] 9 c]ta9 proportions1 we may imag9e ?is process to be c>ri$ on long en\gh to make a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! av]age velocities ( ! p>ticles 9 ! two comp>tm5ts1 ?\gh ! numb]s ( p>ticles 9 ea* comp>tm5t may rema9 almo/ un*ang$4 ,! consequ5ce w ( c\rse be a great] pressure p] squ>e in* on ! walls ( ! second comp>tm5t ?an ( ! fir/2 & ?us1 if ! p>tition wall 7 moveable1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w might be obta9$ by all[+ x to move4 ,?us a gr\p ( p>ticles orig9ally incapable1 )\t ext]nal assi/ance1 ( do+ "w1 may be r5d]$ capable ( do+ "w by m]e guidance appli$ by f9ite intellig5ce4 99 #aac4 ,n[ let u ref] = a mom5t to ! molecul> !ory ( gases1 & we see t :at ! demons 7)\t any exp5diture ( "w1 ea* be+1 s f> z he is requir$1 virtually a comb9ation ( two intellig5t p]fect eng9es1 "o work+ direct1 ! o!r rev]s$7 h guid$ ! gas to d1 is to transf] heat f a cold] to a hott] portion ( ! gas4 ,! only reason :y ?is does n occur )\t ! assi/ance ( demons 7at lea/ to an ext5t1 or = a l5g? ( "t1 suffici5t to produce a s5sible effect7 lies 9 ! enorm\s numb] ( p>ticles p] cubic in* 9 ev5 ! mo/ r>efi$ gas4 ,h5ce1 solely because ( ! excessive numb]s & m9ut5ess ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 ! "o *ance ( escape f ,c>not's proposition is d5i$ u1 & !re=e we mu/ all[ t1 s f> z ! physical univ]se is conc]n$1 a rev]sible heat-eng9e is ! be/ possible4 ,b if a rev]sible heat-eng9e be ! be/ possible1 !n ! pr9ciple :i* we h italicis$ 9 ,art4 #ajg mu/ hold good1 & f ?is x foll[s t only a portion ( ! heat pass+ ?r\gh a p]fect eng9e c be trans=m$ into useful "w unless ! cond5s] ( ! eng9e be at ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature--a condition :i* c nev] be atta9$4 #aad4 ,x ?us appe>s t at ea* trans=mation ( heat-en]gy into "w a l>ge portion is degrad$1 :ile only a small portion is trans=m$ into "w4 ,s t :ile x is v easy to *ange all ( our me*anical or useful en]gy into heat1 x is only possible to trans=m a portion ( ?is heat-en]gy back aga9 into "w4 ,aft] ea* *ange too ! heat becomes m & m dissipat$ or degrad$1 t is1 less & less available = any future trans=mation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy ( heat is t[>ds equalisation2 heat is p> excell5ce ! communi/ ( our univ]se1 & x w no d\bt ultimately br+ ! pres5t sy/em to an end4 ,! visible univ]se may ) p]fect tru? be comp>$ to a va/ heat-eng9e1 & ?is is ! reason :y we h br\ght su* eng9es s prom95tly be=e our read]s4 ,! sun is ! furnace or s\rce ( high-temp]ature heat ( our sy/em1 j z ! />s are = o!r sy/ems1 & ! en]gy :i* is ess5tial to our exi/5ce is d]iv$ f ! heat :i* ! sun radiates1 & repres5ts only an excessively m9ute portion ( t heat4 ,b :ile ! sun ?us supplies u ) en]gy he is himself gett+ cold]1 & mu/ ultimately1 by radiation into space1 "p ) ! life-su/a9+ p[] :i* he at pres5t possesses4 ,besides ! inevitable cool+ ( ! sun we mu/ also suppose t ow+ to some?+ analog\s to e!real friction#db ! e>? & ! o!r planets ( our sy/em w be drawn spirally ne>] & ne>] to ! sun1 & w at l5g? be engulf$ 9 8 mass4 ,9 ea* case !re w be1 z ! result ( ! collision1 ! conv]sion ( visible en]gy into heat1 & a p>tial & tempor>y re/oration ( ! p[] ( ! sun4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ?is process w h come to an end1 & he w be ext+ui%$ until1 aft] long b n immeasurable ages1 by means ( ! same e!real friction 8 black mass is br\ght into contact ) t ( "o or m ( 8 ne>] neighb\rs4 #aae4 ,n mu* fur!r ne$ we dilate on ?is4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t life1 s f> z x is physical1 dep5ds ess5tially ^u trans=mations ( en]gy2 x is also absolutely c]ta9 t age aft] age ! possibility ( su* trans=mations is becom+ less & less2 &1 s f> z we yet "k1 ! f9al /ate ( ! pres5t univ]se mu/ be an aggregation 7into "o mass7 ( all ! matt] x conta9s1 i4e4 ! pot5tial en]gy gone1 & a practically useless /ate ( k9etic en]gy1 i4e4 uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t t mass4 ,b ! pres5t pot5tial en]gy ( ! sol> sy/em is s enorm\s1 approa*+ 9 fact possibly to :at 9 our helplessness we call inf9ite1 t x may supply = absolutely incalculable future ages :at is requir$ = ! physical exi/5ce ( life4 ,aga91 ! fall toge!r1 f ! di/ance ( ,sirius let u say1 ( ! sun & an equal /> w\ld at once supply ! sun ) at lea/ z mu* en]gy = future radiation to possible planets z c\ld possibly h be5 acquir$ by 8 own mat]ials 9 _! orig9al fall+ toge!r f practically inf9ite diffusion z a cl\d ( /ones or du/1 or a nebula2 s t x is c]ta9 t1 if ! pres5t physical laws rema9 long en\gh 9 op]ation1 !re w be 7at imm5se int]vals ( "t7 mighty cata/rophes due to ! cra%+ toge!r ( defunct suns--! sma%+ ( ! great] "p ( ea* into nebul\s du/ surr\nd+ ! rema9d]1 :i* w =m an int5sely heat$ nucleus--!n1 possibly1 ! =mation ( a new & l>g] set ( planets ) a proportionately l>g] & hott] sun1 a sol> sy/em on a f> gr&] scale ?an ! pres5t4 ,& s on1 gr[+ 9 gr&eur b dim9i%+ 9 numb] till ! exhau/ion ( en]gy is complete1 & aft] t et]nal re/1 s f> at lea/ z visible motion is conc]n$4#dc #aaf4 ,! /udy ( ! necess>y future has prep>$ u = an inquiry into ! long remote pa/4 ,j z ! pres5t discrete /ell> sy/ems mu/ f9ally come toge!r1 s ! mat]ials :i* n[ =m !m mu/ h orig9ally be5 widely sep>ate4 ,our mod]n k enables u to look back ) almo/ c]titude to ! "t :5 !re 0 no?+ b gravitat+ matt] & its pot5tial en]gy ?r\gh\t ! expanse ( space--ready1 z slight local diff]5ces ( di/ribution pr$ispos$ x1 to break up into portions1 ea* conv]g+ to "o or m nuclei ( its own1 & ?us =m+ 9 "t sep>ate sol> or /ell> sy/ems4 ,we h ?us rea*$ ! beg9n+ z well z ! end ( ! pres5t visible univ]se1 & h come to ! conclusion t x began 9 "t & w 9 "t come to an end4 ,immortality is !re=e impossible 9 su* a univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,e!r4 #8,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum subjecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i4' ,,v]gil4 #8,:o %all tempt ) w&]+ feet ,! d>k1 unbottom$1 inf9ite abyss1 ,& ?r\gh ! palpable obscure f9d out ,8 unc\? way2 or spread 8 airy flight ,ov] ! va/ abrupt1 ere he arrive ,! happy isle8'--,,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/4 #aag4 ,! next portion ( ! prelim9>y inquiry necess>y to our conclud+ argum5t is t :i* relates to ! intimate nature ( matt]2 & m especially ( t v wond]ful =m ( matt] :i* is ! vehicle ( all ! en]gy we receive f ! sun1 z x is t ( all ! in=mation we obta9 ab\t ! position1 motion1 nature1 mass1 condition1 & prop]ties ( ! almo/ inf9itely m di/ant bodies1 :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh cosmical space4 ,9 o!r words1 we h hi!rto spok5 only ( ! laws ( work+ ( ! ma*9e call$ ! physical univ]se2 let u n[ endeav\r to /udy ! /ructure ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 #aah4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 propos$ z to ! ultimate nature ( matt]4 ,to give ev5 a g5]al acc\nt ( all ! less absurd ( ^! w\ld require a l>ge volume1 s we cont5t ourselves ) a few ( ! m reasonable or hi/orically m important4 7#a47 ,! =emo/ place mu/ ( c\rse be tak5 by ! old ,greek notion ( ! ,atom4 ,! outl9es ( ! atomic !ory 7 laid d[n v precisely by ,democritus & ,leukippus 7circa #djj ,b4,c471 :o taught t ! :ole univ]se is made up ( empty space & et]nal atoms1 diff]+ only 9 =m 7z & 71 ord] 7z & 71 & po/ure 7z & 74 ,! atoms are endu$ ) a primitive motion 9 virtue ( _! weight1 &1 cla%+ toge!r1 produce vortices f :i* ! _w is =m$4 ,! gradual progress ( ?is :irl ( atoms br+s simil> elem5ts toge!r1 z 9 ! sift+ ( gra91 & s ! atoms are sort$ into homog5e\s gr\ps4 ,! great weakness ( ?is !ory lay 9 ! v false ideas !n held z to ! nature ( motion by weight1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be necess>ily 9 p>allel l9es1 & ) a velocity great] = heavy ?an = light bodies4 ,! difficulty :i* arose f ?is notion l$ ,epicurus to give to ! atoms a p]fectly arbitr>y & caprici\s side movem5t1 z well z ! rectil9eal motion due to _! weight1 & ?us1 9 8 s*ool1 ! !ory became really a metaphysical "o1 r$uc+ ! ord] ( ! univ]se to pure *ance4 ,x is su* a m$ley ( physical speculations1 ) metaphysical notions1 t we f9d 9 ! greate/ expon5t ( ! sy/em1 ! #8poet philosoph]' ,lucretius4 ,) ! help ( ,munro's spl5did edition ( ! text ( ,lucretius1 & 8 v valuable translation & notes1 x is n[ a comp>atively easy matt] to give a concise summ>y ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ?is mo/ rem>kable e>ly physical speculation4 ,9 attempt+ to d s we w endeav\r1 s f> z we c1 to be> 9 m9d ! awful b too (t5 disreg>d$ w>n+ giv5 by ! poet himself3-- #8,omnia enim /olidi magis admirantur amantque1 inv]sis qu sub v]bis latitantia c]nunt1 v]aque con/ituunt qu belle tang]e possunt auris et lepido qu sunt fucata sonore4'#dd #aai4 ,z ! purpose ( ! poem ( ,lucretius is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v opposite ( our pres5t !me1 we mu/ consid] a good deal m ( 8 "w ?an ! m]e prop]ties ( atoms4 ,lucretius tells u t 8 object is to dispel ! fe> ( ! gods1 :i* he supposes to arise simply f ! fact t !re are s _m ?+s :i* m5 d n yet und]/&1 & !re=e imag9e to be effect$ by div9e p[]4 ,religion1 :i* cru%es human life pro/rate ^u e>?1 is1 he says1 n[ put "u foot2 & ! great victory a*iev$ by 8 ,greek in/ructor ov] ! immeasurable univ]se 79 f9d+ :at c & :at _c come into be+7 br+s u level ) heav54 ,8 foll[]s are n to fancy t !re is any s9 9 ?is2 on ! contr>y1 religion has p]petually be5 ! cause ( s9ful de$s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 dang] ( _! relapse1 = ! t]ror-speak+ se]s may once m ov]come !m4 ,b if m5 c\ld only be conv9c$ t ! s\l is born & p]i%es ) u1 !n !y w\ld be able to take _! ease1 & )/& alike religi\s scruples & ?reat5+s ( ! se]s4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ f9d out :at m9d & s\l consi/ (1 & h[ ev]y?+ on e>? proce$s2 & if we c d ?is1 we may1 ( c\rse1 disp5se ) ! gods4 #abj4 ,,fir/1 !n1 no?+ comes f no?+1 :i* seems to be meant 9 ! s5se t !re is a physical cause = ev]y?+2 at lea/ all ! examples :i* are adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! /atem5t are m]e in/ances ( :at might be conceiv$ to happ5 if !re 7 no fix$ det]m9+ physical law or cause4 ,b ! au?or is obscure on ?is po9t1 = he sometimes makes u incl9$ to ?9k t he is virtually only ass]t+ ! et]nal1 un*angeable1 exi/5ce ( ! atom1--! #8fir/ beg9n+ ( ?+s4' ,z a coroll>y to ?is1 ( c\rse1 nature does n annihilate ?+s1 b dissolves !m back into _! fir/ bodies4 ,! same negative pro( is "h attempt$4 ,no?+ is lo/1 b nature c beget no?+ till %e is recruit$ by ! dea? ( some?+ else4 ,!n1 to reconcile ! read] to ! invisibility ( ^! fir/ bodies1 he is %[n h[ nature works by invisible ?+s1 z w9d & moi/ure2 h[ m>riage-r+s & pav+-/ones1 pl\gh%>es & /atues1 are worn away )\t ! loss ( any visible p>ticles4 ,nature1 !re=e1 works by unse5 bodies4 ,smell1 heat1 cold1 etc41 mu/ consi/ ( a bodily nature1 because !y affect ! s5ses2 = no?+ b body c t\* & be t\*$4 #aba4 ,b1 ,,secondly1 !re is also void 9 ?+s1 else !y w\ld be jamm$ toge!r1 & unable to move4 ,x is false to say t ?+s may move 9 a pl5um3 z1 :5 a fi% presses on1 x leaves room beh9d x1 into :i* ! wat] may /ream2 = on :at side c ! scaly creature move =w>ds unless ! wat]s h fir/ made room2 & on :at side c ! wat]s give place s long z ! fi% _c move8 7,?is ( c\rse is metaphysics1 & is altoge!r absurd4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! immovable body receiv+ ! irresi/ible bl[47 ,h5ce !re _c be motion unless !re be void to all[ ( a />t4 ,dripp+ ( wat] 9 caves1 ! passage ( food ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! body ( an animal1 ! fact t buds & fruit ( trees are n\ri%$ f ! root1 voices he>d ?r\gh walls1 cold p5etrat+ ! v bones1 all are pro(s t !re is void z well z body4 ,also :5 "o ?+ is z l>ge z ano!r1 b yet light]1 !re mu/ be m void 9 x4 #abb4 ,,?ird4 ,!re c be no ?ird ?+ besides body & void4 ,= if x be to ! smalle/ ext5t tangible1 x is body2 if n1 x is void4 #abc4 ,,f\r?4 ,bodies are ei!r fir/ beg9n+s ( ?+s 7atoms71 or a union ( su*4 ,any ?+ :i* c be brok5 or cru%$1 or :i* c transmit heat or electricity1 is p>tly body & p>tly void4 ,h5ce body _c be cru%$1 & #8!re=e fir/ beg9n+s are ( solid s+l5ess1 & 9 no o!r way c !y h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh ages dur+ inf9ite "t pa/1 9 ord] to reproduce ?+s4' #abd4 ,,fif?4 ,if !re be no limit to breakage1 no?+ c\ld be reproduc$2 = reproduction is sl[] ?an decay1 & !re=e ! break+ ( inf9ite pa/ ages w\ld h produc$ a /ate ( ?+s incompatible ) ! reproduction ( any?+ )9 f9ite "t4 ,h5ce !re exi/s a lea/ 9 ?+s4 ,?is _c be s(t1 else x w\ld consi/ p>tly ( void1 & be !re=e breakable4 ,fir/ beg9n+s1 !n1 are /rong 9 solid s+l5ess4 ,h5ce ! unreason ( ^? :o held fire to be ! matt] ( ?+s1 = :at sur] te/ c we h ?an ! s5ses :]eby to note tru? & falsehood6 ,! doctr9e call$ t ( ,homom]ia by ,anaxagoras is folly1--8 notion1 to wit1 t ev]y?+ is made up ( little p>ts ! same z itself--bones ( little bones1 fle% ( little fle%es1 etc4 ,= ?us corn & o!r food1 :i* g to n\ri% our blood1 mu/ be 9 "p compos$ ( blood1 & mu/ !re=e ble$ :5 cru%$ by ! =midable =ce ( ! mill/one6 #abe4 ,,six?4 ,are ! atoms inf9ite 9 numb]1 & is ! void 9 :i* !y move unlimit$8 ,bo? que/ions are answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 b ! pro( giv5 is metaphysical & altoge!r ridicul\s1 ?\gh x conta9s a fragm5t>y passage ( real m]it1 h9t+ at ,le ,sage's explanation 7pres5tly to be giv57 ( ! cause ( gravity4 ,"o illu/ration ( x mu/ suffice3--#8,nature keeps ! sum ( ?+s f sett+ any limit to itself1 s9ce %e compels body to be end$ by void1 & void 9 turn by body2' s t ei!r by ! alt]nation ( ! two1 or by ! inf9ite ext5sion ( "o if ! o!r d n b\nd x1 immeasurable space mu/ be fill$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 body 7 f9ite1 & void inf9ite1 matt] w\ld 9 a v %ort "t be scatt]$ & borne along 9 ! mighty void2 or1 r1 c\ld nev] h be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,?is agrees ) an idea :i* is prop\nd$ 9 ! second book1 z to ! velocity :i* ! atoms h giv5 !m 7he does n say h[ or :5ce71 & :i* enables !m to coh]e = a "t & !n to break up aga91 z ev]y?+ wanes4 ,^? ^: close-tangl$ %apes hold !m fa/ toge!r =m endur+ /one & unyield+ iron1 o!rs spr+ f> (f & reb\nd1 leav+ great spaces betwe52 #8^! furni% u ) ?9 air & bright sunlight4' ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 we are told t ! velocity ( ! fir/ beg9n+s :5 pass+ ?r\gh empty void mu/ be great] ?an t ( sunlight6 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves "h ) ,lucretius's speculations z to ! =mation ( tangible bodies f a v]tical d[np\r ( atoms1 :i*1 unlike drops ( ra91 n[ & !n sw]ve f _! c\rses s z to cla% toge!r1 save to m5tion t he affirms t1 ev5 if he did n "k :at atoms are1 he c\ld be sure1 f its defects1 t ! _w 0 n made = u by div9e p[]4 #abf4 ,,sev5?4 ,?is1 "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( ! :ole !ory1 is entirely ignor$ by "s good comm5tators1 & by o!rs :o h m or less closely foll[$ !m3--,! fir/ beg9n+s ( ?+s h diff]5t %apes1 b ! numb] ( %apes is f9ite4 #abg4 ,,eigh?4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s :i* h a l %ape1 "o ) ano!r1 are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,t is1 !re is a f9ite numb] ( k9ds ( atoms1 b an inf9ite numb] ( ea* k9d4 #abh4 ,,n9?4 ,no?+ ^: nature is app>5t to s5se consi/s ( "o k9d ( fir/ beg9n+s 7only74 #abi4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ) 8 notion ( ! smallness1 smoo?ness1 & r\ndness ( ! atoms :i* make up ! m9d1 qualities :i* he arrives at f ! rapidity ) :i* ! m9d orig9ates & works out a sugge/ion1 contra/+ "h ! mobility ( wat] ) ! viscosity ( honey4 ,nor 8 pro( 7by ! non-dim9ution ( ! weight & dim5sions ( ! body at dea?71 t ! :ole mass ( ! m9d mu/ be exce$+ly small4 ,b we may quote1 9 two ( its _m =ms1 8 con/ant reit]ation ( ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! fe> ( dea?1 & 8 philosophic mode ( ov]com+ x3-- #8,"s we> !mselves to dea? = ! sake ( /atues & a "n4 ,& (t5 to su* a degree1 ?r\gh dread ( dea?1 does hate ( life & ( ! sight ( daylight seize ^u mortals1 t !y consid] self-murd] ) a sorr[+ he>t1 q =gett+ t ?is fe> is ! s\rce ( _! c>es 7?is fe> :i* urges m5 to e s971 prompts ?is "o to put all %ame to r\t1 ano!r to bur/ asund] ! bonds ( fri5d%ip2 &1 9 f9e1 to ov]turn duty f its v base1 s9ce (t5 ere n[ m5 h betray$ c\ntry & de> p>5ts 9 seek+ to %un ! ,a*]usian qu>t]s4 ,=1 ev5 z *ildr5 are flurri$ & dread all ?+s 9 ! ?ick d>kness1 ?us we 9 ! daylight fe> at times ?+s n a :it m to be dread$ ?an :at *ildr5 %udd] at 9 ! d>k1 & fancy sure to be4 ,?is t]ror1 !re=e1 & d>kness ( m9d mu/ be dispell$1 n by ! rays ( ! sun & glitt]+ %afts ( day1 b by ! aspect & law ( nature4' ,book ,,iii4 #gh4 #8,n[ no m %all ?y h\se admit !e ) glad welcome1 nor a mo/ virtu\s wife & sweet *ildr5 run to be ! fir/ to snat* kisses1 & t\* ?y he>t ) sil5t joy4 ,no m maye/ ?\ be prosp]\s 9 ?y do+s1 a safegu>d to ?9e own4 ,"o disa/r\s day has tak5 f !e1 luckless man1 9 luckless wise1 all ! _m prizes ( life4 ,?is d m5 say2 b add n !reto3 8,& n[ no long] does any crav+ = ^! ?+s beset !e )al40 ,= if !y c\ld rightly p]ceive ?is 9 ?\ght1 & foll[ up ! ?\ght 9 words1 !y w\ld release !mselves f great di/ress & appreh5sion ( m9d4 ,?\1 ev5 z n[ ?\ art1 sunk 9 ! sleep ( dea?1 %alt cont9ue s to be 9 all "t to come1 fre$ f all di/ress+ pa9s2 b we1 ) a sorr[ t w\ld n be sat$1 wept = !e1 :5 close by ?\ did/ turn to an a%5 hue on ?y appall+ fun]al pile1 & no l5g? ( days %all pluck f our he>ts our ev]-endur+ grief4 ,?is "q1 !re=e1 %\ld be ask$ ( ?is speak]1 :at !re is 9 x s pass+ bitt]1 if x come 9 ! end to sleep & re/1 t any "o %\ld p9e 9 nev]-end+ sorr[4' ,book ,,iii4 #hid4 #acj4 ,to conclude1 !re is a great deal 9 ,lucretius 7:e!r 8 own or d]iv$ f o!rs does n matt] to u7 :i* is ( consid]able value1 ev5 f a mod]n sci5tific po9t ( view1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ( f> great] value f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ud5t ( developm5t4 ,b 8 attempt$ pro(s are = ! mo/ "p absurd1 bas$1 z !y g5]ally are1 ^u m]e metaphysical speculations & altoge!r prepo/]\s analogies4 #aca4 7#b47 ,boscovi* & o!rs endeav\r$ to disp5se ) ! atom altoge!r1 sub/itut+ 9 its place ! conception 7:i* ma!maticians (t5 f9d useful7 ( a m]e geometrical po9t1 :i* is a c5tre ( =ce1 z x is call$4 ,"h we get rid ( ! idea ( sub/ance entirely1 b we pres]ve 7all b in]tia7 ^? ext]nal relations by :i* alone ! atom is capable ( mak+ kn[n its pres5ce4 ,ev5 s great an exp]im5tal philosoph] z ,f>aday may be quot$ z1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 agree+ ) ?is notion4 ,x seems to u1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! embodim5t ( an ov]-ref9em5t ( speculation1 surr\nd$ on almo/ all sides by ! grave/ difficulties4 ,x may suffice m]ely to m5tion aga9 ! prop]ty ( mass1 or in]tia1 :i* ,f>aday himself seem$ to look ^u z ! "o ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 & :i* we c h>dly br+ ourselves to associate ) ! abs5ce ( :at we und]/& by sub/ance4 #acb4 7#c47 ,ano!r speculation leads u to imag9e matt] z n ultimately atomic--z1 9 fact1 inf9itely divisible4 ,b1 if x be s1 x mu/ 79 ord] t v>i\s elem5t>y physical facts may be capable ( explanation7 be practically cont9u\s b int5sely het]og5e\s4 ,t solid or liquid matt] has a gra9$ /ructure ( n inf9itely small dim5sions is prov$ by _m simple & g5]ally kn[n facts2 among o!rs by ! sep>ation ( :ite light into its con/itu5t col\rs :5 refract$ ?r\gh a prism1 by ! ph5om5a ( capill>ity1 & by ^? ( contact electricity4 ,if su* het]og5eity 7 only pron\nc$ en\gh1 x appe>s t ! law ( gravitation w\ld be capable ( acc\nt+ = at lea/ ! great] numb] ( effects at pres5t attribut$ to ! s-call$ molecul> =ces & ! =ce ( *emical aff9ity4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are met by ! gr& difficulty1 t ( acc\nt+ = gravitation4 ,& ! only attempt at explanation ( gravitation-attraction1 :i* c be call$ ev5 plausible1 c only1 ) v great /ra9+1 be made compatible ) ?is idea ( ! nature ( matt]4 #acc4 7#d47 ,! f\r? & mo/ rec5t speculation revives ! atom 79 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w71 b n #8/rong 9 solid s+l5ess' l ^? contemplat$ by ,lucretius1--mu* r yield+ to ! lea/ ext]nal =ce1 & ?us escap+ f ! knife or wriggl+ r\nd x1 s t x _c be cut1--n1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 b on acc\nt ( its mobility1 :i* makes x impossible = ! knife to get at x4 ,?is is ! vortex-atom !ory ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 dimly =e%ad[$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,hobbes1 ,malebran*e1 & o!rs1 b only made di/9ctly conceivable 9 v rec5t times by ! hydrok9etic rese>*es ( ,helmholtz4 ,helmholtz1 9 #aheh1 fir/ successfully attack$ ! equations ( motion ( an incompressible frictionless fluid1 )\t introduc+ ! great simplification :i* _h be5 adopt$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & :i* consi/$ 9 suppos+ ! motion to be non-rotational4 ,he prov$1 among o!r valuable results1 t ^? portions ( ! fluid :i* at any "t possess rotation pres]ve x = ev]1 & are ?us z x 7 m>k$ (f f ! o!rs2 also t ^! portions mu/ be arrang$ 9 filam5ts ^: direction is at ea* po9t ! axis ( rotation1 & t ! filam5ts are ei!r endless1 i4e4 =m clos$ curves 7:e!r knott$ or n71 or t]m9ate 9 ! free surface ( ! fluid4 ,h5ce ,sir ,william ,?omson's idea t :at we call matt] may consi/ ( ! rotat+ portions ( a p]fect fluid1 :i* cont9u\sly fills space4 ,?is def9ition involves ! necessity ( a creative act = ! production or de/ruction ( ! smalle/ portion ( matt]1 because rotation c only be produc$ or de/roy$ by u 9 a fluid 9 virtue ( its viscosity 7or int]nal friction71 & 9 a p]fect fluid !re is no?+ ( ! k9d4 #acd4 ,( c\rse x may be object$ to ?is !ory t x m]ely %ifts ! difficulty "o /ep fur!r back1--aft] all1 expla9+ :at we call matt] by c]ta9 motions ( some?+ :i*1 z x mu/ h in]tia1 x w\ld appe> we are b\nd to call matt] also4 ,we h be5 c>eful to m5tion ?is 7late/7 speculation z to ! nature ( matt] = ?ree reasons3 #a/1 because we %all h to make consid]able use ( x 9 ! c\rse ( our argum5t1 = purposes ( illu/ration2 #b;d1 because x %[s "o way ( at once ?or\ghly acc\nt+ = ! cons]vation ( tangible matt]2 #c;d1 because x %[s ! possibility ( =m+ an idea ( a true atom :i* %all n require1 ev5 = p]fect ela/icity1 ! inconceivable quality ( p]fect h>dness necess>y to ! atom ( ,lucretius4 ,9 fact1 ! few words :i* we h giv5 above ab\t ,helmholtz's inve/igations %[ t1 to cut a vortex-atom1 x w\ld be necess>y to give a free surface to ! p]fect fluid :i* on ?is !ory is suppos$ to fill space1 i4e4 virtually to sev] space itself6 ,?is sugge/ion ( ,?omson's promises to be v valuable f "o po9t ( view at lea/1 viz41 ! ext5sion & improvem5t ( ma!matical me?ods2 = 9 ! treatm5t ( its v elem5ts x requires ! application ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( hi!rto inv5t$ processes1 & ev5 ) _! aid1 ! mutual action ( two r+-vortices 7! simple/ possible space-=m7 has n yet be5 inve/igat$ except 9 ! special cases ( symmetrical disposition ab\t an axis4 ,h5ce we are at pres5t altoge!r unable to decide or ev5 to guess :e!r ?is idea w or w n pass ) cr$it "s ( ! mo/ elem5t>y exam9ations to :i* a !ory ( ! ultimate nature ( matt] mu/ ( c\rse be subject$4 #ace4 ,take !m = :at !y are wor?4 ,! f\r =ms ( speculation we h j sket*$ repres5t ! mo/ plausible guesses yet prop\nd$ z to ! ultimate nature ( matt]1 ! second be+ probably because ! mo/ artificial & ! mo/ arbitr>y1 ! mo/ completely develop$4 ,= 9 x ! repres5tation is self-conta9$ z x 72 x does n base itself ^u extrane\s po/ulates1 z ( ultimate h>d p>ticles 7( :at871 nor ^u vortex motion 7( :at8 aga971 nor1 f9ally1 ^u m]e int5se het]og5eity 7( :at8 once m71 z d ! o!r ?ree4 ,b we naturally object to x z ref9+ away altoge!r ! idea ( /uff or sub/ance :i* ! m9d seems to require z some?+ und]ly+ ! notion ( any?+ :i* is f\nd to be directly capable ( affect+ our s5ses4 #acf4 ,! read] :o has foll[$ u s f>1 mu/ n[ see t our notions ( ! nature ( matt] are1 at be/1 b hazy4 ,we "k1 x is true1 a great _m ( its prop]ties v exactly1 s mu* s inde$1 z to be able to d$uce f !m ma!matically an imm5se v>iety ( consequ5ces :i* subsequ5t exp]im5t %[s to be correct1 at lea/ )9 ! limits ( accuracy ( our me?ods ( obs]vation & measurem5t4 ,b z to :at x is we "k no m ?an ,democritus or ,lucretius did1 ?\gh z to :at x may be or may n be we are p]haps consid]ably bett] prep>$ ) an op9ion ?an !y c\ld possibly be4 #acg4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t en]gy is nev] f\nd sep>ate f matt]1 s t we might1 ) p]fect propriety1 def9e matt] z ! seat or vehicle ( en]gy--t :i* is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! kn[n =ms ( en]gy1 )\t :i*1 !re=e1 !re c\ld be no trans=mations ( en]gy1 & !re=e no life su* z we n[ "k x4 #ach4 ,! trans=mability ( a giv5 am\nt ( en]gy1 or1 at lea/1 ! mode ( its trans=mation1 (t5 dep5ds 9 a v curi\s mann] ^u ! relative quantity ( matt] ) :i* x is associat$4 ,we h already se5 ?is 9 ! case ( heat4 ,=1 :5 a giv5 quantity ( heat is associat$ ) a small quantity ( matt]1 x is at a high temp]ature1 & has great availability1 b its temp]ature1 & !re=e its availability1 become l[] z ! quantity ( matt] ) :i* x is associat$ is increas$4 ,x is possible t radiant heat & light owe _! high availability to ! v small d5sity ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,b x is n ( heat alone t ?is /atem5t is true4 ,! same ?+ holds ) reg>d to o!r =ms ( en]gy1 ev5 ! v simple/ =ms ( visible k9etic en]gy = in/ance4 ,a pill[ or bol/] 7/uff$ ) eid]-d[n1 let u say7 ( #cj lbs4 weight1 & mov+ at #aj feet p] second--i4e4 z if x _h fall5 f a height ( consid]ably less ?an two feet1--has ne>ly ! same en]gy z a pellet ( ,no4 #a %ot :5 x leaves ! muzzle ( a f[l+-piece4 ,h[ diff]5t ! quality ( ^! equal quantities ev5 ( en]gy ( ! same k9d6 ,=1 deliv]$ horizontally1 ! "o w\ld correspond to a /agg]+ pu% :i* few m5 c\ld resi/ if x came unexpect$ly2 :ile ! o!r w\ld sc>cely affect "o's equilibrium1 ?\gh x might easily kill by p5etrat+ a vital organ4 ,9 ! brutal pa/imes ( ! la/ g5]ation1 z we n[ 9 our advanc$ humanit>ianism call !m1 ?is 0 well kn[n z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects ( a sl[ knock-d[n bl[ by a heavy-weight1 & a #8puni%+ fac]' f a fea!r-weight4 ,alas = ! good old times6 = our comp>ison1 apt z x is1 is too probably ?r[n away on ! deg5]ate inhabitants ( 7once7 m]ry ,engl&1 ere:ile ! home ( ! #8,mill]1' ) 8 hone/ qu>t]/aff1 ( jolly & *ivalr\s wre/l]s1 box]s1 & b[m51 n[ ! hell ( runn+-kicks1 g>rott+1 g\g+1#de & /abb+4 ,aetas p>5tum1 pejor avis1 tulit nos nequiores1 mox daturos prog5iem vitiosiorem4 ,! dissipation ( en]gy is a great fact 9 a moral z well z 9 a physical s5se4 ,9 ^? good old times m5 f\ght ) m51--irrepressible en]gy1 r ?an any sordid passion or uncontroll$ vice1 con/antly pull+ ! trigg]6 ,n[ creatures 9 ! lik5ess ( m5 v5t _! despicable passions 9 murd]\s assaults ^u wom5 & *ildr54 ,b sci5ce h9ts at an effectual cure4 ,x is probable t be=e _m ye>s h pass$1 electricity1 :i* by "s my/]i\s means enables our n]ves to call our muscles into play1 w be call$ ^u by an enlight5$ legislature to solve ?is desp]ate social problem4 ,imprisonm5t has be5 tri$ 9 va91 &1 besides1 x involves great & ne$less exp5se4 ,! #8cat1' ?