,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores repres5ts text pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! s\rce d\m5t4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 text & text repres5t sup]script & subscript text resepecively4 ,text betwe5 tildes repres5ts m>g9alia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se1 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,ligh?\ses2 ,,by ,,alan ,,/ev5son1 ,,ll4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,,eng9e] ,,to ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\se ,,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses ,,9 ,,salutem ,,omnium4 8 0 ,inscription on ! ,anci5t ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,nor? ,,bridge1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,longman ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,mdcccxlviii4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,preface4 ,i am unwill+ to dismiss ! foll[+ pages f my h&s )\t say+ a few words 9 ext5uation ( ! defects :i* !y conta94 ,my *ief plea 9 def5ce is1 t ! prep>ation ( ?is ,acc\nt ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 & ! ,notes on ! ,illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses :i* foll[ x1 0 n *os5 or assum$ by me1 b 0 a task impos$ by ! express desire ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 to ^: enlight5$ & lib]al views ! ,m>9] owes ! erection ( ! ,ligh?\se itself4 ,my lab\rs 7 also cont9ually int]rupt$ by ! urg5t calls ( my (ficial duties2 &1 on sev]al occasions1 ,i 0 =c$ to dismiss unf9i%$ *apt]s f my m9d = a p]iod ( sev]al mon?s--circum/ances :i*1 ,i hope1 w 9 "s measure acc\nt = ! desultory "* ( ! p]=mance1 ! disproportion ( "s ( its p>ts1 & m especially = repetitions & p]haps omissions :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 q unp>donable4 ,hav+ said ?us mu* by way ( apology = ?is ,volume1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge my _m & great obligations to my ,fa!r :o prec$$ me z ,eng9e] to ! ,bo>d ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 & ( ^: exp]i5ce1 z ! ,ar*itect ( no few] ?an tw5ty-five ,ligh?\ses1 includ+ t ( ! ,bell ,rock1 ,i _h ! full b5efit dur+ ! erection ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,to ! g5]osity ( my e/eem$ fri5d1 ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 ,i owe all t ,i "k ( ! ,dioptric ,sy/em ( ,illum9ation1 inv5t$ by 8 late illu/ri\s ,bro!r2 b ?is g5]al ackn[l$gm5t w n sup]s$e ! necessity ( frequ5t repetitions ( my obligations to him1 z occasion (f]s1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! pages4 ,i h also d]iv$ mu* assi/ance1 z a c>eful read] w easily trace1 f ! valuable little "w ( ,m4 ,,peclet1 entitl$ ,trait de l',eclairage4 ,!re are1 besides1 _m o!r obligations1 :i* ,i _c attempt to ackn[l$ge individually1 b :i* ^?1 :o k9dly conf]r$ !m1 well "k h[ mu* ,i value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 :i* =ms ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,volume1 !re is an important omission2 &1 9 ?is %ort prefatory notice1 ,i gladly embrace ! only opportunity1 :i* n[ rema9s1 ( supply+ ! defect4 ,al?\gh1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,n>rative1 ,i h occasionally notic$ "s special deliv]ances f dang]1 ,i h altoge!r neglect$ to record ! rem>kable fact1 t1 amid/ our almo/ daily p]ils1 dur+ six seasons on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 !re 0 no loss ( ei!r life or limb among/ u4 ,^? :o be/ "k ! nature ( ! s]vice 9 :i* we 7 engag$1--! daily jeop>dy connect$ ) l&+ weighty mat]ials 9 a heavy surf & transport+ ! workm5 9 boats ?r\gh a boi/]\s sea1 ! risks to s _m m51 involv$ 9 m9+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,t[] 9 a space s limit$1 & above all1 ! de/ruction1 9 a s+le night by ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 ( our tempor>y b>rack on ! ,rock1 :i* _h co/ ! toils ( a :ole season1 w n wond] t ,i am anxi\s to express1 :at ,i "k to h be5 a g5]al feel+ among/ ^? engag$ 9 ! "w--t ( he>tfelt ?ankfulness to ,,almighty ,,god = m]ciful pres]vation 9 dang]1 & = ! f9al success :i* t]m9at$ our ardu\s & protract$ lab\rs4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #be1 #ahdh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se4 ,page ,introduction -- ,con/itution ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d -- ,lights e/abli%$ s9ce #ahba -- ,improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( illum9ation -- ,dioptric ,lights -- ,beacons & ,buoys1 #i ,,*apt] ,i4 ,topographic notice ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 #ai ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y arrangem5ts & works1 includ+ survey ( ! rocks1 & op5+ ( qu>ries f #ahcd to #ahcg -- ,survey ( ! ,sk]ryvore rocks -- ,disadvantages ( ,tyree -- ,pi] & worky>d at ,hyni%1 ,tyree -- ,qu>ries at ,hyni% -- ,sk]ryvore ,committee appo9t$1 #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ! con/ruction ( ,ligh?\se ,t[]s1 #de ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahch4 ,tempor>y ,b>rack on ,rock -- ,tools & ma*9]y -- ,/eam ,t5d] = ! works -- ,employm5t & wages ( workm5 -- ,progress ( ! outfit = ! season's op]ations -- ,emb>k = ,sk]ryvore -- ,lay d[n moor+s1 & try to l& on ! ,rock -- ,driv5 to ,mull -- ,fir/ day's "w on ! ,rock -- ,%ipm5t ( mat]ials at ,glasg[ & ,gre5ock -- ,rea* ,tyree -- ,driv5 to ,mull -- ,return to ,tyree -- ,fir/ good day's "w on ! ,rock -- ,sudd5 gale & great p]il to ! vessels -- ,rea* ,hyni% 9 safety -- ,deta9$ by bad wea!r f\r days at ,hyni% -- ,return to ! ,rock & h six days ( good wea!r -- ,erection ( ! pyramid ( ! wood5 b>rack -- ,mode ( det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! beams1 & ! sites = _! fixtures -- ,pyramid complet$ -- ,mode ( liv+ :ile erect+ ! b>rack -- ,%oals ( ,m$us se5 -- ,driv5 by a gale to ,mull -- ,return to ,hyni% & are driv5 to ,coll -- ,return to ! ,rock -- ,driv5 to ,tyree -- ,return to ! ,rock -- ,horizontal braces fix$ -- ,driv5 to ,mull -- ,heavy gale -- ,timb] ca/ on ,tyree -- ,return to ,rock & fur!r progress ( b>rack -- ,la/ day's "w on ,rock ?is season -- ,precaution = ! b5efit ( %ipwreck$ seam5 -- ,view f top ( pyramid -- ,de/ruction ( ! b>rack dur+ a gale -- ,lett] f ,mr ,hogb5 -- ,proce$ to ,sk]ryvore -- ,/ate 9 :i* ! ,rock 0 f\nd -- ,cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! b>rack -- ,prep>ations = a new b>rack -- ,works at ,hyni% -- ,hyni% qu>ries1 #ga ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahci4 ,%ipp+ /ation & pi] at ,hyni% -- ,granite qu>ries 9 ,mull -- ,obs]vations on ! qu>ry+ ( granite -- ,dress+ ( ! ,ligh?\se blocks -- ,excavation ( f\ndation = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock -- ,fitt+ up ( ! second b>rack on ! ,rock -- ,sudd5 dea? ( ,george ,middlemiss -- ,:>f & l&+-place on ! ,rock -- ,r+-bolts1 wat]-tanks1 & railways -- ,incid5ts ( ! season -- ,effects ( a gale f ! s\?-we/ -- ,mut9y ( ! crew -- ,ne> approa* ( ! vessels to ! ,rock1 & o!r circum/ances %ew+ ! importance ( a ,light on ! ,sk]ryvore1 #ajg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahdj4 ,hyni% worky>d -- ,hyni% pi] -- ,! ,rock -- ,life 9 ! b>rack -- ,f\ndation-pit -- ,l&+ ( ! mat]ials on ! ,rock -- ,lay+ ! fir/ /one1 #adj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahda4 ,hyni% worky>d -- ,! ,rock -- ,! waves -- ,col\rs ( ! break+ waves -- ,! seals1 #aea ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahdb4 ,/ate ( ! ,rock 9 ,spr+ ( #ahdb -- ,comm5cem5t ( ,rock op]ations -- ,la/ /one -- ,! ,lant]n1 #afc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conclud+ ,,op]ations ,,& ,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,h>b\r works -- ,bo ,pheg beacon -- ,light-keep]s' & seam5's h\ses -- ,conclud+ works on ! ,rock1 su* z po9t+1 c4 -- ,int]ior fitt+s ( ! ,t[] -- ,light-room app>atus1 & fir/ exhibition ( ! ,light -- ,removal ( ! b>rack f ! ,rock -- ,exp5se1 #afi ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,ligh?\ses1 ,,) ,,%ort ,,notices ,,( ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 #aha4 ,e>ly hi/ory1 #aha -- ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 #ahb -- ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria1 #ahc -- ,coruna ,t[]1 #ahg -- ,ligh?\se at ! m\? ( ! ,quadalquivir1 #ahh -- ,anci5t ,ph>i 9 ,brita91 #ahh -- ,t\r de ,corduan1 #ahi -- ,eddy/one1 #ahi -- ,bell ,rock1 #aib -- ,c>l+=d1 #aid -- ,iron ligh?\ses1 #aid -- ,e>ly modes ( illum9ation1 #aie -- ,flame1 #aif -- ,drummond & ,voltaic ,lights1 #aii -- ,mr ,gurney's ,lamp1 #bjj -- ,arg& ,burn]s1 #bjj4 ,,catoptric ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lights1 #bjd4 ,application ( ,p>aboloidal ,mirrors1 #bje -- ,reflection1 #bjg -- ,p>aboloidal ,mirrors1 #bji -- ,div]g5ce ( ,p>aboloidal ,mirrors1 #bab -- ,effect ( ,p>aboloidal ,mirrors1 #bag -- ,p[] ( ditto1 #bah -- ,manufacture ( reflectors1 #bah -- ,te/+ ( mirrors1 #bai -- ,arg& ,lamps us$ 9 reflectors1 #bbj -- ,arrangem5ts = rais+ or l[]+ ! ,arg& wick1 #bbb -- ,fl[+ ( ! lamp1 #bbc -- ,plac+ ! lamp 9 ! focus1 #bbf -- ,di/9ctions ( ,catoptric ,lights1 #bbg -- ,col\r z a di/9ction = lights1 #bbi -- ,arrangem5t ( reflectors on ! frame1 #bcj -- ,bordi] ,m>cet's reflectors1 #bcb -- ,fanal sidral1 #bcb -- ,fanal d\ble effet1 #bcd -- ,fanal d\ble face1 #bcf -- ,mr ,b>l['s sph]ical mirrors1 #bcg -- ,capta9 ,smi?'s mirrors 9 ! =m ( a p>abolic sp9dle1 #bch4 ,,dioptric ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lights1 #bci4 ,e>ly hi/ory ( ,ligh?\se l5ses1 ,condorcet1 ,buffon1 ,brew/]1 ,fresnel1 #bci -- ,refraction1 #bdb -- ,l5ses1 #bde -- ,sph]ical ab]ration1 #bdh -- ,fresnel's =mul = annul> l5ses1 #bdi -- ,te/+ l5ses1 #bee -- ,div]g5ce ( l5ses1 #bef -- ,illum9at+ p[] ( l5ses1 #beg -- ,arrangem5t ( l5ses 9 a ,ligh?\se1 #beh -- ,pyramidal l5ses & mirrors1 #bei -- ,curv$ mirrors1 #bfj -- ,cyl9dric refractors ( fix$ ,lights1 #bfc -- ,application ( cross$ prisms to cause fla%es1 #bfd -- ,true cyl9dric =m giv5 to refractors1 & o!r improvem5ts 9 _! con/ruction1 #bfd -- ,catadioptric zones1 ! mode ( comput+ _! elem5ts1 c41 #bfg -- ,te/+ ( zones1 #bhb -- ,fram+ ( zones1 #bhf -- ,me*anical lamp1 #bhf -- ,height ( flame ( me*anical lamp1 #bhi -- ,position ( flame 9 ref]5ce to focus1 #bij -- ,work+ ( ! pumps1 #bia -- ,*oice ( focal po9t = v>i\s p>ts ( app>atus1 #bib -- ,*oice ( a focal po9t = zones1 #bib -- ,application ( sph]ical mirrors to fix$ ,dioptric ,lights1 #bic -- ,arrangem5t ( ,dioptric app>atus1 #bic -- ,arrangem5t ( ,dioptric app>atus 9 ,lightroom1 #bid -- ,p[] ( ,dioptric in/rum5ts1 #bih -- ,ord]s ( ,fr5* ,lights1 #bih -- ,di/9ctions ( ,dioptric ,lights1 #bii -- ,comp>ison ( ,dioptric & ,catoptric app>atus = revolv+ lights1 #cja -- ,comp>ison = fix$ lights1 #cjc -- ,summ>y ( views z to two sy/ems = revolv+ lights1 #cjf -- ,summ>y ( views z to two sy/ems = fix$ lights1 #cjf -- ,advantages & disadvantages ( bo? sy/ems "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 #cjh -- ,di/9ctions ( ! ,dioptric ,lights & ! application ( col\r$ m$ia1 #caa -- ,capta9 ,basil ,hall's proposal = fix$ lights1 #cac -- ,effects ( rapid motion on ! p[] ( lights1 #cae -- ,connection ( exp]im5ts ) irradiation1 #cbj4 ,,v>i\s ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,connect$ ,,) ,,ligh?\ses1 #cbj4 ,mask+ ,lights1 #cbj -- ,d\ble ,lights1 #cbb -- ,lead+ ,lights1 #cbc -- ,di/ribution ( ,lights on a coa/1 #cbe -- ,height ( ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 & its relation to range ( light1 #cbh -- ,diagonal ,lant]n1 #ccj -- ,glaz+ ( ,lant]n1 #cca -- ,v5tilation ( ,lant]ns1 #cca -- ,arrangem5ts & ,managem5t ( a ,ligh?\se1 #ccd -- ,cleans+ ( app>atus1 #cce -- ,mode ( measur+ relative p[] ( lights1 #ccf -- ,m accurate comp>ison ( int5sity ( lights1 #cch -- ,float+ ,lights1 #cdf -- ,beacons & ,buoys1 #cdg4 ,,app5dix4 #a4 ,table ( ,co-ord9ates ( ,hyp]bolic ,column4 #b4 ,notes on ! ,mak+ ( ,p>abolodal ,mirrors4 #c4 ,notes on ! ,gr9d+ & ,poli%+ ( ,dioptric ,in/rum5ts = ,ligh?\ses4 #d4 ,table ( ! ,elem5ts ( ! ,catadioptric ,zones = ,lights ( ! fir/ ord] 9 ! sy/em ( ,augu/9 ,fresnel4 #e4 ,notice to ,m>9]s ( ! ,exhibition ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,light4 #f4 ,detail$ ,acc\nt ( ! ,exp5se ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 #g4 ,exc]pts f ,acc\nt ( ,exp]im5ts on ! ,=ce ( ! ,waves ( ! ,atlantic & ,g]man ,oceans1 by ,?omas ,/ev5son1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,civil ,eng9e]4 #h4 ,annual ,li/ = #ahdh ( ,ligh?\ses1 ,beacons1 & ,buoys1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d4 #i4 ,annual ,report by ! ,secret>y z to ! ,income & ,exp5diture ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d = #ahdf4 #aj4 ,in/ructions to ! ,light-keep]s 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,,plates4 ,i4 ,*>t %ew+ ! situation ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,ii4 ,*>t %ew+ ! position ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rocks & f\l gr\nd4 ,,iii4 ,plans ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock at high & l[ wat] ( spr+ tides4 ,,iv4 ,curves = ,ligh?\se ,t[]s -- ,m>9e ,dynamomet]4 ,v4 ,b>rack ( timb] on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,,vi4 ,details ( fixtures ( timb]s at ! top ( ! ,timb] ,b>rack4 ,,vii4 ,elevation ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,viii4 ,section ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,ix4 ,balance ,crane us$ at ,sk]ryvore4 ,x4 ,plan %ew+ ! ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t ( ,b>racks1 ,h>b\r1 c41 at ,hyni%1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,tyree4 ,,xi4 ,elevation & ,section entrance to ,dock at ,hyni%4 ,,xii4 ,plan & ,section ( ,annul> ,l5s4 ,,xiii4 ,p]spective ,elevation ( ,revolv+ ,dioptric ,app>atus ( ,fir/ ,ord]4 ,,xiv4 ,plan ( ,revolv+ ,dioptric ,light ( ,fir/ ,ord]1 ) ,mirrors4 ,,xv4 ,v]tical ,section ( fix$ ,dioptric ,lights ( ,fir/ ,ord]1 ) ,mirrors4 ,,xvi4 ,elem5ts ( ,concave ,mirrors = ,dioptric ,lights ( ,fir/ ,ord]1 & arrangem5t on ! ,frame4 ,,xvii4 ,p]spective ,view ( ,fix$ ,dioptric ,light ( ,fir/ ,ord]1 ) ,catadioptric ,zones4 ,,xviii4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,fix$ ,dioptric ,light ( ,fir/ ,ord]1 ) ,catadioptric ,zones4 ,,xix4 ,v]tical ,section ( ,catadioptric ,light ( ,f\r? ,ord]1 ) ,fram+4 ,,xx4 ,elevation ( ,me*anical ,lamp = ,dioptric ,lights ( ,fir/ ,ord]4 ,,xxi4 ,enl>g$ ,views ( ,oil-,pumps ( ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,,xxii4 ,enl>g$ ,views ( ,oil-,pumps ( ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,,xxiii4 ,details ( ,clock-"w ( ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,,xxiv4 ,details ( ,clock-"w ( ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,,xxv4 ,flame ( ,me*anical ,lamp ( ,fir/ ,ord] at full size4 ,,xxvi4 ,elevation ( ,diagonal ,lant]n1 & details ( ,a/ragals4 ,,xxvii4 ,elevation ( ,ardnamur*an ,ligh?\se4 ,,xxviii4 ,plan ( ,ardnamur*an ,ligh?\se4 ,,xxix4 ,l9es ( a ,float+ ,light ,vessel belong+ to ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,h\se ( ,dept=d ,/rond4 ,,xxx4 ,elevation ( ,covesea ,sk]ries ,beacon4 ,,xxxi4 ,details ( ,covesea ,sk]ries ,beacon4 ,,xxxii4 ,elevations & ,sections ( ,/one & ,iron ,beacons4 ,,xxxiii4 ,elevations ( ,buoys4 ,,errata4 ,page #eb1 l9e #h1 = ,r$elet read ,rondelet 444 #agh1 l9e #f1 = ,l4#ic1cjf3h3aj read ,l4#hf1igg3ag3g 444 #bib1 l9e #cj1 = radius rector read radius vector 444 #bid1 l9e #ac1 = give read gives 444 #cbi1 l9e #c1 = e>? read sea 444 #cdg1 l9e #bi1 = ,plate ,,xxxii41 read ,plate ,,xxx41 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se4 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! c\rse ( prep>+ ! acc\nt ( ! build+ ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 x occurr$ to me1 t a %ort ,introduction %\ld be prefix$1 embrac+ a concise view ( ! con/itution & acts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights1 m especially f #ahbd1 :5 my ,fa!r's "w on ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se 0 publi%$1 up to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is object w be be/ accompli%$1 by pres5t+ to ! read]1 9 ! fir/ place1 an acc\nt ( ! con/itution & p[]s ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 *iefly drawn f ! 8,introduction to ! ,bye-,laws1 ,rules1 & ,regulations ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses10 prep>$ by a ,committee ( _! numb]2 & by aft]w>ds briefly notic+ ! pr9cipal works ( ! ,bo>d s9ce #ahbd1 & /at+ g5]ally ! nature ( ! *anges & improvem5ts made )9 t p]iod on ! mode ( illum9ation1 ( :i* ,i propose1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is volume1 to give a some:at detail$ acc\nt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,con/itution ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,! trade ( ,scotl& _h begun to increase v soon aft] ! settlem5t ( ! civil w> 9 #agde2 b x 0 n till ! ye> #aghd t ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( ,sea ,lights ^u ! ,coa/ appe>s to h be5 br\ght "u ! notice ( ! ,legislature4 ,9 t ye>1 ! subject 0 fir/ m5tion$ at a meet+ ( ! ,conv5tion ( ! ,royal ,burghs ( ,scotl&1 by ,mr ,,demp/] ( ,duni*51 ,m4,p41 ! ,provo/ ( ! burgh ( ,=f>2 &1 9 ! ye> #aghf1 t g5tleman br\ght a bill into ,p>liam5t1 & an ,act 0 obta9$ e/abli%+ ! pres5t ,bo>d ( ,nor!rn ,lights4 ,?is ,act sets =?1 t 8x w\ld conduce greatly to ! security ( navigation & ! fi%]ies1 if f\r ,ligh?\ses 7 erect$ 9 ! ,nor!rn p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 "o on ,k9naird's ,head1 ,ab]de5%ire1 "o 9 ! ,nor? ,isles ( ,orkney1 "o on ! po9t ( ,scalpa1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,h>ris1 & a f\r? on ! ,mull ( ,k9tyre1 ,argyll%ire20 & x accord+ly au?orises ! erection ( ^? f\r ,ligh?\ses4 ,! ,commission]s appo9t$ = c>ry+ ?is ,act into execution 71 ! ,"l ,advocate & ,solicitor-,g5]al ( ,scotl&1 ! ,"l ,provo/ & fir/ ,bailie ( ,ed9burgh1 ! ,"l ,provo/ & fir/ ,bailie ( ,glasg[1 ! ,provo/s ( ,ab]de51 ,inv]ness1 & ,campbelt[n1 ! ,%]iffs ( ! c\nties ( ,ed9burgh1 ,lan>k1 ,r5frew1 ,bute1 ,argyll1 ,inv]ness1 ,ross1 ,orkney & ,zetl&1 ,cai?ness1 & ,ab]de54 ,an ,act 0 subsequ5tly pass$1 :i* au?oris$ ! ,commission]s1 :5 any new ,ligh?\se 0 e/abli%$ on any "p ( ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 to add to _! numb] ! ,provo/ or ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ! ne>e/ ,royal ,burgh1 & also ! ,%]iff-,depute ( ! ne>e/ c\nty2 &1 by ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] ( assumption1 ! bo>d n[ includes ! ,%]iffs ( ! c\nties ( ,ayr1 ,fife1 ,=f>1 ,wigt[n1 ,su!rl&1 ,k9c>d9e1 & ,kirkcudbright4 ,to enable ! ,bo>d to c>ry on ! int5d$ works & to provide ! means ( ma9ta9+ ! ,lights1 ^? ,acts gave p[] to ! ,commission]s to levy a duty ( #a;d4 p] ton on ,briti% vessels1 & #b;d4 p] ton on =eign vessels2 & liability to pay ?is duty 0 incurr$ by all vessels pass+ any ( ! ,ligh?\ses 9 ! c\rse ( a voyage2 b ?is s+le paym5t fre$ !m f any f>!r exaction1 al?\gh !y %\ld pass m ?an "o ,ligh?\se 9 ! c\rse ( ! voyage4 ,! ,bo>d held its fir/ meet+ at ,ed9burgh on #a/ ,augu/ #aghf4 ,a ,secret>y & ,eng9e] 7 appo9t$1 & a resolution 0 adopt$ to borr[ ,l4#abjj4 ,= ?is sum ! ,magi/rates ( ! five ,royal ,burghs nam$ 9 ! ,act int]pos$ _! security2 &1 at ! same "t1 assign$1 9 f>!r security1 ! duties "u ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,aft] appo9t+ a ,committee to prep>e matt]s = a g5]al meet+1 !y adj\rn$ till ! #bc;d ( ,janu>y #aghg4 ,"s inconv5i5ce hav+ be5 felt 9 conduct+ ! bus9ess ( ! ,bo>d1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! hold+ ( /ock & o!r prop]ty1 by reason ( its n be+ an incorporat$ body1 an ,act 0 obta9$ = erect+ ! ,commission]s into a body politic1 by ! "n ( ! 8,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses40 ,sev]al ,acts h be5 subsequ5tly pass$1 9 ord] to facilitate ! erection ( p>ticul> ,ligh?\ses1 & = ! purpose ( grant+ duties = _! support4 ,all ^? duties1 h[ev]1 are n[ aboli%$1 & o!rs h be5 sub/itut$1 ! collection ( :i* is regulat$ by an ,act1 #f? & #g? ,william ,,iv41 cap4 #gi1 intitul$1 8,an ,act = ve/+ ,ligh?\ses1 ,lights1 & ,sea-m>ks on ! ,coa/s ( ,engl&1 9 ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity-,h\se ( ,dept=d ,/rond1 & = mak+ provision respect+ ,ligh?\ses1 ,lights1 ,buoys1 ,beacons1 & ,sea-m>ks1 & ! ,tolls & ,duties payable 9 respect !re(40 ,?is ,act decl>es1 8,t f ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty-sev51 ! tolls n[ payable by or 9 respect ( vessels = or t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! sev]al ligh?\ses at pres5t "u ! managem5t ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses %all cease to be payable1 & t1 9 lieu !re(1 !re %all !nce=? = ev] be paid to ! said ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 = e vessel belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7! same n belong+ to 8 ,maje/y1 8 heirs or successors1 or be+ navigat$ :olly 9 balla/71 & = e =eign vessel :i*1 by any ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 conv5tion1 or treaty1 %all be privileg$ to ent] ! ports ( ! said ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ^u pay+ ! same duties ( tonnage z are paid by ,briti% vessels 7! same n be+ vessels navigat$ :olly 9 balla/71 :i* %all pass any ( ! said ligh?\ses1 or d]ive b5efit !reby1 ! toll ( "o halfp5ny p] ton ( ! burd5 ( e su* vessel = ea* "t ( pass+ e su* ligh?\se1 or d]iv+ b5efit !reby1 & ( "o p5ny p] ton = ea* "t ( pass+ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 & d\ble ! said tolls = e =eign vessel n s privileg$40 ,& ) reg>d to any new ,ligh?\ses to be h]eaft] erect$1 x is provid$1 t !re 8%all be paid to ! ,commission]s by ! own]1 or o!r p]son hav+ ! comm& ( any vessel n belong+ to ,8 ,maje/y1 :i* %all pass su* ligh?\se1 or d]ive b5efit !reby1 su* reasonable toll z %all h be5 fir/ approv$ 9 t behalf by ,8 ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil40 ,be=e ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 ! ,commission]s _h be5 uncontroll$ 9 ! selection ( /ations = ,ligh?\ses1 or 9 *oos+ ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance = ! ,lights2 b x be+ consid]$ desirable to h a sy/ematic arrangem5t 9 ! ?ree k+doms1 ! ,iri% ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 z well z ! ,commission]s1 are n[ requir$ to give notice to ! ,corporation ( ! ,tr9ity-,h\se ( ,dept=d ,/rond1 be=e alt]+ ! "* ( any ,light1 or erect+ any new ,ligh?\se2 & t ,corporation mu/1 )9 ! p]iod ( six mon?s aft] receiv+ su* notice1 signify _! op9ion z to ! propriety ( ! *ange1 or ! utility ( any new ,ligh?\ses submitt$ = _! consid]ation4 ,! ,act1 h[ev]1 provides1 t1 if ! ,commission]s are dissatisfi$ ) ! op9ion ( ! ,tr9ity-,h\se1 !y may appeal to ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 ^: det]m9ation is f9al4 ,by ?is ,act1 also1 an important p[] is giv5 to ! ,commission]s to control ! exhibition ( all h>b\r & local ,lights1 or o!r sea-m>ks1 & to prev5t ! exhibition ( any ,lights or fires on ! sea-coa/1 :i* might be mi/ak5 = ! regul> ,lights exhibit$ by ! ,bo>d4 ,9 ! ,app5dix ,i h giv5 a copy ( ! ,annual ,/atem5t ( ! ,income & ,exp5diture ( ! ,bo>d = ! ye> #ahdf1 prep>$ by ,mr ,,alex&] ,,cun+ham1 ! ,secret>y to ! ,commission]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lights e/abli%$ s9ce #ahba4 ,s9ce ! ,sumburghhead ,ligh?\se 9 ,zetl& 0 light$ 9 ! ye> #ahba1 ) a notice ( :i* ! acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se concludes1 ! ,commission]s h be5 engag$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( sev5te5 new ,ligh?\ses1 & ! remodell+ ( sev]al old ones2 & !y h1 m p>ticul>ly1 effect$ important *anges 9 ! mode ( illum9ation1 & h begun to place ,beacons & ,buoys on ! coa/4 ,!y h1 besides1 execut$ sev]al consid]able improvem5ts1 = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! communication ) ! ,ligh?\ses at ,k9tyre 9 ,argyll%ire1 ,cape ,wra? 9 ,su!rl&%ire1 & ,dunne!ad 9 ! c\nty ( ,cai?ness1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( l&+-pi]s & ! =mation ( roads1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f ?ree to t5 miles1 9 connection ) ^? ,/ations4 ,( ^? works1 _m int]e/+ details might be giv51 7 x n desirable t ! introduction to an acc\nt ( a s+le ,ligh?\se %\ld be re/rict$ )9 a v mod]ate compass2 & ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\ght x suffici5t to lay be=e ! read] ! mo/ important circum/ances ( ea* ,ligh?\se ,/ation belong+ to ! ,bo>d 9 a tabul> =m 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( illum9ation4 ,i %all n1 9 ?is place1 ent] on any exposition ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* regulate ! illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses1 & /ill less w x be prop] to discuss ! advantages ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( illum9ation by ,reflection & ,refraction1 z ,i %all1 9 ! sequel1 f9d a m conv5i5t opportunity = speak+ some:at 9 detail on ^? subjects4 ,x w be en\gh to pres5t a v brief notice ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( illum9at+ ,ligh?\ses1 :i* ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d h introduc$ s9ce #ahbd1 up to :i* "t1 z already m5tion$1 a sket* ( _! works is already be=e ! public4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important *anges 9 ,ligh?\se app>atus 01 unque/ionably1 ! introduction ( ,revolv+ ,lights at ! ,t\r de ,corduan ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 by :i* ! means ( di/+ui%+ "o light f ano!r 7 greatly ext5d$1 & a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( contigu\s lights 0 at once simply obta9$4 ,! m]e v>iation ( ! velocity ( ! revolution is s simple z to af=d an obvi\s s\rce ( di/9ction among lights2 & yet x is rem>kable1 t x 0 only lately t "o ( its pr9cipal advantages 0 p]ceiv$ by my ,fa!r1 :o fir/ appli$ x 9 ! ye> #ahbg z a means ( di/9ction = ! ,light ( ,bu*anness4 ,?is di/9ction consi/s 9 giv+ ! frame a great] numb] ( sides or faces1 & a m rapid revolution1 s z to cause a fla% 9 e five seconds ( "t1 :i* produces an effect s m>k$ & *>act]i/ic z to af=d by f> ! mo/ effective di/9ction :i* has be5 exhibit$ s9ce ! introduction ( ,revolv+ ,lights4 ,"u ! auspices ( ! ,bo>d1 ?is di/9ction has be5 s9ce appli$ at ! ,rh9ns ( ,islay ,ligh?\se1 & has giv5 mu* satisfaction :]ev] x has be5 tri$4 ,! late ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 a great patron ( ! useful arts1 0 s mu* pleas$ ) ?is device t he pres5t$ ! au?or ( x ) a spl5did gold m$al1 9 tok5 ( 8 approbation4 ,! only o!r improvem5t on ! ,reflect+ ,lights1 :i* ,i %all notice 9 ?is place1 is t call$ ! int]mitt5t light1 :i* is due to ! same (fic]1 & 0 by him introduc$ at ! /ations ( ,mull ( ,gall[ay1 ,t>betness1 & ,b>rahead4 ,x consi/s ( ! app>atus ( a fix$ ,light1 9 front ( :i* two cyl9dric %ades are alt]nately %ut & op5$ by a v]tical movem5t1 s z to produce a sudd5 ext9ction & exhibition ( ! light1 9 a mann] v diff]5ce f ! gradual decl9e & gr[? ( ! fla%1 :i* is produc$ 9 revolv+ ,lights by ! att5uat+ effects ( div]g5ce on ! p5umbral portions ( ! light reflect$ f ! mirror4 ,dioptric ,lights4 ,! introduction ( l5ticul> app>atus into ,ligh?\ses has be5 ! la/ great improvem5t effect$ 9 _! illum9ation4 ,s f> back z ! ye> #ahbc1 ! att5tion ( ! ,commission]s 0 fir/ call$ by _! ,eng9e] to ! inv5tion ( ! late ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel1 :o _h succe$$ 9 build+ polyzonal l5ses ( l>ge dim5sions1 & 9 adapt+ to !m a lamp ( great p[]1 hav+ f\r conc5tric wicks suppli$ ) oil by a clock-"w movem5t l t ( ! ,c>cel lamp4 ,a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ?is subject2 & "u its direction a long tra9 ( exp]im5ts 0 made ) ^? in/rum5ts & ) ! p>aboloidal mirrors :i* are g5]ally us$ 9 ,briti% ,ligh?\ses4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts l$ ! ,bo>d1 9 ! summ] ( #ahcd1 to s5d me on a mission to ,france1 ) in/ructions to report my op9ion z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! dioptric & catoptric app>atus = ! illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( my fri5d ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 ,secret>y ( ! ,commission des ,ph>es1 :o 9 ! mo/ lib]al mann] put me 9 possession ( all ! in=mation :i* ,i requir$1 & af=d$ me an opportunity ( visit+ ! mo/ important ,ligh?\ses on ! ,fr5* coa/1 ,i 0 enabl$ on my return to report v fully my views on ! v>i\s topics ^: inve/igation _h be5 committ$ to me by ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! two sy/ems ( illum9ation by ,reflection & ,refraction may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! reflect+ app>atus1 ! lamp is plac$ 9 front ( ! mirror1 ^: surface is s =m$ t ! rays :i* fall ^u x1 & are reflect$ f x1 mu/ aft]w>ds move 9 l9es p>allel to ! axis ( ! mirror2 :ile 9 us+ ,refract+ in/rum5ts1 ! flame is plac$ beh9d ! l5s1 ^: action is simply to b5d ! rays 9 _! passage ?r\gh x1 9 su* a mann] t !y come out f its face p>allel to a l9e drawn f ! focus to ! c5tre ( ! l5s4 ,9 ,revolv+ ,lights1 on ! reflect+ pr9ciple1 ! mirrors conta9+ ! lamps are plac$ on a frame :i* revolves on its c5tre1 & c>ries !m r\nd 9 succession to ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! horizon1 s t ea* mirror produces a bright fla% :5 x crosses ! l9e drawn f an obs]v]'s eye to ! c5tre ( ! ,ligh?\se2 b 9 ,refract+ ,lights1 a s+le lamp ( great p[] is fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! lightroom1 :ile ! l5ses1 plac$ on a revolv+ frame1 int]cept & modify ! rays :i* fall ^u !m f ! ,lamp1 z !y pass 9 front ( x1 & ?us produce successive fla%es :5ev] ! c5tre ( ! l5s crosses ! imag9>y l9e already notic$1 z jo9+ ! obs]v]'s eye & ! lightroom4 ,9 ,fix$ ,lights1 on ! ,reflect+ plan1 ! mirrors are rang$ ar\nd a fix$ *&eli] 9 ti]s1 "o above ano!r1 _! c5tres be+ plac$ 9 spiral l9es1 s t ea* %all subt5d an equal arc ( ! horizon1 & ?us di/ribute ! light ) z little inequality z is consi/5t ) ! application ( su* an in/rum5t z ! p>aboloidal mirror to ?is purpose4 ,?is object ( di/ribut+ ! light equally ov] ! horizon1 :i*1 next to int5sity1 is ! ma9 object ( a fix$ light1 & ought1 inde$1 to be /rictly co-ord9ate ) x1 is mu* bett] effect$ by us+ dioptric in/rum5ts4 ,t app>atus consi/s ( successive r+s or b5t prisms arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a hoop or belt1 :i* may be describ$ z a cyl9d]1 g5]at$ by ! revolution ( ! c5tral section ( a polyzonal l5s ab\t its focus z a v]tical axis1 & :i* consequ5tly acts only 9 a v]tical direction1 leav+ ! natural horizontal div]g5ce ( ! light un*ang$1 & ?us di/ribut+ x ) p]fect equality 9 e direction4 ,^? two sy/ems ( illum9ation possess advantages & defects peculi> to ea*4 ,! l5ticul> in/rum5ts insure great] int5sity :5 appli$ to revolv+ lights2 b ?is advantage is 9 "p c\nt]balanc$ by ! great] duration ( ! fla% caus$ by ! reflectors1 ^: div]g5ce is great]2 :ile 9 fix$ lights1 ! refract+ in/rum5ts n only produce at lea/ an equal int5sity ( light1 b1 :at is ( ! greate/ importance1 af=d ! same quantity ( light 9 all directions1 a prop]ty :i* fix$ ,lights on ! reflect+ pr9ciple employ$ 9 ,brita9 _c possess4 ,on my return f ,france ,i made a ,report1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,commission]s2 & ! views :i* ,i gave ( ! sup]iority ( ! refract+ app>atus1 l$ ! ,bo>d to adopt ! resolution ( at once conv]t+ ! revolv+ light ( ,in*kei? f ! catoptric to ! dioptric sy/em1 z its ne>ness to ,ed9burgh (f]$ good opportunity ( obs]vation z to ! effect ( ! *ange4 ,9 ,octob] #ahce1 ! new light 0 exhibit$ to ! public1 & ,i 0 =?) in/ruct$ to make a simil> *ange on ! fix$ light ( ! ,isle ( ,may2 b 9 c>ry+ ?is into effect1 ,i introduc$ an important modification ( ! =m ( ! refract+ "p ( ! app>atus1 ) ! view ( obta9+ a /ill ne>] approa* to ! equal di/ribution ( ! light4 ,! only o!r consid]able *ange 9 ! lightroom app>atus :i* has s9ce be5 effect$1 is ! sub/itution ( catadioptric zones 9 room ( ! mirrors hi!rto us$ 9 ! subsidi>y p>ts ( ! l>g] ,fr5* lights1 :i*1 z w appe> 9 ! sequel1 0 sugge/$ by me 9 #ahda1 & f9ally c>ri$ into effect 9 #ahdc1 agreeably to ! computations ( ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel4 ,a ,table ( ! ,elem5ts ( ^? zones comput$ by myself1 & closely v]ify+ ,m4 ,,fresnel',s results1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! l5ticul> app>atus has be5 appli$ at ! new ,ligh?\se /ations ( ! ,little ,ross & ! ,sk]ryvore1 &1 /ill m rec5tly1 at ,covesea ,sk]ries1 ,crom>ty ,po9t1 ,*anonry ,po9t1 ,lo* ,ryan1 & ,girdl5ess4 ,beacons & ,buoys4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( ,beacons & ,buoys on ! coa/ ( ,scotl& = ! purpose ( af=d+ additional facilities to navigation1 _h long be5 look$ ^u z a desirable ext5sion ( ! op]ations ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d2 & ! increase ( ! trade & %ipp+ ( ! k+dom hav+1 "s ye>s ago1 direct$ p>ticul> att5tion to ! subject1 a committee 0 nam$1 on ! #ab? ,janu>y #ahci1 to take special sup]9t5d5ce ( t dep>tm5t4 ,9 #ahdj1 ! ,eng9e] report$ to ! committee upw>ds ( fifty /ations = ,beacons1 & ne>ly a hundr$ = ,buoys1 z auxili>ies to ! navigation 9 situations :]e ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,ligh?\se 0 ei!r too exp5sive or n w>rant$ by ! wants ( ! di/rict2 & means 7 imm$iately tak5 = erect+ ?ree ,beacons 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 two 9 ! ,clyde1 "o 9 ,lo* ,ryan1 & two 9 ,cambelt[n ,lo*4 ,beacons 7 also erect$ on ! ,iron ,rock or ,sk]vuile 9 ! ,s\nd ( ,jura1 & on ! ,covesea ,sk]ries 9 ,moray%ire1 9 connection ) ! ,ligh?\se ( t "n4 ,^? works1 not)/&+ _m ob/acles aris+ f d\bts z to ! p[]s ( ! ,bo>d1 h be5 c>ri$ on ) great vig\r4 ,9 ! ,app5dix1 ,i h giv5 draw+s ( ?ree ( ^? ,beacons1 "o be+ ( masonry1 & ! o!r two ( iron2 & also ,tables :i* %ew ! positions ( ! v>i\s ,beacons & ,buoys at pres5t belong+ to ! ,bo>d4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,topographic ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,sk]ryvore ,,rock4 ,f ! great difficulty ( access to ! inhospitable rock ( ,sk]ryvore1 :i* is expos$ to ! full fury ( ! ,atlantic1 & is surr\nd$ by an almo/ p]petual surf1 ! erection ( a ,light ,t[] on its small & rugg$ surface has always be5 reg>d$ z an und]tak+ ( ! mo/ =midable k9d4 ,s disc\rag+ 0 ! consid]ation ( exp5se1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! f9al success ( su* a "w1 t ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 aft] successfully complet+ ! ardu\s & some:at simil> "w on ! ,bell ,rock1 7 induc$ to proce$ ) o!r op]ations ( less magnitude1 b probably1 9 "s respects1 ( no less utility2 & to delay ! con/ruction ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se till ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t au?oris+ its erection 0 obta9$ s long ago z #ahad4 ,! clu/] ( ,rocks1 ( :i* t call$ ! ,sk]ryvore is ! l>ge/1 has ev] be5 a j cause ( t]ror to ! m>9]4 ,its dang]s h long be5 kn[n1 & ! means ( remov+ ^! dang]s1 by conv]t+ its d>k horrors into a *e]+ guide = ! b5ight$ m>9]1 h (t5 occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 & especially ( my pr$ecessor 9 ! (fice ( _! ,eng9e]1 ) :om x 0 a con/ant subject ( int]e/1 f its simil>ity to 8 own "w on ! ,bell ,rock4 ,! fir/ l&+ t my ,fa!r1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 annual voyages r\nd ! coa/1 z ,eng9e] ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 effect$ on ,sk]ryvore1 0 9 ! ye> #ahjd4 ,9 #ahad1 he visit$ x a second "t1 :ile accompany+ a committee ( ! ,commission]s on a t\r ( inspection to ! ,ligh?\ses all r\nd ! coa/1 f ! ,fri? ( ,=? to ! ,clyde4 ,on t occasion1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott 0 ( ! p>ty1 & we f9d 9 8 di>y ! foll[+ record ( 8 impressions at ! "t1 express$ 9 ! t]se & humor\s language by :i* ?is int]e/+ relic ( ! poet is *>act]is$2 & z ! ha/y obs]vations ( t great man seem wor?y ( a place 9 a "w descriptive ( ! means :i* h be5 tak5 to obviate ! dang]s to :i* he ref]s1 no apology seems necess>y = introduc+ x 9 ?is place4 8,hav+ crept ^u deck ab\t f\r 9 ! morn+10 says ,sir ,walt]1 8,i f9d we are beat+ to w9dw>d (f ! ,isle ( ,tyree1 ) ! det]m9ation1 on ! "p ( ,mr ,/ev5son1 t 8 con/itu5ts %\ld visit a reef ( rocks call$ ,sk]ry ,vhor1 :]e he ?\ght x w\ld be ess5tial to h a ,ligh?\se4 ,l\d remon/rances1 on ! "p ( ! ,commission]s1 :o1 "o & all1 decl>e !y w subscribe to 8 op9ion1 :atev] x may be1 r ?an cont9ue ! inf]nal buffet+4 ,quiet p]sev]ance on ! "p ( ,mr ,s41 & great kick+1 b\nc+1 & squabbl+1 ^u t ( ! ya*t1 :o seems to l ! idea ( ,sk]ryvore z little z ! ,commission]s4 ,at l5g?1 by d9t ( ex]tion1 come 9 sight ( ?is long ridge ( rocks 7*iefly "u wat]7 on :i* ! tide breaks 9 a mo/ trem5d\s /yle4 ,!re appe> a few l[ broad rocks at "o end ( ! reef1 :i* is ab\t a mile 9 l5g?4 ,^! are nev] entirely "u wat]1 ?\gh ! surf da%es ov] !m4 ,to g ?r\gh all ! =ms1 ,hamilton1 ,duff1#a & ,i1 resolve to l& ^u ^! b>e rocks1 9 company ) ,mr ,/ev5son4 ,pull ?r\gh a v heavy swell ) great difficulty1 & approa* a trem5d\s surf da%+ ov] black po9t$ rocks4 ,our r[]s1 h[ev]1 get ! boat into a quiet creek betwe5 two rocks1 :]e we contrive to l& well wett$4 ,i saw no?+ rem>kable 9 my way except+ sev]al seals1 :i* we might h %ot1 b1 9 ! d\btful circum/ances ( ! l&+1 we did n c>e to br+ guns4 ,we took possession ( ! rock 9 "n ( ! ,commission]s1 & g5]\sly be/[$ our own great names on its crags & creeks4 ,! rock 0 c>efully measur$ by ,mr ,s4 ,x w be a mo/ desolate position = a ,ligh?\se--! ,bell ,rock & ,eddy/one a joke to x1 = ! ne>e/ l& is ! wild isl& ( ,tyree1 at f\rte5 miles di/ance4 ,s mu* = ! ,sk]ry ,vhor40 #a ,! ,%]iffs-,depute ( ,lan>k & ,ed9burgh4 ,not)/&+ ^? occasional visits1 h[ev]1 x 0 n till ! ye> #ahcd1 t ! ,commission]s direct$ _! ,eng9e] to make a survey ( ! :ole ( ?is ext5sive reef1 prep>atory to tak+ measures = ! erection ( a ,ligh?\se on t "p ( x :i* might be f\nd1 aft] c>eful inspection1 to af=d ! mo/ suitable site2 &1 at ! same "t1 ! %ores ( "p ( ! ,isl& ( ,tyree 7 survey$1 ) ! view ( e/abli%+ a ,signal ,t[] = communicat+ ) ! ,ligh?\se1 & ( =m+ a small h>b\r1 ( %elt] = ! vessels to be employ$ 9 att5d+ x4 ,f ^! surveys ! g5]al view ( ! ,reef :i* is giv5 9 ,plate ,,ii41 & ! enl>g$ plan %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ( ! ,sk]ryvore or pr9cipal ,rock1 on :i* ! ,ligh?\se has be5 built1 7 con/ruct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sk]ryvore or pr9cipal ,rock ( ?is rem>kable gr\p1 is situat$ 9 ,nor? ,lat4 #ef #ai #bb1 & ,we/ ,long4 #g #f #cb4b ,x is ab\t #aa ,nautic miles ,w4,s4,w ,w4 ( ! isl& ( ,tyree1 :i* is ! ne>e/ l&1 #bj miles ,w4,n4,w ,n4 ( ! isl& ( ,iona1 #cc miles ,s4 ,e4 ( ! ,ligh?\se ( ,b>rahead1 ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! ,hebrides1 & #ec miles ,n4,e4 by ,n4 ( ,mall9head1 9 ! c\nty ( ,donegal 9 ,irel&4 ,x may also be add$1 t ! pr9cipal rock is ab\t #ej miles f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ma9 l& ( ,scotl&4 ,! ext5t ( ! ,reef1 & its situation 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al position ( ! coa/1 w be be/ und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,plate ,i41 :i* is a small ,map ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t x lies 9 an irregul> semicircul> sea1 inclos$ by ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,hebrides1 ! rugg$ %ores ( ,argyll%ire1 & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,irel& on ! "o side1 b op5 on ! o!r to ! ,atlantic4 #b ,accord+ to in=mation = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,capta9 ,yoll&1 ,r4,e41 ( ! ,ordnance ,survey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! importance ( ! ,sk]ryvore z a /ation = a ,ligh?\se is s evid5t z to require b little comm5t4 ,al?\gh ! small] class ( coa/+ vessels almo/ inv>iably sail ?r\gh ! %elt]$ ,s\nds ( ,mull1 ,lo+1 & ,islay1 to avoid ! difficulties & dang]s 7,sk]ryvore among ! numb]7 ( ! r\gh navigation ( ! outw>d passage1 yet ^! rocks lie mu* 9 ! track ( ! l>g] vessels b\nd ov] seas r\nd ! ,nor? ( ,irel& f ! ,clyde & ! ,m]sey4 ,gov]nm5t ,cruis]s & ,%ips ( ,w> are also necess>ily (t5 )9 a %ort di/ance ( its dang]s4 ,b = homew>d-b\nd vessels sail+ = ! ,clyde1 or = any ( ! ,ports 9 ! ,iri% sea1 & direct+ _! c\rse = ! ,nor? ,iri% ,*annel1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a light at ?is place is ( ! la/ importance4 ,:5 su* vessels happ5$ to enc\nt] bad wea!r be=e mak+ l&1 & s _h difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ _! true position 9 relation to ! coa/1 !y (t51 9 ! ev5t ( be+ driv5 s f> nor? f _! c\rse1 z to miss ! lights ( ,irel& or t ( ,b>rahead1 cont9u$ _! progress onw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rocks2 & ?us1 :ile runn+ 9 app>5t safety1 & probably1 f ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 n )9 sight ( ,tyree1 :i* x is (t5 difficult to see1 !y 7 v liable to enc\nt] "s ( ! _m deta*$ rocks & %oals :i* =m ?is brok5 reef ( ne>ly sev5 miles 9 ext5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 e/imat+ ! risks to :i* vessels 7 expos$ f ?is cause1 ! peculi>ly insidi\s nature ( ! dang] mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,a headl&1 or l9e ( coa/1 :i* rises to "s height above ! surface ( ! sea c be se5 9 mo/ /ates ( ! wea!r1 at a suffici5t di/ance1 ev5 dur+ ! night1 to enable ! seaman to avoid dang]2 b1 9 approa*+ a sunk5 reef or a l[ rock1 9 ! d>k1 !re is no object to w>n ! crew ( _! position1 until _! vessel gets unexpect$ly among break]s1 aft] :i* x is g5]ally too late to br+ h] r\nd aga94 ,& ev5 ! v k ( ! exi/5ce ( a reef1 su* z ?is1 (t5 causes ! seaman1 9 ignorance ( its exact position1 to give x too wide a b]?2 9 :i* case 8 %ip is liable to be c>ri$ away by ! =ce ( tides or w9ds1 p]haps on a lee %ore1 :]e1 al?\gh ! crew may be sav$1 ! vessel g5]ally goes to pieces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! exhibition ( a ,light1 h[ev]1 altoge!r *anges ! case4 ,in/ead ( %unn+ z a dang] ^? dread$ rocks1 vessels w /e] boldly on _! c\rse1 until *eck$ by ! ,light1 avail+ !mselves ( :i* !y w be enabl$ to lie (f-&-on dur+ ! night1 & s wait ! return ( daylight1 9 p]fect confid5ce z to _! position1 & )\t ! necessity ( endeav\r+ to avoid hidd5 dang]s4 ,?us1 t :i* 0 =m]ly an ob/ruction & a dang]1 is r5d]$ an aid & a safety1 to ! navigation ( ! we/]n coa/s ( our c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ?is s\rce ( dang] to %ipp+ 0 by no means imag9>y1 & ! consequ5t t]ror ( m>9]s f> f be+ ill f\nd$1 !re is a too melan*oly pro( 9 ! foll[+ li/ ( disa/]s caus$ by ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 & ! neighb\r+ dang]s (f ! coa/ ( ,tyree3-- ,9 #agij4 ,! ,%ip ,rebecca ( #gjj tons lo/2 crew sav$4 #ahjd4 ,%ip ,brig& ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,wright1 ma/]1 ( #fjj tons1 lo/ (f ,h\gh1 9 ,tyree2 crew sav$4 #ahjd4 ,a ,brig1 ,m#8,iv]1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 crew sav$4 #ahjf4 ,ell5 ( ,ba?1 ,pat]son1 ma/]1 ( #ij tons1 lo/ (f ,balaphuil1 9 ,tyree2 "o man dr[n$4 #ahji4 ,brig ,m>y1 ,s&]s1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,balaphuil2 crew sav$4 #ahac4 ,sloop1 ,p5elope ( ,wick1 #fj tons1 lo/ at ,gott ,bay1 ,tyree2 crew sav$4 #ahaj4 ,a ,brig f ,new ,york1 ,gre5lees1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,hyni% ,po9t1 ,tyree2 crew all dr[n$4 #ahac4 ,a ,sloop1 ,eug5e ,m#8,intyre1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,balaphuil2 "o man dr[n$4 #ahad4 ,brig1 ,betsey ( ,lei?1 ,ross1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 crew sav$4 #ahag4 ,a ,brig1 ( #djj tons1 f\nd]$ (f ,k5nav>ah1 ,tyree2 crew all dr[n$4 ,num]\s casks ( butt] came a%ore4 #ahah4 ,sloop1 ,b5lomond ( ,gre5ock1 ,m#8,lau*lan1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,balaphuil2 crew all dr[n$4 #ahai4 ,sloop1 ,bee1 ,coice1 ma/]1 ( #fj tons1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 crew sav$4 #ahbj4 ,a ,sloop1 ,m#8,donald1 ma/]1 ( #ej tons1 lo/ 9 ,reef ,bay1 ,tyree2 crew sav$4 #ahbj4 ,%ip1 ,ma/]s1 ( ,port-,glasg[1 ,m>t91 ma/]1 ( #gjj tons1 f\nd]$ (f ,sk]ryvore ,rocks1 & came a%ore at ,clate ,hyni%1 9 ,tyree2 crew sav$4 #ahba4 ,sloop1 ,ca?>9e1 ,m#8,rae1 ma/] lo/2 crew sav$4 #ahba4 ,a ,sloop1 ( #fj tons1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 ma/] & ?ree m5 dr[n$4 #ahbe4 ,sloop1 ,dan ( ,campbellt[n1 ,m#8,innes1 ma/]1 ( #ej tons1 lo/2 crew sav$4 #ahbh4 ,sloop1 ,delight1 ( #gj tons1 ,/ev5son1 ,ma/]1 lo/4 #ahbh4 ,an ,iri% ,s*oon] ( #ajj tons1 ,montgom]y1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 crew sav$4 #ahbh4 ,jane ( ,sligo1 ,coll9s1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,balaphuil4 #ahbi4 ,van ,scapan ( ,/ockholm1 ,fi%]ton1 ma/]1 ( #gjj tons1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 f\rte5 p dr[n$4 #ahcd4 ,confid5ce ( ,dundee1 ,wesley1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 crew sav$4 #ahcd4 ,a ,s*oon] ( #gj tons1 lo/2 ?ree m5 dr[n$4 #ahce4 ,peggy1 ,bitt]s1 ma/]1 ( #ejj tons1 lo/ (f ,bei/1 ,tyree2 crew sav$4 #ahda4 ,april #b4 ,maje/ic ( ,nor? ,%ields1 ,tait1 ma/]1 ( #djj tons1 f\nd]$ by a sea (f ,bo9%ly ,rock1 & came a%ore at ,gott ,bay2 capta9 & f\r m5 wa%$ ov]bo>d & dr[n$1 & ! mate & "o seaman _h _! legs brok5 :5 ! vessel 0 /ruck by ! sea4 #ahdb4 ,fleurs ( ,liv]pool1 ,?omson1 ma/]1 ( #cjj tons1 lo/ (f ,k5nav>ah2 crew sav$4 #ahdb4 ,m>* #ad4 ,two deck beams1 a knee1 & "s pieces ( deck-plank ( a ,nor? ,am]ican built vessel1 came a%ore at ,clate ,hyni%4 #ahdb4 ,a ,b>ra ,boat wreck$1 & f\r corpses wa%$ a%ore2 two m51 a woman & a *ild4 #ahdb4 ,pieces ( wreck 7 se5 9 ! ,s\nd ( ,coll1 & at ! same "t ! %ores ( ,tyree 7 /rew$ ) c&les1 mo/ly ( wax1 suppos$ to be alt> c&les = ! ,we/ ,indies4 #ahdc4 ,septemb] #b4 ,! ,prussian ,b>que ,=mosa1 ( #cbf tons1 ,p4 ,r4 ,reick1 ma/]1 lo/ (f ,h\gh2 two seam5 dr[n$4 #ahdd4 ,decemb] #a4 ,! ,hull ( a ,sloop ( ab\t #gj tons1 0 wa%$ a%ore (f ,clate ,hyni%4 ,! ,hull 0 v mu* brok5 up by be+ 9 contact ) ! rocks2 & "o ( ! planks1 app>5tly (f ! taffrail1 _h ! words 8,port ( ,dundee0 lett]$ ^u x2 ! crew suppos$ to be all dr[n$4 ,?is li/ is made up *iefly f data k9dly furni%$ to me by ! ,rev4 ,neil ,maclean1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,tyree & ,coll1 ^: long resid5ce on ! =m] isl& has af=d$ him ample opportunity = mak+ obs]vations on ! subject4 ,x is n to be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ,mr ,maclean's li/1 :i* is made up f recollection1 conta9s a full catalogue ( ! disa/]s caus$ by ! ,sk]ryvore1 )9 ! dates :i* x cites4 ,v _m vessels 7 wreck$ on ?is dang]\s reef ^: names c\ld nev] be le>n$1 & ( :i* no?+ b portions ( ! drift wood or c>go came a%ore2 & !re h1 no d\bt1 be5 _m %ipwrecks ( :i* n a s+le trace has be5 left4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m probable ?an t _m ( ! =eign vessels ^: c\rse lay ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,iri% ,*annel1 & ^: fate has be5 briefly & vaguely describ$1 z 8f\nd]$ at sea10 h met _! fate on ! infames scopuli ( ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,x is also well kn[n t ! ,tyree ,fi%]m5 7 9 ! con/ant practice ( visit+ ! ,sk]ryvore1 aft] gales1 9 que/ ( wrecks & _! produce1 9 f9d+ :i* !y 7 b too (t5 successful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! natives ( ,tyree h _m traditions ( vessels hav+ /ruck on ! ,sk]ryvore & gone to pieces2 b1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 few traces ( ?is 7 to be f\nd on ! ,rocks !mselves1 ! brea* ( sea :i* sweeps ov] !m dur+ /orms be+ suffici5t to remove any heavy bodies :i* might be left !re aft] a %ipwreck4 ,"s relics1 h[ev]1 7 f\nd dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 & among ! re/ an an*or :i* 0 fi%$ up close to ! ,rock1 & :i* appe>$ to h belong$ to a vessel ( ab\t #aej tons burd54 ,x _h be5 wa/$ to a p]fect %ad[ by ! action ( ! sea1 & 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( seawe$ & b>nacles4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,rocks !mselves d n reta9 ! pro(s ( ! disa/]s ( :i* !y h be5 ! cause1 ! %ores ( ! neighb\r+ ,isl&s1 dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 7 frequ5tly /rew$ ) drift wreck 9 su* a mann] z cle>ly to indicate :at _h tak5 place on ! %oals r\nd ! ,sk]ryvore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on exam9+ ,plate ,,ii41 x w be se5 t :at ,i h hi!rto d5om9at$ ! ,sk]ryvore ,reef1 is a tract ( f\l gr\nd1 consi/+ ( v>i\s small rocks1 "s always above ! level ( ! sea1 o!rs cov]$ at high wat]1 & expos$ only at l[ wat]1 & o!rs1 aga91 con/antly "u ! surface1 b on :i* ! sea is (t5 se5 to break aft] heavy gales f ! we/w>d4 ,?is clu/] ( rocks ext5ds f ,tyree 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 leav+1 h[ev]1 betwe5 t isl& & ! rock call$ ,bo9%ly1 ! fir/ ( ! great ,sk]ryvore clu/]1 a passage ( ab\t five miles 9 bread?1 & hav+ a dep? ( ?irte5 fa?oms at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides1 b n )\t hidd5 dang]s1 :i* l9e ! rugg$ %ores ( ,tyree f ,k5nav>ah to ,b5 ,hyni%1 & "s ( :i* lie f>!r (f ?an might be expect$4 ,?is passage is call$ ! passage ( ,tyree2 b x is by no means safe dur+ /rong & long cont9u$ gales1 z ! sea :i* rises betwe5 ,tyree & ,sk]ryvore1 is su* t no vessel c live 9 x4 ,i h myself (t5 se5 x "o field ( :ite brok5 wat]1 ! :ole way f ,tyree to ! ,rock2 & we "k t ! wreck ( ! ,maje/ic1 :i* occurr$ 9 #ahda1 dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 0 entirely caus$ by ! heavy seas :i* %e enc\nt]$ (f ,bo9%ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal rocks ( ! gr\p1 are call$ ,bo9%ly1 ,bo-rhua1 & ,sk]ryvore1 :ile ^? ly+ to ! we/w>d1 :i* h be5 m rec5tly laid d[n1 h receiv$ ! names ( ,mack5zie1 ,fresnel1 & ,/ev5son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rock call$ ,bo9%ly lies ab\t #c miles f ,sk]ryvore1 & is ( consid]able ext5t4 ,! orig9 ( ! names ( ! diff]5t rocks 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tyree is by no means cle>1 & v little assi/ance or in=mation is to be obta9$ 9 ?is matt] f ! natives4 ,! "n ( ,bo9%ly is probably d]iv$ f ! ,gaelic words b\n1 signify+ bottom1 & slighe1 deceitful1 z indicative ( ! dang]s ( ! place2 b o!r int]pretations h be5 put on x1 & t :i* has be5 n[ giv5 is by no means c]ta94 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! survey1 sev]al s\nd+s 7 at consid]able risk obta9$1 bo? ^u ?is ,rock itself1 & 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! sea 9 t expos$ situation is seldom s tranquil z to w>rant an attempt to approa* v ne> ?is ,rock4 ,! swell1 :i*1 9 a great] or less degree1 almo/ con/antly prevails1 is apt to impel1 or seem+ly draw ! boat z by a k9d ( suction1 ^u ! rock2 & sometimes su* accid5ts _c be prev5t$1 ev5 al?\gh ! greate/ caution is us$4 ,sudd5 lifts ( ! sea1 dur+ an app>5t calm1 are common 9 all ! m expos$ p>ts ( ! coa/1 m especially 9 ! ,orkney & ,zetl& ,isles1 & on ! %ores ( ! mo/ we/]n ( ! ,hebrides2 & any "o mu* accu/om$ to ! use ( boats on ^! %ores1 mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! haz>d ( enc\nt]+ su* unexpect$ ris+s ( ! sea1 m especially ne> %elv+ rocks1 or 9 rapid tide-ways4 ,9 "s places ! boatm5 apply ! "n ( lumps to ^! sudd5 waves4 ,?is effect is n felt to ! same ext5t 9 attempt+ to rea* a rock :i* is p>tially uncov]$ at l[ wat]1 z a l&+ c1 9 su* a case1 (t5 be effect$ on "o side1 at a "t :5 ! same rock on ! opposite side1 or a sunk rock j topp+ ) ! wat]1 w\ld1 on e side1 be q unapproa*able4 ,f ! s\nd+s m>k$ on ! plan1 x w be se5 t %oal wat] ext5ds all r\nd ,bo9%ly to di/ances v>y+ f a qu>t] to half a mile4 ,! sea breaks on ! rock ) great viol5ce1 & its position c easily be discov]$ f ! isl& ( ,tyree by ! :ite foam ) :i* x is almo/ con/antly surr\nd$1 & :i*1 9 ! heavy swells :i* sometimes accompany a dead calm1 be=e or aft] a heavy gale ( w9d1 rises to a prodigi\s height 9 a column or jet1 resembl+1 at a di/ance1 ! play ( a gigantic f\nta94 ,s high1 inde$1 does ! sea rise on ?is %oal aft] heavy gales1 t x (t5 q obscures ! l>g] & m di/ant object ( ! ,rock & ,t[] ( ! ,sk]ryvore1 ev5 :5 view$ f ! top ( ,b5 ,hyni% 9 ,tyree4 ,! wood5 b>rack erect$ on ! ,sk]ryvore = ! use ( ! workm5 dur+ ! progress ( ! op]ations1 al?\gh ab\t sixty feet 9 height1 0 (t5 lo/ sight ( at ,tyree by ! upris+ ( ! sea on ,bo9%ly1 & c\ld be se5 only dur+ ! calm t int]v5es betwe5 return+ waves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next ,rock t occurs is ,bo-rhua1 a "n d]iv$ f ! ,celtic1 & signify+1 accord+ to ! natives1 ,r$ ,rock4 ,x lies ab\t #b miles f ,bo9%ly1 & ab\t "o mile f ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,! passage betwe5 x & ,bo9%ly is cle>1 & has a dep? ( ab\t f\rte5 fa?oms2 b x is too n>r[ to be safely navigat$ except by daylight1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 & !n no m>9] w\ld run ! risk ( tak+ su* a passage1 b w\ld pref]1 ev5 at "s sacrifice ( "t1 ! fairway ( ! passage ( ,tyree4 ,bo-rhua is completely cov]$ at high1 b is dry at l[ wat]4 ,! ext5t ( rock uncov]$ is ab\t =ty feet by tw5ty feet1 & ! highe/ po9t ( x is ab\t six feet above l[ wat] level ( spr+ tides4 ,a small outly+ p9nacle1 ab\t t5 feet squ>e1 is also uncov]$ at l[ wat]4 ,! dep? imm$iately r\nd ,bo-rhua is consid]able1 f ?ree to sev5 fa?oms be+ f\nd )9 fifty feet ( x2 & 9 ?is respect x diff]s f ,bo9%ly1 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 is surr\nd$ by %oal wat] = "s di/ance4 ,betwe5 ,bo-rhua & ,sk]ryvore1 h[ev]1 :i* is a di/ance ( ab\t a mile1 !re _c prop]ly be said to be any cle> navigable *annel1 z w be di/9ctly se5 by ref]r+ to ! plan4 ,! :ole ( ?is tract may1 9 fact1 be t]m$ f\l gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sk]ryvore or *ief rock1 & ! deta*$ rocks imm$iately surr\nd+ x1 7 survey$ ) great] m9ut5ess ?an ! o!rs1 z x 0 at once app>5t1 t on ?is "p ( ! reef alone c\ld a suitable site = a ligh?\se be f\nd4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,gaelic1 & signifies ! ,great ,rock4 ,x is v mu* wa/$ & cut up2 ! numb] ( deta*$ rocks1 sunk & expos$1 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 ^: positions 7 det]m9$ dur+ ! survey1 am\nt+ to no few] ?an #acj4 ,! dep? ( wat] betwe5 ^? diff]5t deta*$ fragm5ts1 :i* ext5d ov] a surface ( ab\t a mile 9 l5g?1 by half a mile 9 bread?1 is consid]able1 v>y+ f #b to #h fa?oms at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! surface ( ! ma9 or pr9cipal rock1 on :i* ! ,ligh?\se has be5 plac$1 measures1 at ! l[e/ tides1 ab\t #bhj feet squ>e4 ,x is extremely irregul>1 & is int]sect$ by _m gullies or fissures1 ( consid]able bread?1 & ( unlook$ = dep?1 & :i* leave x solid only to ! ext5t ( #afj feet by #gj feet4 ,! extremity ( "o ( ^! gullies1 at ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! rock1 =ms ! l&+-creek1 :i* is a n>r[ track ( #cj feet wide1 hav+ deep wat]2 &1 ) ! help ( "s artificial cle>+ & dress+1 :i* 0 execut$ ) mu* difficulty1 by bla/+ "u wat]1 :ile ! o!r works 7 9 progress1 its sides & bottom are n[ comp>atively smoo?4 ,at ?is place a l&+ c (t5 be effect$ :5 ! rock is unapproa*able f any o!r qu>t]1 al?\gh great inconv5i5ce is felt f ! surge1 :i* f9ds its way f ! opposite side ( ! rock1 ?r\gh ! we/w>d op5+ ( ! gulley 9 :i* ! l&+-place is situat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r ( ! gullies1 imm$iately to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! ,ligh?\se1 0 f\nd1 on exam9ation1 to und]m9e ! rock to ! ext5t ( eight or t5 feet1 & to t]m9ate 9 a holl[ subm>9e *amb]1 :i* ?rew up a sp\t or jet ( wat] ab\t tw5ty feet high1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! ,geys] ( ,icel&1 & accompani$ by a l\d s\nd l ! snort+ ( "s sea mon/]4 ,! effect ( ?is m>9e jet d'eau 0 at times extremely beautiful1 ! wat] be+ s mu* brok5 z to =m a sn[-:ite & opaque pill>1 surr\nd$ by a f9e vap\r1 9 :i*1 dur+ sun%9e1 beautiful ra9b[s 7 obs]v$4 ,b its beauties by no means reconcil$ u to ! inconv5i5ce & discom=t x occasion$1 by dr5*+ u :5ev] our "w c>ri$ u ne> x4 ,"o calm day ,i contriv$1 at a v l[ tide1 by means ( ropes & a ladd]1 to explore ! int]ior ( ! cav]n1 f :i* ?is f\nta9 rose1 & f\nd x to t]m9ate 9 a poli%$ sph]ical *amb]1 ab\t sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 its floor fill$ ) b\ld]s1 ^: incessant play _h holl[$ x out ( ! ve9$ rock1 & r5d]$ its int]ior beautifully smoo? & glassy4 ,z ,i consid]$ t ?is curi\s cav]n p5etrat$ too f>1 & came too close to :at ,i _h select$ z ! be/ f\ndation1 ,i *ang$ ! site ( ! t[]1 s z to avoid any *ance ( its be+ und]m9$4 ,i also deem$ x prud5t to fill up ! cavity1 to prev5t its fur!r ext5sion1 & at ! same "t to rid ourselves ( ! discom=t ( be+ dr5*$ by ! column ( wat] :i* sp\t$ up f x1 ev5 dur+ f9e wea!r1 :5 ! sea 0 app>5tly calm4 ,?is gulley af=ds a good example ( ! p[] ( pebbles kept con/antly 9 play by ! waves to we> d[n ! h>de/ rock1 & %ews :at ext5sive effects s insignificant an ag5t may effect 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ! excavation = ! f\ndation ( ! t[] 0 made1 a s+le conical loaf ( rock1 ab\t five feet 9 diamet]1 rose to ! height ( eighte5 feet above ! level ( high wat]1 ! great] "p ( ! re/ ( its surface be+ ab\t six feet above ! tide m>k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 addition to its %att]$ & disjo9t$ appe>ance1 ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock pres5ts1 9 ano!r respect1 a /rik+ example ( ! action ( ! sea1 :i* no "o1 on fir/ l&+ on ! rock1 c fail to p]ceive4 ,i allude to ! glassy smoo?ness ( its surface1 a feature t exi/$ to s rem>kable an ext5t z to h prov$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole duration ( ! "w1 b m especially at its comm5cem5t1 a s]i\s ob/acle & h9drance to ! op]ations4 ,x may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> /range t ?is grievance %\ld h be5 s mu* felt2 b1 :5 ,i m5tion t ! l&+s 7 (t5 made 9 v bad wea!r1 x w be obvi\s t !re 0 consid]able dang] 9 spr++ a%ore f a boat 9 a heavy surf ^u an irregul> mass ( rock z smoo? & slipp]y z ice4 ,! workm5 71 9 t respect1 (t5 sorely tri$1 & _m inconv5i5t accid5ts occurr$ f falls4 ,x 0 aft] "o ( ^! trials ( pati5ce1 t ! =eman ( ! masons 0 he>d v graphically to describe a l&+ on ! rock z 8l climb+ up ! side ( a bottle40 ,in/ead ( a wea!r-beat5 rock1 :it5$ by ! dung ( sea-f[ls1 & ) m>9e cru/acea adh]+ to x1 ! surface ( ! ,sk]ryvore is smoo?ly poli%$ by ! action ( ! waves1 e project+ angle or po9t is worn d[n1 & ! :ole pres5ts m ! appe>ance ( a mass ( d>k-col\r$ glass ?an a reef ( gneiss-rock4 ,except+ 9 "s ( ! m %elt]$ crevices1 no m>9e cru/acea f9d %elt]2 b diff]5t k9ds ( sea-plants gr[ ^u x1 9 great abundance1 at & bel[ ! l[ wat] m>k4 ,^! plants are1 d\btless1 enabl$ to resi/ ! action ( ! waves 9 ! same way z ! sapl+1 yield+ to ! bla/1 is pres]v$ dur+ ! /orm t uproots ! ag$ & m /ubborn oak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rocks ( ,sk]ryvore h ! same *>act]i/ics z ^? ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,tyree1 be+ :at we may1 p]haps1 call a sy5itic gneiss1 z x consi/s ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 hornbl5de1 & also mica4 ,x w be se51 f ! n>rative ( ! progress ( ! works1 t ?is rock 01 f its h>dness1 exce$+ly difficult & t$i\s to excavate4 ,! only v>iation 9 ! geology ( ! ,sk]ryvore1 is ! pres5ce ( a trap rock1 9 ! =m ( a dyke ( basalt1 :i* int]sects ! /rata1 & exhibits a f9e specim5 ( ! intrusion ( igne\s rocks4 ,x is %ewn 9 ,plate1 ,no4 ,,iii41 by a ?ick black l9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,connect$ ) ?is g5]al view ( ! appe>ance & geology ( ! rock1 x may be int]e/+ also to notice1 t a consid]able mass ( =eign matt]1 some:at resembl+1 9 its /ructure1 a deposit ( lime1 0 f\nd 9 diff]5t places re/+ 9 horizontal lay]s ( v>i\s ?ickness & size4 ,?is sub/ance 0 f\nd 9 pools or %elt]$ p>ts ( ! rock1 ab\t ! level ( high wat] m>k1 &1 9 "s cases1 ev5 a little bel[ x4 ,x 0 s h>d z to admit ( a pretty high degree ( poli%2 & emitt$ an (f5sive od\r on be+ burn$ 9 ! fire1 or rubb$ on a /one ) wat]4 ,x gave o!r cle> indications ( conta9+ animal matt]1 & 9 o!r respects resembl$ ! b]gmeal & guano4 ,to acc\nt = its pres5ce 9 su* a situation1 seems r a difficult problem4 ,on s5d+ a specim5 ( ?is mat]ial to my fri5d ! ,rev4 ,dr ,flem+1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 ,i receiv$ f him an analysis ( ! sub/ance1 & a concurr5ce 9 ! op9ion ,i _h =m$ z to its conta9+ animal matt]2 & ,dr ,flem+1 inde$1 express$ 8 belief t ! matt] 9 "q is ! indurat$ soil ( birds1 & _h be5 deposit$ :5 ! reef 0 m ext5sive1 & ! resort1 & probably ! bre$+-place ( sea-f[ls4#c ,h[ ?is s+ul> =mation %\ld be f\nd on ! v]ge ( ! ocean1 & ev5 )9 ! high wat] m>k1 9 spite ( w9ds & waves1 or h[ x %\ld h assum$ ! /ratifi$ /ructure :i* seems to indicate ! depositation ( successive lay]s 9 /ill wat]1 are matt]s v difficult to be expla9$1 )\t com+ to ! conclusion1 t ! uncov]$ surface ( ,sk]ryvore ,rock mu/ at "s di/ant p]iod h be5 mu* m ext5sive ?an at pres5t1 s z to p]mit ! deposit to g on 9 an int]ior bas9 or lagoon1 %elt]$ f ! waves1 & some:at simil> to ^? :i* ,dr ,d>w9 has describ$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,coral ,isles ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is supposition seems n at all improbable1 z x does n require a great /ret* ( fancy to conceive1 t at "s p]iod1 ! :ole ( ! rocks 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,sk]ryvore1 & ext5d+ p]haps ev5 s f> z ,bo-rhua1 may h be5 connect$ by a matrix ( s(t] mat]ials1 :i* h gradually yield$ to ! action ( ! sea1 leav+ ! h>d] portions to be smoo!d & poli%$ by ! waves1 & to assume ! *>act]i/ic features ( p]man5t rocks & sunk reefs :i* !y n[ possess4 ,!re is also "s c\nt5ance to su* a view to be d]iv$ f ! features ( ! neighb\r+ ,isl& ( ,tyree1 :i* conta9s num]\s small lagoons1 9 :i* su* deposits might be =m$ by ! flocks ( sea f[l :i* frequ5t !m4 ,"s ( ^! pools are s ne> ! %ore1 z to make x no difficult matt] to conceive t _! walls might be brok5 by ! sea1 & t !y might ev5tually become "p ( x1 & ?us exhibit ! ph5om5on ( deposits app>5tly lacu/r9e )9 ! v]ge ( ! ocean4 #c ,dr ,flem+ has s9ce obta9$ f ,i*aboe indurat$ bird-soil or guano1 closely resembl+ t f ! ,sk]ryvore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r rem>kable feature :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 0 a deposit ( gravel 9 ! n>r[ crevices ( ! rock1 :i* run ne>ly f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 dipp+ at an angle ( #hj to ! we/w>d4 ,9 almo/ all ( ! fissures we f\nd great quantities ( small wat] worn b\ld]s1 less 9 size ?an a horsebean1 & g5]ally ( ! same mat]ials z ! rock itself4 ,! b\ld]s bore ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 =c$ into ! fissures ( ! rock by "s v p[]ful pressure1 & 7 w$g$ h>d into ! crevices4 ,9 "s cases a consid]able quantity ( s(t] matt] conta9+ iron 0 f\nd1 & 9 x ! pebbles 7 imb$d$4 ,9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! rock ! crevices sw>m$ ) c5tip$es ( a r$di%-br[n col\r4 ,! rock 0 cov]$ ) sea f[l :5 fir/ visit$1 & dur+ heavy gales seals resort$ to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ?ree miles to ! we/w>d ( ,sk]ryvore lie ,mack5zie's ,rock1 ,fresnel's ,rock1 & ,/ev5son's ,rock1 :i*1 z w be se5 f ,plate ,,ii41 are connect$ by a tract ( f\l gr\nd ( ab\t a mile & a qu>t] 9 l5g?4 ,^? rocks are ! we/]n limit ( :at we h already d5om9at$ ! ,sk]ryvore ,reef4 ,! passage betwe5 !m & ! ,sk]ryvore or ma9 rock is cle>1 & has a dep? ( wat] v>y+ f elev5 to tw5ty-eight fa?oms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mack5zie's ,rock1 :i* d]ives its "n f ! celebrat$ ,m>9e ,surveyor1 is uncov]$1 at l[ wat]1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t =ty y>ds1 & consi/s ( scatt]$ pat*es ( rock1 "o ( :i*1 at its highe/ "p1 rises ab\t t5 feet above high wat] m>k ( spr+-tides4 ,fresnel's & ,/ev5son's ,rocks are always "u wat]2 b ! sea is (t5 se5 to break viol5tly ov] !m1 z well z ov] ! :ole /ret* ( ! sunk5 reefs :i* ext5d betwe5 !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^? rocks is indebt$ = its "n to ! great optical philosoph]1 :o s greatly improv$ ligh?\ses2 & ! second be>s ! "n ( ! surveyor :o fir/ laid d[n ! rock1--! late ,eng9e] ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! survey1 a regi/] ( ! rise & fall ( ! tides 0 regul>ly kept at ,hyni% on ! neighb\r+ ,isl& ( ,tyree2 & f ^? obs]vations x 0 det]m9$1 t ! rise at t place is betwe5 twelve & ?irte5 feet at high spr+ tides1 & ?ree feet at dead l[ neap tides2 & obs]vations subsequ5tly made :ile ! works 7 9 progress1 gave ! same results at ! ,rock ( ,sk]ryvore4 ,x is high wat] at ! ,rock at full & *ange ( ! moon1 at five h\rs & tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,! tides r\nd ! ,sk]ryvore are n rem>kable = _! rapidity4 ,9 spr+-tides ! velocity is betwe5 f\r & five miles1 & 9 neap-tides betwe5 two & ?ree miles an h\r4 ,! flood sets to ! ,n4,n4,e41 & ! ebb to ! ,s4,s4,w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,arrangem5ts ,,& ,,works1 ,,includ+ ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,rocks1 ,,& ,,op5+ ,,( ,,qu>ries1 ,,f #ahcd to #ahcg4 ,survey ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rocks4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all v briefly notice ^? prelim9>y arrangem5ts :i* may be said to h be5 9 a great measure prep>atory to ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w itself4 ,x has be5 already /at$1 t ! erection ( ! ,ligh?\se 0 provid$ = 9 ! ,act ( #ahad2 b s =midable did ?is "w appe>1 t al?\gh x 0 repeat$ly "u consid]ation1 x 0 n until ! ,g5]al ,meet+ ( ! ,bo>d1 on ! #h? ,july #ahcd1 t any measures 7 tak5 to c>ry into effect ! provisions ( ! ,act4 ,on t occasion x 0 mov$ by ! late ,mr ,,macono*ie1 ,%]iff ( ,orkney & ,zetl&1 t ! ,eng9e] %\ld be in/ruct$ to make ! necess>y survey1 & to report z to ! exp5se ( erect+ ! ,ligh?\se4 ,9 t]ms ( ?is remit1 ! survey ( ! ,rocks 0 comm5c$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahcd2 b f ! brok5 /ate ( ! wea!r1 little 0 effect$ at t "t beyond mak+ ! triangulation2 & x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ahce t ! survey 0 complet$ f :i* ! ,*>t1 ,plate ,no4 ,,ii4 0 con/ruct$4 ,?is survey 0 att5d$ ) mu* m lab\r ?an its ext5t w\ld lead "o to suppose1 9 consequ5ce ( its embrac+ ! entire range ( op]ations requir$ 9 a m ext5sive nautical survey1 & comb9+ ) ! ord9>y details requir$ = a ,*>t1 ! m9ute accuracy 9 reg>d to surface & levels1 :i* are always necess>y = ! purposes ( ! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ /ep 0 ! measurem5t ( a base l9e 9 ! l[ l&s ( ! adjo9+ ,isl& ( ,tyree1 :i*1 ow+ to ! di/ance & disadvantage\s position ( t isl&1 c\ld n be satisfactorily ext5d$ to ! ,rock )\t fix+ /ations 9 "s ( ! m di/ant isl&s2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w n few] ?an tw5ty l& triangles 7 measur$4 ,! calculations ( ! di/ances f\nd$ on ?is triangulation agre$ ) ^? aft]w>ds obta9$ f ! data ( ! ,trigonometrical ,survey1 :i* 7 k9dly furni%$ to me by ,capta9 ,yoll& ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 9 #ahdc4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ ! s\nd+s & lay+ d[n ! sunk5 rocks1 an entirely sep>ate triangulation1 bas$ ^u & connect$ ) t :i* has already be5 notic$1 became necess>y1 z ! l& objects 7 too di/ant1 & _! relative positions 7 su* z to r5d] x difficult by obs]vations f !m alone to det]m9e any /ations on ! sea4 ,buoys 7 !re=e moor$ at conv5i5t po9ts1 & _! positions det]m9$ by a subsidi>y triangulation1 s z to =m a net-"w ( triangles betwe5 ! %ore & ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,! di/ances betwe5 ^! buoys 7 aft]w>ds us$ z ! bases ( imag9>y triangles1 hav+ po9ts ( s\nd+ or %oals 9 _! apex2 & ! angles subt5d$ by ^? di/ances be+ measur$ by ! sextant1 ! positions ( ! %oals or s\nd+s 7 !nce easily d$uc$ & protract$ on ! ,*>t4#d ,9 connection also ) ! s\nd+s ^: positions 7 det]m9$ 9 ! way above describ$1 a complete set ( tide obs]vations 0 made1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( ab\t six weeks4 ,^? tide obs]vations 7 connect$ 9 po9t ( "t1 ) ! s\nd+s1 & 7 employ$ z ! means ( correct+ ! obs]v$ dep?s tak5 ) ! s\nd+-l9e1 s z to give ! true dep? 9 ref]5ce to ! high or l[ wat] ( a giv5 tide4 ,accurate measurem5ts1 & m9ute sections1 7 also made ( ! rocks 9 ref]5ce to ! tide-level1 & m especially ( ! ma9 rock1 on :i* alone x 0 obvi\s1 f ! fir/ inspection1 t ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] c\ld be erect$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is survey1 ! positions ( upw>ds ( #adj rocks 7 det]m9$1 & laid d[n on ! ,*>t1 & #ejj s\nd+s 7 tak51 & _! positions protract$4 ,an int]e/+ fact 0 also notic$ reg>d+ ! mean level ( all ! tides :i* _h be5 wat*$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ab\t six weeks1 z above notic$1 viz41 t ! po9t half way betwe5 ! high & l[ wat] ( e tide is on "o & ! same level4 ,?is fact reg>d+ ! tides 01 x is believ$1 fir/ detect$ by my ,fa!r1 9 ! c\rse ( "s tidal obs]vations :i* he made 9 ! ,dorno* ,fri? 9 #ahcj1 & has s9ce be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=? 9 #ahcc1 & aga9 on ! %ores ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 & at ,liv]pool4 ,! agreem5t ( s _m obs]vations by v>i\s p]sons at places on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,k+dom1 seems to imply ! univ]sality ( ?is ph5om5on 9 ! ,briti% ,seas2 & ! position ( ,sk]ryvore w\ld lead to ! belief1 t x is n conf9$ to n>r[ seas1 b t x exi/s 9 ! ocean4 ,i _c dismiss ! subject ( ! survey1 )\t m5tion+ ! late ,mr ,james ,ritson1 :o act$ z pr9cipal assi/ant surveyor1 & to ^: zeal & intellig5ce s mu* ( its accuracy is to be attribut$4 ,! deep gulley :i* int]sects ! ma9 ,rock f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w41 & across :i* he "o day sprang :ile x 0 fill$ ) a break+ wave1 be>s 8 "n1 z a memorial ( 8 activity & p]sev]ance4 ,at ! close ( ! survey 9 #ahce1 ! /ation-pole 0 left w$g$ & batt$ into "o ( ! fissures or crevices ( ! ,rock1 & a cask ( wat] 0 firmly la%$ to r+-bolts 9 a cleft ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ,rock1 9 ! hope t x might possibly prove useful to "s %ipwreck$ seam54 #d ,vide ,/ev5son's ,m>9e ,survey+ & ,hydrometry4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdb1 p4 #add4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! purposes ( navigation g5]ally1 a survey m]ely indicat+ ! position & ext5t ( ! f\l gr\nd w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 ,b 9 connection ) ! "w :i* 0 ab\t to be comm5c$1 x 0 p>ticul>ly desirable to h exact details ( ! dep?s1 rocks1 & %all[s ( ! surr\nd+ sea1 ) ! nature ( ! bottom1 accurately laid d[n2 & our exp]i5ce dur+ ! c\rse ( ! "w1 m ?an once %ew$ h[ ess5tial 0 ! possession ( m9ute topographic in=mation to ! safety ( ! %ipp+ att5d+ ! works2 m especially z "s ( ! vessels lay v ne> ! rocks1 & 7 frequ5tly driv51 by a sudd5 *ange ( w9d1 to seek %elt]1 dur+ ! d>ke/ nights1 among ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,until ?is "t ! greate/ ignorance prevail$ among/ seam5 z to ! ext5t ( ! ,reef1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 m9utely survey$4 ,( ?is "s pro(s occurr$ ev5 dur+ ! progress ( ! survey2 = sev]al vessels came s ne> ! ,rocks z to cause1 9 ! m9ds ( ! surveyors1 :o witness$ _! tem]ity1 s]i\s fe>s = _! safety4 ,on "o occasion1 9 p>ticul>1 a l>ge vessel belong+ to ,y>m\?1 ) a c>go ( timb]1 0 actually bo>d$ betwe5 ,mack5zie's ,rock & ! ma9 ,rock ( ,sk]ryvore by ! surveyors1 :o w>n$ ! ma/] ( 8 dang] 9 hav+ s ne>ly approa*$ ^! rocks1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* 8 *>t gave no indication4 ,on ano!r occasion1 a vessel belong+ to ,newca/le 0 bo>d$ :ile pass+ betwe5 ,bo-,rhua & ! ma9 ,rock2 & s little1 inde$1 _h ! ma/] 7^: *>t t]m9at$ ) ! ma9 ,rock1 & %ew$ no?+ ( ,bo-,rhua7 be5 dream+ ( dang]1 or fancy+ t he 0 )9 a cable's l5g? ( ! reef1 t he 0 f\nd ly+ at ease on ! companion1 enjoy+ 8 pipe1 ) 8 wife sitt+ beside him knitt+ /ock+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,disadvantages ( ,tyree4 ,mu* prelim9>y inve/igation 0 necess>ily occasion$ by ! difficulties & disadvantages aris+ f ! remote situation ( ! isl& 9 :i* a great "p ( ! works 0 to be c>ri$ on4 ,n only is ! ,rock itself (t5 inaccessible & dang]\s1 be+ surr\nd$ by num]\s %oals1 & visit$ by ! heavie/ seas ( ! ,atlantic2 b :at gave rise to no small "p ( ! difficulties :i* att5d$ ?is "w1 0 ! nature ( ! neighb\r+ ,isl& ( ,tyree4 ,?is isl& is unhappily de/itute ( any %elt] = %ipp+1 a fact :i* 0 notic$ z a h9d]ance to its improvem5t1 upw>ds ( #adj ye>s ago1 by ,m>t91 9 8 well-kn[n description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s4#e ,nor is its int]ior m attractive2 = al?\gh "s p>ts ( ! soil :5 cultivat$ are excell5t1 ! great] "p ( its surface is compos$ ( s&4 ,x 0 !re=e obvi\s1 at a glance1 t ,tyree 0 "o ( ^? places to :i* e ?+ mu/ be br\ght2 & ?is is n mu* to be wond]$ at1 z ! population1 :o1 on a surface n exce$+ #bg squ>e miles1 am\nt$ 9 #ahda to #dfhg s\ls1 lab\r "u all ! disadvantages ( remot5ess f m>kets1 inaccessible %ores & /ormy seas1 & ! (t-recurr+ toil ( seek+ fuel 7( :i* ,tyree itself is de/itute7 f ! ,isl& ( ,mull1 ne>ly #cj miles di/ant1 ?r\gh a /ormy sea4 ,x is said t ?is total abs5ce ( fuel 9 ,tyree is ! result ( ! reckless mann] 9 :i* x 0 wa/$1 9 =m] days1 9 ! prep>ation ( :isky2 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 c]ta9 x is t ! want ( fuel greatly depresses ! condition ( ! p4 ,= our works1 !re=e1 craftsm5 ( e sort 7 to be transport$1 h\ses 7 to be built = _! reception1 provisions & fuel 7 to be import$1 & tools & implem5ts ( e k9d 7 to be made4 #e ,a ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 c41 by ,m4 ,m>t91 ,g5t4 ,london1 #agjc4 ,vide #b;d ,edition ( #agaf1 p4 #bfg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pi] & worky>d at ,hyni% ,tyree4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! survey1 mu* att5tion _h be5 be/[$ ^u ! selection ( a conv5i5t place = a worky>d 9 ,tyree = ! prep>ation ( mat]ials1 & 9 exam9+ its rugg$ %ores 9 que/ ( ! be/ site = a ,h>b\r1 = ! %ipm5t ( ! build+ mat]ials = ! ,rock1 & = ! all-important purpose ( enabl+ ! future att5d+ vessel to lie 9 safety )9 sight ( signals f ! ,rock1 :5 ! ,light %\ld come to be exhibit$ to ! public4 ,! po9t *os5 = ?is e/abli%m5t 0 ,hyni%1 :i*1 ?\gh twelve miles di/ant1 is1 nev]!less1 ! ne>e/ creek to ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 & :i*1 h[ev] expos$ x may be1 if comp>$ ) creeks else:]e dignifi$ ) ! "n ( ,h>b\r1 c]ta9ly af=ds z good prospect ( %elt] z any o!r "p ( ! ,isl& ( ,tyree1 & is1 9 ?is respect1 greatly to be pref]r$ to any o!r place )9 sight ( ! ,rock4 ,a deputation ( ! ,commission]s visit$ ! ,sk]ryvore 9 ! mon? ( ,july #ahcf1 & concurr$ ) ! ,eng9e] 9 reg>d to 8 *oice ( ,hyni% z a site = ! ,h>b\r & e/abli%m5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,qu>ries at ,hyni%4 ,ano!r mo/ important po9t ( inquiry 0 reg>d+ ! mat]ials = build+ ! ,ligh?\se2 & on ?is subject ! sugge/ions 9 a ,report by ! ,eng9e]1 ( ! #ca/ ,decemb] #ahce1 7 foll[$1 :i* propos$ ! op5+ ( qu>ries among ! gneiss rocks ar\nd ,hyni%4 ,mu* facility 0 af=d$ by ! lib]ality ( ! late ,duke ( ,argyll1 ! proprietor ( ,tyree1 :o grant$ to ! ,commission]s free p]mission 8to qu>ry mat]ials = ! purpose ( ! ,ligh?\se1 on any "p ( ! ,argyll e/ates40 ,?is fre$om 0 g5]\sly cont9u$ by ! pres5t ,duke1 :o has all along tak5 a lively int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! works4 ,9 t]ms1 !re=e1 ( ! ,eng9e]'s recomm5dations conta9$ 9 ! above notic$ ,report1 ,mr ,james ,scott & f\rte5 qu>ri]s 7 employ$1 dur+ ! summ]s ( #ahcf & #ahcg1 9 op5+ qu>ries1 ) v promis+ appe>ances ( f9al success1 among ! gneiss rocks ne> ,hyni% ,po9t4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahcg1 ,mr ,scott & 8 p>ty turn$ out ab\t #chjj cubic feet ( rock1 capable ( be+ appli$ to ! purposes ( squ>$ masonry1 & a v l>ge quantity ( /ones fit = rubble "w4 ,?is produce1 al?\gh small1 if contra/$ ) t ( e/abli%$ qu>ries1 is by no means despicable1 :5 ! =ce employ$ & all ! disadvantages ( ! situation are consid]$2 & if ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 :i* is full ( r5ts & fissures 7te*nically call$ dries & cutt]s71 ! frequ5t deceptions att5d+ ! op5+ ( new qu>ries1 ! excessive h>dness & unworkable nature ( ! rock1 ! quality & size ( ! blocks requir$ to entitle !m to claim a place 9 a m>9e t[]1 & ! great loss ( "t1 caus$ by ! badness ( ! wea!r1 be consid]$1 x w n appe> t ,mr ,scott & 8 p>ty _h be5 eat+ ! bread ( idl5ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! mean "t1 measures _h be5 tak5 = obta9+ f 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll a feu ( fifte5 acres ( gr\nd at ,hyni%1 = c>ry+ on ! works1 ) a view to its be+ f9ally occupi$ z an e/abli%m5t = ! crew ( ! vessel :i* 0 to att5d ! ,ligh?\se1 & ! families ( ! f\r lightkeep]s1 z well z = ! site ( ! h>b\r4 ,to ?is 0 add$ a lease ( ?irty acres1 = ! v>i\s purposes connect$ ) a worky>d1 & su* an e/abli%m5t z seem$ necess>y = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,a subject ( anxi\s delib]ation ) ! ,bo>d1 0 ! con/ruction ( ! h>b\r at ,hyni% = ! vessels engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! "w2 & ! ,commission]s1 on ! #bd? ,may #ahcg1 au?oriz$ ! ,eng9e] to make arrangem5ts = comm5c+ ! =mation ( ! ,pi]4 ,! "w 01 accord+ly1 und]tak51 9 t]ms ( 8 ,reports ( ! #ca/ ,decemb] #ahce1 & #bg? ,febru>y #ahcf2 & ! summ] ( #ahcg 0 *iefly occupi$ 9 prep>+ a :>f1 mo/ly compos$ ( pi]res-p]dues1#f & 9 ! op5+ ( ! qu>ry already notic$4 ,su* may s]ve z a brief & some:at desultory notice ( ! "w dur+ ! seasons ( #ahcf & #ahcg1 aft] :i* x appe>$ to ! ,bo>d t ! op]ations mu/ soon assume su* an aspect z to require ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a committee ( _! numb]1 z well z t ( an ,eng9e] specially entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( ! "w4 #f ,blocks r\gh f ! qu>ry1 :i* are dropt or ?r[n promiscu\sly into ! sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sk]ryvore ,committee appo9t$4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,bo>d1 on ! #h? ,decemb] #ahcg1 a ,committee ( _! numb] 0 accord+ly nam$1 to sup]9t5d ! erection ( ! ,ligh?\se4 ,?is ,committee consi/$ (--,,rob]t ,,bruce1 ,esq41 ,%]iff ( ,argyll%ire2 ,,&rew ,,murray1 ,esq41 ,%]iff ( ,ab]de5%ire2 ,,rob]t ,,?omson1 ,esq41 ,%]iff ( ,cai?ness2 & ! late ,,james ,,macono*ie1 ,esq41 ,%]iff ( ,orkney & ,zetl&2 &1 %ortly aft] its appo9tm5t1 ! ,committee1 on ! motion ( ,mr ,,bruce1 ! ,*airman1 appo9t$ me ,eng9e] = ! "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! fir/ matt]s :i* engag$ ! att5tion ( ?is ,committee1 0 a ,report f ! ,eng9e]1 dat$ ! #cj? ,janu>y #ahch1 9 :i* ! necessity ( erect+ a wood5 b>rack1 z a place ( %elt] = ! workm5 on ! ,rock1 0 po9t$ out2 ! g5]al arrangem5ts = c>ry+ on ! op]ations 7 describ$2 & ! build+ ( a /eam-t5d]1 to act z a t[+ vessel = ! /one light]s betwe5 ! worky>d 9 ,tyree & ! ,rock1 0 also recomm5d$4 ,! ,report 0 accompani$ by a detail$ requisition or e/imate = ! op]ations ( ! ensu+ season1 am\nt+ to ,l4#ae1jjj 3 #c 3 #c2 ( :i* sum x 0 propos$ to exp5d ab\t "o-?ird 9 build+ a /eam-t5d]1 & ! re/ 9 erect+ ! wood5 b>rack on ! ,rock1 & 9 provid+ tools & mat]ials = ! "w1 z well z 9 ! wages ( m5 to be employ$ 9 prep>+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 & 9 build+ ! ,pi]1 & dress+ /ones at ,hyni%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,committee1 aft] consid]able delib]ation1 sanction$ ! v>i\s items ( ! e/imate1 b hesitat$ to emb>k 9 ! exp5se ( build+ a /eam]1 until a fruitless correspond5ce ) v>i\s ports ( ! k+dom1 ) ! view ( pur*as+ an old vessel1 satisfi$ !m ( ! necessity ( build+ a t5d] expressly = ! purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,(f]s 7 imm$iately receiv$ f v>i\s p>ties at ,gre5ock = ! prep>ation ( ! wood5 b>rack1 :i* 0 soon aft]w>ds comm5c$ by ! late ,mr ,john ,flem+1 h\se-c>p5t]1 :o 0 ! successful competitor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,ligh?\se ,,t[]s4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i purpose1 9 ! fir/ place1 to make a few obs]vations reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( ,ligh?\se ,t[]s 9 situations :i* are expos$ to ! assault ( ! waves1 & aft]w>ds to give a %ort notice ( ! design :i* ,i adopt$ = ! ,t[] on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,9 mak+ a design = a ,ligh?\se ,t[] 9 an expos$ situation1 num]\s consid]ations at once pres5t !mselves to ! ,eng9e]2 & x is difficult to assign to any "o ( !m a priority 9 ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ev5tually conducts him to ! =mation ( 8 plan4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two classes3--#a/1 ,^? :i* ref] to elem5ts common to ,ligh?\ses 9 all situations1 & diff] only 9 am\nt1 su* z ! height ( ! ,t[] necess>y = comm&+ a giv5 visible horizon1 & ! accommodation requir$ = ! ,lightkeep]s & ! ,/ores2 &1 #b;d1 ,^? :i* are peculi> to ,t[]s 9 expos$ situations1 & :i* ref] solely to _! fitness to resi/ ! =ce ( ! waves :i* t5d to de/roy !m4 ,! fir/ class ( consid]ations is s extremely simple1 z to require few rem>ks 9 ?is place4 ,! di/ance at :i* x is desirable t a light %\ld be visible be+ asc]ta9$1 ) ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! surr\nd+ seas & ! ext5t to :i* any dang]\s or f\l gr\nd lies seaw>d ( ! propos$ ,ligh?\se1 ! height ( ! ,t[] is at once det]m9$ by means ( ! kn[n relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! sph]oidicity ( ! e>?1 ! effects ( atmosph]ic refraction1 & ! height requir$ = an object :i* is to be se5 f a giv5 di/ance4 ,! "q reg>d+ ! space to be provid$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,t[]1 c only be prop]ly answ]$ by a p]son :o has a m9ute practical acqua9tance ) ! peculi> wants & ! int]nal economy ( ,ligh?\ses4 ,! accommodation requir$ = ,ligh?\ses 9 expos$ situations mu/1 9 a consid]able degree1 dep5d ^u ! great] or less facility ( access to !m1 & ! opportunities = repl5i%+ ! /ores ( all k9ds :i* are 9 daily consumption4 ,9 su* places1 also1 ! risk ( accid5ts naturally leads to ! precaution ( reta9+ additional ,lightkeep]s1 & ( hav+ duplicates or ev5 triplets ( ^? p>ts ( ! app>atus t are liable to be injur$4 ,( su* circum/ances1 correspond+ ext5sion ( ! space devot$ to ! reception ( ,/ores & ! accommodation ( ! ,lightkeep]s1 is ! necess>y consequ5ce4 ,9 ! long nights ( a ,scot* w9t]1 :5 ! lamps are kept burn+ = ab\t sev5te5 h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t !y are nev] left = a mom5t )\t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( at lea/ "o ,keep]1 ! c>e ( ! light1 ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\rable situations1 necess>ily occupies at lea/ two p]sons2 b 9 places l ! ,eddy/one1 ! ,bell ,rock1 & ! ,sk]ryvore1 :]e x sometimes happ5s t six or eight weeks elapse )\t its be+ possible to effect a l&+1 x has be5 ?\ght necess>y t !re %\ld nev] be few] ?an ?ree ,keep]s on duty4 ,?is addition to ! ord9>y e/abli%m5t ( a ,ligh?\se calls = a great] numb] ( sleep+-cab9s1 &1 at ! same "t1 involves a correspond+ increase 9 ! supply ( wat]1 fuel & o!r provisions1 requir+ mu* additional /[age4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 a ,light ,t[] 9 an expos$ situation1 diff]s f "o on %ore only 9 ! ext5t ( its int]nal accommodation4 ,! second class ( consid]ations1 :i* mu/ guide ! ,eng9e] 9 fram+ a design = a ,light ,t[] :i* is expos$ to ! =ce ( ! waves1 ref]s solely to ! /ability ( ! build+4 ,! fir/ obs]vation :i* mu/ occur to any "o :o consid]s ! subject is1 t we "k little ( ! nature1 am\nt & modifications ( ! =ces1 on ! prop] inve/igation ( :i* ! application ( ! pr9ciple :i* regulates ! con/ruction mu/ be bas$4 ,:5 x is recollect$1 t1 s f> f possess+ any accurate in=mation reg>d+ ! mom5tum ( ! waves1 we h little m ?an conjecture to guide u1 x w be obvi\s1 t we are n 9 a situation to e/imate ! p[] or int5sity ( ^? %ocks to :i* ,sea ,t[]s are subject2 & mu* less c we pret5d to deal ) ! v>iations ( ^! =ces :i* %oals & ob/ruct+ rocks produce1 or to det]m9e ! p[] ( ! waves z de/ructive ag5ts4 ,no sy/ematic or intelligible attempt has be5 made practically to measure ! =ce ( ! waves1 s z to furni% ! ,eng9e] ) a con/ant to guide him 9 8 attempts to oppose ! inroads ( ! ocean4 ,! only exp]im5ts1 inde$1 on ! subject1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 are ^? ( ,mr ,?omas ,/ev5son1 ,civil-,eng9e]1 :o _h long ent]ta9$ ! idea ( regi/]+ ! =ce ( ! impulse ( ! waves1 & lately contriv$ an in/rum5t = ! purpose1 :i* he has appli$ at v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,i !re=e gladly avail myself ( ! pres5t opportunity1 to give a brief /atem5t ( ! results indicat$ by x1 z conta9$ 9 a pap] by ! inv5tor1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh ( #bj? ,janu>y #ahde1 & ( :i* a dige/ w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix1 z any attempt to ?r[ light ^u ?is mo/ obscure1 b highly important subject1 _c fail to be int]e/+1 n m]ely to ! philosoph]1 b to ! ,m>9e ,ar*itect4 ,x w\ld naturally be expect$1 t ! =ce ( ! waves %\ld v>y accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>1 & ! nature ( ! exposure1 & ?is expectation is fully ju/ifi$ by ! indications ( ! ,m>9e ,dynamomet]4 ,?us x appe>s1 t dur+ five summ] mon?s ( #ahdc & #ahdd1 ! av]age indications regi/]$ at diff]5t places ne> ,tyree & ,sk]ryvore1 gave #faa lb4 ( pressure p] squ>e foot ( surface expos$ to ! waves2 :ile ! av]age = ! w9t] mon?s = ! same places dur+ ^? two ye>s1 gave #bjhf lb4 p] squ>e foot1 or upw>ds ( ?ree times t ( ! summ] mon?s4 ,x also appe>s1 t ! greate/ result z yet obta9$ at ,sk]ryvore ,rock 0 #dcce lb4 p] squ>e foot2 :ile t obs]v$ on ! ,bell ,rock 0 #cjac lb41 or "o-f\r? "p less ?an t ( ,sk]ryvore4 ,b ^! exp]im5ts h n be5 cont9u$ long en\gh z yet to r5d] !m available = ! ,eng9e]4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our in=mation1 !re=e1 we _c be said to possess ! elem5ts ( exact inve/igation1 & mu/ consequ5tly be guid$ *iefly by ! results ( ^? num]\s cases :i* obs]vation collects1 & :i* reason arranges1 9 ! =m :i* con/itutes :at is call$ pr(essional exp]i5ce4 ,?is k9d ( exp]i5ce c only be acquir$ by long habit 9 c>efully obs]v+ ! appe>ance & effects ( waves 9 diff]5t situations1 & "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,we mu/ att5d to _! magnitude & velocity1 _! level 9 reg>d to ! rocks on :i* !y break1 ! height ( ! spray caus$ by _! collision aga9/ ! %ore1 ! masses ( rock :i* !y h be5 able to move1 & ^? :i* h successfully resi/$ _! assault2 z also1 :]e su* exi/1 ! slopes ( ! %ores produc$ by ! waves1 view$ 9 connection ) ! nature ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! bea*1 ) _m o!r transi5t features :i* an exp]i5c$ eye seizes & fixes 9 ! m9d z elem5ts ( prim>y importance 9 det]m9+ ! p[] ( ! sea to produce c]ta9 effects4 ,su* ph5om5a1 ) all _! features & circum/ances1 we may c>ry 9 our recollection2 & by comp>+ !m ) :at has be5 obs]v$ at places :]e we "k t artificial works h resi/$ ! %ocks ( ! waves1 we may 9 "s cases successfully arrive at a conclusion z to :at works w1 at all ev5ts1 be )9 ! b\nds ( safety4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 9 any case1 v5ture to approa* too ne> ! limit ( /ability1 s long z we cont9ue to lab\r "u our pres5t disadvantages ( defective in=mation on "s ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! inquiry4 ,if x be ask$1 !re=e1 h[ ! size & =m ( build+s expos$ to ! %ock ( ! waves are to be det]m9$1 ! answ] mu/ be1 t1 9 any giv5 case1 ! problem is to be solv$ *iefly by ! union ( an ext5sive k ( :at ! sea has done aga9/ man1 & h[1 & to :at ext5t1 man has succe$$ 9 controll+ ! sea2 toge!r ) a cauti\s comp>ison ( ! circum/ances :i* modify & affect any giv5 case :i* has n be5 ! object ( direct exp]i5ce2 nor does x seem possible z yet to f\nd ! art ( ,eng9e]+1 9 s f> z x ref]s to ?is class ( works1 ^u any m exact basis4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* mu/ ev] att5d su* reason+ c only1 x is obvi\s1 be dispell$ by actual exp]i5ce ( ! result2 & "t only c te/ ! success ( our s*emes 9 cases ( difficulty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a prim>y inquiry1 9 reg>d to ,t[]s 9 an expos$ situation1 is ! "q1 :e!r _! /ability %\ld dep5d ^u _! /r5g? or _! weight2 or1 9 o!r words1 on _! cohesion1 or _! in]tia8 ,9 pref]r+ weight to /r5g?1 we m closely foll[ ! c\rse po9t$ out by ! analogy ( nature2 & ?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z a m]e notional advantage1 = ! m close ! analogy betwe5 nature & our works1 ! less difficulty we %all exp]i5ce 9 pass+ f nature to art1 & ! m directly w our obs]vations on natural ph5om5a be> ^u ! artificial project4 ,if1 = example1 we make a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! =ce ( ! sea1 z ex]t$ on masses ( rock1 & endeav\r to draw f ^! obs]vations "s conclusions z to ! am\nt & direction ( t =ce1 z exhibit$ by ! masses ( rock :i* resi/ x successfully & ! =ms :i* ^! masses assume1 we %all pass naturally to ! det]m9ation ( ! mass & =m ( a build+ :i* may be capable ( oppos+ simil> =ces1 z we conclude1 ) "s reason1 t ! mass & =m ( ! natural rock are expon5ts ( ! am\nt & direction ( ! =ces !y h s long cont9u$ to resi/4 ,x w readily be p]ceiv$1 t we are 9 a v diff]5t & less advantage\s position :5 we attempt1 f su* obs]vations ( natural ph5om5a1 9 :i* weight is solely conc]n$1 to d$uce ! /r5g? ( an artificial fabric capable ( resi/+ ! same =ces2 = we mu/ at once pass f "o category to ano!r1 & endeav\r to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( a comp>atively light object :i* %all be able to su/a9 ! same %ock1 :i* we "k1 by direct exp]i5ce1 may be resi/$ by a giv5 weight4 ,ano!r v obvi\s reason :y we %\ld pref] mass & weight to /r5g?1 z a s\rce ( /ability1 is1 t ! effect ( m]e in]tia is con/ant & un*angeable 9 its nature2 :ile ! /r5g? :i* results1 ev5 f ! mo/ judici\sly dispos$ & well execut$ fixtures ( a comp>atively light fabric1 is con/antly subject to be impair$ by ! loos5+ ( su* fixtures1 occasion$ by ! almo/ incessant tremor to :i* /ructures ( ?is k9d mu/ be subject1 f ! beat+ ( ! waves4#g ,mass1 !re=e1 seems to be a s\rce ( /ability1 ! effect ( :i* is at once appreh5d$ by ! m9d1 z m 9 h>mony ) ! cons]vative pr9ciples ( nature1 & unque/ionably less liable to be det]iorat$ ?an ! /r5g?1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! c>eful proportion & adju/m5t ( p>ts4 #g ,x 0 *iefly on ^! gr\nds t ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights1 aft] consult+ a ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,messrs ,cubitt & ,r5nie1 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 reject$ ! design ( ,capta9 ,sir ,samuel ,br[n1 ,r4 ,n41 :o volunte]$ a proposal to build an ,iron ,pill> at ! "t t ! erection ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se 0 det]m9$ on 9 #ahce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself t weight is ! mo/ eligible s\rce ( /ability1 ! next /ep ( ! ,eng9e] is to inquire :at quantity ( matt] is necess>y to produce /ability1 & :at is ! mo/ advantage\s =m = its arrangem5t 9 a t[]4 ,! fir/ "q1 :i* respects ! mass to be employ$1 is1 z already /at$1 "o ( ! utmo/ difficulty1 & c be solv$ by exp]i5ce alone1 direct$ by t natural sagacity :i* ,smeaton1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 own ?\ghts on ! subject1 ) mu* navet1 t]ms #8feel+s1' 9 contradi/9ction to t m accurate process ( d$uction :i* he calls #8calculation4' ,x is v difficult1 = example1 to conceive t ! waves c\ld displace a cyl9dric block ( granite1 #be feet 9 diamet] & #aj feet high1 :i* w\ld conta9 ab\t #chj tons1 & we almo/ feel t !y c\ld n d s4 ,if1 9 ord] to te/ ! s\ndness ( ?is expectation1 we appeal to su* exp]i5ce z we possess1 & apply to ! l>ge/ v]tical section ( su* a solid1 ! greate/ =ce yet indicat$ by my bro!r's ,m>9e ,dynamomet]1 :i*1 z already /at$1 is #dcce lb4 p] squ>e foot1 we %all obta9 a pressure ( #dhd tons1 :i*1 be+ r$uc$ by "o-half#h = ! loss ( =ce occasion$ by ! convexity ( ! oppos+ cyl9dric surface1 gives #bdb tons1 z ! greate/ =ce ( ! waves t5d+ to displace ! cyl9d]4 ,b 9 ! extreme case we h n[ suppos$ ! solid w be entirely imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 & its effici5t weight w ?us be r$uc$ by #adj tons1 or ! weight ( an equal bulk ( sea-wat]2 & ! rema9+ weight ( #bdj tons1 by :i* x w resi/ ! =ce ( ! waves1 w be almo/ exactly equal to ! pressure :i* !y ex]t4 ,?is imag9>y cyl9d] may1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z /ill )9 ! limits ( safety1 because ! waves c\ld n ov]turn x1 unless _! pressure exce$$ ! weight ( ! block 9 a ratio great] ?an t ( its diamet] to its height1 :i* 9 ?is case is t ( #be to #aj1 or #b times4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to endang] ! /ability ( ! solid by ov]turn+ x1 ! pressure1 in/ead ( be+ #bdj tons1 mu/ be #fjj tons4#i ,we h ?us se51 t ! cyl9d] is secure f ! *ance ( be+ ov]turn$2 b we h yet to consid] h[ f> x is exempt f ! risk ( be+ displac$ by ! pressure ( ! waves1 caus+ x to slide along ! surface ( ! ,rock1 ow+ to defici5cy ( friction betwe5 ! two surfaces 9 contact4 ,! block1 = our pres5t purposes1 may be reg>d$ z monoli?ic1 ei!r be+ really s or z a mass compos$ ( p>ts s unit$ by joggles1 tre5ails & mort>1 z to be free f any t5d5cy to dis9tegration by ! =ce ( ! waves2 & 9 ?is case ! /ability ( ! cyl9d] w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( friction oppos+ ! pressure ( ! waves :i* t5ds to produce a slid+ movem5t4 ,x appe>s1 by "s exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,rondelet1#aj t ! friction ( a block ( /one slid+ on a *isell$ floor ( rock is equal to ?s ( its own weight2 & we %\ld ?us obta9 9 ! pres5t in/ance #afh tons1 z ! am\nt ( friction t5d+ to resi/ ! pressure ( ! waves1 :i* w\ld !re=e ex]t a p[] sup]ior to t resi/ance by #gd tons4#aa ,b ?is excess ( =ce w\ld be easily neutraliz$ by ! adhesion ( ! mort> & ! abutm5t ( ! block aga9/ ! sides ( ! f\ndation pit into :i* ,ligh?\se ,t[]s 9 su* expos$ places are g5]ally sunk 9 ! solid rock4 ,:51 9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 we le>n t ! solid fru/um1 or l[] "p ( ! ,eddy/one ,t[]1 :i* has wea!r$ s _m /orms = ! la/ n9ety ye>s1 does n greatly exce$ 9 mass ! imag9>y cyl9dric block :i* ,i h spok5 (1 our confid5ce 9 ! /ability ( ! cyl9d] is greatly increas$4 ,our belief receives a /ill f>!r confirmation f ! fact1 t ! /ronge/ in/ance record$ ( ! p[] ( ! waves1 falls consid]ably %ort ( ! case :i* we h j imag9$4 ,! in/ance allud$ to is giv5 9 ,mr ,lyell's ,geology1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,rev]5d ,george ,l[1 ( ,fetl>1 9 ,zetl&1 :o m5tions1 t a block1 ^: dim5sions seem to give u reason to e/imate its weight at ne>ly #cjj tons 7or ab\t "o-fif? less ?an t ( ! cyl9d]71 0 mov$ ov] a po9t1 & ?r[n into ! sea2 & x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! =m ( ?is block1 :i* 0 only #e feet ?ick & ab\t #dj feet long1 r5d]$ x v susceptible ( a slid+ motion1 & mu/ h greatly aid$ its transport4 ,we may !re=e n unreasonably conclude1 t1 9 design+ su* a t[]1 x is safe to assume a mass :i* our own judgm5t & record$ facts seem to concur 9 pron\nc+ beyond ! p[] ( ! greate/ waves1 z fix+ ! l[e/ limit to :i* ! cont5ts ( ! propos$ edifice may be r$uc$4 #h ,?is r$uction seems to be w>rant$ by ! results ( "s exp]im5ts ( ,bossut4 #i ,?is is ! product ( #bdj tons1 by ! ratio ( #be4 #aj ,l'art de btir4 #aa ,! numb] #afh is ?s ( #bdj1 :i* is ! weight ( ! cyl9d]1 r$uc$ by ! weight ( an equal bulk ( salt wat]2 & #gd is ! excess ( #bdb tons1 ! pressure ( ! waves1 above #afh1 ! am\nt ( friction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* t5d to increase or dim9i% ! /ability ( ! same mass expos$ to ! same =ces4 ,( ^! a v prom95t "o is ! =m ( ! mass1 :i* may be s modifi$ z to (f] m or less resi/ance to ! =ces :i* assault ! build+4 ,?us a p>allelopip$ w\ld be a mu* less suitable =m = a sea t[] ?an a cyl9d]1 & s proportionally ( all ! polygonal prisms :i* may occur betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,i rememb] hav+ he>d x propos$1 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 by a non-pr(essional fri5d1 t ,ligh?\se ,t[]s might be =m$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ea* horizontal section %\ld be a w$ge ) its n>r[ end direct$ to ! greate/ assault+ =ce4 ,?is notion is 9 itself n de/itute ( +5uity2 =1 if ! circum/ances to :i* x is to be adapt$ 7 con/ant1 we %\ld !reby pres5t ! =m ( lea/ resi/ance1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! greate/ dep? & /r5g? ( ! build+ to ! l9e ( greate/ impulse4 ,b ! notion is :olly impracticable1 because ! direction ( ! w9ds & waves is s v>iable1 z to r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 t a ,t[] s con/ruct$ w\ld1 on "s occasion1 be assault$ 9 ! l9e ( its ?9ne/ section2 & ?us1 :at might 9 "o case be an advantage1 w\ld1 9 ! ev5t ( su* a *ange 9 ! po9t ( attack1 become a great s\rce ( weakness1 z ! flat side ( ! w$ge w\ld !n be oppos$ to ! =ce1 !reby pres5t+ to ! direct assault ( ! waves ! l>ge/ surface1 )1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ disadvantage\s disposition ( ! resi/+ matt]4 ,!re seems little reason1 !re=e1 = any d\bt z to ! circul> section be+ practically ! mo/ suitable = a ,t[] expos$ 9 e direction to ! =ce ( ! waves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next to ?is1 & h>dly to be sep>at$ f x1 inasmu* z x involves ! "q reg>d+ ! =m ( ! ,t[]1 is ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! /ability ( any solid w1 9 g5]al1 greatly dep5d ^u its c5tre ( gravity be+ plac$ z l[ z possible2 & ! g5]al sectional =m :i* ?is notion ( /ability indicates is t ( a triangle4 ,?is figure revolv+ on its v]tical axis1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 g5]ate a cone z ! solid1 :i* has its c5tre ( gravity mo/ advantage\sly plac$1 :ile its r\nd$ cont\r w\ld oppose ! lea/ resi/ance :i* is atta9able 9 e direction4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we make /r5g? or weight ! s\rce ( /ability1 ! conic fru/um seems1 ab/ractly speak+1 ! mo/ advantage\s =m = a high ,t[]4 ,b !re are v>i\s consid]ations :i* concur to modify ?is g5]al conclusion1 &1 9 practice1 to r5d] ! conical =m less eligible ?an might at fir/ be imag9$4 ,( ^! consid]ations1 ! mo/ prom95t !oretically1 al?\gh1 ,i mu/ confess1 n ! mo/ influ5tial 9 guid+ our practice1 is1 t ! base ( ! cone mu/ 9 _m cases meet ! f\ndation on :i* ! ,t[] is to /&1 9 su* a mann]1 z to =m an angul> space 9 :i* ! waves may break ) viol5ce4 ,! second objection is m consid]able 9 practice1 & is f\nd$ on ! disadvantage\s arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1 :i* w\ld take place 9 a conic fru/um c>ri$ to ! great height :i* ,ligh?\se ,t[]s mu/ g5]ally atta91 9 ord] to r5d] !m useful z sea-m>ks4 ,t[>ds its top1 ! ,t[] _c be assault$ ) s great a =ce z at ! base1 or1 r1 its top is entirely above ! %ock ( heavy waves2 &1 z ! conoidal solid %\ld be prolate 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! %ock :i* x mu/ resi/1 x foll[s t1 if ! base be con/ruct$ z a fru/um ( a giv5 cone1 ! top "p ought to be =m$ ( successive fru/a ( o!r cones1 gradually less prolate ?an t ( ! base4 ,b x is obvi\s1 t ! union ( fru/a ( diff]5t cones1 indep5d5tly ( ! objection :i* might be urg$ aga9/ ! sudd5 *ange ( direction at _! junction1 z af=d+ ! waves a po9t = advantage\s assault1 w\ld =m a figure ( inh>moni\s & unpleas+ cont\r1 circum/ances :i* necess>ily lead to ! adoption ( a curve osculat+ ! outl9e ( ! successive fru/a compos+ ! ,t[]2 & h5ce1 we c h>dly d\bt1 has really aris5 9 ! m9d ( ,smeaton ! beautiful =m :i* 8 g5ius inv5t$ = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] ( ! ,eddy/one1 & :i* subsequ5t ,eng9e]s h cont5t$ !mselves to copy1 z ! g5]al outl9e :i* meets all ! conditions ( ! problem :i* !y h to solve4 ,& "h ,i _c help obs]v+1 z an int]e/+1 & by no means unusual1 psy*ological fact1 t m5 sometimes appe> to be conduct$ to a "r conclusion by an errone\s tra9 ( reason+2 & su*1 f 8 8,n>rative10 we are l$ to believe1 mu/ h be5 ! case ) ,smeaton 9 8 own conception ( ! =m mo/ suitable = 8 great "w4 ,9 t 8,n>rative0 7 #ha71 he seems to imply1 t ! trunk ( an oak 0 ! c\nt]p>t or antitype ( t =m :i* 8 7 #bdf7 8feel+s1 r ?an calculations10 l$ him to pref]4 ,n[1 !re is no analogy betwe5 ! case ( ! tree & t ( ! ,ligh?\se1 ! tree be+ assault$ at ! top1 & ! ,ligh?\se at ! base2 & al?\gh ,smeaton goes on1 9 ! c\rse ( ! p>agraph above allud$ to1 to suppose ! bran*es to be cut (f1 & wat] to wa% r\nd ! base ( ! oak1 x is to be fe>$ ! analogy is n !reby /r5g!n$2 z ! mat]ials compos+ ! tree & ! t[] are s diff]5t1 t x is impossible to imag9e t ! same oppos+ =ces c be resi/$ by simil> prop]ties 9 bo?4 ,x is obvi\s1 inde$1 t ,smeaton has unconsci\sly contriv$ to obscure 8 own cle> conceptions 9 8 attempt to connect !m ) a fanci$ natural analogy betwe5 a tree :i* is %ak5 by ! w9d act+ on its bu%y top1 & :i* resi/s its enemy by ! /r5g? ( its fibr\s texture & wide-spread+ ligam5t\s roots1 & a t[] ( masonry1 ^: weight & friction alone enable x to meet ! assault ( ! waves :i* wa% r\nd its base2 & x is v s+ul>1 t1 ?r\gh\t 8 reason+s on ?is subject1 he does n appe> to h reg>d$ ^? prop]ties ( ! tree :i* he has mo/ fitly *>act]iz$ z 8its ela/icity10 & ! 8coh]5ce ( its p>ts40 ,"o is tempt$ to conclude t ,smeaton _h1 9 ! fir/ place1 reason$ q s\ndly1 & arriv$ by a p]fectly legitimate process at 8 true conclusion2 & t x 0 only 9 ! va9 attempt to ju/ify ^! conclusions to o!rs1 & convey to !m conceptions :i* a l>ge class ( m9ds c nev] receive1 t he has misrepres5t$ 8 own mode ( reason+4 ,9 ! p>agraph prec$+ t :i* ref]s to ! tree 7 #hj71 he has1 9 po9t ( fact1 cle>ly develop$ ! true views ( ! subject2 &1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! allusion to ! oak1 he has discuss$ ! "q ?r\gh\t 9 a ma/]ly /yle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! sum ( our k appe>s to be conta9$ 9 ?is proposition--,t1 z ! /ability ( a sea-t[] dep5ds1 ct]is p>ibus1 on ! l[ness ( its c5tre ( gravity1 ! g5]al notion ( its =m is t ( a cone2 b t1 z ! =ces to :i* its sev]al horizontal sections are oppos$ decrease t[>ds its top 9 a rapid ratio1 ! solid %\ld be g5]at$ by ! revolution ( "s curve l9e convex to ! axis ( ! t[]1 & gradually approa*+ to p>allelism ) x4 ,& ?is is1 9 fact1 a g5]al description ( ! ,eddy/one ,t[] devis$ by ,smeaton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a4 ,x is des]v+ ( notice1 z "o ( ! _m pro(s :i* ! records ( antiquity af=d ( ! simil>ity ( ! results ( human ?\ght 9 all ages1 & ( ! tru? ( ! ,wise ,man's say+1 t 8!re is no?