,anne ,s\l>d1 ,*>les ,franks & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,educational ,,practice ,,& ,,progress ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,phase ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,& ,,spread ,,( ,,we/]n ,,civilization ,,by ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ley ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,= ,,?irty ,,ye>s ,,be/ ,,( ,,companions ,,9 ,,bo? ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,preface ,! pres5t volume1 z well z ! companion volume ( ,read+s1 arose out ( a practical situation4 ,tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 on ent]+ ,/an=d ,univ]sity z a ,pr(essor ( ,education & be+ giv5 ! hi/ory ( ! subject to tea*1 ,i f\nd x necess>y1 almo/ f ! fir/1 to beg9 ! con/ruction ( a ,syllabus ( ,lectures :i* w\ld p]mit ( my tea*+ ! subject m z a phase ( ! hi/ory ( ! rise & progress ( our ,we/]n civilization ?an w\ld any exi/+ text4 ,?r\gh su* a /udy x is possible to give1 bett] ?an by any o!r means1 t vision ( _w progress :i* ?r[s su* a flood ( light ov] all our educational ef=ts4 ,! ,syllabus grew1 0 made to include detail$ citations to hi/orical lit]ature1 & 9 #aijb 0 publi%$ 9 book =m4 ,9 #aije a second & an enl>g$ edition 0 issu$1 #a & ^! volumes = a "t =m$ ! basis = classwork & read+ 9 a numb] ( in/itutions1 &1 ?\gh n[ out ( pr9t1 may /ill be f\nd 9 _m libr>ies4 ,at ! same "t ,i began ! collection ( a s]ies ( %ort1 illu/rative s\rces = my /ud5ts to read4 ,x _h be5 my int5tion1 aft] ! publication ( ! second edition ( ! ,syllabus1 to exp& ! outl9e into a ,text ,book :i* w\ld embody my ideas z to :at univ]sity /ud5ts %\ld be giv5 z to ! hi/ory ( ! "w 9 :i* !y 7 engag$4 ,i felt !n1 & /ill feel1 t ! hi/ory ( education1 prop]ly conceiv$ & pres5t$1 %\ld occupy an important place 9 ! tra9+ ( an educational lead]4 ,two ?+s n[ happ5$ :i* = "s "t turn$ me aside f my orig9al purpose4 ,! fir/ 0 ! publication1 late 9 #aije1 ( ,paul ,monroe's v compreh5sive & s*ol>ly ,text ,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 & ! second 0 t1 ) ! expansion ( ! "w 9 education 9 ! univ]sity ) :i* ,i 0 connect$1 & ! addition ( new m5 to ! dep>tm5t1 ! g5]al hi/ory ( education 0 = a "t turn$ ov] to ano!r to tea*4 ,i !n began1 in/ead1 ! developm5t ( t introductory c\rse 9 education1 deal+ entirely ) ,am]ican educational hi/ory & problems1 out ( :i* grew my ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! second half ( ! academic ye> #aiaj-aa ,i act$ z visit+ ,lectur] on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education at bo? ,h>v>d ,univ]sity & ,radcliffe ,college1 & :ile s]v+ 9 ?is capacity ,i began "w on :at has f9ally evolv$ into ! pres5t volume1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ book ( illu/rative ,read+s4 ,o!r duties1 & a deep int]e/ 9 problems ( s*ool adm9i/ration1 l>gely engag$ my en]gies & writ+ "t until "s ?ree ye>s ago1 :51 9 re>rang+ c\rses at ! univ]sity1 x seem$ desirable t ,i %\ld aga9 take ov] ! in/ruction 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( education4 ,s9ce !n ,i h pu%$ ?r\gh1 z rapidly z conditions w\ld p]mit1 ! organization ( ! p>allel book ( s\rces & docum5ts1 & ! pres5t volume ( text4 ,9 do+ s ,i h n tri$ to prep>e ano!r hi/ory ( educational !ories4 ,( su* we already h a suffici5t numb]4 ,in/ead1 ,i h tri$ to prep>e a hi/ory ( ! progress & practice & organization ( education itself1 & to give to su* a hi/ory its prop] sett+ z a phase ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t & spread ( our ,we/]n civilization4 ,i h especially tri$ to pres5t su* a picture ( ! rise1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 gr[?1 & rec5t great expansion ( ! idea ( ! improvability ( ! race & ! elevation & emancipation ( ! individual ?r\gh education z w\ld be mo/ illum9at+ & useful to /ud5ts ( ! subject4 ,to ?is end ,i h trac$ ! great =w>d /eps 9 ! emancipation ( ! intellect ( man1 & ! ef=ts to p]petuate ! progress made ?r\gh ! organization ( educational in/itutions to pass on to o!rs :at _h be5 atta9$4 ,i h also tri$ to give a prop] sett+ to ! great hi/oric =ces :i* h %ap$ & m\ld$ human progress1 & h made ! evolution ( mod]n /ate s*ool sy/ems & ! _w-wide spread ( ,we/]n civilization bo? possible & inevitable4 ,to ?is end ,i h tri$ to hold to ! ma9 l9es ( ! /ory1 & h 9 consequ5ce omitt$ ref]5ce to _m !ori/s & re=m]s & ev5ts & s*ools :i* d\btless 7 important 9 _! l& & "t1 b ! influ5ce ( :i* on ! ma9 curr5t ( educational progress 01 aft] all1 b small4 ,= su* omission ,i h no apology to make4 ,9 _! place ,i h introduc$ a record ( _w ev5ts & =ces1 n includ$ 9 ! usual hi/ory ( education1 :i* to me seem important z hav+ contribut$ mat]ially to ! %ap+ & direct+ ( intellectual & educational progress4 ,:ile 9 ! treatm5t major emphasis has be5 giv5 to mod]n times1 ,i h nev]!less tri$ to %[ h[ all mod]n education has be5 aft] all a developm5t1 a culm9ation1 a fl[]+-out ( =ces & impulses :i* g f> back 9 hi/ory = _! orig94 ,9 a civilization su* z we ( to-day enjoy1 ) roots s deeply emb$d$ 9 ! pa/ z is ours1 any adequate und]/&+ ( _w practices & ( pres5t-day _w problems 9 education calls = "s trac+ ( developm5t to give prop] backgr\nd & p]spective4 ,! rise ( mod]n /ate s*ool sy/ems1 ! v>iations 9 types f\nd to-day 9 diff]5t l&s1 ! new conceptions ( ! educational purpose1 ! rise ( sci5ce /udy1 ! new functions :i* ! s*ool has rec5tly assum$1 ! _w- wide sweep ( mod]n educational ideas1 ! rise ( _m entirely new types ( s*ools & tra9+ )9 ! pa/ c5tury--^! & _m o!r features ( mod]n educational practice 9 progressive nations are bett] und]/ood if view$ 9 ! light ( _! prop] hi/orical sett+4 ,/&+ z we are to-day on ! ?re%old ( a new era1 & ) a /rong t5d5cy manife/ to look only to ! future & to ignore ! pa/1 ! ne$ = s\nd educational p]spective on ! "p ( ! lead]s 9 bo? s*ool & /ate is giv5 new emphasis4 ,to give great] concret5ess to ! pres5tation1 maps1 diagrams1 & pictures1 z commonly f\nd 9 /&>d hi/orical works1 h be5 us$ to an ext5t n be=e employ$ 9 writ+s on ! hi/ory ( education4 ,to give /ill great] concret5ess to ! pres5tation ,i h built up a p>allel volume ( ,read+s1 conta9+ a l>ge collection ( illu/rative s\rce mat]ial design$ to back up ! hi/orical record ( educational developm5t & progress z pres5t$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! selections h be5 fully cross-ref]5c$ 7,r4 #abi2 ,r4 #agf2 etc47 9 ! pages ( ! ,text4 ,dep5d+1 z ,i h1 s l>gely on ! companion volume = ! necess>y supplem5tal read+s1 ,i h r$uc$ ! *apt] bibliographies to a v few ( ! mo/ valuable & mo/ commonly f\nd ref]5ces4 ,to add to ! tea*+ value ( ! book !re has be5 app5d$ to ea* *apt] a s]ies ( que/ions = discussion1 be>+ on ! ,text1 & ano!r s]ies ( que/ions be>+ on ! ,read+s to be f\nd 9 ! companion volume4 ,9 ?is =m x is hop$ t ! ,text w be f\nd good 9 tea*+ organization2 t ! treatm5t may prove to be ( su* practical value t x w contribute mat]ially to relieve ! hi/ory ( education f mu* ( ! criticism :i* ! devotion 9 ! pa/ to ! hi/ory ( educational !ory has br\ght ^u x2 & t ! two volumes :i* h be5 prep>$ may be ( real s]vice 9 re/or+ ! subject to ! position ( importance x des]ves to hold1 = mature /ud5ts ( educational practice1 z ! int]pret] ( _w progress z express$ 9 "o ( its highe/ creative =ms4 ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ley ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,cal4 ,septemb] #d1 #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,introduction3 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,our ,,civilization ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w ,,f\ndation ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,our ,,we/]n ,,civilization ,,greece--,,rome--,,*ri/ianity ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,old ,,greek ,,education ,i4 ,,greece ,,& ,,its ,,p ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,education ,,9 ,,greece ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,lat] ,,greek ,,education ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new ,,greek ,,education ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,education ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,rome ,i4 ,,! ,,romans ,,& ,,_! ,,mission ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,home ,,education ,,iii4 ,,! ,,transition ,,to ,,s*ool ,,education ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,z ,,f9ally ,,e/abli%$ ,v4 ,,rome',s ,,contribution ,,to ,,civilization ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,contribution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,i4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,victory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,ii4 ,,educational ,,& ,,gov]nm5tal ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,/>t$ ,,) ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,_w ,,! ,,deluge ,,( ,,b>b>ism2 ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,/ruggle ,,to ,,pres]ve ,,& ,,re,,/abli% ,,civilization ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,new ,,peoples ,,9 ,,! ,,empire ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages ,i4 ,,condition ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages ,i4 ,,s*ools ,,e/abli%$ ,,& ,,in/ruction ,,provid$ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,influ5ces ,,t5d+ ,,t[>d ,a ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,i4 ,,moslem ,,le>n+ ,,f ,,spa9 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology ,,iii4 ,,law ,,& ,,m$ic9e ,,z ,,new ,,/udies ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,new ,,influ5ces ,,& ,,movem5ts ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,m$iaeval ,,to ,,mod]n ,,attitudes ,,! ,,recov]y ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,le>n+2 ,,! ,,reawak5+ ,,( ,,s*ol>%ip2 ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,religi\s ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,revolt ,,aga9/ ,,au?ority ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,i4 ,,among ,,lu!rans ,,& ,,anglicans ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,,ii4 ,,among ,,calv9i/s ,,& ,,ca?olics ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,,iii4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,am]ican ,,education ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,new ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,& ,,! ,,s*ools ,i4 ,,humani/ic ,,realism ,,ii4 ,,social ,,realism ,,iii4 ,,s5se ,,realism ,,iv4 ,,realism ,,& ,,! ,,s*ools ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,by ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,i4 ,,pre-,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,educational ,,!ories ,,ii4 ,,mid-,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,educational ,,conditions ,,"p ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,times ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,privilege2 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,democracy2 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,= ,,education ,,evolv$2 ,,! ,,/ate ,,takes ,,ov] ,,! ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,a ,,transition ,,c5tury ,i4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,b5evol5t ,,despots ,,( ,,cont95tal ,,europe ,,ii4 ,,! ,,unsatisfi$ ,,dem& ,,= ,,re=m ,,9 ,,france ,,iii4 ,,engl& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,democratic ,,nation ,,iv4 ,,in/itution ,,( ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,religi\s ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,am]ica ,v4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,sweeps ,,away ,,anci5t ,,abuses ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,national ,,education ,i4 ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,purpose ,,ii4 ,,! ,,new ,,/ate ,,!ory ,,9 ,,france ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new ,,/ate ,,!ory ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,& ,,subject-,,matt] ,,= ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,!ory ,,/at$ ,,ii4 ,,g]man ,,attempts ,,to ,,"w ,,out ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,iii4 ,,! ,,"w ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,pe/alozzi ,,iv4 ,,r$irection ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,prussia ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,national ,,organization ,,ii4 ,a ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,at ,,la/ ,,creat$ ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,italy ,i4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,france ,,ii4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,italy ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,engl& ,i4 ,,! ,,*>itable-,,volunt>y ,,beg9n+s ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,philan?ropic ,,ef=t 7#ahjj-cc7 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,national ,,education ,,iv4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,national ,,sy/em ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,awak5+ ,,an ,,educational ,,consci\sness ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,national ,,attitudes ,,& ,,int]e/s ,,ii4 ,,awak5+ ,,an ,,educational ,,consci\sness ,,iii4 ,,social1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,economic ,,influ5ces ,,iv4 ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,int]e/s1 ,,& ,,propag&a ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,battle ,,= ,,free ,,/ate ,,s*ools ,i4 ,,! ,,battle ,,= ,,tax ,,support ,,ii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,! ,,paup]-,,s*ool ,,idea ,,iii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,s*ools ,,entirely ,,free ,,iv4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision ,v4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,sect>ianism ,,vi4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,! ,,am]ican ,,high ,,s*ool ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,cr[ns ,,! ,,sy/em ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,education ,,becomes ,a ,,great ,,national ,,tool ,i4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,/ate-,,control ,,idea ,,ii4 ,,new ,,modify+ ,,=ces ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges ,,on ,,education ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,process ,i4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,organization ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,ii4 ,,new ,,ideas ,,f ,,h]b>tian ,,s\rces ,,iii4 ,,! ,,k9d]g>t51 ,,play1 ,,& ,,manual ,,activities ,,iv4 ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,/udy ,v4 ,,social ,,mean+ ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,new ,,t5d5cies ,,& ,,expansions ,i4 ,,political ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,iii4 ,,vocational ,,iv4 ,,sociological ,v4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,organization ,,( ,,education ,,conclusion3 ,,! ,,future ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates #a4 ,,! ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,a ,,mona/]y1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce1 ,,italy #b4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,sa9t ,,wallb]g1 ,,at ,,zutph51 ,,holl& #c4 ,,sa9t ,,?omas ,,aqu9as #d4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,!ology ,,by ,,alb]tus ,,magnus #e4 ,,/rat=d-,,on-,,avon ,,gramm> ,,s*ool #f4 ,,educational ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,prote/ant ,,g]many #g4 ,,! ,,free ,,s*ool ,,at ,,h>r[ #h4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,jesuit ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritory ,,by ,,! ,,ye> #agbe #i4 ,,two ,,tablets ,,on ,,! ,,we/ ,,gateway ,,at ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity #aj4 ,,john ,,amos ,,com5ius 7#aeib-afgj7 #aa4 ,,johann ,,he9ri* ,,pe/alozzi #ab4 ,,fell5b]g',s ,,in/itute ,,at ,,h(wyl #ac4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reg5]ation ,,( ,,prussia #ad4 ,,francois ,,pi]re ,,guillaume ,,guizot 7#aghg-ahgd7 #ae4 ,,john ,,p\nds' ,,ragg$ ,,s*ool ,,at ,,portsm\? #af4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,village ,,volunt>y ,,s*ool #ag4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,educational ,,awak5+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ah4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,educational ,,!ory ,,li/ ,,( ,,figures #a4 ,,! ,,greek ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,_w #b4 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,& ,,! ,,aegean ,,_w #c4 ,,! ,,city-,,/ate ,,( ,,attica #d4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,population ,,( ,,a!ns ,,& ,,attica1 ,,ab\t #dcj ,b4,c4 #e4 ,a ,,greek ,,boy #f4 ,,an ,,a!nian ,,inscription #g4 ,,greek ,,writ+-,,mat]ials #h4 ,a ,,greek ,,c\nt+-,,bo>d #i4 ,,an ,,a!nian ,,s*ool #aj4 ,,greek ,,s*ool ,,lessons #aa4 ,,gr\nd-,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,gymnasium ,,at ,,ephesos1 ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or #ab4 ,,socrates 7#dfi-cii ,b4,c47 #ac4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,univ]sity #ad4 ,,! ,,greek ,,univ]sity ,,_w #ae4 ,,! ,,kn[n ,,_w ,,ab\t #aej ,a4,d4 #af4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,peoples ,,( ,,italy1 ,,& ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,p[] #ag4 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,roman ,,roads #ah4 ,,! ,,great ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire #ai4 ,a ,,roman ,,fa!r ,,in/ruct+ ,,8 ,,son #bj4 ,,cato ,,! ,,eld] 7#bcd-adh ,b4,c47 #ba4 ,,roman ,,writ+-,,mat]ials #bb4 ,a ,,roman ,,c\nt+-,,bo>d #bc4 ,a ,,roman ,,prim>y ,,s*ool #bd4 ,a ,,roman ,,s*ool ,,( ,,rhetoric #be4 ,,! ,,roman ,,volunt>y ,,educational ,,sy/em1 ,,z ,,f9ally ,,evolv$ #bf4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,alphabet #bg4 ,,! ,,gr[? 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78-#aghj7 #acc4 ,,frontispiece ,,to ,,noah ,,web/]',s ,,am]ican ,,spell+ ,,book #acd4 ,,title-,,page ,,( ,,hodd]',s ,,ari?metic #ace4 ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,bro!rs ,,s*ool #acf4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,dame ,,s*ool #acg4 ,,gravel ,,lane ,,*>ity-,,s*ool1 ,,s\?w>k #ach4 ,a ,,*>ity-,,s*ool ,,girl ,,9 ,,uni=m #aci4 ,a ,,*>ity-,,s*ool ,,boy ,,9 ,,uni=m #adj4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,= ,a ,,tea*] ,,to ,,let #ada4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,:ipp+-,,po/ #adb4 ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,g]man ,,s*ool #adc4 ,,*ildr5 ,,z ,,m9iature ,,adults #add4 ,a ,,p5nsylvania ,,academy #ade4 ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great #adf4 ,,m>ia ,,!resa #adg4 ,,montesquieu 7#afhi-agee7 #adh4 ,,turgot 7#agbg-ha7 #adi4 ,,voltaire 7#afid-aggh7 #aej4 ,,did]ot 7#agac-hd7 #aea4 ,,john ,,wesley 7#agjg-hb7 #aeb4 ,,nationality ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,population1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,family ,,names ,,9 ,,! ,,c5sus ,,( #agij #aec4 ,,! ,,/ates-,,g5]al ,,9 ,,session ,,at ,,v]sailles #aed4 ,,r\sseau 7#agab-gh7 #aee4 ,,la ,,*alotais 7#agja-hc7 #aef4 ,,roll& 7#agcd-ic7 #aeg4 ,,c\nt ,,de ,,mirabeau 7#agdi-ia7 #aeh4 ,,talleyr& 7#ageh-ahch7 #aei4 ,,condorcet 7#agdc-id7 #afj4 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france #afa4 ,,lakanal 7#agfb-ahde7 #afb4 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son 7#agdc-ahbf7 #afc4 ,,! ,,r\sseau ,,monum5t ,,at ,,g5eva #afd4 ,,bas$[ 7#agbc-ij7 #afe4 ,,immanuel ,,kant 7#agbd-ahjd7 #aff4 ,,! ,,sc5e ,,( ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,labors #afg4 ,,fell5b]g 7#agga-ahdd7 #afh4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,a ,,h&work] #afi4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,prussia1 #agdj-hf #agj4 ,a ,,g]man ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,s*ool #aga4 ,,d9t] 7#agfj-ahca7 #agb4 ,,die/]weg 7#agij-ahff7 #agc4 ,,! ,,prussian ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,creat$ #agd4 ,,an ,,old ,,f\ndation ,,trans=m$ #age4 ,,c\nt ,,de ,,f\rcroy 7#agee-ahji7 #agf4 ,,victor ,,c\s9 7#agib-ahfg7 #agg4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #agh4 ,,europe ,,9 #ahaj #agi4 ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,italy1 ,,s9ce #ahdh #ahj4 ,,c\nt ,,( ,,cav\r 7#ahaj-fa7 #aha4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,italian ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #ahb4 ,a ,,ragg$-,,s*ool ,,pupil #ahc4 ,,adam ,,smi? 7#agbc-ij7 #ahd4 ,,! ,,rev]5d ,t4 ,r4 ,,mal?us 7#agff-ahcd7 #ahe4 ,,! ,,creators ,,( ,,! ,,monitorial ,,sy/em #ahf4 ,,! ,,lanca/rian ,,model ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,bor\gh ,,road1 ,,s\?-,,w>e1 ,,london #ahg4 ,,monitors ,,tea*+ ,,read+ ,,at ,,/ations #ahh4 ,,prop] ,,monitorial-,,s*ool ,,positions #ahi4 ,,rob]t ,,ow5 7#agga-aheh7 #aij4 ,,"l ,,br\gham 7#aggh-ahfh7 #aia4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,village ,,s*ool ,,9 #ahdj #aib4 ,,exp5diture ,,f ,,! ,,education ,,grants1 #ahci-gj #aic4 ,,"l ,t4 ,b4 ,,macaulay 7#ahjj-ei7 #aid4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds ,,9 ,,provid+ ,,s*ool ,,accommodations #aie4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,educational ,,sy/em ,,z ,,f9ally ,,evolv$ #aif4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s*oolh\se ,,built ,,by ,,! ,,free ,,s*ool ,,society ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city #aig4 ,,model ,,s*ool ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,s*ool ,,society #aih4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,public ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #aii4 ,,dates ,,( ,,! ,,grant+ ,,( ,,full ,,manhood ,,suffrage #bjj4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,free ,,public ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,detroit #bja4 ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,s*ool ,,elections ,,( #ahce #bjb4 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ref]5dum ,,( #ahej #bjc4 ,,/atus ,,( ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfa #bjd4 ,a ,,typical ,,new ,,engl& ,,academy #bje4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,second>y ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bjf4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,high ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #bjg4 ,,high ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfj #bjh4 ,,colleges ,,& ,,univ]sities ,,e/abli%$ ,,by #ahfj #bji4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,educational ,,ladd] #baj4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,d5m>k #baa4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,lit]acy ,,9 ,,europe ,,by ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #bab4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,arg5t9e ,,republic #bac4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,two-,,class ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #bad4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,educational ,,ladd] #bae4 ,,b>on ,,ju/us ,,von ,,liebig 7#ahjc-gc7 #baf4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 7#ahji-hb7 #bag4 ,,l\is ,,pa/eur 7#ahbb-ie7 #bah4 ,,man ,,p[] ,,be=e ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,/eam #bai4 ,,?re%+ ,,:eat ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago #bbj4 ,a ,,city ,,wat]-,,supply1 ,,ab\t #ahcj #bba4 ,,! ,,great ,,trade ,,r\tes ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,_w #bbb4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,%ift+ ,,( ,,occupations #bbc4 ,,! ,,philipp9e ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #bbd4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,normal ,,s*ool #bbe4 ,,tea*]-,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfj #bbf4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y-,,s*ool ,,curriculum1 ,,& ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+ #bbg4 ,,an ,,u%] ,,& ,,8 ,,class #bbh4 ,,r$irect$ ,,manual ,,tra9+ #bbi4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] 7#ahbj-aijc7 #bcj4 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley 7#ahbe-ie7 #bca4 ,a ,,reorganiz$ ,,k9d]g>t5 #bcb4 ,,! ,,pek+ ,,union ,,m$ical ,,college #bcc4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,trades ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,indu/ry #bcd4 ,,s*ool ,,att5dance ,,( ,,am]ican ,,*ildr51 ,,f\rte5 ,,to ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age #bce4 ,,abb ,,de ,l',p,e 7#agab-hi7 #bcf4 ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,?omas ,h4 ,,gallaudet ,,tea*+ ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb #bcg4 ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,ma9ta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ate #bch4 ,,k>l ,,georg ,,von ,,raum] 7#aghc-ahfe7 #bci4 ,,! ,,e/abli%$ ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,nations ,,( ,,europe #bdj4 ,,! ,,educational ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,g5]al ,,bibliography ,9 addition to ! ,li/ ( ,read+s & ! ,supplem5tal ,ref]5ces giv5 9 ! *apt] bibliographies1 ! foll[+ works1 n cit$ 9 ! *apt] bibliographies1 w be f\nd 9 mo/ libr>ies & may be consult$1 on all po9ts to :i* !y are likely to apply1 = additional mat]ial3 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,education #a4 ,davidson1 ,?omas4 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #bib pp4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,good on ! int]pretation ( ! l>g] movem5ts ( hi/ory4 99#b4 ,monroe1 ,paul4 ,text ,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #ggb pp4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,our mo/ complete & s*ol>ly hi/ory ( education4 ,?is volume %\ld be consult$ freely4 ,see analytical table ( cont5ts4 #c4 ,munroe1 ,jas4 ,p4 ,! ,educational ,ideal4 #bfb pp4 ,bo/on1 #ahie4 ,conta9s v good %ort *apt]s on ! educational re=m]s4 99#d4 ,graves1 ,f4 ,p4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #c vols4 ,new ,york1 #aiji- #ac4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,be=e ! ,middle ,ages4 #cjd pp4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 #cad pp4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,9 ,mod]n ,times4 #daj pp4 ,^! volumes conta9 valuable supplem5t>y mat]ial1 & good *apt] bibliographies4 #e4 ,h>t1 ,j4 ,k4 ,democracy 9 ,education4 #dah pp4 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 ,an int]pretation ( educational progress4 #f4 ,quick1 ,r4 ,h4 ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s4 #ejh pp4 #b;d ed41 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 ,a s]ies ( well-writt5 essays on ! "w ( ! !ori/s 9 education s9ce ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 99#g4 ,p>k]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,elem5t>y ,education4 #ejf pp4 ,bo/on1 #aiab4 ,an excell5t treatise on ! developm5t ( ! !ory = our mod]n elem5t>y s*ool1 ) "s good descriptions ( mod]n practice4 ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,bibliographies ,,( ,,education #a4 ,cubb]ley1 ,e4 ,p4 ,syllabus ( ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #ceh pp4 ,new ,york4 ,fir/ ed41 #aijb2 #b;d ed41 #aije4 ,gives detail$ & classifi$ bibliographies = all phases ( ! subject4 ,n[ out ( pr9t1 b may be f\nd 9 mo/ normal s*ool & college libr>ies1 & _m public libr>ies4 ,,iii4 ,,cyclopa$ias 99#a4 ,monroe1 ,paul1 ,editor4 ,cyclop$ia ( ,education4 #e vols4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa-ac4 ,! mo/ important ,cyclopa$ia ( ,education 9 pr9t4 ,conta9s excell5t articles on all hi/orical po9ts & ev5ts1 ) good select$ bibliographies4 ,a "w t %\ld be 9 all libr>ies1 & freely consult$ 9 us+ ?is ,text4 ,its hi/orical articles are too num]\s to cite 9 ! *apt] bibliographies1 b1 due to ! alphabetical arrangem5t & good cross-ref]5c+1 !y may be f\nd easily4 99#b4 ,encylopa$ia ,britannica4 #aa? ed41 #bi vols4 ,cambridge1 #aiaj-aa4 ,conta9s num]\s important articles on all types ( hi/orical topics1 & excell5t biographical sket*es4 ,%\ld be consult$ freely 9 us+ ?is ,text4 ,,iv4 ,,magaz9es 99#a4 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,edit$ by ,h5ry ,b>n>d4 #ca vols4 ,h>t=d1 #ahee-ha4 ,repr9t$1 ,syracuse1 #aijb4 ,index to ! #ca vols4 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahib4 ,a wond]ful m9e ( all k9ds ( hi/orical & educational in=mation1 & %\ld be consult$ freely on all po9ts relat+ to ,european or ,am]ican educational hi/ory4 ,9 ! *apt] bibliographies1 z above1 ! mo/ important ref]5ces are indicat$ ) an a/]isk 79974 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,introduction ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,our ,,civilization ,! ,civilization :i* we ( to-day enjoy is a v complex ?+1 made up ( _m diff]5t contributions1 "s l>ge & "s small1 f p 9 _m diff]5t l&s & diff]5t ages4 ,to trace all ^! contributions back to _! s\rces w\ld be a task impossible ( accompli%m5t1 &1 :ile specific p>ts w\ld be int]e/+1 = our purposes !y w\ld n be important4 ,especially w\ld x n be pr(itable = u to attempt to trace ! developm5t ( m9or features1 or to g back to ! rudim5t>y civilizations ( primitive peoples4 ,! e>ly developm5t ( civilization among ! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9doos1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,egyptians1 or ! ,am]ican ,indians all alike pres5t features :i* to "s =m a v int]e/+ /udy1 b our we/]n civilization does n g back to ^! z s\rces1 & consequ5tly !y ne$ n conc]n u 9 ! /udy we are ab\t to beg94 ,:ile we h obta9$ ! alphabet f ! ,pho5icians & "s ( our ma!matical & sci5tific developm5ts ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 ! real s\rces ( our pres5t-day civilization lie else:]e1 & ^! m9or s\rces w be ref]r$ to b briefly & only z !y influ5c$ ! c\rse ( we/]n progress4 ,! civilization :i* we n[ "k & enjoy has come d[n to u f f\r ma9 s\rces4 ,! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,*ri/ians laid ! f\ndations1 & 9 ! ord] nam$1 & ! /udy ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( our we/]n civilization is a /udy ( ! "w & ! bl5d+ ( ^! ?ree ma9 =ces4 ,x is ^u ^! ?ree f\ndation /ones1 sup]impos$ ^u "o ano!r1 t our mod]n ,european & ,am]ican civilization has be5 develop$4 ,! ,g]manic tribes1 ov]runn+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 add$ ano!r new =ce ( l>ge/ future significance1 & "o :i* pr(\ndly modifi$ all subsequ5t progress & developm5t4 ,to ^! f\r ma9 s\rces we h made _m additions 9 mod]n times1 build+ an entirely new sup]/ructure on ! old f\ndations1 b ! gr\ndwork ( our civilization is compos$ ( ^! f\r f\ndation elem5ts4 ,= ^! reasons a hi/ory ( ev5 mod]n education almo/ ( necessity goes back1 briefly at lea/1 to ! "w & contributions ( ^! anci5t peoples4 ,/>t+1 !n1 ) ! "w ( ! ,greeks1 we %all /ate briefly ! contributions to ! /ream ( civilization :i* h come d[n to u f ea* ( ! important hi/oric peoples or gr\ps or =ces1 & %all trace ! bl5d+ & assimilat+ processes ( ! c5turies4 ,:ile describ+ briefly ! educational in/itutions & ideas ( ! diff]5t peoples1 we %all be f> less conc]n$1 z we progress d[n ! c5turies1 ) ! educational & philosophical !ories advanc$ by ?9k]s among !m ?an ) :at 0 actually done1 & ) ! la/+ contributions :i* !y made to our educational practices & to our pres5t-day civilization4 ,! "w ( ,greece lies at ! bottom &1 9 a s5se1 0 ! mo/ important ( all ! e>li] contributions to our education & civilization4 ,^! p1 kn[n z ,hell5es1 7 ! pione]s ( we/]n civilization4 ,_! position 9 ! anci5t _w is well %[n on ! map reproduc$ opposite4 ,to ! ,ea/ lay ! old] political despotisms1 ) _! ca/e-type & intellectually /agnant organization ( society1 & to ! ,nor? & ,we/ a little-kn[n region inhabit$ by b>b>ian tribes4 ,x 0 9 su* a _w t our we/]n civilization _h its bir?4 ,^! ,greeks1 & especially ! ,a!nian ,greeks1 repres5t$ an entirely new _s 9 ! _w4 ,9 place ( ! repression ( all individuality1 & ! /agnant conditions ( society t _h *>act]iz$ ! civilizations be=e !m1 !y develop$ a civilization *>act]iz$ by individual fre$om & opportunity1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 _w hi/ory a premium 0 plac$ on p]sonal & political initiative4 ,9 "t ?is new we/]n _s 0 *all5g$ by ! old] ea/]n type ( civilization4 ,long =esee+ ! dang]1 & 9 fe> ( :at might happ51 ! little ,greek ,/ates _h develop$ educational sy/ems 9 "p design$ to prep>e _! citiz5s = :at might come4 ,f9ally1 9 a s]ies ( memorable battles1 ! ,greeks1 l$ by ,a!ns1 broke ! dread p[] ( ! ,p]sian "n & made ! future ( ?is new type ( civilization secure4 ,at ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 & ,plataea ! fate ( our we/]n civilization trembl$ 9 ! balance4 ,n[ foll[$ ! great creative p]iod 9 ,greek life1 dur+ :i* ! ,a!nian ,greeks matur$ & develop$ a lit]ature1 philosophy1 & art :i* 7 to be enjoy$ n only by !mselves1 b by all we/]n peoples s9ce _! "t4 ,9 ^! l9es ( culture ! _w w =ev] rema9 debtor to ?is small b active & creative p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,! ,_w accord+ to ,hecataeus1 a geograph] ( ,miletus1 ,asia ,m9or4 ,hecataeus 0 ! fir/ ,greek travel] & geograph]4 ,! map dates f ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! next great s\rce ( our we/]n civilization 0 ! "w ( ,rome4 ,l ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans also occupi$ a p59sula jutt+ s\?w>d into ! ,m$it]ranean1 b 9 mo/ respects !y 7 f> diff]5t 9 type4 ,unlike ! active1 imag9ative1 arti/ic1 & creative ,greeks1 ! ,romans 7 a practical1 concrete1 unimag9ative1 & executive p4 ,en]gy1 p]sonality1 & executive p[] 7 9 greate/ dem& among !m4 ,! "w ( ,rome 0 political1 gov]nm5tal1 & legal--n arti/ic or intellectual4 ,rome 0 /rong :]e ,greece 0 weak1 & weak :]e ,greece 0 /rong4 ,z a result ! two peoples supplem5t$ "o ano!r well 9 lay+ ! f\ndations = our we/]n civilization4 ,! conque/s ( ,greece 7 intellectual2 ^? ( ,rome legal & gov]nm5tal4 ,rome absorb$ & amalgamat$ ! :ole anci5t _w into "o ,empire1 to :i* %e gave a common language1 dress1 mann]s1 religion1 lit]ature1 & political & legal in/itutions4 ,adopt+ ,greek le>n+ & educational practices z h] own1 %e spread !m ?r\gh\t ! !n-kn[n _w4 ,by h] political organization %e s fix$ ,roman ideas z to law & gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! ,empire t ,*ri/ianity built firmly on ! ,roman f\ndations1 & ! ,g]man b>b>ians1 :o lat] swept ov] ! ,empire1 c\ld nei!r de/roy nor oblit]ate !m4 ,! ,roman conque/ ( ! _w ?us decisively influ5c$ ! :ole c\rse ( we/]n hi/ory1 spread & p]petuat$ ,greek ideas1 & ultimately sav$ ! _w f a great disa/]4 ,to ,rome1 !n1 we are indebt$ mo/ ( all = ideas z to gov]nm5t1 & = ! introduction ( law & ord] into an unruly _w4 ,9 all ! int]v5+ c5turies betwe5 anci5t ,rome & ourselves1 & 9 spite ( _m w>s & repeat$ onslaughts ( b>b>ism1 ,roman gov]nm5tal law /ill influ5ces & guides our conduct1 & ?is influ5ce is ev5 yet ext5d+ to o!r l&s & o!r peoples4 ,we are also indebt$ to ,rome = _m practical skills & = important eng9e]+ k1 :i* 0 sav$ & pass$ on to ,we/]n ,europe ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! monks4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! picture1 ! rec5t great ,_w ,w>1 ) all its awful de/ruction ( life & prop]ty1 & injury to ! ord]ly progress ( civilization1 may be trac$ directly to ! ,roman idea ( _w empire & ! sway ( "o imp]ial gov]nm5t1 impos+ its rule & its culture on ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,into ?is ,roman ,empire1 unit$ & made "o by ,roman arms & gov]nm5t1 came ! fir/ ( ! mod]n =ces 9 ! anci5t _w--t ( ,*ri/ianity--! ?ird great f\ndation elem5t 9 our we/]n civilization4 ,embrac+ 9 its e>ly developm5t _m ,greek philosophical ideas1 build+ securely on ! ,roman gov]nm5tal organization1 & ) its new message = a decay+ _w1 ,*ri/ianity =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n civilizations4 ,tak+ ! conception ( "o ,god :i* ! ,jewi% tribes ( ! ,ea/ _h develop$1 ,*ri/ianity *ang$ & exp&$ ?is 9 su* a way z to make x a dom9ant idea 9 ! _w4 ,exalt+ ! tea*+s ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god1 ! bro!rhood ( man1 ! future life1 & ! ne$ = prep>ation = a h]eaft]1 ,*ri/ianity introduc$ a new type ( religion & (f]$ a new hope to ! poor & oppress$ ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 s do+ a new e?ical =ce ( fir/ importance 0 add$ to ! effective en]gies ( mank9d1 & a basis = ! education ( all 0 laid1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ianity came at j ! "r "t n only to imp>t new en]gy & hopefulness to a decad5t anci5t civilization1 b also to meet1 conqu]1 & 9 "t civilize ! b>b>ian hordes f ! ,nor? :i* ov]:elm$ ! ,roman ,empire4 ,a new & y\?ful race ( ,g]man b>b>ians n[ appe>$ ^u ! sc5e1 ) result+ ravage & de/ruction1 & an>*y & ignorance1 & long c5turies ensu$ dur+ :i* anci5t civilization fell prey to savage viol5ce & sup]/ition4 ,progress ceas$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! creative p[] ( antiquity seem$ exhau/$4 ,! dige/ive & assimilative p[]s ( ! old _w seem$ gone4 ,greek 0 =gott54 ,lat9 0 corrupt$4 ,k ( ! arts & sci5ces 0 lo/4 ,s*ools disappe>$4 ,only ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* rema9$ to save civilization f ! wreck1 & x1 too1 0 almo/ subm]g$ 9 ! b>b>ic flood4 ,x took t5 c5turies p>tially to civilize1 educate1 & m\ld into homog5e\s units ?is het]og5e\s horde ( new peoples4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod x requir$ ! /ronge/ en]gies ( ! few :o und]/ood to pres]ve ! civilization ( ! pa/ = ! enjoym5t & use ( a mod]n _w4 ,yet ^! b>b>ian ,g]mans1 great z 0 ! havoc !y wr\ght at fir/1 9 "t contribut$ mu* to ! /ream ( our mod]n civilization4 ,!y br\ght new conceptions ( individual wor? & fre$om into a _w ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) ! anci5t idea ( ! dom9ance ( ! ,/ate ov] ! individual4 ,! popul> assembly1 an elective k+1 & an indep5d5t & develop+ sy/em ( law 7 contributions ( fir/ importance :i* ^! peoples br\ght4 ,! individual man & n ! ,/ate 01 ) !m1 ! important unit 9 society4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,angles & ,saxons1 p>ticul>ly1 b also among ! ,celts1 ,franks1 ,helvetii1 & ,belgae1 ?is idea ( individual fre$om & ( ! subord9ation ( ! ,/ate to ! individual has borne l>ge fruit 9 mod]n times 9 ! self-gov]n+ ,/ates ( ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,belgium1 ,engl& & ! ,engli% self-gov]n+ dom9ions1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,aft] mu* exp]im5t+ x n[ seems c]ta9 t ! ,anglo- ,saxon type ( self-gov]nm5t1 z develop$ fir/ 9 ,engl& & fur!r exp&$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 seems de/9$ to be ! type ( gov]nm5t 9 future to rule ! _w4 ,x took ,europe almo/ t5 c5turies to recov] f ! effects ( ! invasion ( b>b>ism :i* ! la/ two c5turies ( ! ,roman ,empire witness$1 to save itself a little lat] f ,mohamm$an conque/1 & to pick up ! lo/ ?reads ( ! anci5t life & beg9 aga9 ! "w ( civilization4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 accompli%$1 l>gely z a result ( ! labor ( monks & mission>ies4 ,! b>b>ians 7 9 "t induc$ to settle d[n to an agricultural life1 to accept ,*ri/ianity 9 "n at lea/1 & to yield a m or less grudg+ ob$i5ce to monk & prie/ t !y might !reby escape ! torm5ts ( a _w to come4 ,sl[ly ! mona/]ies & ! *ur*es1 aid$ "h & !re by f>- sight$ k+s1 work$ at ! re/oration ( books & le>n+1 & f9ally1 fir/ 9 ,italy1 & lat] 9 ! nations evolv$ f ! tribes t _h raid$ ! ,empire1 !re came a p]iod ( awak5+ & r$iscov]y :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( ! e>ly univ]sity f\ndations1 a wond]ful revival ( anci5t le>n+1 a great expansion ( m5's ?\ghts1 a great religi\s awak5+1 a wond]ful p]iod ( _w exploration & discov]y1 ! f\nd+ ( new nations 9 new l&s1 ! reawak5+ ( ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry1 ! rise ( ! democratic _s1 & ! evolution ( our mod]n civilization4 ,by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury x 0 cle> t ! long battle = ! pres]vation ( civilization _h be5 won1 b x 0 n until ! f\rte5? c5tury t ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy gave cle> evid5ce ( ! rise ( ! mod]n _s4 ,by ! ye> #aejj mu* _h be5 accompli%$1 & ! new mod]n que/ion+ _s ( ! ,italian ,revival 0 mak+ progress 9 _m directions4 ,mo/ ( ! old le>n+ _h be5 recov]$2 ! pr9t+-press _h be5 inv5t$1 & 0 at "w multiply+ books2 ! /udy ( ,greek & ,hebrew _h be5 reviv$ 9 ! we/]n _w2 trade & comm]ce _h begun2 ! cities & ! univ]sities :i* _h aris5 _h become c5t]s ( a new life2 a new sea r\te to ,india _h be5 f\nd & 0 9 use2 ,columbus _h discov]$ a new _w2 ! ,*ur* 0 m tol]ant ( new ideas ?an x _h be5 = c5turies2 & ?\ght 0 be+ awak5$ 9 ! we/]n _w to a degree t _h n tak5 place s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! _w seem$ ab\t ready = rapid advances 9 _m directions1 & great progress 9 le>n+1 education1 gov]nm5t1 art1 comm]ce1 & inv5tion seem$ almo/ )9 its grasp4 ,in/ead1 !re soon op5$ ! mo/ bitt] & v9dictive religi\s conflict ! _w has ev] kn[n2 we/]n ,*ri/ian civilization 0 torn asund]2 a c5tury ( religi\s w>f>e ensu$2 & ?is 0 foll[$ by o!r c5turies ( hatr$ & intol]ance & suspicion awak5$ by ! great conflict4 ,/ill1 out ( ?is conflict1 ?\gh x = a "t *eck$ ! ord]ly developm5t ( civilization1 mu* important educational progress 0 ultimately to come4 ,9 promulgat+ ! doctr9e t ! au?ority ( ! ,bible 9 religi\s matt]s is sup]ior to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 ! basis = ! elem5t>y s*ool = ! masses ( ! p1 & 9 consequ5ce ! education ( all1 0 laid4 ,?is meant ! creation ( an entirely new type ( s*ool--! elem5t>y1 = ! masses1 & taught 9 ! native tongue--to supplem5t ! ,lat9 second>y s*ools :i* _h be5 an outgr[? ( ! revival ( anci5t le>n+1 & ! /ill e>li] ca!dral & mona/]y s*ools ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! mod]n elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool may !n be said to be ess5tially a product ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,?is is true 9 a special s5se among ^? peoples :i* embrac$ "s =m ( ! ,lu!ran or ,calv9i/ic fai?s4 ,^! 7 ! ,g]mans1 ,moravians1 ,sw$es1 ,norwegians1 ,f9ns1 ,danes1 ,dut*1 ,walloons1 ,swiss1 ,scot*1 ,scot*-,iri%1 ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 & ! ,engli% ,puritans4 ,z ! ,r5aissance gave a new emphasis to ! developm5t ( second>y s*ools by supply+ !m ) a l>ge am\nt ( new subject-matt] & a new motive1 s ! ,re=mation movem5t gave a new motive = ! education ( *ildr5 n int5d$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate or ! ,*ur*1 & ! developm5t ( elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools 0 ! result4 ,only 9 ,engl&1 ( all ! revolt+ c\ntries1 did ?is ,prote/ant conception z to ! necessity ( education = salvation fail to take deep root1 ) ! result t elem5t>y education 9 ,engl& await$ ! new political & social & indu/rial impulses ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury = its real developm5t4 ,! rise ( ! que/ion+ & inf]r+ _s 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance m>k$ ! beg9n+s ( ! transition f m$iaeval to mod]n attitudes1 & "o ( ! mo/ important outgr[?s ( ?is 0 ! rise ( sci5tific inquiry :i* 9 "t foll[$4 ,?is meant ! application ( human reason to ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 ) all t ?is ev5tually impli$4 ,?is1 sl[ly to be sure1 turn$ ! en]gies ( mank9d 9 a new direction1 l$ to ! sub/itution ( inquiry & pati5t exp]im5tation = assumption & disputation1 & 9 "t produc$ a sci5tific & indu/rial revolution :i* has *ang$ ! :ole nature ( ! old] problems4 ,! sci5tific _s has to-day come to dom9ate all l9es ( human ?9k+1 & ! applications ( sci5tific pr9ciples h1 9 ! pa/ c5tury1 completely *ang$ almo/ all ! conditions surr\nd+ human life4 ,appli$ to education1 ?is new _s has trans=m$ ! in/ruction & ! me?ods ( ! s*ools1 l$ to ! creation ( entirely new types ( educational in/itutions1 & introduc$ entirely new aims & me?ods & purposes into ! educational process4 ,f inquiry into religi\s matt]s & inquiry into ! ph5om5a ( nature1 x 0 b a %ort & a natural /ep to inquiry into ! nature & functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is l$ to a critical que/ion+ ( ! old e/abli%$ ord]1 ! rise ( new types ( intellectual inquiry1 ! gr[? ( a consci\sness ( national problems1 & ! br++ to ! front ( que/ions ( political int]e/ to a degree unkn[n s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! eighte5? c5tury m>ks1 9 ^! directions1 a %>p turn+-po9t 9 human ?9k+1 & ! end ( m$iaevalism & ! u%]+ 9 ( mod]n =ms ( intellectual lib]ty4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 too1 witness$ a culm9ation ( a long s]ies ( progressive *anges :i* _h be5 "u way = c5turies1 & ! flood "t ( a sl[ly b /eadily ris+ tide ( prote/ aga9/ ! enslavem5t ( ! intellect & ! limitation ( natural human lib]ties by ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate4 ,! flood ( individualism :i* *>act]iz$ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury dem&$ outlet1 &1 d5i$1 x rose & swept away anci5t privileges1 abuses1 & b>ri]s--religi\s1 intellectual1 social1 & political--& op5$ ! way = ! m>k$ progress 9 all l9es :i* *>act]iz$ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,out ( ?is new _s 0 to come ! ,am]ican & ! ,fr5* ,revolutions1 ! e/abli%m5t ( con/itutional lib]ty & religi\s fre$om1 ! beg9n+s ( ! abolition ( privilege1 ! rise ( democracy1 a great ext5sion ( educational advantages1 & ! transf] ( ! control ( ! s*ool f ! ,*ur* to ! ,/ate t ! national welf>e might be bett] promot$ !reby4 ,n[ arose ! mod]n conception ( ! s*ool z ! great con/ructive in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate1 & a new individual & national !ory z to bo? ! nature & ! purpose ( education 0 advanc$4 ,s*ools 7 decl>$ to be ess5tially civil affairs2 _! purpose 0 ass]t$ to be to promote ! common welf>e & advance ! int]e/s ( ! political ,/ate2 m9i/]s ( education began to be appo9t$ by ! ,/ate to take ov] & ex]cise control2 ! citiz5 supplant$ ! ecclesia/ic 9 ! organization ( education & ! sup]vision ( classroom tea*+2 ! in/ruction 9 ! s*ool 0 *ang$ 9 direction1 & 9 "t va/ly broad5$ 9 scope2 & ! education ( all n[ came to be conceiv$ ( z a bir?right ( ! *ild ( e citiz54 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a great _w movem5t = ! realization ( ^! new aims1 ?r\gh ! tak+-ov] ( education f religi\s bodies & ! e/abli%m5t ( /ate-controll$ s*ool sy/ems1 has tak5 place4 ,?is movem5t is /ill go+ on4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! nations :i* 7 e>lie/ 9 ! front ( ! /ruggle to pres]ve & ext5d :at 0 s well begun by little ,greece & ,imp]ial ,rome1 ! /ate- control conception ( education has1 9 ! pa/ ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 spread to e cont95t on ! globe4 ,= ages a ,*ur* & private affair1 ( no p>ticul> conc]n to gov]nm5t & ( importance to b a relatively small numb] ( ! p1 education has to-day become1 ) ! rise & spread ( mod]n ideas z to human fre$om1 political equality1 & indu/rial progress1 a prime ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( good gov]nm5t & ! promotion ( national welf>e1 & x is n[ s recogniz$ by progressive nations ev]y:]e4 ,) ! spread ( ! /ate-control idea z to education h also gone we/]n ideas z to gov]nm5t1 human rights1 social obligations1 political equality1 pure & appli$ sci5ce1 trade1 indu/ry1 transportation1 intellectual & moral improvem5t1 & humanit>ian influ5ces :i* are rapidly trans=m+ & mod]niz+ n only less progressive we/]n nations1 b anci5t civilizations z well1 & along ! l9es s sl[ly & s pa9fully work$ out by ! inh]itors ( ! conceptions ( human fre$om fir/ ?\ght out 9 little ,greece1 & ^? ( political equality & gov]nm5t "u law s well work$ out by anci5t ,rome1 ,we/]n civilization ?us promises to become ! dom9ant =ce 9 _w civilization & human progress1 ) g5]al education z its ag5t & greate/ con/ructive =ce4 ,su* is a brief outl9e sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! rise & spread & progress ( our we/]n civilization1 z express$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( education1 & z we %all trace x 9 mu* m detail 9 ! *apt]s :i* are to foll[4 ,! road t man has travel$ f ! days :5 might made "r1 & :5 *ildr5 _h no claims :i* ! ,/ate or p>5ts 7 b\nd to respect1 to a "t :5 ! *ild is reg>d$ z ( fir/ importance1 & adults repres5t$ 9 ! ,/ate decl>e by law t ! *ild %all be protect$ & %all h abundant educational advantages1 is a long road & at times a v crook$ "o4 ,its ups & d[ns & =w>d movem5ts h be5 ^? ( ! progress ( ! race1 & 9 consequ5ce a hi/ory ( educational progress mu/ be 9 "p a hi/ory ( ! progress ( civilization itself4 ,human civilization1 ?\gh1 repres5ts a m or less ord]ly evolution1 & ! education ( man /&s z "o ( ! highe/ expressions ( a belief 9 ! improvability ( ! race ( :i* mank9d is capable4 ,x is su* a developm5t t we propose to trace1 &1 hav+ n[ sket*$ ! broad] outl9es ( ! treatm5t1 we next turn to a fill+- 9 ( ! details1 & beg9 ) ! ,anci5t ,_w & ! fir/ f\ndation elem5t z f\nd 9 ! little ,city-,/ates ( anci5t ,greece4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,our ,,we/]n ,,civilization ,,greece--,,rome--,,*ri/ianity ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,old ,,greek ,,education ,i4 ,,greece ,,& ,,its ,,p ,,! ,,l&4 ,anci5t ,greece1 or ,hellas z ! ,greeks call$ _! homel&1 0 b a small c\ntry4 ,! map giv5 bel[ %[s ! ,aegean _w sup]impos$ on ! ,/ates ( ! old ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 f :i* x may be se5 t ! ,greek ma9l& 0 a little less ?an half z l>ge z ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois4 ,greece prop] 0 ab\t ! size ( ! ,/ate ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b x 0 a mu* m m\nta9\s l&4 ,no spot 9 ,greece 0 ov] =ty miles f ! sea4 ,attica1 :]e a mo/ wond]ful intellectual life arose & fl\ri%$ = c5turies1 & ^: contributions to civilization 7 ! *ief glory ( ,greece1 0 small] ?an two av]age-size ,ill9ois c\nties1 & ab\t two ?irds ! size ( ! little ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl&4 #a ,! c\ntry 0 sp>sely populat$1 except 9 a few ( ! ,city-,/ates1 & probably did n1 at its mo/ prosp]\s p]iod1 conta9 mu* m ?an a million & a half ( p-- citiz5s1 =eign]s1 & slaves includ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,& ,,! ,,aegean ,,_w ,sup]impos$ on ! ,ea/-,nor?-,c5tral ,gr\p ( ,am]ican ,/ates1 to %[ relative size4 ,dott$ l9es indicate ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates--,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 etc4 ,all ( ,greece w be se5 to be a little less ?an half ! size ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 ! ,aegean ,sea ab\t ! size ( ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 & ,attica n q s l>ge z two av]age-size ,ill9ois c\nties4 ,! l& 0 r\gh & m\nta9\s1 & deeply ind5t$ by ! sea4 ,! climate & vegetation 7 n greatly unlike ! climate & vegetation ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,p9e & fir on ! m\nta9-slopes1 & figs1 olives1 oranges1 lemons1 & grapes on ! hillsides & pla9s bel[1 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! l&4 ,fi%+1 agriculture1 & ! rais+ ( cattle & %eep 7 ! important indu/ries4 ,a temp]ate1 brac+ climate1 %ort1 mild w9t]s1 & a long1 dry summ] gave an opportunity = ! developm5t ( ?is wond]ful civilization4 ,l ,s\!rn ,cali=nia or ,florida 9 w9t]1 x 0 ess5tially an out-(-doors c\ntry4 ,! high m\nta9s to ! re>1 ! sun-/eep$ skies1 & ! brilliant sea 9 front 7 alike ! beauty ( ! l& & ! inspiration ( ! p4 ,especially 0 ?is true ( ,attica1 :i* _h ! sea%ore1 ! pla91 ! high m\nta9s1 & ev]y:]e magnific5t views ?r\gh an atmosph]e ( rem>kable cle>ness4 ,a l& ( incomp>able beauty & *>m1 x is little wond] t ! ,greek citiz51 & ! ,a!nian 9 p>ticul>1 took pride 9 & lov$ 8 c\ntry1 & 0 will+ to sp5d mu* "t 9 prep>+ himself to gov]n & def5d x4 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t4 ,politically1 ,greece 0 compos$ ( a numb] ( indep5d5t ,city-,/ates ( small size4 ,!y _h be5 settl$ by e>ly tribes1 :i* orig9ally held ! l& 9 common4 ,attica1 ) its approximately sev5 hundr$ squ>e miles ( t]ritory1 0 an av]age-size ,city-,/ate4 ,! c5tral city1 ! surr\nd+ f>m+ & graz+ l&s1 & ! coa/al regions all tak5 toge!r1 =m$ ! ,/ate1 ! citiz5s ( :i*--city-resid5ts1 f>m]s1 h]dsm51 & fi%]m5--controll$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 9 all "s tw5ty ( ^! ,city-,/ates 9 ma9l& ,greece1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 7 ,attica1 ( :i* ,a!ns 0 ! c5tral city2 ,laconia1 ( :i* ,sp>ta 0 ! c5tral city2 & ,boeotia1 ( :i* ,!bes 0 ! c5tral city4 ,"s ( ! ,/ates develop$ democracies1 ( :i* class ,a!ns became ! mo/ notable example1 :ile "s 7 gov]n$ z olig>*ies4 ,( all ! diff]5t ,/ates b few play$ any conspicu\s "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,( ^! few ,attica /&s cle>ly above !m all z ! lead] 9 ?\ght & art & ! mo/ progressive 9 gov]nm5t4 ,"h1 truly1 0 a mo/ wond]ful p1 & x is ) ,attica t ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( education is mo/ conc]n$4 ,! be/ ( all ,greece 0 !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,city-,,/ate ,,( ,,attica ,! little ,city-,/ates ( ,greece1 z has j be5 said1 7 indep5d5t ,/ates1 j l mod]n nations4 ,:ile all ! ,greeks reg>d$ !mselves z tribes ( a s+le family1 desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 ,hell51 & ! bonds ( a common race1 language1 & religion t5d$ to unite !m into a sort ( bro!rhood1 ! diff]5t ,city-,/ates 7 held ap>t by _! tribal orig9s1 by n>r[ political sympa?ies1 & by petty laws4 ,a citiz5 ( "o city1 = example1 0 an ali5 9 ano!r1 & c\ld n hold prop]ty or m>ry 9 a city n 8 own4 ,su* attitudes & laws 7 b natural1 ! "t & age consid]$4 ,sometimes1 9 case ( great dang]1 z at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian invasions 7#dib-dgi ,b4,c471 a numb] ( ! ,/ates w\ld comb9e to =m a def5sive league2 at o!r times !y made w> on "o ano!r4 ,! f$]al pr9ciple1 su* z we "k x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 our /ate & national gov]nm5ts1 nev] came into play4 ,at diff]5t times ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 & ,!bes aspir$ to ! lead]%ip ( ,greece & tri$ to unite ! little ,/ates into a ,hell5ic ,nation1 b ! mutual jeal\sies & ! extreme individualism ( ! p1 c\pl$ ) ! isolation ( ! ,/ates & ! difficulties ( int]communication ?r\gh ! m\nta9 passes1 /ood 9 ! way ( any p]man5t union4 #b ,:at ,rome lat] accompli%$ ) relative ease & on a l>ge scale1 ,greece 0 unable to d on ev5 a small scale4 ,a lack ( capacity to unite = cop]ative und]tak+s seem$ to be a fatal weakness ( ! ,greek "*4 ,,! ,,p4 ,! ,greeks 7 among ! fir/ ( ! ,european peoples to atta9 to any high degree ( civilization4 ,_! /ory runs back almo/ to ! dawn ( record$ hi/ory4 ,z e>ly z #cejj ,b4,c4 !y 7 9 an advanc$ /one age1 & by #bejj ,b4,c4 _h rea*$ ! age ( bronze4 ,! de/ruction ( ,hom]'s ,troy dates back to #abjj ,b4,c41 & ! ,hom]ic poems to #aajj ,b4,c41 :ile an e>li] ,troy 7,s*liemann's second city7 goes back to #bdjj ,b4,c4 ,?is hi/ory conc]ns ! ma9l& ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,by #ajjj ,b4,c4 ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,greece _h be5 coloniz$1 betwe5 #ijj & #hjj ,b4,c4 ,attica & o!r portions ( upp] ,greece _h be5 settl$1 & by #fej ,b4,c4 ,greek colonization _h ext5d$ to _m p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 #c ,! l[] "p ( ! ,greek p59sula1 kn[n z ,laconia1 0 settl$ by ! ,dorian bran* ( ! ,greek family1 a practical1 =ceful1 b a :olly unimag9ative p4 ,sp>ta 0 _! mo/ important city4 ,to ! nor? 7 ! ,ionic ,greeks1 a _m-sid$ & a highly imag9ative p4 ,a!ns 0 _! *ief city4 ,9 ! settlem5t ( ,laconia ! ,sp>tans impos$ !mselves z an army ( occupation on ! orig9al inhabitants1 :om !y compell$ to pay tribute to !m1 & e/abli%$ a milit>y mon>*y 9 s\!rn ,greece4 ,! p ( ,attica1 on ! o!r h&1 absorb$ into _! own body ! few e>li] settl]s ( ! ,attic pla94 ,!y also e/abli%$ a mon>*y1 b1 be+ a p m capable ( progress1 ?is lat] evolv$ into a democracy4 ,! p ( ,attica 7 9 consequ5ce a some:at mix$ race1 :i* possibly 9 "p acc\nts = _! great] intellectual ability & v]satility4 #d ,x acc\nts1 ?\gh1 only 9 "p4 ,climate1 beautiful surr\nd+s1 & contact ) ! outside _w probably also contribut$ some?+1 b ! real basis und]nea? 0 ! v sup]ior quality ( ! p ( ,attica4 ,9 "s way1 j h[ we d n "k1 ^! p came to be end[$ ) a sup]ior g5ius & ! r unusual ability to make ^? progressive *anges 9 liv+ & gov]nm5t :i* enabl$ !m to make ! mo/ ( _! surr\nd+s & opportunities1 & to advance :ile o!rs /ood /ill4 ,f> m ?an o!r ,greeks1 ! p ( ,attica 7 imag9ative1 orig9al1 v]satile1 adaptable1 progressive1 end[$ ) r>e m5tal ability1 ke5ly s5sitive to beauty 9 nature & art1 & possess$ ( a wond]ful s5se ( proportion & a capacity = mod]ation 9 all ?+s4 ,only on su* an assumption c we acc\nt = _! m>vel\s a*ievem5ts 9 art1 philosophy1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce at ?is v e>ly p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ! civilization ( ! _w4 ,,classes ,,9 ,,! ,,population4 ,greece1 z 0 ! anci5t _w 9 g5]al1 0 built politically on ! dom9ant p[] ( a rul+ class4 ,9 consequ5ce1 all ( c\rse c\ld n become citiz5s ( ! ,/ate1 ev5 aft] a democracy _h be5 evolv$4 ,citiz5%ip came ) bir? & prop] education1 &1 be=e #eji ,b4,c41 =eign]s 7 seldom admitt$ to privileges 9 ! ,/ate4 ,only a male citiz5 might hold (fice1 protect himself 9 ! c\rts1 own l&1 or att5d ! public assemblies4 ,only a citiz51 too1 c\ld p>ticipate 9 ! religi\s fe/ivals & rites1 = religion 0 an affair ( ! rul+ families ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 consequ5ce1 family1 religion1 & citiz5%ip 7 all b\nd up toge!r1 & education & tra9+ 7 *iefly = citiz5%ip & religi\s 7moral7 ends4 ,ev5 m1 citiz5%ip ev]y:]e 9 ! e>li] p]iod 0 a degree to be atta9$ to only aft] prop] education & prelim9>y milit>y & political tra9+4 ,?is n only made "s =m ( education necess>y1 b conf9$ educational advantages to male y\?s ( prop] bir?4 ,!re 0 ( c\rse no purpose 9 educat+ any o!rs4 #e ,f ,figure #d x w be se5 :at a small p]c5tage ( ! total population ?is includ$4 ,education 9 ,greece 0 ess5tially ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! rul+ class to p]petuate ! rule ( t class4 ,attica almo/ alone among ! ,greek ,/ates adopt$ any?+ approa*+ a lib]al attitude t[>d ! =eign-born2 9 ,sp>ta1 & g5]ally else:]e 9 ,greece1 !y 7 look$ ^u ) deep suspicion4 ,z a result mo/ ( ! =eign resid5ts ( ,greece 7 to be f\nd 9 ,a!ns1 or its neighbor+ port city 7! ,piraeus71 attract$ !re by ! hospitality ( ! p & ! intellectual or comm]cial advantages ( ^! cities4 ,aft] ,a!ns _h become ! c5t] ( _w ?\ght1 _m =eign]s took up _! resid5ce 9 ! city because ( ! importance ( its intellectual life4 ,=eign]s1 ?\gh1 !y rema9$ up to #eji ,b4,c4 7,see page #dj47 ,only r>ely be=e ?is date1 & !n only = "s conspicu\s act ( patriotism1 & by special vote ( ! citiz5s1 0 a =eign] admitt$ to citiz5%ip4 ,unlike ,rome1 :i* receiv$ ^? ( ali5 bir? freely into its citiz5%ip1 & op5$ up to !m l>ge opportunities ( e k9d1 ! ,greeks p]si/5tly refus$ to assimilate ! =eign-born4 ,reg>d+ !mselves z a sup]ior p1 desc5d$ f ! gods1 !y held !mselves ap>t r exclusively z above o!r peoples4 ,?is kept ! blood pure1 b1 f ! /&po9t ( _w usefulness1 x 0 a s]i\s defect 9 ,greek life4 #f ,b5ea? bo? citiz5s & =eign resid5ts 0 a great f\ndation mass ( work+ slaves1 :o r5d]$ all types ( m5ial & intellectual s]vices4 ,sailors1 h\sehold s]vants1 field work]s1 cl]ks 9 %ops & (fices1 acc\ntants1 & p$agogues 7 among ! m common occupations ( slaves 9 ,greece4 ,_m ( ^! _h be5 citiz5s & le>n$ m5 ( o!r ,city-,/ates or c\ntries1 b _h be5 c>ri$ (f z captives 9 "s w>4 ,?is 0 a common practice 9 ! anci5t _w1 slav]y be+ ! lot ( ali5 conqu]$ p almo/ )\t exception4 ,! composition ( ,attica1 j be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 7#dca ,b4,c47 is %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,! great numb] ( slaves & =eign]s is cle>ly se51 ev5 ?\gh ! citiz5%ip _h by ?is "t be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,9 ,sp>ta & 9 o!r ,city-,/ates some:at simil> conditions prevail$ z to numb]s #g b !re ! slaves 7,helots7 occupi$ a l[] /atus ?an 9 ,a!ns1 be+ 9 reality s]fs1 ti$ to & be+ sold ) ! l&1 & hav+ no rights :i* a citiz5 0 b\nd to respect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,population ,,( ,,a!ns ,,& ,,attica1 ,,ab\t #dcj ,b4,c4 7,aft] ,gulick7 ,education1 !n1 be+ only = ! male *ildr5 ( citiz5s1 & citiz5%ip a degree to be atta9$ to on ! basis ( education & tra9+1 let u next see 9 :at t education consi/$1 & :at 7 its mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics & results4 ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,education ,,9 ,,greece ,"s =m ( education t w\ld tra9 ! son ( ! citiz5 = p>ticipation 9 ! religi\s obs]vances & duties ( a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate1 & w\ld prep>e ! ,/ate = def5se aga9/ outw>d enemies1 0 ev]y:]e 9 ,greece recogniz$ z a public necessity1 ?\gh its provision1 nature1 & ext5t v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t ,city-,/ates4 ,we h cle> in=mation only z to ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 & w consid] only ^! two z types4 ,sp>ta is int]e/+ z repres5t+ ! old ,greek tribal tra9+1 f :i* ,sp>ta nev] progress$4 ,_m ( ! o!r ,greek ,city-,/ates probably ma9ta9$ a sy/em ( tra9+ mu* l t ( ,sp>ta4 ,su* educational sy/ems /& z undesirable examples ( extreme /ate socialism1 contribut$ little to our we/]n civilization1 & ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,x 0 ,a!ns1 & a few o!r ,city-,/ates :i* foll[$ h] example1 :i* pres5t$ ! be/ ( ,greece & pass$ on to ! mod]n _w :at 0 mo/ valuable = civilization4 #a4 ,education 9 ,sp>ta ,,! ,,p4 ,! sy/em ( tra9+ :i* 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ,sp>ta 0 9 "p a reflection ( ! "* ( ! p1 & 9 "p a result ( its geographical location4 ,a w>like p by nature1 ! ,sp>tans 7 = long reg>d$ z ! able/ fight]s 9 ,greece4 ,laconia1 _! home1 0 a pla9 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,!y repres5t$ b a small p]c5tage ( ! total population1 :i* !y held 9 subjection to !m by _! milit>y p[]4 #h ,! slaves 7,helots7 7 (t5 tr\blesome1 & 7 held 9 *eck by _m k9ds ( que/ionable practices4 ,education = citiz5%ip ) ! ,sp>tans meant education = usefulness 9 an int5sely milit>y ,/ate1 :]e prep>$ness 0 a pr]equisite to safety4 ,/r5g?1 c\rage1 endurance1 cunn+1 patriotism1 & ob$i5ce 7 ! virtues mo/ highly priz$1 :ile ! humane1 lit]>y1 & arti/ic s5tim5ts 7 neglect$ 7,r4 ,i74 ,ari/otle well express$ x :5 he said t ,sp>ta prep>$ & tra9$ = w>1 & 9 peace ru/$ l a sword 9 its scabb>d4 ,,! ,,educational ,,sy/em4 ,at bir? ! *ild 0 exam9$ by a c\ncil ( eld]s 7,r4 ,i71 & if x did n appe> to be a promis+ *ild x 0 expos$ to die 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,if kept1 ! "m _h *>ge ( ! *ild until sev5 if a boy1 & /ill long] if a girl4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? ye>1 & until ! boy rea*$ ! age ( eighte51 he liv$ 9 a public b>rack1 :]e he 0 giv5 little except physical drill & in/ruction 9 ! ,sp>tan virtues4 ,8 food & clo?+ 7 scant & 8 b$ h>d4 ,ea* old] man 0 a tea*]4 ,runn+1 leap+1 box+1 wre/l+1 milit>y music1 milit>y drill1 ball-play+1 ! use ( ! spe>1 fight+1 /eal+1 & laconic spee* & demeanor con/itut$ ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,f eighte5 to tw5ty 0 sp5t 9 pr(essional tra9+ = w>1 & frequ5tly ! y\? 0 publicly :ipp$ to develop 8 c\rage & endurance4 ,= ! next t5 ye>s--t is1 until he 0 ?irty ye>s old--he 0 9 ! army at "s fronti] po/4 ,at ?irty ! "y man 0 admitt$ to full citiz5%ip & compell$ to m>ry1 ?\gh cont9u+ to live at ! public b>rack & sp5d+ 8 en]gies 9 tra9+ boys 7,r4 #a74 ,wom5 & girls 7 giv5 gymna/ic tra9+ to make !m /rong & capable ( be>+ /rong *ildr54 ,! family 0 virtually suppress$ 9 ! int]e/s ( def5se & w>4 #i ,! intellectual tra9+ consi/$ *iefly 9 committ+ to memory ! ,laws ( ,lycurgus1 le>n+ a few selections f ,hom]1 & li/5+ to ! conv]sation ( ! old] m54 ,z might naturally be suppos$1 ,sp>ta contribut$ little ( any?+ to art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 or gov]nm5t4 ,%e left to ! _w "s spl5did examples ( h]oism1 z = example ! sacrifice ( ,leonidas & 8 ,sp>tans to hold ! pass at ,!rmopylae1 & a w>n+ example ( ! brutaliz+ effect on a p ( excessive devotion to milit>y tra9+4 ,x is a pleasure to turn f ?is d>k picture to ! wond]ful 7= ! "t7 educational sy/em t 0 gradually develop$ at ,a!ns4 #b4 ,! old ,a!nian education ,,s*ools ,,& ,,tea*]s4 ,a!nian education divides itself naturally into two divisions--! old ,a!nian tra9+ :i* prevail$ up to ab\t ! "t ( ! close ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s 7#dgi ,b4,c47 & 0 an outgr[? ( e>li] tribal obs]vances & practices1 & lat] ,a!nian education1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! p]iod ( maximum greatness ( ,a!ns & aft]w>d4 ,we %all describe ^! briefly1 9 ord]4 ,! /ate milit>y socialism ( ,sp>ta made no headway 9 m democratic ,attica4 ,! citiz5s 7 too individuali/ic1 & did _! own ?9k+ too well to p]mit ! e/abli%m5t ( any su* plan4 ,:ile education 0 a necessity = citiz5%ip1 & ! degree c\ld n be obta9$ )\t x1 ! ,/ate nev]!less left e citiz5 free to make 8 own arrangem5ts = ! education ( 8 sons1 or to omit su* education if he saw fit4 ,only in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 music1 & gymna/ics 7 requir$4 ,if family pride1 & ! s5se ( obligation ( a p>5t & a citiz5 7 n suffici5t to =ce ! fa!r to educate 8 son1 ! son 0 !n by law fre$ f ! necessity ( support+ 8 fa!r 9 8 old age4 ,! ,/ate sup]vis$ education1 b did n e/abli% x4 ,! tea*]s 7 private tea*]s1 & d]iv$ _! livelihood f fees4 ,^! naturally v>i$ mu* ) ! k9d ( tea*] & ! weal? ( ! p>5t1 mu* z private lessons 9 music or danc+ d to-day4 ,z 0 common 9 antiquity1 ! tea*]s occupi$ b a l[ social position 7,r4 #e71 & only 9 ! high] s*ools ( ,a!ns 0 _! /&+ ( any importance4 ,greek lit]ature conta9s _m passages :i* %[ ! l[ social /atus ( ! s*oolma/]4 #aj ,s*ools 7 op5 f dawn to d>k4 ,! s*ool discipl9e 0 sev]e1 ! rod be+ freely us$ bo? 9 ! s*ool & 9 ! home4 ,!re 7 no ,saturday & ,sunday holidays or long vacations1 su* z we "k1 b ab\t n9ety fe/ival & o!r /ate holidays s]v$ to break ! cont9uity ( in/ruction 7,r4 #c74 ,! s*oolrooms 7 provid$ by ! tea*]s1 & 7 :olly lack+ 9 tea*+ equipm5t1 9 any mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,h[ev]1 b little 0 ne$$4 ,! in/ruction 0 l>gely individual in/ruction1 ! boy com+1 usually 9 *>ge ( an old slave kn[n z a p$agogue1 to receive or recite 8 lessons4 ,! tea*+ process 0 ess5tially a tell+ & a le>n+-by-he>t proc$ure4 ,= ! e>li] ye>s !re 7 two s*ools :i* boys att5d$--! music & lit]>y s*ool1 & a s*ool = physical tra9+4 ,boys probably sp5t "p ( ! day at "o s*ool & "p at ! o!r1 ?\gh ?is is n c]ta94 ,!y may h att5d$ ! two s*ools on alt]nate days4 ,f sixte5 to eighte51 if 8 p>5ts 7 able1 ! boy att5d$ a /ate-support$ gymnasium1 :]e an advanc$ type ( physical tra9+ 0 giv54 ,z ?is 0 prep>atory = ! next two ye>s ( army s]vice1 ! gymnasia 7 support$ by ! ,/ate m z prep>$ness measures ?an z educational in/itutions1 ?\gh !y p>took ( ! nature ( bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,greek ,,boy ,,e>ly ,,*ildhood4 ,z at ,sp>ta ! infant 0 exam9$ at bir?1 b ! fa!r1 & n a c\ncil ( citiz5s1 decid$ :e!r or n x 0 to be expos$ or pres]v$4 ,?ree c]emonies1 ( anci5t tribal orig91 m>k$ ! recognition & acceptance ( ! *ild4 ,! fir/ took place five days aft] bir?1 :5 ! *ild 0 c>ri$ ar\nd ! family he>? by ! nurse1 foll[$ by ! h\sehold 9 procession4 ,?is c]emony1 foll[$ by a fea/1 0 design$ to place ! *ild =ev] "u ! c>e ( ! family gods4 ,on ! t5? day ! *ild 0 nam$ by ! fa!r1 :o !n =mally recogniz$ ! *ild z 8 own & committ$ himself to its re>+ & education4 ,! ?ird c]emony took place at ! autumn family fe/ival1 :5 all *ildr5 born dur+ ! prec$+ ye> 7 pres5t$ to ! fa!r's clansm51 :o decid$1 by vote1 :e!r or n ! boy or girl 0 ! legitimate & lawful *ild ( ,a!nian p>5ts4 ,if approv$1 ! *ild's "n 0 ent]$ on ! regi/ry ( ! clan1 & he might !n aspire to citiz5%ip & inh]it prop]ty f 8 p>5t 7,r4 #d74 ,up to ! age ( sev5 bo? boys & girls grew up toge!r 9 ! home1 "u ! c>e ( ! nurse & "m1 engag+ 9 mu* ! same games & sports z d *ildr5 any:]e4 ,f ! fir/ !y 7 c>efully discipl9$ = good behavior & = ! e/abli%m5t ( self-control 7,r4 #c74 ,aft] ! age ( sev5 ! boy & girl p>t$ company 9 ! matt] ( _! education1 ! girl rema9+ closely seclud$ 9 ! home 7wom5 & *ildr5 7 usually conf9$ to ! upp] floor ( ! h\se7 & be+ in/ruct$ 9 ! h\sehold arts by h] "m1 :ile ! boy w5t to diff]5t tea*]s = 8 education4 ,probably _m girls le>n$ to read & write f _! mo!rs or nurses1 & ! daught]s ( well- to-d citiz5s le>n$ to sp91 weave1 sew1 & embroid]4 ,music 0 also a common accompli%m5t ( wom54 #aa ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,grammati/4 ,a ,greek boy1 unlike a mod]n s*ool *ild1 did n g to "o tea*]4 ,in/ead he _h at lea/ two tea*]s1 & sometimes ?ree4 ,to ! grammati/1 :o 0 d\btless an evolution f an e>li] tribal scribe1 he w5t to le>n to read & write & c\nt4 ,! grammati/ repres5t$ ! e>lie/ or prim>y tea*]4 ,to ! music tea*]1 :o probably at fir/ taught read+ & writ+ also1 he w5t = 8 in/ruction 9 music & lit]ature4 ,f9ally1 to ! palae/ra he w5t = in/ruction 9 physical tra9+ 7,r4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,an ,,a!nian ,,inscription ,a decree ( ! ,c\ncil & ,assembly1 dat+ f ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 ,note ! difficulty ( try+ to read )\t any punctuation1 & ) only capital lett]s4 ,read+ 0 taught by fir/ le>n+ ! lett]s1 !n syllables1 & f9ally words4 #ab ,plaques ( bak$ e>?1 on :i* ! alphabet 0 writt51 l ! m mod]n horn-book 7see ,figure #acj71 7 frequ5tly us$4 #ac ,! ease ) :i* mod]n *ildr5 le>n to read 0 unkn[n 9 ,greece4 ,read+ 0 v difficult to le>n1 z acc5tuation1 punctuation1 spac+ betwe5 words1 & small lett]s _h n z yet be5 introduc$4 ,z a result ! /udy requir$ mu* "t1 #ad & mu* p]sonal +5uity _h to be ex]cis$ 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce4 ,! inscription %[n 9 ,figure #f w illu/rate ! difficulties q well4 ,! ,a!nian acc5t1 too1 0 h>d to acquire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,greek ,,writ+-,,mat]ials ,! pupil le>n$ to write by fir/ trac+1 ) ! /ylus1 lett]s cut 9 wax tablets1 & lat] by copy+ ex]cises set = him by 8 tea*]1 us+ ! wax tablet & writ+ on 8 knee4 ,/ill lat] ! pupil le>n$ to write ) ink on papyrus or p>*m5t1 ?\gh1 due to ! co/ ( p>*m5t 9 anci5t times1 ?is 0 n greatly us$4 ,slates & pap] 7 ( c\rse unkn[n 9 ,greece4 ,!re 0 little ne$ = ari?metic1 & b little 0 taught4 ,ari?metic su* z we tea* w\ld h be5 impossible ) _! cumbr\s sy/em ( notation4 #ae ,only ! elem5ts ( c\nt+ 7 taught1 ! ,greek us+ 8 f+]s or a c\nt+-bo>d1 su* z is %[n 9 ,figure #h1 to d 8 simple reckon+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,a ,,greek ,,c\nt+-,,bo>d ,pebbles ( diff]5t size or color 7 us$ = ?\s&s1 hundr$s1 t5s1 & units4 ,_! position on ! bo>d gave !m _! values4 ,! bo>d n[ %[s ! total #ae1cgi4 ,,great ,,importance ,,( ,,read+ ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,aft] ! pupil _h le>n$ to read1 mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to acc5tuation & articulation1 9 ord] to secure beautiful read+4 ,/ill m1 9 read+ or recit+1 ! p>ts 7 act$ out4 ,! ,greeks 7 a nation ( actors1 & ! recitations 9 ! s*ools & ! act+ 9 ! !at]s gave pl5ty ( opportunity = expression4 ,!re 7 no s*oolbooks1 z we "k !m4 ,! ma/] dictat$ & ! pupils wrote d[n1 or1 n uncommonly1 le>n$ by he>t :at ! ma/] dictat$4 ,ink & p>*m5t 7 n[ us$1 ! boy mak+ 8 own s*oolbooks4 ,hom] 0 ! fir/ & ! great read+ book ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey be+ ! ,bible ( ! ,greek p4 ,!n foll[$ ,hesiod1 ,!ognis1 ! ,greek poets1 & ! fables ( ,aesop4 #af ,read+1 declamation1 & music 7 closely int]relat$4 ,to appeal to ! emotions & to /ir ! w along moral & civic l9es 0 a fundam5tal purpose ( ! in/ruction 7,r4 #e74 ,a mod]n writ] well *>act]izes ! anci5t in/ruction 9 lit]ature 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,by mak+ ! works ( ! great poets ( ! ,greek p ! mat]ial ( _! education1 ! ,a!nians atta9$ a v>iety ( objects difficult ( atta9m5t by any o!r "o means4 ,! fact is1 ! anci5t poetry ( ,greece1 ) its f9i%$ =m1 its h]oic tales & *>act]s1 its acc\nts ( peoples f> remov$ 9 "t & space1 its manl9ess & pa?os1 its directness & simplicity1 its piety & wisdom1 its respect = law & ord]1 comb9$ ) its admiration = p]sonal initiative & wor?1 furni%$1 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful & g5ial tea*]1 a mat]ial = a complete education su* z c\ld n well be mat*$ ev5 9 our own day4 ,:at in/ruction 9 e?ics1 politics1 social life1 & manly be>+ c\ld n f9d a fitt+ vehicle 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 n to speak ( ! geography1 ! gramm>1 ! lit]>y criticism1 & ! hi/ory :i* ! compreh5sion ( !m involv$8 ,into :at a :olesome1 uns5tim5tal1 free _w did ^! poems introduce ! imag9ative ,greek boy6 ,:at spl5did ideals ( manhood & womanhood did !y hold up = 8 admiration & imitation6 ,f ,hesiod he w\ld le>n all t he ne$$ to "k ab\t 8 gods & _! relation to him & 8 p4 ,f ! elegiac poets he w\ld d]ive a fund ( political & social wisdom1 & an impetus to patriotism1 :i* w\ld g f> to make him a good man & a good citiz54 ,f ! iambic poets he w\ld le>n to express ) en]gy 8 indignation at meanness1 feebl5ess1 wrong1 & tyranny1 :ile f ! lyric poets he w\ld le>n ! language suitable to e g5ial feel+ & impulse ( ! human he>t4 ,& 9 recit+ or s++ all ^!1 h[ w\ld 8 p[] ( t]se1 idiomatic expression1 8 s5se ( poetic beauty & 8 e> = rhy?m & music be develop$6 ,) :at a treasure ( examples ( e virtue & vice1 & ) :at a fund ( epigrammatic expression w\ld 8 memory be furni%$6 ,h[ famili> he w\ld be ) ! "* & ideals ( 8 nation1 h[ deeply 9 sympa?y ) !m6 ,& all ?is 0 possible ev5 be=e ! introduction ( lett]s4 ,) ?is ev5t a new era 9 education beg9s4 ,! boy n[ n only le>ns & declaims 8 ,hom]1 & s+s 8 ,simonides or ,sappho2 he le>ns also to write d[n _! v]ses f dictation1 & s at once to read & to write4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 ! way 9 :i* ^! two 7to u7 fundam5tal arts 7 acquir$4 ,z soon z ! boy c\ld trace ) 8 f+] 9 s&1 or scrat* ) a /ylus on wax1 ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & comb9e !m into syllables & words1 he began to write poetry f 8 ma/]'s dictation4 ,! writ+-lesson ( to-day 0 ! read+1 recitation1 or s++-lesson ( to-morr[4 ,e boy made 8 own read+ book1 &1 if he f\nd x illegible1 & /umbl$ 9 read+1 he _h only himself to blame4 ,! ,greeks1 & especially ! ,a!nians1 laid ! greate/ /ress on read+ well1 recit+ well1 & s++ well1 & ! y\? :o c\ld n d all ?ree 0 look$ ^u z uncultur$4 ,nor c\ld he hide 8 want ( culture1 s9ce "y m5 7 cont9ually call$ ^u1 bo? at home & at m or less public ga!r+s1 to p]=m _! "p 9 ! social ent]ta9m5t4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,an ,,a!nian ,,s*ool ,f a cup discov]$ at ,ca]e1 sign$ by ! pa9t] ,duris1 & n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,b]l94 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,music ,,& ,,language ,explanation3 ,at ! "r is ! paidagogos2 he is seat$1 & turns 8 head to look at 8 pupil1 :o is /&+ be=e 8 ma/]4 ,! latt] holds a writ+-tablet & a /ylus2 he is p]haps correct+ a task4 ,at ! left a pupil is tak+ a music lesson4 ,on ! wall are hung a roll ( manuscript1 a fold$ writ+- tablet1 a lyre1 & an unkn[n cross-%ap$ object4 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,music ,,& ,,poetry ,explanation3 ,at ! "r sits1 cross- legg$1 ! paidagogos1 :o has j br\ght 9 8 pupil4 ,! boy /&s be=e ! tea*] ( poetry & recites 8 lesson4 ,! ma/]1 9 a *air1 holds 9 8 h& a roll :i* he is unfold+1 ^u :i* we see ,greek lett]s4 ,above ^! ?ree figures we see on ! wall a cup1 a lyre1 & a lea!r case ( flutes4 ,to ! bag is atta*$ ! small box conta9+ m\?pieces ( diff]5t k9ds = ! flutes4 ,f>!r on a pupil is receiv+ a lesson 9 music4 ,! ma/] & pupil are bo? seat$ on seats )\t backs4 ,! ma/]1 ) head erect1 looks at ! pupil :o1 b5t ov] 8 lyre1 seems absorb$ 9 8 play+4 ,above are hang+ a basket1 a lyre1 & a cup4 ,on ! wall is an inscription 9 ,greek4 ,,! ,,music ,,s*ool4 ,! tea*] 9 ?is s*ool gradually sep>at$ himself f ! grammati/1 & (t5 ! two 7 f\nd 9 adjo9+ rooms 9 ! same s*ool4 ,9 8 functions he succe$$ ! w&]+ poet or m9/rel ( e>li] times4 ,music tea*]s 7 common 9 all ! ,city- ,/ates ( ,greece4 ,to ?is tea*] ! boy w5t at fir/ to recite 8 poetry1 & aft] ! ?irte5? ye> = a special music c\rse4 ,! tea*] 0 kn[n z a ci?>i/1 & ! in/rum5t usually us$ 0 ! sev5-/r+$ lyre4 ,?is resembl$ some:at our mod]n guit>4 ,! flute 0 also us$ some:at1 b nev] grew into mu* favor1 p>tly because x t5d$ to excite r ?an soo!1 & p>tly because ( ! contortions ( ! face to :i* its play+ gave rise4 ,rhy?m1 melody1 & ! feel+ = measure & "t 7 important 9 in/ruction1 ^: (fice 0 to soo!1 purge1 & h>monize man )9 & make him fit = moral in/ruction ?r\gh ! poetry ) :i* _! music 0 ev] associat$4 ,in/ead ( be+ a di/9ct art1 z ) u1 & taught by itself1 music ) ! ,greeks 0 always subsidi>y to ! expression ( ! _s ( _! lit]ature1 & 9 aim x 0 = moral-tra9+ ends4 #ah ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,plato advocate /ate control ( s*ool music to insure s\nd moral results4 ,inf]ior z _! music 0 to pres5t-day music1 x ex]t$ an influ5ce ov] _! lives :i* x is difficult = an ,am]ican tea*] to appreciate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,greek ,,s*ool ,,lessons ,,! ,,s++ ,,lesson ,! boy is s++1 to ! accompanim5t ( a flute4 ,on ! wall hangs a bag ( flutes4 ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,lesson ,! boy is recit+1 :ile ! tea*] foll[s him on a roll ( manuscript4 ,! fir/ lessons taught ! use ( ! in/rum5t1 & ! simple *ants ( ! religi\s s]vices 7 le>n$4 ,z soon z ! pupil knew h[ to play1 ! ma/] taught him to r5d] ! works ( ! great lyric poets ( ,greece4 ,poetry & music toge!r ?us =m$ a s+le art4 ,at ?irte5 a special music c\rse began :i* la/$ until sixte51 b :i* only ! sons ( ! m well-to-d citiz5s att5d$4 ,e boy1 ?\gh1 le>n$ "s music1 n t he might be a musician1 b t he might be musical & able to p]=m 8 "p at social ga!r+s & p>ticipate 9 ! religi\s s]vices ( ! ,/ate4 ,pr(essional play+ 0 left to slaves & =eign]s1 & 0 deem$ unwor?y a free man & a citiz54 ,pr(essionalism 9 ei!r music or a?letics 0 reg>d$ z disgraceful4 ,! purpose ( bo? activities 0 h>moni\s p]sonal developm5t1 :i* ! ,greeks believ$ contribut$ to moral wor?4 ,,! ,,palae/ra2 ,,gymna/ics4 ,v unlike our mod]n education1 fully "o half ( a boy's s*ool life1 f eight to sixte51 0 giv5 to sports & games 9 ano!r s*ool "u diff]5t tea*]s1 kn[n z ! palae/ra4 ,! "w began gradually1 b by fifte5 _h tak5 prec$5ce ov] o!r /udies4 ,z 9 music1 h>moni\s physical developm5t & moral ends 7 held to be ( fundam5tal importance4 ,! /&>ds ( success 7 f> f our mod]n /&>ds4 ,to w9 ! game 0 ( little significance2 ! important ?+ 0 to d ! "p gracefully &1 = ! p]son conc]n$1 well4 ,to atta9 to a graceful & dignifi$ c>riage ( ! body1 good physical heal?1 p]fect control ( ! temp]1 & to develop quickness ( p]ception1 self-possession1 ease1 & skill 9 ! games 7 ! aims--n m]e /r5g? or a?letic pr[ess 7,r4 #b74 ,only a few 7 all[$ to tra9 = p>ticipation 9 ! ,olympian games4 ,! "w began ) *ildr5's games1 conte/s 9 runn+1 & ball games ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,deportm5t--h[ to get up1 walk1 sit1 & h[ to a*ieve easy mann]s--0 taught by ! ma/]s4 ,aft] ! pupils came to be a little old] !re 0 a def9ite c\rse ( /udy1 :i* includ$1 9 succession3 7#a7 leap+ & jump+1 = g5]al bodily & lung developm5t2 7#b7 runn+ conte/s1 = agility & endurance2 7#c7 ?r[+ ! discus1 #ai = arm ex]cise2 7#d7 ca/+ ! javel91 = bodily poise & cord9ation ( movem5t1 z well z = future use 9 hunt+2 7#e7 box+ & wre/l+1 = quickness1 agility1 endurance1 & ! control ( ! temp] & passions4 ,swimm+ & danc+ 7 also includ$ = all1 danc+ be+ a sl[ & graceful movem5t ( ! body to music1 to develop grace ( motion & beauty ( =m1 & to ex]cise ! :ole human be+1 body & s\l4 ,! m9uet & "s ( our folk- danc+ are our ne>e/ approa* to ! ,greek type ( danc+1 ?\gh /ill n l x4 ,! mod]n p>tn] dance 0 unkn[n 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! ex]cises 7 p]=m$ 9 classes1 or 9 small gr\ps4 ,!y took place 9 ! op5 air1 & on a dirt or s&y floor4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by music--usually ! flute1 play$ by a paid p]=m]4 ,a numb] ( tea*]s look$ aft] ! boys1 exam9+ !m physically1 sup]vis+ ! ex]cises1 direct+ ! "w1 & giv+ v>i\s =ms ( in/ruction4 ,,! ,,gymnasial ,,tra9+1 ,,sixte5 ,,to ,,eighte54 ,up to ?is po9t ! education provid$ 0 a private & a family affair4 ,9 ! home & 9 ! s*ool ! boy _h n[ be5 tra9$ to be a g5tleman1 to rev]e ! gods1 to be moral & upright accord+ to ,greek /&>ds1 & 9 addition he _h be5 giv5 t tra9+ 9 read+1 writ+1 music1 & a?letic ex]cises t ! ,/ate requir$ p>5ts to furni%4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m boys1 ^: p>5ts c\ld ill af=d fur!r exp5se = s*ool+1 7 all[$ to quit ! s*ools at f ?irte5 to fifte54 ,^? :o expect$ to become full citiz5s1 h[ev]1 & to be a "p ( ! gov]nm5t & hold (fice1 7 requir$ to cont9ue until tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,two ye>s m 7 sp5t 9 s*ool+1 l>gely a?letic1 & two ye>s additional 9 milit>y s]vice4 ,( ?is additional tra9+1 if 8 p>5ts *ose & c\ld af=d x1 ! ,/ate n[ took control4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,,gr\nd-,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,gymnasium ,,at ,,ephesos1 ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or ,explanation3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 pill>$ corridors1 or portico2 ,d1 an op5 space1 possibly a palae/ra1 evid5tly int5d$ to supply ! p]i/ylium2 ,e1 a long1 n>r[ hall us$ = games ( ball2 ,f1 a l>ge hall ) seats2 ,g1 9 :i* 0 susp5d$ a sack fill$ ) *aff = ! use ( box]s2 ,h1 :]e ! "y m5 spr9kl$ !mselves ) du/2 ,i1 ! cold ba?2 ,k1 :]e ! wre/l+-ma/] ano9t$ ! bodies ( ! conte/ants2 ,l1 ! cool+-(f room2 ,m1 ! furnace-room2 ,n1 ! vapor ba?2 #j1 ! dry- sweat+ ap>tm5t2 ,p1 ! hot ba?2 ,q1 ,q'1 rooms = games1 = ! keep]s1 or = o!r uses2 ,r1 ,r'1 cov]$ /adia1 = use 9 bad wea!r2 ,s1 ,s1 ,s1 ,s1 ,s1 r[s ( seats1 look+ ^u ,t1 ! uncov]$ /adium2 ,u1 groves1 ) seats & walks among ! trees2 ,v1 ,v'1 recess$ seats = ! use ( philosoph]s1 rhetoricians1 & o!rs4 ,= ! ye>s f sixte5 to eighte5 ! boy att5d$ a /ate gymnasium1 ( :i* two 7 erect$ outside ( ,a!ns by ! ,/ate1 9 groves ( trees1 9 #eij ,b4,c4 ,o!rs 7 erect$ lat] 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece4 ,figure #aa %[s ! gr\nd plan ( "o ( ^! gymnasia1 & a /udy ( ! explanation ( ! plan w reveal ! nature ( ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,! boy n[ _h = tea*]s a numb] ( gymna/s ( ability4 ,! old ex]cises ( ! palae/ra 7 cont9u$1 b runn+1 wre/l+1 & box+ 7 mu* emphasiz$4 ,! y\? le>n$ to run 9 armor1 :ile wre/l+ & box+ became m sev]e4 ,he also le>n$ to ride a horse1 to drive a *>iot1 to s+ & dance 9 ! public *oruses1 & to p>ticipate 9 ! public /ate & religi\s processions4 ,/ill m1 ! y\? n[ pass$ f ! sup]vision ( a family p$agogue to ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 8 life he 0 n[ free to g :]e he desir$ ab\t ! city2 to frequ5t ! /reets1 m>ket-place1 & !at]2 to li/5 to debates & jury trials1 & to witness ! great games2 & to mix ) m5 9 ! /reets & to m+le some:at 9 public affairs4 ,he saw little ( girls1 except 8 si/]s1 b =m$ deep fri5d%ips ) o!r "y m5 ( 8 age4 #bj ,aside f a requirem5t t he le>n ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 8 education dur+ ?is p]iod 0 entirely physical & civic4 ,if he abus$ 8 lib]ty he 0 tak5 9 h& by public (ficials *>g$ ) ! sup]vision ( public morals4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 /ill reg>d$ z a m9or1 & 8 fa!r 7or gu>dian7 0 held responsible = 8 public behavior4 ,,! ,,citiz5-,,cadet ,,ye>s1 ,,eighte5 ,,to ,,tw5ty4 ,! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! prec$+ two ye>s _h 9 a way be5 jo9t ) t ( 8 fa!r2 n[ ! ,/ate took complete control4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 8 fa!r took him be=e ! prop] au?orities ( 8 di/rict or w>d 9 ! city1 & pres5t$ him z a c&idate = citiz5%ip4 ,he 0 exam9$ morally & physically1 & if s\nd1 & if ! records %[$ t he 0 ! legitimate son ( a citiz51 8 "n 0 ent]$ on ! regi/] ( 8 w>d z a prospective memb] ( x 7,r4 #d74 ,8 long hair 0 n[ cut1 he donn$ ! black g>b ( ! citiz51 0 pres5t$ to ! p along ) o!rs at a public c]emony1 0 publicly arm$ ) a spe> & a %ield1 & !n1 proce$+ to "o ( ! %r9es ( ! city1 on a height ov]look+ x1 he solemnly took ! ,ephebic oa?3 ,i w nev] disgrace ^! sacr$ arms1 nor des]t my companion 9 ! ranks4 ,i w fight = temples & public prop]ty1 bo? alone & ) _m4 ,i w transmit my fa!rl&1 n only n less1 b great] & bett]1 ?an x 0 transmitt$ to me4 ,i w obey ! magi/rates :o may at any "t be 9 p[]4 ,i w obs]ve bo? ! exi/+ laws & ^? :i* ! p may unanim\sly h]eaft] make1 &1 if any p]son seek to annul ! laws or to set !m at naught1 ,i w d my be/ to prev5t him1 & w def5d !m bo? alone & ) _m4 ,i w honor ! religion ( my fa!rs4 ,& ,i call to witness ,aglauros1 ,enyalios1 ,ares1 ,zeus1 ,?allo1 ,auxo1 & ,hegemone4 ,he 0 n[ an ,ephebos1 or citiz5-cadet1 ) /ill two ye>s ( sev]e tra9+ ahead ( him be=e he c\ld take up ! full duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,! fir/ ye> he sp5t 9 & ne> ,a!ns1 le>n+ to be a soldi]4 ,he did :at recruits d almo/ ev]y:]e--drill1 camp 9 ! op51 le>n ! army me?ods & discipl9e1 & m>* 9 public processions & take "p 9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,?is fir/ ye> 0 mu* l t ( new troops 9 camp be+ work$ into real soldi]s4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> !re 0 a public drill & inspection ( ! cadets1 aft] :i* !y 7 s5t to ! fronti]4 ,x 0 n[ 8 bus9ess to come to "k 8 c\ntry ?or\ghly--its topography1 roads1 spr+s1 sea%ores1 & m\nta9 passes4 ,he also assi/$ 9 en=c+ law & ord] ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts1 z a sort ( a /ate con/abul>y or rural police4 ,at ! end ( ?is second ye> ( practical tra9+ ! second exam9ation 0 held1 ! cadet 0 n[ admitt$ to full citiz5%ip1 & pass$ to ! ranks ( a tra9$ citiz5 9 ! res]ve army ( def5se1 z does a boy 9 ,switz]l& to-day 7,r4 #d74 ,,results ,,"u ,,! ,,old ,,greek ,,sy/em4 ,su* 0 ! educational sy/em :i* 0 9 "t evolv$ f ! e>li] tribal practices ( ! citiz5s ( old ,a!ns4 ,if we consid] ,sp>ta z repres5t+ ! e>li] tribal education ( ! ,greek peoples1 we see h[ f> ! ,a!nians1 due to _! wond]ful ability to make progress1 7 able to advance beyond ?is e>li] type ( prep>ation = citiz5%ip 7,r4 #e74 ,n only did ,a!ns surpass all ,greece1 b1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 we f9d "h1 express+ itself 9 ! education ( ! "y1 ! mod]n we/]n1 individuali/ic & democratic _s1 z oppos$ to ! dead5+ ca/e & gov]nm5tal sy/ems ( ! ,ea/4 ,"h fir/ we f9d a free p liv+ "u political conditions :i* favor$ lib]ty1 culture1 & intellectual gr[?1 & us+ _! lib]ty to advance ! culture & ! k ( ! p 7,r4 #f74 ,"h also we f9d1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! ?9k]s ( ! ,/ate deeply conc]n$ ) ! education ( ! y\? ( ! ,/ate1 & view+ education z a necessity to make life wor? liv+ & secure ! ,/ate f dang]s1 bo? )9 & )\t4 ,to prep>e m5 by a sev]e b simple & hone/ tra9+ to fe> ! gods1 to d hone/ "w1 to despise com=t & vice1 to obey ! laws1 to respect _! neighbors & !mselves1 & to rev]5ce ! wisdom ( _! race1 0 ! aim ( ?is old education4 ,! s*ool+ = citiz5%ip 0 rigid1 almo/ puritanical1 b x produc$ wond]ful results1 bo? 9 peace & 9 w>4 #ba ,m5 ?us tra9$ guid$ ! de/9ies ( ,a!ns dur+ "s two c5turies1 & ! despotism ( ! ,ea/ z repres5t$ by ,p]sia c\ld n defeat !m at ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 & ,plataea4 ,,! ,,simple ,,& ,,effective ,,curriculum4 ,! simplicity ( ! curriculum 0 "o ( its m>k$ features4 ,9 a mann] seldom witness$ 9 ! _w's educational hi/ory1 ! ,greeks us$ _! religion1 lit]ature1 gov]nm5t1 & ! natural activities ( "y m5 to imp>t an education ( wond]ful effectiv5ess4 #bb ,! subjects we h valu$ s highly = tra9+ 7 to !m unkn[n4 ,!y taught no ari?metic or gramm>1 no sci5ce1 no draw+1 no high] ma!matics1 & no =eign tongue4 ,music1 ! lit]ature & religion ( _! own p1 c>eful physical tra9+1 & in/ruction 9 ! duties & practices ( citiz5%ip con/itut$ ! entire curriculum4 ,x 0 an education by do+2 n "o ( le>n+ f books4 ,t x 0 an attractive type ( education !re is abundant te/imony by ! ,greeks !mselves4 ,we h n z yet come to value physical education z did ! ,greeks1 nor are we ne>ly s successful 9 our moral education1 despite ! aid ( ! ,*ri/ian religion :i* !y did n "k4 ,x 01 to be sure1 class education1 & limit$ to b a small fraction ( ! total population4 ,9 x girls _h no %>e4 ,!re 7 _m features ( ,greek life1 too1 t are repugnant to mod]n conceptions4 ,yet1 despite ^! limitations1 ! old education ( ,a!ns /ill /&s z "o ( ! mo/ successful 9 its results ( any sy/em ( education :i* has be5 evolv$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,consid]+ its "t & place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w & t x 0 a developm5t = :i* !re 7 n[h]e any prec$5ts1 x repres5t$ a v wond]ful evolution4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:y are imag9ative ability & _m-sid$ natures su* valuable *>act]i/ics = any p8 #b4 ,:y is ! ability to make progressive *anges1 possess$ s m>k$ly by ! ,a!nian ,greeks1 an important p]sonal or racial *>act]i/ic8 #c4 ,are ! ,a!nian *>act]i/ics1 /at$ 9 ! middle ( page #ai1 *>act]i/ics capable ( developm5t by tra9+1 or are !y native1 or bo?8 #d4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! ,greek failure to a*ieve political unity8 #e4 ,w\ld education = citiz5%ip ) u to-day possess ! same defects z 9 anci5t ,greece8 ,:y8 ,d we give an equival5t tra9+8 #f4 ,:i* is ! bett] attitude = a nation to assume t[>d ! =eign]--! ,greek1 or ! ,am]ican8 ,:y8 #g4 ,:y does a /ate milit>y socialism1 su* z prevail$ at ,sp>ta1 t5d to produce a p ( m$iocre intellectual capacity8 #h4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! ,a!nian ,/ate leav+ lit]>y & musical education to private initiative1 b support+ /ate gymnasia8 #i4 ,w\ld ! ,a!nian me?od ( in/ruction h be5 possible _h all *ildr5 9 ! ,/ate be5 giv5 an education8 ,:y8 #aj4 ,h[ did ! education ( an ,a!nian girl diff] f t ( a girl 9 ! e>ly ,am]ican colonies8 #aa4 ,:y did ! ,greek boy ne$ ?ree tea*]s1 :]eas ! ,am]ican boy is taught all & m by "o prim>y tea*]8 #ab4 ,contra/ ! ,greek me?od ( in/ruction 9 music1 & ! purposes ( ! in/ruction1 ) our own4 #ac4 ,h[ c\ld we incorporate into our s*ool in/ruction "s ( ! important aspects ( ,greek in/ruction 9 music8 #ad4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! cont5tions ( ,ari/otle & ,plato t ! ,/ate %\ld control s*ool music z a means ( secur+ s\nd moral in/ruction8 #ae4 ,does ! ,greek idea t a h>moni\s p]sonal developm5t contributes to moral wor? appeal to y8 ,:y8 #af4 ,contra/ ! ,greek ideal z to a?letic tra9+ ) ! conception ( a?letics held by an av]age ,am]ican s*oolboy4 #ag4 ,contra/ ! education ( a ,greek boy at sixte5 ) t ( an ,am]ican boy at ! same age4 #ah4 ,contra/ ! emphasis plac$ on expression z a me?od 9 tea*+ 9 ! s*ools ( ,a!ns & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ai4 ,d ! ne$s ( mod]n society & indu/rial life w>rant ! great] emphasis we place on le>n+ f books1 z oppos$ to ! le>n+ by do+ ( ! ,greeks8 #bj4 ,comp>e ! compulsory-s*ool p]iod ( ! ,greeks ) our own4 ,if we 7 to add "s =m ( compulsory milit>y tra9+1 = all y\?s betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty1 & z a prep>$ness measure1 w\ld we approa* /ill m ne>ly ! ,greek requirem5ts8 #ba4 ,expla9 h[ ! ,a!nian ,greeks reconcil$ ! idea ( social s]vice to ! ,/ate ) ! idea ( individual lib]ty1 ?r\gh a =m ( education :i* develop$ p]sonality4 ,comp>e ?is ) our ,am]ican ideal4 #bb4 ,! ,greek s*oolboy _h no long summ] vacation1 z d ,am]ican *ildr54 ,is !re any special reason :y we ne$ x m ?an did !y8 #bc4 ,d we believe t virtue c be taught 9 ! way ! ,hell5ic peoples did8 ,d we c>ry su* a belief into practice8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #a4 ,plut>*3 ,anci5t ,education 9 ,sp>ta4 #b4 ,plato3 ,an ,a!nian ,s*oolboy's ,life4 #c4 ,lucian3 ,an ,a!nian ,s*oolboy's ,day4 #d4 ,ari/otle3 ,a!nian ,citiz5%ip & ! ,ephebic ,ye>s4 #e4 ,freeman3 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns comp>$4 #f4 ,?ucydides3 ,a!nian ,education summ>iz$4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,describe & *>act]ize ! ,laws :i* ,lycurgus fram$ = ,sp>tan tra9+ 7#a74 #b4 ,describe & *>act]ize ! in/ruction ( ! ,ireus at ,sp>ta4 ,comp>e ) ! tra9+ giv5 among ! be/ ( ! ,am]ican ,indian tribes 7#a74 #c4 ,contra/ ! type ( education giv5 an ,a!nian & a ,sp>tan boy1 z to nature & purpose & "* 7#a & #b74 #d4 ,:at degree ( ,/ate sup]vision ( education is indicat$ by ,plato 7#b78 ,by ,freeman 7#e78 #e4 ,comp>e an ,a!nian s*ool day z describ$ by ,lucian 7#c7 ) a s*ool day 9 a mod]n ,g>y-type s*ool4 #f4 ,comp>e ! ,ephebic ye>s ( an ,a!nian y\? 7#d7 ) ^? ( a ,sp>tan y\? 7#a74 #g4 ,:at 7 "s ( ! *ief defects ( ,a!nian s*ools 7#e78 #h4 ,:at 0 ! position ( ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( ! education ( y\? 7#e78 #i4 ,:at 7 ! great m]its ( ! ,a!nian educational & political sy/em ( tra9+ 7#f78 7,= ,,supplem5tal ,,ref]5ces1 see foll[+ *apt]47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lat] ,,greek ,,education ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new ,,greek ,,education ,,political ,,ev5ts3 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,greece4 ,! ,battle ( ,m>a?on 7#dij ,b4,c47 has long be5 consid]$ "o ( ! decisive battles ( ! _w4 ,_h ! despotism ( ! ,ea/ triumph$ "h1 & 9 ! subsequ5t campaign t end$ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,p]sian fleet at ,salamis 7#dhj ,b4,c47 & ( ! ,p]sian army at ,plataea 7#dgi ,b4,c471 ! :ole hi/ory ( our we/]n _w w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,! result ( ! w> ) ,p]sia 0 ! triumph ( ?is new we/]n democratic civilization1 prep>$ & s*ool$ = great national em]g5cies by a sev]e b effective tra9+1 ov] ! un$ucat$ hordes l$ to battle by ! autocracy ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is 0 ! fir/1 b n ! la/1 ( ! _m battles :i* we/]n democracy & civilization has _h to fight to avoid be+ cru%$ by autocracy & despotism4 ,m>a?on broke ! dread spell ( ! ,p]sian "n & fre$ ! m progressive ,greeks to pursue _! intellectual & political developm5t4 ,above all x reveal$ ! /r5g? & p[] ( ! ,a!nians to !mselves1 & 9 ! half-c5tury foll[+ ! mo/ wond]ful political1 lit]>y1 & arti/ic developm5t ! _w _h ev] kn[n ensu$1 & ! highe/ products ( ,greek civilization 7 atta9$4 ,attica _h brav$ ev]y?+ = ! common cause ( ,greece1 ev5 to leav+ ,a!ns to be burn$ by ! invad]1 & = ! next fifty ye>s %e held ! position ( political z well z cultural prem95ce among ! ,greek ,city-,/ates4 ,a!ns n[ became ! _w c5t] ( weal? & ref9em5t & ! home ( art & lit]ature 7,r4 #g71 & h] influ5ce along cultural l9es1 due 9 "p to h] ma/]y ( ! sea & h] gr[+ comm]ce1 0 n[ ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,f #dgi to #dca ,b4,c4 0 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greece1 & dur+ ?is %ort p]iod ,a!ns gave bir? to m great m5--poets1 arti/s1 /atesm51 & philosoph]s--?an all ! _w beside _h produc$ #a 9 any p]iod ( equal l5g?4 ,!n1 l>gely z a result ( ! gr[+ jeal\sy ( milit>y ,sp>ta came t cruel & v9dictive civil /rife1 kn[n z ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 :i* desolat$ ,greece1 left ,a!ns a wreck ( h] =m] self1 p]man5tly l[]$ ! moral tone ( ! ,greek p1 & impair$ beyond recov]y ! intellectual & arti/ic life ( ,hellas4 ,= _m c5turies ,a!ns cont9u$ to be a c5t] ( intellectual a*ievem5t1 & to spread h] culture ?r\gh\t a new & a diff]5t _w1 b h] p[] z a ,/ate _h be5 impair$ =ev] by a rev5geful w> betwe5 ^? :o %\ld h be5 fri5ds & allies 9 ! cause ( civilization4 ,,transition ,,f ,,old ,,to ,,! ,,new4 ,z e>ly z #eji ,b4,c4 a new con/itution _h admitt$ all ! free inhabitants ( ,attica to citiz5%ip1 & ! result 0 a rapid increase 9 ! pre/ige1 prop]ty1 & culture ( ,a!ns4 ,citiz5%ip 0 n[ op5 to ! comm]cial classes1 & no long] re/rict$ to a small1 prop]ly born1 & prop]ly educat$ class4 ,weal? n[ became important 9 giv+ leisure to ! citiz51 & 0 no long] look$ d[n ^u z x _h be5 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w> ! pr$om9ance ( ,attica among ! ,greek ,/ates1 ! gr[? ( comm]ce1 ! con/ant int]*ange ( embassies1 ! travel ov]seas ( ,a!nian citiz5s1 & ! pres5ce ( _m =eign]s 9 ! ,/ate all alike l$ to a tol]ance ( new ideas & a criticism ( old ones :i* be=e _h be5 unkn[n4 ,a leisure class n[ arose1 & p]sonal int]e/ came to h a l>g] place ?an be=e1 ) a consequ5t *ange 9 ! e>li] conceptions z to ! duty ( ! citiz5 to ! ,/ate4 ,lit]ature lo/ mu* ( its e>li] religi\s "*1 & ! religi\s basis ( morality #b began to be replac$ by t ( reason4 ,philosophy 0 n[ call$ ^u to furni% a practical guide = life to replace ! old religi\s basis4 ,a new philosophy 9 :i* man 0 ! measure ( all ?+s arose1 & its tea*]s came to h l>ge foll[+s4 ,! old se>* = an explanation ( ! _w ( matt] #c 0 n[ replac$ by an attempt to expla9 ! _w ( ideas & emotions1 ) a result+ evolution ( ! sci5ces ( philosophy1 e?ics1 & logic4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( great intellectual z well z political *ange & expansion1 & 9 consequ5ce ! old education1 :i* _h answ]$ well ! ne$s ( a primitive & isolat$ community1 n[ f\nd itself b poorly adapt$ to meet ! l>g] ne$s ( ! new cosmopolitan ,/ate4 #d ,! result 0 a mat]ial *ange 9 ! old education to adapt x to ! ne$s ( ! new ,a!ns1 n[ become ! intellectual c5t] ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,education4 ,a numb] ( *anges 9 ! "* ( ! old education 7 n[ gradually introduc$4 ,! rigid drill ( ! e>li] p]iod began to be replac$ by an easi] & a m pleasurable type ( tra9+4 ,gymna/ics = p]sonal enjoym5t began to replace drill = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 & 0 mu* less rigid 9 type4 ,! old au?ors1 :o _h r5d]$ important s]vice 9 ! education ( y\?1 began to be replac$ by m mod]n writ]s1 ) a di/9ct loss ( ! e>li] religi\s & moral =ce4 ,new musical in/rum5ts1 giv+ a s(t] & m pleasurable effect1 took ! place ( ! sev5-/r+$ lyre1 & complicat$ music replac$ ! simple ,doric airs ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,education became mu* m individual1 lit]>y1 & !oretical4 ,geometry & draw+ 7 introduc$ z new /udies4 ,gramm> & rhetoric began to be /udi$1 discussion 0 introduc$1 & a c]ta9 glibness ( spee* began to be priz$4 ,! citiz5-cadet ye>s1 f sixte5 to tw5ty1 =m]ly devot$ to r rigor\s physical tra9+1 7 n[ *ang$ to s*ool "w ( an intellectual type4 ,,new ,,tea*]s2 ,,! ,,sophi/s4 ,new tea*]s1 kn[n z ,sophi/s1 :o pr(ess$ to be able to tra9 m5 = a political c>e]1 #e began to (f] a m practical c\rse design$ to prep>e boys = ! new] type ( /ate s]vice4 ,^! 9 "t drew _m ,ephebes into _! private s*ools1 :]e ! *ief /udies 7 on ! cont5t1 =m1 & practical use ( ! ,greek language4 ,rhetoric & gramm> be=e long became ! ma/] /udies ( ?is new p]iod1 z !y 7 felt to prep>e boys bett] = ! new political & intellectual life ( ,hellas ?an did ! old] type ( tra9+4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ! ,sophi/s boys n[ sp5t _! "t 9 =m+ phrases1 *oos+ words1 exam9+ grammatical /ructure1 & le>n+ h[ to secure rhetorical effect4 ,_m ( ^! new tea*]s made mo/ extravagant claims = _! in/ruction 7,r4 #h7 & drew mu* ridicule f ! *ampions ( ! old] type ( education1 b )9 a c5tury !y _h ?or\ghly e/abli%$ !mselves1 & _h p]man5tly *ang$ ! "* ( ! e>li] ,greek education4 ,by #cej ,b4,c4 we f9d t ,greek s*ool education _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into ?ree divisions1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,prim>y education1 cov]+ ! ye>s f sev5 or eight to ?irte51 & embrac+ read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & *ant+4 ,! tea*] ( ?is s*ool came to be kn[n z a grammati/4 #b4 ,second>y education1 cov]+ ! ye>s f ?irte5 to sixte51 & embrac+ geometry1 draw+1 & a special music c\rse4 ,lat] on "s gramm> & rhetoric 7 introduc$ into ?is s*ool4 ,! tea*] ( ?is s*ool came to be kn[n z a grammaticus4 #c4 ,high] or univ]sity education1 cov]+ ! ye>s aft] sixte54 ,,! ,,flood ,,( ,,individualism4 ,?is p]iod ( arti/ic & intellectual brilliancy ( ,greece foll[+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w> m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ,greece politically4 ,! w> 0 a bl[ to ! /r5g? ( ,greece f :i* ! diff]5t ,/ates nev] recov]$4 ,greece 0 bl$ :ite by ?is ne$less civil /rife4 ,! t5d5cies t[>d individualism 9 education 7 symptomatic ( t5d5cies 9 all =ms ( social & political life4 ,! philosoph]s--,x5ophon1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle--propos$ ideal rem$ies = ! evils ( ! ,/ate1 #f b 9 va94 ,! old ideal ( citiz5%ip di$ out4 ,s]vice to ! ,/ate became purely subord9ate to p]sonal pleasure & advancem5t4 ,irrev]5ce & a sc(f+ attitude became rul+ t5d5cies4 ,family morality decay$4 ,! ,/ate 9 "t became corrupt & n]veless4 ,f9ally1 9 #cch ,b4,c41 ,philip ( ,mac$on became ma/] ( ,greece1 & annex$ x to ! _w empire :i* he & 8 son ,alex&] creat$4 ,/ill lat]1 9 #adf ,b4,c41 ! new _w p[] to ! we/1 ,rome1 conqu]$ ,greece & made ( x a ,roman prov9ce4 ,?\gh dead politically1 !re n[ occurr$ ! unusual spectacle ( captive ,greece tak+ captive h] rude conqu]or1 & spread+ ,greek art1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 sci5ce1 & ,greek ideas ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,x 0 ! ,greek high] le>n+ t n[ became pr$om9ant & ex]t$ su* great influ5ce on ! future ( our _w civilization4 ,x rema9s n[ to trace briefly ! developm5t & spread ( ?is high] le>n+1 & to po9t out h[ ?or\ghly x modifi$ ! ?9k+ ( ! future4 ,,new ,,s*ools2 ,,socrates4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ea* ,sophi/ tea*] 0 a free lance1 & taught :at he w\ld & 9 ! mann] he ?\ght be/4 ,_m ( !m made extraord9>y ef=ts to attract /ud5ts & w9 popul> approval & fees4 ,plato repres5ts ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras z say+1 ) ref]5ce to a y\? ambiti\s = success 9 political life1 ,if he comes to me he w le>n t :i* he comes to le>n4 ,at fir/ ! in/ruction 0 l>gely individual1 b lat] classes 7 organiz$4 ,isocrates1 :o liv$ f #dcf to #cch ,b4,c41 organiz$ ! in/ruction = ! fir/ "t into a well-grad$ sequ5ce ( /udies1 ) def9ite aims & "w 7,r4 #h74 ,he %ift$ ! emphasis 9 in/ruction f tra9+ = success 9 argum5tation1 to tra9+ to ?9k cle>ly & to express ideas prop]ly4 ,8 pupils 7 unusually successful1 & 8 s*ool did mu* to add to ! fame ( ,a!ns z an intellectual c5t]4 ,f 8 "w sprang a l>ge numb] ( s call$ ,rhetorical ,s*ools1 mu* l our bett] private s*ools & academies1 (f]+ to ^? ,ephebes :o c\ld af=d to att5d a v good prep>ation = p>ticipation 9 ! public life ( ! p]iod4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,sophi/s1 a s]ies ( s*ools ( philosophy also arose 9 ,a!ns4 ,^! 9 a way 7 ! outgr[? ( ! "w ( ,socrates4 ,accept+ ! ,sophi/s' dictum t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 he tri$ to turn y\?s f ! bas] individualism ( ! ,sophi/s ( 8 day to ! l>g] g5]al tru?s :i* measure ! life ( a true man4 ,9 p>ticul> he tri$ to %[ t ! greate/ ( all arts-- ! art ( liv+ a good life--call$ = correct individual ?9k+ & a k ( ! "r4 ,"k ?yself 0 8 great guid+ pr9ciple4 ,8 emphasis 0 on ! problems ( ev]yday morality4 ,frankly accept+ ! *ange f ! old education z a *ange t c\ld n be avoid$1 he s\ght to =mulate a new basis = education 9 p]sonal morality & virtue1 & z a sub/itute = ! old tra9+ = s]vice to ! ,/ate4 ,he taught by conv]sation1 engag+ m5 9 argum5t z he met !m 9 ! /reet1 & %[+ to !m _! ignorance 7,r4 #i74 ,ev5 9 ,a!ns1 :]e free spee* 0 enjoy$ m ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w at t "t1 su* a %rewd que/ion] w\ld naturally make enemies1 & 9 #cii ,b4,c4 at ! age ( sev5ty-"o1 he 0 condemn$ to dea? by ! ,a!nian populace on ! *>ge ( impiety & corrupt+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,,socrates 7#dfi-cii ,b4,c47 7,aft] a m>ble bu/ 9 ! ,vatican ,gall]y1 at ,rome7 ,socrates' greate/ disciple 0 a citiz5 ( weal? by ! "n ( ,plato1 :o _h ab&on$ a political c>e] = ! *>ms ( philosophy1 & to him we owe our *ief in=mation z to ! "w & aims ( ,socrates4 ,9 #chf ,b4,c4 he f\nd$ ! ,academy1 :]e he pass$ almo/ =ty ye>s 9 lectur+ & writ+4 ,8 s*ool1 :i* =m$ a model = o!rs1 consi/$ ( a union ( tea*]s & /ud5ts :o possess$ 9 common a *apel1 libr>y1 lecture-rooms1 & liv+-rooms4 ,philosophy1 ma!matics1 & sci5ce 7 taught1 & wom5 z well z m5 7 admitt$4 ,o!r s*ools ( importance 9 ,a!ns 7 ! ,lyceum1 f\nd$ 9 #cce ,b4,c4 by a =eign-born pupil ( ,plato's by ! "n ( ,ari/otle1 :o did a rem>kable "w 9 organiz+ ! kn[n k ( 8 "t2 #g ! s*ool ( ! ,/oics1 f\nd$ by ,z5o 9 #cjh ,b4,c42 & ! s*ool ( ! ,epicureans1 f\nd$ by ,epicurus 9 #cjf ,b4,c4 ,ea* ( ^! s*ools (f]$ a philosophical solution ( ! problem ( life1 & ,plato & ,ari/otle wrote treatises on education z well4 ,ea* s*ool evolv$ into a =m ( religi\s bro!rhood :i* p]petuat$ ! organization aft] ! dea? ( ! ma/]4 ,9 "t ^! became l>gely s*ools = exp\nd+ ! philosophy ( ! f\nd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,univ]sity ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,co9cid5t ) ! f\nd+ ( ^! s*ools & ! political ev5ts we h previ\sly record$1 c]ta9 fur!r *anges 9 ,a!nian education 7 tak+ place4 ,! "* ( ! *anges 9 ! education be=e ! age ( sixte5 we h describ$4 ,z a result 9 "p ( ! developm5t ( ! s*ools ( ! ,sophi/s1 :i* 7 9 !mselves only attempts to meet fundam5tal *anges 9 ,a!nian life1 ! education ( y\?s aft] sixte5 t5d$ to become lit]>y1 r ?an physical & milit>y4 ,! ,ephebic p]iod ( s]vice 7f eighte5 to tw5ty7 0 at fir/ r$uc$ f two ye>s to "o1 & aft] ! ,mac$onian conque/1 9 #cch ,b4,c41 :5 !re 0 no long] an ,a!nian ,/ate to s]ve or protect1 ! entire p]iod ( tra9+ 0 made optional4 ,! ,ephebic corps 0 n[ op5$ to =eign]s1 & 9 "t became m]ely a fa%ionable semi-milit>y gr\p4 ,in/ead ( ! milit>y tra9+1 att5dance at ! lectures ( ! philosophical s*ools 0 n[ requir$1 & att5dance at ! rhetorical s*ools 0 optional4 ,lat] ! philosophical s*ools 7 grant$ public support by ! ,a!nian ,assembly1 pr(essor%ips 7 creat$ ov] :i* ! ,assembly ex]cis$ sup]vision1 ! rhetorical & philosophical s*ools 7 gradually m]g$1 ! /udy ye>s 7 ext5d$ f two to six1 or sev51 a =m ( univ]sity life z reg>ds bo? /ud5ts & pr(essors 0 develop$1 & :at has s9ce be5 t]m$ ,! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns 0 evolv$4 ,figure #ac %[s h[ ?is evolution took place4 ,z ,a!ns lo/ 9 political p[] h] citiz5s turn$ _! att5tion to mak+ _! city a c5t] ( _w le>n+4 ,?is may be said to h be5 accompli%$ by #bjj ,b4,c4 ,?\gh ,greece _h long s9ce become a ,mac$onian prov9ce1 & 0 soon to pass "u ! control ( ,rome1 ! s-call$ ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns 0 widely kn[n & mu* frequ5t$ = ! next ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce until f9ally clos$1 z a c5t] ( pagan ?\ght1 by ! edict ( ! ,roman-,*ri/ian ,emp]or1 ,ju/9ian1 9 #ebi ,a4,d4 ,?\gh r$uc$ to ! rank ( a ,roman prov9cial t[n1 ,a!ns long cont9u$ to be a city ( lett]s & a c5t] ( philosophic & sci5tific in/ruction4 ,,spread ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,greek ,,high] ,,education4 ,alex&] ! ,great r5d]$ a v important s]vice 9 unit+ ! we/]n ,ori5t & ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean into a common _w empire1 & 9 e/abli%+ !re9 a common language1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 a common int]e/1 & a common body ( sci5tific k & law4 ,x 0 8 hope to create a new empire1 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 ,european & ,asiatic %\ld pass away4 ,no less ?an sev5ty cities 7 e/abli%$ ) a view to hold+ 8 empire toge!r4 ,^! s]v$ to spread ,hell5ic culture4 ,greek s*ools1 ,greek !at]s1 ,greek ba?s1 & ,greek in/itutions ( e type 7 to be f\nd 9 practically all ( !m1 & ! ,greek tongue 0 he>d 9 !m all4 ,) ,alex&] ! ,great ! hi/ory ( ,greek life1 culture1 & le>n+ m]ges into t ( ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t _w4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! new empire ,greek philosoph]s & sci5ti/s1 ar*itects & arti/s1 m]*ants & coloni/s1 foll[$ beh9d ! ,mac$onian armies1 spread+ ,greek civilization & becom+ ! tea*]s ( an enl>g$ _w4 #h ,greek cities /ret*$ f ! ,nile to ! ,indus1 & dott$ ! %ores ( ! ,black & ! ,caspian seas4 ,! ,greek language1 once ! tongue ( a petty p1 grew to be a univ]sal language ( culture1 spok5 ev5 by b>b>ian lips1 & ! art1 ! sci5ce1 ! lit]ature1 ! pr9ciples ( politics & philosophy1 develop$ 9 isolation by ! ,greek m9d1 h5ce=? became ! h]itage ( _m nations4 #i ,greek univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ at ,p]gamum & ,t>sus 9 ,asia ,m9or2 at ,rhodes on ! isl& ( t "n 9 ! ,aegean2 & at ! newly f\nd$ city ( ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,antio*1 9 ,syria1 became ano!r important c5t] ( ,greek influ5ce & le>n+4 ,a l>ge libr>y 0 develop$ at ,p]gamum1 & x 0 "h t writ+ on prep>$ sk9s ( animals #aj 0 begun1 f :i* ! t]m p>*m5t 7orig9ally p]- gam5t7 comes4 ,x 0 also at ,p]gamum t ,gal5 7born c4 #acj ,a4,d47 organiz$ :at 0 !n kn[n ( m$ical sci5ce1 & 8 "w rema9$ ! /&>d treatise = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,rhodes became a fam\s c5t] = in/ruction 9 oratory4 ,dur+ ,roman days _m em95t m51 among :om 7 ,cassius1 ,caes>1 & ,cic]o1 /udi$ oratory "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,! ,,greek ,,univ]sity ,,_w ,,m+l+ ,,( ,,ori5t ,,& ,,occid5t ,,at ,,alex&ria4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all ^! ,greek in/itutions1 h[ev]1 0 ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria1 :i* gradually sapp$ ,a!ns z a c5t] ( le>n+ & became ! intellectual capital ( ! _w4 ,! greate/ libr>y ( manuscripts ! _w _h ev] kn[n 0 collect$ toge!r "h4 #aa ,x is said to h numb]$ ov] #gjj1jjj volumes4 ,^! includ$ ,greek1 ,jewi%1 ,egyptian1 & ,ori5tal works4 ,9 connection ) ! libr>y 0 ! museum1 :]e m5 ( lett]s & inve/igators 7 support$ at royal exp5se4 ,^! two con/itut$ an in/itution s l a univ]sity t x has be5 giv5 t "n4 ,alex&ria became n only a great c5t] ( le>n+1 b1 /ill m important1 ! *ief m+l+ place = ,greek1 ,jew1 ,egyptian1 ,roman1 & ,ori5tal1 & "h ,greek philosophy1 ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian religion1 & ,ori5tal fai? & philosophy met & mix$4 ,x 0 ?is m+l$ civilization & culture1 all t+$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! ,greek1 ) :i* ! ,romans came 9 contact z !y pu%$ _! conqu]+ armies into ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 7,r4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,! ,,kn[n ,,_w ,,ab\t #aej ,a4,d4 ,a map by ,ptolemy1 geograph] & a/ronom] at ,alex&ria4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! map on page #d1 & note ! progress 9 geographical discov]y :i* _h be5 made dur+ ! int]v5+ c5turies4 ,,"* ,,( ,,alex&rian ,,le>n+4 ,! great advances 9 k made at ,alex&ria 7 9 ma!matics1 geography1 & sci5ce4 ,! me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation work$ out by ,ari/otle at ,a!ns 0 introduc$ & us$4 ,in/ead ( speculat+ z to ph5om5a & causes1 z _h be5 ! e>li] ,greek practice1 obs]vation & exp]im5t n[ became ! rule4 ,euclid 7c4 #cbc-bhc ,b4,c47 op5$ a s*ool at ,alex&ria z e>ly z #cjj ,b4,c41 & !re work$ out ! geometry :i* is /ill us$ 9 our s*ools4 ,ar*im$es 7#bhg-bab ,b4,c471 :o /udi$ "u ,euclid1 made _m important discov]ies & advances 9 me*anics & physics4 ,erato/h5es 7#bbf-aif ,b4,c471 libr>ian at ,alex&ria1 is fam\s z a geograph] #ab & a/ronom]1 & made "s /udies 9 geology z well4 ,ptolemy 7b482 d4 #afh ,a4,d47 "h complet$ 8 ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s 7,syntaxis7 9 #ach ,a4,d41 & ?is became ! /&>d a/ronomy 9 ,europe = ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 :ile 8 geography 0 us$ 9 ! s*ools until well into ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! map ( ! kn[n _w1 %[n 9 ,figure #ae1 0 made by him4 ,hipp>cus1 ! ,newton ( ! ,greeks1 /udi$ ! heav5s bo? at ,alex&ria & ,rhodes1 & c\nt$ ! />s & arrang$ !m 9 con/ellations4 ,_m advances also 7 made 9 ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 ! ,alex&rian s*ools hav+ *>ts1 models1 & dissect+ rooms = ! /udy ( ! human body1 ,! functions ( ! bra91 n]ves1 & he>t 7 work$ out !re4 ,except 9 sci5ce & ma!matics1 ?\gh1 ! creative ability ( ! e>li] ,greeks 0 n[ l>gely abs5t4 ,rese>*1 organization1 & comm5t ^u :at _h previ\sly be5 done r 0 ! rule4 ,/ill mu* important "w 0 done "h4 ,books 7 collect$1 copi$1 & pres]v$1 & texts 7 edit$ & purifi$ f errors4 ,"h gramm>1 criticism1 prosody1 & my?ology 7 fir/ develop$ into sci5ces4 ,! /udy ( ar*aeology 0 begun1 & ! fir/ diction>ies 7 made4 ,! translation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek 0 begun = ! b5efit ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews :o _h =gott5 _! ,"m tongue1 ?is be+ ! orig9 ( ! fam\s ,septuag9t #ac v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is ow+ to ^! ,alex&rian s*ol>s1 also1 t we n[ possess ! !ory ( ,greek acc5ts1 & h good texts ( ,hom] & o!r ,greek writ]s4 ,,alex&ria ,,sapp$ ,,9 ,,turn4 ,9 #cj ,b4,c4 ,alex&ria1 too1 came "u ,roman rule & 01 9 turn1 gradually sapp$ by ,rome4 ,greek influ5ce cont9u$1 b ! int]e/ became l>gely philosophical4 ,ultimately ,alex&ria became ! seat ( a metaphysical s*ool ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 & ! sc5e ( bitt] religi\s controv]sies4 ,9 #ccj ,a4,d41 ,con/ant9ople 0 f\nd$ on ! site ( ! e>li] ,byzantium1 & soon !reaft] ,greek s*ol>s transf]r$ _! int]e/ to x & made x a new c5t] ( ,greek le>n+4 ,!re ,greek sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & philosophy 7 pres]v$ = t5 c5turies1 & lat] h&$ back to a ,europe j awak5+ f ! long intellectual night ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 #fdj ,a4,d4 ,alex&ria 0 tak5 by ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ! univ]sity ceas$ to exi/4 ,! great libr>y 0 de/roy$1 furni%+1 x is said1 fuel suffici5t = f\r ?\s& public ba?s = a p]iod ( six mon?s1 & ,greek le>n+ 0 ext+ui%$ 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,,our ,,debt ,,to ,,hellas4 ,z a political p[] ! ,greek ,/ates left ! _w no?+ ( importance4 ,z a p !y 7 too individuali/ic1 & seem$ to h a /range inability to unite = political purposes4 ,to ! new p[] sl[ly =m+ to ! we/w>d--,rome--0 left ! important task1 :i* ! ,greek p 7 nev] able to accompli%1 ( unit+ civilization into "o political :ole4 ,! _w conque/ t ,greece made 0 intellectual4 ,z a result1 h] contribution to civilization 0 arti/ic1 lit]>y1 philosophical1 & sci5tific1 b n political4 ,! ,a!nian ,greeks 7 a highly arti/ic & imag9ative r ?an a practical p4 ,!y sp5t _! en]gy on o!r matt]s ?an gov]nm5t & conque/4 ,z a result ! _w w be =ev] indebt$ to !m = an art & a lit]ature ( incomp>able beauty & ri*ness :i* /ill *>ms mank9d2 a philosophy :i* deeply influ5c$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian religion1 & has ev] s9ce t+$ ! ?9k+ ( ! we/]n _w2 & = _m important beg9n+s 9 sci5tific k :i* 7 lo/ = ages to a _w t _h no int]e/ 9 or use = sci5ce4 ,s deeply has our :ole we/]n civilization be5 t9ctur$ by ,greek ?\ght t "o en?usia/ic writ] has exclaim$1--,except ! bl9d =ces ( ,nature1 no?+ moves 9 ?is _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig94 #ad 7,r4 #aa7 ,9 education prop] ! old ,a!nian education (f]s u _m lessons ( importance t we ( to-day may well he$4 ,9 ! emphasis !y plac$ on moral wor?1 education ( ! body z well z ! m9d1 & mod]ation 9 all ?+s1 !y 7 mu* ahead ( u4 ,_! s*ools became a type = ! cities ( ! entire ,m$it]ranean _w1 be+ f\nd f ! ,black ,sea s\? to ! ,p]sian ,gulf & we/w>d to ,spa94 ,:5 ,rome became a _w empire ! ,greek s*ool sy/em 0 adopt$1 & 9 modifi$ =m became dom9ant 9 ,rome & ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces1 :ile ! univ]sities ( ! ,greek cities = long furni%$ ! highe/ =m ( education = ambiti\s ,roman y\?s4 ,9 ?is way ,greek influ5ce 0 spread ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,! high] le>n+ ( ! ,greeks1 pres]v$ fir/ at ,a!ns & ,alex&ria1 & lat] at ,con/ant9ople1 0 f9ally h&$ back to ! we/]n _w at ! "t ( ! ,italian ,revival ( ,le>n+1 aft] ,europe _h 9 "p recov]$ f ! effects ( ! b>b>ian deluge :i* foll[$ ! d[nfall ( ,rome4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,try to picture :at might h be5 ! result = we/]n civilization _h ! small & newly-develop$ democratic civilization ( ,greece be5 cru%$ by ! ,p]sians at ! "t !y ov]ran ! ,greek p59sula4 #b4 ,d p]iods ( great political1 comm]cial1 & intellectual expansion usually subject old sy/ems ( morality & education to sev]e /ra98 ,illu/rate4 #c4 ,:y 0 ! *ange 9 ! type ( ,a!nian education dur+ ! ,ephebic ye>s a natural & ev5 a necess>y "o = ! new ,a!ns8 #d4 ,d y und]/& t ! sy/em ( tra9+ be=e ! ,ephebic ye>s 0 also s]i\sly *ang$1 or 0 ! *ange l>gely a re-%ap+ & ext5sion ( ! education ( y\?s aft] sixte58 #e4 ,7 ! ,sophi/s a good addition to ! ,a!nian in/ruct+ =ce1 or n8 ,:y8 #f4 ,h[ may a ,/ate e/abli% a corrective = su* a flood ( individualism z ov]:elm$ ,greece1 & /ill all[ individual educational initiative & progress8 #g4 ,d we z a nation face dang] f ! flood ( individualism we h enc\rag$ 9 ! pa/8 ,h[ is our problem l & unlike t ( ,a!ns aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w>8 #h4 ,:at is ! place 9 ,greek life & ?\ght ( ! ideal treatises on education writt5 by ,x5ophon1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 aft] ! flood ( individualism _h set 98 #i4 ,9 :at ways 0 ! conque/ ( ,alex&] good = _w civilization8 #aj4 ,( :at importance is x1 9 ! hi/ory ( our we/]n civilization1 t ,greek ?\ght _h s ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean _w be=e ,roman armies conqu]$ ! region8 #aa4 ,picture = y\rself ! great intellectual advances ( ! ,greeks by contra/+ ! tribal prep>$ness-type ( education ( ! e>ly ,greek ,/ates & ! le>n+ possess$ by ! s*ol>s ( ! ,univ]sity at ,alex&ria4 #ab4 ,comp>e ! spread ( ,greek language & k ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean _w1 foll[+ ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 ) ! spread ( ! ,engli% language & ideas z to gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! mod]n _w4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #g4 ,wilk9s3 ,a!ns 9 ! ,"t ( ,p]icles4 #h4 ,isocrates3 ,! ,in/ruction ( ! ,sophi/s4 #i4 ,x5ophon3 ,an ,example ( ,socratic ,tea*+4 #aj4 ,drap]3 ,! ,s*ools ( ,alex&ria4 #aa4 ,but*]3 ,:at we ,owe to ,greece4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,*>act]ize ! _m educational influ5ces ( ,a!ns1 z pictur$ by ,wilk9s 7#g74 #b4 ,7 ! evils ( ! ,sophi/ tea*]s1 :i* ,isocrates po9ts out 7#h71 natural ones8 ,comp>e ) tea*]s ( vocal tra9+ to-day4 #c4 ,:at w\ld be necess>y = ! prop] tra9+ ( "o = eloqu5ce8 ,c\ld any ,sophi/ tea*] h tra9$ anyone8 #d4 ,w\ld x be possible to-day = any "o city to become su* a c5t] ( ! _w's intellectual life z did ,alex&ria 7#aj78 ,:y8 #e4 ,c\ld ! ,socratic me?od 7#i7 be appli$ to in/ruction 9 psy*ology1 e?ics1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce equally well8 ,:y8 ,to :at class ( subjects is ! ,socratic quiz applicable8 #f4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! fact t ! wond]ful promise ( ,alex&rian sci5ce 0 n fulfill$8 #g4 ,/ate our debt to ! ,greeks 7#aa74 ,,supplem5tal ,,ref]5ces ,! mo/ important ref]5ces are indicat$ by an 99 99 ,bevan1 ,j4 ,o4 ,univ]sity ,life 9 ,old5 ,"t4 99 ,but*]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,greek ,g5ius4 99 ,davidson1 ,?os4 ,ari/otle1 & ,anci5t ,educational ,ideals4 99 ,freeman1 ,k4 ,j4 ,s*ools ( ,hellas4 ,gulick1 ,c4 ,b4 ,! ,life ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks4 99 ,k+sley1 ,*as4 ,alex&ria & h] ,s*ools4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,hi/orical ,survey ( ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education4 99 ,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,old ,greek ,education4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 ,i4 ,wald51 ,john ,w4 ,h4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,wilk9s1 ,a4 ,s4 ,national ,education 9 ,greece 9 ! ,f\r? ,c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,education ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,rome ,i4 ,,! ,,romans ,,& ,,_! ,,mission ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,/ate4 ,ab\t ! "t t ! ,hell5es1 9 ! ,city-,/ates ( ! ,greek p59sula1 _h br\ght _! civilization to its ,gold5 ,age1 ano!r bran* ( ! great ,aryan race1 :i* _h previ\sly settl$ 9 ! ,italian p59sula1 _h begun ! creation ( a new civilization !re :i* 0 de/9$ to become ext5d$ & p[]ful4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory we f9d a numb] ( tribes ( ?is bran* ( ! ,aryan race settl$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #af4 ,sl[ly1 b gradually1 ! smalle/ ( ^! divisions1 ! ,lat9s1 ext5d$ its rule ov] ! o!r tribes1 & f9ally ov] ! ,greek settlem5ts to ! s\? & ! ,gauls to ! nor?1 s t by #bja ,b4,c4 ! entire ,italian p59sula _h become subject to ! ,city-,/ate gov]nm5t at ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,peoples ,,( ,,italy1 ,,& ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,p[] ,9 #eji ,b4,c4 ,attica op5$ h] citiz5%ip to all free inhabitants1 & half a c5tury lat] ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greece 0 9 full sw+4 ,by #cch ,b4,c4 ,greece's glory _h dep>t$4 ,philip ( ,mac$on _h become ma/]1 & its political fre$om 0 ov]4 ,by #bfd ,b4,c4 ! c5t] ( ,greek life & ?\ght _h be5 transf]r$ to ,alex&ria1 & ,rome's great expansion _h begun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,roman ,,roads ,by a wise policy ( tol]ance1 pati5ce1 conciliation1 & assimilation ! ,lat9s gradually became ! ma/]s ( all ,italy4 ,unlike ! ,greek ,city-,/ates1 ,rome seem$ to possess a natural g5ius = ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,^u ! p %e conqu]$ %e be/[$ ! great gift ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 & %e atta*$ !m to h] by grant+ local gov]nm5t to _! t[ns & by int]f]+ z little z possible ) _! local mann]s1 spee*1 habits1 & in/itutions4 ,by f\nd+ colonies among !m & by build+ excell5t milit>y roads to !m1 %e insur$ h] rule1 & by k9dly & g5]\s treatm5t %e b\nd ! diff]5t ,italian peoples ev] clos] & clos] to ! c5tral gov]nm5t at ,rome4 ,by a mo/ wond]ful und]/&+ ( ! psy*ology ( o!r peoples1 new 9 ! _w be=e ! "w ( ,rome1 & n se5 aga9 until ! "w ( ! ,engli% 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,rome gradually assimilat$ ! peoples ( ! ,italian p59sula & 9 "t amalgamat$ !m into a s+le ,roman race4 ,9 spee*1 cu/oms1 mann]s1 & f9ally 9 blood %e ,romaniz$ ! diff]5t tribes & br\ght !m "u h] lead]%ip4 ,lat] ?is same process 0 ext5d$ to ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ev5 to f>-(f ,brita94 ,a ,,concrete1 ,,practical ,,p4 ,! ,roman p 7 a concrete1 practical1 con/ructive nation ( f>m]s & h]dsm5 7,r4 #ad71 m]*ants & soldi]s1 gov]nors & executives4 ,! :ole ( ! e>ly /ruggle ( ! ,lat9s to ext5d _! rule & absorb ! o!r tribes ( ! p59sula call$ = practical rul]s--w>riors :o 7 at ! same "t con/ructive /atesm5 & executives :o possess$ p[] & insight1 en]gy1 & p]sonality4 ,! long /ruggle = political & social rights1 #a c>ri$ on by ! common p 7plebeians7 ) ! rul+ class 7patricians71 t5d$ e>ly to %ape _! gov]nm5t along r\gh b practical l9es1 #b & to elevate law & ord]ly proc$ure among ! p4 ,! lat] ext5sion ( ! ,empire to include _m di/ant l&s--h[ va/ ! ,roman ,empire f9ally became may be se5 f ! map on ! foll[+ page--call$ /ill m = a comb9ation ( =ce1 lead]%ip1 tol]ance1 pati5ce1 executive p[]1 & insight into ! psy*ology ( subject p to hold su* a va/ empire toge!r4 ,only a great1 creative p1 work+ along v practical l9es1 c\ld h us$ & us$ s well ! opportunity :i* came to ,rome #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,! ,,great ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,! map %[s ! ,roman ,empire z x 0 by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 & ! tribes %[n beyond ! fronti] are z !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x 0 #bejj miles1 air l9e1 f ! ea/]n end ( ! ,black ,sea to ! we/]n coa/s ( ,spa91 #adjj miles f ,rome to ,pale/9e1 & #aajj miles f ,rome to nor!rn ,brita94 ,to ma9ta9 ord] 9 ?is va/ area ,rome dep5d$ on ! loyalty ( h] subjects1 ! /r5g? ( h] armies1 h] milit>y roads1 & a mess5g] s]vice by horse1 yet ?r\gh\t ?is va/ area %e impos$ h] law & a unifi$ gov]nm5t = c5turies4 ,,! ,,great ,,mission ,,( ,,rome4 ,_h ,rome tri$ to impose h] rule & h] ways & h] mode ( ?\ght on h] subject p1 & to r$uce !m to complete subjection to h]1 z ! mod]n ,g]man & ,au/rian ,empires1 = example1 tri$ to d ) ! peoples :o came "u _! control1 ! ,roman ,empire c\ld nev] h be5 creat$1 & :at w\ld h sav$ civilization f complete de/ruction dur+ ! p]iod ( ! b>b>ian invasions is h>d to see4 ,in/ead1 ,rome treat$ h] subjects z h] fri5ds1 & n z conqu]$ peoples2 l$ !m to see t _! int]e/s 7 id5tical ) h]s2 gave !m l>ge local indep5d5ce & fre$om 9 gov]nm5t1 "u h] /rong control ( g5]al affairs2 op5$ up h] citiz5%ip #d & ! l9e ( promotion 9 ! ,/ate to h] prov9cials2 #e & won !m to ! peace & good ord] :i* %e ev]y:]e impos$ by ! advantages %e (f]$ ?r\gh a common language1 common law1 common co9age1 common comm]cial arrangem5ts1 common /ate s]vice1 & ! common treatm5t ( all citiz5s ( e race4 #f ,9 consequ5ce1 ! prov9cial 0 will+ly absorb$ into ! common ,roman race #g--;absorb$ 9 dress1 mann]s1 religion1 political & legal in/itutions1 family names1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 9 language4 ,z a result1 race pride & ! native tongues v l>gely disappe>$1 & ,lat9 became ! spok5 language ( all except ! l[] classes ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,only 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 :]e ! ,hell5ic tongue & ! ,hell5ic civilization /ill dom9at$1 did ! ,lat9 language make b little headway1 & "h ,rome _h ! good s5se n to try to impose h] spee* or h] culture4 ,in/ead %e absorb$ ! culture ( ! ,ea/1 :ile ! ,ea/ accept$ 9 return ! ,roman gov]nm5t & ,roman law1 & ,lat9 9 "t became ! language ( ! c\rts & ( gov]nm5t4 ,hav+ /at$ ?us briefly ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,roman p1 & indicat$ _! great "w = civilization1 let u turn back & trace ! developm5t ( su* educational sy/em z exi/$ among !m1 see 9 :at x consi/$1 h[ x modifi$ ! life & habits ( ?9k+ ( ! ,roman p1 & :at educational organization or traditions ,rome pass$ on to we/]n civilization4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,home ,,education ,,! ,,e>ly ,,romans ,,& ,,_! ,,tra9+4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,romans !re 7 no s*ools1 & x 0 n until ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 t ev5 prim>y s*ools began to develop4 ,:at education 0 ne$$ 0 imp>t$ 9 ! home or 9 ! field & 9 ! camp1 & 0 ( a v simple type4 ,c]ta9 virtues 7 dem&$--mode/y1 firmness1 prud5ce1 piety1 c\rage1 s]i\sness1 & reg>d = duty--& ^! 7 in/ill$ bo? by precept & example4 ,ea* home 0 a c5t] ( ! religi\s life1 & ( civic virtue & au?ority4 ,9 x ! fa!r 0 a high prie/1 ) p[] ( life & dea? ov] wife & *ildr54 ,he alone conv]s$ ) ! gods & prep>$ ! sacrifices4 ,! wife & "m1 h[ev]1 held a high place 9 ! home & 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr51 ! m>riage tie be+ reg>d$ z v sacr$4 ,%e also occupi$ a respect$ position 9 society1 & 0 complete mi/ress ( ! h\se 7,r4 #ag74 ,! religion ( ! city 0 an outgr[? ( t ( ! home4 ,virtue1 c\rage1 duty1 ju/ice--^! became ! great civic virtues4 ,_! religion1 bo? family & /ate1 lack$ ! beauty & /ately c]emonial ( ! ,greeks1 lack$ t l(ty fai? & aspiration aft] virtue t *>act]iz$ ! ,hebrew & ! lat] ,*ri/ian fai?1 0 s+ul>ly want+ 9 awe & my/]y1 & 0 =mal & me*anical & practical #h 9 "*1 b x ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ^! e>ly peoples & on _! conceptions ( _! duty to ! ,/ate4 ,! fa!r tra9$ ! son = ! practical duties ( a man & a citiz52 ! "m tra9$ ! daught] to become a good h\sekeep]1 wife1 & "m4 ,morality1 "*1 ob$i5ce to p>5ts & to ! ,/ate1 & :ole-he>t$ s]vice 7 emphasiz$4 ,! boy's fa!r taught him to read1 write1 & c\nt4 ,/ories ( ^? :o _h done great de$s = ! ,/ate 7 told1 & m>tial songs 7 le>n$ & sung4 ,aft] #dej ,b4,c4 e boy _h to le>n ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7,r4 #ab71 & be able to expla9 _! mean+ 7,r4 #ac74 ,z ! boy grew old] he foll[$ 8 fa!r 9 ! fields & 9 ! public place & li/5$ to ! conv]sation ( m54 #i ,if ! son ( a patrician he naturally le>n$ mu* m f 8 fa!r1 by reason ( 8 l>g] k & l>g] contact ) m5 ( affairs & public bus9ess1 ?an if he 7 ! son ( a plebeian4 ,?r\gh games z a boy1 & lat] 9 ! ex]cises ( ! fields & ! camps1 ! boy ga9$ :at physical tra9+ he receiv$4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,a ,,roman ,,fa!r ,,in/ruct+ ,,8 ,,son 7,f a ,roman ,s>cophagus7 ,,education ,,by ,,do+4 ,x 0 l>gely an education by do+1 z 0 t ( ! old ,greek p]iod1 ?\gh entirely diff]5t 9 "*4 ,ei!r by appr5tice%ip to ! soldi]1 f>m]1 or /atesman1 or by p>ticipation 9 ! activities ( a citiz51 0 ! tra9+ ne$$ imp>t$4 ,its purpose 0 to produce good fa!rs1 citiz5s1 & soldi]s4 #aa ,its ideals 7 f\nd 9 ! real & practical ne$s ( a small ,/ate1 :]e ! ability to c>e = "o's self 0 a necess>y virtue4 ,to be heal?y & /rong1 to rev]5ce ! gods & ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate1 to obey 8 p>5ts & ! laws1 to be pr\d ( 8 family connections & 8 ance/ors1 to be brave & effici5t 9 w>1 to "k h[ to f>m or to manage a bus9ess1 7 ! aims & ends ( ?is e>ly tra9+4 ,x produc$ a nation ( citiz5s :o will+ly subord9at$ !mselves to ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 #ab a nation ( w>riors :o br\ght all ,italy "u _! rule1 a calculat+1 practical p :o believ$ !mselves de/9$ to become ! conqu]ors & rul]s ( ! _w1 & a res]v$ & pr\d race1 tra9$ to gov]n & to d bus9ess1 b n possess$ ( l(ty ideals or l>ge en?usiasms 9 life 7,rs4 #ae1 #af74 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,transition ,,to ,,s*ool ,,education ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,s*ool ,,education4 ,up to ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 education _h be5 entirely 9 ! home1 & 9 ! activities ( ! fields & ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( p]sonal valor & /]n civic virtue1 9 a r primitive type ( society1 z yet b little 9 contact ) ! outside _w1 & little ne$ ( any o!r type ( tra9+ _h be5 felt4 ,by ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ! influ5ce ( contact ) ! ,greek cities ( s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily 7,magna ,graecia71 & ! influ5ce ( ! ext5sive conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 7#ccd-cbc ,b4,c471 _h begun to be felt 9 ,italy4 ,by t "t ,greek _h become ! language ( comm]ce & diplomacy ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ,greek s*ol>s & tradesm5 _h begun to frequ5t ,rome4 ,by #cjc ,b4,c4 x seems c]ta9 t a few private tea*]s _h set up prim>y s*ools at ,rome to supplem5t ! home tra9+1 & _h begun ! introduction ( ! p$agogue z a fa%ionable adjunct to attract att5tion to _! s*ools4 ,^! s*ools1 h[ev]1 7 only a fad at fir/1 & 7 patroniz$ only by a few ( ! weal?y citiz5s4 ,up to ab\t #bej ,b4,c41 at lea/1 ,roman education rema9$ sub/antially z x _h be5 9 ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,read+1 writ+1 declamation1 *ant+1 & ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables /ill con/itut$ ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction1 & ! old virtues cont9u$ to be emphasiz$4 ,by ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,rome _h exp&$ its rule to include ne>ly all ! ,italian p59sula 7see ,figure #af71 & 0 trans=m+ itself politically f a little rural ,city-,/ate into an ,empire1 ) l>ge _w relation%ips4 ,a k ( ,greek n[ came to be dem&$ bo? = diplomatic & = bus9ess reasons1 & ! ne$ ( a l>g] culture1 to correspond ) ! increas$ importance ( ! ,/ate1 began to be felt by ! weal?i] & bett]-educat$ classes4 ,greek s*ol>s1 br\ght 9 z captur$ slaves f ! ,greek colonies ( s\!rn ,italy1 soon began to be ext5sively employ$ z tea*]s & z secret>ies4 ,ab\t #bcc ,b4,c41 ,livius ,&ronicus1 :o _h be5 br\ght to ,rome z a slave :5 ,t>5tum1 "o ( ! ,greek cities ( s\!rn ,italy1 0 captur$1 #ac & :o lat] _h obta9$ 8 fre$om1 made a translation ( ! ,odyssey into ,lat91 & became a tea*] ( ,lat9 & ,greek at ,rome4 ,?is _h a wond]ful effect 9 develop+ s*ools & a lit]>y atmosph]e at ,rome4 ,! ,odyssey at once became ! great s*ool textbook1 9 "t supplant+ ! ,twelve ,tables1 & lit]>y & s*ool education n[ rapidly develop$4 ,! ,lat9 language became cry/alliz$ 9 =m1 & o!r ,greek works 7 soon translat$4 ,! beg9n+s ( a native ,lat9 lit]ature 7 n[ made4 ,greek high] s*ools 7 op5$1 _m ,greek tea*]s & slaves (f]$ in/ruction1 & ! ,hell5ic s*eme ( culture1 z x _h previ\sly develop$ 9 ,attica1 soon became ! fa%ion at ,rome4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,national ,,ideals4 ,! second c5tury ,b4,c4 0 ev5 m a p]iod ( rapid *ange 9 all phases & aspects ( ,roman life4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ,rome became a _w empire1 annex+ ,spa91 ,c>?age1 ,illyria1 & ,greece1 & dur+ ! c5tury t foll[$ %e subjugat$ nor!rn ,africa1 ,egypt1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,gaul to ! ,elbe & ! ,danube 7see ,figure #ah74 ,rome soon became mi/ress ( ! :ole ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,h] %ips pli$ ! seas1 h] armies & gov]nors rul$ ! l&4 ,! introduction ( weal?1 luxuries1 & slaves f ! new prov9ces1 :i* foll[$ _! capture1 soon _h a v demoraliz+ influ5ce ^u ! p4 ,private & public religion & morality rapidly decl9$2 religion came to be an empty c]emonial2 divorce became common2 weal? & influ5ce rul$ ! ,/ate2 slaves became v *eap & abundant1 & 7 us$ = almo/ e type ( s]vice4 ,f a l& ( f>m]s ( small f>ms1 /urdy & self-support+1 :o liv$ simply1 re>$ l>ge families1 fe>$ ! gods1 respect$ ! ,/ate1 & made an hone/ liv+1 x became a l& ( great e/ates & weal?y m51 & ! self-respect+ peasantry 7 trans=m$ into soldi]s = =eign w>s1 or jo9$ ! rabble 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4 #ad ,weal? became ! great desid]atum1 & ! great av5ue to ?is 0 ?r\gh ! public s]vice1 ei!r z army comm&]s & gov]nors1 or z public m5 :o c\ld sway ! multitude & comm& votes & influ5ce4 ,manife/ly ! old type ( education 0 n int5d$ to meet su* ne$s1 & n[ 9 ,rome1 z previ\sly 9 ,a!ns1 a complete trans=mation 9 ! sy/em ( tra9+ = ! "y took place4 ,! imag9ative & creative ,a!nians1 :5 confront$ by a great *ange 9 national ideals1 evolv$ a new type ( education adapt$ to ! new ne$s ( ! "t2 ! unimag9ative & practical ,romans m]ely adopt$ t :i* ! ,a!nians _h creat$4 ,,! ,,hell5ization ,,( ,,rome4 ,! result 0 ! ,hell5ization ( ! intellectual life ( ,rome1 mak+ complete ! ,hell5ization ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,greece1 9 #adf ,b4,c41 a great influx ( educat$ ,greeks took place4 ,z ! ,lat9 poet ,horace express$ x3 ,captive ,greece took captive h] rude conqu]or1 ,& br\ght ! arts to ,latium4 ,s completely did ! ,greek educational sy/em seem to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ang$ ,roman ,/ate t at fir/ ! ,greek s*ools 7 adopt$ bodily--,greek language1 p$agogue1 high] s*ools ( rhetoric & philosophy1 & all--& ! s*ools 7 9 reality ,greek s*ools b slightly modifi$ to meet ! ne$s ( ,rome4 ,gymnasia 7 erect$1 & weal?y ,romans1 z well z y\?s1 began to sp5d _! leisure 9 /udy+ ,greek & 9 try+ to le>n gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,9 "t ! national pride & practical s5se ( ! ,romans l$ !m to op5 s-call$ culture s*ools ( _! own1 model$ aft] ! ,greek4 ,! ,lat9 language !n replac$ ! ,greek z ! vehicle ( in/ruction1 ?