\gh ?or\ghly appropriate1 is object$ to z t5d+ to brutalise 767 ! pati5t1 & r5d] murd] n unlikely4 ,no su* objections c be urg$ aga9/ ! use ( electricity 9 any ( its _m =ms4 ,= x c easily be appli$ s z to produce = ! requisite "t1 & = t only1 & "u ! direction ( skill$ physici/s & physiologi/s1 absolutely indescribable torture 7unaccompani$ by w\nd or ev5 bruise71 ?rill+ ?r\gh e fibre ( ! frame ( su* miscreants4 #aci4 ,aft] in]tia1 :i* is n acc\nt$ = by any ( ! hypo!ses z to ! ultimate nature ( matt] :i* we h j giv51 ! mo/ g5]al prop]ty ( matt] :i* we recognise is t ( univ]sal gravitation1 9 virtue ( :i* portions ( matt]1 if situat$ at a di/ance f "o ano!r1 are possess$ ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,we are apt to hold exagg]at$ notions ( ! imm5se p[] ( gravity2 b a little consid]ation w %[ u t x is 9 reality "o ( ! mo/ trivial ( ! =ces to :i* matt] is directly or indirectly subject4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! fundam5tal exp]im5ts 9 electricity & magnetism1 kn[n to m5 = f> m ?an #bjjj ye>s1--! lift+ ( light bodies 9 g5]al by rubb$ amb]1 & ( iron fil+s by a load/one4 ,to produce ! same effects by gravitation-attraction1--at lea/ if ! attract+ body _h ! mod]ate dim5sions ( a h&-specim5 ( amb] or load/one1--we %\ld require x to be ( s d5se a mat]ial z to weigh at ! v lea/ #a1jjj1jjj1jjj lbs41 in/ead ( 7z usual7 a m]e fraction ( a p\nd4 ,h5ce x is at once obvi\s t ! impos+ nature ( ! =ce ( gravity1 z usually comp>$ ) o!r attractive =ces1 is due n to its sup]ior qualitative magnitude1 b to ! enorm\s masses ( ! bodies :i* ex]cise x4 ,9 fact1 ! excessively delicate ,torsion-balance ( ,mi*ell 0 absolutely requisite to demon/rate1 mu* m to measure1 ! mutual attraction betwe5 a l>ge & a small lead5 sph]e4 ,& 7unless ! ?ird ( ! hypo!ses z to ! nature ( matt] above giv5 be correct1 9 :i* case ! =m ( our /atem5t w\ld require modification7 small or ev5 mod]ately l>ge pieces ( matt] are held toge!r entirely by cohesion1 gravitation be+ absolutely ins5sible2 ?\gh 9 a huge mass l ! e>?1 ! =ce ex]t$ by "o hemisph]e on ! o!r 7i4e4 ! =ce :i* w\ld be call$ into play to prev5t its be+ split 9 two7 dep5ds ma9ly ^u gravitation1 9 comp>ison ) ^: enorm\s am\nt ev5 a cohesive =ce ( #ejj lbs4 weight p] squ>e in* ov] a circul> surface ( #djjj miles radius s9ks into utt] insignificance6#df #adj4 ,"o only ( ! _m hypo!ses :i* h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! cause ( gravitation has succe$$ 9 pass+ ! fir/ prelim9>y te/s4 ,( c\rse1 ! assumption ( action at a di/ance may be made to acc\nt = any?+2 b x is impossible 7z ,newton long ago po9t$ out 9 8 celebrat$ lett]s to ,b5tley7 = any "o #8:o has 9 philosophical matt]s a compet5t faculty ( ?9k+' = a mom5t to admit ! possibility ( su* action4 ,h5ce we h b two ways ( acc\nt+ = gravitation3--ei!r x is due to diff]5ces ( pressure 9 a sub/ance cont9u\sly fill+ all space1 except :]e matt] displaces x 7871 or x is due to impacts1 9 "s respects analog\s to ^? ( ! p>ticles ( a gas :i* h be5 f\nd to be capable ( acc\nt+ = gase\s pressure4 ,n[1 all attempts z yet made to connect x ) ! lum9if]\s e!r1 or ! m$ium requir$ to expla9 electric & magnetic di/ance-action1 h completely fail$2 s t we are app>5tly driv5 to ! impact !ory z ! only t5able "o4 #ada4 ,to ?is !ory ,le ,sage ( ,g5eva devot$ a s+ul>ly acute m9d dur+ ! :ole ( 8 exceptionally long life2 b1 = all t1 8 po/hum\s tract on ! subject is b little 9 advance ( ! results he _h arriv$ at 9 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,he assumes ! exi/5ce ( ultra-mundane corpuscles2 9 inf9ite numb]s1 ev5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! p>ticles ( matt]2 ( dim5sions excessively small1 b fly+ ab\t 9 all directions ) velocities enorm\sly great4 ,portions ( gross matt] virtually scre5 "o ano!r to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! pressure due to ?is p]petual ra9 ( corpuscles2 b only on ! sides turn$ t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,h5ce a lone body w\ld be equally batt]$ on all sides2 b ! introduction ( a second mass int]f]es ) ?is arrangem5t1 & dim9i%es ! pressure on ! side next x4 ,x is easy to %[ t ! am\nt ( ?is dim9ution1 = giv5 small masses1 is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! relative di/ance4 ,b :5 l>g] masses are tak5 acc\nt (1 ?is dim9ution ( pressure w n be 7z gravity is7 directly z ! quantities ( matt] pres5t1 unless ! fur!r assumption is made t matt]1 :e!r by ! great di/ance betwe5 its p>ticles1 or by ! cage-l =m ( ^! p>ticles1 is almo/ p]fectly p]meable to ! corpuscles2 s t1 practically1 ! corpuscles ra9 ^u ea* ( ! int]ior p>ticles ( a mass z freely z if x _h be5 alone 9 space4 ,"s ( ! po/ulates ( ?is !ory are h>d to grant1 & !re is additional difficulty z to ! mode 9 :i* ! supply ( en]gy ( ! corpuscles is to be kept up4 ,to ent] into details on ?is subject is n 9 accordance ) our plan4 ,we !re=e ref] ! read] to ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's acc\nt ( ,le ,sage's !ory 7,proc4 ,r4,s4,e41 #ahga71 & 8 sugge/ions = its improvem5t1 bas$ ^u 8 !ory ( vortex-atoms4#dg #adb4 ,b we mu/ make "o rem>k4 ,if ,le ,sage's !ory1 or any?+ ( a simil> nature1 be at all a repres5tation ( ! me*anism ( gravitation1 a fatal bl[ is dealt to ! notion ( ! tranquil =m ( p[] we h call$ pot5tial en]gy4 ,n t !re w cease to be a pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 x & ord9>y k9etic en]gy2 b t ,,bo? mu/ come h5ce=? to be reg>d$ z k9etic4 ,:at we n[ call k9etic en]gy is t ( visible motions1 also ( motions ( ! small] p>ts ( bodies1 & ( ! lum9if]\s e!r1 etc41 ea* ( ^! be+ m ref9$1 z x 71 ?an ! prec$+4 ,b if ,le ,sage's !ory be true1 pot5tial en]gy ( gravitation is a k9etic =m /ill fur!r ref9$ ?an any ( ^!4 ,& ! cons]vation ( en]gy may p]haps once m be completely & accurately express$ z ! cons]vation ( vis viva1 ?\gh ! t]m w ( c\rse h !n a mean+ incomp>ably m ext5sive ?an its orig9al "o4 #adc4 ,b1 9 speculations l ^!1 we h so>$ f> beyond t :i* may be call$ ! fir/ ref9em5t on ord9>y gross matt]2 i4e4 ! lum9if]\s1 probably also ! electric & magnetic1 m$ium1 provisionally ! ,e!r4 ,to ! consid]ation ( its pr9cipal prop]ties we n[ turn our att5tion4 ,^! are1 at fir/ sight at lea/1 ( an app>5tly incongru\s "*2 =1 f "o po9t ( view1 ! e!r appe>s z a fluid1 f ano!r z an ela/ic solid4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9ly e/abli%$ 9 physical a/ronomy ?an ! excessive m9ut5ess ( ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! e!r to ! planet>y motions1 if1 inde$1 !re be su* a resi/ance at all appretiable1 ev5 :5 ! velocity is1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>?1 some:]e ab\t #ajj1jjj feet p] second6 ,on ! o!r h&1 we le>n f physical optics t light1 transmitt$ ) a velocity ( #ahh1jjj miles p] second1 dep5ds ^u transv]se di/urbances ( "s k9d or o!r2 :ile sev]al optical ph5om5a indicate t a di/urbance ( ! nature ( compression 7if su* be possible7 w\ld be transmitt$ ) velocity almo/ inf9itely great1 9 comp>ison ev5 ) ?is enorm\s velocity4 #add4 ,/okes1 h[ev]1 has giv5 a v +5i\s illu/ration :i* enables u to see t su* an extraord9>y comb9ation ( app>5tly irreconcilable prop]ties is by no means )\t analogy1 ev5 9 common matt]4 ,he takes ! case ( a solution ( glue1 or is+lass1 or jelly1 9 diff]5t relative am\nts ( wat]4 ,:5 ! quantity ( wat] is small1 we h ! ela/ic solid2 :5 l>ge1 a liquid little diff]5t f wat]4 ,& ,/okes %[s t x is excessively improbable t !re is any def9ite int]m$iate /age :i* we c\ld assign z t at :i* ! transition f ! solid to ! liquid takes place4 ,( c\rse1 any su* analogy mu/ necess>ily be excessively imp]fect2 b a great deal is ga9$ by our be+ able to trace ev5 a v imp]fect analogy 9 a case l ?is4 #ade4 ,! e!r1 9 fact1 mu/ be di/ort$ z well z displac$ by matt] pass+ ?r\gh x2 b any di/ortion ( ! nature ( a %e>1 su* z w\ld give rise 9 wat] to vortex-motion accompani$ by friction 7! :ole en]gy be+ ?us ultimately fritt]$ d[n into heat71 w\ld 9 ! e!r be h&$ on at once1 z vibratory motion1 ) ! velocity ( light4 ,?us vortex-motion ( ! e!r may be conceiv$ to be impossible1 simply 9 consequ5ce ( ! m9ut5ess ( its d5sity 9 comp>ison ) ! great tang5tial =ce call$ into play by a %e>2 & a body mov+ 9 x ) a velocity n s great z t ( light w\ld ?us n h eddies 9 its wake1 z 9 an ord9>y fluid1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld be a s\rce ( radiation1 ev5 al?\gh !re may h be5 no heat+ ei!r ( ! body or ( ! m$ium x is displac+1 p>adoxical z ?is result may appe>4 ,9 ?is connection x is h>dly possible to avoid quot+ ,milton--?\gh !re may be a suspicion ( some?+ analog\s to a pun3-- #8,! gr9d+ sword ) discont9u\s w\nd ,pass$ ?r\gh him--b ! e!real sub/ance clos$ ,n long divisible4' #adf4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has endeav\r$ to obta9 at lea/ an inf]ior limit to ! d5sity ( ! e!r 9 planet>y space4 ,8 me?od is bas$ ^u ! measurem5ts by ,p\illet & ,h]s*el ( ! :ole am\nt ( radiant en]gy receiv$ f ! sun by a giv5 am\nt ( t]re/rial surface 9 a giv5 "t1 & ^u an assumption t ! extreme amplitude ( di/ortion ( ! e!r 9 any radiation is small comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( a wave4 ,9 ?is way he f9ds t1 z a cubic mile ( ! e!r ne> ! e>? conta9s ab\t #ab1jjj foot-p\nds ( radiant sol> en]gy1 ! mass ( ! e!r 9 t cubic mile mu/ be at lea/ #a_/a1jjj1jjj1jjj ( a p\nd4#dh ,to %[ t ?is is n by any means a surpris+ly small quantity he comp>es x ) ! mass ( a cubic mile ( air at a di/ance ( only a few radii f ! e>?'s surface 7suppos+ t ! atmosph]e ext5ds s f>2 :i*1 by ! way1 ! rec5t calculations ( ! velocities ( ! p>ticles ( a gas r5d] exce$+ly improbable74 ,?is1 he f9ds1 w be probably repres5t$ by a fraction ( a p\nd hav+ unit = a num]ator & #cbi places ( figures 9 ! d5om9ator666 #adg4 ,9 a v rem>kable pap] by ,/ruve1#di an attempt 0 made to settle ! "q1 ,is ! e!r p]fectly transp>5t8 or1 z we may n[ put x1 ,is any radiant en]gy absorb$ by ! e!r1 :e!r to produce o!r =ms ( en]gy1 or to be dissipat$ by radiation 9 all directions8 ,long ago x _h be5 po9t$ out by ,olb]s & o!rs1 t if ! />s be inf9ite 9 numb]1 & be di/ribut$ ) any?+ r\ghly approximat+ to an av]age d5sity ?r\gh inf9ite space1 ! sky ought1 night & day1 to be all ov] ( a brightness ( ! same ord] z t ( ! sun4 ,is ! numb] ( />s1 !n1 f9ite2 or does ! e!r absorb _! light8 ,n[1 x ne$ n 9 ! lea/ surprise u to f9d t ! numb] ( />s is f9ite1 ev5 ?\gh matt] be inf9ite 9 quantity1 & di/ribut$ ) some?+ l uni=mity ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,= only a f9ite portion ( x may yet h fall5 toge!r s z to produce inc&esc5t bodies2 or1 ! o!r extreme1 only a f9ite portion ( x may be left inc&esc5t4 ,ei!r ( ^! altoge!r diff]5t hypo!ses is p]fectly reasonable & sci5tifically ju/ifiable2 s t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 we are n at pres5t likely to obta9 any in=mation4 ,/ruve's reason+1 :i*1 by ! way1 is n accept$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 introduces ano!r consid]ation1 viz41 ! numb] ( />s ( ea* visible magnitude4 ,to apply ?is3 suppose = a mom5t we make ! assumption 7actually measur$ values ( annual p>allax %[ x is c]ta9ly at be/ a v r\gh "o7 t ! bright] />s are ! ne>]1 & t a set ( />s1 on ! av]age "o-f\r? z bright z ano!r set1 are on ! av]age twice z f> (f1 etc4 ,a great deal ( :at we "k to be c]ta9ly false is "h assum$ z true1 b x is possible t ! g5]al accuracy ( ! results ( ! reason+ f x may n be !reby mu* affect$4 ,on ! supposition ( a sort ( r\gh uni=mity ( di/ribution ?r\gh space1 we c easily calculate approximately :at ought to be ! relative numb]s ( ! />s1 class$ by a/ronom]s z ( ! v>i\s diff]5t magnitudes1 once we h obta9$ 7z x is n difficult to d7 an e/imate ( ! relative brightness ( typical />s ( ^! 7arbitr>y7 magnitudes4 ,f _! brightness we calculate at once _! relative di/ances1 & !nce 7accord+ to our hypo!sis ( approximately uni=m di/ribution7 :at ought to be ! relative numb]s ( ea* magnitude4 ,:5 ?is is done1 x appe>s t !re is a great excess ( ! calculat$ ov] ! obs]v$ numb]s1 at lea/ = telescopic />s1 & ! great] ! small] ! magnitude4 ,?is is ! gi/ ( ,/ruve's me?od1 & he arrives at ! result t ! light ( />s ( ! six? magnitude 7! smalle/ visible to an ord9>y unaid$ eye1 & ^: av]age di/ance f u is suppos$ to be some:]e ab\t n9efold t ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude7 loses ab\t eight p] c5t4 9 its passage to ! e>?4 ,?us ! light ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude does n lose s mu* z "o p] c5t42 b1 on ! o!r h&1 />s ( ! n9? magnitude are enfeebl$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,/ruve %[s t1 if 8 result is to be accept$1 ,w4 ,h]s*el's idea t 8 #dj-;foot telescope w\ld %[ him />s sev5 times f>!r (f ?an ^? visible ) ! #aj-;foot1 0 errone\s4 ,he w\ld1 9 fact1 h be5 able to see little m ?an twice z f>4 ,x w be obvi\s n[ t an enorm\s increase ( ! s-call$ space-p5etrat+ p[] ( a telescope gives x 9 reality b a v feeble additional advantage1 9 fact1 t1 if !re be absorption by ! e!r1 we h already in/rum5ts capable ( %[+ u1 at ! v lea/1 half ( ! :ole numb] ( />s :i* any conceivable improvem5t ( telescopes w\ld enable u to see4 #adh4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to speculate on :at becomes ( ! light ?us suppos$ to be absorb$1 = we h z yet no exp]im5tal bases on :i* to reason4 ,we h n ! lea/ idea1 = in/ance1 :at is ! effect ( *ange ( temp]ature 9 ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,t x is practically incompressible we "k2 x is q probable t x may n be s5sibly compress$ 7if x be subject to gravity1 ( :i* we h no pro(7 ev5 by ! attraction ( ! mass ( ! :ole e>?--?\gh1 s great is ! int5sity ( molecul> or cohesive attraction1 we may easily conceive t 9 ! int]ior ( bodies ! e!r may be consid]ably compress$4 ,& x is n improbable t ! e!r1 z a :ole1 may h1 9 virtue ( its int]nal =ces1 a prop]ty 7ak91 z x 71 to a liquid film7 su* t ! gravitation action1 :i* appe>s to be betwe5 p>ticles ( matt]1 may m]ely be ! visible result ( a t5d5cy to a m9imum ( "s affection ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y are imm]s$4 ,reg>d ! e!r z we please1 !re c be no d\bt t its prop]ties are ( a mu* high] ord] 9 ! arcana ( nature ?an ^? ( tangible matt]4 ,& z ev5 ! high-prie/s ( sci5ce /ill f9d ! latt] f> beyond _! compreh5sion1 except 9 num]\s b m9ute & (t5 isolat$ p>ticul>s1 x w\ld n become u to speculate fur!r4 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose to "k f :at ! e!r c]ta9ly does t x is capable ( va/ly m ?an any "o has yet v5tur$ to guess4 #adi4 ,if we review ! attempts record$ 9 ?is *apt] we see h[ ! sci5tific m9d is l$ f ! visible & tangible to ! invisible & intangible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we "k t "o body1 su* z ! sun1 c "p ) its radiant en]gy to ano!r body1 su* z ! e>?1 & obs]vation & exp]im5t alike lead u to ackn[l$ge a /age 9 :i* ! en]gy has left ! "o body & has n yet arriv$ at ! o!r4 ,b we h already se5 t en]gy is always f\nd associat$ ) matt]1 nev] by itself4 ,9 fact we h spok5 ( matt] z ! #8vehicle ( en]gy4' ,h5ce x necess>ily foll[s t !re is some?+ betwe5 ! sun & e>? capable ( mov+ & transmitt+ en]gy1 & !re=e1 f ! v conception ( en]gy1 possess+ mass--?is some?+ we agree to call ! e!real m$ium4 ,aga91 we "k t diff]5t masses ( visible matt] attract "o ano!r app>5tly at a di/ance4 ,our fir/ attempt to analyse ! nature ( ?is =ce leads to ! "q3--,does x proce$ f ! surfaces ( ! attract+ bodies1 or does x p5etrate _! entire mass8 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ by ,newton1 :o came to ! conclusion t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce proportional to ! product ( _! masses1 & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( _! di/ances4 ,b ?is drives ! my/]y ( gravitation only f ! mass to ! p>ticle1 & "h ! same sort ( que/ions aga9 occur4 ,a p>ticle z truly z a mass occupies space1 & we wi% to "k :e!r gravitation =ce proce$s f ! surface ( ! p>ticle or f its int]ior4 #aej4 ,we likewise wi% to "k h[ ?is =ce is communicat$ betwe5 "o p>ticle & ano!r8 ,be=e we c solve ^! que/ions we mu/ h "s def9ite conception ( ! nature ( a p>ticle & ( ! con/itution ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 z we h se51 has attempt$ to advance t[>ds ! nature ( an atom or p>ticle 9 8 supposition t atoms are vortex-r+s g5]at$ out ( a p]fect fluid fill+ all space4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ?is conception acc\nts = "s ( ! prop]ties ( an atom x does n at all directly acc\nt = any?+ l gravitation1 & h5ce he adopts 9 addition ! hypo!sis ( ultra-mundane corpuscles1 :i* he supposes to be only a f9] =m ( vortices4 #aea4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o objection to ! precise =m ( vortex-r+ hypo!sis introduc$ by ,?omson :i* f our po9t ( view is v /rong4 ,! act by :i* ! atom 0 produc$ mu/ surely on ?is hypo!sis h be5 an act ( creation 9 "t 7,art4 #acc71 t is to say1 an act impress$ ^u ! univ]se f )\t1 & x mu/ !re=e h d5ot$ a brea* ( cont9uity 7,art4 #he72 = if ! antec$5t ( ! visible univ]se be no?+ b a p]fect fluid1 c we imag9e x capable ( orig9at+ su* a developm5t 9 virtue ( its own inh]5t prop]ties1 & )\t "s ext]nal act imply+ a brea* ( cont9uity8--we ?9k mo/ assur$ly n4 ,9 ! production ( ! vortex-atom f a p]fect fluid we are driv5 at once to ! uncondition$--to ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause2 x is1 9 f9e1 an act ( creation & n ( developm5t4 ,b f our po9t ( view 7,art4 #hf7 creation belongs to et]nity & developm5t to "t1 & we are !re=e induc$ at lea/ to modify ! hypo!sis s z to make x consi/5t ) ?is view4 ,we _c1 9 fact1 if we agree to hold at ! same "t ! pr9ciple ( unbrok5 cont9uity & ! vortex-r+ !ory ( =mation ( ! visible univ]se1 reg>d ! mat]ial ^: rotat+ p>ts are ord9>y matt] z an absolutely p]fect fluid4 #aeb4 ,?is way ( reg>d+ ?is suppos$ mat]ial is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! hypo!sis :i* seems mo/ likely to acc\nt = gravitation presumes ! exi/5ce ( ultra-mundane corpuscles3 & ! obs]vations ( ,/ruve ^u ! ext9ction ( />light t5d 7:atev] !y are wor?7 t[>ds ! same conclusion1 s9ce ! absorption ( light is m compatible ) a corpuscul> con/itution ?an ) t ( a p]fect fluid4 ,f9ally1 ! m]e fact t ! velocity ( light is f9ite1 t5ds also 9 ! same direction4 ,b if ! visible univ]se be develop$ f a mat]ial :i* is n a p]fect fluid1 !n ! argum5t d$uc$ by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson 9 fav\r ( ! et]nity ( ord9>y matt] disappe>s1 s9ce ?is et]nity dep5ds ^u ! p]fect fluidity ( t out ( :i* x 0 develop$4 ,9 f9e1 if we suppose ! mat]ial univ]se to be compos$ ( a s]ies ( vortex-r+s develop$ f some?+ :i* is n a p]fect fluid1 x w be ephem]al1 j z ! smoke-r+ :i* we develop f air1 or t :i* we develop f wat]1 is ephem]al1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 duration1 ^! la/+ only = a few seconds1 & ! o!rs x may be = billions ( ye>s4 #aec4 ,9 our la/ *apt]1 we came to ! conclusion t ! available en]gy ( ! visible univ]se w ultimately be appropriat$ by ! e!r1 & we may n[ p]haps imag9e1 t z a sep>ate exi/5ce itself ! visible univ]se w ultimately disappe>1 s t we %all h no huge useless in]t mass exi/+ 9 f> remote ages to rem9d ! pass]-by ( a species ( matt] :i* w !n h become long s9ce out ( date & functionally effete4 ,:y %\ld n ! univ]se bury its dead out ( sight8#ej ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,developm5t4 #8,are ,god & ,nature !n at /rife1 ,t ,nature l5ds su* evil dreams8 ,s c>eful ( ! type %e seems1 ,s c>eless ( ! s+le life2 99 99 99 99 99 #88,s c>eful ( ! type08 b no1 ,f sc>p$ cliff & qu>ri$ /one ,%e cries1 8,a ?\s& types are gone3 ,i c>e = no?+1 all %all g40'--,,t5nyson4 #8,all nature is b art1 unkn[n to !e2 ,all *ance1 direction1 :i* ?\ can/ n see1 ,all discord1 h>mony n und]/ood2 ,all p>tial evil1 univ]sal good2 ,& spite ( pride1 9 err+ reason's spite1 ,"o tru? is cle>1 :atev] is1 is "r4'--,,pope4 #aed4 ,9 ! two prec$+ ,*apt]s we h dwelt ^u ! laws ( en]gy & ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]2 9 o!r words1 we h discuss$ ! laws accord+ to :i* ! ma*9e call$ ! visible univ]se works1 z well z ! probable nature ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$4 ,we h 9 ?is process 7,arts4 #hf1 #aea7 come to ! conclusion t ! visible univ]se has be5 develop$ out ( ! invisible4 ,once develop$1 x has its own laws ( action :i* we may discov]1--laws :i* at pres5t appe> to be inv>iably foll[$1 z f> at lea/ z our /rictly sci5tific exp]i5ce c in=m u4 ,9 f9e1 ! visible univ]se is t :i* we are 9 a position to obs]ve2 ga9+ an insight into its pres5t me?od ( work+1 & try+ also to reply to ! v int]e/+ "q1 ,has x always work$ 9 its pres5t mann]1 or has !re ev] be5 any app>5t break8 ,let u !re=e consid] ?is visible univ]se imm$iately aft] its production1 & endeav\r to become acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,:at did x d8 ,0 x1 or 0 x n1 entirely left to itself1 & to :at may be t]m$ ! natural laws impress$ ^u x :5 x 0 produc$8 ,or1 if ! results ( our inquiry seem to %[ t x 0 n entirely left to itself1 :51 to :at ext5t1 & = :at purposes1 has !re be5 & is !re int]f]5ce proce$+ f ! unse58 ,9 reply+ to ^! que/ions1 let u1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 consid] developm5t "u ! ?ree foll[+ heads1 viz41 77 ,*emical or ,/uff ,developm5t1 77 ,globe ,developm5t1 77 ,life ,developm5t4 #aee4 ,beg9n+ ) *emical or /uff developm5t1 we come at once to a v int]e/+ & important "q4 ,assum+ t ! atoms ( ! pres5t univ]se 7 develop$ f ! invisible1 7 diff]5t k9ds ( atoms ?us develop$1 or 7 !y all ( "o k9d8 ,to ?is "q ! *emi/ ( la/ c5tury w\ld h repli$1 t und\bt$ly !re 7 _m k9ds ( primeval atoms1 & !n w\ld foll[ a =midable li/ ( all ^! v>i\s sub/ances :i* he 0 unable to decompose4 ,! *emi/ ( ?irty or =ty ye>s lat] w\ld /ill h repli$ to ! "q 9 ! same way1 b he w\ld probably h furni%$ a diff]5t li/ ( primeval elem5ts less =midable 9 numb]4 ,if ! *emi/ ( =ty ye>s ago _h be5 ask$1 he w\ld h furni%$ a li/ ( p]haps fifty simple sub/ances2 b !n1 probably1 ! m9imum w\ld h be5 rea*$2 = ask ! *emi/ ( to-day1 & he w furni% a li/ ( sixty-f\r s-call$ elem5ts4 #aef4 ,b :ile ! numb] ( z yet undecompos$ bodies is sl[ly increas+ by fre% discov]ies1 *emi/s are beg9n+ to speculate z to ! possibility t ^! s-call$ elem5ts may be 9 reality no?+ m ?an comb9ations diff]+ 9 numb]s & 9 tactical arrangem5t1 ( "s "o k9d ( primordial atoms4 ,?is idea 0 fir/ ent]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,pr\t1 ! well-kn[n physician & *emi/4 ,he po9t$ out t ! atomic weights ( ! v>i\s s-call$ elem5ts are v ne>ly all multiples ( ! half ( t ( hydrog51 s t ! v>i\s elem5ts may possibly be look$ ^u z =m$ by a gr\p+ toge!r ( c]ta9 atoms ( half ! mass ( ! hydrog5 atom4 ,m4 ,/as1 ! di/+ui%$ ,belgian *emi/1 in/itut$ a labori\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ! view ( te/+ ?is doctr9e4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ! atomic weights ( ! v>i\s elem5ts 7 n precisely multiples ( ! half ( t ( hydrog51 !re be+ great] diff]5ces ?an c\ld possibly be acc\nt$ = by errors ( exp]im5t4 ,8 rese>*es1 h[ev]1 seem$ to %[ t 9 _m cases !re 0 a v ne> approa* to ,pr\t's imag9$ law4 ,b 9 no case does ! discrepance appe> to u greatly to exce$ :at may easily be attribut$ to unavoidable impurities 9 ! sub/ances op]at$ on2 say only ^? due to ! cond5sation ( gases 9 ! pores ( solids1 :i* 79 c]ta9 cases at lea/7 is kn[n to am\nt to a v consid]able quantity4 #aeg4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view !re appe>s to be evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! s-call$ elem5t>y bodies be+ built up1 z m or less complex arrangem5ts ( "o1 or at mo/ a few1 simpl] k9ds ( matt]4 ,!re are c]ta9 gr\ps or families among/ ^! elem5ts ( su* a nature t ! v>i\s memb]s ( "o family appe> to be relat$ to ea* o!r1 9 ! same way z ! correspond+ memb]s ( ano!r family4 ,?is cle>ly po9ts to "s sort ( community ( orig91 & ?us fav\rs ! idea t ! elem5ts are 9 reality composite /ructures4 ,b ! great difficulty felt by ^? :o h fav\r$ ?is idea has be5 ! app>5t impossibility ( decompos+ su* family gr\ps4 ,?us fluor9e1 *lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e1 :ile !y appe> to be relat$ to "o ano!r 9 "s peculi> mann]1 h yet app>5tly resi/$ all attempts at decomposition1 & !re are o!r simil> in/ances :i* might easily be nam$4 #aeh4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 come to be recognis$1 t heat ( high temp]ature is a v p[]ful decompos+ ag5t1 & t its (fice is by no means limit$ to caus+ ! sep>ation f "o ano!r ( ! molecules ( a sub/ance1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x sep>ates ! molecules ( wat]-sub/ance or ,h#b,o f "o ano!r1 z 9 =m+ wat] f ice1 or /eam f wat]4 ,x is n[ und]/ood t high-temp]ature heat has also ! p[] ( sep>at+ ! atomic con/itu5ts ( a s+le molecule f ea* o!r1 s t at an extremely high temp]ature n only w\ld wat] be driv5 into /eam1 b /eam driv5 into oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,we are already famili> ) _m in/ances ( ?is p[] possess$ by high-temp]ature heat2 ?us we see c>bonate ( lime decompos$ by ! heat ( ! kiln into lime & c>bonic-acid gas4 ,we see also t at ! high temp]atures :i* accompany ! electric sp>k almo/ all comp\nds are mom5t>ily decompos$1 if we may judge by ! spectrum ( ! light :i* is giv5 out4 ,c>ry+ on ?is l9e ( ?\ght1 we are l$ to imag9e t1 c\ld we obta9 high] temp]atures ?an ^? n[ at our disposal1 we might decompose "s ( ^? sub/ances :i* at pres5t seem to be elem5ts4 #aei4 ,locky]1 9 8 a/ronomical rese>*es1 has rec5tly />t$ ?is "q4 ,he argues t 9 ! sun & />s1 & m especially 9 ! :it] />s1 !re are temp]atures v mu* high] ?an any :i* h be5 "h produc$4 ,he assumes too t simplicity ( con/itution accompanies a simple spectrum1 an hypo!sis :i* is consi/5t ) ! fact t comp\nds z a rule give spectra mu* m complicat$ ?an ^? ( simple sub/ances4 ,n[ x is a curi\s circum/ance t ! atmosph]es ( "s ( ! :it] />s1 su* z ,sirius1 d n appe> to conta9 any?+ b hydrog52 at lea/ we h no indication t !y d2 o!r />s1 aga91 ( less :it5ess1 9 addition to hydrog51 h su* sub/ances z iron1 sodium1 etc41 :ile yell[1 orange1 & blood-r$ />s & v>iable />s1 appe> to conta9 9 _! atmosph]es sub/ances :i* are comp\nds4 ,if !n x be true t z a rule ! atmosph]es ( ! :it] />s conta9 ! few] elem5ts & ^? ( smalle/ atomic weight1 & t z />s dim9i% 9 :it5ess _! atmosph]es rise 9 complexity ( /ructure1 9 f9e1 if we h reason to associate toge!r :it5ess & simplicity1 ?is und\bt$ly tells 9 fav\r ( ! p[] ( high-temp]ature heat to split up ! s-call$ elem5ts4 ,we conclude ! :it] />s to be ! hott] />s1 f ! fact t _! spectra conta9 a great] proportion ( ! m refrangible rays ?an d ^? ( yell[ or r$ />s4 ,9 f9e1 a speculation ( ?is nature is n to be summ>ily dismiss$1 b ought to be reta9$ z a work+ hypo!sis :i* may 9 "t ?r[ great light on ! ultimate con/itution ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,is x fanciful to suppose t ! passage prefix$ to ,*apt] ,,iii4 may ref] to ?is1 s9ce 7lit]ally translat$7 x /&s--#8444 ! elem5ts1 int5sely heat$1 %all be brok5 up4444'8 #afj4 ,let u n[ turn to globe developm5t4 ,we h allud$ to ?is already :ile discuss+ ! en]gy ( ! univ]se4 ,9 do+ s we came to ! conclusion t ! orig9al /ate ( ! visible univ]se 0 a diffus$ or *aotic /ate1 9 :i* ! v>i\s p>ticles 7 widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 b ex]t+ on "o ano!r gravitat+ =ce1 & !re=e possess$ ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,z ^! p>ticles came toge!r1 imp+$ on "o ano!r1 or ga!r$ into gr\ps1 ?is pot5tial en]gy 0 gradually trans=m$ into ! en]gy ( heat & into t ( visible motion4 ,we may ?us imag9e ! cool+ & 7except "u v /rict conditions ( orig9al di/ribution7 necess>ily revolv+ matt] 9 c\rse ( "t to h ?r[n (f c]ta9 p>ts ( itself :i* w\ld !reaft] =m satellites or planet>y att5dants1 :ile ! c5tral mass w\ld =m ! sun4 ,we h "h1 9 fact1 ! developm5t hypo!sis ( ,kant & ,laplace1 & x is greatly 9 fav\r ( ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis t all ! planet>y motions ( ! sol> sy/em are ne>ly 9 "o plane1 & also t1 look+ d[n on ! sy/em f above t plane1 all ^! motions are se5 to be 9 "o & ! same direction4 #afa4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t ! sol> sy/em &1 p>i passu1 ! o!r sid]eal sy/ems h be5 =m$ 9 ?is way1 x is v easy to see :y ! c5tral mass %\ld be s mu* hott] ?an its att5dants4 ,two causes w\ld conduce to ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 assum+ t ! heat ( a mass is due to ! ru%+ toge!r ( its p>ticles "u ! =ce ( gravitation1 ! velocities w\ld be mu* great] = ! c5tral mass1 & h5ce ! am\nt ( heat 7p] unit ( mass1 i4e4 ! temp]ature7 develop$ w\ld be great] also4 ,9 ! next place1 ! body be+ a l>ge "o w\ld cool less rapidly ?an its att5dant planets4 ,^! two causes ?us comb9e to r5d] ! l>ge/ bodies ( ! univ]se ev] s9ce _! aggregation 7& /ill m n[7 ! hotte/1 s t ! same body :i* =ms ! gravitat+ c5tre ( ! sy/em becomes1 :5 requir$1 also ! disp5s] ( light & heat4 #afb4 ,n[1 )\t speculat+ ab\t ! nature or ext5t ( ! e!real m$ium1 we may be sure ( two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all b an exce$+ly small fraction ( ! light & heat ( ! sun & />s goes out into space & does n return to !m aga91 or 9 o!r words1 ! sun & />s are sl[ly cool+4 ,to re/ore to ! sun e in/ant its losses by radiation1 ! :ole cele/ial vault w\ld h to radiate z p[]fully z ! sun does--9 :i* case ! e>? & planets w\ld v soon acquire 7at _! surfaces7 ! sun's temp]ature4 ,9 ! next place1 ! visible motion ( ! l>ge bodies ( ! univ]se is gradually be+ /opp$ by some?