+ new "u ! sun10 t ! anci5t ,egyptians appe> to h _h ! same conceptions ( ! solid ( /ability t 7 pres5t to ! m9d ( ! mod]n ,eng9e] ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se4 ,9 ! admirable "w rec5tly publi%$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 he gives1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 second s]ies1 at page #bec1 a wood-cut1 %ew+ ! figure ( ! deity ,p?ah1 "u ! symbol ( /ability1 accord+ to ,egyptian conceptions4 ,?is symbol s closely & /rik+ly resembles ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,eddy/one1 t ,i will+ly give x a place 9 ! text1 7,no4 #a7 d5ud$1 h[ev]1 ( ! arms & head-dress ( ! deity :om x %r\ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 apply+ ^! g5]al notions to ! design ( a ,t[] = ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 ,i 01 ( c\rse1 guid$ by num]\s circum/ances1 :i* modifi$ my views & produc$ ! individual =m ( ,t[] :i* ,i h adopt$4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,smeaton1 :5 8 magnific5t ,t[] 0 light$ by common c&les1 ! application ( optical app>atus to ,ligh?\ses has greatly alt]$ ! /ate ( ! case2 & ! improvem5t ( ! sy/em 9 mod]n times has1 9 mo/ in/ances1 r5d]$ a great] altitude ( ,t[] desirable1 9 ord] to ext5d1 z mu* z possible1 ! b5efit ( a sy/em capable ( illum9at+ ! visible horizon ( any ,t[] :i* human art c reasonably hope to con/ruct4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case ( ! ,sk]ryvore1 also1 ! great di/ance ( ! outly+ rocks 7"s ( :i*1 z w be se5 f ! *>t1 are #c miles "r seaw>d ( ! ,ligh?\se7 concurs ) ! improvem5t ( ! ,lights1 9 mak+ x desirable t ! ,t[] %\ld be ( consid]able height1 & t ! light %\ld comm& an ext5sive range4 ,x 01 !re=e1 f ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! subject1 det]m9$ t ! ,light %\ld be elevat$ ab\t #aej feet above high wat] ( spr+ tides1 s z to illum9ate a visible horizon ( n less ?an #ah miles ( radius2 &1 aft] mu* delib]ation1 & a full consid]ation ( ! infrequ5cy ( communication ) ! propos$ ,ligh?\se f ! great difficulty ( l&+ on ! ,rock1 & ! consequ5t unc]ta9ty ( keep+ up ! supplies1 ,i f\nd t1 = ! conv5i5t accommodation ( ! ,lightkeep]s & ! suitable /[age ( ! /ores1 a void space ( ab\t #ac1jjj cubic feet w\ld be requir$4 ,^! elem5ts be+ fix$1 ! g5]al proportions ( ! ,t[] came next to be consid]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,eddy/one ! radius ( ! base1 at ! level ( high wat] ( spr+ tides1 is some:at less ?an "o-fif? ( ! height ( ! ,t[] above t level2 :ile 9 ! ,bell ,rock1 at ! same level1 x is little m ?an "o-sev5? ( ! height4 ,if1 aga91 we suppose ! curve ( ! ,eddy/one to be cont9u$ d[nw>ds to ! level ( l[ wat]1 ! radius 79 s f> z we may judge f sket*+ ! cont9uation ( a curve undef9$ by any geometrical prop]ty7 w\ld be r m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! :ole height above t level2 :ile 9 ! ,bell ,rock ! proportion1 9 ref]5ce to ! same level1 is a little m ?an "o-fif?4 ,view+ ! :ole height ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[] above high wat] ( spr+ tides z equal to #adb feet1 & f9d+ t1 9 ! cases ( ! ,eddy/one & ! ,bell ,rock1 ! radius ( ! horizontal section at t level is respectively "o-fif? & "o-sev5? ( ! :ole height2 & aga91 view+ ! extreme height ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[] above l[ wat] ( spr+ tides z equal to ab\t #aee feet1 & consid]+ ! proportionate radii ( ! ,bell ,rock & ,eddy/one 79 s f> z ! latt] is asc]ta9able7 z respectively "o-fif? & "o-f\r? ( ! heights ( ! top ( ! masonry above ! level ( l[ wat]1 ,i f9ally decid$ ^u giv+ ! ,t[] at ! ,sk]ryvore su* dim5sions z w\ld n be widely discordant ) ^! g5]al proportions4 ,9 ?is view1 ,i det]m9$ t ! radius ( ! base %\ld n exce$ #bb feet1 on ! level ( ab\t #d feet above ! high wat] m>k1 :]e ,i expect$ to obta9 a solid f\ndation--a base :i* be>s to ! :ole height ( ! ,t[] a proportion some:at less ?an t ( ! ,bell ,rock1 :i* is "o-fif?4 ,x s happ5s1 t ! diamet] adopt$ is ne>ly ! greate/ :i* ! ,rock af=ds2 =1 al?\gh a glance at ! accompany+ plan ( ! ,rock at high wat] 7,plate1 ,no4 ,,iii47 w\ld lead "o to suppose t a m ext5d$ base might h be5 obta9$1 ,i f\nd1 aft] _m c>eful exam9ations ( ! gullies & fissures :i* int]sect x1 t "s ( ! conceal$ fissures run mu* f>!r into ! ,rock ?an might at fir/ be imag9$4 ,! adoption ( a mu* l>g] base1 ev5 _h x be5 o!rwise advisable1 w\ld !re=e h involv$ "s risk ( ! ext]nal r+ ( /ones ( ! l[e/ c\rse giv+ way by ! yield+ ( an uns\nd "p ( ! out] portion ( ! ,rock to ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass1 & might ev5tually h l$ to ! de/ruction ( ! ,t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,! height ( ! ,pill> hav+ be5 f9ally fix$ at #ache feet1 & ! radius ( ! base1 at ! level ( ab\t #d feet above high wat]1 at #ba feet1 ,i next proce$$ to consid] ! details ( its proportions4 ,( ! :ole height ( #ache feet1 #ah 7 to be absorb$ 9 a suitable capital = ! ,pill>1 consi/+ ( a p>apet = ! ,lant]n1 an abacus1 a cavetto1 & a belt sep>at+ ^! f ! %aft4 ,! int]nal void ,i det]m9$ %\ld be #ab feet 9 diamet]1 z ! size mo/ suitable = ! reception ( ! lant]n & app>atus2 & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! *oice ( ab\t #ac1jjj cubic feet ( void already m5tion$1 fix$ ! height ( ! solid fru/um at ! base ( ! ,t[] at ab\t #bf feet above ! f\ndation4 ,hav+ f>!r decid$ t ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! walls1 imm$iately "u ! belt-c\rse :i* sep>ates ! capital f ! %aft1 %\ld n be less ?an #b feet ?ick1 z necess>y to give due solidity & /r5g? to ! walls1 & prev5t1 by ! bread? ( ! jo9ts1 ! p]colation ?r\gh ! walls ( ! wat] :i* might be furi\sly da%$ aga9/ !m 9 /orms1 ,i _h no?+ f>!r to d b to det]m9e ! nature ( ! l9e :i* %\ld connect ! extremities ( ! top & bottom radii ( ! ,pill>4 ,z ,i _h already conclud$ t ?is l9e mu/1 z 9 ! ,eddy/one & ,bell ,rock1 be a curve l9e1 concave to ! sea1 ,i next proce$$ to try ! effects ( v>i\s curves trac$ betwe5 ^! po9ts1 9 giv+ a conv5i5t & advantage\s disposition ( ! mat]ials1 ) reg>d to bo? ! ?ickness ( ! walls & ! mass ( ! solid fru/um at ! base ( ! ,t[]4 ,^! two po9ts1 z w be bett] und]/ood by means ( ! accompany+ diagram 7,no4 #b71 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r v]tically #abjbe feet1 & are horizontally di/ant f ea* o!r #ac feet1 :i* is ! excess ( ! bottom radius ov] t ( ! top ( ! %aft1 or ! consequ5t am\nt ( :at may be call$ ! aggregate slope ( ! wall4 ,! solid g5]at$ by ! revolution ( "s curve l9e ab\t ! v]tical axis ( ! build+ !n becomes ! %aft ( ! pill>4 ,= ?is purpose ,i tri$ f\r diff]5t curves1 ! ,p>abola1 ,log>i?mic1 ,hyp]bola1 & ,con*oid1 figures ( :i*1 ^u ! same scale1 w be f\nd 9 ,plate1 ,no4 ,,iv41 ) ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 :i* 0 c>efully calculat$1 m>k$ on ea*4 ,! log>i?mic curve ,i at once reject$1 f its too ne> approa* to a conic fru/um1 & ! excessive ?ickness ( ! walls :i* su* a figure w\ld produce1 :]e ! holl[ cyl9dric space = ! int]nal accommodation comm5ces at ! level ( #bf feet above ! base4 ,! p>abolic =m displeas$ my eye by ! too rapid *ange ( its slope ne> ! base2 & ,i _h "s difficulty 9 reconcil+ myself to ! condition ( ! ext]ior r+ ( /ones at ! base1 too mu* ( ! out] portion ( ea* /one be+ left )\t ! advantage ( direct pressure f ! sup]9cumb5t mass ( ! wall above4 ,! two rema9+ pill>s1 d]iv$ f ! hyp]bolic & con*oidal#ab fru/a1 are ne>ly id5tical 9 =m2 & ( ^! two curves ,i pref]r$ ! =m]1 :i* gives ! mo/ advantage\s arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 9 reg>d to /ability1 ( all ! f\r =ms4 ,?is quality ( advantage\s proportion exi/s 9 ^! =ms1 9 ! ratio ( ! numb]s 9 ! la/ column ( ! foll[+ table3#ac :i* %ews a slight sup]iority ( ! ,hyp]bolic ov] any ( ! o!r =ms4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,volume ,di/ance ,height ,diamet] ( ( ( ! solid c5tre ( ,economic ,t[] at at ,t[] ,gravity ,advantage4 9 ,base ,top 9 cubic f ,h ,g,m4 ,hypo!tical feet4 9 9 feet4 ,base4 - ------ ,t[]s4 7,h47feet4feet4 ,m4 ,g4 ,g ,g,m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,hyp]bolic1 #abj #db #af #fb1iae #dabbg #biaa #ajjjjj ,con*oidal1 #abj #db #af #fb1ihd #daccf #bijc #jiifbg ,p>abolic1 #abj #db #af #fc1fje #dcdjj #bgfe #jicifc ,log>i?mic1 #abj #db #af #gd1gdb #dbdfj #bhbf #jhafjh ,conical1 #abj #db #af #hd1gcg #dcbhj #bggc #jgjgbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ab ,! solid1 9 ?is case1 w\ld h be5 =m$ by ! revolution ( ! int]ior con*oid ( ,nicom$es ab\t its directrix2 & its co-ord9ates 7 k9dly calculat$ = me by my late rev]$ preceptor1 ,dr ,,wallace1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :o employ$ s _m h\rs ( 8 latt] ye>s 9 lab\rs ( k9dness among 8 fri5ds4 ,?is act ( ! ,pr(essor 0 ! result ( a conv]sation ,i _h ) him on ! subject4 ,be=e ,i receiv$ 8 fri5dly communication1 h[ev]1 ,i _h resolv$ to adopt ! rectangul> hyp]bola1 ^: co-ord9ates ,i _h myself det]m9$ ) ?is view "s "t be=e2 & :5 ,i f\nd t ! con*oid & ! hyp]bola1 trac$ betwe5 ! two fix$ po9ts by means ( ! calculat$ co-ord9ates1 7 s ne>ly co9cid5t1 t x 0 difficult to prev5t _! runn+ into ea* o!r1 ev5 :5 drawn out on a l>ge scale1 ,i det]m9$ to adh]e to my orig9al purpose ( adopt+ ! latt] curve z my guide4 #ac ,! la/ column ( ?is table is d]iv$ z foll[s3--,assum+ t ! economic advantage ( any propos$ t[] ( giv5 height & diamet] at base & top1 is inv]sely z ! mass & ! height ( ! c5tre ( gravity above ! base1 & d5ot+ ^! quantities by ,m & ,g respectively1 ! fraction #a --- ,g,m may be tak5 z an indication ( ! economic advantage ( ! propos$ t[]4 ,let #a ----- ,g,m express ! economic advantage ( ano!r t[]2 !n ! advantage ( ! second t[]1 comp>$ to t ( ! fir/1 tak5 z unity1 w be ,g,m -----1 ,g,m by :i* expression1 ! la/ column 9 ! table 0 calculat$4 ,! %aft ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,pill>1 accord+ly1 is a solid1 g5]at$ by ! revolution ( a rectangul> hyp]bola ab\t its asymptote z a v]tical axis4 ,its exact height is #abjbe feet1 & its diamet] at ! base #db feet1 & at ! top #af feet4 ,! ord9ates ( ! curve1 at e foot ( ! height ( ! column1 7 c>efully det]m9$ 9 feet to ?ree places ( decimals2 & ! ,app5dix conta9s a tabul> view ( ! co-ord9ates f :i* ! work+ draw+s 7 made at full size4 ,! fir/ #bf feet ( height is a solid fru/um1 conta9+ ab\t #bg1aaj cubic feet1 & weigh+ ab\t #aiij tons4#ad ,imm$iately above ?is level ! walls are #ieh feet ?ick1 :5ce !y gradually decrease ?r\gh\t ! :ole height ( ! %aft1 until at ! belt !y are r$uc$ to #b feet 9 ?ickness4 ,above ! %aft re/s a cyl9dric belt #ah in*es deep2 & ?is is surm\nt$ by a cavetto #f feet high1 & hav+ #c feet ( projection4 ,! cont\r ( ?is cavetto is t result+ f a quadrant ( an ellipse revolv+ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! t[]1 ) a radius ( #h feet on ! level ( its transv]se axis2 & ! m\lds = ?is curve 7 drawn at full size f co-ord9ates calculat$ = ! purpose4 ,! cavetto supports an abacus #c feet deep1 ! upp] surface ( :i* =ms ! balcony ( ! t[]1 & above x re/ ! p>apet-wall & lant]n4 #ad ,at ! rate ( #acfb cubic feet ( granite to a ton4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be n un9t]e/+ to ! read] to exam9e ! woodcuts 7,no4 #c71 :i* %ew1 on "o scale1 ! elevations ( ! ,ligh?\ses ( ! ,eddy/one1 ! ,bell ,rock1 & ! ,sk]ryvore1 & exhibit ! level ( _! f\ndations 9 relation to high wat]4 ,!y w also s]ve to give "s idea ( ! proportionate masses ( ! ?ree build+s4 ,! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 z calculat$ f measurem5ts ( ! solids1 is also m>k$ by a r\nd black dot on ea* t[]2 & 9 ! table foll[+1 ,i h giv5 ! cubic cont5ts ( ea* ( ^! t[]s1 ! height ( ! c5tre ( gravity above ! base & ! ratio ( t quantity to ! height ( ! t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 ,,eddy/one4 ,,sk]ryvore4 ,,bell ,,rock4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,height ( ,di/ance ,t[] ( above c5tre ( fir/ gravity entire,cont5ts ,diamet] 9 feet ,h c\rse4 ( at at f ,base4 - ,ligh?\se4 7,h7 ,t[]4 ,base4,top4 7,g7 ,g ---------------------------------------- --------- ,eddy/one1 #fh #ac1cdc #bf #ae #aeib #dbg ,bell ,rock1 #ajj #bh1ecj #db #ae #bcei #dbd ,sk]ryvore1 #ache #eh1ehj #db #af #cdie #cif ---------------------------------------- --------- ,i come n[ to notice ! few subord9ate po9ts 9 :i* ! design ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[] may be reg>d$ z diff]+ f ^? ( ! ,eddy/one & ! ,bell ,rock4 ,9 glanc+ at ! contra/$ figures ( ! ?ree build+s1 x w be at once obs]v$ t ! outl9e ( ! ,sk]ryvore approa*es m ne>ly to t ( a conic fru/um ?an ! o!r two4 ,to ! adoption ( ?is =m1 v>i\s consid]ations induc$ me2 & ^! ,i %all v briefly detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x seem$ to me t1 9 bo? ! ,bell ,rock & ! ,eddy/one1 ! ?ickness ( ! walls _h be5 r$uc$ to ! l[e/ limits ( safety t[>ds ! top2 & ! effects ( ! sea & w9d act+ ^u a heavy cornice1 cause a degree ( tremor :i* ,i felt satisfi$ w\ld n occur 9 a build+ ) ?ick] walls4 ,! effect ( ?ick5+ ! walls at ! top1 is1 ( c\rse1 ct]is p>ibus1 to dim9i% ! projection ( ! base1 & ?us to produce less concavity ( figure1 & consequ5tly a ne>] approximation to ! cont\r ( a conic fru/um4 ,i h already /at$1 t ?is excess ( ! bottom radius ov] t ( ! top1 is 9 ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[] #ac feet1 & t ! height ( ! %aft is #abjbe feet4 ,! quoti5t result+ f ! division ( ! height by ! excess ( bottom radius ov] t at ! top is #ibg2 &1 if ! figure _h be5 conical1 ?is numb] w\ld h giv5 a measure ( ! slope ( ! walls ?r\gh\t4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! m ne>ly we approa* to ! p]p5dicul>1 ! m fully d ! /ones at ! base receive ! effect ( ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass z a means ( reta9+ !m 9 _! places1 & ! m p]fectly does ?is pressure act z a bond ( union among ! p>ts ( ! ,t[]4 ,?is consid]ation mat]ially weigh$ ) me 9 mak+ a m ne> approa* to ! conic fru/um1 :i*1 next to ! p]p5dicul> wall1 mu/1 o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 possess ! prop]ty ( press+ ! mass bel[ ) a great] weight1 & 9 a m advantage\s mann]1 ?an a curv$ outl9e 9 :i* ! /ones at ! base are necess>ily f>!r remov$ f ! l9e ( ! v]tical pressure ( ! mass at ! top4#ae ,?is v]tical pressure op]ates 9 prev5t+ any /one be+ )drawn f ! wall 9 a mann] :i*1 to my m9d1 is mu* m satisfactory ?an an excessive ref9em5t 9 dovetail+ & joggl+1 :i* ,i consid] z *iefly useful 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! progress ( a "w1 :5 x is expos$ to /orms1 & be=e ! sup]/ructure is rais$ to su* a height z to prev5t seas f break+ "r ov] x4 #ae ,x is mo/ satisfactory to f9d t ! views express$ above1 reg>d+ ! eligibility ( ! conical =m1 seem to h ! sanction ( ! late ,dr ,?omas ,"y1 :o appe>s to h connect$ 8 pref]5ce ( ?is =m ) its great] effici5cy z a s\rce ( friction among ! p>ts ( a build+4 ,9 8 syllabus ( ,lectures1 "u ! section 8,ar*itecture10 he ?us speaks3 8,= a ,ligh?\se :]e a great =ce ( w9d & wat] 0 to be resi/$1 ,mr ,smeaton *ose a curve convex to ! axis4 ,9 su* a case1 ! /r5g? dep5ds m on weight ?an on cohesion1 & also 9 a consid]able degree on ! friction :i* is ! effect ( t weight4 ,p]haps a cone w\ld be an eligible =m40 ,if ^! views be sub/antially correct1 x may n1 p]haps1 be altoge!r inadmissible 7)\t1 h[ev]1 v5tur+ to enunciate any g5]al law7 to conclude1 t1 9 ! ?ree ,ligh?\ses ( ! ,eddy/one1 ! ,bell ,rock1 & ! ,sk]ryvore1 ?is s\rce ( union among ! out] /ones ( ! l[] c\rses mu/ be> "s proportion to ! numb]s #gec1 #fei1 & #ibg1 :i* are ! quoti5ts ( ! height ( ! column1 divid$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! top & bottom radii ( ! %aft 9 ea* case respectively4 ,?is consid]ation seems too important to be entirely ov]look$2 & ,i conceive t1 by foll[+ out ?is view1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to dep>t ) p]fect safety f ! intricate & elaborate "w requir$ = ! connection ( ! mat]ials by means ( dovetail+ & joggl+1 :i* ! adoption ( a m concave outl9e 79 :i* ! v]tical pressure c\ld n h be5 s advantage\sly transmitt$ to ! out] /ones ( ! base71 w\ld p]haps h r5d]$ advisable4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,bell ,rock1 h[ev]1 ^: con/ruction1 9 reg>d to ?is prop]ty1 is ! lea/ advantage\s ( ! ?ree build+s1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,t[] is cov]$ to ! dep? ( #ae feet at spr+ tides1 & t ?is pr9ciple ( v]tical pressure c\ld n h be5 safely appeal$ to dur+ ! :ole "t :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! build+ & ! atta9m5t ( a height suffici5t to r5d] x available1 :i*1 9 a ,t[] hav+ s great a "p subm]g$1 0 ( necessity mu* prolong$4 ,! /ones 7 ?us expos$ to ! full effect ( heavy seas1 at all levels1 dur+ two entire w9t]s1 & c\ld n !re=e h be5 safely left1 )\t be+ kept toge!r by num]\s ties & dovetails4 ,x also seem$ important1 9 design+ t ,t[]1 ) ref]5ce to ! rise ( tide1 to give its l[] "p a slop+ =m1 z ! lea/ likely to ob/ruct ! free passage ( ! waves4 ,! out] /ones ( ! l[] c\rses 7 also select$ ( unusual l5g? inw>ds1 s z to br+ !m m "u ! influ5ce ( ! v]tical pressure ( ! upp] wall4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject1 ,i may rem>k1 t x is q possible to con/ruct a ,t[] ( a curv$ =m1 9 su* a mann]1 t ! pressure ( ! upp] "p ( ! pill> %all be di/ribut$ to ! greate/ advantage on e /one1 by build+ ! out] walls z inv]t$ ar*es1 s t ! section ( ea* /one %all be t ( a v\ssoir1 ) jo9ts p]p5dicul> to ! successive tang5ts ( ! curve4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! /ones is1 9 fact1 practis$ 9 sea walls ( v>i\s k9ds1 & has ev5 be5 recomm5d$ = circul> ,t[]s 9 an +5i\s pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,scotti% ,society ( ,arts4 ,b 9 _m situations1 & at ,sk]ryvore 9 p>ticul>1 ?is mode ( transmitt+ ! pressure1 s z to ?r[ x p]p5dicul> to ! b$s ( ! /ones1 is inadmissible1 z conduc+ to or involv+ a great] evil4 ,! evil has already be5 notic$1 & consi/s 9 ! ?ru/ ( ! l[e/ /one 7:i* is ( c\rse incl9$ to ! horizon7 hav+ a t5d5cy to pu% out ! sides ( ! ,rock on :i* ! ,t[] is built4 ,?is fe>1 :]e ! ,t[]s are to be plac$ on small /eep rocks or p9nacles1 & m especially :5 ^! ,rocks are trav]s$ by ve9s ne>ly v]tical1 is by no means vision>y2 & !re is good reason to appreh5d1 t ! pressure ?us result+ 9 a l9e consid]ably incl9$ to ! plane ( cleavage1 might ?r[ outw>ds a ?9 portion ( rock1 :i*1 "u ! m cons]vative influ5ce ( a v]tical pressure1 might cont9ue to reta9 its connection ) ! re/ ( ! ,rock unimpair$ = ages4 ,ano!r me?od (1 9 "s degree1 increas+ ! resi/ance ( a ,sea ,t[] to a horizontal ?ru/1 if su* aid be requir$1 is to give ! l9e ( c\rses a cont9u\s spiral =m1 in/ead ( build+ !m 9 successive horizontal lay]s4 ,7 !re reason to fe> t ! entire dislocation ( ! build+ might take place 9 a plane ne>ly horizontal1 ?is me?od seems m calculat$ to c\nt]act ! dang] ?an ! use ( d[els or joggles pass+ f ! c\rse bel[ to ! c\rse above2 b1 z ?is is "o ( ! accid5ts lea/ to be appreh5d$1 !re does n seem any good gr\nd = resort+ to a mode ( /ructure :i* w\ld lead to consid]able intricacy ( workman%ip1 & w\ld1 9 practice1 be att5d$ ) difficulty 9 obta9+ a prop] v]tical bond or union among ! sev]al /ones4 ,! only rema9+ po9t1 9 :i* ! example furni%$ by ! ,eddy/one & ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\ses has be5 at all mat]ially dep>t$ f1 is 7z has already be5 h9t$ at by an unavoidable anticipation7 ! mode ( unit+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! masonry toge!r4 ,9 bo? ^! ,t[]s ! /ones 7 dovetail$ ?r\gh\t ! build+s1 *iefly 7at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! ,bell ,rock :]e ! f\ndation 0 s mu* bel[ ! tide7 ) ! view ( prev5t+ ! sea f wa%+ away ! c\rses :i* might be left expos$ to ! w9t] /orms be=e ! weight ( ! sup]/ructure _h be5 br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,bell ,rock my fa!r also introduc$ a k9d ( b& joggle1 :i* consi/s ( a flat ribb& ( /one rais$ ^u ! upp] b$ ( "o c\rse1 & fitt+ into a correspond+ groove cut 9 ! "u b$ ( ! c\rse above2 & ?is sy/em ( ty+ ! adjo9+ c\rses toge!r also =ms a *ief feature 9 8 design = a ,ligh?\se on ! ,wolf ,rock4#af ,:5 ! great pressure ( ! sup]/ructure ( ^! ,t[]s1 h[ev]1 & ! effect ( ! mort> are consid]$1 !re seems little probability ( "o c\rse be+ dislocat$1 9 defiance ( ! friction result+ f ! weight ( ! column4 ,an impulse suffici5t to produce su* an effect w\ld t5d to ov]set ! :ole sup]/ructure f m]e defici5cy 9 weight1 & 9 ?is case ! joggle w\ld h little effect4 ,b if joggles be ?\ght necess>y = ?is purpose1 ! ribb& =m c]ta9ly produces a bett] arrangem5t ?an t ( ! cubic joggles employ$ by ,smeaton = connect+ ! adjo9+ c\rses ( 8 build+ toge!r1 z ! sectional /r5g? ( ^! scatt]$ squ>e joggles is v small comp>$ to ! effect ( a %ock :i* c\ld be suppos$ capable ( mov+ ! :ole mass ( a ,t[]4 ,9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[]1 ,i entirely disp5s$ ) dovetail+ & joggles betwe5 ! c\rses1 & ?us avoid$ mu* exp5sive dress+ ( mat]ials4 ,! /ones 7 reta9$ 9 _! places dur+ ! e>ly progress ( ! "w1 *iefly by common diamond joggles1 & ! c\rses 7 tempor>ily unit$ to ea* o!r by wood5 tre5ails1 l ^? us$ 9 ! ,eddy/one & ,bell ,rock4 ,^! tre5ails _h split ends1 ) small w$ges ( h>dwood loosely ins]t$1 :i* be+ =c$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! holes 9 ! c\rse bel[1 into :i* ! tre5ails 7 driv51 exp&$ _! l[] ends until !y press$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! holes2 :ile _! tops 7 made tight by simil> w$ges driv5 into !m ) a mallet4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ! ribb&-joggle 9 ! high] "p ( ! ,t[]1 :]e ! walls beg9 to get ?9 9 ! v same mann] z at ! ,bell ,rock1 :]e x 0 us$1 p>tly t x might c\nt]act any t5d5cy to a spread+ outw>ds ( ! /ones1 & p>tly t x might op]ate z a k9d ( false jo9t to exclude ! wat] :i*1 :5 press$ ) great viol5ce aga9/ ! ,t[]1 is apt to be =c$ ?r\gh a /raight or pla9 jo9t4 ,! /ones 9 ! high] c\rses ?r\gh\t ea* r+ are also connect$ at ! ends by d\ble dovetail$ joggles1 :i* unite ! two adjo9+ /ones2 & ! walls are1 besides1 ti$ toge!r at v>i\s po9ts by means ( ! floor /ones1 :i* are all connect$ by dovetails let into l>ge circul> /ones :i* =m ! c5tres ( ! floors4 ,i also v5tur$ to leave out ! metallic ties at ! cornice1 :i* consi/$1 at ! ,eddy/one1 ( *a9s1 &1 at ! ,bell ,rock1 ( copp] r+s4 ,! reasons :i* induc$ me to adopt ?is *ange ,i ne$ n "h enl>ge ^u4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate1 t ,i believe ,i h ne>ly balanc$ ! =ces :i* w\ld h t5d$ to ?r[ ! cornice outw>ds1 _h a great] disproportion exi/$ 9 ! weight ( ! out] & inn] p>ts ( ! cavetto1 & to po9t out 7,plate ,,vii47 t ! ,lightroom or highe/ floor occurs1 at su* a level1 z ( itself to answ] all ! ends :i* metallic ties c\ld h s]v$4 #af ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahch4 ,tempor>y ,b>rack on ,rock4 ,! haz>d\s nature ( ! an*orage1 & ! consequ5t difficulty ( moor+ a vessel 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 induc$ me1 f ! fir/1 to consid] x z a matt] ( great importance1 ev5 at a l>ge exp5diture ( "t & money1 to erect "s tempor>y dwell+ on ! ,rock = ! accommodation ( ! p engag$ 9 ! "w1 ) ! view ( r5d]+ ! op]ations less dep5d5t on ! /ate ( ! sea1 :i* v>i$ ) e w9d4 ,s important1 inde$1 did ?is object appe> to me1 t ,i 0 at times apt to look ^u x z an indisp5sable /ep t[>ds ultimate success4 ,t op9ion 0 amply confirm$ dur+ our fir/ season's op]ations1 by ! exp]i5ce ( ! (t-recurr+ difficulty ( return+ to ! moor+s :5 driv5 away by /ress ( wea!r1 toge!r ) ! daily risk & loss ( "t 9 l&+ ! workm5 9 small boats1 ev5 9 wea!r :5 !y c\ld be pr(itably occupi$ if once plac$ on ?is small t]ra firma4 ,) ?is view1 ,i naturally turn$ to ! same plan :i* _h be5 adopt$ at ! ,bell ,rock1 :]e ! tempor>y b>rack /ood ! te/ ( five w9t]s4 ,t /ructure1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,no4 ,v41 & is p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix to my fa!r's ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 consi/$ ( an op5 framework ( six logs1 ab\t #dg feet long & #ac in*es squ>e1 assembl$ 9 su* a mann] z to =m by _! union a hexagonal pyramid1 on ! top ( :i* re/$ a wood5 turret2 ! :ole erection ris+ to ! height ( ab\t #fj feet above ! rock4 ,?is pyramidal framework 0 /rongly truss$ & ti$2 &1 be+ op5 at ! l[] "p1 (f]$ little resi/ance to ! waves4 ,! upp] "p conta9$ a gall]y = keep+ v>i\s /ores & su* mat]ials z c\ld n be safely left on ! ,rock1 ev5 9 ! f9e/ wea!r2 b x 0 fram$ ( light] mat]ials1 s z to admit ( its yield+ easily to any extraord9>y waves1 )\t involv+ injury to ! pr9cipal "p ( ! /ructure1 by (f]+ great resi/ance to ! sea4 ,! turret on ! top 0 9 ! =m ( a twelve-sid$ prism1 #ab feet 9 diamet]1 & #cj feet high1 & 0 securely atta*$1 by means ( ! ties & braces %ewn 9 ! draw+1 to ! apex ( ! pyramid1 :i* ent]$ into ! l[] "p ( x4 ,! small space :i* ! turret af=d$ 01 ) ! utmo/ economy ( room1 divid$ into ?ree /oreys1 ( :i* ! l[] 0 entirely tak5 up by ! kit*5 & ! bread-/ore1 a great deal ( room be+ occupi$ by ! ma9 beams ( ! pyramid :i* pass$ ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,! next /orey 0 subdivid$ into two *amb]s1 ( :i* "o 0 appropriat$ to ! =eman ( ! works & ! l&+-ma/]1 :ile ! o!r 0 set ap>t = myself2 & ! top /orey1 :i* 0 surm\nt$ by a small lant]n & v5tilator1 =m$ a b>rack room1 capable ( conta9+ #cj p4 ,( ! com=ts & discom=ts ( ?is habitation ,i %all at "s future "t h occasion to speak4 ,i m]ely draw att5tion to its erection at pres5t1 z an op]ation1 :i* x 0 mo/ desirable %\ld prec$e e o!r "w on ! ,rock4 ,"o ( ! fir/ proce$+s1 !re=e1 0 to obta9 e/imates = ! prep>ation ( ?is log-h\se1 :i*1 9 ord] to avoid loss ( "t 9 mak+ adju/m5ts on ! ,rock1 0 to be c>efully fitt$ up 9 ! worky>d ( ! contractor be=e be+ %ipp$4 ,draw+s & a specification 7 accord+ly prep>$1 & submitt$ to sev]al c>p5t]s 9 ,gre5ock1 :o gave 9 (f]s = ! "w2 & x 0 f9ally comm5c$ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 by ! late ,mr ,john ,flem+1 :o 0 ! successful (f]]4 ,tools & ,ma*9]y4 ,x 0 also necess>y to provide a l>ge assortm5t ( qu>ri]s' & masons' tools ( e k9d2 & _m cranes1 crabs1 an*ors1 moor+ buoys & o!r implem5ts 7 ord]$1 accord+ to detail$ specifications & draw+s4 ,^! prep>ations necess>ily occupi$ ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahch4 ,/eam ,t5d] = ! ,works4 ,f ! ext5t ( ! f\l gr\nd r\nd ! ,sk]ryvore1 & ! abs5ce ( good h>b\rs 9 ! neighb\rhood1 x 0 =ese5 at ! outset t ! op]ation ( l&+ ab\t #fjjj tons ( mat]ials on ! ,rock c\ld n be accompli%$ by means ( sail+ vessels ) t degree ( c]ta9ty or regul>ity :i* 0 desirable1 9 ord] to obta9 ! full b5efit ( ! %ort work+ season :i* ! climate ( ! ,we/]n ,hebrides af=ds2 & ! necessity = provid+ a /eam t5d] 01 !re=e1 g5]ally admitt$4 ,x has already be5 /at$1 t1 9 ord] to avoid ! exp5se att5d+ ! build+ ( a vessel = ?is purpose1 application 0 made at ! pr9cipal ports ( ! k+dom1 ) ! view ( pur*as+ a suitable vessel2 b1 al?\gh tw5ty-f\r vessels ( ne>ly ! requir$ dim5sions 7 (f]$ = sale1 n "o ( !m 0 consid]$ fit = su* a s]vice1 ! great majority be+ light craft1 su* z are g5]ally us$ 9 riv] & port navigation4 ,x 0 !re=e f\nd necess>y to build a /eam]2 = :i* purpose1 specifications & draw+s 7 prep>$1 & aft] receiv+ v>i\s t5d]s f respectable p>ties1 a contract 0 ent]$ into ) ,messrs ,m5zies & ,sons1 %ipbuild]s1 & ,messrs ,j4 ,b4 ,maxton & ,co41 eng9e]s1 bo? ( ,lei?1 = build+ a /eam] ( #aej tons1 ) two eng9es ( #cj horse p[] ea*4 ,! use ( a /eam]1 at ! v outset ( ! works1 w\ld d\btless h prov$ ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 ! erection ( ! b>rack on ! ,rock1 & w\ld h mat]ially light5$ our c>es & toils2 b ,i am n sure t ,i %\ld h acquir$ s ?or\gh an acqua9tance ) ! difficulties & dang]s ( ! ,sk]ryvore1 or t ,i %\ld h be5 s well prep>$ = all ! ob/acles t pres5t$ !mselves 9 ! aft] p>ts ( ! "w1 _h ! fir/ season's op]ations be5 conduct$ "u ^? advantages :i* are always d]iv$ f ! use ( /eam-p[]4 ,z x 01 we _h mu* to be> f ! smallness ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t5d]1 nam$ ! ,ph>os1 a vessel ( #cf tons1 new regi/]1 :i* 0 all ! regul> %ipp+ att5dance we possess$ dur+ ?is fir/ season2 & ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f h] heavy pit*+1 01 to l&sm51 by no means ! lea/ evil to be endur$4 ,b ! frequ5t loss ( opportunities1 ( :i* we might easily h avail$ ourselves1 if we _h possess$ ! comm& ( /eam-p[]1 & ! dang] & difficulty ( manag+ a sail+ vessel 9 ! f\l gr\nd ne> ! ,rock1 & betwe5 x & ,tyree1 71 p]haps1 ev5 m felt by ! seam5 ?an by ! l&sm52 & if ! exp]i5ce ( a s+le ye>'s "w c =m any gr\nd = an e/imate ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = build+ ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 ) a sail+ vessel1 ,i %\ld say1 we mu/ /ill 7ev5 9 #ahde7 h be5 engag$ 9 ! masonry "p ( ! "w1 :i* 0 f9i%$ on ! #be? ,july #ahdb4 ,employm5t & ,wages ( ,workm54 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 arrangem5ts 7 made ) ,mr ,*>les ,neilson1 a build] 9 ,ab]de51 to select granite masons = ! works at ! ,sk]ryvore1 z x 0 expect$ t ! op]ation ( dress+ /ones = ! ,t[] w\ld be begun 9 ! ensu+ summ]2 & x 0 also obvi\s1 t _! s]vices w\ld be requir$ 9 excavat+ seats = ! supports ( ! ,b>rack-h\se on ! ,rock4 ,masons 7 accord+ly select$1 & engag$ on ! t]ms /at$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] to ,mr ,james ,scott1 ! ,=eman1 :o 0 s5t to ,ab]de5 to assi/ 9 *oos+ ! m53--8,al?\gh x is difficult to fix ! precise numb] ( m5 :o may be requir$1 dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 z ?is mu/1 9 "s measure1 dep5d ^u ! produce ( ! qu>ries at ,hyni%1 & ( ^? to be op5$ 9 ,mull1 y may1 9 ! mean "t1 engage ?irty masons or /one-cutt]s1 twelve qu>ri]s1 & ?ree or f\r smi?s1 = two ye>s ( c]ta9 employm5t4 ,) reg>d to ! rate ( wages to be paid to ! m51 ?is w1 9 "s measure1 dep5d ^u ! dem& = ! season at ,ab]de52 x is1 at all ev5ts1 expect$1 t !y w on no acc\nt exce$ ! rate ( #cs4 #aj;d4 p] day = masons1 & #bs4 #f;d4 p] day = qu>ri]s1 z paid la/ season dur+ ! long day1 or f ! #a/ ( ,febru>y till #ca/ ( ,octob]2 & = ! %ort day dur+ ! rema9+ ?ree mon?s1 #cs4 = ! masons1 & #bs4 = ! qu>ri]s1 f #a/ ,novemb] till #ca/ ,janu>y4 8,x is int5d$ t subsi/5ce money %all be paid to su* ( ! families or relatives ( ! workm5 z may require x2 & t _! wages %all be fully settl$ mon?ly1 d$uct+ ! subsi/5ce money advanc$ to _! relatives4 ,a ,/ore w be kept at ! works by ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 f :i* provisions w be s]v$ out at /at$ p]iods1 to be fix$ by ! /orekeep]2 & ^! provisions %all be sold to ! workm5 at ! co/ prices at :i* su* /ores are laid 94 ,b>rack accommodation or lodg+s1 ) cook+1 w also1 z =m]ly1 be all[$ to ! m5 free ( exp5se40 ,progress ( ! outfit = ! season's op]ations4 ,e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,may ! prep>ation ( ! wood5 b>rack = ! ,rock _h be5 complet$1 & ! :ole _h be5 set up 9 ! worky>d at ,gre5ock2 & :5 ,i visit$ x = ! la/ "t ab\t ! #e? ( t mon?1 ,i f\nd x all ready = %ipm5t1 except+ "s additional iron ties1 :i* ,i ord]$ = secur+ ! turret to ! top ( ! pyramid1 :i* 7 to be appli$ at ! level ( ! floor ( ! upp] or b>rack-room /orey4 ,i also f\nd t ! moor+s1 includ+ ! mu%room an*ors & *a9s1 & ! worky>d mat]ials1 consi/+ ( sev]al cranes1 trucks1 a jank] = ! transport ( timb]1 & a ,woolwi* sl+-c>t = c>ry+ /ones to ! v>i\s %$s1 7 9 ! c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,a l>ge assortm5t ( masons' & qu>ri]s' tools 0 at ! same "t ready = %ipm5t at ,ab]de54 ,e>ly 9 ,june1 a vessel call$ ! ,duke ( ,montrose 0 *>t]$ to c>ry coals to ,tyree1 bo? = h\sehold purposes & = ! "w2 & two small portable smi?s' =ges 7 prep>$ = use on ! ,rock4 ,emb>k = ,sk]ryvore4 ,9 provid+ ! means ( effici5tly c>ry+ on s _m complicat$ op]ations 9 a situation s difficult & remote1 x is impossible1 ev5 ) ! greate/ =esight1 to avoid omissions2 :ile delay ( a mo/ injuri\s k9d may result f v trivial wants4 ,ev5 ! omission ( a h&ful ( s&1 or a piece ( clay1 might effectually /op = a season ! progress ( plans1 9 ! matur+ ( :i* hundr$s ( p\nds _h be5 exp5d$4 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh ,i _h be/[$ all ! =e?\ght :i* ,i c\ld give to ! v>i\s details ( ! prep>ation = ! season 7( :i* ,i f\nd x absolutely indisp5sable to be p]sonally aw>e1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( ! cook+ di%es71 new wants 7 cont9ually spr++ up1 & new delays occasion$1 s t x 0 n until ! ev5+ ( ! #bc;d ( ,june t ,i c\ld emb>k at ,tob]mory 9 ! ,ph>os ,ligh?\se ,t5d]1 comm&$ by ,mr ,?omas ,macuri*1 ) all ! requisites on bo>d = comm5c+ ! season's op]ations4 ,next morn+ we moor$ (f ,hyni% ,po9t ab\t ?ree o'clock1 &1 f ! r\ghness ( ! passage1 7 n unwill+ to l& at t e>ly h\r4 ,"h ,i f\nd t ,mr ,scott1 ! =eman ( ! worky>d1 _h1 not)/&+ ! unworkable nature ( ! ,rock1 m p>ticul>ly aft]w>ds notic$1 procur$ ab\t sixty f9e blocks ( gneiss1 z ! produce ( ! ,tyree qu>ries1 :i* _h be5 wr\ght = upw>ds ( #ae mon?s2 & _h at ! same "t complet$ ! masonry ( a range ( build+s = /ores & b>racks1 capable ( conta9+ upw>ds ( #ajj m51 & _h built ab\t #ajj feet 9 l5g? ( a l&+-pi]1 rea*+ ne>ly to l[-wat] m>k4 ,a magaz9e = gunp[d]1 ( :i* a consid]able /ock 0 requir$ = qu>ry+ purposes1 _h also be5 built2 & a piece ( g>d5 gr\nd _h be5 inclos$ & /ock$ = ! use ( ! p to be employ$ at ! works4 ,measures _h also be5 tak5 = inclos+ ! gr\nd1 :i* _h be5 feu$ by ! ,bo>d f ! ,duke ( ,argyll4 ,?is day be+ ,sunday1 no?+ 0 done at ,hyni%1 & we wait$ until next morn+ be=e sail+ = ! ,rock4 #be? ,june4--,sail$ 9 ! ,ph>os f ,hyni% ,bay ?is morn+ ab\t six1 ) ,mr ,scott1 ! =eman ( ! worky>d1 & "o or two masons on bo>d2 b1 hav+ a f\l w9d dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 & ! wea!r fall+ aft]w>ds calm1 x 0 n until ?ree 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bf? t we rea*$ ! ,rock4 ,lay d[n ,moor+s1 & try to l& on ! ,rock4 #bf? ,june4--,our fir/ /ep 0 to lay d[n moor+s = ! t5d] z ne> ! ,rock z seem$ to be consi/5t ) safety4 ,! position *os5 by ,mr ,macuri*1 :o comm&$ ! vessel1 0 to ! ,s4,s4,e4 ( ! ,rock1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile (f1 & 9 #ac fa?oms wat]1 on an irregul> rocky bottom4 ,ab\t half-pa/ five ,i attempt$ a l&+ on ! ,rock1 b !re 0 a great deal too mu* sea4 ,! vessel 0 pit*+ ! b[sprit "u at h] moor+s1 & ! surf broke into ! creek :]e l&+s are g5]ally made1 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x q impossible to get ne> ! ,rock4 ,aft] hang+ on our o>s 9 ! boat = ne>ly an h\r1 9 ! hope ( a smoo? lull betwe5 ! heavy seas1 we return$ to ! vessel1 &1 z ! w9d /ill fre%5$ f ! ,s4,e41 we reef$ ! ma9sail & set ! fir/ jib1 & /e]$ = ! ,mull %ores1 :]e1 ab\t t5 at night1 we came to an an*or 9 ,lo* ,loi*1 n f> f ! ,isl& ( ,iona4 ,driv5 to ,mull4 #bg? ,june4--,next day also be+ unsuitable = attempt+ to rea* ! ,sk]ryvore1 ! vessel lay 9 ,nor? ,bay1 & ! e>ly "p ( ! day 0 sp5t 9 a c>eful exam9ation ( ! granite ,rocks ( ! di/rict call$ ,ross ( ,mull1 ) ! view ( e/abli%+ qu>ries !re2 z our exp]i5ce ( ! unsatisfactor9ess ( work+ ! ,tyree qu>ries dur+ fifte5 mon?s _h frequ5tly l$ me to anticipate ! necessity ( soon seek+ a supply ( mat]ials 9 "s o!r qu>t]4 ,9 ?is di/rict an almo/ inexhau/ible supply ( fle%-col\r$ granite 0 f\nd1 n c]ta9ly ( ! h>de/ description1 b s+ul>ly equal & homog5e\s 9 its texture4 ,i !re=e made a g5]al survey ( ! neighb\r+ localities1 ) a view to select ! be/ position = op5+ qu>ries & e/abli%+ a l&+ place or :>f = %ipp+ ! mat]ials1 z well z = erect+ b>racks = ! workm54 ,9 ! aft]noon1 ,i emb>k$ at ! call ( ,mr ,macuri*1 to attempt ano!r l&+ on ! ,sk]ryvore2 b z ! w9d soon fell calm1 we did v little good until ev5+1 :5 "s progress 0 made 9 /ret*+ across t[>ds ! ,rock4 ,fir/ day's "w on ! ,rock4 #bh? ,june4--,at n9e ?is morn+1 we rea*$ our moor+s at ! ,rock1 b !re 0 /ill s mu* surf t a l&+ c\ld n be attempt$ till mid-day1 :5 ,i w5t ) ,mr ,macuri* 9 ! boat1 & ) "s difficulty contriv$ to spr+ on ! ,rock1 aft] :i* ! boat return$ to ! vessel = ! re/ ( ! p>ty4 ,:ile left alone on ?is sea-beat5 ,rock1 on :i* ,i _h l&$ ) s mu* difficulty1 & z ,i wat*$ ! waves1 ( :i* e succe$+ "o seem$ to rise high] ?an ! la/1 ! idea 0 = a few m9utes =cibly impress$ on my m9d1 t x might1 probably1 be f\nd impracticable to remove me f ! ,rock1 & ,i c\ld n avoid indulg+ 9 ^? unacc\ntable fancies :i* lead m5 to speculate ) some?+ l pleasure ^u ! horrors ( _! seem+ly imp5d+ fate4 ,^! reflections 7 r5d]$ m impressive by ! ?\ght t _m human be+s mu/ h p]i%$ among/ ^? rocks4 ,a consid]ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! r>ity ( an opportunity ( l&+ on ! ,rock1 & ! necess>y %ortness ( our /ay1 soon recall$ me to my duty1 & be=e ! boat return$ ) a few ( ! workm51 ,i _h project$ "s arrangem5ts z to ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 9 erect+ ! framework ( ! b>rack-h\se4 ,! second l&+ 0 m easily effect$1 z ! tide _h fall51 & ! l&+-place 0 m %elt]$1 s t we 7 ! m embold5$ to make a fair comm5cem5t ( op]ations4 ,x 0 a day ( great bu/le & int]e/1 ! "w consi/+ 9 *alk+ out & m>k+ on ! ,rock ) pa9t1 ! sites ( ! ,ligh?\se-,t[]1 & ! wood5 b>rack1 & ! positions = cranes1 crabs1 & r+-bolts = guys & o!r tackl+1 z well z asc]ta9+ su* dim5sions z w\ld enable me at once to proce$ to fit up ! log-h\se1 or b>rack1 at our next l&+4 ,9 t way1 we sp5t f\r h\rs on ! ,rock1 mu* to ! annoyance ( ! seals & ! innum]able sea-f[l1 :i* we drove f _! fav\rite haunts4 ,dur+ ! :ole day1 ! sun _h great p[]2 & ! smell f ! ca/-away fea!rs & ! soil ( ! sea-f[l 0 extremely disagreeable4 ,i 0 amaz$ to f9d t ^? animals %\ld select1 z _! place ( repose1 a rock 9 ! ,atlantic1 int]sect$ by deep gullies :i* are nev] dry1 ) only "o p9nacle1 ab\t #e feet 9 diamet]1 rais$ ab\t #af feet above ! sea4 :ile ! great] "p is only #e feet above high wat]4 ,yet1 9 a crevice ( ?is ,rock1 ,i f\nd an egg re/+ on a few d[ny fea!rs1 :i* ! fir/ wave mu/ h infallibly wa%$ away6 ,aft] ! day's "w on ! ,rock1 we sail$ = ,tyree1 b did n rea* ! worky>d till next morn+ at n9e2 & a long day ( bu/le & hurry 0 sp5t !re 9 prep>+ provisions1 timb]1 r+-bolts1 *a9s & all sorts ( tackl+ = ! op]ations connect$ ) ! erection ( ! b>rack on ! ,rock4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #cj? ,june1 ,i sail$ = ,gre5ock1 :5ce ,i tru/$ soon to return to ! ,sk]ryvore ) ! :ole ( ! mat]ials1 to comm5ce op]ations4 ,%ipm5t ( all ! mat]ials at ,glasg[ & ,gre5ock4 ,rea* ,tyree4 ,driv5 to ,mull4 ,return to ,tyree4 ,x seldom happ5s t human expectations are fully realis$1 especially 9 matt]s :i* excite a /rong int]e/ 9 ! m9d1 & ?us lead "o to desire a m rapid progress ?an usual4 ,b ?is is peculi>ly true 9 all arrangem5ts :i* dep5d on ! co-op]ation ( _m p]sons2 & s ,i exp]i5c$ on my visit to ,gre5ock & ,glasg[1 :]e ,i _h giv5 ord]s = %ipp+ all ! ma*9]y & app>atus requir$ = c>ry+ on ! works1 su* z cranes1 trucks1 boats1 blocks & tackle1 an*ors1 coals1 gr9d/ones1 /ucco1 pavem5t1 mats & fasc9es = bla/+1 clay = puddl+1 %e>-poles1 & innum]able small ut5sils1 "s ( no great value1 b all necess>y to ! success ( ! "w4 ,! great bulk ( ^? mat]ials 7 despat*$ by a vessel call$ ! ,new ,lev51 & "p by ! ,m>y ,cl>k1 on ! #bd? ,july2 b x 0 n until ! #cj? t ! ,ph>os ,ligh?\se t5d] 0 fully load$1 on ! morn+ ( :i* day ,i aga9 emb>k$ at ,gre5ock = ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,! wea!r prov+ some:at unfav\rable1 we 7 =c$ 7be+ v heavily lad57 to pass ?r\gh ! ,cr9an ,canal1 in/ead ( go+ r\nd ! ,mull ( ,k9tyre1 s t x 0 n till ! morn+ ( ! #d? ,augu/ t we l&$ at ,hyni%1 9 ,tyree4 ,"h ,i f\nd "s f>!r progress _h be5 made 9 build+ ! b>racks = ! m51 "s ( ! h\ses be+ already ro($ & slat$4 ,! qu>ries1 too1 _h turn$ out /ones suffici5t = ab\t f\r ( ! l[e/ c\rses ( ! ,t[]1 a quantity :i* might be e/imat$ at ab\t #gibj cubic feet4 ,next day 7,augu/ #e?71 ! w9d bl[+ /rong f ! ,s4,s4,w41 we 7 =c$ to leave ,hyni% ,bay1 & retreat be=e a v heavy sea to ,tob]mory4 ,we imm$iately sail$ aga91 & made = ,lo* ,er91 a small creek 9 ! ,isl& ( ,coll1 z be+ ne>] to ,hyni% & bett] adapt$ = enabl+ u to take advantage ( any sudd5 improvem5t 9 ! wea!r4 ,on our arrival at ?is s+ul> natural hav51 at n9e 9 ! ev5+1 ,i 0 glad to f9d ! ,new ,lev51 be=e m5tion$ z hav+ load$ mat]ials at ,gre5ock ly+ already !re1 wait+ a fav\rable *ange ( w9d4 ,next morn+ we weigh$ an*or1 & sail$ along ) t vessel = ,hyni%1 :]e %e 0 imm$iately dis*>g$ ( h] c>go1 :i* 0 *iefly int5d$ = ! worky>d !re1 & took 9 mat]ials = ! erection ( ! b>rack on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,fir/ good day's "w on ! ,rock4 #g? ,augu/4--,we ?is morn+ took on bo>d v>i\s tools & implem5ts = ! ,rock1 toge!r ) workm5 to ! numb] ( f\r c>p5t]s1 sixte5 masons & qu>ri]s1 & a smi?1 along ) ,mr ,george ,middlemiss1 z =eman4 ,hav+ sail$ ) a nor!rly w9d1 we made a l&+ ab\t noon1 & _h :at may be call$ our fir/ entire day ( "w on ! ,rock4 ,our "w 0 by no means easy1 z we _h to erect %e>-poles & fix crabs = l&+ ! mat]ials1 & to la% e article t 0 l&$1 ) great c>e d[n to r+-bolts on ! ,rock1 :i* a few ( ! masons 7 fix+1 :ile ! re/ ( ! p 7 dis*>g+ ! vessel4 ,all ?is 0 att5d$ ) a good deal ( tr\ble1 & x requir$ my con/ant att5tion to keep ev]y?+ go+ on 9 a fair tra91 s z to prev5t "o p>ty ( workm5 requir+ to wait = ano!r2 b1 aft] eight h\rs ( v h>d "w1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ all ! mat]ials :i* _h be5 l&$ left 9 a secure /ate4 ,! extreme smoo?ness ( ! surface ( ! ,rock greatly imp$$ ! l&+ ( mat]ials2 = z yet we _h no tramways on :i* :eel$ trucks c\ld be mov$1 & ! transport by h& ( heavy mat]ials ov] s irregul> & slipp]y a surface 0 att5d$ ) consid]able dang]4 ,a %ort trial 0 ?is day made ( bor+ "o ( ! holes = ! /an*eons or bats1 by :i* ! timb]s ( ! ,b>rack 7 to be secur$ to ! ,rock2 & ,i f\nd1 t ) a jump] ( #c in*es diamet]1 a dep? ( ab\t #c in*es 0 bor$ 9 "o h\r4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ations involv$ mu* lab\r & consid]able discom=t2 b x inv>iably happ5$ ?r\gh\t ! "w1 t 9 spite ( all ! fatigue & privation att5d+ a day's "w on ?is un%elt]$ ,rock1 ! l&sm5 7 = ! mo/ "p sorry to ex*ange x = ! %ip1 :i* roll$ s heavily z to leave few free f sea-sickness1 & to deprive mo/ ( ! workm5 ( sleep at night1 ev5 aft] _! unusually great ex]tions dur+ ! day4 ,on leav+ ! ,rock at night we _h ! greate/ difficulty 9 bo>d+ ! ,ph>os ) two boats conta9+ upw>ds ( ?irty-two p]sons1 z ! vessel roll$ s heavily1 t !re 0 great dang] ( ! boats be+ ?r[n "r ^u h] deck4 ,next morn+ 7#h? ,augu/7 we l&$1 ) "s sea runn+1 ab\t n9e o'clock1 be=e :i* h\r x 0 impracticable1 ow+ to ! surf 9 ! l&+ creek4 ,our fir/ "w 0 to prep>e ! tackl+ = l&+ ! heavy mat]ials f ! ,new ,lev51 :i* came up ab\t elev5 o'clock1 & 0 made fa/ by a w>p to ! ,ph>os4 ,we next took means = fix+ ! smi?'s =ge on ! ,rock & prep>+ ! fixtures = ! crab1 :i* /ood on ! po9t ( rock to ! we/w>d 7see ,plate ,,iii471 & s]v$ *iefly = rais+ ! beams ( ! log-h\se into _! places4 ,! great] "p ( ! day1 till half-pa/ eight 9 ! ev5+ 7:5 x became d>k71 0 sp5t 9 l9+ (f ) accuracy ! site ( ! supports ( ! wood5 b>rack1 & 9 l&+ & fix+ by /rong la%+s to ! ,rock1 all ! pr9cipal timb]s & iron fixtures4 ,! spot 9 :i* ! framework ( ! fir/ b>rack 0 plac$1 w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,plate ,,iii4 ,! ,rock 0 at ?is place a good deal l[] ?an ! site aft]w>ds adopt$ = ! b>rack4 ,! high wat] ( spr+-tides rose #b feet ^u ! legs or ma9 beams2 b ?is site _h _m advantages1 z x left m room = op]ations at or ne> ! ,t[] itself ?an c\ld h be5 obta9$ 9 any o!r position4 ,sudd5 gale1 & great p]il to ! vessels4 ,rea* ,hyni% 9 safety4 ,we also made "s progress 9 erect+ a wood5 %$ r\nd ! smi?'s =ge1 to protect him & 8 fire f ! w9d & ! spray ( ! sea4 ,z we left ! ,rock 9 ! boats1 speculat+ on ! prospect ( gett+ ! :ole ( ! mat]ials dis*>g$ 9 ! c\rse ( next day1 x 0 rem>k$ t ! nor!rn sky 0 v cle>1 & t ! w9d _h entirely fall54 ,! great & sudd5 /illness ( ! air1 :i* p]mitt$ e ripple on ! ocean to be he>d1 0 reg>d$ by ,mr ,macuri* & ! seam5 g5]ally1 z ! =]unn] ( a *ange2 & ! moon1 :i* rose r$ & fi]y1 confirm$ _! fe>s ( a gale4 ,nor 7 !y wrong 9 _! =ebod+s4 ,ab\t midnight !re 0 a /iff breeze f ! ,s4,e41 :i* induc$ ! ma/] ( ! ,new ,lev5 to hoi/ sail1 ca/ loose f u1 & run2 & _h n ! seaman on wat* on ! deck ( ! ,ph>os fall5 asleep 9 consequ5ce ( excessive fatigue1 !re c be little d\bt we %\ld h be5 at once call$ to foll[ h] example1 if1 inde$1 we _h n l$ ! way4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 did ,mr ,macuri* become aw>e ( ! /ate ( ! w9d1 :i* 0 bl[+ v /rong at ,s4,s4,e4 "r into ! l&+ place1 ?an he r\s$ me ab\t two o'clock4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 a v heavy sea2 ! little vessel 0 pit*+ h] =eca/le "u1 & we _h to cont5d ) a /rong tide comb9$ ) ! w9d aga9/ u 9 work+ cle> ( ! ,rock1 f :i* our moor+s 7 n m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile to w9dw>d2 :ile f ! place :]e we lay1 half ( ! horizon 0 f\l gr\nd1 all ly+ to our leew>d4 ,we soon set sail1 b 9 va9 tri$ to wea!r ! sunk rock ,bo-,rhua1 ^: l>ge black mass 7aft] hav+ imag9$ ourselves pa/ x7 we discov]$ encircl$ by a wrea? ( :ite foam )9 less ?an a cable's l5g? ( u4 ,! heavy seas we enc\nt]$ _h greatly deceiv$ u z to our progress1 & ?ick bl9d+ %[]s ( ra9 made x difficult to see f> beyond ! vessel's head4 ,su* 0 ! prec>i\s & dang]\s position ( ! vessel1 t _h an attempt be5 made to tack h] amid/ ! surf :i* came roll+ (f ! ,rock1 %e w\ld mo/ probably h miss$ /ays1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w\ld h be5 ! inevitable loss ( ! vessel & ( e s\l on bo>d4 ,9 ?is dilemma we 7 oblig$ to resort to a less dang]\s exp$i5t1 by we>+ ! %ip & runn+ h] ?r\gh ! n>r[ passage betwe5 ,bo-,rhua & ! sunk rocks1 ab\t #cjj y>ds to ! ,w4,n4,w4 ( x1 al?\gh ?is 0 a mo/ haz>d\s attempt1 z we _h !n little or no k ( t dang]\s & intricate passage4 ,a m anxi\s night ,i nev] sp5t2 !re be+ upw>ds ( ?irty p on bo>d1 ) ! prospect1 dur+ sev]al h\rs1 ( ! vessel /rik+ e m9ute4 ,& "h ,i mu/ aw>d due praise to ,mr ,macuri* = ! coolness & intrepidity :i* he on ?is occasion display$1 & ! calmness ) :i* he gave 8 ord]s to ! crew2 & z ,i /ood 9 ! companion1 tell+ him ! "t at int]vals ( five m9utes1 s z to enable him ! bett] to judge ( ! vessel's way ?r\gh ! wat]1 ,i c\ld n b rem>k ! necessity = sil5ce on ! "p ( ! ma/] ( a vessel 9 cases ( difficulty4 ,! workm5 7 told to be gett+ ready = l&+1 b we did n make !m aw>e ( ! full ext5t ( ! dang]2 & to avoid confusion1 !y 7 n p]mitt$ to come on deck4 ,we _h no soon] cle>$ ! sunk rocks already allud$ to1 ?an we 7 9 fe> ( ! great reef ( ,bo9%ly1 & ! heavy seas :i* 7 break+ ov] ! f\l gr\nd all r\nd x4 ,9 ?is way we sp5t a night ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ anxiety until daylight1 & at eight 9 ! morn+ we came to ! moor+s 9 ,hyni% ,bay1 aft] a h>d /ruggle aga9/ w9d & tide & a v heavy sea1 :i* made u hang dead a long "t (f ,hyni% ,po9t4 ,at "o "t ,i fe>$ we %\ld h be5 =c$1 z ,i _h be51 :5 return+ f my fir/ unsuccessful & disc\rag+ attempt to l& on ! ,sk]ryvore 9 #ahcf1 to g r\nd ! we/ side ( ,tyree & ,coll1 :i* is a v f\l coa/2 & :5 we did r\nd ,hyni% ,po9t1 x 0 almo/ at ! exp5se ( our boat1 :i* ! heavy sea _h ne>ly swept away f u4 ,aft] all ?is anxiety ab\t our safety & discom=t f ra91 w9d1 & spray1 dur+ five or six h\rs1 we 7 n sorry to set foot ev5 on ! wild %ores ( ,tyree2 & ,i tru/ !re 7 none :o did n gratefully ackn[l$ge ! protect+ c>e ( ,almighty ,god1 9 pres]v+ u ?r\gh su* p]il4 ,deta9$ by bad wea!r f\r days at ,hyni%4 ,return to ! ,rock1 & h six days ( good wea!r4 ,x 0 n until ,monday ! #ac? t a l&+ 0 aga9 effect$ on ! rock1 z ! w9d cont9u$ to bl[ /rongly f ! s\?2 & ! int]v5+ f\r days 7 sp5t 9 ,hyni% ,bay1 l&+ 9 ! morn+1 & aga9 return+ to ! vessel 9 ! ev5+4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,i 0 engag$ 9 mak+ draw+s ( "s ( ! l[] c\rses ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 ) a view to fix f9ally ^u dim5sions1 f :i* work+ draw+s & wood5 m\lds = cutt+ ! /ones c\ld be made4 ,! only alleviation ( my impati5ce at be+ deta9$ at ,hyni% 0 ! satisfaction ( see+ "s #bj feet ( ! pi] f\nd$ at l[ wat]4 ,late 9 ! ev5+ ( ! #ac? ,augu/ we aga9 l&$ on ! ,rock1 :5 we f\nd "t1 be=e d>k1 to complete ! fixture ( ! smi?'s =ge1 :i* ,i _h be5 =c$ to leave unf9i%$4 ,ev5 ! %ort p]iod ( "w ?is ev5+ 0 curtail$ by a v heavy %[]1 :i* dr5*$ u to ! sk9--a great evil1 :]e !re are _m p to be accommodat$ 9 a small vessel1 )\t room = mu* sp>e clo?+1 or ! means ( gett+ any ?+ quickly dri$4 ,aft] ?is we _h an un9t]rupt$ tract ( good wea!r = six days2 & z we l&$ e morn+ at f\r o'clock1 & rema9$ on ! ,rock until eight1 tak+ only half an h\r = breakfa/1 & ! same "t = d9n]1 we _h ?us ! "w ( tw5ty-eight p]sons = ab\t n9ety h\rs4 ,erection ( ! ,pyramid ( ! wood5 ,b>rack4 ,aft] c>efully sett+ out ! radial directions 9 :i* ! six legs1 or ma9 beams 7 to /&1 our next /ep 0 to lay (f _! approximate di/ances f ! c5tre ( ! ,b>rack1 & to cle> a space 9 ! solid ,rock ( suffici5t ext5t to admit ( adju/+ ! exact positions ( ! bats be=e bor+ ! holes4 ,?is op]ation involv$ ! necessity ( bla/+ p>ts ( ! ,rock by v small %ots1 ! bores be+ ab\t #a in* diamet]1 & #ae in*es 9 dep?1 & s direct$ z to h ! effect ( ?r[+ (f a ?9 sup]ficial cru/ )\t %ak+ ! solid "p bel[4 ,! mat]ials ?us qu>ri$ 9 =m+ ! seats = ea* po/ 7 ?r[n1 by means ( tackle1 into ! deepe/ pools1 to prev5t _! be+ driv5 by ! sea aga9/ ! timb]s ( ! b>rack1 & s injur+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e4 ,mode ( det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! ,beams1 & ! sites = _! fixtures4 ,= asc]ta9+ ! exact l5g? ( ea* ( ! six beams1 :i* =m$ by _! union a pyramid ( ab\t #ba #cj ( incl9ation1 &1 at ! same "t1 = det]m9+ its exact place1 9 ref]5ce to ! c5tre ( ! hexagon1 bo? ( :i* elem5ts necess>ily v>i$ ) ! level ( ! irregul> surface ( ! ,rock1 ,i us$ ! foll[+ simple arrangem5t3--,ea* beam be+ ( ! greate/ l5g? t c\ld be requir$1 ! level & di/ance f ! c5tre 7 asc]ta9$ = ! longe/ beam1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h ! l[e/ seat or re/1 by means ( a wood5 frame1 %ewn 9 ! diagram 7,no4 #d71 9 :i* a a is a v]tical rod ( iron firmly batt$ into ! rock1 s z to co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! pyramid to be =m$ by ! ma9 beams1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to exce$ ! greate/ v>iation ( level betwe5 ! diff]5t po9ts :]e ! beams are likely to /&2 c c is a horizontal bo>d :i* c be freely turn$ ab\t a a horizontally1 & re/+ ^u a small %\ld] d1 & :i* is equal 9 l5g? to ! radius ( ! hexagon1 on ! horizontal plane at ! level ( ! l[e/ beam4 ,on ?is bo>d is a _s-level s1 :i* regulates its horizontality2 e e is ! approximate position ( ! l[] end ( ! beam2 f f is a pit*$ bo>d1 repres5t+ ! section ( ! p]man5t beam1 on a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! pyramid1 & also %ew+ its incl9ation t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! pyramid4 ,z ?is pit*$ bo>d is capable ( be+ mov$ up or d[n by slid+ ?r\gh a groove at g1 x may be successively appli$ to ! r\gh surface at e e 9 ! c\rse ( cutt+ x d[n1 & ?us be made truly to repres5t ! position ( ! beam1 &1 at ! same "t1 give ! incl9ation ( ! surface e e1 :i* mu/ be at "r angles to ! axis ( ! beam f f4 ,9 ?is way1 by repeat$ trials1 ! surface 0 truly dress$ to its prop] incl9ation1 & ! l5g? asc]ta9$ :i* requir$ to be cut f ! beam1 s z to make x re/ on t surface :5 9 its true position4 ,h5ce1 also1 9 ! case ( all ! o!r beams1 ! l5g? :i* ! pit*-bo>d f f 0 mov$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! groove g1 beyond ! level c c1 indicat$ ! quantity to be cut f ! end ( any giv5 beam4#ag ,! surface ( ! ,rock1 dress$ = ! seat ( ! beam1 be+ ?us br\ght to its prop] incl9ation1 ! slid+-bo>d correctly set & ! c5tre l9e a a ( ! beam c>efully m>k$ on ! ,rock1 a squ>e bo>d 7see fig4 ,no4 #e7 repres5t+ ! cross section ( "o ( ! beams1 0 !n put d[n at ! prop] di/ance1 s z to cov] ! space indicat$ by ! pit*-bo>d z ! site ( ! beam1 & ) its c5tre co9cid+ ) ! radius already trac$ on ! dress$ seat or b$4 ,:5 s plac$1 ! small r\nd knobs1 or e>s1 d d 7,no4 #e7 on ?is bo>d1 %ew$ ! position ( ! holes to be bor$ = ! bats or side fixtures1 :i*1 z aft]w>ds %ewn 9 figure 7,no4 #h1 p4 #hh71 spread outw>ds f ! axis ( ! beam1 & ?us =m$ a k9d ( dovetail4 ,9 ord] to make ! holes capable ( receiv+ ! bats &1 at ! same "t1 embrac+ ! timb]s ( ! b>rack1 a quo9 ( wood 7,nos4 #f & #g7 e1 0 put d[n1 ) bevell$ faces or grooves g1 cut 9 x = direct+ ! motion ( ! jump] or bor+ iron i1 ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g4 ,^! holes 7 bor$ ) jump]s1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & 7 sunk #b feet deep 9 ! rock4 ,! bor+ ( ea* hole took upw>ds ( eight h\rs1 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>dness ( ! mat]ial1 :i* is gneiss1 a /one consid]ably m difficult to bore ?an ev5 ! granite ( ,ab]de5%ire4 ,! bats or /an*eons1 al?\gh v accurately =g$1 7 occasionally f\nd n to fit truly1 ow+ to unavoidable twi/s 9 ! holes1 :i* arose f dries or ve9s 9 ! ,rock cross+ ! l9e ( ! hole1 & ?us di/urb+ ! motion ( ! jump]4 ,?is gave u mu* tr\ble1 & %ew$ t1 _h we det]m9$1 z ,i at fir/ contemplat$1 to cut a lewis-hole1 swell+ t[>ds ! base1 ! "w w\ld h be5 almo/ impracticable4 ,! mode :i* ,i _h propos$ = execut+ ?is op]ation 0 to bore a numb] ( v small holes1 incl9$ at ! prop] angle1 all r\nd ! outside ( ?is lewis *amb]1 & !n to cut out betwe5 !m2 b ?is1 z our aft] exp]i5ce 9 cutt+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,t[] prov$1 w\ld h occupi$ an ext5t ( "t :i* we %\ld h be5 v unwill+ to be/[ ^u a m]ely tempor>y erection l ! wood5 b>rack4 ,ev5 z x 01 & ) all ! retr5*m5ts t c\ld be safely adopt$1 ! prep>ation ( ! seats = ! six out] or ma9 beams1 & ^? = ! six inn] braces1 employ$ twelve m5 = f\r days4 #ag ,! acc5t$ lett]s e1 c1 f1 g1 o1 s1 9 ! figure 7,no4 #d71 page #he1 d5ote ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! gaug+-rule1 :5 appli$ to ! beam1 opposite t to :i* ! lett]s e1 c1 f1 g1 o1 s1 9 ! text1 ref]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h4 ,aft] ! seats = ! timb]s _h be5 dress$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! c>p5t]s 7 employ$ cutt+ ! beams to _! respective l5g?s1 ! piece to be cut (f be+ measur$1 z already /at$1 by ! l5g? ?r\gh :i* ! slid+-bo>d f f 7,no4 #d1 p4 #he7 _h be5 rais$ above its position on ! level plat=m on :i* ! pyramid _h be5 erect$ 9 ! worky>d at ,gre5ock4 ,at ! same "t1 ! /an*eons 7k k7 9 ! figure 7,no4 #h1 p4 #hh71 & ! gl&s or coll>s e e 79 figure ,no4 #h71 7 let into grooves 9 ! beam1 & ! holes admitt+ ! screw$ bolts a a1 to pass ?r\gh ! two /an*eons & ! beam betwe5 !m1 7 bor$ ) an aug]1 & wid5$ ) a r$ hot iron4 ,! tops ( ! beams b b 7see fig4 ,no4 #i71 hav+ be5 already fitt$ 9 ! worky>d at ,gre5ock1 s z to meet a hexagonal quo9 ( h>dwood e1 r\nd :i* !y 7 assembl$ z %ewn 9 ! figure 7,no4 #i71 /raps ( iron d d1 7 made to pass ov] ! top ( ! :ole1 & 7 secur$ to ! beams ) bolts1 & a spike at a 0 driv5 into ! c5tre to w$ge ! timb]s tightly up1 s z to fill a r+ :i* embrac$ ! ext]ior ( ! :ole4 ,x 0 obvi\s1 t if ! slid+-bo>d 7describ$ on p4 #he7 _h indicat$ ! true incl9ation ( ! seat on ! ,rock = ! end ( ! beam to re/ on1 z well z its radial di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! pyramid & ! correspond+ l5g? ( ! beams1 ! top ( ea* beam mu/ necess>ily meet 9 its exact place ar\nd ! c5tral hexagonal quo94 ,! op]ation ( det]m9+ ! positions & l5g?s ( su* beams on a rugg$ rock1 & plac+ !m ) ! accuracy requisite1 to insure _! mit]+ truly at ! top1 0 att5d$ ) a good deal ( tr\ble2 & ,i h judg$ x advisable to give ^! details1 z !y may prove useful to o!rs :o may h a simil> "w 9 h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #i4 ,aft] a good deal ( tr\ble1 ow+ to ! l[ness ( ! ,rock & ! smallness ( its surface1 ! six ma9 beams1 ea* ne>ly #ej feet long1 7 rais$ on end by means ( %e>-poles1 & ! iron /raps :i* pass$ ov] ! top ( !m1 & ! r+ :i* embrac$ ! :ole s z to secure !m at ! top1 7 fix$ ) mu* c>e4 ,! tempor>y guys 7 remov$ on ! aft]noon ( ! #ah? ,augu/4 ,a plummet susp5d$ f ! c5tre ( ! quo91 aft] all ! six beams 7 9 _! places & ! /an*eons _h be5 run up ) lead1 came )9 half-an-in* ( ! c5tre b>1 :i* 0 ab\t #dj feet bel[ ! po9t ( susp5sion1 ?us indicat+ an angul> deviation ( less ?an #d4 ,?is is a v good approximation1 "u all ! circum/ances ) :i* we _h to cont5d2 & x is *iefly to be imput$ to ! v accurate measures pursu$ 9 ! worky>d ( ! contractor at ,gre5ock1 by ,mr ,george ,middlemiss1 =eman ( ! c>p5t]s 7:o !n act$ z sup]9t5d5t ( ! contract works71 & ^: intellig5ce & zeal made him1 at all times1 able & ready to d full ju/ice to all my sugge/ions = incurr+ z little loss ( "t on ! ,rock z possible4 ,! op]ation ( fix+ ^! six beams1 :i* =m$1 by _! union1 a hexagonal pyramid ( ab\t #dd feet high1 & ab\t #cd feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 occupi$ only six days1 includ+ ! cutt+ ( ! seats & ! bor+ ( ! holes 9 ! ,rock4 ,mu* lab\r & "t 7 consum$ 9 ! m]e mov+ ( beams1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #ac cwt41 ov] ! rugg$ surface ( ! ,rock1 = :i* purpose we c\ld only use a small set ( %e>-poles1 ) crabs & blocks1 & tackle pur*ase2 & x sometimes happ5$1 t m]ely = ! purpose ( mov+ a beam1 x 0 necess>y to place a special r+-bolt = hold+ a snat*-block = a few m9utes1 9 spite ( all ! c>e & =e?\ght :i* _h be5 be/[$1 9 select+ ! mo/ advantage\s positions = plac+ !m1 be=e ! "w ( rais+ ! beam 0 begun4 ,nor 0 ! necessity = secur+ e loose mat]ial by means ( la%+s to ! ,rock1 be=e leav+ = ! night1 an insignificant s\rce ( delay2 = we 7 sometimes =c$ by ! waves or ! d>kness1 :i* drove u f our "w1 to l[] a beam :i* 0 j ready = be+ fix$ & to replace x 9 a safe situation4 ,pyramid complet$4 ,on ,saturday ! #ah? ,augu/1 ! pyramid hav+ be5 successfully erect$1 ! m5 7 busi$ = two h\rs1 be=e emb>k+ = ! vessel1 9 collect+ & la%+ all ! loose mat]ials to ! ,rock1 = ! sky gave "s indications ( a *ange4 ,z we took to ! boats1 ,i look$ at ! result ( our lab\rs ) "s satisfaction1 n unm+l$ ) gratitude4 ,mode ( liv+ :ile erect+ ! ,b>rack4 ,dur+ ! week1 :ile we _h be5 engag$ 9 fitt+ up ! ma9 timb]s ( ! b>rack1 ! wea!r _h be5 v f9e2 & except ! long h\rs ( toil & ! sea-sickness on bo>d ! vessel1 !re 0 no?+ to compla9 (2 b ! economy ( our life :ile moor$ = days (f ! ,rock1 0 some:at s+ul>4 ,we l&$ at f\r o'clock e morn+ to comm5ce "w1 & g5]ally breakfa/$ on ! ,rock at eight1 at :i* "t ! boat arriv$ ) l>ge pit*]s ( tea1 bags ( biscuit1 & cante5s ( beef4 ,breakfa/ 0 despat*$ 9 half an h\r & "w aga9 resum$1 till ab\t two o'clock1 :i* h\r br\ght ! d9n]1 diff]+ 9 its mat]ials f breakfa/ only 9 ! addition ( a ?ick pottage ( vegetables1 & ! sub/itution ( be] = tea4 ,d9n] occupi$ no long] "t ?an breakfa/1 & l x1 0 succe$$ by ano!r season ( toil1 :i* la/$ until eight & sometimes till n9e o'clock1 :5 x 0 s d>k t we c\ld sc>cely scramble to ! boats1 & 7 (t5 glad to avail ourselves ( all ! assi/ance we c\ld obta9 f an occasional fla% ( a lant]n & f foll[+ ! voices4 ,once on ! deck ( ! little t5d] & ! boats hoi/$ 91 ! mat]ials ( breakfa/ 7 aga9 produc$ "u ! "n ( supp]2 b ! heav+ ( ! vessel damp$ ! animation :i* att5d$ ! meals on ! ,rock1 & de/roy$ ! appetite ( ! m51 :o1 ) few exceptions1 7 s little sea-wor?y z to pref] mess+ on ! ,rock ev5 dur+ ra91 to fac+ ! clos5ess ( ! =eca/le4 ,z ,i g5]ally retir$ to ! cab9 to write up my notes1 :5 t 0 practicable1 & to wait ! arrival ( my own refection1 ,i 0 sometimes consid]ably amus$ by ! regul>ity ) :i* ! m5 *ose _! mess-ma/]s1 & ! desire :i* "s display$ = ! important duties ( c>v+ & di/ribut+ ! rations4 ,ev5 ! %ort "t t c\ld be snat*$ f ! half-h\r's int]val at d9n]1 0 g5]ally devot$ to a nap2 & ! am\nt ( h>d lab\r & long exposure to ! sun1 :i* c\ld h>dly be reckon$ at less ?an #af h\rs a-day1 prev5t$ mu* conv]sation ov] supp]3 yet1 9 _m1 ! love ( controv]sy is s deeply root$1 t ,i h (t51 f my small cab91 ov]he>d ! political topics ( ! day1 ) reg>d to ,*ur* & ,/ate1 v gravely discuss$ on deck1 ov] a pipe ( tobacco4 ,p]haps ! great heat bel[1 :]e upw>ds ( tw5ty p 7 conf9$1 might 9 "s measure acc\nt = ?is wakefulness on bo>d ! ,t5d]4 ,%oals ( ,m$us se54 ,"o beautiful morn+1 dur+ our /ay ( six days at ! ,rock1 we _h a visit f a %oal ( small fi%1 ^: novel appe>ance made me take !m = a fleet ( "s species ( ,nautilus4 ,^? animals came 9 su* numb]s1 t ! pale blue silky membranes or sails1 :i* waft$ !m be=e a g5tle breeze ov] ! glassy surface ( ! ocean1 lit]ally cov]$ ! wat] z f> z we c\ld see4 ,"o ( ^? animals ,i s5t 9 a small phial to my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,flem+1 !n ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 :o assigns to x ! ,l9nean "n ( ,m$usa velilla1 & says x is notic$ by ,dr ,walk] & ,mr ,p5nant1 z a native ( ,scotl&4 ,driv5 by a gale to ,mull4 ,return to ,hyni%1 & are driv5 to ,coll4 ,return to ! ,rock4 ,! ?reat5+ ( ! previ\s night 0 fully v]ifi$ by ! succe$+ ,sunday morn+1 z a /rong s\!rly w9d ) heavy %[]s1 =c$ u to "p f our moor+s at ! ,rock at break ( day1 & make sail = ,hyni% ,bay1 :]e we an*or$ at sev54 ,on ,monday ,i l&$ at ,hyni%2 b z ! w9d1 :i* _h increas$ to a /rong gale1 0 /ill ris+ & incl9+ m to ,e41 ,mr ,macuri* summon$ me to ! boat1 :51 ) mu* difficulty1 & at ! exp5se ( %ipp+ sev]al seas1 we rea*$ ! vessel :i* 0 pit*+ ! b[sprit "u4 ,?is soon =c$ u to run = ! ,s\nd ( ,mull1 :]e we 7 deta9$ until ,saturday ! #be?1 on ! morn+ ( :i* day we aga9 made ,hyni% ,bay2 b ! w9d1 :i* _h be5 less viol5t :5 we />t$ f ,tob]mory ! night be=e1 aga9 comm5c+ to bl[ /rong f ! same unpropiti\s qu>t]1 we _h only "t to l& at ,hyni%1 & take on bo>d a salt$ %eep 7:i* prov$ a r unpalatable addition to our provisions71 :5 we 7 =c$ to seek %elt] 9 our old qu>t]s at ,lo* ,er9 9 ,coll4 ,z we ent]$ ,lo* ,er91 we saw ! ,reg5t 7! ,g5]al ,ligh?\se ,t5d]7 leave ! ,s\nd ( ,mull1 & aga9 put back to ,tob]mory4 ,next day 7! #bf? ,augu/7 we left ,lo* ,er91 & bo>d$ ! ,reg5t2 b ! wea!r prov+ boi/]\s1 we 7 aga9 =c$ into our old an*orage1 :ile ! ,reg5t proce$$ ) ! ,eng9e]1 :o 0 !n on 8 annual voyage1 to ,b>rahead ,ligh?\se1 )\t attempt+ to g ne> ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,f ?is date ! wea!r did n prove fav\rable = a l&+ until ! #cj?1 :5 ! w9d be+ ,n4,w41 we sail$ f ,lo* ,er9 at daybreak1 & rea*$ ! ,sk]ryvore at t54 ,we n[ dis*>g$ all ! rema9+ mat]ials :i* _h be5 %ipp$ = ! ,rock ) a view to complete ! pyramid ( ! b>rack1 :i* x 0 int5d$ %\ld /& ! te/ ( a w9t]1 def]r+ ! fix+ ( ! habitable "p till next spr+4 ,driv5 to ,tyree4 ,return to ! ,rock4 ,horizontal braces fix$4 ,driv5 to ,mull4 ,heavy gale4 ,timb] ca/ on ,tyree4 ,return to ,rock1 & f>!r progress ( b>rack4 #ca/ ,augu/4--,! la/ day ( ,augu/ 0 "o ( consid]able discom=t4 ,our l&+ at f\r 9 ! morn+ 0 att5d$ ) great difficulty & "s dang]2 & ?r\gh\t ! day we 7 a good deal incommod$ by a ?ick drizzl+ ra91 :i* cont9u$ )\t int]mission4 ,ab\t mid-day ! sea rose s mu* z to r5d] x no long] prud5t to delay leav+ ! ,rock1 & we !re=e emb>k$4 ,aft] ly+ at our moor+s until half-pa/ two1 9 :at1 to l&sm51 0 a mo/ di/ress+ sea1 we slipp$ & ran = ,hyni% ,bay1 :i* we rea*$ at #e ,p4,m4 ,! wea!r cont9u$ boi/]\s until next ev5+ 7#a/ ,septemb]71 :5 ! w9d w5t r\nd to ! nor?1 & at eight all ! m5 7 summon$ on bo>d2 b al?\gh we sail$ at daybreak1 we c\ld n rea* ! moor+s ) daylight2 & x 0 n till ! morn+ ( ! #d? ,septemb]1 ab\t f\r o'clock1 t we c\ld aga9 l& on ! ,rock4 ,we succe$$1 9 spite ( a v unfav\rable day1 9 rema9+ till ?ree o'clock1 dur+ :i* "t we fix$ ! :ole ( ! horizontal braces1 & got ev]y?+ :i* we _h n be5 able to secure 9 its place firmly la%$ to ! r+-bolts on ! ,rock1 aft] :i* we 7 =c$ to leave x = ,mull4 ,! gale cont9u$ to bl[ v h>d1 )\t any int]mission1 = "s days2 & on ! #f?1 "s wreck-timb]1 cov]$ ) goose-b>nacles1 came a%ore among ! surf at ! bea* at ,hyni%1 b no trace ( its hi/ory 0 ev] f\nd1 nor did any rum\r rea* u ( a %ipwreck hav+ occurr$ on ?is coa/4 ,x 0 n till ! #h? t we c\ld aga9 attempt to rea* ! ,sk]ryvore2 :51 sail+ f ,mull ) a fair w9d1 & tak+ on bo>d at ,hyni% n9e masons1 & ,mr ,c4 ,b>clay1 =eman ( ! qu>ri]s1 we aga9 l&$ on x at #b ,p4,m4 ,we succe$$ 9 gett+ up ! mort> gall]y 7see ,plate ,v471 & 9 fix+ "s ( ! diagonal braces1 & left ! ,rock ab\t eight4 ,a m>rot p]*$ on ! vessel's side ?is aft]noon1 mu* fatigu$ & evid5tly desir\s to get on bo>d2 b ! sailors1 f "s sup]/iti\s dread1 w\ld n admit ! poor bird4 #aj? ,septemb]4--,we l&$ at f\r o'clock1 & _h a long & good day's "w until daylight left u4 ,we 7 n[ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs at mo/ ( complet+ all t c\ld be expect$ to be done ?is season2 & x 0 ) no small anxiety t ,i obs]v$ a *ange ( w9d f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,s4,w41 accompani$ by a fall ( ! sympiesomet]2 z 9 ! ev5t ( a *ange ( wea!r at t season1 x seem$ v unc]ta9 :5 we might aga9 l&1 & /ill m unc]ta9 :e!r our "w1 9 its incomplete /ate1 c\ld resi/ ! w9t]'s seas4 ,la/ day's "w on ,rock ?is season4 ,precaution = ! b5efit ( %ipwreck$ seam54 ,view f top ( pyramid4 #aa? ,septemb]4--,?is 0 our la/ day's "w on ! ,rock ?is season4 ,we l&$ at f\r o'clock ) v great difficulty1 & "s dang] ( hav+ our boats swamp$2 & we 7 =c$1 ow+ to ! heavy sea :i* broke ^u x1 to leave ! ,rock at high wat]2 b1 ab\t "o o'clock1 we 7 enabl$ to return1 z ! sea fell a little4 ,by d9t ( great ex]tions1 we got ! la/ ( ! diagonal braces fix$1 & ! bats run up ) lead & pa9t$1 = _! protection aga9/ corrosion4 ,we also contriv$ to remove ! great] "p ( ! tools f ! ,rock1 b "s we 7 =c$ to leave to _! fate4 ,to ! upp] "p ( ! pyramid we la%$ a wat]-tight *e/1 conta9+ biscuits & a cask ( wat]1 to s]ve z a means ( support to any %ipwreck$ m>9]s :o might *ance to rea* ! ,rock4 ,i also caus$ "s sp>s to be la%$ at v>i\s levels1 by way ( te/+ ! effects ( ! sea2 b to h[ little purpose1 ! sequel w %ew4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,rock1 ,i climb$ to ! top ( ! pyramid1 f :i* ,i n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 got a bird's eye view ( ! v>i\s %oals :i* ! /ormy /ate ( ! sea s well disclos$2 & my elevation above ! ,rock itself decreas$ ! app>5t elevation ( ! rugg$ l$ge s mu*1 t x seem$ to me z if ea* successive wave mu/ sweep "r ov] its surface1 & c>ry u all be=e x into ! wide ,atlantic4 ,s l\d 0 ! ro>+ ( ! w9d among ! timb]s ( ! b>rack1 & s ho>se ! clam\r ( ! waves1 t ,i c\ld n he> ! voices ( ! m5 bel[2 & ,i1 ) difficulty1 occasionally caught ! %>p t9kle ( ! hamm]s on ! ,rock4 ,:5 ,i look$ back ^u ! works ( ! season1 ^u our difficulties1 &1 ,i mu/ add1 dang]s1 & ! small result ( our ex]tions--= we _h only be5 #afe h\rs at "w on ! ,rock betwe5 ! #g? ,augu/ & ! #aa? ,septemb]--,i c\ld see t1 9 good tru?1 !re 7 _m difficulties be=e u2 b !re 0 also mu* cause = ?ankfulness1 9 ! _m escapes we _h made4 ,aft] a some:at prec>i\s emb>kation 9 ! boats1 & %ipp+ sev]al seas 9 our way1 we rea*$ ! vessel1 & imm$iately set sail ) ?ree *e]s1 rejoic+ to h ?us conclud$ our season's "w4 ,de/ruction ( ! b>rack dur+ a gale4 ,lett] f ,mr ,hogb54 ,aft] sp5d+ a few days at ,hyni% 9 mak+ v>i\s arrangem5ts = ! op]ations ( ! next season1 :i* 7 to embrace ! ext5sion ( ! pi]1 ! completion ( ! b>racks & ! erection ( %$s & work%ops = c>ry+ on ! dress+ ( ! mat]ials = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 ,i left ,tyree ) ! pleas+ belief t ! successful t]m9ation ( our fir/ season's lab\rs might be tak5 z an om5 ( future success4 ,b h[ unc]ta9 are ev5 ! mo/ rational s\rces ( satisfaction :i* ,"t c furni%6 ,on ! #ab? ,novemb]1 ,i receiv$ f ,mr ,hogb51 ! cl]k & /ore-keep] at ,tyree1 ! unwelcome intellig5ce t ! ,b>rack-h\se _h be5 de/roy$1 z 0 suppos$1 by ! heavy sea ( ! #c;d ,novemb]2 & z 8 lett]s conta9 all ! facts ( ! case 9 s f> z !y c\ld be collect$ at ! "t1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote !m at full l5g?3--8,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ,works1 ,tyree1 #e? ,novemb] #ahch4--;,de> ,sir1--,i am extremely sorry to in=m y1 t ! b>rack erect$ on ,sk]ryvore ,rock has totally disappe>$4 ,x 0 se5 on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 :5 ,i obs]v$ no *ange 9 its appe>ance4 ,on ! two foll[+ days ! wea!r 0 %[]y1 ) haze1 s t ! ,rock 0 n se52 & on ! #c;d x ra9$ almo/ all day1 ) /rong breezes4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! w9d increas$ to a gale1 ) a great swell1 & an extraord9>y high tide4 ,ye/]day 7,sunday ! #d?7 ! wea!r 0 mod]ate1 b ! swell prev5t$ ! ,rock be+ se5 f ! l[ gr\nd4 ,mr ,scott & ,*>les ,b>clay1 h[ev]1 hav+ gone to ! top ( ,b5 ,hyni%1 got a mom5t>y glimpse ( ! ,rock ?r\gh ! spray1 & bo? 7 ( op9ion t ! b>rack 0 gone4 ,?is 0 n cr$it$ by ! workm5 :o _h be5 employ$ at x1 b ?is morn+ we f\nd x to be ! case2 ! ,rock 0 pretty cle>ly se51 b no trace ( ! b>rack4 ,f ! circum/ance ( ! y>d ( a l>ge vessel1 & also a piece ( a boom1 hav+ come a%ore 9 ! direction ( ! ,rock1 we ?9k x is n improbable t "s wreck has happ5$1 & t "s "p ( x has be5 ?r[n ^u ! b>rack by ! =ce ( ! sea4 ,%\ld any opportunity occur = go+ out to ! ,rock1 we %all take advantage ( x1 9 ord] to give y f>!r in=mation on ! subject4 ,i rema91 c4 7,sign$7 ,,wm4 ,s4 ,,hogb540 ,a subsequ5t lett] f ,mr ,hogb5 is ( ! foll[+ t5or3--8,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ,works1 ,tyree1 #aj? ,novemb] #ahch4--;,de> ,sir1--,?is morn+1 ,*>les ,b>clay1 ) a boat & f\r m51 w5t out to ! ,rock to view ! site ( ! b>rack2 &1 ! wea!r be+ mod]ate1 he got a good l&+4 ,! foll[+ is ! /ate 9 :i* he f\nd ev]y?+3--,! :ole b>rack timb]s _h be5 c>ri$ away1 except+ ! long beam next ! place :]e ! crab /ood :i* drew up ! beams1 & ab\t sev5 feet ( ! long beam opposite ! place :]e ! o!r crab /ood4 ,! =m] ( ^! beams _h fall5 9 ! direction ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ,rock1 & _h drawn "o ( ! iron /an*eons #af in*es4 ,! latt] 0 all 9 spl9t]s1 ) "o ( ! iron /an*eons brok51 & ! o!r b5t4 ,! re/ ( ! /an*eons 7 brok5 at ! po9t betwe5 ! r\nd & ! flat1 & "s ( !m 7 drawn ab\t #i in*es4 ,! iron hoop :i* b\nd ! top ( ! beams 0 ly+ at ! di/ance ( ab\t ! l5g? ( ! beams to ! ea/w>d ( ! c5tre ( ! b>rack1 hav+ "o ( its screws brok54 ,five l>ge wood5 knees 7 rema9+1 a ladd] p>tly brok51 "s m\lds = tak+ ! angle ( ! beams1 & mo/ ( ! qu>ry & masons' tools4 ,! gr9d/one 0 ?r[n f ! top ( ! ,rock into a deep hole on ! side next ,tyree1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ab y>ds1 app>5tly :ole4 ,! smi?'s =ge _h disappe>$1 & ! anvil _h be5 ?r[n ab\t #h y>ds to ! ,n4,e4 ( ! place1 :]e x 0 left2 x 0 br\ght a%ore1 along ) ! hoop :i* encircl$ ! top ( ! b>rack4 ,! iron po/s :i* support$ ! bell[s 7 /&+4 ,! crab on ! ,s4,w4 side 0 ?r[n f its place to ! ea/ side ( ! site ( ! b>rack1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ae or #bj y>ds1 & 0 da%$ to pieces1 except+ ! axle1 h&les1 p9ion1 & ! trunk ( ! b>rel4 ,! o!r crab 0 ?r[n f its place to ! ,n4,e41 ov] a "p ( ! rock #e or #f feet high1 to a di/ance ( ab\t #f y>ds1 & 0 f\nd 9 a simil> /ate to ! =m]4 ,a /one measur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( a ton 0 f\nd ne> ! seat ( "o ( ! beams2 x _h be5 ?r[n up f ! hole :]e x _h be5 deposit$ :ile cutt+ ! seats = ! b>rack timb]s4 ,"o ( ! r+-bolts ne> ! top ( ! ,rock to :i* ! *a9 b9d+ ! wood _h be5 made fa/1 0 brok5 close by ! surface ( ! ,rock1 & ! wood 0 all gone4 ,! moor+ buoy has also disappe>$4 ,! b>rack 0 se5 f ! top ( ,b5 ,ke5-na-v>a1 by "s m5 on ,saturday1 #c;d ,novemb]1 s t ! succe$+ night1 :i* 0 truly awful1 mu/ h done ! damage4 ,i may m5tion1 t _m ( ! isl&]s say t !y h n se5 su* a swell z on t ev5+ = ab\t sixte5 ye>s4 ,i am happy to say t no damage has be5 done to ! works on %ore "h1 z on t ev5+ ! w9d 0 ab\t ,s4,w41 & we are pretty mu* %elt]$ f ! w9d 9 t direction4 ,! %ore on ! ,s4,w4 side ( ! isl& is /rew$ ) sea-we$1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ up f> beyond ! usual rea* ( ! tide4 ,hop+ t ! above in=mation w suffice1 ,i rema91 c4 7,sign$7 8,,wm4 ,s4 ,,hogb540 ,proce$ to ,sk]ryvore4 ,/ate 9 :i* ! ,rock 0 f\nd4 ,on ! day on :i* ,i receiv$ ?is disc\rag+ intellig5ce1 ,i reque/$ a special meet+ ( ! ,committee1 = ! purpose ( delib]at+ z to ! be/ c\rse to be pursu$1 :5 ,i receiv$ in/ructions to proce$ to ! ,rock1 & = t purpose to hire a /eam] at ,glasg[4 ,i accord+ly />t$ t v ev5+ = ,sk]ryvore1 ) ! int5tion at ! same "t ( remov+ su* ( ! m5 f ,tyree z 7 n to be employ$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,i left ,gre5ock 9 ! /eam] ,tob]mory1 accompani$ by ,mr ,macuri* ( ! ,ligh?\se t5d]1 at midnight ( ! #ad? ,novemb]1 aft] "s delay 9 repair+ a leak 9 ! boil]1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 "t be=e />t+1 & rea*$ ,hyni% at #aa on ! =5oon ( ! #af?1 hav+ got a good passage r\nd ! ,mull ( ,k9tyre4 ,! wea!r 01 h[ev]1 9 e o!r respect mo/ unfav\rable = ! purpose2 & hav+ m]ely t\*$1 9 pass+ ,tyree1 at ! worky>d at ,hyni%1 to inquire :e!r any ?+ f>!r _h transpir$1 & to take on bo>d ,mr ,*>les ,b>clay1 :o _h visit$ ! ,rock aft] ! loss ( ! b>rack1 we at once proce$$ & rea*$ ,sk]ryvore ab\t #d o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! sea ran v high1 & !re 0 n ! mo/ remote *ance ( l&+1 b1 hav+ got into ! boat1 ,i approa*$ ne> en\gh to ! ,rock to enable me to survey ! melan*oly rema9s ( our lab\rs1 :i* seem$ to be 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* !y 7 describ$ by ,mr ,hogb54 ,! beam :i* lay back on ! incl9$ l$ge /ill kept its place1 hav+ be5 firmly la%$ by ,mr ,*>les ,b>clay to a r+ :i* 0 ne> x :5 he l&$ on ! #aj? ,novemb]2 & ,i c\ld see ! rema9s ( "s ( ! /an*eons & ( ! crabs :i* ! sea _h left4 ,aft] wait+1 9 ! hope ( a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! sea1 until x 0 ne>ly d>k1 we aga9 turn$ t[>ds ,tyree1 9 all ! gloom ( a /ormy night1 & depress$ by m+l$ disappo9tm5t & sad =ebod+s1 occasion$ by ! fate ( our int5d$ asylum f ! waves4 ,ow+ to ! heavy sea1 & a /rong gale aga9/ u1 we hung = a long "t (f ,hyni% ,po9t1 & did n rea* ! ,bay till midnight4 ,next morn+ ab\t #g1 we came (f ,hyni%1 9 ord] to take 9 ! m5 :o 7 to g home = ! w9t]4 ,! gr\nd 0 deeply cov]$ ) sn[1 :i* made ! emb>kation ( s _m p]sons & s mu* baggage a t$i\s & uncom=table op]ation2 & :5 we sail$1 we exp]i5c$ all ! inconv5i5ces ( a /rong gale & a heavy sea1 ) ! concomitant ( a deck cov]$ ) pass5g]s1 all v sick & mu* dispirit$4 ,_m ( ! m51 inde$1 seem$ to be z deeply conc]n$ = ! loss we _h su/a9$ z ,i myself 04 ,to add to our difficulties1 ! vessel1 "u ! c>e ( a native pilot1 _h t\*$ slightly on a rock (f ,hyni% ,po9t1 & gave "s indications ( leak+4 ,we1 h[ev]1 rea*$ ,oban 9 safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aj4 ,cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! b>rack4 ,v>i\s conjectures 7 made z to ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! b>rack4 ,^? :o saw x erect$ 7 s confid5t ( its /ability1 t !y c\ld n avoid connect+ its failure ) "s injury receiv$ f ! wreck-timb]1 :i* _h come a%ore on ! isl& ( ,tyree1 two days aft] ! suppos$ date ( ! accid5t4 ,9 ?is op9ion !y 7 /r5g!n$ by ! total de/ruction ( ! cranes & o!r objects on ! rock1 =gett+ t ! timb] ( ! b>rack itself1 :5 once let loose1 mu/ ( necessity h prov$ ev5 a m p[]ful ag5t ( de/ruction ?an ! driftwood ( ! wreck4 ,b :atev] d\bt may exi/ z to ! fir/ cause ( ! injury1 !re seems good reason to suppose t ! dismemb]m5t ( ! p>ts ( ! /ructure _h comm5c$ ) ! removal ( ! horizontal braces1 & t ! beams1 hav+ ?us m lib]ty = play & tremor1 _h gradually %ak5 loose ! fixtures at ! top1 :i* consi/$ ( /raps c c1 pass+ "r ov] ! tops a a1 ( ! beams & b b1 ! hexagonal quo9 ( h>dwood already notic$ at p4 #hh1 :i* 7 secur$ by means ( a c5tral bolt d1 & f9ally girt outside by a r+1 e e1 z %ewn 9 ! annex$ woodcut 7,no4 #aj47 ,! mom5t ?is dismemb]m5t occurr$1 ! beams w\ld be free to "w _! own de/ruction2 & ! enorm\s lev]age :i* !y ex]t$1 :5 da%$ to & fro by ! break]s1 w\ld soon snap ! iron /an*eons at ! base1 & ?r[ all loose to ! waves4 ,! only rema9+ beam 0 t :i* 0 support$ aga9/ a l$ge ( rock1 & :i* _h receiv$ ! sea f ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* x 0 f\nd ly+4 ,t beam1 h[ev]1 al?\gh firmly la%$ to ! rock by ! m5 :o fir/ visit$ x aft] ! accid5t1 along ) ,mr ,*>les ,b>clay1 also disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! w9t]4 ,z a pro( h[ sev]ely ^! beams _h be5 da%$ by ! waves1 ,i may /ate1 t ! only rema9+ "p ( a beam :i* ,i saw atta*$ to ! iron /an*eons1 :5 ,i l&$ 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 0 s ?or\ghly riv5 & %ak5 z to be q l a bundle ( la?wood4 ,prep>ations = a new b>rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aa4 ,^! circum/ances by no means %ook my belief 9 ! suitabl5ess ( ! plan adopt$ = obta9+ a tempor>y dwell+ on ! rock2 b !y induc$ me1 z soon z ,i receiv$ au?ority f ! ,commission]s1 ^: confid5t expectation ( f9al success 0 n damp$ by ! unhappy issue ( our season's lab\rs1 to exam9e v c>efully ! :ole details ( ! ties & fa/5+s4 ,9 prep>+ a simil> /ructure = next season1 ,i resolv$ to /r5g!n ! ties at ! top1 :]e ,i imag9$ ! =m] failure to h occurr$1 by add+ six /rong /an*eons a1 a 7,plate ,v471 "o to ea* beam1 ) heads pass+ ?r\gh a c5tre-plate 7,h71 :i* unit$ !m 9 "o z a cap & to :i* !y 7 secur$ by /rong screws & keys4 ,! nature ( ^? fixtures w be m easily und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! figures 7#a7 & 7#b7 9 ,plate ,,vi41 :i* %ew an elevation & plan ( ! upp] "p ( ! beams4 ,9 ! elevation only ! beams ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are %ewn2 b 9 ! plan1 all ! six beams appe> mit]+ at _! heads n1 n1 to ! c5tral beam or tie o1 o 7see also ,plate ,v471 :i* 0 introduc$ to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! heavy seas t might bur/ inside ! pyramid1 & by ex]t+ a p[]ful =ce 9 ! v]tical direction1 might sep>ate ! beams at ! top4 ,9 ! ,plate 7,,vi471 a1 a1 are /rong /an*eons ( iron atta*$ to ! outside ( ! beams by bolts1 & also by coll>s r1 r1 atta*$ to e>s g1 g4 ,^! /an*eons be+ b5t into ! v]tical direction & r\nd$ at ! top1 pass$ ?r\gh ! malleable iron plate ,h1 :i* 0 held d[n1 &1 z already /at$1 b\nd ! beams toge!r by nuts c1 c1 & w$ges b1 b4 ,?r\gh a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ?is plate1 a l>ge spike p 0 driv51 :i* produc$ an expansion ( ! c5tral beam1 & ?us w$g$ up or tight5$ all ! jo9ts =m$ by ! mit]+ ( ! sev5 timb]s4 ,on ea* ( ^? /an*eons1 snugs 7 =m$ at e1 capable ( receiv+ & reta9+ 9 its place aga9/ any t5d5cy to move upw>ds1 a /rong metallic r+ g1 :i* 0 tightly key$ by w$ges at k4 ,additional ties ( iron ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 7 also provid$1 :i* connect$ ! six beams toge!r 9 pairs4 ,ea* end ( ^? ties 0 atta*$ to ! timb]s by ?ree spikes2 "o tie1 ,d1 is %ewn a little =e-%ort5$2 ano!r1 ,e1 is se5 only on ! end2 :ile ! ?ird ,f1 is %ewn z cut (f at ! middle4 ,la/ly1 an important *ange 0 made1 by ! sub/itution ( malleable iron = wood5 braces 7see ,plate ,v47 b1 b1 b1 b1 9 ! horizontal direction4 ,fixtures ( ?is k9d held ! :ole m firmly toge!r2 & _! con/ruction 0 su* t !y might firmly embrace ea* beam1 )\t requir+ any means ( atta*m5t beyond w$g+ tightly up2 & ?us ! entire /r5g? ( ! timb]s 0 unimpair$ by ! driv+ ( spikes or bolts4 ,^? braces 7,no4 #aa71 a1 a1 _h1 at ea* end1 d\ble knobs1 & 7 pu%$ up along ! beams1 until !y squeez$ ! timb]s x1 x1 x betwe5 !m2 plates p1 p 7hav+ holes 9 !m ?r\gh :i* ! d\ble knobs ( ! braces 7 made to pass71 7 !n put on & key$ & screw$1 z %ewn 9 ! figure1 s t ea* beam 0 q enclos$ by fixtures1 :i* 7 ?us indep5d5t ( spikes or bolts4 ,?9 h>dwood w$ges 7 aft]w>ds driv5 91 :]ev] !y c\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! iron & ! timb]2 & ^? w$ges 7 8/it*$0 to ! beams ) common nails1 m]ely to prev5t _! dropp+ d[nw>d1 aft] any tempor>y contraction ( ! timb] f ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 all ?is1 ,i h anticipat$ :at m prop]ly belongs to ! works ( ! season #ahci2 b ,i consid] x be/1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 to connect ?is acc\nt ( ! new ) ! de/ruction ( ! old ,b>rack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,works at ,hyni%4 ,:ile ! op]ations already describ$ 7 9 progress at ! ,rock1 v>i\s works 7 go+ =w>d at ! worky>d 9 ,tyree4 ,ab\t #af masons1 #ab qu>ri]s1 & #d c>p5t]s1 7 employ$ 9 build+ ! b>racks = ! workm5 & 9 erect+ smi?s' & c>p5t]s' %ops4 ,a l>ge room1 pav$ ) a /one floor1 = draw+ out at full size ! c\rses ( ! ,t[] & mak+ ! m\lds = dress+ ! /ones1 0 also provid$2 & a plat=m ( squ>$ masonry 0 set 9 ! worky>d1 on :i* ! c\rses 7 to be laid1 be=e be+ %ipp$ = ! ,rock4 ,dur+ ! season1 ! pi] _h also be5 c>ri$ out #bef feet1 to a po9t #ae feet )9 ! l[-wat] m>k4 ,x 0 also necess>y to provide depositories = ! security ( tools & o!r implem5ts1 z well z a l>ge coal-%$ = ! supply ( ! ,/eam] :i* 0 !n 9 ! c\rse ( be+ built4 ,x _h1 z already notic$1 be5 det]m9$ t ! /ores 7 to be s]v$ out at ! co/ prices ( ! ,gre5ock m>ket1 to be paid = once a mon?1 at ! same "t t ! wages ( ! m5 7 paid4 ,t arrangem5t _h be5 c>ri$ into effect on a small scale1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! works2 b ?is season x became necess>y1 ow+ to ! increas$ numb] ( m51 to conduct x on a m ext5d$ & sy/ematic plan2 &1 = t purpose1 a p]son 0 requir$ to act z /orekeep] & cl]k4 ,9 ord] also to pres]ve ! provisions f injury by damp & to secure !m f ! inroads ( ! ne$y ,celts & f innum]able rats :i* ov]run t "p ( ,tyree1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to set ap>t1 z a /oreh\se1 a l>ge room on ! second /orey ( "o ( ! work%ops4 ,! *ief articles s]v$ out 9 ! /ore 7 meal1 molasses1 sug>1 c(fee1 tea1 tobacco & butt]4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! /ore entail$ a great deal ( tr\ble1 & l$ to "s exp5se = c>riage & packages1 z well z to occasional trifl+ losses 9 s]v+ out ! all[ances or f injury su/a9$ 9 ! transport ( ! goods2 b ! inhospitable nature ( ! c\ntry1 & ! remot5ess ( ,tyree f ! ord9>y /eam-boat traffic1 made ! adoption ( "s su* plan unavoidable4 ,among/ o!r inconv5i5ces :i* att5d$ ! /ore1 n ! lea/ may be reckon$ ! frequ5t importunities1 on ! "p ( ! native lab\r]s :om we employ$1 to be p]mitt$ to pur*ase provisions at ! worky>d2 b t 0 nev] acc$$ to1 except 9 cases :]e de>?s 7:i* are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! isl&7 r5d]$ ! call irresi/ible4 ,_h _! entreaties easily prevail$1 we %\ld soon h _h ! :ole population ( ,tyree z our regul> cu/om]s at ! ,/ore4 ,hyni% ,qu>ries4 ,! qu>ries at ,hyni%1 z already /at$1 7 by no means productive4 ,! great proportion ( ! mat]ials :i* _h be5 qu>ri$1 0 f\nd to be applicable only to ! build+ ( ! pi] & ! inclos+ walls1 & to ! v>i\s erections 9 ! worky>d2 & n m ?an "o-t5? ( ! :ole c\ld be dress$ z blocks = ! ,t[]4 ,dur+ ! num]\s occasions on :i* ,i _h be5 driv5 by /ress ( wea!r to ! neighb\r+ coa/s1 ,i _h visit$ ! qu>ries ar\nd ,oban & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,morv5 & ,mull4 ,:5 s =c$ to leave :at ,i might m especially call my po/1 ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ ! qu>ries at ,ard5tall5 ne> ,oban1 :i* conta9 ! old r$ s&/one /rongly impregnat$ ) clay4 ,t /one is by no means suitable = ! face-"w ( a m>9e build+1 9 su* a situation z ! ,sk]ryvore2 :ile ! comp>atively small quantity ( he>t+ :i* c\ld be admitt$ into su* a "w1 made x inexp$i5t to seek su* mat]ials at s great a di/ance4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,ard5tall5 qu>ry seem$ completely exclud$ f ! field4 ,at ano!r "t1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,inv]>y1 ,i devot$ a day to ! exam9ation ( ! qu>ries :i* _h lately be5 op5$ at t place & 9 :i* a beautiful porphyry is wr\ght2 b ,i saw no appe>ance ( v l>ge blocks1 or1 at all ev5ts1 no?+ t c\ld fav\r ! expectation ( a consid]able supply4 ,b aft] c>efully weigh+ ! matt]1 ! great masses ( granite at ! ,ross ( ,mull f9ally det]m9$ my *oice 9 fav\r ( t locality2 & ! ,duke ( ,argyll hav+1 ) ! greate/ lib]ality1 ratifi$ 8 pr$ecessor's grant ( lib]ty to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d to qu>ry /ones f any "p ( ! ,argyll e/ates1 x 0 resolv$ to take measures e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahci = op5+ qu>ries at ,nor? ,bay1 9 ,mull1 :]e an excell5t /ation = %ipp+ _h be5 discov]$1 close to ! place :]e we saw ! mo/ promis+ appe>ance ( rock4 ,?is measure seem$ ! m indisp5sable1 z ! la/ "p ( ! qu>ry t]r$#ah or laid b>e at ,hyni%1 _h greatly disappo9t$ our expectations4 ,! unworkable nature ( gneiss rock also & its extreme unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to quality1 f>!r concurr$ to make a *ange mo/ desirable4 ,granite1 inde$1 is a mat]ial 9 _m respects sup]ior to s&/one1 gneiss1 or porphyry4 ,! fir/ x greatly excels 9 durability & weight2 &1 z a /one = ! worky>d1 x is sup]ior to ! o!r two1 f its prop]ty ( be+ fissile1 or easily split 9 any direction4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles c]ta9 p>ts ( "s s&/one /rata :i* are commonly call$ liv] rock1 ( :i* ,craiglei? qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 furni%es an excell5t example4 ,porphyry1 &1 ,i ?9k1 all o!r igne\s rocks 7except+ granite71 gneiss also1 & mo/ ( ! o!r prim>y rocks1 h n ?is prop]ty1 be+ fissile only 9 "o plane1 s t qu>ries ( ^? rocks g5]ally turn out v unc\? or irregul> /ones1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may 9 "s fav\rable cases possess good natural b$s1 w always be f\nd to h ragg$ & irregul> jo9ts1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are incapable ( be+ prop]ly dress$4 #ah ,?is t]m 9 ,scotl& d5otes ! removal ( ! soil & unsolid mat]ial1 9 ord] to lay b>e ! rock previ\s to work+ ! qu>ry1 & seems obvi\sly to be d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 8t]ra10 p]haps ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s old *>t]4 ,! quantity ( t]r+ v mu* affects ! pr(itable work+ ( a qu>ry4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahci4 ,%ipp+ ,/ation & ,pi] at ,hyni%4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ,novemb] #ahch & ,m>* #ahci1 a small deta*m5t ( m51 consi/+ ( ?ree masons1 n9e qu>ri]s1 & "o smi?1 7 left at ,hyni% "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr ,*>les ,b>clay1 to cle> ! l&+-place ( sev]al pat*es ( rock :i* encumb]$ ! entrance4 ,!y 7 also to build "s walls ( inclosure1 & to qu>ry & dress /ones = ! pi] & o!r build+s at ,hyni%4 ,! provision ( accommodation = %ipp+ at t place 0 n[ naturally reg>d$ z ( m urg5t necessity ?an =m]ly1 because ! importation ( /ones f ,mull1 :i* ! failure ( ! ,tyree /one _h r5d]$ unavoidable1 l$ to ! necessity ( a re%ipm5t ( all ! mat]ials at ,hyni%1 :]e !y 7 dress$ be=e be+ s5t to ! ,rock4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be naturally en\gh imag9$1 t in/ead ( import+ ! mat]ials to be dress$ at ,tyree & !re re%ipp$ 9 ord] to be c>ri$ to ! ,rock1 !y might h be5 prep>$ 9 ,mull1 & s5t directly to ! ,sk]ryvore2 b _m ?+s concurr$ to r5d] ?is inexp$i5t1 if n altoge!r impracticable4 ,! advantage ( be+ able1 by means ( a good telescope1 9 "s measure to asc]ta9 ! /ate ( ! sea at ! ,rock1 ! comp>ative %ortness ( ! passage1 :i* gave ! prospect ( sev]al c>goes be+ l&$ on x 9 "o day dur+ f9e wea!r1 & ! conv5i5ce ( communicat+ ) ! ,rock by signal1 7 circum/ances 9 !mselves q suffici5t to det]m9e my *oice 9 fav\r ( ,hyni%1 z ! place f :i* ! mat]ials mu/ be %ipp$ = ! ,rock1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no o!r consid]ations lead+ to ! same conclusion4 ,b 9 addition to all ?is1 ,i c\ld n fail to p]ceive t ,hyni% 0 ! only place = ! p]man5t /ation ( ! vessel att5d+ on ! future ,ligh?\se2 & t on t acc\nt alone ! con/ruction ( a ,h>b\r !re 0 unavoidable4 ,t ! arrangem5t1 by :i* ! future /ation = ! ,t5d] 0 us$ z ! worky>d = ! op]ations1 0 ! mo/ judici\s t c\ld h be5 adopt$1 0 fully prov$ by my subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( ! advantage ( assembl+ all our mat]ials & all our =ce at a po9t z ne> to ! ,rock z possible1 s t we might be at all times ready to supply defects or omissions1 & take advantage ( e fav\rable *ange ( ! sea or sky4 ,9 ! middle ( ,m>* ! ,reg5t convey$ f ,ab]de5 a deta*m5t ( tw5ty-n9e masons & qu>ri]s & five smi?s1 & ! =eman ( ! worky>d1 :o1 toge!r ) ! m5 already at ,hyni% & ! native lab\r]s1 7 to be employ$ dur+ ! season ( #ahci1 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! "w4 ,on _! arrival ! m5 7 sep>at$ into two small b&s1 ( :i* ! "o1 consi/+ ( six masons1 twelve qu>ri]s1 "o smi? & a =eman1 0 /ation$ at ,nor? ,bay 9 ,mull1 :]e ! new qu>ries 7 to be op5$2 :ile ! o!r _h its head qu>t]s at ,hyni%1 &1 :5 n engag$ 9 ! "w on ! ,rock itself1 0 subdivid$ into small] p>ties1 v>y+ 9 numb] ) ! nature ( ! p>ticul> op]ations 9 :i* ! m5 7 occupi$4 ,granite qu>ries 9 ,mull4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! #ai? ,april ,i sail$ f ,gre5ock 9 ! ,reg5t1 = ,nor? ,bay 9 ,mull1 :]e ! qu>ries 7 to be op5$4 ,we _h on bo>d ! :ole mat]ials ( ! new ,b>rack1 :i* 0 to supply ! place ( t :i* _h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! prec$+ mon? ( ,novemb]2 & we _h also a p>ty ( c>p5t]s :o came to fit up ! ,b>rack 9 a tempor>y mann] at ,nor? ,bay1 z a resid5ce = ! masons :o 7 to be engag$ 9 prep>+ m p]man5t dwell+s = ! qu>ri]s & 9 =m+ a l&+-:>f = ! %ipm5t ( ! /ones = ,tyree4 ,x 0 n till ! #be?1 aft] a t$i\s passage ( six days1 t we an*or$ at ,nor? ,bay2 & next morn+ we _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! /eam]1 ! ,sk]ryvore 7by :i* "n %e 0 specially set ap>t = ! s]vice ( ! works71 arrive 9 ! ,bay ) a p>ty ( masons & qu>ri]s1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to meet u 9 ord] to beg9 ! "w4 ,! necess>y arrangem5ts ) ! ,duke ( ,argyll's t5ants at ! ,ross ( ,mull 79 :i* di/rict ,nor? ,bay is situat$7 hav+ be5 already made1 no "t 0 lo/ 9 erect+ ! wood5 ,b>rack2 &1 9 sev5 days aft] our arrival1 ! masons & qu>ri]s ent]$ _! new habitation "u ! *>ge ( ,mr ,*>les ,/ew>t1 :om ,i left z =eman ( ! ,nor? ,bay works4 ,mr ,/ew>t & 8 p>ty1 foll[+ ! example ( dilig5ce ?us set to !m1 7 n less exp$iti\s 9 proce$+ ) ! "w :i* _h be5 assign$ to !m2 & by ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ a range ( b>racks1 capable ( accommodat+ =ty p]sons1 _h be5 erect$1 a l&+ :>f _h be5 built1 & v>i\s /oreh\ses _h be5 provid$1 al?\gh ! qu>ry _h to be op5$1 & ! blocks ( /one requir$ = ^? v>i\s works 7 /ill 9 situ at ! "t ( our l&+ at ,nor? ,bay ?ree mon?s be=e4 ,! l&+ :>f is plac$ on a small project+ face ( rock 9 a dep? ( #ab feet at high wat] ( ord9>y spr+ tides4 ,x pres5ts a face ( #dj feet 9 l5g?1 & 0 provid$ ) wood5 f5d]s = ! protection ( ! vessels load+ /ones4 ,l&w>d ( x a consid]able space 0 levell$1 by cutt+ & fill+1 to s]ve z a y>d = /or+ ! qu>ri$ mat]ials1 s z to be ready = %ipm5t4 ,! qu>ry itself 0 op5$ 9 ! face ( a hill1 s /eep z almo/ to des]ve ! "n ( a cliff2 b advantage 0 tak5 ( a deep gully :i* int]sect$ x & 9 x an incl9$ plane 0 =m$ communicat+ directly ) ! l&+-place4 ,?is gully 0 p>tly cle>$ by excavation ( ! rock & p>tly1 :]e necess>y1 its inequalities 7 smoo!d d[n by fill+ x ) /one %iv]s2 & along its b$ ?us prep>$1 longitud9al sleep]s ( timb] 7 laid1 to :i* edge-rails 7 atta*$4 ,at ! top ( ! incl9e two iron drums or b>rels 7 set1 & r\nd !m 7 w\nd1 9 opposite directions1 ! *a9s by :i* ! trucks or wagons1 load$ ) /ones f ! qu>ry1 7 l[]$ to ! :>f bel[4 ,a p[]ful break app>atus 0 atta*$ to ^? b>rels1 to *eck ! velocity ( ! desc5d+ wagons1 :i* 0 also 9 "p c\nt]act$1 by mak+ _! gravity act z a p[] to raise ! empty wagons 9 ! same mann] z is usually practis$ 9 coal-m9es4 ,! qu>ry itself1 z already /at$1 0 op5$ 9 ! face ( ! cliff1 at a po9t :]e ! successive b$s ( solid rock seem$ to promise ! faire/ prospect ( success4 ,! prelim9>y op]ation 0 to remove a v ?9 alluvial cov] :i* sc>cely conceal$ f view a l>ge mass ( mo/ beautiful granite1 ^: r$di% col\r is said to h giv5 ! "n ( ,ross#ai to t "p ( ,mull1 ! %ores ( :i* ev]y:]e exhibit massive slopes ( t f9e rock4 ,! granite is sep>at$ v abruptly f ! basalts ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 s z to leave ! ,ross purely granitic2 b 9 no "p ( ! :ole coa/1 :i* ab\nds ) creeks & bays1 does ! rock appe> to be ( equal quality1 or s conv5i5tly situat$ = %ipp+1 & s easily accessible to qu>ri]s1 z at ! spot we _h *os54 ,i "k ( no in/ance ( a qu>ry s fully answ]+ ! mo/ sangu9e expectations z t ( ! ,ross ( ,mull2 & ,i h nev] se5 a granite qu>ry ( equally great res\rces1 z reg>ds bo? ! quantity & ! quality ( ! mat]ial produc$4 ,! rock 9 g5]al yield$ easily be=e well-direct$ %ots1 & 0 sep>at$ into l>ge masses1 capable ( be+ advantage\sly cut1 ) little loss ( mat]ial1 into %apely blocks1 by means ( w$ges1 :i* "w rem>kably well 9 t rock4 ,a few weeks aft] ! qu>ry+ op]ations _h be5 comm5c$1 a s+le %ot deta*$ #aej tons ( excell5t /one1 9 ! cutt+ ( :i* into blocks = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] little loss ( mat]ial occurr$2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! season ( #ahci1 al?\gh ! summ] 0 *iefly sp5t 9 ! prelim9>y works above notic$1 ! ,mull qu>ries produc$ ne>ly z mu* workable mat]ial = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] z ! ,hyni% qu>ries _h done 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! future work+ ( ! qu>ry1 :5 x came to be m fully op5$1 its res\rces 7 s great1 t on "o occasion a s+le %ot %ook ab\t #egj tons1 :ile ano!r %ot deta*$ a mass ( #dfj tons4 ,9 t way1 betwe5 ,april #ahci & ,june #ahdj1 mat]ial _h be5 qu>ri$ 9 t s+le spot1 suffici5t to supply #dcjj select$ blocks1 v>y+ 9 weight f ton to #b tons ea*4 ,! av]age mon?ly produce ( ! qu>ries 0 ab\t #djj tons1 & !re 7 g5]ally employ$ 9 !m #bf qu>ri]s1 #c lab\r]s1 & #b smi?s4 ,! quantity ( gunp[d] consum$ 9 ! qu>ry 0 small1 z x 0 almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 great bores ab\t #aa feet deep1 = ! purpose ( deta*+ l>ge masses :i* _h no op5 side & c\ld n be remov$ by means ( ! p9* or cr[-b>4 ,:5 a mass ( rock _h be5 ?us remov$1 x 0 cut up into v>i\s portions by means ( w$ges1 & f9ally subdivid$ into blocks1 hamm] 7or z x is call$ qu>ry7 dress$1 accord+ to r\gh m\lds1 ^: dim5sions exce$$ ^? ( ! /ones ( ! v>i\s c\rses ( ! build+ by a quantity :i* 0 consid]$ suffici5t to cov] any casualty 9 ! f9al dress+ ( ! block by ! masons at ,hyni%1 & :i* all[ance 0 g5]ally equal to a film ( rock ab\t #a in* 9 dep?4 ,! blocks ?us r\ghly =m$ 7 %ipp$ = ,hyni%1 di/ant ab\t #bf miles1 ?r\gh a tempe/u\s sea1 op5 to ! full rea* ( ! ,atlantic t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 sometimes 9 a small vessel call$ ! 8,que510 belong+ to ! ,commission]s1 & sometimes 9 undeck$ boats ( #af tons1 belong+ to ! adv5tur\s m5 ( ,tyree4 ,! freight usually paid 0 #es4 a ton1 & yet ! :ole ( ! blocks = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 & _m ( ^? us$ 9 ! pi] at ,hyni%1 7 laid d[n to ! numb] ( ab\t #ejjj1 at ! rate ( #bs4 #a;d4 p] cubic foot1 includ+ all ! exp5se ( build+ b>racks1 op5+ qu>ries1 freight ( /ones1 & ! exp5se ( build+ & ma9ta9+ ! small vessel call$ ! 8,que510 above notic$4 ,! /one ( ! ,mull qu>ries is a r$di% or fle%-col\r$ granite1 9 :i* felsp> pr$om9ates4 ,ab\t #acff cubic feet weigh a ton1 & x is n q s h>d z ! granite ( ,ab]de54 #ai ,:e!r f any inflection ( ! ,celtic ,rhua1 or ,roy1 or directly f ! ,italian ,rosso1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be impossible to det]m9e4 ,obs]vations on ! qu>ry+ ( granite4 ,z ,i am n aw>e t any pr(essional "w conta9s a detail$ description ( ! qu>ry+ ( granite1 "s obs]vations on t subject may n be unacceptable 9 ?is place2 & ,i !re=e propose1 at ! risk ( appe>+ some:at prolix1 to give a pretty m9ute acc\nt ( ! mode ( op5+ & work+ a granite qu>ry1 m especially z practis$ by u at ,nor? ,bay4 ,hav+ laid b>e ! rock ( e>?1 gravel1 or o!r loose matt] 7:i* op]ation1 z ,i h else:]e m5tion$1 is 9 ,scotl& te*nically call$ t]r+71 & hav+ swept or wa%$ clean ! surface ( ! rock s z to h a good view ( ! natural seams or jo9ts :i* trav]se x1 ! next /ep is to fix ! be/ place = putt+ 9 a bore or m9e4 ,9 select+ ! position ( ! bore1 ! direction ( ! seams & ve9s ( ! rock mu/ be duly consid]$1 ) a view to employ ! =ce ( ! explosion to ! greate/ advantage 9 sep>at+ ! natural jo9ts or b$s ( ! rock1 in/ead ( %att]+ ! solid masses or po/s 7z !y are call$ 9 ! language ( ! qu>ry7 into %iv]s or fragm5ts4 ,"o ?+ to be /rictly borne 9 m9d is1 t ! bore %\ld nev] be 9 ! c5tre ( a f9e or l>ge block1 b %\ld be plac$ )9 a few in*es ( its back s z n to break ! f9] rock into small & useless fragm5ts2 & c>e mu/1 at ! same "t1 be tak5 to keep ! bore cle> ( crack$ or uns\nd rock1 z ! jump]1 9 pass+ ?r\gh su* mat]ial1 is liable to be jamm$ by ! cracks & fissures be=e x c be driv5 to ! propos$ dep?4 ,x is n possible to lay d[n precise rules = guid+ ! qu>ri] 9 *oos+ ! place ( ! bore1 z 8 plan mu/ be regulat$ *iefly by ! circum/ances ( ea* case2 b x may be obs]v$1 t hav+ fir/ det]m9$ ! dep? ( ! hole1 x w seldom be f\nd advantage\s to keep ! bore f>!r back f ! face ( ! rock ?an ab\t f\r-fif?s ( t dep?4 ,! dep? itself1 also1 to :i* ! m9e %\ld be c>ri$1 is a po9t = delib]ation ) ! skilful & exp]i5c$ qu>ri]1 :o w take great c>e n to g s deep z to pass ?r\gh ! solid rock 9 :i* he is bor+ & ?us to t\* a b$1 unless inde$ he %all ?9k x advisable to attempt to raise m ?an "o po/ ( rock by a s+le m9e1 9 :i* case he w c>ry ! bore ?r\gh ! fir/ po/ into ! second or ?ird z ! case may be4 ,b 9 all cases ! bor+ mu/ be /opt at two in*es be=e com+ to ! b$ or seam ( ! po/ 9 :i* ! m9e is to t]m9ate1 le/ ! explod+ p[d] %\ld escape by ! bottom ( ! bore1 & ?us leave ! top ( ! rock altoge!r undi/urb$4 ,9 endeav\r+ to procure l>ge mat]ials1 ! bores %\ld 9 g5]al be z deep z possible4 ,x is only exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* tea*es ! qu>ri] to =m a s\nd prognosis z to ! direction & level ( ! b$s ( ! rock at any p>ticul> spot1 & enables him to *oose ! mo/ advantage\s position & dep? = ! m9es4 ,9 ! bla/+ ( granite !re are a few g5]al rules :i* 7al?\gh x may n be necess>y to foll[ !m 9 e case7 may be consid]$ z con/itut+ ! be/ practice4 ,if ! bore be a v]tical "o ( ! dep? ( #f feet1 #b in*es diamet] at ! top1 dim9i%+ to #b in*es at ! bottom1 may be consid]$ a proportionate calib]4 ,if ! bore be a deep "o 7p]haps ( #ad feet71 its diamet] w require to be #c in*es at ! top1 & %\ld dim9i% to #b in*es at ! bottom2 & ! quantity ( p[d] requir$ = ! *>ge w 9 mo/ cases be ab\t z mu* z is requir$ to fill ?s ( ! hole4#bj #bj ,m9]s & qu>ri]s1 :o always "w by empirical rules1 disreg>d entirely ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance z a measure = ! *>ge1 & inv>iably ref] to ! dep? ( ! bore4 ,! pat5t fusee hav+ be5 ins]t$ among ! p[d]1 ) its end ab\t ! c5tre ( ! *>ge1 & ! upp] "p ( ! bore hav+ be5 fill$ up ) dri$ clay1 well =c$ d[n ) a wood5 ramm] fac$ ) copp]1 a l5g? ( #c or #d in*es ( ! fusee %\ld be left outside ! bore1 to :i* ! mat* is to be atta*$4 ,hav+ cle>$ away e ?+ ne> ! bla/ :i* c receive any injury & cov]$ up ! ma*9]y ( ! cranes ) /rong planks1 ! m9e may be said to be ready = be+ fir$2 &1 on a signal giv51 by bl[+ a horn1 all h&s retreat to a safe di/ance1 ) ! exception ( ! fireman1 :o !n lights ! mat*1 & foll[s ! o!rs z fa/ z possible4 ,if1 z already /at$1 ! object 9 qu>ry+ be to obta9 l>ge mat]ials1 ! bores %\ld1 if possible1 be deep2 &1 9 t case1 ! rock w seldom be ?r[n d[n 9 fragm5ts by ! bla/1 b w m]ely be crack$1 & int]sect$ by r5ts ab\t "o in* 9 wid?4 ,rec\rse mu/ !re=e be _h to :at1 9 qu>ry language1 is call$ a ,bull1 :i* consi/s 9 runn+ a quantity ( loose p[d] into ! crack :i* has be5 made by ! bla/1 at t "p :]e its explosion seems mo/ likely to ?r[ out ! crack$ or brok5 mass 9 v>i\s fragm5ts & dis5gage !m f _! place 9 ! rock4 ,9 bull+1 p]haps twice z mu* p[d] z 0 us$ 9 ! bore is loosely p\r$ into ! crack1 c>e be+ at ! same "t tak5 to get z mu* ( x to g "u ! bottom ( ! rock z possible4 ,aft] en\gh ( p[d] has be5 p\r$ into ! crack1 a quantity ( dri$ smi?y a%es1 or dry s&1 is run 9 ov] ! p[d]1 s z completely to cov] x1 except s mu* z is requir$ to fire x by2 & t coat+1 :i* is m]ely sup]ficial1 is employ$ p>tly to keep d[n ! p[d]1 & p>tly = security aga9/ its be+ accid5tally fir$ be=e all ?+s are ready4 ,! fireman hav+ se5 e ?+ cle>$ away1 gives notice to s\nd ! al>m1 :5 all h&s escape to a di/ance 9 ! direction :i* is suppos$ to be ! safe/4 ,! mat* is !n appli$1 & ! fireman retires1 z fa/ & z f> z he c1 yet s z if possible to keep 9 view1 dur+ 8 retreat1 ! progress ( ! mat*4 ,! op]ation ( bull+ is f> m dang]\s ?an ! fir+ ( a bore1 z ! *>ge is mu* great]1 & n s well conf9$1 s t _m spl9t]s are ?r[n (f1 & ! direction 9 :i* !y fly v>ies cont9ually ) ! direction ( ! cracks :i* ! orig9al bore may h produc$4 ,z might be expect$1 by f> ! great] "p ( ! accid5ts :i* occur to firem5 9 granite qu>ries1 arise f t practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ab ,%\ld x happ51 z x sometimes does1 t aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ^? op]ations1 ! qu>ri] fails 9 gett+ ! crack$ mass ?r[n d[n to ! bottom ( ! qu>ry1 he v>ies 8 mode ( attack1 & proce$s to bore a r[ ( plug-holes on ! face ( ! rock 9 su* a l9e z to cut (f a "p f "o end ( ! %ak5 mass2 & = t purpose he is (t5 oblig$ to hang a scaffold ov] ! face ( ! rock on :i* to /& :ile bor+ ! holes4 ,^? plug-holes %\ld be slightly incl9$1 s t1 :5 ! w$ges1 call$ plugs#ba & fea!rs1 are driv5 into !m1 !y may r5d ! rock 9 su* a direction t ! piece int5d$ to be cut (f may be a little n>r[] on ! inn] ?an ! out] face1 s t1 ?us re/+ on an incl9e x may be m easily tak5 out4 ,! plug-holes %\ld be cut at "o foot asund]1 & bor$ ) a jump] #a in* diamet] to ! dep? ( #i in*es2 & if ! plug-holes be deep1 & "s difficulty 9 driv+ be expect$1 ! plugs %\ld be c>efully greas$ or oil$ previ\sly to be+ driv54 ,hav+ cut (f a block z above describ$1 an attempt may be made1 if ! mass be great1 to ?r[ x d[n by means ( bull+2 b if x be ( less] dim5sions1 & !re be reason to expect t x may be remov$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! p[] ( ! crane may be appli$ to draw x d[n4 ,= t purpose1 ! qu>ri] employs an in/rum5t call$ a ,dog1 :i* is a /rong %ort hook1 arm$ l a pick on ! po9t ) /eel1 & hav+ a r+ 9 ! end ( x = ! hook ( ! crane-*a9 to pass ?r\gh4 ,hav+ cut a small hole ) a pick1 on ! upp] "p ( ! block :i* is meant to be remov$1 ! /eel$ po9t ( ! dog is ins]t$ into x1 9 su* a mann] t ! weight ( ! crane-*a9 may reta9 x /eadily 9 its place4 ,five or six m5 !n heave on ! crane a /ra9 j z mu* z !y suppose x may be>1 )\t dang] ( c>ry+ away any ( its fixtures2 & z _m m5 z c f9d room are1 at ! same "t1 employ$ at ! top ( ! rock1 work+ ) cr[-b>s beh9d ! block1 s z to %ake x & loos5 its hold4 ,! two p>ties cont9ue _! "w reciprocally1 lead+ & foll[+1--! m5 at ! crane1 /ill keep+ up ! /ra91 & tak+ c>e n to heave s mu* z to break any ( ! *a9s1 :ile ^? on ! top cont9ue to %ake ! block by means ( ! cr[-b>s1 or ?r[ 9 /ones into ! op5+1 :i* is always gett+ wid] betwe5 ! block & ! cliff1 s z to prev5t ! loos5$ mass f fall+ back into its old place4 ,:5 ! block has be5 drawn z f> =w>d z to appe> j ready to fall ov] ! cliff1 "o ( ! mo/ exp]t m5 at ! crane /&s c>efully wat*+ ! movem5t ( ! block2 & :5ev] ! /one beg9s to fall1 he in/antly ?r[s ! crane out ( ! ge>1 s z to prev5t ! :eelwork be+ pull$ to pieces by ! tumbl+ mass gett+ entangl$ 9 ! *a9s1 on :i* x frequ5tly falls & breaks !m to pieces4 ,! op]ation ( tak+ d[n l>ge blocks f a great height is v t$i\s1 & is (t5 att5d$ ) mu* dang]1 z ! /one1 :5 x falls on ! bottom ( ! qu>ries1 makes ! %iv]s among :i* x alights fly 9 all directions ) a =ce :i* no?