\gh ,greek 0 /ill /udi$ ext5sively1 & ,rome began ! developm5t ( a sy/em ( private-s*ool in/ruction possess+ "s elem5ts t 7 native to ,roman life & ,roman ne$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,cato ,,! ,,eld] 7#bcd-adi ,b4,c47 ,,/ruggle ,,aga9/1 ,,& ,,f9al ,,victory4 ,t ?is great *ange 9 national ideals & 9 educational practice 0 accept$ )\t prote/ %\ld n be imag9$4 ,plut>* & o!r writ]s appeal$ to ! family z ! c5t] = all true education4 ,cato ! eld]1 :o di$ 9 #adi ,b4,c41 labor$ h>d to /em ! ,hell5ic tide4 ,he wrote ! fir/ ,roman book on education1 9 "p to %[ :at education a good citiz5 ne$$ z an orator1 husb&man1 juri/1 & w>rior1 & 9 "p z a prote/ aga9/ ,hell5ic innovations4 ,9 #afg ,b4,c41 ! fir/ libr>y 0 f\nd$ 9 ,rome1 ) books br\ght f ,greece by ! conqu]or ,paulus ,emilius4 ,9 #afa ,b4,c41 ! ,roman ,s5ate direct$ ! ,praetor to see t no philosoph]s or rhetoricians be suff]$ 9 ,rome 7,r4 #bj a71 b ! edict c\ld n be en=c$4 ,9 #ib ,b4,c41 ! ,c5sors issu$ an edict express+ _! disapproval ( su* s*ools 7,r4 #bj b74 ,by #ajj ,b4,c41 ! ,hell5ic victory 0 complete1 & ! ,graeco-,roman s*ool sy/em _h tak5 =m4 ,9 #bg ,b4,c41 ,rome ceas$ to be a ,republic & became an ,empire1 & "u ! ,emp]ors ! pr(essors ( ! new le>n+ 7 enc\rag$ & protect$1 high] s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! prov9ces1 lit]ature & philosophy 7 op5$ z possible c>e]s1 & ! ,greek language1 lit]ature1 & le>n+ 7 spread1 "u ,roman imp]ial protection1 to e corn] ( ! !n civiliz$ _w4 ,?is victory ( ,hell5ic ?\ght & le>n+ at ,rome1 view$ 9 ! light ( ! future hi/ory ( ! civilization ( ! _w1 0 an ev5t ( l>ge importance4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,z ,,f9ally ,,e/abli%$ ,,! ,,ludus1 ,,or ,,prim>y ,,s*ool4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool1 kn[n z ! ludus1 or ludus lit]>um1 ! tea*] ( :i* 0 kn[n z a ludi magi/]1 0 ! beg9n+ or prim>y s*ool ( ! s*eme z f9ally evolv$4 ,?is correspond$ to ! s*ool ( ! ,a!nian grammati/1 & l x ! in/ruction consi/$ ( read+1 writ+1 & c\nt+4 ,^! s*ools 7 op5 to bo? sexes1 b 7 *iefly frequ5t$ by boys4 ,!y 7 ent]$ at ! age ( sev51 sometimes six1 & cov]$ ! p]iod up to twelve4 ,read+ & writ+ 7 taught by mu* ! same me?ods z 9 ! ,greek s*ools1 & approximately ! same writ+ mat]ials 7 us$4 ,some?+ ( ! same difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ also 9 ma/]+ ! read+ art 7,r4 #ba74 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 a ,greek hi/orian :o liv$ 9 ,rome = tw5ty-two ye>s1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 has left u a cle> description ( ! ,roman me?od ( tea*+ read+3 ,:5 we le>n$ to read 0 x n necess>y at fir/ to "k ! "n ( ! lett]s1 _! %ape1 _! value 9 syllables1 _! diff]5ces1 !n ! words & _! case1 _! quantity long or %ort1 _! acc5t1 & ! re/8 ,arriv$ at ?is po9t we began to read & write1 sl[ly at fir/ & syllable by syllable4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 ! =ms be+ suffici5tly engrav$ on our memory1 we read m cursorily1 9 ! elem5t>y book1 !n 9 all sorts ( books1 f9ally ) incr$ible quickness & )\t mak+ any mi/ake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,roman ,,writ+-,,mat]ials4 ,ink/&1 p51 lett]1 box ( manuscripts1 wax tablets1 /ylus4 ,writ+ seems r to h foll[$ read+1 &1 z 9 ! ,greek s*ools1 ! pupils copi$ d[n f dictation & made _! own books 7dictata74 ,lit]ature receiv$ no su* emphasis 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,rome z 9 ^? ( ! ,greeks1 & ! palae/ra ( ! ,greeks 0 n reproduc$ at ,rome4 ,due 9 "p to ! practical "* ( ! ,roman p1 to ! e/abli%$ habit ( keep+ c>eful h\sehold acc\nts1 to ! difficulties ( _! sy/em ( calculation1 #ae to ! practice ( f+] reckon+1 & to ! va/ comm]cial & f9ancial int]e/s t ! ,romans =m$ ?r\gh\t ! _w :i* !y conqu]$1 ari?metic became a subject ( fundam5tal importance 9 _! s*ools1 & mu* "t 0 giv5 to secur+ p]fection 9 calculation & f+] reckon+4 #af ,h5ce x occupi$ a place ( l>ge importance 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,an abacus or c\nt+-bo>d 0 us$1 simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,figure #bb1 & ,horace m5tions a bag ( /ones 7calculi7 z a "p ( a s*oolboy's equipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,,roman ,,c\nt+-,,bo>d4 ,pebbles 7 us$1 ^? ne>e/ ! numb]$ divid+ p>tition be+ c\nt$4 ,ea* pebble above :5 mov$ d[nw>d c\nt$ five ( ^? 9 ! same division bel[4 ,! bo>d n[ %[s #h1gfj1bed4 ,,! ,,ludi ,,magi/]4 ,! ludi magi/] at ,rome held a position ev5 less enviable ?an t held by ! grammati/ at ,a!ns4 ,! />vel+ ,greek1 :o 0 glad to b>t] 8 k = ! c]ta9ty ( a good d9n]1 0 sne]$ at by _m ,roman writ]s4 ,_m slaves 7 engag$ 9 ?is type ( in/ruction1 br++ 9 fees = _! own]s4 ,x 0 n reg>d$ z ( importance t ! tea*]s ( ^! s*ools be ( high grade4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( & att5dance at ^! prim>y s*ools 0 :olly volunt>y1 & ! *ildr5 9 !m probably repres5t$ b a small p]c5tage ( ^? ( s*ool age 9 ! total population4 ,^! s*ools became q common 9 ! ,italian cities1 & 9 "t 7 f\nd 9 ! prov9cial cities ( ! ,empire z well4 ,!y rema9$1 h[ev]1 entirely private-adv5ture und]tak+s1 ! ,/ate do+ no?+ t[>d enc\rag+ _! e/abli%m5t1 sup]vis+ ! in/ruction 9 !m1 or requir+ att5dance at !m4 ,!y 7 9 no s5se free s*ools1 nor 7 ! prices = in/ruction fix$1 z 9 our private s*ools ( to-day4 ,in/ead1 ! pupil made a pres5t to ! ma/]1 usually at "s und]/ood rate1 ?\gh "s ma/]s left ! size ( ! fee to ! lib]ality ( _! pupils4 #ag ,! p$agogue1 copi$ f ,greece1 0 ne>ly always an old or infirm slave ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,a ,,roman ,,prim>y ,,s*ool7,ludus7 7,f a fresco f\nd at ,h]culaneum74 ,?is %[s a s*ool held 9 a portico ( a h\se4 ,! s*ools 7 held any:]e--9 a portico 7see ,figure #bc71 9 a %$ or boo? 9 front ( a h\se1 9 a /ore1 or 9 a recess$ corn] %ut 9 by curta9s4 ,a *air = ! ma/]1 b5*es = ! pupils1 an out] room = cloaks & = ! p$agogues to wait 91 & a bundle ( rods 7f]ula7 con/itut$ ! necess>y equipm5t4 ,! pupils br\ght ) !m boxes conta9+ writ+-mat]ials1 book-rolls1 & reckon+-/ones4 ,s*ools began e>ly 9 ! morn+1 pupils 9 w9t] go+ ) lant]ns to _! tasks4 ,!re 0 mu* flogg+ ( *ildr51 & 9 ,m>tial we f9d an angry epigram :i* he address$ to a s*oolma/] :o di/urb$ 8 sleep 7,r4 #bc a74 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,second>y or ,lat9 gramm> s*ools1 "u a grammaticus1 & cov]+ in/ruction f ! age ( twelve to sixte51 _h become cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f ! prim>y s*ools "u a ludi magi/] by ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,cato1 #adi ,b4,c4 ,at fir/ ?is high] in/ruction began 9 ! =m ( private tutors1 probably 9 ! homes ( ! weal?y1 & ,greek 0 ! language taught4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 h[ev]1 ,lat9 second>y s*ools began to arise1 & 9 "t ^! too spread to all ! important cities ( ! ,empire4 ,att5dance at !m 0 :olly volunt>y1 & 0 conf9$ entirely to ! *ildr5 ( ! well-to-d classes4 ,! tea*]s 7 ,greeks1 or ,lat9s :o _h be5 tra9$ by ! ,greeks4 ,ea* tea*] taught z he wi%$1 b ! s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,empire came to be mu* ! same 9 "*4 ,! c\rse ( /udy consi/$ *iefly ( in/ruction 9 gramm> & lit]ature1 ! purpose be+ to secure su* a ma/]y ( ! ,lat9 language & ,greek & ,lat9 lit]atures z might be mo/ helpful 9 giv+ t broad] culture n[ recogniz$ z ! m>k ( an educat$ man1 & 9 prep>+ ! "y ,roman to take up ! life ( an orator & public (ficial 7,r4 #bd74 ,bo? ,greek & ,lat9 second>y s*ools 7 9 exi/5ce1 & ,qu9tilian1 ! =emo/ ,roman writ] on educational practice1 recomm5ds att5dance at ! ,greek s*ool fir/4 ,gramm> 0 /udi$ fir/1 & 0 int5d$ to develop correctness 9 ! use ( spee*4 ,) its c>eful /udy ( words1 phonetic *anges1 drill on inflections1 & practice 9 compos+ & p>agraph+1 ?is made a /rong appeal to ! practical ,roman & became a favorite /udy4 ,lit]ature foll[$1 & 0 int5d$ to develop an appreciation = lit]>y /yle1 elevate ?\ght1 exp& "o's k1 &1 by memorization & repetition1 to tra9 ! p[]s ( expression4 ,! me?od practic$ 0 mu* z foll[s3 ,! selection 0 c>efully read fir/ by ! tea*]1 & !n by ! pupils4 #ah ,aft] ! read+ ! selection 0 gone ov] aga9 & ! hi/orical1 geographical1 & my?ological allusions 7 c>efully expla9$ by ! tea*]4 #ai ,! text 0 next critically exam9$1 to po9t out :]e & h[ x might be improv$ & its expressions /r5g!n$1 & mu* p>aphras+ ( x 0 engag$ 94 ,f9ally ! /udy ( ! selection 0 r\nd$ out by a judgm5t--t is1 a critical e/imate ( ! "w1 a *>act]ization ( ! au?or's /yle1 & a resume ( 8 *ief m]its & defects4 ,! f\ndations 7 "h laid = ,gramm> & ,rhetoric z ! great /udies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,hom] & ,m5&] 7 ! favorite au?ors 9 ,greek1 & ,v]gil1 ,horace1 ,sallu/1 & ,livy 9 ,lat91 ) mu* use ( ,aesop's ,fables = "w 9 composition4 ,! pupils made _! own books f dictation1 ?\gh 9 lat] ye>s educat$ slave labor became s *eap t ! copy+ & sale ( books 0 organiz$ into a bus9ess at ,rome1 & x 0 possible = ! *ildr5 ( weal?y p>5ts to own _! own books4 ,gramm>1 composition1 elocution1 e?ics1 hi/ory1 my?ology1 & geography 7 all compreh5d$ 9 ! in/ruction 9 gramm> & lit]ature 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,a little music 0 add$ at times1 to help ! pupil intone 8 read+ & declamation4 ,a little geometry & a/ronomy 7 also includ$1 = _! practical applications4 ,! a?letic ex]cises ( ! ,greeks 7 reject$1 z contribut+ to immorality & be+ a wa/e ( "t & /r5g?4 ,9 a s5se ^! s*ools 7 f9i%+ s*ools = ,roman y\?s :o w5t to any s*ool at all1 mu* z are our high s*ools ( to-day = ! great bulk ( ,am]ican *ildr54 ,! s*ools 7 bett] h\s$ ?an ^? ( ! ludi1 & ! ma/]s 7 ( a bett] quality & receiv$ l>g] fees4 ,l ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ! ,/ate ex]cis$ no sup]vision or control ov] ^! s*ools or ! tea*]s or pupils 9 !m4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,rhetoric4 ,up to ?is po9t ! s*ools e/abli%$ _h be5 = practical & useful in=mation 7! prim>y s*ools7 or cultural 7! gramm> or second>y s*ools74 ,on top ( ^! a high] & pr(essional type ( s*ool 0 next develop$1 to tra9 y\?s 9 rhetoric & oratory1 prep>atory to ! great pr(essions ( law & public life at ,rome4 #bj ,^! s*ools 7 direct desc5dants ( ! ,greek rhetorical s*ools1 :i* evolv$ f ! s*ools ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,suetonius #ba tells u t3 ,rhetoric1 also1 z well z gramm>1 0 n introduc$ among/ u till a late p]iod1 & ) /ill m difficulty1 inasmu* z we f9d t1 at times1 ! practice ( x 0 ev5 prohibit$4 #bb 444 ,h[ev]1 by sl[ degrees1 rhetoric manife/$ itself to be a useful & honorable /udy1 & _m p]sons devot$ !mselves to x bo? z a means ( def5se & ( acquir+ a reputation4 ,9 consequ5ce1 public favor 0 s mu* attract$ to ! /udy ( rhetoric t a va/ numb] ( pr(essional & le>n$ m5 devot$ !mselves to x2 & x fl\ri%$ to su* a degree t "s ( !m rais$ !mselves by x to ! rank ( s5ators & to ! highe/ (fices4 ,^! s*ools1 ! tea*]s ( :i* 7 kn[n z rhetors1 furni%$ a type ( education repres5t+ a sort ( collegiate education = ! p]iod4 ,!y 7 oratorical 9 purpose1 because ! orator _h become ! ,roman ideal ( a well-educat$ man 7,r4 #bd74 ,dur+ ! life ( ! ,republic ! orator f\nd _m opportunities = ! con/ructive use ( 8 ability1 & all "y m5 ambiti\s to ent] law or politics f\nd ! tra9+ ( ^! s*ools a necess>y pr]equisite4 ,!y 7 att5d$ = two or ?ree ye>s by boys ov] sixte51 b only ! weal?i] & m ari/ocratic families c\ld af=d to s5d _! boys to !m4 ,9 addition to oratorical & "s legal tra9+1 ^! s*ools includ$ a fur!r l+ui/ic & lit]>y tra9+1 "s ma!matical & sci5tific k1 & ev5 "s philosophy4 ,! fam\s ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts ( ! ,middle ,ages--,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 & ,dialectic2 ,music1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 & ,a/ronomy--all seem to h be5 includ$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ^! s*ools4 #bc ,! great /udies1 ?\gh1 7 ! fir/ ?ree & "s ,law1 ,music be+ /udi$ l>gely to help ) ge/ures & to tra9 ! voice1 ,geometry to aid 9 settl+ lawsuits relat+ to l&1 ,dialectic 7logic7 to aid 9 detect+ fallacies1 & ,a/ronomy to und]/& ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! ref]5ces ( lit]>y writ]s4 #bd ,!re 0 mu* "w 9 debate & 9 ! declamation ( e?ical & political mat]ial ! f9e di/9ctions 9 ,roman ,law & ,e?ics 7 br\ght out1 #be & !re 0 mu* drill 9 prep>+ & deliv]+ spee*es & mu* att5tion giv5 to ! factors involv$ 9 ! prep>ation & deliv]y ( a successful oration 7,r4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,a ,,roman ,,s*ool ,,( ,,rhetoric4 ,?is picture1 :i* has be5 drawn f a description1 %[s a mu* bett] type ( s*ool ?an t ( ! ludi4 ,^! s*ools became v popul> z in/itutions ( high] le>n+1 & cont9u$ s ev5 aft] ! lat] ,emp]ors1 by seiz+ ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 _h tak5 away ! inspiration t comes f a love ( fre$om & _h ?us depriv$ ! rhetorical art ( practical value4 ,! "w ( ! s*ools !n became highly /ilt$ & artificial 9 "*1 & oratory !n came to be cultivat$ l>gely z a f9e art4 #bf ,m5 educat$ 9 ^! s*ools came to boa/ t !y c\ld speak ) equal effectiv5ess on ei!r side ( any "q1 & ! art came to dep5d on ! use ( _m & big words & on ! mann]s ( ! /age4 ,su* ideals naturally de/roy$ ! value ( ^! s*ools1 & /opp$ intellectual progress s f> z !y contribut$ to x4 ,mu* 0 done by ! lat] ,emp]ors to enc\rage ^! s*ools1 & !y too came to exi/ 9 almo/ e prov9cial city 9 ! ,empire4 ,(t5 !y 7 support$ by ! cities 9 :i* !y 7 locat$4 ,! ,emp]or ,vespasian1 ab\t #ge ,a4,d4 began ! practice ( pay+1 f ! ,imp]ial ,treasury1 ! sal>ies ( gramm>ians & rhetoricians #bg at ,rome4 ,anton9us ,pius1 :o rul$ z ,emp]or f #ach to #afa ,a4,d41 ext5d$ paym5t to ! prov9ces1 gave to ^! tea*]s ! privileges ( ! s5atorial class1 & a c]ta9 numb] 9 ea* city 7 exempt$ f paym5t ( taxes1 support ( soldi]s1 & obligations to milit>y s]vice4 ,o!r ,emp]ors ext5d$ ^! special privileges 7,r4 #bf7 :i* became ! basis = ! special rights aft]w>ds grant$ to ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy 7,r4 #ch7 &1 /ill lat]1 to tea*]s 9 ! univ]sities 7,rs4 #aja-jd74 ,,univ]sity ,,le>n+4 ,roman y\?s desir+ /ill fur!r tra9+ c\ld n[ j\rney to ! ea/w>d & att5d ! ,greek univ]sities 7see ,figure #ad74 ,a few did s1 mu* z ,am]ican /ud5ts 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w5t to ,g]many = high] /udy4 ,a!ns & ,rhodes 7 mo/ favor$4 ,brutus1 ,horace1 & ,cic]o1 among o!rs1 /udi$ at ,a!ns2 ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 & ,cassius at ,rhodes4 ,lat] ,alex&ria 0 9 favor4 ,9 a libr>y f\nd$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,peace by ,vespasian 7rul$ #fi to #gi ,a4,d47 ! ,univ]sity at ,rome _h its orig91 & 9 "t ?is develop$ into an in/itution ) pr(essors 9 law1 m$ic9e1 ar*itecture1 ma!matics & me*anics1 & gramm> & rhetoric 9 bo? ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages4 ,9 ?is _m y\?s f prov9cial cities came to /udy4 ,! l9es ( in/ruction repres5t$ no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( sci5tific inve/igation or creative ?\ght2 ! in/ruction 0 =mal & dogmatic1 be+ l>gely a fur!r elaboration ( :at _h previ\sly be5 well done by ! ,greeks4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,sy/em ,,develop$4 ,su* 0 ! educational sy/em :i* 0 f9ally evolv$ to meet ! new cultural ne$s ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 all its f\ndation elem5ts x 0 ,greek4 ,hav+ borr[$--conqu]$ "o might almo/ say--,greek religion1 philosophy1 lit]ature1 & le>n+1 ! ,romans naturally borr[$ also ! s*ool sy/em t _h be5 evolv$ to imp>t ?is culture4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce has any p adapt$ s completely to _! own ne$s ! sy/em ( educational tra9+ evolv$ by ano!r4 ,to ! ,greek basis "s di/9ctively ,roman elem5ts 7 add$ to adapt x bett] to ! peculi> ne$s ( _! own p1 :ile on ! o!r h& _m ( ! f9] ,greek *>act]i/ics 7 omitt$ entirely4 ,hav+ once adopt$ ! ,greek plan1 ! con/ructive ,roman m9d organiz$ x into a sy/em sup]ior to ! orig9al1 b 9 s do+ =maliz$ x m ?an ! ,greeks _h ev] done 7,r4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,! ,,roman ,,volunt>y ,,educational ,,sy/em1 ,,z ,,f9ally ,,evolv$ ,t ! sy/em af=d$ an opportunity to weal?y ,romans to obta9 = _! *ildr5 "s und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! culture ( ! ,greek _w ) :i* _! ,empire 0 n[ 9 contact1 & answ]$ fairly well ! prep>atory ne$s along political & gov]nm5tal l9es ( ^? ,romans :o c\ld af=d to educate _! boys = su* c>e]s1 c h>dly be d\bt$ 7,r4 #bb74 ,roman writ]s on education1 especially ,cic]o 7,r4 #bd7 & ,qu9tilian 7,r4 #be71 give u abundant te/imony z to ! value & usefulness ( ! sy/em evolv$ 9 ! tra9+ ( orators & m5 = ! public s]vice4 ,9 ! prov9ces1 too1 we "k t ! s*ools 7 v useful 9 inculcat+ ,roman traditions & 9 help+ ! ,romans to assimilate ! sons ( local pr9ces & lead]s4 #bh ,dur+ ! days ( ! ,republic ! s*ools 7 naturally m useful ?an aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 & especially aft] ! lat] ,emp]ors _h /amp$ out _m ( ! political & civic lib]ties = ! enjoym5t ( :i* ! s*ools prep>$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ools rea*$ b a small1 select$ class ( y\?s1 tra9$ = only ! political c>e]1 & _c be consid]$ z ev] hav+ be5 g5]al or z hav+ educat$ any m ?an a small p]c5tage ( ! future citiz5s ( ! ,/ate4 ,_m ( ! important l9es ( activity 9 :i* ! ,romans engag$1 & :i* to-day are reg>d$ z monum5ts to _! con/ructive skill & practical g5ius1 su* z ar*itectural a*ievem5ts1 ! build+ ( roads & aqu$ucts1 ! _m skill$ trades1 & ! l>ge comm]cial und]tak+s1 ^! s*ools did no?+ to prep>e y\?s =4 ,! ,/ate1 unlike ,a!ns1 nev] requir$ education ( any "o1 did n make :at 0 (f]$ a prep>ation = citiz5%ip1 & made no attempt to regulate ei!r tea*]s or in/ruction until late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,empire4 ,education at ,rome 0 f ! fir/ purely a private- adv5ture affair1 mo/ ne>ly analog\s ) u to in/ruction 9 music & danc+4 ,^? :o f\nd ! education (f]$ ( any value c\ld take x & pay = x2 ^? :o did n c\ld let x alone4 ,a few did ! =m]1 ! great mass ( ! ,romans ! latt]4 ,= ! great slave class t develop$ at ,rome !re 01 ( c\rse1 no education at all4 ,,results ,,on ,,roman ,,life ,,& ,,gov]nm5t4 ,/ill1 out ( ?is private & tuition sy/em ( s*ools _m capable political lead]s & executives came--m5 :o ex]cis$ great influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! ,/ate1 f\ght out h] political battles1 organiz$ & direct$ h] gov]nm5t at home & 9 ! prov9ces1 & help$ build up t great s*eme ( gov]nm5t & law & ord] :i* 0 ,rome's mo/ significant contribution to future civilization4 #bi ,x 0 9 ?is direction1 & 9 practical & con/ructive "w along eng9e]+ & ar*itectural l9es1 t ,rome excell$4 ,! ,roman g5ius = gov]nm5t & law & ord] & con/ructive und]tak+s mu/ be class$1 9 importance = ! future ( civilization 9 ! _w1 along ) ! ability ( ,greece 9 lit]ature & philosophy & art4 ,if1 says ,pr(essor ,adams1 z is sometimes said1 t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory !re is no lit]ature :i* rivals ! ,greek except ! ,engli%1 x is p]haps ev5 m true t ! ,anglo- ,saxon is ! only race :i* c be plac$ beside ! ,romans 9 creative p[] & 9 politics4 ,! conque/ ( ! kn[n _w by ?is practical & con/ructive p c\ld n h o!rwise ?an decisively influ5c$ ! :ole c\rse ( human hi/ory1 &1 com+ at ! "t 9 _w affairs t x did1 ! influ5ce on all future civilization ( ! "w ( ,rome has be5 pr(\nd4 ,! great political fact :i* dom9at$ all ! ,middle ,ages1 & %ap$ ! religion & gov]nm5t & civilization ( ! "t1 0 ! fact t ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 & _h done its "w s well4 ,v4 ,,rome',s ,,contribution ,,to ,,civilization ,,greece ,,& ,,rome ,,contra/$4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans is m>k$ 9 almo/ e p>ticul>4 ,! ,greeks 7 an imag9ative1 subjective1 arti/ic1 & ideali/ic p1 ) little adm9i/rative ability & few practical t5d5cies4 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 7 an unimag9ative1 concrete1 practical1 & con/ructive nation4 ,greece made its great contribution to _w civilization 9 lit]ature & philosophy & art2 ,rome 9 law & ord] & gov]nm5t4 ,! ,greeks liv$ a life ( ae/hetic enjoym5t ( ! beautiful 9 nature & art1 & _! basis = e/imat+ ! wor? ( a ?+ 0 intellectual & arti/ic2 to ! ,romans ! ae/hetic & ! beautiful made little appeal1 & _! basis = e/imat+ ! wor? ( a ?+ 0 utilit>ian4 ,! ,greeks wor%ip$ ! beautiful & ! good1 & tri$ to enjoy life rationally & nobly1 :ile ! ,romans wor%ip$ =ce & effectiv5ess1 & liv$ by rule & au?ority4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght 9 p]sonal t]ms ( gov]nm5t & virtue & happ9ess1 :ile ! ,romans ?\ght 9 g5]al t]ms ( law & duty1 & _! happ9ess 0 r 9 pres5t d5ial = future ga9 ?an 9 any imm$iate enjoym5t4 ,z a result ! ,romans develop$ no great s*ol>ly or lit]>y atmosph]e1 z ! ,greeks _h done at ,a!ns1 ,!y built up no great speculative philosophies1 & fram$ no great !ories ( gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 _! lit]ature 01 9 "p1 an imitation ( ! ,greek1 ?\gh possess+ _m elem5ts ( native /r5g? & beauty4 ,!y 7 a p :o knew h[ to accompli% results r ?an to speculate ab\t means & ends4 ,usefulness & effectiv5ess 7 ) !m ! crit]ia ( ! wor? ( any idea or project4 ,!y subdu$ & annex$ an empire1 !y gave law & ord] to a primitive _w1 !y civiliz$ & ,romaniz$ b>b>ian tribes1 !y built roads connect+ all p>ts ( _! ,empire t 7 ! be/ ! _w _h ev] kn[n1 _! aqu$ucts & bridges 7 wond]s ( eng9e]+ skill1 _! public build+s & monum5ts /ill excite admiration & envy1 9 _m ( ! skill$ trades !y develop$ tools & processes ( l>ge future usefulness1 & _! agriculture 0 ! be/ ! _w _h kn[n up to t "t4 ,!y 7 /rong :]e ! ,greeks 7 weak1 & weak :]e ! ,greeks 7 /rong4 ,by reason ( ?is diff]5ce ! two peoples supplem5t$ "o ano!r well 9 ! "w ( lay+ ! f\ndations ^u :i* our mod]n civilization has be5 built4 ,greece creat$ ! intellectual & ae/hetic ideals & ! culture = our life1 :ile ,rome develop$ ! political in/itutions "u :i* ideals may be realiz$ & culture may be enjoy$4 ,f ! ,greeks & ,hebrews our mod]n life has drawn its great inspirations & its ideals = life1 :ile f ! ,romans we h d]iv$ our ideals z to gov]nm5t & ob$i5ce to law4 ,"o may say t ! ,romans z a p specializ$ 9 gov]nm5t1 law1 ord]1 & con/ructive practical und]tak+s1 & bequea!d to po/]ity a wond]ful inh]itance 9 gov]nm5tal =ms1 legal codes1 comm]cial processes1 & eng9e]+ und]tak+s1 :ile ! ,greeks left to u a philosophy1 lit]ature1 art1 & a _w culture :i* ! civiliz$ _w w nev] cease to enjoy4 ,! ,greeks 7 an imag9ative1 impulsive1 & a joy\s p2 ! ,romans s$ate1 sev]e1 & sup]ior to ! ,greeks 9 p]si/5ce & moral =ce4 ,! ,greeks 7 ev] "y2 ! ,romans 7 always gr[n & s]i\s m54 ,,rome',s ,,great ,,contribution4 ,rome's great contribution1 !n1 0 along ! l9es j indicat$4 ,to ?is1 ! s*ool sy/em :i* became e/abli%$ 9 ! ,roman ,/ate contribut$ only indirectly & b little4 ,! unification ( ! anci5t _w into "o ,empire1 ) a common body ( traditions1 practices1 co9age1 spee*1 & law1 :i* made ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity possible2 ! =mulation ( a body ( law #cj :i* b>b>ian tribes accept$1 :i* 0 /udi$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! legal sy/em ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur*1 & :i* has l>gely influ5c$ mod]n practice2 ! developm5t ( a language f :i* _m mod]n tongues h be5 d]iv$1 & :i* has modifi$ all we/]n languages2 & ! p]fection ( an alphabet :i* has become ! common prop]ty ( all nations ^: civilization has be5 d]iv$ f ! ,greek & ,roman--^! con/itute ! *ief contributions ( ,rome to mod]n civilization4 ,roman city gov]nm5t1 too1 _h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t all ! prov9cial cities1 & ?is rema9$ aft] ! ,empire _h pass$ away4 ,! municipal corporation1 ) its *>t] ( rights1 has ev] s9ce be5 a fix$ idea 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,roman law1 organiz$ into a compact code1 & /udi$ 9 ! law s*ools ( ! ,middle ,ages1 has modifi$ our mod]n ideas & practices to a degree we sc>cely realize4 ,x 0 accept$ by ! ,g]man rul]s z a p]man5t ?+ aft] !y _h ov]run ! ,empire1 & x rema9$ z ! law ( ! c\rts :]ev] ,roman subjects 7 tri$4 ,pres]v$ & codifi$ at ,con/ant9ople "u ,ju/9ian 9 ! six? c5tury1 & re-introduc$ into we/]n ,europe :5 ! /udy ( law 0 reviv$ 9 ! newly f\nd$ univ]sities 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ,roman law has greatly modifi$ all mod]n legal practices & has become ! basis ( ! legal sy/ems ( a numb] ( mod]n /ates4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,alphabet ,! ,g]man type1 l ! s-call$ ,old ,engli% 7see ,fig4 #de71 illu/rates ! corruption ( lett] =ms ?r\gh ! copy+ ( manuscripts dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,( all ! ,roman contributions to mod]n civilization p]haps ! "o t mo/ completely p]meates all our mod]n life is _! alphabet & spee*4 ,figure #bf %[s h[ our mod]n alphabet goes back to ! old ,roman1 :i* !y obta9$ f ! ,greek colonies 9 s\!rn ,italy1 & :i* ! ,greeks obta9$ f ! /ill e>li] ,pho5icians4 ,?is alphabet has become ! common prop]ty ( almo/ all ! civiliz$ _w4 #cb ,9 spee*1 ! ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,italian tongues g back directly to ! ,lat91 & ^! are ! tongues ( ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica z well4 ,! ,engli% language1 :i* is spok5 ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & by "o ?ird ( its inhabitants1 has also receiv$ s _m additions f ,romanic s\rces t we to-day sc>cely utt] a s5t5ce )\t us+ "s ^w once us$ by ! citiz5s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,among ! small] b nev]!less important contributions :i* we owe to ,rome1 & :i* 7 pass$ on to m$iaeval & mod]n ,europe1 %\ld be m5tion$ c]ta9 practical k 9 agriculture & ! me*anic arts2 _m inv5tions & acquir$ skills 9 ! arts & trades2 an organiz$ sea & l& trade & comm]ce2 cle>$ & improv$ l&s1 good h\ses1 roads & bridges2 great ar*itectural & eng9e]+ rema9s1 scatt]$ all ?r\gh ! prov9ces2 ! beg9n+s ( ! trans=mation ( ! slave into ! s]f1 f :i* ! great body ( freem5 ( mod]n ,europe lat] 7 evolv$2 & c]ta9 educational conceptions & practices :i* lat] pr(\ndly influ5c$ educational me?ods & proc$ure4 ,h[ l>ge ^! contributions 7 we %all appreciate bett] z we proce$ ) our hi/ory4 ,( ! negative contributions1 ! mo/ dang]\s has be5 ! idea ( ! rule ( "o imp]ial gov]nm5t1 :i* has inspir$ ! autocratic gov]nm5ts ( mod]n ,europe to try to imitate ! _w-wide rule ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,,! ,,way ,,pav$ ,,= ,,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! great civiliz+ & unify+ "w ( ! ,roman ,/ate t pav$ ! way = ! next great contribution to ! f\ndations ( ! /ructure ( our mod]n civilization--! contribution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_h ,italy nev] be5 consolidat$2 _h ! b>b>ian tribes to ! nor? nev] be5 conqu]$ & ,romaniz$2 _h ,spa9 & ,africa & ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean nev] kn[n ! rule ( ,rome2 _h ! ,lat9 language nev] become ! spee* ( ! !n civiliz$ peoples2 _h ,roman armies nev] impos$ law & ord] ?r\gh\t an unruly _w2 _h ,roman gov]nors & c\rts nev] e/abli%$ common rights & security2 _h ,roman municipal gov]nm5t nev] come to be ! common type 9 ! cities ( ! prov9ces2 _h ,roman s*ools 9 ! prov9cial cities nev] tra9$ ! =eign citiz5 9 ,roman ways & to ?9k ,roman ?\ghts2 _h ,rome nev] e/abli%$ free trade & int]c\rse ?r\gh\t h] ,empire2 _h ,rome nev] develop$ processes & skills 9 agriculture & ! creative arts2 _h !re be5 no ,roman roads & common co9age2 & _h ,rome n done doz5s ( o!r important ?+s to unify & civilize ,europe & r$uce x to law & ord]1 x is h>d to imag9e ! *aos t w\ld h result$ :5 ! ,empire gave way to ! b>b>ian hordes :i* f9ally ov]:elm$ x4 ,:]e we %\ld h be5 to-day 9 ! upw>d m>* ( civilization1 )\t ! "w ( ,rome1 x is impossible to say4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,contra/ ! ,romans z a coloniz+ p[] ) ! mod]n ,g]mans4 ,! ,engli%4 ,! ,fr5*4 #b4 ,at :at p]iod 9 our national developm5t did home education ) u occupy sub/antially ! same place z x did 9 ,rome be=e #cjj ,b4,c48 ,9 :at respects 0 ! education giv5 boys & girls simil>8 ,diff]5t8 #c4 ,:at 0 ! mo/ m>k$ advance ov] ! ,greeks 9 ! e>ly ,roman tra9+8 #d4 ,contra/ ! education ( ! ,a!nian1 ,sp>tan1 & ,roman boy1 dur+ ! e>ly p]iod 9 ea* ,/ate4 #e4 ,to :at ext5t does e>ly ,roman education indicate ! importance ( ! p>5t & ( /udy ( biography 9 ! education ( ! "y8 #f4 ,0 ! *ange 9 "* ( ! education ( ,roman y\?s1 aft] ! expansion ( ! ,roman ,/ate & ! e/abli%m5t ( _w contacts1 prev5table1 or 0 x a necess>y evolution8 ,:y8 ,h we ev] exp]i5c$ simil> *anges8 #g4 ,z a ,/ate increases 9 importance & enl>ges its _w contacts1 is a correspond+ly long] tra9+ & enl>g$ culture necess>y at home8 #h4 ,:at idea d y get z to ! ext5t to :i* ! ,lat9iz$ ,odyssey 0 read f ! fact t ! ,lat9 language 0 cry/alliz$ 9 =m %ortly aft] ! translation 0 made8 #i4 ,:at does ! rapid adoption ( ! ,greek educational sy/em1 & ! lat] evolution ( a native educational sy/em out ( x1 indicate z to ! nature ( ,roman expansion8 #aj4 ,0 ! introduction ( ! ,greek p$agogue z a fa%ionable adjunct natural8 ,:y8 #aa4 ,:y is a p]iod ( v rapid expansion 9 a ,/ate likely to be demoraliz+8 ,h[ may ! demoralization incid5t to su* expansion be anticipat$ & m9imiz$8 #ab4 ,:y does ! com+ ( l>ge l&$ e/ates introduce important social problems8 ,h we ! beg9n+s ( a social problem ( ?is type8 ,:at correctives h we t ,rome did n h8 #ac4 ,/ate ! economic *anges :i* ha/5$ ! introduction ( a new type ( high] tra9+ at ,rome4 #ad4 ,0 ! ,hell5ization ( ,rome :i* ensu$ a good ?+8 ,:y8 #ae4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ,rome n develop+ a /ate s*ool sy/em 9 ! p]iod ( great national ne$ & *ange1 in/ead ( leav+ ! matt] to private initiative8 ,d y und]/& t any l>ge p]c5tage ( y\?s 9 ! ,roman ,/ate ev] att5d$ any s*ool8 #af4 ,:y d old] p usually oppose *anges 9 s*ool "w manife/ly ne$$ to meet *ang+ national dem&s8 #ag4 ,comp>e ! difficulties met ) 9 le>n+ to read ,greek & ,lat94 ,ei!r & ,engli%4 #ah4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! mu* small] emphasis on lit]ature & music 9 ! elem5t>y in/ruction at ,rome ?an at ,a!ns8 ,h[ = ! mu* l>g] emphasis on =mal gramm> 9 ! second>y s*ools at ,rome8 #ai4 ,:at subjects ( /udy z we n[ "k !m 7 includ$ 9 ! ,roman /udy ( gramm> & rhetoric8 #bj4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! great] emphasis plac$ by ! ,romans on second>y education ?an on elem5t>y education8 #ba4 ,:at p>ticul> ,roman ne$ did ! high] s*ools ( oratory & rhetoric supply8 #bb4 ,:at does ! exclusive devotion ( ^! s*ools to su* /udies indicate z to pr(essional opportunities at ,rome8 #bc4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! cont9uance ( ^! s*ools 9 favor1 & = ! aid & enc\ragem5t !y receiv$ f ! lat] ,emp]ors1 :5 ! v nature ( ! ,empire 9 l>ge "p de/roy$ ! c>e]s = :i* !y tra9$8 #bd4 ,comp>e ,rome & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! attitudes t[>d =eign- born peoples4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #ab4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 #ac4 ,cic]o3 ,importance ( ! ,twelve ,tables 9 ,education4 #ad4 ,s*reib]3 ,a ,roman ,f>m]'s ,cal5d>4 #ae4 ,polybius3 ,! ,roman ,"*4 #af4 ,momms53 ,! ,grave & ,sev]e ,"* ( ! ,e>li] ,romans4 #ag4 ,epitaph3 ,! ,education ( ,girls4 #ah4 ,m>cus ,aurelius3 ,! ,old ,roman ,education describ$4 #ai4 ,tacitus3 ,! ,old & ! ,new ,education contra/$4 #bj4 ,suetonius3 ,attempts to ,prohibit ! ,introduction ( ,greek ,high] ,le>n+4 7a7 ,decree ( ! ,roman ,s5ate1 #afa ,b4,c4 7b7 ,decree ( ! ,c5sor1 #ib ,b4,c4 #ba4 ,v]gil3 ,difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ,le>n+ to ,read4 #bb4 ,horace3 ,! ,education giv5 by a ,fa!r4 #bc4 ,m>tial3 ,! ,ludi ,magi/]4 7a7 ,to ! ,ma/] ( a ,noisy ,s*ool4 7b7 ,to a ,s*oolma/]4 #bd4 ,cic]o3 ,oratory ! ,aim ( ,education4 #be4 ,qu9tilian3 ,on ,oratory4 #bf4 ,con/ant9e3 ,privileges grant$ to ,physicians & ,tea*]s4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,give reasons :y ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7#ab7 7 consid]$ ( su* fundam5tal importance 7#ac7 9 ! education ( ! e>ly ,roman boy8 ,h[ d y expla9 _! be+ supplant$ lat] by ! ,lat9iz$ ,odyssey8 #b4 ,:at does ! ,f>m]'s ,cal5d> 7#ad7 reveal z to ! "* ( ,roman life8 #c4 ,contra/ ! ,roman "* 7#ae1 #af7 ) t ( ! ,a!nian4 #d4 ,comp>e ! education ( a ,roman matron1 z reveal$ by ! epitaph 7#ag71 ) t ( a girl 9 lat] ,am]ican colonial times4 #e4 ,aft] read+ ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#ah7 & ,tacitus 7#ai71 :at is y\r judgm5t z to ! relative m]its ( ! old & ! new education3 7a7 z a means ( tra9+ y\?s8 7b7 z adapt$ to ! *ang$ conditions ( ,imp]ial ,rome8 #f4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! attempts ( ! cons]vative (ficials ( ! ,/ate to prohibit ! introduction ( ,greek high] s*ools 7#bj a-b7 prov+ s unsuccessful8 #g4 ,comp>e ! difficulties involv$ 9 le>n+ to read ,greek 7,fig4 #f7 & ,lat9 7#ba74 ,ei!r & ,engli%4 #h4 ,:at type ( high] educational advantages does ! selection f ,horace 7#bb7 indicate z prevail+ 9 ,roman cities8 ,comp>e ) pres5t- day advanc$ education4 #i4 ,:at d ,m>tial's ,epigrams to ! ,roman s*oolma/]s 7#bc a-b7 indicate z to ! nature ( ! s*ools1 s*ool discipl9e1 & social /atus ( ! ,roman prim>y tea*]8 #aj4 ,d ! selections f ,cic]o 7#bd7 & ,qu9tilian 7#be7 satisfy y t oratory 0 a suffici5tly broad idea = ! high] education ( y\?s "u ! ,empire8 ,:y8 #aa4 ,:at does ! decree ( ,con/ant9e 7#bf7 indicate z to ! social /atus ( ! high] tea*]s "u ! ,empire8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,abbott1 ,f4 ,f4 ,society & ,politics 9 ,anci5t ,rome4 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,&]son1 ,l4 ,f4 ,"s ,facts reg>d+ ,vocational ,education among ! ,greeks & ,romans2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #bj1 pp4 #aia-bja4 99 ,cl>ke1 ,geo4 ,education ( ,*ildr5 at ,rome4 99 ,dill1 ,sam'l4 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 99 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,hi/orical ,survey ( ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education4 ,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,! ,silv] ,age ( ! ,greek ,_w4 ,ross1 ,c4 ,f4 ,! ,/r5g? & ,weakness ( ,roman ,education2 9 ,s*ool & ,society1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #deg-fc4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 i4 ,?orndike1 ,lynn4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,we/]mann1 ,w4 ,l4 ,vocational ,tra9+ 9 ,antiquity2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #bb1 pp4 #fja-aj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,contribution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,i4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,victory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,religions ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,_w4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #eh71 ! ,roman /ate religion 0 an outgr[? ( ! religion ( ! home4 ,j z !re _h be5 a numb] ( fireside deities1 :o 7 suppos$ to preside ov] ! diff]5t activities ( ! home1 s !re 7 _m /ate deities :o 7 suppos$ to preside ov] ! diff]5t activities ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 addition1 ! ,romans exhibit$ t[>d ! religions ( all o!r peoples t same tol]ance & will+ness to borr[ :i* !y exhibit$ 9 s _m o!r matt]s4 ,c]ta9 ,greek deities 7 tak5 ov] & temples erect$ to !m 9 ,rome1 & new deities1 to gu>d ov] su* functions z heal?1 =tune1 peace1 concord1 s[+1 reap+1 etc41 7 e/abli%$4 #a ,extreme tol]ance also 0 %[n t[>d ! special religions ( o!r peoples :o _h be5 br\ght )9 ! ,empire1 & c]ta9 ori5tal div9ities _h ev5 be5 admitt$ & giv5 _! place 9 ,rome4 ,l _m o!r features ( ,roman life1 _! religion 0 ess5tially ( a practical nature1 deal+ ) ! affairs ( ev]yday life1 & hav+ little or no relation to p]sonal morality4 #b ,x promis$ no rew>ds or puni%m5ts or hopes = a future life1 b r1 by unit+ all citiz5s 9 a common rev]5ce & fe> ( c]ta9 deities1 help$ to unify ! ,empire & hold x toge!r4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,augu/us 7#ad ,a4,d471 ! ,roman ,s5ate deifi$ ! ,emp]or & enroll$ 8 "n among ! gods1 & ,emp]or wor%ip 0 add$ to _! c]emonies4 ,?is naturally spread rapidly ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 t5d$ to unite all classes 9 allegiance to ! c5tral gov]nm5t at ,rome1 & seem$ to =m ! basis = a univ]sal religion = a univ]sal empire4 ,,feel+ ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,some?+ ,,m4 ,z an educat$ class arose 9 ,rome1 ?is mixture ( div]se div9ities fail$ to satisfy2 ! ,roman religion1 made up z x 0 ( /ate & p>5tal duties & precautions1 lo/ ) !m its =ce2 & ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! home & ! ,/ate lo/ = !m _! mean+4 ,! me*anical repetition ( pray]s & sacrifices made no appeal to ! emotions or to ! moral nature ( individuals1 & (f]$ no spiritual joy or consolation z to a life beyond4 ,! educat$ ,greeks be=e _h _h ?is same feel+1 & _h indulg$ 9 mu* speculation z to ! moral nature ( man4 ,_m educat$ ,romans n[ turn$ to ! ,greek philosoph]s = "s m philosophical explanation ( ! great my/]y ( life & dea?4 ,( all ! philosophies develop$ 9 ! philosophical s*ools ( ,a!ns1 ! "o t made ! deepe/ appeal to ! practical ,roman m9d 0 t ( ! ,/oics1 f\nd$ by ,z5o1 #cjh ,b4,c4 ,virtue1 claim$ ! ,/oics1 consi/s 9 s liv+ t "o's life is 9 accordance ) t ,univ]sal ,reason :i* rules ! _w4 ,ri*es1 position1 fame1 success--^! c\nt = b little4 ,he :o tra9s himself to be above grief1 hope1 joy1 fe>1 & ! ills ( life--be he slave or peasant or k+--may be happy because he is virtu\s4 ,reason1 r ?an ! feel+s1 is ! prop] rule ( life4 ,! ,/oics also prea*$ ! bro!rhood ( man1 & to a degree express$ a humble reliance on a provid5ce :i* controll$ affairs4 ,?is philosophy 9 a way met ! ne$ = a religion among ! bett]-educat$ ,romans1 & made consid]able headway dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire4 #c ,:ile s]v+ z a sort ( religion = ^? capable ( embrac+ x1 x 0 too intellectual to rea* m ?an a few1 & 0 n adapt$ to become a univ]sal religion = all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a new moral philosophy or religion t w\ld t\* all mank9d4 ,to d ?is x mu/ appeal to ! emotions m ?an to ! intellect4 ,su* a religion 0 at ?is "t tak+ %ape & ga!r+ =ce & /r5g? 9 a remote corn] ( ! ,empire4 ,,:]e ,,?is ,,new ,,religion ,,arose4 ,f> to ! ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean !re _h long liv$ a bran* ( ! ,semitic race1 :i* _h develop$ a national "* & made a contribution ( fir/ importance to ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! _w4 ,^! 7 ! ,hebrew p :o1 leav+ ,egypt ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 9 ! ,exodus1 _h come to inhabit ! l& ( ,canaan1 s\? ( ,pho5icia & ea/ & nor? ( ,egypt4 ,f a w&]+1 pa/oral p !y _h gradually *ang$ to a settl$1 agricultural p1 & _h begun ! developm5t ( a regul> ,/ate4 ,unwill+1 h[ev]1 to be> ! burd5s ( a political ,/ate1 & object+ to taxation1 a /&+ army1 & =c$ labor = ! ,/ate1 ! nationality :i* promis$ at "o "t fell to pieces1 & ! l& 0 ov]run by ho/ile neighbors & ! p put "u ! yoke4 ,aft] a sad & tempe/u\s hi/ory1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans 9 #gj ,a4,d41 ! inhabitants 7 sold into slav]y & disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire4 ,^! p develop$ no great ,/ate1 & made no contributions to gov]nm5t or sci5ce or art4 ,_! contribution 0 along religi\s l9es1 & s magnific5t & uplift+ is _! religi\s lit]ature t x is c]ta9 to la/ = all "t4 ,alone among all ea/]n p !y e>ly evolv$ ! idea ( "o omnipot5t ,god4 ,! religion t !y develop$ decl>$ man to be ! *ild ( ,god1 erect$ p]sonal morality & s]vice to ,god z ! rule ( life1 & ass]t$ a life beyond ! grave4 ,x 0 ab\t ^! ideas t ! :ole en]gy ( ! p conc5trat$1 & religion became ! c5tral ?\ght ( _! lives4 ,?is religion1 unlike ! o!r religions ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 emphasiz$ duty to ,god1 s]vice1 p]sonal morality1 *a/ity1 hone/y1 & tru? z its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,! ,law ( ,moses became ! law ( ! l&4 ,woman 0 elevat$ to a new place 9 ! life ( ! anci5t _w4 #d ,*ildr5 became sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,_! lit]>y contribution1 ! ,old ,te/am5t--writt5 by a s]ies ( patri>*s1 lawgiv]s1 prophets1 & prie/s--pictures1 (t5 9 sublime language1 ! v>i\s migrations1 deliv]ances1 calamities1 & religi\s hopes1 aspirations1 & exp]i5ces ( ?is ,*os5 ,p4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,?is ,,p4 ,j be=e _! c\ntry 0 ov]run & !y 7 c>ri$ captive to ,babylon1 9 #ehh ,b4,c41 ! ,p5tateu* #e _h be5 r$uc$ to writ+ & made an au?oritative code ( laws = ! p4 ,?is s]v$ z a bond ( union among !m dur+ ! exile1 & aft] _! return to ,pale/9e1 9 #ech ,b4,c41 ! /udy & obs]vance ( ?is law became ! mo/ important duty ( _! lives4 ,! synagogue 0 e/abli%$ 9 e village = its exposition1 :]e twice on e ,sabba? day ! p 7 to ga!r to he> ! law exp\nd$4 ,a race ( ,scribes1 or scripture s*ol>s1 also arose to tea* ! law1 z well z means = educat+ additional scribes4 ,!y 7 to int]pret ! law1 & to apply x to ! daily lives ( ! p4 ,z ! law 0 a comb9ation ( religi\s1 c]emonial1 civil1 & sanit>y law1 ^! scribes became bo? tea*]s & judges = ! p4 ,9 "t !y became ! deposit>ies ( all le>n+1 sup]s$$ ! prie/hood1 & became ! lead]s 7rabb9s1 :5ce rabbi7 ( ! p4 ,! voice ( ! rabbi is ! voice ( ,god1 says ! ,talmud1 a collection ( ,hebrew cu/oms & traditions1 ) comm5ts & int]pretations1 writt5 by ! rabbis aft] #gj ,b4,c4 ,by mo/ ,jews ?is is held to be next 9 sacr$ness to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,r4 #bg74 ,realiz+1 aft] ! return f captivity1 t ! future exi/5ce ( ! ,hebrew p w\ld dep5d1 n ^u _! milit>y /r5g?1 b ^u _! moral unity1 & t ?is mu/ be bas$ ^u ! c>eful tra9+ ( ea* *ild 9 ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs1 ! lead]s ( ! p began ! evolution ( a religi\s s*ool sy/em to meet ! national ne$4 ,realiz+1 too1 t p>5ts c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u 9 all cases to provide ?is in/ruction1 ! lead]s provid$ x & made x compulsory4 ,great op5-air ,bible classes 7 organiz$ at fir/1 & ^! 7 gradually ext5d$ to all ! villages ( ! c\ntry4 ,elem5t>y s*ools 7 develop$ lat] & atta*$ to ! synagogues1 & f9ally1 9 #fd ,a4,d41 ! high prie/1 ,jo%ua b5 ,gamala1 ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( an elem5t>y s*ool 9 e village1 made att5dance compulsory = all male *ildr51 & provid$ = a comb9$ type ( religi\s & h\sehold in/ruction at home = all girls4 ,read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*os5 ,p1 ! poetry ( ! ,psalms1 ! ,law ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & a "p ( ! ,talmud con/itut$ ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction4 ,! in/ruction 0 l>gely oral1 & le>n+ by he>t 0 ! common tea*+ plan4 ,! *ild 0 taught ! ,law ( 8 fa!rs1 tra9$ to make hol9ess a rule ( 8 life & to subord9ate 8 w to t ( ! "o ,god1 & comm&$ to rev]e 8 tea*]s 7,r4 #bg7 & uphold ! traditions ( 8 p4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7#gj ,a4,d47 & ! scatt]m5t ( ! p1 ! s*ool in/ruction 0 naturally m or less disrupt$1 b 9 "o way or ano!r ! ,hebrew p h ev] s9ce manag$ to keep up ! tra9+ ( rabbis & ! in/ruction ( ! "y 9 ! ,law & ! traditions ( _! p1 & z a consequ5ce ( ?is in/ruction we h to-day ! int]e/+ result ( a homog5e\s p :o1 = ov] eighte5 c5turies1 h _h no national exi/5ce1 & :o h be5 scatt]$ & p]secut$ z h no o!r p4 ,hi/ory (f]s u no bett] example ( ! salvation ( a p by means ( ! compulsory education ( all4 ,,! ,,new ,,*ri/ian ,,fai?4 ,x 0 into ?is ,hebrew race t ,jesus 0 born1 #f & !re he liv$1 le>n$1 taught1 made 8 disciples1 & 0 crucifi$4 ,build+ on ! old ,hebrew moral law & ! importance ( ! p]sonal life1 ,jesus made 8 appeal to ! individual1 & s\ght ! moral reg5]ation ( society ?r\gh ! moral reg5]ation ( individual m5 & wom54 ,?is idea ( individuality & ( p]sonal s\ls wor? sav+ 0 a new idea 9 a _w :]e ! subm]g5ce ( ! individual 9 ! ,/ate _h ev]y:]e up to t "t be5 ! rule4 ,ev5 ! ,hebrews1 9 _! great desire to p]petuate _! race & fai?1 _h suppress$ & absorb$ ! individual 9 _! religi\s ,/ate4 ,! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 on ! o!r h&1 ) _! emphasis on *>ity1 sympa?y1 self-sacrifice1 & ! bro!rhood ( all m51 t5d$ to oblit]ate nationality1 :ile ! emphasis !y gave to ! future life1 = :i* life "h 0 b a prep>ation1 t5d$ to subord9ate ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate & )draw ! conc]n ( m5 f worldly affairs4 ,9 a s]ies ( simple s]mons1 ,jesus set =? ! basis ( ?is new fai? :i* he1 & aft] him 8 disciples1 (f]$ to ! _w4 ,at ! "t ( 8 crucifixion 8 disciples numb]$ sc>cely "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,= "s ye>s aft] 8 dea? 8 disciples rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem1 prea*+ t he 0 ! ,messiah or ,*ri/1 :om ! ,hebrew p _h long expect$1 & mak+ conv]ts to ! idea4 ,lat] 9 ,sam>ia1 ,damascus1 & ,antio* !y made additional conv]ts among ! ,jews4 ,up to ?is po9t ! ,*ri/ians _h be5 c>eful to keep up all ! old ,jewi% cu/oms1 & x 0 ev5 d\bt$ at fir/ :e!r any b ,jews c\ld prop]ly be admitt$ to ! new fai?4 ,a new conv]t1 ,saul ( ,t>sus1 a ,jew :o _h /udi$ 9 ! ,greek univ]sity !re & :o aft]w>ds became ! ,apo/le ,paul1 did mu* to op5 ! new fai? to ! ,g5tiles1 z ! m5 ( o!r nations 7 kn[n4 ,speak+ ,greek1 & be+ v]s$ 9 ,greek philosophy1 & especially ,/oicism1 he gave ?irty ye>s ( mo/ effective s]vice to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es #g 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,mac$onia1 ,greece 7,r4 #bi71 & ,italy 7,r4 #bh74 ,8 "w 0 s important t he has (t5 be5 call$ ! second f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,*all5ge ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,into a ,roman _w t _h already pass$ ! z5i? ( its greatness came ?is new ,*ri/ian fai?1 *all5g+ almo/ ev]y?+ = :i* ! ,roman _w _h /ood4 ,9 place ( ,roman citiz5%ip & s]vice to ! ,/ate z ! purpose ( life1 ! ,*ri/ians set up ! importance ( ! life to come4 ,in/ead ( pleasure & happ9ess & ! satisfaction ( ! s5ses z p]sonal ends1 ! ,*ri/ians prea*$ d5ial ( all ^! ?+s = ! great] joy ( a future life4 ,9 a society built on a huge basis ( slav]y & fill$ ) social classes1 ! ,*ri/ians proclaim$ ! equality ( all m5 be=e ,god4 ,to a nation 9 :i* family life _h become corrupt1 infidelity & divorce common1 & infanticide a prevail+ practice1 ! ,*ri/ians proclaim$ ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage tie & ! family life1 & ! exposure ( infants z simple murd]4 ,9 place ( ! subjection ( ! individual to ! ,/ate1 ! ,*ri/ians dem&$ ! subjection ( ! individual only to ,god4 ,9 place ( a union ( ,/ate & religion1 ! ,*ri/ians dem&$ ! complete sep>ation ( ! two & ! subord9ation ( ! ,/ate to ! ,*ur*4 ,unlike all o!r religions t ,rome _h absorb$1 ! ,*ri/ians refus$ to be accept$ on any o!r ?an exclusive t]ms4 ,! wor%ip ( all o!r gods ! ,*ri/ians held to be s9ful idol-wor%ip1 a deadly s9 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 & !y 7 will+ to give up _! lives r ?an p]=m ! simple/ rite ( :at !y t]m$ pagan wor%ip 7,r4 #bh74 ,to ! deifi$ ,emp]or ! ,*ri/ians naturally c\ld n b5d ! knee 7,rs4 #cj b1 #ca a-b1 #cd74 ,at fir/ ! new fai? attract$ b little att5tion f anybody ( education or influ5ce4 ,its conv]ts 7 few dur+ ! fir/ c5tury1 & ^! l>gely f among ! l[e/ social classes 9 ! ,empire4 ,workm5 & slaves1 & wom5 r ?an m51 con/itut$ ! l>ge majority ( ! e>ly conv]ts to ! new fai?4 ,! "* ( its mission>ies #h also 0 aga9/ x1 & its *all5ge ( almo/ all t *>act]iz$ ! high] social & gov]nm5tal life ( ,rome 0 c]ta9 to make its progress difficult1 & 9 "t to awak5 p[]ful opposition #i to x4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all ^! ob/acles1 its progress 0 relatively rapid4 ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury !re 7 ,*ri/ian *ur*es ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ,judea & ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 p>ts ( ,greece & ,mac$onia4 ,dur+ ! second c5tury o!r *ur*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,greece1 & along ! ,black ,sea1 & at a few places 9 ,italy & ,france2 & be=e f\r c5turies _h elaps$ f ! crucifixion ,*ri/ian *ur*es _h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t almo/ all ! ,roman _w4 ,?is is well %[n by ! map on ! opposite page4 ,! message ( hope t ,*ri/ianity _h to (f] to all2 ! simplicity ( its organization & tea*+s2 ! great appeal :i* x made to ! emotional side ( human life2 ! hope ( a future life ( rew>d = ! burd5s ( ?is :i* x ext5d$ to all :o 7 we>y & heavy lad52 ! positiv5ess ( conviction ( its apo/les & foll[]s2 & ! complet5ess ) :i* x satisfi$ ! religi\s ne$ & long+s ( ! "t1 fir/ among ! poor & among wom5 & lat] among educat$ m5--all help$ ! new fai? to w9 its way4 ,! unity 9 t ,rome _h ev]y:]e e/abli%$2 #aj ! ,roman peace 7pax ,romana7 t ,rome _h ev]y:]e impos$2 ! spread ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages & ideas ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean _w2 ! "r ( fre$om ( travel & spee* enjoy$ by a ,roman citiz51 & ( :i* ,sa9t ,paul & o!rs on _! travels took advantage2 #aa ! scatt]m5t ( ,jews ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4--all ^! elem5ts also help$4 ,,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury ,t ,*ri/ianity made its headway unmole/$ mu/ n be suppos$4 ,:ile at fir/ ! t5d5cy ( educat$ ,romans & ( ! gov]nm5t 0 to ignore or tol]ate x1 its *all5ge 0 s direct & provocative t ?is attitude c\ld n long cont9ue4 ,"u ! ,emp]or ,claudius 7#da-ed ,a4,d47 all ! ,jews :o 7 cont9ually mak+ di/urbances at ! in/igation ( "o ,*re/us 7 unsuccessfully ord]$ bani%$ f ,rome4 ,9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 9 #fd ,a4,d41 _m horrible tortures 7 inflict$ on ?is z yet small sect4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till lat]1 :5 ! cont9u$ refusal ( ! ,*ri/ians to (f] sacrifices to ! ,emp]or br\ght !m "u ! law z disloyal 7,r4 #cj a7 subjects1 t !y began to be mu* puni%$ = _! fai? 7,r4 #ca a-b74 ,! times 7 bad & 7 go+ f bad to worse1 & ! feel+s ( _m 7 t ! adv]se conditions 9 ! ,empire--w>1 fam9e1 floods1 pe/il5ce1 & b>b>ian inroads--7 due to ! neglect ( ! old /ate religion & to ! tol]ance ext5d$ ! va/ organiz$ defiance ( ! law by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury !y _h be5 l>gely ignor$4 ,9 ! second1 9 "s places1 !y 7 puni%$4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 impell$ by ! calamities ( ! ,/ate & ! urg+ ( ^? :o w\ld re/ore ! national religion to its e>li] position1 ! ,emp]ors 7 gradually driv5 to a s]ies ( heavy p]secutions ( ! sect 7,r4 #cj a74 ,b x _h n[ become too late4 ,! blood ( ! m>tyrs prov$ to be ! se$ ( ! ,*ur* 7,r4 #ce74 ,! la/ great p]secution "u ! ,emp]or ,diocletian1 9 #cjc 7,r4 #cc71 end$ 9 virtual failure4 ,9 #caa ! ,emp]or ,gal]ius plac$ ,*ri/ianity on a plane ( equality ) o!r =ms ( wor%ip 7,r4 #cf74 ,9 #cac ,con/ant9e made x 9 "p ! (ficial religion ( ! ,/ate #ab & ord]$ fre$om ( wor%ip = all4 ,he & succe$+ ,emp]ors gradually ext5d$ to ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy a long li/ ( important privileges 7,r4 #ch7 & exemptions1 #ac analog\s to ^? =m]ly enjoy$ by ! tea*]s ( rhetoric "u ! ,empire 7,r4 #bf71 & likewise began ! policy1 s lib]ally foll[$ lat]1 ( end[+ ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #cia ! ,emp]or ,!odosius =bade all pagan wor%ip1 ?us mak+ ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity complete4 ,9 less ?an f\r c5turies f ! bir? ( its f\nd] ! ,*ri/ian fai? _h won control ( ! great ,empire 9 :i* x orig9at$4 ,9 #ebi ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian ord]$ ! clos+ ( all pagan s*ools1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns1 :i* _h rema9$ ! c5t] ( pagan ?\ght aft] ! success ( ,*ri/ianity1 clos$ its doors4 ,! victory 0 n[ complete4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,we h n[ be=e u ! ?ird great contribution ^u :i* our mod]n civilization has be5 built4 ,to ! great contributions ( ,greece & ,rome1 :i* we h previ\sly /udi$1 !re n[ 0 add$1 & add$ at a mo/ opportune "t1 ! contribution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 tak+ ! ,jewi% idea ( "o ,god & free+ x f ! n>r[ tribal limitations to :i* x _h be=e be5 subject1 ,*ri/ianity made possible its g5]al acceptance1 fir/ 9 ! ,roman _w1 & lat] 9 ! ,mohamm$an _w4 #ad ,) ?is 0 introduc$ ! doctr9e ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god & 8 love = man1 ! equality be=e ,god ( all m5 & ( ! two sexes1 & ! sacr$ness ( ea* individual 9 ! eyes ( ! ,fa!r4 ,an entirely new conception ( ! individual 0 proclaim$ to ! _w1 & an entirely new e?ical code 0 promulgat$4 ,! duty ( all to make _! lives con=m to ^! new conceptions 0 ass]t$4 ,^! ideas imp>t$ to anci5t society a new hopefulness & a new en]gy :i* 7 n only ( great importance 9 deal+ ) ! d[nfall ( civilization & ! deluge ( b>b>ism :i* 7 imp5d+1 b :i* h be5 ( prime importance dur+ all succe$+ c5turies4 ,9 "t ! *ur* organization :i* 0 develop$ gradually absorb$ all o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & became virtually ! ,/ate dur+ ! long p]iod ( d>kness kn[n z ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x rema9s n[ to sket* briefly h[ ! ,*ur* organiz$ itself & became p[]ful en\gh to p]=m its great task dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 :at educational ag5cies x develop$1 & to :at ext5t ^! 7 useful4 ,,ii4 ,,educational ,,& ,,gov]nm5tal ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,s*ool+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ur*2 ,,cate*um5al ,,in/ruction4 ,! e>ly *ur*es 7 b\nd toge!r by no =mal bond ( union1 & felt little ne$ = su*4 ,x 0 ! belief ( _m t ,*ri/ w\ld soon return & ! _w w\ld end1 h5ce !re 0 little necessity = organization4 ,!re 0 also almo/ no sy/em ( belief4 ,an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god z ! ,fa!r1 a rep5tance = pa/ s9s1 a godly life1 & a desire to be sav$ 7 ab\t all t 0 expect$ ( any "o4 #ae ,! *ief conc]n 0 ! moral reg5]ation ( society ?r\gh ! moral reg5]ation ( conv]ts4 ,to accompli% ?is1 9 face ( ! practices ( ,roman society1 a process ( in/ruction & a p]iod ( probation = ^? wi%+ to jo9 ! fai? soon became necess>y4 ,jews1 pagans1 & ! *ildr5 ( believ]s 7 !reaft] alike subject$ to ?is be=e full acceptance into ! ,*ur*4 ,at /at$ times dur+ ! week ! probation]s met = in/ruction 9 morality & 9 ! psalmody ( ! ,*ur* 7,r4 #ci74 ,^! two subjects con/itut$ almo/ ! entire in/ruction1 ! p]iod ( probation cov]+ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! tea*]s 7 m]ely ! old] & abl] memb]s ( ! congregation4 ,?is p]sonal in/ruction became common ev]y:]e 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & ! tra9+ 0 kn[n z cate*um5al1 t is1 rudim5t>y1 in/ruction4 ,two sets ( cate*um5al lectures h surviv$1 :i* give an idea z to ! nature ( ! in/ruction4 ,!y cov] ! ess5tials ( *ur* practice & ! religi\s life 7,,rs4 #ci1 #dj74 ,x 0 dropp$ entirely 9 ! conv]sion ( ! b>b>ian tribes4 ,?is in/ruction1 & ! prea*+ ( ! eld]s 7presbyt]s1 :o lat] evolv$ into prie/s71 con/itut$ ! =mal s*ool+ ( ! e>ly conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 9 ,italy & ! ,ea/4 ,su* in/ruction 0 nev] kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & b little 9 ,gaul4 ,! life 9 ! ,*ur* made a moral & emotional1 r ?an an intellectual appeal4 ,9 fact ! e>ly ,*ri/ians felt b little ne$ = ! type ( intellectual education provid$ by ! ,roman s*ools1 & ! "* ( ! educat$ society ab\t !m1 z !y saw x1 did n make !m wi% = ! s-call$ pagan le>n+4 ,ev5 if ! p>5ts ( conv]ts wi%$ to provide additional educational advantages = _! *ildr51 :at c\ld !y d8 ,a mod]n au?or /ates well ! pr$icam5t ( su* ,*ri/ian p>5ts1 :5 he says3 ,all ! s*ools 7 pagan4 ,n only 7 all ! c]emonies ( ! (ficial fai?--& m especially ! fe/ivals ( ,m9]va1 :o 0 ! patroness ( ma/]s & pupils--celebrat$ at regul> int]vals 9 ! s*ools1 b ! *ildr5 7 taught read+ out ( books saturat$ ) ! old my?ology4 ,!re ! ,*ri/ian *ild made 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) ! deities ( ,olympus4 ,he ran ! dang] ( imbib+ ideas entirely contr>y to ^? :i* he _h receiv$ at home4 ,! fables he _h le>n$ to dete/ 9 8 own home 7 expla9$1 elucidat$1 & held up to 8 admiration e day by 8 ma/]s4 ,0 x "r to put him ?us into two s*ools ( ?\ght8 ,:at c\ld be done t he might be educat$1 l e "o else1 & yet n run ! risk ( los+ 8 fai?8 #af ,,cate*etical ,,s*ools4 ,aft] ,*ri/ianity _h begun to make conv]ts among ! m s]i\s-m9d$ & bett]-educat$ citiz5s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ne$ = m ?an rudim5t>y in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! *ur* life began to be felt4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case 9 ! places :]e ,*ri/ian work]s came 9 contact ) ! be/ s*ol>s ( ! ,hell5ic le>n+1 & p>ticul>ly at ,alex&ria1 ,a!ns1 & ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! speculative ,greek w\ld n be satisfi$ ) ! simple1 unorganiz$ fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,he want$ to und]/& x z a sy/em ( ?\ght1 & ask$ _m que/ions t 7 h>d to answ]4 ,to meet ! critical inquiry ( le>n$ ,greeks1 x became desirable t ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ! ,ea/ at lea/1 %\ld be equipp$ ) a tra9+ simil> to t ( _! critics4 ,z a result !re 0 f9ally evolv$1 fir/ at ,alex&ria1 & lat] at o!r places 9 ! ,empire1 tra9+ s*ools = ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! came to be kn[n z cate*etical s*ools1 f _! oral que/ion+ me?od ( in/ruction1 & ?is t]m 0 lat] appli$ to elem5t>y religi\s in/ruction 7:5ce cate*ism7 ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,panta5us1 a conv]t$ ,greek ,/oic1 :o became head ( ! cate*um5al in/ruction at ,alex&ria1 9 #agi ,a4,d41 br\ght to ! tra9+ ( future ,*ri/ian lead]s ! /r5g? ( ,greek le>n+ & ,greek philosophic ?\ght4 ,he & 8 successors1 ,clem5t & ,orig51 develop$ "h an important s*ool ( ,*ri/ian !ology :]e ,greek le>n+ 0 us$ to int]pret ! ,scriptures & tra9 lead]s = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,simil> s*ools 7 op5$ at ,antio*1 ,edessa1 ,nisibis1 & ,caes>ea 7,see ,map1 p4 #hi71 & ^! develop$ into a rudim5t>y =m ( !ological s*ools = ! education ( ! ea/]n ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,9 ^! s*ools ,*ri/ian fai? & doctr9e 7 =mulat$ into a sort ( sy/em1 ! :ole be+ t9ctur$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ,greek philosophic ?\ght4 ,out ( ^! s*ools came "s ( ! great ,fa!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ur*2 m5 :o /rove to uphold ! pagan le>n+ & reconcile ,*ri/ianity & ,greek philosophic ?9k+4 #ag ,,rejection ,,( ,,pagan ,,le>n+ ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* came f ! less philosophic & m practical ,roman /ock1 & :]e ! contact ) a decad5t society wak5$ a great] reaction1 ! t5d5cy 0 to reject ! ,hell5ic le>n+1 & to dep5d m ^u emotional fai? & ! en=cem5t ( a moral life4 ,by ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ! ho/ility to ! pagan s*ools & to ! ,hell5ic le>n+ _h "h become pron\nc$ 7,r4 #da74 ,ev5 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 ! greate/ ( :om _h be5 tea*]s ( oratory or rhetoric 9 ,roman s*ools be=e _! conv]sion1 #ah gradually came to reject ! pagan le>n+ z undesirable = ,*ri/ians & 9 a l>ge degree z a robb]y f ,god4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 9 8 ,confessions1 hopes t ,god may =give him = hav+ enjoy$ ,v]gil4 ,j]ome's dream #ai 0 kn[n & quot$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t]tullian1 9 8 ,prescription aga9/ ,h]esies1 exclaims3 ,:at inde$ has ,a!ns to d ) ,j]usalem8 ,:at concord is !re betwe5 ! ,academy & ! ,*ur*8 ,:at betwe5 h]etics & ,*ri/ians8444 ,away ) all attempts to produce a mottl$ ,*ri/ianity ( ,/oic1 ,platonic1 & dialectic composition4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,pope ( ! ,*ur* f #eij to #fjd1 & :o _h be5 well educat$ z a y\? 9 ! surviv+ ,roman-type s*ools1 turn$ bitt]ly aga9/ ! :ole ( pagan le>n+4 ,i am /rongly ( ! op9ion1 he says1 t x is an indignity t ! words ( ! oracle ( ,heav5 %\ld be re/ra9$ by ! rules ( ,donatus 7gramm>74 ,9 a lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,vi5ne he b]ates him = giv+ in/ruction 9 gramm>1 conclud+ )--! praise ( ,*ri/ _c lie 9 "o m\? ) ! praise ( ,jupit]4 ,consid] y\rself :at a crime x is = bi%ops to recite :at w\ld be improp] = religi\sly-m9d$ laym54 ,z a result ,hell5ic le>n+ decl9$ rapidly 9 importance 9 ! ,we/ z ! ,*ur* atta9$ supremacy1 & f9ally1 9 #dja1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 l>gely at ! in/igation ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 =bade ! cl]gy to read any pagan au?or4 ,9 "t ,greek le>n+ l>gely di$ out 9 ! ,we/1 & 0 = a "t almo/ entirely lo/4 ,ev5 ! ,greek language 0 =gott51 & 0 n kn[n aga9 9 ! ,we/ = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 #bj ,,! ,,*ur* ,,p]fects ,a ,,/rong ,,organization4 ,z 0 previ\sly /at$ 7p4 #ib71 b little ne$ 0 felt dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies = a sy/em ( belief or *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,z ! expect$ return ( ,*ri/ did n take place1 & z ! ne$ = a =mulation ( belief & a sy/em ( gov]nm5t began to be felt1 ! next /ep 0 ! developm5t ( ^! features4 ,! sy/em ( belief & ! c]emonials ( wor%ip f9ally evolv$ are m ! products ( ,greek ?\ght & practices ( ! ,ea/1 :ile ! =m ( organization & gov]nm5t is d]iv$ m f ,roman s\rces4 ,9 ! second c5tury ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 translat$ into ,greek at ,alex&ria1 & ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ 0 =mulat$4 ,dur+ ! ?ird c5tury ! writ+s deem$ sacr$ 7 organiz$ into ! ,new ,te/am5t1 also 9 ,greek4 ,9 #cbe ! fir/ ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* 0 held at ,nicaea1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,x =mulat$ ! ,nic5e ,cre$ 7,r4 #db71 & tw5ty canons or laws = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a second ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 held at ,con/ant9ople 9 #cha1 revis$ ! ,nic5e ,cre$ & adopt$ additional canons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,a ,,bi%op ,sev5? ,c5tury 7,santo ,v5anzio1 ,rome7 ,! great organiz+ g5ius ( ! we/]n bran* ( ! ,*ur* 0 ,sa9t ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj74 ,he gave to ! ,we/]n or ,lat9 ,*ur*1 !n beg9n+ to take on its sep>ate exi/5ce1 ! body ( doctr9e ne$$ to enable x to put into %ape ! ?+s = :i* x /ood4 ,! sy/em ( !ology evolv$ be=e ! sep>ation ( ! ea/]n & we/]n bran*es ( ! ,*ur* 0 n s f9i%$ & s f9ely speculative z t ( ! ,greek bran*1 b 0 m practical1 m cle>ly legal1 & m sy/ematically organiz$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,rome 0 /rong also 9 ! organization ( ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t f9ally adopt$ = ! ,*ur*4 ,!re be+ no o!r model1 ! ,roman gov]nm5tal sy/em 0 copi$4 ,! bi%op ( a city correspond$ to ! ,roman municipal (ficials2 ! ar*bi%op ( a t]ritory to ! gov]nor ( a prov9ce2 & ! patri>* to ! rul] ( a division ( ! ,empire4 ,z ,rome _h be5 a univ]sal ,empire1 & z ! city ( ,rome _h be5 ! *ief gov]n+ city1 #ba ! idea ( a univ]sal ,*ur* 0 natural & ! supremacy ( ! ,bi%op ( ,rome 0 gradually ass]t$ & det]m9$4 #bb ,a ,,/ate ,,)9 ,a ,,/ate4 ,!re 0 ?us develop$ 9 ! ,we/1 z x 7 a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate4 ,t is1 )9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ) its ,emp]or1 prov9cial gov]nors1 & municipal (ficials1 gov]n+ ! p & draw+ _! p[] f ! ,roman ,s5ate & imp]ial au?ority1 !re 0 also gradually develop$ ano!r ,/ate1 consi/+ ( ^? :o _h accept$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :o r5d]$ _! *ief allegiance1 ?r\gh prie/1 bi%op1 & ar*bi%op1 to a c5tral head ( ! ,*ur* :o ow$ allegiance to no e>?ly rul]4 ,t ,*ri/ianity1 view$ f ! gov]nm5tal po9t ( view1 0 a s]i\s elem5t ( weakness 9 ! ,roman ,/ate & help$ its d[nfall1 !re c be no "q4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,empire ! ,*ur* 0 always mu* m closely id5tifi$ ) ! ,/ate4 ,=tunately = civilization1 be=e ! ,roman ,empire _h fall5 & ! imp5d+ b>b>ian deluge _h desc5d$1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h succe$$ 9 =mulat+ a unify+ belief & a =m ( gov]nm5t capable ( comm&+ respect & ( en=c+ au?ority1 & 0 fa/ tak+ ov] ! p[] ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,or ,,episcopal ,,s*ools4 ,! fir/ *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! ,empire 7 9 ! cities1 & made _! e>ly conv]ts !re4 #bc ,gradually ^! important cities evolv$ into ! resid5ces ( a sup]vis+ prie/ or bi%op1 ! t]ritory became kn[n z a bi%opric1 & ! *ur* z a ca!dral *ur*4 ,9 "t1 also1 "s ( ! outly+ t]ritory 0 organiz$ into p>i%es1 & *ur*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 ^!4 ,^! 7 made tribut>y to & plac$ "u ! direction ( ! bi%op ( ! l>ge c5tral city4 ,to supply cl]gy = ^! outly+ p>i%es came to be "o ( ! functions ( ! bi%op1 &1 to insure prop]ly tra9$ cl]gy & to provide = promotions 9 ! cl]ical ranks1 s*ools ( a rudim5t>y type 7 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! ca!dral *ur*es4 ,^! came to be kn[n z ca!dral1 or episcopal s*ools4 ,at fir/ !y 7 probably "u ! imm$iate *>ge ( ! bi%op1 b lat]1 z 8 functions increas$1 ! s*ool 0 plac$ "u a special tea*]1 kn[n z a ,s*ola/icus1 or ,magi/] ,s*ol>um1 :o direct$ ! ca!dral s*ool1 assi/$ ! bi%op1 & tra9$ ! future cl]gy4 ,z ! pagan second>y s*ools di$ out1 ^! ca!dral s*ools1 toge!r ) ! mona/ic s*ools :i* 7 lat] f\nd$1 gradually replac$ ! pagan s*ools z ! important educational in/itutions ( ! we/]n _w4 ,9 ^! two types ( s*ools ! religi\s lead]s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 7 tra9$4 ,,! ,,mona/ic ,,organization4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 x w be rememb]$ 7p4 #hg71 ! ,*ri/ian conv]t held himself ap>t f ! wick$ _w all ab\t him1 & _h little to d ) ! society or ! gov]nm5t ( 8 "t4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,*ur* z hav+ no relation%ip to ! ,/ate4 ,z ! ,*ur* grew /rong]1 h[ev]1 & became a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate1 ! ,*ri/ian took a l>g] & l>g] "p 9 ! _w ar\nd him1 & 9 "t came to be di/+ui%$ f o!r m5 by 8 pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian religion r ?an by any o!r m>k4 ,_m ( ! e>ly bi%ops 7 m5 ( great political sagacity1 fully capable ( realiz+ to ! full ! political opportunities1 af=d$ by _! position1 to /r5g!n ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! "w ( m5 ( ?is type t creat$ ! temporal p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 & made ( x an in/itution capable ( comm&+ respect & en=c+ its decisions4 ,to "s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ?is life did n appeal4 ,to !m hol9ess 0 associat$ ) a complete )drawal f contact ) ?is s9ful _w & all its activities4 ,"s betook !mselves to ! des]t1 o!rs to ! =e/s or m\nta9s1 & o!rs %ut !mselves up alone t !y might be undi/urb$ 9 _! religi\s m$itations4 ,to su* devot$ s\ls mona/icism1 a s*eme ( liv+ br\ght into ! ,*ri/ian _w f ! ,ea/1 made a /rong appeal4 ,x provid$ t su* m5 %\ld live toge!r 9 bro!rhoods1 r5\nc+ ! _w1 tak+ v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce1 & devot+ _! lives to h>d labor & ! mortification ( ! fle% t ! s\l might be exalt$ & made beautiful4 ,! memb]s liv$ alone 9 individual cells1 b came toge!r = meals1 pray]1 & religi\s s]vice4 ,z e>ly z #ccj a mona/]y _h be5 organiz$ on ! isl& ( ,teb]nae1 9 ! ,nile4 ,ab\t #cej ,sa9t ,basil introduc$ mona/icism into ,asia ,m9or1 :]e x fl\ri%$ greatly4 ,9 #cgj ! ,basilian ord] 0 f\nd$4 ,! mona/ic idea 0 soon transf]r$ to ! ,we/1 a mona/]y be+ e/abli%$ at ,rome probably z e>ly z #cdj4 ,! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,victor1 at ,m>seilles1 0 f\nd$ by ,cassian 9 #djd1 & ?is type ( mona/]y & mona/ic rule 0 introduc$ into ,gaul1 ab\t #dae4 ,! mona/]y ( ,l]9s 7(f ,cannes1 9 s\!rn ,france7 0 e/abli%$ 9 #dje4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury a rapid ext5sion ( mona/ic f\ndations took place 9 we/]n ,europe1 p>ticul>ly along ! valleys ( ! ,rhone & ! ,loire 9 ,gaul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,a ,,b5$ict9e ,,monk1 ,,abbot1 ,,& ,,abbess 7,f a ?irte5?-c5tury manuscript7 ,9 #ebi ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 a ,roman ( weal? :o fl$ f ! corruption ( 8 city1 f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o1 s\? ( ,rome1 & e/abli%$ a =m ( gov]nm5t1 or rule ( daily life1 :i* 0 gradually adopt$ by ne>ly all ! mona/]ies ( ! ,we/4 ,9 "t ,europe came to be dott$ ) ?\s&s ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 _m ( :i* 7 l>ge & exp5sive in/itutions bo? to f\nd & to ma9ta94 #bd ,by ! "t ! b>b>ian invasions 7 9 full sw+ mona/icism _h become an e/abli%$ in/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,nunn]ies = wom5 also 7 e/abli%$ e>ly4 ,a lett] f ,sa9t ,j]ome to ,m>cella1 a ,roman matron1 9 #chb1 9 :i* he says t no high-born lady at ,rome _h made pr(ession ( ! mona/ic life 444 or _h v5tur$ 444 publicly to call h]self a nun1 w\ld seem to imply t su* in/itutions _h already be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome4 ,,mona/ic ,,s*ools4 ,pov]ty1 *a/ity1 ob$i5ce1 labor1 & religi\s devotion 7 ! ess5tial features ( a mona/ic life4 ,! ,rule ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict 7,r4 #dc7 organiz$ 9 a practical way ! ef=ts ( ^? :o took ! v[s4 ,9 a s]ies ( sev5ty-?ree rules :i* he laid d[n1 cov]+ all phases ( mona/ic life1 ! mo/ important f ! /&po9t ( po/]ity 0 ! =ty-eigh?1 prescrib+ at lea/ sev5 h\rs ( daily labor & two h\rs ( read+ = all able to be> ! load4 ,f t "p ( ! rule requir+ regul> manual labor ! monks became ! mo/ exp]t f>m]s & craftsm5 ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :ile to ! requirem5t ( daily read+ we owe 9 l>ge "p ! developm5t ( ! s*ool & ! pres]vation ( le>n+ 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! long intellectual night ( ! m$iaeval p]iod 7,r4 #dd74 ,into ^! mona/ic in/itutions ! oblati1 t is1 ^? :o wi%$ to become monks1 7 receiv$ z e>ly z ! age ( twelve1 & occasionally e>li] 7,r4 #ec a74 ,! f9al v[s 7,r4 #ec b7 c\ld n be tak5 until eighte51 s dur+ ?is p]iod ! novice 0 taught to "w & to read & write1 giv5 in/ruction 9 *ur* music1 & taught to calculate ! *ur* fe/ivals & to d simple reckon+4 ,9 "t "s cond5s$ & c>efully edit$ comp5dium ( ! elem5ts ( classical le>n+ 0 also /udi$1 & /ill lat] a m elaborate type ( in/ruction 0 develop$ 9 "s ( ! mona/]ies4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 belongs to a lat] division ( ?is hi/ory1 & fur!r description ( *ur* & mona/ic education w be def]r$ until we /udy ! intellectual life ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,girls4 ,aside f ! g5]al in/ruction 9 ! practices ( ! *ur* & home in/ruction 9 ! "w ( a woman1 !re 0 b little provision made = ! education ( girls n desir+ to jo9 a conv5t or nunn]y4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 obta9$ a limit$ am\nt ( intellectual tra9+4 ,! lett] ( ,sa9t ,j]ome to ! ,roman lady ,paula 7,r4 #de71 reg>d+ ! education ( h] daught]1 is a v important docum5t 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian education = girls4 ,dat+ f #djc1 x outl9es ! type ( tra9+ a "y girl %\ld be giv5 :o 0 to be prop]ly educat$ 9 ,*ri/ian fai? & prop]ly consecrat$ to ,god4 ,:at he outl9$ 0 education = nunn]ies1 a numb] ( :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! ,ea/ & a few 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,we/ ^! in/itutions lat] exp]i5c$ an ext5sive developm5t1 & (f]$ ! *ief opportunity = any intellectual education = wom5 dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,/>t$ ,,) ,,:at ,,! ,,*ur* ,,br\ght ,,to ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,f a small & purely spiritual organization1 devot+ its en]gies to exhortation & to ! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d1 & )\t cre$ or =m ( gov]nm5t1 z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( its developm5t1 we h trac$ ! organization ( a body ( doctr9e1 ! p]fection ( a /rong sy/em ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 & ! developm5t ( a v limit$ educational sy/em design$ m]ely to tra9 lead]s = its s]vice4 ,we h also %[n h[ x add$ to its e>ly ecclesia/ical organization a /rong gov]nm5tal organization1 became a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate1 & gradually came to direct ! ,/ate itself4 ,x 0 ?us ready1 :5 ! virtual sep>ation ( ! ,roman ,empire into an ea/]n & we/]n division took place1 9 #cie1 & :5 ! we/]n division f9ally fell be=e ! b>b>ian onslaughts1 to take up 9 a way ! "w ( ! ,/ate1 =ce ! b>b>ian hordes to ackn[l$ge its p[]1 & beg9 ! process ( civiliz+ ^! new tribes & build+ up once m a civilization 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,9 addition to its spiritual & political p[]1 ! ,*ur* also _h develop$1 9 its cate*um5al in/ruction & 9 ! ca!dral & mona/ic s*ools1 a v meag] =m ( an educational sy/em = ! tra9+ ( its future lead]s & s]vants4 ,a great *ange _h n[ tak5 place 9 ! nature ( education z a prep>ation = life1 & intellectual education1 9 ! s5se t x 0 kn[n & und]/ood 9 ,greece & ,rome1 0 n to be kn[n aga9 9 ! we/]n _w = almo/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! c5turies :i* foll[1 up to ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 are1 fir/1 a /ruggle aga9/ v adv]se odds to prev5t civilization f disappe>+ entirely1 & lat] a /ruggle to build up new f\ndations ^u :i* _w civilization might beg9 once m :]e x _h left (f 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w4 ,?us1 be=e ! ,middle ,ages began1 ! ?ree great contributions ( ! anci5t _w :i* 7 to =m ! f\ndations ( our future we/]n civilization _h be5 made4 ,greece gave ! _w an art & a philosophy & a lit]ature ( great *>m & beauty1 ! mo/ advanc$ intellectual & ae/hetic ideas t civilization has inh]it$1 & develop$ an educational sy/em ( wond]ful effectiv5ess--"o t 9 its high] developm5t 9 "t took captive ! entire ,m$it]ranean _w & pr(\ndly modifi$ all lat] ?9k+4 ,rome 0 ! organiz+ & legal g5ius ( ! anci5t _w1 z ,greece 0 ! lit]>y & philosophical4 ,to ,rome we are especially indebt$ = out conceptions ( law1 ord]1 & gov]nm5t1 & = ! ability to make practical & c>ry into effect ! ideals ( o!r peoples4 ,to ! ,hebrews we are indebt$ = ! _w's l(tie/ conceptions ( ,god1 religi\s fai?1 & moral responsibility1 & to ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* we are indebt$ = mak+ ^! ideas univ]sal 9 ! ,roman ,empire & =c+ !m on a b>b>ic _w4 ,all ^! great f\ndations ( our we/]n civilization h n come d[n to u directly4 ,! ho/ility to pagan le>n+ t develop$ on ! "p ( ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs2 ! e/abli%m5t ( an ea/]n capital = ! ,empire at ,con/ant9ople1 9 #cbh2 ! virtual division ( ! ,empire into an ,ea/ & ,we/1 9 #cie2 & ! f9al division ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* into a ,we/]n ,lat9 & an ,ea/]n ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* 0 gradually effect$1 f9ally drove ,greek philosophy & le>n+ & ! ,greek language f ! we/]n _w4 ,greek 0 n to be kn[n aga9 9 ! ,we/ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,=tunately ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* 0 m tol]ant ( pagan le>n+ ?an 0 ! ,we/]n1 & 0 bett] able to )/& conque/ by b>b>ian tribes4 ,9 consequ5ce :at ! ,greeks _h done 0 pres]v$ at ,con/ant9ople until ,europe _h once m become suffici5tly civiliz$ & tol]ant to und]/& & appreciate x4 ,hell5ic le>n+ 0 !n h&$ back to we/]n ,europe1 fir/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & !n 9 t great ,revival ( ,le>n+ :i* we "k z ! ,r5aissance4 ,( ! ,lat9 lit]ature & le>n+ mu* 0 lo/1 & mu* 0 pres]v$ almo/ by accid5t 9 ! mona/]ies ( m$iaeval ,europe4 ,ev5 ! ,*ur* itself 0 s]i\sly deflect$ f its e>li] purpose & tea*+s dur+ ! long p]iod ( b>b>ism & g5]al ignorance ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 & only 9 mod]n times has x tri$ to come back to ! _s ( ! tea*+s ( its f\nd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,f9al ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,! map also %[s conditions z !y 7 9 ,europe at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,africa1 & a portion ( ,asia ,m9or 7 ov]:elm$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! sev5? c5tury & became ,mohamm$an1 b ,con/ant9ople held out until #adec4 ,! ea/]n division ev5tually gave rise to ! ,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,greece1 ! ,balkans1 & ,russia1 :ile ! we/]n division became ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( we/]n ,europe4 ,at ,con/ant9ople ,greek le>n+ 0 pres]v$ until ! ,we/ 0 aga9 ready to receive x4 ,! ,ea/]n ,empire = a "t reta9$ control ( ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy 7! old ,magna ,graecia71 b ev5tually ^! 7 absorb$ by we/]n or ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,,! ,,future ,,/ory4 ,= ! long p]iod ( intellectual /agnation :i* n[ foll[$1 ! educational /ory is briefly told4 ,b little =mal education 0 ne$$1 & t ( b "o ma9 type4 ,x 0 only aft] ! ,*ur* _h won its victory ov] ! b>b>ian hordes1 & _h built up ! f\ndations ^u :i* a new civilization c\ld be develop$1 t education 9 any broad & lib]al s5se 0 aga9 ne$$4 ,?is requir$ ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s ( labori\s & pa9ful ef=t4 ,!n1 :5 s*ools aga9 became possible & le>n+ aga9 began to be dem&$1 education _h to beg9 aga9 ) ! few at ! top1 & ! contributions ( ,greece & ,rome _h to be recov]$ & put into usable =m z a basis ^u :i* to build4 ,x is only v rec5tly t x has become possible to ext5d education to all4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii we %all next trace briefly ! intellectual life ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! reawak5+1 & 9 ,"p ,,iii we %all1 among o!r ?+s1 po9t out ! deep & la/+ influ5ce ( ! "w ( ^! anci5t civilizations on our mod]n educational ?\ghts & practices4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,po9t out ! _m advantages ( a univ]sal religion = su* a univ]sal ,empire z ,rome develop$1 & ! advantages ( ,emp]or wor%ip = su* an ,empire4 #b4 ,:at d mod]n nations h t is mu* ak9 to ,emp]or wor%ip8 #c4 ,expla9 :y ,/oicism made su* an appeal to ! bett]-educat$ classes at ,rome4 #d4 ,:y is an emotional fai? bett] adapt$ to ! mass ( p ?an an intellectual "o8 #e4 ,expla9 h[ ! ,hebrew scribes1 adm9i/]+ su* a mix$ body ( laws1 naturally came to be bo? tea*]s & judges = ! p4 #f4 ,illu/rate h[ ! ,hebrew tradition t ! moral & spiritual unity ( a p is /rong] ?an arm$ =ce has be5 %[n to be true 9 hi/ory4 #g4 ,:at great lessons may we draw f ! "w ( ! ,hebrews 9 ma9ta9+ a national unity ?r\gh compulsory education8 #h4 ,:y 0 ,jesus' idea z to ! importance ( ! individual de/9$ to make su* sl[ headway 9 ! _w8 ,:at is ! /atus ( ! idea to-day 7a7 9 ,*9a8 7b7 9 ,g]many8 7c7 9 ,engl&8 7d7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,is ! idea necess>ily oppos$ to nationality or ev5 to a /rong /ate gov]nm5t8 #i4 ,%[ h[ ! political ,*ur*1 itself ! ,/ate1 0 ! natural outcome dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ( ! tea*+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z to ! relation%ip ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #aj4 ,is x to be wond]$ t ! ,romans 7 f9ally l$ to p]secute ! va/ organiz$ defiance ( law by ! ,*ri/ians8 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! equality & responsibility ( all gave ! citiz5 a new place 9 ! ,/ate4 #ab4 ,/ate ! reasons = ! gradually increas+ lack ( sympa?y & und]/&+ betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & :i* f9ally l$ to ! division ( ! ,*ur*4 #ac4 ,expla9 :at is meant by a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate z appli$ to ! ,*ur* ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,did ?is prove to be a good ?+ = ! future ( civilization8 ,:y8 #ad4 ,w\ld ,rome probably h be5 bett] able to )/& ! b>b>ian invasions if ,*ri/ianity _h n aris51 or n8 ,:y8 #ae4 ,%[ h[ ! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d pagan le>n+ t5d$ to /op s*ools & de/roy ! accumulat$ le>n+4 #af4 ,:at 0 ! effect ( ! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d ! c>e ( ! body1 on sci5tific & m$ical k1 & on education8 ,0 ! ,*ri/ian or ! pagan attitude m ne>ly l t ( mod]n times8 #ag4 ,:y did ! emphasis on =m ( belief1 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 come to sup]s$e ! emphasis on p]sonal virtues & simple fai? ( ! fir/ & second c5turies8 #ah4 ,comp>e ! "w ( ! ,sunday ,s*ool ( to-day ) ! cate*um5al in/ruction ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #bg4 ,! ,talmud3 ,educational ,maxims f4 #bh4 ,sa9t ,paul3 ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 #bi4 ,sa9t ,paul3 ,to ! ,a!nians4 #cj4 ,! ,crimes ( ! ,*ri/ians4 7a7 ,m9ucius ,felix3 ,! ,roman ,po9t ( ,view4 7b7 ,t]tullian3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,po9t ( ,view4 #ca4 ,p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians z ,disloyal ,subjects ( ! ,empire4 7a7 ,pl9y to ,trajan4 7b7 ,trajan to ,pl9y4 #cb4 ,t]tullian3 ,effect ( ! ,p]secutions4 #cc4 ,eusebius3 ,edicts ( ,diocletian aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 #cd4 ,workman3 ,c]tificate ( hav+ ,sacrific$ to ! ,pagan ,gods4 #ce4 ,k+sley3 ,! ,empire & ,*ri/ianity 9 ,conflict4 #cf4 ,lactantius3 ,! ,edict ( ,tol]ation by ,gal]ius4 #cg4 ,!odosian ,code3 ,! ,fai? ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians4 #ch4 ,!odosian ,code3 ,privileges & ,immunities grant$ ! ,cl]gy4 #ci4 ,apo/olic ,con/itutions3 ,h[ ! ,cate*um5s are to be in/ruct$4 #dj4 ,lea*3 ,cate*um5al ,s*ools ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 #da4 ,apo/olic ,con/itutions3 ,*ri/ians %\ld ab/a9 f all ,hea!n ,books4 #db4 ,! ,nic5e ,cre$ ( #cbe ,a4,d4 #dc4 ,sa9t ,b5$ict3 ,extracts f ! ,rule (4 #dd4 ,lanfranc3 ,en=c+ ,l5t5 ,read+ 9 ! ,mona/]ies4 #de4 ,sa9t ,j]ome3 ,lett] on ! ,education ( ,girls4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,*>act]ize ! type ( education to be provid$ & ! /atus ( ! tea*]1 z %[n 9 ! selections f ! ,talmud 7#bg74 ,comp>e ) ,rome4 ,) ,a!ns4 #b4 ,*>act]ize ! attitude ( ,sa9t ,paul t[>d ! ,romans 7#bh74 ,does 8 description ( ,a!ns 7#bi7 tally ) ! description ( ! ,a!nians giv5 9 ! text8 #c4 ,0 x possible = ! ,roman & ! ,*ri/ian to und]/& "o ano!r1 ?9k+ z !y did 9 su* diff]5t t]ms 7#cj a-b78 #d4 ,consid]+ ,pl9y & ,trajan 7#ca a-b7 z ,roman (ficials1 ) ! ,roman po9t ( view1 & tak+ into acc\nt ! "t 9 ! hi/ory ( _w civilization1 w\ld y say t !y 7 q tol]ant ( rebels )9 ! ,/ate8 #e4 ,comp>e ! privileges & immunities grant$ ! cl]gy 7#ch7 ) ! privileges previ\sly giv5 by ,con/ant9e to physicians & tea*]s 7#bf74 #f4 ,*>act]ize ! irrepressible conflict z pictur$ by ,k+sley 7#ce74 ,"n a few o!r some:at simil> conflicts 9 _w hi/ory4 #g4 ,outl9e ! type ( in/ruction = cate*um5s z direct$ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7#ci74 #h4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! effect ( ! cont9u$ rejection ( secul> books call$ = 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7#da78 #i4 ,:at 0 ! gov]nm5tal advantage ( ! adoption ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$ 7#db78 #aj4 ,:y did ! rule ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict 7#dc7 requir+ read+s & /udy lead to ! copy+ & pres]vation ( manuscripts8 #aa4 ,:at does ! selection f ,lanfranc 7#dd7 indicate z to ! /ate ( mona/ic le>n+8 #ab4 ,0 !re any?+ p$agogically s\nd ab\t ! lett] ( ,sa9t ,j]ome 7#de7 on ! education ( girls8 ,discuss4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,dill1 ,sam'l4 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,fi%]1 ,geo4 ,p4 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 ,fi%]1 ,geo4 ,p4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 99 ,hat*1 ,edw4 ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhh47 ,hodgson1 ,g]ald9e4 ,primitive ,*ur* ,education4 ,kretzmann1 ,p4 ,e4 ,education among ! ,jews4 ,mac,cabe1 ,joseph4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 99 ,monro1 ,d4 ,c4 & ,sell]y1 ,g4 ,e4 ,m$iaeval ,civilization4 99 ,swift1 ,f4 ,h4 ,education 9 ,anci5t ,israel to #gj ,a4,d4 ,taylor1 ,h4 ,o4 ,classical ,h]itage ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,wi%>t1 ,a4 ,w4 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,monks & ,mona/icism4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,_w ,,! ,,deluge ,,( ,,b>b>ism ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,/ruggle ,,to ,,pres]ve ,,& ,,re,,/abli% ,,civilization ,,*apt] ,v ,,new ,,peoples ,,9 ,,! ,,empire ,,! ,,weak5$ ,,empire4 ,?\gh ! fir/ & second c5turies ,a4,d4 h (t5 be5 call$ "o ( ! happie/ ages 9 all human hi/ory1 due to a succession ( good ,emp]ors & peace & quiet ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w1 #a ! reign ( ! la/ ( ! good ,emp]ors1 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#afa-ahj ,a4,d471 may be reg>d$ z cle>ly m>k+ a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman society4 ,be=e 8 reign ,rome 0 asc5dant1 prosp]\s1 p[]ful2 dur+ 8 reign ! ,empire 0 beset by _m difficulties-- pe/il5ce1 floods1 fam9e1 tr\bles ) ! ,*ri/ians1 & heavy ,g]man inroads--to :i* x _h n be=e be5 accu/om$2 & aft] 8 reign ! ,empire 0 di/9ctly on ! def5sive & ! decl9e4 ,?\gh ! elem5ts contribut+ to ?is *ange 9 national de/9y _h _! orig9 9 ! *anges 9 ! "* ( ! national life at lea/ two c5turies e>li]1 x 0 n until n[ t ! ,empire began to feel s]i\sly ! effects ( ^! *anges 9 a l[]$ vitality & a weak5$ p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! virtues ( ! citiz5s ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,republic1 tra9$ accord+ to ! old ideas1 _h gradually giv5 way 9 ! face ( ! vices & corruption :i* beset & sapp$ ! life ( ! upp] & rul+ classes 9 ! lat] ,empire4 ,! failure ( ,rome to put its prov9cial gov]nm5t on any hone/ & effici5t civil-s]vice basis1 ! failure ( ! ,/ate to e/abli% & direct an educational sy/em capable ( s]v+ z a corrective ( dang]\s national t5d5cies1 ! lack ( a guid+ national fai?1 ! gradual admission ( s _m ,g]mans into ! ,empire1 ! great ext5t & demoraliz+ influ5ce ( slav]y #b--;all contribut$ to t loss ( national /r5g? & resi/+ p[] :i* 0 n[ becom+ increas+ly evid5t4 ,o!r contribut+ elem5ts ( importance 7 ! almo/ complete oblit]ation ( ! peasantry by ! creation ( great l&$ e/ates & cattle ran*es work$ by slaves1 9 place ( ! small f>ms ( e>li] days2 ! increase ( ! poor 9 ! cities1 & ! decl9+ bir?-rate2 ! introduction ( l>ge numb]s ( b>b>ians z f>m]s & soldi]s2 & ! demoralization ( ! city rabble by political lead]s 9 ne$ ( votes4 ,captur$ slaves p]=m$ almo/ e s]vice1 & a lavi% display ( weal? on ! "p ( a few came to be a *>act]i/ic feature ( city life4 #c ,! great middle1 comm]cial1 & pr(essional classes 7 /ill prosp]\s & cont5t$1 b luxury1 import$ vices1 slav]y1 political corruption1 & new ideals #d _h gradually sapp$ ! old national vitality & de/roy$ ! resi/+ p[] ( ! ,/ate 9 ! face ( a great national calamity4 ,rome n[ /ood1 mu* l ! %ell ( a f9e old tree1 app>5tly 9 good condition1 b 9 reality ready to fall be=e ! bla/ because x _h be5 all[$ to become rott5 at ! he>t4 ,soon] or lat] ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire1 :i* _h held aga9/ ! pressure f )\t = s long1 7 de/9$ to be brok5 & ! b>b>ian deluge f ! nor? & ea/ w\ld p\r ov] ! ,empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a ,,bodygu>d ,,( ,,g]mans ,a relief f ! ,column ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 at ,rome1 erect$ to celebrate 8 victories ov] ! ,m>comanni1 & o!r ,g]man tribes4 ,,! ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,are ,,brok54 ,:ile tempor>y ext5sions ( t]ritory _h at times be5 made beyond ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 ^! riv]s _h f9ally come to be ! e/abli%$ b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire on ! nor?1 & beh9d ^! riv]s ! ,teutonic b>b>ians1 or ,g]mani1 z ! ,romans call$ !m1 _h by =ce be5 kept4 ,to d ev5 ?is ! ,romans _h be5 oblig$ to admit b&s ( ,g]mans into ! ,empire1 & _h tak5 !m into ! ,roman army z allies1 mak+ use ( _! great love = fight+ to hold o!r ,g]man tribes 9 *eck4 ,9 #aff ,a4,d4 ! plague1 br\ght back by soldi]s return+ f ! ,ea/1 c>ri$ (f approximately half ! population ( ,italy4 ,?is same ye> ! ,m>comanni 7see ,figure #ah71 a =m] fri5dly tribe1 invad$ ! ,empire z f> z ! head ( ! ,adriatic ,sea1 & x requir$ ?irte5 ye>s ( w>f>e to put !m back beh9d ! ,danube4 ,ev5 ?is 0 accompli%$ only by ! aid ( fri5dly ,g]man tribes4 ,f ?is "t on ! ,empire 0 m or less on ! def5sive1 ) ! b>b>ian tribes to ! nor? ca/+ increas+ly long+ eyes t[>d a place 9 ! sun & ! ri* plund] t lay to ! s\?1 & frequ5tly break+ ov] ! b\nd>ies4 ,rome1 ?\gh1 0 /ill /rong en\gh to put !m back aga94 ,9 #bge ,a4,d41 aft] a five ye>s' /ruggle1 ! ,ea/]n ,emp]or gave ! prov9ce ( ,dacia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,danube1 to ! ,visigo?s1 9 an ef=t to buy !m (f f fur!r invasion & w>f>e4 ,?is eas$ ! pressure = ano!r c5tury4 ,9 #cgh ,a4,d41 n[ press$ on by ! t]rible ,huns f beh9d1 ! ,visigo?s1 z a body1 invad$ ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 & 9 ! ,battle ( ,adrianople1 ne> ,con/ant9ople1 defeat$ ! ,roman army1 slew ! ,roman ,emp]or1 def9itely broke ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire1 & !y & ! ,o/rogo?s n[ mov$ s\?w>d & settl$ 9 ,moesia & ,?race4 ,! ,g]mans at ,adrianople le>n$ t !y c\ld beat ! ,roman legions1 & f ?is "t on x 0 !y1 & n ! ,romans1 :o nam$ ! t]ms ( ransom & ! price ( peace4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 "u ,al>ic1 ! ,visigo?s invad$ ,greece1 !n turn$ we/w>d ?r\gh ,illyria to ! valley ( ! ,po1 9 nor!rn ,italy1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 ! ye> #djj4 ,9 #daj ! great calamity came :5 !y captur$ & sack$ ,rome4 ,! effect produc$ on ! ,roman _w by ! fall ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 z ! news ( ! almo/ incr$ible disa/] p5etrat$ to ! remote prov9ces1 0 pr(\nd 7,r4 #dh74 ,= eight hundr$ ye>s ,rome _h n be5 t\*$ by =eign h&s1 & n[ x _h be5 captur$ & plund]$ by b>b>ian hordes4 ,x seem$ to _m z ?\gh ! end ( ! _w 7 approa*+4 ,! ,visigo?s n[ turn$ we/ once m1 c>ry+ ) !m ! beautiful si/] ( ! ,emp]or z a captive bride ( ! *ief1 & f9ally settl$ 9 ,spa9 & s\!rn ,gaul1 :i* prov9ces 7 !nce=? lo/ to ,rome4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ! great p]man5t inroads into ! ,empire1 & f n[ on ,roman resi/ance seem$ p[]less to /op ! flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,migrations ,! b>ri]s ( ! ,empire along ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube n[ are brok5 d[n4 ,take a p5cil & trace ! r\te foll[$ by ea* ( ^! peoples4 ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,tribal ,,movem5ts4 ,! ,hunni% pressure also />t$ ! ,v&als & ,suevi1 & )9 fifty ye>s !y _h be5 able to move across ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,spa91 plund]+ ! cities on _! way4 ,f9ally !y cross$ to ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e !y became not$ z ! great sea pirates ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 #dee !y cross$ back to ,italy1 & ,rome 0 sack$ = ! second "t by b>b>ian hordes4 ,! ,huns1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,attila1 ! s-call$ ,sc\rge ( ,god1 n[ mov$ 9 & ravag$ ,gaul 7#dea7 & nor!rn ,italy 7#deb71 & !n1 at ! int]cession ( ! ,roman ,pope ,leo1 7 induc$ by a ransom price to return to ! l[] ,danube1 :]e !y h s9ce rema9$4 ,9 #dgf ! b>b>ian soldi]s ( ! ,empire1 tir$ ( camp life & dem&+ l& on :i* !y too might settle1 rose 9 revolt1 displac$ ! la/ ( ! ,we/]n ,emp]ors1 & elevat$ ,odovac>1 a tribesman f ! nor?1 z rul] 9 8 /ead4 ,! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire 0 n[ at an end4 ,9 #dic ,!odoric1 ,k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 became k+ ( ,italy4 ,betwe5 #ddc & #dhe ! ,angles1 ,saxons1 & ,jutes left _! e>li] homes 9 :at is n[ ,d5m>k & nor?we/]n ,g]many1 & ov]ran ea/]n & s\!rn ,brita94 ,9 #dhf ! ,franks1 a great nation liv+ along ! l[] ,rh9e1 began to move1 & )9 two g5]ations _h ov]run almo/ all ( ,gaul4 ,9 #ehf ! ,lomb>ds invad$ & settl$ ! valleys ( nor!rn ,italy1 displac+ ! ,o/rogo?s !re4 ,slavic tribes n[ mov$ into ! ,ea/]n ,empire--,s]bs & ,bulg>s--& settl$ 9 ,moesia & ,?race4 ,s\!a/]n ,europe ?us became ,slavic-,greek1 z we/]n ,europe _h become ,teutonic-,lat94 ,figure #cb %[s ! results ( ^! diff]5t migrations up to ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,,europe ,,to ,,be ,,teutonic-,,lat94 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ano!r great wave ( p1 ( a diff]5t racial /ock & religion--,semitic & ,mohamm$an-- />t+ f ,arabia & along ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 swept rapidly ?r\gh ,egypt & ,africa & across into ,spa9 & ,france4 ,= a "t x look$ z ?\gh !y might ov]run all we/]n ,europe & br+ ! ,g]man tribes "u subjection4 ,=tunately !y 7 def9itely /opp$ & decisively defeat$ by ! ,franks1 9 ! great ,battle ( ,t\rs1 9 #gcb4 ,!y also ov]ran ,syria & ,p]sia1 b 7 held 9 *eck 9 ,asia ,m9or by ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 :i* did n completely succumb to b>b>ian inroads until ,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by ! ,turks1 9 #adec4 ,! importance ( ! result1 to ! future ( our we/]n civilization1 ( ?is battle 9 ! ,we/ c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,! future ( ,european gov]nm5t1 law1 education1 & civilization 0 settl$ on t ,saturday aft]noon 9 ,octob]1 on ! battle pla9s ( ,t\rs4 #e ,x 0 a /ruggle = ma/]y & dom9ion betwe5 ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an religions1 betwe5 ! =ces repres5t+ ord] on ! "o side & de/ruction on ! o!r1 & betwe5 races de/9$ to succe$ to ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome & a race repres5t+ ori5tal despotism & /atic conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,! ,,kn[n ,,_w ,,9 #hjj ,?is map %[s ! great ext5t ( ! ,mohamm$an conque/s4 ,! "p m>k$ z ,european ,hea!n 0 add$ to ,*ri/ianity )9 ! next few c5turies1 & became a "p ( our ,lat9-,teutonic or we/]n civilization4 ,driv5 back across ! ,pyr5ees by ! ,franks1 ^! p settl$ 9 ,spa92 lat] develop$ !re1 = a %ort p]iod1 a =-!-"t rem>kable civilization1 b "o t only slightly influ5c$ ! curr5t ( ,european developm5t2 & !n disappe>$ z a =ce 9 our we/]n developm5t & progress4 ,we %all meet !m aga9 a little lat]1 b only = a little :ile1 & !n !y conc]n our we/]n developm5t no m4 ,our int]e/ f n[ on lies ) ! ,teutonic-,lat9 peoples ( we/]n ,europe1 = x is ?r\gh !m t our we/]n civilization has be5 work$ out & has come d[n to u4 ,,:o ,,^! ,,invad]s ,,74 ,a long-cont9u$ s]ies ( tribal migrations1 unsurpass$ be=e 9 hi/ory1 _h br\ght a l>ge numb] ( new peoples )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! old ,empire4 ,!y f9ally came s fa/ t !y c\ld n h be5 assimilat$ ev5 9 ! be/ days ( ,rome1 & n[ ! assimilative & dige/ive p[]s ( ,rome 7 gone4 ,tall1 huge ( limb1 :ite-sk9n$1 flax5-hair$1 ) fi]ce blue eyes1 & clad 9 sk9s & rude clo?s1 !y seem$ l giants to ! %ort1 small1 d>k- sk9n$ p ( ! ,italian p59sula4 ,qu>relsome2 delight+ 9 fight+ & gambl+2 giv5 to drunk5ness & glutton\s eat+2 possess$ ( a rude poly!i/ic religion 9 :i* ,wod51 ! w> god1 held ! fir/ place1 & ,valhalla 0 a heav5 = ^? kill$ 9 battle2 liv+ 9 rude villages 9 ! =e/1 & ma9ta9+ !mselves by hunt+ & fi%+--x is n to be wond]$ t ,rome dread$ ! com+ ( ^! =e/ b>b>ians 7,r4 #df74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #cd4 ,a ,,g]man ,,w> ,,*ief ,re/or$1 & r idealiz$ 7,f ! ,muse d',artill]ie at ,p>is7 ,! tribes ne>e/ ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube _h tak5 on a little civilization f long contact ) ! ,romans1 b ^? f>!r away 7 savage & unorganiz$ 7,rs4 #df1 #dg74 ,9 g5]al !y repres5t$ a degree ( civilization n p>ticul>ly diff]5t f t ( ! bett] ,am]ican ,indians 9 our colonial p]iod1 #f ?\gh possess+ a mu* l>g] ability to le>n4 ,! two t]rible c5turies :i* br\ght ^! new peoples into ! ,empire 7 m>k$ by unspeakable disord] & frightful de/ruction4 ,x 0 ! mo/ complete cata/rophe t _h ev] befall5 civiliz$ society4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,romans ,,de/roy+ ,a ,,g]man ,,village 7,f ! ,column ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 at ,rome7 ,note ! circul> huts ( re$s1 )\t w9d[s1 & ) b a s+le door4 ,,!y ,,settle ,,d[n ,,)9 ,,! ,,empire4 ,f9ally1 aft] a p]iod ( w&]+ & plund]+1 ea* ( ^! new peoples settl$ d[n )9 ! ,empire z rul]s ov] ! num]ically l>g] native ,roman population1 & sl[ly began to turn f hunt+ to a rude type ( f>m+4 ,= ?ree or f\r c5turies aft] ! invasions ceas$1 ?\gh1 ,europe pres5t$ a dre>y spectacle ( ignorance1 lawlessness1 & viol5ce4 ,=ce reign$ :]e law & ord] _h once be5 supreme4 ,"w l>gely ceas$1 because !re 0 no security = ! results ( labor4 ,! ,roman s*ools gradually di$ out1 9 "p because ( pagan ho/ility 7all pagan s*ools 7 clos$ by imp]ial edict 9 #ebi ,a4,d471 & 9 "p because !y no long] m9i/]$ to any real ne$4 ,! *ur* & ! mona/]y s*ools alone rema9$1 ! in/ruction 9 ^! 0 meag] inde$1 & !y s]v$ almo/ entirely ! special ne$s ( ! prie/ly & mona/ic classes4 ,! ,lat9 language 0 corrupt$ & modifi$ into spok5 dialects1 & ! writt5 language di$ out except ) ! monks & ! cl]gy4 ,ev5 "h x became greatly corrupt$4 ,art p]i%$1 & sci5ce disappe>$4 ,! =m] ,roman skill 9 h&icrafts 0 l>gely lo/4 ,roads & bridges 7 left )\t repair4 ,comm]ce & int]c\rse almo/ ceas$4 ,! cities decay$1 & _m 7 entirely de/roy$ 7,r4 #di74 ,! new rul+ class 0 ignorant--few c\ld read or write _! names-- & !y c>$ little = ! le>n+ ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,mu* ( :at 0 excell5t 9 ! anci5t civilizations di$ out because ^! new peoples 7 z yet too ignorant to und]/& or use x1 & :at 0 pres]v$ 0 due to ! "w ( o!rs ?an !mselves4 ,x 0 ) su* p & on su* a basis t x 0 necess>y = :atev] con/ructive =ces /ill rema9$ to beg9 aga9 ! task ( build+ up new f\ndations = a future ,european civilization4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( c5turies1 & dur+ ! p]iod ! lamp ( le>n+ almo/ w5t out4 ,,b>b>ian ,,& ,,roman ,,9 ,,contact4 ,civilization 0 sav$ f almo/ complete de/ruction *iefly by reason ( ! long & sub/antial "w :i* ,rome _h done 9 organiz+ & gov]n+ & unify+ ! ,empire2 by ! relatively sl[ & gradual com+ ( ! diff]5t tribes2 & by ! ?or\gh organization ( ! gov]n+ side ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* _h be5 effect$ be=e ! ,empire 0 f9ally ov]run & ,roman gov]nm5t ceas$4 ,9 unify+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,empire & e/abli%+ a common law1 language1 & traditions1 & 9 e>ly beg9n+ ! process ( receiv+ b>b>ians into ! ,empire & educat+ !m 9 h] ways & h] s*ools1 #g ,rome r5d]$ ! we/]n _w a s]vice ( ine/imable importance & "o :i* did mu* to prep>e ! way = ! reception & assimilation ( ! invad]s4 #h ,9 ! cities1 :i* rema9$ ,roman 9 _s ev5 aft] _! rul]s _h *ang$1 & :]e ! ,roman population greatly prepond]at$ ev5 aft] ! invad]s _h come1 "s ( ! old culture & h&icrafts 7 kept up1 & 9 ! cities ( s\!rn ,europe ! municipal =m ( city gov]nm5t 0 reta9$4 ,roman law /ill appli$ to trials ( ,roman citiz5s1 & _m ,roman gov]nm5tal =ms pass$ ov] to ! invad] *iefly because he knew no o!r4 ,! old ,roman population = long cont9u$ to furni% ! cl]gy1 & ^!1 because ( _! ability to read & write1 also became ! secret>ies & advis]s ( _! rude ,teutonic ov]lords4 ,9 "o capacity or ano!r !y p]suad$ ! lead]s ( ! tribes to adopt1 n only ,*ri/ianity1 b _m ( ! cu/oms & practices ( ! old civilization z well4 ,^! v>i\s influ5ces help$ to assimilate & educate ! newcom]s1 & to save some?+ ( ! old civilization = ! future4 ,be+ /rong1 /urdy1 & full ( y\?ful en]gy1 & ) a l>ge capacity = le>n+1 ! civiliz+ process1 ?\gh long & difficult1 0 easi] ?an x might o!rwise h be51 & because ( _! /r5g? & vigor ^! new races 9 "t infus$ new life & en]gy into e l& f ,spa9 to ea/]n ,europe 7,r4 #ej74 ,! mo/ p[]ful =ce ) :i* ! b>b>ians came 9 contact1 ?\gh1 & ! "o :i* did mo/ to r$uce !m to civilization1 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,organiz$1 z we h se51 aft] ! ,roman gov]nm5tal model1 & z a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate1 ! ,*ur* ga9$ 9 /r5g? z ! ,roman gov]nm5t grew weak]1 & 0 ready to assume gov]nm5tal au?ority :5 ,rome c\ld no long] ex]t x4 ,! b>b>ians "h enc\nt]$ an organization /rong] ?an =ce & great] ?an k+s1 #i :i* !y mu/ ei!r accept & make t]ms ) or absolutely de/roy4 ,z all ! tribes1 ?\gh hea!n1 possess$ "s =m ( _s or nature wor%ip or hea!n gods1 :i* s]v$ z a basis = und]/&+ ! appeal ( ! ,*ur*1 ! result 0 ! ultimate victory1 & ! ,*ri/ianiz+1 9 "n at lea/1 ( all ! b>b>ian tribes4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! long process ( civiliz+ & educat+ !m4 ,,! ,,impress ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,^u ,,!m4 ,! importance ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by bi%ops1 prie/s1 & monks dur+ :at are kn[n z ! ,d>k ,ages c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 ! face ( might !y upheld ! "r ( ! ,*ur* & its repres5tatives to comm& ob$i5ce & respect4 #aj ,! ,*ri/ian prie/ gradually =c$ ! b>b>ian *ief to d 8 w1 ?\gh at times he refus$ to be aw$ into submission1 murd]$ ! prie/1 & sack$ ! sacr$ edifice4 ,t ! ,*ur* lo/ mu* ( its e>ly purity ( wor%ip1 & adopt$ _m practices fitt$ to ! ne$s ( ! "t1 b n consi/5t ) real religion1 !re c be no "q4 ,9 "t ! ,*ur* ga9$ mu* f ! mixture ( ^! new peoples among ! old1 z !y infus$ new vigor & en]gy into ! blood ( ! old races1 b ! imm$iate effect 0 q o!rwise4 ,! ,*ur* itself 0 paganiz$1 b ! b>b>ians 7 9 "t ,*ri/ianiz$4 ,prie/s & mission>ies w5t among ! hea!n tribes & labor$ = _! conv]sion4 ,( c\rse ! lead]s 7 s\ght out fir/1 & (t5 ! conv]sion ( a *iefta9 0 made by fir/ conv]t+ 8 wife4 ,aft] ! *iefta9 _h be5 won ! m9or lead]s 9 "t foll[$4 ,! lesson ( ! cross 0 proclaim$1 & ! s(t5+ & re/ra9+ influ5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7 ex]t$ on ! b>b>ian4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a long & we>y road to re/ore ev5 a semblance ( ! ord] & respect = life & prop]ty :i* _h prevail$ "u ,roman rule4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! conv]sions 0 t made by ! ,bi%op ,ulphilas 7c4 #cac-chc7 among ! ,visigo?s1 be=e !y mov$ we/w>d f _! orig9al home nor? ( ! ,danube1 9 :at is n[ s\?we/]n ,russia4 ,ulphilas 0 made bi%op & s5t among !m 9 #cdc1 & sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 labor+ ) !m4 ,he devis$ an alphabet = !m1 bas$ on ! ,greek1 & gave !m a writt5 language into :i* he translat$ = !m ! ,bible1 or r l>ge portions ( x4 ,9 ! translation he omitt$ ! two books ( ,k+s & ! two ,samuels1 t ! p might n f9d 9 !m a fur!r /imulus to _! great w>like activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,a ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,go?ic ,,gospels 7r$uc$7 ,"o ( ! treasures ( ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity or ,upsala1 9 ,sw$51 is a manuscript ( ?is translation by ,bi%op ,ulphilas4 ,greek lett]s1 ) a few ,runic signs 7 us$ to repres5t ,go?ic s\nds4 ,! ^w rune comes f a ,go?ic ^w mean+ my/]y4 ,to ! primitive ,g]mans x seem$ a my/]i\s ?+ t a s]ies ( m>ks c\ld express ?\ght4 ,*ri/ianity _h be5 c>ri$ e>ly to ,great ,brita9 by ,roman mission>ies1 & 9 #ddj ,sa9t ,patrick conv]t$ ! ,iri%4 ,9 #efc ,sa9t ,columba cross$ to ,scotl&1 f\nd$ ! mona/]y at ,iona1 & began ! conv]sion ( ! ,scots4 ,aft] ! ,angles & ,saxons & ,jutes _h ov]run ea/]n & s\!rn ,brita9 !re 0 a p]iod ( sev]al g5]ations dur+ :i* ?is portion ( ! isl& 0 giv5 ov] to ,teutonic hea!nism4 ,9 #eig ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ! ,apo/le to ! ,engli%1 l&$ 9 ,k5t & began ! conv]sion ( ! p1 t ye> succe$+ 9 conv]t+ ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t4 ,9 #fbf ,edw91 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 0 conv]t$1 & 9 #fce ! ,engli% ( ,wessex accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,engli% at once became /rong support]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & 9 #hgh !y =c$ ! invad+ ,danes to accept ,*ri/ianity z "o ( ! conditions ( ! ,peace ( ,w$more4 7,see ,map1 ,figure #db47 ,9 #dif ,clovis1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1 & ?ree ?\s& ( 8 foll[]s 7 baptiz$1 foll[+ a v[ & a victory 9 battle2 #aa 9 #ehg ,rec>r$1 ,k+ ( ! ,go?s 9 ,spa91 0 won ov]2 & 9 #fha ! ,s\? ,saxons accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,g]mans ( ,bav>ia & ,?ur+ia 7 f9ally won ov] by ab\t #gdj4 ,*>lemagne repeat$ly =c$ ! nor!rn ,saxons to accept ,*ri/ianity1 betwe5 #ggb & #hjd1 :5 ! f9al submission ( ?is ,g]man tribe took place4 ,f9ally1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ,rollo1 ,duke ( ! ,normans1 0 won 7#iab72 ,boleslav ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ! ,bohemians1 9 #ifg2 & ! ,hung>ians 9 #igb4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ! ,slavs 7 conv]t$ to ! ,ea/]n or ,greek type ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ,pol&1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 to ! ,we/]n or ,roman type4 ,! la/ p to be conv]t$ 7 ! ,prussians1 a half-,slavic tribe inhabit+ ,ea/ ,prussia & ,li?uania1 along ! ea/]n ,baltic1 :o 7 n br\ght to accept ,*ri/ianity1 9 "n1 until ne> ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ef=ts 7 begun ) !m z e>ly z #ijj4 ,z late z #abcj !y 7 /ill (f]+ human sacrifices to _! hea!n gods to secure _! favor1 b soon aft] ?is date !y 7 =c$ to a nom9al acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity z a result ( conque/ by ! ,teutonic ,knights4 ,x 0 ?us a ?\s& ye>s aft] its f\ndation be=e ,europe _h accept$ 9 "n ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,to *ange a nom9al acceptance to "s semblance ( a reality has be5 ! "w ( ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! old ,empire1 & f> into ! =e/ dep?s ( b>b>ian l&s1 w5t bi%ops1 prie/s1 & mission>ies1 & !re p>i%es 7 organiz$1 rude *ur*es arose1 & ! process ( educat+ ! fight+ tribesm5 9 ! ways ( civiliz$ life 0 c>ri$ out4 ,x 0 n by s*ools ( le>n+1 b by fai? & c]emonial t ! ,*ur* educat$ & guid$ h] *ildr5 into ! type %e approv$4 ,s*ools = o!r ?an monks & cl]gy = a "t 7 n ne$$1 & su* practically di$ out4 ,! ,*ur* & its (fices took ! place ( education & ex]cis$ a :olesome & re/ra9+ influ5ce ov] bo? "y & old ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,^! ! ,*ur* 9 "t taught ! b>b>ian to respect4 ,! great educational "w ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ?is p]iod ( insecurity & ignorance has seldom be5 bett] /at$ ?an 9 ! foll[+ words by ,drap]3 ,( ! great ecclesia/ics1 _m _h ris5 f ! humble/ ranks ( society1 & ^! m51 true to _! democratic in/9cts1 7 (t5 f\nd to be ! inflexible support]s ( "r aga9/ might4 ,ev5tually com+ to be ! deposit>ies ( ! k t !n exi/$1 !y oppos$ intellect to brute =ce1 9 _m in/ances successfully1 & by ! example ( ! organization ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 ess5tially republican1 !y %[$ h[ repres5tative sy/ems may be introduc$ into ! ,/ate4 ,nor 0 x ov] communities & nations t ! ,*ur* display$ h] *ief p[]4 ,nev] 9 ! _w be=e 0 !re su* a sy/em4 ,f h] c5tral seat at ,rome1 h] all-see+ eye1 l t ( ,provid5ce itself1 c\ld equally take 9 a hemisph]e at a glance1 or exam9e ! private life ( any individual4 ,h] b\ndless influ5ces envelop$ k+s 9 _! palaces1 & reliev$ ! begg> at ! mona/]y gate4 ,9 all ,europe !re 0 n a man too obscure1 too insignificant1 or too desolate = h]4 ,surr\nd$ by h] solemnities1 e "o receiv$ 8 "n at h] alt>2 h] bells *im$ at 8 m>riage1 h] knell toll$ at 8 fun]al4 ,%e extort$ f him ! secrets ( 8 life at h] confessionals1 & puni%$ 8 faults by h] p5ances4 ,9 8 h\r ( sickness & tr\ble h] s]vants s\ght him out1 tea*+ him1 by h] exquisite litanies & pray]s1 to place 8 reliance on ,god1 or /r5g!n+ him = ! trials ( life by ! example ( ! holy & j4 ,h] pray]s _h an efficacy to give repose to ! s\ls ( 8 dead4 ,:51 ev5 to 8 fri5ds1 8 lifeless body _h become an (f5se1 9 ! "n ( ,god %e receiv$ x into h] consecrat$ gr\nd1 & "u h] %ad[ he re/$ till ! great reckon+-day4 ,f little bett] ?an a slave %e rais$ 8 wife to be 8 equal1 &1 =bidd+ him to h m ?an "o1 met h] recomp5se = ^? noble de$s 9 a firm fri5d at e fireside4 ,disc\nt5anc+ all impure love1 %e put r\nd t fireside ! *ildr5 ( "o "m1 & made t "m little less ?an sacr$ 9 _! eyes4 ,9 ages ( lawlessness & rap9e1 among p b a /ep above savages1 %e v9dicat$ ! inviolability ( h] prec9cts aga9/ ! h& ( p[]1 & made h] temples a refuge & sanctu>y = ! despair+ & oppress$4 ,truly %e 0 ! %ad[ ( a great rock 9 _m a we>y l&4 #ab4 ,,! ,,civiliz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,mona/]ies4 ,no less important ?an ! ,*ur* & its cl]gy 0 ! "w ( ! mona/]ies & _! monks 9 build+ up a basis = a new civilization4 ,^!1 too1 7 f\nd$ all ov] ,europe4 ,to make a map ( we/]n ,europe %[+ ! mona/]ies e/abli%$ by #hjj ,a4,d4 w\ld be to cov] ! map ) a s]ies ( dots4 #ac ,! importance ( _! "w is bett] und]/ood :5 we rememb] t ! ,g]mans _h nev] liv$ 9 cities1 & did n settle 9 !m on ent]+ ! ,empire4 ,! mona/]ies1 too1 7 seldom e/abli%$ 9 t[ns4 ,_! sites 7 9 ! riv] valleys & 9 ! =e/s 7,r4 #fi71 & ! monks became ! pione]s 9 cle>+ ! l& & prep>+ ! way = agriculture & civilization4 ,n infrequ5tly a swamp 0 tak5 & dra9$4 ,! ,middle-,age p]iod 0 ess5tially a p]iod ( settlem5t ( ! l& & ( agricultural developm5t1 & ! monks liv$ on ! l& & among a p j pass+ ?r\gh ! e>lie/ /ages ( settl$ & civiliz$ life4 ,9 a way ! inh]itors ( ! agricultural & h&icraft k ( ! ,romans1 ! monks became ! mo/ skillful artisans & f>m]s to be f\nd1 & f !m ^! arts 9 "t rea*$ ! develop+ peasantry ar\nd !m4 ,_! "w & s]vices h be5 well summ$ up by ! same au?or j quot$1 z foll[s3 ,x 0 ma9ly by ! mona/]ies t to ! peasant class ( ,europe 0 po9t$ out ! way ( civilization4 ,! devotions & *>ities2 ! au/]ities ( ! bre?r52 _! ab/emi\s meal2 _! meag] clo?+1 ! *eape/ ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y liv$2 _! %av5 heads1 or ! c[l :i* %ut out ! sight ( s9ful objects2 ! long /aff 9 _! h&s2 _! nak$ feet & legs2 _! pass+ =? on _! j\rneys by twos1 ea* a wat* on 8 bro!r2 ! prohibitions aga9/ eat+ outside ( ! wall ( ! mona/]y1 :i* _h its own mill1 its own bakeh\se1 & :atev] 0 ne$$ 9 an ab/emi\s dome/ic economy 7,figure #ch72 _! sil5t hospitality to ! wayf>]1 :o 0 refre%$ 9 a sep>ate ap>tm5t2 ! l&s ar\nd _! build+s turn$ f a wild]ness into a g>d51 &1 above all1 labor exalt$ & ennobl$ by _! holy h&s1 & celibacy1 =ev]1 9 ! eye ( ! vulg>1 a pro( ( sep>ation f ! _w & a sacrifice to heav5--^! 7 ! ?+s t arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! b>b>ians ( ,europe1 & l$ !m on to civilization4 #ad ,,! ,,problem ,,fac$ ,,by ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,t ! lamp ( le>n+ burn$ l[ dur+ ?is p]iod ( assimilation is no cause = wond]4 ,recov]y f su* a deluge ( b>b>ism on a weak5$ society is n easy4 ,9 fact ! recov]y 0 a long & sl[ process1 occupy+ ne>ly ! :ole ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! problem :i* fac$ ! ,*ur*1 z ! sole surviv+ =ce capable ( ex]t+ any con/ructive influ5ce1 0 t ( *ang+ ! b>b>ism & an>*y ( ! six? c5tury1 ) its l[ /&>ds ( liv+ & lack ( humane ideals1 into ! intellig5t1 progressive civilization ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & l>gely ! "w ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x 0 n a p]iod ( progress1 b "o ( assimilation1 s t a common we/]n civilization might 9 "t be develop$ out ( ! div]se & ho/ile elem5ts mix$ toge!r by ! rude =ce ( circum/ances4 ,! enfeebl$ ,roman race 0 to be re9vigorat$ by mixture ) ! y\?ful & vigor\s ,g]mans 7,r4 #ej72 to ! in/itutions ( anci5t society 7 to be add$ c]ta9 social & political in/itutions ( ! ,g]manic peoples2 all 7 to be br\ght "u ! rule ( a common ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 & f9ally1 :5 ^! p _h become suffici5tly civiliz$ & educat$ to enable !m to und]/& & appreciate1 ne>ly e a*ievem5t ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 9 ?\ght1 sci5ce1 law1 & ! practical arts 0 to be recov]$ & made a "p ( our we/]n civilization4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h dealt l>gely ) ! great fundam5tal movem5ts :i* h s deeply influ5c$ ! c\rse ( human hi/ory4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* imm$iately foll[ we %all tell h[ le>n+ 0 pres]v$ dur+ ! p]iod & :at facilities = education actually exi/$2 trace ! m important ef=ts made to re/abli% s*ools & le>n+2 & f9ally describe ! culm9ation ( ! process ( absorb+ & educat+ ! ,g]mans 9 ! civilization !y _h conqu]$ t came 9 ! great p]iod ( recov]y ( ! anci5t le>n+ & civilization--! age ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,d ! peculi> problems ( assimilation ( ! =eign-born1 reveal$ to u by ! ,_w ,w>1 put u 9 a some:at simil> position to ,rome "u ! ,empire z relates to ! ne$ ( a guid+ national fai?8 #b4 ,outl9e h[ ,rome might h be5 help$ & /r5g!n$ by a national s*ool sy/em "u /ate control4 #c4 ,outl9e h[ our /ate s*ool sy/ems c\ld be made mu* m effective z national in/rum5ts by ! infusion into _! in/ruction ( a /rong national fai?4 #d4 ,try to picture ! results ^u our civilization _h we/]n ,europe become ,mohamm$an4 #e4 ,! movem5t ( new peoples into ! ,roman ,empire 0 mu* sl[] ?an has be5 ! immigration ( =eign peoples into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s9ce #ahdj4 ,:y ! diff]5ce 9 assimilative p[]8 #f4 ,h[ d y ?9k ! ,roman prov9ces & ,italy1 aft] ! tribes f ! ,nor? _h settl$ d[n )9 ! ,empire1 comp>$ ) ,mexico aft] ! ye>s ( revolution ) peons & brig&s 9 control8 ,) ,russia1 aft] ! de/ruction wr\ght by ! ,bol%evi/s8 #g4 ,expla9 ! importance ( ! long civiliz+ & educat+ "w ( ,rome among ! ,g]man tribes1 9 prep>+ ! means = ! pres]vation ( ,roman in/itutions aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 #h4 ,:at does ! fact t ,roman in/itutions & ,roman ?9k+ cont9u$ & pr(\ndly modifi$ m$iaeval life indicate z to ! nature ( ,roman gov]nm5t & ! ,roman p[] ( assimilation8 #i4 ,?\gh ,rome nev] in/itut$ a /ate s*ool sy/em1 0 !re n aft] all l>ge educational "w done by ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh its intellig5t adm9i/ration8 #aj4 ,%[ h[ ! breakd[n ( ,roman gov]nm5t & ,roman in/itutions 0 naturally m complete 9 ,gaul ?an 9 nor!rn ,italy1 & m complete 9 nor!rn ?an 9 c5tral or s\!rn ,italy1 & h5ce h[ ,roman civilization 0 naturally pres]v$ 9 l>g] measure 9 ! cities ( ,italy ?an else:]e4 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 too1 c\ld n h completely disp5s$ ) ,roman lett]s & ,roman civilization1 _h x desir$ to d s1 b 0 =c$ ( necessity to pres]ve & pass on important portions ( ! civilization ( ,rome4 #ab4 ,:at d y ?9k w\ld h be5 ! effect on ! future ( civilization _h ! b>b>ian tribes ov]run ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,greece dur+ ! ,age ( ,p]icles8 #ac4 ,:at mod]n analogies d we h to ! civiliz+ "w ( ! monks & cl]gy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages8 #ad4 ,picture ! "w ( ! mona/]ies 9 h&+ on to we/]n ,europe ! arts & h&icrafts & skill$ occupations ( ,rome4 ,cite "s examples4 #ae4 ,:at civiliz+ problem1 some:at comp>able to t ( b>b>ian ,europe1 h we fac$ 9 our national hi/ory8 ,:y h we be5 able to obta9 results s mu* m rapidly8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #df4 ,caes>3 ,! ,hunt+ ,g]mans & _! ,fight+ ,ways4 #dg4 ,tacitus3 ,! ,g]mans & _! ,dome/ic ,habits4 #dh4 ,dill3 ,effect on ! ,roman ,_w ( ! ,news ( ! ,sack+ ( ,rome by ,al>ic4 #di4 ,giry & ,reville3 ,fate ( ! ,old ,roman ,t[ns4 #ej4 ,k+sley3 ,! ,invad]s1 & :at !y br\ght4 #ea4 ,g5]al ,=m = a ,grant ( ,immunity to a ,bi%op4 #eb4 ,*>lemagne3 ,p[]s & ,immunities grant$ to ! ,mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,m>cellus4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,/ate ! diff]5ces 9 "* ,caes> obs]ves 7#df7 betwe5 ! ,gauls to ! we/ ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,g]mans to ! ea/4 #b4 ,:at ,g]man *>act]i/ics t ,tacitus describes 7#dg7 w\ld prove good additions to ,roman life8 #c4 ,d ! emotions ( ,sa9t ,j]ome on he>+ ( ! sack+ ( ,rome 7#dh7 reveal any?+ z to ! ext5t to :i* ! ,roman _h become a ,*ur*man & ! ,*ur*man a ,roman8 ,illu/rate4 #d4 ,is x probable t a qu>t]-c5tury ( ,bol%eviki rule 9 ,russia w\ld produce results comp>able to ^? describ$ by ,giry & ,rville 7#di78 #e4 ,is ,k+sley "r 9 /at+ 7#ej7 t ! be/ elem5ts ( all ! mod]n ,european peoples came f ! b>b>ian invad]s8 ,/ate :at seem to y to be ! important contributions ( b>b>ian invad]1 ,roman1 & ,*ur*man4 #f4 ,d ! grants ( privileges & immunities %[n 9 ! g5]al =m 7#ea7;& ! specific =m 7#eb7 seem to foll[ naturally f ! e>li] grants to physicians & tea*]s 7#bf7 & to ! cl]gy 7#ch78 ,po9t out ! relation%ip4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,*ur*1 ,r4 ,w4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,k+sley1 ,*as4 ,! ,roman & ,teuton4 99 ,?orndike1 ,lynn4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages #a ,i4 ,,condition ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,l[ ,,intellectual ,,level4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! lamp ( le>n+ burn$ l[ ?r\gh\t ! mo/ ( we/]n ,europe dur+ ! p]iod ( assimilation & p>tial civilization ( ! b>b>ian tribes4 ,! we/]n portion ( ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 ov]run1 & rude ,g]manic *iefta9s 7 e/abli%+1 by ! law ( might1 new k+doms on ! ru9s ( ! old4 ,! ,g]manic tribes _h no intellectual life ( _! own to contribute1 & no intellectual ta/es to be m9i/]$ unto4 ,) ! de/ruction ( cities & t[ns & c\ntry villas1 ) _! arti/ic & lit]>y collections1 mu* t repres5t$ ! old culture 0 oblit]at$1 #b & books became m & m sc>ce4 #c ,! de/ruction 0 gradual1 b by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ! loss _h become great4 ,! ,roman s*ools also gradually di$ out z ! ne$ = an education :i* prep>$ = gov]nm5t & gave a k ( ,roman law pass$ away1 & ! type ( education approv$ by ! ,*ur* 0 left 9 complete control ( ! field4 ,z ! security & leisure ne$$ = /udy disappe>$1 & z ! only use = le>n+ 0 n[ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 education became limit$ to ! n>r[ l9es :i* (f]$ su* prep>ation & to ! few :o ne$$ x4 ,amid ! ru9s ( ! anci5t civilization ! ,*ur* /ood z ! only cons]vative & reg5]ative =ce1 & naturally :at le>n+ rema9$ pass$ into its h&s & "u its control4 ,! result ( all ^! influ5ces & happ5+s 0 t by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ,*ri/ian ,europe _h rea*$ a v l[ intellectual level1 & dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies conditions grew worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,only 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 z w be po9t$ out a little lat]1 & 9 a few ,italian cities1 0 !re any?+ ( consequ5ce ( ! old ,roman le>n+ pres]v$4 ,on ! ,cont95t !re 0 little g5]al le>n+1 ev5 among ! cl]gy 7,r4 #fd a74 ,_m ( ! prie/s 7 woefully ignorant1 #d & ! ,lat9 writ+s ( ! "t conta9 _m inaccuracies & corruptions :i* reveal ! l[ /&>d ( le>n+ ev5 among ! bett] educat$ ( ! cl]ical class4 ,! ,*ur* itself 0 s]i\sly affect$ by ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! p]iod1 & incorporat$ into its sy/em ( gov]nm5t & wor%ip _m b>b>\s cu/oms & practices ( :i* x 0 a long "t 9 ridd+ itself4 ,s great _h become ! ignorance & sup]/ition ( ! "t1 among prie/s1 monks1 & ! p2 s mu* _h religion tak5 on ! wor%ip ( sa9ts & relics & %r9es2 & s mu* _h ! ,*ur* develop$ ! s5su\s & symbolic1 t religion _h 9 reality become a crude poly!ism in/ead ( ! simple mono!i/ic fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,along sci5tific l9es especially ! loss 0 v great4 ,sci5tific ideas z to natural ph5om5a disappe>$1 & crude & *ildi% ideas z to natural =ces came to prevail4 ,z if b>b>ian *iefs & robb] b&s 7 n en\gh1 popul> imag9ation peopl$ ! _w ) demons1 gobl9s1 & dragons1 & all sorts ( sup]/itions & sup]natural happ5+s 7 record$4 ,int]communication l>gely ceas$2 trade & comm]ce di$ out2 ! accumulat$ weal? ( ! pa/ 0 de/roy$2 & ! old k ( ! kn[n _w became badly di/ort$1 z is evid5c$ by ! _m crude m$iaeval maps4 7,see ,figure #df47 ,! only s*ol>%ip ( ! "t1 if su* x might be call$1 0 ! little ne$$ by ! ,*ur* to provide = & ma9ta9 its gov]nm5t & wor%ip4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ t we to-day mean by civilization 9 t age 0 f\nd )9 ! protect+ walls ( mona/]y or *ur*1 & ^! in/itutions 7 at fir/ too busy build+ up ! f\ndations ^u :i* a future culture might re/ to sp5d mu* "t 9 pres]v+ le>n+1 mu* less 9 advanc+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,a ,,typical ,,mona/]y ( ,,s\!rn ,,europe ,,! ,,mona/]ies ,,develop ,,s*ools4 ,9 ?is age ( p]petual lawlessness & disord] ! "o opportunity = a life ( repose & s*ol>ly contemplation lay 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,"h ! rule ( might & =ce 0 abs5t 7,r4 #eb71 & ! timid1 ! dev\t1 & ! /udi\sly incl9$ "h f\nd a refuge f ! turbul5ce & brutality ( a rude civilization4 ,! e>ly mona/]ies1 & especially ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,victor1 at ,m>seilles1 f\nd$ by ,cassian 9 #djd1 _h repres5t$ a culm9ation ( ! we/]n feel+ ( antagonism to all anci5t le>n+1 b ) ! f\nd+ ( ,monte ,cass9o by ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 9 #ebi ,a4,d41 & ! promulgation ( ! ,b5$ict9e rule 7,r4 #dc71 a m lib]al attitude 0 %[n4 #e ,?is rule 0 adopt$ g5]ally by ! mona/]ies ?r\gh\t :at is n[ ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 & ! ,b5$ict9e became ! type = ! monks ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,to ?is ord] we are l>gely indebt$ = ! copy+ ( books & ! pres]vation ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,! #dh? rule ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 x w be rememb]$ 7,r4 #dc71 _h impos$ read+ & /udy z a "p ( ! daily duty ( e monk1 b _h said no?+ ab\t s*ools4 ,subsequ5t regulations issu$ by sup]iors _h aim$ at ! bett] en=cem5t ( ?is rule 7,r4 #dd71 t ! monks might lead dev\t lives & "k ! ,bible & ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,impos$ at fir/ z a matt] ( education & discipl9e = ! monks1 ?is rule ultimately l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & ! developm5t ( a sy/em ( mona/ic in/ruction4 ,z y\?s 7 receiv$ at an e>ly age #f into ! mona/]ies to prep>e = a mona/ic life1 x 0 necess>y t !y be taught to read if !y 7 lat] to use ! sacr$ books4 ,?is l$ to ! duty ( in/ruct+ novices1 :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( mona/ic in/ruction = ^? )9 ! walls4 ,z books 7 sc>ce & at ! same "t necess>y1 & ! only way to get new ones 0 to copy f old ones1 ! mona/]ies 7 soon l$ to take up ! "w once c>ri$ on by ! publi%+ h\ses ( anci5t ,rome1 & 9 mu* ! same way4 ,?is made writ+ necess>y1 & ! novices _h to be in/ruct$ c>efully 9 ?is1 z well z 9 read+4 #g ,! *ants & music ( ! ,*ur* call$ = in/ruction ( ! novices 9 music1 & ! celebration ( ,ea/] & ! fa/ & fe/ival days ( ! ,*ur* call$ = "s rudim5t>y in/ruction 9 numb]s & calculation4 ,out ( ^! ne$s rose ! mona/]y s*ool1 ! copy+ ( manuscripts1 & ! pres]vation ( books4 ,due to _! great] security & quiet ! mona/]ies became ! lead+ tea*+ in/itutions ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ,middle-,age p]iod1 & ^? :o wi%$ _! *ildr5 tra9$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* gave !m to ! mona/]ies 7,r4 #ec a74 ,! developm5t ( ! mona/ic s*ools 0 l>gely volunt>y1 ?\gh f an e>ly date bi%ops & rul]s began urg+ ! mona/]ies to op5 s*ools = boys 9 connection ) _! h\ses1 & s*ools became 9 "t a regul> feature ( ! mona/ic organization4 ,f s*ools only = ^? int5d+ to take ! v[s 7oblati71 ! in/ruction 0 gradually op5$1 aft] ! n9? c5tury1 to o!rs 7ext]ni7 n int5d+ to take ! v[s1 & :at came to be kn[n z out] mona/ic s*ools 7 9 "t develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,a ,,m$iaeval ,,mona/]y 7,f an engrav+ by ,viollet-le-,duc1 dat$ #agah1 ( ! ,ci/]cian ,abbey ( ,cteaux1 9 ,france7 ,?is mona/]y 0 f\nd$ 9 ! =e/s ( :at is n[ nor!a/]n ,france1 9 #aaih ,a4,d41 & 0 ! fir/ ( a re=m$ ,b5$ict9e ord]1 kn[n z ,ci/]cians4 ,= an explanation ( ! mona/]y1 see ! opposite page4 7,note3 explanation foll[s47 ,explanation ( ! ,mona/]y opposite3 ,! cross1 by ! roadside1 indicates ! entrance gate4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! or*>ds & fields1 ! travel] rea*$ ! out] gate-h\se4 ,at ! almonry 7,c7 food & dr9k 7 giv5 out2 on ! second floor rooms = ! night c\ld be _h2 9 ! little *apel 7,d7 pray]s c\ld be said2 & 9 ! /able 7,f7 ! travel]'s horse c\ld be c>$ = = ! night4 ,an inn] gate ?r\gh 7,e7 op5$ into an inn] c\rt1 ar\nd :i* 7 ! b>ns1 *ick5- y>ds1 c[-%$s1 etc4 ,! ,abbot liv$ at ,h4 ,g 0 a dormitory = ! lay bro!rs :o did ! heavy "w ( ! mona/]y1 & :o ent]$ ! *ur* 7,n7 at ! re> ?r\gh a special doorway 7,s74 ,all ( ^! build+s 7 consid]$ z outside ! mona/]y prop]4 ,inside 7 ! great *ur* 7,n71 ) ! libr>y 7,p7 9 ! re>4 ,sev5 scriptoria are %[n on ! side ( ! libr>y build+4 ,m 0 ! l>ge dormitory = ! monks1 & ,r ! infirm>y = old & sick bro!rs4 ,i 0 ! kit*51 ,k 0 ! d9+-hall 7refectory71 & ,l ! /airs to ! upp] dormitory rooms4 ,c & ,e are two cloi/]s ) corridors on ! f\r sides1 some:at simil> to ! cloi/]s %[n = ! mona/]y on ,plate ,i4 ,! copy+ ( books (t5 took place 9 ^! cloi/]s1 ?\gh a scriptorium 0 usually f\nd "u ! libr>y1 ! libr>y prop]1 z 9 ,plate #b1 be+ on ! second floor 7,p7 & rea*$ by a w9d+ /air4 ,a wall surr\nd$ ! mona/]y gr\nds1 & a /ream ( runn+ wat] pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! mona/]ies became ! pres]v]s ( le>n+4 ,ano!r ne$ develop$ ! copy+ ( pagan books1 & incid5tally ! pres]vation ( "s ( ! be/ ( ,roman lit]ature4 ,! language ( ! ,*ur* v naturally 0 ,lat91 z x 0 a direct desc5dant ( ,roman life1 gov]nm5tal organization1 citiz5%ip1 & education4 ,! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* _h all be5 9 ,lat91 & 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,bible _h be5 translat$ f ! ,greek into ! ,lat94 ,?is edition1 kn[n z ! ,vulgate #h ,bible1 became ! /&>d = we/]n ,europe = t5 c5turies to come4 ,! ,g]man tribes :i* _h invad$ ! ,empire _h no writt5 languages ( _! own1 & _! spok5 dialects diff]$ mu* f ! ,lat9 spee* ( ^? :om !y _h conqu]$4 ,lat9 0 ?us ! language ( all ^? ( education1 & naturally cont9u$ z ! language ( ! ,*ur* & ! mona/]y = bo? spee* & writ+4 ,all books 71 ( c\rse1 writt5 9 ,lat94 ,"u ! rude influ5ces & ! g5]al ignorance ( ! p]iod1 ?\gh1 ! language 0 easily & rapidly corrupt$1 & x became necess>y = ! mona/]ies & ! *ur*es to h good models ( ,lat9 prose & v]se to ref] to4 ,^! 7 be/ f\nd 9 ! old ,lat9 lit]>y au?ors--p>ticul>ly ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 & ,v]gil4 ,to h ^!1 due to ! great de/ruction ( old books :i* _h tak5 place dur+ ! int]v5+ c5turies1 x 0 necess>y to copy ^! au?ors1 #i z well z ! ,psalt]1 ! ,missal1 #aj ! sacr$ books1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7,rs4 #ee1 #ef74 ,x ?us happ5$ t ! mona/]ies un9t5tionally began to pres]ve & use ! anci5t ,roman books1 & f us+ !m at fir/ z models = /yle1 an int]e/ 9 _! cont5ts 0 lat] awak5$4 ,:ile _m ( ! mona/]ies rema9$ z f>m+1 *>itable1 & ascetic in/itutions almo/ exclusively1 & 7 nev] not$ = _! educational "w1 a small b increas+ numb] gradually accumulat$ libr>ies & became celebrat$ = _! lit]>y activity & = ! "* ( _! in/ruction4 ,! mona/]ies ?us 9 "t became ! /oreh\ses ( le>n+1 ! publi%+ h\ses ( ! ,middle ,ages 7,rs4 #ed1 #ee1 #ef71 tea*+ in/itutions ( fir/ importance1 & c5t]s ( lit]>y activity & religi\s ?\ght1 z well z c5t]s = agricultural developm5t1 "w 9 ! arts & crafts1 & ,*ri/ian hospitality4 ,_m develop$ into l>ge & important in/itutions 7,r4 #fi74 ,,! ,,copy+ ,,( ,,manuscripts4 #aa ,! "w ( ! m important mona/]ies & ! mona/ic *ur*es 9 copy+ books 0 a s]vice to le>n+ ( l>ge future significance4 ,:ile _m ( ! books copi$ 7 = ! promotion ( ! religi\s s]vice1 su* z ,missals & ,psalt]s 7,r4 #ee71 & _m o!rs 7 tales ( sa9ts & we>isome comm5ts on ! sacr$ writ+s1 a few 7 old classical texts repres5t+ ! be/ ( ,roman lit]>y "w4 ,a few mona/ic *ronicles & hi/ories ( importance 7 compos$ by ! bro!rs1 & also pres]v$ = u by ! copy+ process4 ,! production ( a s+le book 0 a task ( l>ge proportions1 & expla9s 9 "p ! small numb] ( volumes ! mona/]ies accumulat$4 ,aft] ! raids ( ! ,mohamm$ans across ,egypt1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! supply ( ,egyptian papyrus /opp$ because ( ! int]ruption ( communications1 & ! only writ+ mat]ial dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 ! sk9 ( %eep or goats or calves4 ,%eepsk9s 7 *iefly us$1 & a book ( size might require a hundr$ or m sk9s4 ,^! 7 fir/ soak$ 9 limewat] to loos5 ! hair1 !n scrap$ clean ( hair & fle%1 & !n c>efully /ret*$ on bo>d frames to dry4 ,aft] !y _h dri$ !y 7 aga9 scrap$ ) %>p knives to secure an ev5 ?ickness1 & !n rubb$ smoo? ) pumice & *alk4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! clean1 %9+1 cream-color$ sk9 0 kn[n z vellum1 #ab or p>*m5t4 ,?is 0 next cut into pages ( ! desir$ size & arrang$ ready = writ+4 ,! l>g] pieces 7 us$ = l>ge books1 su* z are %[n 9 ,plate #b1 & ! remnants to produce small books4 ,! inks1 too1 _h to be prep>$1 & ! pages rul$4 ,! ma9 writ+ 0 done ) black1 b ! page 0 frequ5tly bord]$ ) r$1 gold1 or "s o!r bright color1 :ile _m beautiful illu/rations 7 ins]t$ by arti/ic monks4 ,sometimes an initial lett] 0 beautifully embelli%$1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #ci2 sometimes illu/rations 7 introduc$ 9 ! body ( ! page1 ( :i* ,figures #ci & #dj are types2 & sometimes a color$ illu/ration 0 pa9t$ on a %eet ( vellum & ins]t$ 9 ! book4 ,figure #dd repres5ts su* an illu/rat$ page 9 an old manuscript4 ,f9ally1 :5 complet$1 ! lett]$ & illu/rat$ p>*m5t %eets 7 arrang$ 9 ord]1 sew$ toge!r ) a de]sk9 or pigsk9 /r+1 b\nd toge!r betwe5 oak5 bo>ds & cov]$ ) pigsk91 prop]ly lett]$ 9 gold1 fitt$ ) metal corn]s & clasps 7,r4 #eg71 z %[n 9 ,plate #b1 & (t5 *a9$ to _! bookrack 9 ! libr>y ) heavy iron *a9s z well4 7,see ,figure #ga & ,plate #b47 ,/ill fur!r to protect ! volume f !ft1 an ana!ma aga9/ ! ?ief 0 usually lett]$ 9 ! volume 7,r4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,initial ,,lett] ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,manuscript ,?is %[s ! beautiful "w done by "s ( ! nuns & monks 9 illum9at+ ! books !y copi$4 ,?is 0 done 9 colors by a nun1 :o pictur$ h] own "w 9 ?is initial lett] ,l4 ,su* 0 ! pa9fully sl[ me?od ( produc+ & multiply+ books be=e ! adv5t ( pr9t+1 & 9 days :5 skill 9 copy+ manuscripts 0 n p>ticul>ly common1 ev5 among ! monks4 ,x requir$ f a few mon?s to a ye> or m to produce a few copies1 dep5d+ on ! size & nature ( ! "w1 :]eas to-day1 ) pr9t+-presses1 five ?\s& copies ( su* a book z ?is c be pr9t$ & b\nd 9 a few days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,a ,,monk ,,9 ,a ,,scriptorium 7,f an illum9at$ picture 9 a manuscript 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels7 ,?is picture %[s ! beautiful "w done 9 illum9at+ manuscript books by m$iaeval writ]s4 ,ea* copy 0 a "w ( art4 ,?is repres5ts a bett] type ( scriptorium ?an is usually %[n4 ,,! ,,scriptorium4 ,an important "p ( ! mat]ial equipm5t ( _m mona/]ies1 9 consequ5ce1 came to be a scriptorium1 or writ+-room1 :]e ! copy+ ( manuscripts c\ld take place undi/urb$4 ,9 "s mona/]ies "o g5]al room 0 provid$1 ?\gh x 0 cu/om>y to h a numb] ( small rooms at ! side ( ! libr>y4 ,9 ! mona/]y %[n 9 ,figure #ch1 sev5 small rooms = ?is purpose are %[n built out on "o side ( ! libr>y4 ,sometimes individual cells along a corridor 7 provid$4 ,! advantage ( ! s+le room 9 :i* a numb] ( monks work$ came :5 an edition ( eight or t5 copies ( a book 0 to be prep>$4 ,"o monk c\ld !n dictate1 :ile eight or t5 o!rs c>efully pr9t$ on ! sk9s be=e !m :at 0 dictat$ by ! read]4 #ac ,figure #dj %[s a monk at "w1 ?\gh "h he is copy+ f a book be=e him4 ,aft] an edition ( eight or t5 copies ( a book _h be5 prep>$ & b\nd ! extra copies 7 s5t to neighbor+ & sometimes di/ant mona/]ies1 sometimes 9 ex*ange = o!r books1 & sometimes z gifts to bro!rs :o _h long$ to read ! "w 7,r4 #ee74 ,new mona/]ies 7 provid$ ) ! beg9n+s ( a libr>y 9 ?is way1 & *ur*es 7 suppli$ ) ,missals1 ,psalt]s1 & o!r books ne$$ = _! s]vices4 ,! writ+-room1 or rooms1 came to be a v important place 9 ^? mona/]ies not$ = _! lit]>y activity4 ,we/ gives an int]e/+ description ( ! scriptorium at ,t\rs1 :]e ! le>n$ ,engli% monk1 ,alcu91 0 ,abbot f #gif to #hjd1 & :i* at ! "t 0 ! pr9cipal book-writ+ mona/]y 9 ,frankl&4 ,describ+ ,alcu9's labors to secure books to s5d to o!r mona/]ies 9 ,*>lemagne's k+dom1 he says3 ,we c almo/ recon/ruct ! sc5e4 ,9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! h\rs ( pray] & ! obs]vance ( ! r\nd ( cloi/] life1 come h\rs = ! copy+ ( books "u ! presid+ g5ius ( ,alcu94 ,! "y monks file into ! scriptorium1 & "o ( !m is giv5 ! preci\s p>*m5t volume conta9+ a "w ( ,b$e or ,isidore or ,augu/9e1 or else "s portion ( ! ,lat9 ,scriptures1 or ev5 a hea!n au?or4 ,he reads sl[ly & cle>ly at a measur$ rate :ile all ! o!rs seat$ at _! desks take d[n 8 words1 & ?us p]haps a score ( copies are made at once4 ,alcu9's obs]vant eye wat*es ea* 9 turn1 & 8 correct+ h& po9ts out ! mi/akes 9 or?ography & punctuation4 ,! ma/] ( ,*>les ! ,great1 9 t true humility t is ! *>m ( 8 :ole behavior1 makes himself ! writ+-ma/] ( 8 monks1 /oop+ to ! drudg]y ( fai?fully & g5tly correct+ _! _m pu]ile mi/akes1 & all = ! love ( /udies & ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,"u su* guidance1 & deeply impress$ by ! fact t 9 ! copy+ ( a few books !y 7 sav+ le>n+ & k f p]i%+1 & !reby (f]+ a s]vice mo/ acceptable to ,god1 ! copy+ 9 ! scriptorium w5t on 9 sobriety f day to day4 ,?us 7 produc$ ^? improv$ copies ( books :i* m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new age 9 ! cons]v+ & transmission ( le>n+4 ,alcu9's anxiety 9 ?is reg>d 0 n undue1 = ! few mona/]ies :]e books c\ld be accurately transcrib$ 7 z necess>y = publication 9 t "t z are ! great publi%+ h\ses to-day4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,*>lemagne',s ,,empire1 ,,& ,,! ,,important ,,mona/]ies ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,*>lemagne's empire at 8 dea? is %ad$ d>k] ?an o!r p>ts ( ! map4 ,,mona/ic ,,collection4 ,despite ! important "w done by a few ( ! mona/]ies 9 pres]v+ & advanc+ le>n+1 l>ge collections ( books 7 unkn[n be=e ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! process ( book production 9 itself 0 v sl[1 & _m ( ! volumes produc$ 7 lat] lo/ ?r\gh fire1 or pillage by new invad]s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( wood con/ruction a numb] ( mona/ic & *ur* libr>ies 7 burn$ by accid5t4 ,9 ! pillag+ ( ! ,danes & ,nor?m5 on ! coa/s ( ,engl& & nor!rn ,france1 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 a numb] ( important mona/ic collections !re 7 lo/4 ,9 ,italy ! ,lomb>ds de/roy$ "s collections 9 _! six?-c5tury invasion1 & ! ,s>ac5s burn$ "s 9 s\!rn ,italy 9 ! n9?4 ,monte ,cass9o1 among o!r mona/]ies1 0 de/roy$ by bo? ! ,lomb>ds & ! ,s>ac5s4 ,f a numb] ( extant catalogues ( old mona/ic libr>ies we "k t1 ev5 z late z ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 a libr>y ( f two to ?ree hundr$ volumes 0 l>ge4 #ae ,! catalogues %[ t mo/ ( ^! 