+ :i* may be d5om9at$ e!real friction4 ,x foll[s f ?is t our own sun w gradually lose 8 brilliancy1 & t our e>? w gradually lose its orbital en]gy & approa* ! sun 9 a pa? ( sl[ly contract+ spiral convolutions4 ,at la/ x w become entangl$ ) ! sun1 & ! result w be ! conv]sion ( ! rema9+ orbital en]gy into heat1 aft] :i* ! two bodies w rema9 "o4 ,?us ! t5d5cy is t ! sun %all ultimately absorb ! v>i\s planets ( ! sy/em1 8 heat & en]gy be+ recruit$ by ! process4 ,n[1 let u imag9e t ! same processes are simultane\sly go+ on 9 "o ( ! ne>] fix$ />s1 say = in/ance 9 ,sirius4 ,aft] unimag9able ages ^! two />s1 ! ,sun & ,sirius1 hav+ ea* long s9ce swall[$ up 8 att5dants1 b be+ nev]!less exhau/$ 9 heat-en]gy on acc\nt ( radiation into space1 may be imag9$ to be travell+ t[>ds "o ano!r1 sl[ly at fir/1 b aft]w>ds ) an accel]at$ motion4 ,!y w at la/ approa* ea* o!r ) a great velocity1 & f9ally =m "o sy/em4 ,ultimately ! two w ru% toge!r & =m "o mass1 ! orbital en]gy ( ea* 7or r t portion ( ?is en]gy :i* rema9s aft] e!real friction7 be+ conv]t$ into heat1 & ! matt] be+1 9 consequ5ce1 probably p>tly sma%$ into m]e du/1 & p>tly evaporat$ & trans=m$ into a gase\s1 nebul\s condition4 ,ages pass away1 & ! l>ge d\ble mass ultimately %>es ! same fate t long s9ce ov]took ! s+le masses :i* compos$ x2 t is to say1 x %r9ks & ?r[s (f planets1 b gives out ! great] "p ( its light & heat into space & gradually becomes cold & d>k1 until at l5g? x comes to =m "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( a /ill m /up5d\s collision1 & has its temp]ature rais$ once aga9 by ! conv]sion ( visible en]gy into heat4 #afc4 ,our read]s w rem>k h[1 by a process ( ?is k9d1 ! primordial pot5tial en]gy ( ! visible univ]se is gradually conv]t$ into light & heat1 & h[ ?is light & heat are ultimately dissipat$ into space4 ,!y w also rem>k t1 z ! process goes on1 ! masses ( ! univ]se become l>g] & l>g]4 ,9 f9e1 ! dissipation ( ! en]gy ( ! visible univ]se proce$s1 p>i passu1 ) ! aggregation ( mass4 ,! v fact1 !re=e1 t ! l>ge masses ( ! visible univ]se are ( f9ite size1 is suffici5t to assure u t ! process _c h be5 go+ on = ev]2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! visible univ]se mu/ h _h its orig9 9 "t1 & we may conclude t if ! visible univ]se be f9ite 9 mass ! process w ultimately come to an end4 ,all ?is is :at w\ld take place1 provid$ we all[ ! inde/ructibility ( ord9>y matt]2 b we may p]haps suppose 7,art4 #aec7 t ! v mat]ial ( ! visible univ]se w ultimately vani% into ! invisible4 #afd4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ( ! process ( developm5t j describ$1 :i* we beg our read]s to note4 ,we h suppos$ ! visible univ]se1 aft] its production1 to h be5 left to its own laws2 t is to say1 to c]ta9 s-call$ inorganic ag5cies1 :i* = want ( bett] k we = ! pres5t call =ces1 9 virtue ( :i* its developm5t took place4#ea ,at ! v fir/ !re may h be5 only "o k9d ( primordial atom1 or1 to use ano!r expression1 absolute simplicity ( mat]ial4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! v>i\s atoms approa*$ ea* o!r1 9 virtue ( ! =ces ) :i* !y 7 end[$1 o!r & m complicat$ /ructures took ! place ( ! p]fectly simple primordial /uff4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( molecules 7 produc$ at v>i\s temp]atures1 & ^! ultimately came toge!r to produce globes or worlds1 "s ( !m comp>atively small1 o!rs v l>ge4 ,?us ! progress is f ! regul> to ! irregul>4 ,& we f9d a simil> progress :5 we consid] ! inorganic developm5t ( our own _w4 ,! action ( wat] r\nds pebbles1 b x r\nds !m irregul>ly2 x produces soil1 b ! soil is irregul> 9 ! size ( its gra9s1 & v>iable 9 con/itution4 ,:]ev] :at may be t]m$ ! brute =ces ( nature are left to !mselves1 ?is is always ! result3 n s1 h[ev]1 :5 organisms are conc]n$ 9 ! developm5t4 ,two liv+ ?+s ( ! same family are m l ea* o!r ?an two gra9s ( s& or ?an two p>ticles ( soil4 ,! eggs ( birds ( ! same family1 ! correspond+ fea!rs ( simil> birds1 ! ants f ! same ant-hill1 all =m gr\ps ^: memb]s h a v /rong lik5ess to ea* o!r4 ,we f9d ?is lik5ess /ill m m>k$ :5 we reg>d c]ta9 products ( human indu/ry4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 co9s f ! same die1 or bullets f ! same m\ld1 or impressions f ! same engrav$ plate1 & we at once p]ceive ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 products develop$ ?r\gh inorganic means & ^? develop$ ?r\gh an intellig5t ag5t design+ uni=mity4 #afe4 ,let u n[ proce$ to consid] life developm5t4 ,let u imag9e t ! primeval atoms h long s9ce come toge!r1 v>i\s *emical sub/ances be+ ! result4 ,& let u fur!r imag9e t ^! v>i\s sub/ances h long s9ce ga!r$ !mselves into worlds1 ( v>i\s sizes at fir/2 b t ^! worlds h gradually cool$ d[n1 until "o ( !m1 ! ,e>?1 let u say1 has at l5g? rea*$ conditions "u :i* life 7su* z we "k x7 becomes possible4 ,accord+ly life makes its appe>ance2 n ! life t n[ is1 b some?+ mu* rud] & simpl]4 ,b 9 process ( "t we f9d q a diff]5t ord] ( organis$ be+s2 a high] & m complete type has appe>$1 & ! type cont9ues to rise until x culm9ates 9 ! production ( man1 a be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce1 & capable ( reason+ ^u ! ph5om5a ar\nd him4 ,n[1 if man reviews ^! organis$ =ms :i* exi/ on ! e>? side by side ) himself1 he p]ceives at once t a numb] ( individuals possess c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common1 & he gives expression to ?is exp]i5ce by say+ t ^! individuals are all ( "o species4 #8,:5 we call a gr\p ( animals or ( plants a species1' says ,pr(essor ,huxley1#eb #8we may imply !reby1 ei!r t all ^! animals or plants h "s common peculi>ity ( =m or /ructure2 or we may mean t !y possess "s common functional "*4 ,t "p ( biological sci5ce :i* deals ) =m & /ructure is call$ ,morphology2 t :i* conc]ns itself ) function1 ,physiology4 ,s t we may conv5i5tly speak ( ^! two s5ses1 or aspects1 ( 8species0--! "o z morphological1 ! o!r z physiological4444 ,?us horses =m a species1 because ! gr\p ( animals to :i* t "n is appli$ is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs 9 ! _w by ! foll[+ con/antly associat$ *>act]s3--,!y h1 #a4 a v]tebral column2 #b4 mammae2 #c4 a plac5tal embryo2 #d4 f\r legs2 #e4 a s+le well-develop$ toe 9 ea* foot1 provid$ ) a ho(2 #f4 a bu%y tail2 & #g4 callosities on ! inn] sides ( bo? ! =e & ! h9d legs4 ,! asses1 aga91 =m a di/9ct species1 because1 ) ! same *>act]s1 z f> z ! fif? 9 ! above li/1 all asses h tuft$ tails1 & h callosities only on ! inn] side ( ! =e legs4' ,b v (t5 ! morphological peculi>ities ( a species are m easily recognis$ ?an express$4 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 w\ld fail to rank ! horse z "o species & ! ass z ano!r1 ev5 :ile ignorant ( "s ( ^? specific peculi>ities :i* ! naturali/ selects z convey+ ! be/ sci5tific acc\nt ( _! diff]5ce4 #aff4 ,let u n[ reg>d ! "q ( species f its physiological po9t ( view4 ,suppose t two individuals1 ,a & ,b1 ( diff]5t sexes1 bre$ freely toge!r1 produc+ (fspr+1 & t two individuals1 ,c & ,d1 d ! l4 ,n[1 if ! (fspr+ ( ,a & ,b is capable ( bre$+ freely ) t ( ,c & ,d1 produc+ (fspr+1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 !n ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d may be said to belong to ! same physiological species4 ,to take an illu/ration borr[$ f ,pr(essor ,huxley3 let u imag9e t ,a is an ,arab1 & ,b a dray-horse2 also t ,c is a dray-horse1 & ,d an ,arab4 ,n[ ! prog5y ( ^! two pairs w all be mongrels1 hold+ a position int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! ,arab & ! dray-horse2 b !y w be p]fectly f]tile among/ !mselves :5 mat*$ toge!r4 ,we !re=e conclude t ! dray-horse & ! ,arab are n di/9ct physiological species1 b only v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,aga91 let ,a be a horse & ,b an ass1 also let ,c be an ass & ,d a horse4 ,! pairs w /ill h (fspr+1 & ^! w be mules1 hav+ a "* int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! horse & t ( ! ass2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! mules w n be able to bre$ toge!r among/ !mselves s z to produce (fspr+4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t a horse & an ass are ( diff]5t physiological species4 ,if we %\ld ev] attempt to pair toge!r animals mu* m unlike ea* o!r ?an ! horse & ! ass1 we %\ld simply fail4 ,!y w n come toge!r1 & we _c tell :e!r1 if !y did1 !y w\ld be capable ( produc+ prog5y4 ,we may !re=e conclude t1 z matt] ( fact1 !re are c]ta9 well-m>k$ physiological species t w n bre$ ) ea* o!r at all1 :ile !re are o!r species also physiologically di/9ct1 b n s m>k$ly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 t may be br\ght to bre$ toge!r1 _! (fspr+ be+ inf]tile4 #afg4 ,! mo/ app>5t conclusion to be d$uc$ f ^! facts w\ld be t ( ! inv>iability ( species1 & ( ! impossibility ( its transmutation--! inf]tility ( hybrids be+ ! law :i* prev5ts any su* transmutation f tak+ place4 ,& z ! physiological species _c be made diff]5t ! app>5t conclusion is t 9 times pa/ !y h be5 always ! same z !y are n[4 ,if ?is be all[$1 x foll[s t inasmu* z !y took _! orig9 9 "t1 !y mu/ h orig9ally be5 produc$ v mu* z !y are at ! pres5t mom5t1--a sep>ate act ( production be+ requir$ = ea* species1 or r two sep>ate acts = ea* species4 ,?is position has always be5 reg>d$ z a /ronghold by a c]ta9 class ( !ological ?9k]s1 & !y h res5t$ ! attempts ( m5 ( sci5ce to obta9 any o!r explanation ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,m5 ( sci5ce h1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]t$ _! "r to discuss ?is "q ) ! same fre$om z any o!r4 ,our po9t ( view is some:at diff]5t f t ( ei!r ( ^! two p>ties4 ,we ?9k x is n s mu* ! "r or privilege z ! b\nd5 duty ( ! man ( sci5ce to put back ! direct int]f]5ce ( ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause--! uncondition$--z f> z he possibly c 9 "t4 ,?is is ! intellectual or r !oretical "w :i* he is call$ ^u to d--! po/ t has be5 assign$ to him 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se4 ,if1 !n1 two possible !ories ( ! production ( any ph5om5on are pres5t$ to ! man ( sci5ce1 "o ( ^! imply+ ! imm$iate op]ation ( ! uncondition$1 & ! o!r ! op]ation ( "s cause exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 we conceive t he is call$ ^u by ! mo/ pr(\nd obligations ( 8 nature & "w to *oose ! second 9 pref]5ce to ! fir/4 ,b we h already suffici5tly discuss$ ?is "q 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is book 7,art4 #he74 #afh4 ,:5 we exam9e closely into ! ph5om5a ( life we f9d t side by side ) ! g5]al law1 t l produces l1 !re is a t5d5cy to m9or v>iations4 ,?us we h already agre$ to consid] dray-horses & ,arabs z v>ieties ( ! species horse2 & 9 l mann] p\t]s1 c>ri]s1 fan-tails1 & tumbl]s are all v>ieties ( ! species rock-pigeon4 ,we are !re=e l$ to ask h[ su* v>ieties 7 orig9ally produc$1 & h[ !y become p]petuat$ aft] _! production4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t !re occurs occasionally an acc\ntable v>iation1 s m>k$ 9 its nature z to be wor?y ( hi/orical record4 ,two v int]e/+ & in/ructive in/ances ( ?is are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & we take ! lib]ty ( quot+ ^! 9 ! ,pr(essor's own words3-- #8,! fir/ ( !m is t ( ! 8,ancon10 or 8,ott]0 %eep1 ( :i* a c>eful acc\nt is giv5 by ,colonel ,david ,humphreys1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 a lett] to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahac4 ,x appe>s t "o ,se? ,wright1 ! proprietor ( a f>m on ! banks ( ! ,*>les ,riv] 9 ,massa*usetts1 possess$ a flock ( fifte5 ewes & a ram ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,9 ! ye> #agia1 "o ( ! ewes pres5t$ h] own] ) a male lamb diff]+1 = no assignable reason1 f its p>5ts by a proportionally long body & %ort b&y legs1 :5ce x 0 unable to emulate its relatives 9 ^? sportive leaps ov] ! neighb\rs' f5ces1 9 :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( indulg+1 mu* to ! good f>m]'s vexation4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,) ! 'cut5ess *>act]i/ic ( _! nation1 ! neighb\rs ( ! ,massa*usetts f>m] imag9$ x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ if all 8 %eep 7 imbu$ ) ! /ay-at-home t5d5cies en=c$ by nature ^u ! newly arriv$ ram1 & !y advis$ ,wright to kill ! old patri>* ( 8 fold1 & in/all ! ,ancon ram 9 8 place4 ,! result ju/ifi$ _! sagaci\s anticipations4444 ,! "y lambs 7 almo/ always ei!r pure ,ancons or pure ord9>y %eep4 ,b :5 suffici5t ,ancon %eep 7 obta9$ to int]bre$ ) "o ano!r x 0 f\nd t ! (fspr+ 0 always pure ,ancon4' #8,! second case is t detail$ by a no less unexceptionable au?ority ?an ,raumur1 9 8 ,art de faire clore les ,p\lets4 ,a ,maltese c\ple nam$ ,kelleia1 ^: h&s & feet 7 con/ruct$ ^u ! ord9>y human model1 _h born to !m a son1 ,gratio1 :o possess$ six p]fectly moveable f+]s on ea* h&1 & six toes1 n q s well =m$1 on ea* foot4 ,no cause c\ld be assign$ = ! appe>ance ( ?is unusual v>iety ( ! human species4 ,b h[ev] !y may h aris51 :at especially int]e/s u is to rem>k t1 once 9 exi/5ce1 v>ieties obey ! fundam5tal law ( reproduction1 t l t5ds to produce l1 & _! (fspr+ exemplify x by t5d+ to exhibit ! same deviation f ! p>5tal /ock z !mselves4 ,inde$1 !re seems to be 9 _m in/ances a prepot5t influ5ce ab\t a newly aris5 v>iety :i* gives x :at we may call an unfair advantage ov] ! normal desc5dants f ! same /ock4 ,?is is /rik+ly exemplifi$ by ! case ( ,gratio ,kelleia1 :o m>ri$ a woman ) ! ord9>y p5tadactyle extremities & _h by h] f\r *ildr51 ,salvator1 ,george1 ,&r1 & ,m>ie4 ,( ^! *ildr5 ,salvator1 ! elde/ boy1 _h six f+]s & six toes1 l 8 fa!r2 ! second & ?ird1 also boys1 _h five f+]s & five toes1 l _! "m1 ?\gh ! h&s & feet ( ,george 7 slightly de=m$2 ! la/1 a girl1 _h five f+]s & five toes1 b ! ?umbs 7 slightly de=m$4 ,! v>iety ?us reproduc$ itself purely 9 ! elde/1 :ile ! normal type reproduc$ itself purely 9 ! ?ird1 & almo/ purely 9 ! second & la/2 s t x w\ld seem1 at fir/1 z if ! normal type 7 m p[]ful ?an ! v>iety4 ,b all ^! *ildr5 grew up & int]m>ri$ ) normal wives & husb&s1 & !n note :at took place--,salvator _h f\r *ildr51 ?ree ( :om exhibit$ ! hexadactyle memb]s ( _! gr&fa!r & fa!r1 :ile ! y\nge/ _h ! p5tadactyle limbs ( ! "m & gr&mo!r2 s t "h1 not)/&+ a d\ble p5tadactyle dilution ( ! blood ! hexadactyle v>iety _h ! be/ ( x4 ,! same prepot5cy ( ! v>iety 0 /ill m m>k$ly exemplifi$ 9 ! prog5y ( two ( ! o!r *ildr51 ,m>ie & ,george4 ,m>ie 7^: ?umbs only 7 de=m$7 gave bir? to a boy ) six toes1 & ?ree o!r normally =m$ *ildr52 b ,george1 :o 0 n q s pure a p5tadactyle1 begot1 fir/1 two girls1 ea* ( :om _h six f+]s & toes2 !n a girl ) six f+]s on ea* h&1 & six toes on ! "r foot1 b only five toes on ! left2 & la/ly1 a boy ) only five f+]s & toes4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 !re=e1 ! v>iety1 z x 71 leap$ ov] "o g5]ation to reproduce itself 9 full =ce 9 ! next4 ,f9ally1 ! purely p5tadactyle ,&r 0 ! fa!r ( _m *ildr51 n "o ( :om dep>t$ f ! normal p>5tal type4' #afi4 ,! in/ances n[ quot$ illu/rate two ?+s4 ,bo? tell u h[ v>ieties arise1 we may say spontane\sly1 or 9 o!r words we _c tell h[2 & ! =m] in/ance1 t ( ! ,ancon bre$1 %[s u moreov] t su* v>ieties :5 !y d occur may be r5d]$ p]man5t by means ( artificial selection4 ,if ! six-f+]$ desc5dants ( ,gratio ,kelleia _h be5 =c$ to int]m>ry among/ !mselves x is highly probable t we %\ld h _h a p]man5t hexadactyle v>iety ( ! human race4 ,x has likewise be5 %[n by ,*>les ,d>w9 t ! p\t]1 ! fan-tail1 ! c>ri]1 & ! tumbl] are all v>ieties ( ! common rock-pigeon4 #agj4 ,x ?us appe>s t p]man5t v>ieties may be produc$ by artificial selection4 ,n[ ,d>w9 & ,wallace h br\ght be=e u ! v great fact t simil> *anges c also be produc$ by natural selection4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u imag9e a slight v>iety to arise spontane\sly1 we d n "k h[4 ,hav+ aris5 !re is a #8prepot5t influ5ce' ab\t x :i* enables x to secure a consid]able proportion ( (fspr+ hav+ its own *>act]i/ics4 ,n[1 suppose t ! *>act]i/ics are su* z to adapt ! individuals possess+ !m m p]fectly to ! conditions ( nature :i* surr\nd !m4 ,:51 by bre$+ among/ !mselves1 ! new v>iety is r5d]$ p]man5t1 ! memb]s ( ?is v>iety w1 !re=e1 h an advantage ov] _! eld] bre?r5 s f> z c]ta9 conditions ( nature are conc]n$1 w 9 fact succe$ bett] 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & w ultimately displace ! eld] bran*es4 ,?us ! /ruggle = exi/5ce be>s to natural selection ! same relation z man be>s to artificial selection4 #aga4 ,we n[ come to ! real po9t ( difficulty1 or at lea/ ! unprov$ po9t1 9 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,we may cross "o race ) ano!r1 b we d n obta91 s f> z we "k1 ^? ph5om5a ( inf]tility :i* are exhibit$ :5 we cross di/9ct species ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,ancon %eep 7 p]fectly f]tile :5 mat*$ ) _! eld] bre?r51 & ! dray-horse & ! ,arab1 or ! p\t] & ! tumbl]1 bre$ toge!r z easily z if !y 7 ( ! same race4 ,b if we _c produce inf]tility1 h[ c we apply ! results ( artificial selection to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( species8 ,?is difficulty is met by ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s 9 ?is way3--#8,x is n z yet prov$1' says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 #8t a race ev] exhibits1 :5 cross$ ) ano!r race ( ! same species1 ^? ph5om5a ( hybridisation :i* are exhibit$ by _m species :5 cross$ ) o!r species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n only is x n prov$ t all species give rise to hybrids inf]tile int] se1 b !re is mu* reason to believe t1 9 cross+1 species exhibit e gradation f p]fect /]ility to p]fect f]tility4' ,?is appe>s to c>ry weight2 ! old !ory w5t ) a leap f p]fect f]tility to p]fect /]ility1 & did n contemplate ! possibility ( a cont9u\s gradation f ! "o extreme to ! o!r2 at lea/ its argum5t 0 f\nd$ ^u ! neglect ( su* a gradation4 ,b if !re be a gradation ( ?is k9d1 x foll[s t inf]tility w m]ely repres5t ! results ( cross+ two species ^: functional *>act]i/ics are v diff]5t f ea* o!r2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reason :y artificially produc$ v>ieties are n inf]tile :5 cross$ ) "o ano!r may only be t ! exp]im5t has n be5 cont9u$ long en\gh4 ,"t1 9 fact1 is ! ess5tial requisite 9 all su* attempts to imitate nature4 #agb4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has rem>k$ t c]ta9 plants are m f]tile ) ! poll5 ( ano!r species ?an ) _! own2 & ,pr(essor ,huxley tells u t !re are c]ta9 fuci ^: male elem5t w f]tilise ! ovule ( a plant ( di/9ct species1 :ile ! males ( ! latt] species are ineffective ) ! females ( ! fir/4 ,s obscure 9 "s ( its bran*es is ! work+ ( ! reproductive sy/em4 ,aga91 ! foll[+ rem>k by ,mr4 ,d>w9 is v sugge/ive3-- #8,fir/ crosses betwe5 =ms kn[n to be v>ieties1 or suffici5tly alike to be consid]$ z v>ieties1 & _! mongrel (fspr+1 are v g5]ally1 b n q univ]sally1 f]tile4 ,nor is ?is ne>ly g5]al & p]fect f]tility surpris+1 :5 we rememb] h[ liable we are to argue 9 a circle ) respect to v>ieties 9 a /ate ( nature2 & :5 we rememb] t ! great] numb] ( v>ieties h be5 produc$ "u dome/ication1 by ! selection ( m]e ext]nal diff]5ces1 & n ( diff]5ces 9 ! reproductive sy/em4 ,9 all o!r respects1 exclud+ f]tility1 !re is a close g5]al resemblance betwe5 hybrids & mongrels4' #agc4 ,! result ( all ^! speculations is to r5d] x probable t !re may be 9 nature1 give x "t en\gh1 a process :i* leads to ! transmutation ( species4 ,! accumulation ( successive diff]5ces1 ea* repres5t+ "s elem5t ( success 9 ! /ruggle = life1 may easily be imag9$ to be capable ( produc+1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 a v great *ange4 ,reason+ out ?is hypo!sis1 ! m advanc$ foll[]s ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 d n hesitate to describe all ! v>ieties ( liv+ ?+s1 includ+ man1 z ! results ( developm5t f "s primordial g]m tak+ place ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( immeasurable ages4 ,& ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 9 8 "w on ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 lays great /ress on ! occurr5ce ( homolog\s /ructures 9 man & ! l[] animals1 z well z on ! developm5t 9 man ( rudim5t>y /ructures1 :i* are ei!r absolutely useless to _! possessor1 or ( v slight s]vice inde$1 b :i* appe> to s]ve z an index ( ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! human species has pass$ 9 its progress upw>ds f l[] =ms ( life4 #agd4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 h[ev]1 sees 9 ! production ( man ! int]v5tion ( an ext]nal w4 ,he rem>ks t ! l[e/ types ( savages are 9 possession ( a bra91 & ( capacities f> beyond any use to :i* !y c\ld apply !m 9 _! pres5t condition1 & t !re=e !y c\ld n h be5 evolv$ f ! m]e necessities ( _! environm5ts4 #age4 ,f9ally1 ,pr(essor ,huxley imag9es ! possibility ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis requir+ modification4 ,allud+ to ! assum$ circul>ity ( ! planet>y orbits :i* foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis 7,art4 #fi71 he rem>ks3-- #8,b ! planet>y orbits turn$ out to be n q circul> aft] all1 &1 gr& z 0 ! s]vice ,cop]nicus r5d]$ to sci5ce1 ,kepl] & ,newton _h to come aft] him4 ,:at if ! orbit ( ,d>w9ism %\ld be a little too circul>8 ,:at if species %\ld (f] residual ph5om5a1 "h & !re1 n explicable by natural selection8 ,tw5ty ye>s h5ce naturali/s may be 9 a position to say :e!r ?is is1 or is n1 ! case2 b 9 ei!r ev5t !y w owe ! au?or ( 8,! ,orig9 ( ,species0 an imm5se debt ( gratitude4' #agf4 ,we w def] to our la/ *apt] "s fur!r rem>ks on ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis4 ,mean:ile1 be=e conclud+1 let u briefly allude to ! orig9al production ( liv+ ?+s on our globe4 ,x may1 p]haps1 ev5tually be possible by means ( a hypo!sis ( evolution1 to acc\nt = ! great v>iety ( liv+ =ms on ! supposition ( a s+le primordial g]m to beg9 )2 b ! difficulty /ill rema9s h[ to acc\nt = ?is g]m4 ,x is aga9/ all true sci5tific exp]i5ce t life c appe> )\t ! int]v5tion ( a liv+ antec$5t4 ,h[ !n are we to expla9 ! production ( ! primordial g]m8 ,! difficulty ( do+ s f our po9t ( view w\ld appe> to be unusually great1 = we h come to ! conclusion t1 z a matt] ( sci5tific pr9ciple1 we _c admit any su* brea* ( cont9uity z a pure act ( creation 9 "t w\ld imply4 ,if1 !n1 a pure act ( creation 9 "t be an inadmissible hypo!sis1 & if ! hypo!sis ( ,abiog5esis be equally inadmissible1 our read]s may well ask h[ are we to surm\nt ! difficulty4 ,= our reply to ?is "q1 we mu/ once m beg to ref] !m to our conclud+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,speculations ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,sup]ior ,,intellig5ces ,,tn ,,! ,,visible ,,univ]se4 #8,! e>? ha? bubbles1 z ! wat] has1 ,& ^! are ( !m4'--,,%akespe>e1 ,macbe?4 #agg4 ,our read]s are n[ aw>e f :at we h said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 t ! two great requisites = organis$ exi/5ce are1 9 ! fir/ place1 an organ ( memory1 giv+ ! individual a hold ^u ! pa/1 & secondly1 ! possibility ( v>i$ action 9 ! pres5t1 & t unless ^! two ?+s are fulfill$ life is simply inconceivable4 ,aga91 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii41 ,,iv41 & ,v4 we h suffici5tly discuss$ ! visible univ]se & its pot5tialities4 ,we h se5 t al?\gh at pres5t x conta9s ! ess5tial requisites = organis$ exi/5ce1 yet1 9 ! remote future1 a "t w necess>ily arrive :51 ?r\gh a degradation ( ! ,en]gy ( ?is univ]se1 or at lea/ ( "o "p ( x1 t v>iety ( motion :i* is ess5tial to life w be unatta9able4 ,immortality is1 !re=e1 impossible or h>dly possible 9 su* a univ]se2 b ev5 all[+ all ?is to be ! case1 x is at lea/ conceivable t man may be at dea? draft$ (f into "s sup]ior rank ( be+ connect$ ) ! pres5t univ]se1 & !nce ultimately remov$ into a new ord] ( ?