+ c )/&4 #ba ,! plug 7fig4 #ab1 c c71 & fea!rs 7fig4 #ab1 d d71 are flat pieces ( malleable iron1 slightly tap]$1 & =m+ toge!r a k9d ( comp\nd w$ge1 ! two fea!rs be+ fir/ ins]t$ into ! hole1 & ! plug be+ driv5 betwe5 !m by a s]ies ( g5tle bl[s1 f malls ( ! weight ( f #cj lb4 to #ce lb4 ,an op5+ be+ made 9 ! mann] above describ$1 by gett+ "o piece br\ght d[n1 ! same process is cont9u$ by cutt+ (f & tak+ d[n pieces ( eight or t5 tons weight1 until !re be z _m blocks 9 ! floor ( ! qu>ry z c be easily manag$ at "o "t4 ,^? masses are !n arrang$ by means ( ! crane 9 conv5i5t positions = be+ cut up into blocks ( ! requisite sizes2 & z all ( !m are )9 range ( ! crane1 !y c ) its assi/ance be easily turn$ ov] or set 9 any position4 ,:ile "s ( ! m5 are employ$ 9 cutt+ up ^? blocks1 o!rs are cle>+ away ! rubbi%1 & o!rs are bor+ holes or mak+ ready = a fre% bla/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ac4 ,if ^? blocks1 :i* we h suppos$ to be br\ght d[n to ! qu>ry floor & to be ready = cutt+1 exce$ sev5 feet 9 dep? ( cut1 _! f>!r subdivision w require ! use ( ! plugs & fea!rs already describ$2 b if _! dep? or ?ickness fall %ort ( t1 ! ord9>y iron w$ges w answ]4 ,if ! cut be ( ! dep? ( ab\t #f feet1 ! w$ges mu/ be plac$ ab\t #c in*es ap>t f side to side2 b if ! dep? ( cut be less1 !y may be set #d or #e in*es asund]4 ,! me?od ( sett+ 9 ^? w$ges is z foll[s3--,! p]son :o cuts ! w$ge-holes g5]ally works 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 & if ! block w admit ( x1 he pref]s to be/ride x1 ) a /one1 z a /ool1 "u ea* foot4 ,he works ) a pick ( #af lb4 weight1 hav+ a h&le only #af in*es long1 ) :i* he cuts ! fir/ hole g5]ally ab\t #c in*es f ! end ( ! block4 ,! holes are = ! mo/ "p ab\t #b in*es deep1 & #c in*es long1 & mu/ be well cle>$ out at ! bottom ) a %>p pick2 & ! w$ges mu/ be set 9 a l9e z fair & /raight z possible4 ,cutt+ w$ges ( t k9d are ( iron1 f #g to #i in*es long1 & #b in*es broad1 & weigh ab\t #g lb4 weight ea*4 ,:5 9 good ord] !y mu/ n be %>p 9 ! m\?1 b ab\t ( an in* ?ick1 to prev5t _! gr\nd+ 9 ! bottom ( ! hole2 = if !y b t\* ! bottom ( ! hole1 !y fly out at ! fir/ t\* ( ! mall4 ,:5 ! w$ges h be5 all prop]ly arrang$ = a cut1 ! workman proce$s to give ea* ( !m 9 succession a g5tle tap1 s z to make !m all fa/2 & = t purpose he uses a mall ab\t #cj lb4 weight 7fig4 ,no4 #ac71 & hav+ a h&le #b feet #i in*es long4 ,he !n goes ov] all ! w$ges1 giv+ ea* ( !m a sm>t bl[ 9 regul>1 yet n too rapid succession1 b all[+ a little "t = ! p>ts ( ! /one to sep>ate gradually4 ,if ! w$ges be =c$ too quickly1 !re is great dang] ( ! cut be+ spoil$ by its fly+ out obliquely at "o side1 & ?us n rea*+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole dep? ( ! block4 ,! blocks1 :5 ?us subdivid$ by means ( ! w$ges1 are g5]ally ne>ly ( ! size requir$ by ! r\gh m\lds s5t f ! worky>d1 & are fit to be c>ri$ to ! /one-cutt]'s %$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,z a conclusion to ! above acc\nt ( qu>ry+1 x may p]haps be ?\ght desirable to give "s notion ( ! probable "t requir$ to p]=m c]ta9 p>ts ( t sort ( "w4 ,9 bor+ holes ( #a in* to #a in* 9 diamet]1 x may be obs]v$ t !y are g5]ally done ) ! h& mall 7fig4 ,no4 #ad71 "o & ! same p]son /rik+ ) ! mall ) "o h&1 & turn+ ! bor+ tool = himself ) ! o!r2 & 9 mo/ cases a man w bore #i or #aj in*es an h\r 9 granite rock4 ,if ! bore be #a in* diamet]1 z = plugs1 ?ree m5 w g5]ally bore two plug holes 9 "o h\r1 ea* hole be+ ab\t #i in*es deep4 ,if ! bore be = bla/+ & ( #b or #b in*es diamet]1 ?ree m5 w bore1 at ! rate ( "o foot p] h\r1 to ! dep? ( #f or #g feet2 b if ! bore be = a l>ge bla/ ( #ac or #ad feet deep1 ! hole mu/ be #c in*es 9 diamet] at ! top 7dim9i%+ to #b in*es at bottom71 & w employ ?ree m5 work+ h>d betwe5 two & ?ree days4 ,bores ( t sort1 inde$1 _c be made 7at lea/ by h&7 to a great] dep? ?an #ad or #ae feet1 z ! weight ( a rod ( iron1 #ag feet 9 l5g?1 & #b in*es 9 diamet]1 makes x q unmanageable = "o man ei!r to turn or to lift2 :ile1 f its great mass1 ! /rokes ( ! mall produce little effect on x4 ,! malls us$ 9 bor+ holes1 :i* require ?ree m51 are #g or #h lb4 weight1 hav+ h&les #c feet long 7fig4 ,no4 #ae71 & are swung ov] ! %\ld]1 :ile /rik+ = d[n bores1 9 ! same mann] z a smi?'s =ehamm] is us$4 ,an exp]t cutt] ) ! w$ges w make good wages by cutt+ holes at ! rate ( #b;d4 = a doz5 ( holes1 tak+ light & heavy cuts z !y come to h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,:at has be5 said above ( bor+ & bla/+ ref]s only to d[nright or v]tical bores2 b1 9 ! l[] p>ts ( a qu>ry1 x is (t5 necess>y to h rec\rse to :at are call$ brea/-bores1 f _! runn+ 9 a ne>ly horizontal direction & pi]c+ ! front or brea/ ( ! rock4 ,^? bores are n s easily made z ! d[nright bores &1 9 g5]al1 are only us$ :]e ! rock is l[1 or 9 tak+ up bottom rock4 ,!y c seldom be c>ri$ to a great] dep? ?an ab\t #i or #aj feet1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( turn+ ! jump]1 & c nev] be bor$ q horizontally1 b require z mu* dip z w reta9 a little wat] 9 ! hole to keep ! jump] mov+4 ,in/ead ( ?r[+ ! mass outw>d1 z is done by d[n-bores1 ^? brea/-bores g5]ally only cut or break ! /one 9 ! direction or l9e ( ! bore1 s t ! block always requires to be aft]w>ds remov$ by bull+1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,dress+ ( ! ,ligh?\se blocks4 ,! dress+ ( ! blocks = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 z already m5tion$1 0 "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations 9 ! worky>d at ,hyni%2 & z no writ] ) :om ,i am acqua9t$ has giv5 any acc\nt ( ! mode n[ practis$ ( dress+ granite1 ,i hope ,i %all be excus$ = attempt+1 9 ?is place1 to give "s idea ( ! me?od employ$ by ! masons ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ^: skill 9 t dep>tm5t ( workman%ip is well kn[n bo? 9 our own & 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,z ! :ole ( ! mat]ials = ! ,t[] 7 to be dress$ 9 su* a mann] z to avoid ! necessity ( any fitt+ on ! ,rock1 by ! introduction ( :at are te*nically call$ clos]s1 ! greate/ accuracy 9 ! =mation ( ! m\lds f :i* ! /ones 7 to be %ap$ became necess>y4 ,) t view1 ,i _h a tra9] or radius made ) a moveable v]ni]1 capable ( slid+ along x1 s z to give ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! read+s ( ! feet1 z f> z to ! ?irtie? "p ( an in*2 & ,i 0 ?us enabl$ to lay (f ! batt] or slope on ea* c\rse 7accord+ to ! quantities 9 ! ,table ( ,co-ord9ates 9 ! ,app5dix7 ) great nicety1 & s to trace v di/9ctly ! cont\r ( ! int5d$ column4#bb ,on ! /one floor ( an ap>tm5t 9 "o ( ! work%ops1 ! quadrant ( ea* c\rse ( ! build+ 0 c>efully drawn out1 at full size1 & divid$ into ! sectors :i* 7 requir$ = pres]v+ a due bond among ! jo9ts ( ! adjo9+ c\rses4 ,! =m ( ea* /one 9 ! t[] hav+ be5 ?us det]m9$ by ^? full-siz$ draughts1 m\lds1 repres5t+ ! b$s & sides ( ea* /one1 7 prep>$ accord+ to !m1 ( season$ timb]1 well %ield$ at ! angles ) %eet-iron1 to prev5t _! be+ injur$4 ,^? m\lds hav+ be5 m>k$ ) ref]5ce to ! numb] ( ! c\rse1 & ! position ( ! /ones 9 ! wall1 7 giv5 to ! =eman ( ! worky>d1 :o regulat$ ! "w ( ea* ( ! /one-cutt]s1 (t5 to ! numb] ( #gj m54 ,a prop] block hav+ be5 select$ = ea* /one1 leav+ ab\t #a in* all r\nd ! extremity ( ! m\lds :5 appli$ to its sev]al faces1 x 0 convey$1 by means ( ! sl+-c>t1 to ! %$ :]e x 0 to be dress$4 ,! %$ = dress+ granite /ones diff]s 9 no respect f an ord9>y mason's %$1 except 9 its great] height2 b1 z ! /one cutt]1 9 ord] to wield 8 tools to advantage1 mu/1 at c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "w1 /& on ! top ( ! block1 x has be5 f\nd1 t a height ( ab\t #ae feet is requir$ = ! back-wall ( a granite mason's %$4 ,ea* man also requires1 = l>ge blocks1 a space ( ab\t #aj feet 7measur$ along ! front ( ! %$71 z 8 peculi> t]ritory4 #bb ,su* nicety1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 0 by no means sup]flu\s1 because ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,t[] preclud$ ! possibility ( us+ a tra9] 9 build+2 & z ! :ole 0 done by means ( plumb-templets1 ! greate/ accuracy 9 trac+ ! curve ( ! ,t[] became necess>y1 z ! only true basis ( good workman%ip on ! ,rock4 ,:5 a block has be5 br\ght to ! %$1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done1 if x is a l>ge /one ( #a or #b tons weight1 is to lay x ne>ly level on ! gr\nd1 ) ! side :i* is to be fir/ dress$ upp]mo/4 ,! =m or plan is !n sket*$ ^u x accord+ to ! m\ld1 & ! /one is block$ out ) a l>ge hamm] weigh+ #cj or #ce lb4 7fig4 ,no4 #af71 :i* is ! mo/ suitable weight = ord9>y m51 al?\gh a /\t man w manage "o ( #dj lb4 well en\gh1 if ! block be ly+ 9 an advantage\s position4 ,:5 ! /one has be5 ?us rudely block$ out1 x is set ^u its edge ) a g5tle incl9ation to "o side1 s t ! mason1 :o m\nts on ! top ( x1 may conv5i5tly use a pick ( #ah lb4 weight1 hav+ a h&le ?ree feet long1 to dress (f v r\ghly ! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( its irregul> surface4 ,9 do+ t he makes a great _m deep ruts 9 a d[nw>d direction1 at ! same "t tak+ c>e t none ( !m %all be s deep z to fall bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! /one :5 f9i%$4 ,:5 he has 9 t /yle dress$ z f> d[n ! surface ( ! /one z he c conv5i5tly rea*1 7& t is g5]ally ab\t half way17 ! /one is !n ?r[n ov] & set up on ! opposite edge1 :5 he aga9 m\nts ^u x1 & goes ov] ! re/ ( ! surface 9 ! same mann]1 until ! :ole %all be r$uc$ to "o r\gh plane1 s t 9 spite ( num]\s p>tial inequalities1 ! g5]al face may be /raight1 or :at is te*nically t]m$ out ( w9d+4 ,a /one 9 t /ate is also said to be well op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,! next /ep is to raise ! /one s t x may incl9e at ab\t #cj or #dj ) ! horizon2 aft] :i* ! mason1 /&+ at ! high] side1 comm5ces to put on ! draughts or guide-l9es all r\nd ! edge ( ! face :i* he has j op5$4 ,= t purpose he fir/ employs a pick ( ab\t #ab lb4 weight1 hav+ a h&le ab\t #b feet 9 l5g? 7fig4 ,no4 #ag71 ) :i* he dresses a b& ( ab\t #c in*es broad1 tak+ c>e t ?is b& or draught be /raight & out ( w9d+4 ,he !n1 ) ! pick1 goes ov] ! :ole face betwe5 ! draughts1 dress+ (f all ! ridges :i* /ill rema9 betwe5 ! ruts :i* he _h made :ile ! /one 0 /&+ on edge1 z be=e notic$1 s t ! :ole surface w pres5t ! appe>ance ( a pretty regul>ly dabb$ face4 ,hav+ arriv$ at t /age1 he next proce$s to put on ! true draughts 7z r\nd ! edges ( ! /one1 z 9 ! case ( ! guide-l9es71 ) ! ca/-/eel *isel or pun* 7a1 a1 fig4 ,no4 #ah71 & a small iron-mall ( #c lb4 weight2 & aft]w>ds ) ! axe1 he c>efully axes a b& ab\t #b in*es broad1 s z to be q out ( w9d+1 & z /raight z possible all r\nd4 ,! dress+ is !n complet$ betwe5 ^? b&s4 ,if ! block be a broad "o1 ! mason w probably be able to take 9 only "o half ( ! face at a "t2 &1 9 t case1 ! /one mu/ be let d[n at ! high side1 & ! o!r "o rais$ z high z may be necess>y to enable him to "w to advantage4 ,if ! surface ?us dress$1 :i* is 9 ?is case suppos$ to be ! l>ge/ side1 be int5d$ = ! b$ ( a /one1 ! knobs or high po9ts betwe5 ! pick-dabs are m]ely r\ghly dress$ d[n ) a blunt axe1 s z to be all z l[ z ! ax$ l9es or draughts r\nd ! extremities1 & ?us to pres5t no convexity on :i* ! /one1 :5 laid1 c\ld rock2 b if ! surface %\ld be meant = a f9e face1 ! dress+ mu/ be comm5c$ ) a blunti% axe1 tak+ c>e t all ! axe m>ks be made q across ! /one1 at "r angles to ! side :]e ! workman /&s4 ,! :ole face hav+ be5 once gone ov] 9 t mann] ) a blunt axe1 a %>p] & well gr\nd axe is next us$ = cross+ ! fir/ ax+ 9 su* a mann] t all ! second axe-m>ks may be incl9$ at an angle ( #de1 or !reby1 ) ! fir/4 ,! :ole face hav+ be5 ?us br\ght to a smoo!r & m uni=m surface1 ! ?ird & la/ ax+ foll[s2 & !n ! mason uses 8 %orte/ & lighte/ axe1 :i* mu/1 = t "w1 be well gr\nd & %>p4 ,t ax+ mu/ be done "r across ! block1 or 9 ! same direction z ! fir/ ax+ _h be5 done1 & 9 t /ate ! surface ( ! /one may be suppos$ to be f9e en\gh = mo/ k9ds ( "w us$ 9 h\sebuild+ or 9 public works2 b = v f9e "w1 su* z "s sepul*ral monum5ts1 or = surfaces :i* are aft]w>ds to be poli%$1 x is n unusual to axe f\r or ev5 five times1 c>e be+ always tak5 t h[ (t5 soev] t op]ation may be p]=m$1 ! ax+ %\ld nev] be made twice consecutively 9 ! same direction1 = by t precaution alone c a true & ev5 surface be obta9$4 7,! =m ( ! axe is %ewn 9 fig4 ,no4 #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bj4 ,! dress+ ( ! fir/ face be+ f9i%$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 ! block is laid flat on ! gr\nd1 & ! plan or =m ( ! /one is !n accurately drawn on x1 accord+ to ! m\ld1 ) "s sub/ance t makes a bright or good m>k1 su* z a piece ( tile gr\nd %>p1 or a ?9 spl9t] ( logwood4 ,if !re be mu* wa/e to be tak5 (f beyond ! l9es s drawn1 a hamm]1 ^: weight mu/ be 9 proportion to ! piece to be /ruck (f1 is appli$2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to come too ne> ! l9es ) ! hamm]1 & x is g5]ally safe to leave at lea/ an in* outside ( !m4 ,! piece :i* is left gives a good hold = ! *ipp] or p9*] 7fig4 ,no4 #bj71 :i* is next c>efully appli$ along ! l9e1 be+ /eadily held )9 "o h&1 & ) ! o!r %>ply /ruck ) a small iron mall ( #c lb4 weight1 hav+ a %ort h&le ab\t #h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:ile ! *ipp] receives %>p /rokes 9 succession ) ! mall1 x mu/ be sl[ly mov$ sev]al times along ! l9e f "o end ( ! /one to ! o!r1 till ! piece project+ beyond ! l9e1 or a "p ( x1 breaks (f4 ,su* is ! p[] ( ?is small in/rum5t1 t x n infrequ5tly cuts d[n to a dep? ( #i or ev5 #ab in*es1 !reby do+ m execution & to great] purpose1 ?an a heavy hamm] c g5]ally accompli%1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( a skilful workman4 ,! *ipp] is a tool lately introduc$2 b has n[ become a mo/ important article 9 e hew]'s kit4 ,x makes a regul> & clean cut1 & leaves little to be done by ! pun*es & *isels 7fig4 ,no4 #ah1 9 p4 #abb71 9 prep>+ ! arris ( ! next face ( ! /one4 ,! block is n[ rais$ a little f ! gr\nd1 & ! workman /&+ at its high] side1 ! ax+ ( :i* he has j f9i%$1 puts on ) ! pun*es & *isel a f9e b& or draught along ! side next to t j dress$4 ,he !n applies to ! f9i%$ face ! squ>e or bevel1 accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! faces1 & dresses a b& across ! /one at ea* end ( ! block2 &1 f9ally1 jo9s ^? two cross b&s by means ( ano!r b& along ! back4 ,9 t way ! ext]nal draughts on ! second side are complet$4 ,he !n ) ! pick & axe dresses away ! mat]ial betwe5 ^? draughts until ! second face is f9i%$2 & ! same process is repeat$ = ea* side ( ! block :i* requires to be dress$4 ,if ! block be a l>ge "o1 & x require to be dress$ on all its sides1 x w1 la/ly1 be cut to ! prop] ?ickness or height1 :i* is regulat$ by means ( a gauge1 kn[n1 9 ! te*nical language ( ! %$1 z 8a gripp]s0 7fig4 ,no4 #ba71bc f its embrac+ ! /one on ?ree sides4 ,x is simply a ?ree-sid$ iron templet1 hav+ "o long & "o %ort tail 7at "r angles to ! connect+ piece71 ! space betwe5 ! two tails %ew+ ! ?ickness ( ! /one4 #bc ,! figure %ews 8a gripp]s0 = a /one #ad in*es ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ba4 ,! practical read] w readily see1 t :at has be5 said above ab\t ! hew+ ( granite1 is *iefly applicable to ! dress+ ( ! l>ge /ones us$ 9 public works1 su* z docks1 bridges1 or m>9e t[]s2 & x may be prop] to add1 t su* heavy mat]ials are always dress$ on ! gr\nd1 & t a piece ( wood is plac$ "u ea* end ( ! /one z a necess>y precaution to prev5t its be+ split by ! bl[s ( ! mall4 ,9 dress+ ! light] mat]ials = h\se build+1 :]e a good deal ( f9e "w is g5]ally requir$1 ! /ones are laid on :at is call$ a bank]1 simil> to t :i* is us$ 9 hew+ free/one4 ,! bank] is a b5* ( /one #b or #c feet long1 & #b feet broad1 & is rais$ ab\t #b feet above ! gr\nd1 s z to suit ! workman's conv5i5ce4 ,9 dress+ "o ( ! outside /ones ( ! fir/ or l[e/ c\rses ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[]1 a mason 0 occupi$ eighty-five h\rs 7see ,plans ( c\rses1 ,plate ,,viii472 & 9 dress+ "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! he>t+ or inn] /ones ( ! same c\rses1 fifty-five h\rs4 ,b z ! "w proce$$1 ow+ to ! great] read9ess :i* ! m5 _h acquir$ 9 ! application ( ! m\lds1 gauges & bevels1 ! "t occupi$1 gradually decreas$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t t5 h\rs = ea* /one1 until ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ on z f> z to ! ?irte5? c\rse1 :]e ! numb] ( outside /ones 0 r$uc$ to tw5ty-f\r1 at :i* /age ( ! "w1 ! "t requir$ = dress+ increas$ to ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty h\rs = ea* outside /one4 ,f t po9t upw>ds1 ! "t aga9 gradually decreas$ till we rea*$ ! sixty-f\r? c\rse1 :]e x may be /at$1 t1 on an av]age1 a man 0 employ$ sixty-?ree h\rs 9 dress+ ea* /one2 b ! "t ga9$ 9 ! la/ in/ance seem$ to dep5d less on ! readi] application ( ! implem5ts1 ?an on ! gradual dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! /ones1 :i*1 f t level upw>ds1 decreas$ along ) ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,b above ! sixty-f\r? c\rse1 a v m>k$ increase 9 ! "t ( dress+ took place1 ow+ to ! introduction ( ! ribb& or r+ joggles 7%ewn 9 ! ,plans ( ! #hd? & #id? c\rses1 ,plate ,,viii472 & to ! sub/itution ( ! dovetail$ joggles 9 ! place ( ! squ>e or diamond joggles1 :i* 7 us$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! build+4 ,! "t requir$ = dress+ a /one ( ! sixty-fif? c\rse 0 n9ety-?ree h\rs ( "o man1 a circum/ance :i* /rik+ly %ews1 t a small1 &1 app>5tly1 trifl+ alt]ation 9 ! /yle ( workman%ip may sometimes increase to a consid]able ext5t1 ! exp5se ( a great "w4 ,ea* radiat+ /one ( ! eighty-f\r? c\rse1 :i* =ms ! floor t goes q ?r\gh ! wall1 requir$ "o hundr$ & sixty-"o h\rs = its completion2 & ! o!r radiat+ floor-/ones1 :i* did n pass q ?r\gh ! wall to ! outside1 occupi$ "o man ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty h\rs4 ,ea* c5tre /one ( ! floors into :i* ! o!rs 7 dovetail$1 requir$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty h\rs ( "o man's "t4 ,! "t ( a lab\r] occupi$ 9 cutt+ a hole = ! dovetail$ ,lewis bats1 by :i* ! /ones 7 rais$1 0 ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! tools necess>y fully to equip a granite mason are z foll[s3--,"o dress+ hamm] ab\t #af or #ah lb4 weight2 #f dress+ picks1 f #ab to #bj lb4 weight2 "o small h&-mall1 or ma%-hamm]1 ab\t #d lb4 weight2 #c /one axes ab\t #g lb42 #af or #ah ca/-/eel pun*es & *isels1 ) "o or two *ipp]s or p9*]s ( #b lb4 weight4 ,"o l>ge block+-hamm] ( #cj or #cb lb41 may v well s]ve = eight m54 ,! value ( a granite mason's kit may be e/imat$1 :5 9 good work+ ord]1 at ab\t ,l4#g4 ,a v great revolution has tak5 place dur+ a few ye>s 9 ! me?od ( work+ granite4 ,! mo/ important *ange is ! sub/itution ( ! h&-mall & *isel 9 ! op]ation ( putt+ ! drafts or b&s on ! /ones1 9 place ( arris-picks1 :i* made ! workman%ip clumsy1 t$i\s & imp]fect1 by sl[ly gr9d+ d[n ! /one at a great exp5se ( lab\r to ! hew]1 :o 0 =c$ to rema9 b5t =w>d 9 an irksome po/ure1 )\t ! relief :i* is obta9$ by occasionally %ift+ 8 position1 a *ange1 :i*1 e "o :o has be5 long employ$ 9 any labori\s occupation1 kn[s well h[ to value4 ,! introduction ( ! *ipp] may also be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! art ( work+ granite2 & _h x n be5 = ^? *anges1 ! actual exp5se ( dress+ ! blocks = ! ,sk]ryvore ,t[]1 z asc]ta9$ f ! j\rnals ( ! works1 w\ld h be5 exce$$ by a sum ( betwe5 ,l4#djjj & ,l4#ejjj2 & x may ev5 be que/ion$ :e!r x w\ld h be5 at all practicable ) su* tools to cut ! dovetail$ spaces ( ! floors out ( ! solid /one4 ,excavation ( ,f\ndation = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock4 ,! excavation ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] 0 ! fir/ op]ation :i* engag$ my att5tion at ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! season ( #ahci4 ,x 0 comm5c$ on ! #f? ( ,may1 & 0 cont9u$ up to ! la/ h\r ( our rema9+ on ! ,rock1 on ! #c;d ( ,septemb]4 ,a m unpromis+ prospect ( success 9 any "w ?an t :i* pres5t$ itself at ! comm5cem5t ( our lab\rs1 ,i c sc>cely conceive4 ,! great irregul>ity ( ! surface1 & ! extraord9>y h>dness & unworkable nature ( ! mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! want ( room on ! ,rock1 greatly add$ to ! o!r difficulties & delays1 :i* c\ld n fail1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 to att5d ! excavation ( a f\ndation-pit on a rock at ! di/ance ( #ab miles f ! l&4 ,! ,rock1 z already notic$1 is a h>d & t\gh gneiss1 & requir$ ! exp5diture ( ab\t f\r times z mu* lab\r & /eel = bor+ z are g5]ally consum$ 9 bor+ ! ,ab]de5%ire granite4 ,aft] a c>eful survey ( ! ,rock1 & hav+ fully weigh$ all ! risks ( injur+ ! f\ndation1 ,i det]m9$ at once to ent] ^u a horizontal cut1 s z to lay b>e a level floor ( ext5t suffici5t to conta9 ! f\ndation pit = ! ,t[]4 ,! v rugg$ & unev5 =m ( ! ,rock made ?is an almo/ necess>y precaution1 9 ord] to prev5t any misconception z to its real /ate1 = x 0 trav]s$ by num]\s ve9s & b&s incl9$ at v>i\s angles1 on ! position & ext5t ( :i* ! /ability ( ! f\ndation 9 no small degree dep5d$4 ,t op]ation occupi$ #cj m5 = #ajb days1 & requir$ ! fir+ ( no few] ?an #bdf %ots1 *iefly horizontal1 :ile ! quantity ( mat]ial remov$ did n greatly exce$ #bjjj tons4 ,x 0 a "w ( "s haz>d2 = ! small surface ( ! ,rock conf9$ u )9 #cj1 & sometimes )9 a doz5 y>ds ( ! m9es1 :ile its =m af=d$ u no cov] f ! fly+ spl9t]s4 ,! only precautions we c\ld adopt 7 to cov] ! m9es ) mats & ) co>se nets1 :i* ,i _h caus$ to be made dur+ ! previ\s w9t]1 ( ! old ropes ( "o ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t5d]s1 & 9 ea* bla/ to apportion v c>efully ! *>ge ( p[d] to ! "w t 0 to be done4 ,t 0 manag$ ) great skill by ,*>les ,b>clay1 ! =eman ( ! qu>ri]s1 :o *>g$ all ! bores1 &1 along ) myself1 fir$ all ! %ots4 ,s completely did ! simple exp$i5t ( cov]+ ! bores ) nets & mats *eck ! flight ( ! /ones1 t1 except on "o or two occasions1 none ( ! spl9t]s rea*$ u1 & all ! damage done 0 a slight injury to "o ( ! cranes4 ,p]haps1 also1 our safety may1 9 "s measure1 be attribut$ to a *ange :i* ,i introduc$ into ! mode ( *>g+ ! horizontal %ots1 by :i* all ! risk ( pu%+ home ! p[d] 9 ! ord9>y mode ) ! tamp+ rod is avoid$4 ,t *ange consi/$ 9 us+ a k9d ( %ovel1 =m$ ( a rod1 arm$ ) a holl[ half-cyl9d] ( %eet copp]1 :i* conta9$ ! p[d]1 & be+ inv]t$ by giv+ ! rod half a turn r\nd its axis1 made ! p[d] drop out :5 ! cyl9d] rea*$ ! bottom ( ! bore4 ,x 01 9 all respects1 except+ size1 ! same z ! *>g+-rod us$ = great guns4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ials remov$ by bla/+1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 0 only ab\t #ajjj cubic y>ds2 &1 tak+ all ! circum/ances into acc\nt1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re be any in/ance 9 mod]n eng9e]+ ( an op]ation ( s small an ext5t occupy+ s mu* "t1 & involv+ s great risk4 ,! bla/+ ( ! ,rock1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only difficulty ) :i* we _h to cont5d1 = x also became necess>y to remove ! qu>ri$ mat]ials1 am\nt+ to ab\t #bjjj tons1 into ! deep wat] r\nd u1 to prev5t _! be+ ?r[n by ! waves ^u ! ,rock1 & s endang]+ ! future tempor>y ,b>rack4 ,t 0 r a labori\s "w1 & occupi$ two cranes1 ) tempor>y runs & trucks1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! "t we sp5t on ! ,rock4 ,i am well aw>e t ! quantity ( mat]ials :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 w be apt to produce a smile f ^? :o h be5 *iefly conv]sant ) ! gigantic b simple op]ations :i* g5]ally *>act]ize ! great railways ( ?is c\ntry2 b if x be rememb]$ t we 7 at ! m]cy ( ! w9ds & waves ( ! wide ,atlantic1 & 7 e day 9 ! expectation ( a sudd5 call to leave ! ,rock1 & betake ourselves to ! vessel1 & on sev]al occasions _h our cranes & o!r tools swept into ! sea1 ! sl[ness ( our progress w excite less surprise2 & /ill less w ^? :o duly weigh ! dang]s ( our daily life1 bo? 9 our little vessel & on ! ,rock1 & :o1 at ! same "t1 reflect on ! _m /rik+ pro(s :i* we almo/ e h\r exp]i5c$ ( ! c>e ( an ,almighty h&1 be dispos$ to )hold _! sympa?y f ! he>tfelt expressions ( gratitude :i* (t5 w5t r\nd our little circle 9 ! boats1 z we r[$ 9 ! twilight f ! ,rock to ! %ip4 ,isolation f ! _w1 9 a situation ( common dang]1 produces among/ mo/ m5 a fre] int]*ange ( ! feel+s ( dep5d5ce on ! ,almighty1 ?an is common 9 ! m *illy int]c\rse ( ord9>y life4 ,) a view to less5 ! dang]s ( bla/+ 9 su* a situation1 ,i _h provid$ a galvanic batt]y on ! plan propos$ by ,mr ,m>tyn ,rob]ts1 b ,i us$ x less frequ5tly ?an ,i int5d$4 ,! atta*m5ts ( ! wires 7 v liable to be brok5 f v>i\s causes1 :]e !re 7 _m m5 congregat$ 9 a small space2 & z we c\ld n v5ture to leave ! app>atus on ! ,rock1 ! frequ5t re-%ipm5t ( x 9 a heavy sea 0 ano!r cause ( ! d]angem5t ( its p>ts4 ,i soon1 !re=e1 laid x aside1 & only _h rec\rse to x :5 any "w 0 to be done "u wat]1 or 9 cases :]e ! simultane\s fir+ ( sev]al m9es 7= :i* x is admirably adapt$7 0 ( importance 9 effect+ any special purpose4 ,:5 ! floor _h be5 r\ghly levell$ ,i aga9 c>efully survey$ ! ,rock1 ) ! view ( fix+ precisely ! site ( ! f\ndation-pit1 & ( tak+ advantage ( its =m & /ructure to adopt ! l>ge/ diamet] = ! ,t[] ( :i* ! ,rock w\ld admit4 ,9 "s places ,i f\nd t p>ts ( ! ,rock1 app>5tly solid1 _h be5 und]m9$ by ! con/ant action ( ! waves1 to ! di/ance ( #ac feet inw>d f its face2 b none ( ^? cav]n\s excavations rea*$ ! ma9 nucleus1 s t1 aft] mu* delib]ation & repeat$ exam9ations ( all ! ve9s & fissures1 ,i 0 enabl$ to m>k out a f\ndation-pit #db feet 9 diamet]1 on "o level ?r\gh\t4 ,t 0 a po9t ( no small importance2 & al?\gh x _h co/ great lab\r at ! v outset1 mu* "t 0 sav$ by x 9 ! subsequ5t /ages ( ! "w4 ,n only 0 ! lab\r !reby avoid$ ( cutt+ ! rock into sep>ate t]races1 & fitt+ ! blocks to ea* successive /ep1 z 0 done by ,smeaton at ! ,eddy/one2 b ! c]ta9ty t we _h a level f\ndation to />t f1 enabl$ u at once to comm5ce ! dress+ ( /ones )\t reg>d to any irregul>ities 9 ! surface ( ! ,rock2 & ! build+ op]ations1 :5 once comm5c$1 cont9u$ unimp$$ by ! necessity = accommodat+ ! c\rses to _! places 9 ! f\ndation-pit1 s t ! ,t[] soon rose above ! level1 at :i* !re 0 ! greate/ risk ( ! /ones be+ remov$ by ! waves be=e ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t build+ _h become great en\gh to reta9 !m 9 _! places4 ,! outl9e ( ! circul> f\ndation pit1 #db feet 9 diamet]1 hav+ be5 trac$ ) a tra9] on ! rock1 num]\s jump]-holes 7 bor$ 9 v>i\s places1 hav+ _! bottoms all t]m9at+ 9 "o level plane1 s z to s]ve z guides = ! dep? to :i* ! bas9 0 to be excavat$4 ,! dep? did n exce$ #ae in*es bel[ ! av]age level1 already laid b>e by ! cutt+ ( ! r\gh horizontal floor :i* has j be5 describ$2 & be=e ! close ( ! season ( #ahci1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! area ( ! circle _h be5 cle>$1 & 0 ready = ! f9al pick-dress+ :i* prep>$ x = ! reception ( ! fir/ c\rse4 ,! excavation ( ?is circul> bas9 0 conduct$ ) ! greate/ caution1 & few %ots 7 p]mitt$ to be fir$ le/ ! f\ndation %\ld 9 any place be %ak5 by ! action ( ! gunp[d] on any ( ! natural fissures ( ! ,rock4 ,! "w 0 *iefly done by means ( :at are call$ plugs & fea!rs1 ! =m ( :i* has already be5 %ewn 9 ! woodcuts 7,no4 #ab1 p4 #aae74 ,9 t "p ( ! "w ! bores 7 ne>ly horizontal1 & ! action ( ! plug & fea!rs 0 to ?r[ up a ?9 sup]ficial %elf or p>+ ( rock ( f #f to #ab in*es 9 dep?1 & n m ?an #b feet squ>e4 ,by t pa9ful process an area ( ab\t #adjj sup]ficial feet 0 cle>$4 ,! *ief tr\ble connect$ ) t op]ation 0 cutt+1 by means ( ! pick1 a v]tical face = ! entrance ( ! horizontal jump]s or bor+ rods2 & :]ev] advantage c\ld be tak5 ( natural fissures x 0 gladly done4 ,ano!r consid]able s\rce ( lab\r 0 ! dress+ ( ! v]tical edges ( ! bas91 z t impli$ cutt+ a squ>e *eck1 #ae in*es deep & ab\t #acj feet long1 9 ! h>de/ gneiss rock2 & ! lab\r att5d+ :i*1 c only be fully e/imat$ by a practical /one-cutt] :o has wr\ght 9 su* a mat]ial4 ,! plan employ$ 0 to bore all ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! circle1 #a in* v]tical jump]-holes1 #f in*es ap>t1 to ! requir$ dep?1 & to cut out ! /one betwe5 !m4 ,! surface ?us left 0 aft]w>ds c>efully dress$1 s z to admit v]tical & horizontal m\lds1 repres5t+ truly ! =m ( ! masonry :i* ! *eck 0 int5d$ to receive4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! lab\r att5d+ t op]ation gave me great reason = congratulation on hav+ adopt$ a f\ndation on "o level ?r\gh\t1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! rock into sev]al t]races1 at ea* ( :i* ! same lab\r ( cutt+ angul> *ecks mu/ necess>ily h be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! cutt+ ( ! f\ndation occupi$ #bj m5 = #bag days 9 all1 :]e( #afh days 7 9 ! season ( #ahci1 & ! re/ 9 ! summ] ( #ahdj4 ,fitt+ up ( ! ,second ,b>rack on ! ,rock4 ,sudd5 dea? ( ,george ,middlemiss4 ,! m9ute details giv5 9 my acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ ,b>rack1 h entirely sup]s$$ ! ne$ = any p>ticul> description ( ! fitt+ up ( ! second ,b>rack on ! ,rock2 & ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to a brief notice ( ! "w 9 ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* x occurr$4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,july1 aft] ! level floor = ! f\ndation ( ! ,t[] _h be5 r\ghly cle>$1 & all risk ( injury f ! fir+ ( m9es 0 pa/1 ! bor+ ( holes = ! fixtures ( ! second ,b>rack 0 begun2 & s great 7 our ex]tions1 t 9 ! %ort p]iod ( f\rte5 days1 ! pyramidal frame-"w on :i* ! ,b>rack-h\se 0 to /& 7see ,plate ,v471 consi/+ ( #ac beams1 ( ab\t #ej feet 9 l5g?1 ) all _! braces1 ties & /an*eons1 & ! malleable iron cap :i* secur$ _! union at ! top1 0 firmly fix$ on ! ,rock4 ,aft] ! pyramid 0 complet$1 ! ,b>rack-h\se 7:i* _h previ\sly be5 remov$ f ,nor? ,bay1 :]e1 z already notic$1 x _h s]v$ z a tempor>y abode = ! m5 :o op5$ ! qu>ries !re71 0 transport$1 piece-meal1 f ,hyni% to ! ,rock z requir$2 = x 0 n consid]$ prud5t1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( la/ ye>1 to tru/1 ev5 9 ! f9e/ "p ( ! season1 a great quantity ( timb] to la%+s on ! ,rock4 ,! fitt+-up ( ! ,b>rack-h\se 0 complet$ on ! #c;d ,septemb] & occupi$ only elev5 days2 s t ! :ole "w ext5d$ to only tw5ty-five days1 a rem>kably %ort "t = su* a "w1 9 su* a situation4 ,t despat*1 inde$1 0 only obta9$ by work+ 7z we did bo? dur+ ! excavation ( ! f\ndation & ! erection ( ! ,b>rack71 at all times :5 ! wea!r w\ld p]mit1 f f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ till eight1 & ev5 n9e 9 ! ev5+1 ) an int]val ( only half-an-h\r = breakfa/ & ! same = d9n]4 ,! erection ( ! ,b>rack 0 a "w ( great difficulty & anxiety2 =1 z e ?+ dep5d$ on ! exact union ( all its p>ts1 ! slighte/ error 9 any dim5sion w\ld h /opp$ ! "w until x c\ld be rem$i$1 a delay :i*1 9 su* a situation1 w\ld1 at c]ta9 /ages ( its progress1 h prov$ fatal to ! :ole /ructure4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 omit ?is opportunity ( pay+ a tribute1 9 pass+1 to ! memory ( ! late ,mr ,george ,middlemiss1 ! =eman ( ! c>p5t]s :o fitt$ up ! ,b>rack1 ^: zeal = ! completion ( ! "w 0 v conspicu\s4 ,poor ,middlemiss di$ v sudd5ly at ,hyni%1 ab\t a =tnight aft] ! completion ( 8 lab\rs on ! ,rock4 ,he _h receiv$ "s in/ructions f me1 s late z #aa o'clock1 on ! night ( ! #bj? ,septemb]2 & :5 "o ( ! m5 w5t to call him next morn+ at #f o'clock1 he 0 f\nd dead1 & 9 su* a /ate z l$ ,mr ,moxey1 ! surgeon atta*$ to ! works1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation1 to conclude1 t he _h di$ ( p>alysis ( ! he>t1 ab\t ?ree h\rs be=e he 0 f\nd1 or n m ?an f\r h\rs aft] ,i _h se5 him1 to all appe>ance1 9 p]fect heal?6 ,:>f & ,l&+-place on ! ,rock4 ,no inconsid]able "p ( ! lab\r ( ?is season 0 devot$ to ! cle>+ ( ! l&+-place1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 a natural creek 7see ,plate ,,iii47 & 9 excavat+ ! rocks 9 front ( ! l9e ( :>f1 s z to admit ! vessels c>ry+ ! build+ mat]ials to come alongside ( x4 ,t "w c\ld only be done at c]ta9 times ( tide & dur+ v f9e wea!r1 & 01 !re=e1 t$i\s z well z haz>d\s4 ,aft] two entire days sp5t 9 cutt+ ) a sickle1 m\nt$ on a long pole1 ! ?ick cov] ( gigantic sea-we$1 :i* hid ! true =m ( ! ,rock f view1 we 7 able to m>k out ! l9e ( ! :>f2 & aft] all ! m9es 7 bor$ & *>g$ & ! tide _h ris51 & e "o _h retir$ f ! spot1 ! :ole 7 fir$ at ! same in/ant1 by means ( ! galvanic batt]y1 to ! great amazem5t & ev5 t]ror ( "s ( ! native boatm51 :o 7 obvi\sly mu* puzzl$ to trace ! my/]i\s l9ks :i* connect$ ! draw+ ( a /r+ at ! di/ance ( ab\t #ajj y>ds1 ) a l[ murmur1 l di/ant ?und]1 & a sudd5 commotion ( ! wat]s 9 ! l&+-place1 :i* boil$ up1 & !n bel*$ =? a d5se cl\d ( smoke2 nor 0 _! surprise less5$1 :5 !y saw t x _h be5 foll[$ by a l>ge r5t 9 ! rock2 = s effectually _h ! simultane\s fir+ ( ! m9es done its "w1 t a flat face = a quay _h be5 cle>$ 9 a mom5t1 & little rema9$ to be done1 to give ! appe>ance ( a regul> :>f & to fit x = ! approa* ( a /one light]1 except atta*+ wood5 f5d]s & a trap ladd]4 ,r+-bolts1 ,wat]-,tanks1 & ,railways4 ,a good deal ( "t 0 also sp5t 9 fix+ a great _m r+-bolts on v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,rock & its outly]s1 = ! use ( ! %ipp+1 :i* we expect$ to c>ry /ones to ! ,rock ! next season & 9 cle>+ a l9e = a p]man5t iron railway1 ab\t #ej y>ds long1 f ! l&+ :>f to ! ,t[]1 ! position ( :i* is %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,! railway 0 us$ = ! conveyance ( mat]ials f ! /one-light]s to ! build+1 & is n[ ! highway = all ! /ores :i* pass f ! :>f to ! ,t[]4 ,means 7 also tak5 = lay+ d[n two ca/-iron wat]-tanks on ! ,rock 9 tol]ably %elt]$ positions1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,"o ( ^? tanks 0 complet$ & fill$ ) wat]1 b ! sole-plate only ( ! o!r 0 fix$1 z un=tunately "o ( ! plates dropp$ f ! vessel's side into ! wat]1 :ile ! seam5 7 l[]+ x into "o ( ! boats1 a loss :i* prev5t$ ! second tank f be+ f9i%$ till ! next ye>4 ,^? tanks1 toge!r1 held ab\t #ijj gallons1 & conta9$ our *ief supply ( wat] dur+ ! :ole subsequ5t progress ( ! works1 :5 !re 7 (t5 ab\t fifty m5 on ! ,rock4 ,incid5ts ( ! ,season4 ,i %all conclude ?is ,*apt]1 by notic+ a few incid5ts :i* occurr$ dur+ ! season ( #ahci1 s]v+1 9 "s degree to ?r[ light ^u ! peculi> difficulties we _h to enc\nt]1 or t5d+ to %ew ! importance ( ! "w 9 :i* ! ,commission]s _h engag$4 ,effects ( a gale f ! ,s4,w4 ,on ! #i? ( ,augu/ a /rong gale sudd5ly sprang up f ! ,s4,w41 :i*1 :ile x la/$1 caus$ u mu* al>m & anxiety at ,hyni%1 :i!r we _h be5 driv5 f our /ation at ! ,rock to seek %elt] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! /orm4 ,sev]al small pieces ( timb]1 :i* we _h left on ! ,rock :5 we 7 =c$ to leave x1 came a%ore 9 ,balaphuil ,bay2 & x 0 g5]ally report$ 9 ! ,isl& t ! ,b>rack _h1 = ! second "t1 be5 de/roy$4 ,t report ,i did n cr$it1 z ,i _h great confid5ce 9 ! fixtures :i* atta*$ x to ! ,rock2 b my anxiety to asc]ta9 ! true /ate ( ! case1 l$ me to exam9e ! s\?-ea/]n %ore ( ,tyree1 :5 all t c\ld be discov]$ 0 a few pieces ( loose timb]1 & "o ( ! smi?'s cool+ tubs1 :i* _h be5 wa%$ f ! ,rock4 ,next day1 h[ev]1 ! smi?'s bell[s came a%ore 9 ! same ,bay1 & s little injur$1 t we _h !m repair$ & put 9 use aga9 on ! ,rock4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 :5 ! wea!r p]mitt$ u to return to our /ation at ! ,sk]ryvore1 we f\nd all ! timb]s :i* _h be5 la%$ d[n ) *a9s to ! ,rock scatt]$ 9 e direction ar\nd ! beams ( ! ,b>rack1 ! smi?'s =ge ov]turn$1 ! bell[s ( c\rse gone2 "o ( ! cranes also :i* _h be5 us$ = ! removal ( ! excavat$ mat]ials _h be5 swept away1 & n a ve/ige ( x left1 except a small piece ( "o ( ! wood5 /ays1 :i* ! =ce ( ! waves _h brok54 ,b t :i* mo/ ( all surpris$ u1 & gave u ! greate/ conc]n1 z an al>m+ pro( ( ! =ce ( ! sea & a s\rce ( great inconv5i5ce & haz>d dur+ ! re/ ( ! season1 0 ! disappe>ance ( our moor+s1 :i* _h be5 lo/ by ! f\nd]+ ( ! cask buoy 9 ! heavy surf :i* ! gale _h rais$4 ,dur+ all ! re/ ( our /ay at ! ,rock t season1 we 7 =c$ to ride at an*or 9 f\l rocky gr\nd ( ! wor/ & mo/ irregul> description1 ov] :i* ! vessel frequ5tly drift$ to a consid]able di/ance1 occasion+ u no small fe> = our safety4 ,t 0 ! second set ( moor+s :i* _h disappe>$ at ,sk]ryvore2 & a /rong] pro( ( ! v great p[] ( ! we/]n swell c h>dly be imag9$1 z no?+ ( ! k9d _h happ5$ dur+ ! :ole "t ! ,bell ,rock works 7 9 progress4 ,t circum/ance also conv9c$ u ( ! necessity ( adopt+ vessels ( small burd5 = l&+ ! mat]ials4 ,s great1 inde$1 0 ! difficulty ( hang+ ev5 ! boats at ! ,rock1 t on two occasions 7on ! nights ( ! #d? ,may & #ab? ,july7 we _h bo? ! boats half fill$ by ! sea1 & n9e or t5 m5 ?r[n out on ! ,rock by ! kant+ ( "o ( ! boats at ! recoil ( ! wave4 ,! l&+ dep>tm5t 0 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole season1 att5d$ ) great difficulty1 & 0 to me a s\rce ( con/ant anxiety2 =1 9 ! daily transport to & f ! vessel & ! ,rock ( #cj m51 unaccu/om$ to boat+1 dur+ a p]iod ( f\r mon?s1 x 0 m ?an c\ld h be5 expect$ t we %\ld h be5 pres]v$ f ! loss ( ei!r life or limb4 ,on ! night ( ! #c;d ,septemb]1 :5 we left our an*orage at ! ,sk]ryvore = ! season1 e he>t 0 full ( rejoic+1 & _m cordial expressions ( gratitude to our ,almighty ,protector 7 utt]$ 9 deep :isp]s by ! m s]i\sly dispos$ m51 ^: numb] bore a goodly proportion to our :ole b&4 ,i _c omit say+1 9 ?is place1 t bo? ,mr ,macuri*1 :o act$ z l&+-ma/] on ! ,rock1 & ! late ,mr ,h$dle1 ! ma/] ( ! /eam-t5d]1 conduct$ ! boat+ dep>tm5t 9 a mo/ ma/]ly /yle4 ,mut9y ( ! ,crew4 ,z an aggravation ( our difficulties1 we 7 occasionally mu* annoy$ by ! unpr9cipl$ & c[>dly conduct ( a few ( ! seam51 :o1 despite ! contempt ( _! comrades1 fe>+ or pret5d+ to fe> ! risk ( ly+ all night s ne> ! face ( ! ,rock1 sp>$ no pa9s to spread al>m1 & made sev]al attempts1 by ?reat5+ des]tion1 to extort a rise ( wages4 ,!y ev5 spoke ( leav+ ! vessel at ! ,rock1 :i* !y c\ld easily h done by "s ( ! native boats :i* call$ 9 pass+ to see ! progress ( ! works2 & ,mr ,h$dle1 ! ma/] ( ! /eam]1 0 =c$ to dismiss ! mut9e]s on ! fir/ occasion :5 ! vessel 0 driv5 = %elt] to ! l&1 & to rely dur+ ! re/ ( ! season on ! native boatm5 to supply _! place4 ,t firm conduct _h1 = "s "t aft]w>ds1 ! desir$ effect on ^? :o rema9$2 b ! _s ( disaffection hav+ spread pretty widely1 we _h subsequ5tly sev]al o!r in/ances ( sudd5 des]tion f ! s]vice4 ,ne> approa* ( ,vessels to ! ,rock1 & o!r circum/ances %ew+ ! importance ( a ,light on ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my resid5ce = f\r mon?s on bo>d ! t5d] moor$ (f ! ,rock1 ,i _h opportunities ( witness+ _m pro(s ( ! great necessity :i* exi/$ = a ,light on ! ,sk]ryvore2 & if ,i _h ev] ent]ta9$ any d\bt z to ! b5eficial effects ( su* an e/abli%m5t1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! season ( #ahci mu/ h entirely remov$ x4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t = sev]al days successively1 n few] ?an five or six vessels ( l>ge size1 bo? outw>d & homew>d b\nd1 7 visible at di/ances v>y+ f #c to #f miles f ! ,rock2 & mu* anxiety 0 (t5 felt by u = ! safety ( ^? vessels1 sev]al ( :i* approa*$ s ne> ! outly+ rocks z to keep u = "s "t 9 ! mo/ pa9ful susp5se4 ,on two occasions1 m especially1 ,i 0 ab\t to direct ! /eam to be rais$1 9 ord] t ! ,sk]ryvore t5d] might be s5t to w>n ! ma/]s ( vessels ( _! dang]1 or if too late = t1 to af=d !m assi/ance 9 case ( accid5t4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,may a l>ge s*oon]1 & on ! #ac? ( ,june a l>ge brig ran "r d[n ^u ! we/]n outly]s1 call$ ,,fresnel',s ,rocks 7:i* 7 cov]$ at ! "t71 & j put ab\t 9 "t to avoid /rik+2 & on ! #ab? ,june1 a f9e =eign b>que 7app>5tly a ,prussian7 pass$ s close to ,bo-,rhua z to leave u = a %ort "t 9 d\bt :e!r or n %e _h /ruck on x4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 also1 a l>ge brig came v ne> ! rocks :i* lie (f ,tyree1 at ! base ( ,b5-,hyni%1 9 try+ to avoid ,bo9%ley ,rock1 :i* lies ab\t #e miles to ! ,n4,w4 ( ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,^? circum/ances1 toge!r ) ! li/ ( %ipwrecks already giv5 at page #bc1 af=d /rong pro(s t ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock occupies a mo/ fatal position 9 a great fairway mu* frequ5t$ by l>ge vessels b\nd to or f ports 9 ! ,iri% ,sea & 9 ! ,clyde4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t _m vessels h be5 wreck$ on ! ,sk]ryvore & its num]\s outly]s1 be+ borne d[n ^u ! reef by ! /rong tide :i* runs at ! rate ( betwe5 f\r & five miles an h\r at ! height ( spr+ tides2 & ! natives ( ,tyree h _m /ories ab\t *a9s & an*ors & hidd5 treasures1 ) :i* _! fancy has fill$ e nook ( ! ,rocks4 ,to :at ext5t ^? /ories1 :i* are (t5 mo/ circum/antially told1 may be true1 x is n easy to det]m9e2 b 9 ! end ( ,july #ahci1 we succe$$1 "u ! guidance ( a native boatman1 9 rais+ f a creek 9 "o ( ! deta*$ %elves to ! s\?-we/ ( ! ma9 ,rock1 an an*or worn by ! action ( ! sea to a m]e skeleton1 a circum/ance :i* s f> corroborates ! tru? ( _! traditions4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahdj4 ,9 describ+ ! progress ( ! works dur+ ! season ( #ahdj1 ,i %all speak ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts sep>ately1 z 9 ! la/ *apt]1 beg9n+ ) ! worky>d at ,hyni%4 ,hyni% ,worky>d4 ,dur+ ! prec$+ w9t] mon?s1 ! e/abli%m5t at ,hyni% 0 r$uc$ to ab\t fifty p]sons1 ( :om tw5ty-sev5 7 masons employ$ *iefly 9 dress+ blocks = ! ,ligh?\se1 9 lay+ ! /one plat=m 9 ! worky>d 7on :i* ea* c\rse 0 adju/$ previ\sly to its be+ %ipp$ = ! ,rock1 to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( mi/akes :i* might n be easily rem$i$ !re71 & 9 build+ "s additional b>racks1 masons' %$s & a limekiln = ! summ] ( #ahdj4 ,! qu>ri]s & lab\r]s =m$ a p>ty ( ab\t eighte51 & 7 engag$ 9 cutt+ blocks 9 ! ,tyree qu>ries1 :i*1 al?\gh unfit = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 7 v suitable = ! completion ( ! ,pi] at ,hyni%2 :ile n9e c>p5t]s _h full occupation 9 mak+ m\lds = dress+ ! ,ligh?\se blocks1 prep>+ oak5 tre5ails to be us$ 9 ! l[] c\rses ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 & 9 dress+ h&les = ! masons' & qu>ri]s' tools4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april1 a re9=cem5t ( ?irty-sev5 masons f ,ab]de5 arriv$ at ,hyni%2 & ! great] numb] ( !m 7 at once employ$ 9 ! dress+ ( /ones = ! ,t[]2 :ile a few assi/$ 9 build+ ! dress$ mat]ials 9 a tempor>y mann] on ! /one plat=m 9 ! worky>d already m5tion$4 ,! numb] ( masons 9 ! worky>d1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 v>i$ consid]ably1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! works on ! ,rock1 :]e seldom few] ?an ?irty m5 7 /ation$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole work+ season4 ,b ! dress+ ( ! /ones = ! ,t[] proce$$ ) consid]able vig\r2 & not)/&+ ! inroads necess>ily made ^u ! m5's "t1 by _! be+ frequ5tly requir$ to assi/ 9 ! l&+ ( mat]ials f ,mull1 a "w = :i* few ( ! ,tyree m5 7 fit1 f _! awkw>dness 9 ! managem5t ( cranes & all k9ds ( ma*9]y or tackl+1 & also by ! con/ant deta*m5t ( a consid]able numb] bo? ( m5 & ( tools = ! labori\s "w ( dress+ ! f\ndation-pit at ! ,rock1 upw>ds ( #bj1jjj cubic feet ( granite _h be5 dress$ & fitt$ on ! plat=m1 :5 ,i left ,hyni% 9 ! end ( ,octob] #ahdj4 ,hyni% ,pi]4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! summ]1 ! traffic at ! pi] at ,hyni% 0 s great 9 l&+ mat]ials f ! ,mull qu>ries1 & 9 %ipp+ /ones = ! ,rock1 t mu* inconv5i5ce 0 felt f want ( room4 ,ne>ly #djjj tons 7 %ipp$ & dis*>g$ at ! quay1 indep5d5tly altoge!r ( ! balla/+ ( ea* vessel :i* dis*>g$ at ! pi]1 & ! receiv+1 /or+1 & f9ally supply+ coals to ! /eam]1 :i* =m$ no inconsid]able item ( ! lab\r4 ,e ex]tion 0 made to ext5d ! pi]1 s soon z ! works at ! ,rock 7 clos$ = ! season & ! /one trade ) ,mull _h ceas$2 & by great p]sev]ance on ! "p ( ,mr ,james ,scott1 ! =eman ( ! worky>d1 :om ,i always f\nd ready1 night & day1 to second & ev5 to anticipate my wi%es 9 reg>d to ! progress ( ! works1 an additional l5g? ( #cf feet 0 add$ to ! b]?age ( ! quay be=e ! w9t] _h set 94 ,! ,rock4 ,! fir/ l&+ on ! ,rock1 = ! purpose ( resum+ ! "w 9 #ahdj1 0 on ! #cj? ,april1 :5 all ?+s connect$ ) ! ,b>rack 7 f\nd 9 ne>ly ! same /ate 9 :i* we _h left !m sev5 mon?s be=e4 ,! r$ pa9t ) :i* we _h coat$ x _h become ne>ly :ite1 p>tly by a cov]+ ( sea-salt1 & by blan*+ ( ! pa9t itself1 b *iefly t[>ds ! top by ! soil ( ! num]\s sea-f[l :i* _h p]*$ on ! ro(4 ,! timb]s1 also1 bore ! signs ( be+ wave-wa%$1 & 9 ! m %elt]$ p>ts 7 tuft$ ) ! f9] k9ds ( seawe$2 ! iron-"w 0 mu* ru/$ & entirely dive/$ ( pa9t4 ,! door _h be5 firmly secur$ ) la%+s & bolts1 & "s difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 =c+ an entrance into ! int]ior1 ab\t ! /ate ( :i*1 z our future abode1 mu* curiosity 0 naturally felt by ! m51 :o 7 desir\s to "k h[ x _h wea!r$ a sev5 mon?s' exposure to ! waves ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x 0 ) no small pleasure1 !re=e1 t1 :5 ! door 0 op5$ & ! w9d[s unb>r$ & ! sun%9e admitt$ to dispel its gloom & *illy damp1 we f\nd1 t al?\gh ! wat] _h =c$ its way ?r\gh "s ( ! imp]fect seams 9 ! w9d[-frames1 ! int]ior %ew$ evid5t signs ( ! /ability ( ! fabric1 & 0 9 "s places s dry1 t ! great] "p ( ! biscuits :i* we _h left ! ye> be=e1 z a /ore = %ipwreck$ seam5 :o might f9d _! way to ! ,rock1 al?\gh "s ( !m 7 wet & pulpy on ! side ne>e/ ! out] walls1 admitt$ ( be+ dri$1 & :5 a little toa/$ at ! fire1 7 palatable en\gh to hungry m51 s t1 9 fact1 we consum$ ! great] "p ( t /ock be=e we ent]$ on our new supply4 ,! mo/ important *ange :i* _h occurr$ dur+ ! w9t]1 0 ! removal ( a mass ( rock 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! f\ndation-pit1 :i* _h be5 %ak5 by ! effects ( ! bla/+ op]ations ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,t mass1 ! mov+ ( :i* %ew$ t a great weight ( wat] _h pass$ ov] ! ,rock1 weigh$ ab\t five tons1 & _h be5 deta*$ f its b$ dur+ a heavy gale f ! ,n4,w41 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 & c>ri$ "r across ! f\ndation-pit to ! ,b>rack1 aga9/ "o ( ! beams ( :i* x _h re/$1 & _h p>tially injur$ ! iron coll>s or gl&s by :i* ! beam 0 secur$4 ,! /one 0 brok5 into small fragm5ts by a p>ty ( m51 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to visit ! ,rock aft] heavy gales1 & _h l&$ on ! #bg? ( ,m>*1 to see ! /ate ( ! ,b>rack4 ,! m51 9 _! anxiety to break d[n ! block1 :i* !y fe>$ might injure ! ,b>rack1 if ?r[n aga9/ x by ! waves1 & allur$ by ! smoo?ness ( ! sea1 mo/ imprud5tly rema9$ all night1 moor+ _! boat 9 ! l&+ creek1 & tru/+ to ! scanty /ock ( provisions :i* !y _h br\ght out1 ) ! int5tion ( at once return+ to ,hyni%4 ,! risk involv$ 9 su* a proce$+1 we aft]w>ds _h _m opportunities ( kn[+ dur+ our /ay on ! ,rock1 z we 7 (t5 =c$ to make fa/ all our mat]ials1 to prev5t _! be+ wa%$ away by ! sudd5 ris+ ( ! waves1 especially ab\t ! "t ( high-wat] 9 spr+-tides4 ,! discom=ts1 h[ev]1 exp]i5c$ by ! m5 on t occasion :ile 9 ! ,b>rack1 )\t fire1 light or b$d+1 9 a cold d>k night ( spr+ 7 su*1 t sev]al ( !m did n aft]w>ds mu* affect ! ,rock z a resid5ce ev5 9 summ]4 ,life 9 ! ,b>rack4 ,ow+ to ! great difficulty ( l&+ on ! ,rock 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 few opportunities occurr$ ( prep>+ ! ,b>rack z a habitation2 & x 0 n until ! #ad? ( t mon? t we 7 enabl$ to take up our qu>t]s 9 x2 & ev5 !n we 7 mo/ uncom=tably lodg$1 z _m ( ! small] fitt+s :i* are ess5tial to a w9d-&-wat]-tight habitation _h n be5 complet$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon? we suff]$ mu* f ! flood+ ( our ap>tm5ts ) wat]1 at times :5 heavy sprays la%$ ! walls ( ! ,b>rack ) great viol5ce & also dur+ ra9y wea!r2 & 9 nor!rly gales we _h mu* difficulty 9 keep+ ourselves w>m4 ,on "o occasion1 also1 we 7 f\rte5 days )\t communication ) ! %ore or ! /eam]2 & dur+ ! great] "p ( t "t we saw no?+ b :ite fields ( foam z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 & he>d no?+ b ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d & ! ?und] ( ! waves1 :i* 7 at times s l\d z to make x almo/ impossible to he> any "o speak4 ,= sev]al days1 ! seas rose s high z to prev5t our attempt+ to g d[n to ! ,rock2 & ! cold & com=tless nature ( our abode r$uc$ all h&s to ! necessity ( seek+ w>m? 9 b$1 :]e 7ris+ only to our meals7 we g5]ally sp5t ! great] "p ( ! day li/5+ to ! h[l+ ( ! w9ds & ! beat+ ( ! waves1 :i* occasionally made ! h\se tremble 9 a />tl+ mann]4 ,su* a sc5e1 ) ! ru9s ( ! =m] b>rack n #bj y>ds f u1 0 calculat$ only to inspire ! mo/ despond+ anticipations2 & ,i well rememb] ! undef9$ s5se ( dread t fla%$ across my m9d1 on be+ awak5$ "o night by a heavy sea :i* /ruck ! ,b>rack1 & made my cot or hammock sw+ inw>ds f ! wall1 & 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a cry ( t]ror f ! m5 9 ! ap>tm5t above me1 mo/ ( :om1 />tl$ by ! s\nd & trem\r1 imm$iately sprang f _! b]?s to ! floor1 impress$ ) ! idea t ! :ole fabric _h be5 wa%$ into ! sea4 ,! al>m1 h[ev]1 0 v %ort & ! solemn pause1 :i* succe$$ ! cry1 0 soon foll[$ by words ( reassurance & congratulation4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5 days ,i began to gr[ v uneasy1 z our provisions 7 draw+ to a close2 & :5 we 7 at l5g? ju/ifi$1 by ! /ate ( ! sea on ! rock1 9 mak+ ! signal to ^? on %ore 7at ! h\r fix$ = po9t+ ! telescope at ,hyni% on ! ,b>rack71 t a l&+ c\ld be effect$1 we _h n m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs' provision on ! ,rock1 s t :5 ! /eam] came 9 sight %e 0 hail$ by all h&s ) ! greate/ joy6 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,b>rack has already be5 v fully describ$1 & a glance at ,plate ,v4 w be suffici5t to give a pretty correct idea ( ! nature ( our s+ul> dwell+4 ,imm$iately "u ! wood5 t[] 0 an op5 gall]y1 ! floor ( :i* 0 remov$ at ! end ( ea* season1 s z to all[ free space = ! passage ( ! sea dur+ ! /orms ( w9t]1 b on :i*1 dur+ ! summ]1 we kept ! /ock ( coals1 ! tool-*e/s1 ! beef & be] casks1 & o!r small] mat]ials :i* we c\ld n1 ev5 at t season1 safely leave on ! ,rock itself4 ,next came ! kit*5 & provision /ore1 a six-sid$ ap>tm5t ab\t #ab feet 9 diamet] & some:at m ?an #g feet high1 9 :i* small space1 curtail$ z x 0 by ! sev5 beams :i* pass$ ?r\gh x1 /ood a caboose1 capable ( cook+ = =ty m51 & v>i\s cupbo>ds & lock]s1 l9$ ) t91 = hold+ ! biscuits1 meal1 fl\r1 b>ley & o!r ?+s ne$ful = ! su/5ance ( ! human frame4 ,t ap>tm5t1 = protection aga9/ fire1 0 coat$1 p>tly ) t9 & p>tly ) %eet-lead1 :i* latt]1 al?\gh n 9 all respects ! mo/ desirable mat]ial to come 9 contact ) t elem5t1 0 f\nd to be ! only "o :i* we c\ld 9 "s p>ts conv5i5tly apply4 ,! next /orey 0 divid$ into two ap>tm5ts1 :]e( "o 0 %>$ by ,mr ,?omas ,macuri*1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! l&+ ( all ! mat]ials & ,mr ,*>les ,/ew>t1 ! =eman ( ! build]s1 & ! o!r 0 allott$ to myself4 ,! ap>tm5ts ?us occupi$ consi/$ ( a twelve-sid$ n>r[ space twi/$ ar\nd a c5tre pyramid1 ^: bevell$ faces =m$1 z w 9 "p be se5 by inspect+ ,plate ,v41 _! slop+ walls on "o side4 ,! half ( t space con/itut$ my ap>tm5t1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be g5]ally pron\nc$ n ov] commodi\s2 & :5 x is add$ t x conta9$ my b$1 desk1 *air & table1 & a /ock ( groc]ies1 x w readily be imag9$ ,i _h little room to sp>e = myself4 ,s mu* att5tion 0 paid to economy ( space1 t ! recesses ( ! pyramid =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! beams 7 bo>d$ ov] & made into cupbo>ds2 :ile my cot1 or fram$ hammock 7:i*1 dur+ ! night1 re/$ ^u brackets :i* c\ld be fold$ close to ! wall :5 n requir$71 01 dur+ ! day1 hoi/$ by pullies to ! ro( ( ! ap>tm5t1 s z to leave me z mu* space to move ab\t 9 z a prison] c\ld expect4 ,! cornice ( ! ap>tm5t consi/$ ( a n>r[ %elf adorn$ ) books1 :i* ,i f\nd v ne$ful helps to solit>y life4 ,! highe/ ap>tm5t 0 also twelve-sid$1 surm\nt$ by a pyramidal ro( & a small six-sid$ lant]n or v5tilator1 & 0 l9$ r\nd ! sides ) f\r ti]s ( b]?s1 capable ( accommodat+ ?irty p4 ,! clos5ess ( t room 0 mo/ intol]able1 especially dur+ ! heat ( f9e wea!r 9 summ]1 at :i* "t sev]al ( ! m5 pref]r$ tak+ a nap on ! rock1 ) ! cle> blue sky = a canopy4 ,! economy ( our life on ! ,rock 0 /range en\gh4 ,at half-pa/ ?ree 9 ! morn+ we 7 call$1 & at f\r ! "w comm5c$1 cont9u+ till eight1 :5 half-an-h\r 0 giv5 = breakfa/3 aft] :i* x 0 c>ri$ on till two1 :5 ano!r half-h\r 0 giv5 = d9n]2 & ! "w 0 aga9 resum$ & cont9u$ till sev51 eight1 & ev5 n9e o'clock1 :5 any?+ urg5t 0 9 h&4 ,supp] 0 !n produc$ & eat5 ) m leisure & com=t 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+4 ,su* protract$ ex]tion produc$ a cont9ual dr[s9ess1 & almo/ e "o :o sat d[n fell fa/ asleep4 ,i h myself repeat$ly fall5 asleep 9 ! middle ( breakfa/ or d9n]2 & h n unfrequ5tly awak5$1 p5 9 h&1 ) a half-writt5 ^w on ! pap]6 ,yet life on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock 0 by no means de/itute ( its peculi> pleasures4 ,! gr&eur ( ! ocean's rage1 ! deep murmur ( ! waves1 ! ho>se cry ( ! sea-birds1 :i* :eel$ cont9ually ov] u1 especially at our meals1 ! l[ moan+ ( ! w9d1 or ! gorge\s brightness ( a glassy sea & a cl\dless sky1 & ! solemn /illness ( a deep blue vault1 /udd$ ) />s1 or *e]$ by ! spl5d\rs ( ! full moon1 7 ! phases ( ext]nal ?+s t (t5 arre/$ our ?\ghts 9 a situation :]e1 ) all ! bu/le t sometimes prevail$1 !re 0 necess>ily s mu* "t = reflection4 ,^? *anges1 toge!r ) ! cont9ual succession ( hopes & fe>s connect$ ) ! important "w 9 :i* we 7 engag$1 & ! (t-recurr+ calls = advice or direction1 z well z occasional h\rs devot$ to read+ & correspond5ce1 & ! pleasures ( news f home1 7 m ?an suffici5t to reconcile me to1 nay1 to make me really enjoy1 an un9t]rupt$ resid5ce1 on "o occasion1 ( n less ?an five weeks on t des]t ,rock4 ,f\ndation-pit4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! season #cj m5 7 engag$ #ad h\rs a day 9 ! prep>ation ( ! f\ndation-pit1 :i*1 z already said1 0 a "w ( ! greate/ lab\r4 ,! ,rock1 inde$1 0 9 _m places s h>d z (t5 to make x seem hopeless t tools c\ld make any impression on x4 ,! "t employ$ 9 ! excavation & ! numb] ( tools exp5d$ on x1 7 v great1 z a pick seldom /ood m ?an ?ree /rokes 9 ! h>d] qu>tzose ve9s2 b our p]sev]ance 0 at l5g? amply rew>d$ by obta9+ a f\ndation s level & s fairly wr\ght ?r\gh\t ! :ole area ( a circle #db feet 9 diamet]1 z to pres5t to ! view ! appe>ance ( a gigantic bas9 ( v>iegat$ m>ble2 & s mu* pleas$ 7 ! workm5 !mselves ) ! result ( _! protract$ toil1 t _m ( !m express$ s]i\s regret t ! f\ndation mu/ soon be cov]$ up s1 z 7we tru/$71 nev] to be se5 aga94 ,9 ! dress+ ( ! ,rock mu* inconv5i5ce arose f ! small spl9t]s :i* flew out be=e ! tools1 sometimes ris+ to ! height ( #dj feet1 & com+ 9 at ! w9d[s ( ! ,b>rack2 & aft] sev]al injuries _h be5 su/a9$1 ,i at l5g? f\nd x necess>y to s5d to ,glasg[ = f5c+ masks to protect ! m5's faces4 ,9 all our "w1 no?+ 0 m grudg$ ?an ! occasional loss ( half a day 9 bal+ out ! wat] f ! f\ndation-pit aft] x _h be5 fill$ by a heavy sea4 ,l&+ ( mat]ials on ! ,rock4 ,be=e we _h made an actual trial ( l&+ /ones on a ,rock at ! di/ance ( #ab miles f ! ne>e/ %ore1 expos$ to ! incessant beat+ ( ,atlantic waves1 !re 0 mu* room = d\bt z to ! measure ( success to be expect$2 &1 z ! "t approa*$1 ,i naturally look$ to ! attempt ) increas+ anxiety1 z to an exp]im5t 9 a great measure decisive ( ! future complexion ( our op]ations4 ,f\r small vessels1 c>ry+ f #af to #ai tons1 _h be5 built at ,lei? & ,dumb>ton1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ ! /ones on _! decks1 s z to admit ( _! be+ easily lift$ by ! crane1 & s to avoid ! risk :i* w\ld h be5 incurr$ by any attempt to raise /ones by a crane f ! hold ( a vessel moor$ to a rock 9 ! op5 sea & mov+ ab\t ) e wave4 ,_h t be5 attempt$1 ! crane w\ld1 on _m occasions1 h be5 pull$ d[n be=e ! /one c\ld be cle>$ f ! hold4 ,! vessels 7 v simil> to ^? :i* 7 us$ = ! same purpose at ! ,bell ,rock2 & ,i !re=e beg leave to ref] ! read] to page #eji1 & to ,plate ,,xi4 ( my ,fa!r's acc\nt ( t "w1 = a description ( !m4 ,be+ deck$ all ov]1 to give room = c>go 7= !y c>ri$ no?+ 9 ! hold b empty casks = ! purpose ( float+ !m 9 ! ev5t ( _! su/a9+ any injury71 !y 7 t[$ betwe5 ,hyni% & ! ,rock by ! /eam]1 & be+ ca/ (f z ne> ! l&+-place z possible1 7 tak5 by ! boats to ! creek1 & moor$ ) w>ps to ! f5d]s at ! quay4 ,! fir/ trial ( ! light]s 9 l&+ /ones on ! ,rock 0 made on ! #bj? ( ,june1 on :i* occasion bo? ! /eam] & ! /one craft 7 decorat$ ) flags2 & due hon\r 0 done to ! occasion ( l&+ ! fir/ /one1 by fir+ a salvo %ot & dr9k+ success to ! works4 ,! l&+ s]vice ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( ! works 0 "o ( mu* difficulty & anxiety & _m n>r[ escapes 7 made2 b x 0 manag$ ) great prud5ce1 & at ! same "t ) unremitt+ en]gy1 by ,messrs ,macuri* & ,h$dle1 9 _! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 bo? a%ore & afloat4 ,on _m occasions ! m5 :o /e]$ ! light]s ran great risks2 & x 0 (t5 f\nd necess>y to la% !m to ! rails1 to prev5t _! be+ ?r[n ov]bo>d by ! sudd5 b\nds ( ! vessels1 or be+ c>ri$ away by ! weight ( wat] :i* swept _! decks z !y 7 t[$ ?r\gh a heavy sea4 ,sometimes1 also1 we 7 =c$1 ow+ to ! ru% ( ! sea into ! creek1 :i* ?reat5$ to lift ! vessels on ! top ( ! ,rock1 to draw out ! load$ light]s f ! :>f )\t l&+ a s+le /one1 aft] !y _h be5 t[$ ?r\gh a /ormy passage ( #ac miles2 & "o day1 dur+ ! v be/ "p ( ! season1 s sudd5 0 ! b\nd+ ( ! vessel be=e ! sea1 t eight l>ge w>ps 7 snapp$ l ?reads z ! light] 0 c>ri$ viol5tly be=e a cre/$ wave :i* roll$ unexpect$ly into ! creek1 :ile ^? :o /ood on h] deck 7 ?r[n flat on _! faces & imag9$ t ! vessel _h be5 laid high & dry on ! top ( ! ,rock4 ,dur+ ! :ole season1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( l&+ #hjj tons ( masonry on ! ,rock1 too (t5 9 t dang]\s mann]1 none ( ! dress$ /ones receiv$ any great damage1 nor 0 any o!r injury ( importance su/a9$4 ,build+ ! fir/ /one4 ,! build+ ( ! ,t[] 0 comm5c$ on ! #d? ,july2 b x 0 n till ! #g? t ! c]emony ( lay+ ! f\ndation-/one 0 p]=m$ by ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 :o1 z proprietor ( ! adjac5t ,isl& ( ,tyree1 took a great int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! works1 & on t day visit$ ! ,sk]ryvore ) ! ,du*ess ( ,argyll1 ! ,m>quis ( ,lorne1 ,lady ,emma ,campbell1 & a p>ty ( fri5ds1 9 ! ,t[>d ,ca/le /eam]4 ,on t occasion ,8 ,grace express$ himself mu* pleas$ ) ! works & k9dly left ) me a donation ( ,l4#aj = ! workm54 ,! build+ op]ations 9 #ahdj 7 entirely c>ri$ on by means ( two cranes ) moveable jibs1 ( :i* "o 0 fix$ j beyond ! f\ndation1 at ! place %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii41 betwe5 ! l&+ quay & ! ,t[]1 & 0 *iefly us$ 9 br++ =w>d ! mat]ials2 & ! o!r1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,t[]1 s]v$ = lay+ ! /ones1 & 0 rais$ along ) ! rise ( ! build+4 ,s p]fectly _h ! /ones be5 dress$ 9 ! worky>d at ,tyree1 t no alt]ation or p>+ ( ! b$s or jo9ts 0 requir$2 & su* 0 ! facility af=d$ by ! build+ app>atus1 t by work+ #ad h\rs1 we occasionally set1 ?r\gh ! activity ( ,mr ,*>les ,/ew>t1 ! =eman build]1 s _m z #he blocks 9 a day4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( masonry 0 laid by means ( a wood5 tra9]2 b ! place ( all ! subsequ5t /ones 01 z already notic$1 regulat$ by ! use ( plumb-templets1 ^: inn] faces 7 arcs ( ! g5]at+ hyp]bola4 ,by ^? means we succe$$ 9 sett+1 9 a mo/ p]fect mann]1 six c\rses1 :i* c>ri$ ! build+ to ! height ( #h feet #b in*es1 & conta9$ a mass equal to #aj1ghj cubic feet4 ,t quantity is n greatly less ?an ! :ole mat]ials ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 :i*1 accord+ to my computations f ! draw+s ( ,,smeaton1 d n exce$ #ac1cjj cubic feet1 & is some:at m ?an "o-?ird ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,bell ,rock ,t[]1 :i* are ab\t #bh1ejj cubic feet4 ,t fru/um 0 also ne>ly equal to "o-fif? "p ( ! :ole mass ( ! propos$ build+1 :i* is ab\t #ef1jjj cubic feet4 ,( ! six c\rses1 ! fir/ ?ree are ( ,hyni% gneiss1 & ! re/ are ( granite f ! ,ross ( ,mull4 ,! comp>ative m]its ( ^? two mat]ials may be /at$ z foll[s3--,! ,hyni% /one is h>d]1 & susceptible ( f9] workman%ip1 & p]haps its mo/ p]fect blocks are m durable2 b x requires mu* m lab\r 9 dress+ ?an ! ,mull granite1 :i* is m homog5e\s 9 its /ructure & is n int]sect$ by h>d ve9s1 l ^? :i* occur 9 ! gneiss ( ,tyree4 ,!re is good reason also = conclud+ t ! ,mull /one is suffici5tly durable1 because x conta9s b a small proportion ( micace\s matt]1 & 9 its texture closely resembles "s ( ! blocks ( ,/ ,oran's *apel 9 ! neighb\r+ ,isl& ( ,iona1 :i* h resi/$ ! action ( ! wea!r1 x is believ$1 = m ?an #fjj ye>s & /ill reta9 ! m>ks left by ! tools ( ! workm54 ,i _h also c>efully comp>$ ! d5sity ( ! ,hyni% & ,mull /ones1 by weigh+ blocks ( kn[n dim5sions1 & f\nd t x requires #acaf cubic feet ( ! =m]1 & #acff cubic feet ( ! latt] to weigh "o ton1 a diff]5ce mu* less ?an ! appe>ance ( ! /one w\ld lead "o to expect4 ,a ,t[] ( ! dim5sions ( t at ,sk]ryvore1 built entirely ( ,hyni% /one1 w\ld h weigh$ ab\t #dcjh tons1 :ile ! same mass ( ,mull /one w\ld weigh #dbeb tons1 leav+ a diff]5ce ( n m ?an #aef tons 9 fav\r ( ! ,hyni% /one4 ,! mort> employ$ 9 ! build+ 0 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ,ab]dda lime & ,pozzolano e>?1 & 0 !re=e id5tical1 9 its composition1 ) t us$ by ,smeaton at ! ,eddy/one4 ,n hav+ be5 able1 aft] se>*+ ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 to obta9 good s&1 ,i f\nd x inexp$i5t to adopt ! proportion ( equal p>ts ( lime1 s&1 & ,pozzolano1 :i* 7 s successfully us$ at ! ,bell ,rock2 b s p]fect 0 ! adhesion ( ! mort> us$ at ! ,sk]ryvore1 t 9 t mass ( #hjj tons only two small leaks 7 disc]nible1 :i* be+ ripp$ or op5$ ) an iron1 & all[$ to run dry1 7 aft]w>ds c>efully repo9t$1 & h nev] s9ce %ewn ! slighte/ symptoms ( leak+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahda4 ,hyni% worky>d4 ,! worky>d at ,hyni% pres5t$ a v busy sc5e dur+ ! summ] & w9t] ( #ahdj2 & ! desolation & mis]y ( ! surr\nd+ hamlets ( ,tyree seem$ to enhance ! satisfaction ( look+ on our small colony1 :]e ab\t #aej s\ls 7 collect$ 9 a neat quadrangle ( cleanly h\ses1 conspicu\s by _! *imnies & w9d[s among/ ! hovels ( ! poor ,hebrideans1 :o g5]ally make no outlet = ! smoke 9 _! gloomy dwell+s1 b p]mit x to escape by ! doors4 ,! regul> meals & com=table lodg+s & ! cleanly & en]getic habits ( ! ,l[l& workm51 ^: days 7 sp5t 9 toil & _! ev5+s1 mo/ g5]ally1 9 ! sob] recreations ( read+ & s++1 =m$ a *e]+ contra/ to ! li/less1 dispirit$1 & squalid look ( ! poor ,celts1 :o h none ( ! com=ts ( civiliz$ life & are equally ignorant ( ! value ( "t & ! pleasures ( activity4 ,! numb] ( masons employ$ 9 #ahda1 v>i$ f #fj to #hd & !y 7 *iefly engag$ 9 dress+ blocks = ! ,ligh?\se-,t[]1 9 dis*>g+ ! c>goes ( vessels load$ ) /one f ,mull & also 9 %ipp+ /ones = ! ,rock1 9 :i* op]ation1 _! acqua9tance ) ! h&l+ ( dress$ mat]ials & _! read9ess 9 work+ ! cranes1 made !m v useful 9 direct+ & also 9 work+ along ) ! native lab\r]s1 :o1 p>tly f incapacity & p>tly f excessive indol5ce1 c\ld n be tru/$ = a mom5t to !mselves4 ,dur+ t ye>1 upw>ds ( #ch1jjj cubic feet ( granite 7 dress$ into blocks ) /raight b$s & jo9ts1 & ) faces ( d\ble curvature1 s z to suit ! cont\r ( ! ,t[]1 :5 arrang$ 9 ! wall4 ,! blocks 7 also fitt$ ) /one joggles1 = reta9+ !m 9 _! places1 & ) lewis-holes = rais+ !m 9 ! mann] usually practis$ 9 build+ mat]ials ( t description4 ,( ^? mat]ials upw>ds ( #gj blocks 7 floor-/ones 7see ,plans ( #hd? & #he? c\rses1 ,plate ,,viii471 dovetail$ on ! heads1 *eck$ on ! jo9ts & hav+ a pla9 surface on ! upp] & a concave "o on ! "u b$4 ,! necessity ( pres]v+ ?r\gh\t _! entire jo9ts a p]fect uni=mity ( be>+1 made ! dress+ ( ^? mat]ials a "w ( great nicety2 & ea* /one1 z be=e notic$1 be+ cut accord+ to m\lds1 0 fitt$ tempor>ily 9 its place on ! plat=m at ,hyni%1 previ\sly to its be+ laid aside z ready = transport to ! ,rock4 ,^? v>i\s op]ations 7 conduct$ ) great c>e2 & ! /ones1 :i* 7 regul>ly arrang$ & numb]$ accord+ to a s*$ule1 =m$1 at ! "t ,i left ! worky>d 9 ! end ( ,octob]1 a consid]able pile1 be>+ ample te/imony to ! dilig5ce & zeal ( ,mr ,james ,scott1 ! =eman ( ! worky>d & lead] ( ! p>ty a%ore4 ,! ,rock4 ,ow+ to ! unc]ta9 & /ormy wea!r 9 spr+1 x 0 n till ! #ac? ( ,may1 t ! fir/ l&+ 0 effect$ on ! ,rock4 ,! result ( our visit1 h[ev]1 0 mo/ satisfactory4 ,we f\nd ! ,b>rack q z we _h la/ se5 x six mon?s be=e2 & n "o jo9t ( ! pile ( masonry1 :i* we _h left expos$ to ! waves1 _h be5 %ak5 or />t$4 ,! ,railway & ,l&+ ,:>f1 al?\gh mu* expos$ to ! brea* ( ! sea1 _h surviv$ ! w9t]'s /orms ) no great] damage ?an ! loss ( "o ( ! sleep]s or beams1 on :i* ! rails re/$1 :i* _h be5 torn by ! waves f its fixtures to ! rock4 ,x 0 n till a week aft] our fir/ l&+ t we 7 enabl$ aga9 to take up our qu>t]s on ! ,rock2 = we _h few l&+s 9 ! mean "t1 & "s ( !m1 ow+ to ! heavy surf :i* play$ r\nd ! ,rock1 7 ( no v satisfactory k9d4 ,our fir/ exp]i5ce ( ?is season 0 inde$ f> f invit+4 ,s difficult 0 ! fir/ l&+1 t we 7 =c$ to direct all our endeav\rs to lay+ 9 a small /ock ( provisions 9 ! ,b>rack1 be=e be+ left on ! ,rock2 &1 consid]+ ! scanty nature ( ! supplies :i* ! wea!r p]mitt$ u to secure1 x 0 ?\ght prud5t to re/rict ! numb] ( m5 to eight masons & myself1 ) z _m tools z we c\ld l&1 to enable !m to make ! necess>y repairs & arrangem5ts be=e fairly comm5c+ = ! season ! works ( a m /rictly progressive "*4 ,! vessel !n return$ to ,tyree ) ! re/ ( ! m5 & all ! heavy app>atus :i* we c\ld n l&2 &1 to add to ! unpleasantness ( be+ left 9 su* a position1 ) ! improbability ( a visit f ! vessel = sev]al days1 "o ( ! masons took al>m+ly ill soon aft] ! /eam] 0 too f> (f = a signal1 & suff]$ s acutely dur+ ! :ole night1 t 8 pi]c+ cries 9 ! spasms :i* accompani$ 8 disord]1 comb9$ ) ! h[l+ ( a /rong nor?-we/] & ! incessant la% ( ! waves1 depriv$ ! :ole p>ty ( sleep dur+ ! fir/ night4 ,9 ?is uncom=table pr$icam5t1 until ! /eam] return$ on ! #bb;d1 we sp5t two days expos$ to w9ds pi]c+ly cold & 9 ap>tm5ts soak$ ) spray1 :i* f\nd its way ?r\gh inlets :i* _h be5 made by ! w9t]'s /orms4 ,we 7 n sorry1 at ! same "t1 to h an opportunity ( remov+ ! poor man to ! c>e ( ,dr ,campbell1 ! surgeon :o 0 atta*$ to ! worky>d at ,hyni% & ( re9=c+ our /ock ( provisions & ! deta*m5t ( m54 ,we also succe$$ 9 l&+ ! cranes & o!r build+ app>atus1 :i*1 ow+ to ! heavy surf on ! #bj?1 we _h n be5 able to accompli%4 ,! few fir/ days aft] gett+ fairly e/abli%$ 9 our habitation = ! season1 7 occupi$ 9 ext5d+ ! railway to a po9t on ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,rock1 some:at %elt]$ dur+ c]ta9 seas 7see ,plate ,,iii471 :]e a crane = /[+ ! mat]ials previ\sly to build+ !m _h be5 erect$2 & ?us x 0 n till ! #be? ( ,may t ! fir/ c>go ( /ones 0 l&$4 ,next day a crane 7!n ?irty-f\r ye>s old71 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 0 plac$ on ! top ( ! masonry1 & ! m *e]+ op]ations ( mix+ ! mort> & ( sett+ /ones 7 begun4 ,9 spite ( ! unfav\rable /ate ( ! wea!r & ! cont9ual di/raction ( our ex]tions1 occasion$ by /orms & ! l&+ ( mat]ials1 we cont9u$ our op]ations ) su* vig\r z to complete ! solid "p ( ! masonry ( ! ,t[] on ! #h? ,july4 ,until ! build+ _h rea*$ to ! level ( #ae feet1 ! "w 0 c>ri$ on by ! use ( two jib-cranes1 "o on ! ,rock & ! o!r on ! ,t[]1 by means ( :i* latt] ! /ones 7 set1 aft] be+ br\ght to h& by ! fir/4 ,b above t level1 %e>-legs simil> to ^? us$ at ! ,eddy/one1 7 employ$4 ,^? %e>-legs 7 ab\t #ej feet high1 & 7 erect$ 9 ! situation1 at ! side ( ! ,t[]1 %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,!y consi/$ ( two sp>s atta*$ at ! base to jo9t$ sockets batt$ into ! ,rock1 & connect$ at ! top by means ( a cros%ead ( timb]4 ,! jo9t$ sockets p]mitt$ ! %e>s to hang =w>d at any angle suit$ to ! level & di/ance ( ! "p ( ! ,t[] to be rea*$2 & *a9 guys bo? 9 front & beh9d1 secur$ !m f fall+ ei!r backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,at ! cros%ead hung an iron %eave ) a *a91 "o end ( :i* 0 provid$ ) a hook = rais+ /ones1 :ile ! o!r 0 w\nd ar\nd ! b>rel ( a crab ma*9e well batt$ d[n to ! rock1 by work+ :i* ! blocks 7 rais$ to su* a level z to be )9 rea* ( ! build+ crane on ! top ( ! masonry4 ,! %e>-poles 7 us$1 until ! build+ ( ! ,t[] 0 complet$1 to raise ! /ones ! fir/ lift ( =ty feet above ! ,rock4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( ! "w1 ! /ones1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 by ! build+ cranes directly f ! %e>-poles1 7 rais$ f /orey to /orey by means ( crabs plac$ inside ! ,t[]1 :i* work$ *a9s1 reev$ ?r\gh %eaves hang+ f ! end ( beams project+ f ! w9d[s4 ,su* beams are call$ ne$les1 & are describ$ at page #ejd1 & %ewn 9 ,plate ,,ix41 fig4 #c1 ( my ,fa!r's ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 :]e !y 7 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! ,waves4 ,col\rs ( break+ ,waves4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season ! wea!r 0 int5sely cold1 ) %[]s ( sleet & heavi] %[]s ( spray1 :i* da%$ r\nd u 9 all directions1 to ! great discom=t ( ! poor masons1 ^: ap>tm5ts did n admit ( a l>ge w>drobe1 :ile !y _h n ! b5efit ( mu* room = dry+ _! clo!s at ! small coboose or cook+-/ove 9 ! ,b>rack4 ,= days toge!r1 also1 ! m5 7 left )\t build+ mat]ials1 ow+ to ! impossibility ( l&+ !m1 or1 :at 0 worse1 )\t ! p[] ( build+ :at we _h on h& 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds4 ,dur+ su* times we (t5 felt mu* anxiety ab\t ! safety ( ! /ones :i* we _h pil$ on ! rock ready = be+ built2 & x took no small tr\ble1 by ! occasional application ( ! crane1 to save !m f be+ swept into ! sea by ! surf4 ,no?+ /ruck me m ?an ! illusive effect produc$ on ! m9d by ! great waves :i* roll$ pa/ ! rock4 ,! rapidity ( _! movem5ts1 & ! noise :i* accompani$ _! passage ?r\gh ! gullies & r5ts ( ! rugg$ reef1 seem$ to give !m ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* l>g] ?an !y really 72 &1 ev5 :5 view$ f ! ,t[]1 aft] x _h ris5 to ! height ( #cj feet1 !y seem$1 on approa*+ ! rock1 to be on ! eve ( wa%+ "r ov] ! top ( ! build+ & sweep+ all be=e !m into ! sea4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e1 by cont9ually wat*+ ! waves & comp>+ _! app>5t height ) ! results ( _! impact on ! rock1 we 7 enabl$ to correct our notions ( _! magnitude1 s z to m>k ! approa* ( _! cre/$ curl+ heads ) composure2 & "s ( ! p>ty nev] became suffici5tly famili>iz$ ) ^? visitors1 to avoid sudd5ly look+ r\nd :5 ! ru% ( a break] 0 he>d beh9d !m1 or recoil+ a few paces :5 !y saw its t[]+ cre/ app>5tly ab\t to bur/ 9 a torr5t ov] _! heads4 ,x 0 only aft] a long resid5ce on ! rock & cont9ual exp]im5tal obs]vation1 t ,i acquir$ confid5ce to approa* )9 a few feet ( ! po9t :i* ,i expect$ ! break]s to rea*4 ,i occasionally suff]$ = my tem]ity1 by be+ ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) spray2 b by long p]sev]ance1 ,i atta9$ consid]able skill 9 pr$ict+ ! limits ( _! influ5ce1 ?\gh ev] & anon an extraord9>y wave ov]?rew all our confid5ce1 by bur/+ f> above ! b\nd>ies :i* we _h assign$ 9 our m9ds4 ,t1 h[ev]1 did n g5]ally occur 9 calm wea!r1 b aft] /rong gales f ! ,n4,w41 :5 ! waves _h assum$ ! l>g] & m flatt5$ =m kn[n by ! "n ( ! gr\nd-swell4 ,to gauge ! height ( ^? waves by means ( a v]tical rod1 graduat$ ) l>ge divisions1 s z to be read at a little di/ance1 z ! waves wa%$ x 9 pass+1 0 an object ,i _h long 9 view2 b ,i f\nd x utt]ly impossible to apply any fixture 9 ! deep wat]1 9 a situation fitt$ = ! purpose4 ,by mak+ num]\s comp>isons1 h[ev]1 ( ! waves1 ) v>i\s kn[n po9ts ( rock ne> ! ma9 ,rock1 & by avail+ myself ( ! obs]vations ( "s ( ! m intellig5t ( ! masons1 ,i 0 l$ to conclude1 t ! greate/ elevation ( an unbrok5 wave1 measur+ f ! holl[ to ! cre/1 does n1 9 ! sea ar\nd ! ,sk]ryvore1 exce$ #ae feet2 b ! sailors1 p]haps f _! be+ less accu/om$ to accurate measurem5t1 g5]ally e/imat$ x at #cj or ev5 #dj feet4 ,i 0 (t5 mu* int]e/$1 :ile ,i sat wat*+ ! waves t boil$ r\nd u on e side1 to obs]ve ! peculi> t9ts :i* !y assum$ at ! mom5t ( break+1 pass+ z !y did f ! blui%-gre5 col\r ( solid wat] by v rapid *anges1 to a delicate & v evanesc5t blu% ( rose col\r1 :i* inv>iably accompani$ _! greate/ /ate ( comm9ution or dis9tegration4 ,^? appe>ances ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 9 o!r places1 & ,i suppos$ !m to be produc$ by reflection f ! ?9 plates ( wat]2 & took !m = indications ( ! p]fect homog5e\sness ( ! sea-wat]1 9 reg>d to d5sity1 & also ( ! simil>ity ( its condition at ! mom5t ( break+4 ,! ,seals4 ,among/ ! _m wond]s ( ! 8great deep10 :i* we witness$ at ! ,sk]ryvore1 n ! lea/ is ! agility & p[] display$ by ! un%apely seal4 ,i h (t5 se5 half a doz5 ( ^? animals r\nd ! ,rock1 play+ on ! surface or rid+ on ! cre/s ( curl+ waves1 come s close z to p]mit u to see _! eyes & head1 & lead u to expect t !y w\ld be ?r[n high & dry at ! foot ( ! ,t[]2 :5 sudd5ly !y p]=m$ a som]sault )9 a few feet ( ! ,rock1 & div+ into ! flaky & wrea?+ foam1 disappe>$ & z sudd5ly reappe>$ a hundr$ y>ds (f1 utt]+ a /range l[ cry1 z we suppos$1 ( satisfaction at hav+ caught a fi%4 ,at su* times ! surf (t5 drove among ! crevices ( ! ,rock a ble$+ cod1 f ^: back a seal _h tak5 a s+le mod]ate bite1 leav+ ! re/ to "s less fa/idi\s fi%]4 ,! latt] "p ( ! season1 al?\gh n s /ormy z ! fir/1 0 f> f be+ fav\rable = ! build+ op]ations :i*1 on "o occasion1 ev5 dur+ ! mon? ( ,july1 7 susp5d$ = five days by a viol5t gale1 :i* made x unsafe to attempt /&+ on ! ,t[]4 ,happily ! w9d 0 f ! ,n4,e41 a qu>t] f :i* x has comp>atively little p[] 9 rais+ heavy seas1 o!rwise we %\ld infallibly h lo/ a l>ge "p ( ! dress$ mat]ials :i* lay pil$ on ! ,rock1 &1 9 all probability1 %\ld h _h our "w ?us prematurely cut %ort 9 ! middle ( summ]4 ,aft] build+ a few c\rses above ! level ( ! solid "p ( ! ,t[]1 ! jib-crane c\ld no long] be conv5i5tly us$1 & rec\rse 0 _h to a balance-crane1 :i*1 dur+ ! previ\s w9t]1 ,i _h caus$ to be con/ruct$ at ,ed9burgh1 9 ! work%op ( ,mr ,james ,dove4 ,t app>atus1 :i*1 except z to its great] size & /r5g?1 9 ord] to suit ! great] dim5sions ( ! ,t[]1 0 almo/ id5tical ) t :i* 0 us$ at ! ,bell ,rock1 is %ewn 9 ,plate ,,ix42 & x is only necess>y1 9 ?is place1 to notice its g5]al con/ruction & mode ( work+1 :i* is also %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ( my ,fa!r's ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,9 ! holl[ ( ! ,t[]1 a ca/-iron pipe or pill> 0 erect$1 susceptible ( be+ l5g!n$ z ! ,t[] rose1 by means ( additional pieces ( pill> let 9 by spigot & faucet jo9ts2 & on ! pill> a frame ( iron 0 plac$ capable ( revolv+ freely r\nd x1 & c>ry+ two truss$ arms & a d\ble tra9 ( b>rels & ge>+4 ,on ! "o arm hung a cyl9dric weight ( ca/-iron1 :i* c\ld be mov$ along x by means ( ! ge>+1 s z to increase or dim9i% by lev]age its effect z a c\nt]poise2 & on ! o!r 0 a roll]4 ,! roll] 0 s connect$ ) ! weight on ! opposite arm1 z to move along ) x1 rec$+ f1 or approa*+ to1 ! c5tre pill> ( iron 9 ! same mann] z ! weight did4 ,f ! roll] hung a %eave1 ov] :i* a *a9 mov$1 ) a hook at ! end = rais+ ! /ones4 ,:5 a /one 0 to be rais$1 ! weight & ! %eave 7 drawn out to ! end ( ! arms ( ! crane1 :i* project$ ov] ! outside ( ! walls ( ! ,t[]1 & !y 7 held 9 _! places by simply lock+ ! ge>+ :i* mov$ !m4 ,! second tra9 ( ge>+ 0 !n br\ght into play to "w ! *a9 :i* hung ov] ! %eave1 & s to raise ! /one to a height suffici5t to cle> ! top ( ! wall4 ,:5 9 t position1 ! fir/ tra9 ( ge>+ 0 sl[ly unlock$ & ! slight declivity inw>ds f ! end ( ! arms =m$ an incl9$ plane1 along :i* ! roll] c>ry+ ! %eave 0 all[$ sl[ly to move 7"o man us+ a break on ! ge>+ to prev5t a rapid run71 :ile ! fir/ tra9 ( ge>+ 0 sl[ly w\nd by ! o!rs1 s z to take up ! *a9 :i* pass$ ov] ! %eave1 & ?us to keep ! /one f desc5d+ too l[ 9 proportion z x approa*$ ! c5tre ( ! ,t[]4 ,:5 ! /one s rais$ _h rea*$ su* a position z to hang "r ov] ! wall1 ! crane 0 made to turn r\nd ! c5tre column 9 any direction t 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to br+ x exactly above ! place :]e x 0 to be set2 & by work+ ei!r tra9 ( ge>+1 x c\ld be mov$ horizontally or v]tically 9 any way t 0 requir$4 ,! m5 :o wr\ght ! crane1 /ood on two small /ages ( planks atta*$ to ei!r side ( ! framework1 & mov+ r\nd ! %aft along ) x4 ,! balance-crane 0 safely l&$ on ! ,rock on ! #bj? ,july & on ! #be? x 0 erect$ 9 work+ ord] on ! top ( ! masonry4 ,on ! aft]noon ( t day1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ x put to a sev]e trial 9 rais+ a /one ( ne>ly two tons weight & draw+ x f ! %e>-poles already notic$ to ! top ( ! build+4 ,z t trial 0 made at an e>li] /age ( ! works ?an 0 orig9ally int5d$1 ! ,t[] 0 ( l>g] diamet] ?an 0 q suit$ to ! arrangem5ts ( ! crane1 :i* 0 consequ5tly subject$ to ! weight ( ! /one at ! v po9t ( ! jib4 ,i felt no small anxiety z to ! result1 & _h tak5 ! precaution to relieve ! c5tre pill> or %aft1 on :i* ! crane swung1 f "p ( its burd51 by means ( a guy atta*$ to a lewis-bat on ! top ( ! build+2 yet ev5 ) t aid1 ! po9t ( ! jib 0 depress$ #f or #h in*es on a l5g? ( #ad feet4 ,t te/1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 successfully pass$ & n ! slighte/ trace ( any injury hav+ be5 discov]able 9 any "p ( ! crane1 we cont9u$ to "w x ) p]fect confid5ce & 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann] ?r\gh\t ! :ole season until ! close ( ! ,rock op]ations = ! ye> on ! #ag? ( ,augu/4 ,! mass ( masonry built dur+ ! season 0 #cj1cjj cubic feet1 a quantity consid]ably m ?an d\ble t conta9$ 9 ! ,eddy/one & some:at m ?an ! mass ( ! ,bell ,rock4 ,! :ole 0 v c>efully set & :5 gaug$ at ! upp] b$ ( ea* c\rse 0 f\nd to pres]ve ! diamet] due to ! height1 accord+ to ! calculat$ dim5sions1 )9 a fraction r>ely exce$+ ? ( an in*4 ,! height ( ! mass also1 :5 measur$1 exce$$ ! specifi$ height only by half an in*4 ,! mort> employ$ 0 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( lime f ! ,halk9 ,m\nta9 9 ,nor? ,wales & ,pozzolano2 & ,i consid] x if possible sup]ior to t produc$ f ! lime ( ,ab]dda4 ,:5 we left ! ,rock ?is season1 two ap>tm5ts 7 cov]$ 9 & ! ?ird 0 ne>ly complet$1 z w appe> f ! section 7,plate ,,iii47 7on :i* ! progress ( ! sev]al seasons is m>k$71 & only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole ,t[] rema9$ to be built4 ,our la/ "w on ! ,rock be=e leav+ x = ! season on ! #ag? ,augu/1 0 to cov] ! balance-crane ) a /rong t>paul9 9 ord] to protect x z mu* z possible f ! wea!r & also to make a tempor>y lightn+-conductor f ! top ( ! build+ to ! sea4 ,! ext5t ( "w done dur+ ! season ( #ahda at ! ,rock1 mu/ 9 a great measure be attribut$ to ! advantage ( /eam att5dance1 )\t :i* num]\s fav\rable opportunities ( l&+ mat]ials mu/ necess>ily h be5 lo/1 f ! unc]ta9ty :i* p]vades all ! movem5ts ( sail+ craft4 ,! numb] ( light]s t[$ out & dis*>g$ at ! ,rock 0 #abj2 & x is rem>kable t no accid5t ( importance occurr$1 al?\gh _m risks 7 run1 f ! break+ ( w>ps :ile ! craft lay moor$ to ! l&+ quay dur+ heavy seas4 ,i _c omit 9 ?is place to record my s5se ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! works by ! late ,mr ,james ,h$dle1 :o comm&$ ! /eam] & :o di$ f "s consumptive disease soon aft] ! close ( ! season's op]ations4 ,mr ,h$dle's heal? _h be5 some:at enfeebl$ t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! autumn2 & 8 excessive ex]tions & cont9u$ exposure dur+ 8 ardu\s s]vice1 9 "s measure1 ,i fe>1 ha/5$ ! crisis ( 8 disease1 :i* at l5g? t]m9at$ sudd5ly by ! rupture ( an abscess 9 ! lungs4 ,( 8 anxiety to =w>d ! "w1 & 8 unwe>i$ ex]tion 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 h>ass+ duty at ,sk]ryvore1 :i* frequ5tly all[$ him less ?an tw5ty h\rs sleep 9 a week1 ,i _c speak too highly1 z ,i consid] 8 intrepidity & zeal to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t causes ( our success ev] s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! works on ! ,rock 9 #ahci4 ,mr ,h$dle possess$ atta9m5ts sup]ior to ^? g5]ally f\nd among p]sons 9 8 walk ( life & 0 9 e respect a mo/ e/imable man4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,op]ations ,,( #ahdb4 ,/ate ( ! ,rock 9 ,spr+ ( #ahdb4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,april #ahdb1 ,i made my fir/ l&+ on ! ,sk]ryvore1 = ! season1 & f\nd traces ( v heavy seas hav+ pass$ ov] ! ,rock dur+ ! prec$+ w9t]4 ,its surface 0 wa%$ q clean f all ! scatt]$ mat]ials :i* 7 left ly+ on x at ! end ( ! la/ season2 & ! build+1 to ! height ( #f or #h feet f ! f\ndation1 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( gre5 sea-we$4 ,! railway _h suff]$ consid]ably f l>ge /ones hav+ be5 ?r[n ^u x2 & sev]al blocks ( ab\t half a ton 9 weight 7 f\nd w$g$ into ! deep fissures ( ! ,rock1 & ly+ among ! ma9 timb]s ( ! ,b>rack4 ,heavy sprays _h be5 play+ ov] ! ,t[]1 9 ! upp] uncov]$ ap>tm5t ( :i* a great numb] ( wat]-worn pebbles or b\ld]s 7 f\nd4 ,^? /ones _h be5 rais$ by ! heavy surf & deposit$ on ! floor ( ! ap>tm5t & on ! top ( ! wall at a height ( no less ?an #fj feet above high wat]m>k2 b ! balance-crane1 :i* _h /ood all w9t] on ! top ( ! ,t[]1 _h su/a9$ no damage1 al?\gh ! canvass cov] 0 torn to %r$s by ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ! ,b>rack e ?+ 0 9 good ord] except ! smoke-funnel1 :i*1 f ! effects ( ! sea-wat]1 0 riddl$ full ( holes & requir$ to be completely r5ew$4 ,comm5cem5t ( ,rock op]ations4 ,z ,i _h resolv$ to keep1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahdb1 a complem5t ( ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty seam5 on ! ,rock1 9 addition to ! usual deta*m5t ( masons1 9 ord] to "w ! crabs = rais+ ! mat]ials to ! top ( ! ,t[] by successive /ages2 my fir/ /ep 0 to set ab\t prep>+ additional accommodation 9 ! ,b>rack1 by conv]t+ ! op5 gall]y 7call$ /ore = coals1 c41 9 ,plate ,v471 imm$iately bel[ ! cook-h\se1 into a cov]$ ap>tm5t = lodg+s = ! additional h&s4 ,i accord+ly l&$ on ! #bj? ( ,april1 ) a /ock ( provisions1 wat] & fuel & a p>ty ( jo9]s & a smi?1 to prep>e t ap>tm5t by simply floor+ ov] ! joi/s ( ! gall]y & clos+ ! triangul>1 or r trapezodal1 spaces betwe5 ! uprights ( ! ,b>rack1 ) d\ble plank+1 protect$ on ! seams ) pa9t$ canvass1 s z to r5d] !m imp]vi\s to ! heavy sprays :i*1 ev5 9 summ]1 da%$ =cibly on ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,b>rack4 ,w9d[s 7 =m$ on ! sides lea/ expos$ to ! intrusion ( ! sea2 b1 ) all our precautions1 we c\ld n succe$ 9 keep+ dry ev5 ! cots or hammocks1 :i* 7 susp5d$ !re2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! addition to ! ,b>rack prov$1 9 bad wea!r1 b a com=tless retreat1 ! inconv5i5ces ( :i* few b seam5 w\ld h pati5tly endur$4 ,^? discom=ts1 h[ev]1 7 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 c\nt]balanc$ by "s advantages :i* t s+ul> abode possess$ 9 hot wea!r2 =1 at su* times1 its inhabitants enjoy$ m room1 fre] air1 & m tol]able temp]ature1 ?an any ( _! neighb\rs 9 ! highe/ /orey c\ld obta91 ow+ to ! great] numb] ( p]sons 9 t "p ( ! ,b>rack & its exposure to ! heat ( ! cook's /ove4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! mon? ( ,april & ! comm5cem5t ( ,may we _h frequ5t /iff gales2 & x (t5 happ5$ t ! m5 c\ld n v5ture out ( ! ,b>rack1 ow+ to ! heavy sea :i* swept ov] ! ,rock4 ,! crane1 too1 :i* _h be5 erect$ at ! :>f = unload+ ! /ones1 al?\gh its top /ood ab\t #h feet above ! ,rock1 0 (t5 buri$ 9 ! break]s & seem$ 9 h\rly dang] ( be+ c>ri$ away1 an ev5t :i* we 7 ! m ready to fe> f our exp]i5ce 9 a =m] season1 :5 ! crane disappe>$ dur+ a heavy we/]ly gale4 ,! sea on ^? occasions also broke s heavily on ! ,b>rack1 t ! w9d[s ( my ap>tm5t1 :i* 7 ab\t #ee feet above ! sea1 7 (t5 d>k5$ by ! %eet ( wat] :i* fl[$ ov] !m aft] ! h\se _h be5 /ruck by a wave4 ,f ^? causes x 0 n till ! #ah? ,may t we 7 enabl$ to occupy ! ,rock 9 full =ce2 & on ! day foll[+ we comm5c$ build+ ! #ch? c\rse on ! top ( ! la/ ye>'s "w4 ,aft] t p]iod we _h a long cont9uance ( nor?-ea/]ly w9ds1 :i* always br\ght bo? smoo? wat] = l&+ mat]ials & dry wea!r = build+2 s t by ! #bc;d ( ,may our "w _h made su* progress & ! ,t[] _h ris5 s high1 t ! *a9 ( ! balance-crane1 :i* _h be5 rais$ along ) ! build+1 by slid+ x upw>ds on ! ca/-iron pill> or %aft plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,t[]1 c\ld n rea* ! top ( ! %e>-poles1 by :i* ! /ones 7 rais$ to ! level ( ab\t #dj feet above ! ,rock2 & x 0 f\nd necess>y to rig f ! l[e/ w9d[ a beam or ne$le 79 ! mann] describ$ at page #aee1 & z also %ewn 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ( my ,fa!r's ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell-,rock ,ligh?\se71 z an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! top ( ! ,t[] & ! %e>-poles on ! ,rock4 ,! ne$le1 z already notic$1 project$ horizontally f ! w9d[ & ! /ones 7 rais$ by a *a9 :i* pass$ ov] ! %eave at its out] end & 0 wr\ght by means ( a crab plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,t[]4 ,9 t mann] we cont9u$ = ab\t six weeks1 ) little int]ruption f ! wea!r1 to raise ! blocks ( /one to ! top ( ! ,t[] by successive ne$les f /orey to /orey2 :ile ! mort>1 lewis-bats & o!r light] mat]ials 7 rais$ at once by means ( a l9e wr\ght by a w9dlass plac$ on ! ,rock4 ,on ! night ( ,saturday ! #i? ( ,july1 h[ev]1 a heavy sea1 caus$ by a comb9ation ( high tides & /rong gales1 ?rew d[n "s ( ! /ones ( ! belt c\rse :i* lay pil$ up r\nd ! base ( ! ,t[] ready to be rais$ = build+2 & !y 7 ) great difficulty1 b mo/ happily1 sav$ f ! insatiable deep4 ,! loss ( any ( ! /ones ( t c\rse w\ld h be5 a s]i\s ob/acle to ! progress ( ! works & might h prev5t$ our complet+ ! erection ( ! lant]n until next ye>2 & inde$1 z t c\rse =m$ a prom95t feature ( ! ,t[]1 any slight injury ev5 to ! arris or corn]s ( ! out] face w\ld h be5 mu* to be regrett$4 ,x 0 ) great satisfaction1 !re=e1 t x 0 f\nd on exam9ation next morn+ t none ( ! /ones _h su/a9$ ! slighte/ damage4 ,la/ ,/one4 ,on ! #ba/ ,july ! la/ /ones ( ! ,t[] 7 safely l&$ on ! ,rock1 "u a salute f ! /eam]1 z an expression1 no d\bt1 ( ! satisfaction :i* ! comm&] ,mr ,k]r & 8 crew naturally felt at hav+ successfully br\ght out n few] ?an #ge light] loads1 or ab\t #aejj tons1 ( /one dur+ ! season1 z well z 9 "s measure ( _! joy at ! prospect ( a spe$y & happy t]m9ation ( our ardu\s lab\rs4 ,! process ( l&+1 inde$1 ow+ to ! f9e wea!r t prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! season1 0 v easy1 comp>$ ) t ( =m] ye>s2 9 pro( ( :i*1 ,i may /ate1 t 9 #ahda1 !re 7 (t5 z _m z five w>ps brok5 at a s+le l&+1 :ile 9 #ahdb1 n a s+le rope 0 brok5 9 ! dis*>g+ ( ! /ones4 ,on ! #be? ,july ! la/ /one ( ! p>apet or top-c\rse 0 built2 & imm$iately !reaft] we proce$$ to remove f ! ,t[]1 ! balance-crane & ! ca/-iron pill> on :i* x 0 swung1 & to make way = ! erection ( ! ,lant]n4 ,9 look+ back ^u ! works we f\nd great cause = ?ankfulness = ! successful conclusion ( ! build+ op]ations1 )\t loss ( life1 or ev5 ! occurr5ce ( any s]i\s accid5t1 except+ ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ ,b>rack 9 ,novemb] #ahci4 ,x also gave me great satisfaction to reflect t1 h[ev] difficult a rigid adh]5ce to scrupul\s accuracy ( workman%ip may be 9 su* a situation z ! ,sk]ryvore1 x _h nev]!less1 f ! exactness ) :i* ! /ones 7 dress$1 on no occasion be5 necess>y1 ?r\gh\t ! execution ( ! :ole "w1 to deviate f ! rule :i* ,i _h laid d[n ( c>efully gaug+ ! diamet] ( ea* c\rse & ( admitt+ no v>iation f ! true =m mat]ially exce$+ in*4 ,e "p ( ! /one "w1 inde$1 0 fitt$ 9 an accurate mann] & ! floor /ones1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* s]ve z ties across ! build+1 7 f9ely dress$ & c>efully set4 ,all opportunities 7 also embrac$1 :5ev] x 0 practicable1 to gr\t ea* c\rse ov] night t ! rec5t masonry might be 9 a /ate fit = build+ ^u 9 ! morn+2 & by ^? precautions & ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! mort> us$1 any disadvantages f v rapid build+ 7 entirely avoid$4 ,ev5 ! elliptic cavetto :i* =ms ! cornice & :i* projects no less ?an ?ree feet f ! face ( ! wall1 al?\gh be>+ a v heavy entablature or pl9?1 nev] gave any signs ( settl+ outw>ds2 & :5 ,i exam9$ x f a /age hung f ! end ( ! balance-crane j be=e x 0 remov$1 !re 0 no appe>ance ( any *ange 9 ! ?ickness ( ! jo9ts1 al?\gh ! out] heads ( ! /ones _h be5 purposely kept a little high to all[ = any t5d5cy to settlem5t4 ,! effect ( ! cornice is v bold & /rik+ & is q 9 accordance ) ! simple & almo/ sev]e /yle ( ! pill> itself4 ,! masonry ( ! ,t[] is #acg feet #aa in*es 9 height & x conta9s #eh1ehj cubic feet or ab\t #dcjh tons4 ,! ,lant]n4 ,! day aft] l&+ ! la/ /one ( ! p>apet1 ! /eam] />t$ f ,tyree = ,gre5ock1 ) two light]s 9 t[1 = ! transport ( ! ,lant]n2 & by ! #aj? ( ,augu/ ! :ole 0 l&$ on ! ,rock4 ,no "t 0 lo/ 9 prep>+ ! b$s = ! sole-plates ( ! ,lant]n1 & t op]ation _h be5 ne>ly complet$ :5 my ,fa!r1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 annual t\r ( inspection1 z ,eng9e] = ! ,nor!rn ,lights1 visit$ ! ,rock1 two days aft] ! iron "w _h be5 l&$4 ,by ! #af? ! :ole ( ! sa%es & ! frame ( ! ro( 7 to _! places2 & on ! same day ! fixtures ( ! lightn+-conductor 7 complet$4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ ,mr ,bruce1 ! ,%]iff ( ,argyll1 & "s g5tlem5 :o accompani$ him & _h sp5t ! prec$+ night at ,hyni%1 visit$ ! ,rock2 &1 aft] breakfa/+ at ! base ( ! ,t[]1 asc5d$ to ! top & m9utely inspect$ e "p ( ! "w4 ,!y aft]w>ds return$ to ,hyni%1 :i!r ,i accompani$ !m & _h an opportunity ( po9t+ out to ,mr ,bruce ! v>i\s works 9 progress !re4 ,! p>ty sail$ = ,oban 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day4 ,f want ( room on ! ,rock x 0 f\nd necess>y to build ! ro( ( ! ,lant]n 9 sep>ate pieces in/ead ( rivett+ toge!r ! %eets ( :i* x 0 compos$ on ! gr\nd1 & rais+ ! :ole to ! top 9 "o mass1 z is usually done2 b1 9 spite ( t disadvantage1 ! "w 0 br\ght to a close = ! season on ! #ad? ,septemb]1 on :i* day ! glaz+ ( ! ,lant]n 0 complet$ & ! glass 0 cov]$ ) a framework ( timb] to protect x f ! sea-f[ls :i* frequ5t 9 myriads ! ,rock & ! ,t[]4 ,! workm5 71 on ! same day1 remov$ f ! ,rock1 al?\gh ) mu* difficulty1 ow+ to ! heavy surf :i* broke ov] ! l&+-place & r5d]$ ! emb>kation m p]il\s ?an almo/ any ,i _h be=e exp]i5c$ at ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conclud+ ,,op]ations ,,& ,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,h>b\r ,works4 ,! %ores ( ,tyree1 z already (t5 notic$ 9 ^! pages1 & z deplor$ by ,m>t9 #adj ye>s ago1 9 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,hebrides1 af=d few places ( safety fit ev5 = boats4 ,x _h !re=e be5 det]m9$1 by ! ,commission]s1 t any attempt at ! con/ruction ( a h>b\r %\ld be /rictly conf9$ to ! provision ( a place ( %elt] = ! vessel :i* 0 to att5d ! ,ligh?\se4 ,mu* att5tion _h be5 be/[$ on ! subject1 n m]ely by myself dur+ my five ye>s' acqua9tance ) ,tyree1 b also by ,mr ,?omas ,/ev5son1 :o succe$$ me 9 ! *>ge ( ! works at ,hyni%1 at ! "t :5 ,i 0 appo9t$ ,eng9e] to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d 9 ,janu>y #ahdc1 aft] ! completion ( ! masonry ( ! ,t[]4 ,a small s&y bea* at ,hyni%1 :i* lies embay$ betwe5 rugg$ rocks1 _h be5 select$ z ! fitte/ place = ! pi]2 & all ! mat]ials _h be5 l&$ & %ipp$ !re1 s t we naturally look$ to x z ! site = ! project$ h>b\r1 n only z pres5t+ works already f9i%$1 :i* might be made available z "p ( a m ext5d$ plan1 b z a place :i*1 dur+ an exp]i5ce ( "s ye>s1 _h ju/ifi$ our anticipations z to its be+ less frequ5tly di/urb$ dur+ /ormy wea!r ?an mo/ ( ! neighb\r+ creeks4 ,all t 0 contemplat$ 9 ! propos$ plan1 0 to =m a small bas9 9 :i* ! vessel c\ld lie %elt]$ 9 all /ates ( ! wea!r1 & f :i* %e c\ld f9d an easy dep>ture 9 any condition ( ! sea :i* w\ld p]mit a l&+ to be made on ! ,rock4 ,! ,sk]ryvore ,/eam] hav+ be5 sold & a small vessel ( #ce tons1 nam$ ! 8,francis10 hav+ be5 pur*as$ at ,deal1 ! dock accommodation at ,hyni% 01 = ! sake ( economy1 laid out ) ref]5ce to ! %elt] ( t vessel4 ,x 0 calculat$ t a bas9 #ajj feet 9 l5g? & #ej feet wide1 w\ld af=d suffici5t room = su* a vessel2 & z h] draught ( wat] is betwe5 #g & #h feet1 x 0 ?\ght suffici5t to provide = a dep? ( ab\t #ab feet at high wat] ( spr+-tides1 :i*1 x 0 expect$1 w\ld r5d] ! dock accessible dur+ good spr+s at ab\t ?ree qu>t]s flood4 ,! exposure ( ! %ore at ,hyni%1 to ! effects ( heavy we/]ly swells1 made x desirable to avoid c>ry+ ! entrance ( ! bas9 s f> seaw>d1 z1 "u m fav\rable circum/ances1 w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 done2 & x 0 accord+ly det]m9$ t ! l&+ pi] %\ld be ext5d$ to ab\t #dj feet seaw>d ( l[-wat] m>k1 & t]m9at$ 9 a r\nd head1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,x41 hav+ a talus wall on its seaw>d face1 compos$ ( r\gh blocks1 arrang$ 9 c\rses regul>ly rec$+1 s z to =m a slope ( #de ( incl9ation1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,! inn] face ( t pi]1 be+ ne>ly v]tical & gu>d$ by f5d]s ( timb]1 _h s]v$ z ! quay = l&+ & %ipp+ /ones & o!r /ores & x n[ =ms "o side ( ! bas9 or dock4 ,! o!r side consi/s ( a %ort] talus wall1 built ab\t #fj feet to ! we/w>d ( ! fir/1 &1 toge!r ) ! cros%eads project+ f ea* wall & conta9+ ! gateway1 completes ! inclosure ( ! bas94 ,9 ! gateway1 booms are employ$1 z ! %ift+ nature ( ! s& & ! heavy seas r5d] gates inadmissible4 ,! space conta9$ betwe5 ^? walls 0 left completely dry at l[ wat] ( spr+-tides1 & 0 *iefly compos$ ( rock1 cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( %ift+ s&1 :i* v>i$ 9 dep? ) ! /ate ( ! w9d & sea4 ,! rocky matt]1 consi/+ ( decompos$ gneiss1 0 excavat$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ejjj tons1 9 ?ree sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 protect$ by successive dams ( rubble masonry1 built ) ,pozzolano mort>1 & pres5t+ an aggregate area ( #gcci squ>e feet4 ,^? dams1 two feet ?ick1 prov$ s wat]-tight1 t by ! aid ( a small h&-pump1 ! excavation & ! build+ ( ! entrance heads ( ! booms w5t regul>ly =w>d )\t any delay1 al?\gh ! m5 work$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea1 :i*1 at high wat] ( spr+-tides1 rose #ag feet above !m4 ,! dams 7 %elt]$ f ! action ( ! swell by a tempor>y breakwat] ( heavy blocks1 :i* =m$ a conv5i5t roadway = ! transport ( ! mat]ials dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 & :i* 7 remov$ at ! close ( ! op]ations4 ,! talus wall = protect+ ! seaw>d side ( ! h>b\r1 has ab\t #fj feet ( its f\ndation laid 9 a dep? ( wat] v>y+ at l[ spr+-tides f #ah in*es to #c feet4 ,! mode ( its con/ruction1 z already /at$1 is %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a /rong p>apet ( ru/ic masonry ( ,mull granite1 & is altoge!r a mo/ sub/antial piece ( "w4 ,! idea ( a tide-bas9 ) boom-gates fac+ ! brea* ( ,atlantic waves is some:at novel & 0 n v ha/ily ent]ta9$ by me at fir/2 b ! mo/ complete success has att5d$ ! plan4 ,dur+ my occasional visits to ! works 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ] #ahdc1 our att5tion _h be5 (t5 occupi$ ) consid]+ ! probability ( ! s& %utt+ up ! bas92 & z a s+le tide dur+ heavy w9ds f ! ,n4,w41 made great *anges on ! appe>ance ( ! bea*1 we fe>$ t ! vessel might (t5 be imprison$ )9 ! boomgates by a bank ( s& heap$ aga9/ !m by ! sea4 ,to su* an ext5t did ! accumulation g be=e ! h>b\r 0 fully op5$1 t on _m occasions !re 0 n wat] = a r[boat to pass betwe5 ! boom-heads ev5 at ! highe/ spr+-tides4 ,! only rem$y = su* an evil1 0 obvi\sly to attempt "s mode ( artificial sc\r+2 & = t purpose1 x 0 propos$ to div]t sev]al small /reams :i* run f ,b5 ,hyni% & ! neighb\r+ hills ?r\gh ! gr\nds at ,hyni%1 into "o fe$]1 & p5 !m up 9 a pond1 s z to af=d ! means ( sc\r+ ! entrance to ! bas9 f ! incumbrance ( ! loose s& :i* might *oke x4 ,^? /reams 7 repeat$ly gaug$ dur+ ! summ] & 7 f\nd to deliv] f #ac to #ej cubic feet ( wat] p] m9ute1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r1--a supply :i* seem$ ample = ! purpose 9 view4 ,! s& at ,hyni% is ( a light nature & is easily act$ on by curr5ts ( v feeble p[]4 ,x consi/s ( comm9ut$ %ells & requires ab\t #be cubic feet to make a ton1 in/ead ( #bd feet1 :i* is ! common all[ance = silici\s s&4 ,! leave ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll & also ( ! ,f>m] at ,hyni%1 hav+ be5 obta9$1 v>i\s cuts 7 made & ! /ream 0 div]t$ into a pond capable ( conta9+ ab\t #age1jjj cubic feet & provid$ ) a wa/e-weir & ) sluices = op5+ ! communication betwe5 ! pond & ! sc\r+ tunnel1 f :i* ! wat] fl[s 9 a /ream ( ab\t #i squ>e feet ( area1 at ! rate ( ab\t #bfj feet p] m9ute = a p]iod ( #a h\r4 ,! op]ation ( sc\r+ is p]=m$ at l[ wat] & is g5]ally f\nd q suffici5t = ! purpose ( cle>+ a passage d[n to ! b>e rock 9 a s+le tide4 ,no?+ c be m satisfactory ?an to witness ! effect ( t process 9 op5+ ! entrance to a bas9 app>5tly inaccessible2 & b = su* an arrangem5t1 ! dock mu/ h rema9$ p]man5tly *ok$ ) s& & sea-we$4 ,! position ( ! v>i\s works is m>k$ 9 ,plate ,x41 :i* %ews ! gr\nd at ,hyni%4 ,on ! side ( ! dock /&s a crane1 :i* is us$ = v>i\s purposes connect$ ) ! %ipm5t & dis*>g+ ( mat]ials4 ,x also s]ves = rais+ ! booms1 by means ( a d\ble hook1 :i* c be atta*$ to ! *a9 & :i* embraces ! pegs 9 ! c5tre ( ea* boom1 %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,! two ti]s ( booms are firmly la%$ d[n by means ( *a9s pass+ ?r\gh r+-bolts 9 ! mann] %ewn 9 ! section 7,plate ,,xi471 s z to prev5t _! ris+ ) ! tide4 ,! necessity ( provid+ some:]e 9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,tyree = ! prop] accommodation ( ! vessel :i* 0 to wait ^u ! ,ligh?\se 7if x c\ld ev] h be5 a matt] ( d\bt71 0 abundantly demon/rat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( #ahdc1 & m especially by t ( ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,ow+ to ! %ortness ( ! day & ! di/ance ( any place ( %elt] f ! ,sk]ryvore1 toge!r ) ! difficulty ( l&+ on ! ,rock & ! extreme v>iabl5ess & unc]ta9ty ( ! climate1 ! ,reg5t ,t5d]1 al?\gh con/antly wait+ on ! coa/ & mak+ trials on e occasion t seem$ to (f] any prospect ( success1 c\ld n effect any communication ) ! p :o _h be5 left on ! ,rock1 dur+ a p]iod ( no less ?an sev5 long weeks4 ,! poor seam5 :o 7 liv+ 9 ! ,b>rack pass$ t "t mo/ dre>ily1 = n only _h _! clo!s be5 lit]ally worn to rags1 b !y suff]$ ! want ( _m ?+s de>] to !m ?an clo!s1 & among/ o!rs ( tobacco1 ! failure ( ! supply ( :i* !y _h despond+ly record$ 9 *alk on ! walls ( _! prison-h\se1 ) ! date ( ! occurr5ce6 ,unless1 !re=e1 ! vessel _h be5 /ation$ ne> ! rock1 ! few casual & unc]ta9 opportunities :i* occur at int]vals1 dur+ ! %ort days ( w9t]1 w\ld (t5 h be5 lo/1 & ! future ma9t5ance ( ! ,light r5d]$ excessively prec>i\s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( subsequ5t ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! relief ( ! ,light-keep]s has be5 kept up ) consid]able regul>ity1 %ews t ! small ,h>b\r at ,hyni% =ms a mo/ important integral "p ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,sk]ryvore1 ?an :i* ,i believe no ,ligh?\se on ! coa/ is m com=table z a resid5ce4 ,bo ,pheg ,beacon4 ,9 connection ) ! ,h>b\r at ,hyni%1 ,i naturally notice ! erection ( a ,beacon on a rock call$ ,bo ,pheg1 :i* is dry only at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides4 ,x lies ab\t "o mile ,,ne4 f ,hyni% ,po9t1 7,see ,plates ,,ii4 & ,x47 "r 9 ! track ( ! ,t5d] 9 its passage to & f ! ,ligh?\se4 ,f ! great difficulty ( l&+ on t small rock1 ov] :i* ! sea almo/ cont9ually breaks1 ev5 9 v f9e wea!r1 ! %ortness ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! m5 c\ld rema9 at "w1 & ! want ( room on its irregul> surface ( ab\t #af y>ds squ>e1 ! erection ( a beacon prov$ to be a "w ( great difficulty4 ,! ,beacon consi/$ ( an op5 frame-"w ( iron1 7some:at on ! same plan z t :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix7 & calculat$ to (f] little opposition to ! free passage ( ! waves2 b be=e all ! fixtures c\ld be complet$1 ! heavy /orms ( ! w9t] ( #ahdd1 act+ on its unf9i%$ base 7! bats ( :i* 7 only p>tially secur$71 de/roy$ x piecemeal1 at a season :5 no l&+ c\ld be effect$1 nor any ef=t made to save almo/ any "p ( x f ! sea4 ,9 ! ensu+ summ]1 a second ,beacon1 consi/+ ( a holl[ cone1 compos$ ( iron plates1 unit$ toge!r by /rong flanges & atta*$ to ! rock by webb$ flanges r\nd its base ) /rong bats pass+ ?r\gh !m1 0 fix$ d[n to ! rock2 & 9 ord] to increase its weight1 ! int]ior 0 fill$ ) concrete gravel4 ,t /ructure also has s9ce yield$ to ! =ce ( ! waves1 aft] giv+ slight indications ( movem5t1 an effect :i* ,i attribute *iefly to ! smallness ( ! base1 :i* ! n>r[ limits ( ! rock unhappily prescribe4 ,lightkeep]s' & ,seam5's ,h\se4 ,ano!r necess>y "p ( ! ,e/abli%m5t at ,hyni%1 0 ! provision ( dwell+-h\ses = ! families ( ! ,lightkeep]s & ,seam5 & ( ,/oreh\ses ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^? 7 p>tly built on purpose & p>tly consi/$ ( alt]$ =ms ( ! build+s :i* _h be5 f\nd necess>y z b>racks = workm5 & /ores = mat]ials1 dur+ ! progress ( ! works4 ,conclud+ works on ! ,rock1 su* z po9t+1 c4 ,on l&+ on ! ,rock1 on ! #bi? ( ,m>* #ahdc1 ! ,resid5t ,eng9e] _h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ ! :ole build+ p]fectly wat]-tight & saw n ! slighte/ trace ( a defective jo9t4 ,! outside jo9ts ( ! build+ 7 !re=e c>efully 8ripp$10 & repo9t$ ) mort>1 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ,halk9 lime & ,pozzolano4 ,t op]ation1 f ! difficulty ( employ+ _m m51 :]e susp5d$ scaffolds 7 necess>y & f ! c>e ) :i* x requires to be execut$1 occupi$ a great deal ( "t4 ,int]ior fitt+s ( ! ,t[]4 ,ano!r t$i\s op]ation 0 ! fitt+ up ( ! int]ior ( ! ,t[] ) wa9scot l9+ & =m+ ! v>i\s /ories into ap>tm5ts sep>ate f ! /aircase4 ,mu* "w 0 also exp5d$ 9 provid+ ! fire-places ) prop] flues1 9 fitt+ up wat] tanks1 coal /ores1 & oil tanks1 & also 9 convey+ ! air-tubes betwe5 ! ,lightroom & ! sev]al ap>tm5ts by :i* ! signal bells are rung = summon+ ! keep]s to m\nt gu>d4 ,! keep] on duty is1 by ! rules ( ! ,s]vice1 =bidd51 "u p5alty ( in/ant dismissal1 to leave ! ,light-room1 on any pretext1 until reliev$ by ! next :o m\nts gu>d1 & :o is summon$ by means ( a bell plac$ inside 8 cot or sleep+ b]?1 :i* is rung by means ( a small pi/on1 propell$ by simply bl[+ into a m\?