7 books ( a religi\s nature1 be+ mona/ic *ronicles1 manuals ( devotion1 comm5ts on ! ,scriptures1 lives ( miracle-work+ sa9ts1 & books ( a simil> nature 7,rs4 #ee1 #ef74 ,a few 7 comm5t>ies on ! anci5t le>n+1 or m$iaeval textbooks on ! great subjects ( /udy ( ! "t 7,r4 #fj74 ,a /ill small] numb] 7 copies ( old classical lit]>y works1 & ( ! utmo/ value 7,r4 #eg74 ,,! ,,conv5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,s*ools4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! ,middle ,ages also witness$ a rem>kable developm5t ( conv5ts = wom51 ^! receiv+ a special developm5t 9 ,g]manic l&s4 ,fill$ ) ! same aggressive _s z ! m51 b s(t5$ some:at by ,*ri/ianity1 _m wom5 ( high /ation among ! ,g]man tribes f\nd$ conv5ts & develop$ in/itutions ( mu* r5[n4 ,?is provid$ a r sup]ior class ( wom5 z organiz]s & directors1 & a conv5tual life cont9u$1 ?r\gh\t ! entire ,middle ,ages1 to attract an excell5t class ( wom54 ,?is w be und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t a conv5tual life (f]$ to wom5 ( intellectual ability & s*ol>ly ta/es ! "o opportunity = an education & a life ( le>n+4 ,! conv5ts1 too1 7 mu* e>li] & mu* m ext5sively op5$ = in/ruction to ^? n int5d+ to take ! v[s ?an 0 ! case ) ! mona/]ies1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 x became a common practice ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 j z x is to-day among ,ca?olic families1 to s5d girls to ! conv5t = education & = tra9+ 9 mann]s & religion4 ,_m well-tra9$ wom5 7 produc$ 9 ! conv5ts ( ,europe 9 ! p]iod f ! six? to ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! in/ruction consi/$ ( read+1 writ+1 & copy+ ,lat91 z 9 ! mona/]ies1 z well z music1 weav+ & sp9n+1 & ne$lework4 ,weav+ & sp9n+ _h an obvi\s utilit>ian purpose1 & ne$lework1 9 addition to necess>y sew+1 0 especially useful 9 ! production ( alt>-clo?s & sacr$ ve/m5ts4 ,! copy+ & illum9at+ ( manuscripts1 music1 & embroid]+ made a special appeal to wom5 7,r4 #ef71 & "s ( ! mo/ beautifully copi$ & illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! m$iaeval p]iod are products ( _! skill4 #af ,_! contribution to music & art1 z x influ5c$ ! life ( ! "t1 0 also l>ge4 ,! conv5t s*ools rea*$ _! highe/ developm5t ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 aft] :i* !y began to decl9e 9 importance1 ,,le>n+ ,,9 ,,irel& ,,& ,,brita94 ,z 0 /at$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt]1 ! "o "p ( we/]n ,europe :]e some?+ ( ! old le>n+ 0 reta9$ dur+ ?is p]iod 0 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ^? p>ts ( ,engl& :i* _h n be5 ov]run by ! ,g]manic tribes4 ,*ri/ian civilization & mona/ic life _h be5 introduc$ into ,irel& probably z e>ly z #dbe ,a4,d41 & probably by mona/ic mission>ies f ,l]9s & ,sa9t ,victor 7see ,figure #da74 ,sa9t ,patrick prea*$ ,*ri/ianity to ! ,iri%1 ab\t #ddj ,a4,d41 & dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 f\nd$ 9 su* numb]s ov] ,irel& t ! l& has be5 said to h be5 dott$ all ov] ) *ur*es1 mona/]ies1 & s*ools4 ,sa9t ,patrick _h be5 educat$ 9 ! old ,roman s*ools1 probably at ,t\rs :5 x 0 /ill an important ,roman prov9cial city4 ,o!r e>ly mission>ies _h _h simil> tra9+1 & ^!1 n %>+ ! antipa?y to pagan le>n+ ( ! e>ly ,italian *ur* fa!rs1 _h c>ri$ ,greek & ,lat9 languages & le>n+ to ,irel&4 ,"h x fl\ri%$ s well1 l>gely due to ! isl& be+ sp>$ f invasion1 t ,irel& rema9$ a c5t] = in/ruction 9 ,greek long aft] x _h virtually disappe>$ else:]e 9 we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case1 says ,s&ys1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 t if any "o knew ,greek x 0 assum$ t he mu/ h come f ,irel&4 ,9 #efe ,a4,d41 ,sa9t ,columba1 an em95t ,iri% s*ol> & religi\s lead]1 cross$ ov] to :at is n[ s\?we/]n ,scotl&1 f\nd$ !re ! mona/]y ( ,iona1 & began ! conv]sion ( ! ,picts4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e l&$ 9 ,k5t 9 #eig1 & _h begun ! conv]sion ( ! ,angles & ,saxons & ,jutes :o _h settl$ 9 s\!a/]n ,brita91 :ile %ortly aft]w>ds ! ,iri% monks f ,iona began ! conv]sion ( ! p ( ! nor? ( ,brita94 ,! mona/]y ( ,l9disf>ne 0 f\nd$ ab\t #fce ,a4,d41 & soon became an important c5t] ( religi\s & classical le>n+ 9 ! nor?4 ,iri% & ,engli% monks also cross$ 9 numb]s to nor!rn ,frankl&1 & labor$ = ! conv]sion ( ! ,franks & ,saxons4 ,9 #ffd ,a4,d41 at a c\ncil held at ,:itby1 ! ,iri% ,*ur* 9 ,engl& & ! ,roman ,*ur* 7 unit$1 & a great en?usiasm = religion & le>n+ swept ov] ! isl&4 ,9 #fgj1 ,!odore ( ,t>sus & ! ,abbot ,hadrian1 :om ,b$e1 ! s*ol> & hi/orian ( ! e>ly ,engli% ,*ur*1 describes z m5 in/ruct$ 9 secul> & div9e lit]ature bo? ,greek & ,lat9 7,r4 #ei a71 arriv$ 9 ,engl& f s\!rn ,italy & began _! "w ( in/ruct+ pupils 9 ,greek & ,lat9 7,r4 #ei b74 ,bo? taught at ,cant]bury1 & rais$ ! ca!dral s*ool !re to high rank4 ,9 #fgd ! mona/]y at ,we>m\? 0 f\nd$1 & 9 #fhb its companion ,y>r[4 ,^! 7 end[$ ) books f ,rome & ,vi5ne1 & soon became fam\s = ! in/ruction !y provid$4 ,x 0 at ! tw9 mona/]ies ( ,we>m\? & ,y>r[ t ! ,v5]able ,b$e 7#fgc-gce71 ^: ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,engl& gives u our *ief picture ( education 9 ,brita9 9 8 "t1 0 educat$ & rema9$ z a lifelong /ud5t4 #ag ,z a result ( all ^! ef=ts a numb] ( nor!rn mona/]ies1 z well z a few ( ! ca!dral s*ools1 e>ly became fam\s = _! libr>ies1 s*ol>s1 & le>n+4 ,?is culture 9 ,irel& & ,brita9 0 ( a mu* high] /&>d ?an t obta9+ on ! ,cont95t at ! "t1 because ! classical inh]itance !re _h be5 less corrupt$4 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,s*ool ,,at ,,york4 ,"o ( ! s*ools :i* e>ly atta9$ fame 0 ! ca!dral s*ool at ,york1 9 nor!rn ,engl&4 ,?is _h1 by ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 come to possess = ! "t a l>ge libr>y1 & conta9$ mo/ ( ! important ,lat9 au?ors & textbooks !n kn[n 7,r4 #fa74 ,9 ?is s*ool1 "u ! s*ola/icus ,aelb]t1 0 tra9$ a y\? by ! "n ( ,alcu91 born 9 or ne> ,york1 ab\t #gce ,a4,d4 ,9 a poem describ+ ! s*ool 7,r4 #fj71 he gives a good portrayal ( ! in/ruction he receiv$1 tell+ h[ ! le>n$ ,aelb]t moi/5$ ?ir/y he>ts ) div]se /reams ( tea*+ & ! v>i$ dews ( le>n+1 & sort$ out y\?s ( conspicu\s intellig5ce to :om he gave special att5tion4 ,alcu9 aft]w>d succe$$ ,aelb]t z s*ola/icus1 & 0 widely kn[n z a gift$ tea*]4 ,well aw>e ( ! prec>i\s condition ( le>n+ amid su* a rude & unc\? society1 he h&$ on to 8 pupils ! le>n+ he _h receiv$1 & imbu$ !m ) some?+ ( 8 own love = x & 8 anxiety = its pres]vation & advancem5t4 ,x 0 ?is ,alcu9 :o 0 soon to give a new impetus to ! developm5t ( s*ools & ! pres]vation ( le>n+ 9 ,frankl&4 ,,*>lemagne ,,& ,,alcu94 ,9 #gfh !re came to ! ?rone z k+ ( ! great ,franki% nation "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & capable rul]s ( all "t--a man :o w\ld h be5 a comm&+ p]sonality 9 any age or l&4 ,8 ance/ors _h develop$ a great k+dom1 & x 0 8 gr&fa!r :o _h defeat$ ! ,s>ac5s at ,t\rs 7p4 #aac7 & driv5 !m back ov] ! ,pyr5ees into ,spa94 ,?is man ,*>lemagne easily /&s out z "o ( ! greate/ figures ( all hi/ory4 ,= five hundr$ ye>s be=e & aft] him !re is no rul] :o mat*$ him 9 insight1 =ce1 or executive capacity4 ,he is p>ticul>ly ! dom9at+ figure ( m$iaeval times4 ,born 9 an age ( lawlessness & disord]1 he us$ e ef=t to civilize & rule z intellig5tly z possible ! great ,franki% k+dom4 ,w>s he wag$ to civilize & ,*ri/ianize ! ,saxon tribes ( nor!rn ,g]many1 to r$uce ! ,lomb>ds ( nor!rn ,italy to ord]1 & to ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,franki% nation4 ,at 8 dea?1 9 #had1 8 k+dom _h succe$$ to mo/ ( ! we/]n possessions ( ! old ,roman ,empire1 includ+ all ( :at to-day comprises ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ,switz]l&1 l>ge portions ( :at is n[ we/]n ,g]many & nor!rn ,italy1 & portions ( nor!rn ,spa94 7,see ,figure #da47 ,realiz+ bett] ?an did 8 bi%ops & abbots ! ne$ = educational facilities = ! nobles & cl]gy1 he e>ly turn$ 8 att5tion to secur+ tea*]s capable ( giv+ ! ne$$ in/ruction4 ,^!1 ?\gh1 7 sc>ce & h>d to obta94 ,aft] two unsuccessful ef=ts to obta9 a ma/] s*ol> to become1 z x 71 8 m9i/] ( education1 he f9ally succe$$ 9 draw+ to 8 c\rt p]haps ! greate/ s*ol> & tea*] 9 all ,engl&4 ,at ,p>ma1 9 nor!rn ,italy1 ,*>lemagne met ,alcu91 9 #gha1 & invit$ him to leave ,york = ,frankl&4 ,aft] obta9+ ! cons5t ( 8 ar*bi%op & k+1 ,alcu9 accept$1 & arriv$1 ) ?ree assi/ants1 at ,*>lemagne's c\rt1 9 #ghb1 to take up ! "w ( educational propag&a 9 ,frankl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,! ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,a ,,mona/]y1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce1 ,,italy4 ,?is mona/]y1 locat$ on a high hill & resembl+ a m$iaeval =tress z "o approa*es x1 0 f\nd$ 9 #acda by a ,flor5t9e m]*ant4 ,! picture %[s ! cloi/]s & int]ior c\rt4 ,eighte5 cells1 two *ur*es1 & o!r rooms are ent]$ f ! cloi/]s4 ,a few monks 7 /ill 9 resid5ce !re late z #aije1 "o ( :om is se51 b ! mona/]y 0 !n 9 ! process ( be+ clos$ by ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,sa9t ,,wallb]g1 ,,at ,,zutph51 ,,holl& ,pond]\s ,folios = ,s*ola/ics made ,?is %[s ! l>ge oak-b\nd & *a9$ books z well z a common type ( bookrack us$ 9 *ur*es & mona/]ies dur+ ! e>li] p]iod4 ,! plight 9 :i* he f\nd le>n+ 0 mo/ deplorable1 pres5t+ a m>k$ contra/ to conditions 9 ,engl&4 ,le>n+ _h be5 almo/ oblit]at$ dur+ ! two c5turies ( wild disord] f #fjj on4 ,f #fjj to #hej has (t5 be5 call$ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & ,alcu9 arriv$ :5 ,frankl& 0 at its wor/4 ,! mona/ic & ca!dral s*ools :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ e>li] _h 9 l>ge "p be5 brok5 up1 & ! mona/]ies _h become places = ! p5sion+ ( royal favorites & h5ce _h lo/ _! e>li] religi\s zeal & effectiv5ess4 ,! abbots & bi%ops possess$ b little le>n+1 & ! l[] cl]gy1 recruit$ l>gely f bondm51 7 grossly ignorant1 greatly to ! injury ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! copy+ ( books _h almo/ ceas$1 & le>n+ 0 sl[ly dy+ out4 ,,! ,,palace ,,s*ool4 ,!re _h = "s "t be5 a =m ( s*ool connect$ ) ! royal c\rt1 kn[n z ! palace s*ool1 ?\gh ! /udy ( lett]s _h play$ b a small "p 9 x4 ,to ! reorganization ( ?is s*ool ,alcu9 fir/ address$ himself1 introduc+ into x elem5t>y in/ruction 9 t le>n+ ( :i* he 0 s fond4 ,! s*ool includ$ ! pr9ces & pr9cesses ( ! royal h\sehold1 relatives1 atta*s1 c\rti]s1 &1 n lea/ 9 importance z pupils1 ! k+ & que54 ,to meet ! ne$s ( su* a het]og5e\s circle 0 no easy task4 ,! in/ruction :i* ,alcu9 provid$ = ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! circle 0 l>gely ( ! "q & answ] 7cate*etical7 type1 bo? que/ions & answ]s be+ prep>$ by ,alcu9 be=eh& & le>n$ by ! pupils4 ,=tunately examples ( ,alcu9's in/ruction h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 a dialogue prep>$ = ! in/ruction ( ,pep91 a son ( ,*>lemagne1 !n sixte5 ye>s old 7,r4 #fb74 ,) ! old] memb]s ! que/ions & answ]s 7 oral4 ,= all1 ?\gh1 ! in/ruction 0 ( a mo/ elem5t>y nature1 rang+ ov] ! elem5ts ( ! subjects ( in/ruction ( ! "t4 ,poetry1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & !ology are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 /udi$4 ,*>lemagne le>n$ to read ,lat91 b is said nev] to h ma/]$ ! art ( writ+4 ,x 0 n an easy position = any "o to fill4 ,to quote f ,we/'s description3 #ah ,*>les want$ to "k ev]y?+ & to "k x at once4 ,8 /rong1 uncurb$ nature eag]ly seiz$ on le>n+1 bo? z a delight = himself & a means ( giv+ /ability to 8 gov]nm5t1 & s1 :ile he knew he mu/ be docile1 he 0 at ! same "t imp]i\s4 ,alcu9 knew h[ to meet him1 & at ne$ c\ld be ei!r pati5tly jocul> or grave & reprov+4 ,?us1 on "o occasion :5 he _h be5 in=m$ ( ! great le>n+ ( ,augu/9e & ,j]ome1 he impati5tly dem&$ ( ,alcu91 ,:y c ,i n h twelve cl]ks su* z ^!8 ,twelve ,augu/9es & ,j]omes6 & to be made arise at ! k+'s bidd+6 ,alcu9 0 %ock$4 ,:at6 he discreetly rejo9$1 ! ,"l ( heav5 & e>? _h b two su*1 & w\ld/ ?\ h twelve8 ,b 8 p]sonal affection = ! k+ 0 mo/ unselfi%1 & he consequ5tly took great delight 9 /imulat+ 8 desire = le>n+4444 ,he /udi$ ev]y?+ ,alcu9 set be=e him1 b _h special anxiety to le>n all ab\t ! moon t 0 ne$$ to calculate ,ea/]4 ,) su* an eag] & impati5t pupil z ,*>les1 ! o!r s*ol>s 7 soon inspir$ to beset ,alcu9 ) endless puzzl+ que/ions1 & !re are n want+ evid5ces t "s ( !m 7 dispos$ to levity & ev5 c>p$ at 8 tea*+s4 ,b he 0 indefatigable1 ris+ ) ! sun to prep>e = tea*+4 ,9 "o ( 8 poetical ex]cises he says ( himself t z soon z ! ruddy *>iote] ( ! dawn suffuses ! liquid deep ) ! new light ( day1 ! old man rubs ! sleep ( night f 8 eyes & leaps at once f 8 c\*1 runn+ /raightway into ! fields ( ! anci5ts to pluck _! fl[]s ( correct spee* & scatt] !m 9 sport be=e 8 boys4 ,,*>lemagne',s ,,proclamations ,,on ,,education4 ,aft] reorganiz+ ! palace s*ool1 ,alcu9 & ,*>lemagne turn$ _! att5tion to ! improvem5t ( education among ! monks & cl]gy ?r\gh\t ! realm4 ,! fir/ important s]vice 0 ! prep>ation & s5d+ out ( a c>efully collect$ & edit$ s]ies ( s]mons to ! *ur*es conta9+1 9 two volumes1 lessons suitable = ! :ole ye> & = ea* sep>ate fe/ival1 & free f error4 ,^! ,*>lemagne ord]$ us$ 9 ! *ur*es 7,r4 #fc74 ,he also says1 we h /riv5 ) wat*ful zeal to advance ! cause ( le>n+1 :i* has be5 almo/ =gott5 by ! neglig5ce ( our ance/ors2 &1 by our example1 also we invite ^? :om we c to ma/] ! /udy ( ! lib]al arts1 mean+ !reby to incite ! bi%ops & cl]gy to a /udy ( ! le>n+ ( ! m$iaeval "t4 ,! volumes & lett] 7 s5t out 9 #ghf1 f\r ye>s aft] ,alcu9's arrival at ! c\rt4 ,fur!r to aid 9 ! revival ( le>n+1 ,*>lemagne1 9 #ghg1 import$ a numb] ( monks f ,italy1 :o 7 capable ( giv+ in/ruction 9 ari?metic1 s++1 & gramm>1 & s5t !m to ! pr9cipal mona/]ies to tea*4 ,9 #ghg ! fir/ g5]al proclamation on education ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 issu$ 7,r4 #fd a71 & f x we c inf] mu* z to ! /ate ( le>n+ among ! monks & cl]gy ( ! "t4 ,9 ?is docum5t ! k+ g5tly reproves ! abbots ( 8 realm = _! illit]acy1 & exhorts !m to ! /udy ( lett]s4 ,! signature is ,*>lemagne's1 b ! h& is ,alcu9's4 ,9 x he tells ! abbots1 9 comm5t+ on ! fact t !y _h s5t lett]s to him tell+ him t sacr$ & pi\s pray]s 7 be+ (f]$ 9 8 behalf1 t he recogniz$ 9 mo/ ( ^! lett]s bo? correct ?\ghts & unc\? expressions2 because :at pi\s devotion dictat$ fai?fully to ! m9d1 ! tongue1 un$ucat$ on acc\nt ( ! neglect ( /udy1 0 n able to express 9 a lett] )\t error4 ,he !re=e comm&s ! abbots nei!r to neglect ! /udy ( lett]s1 if !y wi% to h 8 favor1 nor to fail to s5d copies ( 8 lett] to all y\r suffragans & fell[ bi%ops1 & to all ! mona/]ies4 ,two ye>s lat] 7#ghi7 ,*>lemagne supplem5t$ ?is by a fur!r g5]al admonition 7,r4 #fd b7 to ! m9i/]s & cl]gy ( 8 realm1 exhort+ !m to live clean & j lives1 & clos+ )3 ,& let s*ools be e/abli%$ 9 :i* boys may le>n to read4 ,correct c>efully ! ,psalms1 ! signs 9 writ+1 ! songs1 ! cal5d>1 ! gramm>1 9 ea* mona/]y & bi%opric1 & ! ca?olic book2 because (t5 "s desire to pray to ,god prop]ly1 b !y pray badly because ( incorrect books4 ,9 #hjb he fur!r comm&$ t laym5 %all le>n ?or\ghly ! ,cre$ & ! ,"l's ,pray] 7,r4 #fd c74 ,f9ally1 9 8 en?usiasm = s*ools1 ,*>lemagne w5t s f> z to direct t e "o %\ld s5d 8 son to s*ool to /udy lett]s1 & t ! *ild %\ld rema9 at s*ool ) all dilig5ce until he %\ld become well in/ruct$ 9 le>n+4 ,*>lemagne1 ( c\rse1 0 address+ freem5 ( ! c\rt & ! (ficial classes4 ,t he ev] meant to include ! *ildr5 ( ! labor+ classes1 or t ! idea ( compulsory education ev] ent]$ 8 head1 may well be d\bt$4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,,& ,,alcu94 ,! actual results ( ! "w ( ,*>lemagne & ,alcu9 71 aft] all1 r meag]4 ,! difficulties !y fac$ are almo/ beyond our compreh5sion4 ,nobles & cl]gy 7 alike ignorant & unc\?4 ,!re seem$ no place to beg94 ,x may be said t by ,*>lemagne's "w he greatly wid5$ ! area ( civilization1 creat$ a new ,franki%-,roman ,empire to be ! inh]itor ( ! civilization & culture ( ! old "o1 *eck$ ! decl9e 9 le>n+ & reawak5$ a desire = /udy1 & t he began ! sub/itution ( ideas = might z a rul+ =ce among ! tribes "u 8 rule4 ,t = a "t he gave an important impetus to ! /udy ( lett]s1 :i* result$ 9 a real revival 9 ! educational "w ( "s ( ! mona/]ies & ca!dral s*ools1 seems c]ta94 ,m5 knew m ( books & wrote bett] ,lat9 ?an be=e1 & ^? :o wi%$ to le>n f\nd x easi] to d s4 ,! /ate ( society & ! condition ( ! times1 h[ev]1 7 aga9/ any l>ge success = su* an ambiti\s educational und]tak+1 & aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 ! division ( 8 empire1 & ! invasions ( ! ,nor?m51 education sl[ly decl9$ aga91 ?\gh nev] to q ! level x _h rea*$ :5 ,*>lemagne came to ! ?rone4 ,9 a few s*ools !re 0 no decl9e1 & ^! became ! c5t]s ( le>n+ ( ! future4 ,*>lemagne hav+ sub/itut$ m]it = favoritism 9 8 realm1 promot+ to be bi%ops & abbots ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t1 _m ( ^! became zeal\s work]s 9 ! cause ( education & did mu* to keep up & advance le>n+ aft] 8 dea?4 ,among ! mo/ able ( 8 help]s 0 ,!odulf1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans4 ,he c>ri$ out mo/ ?or\ghly 9 8 diocese ! in/ructions ( ! k+1 giv+ to 8 cl]gy ! foll[+ directions3 ,let ! prie/s hold s*ools 9 ! t[ns & villages1 & if any ( ! fai?ful wi% to entru/ _! *ildr5 to !m = ! le>n+ ( lett]s1 let !m n refuse to receive & tea* su* *ildr54 ,moreov]1 let !m tea* !m f pure affection1 rememb]+ t x is writt51 ! wise %all %9e z ! spl5dor ( ! firmam5t1 & !y t in/ruct _m 9 righte\sness %all %9e z ! />s =ev] & =ev]4 ,& let !m exact no price f ! *ildr5 = _! tea*+1 nor receive any?+ f !m1 save :at _! p>5ts may (f] volunt>ily & f affection4 ,ano!r able assi/ant 0 ,alcu9 himself1 :o1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( /r5u\s s]vice at ,*>lemagne's c\rt1 0 rew>d$ by ! k+ ) ! (fice ( ,abbot at ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,m>t91 at ,t\rs4 ,!re he sp5t ! la/ eight ye>s ( 8 life 9 tea*+1 copy+ manuscripts1 & writ+ lett]s to bi%ops & abbots reg>d+ ! advancem5t ( religion & le>n+4 ,! "w ( ,alcu9 9 direct+ ! copy+ ( manuscripts has be5 describ$4 ,9 a lett] to ,*>lemagne1 soon aft] 8 appo9tm5t1 he reviews 8 labors1 contra/s ! /ate ( le>n+ 9 ,engl& & ,frankl&1 & appeals to ,*>lemagne = books f ,engl& to copy 7,r4 #fe74 ,s important 0 8 "w z a tea*] z well t at 8 dea?1 9 #had1 mo/ ( ! important educational c5t]s ( ! k+dom 7 9 ! h&s ( 8 =m] pupils4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( all ^! 0 ,rabanus ,maurus1 :o became head ( ! mona/]y s*ool at ,fulda4 ,we %all le>n m ( him 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,danes ,,ravag$ ,,engl&4 ,,new ,,invasions2 ,,! ,,nor?m54 ,five ye>s aft] ,alcu9 w5t to ,frankl& to help ,*>lemagne revive le>n+ 9 8 k+dom1 a fre% s]ies ( b>b>ian invasions began ) ! raid+ ( ! ,engli% coa/ by ! ,danes4 ,9 raid aft] raid1 ext5d+ ov] ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 ^! ,danes gradually ov]ran all ( ea/]n & c5tral ,engl& f ,london nor? to beyond ,:itby1 plund]+ & burn+ ! *ur*es & mona/]ies1 & de/roy+ books & le>n+ ev]y:]e4 ,by ! ,peace ( ,w$more1 effect$ by ,k+ ,alfr$ 9 #hgh1 ! ,danes 7 f9ally giv5 ab\t "o half ( ,engl&1 & 9 return agre$ to settle d[n & accept ,*ri/ianity4 ,! damage done by ^! invad]s 0 v l>ge1 & ,k+ ,alfr$1 9 8 introduction to an ,anglo-,saxon translation ( ,pope ,gregory's ,pa/oral ,c>e 7,r4 #ff71 gives a gloomy picture ( ! de/ruction wr\ght to ! *ur*es & ! decay ( le>n+ 9 ,engl&4 ,o!r b&s ( ^! ,nor?m5 7,danes & ,norwegians7 began to prey on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,frankl&1 & 9 ! t5? c5tury seiz$ all ! coa/ ( :at is n[ nor!rn ,france & d[n z f> z ,p>is & ,t\rs4 ,f ,t\rs to ,corbie 7see ,figure #da7 *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 pillag$ & burn$1 ,t\rs & ,corbie ) _! libr>ies bo? p]i%+4 ,ami5s & ,p>is 7 laid siege to1 & disord] reign$ ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,frankl&4 ,! ,annals ( ,xant5 & ! ,annals ( ,sa9t ,vaa/1 two m$iaeval *ronicles ( importance1 give gloomy pictures ( ?is p]iod4 ,?ree selections w illu/rate3 ,accord+ to _! cu/om ! ,nor?m5 plund]$ ,ea/ & ,we/ ,frisia & burn$ 444 t[ns4444 ,) _! boats fill$ ) imm5se booty1 includ+ bo? m5 & goods1 !y return$ to _! own c\ntry4 #ai ,! ,normans inflict$ mu* h>m 9 ,frisia & ab\t ! ,rh9e4 ,a mighty army ( !m collect$ by ! riv] ,elbe aga9/ ! ,saxons1 & "s ( ! ,saxon t[ns 7 besieg$1 o!rs burn$1 & mo/ t]ribly did !y oppress ! ,*ri/ians4 #bj ,! ,nor?m5 ceas$ n to take ,*ri/ian p captive & kill !m1 & to de/roy *ur*es & h\ses & burn villages4 ,?r\gh all ! /reets lay bodies ( ! cl]gy1 ( laym51 nobles1 & o!rs1 ( wom51 *ildr51 & suckl+ babes4 ,!re 0 no road or place :]e ! dead did n lie1 & all :o saw ,*ri/ian p slaught]$ 7 fill$ ) sorr[ & despair4 #ba ,aft] mu* de/ruction1 ,rollo1 ,duke ( ! ,normans1 f9ally accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 9 #iab1 & agre$ to settle d[n 9 :at has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n z ,norm&y4 ,f "h portions ( ! invad]s aft]w>d pass$ ov] to ,engl& 9 ! ,norman ,conque/ ( #ajff4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ! great ,g]man tribes to move1 & aft] !y _h raid$ & plund]$ & settl$ d[n & accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 we/]n ,europe1 aft] six c5turies ( blood%$ & pillage & turmoil & disord]1 0 at la/ ready to beg9 9 e>ne/ ! build+-up ( a new civilization & ! re/oration ( ! old le>n+4 ,,"w ,,( ,,alfr$ ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! set-back to le>n+ caus$ by ?is late/ deluge ( b>b>ism 0 a s]i\s "o1 & "o f :i* ! l& did n recov] = a long "t4 ,9 nor!rn ,frankl& & 9 ,engl& ! results 7 disa/r\s4 ,! revival :i* ,*>lemagne _h />t$ 0 *eck$1 & ,engl& did n recov] f ! bl[ = c5turies4 ,ev5 9 ! p>ts ( ,engl& n invad$ & pillag$1 education sadly decl9$ z a result ( ne>ly a c5tury ( /ruggle aga9/ ! invad]s 7,r4 #ff74 ,alfr$1 kn[n to hi/ory z ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :o rul$ z ,engli% k+ f #hga to #ija1 made great ef=ts to revive le>n+ 9 8 k+dom4 ,probably inspir$ by ! example ( ,*>lemagne1 he e/abli%$ a l>ge palace s*ool 7,r4 #fh71 to ! support ( :i* he devot$ "o eigh? ( 8 income2 he import$ s*ol>s f ,m]cia & ,frankl& 7,r4 #fg72 re/or$ _m mona/]ies2 & tri$ h>d to revive s*ools & enc\rage le>n+ ?r\gh\t 8 realm1 & ) "s success4 #bb ,) ! great decay ( ! ,lat9 le>n+ he tri$ to enc\rage ! use ( ! native ,anglo-,saxon language1 #bc & to ?is end translat$ books f ,lat9 into ,anglo- ,saxon = 8 p4 ,9 8 ,introduction to ,gregory's volume 7,r4 #ff7 he expresses ! hope1 ,if we h tranquillity en\gh1 t all ! free- born y\? n[ 9 ,engl&1 :o are ri* en\gh to be able to devote !mselves to x 444 be set to le>n 444 ,engli% writ+1 :ile ^? :o 7 to cont9ue /udy %\ld !n be taught ,lat94 ,! com+ ( ! ,normans 9 #ajff1 ) ! introduction ( ,norman-,fr5* z ! (ficial language ( ! c\rt & gov]nm5t1 = a "t s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! developm5t ( t native ,engli% le>n+ ( :i* ,alfr$ wrote4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] & 9 ?is "o we h trac$ briefly ! great invasions1 or migrations1 :i* took place 9 we/]n ,europe1 & indicat$ some:at ! great de/ruction !y wr\ght )9 ! b\nds ( ! old ,empire4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h trac$ ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian s*ools to replace ! ones de/roy$1 ! pres]vation ( le>n+ 9 ! mona/]ies1 & ! ef=ts ( ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$ to revive le>n+ 9 _! k+doms4 ,9 ! *apt] :i* foll[s we %all describe ! m$iaeval sy/em ( education z x _h evolv$ by ! twelf? c5tury1 aft] :i* we %all be ready to pass to ! beg9n+s ( t ,revival ( ,le>n+ :i* ultimately result$ 9 ! r$iscov]y ( ! le>n+ ( ! anci5t _w4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,picture ! gradual dy+-out ( ,roman le>n+ 9 ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & expla9 :y pagan s*ools & le>n+ l+]$ long] 9 ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ,italy ?an else:]e4 #b4 ,at :at "t 0 ! old ,roman civilization & le>n+ mo/ ne>ly ext9ct8 #c4 ,expla9 h[ ! mona/]ies 7 =c$ to develop s*ools to ma9ta9 any intellectual life4 #d4 ,expla9 h[ ! copy+ ( manuscripts l$ to fur!r educational developm5t 9 ! mona/]ies4 #e4 ,w\ld ! conv5ts h t5d$ to attract a high] quality ( wom5 ?an ! mona/]ies did ( m58 ,:y8 #f4 ,expla9 :y ,greek 0 kn[n long] 9 ,irel& & ,brita9 ?an else:]e 9 ! ,we/4 #g4 ,:at 0 ! relative condition ( le>n+ 9 ,frankl& & ,engl&1 ab\t #ijj ,a4,d48 #h4 ,:at light is ?r[n on ! conditions ( ! civilization ( ! "t by ! small p]man5t success ( ! ef=ts ( ,*>lemagne1 look+ t[>d a revival ( le>n+ 9 ,frankl&8 #i4 ,expla9 h[ ,lat9 came naturally to be ! language ( ! ,*ur*1 & ( s*ol>%ip 9 we/]n ,europe ?r\gh\t all ! ,middle ,ages4 #aj4 ,aft] read+ ! /ory ( ! migrations1 & ( ! fight to save "s ve/iges ( ! old civilization1 try to picture :at w\ld h be5 ! result _h ,rome n built up an ,empire1 & _h ,*ri/ianity n aris5 & conqu]$4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #ec4 ,migne3 ,=ms us$ 9 connection ) mona/]y life3 7a7 ,=m = (f]+ a ,*ild to a ,mona/]y4 7b7 ,! ,mona/ic ,v[4 7c7 ,lett] ( ,honorable ,dismissal f a ,mona/]y4 #ed4 ,abbot ,h]iman3 ,! ,copy+ ( ,books at a ,mona/]y4 #ee4 ,o?lonus3 ,"w ( a ,monk 9 writ+ & copy+ ,books4 #ef4 ,a ,monk3 ,"w ( a ,nun 9 copy+ ,books4 #eg4 ,symonds3 ,sc>city & ,co/ ( ,books4 #eh4 ,cl>k3 ,ana!mas to protect ,books f ,!ft4 #ei4 ,b$e3 ,on ,education 9 ,e>ly ,engl&4 7a7 ,! ,le>n+ ( ,!odore4 7b7 ,!odore's ,"w = ! ,engli% ,*ur*es4 7c7 ,h[ ,alb9us succe$$ ,abbot ,hadrian4 #fj4 ,alcu93 ,description ( ! ,s*ool at ,york4 #fa4 ,alcu93 ,catalogue ( ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,york4 #fb4 ,alcu93 ,specim5s ( ! ,palace ,s*ool ,in/ruction4 #fc4 ,*>lemagne3 ,lett] s5d+ out a ,collection ( ,s]mons4 #fd4 ,*>lemagne3 ,g5]al ,proclamations z to ,education4 7a7 ,! ,proclamation ( #ghg ,a4,d4 7b7 ,g5]al ,admonition ( #ghi ,a4,d4 7c7 ,ord] z to ,le>n+ ( #hjb ,a4,d4 #fe4 ,alcu93 ,lett] to ,*>lemagne z to ,books & ,le>n+4 #ff4 ,k+ ,alfr$3 ,/ate ( ,le>n+ 9 ,engl& 9 8 ,"t4 #fg4 ,ass]3 ,alfr$ obta9s ,s*ol>s f ,abroad4 #fh4 ,ass]3 ,education ( ! ,son ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 #fi4 ,n9?-,c5tury ,plan ( ! ,mona/]y at ,sa9t ,gall4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,po9t out ! simil>ity betwe53 7a7 ,! =m = (f]+ a *ild to a mona/]y & ! mona/ic v[ 7#ec a-b71 & a mod]n c\rt =m = r5\nc+ or adopt+ a *ild4 7b7 ,! lett] ( dismissal f a mona/]y 7#ec c71 & ! mod]n lett] ( honorable dismissal ( a /ud5t f a college or normal s*ool4 #b4 ,comp>e ! type ( books copi$ by ! ,abbot ( ,sa9t ,m>t9s 7#ee7 & ^? copi$ by ! nun at ,wessebrunn 7#ef74 #c4 ,0 ! evolution ( ! s*ool-tea*] out ( ! copyi/ at ,ratisbon 7#ee71 by a specialization ( labor1 analog\s to ! process 9 m mod]n times8 #d4 ,expla9 ! m$iaeval belief 9 ! effectiv5ess to protect books f !ft ( su* ana!mas z are reproduc$ 9 #eh4 #e4 ,:at d ! selections f ,b$e 7#ei a-c7 indicate z to ! pres]vation ( ! old le>n+ 9 ! cities ( s\!rn ,italy8 ,:at z to ! condition ( le>n+ & tea*+ 9 ,engl& 9 ,b$e's day8 #f4 ,:at is ! /atus ( education indicat$ by ! selections f ,alcu91 on ! ca!dral s*ool at ,york 7#fj7 & ! palace s*ool in/ruction ( ,pep9 7#fb78 #g4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( le>n+ among ! high] cl]gy & monks z %[n by ,*>lemagne's proclamations 7#fd78 #h4 ,:at 0 ! ext5t ( ! de/ruction wr\ght by ! ,danes 9 ,engl&1 z indicat$ by ,k+ ,alfr$'s ,introduction to ,pope ,gregory's ,pa/oral ,c>e 7#ff71 & 8 ef=ts to obta9 s*ol>s f abroad 7#fg78 #i4 ,:at 0 ! "* ( ! education ,k+ ,alfr$ provid$ = 8 son 7#fh78 #aj4 ,/udy out ! plan ( ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,gall 7#fi71 & enum]ate ! v>i\s activities ( su* a c5t]4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 99 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,w4 ,libr>ies 9 ! ,m$ieval & ,r5aissance ,p]iod4 99 ,cutts1 ,edw4 ,l4 ,sc5es & ,*>act]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 99 ,eck5/e91 ,l9a4 ,wom5 "u ,mona/icism4 ,lea*1 ,a4 ,f4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,m$iaeval ,engl&4 ,munro1 ,d4 ,c4 & ,sell]y1 ,g4 ,e4 ,m$ieval ,civilization4 ,montalemb]t1 ,c\nt de4 ,! ,monks ( ! ,we/4 ,taylor1 ,h4 ,o4 ,classical ,h]itage ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?orndike1 ,lynn4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,we/1 ,a4 ,f4 ,alcu91 & ! ,rise ( ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 99 ,wi%>t1 ,a4 ,w4 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,monks & ,mona/icism4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages ,,ii4 ,,s*ools ,,e/abli%$ ,,& ,,in/ruction ,,provid$ #a4 ,elem5t>y in/ruction & s*ools ,,mona/ic ,,& ,,conv5tional ,,s*ools4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we f\nd t1 by ! t5? c5tury1 ! mona/]ies _h develop$ bo? inn] mona/ic s*ools = ^? int5d+ to take ! v[s 7oblati71 & out] mona/ic s*ools = ^? n s int5d+ 7ext]ni74 ,! di/9ction 9 "n 0 due to ! fact t ! oblati 7 f ! fir/ consid]$ z belong+ to ! bro!rhood1 p>ticipat+ 9 ! religi\s s]vices & help+ ! monks at _! "w4 ,! o!rs 7 n s admitt$1 & 9 all mona/]ies ( any size a sep>ate build+1 outside ! ma9 portion ( ! mona/]y 7see ,figure #ch71 0 provid$ = ! out] s*ool4 ,a simil> classification ( in/ruction _h be5 evolv$ = ! conv5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,an ,,out] ,,mona/ic ,,s*ool 7,aft] an old wood engrav+7 ,! in/ruction 9 ! inn] s*ool 0 meag]1 & 9 ! out] s*ool probably ev5 m s4 ,read+1 writ+1 music1 simple reckon+1 religi\s obs]vances1 & rules ( conduct con/itut$ ! range ( in/ruction4 ,read+ 0 taught by ! alphabet me?od1 z among ! ,romans1 & writ+ by ! use ( wax tablets & ! /ylus4 ,mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to ,lat9 pronunciation1 z _h be5 ! practice at ,rome4 ,z ,lat9 by ?is "t _h practically ceas$ to be a liv+ tongue1 outside ! ,*ur* & p]haps 9 ,c5tral ,italy1 ! difficulties ( in/ruction 7 l>gely increas$4 ,! ,psalt]1 or book ( ,lat9 psalms1 0 ! fir/ read+ book1 & ?is 0 memoriz$ r ?an read4 ,copy- books1 usually wax1 ) copies express+ "s scriptural injunction1 7 us$4 ,music1 be+ ( s mu* importance 9 ! *ur* s]vices1 receiv$ mu* "t & att5tion4 ,9 ari?metic1 c\nt+ & f+] reckon+1 aft] ! ,roman plan1 0 taught4 ,lat9 0 us$ 9 conv]sation z mu* z possible1 "s ( ! old lesson books mu* resembl+ conv]sation books ( to-day 9 ! mod]n languages 7,r4 #ge74 ,special att5tion seems to h be5 giv5 to tea*+ rules ( conduct to ! oblati1 #a & mu* corporal puni%m5t 0 us$ to facilitate le>n+4 ,up to ! elev5? c5tury ?is in/ruction1 meag] z x 01 con/itut$ ! :ole ( ! prep>atory tra9+ necess>y = ! /udy ( !ology & a c>e] 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! conv5ts simil> s*ools 7 develop$1 ?\gh1 z /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 mu* m att5tion 0 giv5 to ! education ( ^? n int5d+ to take ! v[s4 ,,song ,,& ,,p>i% ,,s*ools4 ,9 ! ca!dral *ur*es1 & o!r l>g] non- ca!dral *ur*es1 ! musical "p ( ! s]vice 0 v important1 & to secure boys = ! *oir & = o!r *ur* s]vices ^! *ur*es organiz$ :at came to be kn[n z song s*ools 7,r4 #gj74 ,9 ^! a numb] ( promis+ boys 7 tra9$ 9 ! same /udies & 9 mu* ! same way z 7 boys 9 ! mona/]y s*ools1 except t mu* m att5tion 0 giv5 to ! musical in/ruction4 ,! /ud5ts 9 ^! s*ools 7 plac$ "u ! prec5tor 7*oir director7 ( ! ca!dral1 or o!r l>ge *ur*1 ! s*ola/icus conf9+ 8 att5tion to ! high] or m lit]>y in/ruction provid$4 ,! boys usually 7 giv5 bo>d1 lodg+1 & in/ruction 9 return = _! s]vices z *ori/]s4 ,z ! p>i% *ur*es 9 ! diocese also came to ne$ boys = _! s]vices1 p>i% s*ools ( a simil> nature 7 9 "t organiz$ 9 connection ) !m4 ,x 0 out ( ?is ne$1 & by a v sl[ & gradual evolution1 t ! p>i% s*ool 9 we/]n ,europe 0 develop$ lat] on4 ,,*antry ,,s*ools4 ,/ill ano!r type ( elem5t>y s*ool1 :i* did n arise until ne> ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation 9 ?is *apt]1 b :i* w be enum]at$ "h z descriptive ( a type :i* lat] became v common1 came ?r\gh wills1 & ! s*ools came to be kn[n z *antry s*ools1 or /ip5d>y s*ools4 ,m51 9 dy+1 :o felt !mselves p>ticul>ly 9 ne$ ( assi/ance = _! misde$s on e>?1 w\ld leave a sum ( money to a *ur* to end[ a prie/1 or sometimes two1 :o 7 to *ant masses ea* day = ! repose ( _! s\ls4 ,sometimes ! prop]ty 0 left to end[ a prie/ to say mass 9 honor ( "s special sa9t1 & frequ5tly ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,z su* prie/s usually felt ! ne$ = "s o!r occupation1 "s ( !m began volunt>ily to tea* ! elem5ts ( religion & le>n+ to select$ boys1 & 9 "t x became common = ^? leav+ money = ! pray]s to /ipulate 9 ! w t ! prie/ %\ld also tea* a s*ool4 ,usually a v elem5t>y type ( s*ool 0 provid$1 :]e ! *ildr5 7 taught to "k ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 ! ,salutation to ! ,virg91 c]ta9 psalms1 to sign !mselves rightly ) ! sign ( ! cross1 & p]haps to read & write 7,lat974 ,sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 & especially 0 ?is ! case lat] on 9 ,engl&1 a gramm> s*ool 0 ord]$ ma9ta9$4 ,aft] ! twelf? c5tury ?is type ( f\ndation 7,r4 #gc7 became q common4 #b4 ,advanc$ in/ruction ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,high] ,,mona/ic ,,s*ools4 ,z ! song s*ools develop$ ! ca!dral s*ools 7 ( c\rse fre$ f ! necessity ( tea*+ read+ & writ+1 & c\ld !n develop m advanc$ in/ruction4 ,?is !y did1 z did _m ( ! mona/]ies1 & to ^! advanc$ s*ools ^? :o felt ! ne$ = m tra9+ w5t4 ,z gramm> 01 ?r\gh\t all ! e>ly "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! fir/ & mo/ important subject ( in/ruction1 ! advanc$ s*ools came to be kn[n z gramm> s*ools1 z well z ca!dral or episcopal s*ools 7,r4 #gb74 ,! ca!dral *ur*es & mona/]ies ( ,engl& & ,france e>ly became celebrat$ = ! high "* ( _! in/ruction 7,r4 #ga7 & ! type ( s*ol>s !y produc$4 ,all ^! s*ools1 ?\gh1 suff]$ a s]i\s set-back dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,dani% & ,norman invasions1 _m be+ totally de/roy$4 ,on ! cont95t1 due to ! great] deluge ( b>b>ism & ! m unsettl$ condition ( society1 m difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ca!dral s*ools e/abli%$1 z ! foll[+ decree ( ! ,lat]an ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( #hbf indicates3 ,compla9ts h be5 made t 9 "s places no ma/]s nor end[m5t = a gramm> s*ool is f\nd4 ,!re=e all bi%ops %all be/[ all c>e & dilig5ce1 bo? = _! subjects & = o!r places 9 :i* x %all be f\nd necess>y1 to e/abli% ma/]s & tea*]s :o %all assidu\sly tea* gramm> s*ools & ! pr9ciples ( ! lib]al arts1 because 9 ^! *iefly ! comm&m5ts ( ,god are manife/ & decl>$4 ,^! two types ( advanc$ s*ools--! ca!dral or episcopal & ! mona/ic--=m$ :at might be call$ ! second>y-s*ool sy/em ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 7,rs4 #gj1 #ga74 ,!y 7 = at lea/ six hundr$ ye>s ! only advanc$ tea*+ in/itutions 9 we/]n ,europe1 & out ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! two types ( advanc$ s*ools came practically all ^? :o atta9$ to lead]%ip 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* 9 ei!r ( its two great bran*es4 ,/ill m1 out ( ! impetus giv5 to advanc$ /udy by ! m important ( ^! s*ools1 ! univ]sities ( a lat] p]iod develop$2 & num]\s private gifts ( l&s & money 7 made to e/abli% gramm> s*ools to supplem5t ! "w done by ! ca!dral & o!r l>ge *ur* s*ools4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,lib]al ,,arts4 ,! advanc$ /udies :i* 7 (f]$ 9 ! m important mona/]y & ca!dral s*ools compris$ :at came to be kn[n z ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts #b ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! k conta9$ 9 ^! /udies1 taught z ! advanc$ in/ruction ( ! p]iod1 repres5ts ! am\nt ( secul> le>n+ :i* 0 int5tionally pres]v$ by ! ,*ur* f neglect & de/ruction dur+ ! p]iod ( ! b>b>ian deluges & ! recon/ruction ( society4 ,^! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7 compris$ ( two divisions1 kn[n z3 ,i4 ,,! ,,trivium3 7#a7 ,gramm>2 7#b7 ,rhetoric2 7#c7 ,dialectic 7,logic74 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,quadrivium3 7#d7 ,ari?metic2 7#e7 ,geometry2 7#f7 ,a/ronomy2 7#g7 ,music4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,sy/em ,,( ,,education ,,summ>iz$ ,allegorical repres5tation ( ! progress & degrees ( education1 f an illum9at$ picture 9 ! #aejh 7,basel7 edition ( ! ,m>g>ita ,philosophica ( ,gregory de ,reis*4 ,! y\?1 hav+ ma/]$ ! ,hornbook 7,,abc's7 & ! rudim5ts ( le>n+ 7read+1 writ+1 & ! beg9n+s ( music & numb]s71 advances t[>d ! temple ( k4 ,wisdom is ab\t to place ! key 9 ! lock ( ! door ( ! temple4 ,on ! door is writt5 ! ^w congruitas1 signify+ ,gramm>4 7,gramaire fir/ ha? = to te*e to speke ^u congruite47 ,on ! fir/ & second floors ( ! temple he /udies ! ,gramm> ( ,donatus1 & ( ,priscian1 & at ! fir/ /age at ! left on ! ?ird floor he /udies ! ,logic ( ,ari/otle1 foll[$ by ! ,rhetoric & ,poetry ( ,tully1 ?us complet+ ! ,trivium4 ,! ,ari?metic ( ,boe?ius also appe>s on ! ?ird floor4 ,on ! f\r? floor he completes ! /udies ( ! ,quadrivium1 tak+ 9 ord] ! ,music ( ,py?agoras1 ,euclid's ,geometry1 & ,ptolemy's ,a/ronomy4 ,! /ud5t n[ advances to ! /udy ( ,philosophy1 /udy+ successively ,physics1 ,s5eca's ,morals1 & ! ,!ology 7or ,metaphysics7 ( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ! la/ be+ ! goal t[>d :i* all has be5 direct$4 ,beyond ^! came ,e?ics or ,metaphysics1 & ! greate/ ( all /udies1 ,!ology4 ,?is la/ repres5t$ ! "o pr(essional /udy ( ! e>ly middle-age p]iod1 & 0 ! goal t[>d :i* all ! prec$+ /udies _h t5d$4 ,?is m$iaeval sy/em ( education is well summ>iz$ 9 ! draw+ giv5 on ! opposite page1 tak5 f an illum9at$ picture ins]t$ 9 a fam\s m$iaeval manuscript1 recopi$ at ,basle1 ,switz]l&1 9 #aejh4 ,n all ^! /udies 7 taught 9 e mona/]y or ca!dral s*ool4 ,_m ( ! less] mona/]ies & s*ools (f]$ in/ruction *iefly 9 gramm>1 & only a little ( ! /udies beyond4 ,o!rs emphasiz$ ! ,trivium1 & taught p]haps only a little ( ! second gr\p4 ,only a few taught ! full range ( m$iaeval le>n+1 & ^! 7 reg>d$ z ! great s*ools ( ! times 7,r4 #ga74 ,rhabanus ,maurus 7#ggf-hfe71 "o ( ! greate/ m9ds ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,abbot = ye>s at ,fulda1 & a m$iaeval textbook writ] ( importance1 has left u a good description ( ea* ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts /udies z !y 7 develop$ 9 8 day1 & _! use 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( education 7,r4 #gd74 ,i4 ,,! ,,trivium ,( ! ?ree /udies =m+ ! ,trivium1 gramm> always came fir/ z ! basal subject4 ,no uni=mity exi/$ = ! o!r two4 #a4 ,,gramm>4 ,! f\ndation & s\rce ( all ! ,lib]al ,arts 0 gramm>1 x be+1 accord+ to ,maurus1 ! sci5ce :i* tea*es u to expla9 ! poets & hi/orians1 & ! art :i* qualifies u to speak & write correctly 7,r4 #gd a74 ,9 ! introduction to an improv$ ,lat9 gramm>1 #c publi%$ ab\t #aaai1 gramm> is def9$ z ,! doorkeep] ( all ! o!r sci5ces1 ! apt expurgatrix ( ! /amm]+ tongue1 ! s]vant ( logic1 ! mi/ress ( rhetoric1 ! int]pret] ( !ology1 ! relief ( m$ic9e1 & ! praisewor?y f\ndation ( ! :ole quadrivium4 ,figure #de1 f "o ( ! e>lie/ books pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 also emphasizes ! great importance ( gramm> ) ! words3 ,wy?\t :i*e sci5ce 7s7y*]ly alle o!r sci5ces 9 especial b5 ( lytyl recomme7d74 ,9 addition to gramm> 9 ! s5se we "k ! /udy to-day1 gramm> 9 ! old ,roman & m$iaeval m9d also includ$ mu* ( :at we "k z ! analytical side ( ! /udy ( lit]ature1 su* z comp>ison1 analysis1 v]sification1 prosody1 ^w =mations1 figures ( spee*1 & vocal expression 7,r4 #gf74 ,^! 7 consid]$ necess>y to enable "o to read und]/&+ly ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & h5ce1 ?\gh ! art be secul>1 says ,maurus1 x has no?+ unwor?y ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,a ,,s*ool3 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,gramm> 7,aft] a woodcut pr9t$ by ,caxton 9 ,! ,mirror ( ! ,_w1 #adha 7874 ,f ,blades' ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 ii1 ,plate ,,lvi7 ,?is is a good example ( e>ly ,engli% pr9t+4 ,c y read x8 ,?is ,old ,engli%1 l ! ,g]man type 7see ,fig4 #bf71 %[s ! *ange 9 ,lat9 lett]s :i* came ab\t ) ! copy+ ( manuscripts dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ! ,engli% soon return$ to ! ,lat9 =ms2 ! ,g]mans are only n[ do+ s4 ,! lead+ textbook 0 t ( ,donatus1 #d writt5 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & ,donatus 7donat7 & gramm> came to be synonym\s t]ms4 ,! text by ,priscian1 #e writt5 9 ! six? c5tury1 0 also ext5sively us$4 ,! treatm5t 9 ea* 0 cate*etical 9 =m2 t is1 que/ions & answ]s1 :i* 7 le>n$4 ,! text 0 ( c\rse 9 ,lat91 & ! tea*] usually _h ! only copy1 s t ! pupils _h to le>n f memory or copy f dictation4 ,! co/ ( writ+-mat]ial usually preclud$ ! latt] me?od4 ,aft] suffici5t ability 9 gramm> _h be5 atta9$1 simple read+ ex]cises or colloquies 7,r4 #ge71 usually ( a religi\s or moraliz+ nature1 7 introduc$1 ?\gh :]e p]mitt$ ! ,lat9 au?ors1 especially ,v]gil1 #f 7 read4 ,at ,sa9t ,gall1 9 ,switz]l&1 & at "s o!r places1 _m ,lat9 au?ors 7 read2 at ,t\rs1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! le>n$ ,abbot ,alcu9 say+ to ! monks3 ,! sacr$ poets are suffici5t = y2 !re is no reason :y y %\ld sully y\r m9d ) ! rank luxuriance ( ,v]gil's v]se4 #b4 ,,rhetoric4 ,rhetoric1 z def9$ by ,maurus1 0 ! art ( us+ secul> disc\rse effectively 9 ! circum/ances ( daily life1 & enabl+ ! prea*] or mission>y to put ! div9e message 9 eloqu5t & impressive language 7,r4 #gd b74 ,mu* ( ! old ,roman rhetoric _h be5 tak5 ov] by gramm>1 b 9 its place 0 add$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lett] & legal docum5t>y writ+4 ,! prie/1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 became ! secret>y & lawy] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 z well z ! prie/1 & ^u him devolv$ ! prep>ation ( mo/ ( ! legal pap]s ( ! "t1 su* z wills1 de$s1 proclamations1 & o!r =mal docum5ts4 ,accord+ly ! art ( lett]-writ+ #g & ! prep>ation ( legal docum5ts 7 made a "p ( ! /udy ( rhetoric1 & "s /udy ( bo? ! civil 7worldly7 & canon 7*ur*7 law 0 gradually introduc$4 #c4 ,,dialectic4 ,dialectic1 or logic1 says ,maurus1 is ! sci5ce ( und]/&+1 & h5ce ! sci5ce ( sci5ces 7,r4 #gd c74 ,by means ( its aid "o 0 enabl$ to unmask falsehood1 expose error1 =mulate argum5t1 & draw conclusions accurately4 ,! /udy 0 "o ( prep>ation = e?ics & !ology lat] on4 ,extracts f ! works ( ,ari/otle1 prep>$ by ,boe?ius1 & lat] 8 complete works1 con/itut$ ! texts us$4 ,:ile gramm> 0 ! great subject ( ! sev5 dur+ all ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 dialectic lat] came to take its place4 ,aft] ! rise ( ! univ]sities & ! organization ( s*ools ( !ology1 ) !ology m ( a rational sci5ce & less a matt] ( dogma1 dialectic came to hold fir/ place 9 importance z a prep>ation = ! disputations ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,!ological que/ions =m$ ! practical ex]cises1 & ! s*ools do+ mo/ 9 dialectic attract$ _m /ud5ts because ( ?is4 ,^! ?ree /udies1 con/itut+ ! ,trivium1 bas$ z !y 7 directly on ! old ,roman le>n+ & s*ools1 conta9$ m t 0 )9 ! tea*+ k ( ! "t ?an did ! subjects ( ! ,quadrivium1 & also subject-matt] :i* 0 mu* m 9 dem&4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,quadrivium ,! trivial /udies1 9 mo/ cases be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury1 suffic$ to prep>e = ! /udy ( !ology1 ?\gh ^? few :o desir$ to prep>e ?or\ghly also /udi$ ! subjects ( ! quadrivium4 ,9 s*ools n (f]+ in/ruction 9 ?is advanc$ gr\p "s ( ! elem5ts ( its f\r /udies 7 (t5 taught f ! textbooks 9 use = ! ,trivium4 ,p>ticul>ly 0 ?is ! case dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! k ( ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy possess$ by we/]n ,europe 0 exce$+ly small4 ,no regul> ord] 9 ! /udy ( ! subjects ( ?is gr\p 0 foll[$4 #d4 ,,ari?metic4 ,naturally little c\ld be done 9 ?is subject z long z ! ,roman sy/em ( notation 0 9 use 7see footnote1 i1 p4 #fd71 & ! ,arabic notation 0 n kn[n 9 we/]n ,*ri/ian ,europe until ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 n mu* us$ = two or ?ree c5turies lat]4 ,s f> z ari?metic 0 taught be=e t "t1 x 0 b little 9 advance ( t giv5 to novitiates 9 ! mona/]ies1 except t mu* att5tion 0 devot$ to an absurd /udy ( ! prop]ties ( numb]s1 #h & to ! uses ( ari?metic 9 det]m9+ *ur* days1 calculat+ ! date ( ,ea/]1 & int]pret+ passages 9 ! ,scriptures involv+ measurem5ts 7,r4 #gd d74 ,! textbook by ,rhabanus ,maurus ,on ,reckon+1 issu$ 9 #hbj1 is l>gely 9 dialogue 7cate*etical7 =m1 & is devot$ to describ+ ! prop]ties ( numb]s1 odd1 ev51 p]fect1 imp]fect1 composite1 plane1 solid1 c>d9al1 ord9al1 adv]bial1 di/ributive1 multiple1 d5unciative1 etc42 to po9t+ out ! scriptural significance ( numb]2 #i & to an elaborate explanation ( f+] reckon+1 aft] ! old ,roman plan 7see p4 #fe74 ,ne> ! end ( ! t5? c5tury ,g]b]t1 #aj aft]w>ds ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii1 devis$ a simple abacus-=m = express+ numb]s1 simple en\gh 9 itself1 b reg>d$ z wond]ful 9 its day4 ,?is greatly simplifi$ calculation1 & made "w ) l>ge numb]s possible4 ,he also devis$ an easi] =m = l>ge divisions4 ,g]b]t's =m = express+ numb]s may be %[n f ! foll[+ simple sum 9 addition3 ,arabic ,=m ,roman ,=m ,g]b]t's ,=m ,m ,c ,x ,i #abjd ,,mcciv ,i ,,ii ,,iv #ech ,,dxxxviii ,v ,,iii ,,viii #bdee ,,mmcccclv ,,ii ,,iv ,v ,v #fai ,,dcxix ,,vi ,i ,,ix ----- --------- ------------------- #dhaf ,,mmmmdcccxvi ,,iv ,,viii ,i ,,vi ,no /udy ( ari?metic ( importance 0 possible1 h[ev]1 until ! introduction ( ,arabic notation & ! use ( ! z]o4 #e4 ,,geometry4 ,?is /udy consi/$ almo/ entirely ( geography & reason+ z to geometrical =ms until ! t5? c5tury1 :5 ,boe?ius' "w on ,geometry1 conta9+ "s extracts f ,euclid1 0 discov]$ by ,g]b]t4 ,! geography ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa also 0 /udi$1 z treat$ 9 ! textbooks ( ! "t1 & a little ab\t plants & animals z well 0 introduc$4 ,! nature ( ! geographic in/ruction may be inf]r$ f ,figure #df1 :i* reproduces "o ( ! be/ _w maps ( ! day4 ,! ma9 geographical features ( ! kn[n _w c be made out f ?is1 b _m ( ! m$iaeval maps are utt]ly un9telligible4 ,to illu/rate ! reason+ z to geometrical =ms :i* prec$$ ! f9d+ ( ,euclid we quote f ,maurus1 :o says t ! sci5ce ( geometry f\nd realization also at ! build+ ( ! tab]nacle & ! temple2 & t ! same measur+ rod1 circles1 sph]es1 hemisph]es1 quadrangles1 & o!r figures 7 employ$4 ,! k ( all ?is br+s to him1 :o is occupi$ ) x1 no small ga9 = 8 spiritual culture4 7,r4 #gd e74 ,aft] ,g]b]t's "t "s geometry prop] & ! elem5ts ( l& survey+ 7 introduc$4 ,! real /udy ( geometry 9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 dates f ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ,euclid 0 translat$ into ,lat9 f ! ,arabic4 #f4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,9 a/ronomy ! *ief purpose ( ! in/ruction 0 to expla9 ! seasons & ! motions ( ! planets1 to set =? ! wond]s ( ! visible creation1 & to enable ! prie/s to fix ! "t ( ,ea/] & all o!r fe/ivals & holy days1 & to ann\nce to ! congregation ! prop] celebration ( !m4 7,r4 #gd g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,an ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w 7,f a t5?-c5tury map 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,?is is "o ( ! bett] maps ( ! p]iod4 ,note ! mixture ( ,biblical & classical geography 7,be?lehem1 ,j]usalem1 ,pill>s ( ,h]cules71 & ! animal life 7lion7 introduc$ 9 ! upp] corn]4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 9 ! c5t]1 ! ,greek isl&s1 ! ,briti% isles1 ! ,italian p59sula1 ! ,nile1 & ! nor!rn ,african coa/ are easily recogniz$4 ,we/]n ,europe1 ! be/-kn[n "p ( ! _w at t "t1 is v poorly done4 ,ev5 aft] ,ptolemy's ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s 7p4 #di7 & ,ari/otle's ,on ! ,heav5s _h filt]$ across ! ,pyr5ees f ! ,s>ac5s1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( a flat e>? locat$ at ! c5t] ( ! heav5ly bodies & ar\nd :i* !y all revolv$1 :ile a v pleas+ !ological conception1 0 absolutely fatal to any in/ruction 9 a/ronomy wor? :ile & to any a/ronomical advance4 ,all m$iaeval a/ronomy1 too1 0 saturat$ ) a/rology1 z ! selection on ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies reproduc$ f ,b>?olomew ,anglicus %[s 7,r4 #gg b71 & ! sup]natural 0 invok$ to expla9 su* ph5om5a z meteors1 comets1 & eclipses4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 n publi%$ until #aedc1 & all our mod]n ideas date f t "t4 ,physics 0 (t5 taught z a "p ( ! in/ruction 9 a/ronomy1 & consi/$ ( lessons on ! prop]ties ( matt] 7,r4 #gg a7 & "s ( ! simple pr9ciples ( dynamics4 ,little else ( :at we to-day "k z physics 0 !n kn[n4 #g4 ,,music4 ,unlike ! o!r /udies ( ! ,quadrivium1 ! in/ruction 9 music 0 q ext5sive1 & f e>ly times a good c\rse 9 musical !ory 0 taught 7,r4 #gd f74 ,boe?ius' ,de ,musica1 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 0 ! text us$4 ,music ent]$ into s _m activities ( ! ,*ur* t mu* naturally 0 made ( x4 ,! organ1 too1 is an old in/rum5t1 go+ back to ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & ! organ ) a keybo>d to ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,?is in/rum5t add$ mu* to ! value ( ! music c\rse1 & ! hymns compos$ by ,*ri/ian musicians =m an important "p ( our musical h]itage4 #aa ,! ca!dral s*ool at ,metz & ! mona/]y at ,sa9t ,gall became fam\s z musical c5t]s1 & ( ! "w ( "o ( ! tea*]s ( music at ,sa9t ,gall 7,notk]7 x 0 writt5 by 8 biograph]3 ,?r\gh diff]5t hymns1 sequ5ces1 tropes1 & litanies1 ?r\gh diff]5t songs & melodies z well z ?r\gh ecclesia/ical sci5ce1 ! pupils ( ?is man made ! *ur* ( ,god fam\s n m]ely 9 ,alemannia1 b ev]y:]e f sea to sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,musician 7,f a f\rte5?-c5tury manuscript1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,,! ,,great ,,textbooks ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,:ile ! textbooks m5tion$ "u ! description ( ea* ( ! ,lib]al ,arts =m$ ! basis ( ! in/ruction giv51 mo/ ( ! in/ruction be=e ! twelf? c5tury 0 n giv5 f editions ( ! orig9al works1 b f abridg$ comp5diums4 ,six ( ^! 7 s fam\s & s widely us$ t ea* des]ves a few words ( description4 #a4 ,! ,m>riage ( ,m]cury & ,philology1 writt5 by ,m>tianus ,capella1 betwe5 #daj & #dbg ,a4,d41 0 ! fir/ ( ! five great m$iaeval textbooks4 ,m]cury1 desir+ to m>ry1 f9ally settles on ! le>n$ maid5 ,philology1 & ! sev5 bridesmaids--,gramm>1 ,dialectic1 ,rhetoric1 ,geometry1 ,ari?metic1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,music--ent] 9 turn at ! c]emony & tell :o !y are & :at !y repres5t4 ,! spee*es ( ! sev5 maid5s summ>iz$ ! anci5t le>n+ 9 ea* subject4 ,?is textbook 0 m widely us$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?an any o!r book4 #b4 ,boe?ius 7#dge-ebd7 0 ano!r important m$iaeval textbook writ]1 hav+ prep>$ textbooks on dialectic1 ari?metic1 geometry1 music1 & e?ics4 ,ne>ly all ( :at ! ,middle ,ages knew ( ,ari/otle's ,logic & ,e?ics1 & ( ! writ+s ( ,plato1 7 conta9$ 9 ! texts he wrote4 ,8 ,de ,musica 0 us$ 9 ! univ]sities z a textbook until ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #c4 ,cassiodorus #ab 7c4 #dij-ehe71 9 8 ,on ! ,lib]al ,arts & ,sci5ces1 prep>$ a dige/ ( ea* ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts = mona/ic use1 fix+ ! numb] at sev5 by scriptural au?ority4 #ac #d4 ,isidore1 ,bi%op ( ,seville 7c4 #egj-fcf71 "u ! title ( ,etymologies or ,orig9es1 prep>$ an encyclopa$ia ( ! anci5t le>n+ = ! use ( ! monks & cl]gy :i* 0 int5d$ to be a summ>y ( all k wor? kn[+4 ,:ile he drew 8 k f ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ) _m ( :i* he 0 famili>1 contr>y to ! attitude ( ,cassiodorus he =bade ! monks & cl]gy to make any use ( !m :atev]4 ,cassiodorus 0 /ill 9 "p a ,roman2 ,isidore 0 a full m$iaeval4 #e4 ,alcu91 a le>n$ s*ol> ( ! eigh? c5tury1 :om we met 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #adj71 wrote treatises on ! /udies ( ! ,trivium & on a/ronomy :i* 7 us$ 9 _m s*ools 9 ,frankl&4 #f4 ,maurus4 ,9 #hai ! le>n$ monk ( ,fulda1 ,rhabanus ,maurus1 a pupil ( ,alcu91 issu$ 8 volume ,on ! ,in/ruction ( ! ,cl]gy1 9 ! ?ird "p ( :i* he describes ! uses & ! subject-matt] ( ea* ( ! ,arts 7,r4 #gd74 ,he also wrote texts on gramm> & a/ronomy1 & 9 #hdd issu$ an encyclopa$ia1 ,de ,univ]so1 bas$ l>gely on ! "w ( ,isidore1 b supplem5t$ f o!r s\rces4 ,^! 7 ! great textbooks = ! /udy ( ! ,trivium & ! ,quadrivium ?r\gh\t all ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,consid]+ t !y 7 9 manuscript =m & 7 9 "o volume1 #ad _! ext5t & scope c be imag9$4 ,! tea*] usually _h or _h access to a copy1 ?\gh ev5 a tea*]'s books 9 t day 7 few 9 numb] 7,r4 #gh74 ,pupils _h no books at all4 ,^! great texts 7 compos$ ( brief extracts1 bits ( miscellane\s in=mation1 & li/s ( names4 ,_! /yle 0 un9vit+4 ,!y 7 at be/ a m]e %ell1 comp>$ ) ! ,greek & ,roman k :i* _h be5 lo/4 ,"s ( ^! books 7 9 "q-&-answ] 7cate*etical7 =m4 ,_! purpose 0 n to /imulate ?9k+1 b to transmit t modicum ( secul> k ne$$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* & z a prep>ation = ! /udy ( ! !ological writ+s4 ,= ne>ly eight hundr$ ye>s education 0 /atic1 ! only purpose ( in/ruction be+ to transmit to ! next g5]ation :at ! prec$+ "o _h kn[n4 ,= su* a p]iod su* textbooks answ]$ ! purpose fairly well4 #c4 ,tra9+ ( ! nobility ,,t5?-,,c5tury ,,conditions4 ,foll[+ ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne & ! break-up ( ! empire held toge!r by him1 a p]iod ( organiz$ an>*y foll[$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,au?ority broke d[n m completely ?an be=e1 & ,europe1 = protection1 0 =c$ to organize itself into a great numb] ( small def5sive gr\ps4 ,s]fs1 #ae freem5 lack+ l&1 & small l&[n]s alike came to dep5d on "s nobleman = protection1 & ?is nobleman 9 turn ^u "s "l or ov]lord4 ,= ?is protection milit>y s]vice 0 r5d]$ 9 return4 ,! "l liv$ 9 8 ca/le1 & ! peasantry work$ 8 l& & support$ him1 fight+ 8 battles if ! ne$ arose4 ,?is condition ( society 0 kn[n z feudalism1 & ! feudal relations ( "l & vassal came to be ! prevail+ gov]nm5tal organization ( ! p]iod4 ,feudalism 0 at be/ an organiz$ an>*y1 suit$ to rude & b>b>\s times1 b s well 0 x adapt$ to exi/+ conditions t x became ! prevail+ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & cont9u$ z su* until a bett] ord] ( society c\ld be evolv$4 ,) ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ! rise ( cities & indu/ries1 ! evolution ( mod]n ,/ates by ! consolidation ( numb]s ( ^! feudal gov]nm5ts1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] & civilization1 feudalism pass$ out ) ! pass+ ( ! conditions :i* gave rise to x4 ,f ! end ( ! n9? to ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5turies x 0 ! dom9ant =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! life ( ! nobility "u ! feudal rgime gave a c]ta9 picturesqu5ess to :at 0 o!rwise an age ( lawlessness & disord]4 ,! *ief occupation ( a noble 0 fight+1 ei!r 9 8 own qu>rel or t ( 8 ov]lord4 ,x is h>d = u to-day to realize h[ mu* fight+ w5t on !n4 ,mu* 0 said ab\t honor1 b qu>rels 7 easily />t$1 & oa?s 7 poorly kept4 ,x 0 a day ( p]sonal feuds & private w>f>e1 & e noble ?\ght x 8 "r to wage w> on 8 neighbor at any "t1 )\t ask+ ! cons5t ( any "o4 #af ,z a prep>ation = actual w>f>e a s]ies ( mimic enc\nt]s1 kn[n z t\rnam5ts1 7 held1 9 :i* x (t5 happ5$ t knights 7 kill$4 ,9 ^! enc\nt]s m\nt$ knights *>g$ "o ano!r ) spe> & lance1 p]=m+ feats simil> to ^? ( actual w>f>e4 ,?is 0 ! great amusem5t ( ! p]iod1 comp>$ ) :i* ! ,g]man duel1 ! ,mexican bullfight1 or ! ,am]ican game ( football are mild sports4 ,! o!r div]sions ( ! knights & nobles 7 hunt+1 hawk+1 fea/+1 dr9k+1 mak+ love1 m9/relsy1 & *ess4 ,intellectual ability =m$ no "p ( _! accompli%m5ts1 & a k ( read+ & writ+ 0 commonly reg>d$ z effem9ate4 ,to take ?is c>\s+1 fight+1 pillag+1 ravag+1 de/ructive1 & murd]\s in/9ct1 s /rong by nature among ! ,g]manic tribes1 & ref9e x & 9 "t use x to "s bett] purpose1 & 9 s do+ to increas+ly civilize ^! ,g]manic lords & ov]lords1 0 ! problem :i* fac$ ! ,*ur* & all int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ an ord]ly society 9 ,europe4 ,z a means ( *eck+ ?is outlawry ! ,*ur* e/abli%$ & tri$ to en=ce ! ,truce ( ,god 7,r4 #gi71 & z a p>tial means ( educat+ ! nobility to "s bett] conception ( a purpose 9 life ! ,*ur* aid$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! education ( *ivalry1 ! fir/ secul> =m ( education 9 we/]n ,europe s9ce ! days ( ,rome1 & add$ its sanction to x aft] x arose4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,*ivalry4 ,?is =m ( education 0 an evolution4 ,x began dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! t5?1 rea*$ its maximum greatness dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,crusades 7twelf? c5tury71 & pass$ out ( exi/5ce by ! sixte5?4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,crusades 0 ! h]oic age ( *ivalry4 ,! sy/em ( education :i* gradually develop$ = ! *ildr5 ( ! nobility may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,page4 ,up to ! age ( sev5 or eight ! y\? 0 tra9$ at home1 by 8 "m4 ,he play$ to develop /r5g?1 0 taught ! mean+ ( ob$i5ce1 tra9$ 9 polit5ess & c\rtesy1 & 8 religi\s education 0 begun4 ,aft] ?is1 usually at sev51 he 0 s5t to ! c\rt ( "s o!r noble1 usually 8 fa!r's sup]ior 9 ! feudal scale1 ?\gh 9 case ( k+s & feudal lords ( l>ge importance ! *ildr5 rema9$ at home & 7 tra9$ 9 ! palace s*ool4 ,f sev5 to f\rte5 ! boy 0 kn[n z a page4 ,he 0 9 p>ticul> atta*$ to "s lady1 :o sup]vis$ 8 education 9 religion1 music1 c\rtesy1 gallantry1 ! etiquette ( love & honor1 & taught him to play *ess & o!r games4 ,he 0 usually taught to read & write ! v]nacul> language1 & 0 sometimes giv5 a little in/ruction 9 read+ ,lat94 #ag ,to ! "l he r5d]$ mu* p]sonal s]vice su* z mess5g]1 s]vant at meals1 & att5tion to gue/s4 ,by ! m5 he 0 tra9$ 9 runn+1 box+1 wre/l+1 rid+1 swimm+1 & ! use ( light weapons4 #b4 ,squire4 ,at f\rte5 or fifte5 he became a squire4 ,:ile cont9u+ to s]ve 8 lady1 ) :om he 0 /ill 9 company1 & cont9u+ to r5d] p]sonal s]vice 9 ! ca/le1 ! squire became 9 p>ticul> ! p]sonal s]vant & bodygu>d ( ! "l or knight4 ,he 0 9 a s5se a valet = him1 mak+ 8 b$1 c>+ = 8 clo!s1 help+ him to dress1 & look+ aft] him at night & :5 sick4 ,he also groom$ 8 horse1 look$ aft] 8 weapons1 & att5d$ & protect$ him on ! field ( combat or 9 battle4 ,he himself le>n$ to hunt1 to h&le %ield & spe>1 to ride 9 armor1 to meet 8 oppon5t1 & to fight ) sword & battle-axe4 ,z he approa*$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 he *ose 8 lady- love1 :o 0 old] ?an he & :o might be m>ri$1 to :om he swore ev] to be devot$1 ev5 ?\gh he m>ri$ "s "o else4 ,he also le>n$ to rhyme1 #ah to make songs1 s+1 dance1 play ! h>p1 & obs]ve ! c]emonials ( ! ,*ur*4 ,girls 7 giv5 ?is in/ruction along ) ! boys1 b naturally _! tra9+ plac$ its emphasis ^u h\sehold duties1 s]vice1 good mann]s1 conv]sational ability1 music1 & religion4 #c4 ,knight4 ,at tw5ty-"o ! boy 0 knight$1 & ( ?is ! ,*ur* made an impressive c]emonial4 ,aft] fa/+1 confession1 a night ( vigil 9 armor sp5t at ! alt> 9 holy m$itation1 & communion 9 ! morn+1 ! c]emony ( dubb+ ! squire a knight took place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! c\rt4 ,he gave 8 sword to ! prie/1 :o ble/ x ^u ! alt>4 ,he !n took ! oa? to def5d ! ,*ur*1 to attack ! wick$1 to respect ! prie/hood1 to protect wom5 & ! poor1 to pres]ve ! c\ntry 9 tranquillity1 & to %$ 8 blood1 ev5 to its la/ drop1 9 behalf ( 8 bre?r54 ,! prie/ !n return$ him ! sword :i* he _h bless$1 *>g+ him to protect ! wid[s & orphans1 to re/ore & pres]ve ! desolate1 to rev5ge ! wrong$1 & to confirm ! virtu\s4 ,he !n knelt be=e 8 "l1 :o1 draw+ 8 own sword & hold+ x ov] him1 said3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ( our ,lady1 ( ?y patron ,sa9t1 & ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael & ,sa9t ,george1 ,i dub !e knight2 be brave 7t\*+ him ) ! sword on "o %\ld]71 be bold 7on ! o!r %\ld]71 be loyal 7on ! head74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,a ,,squire ,,be+ ,,knight$ 7,f an old manuscript7 ,,! ,,*ivalric ,,ideals4 ,su*1 briefly /at$1 0 ! education ( *ivalry4 ,! ca!dral & mona/]y s*ools n meet+ ! ne$s ( ! nobility1 ! ca/le s*ool 0 evolv$4 ,!re 0 little t 0 intellectual ab\t ! tra9+ giv5--few books1 & no tra9+ 9 ,lat94 ,in/ead1 ! native language 0 emphasiz$1 & squires 9 ,engl& frequ5tly le>n$ to speak ,fr5*4 ,x 0 ess5tially an education = secul> ends1 & prep>$ n only = active p>ticipation 9 ! feuds & w>f>e ( ! "t1 b also = ! ,sev5 ,p]fections ( ! ,middle ,ages3 7#a7 ,rid+1 7#b7 ,swimm+1 7#c7 ,ar*]y1 7#d7 ,f5c+1 7#e7 ,hunt+1 7#f7 ,:i/ or ,*ess1 & 7#g7 ,rhym+4 ,x also repres5ts ! fir/ type ( s*ool+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages design$ to prep>e = life "h1 r ?an h]eaft]4 ,= ! nobility x 0 a discipl9e1 j z ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 0 a discipl9e = ! monks & cl]gy4 ,out ( x lat] on 0 evolv$ ! education ( a g5tleman z di/9ct f t ( a s*ol>4 ,t su* tra9+ _h a civiliz+ effect on ! nobility ( ! "t _c be d\bt$4 ,?r\gh x ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ a re/ra9+ & civiliz+ influ5ce on a rude1 qu>relsome1 & impetu\s p1 :o res5t$ re/ra9ts & :o _h no use = intellectual discipl9e4 ,x develop$ ! ability to "w toge!r = common ends1 p]sonal loyalty1 & a s5se ( honor 9 an age :5 ^! 7 mu*-ne$$ traits1 & ! ideal ( a life ( regulat$ s]vice 9 place ( "o ( lawless gratification 0 set up4 ,:at mona/icism _h done = ! religi\s life 9 dignify+ labor & s]vice1 *ivalry did = secul> life4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( *ivalry1 7#a7 to pray1 7#b7 to avoid s91 7#c7 to def5d ! ,*ur*1 7#d7 to protect wid[s & orphans1 7#e7 to travel1 7#f7 to wage loyal w>1 7#g7 to fight = 8 ,lady1 7#h7 to def5d ! "r1 7#i7 to love 8 ,god1 & 7#aj7 to li/5 to good & true m51 :ile n (t5 foll[$1 7 valuable precepts to uphold 9 t age & "t4 ,9 ! great ,crusades movem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury ! ,*ur* consecrat$ ! milit>y pr[ess & re/less en]gy ( ! nobility to h] s]vice1 b aft] ?is wave _h pass$ *ivalry became =mal & /ilt$ & rapidly decl9$ 9 importance 7,r4 #hj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,a ,,knight ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,crusade 7,f a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 #d4 ,pr(essional /udy ,z ! "o pr(essional /udy ( ! entire e>ly ,middle-,age p]iod1 & ! "o /udy :i* absorb$ ! intellectual en]gy ( ! "o le>n$ class1 ! evolution ( ! /udy ( ,!ology possesses p>ticul> int]e/ = u4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,!ology4 ,dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation ! prep>atory /udy necess>y = s]vice 9 ! ,*ur* 0 small1 & v elem5t>y 9 "*4 ,! elem5ts ( read+1 writ+1 reckon+1 & music1 z taught to oblati 9 ! mona/]ies1 suffic$4 ,z k increas$ a little ! /udy ( gramm> at fir/1 & lat] all ! /udies ( ! ,trivium came to be common z prep>atory /udy1 :ile ^? :o made ! be/ prep>ation add$ ! subjects ( ! ,quadrivium4 ,e?ics1 or metaphysics1 taught l>gely f ! dige/ ( ,ari/otle's ,e?ics prep>$ 9 ! six? c5tury by ,boe?ius1 0 ! text = ?is /udy until ab\t #abjj1 :5 ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 ,physics1 ,psy*ology1 & ,e?ics 7 re-introduc$ into ,europe f ,s>ac5 s\rces 7,r4 #hg74 ,! !ological c\rse prop] exp]i5c$ a simil> developm5t4 ,at fir/1 z we saw 9 *apt] ,v1 !re 7 b few pr9ciples ( belief1 & ! *ur* organization 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,9 #cbe ,a4,d4 ! ,nic5e ,cre$ 0 =mulat$ 7p4 #if71 & ! fir/ tw5ty canons 7rules7 adopt$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! cl]gy4 ,) ! translation ( ! ,bible into ! ,lat9 language 7,vulgate1 f\r? c5tury71 ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 & additional canons & expressions ( belief adopt$ at subsequ5t *ur* c\ncils1 an increas+ am\nt relat+ to belief1 *ur* organization1 & pa/oral duties ne$$ to be imp>t$ to new memb]s ( ! cl]gy4 ,/ill1 up to ! elev5? c5tury at lea/1 ! !ological c\rse rema9$ q meag]4 ,9 a t5?-c5tury acc\nt ! foll[+ description ( ! !ological c\rse ( ! "t is giv53 #ai #a4 ,elem5ts ( gramm> & ! fir/ "p ( ,donatus4 #b4 ,repeat$ read+s ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 #c4 ,mass pray]s4 #d4 ,rules ( ! ,*ur* z to "t reckon+4 #e4 ,decrees ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils4 #f4 ,rules ( p5ance4 #g4 ,prescriptions = *ur* s]vices4 #h4 ,worldly laws4 #i4 ,collections ( homilies 7s]mons74 #aj4 ,tractates on ! ,epi/les & ,gospels4 #aa4 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 #ab4 ,*ur* music4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t5?-c5tury c\rse ( !ological /udy t x 0 bas$ on read+1 writ+1 & reckon+1 & a little music z prep>atory /udies2 t x began ) ! fir/ ( ! subjects ( ! ,trivium1 :i* 0 /udi$ only 9 "p2 & t its purpose 0 to imp>t ne$$ in=mation z to dogma1 *ur* practices1 canon 7*ur*7 law1 & su* civil 7worldly7 law z w\ld be ne$$ by ! prie/ 9 dis*>g+ 8 functions z ! not>y & lawy] ( ! age4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( ! /udy ( ,!ology z a sci5ce1 bas$ on evid5ces1 logic1 & e?ics4 ,su* /udy 0 n !n kn[n1 & w\ld n h be5 tol]at$4 ,!re 7 no o!r pr(essions to /udy =4 ,,sy/ematic ,,in/ruction ,,beg9s4 ,ab\t #aade ,pet] ! ,lomb>d publi%$ 8 ,book ( ,s5t5ces1 & ?is work$ a revolution 9 ! tea*+ ( ! subject4 ,9 topics1 arrangem5t1 & me?od ( treatm5t ! book m>k$ a great advance1 & became ! /&>d textbook 9 ,!ology = a long "t4 ,x did mu* to *ange ! /udy ( ,!ology f dogmas to a sci5tific subject1 & made possible s*ools ( ,!ology 9 ! univ]sities n[ ab\t to arise4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury x 0 made ! (ficial textbook at bo? ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,p>is4 ,! /udies ( dialectic & e?ics 7 rais$ to a new plane ( importance by ! publication ( ?is book4 ,by ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur* 9 a bett]-tra9$ cl]gy _h gr[n to su* an ext5t t !ological in/ruction 0 ord]$ e/abli%$ :]ev] !re 0 an ,ar*bi%op4 ,9 a decree issu$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii & ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil x 0 ord]$3 ,9 e ca!dral or o!r *ur* ( suffici5t means1 a ma/] ought to be elect$ by ! prelate or *apt]1 & ! income ( a preb5d assign$ to him1 & 9 e metropolitan *ur* a !ologian also ought to be elect$4 ,& if ! *ur* is n ri* en\gh to provide a gramm>ian & a !ologian1 x %all provide = ! !ologian f ! rev5ues ( 8 *ur*1 & cause provision to be made = ! gramm>ian 9 "s *ur* ( 8 city or diocese4 #bj ,we also1 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury1 f9d bi%ops en=c+ !ological tra9+ on future prie/s by ord]s ( :i* ! foll[+ is a type3 ,hugh ( ,scawby1 cl]k1 pres5t$ by ,nigel ,co/5t9 to ! *ur* ( 7,pott]7 ,hanwor?1 0 admitt$ & canonically in/itut$ 9 x z p>son1 on condition t he comes to ! next ord]s to be orda9$ subdeacon4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 gramm>1 ! "l bi%op ord]$ him on pa9 ( loss ( 8 b5efice to att5d s*ool4 ,& ! ,dean ( ,wyville 0 ord]$ to induct him into corporal possession ( ! said *ur* 9 =m a=esaid1 & to in=m ! "l bi%op if he does n att5d s*ool4 #ba #e4 ,*>act]i/ics ( m$iaeval education ,,f\ndations ,,laid ,,= ,a ,,new ,,ord]4 ,! education :i* we h j describ$ cov]s ! p]iod f ! "t ( ! d[nfall ( ,rome to ! twelf? or ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x repres5ts :at ! ,*ur* evolv$ to replace t :i* x & ! b>b>ians _h de/roy$4 ,meag] z x /ill 01 aft] sev5 or eight c5turies ( ef=t1 x nev]!less pres5ts c]ta9 cle>ly m>k$ l9es ( developm5t4 ,! beg9n+s ( a new ,*ri/ian civilization among ! tribes :i* _h invad$ & ov]run ! old ,roman ,empire are evid5t1 &1 t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we note ! developm5t ( a numb] ( c5t]s ( le>n+ 7,r4 #ga7 & ! beg9n+s ( t specialization ( k 7*ur* doctr9e1 classical le>n+1 music1 logic & e?ics1 !ology71 at diff]5t *ur* & mona/]y s*ools1 :i* promis$ mu* = ! future ( le>n+4 ,we also notice1 & w see ! same evid5ce 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ! beg9n+s ( a class ( s*ol>ly m51 ?\gh ! s*ol>%ip is v limit$ 9 scope & along l9es ?or\ghly approv$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 education prop]1 9 ! s5se t we und]/& x1 ! s*ools provid$ 7 /ill = a v limit$ class1 & second>y r ?an elem5t>y 9 nature4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( an in/itution r ?an ( a p1 & to prep>e ^? :o /udi$ 9 !m = s]vice to t in/itution4 ,t in/itution1 too1 _h conc5trat$ its ef=ts on prep>+ its memb]s = life 9 ano!r _w1 & n = life or s]vice 9 ?is4 ,!re 7 z yet no indep5d5t s*ools or s*ol>s1 ! monks & cl]gy repres5t$ ! "o le>n$ class1 ,!ology 0 ! "o pr(essional /udy1 ! ability to read & write 0 n reg>d$ by noble or common] z ( any p>ticul> importance1 & all book k 0 9 a language :i* ! p did n und]/& :5 !y he>d x & c\ld n read4 ,society 0 z yet compos$ ( ?ree classes--feudal w>riors1 :o sp5t _! "t 9 amusem5ts or fight+1 & :o _h evolv$ a =m ( knightly tra9+ = _! *ildr52 privileg$ prie/s & monks & nuns1 :o controll$ all book le>n+ & opportunities = pr(essional advancem5t2 & ! great mass ( work+ peasants1 engag$ *iefly 9 agriculture1 & belong+ to & help+ to fight ! battles ( _! protect+ "l4 ,= ^! peasants !re 0 z yet no education aside f :at ! ,*ur* gave ?r\gh h] wat*ful ov]sight & h] religi\s s]vices 7,r4 #ha71 & b little leisure1 fre$om1 weal?1 security1 or economic ne$ to make su* education possible or desirable4 ,moreov]1 ! o!r-worldly attitude ( ! ,*ur* made su* education seem unnecess>y4 ,x 0 /ill ! education ( a few = in/itutional purposes1 ?\gh "h & !re1 by ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,*ur* 0 beg9n+ to urge its memb]s to provide "s education = _! *ildr5 7,r4 #hb71 & ! _w 0 at la/ gett+ ready = ! evolution ( ! indep5d5t s*ol>1 & soon w\ld be ready = ! evolution ( s*ools to meet secul> ne$s4 ,,repressive ,,attitude ,,( ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,*ur*4 ,! great "w ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ?is p]iod1 z we see x to-day1 0 to assimilate & suffici5tly civilize ! b>b>ians to make possible a new civilization1 bas$ on k & reason r ?an =ce4 ,to ?is end ! ,*ur* _h int]pos$ h] au?ority aga9/ b>b>ian =ce1 & _h sl[ly won ! conte/4 ,almo/ ( necessity ! ,*ur* _h be5 compell$ to insi/ ^u h] way1 & ?is type ( absolutism 9 *ur* gov]nm5t _h be5 ext5d$ to mo/ o!r matt]s4 ,! ,bible1 or r ! int]pretations ( x :i* *ur* c\ncils1 popes1 bi%ops1 & !ological writ]s _h made1 became au?oritative1 & disob$i5ce or d\bt became s9ful 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur*4 #bb ,! ,scriptures 7 made ! au?ority = ev]y?+1 & int]pretations ! mo/ fanta/ic 7 made ( scriptural v]ses4 ,unque/ion+ belief 0 ext5d$ to _m o!r matt]s1 ) ! result t tales ! mo/ wond]ful 7 rec\nt$ & believ$4 ,to "q1 to d\bt1 to disbelieve--^! 7 among ! deadly s9s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,?is attitude ( m9d und\bt$ly _h its value 9 assimilat+ & civiliz+ ! b>b>ians1 & probably 0 a necessity at ! "t1 b x 0 bad = ! future ( ! ,*ur* z an in/itution1 & utt]ly oppos$ to sci5tific inquiry & intellectual progress4 ,monroe well expresses ! situation :i* came to exi/ :5 he says3 ,! validity ( any /atem5t1 ! actuality ( any alleg$ in/ance1 came to be det]m9$1 n by any application ( rationali/ic pr9ciple1 n by inh]5t plausibility1 n by actual inquiry into ! facts ( ! case1 b by its agreem5t ) religi\s feel+s or beliefs1 its effect 9 fur!r+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* or ! reputation ( a sa9t--9 g5]al1 by its relation%ip to matt]s ( fai?4 ,?us x happ5s t ! *ronicles ( ! monks & ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 *>m+ & int]e/+ z !y are 9 _! navet1 _! simplicity1 _! tru/ful cr$ulity1 & _! pictures ( a life & an attitude ( m9d s remote f ours1 are fill$ ) incid5ts giv5 z facts t te/ ! greate/ fai?1 /ra9 ! mo/ vivid imag9ation1 & %ock t innate respect = reality1 t x is ! purpose ( mod]n education to inculcate4 #bc ,?is au?oritative & repressive attitude ( ! ,*ur* express$ itself 9 _m ways4 ,! tea*+ ( ! p]iod is an excell5t example ( ?is influ5ce4 ,! in/ruction 9 ! s-call$ ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts rema9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t a p]iod ( half a doz5 c5turies--s mu* accumulat$ k pass$ on z a legacy to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x repres5t$ m]e in/ruction2 n education4 ,z a rec5t writ] has well express$ x1 ! :ole k & culture conta9$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts rema9$ l a sub/ance 9 susp5sion 9 a m$ium incapable ( absorb+ x2 un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod4 ,inquiry or d\bt 9 religi\s matt]s 0 n tol]at$1 & sci5tific inquiry & inve/igation ceas$ to exi/4 ,! notable sci5tific advances ( ! ,greeks1 _! lit]ature & philosophy1 & p>ticul>ly _! g5ius = free inquiry & inve/igation1 no long] influ5c$ a _w dom9at$ by an in/itution prep>+ its *ildr5 only = life 9 a _w to come4 ,n until ! _w c\ld %ake (f ?is m$iaeval attitude t[>d sci5tific inquiry & make possible hone/ d\bt 0 any real intellectual progress possible4 ,9 a r\gh1 g5]al way ! turn 9 ! tide came ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & = ! next five c5turies ! ,*ur* 0 increas+ly busy try+1 l ,k+ ,canute ( old1 to /op ! waves ( free inquiry & sci5tific d\bt f ris+ high] aga9/ ! bulw>ks x _h erect$4 ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,educational ,,sy/em4 ,! educational sy/em :i* ! ,*ur* _h develop$ by #abjj cont9u$ un*ang$ 9 its ess5tial features until aft] ! great awak5+ kn[n z ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 or ,r5aissance4 ,?is sy/em we h j sket*$4 ,= in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( le>n+ we h ! inn] & out] mona/]y & conv5t s*ools1 &1 9 connection ) ! *ur*es1 song s*ools1 & *antry or /ip5d>y s*ools4 ,9 ^! la/ we h ! beg9n+s ( ! p>i% s*ool = in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( le>n+ & ! fundam5tals ( fai? = ! *ildr5 ( ! fai?ful4 ,9 ! mona/]ies1 conv5ts1 & 9 connection ) ! ca!dral *ur*es we h ! second>y in/ruction fairly well organiz$ ) ! ,trivium & ! ,quadrivium z ! basis4 ,at ! close ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation 9 ?is *apt] a few privately end[$ gramm> s*ools 7 j beg9n+ to be f\nd$ to supplem5t ! "w ( ! ca!dral s*ools 7,,rs4 #ada-adc74 ,9 "s ( ! inn] mona/]y s*ools & a few ( ! ca!dral s*ools we also h ! beg9n+s ( high] in/ruction1 ) !ology z ! "o pr(essional subject & ! "o le>n$ c>e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>ly ,,middle ,,ages ,! relative weight ( ! l9es indicates approximate developm5t4 ,! l9es along :i* educational evolution took place 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages are "h cle>ly m>k$ out4 ,all ^! s*ools1 too1 7 completely "u ! control ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re 7 no private s*ools or tea*]s be=e ab\t #abjj4 ,only ! *ivalric education 0 "u ! control ( pr9ces or k+s1 & ev5 ?is ! ,*ur* kept "u its sup]vision4 ,! ,*ur* 0 /ill ! ,/ate1 to a l>ge degree1 & ! ,*ur*1 unlike ,greece or ,rome1 took ! education ( ! "y ^u itself z "o ( its mo/ important functions4 ,! s*ools taught :at ! ,*ur* approv$1 & ! in/ruction 0 = religi\s & *ur* ends4 ,! monks :o gave in/ruction 9 ! mona/]ies 7 responsible to ! ,abbot1 :o 0 9 turn responsible to ! head ( ! ord] & ?r\gh him to ! ,pope at ,rome4 ,simil>ly ! s*ola/icus 9 ! ca!dral s*ool & ! prec5tor 9 ! song s*ool 7 bo? responsible to ! ,bi%op1 & aga9 ?r\gh ,ar*bi%op & ,c>d9al to ! ,pope4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,tea*]',s ,,c]tificates ,,& ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision4 ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation 9 ?is *apt] an int]e/+ developm5t 9 *ur* s*ool adm9i/ration took place4 ,z ! ca!dral & song s*ools increas$ assi/ant tea*]s 7 ne$$1 & ! s*ola/icus & prec5tor gradually )drew f in/ruction & became ! sup]visors ( in/ruction1 or r ! pr9cipals ( _! respective s*ools4 ,z song or p>i% s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! p>i%es ( ! diocese tea*]s = ^! 7 ne$$1 & ! s*ola/icus & prec5tor ext5d$ _! au?ority & sup]vision ov] ^!1 j z ! ,bi%op _h done mu* e>li] 7p4 #ig7 ov] ! tra9+ & appo9tm5t ( prie/s4 ,by #aaej we h1 cle>ly evolv$1 ! sy/em ( c5tral sup]vision ( ! tra9+ ( all tea*]s 9 ! diocese ?r\gh ! issu+1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,europe1 ( lic5ses to tea* 7,r4 #hc74 ,! sy/em 0 f9ally put into legal =m by a decree adopt$ by a g5]al c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* at ,rome1 9 #aagi1 :i* requir$ t ! s*ola/icus %\ld h au?ority to sup]9t5d all ! s*oolma/]s ( ! diocese & grant !m lic5ses )\t :i* none %\ld presume to tea*1 & t no?+ be exact$ = lic5ses to tea* issu$ by him1 ?us /opp+ ! *>g+ ( fees = _! issuance4 ,! prec5tor1 9 a simil> mann]1 claim$ & (t5 secur$ sup]vision ( all elem5t>y1 & especially all song-s*ool in/ruction4 ,tea*]s 7 also requir$ to take an oa? ( fealty & ob$i5ce 7,r4 #hd b74 ,z a result ( c5turies ( evolution we ?us f9d1 by #abjj1 a limit$ b p[]ful *ur* s*ool sy/em1 ) c5traliz$ control & sup]vision ( in/ruction1 diocesan lic5ses to tea*1 & a curriculum adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! in/itution 9 control ( ! s*ools4 ,we also note ! beg9n+s ( secul> in/ruction 9 ! tra9+ ( ! nobility = life's s]vice1 ?\gh ev5 ?is is approv$ & sanction$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! c5traliz$ religi\s control ?us e/abli%$ cont9u$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & /ill exi/s to a m or less important degree 9 ! s*ool sy/ems ( ,italy1 ! old ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & "s o!r we/]n nations4 ,z we %all see lat] on1 "o ( ! big battles 9 ! process ( develop+ /ate s*ool sy/ems has come ?r\gh ! attempt ( ! ,/ate to sub/itute its own organization = ?is religi\s monopoly ( in/ruction4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,outl9e ! in/ruction 9 an inn] mona/]y s*ool4 #b4 ,%[ h[ ! m$iaeval p>i% s*ool naturally develop$ z an (f%oot ( ! ca!dral s*ools1 & 0 supplem5t$ lat] by ! end[$ *antry s*ools4 #c4 ,:at effect did ! developm5t ( song-s*ool in/ruction h on ! in/ruction 9 ! ca!dral s*ools8 #d4 ,:y 0 x difficult to develop good ca!dral s*ools dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages8 #e4 ,ab\t h[ mu* tra9+ w\ld be repres5t$ to-day by ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 7a7 assum+ ! body ( k !n kn[n8 7b7 assum+ ! body ( k = ea* subject kn[n to-day8 #f4 ,:at great subject ( /udy has be5 develop$ out ( "o "p ( ! /udy ( m$iaeval rhetoric8 #g4 ,:y w\ld dialectic naturally n be ( mu* importance1 s long z in/ruction 9 !ology 0 dogmatic & n a matt] ( ?9k+8 #h4 ,*>act]ize ! in/ruction 9 ari?metic1 geometry1 & geography dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,w\ld we consid] su* k z ( any value8 ,expla9 ! att5tion giv5 to su* in/ruction4 #i4 ,:at great mod]n subjects ( /udy h be5 develop$ out ( ! m$iaeval subjects ( ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy8 #aj4 ,comp>e ! k ( m$iaevals & mod]ns 9 7a7 geography1 7b7 a/ronomy4 #aa4 ,:at does ! fact t ! few great textbooks 7 9 use = s _m c5turies indicate z to ! "* ( educational progress dur+ ! ,middle ,ages8 #ab4 ,0 ! ,*ur* wise 9 adopt+ & sanctify+ ! education ( *ivalry8 ,:y8 #ac4 ,:at important contributions to _w progress came out ( *ivalric education8 #ad4 ,:at ideals & practices f *ivalry h be5 reta9$ & are /ill 9 use to-day8 ,does ! ,boy ,sc\ts movem5t embody any ( ! *ivalric ideas & tra9+8 #ae4 ,comp>e ! education ( ! body by ! ,greeks & "u *ivalry4 #af4 ,comp>e ! ,a!nian ephebic oa? ) ! v[s ( *ivalry4 #ag4 ,picture ! pres5t _w transf]r$ back to a "t :5 !ology 0 ! "o pr(ession4 #ah4 ,:at educational !ory1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 =m$ ! basis = m$iaeval education & in/ruction8 #ai4 ,expla9 :y ! ,*ur*1 aft] six or sev5 c5turies ( ef=t1 /ill provid$ s*ools only = prep>ation = its own s]vice4 #bj4 ,:at does ! lack ( indep5d5t s*ol>s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages indicate z to possible leisure8 #ba4 ,0 ! attitude ( ,anselm a p]fectly natural "o = ! ,middle ,ages8 ,c progress be made ) su* an attitude dom9ant8 #bb4 ,contra/ ! deadly s9s ( ! ,middle ,ages ) pres5t-day conceptions z to education4 #bc4 ,contra/ ! purposes ( m$iaeval education & ! education ( to- day4 #bd4 ,:5 ,greece & ,rome (f]$ no prec$5ts1 h[ did ! ,*ur* come to s fully develop & control ! education :i* 0 provid$8 #be4 ,comp>e ! sup]visory "w ( a mod]n c\nty sup]9t5d5t ) t ( a s*ola/icus ( a m$iaeval ca!dral4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #gj4 ,lea*3 ,song & ,gramm> ,s*ools 9 ,engl&4 #ga4 ,mull+]3 ,! ,episcopal & ,mona/ic ,s*ools4 #gb4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,s*ool at ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 #gc4 ,aldw9cle3 ,f\ndation ,grant = a ,*antry ,s*ool4 #gd4 ,maurus3 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 #ge4 ,lea*3 ,a ,m$iaeval ,lat9 ,colloquy4 #gf4 ,qu9tilian3 ,on ! ,importance ( ! ,/udy ( ,gramm>4 #gg4 ,anglicus3 ,! ,elem5ts1 & ! ,planets4 7a7 ,( ! ,elem5ts4 7b7 ,( ,d\ble ,mov+ ( ! ,planets4 #gh4 ,cott3 ,a ,t5? ,c5tury ,s*oolma/]'s ,books4 #gi4 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne3 ,! ,truce ( ,god4 #hj4 ,gauti]3 ,h[ ! ,*ur* us$ ,*ivalry4 #ha4 ,drap]3 ,educational ,influ5ces ( ! ,*ur* ,s]vices4 #hb4 ,w9*e/] ,diocesan ,c\ncil3 ,h[ ! ,*ur* urg$ t ! ,elem5ts ( ,religi\s ,education be giv54 #hc4 ,l9coln ,ca!dral3 ,lic5ses requir$ to tea* ,song4 #hd4 ,engli% ,=ms3 ,appo9tm5t & ,oa? ( a ,gramm>-,s*ool ,ma/]4 7a7 ,nor?all]ton3 ,appo9tm5t ( a ma/] ( ,song & ,gramm>4 7b7 ,ar*deacon ( ,ely3 ,oa? ( a ,gramm>-,s*ool ,ma/] to4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 song & gramm> s*ools 7#gj71 & /ate :at 0 taught 9 ea*4 ,d we h any mod]n analogy to ! same tea*] tea*+ bo? s*ools1 z 0 sometimes done8 #b4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 mona/ic & episcopal 7ca!dral7 s*ools 7#ga74 ,:5 0 ! great era ( ea*8 ,h[ d y expla9 ! *ange 9 relative importance ( ! two8 #c4 ,expla9 ! process ( evolution ( a p>i% s*ool out ( a *antry s*ool4 #d4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! ca!dral s*ool at ,salisbury 7#gb78 #e4 ,:at type ( a s*ool 0 provid$ = 9 ! ,aldw9cle *antry 7#gc78 ,:y 0 x n until aft] ! twelf? c5tury t ! end[+ ( s*ools 7#gc7 began to sup]s$e ! end[+ ( prie/s1 *ur*es1 & mona/]ies8 #f4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! ne$ = s _m ye>s to ma/] ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7#gd78 #g4 ,into :at subjects ( /udy h we brok5 up ! old subject ( gramm>1 z describ$ by ,qu9tilian 7#gf71 & h[ h we di/ribut$ !m ?r\gh\t our s*ool sy/em8 ,is te*nical gramm> at pres5t taught 9 ! be/ possible place8 #h4 ,:at /age 9 sci5tific k d ! selections f ,anglicus 7#gg a-b7 indicate8 ,:at rate ( sci5tific progress is indicat$ by its translation & l5g? ( use8 #i4 ,:at scope ( k is repres5t$ 9 ! libr>y 7#gh7 ( ! t5?-c5tury s*oolma/]8 ,:at does ! li/ indicate z to ! /ate ( le>n+ ( ! "t8 #aj4 ,picture ! mann]s & morals ( a "t :i* call$ = ! proclamation ( a ,truce ( ,god 7#gi74 ,w\ld ! rate ( progress ( civilization & ! rate ( elim9ation ( w>f>e up to !n1 & s9ce1 indicate t ! ,*ur* has be5 v successful 9 impos+ its w8 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ,*ivalry 0 made a great asset to ! ,*ur* 7#hj74 #ab4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! mu* great] simplicity ( ! *ur* s]vice ( mod]n ,prote/ant *ur*es ?an t ( ! ,roman 7#ha7 or ,greek ,ca?olic *ur*es8 #ac4 ,expla9 ! =m ( mild compulsion t[>d le>n+ :i* ! diocesan c\ncil ( ,w9*e/] 7#hb7 attempt$ to in/itute4 #ad4 ,is ! mod]n /ate tea*]'s c]tificate a natural outgr[? ( ! m$iaeval lic5ses 7#hc7 to tea* gramm> & song8 ,:y did ! ,*ur* insi/ on ^! :5 ,rome _h n requir$ su*8 #ae4 ,%[ h[ ! mod]n oa? ( (fice ( a tea*]1 & ! possibility ( dismissal = insubord9ation1 is a natural developm5t f ! oa? ( fealty & ob$i5ce 7#hd b7 ( ! m$iaeval tea*]8 ,is ?is true also = our mod]n notices ( appo9tm5t 7#hd a78 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,abelson1 ,paul4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 ,addison1 ,julia de ,w4 ,arts & ,crafts 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,besant1 ,w4 ,! ,/ory ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 99 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! ,c>e ( ,books4 ,davidson1 ,?omas4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dfg-gc4 7,also 9 8 ,ari/otle47 ,momb]t1 ,j4 ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ! ,great4 99 ,mull+]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 ,i4 ,s*effel1 ,victor4 ,ekkeh>d4 7,hi/orical novel ( mona/ic life47 ,/eele1 ,philip4 ,m$iaeval ,lore4 7,anglicus' ,cyclopa$ia47 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,influ5ces ,,t5d+ ,,t[>d ,a ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,i4 ,,moslem ,,le>n+ ,,f ,,spa9 ,,! ,,mohamm$ans ,,9 ,,spa94 ,x w be recall$ t 9 *apt] ,v we m5tion$ briefly ! ,mohamm$an migrations ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & said t we %\ld meet !m aga9 a little lat] on z "o ( ! m9or =ces 9 ! developm5t ( our we/]n civilization4 ,aft] _! defeat at ,t\rs 7#gcb7 ! ,mohamm$ans retir$ into ,spa91 mix$ ) ! ,ib]ian- ,roman-,visigo?ic peoples inhabit+ ! p59sula1 & began to develop a civilization !re4 ,figure #cc 7p4 #aad7 %[s h[ mu* ( ! _w ! ,mohamm$ans _h ov]run by #hjj ,a4,d41 & h[ mu* ( ,spa9 0 9 _! possession4 ,9 ,spa9 !y develop$ a skillful agriculture 7,r4 #he71 z1 9 l&s z hot & dry z ,spa91 all agriculture to be successful mu/ be4 ,!y introduc$ irrigation1 gave special att5tion to ! bre$+ ( horses & cattle1 & develop$ g>d5 & or*>d fruits4 ,to !m we/]n ,europe is indebt$ = ! introduction ( _m ( its or*>d fruits1 useful plants1 & g>d5 vegetables1 z well z = a numb] ( important manufactur+ processes4 ,! orange1 lemon1 pea*1 apricot1 & mulb]ry trees2 ! sp9a*1 arti*oke1 & asp>agus among vegetables2 cotton1 rice1 sug> cane1 & hemp among useful plants2 ! culture ( ! silkworm1 & ! manufacture ( silk & cotton g>m5ts2 ! manufacture ( pap] f cotton1 & ! mak+ ( morocco lea!r--^! are among our debts to ^! p4 ,?\gh _m ( ! above _h be5 kn[n to antiquity1 !y _h be5 lo/ dur+ ! b>b>ian invasions & 7 re/or$ only ?r\gh _! re-introduction by ! ,moslems4 ,,great ,,absorptive ,,p[] ,,= ,,le>n+4 ,! orig9al ,arabians !mselves 7 n a well-educat$ p4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$ we h practically no records z to any education among !m4 ,:5 9 _! religi\s conque/s !y ov]ran ,syria 7see ,map1 p4 #ajc71 !y came 9 contact ) ! survivals ( t wond]ful ,greek civilization & le>n+1 & ?is !y absorb$ ) greate/ avidity4 ,x w be recall$1 too1 t 9 *apt] ,,iv 7p4 #id71 x 0 /at$ t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians develop$ v important cate*etical s*ools 9 ,egypt & ,syria1 & especially at ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,edessa1 ,nisibis1 ,h>ran1 & ,caes>ea4 #a 7,see ,figure #bg1 p4 #hi47 ,x 0 also /at$ t ! ,*ri/ian in/ruction imp>t$ at ^! ea/]n s*ools 0 t9ctur$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ,greek le>n+ & ,greek philosophic ?\ght4 ,"h mona/]ies also 7 develop$ 9 numb]s1 & ,syrian monks _h = c5turies be5 busy translat+ ,greek au?ors into ,syriac4 ,x 0 also /at$ 7p4 #id7 t ! ,ea/]n or ,greek division ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ( :i* ,con/ant9ople became ! c5tral city1 0 m lib]al t[>d ,greek le>n+ ?an 0 ! ,we/]n or ,lat9 division ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ! fif? c5tury1 ?\gh1 due 9 "p to ! breakd[n ( gov]nm5t1 ! increas+ b>b>ity ( ! age1 & ! great] control ( all ?9k+ by ! ,*ur*1 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* lo/ some:at ( its e>li] tol]ance4 ,9 #dca ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus put a ban on ! ,hell5iz$ =m ( ,*ri/ian !ology advocat$ by ,ne/orius1 !n ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 & drove him & 8 foll[]s1 kn[n z ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians1 f ! city4 ,^! ,ne/orians n[ fl$ to ! old ,syrian cities1 :i* e>ly _h be5 s hospitable to ,greek le>n+ & ?9k+4 #b ,be+ n[ beyond ! rea* ( ,*ri/ian intol]ance & 9 a fri5dly atmosph]e1 !y rema9$ !re1 develop+ excell5t high] s*ools ( ! old ,greek type1 & !re ! ,mohamm$ans f\nd !m :5 !y ov]ran ,syria1 9 #fce ,a4,d4 ,mohamm$anism n[ came 9 contact ) an educat$ p1 z x did also 9 ,babylonia 7#fcg71 9 ,assyria 7#fdj71 & 9 ,egypt 7#fdb71 & ! ne$ ( a bett] /atem5t ( ! some:at crude fai? n[ became evid5t4 ,! same process n[ took place z _h occurr$ e>li] ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians & ! ,syrian monks became ! s*ol>s = ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ! ,mohamm$an fai? 0 clo!d 9 ,greek =ms & receiv$ a ?or\gh t9ctur+ ( ,greek philosophic ?\ght4 ,)9 a c5tury !y _h translat$ f ,syriac into ,arabic1 or f ! orig9al ,greek1 mu* ( ! old ,greek le>n+ 9 philosophy1 sci5ce1 & m$ic9e1 & ! cities ( ,syria1 & 9 p>ticul> _! capital1 ,damascus1 became r5[n$ = _! le>n+4 ,9 #gfj ,bagdad1 on ! ,tigris1 0 f\nd$1 & sup]s$$ ,damascus z ! capital4 ,ext5d+ ea/w>d1 ^! p 7 soon busy absorb+ ,h9du ma!matical k1 obta9+ f !m 7c4 #hjj7 ! s-call$ ,arabic notation & algebra4 ,,!y ,,develop ,,s*ools ,,& ,,advance ,,le>n+4 ,9 #ghf ,h>\n-al-,ras*id became ,caliph at ,bagdad1 & he & 8 son made x an intellectual c5t] ( fir/ importance4 ,9 all ! kn[n _w probably no city1 n ev5 ,con/ant9ople1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eigh? c5tury & mo/ ( ! n9?1 c\ld vie ) ,bagdad z a c5t] ( le>n+4 ,basra1 ,kufa1 & o!r ea/]n cities 7 also not$ places4 ,s*ools 7 op5$ 9 connection ) ! mosques 7*ur*es71 a univ]sity aft] ! old ,greek model 0 f\nd$1 a l>ge libr>y 0 organiz$1 & an obs]vatory 0 built4 ,l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts ?rong$ ! city1 le>n$ ,greeks & ,jews taught 9 ! s*ools1 & a numb] ( advances on ! sci5tific "w done by ! ,greeks 7 made4 ,a degree ( ! e>?'s surface #c 0 measur$ on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic 0 det]m9$ 7c4 #hcj72 a/ronomical tables 7 calculat$2 algebra & trigonometry 7 p]fect$2 discov]ies 9 *emi/ry n kn[n 9 ,europe until t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & advances 9 physics = :i* we/]n ,europe wait$ = ,newton 7#afdb-agbg71 7 made2 & 9 m$ic9e & surg]y _! "w 0 n duplicat$ until ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_! s*ol>s wrote diction>ies1 lexicons1 cyclopa$ias1 & ph>macopoeias ( m]it 7,r4 #hf74 ,?is ea/]n le>n+ 0 n[ gradually c>ri$ to ,spa9 by travel+ ,mohamm$an s*ol>s1 & !re ! en]gy ( conque/ 0 gradually turn$ to ! developm5t ( s*ools & le>n+4 ,by #ijj a good civilization & intellectual life _h be5 develop$ 9 ,spa91 & be=e #ajjj ! tea*+ 9 ,spa91 especially along ,greek philosophical l9es1 _h become suffici5tly kn[n to attract a few adv5tur\s monks f ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,g]b]t 7#iec-ajjc71 aft]w>d ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii 7p4 #aei71 0 "o ( ! fir/ to /udy !re1 ?\gh = ?is he 0 accus$ ( hav+ transactions ) ! ,devil1 & :5 he di$ sudd5ly at fifty1 f\r ye>s aft] hav+ be5 elevat$ to ! ,papacy1 monks ov] ,europe are record$ z hav+ cross$ !mselves & mutt]$ t ! ,devil _h n[ claim$ 8 rew>d4 ,a monk f ,monte ,cass9o also /udi$ at ,bagdad1 & br\ght back "s ( ! ea/]n le>n+ to 8 mona/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,%[+ ,,c5t]s ,,( ,,moslem ,,le>n+ ,,mohamm$an ,,reaction ,,s5ds ,,s*ol>s ,,to ,,spa94 ,! great intellectual developm5t at ,bagdad 0 9 "p due to ! patronage ( a few caliphs ( l>ge vision1 & 0 ( relatively %ort duration4 ,! religi\s en?usia/s among ! ,mohamm$ans 7 9 reality b little m zeal\s = ,hell5ic le>n+ ?an ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* _h be54 ,f9ally1 ab\t #ajej1 !y obta9$ ! upp] h& & succe$$ 9 driv+ out ! ,hell5ic ,mohamm$ans1 j z ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians _h driv5 out ! ,ne/orians1 & ^! s*ol>s ( ! ,ea/ n[ fl$ to nor!rn ,africa & to ,spa94 #d ,almo/ at once a m>k$ fur!r developm5t 9 ! intellectual life ( ,spa9 took place4 ,9 ,cordova1 ,granada1 ,tol$o1 & ,seville /rong univ]sities 7 develop$1 :]e ,jews & ,hell5iz$ ,mohamm$ans taught ! le>n+ ( ! ,ea/1 & made fur!r advances 9 ! sci5ces & ma!matics4 ,physics1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 physiology1 m$ic9e1 & surg]y 7 ! great subjects ( /udy4 ,greek philosophy also 0 taught4 ,!y develop$ s*ools & l>ge libr>ies1 taught geography f globes1 /udi$ a/ronomy 9 obs]vatories1 c\nt$ "t by p5dulum clocks1 inv5t$ ! compass & gunp[d]1 develop$ hospitals1 & taught m$ic9e & surg]y 9 s*ools 7,r4 #hf74 ,_! cities 7 equally notewor?y = _! magnific5t palaces1 #e mosques1 public ba?s1 m>ket-places1 aqu$ucts1 & pav$ & light$ /reets--?+s unkn[n 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe = c5turies to come 7,r4 #he74 ,x became fa%ionable = weal?y m5 to become patrons ( le>n+1 & to collect l>ge libr>ies & place !m at ! disposal ( s*ol>s1 ?us reveal+ int]e/s 9 m>k$ contra/ to ^? ( ! fight+ nobility ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,we/]n ,,europe4 ,we/]n ,europe ( ! t5? to ! twelf? c5turies pres5t$ a dre>y contra/1 9 almo/ e p>ticul>1 to ! brilliant life ( s\!rn ,spa94 ,j em]g+ f b>b>ism1 x 0 /ill 9 an age ( g5]al disord] & ( ! simple/ religi\s fai?4 #f ,! age ( reason & ( sci5tific exp]im5t z a means ( arriv+ at tru? _h n yet dawn$1 & w\ld n d s = c5turies to come4 ,monks & cl]ics1 repres5t+ ! "o le>n$ class1 reg>d$ ?is ,moslem sci5ce z black art1 & 9 consequ5ce ,europe1 c5turies lat]1 _h sl[ly to r$iscov] ! sci5tific k :i* might h be5 _h = ! tak+4 ,only ! book sci5ce ( ,ari/otle w\ld ! ,*ur* accept1 & ev5 ?is only aft] "s hesitation 7,rs4 #hi1 #ij74 ,we/]n ,europe _h1 h[ev]1 advanc$ f> en\gh ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts to desire correct$ & additional texts ( ! e>li] classical writ]s1 p>ticul>ly ,ari/otle1 & also to be will+ to accept "s ( ! ma!matical k ( ^! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 "h t ! ,moslem le>n+ 9 ,spa9 help$ 9 ! intellectual awak5+ ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,adelh>d1 an ,engli% monk1 /udi$ at ,cordova ab\t #aabj1 & took back ) him "s k ( ari?metic1 algebra1 & geometry4 ,8 ,euclid 0 9 g5]al use 9 ! univ]sities by #acjj4 ,g]>d ( ,cremona1 9 ,lomb>dy 7#aaad-aahg71 :o /udi$ at ,tol$o a little lat]1 r5d]$ a simil> s]vice = ,italy4 ,he also translat$ _m works f ! ,arabic1 includ+ ,ptolemy's ,almage/ 7p4 #di71 a book ( a/ronomical tables1 & ,alhaz5's 7,spani% s*ol>1 c4 #aajj7 book on ,optics4 ,o!r monks /udi$ 9 ! ,spani% cities dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 a few ( :om br\ght back translations ( importance4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii #g employ$ a /aff ( ,jewi% physicians to translate ,arabic works into ,lat91 b1 due to 8 cont9ual w> aga9/ ! ,pope & 8 f9al outlawry by ! ,*ur*1 8 "w possess$ less significance ?an x o!rwise might h done4 ,among ! books ?us translat$ 0 ! m$ical textbook ( ,avic5na 7#ihj-ajcg71 bas$ 9 turn on ! ,greek works by ,gal5 & ,hippocrates ( ,cos 7p4 #aig74 ,?is book describ$ ailm5ts & _! treatm5t 9 detail1 became ! /&>d textbook 9 ! m$ical faculties ( ! univ]sities1 & 0 us$ until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ano!r ,moslem ^: translat$ writ+s _h great influ5ce on ,europe 0 ,av]ros 7#aabf-aaih7 :o tri$ to unite ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle ) ,mohamm$anism 7,r4 #hh74 ,8 influ5ce on ! ?9k]s ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 0 l>ge1 he be+ reg>d$ z ! greate/ comm5tator on ,ari/otle f ! days ( ,rome to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,ari/otle ,:at ,europe obta9$ ?r\gh ,moslem s\rces :i* x priz$ mo/1 ?\gh1 0 ! comm5t>y on ,ari/otle by ,av]ros & ! works ( ,ari/otle 7,r4 #hh74 ,! li/ ( ! books ( ,ari/otle 9 use 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities by #acjj 7,r4 #hg7 reveals ! great importance ( ! additions made4 ,by ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 ,metaphysics1 ,physics1 & ,psy*ology1 z well z "s ( 8 m9or works1 _h be5 translat$ into ,lat9 & 7 beg9n+ to be made available = /udy4 ,! translation r\te ?r\gh :i* ^! works _h be5 d]iv$ 0 a r\ndab\t "o--,greek1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,ca/ilian1 ,lat9--& h5ce ! translations c\ld n be v accurate1 b !y suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ,europe until ! orig9al ,greek v]sions 7 recov]$ :5 ! ,v5etians & ,crusad]s took & sack$ ,con/ant9ople1 9 #abjd4 ,^! 7 !n translat$ directly into ! ,lat94 ,we/]n ,europe also 0 ready to use ! ,arabic 7,h9du7 sy/em ( notation1 ! elem5ts ( algebra1 ,euclid's geometry1 & ,ptolemy's "w on ! motion ( ! heav5s4 ,^! contributions we/]n ,europe 0 ready =2 ! l>g] sci5tific k ( ! ,s>ac5s1 _! ph>macopoeias1 diction>ies1 cyclopa$ias1 hi/ories1 & biographies1 x 0 n yet ready to receive4 ,"o o!r influ5ce crept 9 f ^! peoples :i* 0 ( l>ge future importance--! music & light lit]ature & love songs ( ,spa94 ,!re _h be5 develop$ 9 ?is sunny l& a life ( light gayety1 *ivalr\s gallantry1 elegant c\rtesies1 & poetic & musical *>m1 & ?is gradually f\nd its way across ! ,pyr5ees4 ,at fir/ x affect$ ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc1 9 s\!rn ,france1 !n ,sicily & ,italy1 & f9ally ! gay contagion ( lute & m&ol9 & love songs spread ?r\gh\t all we/]n ,europe4 ,a race ( tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s arose1 s++ 9 ! v]nacul>1 travel+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 & be+ ent]ta9$ 9 ca/le halls4 ,lordlyng li/ne? to my tale ,:i* is m]ryr ?an ! night5gale won admission at any ca/le gate4 ,out ( ^! g5ial b n or?odox beg9n+s ! polite lit]ature ( mod]n ,europe arose4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury ,a ,,turn+ ,,po9t4 ,by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury a di/9ct turn+-po9t _h be5 rea*$ 9 ! /ruggle to save civilization f p]i%+4 ,f ?is "t on x 0 cle> t ! battle _h be5 won1 & t a new ,*ri/ian civilization w\ld 9 "t arise 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,mu* /ill rema9$ to be done1 & c5turies ( ef=t w\ld be requir$1 b ! ,*ur*1 almo/ = ! fir/ "t 9 m ?an six hundr$ ye>s1 felt t x c\ld n[ pause to organize & sy/ematize its fai?4 ,! invasions & de/ruction ( ! ,nor?m5 _h at la/ ceas$1 ! ,mohamm$an conque/s 7 ov]1 almo/ ! la/ ( ! ,g]manic tribes 9 ,europe _h settl$ d[n & _h accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 #h & ! fight+ nobility ( ,europe 7 be+ held some:at 9 re/ra9t by ! might ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,truce ( ,god 7,r4 #gi71 & ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( *ivalric education 7,r4 #hj74 ,!re 7 _m evid5ces1 too1 by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 t ! we/]n ,*ri/ian _w1 aft] ! long intellectual night1 0 soon to awak5 to a new intellectual life4 ,! twelf? c5tury1 9 p>ticul>1 0 a p]iod :5 x 0 evid5t t "s new leav5 0 at "w4 ,up to ab\t ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury we/]n ,europe _h be5 liv+ 9 an age ( simple fai?4 ,! ,*ri/ian _w ev]y:]e lay "u a veil ( fai?1 illusion1 & *ildi% prepossession4 ,! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity & ! _m inconsi/5cies ( its tea*+s & beliefs 7 accept$ ) *ildlike docility1 & ! ,*ur* _h felt little call to organize1 to sy/ematize1 or to expla94 ,"h & !re1 to be sure1 "s que/ion+ monk or cl]ic _h rais$ que/ions ov] matt]s #i ( fai? :i* 8 reason c\ld n expla91 & _h1 p]haps1 = a "t di/urb$ ! peace ( or?odoxy1 b a /atem5t some:at simil> to t made by ,anselm ( ,cant]bury 7footnote1 p4 #agc71 z to ! prec$5ce ( fai? ov] reason1 _h usually be5 suffici5t to sil5ce all inquiry4 ,once1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 a great discussion z to ! nature ( k _h tak5 place among ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 a *ur* c\ncil _h be5 call$ to pass ^u & give f9al settlem5t to ! que/ions rais$4 #aj ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,inquiry4 ,z ! ca!dral s*ools grew 9 importance z tea*+ in/itutions1 & came to h _m tea*]s & /ud5ts1 a few ( !m became not$ z places :]e good in/ruction 0 imp>t$ & great tea*]s 7 to be f\nd4 ,cant]bury 9 ,engl&1 ,p>is & ,*>tres 9 ,france1 & sev]al ( ! cities 9 nor!rn ,italy e>ly 7 not$ = ! quality ( _! in/ruction4 ,! great tea*]s & ! ke5e/ /ud5ts ( ! "t 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ca!dral s*ools 9 ^! places1 & ! mona/ic s*ools n[ lo/ _! e>li] importance z tea*+ in/itutions4 ,by ! twelf? c5tury !y _h be5 completely sup]s$$ z important tea*+ c5t]s by ! rapidly develop+ ca!dral s*ools4 ,to ^! m important ca!dral s*ools /ud5ts n[ came f long di/ances to /udy "u "s not$ tea*]4 ,says ,mc,cabe3 #aa ,! s*ola/ic fev] :i* 0 soon to influ5ce ! y\? ( ,europe1 _h already set 94 ,y c\ld n travel f> ov] ! r\gh roads ( ,france )\t meet+ "s footsore s*ol>1 mak+ = ! ne>e/ l>ge mona/]y or ca!dral t[n4 ,robb]s1 frequ5tly 9 ! s]vice ( ! "l ( ! l&1 infe/$ e prov9ce4 ,x 0 safe/ to don ! co>se frieze tunic ( ! pilgrim1 )\t pockets1 sl+ y\r little wax tablets & /ylus at y\r girdle1 /rap a wallet ( bread & h]bs & salt on y\r back1 & laugh at ! n]v\s folk :o peep$ out f _! coa*es ov] a h$ge ( pikes & dagg]s4 ,few mona/]ies refus$ a meal or a r\gh b$ to ! w&]+ s*ol>4 ,r>ely 0 any fee exact$ = ! lesson giv54 ,! ca!dral s*ool 9 connection ) ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame #ab became especially fam\s = its tea*]s ( ! ,lib]al ,arts 7p>ticul>ly ,dialectic7 & ( ,!ology1 & to ?is s*ool1 j z ! elev5? c5tury 0 draw+ to a close1 came a y\?1 !n b>ely tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o is g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ be5 ! ke5e/ s*ol> ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,8 brilliant intellect soon enabl$ him to refute ! in/ruction ( 8 tea*]s & to vanqui% !m 9 debate4 ,8 "n 0 ,abel>d4 ,be=e long he himself became a tea*] ( ,gramm> & ,logic at ,p>is1 & lat] ( ,!ology1 &1 s widely _h he read1 s cle>ly did he appeal to ! reason ( 8 he>]s1 & s incisive 0 8 tea*+1 t he attract$ l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts to 8 lectures4 ,to assi/ 9 8 tea*+ ( ,!ology he prep>$ a little textbook1 ,sic et ,non 7,yea & ,nay71 9 :i* he rais$ = debate _m que/ions z to *ur* tea*+s 7,r4 #ia b71 su* z ,t fai? is bas$ on reason1 or n4 ,9 ! introduction to ?is textbook he held t con/ant & frequ5t que/ion+ is ! fir/ key to wisdom 7,r4 #ia a74 ,8 me?od 0 to give ! au?orities on bo? sides1 b to r5d] no decision4 ,8 boldness 9 rais+ su* que/ions = debate 0 new1 & 8 failure to give ! /ud5ts a decision 0 q unusual1 :ile 8 claim t reason 0 antec$5t to fai? 0 />tl+4 ,ev5 aft] be+ driv5 f ,p>is1 9 "p because ( ?is boldness & 9 "p because ( a mo/ un=tunate incid5t :i* des]v$ly ru9$ 8 c>e] 9 ! ,*ur*1 /ud5ts 9 numb]s foll[$ him to 8 retreat & li/5$ to 8 tea*+s4 ,8 me?od ( in/ruction 0 = ! "t s unusual & 8 _s ( inquiry s se>*+ t he /imulat$ _m a "y m9d to a new type ( ?9k+4 ,"o ( 8 pupils 0 ,pet] ! ,lomb>d 7p4 #aga71 :o completely r$irect$ ! tea*+ ( !ology ) 8 ,book ( ,s5t5ces 7c4 #aade7--,?is 0 bas$ l>gely on ,abel>d's me?od1 except t a positive & or?odox decision 0 pres5t$ = ea* "q rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,at ,,p>is ,! pres5t ca!dral 0 begun 9 #aafc1 consecrat$ 9 #aahb1 & complet$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is built on an isl& 9 ! ,se9e1 & on ! site ( a *ur* built 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! little community :i* grew up ab\t ! ca!dral *ur* =m$ ! nucleus ab\t :i* ! city ( ,p>is ev5tually grew4 ,?is ca!dral front1 ) its /atues & beautiful c>v+1 =m$ a type mu* foll[$ dur+ ! great p]iod ( ca!dral-build+ 7?irte5? c5tury7 9 ,europe4 ,! s*ool 9 connection ) ?is ca!dral e>ly became fam\s4 ,:at took place at ,p>is also took place1 ?\gh g5]ally on a small] scale1 at _m o!r ca!dral & mona/]y s*ools ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! _s ( inquiry _h at la/ be5 awak5$1 ! ,*ur* 0 be+ respectfully *all5g$ by its *ildr5 to prove its fai?1 & ! le>n+ ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,spa91 :i* n[ began to filt] across ! ,pyr5ees1 add$ to ! /r5g? ( _! *all5ge4 ,return+ pilgrims & crusad]s 7,fir/ ,crusade1 #ajii7 also began to ask = an explanation ( ! d\bts :i* _h come to !m f ! contact ) ,greek & ,arab 9 ! ,ea/4 ,a desire = a philosophy :i* w\ld expla9 ! my/]ies & contradictions ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? f\nd expression among ! s*ol>s ( ! "t4 ,9 ! l>g] ca!dral s*ools1 at lea/1 x became common to discuss ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ) mu* fre$om4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology4 ,! ,*ur*1 9 a v intellig5t & comm5dable mann]1 prep>$ to meet & use ?is new _s 9 ! organization1 sy/ematization1 & re/atem5t ( its fai? & doctr9e1 & ! great era ( ,s*ola/icism #ac n[ arose4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,s*ola/icism 0 at its height2 aft] t1 its "w be+ done1 x rapidly decl9$ z an educational =ce1 & ! new univ]sities inh]it$ ! _s :i* _h giv5 rise to its labors4 ,) ! new emphasis n[ plac$ on reason+1 ,dialectic or ,logic sup]s$$ ,gramm> z ! great subject ( /udy1 & logical analysis 0 n[ appli$ to ! problems ( religion4 ,! ,*ur* adopt$ & guid$ ! movem5t1 & ! s*ools ( ! "t turn$ _! en]gy into directions approv$ by x4 ,ari/otle also 0 9 "t adopt$ by ! ,*ur*1 aft] ! translation ( 8 pr9cipal works _h be5 effect$ 7,rs4 #hg1 #ij71 & 8 philosophy 0 made a bulw>k = ,*ri/ian doctr9e ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! next f\r c5turies ,ari/otle ?or\ghly dom9at$ all philosophic ?9k+4 #ad ,! great developm5t & use ( logical analysis n[ produc$ _m ke5 & subtle m9ds1 :o work$ int5sively a n>r[ & limit$ field ( ?\ght4 ,! result 0 a ?or\gh reorganization & re/atem5t ( ! !ology ( ! ,*ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,sa9t ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,?is 0 ! "w ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,! movem5t 0 n *>act]iz$ by ! evolution ( new doctr9es1 b by a sy/ematization & organization into good tea*+ =m ( :at _h gr[n up dur+ ! prec$+ ?\s& ye>s4 ,to a l>ge degree x 0 also an accommodation ( ! old !ology to ! new ,ari/otelian philosophy :i* _h rec5tly be5 br\ght back to we/]n ,europe1 & ! /atem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es 9 good philosophic =m4 ,,! ,,organiz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,s*oolm54 ,pet] ! ,lomb>d 7#aajj-aafj71 ^: ,book ( ,s5t5ces1 m5tion$ above1 _h s completely *ang$ ! "* ( ! in/ruction 9 ,!ology1 began ?is "w ( !ological reorganization4 ,alb]t ! ,great 7,alb]tus ,magnus1 #aaic-abhj7 0 ! fir/ ( ! great ,s*oolm51 & has be5 t]m$ ! organiz+ intellect ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he 0 a ,g]man ,dom9ican monk #ae1 born 9 ,swabia1 & educat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,p>is1 ,padua1 & ,bologna4 ,lat] he became a celebrat$ tea*] at ,p>is & ,cologne4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to /ate ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle 9 sy/ematic =m1 & 0 not$ z an expon5t ( ! "w ( ,pet] ! ,lomb>d4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7c4 #abbe-abgd71 ! greate/ & mo/ influ5tial s*ola/ic philosoph] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 /udi$ fir/ at ,monte ,cass9o & ,naples1 & !n at ,p>is & ,cologne1 "u ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,he lat] became a not$ tea*] ( ,philosophy & ,!ology at ,rome1 ,bologna1 ,vit]bo1 ,p]ugia1 & ,naples4 ,"u him ,s*ola/icism came to its highe/ developm5t 9 8 h>moniz+ ! new ,ari/otelianism ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 class tea*+ 0 bas$ on ,ari/otle1 #af ! ,vulgate ,bible1 & ,pet] ! ,lomb>d's ,book ( ,s5t5ces4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 life he wrote 8 ,summa ,!ologiae1 a book :i* has ev] s9ce be5 accept$ z an au?oritative /atem5t ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! "* ( ! organization made by ,pet] ! ,lomb>d & ,?omas ,aqu9as may be se5 f an exam9ation ( _! me?od ( pres5tation1 :i* 0 dogmatic 9 =m & simil> 9 ! textbooks ( ea*4 ,! field ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology 0 divid$ out into p>ts1 heads1 subheads1 etc41 9 a way t w\ld cov] ! subject1 & a gr\p ( problems1 ea* deal+ ) "s doctr9al po9t1 0 !n pres5t$ "u ea*4 ,! problem 0 fir/ /at$ 9 ! text4 ,next ! au?orities & argum5ts = ea* solution o!r ?an t consid]$ z or?odox 7 pres5t$ & confut$1 9 ord]4 ,! or?odox solution 0 next pres5t$1 ! argum5ts & au?orities = su* solution quot$1 & ! objections to ! correct solution pres5t$ & refut$ 7,r4 #aeb74 ,,results ,,( ,,_! ,,"w4 ,! "w ( ! ,s*oolm5 0 to organize & pres5t 9 sy/ematic & dogmatic =m ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* 7,r4 #ib74 ,?is !y did exce$+ly well1 & ! result 0 a ?or\gh organization ( ,!ology z a tea*+ subject4 ,!y did little to ext5d k1 & no?+ at all to apply x to ! problems ( nature & man4 ,_! "w 0 ab/ract & philosophical in/ead1 deal+ :olly ) !ological que/ions4 ,! purpose 0 to lay d[n pr9ciples1 & to (f] a tra9+ 9 analysis1 comp>ison1 classification1 & d$uction :i* w\ld prep>e le>n$ & subtle def5d]s ( ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,s successful 7 ! ,s*oolm5 9 _! ef=ts t in/ruction 9 ,!ology 0 rais$ by _! "w to a new position ( importance1 & a new int]e/ 9 !ological s*ol>%ip & g5]al le>n+ 0 awak5$ :i* help$ n a little to deflect _m /rong spirits f a life ( w>f>e to a life ( /udy4 ,!y made ! problems ( le>n+ seem mu* m wor? :ile1 & _! "w help$ to create a m tol]ant attitude t[>d ! support]s ( ei!r side ( debatable que/ions by reveal+ s cle>ly t !re are two sides to e "q4 ,?is new le>n+1 new int]e/ 9 le>n+1 & new _s ( tol]ance ! ris+ univ]sities inh]it$4 ,,iii4 ,,law ,,& ,,m$ic9e ,,z ,,new ,,/udies ,,! ,,old ,,roman ,,cities4 ,! old ,roman ,empire1 x w be rememb]$1 came to be l>gely a collection ( prov9cial cities4 ,^! 7 ! c5t]s ( ,roman civilization & culture4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! gov]n+ p[] ( ,rome1 ! great highways 7 no long] repair$1 brig&age became common1 trade & int]c\rse l>gely ceas$1 & ! prov9cial cities :i* 7 n de/roy$ 9 ! b>b>ian invasions decl9$ 9 population & numb]1 pass+ "u ! control ( _! bi%ops :o long rul$ !m z feudal lords4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( disord] _m ( ! old ,roman cities entirely disappe>$ 7,r4 #di74 ,only 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 nor!rn ,italy1 did ^! old cities reta9 any?+ ( _! e>li] municipal life1 or any?+ wor? m5tion+ ( _! =m] indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,b ev5 "h !y lo/ mo/ ( _! e>li] importance z c5t]s ( culture & trade1 becom+ m]ely ecclesia/ical t[ns4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 ! break-up ( 8 empire1 & ! in/itution ( feudal conditions1 ! cities & t[ns decl9$ /ill m 9 importance1 & few ( any size rema9$4 ,9 ,italy feudalism nev] atta9$ ! /r5g? x did 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,?r\gh\t all ! e>ly ,middle ,ages ! cities !re reta9$ some?+ ( _! old privileges1 ?\gh rul$ by pr9ce-bi%ops resid+ 9 !m4 ,!y also reta9$ some?+ ( ! old ,roman civilization1 & ,roman legal usages & "s k ( ,roman law nev] q di$ out4 ,9 o!r respects !y mu* resembl$ m$iaeval cities else:]e4 ,,ree/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire4 ,aft] ! dis9tegration ( ,*>lemagne's empire1 ! portion ( x n[ kn[n z ,g]many broke up into fragm5ts1 l>gely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 & full ( fight & pride4 ,! result !re 0 cont9ual & pitiless w>f>e4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! raids ( ! ,nor?m5 along ! nor!rn coa/ & ! ,magy>s on ! ea/1 l$ to ! election ( a k+ 9 #iai 7,h5ry ! ,f[l]7 :o c\ld e/abli% "s semblance ( unity & ord]4 ,by #ifa ! ,g]man du*ies & small pr9cipalities _h be5 s consolidat$ t a succe$+ k+ 7,otto ,i7 felt himself able to attempt to re/abli% ! ,holy ,roman ,empire by subjugat+ ,italy & annex+ x z an app5dage "u ,g]man rule4 ,he desc5d$ into ,italy 7#ifa71 subjugat$ ! cities1 ov]?rew ! ,papacy1 creat$ a pope to 8 lik+1 & re/abli%$ ! old ,empire1 9 "n at lea/4 ,= a c5tury ! ,g]man rule 0 nom9al1 b ) ! outbreak ( ! conflict 9 ! elev5? c5tury betwe5 k+ & pope ov] ! "q ( :i* "o %\ld inve/ ! bi%ops ) _! au?ority 7kn[n z ! inve/iture conflict1 #ajge-aabb71 ,pope ,gregory ,,vii humbl$ ! ,g]man k+ 7,h5ry ,,iv7 at ,canossa 7#ajgg7 & won a p>tial success4 ,!n foll[$ repeat$ invasions ( ,italy1 & a c5tury & a half ( conflicts betwe5 pope & k+ be=e ! dream ( univ]sal empire "u a ,g]man feudal k+ end$ 9 disa/]1 & ,italy 0 fre$ f ,teutonic rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed1 ,,! ,,city-,,/ates ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,italy ,all ( ! cities 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 except ,tur91 ,pavia1 & ,mantua1 7 memb]s ( ! ,lomb>d ,league ( #aafg4 ,,! ,,italian ,,cities ,,revive ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,roman ,,law4 ,z 0 /at$ above1 ,roman legal usages & "s k ( ,roman law _h nev] q di$ out 9 ^! ,italian cities4 ,b1 :ile reg>d$ ) rev]5ce1 ! law 0 n mu* und]/ood1 little /udy 0 giv5 to x1 & important p>ts ( x 7 neglect$ & =gott54 ,! /ruggle ) ! rul+ bi%ops 9 ! second half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! discussions :i* arose dur+ ! inve/iture conflict1 caus$ new att5tion to be giv5 to legal que/ions1 & bo? ! /udy ( ,roman 7civil7 & ,*ur* 7canon7 law 7 reviv$4 ,! ,italian cities /ood ) ! ,papacy 9 ! /ruggles ) ! ,g]man k+s1 &1 9 #aafg1 ^? 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,po =m$ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,lomb>d ,league = def5se4 ,"u ! pressure ( ,g]man oppression !y n[ began a c>eful /udy ( ! kn[n ,roman law 9 an ef=t to discov] "s *>t]1 edict1 or grant ( p[] ^u :i* !y c\ld base _! claim = indep5d5t legal rights4 ,! result 0 t ! /udy ( ,roman law 0 giv5 an emphasis unkn[n 9 ,italy s9ce ! days ( ! old ,empire4 ,:at _h be5 pres]v$ dur+ ! p]iod ( disord] at la/ came to be und]/ood1 additional books ( ! law 7 discov]$1 & m5 sudd5ly awoke to a realization t :at _h be5 be=e consid]$ z ( little value actually conta9$ mu* t 0 wor? /udy+1 z well z _m pr9ciples ( importance t 7 applicable to ! conditions & problems ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,fragm5t ,,f ,,! ,,recov]$ ,,dige/ ,,( ,,ju/9ian ,capitals & small lett]s are "h us$1 b note ! difficulty ( read+ )\t spac+ or punctuation4 ,! great /ud5t & tea*] ( law ( ! p]iod 0 ,irn]ius ( ,bologna 7c4 #ajgj-aacg71 :o began to lecture on ! ,code & ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian ab\t #aaaj to #aaae1 & soon attract$ l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts to he> 8 int]pretations4 ,ab\t ?is same "t ! ,dige/1 mu* ! l>ge/ & mo/ important "p ( ! old law1 0 discov]$ & made kn[n4 #ag ,?is gave cle>ness to ! :ole1 z be=e its discov]y ! /udy ( ,roman law 0 l ! /udy ( ,ari/otle :5 only p>ts ( ! ,organon 7 kn[n4 ,irn]ius & 8 co-labor]s at ,bologna n[ collect$ & arrang$ ! entire body ( ,roman civil law 7,corpus ,juris ,civilis7 7,r4 #ic71 introduc$ ! ,dige/ to we/]n ,europe1 & ?us made a new contribution ( fir/ importance to ! li/ ( possible high] /udies4 ,law n[ ceas$ to be a "p ( ,rhetoric 7p4 #aeg7 & became a new subject ( /udy1 ) a body ( mat]ial l>ge en\gh to occupy a /ud5t = sev]al ye>s4 ,?is 0 an ev5t ( great intellectual significance4 ,a new /udy 0 n[ evolv$ :i* (f]$ great possibilities = intellectual activity & ! ex]cise ( ! critical faculty1 :ile at ! same "t %[+ v5]ation = au?ority4 ,law 0 ?us plac$ alongside ,!ology z a pr(essional subject1 & ! evolution ( ! pr(essional lawy] f ! prie/ 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t made possible4 ,,canon ,,law ,,also ,,organiz$ ,,z ,a ,,subject ,,( ,,/udy4 ,inspir$ by ! revival ( ! /udy ( civil law1 a monk ( ,bologna1 ,gratian by "n1 set himself to make a compilation ( all ! ,*ur* canons :i* _h be5 enact$ s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7#cbe7 =mulat$ ! fir/ tw5ty 7p4 #if71 & ( ! rules = *ur* gov]nm5t z laid d[n by ! *ur* au?orities4 ,?is he issu$ 9 textbook =m1 ab\t #aadb1 "u ! title ( ,decretum ,gratiani4 ,s successful 7 8 ef=ts t 8 compilation 0 "o ( ^? great textbooks t take ! _w by /orm4 ,x did = canon 7*ur*7 law :at ! r$iscov]y ( ! ,ju/9ian ,code _h done = civil law2 t is1 x organiz$ canon law z a new & important tea*+ subject4 ,! ,decretum ( ,gratian 0 publi%$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 & 0 organiz$ aft] ! same plan z ,abel>d's ,sic et ,non1 except t ,gratian drew conclusions f ! mass ( evid5ce he pres5t$ on ea* topic4 ,x conta9$ #adg ,di/9ctions 7que/ions2 cases ( *ur* policy71 ^u ea* ( :i* 7 cit$ ! *ur* canons & ! views & decisions ( important *ur* au?orities4 #ah ,?is volume 0 add$ to by popes lat] on1 #ai s t by ! fifte5? c5tury a l>ge body ( canon law _h gr[n up1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! ,corpus ,juris ,canonici4 ,canon ,law 0 ?us sep>at$ f ,!ology & add$ to ,civil ,law z ano!r new subject ( /udy = bo? !ological & legal /ud5ts1 & ! two subjects ( ,canon & ,civil ,law came to con/itute ! "w ( ! law faculties 9 ! univ]sities :i* soon arose 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,! ,,fa!r ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,hippocrates ,,( ,,cos 7#dfj- #cfg8 ,b4,c47 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,m$ical ,,/udy4 ,! ,greeks _h made "s progress 9 ! beg9n+s ( ! /udy ( disease 7p4 #dg74 ,ari/otle _h giv5 "s anatomical k 9 8 writ+s on animals1 & _h !oriz$ a little ab\t ! functions ( ! human body4 ,! real f\nd] ( m$ical sci5ce1 ?\gh1 0 ,hippocrates1 ( ! isl& ( ,cos 7c4 #dfj-cfg ,b4,c471 a contempor>y ( ,plato4 ,he 0 ! fir/ writ] on ! subject :o attempt$ to base ! practice ( ! heal+ art on c>eful obs]vation & sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,he sub/itut$ sci5tific reason = ! wra? ( (f5d$ deities z ! causes ( disease1 & tri$ to (f] prop] rem$ies 9 place ( sacrifices & pray]s to ! gods = cures4 ,8 descriptions ( diseases 7 wond]fully accurate1 & 8 treatm5ts rul$ m$ical practice = ages4 #bj ,he knew1 h[ev]1 little z to anatomy4 ,ano!r ,greek writ]1 ,gal5 #ba7aca-bja ,a4,d471 wrote ext5sively on m$ic9e & left an anatomical acc\nt ( ! human body :i* 0 unsurpass$ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,8 "w 0 kn[n & us$ by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,avic5na 7#ihj-ajcg71 an ea/]n ,mohamm$an1 wrote a ,canon ( ,m$ic9e 9 :i* he summ>iz$ ! "w ( all e>li] writ]s1 & gave a m m9ute description ( symptoms ?an any prec$+ writ] _h done4 ,^! works1 toge!r ) a few m9or writ+s by tea*]s 9 ,spa9 & ,sal]no1 =m$ ! basis ( all m$ical k until ,vesalius publi%$ 8 ,sy/em ( ,human ,anatomy1 9 #aedc4 ,! ,roman k ( m$ic9e 0 bas$ almo/ entirely on t ( ! ,greeks1 & aft] ! rise ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ) _! new attitude t[>d e>?ly life & contempt = ! human body1 ! sci5ce fell into disrepute & decay4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj71 9 8 great "w on ,! ,city ( ,god1 speaks ) "s bitt]ness ( m$ical m5 :o are call$ anatomi/s1 & :o ) a cruel zeal = sci5ce h dissect$ ! bodies ( ! dead1 & sometimes ( sick p]sons1 :o h di$ "u _! knives1 & h inhumanly pri$ into ! secrets ( ! human body to le>n ! nature ( disease & its exact seat1 & h[ x might be cur$4 #bb ,dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages ! ,greek m$ical k practically disappe>$1 & 9 its place came ! ,*ri/ian !ories ( satanic influ5ce1 diabolic action1 & div9e puni%m5t = s94 ,correspond+ly ! cures 7 pray]s at %r9es & repositories ( sacr$ relics & images1 :i* 7 f\nd all ov] ,europe1 & to :i* ! injur$ or fev]-/rick5 peasants hi$ !mselves to make (f]+s & to pray1 & !n hope = a miracle4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury ,sal]no1 a small city delightfully situat$ on ! ,italian coa/ 7see ,map1 p4 #aid71 ?irty-f\r miles s\? ( ,naples1 began to atta9 "s reputation z a heal? resort4 ,9 "p ?is 0 due to ! climate & 9 "p to its m9]al spr+s4 ,s\!rn ,italy _h1 m ?an any o!r "p ( we/]n ,europe1 reta9$ t\* ) old ,greek ?\ght4 ,! works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal5 _h be5 pres]v$ !re1 ! monks at ,monte ,cass9o _h made "s translations1 & sometime t[>d ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury ! /udy ( ! ,greek m$ical books 0 reviv$ "h4 ,! ,mohamm$an m$ical "w by ,avic5na 7p4 #ahe71 also e>ly became kn[n "h 9 translation4 ,ab\t #ajfe ,con/ant9e ( ,c>?age1 a conv]t$ ,jew & a le>n$ monk1 :o _h travel$ ext5sively 9 ! ,ea/ #bc & :o _h be5 =c$ to flee f 8 native city because ( a suspicion ( black art1 began to lecture at ,sal]no on ! ,greek & ,mohamm$an m$ical works & ! practice ( ! m$ical art4 ,9 #ajii ,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 return+ f ! ,fir/ ,crusade1 /opp$ "h to be cur$ ( a w\nd1 & he & 8 knights lat] spread ! fame ( ,sal]no all ov] ,europe4 ,! result 0 ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,we/1 & ,sal]no develop$ into ! fir/ ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ,europe4 ,montpelli]1 9 s\!rn ,france1 also became ano!r e>ly c5t] = ! /udy ( ,m$ic9e1 draw+ mu* ( its m$ical k f ,spa94 ,ano!r new subject ( pr(essional /udy 0 n[ made possible1 & ,faculties ( ,m$ic9e 7 9 "t organiz$ 9 mo/ ( ! univ]sities z !y arose4 ,! in/ruction1 ?\gh1 0 *iefly book in/ruction1 ,gal5 be+ ! great textbook until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,new ,,influ5ces ,,& ,,movem5ts ,,! ,,crusades4 ,p]haps ! mo/ romantic happ5+s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7 t s]ies ( adv5tur\s exp$itions to ! !n ,f> ,ea/1 und]tak5 by ! k+s & knights ( we/]n ,europe 9 an attempt to reclaim ! ,holy ,l& f ! infidel ,turks1 :o 9 ! elev5? c5tury _h pu%$ 9 & 7 p]secut+ ,*ri/ian pilgrims j\rney+ to ,j]usalem4 ,= c5turies s+le pilgrims1 small b&s ( pilgrims1 & sometimes l>ge numb]s l$ by prie/ or noble1 _h j\rney$ to di/ant %r9es1 to ,rome1 & to ! bir?place ( ! ,savi\r1 #bd impell$ by pure religi\s devotion1 a desire to d p5ance = s91 or seek+ a cure f "s disease by pray] & p5ance4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ! age4 ,says ,adams3 #be ,a pilgrimage 0 444 9 itself a religi\s act secur+ m]it & rew>d = ! "o :o p]=m$ x1 balanc+ a c]ta9 numb] = 8 s9s1 & mak+ 8 escape f ! _w ( torm5t h]eaft] m c]ta94 ,! m di/ant & m difficult ! pilgrimage1 ! m m]itori\s1 especially if x l$ to su* supremely holy places z ^? :i* _h be5 sanctifi$ by ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,= ! man ( ! _w1 = ! man :o c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 g into mona/icism1 ! pilgrimage 0 ! "o conspicu\s act by :i* he c\ld satisfy ! ascetic ne$1 & ga9 its rew>ds4 ,a crusade 0 a /up5d\s pilgrimage1 "u especially favorable & m]itori\s conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,a ,,pilgrim ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages 7,f an old manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,! ,mohamm$an ,arabs :o took possession ( ! ,holy ,l& 9 ! sev5? c5tury _h treat$ ! pilgrims consid]ately1 b ! ,turks 7 ( a diff]5t /amp4 ,9 #ajga !y _h defeat$ ! ,ea/]n ,emp]or1 captur$ all ,asia ,m9or1 & _h tak5 possession ( ! =tress ( ,nicaea 7,map1 p4 #ahc71 ne> ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,ea/]n ,emp]or n[ appeal$ to ,rome = help4 ,9 #ajgg ! ,turks captur$ ,j]usalem1 & return+ pilgrims soon began to report hav+ exp]i5c$ great h>d%ips4 ,9 #ajie ,pope ,urban1 9 a /irr+ address to ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont 7,france71 issu$ a call to ! lords1 knights1 & foot soldi]s ( we/]n ,*ri/5dom to cease de/roy+ _! fell[ ,*ri/ians 9 private w>f>e1 & to turn _! /r5g? ( arms aga9/ ! infidel & rescue ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! j\rney 0 to take ! place ( p5ance = s91 _m special privileges 7 ext5d$ to ^? :o w5t1 & ^? :o di$ on ! j\rney or 9 battle ) ! infidels 7 promis$ entrance into heav54 #bf nobles & peasants1 fill$ ) a desire = adv5ture & a s5se ( p]sonal s91 no sur] way ( satisfy+ ei!r 0 to be f\nd ?an ! long pilgrimage to ! ,savi\r's tomb4 ,9 ,france & ,engl& ! call met ) in/ant response4 ,un=tunately = ! future ( civilization1 ! call met ) b small response f ! nobles ( ,g]man l&s4 ,! ,fir/ ,crusade set out 9 #ajif4 ,a second w5t 9 #aadd1 & a ?ird 9 #aahg4 ,^! 7 ! great ,crusades1 ?\gh five o!rs 7 und]tak5 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 & lo/4 ,! ,*ri/ians qu>rel$ ) "o ano!r & ) ! ,greeks1 ?\gh ) ! ,s>ac5s !y e/abli%$ some:at fri5dly relations1 & a mutual respect arose4 ,! armies :i* w5t 7 compos$ ( all k9ds ( p --lords1 knights1 m]*ants1 adv5tur]s1 peasants1 outlaws--& a _s ( adv5ture & a desire = p]sonal ga91 z well z a _s ( religi\s devotion1 actuat$ _m :o w5t4 ,9 #abjd ! ,v5etians div]t$ ! f\r? crusade to ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople1 & e/abli%$ !re an outpo/ ( _! great comm]cial empire4 ,! hi/ory ( ! crusades we d n ne$ to trace4 ,! important matt] = our purpose 0 ! results ( ! movem5t on ! intellectual developm5t ( we/]n ,europe4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,crusades ,,on ,,we/]n ,,europe4 ,9 a s5se ! ,crusades 7 an outw>d manife/ation ( ! great *ange 9 ?9k+ & ideals :i* _h begun sometime be=e 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!y 7 at once bo? a sign & a cause ( fur!r *ange4 ,! old isolation 0 at la/ ab\t to end1 & int]communication & "s common ideas & common feel+s 7 be+ br\ght ab\t4 ,bo? ^? :o w5t & ^? :o rema9$ at home 7 deeply /irr$ by ! movem5t4 ,*ri/5dom z a great int]national community1 9 :i* all alike 7 int]e/$ 9 a common ideal & 9 a common fight aga9/ ! infidel1 0 a new idea n[ dawn+ ^u ! mass ( ! p1 :]eas be=e x _h be5 b little und]/ood4 ,! travel to di/ant l&s1 ! sight ( cities ( weal? & p[]1 & ! contact ) peoples decid$ly sup]ior to !mselves 9 civilization1 n only excit$ ! imag9ation & l$ to a broad5+ ( ! m9ds ( ^? :o return$1 b s]v$ z well to raise ! g5]al level ( intellig5ce 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,"s new k also 0 br\ght back1 b t 0 n at ! "t ( great importance4 ,! pr9cipal ga9 came 9 ! elim9ation =ev] ( ?\s&s ( qu>rel+1 fight+ noblem51 #bg ?us giv+ ! k+ly p[] a *ance to consolidate hold+s & beg9 ! evolution ( mod]n ,/ates2 9 ! m>k$ *ange ( attitude t[>d ! old problems2 9 ! awak5+ ( a new int]e/ 9 ! pres5t _w2 9 ! creation ( new int]e/s & new desires among ! common p2 9 ! awak5+ ( a _s ( religi\s unity & ( national consci\sness2 & especially 9 ! awak5+ ( a new intellectual life1 :i* soon f\nd expression 9 ! organization ( univ]sities = /udy & 9 m ext5sive travel & geographical exploration ?an ! _w _h kn[n s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! greate/ ( all ! results1 h[ev]1 came ?r\gh ! revival ( trade1 comm]ce1 manufactur+1 & indu/ry 9 ! ris+ cities ( we/]n ,europe1 ) ! consequ5t evolution ( a new & important class ( m]*ants1 bank]s1 & craftsm51 :o =m$ a new city class & 9 "t develop$ a new sy/em ( tra9+ = !mselves & _! *ildr54 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,city ,,life4 ,! old cities ( c5tral & nor!rn ,italy1 z 0 /at$ above1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! e>ly ,middle ,ages z places ( "s little local importance4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury !y ov]?rew 9 l>ge "p ! rule ( _! ,pr9ce-,bi%ops1 & became little ,city- ,republics1 mu* aft] ! old ,greek model4 ,outside ( ,italy almo/ ! only cities n de/roy$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! b>b>ian invasions 7 ! episcopal cities1 t is cities :i* 7 ! resid5ces ( bi%ops4 ,outside ( ,italy ! pres5t cities ( we/]n ,europe ei!r rose on ! ru9s ( =m] ,roman prov9cial cities1 or orig9at$ ab\t "s mona/]y or ca/le1 on or adjac5t to l& at "o "t own$ by monks or feudal "l4 ,an ev]-increas+ company ( peasants1 !mselves little m ?an s]fs 9 ! beg9n+1 huddl$ toge!r 9 su* places = ! protection af=d$1 & a wall$ feudal t[n ev5tually result$ 7,r4 #id a74 ,?is lat]1 9 "o way or ano!r1 secur$ its fre$om f mona/ic control or feudal "l1 & evolv$ into ! free city we "k to-day4 ,orig9ally ea* little city 0 a self-su/a9+ community4 ,! f>m+ & graz+ l&s lay outside1 :ile ! p 7 cr[d$ compactly toge!r )9 ! protect+ t[n walls4 ,! ne$ = walls t c\ld be mann$ = def5se1 gates t c\ld %ut out ! m>aud]1 ! n>r[1 dirty /reets1 & ! lack ( any sanit>y ideas1 all alike t5d$ to keep ! t[ns small4 #bh ,! insecurity ( life1 ! con/ant w>f>e1 ! repeat$ failures or de/ruction ( crops )\t & want )91 & ! high dea?-rate f disease1 all kept d[n ! population4 ,a t[n ( a ?\s& p 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 0 a place ( "s importance1 :ile probably no city outside ( ,italy1 except+ ,p>is & ,london1 _h t5 ?\s& inhabitants be=e ! ye> #abjj4 ,9 all ,engl& !re 7 b #b1aej1jjj p1 accord+ to ! ,domesday ,survey 7#ajhf71 :ile to- day ! city ( ,london alone conta9s ne>ly ?ree times t numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,a ,,typical ,,m$iaeval ,,t[n 7,,prussian7 ,all ! elem5ts ( a typical m$iaeval t[n are se5 "h--! walls = def5se1 ! wat*-t[]s1 ! *ur*es1 ! tall ca!dral1 ! ca/le1 & ! high h\ses huddl$ toge!r4 ,aft] ab\t ! ye> #ajjj a revival ( some?+ l city life beg9s to be noticeable "h & !re 9 ! records ( ! "t 7,r4 #id a71 & by #aajj ^! signs beg9 to manife/ !mselves 9 _m places & l&s4 ,by #abjj ! cities ( ,europe 7 num]\s1 ?\gh small1 & _! importance 9 ! life ( ! times #bi 0 rapidly increas+ 7,r4 #id b74 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,a ,,city ,,class4 ,z ! m$iaeval t[ns increas$ 9 size & importance ! inhabitants1 be+ human1 dem&$ rights4 ,betwe5 #aajj & #abjj !re 7 frequ5t revolts ( ! p ( ! m$iaeval t[ns aga9/ _! feudal ov]lord1 & frequ5t dem&s 7 made = *>t]s grant+ privileges to ! t[ns4 ,sometimes ^! insurrections 7 put d[n ) a bloody h&4 ,sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 ! ov]lord grant$ a *>t] ( rights1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 & fre$ ! p f obligation to labor on ! l&s 9 return = a fix$ money paym5t4 ,sometimes ! k+ himself grant$ ! inhabitants a *>t] by way ( curb+ ! p[] ( ! local feudal "l or bi%op4 ,! t[ns became exce$+ly skillful 9 play+ (f "l aga9/ bi%op1 & ! k+ aga9/ bo?4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,fl&]s1 ,france1 & ,g]many "s ( ! t[ns _h become weal?y en\gh to pur*ase _! fre$om & a *>t] at "s "t :5 _! feudal ov]lord 0 p>ticul>ly 9 ne$ ( money4 ,^! *>t]s1 or bir? c]tificates = ! t[ns1 7 c>efully drawn & (ficially seal$ docum5ts ( great value1 & 7 highly priz$ z evid5ces ( local lib]ty4 ,! docum5t creat$ a free t[n1 & gave to ! inhabitants c]ta9 specifi$ rights z to self-gov]nm5t1 ! election ( magi/rates--ald]m51 mayor1 burgoma/]--! levy+ & paym5t ( taxes1 & ! milit>y s]vice to be r5d]$4 ,be=e ! evolution ( /rong national gov]nm5ts ^! *>t]s creat$ hundr$s ( :at 7 virtually little ,city-,/ates ?r\gh\t ,europe 7,r4 #ie74 ,9 ^! t[ns a new e/ate or class ( p 0 n[ creat$ 7,r4 #if71 9 betwe5 ! rul+ bi%ops & lords on ! "o h& & ! peasants till+ ! l& on ! o!r4 ,^! 7 ! citiz5s--freem51 b\rgeoisie1 burgh]s4 ,out ( ?is new class ( city dwell]s new social ord]s--m]*ants1 bank]s1 tradesm51 artisans1 & craftsm5--9 "t arose1 & ^! new ord]s soon dem&$ rights & obta9$ "s =m ( education = _! *ildr54 ,! guild or appr5tice%ip education :i* e>ly develop$ 9 ! cities to meet ! ne$s ( artisans & craftsm5 7,r4 #ii71 & ! burgh or city s*ools ( ,europe1 :i* began to develop 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 7 ! educational results ( ! rise ( cities & ! evolution ( ^! new social classes4 ,! "t w\ld soon be ripe = ! my/]ies ( le>n+ to be pass$ some:at f>!r d[n ! educational pyramid1 & new classes 9 society w\ld beg9 ! ma/]y ( its symbols4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,! ,,educational ,,pyramid 7,f ,smi?1 ,w4 ,r41 ,educational ,sociology1 p4 #agf7 ,! concave pyramid sugge/s comp>ative numb]s4 ,=mal education began at ! top1 & has sl[ly work$ d[nw>d4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,! fir/ city ( m$iaeval ,europe to obta9 comm]cial prom95ce 0 ,v5ice4 ,%e e>ly sold salt & fi% obta9$ f ! lagoons to ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,po1 & s5t trad+ %ips to ! ,greek ,ea/4 ,by ! ye> #ajjj ,v5etian %ips 7 br++ ! luxuries & ri*es ( ! ,ori5t to ,v5ice1 & ! city soon became a great trad+ c5t]4 ,!re ! p>tially civiliz$ ,*ri/ian knight sp5t spl5didly1 & ! ,bohemian1 ,g]man1 & ,hunni% lords came #cj to buy su* ( ! luxuries ( ! ,ea/ z !y c\ld af=d4 ,by #aajj ,v5ice 0 a free ,city-,/ate1 ! mi/ress ( ! ,adriatic1 & ! trade ( ! ,ea/ ) ,*ri/ian ,europe pass$ ov] h] :>ves4 ,f ! ,crusades %e pr(it$ greatly1 c>ry+ knights ea/w>d 9 ! great fleet %e _h develop$1 & c>pets1 fabrics1 p]fumes1 spices1 dyes1 drugs1 silks1 & preci\s /ones on ! return voyage4 ,f ,tana & ,trebizond h] trad]s p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior4 ,h] %ips & m]*ants held ! ,gold5 ,ea/ 9 fee4 ,by #adjj %e 0 ! weal?ie/ & mo/ p[]ful city 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,trade ,,r\tes ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,cities ,g5oa 9 "t became ! great rival ( ,v5ice4 ,m>seilles also develop$ a l>ge trade 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ) ! nor?4 ,f ^! ?ree cities trade r\tes ran to ! cities ( ,fl&]s1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 z is %[n 9 ! map bel[4 ,by ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,augsburg1 ,nuremburg1 ,magdeburg1 ,hamburg1 ,lbeck1 ,brem51 ,antw]p1 ,gh5t1 ,ypres1 ,bruges1 & ,london 7 develop+ into great comm]cial cities4 ,despite bad roads1 bad bridges1 #ca bad inns1 robb] knights & b&its1 ! comm]ce once c>ri$ on by ,rome ) h] prov9ces 0 reviv+4 ,great fairs1 or ye>ly m>kets1 came to be held 9 ! l>ge int]ior t[ns1 to :i* m]*ants came f ne> & f> to display & ex*ange _! w>es1 &1 /ill m important1 f ! /&po9t ( advanc+ g5]al education1 to ex*ange ideas & exp]i5ces4 ,! luxuries display$ at ^! m>kets by travel+ m]*ants f ! s\?--salt1 pepp]1 spices1 sug>1 drugs1 dye/uffs1 glass beads1 glassw>e1 table implem5ts1 p]fumes1 ornam5ts1 und]we>1 articles ( dress1 silks1 velvets1 c>pets1 rugs--dazzl$ & a/\nd$ ! simple t[nspeople ( we/]n ,europe4 ,^! fairs became educational =ces ( a high ord]4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,bank+4 ,! trad+ ( articles at seaports & at ! int]ior city fairs came fir/1 & ?is soon work$ a revolution 9 indu/ry4 ,in/ead ( agriculture be+ almo/ ! only occupation1 & ! fe$+ ( ! local population ! only purpose1 ) only su* arts & indu/ries practic$ z 7 ne$$ to supply ! wants ( ! t[nsm51 x n[ became possible to create a surplus to b>t] at ! fairs = luxuries f ! outside4 ,local indu/ries1 h]et(ore ( b little importance1 n[ develop$ into trades1 & ! manufacture ( articles = outside sale 0 begun4 ,at fir/ manufactur+ 0 v limit$ 9 scope1 & conf9$ l>gely to local h&icrafts or ! imitation ( import$ articles1 b lat] new & important indu/ries arose--! glass indu/ry 9 ,v5ice1 ! gold & silv] indu/ry ( ,flor5ce1 ! weav+ indu/ry at ,ma9z & ,erfurt1 & ! wool indu/ry ( ,fl&]s4 ,! craftsman & artisan1 z well z ! m]*ant & trad]1 7 n[ develop$ 9 ! t[ns1 & soon became important memb]s ( ! new social ord]4 ,z s]fs & ville9s #cb 7 set free f ! l& #cc !y came to ! t[ns1 add+ m memb]s to ! new indu/rial classes 7,r4 #if74 ,f #abjj on !re 0 a great revival ( indu/ry 9 we/]n ,europe1 & by #aejj m]*ants & craftsm5 _h won back ! place once held by m]*ants & craftsm5 9 ,roman life & trade4 ,at ,flor5ce a bank+ class arose1 & in/ead ( b>t]1 banks & ! use ( money & cr$it 7 develop$4 ,f ,flor5ce ?is sy/em gradually ext5d$ to ! o!r comm]cial cities4 ,gradually ! m$iaeval objection to ! tak+ ( int]e/ = ! use ( money1 :i* ! ,*ur* _h =bidd5 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages z usury & wick$1 0 ov]come1 & ,italian bank]s & m]*ants l$ ! _w 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( t cr$it :i* has made mod]n trade & indu/ry possible4 ,) money once m 9 g5]al use z a measure ( value1 ! ,arabic sy/em ( notation 9 use = comm]cial transactions1 & cr$it at reasonable int]e/ rates provid$ z a basis = f9ance1 an era 9 trade & comm]ce & manufactur+ set 9 unkn[n s9ce ! days ( ,roman rule4 ,ord]1 security1 & a wid] ext5sion ( educational advantages n[ 7 ne$$1 & no?