+s :5 ! pres5t univ]se %all h become effete4 ,let u n[1 !re=e1 v briefly discuss ! "q z to ! possibility ( intellig5ces sup]ior to man exi/+ 9 ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,&1 9 ord] to comm5ce ?is inquiry1 let u analyse ) "s m9ut5ess ! physical s\rce ( t peculi>ity :i* ! pres5t univ]se possesses1 9 virtue ( :i* x af=ds liv+ be+s ! means ( a v>i$ exi/5ce4 ,:5ce is all ?is p[] d]iv$8 ,h[ comes x ab\t t a liv+ be+ possesses t abruptness & spontaneity ( action :i* peculi>ly *>act]ise x8 ,9 f9e1 let u consid] ! exact position ( life 9 ! pres5t physical univ]se4 #agh4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is well kn[n t equilibrium may be ( two k9ds1 /able & un/able1 & if we take an egg balanc$ on its end at ! edge ( a table z an example ( me*anical in/ability1 we %all see t x #8dep5ds ^u "s ext]nal impulse s inf9itesimally small z to elude our obs]vation :e!r ! egg %all fall ^u ! floor & give rise to a comp>atively l>ge transmutation ( en]gy1 or :e!r x %all fall ^u ! table & give rise to a transmutation comp>atively small4'#ec ,b1 j z !re are o!r =ces besides gravity1 s !re are o!r v>ieties ( in/ability besides t :i* we treat ( 9 me*anics4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 h molecul> in/ability1 su* z *>act]ises wat] cool$ bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 or a sup]saturat$ solution ( ,glaub]'s salt1 :]e ! adv5t ( ! smalle/ possible cry/al ( ice or ( ,glaub]'s salt is suffici5t to br+ ab\t a m>k$ molecul> *ange 9 ! liquid1 :i* imm$iately becomes ?ick ) deposit$ cry/als2 or aga91 we may h *emical in/ability 9 :i* ! slighte/ impulse ( any k9d may det]m9e a *emical *ange1 j z 9 me*anical in/ability ! slighte/ possible impulse may det]m9e a me*anical *ange4 ,?us fulm9at+ silv] or nitroglyc]9e are famili> examples ( *emical in/ability 9 :i* ! slighte/ bl[ or ! smalle/ sp>k may be suffici5t to br+ ab\t an in/antane\s & viol5t g5]ation ( heat$ gas4 #agi4 ,aga91 all ma*9es--t is to say1 all mat]ial sy/ems--mu/ necess>ily be ( two k9ds1 "o ( :i* makes use ( ! /able =ces ( nature & ! o!r ( ! un/able4 ,! foll[+ quotation f a "w on ,en]gy1 by "o ( ! au?ors ( ?is book1 w suffici5tly expla9 :at is meant3#ed-- #8,:5 we speak ( a /ructure1 or a ma*9e1 or a sy/em1 we simply mean a numb] ( individual p>ticles associat$ toge!r 9 produc+ "s def9ite result4 ,?us1 ! sol> sy/em1 a timepiece1 a rifle1 are examples ( inanimate ma*9es2 :ile an animal1 a human be+1 an army1 are examples ( animat$ /ructures or ma*9es4 ,n[1 su* ma*9es or /ructures are ( two k9ds1 :i* diff] f "o ano!r n only 9 ! object s\ght1 b also 9 ! means ( atta9+ t object4 #8,9 ! fir/ place1 we h /ructures or ma*9es 9 :i* sy/ematic action is ! object aim$ at1 & 9 :i* all ! arrangem5ts are ( a cons]vative nature1 ! elem5t ( in/ability be+ avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! sol> sy/em1 a timepiece1 a /eam-eng9e at "w1 are examples ( su* ma*9es1 & ! *>act]i/ic ( all su* is _! calculability4 ,?us ! skill$ a/ronom] c tell1 ) ! utmo/ precision1 9 :at place ! moon or ! planet ,v5us w be f\nd ?is "t next ye>4 ,or aga91 ! excell5ce ( a timepiece consi/s 9 its v>i\s h&s po9t+ accurately 9 a c]ta9 direction aft] a c]ta9 int]val ( "t4 ,9 l mann] we may safely c\nt ^u a /eam%ip mak+ s _m knots an h\r1 at lea/ :ile ! outw>d conditions rema9 ! same4 ,9 all ^! cases we make our calculations1 & we are n deceiv$--! end s\ght is regul>ity ( action1 & ! means employ$ is a /able arrangem5t ( ! =ces ( nature4 #8,n[1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r class ( ma*9es are precisely ! rev]se4 #8,"h ! object aim$ at is n a regul>1 b a sudd5 & viol5t1 transmutation ( en]gy1 :ile ! means employ$ are un/able arrangem5ts ( natural =ces4 ,a rifle at full-cock1 ) a delicate hair-trigg]1 is a v good in/ance ( su* a ma*9e1 :]e ! slighte/ t\* f )\t may br+ ab\t ! explosion ( ! gunp[d]1 & ! propulsion ( ! ball ) a v great velocity4 ,n[1 su* ma*9es are em95tly *>act]is$ by _! incalculability4 #8,x is ?us app>5t t1 z reg>ds en]gy1 /ructures are ( two k9ds4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ! object s\ght is regul>ity ( action1 & ! means employ$1 a /able arrangem5t ( natural =ces2 :ile 9 ! o!r1 ! end s\ght is fre$om ( action1 & a sudd5 transmutation ( en]gy1 ! means employ$ be+ an un/able arrangem5t ( natural =ces4 #8,! "o set ( ma*9es are *>act]is$ by _! calculability--! o!r by _! incalculability4 ,! "o set1 :5 at "w1 are n easily put wrong1 :ile ! o!r set are *>act]is$ by great delicacy ( con/ruction4' #ahj4 ,hav+ ?us def9$ ! two k9ds ( ma*9es1 let u n[ see to :at ext5t a liv+ be+ may be reg>d$ z a ma*9e1 & also to :i* ( ^! two categories he belongs4 ,:at our ma*9es enable u to d is m]ely to trans=m en]gy4 ,our read]s are well aw>e1 by :at we h already said 7,art4 #ajb71 t x is j z impossible to create en]gy z x is to create matt]4 ,?us a clock has to be w\nd up be=e x w g2 an eng9e has to be /ok$ ) coal2 a rifle or cannon has to be *>g$ ) p[d]2 & 9 %ort1 all ma*9es1 :e!r delicately con/ruct$ or n1 :e!r calculable or incalculable1 are m]ely transmut]s ( en]gy & n creators ( x4 ,to ?is law ! liv+ be+ is no exception4 ,! creatures ( ?is _w 7& x is ( su* we are n[ speak+7 are c]ta9ly n creators ( en]gy2 b 9 respect ( ! great law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 su* be+s mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! v same light z any o!r ma*9es4 ,b !re is yet ano!r analogy betwe5 liv+ be+s & inanimate ma*9es4 ,:5 we /udy ! work+ ( any ma*9e1 we f9d t ea* trans=mation ( en]gy br\ght ab\t has a mat]ial antec$5t2 ! effect produc$ has a cause f :i* x spr+s1 & ?is cause is "o :i* we are probably able to recognise f our k ( ! laws ( matt]4 ,to take an example3 9 a /eam-eng9e ! am\nt ( "w produc$ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( heat c>ri$ f ! boil] to ! cond5s]2 & ?is am\nt dep5ds 9 its turn ^u ! am\nt ( coal :i* is burn$ 9 ! furnace ( ! eng9e4 ,9 l mann]1 ! velocity ( ! bullet :i* issues f a rifle dep5ds ^u ! trans=mation ( ! en]gy ( ! p[d]2 ?is 9 its turn dep5ds ^u ! explosion ( ! p]cussion cap2 ?is aga9 ^u ! fall ( ! trigg]2 & la/ly ?is ^u ! f+] ( ! man :o fires ! rifle4 ,n[1 )\t attempt+ to def9e :at life is1 & leav+ all speculations reg>d+ x to our la/ *apt]1 we yet ?9k x may safely be said t a liv+ be+ is analog\s to a ma*9e 9 ?is p>ticul> also4 ,let u take ! man :o fires ! rifle4 ,we c trace back ! motion ( 8 =ef+] to ! contraction ( a muscle2 & we c g ev5 fur!r back & connect ?is contraction ) a /imulus s5t along ! n]ves f ! bra91 s t a mat]ial effect is "h se5 to be br\ght ab\t by a mat]ial antec$5t1 j z truly z 9 an inanimate ma*9e4 ,inde$1 we may g5]alise1 & say t1 s f> z we c physically inve/igate a liv+ be+1 we may take x = grant$ t a mat]ial effect is due to a /rictly mat]ial antec$5t 9 8 case also4 #aha4 ,we h ?us discuss$ two respects 9 :i* a liv+ be+ is analog\s to a ma*9e1 & ! next po9t is to det]m9e :i* ( ! two classes ( ma*9es mo/ resembles ! liv+ be+4 ,is he analog\s to ! sol> sy/em1 a /eam-eng9e1 or a clock8 or is he r analog\s to "s delicately con/ruct$ ma*9e1 su*1 = in/ance1 z a rifle8 ,!re c1 we ?9k1 be no d\bt t a liv+ be+ mo/ resembles a delicately con/ruct$ ma*9e4 ,= :at is ! *>act]i/ic ( su* a ma*9e8 ,x is t 9 x a comp>atively great trans=mation ( en]gy may be br\ght ab\t by a comp>atively small physical antec$5t4 ,?us a slight brea? ( air may det]m9e ! fall ( ! egg (f ! table1 or a slight tap ! explosion ( a l>ge quantity ( fulm9at+ silv]4 ,s 9 ! human be+1 a v small & obscure transmutation ( en]gy 9 ! my/]i\s bra9-*amb] may det]m9e "s v viol5t motion4 #8,life is n a bully :o swagg]s out into ! op5 univ]se1 upsett+ ! laws ( en]gy 9 all directions1 b r a consummate /rategi/1 :o1 sitt+ 9 8 secret *amb] ov] 8 wires1 directs ! movem5ts ( a great army4'#ee #ahb4 ,grant+ !n t a liv+ be+ is a delicately con/ruct$ ma*9e1 ! next po9t is to det]m9e :at process ( delicacy1 :at peculi> arrangem5t ( un/able =ces1 is employ$ 9 8 con/ruction8 ,n[ x is v easy to p]ceive t ! delicacy 9 ?is case is br\ght ab\t by an un/able arrangem5t ( *emical =ces4 ,x is pla9 t ! body ( an animal is a *emically un/able product1 & if1 z "o consequ5ce ( ?is1 great fre$om ( action & delicacy are possess$ dur+ life1 x is ano!r consequ5ce t ! ext9ction ( life is v spe$ily foll[$ by decay4 ,! body !n owes its delicacy to its *emically un/able nature2 to a peculi> collocation ( p>ticles :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n1 9 virtue ( _! own m]ely physical =ces1 h unit$ !mselves toge!r z we f9d !m 9 ! body4 #ahc4 ,to :at1 !n1 is due ?is peculi> gr\p+ ( p>ticles 9 ! liv+ body8 ,we reply t x is1 9 "o s5se at lea/1 d]iv$ f ! food :i* is eat54 ,if animal food is eat51 x is ( c\rse d]iv$ f ! body ( ! animal :i* is consum$4 ,t animal may possibly h d]iv$ x f ano!r animal1 b m probably x has be5 d]iv$ 9 ?is case direct f ! vegetable _w4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 x is to ?is _w t we mu/ look z ! s\rce ( t delicately con/ruct$ sub/ance :i* plays su* a wond]ful & important "p 9 ! animal economy4 ,if we g "o l9k fur!r back 9 ! *a9 ( causation1 we %all be c>ri$ f ! vegetable _w to ! sun z ! great & ultimate physical s\rce ( t high-class en]gy & delicacy ( con/ruction :i* *>act]ise vegetable products4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 ow+ to ! act9ic rays ( our lum9>y t vegetable tissue is manufactur$ 9 ! leaves ( plants1 ! c>bonic acid ( ! air be+ decompos$1 & oxyg5 giv5 out1 :ile ! c>bon1 unit$ ) o!r sub/ances1 & modifi$ !reby1 is reta9$ by ! plant to =m "p ( its sub/ance1 or p]*ance to become ! food ( animals4 #ahd4 ,we h !re=e n[ arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! delicacy ( con/ruction :i* our frames require is ultimately d]iv$ f ! sun1 s f> at lea/ z ! visible univ]se is conc]n$4 ,if !n we w\ld reply to ! "q ( ?is *apt]1 :e!r or n !re may be be+s sup]ior to man connect$ ) ?is pres5t univ]se1 let u look abroad & endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r !re be 9 ?is univ]se any o!r obvi\s process ( delicacy besides t :i* *>act]ises ! bodies ( animals l ourselves4 ,n[1 x has be5 po9t$ out t1 9 ! atmosph]ic *anges ( ?is _w1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! sun1 we h processes ( great delicacy4 ,x is believ$ t ! positions ( ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us affect ! behavi\r ( sun-spots1 & ?us det]m9e ! conditions ( atmosph]ic *anges on ! surface ( our lum9>y t are absolutely ov]:elm+ 9 _! magnitude4 ,we h only to reflect t a l>ge sun-spot might swall[ up fifty planets l our e>?1 & t "s ( ! curr5ts connect$ ) x move at ! rate ( #ajj miles p] second1 9 ord] to realise ! enorm\s scale ( ^! sol> outbreaks4 ,aga91 x is believ$ t ! /ate ( ! sol> surface ) reg>d to spots det]m9es ! /orms ( our e>?1 s t hurricanes are mo/ num]\s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean z well z on ! coa/ ( ,am]ica dur+ ye>s ( maximum sun-spots4#ef ,b if su* results are br\ght ab\t by ! relative positions ( ! planets ( our sy/em1 x is evid5t t ! cause is m analog\s to ! pull+ ( ! trigg] ( a cannon ready to g (f ?an to a d[nright bl[4 ,9 fact1 a va/ trans=mation ( en]gy 9 ! sun is br\ght ab\t by "s obscure & ill-und]/ood b comp>atively trivial cause connect$ ) ! position ( ! ne>] planets ( our sy/em4 ,we h "h a case :]e ! magnitude ( ! effect is out ( all proportion to t ( ! antec$5t2 n[ ?is is1 9 o!r words1 ! def9ition ( delicacy already giv5 7,art4 #agi74 ,b1 aga91 if delicacy ( con/ruction *>act]ise ! meteorological *anges 9 ! v>i\s memb]s ( our sy/em1 x is entirely abs5t f ! orbital motions ( ^! bodies4 ,^! want t great *>act]i/ic ( delicacy1 incalculability2 = !y are n only pre-em95tly calculable1 b are n[ calculat$ ye>s be=eh& z "p ( ! regul> bus9ess ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! meteorological *anges ( our e>? & ( ! sun come ^u u ) all ! abruptness *>act]i/ic ( delicacy1 & are em95tly incalculable4 ,! hurricane & ! lightn+-fla% are processes ( ,nature :i* man has 9 e age be5 prone to associate ) p]sonal intellig5ces4 ,he has in/9ctively recognis$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ^! abrupt & />tl+ ph5om5a & ! actions ( an angry & p[]ful be+4 #ahe4 ,x may no d\bt be long s9ce !re has be5 any?+ l an ext5sive wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( nature among/ ! civilis$ nations ( ! e>?1 b !re may yet be f\nd1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 especially among/ imag9ative races1 & 9 wild & m\nta9\s regions1 a l+]+ belief t p]sonal ag5ts are conc]n$ 9 ! m />tl+ natural ph5om5a4 ,su* a belief 0 ext5sively preval5t dur+ ! middle ages1 & :ole volumes might easily be fill$ ) an acc\nt ( m$ival sup]/itions & leg5ds relat+ to ?is subject1 sometimes d>k & t]rible1 & at o!r times possess+ a peculi> & pa!tic beauty :i* does n belong to any?+ else4 ,! air1 ! e>?1 & ! wat] h all be5 peopl$ ) spirits2 "s ( !m fri5dly to man1 "s ( !m 8 deadly enemies4 ,!y are p[]ful1 & consci\s ( _! p[]1 b at ! same "t pr(\ndly & m\rnfully aw>e t !y are )\t a s\l4 ,_! life dep5ds1 x may be1 ^u ! cont9uance ( "s natural object1 & h5ce = !m !re is no immortality4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 an elem5tal _s procures a s\l by means ( a lov+ union ) "o ( ! human race1 & ! beautiful romance ( ,und9e is built ^u ?is fancy4 ,at o!r times ! rev]se happ5s1 & ! s\l ( ! mortal is lo/ :o1 leav+ ! haunts ( m51 associates ) ^! s\lless b (t5 amiable & affectionate be+s4 #8,! ,=sak5 ,m]man1' by ,mat!w ,arnold1 expresses ?is fancy 9 a v beautiful & t\*+ mann]3-- #8,*ildr5 de>1 0 x ye/]day 7,call once m7 t %e w5t away8 ,once %e sate ) y & me ,on a r$ gold ?rone 9 ! he>t ( ! sea1 ,& ! y\nge/ sate on h] knee4 ,%e comb'd its bright hair1 & %e t5d$ x well1 ,:5 d[n swung ! s\nd ( ! f>-(f bell4 ,%e sigh'd1 %e look'd up ?r\gh ! cle> gre5 sea2 ,%e said1 8,i mu/ g1 = my k9sfolk pray ,9 ! little grey *ur* on ! %ore to-day4 ',twill be ,ea/] "t 9 ! _w--ah me6 ,& ,i lose my poor s\l1 ,m]man1 "h ) !e40 ,i said1 8,g up1 de> he>t1 ?r\gh ! waves2 ,say ?y pray]s & come back to ! k9d sea-caves40 ,%e smil$1 %e w5t up ?r\gh ! surf 9 ! bay4 ,*ildr5 de>1 0 x ye/]day8' #ahf4 ,a conception1 9 "s respects analog\s to t n[ m5tion$1 b 9 o!r respects v diff]5t f x1 is t :i* attributes a s\l to ! univ]se2 & x has ev5 be5 imag9$ t ! :ole visible univ]se =ms1 z x 71 "o gigantic bra94 ,o!rs aga9 appe> incl9$ to believe t !re may be _m cosmical intellig5ces1 ea* embrac+ ! :ole univ]se1 & !re=e int]p5etrat+ "o ano!r1 & at ! same "t tak+ "p 9 its gov]nm5t by means ( su* processes ( delicacy z ^? we h m5tion$4 #ahg4 ,n[1 be=e proce$+ fur!r 9 ! discussion ( ^! speculations1 let u "h /ate m def9itely ?an we h yet done :at is ! real po9t 9 "q4 ,x is n s mu* ! possibility ( ! delicate processes ( nature be+ direct$ by an intellig5t ag5cy2 ?is is 9 reality a diff]5t "q1 & "o :i* w be discuss$ 9 our conclud+ *apt]4 ,b ! "q n[ be=e u is1 :e!r any su* ag5cy may be said to belong to ! pres5t visible univ]se8 ,to make our mean+ cle>3 we "k t we ourselves belong to ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,aga91 !re are _m ( u :o believe t angelic intellig5ces are ! m9i/]s ( ,god's provid5ce4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is doctr9e be true or n 7& we are n n[ conc]n$ ab\t its tru?71 x is evid5t t su* intellig5ces _c be said to belong to ! pres5t physical univ]se4 ,! organisation :i* !y possess1 & )\t :i* 7,art4 #fa7 we _c imag9e a f9ite intellig5ce to exi/1 is mo/ assur$ly no?+ t c be p]ceiv$ by our bodily s5ses1 nor c we imag9e t _! exi/5ce is at all dep5d5t on ! fate ( ! visible univ]se2 9 f9e1 !y d n belong to x4 ,our pres5t "q1 !re=e1 is :e!r we c associate ! delicate cosmical processes ( ! visible univ]se ) ! op]ations ( intellig5ces resid+ 9 ?is univ]se & belong+ to x1 & to ?is "q we mu/ assur$ly give a negative reply4 #ahh4 ,we ent]ta9 no d\bt t man & be+s at lea/ analog\s to man repres5t ! highe/ ord] ( liv+ ?+s connect$ ) ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh !re is abundant evid5ce ( delicacy ( con/ruction 9 ! cosmical processes ( ?is univ]se1 !re is no evid5ce ( an organisation su* z t :i* obs]vation leads u to associate ) ! pres5ce ( life4 ,9 ! next place1 :atev] view we may ent]ta9 ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis & ! relation ( man to ! l[] animals1 !re c be no d\bt t !y are all ( a simil> physical con/ruction4 ,:at physiologi/s t]m ! matt] ( life is v mu* ! same 9 all1 s t ! body ( any "o animal may 9 g5]al af=d food = any o!r4 ,n[1 is x likely t !re are two liv+ sy/ems1 absolutely di/9ct & z diff]5t f "o ano!r z we c well imag9e1 bo? connect$ ) ! visible univ]se8 ,we ?9k ?is view w\ld imply su* a want ( unity 9 ! plan ( developm5t z to be absolutely fatal to its reception1 ev5 z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,on ^! acc\nts1 !re=e1 we d n hesitate to dismiss ! conception ( a sup]ior ord] ( be+s connect$ ) ! pres5t physical univ]se z "o :i* is altoge!r unt5able4 #ahi4 ,if we n[ turn f ! v]dict ( sci5ce to ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews1 we f9d t "o gr& idea :i* p]vades ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is man's absolute sup]iority & practical sov]eignty ov] all creat$ be+s :om he c p]ceive o!rwise ?an ) ! m9d's eye4 ,he is supreme1 or x is "p ( 8 "w on e>? to become supreme1 ov] all t c be p]ceiv$ by 8 s5ses1 i4e4 all ! visible & tangible _w4 ,?us we read 9 ,g54 i4 #bh3 #8,& ,god bless$ !m3 & ,god said unto !m1 ,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x2 & h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?4' ,aga91 we read 7,psalm viii4 #e1 #f73 #8,= ?\ ha/ made him a little l[] ?an ! angels1 & ha/ cr[n$ him ) glory & hon\r4 ,?\ made/ him to h dom9ion ov] ! works ( ?y h&s2 ?\ ha/ put all ?+s "u 8 feet4' ,x appe>s t ! correct read+ ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is is1 #8,?\ ha/ made him little less ?an div9e1' etc4 #aij4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! same idea is /ill m fully develop$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e x is confess$ t1 9 "o v important respect1 ?is sup]iority ( man is se5 to fail4 ,he has greatly enl>g$ 8 p[]s ov] nature1 & has by ^! means mu* ameliorat$ ! condition ( 8 race2 yet dea? ov]takes him j z remorselessly & z ru?lessly z if he 7 a savage ( no acc\nt4 ,he may meet dea? fe>lessly1 consci\s t he has at lea/ done some?+ = ! good ( 8 fell[s4 ,b :at does x all am\nt to8 ,dea? w ultimately ov]take ! race j z remorselessly z ! individual4 ,n[ x is ?is fe>ful enemy1 ?is t]rible exception to ! dom9ation ( man1 :i* ,*ri/1 z ! ,son & type ( man1 is commission$ to de/roy4 ,?us we read 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #be73 #8,= he mu/ reign1 till he ha? put all enemies "u 8 feet4 ,! la/ enemy t %all be de/roy$ is dea?4 ,= he ha? put all ?+s "u 8 feet4' ,& pres5tly 7v]se #ed7 ! apo/le breaks =? into ! foll[+ triumphant & beautiful language3--#8,s :5 ?is corruptible %all h put on incorruption1 & ?is mortal %all h put on immortality1 !n %all be br\ght to pass ! say+ t is writt51 ,dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4' ,aga9 we read 7,heb4 ii4 #h73 #8,= 9 t he put all 9 subjection "u him1 he left no?+ t is n put "u him4 ,b n[ we see n yet all ?+s put "u him3 b we see ,jesus1 :o 0 made a little l[] ?an ! angels = ! suff]+ ( dea?1 cr[n$ ) glory & hon\r2 t he by ! grace ( ,god %\ld ta/e dea? = e man4 ,= x became him1 = :om are all ?+s1 & by :om are all ?+s1 9 br++ _m sons unto glory1 to make ! ,capta9 ( _! salvation p]fect ?r\gh suff]+s4' ,"h aga9 x appe>s t in/ead ( ! phrase #8made a little l[] ?an ! angels1' we %\ld read1 #8made = a little "t l[] ?an ! angels'--i4e4 an idea id5tical 9 mean+ ) ! phrase #8made "u ! law1' ! ,old ,te/am5t law be+ view$ z adm9i/]$ by angels4 ,f ?is disp5sation1 9 :i* cosmical p[]s come betwe5 man & ,god1 ,*ri/ frees u1 by himself = a little "t ent]+ into x1 & ev5 "u x meet+ dea?4 #aia4 ,f all ?is we may conclude t bo? sci5ce & religion tell u ! same tale4 ,!y in=m u t man1 & be+s simil> to man1 are at ! head ( ! visible univ]se4 ,no d\bt religion in=ms u1 9 addition to ?is1 t !re are o!r be+s above man1 b ^! d n live 9 ! visible univ]se1 b 9 t :i* is unse5 & et]nal4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,univ]se4 #8,= ,i reckon1 t ! suff]+s ( ?is pres5t "t are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory :i* %all be reveal$ 9 u4 ,= ! e>ne/ expectation ( ! creature waite? = ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god4'--,,/4 ,,paul 7,rom4 viii4 #ah1 #ai74 #8,rabbi ,jacob said1 8,?is _w is z x 7 ! ant]oom ( ! _w to come4 ,prep>e ?yself 9 ! ant]oom s t ?\ maye/ be fit to ent] ! banquet-room40'--,mi%na1 ,pirke ,abo?1 *ap4 iv4 p>4 #af4 #8,et]nal process mov+ on ,f /ate to /ate ! _s walks1 ,& ^! are b ! %att]'d /alks1 ,or ru9'd *rysalis ( "o4'--,,t5nyson4 #aib4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h exam9$ by ! light ( our pres5t k ! possibilities conta9$ 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,:at is x good = 9 ! way ( possible immortality8 is ! "q we h tri$ to answ]4 ,x w h be5 se5 t ! reply is em95tly unfav\rable4 ,if we take ! individual man to beg9 )1 we f9d t he lives 8 %ort tale ( ye>s1 & t !n ! visible ma*9]y :i* connects him ) ! pa/1 z well z t :i* enables him to act 9 ! pres5t1 falls into ru9 & is br\ght to an end4 ,if any g]m or pot5tiality rema9s1 x is c]ta9ly n connect$ ) ! visible ord] ( ?+s4 ,if we next consid] ! human race we f9d t ! /ate ( advancem5t to :i* !y h atta9$ is 9 _m respects greatly due to _! physical surr\nd+s4 ,coal & iron h be5 z in/rum5tal 9 promot+ k z ,galileo & ,newton1 b our :ole /ock ( ^! mat]ials w come to an end4 ,by economy x may be possible to l5g!n out ! p]iod dur+ :i* !y c be suppli$1 b is x n manife/ t we are ye> by ye> exhau/+ !m z s\rces ( available en]gy8 ,are we n inevitably l$ to conclude t our pres5t /ate _c la/ ev5 = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 b w be br\ght to an end long be=e ! inevitable dissipation ( en]gy %all h r5d]$ our e>? unfit = habitation8 #aic4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t man1 9 "s =m1 is p]mitt$ to rema9 on ! e>? = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 we m]ely l5g!n out ! p]iod1 b we _c escape ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,! e>? w gradually lose its en]gy ( rotation1 z well z t ( revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,! sun himself w wax dim & become useless z a s\rce ( en]gy1 until at la/ ! fav\rable conditions ( ! pres5t sol> sy/em w h q disappe>$4 ,b :at happ5s to our sy/em w happ5 likewise to ! :ole visible univ]se 7,art4 #aaf71 :i* w1 if f9ite1 become 9 "t a lifeless mass1 if inde$ x be n doom$ to utt] dissolution4 ,9 f9e1 x w become old & effete1 no less truly ?an ! individual--x is a glori\s g>m5t ?is visible univ]se1 b n an immortal "o--we mu/ look else:]e if we are to be clo!d ) immortality z ) a g>m5t4 #aid4 ,n[1 if we reg>d ! dissipation ( en]gy :i* is con/antly go+ on1 we are at fir/ sight =cibly /ruck ) ! app>5tly wa/eful "* ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! visible univ]se4 ,all b a v small portion ( ! sun's heat goes day by day into :at we call empty space1 & x is only ?is v small rema9d] :i* c be made use ( by ! v>i\s planets = purposes ( _! own4 ,c\ld any?+ be m p]plex+ ?an ?is seem+ly prodigal exp5diture ( ! v life & ess5ce ( our sy/em8 ,t all b a petty fraction ( ?is va/ /ore ( high-class en]gy %\ld be do+ no?+ b travell+ outw>ds 9 space at ! rate ( #ahh1jjj miles p] second is h>dly conceivable1 especially :5 ! result ( x is ! inevitable de/ruction ( ! visible univ]se1 unless we imag9e ?is to be inf9ite1 & s capable ( endless degradation4 #aie4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we cont9ue to dwell ^u ?is a/\nd+ ph5om5on1 we beg9 to p]ceive t we are n entitl$ to ass]t t ?is lum9\s en]gy does no?+ b cont9ue to travel outw>ds4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to say t ,/ruve's speculations prove an e!real absorption1 b !y mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) o!r consid]ations4 ,we h already ma9ta9$ 7,art4 #aea71 t we _c reg>d ! e!r z a p]fect fluid4 ,n[ x is n easy to suppose t 9 su* a sub/ance all vibratory motion %\ld pass outw>ds )\t 9 ! smalle/ degree becom+ absorb$ or *ang+ its type4 ,we are prep>$ d\btless to expect a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! e!r & visible matt] 9 ?is respect1 b c h>dly imag9e t x is absolutely free f ! capacity ( alt]+ ! type ( ! en]gy :i* passes ?r\gh x4 ,su* a hypo!sis appe>s to u to violate ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 #aif4 ,b we may g ev5 fur!r ?an lum9if]\s vibrations :i* take _! rise *iefly at ! surfaces ( bodies1 & ext5d our speculations into ! int]ior ( sub/ances1 s9ce ! law ( gravitation assures u t any displacem5t :i* takes place 9 ! v he>t ( ! e>? w be felt ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & we may ev5 imag9e t ! same ?+ w hold true ( ^? molecul> motions 7,art4 #ef7 :i* accompany ?\ght4 ,= e ?\ght we ?9k is accompani$ by a displacem5t & motion ( ! p>ticles ( ! bra91 & we may imag9e t someh[ ^! motions are propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,views ( ?is nature 7 long ago ent]ta9$ by ,babbage1 & !y h s9ce comm5d$ !mselves to sev]al m5 ( sci5ce1 & among/ o!rs to ,jevons4 #8,mr4 ,babbage1' says ?is au?or1#eg #8has po9t$ out#eh t if we _h p[] to foll[ & detect ! m9ute/ effects ( any di/urbance1 ea* p>ticle ( exi/+ matt] mu/ be a regi/] ( all t has happ5$4' #aig4 ,b aga91 we are compell$ to imag9e 7,art4 #bae7 t :at we see has orig9at$ 9 ! unse51 & 9 us+ ?is t]m1 we desire to g back ev5 fur!r ?an ! e!r1 :i*1 accord+ to "o hypo!sis 7,art4 #aeb71 has giv5 rise to ! visible ord] ( ?+s4 ,& aga91 we mu/ resort to ! unse5 n only = ! orig9 ( ! molecules ( ! visible univ]se1 b also = an explanation ( ! =ces :i* animate ^! molecules 7,art4 #aej71 & n only s1 b we are always c>ri$ back f "o ord] ( ! unse5 to ano!r 7,art4 #bbj74 ,n[ if ?is be ! case--if ,,! ,,univ]se be con/ruct$ ) successive ord]s ( ?is description connect$ ) "o ano!r--x is manife/ t no ev5t :atev]1 :e!r we reg>d its antec$5t or its consequ5t1 c possibly be conf9$ to "o ord] only1 b mu/ spread ?r\gh\t ,,! ,,entire ,,univ]se4 #aih4 ,to conclude3 we are ?us l$ to believe t !re exi/s n[ an invisible ord] ( ?+s intimately connect$ ) ! pres5t1 & capable ( act+ en]getically ^u x--=1 9 tru?1 ! en]gy ( ! pres5t sy/em is to be look$ ^u z orig9ally d]iv$ f ! invisible univ]se1 :ile ! =ces :i* give rise to transmutations ( en]gy probably take _! orig9 9 ! same region4 ,& x appe>s to u to be m natural to imag9e t a univ]se ( ?is nature1 :i* we h reason to ?9k exi/s1 & is connect$ by bonds ( en]gy ) ! visible univ]se1 is also capable ( receiv+ en]gy f x1 & ( trans=m+ ! en]gy s receiv$4 ,9 f9e1 x appe>s to u less likely t by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! high-class en]gy ( ! pres5t univ]se is travell+ outw>ds into space ) an imm5se velocity1 ?an t x is be+ gradually transf]r$ into an invisible ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is la/ conclusion is1 h[ev]1 m ( ! nature ( a speculation1 & is by no means ess5tial to our argum5t4 #aii4 ,if we n[ turn to ?\ght1 we f9d1 7,art4 #ei7 t1 inasmu* z x affects ! sub/ance ( ! pres5t visible univ]se1 x produces a mat]ial organ ( memory4 ,b ! motions :i* accompany ?\ght mu/ orig9ate 9 & also affect ! invisible ord] ( ?+s1 because 9 ! fir/ place ! =ces :i* cause ^? motions are d]iv$ f ! unse51 & because1 secondly1 ! motions !mselves mu/ act ^u ! unse51 & ?us x foll[s1 t #8,?\ght conceiv$ to affect ! matt] ( ano!r univ]se simultane\sly ) ?is may expla9 a future /ate' 7see ,anagram1 ,nature1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahgd74 #bjj4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 requires fur!r developm5t & explanation4 ,let u !re=e beg9 by suppos+ t we possess a frame1 or ! rudim5ts ( a frame1 connect+ u ) ! invisible univ]se1 :i* we may call ! s\l4 ,n[ ea* ?\ght we ?9k is accompani$ by c]ta9 molecul> motions & displacem5ts 9 ! bra91 & p>ts ( ^!1 let u all[1 are 9 "s way /or$ up 9 t organ1 s z to produce :at may be t]m$ our mat]ial or physical memory4 ,o!r p>ts ( ^! motions are1 h[ev]1 communicat$ to ! invisible body1 & are !re /or$ up1 =m+ a memory :i* may be made use ( :5 t body is free to ex]cise its functions4 #bja4 ,aga91 "o ( ! argum5ts 7,art4 #hd7 :i* proves ! exi/5ce ( ! invisible univ]se1 dem&s t x %all be full ( en]gy :5 ! pres5t univ]se is defunct4 ,we c !re=e v well imag9e t aft] dea?1 :5 ! s\l is free to ex]cise its functions1 x may be replete ) en]gy1 & h em95tly ! p[] ( action 9 ! pres5t1 reta9+ also1 z we h %[n above1 a hold ^u ! pa/1 inasmu* z ! memory ( pa/ ev5ts has be5 /or$ up 9 x1 & ?us pres]v+ ! two ess5tial requisites 7,art4 #fa7 ( a cont9u\s intellig5t exi/5ce4 #bjb4 ,! conception ( an unse5 univ]se is n a new "o1 ev5 among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! des]v$ly fam\s ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y has ! foll[+ passage 9 8 lectures on ,natural ,philosophy3--#8,besides ?is porosity1 !re is /ill room = ! supposition1 t ev5 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] may be p]meable to ! causes ( attractions ( v>i\s k9ds1 especially if ^? causes are immat]ial3 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! unprejudic$ /udy ( physical philosophy t c induce u to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( immat]ial sub/ances2 on ! contr>y1 we see analogies t lead u almo/ directly to su* an op9ion4 ,! electrical fluid is suppos$ to be ess5tially diff]5t f common matt]2 ! g5]al m$ium ( light & heat1 accord+ to "s1 or ! pr9ciple ( caloric1 accord+ to o!rs1 is equally di/9ct f x4 ,we see =ms ( matt]1 diff]+ 9 subtility & mobility1 "u ! names ( solids1 liquids1 & gases2 above ^! are ! semi-mat]ial exi/5ces1 :i* produce ! ph5om5a ( electricity & magnetism1 & ei!r caloric or a univ]sal e!r4 ,high] /ill1 p]haps1 are ! causes ( gravitation1 & ! imm$iate ag5ts 9 attractions ( all k9ds1 :i* exhibit "s ph5om5a app>5tly /ill m remote f all t is compatible ) mat]ial bodies4 ,& ( ^! diff]5t ord]s ( be+s1 ! m ref9$ & immat]ial appe> to p]vade freely ! gross]4 ,x seems !re=e natural to believe t ! analogy may be cont9u$ /ill fur!r1 until x rises into exi/5ces absolutely immat]ial & spiritual4 ,we "k n b t ?\s&s ( spiritual worlds may exi/ unse5 = ev] by human eyes2 nor h we any reason to suppose t ev5 ! pres5ce ( matt]1 9 a giv5 spot1 necess>ily excludes ^! exi/5ces f x4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t nature always teems ) life1 :]ev] liv+ be+s c be plac$1 may !re=e speculate ) fre$om on ! possibility ( indep5d5t worlds2 "s exi/+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( space1 o!rs p]vad+ ea* o!r unse5 & unkn[n1 9 ! same space1 & o!rs aga9 to :i* space may n be a necess>y mode ( exi/5ce4' #bjc4 ,x may n[ be desirable to reply by anticipation to c]ta9 objections :i* are likely to be made to ! !ory we h propos$4 ,let u divide ^! into ?ree categories--religi\s1 !ological1 & sci5tific4 ,objection ,fir/ 7,religi\s74--,x may be said to u1 #8,:o are y :o are wise beyond :at is writt58 ,are ye ( !m to :om x 0 said ( old1 8,eritis sicut ,deus sci5tes bonum et malum08 ,bew>e ( ! words ( ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles3-- 4' ,reply4--,z we h already said 7,art4 #ej71 we d n write = ^? :o are s assur$ ( ! tru? ( _! religion t !y are unable to ent]ta9 ! smalle/ objection to x4 ,we write = hone/ inquir]s--= hone/ d\bt]s1 x may be2--:o desire to "k :at sci5ce1 :5 all[$ p]fect lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & loyally foll[$1 has to say ^u ^? po9ts :i* s mu* conc]n u all4 ,we are cont5t 9 ?is "w to view ! univ]se f ! physical /&po9t2 y may !re=e p]*ance e/eem u ( ! e>? e>?y2 nev]!less we ?9k t our /r5g? lies 9 keep+ up a communication ) ^? v]ities :i* we all ackn[l$ge4 #bjd4 ,objection ,second 7,!ological74--,y\r idea ( ! spiritual univ]se is analog\s to t ( ,sw$5borg1 & we mu/ !re=e dismiss x z untrue1 inasmu* z we _c recognise ! assumption ( ! spiritual body until aft] ! resurrection4 ,reply4--,all t we h done is to remove ! sci5tific objection to a future /ate1 suppos$ to be furni%$ by ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,we "k no?