-piece 9 ! ,light-room4 ,! keep] 9 b$ answ]s ?is signal by a 8c\nt]-bla/10 :i* r+s ano!r bell 9 ! ,light-room1 & in=ms ! keep] !re t 8 signal has be5 he>d & w be obey$4 ,arrangem5t ( ! sev]al ap>tm5ts4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! ,t[]1 may be se5 9 ! ,section ,plate ,,viii42 & ! details ( its subdivision are v simil> to ^? %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ( my ,fa!r's ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,! asc5t to ! outside door is by a ladd] or trap ( gun metal1 #bf feet high4 ,! fir/ ap>tm5t on ! level ( ! entrance door1 is *iefly appropriat$ to ! reception ( iron wat]-tanks1 capable ( hold+ a supply ( #abea gallons4 ,! next /ory is set aside = coals1 :i* are /[$ 9 l>ge iron boxes4 ,! ?ird ap>tm5t is a work%op2 ! f\r? is ! provision /ore2 & ! fif? is ! kit*54 ,above are two /ories1 ea* divid$ into two sleep+ ap>tm5ts1 = ! f\r ,light-keep]s4 ,ov] !m is ! room = ! ,visit+ ,(fic]s2 !n foll[s ! oil /ore1 & la/ly comes ! ,lightroom1 mak+ 9 all twelve ap>tm5ts4 ,! ne>ness ( ! oil /ore to ! ,lightroom is a great conv5i5ce to ! ,keep]s1 :o are ?us sav$ ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ ! daily supply ( oil to ! ,lightroom1 up a long flight ( /eps4 ,! passage f /ory to /ory is by oak5 trap ladd]s1 pass+ ?r\gh hat*es 9 ea* floor & p>tition$ (f f ea* ap>tm5t 9 ord] to prev5t accid5ts & to *eck cold draughts4 ,lightroom ,app>atus1 & fir/ exhibition ( ! ,light4 ,! light ( ,sk]ryvore 0 exhibit$ to ! m>9] on ! night ( ! #a/ ,febru>y #ahdd1 9 t]ms ( ! ,/atutory ,notice1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! light is revolv+1 appe>+ 9 its brighte/ /ate once 9 e m9ute ( "t4 ,x is elevat$ #aej feet above ! sea1 & is well se5 z f> z ! curvature ( ! e>? p]mits2 x is also frequ5tly se5 z a brilliant light f ! high l& ( ,b>ra1 a di/ance ( #ch miles4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( eight annul> l5ses 7( ! fir/ ord]1 9 ! sy/em ( ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel71 ( #cfbb in*es focal di/ance1 revolv+ r\nd a lamp ) f\r conc5tric wicks1 & produc+ a bright blaze :5 ea* l5s passes betwe5 ! lamp & ! eye ( a di/ant obs]v]4 ,above ^? l5ses are plac$ eight pyramidal l5ses ( #aifh in*es focal di/ance1 incl9$ at #ej ) ! horizon & comb9$ ) eight plane mirrors1 incl9$ 9 ! opposite direction at #ej ) ! horizon4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 t "p ( ! light f ! lamp :i* w\ld o!rwise escape uselessly beyond ! great l5ses1 upw>ds into ! sky1 be+ p>alleliz$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! small] l5ses & fall+ on ! mirrors1 is f9ally project$ =w>ds 9 horizontal beams1 s z to aid ! effect ( ! light4 ,^? l5ses & mirrors1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( hav+ _! axes 9 ! same v]tical plane ) ! axes ( ! pr9cipal l5ses1 are incl9$ ab\t #g horizontally to ! "r h&1 & by t deviation produce small premonitory blazes1 :i*1 bl5d+ ) ! beams ( ! l>g] l5ses1 t5d 9 "s measure to l5g!n ! duration ( ! impression on ! eye4 ,s f> ! app>atus ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se is id5tical 9 its g5]al arrangem5ts ) t ( ! ,t\r de ,corduan1 & diff]s only 9 ! sup]ior workman%ip ( ! l5ses & ! ma*9]y1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s has br\ght ab\t1 s9ce ,,fresnel design$ t light 9 #ahbb4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( employ+ curv$ mirrors1 z has be5 done at ,corduan1 to collect ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise escape bel[ ! l5ses &1 at ! same "t1 to s5d x to ! horizon1 ,i det]m9$ to put 9 practice a plan :i* ,i _h long contemplat$1 ( plac+ totally reflect+ zones bel[ ! l5ses1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! zones ( ! small ,h>b\r ,light ,app>atus ( ! f\r? ord]1 :i* 0 also inv5t$ by ,,fresnel4 ,?is 0 f9ally c>ri$ into effect1 agreeably to ! design ( ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 8 bro!r1 ) :om ,i _h correspond$ on ! subject4 ,9 ! subsequ5t pages ( ?is volume1 ,i int5d to make "s obs]vations explanatory ( ! pr9ciples & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s optical in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ,ligh?\ses2 & z t w af=d me a m conv5i5t opportunity ( describ+ ! nature & prop]ties ( ! totally reflect+ zones1 ,i %all =be> 9 ?is place to ent] into fur!r details z to ! con/ruction or action ( ! app>atus at ! ,sk]ryvore4 ,x is "r1 h[ev]1 t ,i %\ld m5tion "h t ! l5ses1 mirrors & zones are f ! works ( ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ( ,p>is1 ^: "n ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to notice2 & t ! ma*9]y 0 con/ruct$ to my entire satisfaction1 & 9 a mann] wor?y ( 8 reputation z a me*anician1 by ,mr ,,john ,,milne ( ,ed9burgh4 ,removal ( ! ,b>rack f ! ,rock4 ,9 su* a situation z ! ,sk]ryvore1 new wants 7 discov]$ e day2 & ea* summ] br\ght its r\nd ( small] works1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! prec$+ w9t] _h sugge/$4 ,! ,b>rack 0 f\nd v useful z a place ( resid5ce = ! workm51 :o 7 engag$ 9 su* ne$ful works2 & x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ahdf1 t x 0 tak5 to pieces & remov$ f ! ,rock1 aft] hav+ kept its place = six ye>s4 ,its removal1 h[ev]1 0 !n ?\ght advisable1 z "s ( its fixtures1 by ! cont9ual action ( ! wea!r1 _h become v loose & prec>i\s2 &1 al?\gh a v small outlay w\ld h made x almo/ z /able z at fir/1 x 0 consid]$ inexp$i5t to attempt to p]petuate a /ructure confess$ly tempor>y 9 its nature1 & ! sudd5 de/ruction ( :i* by ! waves1 seem$ to involve "s risk ( injury to ! ,t[] itself4 ,exp5se4 ,! exp5se ( erect+ ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 includ+ ! op5+ ( qu>ries & =m+ :>fs at ! qu>ries 9 ,mull & also ! ,h>b\r 9 ,tyree1 01 z appe>s f ! ,acc\nt 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,l4#hf1igg 3 #ag 3 #g4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,summ] ( #ahdd1 a m>ble tablet1 be>+ an inscription 9 lett]s ( gold1 01 by ord] ( ! ,commission]s1 plac$ ov] "o ( ! w9d[s 9 ! ,visit+ ,(fic]s' ,room4 ,) a repres5tation ( ! ,tablet & ! ,inscription1 :i*1 aft] ackn[l$g+ ! h& ( ,almighty ,god 9 ! success :i* att5d$ ! "w1 briefly sets =? ! b5efic5t purposes = :i* ! ,ligh?\se 0 erect$ & records ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one by 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,i will+ly close ?is mo/ defective n>rative ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,salutem ,,omnium ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses ,a4 ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,,auctoritate 4 ,,et 4 ,,conciliis ,,ph>orum 4 ,,scotiae 4 ,,collegii ,,haec 4 ,,/ructa 4 ,,fuit 4 ,,ph>os ,,cujus 4 ,,directi 4 ,,flamma ,,nautae ,,infamibus 4 ,,8 4 ,,scopulis 4 ,,adhuc 4 ,,m]ito 4 ,,det]riti ,,optatum 4 ,,portum 4 ,,rectius 4 ,,adv5ir5t4 ,,joannes 4 ,,dux 4 ,,de 4 ,,argyll ,,insul>um 4 ,,adjac5tium 4 ,,dom9us ,,lapidem 4 ,,auspicalem 4 ,,rite 4 ,,/atuit ,,die 4 ,,iv 4 ,,m5sis 4 ,,julii 4 ,,anno 4 ,,iv 4 ,,vict4 ,,reg4 ,m 4 ,d 4 ,c 4 ,c 4 ,c 4 ,x 4 ,l 4 ,,op]um 4 ,,magi/ro 4 ,,alano 4 ,,/ev5son 4 ,l4,l4,b4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4,k4 ,john/on ,,"p ,,second4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,ligh?\ses4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,ligh?\ses1 ,,) ,,%ort ,,notices ,,( ,,_! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,ligh?\ses is v unc]ta92 & "s +5i\s antiqu>ies1 f9d+ ! want ( au!ntic records1 h be5 anxi\s to supply ! defici5cy by conjectures bas$ ^u casual & obscure allusions 9 anci5t writ]s1 & by vague hypo!ses drawn f ! hea!n my?ology4 ,"s writ]s h gone s f> z to imag9e1 t ! ,cyclopes 7 ! keep]s ( ligh?\ses2 :il/ o!rs h actually ma9ta9$ t ,cyclops 0 int5d$1 by a bold prosopopia1 to repres5t a ligh?\se itself4#bd ,a notion s fanciful des]ves little consid]ation2 & accords v ill ) t my?ology ( :i* x is int5d$ to be an exposition1 z seems suffici5tly pla9 f a passage 9 ! n9? ,odyssey1 :]e ,hom] 7:o fl\ri%$ ab\t #ijg ,b4 ,c471 aft] describ+ ! d>kness ( ! night1 in=ms u t ! fleet ( ,ulysses actually /ruck ! %ore ( ! ,cyclopean isl&1 be=e x c\ld be se54#be #bd ,?is _s ( etymological conjecture has conv]t$ ,cyclops1 ,proteus1 ,cneph1 ,phanes1 ,canobus1 ,*iron1 ,ti?onus1 ,!tis1 ,amphitrite1 ,m9otaurus1 ,*ronus1 ,phrontis1 & o!r demigods1 into celebrat$ ligh?\ses1 or1 at all ev5ts1 has imag9$ t ^? my?ological p]sonages 7 wor%ipp$ "u ! emblem ( fire or light 9 build+s1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 s]v$ z guides to ! b5ight$ m>9]4 ,on ! fai?1 also1 ( simil> obscure & f9ely drawn etymologies1 v>i\s places1 su* z ,calpe & ,abyla1 ! opposite po9ts ( ,africa & ,europe1 at ! ,/raits ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 h be5 unhesitat+ly recogniz$ z ! sites ( celebrat$ light-t[]s2 & ! ,lat9 words turris & columna h be5 suppos$ prim>ily to signify a ligh?\se1 ! fir/ be+ writt5 ,tor-is1 ! ,t[] ( fire1 & ! ,col-on1 ! ,pill> ( ! ,sun4 #be ' ' 4 ,odyss41 ix41 #adf4 ,nor does !re appe> any bett] reason = suppos+1 t "u ! hi/ory ( ,ti?onus1 ,*iron1 or any o!r p]sonage ( antiquity1 ! idea ( a ligh?\se 0 convey$2 = su* suppositions1 h[ev] reconcileable !y may appe> ) "s p>ts ( my?ology1 involve obvi\s inconsi/5cies ) o!rs4 ,x seems1 inde$1 mo/ improbable1 t1 9 ^? e>ly times1 :5 navigation 0 s little practis$1 ! advantages ( beacon lights 7 s g5]ally kn[n & ackn[l$g$ z to r5d] !m ! objects ( my?ological allegory4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be imag9$1 t anci5t writ+s are entirely de/itute ( allusions to ! subject ( ,beacon ,lights = ! guidance ( ! ,m>9]4 ,! v5]able poet1 already notic$1 9 speak+ ( ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 has beautifully describ$ ! fla% ( a beacon-light 9 "s solit>y place1 z se5 by seam5 leav+ _! fri5ds1 9 ^? l9es1 :i* conta9 ample pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a provision = ! safety ( ! m>9] 9 ,hom]'s "t3-- ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 4 ,il41 xix41 #cge4 ,9 ! ,holy ,scriptures ! ^w ,beacon occurs b once1 & t 9 ,prophecies ( ,isaiah 7xxx4 #ag471 :o liv$ above #bjj ye>s lat] ?an ,hom]2 b x is obvi\s t ! orig9al t]m1 :i* ! ,septuag9t translate by ! ^w 1 m]ely imports a flag/aff or p]* & does n at all imply ! k ( beacon-lights among ! ,hebrews1 :o 7 n a m>itime p4 ,colossus ( ,rhodes4 ,ab\t #cjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,*>es1 ! disciple ( ,lysippus1 con/ruct$ ! celebrat$ braz5 /atue1 call$ ! ,colossus ( ,rhodes4 ,x 0 ( su* dim5sions z to all[ vessels to sail into ! h>b\r betwe5 its legs1 :i* spann$ ! entrance4 ,!re is consid]able probability 9 ! idea t ?is figure s]v$ ! purposes ( a ligh?\se2 b !re is no passage 9 any anci5t writ]1 :]e ?is use ( ! ,colossus is expressly m5tion$4 ,_m inconsi/5cies occur 9 ! acc\nt ( ?is fabric by e>ly writ]s1 :o1 9 describ+ ! di/ant objects :i* c\ld be se5 f x1 appe> to h =gott5 ! height :i* !y assign to ! figure4 ,x 0 p>tly demoli%$ by an e>?quake1 ab\t eighty ye>s aft] its completion2 & s late z ! ye> #fgb ( our era1 ! brass ( :i* x 0 compos$ 0 sold by ! ,s>ac5s to a ,jewi% m]*ant ( ,edessa1 = a sum1 x is said1 equal to ,l4#cf1jjj4 ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,little is kn[n ) c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,x 0 built 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ab\t #cjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & ,/rabo relates t ,so/ratus1 a fri5d ( ! royal family1 0 ! ar*itect4 ,he describes x z built 9 a wond]ful mann] 9 _m /ories ( :ite /one1 on a rock =m+ ! promontory ( ! isl& ,ph>os 7:5ce ! ,t[] d]iv$ its "n71 & says t ! build+ bore ! inscription--8,so/ratus ( ,cnidos1 ! son ( ,dexiphanes1 to ! ,gods1 ! ,savi\rs1 = ! b5efit ( seam540 ,he concludes 8 brief notice ( x by describ+ ! neighb\r+ %ores z l[ & encumb]$ ) %oals & sn>es1 & z call+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a l(ty & bright beacon1 a sign to guide sailors arriv+ f ! ocean into ! entrance to ! hav54#bf #bf ,! passage f :i* ! above description is drawn w be f\nd 9 ! ,ox=d edition ( ,/rabo1 #ahjg1 page #aabc4 ,x is z foll[s3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ,/rabo's acc\nt ( ! position ( ! isl& ( ,ph>os at once leads to ! conclusion ( its hav+ =m$ "p ( ! h>b\r ( ,alex&ria 7z is abundantly te/ifi$ by ,josephus1 ,pl9y1 & o!r writ]s71 & _c be easily reconcil$ ) t ( ,hom] 7f\r? ,odyssey1 l4 #ced71 :o describes ! isl& z a day's sail ) a fair w9d f ! ma9l&4 ,8 words are z foll[s3-- 7 k7 ' ' 1 4 ,odyssey1 iv41 l4 #ced4 ,pl9y1 h[ev]1 does n scruple to id5tify ! ,ph>os ( ,hom]'s "t ) t ( 8 own day4 8,ph>os10 says he1 8quondam diei navigatione di/ans ab gypto1 nunc turri nocturnis ignibus cursum navium reg5s40 ,hi/4 ,nat41 v4 #ca2 see also ,hi/4 ,nat41 ii4 #hg1 & xiii4 #ba4 ,! acc\nts :i* h come d[n to u ( ! dim5sions ( ?is rem>kable edifice are exce$+ly v>i\s2 & ! /atem5ts ( ! di/ance at :i* x c\ld be se5 are cle>ly fabul\s4 ,t ( ,josephus 7:o lik5s x to ! second ( ,h]od's ?ree ,t[]s at ,j]usalem1 call$ ,phasael1 9 hon\r ( 8 bro!r7 is ! lea/ remov$ f probability2 yet ev5 he in=ms u1 t ! fire :i* burnt on ! top to enable seam5 to an*or 9 sight ( x1 be=e com+ ne> ! %ore1 & s to avoid ! difficulty ( ! navigation by night1 0 visible at a di/ance equal to ab\t ?irty-f\r ,engli% miles4 ,su* a range = a ligh?\se on ! l[ %ores ( ,egypt1 w\ld require a t[] ab\t #eej feet 9 height6#bg ,ammianus ,m>cell9us#bh & ,pl9y#bi are bo? v circum/antial 9 _! notices ( ! ,ph>os z a beacon-light to guide seam5 9 approa*+ ! coa/ ( ,egypt & port ( ,alex&ria4 ,! latt] adds ! int]e/+ fact1 t ! co/ ( ! ,t[] 0 reckon$ at a sum equal to ab\t ,l4#cij1jjj ( our money2#cj & bo? ( !m agree 9 /at+ t a light 0 %ewn f x at night4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us diff]s f all ! o!r writ]s1 9 attribut+ ! erection ( ! ,t[] to ,que5 ,cleopatra4 ,pl9y m5tions 9 pass+1 t !re 7 also ligh?\ses at ,o/ia & ,rav5na4 #bg ,bell4 ,judaic4 iv41 cap4 #aj1 sec4 #e4 7,hav]camp's ,josephus1 tom4 ii41 p4 #cji4 ,am/]dam1 #agbf47 1 1 1 1 4 ,& aga91 9 ! six? ,book ( ! same ,hi/ory 7v4 #d1 sec4 #c1 tom4 ii41 p4 #ccj71 he says1 ' 4 ,! height ( ! ,t[] 9 ! text proce$s on ! idea ( ! obs]v]'s eye be+ t5 feet above ! sea4 #bh ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 l4 xxii41 c4 #af4 7,leipsic #ahjg1 tom4 i41 p4 #cjf47 ,hoc littus cum fallacibus et insidiosis accessibus afflig]et antehac navigantes discrim9ibus plurimis1 excogitavit 9 portu ,cleopatra turrim excelsam1 quae ,ph>os a loco ipso cognom9atur1 praeluc5di navibus nocturna sugg]5s m9i/]ia2 cum1 quondam ex ,p>!nio pelago v5i5tes aut ,libyco1 p] p&as oras et patulas1 montium nullas speculas vel collium signa c]n5tes1 h>5>um inlisae glut9osae mollitiae frang]5tur4 #bi ,pl9ii ,hi/4 ,nat41 xxxvi4 #ah4 7,p>is1 #agbc1 p4 #gci47 ,magnificatur et alia turris a rege facta 9 insula ,ph>o portum obt95te ,alex&riae1 quam con/itisse oct+5tis tal5tis tradunt2 magno animo 7nequid omittamus7 ,ptolemai regis1 quod 9 ea p]mis]it ,so/rati ,guidii ,ar*itecti /ructur ipsius nom5 inscribi4 ,usus ejus1 nocturno navium cursu ignes o/5d]e ad pra5unci&a vada portsque introtum3 quales1 jam compluribus locis flagrant1 ut ,o/iae ac ,rav5nae4 ,p]iculum 9 cont9uatione ignium1 ne sidus exi/imetur1 quoniam long9quo similis flamm>um aspectus e/4 #cj ,suppos+1 z is mo/ probable1 t ,pl9y means ! ,egyptian tal5t2 ! ,attic tal5t 0 ab\t "o-half ! value ( ! o!r4 ,if ! reports ( "s writ]s are to be believ$1 ?is ,t[] mu/ h f> exce$$ 9 size ! great ,pyramid itself2 b ! fact t a build+ ( comp>atively s late a date %\ld h s completely disappe>$1 :il/ ! ,pyramid rema9s almo/ un*ang$1 is a suffici5t reason = reject+1 z errone\s1 ! dim5sions :i* h be5 assign$ by mo/ writ]s to ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,"s h pret5d$ t l>ge mirrors 7 employ$ to direct ! rays ( ! beacon-light on its top1 9 ! mo/ advantage\s direction2 b1 9 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is no def9ite evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is supposition4 ,o!rs1 ) great] probability1 h imag9$ t ?is celebrat$ beacon 0 kn[n to m>9]s1 simply by ! unc]ta9 & rude light af=d$ by a common fire4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,ph>os1 ! poet ,lucian1 on mo/ occasions suffici5tly fond ( ! m>vell\s1 takes no notice ( ! gigantic mirrors :i* x is said to h conta9$4 ,he ?us speaks ( ?is celebrat$ ligh?\se z hav+ indicat$ to ,julius ,cs> 8 approa* to ! ,ph>os ( ,egypt on ! sev5? night aft] he sail$ f ,troy3 ,septima nox1 ,zephyro nunquam laxante rud5tes1 ,o/5dit ,ph>iis gyptia littora flammis4 ,s$ prius orta dies nocturna lampada texit1 ,quam tutas intr>et aquas4 ,ph>sal41 ix41 #ajjd4 ,x is true t1 by us+ ! ^w 8lampada10 :i* c only ) propriety be appli$ to a m p]fect mode ( illum9ation ?an an op5 fire1 he appe>s to indicate t ! 8flammis0 ( :i* he speaks1 7 n s produc$4 ,! ^w lampada may h[ev]1 be us$ metaphorically2 & flammis w\ld1 9 ?is case1 n improp]ly describe ! irregul> appe>ance ( a common fire4 ,p]haps1 also1 ! op9ion t "s k9d ( lamp 0 us$ 9 ! ,ph>os1 may seem to receive c\nt5ance f ! rem>kable words ( ,pl9y1 9 ! passage above cit$--8,p]iculum 9 cont9uatione ignium1 ne sidus exi/imetur1 quoniam long9quo similis flamm>um aspectus e/40 ,! fe> he expresses le/ ! light view$ f a di/ance %\ld be mi/ak5 = a />1 c\ld h>dly be applicable to ! diffuse1 oscillat+1 lamb5t light d]iv$ f an op5 fire1 & c]ta9ly gives "s reason = imag9+ t1 ev5 at t remote "t1 ! art ( illum9at+ ligh?\ses 0 bett] und]/ood ?an 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria1 ,i wi% to v9dicate ! memory ( its ar*itect ,so/ratus f ! calumny ( ,lucian1 :o1 9 8 ,treatise on ! art ( writ+ hi/ory1 ) 8 usual acrimony1 accuses ! build] ( ! ,ph>os ( a fraud1 9 cutt+ 8 own "n on ! solid walls ( ! ,t[]1 & cov]+ ! inscription ) pla/]1 on :i* he c>v$ ! "n ( 8 royal ma/] ,ptolemy4#ca ,aga9/ ?is ass]tion ,i w\ld oppose ! te/imony ( ,/rabo1 :o calls ,so/ratus ! 8fri5d ( ! ,k+s0 7see ! quotation at ! foot ( page #ahc71 & ! direct evid5ce ( ,pl9y1 :o1 9 ! passage above cit$1 expressly /ates1 z a pro( ( ,ptolemy's magnanimity1 8 giv+ ! ar*itect lib]ty to inscribe 8 own "n on ! ,t[]4 ,! only o!r notices ( ! ,ph>os :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 anci5t writ]s are f ,cs>'s ,comm5t>ies1 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 & ,pomponius ,mela4#cb ,at ,alex&ria1 !re is a mod]n ligh?\se call$ ! ,ph>os1 :i* is ma9ta9$ by ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt4 #ca ,lucian1 9 8 ,treatise 7,am/]dam1 #agdc1 vol4 ii41 p4 #fh47 1 ?us details ! m]it & fraud ( ,so/ratus4 1 2 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 444 #cb ,cs> de ,bell4 ,civil41 iii4 #ih 7,lond4 #agab1 p4 #cee74 ,ph>us e/ 9 insula turris1 magna altitud9e1 mirificis op]ibus extructa1 quae nom5 ab insula accepit4 ,val]ius ,flaccus v di/9ctly sets =? ! great advantage ( ligh?\ses to ! seaman1 & especially speaks ( ^? at ,alex&ria & ,o/ia 9 ^! l9es-- ,non ita ,tyrrh5us /upet ,ioniusve magi/]1 ,qui portus1 ,tyb]9e1 tuos1 cl>amque s]5 ,arce ,ph>on prceps subiit3 ,argonaut1 vii41 v4 #hd4 ,pompon4 ,mela1 ii4 cap4 #g4 ,corua ,t[] ,mr ,moore1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 vol4 i41 p4 #af1 speaks ( ! ,t[] ( ,corua1 :i* he says is m5tion$ 9 ! tradition>y hi/ory ( t c\ntry1 z a ligh?\se erect$ = ! use ( ! ,iri% 9 _! frequ5t e>ly int]c\rse ) ,spa94 ,9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion1 he cites a some:at obscure passage f ?icus1 ! cosmograph]4 ,?is 9 all probability is ! t[] :i* ,humboldt m5tions 9 8 ,n>rative "u ! "n ( ! ,iron ,t[]1 :i* 0 built z a ligh?\se by ,caius ,saevius ,lupus1 an ar*itect ( ! city ( ,aqua ,flavia1 ! mod]n ,*aves4#cc ,a ,ligh?\se has lately be5 e/abli%$ on ?is headl&1 = :i* ,dioptric app>atus 0 suppli$ f ! work%op ( ,m4 ,,let\rneau ( ,p>is4 #cc 8,! tradition>y hi/ory10 says ,mr ,moore1 8( ! latt] c\ntry 7,irel&7 gives an acc\nt ( an anci5t ,ph>os or ligh?\se erect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! port n[ call$ ,corua1 = ! use ( navigators on _! passage betwe5 t coa/ & ,irel&4 ,!re is a rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is tradition & an acc\nt giv5 by ?icus1 ! cosmograph]1 ( a l(ty ,ph>os or ligh?\se /&+ =m]ly on ! sea-coa/ ( ,gallicia1 & s]v+ z a beacon 9 ! direction ( ,brita94 ,secundus ,angulus int5dit ubi ,brigantia civitas sita e/ ,galliciae1 et altissimum ,ph>um et int] pauca memor&i op]is ad speculum ,britanniae4 ,:e!r ! translation ,i h giv5 ( ! la/ ?ree words ( ?is passage convey _! real mean+1 ,i "k n2 b !y h be5 hi!rto pron\nc$ un9telligible4 ,! passage is ?us notic$ by ,casaubon1 9 a note on ,/rabo1 lib4 iii4 #8?icus 9 ,hispaniae descriptione altissimi cujusdam ,f>i mem9it4'0 ,! passage 9 ,/rabo above ref]r$ to is on page #agi ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,ox=d folio edition ( #ahjg1 :]e ! geograph] speaks ( ,cape 1 :i* ,casaubon di/9ctly id5tifies ) ! ,cabo de ,f9i/]ra ( mod]n seam54 ,ligh?\se at ! m\? ( ! ,guadalquivir4 ,!re is also a record 9 ,/rabo ( a magnific5t ligh?\se ( /one at ,capio1 or ,apio1 ne> ! ,h>b\r ( ,m5e/heus 7! mod]n ,mesa ,a/a1 or ,pu]to de ,/a4 ,m>ia71 :i* he describes z built on a rock ne>ly surr\nd$ by ! sea1 z a guide = ! %all[s at ! m\? ( ! ,guadalquivir1 9 t]ms almo/ id5tical ) ^? us$ by him 9 speak+ ( ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r notice ( ?is great "w1 = su* x seems to h be51 to h des]v$ ! praises ( ,/rabo4#cd #cd ,! words ( ,/rabo are 7,oxon4 #ahjg1 p4 #ahd71 7vel 7 1 1 1 4 ,anci5t ,ph>i 9 ,brita94 ,9 ,camd5's ,britannia1 a pass+ notice is tak5 ( ! ru9s call$ ,cs>'s ,alt>1 at ,dov]1 & ( ! ,t\r d',ordre1 at ,b\logne1 on ! opposite coa/2 bo? ( :i* are conjectur$ to h be5 anci5t ligh?\ses4 ,p5nant describes ! rema9s ( a ,roman ,ph>os ne> ,holywell1 b cites no au?orities = 8 op9ion z to its use4 ,!re 7 likewise rema9s ( a simil> /ructure at ,flambor\gh-head4 ,a v meagre & un9telligible acc\nt is also giv5 ( a ligh?\se at ,/ ,edmund's ,*apel1 on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 9 ,g\gh's additions to ,camd51 by :i* x might seem t ! ligh?\se 0 erect$ 9 #abgb4ce #ce ,g\gh's ,camd5's ,britannia1 vol4 i41 #cah1 & vol4 ii41 p4 #aih2 ,bat*ell]1 9 8 ,dov] ,guide 7#ahde1 p4 #aaa71 says1 t ! ,dov] ,ph>os 0 built 8dur+ ! lieut5ancy ( ,aulus ,plautius & ,o/orius ,scapula1 ! latt] ( :om left ,brita91 ,a4 ,d4 #ec40--,p5nant's ,hi/ory ( ,:ite=d & ,holywell1 p4 #aab4 ,su* seems to be ! sum ( our k ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ligh?\ses1 :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is nei!r accurate nor ext5sive4 ,our in=mation reg>d+ mod]n ligh?\ses is ( c\rse m m9ute 9 its details & m wor?y ( cr$it4 ,! great] "p ( x is drawn f au!ntic s\rces2 & mu* ( :at is aft]w>ds /at$ is ! result ( my own obs]vation1 dur+ my visits to ! mo/ important ligh?\ses ( ,europe4 ,t\r de ,corduan4 ,! fir/ ligh?\se ( mod]n days t m]its att5tion1 is ! ,t\r de ,corduan1 :i*1 9 po9t ( ar*itectural gr&eur1 is unque/ionably ! noble/ edifice ( ! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,x is situat$ on an ext5sive reef at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,g>onne1 & s]ves z a guide to ! %ipp+ ( ,bordeaux & ! ,langu$oc ,canal1 & inde$ ( all t "p ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #aehd1 b 0 n complet$ till #afaj1 "u ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,x is m9utely describ$ 9 ,belidor's ,ar*itecture ,hydraulique4 ,! build+ is #aig feet 9 height1 & consi/s ( a pile ( masonry1 =m+ successive gall]ies1 enri*$ ) pila/]s & friezes1 & ris+ above ea* o!r ) gradually dim9i%$ diamet]s4 ,^? gall]ies are surm\nt$ by a conical t[]1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! lant]n4 ,r\nd ! base is a wall ( circumvallation1 #acd feet 9 diamet]1 9 :i* ! light-keep]s' ap>tm5ts are =m$1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( casemates4 ,?is wall is an outwork ( def5ce1 & receives ! *ief %ock ( ! waves4 ,! t[] itself conta9s a *apel1 & v>i\s ap>tm5ts2 & ! asc5t is by a spaci\s /aircase4 ,! fir/ light exhibit$ 9 ! ,t\r de ,corduan 0 obta9$ by burn+ billets ( oak-wood1 9 a *auff] at ! top ( ! t[]2 & ! use ( coal in/ead ( wood1 0 ! fir/ improvem5t :i* ! light receiv$4 ,a rude reflector1 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 0 aft]w>ds add$1 to prev5t ! loss ( light :i* escap$ upw>ds4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 ,m4 ,,l5oir 0 employ$ to sub/itute p>abolodal reflectors & lamps2 & 9 #ahbb1 ! light receiv$ its la/ improvem5t1 by ! introduction ( ! dioptric in/rum5ts ( ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* ,academician4 ,eddy/one4 ,! hi/ory ( ! fam\s ,ligh?\se on ! ,eddy/one ,rocks is well kn[n to ! g5]al read]1 f ! n>rative ( ,,smeaton ! ,eng9e]4 ,^? ,rocks are #i miles f ! ,ram-,head1 on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall2 & f ! small ext5t ( ! surface ( ! *ief ,rock & its expos$ situation1 ! con/ruction ( ! ,ligh?\se 0 a "w ( v great difficulty4 ,! fir/ erection 0 ( timb]1 design$ by ,mr ,,w9/anley2 & 0 comm5c$ 9 #afif4 ,! light 0 exhibit$ 9 ,novemb] #afih4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! sea rose ^u t t[] to a mu* great] height ?an _h be5 anticipat$2 s mu* s1 x is said1 z to 8bury "u ! wat]0 ! lant]n1 :i* 0 sixty feet above ! ,rock2 & ! ,eng9e] 0 !re=e aft]w>ds "u ! necessity ( enl>g+ ! ,t[]1 & c>ry+ x to ! height ( #abj feet4 ,9 ,novemb] #agjc1 "s consid]able repairs 7 requir$1 & ,mr ,,w9/anley1 accompani$ by 8 workm51 w5t to ! ,ligh?\se to att5d to _! execution2 b ! /orm ( ! #bf? ( t mon?1 c>ri$ away ! :ole erection1 :5 ! ,eng9e] & all 8 assi/ants unhappily p]i%$6 ,! want ( a light on ! ,eddy/one1 soon l$ to a fatal accid5t2 = n long aft] ! de/ruction ( ,mr ,,w9/anley',s ligh?\se1 ! ,w9*ilsea man-(-w> 0 wreck$ on ! ,eddy/one ,rocks1 & mo/ ( h] crew 7 lo/4 ,?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1 elaps$1 aft] ?is melan*oly pro( ( ! necessity = a light1 be=e ! ,tr9ity-,h\se ( ,london c\ld obta9 a new ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 to ext5d _! p[]s2 & x 0 n till ! mon? ( ,july #agjf1 t ! con/ruction ( a new ligh?\se 0 begun "u ! direction ( ,mr ,,john ,,rudy]d ( ,london4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,july #agjh1 ! new light 0 fir/ %ewn1 & x cont9u$ to be regul>ly exhibit$ till ! ye> #agee1 :5 ! :ole fabric 0 de/roy$ by accid5tal fire1 aft] x _h /ood =ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,b = ?is circum/ance1 x is impossible to tell h[ long ! ligh?\se might1 ) occasional repair1 h la/$1 z ,mr ,,rudy]d seems to h execut$ 8 task ) mu* judgm5t1 c>efully reject+ all ar*itectural decoration1 z unsuitable = su* a situation1 & direct+ 8 att5tion to ! =mation ( a t[] :i* %\ld (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! waves4 ,! height ( ! t[]1 :i* 0 ( a conical =m & con/ruct$ ( timb]1 0 #ib feet1 includ+ ! lant]n2 & ! diamet] at ! base1 :i* 0 a little above ! level ( high wat]1 0 #bc feet4 ,! advantages ( a light on ! ,eddy/one hav+ be5 s long kn[n & ackn[l$g$ by seam51 no "t 0 p]mitt$ to elapse be=e active measures 7 tak5 = its re/oration2 & ,,smeaton1 to :om application 0 made = advice on ! subject1 recomm5d$ ! exclusive use ( /one z ! mat]ial1 :i*1 bo? f its weight & o!r qualities1 he consid]$ mo/ suitable = ! situation4 ,on ! #e? ( ,april #agef1 ,,smeaton fir/ l&$ on ! ,rock & made arrangem5ts = erect+ a ,ligh?\se ( /one & prep>+ ! f\ndations1 by cutt+ ! surface ( ! rock into regul> horizontal b5*es1 into :i* ! /ones 7 c>efully dovetail$ or not*$4 ,! fir/ /one 0 laid on #ab? ,june #ageg & ! la/ on ! #bd? ( ,augu/ #agei4 ,! ,t[] measures #fh feet 9 height & #bf feet 9 diamet] at ! level ( ! fir/ entire c\rse2 & ! diamet] "u ! cornice is #ae feet4 ,! fir/ #ab feet ( ! ,t[] =m a solid mass ( masonry2 & ! /ones ( :i* x is compos$ are unit$ by means ( /one joggles1 dovetail$ jo9ts1 & oak5 tre5ails4 ,x is rem>kable t ,,smeaton %\ld h adopt$ an ar*$ =m = ! floors ( 8 build+1 in/ead ( employ+ ! floors z tie-walls =m$ ( dovetail$ /ones4 ,to c\nt]act ! injuri\s t5d5cy ( ! outw>d ?ru/ ( ^? ar*$ floors1 he _h rec\rse to ! +5i\s exp$i5t ( lay+1 9 circul> tr5*es or grooves cut 9 ! /ones :i* =m ! outside cas+1 tie-belts ( *a91 :i* 7 heat$ be=e be+ set 9 ! grooves by means ( an application ( hot lead & became tight 9 cool+1 aft] !y 7 fix$ 9 ! wall4 ,! light 0 exhibit$ on ! #af? ,octob] #agei2 b su* 0 ! /ate ( ligh?\se app>atus 9 ,brita9 at t p]iod1 t a feeble light f tall[ c&les 0 all t decorat$ ?is noble /ructure4 ,9 #ahjg1 :5 ! prop]ty ( ?is ligh?\se aga9 came into ! h&s ( ! ,tr9ity-,h\se1 at ! expiry ( a long lease1 ,arg& burn]s1 & p>abolodal reflectors ( silv]$ copp]1 7 sub/itut$ = ! *&eli] ( c&les4 ,bell ,rock4 ,! dang]\s reef call$ ! ,in* ,cape1 or ,bell ,rock1 s long a t]ror to m>9]s1 0 well kn[n to ! e>lie/ navigators ( ,scotl&4 ,its dang]s 7 s g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 t ! ,abbots ( ,ab]bro?wick1 f :i* ! ,rock is di/ant ab\t twelve miles1 caus$ a float to be fix$ ^u ! ,rock ) a bell atta*$ to x1 :i* be+ swung by ! motion ( ! waves1 s]v$ by its toll+ to w>n ! m>9] ( 8 approa* to ! reef4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 :i* =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( ,,s\!y',s /rik+ ballad ( ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov]1 ! ,rock is said to h d]iv$ its "n4 ,among/ ! _m losses :i* occurr$ on ! ,bell ,rock 9 mod]n times1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ! ,york1 sev5ty-f\r1 ) all h] crew1 "p ( ! wreck hav+ be5 aft]w>ds f\nd on ! ,rock & "p hav+ come a%ore on ! neighb\r+ coa/4 ,dur+ ! survey ( ! ,rock also1 sev]al in/ances 7 discov]$ ( ! ext5t ( loss :i* ?is reef _h occasion$2 & _m articles ( %ips' furni%+s 7 pick$ up on x1 z well z v>i\s co9s1 a bayonet1 a silv] %oe-buckle1 & _m o!r small objects4 ,impress$ ) ! great importance ( "s guide = ! ,bell ,rock1 ,capta9 ,brodie1 ,r4,n41 set a small subscription on foot & erect$ a beacon ( sp>s on ! ,rock1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 soon de/roy$ by ! sea4 ,he aft]w>ds con/ruct$ a second beacon1 :i* soon %>$ ! same fate4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 until #ahjb1 :5 ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights br\ght a bill into ,p>liam5t = p[] to erect a ligh?\se on x1 t any effici5t measures 7 contemplat$ = ! protection ( seam5 f ?is ,rock1 :i*1 be+ cov]$ at e spr+-tide to ! dep? ( f twelve to sixte5 feet1 & ly+ "r 9 ! fairway to ! ,fri?s ( ,=? & ,tay1 _h be5 ! occasion ( mu* loss bo? ( prop]ty & life4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! bill pass$ into a law2 & v>i\s +5i\s plans 7 sugge/$ = ov]com+ ! difficulties :i* 7 appreh5d$1 9 erect+ a ligh?\se on a rock twelve miles f l&1 & cov]$ to ! dep? ( twelve feet by ! tide4 ,b ! sugge/ion ( ,mr ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son1 ! ,eng9e] to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 aft] be+ submitt$ to ! late ,mr ,,r5nie1 0 at l5g? adopt$2 & x 0 det]m9$ to con/ruct a t[] ( masonry1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,eddy/one4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #ahjg1 ,mr ,,/ev5son accord+ly l&$ ) 8 workm5 & comm5c$ ! "w by prep>+ ! ,rock to receive ! supports ( a tempor>y pyramid ( timb]1 on :i* a b>rack-h\se = ! reception ( ! workm5 7simil> to t :i* has already be5 describ$ 9 a prec$+ "p ( ?is volume7 0 to be plac$2 & dur+ ?is op]ation1 mu* haz>d 0 (t5 incurr$ 9 transport+ ! m5 f ! ,rock1 :i* 0 only dry = a few h\rs at spr+-tides1 to ! vessel :i* lay moor$ (f x4 ,! l[e/ floor ( ?is tempor>y erection1 9 :i* ! mort> = ! build+ 0 prep>$1 0 (t5 brok5 up & remov$ by ! =ce ( ! sea4 ,! f\ndation = ! t[] hav+ be5 excavat$1 ! fir/ /one 0 laid on ! #aj? ,july #ahjh1 at ! dep? ( sixte5 feet bel[ ! high wat] ( spr+-tides2 & at ! end ( ! second season1 ! build+ 0 five feet six in*es above ! l[e/ "p ( ! f\ndation4 ,! ?ird season's op]ations t]m9at$ by f9i%+ ! solid "p ( ! /ructure1 :i* is ?irty feet 9 height2 & ! :ole ( ! masonry 0 complet$ 9 ,octob] #ahaj4 ,! light 0 fir/ exhibit$ to ! public on ! night ( ! #a/ ( ,febru>y #ahaa4 ,! difficulties & haz>ds ( ?is "w 7 *iefly caus$ by ! %ort "t dur+ :i* ! ,rock 0 accessible betwe5 ! ebb+ & fl[+ tides2 & among/ ! _m ev5tful incid5ts :i* r5d] ! hi/ory ( ?is "w int]e/+1 0 ! n>r[ escape :i* ! ,eng9e] & ?irty-"o p]sons made f be+ dr[n$1 by ! ris+ ( ! tide ^u ! ,rock1 be=e a boat came to _! assi/ance1 at a "t :5 ! att5d+ vessel _h brok5 adrift4 ,?is circum/ance occurr$ be=e ! ,b>rack-h\se 0 erect$1 & is n>rat$ by ,mr ,,/ev5son1 9 8 ,acc\nt ( ! "w1 publi%$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d 9 #ahbd1 to :i* ,i w\ld ref] = m m9ute in=mation on ! subject ( ?is "w & ! o!r ligh?\ses on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,bell ,rock ,t[] is #ajj feet 9 height1 #db feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 & #ae at ! top4 ,! door is #cj feet f ! base & ! asc5t is by a massive copp] ladd]4 ,! ap>tm5ts1 includ+ ! light-room1 are six 9 numb]4 ,! light is a revolv+ r$ & :ite light2 & is produc$ by ! revolution ( a frame conta9+ sixte5 ,arg& lamps1 plac$ 9 ! foci ( p>abolodal mirrors1 arrang$ on a quadrangul> frame1 ^: alt]nate faces h %ades ( r$ glass plac$ be=e ! reflectors1 s t a r$ & :ite light is %ewn successively4 ,! ma*9]y1 :i* causes ! revolution ( ! frame conta9+ ! lamps1 is also appli$ to toll+ two l>ge bells1 to give w>n+ to ! m>9] ( 8 approa* to ! ,rock 9 foggy wea!r4 ,! erection ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se co/ ,l4#fa1cca 3 #i 3 #b4 ,c>l+=d4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ,ligh?\se on ! coa/ ( ,irel& is t ( ,c>l+=d1 ne> ,cranfield ,po9t1 at ! entrance ( ,c>l+=d ,l\gh4 ,x 0 built accord+ to ! design ( ,mr ,,george ,,halp91 ! ,inspector ( ! ,iri% ,lights2 & 0 a "w ( an ardu\s nature1 be+ f\nd$ #ab feet bel[ ! level ( high-wat]1 on ! ,hawlb[l+ ,rock1 :i* lies ab\t two miles (f ,cranfield ,po9t4 ,! figure ( ! ,t[] is t ( a fru/um ( a cone1 #aaa feet 9 height1 & #dh 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,! light1 :i* is fix$1 is f oil burn$ 9 ,arg& lamps1 plac$ 9 ! foci ( p>abolodal mirrors4 ,x 0 fir/ exhibit$ on ! night ( ,decemb] #bj1 #ahcj4 ,iron ,ligh?\ses4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r ,ligh?\ses1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are suffici5tly des]v+ ( a sep>ate notice1 7 x n t !y h m or less some?+ 9 common ) ^? already describ$1 :i* are unque/ionably ! mo/ rem>kable edifices ( ! k9d4 ,! fir/ design = an ,iron ,ligh?\se1 is t by my ,fa!r = ! ,bell ,rock1 9 ! ye> #ahjj4 ,! inv5tion ( ,mr ,,mit*ell ( ,belfa/1 = apply+ ! pr9ciple ( ! screw to ! erection ( ,ligh?\ses on s(t f\ndations1 des]ves a long] notice ?an is consi/5t ) ! nature ( ^! notes4 ,x mu/ !re=e be suffici5t to say1 t ! pr9cipal ,ligh?\ses on ?is plan 7^? ( ! ,mapl91 ,fleetwood1 & ,belfa/ ,l\gh7 consi/ ( piles or ( holl[ pill>s ( ca/-iron1 gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ pyramid1 & closely resembl+1 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( _! p>ts1 ! ,beacon %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxx41 & t erect$ on ! ,c>r ,rock 9 #ahba4 ,! l[] end ( ea* pill> is furni%$ ) a flat screw or worm & a %>p po9t1 :i* is screw$ into ! s&1 clay1 or gravel1 or o!r s(t subsoil4 ,mr ,,alex&] ,,gordon ( ,london also fitt$ up a ,ligh?\se1 compos$ ( ca/-iron plates1 :i* 0 erect$ at ,morant1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 a /yle ( build+ 9 itself by no means eligible1 & :i* seems suitable only :]e /one _c be easily obta9$1 or conv5i5tly appli$4 ,bo? ^? plans 7except 9 s f> z ! screw is conc]n$1 :i* is inde$ ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,mr ,,mit*ell',s +5i\s plan7 are to be f\nd 9 "o ( my ,fa!r's designs = ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se 7see 8 ,acc\nt1 at ,plate ,,vii41 figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 & pp4 #dii1 #ejj74 ,dr ,,potts has also inv5t$ a me?od ( driv+ piles by means ( atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* has be5 us$ at ! ,s\? ,gallip] ,beacon1 on ! ,goodw9 ,s&s4 ,e>ly modes ( ,illum9ation4 ,hav+ ?us ha/ily describ$ ! mo/ int]e/+ & celebrat$ ,ligh?\ses1 ,i proce$ to ! prop] object ( ^! ,notes1 :i* are *iefly int5d$ to make kn[n ! v>i\s me?ods n[ 9 use = ! illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 t d[n to a v late p]iod1 ! only mode ( illum9ation adopt$ 9 ! ,ligh?\ses1 ev5 ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations ( ,europe1 0 ! combu/ion ( wood or coal 9 *auff]s1 on ! tops ( high t[]s or hills4 ,x consi/s ) ! p]sonal k ( _m p]sons n[ liv+1 t ! ,isle ( ,may ,light1 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 previ\s to its be+ assum$ by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights 9 #aghf1 0 ( t k9d2 &1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 ! art ( illum9ation _h made s little progress1 t ! magnific5t ,t[] ( ! ,eddy/one1 = ab\t =ty ye>s aft] x came f ! h&s ( ,,smeaton1 c\ld boa/ ( no bett] ,light ?an t d]iv$ f a few mis]able tall[ c&les4 ,su* me?ods 7 mo/ imp]fect1 n only 9 po9t ( effici5cy & p[]1 b also z respects ! di/9ction ( "o light f ano!r1 an object :i*1 on a difficult & rugg$ coa/1 may be consid]$ z ( almo/ equal importance ) ! di/ance at :i* ! ,light c be se54 ,flame4 ,solid sub/ances :i* rema9 s ?r\gh\t _! combu/ion1 are only lum9\s at _! own surface1 & exhibit ph5om5a1 su* z ! dull r$ heat ( iron1 or ( mo/ k9ds ( pit-coal1 & are !re=e m suit$ = ! purpose ( produc+ heat ?an light4 ,b by us+ sub/ances :i* are =m$ into inflammable vap\rs1 at a temp]ature bel[ t :i* is requir$ = ! ignition ( ! sub/ances !mselves1 gas is obta9$ & flame is produc$4 ,mu* light is ?us evolv$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,! gas necess>ily rises above ! combu/ible sub/ance f :i* x is evolv$1 ow+ to its be+ =m$ at a temp]ature consid]ably high] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ air1 ?an :i* x is necess>ily r>]4 ,( ?is description are ! flames obta9$ by ! burn+ ( ! v>i\s oils1 :i* are g5]ally employ$ 9 ! illum9ation ( ligh?\ses4 ,9 ! combu/ion ( oil1 wicks ( "s fibr\s sub/ance1 su* z cotton1 are us$1 into :i* ! oil asc5ds by capill>y action1 & be+ suppli$ 9 v ?9 films1 is easily volatiliz$ into vap\r or gas by ! heat ( ! burn+ wick4 ,! gas ( pit-coal has be5 occasionally us$ 9 ligh?\ses2 x is convey$ 9 tubes to ! burn]s1 9 ! same mann] z :5 employ$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,!re are c]ta9 advantages1 m especially 9 dioptric lights1 :]e !re is only "o l>ge c5tral flame1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! use ( gas desirable4 ,! =m ( ! flame1 :i* is an object ( consid]able importance1 w\ld ?us be r5d]$ less v>iable1 & c\ld be m easily regulat$1 & ! inconv5i5ce ( ! clock-"w ( ! lamp w\ld be :olly avoid$4 ,b x is obvi\s1 t gas is by no means suitable = ! majority ( ligh?\ses1 _! di/ant situation & g5]ally difficult access r5d]+ ! transport ( l>ge quantities ( coal exp5sive & unc]ta92 :il/ 9 _m ( !m !re is no means ( erect+ ! app>atus necess>y = manufactur+ gas4 ,!re are o!r consid]ations :i* mu/ induce u to pause be=e adopt+ gas z ! fuel ( ligh?\ses2 =1 h[ev] mu* ! risk ( accid5t may be dim9i%$ 9 ! pres5t day1 x /ill =ms a "q1 :i* ought n to be ha/ily decid$1 h[ f> we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 runn+ ev5 ! mo/ remote risk ( explosion 9 e/abli%m5ts su* z ligh?\ses1 ^: sudd5 failure might involve consequ5ces ( ! mo/ fatal description1 & ^: situation is (t5 su*1 t _! re-e/abli%m5t mu/ be a "w ( great exp5se & "t4 ,gas is1 besides1 f> f be+ suitable 9 catoptric lights1 to :i*1 9 _m cases 7especially :5 ! frame is moveable1 z 9 revolv+ lights71 x c\ld n be easily appli$4 ,! oil mo/ g5]ally employ$ 9 ! ,ligh?\ses ( ,engl& is ! sp]m oil ( comm]ce1 :i* is obta9$ f ! ,s\? ,sea :ale 7,physet] macrocephalus74 ,9 ,france1 ! colza oil1 :i* is express$ f ! se$ ( a species ( wild cabbage 7,brassica ol]acea colza71 & ! olive oil are *iefly us$2 & a species ( ! =m] has lately be5 successfully introduc$ into ! ,ligh?\ses ( ,great ,brita94 ,( all ^! oils1 ! purifi$ sp]m oil has hi!rto be5 g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ advantage\s = ligh?\se purposes2 b !re is e reason = anticipat+ t ! late adoption ( ! colza oil 9 _m ( ! ,briti% ,lights1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,mr ,,joseph ,,hume1 ,m4,p41 :ile *airman ( a select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,ligh?\ses1 w lead to an important sav+1 z its combu/ion produces an equal quantity ( light at some:at m ?an "o-half ( ! exp5se = sp]maceti oil4 ,c>eful trials h be5 made ( ?is oil2 & on ! #aj? ( ,m>* #ahdg1 ,i 0 enabl$ to report ! results to ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8#a4 ,! colza oil possesses ! advantage ( rema9+ fluid at temp]atures :i* ?ick5 ! sp]maceti oil s t x requires ! application ( ! fro/ lamp4 8#b4 ,x appe>s1 f pretty c>eful photometrical measurem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 t ! light d]iv$ f ! colza oil is1 9 po9t ( int5sity1 a little sup]ior to t d]iv$ f ! sp]maceti oil1 be+ 9 ! ratio ( #ajef to #a4 8#c4 ,! colza oil burns bo? 9 ! ,fresnel lamp & ! s+le ,arg& burn] ) a ?ick wick dur+ sev5te5 h\rs )\t requir+ any coal+ ( ! wick or any adju/m5t ( ! damp]2 & ! flame seems to be m /eady & free f flick]+ ?an t f sp]maceti oil4 8#d4 ,!re seems 7mo/ probably ow+ to ! great] /ead9ess ( ! flame7 to be less breakage ( glass *imneys ) ! colza ?an ) ! sp]maceti oil4 8#e4 ,! consumption ( oil1 9 s f> z t c be asc]ta9$ dur+ s %ort a p]iod ( trial1 seems 9 ! ,fresnel lamp to be #aba = colza1 & #aad = sp]maceti2 :ile 9 ! common ,arg&1 ! consumption appe>s to be #iaj = colza1 & #ijb = sp]maceti4 8#f4 ,if we assume ! means ( ^! numb]s1 #eae = colza1 & #ejh = sp]maceti1 z repres5t+ ! relative exp5diture ( ^! oils1 & if ! price ( colza be #cs4 #i;d41 :ile t ( sp]maceti is #fs4 #i;d4 p] imp]ial gallon1 we %all h a sav+ 9 ! ratio ( #a to #agee1 :i*1 at ! pres5t rate ( supply = ! ,nor!rn ,lights1 w\ld give a sav+ ( ab\t ,l4#cbff p] annum4 8,( ^! conclusions1 ! ?ree la/ may be consid]$ z m or less conjectural1 be+ f\nd$ on data d]iv$ f too %ort a trial2 b ! /rik+ agreem5t ( ! results obta9$ at ! six lights 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made1 t5ds 9 "s measure to supply ! place ( a long] p]iod ( trial2 & ,i h no hesitation1 !re=e1 9 recomm5d+ ! ,bo>d at once to introduce ! use ( ! colza oil into all ! dioptric lights1 except t ( ,sk]ryvore1 :]e "s special reasons induce me to def] ! *ange = ano!r season4 ,9 ! catoptric lights1 ! only reason = n mak+ an equally ext5sive trial is ! necessity = r5ew+ all ! burn]s1 :i* require to be s con/ruct$ z to receive ?ick wicks ( br[n cotton2 & x may p]haps be consid]$ prud5t to proce$ ) "s caution 9 *ang+ ! app>atus1 s z to suit x = burn+ a pat5t oil1 ! circum/ances att5d+ ! regul> & ext5sive supply ( :i* are n yet fully kn[n4 ,i may rem>k1 t ,i h burnt ! colza oil 9 ! sol> lamp allud$ to 9 my la/ report2 b ,i disapprove ( x z t5d+ to elongate ! flame v]tically1 & ?us to decrease its horizontal volume4 ,! elongat$ =m ( flame increases ! div]g5ce v]tically :]e ! light is lo/1 & s f> circumscribes its horizontal range :]e x is mo/ requir$4 ,i h !re=e sub/itut$ ! ?ick wick burn] = ! sol> lamp1 :]eby an equally complete combu/ion is obta9$1 & ! prop] =m ( ! flame is at ! same "t pres]v$40#cf #cf ,s9ce ! above report 0 writt51 ! price ( colza oil has ris52 & o!r circum/ances h occurr$ to ju/ify ! caution z to ! univ]sal adoption ( t oil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,drummond & ,voltaic ,lights4 ,! application ( ! ,drummond & ,voltaic lights#cg to ligh?\se purposes is1 ow+ to _! prodigi\s int5sity1 a v desirable consummation2 b x is surr\nd$ by s _m practical difficulties t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 x may safely be pron\nc$ unatta9able4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* att5ds ! exhibition ( bo? ^! lights1 is ( itself a suffici5t reason = com+ to ?is conclusion4 ,b o!r reasons unhappily are n want+4 ,! smallness ( ! flame r5d]s !m :olly inapplicable to dioptric in/rum5ts1 :i* require a great body ( flame 9 ord] to produce a degree ( div]g5ce suffici5t to r5d] ! duration ( ! fla% 9 revolv+ lights long en\gh to answ] ! purpose ( ! m>9]4 ,m4 ,,fresnel made "s exp]im5ts on ! application ( ! ,drummond light to dioptric in/rum5ts1 :i* completely demon/rate _! unfitness = ?is comb9ation4 ,he f\nd t ! light obta9$ by plac+ x 9 ! focus ( a great annul> l5s 0 mu* m int5se ?an t produc$ by ! great lamp & l5s2 b ! div]g5ce did n exce$ #cj2 s t1 9 a revolution l t ( ! ,corduan ,light1 ! fla%es w\ld la/ only #a second1 & w\ld n1 !re=e1 be se5 9 su* a mann] z to suit ! practical purposes ( a revolv+ light4 ,! great cyl9dric refractor us$ 9 fix$ lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 0 also tri$ ) ! ,drummond light 9 its focus2 b x gave col\r$ spectra at ! top & bottom1 & only a small b> ( :ite light 0 transmitt$ f ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! same defici5cy ( div]g5ce completely unfits ! comb9ation ( ! ,drummond light ) ! reflector = ! purposes ( a fix$ light1 & ev5 if ?is cause did n op]ate aga9/ its application 9 revolv+ lights on ! catoptric plan1 ! supply ( ! gases1 :i* is att5d$ ) almo/ insurm\ntable difficulties1 w\ld1 9 any case1 r5d] ! ma9t5ance ( ! light prec>i\s & unc]ta9 9 ! la/ degree4 #cg ,! ,drummond light is produc$ by ! ignition or combu/ion ( a ball ( lime 7 in* diamet]7 9 ! unit$ flames ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 & is equal to ab\t #bfd flames ( an ord9>y ,arg& ,lamp ) ! be/ ,sp]maceti oil4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! late ,,lieut4 ,,drummond1 ,r4 ,e41 :o fir/ appli$ x 9 ! focus ( a p>abolod = geodetical purposes1 & aft]w>ds propos$ x = ,ligh?\ses4 7,see 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,light 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #ahbf1 p4 #cbd1 & = #ahcj1 p4 #chc47 ,! ,voltaic light is obta9$ by pass+ a /ream ( ,voltaic electricity f a p[]ful batt]y betwe5 two *>coal po9ts1 ! di/ance betwe5 :i* requires great nicety ( adju/m5t1 & is ! *ief circum/ance :i* influ5ces ! /ability & ! p]man5cy ( ! light4 ,! ,voltaic light greatly exce$s ! ,drummond light 9 int5sity1 z asc]ta9$ by actual comp>ison ( _! effects2 b ! ratio ( _! p[] has n be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,x 0 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ! focus ( a reflector by ,mr ,,james ,,g>dn]1 =m]ly engag$ 9 ! ,ordnance ,survey ( ,great ,brita94 ,mr ,gurney's ,lamp4 ,9 #ahce1 ,mr ,,gurney propos$ ! comb9ation ( a curr5t ( oxyg5 ) ! flame ( oil1 9 ord] to obta9 a p[]ful light ( suffici5t size to produce ! div]g5ce requir$ = ! illum9ation ( ligh?\ses4 ,! ,tr9ity-,h\se ( ,london ent]ta9$ ! proposal1 & made "s exp]im5ts on ?is important subject2 b ! plan 0 f9ally reject$ z disadvantage\s 9 practice4 ,arg& ,burn]s4 ,until ! inv5tion by ,,arg& 7ab\t ! ye> #aghd71 ( ! lamp ) a d\ble curr5t ( air1 ! art ( illum9ation seems to h receiv$ no improvem5t1 & to h occupi$ v little att5tion f ! "t ( ,,c>dan1 or at all ev5ts ( ,dr ,,hook1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #afgg1 9 a monograph entitl$ 8,lampas10 made "s important obs]vations on ! con/itution ( flame1 s z to make "o wond] t he %\ld h /opp$ %ort ( ! discov]ies ( lat] inv5tors4 ,be=e ,,arg&',s "t1 e wick consi/$ ( a solid cord1 ^: flame 0 f$ only by ! curr5t ( air on its outside2 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t ! /ream ( vap\r or smoke1 especially f ! c5tre ( ?ick wicks1 escapes unburnt1 because1 be=e x rea*es ! height at :i* ! combu/ion ( ! c5tral /ream c take place1 its temp]ature has become too l[ to admit ( its ignition4#ch ,! *ief improvem5ts :i* _h be5 made1 consi/$ 9 v>y+ ! level ( ! oil 9 ! ci/]n1 or 9 attempts to r5d] t level con/ant1 by me*anical means1 & 9 less5+ ! ?ickness ( ! wick1 by spread+ its sub/ance into a flat =m1 ?us r$uc+ ! /ream ( gas :i* escapes f ! c5tre ( a ?ick cyl9dric wick )\t be+ burnt1 & !reby caus+ a m complete combu/ion1 & produc+ less smoke & a :it] flame4 ,to ,,arg& belongs ! great m]it ( hav+ fir/ =m$ ! wick into a holl[ cyl9d]1 ?us supply+ ! flame ) two curr5ts ( air1 "o ( :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! solid wick1 envelopes ! flame1 & ! o!r1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! wick1 is envelop$ by ! flame itself4 ,he also add$ a *imney1 :i* s]v$ to def5d ! flame f irregul> draughts ( air1 & to regulate ! proportion betwe5 ! velocities ( ! curr5ts ( air & ! /ream ( gas4 ,?is 0 inde$ a mo/ important /ep 9 ! art ( illum9ation1 & causes ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! incomplete combu/ion1 :i*1 ow+ *iefly1 z we h se51 to a defect 9 ! supply ( air1 always takes place ) a solid wick 7f :i* mu* unburnt gas escapes 9 ! =m ( smoke71 & t m p]fect combu/ion 9 :i* passage is giv5 = a free curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! wick4 ,! inv5tion ( ,,arg& came ne>ly p]fect f 8 h&s2 & b a few slight modifications ( 8 orig9al arrangem5t h be5 introduc$4 ,! ,arg& burn] consi/s ( two conc5tric tubes or cyl9d]s1 sep>at$ by a small annul> space1 :i* is %ut at ! bottom1 & communicates by a pipe ) ! oil f\nta91 ^: level ought to be a little bel[ ! level ( ! upp] edge ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,9 ?is annul> space1 p>tly fill$ ) oil f ! f\nta91 /&s a cyl9dric wick ( cotton1 loosely wove1 into :i* ! oil rises freely by capill>y action4 ,! wick has its l[] edge fix$ to a metallic f]ule or r+1 call$ a wickhold]1 :i* 7by means ( a peculi> arrangem5t1 to be aft]w>ds describ$7 gives ! p[] ( rais+ or depress+ ! wick to any conv5i5t level ) reg>d to ! burn]4 ,a cyl9d] ( glass1 ( great] diamet] ?an ! burn]1 re/s on a gall]y or r+ :i* hangs f ! burn] & surr\nds x4 ,?is glass cyl9d]1 or *imney z x is g5]ally call$1 %\ld /& v]tically ) its axis co9cid5t ) t ( ! burn] itself4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is obvi\s1 & has already 9 "p be5 indicat$4 ,! flame is ?us necess>ily b\nd$ on all sides by two conical conc5tric surfaces1 "o ext]nal & concave1 & ! o!r int]nal & convex1 bo? ( :i* receive a free curr5t ( air4 ,! flame is !re=e v ?9 9 e direction2 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ! mutual radiation ( its diff]5t p>ts on ea* o!r1 x is ?r\gh\t its entire surface ( m equal temp]ature ?an c ev] be atta9$ 9 ! ?ick solid wick or ! n>r[ flat "o4 ,! glass cyl9d] also increases ! =ce ( ! two curr5ts :i* pass outside & inside ( ! flame2 & ! union ( s _m fav\rable circum/ances produces a great] am\nt ( pure light ?an has yet be5 obta9$ by any o!r me?od4 ,! contraction ( ! glass *imney 7kn[n by ! te*nical "n ( ! %\ld]7 at a po9t a little above ! level ( ! wick1 t5ds to direct ! curr5t ( air inw>ds on ! flame1 !reby caus+ a m p]fect combu/ion & ! evolution ( m light4 #ch ,t ! =m ( a flame is necess>ily conoidal1 & t its height is det]m9$ by ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 its diamet] & ! cont9ually v>y+ velocities ( ! curr5ts ( gas & air1 may be easily %ewn2 & ! combu/ion ( ea* annul> film ( ! /ream ( gas f ! wick c take place only at a level det]m9$ by1 & cont9ually v>y+ )1 ! ratio ( ! velocities ( ! /reams ( gas & air4 ,i am unwill+ to (f] ?is explanation 9 my own words1 :5 ^? ( ,m4 ,peclet1 9 8 excell5t "w1 ,trait de l',eclairage1 are at h&1--8,let u conceive10 says he1 8a v ?9 film or lay] ( inflammable gas plac$ horizontally1 & :i* rises into ! air p>allel to itself1 ) a uni=m motion4 ,we %all suppose t x _c be burnt1 except at its circumf]5ce1 & t ! top & bottom ( ! film are1 by "s means1 pres]v$ f combu/ion 7!y are s pres]v$ 9 ord9>y flames1 by ! films :i* prec$e & foll[ !m74 ,if ! circumf]5ce is at a high en\gh temp]ature x w burn2 at ea* in/ant ! film or lay] ( air1 :i* has assi/$ ! combu/ion & also ! products ( t combu/ion1 be+ v hot1 w rise v rapidly1 & w make room = o!r lay]s or films ( air1 :i* w rise 9 _! turn2 & z ! diamet] ( ! film ( gas is cont9ually dim9i%+1 x is obvi\s t its combu/ion w (f] ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( circles cont9ually gr[+ small]1 & t]m9at+ at l5g? 9 a po9t4 ,if we trace 9 ?\ght ! s]ies ( circles :i* ! combu/ion has successively develop$1 we %all =m a cone ^: l5g? w dep5d on ! ratio ( ! velocities ( ! films ( gas & ( air :i* escape aft] combu/ion4 ,if1 = example1 ! velocity ( ! curr5t ( air 7 v great1 comp>$ to ! velocity ( ! cyl9d] ( gas1 ! entire combu/ion w\ld take place1 :ile ! film ( gas passes ov] a v small space2 & ! cone =m$ by ! succession ( lum9\s circles w\ld1 consequ5tly1 be v %ort4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !re 7 b a v small diff]5ce betwe5 ^! velocities1 ! lum9\s circles w\ld only appe> at consid]able int]vals f ea* o!r2 = ! air :i* _h s]v$ = combu/ion1 be+ unable to fe$ x long]1 ! surface ( ! cyl9d] c\ld n become lum9\s until ! diff]5ce ( velocity _h fre$ x f ! air :i* _h s]v$ = ! prec$+ combu/ion4 ,if1 !n1 we imag9e a set ( simil> films succe$+ ea* o!r1 ea* ( !m w\ld give rise to ! same s]ies ( col\r$ r+s2 & z !re w\ld be a film 9 ea* section ( ! cone 9 a /ate ( combu/ion at ! same in/ant ( "t1 ! cone w\ld1 ( c\rse1 appe> lum9\s ?r\gh\t its height40--,peclet1 ,trait de l',eclairage1 p4 #ea4 ,great z ! improvem5t ( ,,arg& und\bt$ly 01 ! value ( ! lamp alone z a means = ! illum9ation ( ligh?\ses mu/ be reg>d$ z comp>atively small4 ,! prim>y object ( a ligh?\se is to give e>ly notice to ! m>9] ( 8 approa* to ! coa/1 & x is !re=e necess>y t ! light be ( su* a k9d t x may be se5 at a great di/ance4 ,e "o is practically acqua9t$ ) ! fact t ! rays proce$ 9 all directions f a lum9\s body 9 /raight l9es2 & if we c\ld obta9 a ball equally lum9\s 9 e "p ( its surface1 x w\ld give an equal %>e ( light to e "p ( ! inn] surface ( a holl[ sph]e1 ^: c5tre co9cid$ ) ! c5tre ( ! ball4 ,aga91 if an opaque body 7 plac$ betwe5 ! lum9\s ball & ! holl[ sph]e1 ! "p opposite t body w\ld be depriv$ ( ! light by ! int]ception ( ! rays1 & no light w\ld em]ge f a hole bor$ 9 t "p ( ! surface ( ! holl[ sph]e4 ,! be>+ ( ^! facts is obvi\s2 & no "o c fail to p]ceive t 9 ! case ( a ligh?\se illum9at$ by a s+le unassi/$ burn]1 a seaman c\ld only receive ! b5efit ( t small portion ( light :i* em]ges f ! lamp 9 a l9e jo9+ 8 eye & ! c5tre ( ! flame4 ,! o!r rays w\ld be occupi$ p>tly 9 mak+ ! light visible 9 o!r p>ts ( ! horizon1 & b a v small portion ( !m w\ld be usefully employ$ = t purpose1 :ile all ! re/ w\ld be lo/ by escap+ upw>ds into ! sky1 or d[nw>ds bel[ ! plane 9 :i* seam5 c see a ligh?\se4 ,?is /ate ( matt]s w\ld be little improv$ by increas+ ! numb] ( burn]s1 z ! effective "p ( ! light w\ld only be augm5t$ by ! addition ( an equally trifl+ portion ( light f ea* burn]4 ,! small p5cils ( rays ?us meet+ at ! eye ( a di/ant obs]v]1 w\ld =m a v m9ute fraction ( ! :ole quantity ( light uselessly escap+ above & bel[ ! horizon1 & also at ! back ( ea* flame2 & ! wa/eful exp5diture ( light w\ld be enorm\s4 ,by su* a me?od no practically effici5t sea-light c\ld ev] be obta9$4 ,,catoptric#ci ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lights4 #ci ,f ! ,greek 1 a mirror2 a comp\nd ( 1 opposite to1 & 1 ,i see4 ,= ^? defects a simple rem$y is f\nd 9 ! well kn[n p[] possess$ by mo/ bodies1 ( reflect+ or ?r[+ back f !m ! light :i* falls ^u !m4 ,?is prop]ty is n possess$ by all reflect+ bodies 9 an equal degree1 "s absorb+ m & "s less ( ! incid5t light4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ attempts to apply ?is prop]ty z a corrective = ! direction ( ! rays f a ,ligh?\se1 w\ld be conf9$ to plac+ plane mirrors beh9d ea* lamp2 yet ?is w\ld prove b a p>tial rem$y1 z x w\ld /ill leave ! great] "p ( ! light to /ray above & bel[ ! prop] direction4 ,holl[ mirrors ( a sph]ical =m might next be tri$2 & if prop]ly plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! flame1 w\ld con/itute a v great improvem5t 9 ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,b ^? /eps 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t are m imag9>y ?an real2 & ,i am n aw>e ( any well au!nticat$ records ( su* gradual attempts hav+ prec$$ ! adoption ( ! "r mode ( apply+ reflection z a means ( rectify+ ! direction ( ! rays em]g+ f a ligh?\se4 ,!re is1 on ! contr>y1 di/9ct evid5ce t ! impulse giv5 by ,,arg&',s inv5tion1 l$ to an imm$iate adoption ( ! mo/ p]fect =m ( reflect+ in/rum5ts4 ,application ( ,p>abolodal ,mirrors into ,ligh?\ses4 ,! "n ( ! inv5tor ( p>abolodal mirrors & ! date ( _! fir/ application to ,ligh?\ses1 h n be5 accurately asc]ta9$4 ,! e>lie/ notice :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d1 is t by ,mr ,,william ,,hut*9son1 ! pi\s & intellig5t au?or ( a qu>to volume on 8,practical ,seaman%ip0 7publi%$ at ,liv]pool 9 #agia71 :o notices 7at p4 #ic7 ! erection ( ! f\r lights at ,bid/one & ,hoylake1 9 ! ye> #agfc1 & describes l>ge p>abolic m\lds1 fa%ion$ ( wood & l9$ ) mirror-glass1 & small] ones ( poli%$ t9-plate1 z 9 use 9 ^? ,ligh?\ses4 ,mr ,,hut*9son seems to h und]/ood ! nature1 prop]ties1 & defects ( ! in/rum5ts :i* he describes1 & has %ewn a good acqua9tance ) _m ( ! mo/ important circum/ances to be att5d$ to 9 ! illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses4 ,_m claims to inv5tions re/ on m sl5d] gr\nds ?an might be f\nd 9 ,mr ,,hut*9son',s book = conclud+ him to h fir/ inv5t$ ! p>abolodal mirror & appli$ x to use 9 a ,ligh?\se2#dj b1 9 ! abs5ce ( any /atem5t z to ! date :5 ! mirrors 7 really adopt$1 ! m]it ( ! improvem5t mu/1 9 ju/ice1 be aw>d$ to o!rs4 #dj ,mr ,,hut*9son seems also 78,practical ,seaman%ip10 p4 #aih7 to h tri$ speculum metal z a mat]ial = ,ligh?\se reflectors4 ,m4 ,,teul]e1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,corps ( ,eng9e]s ( ,bridges & ,roads 9 ,france1 is1 by "s1 consid]$ ! fir/ :o h9t$ at ! advantages ( p>abolodal reflectors2 & he is said1 9 a memoir dat$ ! #bf? ,june #aghc1 to h propos$ _! comb9ation ) ,arg& lamps1 rang$ on a revolv+ frame1 = ! ,corduan ,ligh?\se4 ,:atev] f\ndation !re may be = ! claim ( ,m4 ,,teul]e1 c]ta9 x is t ?is plan 0 actually c>ri$ into effect at ,corduan1 "u ! directions ( ! ,,*evali] ,,borda2 & to him is g5]ally aw>d$ ! m]it ( hav+ conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ p>abolodal mirrors to ligh?\ses4 ,^! 7 mo/ important /eps 9 ! improvem5t ( ligh?\ses1 z n only ! p[] ( ! lights 0 ?us greatly increas$1 b ! introduction ( a revolv+ frame prov$ a valuable s\rce ( diff]5ces 9 ! appe>ance ( lights1 &1 9 ?is way1 has s9ce be5 ! means ( greatly ext5d+ _! utility4 ,! exact date ( ! *ange on ! light ( ! ,corduan is n kn[n2 b z x 0 made by ,,l5oir1 ! same "y arti/ to :om ,,borda1 ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 entru/$ ! con/ruction ( 8 reflect+ circle1 x has be5 conjectur$ by "s t ! improvem5t ( ! light 0 made ab\t ! same "t4 ,! reflectors 7 =m$ ( %eet-copp]1 plat$ ) silv]1 & _h a d\ble ord9ate ( #ca ,fr5* in*es4 ,x 0 n long be=e ^! improvem5ts 7 adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 by ! ,tr9ity-,h\se ( ,london1 :o s5t a deputation to ,france to inquire into _! nature4 ,9 ,scotl&1 "o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d 9 #aghf1 0 to sub/itute reflectors 9 ! room ( ! coal-light !n 9 use at ! ,isle ( ,may 9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 :i*1 along ) ! light on ! ,cumbrae ,isle 9 ! ,fri? ( ,clyde1 _h1 till t p]iod1 be5 ! only beacons on ! ,scot* coa/4 ,! fir/ reflectors employ$ 9 ,scotl& 7 =m$ ( facets ( mirror glass1 plac$ 9 holl[ p>abolodal m\lds ( pla/]1 accord+ to ! designs ( ! late ,mr ,,?omas ,,smi?1 ! ,eng9e] ( ! ,bo>d1 :o 7z appe>s f ! article ,reflector1 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! ?ird edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica7 0 n aw>e ( :at _h be5 done 9 ,france1 & _h himself conceiv$ ! idea ( ?is comb9ation4 ,! same sy/em 0 also adopt$ 9 ,irel&2 & 9 "t1 v>i\sly modifi$1 x became g5]al :]ev] ligh?\ses are kn[n4 ,reflection4 ,to enable u to ent] on ! subject ( ! prop] =ms ( reflectors1 we mu/ glance v briefly at ! laws ( reflection4 ,^? laws are two 9 numb]4 #a/1 ,! ray :i* falls on a reflect+ surface1 call$ ! incid5t ray1 & ! ray :i* leaves ! reflector1 call$ ! reflect$ ray1 are always 9 "o plane1 :i* plane is p]p5dicul> to ! reflect+ surface4 #b;d1 ,! angle :i* ! reflect$ ray makes ) ! reflector is always equal to ! angle :i* ! incid5t ray makes ) x1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection4#da #da ,?is w be m readily und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ figure 7,no4 #bb71 9 :i* ,,cdef is ! reflect+ surface2 ,,ghoki ! plane ( reflection p]p5dicul> to t surface2 ,,bo a l9e p]p5dicul> or normal to ! surface ,,cdef2 & ,,ao ! incid5t ray4 ,!n if 9 ! plane ,,ghoki1 ! angle ,,boi be made equal to ,,aob1 ,,oa is ! reflect$ ray2 ,,bog is !n ! angle ( incid5ce2 & ,,boi ! angle ( reflection4 ,,goh & ,,iok1 :i* are ! complem5ts ( ^? angles1 are1 inde$1 m /rictly speak+1 ! angles ( incid5ce & reflection2 b 9 cases :]e ! reflect+ surface is curv$1 x is m conv5i5t to ref] ! angles to ! normal ,,bo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x w\ld lead to prolixity altoge!r sup]flu\s 9 ?is place1 to expla91 9 a rigor\s mann]1 ! effects produc$ by v>i\s reflect+ surfaces on ! direction ( ! rays incid5t on !m2 z any "o :o compreh5ds ! laws ( reflection j enum]at$1 may easily satisfy himself ( ! foll[+ tru?s3 #a/1 ,t a plane mirror makes no *ange on ! div]g5ce ( ! rays1 b m]ely causes !m to em]ge f its surface 9 ! same direction z if !y _h come f a po9t z mu* beh9d ! mirror z ! lum9\s body lies 9 front ( x4 #b;d1 ,a convex reflect+ surface increases div]g5ce1 & disp]ses ! rays 9 ! same mann] z if !y _h come directly f a po9t beh9d x1 ^: di/ance f ! mirror increases ) ! di/ance ( ! lum9\s body f its surface1 & dim9i%es ) ! degree ( convexity ( ! mirror4 #c;d1 ,a concave surface dim9i%es ! div]g5ce ( ! rays incid5t ^u x f a po9t betwe5 ! surface & its c5tre ( curvature2 ! di/ance ( ! po9t 9 :i* ! reflect$ rays conv]ge dim9i%+ z ! di/ance ( ! radiant po9t or ! concavity ( ! mirror is increas$4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t concave mirrors are ^? :i* are requir$ to produce a correction ( ! pa? ( ! rays1 s z to apply !m to mo/ advantage 9 a ligh?\se1 ! object to be atta9$ be+ t ( ?r[+ ! greate/ am\nt ( light t[>ds giv5 po9ts 9 ! horizon1 & collect+ ! div]g5t rays1 :i*1 z we h already se51 are scatt]$ above & bel[ x4 ,to simplify our view ( ?is matt]1 ,i %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 suppose t ! object to be atta9$ is to ?r[ ! :ole rays ( a s+le lamp1 ) an inf9itely small flame1 to a giv5 ma!matical po9t at a mod]ate di/ance2 &1 z ?is is a case :i* c h>dly occur 9 ! practice ( ,ligh?\se illum9ation1 ,i cont5t myself ) obs]v+ t ?is object may be atta9$ approximately by plac+ ! lamp 9 front ( a sph]ical mirror at any di/ance great] ?an half ! radius ( ! curve surface1 or accurately by plac+ x 9 "o focus ( an elliptical mirror2 9 all ^? cases ! rays w\ld meet 9 ! opposite1 or1 z !y are t]m$1 conjugate foci4 ,let u next suppose t our object is to illum9ate1 by means ( a ma!matical po9t ( light1 a small circul> space on ! horizon equal 9 diamet] to ! mirror employ$2 ?is object w be rigor\sly atta9$ only by plac+ ! light 9 ! focus ( a p>abolodal reflector4 ,! same object may be approximately atta9$ by plac+ ! light 9 a sph]ical mirror1 at a po9t half-way betwe5 ! c5tre ( curvature & ! surface ( ! mirror1 provid$ ! surface ( ! mirror %all subt5d only a small angle at ! c5tre ( curvature4 ,! p>abolodal mirror1 on ! contr>y1 has ! prop]ty ( conv]g+ to ! focus p>allel rays fall+ ^u e po9t ( its surface1 h[ev] ext5d$ x may be4 ,p>abolodal ,mirrors4 ,any "o practically acqua9t$ ) ?is subject1 mu/ at once p]ceive t ! p>abolodal mirror completely fulfils "o great object requir$ 9 a ligh?\se2 & to r5d] ?is m obvi\s to ! g5]al read]1 ,i %all1 = ! pres5t1 conf9e my rem>ks to ! case ( ^? ligh?\ses :i* exhibit to ! m>9] 9 e "p ( ! horizon1 p5cils ( light at c]ta9 int]vals ( "t1 sep>at$ by p]iods ( d>kness1 res]v+ ! consid]ation ( ,lights :i* are cont9ually 9 sight all r\nd ! horizon or ov] a giv5 portion ( x1 = a subsequ5t "p ( ^! ,notes4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i am aw>e t ,i may appe> to be dep>t+ f ! /rict ord] ( inve/igation1 by sudd5ly introduc+ ! idea ( motion2 b a little consid]ation w1 ,i ?9k1 satisfy ! read] t ?is is1 9 reality1 ! m conv5i5t mode ( treat+ ! subject4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t our object is to give occasional fla%es ( light1 sep>at$ by int]vals ( d>kness1 to seam5 9 v>i\s azimu?s & at v>i\s di/ances f a ligh?\se4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is may be mo/ effici5tly done by caus+ concave mirrors1 :i* collect ! rays f lamps plac$ 9 !m & !reby increase ! light 9 front ( ! mirror1 to revolve r\nd a v]tical axis ) a velocity suit$ to produce ! requir$ numb] ( fla%es 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! p>abolodal mirror is be/ adapt$ = produc+ ?is effect1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a/1 ,because x alone produces a rigor\s p>allelism ( all rays proce$+ f its focus1 & fall+ ^u any po9t ( its surface1 h[ev] di/ant ! po9t ( reflection f t focus1 or h[ev] f> 9 front ( x4 #b;d1 ,because x !re=e embraces 9 its action ! greate/ numb] ( ! :ole rays com+ f ! focus1 &1 ct]is p>ibus1 w produce ! /ronge/ light4 #c;d1 ,because ! !oretical object to be atta9$ is to make ^? fla%es equally p[]ful at any di/ance1 an effect :i* w\ld be rigor\sly fulfill$ by plac+ an inf9itely small flame 9 a p]fect p>abolodal mirror4 ,&1 #d?1 ,because1 al?\gh absolute equality ( lum9\sness at any di/ance is n atta9able1 &1 9 practice1 is inconsi/5t ) o!r conditions requir$ 9 a useful light1 we /ill1 by us+ ! p>abolic mirror1 make ! ne>e/ approa* to p>allelism ( ! reflect$ rays1 & consequ5tly obta9 ! /ronge/ light :i* is consi/5t ) a due reg>d to a c]ta9 duration ( ! fla% on ! eye ( a di/ant obs]v]1 :i* is measur$ by ! angle ( ! lum9\s cone project$ to ! horizon4 ,hav+ ?us s f> anticipat$ :at "s might ?9k w\ld m naturally h occurr$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ^! ,notes1 ,i return to a m detail$ consid]ation ( ! p>abola itself1 & its product1 ! p>abolodal mirror4 ,i cont5t myself1 h[ev]1 ) describ+ ! p>abola1 by t prop]ty :i* peculi>ly adapts x to ! purposes ( a ligh?\se4 ,! p>abola1 !n1 is a curve ( ! second ord]1 obta9$ by cutt+ a cone 9 a plane p>allel to "o side1 :i* possesses ?is rem>kable prop]ty1 t a l9e drawn f ! focus to any po9t 9 ! curve1 makes1 ) a tang5t at t po9t1 an angle equal to t :i* a l9e p>allel to ! axis ( ! curve makes ) t tang5t4#db #db ,see ?ird coroll>y to ,proposition ,,iii4 ( ,wallace's ,conic ,sections1 :i* %ews t a tang5t to ! p>abola makes equal angles ) ! diamet] :i* passes ?r\gh ! po9t ( contact & a /raight l9e drawn f t po9t to ! focus4 ,! curve may be trac$ 9 two diff]5t ways1 bo? dep5d5t on ! prop]ty1 t ! di/ance ( any po9t 9 ! p>abola f ! focus is equal to its di/ance f ! directrix4 ,to draw ! curve me*anically 7fig4 #bc71 let ,f be ! focus1 ,,mf ! focal di/ance 7*os5 at pleasure accord+ to rules :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds notice71 ,,kmx is ! axis1 & ,,ab ! directrix 7! dott$ l9e f ,f e1 b\nd$ by ! curve at ei!r end1 w\ld !n be ! p>amet] or latus rectum74 ,place ! edge ( ! /raight rul] ,,akhb along ! directrix2 & let ,,lhb be a squ>e rul] :i* may slide along ! fix$ rul] ,,akhb1 s t ! edge ,,hl may be con/antly p]p5dicul> to ,,ab1 or p>allel to ,,mx1 ! axis2 let ,,ldf be a /r+ equal 9 l5g? to ,,hl1 & hav+ "o end fix$ 9 ,f1 & ! o!r at ,l1 a po9t 9 ! slid+ squ>e4 ,!n if ! /r+ be /ret*$ by a p5cil ,d1 s z to keep ! "p ,,dl close to ! edge ( ! squ>e1 & if at ! same "t ! squ>e be g5tly pu%$ along ! l9e ,,ab1 ! po9t ,d w be =c$ to move along ! edge ,,lh ( ! squ>e1 & w trace out a curve :i* w be ! requir$ p>abola4 ,?is is obvi\s f ! consid]ation1 t ! /r+ ,,ldf be+ equal 9 l5g? to ,,lh1 & ,,ld be+ common to bo?1 ! rema9d] ,,df mu/ be equal to ! rema9d] ,,dh1 s t ! po9t :i* traces ! curve be+ equidi/ant f ! directrix & ! focus mu/1 9 t]ms ( ! above def9ition1 describe a p>abola4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ! second place1 ! same prop]ty1 z already /at$1 furni%es u ) ! means ( trac+ ! curve by f9d+ successive po9ts !re94 ,draw a l9e a b p]p5dicul> to ! axis ,,ox1 & ! position 9 ?is l9e1 ( a po9t p ?r\gh :i* ! curve passes1 is easily f\nd ?us3 ,describe f ,f ! focus z a c5tre ) a radius equal to ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ,o d ( ! l9e a b f ! directrix ,,ab1 a circle cutt+ ! l9e a b 9 two po9ts p & p2 !n bo? ^! po9ts are 9 ! curve4 ,by repeat+ ! same process1 any numb] ( po9ts 9 ! curve may be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,la/ly1 f ! equation to ! curve1 ! l5g? y ( any ord9ate may be comput$1 9 t]ms ( m its pr9cipal focal di/ance1 & x its abscissa1 by ! simple expression1-- y 7#d m x74 ,x is easy to see1 t if ?is curve revolve ab\t its axis1 x w g5]ate a p>abolic conoid1 :i* we may conceive to be concave or convex1 z we please4 ,if ! surface be concave1 we obta9 ! mirror ( :i* we are 9 se>*2 = e pr9cipal section1 or t pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( su* a mirror1 w necess>ily possess ! same prop]ties z t ( ! plane curve1 & w ea* h a focus meet+ 9 "o & ! same po9t2 ! union ( all ^! sections w !re=e =m a mirror capable ( reflect+1 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis & to ea* o!r1 all ! rays ( light :i* fall on its surface4 ,div]g5ce ( ,p>abolodal ,mirrors4 ,we h already se5 t a p]fect p>abolodal mirror1 ) a po9t ( light inf9itely small plac$ 9 ! focus1 w\ld project a beam equally int5se at any di/ance1 e transv]se section ( :i* w\ld be ( ! same sup]ficial ext5t4 ,9 practice1 ^! conditions c nev] be rigor\sly fulfill$4 ,no p]fect in/rum5t c come f ! h&s ( man1 & e mirror mu/ ( necessity possess _m defects4 ,to obta9 a true ma!matical po9t ( light is also impossible2 & = ! purposes ( a ligh?\se1 x w\ld be completely useless1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ simple consid]ations4 ,let u suppose t a true p>abolodal mirror1 hav+ a d\ble ord9ate or space ( two feet1 & illum9at$ by a po9t ( light1 projects a truly cyl9dric beam ( light to ! horizon1 & t x revolves horizontally r\nd a v]tical axis1 ) su* a velocity z to cause ! beam to pass ov] ! eye ( an obs]v] /ation$ at ! di/ance ( #ajj feet 9 "o second ( "t1 & we %all f9d t ano!r obs]v]1 at a di/ance ( #ae miles f ! mirror1 w\ld n see ! light at all1 al?\gh ( equal size1 because its velocity at t di/ance w\ld be s great z only to be pres5t to 8 eye = d ( a second1 a space ( "t f> too %ort to make a p]ceptible impression on ! eye ( a di/ant obs]v]4 ,?is is no m]e hypo!sis unsupport$ by facts2 = ,i %all h occasion1 9 ano!r "p ( ^! ,notes1 to describe c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 by :i* x 0 asc]ta9$ t a beam ( light em]g+ f a l5s1 & pass+ ov] ! eye ( an obs]v] at #ad miles di/ance1 9 a space ( "t equal to ? ( a second1 became altoge!r invisible at t di/ance4 ,= ?is evil1 happily a v simple & effici5t rem$y may be f\nd 9 :at may be said to con/itute a !oretical defect 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ,arg& burn] ) ! reflector4 ,! burn]1 in/ead ( be+ a ma!matical po9t1 has g5]ally a diamet] ( ab\t "o in*1 & a ray proce$+ f ! edge ( ! flame to any po9t on ! surface ( ! mirror1 makes ) ! l9e jo9+ t po9t & ! pr9cipal focus an angle :i*1 be+ repeat$ by reflection1 gives ! effective div]g5ce ( ea* side ( ! mirror at t po9t4#dc #dc ,?is is easily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ figure 7,no4 #be471 9 :i* ,,aob is a c5tral section ( a p>abolodal mirror4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,pf di/ance f ! focus ,f to a po9t 9 ! curve ,p1 & ,,pg a tang5t drawn f ,p to ! surface ( ! flame at ,g2 ,,fg radius ( ! wick or flame2 & ,,gpf ,g,,pf div]g5ce ( "o side ( mirror1 & consequ5tly #b ,,gpf ! :ole effective div]g5ce ( ! mirror at t cross section4 ,,gf ,n[ s9 ,,gpf -- ,,pf or ! s9e ( ! div]g5ce f ea* po9t ,radius ( flame4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,di/ance f focus to po9t ( reflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is quantity :i* v>ies inv]sely ) ! di/ance ( ! reflect+ surface f ! focus1 is greate/ at ! v]tex ( ! curve1 & lea/ at ! sides or edges ( ! p>abolod4 ,! mo/ useful "p ( ! light1 or t :i* conduces to ! /ronge/ "p ( ! fla% 9 a revolv+ light1 is t :i* is d]iv$ f ! cone ( rays :i* is b\nd$ by ! limits ( ?is m9imum div]g5ce2 = ! fa9t light :i* fir/ rea*es ! eye ( a di/ant obs]v]1 9 ! revolution ( a reflector1 is n t :i* is reflect$ by ! sides or edges1 z might at fir/ be suppos$1 b proce$s f ! c5tre4 ,! light1 9 fact1 gradually increases 9 p[] 9 proportion z additional rays ( reflect$ light are br\ght to be> on ! obs]v]'s eye1 until1 la/ ( all1 ! extreme edge ( ! mirror adds its effect4 ,! light cont9ues 9 its be/ /ate until ! opposite limit ( m9imum div]g5ce has be5 rea*$1 :5 x beg9s gradually to decl9e1 rec$+ f ! m>g9 ( ! mirror t[>ds ! c5tre1 &1 hav+ at l5g? rea*$ ! limit ( its maximum div]g5ce1 x f9ally disappe>s at ! c5tre4 ,! increase & decl9e ( ! p[] ( a mirror 9 ! c\rse ( its movem5t r\nd ! circle ( ! lant]n1 z se5 by a di/ant obs]v]1 w1 !re=e1 9 all its diff]5t /ates1 be measur$ by ! areas ( a s]ies ( circles describ$ f its focus1 ) radii equal to ! di/ance ( ! focus f ! po9t ( ! mirror :i* reflects to ! obs]v]'s eye ! extreme ray :i* c rea* him 9 any giv5 position ( ! mirror4 ,?is w be m easily und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #bf1 9 :i* e a e is ! pr9cipal section ( a p>abolodal mirror1 ,f its focus1 ,,fa its axis1 & ,,fk ! radius ( ! flame4 ,if ! reflector revolve r\nd a v]tical axis at ,o1 an obs]v] plac$ 9 front ( x 7at a di/ance s great t ! subt5se ( ! mirror's wid? w\ld be small en\gh to all[ u safely to consid] ! l9es drawn f e & e to 8 eye z p>allel71 w\ld receive ! fir/ ray ( light 9 ! direction a ,d1 z reflect$ at a1 f a s+le po9t on ! edge ( ! flame 7:]e a tang5t to ! flame w\ld pass ?r\gh a72 & conv]sely he w\ld lose ! la/ ray at ,d1 z reflect$ at a1 f a s+le po9t on ! opposite m>g9 ( ! flame2 & h5ce1 z above1 ! greate/ div]g5ce is measur$ by ! angle :i* ! flame subt5ds at ! v]tex a ( ! mirror1 be+ ! sum ( ! angles & 4 ,we %all next suppose ! mirror to move a little1 s t ! obs]v] may receive at ,g a ray ( light f "s o!r po9t 9 ! flame :i* is reflect$ at b2 :ile ano!r ray f an opposite po9t reflect$ at b w\ld be se5 9 ! p>allel direction b ,g1 ?us indicat+ ! b\nd>y ( a circul> portion ( ! mirror b a b1 ! :ole ( :i* w\ld reflect light to ! di/ant obs]v]'s eye4 ,aga91 let u suppose a ray to come f ano!r "p ( ! flame1 & be reflect$ at ! mirror's edge e into ! direction e ,h1 & ano!r f ! opposite side ( ! flame to be reflect$ at its opposite edge e1 into ! direction e ,g1 & we obta9 ! full effect ( ! :ole reflect+ surface1 :i* w cont9ue unabat$ until ! mirror 9 ! c\rse ( its revolution %all reflect at e to ! obs]v]'s eye1 a ray f a po9t 9 ! m>g9 ( ! flame 7?r\gh :i* a tang5t drawn f e to ! flame w\ld pass7 9 su* a direction1 t ! angle :i* x makes ) ! axis ( ! mirror is equal to t subt5d$ by ! radius ( ! flame at ! di/ance ,f e or ,f e4 ,aft] ?is ! light w\ld rec$e f ! edges ( ! mirror 9 ! same gradual mann]1 until x %\ld vani% 9 ! direction a ,d1 :i* is ! opposite limit ( ! extreme div]g5ce ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! above explanation1 ,i h conf9$ myself simply to ! effects ( ! out] r+ ( ! flame1 :i* is ! s\rce ( div]g5ce2 b ,i ne$ n rem9d ! read] t e portion ( ! flame radiates light1 :i*1 be+ reflect$1 conduces to ! effect4 ,"s rays also are pass+ f ! opposite sides ( ! flame ?r\gh ! true focus1 s z to be normally reflect$ 9 l9es p>allel to its axis4 ,! solid l9es 9 ! diagram %ew ! !oretical reflection ( rays proce$+ f ,f to b1 b1 e1 e1 :]e !y are div]t$ into ! directions b ,b1 b ,b1 e ,e1 & e ,e2 & by contra/ ) ! dott$ l9es1 s]ve to r5d] m p]ceptible ! pa? ( ! div]g5t rays :i* come f ! edge ( ! flame4 ,! ,greek lett]s indicate ! angles ( div]g5ce1 & po9t out _! relations to ea* o!r on ei!r side ( ! mirror4 ,! arcs ( greate/ & lea/ div]g5ce are m>k$ 9 ! diagram4 ,?is subject w be f\nd treat$ less directly1 b1 c]ta9ly1 m concisely & neatly1 by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,,b>l[1 9 a pap] on ! ,illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses 9 ! ,london ,transactions = #ahcg1 p4 #bah4 ,x is /ill m obvi\s t a p]fect p>abolodal figure1 & a lum9\s po9t ma!matically true1 w\ld r5d] ! illum9ation ( ! :ole horizon by means ( a fix$ light impossible2 & x is only f ! div]g5ce caus$ by ! size ( ! flame :i* is sub/itut$ = ! po9t1 t we are enabl$ to r5d] ev5 revolv+ lights practically useful4 ,b = ?is ab]ration1 ! sl[e/ revolution 9 a revolv+ light w\ld be inconsi/5t ) a cont9u$ obs]vable s]ies1 su* z ! practical seam5 c\ld foll[1 & w\ld1 z we h se51 r5d] ! fla%es ( a revolv+ light too transi5t = any useful purpose2 :il/ fix$ lights1 be+ visible 9 ! azimu?s only 9 :i* ! mirrors are plac$1 w\ld1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! di/ant horizon1 be altoge!r invisible4 ,! size ( ! flame1 !re=e1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! focus ( a p>abolodal mirror1 :5 tak5 9 connexion ) ! =m ( ! mirror itself1 leads to ^? important modifications 9 ! pa?s ( ! rays & ! =m ( ! resultant beam ( light1 :i* h r5d]$ ! catoptric sy/em ( lights s great a b5efit to ! b5ight$ seam54 ,9 ord] to obta9 a mirror capable ( produc+ a giv5 div]g5ce ( ! reflect$ beam1 !re=e1 we mu/ proportion its focal di/ance to ! diamet] ( ! flame 9 su* a mann]1 t ! s9e ( "o-half ( ! :ole effective div]g5ce ( ! mirror1 may be equal to ! quoti5t ( ! radius ( ! flame1 divid$ by ! di/ance ( a giv5 po9t on ! surface ( ! mirror f ! focus4 ,! be/ proportions = p>abolodal mirrors dep5d on ! objects :i* !y are meant to atta94 ,^? :i* are int5d$ to give great div]g5ce to ! resultant beams1 z 9 fix$ lights1 capable ( illum9at+ ! :ole horizon at "o "t1 %\ld h a %ort focal di/ance2 :ile ^? mirrors :i* are design$ to produce a ne>] approa* to p>allelism 7z 9 ! case ( revolv+ lights :i* illum9ate b a few degrees ( ! horizon at any "o in/ant ( "t71 w h ! opposite =m4 ,^? two objects may1 no d\bt1 be atta9$ ) ! same mirror1 by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! size ( ! burn]2 b t is by no means desirable1 z any *ange on ! size ( a burn]1 :i* is f\nd to be ! be/ 9 o!r respects1 mu/ be consid]$ z to "s ext5t disadvantage\s4 ,:at ,i h /at$ above z to ! use ( mirrors ) a %ort focal di/ance = lights ( great div]g5ce1 proce$s on ! assumption1 t ! p5umbral portion ( ! light on ea* side ( ! /ronge/ beam 7:i* is conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! lea/ div]g5ce1 due to t portion ( ! mirror :]e ! focal di/ance is ! greate/7 is to be press$ into s]vice 9 ! illum9ation ( ! horizon2 & x is ! *ief inconv5i5ce :i* att5ds ! application ( p>abolodal mirrors to fix$ lights1 t because x is impracticable to apply a numb] ( mirrors suffici5t to light ! :ole horizon ) an equally /rong light1 spaces occur on ei!r side ( ea* reflector 9 :i* ! m>9] has a light s5sibly inf]ior to t :i* illum9ates ! sector ne> ! axis ( ea* mirror4 ,?is w be be/ expla9$ by /at+ ! num]ical results ( ! computations ( ! div]g5ce ( ! mirrors us$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,lights = ?is purpose1 bo? at ! v]tex & ! sides4 ,9 a mirror ^: focal di/ance is #d in*es1 & its greate/ d\ble ord9ate #ba in*es1 illum9at$ by a flame #a in* 9 diamet]1 we f9d by computation1 t ! greate/ div]g5ce is #ad #bb1 & t ! /ronge/ arc ( light is only #e #af2 a diff]5ce s great1 t :ile ! "o may admit ( ! horizon be+ imp]fectly illum9at$ by means ( #bf reflectors1 ! sup]ior light :i* w\ld result f conf9+ ! duty ( ea* in/rum5t )9 ! range ( its be/ effect1 c\ld only be obta9$ by ! use ( #fh reflectors1 & ! exp5diture ( a proportionately great quantity ( oil1 n to speak ( ! great practical difficulty :i* w\ld att5d ! arrangem5t ( s _m lamps 9 a lant]n ( mod]ate size4 ,9 revolv+ lights1 ! mirrors are n1 z 9 fix$ lights1 inconv5i5tly tax$ = horizontal div]g5ce1 because ea* portion ( ! div]g5t beam visits successively ea* po9t ( ! horizon4 ,9 ?is view ( ! m]its ( fix$ & revolv+ lights1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to recomm5d1 9 any new organisation ( lights ) p>abolic reflectors1 ! adoption1 9 fix$ lights1 ( reflectors ) a %ort focal di/ance & small span1 s z to admit ( _m be+ rang$ ar\nd ! frame2 :ile 9 revolv+ lights1 x w\ld be my aim to approa* ! l>ge/ size ( reflector t c\ld be made1 s z if possible to illum9ate ea* face ( ! revolv+ frame by means ( a l>ge lamp 9 a s+le mirror1 ) a great focal di/ance1 !reby dim9i%+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! div]g5ce ( ! p[]ful cone ( rays reflect$ f ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! mirror & t ( ! feebl] & m diffuse light f its apex4 ,effect ( ,p>abolodal mirrors4 ,! maximum lum9\s effect ( ! reflectors ord9>ily employ$ 9 fix$ lights1 z det]m9$ by obs]vation1 is g5]ally equal to ab\t #cej times ! effect ( ! unassi/$ flame :i* is plac$ 9 ! focus2 :ile = ^? employ$ 9 revolv+ lights1 :i* are ( l>g] size1 x is valu$ at #dej4 ,?is e/imate1 h[ev]1 is /rictly applicable only at ! di/ances at :i* ! obs]vations h be5 made1 z ! proportional value ( ! reflect$ beam mu/ necess>ily v>y ) ! di/ance ( ! obs]v]1 agreeably to "s law dep5d5t ^u ! unequal di/ribution ( ! light 9 ! illum9\s cone :i* proce$s f x4 ,! effect also v>ies v mu* 9 p>ticul> in/rum5ts4 ,! ord9>y burn]s us$ 9 ligh?\ses are "o in* 9 diamet]1 & ! focal di/ance g5]ally adopt$ is #d in*es1 s t ! extreme div]g5ce ( ! mirror 9 ! horizontal plane may be e/imat$ at ab\t #ad #bb2 :ile ! div]g5ce ( ! mo/ lum9\s cone is #e #af = ! small reflectors1 & #d #be = ! l>g] size4 ,9 arrang+ reflectors on ! frame ( a fix$ light1 h[ev]1 x is advisable to calculate ^u a less am\nt ( effective div]g5ce1 = beyond #aa ! light is v feeble2 b ! difficulty ( plac+ _m mirrors on "o frame1 & ! great exp5se ( oil requir$ = s _m lamps1 h g5]ally l$ to ! adoption ( ! fir/ valuation ( ! effective div]g5ce4 ,p[] ( ,p>abolodal ,mirrors4 ,! measure ( ! illum9at+ p[] ( a p>abolodal mirror may be e/imat$ z ! quoti5t ( ! ,,surface ( ! circle :i* cuts x 9 ! plane ( its greate/ d\ble ord9ate1 divid$ by ! surface ( ! l>ge/ v]tical section ( ! flame1 & dim9i%$ by ! loss ( light 9 ! process ( reflection4 ,?is e/imate w be f\nd ne> en\gh = all practical purposes2 b x is obvi\sly inaccurate1 inasmu* z x ov]looks ! circum/ance ( ! focal di/ance ( ea* portion ( ! mirror be+ diff]5t1 & ! consequ5t increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! v>i\s trajectories at ea* po9t ( ! surface z y rec$e f ! axis2 & ! only correct rule1 !re=e1 is1 to f9d an imag9>y focal di/ance :i* mu/ be ! radius ( a sph]ical segm5t :i* %all answ] ! d\ble condition ( hav+ its surface equal to t ( ! greate/ cross section ( ! mirror1 & ( includ+1 at ! same "t1 a numb] ( degrees equal to ^? :i* are br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! reflect+ action ( ! p>abolod4 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 z ,i h already h9t$1 is n ( great practical importance2 & ,i %all n !re=e dilate on x f>!r1 b cont5t myself ) say+1 t su* a l9e w be f\nd to be a mean proportional betwe5 ! greate/ & lea/ focal di/ances ( ! mirror4#dd ,! l>ge mirrors us$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,lights h ab\t ?s ( ! :ole light ( ! lamp incid5t on _! surface2 ! re/ escapes 9 ! comp>atively useless /ate ( naturally radiat+ light4 #dd ,?is subject is treat$ 9 detail 9 ,m4 ,,b>l[',s ,pap] already notic$4 7,london ,transactions = #ahcg1 p4 #bab47 ,manufacture ( ,reflectors4 ,! reflectors us$ 9 ! be/ ligh?\ses1 are made ( %eet-copp] plat$ 9 ! proportion ( six ounces ( silv] to sixte5 ounces ( copp]4 ,!y are m\ld$ to ! p>abolodal =m1 by a delicate & labori\s process ( beat+ ) mallets & hamm]s ( v>i\s =ms & mat]ials1 & are frequ5tly te/$ dur+ ! op]ation by ! application ( a m\ld c>efully =m$4 ,aft] be+ br\ght to ! curve1 !y are /iff5$ r\nd ! edge by means ( a /rong bizzle1 & a /rap ( brass :i* is atta*$ to x = ! purpose ( prev5t+ any accid5tal alt]ation ( ! figure ( ! reflector4 ,poli%+ p[d]s are !n appli$1 & ! in/rum5t receives its la/ f9i%4 ,! details ( ?is manufacture are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,te/+ ( ,mirrors4 ,two gauges ( brass are employ$ to te/ ! =m ( ! reflector4 ,"o is = ! back1 & is us$ by ! workm5 dur+ ! process ( hamm]+1 & ! o!r is appli$ to ! concave face z a te/1 :ile ! mirror is receiv+ its f9al poli%4 ,x is !n te/$1 by try+ a burn] 9 ! focus1 & measur+ ! int5sity ( ! light at v>i\s po9ts ( ! reflect$ conical beam4 ,ano!r te/ may also be appli$ successively to v>i\s po9ts 9 ! surface1 by mask+ ! re/ ( ! mirror2 b z x proce$s ^u ! assumption t ! surface ( ! reflector is p]fect1 & t we c measure accurately ! di/ance f a radiant co9cid5t ) ! focus to ! po9t ( ! mirror to be tri$1 x is 9 practice almo/ useless4 ,= su* a trial we mu/ place a scre5 9 ! l9e ( ! axis ( ! mirror at "s giv5 di/ance f x1 & asc]ta9 :e!r ! image ( a v small object plac$ 9 ! conjugate focus1 :i* is due to ! di/ance ( ! scre5 9 front ( ! focus1 be reflect$ to any po9t consid]ably di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! scre5 ?r\gh :i* ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! mirror %\ld pass4 ,we ?us obta9 a measure ( ! error ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 we mu/ f9d ! position ( ! conjugate focus1 :i* corresponds to ! di/ance ( ! scre54 ,if b be ! di/ance to :i* ! object %\ld be remov$ outw>ds f ! pr9cipal focus ( ! mirror1 d ! di/ance f ! focus to ! scre51 & r ! di/ance f ! focus to t po9t ( ! mirror :i* is to be te/$1 we %all h r b ---- d z ! di/ance to :i* ! object mu/ be remov$ outw>ds f ! true focus on ! l9e ( ! axis4#de #de ,! tru? ( ?is equation may be easily asc]ta9$ z foll[s 7,see fig4 #bg73--,let ,,ap be ! mirror1 ,f its pr9cipal focus1 & ,,ph ! l9e ( reflection ( ! ray ,,fp2 !n an object at ,i w be reflect$ at ,p to ! conjugate focus ,o1 :]e ! scre5 is suppos$ to be plac$4 ,b by con/ruction1 ,,fpi ,,hpo ,,p(1 & ! angle at ,f be+ common1 ! triangle ,,fpi is simil> to ,,fpo1 & h5ce ,,fo ,,pf ,,pf ,,fi1 & ,,pf ,,fi ---2 ,,fo & sub/itut+ ! lett]s 9 ! text1 we get d r r b1 & r b ----4 d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,arg& ,lamps us$ 9 ,reflectors4 ,! flame g5]ally us$ 9 reflectors1 is f an ,arg& f\nta9-lamp1 ^: wick is an in* 9 diamet]4 ,mu* c>e is be/[$ ^u ! manufacture ( ! lamps = ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 :i* sometimes h _! burn]s tipp$ ) silv] to prev5t wa/+ by ! great heat :i* is evolv$4 ,! burn]s are also fitt$ ) a slid+ app>atus1 accurately =m$1 by :i* !y may be remov$ f ! int]ior ( ! mirror at ! "t ( clean+ !m1 & return$ exactly to ! same place1 & lock$ by means ( a key4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* is %ewn 9 figs4 #bh1 #bi1 & #cj1 is v important1 z x insures ! burn] always be+ 9 ! focus1 & does n require t ! reflector be lift$ out ( its place e "t x is clean$2 s t1 :5 once c>efully set & screw$ d[n to ! frame1 x is nev] alt]$4 ,9 ^! figs4 a a a repres5ts "o ( ! reflectors1 b is ! burn]1 & c a cyl9dric f\nta91 :i* conta9s #bd ounces ( oil4 ,! oil-pipe1 ! f\nta9 c = supply+ oil1 & ! burn] b1 are connect$ ) ! rectangul> frame d1 :i* is moveable 9 a v]tical direction ^u ! guide-rods e & f1 by :i* x c be let d[n1 s t ! burn] may be l[]$ out ( ! reflector1 by simply turn+ ! h&le g 7z w be m fully und]/ood by exam9+ figs4 #bh & #bi71 :i* has ! effect ( =c+ a ?read 7l t ( a screw7 on ! outside ( ! guide into a groove 9 ! frame1 or )draw+ x1 & ?us all[s x to slide d[n or locks x at pleasure4 ,an ap]ture ( an elliptical =m1 measur+ ab\t two in*es by ?ree1 is cut 9 ! upp] & l[] "p ( ! reflector1 ! l[] s]v+ = ! free egress & +ress ( ! burn]1 & ! upp]1 to :i* ! copp] tube h is atta*$1 s]v+ = v5tilation2 i %ews a cross section & a back view ( ! ma9 b> ( ! *&eli] or frame on :i* ! reflectors are rang$1 ea* be+ made to re/ on knobs ( brass1 "o ( :i*1 z se5 at k k1 is sold]$ to ! brass b& l1 t clasps ! ext]ior ( ! reflector4 ,fig4 #bh is a section ( ! reflector a a1 %ew+ ! position ( ! burn] b1 ) ! glass *imney b1 & oil-cup l1 :i* receives any oil t may drop f ! lamp4 ,fig4 #cj %ews ! app>atus = mov+ ! lamp up & d[n1 s z to remove x f ! reflector at ! "t ( clean+ x4 ,9 ! diagram 7fig4 #cj7 ! f\nta9 c is mov$ p>tly d[n2 d d %ews ! rectangul> frame on :i* ! burn] is m\nt$1 e e ! elongat$ socket-guides ?r\gh :i* ! guide-rods slide1 & f ! guide-rod1 connect$ ) ! p]=at$ sockets on :i* ! *eck+-h&le g slides4 ,! oil-cup l 7cov]$ ) a lid & wick-hold]1 z %ewn 9 fig4 #ca7 also s]ves z a fro/-lamp dur+ ! long nights ( w9t]1 :5 ! oil is apt to turn ?ick4 ,x is atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( ! oil-tube by ! arm h2 & is light$ ab\t an h\r be=e sunset1 s z to prep>e ! reflector lamp = light+ at ! prop] "t4 ,! communication betwe5 ! burn] & ! f\nta9 is easily op5$ or %ut 9 ! burn]s us$ 9 ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses1 by simply giv+ ! f\nta9 a turn ( "o quadrant ( ! horizon r\nd its own v]tical axis by means ( ! r\nd knob at its top1 & !reby mov+ a simple slide-valve1 :i* %uts (f ! communication betwe5 ! f\nta9-tube & lamp-tube4 ,by ?is mode1 ! oil is cut (f ab\t fifte5 m9utes be=e ext+ui%+ ! lights1 s t :5 t is done1 ! burn] is q free ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,arrangem5ts = ,rais+ or l[]+ ! ,arg& ,wick4 ,x w\ld ne$lessly occupy mu* "t & space to describe ! v>i\s means 7_m ( !m suffici5tly clumsy7 :i* h be5 employ$1 & 9 _m places are /ill 9 use1 = rais+ & depress+ ! wick2 x w be en\gh to say1 t !y all involve "s application ( ! rack & p9ion4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 only describe ! me?od 7inv5t$1 x is believ$1 by ,m4 ,,v]zy7 :i* is adopt$ 9 all ! ,ligh?\ses 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights4 ,! arrangem5t is z foll[s 7see figs4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf73--,! inn] tube t ( ! burn] is enclos$ by a /rong tube s1 :i* fits to x tightly1 s z n to be easily mov$4 ,?is /rong tube has a spiral groove cut on its out] or convex surface4 ,! wick-hold] has two small pegs project+ f x1 ! "o on ! inside 7n se571 & ! o!r on ! outside at a 7fig4 #cc74 ,t on ! inside works 9 ! spiral groove ( ! tube ,s 7figs4 #cb & #cc71 already describ$ z embrac+ ! inn] tube t2 & all t is requir$ = rais+ ! wick is to make ! wick-hold] turn r\nd on its v]tical axis4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( ! small ext]nal peg a ( ! wick-hold] 7fig4 #cc71 :i* moves 9 a v]tical slit a 7figs4 #cb & #cd71 cut 9 a tube /&+ 9 ! burn]1 & conc5tric ) x1 & :i* also moves freely r\nd its axis4 ,small knobs n n 7figs4 #cb1 #cd1 & #cf71 at ! top ( ?is tube1 fit into a not* 9 ! upp] r+ ( ! gall]y1 :i* supports ! glass *imney4 ,by turn+ ?is gall]y g 7see figs4 #cc & #cf71 !re=e1 motion is giv5 to ! tube1 ) its knobs n n1 ^: v]tical slit a 7:ile x holds ! ext]nal peg ( ! wick-hold]1 & also turns x r\nd along ) x7 p]mits t peg a to slide upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 & ?us ! wick-hold] rises or falls1 accord+ z its own int]nal peg moves up or d[n ! spiral groove 9 ! tube ,s4 ,9 fig4 #cb1 ,c %ews ! glass *imney re/+ on ! gall]y g g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fl[+ ( ! ,lamp4 ,an important po9t 9 ! economy ( ! ,arg& lamp1 is ! level at :i* ! outlet = ! oil1 9 its passage f ! f\nta9 to ! burn]1 %\ld be cut4 ,! cutt+ ( ?is hole 7g5]ally call$ ! fl[-hole7 9 ! pipe is t]m$ ! fl[+ ( ! lamp1 & is commonly done by successive trials1 until ! oil /&s at ! prop] level ( ! burn]1 be=e ! wick is put 94 ,a m ready & accurate me?od ( accompli%+ ?is object & at once det]m9+ ! level at :i* ! fl[-hole %\ld be cut1 0 introduc$ by ,mr ,,james ,,murdo*1 ! ,=eman ( ,lightroom ,repairs to ! ,scot* ,bo>d1 & is g5]ally employ$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,its nature w be readily und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagram1 ,no4 #cg3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! hat*$ surface repres5ts a metallic rul]1 ) a _s-level at ,l2 ,c is ! cup 9 :i* ! bottom ( ! f\nta9 f 7%ewn 9 dott$ l9es7 re/s4 ,:5 ! f\nta9 is remov$1 & ! rul] re/s on ! edge ( ! cup ,c1 ! screw at ,a is us$ to adju/ ! level at ,l2 & a gauge ,,gg is all[$ to fall until a not* 9 x at x re/s on ! out] tube ( ! burn] ,f2 ! p9*+-screw ,b reta9s ?is rul] 9 its place1 & ! po9t x indicates ! level at :i* ! oil %\ld /& 9 ! burn]4 ,! level l9e x x indicates ! level on :i* ! top ( ! fl[-hole ,h %\ld be cut 9 ! f\nta9-tube1 :i* is %ewn 9 dott$ l9es )9 ! out] tube1 or body ( ! lamp4 ,9 o!r words1 y x measures ! level at :i* ! oil %\ld /& 9 ! burn] bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! metallic rul]1 :ile ! correspond+ l9e y x1 at ! opposite end1 %ews ! level ( ! top ( ! fl[-hole ,h1 bel[ ! edge ( ! cup ,c4 ,! gauge ,,gg appli$ to t po9t ( ! f\nta9 :i* co9cides ) ! edge ( ! cup 7s t y co9cides ) y7 measures ! l5g? yx y x2 & a set-squ>e appli$ at x gives ! position ( ,h on ! f\nta9-tube4 ,! r\nd dot at a %ews ! position ( ! air-hole 9 ! body ( ! lamp1 :i* e/abli%es a connection betwe5 ! ext]nal air & ! surface ( ! oil4 ,! rods ,,ss %ew ! slid+ ge> 7describ$ z d & f1 page #bba71 & are only introduc$ to id5tify ?is diagram ) ^? ( ! f\nta9 & burn] :i* h prec$$ x4 ,! mo/ advantage\s level ( ! fl[-hole dep5ds on _m circum/ances too obscure & complicat$ to admit ( any sy/ematic elucidation2 & x is en\gh = all practical purposes1 to "k t ! capill>y p[]s ( ! wick1 & ! great] or less viscidity ( ! oil1 are ! *ief circum/ances :i* det]m9e t level4 ,actual exp]i5ce is ! only sure guide to ! be/ practice 9 ?is respect2 & ,i !re=e cont5t myself ) /at+1 t x is g5]ally f\nd t ! sp]m oil %\ld /& 9 ! empty burn] at ab\t in* bel[ its top4 ,= colza oil in* is suffici5t4 ,9 summ]1 ow+ to ! oil be+ m fluid1 !re is sometimes a t5d5cy to ov]fl[ ! burn]2 b any inconv5i5ce aris+ f x is avoid$ by ! plan adopt$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,lights1 ( %utt+ (f ! oil 7by means ( ! app>atus already allud$ to on p4 #bbb7 ab\t fifte5 m9utes be=e ext+ui%+ ! lights 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! arrangem5t = cutt+ (f ! oil is v simple1 z w be se5 f ! annex$ diagram 7fig4 #ch71 9 :i* ,f is ! f\nta91 ,t ! oil-tube lead+ to ! burn]1 & ,v ! fl[-hole1 ) its slid+ valve4 ,by turn+ ! h&le ,h "o quadrant ( ! circle1 ! :ole f\nta9 ,f & tube ,t turn r\nd _! v]tical axis1 :ile ! valve ,v1 :i* re/s 9 a not* 9 ! cup ( ! lamp1 rema9s /ill1 & slid+ ov] ,t1 op5s ! fl[-hole4 ,s is ! screw-plug :i* reta9s ! oil 9 ! f\nta91 & :i* is unscrew$ & remov$ :5 ! f\nta9 is to be fill$4 ,plac+ ! ,lamp 9 ! ,focus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,9 ! reflect+ app>atus ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 ! focal position ( ! lamp is n1 z we h already se51 liable to d]angem5t1 by ! removal ( ! burn] = ! purpose ( clean+1 z ! slid+ ge> describ$ at p4 #bba insures ! return ( ! lamp to its true place4 ,! burn] is orig9ally set by means ( a gauge1 :i* t\*es f\r po9ts ( ! mirror's surface 7"o ( !m be+ its v]tex1 & ! o!r ?ree 9 ! v]tical plane ( its greate/ d\ble ord9ate74 ,?is gauge be+ provid$ ) a %ort tube or coll> prop]ly plac$ = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! burn]1 at once v]ifies its true position1 bo? v]tical & horizontal4 ,! diagrams #ci & #dj %ew ! nature ( ! app>atus = adju/+ ! burn]s1 ! "o be+ a plan & ! o!r a section4 ,! f\r po9ts :i* t\* ! curve are "o g at ! v]tex1 two 9 ! same horizontal plane ) ! focus1 & ne> ! edge ( ! mirror at ,,pp1 & ! f\r?1 also ne> ! edge1 & 9 ! same v]tical plane ) ! focus4 ,f is ! focus4 ,! horizontal arms are graduat$1 & fitt$ ) slid+ pieces & clamp+ screws at ,r1 s z to admit ( be+ v>i$ ) ! wid? ( ! mirror2 b ea* gauge applies only to curves ( ! same focal di/ance2 ! di/ance ,f g be+ fix$4 ,! gauge1 :5 appli$ to ! mirror1 is prop]ly secur$ by ! screws at ,r1 ,r1 & ,r2 & ! burn] :i* is atta*$ to ! oil-tube 9 a tempor>y mann] at ,a1 is rais$ into ! int]ior ( ! mirror4 ,if ! tube ( ! burn] asc5ds into ! circul> tube at ,f until 7:5 fix$ by ! *eck+ h&le already notic$ at p4 #bba7 its upp] edge j t\*es a n>r[ projection inside ! tube ,f 7s plac$ t ! rim ( ! burn] %\ld j t\* x :5 x is on ! level requir$ = putt+ ! brighte/ "p ( ! flame 9 ! focus71 !n ! burn] is 9 ! prop] position2 b if1 on ! "o h&1 ! axis ( ! burn] /&s beyond ,f1 at "s po9t betwe5 x & ,n 7:i* lies 9 ! plane ( ! mirror's edge71 ! b5t tube ,o f ! f\nta9 mu/ be %ort5$ at ,a2 & if x rise too high1 t tube mu/ be b5t d[n 7& vice v]sa71 until1 by successive trials1 x %all exactly fit into ! tube ,f1 & /& at ! prop] level4 ,a skilful workman soon comes to guess ^? quantities v accurately2 &1 almo/ at ! fir/ trial1 curtails ! tube to ! prop] l5g?1 & b5ds x to ! suitable level4 ,all t is ne$ful is to proce$ cauti\sly1 s z n to cut ! tube too %ort1 = ?is leads to "s tr\ble4 ,di/9ctions ( ,catoptric ,lights4 ,! great advantage d]iv$ by seam5 f ! e/abli%m5t ( lights on a coa/1 soon makes ! calls = additional lights s frequ5t1 t _! v numb] itself produces a new evil1 9 ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! lights f ea* o!r4 ,z ! object ( a light is to make kn[n to ! b5ight$ m>9] ! l& he has made1 ) z mu* c]ta9ty z ! sight ( a hill or t[] w\ld %ew him 8 position dur+ ! day1 x becomes an object ( ! fir/ importance to impress ^u ea* light a di/9ctive "*1 :i* %all effectually prev5t ! possibility ( its be+ mi/ak5 = any o!r4 ,catoptric lights are susceptible ( n9e sep>ate di/9ctions1 :i* are call$ fix$1 revolv+ :ite1 revolv+ r$ & :ite1 revolv+ r$ ) two :ites1 revolv+ :ite ) two r$s1 fla%+1 int]mitt5t1 d\ble fix$ lights1 & d\ble revolv+ :ite lights4 ,! fir/ exhibits a /eady & uni=m appe>ance1 :i* is n subject to any *ange2 & ! reflectors us$ = x 7z already notic$7 are ( small] dim5sions ?an ^? employ$ 9 revolv+ lights4 ,?is is necess>y1 9 ord] to p]mit !m to be rang$ r\nd ! circul> frame1 ) _! axes incl9$ at su* an angle1 z %all enable !m to illum9ate e po9t ( ! horizon4 ,! revolv+ light is produc$ by ! revolution ( a frame ) ?ree or f\r sides1 hav+ reflectors ( a l>g] size gr\p$ on ea* side1 ) _! axes p>allel2 & z ! revolution exhibits once 9 two m9utes1 or once 9 a m9ute1 z may be requir$1 a light gradually increas+ to full /r5g?1 & 9 ! same gradual mann] decreas+ to total d>kness1 its appe>ance is extremely well m>k$4 ,! succession ( r$ & :ite lights is caus$ by ! revolution ( a frame ^: diff]5t sides pres5t r$ & :ite lights2 & ^!1 z already m5tion$1 af=d ?ree sep>ate di/9ctions1 namely1 alt]nate r$ & :ite2 ! succession ( two :ite lights aft] "o r$1 & ! succession ( two r$ lights aft] "o :ite light4 ,! fla%+ light is produc$ 9 ! same mann] z ! revolv+ light2 b ow+ to a diff]5t con/ruction ( ! frame1 ! reflectors on ea* ( eight sides are arrang$ ) _! rims or faces 9 "o v]tical plane1 & _! axes 9 a l9e incl9$ to ! p]p5dicul>1 a disposition ( ! mirrors :i*1 toge!r ) ! great] quickness ( ! revolution1 :i* %ews a fla% once 9 five seconds ( "t1 produces a v /rik+ effect1 totally diff]5t f t ( a revolv+ light1 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! fla% alt]nately ris+ & s9k+4 ,! brighte/ & d>ke/ p]iods be+ b mom5t>y1 ?is light is f>!r *>act]is$ by a rapid succession ( bright fla%es1 f :i* x gets its "n4 ,! int]mitt5t light is di/+ui%$ by bur/+ sudd5ly into view & cont9u+ /eady = a %ort "t1 aft] :i* x is sudd5ly eclips$ = half a m9ute4 ,its /rik+ appe>ance is produc$ by ! p]p5dicul> motion ( circul> %ades 9 front ( ! reflectors1 by :i* ! light is alt]nately hid & display$4 ,?is di/9ction1 z well z t call$ ! fla%+ light1 is peculi> to ! ,scot* coa/1 hav+ be5 fir/ introduc$ by ! late ,eng9e] ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d4 ,! d\ble lights 7:i* are seldom us$ except :]e !re is a necessity = a lead+ l9e1 z a guide = tak+ "s *annel or avoid+ "s dang]7 are g5]ally exhibit$ f two ,t[]s1 "o ( :i* is high] ?an ! o!r4 ,at ! ,calf ( ,man1 a /rik+ v>iety has be5 introduc$ into ! "* ( lead+ lights1 by sub/itut+1 = two fix$ lights1 two lights :i* revolve 9 ! same p]iods1 & exhibit _! fla%es at ! same in/ant2 & ^! lights are1 ( c\rse1 susceptible ( ! o!r v>iety enum]at$ above1 t ( two revolv+ r$ & :ite lights1 or fla%+ lights1 com+ into view at equal int]vals ( "t4 ,! utility ( all ^! di/9ctions is to be valu$ ) ref]5ce to _! prop]ty ( at once /rik+ ! eye ( an obs]v] & be+ in/antane\sly obvi\s to /rang]s4 ,! introduction ( col\r1 z a s\rce ( di/9ction1 is necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 a suffici5t numb] ( di/9ctions2 b x is 9 itself an evil ( no small magnitude2 z ! effect is produc$ by int]pos+ col\r$ m$ia betwe5 ! burn] & ! obs]v]'s eye1 & mu* light is ?us lo/ by ! absorption ( ^? rays1 :i* are held back 9 ord] to cause ! appe>ance :i* is desir$4 ,trial has be5 made ( v>i\s col\rs2 b r$1 blue1 & gre5 alone h be5 f\nd useful1 & ! two latt] only at di/ances s %ort z to r5d] !m altoge!r unfit = sea-lights4 ,ow+ to ! dep? ( t9t :i* is requir$ to produce a m>k$ effect1 ! r$ %ades g5]ally us$ absorb f ?s to ?s ( ! :ole light1 an enorm\s loss1 & suffici5t to disc\rage ! adoption ( t mode ( di/9ction 9 e situation :]e x c possibly be avoid$4 ,! r$ glass us$ 9 ,france absorbs only ?s ( ! light2 b its col\r produces1 z might be expect$1 a mu* less m>k$ di/9ction to ! seaman's eye4 ,9 ! ,ligh?\ses ( ,scotl&1 a simple & conv5i5t arrangem5t exi/s = col\r+ ! lights1 :i* consi/s 9 us+ *imneys ( r$ glass1 in/ead ( plac+ l>ge discs 9 front ( ! reflectors4 ,arrangem5t ( ,reflectors on ! ,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,aft] :at has be5 already said on ! subject ( div]g5ce1 x w at once be se51 t 9 revolv+ lights ! reflectors are plac$ ) _! axes p>allel to ea* o!r1 s z to conc5trate _! p[] 9 "o direction2 :il/ 9 fix$ lights x is necess>y1 9 ord] to approa* z ne> z possible to an equal di/ribution ( ! light ov] ! horizon1 to place ! reflectors1 ) _! axes incl9$ to ea* o!r1 at an angle some:at less ?an t ( ! div]g5ce ( ! reflect$ cone4 ,= ?is purpose1 a brass gauge 7see fig4 #da71 compos$ ( two long arms1 ,,am1 ,,am1 some:at 9 ! =m ( a pair ( common divid]s1 connect$ by a means ( a graduat$ limb ,a1 is employ$4 ,! arms hav+ be5 fir/ plac$ at ! angle1 :i* is supplem5tal to t ( ! incl9ation ( ! axes ( ! two adjac5t mirrors at ,o1 are made to span ! faces ( ! reflectors1 "o ( :i* is mov$ ab\t till its edges are 9 close contact ) ! flat surface ( "o ( ! arms ( ! gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,figs4 #db & #dc %ew an elevation & plan ( a revolv+ app>atus on ! catoptric pr9ciple4 ,9 ^! figures1 n n %ews ! reflector frame or *&eli]2 o o1 ! reflectors ) _! oil-f\nta9s p p4 ,! :ole is atta*$ to ! revolv+ axis or %aft q4 ,! copp] tubes r r convey ! smoke f ! lamps2 s s are cross b>s :i* support ! %aft at t t2 u u is a copp] pan = receiv+ any moi/ure :i* may accid5tally ent] at ! c5tral v5tilator 9 ! ro( ( ! light-room2 l is a ca/-iron bracket1 support+ ! cup 9 :i* ! pivot ( ! %aft turns2 m m are bevell$ :eels1 :i* convey motion f ! ma*9e to ! %aft4 ,! ma*9]y does n require any p>ticul> notice1 be+ t ( common clock-"w1 mov$ by ! desc5t ( a weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #dd %ews a plan ( "o ti] ( reflectors arrang$ 9 ! mann] employ$ 9 a fix$ catoptric light2 n n %ews ! *&eli]1 q ! fix$ %aft 9 ! c5tre1 :i* supports ! :ole1 o o ! reflectors1 & p p ! f\nta9s ( _! lamps4 ,9 ?is figure 79 ord] to prev5t confusion7 only "o ti] ( reflectors is %ewn2 ! o!r ti]s are s arrang$1 t _! axes divide into equal angles ! arcs int]cept$ betwe5 ! axes ( ! adjo9+ reflectors on ! fir/ ti]1 !reby produc+ ! ne>e/ approa* to an equal di/ribution ( ! light1 :i* is atta9able by ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ligh?