+ contribut$ m to secur+ ^! ?an ! gr[? ( weal? & manufactur+ indu/ries 9 ! t[ns1 & ! ext5sion ( comm]ce & ! use ( money ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,no?+ t5ds s p[]fully to dem& or secure ^! ?+s z ! possession ( weal? among a p4 ,,education ,,= ,,^! ,,new ,,social ,,classes4 ,) ! evolution ( ^! new social classes an ext5sion ( education took place ?r\gh ! =mation ( guilds4 #cd ,! m]*ants ( ! ,middle ,ages trad$1 n z individuals1 nor z subjects ( a ,/ate :i* protect$ !m1 = !re 7 z yet no su* ,/ates1 b z memb]s ( ! guild ( m]*ants ( _! t[n1 or z memb]s ( a trad+ company4 ,lat]1 t[ns unit$ to =m trad+ conf$]ations1 ( :i* ! ,hanseatic ,league ( nor!rn ,g]many 0 a conspicu\s example4 ,^! burgh] m]*ant guilds became weal?y & important socially2 #ce !y 7 *>t]$ by k+s & giv5 trad+ privileges analog\s to ^? ( a mod]n corporation 7,r4 #ie72 !y elb[$ _! way into affairs ( ,/ate1 & 9 "t took ov] 9 l>ge "p ! city gov]nm5ts2 !y obta9$ education = !mselves1 & f\ght ) ! *ur* au?orities = ! creation ( indep5d5t burgh s*ools2 #cf !y began to read books1 & books 9 ! v]nacul> began to be writt5 = !m2 #cg !y 9 "t vi$ ) ! cl]gy & ! nobility 9 _! patronage ( le>n+2 !y ev]y:]e /ood ) ! k+s & pr9ces to compel feudal lords to /op w>f>e & plund]+ & to submit to law & ord]2 #ch & !y ent]ta9$ royal p]sonages & drew nobles1 cl]gy1 & g5try into _! honor>y memb]%ip1 ?us s]v+ z an important ag5cy 9 break+ d[n ! social-class exclusiv5ess ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ^! guilds1 :i* 7 self-gov]n+ bodies debat+ que/ions & decid+ policies & actions1 mu* elem5t>y political tra9+ 0 giv5 _! memb]s :i* prov$ ( l>ge importance at a lat] "t4 ,9 ! same way ! craft guilds r5d]$ a l>ge educational s]vice to ! small m]*ant & work]1 z !y provid$ ! te*nical & social education ( su* dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 e>ly mod]n times1 & protect$ _! memb]s f oppression 9 an age :5 oppression 0 ! rule4 ,) ! revival ( trade & indu/ry craft guilds arose all ov] we/]n ,europe4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! c&le-mak]s' guild1 organiz$ at ,p>is 9 #ajfa4 ,soon aft] we f9d l>ge numb]s ( guilds--masons1 %oemak]s1 h>ness-mak]s1 bak]s1 smi?s1 wool-comb]s1 tann]s1 saddl]s1 spurri]s1 weav]s1 goldsmi?s1 pewt]]s1 c>p5t]s1 lea!r-work]s1 clo?-work]s1 p9n]s1 fi%mong]s1 but*]s1 b>b]s--all organiz$ on mu* ! same plan4 ,^! 7 ! work+-m5's frat]nities or labor unions ( m$iaeval ,europe4 ,ea* trade or craft became organiz$ z a city guild1 compos$ ( ! ma/]s1 j\rneym5 7paid workm571 & appr5tices4 ,! great m$iaeval docum5t1 a *>t] ( rights gu>antee+ protection1 0 usually obta9$4 ,! guild = ea* trade laid d[n rules = ! numb] & tra9+ ( appr5tices1 #ci ! conditions "u :i* a j\rneyman c\ld become a ma/]1 #dj rules = conduct+ ! trade1 /&>ds to be ma9ta9$ 9 workman%ip1 prices to be *>g$1 & dues & obligations ( memb]s 7,r4 #ig74 ,!y sup]vis$ "w 9 _! craft1 c>$ = ! sick1 buri$ ! dead1 & look$ aft] ! wid[s & orphans4 ,(t5 !y provid$ "o or m prie/s ( _! own to m9i/] to ! families ( _! craft1 & gradually ! cu/om arose ( hav+ ! prie/ also tea* some?+ ( ! rudim5ts ( religion & le>n+ to ! *ildr5 ( ! memb]s4 ,9 "t money & l&s 7 set aside or left = su* purposes1 & a =m ( *antry s*ool1 :i* lat] evolv$ into a regul> s*ool1 (t5 ) in/ruction 9 high] /udies add$1 0 creat$ = ! *ildr5 ( memb]s #da ( ! guild 7,r4 #ih74 ,,appr5tice%ip ,,education4 ,= c5turies aft] ! revival ( trade & indu/ry all manufactur+ 0 on a small scale1 & 9 ! home-indu/ry /age4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 no ma*9]y1 & only ! simple tools kn[n f anci5t times 7 us$4 ,9 a fir/-floor room at ! back1 ma/]1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices work+ toge!r made ! articles :i* 7 sold by ! ma/] or ! ma/]'s wife & daught] 9 ! room 9 front4 ,! manufactur] & m]*ant 7 "o4 ,appr5tices 7 b\nd to a ma/] = a t]m ( ye>s 7,r4 #ii71 (t5 pay+ = ! tra9+ & education to be receiv$1 & ! ma/] bo>d$ & lodg$ bo? ! appr5tices & ! paid workm5 9 ! family rooms above ! %op & /ore4 ,! =m ( appr5tice%ip education & tra9+ :i* ?us develop$1 f an educational po9t ( view1 =ms = u ! important feature ( ! hi/ory ( ^! craft guilds4 ,) ! subdivision ( labor & ! developm5t ( new trades ! craft-guild idea 0 ext5d$ to ! new occupations1 & a /eady /ream ( rural labor fl[+ to ! t[ns 0 absorb$ by !m & taught ! elem5ts ( social usages1 self- gov]nm5t1 & ! ma/]y ( a trade4 ,?r\gh\t all ! long p]iod up to ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is appr5tice%ip education 9 a trade & 9 self-gov]nm5t con/itut$ almo/ ! entire =mal education ! work] ) 8 h&s receiv$4 ,! sons ( ! b>b>ian invad]s1 z well z _! knightly bro!rs1 at la/ 7 busy le>n+ ! great lessons ( indu/ry1 cop]ation1 & p]sonal loyalty4 ,"h beg9s1 = we/]n ,europe1 ! nobility ( labor--! long p$igree ( toil4 ,s well 9 fact did ?is appr5tice sy/em ( tra9+ & education meet ! ne$s ( ! "t t x p]si/$1 z 0 said above1 well into ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,rs4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bdb1 #bdc71 be+ displac$ only by mod]n p[] ma*9]y & sy/ematiz$ factory me?ods4 ,dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages & 9 mod]n times x r5d]$ an important educational s]vice2 9 ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury x became su* an ob/acle to educational & indu/rial progress t x has _h to be supplem5t$ or replac$ by sy/ematic vocational education4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,^! ,,new ,,movem5ts4 ,we ?us see1 by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 a numb] ( new influ5ces 9 we/]n ,europe :i* po9t to an intellectual awak5+ & to ! rise ( a new educat$ class1 sep>ate f ! monks & cl]gy on ! "o h& or ! nobility on ! o!r1 & to ! awak5+ ( ,europe to a new attitude t[>d life4 ,s>ac5 le>n+1 filt]+ across f ,spa91 _h add$ mat]ially to ! k ,europe previ\sly _h1 & _h /imulat$ new intellectual int]e/s4 ,s*ola/icism _h begun its great "w ( reorganiz+ & sy/ematiz+ !ology1 :i* 0 de/9$ to free philosophy1 hi!rto reg>d$ z a dang]\s foe or a suspect$ ally1 f !ology & to remake entirely ! tea*+ ( ! subject4 ,civil & canon law _h be5 creat$ z :olly new pr(essional subjects1 & ! beg9n+s ( ! tea*+ ( m$ic9e _h be5 made4 ,in/ead ( ! old ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts & a v limit$ c\rse ( pr(essional /udy = ! cl]ical (fice be+ ! entire curriculum1 & ,!ology ! "o pr(essional subject1 we n[ f9d1 by ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a numb] ( new & important pr(essional subjects ( l>ge future significance--subjects de/9$ to break ! monopoly ( !ological /udy & put an end to logi/ic hair-splitt+4 ,! next /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( education came 9 ! developm5t ( in/itutions :]e ?9k+ & tea*+ c\ld be c>ri$ on free f civil or ecclesia/ical control1 ) ! consequ5t rise ( an indep5d5t le>n$ class 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,?is came ) ! rise ( ! univ]sities1 to :i* we next turn1 & out ( :i* 9 "t arose ! future indep5d5t s*ol>%ip ( ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,we also discov] a s]ies ( new movem5ts1 connect$ ) ! ,crusades1 ! rise ( cities1 & ! revival ( trade & indu/ry1 all ( :i* cle>ly m>k ! close ( ! d>k p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we note1 too1 ! evolution ( new social classes--a new ,e/ate--de/9$ 9 "t to eclipse 9 importance bo? prie/ & noble & to become = long ! rul+ classes ( ! mod]n _w4 ,we also note ! beg9n+s ( an important indep5d5t sy/em ( education = ! h&-work]s :i* suffic$ until ! days ( /eam1 ma*9]y1 & ! evolution ( ! factory sy/em4 ,! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 7 turn+-po9ts ( great significance 9 ! hi/ory ( our we/]n civilization1 & ) ! op5+ ( ! wond]ful ?irte5? c5tury ! we/]n _w is well head$ t[>d a new life & mod]n ways ( ?9k+4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:y is x t a /rong religi\s control is nev] favorable to orig9ality 9 ?9k+8 #b4 ,%[ h[ ! "w ( ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians = ! ,mohamm$an fai? 0 ano!r example ( ! ,hell5ization ( ! anci5t _w4 #c4 ,w\ld x be possible = any p any:]e 9 ! _w today to make su* advances z 7 made at ,bagdad1 9 ! late eigh? & e>ly n9? c5turies1 )\t su* "w p]man5tly influ5c+ ! c\rse ( civilization & le>n+ ev]y:]e8 ,to :at is ! diff]5ce due8 #d4 ,:at 7 ! *ief ob/acles to ,europe adopt+ at once ! le>n+ f ,mohamm$an ,spa91 in/ead ( wait+ c5turies to discov] ?is le>n+ indep5d5tly8 #e4 ,:y did ,ari/otle's "w seem ( mu* great] value to ! m$iaeval s*ol> ?an ! ,moslem sci5ce8 ,:at are ! relative values to-day8 #f4 ,:y %\ld ! light lit]ature ( ,spa9 be spok5 ( z a gay contagion8 ,did ?is ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d fiction & poetry cont9ue long8 #g4 ,9 :at ways 0 ! ,sic et ,non ( ,abel>d a complete break ) m$iaeval traditions8 #h4 ,h[ did ! fact t ,dialectic 7,logic7 n[ became ! great subject ( /udy 9 itself d5ote a m>k$ intellectual advance8 ,:at 0 ! significance ( ! prom95ce ( ?is /udy = ! future ( ?9k+8 #i4 ,:at 0 ! effect on inquiry & individual ?9k+ ( ! me?od ( pres5tation us$ by ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 8 ,summa ,!ologica8 #aj4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! all-absorb+ int]e/ 9 s*ola/icism dur+ ! great] "p ( a c5tury8 #aa4 ,/ate ! significance1 = ! future1 ( ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,roman law3 7a7 intellectually2 7b7 9 %ap+ future civilization4 #ab4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d disease1 & ! sci5tific treatm5t ( x8 ,has t attitude entirely pass$ away8 ,illu/rate4 #ac4 ,:y 0 x su* a good ?+ = ! future ( civilization 9 ,engl& & ,france t s _m ( its nobility p]i%$ 9 ! ,crusades8 #ad4 ,/ate a numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! ,crusade movem5ts _h a b5eficial effect on we/]n ,europe4 #ae4 ,%[ h[ ! revival ( comm]ce 0 an educative & a civiliz+ influ5ce ( l>ge importance4 #af4 ,w\ld ! organization ( comm]ce & bank+1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sanctity ( obligations 9 a c\ntry1 be "o important measure ( ! civilization to :i* t c\ntry _h atta9$8 ,illu/rate4 #ag4 ,%[ h[ ! developm5t ( indu/ry & comm]ce & ! accumulation ( weal? t5d to promote ord] & security1 & to ext5d educational advantages4 #ah4 ,contra/ a m$iaeval guild & a mod]n labor union4 ,a guild & a mod]n frat]nal & b5evol5t society4 #ai4 ,:y did appr5tice%ip education cont9ue s long ) s little *ange1 :5 x is n[ s rapidly be+ sup]s$$8 #bj4 ,does ! rise ( a new ,e/ate 9 society indicate a p]iod ( sl[ or rapid *ange8 ,:y is su* an evolution ( importance = education & civilization8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #he4 ,drap]3 ,! ,moslem ,civilization 9 ,spa94 #hf4 ,drap]3 ,le>n+ among ! ,moslems 9 ,spa94 #hg4 ,norton3 ,works ( ,ari/otle kn[n by #acjj4 #hh4 ,av]ros3 ,on ,ari/otle's ,greatness4 #hi4 ,rog] ,bacon3 ,h[ ,ari/otle 0 receiv$ at ,ox=d4 #ij4 ,/atutes3 ,h[ ,ari/otle 0 receiv$ at ,p>is4 7a7 ,decree ( ,*ur* ,c\ncil1 #abaj ,a4,d4 7b7 ,/atutes ( ,papal ,legate1 #abae ,a4,d4 7c7 ,/atutes ( ,pope ,gregory1 #abca ,a4,d4 7d7 ,/atutes ( ! ,ma/]s ( ,arts1 #abed ,a4,d4 #ia4 ,c\s93 ,abel>d's ,sic et ,non4 7a7 ,f ! ,introduction4 7b7 ,types ( ,que/ions rais$ = ,debate4 #ib4 ,ra%dall3 ,! ,great ,"w ( ! ,s*oolm54 #ic4 ,ju/9ian3 ,preface to ! ,ju/9ian ,code4 #id4 ,giry & ,rville3 ,! ,e>ly ,m$iaeval ,t[n4 7a7 ,to ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7b7 ,by ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 #ie4 ,gross3 ,an ,engli% ,t[n ,*>t]4 #if4 ,london3 ,oa? ( a ,new ,freeman 9 a ,m$iaeval ,t[n4 #ig4 ,riley3 ,ord9ances ( ! ,:ite-,tawy]s' ,guild4 #ih4 ,/ate ,report3 ,s*ool ( ! ,guild ( ,sa9t ,ni*olas4 #ii4 ,engl&1 #acif3 ,a ,m$iaeval ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,contra/ ! /ate ( civilization 9 ,spa9 & ! re/ ( ,europe ab\t #aajj 7#he1 #hf74 #b4 ,consid]+ ,ari/otle's great intellectual wor? 7#hh7 & "w 7#hg71 is x to be wond]$ t ! m$iaevals reg>d$ him ) su* rev]5ce8 #c4 ,d we today accept ,abel>d's premise 7#ia a7 z to atta9+ wisdom8 ,w\ld 8 que/ions 7#ia b7 excite mu* int]e/ to-day8 #d4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! *ange 9 attitude t[>d him %[n by ! successive /atutes enact$ 7#ij a-d7 = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is8 #e4 ,w\ld ! extract f ,rog] ,bacon 7#hi7 lead y to ?9k him a man ahead ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$8 ,:y8 #f4 ,did s*ola/icism repres5t ! innoc5t intellectual activity1 f ! ,*ur* po9t ( view1 pictur$ by ,ra%dall 7#ib78 #g4 ,:at 7 ! ma9 ?+s ,ju/9ian hop$ to accompli% by ! prep>ation ( ! great ,code1 z set =? 9 ! ,preface 7#ic78 #h4 ,*>act]ize ! m$iaeval t[n by ! elev5? c5tury 7#id a74 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! progress f t "t to ! ?irte5? c5tury 7#id b78 #i4 ,:at 7 ! *ief privileges conta9$ 9 ! t[n *>t] ( ,wall+-=d 7#ie71 & :at position does x indicate 0 held by ! guild-m]*ant !re98 #aj4 ,:at does ! oa? ( a freeman 7#if7 indicate z to social conditions8 #aa4 ,/ate ! *ief regulations impos$ on its memb]s by ! ,:ite- ,tawy]s' ,guild 7#ig74 ,comp>e ^! regulations ) ^? ( a mod]n labor union1 su* z ! plumb]s4 ,) a frat]nal ord]1 su* z ! ,masons4 #ab4 ,:at is indicat$ z to ! educational advantages provid$ by ! ,guild ( ,sa9t ,ni*olas1 9 ! city ( ,worce/]1 by ! extract 7#ih7 tak5 f ! ,report ( ! ,k+'s ,commission]8 #ac4 ,does a comp>ison ( ,read+s #ii1 #bja1 & #bdb indicate a /atic condition ( appr5tice%ip education = c5turies8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ame]1 ,ali4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s4 99 ,a%ley1 ,w4 ,j4 ,introduction to ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory4 ,cutts1 ,edw4 ,l4 ,sc5es & ,*>act]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 99 ,gauti]1 ,lon4 ,*ivalry4 99 ,giry1 ,a41 & ,rville1 ,a4 ,emancipation ( ! ,m$iaeval ,t[ns4 ,hibb]t1 ,f4 ,a4 ,influ5ce & ,developm5t ( ,engli% ,guilds4 99 ,hume1 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,! ,spani% ,p4 99 ,lavisse1 ,erne/4 ,m$iaeval ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry4 99 ,mac,cabe1 ,jos4 ,pet] ,abel>d4 99 ,munro1 ,d4 ,c41 & ,sell]y1 ,g4 ,e4 ,m$iaeval ,civilization4 ,poole1 ,r4 ,l4 ,illu/rations ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght4 99 ,ra%dall1 ,h4 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ,i4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,r4 ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 i4 ,scott1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hi/orical ,essays on ,appr5tice%ip & ,vocational ,education4 7,engl&47 99 ,s$gwick1 ,w4 ,j41 & ,tyl]1 ,h4 ,w4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,taylor1 ,h4 ,c4 ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d4 ,?orndike1 ,lynn4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,t[ns5d1 ,w4 ,j4 ,! ,great ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,/udium ,,g5]ale4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we describ$ briefly ! new movem5t t[>d association :i* *>act]iz$ ! elev5? & ! twelf? c5turies--! municipal movem5t1 ! m]*ant guilds1 ! trade guilds1 etc4 ,^! 7 do+ = civil life :at mona/icism _h e>li] done = ! religi\s life4 ,!y 7 collections ( l-m9d$ m51 :o unit$ !mselves into associations or guilds = mutual b5efit1 protection1 advancem5t1 & self-gov]nm5t )9 ! limits ( _! city1 bus9ess1 trade1 or occupation4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>d association1 9 ! days :5 /ate gov]nm5t 0 weak or 9 its infancy1 0 "o ( ! m>k$ features ( ! transition "t f ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 virtually ! ,/ate1 to ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 secul> matt]s 0 beg9n+ to weak51 mod]n nations 7 beg9n+ to =m1 & an int]e/ 9 worldly affairs 0 beg9n+ to replace ! previ\s inord9ate int]e/ 9 ! _w to come4 ,we also not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s t c]ta9 ca!dral & mona/]y s*ools1 b especially ! ca!dral s*ools1 #a /imulat$ by ! new int]e/ 9 ,dialectic1 7 develop+ into mu* m ?an local tea*+ in/itutions design$ to af=d a supply ( prie/s ( "s little education = ! p>i%es ( ! bi%opric4 ,once ,york & lat] ,cant]bury1 9 ,engl&1 _h _h tea*]s :o attract$ /ud5ts f o!r bi%oprics4 ,p>is _h = long be5 a fam\s c5t] = ! /udy ( ! ,lib]al ,arts & ( ,!ology4 ,sa9t ,gall _h become not$ = its music4 ,!ologians com+ f ,p>is 7#aafg-fh7 _h giv5 a new impetus to /udy among ! monks at ,ox=d4 ,a s]ies ( political ev5ts 9 nor!rn ,italy _h giv5 emphasis to ! /udy ( law 9 _m cities1 & ! ,moslems 9 ,spa9 _h /imulat$ ! s*ools !re & 9 s\!rn ,france to a /udy ( m$ic9e & ,ari/otelian sci5ce4 ,rome 0 = long a not$ c5t] = /udy4 ,gradually ^! places came to be kn[n z /udia publica1 or /udia g5]alia1 mean+ by ?is a g5]ally recogniz$ place ( /udy1 :]e lectures 7 op5 to any "o1 to /ud5ts ( all c\ntries & ( all conditions4 #b ,travel+ /ud5ts came to ^! places f af> to he> "s not$ tea*] read & comm5t on ! fam\s textbooks ( ! "t4 ,f ! fir/ bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts _h be5 consid]$ z memb]s ( ! cl]gy1 & h5ce _h enjoy$ ! privileges & immunities ext5d$ to t class1 b1 n[ t ! /ud5ts 7 becom+ s num]\s & 7 travel+ s f>1 "s additional grant ( protection 0 felt to be desirable4 ,accord+ly ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 #c 9 #aaeh1 issu$ a g5]al proclamation ( privileges & protection 7,r4 #aja74 ,9 ?is he ord]$ t tea*]s & /ud5ts travel+ to ! places 9 :i* ! /udies are c>ri$ on %\ld be protect$ f unju/ arre/1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to dwell 9 security1 & 9 case ( suit %\ld be tri$ be=e _! pr(essors or ! bi%op ( ! city4 ,?is docum5t m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a long s]ies ( rights & privileges grant$ to ! tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ! univ]sities n[ 9 process ( evolution 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,evolution4 ,! developm5t ( a univ]sity out ( a ca!dral or "s o!r =m ( s*ool repres5t$1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a long local evolution4 ,univ]sities 7 n f\nd$ !n z !y are to- day4 ,a tea*] ( "s reputation drew ar\nd him a con/antly increas+ body ( /ud5ts4 ,o!r tea*]s ( ability1 f9d+ a /ud5t body already !re1 also set up _! *airs & began to tea*4 ,o!r tea*]s & m /ud5ts came4 ,9 ?is way a /udium 0 creat$4 ,ab\t ^! tea*]s 9 "t collect$ o!r univ]sity s]vants-- b$ells1 libr>ians1 l[] (ficials1 prep>]s ( p>*m5t1 scribes1 illum9ators ( p>*m5t1 & o!rs :o s]ve x1 z ,c\nt ,rup]t enum]at$ !m 9 ! ,*>t] ( ,f\ndation grant$1 9 #achf1 to ,heidelb]g 7,r4 #ajc74 ,at ,sal]no1 z we h already se5 7p4 #aii71 m$ical in/ruction arose ar\nd ! "w ( ,con/ant9e ( ,c>?age & ! m$ic9al spr+s f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,/ud5ts j\rney$ !re f _m l&s1 & lic5ses to practice ! m$ical art 7 grant$ !re z e>ly z #aacg4 ,at ,bologna1 we h also se5 7p4 #aie71 ! "w ( ,irn]ius & ,gratian e>ly made ?is a great c5t] = ! /udy ( civil & canon law1 & _! pupils spread ! ta/e = ^! new subjects ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,p>is = two c5turies _h be5 a c5t] = ! /udy ( ! ,arts & ( ,!ology1 & a succession ( fam\s tea*]s--,william ( ,*ampeaux1 ,abel>d1 ,pet] ! ,lomb>d--_h taught !re4 ,s important 0 ! !ological tea*+ !re t ,p>is has be5 t]m$ ! ,s9ai ( in/ruction ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury bo? /ud5ts & tea*]s _h become s num]\s1 at a numb] ( places 9 we/]n ,europe1 t !y began to adopt ! favorite m$iaeval practice & organiz$ !mselves into associations1 or guilds1 = fur!r protection f extortion & oppression & = great] fre$om f regulation by ! ,*ur*4 ,!y n[ s\ght & obta9$ additional privileges = !mselves1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! great m$iaeval docum5t--a *>t] ( rights & privileges4 #d ,z bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts 7 = long reg>d$ z cl]ici ! *>t]s 7 usually s\ght f ! ,pope1 b 9 "s cases !y 7 obta9$ f ! k+4 #e ,^! associations ( s*ol>s1 or tea*]s1 or bo?1 born ( ! ne$ ( companion%ip :i* m5 :o cultivate _! intellig5ce feel1 s\ght to p]=m ! same functions = ^? :o /udi$ & taught t ! m]*ant & craft guilds 7 p]=m+ = _! memb]s4 ,! rul+ idea 0 association = protection1 & to secure fre$om = discussion & /udy2 ! obta9+ ( corporate rights & responsibilities2 & ! organization ( a sy/em ( appr5tice%ip1 bas$ on /udy & develop+ ?r\gh j\rneyman into ma/]%ip1 #f z atte/$ by an exam9ation & ! lic5se to tea*4 ,9 ! rise ( ^! tea*] & /ud5t guilds #g we h ! beg9n+s ( ! univ]sities ( we/]n ,europe1 & _! organization into *>t]$ tea*+ gr\ps 7,r4 #ajj7 0 simply ano!r phase ( t great movem5t t[>d ! association ( l-m9d$ m5 = worldly purposes :i* began to sweep ov] ! ris+ cities 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 #h ,! t]m univ]sitas1 or univ]sity1 :i* came 9 "t to be appli$ to ^! associations ( ma/]s & appr5tices 9 /udy1 0 a g5]al ,roman legal t]m1 practically equival5t to our mod]n ^w corporation4 ,at fir/ x 0 appli$ to any association1 & :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to tea*]s & s*ol>s 0 s /at$4 ,?us1 9 address+ ! ma/]s & /ud5ts at ,p>is1 ,pope ,innoc5t1 9 #abje1 writes3 ,univ]sis magi/ris et s*ol>ibus ,p>isi5sibus1 t is1 to ! corporation ( ma/]s & s*ol>s at ,p>is4 ,lat] ! t]m univ]sity became re/rict$ to ! mean+ :i* we give x to-day4 ,! univ]sity mo!rs4 ,?\gh ?is movem5t = association & ! developm5t ( advanc$ /udy _h manife/$ itself 9 a numb] ( places by ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 two places 9 p>ticul> l$ all ! o!rs & became types :i* 7 foll[$ 9 *>t]s & 9 new creations4 ,^! 7 ,bologna & ,p>is4 #i ,aft] "o or ! o!r ( ^! two ne>ly all ! univ]sities ( we/]n ,europe 7 model$4 ,bologna or ,p>is1 or "o ( _! imm$iate *ildr51 s]v$ z a patt]n4 ,?us ,bologna 0 ! univ]sity "m = almo/ all ! ,italian univ]sities2 = ,montpelli] & ,gr5oble 9 s\!rn ,france2 = "s ( ! ,spani% univ]sities2 & = ,glasg[1 ,upsala1 ,crac[1 & = ! ,law ,faculty at ,ox=d4 ,p>is 0 ! univ]sity "m = ,ox=d1 & ?r\gh h] ,cambridge2 = mo/ ( ! nor!rn ,fr5* univ]sities2 = ! univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 :i* 9 turn became ! "m = o!r s\!rn ,fr5* & nor!rn ,spani% univ]sities2 = ,lisbon & ,coimbra 9 ,portugal2 = ! e>ly ,g]man univ]sities at ,prague1 ,vi5na1 ,cologne1 & ,heidelb]g2 & ?r\gh ,cologne = ,cop5hag54 ,?r\gh "o ( ! colleges at ,cambridge--,emmanuel--%e became1 indirectly1 ! "m ( a new ,cambridge 9 ,am]ica--,h>v>d--f\nd$ 9 #afcf4 ,figure #fa %[s ! location ( ! *ief univ]sities f\nd$ be=e #afjj4 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( in/ruction1 ,p>is 0 foll[$ almo/ entirely 9 ,!ology1 & ,bologna 9 ,law1 :ile ! ?ree c5t]s :i* mo/ influ5c$ ! developm5t ( in/ruction 9 m$ic9e 7 ,sal]no1 ,montpelli]1 & ,salamanca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,univ]sities ,,f\nd$ ,,be=e #afjj ,:ile ! e>li] univ]sities gradually arose z ! result ( a long local evolution1 x 9 "t became common = o!rs to be f\nd$ by a migration ( pr(essors f an old] univ]sity to "s ca!dral city hav+ a develop+ /udium4 ,9 ! days :5 a univ]sity consi/$ *iefly ( ma/] & /ud5ts1 :5 lectures c\ld be held 9 any k9d ( a build+ or collection ( build+s1 & :5 !re 7 no libr>ies1 laboratories1 campus1 or o!r univ]sity prop]ty to tie d[n an in/itution1 x 0 easy to migrate4 ,?us1 9 #abji1 ! s*ool at ,cambridge 0 creat$ a univ]sity by a secession ( ma/]s f ,ox=d1 mu* z bees sw>m f a hive4 ,si5na1 ,padua1 ,reggio1 ,vic5za1 ,arezzo result$ f sw>m+s f ,bologna2 & ,v]celli f ,vic5za4 ,9 #abbh1 aft] a /ud5t riot at ,p>is :i* provok$ reprisals f ! city1 _m ( ! ma/]s & /ud5ts w5t to ! /udium t[ns ( ,ang]s1 ,orleans1 & ,rheims1 & univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ at ! fir/ two4 ,migrations f ,prague help$ e/abli% _m ( ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,9 ?is way ! univ]sity organization 0 spread ov] ,europe4 ,9 #abjj !re 7 b six /udia g5]alia :i* c be consid]$ z hav+ evolv$ into univ]sities--,sal]no1 ,bologna1 & ,reggio1 9 ,italy2 ,p>is & ,montpelli]1 9 ,france2 & ,ox=d1 9 ,engl&4 ,by #acjj eight m _h evolv$ 9 ,italy1 ?ree m 9 ,france1 ,cambridge 9 ,engl&1 & five 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,by #adjj tw5ty-two additional univ]sities _h develop$1 five ( :i* 7 9 ,g]man l&s1 & by #aejj ?irty-five m _h be5 f\nd$1 mak+ a total ( eighty4 ,by #afjj ! total _h be5 rais$ to "o hundr$ & eight 7,r4 #ajj1 = li/ by c\ntries1 dates1 & me?od ( f\nd+74 ,"s ( ^! 7approximately ?irty7 aft]w>ds di$1 :ile 9 ! foll[+ c5turies additional ones 7 creat$4 #aj ,,privileges ,,& ,,immunities ,,grant$4 ,! grant ( privileges to physicians & tea*]s made by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 9 #ccc ,a4,d4 7,r4 #bf71 & ! privileges & immunities grant$ to ! cl]gy 7cl]ici7 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,roman ,emp]ors 7,r4 #ch71 d\btless =m$ a basis = ! _m grants ( special privileges made to ! pr(essors & /ud5ts 9 ! e>ly univ]sities4 ,! docum5t promulgat$ by ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 9 #aaeh 7,r4 #aja71 began ! grant+ ( privileges to ! /udia g5]alia1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by num]\s o!r grants4 ,! grant to /ud5ts ( fre$om f trial by ! city au?orities1 & ! obligation ( e citiz5 ( ,p>is to seize any "o se5 /rik+ a /ud5t1 grant$ by ,philip ,augu/us1 9 #abjj 7,r4 #ajb71 is ano!r example1 widely foll[$1 ( ! be/[al ( l>ge privileges4 ,c\nt ,rup]t ,i1 9 f\nd+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 9 #achf1 grant$ _m privileges1 exempt$ ! /ud5ts f any duty1 levy1 impo/s1 tolls1 excises1 or o!r exactions :atev] :ile com+ to1 /udy+ at1 or return+ home f ! univ]sity 7,r4 #ajc74 ,! exemption f taxation 7,r4 #ajd7 became a matt] ( =m1 & 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ 9 ! *>t]+ ( ,am]ican colleges 7,r4 #ahg74 ,exemption f milit>y s]vice also 0 grant$4 ,s valuable an asset 0 a univ]sity to a city1 & s easy 0 x = a univ]sity to move almo/ ov]night1 t cities (t51 & at times ev5 nations1 enc\rag$ n only ! f\nd+ ( univ]sities1 b also ! migration ( bo? faculties & /ud5ts4 ,an int]e/+ case ( a city bidd+ = ! pres5ce ( a univ]sity is t ( ,v]celli 7,r4 #aje71 :i* made a b9d+ agreem5t1 z a "p ( ! city *>t]1 :]eby ! city agre$ ) a body ( ma/]s & /ud5ts sw>m+ f ,padua to loan ! /ud5ts money at l[] ?an ! regul> rates1 to see t !re 0 pl5ty ( food 9 ! m>kets at no increase 9 prices1 & to protect ! /ud5ts f inju/ice4 ,an in/ance ( bidd+ by a ,/ate is ! case ( ,cambridge1 :i* obta9$ q an addition by ! com+ ( /rik+ ,p>is ma/]s & /ud5ts 9 #abbi1 9 response to ! pl$ge ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii 7,r4 #aji71 :o humbly sympa?iz$ ) !m = _! suff]+s at ,p>is1 & promis$ !m t if !y w\ld come to our k+dom ( ,engl& & rema9 !re to /udy he w\ld assign to !m cities1 bor\ghs1 t[ns1 :atsoev] y may wi% to select1 & 9 e fitt+ way w cause y to rejoice 9 a /ate ( lib]ty & tranquillity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important privileges :i* ! univ]sities e>ly obta9$1 & a r s+ul> "o at t1 0 ! "r ( cessatio1 :i* meant ! "r to /op lectures & g on a /rike z a means ( en=c+ a r$ress ( grievances aga9/ ei!r t[n or *ur* au?ority 7,r4 #ajg74 ,?is "r 0 = long jeal\sly gu>d$ by ! univ]sity1 & frequ5tly us$ to def5d itself f ! smalle/ encroa*m5ts on its fre$om to tea*1 /udy1 & discipl9e ! memb]s ( its guild z x saw fit1 & (t5 ! "r n to discipl9e !m at all4 ,(t5 ! cessatio 0 invok$ on v trivial gr\nds1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ox=d cessatio ( #abji 7,r4 #ajh71 ! ,p>is cessatio ( #abbi 7,r4 #aji71 & ! num]\s o!r cessationes :i* = two c5turies #aa repeat$ly di/urb$ ! cont9uity ( in/ruction at ,p>is4 ,,degrees ,,9 ,,! ,,guild4 ,! mo/ important ( ! univ]sity rights1 h[ev]1 0 ! "r to exam9e & lic5se its own tea*]s 7,r4 #aaj71 & to grant ! lic5se to tea* 7,rs4 #aaa1 #aab74 ,f\nd$ z ! univ]sities 7 aft] ! guild model1 !y 7 prim>ily places = ! tak+ ( appr5tices 9 ! ,arts1 develop+ !m into j\rneym5 & ma/]s1 & c]tify+ to _! pr(ici5cy 9 ! tea*+ craft4 #ab ,_! purpose at fir/ 0 to prep>e tea*]s1 & ! giv+ ( in/ruction to /ud5ts = cultural ends1 or a pr(essional tra9+ = practical use aside f tea*+ ! subject1 0 a lat] developm5t4 ,accord+ly x came ab\t 9 "t t1 aft] a numb] ( ye>s ( /udy 9 ! ,arts "u "s ma/]1 a /ud5t 0 p]mitt$ to pres5t himself = a te/ z to 8 ability to def9e words1 det]m9e ! mean+ ( phrases1 & read ! ord9>y ,lat9 texts 9 ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 & ,logic 7! ,trivium71 to ! satisfaction ( o!r ma/]s ?an 8 own4 ,9 ,engl& ?is te/ came to be kn[n by ! t]m det]m9e4 ,its passage 0 equival5t to advanc+ f appr5tice%ip to ! ranks ( a j\rneyman1 & ! successful c&idate might n[ be p]mitt$ to assi/ ! ma/]1 or ev5 give "s elem5t>y in/ruction himself :ile cont9u+ 8 /udies4 ,he n[ became an assi/ant or companion1 & by ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 kn[n z a baccalaureus1 a t]m us$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 9 *ivalry1 & 9 ! guilds1 & :i* meant a beg9n]4 ,!re 0 at fir/1 ?\gh1 no ?\ght ( e/abli%+ an exam9ation & a new degree = ! completion ( ?is fir/ /ep 9 /udies4 ,! ba*elor's degree 0 a lat] developm5t1 s\ght at fir/ by ^? n int5d+ to tea*1 & ev5tually erect$ into a sep>ate degree4 ,:5 ! /ud5t _h f9ally he>d a suffici5t numb] ( c\rses1 z requir$ by ! /atutes ( 8 guild1 he might pres5t himself = exam9ation = ! tea*+ lic5se4 ,?is 0 a public trial1 & took ! =m ( a public disputation on "s /at$ !sis1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ma/]s1 & aga9/ all com]s4 ,x 0 ! /ud5t's ma/]piece1 analog\s to ! ma/]piece ( any o!r guild1 & he submitt$ x to a jury ( ! ma/]s ( 8 craft4 #ac ,^u 8 ma/]piece be+ adjudg$ satisfactory1 he also became a ma/] 9 8 craft1 0 n[ able to def9e & dispute1 0 =mally admitt$ to ! highe/ rank 9 ! tea*+ guild1 might h a seal1 & 0 v>i\sly kn[n z ma/]1 doctor1 or pr(essor1 all ( :i* 7 once synonym\s t]ms4 #ad ,if he wi%$ to prep>e himself = tea*+ "o ( ! pr(essional subjects he /udi$ /ill fur!r1 usually = a numb] ( ye>s1 9 "o ( ! pr(essional faculties1 & 9 "t he 0 decl>$ to be a ,doctor ( ,law1 or ,m$ic9e1 or ( ,!ology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fb4 ,,seal ,,( ,a ,,doctor1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,faculties4 ,! /ud5ts = a long "t gr\p$ !mselves = bett] protection 7& aggression7 accord+ to ! nation f :i* !y came1 #ae & ea* nation elect$ a c\ncilor to look aft] ! int]e/s ( its memb]s4 ,betwe5 ! diff]5t nations !re 7 con/ant qu>rels1 insults 7 pass$ back & =?1 & mu* bad blood eng5d]$4 #af ,on ! side ( ! ma/]s ! organization 0 by tea*+ subjects1 & into :at came to be kn[n z faculties4 #ag ,?us !re came to be f\r faculties 9 a fully organiz$ m$iaeval univ]sity1 repres5t+ ! f\r great divisions ( k :i* _h be5 evolv$--,arts1 ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology4 ,ea* faculty elect$ a dean1 & ! deans & c\ncilors elect$ a rector1 :o 0 ! head or presid5t ( ! univ]sity4 ,! *ancellor1 ! successor ( ! ca!dral s*ool s*ola/icus1 0 usually appo9t$ by ! ,pope & repres5t$ ! ,*ur*1 & a long /ruggle ensu$ betwe5 ! rector & ! *ancellor to see :o %\ld be ! *ief au?ority 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! rector 0 ultimately victori\s1 & ! position ( *ancellor became l>gely an honor>y position ( no real importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,new ,,college1 ,,at ,,ox=d ,"o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,ox=d colleges1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ 9 #acgi4 ,! picture %[s ! *apel1 cloi/]s 7consecrat$ 9 #adjj71 & a tall t[]1 once =m+ a "p ( ! ,ox=d city walls4 ,note ! simil>ity ( ?is e>ly college to a mona/]y1 z 9 ,plate #a4 ,! ,arts ,faculty 0 ! successor ( ! old ca!dral-s*ool in/ruction 9 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 & 0 f\nd 9 practically all ! univ]sities4 ,! ,law ,faculty embrac$ civil & canon law1 z work$ out at ,bologna4 ,! ,m$ical ,faculty taught ! k ( ! m$ical art1 z work$ out at ,sal]no & ,montpelli]4 ,! ,!ological ,faculty1 ! mo/ important ( ! f\r1 prep>$ le>n$ m5 = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 & 0 = "s two c5turies controll$ by ! s*ola/ics4 ,! ,arts ,faculty 0 prep>atory to ! o!r ?ree4 ,z ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! classroom1 & all ! texts 7 ,lat9 texts1 a read+ & speak+ k ( ,lat9 0 necess>y be=e com+ to ! univ]sity to /udy4 ,?is 0 obta9$ f a /udy ( ! fir/ ( ! ,sev5 ,arts-- ,gramm>--9 "s mona/]y1 ca!dral1 or o!r type ( s*ool4 ,?us a k ( ,lat9 =m$ practically ! sole requirem5t = admission to ! m$iaeval univ]sity1 & cont9u$ to be ! *ief admission requirem5t 9 our univ]sities up to ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,r4 #ahf a74 ,9 ,europe x is /ill ( great importance z a prep>atory subject1 b 9 ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries x is n requir$ at all4 ,v few ( ! univ]sities1 9 ! beg9n+1 _h all f\r ( ^! faculties4 ,! v nature ( ! evolution ( ! e>li] ones preclud$ ?is4 ,?us ,bologna _h develop$ into a /udium g5]ale f its prom95ce 9 law1 & 0 virtually con/itut$ a univ]sity 9 #aaeh1 b x did n add ,m$ic9e until #acaf1 or ,!ology until #acfj4 ,p>is began sometime be=e #abjj z an arts s*ool1 ,!ology ) "s in/ruction 9 ,canon ,law 0 add$ by #abjh1 a ,law ,faculty 9 #abga1 & a ,m$ical ,faculty 9 #abgd4 ,montpelli] began z a m$ical s*ool sometime 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,law foll[$ a little lat]1 a tea*] f ,bologna sett+ up 8 *air !re4 ,arts 0 organiz$ by #abdb4 ,a sort ( !ological s*ool began 9 #abfc1 b x 0 n *>t]$ z a faculty until #adba4 ,s x 0 ) _m ( ! e>ly univ]sities4 ,^! f\r traditional faculties 7 well e/abli%$ by ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & cont9u$ z ! typical =m ( univ]sity organization until mod]n times4 ,) ! great univ]sity developm5t & ! great multiplication ( subjects ( /udy :i* *>act]iz$ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _m new faculties & s*ools & colleges h _h to be creat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 response to new mod]n dem&s4 #ah ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,in/ruction4 ,! tea*+ mat]ial 9 ea* faculty 0 mu* z we h already indicat$4 ,aft] ! recov]y ( ! works ( ,ari/otle he came to dom9ate ! in/ruction 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts4 #ai ,! ,/atutes ( ,p>is1 9 #abed1 giv+ ! books to be read = ! ,a4,b4 & ! ,a4,m4 degrees 7,r4 #aac71 %[ h[ fully ,ari/otle _h be5 adopt$ !re z ! basis = in/ruction 9 ,logic1 ,e?ics1 & ,natural ,philosophy by t "t4 ,! books requir$ = ^! two degrees at ,leipzig1 9 #adaj 7,r4 #aad71 %[ a mu* bett]-balanc$ c\rse ( in/ruction1 ?\gh ! "t requirem5ts giv5 = ea* subject %[ h[ l>gely ,ari/otle pr$om9at$ !re also4 ,ox=d 7,r4 #aae7 kept up bett] ! traditions ( ! e>li] ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 9 its requirem5ts1 & classifi$ ! new works ( ,ari/otle 9 ?ree additional philosophies--natural1 moral1 & metaphysical4 ,f f\r to sev5 ye>s 7 requir$ to complete ! arts c\rse1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy 0 to r$uce ! l5g? ( ! arts c\rse z second>y s*ools bel[ ! univ]sity 7 evolv$4 #bj ,9 ! ,law ,faculty1 aft] ,!ology ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( all ! faculties 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sity1 ! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis ( ,ju/9ian 7p4 #aie7 & ! ,decretum ( ,gratian 7p4 #aif7 7 ! textbooks read1 ) p]haps a little m practical "w 9 discussion ?an 9 ,arts or ,m$ic9e4 ,! ,ox=d c\rse ( /udy 9 bo? ,civil & ,canon ,law 7,r4 #aaf b-c7 gives a good idea z to :at 0 requir$ = degrees 9 "o ( ! be/ ( ! e>ly law faculties4 ,9 ! ,m$ical ,faculty a v>iety ( books--translations ( ,hippocrates 7p4 #aig71 ,gal5 7p4 #aih71 ,avic5na 7p4 #aih71 & ! works ( c]ta9 writ]s at ,sal]no & ,jewi% & ,moslem writ]s 9 ,spa9--7 read & lectur$ on4 ,! li/ ( m$ical books us$ at ,montpelli]1 #ba 9 #acdj1 :i* at t "t 0 ! =emo/ place = m$ical in/ruction 9 we/]n ,europe1 %[s ! book-nature & ! ext5t ( ! in/ruction giv5 at ! lead+ s*ool ( m$ic9e ( ! "t4 ,x 01 moreov]1 cu/om>y at ,montpelli] = ! s5ior /ud5ts to sp5d a summ] 9 visit+ ! sick & do+ practical "w4 ,we h "h ! m]e/ beg9n+s ( cl9ical in/ruction & hospital s]vice1 & at ?is /age m$ical in/ruction rema9$ until q mod]n times4 ,! m$ical c\rses at ,p>is 7,r4 #aag7 & ,ox=d 7,r4 #aaf d7 7 less satisfactory1 only book in/ruction be+ requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,civil ,,law ,,by ,,guillaume ,,b5$icti 7,aft] a sixte5?-c5tury wood engrav+1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 ,cab9et ( ,designs7 ,bo? ,law & ,m$ic9e 7 s dom9at$ by ! s*ola/ic ideal & me?ods t nei!r accompli%$ :at might h be5 possible 9 a fre] atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ,!ological ,faculty ! ,s5t5ces ( ,pet] ,lomb>d 7p4 #ahi7 & ! ,summa ,!ologiae ( ,?omas ,aqu9as 7p4 #aia7 7 ! textbooks us$4 ,! ,bible 0 at fir/ also us$ some:at1 b lat] came to be l>gely ov]%ad[$ by ! o!r books & by philosophical discussions & debates on all k9ds ( hair-splitt+ que/ions1 kept c>efully )9 ! limits prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! requirem5ts at ,ox=d 7,r4 #aaf a7 give ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 "o ( ! be/ ( ! !ological faculties ( ! "t4 ,! tea*]s 7 s*ola/ics1 & s*ola/ic me?ods & ideals ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,rog] ,bacon's 7#abad-abid7 criticism ( ?is type ( !ological /udy 7,r4 #aah71 :i* he calls horse loads1 n at all 9 consonance ) ! mo/ holy text ( ,god1 & philosophical1 bo? 9 sub/ance & me?od1 gives an idea ( ! k9d ( in/ruction :i* came to prevail 9 ! !ological faculties "u ! dom9ance ( ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s4 ,ye>s ( /udy 7 requir$ 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree pr(essional faculties1 z is %[n by ! /atem5t ( requirem5ts z giv5 = ,montpelli]1 ,p>is 7,r4 #aag71 & ,ox=d 7,r4 #aaf a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,libr>y ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,leyd51 ,,9 ,,holl& 7,aft] an engrav+ by ,j4 ,c4 ,w\danus1 dat$ #afaj7 ,?is %[s well ! *a9$ books1 & a common type ( bookcase 9 use 9 mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & high] s*ools4 ,c\nt+ #ce books to ! case1 ?is %[s a libr>y ( #ce volumes on ma!matics2 #gj volumes ea* on lit]ature1 philosophy1 & m$ic9e2 #adj volumes ( hi/orical books2 #age volumes on civil & canon law2 & #afj volumes on !ology1 or a total ( #ggj volumes--a good-siz$ libr>y = ! "t4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,in/ruction4 ,a v important reason :y s long a p]iod ( /udy 0 requir$ 9 ea* ( ! pr(essional faculties1 z well z 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 is to be f\nd 9 ! lack ( textbooks & ! me?ods ( in/ruction foll[$4 ,:ile ! /&>d textbooks 7 becom+ mu* m common1 due to mu* copy+ & ! long-cont9u$ use ( ! same texts1 !y 7 /ill exp5sive & n own$ by _m4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,!ology ,,by ,,alb]tus ,,magnus ,an illum9at$ picture 9 a manuscript ( #acaj1 n[ 9 ! royal collection ( copp] engrav+s1 at ,b]l94 ,! ma/] 9 8 *air is "h %[n read+ to 8 /ud5ts4 ,to provide a loan collection ( !ological books = poor /ud5ts we f9d1 9 #abga1 a gift by w to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7,r4 #aai7 ( a private libr>y1 conta9+ tw5ty-sev5 books4 ,ev5 if ! /ud5ts possess$ books1 ! ma/] read #bc & comm5t$ f 8 gloss at great l5g? on ! texts be+ /udi$4 ,besides ! m]e text ea* tea*] _h a gloss or comm5t>y = x--t is1 a mass ( explanatory notes1 summ>ies1 cross-ref]5ces1 op9ions by o!rs1 & objections to ! /atem5ts ( ! text4 ,! gloss 0 a book 9 itself1 (t5 l>g] ?an ! text1 & ^! /&>d glosses1 #bd or comm5t>ies1 7 us$ 9 ! univ]sity in/ruction = c5turies4 ,9 ,!ology & ,canon ,law !y 7 p>ticul>ly ext5sive4 ,all in/ruction1 too1 0 9 ,lat94 ,! pr(essor read f ! ,lat9 text & gloss1 repeat+ z necess>y1 & to ?is ! /ud5t li/5$4 ,sometimes he read s sl[ly t ! text c\ld be copi$1 b 9 #acee ?is me?od 0 prohibit$ at ,p>is 7,r4 #aba71 & /ud5ts :o tri$ to =ce ! ma/]s to foll[ x by %\t+ or :i/l+ or rais+ a d91 or by ?r[+ /ones1 7 to be susp5d$ = a ye>4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! in/ruction 0 a m9ute & subtle analysis ( ! text itself1 9 :i* ea* l9e 0 dissect$1 analyz$1 & p>aphras$1 & ! comm5ts on ! text by v>i\s au?ors 7 set =?4 ,next all passages capable ( two int]pretations 7 ?r[n into ! =m ( a "q2 pro & contra1 aft] ! mann] ( ,abel>d4 ,! argum5ts on ea* side 7 advanc$1 & ! lectur]'s conclusion set =? & def5d$4 ,! text 0 ?us work$ ov] day aft] day 9 m9ute detail4 ,hav+ z yet b little to tea*1 ! ma/]s made ! mo/ ( :at !y _h4 ,a good example ( ! m$iaeval plan ( univ]sity in/ruction is f\nd 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,od(r$us1 a di/+ui%$ tea*] ( ,law at ,bologna1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* ,ra%dall ?9ks is equally applicable to me?ods 9 o!r subjects4 ,od(r$us says3 ,fir/1 ,i %all give y summ>ies ( ea* title be=e ,i proce$ to ! text2 secondly1 ,i %all give y z cle> & explicit a /atem5t z ,i c ( ! purport ( ea* ,law 7includ$ 9 ! title72 ?irdly1 ,i %all read ! text ) a view to correct+ x2 f\r?ly1 ,i %all briefly repeat ! cont5ts ( ! ,law2 fif?ly1 ,i %all solve app>5t contradictions1 add+ any g5]al pr9ciples ( ,law 7to be extract$ f ! passage71 & any di/9ctions & subtle & useful problems aris+ out ( ! ,law ) _! solutions1 z f> z ! ,div9e ,provid5ce %all enable me4 ,& if any ,law %all seem des]v+1 by reason ( its celebrity or difficulty1 ( a ,repetition1 ,i %all res]ve x = an ev5+ ,repetition4 ,x w be se5 t bo? /ud5ts & pr(essors 7 b\nd to ! text1 z 7 ! tea*]s ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 9 ! ca!dral s*ools be=e !m4 ,!re 0 no appeal to ! imag9ation1 /ill less to obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 or exp]i5ce4 ,ea* g5]ation taught :at x _h le>n$1 except t f "t to "t "s ?9k] made a new organization1 or "s new body ( k 0 une>!d & add$4 ,ano!r me?od mu* us$ 0 ! debate1 or disputation1 & p>ticipation 9 a numb] ( ^! 0 requir$ = degrees 7,r4 #aaf74 ,^! disputations 7 logical conte/s1 n unlike a mod]n debate1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts took sides1 cit$ au?orities1 & summ>iz$ argum5ts1 all 9 ,lat94 ,sometimes a /ud5t gave an exhibition 9 :i* he debat$ bo? sides ( a "q1 & summ>iz$ ! argum5t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! pr(essors4 ,z a corrective to ! memorization ( lectures & texts1 ^! disputations s]v$ a useful purpose 9 awak5+ intellectual vigor & logical ke5ness4 ,!y 7 v popul> until into ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 new subject-matt] & new ways ( ?9k+ (f]$ new opportunities = ! ex]cise ( ! intellect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,a ,,univ]sity ,,disputation 7,f ,fick's ,auf ,deuts*l&'s ,hh5 ,s*ul57 ,9 tea*+ equipm5t !re 0 almo/ no?+ at fir/1 & b little = c5turies to come4 ,laboratories1 work%ops1 gymnasia1 good build+s & classrooms--all alike 7 equally unkn[n4 ,"t s*$ules ( lectures 7,rs4 #abb1 #abc7 came 9 b sl[ly1 9 su* matt]s ea* pr(essor be+ a free lance4 ,nor 7 !re any libr>ies at fir/1 ?\gh 9 "t ^! develop$4 ,= a long "t books 7 bo? exp5sive & sc>ce 7,rs4 #gh1 #aai1 #abj74 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 7fir/ book pr9t$ 9 #adef71 univ]sity libr>ies increas$ rapidly & soon became ! *ief feature ( ! univ]sity equipm5t4 ,figure #fe %[s ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 9 ,holl&1 ?irty-five ye>s aft] its f\ndation1 & ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+4 ,x %[s a r l>ge increase 9 ! size ( book collections #be aft] ! introduction ( pr9t+1 & a good libr>y organization4 ,,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fg4 ,a ,,univ]sity ,,lecture ,,& ,,lecture ,,room 7,f a woodcut pr9t$ at ,/rassburg1 #afjh7 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,giv54 ,measur$ 9 t]ms ( mod]n /&>ds ! in/ruction 0 und\bt$ly poor1 unnecess>ily drawn out1 & ! educational value l[4 ,we c\ld n[ tea* z mu* in=mation1 & 9 a bett] mann]1 9 b a fraction ( ! "t !n requir$4 ,view$ also by ! /&>ds ( in/ruction 9 ! high] s*ools ( ,greece & ,rome ! conditions 7 almo/ equally bad4 ,view$1 ?\gh1 f ! /&po9t ( :at _h prevail$ 9 we/]n ,europe dur+ ! d>k p]iod ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 x repres5t$ a m>k$ advance 9 me?od & cont5t--except 9 pure lit]ature1 :]e !re 0 an und\bt$ decl9e due to ! absorb+ int]e/ 9 ,dialectic--& x p>ticul>ly m>k$ a new _s1 z ne>ly critical z ! times w\ld all[4 ,despite ! het]og5e\s & b p>tially civiliz$ /ud5t body1 y\?ful & b poorly prep>$ = /udy1 ! drunk5ness & fight+1 ! lack ( books & equipm5t1 ! l>ge classes & ! poor tea*+ me?ods1 & ! small am\nt ( k :i* =m$ ! gri/ = _! mills & :i* !y gr\nd exce$+ small1 ^! new univ]sities held )9 !mselves1 almo/ 9 embryo =m1 ! l>ge/ promise = ! intellectual future ( we/]n ,europe :i* _h appe>$ s9ce ! days ( ! old univ]sities ( ! ,hell5ic _w 7,r4 #abd74 ,9 ^! new in/itutions k 0 n only pres]v$ & transmitt$1 b 0 9 "t to be trem5d\sly advanc$ & ext5d$4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ organizations to break ! monopoly ( ! ,*ur* 9 le>n+ & tea*+2 !y 7 ! c5t]s to :i* all new k gravitat$2 "u _! %ad[ ?\s&s ( "y m5 f\nd intellectual companion%ip & 9 _! classrooms intellectual /imulation2 & 9 enc\rag+ labori\s subtlety1 h]oic indu/ry1 & int5se application1 ev5 ?\gh on v limit$ subject-matt]1 & 9 tra9+ m5 to ?9k & "w r ?an to enjoy 7,r4 #abd71 !y 7 prep>+ = ! "t :5 we/]n ,europe %\ld awak5 to ! ri*es ( ,greece & ,rome & to a new type ( intellectual life ( its own4 ,f ^! beg9n+s ! univ]sity organization has p]si/$ & gr[n & exp&$1 & to-day /&s1 ! ,synagogue & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* alone except$1 z ! olde/ organiz$ in/itution ( human society4 ,! manife/ t5d5cy ( ! univ]sities t[>d speculation1 ?\gh = long )9 limits approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 0 ultimately to awak5 inquiry1 inve/igation1 rational ?9k+1 & to br+ =? ! mod]n _s4 ,! pres]vation & transmission ( k 0 by ! univ]sity organization transf]r$ f ! mona/]y to ! s*ool1 f monks to doctors1 & f ! ,*ur* to a body ( logically tra9$ m51 only nom9ally memb]s ( ! cl]ici4 ,_! successors w\ld 9 "t entirely break away f connections ) ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate1 & /& =? z ! indep5d5t ?9k]s & s*ol>s 9 ! arts1 sci5ces1 pr(essions1 & ev5 9 ,!ology4 ,univ]sity graduates 9 ,m$ic9e w\ld 9 "t wage a long /ruggle aga9/ bigotry to lay ! f\ndations ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,graduates 9 ,law w\ld cont5d ) k+s & feudal lords = l>g] privileges = ! z yet l[ly common man1 & w\ld help to u%] 9 a p]iod ( great] political equality4 ,! univ]sity s*ools ( ,!ology 7 9 "t to s5d =? ! ke5e/ critics ( ! practices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,out ( ! univ]sity cloi/]s 7 to come ! m5--,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,newton--:o 7 to u%] 9 ! mod]n _s4 ,! univ]sities z a public =ce4 ,almo/ f ! fir/ ! univ]sities avail$ !mselves ( _! privileges & proclaim$ a bold indep5d5ce4 ,! fre$om f arre/ & trial by ! civil au?orities = petty (f5ses1 or ev5 = murd]1 & ! "r to g on a /rike if 9 any way int]f]$ )1 7 b beg9n+s 9 indep5d5ce 9 an age :5 su* indep5d5ce seem$ important4 ,^! rights 7 9 "t giv5 up1 #bf & 9 _! place ! mu* m important rights ( lib]ty to /udy z tru? seem$ to lead1 fre$om 9 tea*+ z ! ma/] saw ! tru?1 & ! "r to express !mselves z an in/itution on public que/ions :i* seem$ to conc]n !m1 7 sl[ly b def9itely tak5 on 9 place ( ! e>li] privileges4 ,virtually a new type ( memb]s ( society--a new ,e/ate--0 evolv$1 rank+ ) ,*ur*1 ,/ate1 & nobility1 & ?is new ,e/ate soon began to express itself 9 no unc]ta9 tones on matt]s :i* conc]n$ bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,! univ]sities 7 democratic 9 organization & became democratic 9 _s1 repres5t+ a h]et(ore unkn[n & unexpress$ public op9ion 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!y did n wait to be ask$2 !y gave _! op9ions unsolicit$4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 writes "o contempor>y1 has ris5 to su* a height t x is necess>y to satisfy x1 no matt] on :at conditions4 ,! univ]sity want$ to m$dle ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,pope1 ! ,k+1 & ev]y?+ else1 writes ano!r4 ,we f9d ,p>is int]v5+ repeat$ly 9 bo? *ur* & /ate affairs1 #bg & repres5t+ ,fr5* nationality be=e x _h come into be+1 z ! s- call$ ,holy ,roman ,empire repres5t$ ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,papacy repres5t$ ! ,italians4 ,9 ,montpelli]1 pr(essors ( ,law 7 consid]$ z knights1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s ( practice !y became c\nts4 ,9 ,bologna we f9d ! pr(essors ( ,law "o ( ! ?ree assemblies ( ! city4 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 ,p>is1 & ! ,scotti% univ]sities 7 giv5 repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,g]man univ]sities 7 f ! fir/ prom95t 9 political affairs1 & 9 ! re=mation /ruggle ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury !y 7 ! battle-gr\nds4 ,9 an age ( oppression ^! univ]sity organizations /ood = fre$om4 ,9 an age ( =ce !y began ! sub/itution ( reason4 ,9 ! c5turies f ! end ( ! ,d>k ,ages to ! ,re=mation !y 7 ! homes ( free ?\ght4 ,!y e>ly assum$ national "* & proclaim$ a bold indep5d5ce4 ,que/ions ( ,/ate & ,*ur* !y discuss$ ) a fre$om be=e unkn[n4 ,!y pres5t$ _! grievances to bo? k+s & popes1 f bo? !y obta9$ new privileges1 to bo? !y freely (f]$ _! advice1 & sometimes bo? 7 =c$ to d _! bidd+4 ,at times important que/ions ( ,/ate1 su* z ! divorce ( ,philip ( ,france & t ( ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&1 7 submitt$ to !m = decision4 ,!y 7 n infrequ5tly call$ ^u to pass ^u que/ions ( doctr9e or h]esy4 ,k+s & pr9ces1 says ,ra%dall1 9 an excell5t summ>y z to ! value & influ5ce ( ! m$iaeval univ]sity in/ruction 7,r4 #abd71 f\nd _! /atesm5 & m5 ( bus9ess 9 ! univ]sities1 mo/ (t51 no d\bt1 among ^? tra9$ 9 ! practical sci5ce ( ,law4 ,talleyr& is said to h ass]t$ t _! !ologians made ! be/ diplomats4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce ! d[nfall ( ,rome ! adm9i/ration ( human affairs 0 n[ plac$ once m 9 ! h&s ( educat$ m54 ,by ! int]*ange ( /ud5ts f all l&s & _! hospitality1 su* z x 01 to ! /rang]1 ! univ]sities t5d$ to break d[n b>ri]s & to prep>e ,europe = l>g] int]c\rse & = m ( a common life4 ,on ! masses ( ! p1 ( c\rse1 !y _h little or no influ5ce1 & c\ld n h = c5turies to come4 ,_! greate/ "w1 z has be5 ! case ) univ]sities ev] s9ce _! f\ndation1 0 t ( draw+ to _! classrooms ! brighte/ m9ds ( ! times1 ! mo/ capable & ! mo/ indu/ri\s1 & out ( ?is "y raw mat]ial tra9+ ! lead]s ( ! future 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,educationally1 "o ( _! mo/ important s]vices 0 9 creat+ a surplus ( tea*]s 9 ! ,arts :o _h to f9d a m>ket = _! abilities 9 ! ris+ second>y s*ools4 ,^! develop$ rapidly aft] #abjj1 & to ^! we owe a some:at m g5]al diffusion ( ! little le>n+ & ! intellectual tra9+ ( ! "t4 ,9 prep>+ future lead]s = ,/ate & ,*ur* 9 law1 !ology1 & tea*+1 ! univ]sities1 ?\gh sometimes oppos$ & _! op9ions ignor$1 nev]!less contribut$ mat]ially to ! mak+ & m\ld+ ( national hi/ory4 ,! fir/ great result ( _! "w 9 tra9+ lead]s we see 9 ! ,r5aissance movem5t ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 to :i* we next turn4 ,9 ?is movem5t = a revival ( ! anci5t le>n+1 & ! subsequ5t movem5ts = a pur] & a bett] religi\s life1 ! m5 tra9$ by ! univ]sities 7 ! lead]s4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:y w\ld ! /udia publica t5d to attract a diff]5t type ( s*ol> ?an ^? 9 ! mona/]ies1 & gradually to sup]s$e !m 9 importance8 #b4 ,%[ h[ ! m$iaeval univ]sity 0 a gradual & natural evolution1 z di/9ct f a f\nd$ univ]sity ( to-day4 #c4 ,%[ t ! univ]sity *>t] 0 a fir/ /ep t[>d indep5d5ce f *ur* & /ate control4 #d4 ,%[ ! relation betwe5 ! sy/em ( appr5tice%ip develop$ = /ud5t & tea*] 9 a m$iaeval univ]sity1 & ! /ages ( /ud5t & tea*] 9 a univ]sity ( to-day4 #e4 ,%[ h[ ! *>t]$ univ]sity ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 an association ( l-m9d$ m5 = worldly purposes4 #f4 ,to :at univ]sity "m does ,h>v>d g back1 ultimately8 #g4 ,%[ h[ ! ,engli% & ! ,g]man univ]sities are extreme evolutions f ! m$iaeval type1 & our ,am]ican univ]sities a comb9ation ( ! two extremes4 #h4 ,d univ]sity pr(essors to-day h privileges ak9 to ^? grant$ pr(essors 9 a m$iaeval univ]sity8 #i4 ,:at has caus$ ! old ,arts ,faculty to break up into s _m gr\ps1 :]eas ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology h /ay$ unit$8 #aj4 ,d univ]sities1 :5 f\nd$ to-day1 usually />t ) all f\r ( ! m$iaeval faculties repres5t$8 #aa4 ,:i* ( ! pr(essional faculties has *ang$ mo/ 9 ! nature & "* ( its in/ruction8 ,:y has ?is be5 s8 #ab4 ,enum]ate a numb] ( diff]5t ?+s :i* h enabl$ ! mod]n univ]sity greatly to %ort5 ! p]iod ( in/ruction8 #ac4 ,aside f diff]5ces 9 tea*]s1 :y are "s univ]sity subjects today taught mu* m compactly & economically ?an o!r subjects8 #ad4 ,aft] admitt+ all ! defects ( ! m$iaeval univ]sity1 :y did ! univ]sity nev]!less repres5t s important a developm5t = ! future ( we/]n civilization8 #ae4 ,:at does ! long cont9uance1 )\t great *anges 9 "*1 ( ! univ]sity z an in/itution indicate z to its usefulness to society8 #af4 ,does ! univ]sity ( to-day play z important a "p 9 ! progress ( society z x did 9 ! m$iaeval times8 ,:y8 #ag4 ,is ! *ief univ]sity =ce to-day ex]t$ directly or indirectly8 ,illu/rate4 #ah4 ,:at is probably ! greate/ "w ( any univ]sity1 9 any age8 #ai4 ,comp>e ! influ5ce ( ! m$iaeval univ]sity1 & ! ,greek univ]sities ( ! anci5t _w4 #bj4 ,expla9 ! evolution ( ! ,engli% college sy/em z an ef=t to improve discipl9e1 morals1 & ?9k+4 ,has x be5 successful 9 ?is8 #ba4 ,%[ h[ ! m$iaeval univ]sity put books 9 ! place ( ?+s1 :]eas ! mod]n univ]sity tries to rev]se ?is4 #bb4 ,%[ h[ ! rise ( ! univ]sities gave an educat$ rul+ class to ,europe1 ev5 ?\gh ! nobility may n h att5d$ !m4 #bc4 ,%[ h[1 9 an age ( lawlessness1 ! univ]sities symboliz$ ! supremacy ( m9d ov] brute =ce4 #bd4 ,%[ h[ ! m$iaeval univ]sities aid$ civilization by break+ d[n1 some:at1 b>ri]s ( nationality & ignorance among peoples4 #be4 ,%[ h[ ! univ]sity /ood1 z ! cr[n+ ef=t ( its "t1 9 ! sl[ upw>d /ruggle to rebuild civilization on ! ru9s ( :at _h once be54 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #ajj4 ,ra%dall & ,m9]va3 ,univ]sity ,f\ndations be=e #afjj4 #aja4 ,fr4 ,b>b>ossa3 ,privileges = ,/ud5ts :o travel = ,/udy4 #ajb4 ,philip ,augu/us3 ,privileges grant$ ,/ud5ts at ,p>is4 #ajc4 ,c\nt ,rup]t3 ,*>t] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 #ajd4 ,philip ,,iv3 ,exemption ( ,/ud5ts & ,ma/]s f ,taxation4 #aje4 ,v]celli3 ,privileges grant$ to ! ,univ]sity by ! ,city4 #ajf4 ,villani3 ,! ,co/ to a ,city ( ma9ta9+ a ,univ]sity4 #ajg4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix3 ,"r to susp5d ,lectures 7,cessatio74 #ajh4 ,rog] ( ,w5dov]3 a ,cessatio at ,ox=d4 #aji4 ,h5ry ,,iii3 ,engl& invites ,s*ol>s to leave ,p>is4 #aaj4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix3 ,e>ly ,lic5s+ ( ,pr(essors to tea*4 #aaa4 ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv3 ,! ,"r to grant ,lic5ses to tea*4 #aab4 ,ra%dall3 ,a ,univ]sity ,lic5se to tea*4 #aac4 ,p>is ,/atutes1 #abed3 ,books requir$ = ! ,arts ,degree4 #aad4 ,leipzig ,/atutes1 #adaj3 ,books requir$ = ! ,arts ,degree4 #aae4 ,ox=d ,/atutes1 #adjh-ca3 ,books requir$ = ! ,arts ,degree4 #aaf4 ,ox=d1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury3 ,requirem5ts = ! ,pr(essional ,degrees4 7a7 ,9 ,!ology4 7c7 ,9 ,civil ,law4 7b7 ,9 ,canon ,law4 7d7 ,9 ,m$ic9e4 #aag4 ,p>is ,/atutes1 #abgj-gd3 ,requirem5ts = ! ,m$ical ,degree4 #aah4 ,rog] ,bacon3 ,on ! ,tea*+ ( ,!ology4 #aai4 ,ma/] ,/eph53 ,books left by ,w to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 #abj4 ,rog] ,bacon3 ,! ,sc>city ( ,books on ,morals4 #aba4 ,balaeus3 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction 9 ! ,arts ,faculty ( ,p>is4 #abb4 ,t\l\se3 ,"t-,table ( ,lectures 9 ,arts1 #acji4 #abc4 ,leipzig3 ,"t-,table ( ,lectures 9 ,arts1 #aeai4 #abd4 ,ra%dall3 ,value & ,influ5ce ( ! ,m$iaeval ,univ]sity4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,:at does a glance at ! page giv+ ! univ]sity f\ndations be=e #afjj 7#ajj7 %[ z to ! rate & direction ( ! univ]sity movem5t8 #b4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! v l>ge privileges grant$ univ]sity /ud5ts 9 ! e>ly grants 7#aja1 #ajb7 & *>t]s 7#ajc78 ,%\ld a univ]sity /ud5t to-day h any privileges n giv5 to all citiz5s8 ,:y8 #c4 ,d univ]sities1 :5 f\nd$ to-day1 secure a *>t]8 ,if s1 f :om1 & :at t]ms are includ$8 ,d normal s*ools8 ,:at =m ( a *>t]1 if any1 has y\r univ]sity or normal s*ool8 #d4 ,comp>e ! fre$om f taxation grant$ to ma/]s & /ud5ts at ,p>is 7#ajd7 ) ! grant to pr(essors at ,br[n ,univ]sity 7#ahg;b74 ,0 ! ,br[n ,univ]sity grant exceptional1 or common 9 o!r ,am]ican f\ndations8 #e4 ,d any ,am]ican cities to-day ma9ta9 colleges or univ]sities1 z did ! ,italian cities 7#aje78 ,normal s*ools8 ,are some:at simil> ends s]v$8 #f4 ,:at does ! cessatio1 z ex]cis$ by ! m$iaeval univ]sity 7#ajg1 #ajh71 indicate z to /&>ds ( conduct on ! "p ( tea*]s & /ud5ts8 #g4 ,:y is ! lic5s+ ( univ]sity pr(essors to tea* n foll[$ 9 our ,am]ican univ]sities8 ,:at has tak5 ! place ( ! lic5se8 ,:at did ! m$iaeval lic5se 7#aaj1 #aaa1 #aab7 really signify8 #h4 ,comp>e ! lic5se to tea* 7#aab7 ) a mod]n doctor's diploma4 #i4 ,comp>e ! requirem5ts = ! ,arts degree 7#aac1 #aad1 #aae7 ) ! requirem5ts = ! ,baccalaureate degree at a mod]n univ]sity4 #aj4 ,comp>e ! additional l5g? ( "t = pr(essional degrees 7#aaf1 #aag74 #aa4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! ,am]ican practice ( admitt+ /ud5ts to ! pr(essional c\rses )\t ! ,arts c\rse8 ,:at is ! be/ ,am]ican practice 9 ?is matt] to-day1 & :at t5d5cies are obs]vable8 #ab4 ,*>act]ize ! m$ical c\rse at ,p>is 7#aag7 f a mod]n po9t ( view4 #ac4 ,comp>e ! in/ruction 9 m$ic9e at ,p>is 7#aag7 & ,t\l\se 7#abb74 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! sup]iority %[n by "o8 ,:i* "o8 #ad4 ,:at does ! extract f ,rog] ,bacon 7#aah7 indicate z to ! "* ( ! tea*+ ( ,!ology8 #ae4 ,:at 0 ! nature & ext5t ( ! libr>y ( ,ma/] ,/eph5 7#aai78 ,comp>e su* a libr>y ) t ( a s*ol> ( to-day4 #af4 ,%[ h[ ! ,p>is /atute z to lectur+ 7#aba7 0 an attempt at an improvem5t ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction & individual ?9k+4 #ag4 ,:at d ! two "t-tables reproduc$ 7#abb1 #abc7 reveal z to ! nature ( a univ]sity day1 & ! in/ruction giv58 #ah4 ,%[ h[ ,ra%dall's /atem5t 7#abd7 t lawy]s h be5 a civiliz+ ag5t is true4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,boase1 ,*>les ,william4 ,ox=d 7,hi/oric ,t[ns ,s]ies74 ,cl>k1 ,&rew4 ,! ,colleges at ,ox=d4 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,w4 ,libr>ies 9 ! ,m$ieval & ,r5aissance ,p]iods4 99 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! ,c>e ( ,books4 ,corb91 ,john4 ,an ,am]ican at ,ox=d4 99 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,abel>d1 & ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sities4 99 ,jebb1 ,r4 ,c4 ,! ,"w ( ! ,univ]sities = ! ,nation4 ,mull+]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 99 ,norton1 ,a4 #j4 ,read+s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education2 ,m$ieval ,univ]sities4 99 ,paet[1 ,l4 ,j4 ,! ,arts ,c\rse at ,m$iaeval ,univ]sities4 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,/udies1 vol4 91 no4 #g1 ,jan4 #aiaj74 99 ,pauls51 ,fr4 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,rait1 ,r4 ,s4 ,life ( a ,m$iaeval ,univ]sity4 99 ,ra%dall1 ,h4 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 ,i4 ,%eldon1 ,h5ry4 ,/ud5t ,life & ,cu/oms4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,m$iaeval ,,to ,,mod]n ,,attitudes ,,! ,,recov]y ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,reawak5+ ,,( ,,s*ol>%ip ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,religi\s ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,*ange4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury has (t5 be5 call$ ! wond]ful c5tury ( ! m$iaeval _w4 ,x 0 wond]ful l>gely 9 t ! =ces /ruggl+ aga9/ m$iaevalism to evolve ! mod]n _s "h fir/ f9d cle> expression4 ,x 0 a c5tury ( rapid & unmi/akable progress 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,by its close great *anges 7 "u way :i* 7 de/9$ ultimately to %ake (f ! incubus ( m$iaevalism & to trans=m ,europe4 ,9 _m respects1 ?\gh1 ! f\rte5? 0 a /ill m wond]ful c5tury4 ,! evolution ( ! univ]sities :i* we h j trac$ 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! ?irte5?-c5tury manife/ations4 ,lack+ 9 intellectual mat]ial1 b impell$ by ! new impulses beg9n+ to "w 9 ! _w1 ! s*ol>s ( ! "t w5t e>ne/ly to "w1 by speculative me?ods1 to organize ! dogmatic !ology ( ! ,*ur* into a sy/em ( ?9k+4 ,! result 0 ,s*ola/icism4 ,f "o po9t ( view ! result 0 b>r52 f ano!r x 0 full ( promise = ! future4 ,?\gh ! work]s lack$ mat]ials1 7 ov]%ad[$ by ! m$iaeval _s ( au?ority1 & kept _! ef=ts cle>ly )9 limits approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! h]oic indu/ry & ! 9 t5se application display$ 9 effect+ ! organization1 & ! logical subtlety develop$ 9 discuss+ ! results1 promis$ mu* = ! future4 ,! rise ( univ]sity in/ruction1 & ! "w ( ! ,s*ola/ics 9 organiz+ ! k ( ! "t1 7 bo? a resultant ( new influ5ces already at "w & a pr$iction ( l>g] consequ5ces to foll[4 ,9 a lat] age1 & ) m5 m emancipat$ f *ur* control1 ! same _s 0 de/9$ to bur/ =? 9 an ef=t to discov] & recon/ruct ! hi/oric pa/4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 too1 ! new ,e/ate1 :i* _h come into exi/5ce alongside ( ! cl]gy & ! nobility1 began to assume l>ge importance4 ,! arts-&-crafts guilds 7 atta9+ a l>ge developm5t1 & out ( ?is new burgh] class ! great g5]al public ( mod]n times has 9 "t evolv$4 ,trade & indu/ry 7 increas+ 9 all l&s1 & m]*ants & successful artisans 7 becom+ influ5tial ?r\gh _! newly obta9$ weal? & rights4 ,! erection ( /ately *ur*es & t[n halls1 (t5 beautifully c>v$ & highly ornam5t$1 0 tak+ place4 ,great ca!drals1 ^? symphonies 9 /one1 ( :i* ,notre ,dame 7,figure #ec7 is a good example1 7 ris+ or be+ fur!r exp&$ & decorat$ at _m places 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,my/]y & miracle plays _h begun to be p]=m$ & to attract great att5tion4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury religi\s pageants 7 add$4 ,all art 0 /ill religion1 b an art 0 unmi/akably aris+ amid ca!dral-build+ & ! sett+- =? ( ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 & be=e long ?is 0 to fl[] 9 mod]n =ms ( expression 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ! drama4 ,,! ,,new ,,_s ,,( ,,nationality4 ,! new _s mov+ 9 we/]n ,europe also f\nd expression 9 ! evolution ( ! mod]n ,european ,/ates1 bas$ on ! new national feel+4 ,z ! k+ly p[] 9 ^! 0 consolidat$1 ! develop+ ,/ates1 ea* 9 its own doma91 began to curb ! dom9ion ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 sl[ly to deprive x ( ! gov]nm5tal functions x _h assum$ & ex]cis$ = s long1 & to conf9e ! ,pope & cl]gy m & m to _! orig9al functions z religi\s ag5ts4 ,! ,papacy z a temporal p[] pass$ ! maximum p]iod ( its greatness e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! la/ ve/iges ( its temporal p[] 7 tak5 away4 ,new national languages also 7 com+ into be+1 & ! national epics ( ! p--! ,cid1 ! ,ar?urian ,leg5ds1 ! ,*ansons1 & ! ,nibelung5 ,li$--7 r$uc$ to writ+4 ,) ! introduction f ! ,ea/1 t[>d ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ( ! process ( mak+ pap] = writ+1 & ) ! increase ( books 9 ! v]nacul>1 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & ,g]man languages rapidly took %ape4 ,_! developm5t 0 expressive ( ! new _s 9 we/]n ,europe1 z also 0 ! fact t ,dante 7#abfd-acba71 ! fir/ lit]>y layman s9ce ,boe?ius 7d4 #ebd71 wrote 8 great poem1 ,! ,div9e ,com$y1 9 8 native ,italian in/ead ( 9 ! ,lat9 :i* he knew s well--an evid5ce ( indep5d5ce ( l>ge future import4 ,new native lit]atures 7 spr++ =? all ov] ,europe4 ,beg9n+ ) ! tr\bad\rs 9 s\!rn ,france 7p4 #ahf71 & tak5 up by ! tr\vres 9 nor!rn ,france & by ! m9nes+]s 9 ,g]man l&s1 ! new poetry ( nature & love & joy ( liv+ _h spread ev]y:]e4 #a ,a new race ( m5 0 beg9n+ to s+ songs z bli!some & gay z ! birds & to express 9 ^! songs ! joys ( ! _w "h bel[4 ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,man4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( /ill m rapid *ange & trans=mation4 ,new objects ( int]e/ 7 com+ to ! front1 & new /&>ds ( judgm5t 7 be+ appli$4 ,national _s & a national patriotism 7 f9d+ expression4 ,! m$iaeval man1 ) 8 feel+ ( p]sonal insignificance1 lack ( self-confid5ce1 no s5se ( ! pa/ beh9d him1 & no conception ( ! possibilities ( ! future be=e him1 #b 0 rapidly giv+ way to ! man possess$ ( ! mod]n _s--! man ( self-confid5ce1 consci\s ( 8 p[]s1 enjoy+ life1 feel+ 8 connection ) ! hi/oric pa/1 & realiz+ ! pot5tialities ( accompli%m5t 9 ! _w "h bel[4 ,x 0 ! great "w ( ! p]iod ( transition1 & especially ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 to effect ?is *ange1 to awak5 9 man a consci\sness ( 8 p[]s1 to give him confid5ce 9 himself1 to %[ him ! beauty ( ! _w & ! joy ( life1 & to make him feel 8 liv+ connection ) ! pa/ & ! greatness ( ! future he might create4 #c ,z soon z m5 began cle>ly to exp]i5ce su* feel+s1 !y began to inquire1 & inquiry l$ to ! realization t !re _h be5 a great hi/oric pa/ ( :i* !y knew b little1 & ( :i* !y want$ to "k mu*4 ,:5 ?is po9t _h be5 rea*$1 we/]n ,europe 0 ready = a revival ( le>n+4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,9 ,,italy4 ,?is revival began 9 ,italy4 ,! ,italians _h pres]v$ m ( ! old ,roman culture ?an _h any o!r p1 & _h be5 ! fir/ to develop a new political & social ord] & revive ! ref9em5ts ( life aft] ! deluge ( b>b>ism :i* _h engulf$ ,europe4 ,!y1 too1 _h be5 ! fir/ to feel ! inadequacy ( m$iaeval le>n+ to satisfy ! intellectual unre/ ( m5 consci\s ( new /&>ds ( life4 ,?is gave !m at lea/ a c5tury ( advance ov] ! nations ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,! old ,roman life also 0 ne>] to !m1 & meant m1 s t a movem5t = a revival ( int]e/ 9 x attract$ to x ! f9e/ "y m9ds ( c5tral & nor!rn ,italy & inspir$ 9 !m some?+ closely ak9 to patriotic f]vor4 ,!y felt !mselves ! direct heirs ( ! political & intellectual em95ce ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 & !y began ! "w ( re/or+ to !mselves & ( try+ to und]/& _! inh]itance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,petr>* 7#acjd-gd7 ,! ,morn+ ,/> ( ! ,r5aissance ,9 ,petr>* 7#acjd-gd7 we h ! beg9n+s ( ! movem5t4 ,he has be5 call$ ! fir/ mod]n s*ol> & man ( lett]s4 ,repudiat+ ! o!r-worldl9ess ideal & ! s*ola/ic le>n+ ( 8 "t1 #d possess$ ( a deep love = beauty 9 nature & art1 a delight 9 travel1 a desire = worldly fame1 a /rong hi/orical s5se1 & ! self-confid5ce to plan a great con/ructive "w1 he began ! task ( une>?+ ! mona/ic treasures to asc]ta9 :at ! pa/ _h be5 & kn[n & done4 ,at tw5ty-n9e he made 8 fir/ great discov]y1 at ,lige1 9 ! =m ( two previ\sly unkn[n orations ( ,cic]o4 ,twelve ye>s lat]1 at ,v]ona1 he f\nd half ( "o ( ! lett]s ( ,cic]o :i* _h be5 lo/ = ages4 ,all 8 life he collect$ & copi$ manuscripts4 ,8 lett] to a fri5d tell+ him ( 8 difficulty 9 gett+ a "w ( ,cic]o copi$1 & 8 joy 9 do+ ! "w himself 7,r4 #abe71 is typical ( 8 labors4 ,he began ! "w ( copy+ & comp>+ ! old classical manuscripts1 & f !m recon/ruct+ ! pa/4 ,he also wrote _m sonnets1 ballads1 lyrics1 & lett]s1 all fill$ ) a new mod]n classical _s4 ,he also con/ruct$ ! fir/ mod]n map ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,boccaccio 7#acac-ge7 ,! ,fa!r ( ,italian ,prose ,?r\gh ,boccaccio1 :om he fir/ met 9 #acej1 ,petr>*'s "w 0 made kn[n 9 ,flor5ce1 !n ! weal?ie/ & mo/ arti/ic & lit]>y city 9 ! _w1 #e & !re ! new k & me?od 7 w>mly receiv$4 ,boccaccio equal$ ,petr>* 9 8 passion = ! anci5t writ]s1 hunt+ = !m :]ev] he ?\ght !y might be f\nd4 ,"o ( 8 pupils has left u a melan*oly picture ( ! libr>y at ,monte ,cass9o1 z ,boccaccio f\nd x at ! "t ( 8 visit 7,r4 #abf74 ,he wrote a book ( popul> tales & romances1 fill$ ) ! mod]n _s1 :i* made him ! fa!r ( ,italian prose z ,dante 0 ( ,italian poetry2 prep>$ ! fir/ diction>ies ( classical geography & ,greek my?ology2 & 0 ! fir/ we/]n s*ol> to le>n ,greek4 ,9 ! dim light ( le>n+'s dawn !y /&1 ,flu%$ ) ! fir/ glimpses ( a long-lo/ l&4 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,recov]y ,,& ,,recon/ruction4 ,! "w done by ^! two fri5ds 9 discov]+ & edit+ 0 tak5 up by o!rs1 & dur+ ! c5tury 7#accc-adcc7 dat+ f ! fir/ great f9d ( ,petr>* ! pr9cipal additions to ,lat9 lit]ature 7 made4 ,! mona/]ies & ca/les ( ,europe 7 ransack$ 9 ! hope ( discov]+ some?+ new1 or m accurate copies ( previ\sly kn[n books4 ,at mona/]ies & *ur*es z widely sep>at$ z ,monte ,cass9o1 ne> ,naples3 ,lodi1 ne> ,milan2 ,milan1 itself2 & ,v]celli1 9 ,italy3 ,sa9t ,gall & o!r mona/]ies1 9 ,switz]l&3 ,p>is2 ,cluny1 ne> ! pres5t city ( ,macon2 ,langres1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,m>ne2 & mona/]ies 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 9 ,france3 ,corvey1 9 ,we/phalia2 & ,h]sfeld1 ,cologne1 & ,ma9z 9 ,g]many--important f9ds 7 made4 #f ,?us widely _h ! old ,lat9 au?ors be5 scatt]$1 copi$1 & =gott54 ,9 a lett] to a fri5d 7,r4 #abg a7 ! en?usia/1 ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 tells ( f9d+ 7#adaf7 ! long-lo/ ,in/itutes ( ,oratory ( ,qu9tilian1 at ,sa9t ,gall1 & ( copy+ x = po/]ity4 ,?is1 & ! reply ( 8 fri5d 7,r4 #abg b71 reveal some?+ ( ! _s & ! emotions ( ^? engag$ 9 ! recov]y ( ,lat9 lit]ature & ! recon/ruction ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,! f9ds1 ?\gh1 :ile important1 7 aft] all ( less value ?an ! _s :i* direct$ ! se>*1 or ! c>eful "w :i* 0 done 9 collect+1 comp>+1 que/ion+1 inf]r+1 criticiz+1 & edit+ correct$ texts1 & recon/ruct+ old ,roman life & hi/ory4 #g ,we h 9 ?is new "w a complete break ) s*ola/ic me?ods1 & we see 9 x ! awak5+ ( ! mod]n sci5tific _s4 #h ,x 0 ?is same critical1 con/ructive _s :i*1 :5 appli$ lat] to ,*ri/ian practices1 br\ght on ! ,re=mation2 :5 appli$ to ! problems ( ! univ]se1 reveal$ to m5 ! wond]ful _w ( sci5ce2 & :5 appli$ to problems ( gov]nm5t1 l$ to ! que/ion+ ( ! !ory ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & to ! evolution ( democracy4 ,we h "h a mod]n _s1 a crav+ = tru? = its own sake1 an awak5+ ( ! hi/orical s5se1 #i & an appreciation ( beauty 9 lit]ature & nature :i* 0 soon to be foll[$ by an appreciation ( beauty 9 art4 ,a wor%ip ( classical lit]ature & classical ideas n[ set 91 ( :i* ri* & prosp]\s ,flor5ce became ! c5t]1 ) ,v5ice & ,rome1 z well z a numb] ( ! nor!rn ,italian cities1 z c5t]s ( m ?an m9or importance4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,) ! new int]e/ 9 ,lat9 lit]ature x 0 b natural t a revival ( ! /udy ( ,greek %\ld foll[4 ,:ile a k ( ,greek _h n absolutely di$ out 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 7 v few s*ol>s :o knew any?+ ab\t x1 & none :o c\ld read x4 #aj ,x 0 natural1 too1 t ! revival ( x %\ld come fir/ 9 ,italy4 ,s\!rn ,italy 7,magna ,graecia7 _h rema9$ "u ! ,ea/]n ,empire & ,greek until its conque/ by ! ,normans 7#ajda-ga71 & to s\!rn ,italy a few ,greek monks _h f "t to "t migrat$4 ,) s\!rn ,italy1 ?\gh1 papal ,italy & ! we/]n ,*ri/ian _w seem to h _h little contact4 ,9 #acci1 & aga9 9 #acdb1 a ,greek monk f s\!rn ,italy visit$ ! ,pope1 com+ z an ambassador f ,con/ant9ople1 & f him ,petr>* le>n$ ! ,greek alphabet4 ,9 #acec ano!r envoy br\ght ,petr>* a copy ( ,hom]4 ,?is he c\ld n read1 b 9 "t 7#acfg7 a poor translation into ,lat9 0 effect$4 ,boccaccio /udi$ ,greek1 be+ ! fir/ we/]n s*ol> to read ,hom] 9 ! orig9al4 ,ne> ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury x became kn[n 9 ,flor5ce t ,manuel ,*rysoloras 7c4 #acej-adae71 a ,byzant9e ( noble bir?1 a tea*] ( rhetoric & philosophy at ,con/ant9ople1 & ! mo/ accompli%$ ,greek s*ol> ( 8 age1 _h arriv$ 9 ,v5ice z an envoy f ! ,ea/]n ,emp]or4 ,flor5t9e s*ol>s visit$ him1 & on 8 return accompani$ him to ,con/ant9ople to le>n ,greek4 ,9 #acif ,*rysoloras 0 invit$ by ,flor5ce to accept an appo9tm5t1 9 ! univ]sity !re1 to ! fir/ *air ( ,greek lett]s 9 ! ,we/1 & accept$4 ,f #acif to #adjj he taught ,greek 9 ! ri* & /ately city ( ,flor5ce1 at t "t ! intellectual & arti/ic c5t] ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,= a few ye>s1 beg9n+ 9 #adjb1 he also taught ,greek at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,he _h e>li] writt5 a ,cate*ism ( ,greek ,gramm>1 & at ,pavia he began a lit]al r5d]+ ( ,plato's ,republic into ,lat94 ,f 8 visit dates ! en?usiasm = ! /udy ( ,greek 9 ! ,we/4 ,,o!r ,,greek ,,s*ol>s ,,arrive ,,9 ,,italy4 ,*rysoloras return$ to ,con/ant9ople = a "t1 9 #adjc1 & ,gu>9o ( ,v]ona1 :o _h be5 "o ( 8 pupils1 accompani$ him & sp5t five ye>s !re z a memb] ( 8 h\sehold4 ,:5 he return$ to ,italy he br\ght ) him ab\t fifty manuscripts1 & be=e 8 dea? he _h translat$ a numb] ( !m into ,lat94 ,he also prep>$ a ,greek gramm> :i* sup]s$$ t ( ,*rysoloras4 ,9 #adab he 0 elect$ to ! *air at ,flor5ce =m]ly held by ,*rysoloras1 & lat] he e/abli%$ an important s*ool at ,f]r>a1 bas$ l>gely on in/ruction 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics1 :i* w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 ! next *apt]4 ,a rage = ,greek le>n+ & ,greek books n[ = a "t set 94 ,aurispa1 a ,sicilian1 w5t to ,con/ant9ople1 le>n$ ,greek1 & return$ to ,italy1 9 #adbb1 ) #bch ,greek manuscripts4 ,mess] ,filelfo1 ( ,padua1 aft] sev5 ye>s at ,con/ant9ople1 return$1 9 #adbg1 ) =ty manuscripts & ) ! gr&-niece ( ,*rysoloras z 8 wife4 ,9 #addh ,!odorus ,gaza 7c4 #adjj-ge71 a le>n$ ,greek f ! city ( ,!ssalonica1 :o _h fl$ f 8 native city j be=e its capture by ! ,turks 7#adcj71 came to ,f]r>a z ! fir/ pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! univ]sity !re4 ,he made _m translations1 prep>$ a v popul> ,greek gramm>1 & 9 #adea became pr(essor ( philosophy at ,rome4 ,ano!r ,greek ( importance 0 ,demetrius ,*alcondyles ( ,a!ns 7#adbd- #aeaa71 :o rea*$ ,italy 9 #addg4 ,9 #adej he became pr(essor ( ,greek at ,p]ugia1 & ( 8 lectures !re "o ( 8 en?usia/ic pupils #aa wrote3 ,a ,greek has j arriv$1 :o has begun to tea* me ) great pa9s1 & ,i to li/5 to 8 precepts ) incr$ible pleasure1 because he is a ,greek1 because he is an ,a!nian1 & because he is ,demetrius4 ,x seems to me t 9 him is figur$ all ! wisdom1 ! civility1 & ! elegance ( ^? s fam\s & illu/ri\s anci5ts4 ,m]ely see+ him y fancy y are look+ on ,plato2 f> m :5 y he> him speak4 ,9 #adfc ,demetrius transf]r$ to ,padua z pr(essor ( ,greek1 & 0 ! fir/ pr(essor ( ,greek 9 a we/]n ,european univ]sity to be paid a fix$ sal>y4 ,he also taught = a "t at ,milan1 & f #adga to #adia 0 pr(essor ( ,greek at ,flor5ce4 ,a numb] ( o!r le>n$ ,greeks _h rea*$ ,italy prior to ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7#adec7 be=e ! advanc+ ,turks1 #ab & aft] its fall _m m s\ght !re a new home4 ,_m ( ^! f\nd1 on l&+1 t _! k ( ,greek & ! possession ( a few ,greek books 7 an op5 sesame to ! le>n$ circles ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,demetrius ,,*alcondyles 7#adbd-aeaa7 7,drawn f a picture ( a fresco by ,ghirl&ajo1 pa9t$ 9 #adij1 on ! walls ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 at ,flor5ce7 ,,en?usiasm ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,movem5t2 ,,libr>ies ,,& ,,academics ,,f\nd$4 ,! en?usiasm = ! recov]y & re/oration ( anci5t lit]ature & hi/ory :i* ?is "w awak5$ among ! y\ng] s*ol>s ( ,italy c be imag9$4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! pr(essors 9 ! univ]sities & mo/ ( ! *ur* (ficials at fir/ _h no?+ to d ) ! new movem5t1 be+ w$d$ to s*ola/ic me?ods ( ?9k+1 ! lead]s ( ! new le>n+ drew ab\t !m _m ( ! brighte/ & mo/ en]getic ( ! "y m5 :o came to ^? univ]sities :i* 7 hospitable to ! new movem5t4 #ac ,greek s*ol>s 9 ! univ]sity t[ns 7 foll[$ by admir+ b&s ( y\ng] /ud5ts1 #ad :o soon took up ! "w & sup]s$$ _! ma/]s4 ,academies1 nam$ aft] ! "o conduct$ by ,plato 9 ! groves ne> ,a!ns1 ^: purpose 0 to promote lit]>y /udies1 7 f\nd$ 9 all ! important ,italian cities 7,r4 #abi74 ,! memb]s usually ,lat9iz$ _! names1 & celebrat$ ! anci5t fe/ivals4 ,9 ,v5ice a ,greek ,academy 0 =m$ 9 :i* all ! proce$+s 7 9 ,greek1 & ! memb]s 7 kn[n by ,greek names4 ,! ,academia ( ,aldus1 at ,v5ice1 ( :i* 8 celebrat$ press 0 a dep>tm5t1 became a v]itable univ]sity = classical le>n+1 & to p>ticipate 9 its proce$+s s*ol>s came f _m l&s4 ,x 0 ! curi\s & en?usia/ic ,italians :o1 m ?an ! ,greek s*ol>s :o taught !m ! language1 op5$ up ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( ,a!ns to ! compreh5sion ( ! we/]n _w4 ,! f9ancial support ( ! movem5t came f ! weal?y m]*ant pr9ces1 reign+ dukes1 & a few *ur* au?orities1 :o assi/$ s*ol>s & sp5t money mo/ lib]ally 9 collect+ manuscripts & accumulat+ books4 ,says ,symonds3 ,nev] 0 !re a "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory :5 money 0 sp5t m freely ^u ! collection & pres]vation ( ,,mss41 & :5 a m complete ma*9]y 0 put 9 motion = ! sake ( secur+ lit]>y treasures4 ,pr9ce vi$ ) pr9ce1 & em95t burgh] ) burgh]1 9 buy+ books4 ,! comm]cial correspond5ts ( ! ,m$ici & o!r great ,flor5t9e h\ses1 ^: banks & disc\nt (fices ext5d$ ov] ,europe & ! ,levant1 7 in/ruct$ to pur*ase relics ( antiquity )\t reg>d = co/1 & to =w>d !m to ,flor5ce4 ,! mo/ acceptable pres5t t c\ld be s5t to a k+ 0 a copy ( a ,roman hi/orian4 ,! be/ cr$5tials :i* a "y ,greek arriv+ f ,byzantium c\ld use to ga9 ! patronage ( m5 l ,palla degli ,/rozzi 0 a fragm5t ( "s anci5t2 ! m]*&ise insur+ ! l>ge/ pr(it to a speculator :o _h special k 9 su* matt]s 0 old p>*m5t cov]$ ) crabb$ *>act]s4 #ae ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 7#acic-adfd71 a bank] & rul] ( ,flor5ce1 sp5t great sums 9 collect+ & copy+ manuscripts4 ,vespasiano1 a fifte5?- c5tury booksell] ( ,flor5ce1 has left u an int]e/+ picture ( ! "w ( ,cosimo 9 f\nd+ 7#addd7 ! great ,m$icean libr>y #af at ,flor5ce 7,r4 #acj7 & ( ! difficulties ( book collect+ 9 ! days be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,bookcase ,,& ,,desk ,,9 ,,! ,,m$icean ,,libr>y ,,at ,,flor5ce 7,drawn f a photograph7 ,?is libr>y 0 f\nd$ 9 #addd4 ,x conta9s to-day ab\t #aj1jjj ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts1 _m ( !m v r>e1 & ( a few ! only copies kn[n4 ,! build+ 0 design$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & its con/ruction 0 begun 9 #aebe4 ,! bookcases are ( ab\t ?is date4 ,x %[s ! e>ly me?od ( *a9+ books to ! %elves1 & catalogu+ ! volumes on ! end ( ea* /ack4 ,"u ,cosimo's gr&son1 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 :o di$ 9 #adib1 two exp$itions 7 s5t to ,greece to obta9 manuscripts = ! ,flor5t9e libr>y4 ,vespasiano also describes = u ! books collect$ 7c4 #adge-hj7 = ! great ducal libr>y at ,urb9o 7,r4 #aca71 ! greate/ libr>y 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w at ! "t ( its completion1 & ! "w ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v #ag 7#addg-adee7 9 lay+ ! f\ndations 7#adej7 = ! great ,vatican ,libr>y at ,rome 7,r4 #acb74 ,ni*olas 0 an en?usia/ 9 ! new movem5t1 & =m$ a plan = ! translation ( all ! ,greek writ]s into ,lat94 ,a lat] ,pope1 ,leo ,x 7#aeac-aeba71 plann$ to make ,rome ! int]national c5t] = ,greek le>n+4 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,ext5ds ,,to ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ,petr>* made 8 fir/ great f9d 9 #accc1 & up to #adej ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 (t5 t]m$ ! ,r5aissance1 0 entirely an ,italian movem5t4 ,by t date ! great "w 9 ,italy _h be5 done1 & ! ,italians 7 once m 9 possession ( ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,) !m ! movem5t 0 lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & patriotic 9 purpose & _s4 ,) !m ! movem5t 0 kn[n z humanism1 f an old ,roman ^w 7humanitas7 mean+ culture1 & ?is t]m came to be appli$ to ! new /udies 9 all o!r l&s4 ,9 _! "w ) ! lit]atures1 inscriptions1 co9s1 & ar*aeological rema9s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 _! own lit]ature1 hi/ory1 my?ology1 & political & social life 0 recon/ruct$4 ,! me?ods employ$ 7 ! me?ods us$ 9 mod]n sci5ce1 & ! result 0 to develop 9 ,italy a new type ( s*ol>1 possess$ ( a lit]>y1 arti/ic1 & hi/orical appreciation unkn[n s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome1 & ) ! greate/ en?usiasm = ,lat9 z a liv+ language4 ,by ! "t ! revival _h culm9at$ 9 ,italy x began to be he>d ( nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,france 0 ! fir/ c\ntry to take up ! /udy ( ,greek1 a pr(essor%ip be+ e/abli%$ at ,p>is 9 #adeh4 ,!re 0 b little int]e/ 9 ! subject1 h[ev]1 or 9 any ( ! new /udies1 until two ev5ts ( political importance1 =ty ye>s lat]1 br\ght ,fr5*m5 9 close t\* ) :at _h be5 done 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,9 #adid ,*>les ,,viii1 ( ,france1 claim+ ,naples z 8 possession1 took an army into ,italy1 & =cibly occupi$ ,rome & ,flor5ce4 ,f\r ye>s lat] 8 successor1 ,l\is ,,xii1 claim$ ,milan also & seiz$ x & ,naples1 ma9ta9+ a ,fr5* c\rt at ,milan f #adih to #aeab4 ,?\gh bo? ^! exp$itions 7 unsuccessful1 f a political po9t ( view1 ! effect ( ! direct contact ) humanism 9 its home 0 la/+4 ,new ideas 9 ar*itecture1 art1 & le>n+ 7 c>ri$ back to ,france1 ,fr5* s*ol>s travel$ to ,italy1 & e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,p>is became a c5t] = ! new humani/ic /udies4 ,9 ,greek1 ,france completely sup]s$$ ,italy z ! int]pret] ( ,greek life & lit]ature to ! mod]n _w4 ,9 #adgc a ,spani% s*ol>1 ,mebriss5sis 7#addd-aebb71 return$ home aft] tw5ty ye>s 9 ,italy & introduc$ ,greek at ,seville1 ,salamanca1 & ,alcal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,two ,,e>ly ,,nor!rn ,,humani/s ,,rudolph ,,agricola 7#addc-he7 ,e>ly ,dut* ,humani/4 ,lectur$ at ,heidelb]g 7,f a contempor>y engrav+7 ,,?omas ,,l9acre 7c4 #adfj-aebd7 ,engli% ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ,lectur] on ,greek 7,f a portrait 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,ab\t #adhh ,?omas ,l9acre 7c4 #adfj-aebd7 & ,william ,grocyn 7#addf-aead71 two ,ox=d graduates1 w5t to ,flor5ce f ,engl&1 /udy+ ,greek "u ,demetrius ,*alcondyles1 &1 return+1 introduc$ ! new le>n+ at ,ox=d4 #ah ,l9acre1 z pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 translat$ mu* ( ,gal5 7p4 #aih7 f ! ,greek1 & he & ,grocyn lectur$ on ,greek at ! ,univ]sity4 ,f ,ox=d ! new le>n+ 0 transmitt$ to ,cambridge1 &1 ov] a c5tury aft]w>d1 to ,h>v>d 9 ,am]ica4 ,a ?ird ,ox=d man to /udy ,greek 9 ,italy 0 ,john ,colet 7#adfg-aeai71 :o /udi$ 9 ,flor5ce f #adic to #adif1 & return$ home an en?usia/ic humani/4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man to attract mu* att5tion to ! new /udies1 & to him is *iefly due _! introduction into ! ,engli% second>y s*ool4 ,! fir/ ,g]man ( :om we h any record z hav+ /udi$ 9 ,italy 0 ,pet] ,lud] 7c4 #adae-gd71 :o return$ 9 #adef1 & lectur$ on ! new le>n+ at ! ,univ]sities ( ,heidelb]g1 ,erfurt1 & ,leipzig1 b awak5$ no response4 ,9 #adgj ,johann ,wessel 7#adbj-hi7 & 9 #adgf ,rodolph ,agricola 7#addc-he71 two not$ ,dut* s*ol>s1 /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,on return+1 ,agricola1 #ai :o has be5 call$ ! ,petr>* ( ,g]man l&s1 did mu* to spread ! great inh]itance ( antiquity & ! new civilization to :i* x _h giv5 bir? among 8 unc\? c\ntrym5 7b>b>i1 he calls !m74 ,he made ,heidelb]g1 = a "t1 a c5t] ( humani/ic appreciation4 ,johann ,reu*l9 7#adee-aebb71 a ,g]man by bir?1 /udi$ 9 ,flor5ce & else:]e 9 ,italy 9 #adha to #adij1 & !re le>n$ ,hebrew4 ,return+1 he became a pr(essor at ,heidelb]g & ! fa!r ( mod]n ,hebrew /udies4 ,9 #aejf he publi%$ ! fir/ ,hebrew gramm>4 ,9 #adic ! ,univ]sity ( ,erfurt e/abli%$ a pr(essor%ip ( ,poetry & ,eloqu5ce1 ?is be+ ! fir/ ,g]man univ]sity to c\nt5ance ! new le>n+4 ,9 #aebc ! fir/ *air ( ,greek 0 e/abli%$ at ,vi5na4 ,?us sl[ly did ! revival ( le>n+ spread to nor!rn l&s4 ,,! ,,revival ,,aid$ ,,by ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pap] ,,& ,,pr9t+4 ,v =tunately = ! spread ( ! new le>n+ an important process & a great inv5tion n[ came 9 at a mo/ opportune "t4 ,! process 0 ! manufacture ( pap]2 ! inv5tion t ( pr9t+4 ,! manufacture ( pap] is probably a ,*9ese inv5tion1 e>ly obta9$ by ! ,arabs4 ,dur+ ! ,mohamm$an occupation ( ,spa9 pap] mills 7 set up !re1 & a small supply ( _! pap] f\nd its way across ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! ,*ri/ians :o drove ! ,mohamm$ans out lo/ ! process1 & x n[ came back once m f ! ,ea/4 ,by ab\t #abej ! ,greeks _h obta9$ ! process f ,mohamm$an s\rces1 & 9 #abgf ! fir/ pap] mill 0 set up 9 ,italy4 ,9 #acdj a pap] factory 0 e/abli%$ at ,padua1 & soon !reaft] o!r factories began to make pap] at ,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,milan1 & ,v5ice4 ,9 #acbj a pap] factory 0 e/abli%$ at ,ma9z1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 #acij ano!r at ,nuremb]g4 ,by #adej pap] 0 9 common use & ! way 0 n[ op5 = "o ( ! _w's greate/ inv5tions4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,f ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ books = ! great libr>ies at ,flor5ce1 ,urb9o1 & ,rome1 z we h se5 7,rs4 #acj1 #aca1 #acb71 & ! great co/ ( reproduc+ s+le copies ( books1 we c see t ! "w ( ! humani/s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 9 ,italy probably w\ld h _h b little influ5ce else:]e b = ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,to dissem9ate a new le>n+ involv+ two great lit]atures by copy+ books1 "o at a "t by h&1 w\ld h prev5t$ in/ruction 9 ! new subjects becom+ g5]al = c5turies1 & w\ld h mat]ially ret>d$ ! progress ( ! _w4 ,! discov]y ( ! art ( pr9t+1 com+ :5 x did1 scatt]$ ! new le>n+ ov] ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,press ,! prynt]s h f\nde a crafte to make bokis by bras5 lett]s sette 9 ordre by a frame4 ,an engrav+1 dat$ #aebj4 ,! man at ! "r is sett+ type1 & ! "o at ! lev] is mak+ an impression4 ,a numb] ( f\r-page pr9t$ %eets are se5 on ! table at ! "r ( ! press4 ,,spread ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! dates connect$ ) ?is new inv5tion & its diffusion ov] ,europe are3 #adbc4 ,co/] ( ,h>lem made ! fir/ engrav$ s+le page4 #adch4 ,gut5b]g inv5t$ movable wood5 types4 #adej4 ,s*oeff] & ,fau/ ca/ fir/ metal type4 #adef4 ,bible pr9t$ 9 ,lat9 by ,gut5b]g & ,fau/ at ,ma9z4 ,?is ! fir/ complete book pr9t$4 #bj #adeg4 ,! ,may5ce ,psalt]1 ! fir/ dat$ book1 pr9t$4 #ba #adfb4 ,adolph ( ,nassau pillag$ ,ma9z1 drove out ! pr9t]s1 & 9 consequ5ce scatt]$ ! art ov] ,europe4 #adfe4 ,press set up 9 ! ,g]man mona/]y ( ,subiaco1 9 ! ,sab9e ,m\nta9s1 9 ,italy4 #adfg4 ,?is press mov$ to ,rome4 #adfi4 ,presses at ,p>is & ,vi5na4 #adgj4 ,pr9t+ introduc$ into ,switz]l&4 #adga4 ,presses set up at ,flor5ce1 ,milan1 & ,f]r>a4 #adgc4 ,pr9t+ introduc$ into ,holl& & ,belgium4 #adgd4 ,pr9t+ introduc$ into ,spa94 #adgd-gg4 ,pr9t+ introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,caxton set up 8 press 9 #adgg4 #adgf4 ,fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,greek at ,milan4 #adij4 ,! ,ald9e press e/abli%$ at ,v5ice1 by ,aldus ,manutius4 #aeja4 ,fir/ ,greek book pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1 at ,erfurt4 #aefc4 ,fir/ newspap] e/abli%$1 9 ,v5ice4 ,inv5tions travel$ b sl[ly 9 ^? days1 yet 9 "t ! press 0 to be f\nd 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,! pr(essional copyi/s made a great outcry aga9/ ! innovation2 presses 7 at fir/ lic5s$ & closely limit$ 9 numb]2 9 ,france ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 giv5 ! proce$s ( a tax levi$ on all books pr9t$2 & 9 ,engl& ! beg9n+s ( ! mod]n copyright are to be se5 9 ! necessity ( obta9+ a lic5se f ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to be p]mitt$ to pr9t a book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,specim5 ,,( ,,caxton',s ,,pr9t+ ,9 cutt+ & ca/+ ! fir/ type a /yle ( heavy-fac$ lett]1 mu* l t writt5 by ! m$iaeval monks--! s-call$ ,go?ic--0 us$4 ,caxton1 9 ,engl&1 us$ ?is at fir/1 & ! ,g]mans h cont9u$ its use up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,italians1 h[ev]1 soon devis$ a type ) lett]s l ^? us$ by ! old ,romans--! s- call$ ,roman type1 ?is type :i* 0 soon accept$ 9 all non-,g]man ,european c\ntries4 ,! ,italians also devis$ a compress$ type--! ,italic--:i* enabl$ pr9t]s to get m words on a page4 ,v5ice1 almo/ f ! fir/1 became ! c5t] ( ! book trade1 & books lit]ally p\r$ f ! presses !re4 ,by #aejj z _m z five ?\s& editions1 (t5 ( z _m z a ?\s& copies to an edition1 _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,italy4 #bb ,( ?is numb] #bhce _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice1 & mo/ ( !m by ! ,ald9e press ( ,aldus ,manutius1 & edit$ by ! ,academia 7p4 #bej7 connect$ !re)4 #bc ,by #aejj _m books _h also be5 pr9t$ 9 a numb] ( nor!rn cities1 #bd & ,lyons1 ,p>is1 ,basel1 ,nuremb]g1 ,cologne1 ,leipzig1 & ,london soon became c5t]s ( ! nor!rn book trade4 ,caxton 9 ,engl& soon vi$ ) ,aldus 9 ,v5ice z a pr9t] ( beautiful books4 ,:5 we rememb] t x requir$ fifty-?ree days 7,s&ys7 to make by h& "o copy ( ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes1 & =ty-five copyi/s tw5ty-two mon?s to reproduce two hundr$ volumes = ! ,m$icean ,libr>y at ,flor5ce 7,r4 #acj71 ! enorm\s importance ( an inv5tion :i* w\ld pr9t rapidly a ?\s& or m copies ( a book1 all exactly alike & free f copyi/ errors1 c be appreciat$4 ,x trem5d\sly *eap5$ books1 #be made ! g5]al use ( ! textbook me?od ( tea*+ possible1 & pav$ ! way = a great ext5sion ( s*ools & le>n+ 7,r4 #acd74 ,f n[ on ! press became a =midable rival to ! pulpit & ! s]mon1 & "o ( ! greate/ ( in/rum5ts = human progress & individual lib]ty4 ,f ?is "t on educational progress 0 to be mu* m rapid ?an x _h be5 9 ! pa/4 ,f an educational po9t ( view ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ might almo/ be tak5 z m>k+ ! close ( ! m$iaeval & ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times4 ,,rise ,,( ,,geographical ,,discov]y4 ,! new influ5ces awak5$ by ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ f\nd expression 9 o!r directions4 ,"o ( ^! 0 geographical discov]y1 itself an outgr[? ( t s]ies ( movem5ts kn[n z ! ,crusades1 ) ! accompany+ revival ( trade & comm]ce4 ,^! l$ to travel1 exploration1 & discov]y4 ,by ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! mo/ ext5sive travel :i* _h tak5 place s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome _h begun1 & 9 ! next two & a half c5turies a great expansion ( ! kn[n _w took place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,kn[n ,,to ,,*ri/ian ,,europe ,,be=e ,,columbus ,m>co ,polo & ,sir ,john ,m&eville made ext5d$ travels to ! ,ori5t1 & return+ 7,polo return$1 #abie7 describ$ to a wond]+ ,europe ! new l&s & peoples !y _h se54 ,! ,voyages ( ,polo & ! ,travels ( ,m&eville 7 widely read4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! compass _h be5 p]fect$1 9 ,naples1 & a great era ( exploration _h be5 begun4 ,9 #adjb v5turesome sailors1 out beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 discov]$ ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 9 #adai ! ,madeira ,isl&s 7 rea*$2 9 #adfj ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s 7 f\nd2 9 #adig ,b>?olomew ,diaz r\nd$ ! s\!rn tip ( ,africa2 & 9 #adig ,vasco da ,gama discov]$ ! long-hop$-= sea r\te to ,india4 ,five ye>s lat]1 sail+ we/w>d ) ! same end 9 view1 ,columbus discov]$ ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,f9ally1 9 #aeai-bb1 ,magellan's %ips circumnavigat$ ! globe1 &1 return+ safely to ,spa91 prov$ t ! _w 0 r\nd4 ,9 #aejg ,wald5seemll] publi%$ 8 ,introduction to ,geography1 a book t 0 widely read1 & "o :i* laid ! f\ndations ( ?is mod]n /udy4 ,! effect ( ^! discov]ies 9 broad5+ ! m9ds ( m5 c be imag9$4 ,! religi\s !ories & tea*+s ( ! ,middle ,ages z to ! _w 7 9 l>ge "p upset4 ,new races & new peoples _h be5 f\nd1 a r\nd e>? in/ead ( a flat "o _h be5 prov$ to exi/1 new cont95ts _h be5 discov]$1 & new worlds 7 n[ ready to be op5$ up = sci5tific exploration & colonization4 ,,ab\t #aejj ,a ,,/imulat+ ,,"t4 ,! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! e>li] "p ( ! sixte5? 0 a /imulat+ p]iod 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! ,turks _h clos$ 9 on ,con/ant9ople 7#adec7 & end$ ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 & _m ,greek s*ol>s _h fl$ to ! ,we/4 ,?\gh ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ _h culm9at$ 9 ,italy1 its influ5ce 0 /ill /rongly felt 9 su* cities z ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 :ile 9 ,g]man l&s & 9 ,engl& ! re=m movem5t awak5$ by x 0 at its height4 ,greek & ,hebrew 7 n[ taught g5]ally 9 ! nor!rn univ]sities4 ,ev]y:]e ! old s*ola/ic le>n+ & me?ods 7 be+ ov]turn$ by ! new humanism1 & s*ola/ic tea*]s 7 be+ displac$ f _! positions 9 ! univ]sities & s*ools4 ,! new humani/ic univ]sity at ,witt5b]g1 f\nd$ 9 #aejb1 0 ex]t+ l>ge influ5ce among ,g]man s*ol>s & attract+ to x ! brighte/ "y m9ds 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,erasmus 0 ! greate/ int]national s*ol> ( ! age1 ?\gh ably second$ by di/+ui%$ humani/ic s*ol>s 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,g]man l&s4 ,! c\rt s*ools ( ,italy 7,r4 #ace7 & ! municipal colleges ( ,france 7,r4 #acf7 7 m>k+ out new l9es 9 ! education ( ! select few4 ,colet 0 f\nd+ 8 re=m$ gramm> s*ool 7#aeaj7 at ,sa9t ,paul's1 9 ,london 7,r4 #ach71 ! fir/ ( a long l9e ( ,engli% humani/ic gramm> s*ools4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,raphael1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo 7 add+ new fame to ,italy1 & c>ry+ ! ,r5aissance movem5t ov] into t art :i* ! _w has ev] s9ce treasur$ & admir$4 ,! ,italian cities1 p>ticul>ly ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 _h become ri* f _! comm]ce1 z _h _m cities 9 nor!rn l&s4 ,ev]y:]e ! cities 7 c5t]s = ! new life 9 we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,engl& 0 rapidly *ang+ f an agricultural to a manufactur+ nation4 ,! s]f 0 evolv+ into a free man all ov] we/]n ,europe4 ,italian navigators _h discov]$ new sea r\tes & l&s1 & robb$ ! ocean ( its t]rors4 ,columbus _h discov]$ a new _w1 soon to be peopl$ & to become ! home ( a new civilization4 ,magellan _h %[n t ! _w 0 r\nd & pois$ 9 space1 in/ead ( flat & surr\nd$ by a circumflu5t ocean4 ,! pr9t+-press _h be5 p]fect$ & scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 & 0 rapidly multiply+ books & creat+ a new desire to read 7,r4 #acd74 ,! ,*ur* 0 m tol]ant ( new ideas ?an x _h be5 9 ! pa/1 or soon 0 to be = c5turies to come4 ,all ( ^! new influ5ces & conditions comb9$ to awak5 ?\ght z _h n happ5$ be=e s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! _w seem$ ab\t ready = rapid advances 9 _m new directions1 & great progress 9 le>n+1 education1 gov]nm5t1 art1 comm]ce1 & inv5tion seem$ almo/ )9 grasp4 ,un=tunately ! promise 0 n to be fulfill$1 & ! progress t seem$ possible 9 #aejj 0 soon lo/ amid ! bitt]ness & hatr$s eng5d]$ by a great religi\s conflict1 !n ab\t to break1 & :i* 0 de/9$ to leave1 = c5turies to come1 a legacy ( intol]ance & suspicion 9 all l&s4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,9 :at way 0 ! fact t ,dante wrote 8 ,div9e ,com$y 9 ,italian in/ead ( ,lat9 an evid5ce ( l>ge indep5d5ce8 #b4 ,0 x a good ?+ = peace & civilization t ! mod]n languages arose1 in/ead ( all speak+ & writ+ ,lat98 ,:y8 #c4 ,( :at value to "o is a s5se ( ! pa/ beh9d him1 & a conception ( ! possibilities ( ! future be=e him1 by way ( giv+ p]spective & self-confid5ce8 ,d we h _m m$iaeval-type p to-day8 #d4 ,%[ h[ ! "w ( ,petr>* requir$ a man ) a /rong hi/oric s5se4 #e4 ,%[ ! awak5+ ( ! mod]n sci5tific _s 9 ! critical & recon/ructive "w ( ! s*ol>s ( ! ,revival4 #f4 ,( :at 0 ! exposure ( ! =g]y ( ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e a precursor8 #g4 ,contra/ ! mod]n & ! m$iaeval _s z relat$ to le>n+4 #h4 ,suppose t we %\ld unexpect$ly une>? 9 ,mexico a va/ lit]ature ( a v le>n$ & s*ol>ly p :o once inhabit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & %\ld discov] a key by :i* to read x4 ,w\ld ! int]e/ awak5$ be comp>able ) t awak5$ by ! revival ( ,greek 9 ,italy8 ,:y8 #i4 ,:at does ! fact t no copy ( ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes1 a v fam\s ,roman book1 0 kn[n 9 ,europe be=e #adaf indicate z to ! de/ruction ( books dur+ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod8 #aj4 ,:at does ! fact t ! ,*ri/ians knew little ab\t ,greek lit]ature or s*ol>%ip = c5turies1 & t ! awak5+ 0 9 l>ge "p br\ght ab\t by ! pressure ( ! ,turks on ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 indicate z to int]c\rse among ,m$it]ranean peoples dur+ ! ,middle ,ages8 #aa4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! fact t ! recov]y ( ! anci5t le>n+ 0 v l>gely ! "w ( "y m51 & t old] pr(essors 9 ! univ]sities frequ5tly held alo( f any connection ) ! movem5t8 #ab4 ,comp>e ! f9ancial support ( ! ,revival 9 ,italy ) ! support ( univ]sities & ( sci5tific und]tak+s 9 ,am]ica dur+ rec5t times4 #ac4 ,expla9 ! long-delay$ int]e/ 9 ! ,revival 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries4 #ad4 ,trace ! l>g] /eps 9 ! transf]5ce ( ,greek lit]ature & le>n+ f ,a!ns1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 to its arrival at ,h>v>d1 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afcf4 #ae4 ,:at 0 ! importance ( ! r$iscov]y ( ,hebrew8 #af4 ,%[ h[ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 0 a revolution>y =ce ( ! fir/ magnitude4 #ag4 ,:y %\ld a lic5se f ! ,*ur* h be5 necess>y to pr9t a book8 ,h we any rema9+ ve/iges ( ?is *ur* control ov] books8 #ah4 ,d y see any special reason :y ,v5ice %\ld h become ! e>ly c5t] ( ! book trade8 #ai4 ,%[ h[ ! pr9t+-press became a =midable rival to ! pulpit & ! s]mon1 & "o ( ! greate/ in/rum5ts = human progress & lib]ty4 #bj4 ,"o writ] has *>act]iz$ ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ z ! beg9n+s ( ! em]g5ce ( ! individual f in/itutional control1 & ! sub/itution ( ! humanities = ! div9ities z ! basis ( education4 ,is ?is a good *>act]ization ( a phase ( ! movem5t8 #ba4 ,c\nt+ ea* edition ( a pr9t$ book at only ?ree hundr$ copies1 h[ _m volumes _h be5 pr9t$ be=e #aejj at ! places li/$ 9 footnote #c1 page #beg8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #abe4 ,petr>*3 ,on copy+ a ,"w ( ,cic]o4 #abf4 ,b5v5uto3 ,boccaccio's ,visit to ! ,libr>y at ,monte ,cass9o4 #abg4 ,symonds3 ,f9d+ ( ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes at ,sa9t ,gall4 7a7 ,lett] ( ,poggio ,bracciol9i on ! ,f9d4 7b7 ,reply ( ,lion>do ,bruni4 #abh4 ,,ms43 ,reproduc+ ,books be=e ! ,days ( ,pr9t+4 #abi4 ,symonds3 ,italian ,societies = /udy+ ! ,classics4 #acj4 ,vespasiano3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,m$icean ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 #aca4 ,vespasiano3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,ducal ,libr>y at ,urb9o4 #acb4 ,vespasiano3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y at ,rome4 #acc4 ,gre53 ,! ,new ,le>n+ at ,ox=d4 #acd4 ,gre53 ,! ,new ,ta/e = ,books4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,is x probable t ,petr>*'s explanation 7#abe7 ( :y _m ( ! old] ,lat9 books 7 copi$ s infrequ5tly1 psalt]s be+ pref]r$ in/ead1 is correct8 #b4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! lat] neglect ( s valuable a libr>y z t at ,monte ,cass9o 7#abf7 or ,sa9t ,gall 7#abg a78 #c4 ,0 ,lion>do ,bruni's lett] to ,poggio 7#abg b7 ov]drawn8 #d4 ,0 !re any?+ unnatural ab\t ! "w & cu/oms ( ! ,italian societies = /udy+ ! classics 7#abi78 ,comp>e ) a mod]n lit]>y or sci5tific society1 or ) ! ,national ,dante ,society4 #e4 ,:at does ! extract f ,vespasiano1 tell+ h[ he got books = ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 7#acj71 indicate z to ! sc>city ( books 9 ,italy t[>d ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury8 #f4 ,! libr>y ( ! ,duke ( ,urb9o 7#aca7 0 ! mo/ complete collect$ up to t "t4 ,li/ ! l>g] classifications ( ! books copi$1 z to ! l9es repres5t$ 9 a great libr>y ( t day4 #g4 ,:at does ! "w ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v1 9 e/abli%+ ! ,vatican ,libr>y 7#acb71 indicate z to 8 int]e/ 9 ! new humani/ic movem5t8 #h4 ,%[ f ! selection f ,gre5 7#acc7 t ! revival movem5t 9 ,engl& 0 ess5tially a religi\s revival4 #i4 ,expla9 ,gre5's cause-&-effect !ory1 z giv5 9 selection #acd4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,blades1 ,william4 ,william ,caxton4 ,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books4 99 ,field1 ,lilian ,f4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,r5aissance4 99 ,h[ells1 ,w4 ,d4 ,v5etian ,days 7,v5etian comm]ce74 99 ,keane1 ,john4 ,! ,evolution ( ,geography4 ,la ,croix1 ,paul4 ,! ,arts 9 ! ,middle ,ages & at ! ,p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance4 99 ,loomis1 ,l\ise4 ,m$iaeval ,hell5ism4 ,oliphant1 ,mrs4 ,mak]s ( ,v5ice4 99 ,rob9son1 ,j4 ,h41 & ,rolfe1 ,h4 ,w4 ,petr>*1 ! ,fir/ ,mod]n ,s*ol> & ,man ( ,lett]s4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 vol4 ,,ii4 99 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>v>d ,lectures on ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,scaife1 ,w4 ,b4 ,flor5t9e ,life dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,s$gwick1 ,h4 ,d4 ,italy 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 99 ,symonds1 ,j4 ,a4 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 vol4 ,,ii1 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,?orndike1 ,lynn4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,:itcomb1 ,m4 ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 99 ,wal%1 ,jas4 ,j4 ,! ,?irte5?1 ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t ! roots ( all our mod]n educational practices 9 second>y education lie buri$ deep 9 ! great ,italian ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,if we limit ! /atem5t to ! "t prec$+ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we %all be m ne>ly correct1 z trem5d\s *anges 9 bo? ! "* & ! purpose ( second>y education h tak5 place s9ce t "t4 ,! important & out/&+ educational result ( ! revival ( anci5t le>n+ by ,italian s*ol>s 0 t x laid a basis = a new type ( education bel[ t ( ! univ]sity1 de/9$ 9 "t to be mu* m widely op5$ to promis+ y\?s ?an ! old ca!dral & mona/ic s*ools _h be54 ,?is new education1 bas$ on ! great intellectual inh]itance recov]$ f ! anci5t _w by a relatively small numb] ( ,italian s*ol>s1 dom9at$ ! second>y-s*ool tra9+ ( ! middle & high] classes ( society = ! next f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,x cle>ly began by #adej1 x cle>ly controll$ second>y education until at lea/ aft] #ahej4 ,out ( ! ef=ts ( ,italian s*ol>s to resurrect1 recon/ruct1 und]/&1 & utilize 9 education ! fruits ( _! legacy f ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman _w1 arose mod]n second>y education1 z contra/$ ) m$iaeval *ur* education4 ,m$iaeval education1 aft] all1 0 n>r[ly te*nical4 ,x prep>$ = b "o pr(ession1 & "o type ( s]vice4 ,!re 0 little t 0 lib]al1 cultural1 or humanit>ian ab\t x4 ,x prep>$ = ! _w to come1 n = ! _w m5 live 9 "h4 ,! new education develop$ 9 ,italy aim$ to prep>e directly = life 9 ! _w "h1 & = useful & enjoyable life at t4 ,comb9+ ) ! new humani/ic 7cultural7 /udies ! be/ ideals & practices ( ! old *ivalric education-- physical tra9+1 mann]s & c\rtesy1 rev]5ce--! ,italian pione]s devis$ a s*eme ( education1 bel[ t ( ! univ]sities1 :i* !y claim$ prep>$ y\?s n only = an intellectual appreciation ( ! great & wond]ful pa/ ( :i* !y 7 desc5dants1 b also = intellig5t s]vice 9 ! two great non-*ur* occupations ( ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury--public s]vice = ! ,city-,/ate1 & comm]ce & a bus9ess life4 ,?is new type ( education spread to o!r l&s1 & a new type ( second>y-s*ool tra9+1 actuat$ by a new & a mod]n purpose1 ?us came out ( ! revival ( le>n+ 9 ,italy4 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,italy ,,patriotic4 ,! inspiration = ! revival ( le>n+ 9 ,italy did n orig9ate ) ! univ]sities4 ,ev5 ! new *airs :5 e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]sities 7 reg>d$ z inf]ior1 &1 9 true univ]sity fa%ion1 ! occupants 7 tol]at$ by ! o!r pr(essors r ?an approv$ ( by !m4 ,"s ( ! univ]sities-- ,pavia & ,bologna1 9 p>ticul>--_h practically no?+ to d ) ! new movem5t4 #a ,ev5 9 ! ri* & le>n$ city ( ,flor5ce1 ! head & front ( ! revival movem5t1 ! *ur* s*ol>s & _m univ]sity m5 took little or no "p 9 ! re/oration ( ! old /udies4 ,! le>n$ ar*bi%op1 ,sa9t ,anton9us1 :o presid$ ov] ! ca!dral at ,flor5ce dur+ ! brighte/ days ( t city's hi/ory1 pursu$ 8 m$iaeval s*ola/ic in/ruction undi/urb$1 & ev5 wrote a ,summa ,!ologica ( 8 own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,sa9t ,,anton9us ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ol>s ,sa9t ,anton9us 7#achj-adei7 0 ! le>n$ & pi\s ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce f #addf until 8 dea?4 ,! picture ( him giv+ in/ruction is f ! ,v5ice 7#aejc7 edition ( 8 ,summa ,!ologica4 ,! revival movem5t1 on ! contr>y1 0 direct$ 9 its beg9n+s by a small gr\p ( patriotic ,italians possess$ ( a mod]n _s1 & 0 f9anc$ by intellig5t & patriotic m]*ants1 bank]s1 & pr9ces4 ,surr\nd$ on all sides by monum5ts & rema9s te/ify+ to ,roman greatness1 & ) ,roman spee* 9 con/ant use by ! s*ol>s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! revival ( ,lat9 lit]ature meant m to ,italian s*ol>s ?an to ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,x seem$ to !m /ill possible to revive ,roman life & make ,roman spee* once m ! language ( ! le>n$ _w4 ,! revival ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 too1 meant mu* m to !m ?an ! revival ( ,greek4 ,! *ief value ( ! latt] 0 to op5 up a /ill great] pa/1 & ?r\gh ?is to illum9ate ,roman life & lit]ature4 ,aft] ab\t #aejj ! en?usiasm = ,greek rapidly di$ out 9 ,italy1 & ! fur!r int]pretation ( ,greek life & ?\ght 0 left to ! nor!rn nations4 ,9 ?is ef=t to revive ! old ,roman _w ! ,italian s*ol>s receiv$ ! sympa?y ( ! great m5 ( weal?1 & ( "s ( ! popes ( ! "t4 ,x 0 ! ,m$ici family at ,flor5ce :o aid$ ! movem5t lib]ally !re1 rejuv5at$ ! univ]sity ( ,flor5ce along new humani/ic l9es1 accumulat$ libr>ies !re 7,r4 #acj7 & at ,v5ice1 & aid$ s*ol>s all ov] ,italy4 ,at ,milan ! ,visconti family paid ! exp5ses ( a *air ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]sity !re 9 #addj4 ,popes ,ni*olas ,v & ,leo ,x 7 prodigal 9 _! support ( ! new le>n+ at ,rome 7,r4 #acb71 & ! univ]sity !re 0 recon/ruct$ along mod]n l9es4 ,at ,v5ice ! rul]s gave l>ge f9ancial & o!r support to ! lead]s ( ! new le>n+4 ,academies 7,r4 #abi71 "u ! patronage ( ! nobility1 7 f\nd$ 9 almo/ all ! nor!rn ,italian cities1 & ^? 9 political p[] did mu* to make _! cities notable c5t]s = classical /udies4 ,,new ,,s*ools ,,creat$4 ,! f9ds began ) ,petr>*'s discov]y ( two orations ( ,cic]o1 9 #accc1 & by ! "t ! c5tury ( f9ds 7#accc- #adcc7 0 draw+ to a close ! mat]ials = a new type ( second>y education _h be5 accumulat$4 ,n only 0 ! old lit]ature discov]$ & edit$1 b ! f9d+ ( a complete copy ( ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes ( ,oratory at ,sa9t ,gall 7,r4 #abg71 9 #adaf1 gave a detail$ explanation ( ! old ,roman !ory ( education at its be/4 ,a numb] ( c\rt s*ools n[ arose 9 ! diff]5t cities1 to :i* *ildr5 f ! nobility & ! bank+ & m]*ant classes 7 s5t to enjoy ! advantages !y (f]$ ov] ! old] types ( religi\s s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,two ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,humani/ ,,educators ,,gu>9o ,,da ,,v]ona 7#acgd-adfj7 7,drawn f a photograph ( a contempor>y pa9t+4 ,s*ool at ,f]r>a1 #adbi-adfj7 ,,vittor9o ,,da ,,feltre 7#acgh-addf7 7,drawn f a m$allion 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,s*ool at ,mantua1 #adbc-df7 ,two ( ! mo/ fam\s tea*]s 9 ^! c\rt s*ools 7 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 :o conduct$ a fam\s s*ool at ,mantua f #adbc to #addf1 & ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 :o conduct$ ano!r almo/ equally fam\s s*ool at ,f]r>a f #adbi to #adfj4 ,tak+ boys at n9e or t5 & reta9+ !m until tw5ty or tw5ty-"o1 _! s*ools 7 mu* l ! be/ private bo>d+-s*ools ( ,engl& & ,am]ica to-day4 ,draw+ to !m a select$ class ( /ud5ts2 emphasiz+ physical activities1 mann]s1 & morals2 employ+ good tea*+ processes2 & provid+ ! be/ in/ruction ! _w _h up to t "t kn[n--! influ5ce ( ^! c\rt s*ools 0 inde$ l>ge4 ,_m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lead]s 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate & "s ( ! be/ s*ol>s ( ! "t 7 tra9$ 9 !m4 ,by bett] me?ods !y cov]$1 9 %ort] "t1 z mu* or m ?an 0 provid$ 9 ! ,arts c\rse ( ! univ]sities1 & s became rivals ( !m4 ,! ultimate result 0 t1 ) ! evolution ( a s]ies ( second>y s*ools :i* prep>$ = admission to ! univ]sities1 ! gradual humaniz+ ( ! univ]sities1 & ! introduction ( pr9t$ textbooks1 ! ,arts c\rses 9 ! univ]sities 7 advanc$ to a mu* high] plane4 ,we h "h "o ( ! fir/ ( a numb] ( subsequ5t /eps by means ( :i* new k1 organiz$ into tea*+ %ape1 has be5 pass$ on d[n to l[] s*ools to tea*1 :ile ! univ]sities h /epp$ =w>d into new & high] fields ( endeavor4 ,,! ,,humani/ic ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy4 ,! new in/ruction 0 bas$ on ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat91 comb9$ ) ! c\rtly ideal & ) "s ( ! physical activities ( ! old *ivalric education4 ,lat9 0 begun ) ! fir/ ye> 9 s*ool1 & ! regul> ,roman emphasis 0 plac$ on articulation & prop] acc5t4 ,aft] "s facility 9 ! language _h be5 ga9$1 easy read+s1 select$ f ! greate/ ,roman writ]s1 7 attempt$4 ,z progress 0 made 9 read+ & writ+ & speak+ ,lat9 z a liv+ language1 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian among prose writ]s1 & ,v]gil1 ,lucan1 ,horace1 ,s5eca1 & ,claudian among ! poets1 7 read & /udi$4 ,hi/ory 0 introduc$ 9 ^! s*ools = ! fir/ "t & z a new subject ( /udy1 ?\gh ! hi/ory 0 ! hi/ory ( ,greece & ,rome & 0 drawn f ! au?ors /udi$4 ,livy & ,plut>* 7 ! *ief hi/orical writ]s us$4 ,no?+ t happ5$ aft] ! fall ( ,rome 0 deem$ z ( importance4 ,mu* emphasis 0 plac$ on mann]s1 morality1 & rev]5ce1 ) ,livy & ,plut>* aga9 z ! great guides to conduct4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is ! use ( ,lat9 z a liv+ language 0 insi/$ ^u2 declamation became a f9e art2 & ! ability to read1 speak1 & compose 9 ,lat9 0 ! te/4 ,cic]o1 9 p>ticul>1 because ( ! exquisite quality ( 8 ,lat9 /yle1 became ! great prose model4 ,qu9tilian 0 ! supreme au?ority on ! purpose & me?od ( tea*+ 7,r4 #be74 ,greek also 0 begun lat]1 ?\gh /udi$ mu* less ext5sively & ?or\ghly4 ,! ,greek gramm> ( ,!odorus ,gaza 7p4 #bdh7 0 /udi$1 foll[$ by ! read+ ( ,x5ophon1 ,isocrates1 ,plut>*1 & "s ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,?is ?or\gh drill 9 anci5t hi/ory & lit]ature 0 giv5 along ) c>eful att5tion to mann]s & moral tra9+1 & ea* pupil's heal? 0 wat*fully sup]vis$--an absolutely new ?\ght 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,su* physical sports & games z f5c+1 wre/l+1 play+ ball1 football1 runn+1 leap+1 & danc+ 7 also giv5 special emphasis4 ,competitive games betwe5 diff]5t s*ools 7 held1 mu* z 9 mod]n times4 ,! result 0 an all-r\nd physical1 m5tal1 & moral tra9+1 va/ly sup]ior to any?+ previ\sly (f]$ by ! ca!dral & o!r *ur* s*ools1 & :i* at once e/abli%$ a new type :i* 0 widely copi$4 ,a numb] ( ^! new tea*]s1 call$ humani/s1 wrote treatises on ! prop] ord] ( /udies1 ! me?ods to be employ$1 ! "r education ( a pr9ce1 lib]al education1 & simil> topics4 #b ,"o ( ^!1 ,batti/a ,gu>9o1 describ+ ! education provid$ 9 ! s*ool :i* 8 fa!r f\nd$ at ,f]r>a 7,r4 #ace71 laid d[n a dictum :i* 0 accept$ widely until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 he wrote3 ,i h said t ability to write ,lat9 v]se is "o ( ! ess5tial m>ks ( an educat$ p]son4 ,i wi% n[ to indicate a second1 :i* is ( at lea/ equal importance1 namely1 famili>ity ) ! lit]ature & language ( ,greece4 ,! "t has come :5 we mu/ speak 9 no unc]ta9 voice ^u ?is vital requirem5t ( s*ol>%ip4 ,,humanism ,,9 ,,france4 ,f ,italy ! new humanism 0 c>ri$ to ,france1 along ) ! retreat+ armies t _h occupi$ ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 & ,milan 7p4 #beb71 & :5 ,francis ,i came to ! ,fr5* ?rone1 9 #aeae1 ! new le>n+ f\nd 9 him a will+ patron4 ,?\gh !re _h be5 beg9n+s be=e ?is1 ! new le>n+ really f\nd a home 9 ,france n[ = ! fir/ "t4 ,"h1 too1 x became associat$ ) c\rt & noble1 & ! s*ools creat$ to furni% ?is new in/ruction 7 provid$ at ! in/igation ( "s =m ( public au?ority4 ,! greate/ humani/ic s*ol> 9 ,france at ! "t1 ,budaeus1 0 made royal libr>ian1 9 #aebb4 ,8 /udy ( ! old ,roman co9age1 ^u :i* he sp5t n9e ye>s1 w\ld pass to-day z a /udy repres5t+ a high grade ( s*ol>%ip1 & 0 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! s*ola/ic me?ods ( ! univ]sity4 ,9 8 writ+s ,budaeus set =? = ,france ! dictum t e man1 ev5 if he be a k+1 %\ld be devot$ to lett]s & lib]al le>n+1 & t ?is culture c be obta9$ only ?r\gh ,greek & ,lat91 & ( ^!1 unlike ! ,italians1 he held ,greek to be ! m important4 ,o!r s*ol>s n[ help$ to transf] ! c5t] = ,greek s*ol>%ip to ,p>is1 :]e x rema9$ = ! next two c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,guillaume ,,budaeus 7#adfg-aedj7 ,a royal press 0 set up 9 ,p>is1 9 #aebf1 to promote ! introduction ( ! new le>n+4 ,libr>ies 7 built up1 z 9 ,italy4 ,humani/ s*ol>s 7 made secret>ies & ambassadors4 ,! ,college de ,france 0 e/abli%$ at ,p>is1 by direction ( ! ,k+1 ) *airs 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 & ma!matics4 ,to ,hebrew ! ,italians _h giv5 almo/ no att5tion1 b 9 ,france1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 ,hebrew became an important /udy4 ,! developm5t ( s*ools 9 nor!rn ,france 0 h9d]$ by ! diss5sions foll[+ ! religi\s revolts ( ,lu!r & ,calv91 b 9 s\!rn ,france _m ( ! cities f\nd$ municipal colleges1 mu* l ! c\rt s*ools ( nor!rn ,italy 9 type4 ,! "w ( ! city ( ,bordeaux 9 reorganiz+ its t[n s*ool along ! new l9es 0 typical ( ! "w ( o!r s\!rn cities4 ,good tea*]s1 lib]al in/ruction1 & a broad-m9d$ attitude on ! "p ( ! gov]n+ au?orities #c made ?is s*ool1 kn[n z ! ,collge de ,guy5ne1 notable n only = humani/ic in/ruction1 b = intellig5t public education dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! picture ( ?is college 7s*ool7 left u by its greate/ pr9cipal1 ,elie ,v9et 7,r4 #acf71 gives an int]e/+ description ( its "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,coll,,ge ,,de ,,france ,f\nd$ at ,p>is1 9 #aecj1 by ,k+ ,francis ,i4 = in/ruction 9 ! new humani/ic le>n+ ,,humanism ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,! ,fr5* language & life 0 closely relat$ to t ( nor!rn ,italy1 & ,fr5* religi\s ?\ght _h always be5 s closely 9 t\* ) t ( ,rome t some?+ ( ! ,italian feel+ = ! old ,roman culture & in/itutions 0 felt by ! humani/s ( ,france4 ,9 ,g]many & ,engl& no su* feel+ exi/$1 & 9 ^! c\ntries any ef=t to discr$it ! ris+ native languages 0 mu* m likely to be reg>d$ z m]e p$antry4 ,9 bo? ^! c\ntries1 ?\gh1 ,lat9 0 /ill ! language ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! univ]sities1 ( all le>n$ writ+1 & ! means ( int]national int]c\rse1 & aft] ! new humanism _h once obta9$ a foo?old x 0 welcom$ by s*ol>s z a great addition to exi/+ k4 ,erasmus1 ! =emo/ s*ol> ( 8 day1 n only labor$ h>d to introduce ! new le>n+ 9 ! s*ools1 b welcom$ ! re/or$ ,roman tongue z an int]national language = s*ol>%ip1 z a pot5t weapon = de/roy+ b>ri]s ( language1 religion1 law1 & possibly 9 "t gov]nm5ts bas$ on nationality1 & = ! promise x gave ( peace 9 int]national relation%ips4 ,9 bo? ,g]many & ,engl&1 9 place ( ! patriotic f]vor ( ! ,italians1 religi\s zeal1 z we %all see lat] on1 0 k9dl$ by ! new humani/ic /udies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,johann ,,reu*l9 7#adee-aebb7 ,fa!r ( mod]n ,hebrew ,/udies ,among ! univ]sities ,vi5na1 ,heidelb]g1 ,erfurt1 ,tb+51 & ,leipzig 7see ,figure #fa7 7 =emo/ 9 ! introduction ( ! new le>n+4 ,erfurt became ! c5t] ( a gr\p ( humani/ic s*ol>s dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! fir/ ,greek book pr9t$ 9 ,g]many appe>$ !re1 9 #aeja4 ,at bo? ,tb+5 & ,heidelb]g ,reu*l9 7p4 #bed7 taught = a "t1 & bo? in/itutions e>ly became c5t]s = ! /udy ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,at ,leipzig ! reign+ duke br\ght v>i\s humani/ic s*ol>s to ! univ]sity to lecture1 aft] #aejg1 & 9 #aeai entirely re=m$ ! univ]sity by subord9at+ ! m$iaeval discipl9es to ! new /udies4 ,f\r new univ]sities-- ,witt5b]g 7#aejb71 ,m>burg 7#aebg71 ,knigsb]g 7#aedd71 & ,j5a 7#aeeh7-- 7 e/abli%$ on ! new humani/ic basis1 & f _! beg9n+ 7 c5t]s = ! new le>n+4 ,at ,witt5b]g1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r _h be5 made ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 9 #aejh1 :5 b tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 & to ,witt5b]g ! ,electoral ,pr9ce1 9 #aeah1 br\ght ! "y ,melan*?on1 !n b tw5ty-"o1 z ,pr(essor ( ,greek4 ,! univ]sities ( ,g]many 7 m pr(\ndly affect$ by ! introduction ( ! new le>n+ ?an 7 ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,! mona/ic ord]s & ! ,s*ola/ics1 :o _h = long controll$ ! ,g]man in/itutions1 7 ov]?r[n by ! aid ( ! rul+ pr9ces1 & by ! close ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! new humanism 0 ev]y:]e triumphant 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,,g]man ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! humani/s = ! new le>n+ l$ !m to urge ! e/abli%m5t ( humani/ic second>y s*ools 9 ! ,g]man cities4 ,! s*ools ( ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life 7,hi]onymians71 a tea*+ ord] f\nd$ by ,g]h>d ,grote at ,dev5t]1 ,holl&1 9 #achd1 & :i* _h e/abli%$ =ty-five h\ses by ! "t ! new le>n+ came into ! ,ne!rl&s f ,italy1 at once adopt$ ! new /udies1 soon trebl$ ! numb] ( its h\ses1 & = decades suppli$ tea*]s ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew to all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 #d ,wessel1 ,agricola1 ,hegius1 ,reu*l91 & ,/urm 7 among _! greate/ tea*]s1 & ,erasmus _! greate/ pupil4 ,"h & !re 9 ,g]man cities ,lat9 s*ools1 tea*+ ! subjects ( ! ,trivium1 b pr9cipally ! elem5ts ( ,lat9 & gramm>1 _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 & to ^! s*ol>s tra9$ 9 ! new le>n+ gradually made _! way1 secur$ employm5t1 & ?us quietly introduc$ a purifi$ ,lat9 & ! intellectual "p ( ! new humani/ic c\rse ( /udy4 ,up to #aebj ?is me?od 0 foll[$ entirely 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,z 9 ,italy1 ! comm]cial cities 7 among ! fir/ to provide s*ools ( ! new type4 ,9 #aebf ! comm]cial city ( ,nuremb]g1 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 op5$ "o ( ! fir/ ( ! new city humani/ic second>y s*ools1 ,melan*?on be+ pres5t & giv+ ! d$icatory address4 ,a numb] ( simil> s*ools 7 f\nd$ ab\t ?is "t 9 v>i\s ,g]man cities--,ilfeld1 ,frank=t1 ,/rassburg1 ,hamburg1 ,brem51 ,dantzig--among ! numb]4 ,_m ( ^! fail$1 z did ! "o at ,nuremb]g1 to meet ! ne$s ( ! p 9 ess5tially comm]cial cities4 ,:atev] might h be5 true 9 m cultur$ ,italy1 9 ,g]man cities a rigidly classical tra9+ = y\? & e>ly manhood 0 f\nd b poorly suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! sons ( weal?y burgh]s de/9$ to a comm]cial c>e]4 ,! ris+ comm]ce ( ! _w app>5tly 0 to re/ on native languages1 & n on elegant ,lat9 v]se & prose4 ,! comm]cial classes soon fell back on burgh] s*ools1 elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools1 writ+ & reckon+ s*ools1 bus9ess exp]i5ce1 & travel = ! education ( _! sons1 leav+ ! ,lat9 s*ools ( ! humani/s to ^? de/9$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 ! law1 tea*+1 or ! high] /ate s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,johann ,,/urm 7#aejg-hi7 7,aft] a contempor>y engrav+ by ,/(fl97 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,johann ,,/urm4 ,! mo/ successful classical s*ool 9 all ,g]many1 & ! "o :i* =m$ ! patt]n = future classical creations1 0 ! gymnasium #e at ,/rassburg1 "u ! direction 7#aecf-hb7 ( ! fam\s ,johann ,/urm1 or ,/urmius1 z he came to call himself4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! e>ly classical s*ools f\nd$ by ! comm]cial cities1 b x _h n be5 successful4 ,9 #aecf ! au?orities invit$ ,/urm1 a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 & at t "t a tea*] ( classics & dialectic at ,p>is1 :]e he _h come 9 contact ) ! humanism br\ght f ,italy1 to become head ( ! s*ool & reorganize x4 ,?is he did1 & dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s he 0 head ( ! s*ool x became ! mo/ fam\s classical s*ool 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,8 ,plan ( ,organization1 publi%$ 9 #aech2 8 ,lett]s to ! ,ma/]s on ! c\rse ( /udy1 9 #aefe2 & ! record ( an exam9ation ( ea* class 9 ! s*ool1 conduct$ 9 #aegh1 all ( :i* h be5 pres]v$1 give u a good idea z to ! nature ( ! organization & in/ruction 7,r4 #acg74 ,/urm 0 a /rong & ma/]ful man1 ) a g5ius = organization4 ,probably adopt+ ! plan ( ! ,fr5* colleges 7,r4 #acf71 he organiz$ 8 s*ool into t5 classes1 #f "o = ea* ye> ! pupil 0 to sp5d 9 ! s*ool1 & plac$ a tea*] 9 *>ge ( ea*4 ,! aim & end ( education1 z he /at$ x1 0 piety1 k1 & ! art ( speak+1 & e ef=t ( tea*]s & pupils %\ld b5d t[>d acquir+ k1 & purity & elegance ( diction4 ,( ! t5 ye>s ! pupil 0 to sp5d 9 ! gymnasium1 sev5 7 to be sp5t 9 acquir+ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( pure idiomatic ,lat91 & ! ?ree rema9+ ye>s to ! acquisition ( an elegant /yle4 ,cic]o 0 ! great model1 b ,v]gil1 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,m>tial1 ,sallu/1 ,horace1 & o!r au?ors 7 read & /udi$4 ,except t ! ,cate*ism 0 fir/ /udi$ 9 ! native ,g]man1 ,lat9 0 made ! language ( ! classroom4 ,great emphasis 0 plac$ on lett]-writ+1 declamation1 & ! act+ ( plays4 ,rhetoric1 too1 0 made a v important subject ( /udy4 ,greek 0 begun 9 ! fif? ye> ( s*ool & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t1 all in/ruction 9 ,greek be+ giv5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat94 #g ,! in/ruction 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,greek 0 mu* l t ( ! c\rt s*ools ( ,italy1 except t 9 ,greek ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 read 9 addition4 ,! plays & games & physical tra9+ ( ! ,italian s*ools1 h[ev]1 7 omitt$2 mu* less emphasis 0 plac$ on mann]s & g5tlemanly conduct2 & 9 educational purpose a n>r[ drill 0 sub/itut$ = ! broad cultural _s ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian s*ools4 ,/urm 0 ! greate/ & mo/ successful s*oolman ( 8 day4 ,9 cle>ly def9$ aim1 ?or\gh organization1 c>efully grad$ in/ruction1 good tea*+1 & s\nd s*ol>%ip1 8 s*ool surpass$ all o!rs4 ,/urm's aim 0 to tra9 pi\s1 le>n$1 & eloqu5t m5 = s]vice 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 us+ religion & ! new le>n+ z means1 & 9 ?is he 0 v successful4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] tak+ *>ge 8 gymnasium _h six hundr$ pupils1 & 9 #aegh !re 7 ?\s&s ( pupils1 repres5t+ eight nations1 9 att5dance4 ,/urm became widely kn[n ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,europe1 & s*ol>s & pr9ces pass+ ?r\gh ,/rassburg /opp$ to visit 8 s*ool & secure 8 advice4 ,he correspond$ ) s*ol>s 9 _m l&s1 & ! influ5ce ( 8 in/itution 0 enorm\s4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( _m s*ool textbooks1 & ( half a doz5 works on ! !ory & practice ( education4 ,he fix$ bo? ! type & ! "n--gymnasium--( ! ,g]man classical second>y s*ool1 :i* to-day is n v mat]ially *ang$ f ! =m & "* :i* ,/urm gave x4 ,/urm's "w deeply influ5c$ _m lat] f\ndations 9 ,g]many1 & also help$ to m\ld ! educational sy/em devis$ lat] on by ! ,jesuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,desid]ius ,,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf7 ,a contempor>y portrait by ! ,g]man arti/1 ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng]1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,,humanism ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,grocyn1 ,l9acre1 & ,colet _h introduc$ ! new le>n+ at ,ox=d1 z we h already se5 7p4 #bec71 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,r4 #acc71 b _h made b little impression4 ,!y 7 ably second$ by ,erasmus1 :o taught ,greek at ,cambridge 7#aeaj- #ad71 & :o labor$ h>d to sub/itute true classical culture = ! poor ,lat9 & ! empty s*ola/icism ( 8 "t4 ,he wrote textbooks #h to help introduce ! new le>n+1 urg$ ! importance ( hi/ory1 geography1 & sci5ce z s]v+ to elucidate ! classics1 edit$ editions ( ! classical au?ors1 wrote two treatises ( importance on education1 #i & 9 two o!r books #aj ridicul$ ^? :o mi/ook ! =m = ! _s ( ! anci5t le>n+4 ,8 ,lat9 ,greek edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t def9itely fix$ ! place ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! humani/ic s*ools4 ,9 spite ( ! opposition ( monks & s*ola/ics 9 ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & 9 ! face ( ! com+ religi\s turmoil 9 ! days ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ! new le>n+ made /eady progress 9 ! univ]sities1 #aa ) ! c\rt1 & among ! s*ol>s & /atesm5 ( ! "t4 ,) ! com+ ( ,elizabe? to ! ?rone1 #ab 9 #aeeh1 ! c\rt1 f ! ,que5 d[n1 0 imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! new le>n+ 7,r4 #aci74 ,elizabe? appo9t$ new *ancellors = ! two univ]sities1 & ^! in/itutions 7 soon trans=m$ f places = ! tra9+ ( m$iaeval s*ol>s & !ologians into places = ! production ( a due supply ( fit p]sons to s]ve ,god 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,z ,sir ,?omas ,elyot s well express$ x1 9 8 ,! ,gov]n\r 7#aedd7--;a book on ! education ( rul]s = a ,/ate1 & :i* 0 p]meat$ by ! new _s--! new political ord] requires qualifi$ in/rum5ts = its adm9i/ration1 & a tra9$ gov]n+ class mu/ h5ce=? take ! place ( ! privileg$ ca/e & ! cl]k cl]ic education "u ! m$iaeval discipl9es4 ,,colet ,,& ,,sa9t ,,paul',s ,,s*ool4 ,! fir/ real e/abli%m5t ( ! new le>n+ 9 ,engl& came ?r\gh ! second>y s*ools1 & ?r\gh ! ref\nd+ ( ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,sa9t ,paul's1 9 ,london1 by ! humani/ ,john ,colet1 9 #aeaj4 ,colet _h become ,dean ( ,sa9t ,paul's ,*ur*1 & ,erasmus urg$ him to embrace ! opportunity to recon/ruct ! s*ool along humani/ic l9es4 ,?is he did1 end[+ x ) all 8 weal?1 & 9 a s]ies ( c>efully drawn-up ,/atutes 7,r4 #ach71 :i* 7 widely copi$ 9 subsequ5t f\ndations1 ,colet laid special emphasis on ! s*ool giv+ tra9+ 9 ! new le>n+ & 9 ,*ri/ian discipl9e4 ,erasmus gave mu* ( 8 "t = ye>s to f9d+ tea*]s & writ+ textbooks = ! s*ool4 ,william ,lily 7#adfh-aebb71 ano!r e>ly humani/ rec5tly return$ f /udy 9 ,italy1 & ! au?or ( a widely kn[n & mu* us$ textbook #ac--,lily's ,lat9 ,gramm> 7,r4 #adj7 --0 made headma/] ( ! s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,sa9t ,,paul',s ,,s*ool1 ,,london ,! c\rse ( /udy 0 ( ! humani/ic type already describ$1 c\pl$ ) c>eful religi\s in/ruction4 ,9 place ( ! monki% ,lat9 pure ,lat9 & ,greek 7 to be taught1 & ! be/ classical au?ors took ! place ( ! old m$iaeval discipl9es4 ,! s*ool met ) mu* opposition1 0 d5\nc$ z a temple ( idolatry & hea!nism by ! m5 ( ! old s*ools1 & ev5 ! ,bi%op ( ,london tri$ twice to convict ,colet ( h]esy & suppress ! in/ruction4 ,not)/&+ ?is ! s*ool became fam\s = its "w1 n only 9 ,london b ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,f its desks came a long l9e ( capable /atesm51 le>n$ cl]gy1 brilliant s*ol>s1 & lit]>y m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,giggleswick ,,gramm> ,,s*ool ,"o ( ! *ief s*ools ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 & dat+ back to #adii4 ,?is build+ 0 erect$ 9 #aejg-ab by a *antry prie/ nam$ ,james ,c>r 7,k]74 ,drawn f an old pr9t4 ,on ! front ( ! build+ 0 a ,lat9 tablet 7%[n 9 ! draw+71 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i*1 translat$1 read3 ,k9dly "m ( ,god1 def5d ,james ,k] f ill4 ,= prie/s & "y cl]ks ?is h\se is made1 9 #aeab4 ,jesus1 h m]cy on u4 ,old m5 & *ildr5 praise ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,o!r ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,s*ools4 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #aeb7 we m5tion$ ! f\nd+ ( _m ,engli% gramm> s*ools aft] #abjj4 ,at ! "t ,sa9t ,paul's ,s*ool 0 ref\nd$ !re 7 some?+ l ?ree hundr$ ( ^!1 ( all classes1 9 ,engl&4 ,!y exi/$ 9 connection ) ! old mona/]ies1 ca!drals1 collegiate *ur*es1 guilds1 & *>ity f\ndations 9 connection ) p>i% *ur*es1 :ile a few 7 due to private b5evol5ce & _h be5 f\nd$ indep5d5tly ( ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate4 ,! ,sev5oaks ,gramm> ,s*ool1 f\nd$ by ! w ( ,william ,sev5oaks1 9 #adcb 7,r4 #ada71 & = :i* he /at$ 9 8 w t he desir$ z ma/] an hone/ man1 suffici5tly advanc$ & exp]t 9 ! sci5ce ( ,gramm>1 ,b4,a41 by no means 9 holy ord]s1 & ! *antry gramm> s*ool f\nd$ by ,john ,p]cyvall1 9 #aejc 7,r4 #adb71 are examples ( ! p>i% type4 ,! fam\s ,w9*e/] ,public ,s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,bi%op ,william ( ,wykeham1 9 #achb1 to emphasize gramm>1 religion1 & mann]s1 & to prep>e sev5ty s*ol>s = ,new ,college1 at ,ox=d1 #ad :]e !y 7 to be tra9$ z prie/s2 & ,eton ,college1 f\nd$ by ,h5ry ,,vi1 9 #addj1 to prep>e /ud5ts = ,k+'s ,college1 at ,cambridge1 are examples ( ! l>g] private f\ndations4 ,a few1 su* z ! gramm> s*ool at ,s&wi* 7#aegi71 ow$ _! orig9 7,r4 #adc7 to ! initiative ( ! city au?orities4 ,mo/ ( ^! gramm> s*ools 7 small1 b a few 7 l>ge & weal?y e/abli%m5ts4 ,^! old f\ndations1 ) _! m$iaeval curriculum1 aft] a "t began to feel ! influ5ce ( ,colet's s*ool4 ,)9 a c5tury1 due to "o influ5ce or ano!r1 practically all _h be5 remodel$ aft] ! new classical type set up by ,colet4 ,9 ! c\rse ( /udy giv5 = ,eton 7,r4 #add71 = #aefj1 we see ! new le>n+ fully e/abli%$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( /udy = a small c\ntry gramm> s*ool1 9 #afce 7,r4 #ade71 we see h[ fully ! new le>n+1 ) its emphasis on ,lat9 z a liv+ language1 _h by ?is "t ext5d$ to ev5 ! smalle/ ( ! ,engli% gramm> s*ools4 ,! new f\ndations1 aft] #aeaj1 7 almo/ entirely new-le>n+ gramm> s*ools1 ) l>ge emphasis on gramm>1 good ,lat9 & ,greek1 games & sports1 & ! religi\s _s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! lat] f\ndations 0 ,m]*ant ,taylor's ,s*ool1 #ae f\nd$ 9 ,london 9 #aefa1 & ( :i* ,ri*>d ,mulca/] 7#aeca-afaa71 ! au?or ( two important books on educational !ory1 #af 0 = long ! headma/]4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican ,lat9 gramm> s*ool 7,bo/on1 #afce7 0 a direct desc5dant ( ^! ,engli% influ5ces & traditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,/rat=d-,,on-,,avon ,,gramm> ,,s*ool ,e/abli%$ by ! ,holy ,cross ,guild ( ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool 0 built 9 #adbf1 ( wood1 & at a co/ ( #aj1 #es41 #c-a_/b;d4 ,! s*ool 0 held on ! upp] floor1 ! l[] be+ us$ z a guild-hall4 ,"h ,%akespe>e w5t to s*ool1 & saw companies ( /roll+ play]s 9 ! hall bel[4 ,! l[] picture %[s ! gramm>-s*ool room aft] its re/oration1 9 #ahib4 ,,! ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,m$iaevalism4 ,hav+ trac$ ! introduction ( ! new le>n+ by c\ntries1 x /ill rema9s to po9t out c]ta9 significant educational features ( ! movem5t :i* 7 common 9 all l&s1 & :i* pr(\ndly modifi$ subsequ5t educational practice4 ,bo? ! purpose & ! me?od ( education 7 p]man5tly *ang$4 ,up to ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? ,*ri/ian c5tury ! aim ( bo? ,greek & ,roman education _h be5 to prep>e m5 to become good & useful citiz5s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,!n ! ,*ur* ga9$ control ( education1 & = a ?\s& ye>s ! *ief object 0 to prep>e = ! _w to come4 ,success & good citiz5%ip 9 ?is _w c\nt$ = little1 religi\s devotion took ! place ( ! old /ate patriotism1 ! salvation ( s\ls took ! place ( ! promotion ( ! social welf>e1 & ! aim & end ( life "h 0 to atta9 ev]la/+ bliss 9 ! _w to come4 ,to be able to appease ! dread ,judge at ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 pray]1 p5ance1 & holy contemplation 7 ! important ?+s "h bel[4 ,x 0 prem95tly ! age ( ! self-abas+ monk1 & ?is m5tal attitude dom9at$ all ?9k+ & le>n+4 ,! _s beh9d ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 a prote/ aga9/ ?is m$iaeval attitude1 & ! prote/ 0 vigor\s & successful4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 a cle> break ) m$iaeval traditions & ) m$iaeval au?ority4 ,x re/or$ to ! _w ! ideals ( e>li] education--self-culture1 & prep>ation = usefulness & success 9 ! _w "h4 ,9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl& ! movem5t1 too1 met ) ! mo/ ?or\gh approval f mod]n m5--m]*ants1 c\rt (ficials1 & s*ol>s :o 7 ready to break ) ! m$iaeval type ( ?9k+4 ,! c\rt & o!r types ( second>y s*ools n[ e/abli%$ 7 popul> ) ! high] classes 9 society1 & ?is ari/ocratic /amp ! humani/ic s*ools & c\rses h ev] s9ce reta9$4 ,^! s*ools re/or$ to ! _w ! practical education ( ! days ( ,cic]o1 & prep>ation = intellig5t s]vice 9 ! ,*ur*1 ,/ate1 & ! l>g] bus9ess life became "o ( _! important purposes4 ,support$ z !y 7 by ! rul+ classes1 ! new s*ools 7 close to ! mo/ progressive =ces 9 ! national life ( ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,!y repres5t$ an unmi/akable reaction aga9/ ! _w ( ! m$iaeval monk & ! ,s*ola/ic1 & _! e>ly success 0 9 l>ge "p because ( ?is4 ,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,curriculum4 ,! m$iaeval curriculum1 z we h se5 7*ap4 ,,vii71 0 bas$ on in/ruction 9 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 ,gramm> at fir/ 0 ! great subject1 b lat] ,dialectic became ! ma/] sci5ce4 ,k 0 reg>d$ z an organic :ole1 capable ( be+ /at$ 9 a brief encyclopa$ia1 & ea* man c\ld le>n x all4 ,) ! rise ( univ]sity in/ruction "s new k 0 add$1 *iefly f ,moslem s\rces1 & ! old k 0 m9utely re-gr\nd4 ,) ! revival ( ! anci5t le>n+ !re came1 )9 a little m ?an a c5tury1 an enorm\s increase 9 ! _w's sum ( k1 & ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ came j 9 "t to multiply & scatt] ?is new k ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,to all ! old subjects a new weal? ( detail 0 add$ :i* made tea*+ encyclopa$ias impossible4 ,new purposes 9 education n[ came to prevail1 & ! great m$iaeval tea*+ curriculum 0 *ang$ 9 cont5t & 9 relative importance4 ,( ! subjects 9 ! old ,trivium1 ,dialectic or ,logic1 :i* ,s*ola/ics _h rais$ to ! place ( fir/ importance1 0 de?ron$1 & relegat$ to a m9or position 9 univ]sity in/ruction4 ,9 its place ,gramm>1 z ,qu9tilian knew & us$ ! t]m 7,r4 #gf7 & z bas$ on & includ+ ,lit]ature1 0 rais$ once m to ! place ( fir/ importance4 ,out ( ?is1 ,lit]ature--at fir/ ! classical & lat] ! mod]n--lat] came z a sep>ate /udy1 z did also ! /udy ( ,hi/ory & ,my?ology4 ,by ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury te*nical ,gramm> _h be5 sep>at$ f ,lit]ature1 & made a m elem5t>y subject1 :ile ,rhetoric _h develop$ into a critical /udy ( lit]>y art4 ,( ! subjects ( ! ,quadrivium1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 & ,a/ronomy 7 ea* greatly exp&$1 z a result ( ! introduction ( mu* new k1 & ea* 0 r$uc$ to textbook =m1 :ile ,algebra & ,trigonometry 7 n[ organiz$ z tea*+ subjects4 ,due to _! newness & difficulty ^! subjects 7 taught *iefly 9 ! univ]sities4 ,!re !y rema9$ = a long "t be=e be+ pass$ d[n to ! second>y s*ools4 ,out ( ! v elem5tal in/ruction giv5 9 ,geography & ,a/ronomy 7 9 "t evolv$ all ! biological & physical sci5ces1 ?