+ ab\t ! laws ( ?is /ate1 & conceive x to be q possible1 if o!rwise likely1 t ! s\l may rema9 veil$ or 9 abeyance until ! resurrection4 ,we ma9ta9 only t we are logically con/ra9$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( "s frame or organ :i* is n ( ?is e>?1 & :i* survives dissolution--if we reg>d ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity & ! doctr9e ( a future /ate z bo? true4 ,besides1 ! analogy ( ,paul1 9 :i* ! body ( ! believ] at dea? is comp>$ to a se$ put into ! gr\nd1 n only implies "s sort ( cont9uity1 b also expresses 8 belief 9 a pres5t spiritual body4 ,!re is1 says ! apo/le 7obs]ve1 n !re %all be71 a spiritual body4 ,aga9 ! same apo/le tells u 7#b ,cor9?ians v4 #a71 #8,t if our e>?ly h\se ( ?is tab]nacle 7 dissolv$1 we h a build+ ( ,god1 a h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s4' #bje4 ,objection ,?ird 7,!ological74--,y\r argum5t w apply to ! brute creation z well z to man2 n[ we _c recognise ! immortality ( ! brutes4 ,reply4--,z be=e /at$1 we "k no?+ ab\t ! laws ( ! invisible univ]se1 except t x is relat$ by bonds ( "s k9d1 possibly ( en]gy1 to ! pres5t4 ,all we h attempt$ has be5 to remove an objection to ! doctr9e ( immortality :i* has be5 wrongly put =? z sci5tific1 or at lea/ z consi/5t ) sci5tific k4 #bjf4 ,objection ,f\r? 7,!ological74--,! reason+ y adopt be+ f\nd$ on ! law ( cont9uity1 seems to imply ! developm5t ( man's frame f ^? ( ! inf]ior animals1 & !re=e by implication contradicts ! scriptural acc\nt ( ! creation & fall ( man4 ,reply4--,we _c p]ceive t our reason+ is 9 ! lea/ degree inconsi/5t ) ! acc\nt ( man's orig9 giv5 9 ,scripture4 ,?is acc\nt implies no d\bt a peculi> op]ation ( ! invisible univ]se1 b our reason+ compels u to look 9 ?is direction = ! orig9 ( c]ta9 occurr5ces4 ,:e!r ! production ( man has be5 ! occasion = a peculi> int]position ( ! unse5 x is n )9 our prov9ce to discuss4 ,we c only say t we see no reason f our pr9ciples to "q ! view :i* ass]ts t man 0 made by a peculi> op]ation out ( a pre-exi/5t univ]se4 #bjg4 ,objection ,fif? 7,!ological74--,! resurrection consi/5t ) y\r !ory c\ld n be a resurrection ( ! same p>ticles z 7 laid 9 ! grave1 & 9 ?is respect x w\ld be dissimil> to t ( ,*ri/4 ,reply4--,a dissimil>ity betwe5 ! two exi/s "u any !ory1 = ! body ( ,*ri/ did n exp]i5ce corruption1 :ile ! bodies ( believ]s 9 ,*ri/ are manife/ly dissolv$ by dea?4 ,we make ! foll[+ sugge/ion ) mu* hesitation4 ,:at we h to say is f\nd$ ^u an exce$+ly able "w by ,edw>d ,:ite1 entitl$ ,life 9 ,*ri/1 :i* has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 & f :i* we extract ! foll[+ passage 7page #bfc73-- #8,b ! ,savi\r 0 ,div9e4 ,z man1 id5tifi$ ) human nature1 ,he di$1 & ,8 dea? became a s9-(f]+2 z ,god ,he c\ld n die4 ,z man ,he 0 made 8"u ! law20 z ,god ,he 0 above ! law laid on creatures4444 ,he arose1 !re=e1 z ! ,div9e ,conqu]or ( dea?1 8,god ov] all1 bless$ = ev]more10 & 0 ?us 8decl>$ to be ! ,son ( ,god ) p[]1 accord+ to ! ,_s ( hol9ess1 by ,8 resurrection f ! dead40--,rom4 i4 #d4 ,he rose1 n 89 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%20 n 8"u ! law10 b 9 ! "* ( ! 8,"l f heav510 8our ,"l & our ,god30--n 9 ! image ( ! 8son ( ,adam10 b z ! 8,son ( ! ,highe/10 hav+ deliv]$ u f wra? by ! dea? ( ,8 humanity1 to end[ u ) immortality ?r\gh ! life ( ,8 ,div9ity4 ,he 0 no long] 8! man ( sorr[s10 b ,! ,fir/ & ,! ,la/ & ,! ,liv+ ,"o2 no long] cr[n$ ) ?orns1 & clo!d 9 a peasant's robe1 b we>+ ! diadem ( ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se1 & %9+ ) ! sup]em95t spl5d\rs ( ! ,godhead4' ,if !n ,*ri/ di$ z man1 & 0 reanimat$ 9 virtue ( ,8 div9ity1 ! analogy betwe5 ,*ri/1 :o is ! head1 & believ]s1 :o are ,8 body1 w be complete if we suppose t ea* believ] dies z a man1 b is rais$ up by virtue ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & inasmu* z ! ,head is n pres5t "h 9 ,8 glorifi$ bodily =m1 s x _c be suppos$ t ,8 memb]s %\ld at pres5t assume t =m4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ appe>s aga9 ^u e>? we are told t ,8 memb]s be+ rais$ 9 :at is t]m$ ! fir/ resurrection w !n accompany ,him4 ,& judg+ f ,s4 ,mat!w 7*ap4 xxvii4 v]se #eb71 some?+ ( ?is k9d1 b ( a p>tial nature1 took place :5 ,*ri/ locally appe>$1 aft] ,8 resurrection1 9 ,j]usalem4 ,9 f9e1 ! true analogy betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! believ] %\ld prev5t u f suppos+ t :ile ,*ri/ is abs5t 9 ,8 glorifi$ body believ]s %\ld nev]!less assume !irs4 ,n[ ?is delay implies ! corruption ( ! believ]'s body1 & r5d]s u unable to believe t ! v same p>ticles w be rais$ aga9 z 9 ! case ( ,*ri/4 ,b surely no "o c suppose1 t if moral & spiritual id5tity is secur$1 ! m]e mat]ial p>ticles c be ( any consequ5ce4 #bjh4 ,objection ,six? 7,sci5tific74--,if ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* all mat]ial organisms are con/ruct$ are ! same ?r\gh\t ! _w1 is n ?is an argum5t by analogy t all su* organisms h a simil> relation to ! univ]se8 ,on :at pr9ciple !n c immortality be assum$ to be possible = m5 :ile x is d5i$ to brutes8 ,reply4--,:5 we speak ( ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* all organisms are con/ruct$ be+ ! same1 we mean t c]ta9 *emical & physical laws apply bo? to man & ! brute creation4 ,gravitation & *emical aff9ity are ! same = bo?4 ,!re mu/ also be a simil>ity 9 tangible sub/ance1 inasmu* z bo? co-exi/ 9 ! same visible _w4 ,9 f9e1 !re mu/ be _m po9ts 9 :i* man is v simil> 9 con/ruction to ! l[] animals4 ,?us ea* possesses n]ves--ea* has :at may be t]m$ delicacy ( con/ruction--! frame ( ea* possesses mat]ials :i* w burn 9 ! fire4 ,9 f9e1 n only d /rong simil>ities exi/ betwe5 all animals1 b !re are also /rong simil>ities betwe5 animals & vegetables4 ,b :at are ! po9ts ( dissimil>ity betwe5 man & ! l[] animals8 ,is x n t ! latt] are utt]ly incapable ( ?9k+ ?\ghts su* z ^? :i* =m ! pres5t subject ( discussion8 ,9 f9e1 ! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] animals is n s mu* 9 bodily /ructure z 9 /yle ( ?\ght4 ,b ea* ?\ght has no d\bt 7,art4 #ei7 a concomitant 9 ! bra94 ,inasmu* !re=e z ! /yle ( ?\ght is v diff]5t 9 man & 9 ! l[] animals1 ! physical concomitants ( ?\ght mu/ be v diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,b ?is is ! v region into :i* sci5ce has be5 z yet utt]ly unable to p5etrate4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 /rong reason = suppos+ t 9 su* a region ! concomitants ( ?\ght w\ld prove to be v diff]5t 9 man & 9 ! brutes4 ,?us ! argum5t tells q ! o!r way2 & we are entitl$ to say1 t inasmu* z !re are enorm\s practical diff]5ces 9 ?\ght & ! high] k9ds ( p[] betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 s ! sci5tifically p]ceivable concomitants ( ^! diff]5ces w\ld 7if we 7 able to exam9e !m7 be f\nd extremely diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 #bji4 ,objection ,sev5? 7,sci5tific74--,if !re be1 z y say1 ?is duality 9 ! pres5t human frame1 h[ c ! spiritual "p rema9 lat5t s long z x does8 ,ev5 if trammell$ by ! gross] sub/ance1 we might expect t at lea/ on r>e occasions x %\ld someh[ manife/ itself4 ,reply4--,z a matt] ( fact we "k t ord9>y consci\sness c rema9 lat5t or inactive = h\rs1 if n = days1 & !n return to u aga94 ,!re w\ld be =ce 9 ?is objection if x 7 n true t consci\sness is capable ( ent]+ into ! dormant or quiesc5t /ate4 ,aga91 x is possible t !re h be5 & t !re are occasional manife/ations ( ?is spiritual nature4 ,=1 9 ! ,*ri/ian records visible manife/ations ( ! spiritual elem5t1 ev5 9 ?is life1 are ass]t$ to h tak5 place on r>e occasions4 ,b if y h dismiss$ ^! manife/ations z inconceivable1 y _c n[ br+ _! abs5ce =w>d z an objection4 #baj4 ,objection ,eigh?1 7,sci5tific74--,y\r doctr9e ( immortality does viol5ce to t great pr9ciple1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,= x is manife/ t if en]gy is transf]r$ f ! visible into ! invisible univ]se1 its con/ancy 9 ! pres5t univ]se c no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,reply4--,9 reply to ?is objection we may /ate t :5 we ass]t ! cons]vation ( en]gy x is z a pr9ciple applicable "u special limitations4 ,= in/ance1 x is only by assum+ ! cont9ual passage ?r\gh e!r ( a l>ge portion ( ! en]gy ( ! visible univ]se t ! doctr9e z at pres5t held c be ma9ta9$4 ,n[ ! only addition t our !ory sugge/s is ! gradual c>riage into ! invisible univ]se ( "s "p at lea/ ( ! en]gy ( gross matt] :i* is associat$ ) ?\ght4 ,b is ev5 ?is necess>y8 = ?is supposes ?\ght to orig9ate ?r\gh ! matt] ( ! visible univ]se1 & !n to affect ! invisible4 ,b ! rev]se ord] ( occurr5ces is q z t5able1 especially if we suppose ) ,le ,sage t ! =ces :i* set 9 motion ! molecules ( visible matt] are d]iv$ f ! unse5 univ]se4 ,x may safely be said t our hypo!sis is n upset1 & nev] c be upset1 by any exp]im5tal conclusion ) reg>d to en]gy4 #baa4 ,objection ,n9? 7,sci5tific74--,we _c und]/& h[ individuality is to be pres]v$ 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,reply4--,?is is no new difficulty4 ,we are z mu* puzzl$ by :at takes place 9 our pres5t body z we c be ) respect to ! spiritual4 ,?us1 let u all[ t impressions are /or$ up 9 our bra9s1 :i* ?us =m an ord] connect+ u ) ! pa/ ( ! visible univ]se4 ,n[ ?\s&s1 p]haps ev5 millions1 ( su* impressions pass into ! same organ1 & yet1 by ! op]ation ( our w1 we c conc5trate our recollection ^u a c]ta9 ev5t1 & rummage out its details1 along ) all its collat]al circum/ances1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,b if ! bra9 or some?+ else plays su* a wond]ful "p 9 ! pres5t economy1 is x impossible to imag9e t ! univ]se ( ! future may h ev5 great] individualis+ p[]s8 ,is x n v haz>d\s to ass]t ?is or t mode ( exi/5ce to be impossible 9 su* a wond]ful :ole z we feel sure ! univ]se mu/ be8 #bab4 ,objection ,t5? 7,sci5tific74--,ev5 if x be all[$ t ! invisible univ]se receives en]gy f ! pres5t1 s t ! cons]vation ( en]gy holds true z a pr9ciple1 yet ! dissipation ( en]gy mu/ hold true also1 & al?\gh ! process ( decay may be delay$ by ! /or+ up ( en]gy 9 ! invisible univ]se1 x _c be p]man5tly arre/$4 ,ultimately we mu/ believe t e "p ( ! :ole univ]se w be equally suppli$ ) en]gy1 & 9 consequ5ce all abrupt liv+ motion w come to an end4 ,reply4--,p]haps ! be/ reply to ?is objection is to say t ! laws ( en]gy are r g5]alisations d]iv$ f our exp]i5ce ?an sci5tific pr9ciples1 l t :i* we call ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,!re w\ld be no p]man5t confusion ( ?\ght introduc$ if ^! laws %\ld be f\nd n to hold1 or to hold 9 a diff]5t way1 9 ! unse5 univ]se4 ,nor c we reg>d ! law ( ! ,dissipation z equally fundam5tal ) t ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,:at is to prove x 9 ! unse58 ,we h %[n 7,art4 #aab7 h[ ,cl]k-,maxwell's demons 7?\gh ess5tially f9ite intellig5ces7 c\ld be made to re/ore en]gy ev5 9 ! pres5t univ]se )\t sp5d+ "w4 ,mu* m may ( c\rse be expect$ 9 a univ]se free f gross matt]4 #bac4 ,objection ,elev5? 7,quasi-,sci5tific47--,y speak ( en]gy be+ transf]r$ to ! unse51 s z to /ore up = ea* individual a record ( 8 e ?\ght4 ,y h n %[n1 z y 7 b\nd to d1 h[ su* transf]r$ en]gy c\ld be def9itely localis$ 9 ! unse54 ,reply4--,! obligation is entirely ! o!r way4 ,x is y :o are b\nd to %[ t su* localisation is impossible4 ,y quasi-sci5tific m5 ass]t t sci5ce disproves all su* ?+s4 ,we h %[n t ,cont9uity dem&s an inf9ite s]ies ( developm5ts4 ,^! may be ei!r liv+ or dead4 ,b sci5tific analogy %[s t !y be> all ! m>ks ( intellig5t developm5ts4 ,h[ c !re be any d\bt or difficulty ab\t our *oice "u ^! circum/ances8 ,obvi\sly we _c accept dead & yet intellig5t developm5ts4 ,& al?\gh our evid5ce f analogy may n am\nt to pro(1 x is v /rong4 ,yet y objectors virtually ass]t t y c %[ its impossibility4 ,d s1 if y c4 ,give u any pro( ( ! impossibility ( an organ connect+ u ) ! unse5 univ]se1 or any analogy ev5 app>5tly aga9/ x1 & we %all be glad to receive & consid] x4 ,we h no d\bt t y w ?us help u to /r5g!n our case4 ,y =get t x is y :o are ! dogmati/s--y :o ass]t t ^! ?+s are incompatible ) sci5tific k1 b :o1 /rangely1 d n br+ =w>d any pro(s ( ! tru? ( y\r ass]tions4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case1 x s happ5s t1 ev5 ) ord9>y matt]1 an inf9itely ext5d$ m$ium c\ld be con/ruct$ 7z ,cl]k-,maxwell has %[n71 su* t all rays div]g+ f any po9t ( x :atev] %all be br\ght accurately to a focus at ano!r def9ite po9t2 e po9t ( space hav+ ?us its def9ite conjugate4 #bad4 ,hav+ repli$ to ^! objections1 let u n[ endeav\r to realise our pres5t position4 ,x is briefly z foll[s3--,:at we h done is to %[ t a future /ate is possible1 & to demoli% any s-call$ sci5tific objection t might be rais$ aga9/ x4 ,! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e is n d]iv$ f u4 ,x comes to u f two s\rces3 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! /atem5ts made conc]n+ ,*ri/2 &1 9 ! second place1 f t int5se long+ = immortality :i* civilis$ man has inv>iably possess$4 ,! case /&s ?us3 c]ta9 evid5ce f ^! two s\rces 9 fav\r ( our doctr9e has be5 adduc$1 b sci5tific objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! possibility ( ! doctr9e itself1 & ^! we h attempt$ to ov]come4 ,b :ile we may suppose ! sci5tific objections to ! doctr9e itself surm\nt$1 !re yet rema9s an equally /rong sci5tific objection to t portion ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian records4 #8,grant+1' x may be said to u1 #8t immortality is possible1 :at reason h we1 beyond c]ta9 vague ye>n+s1 = believ+ x likely8 ,no d\bt1 if ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 ! probability 9 fav\r ( x w\ld be v /rong2 b we h an objection to ! assum$ fact ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ no less =midable ?an t :i* y h ov]come ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( immortality itself4' #bae4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to exam9e ! validity ( ?is objection1 & 9 s do+ we f9d x conv5i5t to approa* ! problem ( ! univ]se n f ! side ( ! future b f t ( ! pa/4 ,we h already 7,art4 #he7 def9$ ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 9 virtue ( :i* we believe ourselves entitl$ to discuss e ev5t :i* occurs 9 ! univ]se1 )\t "o s+le exception1 & to d$uce f x1 if we c1 ! condition ( ?+s t prec$$ ! ev5t--?is be+ also 9 ! univ]se4 ,we h likewise giv5 reasons = believ+ t ! visible univ]se mu/ h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & x may be desirable to recapitulate ^! "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is g5]ally all[$ by m5 ( sci5ce t atoms =m ! /uff or sub/ance out ( :i* ! visible univ]se is built4 ,:y1 !n1 x is ask$ by ! mat]iali/s1 _c we suppose ^! atoms to be inf9ite 9 numb]1 9 :i* case1 z f> z en]gy is conc]n$1 we may v well suppose ?is univ]se to la/ f et]nity to et]nity2 & if 9 addition we may conceive ^! et]nally exi/+ atoms to be 9 "s s5se alive1 h we n "h a hypo!sis :i* w expla9 ! cont9u\s life ( ! univ]se z well z its cont9u\s en]gy8 ,let u 9 ! meantime reply to ! fir/ /atem5t 9 ! hypo!sis1 res]v+ t "p ( x :i* conc]ns life = a future occasion 7,art4 #bdj74 ,our objection to reg>d+ ! visible univ]se z hav+ endur$ f et]nity is ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is hypo!sis1 to be t5able1 assumes ! inf9ity ( ! visible univ]se4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a pure assumption4 ,we may n be able to prove ! contr>y1 b we p]ceive no reason :y ! visible univ]se %\ld be reg>d$ z inf9ite4 ,no d\bt1 if sci5tific pr9ciple imp]atively dem&$ ! et]nity ( ! pres5t visible univ]se1 we %\ld be compell$ to ackn[l$ge its inf9ity z a consequ5ce2 b we %all see pres5tly t sci5tific pr9ciple leads q 9 ! opposite direction4 ,s t ! weakness ( ! hypo!sis 9 "q is1 t :ile x is contr>y to sci5tific pr9ciple x likewise assumes ! inf9ity ( ! visible univ]se1 :i* is a pure assumption4 ,our second objection is t1 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 we are compell$ to believe 9 ! inf9ite dep? ( nature1 & hold t1 j z we mu/ imag9e space & duration to be inf9ite1 s mu/ we imag9e ! /ructural complexity ( ! univ]se to be inf9ite also4 ,to our m9ds x appe>s no less false to pron\nce et]nal t aggregation we call ! atom1 ?an x w\ld be to pron\nce et]nal 7,art4 #he7 t aggregation we call ! sun4 ,all ?is foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 9 virtue ( :i* we make sci5tific progress 9 ! k ( ?+s1 & :i* leads u1 :atev] /ate ( ?+s we contemplate1 to look = its antec$5t 9 "s previ\s /ate ( ?+s also 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,our ?ird objection is t :i* we h /at$ 9 ,art4 #afc4 ,x arises f ! belief t ! dissipation ( ! en]gy ( ! visible univ]se proce$s p>i passu ) ! aggregation ( mass1 & !re=e t s9ce ! l>ge masses ( ! visible univ]se are ( f9ite size1 we are sure t ! process _c h be5 go+ on = ev]1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! visible univ]se mu/ h _h its orig9 9 "t4 #baf4 ,let u !re=e apply to t /up5d\s ev5t1 ! production ( ! visible univ]se1 n irrev]5tly1 b 9 hopeful tru/1 ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 & ask ourselves ! "q1 ,:at /ate ( ?+s also 9 ! univ]se1 :at conceivable antec$5t c h giv5 rise to ?is unp>allel$ ph5om5on--an antec$5t1 we ne$ h>dly say1 :i* mu/ h op]at$ f ! invisible univ]se8 ,x is a great & awful ph5om5on1 b we mu/ n %r9k be=e size2 we mu/ n be t]rifi$ by ! magnitude ( ! ev5t out ( reliance ^u our pr9ciples ( discussion4 ,n[1 if we reg>d ! appe>ance ( ! visible univ]se1 & approa* x z we w\ld any o!r ph5om5on1 we h only two alt]natives be=e u4 ,creation is n "o ( ^!1 inasmu* z we are c>ri$ by su* an act out ( ! univ]se altoge!r4 ,we are1 !re=e1 driv5 to look to "s k9d ( developm5t z ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( ! visible univ]se4 ,?is developm5t may ei!r h be5 ?r\gh ! liv+ or ?r\gh ! dead2 ei!r x 0 ! result ( a natural op]ation ( ! invisible univ]se1 or x 0 br\ght ab\t by means ( intellig5ce resid+ 9 t univ]se & work+ ?r\gh its laws4 ,to det]m9e :i* ( ^! two alt]natives is ! m admissible1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! nature ( ! production1 & argue ab\t x j z we %\ld argue ab\t any?+ else4 #bag4 ,n[1 ?is production 01 z f> z we c judge1 a sporadic or abrupt act1 & ! sub/ance produc$1 t is to say ! atoms :i* =m ! mat]ial sub/ratum ( ! pres5t univ]se1 be> 7z ,h]s*el & ,cl]k-,maxwell h well said7 f _! uni=mity ( con/itution all ! m>ks ( be+ manufactur$ articles4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! v>i\s elem5t>y atoms z sep>ate productions1 or 7accord+ to ,pr\t & ,locky]7 view !m z produc$ by ! com+ toge!r ( "s small] k9d ( primordial atom--9 ei!r case1 & ev5 specially s 9 ! latt] case1 we ?9k t !y look l manufactur$ articles4 ,inde$1 we h already %[n 7,art4 #afd7 t developm5t )\t life1 t is to say dead developm5t1 does n t5d to produce uni=mity ( /ructure 9 ! products :i* x gives rise to4 #bah4 ,?us ! argum5t is 9 fav\r ( ! production ( ! visible univ]se by means ( an intellig5t ag5cy resid+ 9 ! invisible univ]se4 ,b aga9 let u realise ! position 9 :i* we are plac$ by ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity--we are l$ by x n only to reg>d ! invisible univ]se z hav+ exi/$ be=e ! pres5t "o1 b ! same pr9ciple drives u to ackn[l$ge its exi/5ce 9 "s =m z a univ]se f all et]nity4 ,n[ we c readily conceive a univ]se conta9+ condition$ intellig5t be+s to h exi/$ be=e ! pres5t2 nay1 to h exi/$ = a "t great] ?an any assignable "t1 :i* is ! only way 9 :i* our ?\ghts c approa* ! et]nal4 ,b is x equally easy to conceive a dead univ]se to h exi/$ 9 ! same way dur+ immeasurable ages8 ,is a dead univ]se a fully condition$ univ]se8 ,=1 reg>d+ ! laws ( ! univ]se z ^? laws accord+ to :i* ! intellig5ces ( ! univ]se are condition$ by ! ,gov]nor !re(1 c we conceive a dead univ]se to exi/ p]man5tly )\t "s be+ to be condition$8 ,is n ?is some?+ )\t mean+1 an unreality--a make-believe8 ,& if x be said t "u ^! circum/ances ! conception 9 any =m ( immeasurable ages ( "t is unreal1 we may reply by grant+ x1 & ass]t+ t 9 su* a case we are driv5 n m]ely f ! fully condition$ to ! p>tially condition$1 b ev5 to ! uncondition$2 9 o!r words1 ! hypo!sis ( a p]man5tly dead univ]se w\ld h>dly appe> to satisfy ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 :i* pref]s to proce$ f "o =m ( ! fully condition$ to ano!r4 ,nor is ! difficulty remov$ by ! hypo!sis t ! matt] ( ! unse5 univ]se 0 always 9 "s simple s5se alive1 & t ! motions ( its v>i\s elem5ts 7 always accompani$ ) a v simple species ( consci\sness1 mu* m simple & rudim5t>y ?an any life t we "k ( "h4 ,= to ?is x may be repli$1 h[ is x possible to conceive t life has rema9$ 9 ?is rudim5t>y =m ?r\gh a pa/ et]nity1 & only develop$ into intellig5ce s9ce ! production ( ! visible univ]se8 #bai4 ,= ! b5efit ( our read]s we %all n[ endeav\r to review z cle>ly z we c ! po9t at :i* we h arriv$1 & ! /eps :i* h br\ght u to x4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 our def9ition 7,art4 #ed7 we agre$ to look ^u ! ,creator--! ,absolute ,"o1 z condition+ ! univ]se1 conf9+ ! t]m univ]se to t :i* is condition$4 ,?us we conceive a /one to be 9 ! univ]se1 we conceive a man to be 9 ! univ]se1 & to "w 9 x1 b we conceive ,absolute ,deity to be above ! univ]se r ?an to "w 9 x 9 any way analog\s to t 9 :i* a man works 9 x4 ,w\ld !re n be a confusion ( ?\ght if we reg>d$ ! same ,p]son z condition+ & yet condition$8 ,n[1 :at ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity dem&s is an endless developm5t ( ! condition$4 ,we claim x z ! h]itage ( intellig5ce t !re %all be an endless vi/a1 rea*+ f et]nity to et]nity1 9 ea* l9k ( :i* we %all be l$ only f "o =m ( ! condition$ to ano!r1 nev] f ! condition$ to ! uncondition$ or absolute1 :i* w\ld be to u no bett] ?an an imp5etrable intellectual b>ri]4 ,x has also be5 se5 t 9 ?is endless *a9 ( condition$ exi/5ce we _c be satisfi$ ) a make-believe univ]se1 or "o consi/+ only ( dead matt]1 b pref] a liv+ intellig5t univ]se1 9 o!r words1 "o fully condition$4 ,f9ally1 our argum5t has l$ u to reg>d ! production ( ! visible univ]se z br\ght ab\t by an intellig5t ag5cy resid+ 9 ! unse54 #bbj4 ,we h arriv$ at ?is result f g5]al pr9ciples1 & )\t any def9ite !ory z to ! modus op]&i ( ! intellig5t develop+ ag5cy :i* resides 9 ! unse5 univ]se4 ,:5 we keep to well-asc]ta9$ pr9ciples we are on solid gr\nd1 b :5 we speculate on ! me?od by :i* ! developm5t is accompli%$ we ent] a v diff]5t region1 :]e ! *ances are greatly aga9/ our p>ticul> hypo!sis repres5t+ ! tru?4 ,nev]!less1 = ! sake ( br++ our ideas 9 a concrete =m be=e ! read]1 & = ?is purpose only1 we w n[ adopt a def9ite hypo!sis4#ei ,let u beg9 by suppos+ an intellig5t ag5t 9 ! pres5t visible univ]se1--t is to say a man--to be develop+ vortex-r+s--smoke-r+s1 let u imag9e4 ,n[1 ^! smoke-r+s are f\nd to act ^u "o ano!r1 j z if !y 7 ?+s or exi/5ces2 nev]!less _! exi/5ce is ephem]al1 !y la/ only a few seconds4 ,b let u imag9e !m to con/itute ! grosse/ possible =m ( mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,n[1 ea* smoke-r+ has 9 x a multitude ( small] p>ticles ( air & smoke1 ea* ( ^! p>ticles be+ ! molecules ( :i* ! pres5t visible univ]se is compos$4 ,^! molecules are ( a va/ly m ref9$ & delicate organisation ?an ! l>ge smoke-r+2 !y h la/$ _m millions ( ye>s1 & w p]haps la/ _m millions m4 ,nev]!less1 let u imag9e t !y _h a beg9n+1 & t !y w also come to an end simil> to t ( ! smoke-r+4 ,9 fact1 j z ! smoke-r+ 0 develop$ out ( ord9>y molecules1 s let u imag9e ord9>y molecules to be develop$ z vortex-r+s out ( some?+ mu* f9] & m subtle ?an !mselves1 :i* we h agre$ to call ! invisible univ]se4 ,b we may pursue ! same tra9 ( ?\ght /ill fur!r back1 & imag9e ! entities :i* con/itute ! invisible univ]se imm$iately prec$+ ours to be 9 !mselves ephem]al1 al?\gh n ne>ly to ! same ext5t z ! atoms ( our univ]se1 & to h be5 =m$ 9 _! turn z vortex-r+s out ( "s /ill subtl] & m endur+ sub/ance4 ,9 f9e1 !re is no end to su* a process1 b we are l$ on f rank to rank ( ! ord] imag9$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 or by ,pr(essor ,jevons1 :5 he says t #8! smalle/ p>ticle ( solid sub/ance may consi/ ( a va/ numb] ( sy/ems unit$ 9 regul> ord]1 ea* b\nd$ by ! o!r1 communicat+ ) x 9 "s mann] yet :olly incompreh5sible4' ,our mean+ w be made cle> by ! foll[+ diagram4 ,"h 7#j7 d5otes ! evanesc5t smoke-r+1 7#a7 ! visible univ]se1 7#b7 ! invisible univ]se imm$iately ant]ior to ! pres5t1 7#c7 t ( ! next ord]1 & s on4 ,aga91 7#j7 is develop$ out ( 7#a72 7#a7 is develop$ out ( 7#b72 7#b7 out ( 7#c72 7#c7 out ( 7#d71 & s on4 ,fur!r1 7#a7 bo? prec$es & foll[s 7#j7 9 po9t ( duration1 :ile 7#b7 be>s a simil> relation to 7#a71 7#c7 to 7#b71 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 7,five conc5tric r+s m>k$ #j to #d7 ,aga91 ! mat]ial sub/ance ( 7#j7 is a ph5om5on ( t ( 7#a71 t ( 7#a7 a ph5om5on ( t ( 7#b71 & s on4 ,g back z f> z we *oose1 we are only l$ f "o ph5om5on to ano!r2 s t1 z f> z _! ess5tial nature is conc]n$1 all are equally ph5om5al1 & ! m9d _c repose 9 any ord] z its ultimate hav5 ( ?\ght1 b is driv5 inexorably =w>d to look = some?+ diff]5t4 ,we see too1 t1 z f> z en]gy is conc]n$1 t ( 7#a7 is great] ?an t ( 7#j71 inasmu* z 7#a7 develops 7#j71 t ( 7#b7 great] ?an t ( 7#a71 inasmu* z 7#b7 develops 7#a71 & s on4 ,!re=e1 if we g inf9itely f> back1 we %all be l$ to a univ]se possess+ inf9ite en]gy1 & ( :i* ! intellig5t develop+ ag5cy possesses inf9ite en]gy4 ,x w also be se5 t1 inasmu* z all ^! v>i\s ord]s exi/ toge!r at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! en]gy ( _! sum mu/ be inf9ite1 & ?is en]gy w nev] come to an end4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,great ,:ole is inf9ite 9 en]gy1 & w la/ f et]nity to et]nity4 ,if m]ely to prev5t1 9 future1 ! possibility ( a mi/ake :i* has already be5 made by "s ( our critics1 includ+ ev5 ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 x may be well to sket* "h v briefly ano!r & q diff]5t concrete illu/ration ( our idea4 ,j z po9ts are ! t]m9ations ( l9es1 l9es ! b\nd>ies ( surfaces1 & surfaces ! b\nd>ies ( portions ( space ( ?ree dim5sions3--s we may suppose our 7ess5tially ?ree-dim5sional7 matt] to be ! m]e sk9 or b\nd>y ( an ,unse5 ^: matt] has f\r dim5sions4 ,&1 j z !re is a peculi> molecul> diff]5ce betwe5 ! surface-film & ! re/ ( a mass ( liquid--:]ev] su* a surface-film exi/s1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ air-bubble--s ! matt] ( our pres5t univ]se may be reg>d$ z produc$ by m]e r5ts or cracks 9 t ( ! ,unse54 ,b ?is may itself consi/ ( f\r-dim5sion b\nd>ies ( ! five-dim5sional matt] ( a high] ,unse51 & s on4 ,we might ev5 try to expla9 by ?is h[ x is t s v little ( ! nature ( def9ite description ( ! ,unse5 is giv51 ev5 by a le>n$ man l ,paul--= ! notion ( f\r dim5sions w\ld h be5 totally un9telligible to any "o eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& j z he says he he>d 9 ! ?ird heav5 #8unspeakable words :i* x is n possible = a man to utt]1' s he may h se5 ?+s :i* language 0 incompet5t to describe4 ,b on ?is hypo!sis1 z on ! =m]1 reflection leads u to ! ultimate conception ( an inf9ite s]ies ( ,univ]ses1 ea* dep5d+ on ano!r1 & possess+ ( c\rse among !m an inf9ite /ore ( en]gy4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is article we w\ld desire to reply to two objections :i* h be5 made to our book4 ,x has be5 alleg$ by "s t we advocate ! doctr9e ( ! pa/ et]nity ( /uff or mat]ial4 ,we !re=e take ?is opportunity ( /at+ t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity z upheld by u has ref]5ce solely to ! intellectual faculties4 ,we are l$1 = in/ance1 by ?is pr9ciple to ass]t t ! process ( production ( ! visible univ]se mu/ h be5 ( su* a nature z to be compreh5sible m or less to ! high] intellig5ces ( ! univ]se4 ,b we are n l$ to ass]t ! et]nity ( /uff or matt]1 = t w\ld d5ote an unau?oris$ application to ! invisible univ]se ( ! exp]im5tal law ( ! cons]vation ( matt]1 :i* belongs entirely to ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s4 ,aga91 x has be5 object$ t we advocate an e!real future /ate4 ,to ?is we reply t our pr9ciples d n lead u to ass]t t ! e!r mu/ play "s important "p 9 our future bodies1 = our k ( ?