\ses ( mod]ate height1 ! prop] position = ! reflector itself is p]fect horizontality ( its axis1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ ) suffici5t accuracy1 by try+ ) a plummet1 :e!r ! lips ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* we may conclude to be at "r angles to ! plane ( its axis1 be truly v]tical4 ,9 lightrooms v mu* elevat$ above ! sea1 h[ev]1 ! dip ( ! horizon becomes notable2 & a slight incl9ation =w>ds %\ld be giv5 to ! face ( ! reflectors1 s t _! axes produc$ may be tang5ts to ! e>? at ! visible horizon ( ! light-room4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) ! p]fect horizontality ( ! top ( ! burn]1 :i* is indisp5sable to its prop] burn+4 ,bordi] ,m>cet's ,reflectors4 ,fanal ,sidral4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ! p>abolic mirror 7 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet1 ! pupil & successor ( ,,arg&1 :o has lab\r$ ) mu* en?usiasm 9 p]fect+ catoptric in/rum5ts1 m especially ) a view to _! application 9 ! illum9ation ( ligh?\ses & ! /reets ( t[ns4 ,among/ _m o!r +5i\s comb9ations1 he has inv5t$ & con/ruct$ an app>atus :i* is mu* us$ 9 h>b\r-lights on ! ,fr5* coa/1 :]e x is kn[n by ! fanciful "n ( ,fanal#df sidral4 ,! object is to fulfil1 z economically z possible1 ! conditions requir$ 9 a fix$ light1 by illum9at+1 ) p]fect equality1 e "p ( ! horizon1 by means ( a s+le burn]2 & ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet has 9 8 "w-%op an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d1 eight feet 9 diamet]1 :i* he con/ruct$ on speculation4 ,! app>atus us$ 9 h>b\r-lights1 on ! ,fr5* coa/1 is ( mu* small] dim5sions1 & does n exce$ fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a p]fect idea ( ! con/ruction & effect ( ?is in/rum5t may be =m$1 by conceiv+ a p>abola to revolve ab\t its p>amet] z a v]tical axis1 s t its upp] & l[] limbs w\ld become ! g5]at+ l9es ( two surfaces possess+ ! prop]ty ( reflect+1 9 l9es p>allel to ! axis ( ! p>abola1 all ! rays incid5t ^u !m1 f a light plac$ 9 ! po9t :]e ! p>amet] & axis ( ! g5]at+ p>abola int]sect ea* o!r4 ,?is po9t be+ ! focus ( ea* p>abolic section ( ?is app>atus1 light is equally disp]s$ 9 e po9t ( ! horizon1 :5 ! axis ( ! p>abolic section is 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to a v]tical l9e4 ,b h[ev] p]fectly ?is app>atus may atta9 its important object1 x necess>ily produces a feeble effect2 because z its action is entirely conf9$ to ! v]tical direction1 ! light di/ribut$ by x decreases directly z ! di/ance ( ! obs]v]4 ,?is beautiful little in/rum5t is %ewn at fig4 #de1 9 :i* b %ews ! burn]1 p p ! upp] reflect+ surface1 & p p ! l[] reflect+ surface1 bo? g5]at$ 9 ! mann] above describ$ by ! revolution ( a p>abola ab\t its p>amet] x b2 ,f is ! focus ( ! g5]at+ p>abola2 & l l are small pill>s1 :i* connect ! two reflect+ plates1 & give /r5g? to ! app>atus4 #df ,fanal1 f 1 a lant]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,fanal d\ble effet4 ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet has also prep>$ an +5i\s modification ( ! p>abolodal mirror1 :i* he has describ$ "u ! "n ( fanal d\ble effet2 & ! object ( :i* is to obta9 a conv5i5t degree ( div]g5ce f p>abolic mirrors1 by ! use ( two flames & two reflect+ surfaces1 ea* ( :i* is act$ ^u by its own flame1 & also by t ( ! o!r4 ,?is modification consi/s 9 ! union ( two portions ( holl[ p>abolodal mirrors1 g5]at$ by ! revolution ( two p>abolas ab\t a common horizontal axis1 & illum9at$ by two lamps plac$ 9 ! focus ( ea*4 ,! fir/ surface is g5]at$ by ! revolution on its axis ( a segm5t ( a p>aboloid int]cept$ betwe5 ! p>amet] & "s d\ble ord9ate great] ?an x1 & may1 f its =m1 be call$ ! ribbon-%ap$ mirror4 ,! second surface is t ( a p>abolic conoid1 :i* is cut (f by a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh a d\ble ord9ate1 :i* is equal to ! p>amet] ( ! p>abolic ribbon1 :i* is plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,! elem5ts ( ! curve :i* =ms ! conodal mirror1 mu/ be s *os5 z to h its focus at a conv5i5t di/ance 9 front ( t ( ! ribbon-%ap$ mirror1 s z to admit ( plac+ ! two lamps sep>ate f ea* o!r1 z well z to produce ! necess>y degree ( div]g5ce1 :i* is to be obta9$ by ! action ( ^! mirrors respectively on ! flame plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! o!r4 ,^! two mirrors are jo9$ toge!r 9 ! l9e ( ! p>ametric section ( ! ribbon1 :i* co9cides ) ! lips ( ! conoid at "s d\ble ord9ate beh9d its p>amet]4 ,ea* mirror produces1 by means ( ! lamp plac$ 9 its focus1 an approa* to p>allelism ( ! reflect$ rays1 :i* ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet has n inaptly t]m$ ! pr9cipal effect2 :il/ ! action ( ea* surface on ! lamp :i* is plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! o!r1 causes :at ! inv5tor calls ! second>y or lat]al effect4 ,_! second>y action may be describ$ ?us3 ,! lamp1 :i* is 9 ! focus ( ! ribbon1 is mu* ne>] ! v]tex ( ! conoid ?an its own focus2 s t its rays mak+1 ) normals to ! surface ( ! conoid1 angles great] ?an ^? :i* are =m$ by ! rays proce$+ f its focus1 are ( necessity reflect$ 9 l9es div]g+ f ! axis ( ! mirror4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :i* proce$ f ! focus ( ! conoid1 meet ! ribbon-%ap$ surface1 s z to make angles ) its normals m acute ?an ^? :i* ! rays f its own focus c\ld d1 & :i* are1 !re=e1 reflect$ 9 l9es conv]g+ to ! axis ( ! mirror4 ,^? reflect$ rays mu/ !re=e cut ! axis1 & div]ge f x on ! o!r side4 ,?is app>atus has be5 us$ at ,la ,hve & "s o!r lights on ! ,fr5* coa/2 b x is impossible n to p]ceive ! great loss ( light :i* results f ! use ( two flames 9 "o mirror2 & x mu/ n be =gott51 t ! div]g5ce :i* is obta9$ by means ( x is n conf9$ to ! horizontal direction 9 :i* only x is want$2 b t ! light is at ! same "t scatt]$ 9 e direction r\nd ! edge ( ! mirror4 ,arrangem5ts ( a simil> k9d 7 propos$ & execut$ = ! same purpose ( unit+ great] div]g5ce ) consid]able p[] 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! resultant beam1 by ,,arg& himself1 9 #ahjf1 & also 9 #ahjh1 by ,m4 ,,haudry1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,,arg& propos$ ! union ( a p>aboloid1 & an ellipsoid hav+ _! foci co9cid5t 9 "o po9t1 :i* be+ ! po/]ior focus ( ! latt] curve1 0 illum9at$ by ! rays reflect$ to x by means ( ! ellipsodal surface f ! lamp plac$ 9 ! ant]ior focus4 ,f ! optical focus ?us obta9$1 "s rays w\ld fall on ! p>abolodal surface & produce1 by reflection1 a cyl9d] ( p>allel rays1 :ile ! re/ w\ld div]ge f ! axis1 & =m a zone ( spread+ rays4 ,m4 ,,haudry',s plan consi/$ ( a comb9ation ( a conical ) a p>abolodal mirror1 s plac$1 t ! rays f ! front "p ( ! holl[ cone might be ne>ly p>allel to ^? s5t out by ! p>aboloid2 :ile ! rays f its base div]g+ f ! axis might produce a r+ ( div]g5t rays1 simil> to t obta9$ f ! ellipsoid ( ,,arg&',s app>atus4 ,x w\ld occupy mu* "t to exhibit all ! disadvantages ( ! arrangem5ts 9 ! fanal d\ble effet ( ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet1 & also 9 ^? ( ,,arg& & ,,haudry2 & ,i %all !re=e dismiss ! subject by obs]v+1 t ! loss ( light due to ! position ( ! flame 9 ! app>atus ( ,,arg&1 is s great z to induce "o to wond] t su* comb9ations %\ld ev] h be5 attempt$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! mo/ effici5t mode ( obta9+ due div]g5ce f mirrors1 is to adopt ! p>aboloid1 ) a %ort focal di/ance1 :i* has ! d\ble advantage ( increas+ ! div]g5ce :i* is due inv]sely to ! focal di/ance1 &1 at ! same "t1 subject+ to ! action ( ! mirror a l>g] portion ( ! lum9\s sph]e proce$+ f ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fanal d\ble face4 ,la/ly1 ,i %all notice ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet',s fanal d\ble face1 :i* consi/s ( two p>abolodal mirrors1 truncat$ 9 ! v]tical plane ( ! p>amet]1 & unit$ toge!r back to back1 s z to be illum9at$ by ! same lamp plac$ 9 _! common focus4 ,to save ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise escape ! catoptric action1 he adds a p>abolic conoid ( great] focal di/ance1 & s plac$1 t :ile its focus may co9cide ) ! common focus ( ! o!r mirrors1 its size may be s re/rict$1 t x %all n int]f]e ) ! effect ( ! truncat$ mirror opposite :i* x is plac$4 ,! obvi\s consequ5ce ( su* an arrangem5t is1 t ! rays 7see fig4 #df7 produc$ f a lamp 9 ! common focus ( ! ?ree mirrors1 w produce 9 opposite directions a lum9\s r+ f ea* ( ! truncat$ mirrors ,,ac1 ,,bc1 & ,a,c1 ,b,c1 :ile ! c5tral or conodal mirror ,,mn w fill ! int]ior ( "o ( ^? lum9\s r+s ) a cone ( rays1 ^: int5sity w be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ,,mn to a b 7or ,,fm to ,f a71 :i* latt] surface repres5ts ! :ole am\nt ( naturally div]g5t rays1 :i* /rike on a b1 & :i* are spread ov] ,,mn4 ,two sets ( reflectors ( ?is =m fac+ 9 opposite directions 7ea* set arrang$ 9 "o plane1 & fix$ on a frame :i* c\ld be made to revolve r\nd a v]tical axis71 w\ld ?us pres5t _! brighte/ effect aft] consid]able int]vals ( d>kness2 b1 by arrang+ !m ) _! axes slightly incl9$1 !y 7 made to prolong ! light p]iods & curtail ! d>k ones4 ,m4 ,,bordi] ,,m>cet speaks ( ?is app>atus ) all ! satisfaction g5]ally felt by inv5tors2 b x is no difficult matt] to id5tify its effect ) t ( ! common p>abolodal mirrors4 ,x is obvi\s1 t all ! rays :i* fall f a true focal po9t on ! ?ree reflectors ,,ac1 ,,bc1 ,a,c1 ,b,c1 & ,,mn1 are m]ely ^? :i* w\ld fall on a s+le reflector1 ^: d\ble ord9ate & ! portion ( ! abscissa betwe5 t ord9ate & ! focus1 are equal to ^? ( ! fir/ reflector ( ! comp\nd sy/em1 s t ! quantity ( light reflect$ by ! ?ree reflectors is nei!r m nor less ?an t :i* w\ld be project$ by "o4 ,all ! diff]5ce t c exi/ is1 t 9 ! case ( a flame :i* has a notable size1 ! surface ,,mn be+ f>!r di/ant ?an a b1 w\ld produce less ab]ration &1 consequ5tly1 a v slight increase ( int5sity 9 ! small portion ( ! reflect$ beam ( p>allel rays due to t "p ( ! comp\nd mirror4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 s5sibly err 9 reject+ any advantage to be d]iv$ f ?is arrangem5t z insignificant4#dg #dg ,see ,peclets ,trait de l,eclairage1 p4 #cjb1 f :i* fig4 #df is copi$4 ,mr ,b>l[s ,sph]ical ,mirrors4 ,sph]ical mirrors h be5 employ$ 9 ,ligh?\ses *iefly :5 !y c be introduc$ to aid ! effect ( refract+ app>atus3 & x w n be necess>y to say mu* ( !m 9 ?is place4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 notice an +5i\s proposal ( ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,,b>l[1#dh :o sugge/s plac+ 9 front ( ! flame a small sph]ical reflector1 ^: c5tre is co9cid5t ) ! focus ( a p>abolod1 & ^: subt5se is ! p>amet] ( ! g5]at+ curve4 ,! small mirror1 be+ some:at less ?an a hemisph]e1 w\ld cause ! light fall+ ^u x to be return$ ?r\gh ! focus s z to rea* ! p>abolodal surface & to be f9ally reflect$ f t portion ( x :i* is embrac$ betwe5 ! limits ( its extreme div]g5ce4 ,if !re 7 no loss ( light at ! surface ( ! small mirror1 its effect w\ld be to increase ! p[] ( ! beam ( p>allel rays by an am\nt equal to ! sum ( ! rays incid5t on ! sph]ical surface1 b at ! same "t to dim9i% x by int]cept+ a portion ( ! light reflect$ f ! p>abolod4 ,i am n aw>e t su* a comb9ation has be5 tri$1 z x applies mo/ advantage\sly to reflectors ^: span does n exce$ ! p>amet] ( ! g5]at+ curve1 a =m r>ely adopt$ 9 ligh?\ses2 b x might also be adapt$ to reflectors :i* int]cept a l>g] portion ( light1 by mak+ ! sph]ical reflector "s segm5t less ?an ! hemisph]e4 #dh ,9 an excell5t pap] above notic$1 on ! ,illum9ation ( ,ligh?\ses1 9 ! ,london ,transactions1 = #ahcg4 ,capta9 ,smi?'s ,mirrors 9 ! =m ( a p>abolic sp9dle4 ,,capta9 ,,smi? ( ! ,madras ,eng9e]s1 has describ$ 9 ! 8,pr(essional pap]s ( ! #8,corps ( ,royal ,eng9e]s1'#di a new sy/em ( fix$ lights10 :i* consi/s 9 plac+ a flat wick 9 ! focus ( "o-half ( a holl[ p>abolic sp9dle g5]at$ by ! rotation ( a p>abola ab\t its p>amet] z a v]tical axis4 ,! action ( ! in/rum5t is obvi\s1 = ea* v]tical section be+ p>abolic1 effects a *ange only 9 ! v]tical div]g5ce ( ! rays incid5t on x f ! focus1 & suff]s _! horizontal direction to rema9 unalt]$2 ?us ea* v]tical plate ( reflect$ rays passes ?r\gh ! p>amet] ( ! curve & illum9ates ! opposite po9t ( ! horizon by means ( a n>r[ /rip or l9e ( light4 ,two holl[ sp9dles ( t =m1 ea* light+ #ahj & fac+ opposite azimu?s1 w\ld1 !re=e1 be suffici5t to illum9ate ! :ole horizon4 ,! au?or ( ! pap]1 h[ev]1 appe>s to contemplate ! employm5t ( a s]ies ( ^? mirrors rang$ "o above ano!r & break+ jo9t v]tically1 some:at 9 ! mann] already describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! arrangem5t ( ! p>abolodal mirrors us$ 9 fix$ lights4 ,! advantages ( ?is mode ( illum9ation are mu* ov]rat$ by ,,capta9 ,,smi?1 :o seems to magnify beyond its real importance ! risk att5d+ ! use1 9 ! dioptric app>atus1 ( a s+le lamp1 ^: sudd5 ext9ction w\ld deprive at once ! :ole horizon ( ! b5efit ( ! light2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 he reckons ! security obta9$ by 8 arrangem5t z an advantage ( ! highe/ value4 ,9 c]ta9 situations1 :]e no regul> e/abli%m5t ( tra9$ light-keep]s is ma9ta9$1 t security may be an object ( m importance & may w>rant a great] sacrifice1 ?an is necess>y 9 ,great ,brita92 b ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 t ,i "k ( no situation 9 :i* ! plan propos$ by ,,capta9 ,,smi? c\ld be> comp>ison ) ! mode ( illum9ation = fix$ lights by means ( ! catadioptric in/rum5ts ( ,,fresnel4 #di ,vol4 v41 p4 #ef4 ,,dioptric#ej ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lights4 #ej ,mo/ probably directly d]iv$ f ! ,greek 1 an optical in/rum5t ) holes = look+ ?r\gh1 ^: "n is a comp\nd ( 1 ?r\gh1 & 1 ,i see4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ notices ( ! application ( l5ses to ligh?\ses is t record$ by ,,smeaton 9 8 ,n>rative ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 :]e he m5tions a ,london optician1 :o1 9 #agei1 propos$ gr9d+ ! glass ( ! lant]n to a radius ( sev5 feet six in*es2 b ! description is too vague to admit ( ev5 a conjecture reg>d+ ! propos$ arrangem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 l5ses 7 actually tri$ 9 sev]al ligh?\ses 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & 9 p>ticul> at ! ,s\? ,=el& 9 ! ye> #ageb2 b _! imp]fect figure & ! quantity ( light absorb$ by ! glass1 :i* 0 ( impure quality & ( consid]able ?ickness1 r5d]$ _! effect s mu* inf]ior to t ( ! p>abolic reflectors !n 9 use1 t aft] try+ "s /range comb9ations ( l5ses & reflectors1 ! =m] 7 f9ally ab&on$4 ,l5ses 7 also tri$ at ! lights ( ,portl&1 ,hill ( ,h[?1 & ,wat]=d1 by ,mr ,?omas ,rog]s1 a glass manufactur] 9 ,london2 :o possess$1 x is said1 ! art ( bl[+ mirrors ( glass1 8& by a new me?od silv]$ ov] ! convex side )\t quicksilv]40#ea #ea ,hut*9son's ,practical ,seaman%ip1 p4 #bjj4 ,see also ! notice ( ! sph]ical mirrors made by ,messrs ,franois & ,let\rneau ( ,p>is 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is volume4 ,! object to be atta9$ by ! use ( l5ses 9 a ,ligh?\se is1 ( c\rse1 id5tical ) t :i* is answ]$ by employ+ reflectors2 & bo? in/rum5ts effect ! same end by diff]5t means1 collect+ ! rays :i* div]ge f a po9t call$ ! focus1 & project+ !m =w>d 9 a beam1 ^: axis co9cides ) ! produc$ axis ( ! in/rum5t4 ,we h already se5 t1 9 ! case ( reflection1 ?is result is produc$ by ! light be+ ?r[n back f a surface s =m$ z to make all ! rays to proce$ 9 "o & ! same requir$ direction4 ,9 ! case ( refraction1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rays pass ?r\gh ! refract+ m$ium1 & are b5t or refract$ f _! natural c\rse into t :i* is desir$4 ,! celebrat$ ,,buffon1 to prev5t ! great absorption ( light by ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial1 :i* w\ld necess>ily result f giv+ to a l5s ( great dim5sions a figure cont9u\sly sph]ical1 propos$ to gr9d out ( a solid piece ( glass1 a l5s 9 /eps or conc5tric zones4 ,?is sugge/ion ( ,,buffon reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( l>ge burn+ glasses1 0 fir/ execut$1 ) tol]able success1 ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 by ! ,abb ,,ro*on2 b su* are ! difficulties att5d+ ! process ( work+ a solid piece ( glass into ! necess>y =m1 t x is believ$ ! only o!r in/rum5t ev] con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]1 is t :i* 0 made by ,messrs ,,cookson ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 = ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,! m]it ( hav+ fir/ sugge/$ ! build+ ( l5ses 9 sep>ate pieces1 seems to be due to ,,condorcet1 :o1 9 8 ,eloge de ,buffon1 publi%$ s f> back z #aggc1 enum]ates ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ?is me?od4 ,sir ,,david ,,brew/] also describ$ ?is mode ( build+ l5ses 9 #ahaa1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia2 & 9 #ahbb1 ! late em95t ,,fresnel1 unacqua9t$ ) ! sugge/ions ( ,,condorcet or ! description by ,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 expla9$1 ) _m +5i\s & int]e/+ details1 ! same mode ( con/ruct+ ^? in/rum5ts4 ,to ,,fresnel belongs ! additional m]it ( hav+ fir/ foll[$ up 8 inv5tion1 by ! con/ruction ( a l5s &1 9 conjunction ) ,,mm4 ,,arago & ,,ma?ieu1 ( plac+ a p[]ful lamp 9 its focus1 & inde$ ( f9ally apply+ x to ! practical purposes ( a ,ligh?\se4 ,! great advantages :i* att5d ! mode ( con/ruction propos$ by ,,condorcet are1--! ease ( execution1 by :i* a m p]fect figure may be giv5 to ea* zone & sph]ical ab]ration 9 a great measure correct$1 & ! p[] ( =m+ a l5s ( l>g] dim5sions ?an c\ld easily be made f a solid piece4 ,bo? ,,buffon & ,,condorcet1 h[ev]1 *iefly speak ( r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial1 & d n seem to h ?\ght ( det]m9+ ! radius & c5tre ( ! curvature ( ! g5]at+ arcs ( ea* zone1 hav+ cont5t$ !mselves ) simply depress+ ! sph]ical surface 9 sep>ate portions4 ,,fresnel1 on ! o!r h&1 det]m9$ ^? c5tres1 :i* con/antly rec$e f ! v]tex ( ! l5s 9 proportion z ! zones to :i* !y ref] are remov$ f its c5tre2 & ! surfaces ( ! zones ( ! annul> l5s1 consequ5tly1 are n p>ts ( conc5tric sph]es1 z 9 ,,buffon',s l5s4 ,x des]ves notice1 t ! fir/ l5ses con/ruct$ = ,,fresnel by ,m4 ,,soleil _h _! zones polygonal1 s t ! surfaces 7 n annul>1 a =m :i* ,,fresnel consid]$ less accommodat$ to ! ord9>y res\rces ( ! optician4 ,he also1 ) 8 habitual p5etration1 pref]r$ ! plano-convex to ! d\ble-convex =m1 z m easily execut$4#eb ,aft] mature consid]ation1 he f9ally adopt$ cr[n glass1 :i*1 not)/&+ its gre5i% col\r1 he pref]r$ to fl9t glass1 z be+ m free f /ri4 ,all 8 calculations 7 made 9 ref]5ce to an index ( refraction ( #aea1 :i* he _h v]ifi$ by repeat$ exp]im5ts1 conduct$ ) t pati5ce & accuracy = :i*1 amid/ 8 high] qualities1 he 0 s rem>kably di/+ui%$4#ec ,! in/rum5ts h receiv$ ! "n ( annul> l5ses1 f ! figure ( ! surface ( ! zones4 #eb ,! plano-convex l5s1 ) its curv$ side t[>ds ! p>allel rays1 is also a =m produc+ small sph]ical ab]ration1 a circum/ance :i* may also h influ5c$ 8 *oice4 #ec ,my fri5d1 ,mr ,,william ,,swan1 c>efully exam9$1 by 8 new & +5i\s me?od1 describ$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #ahdd1 sev]al specim5s ( ! ,/ ,goba9 glass 7:i* is n[ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! l5ses71 & f\nd its refractive index to be #aeagic1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ & lea/ values be+ only #jjjaji4 ,refraction4 ,a ray ( light1 9 pass+ obliquely f "o transp>5t body into ano!r ( diff]5t d5sity1 exp]i5ces at ! po9t ( ! int]section ( ! common surface ( ! two planes1 a sudd5 *ange ( direction1 to :i* ! "n ( refraction has naturally be5 giv51 9 connection ) ! mo/ famili> in/ance ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* is exhibit$ by a /raight rul] ) "o half plung$ into a bas9 ( wat] :ile ! o!r rema9s 9 ! air4 ,! rul] no long] appe>s /raight1 b seems to be b5t or brok5 at ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! wat]4 ,x may n be out ( place to call att5tion to ! laws :i* regulate ! *ange ( direction 9 ! incid5t light1 :i* are ?ree 9 numb]4 #a4 ,incid5ce & refraction1 9 uncry/alliz$ m$ia ( homog5e\s /ructure su* z glass1 always occur 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to t ( ! refract+ surface4 #b4 ,9 ! same sub/ances1 ! angle =m$ ) ! p]p5dicul> by ! ray at its ent]+ ! surface ( ! second m$ium1 has to ! angle :i* x makes ) ! normal aft] x has ent]$ ! surface1 su* a relation1 t _! s9es h a fix$ ratio1 :i* is call$ ! refractive index4 ,:5 a ray falls normally on ! surface ( any sub/ance1 x suff]s no refraction4 #c4 ,! effect ( pass+ f a r>e to a d5se m$ium1 z f air into wat] or glass1 is to make ! angle ( refraction less ?an ! angle ( incid5ce2 & ^? angles are measur$ ) ref]5ce to a normal to ! plane :i* sep>ates ! m$ia at ! po9t ( incid5ce4 ,! conv]se ph5om5on1 ( c\rse1 takes place 9 ! passage f a d5se to a r>e m$ium1 9 :i* case ! angle ( incid5ce is less ?an ! angle ( refraction4 ,to ?is rule !re are a few exceptions2 = !re are c]ta9 combu/ible bodies1 su* z diamond1 ^: refractive p[]s are mu* great] ?an o!r sub/ances ( equal d5sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! diagram 7fig4 #dg7 w s]ve to r5d] ^? laws m intelligible4 ,let a ray ( light a ,o meet a surface ( wat] n m at ,o1 x w be imm$iately b5t into ! direction ,o a2 & if1 f ! c5tre ,o1 we describe any circle1 & draw a l9e b ,o b1 p]p5dicul> to nm2 !n ab & a b1 p]p5dicul>s drawn to ! normal bb1 f ! po9ts a & a :]e ! circle cuts ! incid5t & refract$ rays1 w be ! s9es ( ! angle ( incid5ce b ,o a1 & ( ! angle ( refraction b ,o a1 & ! ratio ( ^? s9es to ea* o!r1 or b a ------- b a w be ! relative index ( refraction = ! two m$ia4 #d4 ,x may p]haps be add$1 = conv5i5ce1 z a f\r? law1 d$ucible f ! o!rs1 t s9ce rays pass+ f a d5se into a r>e m$ium1 h _! angle ( refraction great] ?an ! angle ( incid5ce1 !re mu/ be "s angle ( incid5ce ^: correspond+ angle ( refraction is a "r angle2 beyond :i* no refraction c take place1 because !re is no angle ^: s9e c be great] ?an ! radius4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 total reflection ensues4 ,= common glass1 ^: index ( refraction is #ae1 we h 79 ! case ( em]g5t rays7 s9e ( s9e ( refraction incid5ce ------------------2 #ae b1 z no s9e c exce$ radius or unity1 ! angle ( incid5ce mu/ be limit$ to #da #di2 beyond :i* total reflection w take place1 & ! light w return inw>ds into ! glass1 be+ reflect$ at its surface4 ,?us1 if a ray proce$ f a po9t ,o 7fig4 #dh71 )9 a piece ( glass1 to a po9t ,c1 at its surface ,a ,b2 & if ,o ,c b1 its incid5ce1 be less ?an #da #di1 x w be refract$ 9 "s direction ,c f2 b if ?is angle be great] ?an #da #di1 z ,o ,c b1 ! ray w be reflect$ back into ! glass 9 ! direction ,c ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! mat]ial hi!rto employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ligh?\se app>atus is cr[n glass1 :i*1 al?\gh x possesses a l[] refractive p[] ?an fl9t glass & has1 besides1 a slightly gre5i% t+e1 (f]s ! great practical advantages ( be+ m easily obta9$ ( homog5e\s quality2 &1 be+ less subject to det]ioration f atmosph]ic influ5ces1 x is peculi>ly suitable = use 9 ! expos$ situations g5]ally occupi$ by ,ligh?\ses4 ,! refractive index ( cr[n glass1 z already notic$1 is ab\t #ae4 ,any "o may easily satisfy himself by a c>eful protraction ( ! angles ( incid5ce & refraction1 9 ! mann] above describ$1 z to ! tru? ( ! foll[+ g5]al propositions result+ f ^? laws3-- #a4 ,a ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh a plate ( "s diaphan\s sub/ance su* z glass1 ) p>allel surfaces1 suff]s no *ange ( direction1 b em]ges 9 a l9e p>allel to its orig9al pa?1 m]ely suff]+ a displacem5t1 dep5d+ on ! obliquity ( ! incid5t ray1 & ! refractive p[] & ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,! effect ( ?is displacem5t is m]ely to give ! ray an app>5t po9t ( orig9 diff]5t f ! true "o4 ,?is w be easily und]/ood by ! diagram 7fig4 #di71 9 :i* a b is a normal to ! plate1 ^: surfaces x x & x x are p>allel1 r r r r %ews ! pa? ( ! ray1 r r ! displacem5t1 & r ! app>5t po9t ( orig9 result+ f its alt]$ direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 #b4 ,:5 a ray passes ?r\gh a triangul> prism a b c1 ! incl9ation ( ! faces a c & c b causes ! em]g5t ray r to be b5t t[>ds a b1 ! base ( ! prism1 9 a measure dep5d+ on ! incl9ation ( ! sides ( ! prism & ! obliquity ( ! incid5t ray to ! fir/ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 #c4 ,:5 p>allel rays fall on a concave l5s1 !y w1 at _! em]g5ce1 be div]g5t4 ,! section ( ! diaphan\s body a b c d may be reg>d$ z compos$ ( innum]able fru/a ( prisms1 hav+ _! apices direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre l9e x r2 & ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh ! c5tre1 be+ normal to ! surface1 w be un*ang$ 9 _! direction1 :ile all ! o!rs w 7z %ewn 9 ! figure7 suff] a *ange ( direction1 increas+ ) _! di/ance f ! c5tre1 ow+ to ! increas+ incl9ation ( ! surfaces ( ! l5s z !y rec$e f its axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 #d4 ,la/ly1 :5 div]g5t rays fall on a convex l5s a b1 f a po9t f1 call$ ! pr9cipal focus1 !y are made p>allel at _! em]g5ce2 :ile1 conv]sely1 p>allel rays :i* fall on ! l5s are unit$ 9 t po9t4#ed ,?is effect1 :i* is ! opposite ( t caus$ by ! concave l5s1 may be expla9$ 9 a simil> mann]1 by conceiv+ ! section a b ( ! convex l5s to be compos$ ( innum]able fru/a ( prisms1 arrang$ ) _! bases t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! l5s4 #ed ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t only rays incid5t ne> ! axis ( ! l5s are refract$ accurately to a focus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s1 t we c d]ive no assi/ance1 9 economis+ ! rays ( a lamp = ,ligh?\se purposes1 f concave l5ses1 ^: prop]ty is to increase ! disp]sion ( ! rays incid5t on !m4 ,) concave l5ses1 !re=e1 we h no conc]n2 & we %all conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( ! convex or conv]g+ l5ses4 ,! l5s always us$ 9 ,ligh?\ses is 7= reasons already notic$7 plano-convex1 & diff]s f ! la/ only by hav+ a plane & a curve surface1 in/ead ( two curve surfaces1 ^: radii are on opposite sides ( ! l5s4 ,! plano-convex is g5]ally reg>d$1 by writ]s on optics1 z a case ( ! d\ble convex hav+ "o side ( an inf9ite radius4 ,bo? =ms cause p>allel rays to conv]ge to a focus4 ,we comm5ce ) a g5]al view ( ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! position ( ! radiant & ! focus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,let ,q q be a section ( a l5s1 & f ,a r its optical axis1 or ! l9e 9 :i* a ray ( light passes un*ang$ 9 its direction ?r\gh ! l5s1 f its be+ normal to bo? surfaces1 :e!r ! l5s be d\ble-convex z above1 or plano-convex 7see fig4 #ec71 !n ! pr9cipal focus f is t po9t :]e ! rays f r r r1 :i* fall p>allel to ! optic axis on ! out] face ( ! l5s1 meet aft] refraction at ! two faces1--or1 to speak m 9 ! language ( ! art :i* is "u consid]ation1 ! pr9cipal focus f is ! po9t :5ce ! rays ( light1 proce$+ 9 _! naturally div]g5t c\rse1 fall on ! inn] surface ,q ,a q ( ! l5s1 & are s *ang$ by refraction !re & at ! out] face1 t !y f9ally em]ge p>allel to ! optic axis 9 ! directions ,q r1 q r4 ,! position ( ?is po9t dep5ds p>tly on ! refractive p[] ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ! l5s is compos$ & p>tly on ! curvature ( ! surface or surfaces :i* b\nd x4 ,x w\ld be q beyond ! scope ( ^! ,notes to attempt to pres5t ! subject ( refraction at sph]ical surfaces be=e ! read]'s view 9 a rigor\s or sy/ematic mann]1 & ?us to advance1 /ep by /ep1 to ! practical application ( refract+ in/rum5ts1 z a means ( direct+ & economis+ ! light 9 a ,ph>os4 ,?is w\ld involve ! repetition1 9 a less elegant =m1 ( :at is to be f\nd 9 all ! works on optics2 & in/ead ( ?is1 ,i am cont5t to ref]1 :]e ne$ful1 to ^? works1 & %all conf9e myself simply to :at conc]ns ,ligh?\se l5ses & _! use4 ,x w\ld also be sup]flu\s to det]m9e ! position ( ! pr9cipal focus ( a plano-convex l5s1 9 t]ms ( ! refractive index & radius ( curvature1#ee z x c be v accurately f\nd 9 practice by expos+ ! in/rum5t to ! sun1 9 su* a mann] t 8 rays may fall ^u x 9 a direction p>allel to its axis4 ,! po9t ( union betwe5 ! conv]g+ & div]g+ cones ( rays 7:]e ! spectrum is smalle/ & brighte/71 :i* is ! pr9cipal focus1 is easily f\nd by mov+ a scre5 beh9d ! l5s1 f>!r f or ne>] to x z may be requir$4 ,! pa? ( ! ,ligh?\se optician1 moreov]1 g5]ally lies 9 ! opposite direction2 & 8 duty is n s mu* to f9d ! focal di/ance ( a ready-made l5s1 z to f9d ! be/ =m ( a l5s = ! v>i\s circum/ances ( a p>ticul> ,ph>os1 ^: diamet]1 9 "s measure1 det]m9es ! focal di/ance ( ! in/rum5ts to be employ$4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t ,i %all really h to d is to give an acc\nt ( :at has be5 done by ! late illu/ri\s ,,fresnel1 :o seems to h devot$ su* m9ute att5tion to e detail ( ! ,dioptric app>atus1 t he has =ese5 & provid$ = e case t occurs 9 ! practice ( ,ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,8 bro!r1 ,mons4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! *>ge ( ! ,ligh?\ses ( ,france1 has1 ) ! greate/ lib]ality1 put me 9 possession ( ! v>i\s =mul us$ by 8 lam5t$ pr$ecessor1 9 det]m9+ ! elem5ts ( ^? in/rum5ts :i* h s greatly improv$ ! ligh?\ses ( mod]n days4 #ee r ,f ------- m - #a 9 :i* r is ! radius ( curvature1 & m is ! refractive index4--,codd+ton's ,optics1 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,if ! radiant be br\ght ne> ! l5s1 s z to ca/ div]g5t rays on its surface1 !n ! conjugate focus w rec$e beh9d ! pr9cipal focus2 & :5 ! lum9\s body rea*es ! pr9cipal focus 9 front ( ! l5s1 ! rays w em]ge f its po/]ior surface 9 a direction p>allel to its axis4 ,if x be br\ght /ill ne>] ! l5s1 ! rays w\ld em]ge z a div]g5t cone4 ,h5ce conv]g+ l5ses c only collect rays into a focus1 :5 !y proce$ f "s po9t m di/ant ?an ! pr9cipal focus4 ,sph]ical l5ses1 l sph]ical mirrors1 collect truly into ! focus ^? rays only :i* are incid5t ne> ! axis2 & x is1 !re=e1 ( ! greate/ importance to employ only a small segm5t ( any sph]e z a l5s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is fact1 among o!r consid]ations1 l$ ,,condorcet1 z already notic$1 to sugge/ ! build+ ( l5ses 9 sep>ate pieces4 ,,fresnel1 h[ev]1 0 ! fir/ :o actually con/ruct$ a l5s on t pr9ciple2 & he has subdivid$1 ) su* judgm5t1 ! surface ( ! l5s into a c5tre l5s & conc5tric annul> b&s & has s c>efully det]m9$ ! elem5ts ( curvature = ea*1 t no f>!r improvem5t is likely to be made 9 _! con/ruction4 ,= ! draw+s ( ! great l5s1 ,i h to ref] to ,plate ,,xii41 :i* also conta9s a tabul> view ( ! elem5ts ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,! c5tral disc ( ! l5s1 :i* is employ$ 9 lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 & ^: focal di/ance is #ibj millimtres1 or #cfbb in*es1 is ab\t #aa in*es 9 diamet]2 & ! annul> r+s :i* surr\nd x v>y slightly 9 bread? f #b to #a in*es4 ,! bread? ( any zone or r+ is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a matt] ( *oice1 x be+ desirable1 h[ev]1 t no "p ( ! l5s %\ld be mu* ?ick] ?an ! re/1 z well = ! purpose ( avoid+ inconv5i5t projections on its surface1 z to p]mit ! rays to pass ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! l5s ) ne>ly equal loss by absorption4 ,! objects to be atta9$ 9 ! polyzonal or comp\nd l5s1 are *iefly1 z above notic$1 to correct ! excessive ab]ration produc$ by refraction ?r\gh a hemisph]e or great segm5t1 ^: edge w\ld make ! p>allel rays fall+ on its curve surface conv]ge to a po9t mu* ne>] ! l5s ?an ! pr9cipal focus1 z det]m9$ = rays ne> ! optical axis1 & to avoid ! increase ( mat]ial1 :i* w\ld n only add to ! weight ( ! in/rum5t & ! exp5se ( its con/ruction1 b w\ld greatly dim9i% by absorption ! am\nt ( transmitt$ light4 ,v>i\s modes ( remov+ simil> inconv5i5ces 9 telescopic l5ses h be5 devis$2 & ! sugge/ions ( ,,desc>tes1 z to comb9ations ( hyp]bolic & elliptic surfaces ) plane & sph]ical ones1 m especially fulfil ! :ole conditions ( ! case2 b ! excessive difficulty :i* mu/ att5d gr9d+ & poli%+ ^? surfaces1 has hi!rto depriv$ u ( ! advantages :i* w\ld result f ! use ( telescopic l5ses entirely free f sph]ical ab]ration4 ,9 ,ligh?\se l5ses1 :]e s ne> an approa* to accurate conv]g5ce to a s+le focus is unnecess>y1 e purpose is answ]$ by ! p>tial correction ( ab]ration :i* may be obta9$1 by det]m9+ an av]age radius ( curvature = ! c5tral disc1 & = ea* successive belt or r+1 z y rec$e f ! v]tex ( ! l5s4 ,9 ! l5ses orig9ally con/ruct$ = ,,fresnel by ,,soleil1 ! zones 7 unit$ by means ( small d[els or joggles ( copp]1 pass+ f ! "o zone into ! o!r2 b ! great] exactness ( ! workman%ip n[ atta9$1 has r5d]$ x safe to disp5se ) ^? fixtures2 & ! comp\nd l5s is n[ held toge!r solely by a metallic frame & ! close union betwe5 ! conc5tric faces ( ! r+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are 9 contact ) ea* o!r at surfaces ( only in* 9 dep?1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,x is rem>kable1 t an in/rum5t1 hav+ ab\t #acjj squ>e in*es ( surface1 & weigh+ #aji lb41 & :i* is compos$ ( s _m p>ts1 %\ld be held toge!r by s sl5d] a bond z two n>r[ /rips ( poli%$ glass1 unit$ by a ?9 film ( cem5t4 ,i n[ proce$ to ! =mul employ$ by ,,fresnel1 to det]m9e ! elem5ts ( ! comp\nd l5s1#ef 9 ! calculation ( :i* two cases occur1 viz41 ! c5tral disc & a conc5tric r+4 ,! focal di/ance ( ! l5s & ! refractive index ( ! glass are ! pr9cipal data f :i* we />t4 #ef ,x may be prop] to m5tion t1 :ile ! =mul giv5 9 ! text are ^? ( ,m4 ,,fresnel1 ,i am responsible = ! inve/igations 9 ! ,notes2 ,i h1 at ! same "t1 mu* pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ my obligations1 at v>i\s times 7ab\t t5 ye>s ago71 to ,mr ,,edw>d ,,sang1 & 7m rec5tly7 to ,mr ,,william ,,swan1 = _! k9d advice on ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,i beg9 ) ! case ( ! c5tral disc or l5s r\nd :i* ! annul> r+s are arrang$4 ,its pr9cipal section is a mixtil9e> figure 7fig4 #ed7 compos$ ( a segm5t b a c1 re/+ on a p>allelogram b c d e1 ^: dep? b d or c e is det]m9$ by ! /r5g? :i* is requir$ = ! jo9ts :i* unite ! v>i\s portions ( ! l5s4 ,^? p>ticul>s h1 z ,i already /at$1 be5 det]m9$ ) s mu* judgm5t by ,,fresnel & ! dim5sions ( ! l5ses s v>i$ to suit ! case ( v>i\s lights1 t no?+ 9 ?is respect rema9s to be done by o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,ref]r+ to fig4 #ee1 we h1 = obta9+ ! radius ( ! c5tral disc1 ! foll[+ =mul1 9 :i* r ,,ab1 half ! ap]ture ( ! l5s r ,,ab ,,af1 ! focal di/ance t ,a a1 ! ?ickness ( ! l5s at ! v]tex t ,b b1 ! ?ickness ( ! jo9t ! index ( refraction ! radius ( curvature4 ,!n = ! radius ( curvature ne> ! axis we h3 7 t7 7 - #a77 ----7 7 7 & = t ne> ! m>g9 we h3 r tan i - s9 i s9 e -------- r r - t 4 tan e r tan i ---- s9 i s9 ------- r ---------7 - #b cos e #a7 s9 e &1 f9ally #eg ------- #b #eg ,! foll[+ /eps lead to ! =mul giv5 9 ! text4 ,let ,,apqb 7fig4 #ef7 repres5t a section ( ! c5tral l5s by a plane pass+ ?r\gh its axis ,,af2 ,f ! focus = incid5t rays2 & ,,fqph ! pa? ( a ray refract$ f9ally 9 ! direction ,,ph1 p>allel to ! axis4 ,let ,c be ! c5tre ( curvature1 !n ,,pc is a normal to ! curve at ,p2 &1 produc+ ,,pq to meet ! axis 9 ,g1 we h ,g ! focus ( ! rays1 aft] refraction at ! surface ,,bq4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,!n s9 ,,pcg ,,pg ------- --2 s9 ,,gpc ,,cg & also s9 ,,qfg ,,qg ------- -- s9 ,,qgf ,,qf ,n[1 z ,p approa*es ,a1 we h ultimately ,,pg ,,ag1 ,,qg ,,bg1 & ,,qf ,,bf2 ,!re=e1 putt+ ,,ag & ,,ac ,,ag ,,bg - t -- ------2 -- --------1 ,,cg - ,,bf f :i* - 2 & - t & elim9at+ 1 we h t1 :5ce1 z above1 7 t7 7 - #a77 ----7 7 7 ,b z ?is value ( ! radius ( curvature1 z already /at$1 is calculat$ = rays ne> ! axis1 x w\ld produce a notable ab]ration = rays incid5t on ! m>g9 ( ! l5s4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to avoid ! effects ( ab]ration z mu* z possible1 a second radius ( curvature mu/ be calculat$1 s t rays incid5t on ! m>g9 ( ! l5s may be refract$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis4 ,?is second value ( ! radius is call$ 9 ! text1 & is f\nd z foll[s 7ref]r+ to fig4 #eg73 ,let ,,fb b x be ! c\rse ( a ray refract$ 9 ! direction b x p>allel to ! axis ,a x4 ,?is ray meets ! surface ,,ab 9 ! po9t ,b1 ^: position may be f\nd approximately by trac+ ! pa? ( ! ray ,,fb1 on ! supposition t ! surface ( ! refract+ m$ium is produc$ 9 ! directions ,,ab1 a b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,let ,c be ! c5tre ( curvature 7see fig4 #eg7 ,,ac b ! angle ( em]g5ce ,bb ,c ! second angle ( refraction ,b b ,b ! fir/ angle ( refraction i ,b,,fa ! fir/ angle ( incid5ce i ,,bfa e b ,b b ,,ab r ,,ab r ,b b t ! ?ickness ( ! l5s at ! edge ,,af ! focal di/ance4 ,!n r s9 i tan i ---2 s9 e -------- :5ce b b t tan e becomes kn[n4 ,n[1 s9ce ,,bb b b ne>ly1 ,,ab ,,ab - b b or r r - t tan e4 ,f ?is is obta9$ ! angle ( incid5ce i1 & ! fir/ angle ( refraction 2 = r s9 i tan i ---- & s9 -------4 ,next ,b b ,c ,b b ,c - ,b b ,b or - & s9 s9 s9 7 - 7 s9 f :i*1 s9 cos - cos s9 ----- 7 #a7 :5ce s9 7cos - -7 cos s9 2 & 7 7 7 #b cos #a7 s9 7cos - ------- --7 cos s9 7 7 7#a - s9 7 s9 s9 - s9 s9 ,!n transpos+ we h #b cos #a s9 7cos s9 7 - ------- -- s9 & because 7cos s9 7 #a we h1 by divid+1 s9 s9 s9 ------------------ ------------------ #b cos #a - #b cos #a #a - ------- -- & s9 s9 --------------------- 7#a - #b cos 7 ,next1 s9ce a b r b ,c ---------- -----1 s9 ,,ac b s9 putt+ ,c b 1 & sub/itut+ we h r ------- 7 - #b cos #a7 s9 &1 tak+ = ! radius ( curvature1 ! mean ( & ! values calculat$ = ! c5tral & m>g9al rays1 we h f9ally ------- #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,i come next to ! second case1 :i* conc]ns ! calculation ( ! elem5ts ( a conc5tric r+4 ,! section a b c d e 7fig4 #eh7 ( "o ( ^? r+s includes a mixtil9e> triangle a b e1 & a rectangle b c e d1 ! ?ickness b c be+ ! same z t ( ! edge ( ! c5tral disc2 & ! elem5ts to be det]m9$ are ! radius ( ! curve surface1 & ! position ( ! c5tre ( curvature1 ) ref]5ce to ! v]tex ( ! l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! radius ( curvature ( ! zone may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mul1 9 :i* 7see fig4 #ei7 r ,,ab ! di/ance ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! zone f ! axis ( ! l5s r ,,ae ! di/ance ( ! inn] m>g9 f ! axis l ,,be ! bread? ( ! zone r - r ! radius ( curvature b ,c m ,c focal di/ance ,,af t ?ickness ( ! jo9t ,b b t ,b b refractive index ( ! glass i ,,bfa i ,,efa r r ,!n tan i ----2 tan i ---- s9 i s9 i s9 e ---------2 s9 e --------- r r - t s9 e2 r r - t s9 e r r tan i -----2 tan i ----- s9 i s9 i s9 --------2 s9 -------- s9 s9 ---------------------2 7 - #b cos #a7 s9 s9 ---------------------2 - 7 - #b cos #a7 #b cos & la/ly -------------------------------------- #b cos 7 - 7 s9 7 - 7 :i* is ,,fresnel',s value ( ! radius ( curvature4#eh #eh ,! foll[+ /eps w conduct u to ?is expression3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,let ,b b f ,e 7fig4 #fj7 repres5t ! section ( a zone by a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! l5s ,,af1 ,c ! c5tre ( curvature1 ,f ! radiant po9t1 & ,,fb b x1 ,,fe m x ! c\rse ( ! extreme rays :i* are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! zone 7& ! latt] ( :i* passes f ,e to e ?r\gh a portion ( ! zone or l5s 9 contact ) t "u consid]ation74 ,!n putt+ ,,ab r2 ,,ab r2 ,c b ,,ae r2 ,,ae r2 ,b b t2 ,,be r - r l ! fir/ angle ( refraction b ,b k ! second angle ( refraction ,b b ,c ! fir/ angle ( refraction e ,e k ! second angle ( refraction e m ,c ! angle ( em]g5ce b ,c q ! angle ( em]g5ce m ,c q i ,,bfa2 i ,,efa2 i ,b,,fa2 i ,e,,fa e ,b b ,b2 e ,e e ,e4 ,proce$+ exactly z 9 ! case ( ! c5tral l5s we %all h ,,ba r ,,ea r tan i -- ----2 tan i -- ---- ,,af ,,af s9 i s9 i s9 e ---------2 s9 e --------- r r - t s9 e2 r r - t s9 e r r tan i -----2 tan i ----- s9 i s9 i s9 --------2 s9 --------- s9 s9 s9 ---------------------2 & s9 ---------------------- 7 - #b cos - #a7 7 - #b cos #a7 ,n[1 ! angle b ,c m - f :i* 7s9ce ! triangle b m ,c is isosceles7 b m ,c #ij - 7 - 72 also1 9 ! triangle b m e1 ! angle b m e b m ,c - e m ,c #ij - 7 - 7 - & b e m k e ,e #ij - ,we h !re=e 9 ! triangle b m e b e s9 b e m l cos b m ----------------------- --------------------- s9 b m e cos 7 - 7 & 9 b m ,c b m s9 b m ,c l cos cos 7 - 7 b ,c --------------------- ---------------------------------- s9 b ,c m cos 7 7 - 77 s9 7 - 7 l cos cos 7 - 7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- cos 7 - 7 #b s9 7 - 7 cos 7 - 7 f :i*1 putt+ b ,c l cos --------------------------------------- #b cos 7 - 7 s9 7 - 7 ,la/ly1 ! position ( ,c ! c5tre ( curvature = a r+ is easily det]m9$ by two co-ord9ates 9 ref]5ce to _! orig91 ,a1 :i* is ! v]tex ( ! l5s 7see fig4 #fj bel[71 by ! equations3 ,,cg 4 s9 - a b 4 s9 - r ,,cq 4 cos - q ,q 4 cos - t ,! elem5ts ( ea* successive zone are det]m9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! annul> l5s ( ! fir/ ord] ( lights 9 ,,fresnel',s sy/em consi/s1 z already /at$1 ( a c5tral disc #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 & #aj conc5tric r+s1 all ( :i* h a common pr9cipal focus1 :]e ! rays ( ! sun meet aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,) su* accuracy are ^? r+s & ! disc gr\nd & plac$ relatively to ea* o!r1 t ! position ( ! actual conjugate focus ( ! entire surface ( ! comp\nd l5s1 diff]s 9 a v small degree f t obta9$ by calculation 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[4#ei #ei ,te/+ ,l5ses4 ,! te/s g5]ally appli$ = exam9+ ! l5ses us$ 9 ,ligh?\ses1 is to f9d ! position ( ! conjugate focus beh9d ! l5s1 due to a giv5 position ( a lamp 9 front ( x4 ,?is te/ dep5ds on ! foll[+ consid]ations3--,draw a l9e f an object ,o 9 front ( a l5s1 to any po9t ,q 9 ! l5s2 & f ,a1 ! c5tre ( ! l5s1 draw ,,ar p>allel to ,,oq1 & cutt+ a l9e ,,rf r :i* passes ?r\gh ! pr9cipal focus ,f1 at "r angles to ! axis ( ! l5s2 !n jo9 ! po9ts ,q & ,r1 & produce ! l9e jo9+ !m3 ,i1 ! image ( ,o mu/ be 9 t l9e4 ,9 ! same way1 draw a l9e f ,o to q1 ano!r po9t 9 ! l5s on ! o!r side ( its axis1 & p>allel to x draw ,a r f ! c5tre ( ! l5s1 cutt+ ! plane ( ! pr9cipal focus 9 r4 ,jo9 q r1 9 :i* l9e ! image w lie2 & h5ce ! int]section ( ,,or & q r1 9 ,i1 w be ! po9t 9 :i* ! image ( ,o is =m$1 or w be ! conjugate focus ( ! l5s due to ! di/ance ,,oa4 ,?is mode w s]ve to give ! di/ance ( ! conjugate focus ( a l5s 7neglect+ its ?ickness7 = rays fall+ on its surface at any angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,we %all suppose ,,qa 7fig4 #fa7 to repres5t ! half ( a l5s1 & rememb]+ ! conditions describ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! la/ figure1 we %all at once p]ceive ! tru? ( ! foll[+ analogy 7fig4 #fb73-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,,oa ,,af ,,aq ,,fr ,,ai ,,fi1 & putt+ ,,oa 1 ,,ai 1 & ,,af 1 we h - 1 &1 consequ5tly1 - 2 & h5ce ! foll[+ equations1 :i* express ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s & ! di/ance ( any object & its correspond+ image3 #a/1 ,to f9d ! pr9cipal focal di/ance ( a l5s f ! measur$ position ( its object & its image refract$ ?r\gh x1 we h1 ------4 #b;d1 ,= ! di/ance ( ! object1 :5 t ( ! image is kn[n1 we h1 ------4 - #c;d1 ,= ! position ( ! image1 :5 t ( ! object is kn[n1 we h1 -----4 - ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,9 te/+ l5ses1 ( c\rse1 x is ?is la/ equation :i* we use1 because ! value ( or ! pr9cipal focus is always kn[n1 & is t ^: accuracy we wi% to try1 :ile may be *os5 )9 c]ta9 limits at w4 ,i h f\nd t ! be/ mode ( proce$+ is ! foll[+3--,9 front ( ! l5s ,q q 7see fig4 #fc7 firmly fix$ on a frame1 place a lamp at ,o at ! di/ance ( ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,calculate ! value ( due to #ej y>ds1 :i* 9 ?is case is equal to ,,af1 ,,oa be+ equal to 2 & move a scre5 ( :ite pap] backw>ds & =w>ds until y receive on x ! smalle/ image t c be =m$1 :i* is at ! po9t :]e ! cones ( conv]g+ & div]g+ rays meet4 ,! image w always increase 9 size :e!r y approa* ne>] to ! l5s or rec$e f>!r f x1 accord+ z y pass f ! conv]g+ into ! div]g+ cone ( rays1 or vice v]sa2 & h5ce ! int]m$iate po9t is easily f\nd by a v little practice4 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! l5s to ! face ( ! scre51 :i* mu/ be adju/$ s z to be at "r angles to a l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! l5s & ! lamp1 is !n measur$2 & its agreem5t ) ! calculat$ l5g? ( 1 is an indication ( ! accuracy ( ! workman%ip ( ! l5s4 ,:5 ! measur$ di/ance is great] ?an ! calculat$ 1 we "k t ! l5s is too flat2 & x is on ?is side ! error g5]ally falls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 is great] ?an ! measur$ di/ance1 we "k t ! l5s has too great convexity4 ,i h only to add1 t an error ( on ! value ( may be safely admitt$ 9 ,ligh?\se l5ses2 b ,i h _h _m in/rum5ts made by ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ,,soleil1 ^: error fell bel[ ( 4 ,ow+ probably to ! mode ( gr9d+1 ! surfaces ( all ! l5ses ,i h yet exam9$ are some:at too flat4 ,div]g5ce ( ,annul> ,l5ses4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( l5ses ) ! flame ( a lamp1 simil> consid]ations mu/ influ5ce u 9 mak+ ! necess>y arrangem5ts1 z 9 ! case ( reflectors4 ,we h already se5 t ! size ( ! flame & its di/ance f ! surface ( reflect+ in/rum5ts h an important practical be>+ on ! utility ( ! in/rum5t1 & t ! div]g5ce ( ! resultant beam mat]ially affects its fitness = ! purpose ( a ,ligh?\se4 ,s also1 9 ! case ( ! l5s1 unless ! diamet] ( ! flame ( ! lamp has to ! focal di/ance ( ! in/rum5t a relation su* z may cause an appreciable div]g5ce ( ! rays refract$ ?r\gh x1 x c\ld n be usefully appli$ to a ,ligh?\se2 =1 )\t ?is1 ! light w\ld be 9 sight dur+ s %ort a "t1 t ! seaman w\ld h mu* difficulty 9 obs]v+ x4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ?is div]g5ce ( ! refract$ beam1 !re=e1 is a matt] ( great practical importance1 & ,i %all briefly po9t out ! conditions :i* regulate its am\nt1 z !y are ne>ly id5tical ) ^? :i* det]m9e ! div]g5ce ( a p>abolodal mirror illum9at$ by a lamp 9 its focus4 ,! div]g5ce1 9 ! case ( l5ses1 may be describ$ z ! angle :i* ! flame subt5ds at ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s1 ! maximum ( :i*1 produc$ at ! v]tex ( ,,fresnel',s great l5s by ! lamp ( f\r conc5tric wicks1 is ab\t #e #i4fj #fj ,?is w be easily se5 by exam9+ ! annex$ figure 7#fd71 9 :i* ,q q repres5ts ! l5s4 ,a its c5tre1 ,f ! pr9cipal focus1 b ,f & b ,f ! radius ( ! flame2 !n is ! angle b ,a b equal to ! maximum div]g5ce ( ! l5s4 b ,f ,rad4 ( flame ,s9 b ,,af ----- s9 b ,,af --------------2 ,,af ,focal di/ance & twice b ,,af ! :ole div]g5ce at ,a4 ,!n = ! div]g5ce at ! m>g9 ( ! l5s1 or at any o!r po9t1 we h1 ,,fq 7,,aq ,,af7 & ,q x 7,,qf ,f x72 & = any angle at ,q1 we h ,f x s9 ,,fq x -----4 ,,fq ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illum9at+ ,p[] ( ,l5ses4 ,on ! subject ( ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! l5ses1 x seems en\gh to say1 t ! same g5]al pr9ciple regulates ! e/imate z 9 reflectors4 ,ow+ to ! squ>e =m ( ! l5s1 h[ev]1 !re is a great] difficulty 9 f9d+ a mean focal di/ance :]eby to correct our e/imate ( ! angle subt5d$ by ! light1 s z to equate ! v>y+ di/ance ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! surface2 b1 practically1 we %all n greatly err if we consid] ! quoti5t ( ! surface ( ! l5s divid$ by ! surface ( ! flame z ! increas$ p[] ( illum9ation by ! use ( ! l5s4 ,! illum9at+ effect ( ! great l5s1 z measur$ at mod]ate di/ances1 has g5]ally be5 tak5 at #cjjj ,arg& flames1 ! value ( ! great flame 9 its focus be+ ab\t #af1 ?us giv+ its increas+ p[] z ne>ly equal to #ahj4 ,! m p]fect l5ses h produc$ a consid]ably great] effect4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,l5ses 9 a ,ligh?\se4 ,! application ( l5ses to ,ligh?\ses is s obvi\s z sc>cely to admit ( f>!r explanation ?an simply to /ate1 t ^? in/rum5ts are arrang$ r\nd a lamp plac$ 9 _! c5tre1 & on ! level ( ! focal plane 9 ! mann] %ewn 9 ,plates ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv41#fa s z to =m by _! union a "r octagonal holl[ prism1 circulat+ r\nd ! flame :i* is fix$ 9 ! c5tre1 & %ew+ to a di/ant obs]v] successive fla%es or blazes ( light1 :5ev] !y cross a l9e jo9+ 8 eye & ! lamp1 9 a mann] simil> to t already notic$ 9 describ+ ! action ( ! mirrors4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! effect consi/s 9 ! great] int5sity & %ort] duration ( ! blaze produc$ by ! l5s2 :i* latt] quantity is1 ( c\rse1 proportional to ! div]g5ce ( ! resultant beam4 ,ea* l5s subt5ds a c5tral horizontal pyramid ( light ( ab\t #df ( incl9ation1 beyond :i* limits ! l5ticul> action c\ld n be advantage\sly pu%$1 ow+ to ! extreme obliquity ( ! incid5ce ( light2 b ,,fresnel at once conceiv$ ! idea ( press+ into ! s]vice ( ! m>9]1 by means ( two v simple exp$i5ts1 ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise h uselessly escap$ above & bel[ ! l5ses4 #fa ,! ,plates %ew ! nature ( ! me*anical p[] :i* gives movem5t to ! l5ses4 ,x consi/s ( a clockwork movem5t driv5 by a weight :i* sets 9 motion a plate be>+ brackets t c>ry ! l5ses4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 c be se5 f ! ,plates2 & ,i am unwill+ to exp5d "t 9 a detail$ explanation ( :at is obvi\s by inspection4 ,pyramidal ,l5ses & ,mirrors4 ,= int]cept+ ! upp] portion ( ! light1 ,,fresnel employ$ eight small] l5ses ( #ejj mm4 focal di/ance 7#aifh in*es7 incl9$ inw>ds t[>ds ! lamp1 :i* is also _! common focus & ?us =m+1 by _! union1 a fru/um ( a holl[ octagonal pyramid ( #ej ( incl9ation4 ,! light fall+ on ^? l5ses is =m$ into eight beams p>allel to ! axis ( ! small] l5ses1 & ris+ upw>ds at an angle ( #ej incl9ation4 ,above !m are rang$ eight plane mirrors1 s incl9$ 7see ,plates ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv47 z to project ! beams transmitt$ by ! small l5ses 9 ! horizontal direction1 s z f9ally to increase ! effect ( ! light4 ,9 plac+ ^? upp] l5ses1 x is g5]ally ?\ght advisable to give _! axis an horizontal deviation ( #g or #h f t ( ! great l5ses & 9 ! direction contr>y to t ( ! revolution ( ! frame :i* c>ries ! l5ticul> app>atus4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! fla%es ( ! small] l5ses prec$e t ( ! l>ge ones1 & ?us t5d to correct ! *ief practical defect ( revolv+ l5ticul> lights by prolong+ ! bright p]iods4 ,! elem5ts ( ! subsidi>y l5ses dep5d ^u ! v same pr9ciples1 & are calculat$ by ! same =mul z ^? giv5 = ! great l5ses4 ,9 fix+ ! focal di/ance & incl9ation ( ^? subsidi>y l5ses1 ,,fresnel 0 guid$ by a consid]ation ( ! necessity = keep+ !m suffici5tly high to prev5t int]f]5ce ) ! free access to ! lamp4 ,he also re/rict$ _! dim5sions )9 v mod]ate limits1 s z to avoid too great weight4 ,! focal di/ance is ! same z t = l5ses ( ! ?ird ord] ( lights4 ,curv$ ,mirrors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,ow+ to ! necess>y arrangem5ts ( a lant]n1 only a v small portion ( ^? rays1 :i* escape f bel[ ! l5ses1 c be r5d]$ available = ! purposes ( a ,ligh?\se2 & any attempt to subject x to l5ticul> action1 s z to add x to ! p]iodic fla%es1 w\ld h l$ to a mo/ inconv5i5t complication ( ! app>atus4 ,,fresnel adopt$ ! m natural & simple c\rse ( transmitt+ x to ! horizon 9 ! =m ( flat r+s ( light1 or r ( div]g5t p5cils1 direct$ to v>i\s po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,?is he effect$ by means ( small curv$ mirrors1 dispos$ 9 ti]s1 "o above ano!r1 l ! leaves ( a ,v5etian bl9d--an arrangem5t :i* he also adopt$ 7%ewn 9 ,plates ,,xv4 & ,,xvi47 = int]cept+ ! light :i* escapes above z well z bel[ ! dioptric belt 9 fix$ lights4 ,^? curv$ mirrors are1 /rictly speak+1 g5]at$ 7see fig4 #fe7 by portions1 su* z a b1 ( p>abolas1 hav+ _! foci co9cid5t ) ,f1 ! common flame ( ! sy/em4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 !y are =m$ z portions ( a curv$ surface1 gr\nd by ! radius ( ! circle1 :i* osculates ! giv5 p>abolic segm5t4#fb ,! mirrors are plates ( glass1 silv]$ on ! back & set 9 flat cases ( %eet-brass4 ,!y are susp5d$ on a circul> frame by screws1 :i* are atta*$ to ! backs ( ! brass cases1 & :i* af=d ! means ( adju/+ !m to _! true incl9ation1 s t !y may reflect objects on ! horizon ( ! ,ligh?\se to an obs]v]'s eye1 plac$ 9 ! common focus ( ! sy/em4#fc #fb ,to f9d ! radius & c5tre ( a circle1 :i* %all osculate a giv5 p>abola1 ^: focus is 9 ,f1 draw ! normals to ! curve f p & ,p1 meet+ 9 ,o1 & draw ,n e p>allel to a tang5t ( ! curve1 or to p ,p1 !n ,p ,o or p ,o is ! radius requir$4 ,n[1 we h simil> triangles ,p p d & ,n e n1 & ,p ,h & p h are 7proximate7 ord9ates2 h5ce we h ! foll[+ analogies3-- ,p d ,p p ,,ph ,,pn ,n e ,n n ,,ph ,,pn ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,h5ce comp\nd+ ^? ratios 79 :i* ,p d ,n n ne>ly7 ,n e ,p p ,,ph ,,pn also ,n e ,p p ,,no ,,po1 7= ,o ,p p & ,n o e are simil> triangles7 ,,ph ,,pn ,,no ,,op1 !n ,,pn- ,,ph ,,hn & ,,po - ,,no ,,np1 !re=e ,,hn ,,pn ,,np ,,po1 & f9ally1 ,,pn ,,po ---4 ,,hn ,!n put ,,fp ,,hc ,,fn 2 ,,hn - z2 !n z ,,fp - ,,fh ,,ph - z ,,pn ,,ph ,,hn 7 - z7 7 - #b z z7 #b - #b z ,,pn 7#b 7 - z77 ,!re=e #b 7 - z7 ,,po ---------------- 7 - z7 7#b 7 - z77 ------------------ 7 - z7 7 7 & f9ally1 ,,po #b #b 7-------7 7 - z7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,to f9d ! v]s$ s9e ( ! curvature 7:i* may be useful 9 ! exam9ation ( ! mirrors by a m\ld7 we may proce$ 7see fig4 #fg7 to put ,,ag f2 ,,be ,c2 ,,ac ,r !n ,,bg ,,ag 4 ,,gd #d ,,bg ,,be #d ,,ag 4 ,,gd ,c #d f 4 7#b ,r - f7 ,c #h f ,r - #d f ,f :i* equation1 ,c ,c #b f - #b ,r 7#d ,r - ,c7 --- - ----- c4 #d ,r #fd ,r ,c ,c #b f --- - ----- #d ,r #fd ,r ,c ,c f --- - -------4 #h ,r #abh ,r ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! accuracy ( ! workman%ip ( ! mirrors1 rec\rse mu/ aga9 be _h1 z 9 ! case ( ! l5ses & p>abolic mirrors1 to ! =mula ( conjugate foci1 9 :i* we %all call ,r ! radius ( curvature ( ! mirror ,m m 7fig4 #fh72 a ! di/ance ( a light1 f1 :i* is arbitr>ily plac$ 9 front ( ! mirror2 & b ! di/ance ( a moveable scre5 ,s1 on :i* ! rays reflect$ f ! mirror may conv]ge 9 a focus4 ,we mu/ f9d ! di/ance b1 at :i*1 ) any giv5 di/ance a1 su* conv]g5ce %\ld take place4 f ,m a ,,sm b ,,om ,r ,!n 7because f ,,ms is bisect$ by ,,om1 & = po9ts ne> ! v]tex ( ! mirror at ,m7 ,,sm f ,m ,,s ,o f or b a ,r - b a - ,r a b - ,r a ,r b - a b4 ,r a ,f :i* b ---------1 #b a - ,r ! di/ance requir$1 9 :i* an error ( 7( its :ole l5g?7 may be safely admitt$4 #fc ,at su* times :5 ! horizon _c be se51 ! mirror may be plac$1 by means ( a cl9omet]1 ) a _s-level1 set to ! prop] angle1 :i* may be easily me*anically det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,draw a l9e f ! focus ,f ?r\gh ! po9t ,o1 :]e ! c5tre ( ! mirror is to be1 produc+ x beyond t po9t to a conv5i5t di/ance at ,i2 ?r\gh ,o draw ,,hoh1 p>allel to ! horizon ,,fh2 bisect ,,ioh by ,,mom1 :i* co9cides ) a tang5t to ! mirror at its c5tre ,o2 & ,,moh is ! angle requir$ to be laid (f1 or its complem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,cyl9dric ,refractors = ,fix$ ,lights4 ,hav+ once contemplat$ ! possibility ( illum9at+ ,ligh?\ses by dioptric means1 ,,fresnel quickly p]ceiv$ ! advantage ( employ+ = fix$ lights a lamp plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a polygonal hoop1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( refractors1 inf9itely small 9 _! l5g? & hav+ _! axes 9 planes p>allel to ! horizon4 ,su* a cont9uation ( v]tical sections1 by refract+ ! rays proce$+ f ! focus1 only 9 ! v]tical direction1 mu/ di/ribute a zone ( light equally brilliant 9 e po9t ( ! horizon4 ,?is effect w be easily und]/ood1 by consid]+ ! middle v]tical section ( "o ( ! great annul> l5ses1 already describ$1 ab/ractly f its relation to ! re/ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x w readily be p]ceiv$ t ?is section possesses ! prop]ty ( simply refract+ ! rays 9 "o plane co9cid5t ) ! l9e ( ! section & 9 a direction p>allel to ! horizon1 & _c collect ! rays f ei!r side ( ! v]tical l9e2 & if ?is section1 by its revolution ab\t a v]tical axis1 becomes ! g5]at+ l9e ( ! envelop+ hoop1 above notic$1 su* a hoop w ( c\rse possess ! prop]ty ( refract+ an equally diffus$ zone ( light r\nd ! horizon4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 ( =m+ ?is app>atus appe>$ s great1 t ,,fresnel det]m9$ to sub/itute = x a v]tical polygon1 compos$ ( :at h be5 improp]ly call$ cyl9dric l5ses1 b :i* 9 reality are mixtil9e> & horizontal prisms1 di/ribut+ ! light :i* !y receive f ! focus ne>ly equally ov] ! horizontal sector :i* !y subt5d4 ,?is polygon has a suffici5t numb] ( sides to enable x to give1 at ! angle =m$ by ! junction ( two ( !m1 a light n v mu* inf]ior to :at is produc$ by "o ( ! sides2 & ! upp] & l[] c\rses ( curv$ mirrors are always s plac$ z p>tly to make up = ! defici5cy ( ! light at ! angles4 ,! effect s\ght = 9 a fix$ light is ?us obta9$ 9 a mu* m p]fect mann]1 ?an by any comb9ation ( ! p>abolic mirrors us$ 9 ! ,briti% ,ligh?\ses4 ,application ( cross$ prisms to cause occasional fla%es4 ,an +5i\s modification ( ! fix$ app>atus is also due to ! inv5tive m9d ( ,,fresnel1 :o conceiv$ ! idea ( plac+ "o app>atus ( ?is k9d 9 front ( ano!r1 ) ! axis ( ! cyl9dric pieces cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,z ^? cyl9dric pieces h ! prop]ty ( refract+ all ! rays :i* !y receive f ! focus1 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! mixtil9e> section :i* g5]ates !m1 x is obvi\s t if two refract+ m$ia ( ?is sort be arrang$ z above describ$1 _! jo9t action w unite ! rays :i* come f _! common focus into a beam1 ^: sectional area is equal to ! ov]lapp$ surface ( ! two in/rum5ts1 & t !y w ?us produce1 al?\gh 9 a disadvantage\s mann]1 ! effect ( an annul> l5s4 ,x 0 by avail+ himself ( ?is prop]ty ( cross$ prisms1 t ,,fresnel inv5t$ ! di/9ction = lights1 :i* he calls a fix$ light v>i$ by fla%es2 9 :i* ! fla%es are caus$ by ! revolution ( cyl9dric refractors ) v]tical axes1 rang$ r\nd ! outside ( ! fix$ light app>atus already describ$4 ,true ,cyl9dric =m giv5 to ! ,refractors & o!r improvem5ts 9 _! ,con/ruction4 ,hav+ be5 direct$ by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses to conv]t ! fix$ catoptric light ( ! ,isle ( ,may1 into a dioptric light ( ! fir/ ord]1 ,i propos$1 t an attempt %\ld be made to =m a true cyl9dric1 in/ead ( a polygonal belt = ! refract+ "p ( ! app>atus2 & ?is task 0 successfully complet$ by ,messrs ,,cookson ( ,newca/le 9 ! ye> #ahcf4 ,! disadvantage ( ! polygon lies 9 ! excess ( ! radius ( ! circumscrib+ circle ov] t ( ! inscrib$ circle1 :i* occasions an unequal di/ribution ( light betwe5 its angles & ! c5tre ( ea* ( its sides2 & ?is fault c only be fully rem$i$ by con/ruct+ a cyl9dric belt1 ^: g5]at+ l9e is ! middle mixtil9e> section ( an annul> l5s1 revolv+ ab\t a v]tical axis pass+ ?r\gh its pr9cipal focus4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! only =m :i* c possibly produce an equal diffusion ( ! incid5t light ov] e "p ( ! horizon4 ,i at fir/ imag9$ t ! :ole hoop ( refractors might be built betwe5 two metallic r+s1 connect+ !m to ea* o!r solely by ! means employ$ 9 cem5t+ ! pieces ( ! annul> l5ses2 b a little consid]ation conv9c$ me t ?is con/ruction w\ld make x necess>y to build ! zone at ! ligh?\se itself1 & w\ld ?us greatly increase ! risk ( fracture4 ,i 0 !re=e reluctantly induc$ to divide ! :ole cyl9d] into t5 arcs1 ea* ( :i* be+ set 9 a metallic frame1 might be capable ( be+ mov$ sep>ately4 ,! *ance ( any error 9 ! figure ( ! in/rum5t has ?us a probability ( be+ conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits2 :il/ ! rectification ( any defective "p becomes at ! same "t m easy4 ,"o o!r v>iation f ! mode ( con/ruction at fir/ contemplat$ = ! ,isle ( ,may refractors1 0 =c$ ^u me by ! repeat$ failures :i* occurr$ 9 attempt+ to =m ! middle zone 9 "o piece2 & x 0 at l5g? f\nd necess>y to divide ?is belt by a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! horizontal plane ( ! focus4 ,su* a division ( ! c5tral zone1 h[ev]1 0 n att5d$ ) any appreciable loss ( light1 z ! entire co9cid5ce ( ! junction ( ! two pieces ) ! horizontal plane ( ! focus1 conf9es ! int]ception ( ! light to ! f9e jo9t at :i* !y are cem5t$4 ,) ! exception ( ^? trifl+ *anges1 ! idea at fir/ ent]ta9$ ( ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t 0 fully realis$ at ! manufactory ( ,messrs ,,cookson4 ,i also1 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 greatly improv$ ! arrangem5t ( ?is app>atus1 by giv+ to ! metallic frames :i* conta9 ! prisms1 a rhomboidal1#fd in/ead ( a rectangul> =m4 ,! junction ( ! frames be+ ?us incl9$ f ! p]p5dicul>1 d n 9 any azimu? int]cept ! light ?r\gh\t ! :ole height ( ! refract+ belt1 b ! int]ception is conf9$ to a small rhomboidal space1 ^: area is inv]sely proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle ( incl9ation2 & if ! helical jo9ts be =m$ betwe5 ! opposite angles ( ! old rectangul> frames1 ! am\nt ( int]cept$ light becomes absolutely equal 9 e azimu?4#fe #fd ,! =m w\ld n be exactly rhomboidal1 b w\ld be a portion ( a flat helix int]cept$ betwe5 two planes1 cutt+ ! envelop$ cyl9d] at "r angles to its axis4 #fe ,see my ,report on ! ,refractors ( ! ,isle ( ,may ,light1 #h? ,octob] #ahcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,su* an app>atus is %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xvii42 & ! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #gj7 %ews an elevation ,,abcd1 a section ,,bd1 & a plan ,,abd1 ( a s+le pannel ( ?is improv$ comp\nd belt4 ,,ac & ,,bd are ! diagonal jo9ts above describ$4 ,"t & p]sev]ance1 & ! pati5ce & skill ( ,monsieur ,,fran,,ois ,,soleil1 :om ,i urg$ to und]take ! task1 7 at l5g? cr[n$ ) success2 & ,i _h ! satisfaction at la/ ( see+ a fix$ light app>atus1 hav+ its =m truly cyl9dric1 & its c5tral belt 9 "o piece1 :ile ! jo9ts 7 incl9$ to ! horizon at su* an angle z to r5d] ! light p]fectly equal 9 e azimu?4 ,catadioptric ,zones4 ,! loss ( light by reflection at ! surface ( ! mo/ p]fect mirrors1 & ! p]i%able nature ( ! mat]ial compos+ _! poli%1 induc$ me1 s f> back z #ahce1 9 a ,report on ! ,light ( ,in*kei?1 :i* _h j be5 alt]$ to ! dioptric sy/em1 to propose ! sub/itution ( totally reflect+ prisms1 ev5 9 lights ( ! fir/ ord] or l>ge/ dim5sions4 ,9 ?is attempt ,i 0 mu* enc\rag$ by ! s+ul> lib]ality ( ,mr ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 to ^: fri5d%ip 7z ,i h (t51 ) mu* pleasure1 ackn[l$g$7 ,i owe all t ,i "k ( dioptric ,ligh?\ses4 ,he n only freely communicat$ to me ! me?od pursu$ by 8 di/+ui%$ bro!r ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel1 9 det]m9+ ! =ms ( ! zones ( ! small app>atus1 introduc$ by him into ! ,h>b\r ,lights ( ,france1 & 8 own mode ( rigor\sly solv+ "s ( ! prelim9>y que/ions involv$ 9 ! computations2 b put me 9 possession ( v>i\s important sugge/ions1 :i* sub/antially embrace ! :ole subject4 ,ano!r fri5d also help$ me1 by po9t+ out c]ta9 less direct me?ods ( det]m9+ "s ( ! elem5ts1 :i* greatly abridg$ ! lab\rs ( computation4 ,mr ,,fresnel agre$ ) me 9 anticipat+ a consid]able increase ( ! light d]iv$ f ! accessory "p ( ! app>atus2 b he express$ 8 op9ion1 t 9 ord] to prev5t great absorption1 ! r+s %\ld n greatly exce$ ^? ( ! small app>atus 9 _! sectional area4 ,?is w\ld h requir$ ab\t =ty r+s to int]cept ! same quantity ( light act$ ^u by ! curv$ mirrors2 &1 al?\gh ! difficulties ( gr9d+ 7 some:at simil> to ^? :i* _h already be5 enc\nt]$ 9 =m+ ! cyl9dric belt = ! ,isle ( ,may app>atus1 !re 7 also "s special difficulties att5d+ ! =mation ( ! catadioptric zones1 :i* appe>$ s =midable z to det] me by ! exp5se ( gr9d+ s _m zones1 & l$ me to ?9k ( adopt+ fl9t glass4 ,consid]able masses1 ( a v pure & homog5e\s appe>ance1 _h be5 %ewn to me by ! late ,dr ,,rit*ie ( ! ,london ,univ]sity1 :o calculat$ ^u ! uni=m & p]man5t success ( 8 process2 b1 :atev] f\ndation !re might h be5 = ?is hope1 x 0 remov$ by 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ soon aft]w>ds1 & ,i 0 =c$ to return to ! idea ( us+ cr[n glass4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to enable me to e/imate m correctly ! advantage ( ! zones1 ,i procur$ f ,messrs ,,cookson ( ,newca/le1 an av]age specim5 ( cr[n glass1 ( ! ?ickness ( #dj mm4 7ab\t #a in*71 :i* is ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! ray betwe5 its imm]g5ce into & its em]g5ce out ( ! zones ( ! small app>atus2 & hav+ _h x c>efully poli%$1 ) bo? faces p>allel1 ,i f\nd1 z ! result ( num]\s trials1 conduct$ ) e precaution ,i c\ld ?9k (1 t ! loss ( light due to ! transmission ?r\gh x1 0 some:at less ?an ?s ( ! incid5t light4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,,b\geur1 ! loss by ! two refractions may be assum$ at ?2 s t we c\ld n s5sibly err 9 conclud+ t ! :ole loss due to ! transmission ( ! light ?r\gh ! zones w\ld n mu* exce$ ?s ( ! incid5t light4 ,9 ! lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 ! loss by reflection f ! surface ( ! mirrors1 & by ! escape ( light ?r\gh ! int]/ices :i* sep>ate !m1 is n less ?an ds ( ! light incid5t on t "p ( ! app>atus4 ,on ! mo/ mod]ate expectation1 !re=e1 :i* ?is proportion seem$ to w>rant1 x appe>$ t1 )\t any all[ance = imp]fections 9 ! figure ( ! zones1 at lea/ twice z mu* light w\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! zones z c be reflect$ by ! mirrors4 ,! prospect ev5 ( a "p ( ?is increase be+ obta9$ )\t ! exp5diture ( m oil1 seem$ too important to be readily r5\nc$1 m especially :5 x 0 consid]$ t ! fix$ lights1 to :i* x *iefly applies1 are necess>ily mu* feebl] ?an ! revolv+ lights1 z well z m num]\s & m exp5sive4 ,s _m motives press$ me to ! "w1 t ,i comm5c$ my lab\rs 7dur+ my leisure h\rs :ile engag$ at ! ,sk]ryvore71 & comput$ ,tables ( ! ,elem5ts ( #de zones1 ^: less] sides 7 #dj millimtres 9 l5g?1 :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 #ahdj4 ,9 #ahda1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ se5 at ,p>is specim5s ( pur] cr[n glass1 ,i pr9t$ o!r ,tables f computations ( l>g] zones1 :i* ,i _h made 9 #ahch1 b _h disc>d$ z unsuit$ to ! inf]ior quality ( ,engli% glass1 ^: absorption r5d]$ ! use ( small] dim5sions ( ! zone imp]ative4 ,9 ! fir/ ,table1 ,i _h adopt$ ! =m ( isosceles triangles1 to avoid ! difficulty ( gr9d+ annul> surfaces ) radii ( great l5g? 7:i* ,i f\nd requir$ to be ne>ly #cj feet71 b 9 ! second ,table1 ,i adopt$ a sugge/ion1 convey$ to me 9 a lett] f ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel1 by giv+ ea* zone ! =m ( an oblique triangle ^: base is ! *ord ( ! circle :i* osculates ! surface ( ! reflect+ side ( ! zone4 ,"s attempts 7 made by ,messrs ,,cookson at ,newca/le to execute ! l>ge/ ( ! zones2 b ! =ms diff]$ s widely f ! dim5sions assign$ 9 ! ,table1 t ,i _h begun to despair ( success4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ,i receiv$ a communication f ,m4 ,,fresnel1 po9t+ out sev]al inaccuracies 9 my ,tables1 & m especially direct+ my att5tion to ! disadvantage ( *oos+1 = ! focus ( ! upp] s]ies ( zones1 a high "p ( ! flame1 z ,i _h done ) ! view ( ?r[+ all ! light bel[ ! horizon1 s t none might be lo/4 ,he1 at ! same "t1 in=m$ me ( ! success ( ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ,,soleil1 9 execut+ zones = ! small] app>atus1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,?ird ,ord]2 & put me 9 possession ( ! results ( 8 computations ( l>ge zones ( ! ,fir/ ,ord]1 suit$ to ! greatly improv$ quality ( ! cr[n glass ( ,/ ,goba91 ) an invitation1 be=e ,i %\ld adopt 8 dim5sions1 to v]ify 8 calculations4 ,?is ,i will+ly und]took1 & comput$ ! elem5ts ( ! zones 9 ,m4 ,,fresnel',s ,table afre%1 ) results diff]+ f 8 only 9 "o or two in/ances1 to an am\nt ^: angul> value does n exce$ m ?an #b4 ,! ,table 9 ! ,app5dix conta9s ! result ( my calculations1 :i* are v]ifications ( ^? ( ,m4 ,,fresnel4 ,! subject ( ! zones has ?us be5 v fully weigh$2 & x is mo/ satisfactory to ?9k t complete success has att5d$ ! p]sev]ance & ard\r ( ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ,,soleil1 :o at once boldly und]took to furni% = ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ! fir/ catadioptric app>atus ev] con/ruct$ on s magnific5t a scale4 ,on ! #bc;d ,decemb] #ahdc1 ,m4 ,,fresnel ann\nc$1 9 a lett] to me1 ! complete success :i* _h att5d$ a trial ( ! app>atus at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 :]eby x appe>$ t ! illum9at+ effect ( ! cupola ( zones1 0 to t ( ! sev5 upp] ti]s ( mirrors ( ! fir/ ord]1 z #adj to #hg4 ,no?+ c be m beautiful ?an an entire app>atus = a fix$ light ( ! fir/ ord]1 su* z t %ewn 9 ,plates ,,xvii4 & ,,xviii4 ,x consi/s ( a c5tral belt ( refractors1 =m+ a holl[ cyl9d] #f feet 9 diamet]1 & #cj in*es high2 bel[ x are six triangul> r+s ( glass1 rang$ 9 a cyl9drical =m1 & above a cr[n ( ?irte5 r+s ( glass1 =m+ by _! union a holl[ cage1 compos$ ( poli%$ glass1 #aj feet high & #f feet 9 diamet]6 ,i "k no "w ( art m beautiful or cr$itable to ! boldness1 ard\r1 intellig5ce1 & zeal ( ! arti/4 ,i mu/ n[ endeav\r to trace ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ! elem5ts ( ! zones giv5 9 ! app5d$ ,table h be5 det]m9$2 & ?is1 ,i fe>1 ,i _c d )\t consid]able prolixity ( detail4 ,ref]r+ to ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xvi41 ,,xvii41 & ,,xviii41 9 :i* ,f %ews ! flame1 ,,rr1 ! refractors1 & ,,mrm & ,,mrm1 ! spaces ?r\gh :i* ! light w\ld escape uselessly above & bel[ ! l5s1 b = ! corrective action ( ! mirrors ,,mm1 :i* project ! rays fall+ on !m to ! horizon1 ,i h to obs]ve t a simil> effect is obta9$1 b 9 a m p]fect mann]1 by means ( ! zones ,,abc & ,a,b,c 7fig4 #ga1 on page #bga71 ^: action on ! div]g5t rays ( ! lamp causes ! rays ,,fc1 ,,fb & ,,fc1 ,,fb to em]ge horizontally1 by refract+ !m at ! inn] surfaces ,,bc1 ,b,c1 reflect+ !m at ,,ab1 ,a,b1 & a second "t refract+ !m at ,,ac1 ,a,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! problem propos$ is1 !re=e1 ! det]m9ation ( ! elem5ts & position ( a triangle ,,abc1 :i*1 by its revolution ab\t a v]tical axis1 pass+ ?r\gh ! focus ( a sy/em ( annul> l5ses or refractors 9 ,f1 w\ld g5]ate a r+ or zone capable ( transmitt+ 9 an horizontal direction by means ( total reflection1 ! light incid5t ^u its inn] side ,,bc f a lamp plac$ 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,! conditions ( ! "q are bas$ ^u ! well-kn[n laws ( total reflection1 & require t all ! rays com+ f ! focus ,f %all be s refract$ at ent]+ ! surface ,,bc1 z to meet ! side ,,ba at su* an angle1 t in/ead ( pass+ out !y %all be totally reflect$ f x1 & pass+ onw>ds to ! side ,,ca %all1 aft] a second refraction at t surface1 f9ally em]ge f ! zone 9 an horizontal direction4 ,= ! solution ( ?is problem1 we h giv5 ! positions ( ,f ! focus1 ( ! apex ,c ( ! g5]at+ triangle ( ! zone1 ! l5g? ( ! side ,,bc or ,,ca1 & ! refractive index ( ! glass4 ,! =m ( ! zone mu/ !n be su* z to fulfil ! foll[+ conditions3-- #a4 ,! extreme ray ,,fb mu/ suff] refraction & reflection at ,b1 & pass to ,c1 :]e be+ a second "t refract$1 x mu/ foll[ ! horizontal direction ,,*4 #b4 ,! o!r extreme ray ,,fc mu/ be refract$ 9 ,c & pass+ to ,a1 mu/ at ! po9t be reflect$1 & a second "t reflect$1 s z to foll[ ! horizontal c\rse ,,ag 7see fig4 #gb1 on opposite page74 ,^! two propositions involve o!r two 9 ! =m ( coroll>ies4 #a4 ,t e int]m$iate ray proce$+ f ,f1 & fall+ ^u ,,bc 9 any po9t ,e1 betwe5 ,b & ,c1 mu/1 aft] refraction at ! surface ,,bc 9 ,e into ! direction ,,ew1 be s reflect$ at ,w f ,,ab into ! direction ,,wi1 t be+ p>allel to ,,bc1 x %all1 aft] a second refraction 9 ,i1 at ! surface ,,ac1 em]ge horizontally 9 ! l9e ,,ik4 ,&1 #b4 ,t ! pa?s ( ! two extreme rays mu/ !re=e trace ! position ( ! g5]at+ triangle ( ! zone4 ,to ^! consid]ations x may be add$1 t z ! angles ,,b* & ,,fca are ea* ( !m solely due to ! refraction at ,c1 z _! common cause1 !y mu/ be equal to ea* o!r1 & ,,bca be+ common to bo?1 ! rema9+ angle ,,a* ! rema9+ angle ,,bcf4 ,we naturally beg9 by ! consid]ation ( ! l[e/ ray ,,fc1 ^: pa? be+ trac$ gives ! direction ( ! two refract+ sides ,,bc & ,,ac1 leav+ only ! direction ( ! reflect+ side ,,ba to be det]m9$4 ,i %all n n[ expla9 ! reason = neglect+ entirely ! consid]ation ( ! reflect+ side at pres5t1 z ,i c\ld n d s )\t anticipat+ :at mu/ be m fully discuss$ 9 ! sequel2 b ,i may cont5t myself ) /at+1 t z ! positions ( ,,bc & ,,ac dep5d ^u ! direction ( ! incid5t ray ,,fc1 & on ! refractive index ( ! glass1 ?is "p ( ! inve/igation may be c>ri$ on ap>t f any int]f]5ce ) ! reflect+ side4 ,z we "k ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! angles ( incid5ce & refraction1 we might det]m9e ! relative positions ( ! sides ,,ac & ,,bc1 by means ( successive corrections obta9$ by protraction1 trac+ ! pa?s ( ! rays f ! horizontal directions backw>ds ?r\gh ! zones to ! focus4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 dep5ds entirely ^u accurate protraction1 & is !re=e unsatisfactory z a f9al det]m9ation1 or if employ$ = any o!r purpose ?an t ( af=d+ a r\gh approximation to ! value ( ! angle1 a k ( :i* may occasionally save tr\ble 9 ! employm5t ( m exact means ( det]m9ation4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 on any occasion employ$ ?is process1 z ,i f\nd t a little practice enabl$ me to make my fir/ e/imation v ne> ! tru?4 ,i %all !re=e at once proce$ to give a view ( ! reason+ employ$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,ref]r+ to fig4 #gb1 :i* %ews ! fir/ & second zone ( ! upp] s]ies1 we h ,,fl ,tan ,,lcf --2 ,,cl & if we make ! kn[n angle1 ,,scf ,,ocf ! complem5t ( ,,bcf ! angle ( incid5ce = ,,fc4 ,,dc angle ( refraction4 ,,lcf 7,,hcf - #ij7 7#b - #ij7 ,,scd 7 - 7 ,& m ! index ( refraction = cr[n glass1 we obta9 ! means ( det]m9+ ! angles & 9 two equations1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! relation betwe5 ! angles ( incid5ce & refraction1 & on ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! v>i\s angles ab\t ,c4 ,^! prim>y equations are3 s9 m 4 s9 & #ff #b - 7mak+ #b - #ij 7 #ff ,! tru? ( ! fir/ ( ^! equations 7s9 m 4 s9 7 :i* m]ely expresses ! ratio ( ! s9es ( ! angles ( incid5ce & refraction is obvi\s2 b ow+ to ! great numb] ( small angles ab\t ,c1 a little consid]ation may be requir$ to enable "o to p]ceive ! tru? ( ! second4 ,i !re=e subjo9 ! /eps by :i* ,i rea*$ x4 ,x is obvi\s 7see fig4 #gb71 t z ,,a* & ,,bcf are equal1 ! l9e ,,sc bisect+ ,,hcf mu/ bisect ,,acb4 ,b ! production ( ,,ac cle>ly gives ,,scd opposite & equal to ,,acw & ,,scd is by con/ruction 7 - 7 7 - 71 &1 !re=e1 ,,acb1 :i* is twice ,,acw or ,,scd 7#b #b - #b 74 ,n[1 by con/ruction ,,oc is a normal to ! refract+ surface ,,cb & its production ,c g gives ,,ac g 4 ,b ,,acb - g ,,cb 7#b #b - #b 7 - g ,,cb 7#b #b - #b 7 - #ij1 h5ce #b #b - #b - #ij1 & - #b - -#b 7#b - #ij7 by transposition1 & f9ally *ang+ signs1 we h z above3 #b - 7#b - #ij7 #b - 4 ,elim9at+ betwe5 ^! two equations we obta93 s9 m 4 s9 7#b - 7 an expression1 :i*1 aft] v>i\s trans=mations ( circul> functions1 assumes ! =m #a 7 #a 7 s9 - --- s9 4 s9 7------ - #a7 4 s9 m 7#d m 7 #a ------ s9 4 s9 s9 #jfg #b m #fg ,?is expression is equival5t to t ( ,m4 ,fresnel1 b ow+ to a simplification 9 ! fractional coeffici5ts1 x is n lit]ally ! same4 ,i 0 l$ to x by ! foll[+ /eps1 />t+ f ! orig9al equation s9 m s9 7#b - 7 s9 m s9 7#b - 7 m s9 #b 4 cos - cos #b s9 m cos 4 s9 #b - m s9 4 cos #b m cos 4 #b s9 4 cos - m s9 4 #a - #b s9 #b m cos 4 s9 4 cos - m s9 #b m s9 4 s9 4 ,!re=e1 m s9 s9 - #b m s9 s9 #b m cos 4 s9 4 cos 4 ,!n3 m s9 #b m s9 4 s9 - #d m s9 s9 s9 - #d m s9 4 s9 #d m s9 4 s9 #d m cos s9 7#a - s9 7 #d m 4 cos 4 s9 - #d m cos s9 4 ,h5ce we h3 m s9 #b m s9 4 s9 7#a - #d m7 4 s9 - #d m s9 4 s9 #d m s9 #j ,!n divid+ by #d m & arrang+ accord+ to p[]s ( 1 we h z above3 #a 7 #a 7 #a s9 - --- s9 4 s9 7------ - #a7 4 s9 ----- 4 s9 4 m 7#d m 7 #b m s9 s9 #j ,! solution ( ?is equation1 :i* is ( ! f\r? degree1 is some:at t$i\s2 b z ! root1 :i* w satisfy ! optical conditions ( ! "q1 mu/ be ! s9e ( an angle1 & necess>ily lies betwe5 z]o & unity2 & z ! protraction1 if conduct$ ) due c>e 9 ! mann] already describ$1 af=ds ! means ( at once assum+ a probable value ( n v di/ant f ! tru?1 ! lab\r ( ! calculation1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 is n q s great z might be expect$4 ,b not)/&+ all ! abridgm5ts ( :i* ! p>ticul> case admits1 a consid]able am\nt ( lab\r is requir$1 & a correspond+ risk ( error incurr$1 9 m]ely introduc+ ! num]ical values into ! equation prep>atory to its solution2 & any o!r me?od requir+ less ari?metical op]ation1 is1 ( c\rse1 greatly to be pref]r$4 ,i !re=e will+ly adopt$ ! sugge/ion ( a fri5d1 ! b5efit ( ^: advice ,i h on _m occasions exp]i5c$1 & made use ( ! foll[+ ord9>y me?od ( approximat+ to ! root ( ! equation4 ,if ! equation s9 - m s9 7#b - 7 #j 7see page #bgd7 be reg>d$ z an expression = ! error1 :5 ! true value ( :i* w\ld satisfy ! equation has be5 introduc$ into its fir/ memb]1 we may consid] any error 9 ! value ( z express$ by ! equation3 s9 - m 4 s9 7#b - 7 & diff]5tiat+ ?is expression we h3 d cos 4 d - #b m cos 7#b - 7 4 d cos - #b m cos 7#b - 7 4 d ,!n divid+ by ! diff]5tial coeffici5t we obta9 d d --------------------------- cos - #b m cos 7#b - 7 ,b :5 becomes d 1 w also become d 2 b d #j !re=e d - h5ce by sub/itution we h - d --------------------------- cos - #b m cos 7#b - 7 -s9 - m s9 7#b - 7 ---------------------------- cos - #b m cos 7#b - 7 -s9 m s9 7#b - 7 d --------------------------- cos - #b m cos 7#b - 7 ,by sub/itut+1 !re=e1 9 ?is la/ equation ! kn[n values ( m & 1 & ! assum$ value ( 1 a correction is obta9$1 :i* be+ appli$ to & ! same process repeat$1 new corrections may be f\nd until ! value ( d falls )9 ! limits ( error1 :i* may be consid]$ safe 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 t :]e s great a body ( flame is employ$ z 9 ! lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 ^! limits are soon pass$1 m especially z "o soon acquires by a little exp]i5ce ! means ( guess+ a value ( n v f> f ! tru?4 ,x is ?is me?od ,i h employ$ 9 calculat+ ! app5d$ tables ( ! zones1 9 :i* ,i h on all occasions1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ) ne$less exactness1 pu%$ my angul> det]m9ations to seconds4 ,hav+ 9 ?is mann] det]m9$ ! angles ( ,,bcf1 ! obtuse angle ,,bca ( ! g5]at+ triangle ( ! zone is easily & directly d$uc$ by ! foll[+ expression1 :i* results f ! obvi\s relations exi/+ among ! kn[n angles ab\t ,c2 & we h 7see fig4 #gc71 ,,bca #ij #ij #b - 4 ,we next proce$ to consid] ! =m ( ,,ba1 ! reflect+ side ( ! zone1 :i* is a po9t ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 z an error 9 ! incl9ation ( any "p ( its surface is d\bl$ 9 ! result+ direction ( ! reflect$ rays4 ,! conditions ( ! "q require1 t e ray ,,ew1 aft] reflection at ! surface ,,ab1 %all1 l ,,wi1 be p>allel to ! fir/ ray1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! direction ,,bc1 & aft] a second refraction at ,c1 em]ges horizontally 9 ,,*4 ,b1 let u trace backw>ds ! rays z !y em]ge 9 _! horizontal directions ,,ik1 & x is obvi\s t if ,,ba be made a /raight l9e1 !n w e ray ,,ew meet ! fir/ refract+ side ,,bc at ! same angle1 & !re suff]+ ! same refraction1 !y w g on p>allel to ea* o!r1 & nev] meet 9 ! focus ,f4 ,?is conv]g5ce to ,f1 :i* is a necess>y condition ( ! problem1 may1 h[ev]1 be produc$ by a curvature ( ,,ab1 su* t all ! rays %all h a degree ( conv]g5ce be=e fall+ on ,,bc1 suffici5t to cause !m to be f9ally refract$1 s z to meet 9 ,f4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !y w occupy less space 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,,bc1 ?an !y did 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,,ac2 & ?us ,,bc w be %ort] ?an ,,ac by "s quantity :i* %all give to t "p ( ,,ab :i* is at ,b ! am\nt ( d[nw>d incl9ation requir$ = caus+ ! ray ,,bf f9ally to conv]ge to ,f2 & ! l9e jo9+ ,b & ,a mu/ be a curve1 e po9t ( :i* has its tang5t incl9$ s z to s]ve ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,to trace tang5ts to ?is curve1 is !re=e ! next /ep 9 ! process4 ,! direction ( ! fir/ tang5t ,,az dep5ds ^u v simple consid]ations2 & all t is necess>y to be done is to draw a l9e ,,au 7fig4 #gc71 p>allel to ,,bc 7:i* is ! p>allel to ! direction ( ! reflect$ rays71 & =m+ an angle ,,cau1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 equal to ! incl9ation ( ! extreme rays refract$ by ,,cb at ,c1 ) rays reflect$ f ! arc :i* we h yet to trace4 ,! l9e ,,ax bisect+ ?is angle1 mu/ !re=e be a normal to ! reflect+ surface at ,a1 & ,,ab drawn p]p5dicul> to ,,ax1 is consequ5tly a tang5t to ! reflect+ arc4 ,we mu/ next f9d ! direction ( ! second tang5t ,z b1 :i* mu/ be s incl9$ t ! ray ,f b w1 aft] refraction at b1 be reflect$ into ! direction1 b ,c2 b z ! rigor\s det]m9ation ( ?is is difficult1 ,i %all describe two approximations sugge/$ to me by ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel4 ,! fir/ me?od is bas$ ^u assum+ ! incl9ation ( ! ray refract$ at b to ! ray refract$ at ,c z equal to3 b ,,fc ------ m 79 :i* expression1 m is ! refractive index ( ! glass72 a supposition :i* obvi\sly diff]s v little f ! tru?1 z small arcs may be assum$ z ne>ly equal to _! s9es4 ,n[1 x w be recollect$1 t ! rays refract$ at ,c & b1 mu/ be reflect$ at ,a & b1 9 a direction p>allel to ,c b1 & !re=e ! incl9ation ( ! reflect+ surfaces1 or t :i* %\ld be =m$ by ! tang5ts ,,za & ,z b1 be+ half t ( ! incid5t rays1 is1 accord+ to ! assumption1 equal to b ,,fc ------1 #b m :i* may be express$ by b ,,fc1 m be+ equal to #aea4 ,b z ! incl9ation ( ! two radii ,,ax & ,,bx is equal to ! incl9ation ( ! tang5ts ( ! reflect+ surfaces to :i* !y are normals1 we obta9 = ! excess ,b ( ! secant ( ! reflect+ arc ov] its radius ! foll[+ expression3 ,b ,,ab 4 tan ,,bfc4#fh ,! value ( ,b b gives1 ( c\rse1 ! direction ( ! second tang5t ,z b 7:i* mu/ be equal 9 l5g? to ,,az71 :5ce we easily d$uce ! *ord ( ! reflect+ side ,a b4 #fh ,! foll[+ /eps w %ew ! mode ( obta9+ ?is expression3 ,suppose 7fig4 #gd1 on opposite page7 ,f n to be a ray incid5t on ! surface ,,bc v ne> b or ,b 7:i*1 al?\gh exagg]at$ 9 ! figure = m easy ref]5ce1 are close toge!r71 & let ?is ray ,f n be refract$ 9 ! direction n ,o1 & draw n n p>allel to ,,ca1 ! ray :i* is refract$ at ,c1 !n w n n ,o m 4 b ,,fc b ,,fc4 ,b ! tang5t ,,az %\ld make ) ! tang5t b ,z an angle equal b ,,fc1 or "o-half ! incl9ation ( ! rays refract$ at b & ,c1 :i* are aft]w>ds by ! ag5cy ( ^? tang5ts1 to be reflect$ 9 ! directions p>allel to b ,c & to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce we h ,,ax b 7:i* is ! incl9ation ( ! normals to ^? tang5ts71 b ,,fc b ,,fc or ,,ax b ,,bz b ------ ------ ne>ly4 #b m #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,b putt+ ,,axb 7fig4 #gc1 p4 #bgg7 = ,,ax b1 & ,,bfc = b ,,fc1 a supposition :i* may be safely made :5 ! diff]5ces are s small1 & f\nd+ ^u ! analogy ,,ax ,,ab ,r tan ,,axb1 we h ,,ba ,,ax 4 tan ,,axb ,,ax 4 tan ,,bfc4 ,!n ,,ab ,b 7,b #b ,,ax7 ,b #b ,b 4 ,,ax & neglect+ ,b 1 :i* is v small1 we h3 ,,ba ,b 4 #b ,,ax ne>ly1 ,,ba h5ce ,b ---- #b ,,ax ,,ba ,b z above ,,ax ------------- tan 7 ,,bfc7 & sub/itut+ ?is value ( ,,ax we obta93 ,,ba ,b ----------------- 7 ,,ba 7 7#b -------------7 7 tan 7 ,,bfc77 h5ce we h1 z 9 ! text1 ,b ,,ba 4 tan7 ,,bfc7 ,! second mode propos$ by ,m4 ,,fresnel1 & t :i* ,i f\nd mo/ conv5i5t 9 practice1 consi/s 9 =m+ successive hypo!ses z to ! l5g? ( ! side ,,bc1 & trac+ ! pa? ( ! incid5t ray ,,fb1 :i* be+ refract$ at ,b1 s z to make ) ! normal ,,bk an angle ,,bky y1 & f9ally reflect$ 9 ! direction ,,bc1 mu/ make ! angle ,,ybz ,,mbc4 ,i %all describe x z foll[s3 ,9 ! annex$ figure 7fig4 #ge7 ,,mbz is a tang5t to ! reflect+ surface at ,b1 & ,,kbf is ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! ray ,,bf be=e its refraction at ,b4 ,if ,,kbf x1 & ! angle ( incid5ce ( ,,fc ,,ecf x1 we h ,,bfc 7:i* is ! incl9ation ( ^? rays to ea* o!r1 & mu/ be equal to ! diff]5ce ( _! angles ( incid5ce to ! same surface7 x - x1 :5ce kn[+ x1 we easily f9d a value ( x correspond+ to ! l5g? ( ,,bc4 ,!n = f9d+ ! angle ( refraction ,,kby y we h3 s9 x s9 y -------- m ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,n[1 if ,,fb be refract$1 s z to make ) ! reflect+ side an angle equal to ,,zby1 x mu/ 7if ! position ( ,b be rightly *os571 be reflect$ s z to foll[ ,,bc1 ?us mak+ ,,mbc ,,ybz1 & call+ ea* ( ^! angles 1 we h ! "r angle ,,nbz made up ( y ,,nbk4 ,b ,,nbk cle>ly equals 1 because x is ! incl9ation ( ! normals to ,,bc & ,,bz1 & h5ce y #b #ij4 ,?is1 !re=e1 =ms a crucial te/ = ! l5g? ( ,,bc4 ,i may only rem>k1 t we already "k ! num]ical value ( y2 & t ( is easily f\nd1 = ,,cba ,,abm ,,cba ,,bam ,,cba 7,,mac - ,,bac7 ,,cba 7#ahj - 7 - ,,bac4 ,?us kn[+ & y1 we h only to see :e!r 7y - #b 7 - #ij #j ,we h n[ only to f9d ! l5g? ( ! radius ,,ax or b ,x 7see fig4 #gc1 p4 #bgg71 :i* w describe ! reflect+ surface or arc ,,az b1 & to det]m9e ! position ( its c5tre ,x4 ,we already "k ! values ( y & y1 ! angles ( refraction ( ,c & b1 & _! diff]5ce y - y gives u ! incl9ation ( ! rays :i* are to be reflect$ 7into directions p>allel to ,c b7 at b & at ,a4 ,?is quantity is1 ( c\rse1 d\ble ! incl9ation ( tang5ts to ! reflect+ surface ,,az & b ,z1 & ( _! normals ,,ax & b ,x4 ,aga91 we h ! *ord l9e s9 7,,ac b7 ,a b ,,ac 4 ------------2 s9 7b ,,ca7 &1 z above1 ,,ax b 7y - y7 s9 7 7#ahj - 77 ,& ,,ax b ,x ,a b 4 ------------------- s9 ,a b 4 cosec7 74 ,&1 la/ly1 = ! co-ord9ates to ,x1 ! c5tre ( curvature = ! reflect+ arc1 we h ,,ox 4 s9 ,,oax & ,,oa 4 cos ,,oax4#fi #fi ,! angle ,,oax is easily f\nd1 z w be se5 by ref]r+ to fig4 #gc1 p4 #bgg2 =1 ,,ah be+ horizontal by con/ruction & ,,ao v]tical1 ,,hao #ij2 & ,,hac & ,,cau be+ bo? kn[n1 we h ,,oax #ij - 7,,hau ,,uax7 #ij - 7,,hau ,,cau74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! positions ( ! apices ,a & ,b ( ! angles ( ! zones are also easily f\nd 9 ref]5ce to ! focus1 & are giv5 9 ! ,table 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,9 fig4 #gf we may1 9 ref]5ce to ! kn[n position ( ,c1 f9d t ( ,a or ,b1 by simply add+ ! quantities ,,ah1 ,,hc1 & ,,bk1 to ,c y or ,c x1 & by d$uct+ ,,ck f ,c y2 :ile x is obvi\s t ^? quantities are respectively proportional to ! l5g? ( ! kn[n sides ,,ac & ,,bc1 modifi$ by ! incl9ation ( ^? sides ) ! horizon4 ,h5ce we h ,,ah ,,ac 4 s9 ,,a*2 ,,hc ,,ac 4 cos ,,a*2 ,,bk ,,bc 4 s9 ,,bck2 & ,,ck ,,bc 4 cos ,,bck4 ,9 ! process ( gr9d+ ! zones1 x is f\nd conv5i5t = ! workman to give a curv$ =m to ! refract+ sides ,,bc & ,,ac1 ! "o be+ made convex & ! o!r concave1 s t bo? be+ gr\nd to ! same radius1 ! conv]g5ce ( ! rays produc$ by ! fir/ %all be neutraliz$ by ! div]g5ce caus$ by ! second4 ,by ?is arrangem5t we h ?ree po9ts giv5 9 space f :i*1 ) giv5 radii1 to describe a curvil9e> triangle ^: revolution r\nd ! v]tical axis ( ! sy/em g5]ates ! zone requir$4 ,co-ord9ates to ^? two c5tres ( curvature = ! surfaces ,,ac & ,,bc 7 det]m9$ 9 ref]5ce to arris ,a ( ea* zone1 & w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! mode ( f9d+ ^? co-ord9ates is1 ( c\rse1 simil> to t already giv52 &1 ! radii be+ assum$ at #djjj millimtres1 ! co-ord9ates are respectively proportional to ! s9e & cos9e ( ! incl9ation ( ! radius at ,a to ! v]tical l9e1 :i* incl9ation dep5ds ^u ! relations ( kn[n angles ar\nd ,a & ,c4 ,! section ,,abc 7fig4 #ga1 p4 #bga7 ( ! fir/ zone be+ ?us det]m9$1 we proce$ by fix+ ! po9t ,c ( ! second zone1 :i* is at ! int]section ( ! horizon ,,gag ) ! ray ,,fbc pass+ ?r\gh ,b4 ,?is arrangem5t prev5ts any loss ( light betwe5 ! adjac5t zones4 ,! calculation ( ! elem5ts ( ! second & ( e foll[+ zone1 is precisely simil> to t ( ! fir/4 ,te/+ ( ,zones4 ,! mode ( gr9d+ ! zones ,i %all n notice "h2 b %all ref] ! m curi\s read] to ! ,app5dix1 9 :i* ,i h giv5 ! details ( ! process foll[$ by ,m4 ,,!odore ,,let\rneau1 :o n[ manufactures ! app>atus = ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d1 9 ! room ( ,m4 ,,fran,,ois ,,soleil1 :o is engag$ at ,/ ,pet]sburg 9 ! same "w4 ,i accord+ly proce$ to consid] :at mode %\ld be foll[$ 9 te/+ ! accuracy ( ! zones4 ,= ?is purpose1 v>i\s exp$i5ts sugge/$ !mselves1 su* z ! application ( gauges 9 ! =m ( a radius1 hav+ at "o end a plate ) a triangul> space cut ?r\gh x1 equal & simil> to ! cross section ( ! zone4 ,! horizontal motion ( ?is arm w\ld1 ( c\rse1 detect ! inaccuracies ( ! successive sections ( ! inclos$ zone4 ,! application ( su* a gauge1 h[ev]1 seem$ difficult1 & 9 ord] to te/ ! =m ( ! zones1 ,i satisfi$ myself ) us+ callip]s 7simil> to ! slid+ rules us$ by %oemak]s7 = measur+ ! l5g? ( ! sides ( ! zone1 & a goniomet] = ! angles1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! figure 7fig4 #gg71 9 :i* ,,abc repres5ts ! prism1 ) "o angle inclos$ betwe5 ! arms ,,ac & ,,ab1 moveable r\nd a c5tre ,o1 & ,,rr ! graduat$ limb4 ,?is in/rum5t is inconv5i5t & defective1 z ! convexity ( ! sides ,,ab & ,,bc ( ! zone requires "s skill 9 gett+ ! arms to be tang5ts to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,a practical te/1 h[ev]1 yet rema9$ to be made ( ! zones :5 fix$ 9 ! brass frames 7%ewn at ,plate ,,xviii471 & assembl$ ar\nd ! common focus ( ! sy/em1 by measur+ ! f9al inaccuracy 9 ! pa? ( ! rays em]g5t f !m4 ,i h successfully us$ ! foll[+ mode4 ,hav+ m\nt$ ! frames conta9+ ! zones on a c>riage revolv+ r\nd a small flame plac$ truly 9 ! common focus1 ,i c>efully m>k$ ) a piece ( soap ! c5tre ( ! em]g5t surface ( ea* zone2 & hav+ atta*$ to a v]tical rod ( metal a telescope1 provid$ ) a _s-level & cross-hairs 7= cutt+ ! c5tre ( ! image ( ! flame reflect$ ?r\gh ! zone7 9 su* a mann] z to be capable ( slid+ on ! rod1 ,i obs]v$ ! cutt+ ( ! c5tre ( ! flame by ! cross-hairs4 ,9 ! case ( any ab]ration f a normal em]g5ce ( ! c5tral ray1 ,i _h ?us ! means ( at once det]m9+ its am\nt & direction4 ,! telescope 0 mov$ up or d[n1 & its v]tical incl9ation 0 v>i$ until ! axis ( ! in/rum5t co9cid$ ) ! direction ( ! ray em]g5t f ! c5tre ( ea* zone1 :i* 0 made to circulate r\nd ! flame1 ! obs]v] not+ any *ange 9 ! position ( ! reflect$ image ( ! flame1 & caus+ an att5dant to m>k ! zones 9 :i* ! *ange occurr$1 t !y might aga9 be subject$ to sep>ate exam9ation ( ! same k9d1 by adju/+ ! telescope to ! error ( ea*4 ,! v]tical incl9ation ( ! telescope & ! consequ5t ab]ration ( ! ray1 0 !n measur$ by a graduat$ arc1 ) an adju/+ _s-level1 mov$ by a rack & p9ion4 ,! accompany+ figure 7fig4 #gh7 %ews ! arrangem5t j describ$4 ,e is ! small flame 9 ! focus2 ,,abc is ! zone2 ,,tt is ! telescope2 & ,r a graduat$ limb1 on :i* is read ! angul> deviation ( ! axis ( ! telescope f ! horizon4 ,9 ! figure1 ! ray em]g5t f ! c5tre ( ,,ac is %ewn dipp+ bel[ ! true level1 to :i* ! l9e ,,tc is suppos$ to be p>allel4 ,i h succe$$ by ?is me?od 9 detect+ ! inaccurate position ( "s ( ! zones 9 ! frame2 & ! error has be5 r$uc$ by c>efully resett+ !m1 s z to dim9i% consid]ably ! error ( a great proportion ( ! em]g5t rays4 ,ano!r mode1 & t :i*1 ow+ to its conv5i5ce1 0 *iefly employ$ 9 pref]5ce to t j describ$1 0 to measure ! v]tical incl9ation 7giv5 9 ! ,table 9 ! ,app5dix71 ( ea* surface ( ! zone1 & m especially ! reflect+ surface1 by means ( ! in/rum5t1 %ewn 9 figures #gi & #hj1 aft] ! zones 7 fix$ 9 _! place4 ,! figure 7,no4 #gi7 %ews ! mode ( gaug+ ! reflect+ side ,,ab ( a zone ( ! upp] s]ies2 & ! second 7,no4 #hj7 %ews ! position ( ! in/rum5t 9 gaug+ ! reflect+ side ,,ab ( a zone ( ! "u s]ies4 ,9 ^? figures1 ,l is a _s-level2 ,r1 a graduat$ limb = read+ ! angul> deviation f ! true incl9ation ( ! tang5ts to ea* surface2 & ,,ss are /uds :i* re/ on ! convex surfaces ,,ab & ,,bc ( ! zones1 s z to make ! rul] p>allel to ! tang5ts ( ^? sides4 ,i h only to add1 t ,i h re/rict$ ! error1 9 ! position ( ! reflect+ side ( ! zones1 to #ej z an extreme limit2 & ,i h inv>iably endeav\r$1 9 alt]+ ! position ( ! zone 9 ! frame1 to ?r[ any error on ! side ( safety1 by caus+ ! rays to dip bel[ ! horizon1 r ?an to rise above x4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 #gj ,9 connection ) ! use ( ! cl9omet]1 ,i det]m9$ ! incl9ations ( ! tang5ts or *ords ( ! ?ree curve surfaces ,,ab1 ,,bc1 & ,,ac ( ea* zone ) ,,np1 ! axis ( ! sy/em1 by means ( ! obvi\s relations ( ! kn[n angles ab\t ,c1 ,a1 & ,b4 ,^? incl9ations 7fig4 #ha7 are %ewn by ! angles ,,bno1 ,,bon1 & ,,cpf2 & are giv5 9 ! ,table ( ! ,zones 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fram+ ( ,zones4 ,! mode ( fram+ ! great] zones is %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 & is ne>ly ! same z t us$ = ! ,small ,h>b\r ,light app>atus ( ! f\r? ord] 7,plate ,,xix474 ,! *ief diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! diagonal fram+1 :i* ,i adopt$ = support+ ! cupola ( #ac zones1 :i*1 f its great weight1 c\ld n be safely made to re/ on ! dioptric belt bel[4 ,t frame is se5 9 ,plates ,,xvii4 & ,,xviii4 & is 9 accordance ) ! mode ( jo9t+ ! refractors already describ$4 ,?is sy/em has n[ be5 r5d]$ /ill m complete by ! adoption ( lant]ns compos$ ( diagonal framework1 aft]w>ds describ$ & %ewn at ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,we h next to consid] ! great ,lamp1 to ! prop] di/ribution ( ^: light1 ! :ole ( ! app>atus1 above describ$1 is appli$4 ,,fresnel imm$iately p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( comb9+ ) ! dioptric in/rum5ts :i* he _h inv5t$1 a burn] capable ( produc+ a l>ge volume ( flame2 & ! rapidity ) :i* he matur$ 8 notions on ?is subject & at once produc$ an in/rum5t admirably adapt$ = ! end he _h 9 view1 af=ds "o ( ! _m pro(s ( t happy union ( practical ) !oretical tal5t1 = :i* he 0 s di/+ui%$4 ,,fresnel himself has mode/ly attribut$ mu* ( ! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( ?is ,lamp to ,m4 ,,arago2 b t g5tleman1 ) great c&\r1 gives ! :ole cr$it to 8 deceas$ fri5d1 9 a notice reg>d+ ligh?\ses1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes ( #ahca4 ,! lamp has f\r conc5tric burn]s1 :i* are def5d$ f ! action ( ! excessive heat1 produc$ by _! unit$ flames1 by means ( a sup]abundant supply ( oil1 :i* is ?r[n up f a ci/]n bel[ by a clockwork movem5t & con/antly ov]fl[s ! wicks1 z 9 ! me*anical lamp ( ,c>cel4 ,a v tall *imney is f\nd to be necess>y1 9 ord] to supply fre% curr5ts ( air to ea* wick ) suffici5t rapidity to support ! combu/ion4 ,! c>bonisation ( ! wicks1 h[ev]1 is by no means s rapid z might be expect$1 & x is ev5 f\nd t aft] !y h suff]$ a good deal1 ! flame is n s5sibly dim9i%$1 z ! great heat evolv$ f ! mass ( flame1 promotes ! ris+ ( ! oil 9 ! cotton4 ,i h se5 ! l>ge lamp at ! ,t\r de ,corduan burn = sev5 h\rs )\t be+ snuff$ or ev5 hav+ ! wicks rais$2 &1 9 ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses1 x has (t51 ) ,colza oil1 ma9ta9$1 unt\*$1 a full flame = no less a p]iod ?an sev5te5 h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,! annex$ diagrams w give a p]fect idea ( ! nature ( ! conc5tric burn]4 ,! fir/ 7fig4 #hb7 %ews a plan ( a burn] ( f\r conc5tric wicks4 ,! int]vals :i* sep>ate ! wicks f ea* o!r & all[ ! curr5ts ( air to pass1 dim9i% a little 9 wid? z !y rec$e f ! c5tre4 ,! next 7fig4 #hc7 %ews a section ( ?is burn]4 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c are ! rack-h&les = rais+ or depress+ ea* wick2 ,,ab is ! horizontal duct :i* leads ! oil to ! f\r wicks2 ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 are small plates ( t9 by :i* ! burn]s are sold]$ to ea* o!r1 & :i* are s plac$ z n to h9d] ! free passage ( ! air2 ,p is a clamp+ screw1 :i* keeps at its prop] level ! gall]y ,r1 ,r1 :i* c>ries ! *imney4 ,! la/ figure 7,no4 #hd7 %ews ! burn] ) its glass *imney & damp]4 ,e is ! glass *imney2 ,f is a %eet-iron cyl9d]1 :i* s]ves to give x a great] l5g?1 & has a small damp] ,d1 capable ( be+ turn$ by a h&le1 = regulat+ ! curr5ts ( air2 & ,b is ! pipe :i* supplies ! oil to ! wicks4 ,! only risk 9 us+ ?is lamp arises f ! liability to occasional d]angem5t ( its lea!rn valves t =ce ! oil by means ( clockwork2 & sev]al ( ! lights on ! ,fr5* coa/1 & m especially ! ,corduan1 h be5 ext+ui%$ by ! failure ( ! lamp = a few m9utes1 an accid5t :i* has nev] happ5$1 & sc>cely c occur ) ! f\nta9 lamps :i* illum9ate ! reflectors4 ,to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( su* accid5ts1 & to r5d] _! consequ5ces less s]i\s1 v>i\s precautions h be5 resort$ to4 ,among/ o!rs1 an al>um is atta*$ to ! lamp1 consi/+ ( a small cup pi]c$ 9 ! bottom1 :i* receives "p ( ! ov]fl[+ oil f ! wicks1 & is capable1 :5 full1 ( balanc+ a weight plac$ at ! opposite end ( a lev]4 ,! mom5t ! ma*9]y /ops1 ! cup ceases to receive ! supply ( oil1 &1 ! rema9d] runn+ out at ! bottom1 ! equilibrium ( ! lev] is de/roy$1 s t x falls & dis5gages a spr+ :i* r+s a bell suffici5tly l\d to wak5 ! keep] %\ld he *ance to be asleep4 ,x may ju/ly be que/ion$ :e!r ?is al>um w\ld n prove a temptation to ! keep]s to relax 9 _! wat*fulness & fall asleep2 & ,i h1 9 all ! lamps ( ! dioptric lights on ! ,scot* coa/1 adopt$ ! conv]se mode ( caus+ ! bell to cease :5 ! clockwork /ops4 ,!re is ano!r precaution ( m importance1 :i* consi/s ( hav+ always at h& 9 ! light-room a sp>e lamp1 trimm$ & adju/$ to ! height = ! focus1 :i* may be sub/itut$ = ! o!r 9 case ( accid5t4 ,x ought to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t x takes ab\t tw5ty m9utes f ! "t ( apply+ ! light to ! wicks to br+ ! flame to its full /r5g?1 :i*1 9 ord] to produce its be/ effect1 %\ld /& at ! height ( ne>ly f\r in*es 7#aj;cm474 ,! inconv5i5ces att5d+ ?is lamp h l$ to sev]al attempts to improve x2 &1 among/ o!rs1 ,m4 ,,delaveleye has propos$ to sub/itute a pump hav+ a metallic pi/on1 9 place ( ! lea!rn valves1 :i* require con/ant c>e1 & mu/ be frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,a lamp 0 con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] by ,m4 ,,lepaute1 & tri$ at ,corduan2 b 0 aft]w>ds discont9u$ until "s fur!r improvem5ts c\ld be made ^u x4 ,x has lately be5 mu* improv$ by ,m4 ,,wagn]1 an +5i\s arti/ :om ,m4 ,,fresnel employ$ to c>ry "s ( 8 improvem5ts into effect4 ,9 ! dioptric lights on ! ,scot* coa/1 a common lamp1 ) a l>ge wick1 is kept con/antly ready = light+2 &1 9 ! ev5t ( ! sudd5 ext9ction ( ! me*anical lamp by ! failure ( ! valves1 x is only necess>y to unscrew & remove its burn]1 & put ! res]ve-lamp 9 its place4 ,! height ( ?is lamp is s arrang$1 t its flame is 9 ! focus ( ! l5ses1 :5 ! lamp is plac$ on ! r+ :i* supports ! burn] ( ! me*anical lamp2 & z its flame1 ?\gh n v brilliant1 has a consid]able volume1 x w answ] ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! light 9 a tol]ably effici5t /ate = a %ort "t1 until ! light-keep]s h "t to repair ! valves ( ! me*anical lamp4 ,only ?ree occasions = ! use ( ?is res]ve-lamp h yet occurr$4 ,height ( ! flame ( ! ,me*anical ,lamp4 ,! mo/ advantage\s heights = ! flames 9 dioptric lights are z foll[s3-- ,in*es4 #a/ ,ord]1 #aj to #aa c5timtres #cid to #dcc #b;d ,ord]1 #h to #i 444444 #cae to #ced #c;d ,ord]1 #g to #h 444444 #bgf to #cae ,^? heights ( flame c be obta9$ only by a c>eful adju/m5t ( ! heights ( ! wicks & ! relative levels ( ! %\ld] ( ! glass-*imney & ! burn]1 toge!r ) a due proportion = ! area ( ! op5+ ( ! iron-damp] :i* surm\nts x4 ,! wicks mu/ be gradually rais$ dur+ ! fir/ h\rs ( burn+ to ! level ( #g millimtres 7#jbg in*7 above ! burn]1 a height :i* !y may only v r>ely & b slightly exce$4 ,by rais+ ! %\ld] ( ! glass-*imney ! volume ( ! flame is increas$2 b1 aft] a c]ta9 height is exce$$1 ! flame1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes r$di%1 & its brilliancy is dim9i%$4 ,! height ( ! flame is decreas$1 & x becomes :it] by l[]+ ! *imney4 ,! *imney is l[]$ or rais$ by simply turn+ to ! "r or to ! left ! cyl9dric glass-hold] 9 :i* x re/s 7see ,plate ,,xxv474 ,9 regulat+ ! flame1 h[ev]1 rec\rse is mo/ frequ5tly _h to ! use ( ! damp]1 by enl>g+ ! op5+ ( :i* ! flame falls & becomes :it] & pur]2 :ile by dim9i%+ its ap]ture1 ! contr>y effect is produc$4 ,! area ( ! op5+ dep5ds on ! incl9ation ( a circul> disc capable ( turn+1 v]tically ?r\gh a quadrant1 on a sl5d] axle ( wire1 :i* is comm&$ by ! light-keep] by means ( a f9e cord :i* hangs f x to ! table bel[4 ,:5 ! disc 7see fig4 #hd1 p4 #bhg7 is 9 a horizontal plane ! *imney is %ut1 :5 9 a v]tical plane x is op52 & ea* int]m$iate incl9ation increases or decreases ! ap]ture4 ,position ( flame 9 ref]5ce to focus ( app>atus4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 t 9 ord] to produce ! prop] effect ( a sy/em ( l5ses or refractors1 ! v]tical axis ( ! flame %\ld co9cide ) _! common axis2 & x is fur!r necess>y1 9 ord] to br+ ! be/ portion ( ! flame into a suitable position ) ref]5ce to ! app>atus1 t ! top ( ! burn] %\ld be q level1 & %\ld /& bel[ ! plane ( ! focus 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 viz43-- ,= #a/ ord]1 #bh millimtres #aaj in*es4 444 #b;d ord]1 #bf 444 #ajb 444 444 #c;d ord]1 #bd 444 #jie 444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,= ! purpose ( plac+ ! lamp 9 ! c5tre ( ! app>atus1 a plumbet ) a %>p po9t susp5d$ 9 ! axis ( ! app>atus1 is us$ to indicate1 by its apex1 ! place = ! c5tre ( ! burn]4 ,! lamp is !n rais$ or l[]$ z requir$ by means ( f\r adju/+ screws ,q at ! bottom ( its p$e/al 7,plate ,,xx472 & ! top ( ! burn] is made horizontal by a _s-level1 ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( :i* is t ( ! sph]ical segm5t1 :i* acts 9 e azimu?4 ,its application to ?is purpose is due1 ,i believe1 to ,m4 ,,let\rneau1 ! successor ( ,m4 ,,fran,,ois 9 ! con/ruction ( dioptric app>atus at ,p>is4 ,?is level is %ewn 9 ! annex$ figure 7fig4 #he71 9 :i* a b is ! brass frame conta9+ ! level1 & ,o ! air-bubble2 & e %ews circles ( equal altitudes engrav$ on ! glass4 ,aft] ! fir/ application ( ?is level1 ! adju/m5t ( ! burn] z to its c5tral position is c>efully repeat$ by means ( a c5tre gauge 7%ewn at fig4 #ij1 p4 #bie71 ) ref]5ce to ! v]tex ( ea* l5s1 or to _m po9ts on ! int]nal surface ( ! refractors2 & be+ f\nd correct1 ! level is aga9 appli$ to ! top ( ! burn]1 to detect any deviation f horizontality t may h occurr$ dur+ ! process ( adju/+ x to ! axis4 ,! lamp is subject to d]angem5t1 *iefly f ! /iffness ( ! clack-valves = want ( regul> clean+1 bur/+ ( ! lea!rn valves ( ! oil-box1 /iffness ( ! regulator1 & ! we>+ ( ! bevell$ ge>+ :i* gives motion to ! connect+-rod t works ! valves ( ! oil-pumps4 ,work+ ( ! ,pumps ( ! ,lamp4 ,! pumps ( ! lamp %\ld raise1 9 a giv5 "t1 f\r times ! quantity ( oil actually consum$ by burn+ dur+ t "t4 ,_! h\rly produce %\ld be1 lb4 avoirdupois4 ,= ! lamp ) f\r wicks1 #ffae 444444 ?ree wicks1 #ddaj 444444 two wicks1 #afge ,?is surplus ( ?ree times :at is burn$ is necess>y to prev5t ! wick f be+ c>bonis$ too quickly2 & x has be5 f\nd q suffici5t = t purpose4 ,! dis*>ge f ! pumps is1 ( c\rse1 regulat$ by *anges 9 ! angle ( ! fans ( ! regulator1 or 9 ! am\nt ( ! mov+ weight4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 prep>+ ! lea!rn valves ( ! pump-box or *amb]1 %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxii41 t !y be nei!r too flaccid f l>g5ess nor too t5se f smallness2 & also t1 aft] be+ fitt$1 !y draw no air4 ,to remove ! old valves & replace !m by fre% ones1 is a v simple process1 m especially :5 a prop] die or m\ld is us$1 :i* at once cuts ! kid-lea!r1 ( :i* ! valves are =m$1 to ! requir$ size & squeezes !m into ! prop] %ape4 ,9 ,plates ,,xx41 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii41 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv41 & ,,xxv41 ! mo/ m9ute details are giv5 z to ! clockwork1 pumps1 burn]s1 & flame ( ! great lamp4#ga #ga ,see also ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel',s ,in/ructions sur l'organisation et la surveillance du s]vice des ,ph>es et ,fanaux de ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahdb1 pp4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 & #ae4 ,*oice ( ,focal ,po9t = v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,! focal po9t = ! l5ses & refractors is 9 ! c5tre ( ! flame & on ! level ( its brighte/ film1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,! *oice ( a focus = ! zones naturally =m$ a mo/ important practical consid]ation 9 _! arrangem5t2 & ! judici\s rem>ks ( ,m4 ,,leonor ,,fresnel on t subject1 already notic$1 w\ld alone h induc$ me to disc>d my =m] calculations 9 fav\r ( 84 ,= ! upp] zones1 ,m4 ,,fresnel _h adopt$ a po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! flame #aj millimtres above ! focus ( ! l5ses1 s t all ! light bel[ t po9t necess>ily falls betwe5 ! horizon & ! ,ligh?