\gh ?is developm5t belongs to a lat] *apt] 7,,xvii71 & ^! new subjects did n rea* ! second>y s*ools until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! la/ ( ! quadrivial subjects1 ,music1 exp]i5c$ a diff]5t hi/ory 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ! ,g]manic c\ntries x cont9u$ to receive its old emphasis1 :ile 9 ,engl& & ,france mu* less 0 made ( x4 ,aft] ! sett+-9 ( ,puritanism 9 ,engl&1 :5 music 0 reg>d$ ) great disfavor1 x 9 l>ge "p pass$ out ( ! ,engli% curriculum4 ,z a result ! ,g]manic & ,sc&9avian nations are to-day s++ nations1 :ile ! ,engli% & ,am]ican are n4 ,9 e>ly ,am]ica1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ! religi\s reaction aga9/ music especially /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,mod]n ,,/udies ,! great /udy ( ea* p]iod is 9 ,,capitals2 subjects 9 italics indicate t !y also 7 q important4 ,lea/ important subjects 9 ord9>y type4 ,,new ,,tea*+ ,,me?ods4 ,su* important *anges naturally call$ = a progressively evolv+ s]ies ( pr9t$ textbooks1 & ^! n[ came fa/ f ! presses4 ,! day ( "o textbook1 :i* c\ld dom9ate all in/ruction = hundr$s ( ye>s1 0 ov] =ev]4 ,a few books1 su* z ,lily's or ,melan*?on's ,lat9 gramm>s & ! textbooks ( ,erasmus1 7 /ill us$ = a long "t1 b ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 be=e ! s*ools became =maliz$ & lo/ _! e>li] purpose1 ea* textbook issu$ 0 soon sup]s$$ by a bett] "o4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 too1 *ang$ tea*+ f a read+-by-!-pr(essor to a textbook me?od1 & trem5d\sly %ort5$ ! "t necess>y to give in/ruction 9 any subject4 ,) ! manufacture ( pap] ! writt5 !me1 too1 displac$ ! disputation1 ) great ga9s 9 accuracy ( ?9k+ & ref9em5t 9 ! use ( words4 ,x 0 /ill ! ,lat9 !me or v]se or oration1 to be sure1 & ! object ( ! new in/ruction 0 to tea* ,lat9 z a liv+ language1 b be=e long ! "t 0 to come :5 ! same me?ods w\ld be transf]r$ to in/ruction 9 ! native tongues & = national ends4 ,to make ! in/ruction z practical z possible1 & ?us prep>e ! pupils = s]vice z ,lat9 s*ol>s 9 public or s*ol>ly pursuits1 ! anci5t lit]ature 0 /udi$ 9 "p z a /oreh\se ( adequate & elegant expression1 & num]\s phrase books #ag 7 writt5 = use 9 ! s*ools4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,lat9 0 /ill ! language ( all le>n$ lit]ature1 ( ! univ]sity classroom1 ( mo/ diplomatic & legal docum5ts1 & a practical necessity = travel or communication abroad1 we c realize :y s mu* emphasis 0 plac$ on ! con/ant use ( ,lat9 z ! language ( ! s*ool4 #ah ,z ,lea* #ai s well puts x3 ,! le>n$ pr(essions requir$ a compet5t k ( ,lat9 f> m directly !n ?an n[4 ,a ne$ = ,lat9 0 n conf9$ to ! ,*ur* & ! prie/4 ,! diplomati/1 ! lawy]1 ! civil s]vant1 ! physician1 ! naturali/1 ! philosoph]1 wrote1 read1 & to a l>ge ext5t spoke & p]haps ?\ght 9 ,lat94 ,nor 0 ,lat9 only ! language ( ! high] pr(essions4 ,a m]*ant1 or a bailiff ( a manor1 want$ x = 8 acc\nts2 e t[n cl]k or guild cl]k want$ x = 8 m9ute book4 ,columbus _h to /udy = 8 voyages 9 ,lat92 ! g5]al _h to /udy tactics 9 x4 ,! ar*itect1 ! musician1 e "o :o 0 nei!r a m]e soldi] nor a m]e h&icraftsman1 want$1 n a smatt]+ ( gramm>1 b a liv+ acqua9tance ) ! tongue1 z a spok5 z well z a writt5 language4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,become ,,=mal4 ,aft] ! new le>n+ _h obta9$ a firm foot+ 9 ! s*ools !re happ5$ :at has (t5 happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( new educational ef=ts--t is1 ! new le>n+ became n>r[1 =mal1 & fix$1 & lo/ ! lib]al _s :i* actuat$ its e>li] promot]s4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! ,italian humani/s _h aim$ at l>ge p]sonal self-culture & individual developm5t1 & ! nor!rn humani/s at moral & religi\s re=m & prep>ation = useful s]vice1 bo? us+ ! classics z a means to ^! new ends4 ,aft] ab\t #aejj 9 ,italy1 & #afjj 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries1 :5 ! new-le>n+ s*ools _h become well e/abli%$ & ?or\ghly organiz$1 ! t5d5cy arose to make ! means an end 9 itself4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! classical lit]atures to imp>t a lib]al education1 give l>g] vision1 & prep>e = useful public s]vice1 !y came to be us$ l>gely = discipl9>y ends4 ,! tea*+ ( ,campion at ,prague 7#aegd7 well illu/rates ?is deg5]acy 7,r4 #adf74 ,?is *ange ali5at$ practical m5 f ! s*ools4 ,fr5* n[ 9 turn became ! language ( ! c\rt & ( diplomacy1 & ! "w ( ! s*ools t5d$ to be conf9$ l>gely to prep>+ /ud5ts to ent] ! univ]sities or ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,m5 ( ! _w h5ce turn$ to a new type ( s*ools :i* n[ arose 7*apt] xvii71 & :i* made prep>ation = social effici5cy 9 a mod]n _w _! aim4 ,9 consequ5ce ! aim ( ! new humani/ic education came 9 "t to be ?\ght ( 9 t]ms ( languages & lit]atures1 in/ead ( 9 t]ms ( usefulness z a prep>ation = intellig5t liv+1 & educational ef=t 0 transf]r$ f ! l>g] human po9t ( view ( ! e>ly humani/ic tea*]s to ! n>r[] & mu* less important "o ( ma/]+ ,greek & ,lat91 writ+ v]ses1 & cultivat+ a good 7,cic]onian7 ,lat9 /yle4 ,/urm's s*ool at ,/rassburg cle>ly %[s ! beg9n+s ( su* a trans=mation 7,r4 #acg74 ,z ,lat9 came to be less & less us$ by s*ol>s 9 writ+1 pass$ out ( use z ! language ( gov]nm5t & ( int]national communication1 0 replac$ by ,fr5* z ! language ( polite society1 & 0 gradually sup]s$$ 9 ! univ]sity lecture room by ! v]nacul>s1 ! practical motive = le>n+ ,lat9 di$ out1 except = s]vice 9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! discipl9>y & cultural value ( ! /udy ( ! classics alone rema9$4 ,! discipl9>y1 be+ easi] to give1 & bett] )9 ! und]/&+ ( mo/ tea*]s1 gradually won ov] ! cultural4 ,z a result1 classical education gradually became n>r[ & =mal1 & drill 9 composition & declamation & imitation ( ! /yle ( anci5t au?ors--p>ticul>ly ,cic]o1 :5ce ! t]m ,cic]onianism :i* came to be appli$ to x--grew to be ! rul+ motives 9 in/ruction4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?is *ange _h tak5 place 9 bo? ! second>y s*ools & ! univ]sities1 & ?is n>r[ l+ui/ic attitude cont9u$ to dom9ate classical education1 9 ,g]man l&s until ! mid-eighte5?1 & 9 all o!r we/]n ,european c\ntries & 9 ,am]ica until ne> ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n until vigor\sly *all5g$ by ! en?usia/s = mod]n sci5tific /udies t ! tea*]s ( ! classics awoke to ! ne$ ( improv+ _! in/ruction & re/or+ some?+ ( ! old cultural value to :at !y 7 tea*+4 ,! new le>n+ 9 nor!rn & we/]n ,europe 0 also mu* *ang$ 9 "* by ! viol5t religi\s diss5sions1 foll[+ ! ,prote/ant ,revolt1 to a consid]ation ( :i* we next turn4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,expla9 j :at is meant by ! /atem5t t m$iaeval education 0 n>r[ly te*nical4 #b4 ,/ate ! educational ideals ( ! new second>y s*ools evolv$ by ! ,italian humani/ic s*ol>s1 & %[ :e!r ^! ideals h be5 be/ embodi$ 9 ! ,g]man gymnasium or ! ,engli% gramm> s*ool4 #c4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! m]*ants & bank]s & pr9ces ( ,italy be+ m int]e/$ 9 ! revival-(-le>n+ movem5t ?an ! ,*ur* & univ]sity s*ol>s8 ,d su* classes to-day %[ ! same type ( int]e/ 9 aid+ le>n+8 #d4 ,:at 0 ! p>ticul> importance ( ! recov]y ( ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes8 ,( ,cic]o's ,orations & ,lett]s8 #e4 ,:at bett] me?ods c\ld ! ,italian c\rt s*ools h us$ to enable !m to cov] ! univ]sity ,arts c\rse 9 %ort] "t8 ,h[ w\ld ?is h advanc$ ! "* ( ! in/ruction 9 ,arts 9 ! univ]sity8 #f4 ,%[ h[ ! type ( education develop$ 9 ! ,italian c\rt s*ools 0 sup]ior to t ( ! be/ ( ! ca!dral s*ools4 ,to t develop$ by ,/urm4 #g4 ,%[ h[ ! new type ( second>y s*ools 0 naturally associat$ ) c\rt & nobility & m5 ( l>ge worldly affairs1 & h[ 9 consequ5ce ! new second>y education became & = long cont9u$ to be consid]$ z ari/ocratic education4 #h4 ,expla9 h[ ! t]ms college1 lyce1 gymnasium1 academy1 & gramm> s*ool all came to be employ$1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 to designate ab\t ! same type ( second>y s*ool4 #i4 ,_h ! purifi$ ,lat9 be5 re/or$1 z ! g5]al int]national language ( le>n+ & gov]nm5t1 w\ld x h help$ mat]ially 9 br++ ab\t ! civiliz+ influ5ces ,erasmus saw 9 x8 #aj4 ,has ! developm5t ( sep>ate nationalities & diff]5t national languages aid$ 9 advanc+ int]national peace & civilization8 ,:y8 #aa4 ,:y %\ld ! new humani/ic /udies h develop$ religi\s f]vor 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 9 place ( ! patriotic f]vor ( ! ,italian s*ol>s8 #ab4 ,0 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! introduction ( ! new le>n+ into ! ,g]man univ]sities p>allel to ! late /ruggle aga9/ ! introduction ( sci5ce into ,am]ican univ]sities8 #ac4 ,contra/ ! aim ( ,/urm's s*ool ) t ( ! ,italian c\rt s*ools1 & ! ,engli% gramm> s*ools4 ,po9t out ! new t5d5cies 9 8 "w4 #ad4 ,does ! s5t5ce quot$ f ,elyot's ,gov]n\r express well ! *ang$ conditions 9 ,engl& at ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,d su* *ang$ conditions always dem& educational reorganizations8 #ae4 ,:at basis1 if any1 did ! oppon5ts ( ,colet's s*ool h = d5\nc+ x z a temple ( idolatry & hea!nism8 #af4 ,%[ h[ x 0 natural t ! fir/ ,am]ican s*ool %\ld h be5 a ,lat9 gramm> s*ool 9 type4 #ag4 ,%[ t ! new conception z to education1 z express$ by ! new humanism1 f\nd a public ready to support x4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ?is public8 #ah4 ,%[ h[ ! new s*ools 7 close to ! mo/ progressive =ces 9 ! national life1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 9 fix+ classical tra9+ z ! approv$ type ( second>y education4 #ai4 ,expla9 h[ ! writt5 !me ( to-day is ! successor ( ! m$iaeval disputation4 #bj4 ,%[ h[ ! me?ods ( in/ruction employ$ 9 ! new ,lat9 gramm> s*ools h be5 pass$ ov] to ! native-language s*ools4 #ba4 ,f ! p>agraph quot$ f ,lea* 7p4 #bhb71 expla9 :y a k ( ,lat9 0 = s long reg>d$ z synonym\s ) be+ educat$4 #bb4 ,%[ h[ in/ruction 9 ,lat91 by be+ *ang$ f cultural to discipl9>y ends1 made ,fr5* ! language ( diplomacy & society1 t5d$ to elevate all ! v]nacul> tongues1 & m>k$ ! beg9n+s ( ! end ( ! importance ( ,lat9 z a s*ool /udy except = ! purposes ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 #bc4 ,:at 0 ! purpose ( ! ,lat9 in/ruction1 z y receiv$ x8 #bd4 ,does x require a high] quality ( tea*+ to imp>t ! cultural aspect ( a /udy ?an is requir$ = ! discipl9>y8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #ace4 ,gu>9o3 ,on ,tea*+ ! ,classical ,au?ors4 #acf4 ,v9et3 ,! ,collge de ,guy5ne at ,bordeaux4 #acg4 ,/urm3 ,c\rse ( ,/udy at ,/rassburg4 #ach4 ,colet3 ,/atutes = ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 ,london4 7a7 ,religi\s ,obs]vances4 7b7 ,admission ( ,*ildr54 7c7 ,! ,c\rse ( ,/udy4 #aci4 ,as*am3 ,on ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,le>n+4 #adj4 ,colet3 ,introduction to ,lily's ,lat9 ,gramm>4 #ada4 ,william ,sev5oaks3 ,f\ndation ,beque/ = ,sev5oaks ,gramm> ,s*ool4 #adb4 ,john ,p]cyvall3 ,f\ndation ,beque/ = a ,*antry ,gramm> ,s*ool4 #adc4 ,s&wi*3 ,a ,city ,gramm> ,s*ool ,f\ndation4 #add4 ,eton3 ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 #aefj4 #ade4 ,m>t9dale3 ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 an ,engli% ,c\ntry ,gramm> ,s*ool4 #adf4 ,simpson3 ,deg5]acy ( ,classical ,in/ruction4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,%[ ! l>ge scope ( ,gramm>1 z outl9$ by ,gu>9o 7#ace74 #b4 ,h[ g5]ally 0 8 dictum t a k ( ,lat9 & ,greek 7 ess5tial = a well-educat$ g5tleman 7#ace7 accept$8 #c4 ,comp>e ! c\rse ( /udy 9 ,/urm's s*ool 7#acg7 ) t at ,bordeaux 7#acf71 & ) t at ,eton 7#add7 a little lat]4 #d4 ,f ,as*am's /atem5ts 7#aci71 :at d y inf] z to ! reception ( ! new le>n+ at ! ,engli% c\rt8 #e4 ,%[ h[ ,colet 7#ach a7 & ,william ,sev5oaks 7#ada7 bo? aim$ to provide = real tea*]s1 specializ$ = ! s]vice1 & n = tea*+ z an adjunct to prie/ly duties4 ,:at 0 ! significance ( ^! provisions8 #f4 ,%[ t ,colet 7#ach b7 desir$ to tra9 lead]s1 r ?an foll[]s4 #g4 ,%[ t he cle>ly provid$ 7#ach c7 = a humani/ic s*ool ( ! re=m$ type4 #h4 ,*>act]ize ,colet's ,introduction to ,lily's ,gramm> 7#adj74 #i4 ,:at 0 ! educational significance ( su* a beque/ z t ( ,william ,sev5oaks 7#ada78 #aj4 ,:at did ! f\nd+ ( a *antry gramm> s*ool 7#adb71 in/ead ( a song s*ool1 indicate z to ! progress ( education8 #aa4 ,w\ld ! action tak5 by ! au?orities ( ! ,city ( ,s&wi* 7#adc7 indicate t ! humani/ic gramm> s*ool _h tak5 a deep hold on ,engli% ?\ght1 or n8 ,! same ) ref]5ce to ! c\rse giv5 9 a small ,engli% c\ntry gramm> s*ool1 z describ$ by ,m>t9dale 7#ade78 #ab4 ,j :at does ! in/ruction describ$ z giv5 by ,campion 7#adf7 indicate8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,jebb1 ,r4 ,c4 ,humanism 9 ,education4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,developm5t ( ,educational ,op9ion s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,! ,r5aissance & ! ,s*ool1 #addj-aehj2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #adj-dh1 #bjb-ad4 99 ,lupton1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a ,life ( ,john ,colet4 ,palgrave1 ,f4 ,t4 ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury2 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 #bh1 pp4 #hab-cj4 7,nov4 #ahij47 ,seebohm1 ,f4 ,! ,ox=d ,re=m]s ( #adih2 ,colet1 ,erasmus1 ,m4 99 ,/[e1 ,a4 ,m4 ,engli% ,gramm> ,s*ools 9 ! ,reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 99 ,?urb]1 ,c4 ,h4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #bie-cjj4 ,watson1 ,fo/]4 ,engli% ,gramm> ,s*ools to #affj4 99 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 & o!r ,humani/ic ,educators4 99 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,education dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,desid]ius ,erasmus1 ,conc]n+ ! ,me?od & ,aim ( ,education4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,revolt ,,aga9/ ,,au?ority ,,! ,,new ,,que/ion+ ,,attitude4 ,! /ud5t c h>dly h foll[$ ! hi/ory ( educational developm5t ?us f> )\t realiz+ t a s]i\s que/ion+ ( ! practices & ( ! dogmatic & repressive attitude ( ! omnipres5t m$iaeval ,*ur* 0 c]ta9 to come1 soon] or lat]1 unless ! ,*ur* itself realiz$ t ! m$iaeval conditions :i* once dem&$ su* an attitude 7 rapidly pass+ away1 & t ! new life 9 ,*ri/5dom n[ call$ = a progressive /& 9 religi\s matt]s z 9 o!r affairs4 ,! new life result+ f ! ,crusades1 ! rise ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 ! organization ( city gov]nm5ts1 ! rise ( lawy] & m]*ant classes1 ! =mation ( new national ,/ates1 ! rise ( a new ,e/ate ( tradesm5 & work]s1 ! new k1 ! evolution ( ! univ]sity organizations1 & ! discov]y ( ! art ( pr9t+--all ^! =ces _h unit$ to develop a new attitude t[>d ! old problems & to prep>e we/]n ,europe = a rapid evolution out ( ! m$iaeval conditions :i* _h = s long dom9at$ all action & ?9k+4 ,?is ! ,*ur* %\ld h realiz$1 & x %\ld h assum$ t[>d ! progressive t5d5cies ( ! "t ! same intellig5t attitude assum$ e>li] t[>d ! rise ( s*ola/ic inquiry4 ,b x did n1 & by ! fifte5? c5tury ! situation _h be5 fur!r aggravat$ by a m>k$ decl9e 9 morality on ! "p ( bo? monks & cl]gy1 :i* awak5$ deep & g5]al criticism 9 all l&s1 b p>ticul>ly among ! nor!rn peoples4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 ! fir/ cle> break ) m$iaevalism4 ,9 ! critical & con/ructive attitude develop$ by ! s*ol>s ( ! movem5t1 _! r5unciation ( ! old =ms ( ?9k+1 ! new crav+ = tru? = its own sake :i* !y ev]y:]e awak5$1 & _! cont9ual appeal to ! orig9al s\rces ( k = guidance1 we h ! def9ite beg9n+s ( a mod]n sci5tific _s :i* 0 de/9$ ultimately to "q all ?+s1 & 9 "t to u%] 9 mod]n conceptions & mod]n ways ( ?9k+4 ,! au?ority ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur* w\ld be que/ion$1 & out ( ?is que/ion+ w\ld come 9 "t a religi\s fre$om & a religi\s tol]ance unkn[n 9 ! m$iaeval _w4 ,! great _w ( sci5tific tru? w\ld be inquir$ into & ! facts ( mod]n sci5ce e/abli%$1 reg>dless ( :at preconceiv$ ideas1 popul> or religi\s1 might be upset !reby4 ,! div9e "r ( k+s to rule1 & to dispose ( ! =tunes & happ9ess ( _! peoples z !y saw fit1 0 also de/9$ to be que/ion$1 & ano!r new ,e/ate w\ld 9 "t arise & sub/itute1 in/ead1 9 all progressive l&s1 ! div9e "r ( ! common p4 ,religi\s fre$om & tol]ation1 sci5tific inquiry & s*ol>%ip1 & ! ultimate rise ( democracy 7 all involv$ 9 ! critical1 que/ion+1 & con/ructive attitude ( ! humani/ic s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,^! came hi/orically 9 ! ord] j /at$1 & 9 ?is ord] we %all consid] !m4 ,,humanism ,,became ,a ,,religi\s ,,re=m ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?4 ,9 ,italy ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 classical & sci5tific 9 its me?ods & results1 & awak5$ little or no t5d5cy t[>d religi\s & moral re=m4 ,in/ead x result$ 9 some?+ ( a paganization ( religion1 ) ! result t ! ,papacy & ! ,italian ,*ur* probably rea*$ _! l[e/ religi\s levels at ab\t ! "t ! great religi\s agitation took place 9 nor!rn l&s4 ,9 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 ! introduction ( humanism awak5$ a new religi\s zeal1 & religi\s re=m & classical le>n+ !re came to be associat$ almo/ z "o movem5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & 9 l>ge p>ts ( nor!rn ,france1 ! new le>n+ 0 at once direct$ to religi\s & moral ends4 ,! patriotic emotions r\s$ 9 ! ,italians by ! humani/ic movem5t 7 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries sup]s$$ by religi\s & moral emotions1 & ! con/ant appeal to s\rces turn$ ! nor!rn lead]s almo/ at once back to ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ! orig9al ,greek & ,hebrew ,te/am5ts = au?ority 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,colet1 f ,engl&1 :o _h sp5t ! ye>s #adic-if 9 ,flor5ce 7p4 #bed71 dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,savon>ola 7#adeb-ih7 0 prea*+ moral re=m !re1 return$ home1 n only a humani/1 b a religi\s re=m] z well1 & began to lecture at ,ox=d on ! ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,paul 9 ! ,greek4 ,l9acre1 ,grocyn1 ,colet1 ,erasmus1 & ,sir ,?omas ,m 7au?or ( ,utopia71 among o!rs1 =m$ a little gr\p ( humani/s all ( :om 7 also deeply int]e/$ 9 a re=m ( ! practices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,erasmus1 9 p>ticul>1 labor$ h>d by 8 writ+s to remove religi\s abuses4 ,8 ,colloquies 7#aeai71 a widely us$ ,lat9 read+ book1 0 bann$ f ! classrooms ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7#aebh71 & =bidd5 to be us$ 9 ,ca?olic l&s by ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aefd71 because ( ! way 9 :i* x held up to ridicule ! abuses 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! sup]/itions ( ! age1 & ! immoralities 9 ! lives ( ! monks & cl]gy4 ,8 "w z ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity at ,cambridge1 8 num]\s editions ( ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & 8 ,lat9-,greek edition 7#aeaf71 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t #a all alike t5d$ to turn !ological s*ol>s back to ! orig9al s\rces in/ead ( to ! s*ola/ics = ! f\ndations ( _! religi\s fai?4 ,9 ,g]many su* m5 z ,hegius 7p1 #bga71 ,reu*l9 7p4 #bed71 & ,melan*?on 7p4 #bgj7 began1 by simil> me?ods1 to g back to ,greek & ,hebrew s\rces & to ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs = new int]pretations z to religi\s doctr9es4 ,9 s do+ !y discov]$ t _m practices & dem&s ( ! ,*ur*1 all ( :i* _h gr[n up dur+ ! long m$iaeval p]iod1 7 n 9 h>mony ) ! e>li] tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 ! ,apo/les1 or ! e>ly ,fa!rs4 ,9 ,france1 ,jacques ,lefvre 7c4 #adee-aecf71 a humani/ & a pione] ,prote/ant1 cont5d$ = ! rule ( ! ,scriptures & = ju/ification by fai?1 & translat$ ! ,bible into ! ,fr5* 7,new ,te/am5t1 #aebc2 complete1 #aecj7 t ! p might read x4 ,,evolution ,,or ,,revolution4 ,! reaction aga9/ ! m$iaeval dogmas ( ! ,*ur* & ! dem& by ! humani/s ( ! ,nor? = a return to ! simpl] religion ( ,*ri/ gradually grew1 & 9 "t became m & m insi/5t4 ,?is dem& 0 n some?+ :i* broke out all at once & ) ,lu!r1 z _m seem to ?9k4 ,_h ?is be5 s he w\ld soon h be5 suppress$1 & little m w\ld h be5 he>d ( him4 ,in/ead1 ! lit]ature ( ! "t cle>ly reveals t !re _h be51 = two c5turies1 an increas+ criticism ( ! ,*ur*1 & a numb] ( local & unsuccessful ef=ts at re=m _h be5 attempt$4 ,! dem& = re=m 0 g5]al1 & ( long /&+1 outside ( ,italy & s\!rn ,france4 ,_h x be5 he$$ probably mu* subsequ5t hi/ory might h be5 diff]5t4 ,a few ( ! m important attempts at re=m may be m5tion$ "h1 z a backgr\nd = our /udy4 ,! fir/ organiz$ revolt aga9/ ! ,*ur* occurr$ 9 s\!rn ,france1 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury1 & ! revolt]s 7,albig5ses7 7 s fe>fully puni%$ by fire & sword t x 0 n attempt$ !re aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,john ,,wycliffe 7#acbj8-hd7 ,a popul> ,engli% prea*] 7,drawn f an old pr9t7 ,9 #acgh !re 0 a disput$ papal election1 & = ne>ly =ty ye>s !re 7 two ,popes1 "o at ,rome1 & "o at ,avignon 9 s\!rn ,france1 ea* attempt+ to control ! ,*ur* & ea* d5\nc+ ! o!r z ,anti*ri/4 ,! discussions :i* accompani$ ?is ,great ,s*ism did mu* to weak5 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 all ,*ri/ian l&s4 ,9 ,engl& a popul> prea*] & ,ox=d div9ity graduate by ! "n ( ,john ,wycliffe 0 l$1 by ! sad condition ( ! ,*ur* !re1 to a c>eful /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,he came to ! conclusion t _m ( ! claims ( ! ,popes & _m practices ( ! ,*ur* 7 wrong 7,r4 #adg7 & he refus$ to accept tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* = :i* he c\ld n f9d sanction 9 ! ,bible4 ,8 revolt 0 z direct & vigor\s z t ( ,lu!r1 9 ,g]man l&s1 a c5tury & a half lat] 7,r4 #adh74 ,s great 0 8 zeal = re=m t he & 8 s*ol>s attempt$ a translation ( ! ,bible #b into ,engli% 7see ,figure #ic71 t ! p might read x1 & he & 8 foll[]s 7call$ ,loll>ds7 w5t ab\t ! c\ntry tea*+ :at !y believ$ to be ! true ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at _h be=e 9 ,engl& be5 a widespread b undef9$ feel+ ( disaffection = ! ri* & c>eless cl]gy & monks1 ! "w ( ,wycliffe organiz$ into a political & social =ce4 ,due to ! !n close connection ( ! ,engli% & ,bohemian c\rts1 ?r\gh royal m>riages1 ,wycliffe's tea*+s 7 c>ri$ to ,bohemia1 :]e a popul> prea*] & univ]sity !ologian by ! "n ( ,john ,huss 7#acgc-adae7 exp\nd$ !m4 ,he d5\nc$ ! evil conduct ( ! cl]gy1 & he & 8 foll[]s tri$ to introduce sev]al new cu/oms into ! ,*ur*4 ,= ?is ,huss 0 fir/ excommunicat$1 & !n burn$ at ! /ake z a dang]\s h]etic4 #c ,aft] a s]ies ( t]rible massacres 8 foll[]s 7 =c$1 9 l>ge "p1 to accept once m ! old sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,religi\s ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,bohemia ,sack+ a village 9 true ,g]man /yle 7,f a picture 9 ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,nuremb]g7 ,9 #adad a ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* 0 call$ at ,con/ance1 9 ,switz]l&1 to heal ! papal s*ism1 & ?is ,c\ncil made a s]i\s attempt at *ur* re=m4 ,aft] reunit+ ! ,*ur* "u "o ,pope1 x drew up a li/ ( abuses :i* x ord]$ rem$i$ 7,r4 #adi74 ,x also attempt$ to e/abli% a democratic =m ( organization = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*1 ) ,*ur* ,c\ncils meet+ f "t to "t to advise ) ! ,pope & =mulate *ur* policy1 mu* l ! gov]nm5t ( a mod]n p>liam5t & k+4 ,_h ?is succe$$1 mu* future hi/ory might h be5 diff]5t #d & ! civilization ( ! _w to-day mu* advanc$4 ,b ! attempt fail$1 & ! absolutism ( ! reunit$ ,papacy became /rong] ?an ev] be=e4 ,prote/s ( pr9ces1 actions ( legislative assemblies1 #e prote/s sometimes ( bi%ops1 #f ! fail+ allegiance ( m5 ( affairs1 ! increas+ condemnation & ridicule f laym5 & s*ol>s--all signs ( a /rong und]curr5t ( public op9ion--seem$ to h no effect on ^? responsible = ! policy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t ! diff]5t rebellions & refusals ( re=m help$ directly to ! ultimate break ( ,lu!r is n probable1 z ,lu!r seems to h work$ out 8 position by himself4 ,ea* ( ^! e>li] defiances ( au?ority & ! lat] defiance ( ,lu!r 7 alike1 ?\gh1 9 two respects4 ,ea* dem&$ a return to ! usages & beliefs & practices ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 z d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! ,bible & ( ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs2 & ea* insi/$ t ,*ri/ians %\ld be p]mitt$ to /udy ! ,bible = !mselves1 & rea* _! own conclusions z to ,*ri/ian duty4 ,9 ?is dem& to be all[$ to g back to ! orig9al s\rces = au?ority1 & ! ass]tion ( ! "r to p]sonal inve/igation & conclusions1 we see ! new intellectual /&>ds e/abli%$ by ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 full =ce4 ,aft] #aejj ! ris+ dem&s = moral re=m & ! recognition ( individual judgm5t c\ld n be put aside mu* long]4 ,unless !re c\ld be evolution !re w\ld be revolution4 ,evolution 0 refus$1 #g & revolution 0 ! result4 ,,discont5t ,,9 ,,g]man ,,l&s4 ,x happ5$ t ! fir/ revolt to be successful 9 a l>ge way broke out 9 ,g]many1 & ab\t ! p]son ( an ,augu/9ian monk & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g by ! "n ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf74 ,_h x n c5t]$ ab\t ,lu!r ! revolt w\ld h come ab\t "s "o else2 _h x n come 9 ,g]many x w\ld h come 9 "s o!r l&4 ,x 0 ! mod]n sci5tific _s ( inquiry & reason 9 conflict ) ! m$iaeval _s ( dogmatic au?ority1 & two su* =ces are soon] or lat] de/9$ to cla%4 ,:e!r we be ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 & :e!r we approve or disapprove ( :at ,lu!r did or ( 8 me?ods1 makes little diff]5ce 9 ?is /udy4 ,ov] a "q involv+ s mu* religi\s p>tisan%ip we d n ne$ to take sides4 ,all t we ne$ conc]n ourselves ) is t a c]ta9 ,m>t9 ,lu!r liv$1 did c]ta9 ?+s1 made c]ta9 /&s = :at he believ$ to be "r1 & :at he did1 :e!r "r or wrong1 :e!r b5eficial to progress & civilization or n1 /&s z a great hi/orical fact ) :i* ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( education mu/ take acc\nt4 ,t ! same or ev5 bett] results might h be5 arriv$ at 9 "t by o!r me?ods may be true1 b :at we are conc]n$ ) is ! c\rse :i* hi/ory actually took4 #h ,!re 7 special reasons :y ! tr\ble1 :5 once x broke1 made su* rapid entry 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,! ,g]mans _h a long-/&+ grudge aga9/ ! ,italian papal c\rt1 *iefly because x _h = long be5 dra9+ ,g]many ( money to support ! ,italian ,*ur*4 ,g]many's greate/ m9nes+]1 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide 7#aagj-abbh71 ?ree c5turies be=e ,lu!r _h sung to ! ,g]man p h[ ! ,pope made m]ry ov] ! /upid ,g]mans4 ,all _! goods w be m9e1 ,_! silv] is fl[+ into my f>-away *e/2 ,_! prie/s are liv+ on p\ltry & w9e1 ,& leav+ ! silly layman to fa/4 ,_m positions 9 ! ,g]man ,*ur* _h be5 fill$ by ! ,pope ) ,italians1 :o n infrequ5tly drew ! p]quisites1 b did n reside 9 ,g]many4 ,! pr9cely & feudal ,ar*bi%ops ( ,may5ce1 ,treves1 ,cologne1 & ,salzburg1 ) _! =tifi$ ca/les & l&s & troops & l>ge gov]nm5tal p[]s1 frequ5tly prov$ to be s]i\s s\rces ( irritation4 ,! mo/ widespread discont5t1 ?\gh1 arose ov] ! heavy *ur* taxation1 :i* dra9$ ! money ( ! p to ,italy4 ,! :ole ,g]man p1 f ! pr9ces d[n to ! peasants1 felt !mselves unju/ly treat$1 t ! ,g]man money :i* fl[$ to ,rome %\ld be kept at home1 & t ! immoral & ineffici5t cl]gy %\ld be replac$ by upright1 e>ne/ m5 :o w\ld att5d bett] to _! religi\s duties 7,r4 #aej74 ,x 0 ^! conditions :i* prep>$ ! ,g]mans = revolt1 & enabl$ ,lu!r to rally s _m ( ! pr9ces & p to 8 side :5 once he _h defi$ au?ority4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,revolt4 ,! crisis came ov] ! sale ( indulg5ces = s9s by ! papal ag5t1 ,tetzel1 :o began ! practice 9 ! neighborhood ( ,witt5b]g1 :]e ,lu!r 0 a ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 9 #aeaf4 ,!re is little d\bt b t ,tetzel1 9 8 zeal to raise money = ! rebuild+ ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s at ,rome1 a great und]tak+ !n "u way1 exce$$ 8 in/ructions & made claims z to ! nature & efficacy ( indulg5ces :i* 7 n w>rant$ by *ur* doctr9es4 ,su* w\ld be only human4 ,! sale1 h[ev]1 irritat$ ,lu!r1 & he appeal$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg to prohibit x4 ,fail+ to obta9 any satisfaction1 he foll[$ ! old univ]sity cu/om1 made out n9ety- five !ses1 or reasons1 :y he did n believe ! practice ju/ifiable1 detail$ ! abuses1 set =? :at he conceiv$ to be ! true ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ! matt]1 & *all5g$ all com]s to a debate on ! !ses 7,r4 #aea74 ,foll[+ true univ]sity cu/om1 also1 ^! !ses 7 made out 9 ,lat91 & 9 ,octob]1 #aeag1 ,lu!r foll[$ /ill ano!r univ]sity cu/om & nail$ !m to ! *ur* door 9 ,witt5b]g4 ,lu!r 0 probably z mu* surpris$ z any "o to f9d t ^! 7 at once translat$ into ,g]man1 pr9t$1 & 9 two weeks _h be5 scatt]$ all ov] ,g]many4 ,)9 a mon? !y 7 kn[n 9 all ! important c5t]s ( ! ,we/]n ,*ri/ian _w4 ,!y _h be5 c>ri$ ev]y:]e on ! curr5ts ( discont5t4 ,lu!r at fir/ int5d$ no revolt f ! ,*ur*1 b only a prote/ aga9/ its practices4 ,f "o /ep to ano!r1 ?\gh1 he 0 gradually l$ into op5 rebellion1 & f9ally1 9 #aebj1 0 excommunicat$ f ! ,*ur*4 ,he !n express$ 8 defiance by publicly burn+ ! bull ( excommunication1 toge!r ) a volume ( ! canon law4 ,?is 0 op5 rebellion1 & su* h]esy 7,r4 #aeb7 mu/ ne$s be /amp$ out4 ,lu!r took 8 /& on ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! battle 0 n[ jo9$ betwe5 ! =ces repres5t+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* v]sus ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 & salvation ?r\gh ! ,*ur* v]sus salvation ?r\gh p]sonal fai? & works4 #i ,lu!r also =c$ ! issue = fre$om ( ?\ght 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,x 01 to be sure1 "s ?ree c5turies be=e fre$om 9 religi\s ?9k+ & wor%ip became cle>ly recogniz$1 b :at ! e>ly univ]sity ma/]s & s*ol>s _h /ood = 9 intellectual matt]s1 ,lu!r n[ ass]t$ 9 religi\s affairs z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,we d n ne$ to foll[ ! details ( ! conflict4 ,suffice x to "k t great portions ( nor!rn & we/]n ,g]many foll[$ ,lu!r1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #hh1 & t ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 :i* _h rema9$ "o = s _m c5turies & be5 ! "o great unify+ =ce 9 we/]n ,europe1 0 p]man5tly split by ! ,prote/ant ,revolt4 ,! l>ge success ( ,lu!r is easily expla9$ by ! new life :i* n[ p]meat$ we/]n ,europe4 ,! _w 0 rapidly becom+ mod]n1 :ile ! ,*ur*1 ) a p]v]sity almo/ unexpla9able1 insi/$ ^u rema9+ m$iaeval & tri$ to =ce o!rs to rema9 m$iaeval ) x4 ,adams expresses ! situation well :5 he says3 #aj ,a revolution _h be5 wr\ght 9 ! intellectual _w 9 ! c5tury betwe5 ,huss & ,lu!r4 ,at ! dea? ( ,huss ! _w _h only j begun ! /udy ( ,greek4 ,s9ce t date1 ! great body ( classical lit]ature _h be5 recov]$1 & ! sci5ces ( philology & hi/orical criticism ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,z a result ,lu!r _h at 8 comm& a well-develop$ me?od 444 impossible to any e>li] re=m]4444 ,! _w also _h become famili> ) indep5d5t inve/igation1 & ) ! proclamation ( new views & ! upsett+ ( old ones4 ,by no means ! lea/ ( ! great s]vices ( ,erasmus to civilization _h be5 to hold up be=e all ! _w s conspicu\s an example ( ! s*ol> foll[+1 z 8 inali5able "r1 ! tru? z he f\nd x & :]ev] x appe>$ to lead him1 & hone/ 9 8 public utt]ances z to ! results ( 8 /udies4444 ,8 0 ! cr[n+ "w ( a c5tury :i* _h produc$ 9 ! g5]al public a greatly *ang$ attitude ( m9d t[>d intellectual indep5d5ce s9ce ! days ( ,huss4 ,! pr9t+ press 0 ( itself almo/ en\gh to acc\nt = ,lu!r's success z comp>$ ) 8 pr$ecessors4 ,wycliffe made almo/ z direct & vigor\s an appeal to ! public at l>ge1 & ) an amaz+ indu/ry he issu$ tract aft] tract 9 ! tongue ( ! p1 b ,lu!r _h ! advantage 9 ! rapid multiplication ( copies & 9 _! *eapness1 & he cov]$ ,europe ) ! issues ( 8 press4444 ,lu!r spoke to a v diff]5t public f t :i* ,wycliffe or ,huss _h address$1--a public ,european 9 ext5t1 & "o n m]ely famili> ) ! ass]tion ( new ideas1 b tol]ant1 9 a c]ta9 way1 ( ! innovator1 & expectant ( great ?+s 9 ! future4 ,a revolution x und\bt$ly 01 b a revolution 9 ?9k+ mu* m ?an a political revolution4 ,x 0 b a fur!r manife/ation ( ! inquir+ & que/ion+ t5d5cy awak5$ by ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,x might 9 a s5se be dat$ f ,wycliffe & ,huss1 z well z f ,erasmus & ,lu!r4 ,lu!r did n create ! ,re=mation4 ,he r popul>iz$ ! "w ( prec$+ prote/]s1 giv+ ! impress ( 8 p[]ful p]sonality to ! movem5t1 & direct+ & m\ld+ its =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,huldrei* ,,zw+li 7#adhg-aeca7 ,,revolts ,,9 ,,o!r ,,l&s4 ,! outbreak 9 ,g]many soon spread to o!r l&s4 ,lu!ranism made rapid headway 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e ! ,g]man grievances aga9/ ,italian rule 7 equally famili>1 & 9 #aecg ! ,dani% ,diet sev]$ all connection ) ,rome & e/abli%$ ,lu!ranism z ! religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,norway1 be+ !n a "p ( ,d5m>k1 0 c>ri$ = ,lu!ranism also4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! ,*ur* 0 %orn ( "s ( its p[]s & prop]ty 9 #aebg1 & 9 #aeib ,lu!ranism 0 def9itely adopt$ z ! religion = ! nation4 ,?is includ$ ,f9l&1 !n a "p ( ,sw$54 ,an indep5d5t re=m movem5t1 closely ak9 to ,lu!ranism 9 its aims1 made consid]able headway 9 ,g]man ,switz]l& contemporane\sly ) ! re=m "w ( ,lu!r 9 ,g]many4 ,?is 0 "u ! lead]%ip ( a popul> humani/ prea*] 9 ,zuri* by ! "n ( ,huldrei* ,zw+li4 ,9 #aeai he began a s]ies ( s]mons on real religion1 z he _h le>n$ x f a /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,zw+li1 be+ support$ by ! p1 made _m *anges 9 *ur* practices & wor%ip1 ev5tually ev5 aboli%+ ! mass4 ,_m o!r t[ns took up ?is re=m movem5t1 & civil w> 0 ! result4 ,zw+li 0 kill$ 9 battle betwe5 ,swiss p>tisans ( ! old regime & re=m]s1 9 #aeca1 b 8 "w ?\gh *eck$ p]si/$1 & ,g]man ,switz]l& became mix$ ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant4 #aa ,9 ,engl& ! /ruggle came nom9ally ov] ! divorce 7#aecc7 ( ,h5ry ,,viii f ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 ?\gh ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* _h be5 ass]t$ f "t to "t = two c5turies1 & a free ,national ,*ur* _h = long be5 a gr[+ ideal ) ,engli% /atesm54 ,9 #aecd ,p>liam5t pass$ ! ,act ( ,supremacy 7,r4 #aec7 :i* sev]$ ,engl& f ,rome4 ,by x ! ,k+ 0 made head ( ! ,engli% ,national ,*ur*4 ,! *ange 0 9 no s5se a pr(\nd "o1 su* z _h tak5 place 9 ,lu!ran ,g]many4 ,! prie/s :o took ! new oa? ( allegiance to ! ,k+ in/ead ( ! ,pope z ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 z mo/ ( !m did1 cont9u$ 9 ! *ur*es1 ! s]vice 0 *ang$ to ,engli%1 "s re=ms 7 in/itut$1 b ! p did n exp]i5ce any great *ange 9 religi\s feel+ or ideas4 ,?is new ,national ,*ur* became kn[n z ! ,engli% or ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,s f> z ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,am]ica is conc]n$1 ! mo/ important re=m movem5t 0 nei!r ,lu!ranism nor ,anglicanism1 b ,calv9ism4 ,9 #aecg ,john ,calv91 a ,fr5* ,prote/ant :o _h fl$ to ,switz]l&1 #ab 0 invit$ to submit a plan = ! educational & religi\s reorganization ( ! city ( ,g5eva1 & 9 #aeda he 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( organiz+ !re a little religi\s ,city-,republic4 ,= ?is he e/abli%$ a comb9$ *ur* & city gov]nm5t1 9 :i* religi\s affairs & ! civil gov]nm5t 7 z closely connect$ z !y _h ev] be5 9 any ,ca?olic c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-?ree ye>s t ,calv9 dom9at$ ,g5eva x became ! ,rome ( ,prote/antism4 ,calv9's ,! ,in/itutes ( ,*ri/ianity1 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 9 #aecf1 & 9 ,fr5* 9 #aeda1 0 ! fir/ ord]ly pres5tation ( ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian fai? f ! ,prote/ant /&po9t1 #ac :ile 8 ,fr5* ,cate*ism 7#aecg7 0 ext5sively us$ #ad 9 ,calv9i/ic l&s z a basis = elem5t>y religi\s in/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,john ,,calv9 7#aeji-aefd7 7,drawn f a contempor>y pa9t+7 ,f ,g5eva a re=m$ ,calv9i/ic religion spread ov] nor!rn ,france1 #ae :]e its foll[]s became kn[n z ,hugu5ots2 to ,scotl& 7#aefj71 :]e !y 7 kn[n z ,scot* ,presbyt]ians2 to ! ,ne!rl&s 7#aegb71 :]e orig9at$ ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*2 & to portions ( c5tral ,engl&1 :]e ^? :o embrac$ x became kn[n z ,puritans4 ,?r\gh ! ,puritans :o settl$ ,new ,engl&1 & lat] ?r\gh ! ,hugu5ots 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians 9 ! c5tral colonies1 & ! ,dut* 9 ,new ,york1 ,calv9ism 0 c>ri$ to ,am]ica1 0 = long ! dom9ant religi\s belief1 & pr(\ndly color$ all e>ly ,am]ican education4 ,lu!ranism also came 9 ?r\gh ! ,sw$es along ! ,delaw>e & ! ,g]mans 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :ile ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 kn[n 9 ,am]ica z ! ,episcopalian1 came 9 ?r\gh ! l&$ ari/ocracy 9 ,virg9ia & ! lat] settl]s 9 ,new ,york4 ,! e>ly settlem5t ( ,am]ica 0 ?us a ,prote/ant settlem5t1 :ile ! migration to ,am]ica ( l>ge numb]s ( peoples f ,ca?olic l&s is a relatively rec5t movem5t4 ,,religi\s ,,fre$om ,,& ,,religi\s ,,w>f>e4 ,( c\rse ! revolt aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 once inaugurat$1 c\ld n be /opp$4 ,! same "r to fre$om 9 religi\s belief :i* ,lu!r claim$ = himself & 8 foll[]s _h ( c\rse to be ext5d$ to o!rs4 ,?is ! ,prote/ants 7 n mu* m will+ to grant ?an _h be5 ! ,ca?olics be=e !m4 ,! _w 0 n z yet ready = su* rapid advances1 & religi\s tol]ation1 #af ?\gh e/abli%$ 9 pr9ciple by ! revolt1 0 an idea to :i* ! _w has requir$ a long "t to become accu/om$4 ,x took two c5turies ( int]mitt5t religi\s w>f>e1 dur+ :i* ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant wag$ w> on "o ano!r1 plund]$ & pillag$ l&s1 & murd]$ "o ano!r = ! salvation ( _! respective s\ls1 be=e ! p ( we/]n ,europe 7 will+ to /op fight+ & beg9 to recognize = o!rs t :i* !y 7 fight+ = = !mselves4 ,:5 religi\s tol]ance f9ally became e/abli%$ by law1 civilization _h made a trem5d\s advance4 ,! religi\s w>s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 wag$ ) greate/ int5sity 9 ,spa91 ,france1 & ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ?\gh no l& :olly escap$4 ,! result ( ?is religi\s /rife 0 to *eck ! progress ( ! high] civilization ( ! p = ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 & to delay greatly ! com+ ( ! great bless+ ( fre$om 9 matt]s ( religi\s belief1 :ile ! pov]ty & mis]y result+ f ! deva/ation ( ^! religi\s w>s left nei!r ! en]gy = nor ! int]e/ 9 educational or political progress4 ,! /ruggle to suppress ,lu!ranism 9 ,g]many 0 po/pon$ = tw5ty- five ye>s--due to outside pressure1 *iefly t ( ! ,turks 9 s\!a/]n ,europe--f ! "t t ! ,diet ( ,worms decid$ aga9/ ,lu!r 7#aeba74 ,f9ally1 9 #aedf1 ! ,g]man-,spani% ,emp]or ,*>les ,v felt at la/ free to proce$ aga9/ ! ,lu!ran h]esy1 & f ! break+-out 9 t ye> ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,*>les & ! ,g]man pr9ces :o sid$ ) ,lu!r1 to ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 9 #afdh1 repres5ts a c5tury ( almo/ cont9ual religi\s w>f>e 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,! wor/ ( ! p]iod 0 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 :5 religi\s f]ocity & hatr$ rea*$ its climax 9 ! p]iod kn[n z ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7#afah-dh74 ,?\gh f\ght on ,g]man soil1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,sw$5 7 deeply involv$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,x left ,g]many a ru94 ,f ! mo/ prosp]\s ,/ate 9 ,europe1 9 #aeej1 ,g]many 0 s r$uc$ t x 0 n until ! second ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t c5tral & s\!rn ,g]many _h fully recov]$4 ,m ?an half ! population & two ?irds ( ! movable prop]ty 7 swept away4 ,! p 7 s r$uc$ by />vation t cannibalism 0 op5ly practic$4 ,b "o t5? ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,du*y ( ,wrtemb]g 7 left alive4 ,l& till$ = c5turies became a wild]ness1 ?\s&s ( t[ns 7 de/roy$1 :ole trades 7 swept away1 & ! g5]ation :i* surviv$ ! w> came to manhood )\t kn[+ education1 religion1 law & ord]1 or organiz$ indu/ry4 ,n until ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ,g]many aga9 able to make any significant contribution to education or civilization1 & n until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury did p>ts ( ,g]many come to h z _m p or cattle z be=e ?is deva/at+ religi\s w> broke out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,prote/ant 7c4 #afjj7 ,a re/oration1 ,muse d',artill]ie1 ,p>is ,f #aefj to #afbi 9 ,france1 also1 a p]iod ( c>nage & deva/ation prevail$1 due to an attempt to ext]m9ate ! ,calv9i/ic ,hugu5ots4 ,9 ! massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew's eve1 9 #aegb1 t5 ?\s& ,prote/ants are said to h p]i%$ 9 ,p>is alone1 & =ty-five ?\s& additional outside ! city4 ,?\gh ! ,edict ( ,nantes 7#aeih7 _h grant$ religi\s tol]ation1 ?is nev] 0 fully accompli%$1 & 9 #afhe ! ,edict 0 revok$4 ,! ,hugu5ots 7 n[ giv5 fifte5 days to become ,ca?olics or leave ,france4 ,! dem&s 7 en=c$ ) great sev]ity1 & ! sect1 :i* embrac$ "o t5? ( ! population ( ,france1 0 /amp$ out & ,france became once m a ,ca?olic c\ntry4 ,9 a %ort "t f\r hundr$ ?\s& ?rifty & highly intellig5t ,hugu5ots _h left ,france = o!r l&s4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,g]man l&s1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica _m f\nd a new home4 ,,*ang$ ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,! ,,old ,,problems4 ,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 7#afdh71 :i* end$ ! bloody ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 itself ! culm9ation ( a c5tury ( bitt] & v9dictive religi\s /rife1 has (t5 be5 reg>d$ z bo? an end & a beg9n+4 ,?\gh ! p]secution ( m9orities = a "t cont9u$1 especially 9 ,france1 ?is treaty m>k$ ! end ( ! attempt ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,ca?olic ,/ates to /amp out ,prote/antism on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! religi\s indep5d5ce ( ! ,prote/ant ,/ates 0 n[ ackn[l$g$1 & ! beg9n+s ( religi\s fre$om 7 e/abli%$ by treaty4 ,?is new fre$om ( consci5ce1 once def9itely begun = ! rul+ pr9ces1 0 c]ta9 9 "t to be ext5d$ fur!r4 ,ultimately ! day mu/ come1 ?\gh x might be c5turies away1 :5 individual z well z national fre$om 9 religi\s matt]s mu/ be grant$ z a "r1 & "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ( mank9d f9ally be firmly e/abli%$ by law4 #ag ,! end ( ! p]iod ( bitt] religi\s w>f>e1 too1 0 foll[$ by a reaction aga9/ religi\s intol]ance :i* conta9$ )9 itself ! g]ms ( mu* future lib]ty & human progress4 ,pauls5 has well express$ ! *ange1 9 ! foll[+ words3 #ah ,! long & t]rible w>s to :i* ! ecclesia/ical s*ism _h ev]y:]e giv5 rise--! w>s ( ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1 ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>1 & ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,engl&--_h1 9 ! end1 creat$ a feel+ ( indiff]5ce t[>d religi\s & !ological problems4 ,did x really pay1 p ask$ !mselves1 to kill ea* o!r & deva/ate ea* o!r's c\ntries = ! sake ( su* que/ions8 ,c\ld ^! problems ev] be decid$ at all8 ,if n1 0 x n mu* m reasonable to let ev]yone believe :at he c\ld1 &1 in/ead ( wa/+ brea? & argum5ts1 conv9c+ to nobody1 on transub/antiation1 pr$e/9ation1 & real pres5ce1 to cultivate sci5ces :i* really plac$ la/+ & v]ifiable tru?s )9 ! rea* ( ! und]/&+1 su* z ma!matics & natural philosophy1 geography & a/ronomy8 ,"h 7 sci5ces :i* (f]$ k to ! m9d t c\ld be turn$ to acc\nt 9 ?is e>?ly life1 :]eas ^? transc5d5tal speculations 7 ( no use at all4444 ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is _s ( indiff]5ce & scepticism t[>d !ology1 & sometimes ev5 t[>d religion 9 g5]al & ! future _w1 =m$ a mo/ important factor 9 ! *ang+ intellectual attitude ( ! times4 #ai ,physically exhau/$1 & recogniz+ at la/ ! futility ( fire & sword z means = /amp+ out oppos+ religi\s convictions1 b /ill ?or\ghly conv9c$ z to ! correctness ( _! respective po9ts ( view1 bo? sides n[ settl$ d[n to ano!r c5tury & m ( religi\s hatr$1 suspicion1 & intol]ance1 & to a close sup]vision ( bo? prea*+ & tea*+ z safegu>ds to or?odoxy4 ,dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia great] reliance ?an ev] be=e 0 plac$ on ! s*ool z a means = protect+ ! fai?1 & ! pulpit & ! s*ool n[ took ! place ( ! sword & ! tor* z conv]t+ & hold+ ag5ts4 ,,religi\s ,,re=m4 ,! effect ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolts on ! ,*ur* 0 good4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory ,ca?olic *ur*m5 le>n$ t !y c\ld n rely on ! g5]al acceptance ( any tea*+s !y promulgat$1 or any practices !y saw fit to approve4 ,! _s ( inquiry :i* _h be5 ar\s$ by ! me?ods ( ! humani/s w\ld 9 ! future =ce !m to expla9 & to def5d4 ,if !y 7 to make headway aga9/ ?is great rebellion !y mu/ re=m abuses1 purify *ur* practices1 & see t monks & cl]gy l$ upright ,*ri/ian lives4 ,unless ! mass ( ! p c\ld be made loyal to ! ,*ur* by rev]5ce = x1 fur!r revolts & ! ultimate break-up ( ! in/itution 7 9 prospect4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aede-fc7 at la/ und]took ! re=m :i* %\ld h come at lea/ a c5tury be=e4 ,bett] m5 7 select$ = ! *ur* (fices1 & bi%ops & cl]gy 7 ord]$ to reside 9 _! prop] places & to prea* regul>ly4 ,new religi\s ord]s arose1 ^: purpose 0 to prep>e prie/s bett] = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* & = m9i/ry to ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,irritat+ practices 7 ab&on$4 ,! laws & doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* 7 re/at$1 9 new & bett] =m4 ,moral re=ms 7 in/itut$4 ,9 mo/ p>ticul>s ! re=ms =c$ by ! "w ( ,lu!r 7 ?or\gh & complete1 & s9ce ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 morals & gov]nm5t1 has be5 a re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,above all1 att5tion 0 turn$ to education r ?an =ce z a means ( w9n+ & hold+ t]ritory4 ,a rigid qu>ant9e 01 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ 9 ,ca?olic l&s aga9/ ! fur!r spread ( h]etical text books & lit]ature4 ,especially 0 ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 :i* _h be5 ! cause ( all ! tr\ble1 = a "t rigidly prohibit$4 #bj ,su*1 9 brief1 are ! hi/orical facts connect$ ) ! v>i\s revolts aga9/ au?ority :i* split ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! h be5 /at$1 z briefly & z imp>tially z possible1 because s mu* ( future educational hi/ory arose out ( ! conditions result+ f ^! revolts4 ,! e>ly educational hi/ory ( ,am]ica is h>dly und]/&able )\t "s k ( ! religi\s =ces awak5$ by ! "w ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,to ! educational significance & consequ5ces ( ^! revolts we next turn4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! effect1 on ! s*ol>s ( ! "t1 ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy & 9 nor!rn l&s8 #b4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! s]i\s *ur* opposition to ! diff]5t attempts ( nor!rn s*ol>s to try to turn ! ,*ur* back to ! simpl] religi\s ideals & practices ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity8 #c4 ,expla9 h[ opposition to ! practices ( ! ,*ur* c\ld be organiz$ into a political =ce4 #d4 ,expla9 ! analogy ( a h]etic 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & an an>*i/ ( to-day4 #e4 ,assum+ t ! ,*ur* _h enc\rag$ progressive evolution z a policy1 & ?us w>d$ (f revolution & disruption1 9 :at ways might hi/ory h be5 diff]5t8 #f4 ,h[ c ! bitt] opposition to ! read+ & /udy ( ! ,bible be expla9$8 #g4 ,%[ ! analogy betwe5 ! fre$om ( ?9k+ dem&$ by ,lu!r1 & t obta9$ ?ree c5turies e>li] by ! s*ol>s 9 ! ris+ univ]sities4 ,:y 7 ! univ]sities n oppos$8 #h4 ,enum]ate ! *anges :i* _h tak5 place 9 we/]n ,europe betwe5 ! days ( ,wycliffe & ,huss & ! "t ( ,lu!r1 :i* enabl$ him to succe$ :]e !y _h fail$4 #i4 ,expla9 9 :at ways ! ,prote/ant ,revolt 0 ess5tially a revolution 9 ?9k+1 & t1 once />t$1 c]ta9 o!r consequ5ces mu/ inevitably foll[ 9 "t4 #aj4 ,0 x p]fectly natural t ! re=m]s %\ld refuse to _! foll[]s ! same "r to revolt1 & sep>ate (f into small] & /ill diff]5t sects1 :i* !y _h cont5d$ = = !mselves8 ,:y8 #aa4 ,on :at basis c\ld ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant wage w> on "o ano!r to try to en=ce _! own p>ticul> belief8 #ab4 ,comp>e ! individualism ( ! ,greek ,sophi/s ) t ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s4 ,did ,greece attempt to deal ) !m 9 ! same way8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #adg4 ,wycliffe3 ,on ! ,enemies ( ,*ri/4 #adh4 ,wycliffites3 ,attack ! ,pope & ! ,practice ( ,indulg5ces4 #adi4 ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance3 ,li/ ( ,*ur* ,abuses dem&+ ,re=m4 #aej4 ,geil]3 ,a ,g]man ,prie/'s ,view z to ,com+ ,re=m4 #aea4 ,lu!r3 ,illu/rations f 8 ,n9ety-,five ,!ses4 #aeb4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as3 ,on ! ,treatm5t ( ,h]esy4 #aec4 ,h5ry ,,viii3 ,! ,engli% ,act ( ,supremacy4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,0 ,wycliffe's attack 7#adg7 z direct & fi]ce z ,lu!r's 7#aea78 #b4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! results atta9$ by ! two attacks8 #c4 ,0 ! *all5ge ( ,wycliffe's foll[]s on indulg5ces 7#adh7 any less direct ?an t ( ,lu!r 7#aea78 #d4 ,does ! li/ ( items drawn up by ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adi7 indicate a g5]al recognition ( ! ne$ = ext5sive ,*ur* re=m8 #e4 ,try to /ate ! possible *ange 9 ! progress ( human hi/ory & civilization1 _h ! dem&s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adi7 be5 c>ri$ out 9 good fai?4 #f4 ,consid]+ ! nature ( h]esy at ! "t1 does ! extract f ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#aeb7 indicate a n>r[ or a lib]al attitude8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,be>d1 ,*>les4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r & ! ,re=mation4 ,be>d1 ,*>les4 ,! ,re=mation ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury 9 its ,relation to ,mod]n ,?\ght & ,k4 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhc47 ,fi%]1 ,george ,p4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,gasquet1 ,f4 ,a4 ,eve ( ! ,re=mation4 ,johnson1 ,a4 ,h4 ,europe 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,p]ry1 ,george ,g4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,i4 ,,among ,,lu!rans ,,& ,,anglicans ,,ultimate ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,break ,,) ,,au?ority4 ,t ! ,prote/ant ,revolts 9 ! diff]5t l&s produc$ l>ge imm$iate & p]man5t *anges 9 ! "* ( ! education provid$ 9 ! revolt+ ,/ates is no long] accept$ z be+ ! case4 ,9 e phase ( educational hi/ory gr[? has proce$$ by evolution r ?an by revolution1 & ?is applies to ! ,prote/ant ,revolts z well z to o!r revolutions4 ,_m *anges naturally result$ at once1 "s ( :i* 7 good & "s ( :i* 7 n1 :ile o!rs :i* 7 en?usia/ically attempt$ fail$ ( results because !y involv$ too great advances = ! "t4 ,mu*1 too1 ( ! progress t 0 inaugurat$ 0 lo/ 9 ! m ?an a c5tury ( religi\s /rife :i* foll[$1 & ! additional c5tury & m ( suspicion1 hatr$1 religi\s =malism1 & /rict religi\s con=mity :i* foll[$ ! p]iod ( religi\s /rife4 ,! educational significance ( ! re=mation movem5t1 ?\gh1 lies 9 ! f>-rea*+ nature ( its l>g] results & ultimate consequ5ces r ?an 9 its imm$iate accompli%m5ts1 & because ( ?is ! importance ( ! imm$iate *anges effect$ h be5 ov]e/imat$ by ,prote/ants & und]e/imat$ by ,ca?olics4 ,! dom9ant idea und]ly+ ,lu!r's break ) au?ority1 & = t matt] ! revolts ( ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 ,zw+li1 & ,calv9 z well1 0 t ( sub/itut+ ! au?ority ( ! ,bible 9 religi\s matt]s = ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 ( sub/itut+ individual judgm5t 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures & 9 =mulat+ decisions z to ,*ri/ian duty = ! collective judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*2 & ( sub/itut+ individual responsibility = salvation1 9 ,lu!r's conception ( ju/ification ?r\gh p]sonal fai? & pray]1 = ! collective responsibility = salvation ( ! ,*ur*4 #a ,:e!r "o believes t ! ,prote/ant position 0 s\nd or n dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u "o's religi\s tra9+ & beliefs1 & ne$ n conc]n u "h1 z x makes no diff]5ce ) ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,we c believe ei!r way1 & ! c\rse t hi/ory took rema9s ! same4 ,! educational consequ5ces ( ! position tak5 by ! ,prote/ants1 ?\gh1 are important4 ,"u ! old] !ory ( collective judgm5t & collective responsibility = salvation--t is1 ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur* r ?an t ( individuals--x 0 n important t m ?an a few be educat$4 ,"u ! new !ory ( individual judgm5t & individual responsibility promulgat$ by ! ,prote/ants x became v important1 9 !ory at lea/1 t e "o %\ld be able to read ! ^w ( ,god1 p>ticipate intellig5tly 9 ! *ur* s]vices1 & %ape 8 life z he und]/ood 0 9 accordance ) ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,?is und\bt$ly call$ = ! education ( all4 ,/ill m1 f individual p>ticipation 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 ) fre$om ( judgm5t & p]sonal responsibility 9 religi\s matt]s1 to individual p>ticipation 9 & responsibility = ! conduct ( gov]nm5t 0 n a long /ep1 & ! rise ( democratic gov]nm5ts & ! provision ( univ]sal education 7 ! natural & ultimate coroll>ies1 ?\gh n imm$iately atta9$ ( ! ,prote/ant position reg>d+ ! int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures & ! place & au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 soon se5 & act$ ^u4 ,! great /ruggle ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 9 consequ5ce1 became "o = religi\s fre$om & tol]ation2 ! great /ruggle ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies has be5 = political fre$om & political rights2 to supply univ]sal education has be5 left to ! n9ete5? & ! tw5tie? c5turies4 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,le>n+ ,,be=e ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,aft] ! rise ( ! univ]sities1 z we h se51 _m ,lat9 second>y s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 we/]n ,europe1 & a m ext5sive developm5t ( ! ca!dral & o!r l>g] *ur* s*ools took place4 ,ra%dall 7,r4 #aed7 ?9ks t by #adjj ! opportunity to att5d a ,lat9 gramm> s*ool 0 r common1 an op9ion 9 :i* ,lea* & ,nohle concur4 ,aft] ! humani/ic le>n+ _h spread to nor!rn l&s ^! opportunities 7 increas$ & improv$4 ,9 ,engl&1 = example1 "s two hundr$ & fifty ,lat9 gramm> s*ools are kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce by #aejj4 ,9 ,g]many1 z we h se5 7*apt] xi71 _m su* s*ools 7 f\nd$ be=e ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,^! (f]$ a =m ( advanc$ education1 9 ! language ( ! educat$ classes ( ! "t1 = ^? int5d+ to g to ! univ]sities to prep>e = s]vice 9 ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate1 & = tea*+4 ,! ,*ur* _h also = long ma9ta9$ or ex]cis$ control ov] a numb] ( types ( m elem5t>y s*ools--p>i%1 song1 *antry1 hospital 7*apt] ,,vii7--! *ief purpose ( :i* 0 to prep>e = c]ta9 phases ( ! *ur* s]vice1 or to ent] ! second>y s*ools4 ,^! s*ools1 too1 7 taught p>tly or :olly 9 ,lat94 ,9 consequ5ce1 :ile ,lat9 s*ools came to be r widely diffus$1 s*ools 9 ! v]nacul> h>dly exi/$ outside ( a few ( ! l>g] comm]cial cities ( ! nor?4 ,ev5 ! burgh & guild s*ools 7p4 #bje71 e/abli%$ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 7 ess5tially ,lat9 s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,educational ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,prote/ant ,,g]many 7,f a pa9t+ dat$ #aedc1 by ,lucas ,crana*1 a ,g]man contempor>y ( bo? m51 & n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 at ,flor5ce7 ,,m>t9 ,,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf7 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,witt5b]g ,,philipp ,,melan*?on 7#adig-aefj7 ,pr(essor ( ,greek at ,witt5b]g ,9 ! comm]cial cities ( ! ,nor?1 h[ev]1 ?\gh (t5 only aft] q a /ruggle ) ! local *ur* au?orities1 :i* ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages _h ma9ta9$ a monopoly ( all in/ruction z a protection to or?odoxy1 diff]5t types ( elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools _h be5 develop$ to meet local comm]cial ne$s1 su* z writ+-s*ools to tra9 writ]s1 #b & reckon+-s*ools to tra9 "y m5 to h&le acc\nts4 #c ,read+1 mann]s1 & religion 7 also taught 9 ^! s*ools4 ,o!r city s*ools1 l>gely ,lat9 9 type1 b conta9+ "s v]nacul> in/ruction to meet local bus9ess ne$s n met by ! ca!dral or p>i% s*ools ( ! city1 7 also develop$4 ,up to ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolts1 h[ev]1 !re 0 almo/ no in/ruction 9 ! v]nacul> outside ( ! comm]cial cities1 nor 0 !re any p>ticul> dem& = su* in/ruction else:]e4 ,if "o wi%$ to be a s*ol>1 a /atesman1 a diplomat1 a tea*]1 a *ur*man1 or to jo9 a religi\s bro!rhood1 he ne$$ to /udy ! le>n$ language ( ! "t1--,lat94 ,) ?is he c\ld be at home ) p ( 8 k9d any:]e 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! v]nacul> he c\ld leave to tradesm51 craftsm51 soldi]s1 labor]s1 & ! s]vant classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,two ,,e>ly ,,v]nacul> ,,s*ools ,,g]man 7,f a woodcut1 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g1 #aeje7 ,,fr5* 7,aft] a draw+ by ,soqu&1 #aebh7 ,^! p1 on ! o!r h&1 _h practically no ne$ = a writt5 language1 aside f a v small am\nt = bus9ess ne$s4 ,ev5 "h ! sign ( ! cross w\ld d4 ,!re 7 b few books writt5 9 ! v]nacul> tongues1 & ^! _h to be copi$ by h& &1 9 consequ5ce1 7 sc>ce & exp5sive4 ,!re 7 no newspap]s 7fir/ newspap]1 ,v5ice1 #aefc7 or magaz9es4 ,spectacles = read+ 7 n kn[n until ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 7 n common = two c5turies aft] t4 ,!re 0 little k t c\ld n pass f m\? to m\?4 ,su* little v]nacul> lit]ature z did exi/ 0 transmitt$ orally1 & no great issue :i* appeal$ to ! imag9ation ( ! masses _h z yet come to ! front to create any /rong desire = ! ability to read4 ,z a result1 ! education ( ! masses 0 9 h& labor1 ! trades1 & religion1 & n 9 books1 & ! ne$ = book education 0 sc>cely felt4 ,a ,,new ,,dem& ,,= ,,v]nacul> ,,s*ools4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! ,prote/ant ,revolts 7 9 a s5se two revolution>y =ces1 :i* 9 comb9ation soon produc$ va/ & f>-rea*+ *anges4 ,! discov]y ( ! process ( mak+ pap] & ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press *ang$ ! :ole situation z to books4 ,^! c\ld n[ be reproduc$ rapidly & 9 l>ge numb]s1 & c\ld be sold at b a small fraction ( _! =m] co/4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! ,bible 9 ! common tongue did f> m to /imulate a desire to be able to read ?an did ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 7,rs4 #aee1 #agj74 ,!n came ! religi\s discussions ( ! ,re=mation p]iod1 :i* /irr$ intellectually ! masses ( ! p 9 nor!rn l&s z no?+ be=e 9 hi/ory _h ev] done4 ,9 an ef=t to rea* ! p ! re=m]s orig9at$ small & *eap pamphlets1 writt5 9 ! v]nacul>1 & ^!1 sold = a p5ny or two1 7 p$dl$ 9 ! m>ket-places & f h\se to h\se4 ,:ile !re _h be5 imp]fect translations ( ! ,bible 9 ,g]man be=e ,lu!r's1 8 translation 7,new ,te/am5t1 #aebb7 0 direct f ! orig9al ,greek & s c>efully done t x virtually fix$ ! "* ( ! ,g]man language4 #d ,calv9's ,in/itutes ( ,*ri/ianity 7,fr5* edition1 #aeda7 9 a simil> mann] fix$ ! "* ( ! ,fr5* language1 #e & ,tyndale's translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#aebf7 0 into su* simple & homely language #f t x fix$ ! "* ( ! ,engli% tongue1 & 0 made ! basis = ! lat] ,au?oriz$ translation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,page ,,( ,,wycliffe',s ,,bible ,translat$ betwe5 #achb & #achd4 ,facsimile ( ! fir/ v]ses ( ,g5esis ,! lead]s ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolts1 too1 9 ass]t+ t ea* p]son %\ld be able to read & /udy ! ,scriptures z a means to p]sonal salvation1 creat$ an entirely new dem&1 9 ,prote/ant l&s1 = elem5t>y s*ools 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,h]et(ore ! dem& _h be5 = s*ools only = ^? :o expect$ to become s*ol>s or lead]s 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate1 :ile ! masses ( ! p _h little or no int]e/ 9 le>n+4 ,n[ a new class became desir\s ( le>n+ to read1 n ,lat91 b ! language :i* !y _h already le>n$ to speak4 ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 ,zw+li1 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 & ,knox alike insi/$ on ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! ,bible z a prim>y necessity 9 ! religi\s life4 ,9 an ef=t to br+ ! ,bible )9 rea* ( ! p ,wycliffe's foll[]s _h attempt$ ! labori\s & impossible task ( multiply+ by h& 7p4 #bij7 copies ( 8 translation4 ,zw+li _h writt5 a pamphlet on ,! ,mann] ( ,in/ruction & ,br++ up ,boys 9 a ,*ri/ian ,way 7#aebd71 9 :i* he urg$ ! importance ( religi\s education4 ,lu!r1 besides translat+ ! ,bible1 _h prep>$ two g5]al ,cate*isms1 "o = adults & "o = *ildr51 _h writt5 hymns #g & issu$ num]\s lett]s & s]mons 9 behalf ( religi\s education4 ,all ^! 7 pr9t$ 9 ! v]nacul> & scatt]$ broadca/4 ,lu!r ?\ght t e human be+1 by ! "t he has rea*$ 8 t5? ye>1 %\ld be famili> ) ! ,holy ,gospels1 9 :i* ! v core & m>r[ ( 8 life is b\nd4 ,9 8 s]mons & addresses he urg$ a /udy ( ! ,bible & ! duty ( s5d+ *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,calv9's ,cate*ism simil>ly 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ,prote/ant l&s4 #a4 ,lu!ran ,s*ool ,organization ,,educational ,,ideas ,,( ,,lu!r4 ,lu!r enunciat$ ! mo/ progressive ideas on education ( all ! ,g]man ,prote/ant re=m]s4 ,9 8 ,lett] to ! ,mayors & ,ald]m5 ( all ! ,cities ( ,g]many 9 behalf ( ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7#aebd7 7,r4 #aef71 & 9 8 ,s]mon on ! ,duty ( ,s5d+ ,*ildr5 to ,s*ool 7#aecj71 we f9d ^! set =?4 ,t 8 ideas c\ld be b p>tially c>ri$ out is n surpris+4 ,!re 7 b few among 8 foll[]s :o c\ld und]/& su* progressive proposals1 !y 7 entirely too advanc$ = ! "t1 !re 0 no body ( v]nacul> tea*]s #h or means to prep>e !m1 ! importance ( su* tra9+ 0 n und]/ood1 & ! religi\s w>s :i* foll[$ made su* educational advantages impossible1 = a long "t to come4 ,! sad condition ( ! s*ools1 :i* he said 7 det]iorat+ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 awak5$ 8 deep regret1 & he begg$ ( ^? 9 au?ority n to ?9k ( ! subject lightly1 = ! in/ruction ( y\? is a matt] 9 :i* ,*ri/ & all ! _w are conc]n$4 ,all t[ns _h to sp5d money = roads1 def5se1 bridges1 & ! l1 & :y n "s = s*ools8 ,?is !y n[ c\ld easily af=d1 s9ce ,div9e ,grace has releas$ !m f ! exaction & robb]y ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,p>5ts cont9ually neglect$ _! educational duty1 yet !re mu/ be civil gov]nm5t4 ,7 !re nei!r s\l1 heav51 nor hell1 he decl>$1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y to h s*ools = ! sake ( affairs "h bel[4444 ,! _w has ne$ ( educat$ m5 & wom5 to ! end t m5 may gov]n ! c\ntry prop]ly & wom5 may prop]ly br+ up _! *ildr51 c>e = _! dome/ics1 & direct ! affairs ( _! h\seholds4 ,! welf>e ( ! ,/ate dep5ds ^u ! intellig5ce & virtue ( its citiz5s1 he said1 & x is !re=e ! duty ( mayors & ald]m5 9 all cities to see t ,*ri/ian s*ools are f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ 7,r4 #aef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,lu!r ,,giv+ ,,in/ruction ,an ideal draw+1 ?\gh repres5tative ( e>ly ,prote/ant popul> in/ruction ,! p>5ts ( *ildr5 he held responsible = _! ,*ri/ian & civic education4 ,?is mu/ be free1 & equally op5 to all--boys & girls1 high & l[1 ri* & poor4 ,x 0 ! inh]5t "r ( ea* *ild to be educat$1 & ! ,/ate mu/ n only see t ! means are provid$1 b also require att5dance at ! s*ools 7,r4 #aeh74 ,at ! basis ( all education lay ,*ri/ian education4 ,! importance ( ! s]vices ( ! tea*] 0 beyond ord9>y compreh5sion 7,r4 #aeg74 ,tea*]s %\ld be tra9$ = _! "w1 & cl]gym5 %\ld h _h exp]i5ce z tea*]s4 ,a s*ool sy/em = ,g]man p %\ld be a /ate sy/em1 divid$ into3 #a4 ,v]nacul> ,prim>y ,s*ools4 ,s*ools = ! common p1 to be taught 9 ! v]nacul>1 to be op5 to bo? sexes1 to include read+1 writ+1 physical tra9+1 s++1 & religion1 & to give practical in/ruction 9 a trade or 9 h\sehold duties4 ,^u ?is att5dance %\ld be compulsory4 ,x is my op9ion1 he said1 t we %\ld s5d boys to s*ool = "o or two h\rs a day1 & h !m le>n a trade at home ! re/ ( ! "t4 ,x is desirable t ^! two occupations m>* side by side4 #b4 ,lat9 ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,^u ^! he plac$ great emphasis 7,r4 #aef7 z prep>atory s*ools by means ( :i* a le>n$ cl]gy 0 to be p]petuat$ = ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,9 ^! he w\ld tea* ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 rhetoric1 dialectic1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 ma!matics1 music1 & gymna/ics4 #c4 ,! ,univ]sities4 ,= tra9+ = ! high] s]vice 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,johannes ,,bug5hag5 7#adhe-aeeh7 ,fa!r ( ! ,lu!ran ,volkss*ule 9 nor!rn ,g]many ,,! ,,organiz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,bug5hag54 ,lu!r assi/$ 9 reorganiz+ ! *ur*es at ,witt5b]g 7#aebc71 ,leipzig 7#aebc71 & ,magdeburg 7#aebd71 9 connection ) all ( :i* he provid$ = ,lu!ran-type s*ools4 #i ,lu!r1 ?\gh1 0 n ess5tially an organiz]4 ,! organiz+ g5ius ( ! ,re=mation1 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,g]many1 0 ,lu!r's colleague1 ,philipp ,melan*?on 7#adig-aefj71 ,pr(essor ( ,greek at ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g4 ,9 nor!rn ,g]many x 0 ,johannes ,bug5hag5 7#adhe-aeeh71 ano!r ( ,lu!r's colleagues at ,witt5b]g4 ,m ?an any o!r ,g]mans ^! two direct$ ! necess>y reorganization ( religion & education 9 ^? p>ts ( ,g]many :i* *ang$ f ,roman ,ca?olicism to ,g]man ,lu!ranism4 ,! *ur*es1 ( c\rse1 _h to be reorganiz$ z ,lu!ran *ur*es1 & ! s*ools connect$ ) !m ref\nd$ z ,lu!ran s*ools4 ,= ! reorganization ( ea* ( ^! a m or less detail$ ,ordnung _h to be writt5 out 7,rs4 #aei1 #afj74 ,9 ?is *ange ca!dral & o!r l>ge *ur* s*ools became ,lat9 second>y s*ools1 :ile ! song1 *antry1 & o!r types ( p>i% elem5t>y s*ools 7 trans=m$ into ,lu!ran v]nacul> p>i% s*ools4 ,bug5hag5 0 s5t to reorganize ! *ur*es ( nor!rn ,g]many4 ,be+ 9 close sympa?y ) ,lu!r's ideas1 he made good provision = ,lu!ran p>i% s*ools 9 connection ) ea* ( ! *ur*es he reorganiz$4 ,at ,brunswick 7#aebh71 ,hamburg 7#aebi7 7,r4 #aei71 ,lbeck 7#aecj71 = 8 native ,/ate ( ,pom]ania 7#aecd71 = ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 7#aecg71 & else:]e 9 nor!rn ,g]many1 he drew up *ur* & s*ool plans 7,kir*5 und ,s*ule- ,ordnung57 :i* =m$ models 7,rs4 #aei1 #afj7 = _m nor!rn ,g]man cities & t[ns4 ,besides provid+ = a ,lat9 s*ool = ! city1 he organiz$ elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools 9 ea* p>i%1 = bo? boys & girls1 9 :i* in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 & religion 0 to be giv5 9 ! ,g]man tongue4 ,he has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ! ,g]man ,volkss*ule1 ?\gh probably mu* ( :at he did 0 m]ely ! r$irection ( exi/+ s*ools4 ,9 #aecg he 0 call$ to ,d5m>k1 by ! ,dani% ,k+1 to reorganize ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 & ! ,dani% ,*ur* & s*ools z ,lu!ran in/itutions4 ,ef=ts 7 also made to create ,prote/ant s*ools 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries4 ,9 ,d5m>k writ+-s*ools = bo? boys & girls 7 organiz$1 & ! sexton ( ea* p>i% 0 ord]$ to ga!r ! *ildr5 toge!r once a week = in/ruction 9 ! ,cate*ism4 ,9 ,sw$5 little 0 done be=e #afhf1 :5 ,*>les ,,xi orda9$ t ! sacri/an ( ea* p>i% %\ld in/ruct ! *ildr5 9 read+1 :ile ! religi\s in/ruction %\ld be conduct$ by ! cl]gy1 & c>ri$ on by means ( s]mons1 ! ,cate*ism1 & a ye>ly public exam9ation4 ,! ability to read & a k ( ! ,cate*ism 0 made necess>y = communion4 ,a ,sw$i% law ( ?is same "t also ord]$ t1 ,no "o %\ld ent] ! m>ri$ /ate )\t kn[+ ! less] ,cate*ism ( ,lu!r by he>t & hav+ receiv$ ! sacram5t4 ,?is latt] regulation drove ! peasants to reque/ ! erection ( *ildr5's s*ools 9 ! p>i%es1 to be support$ by ! ,/ate1 ?\gh x 0 n = m ?an a c5tury t ?is 0 g5]ally br\ght ab\t4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is legislation 0 t ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 !n includ+ ,f9l&1 e>ly became lit]ate nations4 ,,! ,,reorganiz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,melan*?on4 ,melan*?on1 unlike ,bug5hag51 0 ess5tially a humani/ic s*ol>1 & 8 int]e/ lay *iefly ,9 ! ,lat9 second>y s*ools4 ,he prep>$ plans = s*ools 9 _m cities & small] ,/ates ( c5tral & s\!rn ,g]many1 among :i* 7 ,lu!r's native t[n1 ,eisleb5 7#aebe71 & = ,nuremb]g 7#aebf71 ,h]zeb]g 7#aech71 ,cologne 7#aedc71 & ,witt5b]g 7#aede7 among cities2 & ,saxony 7#aebh71 ,meckl5b]g 7#aeeb71 & ! ,palat9ate 7#aeef7 among ,/ates4 ,! s*ools he provid$ = ,saxony may be describ$ z typical ( 8 "w4 ,9 #aebg he 0 ask$ by ! ,elector ( ,saxony to head a commission ( ?ree to travel ov] ! k+dom & report on its ne$s z to s*ools4 ,9 8 ,report1 or ,book ( ,visitation1 :i* 0 probably ! fir/ s*ool survey report 9 hi/ory1 he outl9$ 9 detail plans = s*ool organization = ! ,/ate 7,r4 #afa71 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an ab/ract3 ,ea* s*ool 0 to consi/ ( ?ree classes4 ,9 ! fir/ class !re 0 to be taught ! beg9n+s ( read+ & writ+1 9 bo? ! v]nacul> & 9 ,lat91 ,lat9 gramm> 7,donatus71 ! ,cre$1 ! ,"l's pray]1 & ! pray]s & hymns ( ! *ur* s]vice4 ,9 ! second class ,lat9 became ! language ( in/ruction1 & ,lat9 gramm> 0 ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,lat9 au?ors 7 read1 & religi\s in/ruction 0 cont9u$4 ,9 ! ?ird class m advanc$ "w 9 read+ ,lat9 7,livy1 ,sallu/1 ,v]gil1 ,horace1 & ,cic]o7 0 giv51 & rhetoric & dialectic 7 /udi$4 ,^! 7 ess5tially humani/ic s*ools ) b a little prep>atory "w 9 ! v]nacul>1 & _! purpose 0 to prep>e ^? likely to become ! future lead]s ( ! ,/ate = entrance to ! univ]sities4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 ,melan*?on's conception z to ! ne$s = education f ! conceptions ( ,lu!r & ,bug5hag5 may easily be se54 ,yet1 s great 7 8 s]vices 9 organiz+ & advis+1 & s well did su* s*ools meet ! great dem& ( ! "t = educational lead]s t he has1 v prop]ly1 be5 call$ ! ,preceptor ( ,g]many4 ,8 "w 0 copi$ by o!r lead]s1 & ! result 0 ! organization ( a l>ge numb] ( humani/ic gymnasia ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,g]many1 9 :i* ! new le>n+ & ! ,prote/ant fai? 7 comb9$4 ,/urm's s*ool at ,/rassburg 7p4 #bgb7 0 "o ( ! m important & bett] organiz$ ( ?is type1 _m ( :i* h _h a cont9u\s exi/5ce up to ! pres5t4 ,by #aedj ! process 0 begun ( end[+ su* s*ools f ! proce$s ( old mona/]ies1 confiscat$ by ! ,/ate1 & _m ,g]man gymnasia ( to-day trace _! orig9 back to "s old mona/ic f\ndation1 alt]$ by /ate au?ority to meet mod]n ne$s & purposes4 ,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/ems4 ,melan*?on's ,saxony plan 0 put into p>tial op]ation z a ,lu!ran ,*ur* s*ool sy/em1 b ! fir/ ,g]man ,/ate to organize a complete sy/em ( s*ools 0 ,wrtemb]g 7,r4 #afb71 9 s\?we/]n ,g]many1 9 #aeei4 ,?is m>ks ! real beg9n+ ( ! ,g]man /ate s*ool sy/ems4 ,?ree classes ( s*ools 7 provid$ =3 7#a7 ,elem5t>y s*ools1 = bo? sexes1 9 :i* 7 to be taught read+1 writ+1 reckon+1 s++1 & religion1 all 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,^! 7 to be provid$ 9 e village 9 ! ,du*y4 7#b7 ,lat9 s*ools 7,p>ticul>s*ul571 ) five or six classes1 9 :i* ! ability to read1 write1 & speak ,lat91 toge!r ) ! elem5ts ( ma!matics & ,greek 9 ! la/ ye>1 7 to be taught4 7#c7 ,! univ]sities or colleges ( ! ,/ate1 ( :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,tb+5 7f4 #adgf7 & ! high] s*ool at ,/uttg>t 7 decl>$ to be con/itu5t p>ts4 ,act+ ?r\gh ! *ur* au?orities1 ^! s*ools 7 to be "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate4 ,! example ( ,wrtemb]g 0 foll[$ by a numb] ( ! small] ,g]man ,/ates4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,brunswick foll[$ ! same plan1 & 9 #aehj ,saxony revis$ its s*ool organization aft] ! /ate-sy/em plan ?us e/abli%$4 ,9 #afai ! ,du*y ( ,weim> add$ compulsory education 9 ! v]nacul> = all *ildr5 f six to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,9 #afdb1 ! same date z ! fir/ ,massa*usetts s*ool law 7*apt] ,,xv71 ,duke ,erne/ ! ,pi\s ( little ,saxe-,go?a & ,alt5burg e/abli%$ ! fir/ s*ool sy/em ( a mod]n type 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,an intellig5t & ard5t ,prote/ant1 he attempt$ to elevate 8 mis]able peasants1 aft] ! ravages ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 by a wise economic adm9i/ration & univ]sal education4 ,) ! help ( a disciple ( ! greate/ educational ?9k] ( ! p]iod1 ,john ,amos ,com5ius 7*apt] ,,xvii71 he work$ out a ,s*ool ,code 7,s*ulme?ode1 #afdb7 :i* 0 ! p$agogic ma/]piece ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7,r4 #afc74 ,9 x he provid$ = compulsory s*ool att5dance1 & regulat$ ! details ( me?od1 grad+1 & c\rses ( /udy4 ,tea*]s 7 paid sal>ies :i* = ! "t 7 l>ge1 p5sions = _! wid[s & *ildr5 7 provid$1 & textbooks 7 prep>$ & suppli$ free4 ,s successful 7 8 ef=ts t ,go?a became "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s little spots 9 ,europe1 & x 0 said t ,duke ,erne/'s peasants 7 bett] educat$ ?an noblem5 any:]e else4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury mo/ ( ! ,g]man ,/ates _h foll[$ ! ,wrtemb]g plan ( organization4 ,ev5 ,duke ,albre*t ,v ( ,bav>ia1 :i* 0 a ,ca?olic ,/ate1 ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,g]man s*ools ?r\gh\t 8 realm1 ) in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 & ! ,ca?olic cre$1 ! s*ools to be responsible ?r\gh ! ,*ur* to ! ,/ate4 ,,prote/ant ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,organization4 ,we see "h 9 ,g]man l&s a new1 &1 = ! future1 a v important t5d5cy4 ,?r\gh\t all ! long ,middle ,ages ! ,*ur* _h absolutely controll$ all education4 ,f ! suppression ( ! pagan s*ools1 9 #ebi ,a4,d41 to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation !re _h be5 no "o to dispute ) ! ,*ur* its complete monopoly ( education4 ,ev5 ,*>lemagne's attempt at ! /imulation ( educational activity _h be5 cle>ly )9 ! l9es ( *ur* control4 ,until ! beg9n+s ( ! mod]n ,/ates1 foll[+ ! ,crusades1 ! ,*ur* _h be5 ! ,/ate z well1 & = long humbl$ any rul] :o d>$ dispute its p[]4 ,9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages nobles & ris+ p>liam5ts _h at times sid$ ) ! k+ aga9/ ! ,*ur*--w>n+s ( a *ang+ ,europe t ! ,*ur* %\ld h he$$--b !re _h be5 no s]i\s tr\ble ) ! ris+ nationalities be=e ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,n[1 9 ,prote/ant l&s1 all 0 *ang$4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 ov]?r[n4 ,by ! ,peace ( ,augsburg 7#aeee7 ea* ,g]man pr9ce & t[n & knight 7 to be p]mitt$ to make *oice betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ,lu!ran fai?1 & all subjects 7 to accept ! fai? ( _! rul] or emigrate4 ,?is e/abli%$ fre$om ( consci5ce = ! rul]s1 b = no "o else4 ,x also gave !m control ( bo? religi\s & secul> affairs1 ?us unit+ 9 ! p]son ( ! rul]1 l>ge or small1 control ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,?is 0 z mu* progress t[>d religi\s fre$om z ! _w 0 !n ready =1 z ,*ur* & ,/ate _h be5 unit$ = s _m c5turies t a complete sep>ation ( ! two 0 almo/ inconceivable4 ,x 0 left = ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#aghg7 to completely divorce ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & to r$uce ! *ur*es to ! control ( purely spiritual affairs4 ,! ,g]man rul]s1 h[ev]1 7 n[ free to develop s*ools z !y saw fit1 &1 ?r\gh _! head%ip ( ! ,*ur* 9 _! pr9cipality or du*y or city1 to control education !re94 ,we h "h ! beg9n+s ( ! transf] ( educational control f ! ,*ur* to ! ,/ate1 ! ultimate fruition ( :i* came fir/ 9 ,g]man l&s1 & :i* 0 to be ! great "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! k+ly or ducal head%ip ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?r\gh x ( ! educational sy/em ( ! k+dom or du*y1 t ! great educational developm5t 9 ,wrtemb]g1 ,saxony1 & ,go?a 0 br\ght ab\t by _! rul]s1 & x 0 ?r\gh ! rul+ pr9ces t ! ,g]man ,univ]sities 7 re=m$ #aj & ! new ,prote/ant univ]sities e/abli%$4 #aa ,ev5 9 ,ca?olic ,/ates1 z ,bav>ia1 ! ,g]man /ate-control idea took root e>ly4 ,_m ( ! important features ( ! mod]n ,g]man s*ool sy/ems are to be se5 9 _! beg9n+s 9 ^! ,lu!ran /ate-*ur* s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,g]man ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,control #b4 ,anglican f\ndations ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,education ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,engl& took a v diff]5t direction f :at x did 9 ,g]many1 & its educational results 9 consequ5ce 7 v diff]5t4 ,9 ,engl& ! re=m movem5t 0 mu* m political 9 "* ?an 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,h5ry ,,viii 0 no ,prote/ant1 9 ! s5se t ,lu!r or ,calv9 or ,zw+li or ,knox 04 ,he di/ru/$ _! tea*+s1 & 0 always anxi\s to expla9 objections to ! old fai?4 ,! p ( ,engl& z a body1 too1 _h be5 mu* less antagoniz$ by ! exactions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! immoral lives ( ! monks & ,roman cl]gy2 ! new le>n+ _h awak5$ !re some:at less ( a _s ( moral & religi\s re=m2 & ! re=mation movem5t ( ,lu!r1 aft] a decade & a half1 _h r\s$ no g5]al int]e/4 ,! *ange f ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai? to an indep5d5t ,engli% ,*ur*1 :5 made1 0 9 consequ5ce mu* m nom9al ?an _h be5 ! case 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,z a result ! sev]ance f ,rome 0 l>gely c>ri$ out by ! rul+ classes1 & ! masses ( ! p 7 9 no way deeply int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! ,engli% ,national ,*ur* m]ely took ov] mo/ ( ! functions =m]ly ex]cis$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 g5]al ! same prie/s rema9$ 9 *>ge ( ! p>i% *ur*es1 & ! *ur* doctr9es & *ur* practices 7 n greatly alt]$ by ! *ange 9 allegiance4 ,! *ang+ ( ! s]vice f ,lat9 to ,engli% 0 p]haps ! mo/ important *ange4 ,! ,engli% ,*ur*1 9 _s & s]vice1 has 9 consequ5ce reta9$ ! greate/ resemblance to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( any ,prote/ant d5om9ation4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,lu!ran idea ( p]sonal responsibility = salvation1 & h5ce ! ne$ ( all be+ taught to read1 made sc>cely any impression 9 ,engl&4 ,by ! "t ( ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc7 x _h become a settl$ conviction ) ! ,engli% z a p t ! provision ( education 0 a matt] = ! ,*ur*1 & 0 no bus9ess ( ! ,/ate1 & ?is attitude cont9u$ until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,engli% ,*ur* m]ely succe$$ ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ! control ( education1 & n[ lic5s$ ! tea*]s 7,r4 #afh71 took _! oa? ( allegiance 7,r4 #afg71 sup]vis$ pray]s 7,r4 #afi7 & ! in/ruction1 & became v /rict z to con=mity to ! new fai? 7,rs4 #afd-aff71 :ile ! s*ools1 aside f ! private tuition & end[$ s*ools1 cont9u$ to be ma9ta9$ *iefly f religi\s s\rces1 *>itable funds1 & tuition fees4 ,private tuition s*ools 9 "t fl\ri%$1 & ! tutor 9 ! home became ! rule ) families ( means4 ,! poor] p l>gely did )\t s*ool+1 z !y _h done = c5turies be=e4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! educational results ( ! *ange 9 ! head%ip ( ! ,*ur* relate almo/ entirely to gramm> s*ools & to ! univ]sities1 & n to elem5t>y education4 ,! developm5t ( any?+ approa*+ a sy/em ( elem5t>y s*ools = ,engl& 0 consequ5tly left = ! educational awak5+ ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 ?is f9ally came ! developm5t 0 due to political & economic1 & n to religi\s causes4 ,! ,engli% ,act ( ,supremacy 7,r4 #aec71 :i* sev]$ ,engl& f ,rome1 _h be5 pass$ by p>liam5t 9 #aecd4 ,9 #aecf an ,engli% ,bible 0 issu$ to ! *ur*es1 #ab ! s]vices 7 ord]$ conduct$ 9 ,engli%1 & 9 #aedi ! ,engli% ,pray] ,book1 ,psalt]1 & ,cate*ism 7 put into use4 ,9 #aech ! ,engli% ,bible 0 ord]$ *a9$ 9 ! *ur*es1 #ac t ! p might read x 7,r4 #agj71 & ! p 7 ord]$ in/ruct$ 9 ,engli% 9 ! ,cre$1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,! *ange ( ! s]vice to ,engli% 0 p]haps ! l>ge/ educational ga9 ! masses ( ! p obta9$ z ! result ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,a ,,*a9$ ,,bible 7,r$rawn f an old pr9t %[+ a *a9$ ,bible 9 a *ur* 9 ,york1 ,engl&7 ,,suppression ,,( ,,! ,,mona/]ies ,,& ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,gramm> ,,s*ools4 ,betwe5 #aecf & #aeci ! mo/ /rik+ result ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl& took place1--! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,_! d\btful reputation enabl$ ,h5ry & ,p>liam5t to confiscate _! prop]ty1 & ! dead h& ( mona/icism 0 remov$ f a ?ird ( ! l&s ( ,engl&4 ,!re 7 prec$5ts = ?is 9 pre-,re=mation times1 ! *ur* au?orities !mselves hav+ conv]t$ sev]al mona/ic f\ndations into gramm> s*ools4 ,at "o bl[ ,p>liam5t n[ suppress$ ! mona/]ies ( all ,engl&1 "s eight ?\s& monks & nuns 7 driv5 out1 _m ( ! mona/]ies1 nunn]ies1 & abbey *ur*es 7 de/roy$1 & ! mona/ic l&s 7 =feit$ to ! ,cr[n4 ,x 0 a ru?less proce$+1 ?\gh 9 ! long c\rse ( hi/ory b5eficial to ! nation4 ,mu* ( ! l& 0 giv5 to influ5tial foll[]s ( ! k+ 9 return = _! support1 & a l>ge "p ( ! proce$s f sales 0 sp5t on coa/ def5ses & a navy1 ?\gh m ?an 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be ! case 0 us$ 9 ref\nd+ gramm> s*ools4 ,a numb] ( ! mona/]ies 7 conv]t$ into collegiate *ur*es1 ) s*ools atta*$4 ,"s ( ! alms-h\ses & hospitals confiscat$ at ! same "t 7 simil>ly us$1 & ! ca!dral *ur*es 9 n9e ,engli% cities 7 tak5 f ! monks 7,r4 #aga71 :o _h driv5 out ! regul> cl]gy dur+ ! t5? to ! twelf? c5turies1 & 7 ref\nd$ z ca!dral *ur* s*ools4 ,! ca!dral *ur* s*ool at ,cant]bury1 :i* ,h5ry ref\nd$ 9 #aeda z a humani/ic gramm> s*ool1 ) a song s*ool atta*$1 & = ! gov]nm5t ( :i* he made detail$ provisions 7,r4 #agb71 is typical ( a s*ool :i* _h fall5 into bad repute 7,r4 #aga71 & 0 lat] ref\nd$ z a result ( ! confiscation ( ! mona/ic prop]ty4 ,! ,college ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* at ,ox=d1 & ,tr9ity ,college at ,cambridge1 7 also ri*ly end[$ f ! mona/ic proce$s4 ,9 #aedf ano!r ,act ( ,p>liam5t ve/$ ! title ( all *antry f\ndations1 "s two hundr$ 9 numb]1 9 ! ,cr[n t !y might be alt]$1 *ang$1 & am5d$ to conv]t !m to good & godly uses z 9 ! erect+ ( gramm> s*ools1 b s press+ became ! royal ne$ = money t1 aft] _! sale1 ! int5d$ end[m5ts 7 nev] made4 ,z ! song s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$ orig9ally to tra9 a few boys to help a prie/ s+ mass1 & z ! s]vice 0 n[ to be read r ?an sung1 ! ne$ = *ori/]s l>gely disappe>$4 ,be+ reg>d$ z nurs]ies ( sup]/ition1 !y 7 ab&on$ )\t regret4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,! ,,free ,,s*ool ,,at ,,h>r[ ,"o ( ! ,great ,public ,gramm> ,s*ools ( ,engl&4 ,f\nd$ 9 #aega1 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?2 build+ f9i%$ 9 #aeic4 ,! names ( fam\s old boys are se5 lett]$ on ! wall at ! back4 ,pupils are se5 seat$ 9 =ms1 recit+ to ! ma/]s4 7,f a picture publi%$ by ,ack]mann1 9 8 illu/rat$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,colleges ( ,w9*e/]1 ,eton1 ,we/m9/]1 etc4 ,london1 #ahaf47 ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! result ( ! *ange 9 religi\s allegiance 9 ,engl& 0 a mat]ial decrease 9 ! numb] ( places (f]+ gramm>-s*ool advantages1 ?\gh ) a mat]ial improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! in/ruction provid$1 & a consequ5t decrease 9 ! numb] ( boys giv5 free education 9 ! ref\nd$ gramm> s*ools4 ,z = elem5t>y education1 ! abolition ( ! song1 *antry1 & hospital s*ools took away mo/ ( ! elem5t>y s*ools :i* _h once exi/$4 ,! cl]k ( ! p>i% usually replac$ !m by tea*+ a c]ta9 numb] ( boys to read ,engli% intellig5tly in/ead ( ,lat9 un9tellig5tly1 _m new p>i% elem5t>y s*ools 7 creat$1 especially dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 & 9 "t ! dame s*ool1 ! *>ity s*ool1 ! writ+ s*ool1 & appr5tice%ip tra9+ arose 7*apt] ,,xviii7 & became regul> ,engli% in/itutions4 ,^! types ( s*ool+ con/itut$ almo/ all ! elem5t>y-s*ool advantages provid$ 9 ,engl& until well into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! po/-,re=mation educational en]gy ( ,engl& 0 giv5 to ! f\nd+ ( gramm> s*ools1 & dur+ ! c5tury & a half be=e ! outbreak ( ! /ruggle ) ,james ,,ii 7#afhh7 to put an end 9 ,engl& = all "t to ! late-m$iaeval !ory ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 a total ( #eeh gramm> s*ools 7 f\nd$ or ref\nd$4 #ae ,! gramm> s*ools ?us f\nd$ 71 "o & all1 gramm> s*ools ( ! re=m$ humani/ic type4 ,:at 0 to be taught 9 !m 0 seldom m5tion$ 9 ! f\ndation articles1 z x 0 assum$ t e "o knew :at a gramm> s*ool 01 s well by ?is "t _h ! humani/ic type become e/abli%$4 ,!y 7 "o & all model$ aft] ! in/ruction fir/ provid$ 9 ,sa9t ,paul's ,s*ool 7p4 #bge7 9 ,london1 & su* modifications z _h be5 sanction$ ) "t1 & ?is cont9u$ to be ! type ( ,engli% second>y s*ool in/ruction until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,dom9at+ ,,religi\s ,,purpose4 ,! religi\s conflicts foll[+ ! re=mation movem5t ev]y:]e int5sifi$ religi\s prejudices & /imulat$ religi\s bigotry4 ,?is 0 soon reflect$ 9 ! s*ools ( all l&s4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! re/oration "u ,ca?olic ,m>y 7#aeec-eh7 & ! f9al re/abli%m5t ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* "u ,elizabe? 7#aeeh71 all s*ool in/ruction became n>r[ly religi\s & ,engli% ,prote/ant 9 type4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! gramm> s*ools _h become nurs]ies ( ! fai?1 z well z v =mal & discipl9>y 9 "*4 ,9 ,engl&1 p]haps m ?an 9 any o!r ,prote/ant c\ntry1 ,*ri/ianity came to be id5tifi$ ) a /rict con=mity to ! tea*+s & practices ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & to tea* t p>ticul> fai? became "o ( ! p>ticul> missions ( all types ( s*ools4 ,bi%ops 7 in/ruct$ to hunt out s*oolma/]s :o 7 uns\nd 9 ! fai? 7,r4 #afd a71 & tea*]s 7 depriv$ ( _! positions = noncon=mity 7,r4 #afd b74 ,m effectively to h&le ! problem a s]ies ( laws 7 enact$1 ! result ( :i* 0 to in/itute su* an inquisitorial policy t ! position ( s*oolma/] became almo/ intol]able4 ,9 #aehj a law 7,r4 #afe7 impos$ a f9e ( #aj on any "o employ+ a s*oolma/] ( uns\nd fai?1 ) disability & imprisonm5t = ! s*oolma/] s (f5d+2 9 #afjc ano!r law requir$ a lic5se f ! bi%op on ! "p ( all s*oolma/]s z a condition prec$5t to tea*+2 9 #affb ! obnoxi\s ,act ( ,uni=mity 7,r4 #aff7 requir$ e s*oolma/] 9 any type ( s*ool1 & all private tutors1 to subscribe to a decl>ation t !y w\ld con=m to ! liturgy ( ! ,*ur*1 z e/abli%$ by law1 ) f9e & imprisonm5t = break+ ! law2 9 #affe ! s-call$ ,five-,mile ,act =bade ,diss5t]s to tea* 9 any s*ool1 "u p5alty ( a f9e ( #dj2 & 9 t same ye> bi%ops 7 in/ruct$ to see t ! said s*oolma/]s1 u%]s1 s*oolmi/resses1 & in/ructors1 or tea*]s ( y\?1 publicly or privately1 d !mselves frequ5t ! public pray]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & cause _! s*ol>s to d ! same2 & :e!r !y appe> well affect$ to ! ,gov]nm5t ( 8 ,maje/y1 & ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is attitude also ext5d$ upw>d to ! univ]sities z well1 :]e noncon=mi/s 7 prohibit$ by law 7#aeeh7 f receiv+ degrees1 a condition n rem$i$ until #ahga 7,r4 #cje74 ,! great purpose ( in/ruction came to be to support ! au?ority & ! rule ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & ! almo/ complete purpose ( elem5t>y in/ruction came to be to tra9 pupils to read ! ,cate*ism1 ! ,pray] ,book1 & ! ,bible4 ,?is int5se religi\s attitude 9 ,engl& 0 reflect$ 9 e>ly colonial ,am]ica1 z we %all see 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,,! ,,poor-,,law ,,legislation1 ,,& ,,its ,,educational ,,significance4 ,aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury1 due 9 "p to ! rise ( ! wool indu/ry 9 ,fl&]s1 ,engl& began to *ange f a f>m+ to a %eep-rais+ c\ntry4 ,accompany+ ?is decl9e 9 ! importance ( f>m+ !re _h be5 a sl[ b gradual gr[? ( trade & manufactur+ 9 ! cities1 & to ! cities ! surplus ( rural peasantry began to drift4 ,! co/ ( liv+ also increas$ rapidly aft] ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z a result !re 0 a m>k$ %ift+ ( occupations1 mu* unemploym5t1 & a con/antly increas+ numb] ( p]sons 9 ne$ ( poor-relief4 ,9 ! "t ( ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc7 x has be5 e/imat$ t "o half ! population ( ,engl& did n h an income suffici5t = su/5ance1 & great numb]s ( *ildr5 7 runn+ ab\t )\t prop] food or c>e1 & gr[+ up 9 idl5ess & vice4 ,! situation1 :i* _h be5 gr[+ worse = two c5turies1 culm9at$ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation :5 ! religi\s h\ses1 :i* _h previ\sly provid$ alms1 7 confiscat$ z a result ( ! re=mation activities4 ,! gr\ndwork ( ! old sy/em ( religi\s *>ity 0 ?us swept away1 & ! relation :i* _h = s long exi/$ betwe5 pray] & p5ance & almsgiv+ & *>ity 0 alt]$4 ,! nation 0 ?us =c$ to deal ) ! problem ( poor-relief1 & ) ! c>e ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,9 ! place ( ! old sy/em ! p 7 =c$1 by circum/ances1 to develop a new conception ( ! ,/ate z a community ( peoples b\nd toge!r by community int]e/1 good feel+1 *>ity1 & s]vice4 ,z ?is new conception dawn$ on ! ,engli% p1 a s]ies ( laws 7 enact$ :i* attempt$ to provide = ! situation :i* _h be5 creat$4 ,^! 7 progressive 9 "*1 & rang$ ov] mu* ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fir/ ! poor 7 re/rict$ f begg+1 outside ( c]ta9 specifi$ limits4 ,next *ur* collections & p>i% support = ! poor 7 ord]$ 7#aeec71 & ! p 7 to be urg$ to give4 ,!n workh\ses = ! poor & _! *ildr51 & mat]ials ) :i* to "w1 7 ord]$ provid$1 & ^? p]sons ( means :o w\ld n give freely 7 to be cit$ be=e ! bi%op fir/ 7,r4 #agc71 & ! ju/ices lat]1 & if necess>y =cibly assess$ 7#aefc74 ,! next /ep 0 to p]mit ! local au?orities to raise ne$$ funds by /rictly local taxation 7#aegb74 ,9 #afja ! la/ /ep 0 tak51 :5 ! compulsory taxation ( all p]sons ( prop]ty 0 ord]$ to provide ! necess>y poor-relief1 & ! excessive burd5s ( "o p>i% 7 to be %>$ by neighbor+ p>i%es4 ,?us1 aft] a long p]iod ( sl[ly evolv+ legislation 7,r4 #agc71 ! ,engli% ,poor-,law ( #afja 7,r4 #agd7 f9ally gave expression to ! foll[+ pr9ciples3 #a4 ,! compulsory c>e ( ! poor1 z an obligation ( ! ,/ate4 #b4 ,! compulsory appr5tice%ip ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 male & female1 to le>n a useful trade4 #c4 ,! obligation ( ! ma/] to tra9 8 appr5tices 9 a trade4 #d4 ,! obligation ( ! ov]se]s ( ! poor to supply1 :]e necess>y1 ! opportunity & ! mat]ials = su* tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 #e4 ,! compulsory taxation ( all p]sons ( prop]ty to provide ! necess>y funds = su* a purpose1 & )\t ref]5ce to any b5efits d]iv$ f ! taxation4 #f4 ,! excessive burd5s ( any "o p>i% to be pool$ ?r\gh\t ! hundr$ or c\nty4 ,9 ?is compulsory appr5tice%ip ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 ) ! obligation impos$ t su* *ildr5 mu/ be tra9$ 9 a trade & 9 prop] liv+1 ) g5]al taxation ( ^? ( prop]ty to provide workh\ses & mat]ials = su* a purpose1 we h ! g]m1 among ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 ( ! idea ( ! g5]al taxation ( all p]sons by ! ,/ate to provide s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,! appr5tic+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor to labor & ! requirem5t t !y be taught ! elem5ts ( religion soon became a fix$ ,engli% practice 7,r4 #bag71 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is idea 0 c>ri$ to ! ,am]ican colonies & firmly e/abli%$ !re4 ,x 0 on ! f\ndations ( ! ,engli% ,poor-,law ( #afja1 above /at$1 t ! fir/ ,massa*usetts law relat+ to ! s*ool+ ( all *ildr5 7#afdb7 0 fram$ 7,r4 #aij71 b ) ! significant ,calv9i/ic addition t3 #g4 ,9 eu]y t[ne ye *os5 m5 %all see t p>5ts & ma/]s n only tra9 _! *ildr5 9 le>n+ & labor1 b also to read und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion ! capitall lawes ( ?is c\ntry1 ) p[] to impose f9es on su* z refuse to r5d] acc\nts conc]n+ _! *ildr54 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:y is progress t is sub/antial ne>ly always a product ( sl[ r ?an rapid evolution8 #b4 ,%[ :y ! evolution ( _m ,prote/ant sects 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! position assum$ by ,lu!r4 ,:at is ! ultimate outcome ( ! process8 #c4 ,:y 0 x n important t m ?an a few be educat$ "u ! old] !ory ( salvation8 #d4 ,%[ h[ mod]n democratic gov]nm5t 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! ,prote/ant position4 #e4 ,:y 0 univ]sal education involv$ z a lat] b ultimate consequ5ce ( ! position tak5 by ! ,prote/ants8 #f4 ,expla9 :y ! local ,*ur* au?orities1 be=e #aebj1 tri$ s h>d to prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( v]nacul> s*ools4 #g4 ,expla9 :y ! religi\s discussions ( ! ,re=mation %\ld h s /rongly /imulat$ a desire to read4 #h4 ,expla9 ! fix+ 9 "* ( ! ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% languages by a s+le book4 ,:at _h fix$ ! ,italian8 #i4 ,0 ,lu!r probably "r :5 he wrote1 9 #aebd1 t ! s*ools 7 det]iorat+ ?r\gh\t ,g]many8 ,:y8 #aj4 ,give reasons :y ,lu!r's appeals = s*ools 7 n m fruitful4 #aa4 ,:at 0 ! significance ( ! position ( ,lu!r = ! future education ( girls8 #ab4 ,0 ,lu!r's idea t a cl]gyman %\ld h _h "s exp]i5ce z a tea*] a good "o1 or n8 ,:y8 #ac4 ,h[ d y expla9 ,lu!r's ideas z to c\pl+ up elem5t>y & trade education 9 8 prim>y s*ools8 #ad4 ,po9t out ! simil>ity ( ,lu!r's s*eme = a s*ool sy/em ) ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em z f9ally evolv$ 7,figure #if74 #ae4 ,%[ h[ ,melan*?on's ,saxony ,plan diff]$ f ,lu!r's ideas4 ,= ! times 0 x a m practical plan8 ,:y8 #af4 ,expla9 :y ! ,lu!ran idea ( p]sonal responsibility = salvation made s little headway 9 ,engl&1 & %[ t ! natural educational consequ5ces ( ?is result$4 #ag4 ,%[ :at diff]5t conditions 7 likely to foll[1 9 lat] c5turies1 f ! diff]5t /&s tak5 z to ! relation ( ! ,/ate & ,*ur* to education by ! ,g]man p by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & by ! ,engli% at ! "t ( ,elizabe?4 #ah4 ,comp>e ! orig9 ( ! v]nacul> elem5t>y-s*ool tea*] 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 #ai4 ,lea* e/imates t1 9 #aedf1 !re 7 approximately ?ree hundr$ gramm> s*ools 9 ,engl& = a total population ( approximately two & "o half millions4 ,ab\t :at opportunities = gramm>-s*ool education did ?is af=d8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #aed4 ,ra%dall3 ,diffusion ( ,education 9 ,m$iaeval ,times4 #aee4 ,times3 ,! ,v]nacul> ,/yle ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bible4 #aef4 ,lu!r3 ,to ! ,mayors & ,magi/rates ( ,g]many4 #aeg4 ,lu!r3 ,dignity & ,importance ( ! ,tea*]'s ,"w4 #aeh4 ,lu!r3 ,on ! ,duty ( ,compell+ ,s*ool ,att5dance4 #aei4 ,hamburg3 ,an ,example ( a ,lu!ran ,kir*5ordnung4 #afj4 ,brieg3 ,an ,example ( a ,lu!ran ,s*uleordnung4 #afa4 ,melan*?on3 ,! ,saxony ,s*ool ,plan4 #afb4 ,raum]3 ,! ,s*ool ,sy/em ,e/abli%$ 9 ,wrtemb]g4 #afc4 ,duke ,erne/3 ,! ,s*uleme?odus = ,go?a4 #afd4 ,/rype3 ,! ,sup]vision ( a ,tea*]'s ,acts & ,religi\s ,beliefs 9 ,engl&4 7a7 ,lett] ( ,que5's ,c\ncil on4 7b7 ,dismissal ( a ,tea*] = non-con=mity4 #afe4 ,elizabe?3 ,p5alties on ,non-con=m+ ,s*oolma/]s4 #aff4 ,/atutes3 ,engli% ,act ( ,uni=mity ( #affb4 #afg4 ,c>lisle3 ,oa? ( a ,gramm> ,s*ool ,ma/]4 #afh4 ,/rype3 ,an ,engli% ,elem5t>y-,s*ool ,tea*]'s ,lic5se4 #afi4 ,c[p]3 ,gramm> ,s*ool ,/atutes reg>d+ ,pray]s4 #agj4 ,gre53 ,effect ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bible into ,engli%4 #aga4 ,old ,,ms43 ,ignorance ( ! ,monks at ,cant]bury & ,mess5d54 #agb4 ,p>k]3 ,ref\nd+ ( ! ,ca!dral ,s*ool at ,cant]bury4 #agc4 ,ni*olls3 ,orig9 ( ! ,engli% ,poor-,law ( #afja4 #agd4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,engli% ,poor ,law ( #afja4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,f ! selection f ,ra%dall 7#aed71 :at d y inf] z to ! effect ( ! ,re=mation on ! s*ools8 ,:at k9d ( s*ools does ,ra%dall describe z exi/+8 #b4 ,contra/ ! v]nacul> /yle ( ! ,bible 7#aee7 ) ! ,cic]onian4 #c4 ,*>act]ize ! ?ree extracts 7#aef-eh7 f ,lu!r4 #d4 ,h[ advanc$ 0 ! gr\nd tak5 by ,lu!r 7#aeh78 ,w\ld we accept ! logic ( 8 argum5t to-day8 #e4 ,j :at d ! ,hamburg 7#aei7 & ,brieg 7#afj7 ,ordnung5 indicate8 #f4 ,comp>e ,melan*?on's ,saxony ,plan 7#afa7 ) ,/urm's 7#acg7 & ! ,fr5* ,collge de ,guy5ne 7#acf71 & grade ! ?ree 9 ord] ( importance4 #g4 ,%[ ! close simil>ity ( ! ,wrtemb]g plan ( #aeei-fe 7#afb7 & a mod]n ,g]man /ate s*ool sy/em4 #h4 ,h[ advanc$ = ! "t 0 ! "w ( ,duke ,erne/ ( ,go?a 7#afc78 #i4 ,:at k9d ( a s*ool attitude is indicat$ by ! close sup]vision ( ,engli% tea*]s1 z describ$ 9 #afd & #afe8 #aj4 ,:at w\ld be ! natural effect on ! tea*+ occupation ( su* legislation z ! ,act ( ,uni=mity 7#aff78 #aa4 ,comp>e ! =m ( lic5se ( an elem5t>y tea*] 7#afh7 ) a mod]n =m4 ,:at h we add$ & omitt$8 #ab4 ,:at d ! /atutes reg>d+ pray]s 7#afi7 indicate z to ! nature ( ! gramm> s*ools ( ! "t8 #ac4 ,*>act]ize ! educational importance ( ! translations ( ! ,bible into ! native tongues 7#agj74 #ad4 ,:at are ! m>k$ features ( ! ref\nd+ act 7#agb7 = ,cant]bury ca!dral s*ool8 ,:at improvem5ts are indicat$8 #ae4 ,/ate ! /eps 9 ! developm5t 7#agc7 ( ! ,engli% ,poor-,law ( #afja1 j :at ! law provid$ = 7#agd71 & j :at elem5ts necess>y to ! creation ( a /ate s*ool sy/em 7 incorporat$ into x4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adams1 ,g4 ,b4 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,g]man ,tea*]s & ,educators4 ,francke1 ,kuno4 ,social ,=ces 9 ,g]man ,lit]ature4 99 ,good1 ,h>ry ,e4 ,! ,position ( ,lu!r ^u ,education1 9 ,s*ool & ,society1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #eaa-ah 7,nov4 #c1 #aiag74 99 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,/ate ,int]v5tion 9 ,engli% ,education4 99 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,! ,progress ( ,education 9 ,engl&4 ,pa9t]1 ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,lu!r on ,education4 ,pauls51 ,fr4 ,g]man ,education4 ,ri*>d1 ,j4 ,w4 ,philipp ,melan*?on1 ! ,prote/ant ,preceptor ( ,g]many4 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,education dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,,ii4 ,,among ,,calv9i/s ,,& ,,ca?olics #c4 ,educational "w ( ! ,calv9isms ,,! ,,organiz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,calv94 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ,am]ican educational hi/ory ! mo/ important developm5ts 9 connection ) ! ,re=mation 7 ^? aris+ f ,calv9ism4 ,:ile ! ,calv9i/ic fai? 0 r grim & =bidd+1 view$ f ! mod]n /&po9t1 ! ,calv9i/s ev]y:]e _h a program = political1 economic1 & social progress :i* has left a deep impress on ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,?is program dem&$ ! education ( all1 & 9 ! c\ntries :]e ,calv9ism became dom9ant ! lead]s includ$ g5]al education 9 _! s*eme ( religi\s1 political1 & social re=m4 #a ,9 ! gov]nm5tal program :i* ,calv9 drew up 7#aecg7 = ! religi\s republic at ,g5eva 7p4 #bih71 he held t le>n+ 0 a public necessity to secure good political adm9i/ration1 su/a9 ! ,*ur* unh>m$1 & ma9ta9 humanity among m54 ,9 8 plan = ! s*ools ( ,g5eva1 publi%$ 9 #aech1 he outl9$ a sy/em ( elem5t>y education 9 ! v]nacul> = all1 :i* involv$ in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 religion1 c>eful grammatical drill1 & tra9+ = civil z well z = ecclesia/ical lead]%ip4 ,9 8 plan ( #aeda he upholds ! pr9ciple1 z _h ,lu!r1 t ! lib]al arts & good tra9+ are aids to a full k ( ! ,^w4 ,?is involv$ ! organization ( second>y s*ools1 or colleges z he call$ !m1 foll[+ ! ,fr5* nom5clature1 to prep>e lead]s = ! m9i/ry & ! civil gov]nm5t ?r\gh in/ruction 9 ! languages & humane sci5ce4 ,9 ! colleges 7second>y s*ools7 :i* he organiz$ at ,g5eva & 9 neighbor+ places to give su* tra9+1 & :i* became models ( _! k9d :i* 7 widely copi$1 ! usual humani/ic curriculum 0 comb9$ ) int5sive religi\s in/ruction4 ,^! colleges became fam\s z in/itutions f :i* le>n$ m5 came =?4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! sev5 classes ( "o ( ! ,g5eva colleges1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ = u1 reveals ! nature ( ! in/ruction 7,r4 #age74 ,! l[e/ class began ) ! lett]s1 read+ 0 taught f a ,fr5*-,lat9 ,cate*ism1 & ! usual ,lat9 au?ors 7 read4 ,greek 0 begun 9 ! f\r? class1 &1 9 addition to ! usual ,greek au?ors1 ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 read 9 ,greek4 ,9 ! high] classes1 z 0 common also 9 ,g]man gymnasia1 logic & rhetoric 7 taught to prep>e pupils to analyze1 argue1 & def5d ! fai?4 ,elocution 0 also giv5 mu* importance 9 ! upp] classes z prep>ation = ! m9i/ry1 two orig9al orations be+ requir$ ea* mon?4 ,psalms 7 sung1 pray]s (f]$1 s]mons prea*$ & que/ion$ on1 & ! ,bible c>efully /udi$4 ,! m5 :o w5t =? f ! colleges ( ,g5eva to tea* & to prea* ! ,calv9i/ic gospel 7 numb]$ by ! hundr$s4 #b ,calv9's great educational "w at ,g5eva has be5 well summ>iz$ by a rec5t writ]1 #c z foll[s3 ,! /r5u\s moral tra9+ ( ! ,g5evese 0 an ess5tial "p ( ,calv9's "w z an educator4 ,all 7 tra9$ to respect & obey laws1 bas$ ^u ,scripture1 b enact$ & en=c$ by repres5tatives ( ! p1 & )\t respect ( p]sons4 ,h[ fully ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 n m]ely 9 s\nd le>n+ & doctr9e1 b also 9 mann]s1 good morals1 & common s5se 0 c>ri$ out is pictur$ 9 ! delightful human ,colloquies ( ,calv9's old tea*]1 ,cord]ius 7once a tea*] at ! ,college ( ,guy5ne1 p4 #bfi71 :om he twice e/abli%$ at ,g5eva4444 ,calv9's memorials to ! ,g5evan magi/rates1 8 drafts = civil law & municipal adm9i/ration1 8 correspond5ce ) re=m]s & /atesm51 8 epo*-mak+ def5se ( int]e/ tak+1 8 gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d civil1 religi\s1 & economic lib]ty1 8 developm5t ( prim>y & univ]sity education1 8 intimate k ( ! dialect & ways ( ?\ght ( ! common p ( ,g5eva1 & 8 broad und]/&+ ( ,european pr9ces1 diplomats1 & politics m>k him out z a great political1 economic1 & educational z well z a religi\s re=m]1 a con/ructive social g5ius capable ( reorganiz+ & m\ld+ ! :ole life ( a p4 ,! _w owes mu* to ! con/ructive1 /atesman-l g5ius ( ,calv9 & ^? :o foll[$ him1 & we 9 ,am]ica probably mo/ ( all4 ,g5eva became a refuge = ! p]secut$ ,prote/ants f o!r l&s1 & ?r\gh su* influ5ces ! ideas ( ,calv9 spread to ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1 ! ,walloons ( ! ,dut* & ,belgian ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,palat9ate1 ! ,presbyt]ians ( ,scotl&1 ! ,puritans 9 ,engl&1 & lat] to ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury 7,f an old woodcut by ,abraham ,bosse1 #afaa-gh7 ,,calv9ism ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r ,,l&s4 ,! great educational "w done by ! ,calv9i/s 9 ,france1 9 ! face ( heavy p]secution1 des]ves to be rank$ ) t ( ! ,lu!rans 9 ,g]many 9 its importance4 ,_h ! ,calv9i/s _h ! same opportunity = free developm5t ! ,lu!rans _h1 & especially _! /ate support1 !re c be little d\bt t _! "w w\ld h greatly exce$$ ! ,lu!rans 9 importance & influ5ce on ! future hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,beg9n+ ) "o *ur* 9 #aech1 !y _h #baej *ur*es by #aefa1 :5 ! sev]e p]secutions & religi\s w>s began4 ,true to ! ,calv9i/ic tea*+ ( putt+ pr9ciples into practice1 !y organiz$ an ext5sive sy/em ( s*ools1 ext5d+ f elem5t>y education = all1 ?r\gh second>y s*ools or colleges1 up to eight ,hugu5ot univ]sities4 ,z a p !y 7 ?rifty & capable ( mak+ great sacrifices to c>ry out _! educational ideals4 ,! education !y provid$ 0 n only religi\s b civil2 n only intellectual b moral1 social1 & economic4 ,education 0 = all1 ri* & poor alike4 ,_! synods made lib]al appropriations = ! univ]sities1 :ile municipalities provid$ = colleges & elem5t>y education4 ,!y emphasiz$1 9 ! l[] s*ools1 ! /udy ( ! v]nacul> & ari?metic1 & 9 ! colleges ,greek & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! long li/ ( fam\s tea*]s f\nd 9 _! univ]sities reveals ! "* ( _! in/ruction4 ,fo/] has well summ>iz$ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ,hugu5ot education 9 ,france1 be=e !y 7 driv5 f ! l&1 z foll[s3 #d ,! significant *>act]i/ics ( ,hugu5ot education 73 an emphasis on ! education ( ! laity2 tra9+ = ! republic & society z well z = ! ,*ur*2 insi/5ce ^u virtue z well z k2 ! wide-spread dem& = education1 & a view ( x z ess5tial to lib]ty ( consci5ce2 a compreh5sive work+ sy/em ( elem5t>y1 collegiate1 & univ]sity tra9+ = all1 poor z well z ri*2 an a/oni%+ famili>ity ) ,scripture1 ev5 among ! l[e/ classes2 utilization ( repres5tative *ur* organization = f\nd+1 support+1 & unify+ education2 read9ess to sacrifice = education1 a _s ( c>ry+ a ?+ ?r\gh at any co/2 bus9ess-l sup]vision ( money1 & sy/ematic sup]vision ( bo? pr(essors & /ud5ts2 a notable emphasis on v]nacul>1 ari?metic1 ,greek1 use ( full texts1 & libr>ies2 & f9ally a progressive _s ( inquiry & inve/igation4 ,9 ! ,palat9ate 7see map1 ,figure #hh7 "s progress 9 f\nd+ *ur*es & s*ools 0 made1 especially ab\t ,/rassburg1 & ! univ]sities ( ,heidelb]g & ,m>burg became ! c5t]s ( ,hugu5ot tea*+4 ,9 ! ,dut* ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 t "p ( ! ,belgian ,ne!rl&s inhabit$ by ! ,walloons1 ,calv9i/ ideas z to education dom9at$4 ,! univ]sities ( ,leyd5 7f4 #aege71 ,gron+5 7f4 #afad71 ,am/]dam 7f4 #afcj71 & ,utre*t 7f4 #afcf7 7 ,calv9i/ic1 & closely 9 t\* ) ! ,calv9i/s & ,hugu5ots ( ,g]man l&s & ,france4 ,popul> education 0 look$ aft] among ^! p z x 0 9 ,calv9i/ic ,france & ,g5eva4 ,! ,*ur* ,synod ( ,! ,hague 7#aehf7 ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 9 ! cities1 & 9 #afah ! ,great ,synod held at ,dort 7,r4 #agf7 ord]$ t3 ,s*ools 9 :i* ! "y %all be prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 piety & fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e %all be in/itut$ n only 9 cities1 b also 9 t[ns & c\ntry places :]e h]et(ore none h exi/$4 ,! ,*ri/ian magi/racy %all be reque/$ t honorable /ip5ds be provid$ = tea*]s1 & t well-qualifi$ p]sons may be employ$ & enabl$ to devote !mselves to t function2 & especially t ! *ildr5 ( ! poor may be gratuit\sly in/ruct$ by !m & n be exclud$ f ! b5efits ( s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,a ,,dut* ,,village ,,s*ool 7,aft] a pa9t+ by ,adrian ,o/ade1 dat$ #affb1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is7 ,fur!r provisions 7 made z to ! c]tificat+ ( s*oolma/]s1 & ! pa/ors 7 made sup]9t5d5ts ( ! s*ools1 to visit1 exam9e1 enc\rage1 advise1 & report 7,r4 #agf74 ,provision = ! free education ( ! poor became common1 & elem5t>y education 0 made accessible to all4 ,! c>eful provision = education made by ! prov9ce ( ,utre*t 7#aeij1 #afab7 7,r4 #agh7 0 typical ( ,dut* activity4 ,! prov9ce ( ,dr5! ord]$ 7#afcj7 a s*ool tax paid = all *ildr5 ov] sev51 :e!r att5d+ s*ool or n4 ,! prov9ce ( ,ov]yssel levi$ 7#afff7 a s*ool tax = all *ildr5 f eight to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! prov9ce ( ,gron+5 con/itut$ ! pa/ors ! att5dance (fic]s to see t ! *ildr5 got to s*ool4 ,am/]dam & _m o!r ,dut* cities dem&$ an exam9ation ( all tea*]s be=e be+ lic5s$ to tea*4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a good sy/em ( s*ools seems to h be5 provid$ g5]ally #e by ! ,dut* & ! ,belgian ,walloons 7,r4 #agh74 ,t ! tea*+ ( religion 0 ! ma9 function ( ! ,dut* elem5t>y s*ools1 z ( all o!r v]nacul> s*ools ( ! "t1 is se5 f ! (ficial li/s ( ! textbooks us$ 7,r4 #agh74 ,john ,knox1 ! lead] ( ! ,scotti% ,re=mation 7#aefj71 :o _h sp5t "s "t at ,g5eva & :o 0 deeply impress$ by ! ,calv9i/ic religi\s-/ate f\nd !re1 introduc$ ! ,calv9i/ic religi\s & educational ideas into ,scotl&4 ,8 ,book ( ,discipl9e = ! ,scotti% ,*ur* 7#aefj71 fram$ closely on ! ,g5evan model1 conta9$ a *apt] devot$ to education 9 :i* he propos$3 ,t ev]ie sev]all *ur*e h a s*ool-mai/] appo9t$1 su* a "o z is able at lea/ to tea* ,gramm> & ! ,lat9 tung1 yf ! ,t[n be ( any reputation4 ,yf x be upal& 444 !n mu/ ei!r ! ,reid] or ! ,m9i/] take cayre ov] ! *ildr5 444 to in/ruct !m 9 _! fir/ rudem5tie & especially 9 ! cate*isme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,john ,,knox 7#aeje8-gb7 ,! educational plan propos$ by ,knox w\ld h call$ = a l>ge exp5diture ( money1 & ?is ! ?rifty ,scot* 7 n ready =4 ,knox & 8 foll[]s !n propos$ to end[ ! new s*ools f ! old *ur* & mona/ic f\ndations1 b ! ,scotti% nobles hop$ to %>e 9 ^!1 z _h ! ,engli% nobility "u ,h5ry ,,viii1 & ,knox's plan 0 n approv$4 ,?is delay$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a real national sy/em ( education = ,scotl& until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! new ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 took ov] ! sup]9t5d5ce ( education 9 ,scotl&1 & :5 p>i% s*ools 7 f9ally e/abli%$ by decree ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 9 #afaf1 & by ! legislation ( #afcc & #afdf 7,r4 #agi71 ! ,*ur* 0 giv5 an important %>e 9 _! organization & managem5t4 ,^! s*ools1 :ile n always suffici5t 9 numb] to meet ! educational ne$s1 7 well taught1 & h deeply influ5c$ ! national "*4 #d4 ,! ,c\nt]-,re=mation ( ! ,ca?olics ,,! ,,jesuit ,,ord]4 ,! ,prote/ant ,revolt made b little headway 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 mu* ( ,france1 or s\!rn ,belgium 7see map1 p4 #bif74 ,italy 0 sc>cely di/urb$ at all1 :ile 9 ,france1 :]e ( all ^! c\ntries ! re=m ideas _h made greate/ progress1 n9e t5?s ( ! p rema9$ loyal to ,rome4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be /at$ t ^? p>ts ( we/]n ,europe :i* _h once =m$ an integral "p ( ! old ,roman ,empire rema9$ loyal to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :ile ^? :i* _h be5 ! homes ( ! ,g]manic tribes revolt$4 ,n[ x naturally happ5$ t ! c\ntries :i* rema9$ loyal to ! old ,*ur* exp]i5c$ none ( ! feel+s ( ! necessity = education z a means to p]sonal salvation :i* ! ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s felt4 ,!re1 too1 ! *ur* sy/em ( education :i* _h develop$ dur+ ! long ,middle ,ages rema9$ undi/urb$ & l>gely un*ang$4 ,! ,*ur* z an in/itution1 ?\gh1 le>n$ f ! ,prote/ants ! value ( education z a means to l>g] ends1 & soon set ab\t us+ x4 #f ,aft] ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aede-fc71 :]e def9ite *ur* re=m measures 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh 7p4 #cjc71 ! ,ca?olics inaugurat$ :at has s9ce be5 call$ a c\nt]-re=mation1 9 an ef=t to hold l&s :i* 7 /ill loyal & to w9 back l&s :i* _h be5 lo/4 ,besides re=m+ ! practices & outw>d lives ( ! *ur*m51 & re=m+ "s *ur* practices & me?ods1 ! ,*ur* inaugurat$ a campaign ( educational propag&a4 ,9 ?is la/ ! *ief reliance 0 ^u a new & a v useful organization (ficially kn[n z ! ,society ( ,jesus1 b m commonly call$ ! ,jesuit ,ord]4 ,?is _h be5 f\nd$1 9 #aecd1 by a ,spani% knight1 pilgrim1 man ( l>ge ideas1 & s*ol> by ! "n ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 & _h be5 sanction$ z an ,ord] ( ! ,*ur* by ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 9 #aedj4 ,x 0 organiz$ along /rictly milit>y l9es1 all memb]s be+ responsible to its ,g5]al1 & he 9 turn alone to ! ,pope4 ,! quiet life ( ! cloi/] 0 ab&on$ = a life ( op5 w>f>e "u a milit>y discipl9e4 ,! ,jesuit 0 to live 9 ! _w1 & all peculi>ities ( dress or rule :i* might prove an ob/acle to worldly success 7 suppress$4 ,! purposes ( ! ,ord] 7 to combat h]esy1 to advance ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*1 & to /r5g!n ! au?ority ( ! ,papacy4 ,its motto 0 ,omnia ad ,majorem ,dei ,gloriam 7t is1 ,all = ! great] glory ( ,god71 & ! means to be employ$ by x to accompli% ^! ends 7 ! pulpit1 ! confessional1 ! mission1 & ! s*ool4 ,( ^! ! s*ool 0 giv5 ! place ( fir/ importance4 ,realiz+ cle>ly t ! real cause ( ! ,re=mation _h be5 ! ignorance1 neglect1 & vici\s lives ( s _m monks & prie/s & ! extortion & neglect practic$ by ! ,*ur*1 & t ! *ief difficulty 0 9 ! high] places ( au?ority1 x became ! prime pr9ciple ( ! ,ord] to live upright & indu/ri\s lives !mselves1 & to try to rea* & tra9 ^? likely to be ! future lead]s 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,) ! education ( ! masses ( ! p ! ,ord] 0 n conc]n$4 #g ,our int]e/ lies only ) ! educational "w ( ?is ,ord]1 a "w 9 :i* x 0 rem>kably successful & ?r\gh :i* x ex]cis$ a v l>ge influ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,ignatius ,,de ,,loyola 7#adia-aeef7 ,,great ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,ord]4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,ord] to ! ,*ur* 9 combat+ ,prote/ant h]esies 0 v m>k$4 ,beg9n+ 9 a small way1 ! ,ord]1 by #afjj1 _h e/abli%$ two hundr$ colleges 7,lat9 second>y s*ools71 univ]sities1 & tra9+ sem9>ies2 by #afdj1 #cgb2 by #agjf 7#aej ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its f\nd]71 #gfi2 & by #agef1 #gbh4 ,9 #aggc1 :5 ! ,ord] 0 = a "t aboli%$1 #h aft] x _h be5 driv5 out ( a numb] ( ,european c\ntries because ( ! unscrupul\s me?ods x adopt$ & ! cont9ual application ( its doctr9e t ! end ju/ifies ! means1 ! ,ord] _h #bb1ehi memb]s1 ab\t half ( :om 7 tea*]s4 ,its colleges 7second>y s*ools7 & univ]sities 7 mo/ num]\s & its "w mo/ en]getically c>ri$ on 9 nor!rn ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,au/ria1 ,pol&1 & ,hung>y4 ,"h 0 ! great battle l9e1 & "h ! ,jesuits deeply entr5*$ !mselves4 ,9 ^! portions ( ,europe alone !re 71 9 #agej1 #bag colleges1 #ee sem9>ies1 #bd h\ses = novitiates1 & #afj missions4 ,9 ,france alone !re 7 #ib colleges4 ,!y did mu*1 s+le-h&$1 to roll back ! tide ( ,prote/antism :i* _h advanc$ ov] half ( we/]n ,europe1 & to hold o!r c\ntries true to ! anci5t fai?4 ,! colleges 7 usually l>ge & well-support$ in/itutions1 ) dormitories1 classrooms1 d9+-halls2 & play-gr\nds4 ,! usual numb] ( s*ol>s 9 ea* 0 ab\t #cjj1 ?\gh "s _h an att5dance ( #fjj to #hjj1 & a few z high z #bjjj4 ,at _! p]iod ( maximum influ5ce ! colleges & univ]sities ( ! ,ord] probably enroll$ a total ( #bjj1jjj /ud5ts4 ,_! graduates 7 prom95t 9 e s*ol>ly & gov]nm5tal activity ( ! "t4 ,z f> z possible ! pupils 7 a select$ class to :om ! ,ord] (f]$ free in/ruction4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! nobility & g5try1 & ! brighte/ & mo/ promis+ y\?s ( ! diff]5t l&s 7 drawn into _! s*ools4 ,! *ildr5 ( _m ,prote/ants1 also1 7 attract$ by ! high quality ( ! in/ruction (f]$4 ,!re !y 7 giv5 ! be/ second>y-s*ool education ( ! "t1 & receiv$1 at an impressionable age1 ! peculi> ,jesuit /amp4 #i ,bacon gave 8 op9ion z to ! success ( _! in/ruction 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,z = ! p$agogical "p1 ! %orte/ rule w\ld be1 ,consult ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits2 = no?+ bett] has be5 put 9 practice4 7,de ,augm5tis1 ,,vi1 #d47 #aj ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,jesuit ,,s*ools4 ,display+ a g5ius = organization wor?y ( ,rome1 ,loyola & 8 foll[]s absorb$ ! be/ educational ideas ( ! "t z to s*ool organization & managem5t & curriculum1 & incorporat$ ^! into _! educational plan4 ,too practical to make _m *anges1 b ) a ke5 eye = :at 0 be/1 !y accept$ ! be/ & us$ x mu* z o!rs _h work$ x out4 ,f ! municipal college ( ,guy5ne1 ! colleges ( ,calv91 & ,/urm's organization at ,/rassburg1 !y adopt$ ! plan ( class organization1 ) a tea*] = ea* class4 ,f ! ,calv9i/s !y obta9$ ! idea ( ! c>eful sup]vision ( in/ruction1 :i* 0 work$ out 9 ! ,prefect ( ,/udies = _! colleges4 ,9 _! c\rse ( /udy !y incorporat$ ! ,cic]onian ideal ( ! humani/ic le>n+1 & z c>eful religi\s in/ruction z 0 provid$ by any ( ! re=m]s4 ,f ! ,italian c\rt s*ools !y took ! idea ( physical tra9+4 ,! me?od ( in/ruction & classroom managem5t :i* !y work$ out 0 detail$1 practical1 & = _! purposes excell5t4 ,! reasons = _! educational "w gave !m a cle>ly def9$ aim & purpose4 ,! milit>y bro!rhood type ( organization1 ! lifetime ( celibate s]vice1 & ! opportunity to sort ! c>efully select$ memb]s accord+ to _! ability = s]vice 9 ! diff]5t l9es ( ! ,ord] gave !m ! be/-select$ tea*+ =ce 9 ,europe1 & ^! m5 !y tra9$ = ! tea*+ s]vice ) a ?or\ghness unkn[n be=e & seldom equal$ s9ce4 ,kn[+ :y !y 7 at "w & :at ends !y %\ld a*ieve1 intol]ant ( opposition1 int5sely practical 9 all _! "w1 & possess$ ( an indefatigable zeal 9 ! accompli%m5t ( _! purpose1 !y gave ,europe 9 g5]al & nor!rn cont95tal ,europe 9 p>ticul> a sy/em ( second>y s*ools & univ]sities possess$ ( a high degree ( effectiv5ess1 :i*1 comb9$ ) religi\s w>f>e & p]secution1 9 "t drove out or dw>f$ all compet+ in/itutions 9 ! c\ntries !y 7 able to control4 ,t _! educational sy/em1 view$ f a mod]n lib]al-education /&po9t1 equal$ 9 effectiv5ess = lib]al-education ends su* in/itutions z ! c\rt s*ools ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 ,batti/a da ,gu>9o1 or o!r ,italian humani/ic educators ( ! ,r5aissance 7p4 #bfg72 ! ,fr5* & ,swiss colleges ( ,calv9 7p4 #cca72 ,colet's s*ool at ,sa9t ,paul's 7p4 #bge71 & ! bett] ,engli% gramm> s*ools2 or ! s*ools ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 7p4 #bga72 w\ld h>dly be cont5d$ = to-day4 ,su*1 ?\gh1 0 n _! purpose4 ,to proselyte = ! ,*ur* r ?an to lib]alize--f _! po9t ( view !re _h be5 too mu* lib]aliz+ already--0 _! ultimate aim1 & _! educational "w 0 organiz$ to suppress r ?an to awak5 m ,prote/ant h]esy4 ,! "w ( ?is ,ord] 0 s successful1 & = two c5turies s dom9at$ second>y & high] education 9 ,europe1 t x w pay u to exam9e a little m closely _! educational organization to see m fully ! reasons = _! l>ge success4 ,9 s do+ we w exam9e ?ree po9ts--_! s*ool organization1 _! me?ods ( in/ruction1 & ! tra9+ ( _! tea*]s4 ,,jesuit ,,s*ool ,,organization4 ,ea* college 0 presid$ ov] by a ,rector1 :o 0 9 effect ! presid5t ( ! in/itution1 & a ,prefect ( ,/udies1 :o 0 ! sup]9t5d5t ( in/ruction4 ,bel[ ^! 7 ! ,pr(essors or tea*]s1 ! ,h\se ,prefect1 ! (ficial discipl9>ian ( ! in/itution1 kn[n z ! ,corrector1 ! monitors1 & ! /ud5ts4 ,!re 7 two classes ( /ud5ts1 int]ns & ext]ns4 ,_! s*ools 7 divid$ into two c\rses4 ,! /udia inf]iora1 or l[] s*ool1 :i* cov]$ ! six ye>s f t5 to twelve ye>s ( age up to sixte5 to eighte52 & ! /udia sup]iora1 :i* foll[$1 & includ$ ! high] college & univ]sity c\rses1 ) philosophy & !ology z ! important subjects4 ,= ! :ole1 !re 0 a v c>efully work$-out manual ( in/ruction 7,r4 #ahj7 kn[n z ! ,ratio ,/udiorum4 #aa ,! boy ent]+ a ,jesuit college 0 suppos$ to h previ\sly le>n$ h[ to read ,lat94 ,! fir/ ?ree ye>s 7 giv5 to le>n+ ,lat9 gramm> & a little ,greek4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors 7 begun1 & 9 ! fif? & six? ye>s a rhetorical /udy ( ! ,lat9 au?ors 0 made4 ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! classroom & ! playgr\nd z well1 ! "m tongue be+ us$ only by p]mission4 ,greek 0 /udi$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat94 ,! ret5tion ( ,lat9 z ! language ( all s*ol>ly & political int]c\rse1 & ! cultivation ( ! /yle & spee* ( ,cic]o z ! /&>d ( purity & elegance1 7 ! ends aim$ at4 ,c>eful att5tion 0 giv5 to ! heal? & sports ( ! pupils1 & special reg>d 0 paid to moral & religi\s tra9+4 ,foll[+ ?is l[] s*ool ( six ye>s came ! s-call$ philosophical c\rse ( ?ree ye>s 7sometimes two74 ,! /udy ( ! ,lat9 classics & rhetoric 0 cont9u$1 & dialectics 7logic7 & "s metaphysics 7 add$4 ,! n9e ye>s toge!r cov]$ ab\t ! same scope z ,/urm's s*ool 7,r4 #acg7 at ,/rassburg 7p4 #bgc71 b 0 m =mal 9 "* & p>took m ( ! nature ( ! lat] =maliz$ humani/ic s*ools4 ,slight v>iations 7 all[$ 9 places1 to meet p>ticul> local ne$s1 b ?is c\rse ( /udy rema9$ practically un*ang$ until #ahcb1 :5 "s hi/ory1 geography1 & elem5t>y ma!matics & sci5ce 7 add$ to ! l[] s*ools1 & advanc$ ma!matics & sci5ce to ! philosophical c\rse4 ,9 #aijf ea* ,prov9ce ( ! ,ord] 0 p]mitt$ to *ange ! ,ratio fur!r1 if necess>y to adju/ x bett] to local ne$s4 ,above ! philosophical c\rse a c\rse ( f\r or six ye>s 9 philosophy & !ology prep>$ = ! high] "w ( ! ,ord]1 ! f\r-ye> c\rse = prea*+ & ! six-ye> c\rse = tea*+4 ,,jesuit ,,s*ool ,,me?ods4 ,! *>act]i/ic me?od ( ! s*ools 0 oral1 ) a consequ5t clos5ess ( contact ( tea*] & pupils4 ,?is clos5ess ( contact & sympa?y 0 fur!r reta9$ by ! sy/em :]eby all puni%m5t 0 giv5 by ! (ficial ,corrector ( ! in/itution4 ,_! me?od1 l t ( ! mod]n ,g]man ,volks*ule1 0 di/9ctly a tea*+ & n a que/ion+ me?od4 ,! tea*] plann$ & gave ! in/ruction2 ! pupils receiv$ x4 ,9 ! upp] classes ! tea*] expla9$ ! g5]al mean+ ( ! entire passage2 !n ! con/ruction ( ea* "p2 !n gave ! hi/orical1 geographical1 & ar*aeological in=mation ne$$ fur!r to expla9 ! passage2 !n call$ att5tion to ! rhetorical & poetical =ms & rules2 !n comp>$ ! /yle ) t ( o!r writ]s2 & f9ally drew ! moral lesson4 ,! memory 0 drill$2 b little tra9+ ( ! judgm5t or und]/&+ 0 giv54 ,?or\ghness1 memory drills1 & ! discipl9>y value ( /udies 7 f\ndation /ones 9 ! ,jesuit's educational !ory4 ,repetition1 !y said1 0 ! "m ( memory4 ,ea* day ! "w ( ! previ\s day 0 review$1 & !re 7 fur!r reviews at ! end ( ea* week1 mon?1 & ye>4 ,to reta9 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils amid su* a load ( memoriz+ v>i\s s*ool devices 7 resort$ to1 *ief among :i* 7 prizes1 ranks1 emulations1 rivals1 & public disputations4 ,! sy/em ( rivals1 :]eby ea* boy _h an oppon5t con/antly aft] him1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ajb1 0 "o ( ! peculi> features ( _! s*ools4 ,:ile ! s*ools 7 said to h be5 made pleasant & attractive1 ! idea ( ! absolute au?ority ( ! ,*ur* :i* !y repres5t$ p]vad$ !m & repress$ ! developm5t ( t individuality :i* ! c\rt s*ools ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! s*ools ( ! nor!rn humani/s1 & ! ,calv9i/ic colleges _h tri$ p>ticul>ly to fo/]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a criticism made f a mod]n po9t ( view4 ,t ! s*ool repres5t$ well ! _s ( ! times is indicat$ by _! m>k$ success z tea*+ in/itutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,jesuit ,,s*oolroom ,! pupils 7 arrang$ 9 equal numb]s 9 opposite r[s1 kn[n z decuriae1 & designat$ by ! numb]s4 ,ea* boy 9 ea* r[ _h a rival 9 ! simil>ly numb]$ opposite r[ 7"o pair is designat$ by dots71 :o rose :5ev] he 0 call$ on to recite1 & :o tri$ to correct him 9 "s error4 ,a monitor = ea* gr\p sat at ,c1 & ! regul> tea*] at ,b4 ,a1 ,d1 ,e1 i1 o1 & x repres5t v>i\s /ud5t (ficials4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,jesuit ,,tea*]4 ,! newe/ & ! mo/ di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,jesuit educational s*eme1 z well z ! mo/ important1 0 ! c>e ) :i* !y select$ & ! ?or\ghness ) :i* !y tra9$ _! tea*]s4 ,to beg9 )1 e ,jesuit 0 a pick$ man1 & ( ^? :o ent]$ ! ,ord] only ! be/ 7 select$ = tea*+4 ,ea* ent]$ ! ,ord] = life1 0 v[$ to celibacy1 pov]ty1 *a/ity1 uprightness ( life1 & absolute ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ! ,ord]4 ,! six-ye> inf]ior c\rse _h to be complet$1 :i* requir$ t ! boy be sixte5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age be=e he c\ld take ! prelim9>y /eps t[>d jo9+ ! ,ord]4 ,!n a two-ye> novitiate1 away f ! _w1 foll[$4 ,?is 0 a trial ( 8 real "*1 8 weak po9ts 7 not$1 & 8 w & det]m9ation te/$4 ,_m 7 dismiss$ be=e ! end ( ! novitiate4 ,if reta9$ & accept$1 he took ! prelim9>y v[s & ent]$ ! philosophical c\rse ( /udy4 ,on complet+ ?is he 0 f tw5ty-"o to tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 n[ assign$ to tea* boys 9 ! inf]ior classes ( "s college1 & might rema9 !re4 ,if de/9$ = high] "w he taught 9 ! inf]ior classes = two or ?ree ye>s1 & !n ent]$ ! !ological c\rse at "s ,jesuit univ]sity4 ,?is requir$ f\r ye>s = ^? head$ = ! m9i/ry1 & six = ^? :o 7 be+ tra9$ = pr(essor%ips 9 ! colleges4 ,on complet+ ?is c\rse ! f9al v[s 7 tak51 at an age ( f tw5ty-n9e to ?irty-two4 ,! tra9+ to- day is /ill long]4 ,to become a tea*] 9 ! inf]ior classes requir$ tra9+ until tw5ty-"o at lea/1 & = college 7second>y7 classes tra9+ until at lea/ tw5ty-n9e4 ,! tra9+ 0 9 s*ol>%ip1 religion1 !ology1 & an appr5tice%ip 9 tea*+1 & 0 sup]ior to t requir$ = a tea*+ lic5se 9 any ,prote/ant c\ntry ( ,europe1 or 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* itself outside ( ! ,jesuit ,ord]4 ,) su* c>efully select$ & well-educat$ tea*]s1 !mselves models ( upright life 9 an age :5 prie/s & monks _h be5 c>eless1 x is n surpris+ t !y wield$ an influ5ce :olly out ( proportion to _! numb]s1 & suppli$ ,europe ) its be/ second>y s*ools dur+ ! sev5te5? & e>ly eighte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! loyal ,ca?olic c\ntries !y 7 virtually ! fir/ second>y s*ools outside ( ! mona/]ies & *ur*es1 & ! real introduction ( humanism into ,spa91 ,portugal1 & p>ts ( ,france came ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jesuit humani/ic colleges4 ,= _! s*ools !y wrote new s*ool books --! ,prote/ant books1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( :i* 7 ^? ( ,erasmus1 ,melan*?on1 ,/urm1 & ,lily1 7 n possible ( use--& = a "t !y put new life into ! humani/ic type ( education4 ,be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 _! second>y s*ools _h become z =mal z _h ^? 9 ,prote/ant l&s 7,r4 #adf71 & _! univ]sities f> m n>r[ & intol]ant4 ,! elem5ts ( /r5g? & weakness 9 ! ,jesuit sy/em ( education has be5 well summ>iz$ by ,dabney1 #ab 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,! ord] ( ! ,jesuits 0 anti-democratic1 & 0 f\nd$ to uphold au?ority1 & to antagonize ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,) ma/]ly skill !y rul$ ! ,ca?olic _w = ab\t two c5turies2 &1 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! activity1 p]=m$ s]vices ( great value to mank9d4 ,=1 al?\gh !y aim$1 9 _! sy/em ( education1 to fit pupils m]ely = s-call$ practical avocations1 & to avoid all subjects likely to /imulate !m to indep5d5t ?\ght1 x 0 nev]!less ! be/ sy/em :i* _h !n appe>$4 ,9 dropp+ ! old s*ola/ic me?ods1 & tea*+ new & fre%] subjects1 al?\gh ) ! int5tion ( p]v]t+ !m to _! own ends1 !y s[$1 9 fact1 ! g]ms ( _! own decay4 ,9 spite ( _! wond]ful organization1 & _! indefatigable indu/ry z c\rti]s 9 royal palaces1 z pr(essors 9 ! univ]sities1 z tea*]s 9 ! s*ools1 z prea*]s1 z confessors1 & z mission>ies1 !y 7 utt]ly unable to cru% ! _s ( d\bt & inquiry4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half c5tury ( _! exi/5ce !y 7 intellectually 9 advance ( _! age2 b aft] t !y gradually dropp$ beh9d x1 &1 in/ead ( diffus+ k1 saw t ! only hope ( reta9+ _! dom9ion 0 to oppose x ) all _! might4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,elem5t>y ,,education4 ,z 0 /at$ on a prec$+ page1 ! c\ntries :i* rema9$ loyal to ! ,*ur* exp]i5c$ none ( ! ,prote/ant feel+ z to ! necessity = univ]sal education = individual salvation4 ,9 su* l&s ! *ur* sy/em ( education :i* _h gr[n up dur+ ! ,middle ,ages rema9$ undi/urb$1 & 0 exp&$ b sl[ly ) ! passage ( "t4 ,! ,*ur*1 nev] hav+ made g5]al provision = education1 0 n prep>$ = su* "w4 ,tea*]s 7 sc>ce1 !re 0 no !ory ( education except ! religi\s !ory1 & few knew :at to d or h[ to d x4 ,_m *ur*m51 too1 did n see ! ne$ = do+ any?+4 ,nev]!less ! ,*ur*1 spurr$ on by ! new dem&s ( a _w fa/ becom+ mod]n1 & by ! exhortations ( ! (ficial repres5tatives ( ! p1 #ac n[ began to make extra ef=ts1 9 ! l>ge ca!dral cities1 to rem$y ! defici5cy ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ,p>is1 = example1 :i* 0 typical ( o!r ,fr5* cities1 ! ,*ur* organiz$ a regul> sy/em ( elem5t>y s*ools1 ) tea*]s lic5s$ by ! ,prec5tor ( ! ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame & nom9ally "u 8 sup]vision1 9 :i* in/ruction 0 (f]$ to *ildr5 ( ! artisan & labor+ classes1 ( bo? sexes1 9 read+1 writ+1 reckon+1 ! rudim5ts ( ,lat9 ,gramm>1 ,cate*ism1 & s++4 ,by #afge ^! ,little ,s*ools 9 ,p>is came to conta9 upw>ds ( #ejjj pupils1 taught by "s #ccj ma/]s & mi/resses4 ,all su* s*ools1 ( c\rse1 rema9$ "u ! imm$iate control ( ! ,*ur*1 & mod]n /ate sy/ems ( education 9 ! ,ca?olic ,/ates are late n9ete5?-c5tury productions4 ,9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,pol&1 & ! ,balkan ,/ates1 g5]al /ate sy/ems ( education h n ev5 z yet be5 evolv$4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! ,re=mation1 ?\gh1 0 to /imulate ! ,*ur* to great] activity 9 elem5t>y1 z well z 9 second>y & high] education4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies we f9d a l>ge numb] ( decrees by *ur* c\ncils & exhortations by bi%ops urg+ ! ext5sion ( ! exi/+ *ur* sy/em ( education1 s z to supply at lea/ religi\s tra9+ to all ! *ildr5 ( ! fai?ful4 ,z a result a numb] ( tea*+ ord]s 7 organiz$1 ! aim ( :i* 0 to assi/ ! ,*ur* 9 provid+ elem5t>y & religi\s education = ! *ildr5 ( ! labor+ & artisan classes 9 ! cities4 ,,tea*+ ,,ord]s ,,e/abli%$4 ,! tea*+ ord]s = elem5t>y education1 f\nd$ be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) ! dates ( _! f\ndation1 73 99 #aece-,! ,ord] ( ,ursul9es4 7,u4,s41 #agbi47 #aeib--,! ,congregation ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4 99 #aeih--,! ,si/]s ( ,notre ,dame4 7,u4,s41 #ahdg47 99 #afaj--,! ,visitation ,nuns4 7,u4,s41 #agii47 #afba--,patres pi>um s*ol>um 7,pi>i/s74 ,fir/ s*ool op5$ 9 #aeig2 au?oriz$ by ! ,pope1 #affb4 #afbg--,! ,daught]s ( ! ,pres5tation4 99 #afcc--,! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ( ,sa9t ,v9c5t de ,paul4 7,u4,s41 #ahji47 #afcg--,! ,port ,royali/s 7,jans5i/s74 7,suppress$ 9 #affa47 #afdc--,! ,si/]s ( ,provid5ce4 99 #afej--,! ,si/]s ( ,sa9t ,joseph4 ,rule bas$ on ,jesuits4 7,u4,s41 #ai? ,c47 #afeb--,! ,si/]s ( ,m>y ( ,sa9t ,*>les ,borromeo4 #afhd--,! ,si/]s ( ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 99 #afhd--,! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 7,u4,s41 #ahde47 99 ,h communities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! date be+ t ( ! fir/ "o e/abli%$4 ,see ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 v1 p4 #ebh4 ,all ( ^!1 except ! ,ursul9es & ! ,pi>i/s1 7 f\nd$ 9 ,france1 _m ( !m orig9at+ 9 ,p>is4 ,! fir/ has long be5 prom95t 9 ,italy1 & is n[ f\nd 9 all l&s4 ,! second 0 f\nd$ by ,fa!r ,cs> de ,bus1 at ,cavaillon1 ,avignon1 9 s\!rn ,france1 & its purpose 0 to tea* ! ,cate*ism to ! "y4 ,! cate*etical s*ools ( ?is ,ord] 7 prom95t 9 s\!rn ,france up to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! ?ird 0 f\nd$ by ! ,bless$ ,pet] ,f\ri] 7#aefe-afdj71 9 #aeih1 & play$ an important "p 9 ! education ( girls 9 ,france1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,lorra9e1 :]e ,calv9ism _h made mu* headway4 ,?is not$ ,ord] (f]$ free in/ruction to tradesm5's daught]s1 n only 9 religion b 9 t :i* conc]ns ?is pres5t life & its ma9t5ance z well4 ,! girls 7 taught read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 sew+1 & div]s manual arts1 honorable & peculi>ly suitable = girls ( _! /ation ( life4 ,at a "t :5 h&work _h n be5 ?\ght ( = boys1 ! beg9n+s ( su* "w 7 "h introduc$ = girls4 ,9 #afdj ,f\ri] gave ! si/]hood a con/itution & a rule1 :i* 7 revis$ & p]fect$ 9 #afid4 ,9 ?is he laid d[n rules = ! organization & managem5t ( s*ools1 me?ods ( tea*+ ! diff]5t bran*es1 & provid$ = a rudim5t>y =m ( class organization4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,rule illu/rates ! approa* to class organization :i* he devis$3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,an ,,ursul9e ,ord] f\nd$1 #aece ,! inspectress1 or mi/ress ( ! class1 %all endeavor1 z f> z x possibly c be c>ri$ out1 t all ! pupils ( ! same mi/ress h ea* ! same book1 9 ord] to le>n & read !re9 ! same lesson2 s t1 :il/ "o is read+ h]s 9 an audible & intelligible voice be=e ! mi/ress1 all ! o!rs1 foll[+ h] & foll[+ ?is lesson1 9 _! books at ! same "t1 may le>n x soon]1 m readily1 & m p]fectly4 #ad ,! ,pi>i/s 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy1 ! fir/ s*ool be+ op5$ 9 ,rome1 9 #aeig1 by a ,spani% prie/ :o _h /udi$ at ,l]ida1 ,val5cia1 & ,alcal4 ,be+ /ruck by ! lack ( educational opportunities = ! poor1 he op5$ a free s*ool = _! in/ruction4 ,by #afjf he _h #ijj pupils 9 8 s*ools1 & by #afac he _h #abjj4 ,9 #afba ,pope ,gregory ,,xv gave 8 "w def9ite recognition by e/abli%+ x a tea*+ ,ord] = elem5t>y 7read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 religion7 education1 model$ on t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,! ,ord] did "s "w 9 ,italy & ,spa91 b its *ief s]vices 7 9 bord] ,ca?olic l&s4 ,9 #afca x began "w 9 ,moravia1 9 #afdj 9 ,bohemia1 9 #afdb 9 ,pol&1 & aft] #afdh 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y4 ,! memb]s wore a habit mu* l t ( ! ,jesuits1 _h a s*eme ( /udies simil> to _! ,ratio1 & 7 organiz$ by prov9ces & 7 "u discipl9e z 7 ! memb]s ( ! old] ,ord]4 ,! ,jans5i/s1 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,cyran1 at ,port ,royal1 conduct$ a v int]e/+ & progressive educational exp]im5t1 & _! s*ools h become kn[n to hi/ory z ! ,little ,s*ools ( ,port ,royal4 ,! congregation 0 a reaction aga9/ ! "w & me?ods ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x includ$ bo? elem5t>y & second>y education1 b nev] ext5d$ itself1 & probably nev] _h m ?an sixty pupils & tea*]s4 ,aft] sev5te5 ye>s ( "w x 0 suppress$ ?r\gh ! opposition ( ! ,jesuits1 & its memb]s fl$ to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!re !y wrote ^? books :i* h expla9$ to succe$+ g5]ations :at !y attempt$1 #ae & :i* h reveal$ :at a mod]n type ( educational exp]im5t !y conduct$4 ,! progressive & mod]n nature ( _! tea*+1 9 an age ( suspicion & intol]ance1 condemn$ !m to ext9ction4 ,yet despite ! progressive nature ( _! in/ruction1 ! int5se religi\s atmosph]e :i* !y ?rew ab\t all _! "w 7,r4 #aha7 reveals ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( mo/ education = *ur* ends at ! "t4 ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ influ5tial ( ! tea*+ ord]s e/abli%$ = elem5t>y education 0 ! ,in/itute ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 f\nd$ by ,fa!r ,la ,salle at ,r\51 9 #afhd1 & sanction$ by ! ,k+ & ,pope 9 #agbd4 ,z e>ly z #afgi ,la ,salle _h begun a s*ool at ,rheims1 & 9 #afhd he organiz$ 8 disciples1 prescrib$ a co/ume to be worn1 & outl9$ ! "w ( ! bro!rhood 7,r4 #ahb74 ,! object 0 to provide free elem5t>y & religi\s in/ruction 9 ! v]nacul> = ! *ildr5 ( ! work+ classes1 & to d = elem5t>y education :at ! ,jesuits _h done = second>y education ,la ,salle's ,conduct ( ,s*ools1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agbj1 0 ! ratio /udiorum ( 8 ord]4 ,8 "w m>ks ! real beg9n+ ( free prim>y in/ruction 9 ! v]nacul> 9 ,france4 ,9 addition to elem5t>y s*ools1 a few ( :at we %\ld call "p-"t cont9uation s*ools 7 organiz$ = *ildr5 engag$ 9 comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,realiz+ bett] ?an ! ,jesuits ! ne$ = well-tra9$ r ?an highly educat$ tea*]s = little *ildr51 & unable to supply memb]s to meet ! outside calls = s*ools1 ,la ,salle organiz$ at ,rheims1 9 #afhe1 :at 0 probably ! second normal s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s 9 ! _w4 #af ,ano!r 0 organiz$ lat] at ,p>is4 ,9 addition to a good education ( ! type ( ! "t & ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 religion1 ! /ud5t tea*]s le>n$ to tea* 9 practice s*ools1 "u ! direction ( exp]i5c$ tea*]s4 ,! pupils 9 ,la ,salle's s*ools 7 grad$ into classes1 & ! class me?od ( in/ruction 0 introduc$4 #ag ,! curriculum 0 unusually ri* = a "t :5 tea*+ me?ods & textbooks 7 b poorly develop$1 ! ne$s = lit]>y education small1 & :5 *ildr5 c\ld n z yet be sp>$ f "w long] ?an ! age ( n9e or t54 ,*ildr5 le>n$ fir/ to read1 write1 & spell ,fr5*1 & to d simple composition "w 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,^? :o ma/]$ ?is easily 7 taught ! ,lat9 ,psalt] 9 addition4 ,mu* prom95ce 0 giv5 to writ+1 ! in/ruction be+ appli$ to ! writ+ ( bills1 notes1 receipts1 & ! l4 ,mu* free que/ion+ 0 all[$ 9 ari?metic & ! ,cate*ism1 to insure p]fect und]/&+ ( :at 0 taught4 ,religi\s tra9+ 0 made ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! s*ool1 z 0 natural4 ,a half-h\r daily 0 giv5 to ! ,cate*ism1 mass 0 said daily1 ! crucifix 0 always on ! wall1 & two or ?ree pupils 7 always to be f\nd kneel+1 tell+ _! beads4 ,! discipl9e1 9 contradi/9ction to ! cu/om>y practice ( ! "t1 0 mild1 ?\gh all puni%m5ts 7 c>efully prescrib$ by rule4 #ah ,! rule ( sil5ce 9 ! s*ool 0 rigidly enjo9$1 all spee* 0 to be 9 a l[ tone ( voice1 & a code ( signals replac$ spee* = _m ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,( ,,la ,,salle ,,at ,,p>is1 #afhh ,a visit ( ,james ,,ii & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is to ! ,s*ool 7,f a bas- relief on ! /atue ( ,la ,salle1 at ,r\57 ,?