+s is va/ly too limit$ to enable u to come to any su* conclusion4 #bba4 ,let u "h pause = a mom5t & consid] ! position into :i* sci5ce has br\ght u4 ,we are l$ by sci5tific logic to an unse51 & by sci5tific analogy to ! spirituality ( ?is unse54 ,9 f9e1 our conclusion is1 t ! visible univ]se has be5 develop$ by an intellig5ce resid5t 9 ! ,unse54 ,( ! nature ( ?is intellig5t ag5cy we are pr(\ndly ignorant z f> z ,sci5ce is conc]n$4 ,s f> z ,sci5ce c in=m u1 x may consi/ ( a multitude ( be+s1 z ! ,gno/ics h suppos$1 or ( "o ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 z is g5]ally believ$ by ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,z sci5tific m5 we are absolutely ignorant ( ! subject4 ,nor c we easily conceive in=mation to be atta9able except by means ( "s tru/wor?y communication betwe5 ! be+s resid5t 9 ! ,unse5 & ourselves4 ,x is absolutely & utt]ly hopeless to expect any light on ?is po9t f m]e sci5tific reason+4 ,c sci5tific reason+ tell u :at k9d ( life we %all f9d 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 or 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 or at ! ,nor? ,pole1 be=e explor]s h be5 !re1 & if ?is be s1 is x n utt]ly absurd to imag9e t we c "k any?+ reg>d+ ! spiritual inhabitants ( ! unse51 unless we ei!r g to !m or !y come to u8 ,x is !re=e ( supreme importance = u to "k :e!r !re has be5 any su* communication4 ,x w\ld be affectation 9 u n to say t if !re be any su* tru/wor?y communication1 we believe x w be f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian records4 ,x has be5 said to u by our critics1 #8,:at h y to d ) ^! records8' ,to ?is we reply1 ,n p]haps s mu* z a pr(ess$ !ologian1 b /ill some?+4 ,!re is a well-kn[n record1 :i* claims to give u ! hi/ory ( a communication ) ! spiritual intellig5ces ( ! unse54 ,if true1 x mu/ ( c\rse tea* u _m ?+s :i* sci5ce is utt]ly incompet5t to reveal4 ,nev]!less x is ! object ( ?is book to prove t sci5ce alone gives u by logic & analogy comb9$ a c]ta9 insight into ?is mo/ int]e/+ & my/]i\s region4 ,work+ our way upw>ds1 we h rea*$ by ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity c]ta9 regions4 ,work+ _! way d[nw>ds1 ! ,*ri/ian records h rea*$ ^! same regions ( ?\ght4 ,n[ if our sci5tific logic be correct1 & if ! ,*ri/ian records be tru/wor?y1 we %\ld expect ! two acc\nts ( ?is common region to be consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,let u "h !re=e inquire :at ! ,*ri/ian records say reg>d+ ?is my/]i\s1 inf9itely en]getic1 intellig5t develop+ ag5cy resid+ 9 ! univ]se1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se condition$1 to :i* we h be5 l$ by sci5tific analogy4 #bbb4 ,^! records1 z !y are int]pret$ by ! majority ( ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 are believ$ to lead to a conception ( ! ,godhead1 9 :i* !re is a plurality ( p]sons b a unity ( sub/ance4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be rememb]$ t "h ! ^w p]son does n mean ! same ?+ z x does :5 appli$ to ourselves1 b only d5otes "s di/9ction :i* may be reg>d$ z be/ express$ by ?is ^w4 ,our idea ( p]son or individual is d]iv$ solely f our exp]i5ce 9 ! position :i* we occupy 9 ! univ]se4 ,! fir/ ,p]son 9 ?is ,tr9ity1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 is repres5t$ z ! unapproa*able ,creator--! ,be+ 9 virtue ( :om all ?+s exi/4 ,?us x is said 7,john i4 #ah71 #8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t2 ! only begott5 ,son :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? decl>$ him4' ,aga91 ,paul tells u 7,rom4 xi4 #cf71 #8,= ( him & ?r\gh him & to him are all ?+s4' ,also 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #f71 #8,b to u !re is b "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are all ?+s1 & we to him 7 72 & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by :om are all ?+s1 & we by him4' ,also 7,eph4 iv4 #f71 #8,"o ,god & ,fa!r ( all1 :o is above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 all4' ,also 7#a ,timo?y vi4 #af71 #8,:o only ha? immortality1 dwell+ 9 ! light :i* no man c approa* unto2 :om no man ha? se51 nor c see4' #bbc4 ,aga91 ( ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity we are told1 9 addition to :at we ga!r f ! expressions j quot$ 7,john i4 #a71 #8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by him1 & )\t him 0 n any ?+ made t 0 made4' ,aga9 7#b ,cor4 v4 #aj73 #8,= we mu/ all appe> be=e ! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/4' ,aga9 7,col4 i4 #ae73 #8,:o is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 ! fir/-born ( e creature3 = 9 him 7 all ?+s creat$ t are 9 heav51 & t are 9 e>?1 visible & invisible1 :e!r !y be ?rones1 or dom9ions1 or pr9cipalities1 or p[]s4' ,aga9 7,heb4 i4 #a73 #8,god1 :o at sundry times1 & 9 div]s mann]s1 spoke 9 "t pa/ unto ! fa!rs by ! prophets1 ha? 9 ^! la/ days spok5 unto u by 8 ,son1 :om he ha? appo9t$ heir ( all ?+s1 by :om also he made ! worlds4' #bbd4 ,x is1 we believe1 a preval5t idea among !ologians t ^! passages indicate1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! exi/5ce ( an unapproa*able ,creator--! uncondition$ ,"o :o is spok5 ( z ,god ! ,fa!r2 & t !y also indicate ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ,be+ ( ! same sub/ance z ! ,fa!r1 b diff]5t 9 p]son1 :o has agre$ to develop ! w ( ! ,fa!r1 & ?us 9 "s my/]i\s s5se to submit to conditions & to ent] into ! univ]se4#fj ,! relation ( ?is ,be+ to ! ,fa!r is express$ 9 ,hebrews#fa 9 ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 #8,!n said ,i1 ,lo1 ,i come3 9 ! volume ( ! book x is writt5 ( me1 ,i delight to d ?y w1 ,o my ,god3 yea1 ?y law is )9 my he>t4' ,9 f9e1 su* a ,be+ w\ld repres5t t condition$1 yet inf9itely p[]ful develop+ ag5t1 to :i* ! univ]se1 objectively consid]$1 appe>s to lead up4 ,8 "w is tw(old1 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 he develops ! v>i\s univ]ses or ord]s ( be+2 & secondly1 9 "s my/]i\s way ,he becomes ,himself ! type & patt]n ( ea* ord]1 ! repres5tative ( ,deity1 s f> z ! be+s ( t ord] c compreh5d1 especially manife/+ su* div9e qualities z c\ld n o!rwise be intelligibly pres5t$ to _! m9ds4 ,su* a be+ is !re=e1 9 virtue ( ,8 (fice1 ! ,k+ ( angels & rul] ( ! invisible univ]se1 & to him ! t]m ,"l 9 ! poem ( ,job is suppos$ to apply 7,job i4 #f73 #8,n[ !re 0 a day :5 ! ,sons ( ,god came to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l1 & ,satan came also among !m4' #bbe4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t :at may be t]m$ ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( developm5t has a tw(old aspect1 a desc5t & an asc5t2 ! desc5t ( ! ,son ( ,god ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( exi/5ce1 & ! consequ5t asc5t ( ! intellig5ces ( ea* l$ up by him to a high] level1--a /oop+ on ! "p ( ! develop+ ,be+1 9 ord] t !re may be a m\nt+ up on ! "p ( ! develop$4 ,?us x is said 7,john iii4 #ac71 #8,& no man ha? asc5d$ up to heav51 b he t came d[n f heav51 ev5 ! ,son ( man :i* is 9 heav54' ,aga9 7,eph4 iv4 #i73 #8,n[ t he asc5d$1 :at is x b t he also desc5d$ fir/ into ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?8 ,he t desc5d$ is ! same also t asc5d$ up f> above all heav5s1 t he might fill all ?+s4' #bbf4 ,x is naturally 9 accordance ) ^! views t ! ,angelic ,ho/ %\ld be repres5t$ z tak+ an intellig5t int]e/1 ev5 if !y did n1 z ! ,gno/ics ?\ght1 take an active "p1 9 ! creation ( ! visible univ]se4 ,?us ! ,"l is repres5t$ z ask+ ,job 7,job xxxviii4 #d71 #8,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8 decl>e1 if ?\ ha/ und]/&+4 ,:o ha? laid ! measures !re(1 if ?\ kn[e/8 or :o ha? /ret*$ ! l9e ^u x8 ,:]eupon are ! f\ndations !re( fa/5$8 or :o laid ! corn]-/one !re(1 :5 ! morn+-/>s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy8' #bbg4 ,x is also 9 accordance ) ^! views t ! same hi]>*y %\ld take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,?us we read 7,luke ii4 #ac71 #8,& sudd5ly !re 0 ) ! angel a multitude ( ! heav5ly ho/ prais+ ,god1 & say+1 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace1 good-w t[>d m54' ,& aga9 7#a ,timo?y iii4 #af73 #8,& )\t controv]sy great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess3 ,god 0 manife/ 9 ! fle%1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! ,_s1 se5 ( angels1 prea*$ unto ! ,g5tiles1 believ$ on 9 ! _w1 receiv$ up into glory4' #bbh4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! views :i* we h n[ put be=e our read]s h be5 develop$ m especially f ! objective po9t ( view1 & t our reason+ has be5 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity z appli$ to ! outw>d univ]se4 ,9 tru? we seem to get a mu* firm] & m tangible hold on ! objective elem5t ( ! univ]se1 t is to say1 on en]gy 7,art4 #ajc71 ?an we c on intellig5ce & life4 ,= if we approa* our individual consci\sness x is v manife/ t we h no well-f\nd$ pr9ciple :]e) to guide our speculations simil> to ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity2 = ?is1 if we _h x1 w\ld at once in=m u :e!r ! doctr9e ( immortality is true or false4 ,we "k v well t ! univ]se w rema9 aft] we are laid 9 ! grave1 b "s ( u are n equally c]ta9 :e!r we ourselves %all !n cont9ue to exi/4 ,?us !re appe>s to be a difficulty :i* we see at pres5t no means ( surm\nt+ 9 deal+ ) individual consci\sness4 ,b :ile ! cont9uance ( individual life is envelop$ 9 my/]y1 x is believ$ t we h obta9$ hold ( a g5]al pr9ciple reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( life n greatly inf]ior 9 bread? & g5]ality to ! law ( ,cont9uity4 ,we mean ! pr9ciple t life proce$s f life1 or1 to speak m accurately1 t a condition$ liv+ ?+ proce$s only f a condition$ liv+ ?+4 ,t dead matt] _c produce a liv+ organism is ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s4#fb ,9 fact1 ! law ( ,biog5esis is ju/ly reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley & o!rs z ! great pr9ciple und]ly+ all ! ph5om5a ( organis$ exi/5ce4 ,pr(essor ,roscoe1 aga91 approa*+ ! subject f ! *emical po9t ( view1 says1 speak+ ( r$ blood corpuscles1 #8,we h n be5 able1 & ! evid5ce at pres5t r goes to %[ t !re is n mu* hope ( our be+ able1 to con/ruct ^! granules artificially2 & ! "q is 9 ?is position1 t s f> z sci5ce has progress$ at pres5t we h n be5 able to obta9 any organism )\t ! int]v5tion ( "s sort ( previ\sly exi/+ g]m4' #bbi4 ,if we assume ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple x appe>s to lead u directly to inf] t life is n m]ely a species ( en]gy1 or a ph5om5on ( matt]4 ,= we h se5 7,art4 #ajc7 t ! great *>act]i/ic ( all en]gy is its transmutability--its ,protean p[] ( pass+ f "o =m to ano!r4 ,we may no d\bt produce l>ge quantities ( electricity by means ( an electrifi$ nucleus1 b we c d ! same )\t any su* nucleus--we c make unlimit$ /eel magnets by ! help ( "o piece ( load/one1 b we c d ?is ev5 m effectually by means ( a galvanic batt]y--we may produce fire f a sp>k1 b we c obta9 x )\t a sp>k4 ,life1 h[ev]1 c be produc$ f life only1 & ?is law w\ld seem to give an indication t ! solution ( ! my/]y is n to be f\nd by consid]+ life z m]ely a species ( en]gy4 ,x is "s "t s9ce we gave up ! idea t life c\ld g5]ate en]gy2 x n[ seems t we mu/ give up ! idea t en]gy c g5]ate life4 #bcj4 ,9 prec$+ *apt]s we h giv5 our read]s a sket* ( ! me?ods accord+ to :i* m5 ( sci5ce imag9e t evolution has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! univ]se ( en]gy & 9 t ( life4 ,9 bo? worlds ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity requires t 9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ph5om5a we %all n resort to ! hypo!sis ( sep>ate creations1 t we %all n pass ov] f ! condition$ to ! uncondition$2 & ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & _! foll[]s h1 z we h %[n1 endeav\r$ to prove t processes /ill pursu$ by nature are suffici5t 9 a great measure1 if n entirely1 to acc\nt = ! pres5t developm5t ( organis$ exi/5ce )\t ! necessity ( resort+ to sep>ate creations4 ,d>w9 especially imag9es t all ! pres5t organisms1 includ+ man1 may h be5 d]iv$ by ! process ( natural selection f a s+le primordial g]m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! backw>d process has rea*$ ?is g]m1 an insup]able difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,h[ 0 ?is g]m produc$8 ,all really sci5tific exp]i5ce tells u t life c be produc$ f a liv+ antec$5t only2 :at !n 0 ! antec$5t ( ?is g]m8 ,hypo!ses h no d\bt be5 />t$1 b we _c reg>d !m 9 any o!r light ?an z an ackn[l$gm5t ( a difficulty :i* _c be ov]come4 ,we appe> to h rea*$ an imp5etrable b>ri] simil> to t :i* /ood 9 our way :5 we contemplat$ ! production ( ! visible univ]se4 ,& precisely z we felt compell$ by ! logic ( sci5tific process to deal ) ?is fir/ b>ri]1 s we mu/ likewise ass]t = ourselves ) becom+ rev]5ce a simil> fre$om ( action 9 deal+ ) ! second4 ,!re=e1 if life be "o ( ! ?+s ( ! univ]se1 if ! assumption ( a creation ( life 9 "t be inadmissible1 & if x be contr>y to all exp]i5ce to all[ ! possibility ( ! production ( life f antec$5ts n possess+ life1 we are entitl$1 ev5 9 su* a case z ! pres5t1 to make use ( ?is conclusion d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & are ?us =c$ to contemplate an antec$5t possess+ life & giv+ life to ?is primordial g]m1--an antec$5t 9 ! univ]se1 n out ( x1--condition$1 n uncondition$4 ,n[1 :at is ! mean+ ( ?is conclusion8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n mean t ! antec$5t to ! primordial g]m mu/ be a l g]m1 = we "k f exp]i5ce t :ile life is always produc$ f life1 l is by no means always produc$ f l4 ,9 ?is case m especially ! liv+ antec$5t mu/ be 9 ! invisible univ]se1 & !re=e altoge!r diff]5t f ! g]m4 #bca4 ,if we n[ turn once m to ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 we f9d t x recognises su* an antec$5t z an ag5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,he is /yl$ ! ,"l1 & ,giv] ( ,life4 ,! ?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is reg>d$ 9 ?is sy/em z work+ 9 ! univ]se1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se z condition$4 ,"o ( ,8 functions consi/s 9 di/ribut+ & develop+ ?is pr9ciple ( life1 :i* we are =c$ to reg>d z "o ( ! ?+s ( ! univ]se2 j z ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is reg>d$ z develop+ ! objective ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,?us "o has ent]$ f ev]la/+ into ! univ]se1 9 ord] to develop x objectively1 :ile ! o!r has also ent]$ f ev]la/+ into ! univ]se1 9 ord] to develop its subjective elem5ts1 life & intellig5ce4 ,?us we read 7,g54 i4 #b71 #8,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m1 & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep3 & ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s2' imply+1 we may imag9e1 a peculi> op]ation ( ?is ,_s prec$+ ! adv5t ( life into ! _w4 ,aga91 :5 9 ! fulness ( "t1 ,*ri/1 ! develop+ ag5t1 made ,8 appe>ance "h1 & submitt$ to ! trammels ( a human nature1 ?is appe>ance 0 prec$$ by an op]ation ( ! same ,_s4 #bcb4 ,x may "h be desirable to discuss some:at fully ! position ( life 9 ! univ]se1 z we are con/ra9$ to view x 9 virtue ( ! sci5tifically e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( biog5esis4 ,if !n ! matt] ( ?is pres5t visible univ]se be n capable ( itself1 t is to say1 9 virtue ( ! =ces & qualities ) :i* x has be5 end[$1 ( g5]at+ life2 b if we mu/ look to ! unse5 univ]se = ! orig9 ( life1 ?is w\ld appe> to %[ t ! peculi> collocation ( matt] :i* accompanies ! op]ations ( life is n a m]e gr\p+ ( p>ticles ( ! visible univ]se1 b implies likewise "s peculi>ity 9 ! connection ( ^! ) ! unse5 univ]se4 ,may x n d5ote 9 fact "s peculi>ity ( /ructure ext5d+ to ! unse58 ,9 f9e1 to g a /ep fur!r1 may n life d5ote a peculi>ity ( /ructure :i* is h&$ ov] n m]ely f "o /age to ano!r--f ! invisible to ! visible--b :i* rises upw>ds f ! v l[e/ /ructural dep?s ( ! mat]ial ( ! univ]se1 ?is mat]ial be+ reg>d$ z possess$ ( an inf9itely complex /ructure su* z we h pictur$ to our read]s 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is *apt] 7,art4 #bbj74 ,if we suppose any su* peculi>ity to accompany life we _c fail at once to see ! impossibility ( its orig9at+ 9 ! visible univ]se alone4 #bcc4 ,aga91 x is well kn[n to _m ( our read]s t discussions h frequ5tly aris5 reg>d+ ! peculi> place & function ( life 9 ! univ]se4 ,:at is its relation to en]gy8 x c]ta9ly does n create en]gy--:at !n does x d8 ,"o way ( reply+ to ?is "q is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* we quote at l5g? f an article on #8,! ,atomic ,!ory ( ,lucretius1' 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,m>* #ahfh3-- #8,x is a pr9ciple ( me*anics t a =ce act+ at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* a body is mov+ does no "w1 al?\gh x may cont9ually & cont9u\sly alt] ! direction 9 :i* ! body moves4 ,no p[]1 no en]gy1 is requir$ to deflect a bullet f its pa?1 provid$ ! deflect+ =ce acts always at "r angles to t pa?4444 #8,if y believe 9 free-w & 9 atoms1 y h two c\rses op5 to y4 ,! fir/ alt]native may be put z foll[s3 ,some?+ :i* is n atoms mu/ be all[$ an exi/5ce1 & mu/ be suppos$ capable ( act+ on ! atoms4 ,! atoms may1 z ,democritus believ$1 build up a huge me*anical /ructure1 ea* :eel ( :i* drives its neighb\r 9 "o long inevitable sequ5ce ( causation2 b y may assume t beyond ?is ev]-gr9d+ :eelwork !re exi/s a p[] n subject to b p>tly ma/] ( ! ma*9e2 y may believe t man possesses su* a p[]1 & if s1 no bett] conception ( ! mann] ( its action c\ld be devis$ ?an ! idea ( its deflect+ ! atoms 9 _! onw>d pa? to ! "r or left ( t l9e 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally move4 ,! w1 if x s act$1 w\ld add no?+ s5sible to nor take any?+ s5sible f ! en]gy ( ! univ]se4 ,! mod]n believ] 9 free-w w probably adopt ?is view1 :i* is c]ta9ly consi/5t ) obs]vation1 al?\gh n prov$ by x4 ,su* a p[] ( m\ld+ circum/ances1 ( turn+ ! torr5t to ! "r1 :]e x %all f]tilise1 or to ! left1 :]e x %all ov]:elm1 b 9 n[ise ( arre/+ ! torr5t1 add+ no?+ to x1 tak+ no?+ f x1--su* is precisely ! app>5t action ( man's w2 & ?\gh we mu/ all[ t possibly ! deflect+ action does b result f "s small] subtl] /ream ( circum/ance1 yet if we may tru/ to our direct p]ception ( free-w1 ! above !ory1 involv+ a p[] 9 man beyond t ( atoms1 w\ld probably be our *oice4444 #8,we _c hope t natural sci5ce w ev] l5d ! lea/ assi/ance t[>ds answ]+ ! ,free-w & ,necessity "q4 ,! doctr9es ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt] & ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy seem at fir/ sight to help ! ,necessit>ians1 = !y might argue t if free-w acts x mu/ add some?+ to or take some?+ f ! physical univ]se1 & if exp]im5t %[s t no?+ ( ! k9d occurs1 away goes free-w2 b ?is argum5t is wor?less1 = if m9d or w simply deflects matt] z x moves1 x may produce all ! consequ5ces claim$ by ! ,wilful s*ool1 & yet x w nei!r add en]gy nor matt] to ! univ]se4' #bcd4 ,n[ !re appe>s to u to be a v s]i\s objection to ?is mode ( reg>d+ ! position ( life1 unless x be some:at modifi$4 ,let u take "o ( ! visible masses ( ?is pres5t univ]se1 su* z a planet4 ,suppose = a mom5t t in/ead ( be+ attract$ to a fix$ & visible c5tre ( =ce su* z ! sun1 x is b\nd to an invisible & vagrant c5tre1 ! only condition impos$ ^u ^: irregul>ities is t x %all always move 9 su* a mann] t !re %all be nei!r creation nor de/ruction ( en]gy4 ,we h only to imag9e = a mom5t su* a univ]se 9 ord] to realise ! inextricable confusion into :i* its intellig5t inhabitants w\ld be plung$ by ! op]ation ( a viewless & unacc\ntable ag5cy ( ?is nature4 ,no d\bt ! hypo!sis reg>d+ life1 :i* we h quot$ above1 limits ?is mode ( action to ! molecul> motions ( matt]1 b if our l9e ( argum5t has be5 foll[$ ?r\gh\t1 ! read] w probably ackn[l$ge t ! sup]ior intellig5ces ( ! univ]se may h ! same appretiation ( molecul> motions t we h ( ^? ( l>ge masses4 ,n[ !y w\ld 9 turn be put to inextricable confusion by ! adv5t ( an unp]ceivable1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 irresponsible =ce entitl$ w op]at+ t[>ds ! deflection ( ^! molecul> motions1 ev5 al?\gh ! en]gy ( ! univ]se %\ld rema9 ! same4 ,we ?9k t ,pr(essor ,huxley & "s o!rs :o h oppos$ ?is mode ( reg>d+ ! position ( life h be5 some:at unju/ly blam$4 ,!y h driv5 ! op]ation ( ! my/]y call$ life or w out ( ! objective univ]se1 out ( t portion ( ?+s :i* is capable ( be+ sci5tifically /udi$ by intellig5ce1 & 9 s do+ !y h mo/ assur$ly done "r4 ,! mi/ake made 7:e!r by ?is p>ty or by _! adv]s>ies7 lies 9 imag9+ t by su* a process !y completely get rid ( a ?+ s driv5 be=e !m1 & t x ?us disappe>s f ! univ]se altoge!r4 ,x does no su* ?+4 ,x m]ely disappe>s f t small circle ( light :i* we may call ! univ]se ( sci5tific p]ception4 ,b ! great] ! circle ( light 7to adopt ! words ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s71 ! great] ! circumf]5ce ( d>kness1 & ! my/]y :i* has be5 driv5 be=e u looms 9 ! d>kness t surr\nds ?is circle1 gr[+ m my/]i\s & m trem5d\s z ! circumf]5ce is increas$4 ,9 f9e1 we h already rem>k$ t ! position ( ! sci5tific man is to cle> a space be=e him f :i* all my/]y %all be driv5 away1 & 9 :i* !re %all be no?+ b matt] & en]gy subject to c]ta9 def9ite laws :i* he c compreh5d4 ,!re are h[ev] ?ree great my/]ies 7a tr9ity ( my/]ies7 :i* elude1 & w = ev] elude1 8 grasp1 & ^! w p]si/5tly hov] ar\nd ! bord] ( ?is cle>$ & illum9at$ circle1--!y are ! my/]y ( ! s\l's domicile1 9 o!r words1 ( ! univ]se objectively view$2 ! my/]y ( life & intellig5ce2 & ! my/]y ( ,god1--& ^! ?ree are "o4 #bce4 ,b 9 ?is latt] /atem5t we h transgress$ ! limits ( our inquiry1 & are cont5t to be driv5 back4 ,suffice x to say t ^! ?ree gigantic my/]ies w p]si/5tly hov] ar\nd ! illum9at$ circle1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 ! illum9at$ sph]e ( sci5tific ?\ght1 ( :i* duration1 ext5sion1 & /ructural complexity may be reg>d$ z ! ?ree indep5d5t co-ord9ates 9 t]ms ( ea* ( :i* ! process ( developm5t goes on simultane\sly z ! b\nd>y ( ! sph]e is enl>g$4 ,)9 ?is sph]e we h only t :i* c be grasp$ by ,physical ,sci5ce1 b we are n !re=e to inf] t matt] & ! laws ( matt] h a reality & a p]man5ce d5i$ to intellig5ce4 ,x is r because !y are at ! bottom ( ! li/--are 9 fact ! simple/ & l[e/ ( ! ?ree--t !y are capable ( be+ mo/ readily grasp$ by ! f9ite intellig5ces ( ! univ]se4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,pr(essor ,/okes1 9 8 presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,exet]1 occur to u z v cle>ly embody+ ?is ?\ght3-- #8,admitt+ to ! full z highly probable1 ?\gh n completely demon/rat$1 ! applicability to liv+ be+s ( ! laws :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ ) ref]5ce to dead matt]1 ,i feel con/ra9$ at ! same "t to admit ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s some?+ ly+ beyond1 a some?+ sui g5]is1 :i* ,i reg>d1 n z balanc+ & susp5d+ ! ord9>y physical laws1 b z work+ ) !m & ?r\gh !m to ! atta9m5t ( a design$ end4 ,:at ?is some?+ :i* we call life may be is a pr(\nd my/]y4444 ,:5 f ! ph5om5a ( life we pass on to ^? ( m9d1 we ent] a region /ill m pr(\ndly my/]i\s4 ,we c readily imag9e t we may "h be deal+ ) ph5om5a altoge!r transc5d+ ^? ( m]e life1 9 "s su* way z ^? ( life transc5d1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to inf]1 ^? ( *emi/ry & molecul> attractions1 or z ! laws ( *emical aff9ity 9 _! turn transc5d ^? ( m]e me*anics4 ,sci5ce c be expect$ to d b little to aid u "h1 s9ce ! in/rum5t ( rese>* is itself ! object ( inve/igation4 ,x c b enlight5 u z to ! dep?s ( our ignorance1 & lead u to look to a high] aid = t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns our well-be+4' #bcf4 ,9 f9e1 ! physical prop]ties ( matt] =m ! alphabet :i* is put into our h&s by ,god1 ! /udy ( :i* w1 if prop]ly conduct$1 enable u m p]fectly to read t ,great ,book :i* we call ! ,univ]se4 ,we h begun to recognise "s ( ! *ief lett]s ( ?is alphabet1 & ev5 to put !m two & two toge!r2 &1 l an intellig5t b some:at conceit$ *ild1 we are v pr\d ( our a*ievem5t4 ,l su* a *ild we h n yet1 h[ev]1 completely grasp$ ! fact t ^! lett]s are only symbols1 b look ^u !m ) int5se awe z ! great ?+ 9 ! _w1 mean+ ( c\rse our _w4 ,we look ) a sort ( adoration t[>ds ^? pages 9 :i* !re are words ( two syllables1 & are ready to fall d[n at ! feet ( t old] & wis] *ild :o has p5etrat$ into ! dep?s ( su* pr(\nd my/]ies4 ,our belief is t all k is made = ! alphabet j z ! little musician believes t all music is made = ! piano4 #bcg4 ,life1 !n1 :atev] be its nature1 may be suppos$ to p5etrate into ! /ructural dep?s ( ! univ]se4 ,its seat is 9 a region inaccessible to human inquiry1 & equally inaccessible1 we may well suppose1 to ! inquiries ( ! high] creat$ intellig5ces4 ,intimations ( its pres5ce are no d\bt con/antly em]g+ f ?is region ( ?ick d>kness into ! objective univ]se1 b :5 !y h rea*$ x !y obey ! ord9>y laws ( ph5om5a1 accord+ to :i* a mat]ial effect implies a mat]ial antec$5t4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 life exi/s j z surely z ! ,deity exi/s4 ,= we h subject$ bo? ^! my/]ies to ! same process1 & h f\nd x z difficult to rid ourselves ( ! "o z ( ! o!r4 ,we h driv5 ! creative op]ation ( ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause into ! durational dep?s ( ! univ]se1--into ! et]nity ( ! pa/1--b = all t we h n got rid ( ,god4 ,9 l mann] we h driv5 ! my/]y ( life into ! /ructural dep?s ( ! univ]se1--t region ( ?ick d>kness :i* no creat$ eye is able to pi]ce1--b we h n got rid ( life1 nor are we likely to d s4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is digression ^u ! place ( life1 let u briefly review ! attempts made to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( life by ^? :o h yet fall5 %ort ( ! sci5tific conception ( an ,unse5 ,univ]se4 #bch4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson has gone fur!r ?an any "o else 9 su* inquiries4 ,we h already allud$ to 8 attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se by ! vortex-r+ hypo!sis1 & also to 8 o!r attempt to expla9 gravitation by ! modification ( ! hypo!sis ( ultra-mundane corpuscles4 ,if we add to ^! 8 attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( life z consi/5tly z possible ) ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 we ?9k x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he is a true pione] 9 su* inquiries z ^? ( ?is volume z well z 9 ! m ord9>y bran*es ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 ( life propos$ by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson _h also occurr$ indep5d5tly to ,pr(essor ,helmholtz4 ,?is latt] physici/1 9 an article on ! use & abuse ( ! d$uctive me?od 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1#fc tells u v cle>ly :at l$ himself1 & no d\bt ,sir ,w4 ,?omson likewise1 to sugge/ ! meteoric hypo!sis z a possible way ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( t]re/rial life3--#8,if failure att5ds all our ef=ts to obta9 a g5]ation ( organisms f lifeless matt]1 x seems to me 7says ,pr(essor ,helmholtz7 a ?or\ghly correct proc$ure to inquire :e!r !re has ev] be5 an orig9ation ( life1 or :e!r x is n z old z matt]1 & :e!r its g]ms1 borne f "o _w to ano!r1 h n be5 develop$ :]ev] !y h f\nd a fav\rable soil4' #bci4 ,we h already suffici5tly po9t$ out t ! man ( sci5ce objects to sep>ate creations1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 he tries to expla9 ! pres5t t]re/rial life by means ( a s+le primordial g]m4 ,b ! difficulty /ill rema9s reg>d+ ! orig9al appe>ance ( ?is g]m4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! meteoric hypo!sis1 ?is g]m may h be5 waft$ to u f "s o!r _w1 or its fragm5ts1 & ?us "o act ( creation ( life might possibly s]ve = _m worlds4 ,if !re=e ?is hypo!sis 7 o!rwise t5able x w\ld dim9i% ! difficulty impli$ by sep>ate creations1 b w\ld x entirely remove x8 ,we d\bt ?is v mu*4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 z f> z we c judge 7,art4 #afc7 ! visible univ]se--! univ]se ( worlds--is n et]nal1 :ile h[ev] ! invisible univ]se1 or t :i* we may = illu/ration at lea/ associate ) ! e!real m$ium1 is necess>ily et]nal4 ,! visible univ]se mu/ h _h its orig9 9 "t 7,art4 #aaf71 no d\bt f a nebul\s condition4 ,b 9 ?is condition x c h>dly h be5 fit = ! reception ( life4 ,life mu/ !re=e h be5 creat$ aft]w>ds4 ,we h ?us at lea/ two sep>ate creations1 bo? tak+ place 9 "t--! "o ( matt] & ! o!r ( life4 ,& ev5 if x 7 possible1 :i* x is n1 to get ov] "o ( ! difficulties att5d+ ?is hypo!sis1 t ( creation 9 "t1 by reg>d+ ! visible univ]se z et]nal2 yet ev5 !n we mu/ reg>d matt] & life z imply+ two sep>ate creative acts if we assume ! nebul\s hypo!sis to be true4 ,= if x d5ote ! date ( ! adv5t ( life1 & x a t ( ! adv5t ( matt]1 a be+ a con/ant quantity1 ! two op]ations _c be made simultane\s by m]ely increas+ ! value ( x )\t limit4 ,n[ ?is is :at we mean by et]nity1 & !re=e we _c help ?9k+ t ?is want ( simultaneity implies a defect 9 ?is mode ( view+ ! orig9 ( ?