\se2 b = ! l[] zones1 x 0 necess>y1 ow+ to _! arrangem5t = conv5i5ce 9 a cyl9dric =m1 to adopt a sep>ate focus = ea* zone 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( t "p ( ! flame :i* w\ld light ea* zone4 ,9 ?is mann] 7fig4 #hf7 ! foci ( ! zones rec$e upw>ds f a to f 9 proportion to ! depression ( ! zones a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 s t ! l9e jo9+ ea* zone & its focus1 mu/ revolve z a radius vector r\nd "s po9t ,o betwe5 !m4 ,! details ( ?is arrangem5t are %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xviii42 & are also giv5 9 ! ,table ( ! ,catadioptric ,zones 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,application ( ,sph]ical ,mirrors to fix$ ,dioptric ,lights4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,9 ! arc next ! l&1 9 fix$ lights1 a great loss ( light ensues f ! escape ( ! rays uselessly 9 t direction4 ,s f> back z #ahcd1 ,i sugge/$ ! plac+ a segm5t ( a sph]ical mirror1 ) its c5tre ( curvature co9cid5t ) ,f ! focus ( ! sy/em1 s t ! lum9\s pyramid ,,mfm1 ( :i* ! mirror ,,mm =ms ! base1 might be ?r[n back ?r\gh ! focal po9t & f9ally refract$ into su* a direction z to contribute to ! effect ( ! l5s ,,qa q 9 seaw>d & opposite arc4 ,9 ! diagram 7fig4 #hg71 r r indicate rays proce$+ directly f ,f2 r r rays reflect$ f ,,mm ?r\gh ,f1 & f9ally refract$ at ,,qa q2 & r r is ! beam comp\nd$ ( bo?4 ,9 ! be/ glass-silv]$ mirrors1 ?is accession ( light w\ld am\nt to ne>ly half ( ! light incid5t on !m4 ,9 su* an arrangem5t1 a consid]able radius is desirable to decrease ! am\nt ( ab]ration produc$ by a l>ge flame4 ,9 ! case ( revolv+ lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 ! radius w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be limit$ to some:at less ?an ?ree feet1 :i* is ! focal di/ance ( ! l5ses1 betwe5 :i* & ! focus1 ! reflect+ segm5t mu/ be plac$2 b 9 fix$ lights1 ! lant]n is ! limit ( radius1 s t a focal l5g? ( five feet t5 in*es may be obta9$4 ,m4 ,,fran,,ois gr\nd "s beautiful mirrors ( ?ree feet radius1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds t9n$ by 8 successor1 ,m4 ,,let\rneau1 by a new process discov]$ by himself2#gb & t g5tleman is at pres5t engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( reflect+ sph]ical segm5ts #abjjmm4 squ>e 7ab\t #af sup]ficial feet71 to a radius ( #aggjmm4 7#e feet #aj in*es71 :i* subt5d a v]tical arc ( ab\t #dj4 #gb ,see notice ( a simil> process practis$ ab\t ! ye> #agej by ,mr ,,rog]s ( ,london1 ante1 p4 #bdj4 ,arrangem5t ( ,dioptric ,app>atus4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! dioptric app>atus 9 ! lightroom w be m fully und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! ,plates4 ,plate ,,xiii4 %ews an elevation ( a revolv+ dioptric app>atus ( ! fir/ ord]2 ,f is ! focal po9t1 9 :i* ! flame is plac$2 ,l1 ,l great annul> l5ses1 =m+ by _! union an octagonal prism1 ) ! lamp 9 its axis1 & project+1 9 horizontal beams1 ! light :i* !y receive f ! focus2 ,l,l1 ! upp] l5ses1 =m+ by _! union a fru/um ( an octagonal pyramid ( #ej ( incl9ation1 & hav+ _! foci co9cid+ 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,!y p>allelise ! rays ( light :i* pass ov] ! l5ses4 ,m1 ,m are plane mirrors1 plac$ above ! pyramidal l5ses ,l,l1 & s incl9$ z to project ! beams reflect$ f !m 9 planes p>allel to ! horizon2 ,z1 ,z are ! l[] zones1 fir/ us$ at ,sk]ryvore1 9 ! room ( ! curv$ mirrors :i* 7 us$ at ,corduan4 ,! l[] "p ( ,plate ,,xiii4 %ews ! moveable framework :i* c>ries ! l5ses & mirrors1 & ! roll]s on :i* x circulates1 ) ! clockwork :i* gives motion to ! :ole4 ,plate ,,xiv4 is ! plan ( ! app>atus %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,plate ,,xv4 %ews a section ( a fix$ dioptric light ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,f is ! focal po9t 9 :i* ! flame is plac$2 ,r1 ,r cyl9dric refractors1 =m+ by _! union a prism ( ?irty-two sides1 or a true cyl9d]1 ) ! lamp 9 its axis1 & produc+ a zone ( light ( equal int5sity 9 e po9t ( ! horizon2 ,m1 ,m1 curv$ mirrors1 rang$ 9 ti]s above & bel[ ! cyl9dric refractors1 & hav+ _! foci co9cid+ 9 ! po9t ,f2 ! effect ( ! mirrors increases ! p[] ( ! light1 by collect+ & transmitt+ ! rays :i* w\ld o!rwise pass above & bel[ !m1 )\t increas+ ! effect ( ! light4 ,plate ,,xvi4 gives ! elem5ts ( ! curv$ mirrors ,,mm ( ,plate ,,xv4 ,aft] ! details giv5 ( ! nature ( ! catadioptric zones1 all t is ne$ful is briefly to ref] to ,plate ,,xvii41 9 :i* ,,abc & ,a,b,c %ew ! upp] & l[] zones :i* supply ! place ( ! mirrors %ewn at ,m1 ,m1 9 ,plate ,,xv42 :ile ,,def %ews ! cyl9dric belt z lately improv$1 ) ! diagonal jo9ts ,m1 ,n1 ,c2 & ,x1 ,x1 repres5t ! diagonal supports = ! cupola ,,abc4 ,?is plate1 9 connection ) ! enl>g$ view ( ! same app>atus at ,plate ,,xviii41 af=ds a complete explanation ( ! arrangem5t ( all ! p>ts4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,dioptric ,app>atus 9 ! ,lightroom4 ,= ! purpose ( arrang+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! dioptric app>atus 9 _! prop] positions1 ?ree gauges are employ$4 ,! fir/ 7fig4 #hh7 is = asc]ta9+ t ! l5ses l1 l1 meet at ! prop] horizontal angle1 s t _! axes %all meet ) ! prop] incl9ation 9 ,f ! focus4 ,?is is done by means ( two arms1 ^: project+ po9ts r1 r1 r1 r t\* ! backs ( ! l5ses1 :ile ! graduat$ arc c indicates ! incl9ation ( l1 l1 to l1 l1 or ! complem5t ( t incl9ation at ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,aga91 = asc]ta9+ ! v]ticality ( ! ma9 l5ses1 or = sett+ ! subsidi>y l5ses or mirrors %ewn 9 ,plates ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv41 at ! requir$ angle ( incl9ation1 rec\rse is _h to a cl9omet] 7fig4 #hi7 t\*+ ! back ( ! l5s ,,ll by means ( /uds at ,a1 ,a1 :ile ! _s-level ,s indicates1 on ! graduat$ limb1 ! am\nt ( deviation f ! v]tical position ( ! in/rum5t1 :e!r accid5tal or int5tional4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,la/ly1 to te/ ! true position ( ! lamp itself1 ) ref]5ce to ! l5ses ?us prop]ly arrang$1 we apply a radius or tra9] 7fig4 #ij7 :i* fits into ! c5tre burn] at ,f1 :ile its po9t ,a t\*es ! c5tre ( ! l5s l1 l2 at ,b is a graduat$ slide1 :i* admits ( ! tra9] be+ l5g!n$ or %ort5$ to suit v>i\s focal di/ances2 & ! _s-level at c at once corrects any error 9 ! l5g? ( ! tra9] aris+ f depression or elevation1 & also s]ves to indicate ! prop] level = ! burn] :i* is notic$ at page #bij1 9 speak+ ( ! lamp4 ,! dott$ l9e ,f c,b,a %ews ! position ( ! tra9] 9 ref]5ce to an adjac5t l5s4 ,! elegant app>atus inv5t$ by ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel = ,h>b\r ,lights1 on ! same pr9ciple z t j describ$ = ,sea ,lights1 is %ewn b5ea? 7fig4 #ia74 ,x consi/s ( ?irte5 r+s ( glass ( v>i\s diamet]s arrang$ "o above ano!r1 9 an oval =m4 ,! five middle r+s h an int]ior diamet] ( #aaha in*es 7#cj;cm471 & l ^? ( ! l>g] app>atus1 refract equally ov] ! horizontal plane ( ! focus ! light :i* !y receive f x4 ,! o!r r+s or prisms1 five ( :i* are upp] & ?ree l[]1 are gr\nd & set 9 su* a mann]1 t !y project all ! light d]iv$ f ! focus 9 a direction p>allel to ! o!r rays by total reflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ?is app>atus1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ext]nal refractors arrang$ v]tically1 w be m fully und]/ood by a ref]5ce to fig4 #ia1 :i* %ews its section & plan4 ,f is ! focal po9t 9 :i* ! flame is plac$2 r1 r cyl9dric refractors1 =m+ by _! union a cyl9d] ) a lamp 9 its axis1 & produc+ a zone ( light ( equal int5sity all r\nd ! horizon2 x1 x are catadioptric prismatic r+s act+ by total reflection1 & giv+ out zones ( light ( equal int5sity at e po9t ( ! horizon4 ,! dott$ l9es %ew ! c\rse trav]s$ by ! rays ( light :i* proce$ f ! lamp1 & are act$ ^u by ! r+s ( glass4 ,! lett]s r r %ew ! ext]nal prisms1 hav+ _! axes at "r angles to ^? ( ! pr9cipal b5t prisms1 compos+ ! refractors at r1 r1 & revolv+ ar\nd !m4 ,?is +5i\s application ( ! prop]ty ( cross$ prism is already describ$ at page #bfd4 ,:5 ?is app>atus is employ$ to light only a "p ( ! horizon1 ! r+s are discont9u$ on ! side next ! l&1 & room is ?us obta9$ = us+ a common f\nta9 lamp2 b :5 ! :ole horizon is illum9at$1 ! app>atus mu/ inclose ! flame on e side2 & x has 9 t case be5 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to employ ! hydro/atic lamp ( ,,?ilori]1 :i* has a balance ( sulphate ( z9c 9 solution4 ,an in/rum5t diff]+ f ?is small app>atus only 9 size1 has lately be5 introduc$ into ! ,ligh?\ses 9 ,france1 & has also be5 adopt$ 9 ,scotl& = lights 9 n>r[ seas4 ,x has ! same numb] ( r+s ( glass z ! small app>atus1 & ( ! same proportional dim5sions4 ,its int]nal diamet]1 h[ev]1 is #ejj millimtres 7ab\t #ai in*es74 ,draw+s ( ! small] app>atus are giv5 at ,plate ,,xix41 :i* also conta9s ! radii & ! c5tre ( curvature = ! r+s ( ! c5tral dioptric belt2 :ile ! foll[+ ,table gives ! elem5ts ( ! eight prismatic zones 7above & bel[ ! belt71 ) ! co-ord9ates to _! c5tres ( curvature1 measur$ f ! arris ,a ( ! out] or em]g5t surfaces1 9 :atev] position ! zone may lie on ! la!4 ,! dim5sions are 9 millimtres2 b may be easily conv]t$ into imp]ial in*es1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! ,table ( ! ,great ,zones1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,hori- ,hori- zontal zontal di/ance,v]tical di/ance,v]tical ,radii f !di/ance ,radii f !di/ance ,numb] ( axis (f !,numb] ( axis (f ! ( curva- ! out] ( curva- ! out] ,zone4 ture4 sy/em4 arris4 ,zone4 ture4 sy/em4 arris4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,reflect+ ,,surfaces 7,,convex74 ,i4 #ajide #gbce #hccgh ,v4#abbbi #ebcf #aafia ,,ii4 #ajdeg #febh #hiaja ,,vi4#abdid #eddj #aaiba ,,iii4 #ajdde #eihd #iccfg ,,vii4#aaejd #eice #ajfbi ,,iv4 #ajhgc #eeai #ajajbj ,,viii4#aaacf #feje #ihei ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,out] ,,refract+ ,,surfaces 7,,concave74 ,i4 #abejj #abijg #cjcai ,v4#abejjj #aajjbb #hbieb ,,ii4 #abejj #abgdb #ddehi ,,vi4#abejjj #aaabgd #hbaaf ,,iii4 #abejj #abcdj #ehgje ,,vii4#abejjj #aaijej #fihjj ,,iv4 #abejj #aagcj #gagga ,,viii4#abejjj #abeaij #eegbb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,inn] ,,refract+ ,,surfaces 7,,convex74 ,i4 #abejj #aejfg #abaaij ,v4#abejjj #debbc #aahdbj ,,ii4 #abejj #bbhai #abjhhj ,,vi4#abejjj #decjg #aahebj ,,iii4 #abejj #cjeaj #abjcce ,,vii4#abejjj #cgdfj #aaifjj ,,iv4 #abejj #chajj #aaiecj ,,viii4#abejjj #bidce #abjchj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p[] ( ,dioptric ,in/rum5ts4 ,! effect ( an annul> l5s1 9 comb9ation ) ! great lamp1 may be e/imat$ at mod]ate di/ances to be ne>ly equal to t ( #cjjj ,arg& flames ( ab\t an in* diamet]2 t ( a cyl9dric refractor at ab\t #bej2 & t ( a curv$ mirror may p]haps on an av]age be assum$ at ab\t #aj ,arg& flames4 ,ord]s ( ! ,fr5* ,lights4 ,! dioptric lights us$ 9 ,france are divid$ into f\r ord]s1 9 relation to _! p[] & range2 b 9 reg>d to _! *>act]i/ic appe>ances1 ?is division does n apply1 z1 9 ea* ( ! ord]s1 lights ( id5tically ! same "* may be f\nd1 diff]+ only 9 ! di/ance at :i* !y c be se51 & 9 ! exp5se ( _! ma9t5ance4 ,! f\r ord]s may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3-- #a/1 ,lights ( ! fir/ ord] hav+ an int]ior radius or focal di/ance ( #cfbb in*es 7#ib;cm471 & light$ by a lamp ( f\r conc5tric wicks1 consum+ #egj gallons ( oil p] annum4 #b;d1 ,lights ( ! second ord] hav+ an int]ior radius ( #bgee in*es 7#gj;cm471 light$ by a lamp ( ?ree conc5tric wicks1 consum+ #chd gallons ( oil p] annum4 #c;d1 ,lights ( ! ?ird ord]1 light$ by a lamp ( two conc5tric wicks1 consum+ #ahc gallons ( oil p] annum4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ^? lights are ( two k9ds1 "o hav+ a focal di/ance ( #aifh in*es 7#ej;cm471 & ! o!r ( #ihd in*es 7#be;cm474 #d?1 ,lights ( ! f\r? ord]1 or h>b\r-lights1 hav+ an int]nal radius ( #ei in*es 7#ae;cm471 & light$ by a lamp ( "o wick1 or ,arg& burn]1 consum+ #dh gallons ( oil p] annum4 ,?is app>atus is1 z already notic$1 n[ m g5]ally us$ ( a l>g] scale1 hav+ a focal di/ance ( #ihd in*es 7#be;cm471 & a lamp ( two conc5tric wicks1 consum+ ab\t #acj gallons ( oil p] annum4#gc #gc ,an app>atus ( #jm4#ahe;cm4 0 rec5tly add$ to ! li/ ( ,fr5* lights "u ! "n ( ! ,fif? ord]2 :ile t ( #be;cm4 radius has be5 call$ ! ,f\r?1 & t ( #ae;cm4 radius is /yl$ ! ,six? ord]4 ,^? m9ute subdivisions ,i consid] to be unnecess>y4 ,di/9ctions ( ! ,dioptric ,lights4 ,^? f\r ord]s are n int5d$ z di/9ctions2 b are *>act]i/ic ( ! p[] & range ( lights1 :i* r5d] !m suitable = diff]5t localities on ! coa/1 accord+ to ! di/ance at :i* !y c be se54 ,?is division1 !re=e1 is analog\s to t :i* sep>ates our lights into sea-lights1 second>y lights1 & h>b\r-lights1 t]ms :i* are us$ to designate ! p[] & position1 & n ! appe>ance ( ! lights to :i* !y are appli$4 ,ea* ( ! above ord]s is susceptible ( c]ta9 comb9ations1 :i* produce v>i\s appe>ances1 & con/itute ! di/9ctions us$ = dioptric lights2 b ! foll[+ are ^? :i* h be5 actually employ$ z ! mo/ useful 9 practice3-- ,! fir/ ord] conta9s1 #a/1 ,lights produc+1 once 9 e m9ute1 a great fla%1 prec$$ by a small] "o1 by ! revolution ( eight great l5ses & eight small] ones comb9$ ) eight mirrors2 #b;d1 ,lights fla%+ once 9 e half m9ute1 & compos$ ( sixte5 half l5ses4 ,^? lights may h ! subsidi>y p>ts simply catoptric1 or diacatoptric2 &1 #c;d1 ,fix$ lights1 compos$ ( a comb9ation ( cyl9dric pieces1 ) curv$ mirrors or catadioptric zones rang$ 9 ti]s above & bel[ !m4 ,! second ord] comprises revolv+ lights ) sixte5 or twelve l5ses1 :i* make fla%es e half m9ute2 & fix$ lights v>i$ by fla%es once 9 e f\r m9utes1 an effect :i*1 z already notic$1 is produc$ by ! revolution ( ext]ior cyl9drical pieces4 ,! ?ird ord] 7l>g] diamet]7 conta9s common fix$ lights1 & fix$ lights v>i$ by fla%es once 9 e f\r m9utes4 ,! ?ird ord] 7small] diamet]7 conta9s fix$ lights1 v>i$ by fla%es once 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,! f\r? ord] has fix$ lights v>i$ by fla%es once 9 e ?ree m9utes1 & fix$ lights ( ! common k9d4 ,x has be5 ?\ght necess>y to *ange ! t]m 8fix$ lights v>i$ by fla%es10 = 8fix$ light ) %ort eclipses10 because x has be5 f\nd t1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 a mom5t>y eclipse prec$es ! fla%4 ,^! di/9ctions dep5d ^u ! p]iods ( revolution1 r ?an ^u ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! light2 & !re=e seems less calculat$ to /rike ! eye ( a seaman1 ?an ^? employ$ on ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is sy/em1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! great loss ( light :i* results f ! application ( col\r$ m$ia1 all di/9ctions bas$ ^u col\r h be5 disc>d$ 9 ! ,fr5* lights4 ,! di/9ctions are1 9 fact1 only f\r 9 numb]1 viz43 ,fix$2 ,fix$1 v>i$ by fla%es2#gd ,revolv+1 ) fla%es once a m9ute2 & ,revolv+1 ) fla%es e half m9ute4 ,to ^? might be add$1 ,revolv+1 ) bright p]iods once 9 two m9utes1 & p]haps ,fla%+ once 9 five seconds 7z introduc$ by me at ! ,little ,ross1 b ,i _c say ) su* complete success z w\ld induce me to recomm5d its g5]al adoption74 ,my own exp]i5ce w\ld also lead me to reject ! di/9ction call$ 8,fix$1 v>i$ by fla%es10 :i* ,i d n consid] z possess+ a m>k$ or effici5t "*4 #gd ,! 8,feu fixe1 v>i p> des clats10 or 8,feu fixe1 c\rtes clipses10 ( ,fresnel4 ,comp>ison ( ,dioptric & ,catoptric ,app>atus = ,revolv+ ,lights4 ,hav+ ?us fully describ$ ! nature ( ! catoptric & dioptric modes ( illum9at+ ligh?\ses1 ,i %all next comp>e ! m]its ( bo? sy/ems1 ) a view to det]m9e _! eligibility 9 revolv+ or 9 fix$ lights4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts 7 made at ,gullan-hill1 :i* is di/ant f ,ed9burgh ab\t fifte5 miles1 dur+ ! w9t]s ( #ahcb & #ahcc1 "u ! inspection ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights1 ! result ( :i* 01 t ! light ( "o ( ! great annul> l5ses us$ 9 ! revolv+ lights ( ! fir/ ord]1 0 equal to ! unit$ effect ( ab\t eight ( ! l>ge reflectors employ$ 9 ! revolv+ lights on ! ,scot* coa/4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! dia-catoptric#ge comb9ation ( pyramidal l5ses & plane mirrors ( ,corduan1 adds ! p[] ( m ?an two reflectors to ! effect ( ! great l5s2 b x ought to be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,fr5* lights1 ?is additional p[] is us$ only to comp5sate = "o ( ! defects ( ! sy/em by l5g!n+ ! duration ( ! fla%1 & !re=e contributes1 if at all1 only 9 a v indirect mann]1 to r5d] ! light visible to ! m>9] at a great] di/ance4 ,m4 ,,fresnel f\nd1 f ! small] div]g5ce ( ! l5s1 t ! eclipses 7 too long & ! bright p]iods ( ! revolution too %ort2 & he !re=e det]m9$ to adopt ! horizontal deviation ( #g = ! upp] l5ses1 ) a view to rem$y ?is defect4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t x 7 requir$ to increase ! numb] ( reflectors 9 a revolv+ light ( ?ree sides1 s z to r5d] x equal 9 p[] to a dioptric revolv+ light ( ! fir/ ord]1 x w\ld be necess>y to place eight reflectors on ea* face1 s t ! greate/ numb] ( reflectors requir$ = ?is purpose may be tak5 at tw5ty-f\r4 ,m4 ,,fresnel has /at$ ! exp5diture ( oil 9 ! lamp ( f\r conc5tric wicks at #gej grammes ( colza oil p] h\r2 & x is f\nd by exp]i5ce at ! ,isle ( ,may & ,in*kei?1 t ! quantity ( sp]maceti oil consum$ by ! great lamp1 is equal to t burn$ by f f\rte5 to sixte5 ( ! ,arg& lamps us$ 9 ! ,scot* lights4 ,x !re=e foll[s t1 by dioptric means1 ! consumption ( oil necess>y = betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 reflectors1 w produce a light z p[]ful z t :i* w\ld require ! oil ( tw5ty-f\r reflectors 9 ! catoptric sy/em ( ,scotl&2 &1 consequ5tly1 t !re is an excess ( oil equal to t consum$ by t5 reflectors1 or #djj gallons 9 ! ye>1 aga9/ ! ,scot* sy/em4 ,b 9 ord] fully to comp>e ! economy ( produc+ two revolv+ lights ( equal p[] by ^? two me?ods1 x w be necess>y to take into ! calculation ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ outlay 9 e/abli%+ !m4 #ge ,i use ?is ^w to designate ! arrangem5t ( pyramidal l5ses & plane mirrors1 by :i* ! light is fir/ refract$1 & !n reflect$4 ,! exp5se ( fitt+ up a revolv+ light ) tw5ty-f\r reflectors1 rang$ on ?ree faces1 may be e/imat$ at ,l4#abih1 & ! annual ma9t5ance1 includ+ ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ co/ ( ! app>atus1 may be calculat$ at ,l4#dah1 #hs4 #d;d4 ,! fitt+ up a revolv+ light ) eight l5ses & ! dia-catoptric accessory app>atus1 may be e/imat$ at ,l4#adei1 & ! annual ma9t5ance at ,l4#ced1 #ajs4 #d;d4 ,x !re=e foll[s1 t to e/abli% & aft]w>ds ma9ta9 a catoptric light ( ! k9d call$ revolv+ :ite1 ) a frame ( ?ree faces1 ea* equal 9 p[] to a face ( ! dioptric light ( ,corduan1 an annual outlay ( ,l4#fc1 #ahs4 m w\ld be requir$ = ! reflect+ light ?an = ! l5s light2 :ile = a light ( ! k9d call$ revolv+ r$ & :ite1 ^: frame has f\r faces1 at lea/ ?irty-six reflectors w\ld be requir$ 9 ord] to make ! light ev5 approa* an equality to t ( ,corduan2 & ! catoptric light w\ld 9 t case co/ ,l4#bbe m ?an ! dioptric light4 ,! effect produc$ by burn+ an equal quantity ( oil1 9 revolv+ lights on ei!r sy/em1 may be e/imat$ z foll[s3--,9 a revolv+ light1 l t ( ,sk]ryvore1 hav+ eight sides1 ea* light+ ) its greate/ p[] a horizontal sector ( #d1 we h #cb 7or units7 ( ! horizon illum9at$ ) ! full p[] ( #cbjj ,arg& flames1 & consequ5tly an aggregate effect ( #ajb1djj flames1 produc$ by burn+ ! oil requir$ = sixte5 reflectors2 :ile 9 a catoptric app>atus1 l t ( ! old light at ,in*kei?1 hav+ sev5 sides ( "o reflector1 ea* light+ ) its greate/ p[] a sector ( #dbe1 we h ne>ly #ca 7or units7 ( ! horizon illum9at$ ) ! full p[] ( #djj ,arg& flames1 & consequ5tly an aggregate effect ( #ab1djj flames z ! result ( burn+ ! oil requir$ = sev5 reflectors4 ,h5ce1 ! effect ( burn+ ! same quantity ( oil 9 revolv+ lights on ei!r sy/em1 w be repres5t$ respectively by 77 #ab1djj #bh1cdc = ! catoptric1 contra/$ ) #ajb1djj = ! dioptric light2 or1 9 o!r words1 revolv+ lights on ! dioptric pr9ciple use ! oil m economically ?an ^? on ! catoptric plan1 ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( #cf to #a4 ,comp>ison ( ,catoptric & ,dioptric ,app>atus = ,fix$ ,lights4 ,i %all n[ speak ( fix$ lights1 to :i* ! dioptric me?od is peculi>ly well adapt$4 ,! effect produc$ by ! consumption ( a gallon ( oil 9 a fix$ light1 ) tw5ty-six reflectors1 :i* is ! smalle/ numb] t c be prop]ly employ$1 may be e/imat$ z foll[s3--,! mean effect ( ! light spread ov] ! horizontal sector1 subt5d$ by "o reflector1 z d$uc$ f measurem5ts made at ea* horizontal degree1 by ! me?od ( %ad[s1 is equal to #agd unassi/$ ,arg& burn]s4 ,if1 !n1 ?is quantity be multipli$ by #cfj degrees1 we %all obta9 an aggregate effect ( #fb1fdj1 :i*1 divid$ by #ajdj 7! numb] ( gallons burn$ dur+ a ye> 9 tw5ty-six reflectors71 w\ld give #fj ,arg& flames = ! effect ( ! light ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> by ! combu/ion ( a gallon ( oil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( a catadioptric light ( ! fir/ ord]1 l t lately e/abli%$ at ,girdl5ess1 may be e/imat$ ?us3--,! mean effect ( ! light produc$ by ! jo9t effect ( bo? ! dioptric & catadioptric p>ts ( a fix$ light app>atus1 may be valu$ at #dej ,arg& flames1 :i*1 multipli$ by #cfj degrees1 gives an aggregate ( #afb1jjj2 & if ?is quantity be divid$ by #egj 7! numb] ( gallons burn$ by ! great lamp 9 a ye>71 we %all h ab\t #bhd ,arg& flames = ! effect ( ! light produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a gallon ( oil4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t 9 fix$ lights1 ! ,fr5* app>atus1 z lately improv$1 produces1 z ! av]age effect ( ! combu/ion ( ! same quantity ( oil ov] ! :ole horizon1 upw>ds ( f\r times ! am\nt ( light t is obta9$ by ! catoptric mode2 al?\gh1 9 c]ta9 directions1 opposite ! axis ( ea* reflector1 ! catoptric light be fully #ej p] c5tum m p[]ful ?an ! dioptric light4 ,b ! great sup]iority ( ! dioptric me?od *iefly re/s ^u its p]fect fulfilm5t ( an important condition requir$ 9 a fix$ light1 by di/ribut+ ! rays equally 9 e po9t ( ! horizon4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! :ole horizon n requir+ to be illum9at$1 ! dioptric light w\ld lose a "p ( its sup]iority 9 economy1 & :5 half ! horizon only is light$1 x w\ld be m exp5sive ?an ! reflect$ light2 b ! great] p[] & m equal di/ribution ( ! light1 may be consid]$ ( s great importance1 z f> to outweigh ! diff]5ce ( exp5se4 ,9 ! latt] case1 too1 an additional p[] 7z notic$ p4 #bic7 c be giv5 to ! dioptric light1 by plac+ at ! l&w>d side ( ! lightroom1 sph]ical mirrors ) _! c5tres 9 ! focus ( ! refract+ app>atus4#gf ,! lum9\s cones1 or pyramids ( :i* su* reflectors w\ld =m ! bases1 in/ead ( pass+ (f uselessly to ! l&1 w\ld ?us be ?r[n back ?r\gh ! focal po9t1 & f9ally refract$1 s z to increase ! effect ( ! light seaw>d1 by ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 #gf ,a simil> arrangem5t c also be made 9 revolv+ lights by mak+ ! radius ( ! mirrors some:at less ?an t ( ! inscrib$ circle ( ! octagon b\nd$ by ! l5ses1 s t !y may circulate freely r\nd ! backs ( ! mirrors4 ,! %ortness ( ! radius ( ! reflect+ surface w\ld1 ( c\rse1 increase ! div]g5ce ( ! beam ( light refract$ ?r\gh ! l5ses1 z ! flame w\ld1 9 ?is case1 subt5d a great] angle at ! face ( ! mirrors4 ,! exp5se ( e/abli%+ a fix$ light compos$ ( tw5ty-six reflectors1 may be e/imat$ at ,l4#iej1 & its annual ma9t5ance1 includ+ int]e/ on ! fir/ co/ ( ! app>atus1 may be reckon$ at ,l4#dbe1 #ajs43 & ! exp5se ( fitt+ up a fix$ light on ! dioptric pr9ciple ) catadioptric zones is ,l4#aeaa1 :ile its annual ma9t5ance may be tak5 at ,l4#bhe1 #fs4 #d;d4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! annual exp5diture ( ! dioptric fix$ light is ,l4#adj1 #cs4 #h;d4 less ?an t ( a fix$ light compos$ ( tw5ty-six reflectors2 :ile ! av]age effect1 equally diffus$ ov] ! horizon1 is f\r times great]4 ,! comp>ative views already giv5 ( ! catoptric & dioptric modes ( illum9at+ ligh?\ses1 demon/rate t ! latt] produces m p[]ful lights by ! combu/ion ( ! same quantity ( oil2 :ile x is obvi\s t ! catoptric sy/em insures a m c]ta9 exhibition ( ! light1 f ! f\nta9-lamps be+ less liable to d]angem5t ?an ! me*anical lamps us$ 9 dioptric lights4 ,! balance1 !re=e1 ( real advantages or disadvantages1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! propriety ( adopt+ ! "o or ! o!r sy/em1 involves a mix$ "q1 n susceptible ( a v precise solution1 & leav+ room = diff]5t decisions1 accord+ to ! value :i* may be set ^u obta9+ a *eap] & bett] light1 on ! "o h&1 z contra/$1 on ! o!r1 ) less c]ta9ty 9 its exhibition4 ,summ>y ( consid]ations z to ! fitness ( ! two sy/ems = ,revolv+ ,lights4 ,a few g5]al consid]ations1 s]v+ briefly to recapitulate ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! two sy/ems1 may n be out ( place4 ,&1 fir/1 reg>d+ ! fitness ( dioptric in/rum5ts = revolv+ lights1 x appe>s f ! details above giv51-- #a/1 ,t by plac+ eight reflectors on ea* face ( a revolv+ frame1 a light may be obta9$ z brilliant z t d]iv$ f ! great annul> l5s2 & t1 9 ! case ( a frame ( ?ree sides1 ! excess ( exp5se by ! reflect+ mode1 w\ld be ,l4#fc1 #ahs42 & 9 ! case ( a frame ( f\r sides1 ! excess w\ld am\nt to ,l4#bbe4 #b;d1 ,t = burn+ oil economically 9 revolv+ ligh?\ses1 :i* illum9ate e po9t ( ! horizon successively1 ! l5s is m advantage\s ?an ! reflector 9 ! ratio ( #cf to #a4 #c;d1 ,t ! div]g5ce ( ! rays f ! l5s be+ less ?an f ! reflector1 x becomes difficult to produce1 by l5ses1 ! appe>ance :i* *>act]ises ! catoptric revolv+ lights1 already s well kn[n to ,briti% m>9]s2 & any *ange ( exi/+ lights :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 affect _! appe>ance1 mu/1 !re=e1 involve _m grave practical objections :i* w\ld n at all apply to ! case ( new lights4 #d?1 ,t ! unc]ta9ty 9 ! managem5t ( ! lamp r5d]s x m difficult to ma9ta9 ! revolv+ dioptric lights )\t risk ( ext9ction1 an accid5t :i* has sev]al times occurr$ at ,corduan & o!r ligh?\ses bo? 9 ,france & else:]e4 #e?1 ,t ! ext9ction ( "o lamp 9 a revolv+ catoptric light is n only less probable1 b leads to mu* less s]i\s consequ5ces ?an ! ext9ction ( ! s+le lamp 9 a dioptric light2 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! evil is limit$ to dim9i%+ ! p[] ( "o face by an eigh? "p2 :il/1 9 ! second1 ! :ole horizon is totally depriv$ ( light4 ,! ext9ction ( a lamp1 !re=e1 9 a dioptric light1 leads to evils :i* may be consid]$ inf9itely great 9 comp>ison ) ! consequ5ces :i* att5d ! same accid5t 9 a catoptric light4 ,summ>y ( consid]ations z to ! fitness ( ! two sy/ems = ,fix$ ,lights4 ,9 comp>+ ! fix$ dioptric1 & ! fix$ catoptric app>atus1 ! results may be summ$ up "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a/1 ,x is impossible1 by means ( any practicable comb9ation ( p>abolodal reflectors1 to di/ribute r\nd ! horizon a zone ( light ( exactly equal int5sity2 :ile ?is may be easily effect$1 by dioptric means1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! qualities requir$ 9 fix$ lights _c be s fully obta9$ by reflectors z by refractors4 #b;d1 ,! av]age light produc$ 9 e azimu? by burn+ "o gallon ( oil 9 ,arg& lamps1 ) reflectors1 is only ab\t "o-f\r? ( t produc$ by burn+ ! same quantity 9 ! dioptric app>atus2 & ! annual exp5diture is ,l4#adj1 #cs4 #h;d4 less = ! entire dioptric light ?an = ! catoptric light4 #c;d1 ,! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! fix$ reflect+ light 9 any "o azimu? w\ld n be *ang$ by ! adoption ( ! dioptric me?od1 al?\gh its increas$ mean p[] w\ld r5d] x visible at a great] di/ance 9 almo/ e direction2 ! only exception be+ 9 ! azimu?s opposite ! axis ( ea* reflector1 :]e ! catoptric light has an excess ( p[] equal to ab\t #ej p] c5tum4 #d?1 ,f ! equal di/ribution ( ! rays1 ! dioptric light w\ld be obs]v$ at equal di/ances 9 e po9t ( ! horizon2 an effect :i* _c be fully atta9$ by any practicable comb9ation ( p>abolodal reflectors4 #e?1 ,! inconv5i5ces aris+ f ! unc]ta9ty :i* att5ds ! use ( ! me*anical lamp1 are n p]haps s mu* felt 9 a fix$ z 9 a revolv+ light1 because ! great] simplicity ( ! app>atus admits ( easi] access to x1 9 case ( accid5t4 #f?1 ,b ! ext9ction ( a lamp 9 a catoptric light1 leaves only "o tw5ty-six? "p ( ! horizon )\t ! b5efit ( ! light1 & ! *ance ( accid5t aris+ to vessels f x1 may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z incalculably less ?an ! dang] result+ f ! ext9ction ( ! s+le lamp ( ! dioptric light1 :i* deprives ! :ole horizon ( light4 #g?1 ,!re may also1 9 c]ta9 situations1 be "s risk aris+ f irregul>ity 9 ! di/ances at :i* ! same fix$ catoptric light c be se5 9 ! diff]5t azimu?s4 ,?is defect1 ( c\rse1 does n exi/ 9 ! dioptric light4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( bo? sy/ems "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 t ! m fully ! sy/em ( ,,fresnel is und]/ood1 ! m c]ta9ly w x be pref]r$ to ! catoptric sy/em ( illum9at+ ligh?\ses1 at lea/ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ?is important bran* ( adm9i/ration is conduct$ ) ! c>e & solicitude :i* x des]ves4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be imag9$1 t !re are no circum/ances 9 :i* ! catoptric sy/em is n absolutely pref]able to illum9ation by means ( l5ses4 ,we h hi!rto att5d$ only to horizontal div]g5ce & its effects1 & ?is is unque/ionably ! m important view2 b ! consid]ation ( v]tical div]g5ce mu/ n be altoge!r ov]look$4 ,n[1 :ile x is obvi\s t v]tical div]g5ce1 at lea/ above ! horizon1 involves a total loss ( ! light :i* escapes uselessly upw>ds into space1 x is no less true1 t if ! %eet ( light :i* rea*es ! mo/ di/ant horizon ( ! ligh?\se1 h[ev] brilliant1 7 z ?9 z ! abs5ce ( all v]tical div]g5ce w\ld imply1 x w\ld be practically useless2 & "s measure ( disp]sion 9 ! arc bel[ ! horizon is !re=e absolutely indisp5sable to con/itute a really useful light4 ,9 ! reflector1 ! greate/ v]tical div]g5ce bel[ ! horizontal plane ( ! focus is #af #h1 & t ( ! l5s is ab\t #d #cj4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! be>+ ( ^? facts ^u ! application ( ! two modes ( illum9ation to special circum/ances4 ,! p[]ful beam ( light transmitt$ by ! l5s1 peculi>ly fits t in/rum5t = ! great sea-lights :i* are int5d$ to w>n ! m>9] ( 8 approa* to a di/ant coa/ :i* he fir/ makes on an ov]-sea voyage2 & ! defici5cy ( its div]g5ce1 :e!r horizontal or v]tical1 is n practically felt z an inconv5i5ce 9 lights ( t "*1 :i* seldom require to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( be+ visible at a great di/ance1 & at ! same "t ( act+ z guides = dang]s ne> ! %ore4 ,= su* purposes1 ! l5s applies ! light mu* m economically ?an ! reflector1 because1 :ile ! duration ( its lea/ div]g5t beam is ne>ly equal to t ( ! reflector1 x is eight times m p[]ful4 ,a revolv+ sy/em ( eight l5ses illum9ates an horizontal arc ( #cb ) ?is bright beam4 ,! reflector1 on ! o!r h&1 spreads ! light ov] a l>g] arc ( ! horizon2 &1 :ile its lea/ div]g5t beam is mu* less p[]ful ?an t ( ! l5s1 ! light :i* is %$ ov] its extreme arc is s feeble z to be practically ( little use 9 lights ( ext5sive range1 ev5 dur+ cle> wea!r4 ,:5 a ligh?\se is plac$ on a v high headl&1 h[ev]1 ! defici5cy ( div]g5ce 9 ! v]tical direction is (t5 f\nd to be productive ( "s practical inconv5i5ce2 b ?is defect may be p>tially rem$i$ by giv+ to ! l5ses a slight incl9ation outw>ds f ! v]tical plane ( ! focus1 s z to cause ! mo/ brilliant portion ( ! em]g5t beam to rea* ! visible horizon :i* is due to ! height ( ! lant]n4 ,x may be obs]v$1 also1 t a lant]n at ! height ( #aej feet1 :i*1 tak+ into acc\nt ! common height ( ! obs]v]'s eye at sea1 comm&s a range ( upw>ds ( #bj ,engli% miles1 is suffici5t = all ! ord9>y purposes ( ! navigator1 & t ! int]m$iate space is practically easily illum9at$1 ev5 to )9 a mile ( ! ligh?\se1 by means ( a slight incl9ation ( ! subsidi>y mirrors1 ev5 :]e ! light f ! pr9cipal "p ( ! app>atus passes ov] ! seaman's head4 ,= ! purpose ( lead+ lights1 9 n>r[ *annels1 on ! o!r h&1 & = ! illum9ation ( c]ta9 n>r[ seas1 !re c be no d\bt t reflectors are mu* m suitable & conv5i5t4 ,9 su* cases1 ! am\nt ( v]tical div]g5ce bel[ ! horizon1 =ms an important elem5t 9 ! "q1 because x is absolutely necess>y t ! m>9] %\ld keep sight ( ! lights ev5 :5 he is v ne> !m2 :ile !re is n ! same call = a v p[]ful beam :i* exi/s 9 ! case ( sea-lights4 ,yet ev5 9 n>r[ seas1 :]e l[ t[]s1 correspond+ to ! ext5t ( ! range ( ! light1 are us$1 b :]e x is1 at ! same "t1 ne$ful to illum9ate ! :ole or ! great] "p ( ! horizon1 ! use ( dioptric in/rum5ts w be f\nd almo/ unavoidable1 especially 9 fix$ lights1 z well f _! equaliz+ ! di/ribution ( ! light 9 e azimu?1 z f _! mu* great] economy 9 situations :]e a l>ge annual exp5diture w\ld (t5 be disproportionate to ! rev5ue at disposal4 ,9 su* places1 :]e c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! situation require ! comb9ation ( a light equally diffus$ ov] ! great] portion ( ! horizon1 along ) a great] v]tical div]g5ce 9 c]ta9 azimu?s1 ?an dioptric in/rum5ts af=d1 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t & economical to add to ! fix$ refract+ app>atus a s+le p>abolodal reflector1 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ effect1 in/ead ( adapt+ ! :ole light to ! m exp5sive plan = ! sake ( meet+ ! wants ( a s+le n>r[ sector ( its range4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! :ole horizon is to be illum9at$1 & great v]tical div]g5ce is at ! same "t desirable1 a slight elevation ( ! burn]1 at ! exp5se1 no d\bt1 ( a small loss ( light1 is sometimes resort$ to1 & is f\nd to produce1 ) good effect1 ! requisite depression ( ! em]g5t rays4 ,9 c]ta9 situations1 :]e a great range &1 consequ5tly1 a p[]ful light mu/ be comb9$ ) tol]ably p[]ful illum9ation 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ligh?\se1 we might1 p]haps1 advantage\sly adopt a v>iation ( ! =m & dim5sions ( ! mirrors employ$1 s z to resemble ^? =m]ly employ$ at ! ,t\r de ,corduan1 :i* 7 ( consid]ably l>g] surface & long] focal di/ance ?an ^? :i* are us$ 9 ,brita94 ,if su* a =m 7 adopt$1 ! p[] ( ! light = ! purpose ( ! di/ant range w\ld be increas$2 & ,i w\ld propose to comp5sate = ! defici5cy ( div]g5ce consequ5t on a long focal di/ance1 by plac+ a second burn] 9 "s position betwe5 ! p>amet] & ! v]tex1 & slightly elevat$ above ! axis ( ! in/rum5t1 s z to ?r[ ! great] portion ( ! beam result+ f ?is second burn] bel[ ! horizontal plane ( ! focus4 ,su* an exp$i5t is no d\bt some:at clumsy & w\ld at ! same "t involve ! consumption ( twice ! quantity ( oil us$ 9 an ord9>y catoptric light2 b ,i c /ill conceive x to be pref]able1 9 c]ta9 situations1 to ! use ( l5ses alone4 ,?us x appe>s t we mu/ n too absolutely conclude aga9/ "o1 or 9 fav\r ( ! o!r mode ( illum9ation = ligh?\ses2 b1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ! arts1 we %all f9d ! necessity ( pati5tly weigh+ all ! circum/ances ( ea* p>ticul> case t comes be=e u1 be=e select+ t in/rum5t1 or comb9ation ( in/rum5ts1 :i* appe>s mo/ suitable4 ,di/9ctions ( ! ,dioptric ,lights1 & ! application ( col\r$ m$ia4 ,! mode ( di/+ui%+ lights 9 ! sy/em ( ,,fresnel1 dep5ds m ^u _! magnitude & ! measur$ int]val ( ! "t ( _! revolution1 ?an ^u _! appe>ance2 & no o!r v m>k$ di/9ctions1 except ,fix$ & ,revolv+1 h be5 successfully attempt$ 9 ,france4 ,z above /at$1 ,i consid] ! di/9ction ( ! fix$ light v>i$ by fla%es1 to possess an appe>ance too slightly diff]+ f t ( a revolv+ light1 to admit ( its be+ safely adopt$ 9 situations :]e revolv+ lights are ne>4 ,! trial :i* ,i made at ! ,little ,ross1 9 ! ,solway ,fri?1 ( produc+1 by means ( l5ses1 a light fla%+ once 9 five seconds ( "t1 al?\gh successful s f> z m]e di/9ction is conc]n$1 has sev]al practical defects1 aris+ f ! %ortness ( ! duration ( ! fla%es1 comp>$ ) ! p[]ful effect ( ! fix$ "p ( ! app>atus1 :i* ,i consid] suffici5t to prev5t its adoption 9 future1 especially consid]+ t a mu* m m>k$ appe>ance c be produc$1 by means ( reflectors1 z has be5 done at ! ,bu*anness 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 & ! ,rh9ns ( ,islay 9 ,argyll%ire4 ,col\r$ m$ia h nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 appli$ to ,dioptric app>atus1 except 9 ! case ( ! ,mapl9 ,light at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 & ,crom>ty ,po9t ,light at ! entrance to ! ,crom>ty ,fri?1 & 9 bo? in/ances successfully4 ,! enorm\s loss ( light1 h[ev]1 am\nt+ to no less ?an #jhj ( ! :ole incid5t rays1 =ms a great b> to ! adoption ( col\r z a di/9ction2 & any means :i* c\ld t5d to less5 t absorption1 & at ! same "t produce ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance1 w\ld be mo/ valuable4 ,i h tri$ "s glasses ( a p9k t+e1 prep>$ by ,m4 ,,let\rneau ( ,p>is1 ^: absorption does n exce$ #jeg ( ! incid5t rays2 b ! appe>ance ( ! light1 at a di/ance1 is mu* less m>k$ ?an t produc$ by ! glasses us$ 9 ,brita94#gg ,su* defici5cy ( *>act]i/ic col\r might lead to s]i\s consequ5ces1 z ! transmission ( :ite rays1 ?r\gh a hazy atmosph]e1 too (t5 produces1 by absorption1 a r$di% t+e ( ! light1 = :i* ! less m>k$ appe>ance giv5 by ! pal] m$ia might be easily mi/ak54 ,?is col\r+ p[] ( absorption is s well kn[n1 t r$ lights are seldom us$ except 9 direct contra/ ) :ite ones2 b1 on a coa/ s ?ickly /udd$ ) ,ligh?\ses z t ( ,brita91 ! numb] ( di/9ctions is insuffici5t to supply all our wants1 s t we are sometimes reluctantly compell$ to adopt a s+le r$ light 9 "s situation ( less] importance1 or :i*1 f "s local circum/ances & ! appe>ance ( ! lights :i* mu/ be se5 by ! m>9] be=e pass+ x1 is n likely to be mi/ak54 ,! great loss ( light by col\r$ m$ia causes ! r$ beam1 9 a revolv+ light1 to be se5 at a %ort] di/ance ?an ! :ite2 & x is conceivable t1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ?is might lead ! m>9] to mi/ake a r$ & :ite light = a :ite light revolv+ at half ! velocity4 ,su* a mi/ake might p]haps prove dang]\s2 b ! lights are g5]ally s situat$ t !re is ample "t = ! m>9]1 aft] fir/ discov]+ ! r$ light1 & ?us correct+ any mi/ake1 to %ape 8 c\rse accord+ly4 ,all o!r col\r$ m$ia except r$ h be5 f\nd useless z di/9ctions = any lights ( ext5sive range1 & fail to be effici5t1 ow+ to ! necessity ( absorb+ almo/ all ! light be=e a m>k$ appe>ance c be obta9$4 ,9 a few pi] or f]ry lights1 gre5 & blue m$ia h be5 tri$1 & f\nd available at ! di/ance ( a few cables' l5g?s4 #gg ,see page #bbi1 ante4 ,capta9 ,,basil ,,hall's proposal = produc+ ! appe>ance ( ,fix$ ,lights by rapid movem5t4 ,x seems to be a natural consequ5ce ( ! physical di/ribution ( light1 t fix$ lights1 :i* illum9ate ! :ole horizon1 %\ld be less p[]ful ?an revolv+ lights :i* h _! effect conc5trat$ )9 n>r[ sectors ( ! horizon4 ,any attempt to increase ! p[] ( fix$ lights is1 !re=e1 wor?y ( att5tion2 & :5 ! late ,capta9 ,,basil ,,hall propos$ a plan = effect+ ?is object1 x receiv$1 z x des]v$1 ! full consid]ation ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 :o au?oris$ me to repeat ,capta9 ,,hall',s exp]im5ts1 & v]ify 8 results by obs]vations made at a consid]able di/ance4 ,z "s int]e/+ ph5om5a ( irradiation 7 evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^? trials1 ,i ?9k x "r to give "s acc\nt ( ! results :i* 7 obta9$1 z !y be> ^u v>i\s que/ions connect$ ) ! practical arrangem5ts ( ,ligh?\ses1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,9 revolv+ lights on ! dioptric pr9ciple1 ! annul> l5s ( ,fresnel1 z =m]ly /at$1 is employ$4 ,?is in/rum5t1 z ! read] already kn[s1 possesses ! prop]ty ( project+ to ! horizon1 9 ! =m ( "o p5cil or beam1 all ! light :i* falls on its inn] surface f a lamp plac$ 9 its pr9cipal focus4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is action is1 t :5 sev]al l5ses are s arrang$ z to =m a "r prism :i* circulates r\nd a lamp plac$ 9 ! common focus1 a di/ant obs]v] receives f ea* l5s1 z its axis crosses 8 l9e ( vision1 a bright fla%1 :i* is succe$$ by total d>kness1 :5 "o ( ! d>k spaces int]m$iate betwe5 ! l5ses passes ov] 8 eye2 & ?is succession ( bright fla%es alt]nat+ ) d>k int]vals1 produces ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( a revolv+ light4 ,! fix$ light1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5ts to ! eye a /eady & un*ang+ appe>ance2 & ! *ief object to be obta9$ 9 its con/ruction1 is to unite ! greate/ brilliancy ) an equal di/ribution ( ! light 9 e direction4 ,! condition ( p]fect di/ribution1 z already said1 is mo/ rigor\sly fulfill$ by ! use ( refract+ zones or belts1 :i* =m1 by _! union1 a cyl9d] envelop+ ! flame plac$ 9 its c5tre1 & possess ! prop]ty ( refract+ ! light 9 ! v]tical direction only1 )\t affect+ its natural div]g5ce horizontally4 ,! light f ! focus :i* is incid5t on ! inn] surface ( ! belt is !re=e project$ =w>ds 9 ! %ape ( a flat r+ ( equal brilliancy all r\nd ! horizon4 ,?is repetition may seem ne$less1 b x is hop$ x w be f\nd useful 9 r5d]+ intelligible ! foll[+ outl9e ( ! plan propos$ by ,capta9 ,,hall = ! improvem5t ( fix$ lights1 & ! acc\nt ( ! trials t 7 made ) t object 9 view4 ,! famili> exp]im5t ( :irl+ a burn+ /ick quickly r\nd ! head1 s z to produce a ribbon ( light1 proves ! possibility ( caus+ a cont9u\s impression on ! ret9a by int]mitt5t images succe$+ ea* o!r ) a c]ta9 rapidity4 ,f ! mod]ate velocity at :i* ?is cont9uity ( impression is obta9$1 we %\ld be w>rant$ 9 conclud+1 a priori1 t ! "t requir$ to make an impression on ! ret9a is consid]ably less ?an ! duration ( ! impression itself2 = ! cont9uity ( effect mu/1 ( c\rse1 be caus$ by fre% impulses succe$+ ea* o!r be=e ! prec$+ ones h entirely fad$4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 & ! "t requir$ to make ! impression 7 equal to ! duration ( ! s5sation1 x w\ld obvi\sly be impossible to obta9 a s]ies ( impulses s close or cont9u\s 9 _! effects z to run into & ov]lap ea* o!r1 & ?us ?r[ out ! int]vals ( d>kness2 because ! same velocity :i* w\ld t5d to %ort5 ! d>k int]vals1 w\ld also curtail ! bright fla%es1 & ?us prev5t _! act+ on ! eye long en\gh to cause an impression4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t ! duration ( an impression is 9 reality mu* great] ?an ! "t requir$ = produc+ ! effect on ! ret9a4 ,x is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,,:eat/one1 9 ! ,london ,transactions = #ahcd1 t only ab\t "o million? "p ( a second is requir$ = mak+ a di/9ct impression on ! eye2 & x appe>s1 f a /atem5t made by ,lam1 at p4 #dbe ( 8 ,c\rs de ,physique1 t ,m4 ,,plateau f\nd t an impression on ! ret9a pres]v$ its int5sity unabat$ dur+ "o hundr$? ( a second1 s t1 h[ev] small ^? times may be 9 !mselves1 ! "o is yet #aj1jjj great] ?an ! o!r4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by direct exp]im5t1#gh t ! eye c receive a fre% impression be=e ! prec$+ "o has fad$2 &1 inde$1 if ?is 7 impossible1 absolute cont9uity ( impression f any succession ( impulses1 h[ev] rapid1 w\ld seem to be unatta9able2 & ! approa* to p]fect cont9uity w\ld be inv]sely z ! "t requir$ to make an impression4 #gh ,lam1 ,c\rs de ,physique1 p4 #dbd4 8,l'impression peut subsi/] encore lorsque la suivante a lieu40 ,effects ( rapid motion on ! p[] ( ,lights4 ,f ?is prop]ty :i* bright bodies pass+ rapidly be=e ! eye possess ( communicat+ a cont9u\s impression to ! s5se ( sight1 ,capta9 ,,hall conceiv$ ! idea1 n m]ely ( obta9+ all ! effects ( a fix$ light1 by caus+ a sy/em ( l5ses to revolve ) su* a velocity z to produce a cont9u\s impression1 b1 at ! same "t1 ( obta9+ a mu* m brilliant appe>ance1 by ! comp5sat+ influ5ce ( ! bright fla%es1 :i* he expect$ w\ld produce impulses suffici5tly p[]ful & durable to make ! defici5cy ( light 9 ! d>k spaces almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,! mean effect ( ! :ole s]ies ( *anges w\ld1 he imag9$1 be ?us greatly sup]ior to t :i* c be obta9$ f ! same quantity ( light equally di/ribut$1 z 9 fix$ lights1 ov] ! :ole horizon4 ,n[ ?is expectation1 if x be consid]$ solely 9 ref]5ce to ! physical di/ribution ( ! light1 involves v>i\s difficulties4 ,! quantity ( light subject$ to in/rum5tal action is ! same :e!r we employ ! refract+ zones at pres5t us$ 9 fix$ dioptric lights1 or attempt to obta9 cont9uity ( effect by ! rapid revolution ( l5ses2 & ! only diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ^? two arrangem5ts is ?is1 t :ile ! zones di/ribute ! light equally ov] ! :ole horizon1 or r d n int]f]e ) its natural horizontal di/ribution1 ! effect ( ! propos$ me?od is to collect ! light into p5cils1 :i* are made to revolve ) su* rapidity1 t ! impression f ea* p5cil succe$s ! prec$+ "o 9 "t to prev5t a s5sible occurr5ce ( d>kness4 ,to expect t ! mean effect ( ! light1 s appli$1 %\ld be great] ?an :5 x is left to its natural horizontal div]g5ce1 c]ta9ly appe>s at fir/ to involve some?+ approa*+ to a contradiction ( physical laws4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! same quantity ( light is act$ ^u by ! in/rum5t2 & 9 ei!r case1 any "o obs]v] w receive an impression simil> & equal to t receiv$ by any o!r /ation$ at a diff]5t "p ( ! horizon2 s t1 unless we imag9e t !re is "s loss ( light peculi> to "o ( ! me?ods1 we are1 9 ! physical view ( ! "q1 %ut up to ! conclusion1 t ! impressions receiv$ by ea* class ( obs]v]s mu/ be ( equal int5sity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! same quantity ( light is by bo? me?ods employ$ to convey a cont9u\s impression to ! s5ses ( spectators 9 e direction1 & 9 bo? me?ods equality ( di/ribution is effect$1 s9ce x does n at all consi/ ) our hypo!sis1 t any "o obs]v] 9 ! same class %\ld receive m or less ?an 8 equal %>e ( ! light4 ,!n1 z to ! probability ( ! loss ( light1 x seems natural to expect t ?is %\ld occur 9 connection ) ! revolv+ sy/em1 because ! velocity is an extrane\s circum/ance1 by no means necess>y to an equal di/ribution ( ! light1 :i* c1 z we already "k1 be m naturally & at ! same "t p]fectly1 atta9$ by ! use ( ! zones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be =gott51 t al?\gh ! effect ( bo? me?ods is to give ea* "p ( ! horizon an equal %>e ( light1 !re is yet ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t :ile ! light f ! zones is equally int5se at e in/ant ( "t1 t evolv$ by ! rapidly circulat+ l5ses is con/antly pass+ ?r\gh e phase betwe5 total d>kness & ! brighte/ fla% ( ! l5s2 & ?is diff]5ce1 tak5 9 connection ) "s curi\s physiological obs]vations reg>d+ ! s5sibility ( ! ret9a1 gives consid]able c\nt5ance to ! expectation on :i* ,capta9 ,,hall',s +5i\s exp$i5t is bas$4 ,! fact :i* has already be5 notic$1 & :i* ! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,,plateau & ,pr(essor ,,:eat/one h ( late r5d]$ m precise1 t ! duration ( an impression on ! ret9a is n only appreciable1 b is mu* great] ?an ! "t requir$ to cause x1 seems to enc\rage u 9 expect+1 t :ile ! velocity requir$ to produce cont9uity ( effect w\ld n be f\nd s great z to int]f]e ) ! =mation ( a full impression1 ! duration ( ! impulse f ea* fla% w\ld rema9 unalt]$1 & ! d>k int]vals :i* d n excite ! ret9a w\ld1 at ! same "t1 be %ort5$1 & t1 !re=e1 we might 9 ?is mann] obta9 an effect on ! s5ses exce$+ ! brilliancy ( a /eady light di/ribut$ equally 9 e direction by ! ord9>y me?od4 ,"s p]sons1 inde$1 :o h speculat$ on ?is subject1 seem ev5 to be ( op9ion1 t1 s f> f ! :ole effect ( ! s]ies ( cont9u\s impressions be+ weak5$ by a bl5d+ ( ! d>k ) ! bright int]vals1 ! eye w\ld 9 reality be /imulat$ by ! contra/ ( light & d>kness1 s z !reby to receive a m complete & durable impulse f ! light4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is "q reg>d+ ! probable effect to be anticipat$ f a revolution s rapid z to cause a cont9u\s impression1 c\ld only h be5 satisfactorily answ]$ by an appeal to exp]im5t4 ,9 exp]im5t+ on ?is subject1 ,i us$ ! app>atus =m]ly employ$ by ,capta9 ,,hall4 ,x consi/$ ( an octagonal frame1 :i* c>ri$ eight ( ! discs t compose ! c5tral "p ( ,fresnel's comp\nd l5s1 & 0 susceptible ( be+ revolv$ sl[ly or quickly at pleasure1 by means ( a crank-h&le & "s int]m$iate ge>+4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 ne>ly id5tical ) ^? made by ,capta9 ,,hall1 :o contra/$ ! effect ( a s+le l5s at re/1 or mov+ v sl[ly1 ) t produc$ by ! eight l5ses1 revolv+ ) su* velocity z to cause an app>5tly cont9u\s impression on ! eye4 ,to ?is exp]im5t ,i add$ t ( comp>+ ! beam ?r[n out by ! c5tral portion ( a cyl9dric refractor1 su* z is us$ at ! fix$ light ( ! ,isle ( ,may1 ) ! cont9u\s impression obta9$ by ! rapid revolution ( ! l5ses4 ,capta9 ,,hall made all 8 comp>isons at ! %ort di/ance ( #ajj y>ds2 & 9 ord] to obta9 "s measure ( ! int5sity1 he view$ ! lights ?r\gh plates ( col\r$ glass until ! lum9\s discs became invisible to ! eye4 ,i repeat$ ^? exp]im5ts at ,gullan1 "u simil> circum/ances1 b ) v diff]5t results4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 ent] ^u ! discussion ( ^? diff]5ces "h1 al?\gh !y are susceptible ( explanation1 & are corroborative ( ! conclusions at :i* ,i arriv$1 by comp>+ ! lights f a di/ance ( #ad miles2 b %all briefly notice ! m important results :i* 7 obta9$ by ! di/ant view4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! fla% ( ! l5s revolv+ sl[ly 0 v mu* l>g] ?an t ( ! rapidly revolv+ s]ies2 & ?is decrease ( size 9 ! lum9\s object pres5t$ to ! eye1 became m m>k$ z ! rate ( revolution 0 accel]at$1 s t1 at ! velocity ( eight or t5 fla%es 9 a second1 ! nak$ eye c\ld h>dly detect x1 & only a few ( ! obs]v]s saw x2 :ile ! /eady light f ! fix$ refractor 0 di/9ctly visible4 #b4 ,!re 0 also a m>k$ fall+ (f 9 ! brilliancy ( ! rapid fla%es z comp>$ ) t ( ! sl[ ones2 b ?is effect 0 by no means s /rik+ z ! decrease ( volume4 #c4 ,cont9uity ( impression 0 n atta9$ at ! rate ( five fla%es 9 a second1 b ea* fla% appe>$ to be di/9ctly sep>at$ by an int]val ( d>kness2 & ev5 :5 ! ne>e/ approa* to cont9uity 0 made1 by ! recurr5ce ( eight or t5 fla%es 9 a second1 ! light /ill pres5t$ a tw9kl+ appe>ance1 :i* 0 well contra/$ ) ! /eady & un*ang+ effect ( ! cyl9dric refractor4 #d4 ,! light ( ! cyl9dric refractor 01 z already /at$1 /eady & un*ang+1 & ( mu* l>g] volume ?an ! rapidly revolv+ fla%es4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 appe> s brilliant z ! fla%es ( ! quickly revolv+ l5ses1 m especially at ! l[] rate ( five fla%es 9 a second4 #e4 ,:5 view$ ?r\gh a telescope1 ! diff]5ce ( volume betwe5 ! light ( ! cyl9dric refractor & t produc$ by ! l5ses at _! greate/ velocity 0 v /rik+4 ,! =m] pres5t$ a l>ge diffuse object ( inf]ior brilliancy1 :ile ! latt] exhibit$ a %>p p9-po9t ( brilliant light4 ,^u a c>eful consid]ation ( ^! facts x appe>s w>rantable to draw ! foll[+ g5]al conclusions3-- #a4 ,t our expectations z to ! effects ( light1 :5 di/ribut$ accord+ to ! law ( its natural horizontal div]g5ce1 are support$ by obs]v$ facts z to ! visibility ( su* lights1 contra/$ ) ^? ^: cont9uity ( effect is produc$ by collect+ ! :ole light into bright p5cils1 & caus+ !m to revolve ) great velocity4 #b4 ,x appe>s t ?is defici5cy ( visibility seems to be *iefly due to a want ( volume 9 ! lum9\s object1 & also1 al?\gh 9 a less degree1 to a loss ( int5sity1 bo? ( :i* defects appe> to increase 9 proportion z ! motion ( ! lum9\s object is accel]at$4 #c4 ,t ?is defici5cy ( volume is ! mo/ rem>kable optical ph5om5on connect$ ) ! rapid motion ( lum9\s bodies1 & t x appe>s to be directly proportional to ! velocity ( _! passage ov] ! eye4 #d4 ,t !re is reason to suspect t ! visibility ( di/ant lights dep5ds on ! volume ( ! impression 9 a great] degree ?an has p]haps be5 g5]ally imag9$4 #e4 ,t1 z ! size & int5sity ( ! radiants caus+ ^! v>i\s impressions to a di/ant obs]v] 7 ! same1 ! volume ( ! light &1 consequ5tly1 ct]is p>ibus1 its visibility1 are1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 proportionate to ! "t dur+ :i* ! object is pres5t to ! eye4 ,su* appe> to be ! g5]al conclusions :i* ^? exp]im5ts w>rant u 9 draw+2 & ! practical result1 9 s f> z ligh?\ses are conc]n$1 is suffici5t to disc\rage u f attempt+ to improve ! visibility ( fix$ lights 9 ! mann] propos$ by ,capta9 ,,hall1 ev5 suppos+ ! practical difficulties connect$ ) ! great c5trifugal =ce g5]at$ by ! rapid revolution ( ! l5ses to be less ?an !y really are4 ,connection ( ! exp]im5ts ) ,irradiation4 ,?is decrease 9 ! volume ( ! lum9\s object caus$ by ! rapid motion ( ! lights is int]e/+1 f its app>5t connection ) ! curi\s ph5om5on ( irradiation4 ,:5 lum9\s bodies1 su* z ! lights ( di/ant lamps1 are se5 by night1 !y appe> mu* l>g] ?an !y w\ld d by day2 & ?is effect is said to be produc$ by irradiation4 ,m4 ,,plateau1 9 8 elaborate essay on ?is subject1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! !ories ( irradiation1 /ates x to be 8 op9ion1 t ! mo/ probable mode ( acc\nt+ = ! v>i\s obs]v$ ph5om5a ( irradiation is to suppose1 t1 9 ! case ( a night-view1 ! excitem5t caus$ by light is propagat$ ov] ! ret9a beyond ! limits ( ! day-image ( ! object1 ow+ to ! increas$ /imulus produc$ by ! contra/ ( light & d>kness2 & he also lays x d[n z a law confirm$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 t irradiation increases ) ! duration ( ! obs]vation4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 n unreasonable to conjecture1 t ! defici5cy ( volume obs]v$ dur+ ! rapid revolution ( ! l5ses may h be5 caus$ by ! light be+ pres5t to ! eye s %ort a "t1 t ! ret9a 0 n /imulat$ 9 a degree suffici5t to produce ! am\nt ( irradiation requir$ = caus+ a l>ge visual object4 ,:51 inde$1 ! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,,plateau1 t irradiation is proportional to ! duration ( ! obs]vation1 is tak5 9 connection ) ! obs]v$ fact1 t ! volume ( ! light decreas$ z ! motion ( ! l5ses 0 accel]at$1 x seems almo/ impossible to avoid connect+ toge!r ! two ph5om5a z cause & effect4 ,,v>i\s ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,connect$ ,,) ,,ligh?\ses4 ,mask+ ,lights4 ,9 ! c\rse ( supply+ ! num]\s wants ( navigation1 x w (t5 be f\nd necess>y to cut (f1 on a giv5 be>+1 ! beam proce$+ f a ,ligh?\se1 z a guide to ! seaman to avoid "s %oal1 or z a h9t to put ab\t & seek ! opposite side ( a *annel4 ,?is is att5d$ ) "s little practical difficulty1 especially 9 lights f reflectors arrang$ ext]nally on a circle1 because a c]ta9 portion ( light1 *iefly due to ! div]g5ce caus$ by ! size ( ! flames1 & p>tly f ! effects ( ! diffraction or inflexion ( ! light1 spreads fa9tly ov] a n>r[ sector betwe5 ! light arc & ! d>k "o4 ,x becomes necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to make all[ance = ?is p5umbral arc by increas+ ! mask$ portion ( ! lant]n2 &1 :]e a v %>p l9e ( dem>cation is requir$1 a bo>d is sometimes plac$ on ! outside ( ! ,lightroom1 9 su* a position1 & ( su* l5g?1 t :ile x does n ent] ! b\nd>ies ( ! lum9\s sector1 x prev5ts ! m p[]ful "p ( ! p5umbral beam f rea*+ ! obs]v]'s eye4 ,?is effect is1 ( c\rse1 m conv5i5tly produc$1 :]e ! circum/ances admit ( its adoption1 by di/ribut+ ! reflectors r\nd ! concave side ( ! lant]n1 t[>ds ! l&2 b su* an arrangem5t is inapplicable :5 ! illum9at$ sector exce$s ! d>k "o4 ,i h f\nd1 by obs]vation1 t ! sector int]cept$ betwe5 ! azimu? on :i* ! lant]n is mask$ & t on :i* total d>kness is produc$ to an obs]v]1 at mod]ate di/ances1 may be e/imat$ at n less ?an #c = dioptric1 & #g = catoptric lights ( ! highe/ class4#gi #gi ,! me?od :i* ,i adopt$ = det]m9+ ^? quantities1 0 to mask a c]ta9 portion ( ! lant]n ( a ligh?\se subt5d+ an horizontal sector ( ab\t #cj or #dj1 & at night to fix1 by actual obs]vation1 at ! di/ance ( #e or #f miles1 two po9ts on ! coa/ betwe5 :i* ! light s mask$ 0 obscur$4 ,! angle includ$ betwe5 ! l9es jo9+ ^? po9ts & ! c5tre ( ! lant]n 0 !n det]m9$ by triangulation next day1 & half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]v$ angle 7:i* is always ! less] ( ! two7 & ! comput$ subt5se ( ! mask$ sector ( ! lant]n1 is1 9 ea* case1 ! am\nt ( ! all[ance /at$ 9 ! text4 ,^? quantities may !re=e s]ve to guide ! ,ligh?\se eng9e] to approximate m rapidly to 8 object1 z he w g5]ally be safe 9 increas+ ! d>k sector1 by "o or o!r ( ! above con/ants1 accord+ to ! k9d ( app>atus employ$4 ,i ne$ n add1 t 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d1 a f9al appeal to actual obs]vation is1 9 all cases1 indisp5sable4 ,d\ble ,lights4 ,a few words on ! subject ( d\ble lights1 naturally spr+ out ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! mask+ ( lights4 ,! t]m d\ble lights is prop]ly & di/9ctly conf9$ to lights on diff]5t levels1 b n necess>ily 7z lead+-lights are7 9 sep>ate t[]s4 ,! sole object ( us+ d\ble lights is = di/9ction f neighb\r+ lights2 & !y are unque/ionably mo/ effective 9 ?is respect1 :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! same t[]4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ,i %all speak ( !m2 & x is obvi\s t all t peculi>ly belongs to !m is1 t ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 !m %all be suffici5tly great to pres5t ! lights z sep>ate objects to ! eye ( ! seaman1 :5 plac$ at ! greate/ di/ance at :i* x may be desirable t he %\ld be able to recognise _! *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,9 _m cases x is n necess>y 7b x is c]ta9ly always desirable7 t ! lights %\ld1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( _! be+ se51 be kn[n z d\ble lights2 b 9 o!rs1 x may well consi/ ) safety1 t two lights1 :i* appe> z a s+le light :5 fir/ se5 at ! di/ance ( #bj miles1 %all at #ae or #aj miles di/ance be discov]$ to be d\ble4 ,n[ we %\ld at fir/ be apt ha/ily to imag9e1 t all t is requir$ to produce t effect1 is to raise ! "o light above ! o!r to su* an ext5t1 t ! di/ance betwe5 !m %all be some:at m ?an a m9imum visibile at ! mo/ di/ant po9t ( obs]vation1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! diff]5ce ( ! height ( ! lights %\ld be su* z to subt5d to ! eye at ! po9t ( obs]vation1 an angle great] ?an #acjb1 :i* is ! subt5se ( a m9imum visibile dur+ ! day4#hj ,b ! effect ( irradiation1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 t5ds to bl5d toge!r ! images ( ! lights long be=e _! di/ance ap>t has become s l[ a fraction ( ! obs]v]'s di/ance f ! ,ligh?\se1 z to subt5d s small an angle2 & ,i h accord+ly f\nd by exp]im5ts1 conduct$ "u v>i\s circum/ances1 & at v>i\s di/ances1 t repeat$ obs]vations gave me #c #ah z ! mean ( ! subt5ses calculat$ 9 ref]5ce to ! di/ances at :i* ! lights began to be bl5d$ into "o4 #hj ,?is quantity is d$uc$ f obs]vations made by my fri5d ,mr ,,james ,,g>dn]1 :ile engag$ on ! ,ordnance ,survey1 & may be reg>d$ z ! extreme limit ( visibility1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances z to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e & also ! contra/ ( col\rs4 ,! obs]v$ object1 also1 0 a pole1 n a r\nd disc2 & x is famili> to e "o accu/om$ to view di/ant objects1 t v]tical l5g? is an important con/itu5t 9 _! visibility4 ,adopt+ ?is z ! smalle/ angle :i* ! two lights %\ld subt5d at ! obs]v]'s eye1 we may f9d ! lea/ v]tical di/ance betwe5 !m :i* w cause !m to appe> z sep>ate objects by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,h #b 4 tan 9 :i* is ! obs]v]'s di/ance 9 feet2 1 half ! subt5se1 #a #ci2 & ,h ! requir$ height ( ! t[] betwe5 ! two lights 9 feet4 ,! foll[+ ,table gives ! height 9 feet correspond+ to ! di/ance 9 nautic miles1 f #a to #bj inclusive3 ! heights1 :i* are ! bases ( simil> isosceles triangles1 increase1 ( c\rse1 9 an ari?metical s]ies3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,di/ance ( !,v]tical di/ance,di/ance ( !,v]tical di/ance obs]v] 9 9 feet betwe5 obs]v] 9 9 feet betwe5 ,nautic ,miles4 ! ,lights4 ,nautic ,miles4 ! ,lights4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #fjb #aa #ffbb #b #abjd #ab #gbbd #c #ahjf #ac #ghbf #d #bdjh #ad #hdbh #e #cjaj #ae #ijcj #f #cfab #af #ifcb #g #dbad #ag #ajbcd #h #dhaf #ah #ajhcf #i #edah #ai #aadch #aj #fjbj #bj #abjdj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lead+ ,lights4 ,ak9 to ! subject ( ,d\ble ,lights1 is t ( ,lead+ ,lights1 ! object ( :i* is to indicate to ! m>9] a giv5 l9e ( direction by _! be+ se5 9 "o l9e4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ?is l9e ( direction is us$ to po9t out ! c5tral "p ( a n>r[ *annel2 & ! alt]nate op5+ ( ! lights1 on ei!r side ( _! conjunction1 s]ves to indicate to ! m>9] 7:o ought to conjo9 ) 8 wat*+ ( ! lights ! obs]vation ( ! elaps$ "t & also frequ5t s\nd+s7 ! prop] mom5t = *ang+ 8 tack4 ,9 "s places1 ! l9e ( conjunction ( ! lights is plac$ ne>] to "o side ( a *annel ?an ! o!r1 accord+ z ! set ( ! tides1 or ! position ( %oals1 may seem to require4 ,9 o!r situations1 ?is l9e only s]ves z a cross-be>+ to %ew ! m>9] 8 approa* to "s dang]1 or to indicate 8 hav+ pass$ x1 & ?us to assure him ( 8 entry on wid] sea-room4 ,simil> consid]ations to ^? :i* det]m9e ! diff]5ce ( elevation = d\ble lights regulate ! *oice ( ! di/ance betwe5 two lead+ lights2 b ! "q is less n>r[1 & may be g5]ally solv$ graphically by simply draw+ ! l9es on an accurate *>t ( ! locality4 ,9 "s few situations1 ! configuration ( ! coa/ does n admit ( a sep>ation betwe5 ! lights1 suffici5t to cause :at is call$ a %>p int]section2 b1 9 mo/ cases1 !re is room en\gh to place !m s f> ap>t1 t b a few y>ds ( deviation 9 ! vessel's c\rse1 f ! exact l9e ( ! conjunction ( ! lights 9 "o1 produces a di/9ct op5+ betwe5 !m on ! opposite side ( t l9e4 ,9 ord] to insure ! requisite %>pness ( int]section1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! lights1 :]ev] atta9able1 %\ld be n less ?an "o-six? ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! m seaw>d ( ! two ,t[]s & t po9t at :i* ! seaman beg9s to use ! l9e ( conjunction z 8 guide4 ,i h only to add1 t 9 situations :]e ! l& prev5ts a consid]able sep>ation betwe5 lead+ lights1 !y %\ld be plac$ z ne>ly on "o level z is consi/5t ) _! be+ se5 z v]tically sep>at$1 s z 9 "s measure to comp5sate = _! horizontal ne>ness1 by r5d]+ _! int]section m %>p & /rik+ ?an x c be :]e ! obs]v] mu/ draw f ! upp] light an imag9>y p]p5dicul> 9 8 m9d1 & !n e/imate ! sep>ation ( ! lights by ! s9e ( an angle1 :i* decreases z ! diff]5ce ( _! app>5t elevations increases4 ,di/ribution ( ,lights on a ,coa/4 ,! consid]ations :i* ent] into ! *oice ( ! position & "* ( ! ,lights on a l9e ( coa/1 are ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 s simple & self-evid5t z sc>cely to admit ( be+ /at$ 9 a g5]al =m1 )\t becom+ m]e truisms2 or are1 on ! o!r h&1 s v num]\s & (t5 s complicat$ z sc>cely to be susceptible ( compression into any g5]al laws4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 d m ?an v briefly allude to a few ( ! *ief consid]ations :i* %\ld guide u 9 ! selection ( ! sites & *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! ,ligh?\ses to be plac$ on a l9e ( coa/4 ,p]haps ^? views may be mo/ conv5i5tly /at$ 9 ! =m ( di/9ct propositions3-- #a4 ,! mo/ prom95t po9ts ( a l9e ( coa/1 or ^? fir/ made on ov]-sea voyages1 %\ld be fir/ light$2 & ! mo/ p[]ful lights %\ld be adapt$ to !m1 s t !y may be discov]$ by ! m>9] z long z possible be=e 8 rea*+ l&4 #b4 ,s f> z is consi/5t ) a due att5tion to di/9ction1 revolv+ lights ( "s description1 :i* are necess>ily m p[]ful ?an fix$ lights1 %\ld be employ$ at ! outpo/s on a l9e ( coa/4 #c4 ,lights ( precisely id5tical "* & appe>ance %\ld n1 if possible1 occur )9 a less di/ance ?an #ajj miles ( ea* o!r on ! same l9e ( coa/1 :i* is made by ov]-sea vessels4 #d4 ,9 all cases1 ! di/9ction ( col\r %\ld nev] be adopt$ except f absolute necessity4 #e4 ,fix$ lights & o!rs ( less p[]1 may be m readily adopt$ 9 n>r[ seas1 because ! range ( ! lights 9 su* situations is g5]ally less ?an t ( op5 sea-lights4 #f4 ,9 n>r[ seas also1 ! di/ance betwe5 lights ( ! same appe>ance may (t5 be safely r$uc$ )9 mu* l[] limits ?an is desirable = ! great] sea-lights2 & !re are _m in/ances 9 :i* ! di/ance sep>at+ lights ( ! same "* ne$ n exce$ #ej miles1 & !re are peculi> cases 9 :i* ev5 a mu* less sep>ation betwe5 simil> lights may be suffici5t4 #g4 ,lights int5d$ to gu>d vessels f reefs1 %oals1 or o!r dang]s1 %\ld 9 e case be plac$1 :]e practicable1 to ! seaw>d ( ! dang] itself1 z x is desirable t seam5 be enabl$ to make ! lights ) confid5ce4 #h4 ,views ( economy 9 ! fir/ co/ ( a ,ligh?\se %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) plac+ x 9 ! be/ possible position2 &1 :5 funds are defici5t1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! wise/ c\rse is to delay ! "w until a sum %all h be5 obta9$ suffici5t = ! erection ( ! ligh?\se on ! be/ site4 #i4 ,! elevation ( ! lant]n above ! sea %\ld n1 if possible1 = sea-lights1 exce$ #bjj feet2 & ab\t #aej feet is suffici5t1 "u almo/ any circum/ances1 to give ! range :i* is requir$4 ,lights plac$ on high headl&s are subject to be frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 fog1 & are (t5 !reby r5d]$ useless1 at times :5 lights on a l[] level might be p]fectly effici5t4 ,b ?is rule mu/ n1 & inde$ _c1 be /rictly foll[$1 especially on ! ,briti% coa/1 :]e !re are s _m project+ cliffs1 :i*1 :ile !y subject ! lights plac$ on !m to occasional obscuration by fog1 w\ld also entirely & p]man5tly hide f view lights plac$ on ! l[] l& adjo9+ !m4 ,9 su* cases1 all t c be done is c>efully to weigh all ! circum/ances ( ! locality1 & *oose t site = ! ligh?\se :i* seems to af=d ! greate/ balance ( advantage to navigation4 ,z might be expect$1 9 que/ions ( ?is k9d1 ! op9ions ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ p]sons are (t5 v conflict+1 accord+ to ! value :i* is set on ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* ent] into ! inquiry4 #aj4 ,! be/ position = a sea-light ought r>ely to be neglect$ = ! sake ( "s neighb\r+ port1 h[ev] important or influ5tial2 & ! int]e/s ( navigation1 z well z ! true welf>e ( ! port itself1 w g5]ally be mu* bett] s]v$ by plac+ ! sea-light :]e x ought to be1 & add+1 on a small] scale1 su* subsidi>y lights z ! *annel lead+ to ! entrance ( ! port may require4 #aa4 ,x may be held z a g5]al maxim1 t ! few] lights t c be employ$ 9 ! illum9ation ( a coa/ ! bett]1 n only on ! score ( economy1 b also ( real effici5cy4 ,e light ne$lessly erect$ may1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 become a s\rce ( confusion to ! m>9]1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( ano!r light be+ requir$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 x becomes a d$uction f ! means ( di/+ui%+ x f ! lights :i* exi/$ previ\s to its e/abli%m5t4 ,by ! ne$less erection ( a new ,ligh?\se1 !re=e1 we n only exp5d public treasure1 b wa/e ! means ( di/9ction among ! neighb\r+ lights4 #ab4 ,di/9ctions ( lights1 f\nd$ ^u ! m9ute e/imation ( int]vals ( "t betwe5 fla%es1 & especially on ! measurem5t ( ! duration ( light & d>k p]iods1 are less satisfactory to ! great majority ( coa/+ seam51 & are m liable to d]angem5t by atmosph]ic *anges1 ?an ^? di/9ctions :i* are f\nd$ on :at may m prop]ly be call$ ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! lights1 9 :i* ! times = ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 appe>ances diff] s widely f ea* o!r z n to require = _! detection any v m9ute obs]vation 9 a /ormy night4 ,?us1 = example1 fla%+ lights ( five seconds int]val1 & revolv+ lights ( half a m9ute1 "o m9ute1 & two m9utes1 are mu* m *>act]i/ic ?an ^? :i* are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by int]vals v>y+ accord+ to a sl[] s]ies ( #e1 #aj1 #bj1 #dj1 c4 #ac4 ,h>b\r & local lights1 :i* h a circumscrib$ range1 %\ld g5]ally be fix$ in/ead ( revolv+2 & may (t51 = ! same reason1 be safely di/+ui%$ by col\r$ m$ia4 ,9 _m cases also1 :]e ! purpose ( guid+ into a n>r[ *annel is to be ga9$1 ! lead+ lights :i* are us$1 %\ld1 at ! same "t1 be s arrang$ z to s]ve = a di/9ction f any neighb\r+ lights4 #ad4 ,float+ lights1 :i* are v exp5sive & m or less unc]ta9 f _! liability to drift f _! moor+s1 z well z defective 9 p[]1 %\ld nev] be employ$ to indicate a turn+ po9t 9 a navigation 9 any situation :]e ! conjunction ( lights on ! %ore c be appli$ at any reasonable exp5se4 ,height ( ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 & its relation to range ( ,light4 ,! sph]odal =m ( ! ,e>? requires t ! height ( a ,ligh?\se ,t[] %\ld increase proportionally to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,e>?'s radius & ! secant ( ! angle int]cept$ betwe5 ! normal to ! sph]od at ! ,ligh?\se & ! normal at ! po9t ( ! light's occultation f ! view ( a di/ant obs]v]4 ,! effect ( atmosph]ic refraction1 h[ev]1 is too consid]able to be neglect$ 9 e/imat+ ! range ( a light1 or 9 comput+ ! height ( a ,t[] :i* is requir$ to give to any light a giv5 range2 & we mu/1 !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! influ5ce ( ?is elem5t1 on ! "o h& increase ! range due to any giv5 height1 & vice v]sa r$uce ! height requir$ = any giv5 range1 :i* a simple consid]ation ( ! =m ( ! globe w\ld assign4 ,9 consid]+ ?is height1 we may proce$ z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ figure 7,no4 #ib71 9 :i* ,s d ,l is a segm5t ( ! ocean's surface1 ,o ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ,l,l a ,ligh?\se1 & ,s ! position ( ! m>9]'s eye1 we obta9 ! value ( ,,ll ,h1 ! height ( ! t[] 9 feet by ! =mula1 #b l ,h ------ 7#a47 #c 9 :i* l ! di/ance 9 ,engli% miles ,l d at :i* ! light w\ld /rike ! ocean's surface4 ,we !n r$uce ?is value ( ,h by ! correction = mean refraction1 :i* p]mits ! light to be se5 at a great] di/ance1 & :i* #b l ------1 7#b47 #ba #b l #b l #d l ,s z to get1 ,h ------ - ------ ------ 7#c47 #c #ba #g an expression :i* at once gives ! height ( ! t[] requir$1 if ! eye ( ! m>9] 7 j on ! surface ( ! wat] at d1 :]e ! tang5t betwe5 8 eye at ,s & ! light at ,l w\ld t\* ! sea4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f9d ! di/ance d ,s l1 :i* is ! radius ( ! visible horizon due to ! height ,,ss h ( 8 eye above ! wat]1 & is1 ( c\rse1 at once obta9$ conv]sely by ! expression3-- 7#g h7 l -------- 7#d47 #b ,d$uct+ ?is di/ance f ,,sl1 ! :ole effective range ( ! light1 we h ,l d l1 & op]at+ ) ?is value 9 ! =m] equation1 #dl ,h ----- #g we f9d ! height ( ! t[] :i* answ]s ! conditions ( ! case4#ha ,f ! above data ! foll[+ ,table has be5 comput$4 #ha ,9 ! above expressions l & l are giv5 9 ,engli% miles1 :i* 9 ,scotl& may be consid]$ z be>+ to nautical miles ! ratio ( #ebhj to #fjhh4 ,9 ord] to conv]t a di/ance giv5 9 nautical miles to ,engli% miles1 all t is ne$ful is to add ! log ( ! numb] ( nautical miles to log #ebhj1 & subtract log #fjhh4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,h ,l5g?s,l5g?s ,h ,l5g?s,l5g?s ,heights 9 9 ,heights 9 9 9 ,engli% ,nautical 9 ,engli% ,nautical ,feet4 ,miles4 ,miles4 ,feet4 ,miles4 ,miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #e #bieh #befe #aaj #achgd #abjc #aj #dahd #cfbh #abj #addij #abef #ae #eabc #dddc #acj #aejhc #acjh #bj #eiaf #eacj #adj #aefeb #aceg #be #ffad #egcf #aej #agbja #adia #cj #gbde #fbhc #bjj #ahgjh #afbb #ce #ghbf #fghg #bej #bjiaf #ahad #dj #hcff #gbee #cjj #bbiab #aihg #de #hhgd #gfif #cej #bdgdh #badf #ej #iced #haab #djj #bfdeg #bbid #ee #ihaa #heji #dej #bhjfb #bdcc #fj #ajbdf #hhhf #ejj #biehj #befe #fe #ajffe #ibdi #eej #cajbd #bfij #gj #aajfg #ieih #fjj #cbdjc #bhaj #ge #aadef #iice #fej #ccgbf #bibe #hj #aahcb #ajbf #gjj #cejjj #cjbh #he #abaif #ajeg #hjj #cgdaf #cbde #ij #abedi #ajhh #ijj #cihcf #cded #ie #abhic #aaah #ajjj #dahcc #cfbh #ajj #acbbh #aadg ---------------------------------------- ------ ,if ! di/ance at :i* a light ( giv5 height c be se5 by a p]son on a giv5 level be requir$1 x is only ne$ful to add toge!r ! two numb]s 9 ! column ( l5g?s or 7accord+ z ,nautical or ,engli% miles may be s\ght7 correspond+ to ^? 9 ! column ( heights ,h1 :i* repres5t respectively ! height ( ! obs]v]'s eye & ! height ( ! lant]n above ! sea4 ,:5 ! height requir$ to r5d] a light visible at a giv5 di/ance is requir$1 we mu/ seek fir/ = ! numb] 9 or correspond+ to ! height ( ! obs]v]'s eye1 & d$uct ?is f ! :ole propos$ range ( ! light1 & opposite ! rema9d] 9 or seek = ! correspond+ numb] 9 ,h4 ,diagonal ,lant]n4 ,a consid]able practical defect 9 all ! ligh?\se lant]ns :i* ,i h ev] se51 ) ! exception ( ^? rec5tly con/ruct$ = ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses1 consi/s 9 ! v]tical direction ( ! a/ragals1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 t5d to int]cept ! :ole or a great "p ( ! light 9 ! azimu? :i* !y subt5d4#hb ,! consid]ation ( ! improvem5t :i* ,i _h effect$ 9 giv+ a diagonal direction to ! jo9ts ( ! fix$ refractors1 fir/ l$ me 7z /at$ at p4 #bff1 ante71 to adopt a diagonal arrangem5t ( ! framework :i* c>ries ! cupola ( zones & aft]w>ds = ! a/ragals ( ! lant]n4 ,n only is ?is direction ( ! a/ragals m advantage\s = equalis+ ! effect ( ! light2 b ! great] /iffness & /r5g? :i* ?is arrangem5t gives to ! frame-"w ( ! lant]n make x safe to use m sl5d] b>s & ?us also absolutely less light is int]cept$4 ,! panes ( glass at ! same "t become triangul>1 & are necess>ily /rong] ?an rectangul> panes ( equal surface4 ,?is =m ( lant]n is extremely light & elegant1 & is %ewn1 ) detail$ draw+s ( "s ( its pr9cipal p>ts1 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,to avoid ! necessity ( pa9t+1 :i*1 9 situations s expos$ z ^? :i* ligh?\ses g5]ally occupy1 is att5d$ ) _m inconv5i5ces & no small risk1 ! framework ( ! lant]n is n[ =m$ ( gun-metal & ! dome is ( copp]2 s t a fir/ ord] lant]n ( #ab feet diamet] & #aj feet height ( glass co/s1 :5 glaz$1 ab\t ,l4#abfj4 ,9 ord] to give ! lightkeep]s free access to cleanse & wa% ! upp] panes ( ! lant]n 7an op]ation :i* 9 sn[y wea!r mu/ sometimes be frequ5tly repeat$ dur+ ! night71 a n>r[ gangway1 on :i* !y may safely /&1 is plac$ on ! level ( ! top ( ! l[] panes1 & at ! top ( ! second panes1 r+s are provid$ ( :i* ! lightkeep]s may lay hold = security 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,a light trap-ladd] is also atta*$ to ! outside ( ! lant]n by means ( :i* !re is an easy access to ! v5tilator on ! dome4 #hb ,i mu/ also except ! small pi] light at ,kirkcaldy1 erect$ 7,i believe 9 #ahcf7 by my fri5d ,mr ,,edw>d ,,sang4 ,glaz+ ( ! ,lant]n4 ,great c>e is be/[$ on ! glaz+ ( ! lant]n1 9 ord] t x may be q imp]vi\s to wat]1 ev5 dur+ ! heavie/ gales4 ,:5 iron is us$ = ! frames1 !y are c>efully & frequ5tly pa9t$2 b gun-metal1 z j notic$1 is n[ g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses4 ,!re is great risk ( ! glass plates be+ brok5 by ! %ak+ ( ! lant]n dur+ high w9ds2 & z mu* z possible to prev5t ?is1 v>i\s precautions are adopt$4 ,! arris ( ea* plate is always c>efully r\nd$ by gr9d+2 & grooves ab\t in* wide1 capable ( hold+ a good ?ickness ( putty1 are provid$ 9 ! a/ragals = receiv+ ! glass1 :i* is in* ?ick4 ,small pieces ( lead or wood are ins]t$ betwe5 ! frames & ! plates ( glass aga9/ :i* !y may press1 & by :i* !y are completely sep>at$ f ! m unyield+ mat]ial ( :i* ! lant]n-frames are compos$4 ,panes glaz$ 9 frames padd$ ) cu%ions1 & capable ( be+ tempor>ily fix$ 9 a few m9utes1 9 ! room ( a brok5 plate1 are kept ready = use 9 ! ,/ore-room4 ,^? fram$ plates are call$ /orm-panes1 & h be5 f\nd v useful on sev]al occasions1 :5 ! glass has be5 %att]$ by l>ge sea-birds com+ aga9/ x 9 a /ormy night1 or by small /ones viol5tly driv5 aga9/ ! lant]n by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,v5tilation ( ! ,lant]ns4 ,! v5tilation ( ! lant]ns =ms a mo/ important elem5t 9 ! pres]vation ( a good & effici5t light4 ,an ill-v5tilat$ lant]n has its sides cont9ually cov]$ ) ! wat] ( cond5sation1 :i* is produc$ by ! contact ( ! asc5d+ curr5t ( heat$ air2 & ! glass ?us obscur$ ob/ructs ! passage ( ! rays1 & dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! light4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 v5tilators1 capable ( be+ op5$ & %ut at pleasure1 s z to admit f )\t a supply ( air :5 requir$1 are provid$ 9 ! p>apet-wall on :i* ! lant]n /&s2 ! lant]n ro( also is surm\nt$ by a cov] :i*1 :ile x closes ! top ( an op5 cyl9dric tube aga9/ ! entrance ( ra91 & desc5ds ov] x only s f> z is ne$ful = t purpose1 /ill leaves an op5 air-space betwe5 x & ! dome4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ! curr5t ( heat$ air1 :i* is cont9ually fl[+ f ! lant]n ?r\gh ! cyl9dric tube1 to pass betwe5 x & ! out] cov]1 f :i* x f9ally escapes to ! op5 air ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ! cov] & ! dome4 ,! door :i* communicates f ! lightroom ?r\gh ! p>apet to ! balcony outside1 is also made ! means ( v5tilat+ ! lightroom2 &1 = t purpose1 x is provid$ ) a slid+ bolt at ! bottom1 :i*1 be+ dropp$ into "o or o!r ( ! holes cut 9 ! balcony = its reception1 s]ves to keep ! door op5 at any angle t may be f\nd necess>y4 ,a useful precaution 0 introduc$ by my pr$ecessor1 z ,eng9e] to ! ,nor!rn ,lights ,bo>d1 9 ord] to prev5t ! too rapid cond5sation ( heat$ air on ! l>ge int]nal surface ( ! lant]n ro(1 :i* consi/s 9 hav+ two domes ) an air-space betwe5 !m1 z %ewn 9 ! enl>g$ diagrams 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,an important improvem5t 9 ! v5tilation ( ,ligh?\ses 0 "s ye>s ago introduc$ by ,dr ,,f>aday into sev]al ( ! ,ligh?\ses belong+ to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 & has s9ce be5 adopt$ 9 all ! dioptric lights belong+ to ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,aft] m5tion+ sev]al pro(s ( extremely bad v5tilation 9 ,ligh?\ses1 ,dr ,,f>aday ?us describes 8 app>atus3#hc #hc ,m9utes ( ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vol4 i41 p4 #bjg4 8,! v5tilat+ pipe or *imney is a copp] tube1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 n1 h[ev]1 9 "o l5g?1 b divid$ into ?ree or f\r pieces2 ! l[] end ( ea* ( ^! pieces = ab\t #a in* is op5$ out into a conical =m1 ab\t #e in*es 9 diamet] at ! l[e/ "p4 ,:5 ! *imney is put toge!r1 ! upp] end ( ! bottom piece is ins]t$ ab\t in* into ! cone ( ! next piece above1 & fix$ !re by ?ree ties or p9s1 s t ! two pieces are firmly held toge!r2 b !re is /ill pl5ty ( air-way or entrance into ! *imney betwe5 !m4 ,! same arrangem5t holds good ) ea* succe$+ piece4 ,:5 ! v5tilat+ *imney is fix$ 9 its place1 x is adju/$ s t ! lamp-*imney ent]s ab\t in* into ! l[] cone1 & ! top ( ! v5tilat+ *imney ent]s into ! c[l or head ( ! lant]n4 8,) ?is arrangem5t1 x is f\nd t ! action ( ! v5tilat+ flue is to c>ry up e portion ( ! products ( combu/ion into ! c[l2 none passes by ! cone ap]tures out ( ! flue into ! air ( ! lant]n1 b a portion ( ! air passes f ! lant]n by ^! ap]tures into ! flue1 & s ! lant]n itself is 9 "s degree v5tilat$4 8,! important use ( ^! cone ap]tures is t :5 a sudd5 gu/ or eddy ( w9d /rikes into ! c[l ( ! lant]n1 x %\ld n h any effect 9 di/urb+ or alt]+ ! flame4 ,x is f\nd t ! w9d may bl[ sudd5ly 9 at ! c[l1 & ! effect nev] rea*es ! lamp4 ,! upp]1 or ! second1 or ! ?ird1 or ev5 ! f\r? portion ( ! v5tilat+ flue might be entirely clos$1 yet )\t alt]+ ! flame4 ,! cone junctions 9 no way int]f]e ) ! tube 9 c>ry+ up all ! products ( combu/ion2 b if any d[nw>d curr5t occurs1 !y dispose ( ! :ole ( x into ! room )\t ev] affect+ ! lamp4 ,! v5tilat+ flue is 9 fact a tube1 :i*1 z reg>ds ! lamp1 c c>ry ev]y?+ up b conveys no?+ d[n40 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t1 z appli$ to ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 7 mu* less palpable ?an ^? :i* are describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,dr ,,f>aday',s pap]1 because _! v5tilation 0 v good be=e its introduction2 & ! flame 9 p>ticul> 0 p]fectly /eady1 be+ by no means subject to d]angem5t f sudd5 gu/s ( w9d f ! ro( 9 ! mann] notic$ above4 ,arrangem5ts & int]nal managem5t ( a ,ligh?\se4 ,all ! ,ligh?\ses 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,commission]s are "u ! *>ge ( at lea/ two ,lightkeep]s1 ^: duties are to cleanse & prep>e ! app>atus = ! night illum9ation1 to m\nt gu>d s+ly aft] ! light is exhibit$1 & to relieve ea* o!r at /at$ h\rs1 fix$ by ! pr9t$ regulations & in/ructions1 "u :i* !y act4 ,! rule is1 t no keep] on wat* %all1 "u any circum/ances1 leave ! ,lightroom until reliev$ by 8 comrade2 &1 = ! purpose ( cutt+ (f all pretext = ! neglect ( ?is univ]sal law1 ! dwell+-h\ses are built close to ! ,light ,t[]1 & means are provid$ = mak+ signals directly f ! ,lightroom to ! sleep+ ap>tm5ts bel[4 ,^! signals are communicat$ by air-tubes1 ?r\gh :i*1 by means ( a small pi/on1 or a puff ( w9d f ! m\?1 calls c be ex*ang$ betwe5 ! keep]s1 enabl+ ! man on gu>d 9 ! ,lightroom1 at ! end ( ! wat*1 or on any sudd5 em]g5ce1 to summon 8 comrade f bel[1 :o1 on be+ ?us call$1 answ]s by a c\nt]-bla/1 to %ew t ! summons has be5 he>d & w be obey$4 ,= ! purpose ( great] security1 9 su* situations z ! ,bell ,rock & ! ,sk]ryvore1 f\r keep]s are provid$ = "o lightroom2 "o be+ always a%ore on leave ) 8 family1 & ! o!r ?ree be+ at ! ,ligh?\se1 s t1 9 case ( ! illness ( "o lightkeep]1 an effici5t e/abli%m5t ( two keep]s = wat*+ ! light may rema94 ,at all ! l&-ligh?\ses also1 an agreem5t is made ) "s /eady p]son resid+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :o is in/ruct$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! light & cleans+ ( ! app>atus1 & comes "u an obligation to be ready to d duty 9 ! light-room :5 call$ ^u1 9 ! ev5t ( ! sickness or abs5ce ( "o ( ! lightkeep]s4 ,?is p]son is call$ ! occasional keep]1 & receives pay only :ile actually employ$ at ! ,ligh?\se2 b 9 ord] to keep him 9 ! practice ( ! duty1 he is requir$ to s]ve 9 ! lightroom = a =tnight annually 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 ,! details ( ! lightkeep]'s duty may be se5 by ref]r+ to ! in/ructions already allud$ to1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,ea* ( ! two lightkeep]s has a h\se = himself & family1 bo? be+ "u a common ro(1 b ent]+ by sep>ate doors1 z %ewn 9 ,plates ,,xxvii4 & ,,xxviii41 :i* exhibit ! build+s = ! new ,ligh?\se at ,ardnamur*an ,po9t1 on ! coa/ ( ,argyll%ire4 ,! pr9cipal keep]'s h\se consi/s ( six rooms1 two ( :i* are at ! disposal ( ! visit+ (fic]s ( ! ,bo>d1 ^: duty 9 inspect+ ! ,ligh?\se1 or sup]9t5d+ repairs1 may call !m to ! /ation2 & ! assi/ant has f\r rooms1 "o ( :i* is us$ z a b>rack-room = ! workm51 :o1 "u ! direction ( ! ,=eman ( ! lightroom works1 execute ! annual repairs ( ! app>atus4 ,! e>ly ,ligh?\ses conta9$ accommodation = ! lightkeep]s 9 ! ,t[] itself2 b ! du/ caus$ by ! clean+ ( ^? rooms 9 ! ,t[] 0 f\nd to be v injuri\s to ! delicate app>atus & ma*9]y 9 ! lightroom4 ,unless1 !re=e1 9 situations su* z ,sk]ryvore1 :]e x is unavoidable1 ! dwell+s ( ! lightkeep]s ought n to be plac$ 9 ! ,light ,t[]1 b 9 an adjo9+ build+4 ,great c>e %\ld be be/[$ to produce ! utmo/ cleanl9ess 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) a ,ligh?\se1 ! optical app>atus ( :i* is ( su* a nature z to suff] mat]ially f ! effect ( du/ 9 injur+ its poli%4 ,= ?is purpose cov]$ a%-pits are provid$ at all ! dwell+-h\ses1 9 ord] t ! du/ ( ! fire-places may n be c>ri$ by ! w9d to ! lightroom2 & = simil> reasons1 iron floors are us$ = ! lightrooms in/ead ( /one1 :i* is (t5 liable to abrasion1 & all ! /onework ne> ! lant]n is regul>ly pa9t$ 9 oil4 ,cleans+ ( ,app>atus4 ,if1 9 all t belongs to a ligh?\se1 ! greate/ cleanl9ess be desirable1 x is 9 a /ill high] degree necess>y 9 e "p ( ! lightroom app>atus1 )\t :i* ! optical in/rum5ts & ! ma*9]y w nei!r la/ long nor "w well4 ,e "p ( ! app>atus1 :e!r l5ses or reflectors1 %\ld be c>efully fre$ f du/ be=e be+ ei!r wa%$ or burni%$2 & )\t su* a precaution1 ! cleans+ process w\ld only s]ve to scrat* !m4 ,= burni%+ ! reflectors1 prep>$ r\ge 7tritoxide ( iron7 ( ! f9e/ description1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d] ( a deep orange-r$ col\r1 is appli$1 by means ( s(t *amois sk9s1 z occasion may require2 b ! great art ( keep+ reflectors clean consi/s 9 ! daily1 pati5t1 & skilful application ( manual lab\r 9 rubb+ ! surface ( ! in/rum5t ) a p]fectly dry1 s(t1 & clean sk91 )\t r\ge4 ,! =m ( ! holl[ p>aboloid is su*1 t "s practice is necess>y 9 ord] to acquire a free movem5t ( ! h& 9 rubb+ reflectors2 & its atta9m5t =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal lessons 9 ! c\rse ( ! prelim9>y in/ruction1 to :i* c&idates = ! situation ( a light-keep] are subject$ at ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,= cleans+ ! l5ses & glass mirrors1 _s ( w9e is us$4 ,hav+ wa%$ ! surface ( ! in/rum5t ) a l95 clo? /eep$ 9 _s ( w9e1 x is c>efully dri$ ) a s(t & dry l95 rubb]1 & f9ally rubb$ ) a f9e *amois sk91 free f any du/ :i* w\ld injure ! poli% ( ! glass1 z well z f grease4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to use a little f9e r\ge ) a *amois sk91 = re/or+ any defici5cy ( poli% :i* may occur f "t to "t2 b 9 a well-manag$ ligh?\se ?is application w seldom1 if ev]1 be requir$4 ,! ma*9]y ( all k9ds1 :e!r t ( ! me*anical lamp or ! revolv+ app>atus1 %\ld also be kept scrupul\sly clean1 & all ! j\rnals %\ld be c>efully oil$4 ,mode ( measur+ ! relative int5sity & p[] ( ,lights4 ,z ,i h _h frequ5t occasion to speak ( ! comp>ative p[] ( lights1 x w n be out ( place to pres5t ! read] ) a few practical obs]vations1 *iefly drawn f ! excell5t "w ( ,m4 ,,peclet to :i* ,i h s (t5 ref]r$1 on ! measurem5t ( ! int5sity ( lights by ! me?od ( %ad[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! int5sity ( light decreases z ! obs]v] rec$es f ! lum9\s body1 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( 8 di/ance4 ,suppose a beam ( light to proce$ f a radiant at ,f1 & we %all h ! rays :i*1 ( c\rse1 move 9 /raight l9es1 gradually rec$+ f ea* o!r1 z b1 b1 b1 b1 & c1 c1 c1 c1 s t ! section ( ! beam w increase ) ! di/ances ,f b1 & ,f c2 & ! same numb] ( rays1 be+ ?us spread ov] spaces cont9ually increas+1 w illum9ate ! surfaces ) a less int5sity4 ,?is decrease ( int5sity w1 !re=e1 be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! ext5t ( ! transv]se p>allel sections ( ! lum9\s cones at b & c1 :i*1 we "k1 increase z ! squ>e ( _! di/ances f ! apex ( ! cone at ,f4 ,h5ce we conclude1 t ! int5sity ( any section ( a div]g5t beam ( light decreases z ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! radiant4 ,?is law furni%es u ) a simple measure ( ! comp>ative int5sity ( lights4 ,if we suppose two lights s plac$ t !y may sep>ately illum9ate adjac5t portions ( a v]tical scre5 ( pap]1 we may1 by repeat$ly comp>+ ! lum9\sness ( ^? surfaces1 & mov+ "o ( ! lights f>!r f1 or ne>] to ! scre51 at l5g? cause ! sep>ate portions ( ! pap] to become equally lum9\s4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 has _m practical difficulties1 :i* ,i %all n wait to specify2 b %all at once indicate a m simple & equally correct mode ( obta9+ ! same result1 by means ( ! %ad[s ca/ by ! lights f an opaque rod1 9 a v]tical position at ,o 7fig4 #id71 plac$ betwe5 !m1 & a scre5 cov]$ ) :ite pap] on :i* ! %ad[s fall4 ,x is obvi\s t ! light at ,f w\ld cause ! object ,o to ca/ a %ad[ at ,,ss1 :ile ! light at ,f w\ld ca/ a %ad[ at ,s,s4 ,b :ile ! %ad[ at ,s w\ld /ill receive light f ,f1 ,s w\ld receive light f ,f1 s t ^? two %ad[s are1 9 fact1 ! only portions ( ! scre5 :i* are ea* illum9at$ only by "o ( ! lights1 :ile e o!r portion ( its surface receives light f bo? ! radiants at ,f & ,f4 ,if we suppose ,f to be ! weak] light1 we c br+ x ne>] ! scre51 until ! %ad[ ,s,s1 %all become simil> 9 appe>ance to ! %ad[ ,,ss2 & we %all h ! ratio ( ! int5sity ( ! light at ,f to t ( ! light at ,f1 z 7,,fs7 is to 7,f,s71 :i* di/ances mu/ be measur$ ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,su* is ! mode commonly us$ 9 e/imat+ ! comp>ative int5sities ( two lights2 b !re are v>i\s precautions :i* are ne$ful 9 ord] to prev5t errors 9 comp>+ ! deepness ( ! %ad[s1 & to insure ! greate/ atta9able accuracy 9 ! e/imate ( ! p[] ( ! lights1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r briefly to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,m accurate comp>ison ( ! int5sity ( ,lights4 ,! difficulties ( e/imat+ ! deepness or %>pness ( ! %ad[ is v great1 & _m p]sons seem q incapable ( arriv+ at any "r judgm5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,! same p]son also w discov] su* unacc\ntable v>iations 9 8 decision aft] obs]vations made at %ort int]vals ( "t1 z1 "o w\ld ?9k1 c only arise f a sudd5 *ange ( ! int5sity ( "o or bo? lights4 ,m4 ,peclet1 9 8 ,trait de l'clairage1 gives1 z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce 7& ,i c fully confirm 8 result by my own71 t ^? diff]5ces dep5d less frequ5tly on any real difficulty ( e/imat+ ! deepness ( ! %ad[s1 ?an on v>iations 9 ! position ( ! obs]v]1 or r 9 ! angle at :i* he views ! %ad[s1 & t1 consequ5tly1 9 proportion to ! di/ance betwe5 ! two %ad[s1 ?is s\rce ( error is increas$4 ,any ?+ l a glossy texture ( ! surface ( ! scre51 :i* !n1 ( c\rse1 becomes a reflector1 also t5ds to aggravate ?is evil4 ,?us1 if ! two lights :i* are to be comp>$ be plac$ on a table1 9 su* situations z to spread pretty f> ap>t on ! scre5 ! %ad[s ( a v]tical rod plac$ betwe5 !m2 & if ! %ad[ ne>] to ! obs]v] seem to be a little deep] or %>p] ?an ! o!r1 let ! obs]v] look at !m f ! o!r side ( ! table1 & _! diff]5ce w be rev]s$1 & t :i* seem$ ! pal]1 w become ! deep]4 ,aga91 if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two %ad[s be v great :5 se5 f ! "r side ( ! scre51 x may happ5 t1 on view+ !m f ! left h&1 ! diff]5ce may /ill be 9 fav\r ( ! same %ad[1 b 9 a mu* less degree4 8,:5 ,i obs]v$ ?is effect10 says ,m4 ,peclet1#hd 8,i tri$ to view ! %ad[s ?r\gh a transp>5t scre51 b ,i rem>k$ ! same v>iations4 ,!y 7 inde$ ev5 m s5sible2 = a v>iation 9 ! di/ance ( ! eye ( a few c5timtres1 made a prodigi\s *ange 9 ! deepness ( ! %ad[s4 ,i obs]v$ also t ! %ad[ 0 mu* deep] :5 se5 9 ! l9e ( ! light1 & t 9 e o!r direction1 x became pal] 9 proportion z ! eye rec$$ f t direction4 #hd ,trait de l'clairage1 p4 #bad4 8,9 all ! cases :i* ,i h j describ$1 ! diff]5ces ( ! t9ts :5 ! position is *ang$1 increase 9 proportion z ! %ad[s are f>!r sep>ate2 & !y gr[ v m9ute :5 ! %ad[s are almo/ t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 8,let ,,ab 7fig4 #ie7 be a :ite opaque surface1 a1 a lum9\s body1 & m1 a black opaque body1 !n ! %ad[ b ca/ on ,,ab1 w appe> deep] :5 obs]v$ f ,p1 ?an z se5 f ,q4 ,?is is a fact :i* may be easily v]ifi$1 & ! cause ( :i* is easily conceiv$4 ,9 fact1 ! surface ,,ab1 al?\gh x disp]ses ! light1 mu/ /ill reflect m ( x1 9 ! directions 9 :i* ! regul> reflection takes place2 & h5ce ! rays :i* are reflect$ r\nd ab\t ! %ad[1 mu/ h a great] int5sity 9 ! direction ( ,p ?an 9 t ( ,q1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! %ad[ b mu/ appe> deep] f ! po9t ,p ?an f ,q4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 8,if we n[ place 7fig4 #if7 two lights 9 front ( ! scre5 ,,ab1 at su* di/ances t ! two %ad[s a & b %\ld h equal int5sities1 x is evid5t t if ! eye be plac$ at ,p1 ! %ad[ b mu/ appe> m int5se ?an ! %ad[ a1 & t ! rev]se w take place if ! eye be at ,q4 ,b ! diff]5ce :i* is !n obs]v$1 arises n only f ! diff]5ce 9 ! brightness ( ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! %ad[s1 b also f a diff]5ce 9 ! int5sity ( ! %ad[s !mselves2 = ! %ad[ b is illum9at$ by b1 & radiates mu* m t[>ds ,q ?an t[>ds ,p2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! %ad[ a1 :i* is illum9at$ by a1 radiates mu* m t[>ds ,p ?an t[>ds ,q4 ,we p]ceive also :y ! diff]5ces ( ! t9ts increase ) ! sep>ation ( ! two %ad[s1 & :y !y become v small :5 ! %ad[s t\* ea* o!r2 x is because1 9 proportion z ! %ad[s are f>!r ap>t1 ea* ( !m is illum9at$ m obliquely1 & a great] quantity ( light is radiat$ 7by reflection7 9 ! regul> direction4 ,:5 !y t\* ea* o!r1 on ! contr>y1 !y are illum9at$ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly1 & consequ5tly ! %ad[s radiate light almo/ equally on ei!r side4 8,^? anomalies ( a l k9d :i* are obs]v$ :5 ! %ad[s are view$ ?r\gh a transluc5t body1 su* z pap] or l951 may be ref]r$ to a simil> cause4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t1 9 look+ ?r\gh a transluc5t m$ium1 we always1 m or less1 di/9ctly p]ceive ! lum9\s body beh9d x1 &1 also1 t !re is a v l>ge proportion ( ! rays :i* trav]se ! body1 :i* /ray b a little f ! direction :i* !y w\ld foll[ if ! sub/ance 7 absolutely transp>5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! space :i* surr\nds ! %ad[ is m lum9\s 9 proportion z we come ne>] to ! direction ( ! %ad[2 & z ! absolute int5sity ( ! %ad[s dim9i%es z we come ne>] to ! direction ( ! rays :i* light !m1 ^? two effects concur to increase ! int5sity ( t %ad[ to :i* ! eye is ne>]4 8,z ! disp]sion by reflection is mu* m complete ?an by refraction1 ! v>iations ( :i* we h j spok5 are mu* great] ) a transp>5t scre51 ?r\gh :i* ! %ad[s are view$1 ?an ) an opaque scre5 7f :i* !y are reflect$74 8,?is1 !n1 is ! mode ( obs]v+ :i* has appe>$ to me ! be/1 & by means ( :i* we may obta9 v great precision 9 measur+ ! int5sity ( two lights4 ,i view1 fir/1 ! two %ad[s 9 su* a mann] t bo? ( !m may be se5 9 succession f ei!r side ( ! body :i* produces !m1 & at equal di/ances4 ,= ?is purpose ,i use a good op]a-glass4 ,i alt] ! di/ance ( ! flames until 9 ^? two positions ,i p]ceive ! diff]5ces 7( ! int5sity 9 ! %ad[s7 to be 9 opposite directions4 ,! di/ances ( ! lamps may !n be consid]$ z v ne>ly 9 ! prop] proportion = produc+ equal %ad[s1 & to make !m exactly s1 ! diff]5ces1 :i* are obs]v$ on ei!r side 7( ! c5tre l9e betwe5 !m71 %\ld be equal2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! two %ad[s !mselves1 se5 at "o mom5t f ei!r side ( ! opaque body1 %\ld be p]fectly equal also4#he ,^! ?ree obs]vations1 :i* mutually s]ve to v]ify or correct ea* o!r1 w lead1 ) a little practice1 to v great precision 9 ! result4 ,we may1 also1 by us+ a n>r[ scre51 br+ ! %ad[s suffici5tly ne> to t\* ea* o!r2 ! v>iations ( ! t9ts !n become v small by any *ange ( our position1 & we may1 9 ?is case1 re/ cont5t ) obs]v+ !m f "o po9t4 ,to get rid ( l>ge p5umbrae :i* are always an ob/acle 9 =m+ a "r e/imate ( ! t9ts ( ! %ad[s1 ,i place ! opaque body v ne> ! scre54 #he ,i pref] to view ! ext]ior portions ( bo? %ad[s f ! c5tral l9e itself1 9 :i* case ! opaque rod /&s betwe5 !m1 because1 9 ?is mann]1 ,i obta9 a m correct comp>ison by ! direct contra/ ( ! surfaces ?an by successive views ( !m1 h[ev] quickly tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 8,:5 we wi% to make a great _m obs]vations1 x is v conv5i5t to m>k divisions on ! table 7:i* c>ries ! lights71 9 ord] to read (f1 by means ( !m1 ! di/ance ( ! lamps f ! %ad[s :i* !y illum9ate4 ,by ?is means1 ea* obs]vation ne$ n occupy m ?an two m9utes4 ,i g5]ally use a table ,,cc ,,dd 7fig4 #ig71 ab\t two mtres long 7#f feet #f in*es71 by #hj c5timtres wide 7#b feet #h in*es74 ,at "o end ,i place ! scre5 ,,ab1 cov]$ ) :ite pap]1 dull 7or n glaz$71 & kept 9 a v]tical plane by two small pieces ,p & ,q4 ,?r\gh ! po9t ,m1 ! c5tre ( ! opaque body1 ,i draw two l9es ,m f & ,m g1 equally incl9$ to ! c5tral l9e x y1 ^: extremities b1 a are ! axes ( ! two %ad[s4 ,^! l9es mu/ be incl9$ 9 su* a mann] t ! di/ance ( ! %ad[s may be a little less ?an ! diamet] ( ! opaque body1 or s t !y may actually t\* ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! mode ( obs]v+ :i* y wi% to foll[4 ,^! l9es ,m f1 ,m g ,i divide into decimtres & c5timtres1 />t+ f ! po9ts a1 b & ov] ^! l9es ,i place ! c5tres ( ! flames2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! %ad[s rema9s always ! same1 :atev] may be ! di/ance ( ! lamps3 to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ea* lamp f ! %ad[ :i* x illum9ates1 we ought1 /rictly speak+1 to take ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( ! flame b f ! po9t a2 b z ! di/ance f ! po9t b to ! po9t a diff]s little f ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts b & b1 we assume ! latt] = ! =m]1 )\t caus+ any s5sible error4 ,t di/ance may be obta9$ v conv5i5tly by tak+ ! half ( ! sum ( ! di/ances ( ! two extremities z & z ( ! diamet] ( ! p$e/al ( ! lamp4 ,:5 ! burn] is n plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! p$e/al1 we may susp5d f x a small plummet1 ^: po9t w t\* "s division & indicate ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! burn] & ! %ad[4 8,:5 ! lights are col\r$1 ! %ad[s are col\r$ also1 & x is !n f> m difficult to judge accurately ( _! int5sity4 ,!y may 9 t case be mu* bett] se5 f ! po9t x1 z ! black opaque body :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 !m r5d]s ! diff]5ce ( col\r less s5sible to ! eye4 8,! opaque body ,m is a cyl9dric rod ( iron1 ^: upp] "p is black5$ 9 ! flame ( a lamp1 9 ord] to prev5t ! reflection :i* might int]f]e ) ! %>pness 7nettet7 ( ! %ad[s1 & to make !m m di/9ct :5 !y are view$ f ! po9t x40#hf #hf ,^? :o feel a curiosity to look f>!r into ?is subject may consult ,c\nt ,rum=d's elaborate pap] 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #agid1 p4 #fg4 ,i %all make a few trifl+ additions to ,m4 ,peclet's cle> description ( 8 excell5t mode ( measur+ ! int5sity ( lights4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 presum$ ?r\gh\t1 t ! c5tres ( ! flames %\ld be on "o level2 & ,i h f\nd x mo/ conv5i5t to place ! lamps on small c>riages ) roll]s1 :i* are guid$ by means ( f9e /rips ( wood nail$ along ! table 9 ! directions g ,m & f ,m1 & c>ry+ ! divid$ scales ( c5timtres4 ,?is af=ds ! means ( mak+ any slight *ange 9 ! position ( ! lamps s easily1 z entirely to avoid ! di/urbance ( ! flame :i* ensues f lift+ ! lamp & readju/+ x 9 ano!r position2 & w1 9 practice1 be f\nd v conv5i5t :5 _m obs]vations are to be made4 ,i h already said t my own exp]i5ce has satisfi$ me t1 ) ! aid ( a good op]a-glass1 ! c5tral obs]vation ( ! two %ad[s1 ) ! opaque rod betwe5 !m1 is by f> ! be/1 & conducts1 at once1 to a result :i* is confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( two assi/ants :o wat* ! %ad[s at ! same "t on opposite sides ( ! table1 & at equal di/ances f !m4 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t 9 comp>+ lights1 to cov] ! table ) dull black l95 clo?1 & to surr\nd x ) curta9s ( ! same mat]ial1 hung f sl5d] brackets1 9 su* a mann] z to leave space = ! obs]v] to move freely r\nd ! table )9 !m4 ,! curta9s prev5t reflection f ! walls ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts may be conduct$1 & also less5 ! di/urb+ effects ( curr5ts ( air4 ,:5 a comp>ison ( ! int5sity1 & n ( ! aggregate p[] ( two flames1 is to be made1 x is necess>y to adopt ! precaution ( inclos+ ! lights 9 opaque boxes1 ) slits ( equal area 9 ea*1 plac$ on ! same level1 & s arrang$1 9 ref]5ce to ! flames1 z to be directly opposite ! brighte/ portion ( ea*4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x w be almo/ ne$less to add t ! quoti5t ( ! squ>e ( ! great] obs]v$ di/ance divid$ by ! less]1 is ! ratio ( ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! two flames4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( regi/]+ obs]vations1 & t :i* is g5]ally practis$1 is 9 ! =m ( a ,table l ! foll[+3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,illum9at+ ,p[]1 ,squ>es ( or ,quoti5t ,di/ance4 ,di/ances4 ( ,squ>es4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,trials4,lamp ,a4,lamp ,b4,lamp ,a4,lamp ,b4,lamp ,a4,lamp ,b4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #a #adc #adj #bj1ddi #ai1gjj #ajj #jieh #b #aag #aad #ac1fhi #ab1iif #ajj #jidi ---------------------------------------- --------- ,z a /&>d lamp by :i* to te/ o!rs1 ,i believe few w be f\nd sup]ior to ! be/ ,c>cel lamp1 :i* has a clockwork movem5t1 & ^: flame cont9ues to increase 9 p[] = ab\t f\r h\rs aft] x is light$2 aft] :i* x ma9ta9s its /ate p]man5tly1 until ! supply ( oil fails4 ,?is fact 0 v]ifi$ by ,m4 ,peclet ) ! greate/ c>e4 8,i took10 says he1 8two simil> lamps4 ,!y 7 light$ at ! same "t1 & _! relative int5sities 7 measur$4 ,"o 0 !n ext+ui%$1 )\t t\*+ ! wick1 & its clockwork movem5t 0 /opp$4 ,"o h\r aft]w>ds1 ,i set ! clockwork 9 motion & relight$ ! lamp1 b )\t t\*+ ! wick4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! same /ate z at ! fir/ comp>ison1 & ,i measur$ its int5sity 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/4 ,^? exp]im5ts ,i repeat$ e h\r1 & ^! are ! results :i* ,i obta9$4 ,! lamp :i* ,i call ,no4 #a1 is t :i* rema9$ cont9ually burn+2 ,no4 #b1 is t :i* 0 only light$ dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! 7successive7 obs]vations40 ------------------------------------- ,int5sities4 ,times ( ------------------------ ,obs]vation4,lamp1 ,no4 #a4,lamp1 ,no4 #b4 ----------------------------------- ,h4 ,m4 #e #cj #ajj #ajj #f #cj #ajc #ajj #g #cj #ajf #ajj #h #cj #aaj #ajj #i #cj #aag #ajj #aj #cj #aag #ajj #aa #cj #aag #ajj #ab #cj #aag #ajj ----------------------------------- ,?is curi\s scale ( increase 9 p[]1 seems to be solely due to a peculi>ity ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! lamp1 t d]ives its supply ( oil by clockwork1 becomes heat$2 & ! effect may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,! heat+ ( ! wicks1 ! *imney1 & ! oil 9 ?is burn]1 z 9 t ( all o!r lamps1 t5ds to increase ! light2 b1 9 an ord9>y lamp1 act+ by a con/ant pressure1 ?is maximum ( heat is soon atta9$2 :]eas 9 ! clockwork-lamp1 into ! burn] ( :i* ! oil is ?r[n up by a pump1 ! :ole ( ! oil 9 ! ci/]n mu/ rea* its maximum temp]ature be=e ! be/ effect ( t lamp is produc$4 ,aft] ?is /ate has be5 rea*$1 !re is no di/urb+ influ5ce at "w1 & ! lamp burns /eadily z long z ! oil la/s4 ,i h myself tri$ :at may naturally appe> to be ! mo/ simple mode ( obta9+ an unv>y+ /&>d-light1 by employ+ a gas-burn]1 suppli$ f a gasomet] "u a con/ant pressure2 b ,i f\nd x v difficult to obta9 satisfactory pro( ( ! con/ancy ( ! pressure2 & 9 a l>ge t[n1 :]e !re are _m burn]s ar\nd "o1 _! light+ or ext9ction is f\nd to ex]cise a mat]ial influ5ce 9 *ang+ ! condition ( ! flame4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h always be5 disappo9t$ 9 attempt+ to use a gas-flame z a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,float+ ,lights4 ,!re are v>i\s dang]s on ! %ores ( ,brita91 m especially at ! entrance ( ! great e/u>ies ( ,engl& & also 9 ,irel&1 ^: position is su* z to put !m beyond ! rea* ( regul> ligh?\ses4 ,s&-banks :i* are too s(t to su/a9 a solid /ructure1 & h too deep wat] on !m to admit ( ! erection ( screw-pile ligh?