\gh ! ,ord] met ) mu* opposition f bo? *ur* & civil au?orities1 x made sl[ b /eady headway4 ,at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,la ,salle1 9 #agai1 ?irty-five ye>s aft] its f\ndation1 ! ,ord] _h "o g5]al normal s*ool1 f\r normal s*ools = tra9+ tea*]s1 ?ree practice s*ools1 ?irty-?ree prim>y s*ools1 & "o cont9uation s*ool4 ,! ,ord] rema9$ l>gely ,fr5*1 & at ! "t ( its suppression1 9 #agib1 _h s*ools 9 #aba communities 9 ,france & #f else:]e1 ab\t #ajjj bro!rs1 & approximately #cj1jjj *ildr5 9 its s*ools4 ,?is 0 approximately #a *ild 9 e #age ( s*ool age ( ! population ( ,france at t "t4 ,:ile relatively small 9 numb]s1 _! s*ools repres5t$ ! be/ attempt to provide elem5t>y education 9 any ,ca?olic c\ntry be=e well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! di/ribution ( _! s*ools ?r\gh\t ,france1 by #agib1 is %[n on ! map above4 ,9 #ahjc ! ,ord] 0 re/abli%$1 by #ahch x _h s*ools 9 #bhb communities1 & 9 #ahhg1 :5 ,la ,salle 0 decl>$ a ,sa9t ( ! ,*ur*1 x _h #ahih communities on f\r cont95ts1 #aji ( :i* 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 tea*+ a total ( approximately #cjj1jjj prim>y *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools ,,by #agib ,map1 %[+ ! locations ( _! communities #e4 ,g5]al ,results ( ! ,re=mation on ,education ,,de/ruction ,,& ,,creation ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,any su* g5]al ov]turn+ ( ! e/abli%$ in/itutions & traditions ( a ?\s& ye>s z occurr$ at ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolts1 ) ! accompany+ bitt] hatr$s & religi\s /rife1 c\ld n help b result 9 ext5sive de/ruction ( e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & s*ools alike suff]$1 & x requir$ "t to replace !m4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y _h be5 neglectful ( _! functions1 inadequate 9 numb]1 & unsuit$ to ! ne$s ( a _w fa/ becom+ mod]n1 !y _h nev]!less answ]$ p>tially ! ne$ ( ! times4 ,9 all ! c\ntries :]e revolts took place ^! in/itutions suff]$ m or less1 b 9 ,engl& probably mo/ ( all4 ,! old s*ools :i* 7 n de/roy$ 7 trans=m$ into ,prote/ant s*ools1 ! gramm> s*ools to tra9 s*ol>s & lead]s1 & ! p>i% s*ools into ,prote/ant elem5t>y s*ools to tea* read+ & ! ,cate*ism1 b ! numb] ( ! latt]1 9 all ,prote/ant l&s1 0 v f> %ort ( ! numb] ne$$ to c>ry out ! ,prote/ant religi\s !ory4 ,?is1 z we h se51 propos$ to ext5d ! elem5ts ( an education to l>ge & entirely new classes ( p :o nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w _h _h su* advantages4 ,out ( ! ,prote/ant religi\s conception t all %\ld be educat$ ! popul> elem5t>y s*ool ( mod]n times has be5 evolv$4 ,! evolution1 ?\gh1 0 sl[1 & long p]iods ( "t h be5 requir$ = its accompli%m5t4 ,9 place ( ! s*ools de/roy$1 or ! tea*]s driv5 out if no de/ruction took place1 ! re=m]s made an e>ne/ ef=t to create new s*ools & supply tea*]s4 ,?is1 ?\gh1 requir$ "t1 especially z !re 0 z yet 9 ! _w no body ( v]nacul> tea*]s1 no in/itutions 9 :i* su* c\ld be tra9$1 no !ory z to education except ! religi\s1 no supply ( educat$ m5 or wom5 f :i* to draw1 no !ory ( /ate support & control1 & no s\rce ( taxation f :i* to d]ive a /eady fl[ ( funds4 ,?r\gh\t ! long ,middle ,ages ! ,*ur* _h suppli$ gratuit\s or ne>ly gratuit\s in/ruction4 ,?is x c\ld d1 to ! limit$ numb] :om x taught1 f ! proce$s ( its age-old end[m5ts & educational f\ndations4 ,9 ! process ( trans=mation f a ,ca?olic to a ,prote/ant ,/ate1 & especially dur+ ! m ?an a c5tury ( turmoil & religi\s /rife :i* foll[$ ! rupture ( ! old relations1 _m ( ! old end[m5ts 7 lo/ or 7 div]t$ f _! orig9al purposes4 ,z ! ,prote/ant re=m]s 7 support$ g5]ally by ! rul+ pr9ces1 _m ( ^! tri$ to rem$y ! defici5cy by ord]+ s*ools e/abli%$4 ,! l&$ nobility ?\gh1 unus$ to provid+ education = _! ville9 t5ants & s]fs1 7 av]se to supply+ ! defici5cy by any =m ( g5]al taxation4 ,nor 7 ! ris+ m]*ant classes 9 ! cities any m anxi\s to pay taxes to provide = artisans & s]vants :at _h = ages be5 a gratuity or n furni%$ at all4 ,,no ,,real ,,dem& ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools4 ,! creation ( a l>gely new type ( s*ools1 & 9 suffici5t numb]s to meet ! ne$s ( l>ge classes ( p :o be=e _h nev] %>$ 9 ! advantages ( education1 9 consequ5ce prov$ to be a "w ( c5turies4 ,! c5tury ( w>f>e :i* foll[$ ! re=mation movem5t m or less exhau/$ all ,europe1 :ile ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> :i* =m$ its culm9ation left ! ,g]man ,/ates1 :]e ! l>ge/ e>ly educational progress _h be5 made1 a ru94 ,9 consequ5ce !re 0 = long little money = s*ool support1 & religi\s int]e/ & *ur* ti!s _h to be dep5d$ on almo/ entirely = ! e/abli%m5t & support ( s*ools4 ,out ( ! p>i% sextons or cl]ks a supply ( v]nacul> tea*]s _h to be evolv$1 a sy/em ( s*ool organization & sup]vision work$ out & add$ to ! duties ( ! m9i/]1 & ! feel+ ( ne$ = education awak5$ suffici5tly to make p will+ to support s*ools4 ,9 consequ5ce :at ,lu!r & ,calv9 decl>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury to be a necessity = ! ,/ate & ! common "r ( all1 x took until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury actually to create & make a reality4 ,! great dem& ( ! "t1 too1 0 n s mu* = ! education ( ! masses1 h[ev] desirable or ev5 necess>y ?is might be f ! /&po9t ( ,prote/ant religi\s !ory1 b = ! tra9+ ( lead]s = ! new religi\s & social ord] :i* ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 ! rise ( mod]n nationalities1 & ! ,re=mation movem5ts _h br\ght into be+4 ,= ?is second>y s*ools = boys1 l>gely ,lat9 9 type1 7 dem&$ r ?an elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools = bo? sexes4 ,we accord+ly f9d ! great creations ( ! p]iod 7 second>y s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,educational ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,europe1 #aejj to #agjj ,,l9es ,,( ,,future ,,developm5t ,,e/abli%$4 ,/ill m1 c]ta9 l9es ( future developm5t n[ became cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,! draw+ giv5 "h w help to make ?is evid5t4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t n only 0 ! second>y s*ool /ill ! dom9ant type1 ?\gh elem5t>y s*ools began = ! fir/ "t to be consid]$ z important also1 b t ! second>y s*ools 7 :olly indep5d5t ( ! elem5t>y s*ools :i* n[ began to be creat$4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools 7 9 ! v]nacul> & = ! masses2 ! second>y s*ools 7 9 ! ,lat9 tongue & = ! tra9+ ( ! s*ol>ly lead]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two s*ools1 s diff]5t 9 type & 9 cli5tle1 !re 0 little 9 common4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 fur!r emphasiz$ ) "t4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools lat] on add$ subjects ( use to ! common p1 :ile ! second>y s*ools add$ subjects ( use = s*ol>ly prep>ation or = univ]sity entrance4 ,! second>y s*ools also frequ5tly provid$ prep>atory s*ools = _! p>ticul> classes ( *ildr54 ,z a result1 all ?r\gh ,europe two s*ool sy/ems--an elem5t>y-s*ool sy/em = ! masses1 & a second>y-s*ool sy/em = ! classes--exi/ to-day side by side4 ,we 9 ,am]ica did n develop su* a class s*ool sy/em1 ?\gh we />t$ t way4 ,?is 0 because ! conception ( education we f9ally develop$ 0 a product ( a new democratic _s1 z w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,comp>e ! att5tion to c>eful religi\s in/ruction 9 ! second>y s*ools provid$ by ! ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 & ,engli%4 ,:at analog\s in/ruction d we provide 9 ! ,am]ican high s*ools8 ,is x z ?or\gh or z well done8 #b4 ,comp>e ! scope & ideals ( ! educational sy/em provid$ by ! ,calv9i/s ) ! same = ! ,lu!rans & ,anglicans4 #c4 ,comp>e ! *>act]i/ics ( ,calv9i/ic 7,hugu5ot7 education1 z summ>iz$ by ,fo/]1 ) pres5t-day /ate educational purposes4 #d4 ,j :at k9d ( a s*ool sy/em did ,knox propose 7#aefj7 = ,scotl&8 #e4 ,%[ h[ ! educational program ( ! ,jesuits reveals ,ignatius ,loyola z a man ( vision4 #f4 ,view$ f ! purposes ! ,ord] _h 9 m9d1 0 x w>rant$ 9 neglect+ ! education ( ! masses8 #g4 ,does ! success ( ! ,ord] %[ ! importance to society ( f9d+ & educat+ ! future lead]8 ,c all m5 be tra9$ = lead]%ip8 #h4 ,:at does ! /atem5t t ! ,jesuits 7 too practical to make _m *anges1 b _h a ke5 eye = :at 0 be/ 9 ! "w ( o!rs1 indicate z to ! nature ( s*ool adm9i/ration & educational progress8 #i4 ,indicate ! advantages :i* ! ,jesuits _h 9 _! tea*]s & tea*+-aim ov] u ( to-day4 ,h[ c\ld we develop an aim z cle>ly def9$ & pot5t z !irs8 ,c\ld we select tea*]s ) su* c>e8 ,h[8 #aj4 ,comp>e ! religi\s & educational propag&a ( ! ,jesuits ) ! rec5t political propag&a ( ! ,g]mans4 #aa4 ,:at is meant by ! /atem5t t ! ,jesuit tea*+ me?od1 l t ( ! mod]n ,g]man ,volkss*ule1 0 a tea*+ & n a que/ion+ me?od8 #ab4 ,comp>e pres5t ,am]ican /&>ds = tea*]-tra9+ = elem5t>y & second>y tea*+ ) ^? requir$ by ! ,jesuits3--7a7 z to l5g? ( prep>ation2 7b7 z to nature & scope ( prep>ation4 #ac4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! introduction ( sew+ into ! elem5t>y v]nacul> ,ca?olic s*ools = girls1 s long be=e h&iwork = boys 0 ?\ght (8 #ad4 ,9 s*ools s =mally organiz$ z ^? ( ,la ,salle1 h[ d y expla9 ! great fre$om all[$ 9 que/ion+ on ari?metic & ! ,cate*ism8 #ae4 ,:y %\ld ,la ,salle's "w h be5 s oppos$ by bo? ,*ur* & civil au?orities8 ,d y consid] t 8 ,ord] ev] made :at w\ld be call$ rapid progress8 #af4 ,:y mu/ ! education ( lead]s always prec$e ! education ( ! masses8 #ag4 ,expla9 h[ ,european c\ntries came naturally to h two l>gely indep5d5t s*ool sy/ems--a second>y s*ool = lead]s & an elem5t>y s*ool = ! masses--:]eas we h only "o cont9u\s sy/em4 #ah4 ,expla9 :y mod]n /ate sy/ems ( education develop$ fir/ 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & :y ,engl& & ! ,ca?olic nations ( ,europe 7 s long 9 develop+ /ate s*ool sy/ems4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #age4 ,woodw>d3 ,c\rse ( ,/udy at ! ,college ( ,g5eva4 #agf4 ,synod ( ,dort3 ,s*eme ( ,*ri/ian ,education adopt$4 #agg4 ,kilpatrick3 ,"w ( ! ,dut* 9 develop+ ,s*ools4 #agh4 ,kilpatrick3 ,"* ( ! ,dut* ,s*ools ( #afej4 #agi4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,scot* ,s*ool ,law ( #afdf4 #ahj4 ,pa*tl]3 ,! ,ratio ,/udiorum ( ! ,jesuits4 #aha4 ,gr>d3 ,! ,dom9ant ,religi\s ,purpose 9 ! ,education ( ,fr5* ,girls4 #ahb4 ,la ,salle3 ,rules = ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,0 ! ,college at ,g5eva 7#age7 a true humani/ic-revival s*ool8 #b4 ,j :at did ! ,synod ( ,dort provide = 7#agf7 9 ! matt] ( s*ools1 s*ool sup]vision1 & m9i/]ial duties8 #c4 ,comp>e ! "w ( ! ,dut* 7#agg7 & ! ,lu!rans 7#aei-afc7 9 creat+ s*ools4 #d4 ,j :at type ( s*ool is indicat$ by selection #agh8 #e4 ,j :at did ! ,scot* law ( #afdf provide = 7#agi78 #f4 ,*>act]ize ! s*ools provid$ = by ,la ,salle 7#ahb74 #g4 ,comp>e ! religi\s c>e at ,port ,royal 7#aha7 ) t sugge/$ by ,sa9t ,j]ome 7,r4 #de74 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,baird1 ,c4 ,w4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise ( ! ,hugu5ots ( ,france4 ,baird1 ,c4 ,w4 ,hugu5ot ,emigration to ,am]ica4 ,grant1 ,jas4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,burgh ,s*ools ( ,scotl&4 ,hughes1 ,?os4 ,loyola1 & ! ,educational ,sy/em ( ! ,jesuits4 ,kilpatrick1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,! ,dut* ,s*ools ( ,new ,ne!rl&s & ,colonial ,new ,york4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ,educational ,op9ion s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,ravelet1 ,a4 ,bless$ ,j4 ,b4 de la ,salle4 ,s*wick]a?1 ,r4 ,jesuit ,education2 its ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,educational ,problems4 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,education dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts ,,iii4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,am]ican ,,education ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,columbus _h discov]$ ! new _w j tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ,lu!r nail$ 8 !ses to ! *ur* door at ,witt5b]g1 & by ! "t ! nor!rn cont95t _h be5 r\ghly explor$ & 0 ready = settlem5t1 ,europe 0 9 ! mid/ ( a c5tury ( w>f>e 9 a va9 attempt to extirpate ! ,prote/ant h]esy4 ,by ! "t t ! futility ( fire & sword z means = religi\s conv]sion _h f9ally dawn$ ^u ,*ri/ian ,europe & f\nd expression 9 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 7#afdh71 :i* clos$ ! t]rible ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7p4 #cja71 ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5ts 9 a numb] ( ! ,am]ican colonies _h be5 made4 ,^! settlem5ts1 & ! beg9n+s ( education 9 ,am]ica1 are s closely ti$ up ) ! ,prote/ant ,revolts 9 ,europe t a *apt] on ! beg9n+s ( ,am]ican education belongs "h z /ill ano!r phase ( ! educational results ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolts4 ,practically all ! e>ly settl]s 9 ,am]ica came f among ! peoples & f ^? l&s :i* _h embrac$ "s =m ( ! ,prote/ant fai?1 & _m ( !m came to ,am]ica to f\nd new homes & e/abli% _! *ur*es 9 ! wild]ness1 because "h !y c\ld enjoy a religi\s fre$om impossible 9 _! old home-l&s4 ,?is 0 especially true ( ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 _m ( :om1 aft] ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes #a 7#afhe71 fl$ to ,am]ica & settl$ along ! coa/ ( ! ,c>ol9as2 ! ,calv9i/ic ,dut* & ,walloons1 :o settl$ 9 & ab\t ,new ,am/]dam2 ! ,scot* & ,scot*-,iri% ,presbyt]ians1 :o settl$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 & lat] ext5d$ along ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9 ridges into all ! s\!rn colonies2 ! ,engli% ,quak]s ab\t ,philadelphia1 :o came "u ! lead]%ip ( ,william ,p5n1 & a few ,engli% ,bapti/s & ,me?odi/s 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania2 ! ,sw$i% ,lu!rans1 along ! ,delaw>e2 ! ,g]man ,lu!rans1 ,moravians1 ,m5nonites1 ,dunk]s1 & ,re=m$-,*ur* ,g]mans1 :o settl$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! m\nta9 valleys ( ,p5nsylvania2 & ! ,calv9i/ic diss5t]s f ! ,engli% ,national ,*ur*1 kn[n z ,puritans1 :o settl$ ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 & :o1 m ?an any o!rs1 gave direction to ! future developm5t ( education 9 ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,v _m ( ^! e>ly religi\s gr\ps came to ,am]ica 9 little congregations1 br++ _! m9i/]s ) !m4 ,ea* set up1 9 ! colony 9 :i* x settl$1 :at 7 virtually little religi\s republics1 t ?r\gh !m !y might ! bett] p]petuate ! religi\s pr9ciples = :i* !y _h left ! l& ( _! bir?4 ,education ( ! "y = memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! p]petuation ( a le>n$ m9i/ry = ! congregations1 f ! fir/ elicit$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( ^! pione] settl]s4 ,engli%m5 :o 7 adh]5ts ( ! ,engli% national fai? 7,anglicans7 also settl$ 9 ,virg9ia & ! o!r s\!rn colonies1 & lat] 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 :ile ,m>yl& 0 f\nd$ z ! only ,ca?olic colony1 9 :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by a gr\p ( p]secut$ ,engli% ,ca?olics :o obta9$ a *>t] f ,*>les ,i1 9 #afcb4 ,^! settlem5ts are %[n on ! map on ! foll[+ page4 ,z a result ( ^! settlem5ts !re 0 laid1 dur+ ! e>ly colonial p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 ! f\ndation ( ^? type attitudes t[>d education :i* subsequ5tly s mat]ially %ap$ ! educational developm5t ( ! diff]5t ,am]ican ,/ates dur+ ! e>ly "p ( our national hi/ory4 ,,! ,,puritans ,,9 ,,new ,,engl&4 ,( all ^? :o came to ,am]ica dur+ ?is e>ly p]iod1 ! ,calv9i/ic ,puritans :o settl$ ! ,new ,engl& colonies contribut$ mo/ t 0 valuable to ! future educational developm5t ( ,am]ica1 & because ( ?is w be consid]$ fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,religi\s ,,settlem5ts ,,9 ,,am]ica ,! orig9al re=mation 9 ,engl&1 z 0 /at$ 9 *apt]s ,,xii & ,,xiii1 _h be5 mu* m nom9al ?an real4 ,! ,engli% ,bible & ! ,engli% ,pray]-,book _h be5 issu$ to ! *ur*es 7,r4 #agj71 & ! ,k+ in/ead ( ! ,pope _h be5 decl>$ by ! ,act ( ,supremacy 7,r4 #aec7 to be ! head ( ! ,engli% ,national ,*ur*4 ,! same prie/s1 ?\gh1 _h cont9u$ 9 ! *ur*es "u ! new rgime1 & ! *ur* s]vice _h n greatly *ang$ aside f its trans=mation f ,lat9 into ,engli%4 ,nei!r ! ,*ur* z an organization nor its memb]s exp]i5c$ any great religi\s re=mation4 ,n all ,engli%m51 ?\gh1 took ! *ange 9 allegiance s lightly 7,r4 #ahc71 & 9 consequ5ce !re came to be a gradually increas+ numb] :o desir$ a m fundam5tal re=m ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,by #afjj ! dem& = ,*ur* re=m _h become v insi/5t1 & ! "q ( ,*ur* purification 7:5ce ! "n ,puritans7 _h become a burn+ "q 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,homes ,,( ,,! ,,pilgrims1 ,,& ,,_! ,,r\te ,,to ,,am]ica ,! ,engli% ,puritans1 moreov]1 7 ( two classes4 ,"o 0 a mod]ate b influ5tial l[-*ur* gr\p )9 ! high ,/ate ,*ur*1 possess$ ( no desire to sep>ate ,*ur* & ,/ate1 b e>ne/ly insi/5t on a simplification ( ! ,*ur* c]emonial1 ! elim9ation ( a numb] ( ! ve/iges ( ! old ,romi%-,*ur* ritual1 & p>ticul>ly ! introduction ( m prea*+ into ! s]vice4 ,! o!r class con/itut$ a mu* m radical gr\p1 & _h become deeply imbu$ ) ,calv9i/ic ?9k+4 ,?is gr\p gradually came into op5 opposition to any ,/ate ,*ur*1 /ood = ! local indep5d5ce ( ! diff]5t *ur*es or congregations1 & desir$ ! complete elim9ation ( all ve/iges ( ! ,romi% fai? f ! *ur* s]vices4 #b ,!y became kn[n z ,indep5d5ts1 or ,sep>ati/s1 & =m$ ! g]ms ( ! lat] ,congregational gr\ps ( e>ly ,new ,engl&4 ,bo? ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc7 & ,james ,i 7#afjc-be7 savagely p]secut$ ?is m radical gr\p1 & _m ( _! congregations 7 =c$ to flee f ,engl& to obta9 p]sonal safety & to enjoy religi\s lib]ty 7,r4 #ahd74 ,"o ( ^! fugitive congregations1 f ,scrooby1 9 nor?-c5tral ,engl&1 aft] liv+ = sev]al ye>s at ,leyd51 9 ,holl&1 f9ally set sail = ,am]ica1 l&$ on ,plym\? ,rock1 9 #afbj1 & began ! settlem5t ( t bleak & /ormy coa/4 ,o!r congregations soon foll[$1 x hav+ be5 e/imat$ t tw5ty ?\s& ,engli% ,puritans migrat$ #c to ! ,new ,engl& wild]ness be=e #afdj4 ,^! repres5t$ a fairly well-to-d type ( middle-class ,engli%m51 practically all ( :om _h _h good educational advantages at home4 ,settl+ along ! coa/ 9 little gr\ps or congregations1 !y at once set up a comb9$ civil & religi\s =m ( gov]nm5t1 model$ 9 a way aft] ,calv9's ,city-,/ate at ,g5eva1 & :i* became kn[n z a ,new ,engl& t[n4 #d ,9 "t ! s\!rn portion ( ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl& 0 dott$ ) little self-gov]n+ settlem5ts ( ^? :o _h come to ,am]ica to obta9 = !mselves t religi\s fre$om :i* _h be5 d5i$ !m at home4 ,^! settlem5ts 7 loosely b\nd toge!r 9 a colony f$]ation1 9 :i* ea* t[n 0 repres5t$ 9 a ,g5]al ,c\rt1 or legislature4 ,! ext5t ( ^! settlem5ts by #affj is %[n on ! map on ! opposite page4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,new ,,engl&4 ,hav+ come to ,am]ica to secure religi\s fre$om1 x 0 b natural t ! p]petuation ( _! p>ticul> fai? by means ( education %\ld h be5 "o ( ! fir/ matt]s to engage _! att5tion1 aft] ! build+ ( _! homes & ! sett+ up ( ! civil gov]nm5t 7,r4 #ahe74 ,be+ deeply imbu$ ) ,calv9i/ic ideas z to gov]nm5t & religion1 !y desir$ to f\nd "h a religi\s commonweal?1 some:at aft] ! model ( ,g5eva 7p4 #bih71 or ,scotl& 7p4 #cce71 or ! ,dut* prov9ces 7p4 #ccd71 ! corn]- /ones ( :i* %\ld be religion & education4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,settlem5ts1 #affj ,at fir/1 ,engli% prec$5ts 7 foll[$4 ,home in/ruction1 :i* 0 q common 9 ,engl& among ! ,puritans1 0 naturally mu* employ$ to tea* ! *ildr5 to read ! ,bible & to tra9 !m to p>ticipate 9 bo? ! family & ! congregational wor%ip4 ,aft] #afdg1 t[n elem5t>y s*ools "u a ma/]1 & lat] ! ,engli% dame s*ools 7*apt] ,,xviii71 7 e/abli%$ to provide ?is rudim5t>y in/ruction4 ,! ,engli% appr5tice sy/em 0 also e/abli%$ 7,r4 #bja71 & ! ma/]s ( appr5tices gave simil> in/ruction to boys entru/$ to _! c>e4 ,! t[n religi\s gov]nm5ts1 "u :i* all ! little congregations organiz$ !mselves1 mu* z ! little religi\s p>i%es _h be5 organiz$ 9 old ,engl&1 also began ! volunt>y e/abli%m5t ( t[n gramm> s*ools1 z a few t[ns 9 ,engl& _h done 7,r4 #adc7 be=e ! ,puritans migrat$4 ,! ,lat9 ,s*ool at ,bo/on dates f #afce1 & has _h a cont9u\s exi/5ce s9ce t "t4 ,! gramm> s*ool at ,*>le/[n dates f #afcf1 t at ,ipswi* f ! same ye>1 & ! s*ool at ,salem f #afcg4 ,9 #afci ,dor*e/] vot$3 t !re %all be a r5t ( #bj lb a ye> = ev] impos$ ^u ,tomsons ,isl& 444 t[>d ! maynt5ance ( a s*oole 9 ,dor*e/]4 ,?is r5t ( #bj lb ye>ly to bee payd to su* a s*oole-ma/] z %all vnd]take to tea* engli%1 lat9e1 & o!r tongues1 & also writ+4 ,! said s*oole-ma/] to bee *os5 f tyme to tyme p'r ! freem54 ,newbury1 9 #afci1 vot$ f\re ak]s ( upl& & sixe ak]s ( salt m>% to ,an?ony ,som]by = 8 enc\ragem5t to keepe s*oole = "o ye>e1 & lat] levi$ a t[n rate ( #bd = a s*oole to be kepte at ! meet+ h\se4 ,cambridge also e>ly e/abli%$ a ,lat9 gramm> s*ool = ! tra9+ up ( ,"y ,s*oll>s1 & fitt+ !m #e = ,academicall ,le>n+ 7,r4 #ahe74 ,! support = ! t[n s*ools ?us f\nd$ 0 d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 su* z ! levy+ ( tuition fees1 ! income f t[n l&s or fi%]ies set aside = ! purpose1 #f volunt>y contributions f ! p ( ! t[n1 #g a t[n tax1 or a comb9ation ( two or m ( ^! me?ods4 ,! f\nd+ ( ! free 7gramm>7 s*ool at ,roxburie1 9 #afde1 is repres5tative 7,r4 #ahh7 ( ! e>ly me?ods4 ,!re 0 no uni=m plan z yet1 9 ei!r old or ,new ,engl&4 ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,college4 ,9 addition to e/abli%+ ,lat9 gramm> s*ools1 a college 0 f\nd$1 9 #afcf1 by ! ,g5]al ,c\rt 7legislature7 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony1 to p]petuate le>n+ & insure an educat$ m9i/ry 7,r4 #ahe7 to ! *ur*es aft] our pres5t m9i/]s %all lie 9 ! du/4 ,?is new college1 locat$ at ,newt[ne1 0 model$ aft] ,emmanuel ,college at ,cambridge1 an ,engli% ,puritan college 9 :i* _m ( ! e>ly ,new ,engl& coloni/s _h /udi$1 #h & 9 lov+ memory ( :i* !y re*ri/5$ ,newt[ne z ,cambridge4 ,9 #afci ! college 0 *ri/5$ ,h>v>d ,college1 aft] a graduate ( ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 by ! "n ( ,john ,h>v>d1 :o di$ 9 ,*>le/[n1 a ye> aft] 8 arrival 9 ! colony1 & :o left ! college 8 libr>y ( two hundr$ & sixty volumes & half 8 prop]ty1 ab\t #hej4 ,! in/ruction 9 ! new college 0 a comb9ation ( ! arts & !ological in/ruction giv5 9 a m$iaeval univ]sity1 ?\gh at ,h>v>d ! ,presid5t1 ,ma/] ,dun/] 7,r4 #ahe71 did all ! tea*+4 ,= ! fir/ fifty ye>s at ,h>v>d ?is cont9u$ to be true1 ! att5dance dur+ t "t seldom exce$+ tw5ty4 ,! entrance requirem5ts = ! college 7,r4 #ahf a7 call = ! completion ( a typical ,engli% ,lat9 gramm>-s*ool education2 ! rules & precepts = ! gov]nm5t ( ! college 7,r4 #ahf b7 reveal ! deep religi\s motive2 & ! s*$ule ( /udies 7,r4 #ahf c7 & ! requirem5ts = degrees 7,r4 #ahf d7 bo? %[ t ! in/ruction 0 true to ! ,european type4 ,9 ! *>t] = ! college1 grant$ by ! colonial legislature 9 #afej 7,r4 #ahg a71 we f9d exemptions & conditions :i* rem9d "o /rongly ( ! old] ,european f\ndations4 ,a c5tury lat] ,br[n ,college1 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 0 grant$ ev5 m ext5sive exemptions 7,r4 #ahg b74 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,colonial ,,legislation3 ,,! ,,law ,,( #afdb4 ,we ?us see manife/$ e>ly 9 ,new ,engl& ! deep ,puritan-,calv9i/ic zeal = le>n+ z a bulw>k ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,we also see ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! wild]ness ( ,new ,engl& ( a typical ,engli% educational sy/em--t is1 private in/ruction 9 read+ & religion by ! p>5ts 9 ! home & by ! ma/]s ( appr5tices1 & lat] by a t[n s*oolma/]2 ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ool 9 ! l>g] t[ns1 to prep>e boys = ! college ( ! colony2 & an ,engli%-type college to prep>e !m = ! m9i/ry4 ,z 9 ,engl&1 too1 all 0 cle>ly subord9ate to ! ,*ur*4 ,/ill fur!r1 z 9 ,engl& also1 ! sy/em 0 volunt>y1 ! deep religi\s int]e/ :i* _h br\ght ! congregations to ,am]ica be+ dep5d$ ^u to insure = all ! necess>y education & religi\s tra9+4 ,x e>ly became evid5t1 ?\gh1 t ^! volunt>y ef=ts on ! "p ( ! p & ! t[ns w\ld n be suffici5t to insure t g5]al education :i* 0 requir$ by ! ,puritan religi\s !ory4 ,"u ! h>d pione] conditions1 & ! suff]+ :i* ensu$1 _m p>5ts & ma/]s ( appr5tices evid5tly prov$ neglectful ( _! educational duties4 ,accord+ly ! ,*ur* appeal$ to its s]vant1 ! ,/ate1 z repres5t$ 9 ! colonial legislature 7,g5]al ,c\rt7 to assi/ x 9 compell+ p>5ts & ma/]s to obs]ve _! religi\s obligations4 ,! result 0 ! fam\s ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb 7,r4 #aij71 :i* direct$ ! *os5 m5 7,selectm52 ,c\ncilm57 ( ea* t[n to asc]ta91 f "t to "t1 if ! p>5ts & ma/]s 7 att5d+ to _! educational duties2 if ! *ildr5 7 be+ tra9$ 9 le>n+ & labor & o!r employm5ts 444 pr(itable to ! ,commonweal?2 & if *ildr5 7 be+ taught to read & und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry1 & emp[]$ !m to impose f9es on ^? :o refuse to r5d] su* acc\nts to !m :5 requir$4 ,9 #afde ! ,g5]al ,c\rt fur!r ord]$ t all y\? betwe5 t5 & sixte5 ye>s ( age %\ld also receive in/ruction 9 ye ex]cise ( arms1 z small guns1 halfe pikes1 b[es arr[s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,two ,,tablets ,,on ,,! ,,we/ ,,gateway ,,at ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,reproduc+ colonial records relat+ to ! f\nd+ ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,! ,law ( #afdb is rem>kable 9 t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,engli%- speak+ _w1 a legislative body repres5t+ ! ,/ate ord]$ t all *ildr5 %\ld be taught to read4 ,! law %[s cle>ly n only ! influ5ce ( ! ,re=mation !ory z to p]sonal salvation & ! ,calv9i/ic conception ( ! connection betwe5 le>n+ & religion1 b also ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,poor-,law legislation :i* _h develop$ rapidly dur+ ! half-c5tury imm$iately prec$+ ! com+ ( ! ,puritans to ,am]ica 7,r4 #agc74 ,on ! f\ndations ( ! ,engli% ,poor ,law ( #afja 7,r4 #agd7 our ,new ,engl& settl]s m\ld$ ! fir/ ,am]ican law relat+ to education1 add+ to ! pr9ciples !re e/abli%$ 7p4 #cbf7 a di/9ct ,calv9i/ic contribution to our new-_w life t1 ! au?orities ( ! civil t[n %\ld see t all *ildr5 7 taught to read & und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is law ! ,selectm51 or ! c\rts if !y fail$ to d s1 7 ord]$ to en=ce1 & ! c\rts usually look$ aft] _! duties 9 ! matt] 7,r4 #aib74 ,! ,law ( #afdg4 ,! ,law ( #afdb1 :ile ord]+ ! *os5 m5 ( ea* t[n to see t ! education & tra9+ ( *ildr5 0 n neglect$1 & provid+ = f9es on p>5ts & ma/]s :o fail$ to r5d] acc\nts :5 requir$1 did n1 h[ev]1 e/abli% s*ools1 or direct ! employm5t ( s*oolma/]s4 ,! provision ( education1 aft] ! ,engli% fa%ion1 0 /ill left ) ! homes4 ,aft] a trial ( five ye>s1 ! results ( :i* 7 n satisfactory1 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt enact$ ano!r law by means ( :i* x has be5 ass]t$ t ! ,puritan gov]nm5t ( ,massa*usetts r5d]$ probably its greate/ s]vice to ! future4 ,aft] rec\nt+ 9 a preamble 7,r4 #aia7 t x _h 9 ! pa/ be5 "o *eife proiect ( y't ould delud]1 ,satan1 to keepe m5 f ! k ( y'e ,scriptures1 444 by keep+ y'm 9 an unkn[ne tongue1 s n[ by pswad+ f y'e use ( tongues1 & obscur+ y'e true s5ce mean+ ( y'e orig9all by false glosses ( sa9t-seem+ deceiv]s1 le>n+ 0 9 dang] ( be+ buri$ 9 y'e grave ( o'r fa?'rs 9 y'e *ur* & comonweal?2 ! ,c\rt ord]$3 #a4 ,t e t[n hav+ fifty h\sehold]s %\ld at once appo9t a tea*] ( read+ & writ+1 & provide = 8 wages 9 su* mann] z ! t[n might det]m9e2 & #b4 ,t e t[n hav+ "o hundr$ h\sehold]s mu/ provide a gramm> s*ool to fit y\?s = ! univ]sity1 "u a p5alty ( #e 7aft]w>ds increas$ to #bj7 = failure to d s4 ,?is law repres5ts a di/9ct /ep 9 advance ov] ! ,law ( #afdb1 & = ?is !re are no ,engli% prec$5ts4 ,x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ,engl& took su* a /ep4 ,! prec$5ts = ! compulsory e/abli%m5t ( s*ools lie r 9 ! practices ( ! diff]5t ,g]man ,/ates 7p4 #cah71 ! actions ( ! ,dut* synods 7,r4 #agf7 & prov9ces 7p4 #cce71 ! ,acts ( ! ,scotti% p>liam5t ( #afcc & #afdf 7p4 #ccd2 ,r4 #agi71 & ! g5]al ,calv9i/ic pr9ciple t education 0 an important function ( a religi\s ,/ate4 ,,pr9ciples ,,e/abli%$4 ,! ,/ate "h1 act+ aga9 z ! s]vant ( ! ,*ur*1 enact$ a law & fix$ a tradition :i* prevail$ & grew 9 /r5g? & effectiv5ess aft] ,/ate & ,*ur* _h p>t$ company4 ,n only 0 a s*ool sy/em ord]$ e/abli%$--elem5t>y = all t[ns & *ildr51 & second>y = y\?s 9 ! l>g] t[ns--b1 = ! fir/ "t among ,engli%-speak+ p1 !re 0 an ass]tion ( ! "r ( ! ,/ate to require communities to e/abli% & ma9ta9 s*ools1 "u p5alty if !y refus$ to d s4 ,x c be safely ass]t$1 9 ! light ( lat] developm5ts1 t ! two laws ( #afdb & #afdg repres5t ! f\ndations ^u :i* our ,am]ican /ate public-s*ool sy/ems h be5 built4 ,mr4 ,m>t91 ! hi/orian ( ! ,massa*usetts public-s*ool sy/em1 /ates ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* und]lay ?is legislation1 z foll[s3 #i #a4 ,! univ]sal education ( y\? is ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 #b4 ,! obligation to furni% ?is education re/s prim>ily ^u ! p>5t4 #c4 ,! ,/ate has a "r to en=ce ?is obligation4 #d4 ,! ,/ate may fix a /&>d :i* %all det]m9e ! k9d ( education1 & ! m9imum am\nt4 #e4 ,public money1 rais$ by g5]al tax1 may be us$ to provide su* education z ! ,/ate requires4 ,! tax may be g5]al1 ?\gh ! s*ool att5dance is n4 #f4 ,education high] ?an ! rudim5ts may be suppli$ by ! ,/ate4 ,opportunity mu/ be provid$1 at public exp5se1 = y\?s :o wi% to be fitt$ = ! univ]sity4 ,x is important to note "h1 adds ,mr4 ,m>t91 t ! idea und]ly+ all ?is legislation is nei!r pat]nali/ic nor sociali/ic4 ,! *ild is to be educat$1 n to advance 8 p]sonal int]e/s1 b because ! ,/ate w suff] if he is n educat$4 ,! ,/ate does n provide s*ools to relieve ! p>5t1 nor because x c educate bett] ?an ! p>5t c1 b because x c !reby bett] en=ce ! obligation :i* x imposes4 ,to prev5t a return to ! =m] /ate ( religi\s ignorance x 0 important t education be provid$4 ,to assure ?is ! colonial legislature enact$ a law requir+ ! ma9t5ance & support ( s*ools by ! t[ns4 ,?is law became ! corn]-/one ( our ,am]ican /ate s*ool sy/ems4 ,influ5ce on o!r ,new ,engl& colonies4 ,connecticut ,colony1 9 its ,law ( #afej e/abli%+ a s*ool sy/em1 comb9$ ! _s ( ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb1 ?\gh /at$ 9 diff]5t words 7,r4 #aic71 & ! ,law ( #afdg1 /at$ ^w = ^w4 ,new ,hav5 ,colony1 9 #afee1 ord]$ t *ildr5 & appr5tices %\ld be taught to read1 z _h be5 done 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afdb1 b on ! union ( ,new ,hav5 & ,connecticut ,colonies1 9 #affe1 ! ,connecticut ,code became ! law = ! unit$ colonies4 ,9 #agjb a college 0 f\nd$ 7,yale7 & f9ally locat$ at ,new ,hav51 to (f] prep>ation = ! m9i/ry 9 ! ,connecticut colony1 z _h be5 done e>li] 9 ,massa*usetts1 & ,lat9 gramm> s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 ! ,connecticut t[ns to prep>e = ! new college1 z also _h be5 done e>li] 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! rules & regulations = ! gramm> s*ool at ,new ,hav5 7,r4 #ahi7 reveal ! purpose & describe ! in/ruction provid$ 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ ( ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,:]e ,,yale ,,college ,,0 ,,f\nd$ ,plym\? ,colony1 9 #afeh & aga9 9 #affc1 propos$ to ! t[ns t !y sett vp a s*oolma/] to tra9e vp *ildr5 to read+ & writ+ 7,r4 #aid a74 ,9 #afgb ! t[ns 7 ask$ to aid ,h>v>d ,college by gifts 7,r4 #aid b74 ,9 #afgc-gd ! income f ! ,cape ,cod fi%]ies 0 set aside = ! support ( a 7gramm>7 s*ool 7,r4 #aid c74 ,f9ally1 9 #afgg1 all t[ns hav+ ov] fifty families & ma9ta9+ a gramm> s*ool 7 ord]$ aid$ f ! fi%]y proce$s 7,r4 #aid d74 ,! ,massa*usetts laws also appli$ to ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,v]mont1 z ^! 7 !n a "p ( ,massa*usetts ,colony4 ,aft] ,new ,hamp%ire sep>at$1 9 #afhj1 ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdg 0 virtually readopt$ 9 #agai-ba4 ,9 ,ma9e & ,v]mont !re 7 s few settl]s1 until ne> ! beg9n+ ( our national life1 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,massa*usetts legislation on ^! ,/ates 0 negligible until a lat] p]iod4 ,only 9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations1 ( all ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 did ! ,massa*usetts legislation fail to ex]t a deep influ5ce4 ,settl$ z ^! two _h be5 by refugees f ,new ,engl&1 & organiz$ on a basis ( hospitality to all :o suff]$ f religi\s oppression else:]e1 ! religi\s /imulus to ! f\nd+ ( s*ools naturally 0 lack+4 ,z ! religi\s basis = education 0 z yet ! only basis1 ! fir/ developm5t ( s*ools 9 ,rhode ,isl& await$ ! humanit>ian & economic influ5ces :i* did n become op]ative until e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,outside ( ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 ! appeal to ! ,/ate z ! s]vant ( ! ,*ur* 0 seldom made dur+ ! e>ly colonial p]iod1 ! *ur*es h&l+ ! educational problem 9 _! own way4 ,z a result ! beg9n+s ( ,/ate ov]sight & control 7 left to ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! c5tral colonies a s]ies ( p>o*ial-s*ool sy/ems came to prevail1 :ile 9 ,episcopalian ,virg9ia & ! o!r colonies to ! s\? ! no-bus9ess-(-!-,/ate attitude assum$ t[>d education by ! "m c\ntry 0 copi$4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,s*ools ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,new ,ne!rl&1 z ,new ,york ,colony 0 call$ be=e ! ,engli% occupation1 0 settl$ by ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company1 & "s doz5 villages ab\t ,new ,york & up ! ,hudson _h be5 f\nd$ by ! "t x pass$ to ! control ( ! ,engli%1 9 #affd4 ,9 ^! ! ,dut* e/abli%$ typical home-l& public p>o*ial s*ools1 "u ! control ( ! ,re=m$ ,dut* ,*ur*4 ,! s*oolma/] 0 usually ! read] & prec5tor 9 ! *ur* z well 7,r4 #aie71 & (t5 act$1 z 9 ,holl&1 z sexton besides4 ,girls att5d$ on equal t]ms ) boys1 b sat ap>t & recit$ 9 sep>ate classes4 ,! in/ruction consi/$ ( read+ & writ+ ,dut*1 sometimes a little ari?metic1 ! ,dut* ,cate*ism1 ! read+ ( a few religi\s books1 & c]ta9 pray]s4 ,! rules 7#affa7 = a s*oolma/] 9 ,new ,am/]dam 7,r4 #aif71 & ! contract ) a ,dut* s*oolma/] 9 ,flatbu% 7,r4 #aie71 dat+ f #afhb1 reveal ! type ( s*ools & s*ool conditions provid$4 ,all except ! *ildr5 ( ! poor paid fees to ! s*oolma/]4 #aj ,he 0 lic5s$ by ! ,dut* *ur* au?orities4 ,z ! ,dut* _h n come to ,am]ica because ( p]secution1 & 7 9 no way out ( sympa?y ) religi\s conditions 9 ! home-l&1 ! s*ools !y develop$ "h 7 typical ( ! ,dut* ,european p>o*ial s*ools ( ! "t 7,r4 #agh74 ,a trivial 7,lat97 s*ool 0 also e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york1 9 #afeb4 ,aft] ! ,engli% occupation ! ,engli% pr9ciple ( private & *ur* control ( education1 ) s*ool+ on a tuition or a *>itable basis1 came to prevail1 & ?is cont9u$ up to ! beg9n+ ( our national p]iod4 #aa ,( ! ,engli% colonial s*ools ( ,new ,york ,drap] has writt53 #ab ,all ! ,engli% s*ools 9 ! prov9ce f #agjj d[n to ! "t ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 7 ma9ta9$ by a great religi\s society organiz$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&--&1 ( c\rse1 ) ! favor ( ! gov]nm5t--call$ ,! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts4 ,! law gov]n+ ?is ,society provid$ t no tea*] %\ld be employ$ until he _h prov$ 8 affection = ! pres5t gov]nm5t & 8 con=mity to ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,s*ools ma9ta9$ "u su* auspices 7 9 no s5se free s*ools4 ,inde$1 humiliat+ z x is1 no /ud5t ( hi/ory c fail to disc]n ! fact t ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita91 dur+ its supremacy 9 ?is t]ritory1 did no?+ to facilitate ! ext5sion or promote ! effici5cy ( free elem5t>y s*ools among ! p4 ,,! ,,p>o*ial ,,s*ools ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,p5nsylvania 0 settl$ by ,quak]s1 ,bapti/s1 ,me?odi/s1 ,presbyt]ians1 ,g]man ,lu!rans1 ,moravians1 ,m5nonites1 & memb]s ( ! ,g]man ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 all ( :om came to ,am]ica to secure great] religi\s lib]ty & _h be5 attract$ to ?is colony by ! fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip :i* ,p5n _h provid$ = !re4 ,all ^! 7 ,prote/ant sects1 all believ$ 9 ! necessity ( le>n+ to read ! ,bible z a means to p]sonal salvation1 & all made ef=ts look+ t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools z a "p ( _! *ur* organization4 ,unlike ,new ,engl&1 ?\gh1 no sect 0 9 a majority2 *ur* control = ea* d5om9ation 0 consid]$ z mo/ satisfactory2 & no appeal 0 made to ! ,/ate to h x assi/ ! *ur*es 9 ! en=cem5t ( _! religi\s purposes4 ,! cl]gym5 7 usually ! tea*]s 9 ! p>o*ial s*ools e/abli%$1 #ac :ile private pay s*ools 7 op5$ 9 ! villages & t[ns4 ,^! 7 taught 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 or ! ,moravian tongue 7,cze*71 accord+ to ! orig9al language ( ! diff]5t immigrants4 ,! ,quak]s seem to h tak5 p>ticul> int]e/ 9 s*ools 7,r4 #aii71 a ,quak] s*ool 9 ,philadelphia 7,r4 #aih7 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ ! ye> ! city 0 f\nd$4 ,girls 7 educat$ z well z boys1 & ! emphasis 0 plac$ on read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 & religion1 r ?an ^u any high] =m ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,an ,,old ,,quak] ,,meet+-,,h\se ,,& ,,s*ool ,,at ,,lampet]1 ,,p5nsylvania 7,f an old draw+7 ,! result 0 ! developm5t 9 ?is colony ( a policy ( dep5d+ on *ur* & private ef=t1 & ! provision ( education1 aside f c]ta9 rudim5t>y & religi\s in/ruction1 0 left l>gely = ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = ! privilege4 ,*>itable education 0 ext5d$ to b a few1 = a %ort "t1 :ile1 "u ! fre$om all[$1 _m communities made b indiff]5t provisions or suff]$ _! s*ools to lapse4 ,"u ! primitive conditions ( ! "t ! int]e/ ev5 9 religi\s education (t5 decl9$ almo/ to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,s lax 9 ! matt] ( provid+ s*ool+ _h _m communities become t ! second ,prov9cial ,assembly1 sitt+ 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #afhc1 pass$ an ord9ance requir+ 7,r4 #aig7 t all p]sons hav+ *ildr5 mu/ cause !m to be taught to read & write1 s t !y might be able to read ! ,scriptures by ! "t !y 7 twelve ye>s old1 & also t all *ildr5 be taught "s useful trade4 ,a f9e ( #e 0 to be assess$ = failure to comply ) ! law4 ,s mu* 9 advance ( ,engli% ideas z to :at 0 fitt+ & prop] 0 ?is compulsory law t x 0 veto$ by ,william & ,m>y1 :5 submitt$ to _! maje/ies = approval4 ,t5 ye>s lat] x 0 renact$ by ! ,gov]nor & ,assembly ( ! colony1 b prov$ s difficult ( en=cem5t t x 0 soon dropp$1 & ! *ance ( />t+ education 9 ,p5nsylvania some:at aft] ! ,new ,engl& model 0 lo/4 ,! colony n[ settl$ d[n to a policy ( non /ate action1 & ?is 9 "t became s firmly e/abli%$ t ! d- z-y-please idea p]si/$ 9 ?is ,/ate up to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ free /ate s*ool sy/em1 9 #ahcd4 ,,mix$ ,,conditions ,,9 ,,new ,,j]sey4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 situat$ z x 0 ne> ! c5t] ( ! diff]5t colonies1 ! e>ly developm5t ( education !re 0 ! product ( a numb] ( diff]5t influ5ces4 ,! ,dut* cross$ f ,new ,am/]dam1 ! ,engli% came f ,connecticut & lat] f ,new ,york1 ,scot* & ,scot*-,iri% ,presbyt]ians came f ! "m c\ntry1 ,sw$i% ,lu!rans settl$ along ! ,delaw>e1 & ,quak]s & ,g]man ,lu!rans came ov] f ,p5nsylvania4 ,! educational practice ( ! colony or l& f :i* ea* gr\p ( settl]s came 0 reproduc$ 9 ! colony4 ,aft] ! ,engli% succe$$ ! ,dut* 9 ,new ,am/]dam 7#affd71 ,engli% me?ods & practice 9 education gradually came into control ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ,new ,j]sey1 & z a result "h1 z 9 ,new ,york1 b little 0 accompli%$ 9 provid+ s*ools = o!r ?an a select few until well aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,nei!r ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 nor ,p5nsylvania may be said to h develop$ any colonial educational policy aside f t ( all[+ private & p>o*ial ef=t to provide su* s*ools z seem$ desirable4 ,,virg9ia ,,& ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,type4 ,almo/ all ! conditions att5d+ ! settlem5t ( ,virg9ia 7 9 contra/ to ^? ( ! ,new ,engl& colonies4 ,! e>ly settl]s 7 f ! same class ( ,engli% yeom5 & c\ntry squires1 b ) ! important diff]5ce t :]eas ! ,new ,engl& settl]s 7 ,diss5t]s f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & _h come to ,am]ica to obta9 fre$om 9 religi\s wor%ip1 ! settl]s 9 ,virg9ia 7 adh]5ts ( ! ,national ,*ur* & _h come to ,am]ica = ga94 ,! m>k$ diff]5ces 9 climate & possible crops l$ to ! l>ge plantation type ( settlem5t1 in/ead ( ! compact little ,new ,engl& t[n2 ! introduction ( l>ge numb]s ( ind5tur$ :ite s]vants1 & lat] negro slaves1 l$ to ! developm5t ( classes 9 society in/ead ( to ! ,new ,engl& type ( democracy2 & ! lack ( a /rong religi\s motive = education naturally l$ to ! adoption ( ! cu/om>y ,engli% practices in/ead ( to ! developm5t ( colonial s*ools4 ,! tutor 9 ! home1 education 9 small private pay s*ools1 or education 9 ! "m c\ntry 7 ! prevail+ me?ods adopt$ among ! well-to-d plant]s1 :ile ! poor] classes 7 left ) only su* advantages z appr5tice%ip tra9+ or *>ity s*ools might provide4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire colonial p]iod ,virg9ia rema9$ mo/ l ! "m c\ntry 9 _s & practice1 & /&s among ! colonies z ! cle>e/ example ( ! ,engli% attitude t[>d s*ool support & control4 ,z 9 ! "m c\ntry1 education 0 consid]$ to be no bus9ess ( ! ,/ate4 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 & ! ,c>ol9as foll[$ ! ,engli% attitude1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ,virg9ia4 ,practically all ! ,virg9ia colonial legislation relat+ to education ref]s ei!r to ,william & ,m>y ,college 7f\nd$ 9 #afic71 or to ! education ( orphans & ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,bo? ^! int]e/s1 z we h previ\sly se51 7 typically ,engli%4 ,all ! sev5te5?- c5tury legislation relat+ to education is bas$ on ! ,engli% ,poor-,law legislation1 #ad previ\sly describ$ 7p4 #cbe71 & includ$ ! compulsory appr5tice%ip ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 tra9+ 9 a trade1 ! requirem5t t ! public au?orities mu/ provide opportunities = ?is type ( education1 & ! use ( bo? local & colony funds = ! purpose 7,r4 #bjj a71 all1 z ! ,/atutes /ate1 accord+ to ! a=esaid laudable cu/om 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 n until #agje t ,virg9ia rea*$ ! po9t1 rea*$ by ,massa*usetts 9 #afdb1 ( requir+ t ! ma/] ( ! appr5tic$ orphan %all be oblig$ to tea* him to read & write4 ,9 all ! ,anglican colonies ! appr5tic+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 7see ,r4 #bjj b = "s int]e/+ ,nor? ,c>ol9a records7 0 a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,dur+ ! entire colonial p]iod ! indiff]5ce ( ! "m c\ntry to g5]al education 0 /eadily reflect$ 9 ,virg9ia & 9 ! colonies :i* 7 ess5tially ,anglican 9 religion1 & foll[$ ! ,engli% example4 ,,type ,,plans ,,repres5t$ ,,by #agej4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury ?us witness$ ! transplant+ ( ,european ideas z to gov]nm5t1 religion1 & education to ! new ,am]ican colonies1 & by ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d ?ree cle>ly m>k$ types ( educational practice or conception z to educational responsibility e/abli%$ on ,am]ican soil4 ,! fir/ 0 ! /rong ,calv9i/ic conception ( a religi\s ,/ate1 support+ a sy/em ( common v]nacul> s*ools1 high] ,lat9 s*ools1 & a college1 = bo? religi\s & civic ends4 ,?is type dom9at$ ,new ,engl&1 & is be/ repres5t$ by ,massa*usetts4 ,f ,new ,engl& ?is attitude 0 c>ri$ we/w>d by ! migrations ( ,new ,engl& p1 & deeply influ5c$ ! educational developm5t ( all ,/ates to :i* ! ,new ,engl&] w5t 9 any l>ge numb]s4 ,?is 0 ! educational contribution ( ,calv9ism to ,am]ica4 #ae ,out ( x our /ate s*ool sy/ems ( to-day1 by ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 h be5 evolv$4 ,! second 0 ! p>o*ial-s*ool conception ( ! ,dut*1 ,moravians1 ,m5nonites1 ,g]man ,lu!rans1 ,g]man ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ,quak]s1 ,presbyt]ians1 ,bapti/s1 & ,ca?olics4 ,?is type is be/ repres5t$ by ,prote/ant ,p5nsylvania & ,ca?olic ,m>yl&4 ,x /ood = *ur* control ( all educational ef=ts1 res5t$ /ate int]f]5ce1 0 dom9at$ only by *ur* purposes1 & 9 "t came to be a s]i\s ob/acle 9 ! way ( rational /ate s*ool organization & control4 ,! ?ird type1 into :i* ! second type t5d$ to fuse1 conceiv$ ( public education1 aside f collegiate education1 z int5d$ *iefly = orphans & ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 & z a *>ity :i* ! ,/ate 0 "u little or no obligation to assi/ 9 support+4 ,all *ildr5 ( ! upp] & middle classes 9 society att5d$ private or *ur* s*ools1 or 7 taught by tutors 9 _! homes1 & = su* in/ruction paid a prop] tuition fee4 ,paup]s & orphans1 9 limit$ numb]s & = a limit$ "t1 might be provid$ ) "s =m ( useful education at ! exp5se ( ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate4 ,?is type is be/ repres5t$ by ,anglican ,virg9ia1 :i* typifi$ well ! laissez-faire policy :i* dom9at$ ,engl& f ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation until ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^! ?ree types ( attitude t[>d ! provision ( education became fix$ ,am]ican types1 & ea* deeply influ5c$ subsequ5t ,am]ican educational developm5t1 z we %all po9t out 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,dom9ance ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,motive4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ess5tially a p]iod ( ! transplant+1 almo/ un*ang$ 9 =m1 ( ! *>act]i/ic ,european in/itutions1 mann]s1 religi\s attitudes1 & =ms ( gov]nm5t to ,am]ican %ores4 ,ea* sect or nationality on arriv+ set up 9 ! new l& ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( *ur* & s*ool & social obs]vances kn[n 9 ! old home-l&4 ,dut*1 ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 ,calv9i/s1 ,lu!rans1 ,anglicans1 ,presbyt]ians-- reproduc$ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies ! ma9 type ( s*ools exi/+ at ! "t ( _! migration 9 ! "m l& f :i* !y came4 ,!y 7 also dom9at$ by ! same deep religi\s purpose4 ,! dom9ance ( ?is religi\s purpose 9 all in/ruction is well illu/rat$ by ! great beg9n+-s*ool book ( ! "t1 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]4 ,a dige/ ( ! cont5ts ( ?is1 ) a few pages reproduc$1 is giv5 9 ,r4 #bjb4 ,?is book1 f :i* all *ildr5 le>n$ to read1 0 us$ by ,diss5t]s & ,lu!rans alike 9 ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,?is book ,=d well *>act]izes 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,z "o glances ov] :at may truly be call$ ,! ,little ,bible ( ,new ,engl&1 & reads its /]n lessons1 ! ,puritan mood is caught ) absolute fai?fulness4 ,"h 0 no easy road to k & salvation2 b ) prose z b>e ( beauty z ! :itewa% ( _! *ur*es1 ) poetry z r\gh & /]n z _! /orm-torn coa/1 ) pictures z crude & unf9i%$ z _! own glacial-smoo!d b\ld]s1 betwe5 /iff oak cov]s :i* symboliz$ ! cont5ts1 ! *ildr5 7 tutor$1 until1 f be+ unreg5]ate1 & z ,jona?an ,edw>ds said1 "y vip]s1 & inf9itely m hateful ?an vip]s to ,god1 !y atta9$ t happy /ate :51 z express$ by ,judge ,sewell's *ild1 !y 7 afraid t !y %\ld goe to hell1 & 7 /irr$ up dreadfully to seek ,god4 ,god 0 made /]n] & m cruel ?an any liv+ judge1 t all might be br\ght to realize h[ slight a *ance ev5 ! lea/ err+ _h ( escap+ et]nal damnation4 ,"o le>n$ to read *iefly t "o might be able to read ! ,cate*ism & ! ,bible1 & to "k ! w ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,!re 0 sc>cely any o!r purpose 9 ! ma9t5ance ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,9 ! gramm> s*ools & ! colleges /ud5ts 7 in/ruct$ to consid] well ! ma9 end ( life & /udies4 ,^! in/itutions exi/$ ma9ly to insure a supply ( le>n$ m9i/]s = s]vice 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,su* /udies z hi/ory1 geography1 sci5ce1 music1 draw+1 secul> lit]ature1 & organiz$ play 7 unkn[n4 ,*ildr5 7 con/antly surr\nd$1 week days & ,sundays1 by ! somb] ,calv9i/ic religi\s atmosph]e 9 ,new ,engl&1 #af & by ! c>eful religi\s ov]sight ( ! pa/ors & eld]s 9 ! colonies :]e ! p>o*ial-s*ool sy/em 0 ! rul+ plan = education4 ,s*oolma/]s 7 requir$ to cate*ise _! s*ol>s 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & x 0 made a *ief "p ( ! s*oolma/]'s religi\s c>e to comm5d 8 s*ol>s & 8 labors among/ !m unto ,god by pray] morn+ & ev5+1 tak+ c>e t 8 s*ol>s d rev]5tly att5d dur+ ! same4 ,religi\s matt] con/itut$ ! only read+ matt]1 outside ! in/ruction 9 ,lat9 9 ! gramm> s*ools4 ,! ,cate*ism 0 taught1 & ! ,bible 0 read & exp\nd$4 ,*ur* att5dance 0 requir$1 & gramm>-s*ool pupils 7 oblig$ to report ea* week on ! ,sunday s]mon4 ,?is insi/5ce on ! religi\s elem5t 0 m prom95t 9 ,calv9i/ic ,new ,engl& ?an 9 ! colonies to ! s\?1 b ev]y:]e ! religi\s purpose 0 dom9ant4 ,! *ur* p>o*ial & *>ity s*ools 7 ess5tially s*ools = in/ill+ ! *ur* practices & beliefs ( ! *ur* ma9ta9+ !m4 ,?is /ate ( affairs cont9u$ until well t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,comp>e ! cons]vative & radical gr\ps 9 ! ,engli% purification movem5t ) ! cons]vative & radical gr\ps1 z typifi$ by ,erasmus & ,lu!r1 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 #b4 ,%[ h[1 = ea* gr\p1 ! s*ools e/abli%$ 7 m]ely homel& =eign-type religi\s s*ools1 ) no?+ di/9ctively ,am]ican ab\t !m4 #c4 ,%[ :y su* copy+ ( home-l& types1 ev5 to ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ool1 0 p]fectly natural4 #d4 ,! provision ( ! ,law ( #afdb requir+ in/ruction 9 ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry 0 new4 ,h[ d y expla9 ?is addition to "m- l& practices8 #e4 ,%[ :y ! ,law ( #afdb 0 ,calv9i/ic r ?an ,anglican 9 its orig94 #f4 ,expla9 ! mean+ ( ! preamble to ! ,law ( #afdg4 #g4 ,%[ h[ ! ,law ( #afdg mu/ g back = prec$5ts to ,g]man1 ,dut*1 & ,scot* s\rces4 #h4 ,apply ! six pr9ciples /at$ by ,mr4 ,m>t91 z embodi$ 9 ! legislation ( #afdg1 to mod]n /ate s*ool practice1 & %[ h[ we h adopt$ ea* 9 our laws4 #i4 ,%[ also t ! ,law ( #afdg1 z well z mod]n /ate s*ool laws1 is nei!r pat]nali/ic nor sociali/ic 9 ess5tial purpose4 #aj4 ,%[ t1 ?\gh ! mixture ( religi\s sects 9 ,p5nsylvania made colonial legislation difficult1 /ill x w\ld h be5 possible to h en=c$ ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb1 or ! ,p5nsylvania laws ( #afhc or #afic1 9 ! colony4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! opposition & failure to d s8 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ! *>ity s*ools = ! poor1 & *ur* mission>y- society s*ools1 7 ! natural outcome ( ! ,engli% attitude t[>d elem5t>y education4 #ab4 ,:i* ( ! ?ree type plans 9 ! ,am]ican colonies by #agej mo/ influ5c$ educational developm5t 9 y\r ,/ate8 #ac4 ,/ate ! important contribution ( ,calv9ism to our new-_w life4 #ad4 ,expla9 ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* to g5]al education dur+ ! :ole ( our colonial p]iod4 #ae4 ,expla9 :at is meant by ,! ,puritan ,*ur* appli$ to its s]vant1 ! ,/ate1 etc4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #ahc4 ,ni*ols3 ,! ,puritan ,attitude4 #ahd4 ,gov4 ,brad=d3 ,! ,puritans leave ,engl&4 #ahe4 ,fir/ ,fruits3 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ,h>v>d ,college4 #ahf4 ,fir/ ,fruits3 ,! ,fir/ ,rules = ,h>v>d ,college4 7a7 ,entrance ,requirem5ts4 7b7 ,rules & ,precepts4 7c7 ,"t & ,ord] ( ,/udies4 7d7 ,requirem5ts = ,degrees4 #ahg4 ,college ,*>t]s3 ,extracts f1 %[+ ,privileges4 7a7 ,h>v>d ,college1 #afej4 7b7 ,br[n ,college1 #agfd4 #ahh4 ,dillaway3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,free ,s*ool at ,roxburie4 #ahi4 ,baird3 ,rules & ,regulations = ,hopk9s ,gramm> ,s*ool4 #aij4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb4 #aia4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdg4 #aib4 ,c\rt ,records3 ,pres5tm5t ( ,topsfield = ,violat+ ! ,law ( #afdb4 #aic4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,connecticut ,law ( #afej4 #aid4 ,/atutes3 ,plym\? ,colony ,legislation4 #aie4 ,flatbu%3 ,contract ) a ,dut* ,s*oolma/]4 #aif4 ,new ,am/]dam3 ,rules = a ,s*oolma/] 94 #aig4 ,/atutes3 ,! ,p5nsylvania4 ,law ( #afhc4 #aih4 ,m9utes ( ,c\ncil3 ,! ,fir/ ,s*ool 9 ,philadelphia4 #aii4 ,murray3 ,e>ly ,quak] ,injunctions reg>d+ ,s*ools4 #bjj4 ,/atutes3 ,appr5tice%ip ,laws 9 ! ,s\!rn ,colonies4 7a7 ,virg9ia ,/atutes4 7b7 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,c\rt ,records4 #bja4 ,/iles3 ,a ,new ,engl& ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip4 #bjb4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]3 ,description & ,dige/4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,:at does ! selection on ,! ,puritan ,attitude 7#ahc7 reveal z to ! ext5t & dep? ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&8 #b4 ,*>act]ize ! feel+s & emotions & desires ( ! ,puritans1 z express$ 9 ! extract 7#ahd7 f ,gov]nor ,brad=d's n>rative4 #c4 ,*>act]ize ! _s beh9d ! f\nd+ ( ,h>v>d ,college1 z express$ 9 ! extract f ,new ,engl&'s ,fir/ ,fruits 7#ahe74 #d4 ,:at 0 ! nature & purpose ( ! ,h>v>d ,college in/ruction z %[n by ! selection #ahf a-d8 #e4 ,po9t out ! simil>ity betwe5 ! exemptions grant$ to ,h>v>d ,college by ! ,legislature ( ! colony 7#ahg a7 & ^? grant$ to m$iaeval univ]sities 7#ajc-aje74 ,comp>e ! privileges grant$ ,br[n 7#ahg b7 & ^? conta9$ 9 #ajd4 #f4 ,comp>e ! f\nd+ ( ! ,free ,s*ool at ,roxbury 7#ahh7 ) ! f\nd+ ( an ,engli% ,gramm> ,s*ool 7#ada-dc74 #g4 ,:at does ! di/ribution ( s*ol>s at ,roxbury 7#ahh7 %[ z to ! "* ( ! s*ool8 #h4 ,/ate ! ess5tials ( ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb 7#aij74 #i4 ,comp>e ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb & ! ,engli% ,poor-,law ( #afja 7#aij ) #agd7 z to fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$ 9 ea*4 #aj4 ,:at does ! c\rt citation ( ,topsfield 7#aib7 %[8 #aa4 ,:at new pr9ciple is add$ 7#aia7 by ! ,law ( #afdg1 & :at does ?is new law indicate z to ne$s 9 ! colony = classical le>n+8 #ab4 ,%[ h[ ! ,connecticut ,law ( #afej 7#aic7 0 bas$ on ! ,massa*usetts ,law 7#aij7 ( #afdb4 #ac4 ,:at does ! ,plym\? ,colony appeal = ,h>v>d ,college 7#aid b7 indicate z to community ( ideas 9 e>ly ,new ,engl&8 #ad4 ,:at type ( s*ool 0 x int5d$ to end[ f ! ,cape ,cod fi%]ies 7#aid c78 #ae4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,plym\? requirem5t z to gramm> s*ools 7#aid d7 & ! ,massa*usetts requirem5t 7#aia78 #af4 ,comp>e ! rules = ! ,new ,hav5 ,gramm> ,s*ool 7#ahi7 ) ^? = ,colet's ,london ,s*ool 7#ach a-c74 #ag4 ,*>act]ize ! e>ly ,dut* s*ools z %[n by ! rules = ! s*oolma/] 7#aif7 & ! ,flatbu% contract 7#aie74 #ah4 ,j :at type ( education did ! ,quak]s mean to provide =1 z %[n 9 ! extract f _! ,rules ( ,discipl9e 7#aii78 #ai4 ,:at k9d ( a s*ool 0 ! fir/ "o e/abli%$ 9 ,philadelphia 7#aih78 #bj4 ,comp>e ! propos$ ,p5nsylvania ,law ( #afhc 7#aig7 & ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #afdb 7#aij74 #ba4 ,:at conception ( education is reveal$ by ! ,virg9ia appr5tice%ip laws 7#bjj a1 #a-c7 & ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a c\rt records 7#bjj b1 #a-c78 #bb4 ,*>act]ize ! ,new ,engl& ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip giv5 9 #bja4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,boone1 ,r4 ,g4 ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,br[n1 ,s4 ,w4 ,! ,secul>ization ( ,am]ican ,education4 ,*eyney1 ,edw4 ,p4 ,european ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ,education4 ,dext]1 ,e4,g4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 ,eggle/on1 ,edw4 ,! ,transit ( ,civilization4 ,fisk1 ,c4 ,r4 ,! ,engli% ,p>i% & ,education at ! ,beg9n+ ( ,am]ican ,civilization2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #bc1 pp4 #dcc-di4 7,septemb]1 #aiae47 99 ,=d1 ,p4 ,l4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]4 99 ,heatwole1 ,c4 ,j4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ,virg9ia4 ,jackson1 ,g4 ,l4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,s*ool ,support 9 ,colonial ,massa*usetts4 99 ,kilpatrick1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,! ,dut* ,s*ools ( ,new ,ne!rl&s & ,colonial ,new ,york4 99 ,knight1 ,e4 ,w4 ,public ,s*ool ,education 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 99 ,m>t91 ,geo4 ,h4 ,evolution ( ! ,massa*usetts ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em4 ,seybolt1 ,r4 ,f4 ,appr5tice%ip & ,appr5tice ,education 9 ,colonial ,new ,york & ,new ,engl&4 99 ,small1 ,w4 ,h4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,gramm> ,s*ool2 9 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #eac-ca4 7,septemb]1 #aijb47 ,small1 ,w4 ,h4 ,e>ly ,new ,engl& ,s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry ,,new ,,attitudes ,,aft] ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury onw>d1 z we h already not$1 !re _h be5 a sl[ b gradual *ange 9 ! "* ( human ?9k+1 & a sl[ b c]ta9 dis9tegration ( ! ,m$iaeval ,sy/em1 ) its repressive attitude t[>d all indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,_m diff]5t influ5ces & movem5ts _h contribut$ to ?is *ange--! ,moslem le>n+ & civilization 9 ,spa91 ! recov]y ( ! old legal & m$ical k1 ! revival ( city life1 ! beg9n+s anew ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 ! evolution ( ! univ]sities1 ! rise ( a small s*ol>ly class1 ! new consci\sness ( nationality1 ! evolution ( ! mod]n languages1 ! beg9n+s ( a small b important v]nacul> lit]ature1 & ! beg9n+s ( travel & exploration foll[+ ! ,crusades--all ( :i* _h t5d$ to trans=m ! m$iaeval man & *ange 8 ways ( ?9k+4 ,new objects ( int]e/ sl[ly came to ! front1 & new /&>ds ( judgm5t gradually 7 appli$4 ,9 consequ5ce ! m$iaeval man1 ) 8 feel+ ( p]sonal insignificance & lack ( self- confid5ce1 came to be replac$ by a small b increas+ numb] ( m5 :o 7 consci\s ( _! p[]s1 possess$ a new self-confid5ce1 & realiz$ new possibilities ( intellectual accompli%m5t4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 fir/ 9 ,italy & !n else:]e 9 we/]n ,europe1 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( ?is awak5+ ( ! mod]n _s1 & 9 ! c>eful "w done by ! humani/ic s*ol>s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 9 collect+1 comp>+1 que/ion+1 inf]r+1 criticiz+1 & edit+ ! texts1 & 9 recon/ruct+ ! anci5t life & hi/ory1 we see ! beg9n+s ( ! mod]n sci5tific _s4 ,x 0 ?is same critical1 que/ion+ _s :i*1 :5 appli$ lat] to geographical k1 l$ to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! circumnavigation ( ! globe2 :i*1 :5 appli$ to matt]s ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 br\ght on ! ,prote/ant ,revolts2 :i*1 :5 appli$ to ! problems ( ! univ]se1 reveal$ ! _m wond]ful fields ( mod]n sci5ce2 & :i*1 :5 appli$ to gov]nm5t1 l$ to a que/ion+ ( ! div9e "r ( k+s & ! rise ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,! awak5+ ( sci5tific inquiry & ! sci5tific _s1 & ! attempt ( a few ?9k]s to apply ! new me?od to education1 to :i* we n[ turn1 may be reg>d$ z only ano!r phase ( ! awak5+ ( ! mod]n inquisitive _s :i* f\nd expression e>li] 9 ! rise ( ! univ]sities1 ! recov]y & recon/ruction ( ! anci5t le>n+1 ! awak5+ ( geographical discov]y & exploration1 & ! que/ion+ ( ! doctr9es & practices ( ! ,m$iaeval ,*ur*4 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,anci5t ,,sci5ce4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( sci5tific inquiry1 all anci5t le>n+ possess$ c]ta9 m>k$ fundam5tal defects4 ,! ,greeks _h--_! "t & age 9 _w-civilization consid]$--made _m notable sci5tific obs]vations & speculations1 & _h prep>$ ! way = future advances4 ,?ales 7#fcf8-edf8 ,b4,c471 ,x5ophanes 7#fbh8-ebj8 ,b4,c471 ,anaxim5es 7#eeg-ejd ,b4,c471 ,py?agoras 7#egj- #ejj ,b4,c471 ,h]aclitus 7c4 #ejj ,b4,c471 ,emp$ocles 7#dfj8-cfa8 ,b4,c471 & ,ari/otle 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c47 _h all made int]e/+ speculations z to ! nature ( matt]1 #a ,ari/otle f9ally settl+ ! "q by nam+ ! _w-elem5ts z e>?1 wat]1 air1 fire1 & e!r4 ,hippocrates 7#dfj-cfg8 ,b4,c471 z we h se5 7p4 #aig71 _h obs]v$ ! sick & _h record$ & organiz$ 8 obs]vations 9 su* a mann] #b z to =m ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! ,greek physician1 ,gal5 7#acj-bjj ,a4,d47 add$ to ^! obs]vations1 & _! comb9$ "w =m$ ! basis ^u :i* mod]n m$ical sci5ce has sl[ly be5 built up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( :at ea* wrote 0 m]e speculation & error1 #c & mod]n physicians 7 compell$ to beg9 all ov] & along new l9es be=e any real progress 9 m$ic9e c\ld be made4 ,ari/otle _h done a notable "w 9 organiz+ & codify+ ,greek sci5tific k1 z ! li/ ( 8 _m sci5tific treatises 9 use 9 ,europe by #acjj 7,r4 #hg7 w %[1 b 8 writ+s 7 ! result ( a mixture ( ke5 obs]vation & brilliant speculation1 conta9$ _m inaccuracies1 & 9 "t1 due to ! rev]5ce accord$ him z an au?ority by ! m$iaeval s*ol>s & ! *ur* au?orities1 prov$ s]i\s ob/acles to real sci5tific progress4 ,at ,alex&ria ! mo/ notable ,greek sci5tific "w _h be5 done4 ,euclid 7#cbc-bhc ,b4,c47 9 geometry2 ,ari/>*us 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 :o expla9$ ! motion ( ! e>?2 ,erato/h5es 7#bgj-aif ,b4,c471 :o measur$ ! size ( ! e>?2 ,ar*im$es 7#bgj8-bab ,b4,c471 a pupil ( ,euclid's1 :o appli$ sci5ce 9 _m ways & laid ! f\ndations ( dynamics2 ,hipp>*us 7#afj-abe ,b4,c471 ! fa!r ( a/ronomy1 :o /udi$ ! heav5s & catalogu$ ! />s1 7 among ! m fam\s ,greeks :o /udi$ & taught !re 9 ! days :5 ,alex&ria _h succe$$ ,a!ns z ! intellectual capital ( ! ,greek _w4 ,"s rem>kable advances also 7 made 9 ! /udy ( human anatomy & m$ic9e by two ,greeks1 ,h]ophilus 7#cce-bhj ,b4,c47 & ,erasi/ratus 7d4 #bhj ,b4,c471 :o app>5tly did mu* dissect+4 ,b ev5 at ,alex&ria ! promise ( ,greek sci5ce 0 unfulfill$4 ,despite _m notable speculations & sci5tific advances1 ! hopeful beg9n+s did n come to any l>ge fruitage1 & ! great contribution made by ! ,greeks to _w civilization 0 less along sci5tific l9es ?an along ! l9es ( lit]ature & philosophy4 ,_! great /r5g? lay 9 ! direction ( philosophic speculation1 & ?is t5d5cy to speculate1 r ?an to obs]ve & te/ & measure & record1 0 ! fundam5tal weakness ( all ,greek sci5ce4 ,! ,greeks nev] advanc$ 9 sci5tific "w to ! inv5tion & p]fection ( in/rum5ts = ! /&>dization ( _! obs]vations4 ,z a result !y pass$ on to ! m$iaeval _w an ext5sive book sci5ce & n a little ke5 obs]vation1 ( :i* ! works ( ,ari/otle & ! ,alex&rian ma!maticians & a/ronom]s =m ! mo/ conspicu\s examples1 b little sci5tific k ( :i* ! mod]n _w has be5 able to make mu* use4 ,! book sci5ce ( ! ,greeks1 & especially t ( ,ari/otle1 0 highly priz$ = c5turies1 b 9 "t1 due to ! _m inaccuracies1 _h to be disc>d$ & done anew by mod]n s*ol>s4 ,! ,romans1 z we h se5 7*apt] ,,iii71 7 ess5tially a practical p1 good at gett+ ! "w ( ! _w done1 b n mu* giv5 to !oretical discussion or sci5tific speculation4 ,!y 7 organiz]s1 gov]nors1 eng9e]s1 executives1 & lit]>y work]s r ?an sci5ti/s4 ,!y execut$ _m important und]tak+s ( a practical "*1 su* z ! build+ ( roads1 bridges1 aqu$ucts1 & public build+s2 organiz$ gov]nm5t & comm]ce on a l>ge scale2 & h left u a lit]ature & a legal sy/em ( importance1 b !y contribut$ little to ! realm ( pure sci5ce4 ,! ?ree great names 9 sci5ce 9 all _! hi/ory are ,/rabo ! geograph] 7#fc ,b4,c4-#bd ,a4,d472 ,pl9y ! ,eld] 7#bc-gi ,a4,d471 :o did notable "w z an obs]v] 9 natural hi/ory2 & ,gal5 7a ,roman-,greek71 9 m$ic9e4 ,!y1 l ! ,greeks1 7 p]vad$ by ! same fe> t _! sci5ce might prove useful1 :]eas !y cultivat$ x l>gely z a m5tal ex]cise 7,r4 #bjc74 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,inquiry4 ,! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>d inquiry 0 f ! fir/ inhospitable1 & 9 "t became exce$+ly intol]ant4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 x w be rememb]$ 7p4 #id71 0 f ! fir/ to reject all ,hell5ic le>n+1 & to dep5d ^u emotional fai? & ! en=cem5t ( a moral life4 ,by ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury ! ho/ility to pagan s*ools & ,hell5ic le>n+ _h become s pron\nc$ t ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7,r4 #da7 ord]$ ,*ri/ians to ab/a9 f all hea!n books1 :i* c\ld conta9 no?+ ( value & only s]v$ to subv]t ! fai? ( ! un/able4 ,9 #dja ,a4,d4 ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age =bade ! cl]gy to read any hea!n au?or1 & ,greek le>n+ n[ rapidly di$ out 9 ! ,we/4 ,= a "t x 0 almo/ entirely lo/4 ,9 consequ5ce ,greek sci5ce1 !n be/ repres5t$ by ,alex&rian le>n+1 & :i* conta9$ mu* t 0 ( great importance1 0 reject$ along ) o!r pagan le>n+4 ,!1 v meag] sci5tific k t p]si/$ into ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! great m$iaeval textbooks 7p4 #afb71 z we h se5 9 ! /udy ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7*apt] ,,vii71 came to be reg>d$ z useful only 9 expla9+ passages ( ,scripture or 9 illu/rat+ ! ways ( ,god t[>d man4 ,! "o & only sci5ce wor?y ( /udy 0 ,!ology1 to :i* all o!r le>n+ t5d$ 7see ,figure #dd1 p4 #aed74 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t all ! ,d>k ,ages is a hi/ory ( ! di/ru/ ( inquiry & reason1 & ! emphasis ( bl9d emotional fai?4 ,my/icism1 good & evil spirits1 & ! int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a z manife/ations ( ! ,div9e w f ! fir/ receiv$ l>ge emphasis4 ,! wor%ip ( sa9ts & relics1 & ! great developm5t ( ! s5su\s & symbolic1 *ang$ ! e>li] religion into a crude poly!ism4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages ! miracul\s fl\ri%$4 ,! mo/ extreme sup]/ition p]vad$ all ranks ( society4 ,magic & pray]s 7 employ$ to heal ! sick1 re/ore ! crippl$1 =etell ! future1 & puni% ! wick$4 ,sacr$ pools1 ! royal t\*1 wond]-work+ images1 & miracles ?r\gh pray] /ood 9 ! way ( ! developm5t ( m$ic9e 7,r4 #bjd74 ,disease 0 attribut$ to satanic influ5ce1 & a regul> s*$ule ( pray]s = cures 0 9 use4 ,sanitation 0 unkn[n4 ,plagues & pe/il5ces 7 manife/ations ( ,div9e wra?1 & hy/]ia & insanity 7 possession by ! devil to be ca/ out by :ipp+ & torture4 ,"o's future 0 det]m9$ by ! position ( ! heav5ly bodies at ! "t ( bir?4 ,eclipses1 meteors1 & comets 7 fe>ful port5ts ( ,div9e displeasure3 ,eight ?+s !re be a ,comet br+s1 ,:5 x on high do? horrid rage2 ,w9d1 ,fam9e1 ,plague1 & ,dea? to ,k+s1 ,w>1 ,e>?quakes1 ,floods1 & ,direful ,*ange4 #d ,! lit]ature on magic 0 ext5sive4 ,! mo/ miracul\s happ5+s 7 record$ & believ$4 ,trial by ordeal1 foll[+ c>eful religi\s =mulae1 0 common be=e #abjj1 ?\gh prohibit$ %ortly aft]w>d by papal decrees 7#abae1 #abbb74 ,! insi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* on ! willful1 devili% "* ( h]esy1 & ! ext5sion ( h]esy to cov] almo/ any =m ( hone/ d\bt or indep5d5t inquiry1 caus$ an intellectual /agnation along l9es ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* 0 n reliev$ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! _m notable advances 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy1 & m$ic9e made by ,moslem s*ol>s 7*apt] ,,viii7 7 lo/ on ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & _h to be work$ out aga9 c5turies lat] by ! s*ol>s ( ! we/]n _w4 ,out ( ! a/ronomy ( ! ,arabs ! ,*ri/ians got only a/rology2 out ( _! *emi/ry !y got only al*emy4 ,bo? 9 "t /ood s]i\sly 9 ! way ( real sci5tific ?9k+ & discov]y4 ,,gr[+ ,,tol]ance ,,*ang$ ,,by ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,revolts4 ,aft] ! rise ( ! univ]sities1 ! expansion ( ! m9ds ( m5 :i* foll[$ ! ,crusades & ! revival ( trade & indu/ry1 ! awak5+ :i* came ) ! revival ( ! old le>n+ & ! rise ( geographical discov]y1 ! *ur* au?orities assum$ a broad] & a m tol]ant attitude t[>d inquiry & reason ?an _h be5 ! case = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x w\ld h be5 surpris+1 ) ! l>ge numb] ( univ]sity- tra9$ m5 ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 _h ?is n be5 ! case4 ,by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury x look$ z ?\gh ! ,r5aissance _s might ext5d into _m new directions1 & by #aejj ! _w seem$ on ! eve ( important progress 9 almo/ e l9e ( endeavor4 ,z 0 po9t$ out e>li] 7p4 #bei71 ! ,*ur* 0 m tol]ant ?an x _h be5 = c5turies1 & ab\t ! ye> #aejj 0 ! mo/ /imulat+ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( our civilization s9ce ! days ( ,alex&ria & anci5t ,rome4 ,9 #aeag ,lu!r nail$ 8 !ses to ! *ur* door 9 ,witt5b]g4 ,! ,*ur* took al>m & attempt$ to cru% him1 & soon ! greate/ conte/ s9ce ! conflict betwe5 paganism & ,*ri/ianity 0 on4 ,)9 half a c5tury all nor!rn l&s _h be5 lo/ to ! anci5t ,*ur* 7see map1 p4 #bif72 ! fir/ successful *all5ge ( its au?ority dur+ its long hi/ory4 ,! effect ( ^! religi\s revolts on ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>d intellectual lib]ty 0 natural & m>k$4 ,! tol]ance ( inquiry rec5tly ext5d$ 0 )drawn1 & an era ( /eadily increas+ intol]ance set 9 :i* 0 n brok5 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,9 an ef=t to /op ! fur!r spread ( ! h]esy1 ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aede-fc7 adopt$ /r+5t regulations aga9/ h]etical tea*+s 7p4 #cjc71 :ile ! sword & tor* & imprisonm5t 7 resort$ to to /amp out opposition & w9 back ! revolt+ l&s4 ,a c5tury ( m]ciless w>f>e ensu$1 & ! hatr$s eng5d]$ by ! long & bitt] /ruggle ov] religi\s diff]5ces put bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,europe 9 no tol]ant frame ( m9d t[>d inquiry or new ideas4 ,! ,inquisition1 a sort ( univ]sal m$iaeval gr& jury = ! detection & puni%m5t ( h]etics1 0 reviv$1 & ! ,jesuits1 f\nd$ 9 #aecd-dj1 7 vigor\s 9 def5se ( ! ,*ur* & bitt] 9 _! opposition to all =ms ( indep5d5t inquiry & ,prote/ant h]esy4 ,x 0 into ?is po/-,re=mation atmosph]e ( suspicion & di/ru/ & hatr$ t ! new critical1 inquir+1 que/ion+ _s ( sci5ce1 z appli$ to ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 0 born4 ,a c5tury e>li] ! fir/ sci5ti/s might h obta9$ a respectful he>+1 & might h be5 p]mitt$ to press _! claims2 aft] ! ,prote/ant ,revolts _h torn ,*ri/ian ,europe asund] ?is c\ld h>dly be4 ,z a result ! e>ly sci5ti/s f\nd !mselves 9 no enviable position4 ,_! !ories 7 bitt]ly assail$ z savor+ ( h]esy2 _! me?ods & purposes 7 alike suspect$2 & any *all5ge ( an old long-accept$ idea 0 likely to br+ a puni%m5t t 0 swift & sure4 ,f ! middle ( ! sixte5? to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 n a "t :5 new ideas 7 at a premium any:]e 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,x 0 ess5tially a p]iod ( reaction1 & p]iods ( reaction are n favorable to intellectual progress4 ,x 0 into ?is c5tury ( reaction t mod]n sci5tific inquiry & reason+1 itself ano!r =m ( expression ( ! intellectual attitudes awak5$ by ! "w ( ! humani/ic s*ol>s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 made its fir/ claim = a he>+4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sci5tific ,,me?od4 ,"o ( ! great problems :i* has always deeply int]e/$ ?9k+ m5 9 all l&s is ! nature & con/itution ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & to ?is problem p 9 all /ages ( civilization h work$ out = !mselves "s k9d ( an answ]4 ,x 0 "o ( ! great speculations ( ! ,greeks1 & x 0 at ,alex&ria1 9 ! p]iod ( its decad5ce1 t ! ,egyptian geograph] ,ptolemy 7#ach ,a4,d47 _h (f]$ an explanation :i* 0 accept$ by ,*ri/ian ,europe & :i* dom9at$ all ?9k+ on ! subject dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he _h conclud$ t ! e>? 0 locat$ at ! c5t] ( ! visible univ]se1 immovable1 & t ! heav5ly bodies mov$ ar\nd ! e>?1 9 circul> motion1 fix$ 9 cry/all9e sph]es4 #e ,?is explanation accord$ p]fectly ) ,*ri/ian ideas z to creation1 z well z ) ,*ri/ian conceptions z to ! position & place ( man & 8 relation to ! heav5s above & to a hell b5ea?4 ,?is !ory 0 obvi\sly simple & satisfactory1 & became sanctifi$ ) "t4 ,z we see x n[ ! wond] is t su* an explanation c\ld h be5 accept$ = s long4 ,only among an un9quisitive p c\ld s imp]fect a !ory h endur$ = ov] f\rte5 c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,ni*olas ,,kop]nik 7,cop]nicus71 7#adgc-aedc7 ,9 #aedc a ,bohemian *ur* canon & physician by ! "n ( ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus publi%$ 8 ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium1 9 :i* he set =? ! explanation ( ! univ]se :i* we n[ "k4 ,he pi\sly d$icat$ ! "w to ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 & wisely refra9$ f publi%+ x until ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 #f ,any?+ s completely upsett+ ! ,*ri/ian conception z to ! place & position ( man 9 ! univ]se c\ld h>dly be expect$ to be accept$1 p>ticul>ly at ! "t ( its publication1 )\t long & bitt] opposition4 ,9 ! d$icatory lett] 7,r4 #bje71 ,cop]nicus expla9s h[1 aft] feel+ t ! ,ptolemaic explanation 0 wrong1 he came to arrive at ! conclusions he did4 ,! /eps he set =? =m an excell5t example ( a me?od ( ?9k+ n[ common1 b !n almo/ unkn[n4 ,!y 73 #a4 ,dissatisfaction ) ! old ,ptolemaic explanation4 #b4 ,a /udy ( all kn[n lit]ature1 to see if any bett] explanation _h be5 (f]$4 #c4 ,c>eful ?\ght on ! subject1 until 8 ?9k+ took =m 9 a def9ite !ory4 #d4 ,long obs]vation & te/+ out1 to see if ! obs]v$ facts w\ld support 8 !ory4 #e4 ,! !ory held to be correct1 because x r$uc$ all kn[n facts to a sy/ematic ord] & h>mony4 ,?is is z cle> a case ( inductive reason+ z 0 ,l4 ,valla's exposure ( ! =g]y ( ! s-call$ ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 an example ( d$uctive reason+4 ,bo? us$ a new me?od--! me?od ( mod]n s*ol>%ip4 ,9 bo? cases ! results 7 revolution>y4 ,z ,petr>* /&s =? 9 hi/ory z ! fir/ mod]n classical s*ol>1 s ,cop]nicus /&s =? z ! fir/ mod]n sci5tific ?9k]4 ,! beg9n+s ( all mod]n sci5tific inve/igation date f #aedc4 ,( 8 "w a rec5t writ] 7,e4 ,c4 ,j4 ,morton7 has said3 ,cop]nicus _c be said to h flood$ ) light ! d>k places ( nature--9 ! way t "o /up5d\s m9d subsequ5tly did-- b /ill1 z we look back ?r\gh ! long vi/a ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ! dim ,titanic figure ( ! old monk seems to re> itself out ( ! dull flats ar\nd x1 pi]ces ) its head ! mi/s t ov]%ad[ !m1 & cat*es ! fir/ gleam ( ! ris+ sun1444 ,l "s iron peak1 by ! ,creator ,fir$ ) ! r$ gl[ ( ! ru%+ morn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,,ty*o ,,brahe 7#aedf-afja7 ,,! ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,inquiry ,,appli$ ,,by ,,o!rs4 ,at fir/ ,cop]nicus' "w attract$ b little att5tion4 ,an ,italian ,dom9ican by ! "n ( ,giordano ,bruno 7#aedh-afjj71 deeply impress$ by ! new !ory1 set =? 9 ,lat9 & ,italian ! f>-rea*+ & maje/ic implications ( su* a !ory ( creation1 & 0 burn$ at ! /ake at ,rome = 8 pa9s4 ,a ,dane1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 aft] tw5ty-"o ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation ( ! heav5s1 dur+ :i* "t he collect$ a magnific5t s]ies ( obs]vations1 f> transc5d+ 9 accuracy #g & ext5t any?+ t _h be5 accompli%$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 %[$ ,ari/otle to be wrong 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,8 obs]vations ( ! comet ( #aegg l$ him to conclude t ! !ory ( cry/all9e sph]es 0 impossible1 & t ! common view ( ! "t z to _! nature #h 0 absurd4 ,9 #afji a ,g]man by ! "n ( ,johann ,kepl] 7#aega-afcj71 us+ ! records ( obs]vations :i* ,ty*o ,brahe _h accumulat$ & apply+ !m to ! planet ,m>s1 prov$ ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory & fram$ 8 fam\s ?ree laws = planet>y motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,galileo ,,galilei 7#aefd-afdb7 ,f9ally an ,italian1 ,galileo ,galilei1 a pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 develop+ a telescope t w\ld magnify to eight diamet]s1 discov]$ ,jupit]'s satellites & ,saturn's r+s4 ,! /ory ( 8 discov]y ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] is ano!r int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! c>eful sci5tific reason+ ( ^! e>ly work]s 7,r4 #bjf74 ,galileo also made a numb] ( discov]ies 9 physics1 ?r\gh ! use ( new sci5tific me?ods1 :i* completely upset ! tea*+s ( ! ,ari/otelians1 & made ! mo/ notable advances 9 me*anics s9ce ! days ( ,ar*im$es4 ,= 8 pron\nc$ advocacy ( ! ,cop]nican !ory he 0 call$ to ,rome 7#afae7 by ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,inquisition1 ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 condemn$ z absurd 9 philosophy & z expressly contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 & ,galileo 0 compell$ to recant 7#afaf7 8 error4 #i ,= d>+ lat] 7#afcb7 to assume t he might1 "u a new ,pope1 def5d ! ,cop]nican !ory1 ev5 9 an indirect mann]1 he 0 aga9 call$ be=e ! inquisitorial body1 compell$ to recant & abjure 8 errors 7,r4 #bjg7 to escape ! /ake1 & 0 !n virtually made a prison] ( ! ,inquisition = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,s /rongly _h ! =ces ( m$ievalism reass]t$ !mselves aft] ! ,prote/ant ,revolts6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton 7#afdb-agbg7 ,f9ally ! ,engli% s*ol> ,newton 7#afdb-agbh71 9 8 ,pr9cipia 7#afhg71 settl$ p]man5tly all discussions z to ! ,cop]nican !ory by 8 wond]ful ma!matical /udies4 ,he demon/rat$ ma!matically ! motions ( ! planets & comets1 prov$ ,kepl]'s laws to be true1 expla9$ gravitation & ! tides1 made cle> ! nature ( light1 & r$uc$ dynamics to a sci5ce4 ,( 8 "w a rec5t writ]1 ,k>l ,pe>son1 has said3 ,! ,newtonian laws ( motion =m ! />t+ po9t ( mo/ mod]n treatises on dynamics1 & x seems to me t physical sci5ce1 ?us />t$1 resembles ! mighty g5ius ( an ,arabian tale em]g+ amid metaphysical exhalations f ! bottle 9 :i* = long c5turies x _h be5 cork$ d[n4 ,s f>-rea*+ 9 its importance 0 ! sci5tific "w ( ,newton t ,pope's c\plet seems exce$+ly applicable3 ,nature & ,nature's laws lay hid 9 night2 ,god said1 ,let ,newton be1 & all 0 light4 ,,! ,,new ,,me?od ,,appli$ ,,9 ,,o!r ,,fields4 ,! new me?od ( /udy 0 soon appli$ to o!r fields by s*ol>s ( ! new type1 "h & !re1 & always ) fruitful results4 ,! ,engli%man1 ,william ,gilb]t 7#aedj-afjc7 publi%$1 9 #afjj1 8 ,de ,arte ,magnetica1 & laid ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n /udy ( electricity & magnetism4 ,a ,g]man-,swiss by ! "n ( ,hoh5heim1 b :o ,lat9iz$ 8 "n to ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda71 & :o became a pr(essor 9 ! m$ical faculty at ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle1 9 #aebf broke ) m$iaeval traditions by be+ "o ( ! fir/ univ]sity s*ol>s to refuse to lecture 9 ,lat94 ,he ridicul$ ! m$ical !ories ( ,hippocrates 7p4 #aig7 & ,gal5 7p4 #aih71 &1 reg>d+ ! human body z a *emical comp\nd1 began to treat diseases by ! adm9i/ration ( *emicals4 ,a ,saxon by ! "n ( ,l&mann1 :o also ,lat9iz$ 8 "n to ,agricola 7#adid-aeee71 appli$ *emi/ry to m9+ & metallurgy1 & a ,fr5* pott] nam$ ,b]n>d ,palissy 7c4 #aejj- #hh7 appli$ *emi/ry to pott]y & ! arts4 ,to ,p>acelsus1 ,agricola1 & ,palissy we are indebt$ = hav+ laid1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! f\ndations ( ! /udy ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,william ,,h>vey 7#aegh-afeg7 ,a ,belgian by ! "n ( ,vesalius 7#aead-fd7 0 ! fir/ mod]n to dissect ! human body1 & = s do+ 0 s5t5c$ by ! ,inquisition to p]=m a p5it5tial j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,"o ( 8 disciples discov]$ ! valves 9 ! ve9s & 0 ! tea*] ( ! ,engli%man1 ,william ,h>vey1 :o discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood & lat] 7#afbh7 d>$ to publi% ! fact to ! _w4 ,^! m5 e/abli%$ ! mod]n /udies ( anatomy & physiology4 ,ano!r e>ly work] 0 a ,swiss by ! "n ( ,conrad ,gessn] 7#aeaf-fe71 :o obs]v$ & wrote ext5sively on plants & animals1 & :o /&s z ! fir/ naturali/ ( mod]n times4 ,! sixte5? c5tury ?us m>ks ! rise ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry1 & ! beg9n+s ( ! /udy ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! numb] ( s*ol>s engag$ 9 ! /udy 0 /ill pa9fully small1 & ! religi\s prejudice aga9/ :i* !y work$ 0 /rong & p[]ful1 b 9 ! "w ( ^! few m5 we h n only ! beg9n+s ( ! /udy ( mod]n a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry1 metallurgy1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 physiology1 & natural hi/ory1 b also ! beg9n+s ( a gr\p ( m51 de/9$ 9 "t to increase greatly 9 numb]1 :o c\ld see /raight1 & :o s\ght facts reg>dless ( :]e !y might lead & :at preconceiv$ ideas !y might upset4 ,h[ deeply ! future ( civilization is indebt$ to su* m51 m5 :o brav$ social o/racism & (t5 ! wra? ( ! ,*ur* z well1 = !1 to !m1 preci\s privilege ( see+ ?+s z !y are1 we are n likely to ov]- e/imate4 ,9 "t _! "w 0 de/9$ to rea* ! s*ools1 & to mat]ially modify ! "* ( all education4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,francis ,,bacon 7#aefa-afbf7 ,,human ,,reason ,,9 ,,! ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,nature4 ,to ! ,engli% /atesman & philosoph]1 ,francis ,bacon1 m ?an to any "o else1 are we indebt$ = ! prop] =mulation & /atem5t ( ?is new sci5tific me?od4 ,?\gh n a sci5ti/ himself1 he has (t5 be5 t]m$ ! fa!r ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,see+ cle>ly ! importance ( ! new k1 he broke entirely ) ! old s*ola/ic d$uctive logic z express$ 9 ! ,organon1 ( ,ari/otle1 & =mulat$ & express$ ! me?ods ( inductive reason+ 9 8 ,novum ,organum1 publi%$ 9 #afbj4 ,9 ?is he %[$ ! insuffici5cy ( ! me?od ( argum5tation2 analyz$ & =mulat$ ! inductive me?od ( reason+1 ( :i* 8 /udy z to ! nature ( heat #aj is a good example2 & po9t$ out t k is a process1 & n an end 9 itself2 & indicat$ ! imm5se & fruitful field ( sci5ce to :i* ! me?od might be appli$4 ,by %[+ h[ to le>n f nature h]self he turn$ ! ,r5aissance en]gy into a new direction1 & made a revolution>y break ) ! disputations & d$uctive logic ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ola/ics :i* _h = s long dom9at$ univ]sity in/ruction4 ,9 =mulat+ ! new me?od he fir/ po9t$ out ! defects ( ! le>n+ ( 8 "t1 :i* he classifi$ "u ! head ( di/emp]s1 ?ree 9 numb]1 & z foll[s3 #a4 ,fanta/ic le>n+3 ,al*emy1 magic1 miracles1 old-wives1 tales1 cr$ulities1 sup]/itions1 pseudo-sci5ce1 & impo/ures ( all sorts inh]it$ f an ignorant pa/1 & n[ cons]v$ z treasures ( k4 #b4 ,cont5ti\s le>n+3 ,! endless disputations ( ! ,s*ola/ics ab\t que/ions :i* _h lo/ _! significance1 d$uctive 9 "*1 n bas$ on any obs]vation1 n aim$ prim>ily to arrive at tru?1 fruitful ( controv]sy1 & b>r5 ( effect4 #c4 ,delicate le>n+3 ,! new le>n+ ( ! humani/ic ,r5aissance1 v]bal & n real1 /yli% & poli%$ b n socially important1 & lead+ to no?+ except a ma/]y ( itself4 ,z an escape f ^! ?ree types ( di/emp]s1 :i* well *>act]iz$ ! ?ree great /ages 9 human progress f ! six? to ! fifte5? c5turies1 ,bacon (f]$ ! inductive me?od1 by means ( :i* m5 w\ld be able to di/+ui% true f false1 le>n to see /raight1 create useful k1 & fill 9 ! great gaps 9 ! le>n+ ( ! "t by actually work+ out new k f ! unkn[n4 ,! collect+1 organiz+1 comp>+1 que/ion+1 & inf]r+ _s ( ! humani/ic revival he n[ turn$ 9 a new direction by organiz+ & =mulat+ = ! "w a new ,organum to take ! place ( ! old ,organon ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,book #a he sets =? "s ( ! difficulties 7,r4 #bjh7 ) :i* ^? :o try new exp]im5ts or "w out new me?ods ( /udy h to cont5d f p>tisans ( old ideas4 ,! ,novum ,organum %[$ ! means ( escape f ! errors ( two ?\s& ye>s by means ( a new me?od ( ?9k+ & "w4 ,bacon did n inv5t ! new me?od--x _h be5 us$ s9ce man fir/ began to reason ab\t ph5om5a1 & 0 ! me?od by means ( :i* ,wycliffe1 ,lu!r1 ,magellan1 ,cop]nicus1 ,brahe1 & ,gilb]t _h work$--b he 0 ! fir/ to =mulate x cle>ly & to po9t out ! va/ field ( new & useful k t might be op5$ up by apply+ human reason1 along inductive l9es1 to ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,8 true s]vice to sci5ce lay 9 ! complet5ess ( 8 analysis ( ! inductive process1 & 8 decl>ation t ^? :o wi% to arrive at useful discov]ies mu/ travel by t road4 ,z ,macaulay well says1 9 8 essay on ,bacon3 ,he 0 n ! mak] ( t road2 he 0 n ! discov]] ( t road2 he 0 n ! p]son :o fir/ survey$ & mapp$ t road4 ,b he 0 ! p]son :o fir/ call$ ! public att5tion to an inexhau/ible m9e ( weal? :i* _h be5 utt]ly neglect$1 & :i* 0 accessible by t road alone4 ,to /imulate m5 to ! discov]y ( useful tru?1 to turn ! en]gies ( mank9d--ev5 sl[ly--f assumption & disputation to pati5t exp]im5tation1 #aa4 & to give an impress to human ?9k+ :i* x has reta9$ = c5turies1 is1 z ,macaulay well says1 ! r>e pr]ogative ( a few imp]ial spirits4 ,macaulay's excell5t summ>y ( ! importance ( ,bacon's "w 7,r4 #bji7 is well wor? read+ at ?is po9t4 ,,! ,,new ,,me?od ,,9 ,,! ,,h&s ,,( ,,subsequ5t ,,work]s4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _m important advances _h be5 made 9 _m diff]5t l9es ( sci5tific "w4 ,9 ! two c5turies betwe5 #adej & #afej1 ! f\ndations ( mod]n ma!matics & me*anics _h be5 laid4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ,arabic notation & ! e>ly books ( ,euclid 7 ab\t all t 7 taught2 at its end ! we/]n _w _h work$ out decimals1 symbolic algebra1 mu* ( plane & sph]ical trigonometry1 me*anics1 log>i?ms 7#afad7 & conic sections 7#afcg71 & 0 soon to add ! calculus 7#affg-hg74 ,m]cator _h publi%$ ! map ( ! _w 7#aefi7 :i* has ev] s9ce born 8 "n1 & ! ,gregorian cal5d> _h be5 introduc$ 7#aegb74 ,! b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 air-pump1 p5dulum clock1 & ! telescope _h come into use 9 ! p]iod4 ,al*emy _h pass$ ov] into mod]n *emi/ry2 & ! a/rolog] 0 f9d+ less & less to d z ! a/ronom] took 8 place4 ,! ,engli% ,hippocrates1 ,?omas ,syd5ham 7#afbd-hi71 dur+ ?is p]iod laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n m$ical /udy1 & ! microscope 0 appli$ to ! /udy ( organic =ms4 ,mod]n ideas z to light & optics & gases1 & ! !ory ( gravitation1 7 ab\t to be set =?4 ,all ^! advances _h be5 made dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ! epo*-mak+ labors ( ,cop]nicus1 ! fir/ mod]n sci5tific man to make an impression on ! ?9k+ ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,,! ,,loss ,,& ,,recov]y ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,ea* %ort horizontal l9e indicates ! life-span ( a v di/+ui%$ s*ol> 9 ! sci5ce4 ,mohamm$an sci5ti/s h n be5 includ$4 ,! relative neglect or ignorance ( a sci5ce has be5 indicat$ by ! dep? ( ! %ad+4 ,! great loss to civilization caus$ by ! b>b>ian inroads & ! ho/ile attitude ( ! e>ly ,*ur* is evid5t4 ,accompany+ ?is new sci5tific "w !re arose1 among a few m5 9 ea* ( ! we/]n ,european c\ntries1 an int]e/ 9 sci5tific /udies su* z ! _w _h n witness$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,alex&rian ,greek4 ,?is int]e/ f\nd expression 9 ! organization ( sci5tific societies1 :olly outside ! univ]sities ( ! "t1 = ! report+ ( me?ods & results1 & = ! m+l+ toge!r 9 sympa!tic companion%ip ( ^! seek]s aft] new tru?4 ,! mo/ important dates connect$ ) ! rise ( ^! societies are3 #afjc4 ,! ,lyncean ,society at ,rome4 #afai4 ,jungius f\nd$ ! ,natural ,sci5ce ,association at ,ro/ock4 #afde4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london began to meet2 con/itut$ 9 #affj2 *>t]$ 9 #affb4 #afeg4 ,! ,academia del ,cim5to at ,flor5ce4 #affb4 ,! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,g]many4 #afff4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,france4 #afge4 ,! ,national ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* e/abli%$4 ,aft] #afej ! advance ( sci5ce 0 rapid4 ,! _s ( mod]n inquiry1 :i* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury _h animat$ b a few m9ds1 by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? _h ext5d$ to all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! /rik+ results obta9$ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury reveal$ ! va/ field wait+ to be explor$1 & fill$ _m indep5d5t mod]n-type s*ol>s ) an en?usiasm = rese>* 9 ! new doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,by ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ma9 outl9es ( mo/ ( ! mod]n sci5ces _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,,lead+ ,,?9k]s ,,outside ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & l>gely dur+ ! eighte5? z well1 ! extreme cons]vatism ( ! univ]sities1 _! cont9u$ control by _! !ological faculties1 & _! cont9u$ devotion to !ological controv]sy & ! tea*+s ( /ate or?odoxy r ?an ! advancem5t ( k1 s]v$ to make ( !m su* inhospitable places = ! new sci5tific me?od t practically all ! lead+ work]s ) x 7 f\nd outside ! univ]sities4 ,?is 0 less true ( ,engl& ?an o!r l&s1 b 0 9 "p true ( ,engli% univ]sities z well4 ,z civil s]vants1 c\rt atta*s1 p5sion]s ( royalty1 or z private citiz5s ( means !y f\nd1 z indep5d5t s*ol>s report+ to ! rec5tly =m$ sci5tific societies1 a fre$om = inve/igation & a tol]ance ( ideas !n sc>cely possible any:]e 9 ! univ]sity _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,r5 ,,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej7 ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl] 7 p5sion]s ( ! ,emp]or at ,prague4 ,"l ,bacon 0 a lawy] & political lead]1 & became a pe] ( ,engl&4 ,desc>tes1 ! ma!matician & f\nd] ( mod]n philosophy1 to :om we are indebt$ = conic sections2 ,napi]1 inv5tor ( log>i?ms2 & ,ray & ,will\ghby1 :o did ! fir/ important "w 9 botany & zoology 9 ,engl&1 7 all indep5d5t s*ol>s4 ,! air-pump 0 inv5t$ by ! ,burgoma/] ( ,madgeburg4 ,huyg5s1 ! a/ronom] & inv5tor ( ! clock 0 a p5sion] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,cass9i1 :o expla9$ ! motion ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 0 ,a/ronom] ,royal at ,p>is4 ,halley1 :o demon/rat$ ! motions ( ! moon & :o fir/ pr$ict$ ! return ( a comet1 held a simil> position at ,gre5wi*4 ,van ,helmont & ,boyle1 :o toge!r laid ! f\ndations ( our *emical k1 7 bo? m5 ( noble l9eage :o pref]r$ ! /udy ( ! new sci5ces to a life ( ease at c\rt4 ,h>vey 0 a physician & demon/rator ( anatomy 9 ,london4 ,syd5ham1 ! ,engli% ,hippocrates1 0 a p5sion] ( ,cromwell & a physician 9 ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,g]man ma!matical s*ol>1 ,leibnitz1 :o jo9tly ) ,newton discov]$ ! calculus1 scorn$ a univ]sity pr(essor%ip & rema9$ an atta* ( a ,g]man c\rt4 ,newton1 ?\gh = a "t a pr(essor at ,cambridge1 dur+ mo/ ( 8 mature life held ! royal (fice ( ,w>d5 ( ! ,m9t4 ,^! are a few notable illu/rations ( sci5tific s*ol>s ( ! fir/ rank :o rema9$ outside ! univ]sities to obta9 advantages & fre$om n !n to be f\nd )9 _! walls4 ,mu* ^! same conditions cont9u$ ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 dur+ :i* _m rem>kable advances 9 all l9es ( pure sci5ce 7 made4 ,by ! close ( ?is c5tury ! univ]sities _h be5 suffici5tly mod]niz$ t sci5tific work]s began to f9d 9 !m an atmosph]e conducive to sci5tific tea*+ & rese>*2 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury !y became ! homes ( sci5tific progress & in/ruction2 to-day !y are deeply int]e/$ 9 ! promotion ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,%[ t ! rise ( sci5tific inquiry 0 b ano!r manife/ation ( ! same inquir+ _s :i* _h l$ to ! recov]y ( ! anci5t lit]atures & hi/ory4 #b4 ,:at d y und]/& to be meant by ! failure ( ! ,greeks to /&>dize _! obs]vations by in/rum5ts8 #c4 ,%[ t x w\ld be possible l>gely to det]m9e ! "* ( a civilization1 if "o knew only ! prevail+ ideas & conceptions z to sci5tific & religi\s matt]s4 #d4 ,%[ ! two diff]5t types ( reason+ involv$ 9 ! d$uction ( ,l4 ,valla 7p4 #bdf7 & ! induction ( ,cop]nicus4 #e4 ,( :i* type 0 ! reason+ ( ,galileo z to ,jupit]'s satellites8 #f4 ,%[ t ! ?ree di/emp]s describ$ by ,bacon *>act]ize ! ?ree great /ages 9 human progress f ! six? to ! fifte5? c5turies4 #g4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! long rejection ( ! new sci5ces by ! univ]sities8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #bjc4 ,macaulay3 ,attitude ( ! ,anci5ts t[>d ,sci5tific ,inquiry4 #bjd4 ,franck3 ,! ,cr$ulity ( ,m$iaeval ,p4 #bje4 ,cop]nicus3 ,h[ he arriv$ at ! !ory he set =?4 #bjf4 ,brew/]3 ,galileo's ,discov]y ( ! ,satellites ( ,jupit]4 #bjg4 ,inquisition3 ,! ,abjuration ( ,galileo4 #bjh4 ,bacon3 ,on ,sci5tific ,progress4 #bji4 ,macaulay3 ,! ,importance ( ,bacon's ,"w4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! attitude ( ! anci5ts t[>d sci5tific inquiry8 #b4 ,/ate ! anci5t purpose 9 pursu+ sci5tific /udies4 #c4 ,contra/ ,bacon & ,plato z to aims4 #d4 ,%[ t ! ?9k+ ( ,cop]nicus z to ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 an excell5t example ( d$uctive ?9k+4 #e4 ,%[ t ! discov]y & reason+ ( ,galileo 0 an example ( ! common me?od ( reason+ ( to-day4 #f4 ,7 ! difficulties t surr\nd$ sci5tific inquiry & progress1 z describ$ by ,bacon1 easily remov$8 #g4 ,expla9 ! read9ess ) :i* ! cl]gy h s commonly oppos$ sci5tific inquiry = fe> t ! results might upset preconceiv$ !ological ideas4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,ball1 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics at ,cambridge4 99 ,libby1 ,walt]4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,orn/e91 ,m>?a4 ,role ( ! ,sci5tific ,societies 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 99 ,r\tl$ge1 ,rob]t4 ,a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 99 ,s$gwick1 ,w4 ,t4 & ,tyl]1 ,h4 ,w4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 99 ,:ite1 ,a4 ,d4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology1 #b vols4 ,wordswor? ,*ri/oph]4 ,s*olae ,academicae2 ,/udies at ! ,engli% ,univ]sities 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,new ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,& ,,! ,,s*ools ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,realism ,,9 ,,education4 ,z w be rememb]$ f our /udy ( ! educational results ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 7*apt] ,,xi71 ! new s*ools e/abli%$ 9 ! reaction aga9/ m$ievalism1 to tea* pure ,lat9 & ,greek1 9 "t became =mal & lifeless 7p4 #bhc71 & _! aim came to be almo/ entirely t ( imp>t+ a ma/]y ( ! ,cic]onian /yle1 bo? 9 writ+ & 9 spee*4 ,?is idea1 fir/ cle>ly inaugurat$ by ,/urm at ,/rassburg 7,r4 #acg71 _h n[ become fix$1 & 9 its extreme is illu/rat$ by ! tea*+s ( ! ,jesuit ,campion at ,prague 7,r4 #adf74 ,z a reaction aga9/ ?is extreme position ( ! humani/ic s*ol>s !re arose1 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & z a fur!r expression ( ! new critical _s awak5$ by ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 a dem& = a type ( education :i* w\ld make tru? r ?an beauty1 & ! realities ( ! life ( ! "t r ?an ! beauties ( a life ( ,roman days1 ! aim & purpose ( education4 ,?is new _s became kn[n z ,realism1 0 contemporane\s ) ! rise ( sci5tific inquiry1 & 0 an expression ( a simil> dissatisfaction ) ! le>n+ ( ! "t4 ,z appli$ to education ?is new _s may be said to h manife/$ itself 9 ?ree diff]5t /ages1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,humani/ic realism4 #b4 ,social realism4 #c4 ,s5se realism4 ,we w expla9 ea* ( ^!1 briefly1 9 ord]4 #a4 ,,humani/ic ,,realism ,a ,,new ,,aim ,,9 ,,in/ruction4 ,humani/ic realism repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( ! reaction aga9/ =m & /yle & 9 favor ( ideas & cont5t4 ,! humani/ic reali/s 7 9 agreem5t ) ! classical humani/s t ! old classical lit]atures & ! ,bible conta9$ all t 0 important 9 ! education ( y\?4 ,! anci5t lit]atures1 !y held1 pres5t$ n only ! wide/ product ( human intellig5ce1 b practically all t 0 wor?y ( man's att5tion4 ,! two gr\ps diff]$1 h[ev]1 9 t ! classical humani/s conceiv$ ! aim ( education to be ! ma/]y ( ! vocabul>y & /yle ( ,cic]o1 & ! production ( a new race ( ,roman y\?s = a reviv$ ,lat9 s*ol>ly _w1 :ile ! new humani/ic reali/s want$ to use ! old lit]atures z a means to a new end--t ( tea*+ k t w\ld be useful 9 ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,monroe has s well express$ ! humani/ic-reali/ attitude t a passage f 8 ,hi/ory is wor? quot+ "h4 ,he says3 ,n only did anci5t philosophy conta9 ! true philosophy ( ?is life1 b languages 7 ! key to ! real und]/&+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,n only did ma/]y ( ^! languages give p[] ( spee*1 & h5ce influ5ce ov] "o's fell[s2 b1 if milit>y sci5ce 0 to be /udi$1 x c\ld 9 no place be bett] se>*$ = ?an 9 ,caes> & 9 ,x5ophon2 0 agriculture to be practic$1 no bett] guide 0 to be f\nd ?an ,virgil or ,columella2 0 ar*itecture to be ma/]$1 no bett] way exi/$ ?an ?r\gh ,vitruvius2 0 geography to be consid]$1 x mu/ be ?r\gh ,mela or ,sol9us2 0 m$ic9e to be und]/ood1 no bett] means ?an ,celsus exi/$2 0 natural hi/ory to be appreciat$1 !re 0 no m adequate s\rce ( in=mation ?an ,pl9y & ,s5eca4 ,ari/otle furni%$ ! basis ( all ! sci5ces1 ,plato ( all philosophy1 ,cic]o ( all in/itutional life1 & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ! ,scriptures ( all religion4 ,,expon5ts ,,( ,,humani/ic ,,realism4 ,! ,dut* int]national s*ol> ,erasmus 7#adfg8-aecf7 7p4 #bgd71 ! ,fr5*man ,rabelais 7#adhc-aeec71 & ! ,engli% poet ,milton 7#afjh-gd7 /& z ! cle>e/ repres5tatives ( ?is new humani/ic realism4 ,erasmus _h cle>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! education ( words & ! education ( ?+s1 _h po9t$ out ! ease ) :i* real tru? is le>n$ & reta9$1 & _h urg$ ! /udy ( ! cont5t r ?an ! =m ( ! anci5t au?ors4 ,9 8 ,sy/em ( ,/udies he said3 ,f ^! v au?ors 7,lat9 & ,greek71 :om we read = ! sake ( improv+ our language1 incid5tally1 9 no small degree is a k ( ?+s ga!r$4 ,9 8 ,cic]onian he _h ridicul$ ^? :o mi/ook ! =m = ! _s ( ! anci5ts4 ,! ,fr5* non-con=m+ monk1 cur1 physician1 & univ]sity s*ol>1 ,franois ,rabelais1 9 8 satirical ,life ( ,g>gantua 7#aece7 & ,! ,h]oic ,de$s ( ,pantagruel 7#aecc7 _h set =?1 ev5 m cle>ly1 ! idea ( obta9+ f a /udy ( ! anci5t au?ors 7,r4 #baj7 k t w\ld be useful4 ,writ+ l>gely 9 ! "* ( a cl[n & a fool1 because su* 0 a saf] me?od1 he prote/$ aga9/ ! =mal1 %all[1 & ins9c]e life ( 8 age4 ,he made z vigor\s a prote/ aga9/ m$ievalism & =malism z he d>$1 = he liv$ 9 a "t :5 new ideas 7 dang]\s commodities = "o to c>ry ab\t or to try to express4 ,he ridicul$ ! old s*ola/ic le>n+1 set =? ! idea ( us+ ! old classics = reali/ic z well z humani/ic ends1 & also advocat$ physical1 moral1 social1 & religi\s education 9 ! _s ( ! be/ writ]s & tea*]s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,8 book 0 ext5sively read & _h "s influ5ce 9 %ap+ ?9k+1 ?\gh ,rabelais's importance 9 ! hi/ory ( education lies r 9 8 influ5ce on lat] educational ?9k]s ?an on ! life ( 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,fran,,ois ,,rabelais 7#adhc-aeec7 ,p]haps ! cle>e/ example ( humani/ic realism is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,engli% poet & humanit>ian1 ,john ,milton4 ,8 ,tractate on ,education 7#afdd7 0 ext5sively read1 & 0 influ5tial 9 %ap+ educational practice 9 ! non-con=mi/ second>y academies :i* arose a little lat] 9 ,engl&4 ,/ill lat] 8 ideas indirectly some:at influ5c$ ,am]ican developm5t4 ,milton fir/ gives u an excell5t /atem5t ( ! new religi\s-civic aim ( po/-,re=mation education 7,r4 #baa71 & !n po9ts out ! defects ( ! exi/+ education1 :]eby boys sp5d sev5 or eight ye>s m]ely 9 scrap+ toge!r s mu* mis]able ,lat9e & ,greek1 z might be le>nt o!rwise easily & delightfully 9 "o ye>4 ,he !n pres5ts 8 plan = a compleat & g5]\s ,education = noble & g5tle y\?s1 & tells h[ all ?is may be done betwe5 twelve & "o & tw5ty1 less "t ?an is n[ be/[$ 9 pure trifl+ at ,gramm> & ,sophi/ry4 ,! c\rse ( /udy he outl9es 7,r4 #bab7 is enorm\s4 ,! fir/ ye>1 t is beg9n+ at twelve1 ! boy is to le>n ,lat9 gramm>1 ari?metic1 & geometry1 & to read simple ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree or f\r ye>s ! pupil is to ma/] ,greek1 & to /udy agriculture1 geography1 natural philosophy1 physiology1 ma!matics1 =tification1 eng9e]+1 ar*itecture1 & natural hi/ory1 all by read+ ! *ief writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 9 prose & poetry1 on ^! subjects4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ ye>s to tw5ty-"o ! pupil1 simil>ly1 is to obta9 e?ical in/ruction f ! ,greeks & ! ,bible2 le>n ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,saxon law2 le>n ,italian & ,hebrew2 & /udy economics1 politics1 hi/ory1 logic1 rhetoric1 & poetry by read+ select$ anci5t au?ors4 ,:at ,rabelais sugge/$ 9 je/ = 8 giant1 ,milton adopt$ z a program = ! s*ool4 ,9 addition1 9 ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic mod]n ,engli% fa%ion1 he makes c>eful provision = daily ex]cise & play4 ,aside1 ?\gh1 f its impossibility ( accompli%m5t except by a sup]ior few1 ,milton's plan is ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ! new humani/ic-reali/ic po9t ( view-t is1 t education %\ld imp>t useful in=mation1 ?\gh ! in=mation z ,milton conceiv$ x 0 to be drawn almo/ entirely f ! books ( ! anci5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,john ,,milton 7#afjh-gd7 ,,educational ,,results ,,( ,,humani/ic ,,realism4 ,! importance ( humani/ic realism 9 ! hi/ory ( education lies l>gely 9 t x 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( reactions t l$ lat] to s5se-realism--t is1 to ! /udy ( sci5ce & ! application ( sci5tific me?od 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 ,engl& x possesses /ill l>g] importance4 ,milton _h call$ 8 in/itution an ,academy4 #a ,aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>ts 7,*>les ,,ii1 #affj71 "s two ?\s& non-con=m+ cl]gym5 7 dispossess$ by ! ,act ( ,con=mity 7#affb2 ,r4 #aff71 & soon aft] ?is ! *ildr5 ( ,non-,con=mi/s 7 exclud$ f ! gramm> s*ools & univ]sities4 ,_m ( ^! cl]gym5 n[ turn$ to tea*+ z a means ( e>n+ a livelihood & s]v+ _! p1 & ! ideas ( ! non-con=mi/ ,milton 7 influ5tial 9 turn+ ! s*ools ?us e/abli%$ ev5 fur!r t[>d ! /udy ( useful subjects4 ,_m ( ! new s*ools (f]$ in/ruction 9 ! mod]n languages1 logic1 rhetoric1 e?ics1 geography1 a/ronomy1 algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 survey+1 navigation1 hi/ory1 oratory1 economics1 & natural & moral philosophy1 z well z ! old classical subjects4 ,all tea*+1 too1 0 done 9 ,engli%1 & ! /udy ( ,engli% language & lit]ature 0 emphasiz$4 ,?is made ^! non-con=mi/ academies 9 _m respects sup]ior to ! old] ,lat9 gramm> s*ools4 ,aft] ! enactm5t ( ! ,tol]ation ,act1 9 #afhi1 ^! s*ools 7 all[$ to incorporate & 7 gradually absorb$ into ! exi/+ ,lat9 gramm>-s*ool sy/em ( ,engl&1 b un=tunately )\t produc+ mu* *ange 9 ! "* ( ^! old] in/itutions4 ,! idea ( (f]+ in/ruction 9 ^! new /udies 0 9 "t c>ri$ to ,am]ica1 :]e bett] results 7 obta9$4 ,at fir/ a few ( ! subjects1 su* z ! ma!matical /udies1 survey+1 navigation1 & ,engli%1 7 introduc$ into ! exi/+ ,lat9 gramm> or o!r s*ools ( second>y grade4 ,especially 0 ?is true 9 ! colonies s\? ( ,new ,engl&4 ,aft] #agea1 & especially aft] ab\t #aghj1 di/9ct ,academies arose 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7*apt] ,,xviii71 ^: purpose 0 to (f] in/ruction 9 all ^! new subjects ( /udy4 ,f ^! our mod]n high s*ools h be5 d]iv$4 ,,ii4 ,,social ,,realism ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,mi*el ,,de ,,montaigne 7#aecc-ib7 ,,montaigne ,,& ,,locke4 ,social realism repres5ts a /ill fur!r reaction away f ! humani/ic s*ools4 ,x 0 ! natural reaction ( practical m5 ( ! new _w aga9/ a type ( education t t5d$ to p]petuate ! p$antry ( an e>li] age1 by devot+ its en]gies to ! production ( ! s*ol> & pr(essional man to ! neglect ( ! man ( affairs4 ,! social reali/s 7 small 9 numb]1 b p[]ful because ( _! important social connections & weal?1 & !y 7 v det]m9$ to h an education suit$ to _! ne$s1 ev5 if !y _h to create x !mselves 7,r4 #bac74 ,! ,fr5* nobleman1 s*ol>1 au?or1 & civic (fic]1 ,m4 de ,montaigne 7#aecc-ib71 & ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,john ,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 7 ! cle>e/ expon5ts ( ?is new po9t ( view1 ?\gh x f\nd expression 9 ! writ+s ( _m o!rs4 ,ea* decl>$ = a practical1 useful type ( education = ! "y boy :o 0 to live ! life ( a g5tleman 9 ! _w ( affairs4 ,nei!r _h any sympa?y ) ! colleges & gramm> s*ools ( ! "t 7,r4 #bad71 & bo? reject$ ! s*ool = ! private tutor4 ,?is tutor mu/ be select$ ) great c>e1 & fir/ ( all mu/ be a well-br$ g5tleman--a man1 z ,montaigne says1 :o has r a well-made ?an a well-fill$ head 7,r4 #bae74 ,locke cautions t "o fit to educate & =m ! ,m9d ( a "y ,g5tleman is n e :]e to be f\nd1 & ( ! common type ( tea*] he asks1 ,:5 su* an "o has empty'd out into 8 ,pupil all ! ,lat9 & ,logick he has br\ght f ! ,univ]sity1 w t ,furniture make him a f9e ,g5tleman8 7,r4 #baf74 ,bo? condemn ! s*ool tra9+ ( _! "t1 & bo? urge t ! tutor tra9 ! judgm5t & ! und]/&+ r ?an ! memory4 ,to imp>t good mann]s r ?an m]e in=mation1 & to tra9 = life 9 ! _w r ?an = ! life ( a s*ol>1 seem to bo? ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! education ( a boy4 ,! great _w1 says ,montaigne1 is ! mirror :]e9 we are to behold ourselves4 ,9 %ort1 ,i w\ld h ?is to be ! book my "y g5tleman %\ld /udy ) ! mo/ att5tion4 ,lat9 & ,le>n+1 says ,locke1 make all ! ,noise2 & ! ma9 ,/ress is laid ^u ,pr(ici5cy 9 ,?+s a great ,"p :]e( belong n to a ,g5tleman's ,call+2 :i* is to h ! ,k ( a ,man ( ,bus9ess1 a ,c>riage suitable to 8 ,rank1 & to be em95t & useful to 8 ,c\ntry1 accord+ to 8 ,/ation 7,r4 #baf74 ,bo? emphasiz$ ! importance ( travel abroad z an important factor 9 ! education ( a g5tleman4 ,,_! ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education4 ,bo? ,montaigne & ,locke 7 conc]n$ alone ) ! education ( ! sons ( g5tlem51 individuals n[ com+ rapidly into prom95ce to dispute place 9 ! _w ( affairs ) ! high] nobility on ! "o h& & ! cl]gy on ! o!r4 ,) ! education ( any o!r class ,montaigne nev] conc]n$ himself4 ,z = ,locke1 he 0 lat] appo9t$ a ,k+'s ,commission]1 ) c]ta9 ov]sight ( ! poor1 & = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( su* he drew up a c>eful report :i*1 9 true ,engli% fa%ion1 provid$ = _! tra9+ 9 workh\ses & _! appr5tice%ip to a trade 7,r4 #bag74 ,he wrote no?+ ) reg>d to ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( middle-class work]s & tradesm54 ,bo? au?ors also deal entirely ) ! "w ( a tutor1 & n ) ! "w ( a tea*] 9 a s*ool4 ,nei!r deals specifically ) elem5t>y education1 b r ) :at1 9 ,europe1 w\ld be call$ ! second>y-s*ool p]iod 9 ! education ( a boy4 ,locke 0 ext5sively read by ! g5try ( ,engl&1 z expressive ( ! be/ curr5t practice ( _! class1 & 8 ideas z to education 7 also ( "s influ5ce 9 %ap+ ! in/ruction ( ! non-con=mi/ tea*]s 9 ! academies !re4 ,8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( education is also ( "s importance1 z we %all po9t out lat]1 = ! discipl9>y !ory ( education :i* he set =?4 ,/ill m1 ,locke lat] ex]t$ a deep influ5ce on ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau 7*apt] ,,xxi71 & h5ce help$ mat]ially to %ape mod]n educational !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,john ,,locke 7#afca-agjd7 ,,! ,,new ,,s*ools ,,= ,,! ,,sons ,,( ,,! ,,g5try4 ,bo? ,montaigne & ,locke1 9 _! emphasis on ! importance ( a practical education = ! social & political dem&s ( a g5tleman conc]n$ ) ! affairs ( ! mod]n _w1 repres5t a /ill fur!r reaction aga9/ ! humani/ic s*ools ( ! "t ?an did ! humani/ic reali/s :om we h j consid]$4 ,/ill m1 bo? are expressive ( ! attitude ( ! nobility & g5try ( ! "t1 :o _h almo/ des]t$ ! s*ools z p$antic in/itutions ( little value4 ,france 0 !n ! great c\ntry ( ,europe1 & ,fr5* language1 ,fr5* political ideas1 ,fr5* mann]s1 & ,fr5* tutors f\nd _! way into all neighbor+ l&s4 ,a new social & political ideal 0 erect$--t ( ! poli%$ man ( ! _w1 :o c\ld speak ,fr5*1 _h travel$1 knew hi/ory & politics1 law & geography1 h]aldry & g5ealogy1 "s ma!matics & physics ) _! applications1 c\ld use ! sword & ride1 0 adept 9 games & danc+1 & 0 skill$ 9 ! practical affairs ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,an ,,academie ,,des ,,armes ,f an e>ly eighte5?-c5tury ,p>isian po/]1 adv]tis+ an ,academy4 ,to give su* tra9+ ! ,fr5* creat$ num]\s ,academies 9 _! cities4 ,a writ] ( #afdi /ates t !re 7 twelve su* in/itutions at t "t 9 ,p>is alone4 ,n infrequ5tly "s nobleman 0 at ! head4 ,boys 7 fir/ educat$ at home by tutors1 & !n s5t to ! ,academy to be tra9$ 9 rid+1 ! milit>y arts1 =tification1 ma!matics1 ! mod]n languages1 & ! _m graces ( a g5tleman4 ,! ,engli%man1 ,john ,evelyn1 :o 0 9 ,france 9 #afdd1 ?us describes ! ,fr5* ,academies3 ,at ! ,palais ,c>d9al 9 ,p>is ,i frequ5tly w5t to see !m ride & ex]cise ! ,greate ,horse1 especially at ! ,academy ( ,monsieur du ,plessis1 & de ,veau1 ^: s*oles ( t art are frequ5t$ by ! ,nobility2 & "h also "y g5tlem5 are taught to f5ce1 daunce1 play on musiq1 & some?+ 9 =tifications & ma!matics4 ,at ,ri*elieu1 ne> ,t\rs1 belongs an ,academy :]e besides ! ex]cise ( ! horse1 armes1 daunc+1 etc41 all ! sci5ces are taught 9 ! vulg> ,fr5* by ,pr(essors /ip5diat$ by ! great ,c>d9al4 ,! ,academy ( ,juilly includ$ "s /udy ( physical sci5ce1 ma!matics1 geography1 h]aldry1 ,fr5* hi/ory1 ,italian1 & ,spani%1 besides ! rid+ & g5tlemanly arts4 ,9 ,engl& ! tutor 9 ! home became ! type =m = ! education ( ! sons ( a g5tleman1 ! boys frequ5tly be+ s5t abroad to complete _! education4 ,9 ,g]man l&s1 :i* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 9 close sympa?y ) ,fr5* life & ?\ght1 ,heidelb]g be+ a c5t] = ! dissem9ation ( ,fr5* ideas1 ! ,fr5* academy idea 0 copi$1 & :at 7 call$ ,ritt]akademie5 7knightly academies7 7 f\nd$ 9 ! num]\s c\rt cities #b = ! education1 along su* l9es1 ( ! sons ( ! _m grades ( ! ,g]man nobility4 ,betwe5 #afbj & #aghj1 be=e ! rise ( ! ,g]man nationali/ic movem5t :i* s\ght to replace ,fr5* ideas by native ,g]man culture1 0 ! great p]iod ( ^! ,g]man c\rt s*ools1 & dur+ ?is p]iod !y be/[$ on ! sons ( ! ,g]man nobility ! c\rtly & milit>y education ( ! ,fr5* academies4 ,! education ( ! nobility 0 9 consequ5ce segregat$ f ! intellectual life ( o!r classes4 ,gallants & p$ants 7 ! respective outputs ( ! two types ( s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,,s5se ,,realism ,,! ,,new ,,educational ,,aims ,,( ,,?is ,,gr\p4 ,?is repres5t$ a /ill fur!r & m important /ep 9 advance ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+4 ,9 a v direct way s5se realism 9 education 0 an outgr[? ( ! organiz+ "w ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,its aim 03 7#a7 ,to apply ! same inductive me?od =mulat$ by ,bacon = ! sci5ces to ! "w ( education1 ) a view to organiz+ a g5]al me?od :i* w\ld greatly simplify ! in/ructional process1 r$uce educational "w to an organiz$ sy/em1 & 9 consequ5ce effect a great sav+ ( "t2 & 7#b7 ,to replace ! in/ruction 9 ,lat9 by in/ruction 9 ! v]nacul>1 #c & to sub/itute new sci5tific & social /udies1 deem$ ( great] value = a mod]n _w1 = ! excessive devotion to l+ui/ic /udies4 ,! sixte5? c5tury _h be5 ess5tially a p]iod ( criticism 9 education1 & ! lead+ ?9k]s on education1 z 9 o!r l9es ( intellectual activity1 7 n 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we come to a new gr\p ( m5 :o attempt$ to ?9k out & "w out 9 practice ! ideas advanc$ by ! critics ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we h1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fir/ s]i\s attempt to =mulate an educational me?od s9ce ! days ( ! ,a!nian ,greeks & ! treatise ( ,qu9tilian4 ,! possibility ( =mulat+ an educational me?od t w\ld simplify ! educational process & save "t 9 in/ruction1 appeal$ to a numb] ( ?9k]s1 9 diff]5t l&s4 ,?is gr\p ( ?9k]s1 due to _! new me?ods ( attack & ?\ght1 ! ,g]man hi/orian ( education1 ,k>l von ,raum]1 has call$ ,innovators4 ,! *ief p$agogical ideas ( ! ,innovators 73 #a4 ,t education %\ld proce$ f ! simple to ! complex1 & ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 #b4 ,t ?+s %\ld come be=e rules4 #c4 ,t /ud5ts %\ld be taught to analyze1 r ?an to con/ruct4 #d4 ,t ea* /ud5t %\ld be taught to inve/igate = himself1 r ?an to accept or dep5d ^u au?ority4 #e4 ,t only t %\ld be memoriz$ :i* is cle>ly und]/ood & ( real value4 #f4 ,t re/ra9t & co]cion %\ld be replac$ by int]e/ 9 ! /udies taught4 #g4 ,t ! v]nacul> %\ld be us$ z ! m$ium = all in/ruction4 #h4 ,t ! /udy ( real ?+s %\ld prec$e ! /udy ( words ab\t ?+s4 #i4 ,t ! ord] & c\rse ( ,nature be discov]$1 & t a me?od ( tea*+ bas$ on ?is !n be work$ out4 #aj4 ,t physical education %\ld be introduc$ = ! sake ( heal?1 & n m]ely to tea* g5tlemanly sports4 #aa4 ,t all %\ld be provid$ ) ! opportunity = an education 9 ! elem5ts ( k4 ,?is to be 9 ! v]nacul>4 #ab4 ,t ,lat9 & ,greek be taught only to ^? likely to complete an education1 & !n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! "m tongue4 #ac4 ,t a uni=m & sci5tific me?od ( in/ruction c\ld be work$ out1 :i* w\ld r$uce education to a sci5ce & s]ve z a guide = tea*]s ev]y:]e4 ,! ,engli%man1 ,francis ,bacon1 :om we h previ\sly consid]$2 ! ,g]man1 ,wolfgang ,rati*ius 7or ,ratke72 & ! ,moravian bi%op & tea*]1 ,johann ,amos ,com5ius1 /& z p]haps ! cle>e/ examples ( ?is organiz+ t5d5cy 9 education4 ,ratke & ,com5ius w be consid]$ "h z types4 ,,wolfgang ,,ratke4 ,bacon _h believ$ t ! new sci5tific k %\ld be incorporat$ into ! in/ruction ( ! s*ools1 & _h sugge/$1 9 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afjc-je71 a broad] c\rse ( /udy = !m1 & bett] facilities = sci5tific inve/igation & tea*+4 ,:ile ,bacon 0 n a tea*] & did n write specifically on s*ool in/ruction1 8 writ+s nev]!less deeply influ5c$ _m ( ^? :o foll[$ 8 ?9k+4 ,! fir/ writ] to apply ,bacon's ideas to education & to attempt to evolve a new me?od & a new c\rse ( in/ruction 0 a ,g]man1 by ! "n ( ,wolfgang ,ratke 7#aega-afce74 ,:ile /udy+ 9 ,engl& he _h read ,bacon's ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 & f ,bacon's sugge/ions ,ratke tri$ to "w out a new me?od ( in/ruction4 ,?is he (f]$1 & ) mu* secrecy1 unsuccessfully = sale at v>i\s ,g]man c\rts4 ,f9ally he issu$ an ,address to ! pr9ces ( ,g]many1 assembl$ at an ,electoral ,diet at ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 9 #afab4 ,9 ?is he told !m ( 8 new me?od1 :i* foll[$ ,nature1 & decl>$ t x 0 fraught ) mom5t\s consequ5ces = mank9d4 ,he claim$ t he c\ld3 #a4 ,by us+ ! ,g]man language 9 ! e>li] ye>s3 7a7 ,br+ ab\t ! use ( "o common language among ! ,g]man p1 & ?us lay ! basis = unity 9 gov]nm5t & religion2 7b7 ,imp>t to *ildr5 a k ( ! useful arts & sci5ces4 #b4 ,tea* ,lat94 ,greek1 & ,hebrew bett]1 & 9 f> less "t1 ?an _h previ\sly be5 requir$ = "o language only4 ,?is me?od he (f]$ to sell to ! pr9ces1 & he w\ld imp>t x only on ! promise t x be n reveal$ to o!rs4 ,two pr(essors 7 appo9t$ to exam9e ,ratke1 & !y report$ v favorably on 8 plan4 ,9 #afag ,ratke publi%$1 9 ,leipzig1 8 ,me?odus ,nova1 :i* 0 ! pione] "w on s*ool me?od1 & is ,ratke's *ief claim to m5tion "h4 ,9 ?is he laid d[n ! fundam5tal rules = tea*+1 z he _h ?\ght !m out4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ord] ( ,nature 0 to be s\ght & foll[$4 #b4 ,"o ?+ at a "t1 & t ma/]$ ?or\ghly4 #c4 ,mu* repetition to insure ret5tion4 #d4 ,use ( ! "m tongue = all in/ruction1 & ! languages to be taught ?r\gh x4 #e4 ,ev]y?+ to be taught )\t con/ra9t4 ,! tea*] to tea*1 & ! s*ol>s to keep ord] & discipl9e4 #f4 ,no le>n+ by he>t4 ,mu* que/ion+ & und]/&+4 #g4 ,uni=mity 9 books & me?ods a necessity4 #h4 ,k ( ?+s to prec$e words ab\t ?+s4 #i4 ,individual exp]i5ce & contact & inquiry to replace au?ority4 ,we see "h ! ess5tials ( ! ,baconian ideas1 z well z ! =e%ad[+s ( _m o!r subsequ5t re=ms 9 tea*+ me?od4 ,dur+ ! next half-doz5 ye>s ,ratke 0 a mu*-int]view$ p]son1 z ! idea ( a m g5]al education ( ! p1 advanc$ by ! ,prote/ant re=m]s1 _h appeal$ /rongly to ! imag9ation ( _m ( ! ,g]man pr9ces4 ,f9ally ! necess>y money 0 rais$ to e/abli% an exp]im5tal s*ool1 #d pr9t+-presses 7 set up to pr9t ! necess>y books1 ! p ( ! village ( ,k!n1 9 ,anhalt1 7 ord]$ to s5d _! *ildr5 = in/ruction1 & ! s*ool op5$ ) ,ratke 9 *>ge & amid great expectations & en?usiasm4 ,a ye> & a half lat] ! s*ool _h fail$1 ?r\gh ! bad managem5t ( ,ratke & 8 inability to realize ! extravagant hopes he _h ar\s$1 & he himself _h be5 ?r[n into prison z an impo/or by ! pr9ces4 ,?is end$ ,ratke's "w4 ,he is important *iefly = 8 pione] "w z ! =]unn] ( ! greate/ educator ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,johann ,,amos ,,com5ius4 ,we n[ rea* n only ! greate/ repres5tative ( s5se realism1 bo? 9 !ory & practice1 be=e ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b also "o ( ! comm&+ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,com5ius 0 born at ,nivnitz1 9 ,moravia1 9 #aeib4 ,z a memb]1 pa/or1 & lat] bi%op ( ! ,moravian *ur*1 & z a foll[] ( ,john ,huss1 he suff]$ greatly 9 ! ,ca?olic-,prote/ant w>f>e :i* rag$ ov] 8 native l& dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,8 home twice plund]$1 8 books & manuscripts twice burn$1 8 wife & *ildr5 murd]$1 & himself at times a fugitive & lat] an exile1 ,com5ius gave 8 long life to ! advancem5t ( ! int]e/s ( mank9d ?r\gh religion & le>n+4 ,driv5 f 8 home & c\ntry1 he became a s*ol> ( ! _w4 ,:ile a /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nassau1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 he read & 0 deeply impress$ by ! ,address ( ,ratke4 ,bacon's ,novum ,organum1 :i* appe>$ :5 he 0 tw5ty-eight1 made a /ill deep] impression ^u him4 ,he seems to h be5 famili> also ) ! writ+s ( ! educational re=m]s ( 8 "t 9 all ,european l&s4 ,he travel$ ext5sively1 & ma9ta9$ a l>ge correspond5ce ) ! s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 ma/] ( a ,lat9 s*ool 9 ,moravia f ! age ( tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r1 :5 he 0 orda9$ z a pa/or ( ! ,moravian ,*ur*4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 9 #afcb1 he 0 bani%$1 ) all ,prote/ant m9i/]s1 f 8 native l&1 & :ile an exile = a "t took *>ge ( a s*ool at ,lissa1 9 ,pol&4 ,"h he work$ out1 9 practice1 ! great "w on me?od :i* he lat] publi%$4 ,9 #afch he 0 invit$ to re=m ! s*ools ( ,sw$52 9 #afda he visit$ ,engl&1 9 connection ) a plan = ! organization ( all k2 he sp5t ! next eight ye>s work+ at s*ool re=m 9 ,sw$52 f #afej to #afed he 0 9 *>ge ( a s*ool at ,s>os-,patak1 9 ,hung>y1 :]e he work$ out 8 fam\s textbooks = tea*+ language2 he 0 consult$ ) ref]5ce to ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d ,college1 9 #afed2 ! same ye> he return$ to ,lissa1 & once m lo/ 8 books & manuscripts & 0 made a homeless exile2 & f9ally he f\nd a patron & asylum 9 ,am/]dam1 :]e he di$ 9 #afga1 at ! age ( sev5ty-n9e4 ,! v]se b5ea? 8 portrait seems an especially appropriate comm5t>y on 8 life4 ,,com5ius ,,& ,,educational ,,me?od4 ,:ile tea*+ at ,lissa1 9 ,pol&1 ,com5ius _h =mulat$ = himself ! pr9ciples und]ly+ s*ool in/ruction1 z he saw x1 9 a l5g?y book :i* he call$ ,! ,great ,didactic4 #e ,! title page 7,r4 #bah7 & ! table ( cont5ts 7,r4 #bai7 w give an idea z to its scope4 ,9 ?is "w ,com5ius =mulat$ & expla9$ 8 two fundam5tal ideas1 namely1 t all in/ruction mu/ be c>efully grad$ & arrang$ to foll[ ! ord] ( nature1 & t1 9 imp>t+ k to *ildr51 ! tea*] mu/ make con/ant appeal ?r\gh s5se-p]ception to ! und]/&+ ( ! *ild4 ,we h "h ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,bacon appli$ to ! s*ool1 & ,com5ius /&s z ! cle>e/ expon5t ( s5se realism 9 tea*+ up to 8 "t1 & = m ?an a c5tury aft]w>d4 ,deeply religi\s by nature & tra9+1 ,com5ius held ! ,holy ,scriptures to conta9 ! beg9n+ & end ( all le>n+2 to "k ,god aright he held to be ! highe/ aim2 & ) true ,prote/ant f]vor he cont5d$ t ! education ( e human be+ 0 a necessity if mank9d 0 to ent] into its religi\s inh]itance1 & piety1 virtue1 & le>n+ 7 to be br\ght to _! fruition4 ,unlike ^? :o 7 en?usia/s = religi\s education only1 ,com5ius saw fur!r1 & held an ideal ( s]vice to ! ,/ate & ,*ur* "h bel[ = :i* prop] tra9+ 0 ne$$4 ,/ill m1 he believ$ 9 ! education ( human be+s simply because !y 7 human be+s1 & n m]ely = salvation1 z ,lu!r _h held4 ,com5ius 0 ! fir/ to =mulate a practicable s*ool me?od1 work+ along ! new l9es m>k$ out by ,bacon4 ,he _h no psy*ology to guide him1 & work$ l>gely by analogies f nature4 ,a great idea ) him 0 t we %\ld /udy & foll[ nature1 & ?is l$ him to ! conclusions t education %\ld proce$ f ! easy to ! difficult1 ! ne> to ! remote1 ! g5]al to ! special1 & ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & t ! great bus9ess ( ! tea*] 0 imp>t+ & guid+1 & n /or+ ! memory4 ,^! conclusions seem commonplaces to u ( to-day1 b :at is commonplace today 0 g5ius ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,to select ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction c>efully & on ! basis ( utility1 to elim9ate ne$less mat]ials1 n to attempt too mu* at a "t1 to use concrete examples1 to h frequ5t repetitions to fix ideas1 to advance by c>efully grad$ /eps1 to tie new k to old1 to le>n by obs]v+ & do+1 & to le>n by use r ?an by precept--7 /ill o!r ( ! pres5t-day commonplaces :i* ,com5ius work$ out & =mulat$ 9 8 ,didactica ,magna4 #f ,8 plea = a mild & g5tle discipl9e 9 place ( ! brutality ( 8 "t1 8 emphasis ( ! v]nacul> & ! realities ( life1 8 conception z to ! importance ( e>ly education1 8 c>eful gradation ( ! s*ool1 & 8 ability to see ! usefulness ( ,lat9 )\t ov]-emphasiz+ its importance--all /amp him z a capable & practical s*oolma/] :o saw deeply into ! nature ( ! educational process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,john ,,amos ,,com5ius 7#aeib-afga7 ,! ,moravian ,bi%op at ! age ( fifty4 7,aft] an engrav+ by ,glov]1 pr9t$ z a frontispiece to ,h>tlib's ,a ,re=mation ( ,s*ooles4 ,london1 #afdb47 ,loe1 "h an ,exile1 :o to s]ve 8 ,god1 ,ha? %>ply ta/$ ( pr\d ,pa%urs ,rod ,^: le>n+1 ,piety1 true wor?1 be+ kn[ne ,to all ! _w1 makes all ! _w 8 owne4 ,f4,q4 ,,com5ius' ,,ideas ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,9 8 ,didactica ,magna ,com5ius divid$ ! s*ool life ( a *ild into f\r great divisions4 ,! fir/ conc]n$ ! p]iod f infancy to ! age ( six1 :i* he call$ ,! ,"m ,s*ool4 ,= ?is p]iod he wrote ,! ,s*ool ( ,infancy 7#afbh71 a book int5d$ prim>ily = p>5ts1 & "o ( su* deep insight & fundam5tal importance t p>5ts & tea*]s may /ill read x ) int]e/ & pr(it4 ,9 x he anticipat$ _m ( ! ideas ( ! k9d]g>t5 ( to-day4 ,! next division 0 ,! ,v]nacul> ,s*ool1 :i* cov]$ ! p]iod f ! ages ( six to twelve4 ,= ?is p]iod six classes 7 to be provid$1 & ! emphasis 0 to be on ! "m tongue4 ,?is s*ool 0 to be = all1 ( bo? sexes1 & 9 x ! basis ( an education = life 0 to be giv54 ,x 0 to tea* its pupils to read & write ! "m tongue2 en\gh ari?metic = ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life1 & ! commonly us$ measures2 to s+1 & to "k c]ta9 songs by rote2 to "k ab\t ! real ?+s ( life2 ! ,cate*ism & ! ,bible2 a g5]al k ( hi/ory1 & especially ! creation1 fall1 & r$emption ( man2 ! elem5ts ( geography & a/ronomy2 & a k ( ! trades & occupations ( life2 all ( :i*1 says ,com5ius1 c be taught bett] ?r\gh ! "m tongue ?an ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,9 scope ?is s*ool corresponds ) ! v]nacul> s*ool ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! next s*ool 0 ,! ,lat9 ,s*ool1 cov]+ ! ye>s f twelve to eighte51 & 9 ?is ,g]man1 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew 7 to be taught1 by improv$ me?ods1 & ) physics & ma!matics add$4 ,?is s*ool he divid$ into six classes1 nam$ f ! pr9cipal /udy 9 ea*1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,physics1 7#c7 ,ma!matics1 7#d7 ,e?ics1 7#e7 ,dialectics1 7#f7 ,rhetoric4 ,he also lat] outl9$ a plan = a six-class ,gymnasium = ,s>os-,patak 7,r4 #bbj71 culm9at+ 9 a sev5? ye> = prep>ation = ! m9i/ry1 :i* 0 an improvem5t on ! ,lat9 ,s*ool & v mod]n 9 "*4 ,_h su* a s*ool become common1 second>y education 9 ,europe might h be5 a c5tury 9 advance ( :]e ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd x4 ,! ,lat9 s*ool 0 to be att5d$ only by ^? ( ability :o 7 likely to ent] ! s]vice ( ,*ur* or ,/ate1 or :o int5d$ to pass on to ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is la/ 0 to cov] ! p]iod f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,unlike all educational practice ( 8 "t & lat]1 ,com5ius "h provides = an educational ladd] ( ! pres5t-day ,am]ican type1 :olly unlike ! ,european two-class s*ool sy/em :i* 7p4 #cec7 lat] evolv$4 ,,com5ius' ,,"w ,,9 ,,re=m+ ,,language ,,tea*+4 ,at ! "t ,com5ius liv$ & wrote1 ! languages con/itut$ almo/ ! only subject ( /udy1 & ,lat9 gramm> 0 ! great introductory subject4 ,! m$iaeval gramm>s 7,donatus2 ,alex&] de ,villa ,dei2 pp4 #aef1 #aee7 _h be5 s poor t ! in/ruction 0 difficult &1 9 consequ5ce1 long drawn out4 ,lily's ,lat9 ,gramm> 7p4 #bgf71 publi%$ 9 #aeac1 & ,melan*?on's ,lat9 ,gramm>1 publi%$ 9 #aebe1 _h repres5t$ m>k$ advances4 ,/ill ! subject rema9$ difficult1 ev5 :5 taught f ^! new types ( gramm>s4 ,com5ius e>ly became conv9c$1 z a result ( 8 tea*+ & /udies 9 educational me?od1 t ! anci5t classical au?ors 7 n only too difficult = boys beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,lat91 b t !y also did n conta9 ! type ( real k he felt %\ld be taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,he accord+ly set to "w to con/ruct a s]ies ( introductory ,lat9 read]s :i* w\ld =m a grad$ introduction to ! /udy ( ,lat91 & :i* w\ld also introduce ! pupil to ! type ( _w k & sci5tific in=mation he felt %\ld be taught4 ,8 plan ev5tually embrac$ a grad$ s]ies ( five books1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus1 or ! ,_w ( ,s5se ,objects ,pictur$4 ,?is 0 an illu/rat$ prim] & fir/ read]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afeh1 & 0 ! fir/ illu/rat$ book ev] writt5 = *ildr5 7,r4 #bba74 #b4 ,! ,ve/ibulum 7,ve/ibule1 or gate74 ,an easy fir/ read]1 consi/+ ( b a few hundr$ ( ! mo/ commonly us$ ,lat9 words & s5t5ces1 ) a translation into ! v]nacul> 9 p>allel columns4 ,?is book requir$ ab\t a half-ye> = its completion4 #c4 ,! ,janua ,l+u>um ,res]ata1 or ,gate ( ,languages ,unlock$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies pr9t$ 7#afca71 ! ,ve/ibulum be+ an easy introduction to x1 & ! ,orbis ,pictus be+ ! ,janua simplifi$ & illu/rat$4 ,! ,janua conta9$ "s eight ?\s& ,lat9 words1 arrang$ 9 simple s5t5ces1 ) ! v]nacul> equival5t 9 p>allel columns2 includ$ in=mation on a v>iety ( subjects2 #g & 0 a regul> ,noah's ,ark = vocabul>y purposes4 ,x embrac$ suffici5t read+ mat]ial & gramm> = a ye>4 #d4 ,! ,atrium4 ,?is 0 an expansion ( ! ,janua1 & treat$ ! same topics m 9 detail4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be an advanc$ read]1 bas$1 z 0 ! ,janua1 on /udies ab\t ! real ?+s ( life4 ,! vocabul>y n[ 0 ,lat9-,lat91 in/ead ( ,lat9-v]nacul>4 #e4 ,! ,!saurus1 :i* 0 nev] complet$1 b 0 plann$ to be a collection ( grad$ extracts f easy ,lat9 au?ors--,cornelius ,nepos1 ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 ,v]gil1 ,horace1 ,pl9y--to furni% ! ne$$ read+ mat]ial = ! ?ree upp] ye>s ( ! ,lat9 ,s*ool4 ,,! ,,textbooks ,,illu/rat$4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! ,janua1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,ve/ibulum & ,orbis ,pictus z well1 ,com5ius n only simplifi$ ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 by produc+ ! be/ textbooks = in/ruction 9 ! subject ! _w _h ev] kn[n1 b he also %ift$ ! :ole emphasis 9 in/ruction f words to ?+s1 & made ! tea*+ ( sci5tific k & useful _w in=mation ! keynote ( 8 "w4 ,! hundr$ diff]5t *apt]s ( ! ,janua1 & ! hundr$ & fifty-"o *apt]s ( ! ,orbis ,pictus1 7 devot$ to imp>t+ in=mation z to all k9ds ( useful subjects4 ,! foll[+ selections f ! *apt] titles ( ! ,orbis ,pictus illu/rate h[ l>ge a place ! new sci5tific /udies occupi$ 9 8 conception ( ! s*ool3 ,! ,_w ,birds ,weav+ ,philosophy ,! ,heav5s ,cattle ,tailor ,prud5ce ,fire ,fi% ,b>b] ,dilig5ce ,w9d ,p>ts ( ,man ,s*oolma/] ,temp]ance ,wat] ,fle% & ,b[els ,%oemak] ,=titude ,cl\ds ,*anels & ,bones ,c>p5t] ,humanity ,e>? ,s5ses ,pott] ,ju/ice ,fruits ,de=mities ,pr9t+ ,consangu9ity ,metals ,husb&ry ,geometry ,a ,city ,trees ,bees & ,honey ,! ,planets ,m]*&iz+ ,h]bs ,but*]y ,eclipses ,a ,burial ,fl[]s ,cook]y ,europe ,religi\s ,=ms ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7,figs4 #abf1 #abg7 reveal ! nature ( ! text-books he prep>$4 7,see also ,r4 #bba = f\r additional pages ( illu/rations f ! ,orbis ,pictus47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,a ,,sample ,,page ,,f ,,! ,,orbis ,,pictus ,! illu/ration & ,lat9 text is f ! fir/ edition ( #afeh2 ! ,engli% translation f ! ,engli% edition ( #agbg4 ,! success ( ^! textbooks 0 imm$iate & v great4 ,)9 a %ort "t aft] ! publication ( ! ,janua x _h be5 translat$ into ,flemi%1 ,bohemian1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,greek1 ,hung>ian1 ,italian1 ,lat91 ,poli%1 ,spani%1 & ,sw$i%1 z well z into ,arabic1 ,mongolian1 ,russian1 & ,turki%4 ,! ,orbis ,pictus 0 an ev5 great] success4 #h ,x w5t ?r\gh _m editions1 9 _m languages2 /ood )\t a competitor 9 ,europe = a hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s2 & 0 us$ z an introductory textbook = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s4 ,an ,am]ican edition 0 br\ght out 9 ,new ,york ,city1 z late z #ahaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,page ,,f ,a ,,lat9-,,engli% ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,ve/ibulum ,?\s&s ( p>5ts1 :o knew no?+ ( ,com5ius & c>$ no?+ = 8 educational ideas1 b\ght ! book = _! *ildr5 because !y f\nd t !y lik$ ! pictures & le>n$ ! language easily f x4 #i ,,place ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,com5ius4 ,com5ius /&s 9 ! hi/ory ( education 9 a position ( comm&+ importance4 ,he introduces ! :ole mod]n conception ( ! educational process1 & outl9es _m ( ! mod]n movem5ts = ! improvem5t ( educational proc$ure4 ,:at ,petr>* 0 to ! revival ( le>n+1 :at ,wycliffe 0 to religi\s ?\ght1 :at ,cop]nicus 0 to mod]n sci5ce1 & :at ,bacon & ,desc>tes 7 to mod]n philosophy1 ,com5ius 0 to educational practice & ?9k+ 7,r4 #bbb74 ,! g]m ( almo/ all eighte5?- & n9ete5?- c5tury educational !ory is to be f\nd 9 8 "w1 & he1 m ?an any "o be=e him & = at lea/ two c5turies aft] him1 made an e>ne/ ef=t to introduce ! new sci5ce /udies into ! s*ool4 ,f> m lib]al ?an 8 ,lu!ran or ,calv9i/ic or ,anglican or ,ca?olic contempor>ies1 he plann$ 8 s*ool = ! education ( y\? 9 religion & le>n+ & to fit !m = ! ne$s ( a mod]n _w4 ,unlike ! textbooks ( 8 "t1 & = m ?an a c5tury aft]w>d1 8 7 free f ei!r sect>ian bigotry or ! int5se & gloomy atmosph]e ( ! age4 ,yet ,com5ius liv$ at an un=tunate p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 n a "t :5 an en?usia/ic & aggressive & lib]al-m9d$ re=m] c\ld expect mu* ( a he>+ any:]e 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! %ock ( ! conte/ into :i* we/]n ,*ri/5dom _h be5 plung$ by ! *all5ge ( ,lu!r _h be5 felt 9 e corn] ( ,europe1 & ! culm9ation ( a c5tury ( w>f>e 0 !n rag+1 ) all ! bitt]ness & brutality t a religi\s motive develops4 ,*ri/ian ,europe 0 too fill$ ) an atmosph]e ( suspicion & di/ru/ & hatr$ to be 9 any mood to consid] re=ms = ! improvem5t ( ! education ( mank9d4 ,z a result ! f>-rea*+ *anges 9 me?od =mulat$ by ,com5ius made b slight impression on 8 contempor>ies2 8 attempt to introduce sci5tific /udies awak5$ suspicion1 r ?an int]e/2 & ! new me?od :i* he =mulat$ 9 8 ,great ,didactic 0 ignor$ & ! book itself 0 =gott5 = c5turies4 ,8 great influ5ce on educational progress 0 ?r\gh ! re=m 8 textbooks work$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,lat91 & ! sl[ infiltration into ! s*ools ( ! sci5tific ideas !y conta9$4 ,z a result1 _m ( ! fundam5tally s\nd re=ms = :i* he /ood _h to be work$ out anew 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is sad to contemplate h[ f> our we/]n _w might h be5 advanc$ 9 its educational organization & sci5tific progress1 by ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h x be5 9 a mood to receive & utilize ! re=ms 9 aims & me?ods1 & to accept ! new sci5tific subject-matt]1 propos$ & work$ out by ?is f>-sight$ ,moravian tea*]4 ,religi\s bigotry has1 9 all l&s & ages1 prov$ itself "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( all ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( human progress4 ,,iv4 ,,realism ,,& ,,! ,,s*ools ,,! ,,v]nacul> ,,s*ools4 ,! ideas = :i* ! reali/s j describ$ _h /ood 7 adopt$ 9 ! p's s*ools b sl[ly1 & came only aft] long wait+4 ,! f9al incorporation ( sci5ce in/ruction into elem5t>y education did n come until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & !n 0 an outgr[? ( ! re=m "w ( ,pe/alozzi on ! "o h&1 & ! new social1 political1 economic1 & indu/rial =ces ( a mod]n _w on ! o!r4 ,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 7#afdh71 :i* clos$ a c5tury ( bitt] & v9dictive religi\s w>f>e1 0 foll[$ by ano!r c5tury ( hatr$1 suspicion1 & n>r[ religi\s intol]ance & reaction4 ,all p>ties n[ adopt$ an extremely cons]vative attitude 9 matt]s ( religion & education1 & ! protection ( or?odoxy became ! *ief purpose ( ! s*ool4 ,read+1 religion1 a little c\nt+ & writ+1 &1 9 ,teutonic l&s1 music1 came to con/itute ! curriculum ( su* elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools z _h come to exi/1 & ! religi\s ,prim] & ! ,bible became ! great s*ool textbooks4 ,! p 7 poor1 mu* ( ,europe 0 impov]i%$ & depopulat$ z a result ( long-cont9u$ religi\s /rife1 ! common p /ill occupi$ a v l[ social position1 !re 7 z yet no qualifi$ tea*]s1 & no ne$ = g5]al education aside f religion4 ,/ill m1 dur+ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ! ,*ur* _h e/abli%$ ! tradition ( provid+ free education1 & :5 ! gov]n+ au?orities ( ! ,/ates :i* turn$ to ,prote/antism _h tak5 f ! ,*ur* bo? ! opportunity to cont9ue ! s*ools & ! weal? ) :i* to ma9ta9 !m1 !y 7 seldom will+ to tax !mselves to set up in/itutions to cont9ue ! "w =m]ly done gratis by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 consequ5ce1 reg>dless ( ,prote/ant educational !ory z to ! ne$ = g5]al education1 b little progress 9 provid+ v]nacul> s*ools 0 made dur+ ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,"h & !re 9 ,teutonic l&s1 h[ev]1 ! new /udies f\nd an occasional patron4 ,9 #afai s*ools 7 organiz$ = ! little ,du*y ( ,weim> 7p4 #cag7 by a pupil ( ,ratke1 & s5se realism 0 giv5 a place 9 !m4 ,! s*oolma/]1 ,&reas ,reyh]1 :o 9 #afdb drew up ! ,s*ule ,me?odus ! actual title ( t book 0 ',s*ulme?odus = ,duke ,erne/ ( ,saxe-,go?a & ,alt5burg1 0 famili> ) ! "w ( bo? ,ratke & ,com5ius1 & made provision = in/ruction 9 ! natural & useful sci5ces 7,r4 #afc7 = ,duke ,erne/'s *ildr54 ,"h & !re a few o!r attempts to provide s*ools & add in/ruction 9 ! new ,reali5 7 made4 ,! numb] ( su* attempts 0 n l>ge1 b _! "w 0 influ5tial1 & z a result v]nacul> s*ools & sci5ce in/ruction f9ally became e/abli%$ among ,g]man-speak+ peoples be=e !y did 9 any o!r l&4 ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,! influ5ce ( ,milton's ,tractate on ! non- con=mi/ ,academies ( ,engl& has be5 trac$1 & ! transf] ( ! idea ( in/ruction 9 ! new ma!matical1 sci5tific1 lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & political subjects to ! new ,am]ican ,academies has be5 m5tion$4 ,t ^! new /udies also ent]$ into ! education ( a g5tleman 9 ,engl& & ,france1 "u ! private-tutor & ! c\rtly- academy sy/em1 & 7 copi$ f ! ,fr5* & con/itut$ a l>ge "p ( ! in/ruction organiz$ = ! ,ritt]akademie5 ( ! num]\s c\rt cities 9 ,g]man l&s1 has also be5 m5tion$4 ,9 bo? ,engl& & ,france su* private in/ruction ex]t$ b little influ5ce on ! exi/+ ,lat9 gramm> s*ools1 & 9 consequ5ce ! s*ools ( bo? c\ntries rema9$ l>gely un*ang$ 9 direction & purpose until ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ,g]man l&s ! ,ritt]akademie5 idea exp]i5c$ a fur!r developm5t1 :i* prov$ to be ( l>ge importance = ! future ( ,g]man education4 ,,francke',s ,,in/itutions4 ,) ! introduction ( ,fr5* ideas & tra9+ into ! ,g]man c\rts1 ,fr5* skepticism 9 matt]s ( religion develop$ 9 ! c\rt circles4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a pi\s ,lu!ran cl]gyman1 ,philip ,sp5] 7#afce-agje71 :o tri$ to emphasize religion z an affair ( ! he>t r ?an ! head2 & especially z a result ( ! "w ( 8 spiritual successor1 ,augu/us ,h]mann ,francke1 a movem5t arose 9 ,g]man l&s1 dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* became kn[n z ,pietism4 #aj ,disgu/$ ) ! lifeless & ins9c]e religion ( ! "t1 ^! two /rove to sub/itute a religion ( bo? head & he>t4 ,9 #afie1 mov$ by pity = ! poor1 ,francke e/abli%$ at ,halle ! fir/ ( 8 fam\s ,in/itutions1--a s*ool = poor *ildr54 ,a pay s*ool = ! well-to-d 0 soon add$1 & soon ano!r s*ool = ! *ildr5 ( nobility4 ,an orphan s*ool also 0 9 "t provid$4 ,! s*ool = ! poor develop$ into a v]nacul> or ,burgh] 7volks2 peoples7 s*ool2 ! s*ool = ! pay pupils into a ,lat9 ,s*ool1 or ,gymnasium2 & ! s*ool = nobles into a high] sci5tific s*ool1 or ,pdagogium z x 0 call$4 ,at fir/ ,francke enc\nt]$ "s !ological opposition1 b ! ,in/itutions prosp]$1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? conta9$ ov] #bbjj pupils1 & ov] #cjj tea*]s1 work]s1 & att5dants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,augu/us ,,h]mann ,,francke 7#affc-agbg7 ,! int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ,francke's "w 0 ! c\rses ( in/ruction he provid$ = 8 s*ools4 #aa ,9 ! ,burgh] ,s*ool he gave ! *ildr5 in/ruction 9 hi/ory1 geography1 & animal life1 9 addition to ! read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 music1 & religion ( ! usual ,g]man v]nacul> s*ool4 ,into ! ,gymnasium he introduc$ in/ruction 9 hi/ory1 geography1 music1 sci5ce1 & ma!matics1 9 addition to ! usual ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,he also *ang$ ! purpose ( ! language in/ruction4 ,greek 0 /udi$ to be able to read ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! orig9al1 & ,hebrew bett] to und]/& ! ,old4 ,! ,pdagogium 0 provid$ ) a botanical g>d51 a cab9et ( natural hi/ory1 physical app>atus1 a laboratory = ! /udy ( *emi/ry & anatomy1 & a work%op = turn+ & glass-cutt+4 ,indep5d5t ( ! "w ( ,com5ius1 b z an outgr[? ( ! new movem5t = ! /udy ( sci5ce n[ beg9n+ to influ5ce educational ?