+s4 #bdj4 ,yet ano!r hypo!sis has be5 produc$1 :i* />ts ) ! assumption t all matt] is 9 "s simple s5se alive4 ,look+ ^u ! atom z ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! univ]se1 ! v>i\s motions ( ! atom are by ?is s*ool suppos$ to be accompani$ by a species ( consci\sness inconceivably simple4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ?is et]nal & immortal consci\sness is suppos$ to be consi/5t ) t :i* we call ! life ( ! individual1 :ile "u o!r circum/ances ^! two lives are n consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,! individual !n dies1 b nev]!less ! simple immortal lives ( ! atoms :i* compose 8 body rema9 atta*$ to !m z truly z be=e4 ,!re is no disappe>ance ( any?+ f ! univ]se1 only ! mode 9 :i* ! simple immortal life becomes manife/$ has und]gone a *ange ( expression1 j z en]gy may be suppos$ to und]go a *ange )\t disappe>+4 ,x is ?\ght by ! memb]s ( ?is s*ool t su* a hypo!sis satisfies ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity m fully ?an any o!r4 ,=1 look+ at ?+s f ! old po9t ( view1 we see t c]ta9 atoms are conc]n$ 9 ! manife/ation ( consci\sness1 z = in/ance ! p>ticles ( our bra9s1 :ile c]ta9 o!r atoms are n s conc]n$1 z = in/ance ! inorganic matt] we see ar\nd u4 ,"h !n1 x is argu$1 we h a brea* ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 inasmu* z c]ta9 ?+s ( ! univ]se 7bra9-p>ticles7 h a function assign$ to !m 9 _! association ) consci\sness1 :i* o!r ?+s 7gold1 silv]1 etc47 d n possess 9 any measure1 if ! di/9ction betwe5 organic & inorganic be an ess5tial "o4 ,to av]t ?is brea*1 x is ess5tial t all matt] %\ld be consid]$ z 9 "s s5se alive4 ,x is fur!rmore argu$1 t by ?is hypo!sis !re is no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! introduction ( life1 inasmu* z life always accompanies matt]1 ! mode ( manife/ation ( ! "o be+ regulat$ by ! mode ( collocation ( ! o!r4 #bda4 ,n[ x appe>s to u t ?is s*ool ( ?\ght is ju/ifi$ 9 decl9+ to accept a hypo!sis :i* attributes to c]ta9 sub/ances ( ! univ]se a p[] :i* is entirely want+ 9 o!rs1 or t gives to ! same sub/ance at "o "t a fundam5tal p[] or prop]ty t is entirely want+ at ano!r4 ,x is n s mu* ! premiss z ! conclusion ( ?is s*ool to :i* we object4 ,= let u consid] = a mom5t :at is impli$ 9 ! a/\nd+ inf]5ce t ! atom is ! true abode ( immortal life 9 ! univ]se1 & t its life is ( an extremely simple k9d4 ,x implies1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! atom is et]nal1 & to ?is we object4 ,x implies1 9 ! next place1 t ! atom is extremely simple 9 its con/itution1 & to ?is we object4 ,x implies1 ?irdly1 t = ! antec$5ts ( ! motions ( ! atom x is unnecess>y to resort to any?+ beyond ! atom itself1 & to ?is we object4 #bdb4 ,we h 9 o!r places suffici5tly set =? our objection to reg>d+ ! atom ei!r z et]nal or z extremely simple 9 con/itution1 let u n[ /ate our objection to reg>d+ ! motions ( ! atom 79 ?is g5]alisation7 ap>t f ! surr\nd+ univ]se4 ,our objection is1 t 9 ord] to conceive ! nature ( ! =ces by :i* atoms act ^u ea* o!r1 we are driv5 at once1 if n to ! v hypo!sis ( ,le ,sage1 at lea/ to some?+ :i* implies ! exi/5ce & ag5cy ( ! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,b :5 once we h tak5 ?is /ep1 we are n p]mitt$ to re/1 = ano!r j\rney is be=e u1 & aft] t ano!r1 & s on4 ,9 f9e1 !re is no end to ! process1 & no halt+-place = ! m9d1 except 9 ! belief t ! univ]se z a :ole p>ticipates 9 e motion :i* takes place ev5 9 ! smalle/ ( atoms4#fd ,und\bt$ly z reg>ds c]ta9 practical sci5tific results1 x is all[able to reg>d ! atom z a ?+ by itself1 & to sum up ! app>5t actions ( ! v>i\s atoms z if ea* 7 indep5d5t ( ev]y?+ else4 ,b :5 we come to a g5]alisation s fundam5tal z ?is hypo!sis reg>d+ life1 we are =c$ to ask :e!r ! app>5t & visible action ( atoms on "o ano!r is really ev]y?+ :i* takes place1 & !n we f9d1 z we h j %[n1 t we are driv5 at once into ! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 & !nce into an endless complexity ( antec$5t4 ,9 f9e1 we conclude t inasmu* z ! univ]se 9 its v>i\s ord]s p>ticipates 9 e conceivable motion1 ! consci\sness :i* accompanies ?is motion _c logically be conf9$ to ! app>5tly mov+ body or atom1 b mu/ 9 "s s5se ext5d to ! ,unse5 ,univ]se 9 its v>i\s ord]s4 ,b ?is is only ano!r way ( express+ ! conclusions at :i* we h already arriv$1 = 7( c\rse7 if we imag9e a ,div9e ,ag5cy to be resid5t 9 ! univ]se1 we _c b suppose t e motion ( any k9d is accompani$ ) a consci\sness ( ?is ,div9e ,ag5cy4 ,9 f9e1 we ma9ta9 t :at we are driv5 to is n an "u-life resid5t 9 ! atom1 b r1 to adopt ! words ( a rec5t writ]1 a ,div9e ov]-life 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+4 #bdc4 ,"h x is desirable to consid] :at we ga9 by ?is hypo!sis4 ,our ga9 is simply 9 ! way 9 :i* we reg>d ! functions ( matt]1 & a little reflection w conv9ce u t nei!r =m ( ?is hypo!sis1 :e!r we hold by an "u- or an ov]-life1 w enable u to expla9 ! introduction ( life into ! visible univ]se by natural laws alone1 & )\t resort+ to "s peculi> action ( ! unse54 ,z a matt] ( fact we are l$ by sci5ce to receive ! law ( ,biog5esis z express+ ! pres5t ord] ( ! _w4 ,b ! introduction ( life into ! _w does n become m consi/5t ) ?is law by virtue ( an hypo!sis :i* associates a consci\sness ( "s sort ) e motion ( ! univ]se4 ,x /ill rema9s a fact z mu* z ev]1 t !re is a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead--! organic & ! inorganic4 ,& x /ill rema9s true t1 z a matt] ( univ]sal sci5tific exp]i5ce1 a liv+ ?+ c only be produc$ f a liv+ ?+1 & t ! inorganic =ces ( ! visible univ]se c by no means g5]ate life4 ,9 f9e1 our hypo!sis1 9 :i* ! mat]ial z well z ! life ( ! visible univ]se are reg>d$ z hav+ be5 develop$ f ! ,unse51 9 :i* !y _h exi/$ f ,et]nity1 appe>s to u to pres5t ! only available me?od ( avoid+ a break ( cont9uity1 if at ! same "t we are to accept loyally ! indications giv5 by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,x may be said 7j z any?+ else may be said7 t ! visible univ]se is et]nal1 & t x has ! p[] ( orig9at+ life2 b bo? /atem5ts are surely oppos$ to ! results ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,n[ we mu/ be cont5t 9 su* matt]s z ^! to be guid$ by probabilities1 & x c]ta9ly appe>s mo/ probable t ! visible univ]se is n et]nal1 & t x has n ! p[] ( orig9at+ life4 ,9 f9e1 life z well z matt] comes to u f ! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 #bdd4 ,let u "h aga9 pause = a mom5t & review ! position :i* we h rea*$4 ,by tak+ ! univ]se z we f9d x1 & reg>d+ ea* occurr5ce 9 x1 )\t exception1 z some?+ ^u :i* x 0 meant t we %\ld ex]cise our intellects1 we are l$ at once to ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 :i* ass]ts t we %all nev] be c>ri$ f ! condition$ to ! uncondition$1 b only f "o ord] ( ! fully condition$ to ano!r4 ,two great laws come be=e u3 ! "o ( :i* is ! ,cons]vation ( ,mass & ( ,en]gy2 t is to say1 cons]vation ( ! objective elem5t ( ! univ]se2 :ile ! o!r is ! law ( ,biog5esis1 9 virtue ( :i* ! appe>ance ( a liv+ ,be+ 9 ! univ]se d5otes ! exi/5ce ( an antec$5t possess+ life4 ,we are l$ f ^! two great laws1 z well z f ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 to reg>d1 z at lea/ ! mo/ probable solution1 t !re is an intellig5t ,ag5t op]at+ 9 ! univ]se1 "o ( ^: functions x is to develop ! univ]se objectively consid]$2 & also t !re is an intellig5t ,ag5t1 "o ( ^: functions x is to develop intellig5ce & life4 ,p]haps we ought r to say t1 if we are n driv5 to ?is v conclusion1 x appe>s at lea/ to be t :i* mo/ simply & naturally satisfies ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity4 ,b ?is conclusion h>dly diff]s f ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 or1 to speak prop]ly1 ! conclusion1 s f> z x goes1 appe>s to agree ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,9 f9e1 we are l$ to reg>d x z "o ( ! great m]its ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 t its doctr9e is pre-em95tly "o ( intellectual lib]ty1 & t :ile !ologians on ! "o h&1 & m5 ( sci5ce on ! o!r1 h ea* erect$ _! b>ri]s to inquiry1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian records ackn[l$ge no su* b>ri]1 b on ! contr>y ass]t ! mo/ p]fect fre$om = all ! p[]s ( man4 #bde4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a /age f :i* we c v easily dispose ( any sci5tific difficulty reg>d+ miracles4 ,= if ! invisible 0 able to produce ! pres5t visible univ]se ) all its en]gy1 x c\ld ( c\rse1 a =tiori1 v easily produce su* transmutations ( en]gy f ! "o univ]se into ! o!r z w\ld acc\nt = ! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ,judea4 ,^? ev5ts are !re=e no long] to be reg>d$ z absolute breaks ( cont9uity1 a ?+ :i* we h agre$ to consid] impossible1 b only z ! result ( a peculi> action ( ! invisible ^u ! visible univ]se4 ,:5 we dig up an ant-hill1 we p]=m an op]ation :i*1 to ! inhabitants ( ! hill1 is my/]i\sly p]plex+1 f> transc5d+ _! exp]i5ce1 b we "k v well t ! :ole affair happ5s )\t any brea* ( cont9uity ( ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,9 l mann]1 ! sci5tific difficulty ) reg>d to miracles w1 we ?9k1 entirely disappe>1 if our view ( ! invisible univ]se be accept$1 or inde$ if any view be accept$ :i* implies ! pres5ce 9 x ( liv+ be+s mu* m p[]ful ?an ourselves4 ,x is ( c\rse assum$ t ! visible & invisible are & h be5 con/antly 9 a /ate ( intimate mutual relation4 #bdf4 ,we h z yet only repli$ to ! sci5tific objection1 b !re are o!r objections :i* might be rais$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x might be said1 ,:at occasion 0 !re = ! int]f]5ce impli$ 9 miracles8 ,& aga91 ,is ! hi/orical te/imony 9 fav\r ( _! occurr5ce conclusive8 ,we mu/ leave ! la/ objection to be repli$ to by ! hi/orian2 b ) respect to ! =m]1 x appe>s to u z almo/ self-evid5t t ,*ri/1 if ,he came to u f ! invisible _w1 c\ld h>dly 7) rev]5ce be x spok57 h done s )\t "s peculi> sort ( communication be+ e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two worlds4 ,no d\bt we may well imag9e t ! acts ( int]f]5ce 9 virtue ( ?is communication 7 /rictly limit$2 & 9 pro( ( ?is conclusion we may cite ! fact t :at did occur 0 suffici5tly />tl+ to h secur$ ! e> ( humanity ev] s9ce1 b n suffici5tly ov]:elm+ to preclude ! ex]cise ( individual fai?4 ,! v fact ( !re be+ s9c]e sceptics proves1 we ?9k1 ! limit$ ext5t ( ^! int]f]5ces4#fe ,& we mu/ rememb]1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is q possible to accept fully ! tru? ( a /atem5t )\t ! slighte/ influ5ce result+ z reg>ds modification ( our c\rse ( action4 ,p]haps ! mo/ t]rible portion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! passage 7,james ii4 #ai71 #8! demons also believe1 & tremble4' #bdg4 ,we h n[ consid]$ miracles1 or ^? app>5t breaks ( cont9uity :i* h be5 furni%$ by hi/ory1 b our read]s are already well aw>e t equally =midable breaks are br\ght be=e u by sci5ce4 ,!re is1 to beg9 )1 t =midable ph5om5on1 ! production 9 "t ( ! visible univ]se4 ,secondly1 !re is a break h>dly less =midable1 ! orig9al production ( life2 & !re is1 ?irdly1 t break recognis$ by ,wallace & 8 s*ool ( natural hi/ory1 :i* seems to h occurr$ at ! fir/ production ( man4 ,greatly z we are indebt$ to ,d>w91 ,huxley1 & ^? :o h prom95tly advocat$ ! possibility ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s' hav+ be5 develop$ by =ces & op]ations su* z we see be=e u1 x mu/ be reg>d$ by u1 & we ?9k x is reg>d$ by !m1 z a defect 9 _! sy/em1 t ^! breaks rema9 unacc\nt$ =4 ,our read]s w n[1 h[ev]1 if we mi/ake n1 p]ceive :at is ! real s\rce ( ! p]plexity felt by ! s*ool ( evolutioni/s4 ,x is t !y h be5 unable to reg>d an int]f]5ce ( ! invisible univ]se 9 any o!r light ?an z an absolute break ( cont9uity2 & hold+ ) ju/ice to ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 !y h be5 unable to d m ?an ackn[l$ge ^! difficulties & all[ !m to rema94 ,b f our po9t ( view ^! difficulties are by no means imp5etrable b>ri]s1 b>r+ = ev] ! progress ( rese>*4 ,on ! contr>y1 we ass]t t1 if approa*$ ) suffici5t boldness1 & exam9$ ) suffici5t c>e1 !y w be f\nd to conta9 av5ues lead+ up to ! invisible univ]se1 & direct+ our inquiries ?i!rw>ds4 ,!re may be possibly o!r app>5t breaks or b>ri]s1 b ^! appe> to be ! be/ e/abli%$2 &1 ) ^! exceptions1 we may suppose t ! visible univ]se1 9 s f> z we are capable ( inve/igat+ x1 has be5 left to develop itself 9 accordance ) ^? laws ( en]gy :i* we see 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day4 ,9 f9e1 ! visible univ]se 0 pla9ly int5d$ to be some?+ :i* we are capable ( inve/igat+1 & ! few app>5t breaks are 9 reality s _m p>tially conceal$ av5ues lead+ up to ! unse54 #bdh4 ,our read]s mu/ n h[ev] inf] f :at we h n[ said1 t we d n recognise any pres5t po9ts ( contact betwe5 u & ! invisible4 ,!re may possibly be 7b ev5 ( ?is we are n q sure7 no po9ts ( app>5t int]f]5ce betwe5 ! two1 s t ! man ( sci5ce _c say1--,"h is a break2--b nev]!less !re may be a close & vital union betwe5 ! two univ]ses1 9 ^? regions into :i* inve/igation _c p5etrate1 & :o %all say t ! laws ( ^! regions d n admit ( ! objective efficacy ( pray]8 ,!re may be an action ( ! invisible _w ^u ! individual m9d1 & !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n also be an action ^u ! visible univ]se1 by means ( ^? processes ( delicacy :i*1 z we h already se51 obta9 9 t qu>t] 7,art4 #ahd74 ,nei!r ! "o action nor ! o!r w\ld be detect$ by sci5ce1 unless we except c]ta9 provid5tial occurr5ces1 :i* are g5]ally1 h[ev]1 bett] recognis$ by ! individuals to :om !y ref] ?an by ! _w at l>ge4 ,& j z rev]sibility 7,art4 #aac7 is ! /amp ( p]fection 9 ! inanimate eng9e1 s a simil> rev]sibility may be ! /amp ( p]fection 9 ! liv+ man4 ,he ought to live = ! unse5--to c>ry into x some?+ :i* may n be :olly unacceptable4 ,b1 9 ord] to enable him to d ?is1 ! unse5 mu/ also "w ^u him1 & its influ5ces mu/ p]vade 8 spiritual nature4 ,?us a life = ! unse5 ?r\gh ! unse5 is to be reg>d$ z ! only p]fect life4 #bdi4 ,9 f9e1 ! unse5 may h a v wide field ( influ5ce1 b f its v nature its work+ is n disc]nible1 or at lea/ easily disc]nible1 by ! eye ( s5se1 & we are !re=e l$ to consult ! ,*ri/ian records = o!rwise unatta9able in=mation reg>d+ ! reality ( a pres5t influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! invisible univ]se ^u ours4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! foll[+ words ( ,*ri/ himself 7,matt4 xiii4 #da73 #8,! ,son ( man %all s5d =? 8 angels1 & !y %all ga!r out ( 8 k+dom all ?+s t (f5d1 & !m :i* d iniquity1 & %all ca/ !m into a furnace ( fire3 !re %all be wail+ & gna%+ ( tee?4' ,aga9 7,matt4 xxv4 #ca73 #8,:5 ! ,son ( man %all come 9 8 glory1 & all ! holy angels ) him1 !n %all he sit ^u ! ?rone ( 8 glory3 & be=e him %all be ga!r$ all nations2 & he %all sep>ate !m "o f ano!r1 z a %eph]d divide? 8 %eep f ! goats4' ,aga9 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ec71 speak+ to ,pet]3 #8,?9ke/ ?\ t ,i _c n[ pray to my ,fa!r1 & he %all pres5tly give me m ?an twelve legions ( angels8' ,fur!rmore1 we read 7,heb4 i4 #ad73 #8,are !y n all m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t =? to m9i/] = !m :o %all be heirs ( salvation8' ,^! passages 7& _m m might be quot$7 w\ld appe> to %[ t1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 ! angels take a v prom95t "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se "u ! direction ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!y are 8 m9i/]s1 8 mess5g]s1 :o execute 8 decrees & p]=m 8 err&s1 :e!r ( m]cy or ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e x is said ( ,*ri/1 #8,?\ art ! ,k+ ( angels2' & ( himself 9 8 glorifi$ /ate1 speak+ to 8 disciples1 ,*ri/ says 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ah73 #8,all p[] is giv5 unto me 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,g ye !re=e1 & tea* all nations1 baptis+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y2 &1 lo1 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w4' ,let u close ^! quotations by "o f ! ,old ,te/am5t--#b ,k+s vi4 #ae-ag3 #8,& :5 ! s]vant ( ! man ( ,god 0 ris5 e>ly1 & gone =?1 behold1 an ho/ encompass$ ! city bo? ) horses & *>iots3 & 8 s]vant said unto him1 ,alas1 my ma/]6 h[ %all we d8 ,& he answ]$1 ,fe> n2 = !y t be ) u are m ?an !y t be ) !m4 ,& ,eli%a pray$1 & said1 ,"l1 ,i pray !e1 op5 8 eyes1 t he may see4 ,& ! ,"l op5$ ! eyes ( ! "y man3 & he saw3 &1 behold1 ! m\nta9 0 full ( horses & *>iots ( fire r\nd ab\t ,eli%a4' ,f9ally1 x is ! belief ( a l>ge portion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* t ! ,_s ( ,god dwells 9 & acts ^u ! s\ls ( believ]s4 ,?is action repres5ts ! influ5ce :i* rea*es ! s\l ( man f ! unse51 enabl+ him to live = ! unse54 #bej4 ,we h 9 our op5+ *apt] quot$ a v rem>kable passage f ,sw$5borg ^u ! p>ticul> nature ( ,god's provid5ce4 ,let u n[ he> :at ! ,scriptures say ^u ! same subject4 ,*ri/ tells u 7,luke xii4 #f73 #8,are n five sp>r[s sold = two f>?+s1 & n "o ( !m is =gott5 be=e ,god8 ,b ev5 ! v hairs ( y\r head are all numb]$4 ,fe> n !re=e3 ye are ( m value ?an _m sp>r[s4' ,aga91 ,/4 ,paul tells u 7,rom4 viii4 #bh73 #8,& we "k t all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t love ,god1 to !m :o are call$ accord+ to 8 purpose4' ,also 7,rom4 viii4 #ch73 #8,= ,i am p]suad$1 t nei!r dea?1 nor life1 nor angels1 nor pr9cipalities1 nor p[]s1 nor ?+s pres5t1 nor ?+s to come1 nor height1 nor dep?1 nor any o!r creature1 %all be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god1 :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4' #bea4 ,we ?9k x may be conclud$ f all ^! passages t ! doctr9e ( a p>ticul> provid5ce is taught 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,nev]!less x is "o ( ! h>de/ ?+s to und]/& h[ ?is doctr9e c be made consi/5t ) ! work+ out ( g5]al laws :i*1 s f> z we c /udy !m1 appe> to h no ref]5ce :atev] to individuals4 ,?is 0 a difficulty int5sely felt by ! late ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,he says1 9 a "w publi%$ aft] 8 dea?3-- #8,= h[ /&s ! fact8 ,t1 next to ! greatness ( ^! cosmic =ces1 ! quality :i* mo/ =cibly /rikes e "o :o does n av]t 8 eyes f x is _! p]fect & absolute recklessness4 ,!y g /raight to _! end )\t reg>d+ :at or :om !y cru% on ! road4 ,optimi/s1 9 _! attempts to prove t 8:atev] is1 is "r10 are oblig$ to ma9ta91 n t ,nature ev] turns "o /ep f h] pa? to avoid trampl+ u into de/ruction1 b t x w\ld be v unreasonable 9 u to expect t %e %\ld4 ,pope's 8,%all gravitation cease :5 y g by80 may be a j rebuke to any "o :o %\ld be s silly z to expect common human morality f ,nature4 ,b if ! "q 7 betwe5 two m51 in/ead ( betwe5 a man & a natural ph5om5on1 t triumphant apo/rophe w\ld be ?\ght a r>e piece ( impud5ce4 ,a man :o %\ld p]si/ 9 hurl+ /ones or fir+ cannon :5 ano!r man 8goes by10 &1 hav+ kill$ him1 %\ld urge a simil> plea 9 exculpation1 w\ld v des]v$ly be f\nd guilty ( murd]4 ,9 sob] tru?1 ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r are ,nature's e-day p]=mances4' ,?is objection to belief 9 ! reality ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,god has be5 clo!d 9 v eloqu5t language 9 a s]mon by ! ,rev4 ,james ,m>t9eau3--#8,! battle ( exi/5ce' 7he tells u1 putt+ himself = ! mom5t into ! position ( ,mill & 8 s*ool7 #8rages ?r\gh all "t & 9 e field2 & its rule is to give no qu>t]--to despat* ! maim$1 to ov]take ! halt1 to trip up ! bl9d1 & drive ! fugitive ho/ ov] ! precipice into ! sea4' ,9 v beautiful language ! poet ,t5nyson1 aft] propos+ ! same riddle1 replies to x ?us3-- #8,are ,god & ,nature !n at /rife ,t ,nature l5ds su* evil dreams8 ,s c>eful ( ! type %e seems1 ,s c>eless ( ! s+le life2 99 99 99 99 99 8,s c>eful ( ! type08 b no4 ,f sc>p$ cliff & qu>ri$ /one ,%e cries1 ,a ?\s& types are gone3 ,i c>e = no?+3 all %all g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o life z futile1 !n1 z frail6 ,o = ?y voice to soo! & bless6 ,:at hope ( answ] or r$ress8 ,beh9d ! veil1 beh9d ! veil4' ,9 ano!r passage ( equal beauty ! same poet expresses 8 conviction #8,t no?+ walks ) aimless feet3 ,t n "o life %all be de/roy'd ,or ca/ z rubbi% to ! void1 ,:5 ,god ha? made ! pile complete4 ,t n a worm is clov5 9 va92 ,t n a mo? ) va9 desire ,is %rivel'd 9 a fruitless fire1 ,or b subs]ves ano!r's ga94' ,pr(essor ,jevons1 aga91 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dfh7 alludes 9 ! foll[+ t]ms to ?is difficulty3--#8,! hypo!sis1 t !re is a ,creator1 at once all-p[]ful & all-b5evol5t1 is surr\nd$1 z x mu/ seem to e c&id inve/igator1 ) difficulties v]g+ closely ^u logical contradiction4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! smalle/ am\nt ( pa9 & evil w\ld seem to %[ t ,he is ei!r n p]fectly b5evol5t1 or n all-p[]ful4 ,no "o c h liv$ long )\t exp]i5c+ sorr[ful ev5ts ( :i* ! significance is inexplicable4 ,b if we _c succe$ 9 avoid+ contradiction 9 our notions ( elem5t>y geometry1 c we expect t ! ultimate purposes ( exi/5ce %all pres5t !mselves to u ) p]fect cle>ness8 ,i c see no?+ to =bid ! notion t 9 a high] /ate ( intellig5ce mu* t is n[ obscure may become cle>4 ,we p]petually f9d ourselves 9 ! position ( f9ite m9ds attempt+ inf9ite problems1 & c we be sure t :]e we see contradiction an inf9ite intellig5ce might n discov] p]fect logical h>mony8' #beb4 ,be=e we leave ?is subject !re is "o consid]ation :i* ought n to be =gott54 ,x is evid5t t ! developm5t ( ! visible univ]se is ( su* a nature t we c und]/& x1 & to a great ext5t expla9 x by means ( laws & processes ) :i* we are famili>3 nay1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se is some?+ :i* x is our v duty to inve/igate4 ,b ! result ( our inquiry is1 & c only be1 ! appretiation ( g5]al laws ( action4 ,! work+ out ( ^! laws c h1 f ?is po9t ( view1 no possible ref]5ce to individual int]e/s4 ,if gravity act$ sometimes1 & at o!r times refra9$ f act+1 we c\ld d]ive no c]ta9 in=mation f our exp]i5ce2 we c\ld n advance 9 art or sci5ce1 & %\ld infallibly be plung$ into spe$y confusion4 ,nev]!less1 x is n impossible t ! occurr5ces :i* take place ?r\gh ! action ( gravity may1 aft] all1 be s arrang$ z to h ref]5ce to ! real welf>e ( individuals1 al?\gh ?is ref]5ce may n be app>5t because we are n 9 a position to recognise x1 & x is n int5d$ t we %\ld d s1 at lea/ 9 ?is life4 ,! ability to d s w\ld be a v dang]\s gift1 & w\ld g f> to upset ! pres5t economy4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! be>+s ( ev5ts on our own be/ int]e/s1 & no?+ at all ab\t _! be>+s on ^? ( our neighb\r4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 believe ) ,jevons1 t 9 a future /ate ! adaptation betwe5 ! two may become app>5t to u1 ev5 if we d n ourselves become in/rum5ts 9 br++ ?is adaptation ab\t4 #bec4 ,! outcome ( all ^! speculations w\ld ?us lead u to reg>d ! ,*ri/ian sy/em z af=d+ a full scope = developm5t 9 all respects1 :e!r ( ! univ]se or ( ! individual4 ,its law is pre-em95tly t ( lib]ty1 & x has conduct$ u to ! conclusion t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 or some?+ analog\s to x1 =ms1 z x 71 ! av5ue ?r\gh :i* ! univ]se itself leads u up to ! conception ( ! inf9ite & et]nal ,"o4 ,nev]!less1 n a few ( our read]s may be dis9cl9$ to ent]ta9 any precise conception ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,nei!r a!i/s nor !i/s1 !y simply dismiss ! ,deity z be+ q above _! compreh5sion1 & all doctr9es f\nd$ ^u def9ite conceptions ( ! ,deity1 z sup]/ructures )\t f\ndation4 ,n[1 ! results reg>d+ a future /ate at :i* we h arriv$ are1 z we ?9k1 & z we h said 9 our introduction1 capable ( be+ v ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 deta*$ f all conceptions reg>d+ ! ,div9e ess5ce4 ,we h m]ely to take ! univ]se z x is1 &1 adopt+ ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 insi/ ^u an endless *a9 ( ev5ts1 all fully condition$1 h[ev] f> we g ei!r backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,?is process leads u at once to ! conception ( an invisible univ]se1 & to see t immortality is possible )\t a break ( cont9uity4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no physical pro( 9 fav\r ( x1 unless we all[ t ,*ri/ rose f ! dead4 ,b x w be admitt$ t1 if ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 a future /ate becomes m ?an possible2 x becomes probable2 & we d n see t ?is conclusion is1 9 itself1 greatly modifi$ by diff]5ces 9 our mode ( reg>d+ ! exact nature ( ,*ri/4 ,aga91 ! production ( ! visible univ]se 9 "t leads u1 by ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity1 to ! conception ( a fully condition$ intellig5t univ]se1 exi/+ prior to ! production ( ! visible4 ,& fur!rmore1 we are induc$ by our argum5t 7,art4 #bah7 to reg>d ! production ( ! visible univ]se z ! "w ( an intellig5t ag5cy resid+ 9 ! invisible4 ,if1 !n1 su* an ag5cy c\ld produce ! visible univ]se1 x c\ld c]ta9ly accompli% ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 )\t any break ( cont9uity1 s f> z ! :ole univ]se is conc]n$4 #bed4 ,! joys ( ! ,*ri/ian ,heav5 are celebrat$ 9 ,hymns :i* are frequ5tly v beautiful1 ev5 if !y d n m\nt to ! sublimity ( ! anci5t ,hebrew ode4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! is ! free translation by ,pope ( ! ,lat9 7n orig9ally ,*ri/ian7 ode /&+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is volume4 ,x runs ?us3-- #8,vital sp>k ( heav5ly flame6 ,quit1 oh1 quit ?is mortal frame6 ,trembl+1 hop+1 l+'r+1 fly+6 ,oh1 ! pa91 ! bliss ( dy+6 ,cease1 fond ,nature1 cease ?y /rife1 ,& let me langui% into life6 ,h>k6 !y :isp]--angels say1 8,si/] _s1 come away60 ,:at is ?is absorbs me q2 ,/eals my s5ses1 %uts my sight2 ,dr[ns my spirits1 draws my brea?8 ,tell me1 my s\l1 c ?is be--dea?8 ,! _w rec$es6 x disappe>s6 ,heav5 op5s to my eyes6--my e>s ,) s\nds s]aphic r+3 ,l5d1 l5d y\r w+s6 ,i m\nt6 ,i fly6 ,o ,grave6 :]e is ?y victory8 ,o ,dea?6 :]e is ?y /+8' ,_m specim5s might be giv5 if our object 7 to collect toge!r ! ,*ri/ian ,hymns relat+ to ,heav54 ,sometimes1 too1 we h beautiful descriptions n 9 v]se1 & ,bunyan's acc\nt ( ! reception ( ,*ri/ian & ,hopeful at ! ,cele/ial ,city w at once occur to ! read] z n inf]ior 9 ! claims ( true poetry to any?+ t we h 9 v]se4 #bee4 ,n[1 if we analyse su* hymns ( joy1 we f9d 9 !m two prom95t *ords1 "o or o!r ( :i* is always /ruck4 ,! fir/ expresses ! ,*ri/ian's s5se ( relief f sorr[ & dea?1 & ! second 8 joy 9 ! anticipat$ pres5ce ( ,*ri/--8 int5se desire to behold ! ,k+ 9 8 beauty4 ,^! *ords are /ruck toge!r by ,/4 ,john1 :5 he says 7,rev4 xxi4 #c1 #d71 #8,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( heav5 say+1 ,behold1 ! tab]nacle ( ,god is ) m51 & he w dwell ) !m1 & !y %all be 8 p1 & ,god himself %all be ) !m1 & be _! ,god4 ,& ,god %all wipe away all te>s f _! eyes2 & !re %all be no m dea?1 nei!r sorr[1 nor cry+1 nei!r %all !re be any m pa93 = ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away4' ,9 o!r respects ! descriptions ( ! ,*ri/ian heav5 are no d\bt figurative4 ,!y are int5d$ = ,*ri/ians ( all ages ( ! _w1 & h h>dly any ref]5ce to ! mat]ial conditions ( life 9 a future /ate4 ,^! c\ld n be appreh5d$ by believ]s #ahjj ye>s ago1 inasmu* z we c h>dly be said to grasp !m n[4 ,nev]!less !re is "o direction 9 :i* we d ?9k we are able to obta9 a glimpse into ! conditions ( ?is future life4 #bef4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ev5 ! well-direct$ human m9d is its insatiable curiosity4 ,h[ int5sely anxi\s we all are to realise ! conditions ( ! life ( our =efa!rs 9 ! rud] & e>li] times2 h[ int]e/$ 9 e scrap ( intellig5ce :i* rea*es u f ! dead old _w6 ,h[ int]e/$ too 9 any light ?r[n ^u ! civilisation :i* prec$$ ^! old times6 ,:at w\ld n any man give = half an h\r ) ,socrates or ,plato8 :at w\ld he n give1 be he ,*ri/ian or unbeliev]1 to h pictur$ out vividly & truly be=e him "s episode 9 ! life ( ,*ri/8 ,9 a t$i\s1 toilsome1 tantalis+1 r\ndab\t way we d inde$ get "s pass+ glimpses into ^! anci5t hi/orical ages4 ,! e>? is n unlike ! human bra91 9 t x conta9s 9 itself c]ta9 memories ( ! pa/3 &1 j z we rummage out & hunt up 9 our bra9s old memories1 s d ! hi/orian & ! antiqu>y se>* ab\t 9 ! e>? = t memory :i* x reta9s ( ^? di/ant b glori\s ages4 ,b ! univ]se1 no less ?an ! individual1 has ano!r memory besides ! mat]ial "o1 & we h endeav\r$ 7,art4 #aif7 to conv9ce our read]s t no?