\ses1 are (t5 ! sites = moor+ light-vessels1 to guide ! m>9] into ! entrance ( "s e/u>y1 or enable him to ?read 8 way ?r\gh ! mazes ( gats & *annels1 :i*1 ev5 dur+ ! daytime1 baffle ! m>9]1 :o sees no natural object on ! l[ s&y %ores ( ! neighb\r+ coa/ to help him to guess at 8 true position4 ,! fir/ ,light-vessel moor$ on ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 0 t at ! ,nore 9 #agcd4 ,!re are n[ no few] ?an #bf float+ lights on ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,by ! k9dness ( ! ,eld] ,bre?r5 ( ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,h\se ( ,dept=d ,/rond1 ,i am enabl$ to give ! foll[+ brief sket* ( ! nature & peculi>ities ( ,float+ ,lights :i* 0 communicat$ to me by ,mr ,h]b]t1 ! secret>y ( ! ,corporation3-- 8,! annual exp5se ( ma9ta9+ a ,float+ ,light1 includ+ ! wages & victuall+ ( ! crew1 :o are elev5 9 numb]1 is1 on an av]age1 ,l4#ajjj2 & ! fir/ co/ ( su* a vessel1 fitt$ complete ) lant]n & light+ app>atus1 an*ors1 cables1 c41 is ne>ly ,l4#ejjj4 ,! lant]ns are octagonal 9 =m1 #e feet #f in*es 9 diamet]2 &1 :]e fix$ lights are exhibit$1 !y are fitt$ ) eight ,arg& lamps1 ea* 9 ! focus ( a p>abolic reflector ( twelve in*es diamet]2 b1 9 ! revolv+ lights1 f\r lamps & reflectors only are fitt$4 ,! greate/ dep? ( wat] 9 :i* any light-vessel belong+ to ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,h\se ( ,dept=d ,/rond at pres5t rides1 is ab\t #dj fa?oms 7:i* is at ! /ation ( ! ,sev5 ,/ones betwe5 ! ,scilly ,isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,cornwall74 8,! ,corporation's light-vessels are moor$ ) *a9-cables ( #a in* diamet]1 & a s+le mu%room an*or ( #cb cwt41 9 :i* cases ! *a9-cables are #bjj fa?oms 9 l5g?2 "s ( ! said vessels are moor$ to span-gr\nd moor+s1 consi/+ ( #ajj fa?oms ( *a9 to ea* arm1 & a mu%room an*or ( simil> weight at ! end ( ea*2 a rid+ cable ( #aej fa?oms be+ 9 su* cases atta*$ to ! c5tre r+ ( ! gr\nd *a94 ,! tonnage & g5]al dim5sions ( ! light-vessel are giv5 on ! draw+ ( ! l9es40 7,see ,plate ,,xxix47 ,beacons & ,buoys4 ,/ill l[] 9 ! scale ( 8signs & m>ks ( ! sea10 are ,beacons & ,buoys1 :i* are us$ to po9t out ^? dang]s :i*1 ei!r ow+ to ! difficulty & exp5se t w\ld att5d ! plac+ ( m effici5t m>ks to s]ve by night z well z by day1 are necess>ily left )\t lights1 or :i*1 f ! peculi>ity ( _! position1 9 passages too intricate = navigation by night1 are1 9 practice1 consid]$ to be suffici5tly indicat$ by day-m>ks alone4 ,beacons1 z be+ m p]man5t1 are pref]r$ to ,buoys2 b !y are g5]ally plac$ only on rocks or banks :i* are dry at "s p]iod ( ! tide4 ,on rocks1 9 expos$ situations1 ! k9d ( ,beacon us$ is g5]ally t ( squ>$ masonry1 secur$ by num]\s joggles 7z %ewn at ,plate ,,xxxii472 & 9 situations difficult ( access1 & 9 :i* works ( uncomplet$ masonry c\ld n be safely left dur+ ! w9t] season1 an op5 framework ( ca/-iron pipes1 firmly truss$ & brac$1 & secur$ to ! rock ) /rong l\is-bats1 is pref]r$4 ,! details ( ?is framework are %ewn at ,plates ,,xxx4 & ,,xxxi4 ,a /one ,beacon ( ! =m & dim5sions %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxxii41 may be erect$ = ab\t ,l4#gjj1 & ! iron ,beacon %ewn at ,plate ,,xxx41 = ab\t ,l4#fdj4 ,9 less expos$ places1 :]e ! bottom is gravel or h>d s&1 a conical =m ( ,beacon1 compos$ ( ca/-iron plates1 unit$ ) flanges & screws1 ) ru/-jo9ts betwe5 !m1 is sometimes us$4 ,a ,beacon ( ?is k9d is %ewn at ,plate ,,xxxii41 :i* c be erect$ = ab\t ,l4#djj4 ,la/ly1 ,buoys1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! lea/ effici5t k9d ( m>k1 & z be>+ ! same relation to a ,beacon t a ,float+-light does to a ,ligh?\se1 are us$ to m>k by day dang]s :i* are always cov]$ ev5 at l[ wat]1 & also to l9e out ! fair-ways ( *annels4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( "o ( ! ?ree =ms %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxxiii41 viz41 ! ,nun-buoy1 9 ! =m ( a p>abolic sp9dle1 g5]ally truncat$ at "o end1 s z to c>ry a ma/ or frame ( cage-"w1 & load$ at ! o!r end1 s z to float 9 a v]tical position2 ! ,c-buoy1 :i* is a conoid float+ on its side2 &1 la/ly1 ! ,cask-buoy1 :i* is a %ort fru/um ( a sp9dle truncat$ at bo? ends1 b almo/ exclusively us$ = c>ry+ ! w>ps ( vessels rid+ at moor+s4 ,^? buoys are ( v>i\s sizes & diff] 9 co/4 ,ma/-buoys1 f #aj to #ae feet 9 l5g?1 co/ f ,l4#bc1 #aes4 to ,l4#dh2 & ^? ( ! ,ribble & ! ,tay1 :i* are #ba & #bd feet long1 co/ respectively ,l4#aje & ,l4#gi2 ! ,c-buoys are f #e to #h feet long1 & co/ f ,l4#ac1 #acs4 to ,l4#bj1 #es4 ,l>ge buoys are (t5 built on kne$ frames resembl+ ! timb]s ( vessels4 ,! ,cask-buoy is g5]ally #f feet long1 & co/s ,l4#bb1 #aes4 ,all ^! buoys are =m$ ( /rong oak5 b>rel-/aves1 well hoop$ ) iron r+s1 & %ield$ ) s(t timb]2 & ! nozzle-pieces at ! small end ( ! ,nun & ,c buoys are g5]ally solid quo9s ( oak1 =m$ ) a raglet or groove to receive ! ends ( ! /aves4 ,mu* skill1 on ! "p ( ! coop]1 is requir$ 9 heat+ & m\ld+ ! /aves to ! requir$ =m2 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y be ( well-season$ timb]4 ,buoys are n caulk$ ) oakum1 b ) dry flags closely compress$ betwe5 ! edges ( ! /aves1 :i* swell on be+ wet2 & !y are c>efully prov$ by /eam+ !m l b>rels1 to see if !y be q tight4 ,buoys are also =m$ ( %eet-iron1 9 :i* case !y are sometimes protect$ ) f5d]s ( timb]2 b !y h be5 f\nd m tr\blesome = transport1 &1 = mo/ situations1 are consid]$ less conv5i5t ?an ^? ( timb]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahde1 ,i sugge/$ ! idea ( r5d]+ ,beacons & ,buoys useful dur+ night1 by coat+ !m ) "s phosphoresc5t sub/ance1 or surm\nt+ !m ) a globe ( /rong glass fill$ ) su* a prep>ation1 ^: combu/ion is v sl[1 & emits a dull :iti% light & little heat4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 accord+ly made by my sugge/ion2 b ,i _c add t any practically useful result has be5 obta9$4 ,9 lay+ d[n ,beacons or ,buoys1 _! position is fix$1 z may be se5 9 ! ,table 9 ! ,app5dix1 ei!r by ! int]section ( two l9es drawn ?r\gh two lead+ objects on ! %ore 7! magnetic be>+s ( :i* are giv5 = ! sake ( easy ref]5ce on ! spot1 9 f9d+ out ! m>ks71 or by means ( ! angles conta9$ betwe5 l9es drawn to v>i\s objects on ! %ore1 :i* meet at ! ,beacon or ,buoy f :i* !y are measur$ by means ( a sextant4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! angles are always measur$ ar\nd ! :ole horizon1 ?us af=d+ a *eck by ! diff]5ce ( _! sum f #cfj4 ,! magnetic be>+ ( "o ( ^? l9es is aft]w>ds c>efully asc]ta9$1 by means ( ! prismatic compass 7if possible f "o ( ! objects on %ore1 & if n1 conv]sely f ! ,beacon or ,buoy71 s z to af=d ! means ( translat+ ! :ole into magnetic be>+s = ! use ( seam54 ,! buoys are moor$1 z %ewn 9 ,plate ,,xxxiii41 by means ( *a9s & iron s9k]s1 ) a suffici5t all[ance 9 ! l5g? ( ! *a9 to p]mit !m to ride easily4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,i4 ,,table ,,( ,,co-,,ord9ates ,,( ,,an ,,hyp]bolic ,,column ,,^: ,,diamet] ,,at ,,! ,,top #af ,,feet1 ,,at ,,! ,,base #db ,,feet1 ,,& ,,height #abjbe ,,feet4 ,! column is g5]at$ by ! revolution ( a rectangul> hyp]bola ab\t "o ( its asymptotes4 ,9 ! annex$ figure 7,no4 #ih71 a f is ! height ( ! column1 a c & f h ! radii ( its base & top2 & we h to det]m9e ! p>ticul> hyp]bola :i* w pass ?r\gh ! po9ts c1 h4 ,putt+ b e x2 e g y1 ! equation to ! curve1 ref]r$ to its asymptotes1 is a x y ----1 #b 9 :i* ! value ( ! con/ant a ---- #b is to be f\nd4 ,= ?is purpose we h ! conditions a c #ba2 f h #h2 & a f #abjbe4 ,let ! co-ord9ates ( ! po9t c be x1 y1 & ( h1 x1 y1 !n y #ba2 y #h2 x x #abjbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 a ,& s9ce x y ---- x y #b we h #ba x #h 7x #abjbe7 f :i* x #gd a & ---- x y #gd #ba #aeed4 #b ,!re=e x y #aeed4 ,transf]r+ ! orig9 to a1 x becomes x - x x - #gd1 & y 7x - #gd7 #aeed1 & ! requir$ equation by :i* ! foll[+ ,table 0 comput$ is1 #aeed y --------4 x - #gd ,,table ( ! ,radii ( ! ,hyp]bolic ,column at ea* foot ( its ,height4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,height4,radius4,height4,radius4,height4 ,radius4,height4,radius4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j #bajjj #ca #adhjj #fb #aadbf #ic #icje #a #bjgbj #cb #adffj #fc #aacdc #id #ibej #b #bjddg #cc #adebc #fd #aabfa #ie #iaie #c #bjahb #cd #adchi #fe #aaahj #if #iada #d #aiibc #ce #adbeg #ff #aaajj #ig #ijhh #e #aifga #cf #adabg #fg #aajba #ih #ijce #f #aidbe #cg #adjjj #fh #ajidd #ii #hihc #g #aiahe #ch #achge #fi #ajhfg #ajj #hica #h #ahiea #ci #acgeb #gj #ajgib #aja #hhhj #i #ahgbc #dj #acfcb #ga #ajgag #ajb #hhcj #aj #ahejj #da #aceac #gb #ajfdd #ajc #hghj #aa #ahbhb #db #accig #gc #ajega #ajd #hgcj #ab #ahjgj #dc #acbhb #gd #ajejj #aje #hfha #ac #aghfb #dd #acagj #ge #ajdcj #ajf #hfcc #ad #agfei #de #acjei #gf #ajcfj #ajg #hehf #ae #agdfa #df #abiej #gg #ajbia #ajh #heci #af #agbfg #dg #abhdc #gh #ajbbd #aji #hdib #ag #agjgg #dh #abgch #gi #ajaeg #aaj #hddf #ah #afhia #di #abfcd #hj #ajjia #aaa #hdjj #ai #afgaj #ej #abecb #ha #ajjbf #aab #hcee #bj #afecb #ea #abdcb #hb #iifb #aac #hcaj #ba #afceh #eb #abccc #hc #ihih #aad #hbff #bb #afahh #ec #abbcf #hd #ihce #aae #hbbb #bc #afjba #ed #abada #he #iggd #aaf #hagi #bd #aeheg #ee #abjdf #hf #igab #aag #hacf #be #aefig #ef #aaied #hg #ifeb #aah #hjid #bf #aeedj #eg #aahfb #hh #ieic #aai #hjeb #bg #aechf #eh #aaggc #hi #iecd #abj #hjaj #bh #aebce #ei #aafhd #ij #idgf #abjbe #hjjj #bi #aejhg #fj #aaeig #ia #idah 444 444 #cj #adidb #fa #aaeaa #ib #icfa 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,p>abolo,,dal ,,reflectors1 f ,in=mation furni%$ by ,mr ,,james ,,murdo*1 ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,,s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,! reflector-plate consi/s ( virg9-silv] & ! pure/ copp] 7f ! +ot71 9 ! proportion ( #f oz4 ( silv] to #af oz4 ( copp]4 ,! two metals are 9 pieces1 =m+ a flat p>allelopepid ( ab\t n9e in*es ( surface4 ,be+ fir/ ?or\ghly scrap$ & cle>$ f ru/ ) a file1 !y are ti$ toge!r ) wire & plac$ 9 ! furnace1 :]e !y are unit$ by means ( a flux compos$ ( burnt borax & nitre1 mix$ to ! consi/5ce ( cream4 ,_! ?ickness is suffici5t to admit ( _! be+ repeat$ly pass$ ?r\gh ! roll+-mill1 s z at la/ to come out a plate tw5ty-eight in*es squ>e4 ,e "t x is pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s1 ! plate is anneal$ 9 ! furnace be=e be+ aga9 press$4 ,x is !n cut into a circul> disc ready = work+2 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! metal p]fectly clean dur+ ! :ole ( ! hamm]+ & poli%+ processes4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds =m+ ! plate to ! curve1 is to raise ! back or copp] side to a slight convexity by beat+1 ) ! boxwood mallet 7fig4 #ii71 r\nd$ at ea* end1 c & d1 its inn] or silv] side ^u a l>ge block ( bee*wood1 ( a =m slightly concave4 ,?is beat+ is begun at ! edge ( ! plate1 & gradually rea*es ! c5tre4 ,aft] ! disc has be5 rais$ to ! prop] height on ! wood5 block1 ! next /ep is to take x to ! horse 7fig4 #ajc1 opposite page71 :]e x is beat5 ) ! wood5 mallet 7fig4 #ajj71 its concave face be+ 9 contact ) ! bright /eel-head a 7fig4 #ajc71 until x has ne>ly rea*$ ! prop] height = ! reflector1 = :i* ! workman has a gauge or m\ld to guide him2 9 ?is c\rse ( rais+1 z x is call$1 ! pe5$ face b a b 7fig4 #ajj7 is fir/ us$1 & !n rec\rse is _h to ! opposite or flat face = smoo?+ x aft] be+ rais$4 ,9 ?is la/ c\rse ( rais+1 z well z 9 ! process ( smoo?+ ! reflector all ov]1 ! workman be/rides ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,dur+ ! process ( rais+ ) ! pe5$ side ( ! mallet1 an ext]nal m\ld ,,fghf 7fig4 #aja71 ) a ne$le-po9t ,p1 at its v]tex1 is appli$1 to indicate its prop] position ) ref]5ce to ! m\ld2 & all[ance is made on ! height & diamet] ( ! reflector to meet ! expansion ( ! metal dur+ ! h>d-hamm]+ :i* is to foll[4 ,aft] ea* c\rse ( ! rais+ ) ! wood5 mallets1 ! reflector mu/ be anneal$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! reflector is fir/ damp$ ) clean wat]1 & its surface du/$ ov] ) a p[d]1 compos$ ( "o p9t ( p[d]$ *>coal to "o ounce ( saltpetre1 :i* is appli$ by means ( a ?9 flannel bag4 ,! reflector is !n put on a cle> *>coal fire1 :]e x is turn$ r\nd z ! p[d] flies (f1 :i* is an indication t ! metal is duly heat$4 ,ov]-heat+ is v injuri\s4 ,:5 remov$ f ! fire1 ! reflector is plung$ into a l>ge tub1 conta9+ :at is call$ ! pickle1 :i* is a solution ( "o qu>t ( vitriol 9 five or six gallons ( wat]4 ,aft] ?is x is wa%$ ) clean wat]1 & sc\r$ ) ,calais s&4 ,! next /ep is to put ! reflector1 ?us rais$ ne>ly to its true =m1 into an iron /ool1 :]e a small hole be+ drill$ 9 its v]tex1 a circle is describ$ f ?is po9t ) a beam-compass1 s z to cut ! p>abolod to ! propos$ size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,! reflector is next h>d-hamm]$ all ov] 7or plani%$1 z x is te*nically t]m$7 on ! bright /eel-head a 7fig4 #ajc71 ) ! plani%+ hamm] 7fig4 #ajb72 & to facilitate work+1 ! reflector is slung 9 a flexible frame ,,ss1 & c\nt]balanc$ by a weight w1 hang+ by a cord ov] ! pulleys p p4 ,:5 ! reflector is all plani%$ ov]1 ! next process is ! smoo?+1 :i* is done on ! /eel-head a1 ) a light] hamm] 7fig4 #ajd71 muffl$ ) f9e p>*m5t at ea* end4 ,aft] x is smoo!d comes ! f9i%+1 or :at is call$ ! fill+ up to ! m\ld4 ,?is is a t$i\s process1 & ! workman requires cont9ually to h rec\rse to ! m>ble table at ,m1 on :i* he lays ! reflector1 z %ewn 9 fig4 #aje1 & applies to successive portions ( its surface ! m\ld g n1 :i* has a ne$le-po9t c5tr$ at n1 9 ! small hole drill$ 9 ! v]tex4 ,dur+ ?is exam9ation1 he m>ks ) a f9e slate-p5cil ^? portions ( ! reflector :i* d n meet ! m\ld g n4 ,! p>ts1 s m>k$1 are g5tly gone ov] ) ! muffl$ hamm]1 until e po9t t\*es ! m\ld4 ,?is la/ process requires great caution2 =1 if any "p ( ! surface be rais$ above ! gauge1 x is h>dly possible to rem$y x4 ,su* a mi/ake1 inde$1 c only be correct$ by anneal+ ! reflector afre%1 & br++ x back to ! true =m ) ! mallet2 b reflectors s cobbl$ are nev] good4 ,! table ,m 7fig4 #aje7 re/s on a squ>e box ,c1 9 :i* ! tools & m\lds are kept4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,:5 ?us f9i%$ f ! hamm]1 ! reflector is put into ! app>atus %ewn 9 fig4 #ajf1 :i* is plac$ at ! end ( a long d>k corridor4 ,,rr is a wood5 frame fix$ to ! wall ) project+ brackets at ,k1 :i* c>ry ! reflector1 fix$ at ,e1 ,e1 by means ( screws1 s z always to h a def9ite position ) ref]5ce to ! bracket ,b1 :i* c>ries ! lamp & its f\nta9 f1 s arrang$ t its flame may admit ( p]fect adju/m5t to ! po9t :i* ought to be ! focus ( ! reflector4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is adju/m5t1 ,s %ews screws = rais+ & depress+ ! level ( ! burn]2 & ! l9es or m>ks ,m1 ,m %ewn at ! sockets ,j be+ br\ght into l9e1 regulate ! position ( ! burn] 9 ! plane ( ! focus1 aft] x has be5 rais$ to ! level ( t plane by means ( ! screws at ,s4 ,! lamp be+ light$ & ?us prop]ly plac$1 its effect on ! reflector's surface is obs]v$ by "s "o /ation$ at a conv5i5t di/ance2 & if ! :ole surface appe> lum9\s1 ! in/rum5t is consid]$ fit = poli%+2 b if any d>k spaces be f\nd 9 x1 ! :ole reflector mu/ be aga9 c>efully te/$ by means ( ! m\ld1 & ! defective p>ts rem$i$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,! next /ep is to turn ov] ! edge ( ! reflector1 s z to /iff5 x4 ,= ?is purpose x is plac$ 9 ! matrix ,p,p 7fig4 #ajg71 & ! ne$le-po9t at ,v is adju/$ by ! screw at ,d1 s z j to ent] ! small hole =m]ly drill$ 9 ! v]tex ( ! reflector4 ,! die-plate ,,pp 7:i* is work$ by means ( ! arms ,,aa1 :i* turn ! screw ,s7 !n desc5ds & presses ! edge ov]1 :i* is f9i%$ ) a f9ely poli%$ tool ,c1 revolv+ r\nd ! axis ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* co9cides ) ! c5tre ( ! matrix & die4 ,9 ord] to ensure a /eady v]tical movem5t ( ! die-plate ,,pp1 cross-arms ,,ff1 :i* are provid$ ) sockets ,,hh1 :i* slide ov] ! rods ,,gg1 ,,gg1 are add$ to prev5t any lat]al %ake or d]angem5t4 ,! :ole frame is /iff5$ by ! cross-head 9 :i* ! screw ,s works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,! reflector is !n plac$ on ! circul> ca/-iron table 7figs4 #ajh1 #aji71 to :i* x is atta*$ by ! clamp-screws ,s1 ,s4 ,9 ?is position1 ! bizzle ,w 7fig4 #ajh7 & back-belt ,,nan 7fig4 #aji71 are sold]$ on4 ,aft] ?is ! reflector is ready = be+ f9ally poli%$2 = :i* purpose1 x is plac$ 9 a *aise p]ce1 padd$ r\nd ! edges1 & is fir/ sc\r$ all ov] ) a piece ( pure *>coal ( h>d wood1 & next ) a mixture ( ,flor5ce oil & f9ely wa%$ rott5/one1 appli$ by means ( a l>ge ball ( sup]f9e clo?4 ,x is !n c>efully cleans$ ) a piece ( f9e flannel dipp$ 9 ,flor5ce oil1 & aft]w>ds du/$ ov] ) ! p[d] ( well wa%$ :it+1 & wip$ out ) a s(t cotton clo?4 ,la/ly1 x is c>efully rubb$ by ! nak$ h&1 ) f9ely wa%$ r\ge & clean wat]1 & wip$ ) a smoo? *amois sk94 ,9 all ! poli%+ & cleans+ processes1 "s skill 9 manipulation is requir$1 z ! h& is g5]ally mov$ 9 su* a mann] z to describe successive circles ) _! planes p>allel to ! lips ( ! reflector1 & _! c5tres 9 ! axis ( ! g5]at+ curve4 ,! prices paid to ! workm5 = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! reflector-mak+ are g5]ally z foll[s3-- ,rais+ ! plate to ! curve1 ) ! wood5 mallet1 ,l4#j #aj #j ,hamm]+ & smoo?+ to ! m\ld1 #a #e #j ,f9i%+ 9 ! die1 & putt+ on bizzle & back-belt1 #j #f #j ,poli%+1 #j #ab #j ------- ,l4#b #ac #j ,! prices paid to ! manufactur] 7 = ! l>ge reflectors ( #bd in*es ap]ture1 ,l4#dc2 = ! small ones ( #ba in*es1 ,l4#ca1 #abs4 ,! lamp ) ! slid+-c>riage1 requir$ = ea*1 co/s ,l4#f4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,gr9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,pieces ,,compos+ ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,dioptric ,,ligh?\ses1 ,,*iefly ,,f ,,notes ,,furni%$ ,,by ,m4 ,,!odore ,,let\rneau ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! glass us$ 9 all ! p>ts ( ! optical app>atus ( ! dioptric ,ligh?\ses is t ( ,/ ,goba91 ^: index ( refraction is #aea4 ,z well on acc\nt ( ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 produc+ at all times regul> ca/+s ( glass f ! m\lds1 z 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! frequ5t accid5ts1 :i* occur 9 ! fir/ application ( ! rubb]s to ! inequalities ( ! surface ( ! glass1 ! ca/+s1 :e!r = r+s ( l5ses or prisms1 are made f m\lds1 exce$+ ! int5d$ size ( ! f9i%$ pieces by "o-eigh? "p4 ,we %all take z an example1 :i* is well calculat$ to illu/rate ! difficulties ( ! gr9d+ process1 "o ( ! prismatic r+s ( a ,catadioptric ,light ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! fir/ op]ation w be to take (f ! r\gh arris at ! angles ( ! pieces z !y come f ! m\lds1 & to r$uce to equality ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! f\r quadrantal prisms or segm5ts by remov+ f ea* ! quantity t may be necess>y to make ^? f\r pieces1 :5 plac$ on a circle1 exactly equal to t ( ! f9i%$ zones4 ,ea* ( !m mu/ h an excess ( mat]ial at ! v>i\s surfaces j suffici5t to insure ! rubb] hav+ scope en\gh to remove all ! flaws or defects ( ! two surfaces to be fir/ gr\nd1 :i* are ! 7concave & convex7 refract+ faces ( ! zone 7! sides ,,ac & ,,bc 9 ! ,table 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iv47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,! pieces mu/ be plac$ end to end on ! horizontal plane or table ( ! la! at ,,aa 7fig4 #aaj71 & mu/ re/ on ! ext]ior arris ,a ( ! reflect+ side1 on :i* arris !re is gr\nd a n>r[ plane ^: wid? is proportionate to ! projection ( ! out] edge beyond ! inn] edge ( ! zone1 =e%ort5$ by ! bevel or incl9ation ( ! reflect+ side1 :5 re/+ 7z 9 fig4 #aaj7 on ! circul> iron belt1 :i* is screw$ to ! table ( ! la! provid$ = its reception4 ,?is n>r[ plane at ! arris ,a %\ld be suffici5t to give ! prism a solid & regul> be>+ on ! circul> iron belt4 ,9 ?is figure 7fig4 #aaj7 a b is ! v]tical axis ( ! la!1 n ! po9t f :i* ! co-ord9ates = ,o1 ! gr9d+ c5tre = ! ext]ior concave refract+ surface ,,ac1 are measur$1 & e ,,ac ! arc swept by ! gr9d+ surface4 ,conv]sely1 n is ! orig9 ( ! co-ord9ates = ! gr9d+ c5tre ,o ( ! int]ior convex refract+ surface ,,bc1 & e ,,cb ! arc swept by its gr9d+ surface4 ,"s skill is requir$ 9 fix+ ! prism on ! belt1 =1 on ! "o h&1 !re is an ob/acle to correct workman%ip f ! dragg+ motion ( ! plat=m1 &1 on ! o!r1 by ! unequal subdivision ( ! weight ( ! glass1 :i* %\ld be ne>ly balanc$4 ,?is n>r[ plane be+ p]fectly adju/$ = all ! segm5ts s z to b$ !m q level1 ! circul> iron belt on :i* ! r+ %\ld be gr\nd1 is plac$ on its plat=m1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,x %\ld be z truly levell$ z possible1 o!rwise all ! subsequ5t op]ations w be d]ang$ by x4 ,?is iron belt is heat$ by means ( heat+ pans2 & ! degree ( heat may be practically judg$ ( by ! ebullition ( drops ( wat] let fall on x4 ,! segm5ts ( glass are also at ! same "t plac$ 9 a /ove heat$ ) /eam1 & are g5]ally rais$ to ab\t #abj c5tigrade4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "t requir$ = ! two op]ations ( heat+ ! iron belt & ! glass segm5ts is employ$ 9 lay+ or b$d+ a quantity ( cem5t on ! reflect+ side ( ! segm5t1 s z to fill up ! angul> space betwe5 ! glass & ! iron belt1 & also to s]ve z a seat = ! segm5t 9 ! mann] %ewn 9 fig4 #aaj4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ on a plane surface1 9 ord] t ! l[] "p ( ! ma/ic may be precisely on a level ) ! n>r[ plane already gr\nd on ! out] arris ( ! reflect+ side4 ,aft] be+ sure t ! heat is equally spread ov] e "p ( ! circul> iron belt1 ! segm5t is arrang$ on x2 & ! workman mu/1 at ?is juncture1 ex]t all 8 skill 9 plac+ ! p>ts ( ! segm5t 9 a position ne>ly conc5tric ) ! belt1 or 9 a truly circul> =m1 mak+ due all[ance1 h[ev]1 = ! inequalities exi/+ at v>i\s p>ts ( ! r\gh mat]ial1 & at ! same "t tak+ c>e t !re %\ld be an int]val ( at lea/ two millimtres 7or ab\t ? in*7 betwe5 ! ends ( ea* ( ! two adjac5t segm5ts4 ,)\t ?is int]val ! heat evolv$ dur+ ! poli%+ w\ld ei!r dilate ! glass s mu* z to cause ! ends ( ! segm5ts to fly into spl9t]s1 or make x ne$ful to remove ! zone be=e ?is %\ld take place1 ! inevitable consequ5ce ( :i* w\ld be ! fracture ( ! pieces4 ,^? int]vals betwe5 ! segm5ts are fill$ ) /atu>y's pla/]1 :i* mu/ be c>efully wa%$ & bru%$ at ea* *ange ( ! em]y employ$ 9 gr9d+4 ,! ext]ior diamet] ( ! circul> iron belt mu/ be precisely equal to t ( ! r+1 because1 if l>g]1 ! free movem5t ( ! rubb]s to & fro on ! concave refract+ surface ,,ac 7fig4 #aaj7 c\ld n take place4 ,by :at is already said1 x w be obvi\s t ! gr9d+ process is begun at ! refract+ sides ,,ac & ,,bc1 & a few words w %ew t ?is c\ld h>dly be o!rwise4 ,if a comm5cem5t be made on ! reflect+ side1 :i* appe>s at fir/ sight m natural1 ! consequ5ce is obvi\s4 ,hav+ provid$ = an excess ( mat]ial 9 e direction1 ! segm5t mu/ consequ5tly be l>g] ?an x w be :5 f9i%$2 & ! surfaces !re=e _c be true & p]fect1 except !y be gr\nd ?r\gh\t _! entire segm5tal section1 f _! c5tres ( curvature1 9 ref]5ce to "s giv5 apex ( ! g5]at+ triangle4 ,n[1 if ! reflect+ side 7 f9i%$ fir/1 x might cont9ue to possess ?is excess ( size aft] be+ f9i%$1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 af=d no accurate />t+ po9t = ! gr9d+ ( ! o!r surfaces2 x w\ld also pres5t no surface or n>r[ plane = re/+ firmly on ! iron belt1 b w\ld !n dep5d m]ely on its own f9i%$ plane1 :i*1 be+ curv$ & consid]ably incl9$1 w\ld n give a solid be>+ = ! glass4 ,! o!r mode ( comm5c+ ) ! two refract+ sides1 on ! contr>y1 gives a solid be>+ on ! n>r[ plane already gr\nd on ! reflect+ side at ,a2 & aft] ^! surfaces h be5 gr\nd1 & ! segm5ts inv]t$ 7z %ewn 9 fig4 #aaa71 ! out] edge ( ?is n>r[ plane at ! arris ,a1 :i* has be5 fully def9$ by ! int]section ( ! f9i%$ surface ,,ac j gr\nd1 & also ! apex at ,c1 :i* has be5 det]m9$ by ! int]section ( ,,ac & ,,bc1 comb9e to fix an accurate />t+ po9t = ! rubb]1 9 gr9d+ ! reflect+ surface ,,ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,dress+ (f ! r\gh "p ( ! ,r+4 ,! r+ is g5]ally r$uc$ f ! r\gh /ate by means ( fix$ rubb]s1 ! adju/m5t ( :i* is m easily regulat$ ?an t ( ! moveable beam or radius ( ! arc1 :i* is us$ to give ! exact curvature ( ! surface4 ,^? fix$ rubb]s are #aej millimtres 7ne>ly #f in*es7 wide1 by #bjj millimtres 7ne>ly #h in*es7 long1 & are ( ca/-iron4 ,?ree su* rubb]s are plac$ at equidi/ant po9ts ( ! circle4 ,two cutt]s ( %eet-iron atta*$ to arms plac$ v]tically 7z are also ^? :i* c>ry ! rubb]s71 & mov+ 9 grooves radiat+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! la!1 s z to admit ( adju/m5t to suit ! v>y+ radii ( ! zones1 s]ve gradually to abrade ! out] & inn] arrises ( ! segm5ts1 s z to prev5t ! spl9t]+ to :i*1 f becom+ too %>p1 ^? arrises1 )\t ?is precaution1 w\ld be liable4 ,^? rubb]s are1 besides1 fix$ by /ems to frames1 9 ! =m ( quadrants ( ! circle1 :i* all[ ( a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! planes1 z occasion may require4 ,in/ead ( ! silice\s s& =m]ly us$1 ! p[d] ( p\nd$ free/one is employ$1 z x is f\nd to we> ! tools less1 & to =m a bett] prep>ation = ! subsequ5t gr9d+ op]ations4 ,x is easy to conceive t ! action ( ! fix$ rubb]s necess>ily produces ruts or inequalities 9 ! circul> direction4 ,! op]ation ( r\gh dress+1 !re=e1 is n f9i%$ until1 :5 ^? fir/ rubb]s are remov$1 ! surfaces ( ! segm5ts h be5 subject1 = ! requir$ "t1 to ! action ( moveable rubb]s1 atta*$ to arms work+ z radii ( curvature1 9 a plane at "r angles to ! horizontal movem5t ( ! la!1 :i* c>ries ! zones4 ,! ,em]y ,gr9d+4 ,! =m ( ! segm5t %\ld be ne>ly p]fect1 aft] ! r\gh gr9d+ is f9i%$4 ,! la! & ! zone are !n subject$ to an extremely c>eful wa%+4 ,e place :]e ! /one-p[d] might adh]e is du/$4 ,! radius ( curvature is v]ifi$ afre%1 agreeably to ! co-ord9ates 7,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iv472 & em]y is us$ in/ead ( p[d]$ /one2 beg9n+ ) t call$ ,no4 #a1 :i* is drawn aft] susp5sion 9 wat] = "o m9ute4 ,bru%es are us$ = spread+ ! em]y on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,! quantity ought always to be suffici5t to prev5t ! direct contact ( ! ca/-iron rubb] ) ! glass4 ,spl9t]+ or scrat*+1 :i* _c be easily effac$1 may result f ! neglect ( ?is precaution4 ,practice alone1 & an eye duly tra9$ by cont9ual exp]i5ce1 c det]m9e ! po9t ( "t at :i* ea* k9d ( em]y mu/ be discont9u$4 ,! cel]ity ( ! "w dep5ds on circum/ances v difficult to appreciate1 su* z ! am\nt ( ! pressure ( ! rubb]s1 or ! degree ( accuracy ) :i* ! radius ( curvature has be5 adju/$1 dur+ ! r\gh gr9d+4 ,ea* k9d ( em]y 9 succession ?us corrects ! =m ( ! zone & ref9es ! gra9 ( ! surface ( ! glass2 & ea* *ange to a fre% mat]ial requires ! same att5tion to cleanl9ess1 s z to remove e trace ( ! sub/ance la/ us$ 9 gr9d+1 & ?us to give ea* successive process its full & legitimate effect4 ,! d\ci is ! fif? & la/ k9d ( em]y :i* prec$es ! poli%4 ,x is drawn (f aft] t5 m9utes' susp5sion 9 wat]1 & is extremely f9e4 ,be=e apply+ x1 ! greate/ c>e is necess>y to insure cleanl9ess1 z a s+le gra9 ( any ( ! prec$+ k9ds ( em]y might cause scrat*es1 :i* ! poli% _c remove4 ,! ,poli%4 ,! same consid]ations :i* induce ! workman mo/ c>efully to cleanse ! la! & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x1 be=e employ+ ! la/ em]y call$ ! d\ci1 are /ill m urg5t 9 ! case ( ! f9al poli%4 ,! only *ange :i* is made at ?is la/ /age ( ! "w is to replace ! fir/ rubb] by a new "o1 bo? long] & wid] by ab\t #ej millimtres 7ne>ly #b in*es74 ,on its l[] face is atta*$ ) cem5t a piece ( s(t c>pet1 ^: edges are fix$ to ! rubb] by means ( flat b&s ( iron1 atta*$ ) screws4 ,?is security1 add$ to t giv5 by ! cem5t1 is necess>y to fit x to resi/ ! great pressure x mu/ su/a94 ,a practical "q1 :i* exp]i5ce alone c resolve1 occurs at ?is /age1 z ! op]ation ( poli%+ may1 9 ! h&s ( unskilful p]sons1 be s inopportunely comm5c$1 z to make t "w almo/ endless4 ,?us1 ! m]e circum/ance ( spread+ at ! beg9n+ too ?ick lay]s ( r\ge1 or us+ unsuitable k9ds ( c>pet1 w\ld cut scrat*es 9 ! glass1 & ?us p]haps make x necess>y to return to ! use ( ! em]y call$ d\ci4 ,sometimes1 also1 if ! c>pets be n wa%$ at ! v "t ( us+ !m1 scrat*es are =m$ by ! du/ :i* !y may conta94 ,?is %ews1 t ! use ( r\ge %\ld be r sp>+ ?an o!rwise1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! poli%2 & t ! c>pet-clo?s %\ld be bru%$ & wa%$ twice r ?an once4 ,9 all cases1 ! quality ( ! c>pet =ms an important elem5t 9 ! success ( ! work+4 ,:5 ! poli% is f9i%$1 ! r+ is deta*$ f ! circul> belt1 simply by ! tap ( a hamm]1 on ! inn] edge ( ! circle4 ,! division ( ! zones 7:i* are qu>t]s ( ! circle7 into eigh?s1 is done by means ( a saw+ ma*9e consi/+ ( a flat copp]-:eel1 "o-half millimtre 7? in*7 9 ?ickness1 atta*$ to an arm ) a c\nt]poise4 ,?is :eel desc5ds & cuts ! zone by means ( em]y1 :i* is cont9ually appli$ to x2 ! direction ( ! cut is radial4 ,! two halves ( ! zone are deta*$ f ea* o!r1 z soon z _! weight exce$s ! resi/ance ( ! "p :i* rema9s to be sawn4 ,adju/m5t ( ! ,prisms4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! prisms 9 ! frames1 involves an op]ation :i* is n )\t risk4 ,mu* c>e is requir$ 9 h&l+ ! %>p arrises ( ! glass1 :i* are v acute & delicate & at ! same "t lie 9 a curv$ direction1 :i* makes !m liable to be spl9t]$ 9 ! h&s ( unskilful p]sons4 ,) ! exception ( ! plane v]tical surfaces ( ! annul> l5ses1 & ! c5tral b& & r+s ( ! dioptric belts ( fix$ lights1 :i* are gr\nd by means ( v]tical rubb]s ) a reciprocat+ movem5t1 e o!r plane surface is execut$ by h& on a flat table4 ,composition ( ! ,cem5t = fix+ ! glass on ! la!4 #h p>ts ,sw$i% pit*4 #a d4 ( wood a%es4 ,! :ole is heat$ 9 an iron pot until fully liquifi$ & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,?is cem5t is us$ almo/ 9 a /ate ( ebullition1 s t x _c be h&l$ )\t ! precaution ( cont9ually dipp+ ! h&s 9 cold wat]4 ,composition ( cem5t us$ = ! adju/m5t ( ! pieces ( glass :i* t\* ea* o!r4 #ab p>ts :ite lead4 #a d4 m9ium or r$ lead4 #e d4 boil$ l9tse$ oil4 ,! :ole is p\nd$ on an iron table by means ( a flat mullet1 l t us$ by pa9t]s 7fig4 #aab71 ^: gr9d+ surface is a b1 & c ! knob = ! h&4 ,?is cem5t is appli$ liquid s z to (f] no resi/ance to ! close union ( ! pieces1 :i* x is int5d$ to unite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,cem5t = fill+ up voids1 & fix+ ! r+s 9 ! frames4 #ab p>ts :ite lead4 #c d4 :it+4 #a d4 m9ium4 #d d4 boil$ l9tse$ oil4 ,?is la/ composition diff]s f ! =m] only 9 ! introduction ( :it+1 :i*1 :ile l m9ium x has a desiccative prop]ty1 gives m body to ! cem5t & prev5ts ! =mation ( cracks4 ,! oil is also decreas$ 9 quantity1 z ! cem5t mu/ be us$ 9 a m compact /ate4 ,! trituration ( ?is cem5t is p]=m$ by means ( a cyl9dric iron roll] a b1 ) a c5tre-spoke c d = ! h& 7fig4 #aac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,x is ess5tial = ! production ( good cem5t1 t ! mixture ( ! +r$i5ts be complete4 ,prices ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,dioptric ,app>atus4 ,! exp5se ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,dioptric app>atus is z foll[s3 ,great l5s ( fir/ ord]1 ,l4#eh 7#h ( :i* are requir$72 pyramidal l5s & mirror1 ,l4#ad1 #abs4 7#h ( :i* are requir$72 catadioptric cupola1 ,l4#dhj2 catadioptric r+s bel[ l5ses1 ,l4#cfj2 pannel ( dioptric belt = fix$ light ( fir/ ord]1 ,l4#ef 7( :i* #h are requir$ = ! :ole circle72 app>atus ( f\r? ord]1 = a fix$ light1 = :ole horizon1 ,l4#abh2 app>atus ( six? ord]1 = :ole horizon1 ,l4#dd4 ,! exp5se ( ! me*anical lamp ( ! fir/ ord] ) f\r wicks1 z made = ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses by ,mr ,,john ,,milne ( ,ed9burgh1 is ,l4#cj4 ,diagrams illu/rative ( ! ,table1 ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,catadioptric ,,zones ,,suit$ ,,= ,,lights ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,,9 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,augu/9 ,,fresnel4 ,,note4--,! ,six co-ord9ates ( ! ,g5]at+ ,triangle ( ea* ,zone 9 ^! ,tables h ! ,focus ( ! ,pr9cipal ,l5ses ( ! ,sy/em = _! orig92 x be+ consid]$ m conv5i5t1 9 execut+ ! necess>y protractions1 prep>atory to ! con/ruction ( ! gr9d+ app>atus1 at once to ref] ! :ole ( ! gr9d+ ma*9]y to ! axis ( ! app>atus4 ,to prev5t ! appe>ance ( any inconsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 x is prop] to m5tion1 t ! radiant po9ts ( ! s]ies ( ,zones1 d n exactly co9cide ) ! ,focus ( ! ,l5ses nor ) ea* o!r2 & t to avoid ! p>allax :i* ! di/ance ( ! radiant po9ts f ! orig9 ( ! co-ord9ates w\ld occasion1 x is necess>y to make "s corrections ^u ! l9e> dim5sions1 s z to f9d ! l9e correspond+ to ! angles 1 1 & ! di/ance 4 ,9 ! ,hyp]pyral s]ies1 :i* /&s above ! flame1 ! ,zones h ! radiant po9t #aj millimetres above ! ,focus ( ! ,l5ses1 & ea* y ( ?is s]ies1 !re=e1 requires a r$uction ( t quantity2 :ile ! x rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 ! ,hypopyral s]ies1 :i* /&s bel[ ! flame1 ! ,focus or radiant po9ts ( ea* ,zone1 v>ies its place 9 ! flame1 mov+ upw>ds z ! ,zone is l[]1 s t ! l9e jo9+ ! ,zones & ! ,foci1 revolves z a radius vector r\nd a po9t betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is way1 ! x's rema9 unalt]$2 b ! y's w be l5g!n$ successively by ! addition ( #aj1 #ad1 #ai1 #be1 #cb1 & #dj millimetres4 ,z ^! ,tables conta9 ! dim5sions ( ,zones :i* are int5d$ z an addition to ! app>atus ( ,,fresnel1 ,i h adopt$ ! metric scale1 s z to r5d] !m at once applicable to ! exi/+ protractions ( t sy/em4 ,x is only necess>y to add1 t ! conv]sion ( millimetres into imp]ial in*es1 is easily effect$ by add+ ! log4 millimetres to ! log4 #beieaf1 ! sum be+ ! log4 ( ! equival5t ( ! fir/ t]m 9 imp]ial in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,bca1 ,,abc1 ,,bac1 ,incli- nation ,obtuse ( ,inci- ,angle ,ray ,,fc d5ce ( ! to ! ( ,ray ,g5]- ,angle (,angle ( ,v]tical ,,fc on at+ ,g5]- ,g5]- ,axis ,side ,triangle at+ at+ ( ! ,,bc ( ( ! ,triangle,triangle ,sy/em4 ,zone4 ,zone4 ( ,zone4( ,zone4 ,no4 ( 7,fig4 7,fig4 7,fig4 7,fig4 7,fig4 ,,zone4 #aad47 #aad47 #aad47 #aad47 #aad47 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a #fj #de #chdd #jf #jiaag #bf #djca #dh #ajcj #de #aj #b #ef #ee #chda #bh #ajaaf #jj #dbcb #cb #jaca #bg #ag #c #ec #je #chch #dh #biaad #ca #bjcc #ag #cjcb #aa #aj #d #di #ae #chcf #jg #jiaab #eh #djcd #jd #cfcb #ef #dd ,,hyp]- #e #de #be #chcc #bd #aiaaa #bc #jjcd #ec #jgcc #dc #ec ,,pyral #f #da #ce #chcj #dj #jeaji #dd #cbce #db #egcd #cb #ca ,,s]ies #g #cg #de #chbg #ed #cdajh #jc #cjcf #cd #jace #bb #bi ,,( #h #cc #ee #chbe #jg #ebajf #bj #jfcg #bf #aacf #ac #dc ,,zones4 #i #cj #je #chbb #bj #jgajd #cd #cfch #ai #bccg #jf #ja #aj #bf #ae #chai #ca #beajb #dg #abci #ac #bgcg #ei #ba #aa #bb #be #chaf #da #edajj #eh #ajdj #jg #adch #ed #cf #ab #ah #db #jbac #ef #bf #ii #aj #ejdj #ei #ecci #di #ag #ac #ae #jf #jcaa #af #jd #ig #bf #jgda #ea #jcdj #db #di #a #ei #di #afdc #bg #cfaag #je #efca #eh #cgcj #ee #bg ,,hypo- #b #ee #dh #eedj #db #jaaae #ce #jgcb #dd #dcca #dj #ji ,,pyral #c #ea #dh #cccg #ed #cbaad #jj #cacc #bh #afcb #bg #ac ,,s]ies4 #d #dg #ea #aace #jg #cbaab #bc #eccd #bj #bccc #ae #dd #e #dc #ei #djcb #bc #jfaaj #df #cbce #jh #bccd #je #je #f #dj #af #cdbi #dc #aiaji #aj #jdce #ee #cgcd #ed #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------- --------------------------------- ,,ba1 ,,bc1 ,,ac1 ,re- flect- + ,side ( ,zone 9 ,inn] ,out] ,milli- ,re- ,re- metres fract- fract- be+ + + ,*ord ,side (,side ( ( ,zone 9,zone 9 ! ,arc ,milli- ,milli- b ,a4 metres4metres4 ,no4 ( 7,fig4 7,fig4 7,fig4 ,,zone4 #aae47 #aae47 #aae47 -------------------------- #a #afjcca #ibcgi #iebji #b #aeedcj #ijbdi #icjaa #c #aeaeea #hhgbi #iadcd #d #adhehj #hggfh #ijdbd ,,hyp]- #e #adfddd #hgccb #hiidg ,,pyral #f #adejhg #hgdjc #hiihf ,,s]ies #g #adddha #hgigg #ijecf ,,( #h #addfji #hijfj #iafjd ,,zones4 #i #adedgf #ijfga #icbji #aj #adgjhi #ibhdc #iechd #aa #adecfa #icjjj #iedac #ab #adccfb #icjjj #iebga #ac #adacgi #icjjj #ieabg #a #aeicfi #ibjjj #idhjf ,,hypo- #b #aehjea #ibjjj #idghc ,,pyral #c #aefeib #ibjjj #idgai ,,s]ies4 #d #aeejhc #ibjjj #idfai #e #aecdhi #ibjjj #iddhh #f #aeahfc #ibjjj #idccd --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,co-ord9ates ( ! ,apices ( ! ,g5]at+ ,triangle1 9 ,millimetres1 hav+ ! ,axis ( ! ,sy/em cut by ! horizontal plane ( ! focus ( ! ,annul> ,l5ses1 = its orig94 7,fig4 #aaf47 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,no4 ( ,,zone4 ,ay,ax ,by,bx ,cy,cx ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a #eiccfiihfbfj #eeadhahcadig #ebejjjibjjjj #b #ffcjfciegdaj #fagdbchjhhcb #eiccfihiehaf #c #gcdcacibfijh #fhdiehghcfai #ffcjfchfifje #d #hjgceghidbbb #gedbfggeedea #gcdcachdjibj ,,hyp]- #e #hhbddehehheh #hbeedggbciba #hjgceghjiccg ,,pyral #f #ieihdghbjcbe #hiijaafhhfjh #hhbddeggddbf ,,s]ies #g #ajcihebgghajh #igdhiifdijea #ieihdggcegcj ,,( #h #aabbghdgcafdeajecdgafjdgcjajcihebfibgdb ,,zones4 #i #abjijjjfhjcbbaacejbeeeejeiaabbghdfddijj #aj #abihijjfbcdccabaihibdiicedabjijjjeiaeef #aa #acijbijeeicghacjhahcdcidbhabhhijjecaifc #ab #adhbgeedijafiacihjjgcgdechacijbijdfgbag #ac #aegfjdhdaeiiaadhhigbcjdfaaadhbgeecigdjc #a #eichaeihebab #eejiaehcagbe #ebejjjibjjjj ,,hypo- #b #fhbgcaihahaj #fcdhfbhcaahc #fajhgbibjjjj ,,pyral #c #ggidfdighiag #gbfhcahcjfid #gjdgcjibjjjj ,,s]ies4 #d #hhejdfigddda #hbgibfhcjbfa #hjgfegibjjjj #e #ajjjffcigjfjh #icichehbihhb #ibjhgaibjjjj #f #aabgffeiffggaajfbeiahbieegajdegdjibjjjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------------- ,incl9ation ( ! ,sides ( ! ,g5]at+ ,triangle to ! ,v]tical ,axis ( ! ,sy/em4 7,fig4 #aag47 ------------------------ ,incli- ,incli- ,incli- ,no4 nation nation nation ( ( ( ( ,,zone4 ,,ab4 ,,bc4 ,,ac4 ----------------------------- #a #gd #ea #aigc #bj #cadd #jf #ji #b #gb #ee #bggd #cb #cbda #bh #aj #c #gj #ei #cige #db #each #dh #bi #d #fi #jc #ecgf #ea #cacf #jg #ji ,,hyp]- #e #fg #jh #abgg #eh #dacc #bd #ai ,,pyral #f #fe #ab #cfgi #jd #bgcj #dj #je ,,s]ies #g #fc #ag #jchj #jh #efbg #ed #cd ,,( #h #fa #ba #ceha #ab #adbe #jg #eb ,,zones4 #i #ei #bf #jhhb #ad #bibb #bj #jg #aj #eg #cj #dfhc #ae #dgai #ca #be #aa #ee #cf #cjhd #af #afaf #da #ed #ab #ec #de #dche #ad #bdac #ef #bf #ac #ea #eh #echf #aj #jbaa #af #jd #a #gd #bc #jcgc #ch #bjdc #bg #cf ,,hypo- #b #gb #bb #ajgd #ec #jfdj #db #ja ,,pyral #c #gj #ba #degf #je #eicg #ed #cb ,,s]ies4 #d #fh #bc #afgg #af #bace #jg #cb #e #ff #bh #aagh #bc #bfcb #bc #jf #f #fd #cg #cggi #bf #debi #dc #ai ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,ab1 ,reflect+ ,surfaces 7convex74 7,fig4 #aae47 ------------------------------------ ,v]ti- ,hori- cal zontal dis- dis- tance tance ( ( c5tre c5tre ( ( curva- curva- ture ,x ture bel[ ,x f ! ,radius ! out] ,incl9a- ( axis arris ,9- tion ,curva- ( ! ( ! cl9a- ( ! ture 9 ,sy/em ,zonetion ( ,out] ,milli- 9 at ,a 9! ,two ,radius ,no4 metres1 ,milli- ,milli- ,radii 9 ,a ( ,,xa or metres metres 9 ,a to ! ,,zone4 ,x b4 ,,ox4 ,,oa4 & ,b4 ,v]tex4 ---------------------------------------- - #a #hgejaicaidgfhdffhha #jb #eiad #ch #aa #b #hbecijccjfhjgijiida #jd #deaf #cb #aa #c #ghejcjcdaagegddffga #jf #bbah #bg #aa #d #gebgjhceadbbgjefcia #jg #eabj #bb #aa ,,hyp]- #e #gbgebccfageffgcjffa #ji #abbb #ag #aa ,,pyral #f #gjhbagcgbchafdeifca #aj #bebd #ab #aa ,,s]ies #g #fiddjichcebcfbcdica #aa #cabf #jg #aa ,,( #h #fhegjcciedfgfjebcfa #ab #cjbh #jb #aa ,,zones4 #i #fhaghgdjhagjeijbeca #ac #bjbi #eg #aa #aj #fhbddfdbbffgegiefha #ad #jeca #eb #aa #aa #fhhjebdchefcegaheba #ab #cgcc #dg #aa #ab #fihjhideehhcefgbfda #aj #cfce #ch #ei #ac #gabcjedgdgbdefediba #jh #aecg #bf #ei #a #hfgdgdcbdcdhhcgefda #jc #jiae #je #bb ,,hypo- #b #hdaifjcdefddhjdggba #jd #caag #je #cb ,,pyral #c #hbghhbcfhedaghbcfha #je #jaai #je #ac ,,s]ies4 #d #hbebiecidahiggjajja #jd #cfba #jd #bd #e #hccehfdbbhjfgfgcjea #jc #ahbc #jj #aj #f #hebbfddediigggcbhja #ja #aebd #ea #dc ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,ac1 ,out] ,refract+ ,surfaces 7concave74 ------------------------------------ ,v]ti- cal ,hori- dis- zontal tance dis- ( tance c5tre ( ( c5tre curva- ( ture curva-above ture ! ,9- f out] cl9a- ! arris ,9- tion ,radius axis ( ! cl9a- ( ! ( ( ! ,zone tion ,out] ,curva- ,sy/em at ( ! ,radius ,no4 ture 9 9 ,a 9 ,radii at ,a ( ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- 9 ,a to ! ,,zone4metres4metres4metres4 & ,c4 ,v]tex4 ---------------------------------------- - #a #djjjjjchbecabhaggga #ba #ejde #ab #ef #b 444 #cibcfebfhceea #ai #efdg #ea #eb #c 444 #djaejfbedbcaa #ah #cdej #cb #ad #d 444 #djihedbcidbca #ag #dbec #ad #jj ,,hyp]- #e 444 #dagcjhbbcifda #ag #ahee #eg #jb ,,pyral #f 444 #dbcggjbjghhba #ag #bjeh #da #ae ,,s]ies #g 444 #dbiadeaiabaha #ag #dhfa #bf #cb ,,( #h 444 #dccccjagdjaba #ah #ddfd #ab #df ,,zones4 #i 444 #dcfbbfaefcaja #bj #jfff #ei #ej #aj 444 #dcggbdachafca #ba #ehfi #dg #cf #aa 444 #dcgfgbaaidida #bb #jjgb #cg #jf #ab 444 #dcfjgjajjidaa #ba #abge #bb #eh #ac 444 #dcbica #hbhaia #ba #dfgh #jc #jb #a #djjjjjcheehcbghefja #ba #bhde #ea #dj ,,hypo- #b 444 #cihcbabfddafa #ba #bhdh #cg #ae ,,pyral #c 444 #dajdhdbdidhba #ba #bdea #bd #df ,,s]ies4 #d 444 #dbahefbcdjjba #ba #bjed #aa #dh #e 444 #dcbbiebahbaga #ba #abef #ef #ah #f 444 #ddafiabjbciia #ba #jdei #cf #ji ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 1 ,,bc1 ,inn] ,refract+ ,surfaces 7convex74 ------------------------------------ ,v]ti- ,hori- cal zontal dis- dis- tance ,dis- tance ( tance ( c5tre ( c5tre ( ,c f ( curva- ! curva- ture ,focus ture bel[ ,9- = ! f ! cl9a- ,zones1 ! out] ,9- tion ( 9 ,radius axis arris cl9a- ( ! ,milli- ( ( ! ( ! tion ,out] metres ,curva- ,sy/em ,zone ( ! ,radius ,,fc4 ,no4 ture 9 9 at ,a 9 ,radii 9 ,c ( ,milli- ,milli- ,milli- 9 ,c to ! 7,fig4 ,,zone4metres4metres4metres4 & ,b4 ,v]tex4 #aad47 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #djjjjjbjbaaicgggjga #ai #bdae #eh #dgajedcd #b 444 #aiahcgcgigdja #ag #cdad #dh #daajfijb #c 444 #ahacfjchaegga #af #afac #ci #jaajhgeb #d 444 #agjgeechcaiea #ae #bfab #cj #dfaajihe ,,hyp]- #e 444 #aeiigbchdfjda #ae #jdaa #bc #dgaacfad ,,pyral #f 444 #adhifbchehada #ae #jhaj #ag #eiaaffeg ,,s]ies #g 444 #acgfgachfhcja #ae #cf #i #ac #afabjadf ,,( #h 444 #abfjchchgfeia #af #cb #h #ji #cjabdaaf ,,zones4 #i 444 #aaciidchhcjca #ag #ef #g #jf #ccabhfae #aj 444 #ajadfgchhgffa #ai #dh #f #jd #aiaccfii #aa 444 #hhdiechicjja #ai #ef #e #jc #dfacidcf #ab 444 #gebghchigcba #ai #ef #d #je #chadegbb #ac 444 #fahcgcijaaja #ai #ef #c #aj #jjaebedc #a #djjjjjbjjbebcghaiaa #ai #jdae #db #jh -- ,,hypo- #b 444 #aiaheechjaeaa #ai #jdad #bg #bb -- ,,pyral #c 444 #ahcfbbchahica #ai #jdac #ad #bi -- ,,s]ies4 #d 444 #agefccchcdbja #ai #jdab #jd #jg -- #e 444 #afgihechdgcha #ai #jdaj #eg #jb -- #f 444 #afjgcichehefa #ai #jd #i #ec #dc -- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,v4 ,,notice ,,to ,,m>9]s4--,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se4 ,! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses h]eby give notice1 t a ,ligh?\se has be5 erect$ ^u ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 :i* lies (f ! ,isl& ( ,tyree1 9 ! c\nty ( ,argyll1 ! ,light ( :i* w be exhibit$ on ! ,night ( ! #a/ ,febru>y #ahdd1 & e ,night !reaft]1 f sunset to sunrise4 ,a specification ( ! be>+s ( ! ,ligh?\se & "* ( ! ,light w be f\nd on ! next page4 ,& ! ,commission]s h]eby fur!r give notice1 t by virtue ( a ,w>rant f ! ,que5 9 ,c\ncil1 ( date ! #ac? ,decemb] #ahdc1 ! foll[+ ,tolls w be levi$ = voyages 9 respect ( :i* b5efit w be d]iv$ f ?is ,light1 viz41 f e ,briti% ,vessel 7! same n belong+ to ,h] ,maje/y1 or be+ navigat$ :olly 9 balla/71 & = e ,=eign ,vessel :i*1 by any ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 ,conv5tion1 or ,treaty1 %all be privileg$ to ent] ! ,ports ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ^u pay+ ! same duties ( tonnage z are paid by ,briti% ,vessels 7! same n be+ navigat$ :olly 9 balla/71 ! ,toll ( ,"o ,p5ny p] ,ton ( ! ,burd5 ( e su* ,vessel2 & = e ,=eign ,vessel n s privileg$1 ! ,toll ( ,two ,p5ce p] ,ton4 ,by ,ord] ( ! ,commission]s1 7,sign$7 ,c4 ,,cun+ham1 ,,alex4 ,,cun+ham1 ,jo9t ,secs4 ,,ed9burgh1 #bc;d ,decemb] #ahdc4 ,! foll[+ is a ,specification ( ! ,position ( ! ,ligh?\se1 & ! ,appe>ance ( ! ,light1 by ,mr ,,alan ,,/ev5son1 ,eng9e] to ! ,commission]s4 ,! ,sk]ryvore ,rock lies (f ! ,isl& ( ,tyree1 9 ,lat4 #ef #ai #bb ,n42 ,long4 #g #f #cb ,w4 ,by ,compass1 ! ,ligh?\se be>s f ,b>rahead ,ligh?\se ,s4 ,e41 di/ant #cc nautic miles2 f ,hyni% ,po9t1 9 ,tyree1 ,,wsw4 ,w41 di/ant #aj miles2 f ,iona ,isl&1 ,,wnw4 ,n41 di/ant #bj miles2 f ,rh9ns ( ,islay ,ligh?\se1 ,n4 ,e41 di/ant #dd miles2 & f ,inni/rahull ,ligh?\se 9 ,irel&1 ,,ne4 by ,n41 di/ant #ec miles4 ,ow+ to ! di/ance to :i* ! f\l gr\nd ext5ds on e side ( ! rock on :i* ! ,ligh?\se is plac$1 & ! weight ( sea :i* breaks on ! %all[ gr\nd all r\nd x1 x is necess>y to give ! ,light a wide b]?4 ,! bett] to enable seam5 to judge ( ?is1 _! att5tion is call$ to ! prefix$ ,*>t1#hg :i* exhibits ! relative position ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 & ! v>i\s dang]s ar\nd x4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is necess>y to notice ! position ( ^? rocks :i* lie seaw>d ( ! ,ligh?\se1 viz4 ,mack5zie's ,rock1 ab\t #c miles ,w4 by ,s4 ,s4 f ! ,ligh?\se2 ,/ev5son's1 #b miles ,w4 ,n42 & ,fresnel's1 :i* lies betwe5 ^! two ,rocks4 ,to ! left ( ! prefix$ ,*>t is a small diagram1 :i* exhibits ! position ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock 9 ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal l&m>ks above notic$4 #hg ,a copy ( ! ,*>t ref]r$ to w be f\nd at ,plate ,,ii4 at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,! ,sk]ryvore ,light w be kn[n to m>9]s z a ,revolv+ ,light1 produc+ a ,bright ,fla% once e m9ute4 ,! ,lant]n1 :i* is op5 all r\nd1 is elevat$ #aej feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 cle> wea!r ! fla%es ( ! ,light w be se5 at ! di/ance ( six leagues1 & at less] di/ances accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 & to a ne> obs]v]1 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 ! ,light w n :olly disappe> betwe5 ! fla%es4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,exp5se ,,( ,,erect+ ,,! ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,subsidi>y ,,works4 ,,e/abli%m5t ,,at ,,hyni%4 ,wages ( ! diff]5t workm5 qu>ry+ & dress+ ! /ones1 & build+ ! dwell+-h\ses1 b>racks1 /oreh\ses1 inclosure & subdivision dykes1 dra9+ & tr5*+ ! gr\nd1 c41 at ,hyni%1 & ! wages ( jo9]s prep>+ & fitt+ up ! jo9] "w1 #biif #g #g ,timb]1 pavem5t1 bricks1 ironmong]y1 glass1 c41 c41 us$ 9 ! erections1 #acgf #af #i ,slat]1 pla/]1 & plumb] "w ( ! h\ses1 #dcf #a #j ,paid ! t5ant ( ,hyni% = a b>n :i* 0 us$ z a b>rack to accommodate ! workm5 :5 !y fir/ l&$ at ,tyree1 #ac #j #j --------------- #dhbb #e #d ,,note4--,al?\gh ^! build+s _h be5 erect$ = ! purposes ( ! works1 yet ! great] "p ( !m 7 design$ to s]ve z "p ( ! p]man5t accommodation requir$ at ,tyree 9 connection ) ! ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t1 & h accord+ly be5 s appli$4 ,,rock ,,b>rack1 ,no4 #a4 ,co/ ( ! b>rack on ! ,rock1 :i* 0 de/roy$1 includ+ ! contractor's acc\nt = extra "w1 c41 #gdb #ag #g ,lead = runn+ up ! bats & = o!r purposes ab\t ! b>rack1 #ad #aa #f ,a smi?'s =ge1 bell[s1 anvil1 & smi?'s tools us$ at ,rock 9 erect+ ! b>rack1 #cb #ai #a --------------- #gij #h #b ,,rock ,,b>rack1 ,no4 #b4 ,co/ ( ! c>p5t] & jo9] "w on ! second b>rack1 ! exp5se ( fitt+ & erect+ x at ,gre5ock1 ! wages ( f\r jo9]s & a smi?1 furni%$ by ! contractor to assi/ 9 its erection at ,sk]ryvore1 includ+ sundry o!r m9or *>ges1 #iaa #ad #d ,co/ ( ! iron-"w ( ! b>rack1 #cfi #aa #h ,lead = runn+ up ! bats & protect+ ! timb] ( cook+ ap>tm5t1 c41 #bi #aa #aj ,cook+ app>atus = ! cook-room ( b>rack1 %eet-iron smoke tube1 cook+ ut5sils1 c41 #ed #af #f ,b$d+ = b$s ( b>rack1 #ij #i #a ,exp5se ( uphold+ & mak+ sundry small repairs on ! b>rack s9ce its erection1 #bb #ah #f --------------- #adgi #a #aa ,co/ ( ! furniture1 b$d+1 & o!r ut5sils requir$ = ! dwell+-h\ses1 b>racks1 c41 connect$ ) ! diff]5t e/abli%m5ts ( ! works1 #hcj #ai #b ,,e/abli%m5t ,,at ,,nor? ,,bay4 ,wages ( ! qu>ri]s1 masons1 jo9]s1 c41 qu>ry+ /ones1 build+ ! b>racks1 /oreh\ses1 c41 c41 & fitt+ up ! jo9] "w1 #cgh #aa #i ,timb] & o!r furni%+s = ! erections1 ! exp5se ( mak+ ! doors & w9d[s1 includ+ furni%+s requir$ = erect+ ! habitable "p ( ,sk]ryvore ,b>rack at ,nor? ,bay z a tempor>y accommodation = ! workm51 & sundry o!r *>ges1 #cfa #d #g ,sundry furni%+s--su* z ut5sils = provision /ore1 smi?y1 c41 #ac #b #e --------------- #geb #ah #i ,,qu>ries ,,at ,,nor? ,,bay4 ,co/ ( rails & timb] = railway & timb]1 c41 = %ipp+-pi] at ,nor? ,bay1 #aca #e #a ,wages ( workm5 :o 7 employ$ at qu>ries 9 ,nor? ,bay1 qu>ry+ ! ligh?\se blocks1 con/ruct+ ! pi]1 railway1 c41 #ageb #e #c --------------- #ahhc #aj #d ,,tempor>y ,,:>f ,,& ,,railway ,,at ,,! ,,sk]ryvore ,,rock4 ,co/ ( timb] us$ 9 ! :>f & railway at ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 #ajc #ah #f ,iron bats1 bolts1 c41 = fa/5+ ! timb]1 rails = railway1 & sundry furni%+s connect$ ) an app>atus = bla/+ "u wat]1 #aai #g #f ,wages ( ! workm5 con/ruct+ ! railway1 fa/5+ ! timb] ( :>f1 c41 #cd #aj #e --------------- #beg #af #e ,,excavation ,,at ,,rock ,,& ,,plat=m1 c4 ,wages ( ! workm5 excavat+ ! f\ndation = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 #fji #b #c ,a portable =ge1 & o!r smi?'s tools1 us$ at ! rock = ?is "w1 #ba #ae #aj ,wages ( ! workm5 excavat+ ! site ( a plat=m at ! worky>d 9 ,hyni%1 & qu>ry+ & dress+ /ones = sill ( plat=m1 #ajg #af #e ,co/ ( free/one f ,g>scube ,qu>ry1 ,glasg[1 = "p ( ! sill ( plat=m1 #bd #ad #j --------------- #gfc #h #f ,,dress+ ,,ligh?\se ,,blocks4 ,wages ( masons1 includ+ ! assi/ance ( lab\r]s1 c>t]s1 c41 9 dress+ ! blocks = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[] at ,hyni%1 #hehi #h #g ,timb] = m\lds ( ! v>i\s blocks1 & ! jo9]s' wages mak+ ! m\lds1 #chd #ah #aj ,timb]1 c41 & wages ( jo9]s 9 erect+ %$s = ! masons1 #iee #d #e --------------- #iibi #aa #aj ,exp5se ( victuall+ ! workm5 & o!rs :o 7 employ$ at ! rock dur+ ! op]ation ( ! :ole works1 #aejc #ah #f ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,tools ,,= ,,masons1 ,,smi?s1 c4 ,am\nt paid to sundry p]sons = ! implem5ts & tools us$ by ! workm5 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 #aagf #i #f ,wages ( ! smi?s & _! hamm]m5 keep+ ^! tools 9 repair & mak+ o!rs1 #ijh #af #e --------------- #bjhe #e #aa ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,! ,,works ,,at ,,! ,,rock1 ,,hyni%1 ,,& ,,nor? ,,bay4 ,co/ ( cranes1 crabs1 w9*es1 trucks1 iron blocks1 *a9s1 rope-guys1 c41 ) sundry o!r furni%+s connect$ ) ^! articles1 #aeaf #i #e #a ,woolwi* or sl+-c>t1 a jank] = wood1 & f\r jack-screws1 #hi #f #d ,l>ge balance crane us$ 9 build+ ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 #ecc #aj #j ,hoi/+ beams or ne$les1 & a pair ( /rong %e]-poles1 us$ 9 build+ ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 #db #aa #b --------------- #baha #af #aa ,,c>tage ,,acc\nt4 ,co/ ( #c l>ge draught horses & a pony1 = ! use ( ! works1 #abg #i #aj ,c>ts & /able ut5sils1 #fe #ad #b ,h>ness & o!r furniture1 & keep+ !m 9 repair1 #eb #b #c ,prov5d] = ! horses = sev5 ye>s1 #heh #ad #h --------------- #aajd #a #j ,,mort> ,,acc\nt4 ,co/ ( ! lime :i* 0 us$ = all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 #cca #i #h ,pozzolano :i* 0 us$ = ! build+ ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 except+ a small portion = ! works ( ! h>b\r or dock1 #cgf #af #d ,ma/ic1 cem5ts1 & /ucco1 #ci #f #aj ,wages ( lab\r]s gr9d+ & sift+ ,pozzolano at ,hyni%1 & burn+ & sift+ a portion ( ! lime1 #aba #ah #h ,packages to conta9 ,pozzolano1 to prev5t its admixture ) o!r c>go :5 on bo>d %ip1 #bj #j #a --------------- #hhi #aa #g ,,signal ,,t[] ,,at ,,hyni%4 ,exp5se ( qu>ry+1 dress+1 & build+ ! /ones1 & execut+ ! jo9] "w ( ! ,signal ,t[] at ,hyni%1 #cgj #ac #b ,pavem5t & bricks = ! int]ior1 #cb #ac #a ,ca/-iron floor1 ) l9tels & sole plates = w9d[s1 & ca/-iron supports = d41 #aaj #ac #d ,timb] = joi/+ ( floors1 l9+ ( walls & w9d[s1 includ+ ! glaz+ ( !m1 a wood5 trap1 flag-pole1 & o!r furni%+s = int]ior1 #bhd #i #j ,plumb] "w ( ro(1 #ce #i #f ,a #e feet a*romatic telescope1 ) /&1 c41 = ,signal ,t[]1 #ce #aj #j ,co/ ( a code ( signals1 flags1 return books1 & o!r furni%+s1 #aa #aj #f --------------- #hhj #ah #g ,,lights ,,acc\nt4 ,exp5se ( ! app>atus requir$ = ! lights at ! ,pi] & ,signal ,t[] at ,hyni%1 includ+ fitt+ up1 c41 #ff #g #j ,co/ ( oil & o!r requisites = uphold+ ^! lights1 #acf #e #h ,sal>y ( ! ,lightkeep]s1 c41 #aca #aa #g --------------- #ccd #d #c 8,,sk]ryvore0 ,,/eam]4 ,fir/ co/ & complete outfit ( ! /eam] ,sk]ryvore1 #eicj #j #aa ,alt]ation on ! eng9es1 by rais+ ! %afts1 c41 #dbc #e #j ,repairs on ! hull & eng9es1 on v>i\s occasions1 dur+ ! progress ( ! works1 #ajeg #d #b ,sail+ exp5ses 7exclusive ( ! co/ ( coals suppli$ :5 ! /eam] 0 at ,hyni%71 & sundry o!r m9or *>ges1 #eech #aj #aa --------------- #ab1idi #a #j 8,,que50 ,,t5d]4 ,fir/ co/ & complete outfit ( ! 8,que50 ,t5d]1 #ice #ac #c ,sail+ exp5ses & o!r *>ges1 #ajaj #g #i ,repairs on ! hull1 rigg+1 sails1 c41 #gg #ab #h --------------- #bjbc #ac #h ,,/one ,,light]s ,fir/ co/ & outfit ( f\r light]s = transport+ ! ,ligh?\se blocks1 c41 f ,hyni% to ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 #afff #ae #f ,haws]s = t[+1 moor+-ropes1 heav+-l9es1 c41 us$ 9 ! c\rse ( transport+ ! /ones to ! ,rock1 #bdi #a #f ,uphold+ ! light]s 9 repair1 & sundry o!r *>ges1 #agh #i #i ,exp5se transport+ ! light]s on v>i\s occasions to diff]5t places1 #eh #ae #aj ,exp5se %ift+ & att5d+ ^u ! light]s :5 ly+ at ,lei?1 & adv]tis+ !m = sale1 #ai #i #aj --------------- #bagb #ab #f ,,moor+s4 ,co/ ( ! buoys = moor+ ! vessels belong+ to ! works 9 ,hyni% ,bay1 & at ! ,rock1 :5 ly+ !re1 #bdj #a #c ,ca/-iron mu%room an*ors = moor+ ! buoys1 #aah #g #d ,wr\ght-iron common an*ors1 grapnels1 c41 = moor+ ! vessels1 w>p+1 k$g+1 c41 #dh #af #a ,*a9s & %ackles = d41 c41 #ced #b #g ,uphold+ & keep+ 9 repair ! buoys1 #d #ag #a --------------- #gff #d #d ,,boats ,,& ,,att5dance4 ,co/ ( #h boats1 ) o>s1 sails1 tackl+1 c41 #bjg #ai #aa ,uphold+ ^! boats 9 repair1 #bh #ac #i ,am\nt paid = ! use ( boats & _! crews assi/+ to dis*>ge c>goes f vessels previ\s to ! pi] be+ built1 #aai #f #j --------------- #cee #ai #h ,am\nt paid ! own]s ( hir$ vessels1 z freights ( ! ,ligh?\se blocks f ! qu>ries at ,nor? ,bay1 9 ,mull1 to ! worky>d at ,hyni%1 #acjj #ad #h ,,freight ,,& ,,sail+ ,,exp5ses4 ,freights & o!r *>ges paid ! own]s ( hir$ vessels1 vessels1 = ! mat]ials :i* 7 import$ = ! use ( v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 exclusive ( ! ,ligh?\se blocks f ,nor? ,bay1 #djde #i #g ,wages ( lab\r]s1 c41 dis*>g+ ! c>goes f ! vessels at ! ,pi] at ,hyni%1 & ! wages ( workm5 qu>ry+ /ones = balla/1 & putt+ x on bo>d ! vessels1 #icc #ab #aj ,am\nt paid = travell+ exp5ses1 & o!r *>ges connect$ ) ! transport ( ! workm51 includ+ ! exp5ses ( ! ,(fic]s1 c41 travell+ on ! bus9ess ( ! works1 #agaa #aa #b ,co/ ( ! coals suppli$ to ! /eam] 8,sk]ryvore10 :5 ply+ betwe5 ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 ,hyni%1 c41 = ! h\sehold purposes ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 & also = ! smi?'s =ge1 #adfc #j #g ,co/ ( ! bla/+ p[d] us$ = ! purpose ( qu>ry+ /ones1 excavat+ rocks1 c4 #cge #ad #b ,,ligh?\se ,,t[]4 ,wages ( ! workm5 :o 7 engag$ at ,sk]ryvore ,rock 9 build+ ! ,t[]1 & %ipp+ ! mat]ials at ,hyni% = ,rock1 includ+ ! wages ( masons1 c41 assi/+ ! o!r tradesm5 9 ! respective dep>tm5ts ( _! "w1 aft] ! completion ( ! build+ op]ations1 #bcha #aa #g ,co/ ( ! wa9scot & o!r articles = ! jo9]y ( ! int]ior ( ! ,ligh?\se2 ! wages ( ! jo9]s prep>+ ! wood at ,hyni%1 & fitt+ x up at ! ,t[]1 #adae #e #a ,gre5 he>t & oak = tre5ails1 = secur+ ! l[] c\rses ( ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 #dj #aj #d ,plate-glass = w9d[s & borr[$ lights 9 p>titions ( ,t[]1 #hd #g #d ,lewis bats1 h+es1 c41 = entrance-door & %utt]s ( ,t[]1 & ! locks & o!r m\nt+ = ! int]ior1 #bah #ae #b #ad ,copp] oil-ci/]ns1 a copp]-pump1 gaug+-rods = d41 #bgf #aj #g ,ca/-iron wat]-tanks & coal-boxes1 = int]ior ( ,t[]1 #afj #ac #i ,a l>ge cook+ app>atus = kit*5 ( ,t[]1 a /ove to heat ! l[] ap>tm5ts1 & ca/-iron smoke-tubes = bo? fire-places1 #aag #ag #g ,a bell-metal rail+ = balcony1 #cda #ac #a ,a bell-metal ladd] f rock to entrance-door ( ,t[]1 #aid #ac #d ,a ca/-iron pill> to support floor ( light-room1 #ag #h #g ,a bell-metal lightn+-conductor = ,t[]1 & fixtures1 #fe #ac #j ,ca/-iron p]man5t railway on ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 f ! l&+ creek to ! ,t[]2 a ca/-iron plat=m ne> ! ,t[]1 & /airs at l&+ creek1 #dic #aa #h ,a crane erect$ at ! l&+ creek1 = l&+ mat]ials on ! rock1 #ih #ac #b ,a copp] flag/aff & ball = ! top ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 ) bell-metal base1 fixtures1 pulleys1 c41 #ff #aj #h ,a brass =ce-pump1 = pump+ wat] up f tanks to kit*5 ( ,ligh?\se1 #ca #ag #e ,premiums paid ! seam5 :o 7 employ$ 9 ! %ipp+ dep>tm5t1 9 lieu ( extra "t1 #ded #b #f ,premiums paid #ag seam5 :o 7 employ$ 9 ! build+ works at ! ,rock dur+ ! season ( #ahdb1 9 lieu ( extra "t1 #aba #aa #j ,premiums ( ! l&+ ma/] at ,rock1 =eman ( masons1 c41 #if #ab #j ,co/ ( ! furniture1 b$d+1 ut5sils1 books1 c41 = ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 #cjd #f #aj ,sundry furni%+s connect$ ) ! build+ ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1--! wages ( workm5 qu>ry+ /ones at ,hyni% = ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 previ\s to op5+ qu>ries at ,nor? ,bay1 & ! wages ( workm51 & furni%+s = ! g5]al purposes ( ! works1 #achf #ah #e ,co/ ( ?ree models1 9 /ucco1 ( diff]5t =ms ( ! ,ligh?\se1 #bb #d #f ,ca/-iron wat]-tanks1 :i* 7 built & secur$ into recesses ( ! rock1 = ! supply+ ( ! rock works1--new wat]-casks1 & _! repairs1 = tak+ (f wat]1 #ag #e #aa ,feu-duty1 r5t ( gr\nd1 assess$ taxes1 c41 = ! e/abli%m5t at ,hyni%1 #adc #f #d --------------- #heea #ai #aj ,co/ ( ! iron & /eel :i* 7 us$ = all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 #abii #c #e ,,lightroom ,,& ,,app>atus4 ,co/ ( ! lant]n ( ca/-iron1 ) fac+s ( bell-metal1 includ+ ! clean+ & trimm+ pa?s1 & bell-metal ladd] outside ( lant]n1 & ! wages ( ! contractor's workm5 fitt+ !m up at ,sk]ryvore1 #hfc #ac #f ,plate-glass = ! lant]n1 #bfh #d #f ,copp] dome ( lant]n1 includ+ ! int]nal frame ( d41 drip-pan1 copp] /eps1 h&les1 air-tubes1 ra9-wat] pipes1 a plat=m outside ( dome = clean+ ! v5ts1 ) ! wages ( ! contractor's workm5 fitt+ !m up at ,sk]ryvore1 #cdh #af #i ,ma*9]y ( ! revolv+ app>atus1 & brass case = d4 complete2 ?ree ma*9es = pump+ ! oil = supply+ ! burn]2 ! exp5se ( ! lamps1 f\nta9s1 c42 & bell-metal frames = annul> l5ses1 zones1 pyramidal l5ses1 c41 ) ! wages ( ! contractor's workm5 fitt+ up ! above app>atus at ,sk]ryvore1 #abdd #aj #f ,! *>ge ( ,mr ,franois ( ,p>is furni%+ eight annul> l5ses1 & two sp>e d41 ) eight catadioptric frames ( ! fir/ ord] = l[] "p1 & eight pyramidal l5ses1 ) mirrors1 = upp] "p1 #gfb #j #j ,exp5se ( transport+ ! :ole app>atus to ,lei?1 #gi #g #aj ---------- #hda #g #aj ,co/ ( two bells1 & "o sp>e d41 us$ dur+ foggy wea!r1 #ajg #f #c ,%aft+ = d42 bevel :eels1 lev]s1 hamm]s1 c41 connect+ ) ! ma*9]y ( app>atus1 #fc #ad #aa ------------- #aga #a #b ,eighte5 scre5s = lant]n1 cas$ ) iron1 & brass m\nt$1 ) roll]s1 c41 & ! "t ( workm5 fitt+ !m up at ,sk]ryvore1 #dh #g #f ,air wat*-bells f lightroom to b$rooms & kit*51 "t ( workm5 fitt+ !m up at ,sk]ryvore1 & furni%+s = ! complete work+ ( d41 #cd #ac #j ,brass m$allion heads & copp] tubes = v5tilation ( lightroom1 #h #i #f ,wood & workman%ip mak+ models ( ! catadioptric zones to a full size1 & a brass model ( frame = zones to a small scale1 #bb #a #b --------------- #chea #e #f ,,sal>ies1 ,,ag5cies1 ,,& ,,(fice ,,exp5ses4 ,sal>ies ( ! ,eng9e]1 ,surveyor1 ,cl]k1 & ,/ore-keep]1 includ+ exp5ses ( ! survey ( ! rocks & adjo9+ ,isl&s1 #cbfb #aj #e ,ag5cy ( ! ,ag5t at ,ab]de51 :o made ! mon?ly paym5ts to ! workm5's relatives1 & = "s "t sup]9t5d+ ! mak+ ( tools2 & ! ag5cy ( ! ,ligh?\se ,ag5t at ,gre5ock transact+ bus9ess = ! works1 #bid #ac #aa ,iron safe1 c41 books1 & o!r /ation]y = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! works1 #ii #aj #aj --------------- #cfef #ae #b ,petty disbursem5ts & miscellane\s exp5ses1 made on acc\nt ( ! g5]al purposes ( ! works1 #cjh #g #i ,,lightkeep]s' ,,h\ses4 ,wages ( workm51 qu>ry+1 dress+1 & build+ ! /ones ( h\ses at ,hyni% = light-keep]s1 build+ ! brick p>titions & l9+ ( walls1 & ! wages ( jo9]s execut+ ! jo9]-"w1 #ahic #f #b ,timb] & o!r articles us$ 9 ! jo9]y ( ! h\ses1 #dfb #ai #i ,plumb]-"w ( ro(1 includ+ ! exp5se ( br++ ! wat] into ! h\ses1 c41 #ifc #ah #f ,bricks = p>titions1 l9+ ( ext]nal walls1 c41 #gc #aj #j ,pavem5t = floors1 wat]-ci/]ns1 c41 #ea #af #j ,workman%ip1 execut+ ! pla/]-"w 7! lime be+ *>g$ 9 a special acc\nt = ?is article71 #ch #ab #aa ,glass = glaz+ ! w9d[s & fan-lights1 #bj #ab #c ,locks1 h+es1 & o!r m\nt+ = ! doors & w9d[s1 #aja #aa #aa ,cans = ! *imney heads1 #i #af #f ,furniture1 b$d+1 ut5sils1 c41 suppli$ = ^! h\ses1 #bii #j #d --------------- #ciae #d #d ,,pi] ,,at ,,hyni%4 ,wages ( masons1 qu>ri]s1 c>t]s1 lab\r]s1 c41 qu>ry+1 dress+1 & build+ ! /ones ( a pi] at ,hyni% = ! l&+ & %ipp+ ( mat]ials1 #bcjj #ag #a ,iron rails = ! works ( build+ ! pi]1 #ec #aj #a ,timb]s = f5d]s ( pi]1 & o!r purposes connect$ ) ! build+ ( x1 #acj #ai #d ,co/ ( a pont = build+ ! pi]1 #ajf #h #aa --------------- #beia #ae #e ,,dock ,,or ,,h>b\r ,,= ,,t5d]4 ,wages ( workm51 qu>ry+1 dress+1 & build+ /ones to =m a talus wall & p>apet along ! s\? side & r\nd ! po9t ( ! pi] at ,hyni%2 rais+ ! pi] "o c\rse2 excavat+ rock 9 ! int]ior ( ! h>b\r or dock & along ! po9t ( pi]2 qu>ry+1 dress+1 & build+ ! /ones ( boom-heads & walls ( dock2 excavat+ res]voir & =m+ embankm5t ( d1 = sc\r+ s&1 c41 f ! dock2 =m+ ! fe$]s to res]voir1 & ! tail-race f res]voir to dock1 refre%m5ts to workm5 dur+ night & tide works1 c41 #ffgf #aj #f ,timb] = d\ble set ( boom-gates ( dock1 copp] = %ea?+ _! ends1 & m\nt+ = booms1 #aja #b #f ,timb] us$ 9 con/ruct+ c(f]-dams1 & = ! g5]al purposes ( ! h>b\r works1 #ace #ah #j ,co/ ( two sluices1 & ( ! ma*9]y1 c41 complete = work+ !m1 #ha #ad #j ,two ca/-iron ladd]s = sides ( pi] & dock1 #ac #a #i ,co/ ( sea-boots1 c41 & keep+ !m 9 repair1 :i* 7 us$ by ! workm5 at tide works1 #bf #ab #j ,co/ ( silt-pumps1 & furni%+s ( lea!r1 c41 = mak+ o!rs1 & keep+ !m 9 repair1 #i #aj #j ,comp5sation paid ! t5ant ( ! f>m ( ,hyni%1 = lib]ty to cut dra9s = a supply ( wat] = a res]voir1 #e #j #j ,two signal lamps1 two tor*es1 turp5t9e1 c41 = signaliz+ :5 ! t5d] ent]s ! dock at night1 #e #ad #h --------------- #gjee #c #e ---------------- ,,total1 #hi1hag #f #aa ,,d$uctions-- ,price ( /eam] 8,sk]ryvore10 sold1 #afaf #j #f ,d4 ( sloop 8,que510 sold1 #bjj #j #j ,d4 ( #d ,/one ,light]s1 sold1 #bbe #j #j ,d4 ( ,horses & ,c>ts1 sold1 #fj #j #j ,implem5ts sold or aft]w>ds us$ at o!r works ( ! ,bo>d1 #gch #h #aj --------------- #bhci #i #d ---------------- #hf1igg #ag #g ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,,exc]pts ,,f ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,^u ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,! ,,waves ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic ,,& ,,g]man ,,oceans4 ,by ,,?omas ,,/ev5son1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,civil-,,eng9e]1 ,,ed9burgh4 7,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xvi47 ,! lett]s 7see ,plate ,,iv47 ,d ,e ,f ,d repres5t a ca/-iron cyl9d]1 :i* is firmly bolt$ at ! project+ flanges ,g to ! rock :]e ! exp]im5ts are want$4 ,?is cyl9d] has a flange at ,d ,d4 ,l ,l is a door1 :i* is op5$ :5 ! obs]vation is to be read (f4 ,a ,a is ( iron1 & =ms a circul> plate or disc1 on :i* ! sea imp+es4 ,fa/5$ to ! disc are f\r guide-rods ,b ,b ,b ,b4 ,^! rods pass ?r\gh a circul> plate ,c ,c 7:i* is screw$ d[n to ! flange ,d ,d71 & also ?r\gh holes 9 ! bottom ,e ,f4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] !re is atta*$ to ! plate ,c ,c a p[]ful /eel spr+1 to ! o!r or free end ( :i* is fa/5$ ! small circul> plate ,k ,k1 :i* aga9 is secur$ to ! guide-rods ,b ,b ,b ,b4 ,!re are also r+s ( lea!r ,t ,t1 t slide on ! guide-rods1 & s]ve z indices = regi/]+ h[ f> ! rods are pu%$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bottom2 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ mu* ! spr+ has be5 drawn out or l5g!n$ by ! =ce ( ! sea act+ ^u ! plate or disc ,a ,a4 ,! object ( hav+ f\r lea!rn r+s1 :]e "o might h answ]$ ! purpose1 0 m]ely t !y might s]ve z a *eck ^u ea* o!r2 & s p]fectly did !y answ] ! purpose int5d$1 t 9 e in/ance !y 7 f\nd equidi/ant f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]2 prov+ !reby1 t aft] ! recoil ( ! spr+1 !y _h all kept _! places4 ,! guide-rods are graduat$1 s z to enable ! obs]v] to note exactly ! quantity t ! spr+ has yield$4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be n improp]ly t]m$ a ,m>9e ,dynamomet]1 is1 !re=e1 a self-regi/]+ app>atus :i* indicates ! maximum =ce ( ! waves4 ,9 ! graduation ( ! in/rum5t1 ! p[] ( ! spr+ is asc]ta9$ by c>efully load+ ! disc ) weights1 s t :5 ! quantity t ! spr+ has yield$ by ! action ( ! sea is kn[n1 ! pressure due to ! area ( ! disc expos$ is kn[n also4 ,! discs employ$ 7 f #c to #i in*es diamet]1 b g5]ally #f in*es1 & ! p[]s ( ! spr+s v>i$ f #aj lb4 to ab\t #ej lb4 = e in* ( elongation4 ,_! respective effects 7 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to a value p] squ>e foot4 ,! in/rum5t 0 g5]ally plac$ s z to be imm]s$ at ab\t ?ree-f\r?s tide1 & 9 su* situations z w\ld af=d a consid]able dep? ( wat]4 ,x is n desirable to h ! in/rum5t plac$ at a mu* l[] level1 z x has n unfrequ5tly happ5$ dur+ a gale1 t = days toge!r no "o c\ld approa* x to read (f ! result & readju/ ! indices to z]o4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t be rem>k$1 t x is 9 mo/ situations almo/ impossible to receive ! =ce unimpair$1 z ! waves are m or less brok5 by hidd5 rocks or %oal gr\nd be=e !y rea* ! in/rum5t4 ,9 connection ) ! app>atus above describ$1 a graduat$ pole 0 erect$ on an outly+ sunk5 rock1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! height ( ! waves2 b ! obs]vations 7 n ( s satisfactory a nature z c\ld h be5 desir$1 & ! poles soon work$ loose f _! atta*m5ts1 & disappe>$4 ,) ! in/rum5t :i* has be5 expla9$1 ,i ent]$ ^u ! foll[+ tra9 ( obs]vations3-- ,9 #ahdb sev]al obs]vations 7 made on ! waves ( ! ,iri% ,sea at ! isl& ( ,little ,ross1 ly+ (f ! ,bay ( ,kirkcudbright4 ,s9ce ,april #ahdc till n[1 cont9u$ obs]vations h be5 made on ! ,atlantic at ! ,sk]ryvore & neighb\r+ rocks ly+ (f ! isl& ( ,tyree1 ,argyll%ire2 & 9 #ahdd a s]ies ( obs]vations 0 begun on ! ,g]man ,ocean at ! ,bell ,rock4 ,x w be se51 t 9 select+ ^! localities a v>i$ exposure has be5 embrac$1 compris+ ! comp>atively %elt]$ ,iri% ,sea1 ! m expos$ ea/]n %ore ( ,scotl&1 & ! wild ,rocks ( ,sk]ryvore1 :i* are op5 to ! full fury ( ! ,atlantic1 ! f> di/ant %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica be+ ! ne>e/ l& on ! we/4 ,ref]r+ = m full in=mation to ! tables ( exp]im5ts :i* are giv5 at ! end ( ?is pap]1 x w be suffici5t 9 ?is place to /ate g5]ally ! foll[+ z ! results obta9$4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 accord+ to ! obs]vations made at ! ,sk]ryvore rocks1 ! av]age ( results = five ( ! summ] mon?s dur+ ! ye>s #ahdc & #ahdd1 is #faa lb4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! av]age results = six ( ! w9t] mon?s 7#ahdc & #ahdd71 is #bjhf lb4 p] squ>e foot1 or ?rice z great z 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,! greate/ result yet obta9$ at ,sk]ryvore 0 dur+ ! heavy we/]ly gale ( #bi? ,m>* #ahde1 :5 a pressure ( #fjhc lb4 p] squ>e foot 0 regi/]$4 ,! next highe/ is #ecbc lb4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 accord+ to ! obs]vations made at ! ,bell ,rock1 ! greate/ result yet obta9$ is #cjac lb4 p] squ>e foot4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! greate/ effect ( ! sea1 :i* has be5 obs]v$1 is t ( ! ,atlantic at ,sk]ryvore1 :i* is ne>ly equal to ?ree tons p] squ>e foot4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 am\nt+ to #bfg 9 numb]1 & on ! ,atlantic alone1 ext5d+ ov] #bc mon?s cont9u\sly1 are n int5d$ to prove any?+ f>!r ?an ! simple fact1 t ! sea has be5 kn[n to ex]t a =ce equival5t to a pressure ( ?ree tons p] squ>e foot1 h[ev] mu* m4 ,x is prop]1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t !re may be "s objection to ref]r+ ! action ( ! sea to a /atical value4 ,al?\gh ! in/rum5t might p]haps be made capable ( giv+ a dynamical result1 x 0 consid]$ unnecess>y1 9 ^! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 to d any?+ m ?an repres5t ! maximum pressure regi/]$ by ! spr+1 because ! effects ( ! waves may1 f suppos+ !m to h cont9uity ( action1 be p]haps reg>d$ z simil> to a /atical pressure1 r ?an to ! impact ( a h>d body4 ,! ne> co9cid5ce1 or inde$ almo/ p]fect agreem5t ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts made ) diff]5t in/rum5ts1 goes f> to %ew t ! waves act 9 v mu* ! same mann] z a pressure1 al?\gh bo? pressure & impact mu/ obvi\sly ent] into _! effect4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts1 begun ,febru>y #ahdd1 & giv5 at ! end ( ! pap]1 ! ?ree in/rum5ts _h n only diff]5t areas ( discs1 b v diff]5t p[]s ( spr+s1 & yet ! results 7 almo/ id5tical4 ,n[1 ! same =ce1 suppos+ ! waves to act l ! impact ( a h>d body1 w\ld1 9 ! ,m>9e ,dynamomet]1 h assum$ v diff]5t /atical values1 accord+ to ! spaces 9 :i* t =ce 0 exp5d$ or develop$2 s t ) ! same =ce ( impact1 ! indication ( a weak spr+ w\ld be less ?an t ( a /rong]4 ,9 future exp]im5ts x may be int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to te/ ! spr+s dynamically1 by means ( ! impact ( a heavy body dropp$ f a giv5 height ^u ! plate or disc ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts lately made 9 ?is way1 by dropp+ a cannon-ball ^u ! disc1 x appe>$1 t1 )9 ! limits ( ! exp]im5ts1 !re 0 = ea* individual spr+ a ratio betwe5 ! value regi/]$ by ! lea!rn index & ! calculat$ mom5tum ( ! imp++ body4 ,^! ratios 71 ( c\rse1 f\nd to v>y 9 spr+s ( diff]5t p[]1 & to be con/ant only = spr+s ( ! same p[]4 ,did ! waves1 !re=e1 act by a sudd5 f9ite impact1 l ! cannon-ball employ$ 9 ?is in/ance1 we c\ld sc>cely h f\nd su* h>mony betwe5 ! results ( in/rum5ts ) diff]5t spr+s1 z ! exp]im5ts allud$ to af=d4 ,at ! same "t1 ! result _c1 p]haps1 be 9 /rictness consid]$ correct2 b1 f ! elongation ( ! spr+ be+ v small1 ! results may be reg>d$ z practically correct1--! m s :5 we f9d s rem>kable a co9cid5ce ( results z t allud$ to4 ,,exp]im5ts4--,) ref]5ce to ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ,i h only to obs]ve1 t ^? :i* 7 made at ,little ,ross1 ^u ! ,iri% ,sea1 _c1 f ! unusual f95ess ( ! wea!r at ! "t1 be reg>d$ z af=d+ a true value ( ! effects ( a h>d gale 9 ^! seas4 ,( ! o!rs x is to be notic$1 t :]e two or ?ree in/rum5ts 7 = "s "t employ$ z a *eck ^u ea* o!r1 & only "o or two read+s are giv51 ! want has occurr$ ei!r f ! in/rum5ts be+ "u repair1 or be+ difficult ( access 9 /ormy wea!r1 or dur+ neap tides4 ,x (t5 happ5$ also1 9 consequ5ce ( ! spr+s prov+ too weak1 :5 new ones _h to be made1 or ! area ( ! disc r$uc$4 ,regi/]s ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 app>5t height ( spray1 c41 7 g5]ally kept2 b x 0 n consid]$ necess>y to complicate ! ,tables by ins]t+ ^!1 except+ 9 "o or two in/ances4 ---------------------------------- lbs4 to a ,dates4 ,squ>e ,foot4 ---------------------------------- ,obs]vations at ,little ,ross4 #ahdb4 ,april #be #ae #bh #ea ,june #a #cf #d #hae #bj #hfe #bd #hdjj #be #dehj ,july #be #chjj ,aug4 #b #egjj #e #ffej #f #chjj #i #chjj ,! ,obs]vations at ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock1 & ! neighb\r+ ,isl& ( ,tyree1 di/ant #ac miles f ! ,sk]ryvore1 are z foll[s3-- #ahdc4 ,april #bd #dee #be #gjg ,may #g #bdc #aa #ahb #ab #bdc #af #cfd #bj #die #dgf ,june #c #ahb #d #eai #g #dbh #h #hee #i #agc ,july #b #dgf #c #gbc #hff #cj #dcc ,aug4 #i #cdf #bb #gbc #cj #chi ,sept4 #e #hff #ba #ieb ,oct4 #e #aece #f #afjf ,nov4 #ah #agaa #ai #adig #bg #adig #bi #bcec ,dec4 #e #bfgd #h #cdba ,at lea/ #ad #bdfj #bf #aidg ,9 ,janu>y1 two in/rum5ts 7 plac$ beside ea* o!r1 b n set p>allel4 ,^! in/rum5ts _h spr+s ( diff]5t p[]1 ! "o be+ ab\t d\ble t ( ! o!r1 & "o _h a disc ( #c in*es diamet]1 ! o!r #f in*es4 #ahdd4 ,jan4 #f #ifb #ibh #g #bcec #ceg #i #aibe #ajjj #aj #hbf #ajjj ,bo? in/rum5ts set p>allel4 #ahdd4 ,jan4 #af #dbd #af #dbg ,ano!r in/rum5t 0 plac$ beside !m1 b ! two m>k$ ?us99 7 f\nd to be too weak1 z ! lea!rs 7 f\nd flatt5$1 & "o ( ! in/rum5ts 0 brok51 & 0 n repair$ till ! #ae? ,febru>y4 #ahdd4 ,jan4 #bh #cdbb99 #bbhe99 #ccac ,feb4 #b #dbi #deg #c #dbi #deg #ac #bad #bbh #ae #cba #bhj #cba #af #dbh #djb #cdc #bd #abhd #acfd #fhe #bf #bjcb #bjfh #cii #bg #cba #cba #cdb ,m>* #d #ccaf #ccfi #cdbg #g #ajfi #ifc #iac #aj #aibe #aibe #agac #aa #ece #dha #def #ab #ccaf #djaa #bigj #ac #aadb #abhc #abhc ,april #aj #deg #dbh #dha #aa #hjj #ab #cdc #cba #ad #ega #ece #af #ega #fdb #dha #ag #hjj #hef #hfb #ah #ega #dha #ai #hjj #ece #dha #bb #iac #dhb #ifb #bd #aidb #afjd #acgj #be #abhc #cdc #cba #bg #deg #dha ,night #hjj tide #fdb #cj #bbi #bda ,may #ae #cdc #ad #dha ,june #f #ega #ae #ahbh ,july #aa #ajbh #ac #deg #ah #iad #bc #aecb #be #ega #bf #iga #bg #deg #bh #aadb #bi #bhf #cj #iad #ca #ajbh ,aug4 #a #ega #g #iad #ac #iad #ad #iad #ba #hjj #cj #agac ,sept4 #ab #ajbh #ad #iad #bj #deg #bc #aadb #be #fhe #cj #aeii ,oct4 #b #bcii #c #adhe #d #ahbh #aa #cdbghh #ad #aeii #ai #aeii #bj #beac ---------------------------------- #ahdd4 ,oct4 #bb #hjj #bd #ahbg #bh #adhe #bi #deg ,nov4 #b #aidb #aj #ajbh #ad #abeg #ae #bjef #af #bjef #bb #bfbg #bc #cdbg #bg #caii #bh #daab ,dec4 #g #acfi #i #bgch #aj #ahbe #ac #aibe #ad #ajbg #ae #agfd ---------------------------------- #hh ,on ?is occasion1 #ad /ones 7 slightly mov$1 & #ad scatt]$1 all ( :i* _h be5 built into ! r\nd-head or end ( ,hyni% ,pi]1 :i* 0 /ill 9 an unf9i%$ /ate1 & a ,dynamomet] :i* 0 atta*$ to ! ,pi]1 regi/]$ on ?is occasion #beeg lb4 ,^! /ones weigh$ f #a to #a tons1 & expos$1 :5 built into ! wall1 ab\t two squ>e feet ( surface4 ,! /one to :i* ! in/rum5t 0 fix$ 0 turn$ upside d[n1 al?\gh x weigh$ ab\t #a ton #bhjj lb4 ,a m expos$ po9t ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,rock 0 at ?is "t *os5 = exp]im5t2 & ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! effect ( ! waves at diff]5t heights ^u ! rock1 two in/rum5ts 7 fix$1 ! "o 7,no4 ,i47 sev]al feet l[]1 & ab\t #dj feet seaw>d ( ! o!r 7,no4 ,,ii474 ,x 0 obs]v$1 t ab\t half-flood ! =ce ( ! waves 0 a good deal exp5d$ be=e !y rea*$ ! place :]e ,no4 ,i4 0 plac$1 f !re be+ s little wat] on ! rocks outside2 :]eas :5 ! tide 0 high]1 ! waves 71 f ! great] dep? ( wat]1 n s mu* brok5 :5 !y rea*$ ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! results ( ! ,m>9e ,dynamomet] %ew g5]ally ab\t twice ! =ce at ,no4 ,,ii4 z at ,no4 ,i42 a result :i* %ews h[ important x w\ld be to asc]ta9 ! relative =ces ( ! waves at diff]5t levels ^u our breakwat]s & o!r seaworks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pressure 9 ,no4 ( lbs4 p] ,date4 ,rem>ks4 ,in/rum5t4,squ>e ,foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ahde4 ,jan4 #g;,heavy sea4 ,i4 #agad ,,ii4 #dahb #ab,v heavy swell4 ,i4 #bhef ,,ii4 #ejcb #af;,heavy gr\nd swell4 ,i4 #bhef ,,ii4 #dgeb #bb;,a good deal ( sea4 ,i4 #bhef ,,ii4 #ecbc #bh;,heavy gr\nd swell4 ,i4 #bfbg ,,ii4 #defb ,feb4 #e;,fre% gales4 ,i4 #hef ,,ii4 #cjdb #ba ,i4 #ahbg ,,ii4 #cdbb #bd;,fre% breezes4 ,i4 #abef ,,ii4 #chjb ,m>* #i;,gr\nd swell4 ,i4 #abef ,waves suppos$ ab\t #aj ,,ii4 #cjda feet high4 #aa,%ort sea4 ,i4 #ajbh #bd;,heavy sea4 ,i4 #bbha ,waves suppos$ ab\t #bj ,,ii4 #defb feet high4 #bf,swell4 ,i4 #abef ,waves ab\t #f feet high4 ,,ii4 #cjda ,/rong gale1 ) heavy sea1 ! highe/ waves ,i4 #bhef #bisuppos$ #bj feet high1 & ! spray rose ,,ii4 #fjhc ab\t #gj feet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,regi/] ( ,obs]vations on ! =ce ( ! ,sea1 made at ! ,bell ,rock1 ,g]man ,ocean4 ---------------------------------- lbs4 to a ,dates4 ,squ>e ,foot4 ---------------------------------- #ahdd4 ,sept4 #ae #hec #bj #bbfj ,oct4 #i #cjac #befb #bf #aadb #bg #ieh ,nov4 #ab #afhj #ac #aibj ,dec4 #ac #aefj #bf #adci #ahde4 ,jan4 #g #aeei #aj #adci #aa #adci #ae #aeei #be #iei #bf #gai ,jan4 #bg #aaii #cj #bhgi #ca #aeei ,feb4 #f #biii #bd #aaii #be #iei #bg #hci #bh #acai ,m>* #d #iei #g #ajgi #aa #aiai #bj #beai #ba #bgei #bd #acai #be #iei #bh #eii #cj #ajgi ---------------------------------- ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses1 ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,= #ahdh4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"n ( ,light4 ,situation ( ,light4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,in*kei? ,highe/ ,l& on ! ,isl& ( ,in*kei?1 9 ,fife%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,isle ,,( ,,may,highe/ ,l& on ,isle ( ,may1 9 ,fife%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,d4 ,,lead+,plac$ ab\t #acj feet bel[ ! ,high ,light1 & to ! ,,light ,,ne4 by ,n4 ( x ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,bell ,,rock ,bell ,rock1 a sunk reef1 #aa miles ,s4 by ,e4 ,e4 (f ,arbroa?1 9 ,=f>%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,girdl5ess ,girdl5ess1 ,k9c>d9e%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,bu*anness ,bu*anness1 ,ab]de5%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,k9naird- ,k9nairdhead1 ,ab]de5%ire ,,head ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,covesea ,craighead1 ,moray%ire ,,sk]ries ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,*anonry ,*anonry ,po9t1 ,ross-%ire ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,crom>ty ,crom>ty%ire ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,t>betness ,t>betness1 ,crom>ty%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,nos%ead ,nos%ead1 ,cai?ness-%ire 7build+7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,dunne!ad ,dunne!ad1 mo/ nor!rn po9t ( ! ,ma9l& ( ,scotl&1 ,cai?ness-%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,p5tl& ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,isl&1 ,orkney ,,sk]ries ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,/>t ,,po9t,/>t ,po9t1 ,s&ay ,isl&1 ! mo/ ea/]n po9t ( ,orkney ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sumburgh- ,! mo/ s\!rn ,headl& ( ,zetl& ,,head ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,cape ,,wra? ,cape ,wra?1 nor?-we/]n ,headl& ( ,su!rl&%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,isl& ,isl& ,glass1 "o ( ! ,h>ris ,isles1 ,inv]ness-%ire ,,glass ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,b>rahead ,highe/ l& on ,b]n]a ,isl&1 ,inv]ness-%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ardna- ,ardnamur*an ,po9t1 ,argyle%ire 7build+7 ,,mur*an ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,lismore ,m\s$ale1 small ,isl& (f ,lismore1 ,argyle%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sk]ry- ,sk]ryvore ,reef1 #ab miles ,,wsw4 ,w4 f ,tyree ,isl&1 ,,vore#hi ) f\l gr\nd all r\nd x ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,rh9s ,,( ,ov]say1 small ,isl& (f ,islay1 ,argyle%ire ,,islay ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,mull ,,( ,s\?-we/]n ,headl& ( ,argyle%ire ,,k9tyre ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,pladda ,pladda ,isle1 (f s\?-ea/ po9t ( ,arran1 c\nty ( ,bute ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,corsewall ,we/]n side ( entrance to ,lo* ,ryan1 9 ,wigton%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan ,cairn ,ryan ,po9t1 )9 ,lo* ,ryan1 ,wigton%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,mull ,,( ,s\!rn extremity ( ! ,ma9l& ( ,scotl&1 ,,gall[ay ,wigton%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,little ,,ross,little ,ross ,isl&1 ,kirkcudbright%ire ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,po9t ,,( ,nor!rn extremity ( ,isle ( ,man ,,ayre ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,calf ,,( ,,man,we/ side ,calf ,isl&1 at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,isle ( ,man ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,numb] ,"n ( ( ,light4 ,lights4 ,appe>ance ( ,light4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,in*kei? ,"o ,revolv+1 & appe>+ 9 its brighte/ /ate once e m9ute ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,isle ,,( ,,may,"o ,fix$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,d4 ,,lead+,"o ,fix$ ,,light ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bell ,,rock ,"o ,revolv+1 & %ew+ alt]nately a r$ & :ite light e #b m9utes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,girdl5ess ,two ,fix$ ,lights1 "o above ! o!r ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bu*anness ,"o ,fla%+ once e #e seconds ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,k9naird- ,"o ,fix$ ,,head ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,covesea ,"o ,revolv+1 & appe>+ 9 its brighte/ /ate ,,sk]ries once e m9ute4 ,f ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 to ,,se4 by ,e4 ,e4 ! light is ( ! natural appe>ance2 b f ,,se4 by ,e4 ,e4 to ,,se4 ,s4 x is col\r$ ,,r$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*anonry ,"o ,fix$ ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,crom>ty ,"o ,fix$ & r$ ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,t>betness ,"o ,int]mitt5t1 sudd5ly bur/+ into view1 & cont9u+ 9 sight #b m941 !n sudd5ly eclips$ = half a m9ute4 ,b )9 ! ,moray ,fri?1 9 ,s\!rly & ,s\?-we/]ly directions f ,t>betness1 ! light does n int]mit1 b is p]man5tly visible ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nos%ead ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,dunne!ad ,"o ,fix$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,p5tl& ,two ,fix$1 & #ajj feet ap>t ,,sk]ries ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,/>t ,,po9t,"o ,revolv+1 & appe>+ 9 its brighte/ /ate once e m9ute ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,sumburgh- ,"o ,fix$ ,,head ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,cape ,,wra? ,"o ,revolv+1 & %ew+ alt]nately a r$ & :ite light e #b m9utes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,isl& ,"o ,fix$ ,,glass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,b>rahead ,"o ,int]mitt5t1 sudd5ly bur/+ into view1 & cont9u+ 9 sight #b m941 !n sudd5ly eclips$ = half a m9ute ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,ardna- ,,mur*an ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,lismore ,"o ,fix$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,sk]ry- ,"o ,revolv+1 & appe>+ at its brighte/ once ,,vore#hi e m9ute ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,rh9s ,,( ,"o ,fla%+ once e #e seconds ,,islay ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,mull ,,( ,"o ,fix$ ,,k9tyre ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pladda ,two ,fix$1 ! "o above ! o!r ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,corsewall ,"o ,revolv+1 & %ew+ alt]nately a r$ & :ite light e #b m9utes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan ,"o ,fix$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,mull ,,( ,"o ,int]mitt5t1 sudd5ly bur/+ into view1 & ,,gall[ay cont9u+ 9 sight #b m941 !n sudd5ly eclips$ = half a m9ute ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,little ,,ross,"o ,fla%+ once e #e seconds ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,po9t ,,( ,"o ,revolv+1 & %ew+ alt]nately a r$ & ,,ayre :ite light e #b m9utes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,calf ,,( ,,man,two ,revolv+1 & %ew+ :ite lights e #b m9utes ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dis- tance visi- ble 9 ,"n ,nautic ( ,light4 ,miles4 ,po9ts ( ,compass )9 :i* ,light is ,visible4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,in*kei? #ah ,all r\nd ! ,compass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,isle ,,( ,,may #ba ,all r\nd ! ,compass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,d4 ,,lead+ #ae ,:5 se5 9 ,,"o l9e ) ! ,high ,light1 ,,light ^! two ,lights be> ,,ne4 by ,n4 ,n41 & ,,sw4 by ,s4 ,s41 & 9 ?is l9e lead ab\t half a mile to ! ,ea/w>d ( ! ,nor? ,c>r ,rock4 ,! ,lights mu/ on no acc\nt be op5$ to ! ,we/w>d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bell ,,rock #ad ,all r\nd ! ,compass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,girdl5ess #ai ,f ,,nne4 to ,,wsw4 ,w4 ,ea/]ly & ,s\!rly #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bu*anness #af ,f ,n4 by ,e4 to ,,sw4 by ,w4 ,ea/]ly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,k9naird- #ae ,f ,,wnw4 to ,,se4 ,nor!rly ,,head ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,covesea #ah ,f ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 to ,,se4 ,s4 ,nor!rly ,,sk]ries ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*anonry #aa ,f ,w4 ,n4 to ,n4 by ,e4 ,s\!rly ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,crom>ty #i ,f ,,wnw4 to ,,se4 by ,e4 ,s4 ,nor!rly ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,t>betness #ah ,f ,,sw4 ,w4 to ,w4 ,n4 ,ea/]ly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nos%ead ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,dunne!ad #bc ,f ,,se4 ,e4 to ,w4 ,nor!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,p5tl& #af ,all r\nd ! ,compass ,,sk]ries #ah ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,/>t ,,po9t #ae ,all r\nd ! ,compass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,sumburgh- #bb ,f ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,e4 to ,,nw4 by ,n4 ,n4 ,,head ,s\!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,cape ,,wra? #be ,f ,,se4 ,e4 to ,,sw4 by ,w4 ,nor!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,isl& #af ,f ,w4 by ,s4 to ,,ene4 ,e4 ,s\!rly ,,glass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,b>rahead #cb ,f ,n4 by ,e4 to ,,ene4 ,we/]ly & ,s\!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,ardna- ,,mur*an ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,lismore #ae ,f ,e4 to ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,we/]ly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,sk]ry- #ah ,all r\nd ! ,compass ,,vore#hi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,rh9s ,,( #ag ,f ,,nne4 to ,,se4 ,s\!rly ,,islay ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,mull ,,( #bb ,f ,,nne4 ,e4 to ,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,s\!rly ,,k9tyre ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pladda #ac ,f ,,nw4 by ,w4 to ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,s\!rly #af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,corsewall #ae ,f ,,ne4 by ,e4 to ,,sw4 ,nor!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan #aj ,f ,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 to ,n4 ,e4 ,we/]ly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,mull ,,( #bc ,f ,,ne4 to ,,nw4 ,w4 ,s\!rly ,,gall[ay ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,little ,,ross #ah ,f ,n4 by ,e4 to ,,nw4 by ,w4 ,s\!rly ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,po9t ,,( #ae ,f ,s4 by ,w4 to ,w4 by ,n4 ,nor!rly ,,ayre ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,calf ,,( ,,man #bb ,f ,,ne4 to ,,sw4 ,w4 ,s\!rly #bd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,height ( ,lant]n 9 feet above ,high- ,date ( wat] ,nor? ,we/ fir/ ,"n ,spr+ ,lati- ,longi- ,exhi- ( ,light4 ,tides4 tude4 tude4 bition4 --------------------------------------- ,,in*kei? #bbj #ef #b #c #h #ahjd --------------------------------------- ,,isle ,,( ,,may #bdj #ef #aa #b #cc #ahaf --------------------------------------- ,,d4 ,,lead+ #aaj #ahdd ,,light --------------------------------------- ,,bell ,,rock #ij #ef #bf #b #bc #ahaa --------------------------------------- ,,girdl5ess #ahe #eg #h #b #c #ahcc #aae --------------------------------------- ,,bu*anness #acj #eg #bh #a #df #ahbg --------------------------------------- ,,k9naird- #abj #eg #db #b #j #aghg ,,head --------------------------------------- ,,covesea #afj #eg #dc #c #bj #ahdf ,,sk]ries --------------------------------------- ,,*anonry #dj #eg #ce #d #e #ahdf ,,po9t --------------------------------------- ,,crom>ty #ej #eg #da #d #b #ahdf ,,po9t --------------------------------------- ,,t>betness #age #eg #ea #h #dh #ahcj --------------------------------------- ,,nos%ead --------------------------------------- ,,dunne!ad #cdf #eh #dj #c #ba #ahca --------------------------------------- ,,p5tl& #adj #eh #da #b #ee #agid ,,sk]ries #agj --------------------------------------- ,,/>t ,,po9t #ajj #ei #ag #b #bc #ahjf --------------------------------------- ,,sumburgh- #cjj #ei #ea #a #af #ahba ,,head --------------------------------------- ,,cape ,,wra? #djj #eh #cg #e #j #ahbh --------------------------------------- ,,isl& #acj #eg #eb #f #cc #aghi ,,glass --------------------------------------- ,,b>rahead #fhj #ef #dh #g #ch #ahcc --------------------------------------- ,,ardna- ,,mur*an --------------------------------------- ,,lismore #ajc #ef #cj #e #ch #ahcc --------------------------------------- ,,sk]ry- #aej #ef #ai #g #g #ahdd ,,vore#hi --------------------------------------- ,,rh9s ,,( #aej #ee #da #f #bi #ahbe ,,islay --------------------------------------- ,,mull ,,( #big #ee #a #e #di #aghg ,,k9tyre --------------------------------------- ,,pladda #gg #ee #bf #e #g #agij #acj --------------------------------------- ,,corsewall #aab #ee #a #e #i #ahag --------------------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan #cj #ed #eh #e #b #ahdg --------------------------------------- ,,mull ,,( #cbe #ed #ch #d #ea #ahcj ,,gall[ay --------------------------------------- ,,little ,,ross #age #ed #df #d #e #ahdc --------------------------------------- ,,po9t ,,( #ajf #ed #be #d #bb #ahah ,,ayre --------------------------------------- ,,calf ,,( ,,man #bge #ed #c #d #di #ahah #cfh --------------------------------------- #hi ,at ,hyni% ,po9t 9 ,tyree ,isl&1 two fix$ ,lights are %ewn f ! ,pi]1 b ,,only :5 ! ,vessel :i* att5ds ! ,ligh?\se is expect$ to ent] ! ,dock at ,hyni%4 ,9 ! ,tr9ity ,h\se ,*>t1 ,sk]ryvore ,light is errone\sly describ$ z 8,int]mitt5t40 ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,fri? ,,( ,,=? ,,di/rict4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ( ,l9es ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ( ,int]section ,meet+ at ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,middle ,,bank1#f ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,alloa ,,t[] 9 l9e ) ! ,,we/ ,,end1 ,r$4 ,feet4 ,c5tre ( ,,clackmannan ,,pi]-- ,,buoy4 ,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,,clackmannan ,,*ur* ,,spire 9 l9e ) ,,high ,,*imney-,,/ack ( ,,p>k-,,f>m ,,h\se--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,middle ,,bank ,,buoy1 ,ea/ ,end-- ,be>+ ,,se4 by ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,middle ,,bank1#f ,feet ,buoy1#d ,feet4 ,,tullyallan ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,,end1 ,r$4 ,,tullyallan ,,old ,,*ur* ,,spire1 9 ,,buoy4 ru9s--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,s4 ,rem>kable ,,clump ( ,,trees on di/ant high l& 9 l9e ) ,,air? ,,*ur* ,,spire--,be>+ ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 ,,buoy (f ,,in* ,,brake ,,rock--,be>+ ,s4 by ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,in* ,,brake #f ,feet ,buoy1#e ,feet4 ,,flag/aff on ! ,,f]ry ,,pi]1 ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,,k9c>d9e1 cle> outside ( ,,k9c>d9e ,,/one ,,pi]--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,,alloa ,,*ur* ,,spire 9 l9e ) ,s\? ,corn] ( ,,k5net ,,pans ,,di/ill]y ,,g>d5 ,,wall--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,,long ,,annat ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,sse4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,long ,,annat #f ,feet ,buoy1#i ,feet4 ,,s&s ,,h\se1 ,we/ ,w+1 9 l9e ,,buoy4 ,black4 ) ,,we/ ,,face ( ,,annat ,,qu>ry-- ,be>+ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,,b9ns ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ! ,middle ( ,,bo',,ness ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,se4 by ,s4 ,,h5 & ,,*ick5',s ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,se4 by ,e4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,h5 ,,& #f ,feet ,buoy1#ab ,feet4,! ,ea/ ,w+ ( ,,culross ,,abbey 9 ,,*ick5',s ,black4 l9e ) ,ea/mo/ ,h\se 9 ,,buoy4 ,,culross ,,village--,be>+ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,,air? ,,ca/le1 9 l9e ) ,,high-,,wat] ,,m>k on ,,long ,,annat ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,nw4 ,w4 ,,buoy on ,ea/ ,end ( ,,dods' ,,bank-- ,be>+ ,,sse4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,dods' ,,bank #g ,feet ,buoy1#ae ,feet4,,b]ry-,,law ,,trees 9 l9e ) ! ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,,*imney-,,/ack ( ,,bunyan',s ,,f>m-- ,be>+ ,e4 by ,n4 ,,*imney ,,/ack ( ! ,,snub ,,coal ,,pit 7! fir/ ,/ack ,we/ ( ,k9neil ,new ,iron ,works71 9 l9e ) ! ,,we/ ,,pi] ,,wall ( ,,bo',,ness--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,w4 ,,com>y ,,h\se1 ,ea/ ,w+1 9 l9e ) ! ,we/ ,w+ ( ! ,,factor',s ,,h\se--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,valleyfield ,,h\se1 a little ,ea/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,h\se on ,,pre/on ,,isl&1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! h\se & :]e ! ,isl& dries at half-tide--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,! ,buoy ( ,,h5 & ,,*ick5',s ,,rock--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beam] ,pa9t$ ,rock ,dry,,bo',,ness ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,w4 ,,beacon4 ,black1 ) at ,l[ ,sph]ical ,wat]4 ,,*>le/on ,,pi]1 ,out] ,end-- ,ball at top4 ,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,n4 ,s\?-,we/ ,extremity ( ! ,po9t at ,,nor? ,,que5sf]ry--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,! ,,halls1 or pr9cipal ,,s\? ,,que5sf]ry ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,sse4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,drum ,,s& #g ,feet ,buoy1#ab ,feet4,,newbigg+ ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,ea/ ,edge ( ,,c>craig ,,rock-- ,be>+ ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,oxsc>e ,,beacon--,be>+ ,e4 ,n4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,highe/ ,po9t ( ,,ar?ur',s ,,seat 9 l9e ) ,,nelson',s ,,monum5t--,be>+ ,s4 by ,e4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,drum ,,s& #h ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,s\? ,,po9t ( ,,in*kei? 9 l9e ,,we/ ,,buoy4 ,r$1 ) ,fa?oms4) ,,c5tre ( ,,op5+ ( ,,mick]y ,f5d]s4 ,,/one--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,,=del ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,c5tre ( ,,donibri/le ,,h\se--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,*imney-,,/ack ( ,,ca/le ,,l&hill ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,end ( ,,laz>ett ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,nw4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,oxsc>e ,pa9t$ ,r$1,rock ,dry,s\? ,po9t ( ,,c>l9',s ,,nose-- ,,beacon4 ) ,flat at ,l[ ,be>+ ,w4 ,n4 ,cone at top4,wat]4 ,,burntisl& ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,extremity ( ,,k+hornness-- ,be>+ ,e4 ,n4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,,m>tello ,,t[]--,be>+ ,,sse4 ,e4 ,,granton ,,pi]--,be>+ ,s4 by ,e4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,we/ ,,gunnet #h ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,nelson',s ,,monum5t j cle> ,ea/ ,,buoy4 ,:ite4 ,fa?oms4( ,,nor? ,,lei? ,,*ur* ,,spire-- ,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,,nor? ,,b]wick ,,law 9 l9e ) ,nor? ,end ( ,,long ,,craig--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ,,clump ( ,,trees ,ea/ ( ,,grange ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,burntisl& ,,*ur* ,,spire--,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,e4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ea/ ,,gunnet #h ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,not* at ! foot ( ,ea/ ,br[ ( ,,buoy4 ,:ite4 ,fa?oms4! ,,p5tl& ,,hills 9 l9e ) ,,nor? ,,lei? ,,*ur* ,,spire--,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ,,c>l9',s ,,nose cle> ( ! ,nor? ,side ( ,,mick]y ,,/one--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,w4 ,,k+horn ,,new ,,free ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) ,,k+hornness--,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,n4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,pallas ,,buoy4#g ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,k+horn ,,free ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) /rip$ ,fa?oms4,,swan',s ,,factory--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,:ite & ,e4 ,black hori- zontally4 ,nor? ,br[ ( ,,in*kei? 9 l9e ) ! ,c5tre ( ,,silly ,,c>r ,,rock--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,n4 ,,assembly ,,hall ,,spire1 ,,ed9burgh1 9 l9e ) ,,m>tello ,,t[]-- ,be>+ ,,sw4 ,s4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,h]wit ,,buoy4#h ,feet ,buoy1#d ,ea/ ,br[ ( ,,p5tl& ,,hills1 ,black4 ,fa?oms4t\*+ ,we/ ,br[ ( ,,ar?ur',s ,,seat 7half way up7--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 ,ea/ ,/ables 7,r$-til$ ,h\se7 ( ,,pettycur 9 l9e ) ,ea/ ,br[ ( ,,in*kei?--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,craig ,,waugh #h ,feet ,buoy1#d ,,pettycur ,,pi] 9 l9e ) ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,ea/]n ,br[ ( ,,in*kei?-- ,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,assembly ,,hall ,,spire j cle>1 ,we/ ( ,,nelson',s ,,monum5t-- ,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nor? ,,craig #ab ,feet ,ma/#c ,,nelson',s ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ,,ma/ ,,buoy4 ,buoy1 ,fa?oms4,we/ ,w+ ( ,,lei? ,,ba?s--,be>+ ,*equ]$ ,,wsw4 ,w4 ,r$ & ,:ite4 ,summit ( ,,ea/ ,,lomond ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,big ,,h\se ,,trees-- ,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,c>l9',s ,,nose 9 l9e ) ,c5tre ( ,,mick]y ,,/one--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,we/ #f ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,dys>t ,,coal-,,pit ,,*imney-,,/ack 9 ,,rock-,,head1 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4l9e ) ,,middle ( ,,gable ( ,,pan ,,(f ,,dys>t1 ,,hall ,,h\se--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,buoy4 ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,portbrae ,,*ur*1 ,,kirkcaldy1 j cle> ( ! ,,end ( ,,kirkcaldy ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,w4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,sw4 by ,s4 ,n4,b4--,! highe/ "p ( ! ,rock be>+ ,n4 ,e4 di/ant ab\t "o-half cable's l5g? f ,buoy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ea/ #f ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,wemyss ,,old ,,ca/le 9 l9e ) ,,rock-,,head1 ,black4 ,fa?oms4,,s\!rn ,,h\ses ( ,,ea/ ,,wemyss-- ,,(f ,,dys>t1 ,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,buoy4 ,,ea/ ,,w+ ( ,,dys>t ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) ,,t[n-,,h\se ,,/eeple-- ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,,buoy on ,,we/ ,,rock-,,head--,be>+ ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 ,,in*kei? ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,s4 ,n4,b4--,! highe/ "p ( ,rock1 be>+ ,,nw4 ,w41 di/ant ab\t two cables' l5g?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ea/ ,,v[s ,pyramid ( ,rock ,dry,,ru9s on ,,*apelness--,be>+ ,n4 ,,rock1 ,iron ,pil- at ,l[ ,e4 ,,beacon1 ,,(f l>s1 ) ,wat]4 ,,elie4 op5 ,cyl9- ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,elie ,,pi]--,be>+ dric ,cage on ,e4 ,n4 top1 pa9t$ ,,extremity ( ,,eli5ess--,be>+ ,e4 ,r$4 by ,s4 ,s4 ,,isle ( ,,may ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,s4 ,,we/ ,,v[s ,,rock--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,n4 di/ant mile4 ,,buoy on ,,?ill ,,rock--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,s4 di/ant two cables' l5g?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,?ill ,,rock #g ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,millh\se ,,cottage 9 ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4l9e ) ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,elie ,,pi] --,be>+ ,,ne4 ,,pettie ,,law 9 l9e ) ,,we/ ,,*imney-,,/ack ( ,,david ,,ov5/one',s ,,h\se--,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 ,,ru9 on ,,*apelness--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,,beacon on ,,ea/ ,,v[s ,,rock--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,n4 ,n4,b4--,! ,buoy lies ab\t #ce fa?oms to ! ,,sse4 ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ,rock4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,s\? ,,c>r ,pa9t$ ,r$1,rock ,dry,,cairn on ,,bass ,,rock--,be>+ ,n4 by ,,beacon4 ) ,cross at ,l[ ,e4 at top4 ,wat]4 ,,isle ( ,,may ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,,dunb> ,,*ur* ,,t[]--,be>+ ,,sse4 ,s4 ,,oldham ,,f>m-,,h\se ,,*imney-,,/ack-- ,be>+ ,w4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nor? ,,c>r ,beacon ( ,rock ,dry#a ,mile f ,,fif5ess--,be>+ ,,beacon4 ,/one1 ) at ,l[ f ,,isle ( ,,may ,,light ,,nne4 ,iron ,frame ,wat]4 di/ant #f ,nautic ,miles4 & ,ball4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,fri?s ,,( ,,moray1 ,,crom>ty1 ,,inv]ness1 ,,& ,,dorno*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,magnetic ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ( ,l9es ( ,int]section ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ,meet+ at ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,covesea ,pyramid ( ,rock dry,,covesea ,,sk]ries ,,ligh?