\ght1 we h "h ! mo/ important attempt at ! introduction into ! s*ool ( s5se realism1 or ,reali51 z ! ,g]mans say1 t ! mod]n _w _h s f> witness$4 ,9 #afig ,francke add$ a ,sem9>ium ,praeceptorium1 to tra9 tea*]s 9 8 new ideas4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ tea*]s' tra9+- s*ool 9 ,g]man l&s1 & ! tea*]s he tra9$ s]v$ to scatt] 8 educational ideas ov] ! ,g]man ,/ates4 #ab ,,! ,,fir/ ,,reals*ule4 ,associat$ ) ,francke z a tea*] 0 "o ,*ri/oph] ,seml] 7#affi-agdj71 :o became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! new /udies ( ! second>y s*ool4 ,9 #agjf ,seml] _h submitt$ a plan to ! gov]nm5t ( ,magdeburg = ! tea*+ ( ! practical /udies4 ,?is 0 ref]r$ to ! ,b]l9 ,society ( ,sci5ces1 :i* approv$ ! plan1 & lat] elect$ ,seml] to memb]%ip 9 ! ,society4 ,= ye>s ,seml] cont9u$ z a tea*] at ,halle1 b )\t c>ry+ ! idea f> en\gh to create a new type ( s*ool4 ,9 #agci ,seml] publi%$ a pap] ,^u ! ,ma!matical1 ,me*anical1 & ,agricultural ,real ,s*ool 9 ! ,city ( ,halle1 9 :i* he describ$ ! in/ruction giv5 !re4 ,?is 0 probably ! fir/ use ( ! t]m real s*ool 7,reals*ule74 ,! important subjects describ$ z taught1 aside f religion1 7 ! useful & 9 daily life :olly indisp5sable sci5ces1 su* z ma!matics1 draw+1 geography1 hi/ory1 natural hi/ory1 agriculture1 & economics1 ) mu* emphasis on obs]vation by ! pupils4 ,! "w at ,halle soon /imulat$ compla9ts z to ! exi/+ ,lat9 s*ools1 :]e *ildr51 de/9$ = bus9ess or ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 7 kept try+ to le>n ,lat91 to ! neglect ( m practical & m useful /udies4 ,! usefulness ( ! new real /udies n[ began to be m correctly e/imat$1 & ! conviction gradually grew t ^? boys :o 7 de/9$ = trade--n[ a rapidly increas+ numb]-- %\ld n be oblig$ to foll[ ! same c\rse z ^? de/9$ to be s*ol>s4 ,9 #agbj ,rector ,gesn]1 ( ! gymnasium at ,rot5burg1 wrote1 r s>ca/ically3 ,! "o class1 :o w n /udy1 b w become tradesm51 m]*ants1 or soldi]s1 mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 writ+1 ari?metic1 writ+ lett]s1 geography1 description ( ! _w1 & hi/ory4 ,! o!r class may be tra9$ = /udy+4 ,9 #agdb ! ,rector at ,dresd51 ,s*ttg51 issu$ a ,humble proposal = ! special class 9 public city s*ools to provide = ^? *ildr5 :o are to rema9 )\t 7t is1 _c le>n7 ,lat94 ,in/ead ( =c+ !m to attempt to le>n ,donatus1 :i* he said 0 useless = !m1 he urg$ t a special class 7s*ool7 be organiz$ to tra9 !m to become useful m]*ants1 arti/s1 & me*anics4 ,9 #agea ,rector ,h5zky1 ( ,pr5zlau1 issu$ a treatise to %[ ,t ,real s*ools c & mu/ become common4 ,9 #agef ,gesn]1 pr(essor at ! new ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 9 a pamphlet ,on ! organization ( a gymnasium 7,r4 #bbc71 urg$ t !re 7 ?ree classes ( y\?s = :om s*ools %\ld be provid$1 "o ( :i* ne$$ ! ,reals*ule4 ,9 #agdg a cl]gyman by ! "n ( ,julius ,heck] 7#agjg-agfh71 :o _h be5 a pupil 91 & lat] _h taught 9 ,francke's ',in/itutions1 w5t to ,b]l9 & op5$ !re ! fir/ di/9ct ,g]man ,reals*ule4 ,9 ?is s*ool ,heck] provid$ in/ruction 9 religion1 e?ics1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 ma!matics1 draw+1 hi/ory1 geography1 me*anics1 ar*itecture1 & a k ( nature & ( ! human body4 ,classes 7 organiz$ 9 ar*itecture1 agriculture1 bookkeep+1 manufactur+1 & m9+4 ,! s*ool prosp]$ f ! fir/1 & 9 "t became ! ,royal ,reals*ule ( ,b]l94 ,9 answ] to a gr[+ dem& = advanc$ education = t con/antly increas+ numb] ( y\?s de/9$ = ! trades or a m]cantile c>e]1 ! reals*ule idea 0 copi$ 9 a numb] ( ! important cities ( ,g]many4 ,?us e>ly--a c5tury 9 advance ( o!r nations1 & a c5tury & a qu>t] ahead ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--did ,prussia lay ! f\ndations ( t sci5tific & te*nical education :i*1 lat] on1 did s mu* t[>d creat+ mod]n indu/rial ,g]many4 ,,! ,,univ]sities ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,sci5tific ,,le>n+4 ,?\gh ! !ological p]secution ( sci5tific work]s l>gely di$ out aft] ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 nev] mu* ( a factor 9 l&s :i* _h embrac$ "s =m ( ,prote/antism1 ! new sci5ces nev]!less made b little headway 9 ! univ]sities until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,up to ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! univ]sities 9 all l&s cont9u$ to be dom9at$ by _! !ological faculties1 & in/ruction /ill rema9$ l>gely encompass$ by m$iaevalism4 ,engl& repres5ts p]haps ! mo/ notable exception to ?is /atem5t1 sci5tific /udies hav+ be5 receiv$ ) great] tol]ance by ! univ]sities !re ?an 9 o!r l&s4 ,9 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant l&s ! ne$ 0 felt = or?odox tra9+1 ?r\gh fe> ( fur!r h]esy1 & _m petty re/rictions 7 ?r[n ab\t /udy & tea*+ :i* 7 /ifl+ to free ?9k+ & inve/igation4 ,ea* little ,k+dom or ,/ate n[ took ov] ! sup]vision ( "s old univ]sity )9 its bord]s1 or e/abli%$ a new "o1 t x might m completely control or?odoxy & prep>e its own civil s]vants4 ,( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,pauls5 #ac well says3 ,x 0 ess5tially ! p]iod ( ! t]ritorial-confessional univ]sity1 & is *>act]iz$ by a prepond]ance ( !ological- confessional int]e/4444 ,_m new f\ndations1 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 n[ appe>$4 ,! *ief impetus lead+ to ^! num]\s f\ndations 0 ! acc5tuation ( ! pr9ciple ( t]ritorial sov]eignty1 f ! ecclesia/ical z well z ! political po9t ( view4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! univ]sities began to be in/rum5tia d5om9ationis ( ! gov]nm5t z pr(essional s*ools = its ecclesia/ical & secul> (ficials4 ,ea* individual gov]nm5t endeavor$ to secure its own univ]sity 9 ord]--7#a7 to make sure ( :olesome in/ruction1 :i* meant1 ( c\rse1 in/ruction 9 h>mony ) ! confessional /&>ds ( its e/abli%$ *ur*2 7#b7 to reta9 tra9+ ( its secul> (ficials 9 its own h&s2 & f9ally 7#c7 r5d] att5dance at =eign univ]sities unnecess>y on ! "p ( its subjects1 & ?us keep ! money 9 ! c\ntry4 ,l>ge am\nts ( money 7 n ne$$ to e/abli% a new univ]sity4 ,a few ?\s& guild]s or ?al]s suffic$ = ! sal>ies ( t5 or fifte5 pr(essors1 a c\ple ( prea*]s & physicians w\ld und]take ! !ological & m$ical lectures1 & "s old mona/]y w\ld supply ! ne$$ build+s4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation ! law faculty increas$ to ! place ( fir/ importance 9 ,prote/ant l&s1 because ! ,re=mation _h creat$ a new dem& = judges & high] c\rt (ficials to replace ! rule ( ! cl]gy4 ,! m$ical faculty cont9u$ to be1 z 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities1 ! smalle/ ( all ! faculties & am\nt$ to little be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ad ,! arts faculty1 or philosophical z x came to be t]m$ 9 ,g]man l&s1 (f]$ lectures 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew1 & a g5]al c\rse 9 philosophy1 b ! ,ari/otelian texts & to "s ext5t m$iaeval me?ods 9 in/ruction cont9u$ to be us$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"h & !re "s pr(essor read on ma!matics1 & 9 ,prote/ant l&s on ! new a/ronomy1 & ! /udy ( botany began z ! /udy ( h]bs 9 ! m$ical faculty1 #ae b dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies few pr(essors or /ud5ts 7 int]e/$ 9 ! sci5tific subjects4 ,by #afge ,bacon's ,novum ,organum _h begun to be taught at bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & by #agjj ! ,newtonian physics _h begun to displace ,ari/otle at ,ox=d4 ,by #agdj x 0 well e/abli%$ !re4 ,at fir/ in/ruction 9 ! new subjects 0 (f]$ z an extra & = a fee by m5 n hav+ pr(essional rank 7,r4 #bbd71 & lat] ! in/ruction 0 giv5 full recognition by ! univ]sity4 ,by #agjj ,cambridge _h become a c5t] = ma!matical /udy 7,r4 #bbe71 & ) ! gr[? 9 popul>ity ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 ma!matical /udies !re took ! place held by logic 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sity4 ,cambridge has ev] s9ce rema9$ a c5t] = ma!matical &1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = sci5tific /udies z well4 ,betwe5 #afhj & #agjj ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 re=m$1 & ! ma!matical & philosophical /udies ( ,desc>tes 7p4 #cid7 began to be taught !re4 ,! univ]sities ( ! ,ne!rl&s began to tea* ! new ma!matical & sci5tific /udies ev5 e>li]4 ,aside f ! above describ$ ,reals*ule developm5t1 ! new sci5tific movem5t = a "t l>gely pass$ ov] ,g]man l&s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,g]man univ]sities rema9$ unre=m$ until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury !y sank to _! l[e/ intellectual level4 ,9 #afid1 l>gely 9 prote/ aga9/ ! n>r[ness ( ! old univ]sities1 ! new ,univ]sity ( ,halle 0 f\nd$4 ,x receiv$ into its faculty c]ta9 =w>d-look+ m5 :o _h be5 driv5 f ! old univ]sities1 #af & is g5]ally consid]$ z ! fir/ mod]n univ]sity4 ,! new sci5tific & ma!matical subjects & a re=m$ philosophy 7 introduc$2 ! in/ruction 9 ,greek & ,lat9 0 re=m$2 ,g]man 0 made ! m$ium ( classroom in/ruction2 & a sci5tific magaz9e 9 ,g]man 0 begun4 ,9 #agcg ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 became a second c5t] ( mod]n influ5ce1 & f ^! two in/itutions ! new sci5tific _s gradually spread to all ! ,prote/ant univ]sities ( ,g]man l&s4 ,a c5tury lat] !y 7 ! lead+ univ]sities ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,transition ,,n[ ,,practically ,,complete4 ,f ! "t ,petr>* made 8 fir/ f9d at ,lige 7#accc71 9 ! =m ( two previ\sly unkn[n orations ( ,cic]o 7p4 #bdd71 to ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia 7p4 #chh7 ( ,newton 7#afhg71 is a p]iod ( approximately ?ree & a half c5turies4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree & a half c5turies a complete trans=mation ( _w-life _h be5 effect$1 & ! m$iaeval man1 ) 8 eyes on ! pa/1 _h giv5 place to ! mod]n man ) 8 eyes on ! future4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree & a half c5turies revolution>y =ces _h be5 at "w 9 ! _w ( ideas1 & ! transition f m$iaeval to mod]n attitudes _h be5 accompli%$4 ,f #accc to #adcc 0 ! c5tury ( lit]>y f9ds1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! mona/ic treasures 7 br\ght to light & edit$ & ! classical lit]ature ( ,rome re/or$4 ,greek also 0 re/or$ to ! we/]n _w1 & a re=m$ ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew 7 giv5 ! place ( fir/ importance 9 ! new humani/ic s*ool4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ took place 9 #adbc2 #adef witness$ ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ pr9t$ book1 & ! p]fection ( ! new means = ! multiplication ( books & ! dissem9ation ( ideas4 ,be=e #aejj ! great era ( geographical discov]y _h be5 inaugurat$2 a sea-r\te to ,india 0 f\nd 9 #adhg2 & a new cont95t 9 #adib4 ,9 #aeai-bb ,magellan's %ips r\nd$ ! _w4 ,9 #aeag ,lu!r issu$ ! *all5ge1 ! %ock ( :i* 0 felt 9 e corn] ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & )9 a half-c5tury mu* ( nor!rn & we/]n ,europe _h be5 lo/ to ! orig9al ,roman ,*ur*4 ,soon indep5d5ce 9 ?9k+ _h be5 ext5d$ to ! problem ( ! organization ( ! univ]se1 & 9 #aedc ,cop]nicus issu$ ! book t cle>ly m>ks ! beg9n+ ( mod]n sci5tific ?9k+ & inquiry4 ,bacon _h done 8 organiz+ "w by #afbj1 & ,newton's ,pr9cipia 7#afhg7 f9ally e/abli%$ mod]n sci5tific ?\ght & "w4 ,com5ius di$ 9 #afga1 8 great organiz+ "w done1 & 8 textbooks1 ) _! _m new educational ideas1 9 use all ov] ,europe4 ,! m$iaeval attitude /ill cont9u$ 9 religion & gov]nm5t1 b ! _w z a :ole _h left m$iaeval attitudes beh9d x1 & 0 fac+ ! future ( mod]n _w organization & life4 ,to ! educational organization ( ?is mod]n _w we n[ turn1 ?\gh be=e do+ s we %all try to pres5t a cross-section1 z x 71 ( ! developm5t 9 educational !ory & practice :i* _h be5 atta9$ by ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,expla9 :y ! s*ol>s ( ! "t 7 s int5t on produc+ a new race ( ,roman y\?s = a reviv$ ,lat9 s*ol>ly _w4 #b4 ,%[ t a reaction aga9/ humanism 0 c]ta9 to arise1 & :y4 #c4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! v small influ5ce ex]t$ on ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools ( ,engl& by ! non-con=mi/ ,academies1 aft] !y _h be5 absorb$ into ! exi/+ ,engli% non-/ate sy/em ( high] s*ools8 #d4 ,comp>e ,milton & ,montaigne4 #e4 ,:at w\ld be ! mo/ probable effect on education ( ! erection ( ! poli%$-man-(-!-_w ideal8 #f4 ,enum]ate ! =ces favor+ & oppos+ ! *ange ( ! language ( in/ruction f ,lat9 to ! v]nacul>4 #g4 ,h[ _m ( ! ?irte5 pr9ciples ( ! ,innovators d we /ill hold to be valid8 #h4 ,j :at 0 new 9 ! n9e fundam5tal rules laid d[n by ,ratke1 9 8 ,me?odus ,nova8 #i4 ,:at is y\r e/imate ( ! v]nacul> s*ools z outl9$ by ,com5ius8 ,( ! plans = a gymnasium at ,s>os-,patak8 #aj4 ,comp>e ,com5ius' ,lat9 s*ool ) ! ,college ( ,calv94 #aa4 ,/ate ! new ideas 9 in/ruction embodi$ 9 ! textbooks ( ,com5ius4 #ab4 ,%[ t ,com5ius dom9ates mod]n educational ideas1 ev5 ?\gh 8 "w 0 l>gely lo/1 9 ! same way t ,petr>* or ,wyclifle or ,cop]nicus d mod]n "w 9 _! fields4 #ac4 ,expla9 ! v sl[ developm5t ( v]nacul> s*ools aft] ! ,prote/ant ,revolts4 #ad4 ,:y w\ld ! introduction ( real /udies into !m be especially sl[8 #ae4 ,:at explanation c y (f] = ! mu* e>li] beg9n+s 9 sci5tific in/ruction 9 ,g]man l&s ?an 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica1 :5 mu* m ( ! important e>ly sci5tific "w 0 done by ,engli%m5 ?an by ,g]mans8 & ! failure ( sci5ce = a "t to f9d a home 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities8 #af4 ,expla9 ! cont9u$ dom9ance ( ! !ological faculty 9 ! univ]sities ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #baj4 ,rabelais3 ,on ! ,nature ( ,education4 #baa4 ,milton3 ,! ,aim & ,purpose ( ,education4 #bab4 ,milton3 ,8 ,program = ,/udy4 #bac4 ,adamson3 ,discont5t ( ! ,nobility ) ! ,s*ools4 #bad4 ,montaigne3 ,ridicule ( ! ,humani/ic ,p$ants4 #bae4 ,montaigne3 ,8 ,conception ( ,education4 #baf4 ,locke3 ,extracts f 8 ,?\ghts on ,education4 #bag4 ,locke3 ,plan = ,work+ ,s*ools = ,poor ,*ildr54 #bah4 ,com5ius3 ,title-,page ( ! ,great ,didactic4 #bai4 ,com5ius3 ,cont5ts ( ! ,great ,didactic4 #bbj4 ,com5ius3 ,plan = ! ,gymnasium at ,s>os-,patak4 #bba4 ,com5ius3 ,sample pages f ! ,orbis ,pictus4 7a7 ,a page f a ,lat9-,g]man edition ( #agdj4 7b7 ,two pages f a ,lat9-,engli% edition ( #agbg4 7c7 ,a page f ! ,new ,york edition ( #ahaj4 #bbb4 ,butl]3 ,place ( ,com5ius 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 #bbc4 ,gesn]3 ,ne$ = ,reals*ul5 = ! ,new ,classes to be ,educat$4 #bbd4 ,h&bill3 ,h[ ! ,sci5tific ,/udies began at ,cambridge4 #bbe4 ,gre53 ,cambridge ,s*eme ( ,/udy ( #agjg4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,%[ t ,rabelais 0 9 close sympa?y ) ! be/ ( ! new humani/s ( 8 age4 #b4 ,w\ld ,milton's def9ition ( ! purpose ( education be true1 /ill8 #c4 ,%[ f ,milton's program ( /udies t he repres5ts a transition type1 & also t 8 program conta9s ! nucleus ( ! m mod]n /udies ( ! second>y s*ool4 #d4 ,expla9 ! discont5t ( ! nobility ) ! exi/+ ,*ur* s*ools4 #e4 ,assum+ ,montaigne's description ( ! education ( 8 "t to be true1 expla9 :y ?is might naturally be ! case4 #f4 ,j :at k9d ( an education does ,montaigne outl9e1 & h[ great a reaction 0 ?is f exi/+ conditions8 #g4 ,9 h[ f> w\ld ,locke's ideas /ill apply to ! education ( a boy ( ! leisure class8 #h4 ,%[ t ,locke's plan = "w-h\se s*ools 0 9 ?or\gh accord ) ,engli% po/-,re=mation ideas z to ! duty ( ! ,/ate 9 matt]s ( education1 & also t x conta9$ ! beg9n+s ( ! paup]- s*ool idea ( education :i* we lat] _h to combat4 #i4 ,f ! title-page & ! table ( cont5ts 7#bai7 ( ,com5ius' ,great ,didactic1 po9t out ! orig9ality & novelty ( 8 ideas4 #aj4 ,comp>e ,com5ius' plan = ! ,s>os-,patak ,gymnasium ) su* s*ools z ,/urm's1 ! college ( ,guy5ne1 ! college ( ,calv91 & ! ,jesuits4 #aa4 ,comp>e ,com5ius' plan 7#bbj7 ) ! in/ruction 9 an ,am]ican high s*ool ( sev5ty-five ye>s ago4 #ab4 ,comp>e ! ,alphabet page ( ,com5ius' ,orbis ,pictus ) ! same page 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,prim]4 #ac4 ,:5 s _m educational re=ms 7 inaugurat$ s e>ly by ,com5ius1 expla9 _! neglect1 & our hav+ to "w !m out anew 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ad4 ,:at does ! ne$ = ,reals*ul5 indicate z to ! evolution ( ,g]man society & ! recup]ation f ! ravages ( w>8 #ae4 ,comp>e ! beg9n+s ( sci5tific /udy at ,cambridge ) beg9n+s ( new subjects to-day 9 our s*ools4 #af4 ,j :at does ! ,cambridge ,s*eme ( ,/udy indicate z be+ taught !re8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,adamson1 ,j4 ,w4 ,pione]s ( ,mod]n ,education1 #afjj-agjj4 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,g]man ,tea*]s & ,educators4 99 ,butl]1 ,n4 ,m4 ,! ,place ( ,com5ius 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education3 9 ,proc4 ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #ahib1 pp4 #gbc-bh4 ,br[n+1 ,osc>1 ,editor4 ,milton's ,tractate on ,education4 99 ,com5ius1 ,j4 ,a4 ,orbis ,pictus 7,b>de52 ,syracuse74 ,hanus1 ,paul ,h4 ,! ,p]man5t ,influ5ce ( ,com5ius2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bbf-cf 7,m>*1 #ahib74 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ,educational ,op9ion s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 99 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,john ,amos ,com5ius4 ,quick1 ,r4 ,h41 ,editor4 ,locke's ,?\ghts on ,education4 99 ,quick1 ,r4 ,h4 ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s4 99 ,vo/rovsky1 ,cl>a4 ,a ,european ,s*ool ( ! ,"t ( ,com5ius 7,prague1 #afji72 9 ,education1 vol4 #ag1 pp4 #cef-fj 7,febru>y1 #ahig47 ,wordswor?1 ,*ri/oph]4 ,s*olae ,academicae2 ,/udies at ! ,engli% ,univ]sities 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,by ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,we h n[ rea*$1 9 our hi/ory ( ! transition age :i* began ) ! ,revival ( ,le>n+--! great ev5ts ( :i* 7 ! recov]y ( ! anci5t le>n+1 ! r$iscov]y ( ! hi/oric pa/1 ! reawak5+ ( s*ol>%ip1 & ! rise ( religi\s & sci5tific inquiry--! end ( ! transition p]iod1 & we are n[ ready to pass to a /udy ( ! developm5t & progress ( education 9 mod]n times4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 we desire to ga!r up & /ate ! progress 9 bo? educational !ory & practice :i* _h be5 atta9$ by ! end ( ?is transition p]iod1 & to pres5t1 z x 71 a cross-section ( education at ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to d ?is1 !n1 be=e pass+ to a consid]ation ( educational developm5t 9 mod]n times1 w be ! purpose ( ?is *apt]4 ,we %all fir/ review ! progress made 9 evolv+ a !ory z to ! educational purpose1 & !n pres5t a cross-section view ( ! s*ools ( ! "t "u consid]ation4 ,i4 ,,pre-,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,educational ,,!ories ,,! ,,/ate ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans4 ,z we saw1 e>ly 9 our /udy ( ! rise & progress ( ! education ( peoples1 ! ,city-,/ates ( ,greece 7 ! fir/ consci\sly to evolve a sy/ematic plan ( s*ool+ & a prolong$ c\rse ( tra9+ = ^? :o 7 to guide & direct ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! tra9+ 0 almo/ :olly = milit>y effici5cy & tribal safety1 b 9 ,a!ns we f\nd a p us+ a well-work$-out sy/em ( tra9+ to develop individual initiative1 advance civilization1 & promote ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,! education provid$ 0 = b a class1 to be sure1 & a small rul+ class at t1 b x 0 ! fir/ evid5ce ( ! new we/]n1 individuali/ic1 & democratic _s express+ itself 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,!re also we f\nd1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! ?9k]s ( ! ,/ate deeply conc]n$ ) ! education ( ! y\? ( ! ,/ate1 & view+ education z a necessity to make life wor? liv+ & to secure ! ,/ate f dang]s1 bo? )\t & )94 ,! tra9+ !re giv5 produc$ wond]ful results1 & = two c5turies ! m5 educat$ by x ably guid$ ! de/9ies ( ,a!ns4 ,! ess5tials ( ?is ,greek tra9+ 7 lat] embodi$ 9 ! private- adv5ture s*ool sy/em t arose 9 ,rome1 :i* 0 adapt$ to conditions & ne$s !re1 & :i* 0 us$ = ! tra9+ ( a few ,roman y\?s ( ! weal?i] families = a political c>e]4 ,s*ool+ at ,rome1 ?\gh1 nev] atta9$ ! importance or r5d]$ ! s]vice t *>act]iz$ education at ,a!ns1 & nev] became an in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate us$ consci\sly = ,/ate ends4 ,"o ,roman writ]1 ,qu9tilian1 z we h se5 7,r4 #be71 work$ out a c>eful /atem5t ( ! :ole process ( educat+ a y\? = a public c>e]1 & ?is1 ! fir/ practical treatise on education1 0 = long highly priz$ z ! be/- writt5 /atem5t ( ! educational art4 ,,! ,,future-,,life ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ians4 ,) ! decl9e ( ,roman p[] & influ5ce1 & ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w1 ! ,/ate conception ( education 0 entirely lo/ to we/]n ,europe1 & m ?an a ?\s& ye>s elaps$ be=e x aga9 arose 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,! ,*ur* n[ became ! ,/ate1 & ! ne$ = any education = secul> life almo/ entirely pass$ away4 ,= c5turies ! aim 0 almo/ entirely a prep>ation = life 9 ! _w to come4 ,?r\gh\t all ! e>ly ,middle ,ages ?is attitude cont9u$1 supplem5t$ only by ! meag] education ( a few to c>ry on ! "w ( ! ,*ur* "h bel[4 ,aft] ! t5? c5tury we not$ ! rise ( "s m or less indep5d5t /udy 9 "s ( ! mona/]y & ca!dral s*ools1 & aft] ! twelf? c5tury ! rise ( /udia g5]alia m>k$ ! congregation into gr\ps ( ! few int]e/$ 9 a /udi\s life4 ,^! 9 turn gave rise to ! univ]sity f\ndations1 & to ! beg9n+ ( indep5d5t & secul> /udy once m 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 ! recov]y ( ! anci5t manuscripts1 ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,greek 9 ! ,we/1 ! f\nd+ ( libr>ies1 ! inv5tion ( pap] & pr9t+1 & ! revival ( trade & comm]ce--all 7 new =ces t5d+ to give a new direction to s*ol>ly /udy1 & z a result a new race ( s*ol>s1 m or less indep5d5t ( ! ,*ur*1 n[ arose 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 a class1 & a v small class at t1 & ?\gh ! result ( _! "w 0 ! creation ( a new humani/ic second>y s*ool1 ?is /ill m9i/]$ to ! ne$s ( b a few4 ,?is few 0 int5d$ ei!r = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! gov]nm5tal s]vice ( ! t[ns :i* _h by ?is "t atta9$ _! indep5d5ce1 or = ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ris+ pr9cipalities or /ates4 ,= ! great mass ( ! p1 ^: purpose 9 life 0 to "w & believe & obey1 agriculture1 w>f>e1 ! ris+ trades ) _! guilds 7p4 #bji71 & ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* con/itut$ almo/ all 9 ! way ( education :i* !y ev] receiv$4 ,to be useful to 8 ov]lord & ma/] "h & to be sav$ h]eaft] 7 ! *ief life- purposes ( ! common man4 ,! =m] he mu/ himself und]take 9 ord] to be able to live at all2 ! latt] ! ,*ur* und]took to supply to ^? :o foll[$ h] tea*+s4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,v]nacul> ,,religi\s ,,s*ool4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 if we except ! s*ools ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod1 ! ,prote/ant ,revolts creat$ a dem& = "s =m ( an elem5t>y religi\s s*ool = all4 ,! ,prote/ant !ory z to p]sonal v]sus collective salvation involv$ z a consequ5ce ! idea ( ! education ( all 9 ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & doctr9e4 ,! aim 0 ! same z be=e--p]sonal salvation--b ! me?od 0 n[ *ang$ f t ( ! ,*ur* z int]m$i>y to p]sonal k & fai? & ef=t4 ,to be sav$1 "o mu/ "k some?+ ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ?is necessitat$ in/ruction4 ,to ?is end1 9 !ory at lea/1 s*ools _h to be e/abli%$ to educate ! "y = memb]%ip 9 ! new type ( ,*ur* relation%ip4 ,read+ ! v]nacul>1 a little c\nt+ & writ+1 9 ,teutonic c\ntries a little music1 & c>eful in/ruction 9 a religi\s ,prim] 7,r4 #bjb71 ! ,cate*ism1 & ! ,bible1 n[ came to con/itute ! subject matt] ( a new v]nacul> s*ool = ! *ildr5 ( ,prote/ants1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 "t = ! *ildr5 ( ,ca?olics z well4 ,z we po9t$ out e>li] 7p4 #cec71 betwe5 ?is new type ( s*ool = religi\s ends & ! old] ,lat9 gramm> s*ool = s*ol>ly purposes !re 0 almo/ no relation%ip1 & ! two develop$ :olly indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,9 ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools "o /udi$ to become a s*ol> & a lead] 9 ! political or ecclesia/ical _w2 9 ! v]nacul> religi\s s*ool "o le>n$ to read t he might be able to read ! ,cate*ism & ! ,bible1 & to "k ! w ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,!re 0 sc>cely any o!r purpose to ! ma9t5ance ( ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools4 ,?is condition cont9u$ until well into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,,be=e ,,! ,,revolution 7,aft] an et*+ by ,boisseau1 #agcj-ahji7 ,,e>ly ,,unsuccessful ,,educational ,,re=m]s4 ,back 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z we h po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a v e>ne/ ef=t 0 made by ,ratke & ,com5ius to introduce a l>g] conception ( ! educational process into ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool1 to elim9ate ! gloomy religi\s mat]ial f ! textbooks1 to sub/itute a human- welf>e purpose = ! exclusively life-beyond view1 & to trans=m ! s*ool into an in/itution = imp>t+ bo? le>n+ & religion4 ,com5ius 9 p>ticul> hop$ to make ( ! new elem5t>y religi\s s*ool a pot5t in/rum5t = human progress by introduc+ new subject- matt]1 & by =mulat+ laws & develop+ me?ods = its "w :i* w\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! new sci5tific proc$ure s well /at$ by ,francis ,bacon4 ,com5ius /&s z ! comm&+ figure 9 sev5te5?- c5tury p$agogical ?\ght4 ,he reason$ out & introduc$ u to ! :ole mod]n conception ( ! educational process & purpose1 & gave to ! s*ool ( ! p a solid !oretical & practical basis4 ,liv+1 ?\gh1 at an un=tunate p]iod 9 human hi/ory1 he 0 able to awak5 little int]e/ ei!r 9 rational tea*+-me?od or 9 re=ms look+ to ! advancem5t ( ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,in/ead he r\s$ suspicion & di/ru/ by ! innovations & progressive re=ms he propos$2 8 n[-celebrat$ book on tea*+ me?od 7,rs4 #bah1 #bai7 0 n at ! "t und]/ood & 0 = long =gott51 :ile ! fundam5tally s\nd ideas & p$agogical re=ms :i* he propos$ & introduc$ 7 lo/ amid ! hatr$s ( 8 "t1 & _h to be work$ out aga9 & re/abli%$ 9 a lat] & a m tol]ant age4 ,ano!r unsuccessful re=m] ( "s importance1 & "o ^: "w ant$at$ t ( bo? ,ratke & ,com5ius1 0 ! ,london s*oolma/]1 ,ri*>d ,mulca/] 7#aeca-afaa71 = tw5ty-five ye>s headma/] ( ! fam\s ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool1 & lat] ,ma/] ( ,sa9t ,paul's ,s*ool4 ,9 #aeha he issu$ 8 ,positions1 a p$agogical "w s f> 9 advance ( 8 "t1 & writt5 9 su* a heavy & affect$ /yle1 t x pass$ almo/ unnotic$ 9 ,engl&1 & did n become kn[n at all 9 o!r l&s4 ,yet ! ?+s he /ood = became ! fundam5tal ideas ( n9ete5?-c5tury educational ?\ght4 ,^! 73 #a4 ,t ! end & aim ( education is to develop ! body & ! faculties ( ! m9d1 & to help nature to p]fection4 #b4 ,t all tea*+ processes %\ld be adapt$ to ! pupil taught4 #c4 ,t ! fir/ /age 9 le>n+ is ( l>ge importance1 & requires high skill on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 #d4 ,t ! ?+ to be le>n$ is ( less importance ?an ! pupil le>n+4 #e4 ,t prop] bra9 developm5t dem&s t pressure & "o-sid$ education alike be avoid$4 #f4 ,t ! "m tongue %\ld be taught fir/ & well1 & %\ld be ! language ( ! s*ool f six to twelve4 #g4 ,t music & draw+ %\ld be taught4 #h4 ,t read+ & writ+ at lea/ %\ld be ! common "r ( all1 & t girls %\ld be giv5 equal opportunity ) boys4 #i4 ,t tra9+ colleges = tea*]s %\ld be e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! mod]n nature ( _m ( ,mulca/]'s proposals may be se5 f ! table ( cont5ts ( 8 volume 7,r4 #bbf74 ,mulca/]1 l ,com5ius1 ?\ght f> 9 advance ( 8 age1 & 9 consequ5ce 8 book 0 soon & = long =gott54 ,yet :at ,quick #a says ( him is v true3 ,x w\ld h be5 a va/ ga9 to all ,europe if ,mulca/] _h be5 foll[$ in/ead ( ,/urm4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ advocates ( ! use ( ! v]nacul> in/ead ( ,lat91 & good read+ & writ+ 9 ,engli% 7 to be secur$ be=e ,lat9 0 begun4 ,8 elem5t>y c\rse includ$ five ?+s3 ,engli% read+1 ,engli% writ+1 draw+1 s++1 play+ a musical in/rum5t4 ,if ?is 7 made to occupy ! s*ool "t up to twelve1 ,mulca/] held t m w\ld be done betwe5 twelve & sixte5 ?an betwe5 sev5 & sev5te5 9 ! ord9>y 7,lat9 gramm> s*ool7 way4 ,!re w\ld be a fur!r ga9 9 t ! *ildr5 w\ld n be set aga9/ le>n+4 ,john ,locke1 & ! discipl9>y !ory ( education4 ,ano!r comm&+ figure 9 sev5te5?-c5tury p$agogical ?\ght 0 ! ,engli% s*ol>1 philosoph]1 tea*]1 physician1 & political writ]1 ,john ,locke 7#afcb- #agjd74 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we po9t$ out ! place ( ,locke z a writ] on ! education ( ! sons ( ! ,engli% g5try1 & illu/rat$ by an extract f 8 ,?\ghts 7,r4 #baf7 ! importance he plac$ on su* a practical type ( education z w\ld prep>e a g5tleman's son = ! social & political dem&s ( a _w fa/ becom+ mod]n4 ,locke's place 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 ?\gh1 is ( mu* m importance ?an 0 !re 7p4 #djb7 indicat$4 ,locke 0 ess5tially ! f\nd] ( mod]n psy*ology1 bas$ on ! application ( ! me?ods ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igation to a /udy ( ! m9d1 #b & he is also ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( educational ?\ght z hav+ set =?1 at "s l5g? & ) mu* detail1 ! discipl9>y conception ( ! educational process4 ,locke _h s]v$ z a tutor 9 an ,engli% nobleman's family1 _h work$ out 8 educational !ories 9 practice & ?\ght !m ?r\gh z m9d processes1 & _h become ?or\ghly conv9c$ t x 0 ! process ( le>n+ t 0 important1 r ?an ! ?+ le>n$4 ,education to him 0 a process ( discipl9+ ! body1 fix+ good habits1 tra9+ ! y\? 9 moral situations1 & tra9+ ! m9d ?r\gh "w ) /udies select$ because ( _! discipl9>y value4 ,?is conception ( education he sets =? well 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f 8 ,?\ghts3 ,! great ,"w ( ! ,gov]nor is to fa%ion ! ,c>riage & =m ! ,m9d2 to settle 9 8 ,pupils good ,habits & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,virtue & ,wisdom2 to give him by little & little a ,view ( ,mank9d1 & "w him into a ,love & ,imitation ( :at is excell5t & praisewor?y2 & 9 ! ,prosecution ( x1 to give him ,vigor1 ,activity1 & ,indu/ry4 ,! ,/udies :i* he sets him ^u1 are b z x 7 ! ,ex]cise ( 8 ,faculties1 & ,employm5t ( 8 ,"t1 to keep him f ,saunt]+ & ,idl5ess1 to tea* him ,application1 & accu/om him to take ,pa9s1 & to give him "s little ,ta/e ( :at 8 own ,indu/ry mu/ p]fect 7#id74 ,9 8 ,?\ghts ,locke fir/ sets =? at l5g? ! necessity = discipl9+ ! body by means ( diet1 ex]cise1 & ! h>d5+ process4 ,a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body he conceives to be a %ort b full description ( a happy /ate 9 ?is _w1 & a fundam5tal basis = morality & le>n+4 ,! =mation ( good habits & mann]s ?r\gh prop] tra9+1 & ! prop] adju/m5t ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds next occupies 8 att5tion1 & he !n expla9s 8 !ory z to mak+ all puni%m5ts ! natural consequ5ces ( acts4 ,simil>ly ! m9d1 z ! body1 mu/ be discipl9$ to virtue by tra9+ ! *ild to d5y1 subord9ate desires1 & apply reason to acts4 ,! =mation ( good habits & ! discipl9+ ( ! desires ,locke reg>ds z ! f\ndations ( virtue4 ,on ?is po9t he says3 ,z ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,body lies *iefly 9 be+ able to endure ,h>d%ip1 s also does t ( ! ,m9d4 ,& ! great ,pr9ciple & ,f\ndation ( all ,virtue & ,wor? is plac'd 9 ?is3--,t a ,man is able to d5y himself 8 own ,desires1 cross 8 own ,incl9ations1 & purely foll[ :at ,reason directs z be/1 ?o' ! ,appetite lean ! o!r ,way 7 #cc74 ,simil>ly1 9 intellectual education1 good ?9k+ & ! employm5t ( reason is ! aim1 & ^!1 too1 mu/ be atta9$ ?r\gh ! prop] discipl9e ( ! m9d4 ,good intellectual education does n consi/ m]ely 9 /udy+ & le>n+1 he cont5ds1 z 0 ! common practice 9 ! gramm> s*ools ( 8 "t1 b mu/ be a*iev$ by a prop] drill+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d ?r\gh ! use ( select$ /udies4 ,! purpose ( education1 he holds1 is above all else to make man a reason+ creature4 ,no?+1 9 8 judgm5t1 tra9s to reason closely s well z ! /udy ( ma!matics1 ?\gh ,locke w\ld h 8 boy look into all sorts ( k1 & tra9 8 und]/&+ ) a wide v>iety ( ex]cises4 ,9 ! education giv5 9 ! gramm> s*ools ( 8 "t he f\nd mu* t seem$ to him wa/eful ( "t & ?or\ghly bad 9 pr9ciple1 & he us$ mu* space to po9t out defects & describe bett] me?ods ( tea*+ & managem5t1 giv+ 9 "s detail reasons !re=4 ,8 ideas z to ne$$ re=ms 9 ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 7,r4 #bbg7 are illu/rative4 ,,locke ,,on ,,elem5t>y ,,education4 ,= ! beg9n+s ( education1 & = elem5t>y education 9 g5]al1 ,locke /icks close to ! prevail+ religi\s conception ( 8 "t4 ,z = ! education ( ! common p1 he writes3 ,! k ( ! ,bible & ! bus9ess ( 8 own call+ is en\gh = ! ord9>y man2 a ,g5tleman ought to g fur!r4 ,cont9u+ reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( education & ! /udies & textbooks ( 8 day1 he says3 ,! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$s1 & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 't is necess>y he %\ld le>n p]fectly by he>t4444 ,:at o!r ,books !re are 9 ,engli% ( ! ,k9d ( ^? above-m5tion$ 7besides ! ,prim]7 fit to engage ! ,lik+ ( ,*ildr51 & tempt !m to read1 ,i d n "k2444 & no?+ t ,i "k has be5 consid]$ ( ?is ,k9d out ( ! ord9>y ,road ( ! ,horn ,book1 ,prim]1 ,psalt]1 ,te/am5t1 & ,bible 7 #aeg74 ,locke does1 h[ev]1 give "s v s5sible sugge/ions z to ! read+ ( ! ,bible 7,r4 #bbh71 ! imp>t+ ( religi\s ideas to *ildr51 & ! desirability ( trans=m+ in/ruction s z to make x pleasant & agreeable1 ) pl5ty ( natural playful activity4 #c ,on ?is po9t he writes3 ,he t has f\nd a ,way h[ to keep up a ,*ild's ,_s easy1 active1 & free1 & yet at ! same "t to re/ra9 him f _m ,?+s he has a ,m9d to1 & to draw him to ,?+s t are uneasy to him2 he1 ,i say1 t kn[s h[ to reconcile ^! seem+ ,contradictions1 has1 9 my ,op9ion1 got ! true ,secret ( ,education 7 #df74 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,locke',s ,,?\ghts4 ,! volume by ,locke conta9s mu* t is s5sible 9 ! matt] ( educat+ a boy4 ,! emphasis on habit =mation1 reason+1 physical activities & play1 ! individuality ( *ildr51 & a re=m$ me?od 9 tea*+ are its /rong po9ts4 ,! ?or\ghly mod]n "* ( ! book1 9 mo/ respects1 is "o ( its m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! volume seems to h be5 mu* read by middle & upp]-class ,engli%m51 & copies ( x h be5 f\nd 9 s _m old colonial collections t x 0 probably well kn[n among e>ly eighte5?-c5tury ,am]ican coloni/s4 ,t ! book _h an important influ5ce on ! attitude ( ! high] social classes ( ,engl& t[>d ! education ( _! sons &1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 9 "t help$ to r$irect ! tea*+ 9 t mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% educational in/itutions1 ! ,engli% ,public 7,lat9 ,gramm>7 ,s*ool1 seems to be fairly cle>4 ,on elem5t>y religi\s & *>ity-s*ool education x _h practically no influ5ce4 ,locke's great influ5ce on educational ?\ght did n come1 ?\gh1 = ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury aft]w>d1 & x came !n ?r\gh ! popul>ization ( 8 be/ ideas by ,r\sseau4 ,k>l ,s*midt #d well says ( 8 "w3 ,locke is a ?or\gh ,engli%man1 & ! pr9ciple und]ly+ 8 education is ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* ! ,engli% p h develop$4 ,h5ce 8 !ory ( education has 9 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy ! same value t ! ,engli% nation has 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,he /ood 9 /rong opposition to ! s*ola/ic & =maliz$ education curr5t 9 8 "t1 a liv+ prote/ aga9/ ! prevail+ p$antry2 9 ! univ]sal developm5t ( p$agogy he gives impulse to ! movem5t :i* gr\nds education ^u s\nd psy*ological pr9ciples1 & lays /ress ^u bre$+ & ! =mation ( "*4 ,re/at+ & exp&+ ! lead+ ideas ( ,locke 9 8 ,emile 7*apt] ,,xxi71 & putt+ !m into f> m attractive lit]>y =m1 ,r\sseau scatt]$ ,locke's ideas z to educational re=m ov] ,europe4 ,9 p>ticul> ,r\sseau popul>iz$ ,locke's ideas z to ! replacem5t ( au?ority by reason & inve/igation1 8 emphasis on physical activity & heal?1 8 cont5tion t ! education ( *ildr5 %\ld be along l9es t 7 natural & normal = *ildr51 & above all ,locke's plea = education ?r\gh ! s5ses r ?an ! memory4 ,9 s popul>iz+ ,locke's ideas1 & at a "t :5 all ! political t5d5cies ( ! p]iod 7 9 ! direction ( ! rejection ( au?ority & ! emphasis ( ! individual1 ^? educational re=m]s :o 7 inspir$ by ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau creat$ & appli$1 l>gely on ! f\ndations laid d[n by ,john ,locke1 a new !ory z to educational aims & proc$ure :i* dom9at$ all e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury in/ruction4 ,?is we %all trace fur!r 9 a subsequ5t *apt] 7*apt] ,,xxi74 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t ! educational problem /ood1 9 s f> z a !ory z to educational aims & ! educational process 0 conc]n$1 :5 ,r\sseau took x up 7#agfb74 ,be=e pass+ to a consid]ation ( 8 "w1 ?\gh1 & ! "w ( ^? inspir$ by him & by ! ,fr5* revolution>y writ]s & /atesm51 let u close ?is ?ird "p ( our hi/ory by a brief survey ( ! developm5t s f> atta9$1 ! purpose1 "*1 aims1 & nature ( in/ruction 9 ! s*ools1 & _! means ( support & control at ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury 9 :i* ,r\sseau wrote1 & be=e ! philosophical & political revolutions ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h begun to influ5ce educational aims & proc$ure & control4 ,,ii4 ,,mid-,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,educational ,,conditions ,,! ,,purpose4 ,! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool1 9 all ,european l&s1 rema9$ at ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury mu* z x 0 a c5tury be=e1 ?\gh 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates & 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies !re 0 a noticeable %ift+ ( emphasis f ! old] exclusively religi\s purpose t[>d a new] conception ( education z prep>ation = life 9 ! _w "h4 ,/ill1 "o le>n$ to read *iefly to le>n "s or?odox ,cate*ism1 to read flu5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to "k ! w ( ,god1 or1 z /at$ 9 ! law ( ! ,connecticut ,colony 7,r4 #aic71 9 "s compet5t measure to und]/& ! ma9 gr\nds & pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian religion necess>y to salvation4 ,! tea*] 0 /ill c>efully look$ aft] z to 8 s\ndness 9 ! fai? 7,r4 #bch a72 he 0 requir$ to cate*ise 8 s*ol>s 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & to comm5d 8 labors among/ !m unto ,god by pray] morn+ & ev5+1 #e tak+ c>e t 8 s*ol>s d rev]5tly att5d dur+ ! same4 ,! m9i/] 9 practically all l&s exam9$ ! *ildr5 z to _! k ( ! ,cate*ism & ! ,bible1 & on 8 visits quizz$ !m z to ! ,sunday s]mon4 ,9 ,bo/on 7#agaj7 ! m9i/]s 7 requir$1 on _! s*ool visits1 to pray ) ! pupils1 & to ent]ta9 !m ) "s in/ructions ( piety adapt$ to _! age4 ,9 ,*ur*-(-,engl& s*ools ! ,end & ,*ief ,design ( ! s*ools e/abli%$ cont9u$ to be in/ruction 9 ! ,k & ,practice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z ,pr(ess$ & ,taught 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7,r4 #bch b74 ,9 ,g]man l&s ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! portico ( ! ,temple1 ,*ri/ianity its pr9cipal "w1 & n z m]e e/abli%m5ts prep>atory to public life1 b be p]vad$ by ! religi\s _s4 #f ,! uni=m sy/em ( public s*ools ord]$ e/abli%$ = ,prussia by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 #agfc1 7 aft] all little m ?an religi\s s*ools 7,r4 #bgd71 conduct$ = purposes ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,z ,fr$]ick express$ x1 we f9d x necess>y & :olesome to h a good f\ndation laid 9 ! s*ools by a rational & a ,*ri/ian education ( ! "y = ! fe> ( ,god1 & o!r useful ends4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ,la ,salle's organization1 :i* 0 mo/ prom95t 9 elem5t>y v]nacul> education 9 ,ca?olic ,france1 ! aim cont9u$ to be 7,r4 #ahb7 to tea* !m to live hone/ly & uprightly1 by in/ruct+ !m 9 ! pr9ciples ( our holy religion & by tea*+ !m ,*ri/ian precepts4 ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,religi\s ,,!ory4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re is a noticeable weak5+ ( ! hold ( ! old religi\s !ory on ! s*ools 9 mo/ ,prote/ant l&s4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 a m>k$ relaxation ( ! old religi\s intol]ance 9 educational matt]s z ! c5tury proce$$1 & new textbooks1 embody+ b little ( ! old gloomy religi\s mat]ial1 appe>$ & began to be us$4 ,by a s]ies ( decisions1 betwe5 #afgj & #agja 7*apt] ,,xxiv71 ! ,engli% c\rts broke ! hold ( ! bi%ops 9 ! matt] ( ! lic5s+ ( elem5t>y s*oolma/]s1 & by ! ,acts ( #agac & #agad ! ,diss5t]s 7 once m all[$ to conduct s*ools ( _! own4 ,co9cid5t ) ?is gr[? ( religi\s tol]ance among ! ,engli% we f9d ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& r$\bl+ its ef=ts to hold ! *ildr5 ( its adh]5ts1 by ! organization ( p>i% s*ools & ! creation ( a va/ sy/em ( *>itable religi\s s*ools4 ,9 ,g]man l&s1 too1 a m>k$ %ift+ ( emphasis away f solely religi\s ends & t[>d ! ne$s ( ! gov]nm5t began1 t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to be evid5t4 ,9 ,wrtemb]g1 :i* 0 some:at typical ( late eighte5?-c5tury action by o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 a ,circul> ( ! ,g5]al ,synod1 ( ,novemb] #aghg1 decl>es ! ,g]man s*ools to be ^? nurs]ies 9 :i* %\ld be taught ! true & g5u9e idea ( ! duties ( m5--creat$ ) a reason+ s\l t[>d ,god1 gov]nm5t1 _! fell[-m51 & !mselves1 & also at lea/ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( useful & indisp5sable k4 ,x 0 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 ?\gh1 t ! wan+ ( ! old religi\s int]e/ 0 mo/ notable4 ,due to rude fronti] conditions1 ! decl9e 9 =ce ( ! old religi\s-t[n gov]nm5ts1 ! div]sity ( sects1 ! rise ( new trade & civil int]e/s1 & ! breakd[n ( old-home connections1 ! hold on ! p ( ! old religi\s doctr9es 0 weak5$ !re e>li] ?an 9 ! old _w4 ,by #agej ! *ange 9 religi\s ?9k+ 9 ,am]ica _h become q m>k$4 ,z a consequ5ce _m ( ! e>li] p>o*ial s*ools _h di$ out1 :ile 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies ! colonial gov]nm5ts _h be5 =c$ to ex]cise an increas+ /ate ov]sight ( ! elem5t>y s*ool to keep x f dy+ out !re z well4 ,,/udies ,,& ,,textbooks4 ,! /udies ( ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool rema9$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 mu* z be=e1 namely1 read+1 a little writ+ & ciph]+1 "s spell+1 religion1 & 9 ,teutonic c\ntries a little music4 ,la ,salle 7,r4 #ahb7 _h prescrib$1 = ! ,ca?olic v]nacul> s*ools ( ,france1 in/ruction 9 ,fr5*1 "s4 ,lat91 or?ography1 ari?metic1 ! mat9s & vesp]s1 le ,pat]1 l',ave ,m>ia1 le ,cr$o et le ,confiteor1 ! ,comm&m5ts1 responses1 ,cate*ism1 duties ( a ,*ri/ian1 & maxims & precepts drawn f ! ,te/am5t4 ,! ,cate*ism 0 to be taught "o half-h\r daily4 ,! s*oolbooks 9 ,engl& 9 ,locke's day1 z he tells u 7p4 #dce71 7 ! ,horn ,book1 ,prim]1 ,psalt]1 ,te/am5t1 & ,bible4 ,^! indicate m]ely a religi\s v]nacul> s*ool4 ,! purpose /at$ = ! ,engli% ,*ur* *>ity-s*ools 7,r4 #bch b71 s*ools t atta9$ to l>ge importance 9 ,engl& & ! ,am]ican ,colonies dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 %[s !m to h be51 simil>ly1 religi\s v]nacul> s*ools4 ,! ,s*ool ,regulations :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great promulgat$ = ,prussia 7#agfc71 fix$ ! textbooks to be us$ 7,r4 #bgd1 #bj71 & indicate t ! in/ruction 9 ,prussia 0 /ill re/rict$ to read+1 writ+1 religion1 s++1 & a little ari?metic4 ,9 colonial ,am]ica1 ,noah ,web/]'s description 7,r4 #bcj7 ( ! s*ools he att5d$ 9 ,connecticut1 ab\t #agfd-gj1 %[s t ! /udies & textbooks 7 *iefly or :olly ,dilwor?'s ,spell+ ,books1 ! ,psalt]1 ,te/am5t1 & ,bible1 ) a little writ+ & ciph]+4 ,a few words ( description ( ^! old] books may prove useful "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,a ,,horn ,,book ,,! ,,horn ,,book4 ,! ,horn ,book goes back to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #g & by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 9 common use ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,some:at simil> alphabet bo>ds1 lack+ ! h&le1 7 also us$ 9 ,holl&1 ,france1 & 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,?is1 a ?9 oak bo>d on :i* 0 pa/$ a pr9t$ slip1 cov]$ by transluc5t horn1 0 ! book f :i* *ildr5 le>n$ _! lett]s & began to read1 ! ma/]y ( :i* usually requir$ "s "t4 ,c[p] ?us describes ?is little book3 ,neatly secur$ f be+ soil$ or torn ,b5ea? a pane ( ?9 transluc5t horn1 ,a book 7to please u at a t5d] age ',t is call$ a book1 ?\gh b a s+le page7 ,pres5ts ! pray] ! ,savior design$ to tea*1 ,:i* *ildr5 use1 & p>sons--:5 !y prea*4 ,! ,horn ,book 0 mu* us$ well into ! eighte5? c5tury1 b its read+ matt] 0 9 "t incorporat$ into ! s*ool ,prim]1 n[ evolv$ out ( an e>li] elem5t>y religi\s manual4 ,,! ,,prim]4 ,orig9ally ! *ild next pass$ to ! ,cate*ism & ! ,bible1 b ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,prim] began to be us$4 ,! ,prim] 9 its orig9al =m 0 a simple manual ( devotion = ! laity1 compil$ )\t any ?\ght ( its use 9 ! s*ools4 ,x conta9$ ! ,cre$1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & a few ( ! m commonly us$ pray]s & psalms4 #h ,! ,cate*ism soon 0 add$1 & ) ! prefix+ ( ! alphabet & a few syllables & words x 0 trans=m$1 z s*ools arose1 into ! fir/ read+ book = *ildr54 ,!re 0 at fir/ no attempt at grad+1 illu/ration1 or ! introduction ( easy read+ mat]ial4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! illu/rat$ ,prim]1 ) "s attempt at grad+ & "s additional subject-matt]1 made its appe>ance1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & at once leap$ into great popul>ity4 ,! idea possibly goes back to ! ,orbis ,pictus 7#afed7 ( ,com5ius 7p4 #dac3 ,r4 #bba71 ! fir/ illu/rat$ s*oolbook ev] writt54 ,! fir/ ,engli% ,prim] adapt$ to s*ool use 0 ,! ,prote/ant ,tutor1 a r rabid anti-,ca?olic "w :i* appe>$ 9 ,london1 ab\t #afhe4 ,a lat] edition ( ?is conta9$ ! alphabet1 "s syllables & words1 ! figures & lett]s1 ! li/ ( ! books ( ! ,bible1 an alphabet ( lessons1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & a poem1 long fam\s1 on ! dea? ( ! m>tyr1 ,john ,rog]s4 #i ,x 0 an abridgem5t ( ?is book :i* ! same publi%] br\ght out 9 ,bo/on1 ab\t #afij1 "u ! "n ( ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim] 7,r4 #bjb74 ,?is at once leap$ into great popul>ity1 & became ! accept$ read+ book 9 all ! s*ools ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies except ^? "u ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,= ! next c5tury & a qu>t] x 0 ! *ief s*ool & read+ book 9 use among ! ,diss5t]s & ,lu!rans 9 ,am]ica4 ,s*oolma/]s drill$ ! *ildr5 on ! read+ matt] & ! ,cate*ism x conta9$1 & ! p recit$ f x ye>ly 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x 0 also us$ = su* spell+ z 0 giv54 ,x 0 ! fir/ great ,am]ican textbook success1 & 0 /ill 9 use 9 ! ,bo/on dame s*ools z late z #ahjf4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 & enjoy$ a great sale among ,diss5t]s !re4 ,its sales 9 ,am]ica alone h be5 e/imat$ at lea/ ?ree million copies4 ,! sale 9 ,europe 0 also l>ge4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 ,engl& by o!r ,prim]s & o!r introductory read+ books1 ( :i* ,! ,hi/ory ( ,g5esis 7#agjh71 a s]ies ( simple /ories retold f ! fir/ book ( ! ,bible1 & ,! ,*ild's ,weeks-,"w 7#agab71 conta9+ prov]bs1 fables1 conundrums1 lessons on behavior1 & a %ort cate*ism1 are types4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 8 li/ ( requir$ textbooks = ,prussian s*ools 7,r4 #bgd1 #bj71 does n m5tion a ,prim]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,cate*ism4 7,a page f ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]1 natural size7 ,,! ,,cate*ism4 ,9 all ,prote/ant ,g]man l&s ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism prep>$ by ,lu!r1 or ! lat] ,heidelb]g ,cate*ism2 9 ,calv9i/ic l&s ! ,cate*ism ( ,calv92 & 9 ,engl& & ! ,am]ican ,colonies ! ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism1 #aj =m$ ! backbone ( ! religi\s in/ruction4 ,tea*]s drill$ _! pupils 9 ^! z ?or\ghly z on any o!r subject1 writ+ ma/]s set z copies s5t5ces f ! book1 *ildr5 7 requir$ to memorize ! answ]s1 & ! doctr9es conta9$ 7 emphasiz$ by tea*] & prea*] s t ! *ildr5 7 saturat$ ) ! religi\s ideas set =?4 ,no book except ! ,bible did s mu* to =m ! "*1 & none s mu* to fix ! religi\s bias ( ! *ildr54 ,almo/ equal importance 0 giv5 to ! ,cate*ism 9 ,ca?olic l&s 7,r4 #ahb1 #ba-bb71 ?\gh !re supplem5t$ by m religi\s influ5ces d]iv$ f ! c]emonial ( ! ,*ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,?omas ,,dilwor? 78-#aghj7 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,engli% textbook writ] ( 8 day4 7,f ! ,frontispiece ( 8 ,s*oolma/]'s ,assi/ant1 #agdj7 ,,spell]s4 ,! next /ep =w>d1 9 ! transition f ! religi\s ,prim] to secul> read+ matt] = s*ool *ildr51 came 9 ! use ( ! s-call$ ,spell]s4 ,probably ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,! ,engli% ,s*ool-,ma/] ( ,edmund ,coote 7,r4 #bbi71 fir/ issu$ 9 #aeif4 ,?is gave ?irty-two pages to ! alphabet & spell+2 eighte5 to a %ort] ,cate*ism1 pray]s1 & psalms2 five to *ronology2 two to writ+ copies2 two to ari?metic2 & tw5ty to a li/ ( h>d words1 alphabetically arrang$ & expla9$4 ,z w be se5 f ?is analysis ( cont5ts1 ?is 0 a s*oolma/]'s g5]al manual & guide4 ,aft] ab\t #agdj su* books became v popul>1 due to ! publication t ye> ( ,?omas ,dilwor?'s ,a ,new ,guide to ! ,engli% ,tongue4 ,?is book conta9$1 z ! title-page 7,r4 #bbi7 decl>$1 select$ li/s ( words ) rules = _! pronunciation1 a %ort treatise on gramm>1 a collection ( fables ) illu/rations = read+1 "s moral selections1 & =ms ( pray] = *ildr54 ,x became v popul> 9 ,new z well z 9 old ,engl&1 & 0 foll[$ by a long l9e ( imitators1 culm9at+ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! publication ( ,noah ,web/]'s fam\s blue-back$ ,am]ican ,spell+ ,book1 9 #aghc4 ,?is 0 aft] ! plan ( ! ,engli% ,dilwor?1 b 0 put 9 bett] tea*+ =m4 ,x conta9$ num]\s grad$ li/s ( words1 "s illu/rations1 a s]ies ( grad$ read+ lessons1 & 0 l>gely secul> 9 "*4 ,x at once sup]s$$ ! expir+ ,new ,engl& ,prim] 9 mo/ ( ! ,am]ican cities1 & cont9u$ popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 #aa ,x 0 ! second great ,am]ican textbook success1 & 0 foll[$ by a long li/ ( popul> ,spell]s & ,read]s1 lead+ up to ! excell5t secul> ,read]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,frontispiece ,,to ,,noah ,,web/]',s ,,am]ican ,,spell+ ,,book ,?is is f ! #ahbg edition1 r$uc$ "o ?ird 9 size4 ,,ari?metic ,,& ,,writ+4 ,! fir/ ,engli% ,ari?metic1 publi%$ ab\t #aedj to #aedb1 has be5 entirely lo/1 & 0 probably read by few4 ,! fir/ to atta9 any popul>ity 0 ,cock]'s ,ari?metic 7#afgg71 ?is ,be+ a ,pla9 & ,famili> ,me?od suitable to ! meane/ ,capacity1 = ! und]/&+ ( t incomp>able4 ,art4 ,a /ill m popul> book 0 ,ari?metick3 or t ,necess>y ,art ,made ,mo/ ,easie1 by ,j4 ,hodd]1 ,writ+ ,ma/]1 a repr9t ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,bo/on1 9 #agai4 ,! fir/ book writt5 by an ,am]ican au?or 0 ,isaac ,gre5wood's ,ari?metick1 ,vulg> & ,decimal1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,bo/on1 9 #agbi4 ,9 #agdc appe>$ ,dilwor?'s ,! ,s*oolma/]'s ,assi/ant1 a book :i* reta9$ its popul>ity 9 bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,no text 9 ,ari?metic is m5tion$ 9 ! ,s*ool ,regulations ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7,r4 #bgd1 #bj71 or 9 sc>cely any ( ! descriptions left u ( eighte5?-c5tury s*ools4 ,! /udy itself 0 common1 b n univ]sal1 & 0 "o t _m tea*]s 7 n compet5t to tea*4 ,to possess a reputation z an ari?metick] 0 an important recomm5dation = a tea*]1 :ile = a pupil to be able to d sums 9 ari?metic 0 unusual1 & a matt] ( mu* pride to p>5ts4 ,! subject 0 frequ5tly taught by ! writ+ ma/]1 9 a sep>ate s*ool1 #ab :ile ! read+ tea*] conf9$ himself to read+1 spell+1 & religion4 ,?us1 = example1 foll[+ e>li] ,engli% practice1 ! ,t[n ,meet+ ( ,bo/on1 9 #aghi1 ord]$ ?ree read+ s*ools & ?ree writ+ s*ools e/abli%$ 9 ! t[n = ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & f\rte51 ! subjects to be taught 9 ea* be+3 ,! writ+ s*ools3 ,writ+1 ,ari?metic ,! read+ s*ools3 ,spell+1 ,acc5tuation1 ,read+ ( prose & v]se1 ,engli% gramm> & composition ,! tea*] might or might n possess an ari?metic ( 8 own1 b ! in/ruction to ! pupil 0 practically always dictat$ & copi$ in/ruction4 ,ea* pupil made up 8 own book ( rules & solv$ problems1 & few pupils ev] saw a pr9t$ ari?metic4 ,_m ( ! e>ly ari?metics 7 prep>$ aft] ! cate*ism plan4 ,!re 0 almo/ no attempt to use ! subject = drill 9 reason+ or to give a concrete type ( in/ruction1 be=e ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #ac & b little along su* re=m l9es 0 accompli%$ until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,title-,,page ,,( ,,hodd]',s ,,ari?metic ,an e>ly repr9t ( ?is fam\s book appe>$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #agai4 ,writ+1 simil>ly1 0 taught by dictation & practice1 & ! art ( ! scriv5]1 z ! writ+ ma/] 0 call$1 0 "o ?\ght to be difficult to le>n4 ,! lack ( practical value ( ! art1 ! high co/ ( pap]1 & ! necessity usually = special lessons1 all alike t5d$ to make writ+ a mu* less commonly kn[n art ?an read+4 ,fees also 7 frequ5tly *>g$ = in/ruction 9 writ+ & ari?metic2 read+1 spell+1 & religion be+ ! only free subjects4 ,! scriv5] & ! ari?metic tea*] also frequ5tly mov$ ab\t1 z bus9ess w>rant$1 & 0 n fix$ z 0 ! tea*] ( ! read+ s*ool4 ,,! ,,tea*]s4 ,! developm5t ( ! v]nacul> s*ool 0 ret>d$ n only by ! dom9ance ( ! religi\s purpose ( ! s*ool1 b by ! poor quality ( tea*]s f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! s*ools4 ,! evolution ( ! elem5t>y-s*ool tea*] ( to-day out ( ! *ur* sexton1 bell- r+]1 or grave-digg]1 #ad or out ( ! artisan1 cripple1 or old dame :o add$ s*ool tea*+ to o!r employm5t 9 ord] to live1 =ms "o ( ! int]e/+ z well z "o ( ! yet-to-be-writt5 *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,tea*]s 9 elem5t>y s*ools ev]y:]e 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 few 9 numb]1 poor 9 quality1 & occupi$ b a l[ly position 9 ! social scale4 ,s*ool dames 9 ,engl& 7,r4 #bce7 & lat] 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 & on ! cont95t ( ,europe tea*]s :o 7 m sextons1 *ori/]s1 beadles1 bell-r+]s1 grave-digg]s1 %oemak]s1 tailors1 b>b]s1 p5sion]s1 & invalids ?an tea*]s1 too (t5 =m$ ! tea*+ body = ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool 7,rs4 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc74 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & "s ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 :]e s*ools _h become or 7 becom+ local semi-civic affairs1 ! /&>ds :i* might be impos$ = tea*+ also 7 l[4 ,! grant ( ! tailor+ monopoly to ! elem5t>y tea*]s ( ,prussia1 #ae 9 #agch1 & ,krsi's recollections ( h[ he became a s*oolma/] 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #agic 7,r4 #bcd71 7 q typical ( ! "t4 ,9 ,ca?olic ,france1 & 9 "s ,g]man ,ca?olic l&s z well1 tea*+ congregations 7p4 #cde71 "s ( ^: memb]s _h "s rudim5t>y tra9+ = _! "w1 7 9 *>ge ( ! exi/+ p>i% s*ools4 ,^! provid$ a some:at bett] type ( tea*+ body ?an t frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,prote/ant l&s1 ?\gh by ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! beg9n+s ( tea*]-tra9+ are to be se5 9 "s ( ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 too1 _h by ?is "t organiz$ /rong ,societies #af = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ,*ur*-(-,engl& s*ools1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,9 ,dut*1 ,g]man1 & ,sc&9avian l&s1 & 9 colonies f\nd$ by ^! p 9 ,am]ica1 ! p>i% s*ool1 closely ti$ up ) & dep5d5t ^u ! p>i% *ur*1 0 ! prevail+ type ( v]nacul> s*ool1 & 9 ?is ! tea*] 0 reg>d$ z ess5tially an assi/ant to ! pa/or 7,r4 #bcf7 & ! s*ool z a dep5d5cy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,bro!rs ,,s*ool ,la ,salle tea*+ at ,gr5oble4 ,note ! adult type ( dress ( ! boys4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 addition to regul> p>i% s*ools & end[$ elem5t>y s*ools1 ?ree peculi> in/itutions1 kn[n z ! ,dame ,s*ool1 ! religi\s *>ity-s*ool1 & ! private-adv5ture or h$ge s*ool _h gr[n up1 & ! fir/ two ( ^! _h rea*$ a m>k$ developm5t by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,because ^! 7 s *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,engli% educational ef=t1 & also play$ su* an important "p 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies z well1 !y m]it a few words ( description at ?is po9t4 ,,! ,,dame ,,s*ool4 ,! ,dame ,s*ool arose 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,by means ( x ! increas+ desire = a rudim5t>y k ( ! art ( read+ c\ld be satisfi$1 & at ! same "t c]ta9 wom5 c\ld e>n a pittance4 ,?is type ( s*ool 0 c>ri$ e>ly to ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 & out ( x 0 9 "t evolv$1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! ,am]ican elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! ,dame ,s*ool 0 a v elem5t>y s*ool1 kept 9 a kit*5 or liv+-room by "s woman :o1 9 h] y\?1 _h obta9$ ! rudim5ts ( an education1 & :o n[ desir$ to e>n a small /ip5d = h]self by imp>t+ to ! *ildr5 ( h] neighborhood h] small /ore ( le>n+4 ,= a few p5nies a week ! dame took ! *ildr5 into h] home & expla9$ to !m ! my/]ies connect$ ) le>n+ ! beg9n+s ( read+ & spell+4 ,occasionally a little writ+ & c\nt+ also 7 taught1 ?\gh n (t5 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies ! practical situations ( a new c\ntry =c$ ! employm5t z tea*]s ( wom5 :o c\ld tea* all ?ree subjects1 ?us e>ly creat+ ! ,am]ican s*ool ( ! s-call$ #c ,rs--,read+1 ,rit+1 ,ri?metic4 ,! ,dame ,s*ool appe>s s frequ5tly 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 bo? poetry & prose1 t x mu/ h play$ a v important "p 9 ! beg9n+s ( elem5t>y education 9 ,engl&4 ,( ?is s*ool ,%5/one 7#agad-fc7 writes 7,r4 #bce73 ,9 e village m>k$ ) little spire1 ,emb[]$ 9 trees1 & h>dly kn[n to fame1 ,!re dwells1 9 l[ly %$ & mean attire1 ,a matron old1 :om we s*oolmi/ress "n1 ,:o boa/s unruly brats ) bir* to tame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,dame ,,s*ool 7,f a draw+ ( a s*ool 9 ! he>t ( ,london1 aft] ,b>clay7 ,! ,rev]5d ,george ,crabbe 7#aged-ahcb71 ano!r poet ( homely life1 writes 7,r4 #bce7 ( a deaf1 poor1 pati5t wid[ :o sits ,& awes "s ?irty infants z %e knits2 ,infants ( humble1 busy wives :o pay1 ,"s trifl+ price = fre$om ?r\gh ! day4 ,?is s*ool fl\ri%$ greatly 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 b ) ! com+ ( ,infant ,s*ools1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5?1 0 m]g$ into ^! to =m ! ,am]ican ,prim>y ,s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,gravel ,,lane ,,*>ity-,,s*ool1 ,,s\?w>k ,f\nd$ 9 #afhg1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,non-,con=mi/ ,engli% *>ity-s*ools4 ,/ill c>ry+ on its "w 9 ! orig9al s*oolroom at ! "t ?is picture appe>$1 9 ,lond9a ,illu/rata 9 #ahai4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,*>ity-,,s*ool4 ,ano!r ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ,engli% in/itution 0 ! *ur* *>ity-s*ool4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd$ 9 ,:ite*apel1 ,london1 9 #afhj4 ,9 #afii1 :5 ! ,s*ool ( ,sa9t ,anne1 ,soho 7,r4 #bcg71 0 f\nd$ by ,five ,e>ne/ ,laym5 = ! ,poore ,boys ( ! ,p>i%1 x 0 ! six? ( its k9d 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #afii ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,k 7,s4,p4,c4,k47 0 f\nd$ = ! purpose1 among o!r ?+s1 ( e/abli%+ cate*etical s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 7,r4 #bch b74 ,9 #agja ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts 7,s4,p4,g47 0 also f\nd$ to ext5d ! "w ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* abroad1 supply s*oolma/]s & m9i/]s1 & e/abli% s*ools1 to tra9 *ildr5 to read1 write1 "k & und]/& ! ,cate*ism1 & fit into ! tea*+s & wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to develop piety & help ! poor to lead indu/ri\s1 upright1 self- respect+ lives1 to make !m loyal ,*ur* memb]s1 & to fit !m = "w 9 t /ation ( life 9 :i* x _h pleas$ _! ,heav5ly ,fa!r to place !m1 7 ! pr9cipal objects ( ! ,society4 ,all 7 taught read+1 spell+1 & ! ,cate*ism1 & in/ruction 9 writ+ & ari?metic might be add$4 ,! tra9+ might also be c\pl$ ) t ( ! s*ools ( indu/ry 7workh\se s*ools1 z describ$ by ,locke ,r4 #bag7 to augm5t ! economic effici5cy ( ! boy4 ,girls seem to h be5 provid$ = almo/ equally ) boys1 &1 9 addition to be+ taught to read & spell1 7 taught to knit _! ,/ock+s & ,gloves1 to ,m>k1 ,sew1 & make & m5d _! ,cloa!s4 ,bo? boys & girls 7 usually provid$ ) books & clo?+1 #ag a regul> uni=m be+ worn by ! boys & girls ( ea* s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,a ,,*>ity-,,s*ool ,,girl ,,9 ,,uni=m ,sa9t ,anne's1 ,soho1 ,engl& ,! *ief motive 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! s*ools1 ?\gh1 0 to decrease ! ,prophaness & ,debau*]y 444 ow+ to a gross ,ignorance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7,r4 #bcg7 & to educate ,poor ,*ildr5 9 ! ,rules & ,pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z pr(ess$ & taught 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,writ+1 9 #agdb1 ,rev]5d ,griffi? ,jones1 an organiz] = ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 9 ,wales1 said3 ,x is b a *eap education t we w\ld desire = !m ! poor1 only ! moral & religi\s bran*es ( x1 :i* inde$ is ! mo/ necess>y & indisp5sable "p4 ,! sole design ( ?is *>ity is to inculcate ^u su* 444 z c be prevail$ ^u to le>n1 ! k & practice1 ! pr9ciples & duties ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & to make !m good p1 useful memb]s ( society1 fai?ful s]vants ( ,god1 & m5 & heirs ( et]nal life4 ,^! s*ools multipli$ rapidly & soon became regul> in/itutions1 z ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! gr[? ( ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 s*ools 9 ,london alone1 %[s3 ,ye> ,s*ools ,boys ,girls ,total #afii #j #j #j #j #agjd #ed #achf #gde #baca #agji #hh #baha #abba #cdjb #agad #aag #cjgg #agda #dhah ,9 ,engl& & ,irel& comb9$ ! ,society _h1 by #agad1 a total ( #ajgc s*ools1 ) #ai1dec pupils enroll$1 & by #agbi ! numb] _h increas$ to #afeh1 ) approximately #cd1jjj pupils4 ,f ,engl& ! *>ity-s*ool idea 0 e>ly c>ri$ to ! ,anglican ,colonies 9 ,am]ica & became a fix$ in/itution 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 & some:at 9 ! ,colonies f>!r s\?4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania con/itution ( #agij we f9d ! foll[+ directions = ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate *>ity-s*ool sy/em to supplem5t ! p>i% s*ools ( ! *ur*es3 ,sec4 ,i4 ,! legislature %all1 z soon z conv5i5tly may be1 provide1 by law1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 9 su* mann] t ! poor may be taught gratis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,a ,,*>ity-,,s*ool ,,boy ,,9 ,,uni=m ,sa9t ,anne's1 ,soho1 ,engl& ,! fir/ ,p5nsylvania s*ool law ( #ahjb c>ri$ ?is direction into effect by provid+ = paup] s*ools 9 ! c\nties1 a condition t 0 n done away ) until #ahcd4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! sy/em la/$ until #ahch4 ,,! ,,private-,,adv5ture1 ,,or ,,h$ge1 ,,s*ool4 ,?is 0 a s*ool analog\s to ! ,dame ,s*ool1 b 0 kept by a man in/ead ( a woman1 & usually at 8 home or %op4 ,plate #ae1 %[+ a %oe cobbl] tea*+1 repres5ts "o type ( su* s*ools4 ,! t]m h$ge s*ools arose 9 ,irel&1 :]e tea*+ 0 =bidd5 ! ,ca?olics1 & secret s*ools arose 9 :i* prie/s & o!rs taught :at 0 possible4 ,( ^! ,mc,carthy writes3 #ah ,on ! highways & on ! hillsides1 9 dit*es & beh9d h$ges1 9 ! prec>i\s %elt] ( ! ru9$ walls ( "s anci5t abbey1 or "u ! ro( ( a peasant's cab91 ! prie/s set up s*ools & taught ! *ildr5 ( _! race4 ,! t]m soon came to be appli$ to any k9d ( a poor s*ool1 taught 9 an irregul> mann] or place4 ,simil> irregul> s*ools1 "u equival5t names1 also 7 f\nd 9 ,g]man l&s1 #ai ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 ,france1 :ile 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies ind5tur$ :ite s]vants 7 frequ5tly let out z s*oolma/]s4 ,! foll[+ adv]tisem5t ( a tea*] = sale is typical ( private-adv5ture elem5t>y s*ool-keep+ dur+ ! colonial p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,= ,a ,,tea*] ,,to ,,let 7,f ! ,am]ican ,weekly ,m]cury ( ,philadephia1 #agce7 ,^! s*ools 7 taught by it9]ant s*ool-keep]s1 artisans1 & tutors ( ! poor] type1 b (f]$ ! beg9n+s ( elem5t>y education to _m a *ild :o o!rwise w\ld nev] h be5 able to le>n to read4 ,9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury ^! s*ools atta9$ a rem>kable developm5t 9 ,engl&4 ,a new influ5ce ( trem5d\s future importance--g5]al read+--0 n[ com+ 92 ! v]nacul> 0 fa/ supplant+ ,lat92 newspap]s 7 be+ />t$2 little books or pamphlets 7tracts7 conta9+ g5]al in=mation 7 be+ sold2 books = *ildr5 & beg9n]s 7 be+ writt52 ! popul> novel & /ory _h appe>$2 #bj & all ^! educative =ces 7 creat+ a new & a some:at g5]al desire = a k ( ! art ( read+4 ,?is 9 turn caus$ a new dem& = s*ools to tea* ! long-lock$-up art1 & ?is dem& 0 capitaliz$ to ! pr(it ( _m types ( p4 ,,! ,,appr5tic+ ,,( ,,orphans ,,& ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,poor4 ,! compulsory appr5tic+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 z we h se5 7p4 #cbf71 0 an old ,engli% in/itution1 & workh\se tra9+1 or ! s-call$ s*ools ( indu/ry became1 by ! eighte5? c5tury1 a prom95t feature ( ! ,engli% c>e ( ! poor4 ,^! repres5t$ ! only =m ( education support$ by taxation1 & ! only =m ( education to :i* ,p>liam5t gave any att5tion dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is type ( in/itution also 0 c>ri$ to ! ,anglican ,colonies 9 ,am]ica1 z we h se5 9 ! docum5ts = ,virg9ia 7,r4 #bjj a71 & became an e/abli%$ in/itution 9 ,am]ica z well4 ,! appr5tic+ ( boys to a trade1 a /ill old] in/itution1 0 also mu* us$ z a means = tra9+ y\?s = a life 9 ! trades1 n only 9 ,engl& & ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 b ?r\gh\t all ,european l&s z well4 ,! conditions surr\nd+ ! appr5tic+ ( a boy _h by ! eighte5? c5tury become q fix$4 ,! ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip 0 drawn up by a lawy]1 & by x ! ma/] 0 c>efully b\nd to clo! & fe$ ! boy1 tra9 him prop]ly 9 8 trade1 look aft] 8 morals1 & />t him 9 life at ! end ( 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! _m records :i* h be5 pres]v$1 bo? 9 ,engl& 7,r4 #bdb7 & ! ,am]ican ,colonies 7,r4 #bja74 ,= _m boys ?is type ( education 0 ! be/ possible at ! "t1 & wor?ily />t$ ! possessor 9 ! "w ( 8 trade4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury diff]5t ,engli% *ur* p>i%es began to set up workh\se s*ools ( v>i\s types1 & to ma9ta9 ^! out ( p>i% rates4 ,! "o e/abli%$ 9 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 ,london1 9 #agja1 is typical4 ,?is c>$ = ab\t #cge *ildr5 & 9 x1 by #agbj1 !re _h be5 educat$ & plac$ =? #adbj *ildr51 & 9 addition #abc _h di$4 ,( ?is s*ool x is record$ t poor *ildr5 be+ tak5 into ! said ,workh\se are !re taught to ,read & ,write1 & kept to ,"w until !y are qualifi$ to be put out to be ,appr5tices1 & = ! ,sea ,s]vice1 or o!rwise dispos$2 444 ,! ,habit ( ! ,*ildr5 is all ! same1 be+ made ( ,russit ,clo?1 & a r\nd ,badge worn ^u _! ,brea/1 repres5t+ a poor ,boy1 & a ,%eep2 ! ,motto3 ',god's ,provid5ce is our ,inh]itance4' 444 ,9 ?is workh\se *ildr5 7 taught to sp9 ,wool & ,flax1 to ,s[ & ,knit1 to make _! own ,cloa?s1 ,%oes1 & ,/ock+s1 & ! l ,employm5ts2 to inure !m betimes to lab\r4 ,!y are also taught to read1 & su* z are capable1 to write & ca/ ,acc\nts2 & also ! ,cate*ism1 to gr\nd !m 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,religion & ,hone/y4 #ba ,! s*ool e/abli%$ by ,sa9t ,john's p>i%1 ,s\?w>k1 ,london1 9 #agce1 & design$ to tra9 & put out girls = dome/ic s]vice 7,r4 #bda71 & :i* c>$ =1 clo!d1 & tra9$ =ty girls1 is also typical ( ^! p>i% s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! indu/ri\s poor4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,in/ruction4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury ! me?od ( in/ruction commonly employ$ 9 ! v]nacul> s*ools 0 :at 0 kn[n z ! individual me?od4 ,?is 0 wa/eful ( bo? "t & ef=t1 & unp$agogical to a high degree 7,r4 #bdd74 ,ev]y:]e ! tea*] 0 engag$ *iefly 9 he>+ recitations1 te/+ memory1 & keep+ ord]4 ,! pupils came to ! ma/]'s desk1 "o by "o 7see ,figures #ih1 #ii71 & recit$ :at !y _h memoriz$4 ,aside f impos+ discipl9e1 tea*+ 0 an easy task4 ,! pupils le>n$ ! assign$ lessons & recit$ :at !y _h le>n$4 ,su* a ?+ z me?odology--te*nique ( in/ruction-- 0 unkn[n4 ,! dom9ance ( ! religi\s motive1 too1 preclud$ any lib]al attitude 9 s*ool in/ruction1 ! individual me?od 0 "t- consum+1 s*ool build+s (t5 7 lack+1 & 9 g5]al !re 0 an almo/ complete lack ( any tea*+ equipm5t1 books1 or supplies4 ,view$ f any mod]n /&po9t ! s*ools ( ! eighte5? c5tury atta9$ to b a l[ degree ( effici5cy 7,r4 #bdd74 ,! s*ool h\rs 7 long1 ! s*oolma/]'s resid5ce or place ( "w or bus9ess 0 commonly us$ z a s*oolroom1 & su* regul> s*oolrooms z did exi/ 7 dirty & noisy & b poorly suit$ to s*ool purposes4 ,s*ools ev]y:]e1 too1 7 ungrad$1 ! s*ool ( "o tea*] be+ l t ( any o!r tea*] ( t class4 ,s wa/eful ( "t & ef=t 0 ! individual me?od ( in/ruction t *ildr5 might att5d s*ool = ye>s & get only a m]e />t 9 read+ & writ+4 ,pauls51 #bb writ+ ( s*ools 9 ,g]man l&s at an ev5 lat] date1 says t ev5 9 ! bett] type ( v]nacul> s*ools _m *ildr5 nev] a*iev$ any?+ beyond a little read+ & kn[+ a few ?+s by he>t4444 ,! in/ruction 9 read+ 0 nev] any?+ else b a torture1 protract$ ?r\gh ye>s1 f say+ ! alphabet & =mation ( syllables to ! deciph]+ ( complete words1 )\t any real success 9 ! end1 :ile writ+ 0 no?+ b a we>isome trac+ ( ! lett]s1 ! net result ( all ! toil be+ ! gabbl+ ( ! ,cate*ism & a few ,bible texts & hymns1 le>n$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! imp>t+ ( in=mation by ! tea*] to a class1 or a class discussion ( a topic1 7 almo/ unkn[n4 ,he>+ lessons1 assign+ new tasks1 sett+ copies1 mak+ quill p5s1 dictat+ sums1 & impos+ ord] completely absorb$ ! "t & ! att5tion ( ! tea*]4 ,,s*ool ,,discipl9e4 ,! discipl9e ev]y:]e 0 sev]e4 ,a boy has a back2 :5 y hit x he und]/&s1 0 a favorite p$agogical maxim ( ! "t4 ,:ipp+-po/s 7 sometimes set up 9 ! s*oolroom1 & practically all pictures ( ! s*oolma/]s ( ! "t %[ a bundle ( swit*es ne> at h&4 ,boys 9 ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools 7 flogg$ = petty (f5ses 7,r4 #bde74 ,! ability to impose ord] on a poorly taught &1 9 consequ5ce1 an unruly s*ool 0 always an important requisite ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,a ,swabian s*oolma/]1 ,hub]le by "n1 ) *>act]i/ic ,teutonic att5tion to details1 has left on record #bc t1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 fifty-"o ye>s & sev5 mon?s z a tea*] he _h1 by a mod]ate computation1 giv5 #iaa1ebg bl[s ) a cane1 #abd1jaj bl[s ) a rod1 #bj1ihi bl[s & raps ) a rul]1 #acf1gae bl[s ) ! h&1 #aj1bce bl[s ov] ! m\?1 #g1ije boxes on ! e>1 #a1aae1hjj raps on ! head1 & #bb1gfc notab5es ) ! ,bible1 ,cate*ism1 s++ book1 & gramm>4 ,he _h #ggg times made boys kneel on peas1 #fac times on a triangul> piece ( wood1 _h made #cjja we> ! jackass1 & #agjg hold ! rod up1 n to m5tion v>i\s m unusual puni%m5ts he _h contriv$ on ! spur ( ! occasion4 ,( ! bl[s ) ! cane1 #hjj1jjj 7 = ,lat9 words2 ( ! rod #gf1jjj 7 = texts f ! ,bible or v]ses f ! s++ book4 ,he also _h ab\t #cjjj expressions to scold )1 two ?irds ( :i* 7 native to ! ,g]man tongue & ! rema9d] 8 inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,:ipp+-,,po/ ,drawn f a picture ( a five-foot :ipp+-po/ :i* once /ood 9 ! floor ( a s*ool-h\se at ,sund]l&1 ,massa*usetts4 ,n[ 9 ! ,de]field ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,g]man ,,s*ool ,reproduction ( an engrav+ by ,j4 ,mett5leit]1 n[ 9 ! ,kupf]/i*kab9et1 ,muni*1 & pr9t$ 9 ,joh4 ,f]d4 ,s*lez's4 ,dorfs*ul5 zu ,lang5haus54 ,nuremb]g1 #agie4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ,g]man s*ool discipl9e1 ( _m t might be cit$1 0 ! re=m "w ( ,johann ,erne/ ,*ri/ian ,haun1 :o 0 appo9t$1 9 #aghc1 z inspector ( s*ools 9 ! once fam\s ,go?a 7p4 #cag74 ,due to w>f>e & neglect ! s*ools !re _h fall5 into disrepute4 ,haun drove ! incapable tea*]s f ! "w1 & = a "t re/or$ ! s*ools to some?+ ( _! e>li] importance4 ,among o!r re=ms x is record$ t he =bade tea*]s to put irons ar\nd ! boys' necks1 to cov] !m ) mud1 to make !m kneel on peas1 or to brutally beat !m4 ,die/]weg 7,r4 #bdd7 describes simil> puni%m5ts z *>act]i/ic ( eighte5?-c5tury ,g]man s*ools4 ,! eighte5?- c5tury ,g]man s*oolma/] %[n 9 ,fig4 #adb 0 probably a good sample ( 8 class4 ,p$agogical writ]s ( ! "t uni=mly compla9 ( ! sev]e discipl9e ( ! s*ools1 & ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod ab\nds 9 allusions to ! prevail+ h>%ness ( ! s*ool discipl9e4 ,a few writ]s condemn1 b mo/ approve he>tily ( ! use ( ! rod4 ,sp>e ! rod & spoil ! *ild _h = long be5 a well-gr\nd$ p$agogical doctr9e4 ,among _m lit]>y extracts t might be cit$ illu/rat+ ?is belief1 ! foll[+ poem by ! ,engli% poet ,crabbe 7#aged-ahcb7 is int]e/+4 ,he puts ! foll[+ words into ! m\? ( 8 e>ly s*oolma/]3 ,/ud5ts l horses on ! road1 ,mu/ be well la%$ be=e !y take ! load2 ,!y may be will+ = a "t to run1 ,b y mu/ :ip !m ere ! "w be done2 ,to tell a boy1 t if he w improve1 ,8 fri5ds w praise him1 & 8 p>5ts love1 ,is do+ no?+--he has n a d\bt ,b !y w love him1 nay1 applaud )\t2 ,let no fond sire a boy's ambition tru/1 ,to make him /udy1 let him le>n he mu/4 ,,conditions ,,surr\nd+ ,,*ildhood4 ,x is difficult = u ( today to re- create 9 imag9ation ! pitiful life-conditions :i* surr\nd$ *ildr5 a c5tury & a half ago4 ,(t5 ! lot ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 :o !n con/itut$ ! great bulk ( all *ildr51 0 little less ?an slav]y4 ,wret*$ly poor1 dirty1 unkempt1 h>d-work$1 beat5 ab\t1 kn[+ /rong dr9k e>ly1 illit]ate1 (t5 vici\s--_! lot 0 a sad "o4 ,= ! *ildr5 ( ! poor !re 7 few1 if any1 educational opportunities4 ,writ+ on ! subject ,david ,salmon says3 #bd ,! imag9ation ( ! tw5tie? c5tury _c fa?om ! pov]ty ( ! eighte5?4 ,! great developm5t ( m9es & manufactures1 :i* has br\ght ease & indep5d5ce )9 ! rea* ( indu/ri\s lab\r ev]y:]e1 _h h>dly begun2 employm5t 0 s sc>ce & int]mitt5t1 & wages 7 s l[1 t ! work+ classes liv$ 9 hovels1 dress$ 9 rags1 & 7 famili> ) ! pangs ( hung]2 :ile ^? :o 7 =c$ to look to ! rates = hovels1 rags1 & food suffici5t to ma9ta9 a mis]able life numb]$ a six? ( ! :ole population4 ,9 ! t[ns *ildr5 7 appr5tic$ out e>ly 9 life1 & = long h\rs ( daily labor4 ,*ild welf>e 0 almo/ entirely neglect$1 *ildr5 7 cuff$ ab\t & beat5 at _! "w1 juv5ile del9qu5cy 0 a common condition1 *ild mortality 0 heavy1 & ignorance 0 ! rule4 ,s*ools g5]ally 7 pay in/itutions or a *>ity1 & n a bir?right1 & usually exi/$ only = ! middle & l[]-middle classes 9 ! population :o 7 att5dants at ! *ur*es & c\ld af=d to pay a little = ! s*ool+ giv54 ,read+ & religion 7 usually ! only free subjects4 ,only 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies1 :]e ! beg9n+s ( t[n & colony s*ool sy/ems 7 evid5t1 & 9 a few ( ! ,g]man ,/ates :]e /ate control 0 beg9n+ to be ex]cis$1 0 a bett] condition to be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,*ildr5 ,,z ,,m9iature ,,adults ,*ildr5 leav+ s*ool1 f an eighte5?-c5tury draw+ by ,sa9t ,aub94 ,among ! middle & upp] social classes1 p>ticul>ly on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 a /iff artificiality ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,*ildr5 7 dress$ & treat$ z m9iature adults1 ! normal activities ( *ildhood 7 suppress$1 & ! natural int]e/s & emotions ( *ildr5 f\nd little opportunity = expression4 ,we>+ p[d]$ & braid$ hair1 long gold-braid$ coats1 embroid]$ wai/coats1 cockad$ hats1 & swords1 boys 7 treat$ m z adults ?an z *ildr54 ,girls1 too1 ) _! long dresses1 hoops1 p[d]$ hair1 r\g$ faces1 & demure mann]1 7 tra9$ 9 a1 = *ildr51 mo/ unnatural mann]4 #be ,! danc+ ma/] = _! mann]s & graces1 & ! religi\s in/ructor to develop 9 !m ! ability to read & to g ?r\gh a l>gely mean+less c]emonial1 7 ! *ief guides = ! p]iod ( _! *ildhood4 ,,s*ool ,,support4 ,no uni=m plan1 9 any c\ntry1 _h z yet be5 evolv$ = ev5 ! meag] support :i* ! s*ools ( ! "t receiv$4 ,! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools 7 9 ne>ly all cases support$ by ! income f old f\ndations & f /ud5ts' fees1 ) "h & !re "s /ate aid4 ,! new elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools1 ?\gh1 _h _h assign$ to !m few old f\ndations ^u :i* to draw = ma9t5ance1 & 9 consequ5ce support = elem5t>y s*ools _h to be built up f new s\rces1 & ?is requir$ "t4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,act ( ,con=mity ( #affb 7,r4 #aff71 x w be rememb]$ 7p4 #cbd71 _h laid a heavy h& on ! s*ools by driv+ all ,diss5t]s f positions 9 !m1 & ! ,five ,mile ,act ( #affe _h borne ev5 m sev]ely on ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,diss5t]s4 ,=tunately = elem5t>y education 9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli% c\rts1 9 #afgj1 _h decid$ 9 a te/ case t ! tea*] 9 an elem5t>y s*ool c\ld n be depriv$ ( 8 position by failure ( ! bi%op to lic5se him1 if he 7 a nom9ee ( ! f\nd] or ! lay patron ( ! s*ool4 ,! result ( ?is decision 0 t1 betwe5 #affj & #agcj1 #ije end[$ elem5t>y s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 ,engl&1 & #gb o!rs previ\sly f\nd$ _h _! end[m5ts increas$4 ,! numb] cont9u$ to increase ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 & by #ahdb _h rea*$ a total ( #baid4 ,^! new f\ndations probably gave ! be/ s*ool+ ( ! "t1 & t5d$ to /ir ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* to action4 ,accord+ly we f9d t dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! ve/ries ( ! diff]5t *ur* p>i%es began ! creation ( p>i% elem5t>y s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor ( ! p>i%1 support+ a tea*] = !m out ( ! p>i% rates1 & )\t specific legal au?orization to d s4 ,^! new p>i% s*ools also contribut$ some:at to ! provision ( elem5t>y education1 & m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! *ur* volunt>y s*ools :i* 7 su* a *>act]i/ic feature ( n9ete5?-c5tury ,engli% education4 ,we ?us h1 9 ,engl&1 end[$ elem5t>y s*ools1 p>i% s*ools1 dame s*ools1 private-adv5ture s*ools ( _m types1 & *>ity-s*ools1 all exi/+ side by side1 & draw+ su* support z !y c\ld f end[m5t funds1 p>i% rates1 *ur* ti!s1 subscriptions1 & tuition fees4 ,! support ( s*ools by subscription li/s 7,r4 #bdj7 0 a v common proce$+4 ,education 9 ,engl&1 m ?an 9 any o!r ,prote/ant l&1 e>ly came to be reg>d$ z a b5evol5ce :i* ! ,/ate 0 "u no obligation to support4 ,only workh\se s*ools 7 provid$ = by ! g5]al taxation ( all prop]ty4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s & 9 ,g]man l&s *ur* funds1 t[n funds1 & tuition fees 7 ! *ief means ( support1 ?\gh "h & !re "s pr9ce _h provid$ = some?+ approa*+ /ate support = ! s*ools ( 8 little pr9cipality4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h ord]$ s*ools e/abli%$ g5]ally 7#agfc7 & _h decre$ ! compulsory att5dance ( *ildr5 7,r4 #bgd71 b he _h dep5d$ l>gely on *ur* funds & tuition fees 7#g7 = ma9t5ance1 ) a proviso t ! tuition ( poor & orphan$ *ildr5 %\ld be paid f any funds ( ! *ur* or t[n1 t ! s*oolma/] may get 8 income 7#h74 ,9 ,scotl& ! *ur* p>i% s*ool 0 ! prevail+ type4 ,9 ,france ! religi\s societies 7p4 #cde7 provid$ ne>ly all ! elem5t>y v]nacul> religi\s education t 0 obta9able4 ,9 ! ,dut* ,prov9ces1 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies1 & 9 "s ( ! m9or ,g]man ,/ates1 we f9d ! cle>e/ examples ( ! beg9n+s ( /ate control & ma9t5ance ( elem5t>y s*ools--some?+ de/9$ to gr[ rapidly & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury take ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur* & ma9ta9 x z a function ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,prussian k+s e>ly made grants ( l& & money = end[m5t funds & support1 & /ate aid 0 ord]$ grant$ by ,m>ia ,!resa = ,au/ria 7,r4 #bgd a71 9 #aggd4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies ! sep>ation ( ! s*ool f ! ,*ur*1 & ! beg9n+s ( /ate support & control ( education1 f\nd p]haps _! e>lie/ & cle>e/ exemplification4 ,9 ! o!r ,colonies ! lott]y 0 mu* us$ 7,r4 #bdf7 to raise funds = s*ools1 :ile *ur* ti!s1 subscription li/s1 & s*ool societies aft] ! ,engli% patt]n also help$ 9 _m places to />t & support a s*ool or s*ools4 ,only by "s su* means 0 x possible 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ! *ildr5 ( ! poor c\ld ev] enjoy any opportunities = education4 ,! p>5ts ( ! poor *ildr51 !mselves un$ucat$1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to provide :at !y _h nev] come to appreciate !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 few ( ! well-to-d classes felt "u any obligation to provide education = *ildr5 n _! own4 ,!re 0 z yet no realization t ! diffusion ( education contribut$ to ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 or t ! ignorance ( ! masses might be 9 any way a public p]il4 ,?is attitude is well %[n = ,engl& by ! fact t n a s+le law relat+ to ! education ( ! p1 aside f workh\se s*ools1 0 enact$ by ,p>liam5t dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! same 0 true ( ,france until ! com+ ( ! ,revolution4 ,x is to a few ( ! ,g]man ,/ates & to ! ,am]ican ,colonies t we mu/ turn = ! beg9n+s ( legislation direct+ s*ool support4 ,?is we %all describe m 9 detail 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,second>y ,,s*ool4 ,! great progress made 9 education dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 nev]!less1 0 9 elem5t>y education4 ,conc]n+ ! second>y s*ools & ! univ]sities !re is little to add to :at has previ\sly be5 said4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ! second>y s*ool1 outside ( ,g]man l&s1 rema9$ l>gely /ation>y4 ,hav+ become =mal & lifeless 9 its tea*+ 7p4 #bhc71 & 9 ,engl& & ,france cru%$ by religi\s-uni=mity legislation1 ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ool ( ,engl& & ! surviv+ colleges 9 ,france practically ceas$ to ex]t any influ5ce on ! national life4 ,! ,jesuit s*ools1 :i* once _h af=d$ ! be/ second>y education 9 ,europe1 _h s decl9$ 9 usefulness ev]y:]e t !y 7 ab\t to be driv5 f all l&s4 ,! ,act ( ,con=mity ( #affb 7,r4 #aff7 _h dealt ! gramm> s*ools ( ,engl& a heavy bl[1 & ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd !m 9 a mo/ wret*$ condition1 ) few s*ol>s1 & _! end[m5ts %amefully abus$4 ,! ,law ( #affb1 says ,montmor5cy1 involv$ su* a pe]+ into ! lives ( s*oolma/]s1 su* a c\rse ( inquisitorial folly1 t ! position became intol]able4 ,m5 w\ld n become s*oolma/]s4444 ,education _h no mean+ :5 none b political & religi\s hypocrites 7 all[$ to tea*4444 ,national education 0 de/roy$4 & ! gramm> s*ools ( ,engl& 7 practically )drawn dur+ m ?an two c5turies 7#affb-ahgj7 f ! national life4 #bf ,9 ,g]man l&s ! old ,lat9 s*ools cont9u$ l>gely un*ang$ until ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) ,lat91 taught z x _h be5 = a c5tury or m1 z ! *ief subject ( /udy4 ,%ortly aft] ! com+ ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great to ! ?rone 7#agdj7 ! ,lat9 s*ools ( ,prussia1 & aft] !m ! ,lat9 s*ools 9 o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 7 reorganiz$ & giv5 a new life4 ,! influ5ce ( ,francke's s*ool at ,halle 7p4 #dah71 & ! new types ( tea*+ develop$ !re & by 8 foll[]s else:]e1 began to be felt4 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ma!matics 7 giv5 recognition1 & "s sci5ce "w 0 "h & !re introduc$4 ,above all1 ?\gh1 ,greek n[ atta9$ to ! place ( fir/ importance 9 ! reorganiz$ ,lat9 s*ools4 ,x 0 n until aft] #agdj t ! ,g]man p awak5$ to ! possibility ( an indep5d5t national life4 ,!n1 "u ! new impulse t[>d nationality1 ,fr5* influ5ce & mann]s 7 ?r[n (f1 ,g]man lit]ature atta9$ its ,gold5 ,age1 ! ,ritt]akademie5 7p4 #dje7 7 disc>d$1 & a numb] ( ! ,g]man ,pr9cipalities & ,/ates revis$ _! s*ool regulations & erect$1 out ( ! old ,lat9 s*ools1 a s]ies ( humani/ic gymnasia 9 :i* ! /udy ( ,greek life & culture occupi$ ! =emo/ place4 ,new me?ods 9 classical /udy 7 ?\ght out & appli$1 & a new p$agogical purpose--culture & discipl9e--0 giv5 to ! reg5]at$ ,lat9 s*ools4 ,a new ,r5aissance1 9 a way1 took place 9 ,g]man l&s1 #bg & a k ( ,greek 0 proclaim$ by ,g]man univ]sity & gymnasial tea*]s z indisp5sable to a lib]al education ) an e>ne/ness ( conviction n exce$$ by ,batti/a ,gu>9o 7p4 #bfh7 f\r c5turies be=e4 ,to "k ,greek & to h "s famili>ity ) ,greek lit]ature & hi/ory n[ came to be reg>d$ z necess>y to ! highe/ culture1 #bh & a p$agogical !ory = su* /udy 0 erect$1 bas$ on ! discipl9e ( ! m9d1 #bi :i* dom9at$ ! ,g]man classical s*ool ?r\gh\t ! entire n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury also t ! ,g]man ,/ates began ! developm5t ( ! sci5tific second>y s*ool 7,reals*ule71 see p4 #dbj1 z describ$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,a ,,p5nsylvania ,,academy ,york ,academy1 ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 f\nd$ by ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur*1 9 #aghg4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #cfa71 ! ,engli% ,lat9 gramm> s*ool 0 e>ly 7#afce7 c>ri$ to ,new ,engl&1 & set up !re & else:]e 9 ! ,colonies1 b aft] ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury its cont9u$ ma9t5ance 0 some?+ ( a /ruggle4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn colonies1 :]e comm]cial dem&s e>ly made !mselves felt1 ! t5d5cy 0 to tea* m practical subjects4 ,?is t5d5cy l$ to ! evolution1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( ! di/9ctively ,am]ican ,academy1 ) a m practical curriculum1 & by ! close ( ! c5tury x 0 rapidly sup]s$+ ! old] ,lat9 gramm> s*ool4 ,frankl9's ,academy at ,philadelphia1 :i* began in/ruction 9 #agea1 & :i* lat] evolv$ into ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 0 probably ! fir/ ,am]ican ,academy4 ,! fir/ 9 ,massa*usetts 0 f\nd$ 9 #agfa1 & by #ahjj !re 7 sev5te5 9 ,massa*usetts alone4 ,! great p]iod ( academy developm5t 0 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,phillips ,academy1 at ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts1 f\nd$ 9 #aghh1 reveals cle>ly ! new] purpose ( ^! ,am]ican second>y s*ools4 ,! f\ndation grant ( ?is s*ool gives ! purpose to be3 to lay ! f\ndation ( a public free s*ool or ,,academy = ! purposes ( in/ruct+ ,y\?1 n only 9 ,engli% & ,lat9 ,gramm>1 ,writ+1 ,ari?metic1 & ^? ,sci5ces :]e9 !y are commonly taught2 b m especially to le>n !m ! ,,great ,,end ,,& ,,real ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,liv+ 444 x is aga9 decl>$ t ! fir/ & pr9ciple object ( ?is ,in/itution is ! promotion ( ,,true ,,piety & ,,virtue2 ! second1 in/ruction 9 ! ,engli%1 ,lat91 & ,greek ,languages1 toge!r ) ,writ+1 ,ari?metic1 ,music1 & ! ,art ( ,speak+2 ! ?ird1 practical ,geometry1 ,logic1 & ,geography2 & ! f\r?1 su* o!r lib]al ,arts & ,sci5ces or ,languages1 z opportunity & ability may h]eaft] admit1 & z ! ,,tru/ees %all direct4 ,?\gh /ill deeply religi\s1 ^! new s*ools usually 7 free f d5om9ationalism4 ,?\gh reta9+ ! /udy ( ,lat91 !y made mo/ ( new subjects ( m practical value4 ,a /udy ( real ?+s r ?an words ab\t ?+s1 & a new emphasis on native ,engli% & on sci5ce 7 prom95t features ( _! "w4 ,!y 7 also usually op5 to girls1 z well z boys1--an innovation 9 second>y education be=e almo/ :olly unkn[n4 ,_m 7 organiz$ lat] = girls only4 ,^! in/itutions 7 ! precursors ( ! ,am]ican public high s*ool1 itself a type ( ! mo/ democratic in/itution = second>y education ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,! condition ( ! univ]sities by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury we trac$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,!y _h lo/ _! e>li] importance z in/itutions ( le>n+1 b 9 a few places ! sci5ces 7 sl[ly ga9+ a foo?old1 & 9 ,g]man l&s we not$ ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ two mod]n univ]sities--in/itutions de/9$ deeply to influ5ce subsequ5t univ]sity developm5t1 z we %all po9t out 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,transition ,,p]iod4 ,we h n[ rea*$1 9 our /udy ( ! hi/ory ( educational progress1 ! end ( ! transition p]iod :i* m>k$ ! *ange 9 ?9k+ f m$iaeval to mod]n attitudes4 ,! p]iod 0 u%]$ 9 ) ! beg9n+s ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & x may fitt+ly close ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5?4 ,we n[ /& on ! ?re%old ( a new era 9 _w hi/ory4 ,! same que/ion+ _s t animat$ ! s*ol>s ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 n[ full-gr[n & become bold & self-confid5t1 is ab\t to be appli$ to affairs ( politics & gov]nm5t1 & we are soon to see absolutism & m$iaeval attitudes 9 bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate que/ion$ & ov]?r[n4 ,new political !ories are to be advanc$1 & ! div9e "r ( ! p is to be ass]t$ & e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 & 9 ,france1 & ultimately1 e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 we are to witness ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! div9e-"r-(- k+s idea & a _w-wide sweep ( ! democratic _s4 ,a new human & political !ory z to education is to be evolv$2 ! s*ool is to be tak5 ov] f ! ,*ur*1 va/ly exp&$ 9 scope1 & made a con/ructive in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate2 & ! wond]ful n9ete5? c5tury is to witness a degree ( human1 sci5tific1 political1 & educational progress n se5 be=e 9 all ! days f ! "t ( ! ,crusades to ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is to ?is wond]ful new era 9 _w hi/ory t we n[ turn4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,contra/ a religi\s elem5t>y s*ool1 ) ! ,cate*ism z its *ief textbook1 ) a mod]n public elem5t>y s*ool4 #b4 ,contra/ ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,mulca/] & ,com5ius4 #c4 ,to :at ext5t did ! religi\s tea*+s ( ! "t support ,locke's ideas z to ! discipl9>y conception ( education8 #d4 ,d we to-day place z mu* emphasis on habit =mation z did ,locke8 ,on "*8 ,on good bre$+8 #e4 ,/ate "s ( ! reasons = ! noticeable weak5+ ( ! hold ( ! old religi\s !ory z to education1 9 ,prote/ant l&s1 by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #f4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! sl[ evolution ( ! elem5t>y tea*] into a position ( "s importance8 ,is ! evolution /ill 9 process8 ,illu/rate4 #g4 ,:at 7 ! motives beh9d ! organization ( ! religi\s *>ity- s*ools8 #h4 ,%[ h[ tax-support$ workh\se s*ools repres5t$1 = ,engl&1 ! fir/ /ep 9 public-s*ool ma9t5ance4 #i4 ,%[ t tea*+ "u ! individual me?od ( in/ruction 0 s*ool keep+1 r ?an s*ool tea*+4 #aj4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! g5]al preval5ce ( h>% discipl9e well into ! n9ete5? c5tury8 #aa4 ,did any o!r c\ntry h1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 s mix$ a type ( elem5t>y education z did ,engl&8 ,:y 0 x s badly mix$ !re8 #ab4 ,%[ h[ ! ,engli% ,act ( ,con=mity1 ( #affb1 /ifl$ ! ,engli% ,lat9 gramm> s*ools4 #ac4 ,:at reasons 7 !re = ! developm5t ( ! m practical ,academy 9 ,am]ica1 r ?an 9 ,engl&8 #ad4 ,comp>e ! ,am]ican ,academy ) ! ,g]man ,reals*ule4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections1 illu/rative ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt]1 are reproduc$3 #bbf4 ,mulca/]3 ,table ( ,cont5ts ( 8 ,positions4 #bbg4 ,locke3 ,on ! ,tea*+ ( ,lat94 #bbh4 ,locke3 ,on ! ,bible z a ,read+ ,book4 #bbi4 ,coote-,dilwor?3 ,two e>ly ,spell+ ,books4 #bcj4 ,web/]3 ,description ( ,pre-,revolution>y ,s*ools4 #bca4 ,raum]3 ,tea*]s 9 ,go?a 9 #agda4 #bcb4 ,raum]3 ,an #ah? ,c5tury ,sw$i% ,p's ,s*ool4 #bcc4 ,raum]3 ,s*ools ( ,frankfurt-am-,ma9 dur+ ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 #bcd4 ,krsi3 ,a ,swiss ,tea*]'s ,exam9ation 9 #agic4 #bce4 ,crabbe2 ,:ite2 ,%5/one3 ,! ,engli% ,dame ,s*ool describ$4 #bcf4 ,newburgh3 ,a ,p>o*ial-,s*ool ,tea*]'s ,agreem5t4 #bcg4 ,sa9t ,anne3 ,beg9n+s ( an ,engli% ,*>ity ,s*ool4 #bch4 ,regulations3 ,*>ity-,s*ool ,organization & ,in/ruction4 7a7 ,qualifications = ! ,ma/]4 7b7 ,purpose & ,in/ruction4 #bci4 ,all5 & ,mc,clure3 ,textbooks us$ 9 ,engli% ,*>ity-,s*ools4 #bdj4 ,engl&3 ,a ,*>ity-,s*ool ,subscription ,=m4 #bda4 ,s\?w>k3 ,! ,*>ity-,s*ool ( ,sa9t ,john's ,p>i%4 #bdb4 ,gor%am3 ,an ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip4 #bdc4 ,ind5ture3 ,le>n+ ! ,trade ( a ,s*oolma/]4 #bdd4 ,die/]weg3 ,! ,s*ools ( ,g]many be=e ,pe/alozzi4 #bde4 ,engl&3 ,free ,s*ool ,rules1 #agcd4 #bdf4 ,murray3 ,a ,new ,j]sey ,s*ool ,lott]y4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,/ate ! ma9 po9ts 9 ,mulca/]'s s*eme 7#bbf7 = education4 #b4 ,*>act]ize ,locke's criticism 7#bbg7 on ! tea*+ ( ,lat94 #c4 ,/ate ,locke's ideas z to ! use ( ! ,bible 7#bbh74 #d4 ,*>act]ize ! nature & cont5ts ( ! s-call$ ,spell]s by ,coote & ,dilwor? 7#bbi74 #e4 ,comp>e ! ,connecticut common s*ool1 z describ$ by ,web/] 7#bcj71 ) an ,engli% *>ity-s*ool 7#bch b71 or a ,sw$i% popul> s*ool 7#bcb7 ( ! "t4 #f4 ,j :at /ate ( v]nacul> education 9 ,teutonic l&s is indicat$ by ! ?ree selections 7#bca1 #bcb1 #bcc78 #g4 ,comp>e ! propriet>y "r ( ! tea*]s at ,frank=t 7#bcc7 ) ! "r ( control claim$ ov] song s*ools by ! ,prec5tor ( a m$iaeval ca!dral 7#hc74 #h4 ,d su* conditions z ,krsi describes 7#bcd7 exi/ any:]e to day8 #i4 ,*>act]ize ! ,dame ,s*ool ( ,engl&1 z to in/ruction & control1 f ! descriptions giv5 9 ! selections 7#bce7 reproduc$4 #aj4 ,/ate ! relation%ip ( tea*] & m9i/] at ,newburgh 7#bcf71 & indicate ! nature & probable ext5t ( 8 income4 #aa4 ,/ate ! purpose ( ! f\nd]s ( ,sa9t ,anne ( ,soho 7#bcg71 & *>act]ize ! type ( s*ool !y creat$4 #ab4 ,:at does ! qualification = a *>ity-s*ool tea*] 7#bch a7 indicate z to ! nature ( ! tea*]'s call+ 9 su* s*ools8 ,outl9e ! in/ruction 7#bch b7 9 su* a s*ool4 #ac4 ,:at in/ruction did ! textbooks z pr9t$ 7#bci7 provide =8 #ad4 ,%[ ! volunt>y & b5evol5t "* ( ! *>ity-s*ool by comp>+ ! subscription =m 7#bdj7 ) "s volunt>y subscription =m us$ to day4 #ae4 ,h[ did ! s*ool 9 ,sa9t ,john's p>i% 7#bda7 diff] f appr5tice%ip tra9+8 #af4 ,:at *anges d y note betwe5 ! m$iaeval ,ind5ture ( ,appr5tice%ip 7#ii7 & ! eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% =m 7#bdb78 #ag4 ,comp>e ,read+s #bja & #bdb on appr5tice%ip4 #ah4 ,comp>e conditions describ$ 9 #bdd ) #bca-bcc4 #ai4 ,:at d ! ,free ,s*ool ,rules ( #agcd 7#bde7 indicate z to duties & discipl9e8 #bj4 ,:at does ! use ( ! lott]y = s*ool support 7#bdf7 indicate z to ! conception & scope ( education at ! "t8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,all51 ,w4 ,o4 ,b41 & ,mc,clure1 ,e4 ,two ,hundr$ ,ye>s2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,s4,p4,c4,k41 #afih-ahjh4 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,engli% ,p$agogy1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,! ,tea*] 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature4 99 ,bir*5\gh1 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,br[n1 ,e4 ,e4 ,! ,mak+ ( our ,middle ,s*ools4 ,c>dwell1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,/ory ( a ,*>ity ,s*ool4 ,davidson1 ,?os4 ,r\sseau4 99 ,e>le1 ,alice ,m4 ,*ild ,life 9 ,colonial ,days4 ,field1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,! ,*ild & 8 ,book4 ,=d1 ,paul ,l4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]4 ,godfrey1 ,elizabe?4 ,engli% ,*ildr5 9 ! ,old5 ,"t4 99 ,johnson1 ,clifton4 ,old ,"t ,s*ools & ,s*ool ,books4 99 ,kemp1 ,w4 ,w4 ,! ,support ( ,s*ools 9 ,colonial ,new ,york by ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts4 ,kilpatrick1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,dut* ,s*ools ( ,new ,ne!rl&s & ,colonial ,new ,york4 ,locke1 ,john4 ,"s ,?\ghts ,conc]n+ ,education 7#afic74 99 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,progress ( ,education 9 ,engl&4 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,/ate ,int]v5tion 9 ,engli% ,education4 ,mulca/]1 ,ri*>d4 ,positions4 7,london1 #aeha47 99 ,pauls51 ,fri$ri*4 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 99 ,salmon1 ,david4 ,! ,education ( ! ,poor 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury2 repr9t$ f ! ,educational ,record4 7,london1 #aijh47 99 ,scott1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hi/oric ,essays on ,appr5tice%ip & ,vocational ,education4 7,ann ,arbor1 #aiad47 ,,"p ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,times ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,privilege ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,democracy ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,= ,,education ,,evolv$ ,,! ,,/ate ,,takes ,,ov] ,,! ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,eighte5? ,a ,,transition ,,c5tury ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,a ,,turn+-,,po9t4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 9 human ?9k+ & progress1 m>ks = mo/ we/]n nations ! end ( m$iaevalism & ! u%]+-9 ( mod]n =ms ( intellectual lib]ty4 ,! indiff]5ce to ! old religi\s problems1 :i* 0 cle>ly manife/ 9 all c\ntries at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 /eadily grew & culm9at$ 9 a revolt aga9/ ecclesia/ical control ov] human affairs4 ,?is *ange 9 attitude t[>d ! old problems p]mitt$ ! rise ( new types ( intellectual inquiry1 a rapid developm5t ( sci5tific ?9k+ & discov]y1 ! gr[? ( a consci\sness ( national problems & national welf>e1 & ! br++ to ! front ( secul> int]e/s to a degree practically unkn[n s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,9 a s5se ! g5]al rise ( ^! new int]e/s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 b a culm9ation ( a long s]ies ( movem5ts look+ t[>d great] intellectual fre$om & ne$$ human progress :i* _h be5 "u way s9ce ! days :5 /udia g5]alia & guilds fir/ arose 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! rise ( ! univ]sities 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! ,prote/ant ,revolts 9 ! sixte5?1 ! rise ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5?1 & ,puritanism 9 ,engl& & ,pietism 9 ,g]many 9 ! sev5te5?1 _h all be5 9 ! nature ( prote/s aga9/ ! m$iaeval t5d5cy to conf9e & limit & enslave ! intellect4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! culm9ation ( ?is ris+ tide ( prote/ came 9 a g5]al & det]m9$ revolt aga9/ despotism 9 ei!r ,*ur* or ,/ate1 :i*1 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 swept away anci5t privileges1 abuses1 & b>ri]s1 & prep>$ ! way = ! m>k$ intellectual & human & political progress :i* *>act]iz$ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,*ange ,,9 ,,attitude4 ,! new _s & int]e/s & attitudes :i* came to *>act]ize ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! m progressive we/]n nations meant ! ultimate ov]?r[ ( ! tyranny ( m$iaeval sup]natural !ology1 ! evolution ( a new !ory z to moral action :i* %\ld be indep5d5t ( !ology1 ! free+ ( ! new sci5tific _s f ! fett]s ( *ur* control1 ! sub/itut+ ( new philosophical & sci5tific & economic int]e/s = ! old !ological problems :i* _h = s long dom9at$ human ?9k+1 ! sub/itution ( natural political organization = ! old] ecclesia/ical f\ndations ( ! ,/ate1 ! de/ruction ( :at rema9$ ( ! old feudal political sy/em1 ! free+ ( ! s]f & ! evolution ( ! citiz51 & ! rise ( a mod]n society int]e/$ 9 problems ( national welf>e--gov]nm5t 9 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n$1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 sci5ce1 economics1 education1 & social welf>e4 ,! evolution ( su* mod]n-type gov]nm5ts inevitably meant ! creation ( entirely new dem&s = ! education ( ! p & = f>-rea*+ political & social re=ms4 ,?is new eighte5?-c5tury _s1 :i* s *>act]iz$ ! mid- eighte5? c5tury t x is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,p]iod ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 #a express$ itself 9 _m new directions1 a few ( ! m important ( :i* w be consid]$ "h z ( fundam5tal conc]n = ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( educational progress4 ,9 a v real s5se ! developm5t ( /ate educational sy/ems1 9 bo? ,european & ,am]ican ,/ates1 has be5 an outgr[? ( ! great lib]aliz+ =ces :i* fir/ made !mselves felt 9 a really det]m9$ way dur+ ?is important transition c5tury4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all consid] briefly five important phases ( ?is new eighte5?-c5tury lib]alism1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! "w ( ! b5evol5t despots ( cont95tal ,europe 9 try+ to %ape _! gov]nm5ts to h>monize !m ) ! new _s ( ! c5tury4 #b4 ,! unsatisfi$ dem& = re=m 9 ,france4 #c4 ,! rise ( democratic gov]nm5t & lib]alism 9 ,engl&4 #d4 ,! in/itution ( con/itutional gov]nm5t & religi\s fre$om 9 ,am]ica4 #e4 ,! sweep+ away ( m$iaeval abuses 9 ! great ,revolution 9 ,france4 ,i4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,b5evol5t ,,despots ,,( ,,cont95tal ,,europe ,,! ,,new ,,nationalism ,,leads ,,to ,,int]e/$ ,,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 z we %all trace a little fur!r on1 a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t _h = long be5 develop+1 b ?is democratic life _h made b little headway on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,!re1 in/ead1 ! democratic t5d5cies :i* %[$ "s slight signs ( developm5t dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury _h be5 /amp$ out 9 ! p]iod ( w>f>e & ! ensu+ hatr$s ( ! sev5te5?1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d autocratic gov]nm5t at its height4 ,national gov]nm5ts to succe$ ! e>li] gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* _h develop$ & gr[n /rong1 ! k+ly p[] _h ev]y:]e be5 consolidat$1 ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 9 close work+ alliance1 & ! new _s ( nationality--9 gov]nm5t1 =eign policy1 languages1 lit]ature1 & culture--0 be+ en]getically develop$ by ^? responsible = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ates4 ,ev]y:]e1 almo/1 on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 ! !ory ( ! div9e "r ( k+s to rule & ! div9e duty ( subjects to obey seem$ to h become fix$1 & ?is !ory ( gov]nm5t ! ,*ur* n[ mo/ assidu\sly support$4 ,unlike 9 ,engl& & ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 ! p ( ! l>g] c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe _h n z yet advanc$ f> en\gh 9 p]sonal lib]ty or political ?9k+ to make any dem& ( consequ5ce = ! "r to gov]n !mselves4 ,! new _s ( nationality abroad 9 ,europe1 ?\gh1 z well z ! new humanit>ian ideas beg9n+ to /ir ?9k+ m51 alike t5d$ to awak5 a new int]e/ on ! "p ( _m rul]s 9 ! welf>e ( ! p !y gov]n$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 we f9d a numb] ( nations 9 :i* ! rul]s1 putt+ !mselves 9 h>mony ) ! new _s ( ! "t1 made e>ne/ attempts to improve ! condition ( _! peoples z a means ( advanc+ ! national welf>e4 ,we %all "h m5tion ! f\r nations 9 :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s re=m "w 0 attempt$4 ,,! ,,rul]s ,,( ,,prussia4 ,?ree k+s1 to :om ! n9ete5?-c5tury greatness ( ,prussia 0 l>gely due1 rul$ ! c\ntry dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 fully z despotic z ! k+s ( ,france1 b1 unlike ! ,fr5* k+s1 !y 7 ke5ly alive to ! ne$s ( ! p1 anxi\s to advance ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 tol]ant 9 religion1 & 9 sympa?y ) ! new sci5tific /udies4 ,! fir/1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i 7#agac-dj71 labor$ e>ne/ly to develop ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 tra9$ a l>ge army1 ord]$ elem5t>y education made compulsory1 & made ! beg9n+s 9 ! royal prov9ces ( ! trans=mation ( ! s*ools f ! control ( ! ,*ur* to ! control ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 son1 kn[n to hi/ory z ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 rul$ f #agdj to #aghf4 ,dur+ 8 long reign he labor$ cont9ually to curtail anci5t privileges1 aboli% old abuses1 & improve ! condition ( 8 p4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ( 8 reign he aboli%$ torture 9 trials1 made ! adm9i/ration ( law m equitable1 in/itut$ a limit$ fre$om = ! press1 #b & ext5d$ religi\s tol]ation4 #c ,he also p>tially aboli%$ s]fdom on ! royal doma9s1 & tri$ to uplift ! peasantry & citiz5 classes1 b 9 ?is he met ) bitt] opposition f ! nobles ( 8 realm4 ,he built roads1 canals1 & bridges1 enc\rag$ skill$ artisans to settle 9 8 dom9ions1 develop$ agriculture & indu/ry1 enc\rag$ sci5tific work]s1 ext5d$ an asylum to ?\s&s ( ,hugu5ots flee+ f religi\s p]secution 9 ,france1 #d & did m ?an any previ\s rul] to provide common s*ools ?r\gh\t 8 k+dom4 ,by ! g5]al regulation ( education 9 8 k+dom 7*apt] xxii7 he laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! n9ete5?- c5tury ,prussian s*ool sy/em 0 lat] built4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ade ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great ,8 rule1 ?\gh1 0 ?or\ghly autocratic4 ,e ?+ = ! p1 b no?+ by ! p1 0 ! keynote ( 8 policies4 ,he _h no confid5ce 9 ! ability ( ! p to rule1 & gave !m no opportunity to le>n ! art4 ,he employ$ ! /rong army 8 fa!r built up to wage w>s ( conque/1 seize t]ritory t did n belong to him1 & 9 consequ5ce made himself a great ,g]man h]o4 #e ,he may be said to h laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n milit>iz$1 socializ$1 ob$i5tly educat$1 & subject ,g]many1 & also to h begun ! gr&-l>c5y & scrap-(-pap] policy :i* has *>act]iz$ ,prussian int]national relation%ips ev] s9ce4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii1 :o reign$ f #aghf to #agig1 cont9u$ 9 l>ge measure ! enlight5$ policies ( 8 uncle1 re=m$ ! tax sy/em1 light5$ ! burd5s ( 8 p1 enc\rag$ trade1 emphasiz$ ! ,g]man tongue1 quick5$ ! national _s1 actively enc\rag$ s*ools & univ]sities1 & began t c5tralization ( au?ority ov] ! develop+ educational sy/em :i* result$ 9 ! creation 9 ,prussia ( ! fir/ mod]n /ate s*ool sy/em 9 ,europe4 ,! educational "w ( ^! ?ree ,prussian k+s 0 inde$ important1 & we %all /udy x m 9 detail 9 a lat] *apt] 7,*apt] ,,xxii74 ,,! ,,au/rian ,,re=m]s4 ,two notably b5evol5t rul]s occupi$ ! ,au/rian ?rone = half a c5tury1 & did mu* to improve ! condition ( ! ,au/rian p4 ,a v rem>kable woman1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 came to ! ?rone 9 #agdj1 & 0 foll[$ by h] son1 ,joseph ,,ii1 9 #aghj4 ,he rul$ until #agij4 ,to ,m>ia ,!resa ! ,au/ria ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ow$ mo/ ( its developm5t & p[]4 ,%e work$ ) seem+ly tireless en]gy = ! advancem5t ( ! welf>e ( h] subjects1 & t[>d ! close ( h] reign laid1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 ! beg9n+s ( ,au/rian s*ool re=m4 ,joseph ,,ii c>ri$ /ill fur!r 8 "m's b5evol5t "w1 & /rove to introduce enlight5m5t & reason into ! adm9i/ration ( 8 realm4 ,a /ud5t ( ! writ+s ( ! eighte5?-c5tury re=m philosoph]s1 & deeply imbu$ ) ! re=m _s ( 8 "t1 he attempt$ to aboli% anci5t privileges1 e/abli% a uni=m code ( ju/ice1 enc\rage education1 free ! s]fs1 aboli% feudal t5ure1 grant religi\s tol]ation1 curb ! p[] ( ! ,pope & ! ,*ur*1 break ! p[] ( ! local ,diets1 c5tralize ! ,/ate1 & introduce a uni=m level ( democratic simplicity "u 8 own absolute sway4 ,he attempt$ to alt] ! organization ( ! ,*ur*1 aboli%$ six hundr$ mona/]ies1 #f & r$uc$ ! numb] ( mona/ic p]sons 9 8 dom9ion f #fc1jjj to #bg1jjj4 ,attempt+ too mu*1 he br\ght d[n ^u 8 head ! wra? ( bo? prie/ & noble & di$ a disappo9t$ man4 ,! abolition ( feudal t5ure & s]fdom on ! di/9ctively ,au/rian l&s1 ( all 8 attempt$ re=ms1 alone 0 p]man5t4 ,8 "w /&s z an int]e/+ comm5t>y on ! tempor>y "* ( ! results :i* foll[ attempts rapidly to improve ! conditions surr\nd+ ! lives ( p1 )\t at ! same "t educat+ ! p to improve !mselves4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,re=m]s4 ,a v simil> result att5d$ ! re=m ef=ts ( a succession ( b5evol5t rul]s ?ru/ ^u ,spa91 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ! complications ( =eign politics4 ,ov] a p]iod ( ne>ly n9ety ye>s1 ext5d+ f ! accession ( ,philip ,v 7#agjj7 to ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,iii 7#aghh71 rem>kable political progress 0 impos$ by a succession ( able m9i/]s & ) ! cons5t ( ! k+s4 #g ,! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 always ! cry+ evil ( ,spa91 0 re/rict$ 9 _m ways2 ! ,inquisition 0 curb$2 ! ,jesuits 7 driv5 f ! k+dom2 ! burn+ ( h]etics 0 /opp$2 prosecution = h]esy 0 r$uc$ & disc\rag$2 ! mona/ic ord]s 7 taught to fe> ! law & curb _! passions2 evils 9 public adm9i/ration 7 remov$2 national grievances 7 r$ress$2 ! civil s]vice 0 improv$2 sci5ce & lit]ature 7 enc\rag$1 9 place ( b>r5 !ological speculations2 & an e>ne/ ef=t 0 made to reg5]ate ! national life & improve ! lot ( ! common p4 ,all ^! re=ms1 ?\gh1 7 impos$ f above1 & no attempt 0 made to introduce s*ools or to educate ! p 9 ! arts ( self- gov]nm5t4 ,! result 0 t ! re=ms nev] w5t b5ea? ! surface1 & ! national life ( ! p rema9$ l>gely unt\*$4 ,)9 five ye>s ( ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,iii all _h be5 lo/4 ,"u a native ,spani% k+1 ?or\ghly or?odox1 dev\t1 & lack+ 9 any broad national outlook1 ! ,*ur* easily re/or$ itself to p[]1 ! prie/s resum$ _! e>li] importance1 ! nobles aga9 began to exact _! full toll1 free discussion 0 =bidd51 sci5tific /udies 7 ab&on$1 ! univ]sities 7 ord]$ to discont9ue ! /udy ( moral philosophy1 & ! political & social re=ms :i* _h requir$ ?ree g5]ations to build up 7 lo/ 9 half a decade4 ,n meet+ any well- express$ ne$ ( ! p1 & ) no s*ools provid$ to %[ to ! p ! desirable nature ( ! re=ms introduc$1 x 0 easy to sweep !m aside4 ,9 ?is relapse to m$iaevalism1 ! *ance = ,spa9-- a c\ntry ri* 9 possibilities & natural res\rces--to evolve e>ly into a progressive mod]n nation 0 lo/4 ,s ,spa9 has rema9$ ev] s9ce1 & only 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has re=m f )9 begun to be evid5t 9 ?is until rec5tly prie/-ridd5 & b5ight$ l&4 ,,! ,,intellig5t ,,despots ,,( ,,russia4 ,! greate/ ( ^! 7 ,pet] ! ,great1 :o rul$ f #afhi to #agbe1 & ,ca!r9e ,,ii1 :o rul$ f #agfb to #agif4 ,cat*+ some?+ ( ! new eighte5?-c5tury we/]n _s1 ^! rul]s tri$ to introduce "s we/]n enlight5m5t into _! z yet almo/ b>b>\s l&4 ,ea* tri$ e>ne/ly to lift _! p to a high] level ( liv+1 & to />t !m on ! road t[>d civilization & le>n+4 ,by a s]ies ( edicts1 despotically en=c$1 ,pet] tri$ to introduce ! civilization ( ! we/]n _w into 8 c\ntry4 ,he br\ght 9 numb]s ( skill$ artisans1 doctors1 m]*ants1 tea*]s1 pr9t]s1 & soldi]s2 introduc$ _m we/]n skills & trades2 & made ! beg9n+s ( we/]n second>y education = ! gov]n+ classes by ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! cities ( a numb] ( ,g]man-type gymnasia4 #h ,lat] ,ca!r9e ,,ii _h ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,did]ot 7p4 #dhb7 draw up a plan = h] = ! organization ( a /ate sy/em ( high] s*ools1 b ! plan 0 nev] put into effect4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,russian high] civilization really date f ?is eighte5?-c5tury "w4 ,! p[] ( ! =midable ,greek or ,ea/]n ,*ur* rema9$1 h[ev]1 unt\*$1 & ?is cont9u$1 until aft] ! ,russian revolution ( #aiag1 z "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles to ,russian intellectual & educational progress4 ,! s]fs1 too1 rema9$ s]fs--ti$ to ! l&1 ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 & ob$i5t4 ,by ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,russia1 l>gely "u ,prussian tra9+1 _h become a v =midable milit>y p[]1 & by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 beg9n+ to make "s progress ( importance 9 ! arts ( peace4 ,j at pres5t ,russia is go+ ?r\gh a /age ( national evolution q comp>able to t :i* took place 9 ,france a c5tury & a qu>t] ago1 & ! educational importance ( ?is great p1 z we %all po9t out fur!r on1 lies 9 _! future evolution r ?an 9 any contribution !y h z yet made to we/]n developm5t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,unsatisfi$ ,,dem& ,,= ,,re=m ,,9 ,,france ,,! ,,sett+ ,,( ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,france4 ,eighte5?-c5tury ,france1 on ! contr>y1 develop$ no b5evol5t despot to mitigate abuses1 re=m ! laws1 aboli% privileges1 temp] ! rule ( ! ,*ur*1 #i 7,r4 #bdg71 curb ! mona/ic ord]s1 develop ! natural res\rces1 beg9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 & alleviate ! h>d lot ( ! s]f & ! peasant4 ,!re1 in/ead1 absolute mon>*y 9 ,europe rea*$ its mo/ complete triumph dur+ ! long reigns ( ,l\is ,,xiv 7#afdc-agae7 & ,l\is ,,xv 7#agae-gd71 & ! spl5dor ( ! c\rt life ( ,france captivat$ all ,europe & s]v$ to hide ! mis]y :i* made ! spl5dor possible4 ,!re ! p[] ( ! nobles _h be5 completely brok51 & ! p[] ( ! p>liam5ts completely de/roy$4 ,i am ! ,/ate1 exclaim$ ,l\is ,,xiv1 & ! almo/ unlimit$ despotism ( ! ,k+ & 8 m9i/]s & favorites fully support$ ! /atem5t4 ,local lib]ties _h be5 suppress$1 & ! lot ( ! common p--ignorant1 h>d-work+1 d[ntrodd51 b int5sely patriotic--0 wret*$ 9 ! extreme4 ,approximately #adj1jjj nobles #aj & #acj1jjj monks1 nuns1 & cl]gy own$ two fif?s ( ! l&$ prop]ty ( ,france1 & controll$ ! de/9ies ( a nation ( approximately #be1jjj1jjj p4 ,agriculture 0 ! great indu/ry ( ! "t1 b ?is 0 s tax$ by ! ag5ts ( ,k+ & ,*ur* t ov] "o half ( ! net pr(its f f>m+ 7 tak5 = taxation4 ,,*ur* ,,& ,,/ate ,,7 ,,9 ,,close ,,work+ ,,alliance4 ,! high] (fices ( ! ,*ur* 7 commonly held by appo9t$ noblem51 :o drew l>ge incomes #aa l$ worldly lives1 & neglect$ _! prie/ly functions mu* z ! ,italian appo9tees 9 ,g]man l&s _h done be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,betwe5 ! nobles & upp] cl]gy on ! "o h& & ! peasant-born l[] cl]gy & ! masses ( ! p on ! o!r a great gulf exi/$4 ,! real bra9s ( ,france 7 to be f\nd among a small b\rgeois class ( bank]s1 m]*ants1 %opkeep]s1 m9or (ficials1 lawy]s1 & skill$ artisans1 :o liv$ 9 ! cities & :o1 ambiti\s & discont5t$1 did mu* to /imulate ! increas+ unre/ & dem& = re=m :i* 9 "t p]vad$ ! :ole nation4 ,a k+1 con/antly 9 ne$ ( increas+ sums ( money2 an idle1 selfi%1 corrupt1 & discr$it$ nobility & upp] cl]gy1 incapable ( aid+ ! k+1 _m ( :om1 too1 _h be5 influ5c$ by ! new philosophic & sci5tific ?9k+ & 7 will+ to help de/roy _! own ord]s2 an aggressive1 discont5t$1 & patriotic b\rgeoisie1 full ( new political & social ideas1 & patriotically anxi\s to re=m ,france2 & a va/ unorganiz$ peasantry & city rabble1 suff]+ mu* & resi/+ little1 b capable ( a t]rible fury & s5seless de/ruction1 once !y 7 ar\s$ & _! suppress$ rage let loose2--^! 7 ! ma9 elem5ts 9 ! sett+ ( eighte5?-c5tury ,france4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,re=m ,,philosoph]s4 ,dur+ ! middle decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury a small b v influ5tial gr\p ( re=m philosoph]s 9 ,france attack$ ) _! p5s ! anci5t abuses 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & did mu* to pave ! way = g5u9e political & religi\s re=m4 ,9 a s]ies ( widely read articles & books1 *>act]iz$ = ! mo/ "p by cle> reason+ & tell+ argum5ts1 ^! political philosoph]s attack$ ! p[] ( ! absolute mon>*y on ! "o h&1 & ! exi/+ privileges ( ! nobles & cl]gy on ! o!r1 z bo? unju/ & inimical to ! welf>e ( society 7,r4 #bdh74 ,! lead]s 9 ! re=m movem5t 7 ,montesquieu 7#afhi-agee71 ,turgot 7#agbg-ha71 ,voltaire 7#afid-aggh71 ,did]ot 7#agac-hd71 & ,r\sseau 7#agab- #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,,montesquieu7#afhi-agee7 ,montesquieu4 ,9 #agdh appe>$ ,montesquieu's fam\s book1 ! ,_s ( ,laws4 ,9 ?is he po9t$ out ! _m excell5t features ( ! con/itutional gov]nm5t :i* ! ,engli% _h develop$1 & comp>$ ,engli% conditions ) ! _m abuses to :i* ! ,fr5* p 7 subject4 ,he argu$ t laws %\ld be expressive ( ! wi%es & ne$s ( ! p gov]n$1 & t ! education ( a p ought to be relative to ! pr9ciples ( good gov]nm5t4 ,montesquieu also /&s1 ) ,turgot z ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ces ( comp>ative politics #ab & ! philosophy ( hi/ory--new /udies :i* help$ to %ape ! political ?9k+ ( eighte5?-c5tury ,france4 ,turgot4 ,two ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,montesquieu's book1 ,turgot deliv]$ 7#agej7 a s]ies ( lectures at ! ,sorbonne1 9 ,p>is1 9 :i* he virtually creat$ ! sci5ce ( hi/ory4 ,look+ at human hi/ory compreh5sively1 see+ cle>ly t !re _h be5 a hi!rto unrecogniz$ regul>ity ( m>* amid ! confusion ( ! pa/1 & t x 0 possible to grasp ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( man z a :ole1 he saw & /at$ ! possibility ( society to improve itself ?r\gh intellig5t gov]nm5t1 & ! ne$ = wise laws & g5]al education to enable x to d s4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,turgot 7#agbg-ha7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,,voltaire 7#afid-aggh7 ,9 #aggd ,turgot 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance by ! new ,k+1 ,l\is ,,xvi1 & dur+ ! two ye>s be=e he 0 remov$ f (fice he attempt$ to c>ry out _m ne$$ political & social re=ms4 ,duruy #ad has summ>iz$ 8 sugge/$ re=ms z foll[s3 #a4 ,gradual introduction ( a complete sy/em ( local self-gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,imposition ( a l& tax on nobility & cl]gy4 #c4 ,suppression ( ! great] "p ( ! mona/]ies4 #d4 ,amelioration ( ! condition ( ! m9or cl]gy4 #e4 ,equalization ( ! burd5s ( taxation4 #f4 ,lib]ty ( consci5ce1 & ! recall ( ! ,prote/ants to ,france4 #g4 ,a uni=m sy/em ( weights & measures4 #h4 ,fre$om = comm]ce & indu/ry4 #i4 ,a s+le & uni=m code ( laws4 #aj4 ,a va/ plan = ! organization ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,?is li/ is indicative ( ! re=m philosophy 9 ! light ( :i* he work$4 ,ar\s+ ! natural ho/ility ( ! nobility & high] cl]gy1 he 0 soon dismiss$1 & ! re=ms he _h propos$ 7 ab&on$ by ! ,k+4 ,voltaire4 ,! ke5e/ & mo/ unsp>+ critic ( ! old ord] 0 ,voltaire4 ,9 cle> & =ceful ,fr5* he expos$ exi/+ conditions 9 society & gov]nm5t1 & p>ticul>ly ! control ( affairs ex]cis$ by ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ p[]ful organization ( 8 day--! ,*ur*4 ,= ?is he 0 execrat$ & hat$ by ! cl]gy1 & 9 return he made x ! *ief task ( 8 life to de/roy ! reign ( ! prie/4 ,hav+ liv$ = a "t 9 ,engl&1 he appreciat$ ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,) a ke5 & unsp>+ p5 he expos$ ! s*ola/icism1 despotism1 dogmatism1 sup]/ition1 hypocrisy1 s]vility1 & deep inju/ice ( 8 age1 & p\r$ out ! vials ( 8 scorn ^u ! grubb+ p$antry ( ! ,academicians :o dot$ ^u ! pa/ because ignorant ( ! pres5t4 ,9 p>ticul> he /ood = ! abolition ( t relic ( feudalism--s]fdom--:i* /ill s]i\sly oppress$ ! peasantry ( ,france2 = lib]ty 9 ?\ght & action = ! individual2 = curb+ ! p[]s & privileges ( bo? ,/ate & ,*ur*2 = an equalization ( ! burd5s ( taxation betwe5 ! diff]5t classes 9 ,fr5* society2 & = ! organization ( a sy/em ( public education ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,he di$ be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution he _h done s mu* to br+ ab\t1 b by ! "t he di$ ! ,anci5t ,rgime ( privilege & corruption & oppression 0 already tott]+ to its fall4 ,8 conception ( ! relations t %\ld exi/ betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate are well set =? 9 a %ort article f 8 p5 on ! subject 7,r4 #bdh7 repr9t$ f ! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,did]ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,,did]ot 7#agac-hd7 ,did]ot4 ,ano!r able ?9k] & writ] 0 ,did]ot4 ,besides o!r works ( importance1 he gave tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 7#agea-gb7 to ! edit+ 7) ,d',alemb]t7 ( an ,encyclopa$ia ( sev5te5 volumes ( text & elev5 ( plates4 ,_m ( ! articles 7 writt5 by himself1 & 7 expressive ( 8 ideas z to re=m4 ,_m 7 frankly critical ( exi/+ privileges1 abuses1 & pret5sions4 ,_m int]pret$ to ! ,fr5* ! sci5ce ( ,newton & ! discov]ies ( ! age1 & awak5$ a new int]e/ 9 sci5tific /udy4 ,because ( its re=m ideas ! publication 0 suppress$1 9 #agei1 aft] ! publication ( ! sev5? volume1 & _h to be c>ri$ on surreptiti\sly !reaft]4 ,visc\nt ,morley1 writ+ rec5tly on ,did]ot1 summ>izes ! nature & influ5ce ( ! ,encyclopa$ia 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,! ecclesia/ical p>ty dete/$ ! ,encyclopa$ia1 9 :i* !y saw a ris+ /ronghold = _! philosophical enemies4 ,to any "o :o turns ov] ! pages ( ^! r$\btable volumes n[1 x seems surpris+ t _! doctr9e %\ld h /irr$ su* port5t\s al>m4 ,!re is no a!ism1 no ov]t attack on any ( ! c>d9al my/]ies ( ! fai?1 no direct d5unciation ev5 ( ! notori\s abuses ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet we feel t ! atmosph]e ( ! book may well h be5 displeas+ to au?orities :o _h n yet le>nt to enc\nt] ! mod]n _s on equal t]ms4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia takes = grant$ ! ju/ice ( religi\s tol]ation & speculative fre$om4 ,x ass]ts 9 di/9ct tones ! democratic doctr9e t x is ! common p 9 a nation ^: lot ought to be ! *ief conc]n ( ! nation's gov]nm5t4 ,f beg9n+ to end x is "o unbrok5 process ( exaltation ( sci5tific k on ! "o h&1 & pacific indu/ry on ! o!r4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 odi\s to ! old gov]n+ classes ( ,france4 #ae ,r\sseau4 ,! fif? re=m writ] m5tion$ z ex]cis+ a l>ge influ5ce 0 ,r\sseau4 ,9 #agdi ! ,academy at ,dijon (f]$ a prize = ! be/ essay on ! subject3 ,has ! progress ( ! sci5ces & arts contribut$ to corrupt or to purify morals8 ,r\sseau took ! negative side & won ! prize4 ,8 essay attract$ widespread att5tion4 ,9 #agec he compet$ = a second prize on ,! ,orig9 ( ,inequality among ,m51 9 :i* he took ! same negative attitude4 ,9 #agfb appe>$ bo? 8 ,social ,contract & mile4 ,9 ! =m] he cont5d$ t e>ly m5 _h giv5 to select$ lead]s ! "r to conduct _! gov]nm5t = !m1 & t ^! _h 9 "t become autocratic & _h virtually enslav$ ! p 7,r4 #bdi a74 ,he held t m5 7 n b\nd to submit to gov]nm5t aga9/ _! wills1 & to rem$y exi/+ abuses he advocat$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! usurp+ gov]nm5t & ! e/abli%m5t ( a republic1 ) univ]sal suffrage bas$ on lib]ty1 frat]nity1 & equality4 ,! ideal ,/ate lay 9 a society controll$ by ! p1 :]e artificiality & ari/ocracy & ! tyranny ( society ov] man did n exi/4 ,nor c\ld ,r\sseau di/+ui% betwe5 political & ecclesia/ical tyranny1 hold+ t ! =m] inevitably foll[$ f ! latt] 7,r4 #bdi b74 ,crude z 7 8 !ories1 & impractical z 7 _m ( 8 ideas1 to an age tir$ ( absurdities & pret5sions & inju/ice1 & suff]+ deeply f ! abuses ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate1 8 attractively writt5 book seem$ almo/ inspir$4 ,! ,social ,contract virtually became ! ,bible ( ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s4 ,9 ! mile1 a book :i* w be ref]r$ to m at l5g? 9 *apt] ,,xxi1 ,r\sseau held t we %\ld rev]t1 9 education1 to a /ate ( nature to secure ! ne$$ educational re=ms1 & t education to prep>e = life 9 ! exi/+ society 0 bo? wrong & useless4 ,a ,,revolution ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,?9k+4 ,^! five m5--,montesquieu1 ,turgot1 ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 & ,r\sseau--& _m o!r less influ5tial foll[]s1 portray$ ! abuses ( ! "t 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate & po9t$ out ! l9es ( political & ecclesia/ical re=m4 ,^? :o read _! writ+s und]/ood bett] :y ! exi/+ privileges ( ! nobility & cl]gy 7 no long] "r1 & ! ne$ = re=m 9 matt]s ( taxation & gov]nm5t4 ,_! writ+s add$ to ! _s ( unre/ ( ! c5tury1 & 7 deeply influ5tial1 n only 9 ,france1 b 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies z well4 ,?\gh ! attack 0 at fir/ aga9/ ! evils 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! new critical philosophy soon l$ to intellectual developm5ts ( importance 9 _m o!r directions4 ,at ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv 7#agae7 ,france 0 intellectually pro/rate4 ,great z 0 8 long reign f ! po9t ( view ( ! spl5dor ( 8 c\rt1 & l>ge z 0 ! quantity ( lit]ature produc$1 8 age 0 nev]!less an age ( mis]y1 religi\s intol]ance1 political oppression1 & intellectual decl9e4 ,x 0 a reign ( c5traliz$ & highly p]sonal gov]nm5t4 ,m5 no long] d>$ to ?9k = !mselves1 or to discuss ) any fre$om que/ions ei!r ( politics or religion4 ,!re 0 no popul> lib]ty2 !re 7 no great m52 !re 0 no sci5ce2 !re 0 no lit]ature2 !re 7 no arts4 ,! l>ge/ intellects lo/ _! en]gy2 ! national _s di$ away4 ,betwe5 ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv & ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7#aghi7 an intellectual revolution took place 9 ,france1 & = ?is revolution ,engli% political progress & political & sci5tific ?9k+ 7 l>gely responsible4 ,,great ,,engli% ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,france4 ,9 #agae ! ,engli% language 0 almo/ unspok5 9 ,france1 ,engli% sci5ce & political progress 7 unkn[n !re1 & ! ,engli% 7 look$ d[n ^u & hat$4 ,half a c5tury lat] ,engli% 0 spok5 ev]y:]e by ! s*ol>s ( ! "t2 ! ,engli% 7 look$ ^u z ! political & sci5tific lead]s ( ,europe2 & ! s*ol>s ( ,france visit$ ,engl& to /udy ,engli% political1 economic1 & sci5tific progress4 ,locke1 an uncompromis+ advocate ( political & religi\s lib]ty2 ,hobbes1 ! speculative moral philosoph]2 & ! great sci5ti/ ,newton 7 ! tea*]s ( ,voltaire4 ,m ?an any o!r s+le man1 ,voltaire m\ld$ & r$irect$ eighte5?-c5tury ?\ght 9 ,france4 #af ,num]\s ,fr5* writ]s ( importance--,helvetius1 ,did]ot1 ,morellet1 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 to m5tion b a few--drew _! inspiration f ,engli% writ]s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,engl& became ! s*ool = political lib]ty = ,france4 #ag ,! effect ( ! "w ( ,isaac ,newton 7p4 #chh71 z popul>iz$ by ! writ+s ( ,voltaire1 0 revolution>y on a p :o _h be5 s tyranniz$ ov] by ! cl]gy z _h ! ,fr5* dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,an int]e/ 9 sci5tific /udies be=e unkn[n 9 ,france n[ flam$ up1 & a new g5]ation ( ,fr5* sci5ti/s arose4 ,physics1 *emi/ry1 zology1 & anatomy receiv$ a great new impetus1 :ile botany1 geology1 & m9]alogy 7 rais$ to ! rank ( sci5ces4 ,popul> sci5tific lectures became v common4 ,! classics 7 almo/ ab&on$ = ! new /udies4 ,economic que/ions n[ also began to be discuss$1 su* z que/ions ( money1 food1 f9ance1 & gov]nm5t exp5diture4 ,9 #aggf ! ,engli%man1 ,adam ,smi?1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! new sci5ce ( political economy by ! publication ( 8 ,weal? ( ,nations1 & ?is 0 at once translat$ into ,fr5* & eag]ly read4 ,9 #agha a ,fr5* bank] by ! "n ( ,neck] publi%$ 8 ,compte ,r5du1 a /ati/ical report on ! f9ances ( ,france4 ,s fev]i%ly eag] 7 m5 to /udy problems ( gov]nm5t t six ?\s& copies 7 sold ! day x 0 publi%$1 & eighty ?\s& _h to be pr9t$ be=e ! dem& = x 0 satisfi$4 ,a half-c5tury e>li] x w\ld h be5 read sc>cely at all4 ,9 ! meantime taxes pil$ up1 re=ms 7 refus$1 ! p[] & arrogance ( ! cl]gy & nobility %[$ no signs ( dim9ution1 ! nation 0 burd5$ ) debt1 comm]ce & agriculture decl9$1 ! lot ( ! common p became ev] m h>d to be>1 & ! masses grew increas+ly res5tful & rebelli\s4 ,z national affairs cont9u$ to drift f bad to worse 9 ,france1 a s]ies ( important happ5+s on ! ,am]ican cont95t help$ to br+ matt]s m rapidly to a crisis4 ,be=e describ+ ^! ev5ts1 h[ev]1 we wi% to sket* briefly ! rise ( gov]nm5t by ! p & ! ext5sion ( lib]alism 9 ,engl&--! fir/ great democratic nation ( ! we/]n _w4 ,,iii4 ,,engl& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,democratic ,,nation ,,e>ly ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,engli% ,,lib]ty4 ,! fir/ we/]n nation creat$ f ! wreck ( ! ,roman ,empire to a*ieve a measurem5t ( self-gov]nm5t 0 ,engl&4 ,bett] civiliz$ ?an mo/ ( ! o!r w&]+ tribes1 at ! "t ( _! com+ to ,engli% %ores1 ! invad+ ,angles1 ,saxons1 & ,jutes e>ly accept$ ,*ri/ianity 7p4 #abj7 & settl$ d[n to an agricultural life4 ,on ,engli% %ores !y soon built up a =-!-"t sub/antial civilization4 ,?is 0 lat] l>gely de/roy$ by ! pillag+ ,danes1 b ) *>act]i/ic en]gy ! ,engli% set to "w to assimilate ! newcom]s & build up civilization anew4 ,! "w ( ,alfr$ 7p4 #adf7 9 re/abli%+ law & ord]1 at a "t :5 law & ord] sc>cely exi/$ any:]e 9 we/]n ,europe1 w long rema9 fam\s4 ,lat] on1 & at a "t :5 ,g]man & ,hun & ,slav _h only rec5tly accept$ ,*ri/ianity 9 "n & _h begun to settle d[n into rude tribal gov]nm5ts1 & :5 ! ,prussians 9 _! orig9al home along ! ea/]n ,baltic 7 /ill (f]+ human sacrifices to _! hea!n gods 7p4 #abj71 ! ,engli% b>ons 7 extort+ ,magna ,*>ta f ,k+ ,john & lay+ ! firm f\ndations ( ,engli% con/itutional lib]ty4 ,9 ! mead[ at ,runnym$e1 on t ju/ly celebrat$ ,june day1 9 #abae1 gov]nm5t "u law & bas$ on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$ began to %ape itself once m 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,( ! sixty-?ree articles ( ?is ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties1 ?ree possess imp]i%able value4 ,^! provid$3 #a4 ,t no free man %all be imprison$ or proce$$ aga9/ except by 8 pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&1 :i* secur$ trial by jury4 #b4 ,t ju/ice %\ld nei!r be sold1 d5i$1 nor delay$4 #c4 ,t dues f ! p to ! k+ c\ld be impos$ only ) ! cons5t ( ! ,national ,c\ncil 7aft] #abdf kn[n z ,p>liam5t74 ,s important 0 ?is *>t] to su* a lib]ty-lov+ p z ! ,engli% h always be51 & s bitt]ly did k+s res5t its hamp]+ provisions1 t )9 ! next two c5turies k+s _h be5 =c$ to confirm x no less ?an ?irty-sev5 times4 ,by #abie ! fir/ complete ,p>liam5t1 repres5tative ( ! ?ree ord]s ( society--,lords1 ,cl]gy1 & ,commons--assembl$1 & 9 #accc ! ,commons ga9$ ! "r to sit by itself4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t ! ,commons1 repres5t+ ! p1 has gradually broad5$ its p[]s1 work+1 z ,t5nyson has said1 #ah f prec$5t to prec$5t1 until to-day x rules ! ,engli% nation4 ,9 #acgf ! ,commons ga9$ ! "r to impea* ! ,k+'s m9i/]s1 & 9 #adjg ! exclusive "r to make grants ( money = any gov]nm5tal purpose4 ,c5turies ahead ( o!r nations1 ?is insur$ an almo/ cont9ual meet+ ( ! national assembly & a close scrut9y ( ! acts ( bo? k+s & m9i/]s4 ,9 #afjd ,k+ ,james ,i1 imitat+ cont95tal ,european prec$5ts1 proclaim$ 8 !ory z to ! div9e "r ( k+s to rule1 #ai & a /ruggle at once set 9 :i* c>ri$ ! ,engli% into ,civil ,w> 7#afdb- #di72 l$ to ! behead+ ( ,*>les ,i 7#afdi72 ! ov]?r[ & bani%m5t ( ,james ,,ii 7#afhh72 & ! ultimate firm e/abli%m5t1 in/ead1 ( ! div9e "r ( ! common p4 #bj ,9 an age :5 ! autocratic p[] & ! div9e "r ( k+s to rule 0 almo/ unque/ion$ else:]e 9 ,europe1 ! ,engli% p compell$ _! k+ to recognize t he c\ld rule ov] !m only :5 he rul$ 9 _! int]e/s & z !y wi%$ him to d4 ,?\gh !re 0 a p]iod ( /ruggle lat] on ) ! ,g]man ,georges 7,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii71 & especially ) ! hone/ b /upid ,george ,,iii1 ,engl& has1 s9ce #afhh1 be5 a gov]nm5t ( & by ! p4 #ba ,france did n rid itself ( ! div9e-"r conception until ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7#aghi71 & ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,russia n until #aiah4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,tol]ance ,,among ,,! ,,engli%4 ,! results ( ! long /ruggle ( ! ,engli% = lib]ty "u law %[$ itself 9 _m ways 9 ! gr[? ( tol]ance among ! p ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,at a "t :5 o!r nations 7 b\nd d[n 9 bl9d ob$i5ce to k+ & prie/1 & :5 diss5t+ m9orities 7 driv5 f ! l&1 ! ,engli% p _h become accu/om$ to ! idea ( individual lib]ty1 regulat$ by law1 & to ! tol]ation ( op9ions ) :i* !y did n agree4 ,^! *>act]i/ically ,engli% conceptions ( lib]ty "u law & ( ! tol]ation ( m9orities h f\nd expression 9 _m important ways 9 ! life & gov]nm5t ( ! p 7,r4 #bej71 & h be5 elem5ts ( great /r5g? 9 ,engl&'s colonial policy4 ,"o ( ! important ways 9 :i* ?is gr[? ( tol]ance among ! ,engli% %[$ itself 0 9 ! ext5sion ( a l>g] fre$om to ^? unable to subscribe to ! /ate religion4 ,?\gh ! ,re=mation movem5t _h /irr$ up bitt] hatr$s 9 ,engl&1 z on ! ,cont95t1 ! ,engli% 7 among ! fir/ ( ,european peoples to %[ tol]ance ( opposition 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,! high ,engli% ,/ate ,*ur*1 :i* _h succe$$ ! ,roman1 _h made b small appeal to _m ,engli%m54 ,! ,puritans _h e>ly /ruggl$ to secure a simplification ( ! *ur* s]vice & ! introduction ( m prea*+ 7p4 #cei71 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! organization ( ?ree additional diss5t+ sects1 :i* became kn[n z ,unit>ians1 ,bapti/s1 & ,quak]s1 took place4 ,^! sects divid$ (f r quietly1 & _! sep>ation result$ only 9 ! enactm5t ( new laws reg>d+ con=mity1 pray]s1 & tea*+4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 aft] ! execution ( ,*>les ,i 7#afdi71 ! ,puritans _h tempor>ily ris5 to p[]1 & dur+ _! control ( affairs _h impos$ _! /rict ,calv9i/ic /&>ds z to ,sabba? obs]vance & piety on ! nation4 ,?is 0 v di/a/eful to _m1 & f su* /rict obs]vances ! p 9 "t rebell$4 ,! /&>ds ( ! ,engli% 9 p]sonal morality1 temp]ance1 amusem5ts1 & mann]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 n especially high1 & 9 ! reaction f ,puritan control & /rict religi\s obs]vances ! great mass ( ! p deg5]at$ into positive irreligion & gross immorality4 ,drunk5ness1 r[dyism1 robb]y1 blasphemy1 brutality1 lewdness1 & pro/itution became v common4 ,?is moral decl9e ( ! p ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& seem$ p[]less to arre/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,john ,,wesley 7#agjg-hb7 ,f\nd] ( ,me?odism4 ,ab\t #agcj a re=m movem5t 0 begun "u ! able lead]%ip ( a "y ,ox=d /ud5t by ! "n ( ,john ,wesley1 ably second$ by ,george ,:itefield 7#agad-gj71 ) a view to rea*+ ! classes s completely unt\*$ by ! high ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,by travel+ ov] ! c\ntry & prea*+ a gospel ( rep5tance1 p]sonal fai?1 & bett] liv+1 ^! two "y m5 made a deep emotional appeal1 & soon ga9$ a /rong hold on ! poor] & m ignorant classes ( ! p4 ,=bidd5 to prea* 9 ,anglican *ur*es1 & at times ?reat5$ ) p]sonal viol5ce1 ^! two m5 7 9 "t =c$ into op5 rebellion aga9/ ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,f9ally !y f\nd$ a new ,*ur*1 :i* became kn[n z ! ,me?odi/4 #bb ,?is new organization bore ! same relation to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& t ! ,anglican ,*ur* two hundr$ ye>s be=e _h borne to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,?us 0 accompli%$ a second spiritual re=mation 9 ,engl&1 & "o de/9$ 9 "t to spread to ! colonies & deeply affect ! lives ( a l>ge portion ( ! ,engli% p4 #bc ,t su* a well-organiz$ sect c\ld arise1 su* a moral re=mation be prea*$1 & ! p[] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* be *all5g$ s op5ly & )\t s]i\s p]secution1 speaks mu* = ! gr[? ( religi\s tol]ance among ! ,engli% p s9ce ! days ( ! great ,elizabe?4 ,9 #aggh ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,relief ,act 0 adopt$1 & 9 #aggi diss5t+ m9i/]s & s*oolma/]s 7 reliev$ f ! disabilities "u :i* !y _h s long rema9$4 ,^! acts indicate a fur!r m>k$ gr[? 