+ is really lo/1 ! pa/ be+ always pres5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x may readily be conceiv$ t ?is univ]sal memory may by "s process ( exaltation & int5sification1 or z x 7 by "s relay batt]y ( ! univ]se1 be occasionally quick5$ into su* a life t ! individual 9 ! future & glorifi$ /ate may be enabl$ 7?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,"l7 to realise sc5es t happ5$ 9 ! f> di/ant pa/4 ,= if s mu* c be accompli%$ ) a ?+ s little pla/ic z ! mat]ial memory ( ! e>?1 :at may n be done ) t inf9itely m pla/ic =m ( exi/5ce :i* we t]m ! _w to come8 #beg4 ,aga91 if 9 ?is pres5t _w we h great difficulty 9 realis+ our own pa/1 we h ev5 great] difficulty 9 realis+ :at is at ?is v mom5t tak+ place 9 remote p>ts ( ! pres5t visible univ]se4 ,a/ronom]s & ,physici/s agree t life is possible 9 ! planet ,m>s1 & x is q likely t intellig5t be+s analog\s to ourselves exi/ at ! pres5t mom5t on ! surface ( t planet1 b we %all nev] 9 ?is life "k = c]ta9 any?+ ab\t !m4 ,!re is an insurm\ntable b>ri] to physical inquiry z great z if ,m>s belong$ to ! unse5 univ]se1 in/ead ( be+1 :at he is 9 reality1 our next-door neighb\r 9 ! pres5t4 ,n[1 may n ?is b>ri] be remov$ 9 ! future /ate8 ,?is has be5 a fav\rite topic ) sci5tific !ologians1 & we believe t all :o h speculat$ on ! conditions ( a future life h unanim\sly agre$ t we %all h mu* great] fre$om ( motion 9 ! _w to come4 ,!re c be no d\bt t our relations to "t & space w !n be greatly alt]$ & enl>g$4 ,m5 %all run to & fro 9 ! univ]se1 & k %all be increas$4 #beh4 ,b yet ! picture is n altoge!r "o ( intellectual brightness & beauty4 ,x we>s also a moral aspect1 & ^u ?is almo/ exclusively ! ,*ri/ian records dwell4 ,we are told 9 ^! records t no?+ is =gott54 ,*ri/ tells u 7,/4 ,luke viii4 #ag71 #8,no?+ is secret1 t %all n be made manife/2 nei!r any?+ hid1 t %all n be kn[n & come abroad4' ,& aga9 ,/4 ,john tells u 7,rev4 xx4 #ab71 #8,i saw ! dead1 small & great1 /& be=e ,god3 & ! books 7 op5$2 & ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life3 & ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books1 accord+ to _! works4' ,?is ?\ght has be5 develop$ by ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,macleod1 ,d4,d41 9 a "w entitl$ ,our own ,lives ! ,books ( ,judgm5t4 ,?is au?or po9ts out t 9 _m cases x may n be ev5 necess>y to appeal to ! univ]se = ! record :i* is !re9 writt51 = ?is is suffici5tly /amp$ ^u ! body itself1 & he !n draws a vivid & lurid picture ( ! s5sual man 9 :om ! mortal body is l a p>*m5t writt5 )9 & )\t--a truly m\rnful & t]rible record ( ! de$s done 9 ! body4 ,b if all ?is is possible ) an organism possess+ s little pla/icity z ! natural body1 & :]e ! wi% ( ! individual is to pres]ve a respectable ext]ior1 :at mu/ be ! case 9 ! s\l#ff ( su* a man8--#8,if !y d ^! ?+s 9 a gre5 tree1 :at %all be done 9 ! dry8' ,:at a hide\s & horrible lik5ess mu/ n t f\l ?+ h t issues =? f ! #8grave & gate ( ,dea?' into ! pres5ce ( ! ,unse5 & ,et]nal8 #bei4 ,x is extremely /rik+ to read 9 ?is connection ! foll[+ extract f ,plato's ,gorgias4 ,we quote f ,j[ett's translation4 ,socrates is ! speak]3-- #8,?is is a tale1 ,callicles1 :i* ,i h he>d & believe1 & f :i* ,i draw ! foll[+ inf]5ces3 ,dea?1 if ,i am "r1 is 9 ! fir/ place ! sep>ation f "o ano!r ( two ?+s1 s\l & body2--?is1 & no?+ else4 ,& aft] !y are sep>at$ !y reta9 _! sev]al *>act]i/ics1 :i* are mu* ! same z 9 life2 ! body has ! same nature & ways & affections1 all cle>ly disc]nible2 = example1 he :o by nature or tra9+1 or bo?1 0 a tall man :ile he 0 alive1 w rema9 z he 0 aft] he is dead2 & ! fat man w rema9 fat2 & s on3 & ! dead man1 :o 9 life _h a fancy to h fl[+ hair1 w h fl[+ hair4 ,& if he 0 m>k$ ) ! :ip & _h ! pr9ts ( ! sc\rge1 or ( w\nds 9 him :ile he 0 alive1 y might see ! same 9 ! dead body2 & if 8 limbs 7 brok5 or mis%ap5 :ile he 0 alive1 ! same appe>ance w\ld be visible 9 ! dead4 ,&1 9 a ^w1 :atev] 0 ! habit ( ! body dur+ life w\ld be di/+ui%able aft] dea?1 ei!r p]fectly or 9 a great measure & = a "t4 ,& ,i %\ld inf] t ?is is equally true ( ! s\l1 ,callicles2 :5 ! man is /ripp$ ( ! body all ! natural or acquir$ affections ( ! s\l are laid op5 to view4 ,& :5 !y come to ! judge1 z ^? f ,asia came to ,rhadaman?us1 he places !m ne> him & inspects !m q imp>tially1 n kn[+ ^: ! s\l is3 p]haps he may lay h&s on ! s\l ( ! great k+1 or ( "s o!r k+ or pot5tate1 :o has no s\ndness 9 him1 b 8 s\l is m>k$ ) ! :ip1 & is full ( ! pr9ts & sc>s ( p]juries1 & ( wrongs :i* h be5 pla/]$ into him by ea* action1 & he is all crook$ ) falsehood & impo/ure1 because he has liv$ )\t tru?4 ,him ,rhadaman?us beholds1 full ( all de=mity & disproportion1 :i* is caus$ by lic5ce & luxury & insol5ce & incont95ce1 & despat*es him ignom9i\sly to 8 prison1 & !re he und]goes ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves4' #bfj4 ,z1 9 ,ea/]n mon>*ies1 a veil 0 sometimes ca/ ov] ! face ( ! guilty2#fg s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! veil ( d>kness is drawn ov] ! fate ( ! lo/ s\l :o falls into ! h&s ( ! liv+ ,god4 #8,& :5 ! k+ came 9 to see ! gue/s1 he saw !re a man :i* _h n on a w$d+-g>m5t3 & he sai? unto him1 ,fri5d1 h[ came/ ?\ 9 hi!r1 n hav+ a w$d+-g>m5t8 ,& he 0 spee*less4 ,!n said ! k+ to ! s]vants1 ,b9d him h& & foot1 & take him away1 & ca/ him into out] d>kness2 !re %all be weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?4'#fh ,we greatly "q :e!r any s*ool ( !ologians h succe$$ 9 ?r[+ a s+le ray ( real light into ?is my/]i\s region4#fi ,our read]s are well aw>e t !re are ?ree su* s*ools4 ,"o ( ^! contemplates ! et]nity ( puni%m5t physical1 m5tal1 or bo?2 ano!r ! f9al salvation ( all m52 :ile a ?ird expects ! annihilation ( ! wick$ 9 ,geh5na4 ,n[ :ile x is entirely )\t our prov9ce to ent] into ^! discussions1 we may yet be p]mitt$ to po9t out t1 z x appe>s to u1 ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity dem&s n m]ely "o /ate1 b r an et]nal & inf9ite succession ( /ates1 9 ord] to con/itute true immortality4 ,! precise conditions ( su* an immortality x is n = u to discuss4 ,"u any s*ool ( !ological ?\ght a glori\s immortality implies ! ultimate union1 morally & spiritually1 ( ! individual ) ! ,div9e ov]-life1 :ile ! fate ( ! imp5it5t mu/ surely be some?+ s awful t language fails to br+ x fully be=e ! m9d4 #bfa4 ,b ?is graphic & p[]ful picture ( ! fate ( ! lo/ f>$ z badly z o!r ,new ,te/am5t conceptions :5 x fell into ! h&s ( ! mat]iali/s ( ! middle ages4 ,its mean+ 0 entirely alt]$1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,hell1 in/ead ( be+ ! ,geh5na ( ! ,univ]se1 :]e all its g>bage & fil? is consum$1 0 *ang$ into a region %ut 9 by adamant9e walls & full ( impossible physical fires--! ,devil be+ ! *ief /ok]4 ,! "o idea is awful1 :ile ! o!r is simply grotesque4 ,an anti5t ,jew :o _h occasion to pass by ! valley ( ,h9nom1 & ^: s5ses 7 invad$ by ! sights & smells ( t doleful region1 mu/ h ent]ta9$ a conception ( ! ,hell describ$ by ,*ri/ z diff]5t z possible f t :i* has rea*$ u f ! middle ages1 & to :i* "s ev5 ( ! read]s ( ?is book may h be5 accu/om$ 9 _! e>li] ye>s4 ,! read] :o desires to "k some?+ ( ! m ?an fi5di% malignity ) :i* human be+s 7ma9ly ,*ri/ian m9i/]s7 h improv$ ^u ! solemn b m>k$ly res]v$ language ( ,scripture on su* po9ts has only to ref] to ! ,inf]no4 ,p]haps ! hide\s realism ( ,dor's illu/rations w ( itself be en\gh = him4 ,if n1 a v few l9es ( ! orig9al _c fail to suffice4 ,p]*' io dissi3--,mae/ro1 e/i torm5ti ,cresc]anno ei dopo la gran s5t5za1 ,o fi5 m9ori1 o s>an si coc5ti8 ,ed egli a me3--,ritorna a tua sci5za1 ,*e vuol1 quanto la cosa pi p]fetta1 ,pi s5ta 'l b5e1 e cos la dogli5za4 ,tutto *e que/a g5te mal$etta ,9 v]a p]fezion giammai non vada1 ,di l1 pi *e di qua1 ess]e aspetta4#gj ,s9ce ! "t ( ,dante _m attempts h be5 made1 unsuccessfully1 by m5 )\t 8 g5ius1 to import additional horror4 ,to "s ext5t no d\bt ,*ri/'s description ( ! ,univ]sal ,geh5na mu/ be reg>d$ z figurative1 b yet we d n ?9k t ! say+s ( ,*ri/ ) reg>d to ! unse5 _w ought to be look$ ^u z no?+ m ?an pure figures ( spee*4 ,we feel assur$ t ! pr9ciple ( ,cont9uity cries out aga9/ su* an int]pretation--may !y n r be descriptions ( :at takes place 9 ! unse5 univ]se br\ght home to our m9ds by means ( p]fectly true comp>isons ) ! processes & ?+s ( ?is pres5t univ]se :i* !y mo/ resemble8 ,& j z1 9 ! visible univ]se1 !re is app>5tly an enorm\s & inexplicable wa/e ( g]ms1 se$s1 & eggs ( all k9ds1 :i* die simply because !y are useless--analogy w\ld lead u to conclude t some?+ simil>1 & to at lea/ z enorm\s an ext5t1 happ5s 9 ! ,unse5 ) ! g]ms ( spiritual frames4 ,! cat]pill> :i* has n *os5 a secure place ( refuge 9 :i* to assume ! *rysalis =m does n live to become a p]fect insect4 ,! se$s t fell by ! wayside1 ?\gh scatt]$ by an intellig5t s[]1 7 dev\r$ by ! birds ( ! air4 #8,let e "o ( !m pass away1 l ! untimely bir? ( a woman1 t !y may n see ! sun4' #8,= _m are call$1 b few *os54'#ga #bfb4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ian ,geh5na be>s to ! ,unse5 ,univ]se precisely ! same relation z ! ,geh5na ( ! ,jews did to ! city ( ,j]usalem2 & j z ! fire 0 always kept up & ! worm ev] active 9 ! "o1 s are we =c$ to contemplate an endur+ process 9 ! o!r4 ,= we _c easily agree ) ^? :o w\ld limit ! exi/5ce ( evil to ! pres5t _w4 ,we "k n[ t ! matt] ( ! :ole ( ! visible univ]se is ( a piece ) t :i* we recognise "h1 & ! be+s ( o!r worlds mu/ app>5tly be subject to accid5tal occurr5ces f _! relation ) ! out] univ]se 9 ! same way z we are4 ,b if !re be accid5t1 mu/ !re n be pa9 & dea?8 ,n[ ^! are naturally associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! pres5ce ( moral evil4 ,we are ?us drawn1 if n =c$1 to surmise t ! d>k ?read kn[n z evil is "o :i* is v deeply wov5 into t g>m5t ( ,god :i* is call$ ! ,univ]se4 ,9 f9e1 j z ! argum5ts ( ?is *apt] lead u to reg>d ! :ole ,univ]se#gb z et]nal1 s 9 l mann] are we l$ to surmise t evil is et]nal1 & !re=e we _c easily imag9e ! ,univ]se )\t its ,geh5na1 :]e ! worm die? n1 & ! fire is n qu5*$4 ,! process at all ev5ts w\ld seem to u to be mo/ probably an endur+ "o4 ,_m passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 seem to po9t to a cont9uity ( moral developm5t 9 ! unse5 univ]se1 a developm5t ^: climax is to be rea*$ :5 ! la/ enemy1 dea?1 is de/roy$ 9 ,geh5na4 #bfc4 ,b x is fruitless to expect t ,sci5ce %\ld ?r[ any light ^u t greate/ ( all my/]ies--! orig9 ( evil4 ,we h n[ come to a region :]e we mu/ suff] ourselves to be l$ solely by ! light :i* is giv5 u 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,records4 ,& :ile "h we w\ld quote f a v rem>kable "w on ! ,"l's ,pray]#gc by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,p>sons ,rei*el1 ,b4,d41 :i* exhibits 9 a s+ul>ly cle> light ! te/imony giv5 by ,scripture1 z well z ! fruitlessness ( all attempts to obta9 in=mation f any o!r qu>t]4 ,our fir/ extract relates to ! p]sonality ( #8,! ,evil ,"o3'-- #8,9 refutation' 7says ! writ]7 #8( ! objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ! ,adv]s>y1 ?is "o obs]vation is q en\gh3 t ( ! _w ( spirits we _c possibly "k any?+ save by direct revelation4 ,x is beyond ! doma9 ( ! s5ses2 x is beyond ! cognisance ( reason4 ,a man born bl9d might !re=e z rationally attempt to disprove by a process ( reason+ ! exi/5ce ( a s5se ( :i* he c "k no?+ except by te/imony1 z we attempt by a process ( reason+ to disprove ! exi/5ce ( a _s ( ^: exi/5ce we c "k no?+ save by te/imony4 ,! only po9t to be asc]ta9$ 9 ei!r case is :e!r ! te/imony be suffici5t4 ,if ! te/imony ( ,scripture be deem$ suffici5t1 !n ,i _c see t x is possible to d5y ! ,p]sonal exi/5ce ( ,satan any m ?an t ( ,god4 ,h[ ,satan exi/s1 or :]e at ! pres5t "t1 or h[ 8 p[] avails1 z we are told x does1 to contrive & sugge/ temptations to ! m9d ( man2 & to :at ext5t he is aw>e ( :at is pass+ 9 m5's m9ds1 s z to adapt 8 sugge/ions to _! weakness1 we are n told1 & d n !re=e "k4 ,b our n be+ told ! mann] 9 :i* 8 p[] is ex]cis$ & br\ght to be>1 is no pro( ( ! unreality ( t fe>ful ,be+ :o is ev]y:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t exhibit$ z ! adv]s>y ( ,god & goodness1 :e!r 9 ! individual1 or 9 ! developm5t ( ! human race4' ,! next passage is "o :i* all ( u may /udy ) mu* advantage4 ,x ref]s to temptation3-- #8,e risk incurr$ unnecess>ily = ! sake ( exhibit+ our tru/ 9 ,god1 e unusual or unnecess>y act done m]ely or *iefly = ! purpose ( display+ our privileges or our conviction1 or ( attract+ att5tion & admiration1 e /epp+ out ( ! pla91 unadorn$1 & unadmir$ pa? ( simple duty1 is a phase ( x4' 99 99 99 99 99 #8,:y ,god %\ld p]mit any ( 8 creatures to be tempt$ is a "q we c no m answ] ?an we c t "q ( :i* inde$ x is b a case1 :y ,god %\ld p]mit evil to exi/ at all4 ,b we "k t evil does exi/2 & we "k too t temptation does exi/4 ,t evil 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! _w by a ,be+ :o goes "u ! "n ( ,satan or ! ,adv]s>y 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #c7 we are told3 t ?is ,be+ endeav\r$ fir/ to s$uce1 & aft]w>ds to m5ace our ,savi\r into evil2 & t he is con/antly engag$ 9 tempt+ u z he tempt$ ,*ri/1 we are also told4' 99 99 99 99 99 #8,& ! true r5d]+ ( ! la/ clause 9 ,*ri/'s own pray] w\ld seem to intimate t ! same ,be+ is also busy 9 sugge/+ temptations to e foll[] ( ,*ri/--8,lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f ! ,evil ,"o40' #bfd4 ,b we mu/ n[ draw to a close2 fir/ ( all1 h[ev]1 let u briefly sum up ! results ( our discussion4 ,! great sci5tific pr9ciple :i* we h made use ( has be5 ! ,law ( ,cont9uity4 ,?is simply means t ! :ole univ]se is ( a piece2 t x is some?+ :i* an intellig5t be+ is capable ( und]/&+1 n completely nor all at once1 b bett] & bett] ! m he /udies x4 ,9 ?is great :ole :i* we call ! ,univ]se !re is no imp5etrable b>ri] to ! intellectual developm5t ( ! individual4 ,dea? is n su* a b>ri]1 :e!r we contemplate x 9 o!rs1 or :e!r we exp]i5ce x ourselves4 ,& ! same cont9uity :i* has be5 insi/$ on ) ref]5ce to our intellectual conceptions ( ! univ]se applies1 we h little d\bt1 to ! o!r faculties ( man1 & to o!r regions ( ?\ght4 ,:5 we reg>d ! univ]se f ?is po9t ( view we are l$ to a sci5tific conception ( x :i* is1 we h se51 /rik+ly analog\s to ! sy/em :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,= n only are ! nebul\s beg9n+ & fi]y t]m9ation ( ! pres5t visible univ]se indicat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian records1 b a con/itution & p[] are !re9 assign$ to ! ,unse5 ,univ]se /rik+ly analog\s to ^? at :i* we arrive by a legitimate sci5tific process4 #bfe4 ,our read]s are n[ 9 a position to p]ceive ! result ( que/ion+ sci5ce 9 ?is mann]1 & ( ab&on+ ourselves )\t mi/ru/ or hesitation to ! guidance ( legitimate pr9ciples4 ,x is t sci5ce s develop$1 in/ead ( appe>+ antagoni/ic to ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity1 is 9 reality its mo/ effici5t support]2 & t ! burd5 ( %[+ h[ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians got hold ( a con/itution ( ! unse5 univ]se1 altoge!r diff]5t f any o!r cosmogony1 b simil> to t :i* mod]n sci5ce proclaims1 is transf]r$ to ! %\ld]s ( ! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 #bff4 ,= ! pres5t we w\ld only add t ! pr9ciple1 ( ! aid ( :i* we h avail$ ourselves1 is n a m]e !ological weapon1 b w1 we believe1 ultimately prove a mo/ p[]ful sci5tific auxili>y4 ,already we h us$ x 9 our endeav\r to modify ! mo/ probable hypo!sis :i* has be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]4 ,! tru? is1 t sci5ce & religion nei!r are nor c be two fields ( k ) no possible communication betwe5 !m4 ,su* a hypo!sis is simply absurd4 ,!re is und\bt$ly an av5ue lead+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 b ?is av5ue is ?r\gh ! unse5 univ]se1 & un=tunately x has be5 wall$ up & ticket$ ) #8,no road ?is way1' pr(ess$ly alike 9 ! "n ( sci5ce at ! "o end1 & 9 ! "n ( religion at ! o!r4 ,we are 9 hopes t :5 ?is region ( ?\ght comes to be fur!r exam9$ x may lead to "s common gr\nd on :i* foll[]s ( sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( reveal$ religion on ! o!r1 may meet toge!r & recognise ea* o!r's claims )\t any sacrifice ( ! _s ( indep5d5ce1 or any dim9ution ( self-respect4 ,ent]ta9+ ^! views we %all welcome ) s9c]e pleasure any rem>ks or criticism on ^! speculations ( ours1 :e!r by ! lead]s ( sci5tific ?\ght or by ^? ( religi\s inquiry4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t1 :e!r we take ! sci5tific or ! religi\s po9t ( view1 "o great object ( our life 9 ! visible univ]se is obvi\sly to le>n2 & t 7z human be+s are con/itut$7 advance 9 le>n+ necess>ily implies a high purpose kept /eadily be=e u1 & a cont9u\s & ardu\s pursuit4 ,=1 z we are told 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 #8,?is is ! victory :i* ov]come? ! _w1 ev5 our fai?4' 444 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press3 ,,?omas ,,& ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y ,,footnotes3 #a ,x w be se5 f our la/ *apt] t we h us$ by pref]5ce ! ^w ,s\l to repres5t t :i* survives dea? bo? 9 ! righte\s & ! wick$4 #b ,see also ,job xxi4 #ad1 #ae4 #c ,see ,we/m9/] ,s]mons1 by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,k+sley4 #d ,wilk9son4 #e ,wilk9son4 #f ,exod4 vi4 #b4 #g ,g54 xix4 #ab4 #h ,lectures on ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 #i ,dan4 xii4 #b4 #aj ,dan4 xii4 #ac4 #aa #b ,macc4 vii4 #ad4 #ab ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,,ii4 viii4 #ad4 #ac ,essays on "s ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 #ad ,phdrus1 quot$ by ,wilk9son4 #ae ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op4 #af #a ,cor4 xv4 #ce4 #ag ,ps4 cii4 #be4 #ah #b ,cor4 iv4 #ah4 #ai #b ,pet4 iii4 #aj4 #bj ,rev4 xx4 #aa4 #ba ,see footnote to ,art4 #bbd4 #bb ,john v4 #cj4 #bc ,gal4 iv4 #d4 #bd ,john viii4 #bh4 #be ,see ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,birm+ham ,lecture4 #bf ,life & ,writ+s ( ,sw$5borg by ,william ,:ite4 #bg ,we are aw>e t a c]ta9 class ( ?9k]s reg>d all matt] & comb9ations ( matt] z 9 "s unexpla9$ s5se alive4 ,we w discuss ?is doctr9e 9 ano!r place2 mean:ile x mu/ be und]/ood t we d n "h allude to ?is peculi> life1 :i* f its v conception mu/ exi/ z truly 9 a dead body z 9 a liv+ "o2 :at we are discuss+ at pres5t is individual consci\sness ( ! ord9>y recognis$ type4 #bh ,z w be se5 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 ! m important half ( ! realities ( ! physical _w are =ms ( ,en]gy1 :i* _c exi/ except :5 associat$ ) ,matt]4 ,we m5tion ?is m]ely 9 a footnote n[1 z we d n wi% to div]ge too f> f our pres5t l9e ( argum5t4 #bi ,a v /rik+ analogy to ?is w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 :]e x is %[n t en]gy ( visible motion (t5 disappe>s by trans=mation into ! dormant or lat5t en]gy ( position4 #cj ,see ,essay on ?is subject by ! ,hon4 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove1 9 8 book on ,! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces4 #ca ,see ,contributions to ,sol> ,physics1 by ,de la ,rue1 ,/ew>t1 & ,loewy4 #cb ,9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ! read] w see t ! only attempt to expla9 ! me*anism ( gravitation1 :i* c be call$ ev5 hopeful1 does n give rigor\sly ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 #cc #8,i hope all w be well4 ,&1 z = ! gate y talk (1 all ! _w kn[s t x is a great way (f our c\ntry4 ,i _c ?9k t any man 9 all our p>ts do? s mu* z "k ! way to x2 nor ne$ !y matt] :e!r !y d or no1 s9ce we h1 z y see1 a f9e1 pleasant1 gre5 lane1 t comes d[n f our c\ntry1 ! next way into ! way4' #cd ,?is is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 bel[4 #ce ,x is h>dly ne$ful to in=m our read]s t ! ^w sub/ance is us$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 #cf ,see ,?omson & ,tait's ,natural ,philosophy1 #bfi2 or ,tait's ,!rmodynamics1 #ia4 #cg ,?us p>aphras$ = u3-- ,nature1 bewild]+ 9 div]sity1 ,( m>vels ,m>vel mo/ inscrutable1 ,l ,proteus1 alt]e? h] %ape & m\ld2 ,b ,fate rema9e? ev] immovable1 ,&1 *angeless 9 p]si/5cy1 outwe>s ,! ,"t ( m51 ! gods' ,et]nity4 #ch ,= a m complete /atem5t ( ,c>not's "w see ,tait1 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 #ahgf4 #ci ,!y virtually %[$ t 9 a p]fect /eam-eng9e ) pressure equal to #8"o atmosph]e' 9 its boil]1 & ) its cond5s] at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 ! ratio ( ! heat tak5 9 to ! heat giv5 out is #acfe to #a4 ,h5ce if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb]s is to be #ajj1 ^! mu/ be #cgd1 #bgd4--,phil4 ,trans41 #ahed4 #dj ,see ,tait1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahgb1 ,i4 #cch1 #eaf2 ,,ii4 #bdj4 #da ,?omson & ,tait's ,natural ,philosophy1 #cjj2 or ,tait & ,/eele's ,dynamics ( a ,p>ticle1 #c;d ed4 #bii4 #db ,/ew>t & ,tait on ! ,heat+ ( a ,disk by ,rotation 9 vacuo 7,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society74 ,see also ,/ew>t's ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,heat1 #c;d edition1 ,art4 #chg 7,cl>5don ,press ,s]ies74 #dc ,if ! visible univ]se be imag9$ to be inf9ite1 we %\ld h 7foll[+ out our l9e ( ?\ght7 inf9itely l>ge masses sep>at$ f ea* o!r by inf9ite di/ances1 appe>+ = inf9ite ages 9 ! liquid & solid /ates1 & !nce trans=m$ by means ( inf9ite collisions into ! gase\s condition 9 :i* !y w rema9 = ano!r inf9ite s]ies ( ages4 ,is !re mu* ga9$ by ?is conception8 #dd i4 #fda4 ,?us r5d]$ by ,munro3--#8,= fools admire & l all ?+s ! m :i* !y p]ceive to be conceal$ "u involv$ language1 & det]m9e ?+s to be true :i* c prettily tickle ! e>s & are v>ni%$ ov] ) f9ely s\nd+ phrase4' #de ,?is has be5 spok5 ( z an exagg]ation4 ,we hope x may be s2 b :5 x 0 writt5 79 ! w9t] ( #ahgd7 ! newspap]s 7 full ( ! sick5+ details ( ! g\g+ ( an old man by a gang ( m9]s1 :o aft]w>ds fill$ ! sockets ) quicklime6 ,^! human fi5ds are probably already at lib]ty1 hav+ _h _! few mon?s ( simple imprisonm5t6 #df ,tait1 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e41 #ahgd-e4 #dg ,see also ! extremely int]e/+ article ,atom1 by ,cl]k-,maxwell1 9 ! #i? ed4 ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #dh ,"h x is important to obs]ve t ! speculations ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson ) reg>d to ! d5sity ( ! ,e!r assign only ! inf]ior limit ( t d5sity4 ,! real d5sity may possibly be v mu* great]4 #di tudes d',a/ronomie ,/ellaire1 #ahdg4 #ej ,9 ,art4 #adh we made a sugge/ion t gravitation might be ! visible result ( a t5d5cy to a m9imum ( "s affection ( ! fluid 9 :i* atoms are imm]s$4 ,! ex]tion ( gravitat+ =ce might ?us be associat$ ) a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( visible ?+s1 & might p]haps po9t to an ultimate dy+ out1 j z ! radiation f ! sun1 :i* obeys ! same =mal law z t ( gravity1 po9ts to a dy+ out ( our lum9>y4 ,if ?is be conceivable1 ! really trivial nature ( gravitat+ =ce 7,art4 #aci7 might come to be associat$ ) ! extraord9>y p]si/5ce ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 #ea ,! words #8left to its own laws' mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,we ought p]haps r to say1 ! proc$ure ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! visible univ]se is at pres5t su* z to indicate uni=mity ( physical laws1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,8 proc$ure :5 produc+ ! univ]se indicat$ an intellig5t ag5t design+ uni=mity ( product4 #eb ,lay ,s]mons1 ,essays1 & ,reviews4 #ec ,/ew>t on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 #ed ,/ew>t on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 #ee ,/ew>t on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 #ef ,see ,meldrum on ! ,p]iodicity ( ,ra9fall4 #eg ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dee4 #eh ,s-call$ ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 #ei ,x is surely unnecess>y to in=m our read]s t we adopt ?is hypo!sis1 n because we imag9e x to h any inh]5t probability1 b simply z a concrete mode ( br++ developm5t be=e ! und]/&+4 #fj ,we are n "h oppos+ ! !ological doctr9e t ! ,univ]se is 9 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,9 fact1 :5 we contemplate any pa/ phase ( ! ,univ]se1 we are driv5 to look ^u ?is z hav+ be5 previ\sly develop$ by ! ,son ( ,god1 :o d\btless also su/a9s x4 ,?is !re=e repres5ts ! !ological doctr9e1 nev]!less x w at once be ackn[l$g$ t we may speak ( ,*ri/ z be+ 9 ! ,univ]se4 #fa ,heb4 x4 #g4 #fb ,see a specially int]e/+ & exhau/ive pap] by ,li/] 7,trans4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41 #ahgd-e74 ,a v cle> analysis ( x is giv5 by ,crum ,br[n 7,proc4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41 #ahge74 #fc ,nature1 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahge4 #fd ,! ,rev4 ,james ,m>t9eau has1 we p]ceive1 tak5 up a simil> l9e ( argum5t4 7,see ,art4 on #8,mod]n ,mat]ialism1' ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahgf47 #fe ,see ,s]mon prea*$ at ,belfa/ by ,dr4 ,rei*el1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahgd4 #ff ,^? :o believe t ! ,new ,te/am5t ass]ts ! annihilation ( ! wick$ 9 ,geh5na1 ( c\rse hold t only ! j obta9 ! spiritual body4 ,b we h no def9ite t]m = ! body z x %all be 79 ! ,hades ( ! ,new ,te/am5t7 betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection4 ,x is probable t ! want ( su* a t]m is due to ! fact t ! au?ors ( our recognis$ v]sion h un=tunately r5d]$ bo? ,hades & ,geh5na indiff]5tly by ! ^w ,hell1 itself a t]m f ,sc&9avian my?ology4 #fg #8,z ! ^w w5t out ( ! k+'s m\?1 !y cov]$ ,haman's face4'--,e/h] vii4 #h4 #fh ,/4 ,mat!w xxii4 #aa-ac4 ,see1 h[ev]1 also ,luke xiii4 #bh1 :]e ! true mean+ obvi\sly is #8:ile ye are be+ ca/ out4' ,!re are o!r obvi\s mi/ranslations 9 our v]sion2 su* z = in/ance t ( ,m>k ix4 #dc1 :]e = #8! fire t _c be put out' we h #8! fire t nev] %all be qu5*$4' ,x is to be hop$ t ! revis$ v]sion w be su* z to give read]s ignorant ( ,greek a ?or\ghly correct idea ( ! mean+ ( ! orig9al1 mo/ especially on po9ts ( su* awful importance z ?is4 #fi ,! ext5t ( our k1 or r ( our ignorance1 on ?is subject has be5 happily r5d]$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,irons1 :5 he /ates t all we are au?oris$ to inf] is t retribution w be morally complete4 #gj ,! s5se is z foll[s3--,ma/]1 said ,i1 w ^! torm5ts increase aft] ! great judgm5t1 w !y be less1 or equally sev]e8 ,he repli$--,g back to y\r s*ola/ic le>n+1 :i* tells y t ! m p]fect ! be+ ! m he feels bo? pleasure & pa94 ,&1 al?\gh ^! accurs$ ones c nev] rea* full p]fection1 !y expect to be m p]fect aft] ?an be=e 7! judgm5t74 #ga ,we ought p]haps to in=m our read]s t :at we h "h said ref]s to t p>ticul> /ate aft] ! pres5t--! dy+ out ( :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( volunt>y sep>ation f its c5tre ( life & en]gy1 has be5 call$ ! second dea?4 ,:e!r ?is dy+ out is equival5t to absolute annihilation is a po9t :i* we d n pret5d to discuss4 #gb ,includ+ 9 x a /ate ( ?+s l ! pres5t physical univ]se2 n1 h[ev]1 ! v ?+s t n[ exi/1 ^! be+ evanesc5t 9 en]gy at lea/1 if n also 9 mat]ial4 #gc ,cambridge1 ,macmillan1 #ahee4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #gh3 #8tell u' replac$ by #8tells u'4 ,pg #aae3 #8' replac$ by #8'4 ,pg #aah3 #8fir/ to recal' replac$ by #8fir/ to recall'4 ,pg #aej3 #8,! grid+ sword' replac$ by #8,! gr9d+ sword'4 ,pg #bje3 #89 ! *>ract]' replac$ by #89 ! "*'4 ,pg #bac3 #8its cont9\s en]gy' replac$ by #8its cont9u\s en]gy'4 ,pg #bbg3 #8,john iii4 #af' replac$ by #8,john iii4 #ac'4 ,pg #bdc3 #8s*ool ( ?\ght are' replac$ by #8s*ool ( ?\ght is'4 ,footnote #dd1 ,pg #aca3 #8tickle ! ! e>s' replac$ by #8tickle ! e>s'4