\se on ,,sk]ries ,iron ,pil- at ,l[ ! neighb\r+ l& ( ,,beacon4 l>s1 ) wat]4 ,,craighead--,be>s ,,wsw4 ,w4 op5 cyl9- di/ant "o mile4 dric ,cage1 & a ,cross1 ris+ to ! height ( ab\t #ej feet above ,high wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,longman ,cone ( ,iron,bea* ,,end ( ,,kessock ,,s\? ,,pi]-- ,,po9t ,plates ,dry at ,be>+ ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 ,,beacon4 pa9t$ ,l[ ,black4 wat] (,,craigt[n ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,nw4 ,spr+ ,w4 ,tides4 ,,meiklemee1 ,,ea/ ,,end ,,buoy--,be>+ ,e4 ,n4 ,,bogba9 ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,rigmore ,,h\se--,be>+ ,s4 ,e4 ,,end ( ,,longman ,,po9t--,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 di/ant #dj ,fa?oms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,meiklemee #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,feet4,,p>k',s ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,bank ,,buoy4 ,,black4 ,,rigmore ,,h\se--,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,ea/ ,end4 ,middle ( space betwe5 ! ,h\ses ( ,,scorguoy ,,f>m-,,y>d 9 l9e ) ,,black ,,mill ,,*imney-- ,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,ene4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,middle ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,feet4,,scorguoy ,,f>m-,,y>d 7,s\? ,end71 ,,buoy4 ,black4 9 l9e ) ,,black ,,mill ,,*imney-- ,ea/ ,end4 ,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ,,r\nd ,,clump ( ,,trees1 ,nor? ( ,,ley',s ,,h\se1 9 l9e ) ,,rigmore ,,h\se--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,s4 ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,ene4 ,,meiklemee ,,bank ,,buoy--,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,petty ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,feet4,,dalcross ,,ca/le 9 l9e ) ,,buoy4 ,,*equ]$ ,,fi%t[n ,,f>m-,,h\se--,be>+ ,,se4 ,nor? or ,black & ,s4 ,out] ,edge4 ,:ite4 ,,extremity ( ,,ea/ ,,sut] 9 l9e ) ,,/ore-,,h\se1 ,,*anonry ,,po9t --,be>+ ,,ene4 ,n4 ,,munlo*y ,,buoy--,be>+ ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,munlo*y #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,feet4,,we/ ,,w+ ( ,,avo* ,,h\se1 n[ 9 ,,buoy4 ,black4 ru9s1 9 l9e ) ! mo/ ,,we/]n ,,slat$ ,,h\se or ,,cottage 9 ,,avo*--,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,=t-,,george 9 l9e ) ,,*anonry ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,skate ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,! ,,ea/ ,,w+ ( ,,k9curdie ,,h\se ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,feet4 9 l9e ) ,,spire ( ,,rosem>kie ,ea/ ,end4 ,,kirk--,be>+ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,,flag/aff ( ,,=t-,,george 9 l9e ) ! ,,out] ,,end ( ,,*anonry ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,e4 ,,dalcross ,,ca/le 9 l9e ) ,,cottage on ,,sea-,,cliff--,be>+ ,s4 ,e4 ,,munlo*y ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,craigmee ,,or #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,high ,,"p1 or ,,we/ ,,br[ ( ,,=t-,,george ,*equ]$ ,fa?oms4 ,,alt>lie ,,po9t1 9 l9e ) ,,bank ,,buoy4 ,black & ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,:ite4 ,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 ,,pat* ( ,,trees at ,we/ ,end ( ,,broomhill ,,wood1 call$ ,,broomhill ,,bu%1 9 l9e ) ,,platcock ,,h\se--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,riff ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,craighead ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4 ) ! mo/ ,,we/]n ( ! ,we/ ,end4 ,,?ree ,,burns--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,broomhill ,,bu% 7,ea/ ,end7 9 l9e ) ! ,,manse ( ,,rosem>kie--,be>+ ,w4 ,n4 ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,riff ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,?ree rem>kable ,,trees at ,,nor? ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4 ,,end ( ,,craigie ,,wood1 9 l9e ,,middle ,,or ) ,,rosem>kie ,,manse--,be>+ ,nor? ,angle4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,gamekeep]',s ,,h\se at ,end ( ,,wood 9 l9e ) ,,cave on ,,sea-,,%ore1 a little ,,ea/ ( ! ,,?ree ,,burns--,be>+ ,,nw4 ,w4 ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,riff ,,bank #ab ,feet #d ,,ca/le ,,craig ,,rock 9 l9e ) ,,buoy4 ,ma/-,buoy4 ,fa?oms4 ,,/ack ,,rock at foot ( ,,we/ ,,sut] ,ea/ ,end4 ,black4 --,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,/ore-,,h\se on ,,*anonry ,,po9t1 %ut 9 by ! ,,nor? corn] ( ,,=t-,,george1 & 9 l9e ) ,,l[] "p ( ,,s\? ,,br[ ( ,,ord ,,hill--,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ,,t[rie ,,lumb ,,wood 9 l9e ) ,,craigie ,,wood 7,s\? ,end7-- ,be>+ ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,:it5ness -- -- -- ,,beacon4 7,9 prep>a- tion47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,navity ,,bank #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,trees at end ( ,,navity ,,buoy4 ,*equ]$ ,fa?oms4 ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,s\? ,edge4 ,black & ,,bank or ,,cliff ( ,,craigh\se ,,burn ,:ite4 --,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,extremity ( ,,wood on ,,br[ ( ,,ea/ ,,sut] 9 l9e ) ,l[] "p ( ,,br[ ( ,,we/ ,,sut]-- ,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,,*anonry ,,po9t ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,sw4 by ,w4 ,,riff ,,bank ,,ma/ ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,se4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nigg ,,s&s #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,crom>ty ,,gaelic ,,kirk ,,/eeple 9 ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,,w+ ( ,,hotel-- ,ea/ ,end4 ,be>+ ,s4 ,e4 ,,face ( ,,ea/ ,,sut] app>5tly on a l9e halfway betwe5 ,,f]ryh\se & ,,/able--,be>+ ,,se4 by ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nigg ,,s&s #f ,feet ,buoy4#a ,,f>m-,,h\se ( ,,dalney 9 l9e ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4 ) ! ,,pigeon-,,h\se ,ea/ ( ,we/ ,end4 ,,ball9trade--,be>+ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,,extremity ( ,,we/ ,,sut] 9 l9e ) ,,crom>ty ,,ligh?\se-- ,be>+ ,,se4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ne:all #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,prie/hill ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ,,bank ,,buoy4 ,,*equ]$ ,,fa?oms4 ) ,,ea/]nmo/ ,,h\se 9 ,ea/ ,end4 ,black & ,,ball9trade--,be>+ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,:ite4 ,,ea/ ,,br[ ( ,,we/ ,,sut] 9 l9e ) ,,crom>ty ,,gaelic ,,kirk-- ,be>+ ,,ese4 ,s4 ,,nigg ,,s&s ,,we/ ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,?ree ,,k+s #h ,feet ,buoy4#g ,,ea/]n ,,trees ^u ,top ( ! ,,rocks ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4 ,,high ,,l&1 be+ ! mo/ project+ & highe/ "p ( ,,sea ,,cliff1 ,we/ ( ,,gilliam ,,burn1 9 l9e ) ! ,,highe/ ,,ea/]n "p ( ,,?ree ,,k+s ,,rock-- ,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,n4 ,,duke ( ,,su!rl&',s ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,long ,,/oreh\se 9 ,,%&wick--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,cullod5 #h ,feet ,buoy4#h ,,brucefield ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ,,rock ,,buoy4 ,,black4 ,,fa?oms4 ) ,,t>betness ,,ligh?\se ,,flag-,,/aff--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,w4 ,,duke ( ,,su!rl&',s ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ,l[] ,corn] ( ,,wood f>!/ ,we/ f ,,dunrob9 ,,ca/le--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fairway #ab ,feet ,ma/#e ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,b5tavie ,,hill 9 ,,buoy ,,(f ,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4 l9e ) ,,tr5?am ,,f>m-,,h\se-- ,,ta9 ,,b>4 ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,,we/ ,,br[ ( ,,ea/ ,,sut] 9 l9e ) ,,meikl]5nie ,,f>m-,,h\se-- ,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 ,,t>betness ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,se4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ta9 ,,b> #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,rem>kable ,,holl[ or ,,not* 9 ,,inn] ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4 ,,high ,,l& ,ea/ ( ,,ea/ ,,sut]1 9 ,,nor? ,,side4 l9e ) ,,lo*sla9 ,,ca/le-- ,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ,,l[] ,,we/ ,,br[ ( ,,cambusmore ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,we/ ,,embo ,,wood--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,t>betness ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,s4 ,,fairway ,,buoy (f ,,ta9 ,,b>-- ,be>+ ,e4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ta9 ,,b> #f ,feet ,buoy4#d ,,rem>kable ,,holl[ or ,,not* 9 ,,inn] ,,buoy4 ,*equ]$ ,fa?oms4 ,,high ,,l& ,,ea/ ( ,,ea/ ,,sut] 9 ,,s\? ,,side4 ,,black ,,& l9e ) ,,meikl]5nie ,,f>mh\se ,:ite4 --,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,ea/ ,,embo ,,wood 9 l9e ) ,,embo ,,f>mh\se-- ,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 ,,fairway ,,buoy (f ,,ta9 ,,b>-- ,be>+ ,e4 ,n4 ,,ta9 ,,b> ,,inn] ,,buoy 7,nor? ,side7 --,be>+ ,,ene4 ,n4 ,,dorno* ,,spire--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,fri? ,,( ,,clyde ,,di/rict4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ( ,l9es ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ( ,int]section ,meet+ at ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,full>ton #g ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,clump ( ,,trees at ,ea/ side ( ,,rock ,,buoy4 ,,r$4 ,,fa?oms4,,cla*lan ,,f>m1 j op5+ f ! ,,we/ ,,br[ ( ,,holy ,,isl&-- ,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,/&+ ,/one ^u ,,k9ross ,,po9t --,be>+ ,w4 ,buoy moor$ ^u ,,ese4 ,tail ( ,rock4 ,! %all[e/ "p ( ,rock has #h ,feet at ,l[ wat] ( ,spr+ ,tides4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,arranman',s #h ,feet ,buoy4#h ,we/ ,end ( ,,arranman',s ,,b>rels ,,b>rels ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,%oal--,be>+ ,w4 by ,n4 ,,rocks ,,buoy4 ,nor?-,ea/ ,extremity ( ,%oal-- ,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,bally%>e ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ! ,l[] ,ea/ ,end ( ,,dunacree9 ,,rock --,be>+ ,,nw4 ,w4 ,! ,buoy is moor$ abrea/ ( ! middle ( ! ,%oal1 & is di/ant f ! ,l[ wat] ,rocks ab\t half a cable's l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ott]>d #h ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,clump ( ,,trees at ,,ballam9i* ,,rock ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ! l[] "p ( ! ,s\?-ea/]n ,br[ ( ,,isl& ,,dava>--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 ,! rem>kable ,not* 9 di/ant ,hill call$ ,,balavilan1 9 l9e ) ,nor? ,end ( ,gre5 ,pat* on ! ris+ gr\nd 9 ,field s\? ( ,long ,dyke ne> ,,sm]by ,,f>m-,,h\se--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,n4 ,,macr9nan',s ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,w4 ,! ,buoy is moor$ ^u ,,ese4 ,tail ( ,rock4 ,! %all[e/ "p ( ,rock at ,l[ wat] ( ,spr+s has #ab ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,millbeg ,,bank#f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,campbelton ,,t[n-,,h\se ,,spire 9 ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4l9e ) ,h\se 9 ru9s on ,,tr5* ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,,crossbeg ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,l[] "p or ,m\? ( ,,port]',s ,,gl5--,be>+ ,n4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,campbelton #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,we/ ,corn] ( ,,gaelic ,,*ur* 9 ,,h>b\r ,r$4 ,fa?oms4l9e ) ,,tr5* ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,out] ,,buoy4 ,w4 by ,n4 ,n4 ,we/ ,end ( ,,b>askie ,,f>m-,,h\se 7dwell+-h\se7 9 l9e ) ,angle ( ,plantation1 & also ) ! ,corn] ( ! ,second ,field to ! ,s\? ( ! ,h\se-- ,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,campbelton #f ,feet ,buoy4#a ,,ca/le ,,hill ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) ,,h>b\r ,black4 ,fa?oms4high wat]-m>k on ,,tr5* ,,po9t ,,inn] ,,buoy4 --,be>+ ,,wnw4 ,w4 ,nor? ,end ( ,high] ,,gl5remisdil ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,cottage at ,ea/ ,end ( ,,hetly ,,h\se-- ,be>+ ,,sw4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,millmore ,pyramid ( ,bea* ,,campbelton ,,nor? ,,pi]-,,head-- ,,beacon4 ,iron ,sp>s dry at ,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,w4 ) ,wire ,l[ ,ball on top4wat]4 ,,macr9nan',s ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,tr5* ,,po9t,pyramid ( ,bea* ,,campbelton ,,nor? ,,pi]-,,head-- ,,beacon4 ,iron ,sp>s dry at ,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,w4 ) ,wire ,l[ ,ball on top4wat]4 ,,out] or ,,r$ ,,buoy 7above describ$7--,be>+ ,,ese4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lappock ,t[] ) ,rock dry,,troon ,,h>b\r ,,light--,be>+ ,s4 ,,beacon4 ,/one ,ball at ,l[ by ,w4 ,w4 on top1 wat]4 pa9t$ ,r$4 ,,beacon on ,,lady ,,isle--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 ,,extremity ( ,,ardrossan ,,pi]-- ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,brea/ ,,rock ,pyramid ( ,rock dry,,turnb]ry ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,,beacon4 ,iron ,pil- at ,l[ ,n4 ,e4 l>s1 ) wat]4 cyl9dric ,,pladda ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,nnw4 op5 ,cage1 pa9t$ ,r$4 ,,ailsa ,,craig 7,highe/ ,po9t7-- ,be>+ ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan #g ,feet ,buoy4#c ,mr ,,moore',s ,,pigeon-,,h\se 9 l9e ,,inn] ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4) ,angle ( ,plantation ly+ to ! ,nor? ( ,,corsewall ,,h\se-- ,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,ea/ ,end ( ,,cairn ,,ryan ,hill ,qu>ry1 & ,ea/ ,end ( ,plantation1 at ! foot ( ! same hill1 9 l9e ) ,nor? ,*imney ( ,,mrs ,,begg',s ,,inn1 ,,cairn ,,ryan ,,village--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,n4 ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,/ranra] ,,pi]-- ,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacon ,,on ,cone ( ,iron,dry at ,,lo* ,,ryan ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,! ,,spit ,,( ,plates1 ,l[ ,,nne4 ,e4 ,,sc> ,,po9t1 pa9t$ ,r$4wat]4 ,,(f ,,kirkcolm ,,lo*noll ,,h\ses--,be>+ ,,se4 by ,,po9t1 ,,9 ,e4 ,,lo* ,,ryan4 ,,/ranra] ,,pi] ,,end--,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ,,waukmill ,,h\ses--,be>+ ,,sw4 by ,w4 ,,corsewall ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,! ,,sc> ,,(f ,,kirkcolm ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lo* ,,ryan #g ,feet ,buoy1#c ,,port9cally ,,f>m-,,h\se 9 l9e ,,out] ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4) ! ,br[ ( ,,cla*an ,,head-- ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,mr ,,*>les ,m#8,,donald',s ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ! ,s\? ,end ( ,,g5]al ,,wallace',s ,,port]',s ,,lodge --,be>+ ,,se4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,laggan1 ,,or ,pyramid ( ,rock dry,,corsewall ,,ligh?\se--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,,ebb/one ,iron,pillars1at ,l[ by ,e4 ,,rock ,,beacon4) wat]4 cyl9dric ,,ailsa ,,craig 7,highe/ ,po9t7-- ,op5 ,cage on ,be>+ ,,ne4 ,n4 top1 pa9t$ ,r$4 ,,laggan ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,sse4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,lo* ,,fyne ,,di/rict4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,magnetic ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ,l9es ( ,int]section ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ,meet+ at ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,(f #h ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,extremity ( ,,we/ & ,,ardlamont ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,ea/]n ,,hills ^u ,,ardlamont ,,po9t ,,or ,,po9t 9 l9e ) ,,extremity ( ,,bradei* ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,nw4 ,w4 ,,rocks1 ,,argyle%ire1 ,,highe/ ,,"p ( ,,bradei* ,,rocks-- ,,buoy4 ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,,s\? ,,end ( ,,in*m>nock ,,isl&-- ,be>+ ,s4 ,w4 ,,extremity ( ,,l& ,,s\? ( ,,ardlamont ,,po9t--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,! ,buoy lies ab\t #aae fa?oms di/ant f ,high wat]-m>k ^u ! ,po9t1 & ab\t #de fa?oms f ! highe/ "p ( ,bradei* ,rocks4 ,n4,b4--,!re is a small ,rock :i* dries at ,l[ ,spr+ ,tides1 ab\t #aj or #ab fa?oms outside ( ! highe/ ma9 ,rock4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sk]na #g ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,s\? ,,w+ ( ,sir ,,john ,,ord',s ,,scallaig ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,/ables 9 l9e ) ,,nor? ,,rock1 ,,(f ,,extremity ( ,,dun*oan ,,isl&-- ,,entrance ,,to ,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,,cr9an ,,canal1 ,,silv] ,,craig',s ,,po9t1 ,,isl& ,,argyle%ire1 ,,m--,be>+ ,,se4 by ,s4 ,e4 ,,buoy4 ,,we/ ,,w+ ( ,,ardri%aig ,,hotel 9 l9e ) ,,ligh?\se ^u ,,end ( ,,ardri%aig ,,pi]--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,n4,b4--,! ,buoy lies ^u ! ,s\?-,we/ tail ( ! ,%oal or ,rock4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,ott] ,,bank ,conical ,iron,gravel ,,au*abolonabai? ,,h\se 7,ea/ ,,beacon1 ,beacon4 ,bea*4 ,w+7 9 l9e ) ,,c5tre ( ,,(f ,,entrance,to be ,dry at ,,cottage--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,to ,,lo* pa9t$ ,l[ ,,fyne1 ,black4 wat]4 ,,/ra?la*lan ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,argyll%ire4 ,,s*oolh\se ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,ene4 7,build+47 ,,end ,,( ,,lia? ,,isl&--,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,we/ ,,ott] ,conical ,iron,gravel ,,end ( ,,m9>d ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,,beacon1 ,beacon4 ,bea*4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,(f ,,ca/le ,to be ,dry at ,,la*lan1 pa9t$ ,l[ ,,end ( ,,*apel ,,isl&--,be>+ ,,lo* ,,fyne1 ,black4 wat]4 ,,ene4 ,e4 ,,argyle%ire4 7,build+47 ,,b>neyc>ry ,,f>mh\se 9 l9e ) ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,hugh ,,isl&--,be>+ ,,se4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,oban ,,bay1 ,,argyle%ire4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,magnetic ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ,l9es ( ,int]section ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ,meet+ at ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sk]rat #aj ,feet ,dry at ,,c5tre ( ,,oban ,,free ,,*ur* ,,w9d[ ,,rock4 ,buoy1 ) ,l[- 9 l9e ) ,,nor?-,,ea/]n ,s4 ,w4 ,end4 ,f5d]s4 wat] (,,*imney ( ,,freemason',s ,,hall-- ,,r$4 ,spr+ ,be>+ ,,se4 by ,e4 ,tides4 ,,c5tre ,,( ,,sk]ry ,,dhu or ,,black ,,rock 7app>5tly 9 middle ( ,s\nd ( ,k]r]a7 9 l9e ) ,,ard9caple ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,,buoy on ,,nor?-,,ea/]n ,,end ( ,,sk]rat ,,%oal--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,e4 di/ant #aje fa?oms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,sk]rat #f ,feet ,buoy4#ab ,feet ,,oban ,,free ,,*ur* ,,/eeple 9 l9e ,,%oal1 ,*equ]$ at ,l[ ) ,,s\? ,,*imney ,,top ( ,,spr+ ,n4 ,e4 ,end4 ,black & wat] (,,well ,,cottage--,be>+ ,,se4 ,:ite4 ,spr+ ,tides4 ,,ard9caple ,,po9t1 a little ,we/ ( ! ,we/]n ,end ( ,,sk]ry ,,dhu or ,,black ,,rock--,be>+ ,,wsw4 ,,buoy ,,on ,,sk]rat ,,rock--,be>+ ,,sw4 ,w4 di/ant #aje fa?oms4 ,n4,b4--,no ,vessel %\ld attempt to pass betwe5 ^? ,buoys4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,beacons ,,& ,,buoys4 ,,l9nhe ,,lo* ,,di/rict1 ,,argyle%ire4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,magnetic ,be>+s ( ,m>ks & ,"n ( ,description ,spr+ ,l9es ( ,int]section ,/ation4 ( ,m>k4 ,tides4 ,meet+ at ! ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,cul*5na #aj ,feet ,ma/#d ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,ardg\r ,,h\se 9 l9e ,,spit ,,buoy4 ,buoy1 ) ,fa?oms4) ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,hugh ,,boyd',s ,r$ ,ball4 ,,cottage--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,john ,,cam]on',s ,,cottage 9 l9e ) ,,end ( ,,cul*5na ,,po9t-- ,be>+ ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,salla*an ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,w4 ,,*lav\l9 ,,spit ,,buoy--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,*lav\l9 #g ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,c5tre ( ,,ardg\r ,,h\se 9 l9e ,,spit ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4) ,,c5tre ( ,,hugh ,,boyd',s ,,cottage--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,second ,,wood f ,,corran ,,po9t 9 l9e ) ,,b>n at ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,hugh ,,campbell',s ,,cottage 7,ea/]n ,h\se 9 ,village ( ,*lav\l97--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,corran ,,flat ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,ene4 ,e4 ,,end ,,( ,,salla*an ,,po9t--,be>+ ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,corran ,,flat #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,we/ ,,end ( ,,br[ ( ,,salla*an ,,buoy4 ,black4 ,fa?oms4,,hill cov]$ ) ,wood 9 l9e ) ,,donald ,m#8,,lean',s ,,h\se-- ,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,we/ ,,*imney-,,/ack ( ,,s\? ,,corran ,,f]ry ,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,:ite ,,"p ( ,,rock ne> ,,high ,,wat] ,,m>k at ! ,,end ( a ,,dyke-- ,be>+ ,e4 ,n4 ,,s\? ,,br[ ( ,,/roncrigan ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,end ( ,,corran ,,cliff-- ,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,corran ,,bank1#f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,bunrie ,,po9t 9 l9e ) ,,high ,,nor?-,,we/ ,*equ]$ ,fa?oms4,,wat] ,,m>k on ,,corran ,,po9t-- ,,end1 ,,buoy4 ,black & ,be>+ ,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,:ite4 ,,belfry ( ,,corran ,,*ur*--,be>+ ,w4 by ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,corran ,,bank1#f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,cul*5na ,,po9t & ,,k9tallon ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,black4 ,fa?oms4,,po9t1 9 l9e ) ,,end ( ,,cliff ,,end1 ,,buoy4 ( ,,corran ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,sw4 by ,s4 ,w4 ,,belfry ( ,,corran ,,*ur*--,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,s\? ,,keil ,,f>mh\se1 9 l9e ) ,,ar* ,,( ,,bridge ,,on ,,road-- ,be>+ ,,nnw4 ,,corran ,,bank ,,nor? ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,nnw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lo*yflat #f ,feet ,buoy4#b ,,s\? ,,end ( ,,wood at ,,/roncrigan ,,ea/ ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,po9t1 j cle> ( ,,cambusnagaul ,,po9t--,be>+ ,,sw4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,donald ,,cam]on',s ,,h\se 9 ,,corpa*1 9 l9e ) ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,old ,,eng9e ,,h\se-- ,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,s\? ,,end ( ,,free ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,greyh\se1 or ,,old ,,corpa* ,,h\se--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,entrance ( ,,cal$onian ,,canal-- ,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lo*yflat #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,h5d]son',s ,,h\se or ,,middle ,,buoy4,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,cr(t 9 l9e ) ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,s*oolh\se ne> ,,cambusnagaul ,,po9t--,be>+ ,w4 ,s4 ,,fi%-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,end ( ,,de>g ,,po9t--,be>+ ,n4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,entrance ( ,,cal$onian ,,canal-- ,be>+ ,n4 ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,wood at ,,banavie at ,,s\? ,,side ( ,,canal 9 l9e ) ,,clump ( ,,trees at ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,john ,,cam]on',s ,,cottage 9 ,,kilcorpa*--,be>+ ,,ne4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,buoy on ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,lo*yflat-- ,be>+ ,,ne4 ,n4 ,m#8,,lean',s ,,rock ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,nw4 by ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,lo*yflat #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,cam]on',s ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ,,we/ ,,buoy4 ,r$4 ,fa?oms4,,end ( ,,de>g ,,po9t--,be>+ ,n4 ,e4 ,,nor? or ,,/eep ,,face ( ,,donnay ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,s\? ,,w+ ( ,,old ,,ca/le ( ,,inv]lo*y--,be>+ ,e4 ,s4 ,,lo*yflat ,,middle ,,buoy--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,m#8,,lean',s ,,rock ,,buoy--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,e4 ,,=t-,,william ,,pi]--,be>+ ,,ssw4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,maclean',s #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,old ,,eng9e-,,h\se 9 l9e ) ,,rock1 ,black4 ,fa?oms4,,high ,,wat] ,,m>k on ,,s\? ,,end ( ,,lo*eilhead1 ,,isl& ,,creiah--,be>+ ,n4 by ,e4 ,,buoy4 ,e4 ,,nor? ,,br[ ( ,,donnay ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,alan ,,k5n$y',s ,,b>n1 ,,s\?mo/ ,,h\se 9 ,,kilcorpa*-- ,be>+ ,e4 ,s4 ,,lo*yflat ,,we/ ,,buoy--,be>+ ,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 ,,=t-,,william ,,pi]--,be>+ ,s4 by ,w4 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,new ,,rock1 #f ,feet ,buoy4#c ,,cam]on',s ,,monum5t 9 l9e ) ,,lo*eilhead1,*equ]$ ,fa?oms4,,end ( ,,de>g ,,po9t--,be>+ ,n4 ,,buoy4 ,black & ,e4 ,:ite4 ,,nor? ,,end ( ,,free ,,*ur* 9 l9e ) ,,high ,,wat] ,,m>k on ,,ea/ ,,end ( ,,isl& ,,creiah--,be>+ ,,ne4 ,n4 ,,c5tre ( ,,donnay ,,hill 9 l9e ) ,,alan ,,k5n$y',s ,,b>n--,be>+ ,e4 ,s4 ,n4,b4--,dep? at ,l[ ,wat] ( ,spr+ ,tides on ,rock is #h feet4 ,! ,buoy1 moor$ 9 #c fa?oms1 sw+s cle> ( ! ,rock on we/ side ( x4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,by ord] ( ! ,bo>d1 ,,alan ,,/ev5son1 ,eng9e]4 ,ed9burgh1 #a/ ,janu>y #ahdh4 ,,notice ,,to ,,m>9]s4 ,,! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses h resolv$ to publi%1 on #a/ ,janu>y annually1 = ! use ( ,m>9]s1 a ,descriptive ,li/ ( all ! ,ligh?\ses1 ,beacons1 & ,buoys "u _! *>ge1 giv+ ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance & correct be>+s ( ea*4 ,,m>9]s are p>ticul>ly reque/$ to notice1 t !y %\ld ,,nev] ,,pur*ase any ,li/ ,,except ,,t ,,= ,,! ,,ye> ,,curr5t at ! "t ( pur*ase4 ,z *anges may h tak5 place1 no reliance c be plac$ on any ,li/ :i* has be5 publi%$ = a prec$+ ye>4 ,,publi%]s are p>ticul>ly caution$ n to sell any ,li/ :i* has be5 publi%$ on a prec$+ ye>4 ,arrangem5ts h be5 made ) ! ,publi%]s ( ! ,bo>d1 t all copies rema9+ on h& ) any ,publi%]1 at ! close ( any ye>1 w be ex*ang$ = ! ,new ,issue2 & all ,publi%]s are ,,mo/ ,,p>ticul>ly ,,reque/$ n to reta9 on h& any copies ( a pa/ issue4 ,by ,ord] ( ! ,bo>d1 ,,alex4 ,,cun+ham1 ,secret>y4 ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,,(fice1 ,,ed9burgh1 #a/ ,janu>y #ahdh4 ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,ix4 ,,report ,,to ,,! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses1 ,,= ,,! ,,ye> #ahdf2 ,,) ,,app5dices4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,cun+ham1 ,w4,s41 ,,secret>y ,,to ,,! ,,bo>d4 ,! gross am\nt ( ,,duties receiv$ f ,%ipp+ 9 ! ye> to #ca/ ,decemb] #ahdf1 z p] detail$ ,/ate app5d$ h]eto 7,no4 ,i41 p4 #dbi71 is #df1jja 3 #aa 3 #b4 ,! ,,commission paid to ,collectors 9 ! same p]iod is #bdja 3 #g 3 #c1 & ,repaym5ts ( ,duties errone\sly *>g$1 c41 #bah 3 #af 3 #aj1 mak+ ! nett am\nt ( ,duties = ! ye> #dc1cha 3 #g 3 #a1 z also appe>s f ,/ate1 ,no4 ,i41 p4 #dbi4 ,! nett am\nt ( ,duties 9 ! ye> #ahde 0 #eb1cia #h #d ,:ile t receiv$ 9 #ahdf is #dc1cha #g #a ------------- ,mak+ a ,,defici5cy 9 ! ye> ( #i1jaj #a #c ,:]e(-- ,half-ye> to #cj? ,june1 #bcej #i #a ,ditto to #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ffei #ab #b ----------- #i1jaj #a #c ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t dur+ ! curr5cy ( ?is ye>1 two r$uctions 9 ! am\nt ( ,light-duties1 resolv$ ^u by ! ,,bo>d1 h come into op]ation4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! r$uctions 0 "o halfp5ny p] ton 7or "o-half ( ! am\nt leviable by ,/atute7 = ! ,bell ,rock ,light2 "o f>?+ p] ton 7or "o-half ( ! am\nt leviable7 = ea* ( ! ,lights ( ,corsewell & ,mull ( ,gall[ay2 & "o-eigh? ( a p5ny p] ton 7or "o-f\r? ( ! am\nt leviable7 = ,pladda ,light4 ,^! r$uctions 7 9 op]ation dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye> #ahdf4 ,!y 7 e/imat$ to produce a defici5cy 9 ! annual ,rev5ue ( #eafj1 :i*1 = ! half-ye>1 gives #behj4 ,! actual defici5cy 9 ! am\nt levi$ = ! fir/ half ( #ahdf1 ov] t levi$ 9 ! correspond+ p]iod ( ! prec$+ ye>1 0 #bcej 3 #i 3 #a1 be+ /ill #bcj "u ! e/imat$ am\nt4 #b4 ,! ,,bo>d came to ! resolution ( mak+ su* a fur!r r$uction z %\ld1 includ+ ! previ\s "o1 give an aggregate abatem5t to ! ,coa/+ ,trade1 = ea* ( ! ,ligh?\ses1 ( #ej p] c5t41 t is1 ! am\nt leviable = ea* ( ! ,lights be+1 previ\s to ! fir/ r$uction1 "o halfp5ny p] ton1 0 r$uc$ = ! ,coa/+ ,trade to "o f>?+ p] ton2 ! am\nt = ! ,bell ,rock & ,sk]ryvore ,lights1 be+ "o p5ny1 0 r$uc$ to "o halfp5ny p] ton4 ,?is r$uction comm5c$ on ! #a/ day ( ,july #ahdf1 & has consequ5tly be5 9 op]ation dur+ ! la/ half ( t ye>4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to produce a defici5cy 9 ! annual rev5ue ( ! ,bo>d ( #ad1cid 3 #ad 3 #e1 :i*1 = ! half-ye>1 gives #gaig 3 #i 3 #b4 ,! actual defici5cy 9 ! am\nt levi$ = ! la/ half ( #ahdf1 ov] t levi$ 9 ! correspond+ p]iod ( ! prec$+ ye>1 0 #ffei 3 #ab 3 #b1 be+ #edj "u ! e/imat$ am\nt4 ,x is also prop] to obs]ve1 t :ile !re is ! above defici5cy 9 ,receipts ( ! ye> #ahdf1 z contra/$ ) #ahde1 ( #ijaj #a #c ,!re 0 a surplus ,receipt ( ! ye> #ahde1 z contra/$ ) #ahdd1 am\nt+ to #ffab #ag #h ----------- ,mak+ ! ,,defici5cy 9 #ahdf1 z contra/$ ) ! ,,receipts ( #ahdd1 ^u :i* ! calculations ( ! ,bo>d 7 f\nd$1 only #bcig #c #g ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great] r$uction hav+ be5 9 op]ation only dur+ half ! ye>1 a great] defici5cy 9 ! ,rev5ue mu/ be look$ = 9 future ye>s4 ,! ,light-,duties 9 #ahde 7 contribut$ by #afc1agd vessels 9 ! ,coa/+ ,trade1 giv+ an aggregate tonnage ( #ae1eff1dfa1 & by #de1fab vessels 9 ,ov]sea ,trade1 giv+ an aggregate tonnage ( #i1cjj1ihc4 ,! ,light-,duties 9 #ahdf h be5 contribut$ by #afc1aff vessels 9 ! ,coa/+ ,trade1 giv+ an aggregate tonnage ( #ae1ibf1fcd1 & by #ej1cbd vessels 9 ! ,ov]sea ,trade1 giv+ an aggregate tonnage ( #i1egg1dgh4 ,a contra/ ( ^! /atem5ts %ews an increase 9 ! ,coa/+ ,trade ( #ahdf 9 tonnage ( #cfj1agc1 ) eight few] vessels2 & 9 ! ,ov]sea ,trade an increase ( #dgab vessels1 ) a tonnage ( #bgf1die4 ,^! results 7some:at s+ul> 9 _! relative am\nts7 e/abli% ! important fact1 t1 ?\gh !re is a defici5cy 9 ! rev5ue ( ! ,bo>d1 x truly arises f ! r$uctions 9 ! ,duties1 & n f any r$uction 9 ! ,%ipp+4 ,= ! in=mation ( ! ,bo>d1 !re w be f\nd app5d$ 7p4 #dcc7 a /atem5t %ew+ ! progressive increase ( tonnage dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,! am\nt ( ,duties receiv$ 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 z above1 is #df1jja #aa #b ,:ile ! ,ord9>y ,exp5diture ( ! ,bo>d has be5 #cb1jfc #f #c ---------------- ,giv+ a ,surplus ,receipt = ! ye> to meet ,extraord9>y ,exp5diture ( 7see ,/ate1 ,no4 ,,ii41 p4 #dcb7 #ac1ich #d #aa ,b ! total ,exp5diture ( ! ,bo>d 9 ! ,ye> has be5 #fj1cgd #ae #i ,f :i* if !re be d$uct$ ! ,gross ,receipts1 p] page #dbe1 #dg1hie #h #h ---------------- ,x gives a ,balance sup]exp5d$ beyond ! surplus ( ! ye> ( #ab1dgi #g #j ,! ,balance on h& at #ca/ ,m>* #ahdf 0 #db1jfi #f #aj ,:ile t on h& at #ca/ ,m>* #ahdg is #bi1ehi #ai #i ---------------- ,diff]5ce equal to sup]exp5diture1 #ab1dgi #g #j ,!re has be5 exp5d$ on ! v>i\s ,works 9 progress1 prior to ! ye> #ahdf & 9 t ye>1 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,prior to #ahdf4 ,9 #ahdf4 ,,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ,works #ic1egf #aj #j #bbg #h #b #ic1hjc #ah #b ,add ,bo-,pheg ,beacon #daf #aj #g #be #aj #a #ddb #j #h ---------------------------------------- --- #ic1iic #j #g #beb #ah #c #id1bde #ah #aj ,covesea ,ligh?\se ,works #i1ebc #ag #fa1aji #e #d #aj1fcc #b #aj ,crom>ty ,ditto #b1hie #ah #h #cdb #i #c #c1bch #g #aa ,*anonry ,ditto #b1hcb #af #a #dje #g #h #c1bch #c #i ,ardnamur*an ,ditto #bif #b #bb1cdc #ag #f #b1fci #ai #h ,laggan ,spur ,beacon 444 444 #gdh #aj #f #gdh #aj #f ,isl& ,glass ,new ,build+s & ,inclosures #c1jfd #ae #ca1gig #c #e #d1hfa #ah #h ,nos%ead ,ligh?\se ,works 444 444 #a1dfg #f #a #a1dfg #f #a ,lo* ,ryan ,ditto 444 444 #hbi #ab #i #hbi #ab #i ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,new ,works 444 444 #c1ace #ag #e #c1ace #ag #e ,ditto ,dioptric ,light 444 444 #b1jcg #aa #d #b1jcg #aa #d ,r5ewal ( ,fix$ ,lights 444 444 #c1jce #ad #d #c1jce #ad #d ,buoys1 c4 444 444 #a1edi #ad #aa #a1edi #ad #aa ,campbelt[n ,beacons 444 444 #ag #d #aj #ag #d #aj ,lappock ,beacon 444 444 #h #ab #e #h #ab #e ,/>tpo9t ,new ,works 444 444 #e #ai #d #e #ai #d ,elie or ,v[s ,beacon 444 444 #bje #e #h #bje #e #h ,:it5ess ,beacon 444 444 #aeb #e #h #aeb #e #h ,longman's ,po9t ,ditto 444 444 #afd #ae #f #afd #ae #f ,lo* ,ryan ,ditto 444 444 #aeb #e #i #aeb #e #i ,bri/ ,beacon #gcd #b #i #h #ab #e #gdb #ae #b ,mull ( ,k9tyre ,dykes & ,road #ehf #ad #d #fdg #ag #i #a1bcd #ab #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,!re has be5 exp5d$ on ! new ,/eam] 8,ph>os10 #ah1igg 3 #f 3 #g4 ,! ,,commission]s h pur*as$ a ,h\se at ,crail = #aje 3 #ai 3 #d = ! use ( ! ,boatm5 att5d+ at ! ,isle ( ,may4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,,commission]s is call$ to ! circum/ance t a complete *ange has be5 made ?is ye> 9 ! mode ( /at+ ! ,acc\nts4 ,! ,acc\nts are n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 conc5trat$ 9 ! ,secret>y's dep>tm5t1 & = e item ent]$ 9 ! subjo9$ ab/ract1 ref]5ce is n[1 & w h]eaft]1 be made to a page ( ! ,l$g] conta9+ a detail$ acc\nt v\*+ ! *>ge4 ,foll[+ out ?is arrangem5t1 ! acc\nt has be5 bran*$ into ?ree heads or divisions4 ,! fir/ head comprises ! ord9>y exp5ses ( ! ,ligh?\ses4 ,9 ?is bran* x has be5 ?\ght "r to /ate sep>ately1 "u ! head ( ! ,isle ( ,may1 ! int]e/ on ! debt to ,gov]nm5t1 be+ ! balance ( ! price ( ! ,isl&4 ,! second head comprises ! ord9>y exp5ses ( ! ,bo>d1 n 9 ! fir/ in/ance *>geable aga9/ any p>ticul> ,ligh?\se1 b fall+ to be aft]w>ds allocat$ 9 ! f9al view ( ! ,receipt & ,exp5diture ( ea* ,ligh?\se4 ,?is bran* is aga9 subdivid$ s z to %ew-- #a4 ,! ,exp5se ( ,collection4 #b4 ,repaym5ts1 c4 ( ,light-,duties ov]*>g$4 #c4 ,! ,exp5se ( ! ,e/abli%m5t1 includ+ ,sal>ies1 ,/ation]y1 c4 #d4 ,! ,%ipp+ ,e/abli%m5t4 #e4 ,beacons & ,buoys--ord9>y ma9t5ance4 #f4 ,! ,/oreh\se1 ,lei?4 #g4 ,*>ities & ,sup]annuations4 #h4 ,miscellane\s ,paym5ts4 ,! la/ division ( ! ab/ract comprises :at is t]m$ ! extraord9>y exp5diture1 t is1 ! exp5se ( ,new ,works & o!rs n fall+ to be allocat$ ^u ! ,ligh?\ses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 effect+ ?is *ange1 v>i\s paym5ts :i* appe>$ 9 ! =m] ab/racts w n n[ be f\nd 9 ! pres5t1 su* z ,r5ts & ,feu-duties1 :i* are n[ *>g$ to ! respective ,ligh?\ses = :i* !y are paid2 ! ,/orekeep]'s ,sal>y1 :i* is /at$ 9 ! ,/oreh\se ,acc\nt2 ! ,(fice-,keep]'s1 9 ! ,(fice ,acc\nt1 c41 & ! ,sal>ies ( ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,bo>d w be f\nd "u ! head ( ,ed9burgh ,e/abli%m5t4 ,,ab/ract ( ! ,,receipts & ,,paym5ts on ,acc\nt ( ! ,,duties levi$ = ! ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses = ! ye> #ahdf4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,receipts4 ---------------- ,i4 ,,gross ,,am\nt ( ! ,duties receiv$ = #ahdf1 p] ,/ate1 ,no4 ,i4 p4 #dbi1 #df1jja #aa #b ,:i* has be5 receiv$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions = ea* ,ligh?\se1 z appe>s f ,/ate1 ,no4 ,,ii41 pp4 #dcj-c1 viz43-- ---------------- #a4 ,in*kei?1 #bebd #i #b #b4 ,isle ( ,may1 #chbe #h #e #c4 ,bell ,rock1 #ecdb #ae #e #d4 ,girdl5ess1 #bdeh #d #e #e4 ,bu*anness1 #ahhj #a #c #f4 ,k9naird%ead1 #agdd #aa #c #g4 ,t>betness1 #cbi #ag #d #h4 ,sumburghhead1 #bhf #ah #b #i4 ,/>tpo9t1 #aaed #e #d #aj4 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries1 #acgj #aj #e #aa4 ,dunne!ad1 #acaa #a #aj #ab4 ,capewra?1 #abgh #i #i #ac4 ,isl& ,glass1 #fgi #a #aj #ad4 ,b>rahead1 #ajfc #c #b #ae4 ,sk]ryvore1 #bjij #aa #c #af4 ,lismore1 #bci #aa #d #ag4 ,rh9ns ( ,islay1 #adad #e #h #ah4 ,mull ( ,k9tyre1 #aedi #j #a #ai4 ,pladda1 #bgfb #ad #c #bj4 ,corsewall1 #bhaa #e #c #ba4 ,mull ( ,gall[ay1 #bhbc #ai #h #bb4 ,little ,ross1 #aahg #g #i #bc4 ,po9t ( ,ayre1 #agee #ag #e #bd4 ,calf ( ,man 7two ,lights71 #chci #b #aa #be4 ,covesea ,sk]ries1 #aic #g #j #bf4 ,crom>ty1 #bg #ad #aa #bg4 ,*anonry1 #eg #ae #a ---------------- #df1jja #aa #c ,,d$uct fractions %ort cr$it$ by ,bank]s1 #j #j #a ---------------- ,z above1#df1jja #aa #b ,,ii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,receipts-- ------- ,folio 9 ,l$g]4 ------- #cb #gc,r5t ( ,/able beh9d ! ,(fice1 #ah #j #j #gc ,d4 ( ,small ,h\ses at ,arbroa?1 #e #e #j #cc ,proce$s sale ( ,reg5t ,t5d]1 #dhe #ad #c #cb ,composition ( #as4 #f;d4 p] p\nd f ! ,tru/ee on ,&rew ,greig's ,bankrupt ,e/ate1 on a claim ( #cdj1 #aas4 #h;d4 & ,exp5ses aris+ f an evasion ( ,light-dues1 #bg #j #i #cj ,price ( ,light] sold to ,kirkcaldy ,h>b\r ,commission]s1 #fj #j #j #gd ,d4 d4 to ,lei? ,%ipp+ ,company1 #de #j #j #dj ,d4 ( ,horse sold at ,b>rahead1 #aj #j #j 444 ,d4 ( an ,ass sold at ,in*kei?1 #j #i #f #adi ,d4 ( ,articles sold at ,sk]ryvore1 #abf #e #aj #gc1ge1;,f9es impos$ on ,light- #cae keep]s1 receiv$1 #ac #a #h #gd ,sum receiv$ f ! ,g5]al ,po/-,(fice1 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,h>b\r ,light at ,portpatrick = ! ye> #ahde1 #acf #aj #i #dj #ge;,int]e/ receiv$ f ! ,royal ,bank on money deposit$1 #iff #i #i ,,sum1 ---------------- #ahic #ag #f ---------------- ,,sums ,,( ,,receipts c>ri$ to ,,ab/ract1 page #dbe1 #dg1hie #h #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,paym5ts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,folio ,,bran* ,i4--,,ord9>y ,,exp5ses ( ! ,,bo>d1 be+ ! 9 ,ma9t5ance ( ! ,lights = ! ye>1 viz3-- ,l$g]4 ------- ---------------- #a4 ,,ligh?\ses-- #cbf #a4 ,in*kei?1 #ehc #e #aj ---------------- #cbg #b4 ,isle ( ,may1 #gjb #c #i ,isle ( ,may1 ,ye>'s ,int]e/ to ,gov]nm5t1 #bej #j #j ---------------- #ieb #c #i #cee #c4 ,bell ,rock1 #ihi #a #c #cbi #d4 ,girdl5ess1 #edh #ah #a #ccj #e4 ,bu*anness1 #fbc #e #c #cca #f4 ,k9naird%ead1 #egh #aj #j #ccb #g4 ,t>betness1 #egd #aa #aa #ccc #h4 ,sumburghhead1 #eig #e #c #ccd #i4 ,/>tpo9t1 #cdg #j #h #cce #aj4 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries 7two ,lights71 #hea #h #aa #ccf #aa4 ,dunne!ad1 #dgj #ai #g #ccg #ab4 ,capewra?1 #ehg #f #aa #cch #ac4 ,isl& ,glass1 #eae #b #aj #cci #ad4 ,b>rahead1 #eid #c #aj #ceg #ae4 ,sk]ryvore1 #aabb #j #g #cdj #af4 ,lismore1 #eae #ad #b #cda #ag4 ,rh9ns ( ,islay1 #efi #ab #g #cdb #ah4 ,mull ( ,k9tyre1 #eed #ag #aj #cdc #ai4 ,pladda1 #ehd #aj #aj #cdd #bj4 ,corsewall1 #dfe #ac #d #cde #ba4 ,mull ( ,gall[ay1 #eag #j #e #cdf #bb4 ,little ,ross1 #eaf #ah #f #cdg #bc4 ,po9t ( ,ayre1 #dji #a #d ---------------- #cdh #bd4 ,calf ( ,man 7,high ,t[]71 #cid #d #g #ced #be4 ,calf ( ,man 7,l[ ,t[]71 #dai #ad #aj ---------------- #hac #ai #e #cea #bf4 ,covesea ,sk]ries1 #dai #af #h #ceh #bg4 ,crom>ty1 #cci #ag #c #cec #bh4 ,*anonry1 #bhd #g #a #cej #bi4 ,lo* ,ryan1 #agf #e #g ---------------- ,,sum1--,c>ri$ to ,,ab/ract1 p4 #dbe1 #af1ajc #j #b ,,bran* ,,ii4--,,ord9>y ,,exp5ses fall+ to be allocat$ ^u ea* ,ligh?\se-- #a4 ,,exp5se ( ,,collection-- ---------------- ,to paid ,commission to ,collectors1 p] ,/ate1 ,no4 ,i4 p4 #dbi1 #bdja #g #c ,to paid ,commission to ,bank]s1 #aae #c #g ---------------- #beaf #aj #aj #b4 ,,repaym5ts1 c41 ( ,,light-,,duties ,,ov]*>g$1 #bah #af #aj #c4 ,,e/abli%m5t ,,9 ,,ed9burgh-- ------------------------- ,eng9e]1 ,sal>y at #ijj1 #fge #j #j ,eng9e]1 ,sal>y at #abjj1 #cjj #j #j ---------- #ige #j #j ,secret>y1 #ejj #j #j ,acc\ntant1 ,sal>y to #h? ,july1 :5 he di$1 #hd #ab #j ---------- ,sup]9t5- d5t ( ,light- keep]s1 ,sal>y at #ade1 #ajh #ae #j ,sup]9t5- d5t ( ,light- keep]s1 ,sal>y at #baj1 #eb #aj #j ---------- #afa #e #j ---------- ,=eman ( ,lightroom repairs1 ,sal>y at #aaj1 #hb #aj #j ,=eman ( ,lightroom repairs1 ,sal>y at #adj1 #ce #j #j ---------- #aag #aj #j ,eng9e]'s ,cl]k1 ,sal>y 7=m]ly paid by ,eng9e]71 #cb #aj #j ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts1 f #h? ,janu>y to ,c&lemas1 #ag #b #f ,fir/ ,cl]k 9 ,secret>y's ,dep>tm5t1 ,sal>y1 #be #j #j ,second ,cl]k 9 ,secret>y's ,dep>tm5t1 ,sal>y1 #be #j #j ,(fic] 7n[ conjo9$ ) ,h\sekeep]71 ,sal>y1 #e #j #j ,paym5ts to two ,cl]ks 9 ,acc\ntant's ,dep>tm5t1 to cease at ,:itsunday 9 consequ5ce ( ! appo9tm5ts 9 ,secret>y's ,dep>tm5t1 #agd #f #j ,int]im ,acc\ntant1 p] m9ute ( ! ,bo>d1 until ,exam9] ( ,acc\nts 0 appo9t$1 #aje #j #j ,(fice1 includ+ ,port] & ,h\se-,s]vants' ,wages1 ,h\se ,exp5ses1 ,taxes1 ,books = ,libr>y1 c41 #iaj #aj #c #bgi --------------- #cacb #ae #i #d4 ,,%ipp+ ,,e/abli%m5t----------------- #acb ,ph>os ,/eam-,vessel1 #cgij #a #aa #acc ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,bell ,rock ,t5d]1 #ied #aj #b #ace ,francis1 ,sk]ryvore ,t5d]1 #ibj #ag #f #acg ,reg5t ,t5d] 7n[ sold71 #bei #c #g --------------- #eibd #ac #c #e4 ,,beacons & ,,buoys--,exp5se ( ,ord9>y ,ma9t5ance1 #ia #g #j #f4 ,,/oreh\se1 ,,lei?1 includ+ ,/orekeep]'s ,sal>y1 ,taxes1 ,freight ( ,/ores1 c41 viz3-- ------------------------- ,sal>y1 1 #dj #ac #j ,sal>y1 1 at #ajj p] annum1 #be #j #j ---------- #fe #ac #j ,exp5ses ( ,h\se1 ,pack+ ,/ores1 c41 #ade #i #g #ahd ,freight ( ,/ores1 #acc #d #c --------------- #cdd #f #aj #g4 ,,*>ities & ,,sup]annuations to ,,retir$ ,,s]vants ( ,,! ,,bo>d1 viz43-- #a4 ,prior to ! la/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t-- --------------- ,william ,twe$y1 "o ye>'s ,annuity1 #bj #j #j ,mrs ,leask1 "o ye>'s ,annuity1 #aj #j #j ,hugh ,rose1 "o ye>'s ,annuity1 #bj #j #j ,jane ,walk]1 "o ye>'s ,annuity1 7di$ ,m>* #ac1 #ahdg71 #f #f #j ,euphemia ,poole1 "o ye>'s ,annuity1 #e #j #j --------------- #fa #f #j #b4 ,s9ce la/ ,act1 viz43--------------- ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,esq41 late ,eng9e]1 #ehj #j #j ,mat!w ,h>vie1 ,light-keep]1 #fi #g #f ,john ,bruce1 late ,(fic]1 #ac #j #j ,george ,kirk1 ,light- keep]1 #dj #j #j ,john ,watt1 ,light- keep] 7di$ ,dec4 #ahdf71 #da #ab #f ,william ,h$dle1 ,light-keep]1 #ag #ae #j ,rob]t ,selkirk1 ,light-keep] 7di$ ,jan4 #ahdg71 #bj #af #d ,&rew ,adamson1 ,light-keep] #dg #j #j ,james ,br[n jun41 ,light-keep] #bi #aa #h ,william ,s\t>1 ,light-keep] #dh #aj #j ,john ,murray1 late ,boatman1 ,isle ( ,may1 #ah #f #h ,david ,lyall1 ,light- keep]1 #dc #j #j ,?omson ,milne1 ,light- keep] #fd #a #j ,david ,laughton1 ,light-keep] #dg #aj #j ,alex&] ,burnett1 ,light-keep] #de #j #j ,james ,wallace1 #cd #j #j ,john ,mill] 7proportion till date ( dea?71 #aa #ab #j ,mrs ,duncan1 late ,h\sekeep]1 ?ree-qu>t]s1 #aj #aj #j ,john ,scott1 late ,mate1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 qu>t] to ,m>t9mas la/1 #bb #aj #h ,c4 ,cunn+ham1 ,esq41 late ,secret>y1 f #ba/ ,decemb] to ,c&lemas1 #de #g #c --------------- #abdi #i #aa #h4 ,,miscellane\s ,,exp5ses n appropriat$ to any ,p>ticul> ,head1 #bdbj #ai #e ,be+-- --------------- #a4 ,= ,educat+ ,expectant ,light- keep]s1 be+ _! ,travell+ ,*>ges & ,subsi/5ce1 #hd #af #j #b4 ,travell+ ,exp5ses ( ! ,bo>d1 #abh #ah #aa #c4 ,travell+ ,exp5ses ( ,(fic]s on ! ,bus9ess ( ! ,bo>d1 #eac #c #i #d4 ,half-ye>ly ,d9n] ,bills1 #fi1 #es41 & #hf 3 #b 3 #f1 #aee #g #f #e4 ,adv]tis+ ,r$uction ( ,duties1 #ij #aj #aj ------------------------- #f4 ,pr9t+ ,exp5ses1 viz41 ,new ,tables1 ,notices1 ,circu- l>s1 c41 #agc #e #g ,pr9t+ ,exp5ses1 #ejj vols4 ,collec- tor's ,receipt ,books1 c41 #adf #ai #f ,pr9t+ ,exp5ses1 ,annual ,li/ ( ,light- h\ses1 c41 #bjg #aj #aj ,pr9t+ ,exp5ses1 8,/ev5- son on ,l5ses10 & ,exp5ses connect$ ) ,l5ses1 #ca #a #e ---------- #eeh #ag #d #g4 ,mak+ ,oil ,casks1 & ,coop]age ( old d4 #ade #aa #b #h4 ,po/ages & ,c>riage ( ,p>cels1 #abj #ah #aj #i4 ,messrs ,cun+ham & ,bell1 ,w4,s41 ,law- ,ag5ts1 ,acc\nt = ,commissions to & ,bonds by ,collectors1 c41 #acf #d #j #aj4 ,messrs ,spottiswoode & ,rob]tson1 ,solicitors1 ,london1 #eg #aa #h #aa4 ,gratuity to ,lewis ,proctor1 an occasional ,light- keep]1 :o met ) a sev]e ,accid5t by a fall f ! ,ligh?\se at ,k9naird%ead1 #cj #j #j #ab4 ,m$ical ,att5dance on ,keep]s' ,families at ,insulat$ ,/ations1 #bf #ag #j #ac4 ,paid = ,nom9ation to ,ed9burgh ,royal ,lunatic ,asylum = ,keep]'s ,wife at ,*anonry ,ligh?\se1 #ab #aj #j #ad4 ,gratuities vot$ to ag$ ,light-keep]s to meet ,insurances on _! ,lives1 #ch #g #a #ae4 ,sundry small ,sums due by ,light- keep]s1 connect$ ) ,insurances on _! ,lives1 & ,/amps = ,premiums1 #cg #b #h #af4 ,r4 ,w4 ,sw9burne & ,co41 ,newca/le1 ,plate-,glass1 #cb #a #f #ag4 ,paid = ,tempor>y ,lant]ns dur+ ,repairs ( ,ligh?\ses1 #fd #ag #g #ah4 ,"o ,doz5 ,/amp$ ,receipt-,books = ,keep]s' ,sal>ies1 & ,fees gett+ same ,/amp$ 9 ,london1 #g #a #j #ai4 ,exp5ses incurr$ by ,h5ry ,banks1 tailor1 9 visit+ ! diff]5t ,ligh?\ses1 & tak+ 8measures0 = ,clo?+ ! ,keep]s1 #ch #j #b #bj4 ,p]iodicals furni%$ to ! ,keep]s1 #d #ad #g #ba4 ,a ,copp] ,buoy1 #c #af #aa #bb4 ,repairs on ,rank9 ,light]1 #e #b #d #bc4 ,acc\nt connect$ ) ,sk]ryvore ,light]s1 #f #g #j #bd4 ,models ( ,dioptric ,light1 #hc #ac #a #be4 ,freight to ,london1 ,lei?1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,glasg[ ,%ipp+ ,company1 #c #a #e #bf4 ,v>i\s small items = ,li?ograph+1 c4 c41 #ce #g #a --------------- ,,sum z on prec$+ page1 #bdbj #ai #e ---------------- ,c>ry =w>d1#ae1ifj #f #j ---------------- ,,ord9>y ,,exp5ses br\ght =w>d1 #ae1ifj #f #j ,:i* h be5 ,allocat$ to ea* ,ligh?\se 9 ! proportions foll[+1 z appe>s f ,/ate1 ,no4 ,,ii41 pp4 #dcj-c1 viz4-- --------------- #a4 ,in*kei?1 #egg #ae #i #b4 ,isle ( ,may1 #ida #h #f #c4 ,bell ,rock1 #igg #ag #i #d4 ,girdl5ess1 #edd #e #h #e4 ,bu*anness1 #fag #d #a #f4 ,k9naird%ead1 #egc #af #aa #g4 ,t>betness1 #efi #ah #a #h4 ,sumburghhead1 #eia #aa #h #i4 ,/>tpo9t1 #cde #d #d #aj4 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries1 #hda #ag #aj #aa4 ,dunne!ad1 #dfg #h #d #ab4 ,capewra?1 #eha #ad #g #ac4 ,isl& ,glass1 #eaj #ae #f #ad4 ,b>rahead1 #ehh #ab #g #ae4 ,sk]ryvore1 #aajh #ai #a #af4 ,lismore1 #eaa #ae #d #ag4 ,rh9ns ( ,islay1 #efd #ai #f #ah4 ,mull ( ,k9tyre1 #eej #c #aj #ai4 ,pladda1 #egi #ae #b #bj4 ,corsewall1 #dfb #i #i #ba4 ,mull ( ,gall[ay1 #eab #ad #aa #bb4 ,little ,ross1 #eab #ad #aa #bc4 ,po9t ( ,ayre1 #djf #f #d #bd4 ,calf ( ,man 7two ,lights71 #hje #h #g #be4 ,covesea ,sk]ries1 #dag #c #a #bf4 ,crom>ty1 #cch #f #d #bg4 ,*anonry1 #bhc #b #h #bh4 ,lo* ,ryan1 #agf #ad #a ,z above1 --------------- #ae1ifj #f #j ,,bran* ,,iii4--,,extraord9>y ,,exp5ses n ,allocat$ to ea* ,ligh?\se3-- ---------------- #ahi ,to paid = new ,/eam] ,ph>os1 #gedh #ac #g #caj ,exp5se ( ,h>b\r ,light at ,portpatrick1 #abi #ag #d #ahb ,exp5se connect$ ) ,sk]ryvore ,book1 #aii #ah #j #cc ,to paid = ,h\se 9 ,crail = use ( ,isle ( ,may ,boatm51 & ,fees connect$ ) ,pur*ase1 #aje #ai #d ---------------- #gihd #h #c ,,exp5se ,,( ,,new ,,works1 viz43-- --------------- #aej ,sk]ryvore1 #bbg #h #b #bhg ,bo ,pheg ,beacon1 #be #aj #a #bhd ,covesea1 #aaji #e #d #bif ,crom>ty1 #cdb #i #c #bih ,*anonry1 #dje #g #h #cjj ,ardnamur*an1 #bcdc #ag #f #cad ,laggan ,spur ,beacon1 #gdh #aj #f #caf ,isl& ,glass1 #agig #c #e #cai ,nos%ead1 #adfg #f #a #cbb ,lo* ,ryan1 #hbi #ab #i #aba ,lo* ,ryan1 ,beacon1 #aeb #e #i #cbd ,p5tl& ,sk]ries new ,works1 #cace #ag #e #ade ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,dioptric ,light1 #bjcg #aa #d #cjh ,r5ewal ( ,fix$ ,lights1 #cjce #ad #d #ajf ,campbelt[n ,beacons1 #ag #d #aj 444 ,lapock ,beacon1 #h #ab #e #aag ,/>tpo9t ,new ,works1 #e #ai #d #aah ,elie or ,v['s ,beacon1 #bje #e #h #aai ,:it5ess ,beacon1 #aeb #e #h #abj ,longman's ,po9t ,beacon1 #afd #ae #f #ahd ,bri/ ,beacon1 #h #ab #e #cjf ,mull ( ,k9tyre ,dykes & ,road1 #fdg #ag #i #bhf ,buoys1 #adeh #g #aa ,,sum1 --------------- #bj1cbg #a #c ---------------- ,c>ri$ to ,,ab/ract bel[1 #bh1caa #i #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,acc\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,receipts3-- ,,bran* ,i4--,gross ,am\nt ( ! ,duties receiv$ = #ahdf1 p4 #dah1 #df1jja #aa #b ,,ii4--,miscellane\s ,receipts1 p4 #dai1 #a1hic #ag #f ---------------- #dg1hie #h #h ,,paym5ts3-- ---------------- ,,bran* ,i4--,ord9>y ,exp5ses1 be+ ! ,ma9t5ance ( ,lights1 c4 p4 #dbj1 #af1ajc #j #b ,,ii4--,ord9>y ,exp5ses1 fall+ to be allocat$ ^u ea* ,ligh?\se1 p4 #dbd1 #ae1ifj #f #j ,,iii4--,extraord9>y ,exp5ses n allocat$ to ea* ,ligh?\se1 z above1 #bh1caa #i #f ---------------- #fj1cgd #ae #i ---------------- ,,balance sup]exp5d$ 9 #ahdf1 #ab1dgi #g #j ,,balance on h& at #ca/ ,m>* #ahdf1 #db1jfi #f #aj ---------------- ,,balance on h& at #ca/ ,m>* #ahdg1 #bi1ehi #ai #i ,,:]e(-- ---------------- ,9 ! ,royal ,bank1 #bh1idd #af #h ,9 ,secret>y's ,acc\nt1 #dj #af #aa ---------------- #bh1ihe #ac #g #hi ,balance due by ,pet] ,grant1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,nos%ead1 #bjc #aj #b #aeg ,balance due by ,ma/] ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,t5d]1 #ce #c #d #afa ,balance due by ,/ew>d ( ,ph>os ,/eam]1 #cj #ai #b #afd ,balance due by ,ma/] ( ,francis1 ,sk]ryvore ,t5d]1 #b #ab #e #aff ,balance due by ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,light- keep]s1 #aa #aa #b #afh ,balance due by ,=eman ( ,light-room ,repairs1 #e #c #e #agb ,balance due by ,buoyma/]1 #e #a #f #agf ,balance due by ,/ore- keep]1 #g #ag #j #ahj ,balance due by ,?omas ,hope1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,isl& ,glass1 #hg #ag #g #cjg ,balance due by ,ma/] ( ,ph>os1 #e #aj #h #cah ,balance due by ,james ,scott1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries1 #ahh #ab #c ------- ,folio 9 ,small ,l$g]4 ------- #f ,sum due by ,rob]t ,selkirk's ,repres5tatives1 to be paid :5 ,insurance money is receiv$1 #aj #j #j #h ,balance due by ,ri*>d ,cumm+1 ,light-keep]1 #b #ac #j #i ,balance due by ,james ,laughton1 d41 #c #j #j #aj ,balance due by ,william ,kirk1 d41 #d #ad #f ,equal to ,,balance1 ---------------- #bi1ehi #ai #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ed9burgh1 #e? ,may #ahdg4--,prep>$ & ,report$ by 7,sign$7 ,,alex4 ,,cun+ham1 ,secret>y4 99 99 99 99 99 #hd ,george ,/reet1 ,ed9burgh1 #be? ,may #ahdg4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! ,remit by ! ,hon\rable ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 ,i h c>efully audit$ ! ,acc\nts ( ! ,bo>d = ! ye> end+ #ca/ ,m>* #ahdg2 & ,i h to report1 t ! ,acc\nts are cle>ly & accurately /at$--t !y are fully v\*$--& t1 9 my humble op9ion1 ! ,report ( ! ,secret>y conta9s a v di/9ct /atem5t ( ! ,intromissions ( ! ,bo>d dur+ ! above p]iod4 7,sign$7 ,,k5ne? ,,mack5zie1 ,acc\ntant4 ,,/atem5ts ,,annex$ ,,to ,,! ,,secret>y',s ,,report ,,= #ahdf4 ,no4 ,i4--,acc\nt ( ,nor!rn ,light-,duties receiv$ 9 ! ,ye> #ahdf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,gross ,commission ,receipts4 to ,collectors4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a4 ,ab]de51 #bbdc #c #i #aba #aa #h #b4 ,alloa1 #djb #f #a #bc #f #h #c4 ,arbroa?1 #bed #b #aa #ab #ag #b #d4 ,ayr1 #aeh #ab #aa #h #a #aj #e4 ,ab]y/)1 #f #ag #f #j #f #i #f4 ,arundel1 444 444 #g4 ,banff1 #dfg #g #e #bh #ag #f #h4 ,borr[/\nness1 #fge #f #a #dh #aa #i #i4 ,b>n/aple1 #a #g #b #j #a #d #aj4 ,beaum>is1 #abc #ag #a #f #ab #g #aa4 ,b]wick1 #aba #j #h #f #aa #i #ab4 ,bide=d1 #h #ad #aa #j #h #i #ac4 ,bo/on1 #i #ae #j #j #aj #g #ad4 ,bridgewat]1 #ab #j #g #j #aa #aa #ae4 ,bridl+ton1 #bf #a #c #a #f #a #af4 ,bridport1 #b #ah #j #j #b #aj #ag4 ,bri/ol1 #abd #ab #g #f #d #f #ah4 ,baltimore1 444 444 #ai4 ,belfa/1 #bddf #a #d #abe #f #d #bj4 ,campbelt[n1 #hb #ad #i #e #b #a #ba4 ,ca]n>von1 #be #ac #aj #a #g #g #bb4 ,c>diff1 #aaj #ai #g #e #aa #j #bc4 ,c>digan1 #a #g #aa #j #a #g #bd4 ,c>lisle1 #hd #j #c #d #g #i #be4 ,*ep/[1 #j #ad #aa #j #j #i #bf4 ,*e/]1 #aeh #d #e #h #a #e #bg4 ,*i*e/]1 #b #ae #f #j #c #i #bh4 ,clay1 #a #b #f #j #a #h #bi4 ,col*e/]1 444 444 #cj4 ,c[es1 444 444 #ca4 ,col]a9e1 #aja #e #h #e #a #g #cb4 ,cork1 #gj #ac #a #c #aj #f #cc4 ,dunb>1 #aae #aa #aa #g #a #b #cd4 ,dundee1 #bjfb #i #aj #aje #g #b #ce4 ,dumfries1 #cea #aj #f #bd #ac #j #cf4 ,d>tm\?1 444 444 #cg4 ,deal1 444 444 #ch4 ,dov]1 #j #h #j #j #j #e #ci4 ,dubl91 #bbef #ag #aj #aad #j #i #dj4 ,drogh$a1 #adi #h #b #g #i #e #da4 ,dundalk1 #abj #f #f #f #j #c #db4 ,exet]1 #b #ag #e #j #c #j #dc4 ,fi%]r[1 #bai #j #h #ac #ab #d #dd4 ,falm\?1 444 444 #de4 ,fav]%am1 444 444 #df4 ,f[ey1 #b #d #aa #j #c #j #dg4 ,glasg[1 #ceii #af #aj #ahb #ad #d #dh4 ,gre5ock1 #bfga #j #i #acg #ac #h #di4 ,grangem\?1 #abea #ab #e #fb #aa #f #ej4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 #e #ai #h #j #f #i #ea4 ,gl\ce/]1 #fa #ab #aa #c #a #h #eb4 ,goole1 #ca #b #d #a #ab #b #ec4 ,grimsby1 #fd #aa #c #c #d #g #ed4 ,gweek1 444 444 #ee4 ,galway1 #ch #f #j #a #ah #c #ef4 ,h>tlepool1 #aec #d #j #g #ac #b #eg4 ,h>wi*1 444 444 #eh4 ,hull1 #aecb #h #b #gf #ab #e #ei4 ,inv]ness1 #ibj #ag #a #ef #ab #aa #fj4 ,irv9e1 #iae #aj #aj #fc #h #aa #fa4 ,ipswi*1 #ag #e #j #j #ag #c #fb4 ,isle ( ,man1 #cgc #ah #i #bb #ae #e #fc4 ,kirkcaldy1 #gde #e #e #db #af #b #fd4 ,kirkwall1 #aca #ae #f #g #i #j #fe4 ,lei?1 #cbbd #g #c #afa #d #d #ff4 ,l]wick1 #agc #a #a #h #ac #j #fg4 ,lanca/]1 #ajg #j #e #f #c #f #fh4 ,leigh1 444 444 #fi4 ,liv]pool1 #fghj #ai #e #cdb #h #i #gj4 ,llanelly1 #h #ab #c #j #aa #i #ga4 ,london1 #aidc #h #i #ig #c #d #gb4 ,lyme1 444 444 #gc4 ,lynn1 #gi #g #g #d #ae #b #gd4 ,lim]ick1 #afj #b #d #h #c #b #ge4 ,londond]ry1 #ajeh #b #d #ec #f #f #gf4 ,montrose1 #ceg #ac #b #ah #f #j #gg4 ,maldon1 444 444 #gh4 ,mil=d1 #ad #d #f #j #ai #g #gi4 ,m>yport1 #hg #ag #a #d #e #g #hj4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 #baah #af #h #ge #b #i #ha4 ,ne:av51 #a #ad #aj #j #a #i #hb4 ,newport1 #da #b #h #b #a #a #hc4 ,newry1 #bcj #af #b #ac #c #i #hd4 ,p]?1 #bge #ad #c #ad #ac #f #he4 ,port-,glasg[1 #dif #h #f #bd #af #c #hf4 ,pad/[1 #b #ae #a #j #b #h #hg4 ,p5zance1 #a #f #aj #j #a #d #hh4 ,plym\?1 #be #d #i #a #f #b #hi4 ,poole1 #j #aa #f #j #j #g #ij4 ,portsm\?1 #aj #ab #d #j #aj #f #ia4 ,pre/on1 #efb #a #aa #da #ad #aj #ib4 ,ramsgate1 444 444 #ic4 ,ro*e/]1 #a #ae #a #j #a #aj #id4 ,rye1 #j #ah #c #j #j #aj #ie4 ,ross1 #ab #ag #aj #j #ab #aa #if4 ,/ranra]1 #ij #ag #i #d #af #f #ig4 ,/orn[ay1 #ef #f #aa #b #af #b #ih4 ,sc>bor\gh1 #h #ad #aj #j #h #h #ii4 ,seilly1 444 444 #ajj4 ,%oreham1 #j #ai #f #j #j #aa #aja4 ,s\?ampton1 #cj #j #i #a #aj #a #ajb4 ,/ ,ives1 #c #i #i #j #e #b #ajc4 ,/ockton1 #bbf #ai #b #ab #j #b #ajd4 ,sund]l&1 #ijh #ad #i #dg #a #d #aje4 ,swansea1 #bh #d #i #a #ab #c #ajf4 ,sligo1 #cee #j #d #ai #ae #aj #ajg4 ,truro1 #j #aa #j #j #j #i #ajh4 ,tralee1 #i #g #aj #j #i #d #aji4 ,wick1 #cef #ag #i #bj #aj #b #aaj4 ,wigton1 #hc #i #e #e #e #e #aaa4 ,weym\?1 #j #ae #aj #j #j #i #aab4 ,:itby1 #ca #e #aj #a #aa #d #aac4 ,:itehav51 #cbh #a #i #ah #e #e #aad4 ,woodbridge1 #c #ah #i #j #c #aa #aae4 ,wat]=d1 #eg #ad #c #b #ag #aj #aaf4 ,we/port1 #da #j #f #b #a #j #aag4 ,wex=d1 #cb #ai #b #a #ab #aa #aah4 ,y>m\?1 #di #e #f #b #i #e ------------------------------ #df1jja #aa #cbdja #g #c ,,d$uct--,am\nt ( fractions %ort cr$it$ by ,bank1 #j #j #a ------------------------------ #df1jja #aa #bbdja #g #c ,,gross ,,receipts1 -------------- ,,d$uct--,commission1 #bdja #g #c ,repaym5ts1 #bah #af #aj c41 -------------- ,,nett ,,duties receiv$ 9 ye> to #ca/ ,decemb] #ahdf1 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,repaym5ts1 ,nett ,duties c4 ,receiv$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a4 ,ab]de51 #e #ad #e #baae #ag #h #b4 ,alloa1 #f #ag #i #cgb #a #h #c4 ,arbroa?1 #c #ag #g #bcg #h #a #d4 ,ayr1 #a #ae #aj #adh #ae #c #e4 ,ab]y/)1 #j #a #j #f #i #i #f4 ,arundel1 444 #g4 ,banff1 #b #ai #c #dce #aj #h #h4 ,borr[/\nness1 #i #d #a #fag #aj #c #i4 ,b>n/aple1 444 #a #e #aj #aj4 ,beaum>is1 #j #ae #a #aaf #i #e #aa4 ,b]wick1 #j #a #h #aad #g #c #ab4 ,bide=d1 444 #h #f #b #ac4 ,bo/on1 #j #e #f #h #ah #aa #ad4 ,bridgewat]1 #j #b #aj #aa #e #aj #ae4 ,bridl+ton1 444 #bd #ae #b #af4 ,bridport1 444 #b #ae #b #ag4 ,bri/ol1 #j #ad #j #aag #ad #j #ah4 ,baltimore1 444 #ai4 ,belfa/1 #ef #ab #aj #bbfd #b #b #bj4 ,campbelt[n1 #a #ab #h #gf #j #j #ba4 ,ca]n>von1 #j #h #j #bc #ah #c #bb4 ,c>diff1 444 #aje #h #g #bc4 ,c>digan1 444 #a #f #d #bd4 ,c>lisle1 #j #aj #e #gi #b #a #be4 ,*ep/[1 444 #j #ad #b #bf4 ,*e/]1 #a #j #j #adi #b #aa #bg4 ,*i*e/]1 444 #b #aa #i #bh4 ,clay1 444 #a #j #i #bi4 ,col*e/]1 444 #cj4 ,c[es1 444 #ca4 ,col]a9e1 444 #if #d #a #cb4 ,cork1 #b #j #i #fe #a #aj #cc4 ,dunb>1 #j #aa #d #ajg #ai #e #cd4 ,dundee1 #g #ae #aj #aidi #f #aj #ce4 ,dumfries1 #b #aj #h #cbd #f #aj #cf4 ,d>tm\?1 444 #cg4 ,deal1 444 #ch4 ,dov]1 444 #j #g #g #ci4 ,dubl91 #i #af #i #bacc #j #d #dj4 ,drogh$a1 444 #ada #ah #i #da4 ,dundalk1 #j #f #h #aac #ai #g #db4 ,exet]1 444 #b #ad #e #dc4 ,fi%]r[1 #j #ae #c #bjd #ac #a #dd4 ,falm\?1 444 #de4 ,fav]%am1 444 #df4 ,f[ey1 444 #b #a #aj #dg4 ,glasg[1 #aa #ae #aa #cdje #f #f #dh4 ,gre5ock1 #g #aj #f #bebe #af #g #di4 ,grangem\?1 #b #af #aj #aahf #d #a #ej4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 444 #e #ab #aa #ea4 ,gl\ce/]1 #j #b #j #eh #i #c #eb4 ,goole1 444 #bi #aj #b #ec4 ,grimsby1 444 #fa #f #h #ed4 ,gweek1 444 #ee4 ,galway1 #j #f #j #cf #a #h #ef4 ,h>tlepool1 444 #ade #aj #aj #eg4 ,h>wi*1 444 #eh4 ,hull1 #j #aj #j #adee #e #i #ei4 ,inv]ness1 #g #a #aa #heg #b #b #fj4 ,irv9e1 #c #h #h #hdh #ac #c #fa4 ,ipswi*1 #j #b #j #af #e #i #fb4 ,isle ( ,man1 #a #ac #i #cdi #i #f #fc4 ,kirkcaldy1 #a #af #b #gjj #ac #a #fd4 ,kirkwall1 #j #i #i #abc #af #i #fe4 ,lei?1 #ag #ad #b #cjde #h #i #ff4 ,l]wick1 #j #aa #a #afc #ag #j #fg4 ,lanca/]1 #j #ah #h #ii #ah #b #fh4 ,leigh1 444 #fi4 ,liv]pool1 #i #ac #aa #fdbh #af #i #gj4 ,llanelly1 444 #h #j #f #ga4 ,london1 444 #ahdf #e #e #gb4 ,lyme1 444 #gc4 ,lynn1 #j #g #b #gd #e #b #gd4 ,lim]ick1 #j #e #j #aea #ad #b #ge4 ,londond]ry1 444 #ajjd #ae #aj #gf4 ,montrose1 #j #aj #c #cch #af #aa #gg4 ,maldon1 444 #gh4 ,mil=d1 444 #ac #d #aa #gi4 ,m>yport1 #b #f #aa #ha #d #g #hj4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 #j #ad #h #bjdb #ai #c #ha4 ,ne:av51 444 #a #ac #a #hb4 ,newport1 444 #ci #a #f #hc4 ,newry1 #ad #f #aa #bjc #e #f #hd4 ,p]?1 #j #ai #aj #bfj #j #aj #he4 ,port-,glasg[1 #j #ae #g #dgj #af #h #hf4 ,pad/[1 #j #e #j #b #g #e #hg4 ,p5zance1 444 #a #e #f #hh4 ,plym\?1 #j #a #j #bc #ag #g #hi4 ,poole1 444 #j #aj #aa #ij4 ,portsm\?1 #j #d #i #i #ag #a #ia4 ,pre/on1 444 #ebj #g #a #ib4 ,ramsgate1 444 #ic4 ,ro*e/]1 444 #a #ac #c #id4 ,rye1 444 #j #ag #e #ie4 ,ross1 #j #d #g #ab #j #d #if4 ,/ranra]1 #a #i #c #hd #ab #j #ig4 ,/orn[ay1 #j #c #f #ec #g #c #ih4 ,sc>bor\gh1 444 #h #f #b #ii4 ,seilly1 444 #ajj4 ,%oreham1 444 #j #ah #g #aja4 ,s\?ampton1 444 #bh #aj #h #ajb4 ,/ ,ives1 #j #j #a #c #d #f #ajc4 ,/ockton1 #e #aa #j #bji #g #aa #ajd4 ,sund]l&1 #j #ad #i #hfj #ah #h #aje4 ,swansea1 444 #bf #ab #f #ajf4 ,sligo1 #j #aj #d #ccd #ad #a #ajg4 ,truro1 444 #j #aj #c #ajh4 ,tralee1 #j #b #h #h #ae #aj #aji4 ,wick1 #d #i #a #cca #ah #f #aaj4 ,wigton1 #a #ab #aa #gf #aa #a #aaa4 ,weym\?1 444 #j #ae #a #aab4 ,:itby1 444 #bi #ad #f #aac4 ,:itehav51 444 #cji #af #d #aad4 ,woodbridge1 444 #c #ad #aj #aae4 ,wat]=d1 444 #ed #af #e #aaf4 ,we/port1 444 #ch #ai #f #aag4 ,wex=d1 444 #ca #f #b #aah4 ,y>m\?1 444 #df #af #a -------------------------------- #bah #af #ajdc1cha #g #b ,,d$uct--,am\nt ( fractions %ort cr$it$ by ,bank1 #j #j #a -------------------------------- #bah #af #ajdc1cha #g #a ---------------- #df1jja #aa #b ,,d$uct--,commission1 ,repaym5ts1 c41 #bfbj #d #a ,,nett ,,duties receiv$---------------- #dc1cha #g #a 9 ye> to #ca/ ,decemb] #ahdf1 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,no4 ,,ii4--,/ate %ew+ ! ,gross ,receipts on acc\nt ( ea* ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 ! ,numb] ( ,vessels1 & am\nt ( ,tonnage pass+ !m2--! ,p>ticul> ,exp5ses ( ! ,ligh?\ses1 & _! ,proportions ( ! ,g5]al ,exp5ses1 embrac+ ,commissions to1 & ,repaym5ts by1 ! ,collectors2 ,exp5ses ( ! ,%ipp+ ,e/abli%m5t1 ,sal>ies to ,(fic]s1 ,exp]im5ts1 & o!r ,g5]al ,exp5ses2 also ! ,ord9>y ,exp5ses ( ,beacons & ,buoys1 = ! ,ye> #ahdf4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,no4 ,,( ,,vessels4 ,,tonnage4 -------------------------------- ,coa/- ,ov]- ,coa/- ,ov]- +4 sea4 +4 sea4 ,,ligh?\ses4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ae1hgb #b1ffd #a1bch1jeg #bid1ed #a4 ,,in*kei?1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bj1aja #c1cdi #a1hdc1baj #chc1eaf #b4 ,,isle ,,( ,,may1 ,add = ,lead+ ,light1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ad1faj #d1dhe #a1bii1hge #fcb1cbh #c4 ,,bell ,,rock1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #g1iae #c1igh #ghh1idg #ehg1igg #d4 ,,girdl5ess1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #e1bic #d1jab #dai1ihh #eij1dec #e4 ,,bu*anness1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #d1hbi #b1hai #cij1aff #edf1hef #f4 ,,k9naird%ead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #b1bef #bgc #aia1cde #ah1bhb #g4 ,,t>betness1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bgi #fdd #cb1adi #aac1eih #h4 ,,sumburghhead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #cjg #b1cbf #cc1gaj #ebh1fdg #i4 ,,/>tpo9t1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #b1dcd #b1dcj #aha1bhd #ebe1ehbaj4 ,,p5tl& ,,sk]ries1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #a1iaa #b1bfg #aci1cgi #ebd1fheaa4 ,,dunne!ad1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #a1gjj #b1bca #aca1ach #eag1cccab4 ,,capewra?1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #a1gcd #a1aec #acg1jfj #bbf1idaac4 ,,isl& ,,glass1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ffi #a1hba #i1eag #dff1jajad4 ,,b>rahead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #eee #a1ghh #eb1eda #dfa1cacae4 ,,sk]ryvore1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #b1dcj #cd #aei1gai #d1dcfaf4 ,,lismore1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #c1aeb #a1eej #che1ghf #chb1hdaag4 ,,rh9ns ,,( ,,islay1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #e1jbc #a1ddj #eji1iad #ceg1fhbah4 ,,mull ,,( ,,k9tyre1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ab1cgb #a1icg #a1djc1cei #dej1hdiai4 ,,pladda1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ab1dec #b1ggf #a1djg1iba #fde1ddgbj4 ,,corsewall1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ab1hhd #b1deh #a1fdh1iae #eca1jefba4 ,,mull ,,( ,,gall[ay1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #i1aie #ih #gbi1iah #ag1dcabb4 ,,little ,,ross1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #i1gcc #a1jcd #hdc1bce #bji1bcgbc4 ,,po9t ,,( ,,ayre1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ac1hfg #b1eei #a1gfi1dge #edf1bddbd4 ,,calf ,,( ,,man 7#b ,lights71 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #a1eib #aih #acj1jbf #ad1bhhbe4 ,,covesea ,,sk]ries199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bf4 ,,crom>ty199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bg4 ,,*anonry199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bh4 ,,lo* ,,ryan199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 99 ,,note4--,,covesea ,,sk]ries1 ,,crom>ty1 & ,,*anonry1 7 n light$ till ! #ae? ,may1 to :i* is ow+ ! small am\nt ( _! ,rev5ue2 & ,,lo* ,,ryan 0 n light$ till ! #c;d ( ,m>* subsequ5t to ! p]iod embrac$ 9 ?is ,,/ate 4 -------------------------------- #afc1affej1cbdae1ibf1fcdi1egg1dgh ,,total1 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ,surplus am\nts z above to ,& ! ,defici5cy to ,actual ,surplus1 ,,d$uct--,fractions %ort--cr$it$ by ,bank1 c41 ,surplus1 z p] p4 #dae1 ,,add--,! ,receipts d]iv$ f o!r s\rces besides ,light-duties1 p] p4 #dai1 ,b !re has be5 exp5d$1 besides ! am\nt allocat$ to ! diff]5t ,ligh?\ses above1 z p] p4 #dbe1 ,am\nt sup]exp5d$1 p] p4 #dbe1 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,gross ,,ligh?\ses4 ,,receipts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 ,,in*kei?1 #bebd #i #b ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #ehc #e #aj ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #egg #ae #i ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aafa #a #g ,,balance1 -------------- #b4 ,,isle ,,( ,,may1 #cfgf #ah #aa ,add = ,lead+ ,light1 #adh #i #f --------------#chbe #h #e ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #ieb #c #i ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #ida #h #f ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ahic #ab #c ,,balance1 -------------- #c4 ,,bell ,,rock1 #ecdb #ae #e ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #ihi #a #c ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #igg #ag #i ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aiff #ai #j ,,balance1 -------------- #d4 ,,girdl5ess1 #bdeh #d #e ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #edh #ah #a ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #edd #e #h ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ajic #c #i ,,balance1 -------------- #e4 ,,bu*anness1 #ahhj #a #c ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #fbc #e #c ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #fag #d #a ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #abdj #i #d ,,balance1 -------------- #f4 ,,k9naird%ead1 #agdd #aa #c ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #egh #aj #j ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #egc #af #aa ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aaeb #f #aa ,,balance1 -------------- #g4 ,,t>betness1 #cbi #ag #d ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #egd #aa #aa ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #efi #ah #a ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aadd #aj #j ,,balance1 -------------- #h4 ,,sumburghhead1 #bhf #ah #b ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eig #e #c ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eia #aa #h ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aahh #ag #j ,,balance1 -------------- #i4 ,,/>tpo9t1 #aaed #e #d ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #cdg #j #h ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #cde #d #d ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #fib #e #j ,,balance1 -------------- #aj4 ,,p5tl& ,,sk]ries1 #acgj #aj #e ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #hea #h #aa ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #hda #ag #aj ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #afic #f #i ,,balance1 -------------- #aa4 ,,dunne!ad1 #acaa #a #aj ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #dgj #ai #g ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #dfg #h #d ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ich #g #aa ,,balance1 -------------- #ab4 ,,capewra?1 #abgh #i #i ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #ehg #f #aa ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eha #ad #g ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aafi #a #f ,,balance1 -------------- #ac4 ,,isl& ,,glass1 #fgi #a #aj ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eae #b #aj ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eaj #ae #f ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ajbe #ah #d ,,balance1 -------------- #ad4 ,,b>rahead1 #ajfc #c #b ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eid #c #aj ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #ehh #ab #g ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aahb #af #e ,,balance1 -------------- #ae4 ,,sk]ryvore1 #bjij #aa #c ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #aabb #j #g ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #aajh #ai #a ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #bbci #ai #h ,,balance1 -------------- #af4 ,,lismore1 #bci #aa #d ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eae #ad #b ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eaa #ae #d ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ajbg #i #f ,,balance1 -------------- #ag4 ,,rh9ns ,,( ,,islay1 #adad #e #h ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #efi #ab #g ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #efd #ai #f ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aacd #ab #b ,,balance1 -------------- #ah4 ,,mull ,,( ,,k9tyre1 #aedi #j #a ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eed #ag #aj ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eej #c #aj ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aaje #a #i ,,balance1 -------------- #ai4 ,,pladda1 #bgfb #ad #c ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #ehd #aj #aj ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #egi #ae #b ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #aafd #f #j ,,balance1 -------------- #bj4 ,,corsewall1 #bhaa #e #c ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #dfe #ac #d ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #dfb #i #i ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ibh #c #a ,,balance1 -------------- #ba4 ,,mull ,,( ,,gall[ay1 #bhbc #ai #h ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eag #j #e ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eab #ad #aa ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ajbi #ae #e ,,balance1 -------------- #bb4 ,,little ,,ross1 #aahg #g #i ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #eaf #ah #f ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #eab #ad #aa ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #ajbi #ac #e ,,balance1 -------------- #bc4 ,,po9t ,,( ,,ayre1 #agee #ag #e ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #dji #a #d ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #djf #f #d ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #hae #g #i ,,balance1 -------------- #bd4 ,,calf ,,( ,,man 7#b ,lights71 #chci #b #aa ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #hac #ai #e ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #hje #h #g ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #afai #h #j ,,balance1 -------------- #be4 ,,covesea ,,sk]ries199 #aic #g #j ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #dai #af #h ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #dag #c #a ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #hcf #ai #aj ,,balance1 -------------- #bf4 ,,crom>ty199 #bg #ad #aa ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #cci #ag #c ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #cch #f #d ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #fgh #c #g ,,balance1 -------------- #bg4 ,,*anonry199 #eg #ae #a ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #bhd #g #a ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #bhc #b #h ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- #efg #i #i ,,balance1 -------------- #bh4 ,,lo* ,,ryan199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 #agf #e #g ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 #agf #ad #a ,,total ,,exp5diture1 -------------- 99 ,,note4--,,covesea ,,sk]ries1 ,,crom>ty1 & ,,*anonry1 7 n light$ till ! #ae? ,may1 to :i* is ow+ ! small am\nt ( _! ,rev5ue2 & ,,lo* ,,ryan 0 n light$ till ! #c;d ( ,m>* subsequ5t to ! p]iod embrac$ 9 ?is ,,/ate 4 ,,total1 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,reconcilem5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,ligh?\ses4 ,,surplus4 ,,defici5cy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a4 ,,in*kei?1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #acfc #g #f #b4 ,,isle ,,( ,,may1 ,add = ,lead+ ,light1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #aica #af #b #c4 ,,bell ,,rock1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ccge #af #e #d4 ,,girdl5ess1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #acfe #j #h #e4 ,,bu*anness1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #fci #aa #aj #f4 ,,k9naird%ead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #eib #d #f #g4 ,,t>betness1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #had #ab #g #h4 ,,sumburghhead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ija #ah #i #i4 ,,/>tpo9t1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #dfb #j #c #aj4 ,,p5tl& ,,sk]ries1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #cbb #af #c #aa4 ,,dunne!ad1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #cgb #ac #aj #ab4 ,,capewra?1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #aji #h #b #ac4 ,,isl& ,,glass1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #cdf #af #f #ad4 ,,b>rahead1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #aai #ac #b #ae4 ,,sk]ryvore1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #adj #h #d #af4 ,,lismore1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ghg #ah #b #ag4 ,,rh9ns ,,( ,,islay1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bgi #ac #f #ah4 ,,mull ,,( ,,k9tyre1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ddc #ah #c #ai4 ,,pladda1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #aeih #h #c #bj4 ,,corsewall1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ahhc #b #b #ba4 ,,mull ,,( ,,gall[ay1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #agid #d #c #bb4 ,,little ,,ross1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #aeg #ad #d #bc4 ,,po9t ,,( ,,ayre1 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #idj #i #h #bd4 ,,calf ,,( ,,man 7#b ,lights71 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #bbai #ad #aj #be4 ,,covesea ,,sk]ries199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #fdc #ab #aj #bf4 ,,crom>ty199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #fej #h #h #bg4 ,,*anonry199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #eji #ad #h #bh4 ,,lo* ,,ryan199 ,p>ticul> ,exp5se1 ,%>e ( ,g5]al ,exp5se1 ,,total ,,exp5diture1 #ceb #ai #h 99 ,,note4--,,covesea ,,sk]ries1 ,,crom>ty1 & ,,*anonry1 7 n light$ till ! #ae? ,may1 to :i* is ow+ ! small am\nt ( _! ,rev5ue2 & ,,lo* ,,ryan 0 n light$ till ! #c;d ( ,m>* subsequ5t to ! p]iod embrac$ 9 ?is ,,/ate 4 ------------------------------ ,,total1#ai1ebi #e #aeeia #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------- #ai1ebi #e #a #e1eia #j #j ---------------- #ac1ich #e #j #j #j #a ---------------- #ac1ich #d #aa #a1hic #ag #f ---------------- #ae1hcb #b #e #bh1caa #i #f ---------------- #ab1dgi #g #j ,,note4--,! ,g5]al ,exp5ses 9 ! above ,,/ate are allocat$ to ea* ,ligh?\se 9 ! same proportions z ! ,p>ticul> ,exp5ses4 ,! exp5se ( ,beacons & ,buoys is equally divid$ by ! numb] ( ,ligh?\ses1 & ! same am\nt allocat$ to ea* ,ligh?\se4 ,no4 ,,iii4--,/atem5t %ew+ ! ,increase 9 ,tonnage dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahdc-dd-de-df1 ov] #ahdb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! am\nt ( ! ,tonnage 9 #ahdb 0 9 #ahdc ,,increase 9 #ahdc ov] #ahdb ----------------------------- ,coa/+4 ,ov]sea4 ,total4 ----------------------------- ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahdc 0 #ab1aij1gdeg1aid1icbai1che1fgg 9 #ahdd #ac1dbe1fadg1gcg1fagba1afc1bca ,,increase 9 #ahdd ov] #ahdc ----------------------------- ,,increase 9 #ahdd ov] #ahdb ----------------------------- ,coa/+4 ,ov]sea4 ,total4 ----------------------------- ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahdd 0 #ac1dbe1fadg1gcg1fagba1afc1bca 9 #ahde #ae1eff1dfai1cjj1ihcbd1hfg1ddd ,,increase 9 #ahde ov] #ahdd ----------------------------- ,,increase 9 #ahde ov] #ahdb ----------------------------- ,coa/+4 ,ov]sea4 ,total4 ----------------------------- ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahde 0 #ae1eff1dfai1cjj1ihcbd1hfg1ddd 9 #ahdf #ae1ibf1fcdi1egg1dghbe1ejd1aab ,,increase 9 #ahdf ov] #ahde ----------------------------- ,,increase 9 #ahdf ov] #ahdb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,coa/+4 ,ov]sea4 ,total4 ----------------------------- ,! am\nt ( ! ,tonnage 9 #ahdb #aa1fbj1agbf1gch1dccah1ceh1fje 9 #ahdc #ab1aij1gdeg1aid1icbai1che1fgg ----------------------------- #egj1egc #def1dii #a1jbg1jgb ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahdc 0 9 #ahdd ,,increase 9 #ahdd ov] #ahdc #a1bcd1hfi #edb1fhe #a1ggg1eed ----------------------------- #a1hje1ddb #iii1ahd #b1hjd1fbf ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahdd 0 9 #ahde ,,increase 9 #ahde ov] #ahdd #b1adj1hdga1efc1cff #c1gjd1bac ----------------------------- #c1idf1bhib1efb1eej #f1ejh1hci ,! am\nt ( ,tonnage 9 #ahde 0 9 #ahdf ,,increase 9 #ahdf ov] #ahde #cfj1agc #bgf1die #fcf1ffh ----------------------------- #d1cjf1dfbb1hci1jde #g1ade1ejg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,x4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,light-,,keep]s ,,9 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses4 #a4 ,! ,lamps %all be kept burn+ bright & cle> e night f sunset to sunrise2 & 9 ord] t ! greate/ degree ( light may be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! night1 ! ,wicks mu/ be trimm$ e f\r h\rs1 or (t5] if necess>y2 & ! ,keep] :o has ! fir/ wat* %all take c>e to turn ! oil-valves s z to let ! oil fl[ into ! ,burn] a suffici5t "t be=e light+4 #b4 ,! ,light-keep]s %all keep a regul> & con/ant ,wat* 9 ! ,light-room ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,! ,fir/ ,wat* %all beg9 at sunset4 ,! ,light-keep]s are to take ! wat*es alt]nately1 9 su* mann] t he :o has ! fir/ wat* "o night1 %all h ! second wat* next night4 ,! l5g? or duration ( ! wat* %all n1 9 ord9>y cases1 exce$ f\r h\rs2 b dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,m>*1 bo? inclusive1 ! fir/ wat* %all *ange at eight o'clock4 ,! wat*es %all at all times be s arrang$ z to h a %ift at midnight4 #c4 ,at /ations :]e !re is only "o ,light-room1 ! daily duty %all be laid out 9 two dep>tm5ts1 & ! ,light-keep]s %all *ange f "o dep>tm5t to ! o!r e ,saturday night4 #d4 ,,fir/ ,,dep>tm5t4--,! ,light-keep] :o has ?is dep>tm5t1 %all imm$iately aft] ! morn+ ,wat*1 poli% or o!rwise cleanse ! ,reflectors or ,refractors till !y are br\ght into a prop] /ate ( brilliancy2 he %all also ?or\ghly cleanse ! lamps1 & c>efully du/ ! ,*&eli]4 ,he %all supply ! ,burn]s ) cotton1 ! ,lamps ) oil1 & %all h e ?+ connect$ ) ! ,app>atus 9 a /ate ( read9ess = light+ 9 ! ev5+4 #e4 ,,second ,,dep>tm5t4--,! ,light-keep] :o has ?is dep>tm5t %all cleanse ! glass ( ! ,lant]n1 lamp-glasses1 copp] & brass "w & ut5sils1 ! walls1 floors1 & balcony ( ! ,light-room1 & ! app>atus & ma*9]y !re) connect$2 toge!r ) ! ,t[] /air1 passage1 doors1 & w9d[s1 f ! ,light-room to ! ,oil cell>4 #f4 ,= ! m effectual cleans+ ( ! glass ( ! ,lant]n1 & managem5t ( ! ,lamps at ! "t ( light+1 bo? ,light-keep]s %all be ^u wat* ?r\gh\t ! fir/ h\r ( ! fir/ wat* e night1 dur+ ! w9t] p]iod1 betwe5 ! fir/ day ( ,octob] & la/ day ( ,m>*1 :5 !y %all jo9tly d ! duty ( ! ,light-room dur+ t h\r4 ,^! *anges to & f ! d\ble wat* %all be intimat$ by ! ,keep]s 9 ! ,mon?ly ,returns = ,octob] & ,april4 #g4 ,at ^? /ations :]e !re are two ,light-rooms1 ea* ,light-keep] %all p]=m ! entire duty ( bo? dep>tm5ts 9 t ,light-room to :i* he may be especially appo9t$4 ,b aft] ! fir/ h\r ( ! fir/ ,wat*1 ! ,light-keep] :o has *>ge ( ?is wat* %all p]=m ! :ole duty ( trimm+ & att5d+ ! ,lights ( bo? ,light-rooms till ! expiry ( 8 wat*2 & 9 l mann]1 8 successor on ! wat* %all p]=m ! :ole duty ( bo? ,light-rooms dur+ 8 wat*4 #h4 ,! ,light-keep] on duty %all on no pret5ce :atev]1 dur+ 8 wat*1 leave ! ,light-room & balcony1 or ! passage lead+ f "o ,light-room to ano!r1 at /ations :]e !re are two ,lights4 ,bells are provid$ at ea* ,light-room to enable ! ,light-keep] on duty to summon ! abs5t ,light-keep]2 & if at any "t ! ,light-keep] on duty %all ?9k ! pres5ce or assi/ance ( ! ,light-keep] n on duty is necess>y1 he %all call him by r++ 8 bell1 :i* %\ld be imm$iately answ]$ by ! return signal1 & ! ,keep] s call$1 %\ld repair to ! ,light-room )\t delay4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! wat*es come to be *ang$1 ! bell %all be rung to call ! ,light-keep] next 9 turn4 ,aft] :i* ! ,light-keep] on duty %all1 at 8 p]il1 rema9 on gu>d till he is reliev$ by ! ,light-keep] 9 p]son :o has ! next wat*4 #i4 ,%\ld ! bell ( ! ,light-keep] ^: turn x is to m\nt gu>d1 happ5 to be 9 an uns]viceable /ate1 ! o!r h\se-bell %all be us$1 & "s ( ! inmates ( t h\se %all call ! ,light-keep] n on duty1 s z by all means to avoid leav+ ! ,light-room )\t a con/ant wat* dur+ ! night4 #aj4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] is held responsible = ! safety & good ord] ( ! ,/ores1 ,ut5sils1 & app>atus ( :at k9d soev]1 & = e ?+ be+ put to its prop] use1 & kept 9 its prop] place4 ,he %all take c>e t none ( ! /ores or mat]ials are wa/$1 & %all obs]ve ! /ricte/ economy1 & ! mo/ c>eful managem5t1 yet s z to ma9ta9 9 e respect ! be/ possible light4 #aa4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] %all daily s]ve out ! all[ance ( ,oil & o!r ,/ores = ! use ( ! ,light-room4 ,! oil is to be measur$ by ! ,assi/ant1 at ! sight ( ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]4 #ab4 ,! ,light-keep]s %all keep a daily ,j\rnal ( ! quantity ( ,oil exp5d$1 ! r\t9e ( _! duty1 & ! /ate ( ! ,wea!r1 embody+ any o!r rem>ks t may occur4 ,^! %all be writt5 9 ! ,j\rnal-,books to be kept at ea* /ation = ! purpose1 at ! p]iods ( ! day :5 !y occur1 z !y mu/ on no acc\nt be tru/$ to memory4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ea* mon? !y %all make up & transmit to ! ,eng9e] a return1 :i* %all be an accurate copy ( ! ,j\rnal = ! prec$+ mon?4 #ac4 ,! ,light-keep]s are also requir$ to take notice ( any ,%ipwreck :i* %all happ5 )9 ! di/rict ( ! ,ligh?\se1 & to ent] an acc\nt !re(1 accord+ to ! prescrib$ =m1 9 a ,book furni%$ to ea* ,/ation = ?is purpose2 & 9 su* acc\nt he %all /ate :e!r ! ,light 0 se5 by any "o on bo>d ! %ipwreck$ ,vessel & recognis$ by !m1 & h[ long x 0 se5 be=e ! vessel /ruck4 ,a copy ( ?is entry %all =m ! ,%ipwreck ,return1 to be =?) =w>d$ to ! ,eng9e]4 #ad4 ,a book conta9+ a ,note ( ! ,vessels pass+ ea* ,ligh?\se daily %all be kept2 & an annual ,s*$ule1 %ew+ ! numb] ( vessels 9 ea* mon?1 %all be s5t to ! ,eng9e] 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 #ae4 ,! ,mon?ly & ,%ipwreck ,returns are to be writt5 by ! ,assi/ant1 & ! accompany+ lett]s by ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]4 ,! :ole %all be c>efully comp>$ & sign$ by bo? ,light-keep]s1 z direct$ by ! pr9t$ =m1 & despat*$ by po/ to ! ,eng9e] z soon z possible4 #af4 ,= ! purpose ( keep+ up ! practical k ( ! 8,occasional ,keep]10 he %all be annually call$ 9 by ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] to d duty = a =tnight 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y2 & ! same %all be /at$ 9 ! ,mon?ly ,lett]4 #ag4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] is held responsible = ! regul>ity ( ! ,wat*es ?r\gh\t ! night1 = ! cleanl9ess & good ord] ( ! ,reflect+ or ,refract+ ,app>atus1 ,ma*9]y1 & ,ut5sils1 & = ! due p]=mance ( ! :ole duty ( ! ,light-room or ,light-rooms1 z ! case may be1 :e!r p]=m$ by him p]sonally1 or by ! ,assi/ant4 #ah4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] is also held responsible = ! good ord] & condition ( ! ,h\sehold ,furniture belong+ to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 z well 9 8 own z 9 ! ,assi/ant's h\se4 ,?is duty ext5ds also to ! cleanl9ess ( ! sev]al ap>tm5ts1 passages1 /airs1 ro(s1 wat]-ci/]ns1 /ore-rooms1 "w-%ops1 privies1 a%-pits ( ! dwell+-h\ses1 (fices1 c\rt1 & imm$iate access to ! ,ligh?\se4 #ai4 ,! ,light-keep]s %all endeav\r to keep 9 good ord] & repair ! ,dykes enclos+ ! ,ligh?\se gr\nds1 ! ,l&+-places1 & ,roads lead+ f !nce to ! ,ligh?\se & ! ,dra9s !re) connect$1 toge!r ) all o!r ?+s plac$ "u _! *>ge4 #bj4 ,:5 /ores ( any k9d are to be l&$ = ! use ( ! ,ligh?\se1 ! ,light-keep]s %all att5d & give _! assi/ance4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] mu/1 ^u ^! occasions1 satisfy himself1 z f> z possible1 ( ! quantity & condition ( ! /ores receiv$1 :i* mu/ be duly ent]$ 9 ! ,/ore-book & ,mon?ly ,return-book4 #ba4 ,! ,light-keep]s are to make a ,report ( ! quality ( ! ,/ores1 9 ! ,mon?ly ,return = ,m>* annually1 or e>li] %\ld circum/ances r5d] ?is necess>y2 & ?is ,report mu/ proce$ ^u special trial ( ! sev]al ,ci/]ns ( ,oil & ( ! o!r ,/ores 9 detail1 bo? at ! "t ( receiv+ !m & aft] ! exp]i5ce ( ! w9t] mon?s4 #bb4 ,at all /ations :]e ,peat ,fuel is 9 use1 !re mu/ be su* a quantity ( ,peats provid$1 t ! ,/ock ( ! =m] ye> %all be a suffici5t supply to ! end ( ! curr5t ye>4 #bc4 ,%\ld ! supply ( any ( ! ,ligh?\se ,/ores at any "t appe> to ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] to be gett+ %ort1 s z !reby to endang] ! regul> appe>ance ( ! ,light1 he %all imm$iately intimate ! same to ! ,eng9e]1 & he mu/ be guid$ by prud5ce 9 r$uc+ ! /at$ numb] ( ,burn]s until a supply be receiv$4 #bd4 ,! ,light-keep]s are prohibit$ f c>ry+ on any trade or bus9ess :atev]4 ,!y are also prohibit$ f hav+ any bo>d]s or lodg]s 9 _! dwell+-h\ses1 & f keep+ dogs at ! ,ligh?\se e/abli%m5ts4 #be4 ,! ,light-keep]s are also direct$ to take c>e t no smuggl$ goods are h>b\r$ or conceal$ 9 any way 9 or ab\t ! ,ligh?\se premises or gr\nds4 #bf4 ,! ,light-keep]s h p]mission to g f home to draw _! sal>ies1 & also to att5d *ur*4 ,! ,assi/ant ,light-keep]1 on all occasions ( leave ( abs5ce1 mu/ consult ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] z to ! prop] "t = su* leave1 & obta9 8 cons5t2 9 l mann]1 ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] %all duly intimate 8 int5tion ( go+ f home to ! ,assi/ant ,light-keep]2--x be+ expressly ord]$ t only "o ,light-keep] %all be abs5t f ! ,ligh?\se at "o & ! same "t4 #bg4 ,:ile ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] is abs5t1 or is incapacitat$ = duty by sickness1 ! full *>ge ( ! ,light-room duty & ( ! premises %all devolve ^u ! ,assi/ant1 :o %all 9 t case h access to ! keys ( ! ,light-room /ores1 & be held responsible 9 all respects z ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]2 & 9 ! case ( ! incapacity ( ei!r ,light-keep]1 ! assi/ance ( ! ,occasional ,light-keep] %all be imm$iately call$ 91 & notice ( ! same giv5 to ! ,eng9e]4 ,notice ( any su* occurr5ces to be tak5 9 ! ,mon?ly ,return1 or by special lett] to ! ,eng9e]1 %\ld circum/ances r5d] ?is necess>y4 #bh4 ,! ,light-keep]s are requir$ to be sob] & indu/ri\s1 cleanly 9 _! p]sons & l95s1 & ord]ly 9 _! families4 ,!y mu/ conduct !mselves ) civility to /rang]s1 by %ew+ ! premises1 at su* h\rs z d n int]f]e ) ! prop] duties ( _! (fice2 x be+ expressly und]/ood1 t /rang]s %all n be admitt$ into ! ,light-room aft] sunset4 ,b no money or o!r gratuity %all be tak5 f /rang]s on any pret5ce :atev]4 #bi4 ,! ,light-keep]s are to appe> 9 _! ,uni=m-dress :5 any ( ! ,commission]s or ,pr9cipal ,(fic]s visit a /ation1 & also on ,sunday2--on :i* day1 at noon1 ! wea!r p]mitt+1 ! ,ligh?\se flag %all be hoi/$ by ! ,assi/ant ,light-keep]1 or 9 8 abs5ce by ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]1 :5 x %all rema9 display$ until sunset4 #cj4 ,^! ,in/ructions are to be read 9 ! ,light-room by ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]1 9 ! he>+ ( 8 ,assi/ant1 on ! t]m days1 be=e draw+ 8 sal>y2 & notice !re( tak5 9 ! ,mon?ly ,returns4 #ca4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any neglect occurr+ 9 ! p]=mance ( any "p ( ! duties requir$ f a ,light-keep]1 ! (f5d+ p>ty %all1 jo9tly ) ! o!r ,light-keep] or ,light-keep]s at ! /ation1 s5d imm$iate notice ( ! circum/ance to ! ,eng9e]2 & 9 ! ev5t ( "o p>ty refus+ or neglect+ to concur 9 giv+ ?is intimation1 ! o!rs 7:e!r ,pr9cipals or ,assi/ants7 %all proce$ to give ! notice 9 _! own names4 #cb4 ,! brea* ( any ( ! =ego+ ,rules & ,in/ructions %all subject ! ,light-keep]s to dismissal1 or to su* o!r puni%m5t z ! nature ( ! (f5ce may require4 #cc4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep]1 or o!r ,pr9cipal ,(fic] at ! respective ,ligh?\ses = ! "t be+1 %all1 e ,sunday1 p]=m ! s]vice po9t$ out = ! inmates1 by read+ a portion ( ! ,scriptures1 & any o!r religi\s book furni%$ by ! ,bo>d1 & ! ,pray] compos$ = _! use by ! ,rev4 ,dr ,brunton1 "o ( ! ,m9i/]s ( ,ed9burgh1 or o!r ,pray]s 9 any "w furni%$ by ! ,bo>d4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! ,pr9cipal ,light-keep] %all invite ! families to assemble at noon 9 ! ,visit+ ,(fic]'s room4 #cd4 ,! ,light-keep]s are to obs]ve t ! above g5]al ,regulations are )\t prejudice to any m special ,in/ructions :i* may be made applicable to any p>ticul> ,ligh?\se1 or to su* ord]s z may f "t to "t be issu$ by ! ,eng9e]4 ,,alan ,,/ev5son1 ,eng9e] = ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,,(fice1 ,,ed9burgh1 #af? ,june #ahdg4 ,,ed9burgh1 #af? ,june #ahdg4 ,,! ,,commission]s hav+ consid]$ ! prec$+ ,,rules & ,,in/ructions1 approve ( ! same1 direct !m to be sub/itut$ = ^? n[ 9 use1 appo9t !m to be sign$ by ! ,eng9e]1 & copies ( !m & ( ?is ,m9ute to be issu$ to ! pres5t ,light-keep]s2 direct a copy to be deliv]$ 9 future to ea* ,light-keep] at ! "t ( 8 appo9tm5t1 t !y may und]/& t !y are plac$ "u ! dep>tm5t & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,eng9e]1 :o is held responsible = ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,rules & ,in/ructions1 & = _! g5]al good conduct2 t ! ,eng9e] has p[]1 9 case ( neglect or disob$i5ce1 in/antly to susp5d & remove any ( ! ,light-keep]s1 & to report ! case to ! ,commission]s1 by :om x w be consid]$1 & ! (f5d+ p>ty subject$ to dismissal1 or su* o!r puni%m5t z ! (f5ce may m]it4 ,9 case ( a puni%m5t less ?an dismissal1 t circum/ance1 z well z ! g5]al conduct ( ! ,light-keep]1 w always be tak5 into consid]ation :5 any application may be made = sup]annuat$ all[ance4 ,extract$ f ! ,m9utes by ,,alex4 ,,cun+ham1 ,sec4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,old ,,fi%m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,,*>t ,%ew+ ! ,situation ( ! ,,sk]ryvore ,,ligh?\se ,/ev5sons ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on4 ,ed9burgh4 ,,*>t ( ! ,,position ( ! ,,sk]ryvore ,,rocks ,,f\lgr\nd f a ,survey made = ! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,light ,,h\ses ,,james ,,ritson ,,surveyor #ahdf4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,plan ,,( ,,sk]ryvore ,,rock ,,at ,,l[ ,,wat] ,,( ,,spr+ ,,tides4 ,%ew+ ! site ( ! ,ligh?\se ,t[]1 ,b>racks1 ,cranes1 fre% ,wat] ,tanks1 ,railway c4 ,ilu/ration3 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,plan ,,( ,,sk]ryvore ,,rock ,,at ,,high ,,wat] ,,( ,,spr+ ,,tides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,g4 ,aikman ,sc ,,curves ,,= ,,ligh?\se ,,t[]s ,,p>abola ,,con*oid ,,log>i?mic ,,hyp]bola ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,sculpt4 ,,m>9e ,,dynamomet]1 ,,small ,,size1 ,,l5g? #ah ,,in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,walt] ,f]ri] ,delt4 ,g4 ,aikman ,sculpt4 ,,tempor>y ,,b>rack4 ,b>rack ,room = ,workm5 ,eng9e] ,=eman's ,ap>tm5ts ,kit*5 ,provision ,/ore ,/ore = ,coals c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,walt] ,f]ri] ,delt4 ,g4 ,aikman ,sculpt4 ,elevation ,fig4 #a ,,tempor>y ,,b>rack4 ,,top ,,fixtures4 ,plan ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,section4 #hd?4 ,c\rse #id?4 ,c\rse #cb;d4 ,c\rse #bh?4 ,c\rse #a/4 ,c\rse #ai?4 ,c\rse ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,g4 ,h4 ,slight ,delt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sculpt4 ,,balance ,,crane ,,us$ ,,at ,,sk]ryvore4 ,elevation ,plan ,section %ew+ ,roll]s ,plan ( ,roll]s ,plan ( ,p$e/al ,frame ,circle ,end view ( ,crane ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,plan ( ,,e/abli%m5t at ,,hyni%1 ,,isl& ,,( ,,tyree4 ,,%ew+ ,,! ,,pi]1 ,,dock1 ,,res]voir1 ,,lightkeep]s ,,& ,,seam5s ,,h\ses c4 ,,note ,! ,s\nd+s are m>k$ 9 a fractional =m ?us 9 :i* ! figures 9 ! place ( ! ,num]ator indicate ! dep? at high wat] ( spr+ tides & ^? 9 ! place ( ! ,d5om9ator ! dep? at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides1 ! rise ( tide be+ #ab feet4 ,/ev5sons acc\nt ( ! ,sk]ryvore ,light ,h\se ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,walt] ,f]ri]1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,hyni% ,,dock4 ,elevation4 ,section across ,gates4 ,,s+le ,,boom ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,j4 ,l4 ,k]r1 delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,annul> ,,l5s ,,( ,,fir/ ,,ord] ,,scale ?44 ,,full ,,size ,,plan ,,section ,,?r\gh ,a4,b4 ,,table ,,( ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,l5s ,,9 ,,millim,,tres ---------------------------------------- ,,co-,,ord9ates ,,to ,,c5tres ,,( ,,radius ,,radius ,,curvature ,,( ,,( ---------------- ,no,,p]iph]y,,curvature x y --------------------------------------- #a #adj4jj #dhc4ej #ded4gi #jj4jj #b #bjh4ae #edc4fj #dhh4ee #ac4jh #c #bfb4dj #eih4fb #eac4ch #ca4gb #d #cji4bj #fei4gg #edj4ga #eg4jj #e #cej4ej #gai4hd #efe4bg #hd4hf #f #chg4dd #ggi4dh #ehh4jj #aad4ic #g #dbb4bc #hdf4de #fad4ce #aea4ej #h #def4bc #iaa4cj #fcf4ij #ahi4ee #i #dij4jj #ihj4cj #ffj4aa #bej4ag #aj #ebc4cc #ajeg4gj #fhc4da #bhj4fj #aa #eec4cc #aacf4ja #gab4gi #cbh4jj --------------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,g4 ,h4 ,slight ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,revolv+ ,,dioptric ,,app>atus ,,fir/ ,,ord]4 ,,"o ,,tw5tie? ,,( ,,full ,,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,g4 ,aikman1 ,sculpt4 ,,revolv+ ,,dioptric ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ord]4 ,plan ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,g4 ,aikman1 ,sculpt4 ,,fix$ ,,dioptric ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ord]4 ,v]tical ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,,xvi4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,j4 ,&rews ,delt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sculpt4 #a/4 ,,ord] ( ,,lights4 ,,concave ,,mirrors4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,fix$ ,,catadioptric ,,light ,,( #a/4 ,,ord] ,,"o ,,n9ete5? ,,( ,,full ,,size ,,ref]5ces4 ,a ,b ,c4 ,,catadioptric ,,zones4 ,d ,e ,f4 ,,comp\nd ,,dioptric ,,belt ,,) ,,diagonal ,,jo9ts ,c ,n ,m4 ,a ,b ,c4 ,,l[] ,,catadioptric ,,zones ,,"o ,,division ,,be+ ,,left ,,out ,,= ,,free ,,access ,,to ,,! ,,lamp4 ,f4 ,,focus ,,) ,,flame ,,( ,,lamp4 ,,ref]5ces4 ,x ,x ,x4 ,,diagonal ,,supports ,,= ,,! ,,upp] ,,catadioptric ,,zones4 ,h ,h4 ,,s]vice ,,table ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,lamp ,,re/s ,,:]e ,,! ,,keep] ,,/&s ,,to ,,trim ,,! ,,burn]4 ,r ,r4 ,,diagonal ,,frame ,,= ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,g4 ,h4 ,slight ,delt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sculpt4 #a/4 ,,ord] ( ,,lights4 ,,fix$ ,,catadioptric ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,catadioptric ,,app>atus4 ,,f\r? ,,ord] ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,walt] ,h4 ,f]ri]1 delt4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,,me*anical ,,lamp = ,,dioptric ,,lights ( ,,fir/ ,,ord]4 ,a ,,wick ,,hold]s ,b ,,glass ,,hold] ,c ,,screw ,,to ,,rack ,d ,,= ,,rais+ ,,wick ,d ,,rack ,,= ,do4 ,e ,,pipe ,,supply+ ,,oil ,,to ,,wicks ,f ,,coll> ,,support+ ,,burn]s ,g ,,drip ,,cup ,h ,,return ,,pipe ,,= ,,oil ,,ov]fl[+ ,,burn] ,i ,,valve ,,box ,j ,,crank ,,rods ,,= ,,work+ ,,lea!r ,,valves ,k ,,h+e ,,( ,,lid ,l ,,lid ,,( ,,ci/]n ,m ,,oil ,,ci/]n ,n ,,suction ,,pipe ,o ,,w9d+ ,,arb\r ,,= ,,ma*9e ,p ,,box ,,= ,,ma*9]y ,q ,,screw ,,= ,,adju/+ ,,level ,,( ,,burn] ,r ,,s]vice ,,table ,s ,,c\pl+ ,,screw ,,= ,,oil ,,tube ,t ,,univ]sal ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,connect+ ,,rod ,u ,,crane ,,= ,,empty+ ,,ci/]n ,v ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,= ,,cranks ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,walt] ,h4 ,f]ri]1 delt4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,,me*anical ,,lamp4 ,,enl>g$ ,,views ,,( ,,oil ,,pumps4 ,,elevation ,j ,,supports ,,( ,,burn] ,p ,,crank ,,rods ,,= ,,lea!r ,,valves ,m ,n ,,supports ,,= ,,crank ,,rods ,l ,,c\pl+ ,t ,,univ]sal ,,jo9t ,p ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,= ,,cranks ,s ,,suction ,,pipe ,o ,,squ>e ,,tray ,,= ,,ov]fl[+ ,,oil ,q ,,lid ,,( ,,oil ,,ci/]n ,i ,,oil ,,tube ,,plans ,,& ,,sections ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,opposite ,,plate4 ,,section ,,on ,,l9e ,a4 ,b4 ,,section ,,( ,,dis*>g+ ,,*e/ ,e4 ,,plan ,,( ,,upp] ,,side ,,( ,,pump ,,*amb] ,,at ,f4 ,f4 ,,plan ,,( ,,valves ,,at ,f4 ,f4 ,,& ,h4 ,h4 ,,section ,,on ,,l9e ,c4 ,d4 ,,plan ,,& ,,section ,,( ,,plate ,k4 ,,plan ,,( ,,l[] ,,side ,,( ,,pump ,,*amb] ,,at ,h4 ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,walt] ,h4 ,f]ri]1 delt4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,me*anical ,,lamp ,,enl>g$ ,,views ,,( ,,oil ,,pumps4 ,,elevation ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,lea!r ,,pi/ons ,,& ,,lev]s ,,work+ ,,into ,,pump ,j ,,supports ,,( ,,burn] ,p ,,crank ,,rods ,,= ,,lea!r ,,valves ,m ,n ,,supports ,,= ,,crank ,,rods ,l ,,c\pl+ ,t ,,univ]sal ,,jo9t ,r ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,= ,,cranks ,s ,,suction ,,pipe ,o ,,squ>e ,,tray ,,= ,,ov]fl[+ ,,oil ,q ,,lid ,,( ,,oil ,,ci/]n ,i ,,oil ,,tube ,,plan ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,walt] ,h4 ,f]ri] ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,clockwork ,,movem5t ,,( ,,me*anical ,,lamp ,,plan ,,( ,,clockwork ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,clockwork ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,james ,&rews1 delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,clockwork ,,movem5t ,,& ,,burn] ,,( ,,me*anical ,,lamp ,,section ,,( ,,burn]s ,,elevation ,,( ,,wickhold] ,,elevation ,,( ,,inn] ,,tube ,,( ,,glass ,,gall]y ,,plan ,,( ,,burn]s ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,side ,,( ,,burn]s ,,%ew+ ,,! ,,h&les ,,( ,,! ,,racks ,,= ,,elevat+ ,,! ,,wicks ,a4 ,,univ]sal ,,jo9t ,,( ,,pump ,,rod ,b4 ,,regulator ,c4 ,,*a9 ,,b>rel ,d4 ,,*a9 ,e4 ,,driv+ ,,:eel ,f4 ,,bevel ,,:eels ,,= ,,horizontal ,,motion ,g4 ,,:eel ,,) ,,cogs ,,= ,,lift+ ,,bell-,,hamm] ,h4 ,,hamm] ,,= ,,/rik+ ,,al>um ,,bell ,i4 ,,al>um ,,bell ,,:i* ,,repeats ,,:ile ,,! ,,pump ,,is ,,work+ ,k4 ,,endless ,,screw ,,on ,,axis ,,( ,,regulator ,l4 ,,w9d+ ,,arb\r ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,clockwork ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,g4 ,aikman1 ,sculpt4 ,,flame ,,= #a/4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,dioptric ,,lights at full size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,james ,&rews ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,lant]n #a,,/4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,lights4 ,,p>apet ,,wall ,,elevation ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,upp] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,a/ragals ,,elevation ,,plan ,,( ,,horizontal ,,p>ts ,,( ,,a/ragals ,,enl>g$ ,,sections ,,( ,,a/ragals ,,enl>g$ ,,section ,,( ,,cornice ,,elevation ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,l[] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,a/ragals ,,enl>g$ ,,section ,,( ,,sole ,,plate ,,a/ragal ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,james ,&rews1 ,delt4 ,william ,mill]1 ,sculpt4 ,,ardnamur*an ,,ligh?\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,h4 ,g4 ,slight delt4 ,g4 ,aikman ,sculpt4 ,,ardnamur*an ,,ligh?\se4 ,,plan ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,james ,&rews ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,float+ ,,light ,,vessel ,r$uc$ f ,draw+s 9 possession ( ,honble4 ,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,h\se ,dept=d ,/rond4 ,,dim5sions ,ft4 ,94 ,l5g? betwe5 ! p]p5dicul>s #hjj ,bread? m\ld$ #bjf ,do4 extreme #baj ,dep? 9 hold #ajh ,bur!n 9 ,tons #aeh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,g4 ,h4 ,slight ,delt4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,covesea ,,sk]ries ,,beacon4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! ,lett]s ref] to ^? 9 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,g4 ,h4 ,slight4 ,delt4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,,covesea ,,sk]ries ,,beacon ,plan on c d ,plan on a b ,section %[+ connection ( cage ) ma9 ,pill>s ,plan on e f ,section %[+ connection ( ,pill>s ,section %[+ atta*m5t ( ,pill>s to ! ,sole plates & its connection ) ,rocks by ,bats ,connect+ ,plate ,plan on g h ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,james ,&rews ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se ,,/one ,,beacon ,,elevation ,,section ,,iron ,,beacon ,,elevation ,,section ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,james ,&rews ,delt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,ed9r4 ,/ev5son's ,acc\nt ( ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se4 ,,buoys ,,ma/ ,,buoy ,,c ,,buoy ,,cask ,,buoy ,,nun ,,buoy ,,= ,,wrecks ,,sph]ical ,,buoy ,,nelson ,,buoy ,,riv] ,,ribble ,,fairway ,,buoy ,,riv] ,,tay ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t1 ar*aic spell+1 hyph5ation1 typography etc4 h be5 reta9$1 also 9 prop] & geographic names & 9 numb]+ ( illu/rations & plates1 except z li/$ "u ,*anges bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,! book regul>ly ref]s to a book publi%$ by ! au?or's fa!r3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,light-,h\se by ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 :i* is available at ,project ,gut5b]g3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#dhda d4 ,page xi3 ! errata h already be5 correct$ 9 ! text2 see also "u ,*anges made bel[4 ,page #adi1 444 ! same mass ( ,mull /one w\ld weigh #dbeb tons 4443 possibly an error = #daeb tons 7:i* w\ld make ! calculation correct74 ,page #agd3 444 some:at on ! same plan z t :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,app5dix 4443 x is n cle> to :i* ,app5dix ?is ref]s2 possibly ! ref]5ce is to ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,page #beb ff43 ,figures #ei & #fj are id5tical4 ,page #bga ff43 ,figures #ga & #gb are id5tical4 ,page #bgf1 ,see fig4 #gc & ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ! description appe>s to ref] to ,fig4 #ga_/gb r ?an to fig4 #gc4 ,page #cfb1 ,conv]sely1 n is ! orig9 ( ! co-ord9ates = ! gr9d+ c5tre ,o ( ! int]ior convex refract+ surface ,,bc1 4443 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aaj7 ?is appe>s to be a l[] case o4 ,page #chi1 entries = ,may #ad & #ae1 #ahdd3 ! ord] z giv5 "h is ! "o pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 ! reason = ! inv]se ord] is n cle>4 ,page #dbb1 item ,*>ities 4c1 numb] #b3 ,s9ce la/ ,act3 !re appe>s to be a discrepancy betwe5 ! individual am\nts paid out & ! sub-total giv54 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes1 illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ outside text p>agraphs2 m>g9alia h be5 mov$ to directly above ! p>agraphs !y ref] to4 ,"s ( ! wid] tables h be5 split into *unks 9 ord] to fit ! available wid?2 su* split tables may be recomb9$ into s+le tables 7h5ce !re are occasional blank l9es & columns 9 ^! split tables74 ,9 c]ta9 tables1 ,d4 or d4 h be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,"s m9or oddities 9 text lay-out h be5 *ang$ sil5tly = easi] readability4 ,repeat$ table & column head]s1 c>ry_/br\ght =w>d1 subtotals etc4 on page transitions 9 li/s & tables h be5 remov$1 except p>tly on ! transition f page #dbc to #dbd4 ,sut] & ,s\t] h be5 /&>dis$ to ,sut]4 ,page xi3 ! errata li/$ h already be5 correct$ 9 ! text4 ,! am\nt ,l4#ic1cjf 3 #h 3 #aj does n occur on l9e #f ( page #agh2 ! am\nt ,l4#ij1bfh1 #ab 3 #a t does occur on l9e #g ( t page has be5 replac$ by ,l4#hf1igg 3 #ag 3 #g z giv5 9 ! ,app5dix 7page #chd74 ,page #fa1 ,footnote #ac3 ,g,m 444 w be ----1 by :i* expression 444 ,g,m *ang$ to ,g,m 444 w be -----1 by :i* expression 4444 ,g,m ,page #bca3 ,9 ^! figures1 n n %ews ! reflector flame 444 *ang$ to ,9 ^! figures1 n n %ews ! reflector frame 4444 ,page #bfg3 ,franois ,soliel1 :om ,i urg$ 444 *ang$ to ,franois ,soleil1 :om ,i urg$ 4442 444 ! light d]iv$ f ! access>y "p 444 *ang$ to 444 ! light d]iv$ f ! accessory "p 4444 ,page #bha3 ,,oa 4 cos 4 ,,oax4 *ang$ to ,,oa 4 cos ,,oax4 ,page #bhd3 ,f is ! small flame 9 ! focus 444 *ang$ to ,e is ! small flame 9 ! focus 4444 ,page #dac1 entry ,! ,commission paid to ,collectors 4443 #bdja 3 #g 3 #j *ang$ to #bdja 3 #g 3 #c cf4 page #dbi4 ,page #dcj1 entry #i4 ,/>tpo9t1 ,balance3 #dfb #j #h *ang$ to #dfb #j #c4 ,page #cee3 444 =m+ a flat p>allelopepid 444 *ang$ to 444 =m+ a flat p>allelopip$ 4444 ,page #cii1 entry ,drum ,s& ,we/ ,buoy1 ,s\? ,po9t3 ,be> *ang$ to ,be>+4