9 religi\s tol]ance on ! "p ( ! ,engli% nation4 #bd ,,new ,,emancipat+ ,,& ,,educative ,,influ5ces4 ,9 #affb ! fir/ regul> newspap] outside ( ,italy 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 #agjb ! fir/ daily pap]4 ,small 9 size1 pr9t$ on b "o side ( ! %eet1 & deal+ :olly ) local matt]s1 ^! nev]!less m>k$ ! beg9n+s ( t daily expression ( popul> op9ion ) :i* we are n[ s famili>4 #be ,aft] ab\t #agje ! *eap political pamphlet made its appe>ance1 & aft] #agaj1 in/ead ( m]ely communicat+ news1 ! pap]s began ! discussion ( political que/ions4 ,by #agce a revolution _h be5 effect$ 9 ,engl&1 & pap]s & presses began to be e/abli%$ 9 ! *ief cities & t[ns outside ( ,london2 ! fre$om ( ! press 0 9 a l>ge way complet$1 & newspap]s1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 7 made ! expon5ts ( public op9ion4 ,! press 9 ,engl& 9 consequ5ce became an educative =ce ( great intellectual & political importance1 & did mu* to comp5sate = ! lack ( a g5]al sy/em ( s*ools = ! p4 ,9 #aggb ! "r to publi% ! debates 9 ,p>liam5t 0 f9ally won1 ov] ! /r5u\s objections #bf ( ,george ,,iii4 ,9 #aghj ! fir/ ,sunday newspap] appe>$1 on ! only day ! l[] ord]s _h "t to read a pap] at all1 &1 despite ! ef=ts ( religi\s bodies to suppress x1 ! ,sunday pap] has cont9u$ to ! pres5t & has contribut$ its quota to ! education & enlight5m5t ( mank9d4 ,9 #aghe ! fam\s ,london ,times began to appe>4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury debat+ societies = ! consid]ation ( public que/ions arose1 & 9 #agfi ! fir/ public meet+ ev] assembl$ 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* x 0 attempt$ to enlight5 ,engli%m5 respect+ _! political rights 0 held1 & su* meet+s soon became ( almo/ daily occurr5ce4 ,all ^! influ5ces /imulat$ political ?9k+ to a high degree1 & contribut$ n only to a desire = /ill l>g] political fre$om b = ! m g5]al diffusion ( ! ability to read z well 7,r4 #bej74 ,/ill o!r important new influ5ces arose dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ea* ( :i* t5d$ to awak5 new desires = s*ools & le>n+4 ,9 #afgh ! fir/ mod]n pr9t$ /ory to appeal to ! masses1 ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 appe>$ f ! press4 ,writt51 z x _h be51 by a man ( ! p1 its simple n>rative =m1 its passionate religi\s feel+1 its picture ( ! j\rney ( a pilgrim ?r\gh a _w ( s9 & temptation & trial1 & its ,biblical language ) :i* ! common p _h n[ become famili>--all ^! elem5ts comb9$ to make x a book t appeal$ /rongly to all :o read or he>d x read1 & /imulat$ among ! masses a desire to read comp>able to t awak5$ by ! *a9+ ( ! ,engli% ,bible 9 ! *ur*es a c5tury be=e 7,r4 #agj74 ,9 #agai ! fir/ great ,engli% novel1 ,defoe's ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & 9 #agbf ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 add$ new /imulus to ! desires awak5$ by ,bunyan's book4 ,all ?ree 7 books ( ! common p1 :]eas ! dramas1 plays1 essays1 & s*ol>ly works previ\sly produc$ _h appeal$ only to a small educat$ class4 ,9 #agea :at 0 probably ! fir/ circulat+ libr>y ( mod]n times 0 op5$ at ,birm+ham1 & soon !reaft] simil> in/itutions 7 e/abli%$ 9 o!r ,engli% cities4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,manufactur+2 ,,! ,,new ,,era4 ,engl&1 too1 f ! fir/1 %[$ an int]e/ 9 & a tol]ance t[>d ! new sci5tific ?9k+ sc>cely f\nd 9 any o!r l&4 ,?is 9 itself is indicative ( ! great intellectual progress :i* ! ,engli% p _h by ?is "t made4 #bg ,at a "t :5 ,galileo1 9 ,italy1 0 fight+1 almo/ alone1 = ! "r to ?9k along ! l9es ( ! new sci5tific me?od & be+ imprison$ = 8 pa9s1 ,engli%m5 7 read+ ) deep int]e/ ! epo*-mak+ sci5tific writ+s ( ,"l ,francis ,bacon1 ,e>li] ?an 9 o!r l&s1 too1 ! ,newtonian philosophy f\nd a place 9 ! in/ruction ( ! national univ]sities1 & ,engli% s*ol>s began to employ ! new sci5tific me?od 9 _! se>* = new tru?s4 ,! ,briti% ,royal 7,sci5tific7 ,society #bh _h begun to meet z e>ly z #afde1 & ev] s9ce has publi%$ 9 its proce$+s ! be/ ( ,engli% sci5tific ?9k+4 ,by ! reign ( ,george ,i 7#agad-bg7 sci5tific "w began to be popul>iz$1 & ! fir/ little booklets on sci5tific subjects began to appe>4 ,^! popul> pres5tations ( :at _h be5 work$ out 7 sold at ! book /alls & by p$dl]s & 7 eag]ly read2 by ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii 7#agfj7 !y _h become v common4 ,9 #agjd-aj ! fir/ ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 0 pr9t$1 & 9 #agfh-ga ! fir/ edition 7?ree volumes7 ( ! n[ fam\s ,encyclop$ia ,britannica appe>$4 ,9 #agee ! fam\s ,briti% ,museum 0 f\nd$4 ,z e>ly z #afih a rude =m ( /eam eng9e _h be5 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 & by #agab ?is _h be5 p]fect$ suffici5tly to be us$ 9 pump+ wat] f ! coal m9es4 ,9 #agfe ,james ,watt made ! real beg9n+ ( ! application ( /eam to indu/ry by pat5t+ 8 /eam eng9e2 9 #agfj ,w$gwood e/abli%$ ! pott]y indu/ry 9 ,engl&2 9 #agfg ,h>greaves devis$ ! sp9n+-j5ny1 :i* bani%$ ! sp9dle & di/aff & ! old sp9n+-:eel2 9 #agfi ,arkwright evolv$ 8 sp9n+-frame2 & 9 #aghe ,c>twright complet$ ! process by inv5t+ ! p[] loom = weav+4 ,9 #aghd a great improvem5t 9 ! smelt+ ( iron ores 7puddl+7 0 work$ out4 ,^! inv5tions1 all ,engli%1 7 revolution>y 9 _! effect on manufactur+4 ,!y meant ! displacem5t ( h& p[] by ma*9e labor1 ! breakd[n ( home indu/ry ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( labor 9 factories1 ! rise ( great manufactur+ cities1 #bi & ! ultimate collapse ( ! age-old appr5tice%ip sy/em ( tra9+1 :]e ! ma/] workman ) a few appr5tices 9 8 %op prep>$ goods = sale4 ,!y also meant ! ultimate trans=mation ( ,engl& f an agricultural into a great manufactur+ & export+ nation1 ^: manufactur$ products w\ld be sold 9 e corn] ( ! globe4 ,by #agej a *ange 9 attitude t[>d all ! old intellectual problems _h become m>k$ 9 ,engl&1 & by #agge att5tion be=e unkn[n 0 be+ giv5 !re to social1 political1 economic1 & educational que/ions4 ,religi\s intol]ance 0 dy+ out1 ! h>% laws ( e>li] days _h begun to be modifi$1 new social & political int]e/s #cj 7 ev]y:]e attract+ att5tion1 & ! great comm]cial expansion ( ,engl& 0 rapidly tak+ %ape4 ,) ,engl& & ,france lead+ 9 ! new sci5tific /udies2 ,engl& 9 ! van 9 ! developm5t ( manufactur+ & ! ,fr5* to ! =e 9 social influ5ces & polite lit]ature2 ,engl& & ! new ,am]ican ,colonies sett+ new /&>ds 9 gov]nm5t by ! p2 ! ,fr5* !ori/s & economi/s giv+ ! _w new ideas z to ! function ( ! ,/ate2 enlight5$ despots on ! ?rones ( ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 & ,russia2 & ! hatr$s ( ! hundr$ ye>s ( religi\s w>f>e dy+ out2 ! _w seem$ to _m1 ab\t #agge1 z on ! v]ge ( "s great & f>-rea*+ *ange 9 me?ods ( liv+ & 9 gov]nm5t1 & ab\t ready to ent] a new era & make rapid advances 9 ne>ly all l9es ( human activity4 ,! *ange came1 b n 9 q ! mann] expect$4 ,,iv4 ,,in/itution ,,( ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,religi\s ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,am]ica ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,,nationality ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,population1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,family ,,names ,,9 ,,! ,,c5sus ,,( #agij4 ,,engli%m5 ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,e/abli% ,a ,,republic4 ,?\gh ! e>ly settlem5t ( ,am]ica1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 *apt] xv1 0 made f among ^? p & f ^? l&s :i* _h embrac$ "s =m ( ! ,prote/ant fai?1 & repres5t$ a numb] ( nationalities & sev]al religi\s sects1 ! ?irte5 colonies1 nev]!less1 7 ess5tially ,engli% 9 orig91 spee*1 habits1 obs]vances1 & political & religi\s conceptions4 ,?is is well %[n = ! :ite population by ! results ( ! fir/ ,f$]al c5sus1 tak5 9 #agij1 z giv5 9 ! adjo9+ figure4 ,?is %[s t ( all ! p 9 ! ?irte5 orig9al ,/ates1 #hc4e p] c5t possess$ names indicat+ pure ,engli% orig91 & t #ia4h p] c5t _h names :i* po9t$ to _! hav+ come f ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! l>ge/ non-,briti% "n nationality 0 ! ,g]man1 ) #e4f p] c5t ( ! :ole1 & ^! 7 f\nd *iefly 9 ,p5nsylvania :]e !y con/itut$ #bf4a p] c5t ( ! ,/ate's population4 ,next 7 ^? hav+ ,dut* names1 :o con/itut$ b #b p] c5t ( ! total population1 & b #af4a p] c5t ( ! population ( ,new ,york4 ,no o!r "n-nationality con/itut$ ov] "o half ( "o p] c5t ( ! total4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,/ates 7 almo/ z ,engli% z ,engl& itself1 #ic to #if p] c5t ( ! names be+ pure ,engli%1 & #ih4e to #ii4h p] c5t be+ f ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,we ?us see t x 0 f ,engl&1 ! nation :i* _h done mo/ 9 ! developm5t ( individual & religi\s lib]ty1 t ! great bulk ( ! e>ly settl]s ( ,am]ica came1 & 9 ! ,new ,_w ! ,engli% traditions z to con/itutional gov]nm5t & lib]ty "u law 7 e>ly & firmly e/abli%$4 ,! c5turies ( /ruggle = repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ,engl& at once bore fruit "h4 ,colony *>t]s1 *>t]s ( rights & lib]ties1 public discussion1 legislative assemblies1 & lib]ty "u law 7 f ! fir/ made ! f\ndation /ones ^u :i* self-gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica 0 built up4 ,f an e>ly date ! ,am]ican ,colonies %[$ an indep5d5ce to :i* ev5 ,engli%m5 7 sc>cely accu/om$1 & :5 ! home gov]nm5t attempt$ to make ! coloni/s pay "s ( ! exp5ses ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 & a l>g] %>e ( ! exp5ses ( colonial adm9i/ration1 !re 0 det]m9$ opposition4 ,hav+ no repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t & no voice 9 levy+ ! tax1 ! coloni/s decl>$ t taxation )\t repres5tation 0 tyranny1 & refus$ to pay ! taxes assess$4 ,/&+ squ>ely on _! rights z ,engli%m51 ! coloni/s 7 gradually =c$ into op5 rebellion4 ,9 #agfe1 & aga9 9 #aggd1 ,decl>ations ( ,rights 7 drawn up & adopt$ by repres5tatives f ! ,colonies1 & 7 =w>d$ to ! ,k+4 ,9 #aggd ! fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress met & =m$ a union ( ! ,colonies2 9 #aggf ! ,colonies decl>$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,?is 0 confirm$1 9 #aghc1 by ! ,treaty ( ,p>is2 9 #aghg1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 draft$2 & 9 #aghi1 ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t began4 ,9 ! preamble to ! tw5ty-sev5 *>ges ( tyranny & oppression made aga9/ ! ,k+ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 we f9d a /atem5t ( political philosophy #ca :i* is a comb9ation ( ! results ( ! long ,engli% /ruggle = lib]ty & ! ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury re=m philosophy & revolution>y dem&s4 #cb ,?is preamble decl>$3 ,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t--t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,t1 to secure ^! rights1 gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$2 t1 :5ev] any =m ( gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 x is ! "r ( ! p to alt] or to aboli% x1 & to in/itute a new gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples1 & organiz+ its p[]s 9 su* =m1 z to !m %all seem mo/ likely to effect _! safety & happ9ess4 ,,am]ican ,,contributions ,,to ,,_w ,,hi/ory4 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution & its results 7 fraught ) great importance = ! future political & educational progress ( mank9d4 ,be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! new ,am]ican gov]nm5t _h made at lea/ f\r important contributions to _w lib]ty & progress :i* 7 c]ta9 to be ( l>ge political & educational value = ! future4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p ( ! ,colonies _h erect$ indep5d5t gov]nm5ts & _h %[n ! possibility ( ! self-gov]nm5t ( peoples on a l>ge scale1 & n m]ely 9 little city-/ates or communities1 z _h previ\sly be5 ! case :]e self-gov]nm5t _h be5 tri$4 ,democratic gov]nm5t 0 "h work$ out & appli$ to l>ge areas1 & to peoples ( div]se nationalities & embrac+ diff]5t religi\s fai?s4 ,! possibility ( ,/ates select+ _! rul]s & successfully gov]n+ !mselves 0 demon/rat$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! new ,am]ican gov]nm5t :i* 0 =m$ did some?+ new 9 _w hi/ory :5 x unit$ ?irte5 indep5d5t & autonom\s ,/ates into a s+le f$]at$ ,nation1 & )\t de/roy+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,/ates4 ,:at 0 =m$ 0 n a league1 or conf$]acy1 z _h exi/$ at diff]5t times among diff]+ gr\ps ( ! ,greek ,city-,/ates1 & f "t to "t 9 ! case ( lat] ,swiss & tempor>y ,european national gr\p+s1 b ! union into a sub/antial & p]man5t ,f$]al ,/ate ( a numb] ( sep>ate ,/ates :i* /ill reta9$ _! indep5d5ce1 & ) provision = ! expansion ( ?is national ,union by ! addition ( new ,/ates4 ,?is f$]al pr9ciple 9 gov]nm5t is probably ! greate/ political contribution ( ! ,am]ican ,union to _w developm5t4 ,9 ! tw5tie?- c5tury conception ( a ,league ( ,nations x has borne /ill fur!r fruit4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! diff]5t ,am]ican ,/ates *ang$ _! old ,colonial ,*>t]s into def9ite writt5 ,con/itutions1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ a ,preamble or ,bill ( ,rights :i* affirm$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( democratic lib]ty 7,r4 #bea74 ,^! n[ became ! fundam5tal law = ea* ( ! sep>ate ,/ates1 & ! same idea 0 lat] work$ out 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ writt5 con/itutions ( hi/ory1 & h s9ce s]v$ z a type = ! creation ( con/itutional gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 su* docum5ts to-day free peoples ev]y:]e def9e ! rights & duties & obligations :i* !y reg>d z necess>y to _! safety & happ9ess & welf>e4 ,f9ally1 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution provid$ = ! ine/imable boon ( religi\s lib]ty1 & 9 a way t 0 bo? revolution>y & :olesome4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce ! ,anglican 7,episcopal7 fai? _h be5 decl>$ ! e/abli%$ religion 9 sev5 ( ! ,colonies1 & ! ,congregational 0 ! e/abli%$ religion 9 ?ree ( ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies1 :ile b ?ree ,colonies _h decl>$ = religi\s fre$om & refus$ to give a pref]5ce to any special cre$4 ,?is religi\s problem _h to be met by ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 & ?is body h&l$ x 9 ! only way x c\ld h be5 intellig5tly h&l$ 9 a nation compos$ ( s _m diff]5t religi\s sects z 0 ours4 ,x simply incorporat$ into ! ,f$]al ,con/itution provisions :i* gu>ante$ ! free ex]cise ( _! religi\s fai? to all1 & =bade ! e/abli%m5t by ,congress ( any /ate religion1 or ! requirem5t ( any religi\s te/ z a pr]equisite to hold+ any (fice "u ! control ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,am]ican p ?us took a /& = religi\s lib]ty at a "t :5 ! hatr$s ( ! ,re=mation /ill burn$ fi]cely1 & :5 tol]ance 9 religi\s matt]s 0 z yet b little kn[n4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s-,,lib]ty ,,contribution4 ,! solution ( ! religi\s "q arriv$ at 0 only second 9 importance = u to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,f$]al ,union1 & ! f>-rea*+ significance to our future national life ( ! sane & =-!-"t extraord9>y provisions incorporat$ into our ,national ,con/itution c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,?is action l$ to ! e>ly ab&onm5t ( /ate religions1 religi\s te/s1 & public taxation = religion 9 ! old ,/ates1 & to ! prohibition ( ^! 9 ! new4 ,! importance ( ?is solution ( ! religi\s "q = ! future ( popul> education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 great1 = x laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* our sy/ems ( free1 common1 public1 tax-support$1 non-sect>ian s*ools h s9ce be5 built up4 ,h[ we c\ld h erect$ a common public-s*ool sy/em on a religi\s basis1 ) ! _m religi\s sects among u1 x is impossible to conceive4 ,in/ead1 we %\ld h _h a s]ies ( feeble1 jeal\s1 antagoni/ic1 & utt]ly ineffici5t *ur*-s*ool sy/ems1 *iefly conf9$ to elem5t>y education1 & ea* l>gely int5t on tea*+ its peculi> *ur* doctr9es & /ruggl+ = an increas+ %>e ( public funds4 ,h[ mu* ! ,am]ican p owe to ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,republic = ?is mo/ enlight5$ & intellig5t provision1 few :o h n ?\ght c>efully on ! matt] c appreciate4 ,to x we mu/ trace n only ! great bless+ ( religi\s lib]ty1 :i* we h s long enjoy$1 b also ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( our common1 free1 public-s*ool sy/ems4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! new /ate motive = education1 :i* 0 soon to sup]s$e ! religi\s motive1 dates f ! e/abli%m5t ) u ( republican gov]nm5ts2 & ! beg9n+ ( ! emancipation ( education f *ur* dom9ation goes back to ?is wise provision ins]t$ 9 our ,national ,con/itution4 ,?is national attitude 0 lat] copi$ 9 ! /ate con/itutions1 & z a preamble to practically all we f9d a ,bill ( ,rights1 :i* 9 almo/ e case includ$ a provision = fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip 7,rs4 #bea1 #bfj74 ,aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a fur!r provision prohibit+ sect>ian tea*+ or /ate aid to sect>ian s*ools 0 ev]y:]e add$4 ,v4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,sweeps ,,away ,,anci5t ,,abuses ,,new ,,dem&s ,,= ,,re=m ,,t ,,c\ld ,,n ,,be ,,resi/$4 ,m ?an 9 any o!r cont95tal ,european c\ntry ,france _h1 by #aghc1 become a unit$ nation1 consci\s ( a mod]n national feel+4 ,yet 9 ,france m$iaeval abuses 9 bo? ,/ate & ,*ur* _h surviv$1 z we h se51 to z great an ext5t almo/ z 9 any ,european nation4 ,s det]m9$ 7 ! cl]gy & nobility to reta9 _! old p[]s1 n only 9 ,france b ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,europe z well1 t progressive re=m seem$ well-nigh impossible4 ,! "w ( ! b5evol5t despots _h1 aft] all1 be5 sup]ficial4 ,by ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5?1 ?\gh1 a progressive *ange 0 "u way :i* 0 c]ta9 to produce ei!r evolution or revolution4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican exp]im5t 9 nation-build+ n[ became pron\nc$4 ,9 #aggi ,frankl9 took a copy ( ! new ,p5nsylvania ,con/itution ) him to ,p>is1 & 9 #aghj ,john ,adams did ! same ) ! ,massa*usetts ,con/itution4 ,fr5*m5 in/antly recogniz$ "h1 9 concrete =m1 ! ideas ) :i* _! own heads 7 fill$4 ,9 #aghc ,frankl9 publi%$ 9 ,france a ,fr5* translation ( all ! ,am]ican ,con/itutions1 & ! ,national ,con/itution ( #aghg 0 z eag]ly read & discuss$ 9 ,p>is z 9 ,new ,york or ,philadelphia or ,bo/on4 ,am]ica appe>$ to ! ,fr5* ( t /ormy p]iod z an ideal l&2 :]e ! dreams ( ,r\sseau ab\t ! social contract _h be5 trans=m$ into realities4 ,two ye>s lat] ! cahi]s ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate dem&$ a writt5 con/itution = ,france4 ,! ,fr5*1 too1 _h aid$ ! ,am]ican ,colonies 9 _! /ruggle = lib]ty1 & ,fr5* soldi]s return+ home c>ri$ back new political ideas drawn f ! rem>kable political progress ( ! new ,am]ican ,nation4 ,by #aghh ! dem& = re=m 9 ,france _h become s insi/5t1 & ! condition ( ! treasury ( ! ,/ate 0 s bad1 t x 0 f9ally felt necess>y to summon a meet+ ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al--a sort ( national p>liam5t consi/+ ( repres5tatives ( ! ?ree great ,e/ates3 cl]gy1 nobility1 & commons--:i* _h n met 9 ,france s9ce #afad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,,! ,,/ates-,,g5]al ,,9 ,,session ,,at ,,v]sailles 7,aft] a contempor>y draw+ by ,monnet7 ,besides elect+ its repres5tatives1 ea* locality & ord] 0 all[$ to draw up a s]ies ( in/ructions1 or cahi]s 7,r4 #beb71 = ! guidance ( its delegates4 ,^! cahi]s are a m9e ( in=mation z to ! dem&s & hopes & int]e/s ( ! ,fr5* p1 #cc & x is int]e/+ to "k t ! cahi]s ( nobility1 cl]gy1 & commons alike includ$1 among _! dem&s1 ! organization ( a compreh5sive plan ( education = ,france4 #cd ,,france ,,e/abli%es ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al met ,may #e1 #aghi1 & soon 7,june #bj7 resolv$ itself into ! ,national or ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,t]rifi$ by ! upris+s & burn+s ( *teaux ?r\gh\t ,france1 on ! night ( ,augu/ f\r?1 9 a few h\rs1 x adopt$ a s]ies ( decrees :i* virtually aboli%$ ! ,anci5 ,rgime ( privileges = ,france4 ,! nobility gave up mo/ ( _! old rights1 ! s]fs #ce 7 fre$1 & ! special privileges ( t[ns 7 surr5d]$4 ,lat] ! ,assembly adopt$ a ,decl>ation ( ,rights ( ,man & ( ! ,citiz5 7,r4 #bec71 mu* l ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,?is decl>$1 among o!r ?+s1 t all m5 7 born free & h equal rights1 t taxes %\ld be proportional to weal?1 t all citiz5s 7 equal be=e ! law & h a "r to help make ! laws1 & t ! p ( ! nation 7 sov]eign4 ,^! pr9ciples /ruck at ! v f\ndations ( ! old sy/em4 ,soon a ,con/itution = ,france1 ! fir/ ev] promulgat$ 9 mod]n ,europe1 0 prep>$ & adopt$ 7#agia74 ,?is aboli%$ ! anci5t privileges & reorganiz$ ,france z a self-gov]n+ nation1 mu* aft] ! ,am]ican plan4 ,local gov]nm5t 0 creat$1 & ! absolute mon>*y 0 *ang$ to a limit$ con/itutional "o4 ,next ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,/ate1 ! mona/]ies 7 suppress$1 & ! prie/s & bi%ops 7 made /ate (ficials & paid a fix$ /ate sal>y4 ,! ,jesuits _h be5 expell$ f ,france 9 #agfd2 & 9 #agib ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7 n all[$ long] to tea*4 ,among o!r important matt]s1 ! ,con/itution ( #agia decl>$ t3 ,!re %all be creat$ & organiz$ a sy/em ( public in/ruction common to all citiz5s1 & gratuit\s1 ) respect to ^? bran*es ( in/ruction :i* are indisp5sable = all m54 ,up to ?is po9t ! ,revolution 9 ,france _h proce$$ relatively peacefully1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! long-/&+ abuses :i* 7 to be rem$i$4 ,9 ,augu/1 #agib1 ! ,k+ 0 imprison$1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #agic1 he 0 execut$ & a ,republic proclaim$4 #cf ,!n foll[$ a reign ( t]ror1 :i* we d n ne$ to foll[1 & :i* end$ only :5 ,napoleon became ma/] ( ,france4 ,,b5efic5t ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 n an accid5t or a product ( *ance1 b r ! inevitable result ( an attempt to dam up ! /ream ( human progress & prev5t its ord]ly onw>d fl[4 ,! ,prote/ant ,revolts 7 ! fir/ great revolution>y wave1 ! ,puritan revolution 9 ,engl& 0 ano!r1 ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,republic & ! in/itution ( con/itutional gov]nm5t & religi\s fre$om ano!r1 :ile ! ,fr5* ,revolution br\ght ! ris+ movem5t to a head & swept away1 9 a deluge ( blood1 ! v f\ndations ( ! m$iaeval sy/em4 ,along ) mu* t 0 disa/r\s1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution accompli%$ aft] all mu* t 0 ( greate/ importance = human progress4 ,! _w at times seems to be 9 ne$ ( su* a great ca?>sis4 ,progress 0 made 9 a decade t c\ld h>dly h be5 made 9 a c5tury by peaceful evolution4 ,! old ord] ( privilege came to an end1 m$iaevalism 0 swept away1 & ! s]f 0 evolv$ into ! free f>m] & citiz54 ,"o fif? ( ! soil ( ,france 0 re/or$ to ! use ( ! p f ! mona/]ies1 & an additional "o ?ird f ! ,*ur* & nobility4 ,! new pr9ciples ( citiz5%ip--,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity--7 = ,france revolution>y 9 ! extreme1 :ile ! ass]tion t ! sov]eignty ( a nation re/s ) ! p r ?an ) ! k+1 "h successfully promulgat$1 end$ = all "t ! div9e-"r-(-k+s idea = ,france4 ,aft] political !ory _h = a "t run mad1 ! organiz+ g5ius ( ,napoleon consolidat$ ! ga9s1 gave ,france a /rong gov]nm5t1 a uni=m code ( laws1 #cg & began t organization ( s*ools = ! nation :i* ultimately meant ! tak+ ov] ( education f ! ,*ur* & its provision at ! exp5se ( & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,,! ,,national ,,idea ,,ext5ds ,,to ,,o!r ,,l&s4 ,! re=m "w 9 ,france1 toge!r ) ! examples ( ,engli% & ,am]ican lib]ty1 soon began to h _! influ5ce 9 o!r l&s z well4 ,p ev]y:]e began to see t ! old rgime ( privilege & misgov]nm5t ought to be replac$4 ,o!r c\ntries aboli%$ s]fdom1 introduc$ bett] laws1 & made re=ms 9 ! abuses ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,fr5* armies & rul]s c>ri$ ! be/ ( ,fr5* ideas to o!r l&s1 &1 :]e ! ,fr5* rule cont9u$ long en\gh1 ^! ideas became fix$4 ,9 p>ticul> 0 ! ,code ,napolon copi$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,italian ,/ates1 & ! ,/ates ( s\!rn & we/]n ,g]many4 ,! national _s ( ,italy 0 awak5$1 & ! ,italian lib]als began to look =w>d to ! day :5 ! small ,italian ,/ates might be reunit$ into an ,italian ,nation1 ) ,rome z its capital4 ,?is became ! "w ( n9ete5?-c5tury ,italian /atesm54 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,spani% hi/ory1 too1 ! p became consci\s1 "u ,fr5* occupation1 ( a feel+ ( national unity1 & simil>ly ! national _s ( ,g]man l&s 0 /irr$ by ! conque/s ( ,napoleon4 ,a con/itution 0 obta9$ 9 ,spa91 9 #ahab1 & betwe5 #ahae & #ahba all ( ,spa9's ,s\? ,am]ican colonies--,arg5t9a1 ,bolivia1 ,*ile1 ,colombia1 ,ecuador1 ,panama1 ,p>aguay1 ,uruguay1 & ,v5ezuela--revolt$1 became indep5d5t1 & set up republics ) con/itutional gov]nm5ts1 "s ( ! l>g] ones bas$ on ! f$]al pr9ciple1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,brazil simil>ly fre$ itself f ,portugal & set up a con/itutional & f$]at$ mon>*y1 9 #ahbb4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,naples obta9$ con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 #ahbj1 & ,s>d9ia 9 #ahba4 ,9 #ahbc1 :5 ,spa9 ) ,au/ria's aid prep>$ to reconqu] ! ,spani% ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics1 ,presid5t ,monroe transmitt$ to ! ,am]ican ,congress 8 message 9 :i* he decl>$ t any attempt on ! "p ( ,european nations to suppress republicanism on ! ,am]ican cont95t w\ld be consid]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates z an unfri5dly act4 ,?is has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,9 #ahbi ,greece obta9$ h] indep5d5ce f ,turkey1 & 9 #ahdc a con/itutional =m ( gov]nm5t 0 obta9$4 ,,important ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,democratic ,,movem5t4 ,s9ce ! clos+ decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 democratic gov]nm5t & writt5 con/itutions began1 ! sweep ( democratic gov]nm5t has become almo/ _w wide4 ,nation aft] nation has *ang$ to democratic & con/itutional =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! late/ additions be+ ,portugal 7#aiaa71 ,*9a 7#aiab71 ,russia 7#aiag71 & ,g]many 7#aiah74 ,new ,engli% colonies1 too1 h c>ri$ ,engli% self-gov]nm5t into almo/ e cont95t4 ,! ,_w ,w> ( #aiad-ah gave a new emphasis to democracy1 & !re is good reason to believe t gov]nm5t ( & by & = ! p is ultimately de/9$ to prevail among all ! intellig5t nations & races ( ! e>?4 ,) ! developm5t ( democratic gov]nm5t !re has ev]y:]e be5 a s(t5+ ( old laws1 ! gr[? ( humanit>ianism1 ! wid] & wid] ext5sion ( ! suffrage1 important legislation z to labor1 a previ\sly unkn[n att5tion to ! poor & ! dep5d5ts ( society1 a va/ ext5sion ( educational advantages1 & ! tak+ ov] ( education f ! ,*ur* by ! ,/ate & ! erection ( ! s*ool into an important in/itution = ! pres]vation & advancem5t ( ! national welf>e4 ,^! consequ5ces ( ! onw>d sweep ( new-_w ideas we %all trace m 9 detail 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,%[ ! importance1 = human progress1 ( ea* ( ! mean+s ( ! new eighte5?-c5tury lib]alism1 z enum]at$ on pages #dga-gb4 #b4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! lack ( any p]man5t influ5ce on ,spani% life ( ! "w ( ! b5evol5t despots 9 ,spa98 #c4 ,%[ ! lib]aliz+ influ5ce ( ! rise ( sci5tific inve/igation & economic /udies1 = a nation /ill oppress$ by m$iaevalism & bad gov]nm5t4 #d4 ,enum]ate ! new sci5ces :i* arose 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #e4 ,indicate ! importance ( ! fre$om ( ! press 9 ! developm5t ( ,engli% political lib]ty4 #f4 ,expla9 h[ ! religi\s-fre$om attitude ( ! ,am]ican national con/itution conf]r$ an ine/imable boon on ! ,/ates 9 ! matt] ( public education4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #bdg4 ,dabney3 ,ecclesia/ical ,tyranny 9 ,france4 #bdh4 ,voltaire3 ,on ! ,relation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 #bdi4 ,r\sseau3 ,extract f ! ,social ,contract4 #bej4 ,buckle3 ,*anges 9 ,engli% ,?9k+ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #bea4 ,p5nsylvania ,con/itution3 ,bill ( ,rights 94 #beb4 ,cl]gy ( ,blois3 ,cahi] ( #aggi4 #bec4 ,france3 ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,expla9 :y ecclesia/ical tyranny %\ld h awak5$ su* a _s ( rebellion 9 ,france 7#bdg71 & n 9 ,spa9 or 9 ,italian l&s4 #b4 ,j :at attitude t[>d religion is %[n 9 ! extract f ,voltaire 7#bdh78 #c4 ,bol%evi/s 9 ,russia & 9 ,am]ica talk to-day z did ,r\sseau 9 ! ,social ,contract 7#bdi74 ,comp>e ! ju/ification ( ea* ) ! eighte5?-c5tury ,france ( ,r\sseau4 #d4 ,:at d all ! *anges enum]at$ by ,buckle 7#bej7 indicate z to ! spread ( g5]al education1 irrespective ( s*ools1 among ! ,engli% p8 #e4 ,comp>e ! ,p5nsylvania ,bill ( ,rights ( #aggf 7#bea7 ) t ( y\r own pres5t-day /ate con/itution1 #f4 ,j :at type ( educational provisions1 & :at adm9i/rative organization1 did ! recomm5dations ( ! ,cl]gy ( ,blois 7#beb7 contemplate8 ,indicate its %ortcom+s = eighte5?-c5tury ,france4 #g4 ,comp>e ! ma9 ideas ( #bea & #bec4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,dabney1 ,r4 ,h4 ,! ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,ta9e1 ,h4 ,a4 ,! ,anci5t ,regime4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,national ,,education ,i4 ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,purpose ,,! ,,/ate ,,z ,,s]vant ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,) ! rise ( ! ,prote/ant sects we not$1 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,*ri/ianity became supreme 9 ! we/]n _w1 ! beg9n+s ( a /ate connection ) ! education ( ! "y4 ,! ,prote/ant re=m]s1 obta9+ ! support ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ces & k+s1 _h successfully us$ ?is support to assi/ !m 9 ! organization ( *ur* s*ools z an aid to ! re=m$ fai?4 ,lu!r1 x w be recall$ 7p4 #cab71 _h made a /rong appeal to ! mayors & magi/rates ( all ,g]man l&s to e/abli% s*ools z a "p ( _! civic duties 7,r4 #aef71 & _h cont5d$ t a solemn obligation re/$ ^u !m to d s4 ,! ,dut* ,prov9ces _h work$ closely ) ! ,dut* ,prote/ant synods 7p4 #ccd7 9 ord]+ s*ools e/abli%$ & 9 provid+ = _! f9anc+2 ,calv9 _h organiz$ a religi\s ,city-,/ate at ,g5eva 7p4 #ccj71 ( :i* religion & le>n+ _h be5 ! corn]-/ones2 ! ,scotti% ,p>liam5t1 by ! laws ( #afcc & #afdf 7p4 #cce71 _h ord]$ s*ools = ,scotti% *ildr5 9 connection ) ! *ur*es2 & 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & 9 ,f9l& ! beg9n+s ( a connection ) ! ,/ate _h also be5 made 7p4 #cae74 ,f9ally1 9 ! new ,massa*usetts ,colony ! laws ( #afdb & #afdg 7p4 #cff7 _h1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 ord]$ t *ildr5 be taught to read & und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry 7p4 #cfd71 & t s*ools be e/abli%$ by ! t[ns1 "u p5alty if !y refus$ to d s4 ,9 all ,prote/ant l&s we saw t ! re=m]s appeal$1 f "t to "t1 to :at 7 !n ! s]vants ( ! *ur*es--! ris+ civil gov]nm5ts & pr9cipalities & ,/ates--to use _! civil au?ority to =ce ! p to meet _! new religi\s obligations 9 ! matt] ( s*ool+4 ,! purpose ( ! s*ool+ ord]$ e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 0 almo/ :olly religi\s4 ,massa*usetts1 9 ord]+ in/ruction 9 ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry1 z well z read+ & religion1 _h =m$ a m>k$ exception4 ,9 ne>ly all l&s ! ris+ /ate gov]nm5ts m]ely help$ ! ,prote/ant *ur*es to create ! elem5t>y v]nacul> religi\s s*ool1 & to make ( x an auxili>y = ! protection ( or?odoxy & ! advancem5t ( ! fai?4 ,ev5 9 ! new /ate s*ool sy/ems ( ! ,g]man ,/ates--,saxony1 ,wrtemb]g 7p4 #cag71 ,brunswick1 ,weim>1 ,go?a--! elem5t>y s*ools e/abli%$ 7 = religi\s r ?an = /ate ends4 ,?is condition cont9u$ until well t[>d ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,new ,,/ate ,,!ory ,,( ,,education4 ,aft] ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a new !ory z to ! purpose ( education1 & "o de/9$ to make rapid headway1 began to be advanc$4 ,?is !ory _h already made m>k$ progress1 z we %all see1 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies1 & _h also f\nd expression1 z we %all also see 9 a lat] *apt]1 9 ! organiz+ "w ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ,prussia4 ,x 0 f ! ,fr5* political philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\gh1 t its cle>e/ def9ition came4 ,!y n[ advanc$ ! idea t s*ools 7 ess5tially civil affairs1 ! purpose ( :i* %\ld be to promote ! ev]yday int]e/s ( society & ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 r ?an ! welf>e ( ! ,*ur*1 & to prep>e = a life "h r ?an a life h]eaft]4 ,aft] ab\t #agej a critical & re=matory p$agogy rapidly began to take %ape 9 ,france1 & ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury became a p]iod ( criticism & discont5t & recon/ruction 9 education1 z well z 9 politics & religion4 ,?is criticism & discont5t 9 ,france 0 greatly /imulat$ by ! decl9e 9 "* & influ5ce ( ! ,jesuit s*ools4 ,unwill+ to *ange _! in/ruction to meet ! ne$s ( a *ang+ society1 _! s*ools _h become =mal 9 "* 7,r4 #adf71 & 7 n[ engag$ *iefly 9 /ill+ ?9k+ r ?an 9 promot+ x4 ,9 consequ5ce ! s*ools _h fall5 into disrepute ?r\gh\t all ,france4 ,! ,society1 too1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 came to be a p[]ful political organization :i* /rove to dom9ate ! ,/ate4 ,s bad _h ! situation become by #agfb1 t ! diff]5t p>liam5ts 9 ! prov9ces & 9 ,p>is _h =mulat$ compla9ts aga9/ ! ,jesuits & _! s*ools1 #a &1 9 #agfd1 ! k+ 0 induc$ to suppress ! ,ord]4 #b ,?is decl9e 9 influ5ce & f9al suppression ( ! ,society gave rise to "s r rem>kable p$agogical lit]ature1 :i* look$ to ! creation ( a sy/em ( /ate second>y s*ools 9 ,france to replace ^? ( ! ,jesuits4 ,! outcome 0 ! rise ( a new national & individual conception ( ! educational purpose4 ,?is 0 de/9$ 9 "t to spread to o!r l&s & to lead to ! rise ( complete /ate s*ool sy/ems1 f9anc$ & manag$ by ! ,/ate & conduct$ = /ate ends1 & to ! ultimate divorce ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 9 all progressive l&s1 9 ! matt] ( ! education ( ! "y4 ,tea*]s tra9$ & c]tificat$ by ! ,/ate 7 9 "t to supplant ! nuns & bro!rs ( ! religi\s congregations 9 ,ca?olic l&s1 z well z tea*]s :o s]v$ z assi/ants to ! pa/ors 9 ,prote/ant l&s & ^: *ief purpose 0 to uphold ! tea*+s & advance ! int]e/s ( ! sect2 citiz5s 7 to supplant ! ecclesia/ic 9 ! sup]vision ( in/ruction2 & ! c\rses ( in/ruction 7 to be *ang$ 9 direction & va/ly broad5$ 9 scope to make !m m9i/] to ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate r ?an ! ,*ur*1 & to prep>e pupils = useful life "h r ?an = life 9 ano!r _w4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,new ,,/ate ,,!ory ,,9 ,,france ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,,r\sseau 7#agab-gh7 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,political ,,!ori/s4 ,! lead+ ,fr5* political !ori/s ( ! two decades betwe5 #agfj & #aghj n[ began to discuss education z 9 !ory a civil affair1 intimately connect$ ) ! promotion ( ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,! m important ( ^!1 & _! *ief ideas 73 #a4 ,r\sseau4 ,! fir/ ( ! critical & re=matory p$agogical writ]s to awak5 any l>ge int]e/ & obta9 a g5]al he>+ 0 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,! same ye> 7#agfb7 t 8 ,social ,contract appe>$ & attack$ ! f\ndations ( ! old political sy/em 7p4 #dhc71 8 mile also appe>$ & attack$ ) equal vigor ! religi\s & social !ory z to education !n prevail+ ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,= ! /iff & unnatural me?ods 9 education1 "u :i* *ildr5 7 dress$ & made to behave z adults1 #c ! h>% discipl9e ( ! "t1 & ! excessive emphasis on religi\s in/ruction & book education1 he prea*$ ! sub/itution ( life amid nature1 *ildi% ways & sports1 p>5tal love1 & an education t consid]$ ! in/9cts & natural developm5t ( *ildr54 ,ga!r+ up ! political & social ideas ( 8 age z to ecclesia/ical & political despotism2 ! nature ( ! social contract2 t ! /ate ( nature 0 ! ideal "o1 & ! "o 9 :i* m5 _h be5 int5d$ to live2 t human duty call$ = a return to ! /ate ( nature1 :atev] t might be2 & t ! artificiality & hypocrisy ( 8 age 9 mann]s1 dress1 religion1 & education 7 all wrong--,r\sseau re/at$ 8 political philosophy 9 t]ms ( ! education ( ! boy1 mile4 ,despite its _m exagg]ations1 mu* faulty reason+1 & _m imp]fections1 ! book _h a trem5d\s influ5ce ^u ,europe 9 lay+ b>e ! limitations & defects & abuses ( ! =mal & ecclesia/ical education ( ! "t4 #d ,he may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ important writ] to sap ! f\ndations ( ! old sy/em ( religi\s education1 & to lay a basis = a new type ( *ild tra9+ 7,r4 #bed74 ,?\gh ,r\sseau's en?usiasm took ! =m ( !ory run mad1 & ! educational plan he propos$ 0 l>gely impossible1 he nev]!less popul>iz$ education1 n only 9 ,france1 b among ! read+ public ( ! progressive ,european ,/ates z well4 ,aft] he _h writt51 ! old limit$ & n>r[ religi\s education 0 on ! def5sive1 &1 ?\gh "t 0 requir$1 ! transition to a m secul> type ( education 0 inevitable z fa/ z nations & peoples c\ld %ake (f ! dom9ance ( ! ,*ur* 9 /ate affairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee ,,la ,,*alotais 7#agja-hc7 #b4 ,la ,*alotais4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ,r\sseau's mile appe>$ ,la ,*alotais's ,essai d'ducation nationale 7#agfc74 ,r5 de la ,*alotais1 a ,solicitor-,g5]al = ! ,p>liam5t ( ,bretagne1 0 "o ( ! notable ,fr5* p>liam5t>ians ( ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,unlike ,r\sseau's highly imag9>y1 exagg]at$1 s5tim5tal1 & p>adoxical volume1 ,la ,*alotais produc$ a practical & philosophical discussion ( ! problem ( ! education ( a p4 ,decl>+ firmly t education 0 ess5tially a civil affair2 t x 0 ! function ( gov]nm5t to make citiz5s cont5t$ by educat+ !m = _! sph]e 9 society2 t citiz5 & secul> tea*]s %\ld n be exclud$ = celibates2 #e t ! real purpose ( education %\ld be to prep>e citiz5s = ,france2 t ! poor 7 des]v+ ( education2 & t ! mo/ enlight5$ p w always h ! advantage 9 ! /ruggles ( a mod]n _w1 ,la ,*alotais produc$ a "w :i* 0 w>mly approv$ by su* political philosoph]s z ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 & ,turgot1 & :i* 0 translat$ into sev]al ,european languages 7,r4 #bee74 ,?\gh f> less widely read ?an ,r\sseau's mile1 x 0 f> m influ5tial 9 %ap+ subsequ5t political !ory & action reg>d+ ! relations ( education to ! ,/ate4 ,ne>ly e proposal = educational legislation dur+ ! days ( ! ,revolution w5t back 9 idea to ?is philosophic discussion ( ! "q by ,la ,*alotais & to ! practical proposals ( ,roll& & ,turgot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,,roll& 7#agcd-ic7 #c4 ,roll&4 ,9 #agfh ,roll&1 presid5t ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 pres5t$ to 8 colleagues a report 9 :i* he outl9$ a national sy/em ( education to replace bo? ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits & ^? ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,la ,*alotais _h propos$ a m mod]n sy/em ( /ate s*ools *iefly to replace ^? ( ! ,jesuits1 b ,roll& w5t fur!r & propos$ ! ext5sion ( education to all1 & ! sup]vision ( all s*ools by a c5tral c\ncil ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,by means ( a c5traliz$ control1 a c5tral univ]sity to :i* ! o!r univ]sities ( ,france 7 to be subord9ate1 a high] normal s*ool to tra9 tea*]s = ! colleges 7second>y s*ools71 & univ]sal education1 #f ,roll& hop$ to develop = ,france a national _s1 a national "*1 & a national gov]nm5t & code ( laws1 & to br+ ! y\? ( ! prov9ces into h>mony ) ! be/ ( all ,fr5* ideas4 #d4 ,turgot4 ,9 #aggd ,turgot 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance 7p4 #dha71 & 9 #agge he made a s]ies ( recomm5dations to ! ,k+ 9 :i* he set =? ideas analog\s to ^? ( ,roll&1 & pres5t$ an eloqu5t plea = ! =mation ( a national c\ncil ( public in/ruction & ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( civil & national education = ! :ole ( ,france4 ,9 clos+ he wrote3 ,y\r k+dom1 ,sir1 is ( ?is _w4 ,)\t oppos+ any ob/acle to ! in/ructions ^: object is high]1 & :i* already h _! rules & _! exp\nd]s1 ,i ?9k ,i c propose to y no?+ ( m advantage to y\r p ?an to cause to be giv5 to all y\r subjects an in/ruction :i* %[s !m ! obligations !y owe to society & to y\r p[] to protect !m1 & ! int]e/ !y h 9 fulfill+ ^? duties = ! public good & _! own4 ,?is moral & social in/ruction requires books expressly prep>$1 by competition1 & ) great c>e1 & a s*oolma/] 9 ea* p>i% to tea* !m to *ildr51 along ) ! art ( writ+1 read+1 c\nt+1 measur+1 & ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,! /udy ( ! duty ( citiz5%ip ought to be ! f\ndation ( all ! o!r /udies4444 ,!re are me?ods & e/abli%m5ts = tra9+ geometricians1 physici/s1 & pa9t]s1 b !re are none = tra9+ citiz5s4 #e4 ,did]ot4 ,9 #aggf ,did]ot1 editor ) ,d',alemb]t ( ! ,encyclopa$ia 7#agea-gb71 prep>$1 at ! reque/ ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii 7p4 #dgg71 "u ! title ( ,plan ( a ,univ]sity1 a complete s*eme = ! organization ( a /ate sy/em ( public in/ruction = ,russia4 ,?\gh ! plan 0 nev] c>ri$ out1 x 0 pr9t$ & mu* discuss$ 9 ,france1 & is important z com+ f "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial ,fr5*m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he comm5ds z an example to be foll[$ ! "w ( ! ,g]man ,/ates 9 ! organization ( popul> in/ruction4 ,= ,russia he outl9es fir/ a sy/em ( p's s*ools1 :i* %all be free & obligatory = all1 & 9 :i* in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 morals1 civics1 & religion %all be taught4 ,f ! ,prime ,m9i/] to ! l[e/ peasant1 he says1 x is good = e "o to "k h[ to read1 write1 & c\nt4 ,= ! s]ies ( second>y s*ools to be e/abli%$1 he condemns ! usual practice ( devot+ s mu* ( ! in/ruction to ! humanities & a m$iaeval type ( logic & e?ics1 & urges in/ead ! introduction ( in/ruction 9 ma!matics1 9 ! mod]n sci5ces1 lit]ature1 & ! "w ( gov]nm5ts4 ,classical /udies he w\ld conf9e to ! la/ ye>s ( ! c\rse4 ,sci5ce1 hi/ory1 draw+1 & music f9d a place 9 8 s*eme4 ,all ?is in/ruction ,did]ot w\ld place "u ! sup]visory control ( an adm9i/rative bureau to be kn[n z ! ,univ]sity ( ,russia1 at ! head ( :i* %\ld be a /atesman1 :o %\ld ex]cise control ( all ! "w ( public in/ruction b5ea?4 ,?\gh nev] c>ri$ out 9 ,russia1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,france ( #ahjh is l>gely an embodim5t ( ! ideas he propos$ 9 #aggf4 ,,legislative ,,proposals ,,to ,,embody ,,^! ,,ideas4 ,dur+ ! qu>t] ( a c5tury betwe5 ! publication ( ,r\sseau's mile & ! summon+ ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al to re=m ,france 7#agfb-hh71 ! educational z well z ! political ideas ( ! ,fr5* re=m]s _h tak5 deep root ) ! ?9k+ classes ( ! nation4 ,! cahi]s ( #aghi1 ( all ,ord]s 7p4 #ejj71 gave evid5ce ( ?is 9 _! some:at g5]al dem& = ! creation ( "s =m ( an educational sy/em = ,france 7,r4 #beb74 ,f ! fir/ days ( ! ,revolution p$agogical lit]ature became pl5tiful1 & ! successive ,national ,assemblies f\nd "t1 amid ! int]nal reorganization ( ,france1 con/itution-mak+1 ! tr\bles ) & trial ( ! ,k+1 & ! d>k5+ cl\d ( =eign int]v5tion1 to li/5 to reports & addresses on education & to enact a bill = ! organization ( a national s*ool sy/em4 ,! m important ( ^! educational ef=ts 73 #a4 ,! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 7,june #ag1 #aghi1 to ,septemb] #cj1 #agia74 ,9 ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 into :i* ! ,/ates-,g5]al resolv$ itself1 ,june #ag1 #aghi1 & :i* cont9u$ until aft] x _h fram$ ! con/itution ( #agia1 two notable addresses & "o notable report on ! organization ( education 7 made4 ,! ,c\nt de ,mirabeau1 a nobleman turn$ aga9/ 8 class & elect$ to ! ,/ates-,g5]al z a repres5tative ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 made addresses on ! ,organization ( a ,tea*+ ,body & on ! ,organization ( a ,national ,lyce4 ,9 ! fir/ he advocat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y s*ools ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,9 ! second he propos$ ! e/abli%m5t ( colleges ( lit]ature 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 ) a ,national ,lyce at ,p>is = high] 7univ]sity7 education1 & to conta9 ! ess5tials ( a national normal s*ool or tea*]s' college z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg ,,c\nt ,,de ,,mirabeau 7#agdi-ia7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,talleyr& 7#ageh-ahch7 ,mirabeau's proposals repres5t r a transition 9 ?9k+ f ! old to ! new1 b ! ,report ( ,talleyr& 7#agia71 =m] ,bi%op ( ,autun1 n[ turn$ revolutioni/1 embodies ! full culm9ation ( revolution>y educational ?\ght4 ,public in/ruction he t]m$ a p[] :i* embraces ev]y?+1 f ! games ( infancy to ! mo/ impos+ ftes ( ! ,nation4 ,he def9itely propos$ ! organization ( a complete /ate sy/em ( public in/ruction = ,france1 to consi/ ( a prim>y s*ool 9 e canton 7community1 di/rict71 op5 to ! *ildr5 ( peasants & workm5--classes h]et(ore unprovid$ ) education2 a second>y s*ool 9 e dep>tm5t 7c\nty72 a s]ies ( special s*ools 9 ! *ief ,fr5* cities1 to prep>e = ! pr(essions2 & a ,national ,in/itute1 or ,univ]sity1 to be locat$ at ,p>is4 ,inspir$ by ,montesquieu's pr9ciple t ! laws ( education ought to be relative to ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 ,talleyr& propos$ a bill design$ to give effect to ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution ( #agia relat+ to education 7p4 #eja71 & to provide an education = ! p ( ,france :o 7 n[ to ex]cise1 ?r\gh elect$ repres5tatives1 ! legislative p[] = ,france4 ,in/ruction he held to be ! necess>y c\nt]poise ( lib]ty1 & e citiz5 0 to be taught to "k1 obey1 love1 & protect ! new con/itution4 ,political1 social1 & p]sonal morality 7 to take ! place ( religion 9 ! cantonal s*ools1 :i* 7 to be free & equally op5 to all4 ,z ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 0 succe$$ by ! newly elect$ ,legislative ,assembly )9 ?ree weeks aft] ,talleyr& submitt$ 8 ,report1 no action 0 tak5 on 8 bill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,condorcet 7#agdc-id7 #b4 ,! ,legislative ,assembly 7,octob] #a1 #agia1 to ,septemb] #ba1 #agib74 ,?is new legislative body 0 f> m radical 9 "* ?an its pr$ecessor1 & f> m radical ?an 0 ! s5tim5t ( ,france at ! "t4 ,among o!r acts x aboli%$ 7#agib7 ! old univ]sities & confiscat$ 7#agic7 _! prop]ty to ! ,/ate4 ,to x 0 submitt$ 7,april #bj-ba1 #agib7 by ! ma!matician1 philosoph]1 & revolutioni/1 ,m>quis de ,condorcet1 #g on behalf ( ! ,committee on ,public ,in/ruction & z a measure ( recon/ruction1 a ,report & draft ( a ,law = ! organization ( a complete democratic sy/em ( public in/ruction = ,france 7,r4 #bef74 ,x provid$ = ! organiz+ ( a prim>y s*ool = e f\r hundr$ inhabitants1 9 :i* ea* individual 0 to be taught to direct 8 own conduct & to enjoy ! pl5itude ( 8 own rights1 & :]e pr9ciples w\ld be taught1 calculat$ to insure ! p]petuation ( lib]ty & equality4 ,! bill also provid$1 = ! fir/ "t1 = ! organization ( high] prim>y s*ools 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns2 colleges 7second>y s*ools7 9 ! *ief cities 7"o = e f\r ?\s& inhabitants72 a high] s*ool = ea* dep>tm5t2 ,lyces1 or in/itutions ( /ill high] le>n+1 at n9e places 9 ,france2 & a ,national ,society ( ,sci5ces & ,arts to cr[n ! educational sy/em at ,p>is4 ,! national sy/em ( education he propos$ 0 to be equally op5 to wom51 z well z m51 & to be gratuit\s ?r\gh\t4 ,tea*]s = ea* grade ( s*ool 7 to be prep>$ 9 ! s*ool next above4 ,sunday lectures = work+m5 & peasants 7 to be giv5 by tea*]s ev]y:]e4 ,public morality1 political intellig5ce1 human progress1 & ! pres]vation ( lib]ty & equality 7 ! aims ( ! in/ruction4 ,! necessity = education 9 a con/itutional gov]nm5t he saw cle>ly4 ,a free con/itution1 he writes1 :i* %\ld n be correspond5t to ! univ]sal in/ruction ( citiz5s1 w\ld come to de/ruction aft] a few conflicts1 & w\ld deg5]ate into "o ( ^? =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* _c pres]ve ! peace among an ignorant & corrupt p4 ,an>*y or despotism he held to be ! future = peoples :o become free )\t be+ enlight5$4 ,he held x to be a fundam5tal pr9ciple t3 ,! ord] ( nature includes no di/9ctions 9 society beyond ^? ( education & weal?4 ,to e/abli% among citiz5s an equality 9 fact1 & to realize ! equality confirm$ by law1 ought to be ! prim>y object ( national in/ruction4 ,! bill propos$ by ,condorcet1 :ile too ambiti\s = ! ,france ( 8 day1 0 ?or\ghly s\nd z a democratic !ory ( education1 & an accurate pr$iction ( :at ! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght g5]ally into exi/5ce4 ,condorcet's ,report 0 discuss$1 b n act$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france ,f\nd$ by ,article #bih ( ! ,con/itution ( ,ye> ,,iii 7#agic7 #c4 ,! ,national ,conv5tion 7,septemb] #ba1 #agib1 to ,octob] #bf1 #agie74 ,! ,conv5tion 0 also a radical body1 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! creation ( a sy/em ( /ate s*ools = ! p ( ,france4 ,to high] education !re 0 = a "t m>k$ opposition1 ?\gh lat] 9 its hi/ory ! ,conv5tion erect$ a numb] ( important high] te*nical in/itutions & s*ools1 among ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,!re 0 also 9 ! ,conv5tion m>k$ opposition to all =ms ( cl]ical control ( s*ools4 ,! s*ools ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7 suppress$ by x1 9 #agib1 & all secul> & end[$ s*ools & colleges 7 aboli%$ & _! prop]ty confiscat$1 9 #agic4 ,! complete supremacy ( ! ,/ate 9 all educational matt]s 0 n[ ass]t$4 ,great en?usiasm 0 manife/$ = ! organization ( /ate prim>y s*ools1 :i* 7 ord]$ e/abli%$ 9 #agic 7,r4 #beh a71 & 9 ^!3 ,*ildr5 ( all classes 7 to receive t fir/ education1 physical1 moral1 & intellectual1 ! be/ adapt$ to develop 9 !m republican mann]s1 patriotism1 & ! love ( labor1 & to r5d] !m wor?y ( lib]ty & equality4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction 0 to include3 to speak1 read1 & write correctly ! ,fr5* language2 ! geography ( ,france2 ! rights & duties ( m5 & citiz5s2 #h ! fir/ notions ( natural & famili> objects2 ! use ( numb]s1 ! compass1 ! level1 ! sy/em ( weights & measures1 ! me*anical p[]s1 & ! measurem5t ( "t4 ,!y are to be tak5 into ! fields & ! work%ops :]e !y may see agricultural & me*anical op]ations go+ on1 & take "p 9 ! same s f> z _! age w all[4 ,:at a *ange f ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! religi\s s*ools j prec$+ ?is p]iod6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,lakanal 7#agfb-ahde7 ,a multiplicity ( reports1 bills1 & decrees1 (t5 m or less contradictory b /ill embody+ ideas advanc$ by ,condorcet & ,talleyr&1 n[ appe>$4 ,:]eas ! prec$+ legislative bodies _h consid]$ ! subject c>efully1 b )\t tak+ action1 ! ,conv5tion n[ act$4 ,! nation1 ?\gh1 0 s engross$ by ! int]nal *aos & =eign aggression t !re 0 nei!r "t nor funds to c>ry ! decrees into effect4 ,! mo/ extreme proposal ( ! p]iod 0 ! bill ( ,lepelleti] le ,sa9t-,f>geau to create a national sy/em ( education model$ closely aft] t ( anci5t ,sp>ta4 ,! be/ ( ! proposals probably 0 ! ,lakanal ,law1 ( ,novemb] #ag1 #agid1 :i* ord]$ a s*ool = e "o ?\s& inhabitants1 ) special divisions = boys & girls1 & :i* provid$ = in/ruction 93 #a4 ,read+ & writ+ ! ,fr5* language4 #b4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 & ! ,con/itution4 #c4 ,lessons on republican morals4 #d4 ,! rules ( simple calculation & survey+4 #e4 ,lessons 9 geography & ! ph5om5a ( nature4 #f4 ,lessons on h]oic actions1 & songs ( triumph4 ,lakanal also c>efully prescrib$ ! me?od ( in/ruction1 & advocat$ ! f\nd+ ( a national normal s*ool 7,lat9 norma2 a rule71 :i* idea ! ,conv5tion adopt$ 9 #agid1 ! s*ool op5+ #i 9 ,janu>y1 #agie4 ,supplem5t+ ?is 0 ! law ( ,febru>y #be1 #agie1 ord]+ c5tral or high] s*ools e/abli%$ to replace ! =m] colleges1 #aj "o = e ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ( ! population1 :i* 7 to (f] in/ruction f twelve to eighte54 ,! c\rse 0 to include3 #ab to #ad--;,draw+1 natural hi/ory1 anci5t & liv+ languages4 #ad to #af--,ma!matics1 natural philosophy1 exp]im5tal *emi/ry4 #af to #ah--;,gramm>1 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 legislation4 ,organiz$ on a soviet pr9ciple1 ea* pr(essor decl>$ ! equal ( e o!r1 & lack+ any effective adm9i/ration or discipl9e1 ^! in/itutions soon fell into disrepute & 7 displac$ :5 ,napoleon reorganiz$ second>y education 9 ,france4 ,! law ( ,octob] #be1 #agie1 clos$ ! "w ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,?is made less important provisions = prim>y education 7,r4 #beh b7 ?an _h prec$+ bills1 b 0 ! only p]man5t contribution ( ?is p]iod to ! organization ( prim>y s*ools4 ,x plac$ great] emphasis ?an _h ! legislative ,assembly on ! creation ( second>y & high] in/itutions 7,r4 #beh a71 ( m value to ! b\rgeois class4 ,?is bill ( #agie repres5ts a reaction f ! extreme republican ideas ( a few ye>s e>li]1 & ! triumph ( ! cons]vative middle-class elem5ts 9 ! nation ov] ! radical republican elem5ts previ\sly 9 control4 ,! ,conv5tion also1 9 ! latt] "p ( its hi/ory1 creat$ a numb] ( high] te*nical in/itutions ( importance1 :i* 7 expressive alike ( ! ,fr5* int]e/ 9 sci5tific subjects :i* arose dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ( ! new ,fr5* milit>y ne$s4 ,_m ( ^! in/itutions h p]si/$ to ! pres5t1 s well h !y answ]$ ! sci5tific int]e/s & ne$s ( ! nation4 ,a m]e li/ ( ! in/itutions creat$ is all t ne$ be giv54 ,^! 73 ,museum or ,cons]vatory ( ,arts 7,jan4 #af1 #agid74 ,cons]vatory ( ,arts & ,trades 7,oct4 #aj1 #agid74 ,new m$ical s*ools 7,s*ools ( ,heal?7 ord]$ 7,dec4 #d1 #agid74 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 7,dec4 #aa1 #agid74 ,c5tral ,s*ools to succe$ ! =m] ,colleges 7second>y s*ools7 7,feb4 #be1 #agie74 ,s*ool ( ,liv+ ,ori5tal ,languages 7,m>* #cj1 #agie74 ,vet]9>y ,s*ools 7,april #ba1 #agie74 ,c\rse 9 ,ar*aeology1 ,national ,libr>y 7,june #h1 #agie74 ,bureau ( ,longitude 7,june #bi1 #agie74 ,cons]vatory ( ,music 7,aug4 #c1 #agie74 ,! ,national ,libr>y 7,oct4 #ag1 #agie74 ,museum ( ,ar*aeological ,monum5ts 7,oct4 #bj1 #agie74 ,polyte*nic ,s*ools 7,r4 #beg72 ,s*ool ( ,civil ,eng9e]+2 ,s*ool ( ,hydrographic ,eng9e]s2 & ,s*ool ( ,m9+ 7,oct4 #bb1 #agie74 ,! ,conv5tion also adopt$ ! metric sy/em ( weights & measures2 enact$ laws "u :i* ! peasants c\ld acquire title to ! l&s !y _h till$ = s long2 & began ! unification ( ! laws ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry into a s+le set1 :i* lat] culm9at$ 9 ! ,code ,napolon4 #d4 ,! ,directory 7#agie-ii7 & ! ,consulate 7#agii-ahjd74 ,! ,revolution _h by ?is "t l>gely sp5t itself1 ! ,directory foll[$1 & 9 #agii ,napoleon became ,fir/ ,consul & = ! next sixte5 ye>s 0 ma/] ( ,france4 ,! ,law ( #agie = prim>y s*ools 7,r4 #beh b7 0 b feebly adm9i/]$ "u ! ,directory1 z =eign w>s absorb$ ! en]gies & res\rces ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,napoleon's *ief educational int]e/1 too1 0 9 op5+ up opportunities = tal5t to rise1 9 enc\rag+ sci5tific "w & high] specializ$ in/itutions1 & 9 develop+ s*ools ( a type t w\ld support ! k9d ( gov]nm5t he _h impos$ ^u ,france4 ,! second>y & high] s*ools he e/abli%$ & promot$ co/ him money at a "t :5 money 0 badly ne$$ = national def5se1 & prim>y education 0 accord+ly neglect$ dur+ ! "t he direct$ ! de/9ies ( ! nation4 ,8 educational organizations & "w we %all ref] to aga9 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! ,revolution>y en?usia/s _h /at$ cle>ly _! !ory ( republican education1 b _h fail$ to e/abli% a p]man5t /ate s*ool sy/em accord+ to _! plans4 ,?is n[ became ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime1 9 ! new ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! same ideas 7 tak+ %ape & f9d+ expression1 & to ! developm5ts !re we next turn4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new ,,/ate ,,!ory ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,wan+ ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,religi\s ,,int]e/4 ,z e>ly z #afdg ,rhode ,isl& ,colony _h enact$ ! fir/ law provid+ = fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip ev] enact$ by an ,engli%-speak+ p1 & two ye>s lat] ,m>yl& enact$ a simil> law4 ,?\gh ! ,m>yl& law 0 lat] repeal$1 & a rigid ,*ur*-(-,engl& rule e/abli%$ !re1 ^! laws 7 indicative ( ! new _s aris+ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury a *ange 9 attitude t[>d ! old problem ( p]sonal salvation _h become evid5t4 ,fronti] conditions2 ! gradual rise ( a civil z oppos$ to a religi\s =m ( t[n gov]nm5t2 ! ris+ int]e/s 9 trade & %ipp+2 ! beg9n+s ( ! breakd[n ( ! old ari/ocratic traditions & cu/oms transplant$ f ,europe2 ! ris+ individualism 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica--^! all help$ to weak5 ! hold on ! p ( ! old religi\s doctr9es4 ,by #agej ! *ange 9 religi\s ?9k+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies _h become q m>k$4 #aa ,especially 0 ?is *ange evid5c$ 9 ! dy+-out ( ! old religi\s f]vor & intol]ance1 & ! break+-up ( ! old religi\s solid>ity4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! ,colonies cont9u$ to ma9ta9 an e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 o!r sects _h to be admitt$ to ! ,colony & giv5 fre$om ( wor%ip4 ,! ,puritan monopoly 9 ,new ,engl& 0 brok51 z 0 also t ( ! ,anglican fai? 9 ! c5tral ,colonies4 ,! day ( ! monopoly ( any sect 9 a ,colony 0 ov]4 ,new secul> int]e/s began to take ! place ( religion z ! *ief topic ( ?\ght & conv]sation1 & secul> books began to dispute ! e>li] pr$om9ance ( ! ,bible4 ,a few colonial newspap]s _h begun 7sev5 by #agej71 & ^! became expressive ( ! new colony int]e/s4 ,,*ang+ ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools4 ,^! *anges 9 attitude t[>d ! old religi\s problems mat]ially affect$ bo? ! support & ! "* ( ! education provid$ 9 ! ,colonies4 ,! ,law ( #afdg1 requir+ ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools1 _h be5 f\nd to be increas+ly difficult ( en=cem5t1 n only 9 ,massa*usetts1 b 9 all ! o!r ,new ,engl& ,colonies :i* _h foll[$ ! ,massa*usetts example4 ,) ! *ang+ attitude ( ! p1 :i* _h become cle>ly manife/ by #agej1 ! dem& = relief f ! ma9t5ance ( ?is s*ool 9 favor ( a m practical & less ari/ocratic type ( high] s*ool1 if high] s*ool 7 ne$$ at all1 became m>k$4 ,by ! close ( ! colonial p]iod ! new ,am]ican ,academy 7p4 #dfc71 ) its m practical /udies1 _h begun to sup]s$e ! old ,lat9 gramm> s*ool4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool exp]i5c$ some?+ ( ! same difficulties4 ,_m ( ! p>o*ial s*ools di$ out1 :ile o!rs decl9$ 9 "* & importance4 ,9 ,*ur*-(-,engl& ,colonies all elem5t>y education 0 left to private initiative & philan?ropic & religi\s ef=t 7p4 #cgc74 ,9 ! s\!rn ,colonies ! classes 9 society & ! "* ( ! plantation life made common s*ools impossible1 & ! feel+ ( any ne$ = elem5t>y s*ools almo/ entirely di$ out4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a cont9ual /ruggle on ! "o h& to prev5t ! orig9al religi\s t[n s*ool f disappe>+1 & on ! o!r to e/abli% 9 its place a s]ies ( scatt]$ & inf]ior di/rict s*ools1 :ile ei!r *ur* or t[n support & tuition fees became ev] h>d] to obta94 ,among o!r *anges ( importance ! read+ s*ool & ! writ+ s*ool n[ became def9itely unit$1 9 all ! small] places & 9 ! rural di/ricts1 z a measure ( economy1 to =m ! ,am]ican s*ool ( ! #c ,rs4 ,new textbooks1 too1 conta9+ less ( ! gloomily religi\s ?an ! ,new ,engl& ,prim]1 & secul> r ?an religi\s 9 "* 7p4 #ddc71 appe>$ aft] #agej & began to be us$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,aft] #agej1 too1 x 0 increas+ly evid5t t ! old religi\s en?usiasm = s*ools _h l>gely di$ out2 t ,european traditions & ways & types ( s*ools no long] completely satisfi$2 & t ! p]iod ( ! transplant+ ( ,european educational ideas & s*ools & types ( in/ruction 0 com+ to an end4 ,in/ead1 ! evolution ( a public or /ate s*ool out ( ! orig9al religi\s s*ool1 & ! beg9n+s ( ! evolution ( di/9ctly ,am]ican types ( s*ools1 bett] adapt$ to ,am]ican ne$s1 became increas+ly evid5t 9 ! ,colonies z ! eighte5? c5tury progress$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,( ,,/ate ,,s*ool4 ,z has be5 /at$ e>li]1 ! s*ool ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica arose z a *ild ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,middle ,colonies1 :]e ! p>o*ial-s*ool conception ( education 0 ! prevail+ type1 ! s*ool rema9$ "u *ur* control until aft] ! f\ndation ( our national gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 ?\gh--& ! ,new ,engl& evolution 9 "t became ! prevail+ ,am]ican practice--! s*ool pass$ ?r\gh a v int]e/+ developm5t dur+ colonial times4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #cfj71 ea* little ,new ,engl& t[n 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ z a little religi\s republic1 ) ! ,*ur* 9 complete control4 ,! gov]n+ au?orities = *ur* & civil affairs 7 mu* ! same4 ,:5 act+ z *ur* (fic]s !y 7 kn[n z ,eld]s & ,deacons2 :5 act+ z civil or t[n (fic]s !y 7 kn[n z ,selectm54 ,! ,/ate1 z repres5t$ 9 ! colony legislature or ! t[n meet+1 0 cle>ly ! s]vant ( ! ,*ur*1 & exi/$ 9 l>ge "p = religi\s ends4 ,x 0 ! ,/ate act+ z ! s]vant ( ! ,*ur* :i* enact$ ! ,massa*usetts laws ( #afdb & #afdg 7,rs4 #aij1 #ail71 requir+ ! t[ns to ma9ta9 s*ools = religi\s ends4 ,n[1 s close 0 ! connection betwe5 ! religi\s t[n1 :i* controll$ *ur* affairs1 & ! civil t[n1 :i* look$ aft] roads1 f5ces1 taxes1 & def5se--! con/itu5cy ( bo? be+ "o & ! same1 & ! meet+s ( bo? be+ held at fir/ 9 ! meet+-h\se--t :5 ! s*ools 7 e/abli%$ ! colony legislature plac$ !m "u ! civil--z involv+ taxes1 & be+ a public s]vice--r ?an "u ! religi\s t[n4 ,! int]e/s ( "o 7 ! int]e/s ( bo?1 &1 be+ ! same 9 con/itu5cy & t]ritorial b\nd>ies1 !re seem$ no occasion = friction or fe>4 ,f ?is religi\s beg9n+ ! civil s*ool & ! civil s*ool-t[n & s*ool-t[n%ip1 ) all _! elaborate s*ool adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 7 lat] evolv$4 ,! erection ( a t[n hall1 sep>ate f ! meet+-h\se1 0 a fir/ /ep 9 ! process4 ,s*ool affairs n[ 7 discuss$ at ! t[n hall1 in/ead ( 9 ! *ur*4 ,! t[n au?orities n[ appo9t$ committees to locate & build s*oolh\ses1 select & c]tificate ! tea*]s1 & visit & exam9e ! s*ool4 ,next a regul> t[n s*ool committee 0 provid$ =4 ,to ?is 0 giv5 ! managem5t ( ! t[n s*ool1 & t[n taxes1 in/ead ( *ur* taxes1 7 vot$ = build+s & ma9t5ance4 ,! m9i/] cont9u$ to c]tificate ! gramm>-s*ool ma/] until ! close ( ! colonial p]iod1 b ! p[] to c]tificate ! elem5t>y-s*ool tea*]s pass$ to ! t[n au?orities e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,by ! close ( ! c5tury all t ! m9i/]--z ! only surviv+ repres5tative ( *ur* control--_h left to him 0 ! "r to accompany ! t[n au?orities 9 ! visitation ( s*ools4 ,?us gradually b c]ta9ly did ! e>li] religi\s s*ool 9 ,am]ica pass out f "u ! control ( ! ,*ur* & come "u ! control ( ! ,/ate4 ,:5 our national gov]nm5t & ! diff]5t /ate gov]nm5ts 7 e/abli%$1 ! ,/ates 7 ready to accept1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 ! !ory gradually work$ out 9 ,new ,engl& t s*ools are /ate in/itutions1 & %\ld be "u ! control ( ! ,/ate4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,,& ,,laws4 ,9 fram+ ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 9 #aghg1 education1 !n be+ reg>d$ l>gely z a local matt]1 0 left to ! ,/ates to h&le z !y saw fit2 s we turn to ! e>ly /ate con/itutions & laws to see h[ f> ! new ,am]ican ,/ates _h1 by ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 advanc$ t[>d ! conception ( education z an affair ( ! ,/ate4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7#aggf-ahjj71 all ! ,/ates1 except ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut1 :i* consid]$ _! colonial *>t]s z satisfactory1 =mulat$ & adopt$ new /ate con/itutions4 ,?ree new ,/ates--,v]mont1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee--7 admitt$ to ! ,union be=e #ahjj1 & ^! fram$ con/itutions also4 ,( ! sixte5 ,/ates =m+ ! ,union by #ahjj1 sev5 _h incorporat$ into _! con/itutions a clause sett+ =? ! ,/ate's duty 9 ! matt] ( education 7,r4 #bei74 ,z 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ,am]ican education1 x 0 ,calv9i/ic ,new ,engl& :i* incorporat$ into ! con/itutions ! be/ provisions reg>d+ le>n+4 ,9 ! p>o*ial-s*ool c5tral ,colonies ! m5tion 0 mu* less emphatic1 :ile ! old ,anglican-,*ur* ,colonies & ! new ,/ates ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee rema9$ sil5t on ! subject4 ,massa*usetts1 ,v]mont1 & ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 p>ticul>1 incorporat$ /rong sections direct+ ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ & virtue1 ! protection & fo/]+ ( s*ool societies1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools4 ,! ,massa*usetts provision1 aft]w>ds copi$ by ,new ,hamp%ire1 is s explicit 9 ! matt] ( /ate duty t x is wor? quot+ 9 full4 ,*ap4 ,v1 ,sec4 #b4 ,wisdom & k1 z well z virtue1 diffus$ g5]ally among ! body ( ! p1 be+ necess>y = ! pres]vation ( _! rights & lib]ties2 & z ^! dep5d on spread+ ! opportunities & advantages ( education 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & among ! diff]5t ord]s ( ! p1 x %all be ! duty ( ! legislatures & magi/rates1 9 all future p]iods ( ?is ,commonweal?1 to *]i% ! int]e/s ( lit]ature & ! sci5ces1 & all sem9>ies ( !m2 especially ! univ]sity at ,cambridge1 public s*ools1 & gramm> s*ools 9 ! t[ns2 to enc\rage private societies & public in/itutions1 by rew>ds & immunities1 = ! promotion ( agriculture1 arts1 sci5ces1 comm]ce1 trades1 manufactures1 & a natural hi/ory ( ! c\ntry2 to c\nt5ance & inculcate ! pr9ciples ( humanity & g5]al b5evol5ce1 public & private *>ity1 indu/ry & frugality1 hone/y & punctuality 9 _! deal+s2 s9c]ity1 good humor1 & all social affections & g5]\s s5tim5ts among ! p4 ,?\gh ! ,f$]al ,con/itution made no provision = education or aid to s*ools1 :5 ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation1 9 #aghg1 adopt$ ! ,ord9ance = ! organization & gov]nm5t ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 out ( :i* ! ,/ates ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons9 7 lat] c>v$1 x prefix$ to ?is ,ord9ance ! foll[+ significant provision3 ,art4 #c4 ,religion1 morality1 & k be+ necess>y to good gov]nm5t & ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 s*ools & ! means ( education %all =ev] be enc\rag$ 9 ! ,/ates to be =m$ f ?is ,t]ritory4 ,by ! "t ! fir/ ,/ate =m$ f ?is we/]n t]ritory 0 ready to be admitt$ to ! ,union 7,ohio1 #ahjb71 ! !ory t education is a function ( ! ,/ate _h come to be s ?or\ghly accept$1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 by ! new ,am]ican p t ,congress n[ began a policy1 ev] s9ce cont9u$1 ( aid+ ea* new ,/ate to e/abli% & ma9ta9 a /ate sy/em ( s*ools4 ,to ?is end ,congress gave ! new ,/ate = ?is purpose a g5]\s end[m5t ( national l&1 & 9 addition ?ree t[n%ips ( l& to end[ a /ate univ]sity4 ,we also f9d t ! con/itutions ( ! fir/ ,/ates creat$ f ?is new ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory 7,ohio1 #ahjb2 ,indiana1 #ahaf #ab7 conta9 = ! "t good provisions relat+ to public education4 ,! ,ohio provisions 7,r4 #bfj7 are notewor?y = ! /rong /& = religi\s fre$om & aga9/ any discrim9ation 9 ! s*ools betwe5 ri* & poor1 :ile ! ,indiana provisions 7,r4 #bfa7 are m>k$ = _! broad & g5]\s conception ( ! scope & purpose ( a /ate sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,_m ( ! old] ,/ates enact$ g5]al /ate s*ool laws e>ly 9 _! hi/ory 7,r4 #bfb74 ,connecticut cont9u$ ! g5]al s*ool laws ( #agjj1 #agab1 & #agad un*ang$1 & 9 #agie add$ #a1bjj1jjj1 d]iv$ f l& sales1 to a p]man5t /ate s*ool end[m5t fund1 creat$ z e>ly z #agej4 ,v]mont enact$ a g5]al s*ool law 9 #aghb4 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire enact$ new g5]al s*ool laws1 9 #aghi1 :i* re/at$ & legaliz$ ! s*ool developm5t ( ! prec$+ hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,all ^! requir$ ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools by ! t[ns = a def9ite t]m ea* ye>1 ord]$ taxation1 & fix$ ! s*ool /udies requir$ by ! ,/ate4 ,new ,york1 9 #aghd1 creat$ an adm9i/rative organization1 kn[n z ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 to sup]vise second>y & high] education ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate--an in/itution cle>ly model$ aft] ! c5traliz+ ideas ( ,condorcet1 ,roll&1 & ,did]ot 7p4 #dgg71 & v simil> to ! ideas propos$ by ,talleyr& & ,condorcet & lat] 7#ahjh7 embodi$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,france by ,napoleon4 ,9 #agie ,new ,york also provid$ = a /ate sy/em ( elem5t>y education4 ,georgia creat$ a /ate sy/em ( academies1 z e>ly z #aghc4 ,delaw>e creat$ a /ate s*ool fund1 9 #agif1 & ,virg9ia enact$ an optional s*ool law ! same ye>4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a creat$ a /ate univ]sity1 z e>ly z #agie4 ,,! ,,new ,,political ,,motive ,,= ,,s*ools4 ,we ?us see1 9 ! new ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! !ories ( ! ,fr5* revolution>y ?9k]s & /atesm5 actually be+ realiz$ 9 practice4 ,! con/itutional provisions1 & ev5 ! legislation1 (t5 7 9 advance ( :at ! ,/ates1 impov]i%$ z !y 7 by ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 c\ld at once c>ry out1 b !y m>k ! evolution 9 ,am]ica ( a cle>ly def9$ /ate !ory z to education1 & ! recognition ( a ne$ = g5]al education 9 a gov]nm5t ^: actions 7 s l>gely influ5c$ by ! =ce ( public op9ion4 ,! ,f$]al ,con/itution _h ext5d$ ! "r to vote = national (fic]s to all1 & ! old] ,/ates soon began to remove _! e>li] prop]ty qualifications = vot+ & to ext5d g5]al manhood suffrage to all citiz5s4 ,?is new developm5t 9 gov]nm5t by ! p1 :i* meant ! pass+ ( ! rule ( a prop]ti$ & educat$ class & ! e/abli%m5t ( a real democracy1 caus$ ! lead+ ,am]ican /atesm5 to turn e>ly to g5]al education z a necessity = republican safety4 ,9 8 ,f>ewell ,address to ! ,am]ican p1 writt5 9 #agif1 ,wa%+ton said3 ,promote1 !n1 z an object ( prim>y importance1 in/itutions = ! g5]al diffusion ( k4 ,9 proportion z ! /ructure ( a gov]nm5t gives =ce to public op9ion1 x is ess5tial t public op9ion %\ld be enlight5$4 ,jeff]son sp5t ! ye>s #aghd to #aghi 9 ,p>is1 & became a great propag&i/ 9 ,am]ica = ,fr5* political ideas4 ,writ+ to ,james ,madison f ,france1 z e>ly z #aghg1 he said3 ,above all ?+s1 ,i hope ! education ( ! common p w be att5d$ to2 conv9c$ t on ?is good s5se we may rely ) ! mo/ security = ! pres]vation ( a due s5se ( lib]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son 7#agdc-ahbf7 ,9 #aggi1 !n1 z a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia legislature1 ,jeff]son tri$ unsuccessfully to secure ! passage ( a compreh5sive bill1 aft] ! plan ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y proposals1 = ! organization ( a complete sy/em ( public education = ,virg9ia4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! propos$ bill 7,r4 #bfc7 7 t e c\nty %\ld be laid (f into s*ool di/ricts1 five to six miles squ>e1 to be kn[n z hundr$s1 & 9 ea* ( ^! an elem5t>y s*ool 0 to be e/abli%$ to :i* any citiz5 c\ld s5d 8 *ildr5 free ( *>ge = ?ree ye>s1 & z mu* long] z he 0 will+ to pay tuition2 t ! lead+ pupil 9 ea* s*ool 0 to be select$ annually & s5t to "o ( tw5ty gramm> 7second>y7 s*ools to be e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! ,/ate2 aft] two ye>s ! lead]s 9 ea* ( ^! s*ools 7 to be select$ & fur!r educat$ free = six ye>s1 ! less promis+ be+ s5t home2 & at ! completion ( ! gramm>- s*ool c\rse1 ! upp] half ( ! pupils 7 to be giv5 ?ree ye>s m ( free education at ! ,/ate ,college ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ! o!r half 7 to be employ$ z tea*]s = ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 #ac ,?\gh ! s*eme fail$ ( approval1 ,jeff]son nev] lo/ int]e/ 9 ! education ( ! p = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 ! functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,writ+ f ,monticello to ,colonel ,yancey1 9 #ahaf1 aft] 8 retirem5t f ! presid5cy1 he wrote3 ,if a nation expects to be ignorant & free 9 a /ate ( civilization x expects :at nev] 0 & nev] w be4444 ,!re is no safe deposit 7= ! functions ( gov]nm5t7 b ) ! p !mselves2 nor c !y be safe ) !m )\t in=mation4 ,9 #ahai ! f\nd+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia cr[n$ ,jeff]son's ef=ts = education by ! ,/ate4 ,?is in/itution1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ! /atute = religi\s fre$om 9 ,virg9ia /& to- day z ! ?ree endur+ monum5ts to 8 memory4 #ad ,o!r ( ! e>ly ,am]ican /atesm5 express$ simil> views z to ! importance ( g5]al education by ! ,/ate4 ,john ,jay1 fir/ ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru%1 wrote3 ,i consid] k to be ! s\l ( a ,republic1 & z ! weak & ! wick$ are g5]ally 9 alliance1 z mu* c>e %\ld be tak5 to dim9i% ! numb] ( ! =m] z ( ! latt]4 ,education is ! way to d ?is1 & no?+ %\ld be left undone to af=d all ranks ( p ! means ( obta9+ a prop] degree ( x at a *eap & easy rate4 ,james ,madison1 f\r? ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 wrote3 ,a satisfactory plan = prim>y education is c]ta9ly a vital desid]atum 9 our republics4 ,a popul> gov]nm5t )\t popul> in=mation or ! means ( acquir+ x is b a prologue to a f>ce or a trag$y1 or1 p]haps1 bo?4 ,k w =ev] gov]n ignorance2 & a p :o mean to be _! own gov]nors mu/ arm !mselves ) ! p[] :i* k gives4 ,john ,adams1 ) true ,new ,engl& ?or\ghness1 express$ ! new motive = education /ill m =cibly :5 he wrote3 ,! in/ruction ( ! p 9 e k9d ( k t c be ( use to !m 9 ! practice ( _! moral duties z m51 citiz5s1 & ,*ri/ians1 & ( _! political & civil duties z memb]s ( society & freem51 ought to be ! c>e ( ! public1 & ( all :o h any %>e 9 ! conduct ( its affairs1 9 a mann] t nev] yet has be5 practic$ 9 any age or nation4 ,! education "h int5d$ is n m]ely t ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* & noble1 b ( e rank & class ( p1 d[n to ! l[e/ & poore/4 ,x is n too mu* to say t s*ools = ! education ( all %\ld be plac$ at conv5i5t di/ances & ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se4 ,! rev5ues ( ! ,/ate w\ld be appli$ inf9itely bett]1 m *>itably1 wisely1 usefully1 & !re=e politically 9 ?is way ?an ev5 9 ma9ta9+ ! poor4 ,?is w\ld be ! be/ way ( prev5t+ ! exi/5ce ( ! poor4444 ,laws = ! lib]al education ( y\?1 especially ( ! l[] classes ( p1 are s extremely wise & useful t1 to a humane & g5]\s m9d1 no exp5se = ?is purpose w\ld be ?\ght extravagant4 ,hav+ f\nd$1 z ,l9coln s well said lat] at ,gettysburg1 on ?is cont95t a new nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal1 & hav+ built a con/itutional =m ( gov]nm5t bas$ on t equality1 x 9 "t became evid5t to ^? :o ?\ght at all on ! "q t t lib]ty & political equality c\ld n be pres]v$ )\t ! g5]al education ( all4 ,a new motive = education 0 ?us creat$ & gradually =mulat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 revolution>y ,france1 & ! nature ( ! s*ool in/ruction ( ! y\? ( ! ,/ate came 9 "t to be color$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ?is new political motive4 ,! necess>y s*ools1 ?\gh1 did n come at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /ruggle to e/abli% ^! necess>y s*ools x w be our purpose to trace 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 b be=e do+ s we wi% fir/ to po9t out h[ ! rise ( a political !ory = education l$ to ! developm5t ( a !ory z to ! nature ( ! educational process :i* ex]cis$ a f>-rea*+ influ5ce on all subsequ5t evolution ( s*ools & tea*+4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:at d ! proposals ( ,la ,*alotais1 ,roll&1 & ,turgot indicate z to ! degree ( unification ( ,france atta9$ by ! "t !y wrote8 #b4 ,:at new subjects did ,did]ot add to ! religi\s elem5t>y s*ool ( 8 "t8 #c4 ,%[ h[ ! decl9e 9 effici5cy ( ! ,jesuits 0 a /imulat+ =ce = ! evolution ( a sy/em ( public in/ruction 9 ,france4 #d4 ,%[ ! /atesman-l "* ( ! proposals made 9 ! legislative assemblies ( ,france = ! organization ( national education4 #e4 ,assum+ t !re _h be5 en\gh funds to c>ry out ! law 7#agic7 ( ! ,conv5tion = prim>y in/ruction1 :at o!r difficulties w\ld h be5 met t w\ld h be5 h>d to surm\nt8 #f4 ,comp>e ! ,lakanal s*ool ) an ,am]ican elem5t>y s*ool ( a half-c5tury ago4 #g4 ,%[ t _m ( ! important educational re=ms ( ,napoleon 7 =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,national ,conv5tion4 #h4 ,0 ,napoleon "r 9 8 attitude t[>d education & s*ools8 #i4 ,expla9 ! lack ( success ( ! revolution>y !ori/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate sy/em ( education4 #aj4 ,expla9 :y ! breakd[n ( ! old religi\s intol]ance came e>li] 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies ?an 9 ! ,old ,_w4 #aa4 ,%[ ! great value ( ! ,laws ( #afdb & #afdg 9 hold+ ,new ,engl& true to ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools dur+ ! p]iod ( decl9e4 #ab4 ,:at might h be5 ! result 9 ,am]ica _h ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies e/abli%$ ! s*ool z a p>i% in/itution1 z did ! c5tral ,colonies8 #ac4 ,analyze ! ,massa*usetts con/itutional provision = education1 & %[ :at x provid$ =4 #ad4 ,%[ ! simil>ity ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to ! proposals = gov]nm5tal control 9 ,france4 #ae4 ,expla9 :y ! ,fr5* revolution>y ideas z to education 7 realiz$ s easily 9 ! new ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]eas ,france did n realize !m until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #af4 ,comp>e ,jeff]son's propos$ law ) ! proposals ( ,talleyr& = ,france4 #ag4 ,j :at type ( educational in/itutions did ,wa%+ton h 9 m9d 9 ! quotation f 8 ,f>ewell ,address8 ,john ,jay8 ,john ,adams8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #bed4 ,dabney3 ,! ,f>-,rea*+ ,influ5ce ( ,r\sseau's ,writ+s4 #bee4 ,la ,*alotais3 ,essay on ,national ,education4 #bef4 ,condorcet3 ,outl9e ( a ,plan = ,organiz+ ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,france4 #beg4 ,report3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,p>is4 #beh4 ,b>n>d3 ,"w ( ! ,national ,conv5tion 9 ,france4 7a7 ,v>i\s legislative proposals4 7b7 ,! ,law ( #agie organiz+ ,prim>y ,in/ruction4 #bei4 ,am]ican ,/ates3 ,e>ly ,con/itutional ,provisions relat+ to ,education4 #bfj4 ,ohio3 ,educational ,provisions ( ,fir/ ,con/itution4 #bfa4 ,indiana3 ,educational ,provisions ( ,fir/ ,con/itution4 #bfb4 ,am]ican ,/ates3 ,e>ly ,s*ool ,legislation 94 #bfc4 ,jeff]son3 ,plan = ,organiz+ ,education 9 ,virg9ia4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,expla9 ! conditions ( society "u :i* ! emotional writ+s ( a man ( ! type ( ,r\sseau c\ld h made su* a deep impression 7#bed7 on ! nation4 #b4 ,9 h[ f> d nations to-day accept ! !ories ( ,la ,*alotais 7#bee78 #c4 ,:at type ( adm9i/rative organization 0 propos$ by ,condorcet 7#bef78 #d4 ,:at does ! f\nd+ ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 7#beg7 indicate z to ! ,fr5* int]e/ 9 sci5ce8 #e4 ,:at real progress 0 made by ! ,national ,conv5tion 7#beh a71 & to :at degree did x fail8 #f4 ,expla9 ! type ( s*ool sy/em propos$ & ! conception ( education ly+ beh9d ! e>ly con/itutional provisions 7#bei7 = education 9 ea* ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 #g4 ,9 :at respects 7 ! educational provisions ( ! fir/ ,ohio con/itution 7#bfj7 rem>kable8 #h4 ,9 :at respects 7 ! educational provisions ( ! fir/ ,indiana con/itution 7#bfa7 rem>kable8 #i4 ,*>act]ize ! e>ly s*ool legislation reproduc$ 7#bfb74 #aj4 ,j :at type ( educational sy/em did ,jeff]son propose to organize 9 ,virg9ia 7#bfc78 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 #bb1 pp4 #fea-fd4 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 *apt]s #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,cubb]ley1 ,e4 ,p4 ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 *apt] #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,& ,,subject-,,matt] ,,= ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,9 *apt]s ,,xvii & ,,xviii we trac$ ! developm5t ( educational !ory up to ! po9t :]e ,john ,locke left x aft] outl9+ 8 social & discipl9>y !ory = ! educational process1 & 9 ! *apt] prec$+ ?is "o we trac$ ! evolution ( a new /ate !ory z to ! purpose ( education to replace ! old religi\s !ory4 ,! new !ory z to /ate control1 & ! erection ( a citiz5%ip purpose = education1 made x bo? possible & desirable t ! in/ruction 9 ! s*ool1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! v]nacul> s*ool1 %\ld be reca/1 bo? 9 me?od & cont5t1 to br+ ! s*ool into h>mony ) ! new secul> purpose4 ,9 consequ5ce1 an important reorganization ( ! v]nacul> s*ool n[ took place1 & to ?is trans=mation ( ! elem5t>y s*ool we next turn4 ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,!ory ,,/at$ ,,iconocla/ic ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,r\sseau4 ,! inspir] ( ! new !ory z to ! purpose ( education 0 none o!r ?an ! ,fr5*-,swiss iconocla/ & political writ]1 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau1 ^: "w z a political !ori/ we h previ\sly describ$4 ,happ5+ to take up ! educational problem z a phase ( 8 activity aga9/ ! political & social & ecclesia/ical conditions ( 8 age1 draw+ freely on ,locke's ,?\ghts = ideas1 & inspir$ by a feel+ t s corrupt & debas$ 0 8 age t if he reject$ ev]y?+ accept$ by x & adopt$ ! opposite he w\ld rea* ! tru?1 ,r\sseau re/at$ 8 political !ories z to ! control ( man by society & 8 ideas z to a life accord+ to nature 9 a book 9 :i* he describ$ ! education1 f bir? to manhood1 ( an imag9>y boy1 mile1 & 8 future wife1 ,sophie4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! book ,r\sseau sets =? 8 fundam5tal !sis3 ,all is good z x comes f ! h& ( ! ,creator2 all deg5]ates "u ! h&s ( man4 ,he =ces "o c\ntry to produce ! fruits ( ano!r1 "o tree to be> t ( ano!r4 ,he conf\nds climates1 elem5ts1 & seasons2 he mutilates 8 dog1 8 horse1 8 slave2 turns ev]y?+ topsy-turvy1 disfigures ev]y?+4 ,he w h no?+ z nature made x1 n ev5 man himself2 he mu/ be tra9$ l a manag$ horse1 trimm$ l a tree 9 a g>d54 ,8 book1 publi%$ 9 #agfb1 9 no s5se outl9$ a workable sy/em ( education4 ,in/ead1 9 *>m+ lit]>y /yle1 ) mu* sophi/ry1 _m p>adoxes1 num]\s irrelevant digressions ^u topics hav+ no relation to education1 & 9 no sy/ematic ord]1 ,r\sseau pres5t$ 8 ideas z to ! nature & purpose ( education4 ,emphasiz+ ! importance ( ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild 7,r4 #bfd a71 he cont5d$ t ! ?ree great tea*]s ( man 7 nature1 man1 & exp]i5ce1 & t ! second & ?ird t5d$ to de/roy ! value ( ! fir/ 7,r4 #bfd b72 t ! *ild %\ld be h&l$ 9 a new way1 & t ! mo/ important item 9 8 tra9+ up to twelve ye>s ( age 0 to d no?+ 7,r4 #bfd c1 d7 s t nature might develop 8 "* prop]ly 7,r4 #bfd e72 & t f twelve to fifte5 8 education %\ld be l>gely f ?+s & nature1 & n f books 7,r4 #bfd f74 ,z ! outcome ( su* an education ,r\sseau produc$ a boy :o1 f 8 po9t ( view1 w\ld at eighte5 /ill be natural 7,r4 #bfd g7 & unspoil$ by ! social life ab\t him1 :i*1 aft] all1 he felt 0 soon to pass away 7,r4 #bfd i74 ,! old religi\s in/ruction he w\ld completely sup]s$e 7,r4 #bfd h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,! ,,r\sseau ,,monum5t ,,at ,,g5eva ,s deprav$ 0 ! age1 & s wret*$ 7 ! educational practices ( 8 "t1 t1 9 spite ( ! malevol5t impulse :i* 0 8 driv+ =ce1 :at he wrote actually conta9$ _m excell5t ideas1 po9t$ ! way to bett] practices1 & became an inspiration = o!rs :o1 unlike ,r\sseau1 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 problems ( education & *ild welf>e4 ,"o _c /udy ,r\sseau's writ+s z a :ole1 see him 9 8 eighte5?-c5tury sett+1 "k ( 8 p]sonal life1 & n feel t ! f>-rea*+ re=ms produc$ by 8 mile are among ! /range/ facts 9 hi/ory4 ,,! ,,valuable ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,r\sseau',s ,,"w4 ,amid 8 glitt]+ g5]alities & /rik+ p>adoxes ,r\sseau did1 h[ev]1 set =? c]ta9 important ideas z to ! prop] education ( *ildr54 ,popul>iz+ ! be/ ideas ( ! ,engli%man1 ,locke 7p4 #dcc71 ,r\sseau may be said to h giv5 curr5cy to c]ta9 conceptions z to ! education ( *ildr5 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 br\ght ab\t great educational *anges4 ,briefly /at$1 ^! 73 #a4 ,! replacem5t ( au?ority by reason & inve/igation4 #b4 ,t education %\ld be adapt$ to ! gradually unfold+ capacities ( ! *ild4 #c4 ,t ea* age 9 ! life ( a *ild has activities :i* are normal to t age1 & t education %\ld seek = & foll[ ^!4 #d4 ,t physical activity & heal? are ( fir/ importance4 #e4 ,t education1 & especially elem5t>y education1 %\ld take place ?r\gh ! s5ses1 r ?an ?r\gh ! memory4 #f4 ,t ! emphasis plac$ on ! memory 9 education is fundam5tally wrong1 dw>f+ ! judgm5t & reason ( ! *ild4 #g4 ,t cate*etical & ,jesuitical types ( education %\ld be ab&on$4 #h4 ,t ! /udy ( !ological subtleties is unsuit$ to *ild ne$s or *ild capacity4 #i4 ,t ! natural int]e/s1 curiosity1 & activities ( *ildr5 %\ld be utiliz$ 9 _! education4 #aj4 ,t ! normal activities ( *ildr5 call = expression1 & t ! be/ means ( utiliz+ ^! activities are conv]sation1 writ+1 draw+1 music1 & play4 #aa4 ,t education %\ld no long] be exclusively lit]>y & l+ui/ic1 b %\ld be bas$ on s5se p]ception1 expression1 & reason+4 #ab4 ,t su* education calls = in/ruction 9 ! book ( nature1 ) home geography & ! inve/igation ( elem5t>y problems 9 sci5ce occupy+ a prom95t place4 #ac4 ,t ! *ild be taught r ?an ! subject-matt]2 life "h r ?an h]eaft]2 & ! developm5t ( reason r ?an ! load+ ( ! memory1 7 ! prop] objects ( education4 #ad4 ,t a _m-sid$ education is necess>y to reveal *ild possibilities2 to correct ! n>r[+ effect ( specializ$ class education2 & to prep>e "o = possible *anges 9 =tune4 ,a new educational ideal pres5t$4 ,r\sseau's mile pres5t$ a new ideal 9 education4 ,accord+ to 8 conception x 0 debas+ t man %\ld be educat$ to behave correctly 9 an artificial society1 to foll[ bl9dly ! doctr9es ( a fai?1 or to be an ob$i5t subject ( a k+4 ,in/ead he conceiv$ ! function ( education to be to evolve ! natural p[]s1 cultivate ! human side1 unfold ! inborn capacities ( e human be+1 & to develop a reason+ individual1 capable ( intellig5tly direct+ 8 life "u div]se conditions & 9 any =m ( society4 ,a book sett+ =? su* ideas naturally 0 revolution>y #a 9 matt]s ( education4 ,x deeply influ5c$ ?9k]s along ^! l9es dur+ ! rema9+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & became ! inspir+ s\rce ( n9ete5?-c5tury re=ms4 ,z ,r\sseau's ,social ,contract became ! political h&book ( ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s1 s 8 mile became ! inspiration ( a new !ory z to ! education ( *ildr54 ,com+1 z x did1 at a "t :5 political & ecclesia/ical despotisms 7 fa/ break+ d[n 9 ,france1 :5 new =ces 7 /riv+ = expression ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & :5 new !ories z to ! functions ( gov]nm5t 7 be+ set =? 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies & 9 ,france1 x gave ! ne$$ inspiration = ! evolution ( a new !ory ( non- religi\s1 univ]sal1 & democratic education :i* w\ld prep>e citiz5s = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 ! functions ( a democratic ,/ate1 & = a reorganization ( ! subject-matt] ( education itself4 ,a new !ory z to ! educational purpose 0 soon to arise1 & ! :ole nature ( ! educational process1 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 0 soon to be trans=m$ z a result ( ! =tunate conjunction ( ! iconocla/ic & impractical discussion ( education by ,r\sseau & ! m practical "w ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican political !ori/s & /atesm54 ,out ( ! fus+ ( ^!1 mod]n educational !ory arose4 ,,ii4 ,,g]man ,,attempts ,,to ,,"w ,,out ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,mile ,,9 ,,g]man ,,l&s4 ,! mile 0 widely read1 n only 9 ,france1 b ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,europe z well4 ,9 ,g]man l&s its publication co9cid$ ) ! ris+ tide ( nationalism--! ,p]iod ( ,enlight5m5t--& ! book 0 w>mly welcom$ by su* 7!n "y7 m5 z ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,h]d]1 ,ri*t]1 ,fi*te1 & ,kant4 ,x pres5t$ a new ideal ( education & a new ideal = humanity1 & its ideas h>moniz$ well ) ^? ( ! newly creat$ ari/ocracy ( wor? :i* ! "y ,g]man en?usia/s 7 busily engag$ 9 proclaim+ = _! native l&4 ,! ideal ( ! p]fect$ individual1 /rong 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 p[]s1 n[ f\nd expression 9 ! new classics ( individualism :i* m>k$ ! outbur/ ( ! be/ t ,g]man lit]ature has ev] produc$4 ,z ,pauls5 #b well says3 ,r\sseau ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce on 8 times1 & ,g]many 0 /irr$ p]haps ev5 m deeply ?an ,france4 ,9 ,france ,voltaire cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z ! great man ( 8 "t1 :]eas1 9 ,g]many1 8 place 9 ! e/eem ( ! y\ng] g5]ation _h be5 tak5 by ! en?usia/ ( ,g5eva4 ,kant1 ,h]d]1 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,fi*te1 all ( !m 7 r\s$ by ,r\sseau to ! inmo/ dep?s ( _! natures4 ,he gave utt]ance to ! passionate long+ ( _! s\ls3 to d away ) ! imitation ( ,fr5* c\rtly culture1 by :i* ,nature 0 suppress$ & p]v]t$ 9 e way1 to d away ) ! e/abli%$ political & social ord]1 bas$ on c\rt society & class di/9ctions1 :i* 0 felt to be l[]+ to man 9 8 quality z a reasonable be+1 & to return to ,nature1 to simple & unsophi/icat$ habits ( life1 or r to f9d a way ?r\gh ,nature to a bett] civilisation1 :i* w\ld re/ore ! natural values ( life to _! rightful place & w\ld be compatible ) tru? & virtue1 s9c]ity & probity ( "*4 ,! great ,g]man philosoph]1 ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd71 0 s deeply /irr$ by ! mile t ! regul>ity ( 8 daily walks & ! cle>ness ( 8 ?9k+ 7 di/urb$ by x4 ,goe! call$ ! book ! tea*]'s ,gospel4 ,s*ill] prais$ ,r\sseau z a new ,socrates1 :o ( ,*ri/ians wi%$ to make m54 ,h]d] acclaim$ ,r\sseau z a ,g]man1 & 8 div9e "w z 8 guide4 ,jean-,paul ,ri*t] confess$ himself indebt$ to ,r\sseau = ! be/ ideas 9 8 ,levana4 ,lavat] decl>$ himself ready = a ,re=mation 9 education along ! l9es laid d[n by ,r\sseau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,bas$[ 7#agbc-ij7 ,,bas$[ ,,& ,,8 ,,"w4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important practical influ5ce ex]t$ by ! mile 9 ,g]man l&s came 9 ! "w ( ,johann ,b]n>d ,bas$[ & 8 foll[]s4 ,bas$[ 0 a ,nor? ,g]man :o _h be5 educat$ 9 ! ,gymnasium at ,hamburg1 _h /udi$ 9 ! !ological faculty at ,leipzig1 _h be5 a tutor 9 a nobleman's family1 & _h be5 a tea*] 9 a ,ritt]akademie 9 ,d5m>k & ! ,gymnasium at ,altona4 ,deeply imbu$ ) ! new sci5tific _s1 9 ?or\gh revolt aga9/ ! dom9ance ( ! ,*ur* 9 human lives1 & incit$ to new ef=ts by 8 read+ ( ! mile1 ,bas$[ ?\ght out a plan = a re=m s*ool :i* %\ld put _m ( ,r\sseau's ideas into practice4 ,9 #agfh he issu$ 8 ,address to ,philan?ropi/s & ,m5 ( ,prop]ty on ,s*ools & ,/udies & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,public ,weal1 9 :i* he appeal$ = funds to enable him to op5 a s*ool to try out 8 ideas1 & to enable him to prep>e a new type ( textbooks = ! use ( s*ools4 ,he propos$ 9 ?is appeal to organize a s*ool :i* %\ld be non-sect>ian1 & also advocat$ ! creation ( a ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education to h *>ge ( all public in/ruction4 ,^! 7 ess5tially ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* political re=m]s ( ! "t4 ,! appeal 0 widely scatt]$1 awak5$ mu* en?usiasm1 & subscriptions to assi/ him p\r$ 9 f _m s\rces4 #c ,9 #aggd ,bas$[ publi%$ two works ( m ?an ord9>y importance4 ,! fir/1 a ,book ( ,me?od = ,fa!rs & ,mo!rs ( ,families & ( ,nations1 0 a book = adults1 & outl9$ a plan ( education = bo? boys & girls4 ,! keynotes 7 foll[+ nature1 imp>tial religi\s in/ruction1 *ildr5 to be dealt ) z *ildr51 le>n+ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 language in/ruction by a natural me?od1 & mu* /udy ( natural objects4 ,! ideas 7 a comb9ation ( ^? ( ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 & ,r\sseau4 ,! second book1 9 f\r volumes1 & conta9+ "o hundr$ copp]-plate illu/rations1 0 ! fam\s ,elem5t>y ,"w 7,elem5t>w]k mit ,kupf]n7 7,r4 #bff71 ! fir/ illu/rat$ s*ool textbook s9ce ! ,orbis ,pictus 7#afed7 ( ,com5ius4 ,?is "w ( ,bas$['s became1 9 ,g]man l&s1 ! ,orbis ,pictus ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,by means ( its natural me?ods 7,r4 #bfe7 *ildr5 7 to be taught to read1 bo? ! v]nacul> & ,lat91 m easily & 9 less "t ?an _h be5 done be=e1 & 9 addition 7 to be giv5 a k ( morals1 comm]ce1 sci5tific subjects1 & social usages by an incomp>able me?od1 f\nd$ on exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ *ildr54 ,! book enjoy$ a wide circulation among ! middle & upp] classes 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,,bas$[',s ,,philan?rop9um4 ,9 #aggd ,pr9ce ,leopold1 ( ,dessau1 a t[n 9 ! du*y ( ,anhalt1 9 nor!rn ,g]many1 gave ,bas$[ ! use ( two build+s & a g>d51 & twelve ?\s& ?al]s 9 money1 ) :i* to e/abli% 8 long-h]ald$ ,philan?rop9um1 :i* 0 to be an educational in/itution ( a new type4 ,great expectations 7 ar\s$1 & a widespread int]e/ 9 ! new s*ool awak5$4 ,education accord+ to nature1 ) a re=m$1 "t-sav+1 natural me?od = ! tea*+ ( languages1 7 to be its c5tral ideas4 ,*ildr5 7 to be treat$ z *ildr51 & n z adults4 ,p[d]$ hair1 gild$ coats1 swords1 r\ge1 & hoops 7 to be disc>d$ = %ort hair1 clean faces1 sailor jackets1 & caps1 :ile ! natural plays ( *ildr5 & direct$ physical tra9+ 7 to be made a feature ( ! in/ruction4 ,! languages 7 to be taught by conv]sational me?ods4 ,ea* *ild 0 to be taught a h&icraft--turn+1 plan+1 & c>p5t]+ 7 provid$-- = bo? social & educational reasons4 ,in/ruction 9 real ?+s-- sci5ce1 nature--0 to take ! place ( in/ruction 9 words1 & ! v]nacul> 0 to be ! language ( in/ruction4 ,! in/itution 0 to h ! atmosph]e ( religion1 b 0 n to be ,ca?olic1 ,lu!ran1 ,re=m$1 or ,jewi%1 & 0 to be free f !ologiz+ di/9ctions4 ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ma!matics1 a k ( nature 7geography1 physics1 natural hi/ory71 music1 danc+1 draw+1 & physical tra9+ 7 ! pr9cipal subjects ( in/ruction4 ,! *ildr5 7 divid$ into f\r classes1 & ! in/ruction = ea*1 ) ! textbooks to be us$1 0 outl9$ 7,r4 #bfe74 ,! s*ool op5$ ) ,bas$[ & ?ree assi/ants z tea*]s1 & two ( ,bas$['s *ildr5 & twelve o!rs z pupils4 ,lat] ! s*ool came to h _m bo>d+ pupils1 drawn f z f>-di/ant po9ts z ,riga & ,spa94 ,9 #aggf a public exam9ation 0 held1 to :i* _m di/+ui%$ m5 7 invit$1 & ! "w :i* ,bas$['s me?ods c\ld produce 0 exhibit$4 ,^! me?ods seem to h be5 successful1 judg+ f ! r full acc\nts :i* h be5 left u4 #d ,! s*ool repres5t$ a new type ( educational ef=t1 & 0 frankly exp]im5tal 9 purpose4 ,x 0 an attempt to apply1 9 practice1 ! ma9 ideas ( ,r\sseau's mile4 ,bas$[ tri$ ! plan ( education outl9$ by ,r\sseau ) 8 own daught]1 :om he nam$ milie4 ,,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe ,,immanuel ,,kant 7#agbd-ahjd7 ,z a promis+ exp]im5t ! s*ool awak5$ widespread int]e/1 & ,bas$[ 0 support$ by su* ?9k]s ( ! "t z ,goe! & ,kant4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! ,exam9ation ,kant1 !n pr(essor ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g1 contribut$ an article to ! ,knigsb]g ,gazette expla9+ ! importance ( ! exp]im5t ,bas$[ 0 mak+4 ,/ill lat]1 9 8 univ]sity lectures ,on ,p$agogy1 he fur!r /at$ ! importance ( su* a new exp]im5t1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,x 0 imag9$ t exp]im5ts 9 education 7 n necess>y2 & t1 :e!r any ?+ 9 x 0 good or bad1 c\ld be judg$ ( by ! reason4 ,b ?is 0 a great mi/ake2 exp]i5ce %[s v (t5 t results are produc$ precisely ! opposite to ^? :i* _h be5 expect$4 ,we also see f exp]im5t t "o g5]ation _c "w out a complete plan ( education4 ,! only exp]im5tal s*ool :i* has made a beg9n+ t[>d break+ ! pa? 0 ! ,dessau in/itution4 ,?is praise mu/ be giv5 to x1 9 spite ( ! _m faults :i* may be *>g$ aga9/ x2 faults :i* belong to all conclusions bas$ ^u su* und]tak+s2 & :i* make new exp]im5ts always necess>y4 ,x 0 ! only s*ool 9 :i* ! tea*]s _h ! lib]ty to "w aft] _! own me?ods & plans1 & :]e !y /ood 9 connection1 n only ) ea* o!r1 b ) m5 ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t all ,g]many4 ,,bas$[',s ,,influ5ce1 ,,& ,,foll[]s4 ,bas$[1 ?\gh1 0 an impractical !ori/1 boa/ful & qu>relsome1 vulg> & co>se1 giv5 to drunk5ness & intemp]ate spee*1 & fond ( mak+ claims = 8 "w :i* ! results did n ju/ify4 ,9 a few ye>s he _h be5 displac$ z director1 & 9 #agic ! ,philan?rop9um clos$ its doors4 ,! s*ool1 nev]!less1 0 a v important educational exp]im5t1 & ,bas$['s "w = a "t ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ,g]man p$agogical ?\ght4 ,he may be said to h rais$ in/ruction 9 ! ,reali5 9 ,g]man l&s to a place ( di/9ct importance1 & to h giv5 a turn to su* in/ruction :i* x has ev] s9ce reta9$4 #e ,! me?ods ( in/ruction1 too1 work$ out 9 ari?metic1 geography1 geometry1 natural hi/ory1 physics1 & hi/ory 7 9 _m ways z revolution>y z ^? evolv$ by ,pe/alozzi lat] on 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 8 emphasis on sci5tific subject-matt] ,bas$[ surpass$ ,pe/alozzi1 b ,pe/alozzi possess$ a cle>]1 intuitive insight into ! nature & purpose ( ! educational process4 ,! "w ( ! two m5 furni%es an int]e/+ basis = comp>ison 7,r4 #bga71 & ! "w ( ea* gave add$ importance to t ( ! o!r4 ,f ,dessau an int]e/ 9 p$agogical ideas & exp]im5ts spread ov] ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly ov] ,g]man l&s4 ,o!r in/itutions1 model$ aft] ! ,philan?rop9um1 7 f\nd$ 9 _m places1 & "s ( ,bas$['s foll[]s #f did z important "w along c]ta9 l9es z did ,bas$[ himself4 ,8 foll[]s 7 num]\s1 & ( all degrees ( wor?4 ,!y urg$ acceptance ( ! new ideas ( ,r\sseau z work$ out & promulgat$ by ,bas$[2 vigor\sly attack$ ! old s*ools1 mak+ conv]ts "h & !re2 & 9 a way help$ to prep>e nor!rn ,g]man l&s = ! incom+1 lat]1 ( ! bett]-organiz$ ideas ( ! ,g]man-,swiss re=m] ,pe/alozzi1 to ^: "w we next turn4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,"w ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,pe/alozzi ,,! ,,inspiration ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4 ,among ^? mo/ deeply influ5c$ by ,r\sseau's mile 0 a "y ,g]man-,swiss by ! "n ( ,johann ,he9ri* ,pe/alozzi1 :o 0 born 7#agdf7 & br\ght up 9 ! anci5t city ( ,zuri*4 ,inspir$ by ,r\sseau's writ+s he sp5t ! e>ly "p ( 8 life 9 try+ to r5d] s]vice to ! poor1 & ! latt] "p 9 work+ out = himself a !ory & a me?od ( in/ruction bas$ on ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,to ,pe/alozzi1 m ?an to any "o else1 we owe ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n secul> v]nacul> elem5t>y s*ool1 & 9 consequ5ce 8 "w is ( comm&+ importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( educational practice4 ,try+ to educate 8 own *ild accord+ to ,r\sseau's plan1 he n only discov]$ its impracticability b also t ! only way to improve on x 0 to /udy ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,accord+ly he op5$ a s*ool & home on 8 f>m at ,neuh(1 9 #aggd4 ,"h he took 9 fifty ab&on$ *ildr51 to :om he taught read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 gave !m moral disc\rses1 & tra9$ !m 9 g>d5+1 f>m+1 & *eese- mak+4 ,x 0 an attempt to reg5]ate begg>s by means ( education1 :i* ,pe/alozzi firmly believ$ c\ld be done4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s he _h sp5t all ! money he & 8 wife possess$1 & ! s*ool clos$ 9 failure--a bless+ 9 disguise--?\gh ) ,pe/alozzi's fai? 9 ! p[] ( education un%ak54 ,( ?is exp]im5t he wrote3 ,= ye>s ,i h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( fifty little begg>s1 %>+ 9 my pov]ty my bread ) !m1 liv+ l a begg> myself 9 ord] to tea* begg>s to live l m54 ,turn+ next to writ+1 :ile cont9u+ to f>m1 ,pe/alozzi n[ tri$ to express 8 fai? 9 education 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,8 ,leon>d & ,g]trude 7#agha7 0 a wond]fully beautiful /ory ( ,swiss peasant life1 & ( ! g5ius & sympa?y & love ( a woman amid degrad+ surr\nd+s4 ,f a wret*$ place ! village ( ,bonnal1 "u ,pe/alozzi's p51 0 trans=m$ by ! p[] ( education4 #g ,! book 0 a great success f ! fir/1 & = x ,pe/alozzi 0 made a citiz5 ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 along ) ,wa%+ton1 ,madison1 ,kosciusko1 ,wilb]=ce1 & ,tom ,pa9e4 ,he cont9u$ to f>m & to ?9k1 ?\gh ne>ly />v+1 until #agih1 :5 ! opportunity = :i* he 0 really fitt$ came4 ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,educational ,,exp]im5ts4 ,9 #agih ,! ,helvetic ,republic 0 proclaim$1 an ev5t :i* divid$ ,pe/alozzi's life into two p>ts4 ,up to ?is "t he _h be5 int]e/$ :olly 9 ! philan?ropic aspect ( education1 believ+ t ! poor c\ld be reg5]at$ ?r\gh education & labor4 ,f ?is "t on he int]e/$ himself 9 ! tea*+ aspect ( ! problem1 9 ! work+-out & =mulation ( a tea*+ me?od bas$ on ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild1 & 9 tra9+ o!rs to tea*4 ,mu* to ! disgu/ ( ! au?orities ( ! new ,swiss ,gov]nm5t1 citiz5 ,pe/alozzi appli$ = s]vice z a s*ooltea*]4 ,! opportunity to r5d] su* s]vice soon came4 ,t autumn ! ,fr5* troops invad$ ,switz]l&1 &1 9 putt+ d[n ! /ubborn resi/ance ( ! ?ree ,g]man cantons1 %ot d[n a l>ge numb] ( ! p4 ,orphans to ! numb] ( #afi 7 left 9 ! little t[n ( ,/anz1 & citiz5 ,pe/alozzi 0 giv5 *>ge ( !m4 ,= six mon?s he 0 fa!r1 "m1 tea*]1 & nurse4 ,!n1 worn out himself1 ! orphanage 0 *ang$ into a hospital4 ,a little lat] he became a s*oolma/] 9 ,burgdorf2 0 dismiss$2 became a tea*] 9 ano!r s*ool2 & f9ally1 9 #ahjj1 op5$ a s*ool himself 9 an old ca/le !re4 ,he n[ drew ab\t him o!r tea*]s int]e/$ 9 improv+ in/ruction1 & 9 consequ5ce c\ld specialize ! "w4 ,he provid$ sep>ate tea*]s = draw+ & s++1 geography & hi/ory1 language & ari?metic1 & gymna/ics4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! s*ool 0 enl>g$ into a tea*]s' tra9+-s*ool1 ! gov]nm5t ext5d+ him aid 9 return = giv+ ,swiss tea*]s "o mon? ( tra9+ z tea*]s 9 8 s*ool4 ,"h he wrote & publi%$ ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr51 :i* expla9$ 8 me?ods & =ms 8 mo/ important p$agogical "w 7,r4 #bfg72 a ,guide = tea*+ ,spell+ & ,read+2 & a ,book = ,mo!rs1 devot$ to a description ( object tea*+4 ,9 #ahjc1 ! ca/le be+ ne$$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ,pe/alozzi mov$ fir/ to ,mun*5bu*see1 ne> ,h(wyl1 op5+ 8 ,in/itute tempor>ily 9 an old conv5t !re4 ,= a few mon?s1 9 #ahjd1 he 0 associat$ ) ,emanuel von ,fell5b]g1 at ,h(wyl 7p4 #edf71 b 9 ,octob]1 #ahjd1 he mov$ to ,yv]don1 :]e he re/abli%$ ! ,in/itute1 & :]e ! next tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t & 8 greate/ success a*iev$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,,! ,,sc5e ,,( ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,labors ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,pe/alozzi4 ,! great contribution ( ,pe/alozzi lay 9 t1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,r\sseau1 he reject$ ! religi\s aim & ! tea*+ ( m]e words & facts1 :i* _h *>act]iz$ all elem5t>y education up to ne> ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & tri$ in/ead to r$uce ! educational process to a well-organiz$ r\t9e1 bas$ on ! natural & ord]ly developm5t ( ! in/9cts1 capacities1 & p[]s ( ! gr[+ *ild4 ,tak+ ,r\sseau's idea ( a return to nature1 he tri$ to apply x to ! education ( *ildr54 ,?is l$ to 8 rejection ( :at he call$ ! empty *att]+ ( m]e words & outw>d %[ 9 ! in/ruction 9 read+ & ! cate*ism1 & ! introduction 9 _! place ( real /udies1 bas$ on obs]vation1 exp]im5tation1 & reason+4 ,s5se impression became 8 wat*word4 #h ,z he express$ x1 he tri$ to organize & psy*ologize ! educational process by h>moniz+ x ) ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild 7,r4 #bfg74 ,to ?is end he c>efully /udi$ *ildr51 & develop$ 8 me?ods exp]im5tally z a result ( 8 obs]vation4 ,to ?is end1 bo? at ,burgdorf & ,yv]don1 all results ( prec$+ tea*]s & writ]s on education 7 reject$1 = fe> t error might creep 94 ,read no?+1 discov] ev]y?+1 & prove all ?+s1 came to be ! work+ guides ( himself & 8 tea*]s4 ,! developm5t ( man he believ$ to be organic1 & to proce$ accord+ to law4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ! tea*] to discov] ^! laws ( developm5t & to assi/ nature 9 secur+ a natural1 symmetrical1 & h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties ( ! *ild4 ,real education mu/ develop ! *ild z a :ole--m5tally1 physically1 morally--& call$ = ! tra9+ ( ! head & ! h& & ! he>t4 ,! only prop] means = develop+ ! p[]s ( ! *ild 0 use1 & h5ce education mu/ guide & /imulate self-activity1 be bas$ on intuition & ex]cise1 & ! s5se impressions mu/ be organiz$ & direct$4 ,education1 too1 if x is to foll[ ! organic developm5t ( ! *ild1 mu/ obs]ve ! prop] progress ( *ild developm5t & be grad$1 s t ea* /ep ( ! process %all gr[ out ( ! prec$+ & gr[ into ! foll[+ /age4 ,to accompli% ^! ends ! tra9+ mu/ be all-r\nd & h>moni\s2 mu* lib]ty mu/ be all[$ ! *ild 9 le>n+2 education mu/ proce$ l>gely by do+ in/ead ( by words1 ! me?od ( le>n+ mu/ be l>gely analytical2 real objects & ideas mu/ prec$e symbols & words2 &1 f9ally1 ! organization & correlation ( :at is le>n$ mu/ be look$ aft] by ! tea*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,johann ,,he9ri* ,,pe/alozzi4 ,/ill m1 ,pe/alozzi possess$ a deep & abid+ fai?1 new at ! "t1 9 ! p[] ( education z a means ( reg5]at+ society4 ,he _h begun 8 "w by try+ to tea* begg>s to live l m51 & 8 belief 9 ! pot5cy ( education 9 work+ ?is trans=mation1 s t\*+ly express$ 9 8 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 nev] left him4 ,he believ$ t ea* human be+ c\ld be rais$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( education to ! level ( an intellectually free & morally indep5d5t life1 & t e human be+ 0 entitl$ to ! "r to atta9 su* fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,! way to ?is lay ?r\gh ! full use ( 8 develop+ p[]s1 "u ! guidance ( a tea*]1 & n ?r\gh a process ( repeat+ words & le>n+ by he>t4 ,n only ! intellectual qualities ( p]ception1 judgm5t1 & reason+ ne$ ex]cise1 b ! moral p[]s z well4 ,to provide su* ex]cise & direction 0 ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,pe/alozzi also res5t$ ! brutal discipl9e :i* = ages _h *>act]iz$ all s*ool in/ruction1 believ$ x by its v nature immoral1 & tri$ to sub/itute = ?is a /rict b lov+ discipl9e-- a ?9k+ love1 he calls x--& to make ! s*ool z ne>ly z possible l a g5tle & ref9$ home4 ,to a ,swiss fa!r1 :o on visit+ 8 s*ool exclaim$1 ,:y1 ?is is n a s*ool1 b a family1 ,pe/alozzi answ]$ t su* a /atem5t 0 ! greate/ praise he c\ld h giv5 him4 ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,^! ,,ideas4 ,! educational consequ5ces ( ^! new ideas 7 v l>ge4 ,!y 9 "t gave aim & purpose to ! elem5t>y s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 trans=m+ x f an in/rum5t ( ! ,*ur* = *ur* ends1 to an in/rum5t ( society to be us$ = its own reg5]ation & ! advancem5t ( ! welf>e ( all4 #i ,! introduction ( ! /udy ( natural objects 9 place ( words1 & mu* talk+ ab\t :at 0 se5 & /udi$ in/ead ( p>rot-l reproductions ( ! words ( a book1 revolutioniz$ bo? ! me?ods & ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction 9 ! develop+ elem5t>y s*ool4 ,obs]vation & inve/igation t5d$ to sup]s$e m]e memoriz+2 class discussion & ?9k+ to sup]s$e ! recit+ ( ! words ( ! book2 ?9k+ ab\t :at 0 be+ done to sup]s$e r\t9e le>n+2 & class in/ruction to sup]s$e ! wa/eful individual tea*+ :i* _h = s long *>act]iz$ all s*ool "w4 ,x meant ! reorganization ( ! "w ( ! v]nacul> s*ool on a mod]n basis1 ) class organization & gr\p in/ruction1 & a mod]n-_w purpose 7,r4 #bfi74 ,! "w ( ,pe/alozzi also meant ! introduction ( new subject-matt] = in/ruction1 ! organization ( new tea*+ subjects = ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & ! r$irection ( ! elem5t>y education ( *ildr54 ,obs]vation l$ to ! developm5t ( elem5t>y-sci5ce /udy1 & ! /udy ( home geography2 talk+ ab\t :at 0 obs]v$ l$ to ! /udy ( language usage1 z di/9ct f ! old] /udy ( gramm>2 & c\nt+ & measur+ l$ to ! /udy ( numb]1 & h5ce to a new type ( prim>y ari?metic4 ,! read+ ( ! s*ool also *ang$ bo? 9 "* & purpose4 ,9 o!r words1 9 place ( an elem5t>y education bas$ on read+1 a little writ+ & spell+1 & ! cate*ism1 all ( a memorit] type & ) religi\s ends 9 view1 a new prim>y s*ool1 ess5tially secul> 9 "*1 0 creat$ by ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,?is new s*ool 0 bas$ on ! /udy ( real objects1 le>n+ ?r\gh s5se impressions1 ! individual expression ( ideas1 *ild activity1 & ! developm5t ( ! *ild's p[]s 9 an ord]ly way4 ,9 fact1 ! developm5t ( ! faculties ( ! *ild became a by-^w ) ,pe/alozzi & 8 foll[]s4 ,pe/alozzi's deep abid+ fai? 9 ! p[] ( education to reg5]ate society 0 highly influ5tial 9 ,switz]l&1 ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe1 & lat] 9 ,am]ica 9 %[+ h[ to deal ) orphans1 vagrants1 & ^? suff]+ f physical defects or 9 ne$ ( re=mation1 by provid+ = su* a comb9ation ( intellectual & indu/rial tra9+4 ,,! ,,spread ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,"w4 ,s fam\s did ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi become t 8 s*ools at ,burgdorf & ,yv]don came to be %[ places1 ev5 9 a l& fill$ ) natural wond]s4 ,obs]v]s & /ud5ts came f ,am]ica 7,r4 #bfh7 & f all ov] ,europe to see & to tea* 9 8 s*ool1 & draw inspiration f see+ 8 "w 7,r4 #bgj7 & talk+ ) him4 #aj ,9 p>ticul> ! educators ( ,prussia 7 attract$ by 8 "w1 &1 e>li] ?an o!r nations1 saw ! f>- rea*+ significance ( 8 discov]ies4 ,h]b>t visit$ 8 s*ool z e>ly z #agii1 :5 b a "y man ( tw5ty-?ree1 & wrote a v sympa!tic description ( 8 new me?ods4 ,froebel sp5t ! ye>s #ahjh to #ahaj z a tea*] at ,yv]don1 :5 he 0 a "y man ( tw5ty-six to eight4 ,x soon became evid5t to me1 wrote ,froebel1 t ',pe/alozzi' 0 to be ! wat*word ( my life4 ,! philosoph] ,fi*te1 ^: ,addresses 7#ahjg-jh7 on ! condition ( ! ,g]man p 7page #efh71 aft] _! humiliat+ defeat by ,napoleon1 did mu* to reveal to ,prussia ! possibilities ( national reg5]ation by means ( education1 _h taught 9 ,zuri*1 knew ,pe/alozzi1 & aft]w>d exploit$ 8 "w & 8 ideas 9 ,b]l94 #aa ,z e>ly z #ahjc an envoy1 s5t by ! ,prussian ,k+1 #ab report$ favorably on ,pe/alozzi's "w1 & 9 #ahjd ,pe/alozzian me?ods 7 au?oriz$ = ! prim>y s*ools ( ,prussia4 ,9 #ahjh sev5te5 tea*]s 7 s5t to ,switz]l&1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 to sp5d ?ree ye>s 9 /udy+ ,pe/alozzi's ideas & me?ods4 ,on _! return1 ^! & o!rs spread ,pe/alozzian ideas ?r\gh\t ,prussia4 ,a pa/or & tea*] f ,wrtemb]g1 ,k>l ,augu/ ,zell] 7#aggd-ahdg71 came to ,burgdorf 9 #ahjc to /udy4 ,9 #ahjf he op5$ a tra9+-s*ool = tea*]s 9 ,zuri*1 & !re work$ out a plan ( /udies bas$ on ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 #ahjh ! ,k+ ( ,wrtemb]g li/5$ to five lectures on ,pe/alozzian me?ods by ,zell]1 & invit$ him to a position z s*ool inspector 9 8 ,/ate4 ,be=e he _h done b a few mon?s' "w he 0 call$ to ,prussia1 to organize a normal s*ool & beg9 ! introduction ( ,pe/alozzian ideas !re4 ,f ,prussia ! ideas & me?ods ( ,pe/alozzi gradually spread to ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates4 ,_m ,swiss tea*]s 7 tra9$ by ,pe/alozzi1 & ^! also help$ to ext5d 8 "w & ideas ov] ,switz]l&4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]man ,switz]l& did 8 ideas take root & reorganize education4 ,z a result mod]n sy/ems ( education made an e>ly />t 9 ^! cantons4 ,"o ( ,pe/alozzi's e>lie/ & mo/ fai?ful tea*]s1 ,h]mann ,krsi1 became pr9cipal ( ! ,swiss normal s*ool at ,gais1 & tra9$ tea*]s !re 9 ,pe/alozzian me?ods4 ,zell]'s pupils1 too1 did mu* to spread 8 influ5ce among ! ,swiss4 ,pe/alozzi's ideas 7 also c>ri$ to ,engl&1 b 9 no su* satisfactory mann] z to ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,:]e ,g]man l&s receiv$ bo? ! me?od & ! _s1 ! ,engli% obta9$ l>gely ! =m4 ,lat] ,pe/alozzian ideas came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at fir/ l>gely ?r\gh ,engli% s\rces1 &1 aft] ab\t #ahfj1 result$ 9 a ?or\ghgo+ reorganization ( ,am]ican elem5t>y education4 ,aft] ,pe/alozzi's in/itution _h become celebrat$1 & visitors & commissions f _m c\ntries _h visit$ him & x1 & aft] gov]nm5ts _h vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 introduc+ ,pe/alozzian me?ods & re=ms1 ! vogue ( ! ,pe/alozzian ideas became v ext5d$4 ,_m excell5t private s*ools 7 f\nd$ on ! ,pe/alozzian model1 :ile on ! o!r h& self-/yl$ ,pe/alozzian re=m]s sprang up on all sides4 ,all ?is imitation 0 bo? natural & helpful2 ! fooli%ness & *>latanism 9 "t disappe>$1 leav+ a real advance 9 ! educational conception4 ,,! ,,manual-,,labor ,,s*ool ,,( ,,fell5b]g4 ,( ! ,swiss associates & foll[]s ( ,pe/alozzi "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial 0 ,phillip ,emanuel von ,fell5b]g 7#agga-ahdd74 ,! son ( a ,swiss (ficial ( high political & social position1 possess$ ( weal?1 hav+ travel$ ext5sively1 ,fell5b]g1 hav+ become conv9c$ t correct e>ly education 0 ! only means :]eby ! ,/ate might be elevat$ & ! lot ( man made bett]1 resolv$ 7#ahje7 to devote 8 life & 8 =tune to ! work+- out ( 8 ideas4 ,= a %ort "t associat$ ) ,pe/alozzi1 he soon )drew & e/abli%$1 on 8 own e/ate1 an ,in/itution :i* lat] 7#ahbi7 came to comprise ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a f>m ( ab\t six hundr$ acres4 #b4 ,work%ops = manufactur+ clo?+ & tools4 #c4 ,a pr9t+ & li?ograph+ e/abli%m5t4 #d4 ,a lit]>y in/itution = ! education ( ! well-to-d4 #e4 ,a l[] or real s*ool1 :i* tra9$ = h&icrafts & middle-class occupations4 #f4 ,an agricultural s*ool = ! education ( ! poor z f>m labor]s1 & z tea*]s = ! rural s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab3 ,,fell5b]g',s ,,in/itute ,,at ,,h(wyl4 ,! fir/ ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college4 ,?is s*ool conta9$ ! g]m-idea ( all our agricultural education4 ,by #ahaj ! ,in/itution _h begun to attract att5tion1 & soon pupils & visitors came f di/ant l&s to /udy 9 & to exam9e ! s*ools4 ,! agricultural s*ool 9 p>ticul> ar\s$ int]e/4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ ,reports 7,r4 #bgb7 7 publi%$1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 on ?is v successful exp]im5t 9 a comb9$ intellectual & manual- labor type ( education4 ,fell5b]g di$ 9 #ahdd1 & 8 family discont9u$ ! s*ool 9 #ahdh4 ,fell5b]g's "w 0 a cont9uation ( ! social-reg5]ation conception ( education held by ,pe/alozzi1 & conta9$ ! g]m-idea ( all our agricultural & indu/rial education4 ,8 plan 0 widely copi$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 well suit$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates because ( ! v democratic conditions !n prevail+ among an agricultural p possess$ ( b little weal?4 ,! plan ( comb9+ f>m+ & s*ool+ made = a "t a /rong appeal to ,am]icans1 & su* s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! idea at fir/ 0 to unite tra9+ 9 agriculture ) s*ool+1 b x 0 soon ext5d$ to ! rapidly ris+ me*anical pursuits z well4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 0 r %ort-liv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 due to ! rise ( manufactur+ & ! op5+ ( ri* & *eap f>ms to ! we/w>d1 & la/$ ) u sc>cely two decades4 ,a g5]ation lat] x reappe>$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,we/ 9 ! =m ( a new dem& = colleges to tea* agricultural & me*anical arts1 b ) ! manual-labor idea omitt$4 ,?is we %all ref] to aga91 lat] on 7*apt] xxix74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,,fell5b]g 7#agga-ahdd7 ,,iv4 ,,r$irection ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,significance ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4 ,?\gh "s =m ( p>i% s*ool = ! elem5ts ( religi\s in/ruction _h exi/$ 9 _m places dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 & f\ndations provid+ = "s type ( elem5t>y in/ruction _h appe>$ "h & !re 9 almo/ all l&s1 ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool1 z we h previ\sly po9t$ out1 0 nev]!less cle>ly ! outcome ( ! ,prote/ant movem5t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 its orig9 0 ess5tially a *ild ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a *ild ( ! ,*ur*1 too1 = m ?an two c5turies ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool rema9$4 ,dur+ ^! two c5turies ! elem5t>y s*ool made sl[ b r unsatisfactory progress1 due l>gely to !re be+ no o!r motive = its ma9t5ance or expansion ?an ! orig9al religi\s purpose4 ,only 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 "s ( ! prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 a few ( ! ,g]man ,/ates _h any real progress be5 made 9 evolv+ any diff]5t type ( s*ool out ( ?is e>ly religi\s creation1 & ev5 9 ^! places ! *ange 0 9 =m ( control r ?an 9 subject- matt] or purpose4 ,! s*ool rema9$ religi\s 9 purpose1 ev5 ?\gh its control 0 beg9n+ to pass f ! ,*ur* to ! ,/ate4 ,n[1 )9 half a c5tury1 beg9n+ ) ! "w ( ,r\sseau 7#agfb71 & by means ( ! labors ( ! political philosoph]s ( ,france1 ! ,revolution>y lead]s 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 ! legislative ,assemblies & ,conv5tions 9 ,france1 & ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,bas$[ & 8 foll[]s 9 ,g]man l&s & ( ,pe/alozzi & 8 disciples 9 ,switz]l&1 ! :ole purpose & nature ( ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool 0 *ang$4 ,! ,am]ican & ,fr5* political revolutions & ! m peaceful *anges 9 ,engl& _h u%]$ 9 new conceptions z to ! nature & purpose & duties ( gov]nm5t4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! new ideas1 education _h come to be reg>d$ 9 a new light1 & to assume a new importance 9 ! eyes ( /atesm54 ,9 place ( s*ools to s]ve religi\s & sect>ian ends1 & ma9ta9$ z an adjunct ( ! p>i%es or ( a ,/ate ,*ur*1 ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool n[ came to be conceiv$ ( z an in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate1 ! *ief purpose ( :i* 0 to s]ve /ate ends4 ,"s "t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be requir$ to develop ! /ate support necess>y to effect ! complete trans=mation 9 control1 & ! =ces ( reaction w\ld naturally delay ! process z mu* z possible1 b ! !ory ( /ate purpose _h at la/ be5 s effectively proclaim$1 & ! =ces ( a mod]n _w 7 pu%+ ! idea s /eadily =w>d1 t x 0 only a "q ( "t until ! *ange w\ld be effect$4 ,a ,,new ,,impetus ,,= ,,*ange ,,9 ,,control4 ,bas$[ & ,pe/alozzi1 too1 _h giv5 ! movem5t = a transf] ( control a new impetus by work+ out new me?ods 9 in/ruction & 9 organiz+ new subject-matt] = ! s*ool1 & me?ods & subject-matt] :i* h>moniz$ ) ! _s & pr9ciples ( ! new democracy t _h be5 proclaim$4 ,pe/alozzi 9 p>ticul> _h s\ght1 guid$ by a cle>] insight into ! educational problem ?an ,bas$[ possess$ 7,r4 #bga71 to create a s*ool 9 :i* *ildr5 might1 "u ! wise guidance ( ! tea*]1 develop & /r5g!n _! own faculties & ?us evolve into reason+1 self- direct+ human be+s1 fitt$ = usefulness & s]vice 9 a mod]n _w4 ,to make intellig5t & reason+ individuals ( all citiz5s1 to develop moral & civic "*1 to tra9 = life 9 organiz$ society1 & to s]ve z an in/rum5t by means ( :i* an ignorant1 drunk51 immoral1 & %iftless work+-class & peasantry might be elevat$ into m5 & wom5 ( "*1 intellig5ce1 & directive p[]1 0 9 ,pe/alozzi's conception ! und]ly+ mean+ ( ! s*ool4 ,aft] ,pe/alozzi1 ! e>li] conception z to ! religi\s purpose ( ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools1 by means ( :i* *ildr5 7 to be tra9$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! pr9ciples ( our holy religion & to become loyal *ur* memb]s1 & to fit !m = t /ation 9 life 9 :i* x ha? pleas$ _! ,heav5ly ,fa!r to place !m1 0 doom$4 ,9 its /ead !re 0 c]ta9 to arise a new] conception ( ! s*ool z an in/rum5t ( t =m ( organiz$ society kn[n z ! ,/ate1 & ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate to tra9 its future citiz5s = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 ! duties & obligations ( citiz5%ip1 & = social1 moral1 & economic effici5cy4 ,,! ,,way ,,n[ ,,becom+ ,,cle>4 ,aft] two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( confusion & political failure1 ! way 0 n[ at la/ becom+ cle> = ! creation ( national in/ead ( *ur* sy/ems ( elem5t>y education1 & = ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool z an important obligation to its future citiz5s ( e progressive mod]n ,/ate & ! common bir?right ( all4 ,?is became di/9ctively ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x also became ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ga!r up ! old second>y-s*ool & univ]sity f\ndations1 accumulat$ ?r\gh ! ages1 & rem\ld !m to meet mod]n ne$s1 fuse !m into ! national s*ool sy/ems creat$1 & connect !m 9 "s mann] ) ! p's s*ools4 ,to see h[ ?is 0 done we next turn to ! beg9n+s ( ! organization ( national s*ool sy/ems 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! may be tak5 z types4 ,z ,prussia 0 ! fir/ mod]n ,/ate to grasp ! significance ( national education1 & to organize /ate s*ools1 we %all beg9 our /udy by fir/ trac+ ! /eps by :i* ?is trans=mation 0 effect$ !re4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,comp>e ! /atem5t ( ! valuable elem5ts 9 ! !ories ( ,r\sseau 7p4 #ecj7 ) ! ma9 ideas ( ,bas$[ 7p4 #ece72 ,ratke 7p4 #fjg72 ,com5ius 7p4 #dji74 #b4 ,d we accept all ! f\rte5 po9ts ( ,r\sseau's !ory to-day8 #c4 ,might a ,r\sseau h done "w ( simil> importance 9 ,russia1 e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,:y8 #d4 ,expla9 ! educational significance ( self-activity1 s5se impressions1 & h>moni\s developm5t4 #e4 ,:at 7 ! /rong po9ts 9 ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,bas$[8 #f4 ,expla9 ! great en?usiasm :i* 8 r vision>y /atem5ts & plans awak5$4 #g4 ,%[ ! importance ( su* "w z t ( ,bas$[ 9 prep>+ ! way = bett]-organiz$ re=m "w4 #h4 ,h[ f> 0 ,pe/alozzi "r z to ! p[] ( education to give m5 intellectual & moral fre$om8 #i4 ,:at d y und]/& ,pe/alozzi to h meant by ! developm5t ( ! faculties8 #aj4 ,/ate ! importance ( ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi f ! po9t ( view ( %[+ ! _w h[ to deal ) orphans & defectives4 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ! g]ms ( agricultural & te*nical education lay 9 ! "w ( ,fell5b]g4 #ab4 ,expla9 ! great] popul>ity ( ! mile 9 ,g]man l&s4 #ac4 ,/ate ! *ange 9 subject-matt] & aims f ! v]nacul> *ur* s*ool to ! s*ool z ?\ght out by ,pe/alozzi4 #ad4 ,%[ t x 0 a =tunate conjunction t br\ght ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi alongside ( t ( ! political re=m]s ( ,france4 #ae4 ,:at diff]5ces might !re h be5 _h ,com5ius liv$ & done 8 "w 9 ! "t ( ,pe/alozzi8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections1 illu/rative ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt]1 are reproduc$3 #bfd4 ,r\sseau3 ,illu/rative ,selections f ! mile4 #bfe4 ,bas$[3 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,philan?rop9um4 #bff4 ,bas$[3 ,a ,page f ! ,elem5t>w]k4 #bfg4 ,pe/alozzi3 ,explanation ( 8 ,"w4 #bfh4 ,griscom3 ,a ,visit to ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]don4 #bfi4 ,woodbridge3 ,an ,e/imate ( ,pe/alozzi's ,"w4 #bgj4 ,dr4 ,mayo3 ,on ,pe/alozzi4 #bga4 ,woodbridge3 ,"w ( ,pe/alozzi & ,bas$[ comp>$4 #bgb4 ,griscom3 ,h(wyl z se5 by an ,am]ican4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,%[ ! fallacy ( ,r\sseau's reason+ 7#bfd d7 z to society be+ a d5om9ator :i* prev5ts man f realiz+ himself4 #b4 ,:at are ! elem5ts ( tru? & falsity 9 ,r\sseau's idl+-to-!- twelf?-ye> 7#bfd d7 idea8 #c4 ,w\ld su* a tra9+ up to twelve 7#bfd e7 be possible1 or desirable8 #d4 ,:at type ( education is presuppos$ 9 #bfd f8 #e4 ,%[ ! simil>ity 9 ! conceptions ( ! ,orbis ,pictus 7#bba7 & ! ,elem5t>w]k 7#bff74 #f4 ,:at types ( s*ools & conceptions ( education 7 comb9$ 9 ! ,philan?rop9um 7#bfe78 #g4 ,j :at did ,pe/alozzi attempt 7#bfg7 to accompli%8 #h4 ,comp>e ! acc\nts z to purpose & in/ruction giv5 by ,pe/alozzi 7#bfg7 & ,griscom 7#bfh74 #i4 ,:at d ! tributes ( ,woodbridge 7#bfi7 & ,mayo 7#bgj7 reveal z to ! "* ( ,pe/alozzi & 8 influ5ce8 #aj4 ,analyze ! c\rses ( in/ruction 7#bgb7 at ,h(wyl4 #aa4 ,/ate ! po9ts ( simil>ity & diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ,bas$[ & ,pe/alozzi 7#bga71 & ! po9ts ( sup]iority 9 ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,,select$ ,,ref]5ces 99 ,&]son1 ,l4 ,f4 ,! ,manual-,labor-,s*ool ,movem5t2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 #df1 pp4 #cfi-hh4 7,novemb]1 #aiac47 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,pe/alozzi & 8 ,educational ,sy/em4 99 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau4 99 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,pe/alozzi & ,elem5t>y ,education4 99 ,guimps1 ,rog] de4 ,pe/alozzi3 8 ,aim & ,"w4 99 ,krsi1 ,h]mann1 ,jr4 ,life & ,"w ( ,pe/alozzi4 99 ,p>k] ,s4 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 *aps4 #h1 #i1 #ac-af4 99 ,pe/alozzi1 ,j4 ,h4 ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,pe/alozzi1 ,j4 ,h4 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr54 ,p9lo*e1 ,a4 ,pe/alozzi & ! ,f\ndations ( ! ,mod]n ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,prussia ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,national ,,organization ,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,progress ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,organization4 ,! fir/ mod]n nation to take ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur*1 & to make ( x an in/rum5t = promot+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate 0 ,prussia1 & ! example ( ,prussia 0 soon foll[$ by ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates4 ,! reasons = ?is e>ly action by ! ,g]man ,/ates w be cle> if we rememb] ! m>k$ progress made 9 e/abli%+ /ate control ( ! *ur*es 7p4 #cah7 :i* foll[$ ! ,prote/ant ,revolts 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,figure #if1 page #cai1 rexam9$ n[1 w make ! reason = ! e>li] evolution ( /ate education 9 ,g]many pla94 ,wrtemb]g1 z e>ly z #aeei1 _h organiz$ ! fir/ ,g]man /ate-*ur* s*ool sy/em1 & _h made att5dance at ! religi\s in/ruction1 compulsory on ! p>5ts ( all *ildr54 ,! example ( ,wrtemb]g 0 foll[$ by ,brunswick 7#aefi71 ,saxony 7#aehj71 ,weim> 7#afai71 & ,go?a 7#afdb74 ,9 ,weim> & ,go?a ! compulsory- att5dance idea _h ev5 be5 adopt$ = elem5t>y-s*ool in/ruction to all *ildr5 up to ! age ( twelve4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury mo/ ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ev5 includ+ ,ca?olic ,bav>ia1 _h foll[$ ! example ( ,wrtemb]g1 & _h creat$ a /ate-*ur* s*ool sy/em :i* involv$ at lea/ elem5t>y & second>y s*ools & ! beg9n+s ( compulsory s*ool att5dance4 ,not)/&+ ! ravages ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7#afah- #dh71 ! /ate-*ur* s*ools ( ,g]man l&s conta9$1 m def9itely ?an _h be5 work$ out else:]e1 ! g]ms ( a sep>ate /ate s*ool organization4 ,only 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies 7p4 #cfd7 _h an equal developm5t 9 /ate-*ur* organization & control be5 made4 ,z /ate- *ur* s*ools1 ) ! religi\s purpose dom9ant1 ! ,g]man s*ools rema9$ until ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!n a new movem5t = /ate control began1 & )9 fifty ye>s !reaft] !y _h be5 trans=m$ into in/itutions ( ! ,/ate1 ) ! /ate purpose _! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic4 ,h[ ?is trans=mation 0 effect$ 9 ,prussia1 ! lead] among ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & ! =ces :i* br\ght ab\t ! trans=mation1 x w be ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to relate4 ,,! ,,new ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,halle4 ,! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man educational progress 0 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 9 #afid4 ,?is in/itution1 due to its entirely new me?ods ( "w1 has usually be5 designat$ z ! fir/ mod]n univ]sity4 ,a few =w>d-look+ m51 m5 :o _h be5 expell$ f ,leipzig because ( _! critical attitude & mod]n ways ( ?9k+1 7 made pr(essors "h4 ,its creation 0 due to ! sympa?y = ^! m5 felt by ! ,elector ,fri$ri* ,,iii ( ,br&5burg1 lat] ! fir/ ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,! ,k+ cle>ly int5d$ t ! new in/itution %\ld be repres5tative ( mod]n t5d5cies 9 education4 ,to ?is end he in/all$ z pr(essors m5 :o c\ld & w\ld re=m ! in/ruction 9 !ology1 law1 m$ic9e1 & philosophy4 ,9 consequ5ce ,ari/otle 0 displac$ = ! new sci5tific philosophy ( ,desc>tes & ,bacon1 & ,lat9 9 ! classrooms = ! ,g]man spee*4 ,! s9c]e pieti/ic fai? ( ,francke 7p4 #dah7 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,lu!ran dogmatism :i* _h supplant$ ! e>li] ,ca?olic4 ,! in/ruction 9 law 0 re=m$ to accord ) ! mod]n ne$s & !ory ( ! ,/ate4 ,m$ical in/ruction1 bas$ on obs]vation1 exp]im5tation1 & d$uction1 sup]s$$ in/ruction bas$ on ! read+ ( ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,! new sci5ces1 especially ma!matics & physics1 f\nd a cong5ial home 9 ! philosophical or arts faculty4 ,free sci5tific inve/igation & rese>*1 )\t int]f]5ce f ! !ological faculty1 7 soon e/abli%$ z features ( ! in/itution1 & 9 place ( ! fix$ sci5tific k taught = s long f ! texts ( ,ari/otle 7,rs4 #aac-ae7 & o!r anci5ts1 a new & *ang+ sci5ce1 t mu/ prove its laws & axioms1 & :i* might at any "t be *ang$ by ! inve/igation ( any tea*] or /ud5t1 "h n[ f\nd a home4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 :o 0 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy f #agjg to #agbc1 :5 he 0 bani%$ by a new ,k+ at ! in/igation ( ! ,pieti/s = 8 too great lib]alism 9 religion1 & aga9 f #agdj to #aged1 aft] 8 recall by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #a philosophy 0 made to speak ,g]man & ! ,ari/otelian philosophy 0 p]man5tly displac$4 ,no ?+ )\t suffici5t cause 0 ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ,wolff's tea*+4 ,,*anges ,,wr\ght ,,9 ,,old ,,e/abli%$ ,,proc$ure4 ,! introduction ( ! new sci5tific & ma!matical & philosophical /udies soon *ang$ ! arts or philosophy faculty f a prep>atory faculty = ! faculties ( law1 m$ic9e1 & !ology1 z x _h be5 = c5turies1 to ! equal ( ^! ?ree pr(essional faculties 9 importance1 :ile ! elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ,lat9 & ,greek 0 n[ relegat$ to ! ,gymnasia bel[4 ,^! 7 n[ 9 turn *ang$ into prep>atory s*ools = all f\r faculties ( ! univ]sity4 ,! univ]sity in/ruction 9 ! anci5t languages 0 n[ plac$ on a mu* high] plane1 & a new humani/ic r5aissance took place 7p4 #dfb7 :i* deeply influ5c$ bo? univ]sity & gymnasial tra9+4 ,new /&>ds ( ta/e & judgm5t 7 drawn f ! anci5t lit]atures & appli$ to mod]n life1 & /ud5ts 7 tra9$ to read & enjoy ! anci5t classics4 ,?is reawak5+ ( ! be/ _s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance m>k$ ! fir/ outbur/ ( a national feel+ ( a p z yet possess$ ( no national lit]ature ( importance1 b unwill+ long] to dep5d on =eign 7,fr5*7 influ5ces = ! cultural elem5ts 9 _! intellectual life4 ,x 0 at ,halle1 too1 t ,gundl+1 9 #agaa1 discuss$ ! (fice ( a univ]sity & laid d[n ! mod]n univ]sity !ory ( ,lehrfreiheit und ,l]nfreiheit--t is1 fre$om f outside int]f]5ce 9 tea*+ & /udy+1 bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts to be free to foll[ ! tru? :]ev] ! tru? might lead1 & )\t ref]5ce to :at preconceiv$ !ories might be upset !reby4 ,?is 0 a revolution 9 univ]sity proc$ure1 #b & ! importance ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is new conception ( univ]sity "w c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,x 0 a contribution to intellectual progress ( l>ge future value4 ,x meant ! end ( ! old-type univ]sity1 rul$ by a n>r[ !ological dogmatism & ma9ta9$ to give support to a p>ticul> religi\s fai?1 & ! ultimate trans=mation ( ! old univ]sity f\ndations into in/itutions actuat$ by ! me?ods & purposes ( a mod]n _w4 ,9 #agcd ano!r new univ]sity 0 f\nd$ at ,gtt+51 & 9 ?is ,johann ,mat?ias ,gesn] 7#afia-agfa7 rais$ ! new humani/ic le>n+ to ! place ( fir/ importance4 ,?is new univ]sity became a nurs]y = ! new lit]>y humanism1 ably supplem5t+ ! "w done at ,halle4 ,f ^! two univ]sities tea*]s ( a new type w5t out1 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,! ,enlight5m5t1 z ?is eighte5?-c5tury ,g]man r5aissance 0 call$1 & !y 9 "t reg5]at$ all ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,/ill m1 !y reg5]at$ ! second>y s*ools ( ,g]man l&s z well1 & gave ,greek lit]ature & life t place ( fir/ importance 9 _! in/ruction :i* 0 reta9$ until ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,gesn] at ,gtt+51 & lat] ,erne/i at ,leipzig1 did mu* to =mulate ! new p$agogical purpose #c ( in/ruction 9 ! anci5t languages & lit]atures = ! high] s*ools ( ,g]man l&s4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,s*ool ,,laws ,,= ,,prussia4 ,9 #agac !re came to ! k+%ip ( ,prussia an organiz+ g5ius 9 ! p]son ( ,fr$]ic ,william ,i 7#agac- #dj74 ,"u 8 direction ,prussia 0 giv51 = ! fir/ "t1 a c5traliz$ & uni=m f9ancial adm9i/ration1 & ! beg9n+s ( /ate s*ool organization 7 made4 ,he fre$ ! ,/ate f debt1 provid$ x ) a good income1 develop$ a /rong army1 & began a vigor\s colonization & comm]cial policy4 ,?\gh he c>$ no?+ & did no?+ = ! univ]sities1 ! religi\s re=m movem5t ( ,francke1 z well z 8 educational und]tak+s 7p4 #dai71 f\nd 9 ! new ,k+ a w>m support]4 ,l>gely 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! ,k+ became deeply int]e/$ 9 attempts to improve & advance ! education ( ! masses ( 8 p4 ,! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign he issu$ a ,regulatory ,code = ! ,re=m$ ,evangelical & ,lat9 s*ools ( ,prussia1 & 9 #agag he issu$ ! s- call$ ,advisory ,ord]1 relat+ to ! p's s*ools4 ,9 ?is latt] p>5ts 7 urg$1 "u p5alty ( vigor\s puni%m5t1 to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool to le>n religion1 read+1 writ+1 to calculate1 & all t c\ld s]ve to promote _! happ9ess & welf>e4 ,! tuition fees ( poor *ildr5 he ord]$ paid out ( ! community poor-box 7,r4 #bgc74 ,! foll[+ ye> he direct$ ! au?orities ( ,li?uania to relieve ! exi/+ ignorance !re1 & s5t commission]s to provide ! villages ) s*oolma/]s4 ,f "t to "t he r5ew$ 8 directions4 ,to insure a bett] class ( tea*]s = ! t[ns & rural s*ools1 he1 9 #agbb1 direct$ t no "o be admitt$ to ! (fice ( sacri/an-s*oolma/] #d except tailors1 weav]s1 smi?s1 :eelwrights1 & c>p5t]s1 & 9 #agch he fur!r re/rict$ ! position ( tea*] 9 ! t[n & rural s*ools to tailors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,a ,,h&work] ,conduct$ 9 8 home4 ,a g5tleman visit+ ! s*ool4 ,aft] a draw+ 9 ! ,g]man ,s*ool ,museum 9 ,b]l94 ,becom+ especially int]e/$ 9 provid+ s*ools = ! previ\sly neglect$ prov9ce ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 he gave ! sum ( fifty ?\s& ?al]s z an end[m5t fund1 ! int]e/ to be us$ 9 assi/+ communities to build s*oolh\ses & ma9ta9 s*ools1 & he also set aside l>ge tracts ( l& = s*ool uses4 ,)9 a few ye>s ov] a ?\s& elem5t>y s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$1 & "s eighte5 hundr$ new s*ools 9 ,prussia ow$ _! orig9 to ! int]e/ ( ?is ,k+4 ,he also took a simil> int]e/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 9 ,pom]ania 7,r4 #bgc71 a "p ( :i* _h b rec5tly be5 wre/$ f ,sw$54 ,9 #agcg ! ,k+ issu$ 8 celebrat$ ,pr9cipia ,regulative1 :i* h5ce=? became ! fundam5tal ,s*ool ,law = ! prov9ce ( ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,?is prescrib$ conditions = ! build+ ( s*oolh\ses1 ! support ( ! s*oolma/]1 tuition fees1 & gov]nm5t aid4 ,! foll[+ dige/ ( ! section ( ! ,pr9cipia relat+ to ^! matt]s gives a good idea z to ! nature ( ! s*ool regulations ! ,k+ s\ght to en=ce3 #a4 ,! p>i%es =m+ s*ool societies 7 oblig$ to build s*ool- h\ses & to keep !m 9 repair4 #b4 ,! ,/ate 0 to furni% ! necess>y timb] & firewood4 #c4 ,! exp5ses = doors1 w9d[s1 & /oves to be obta9$ f collections4 #d4 ,e *ur* to pay f\r ?al]s a ye> t[>d ! support ( ! s*oolma/]4 #e4 ,tuition fees = ea* *ild1 f f\r to twelve ye>s ( age1 to be f\r gros*5 p] ye>4 #f4 ,gov]nm5t to pay ! fee :5 a peasant s5ds m ?an "o *ild to s*ool4 #g4 ,! peasants to furni% ! tea*] ) c]ta9 provisions4 #h4 ,! tea*] to h ! "r ( free pa/ure = 8 small /ock & "s fees f e *ild confirm$4 #i4 ,gov]nm5t to give ! tea*] "o acre ( l&1 :i* villag]s 7 to till = him4 ,9 #agch ! ,k+ fur!r regulat$ ! private s*ools & tea*]s 9 & ab\t ,b]l91 9 p>ticul> deal+ ) _! qualifications & fees4 ,! ,k+ %[$1 = ! "t1 an int]e/ 9 & solicitude = ! education ( 8 p h]et(ore almo/ unkn[n4 ,t 8 decrees 7 9 advance ( ! possibilities ( ! p 9 ! matt] ( s*ool support is n to be wond]$ at4 ,/ill1 !y r5d]$ useful s]vice 9 prep>+ ! way = fur!r organiz+ "w by 8 successors1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 accu/om+ ! p to ! ideas ( /ate ov]sight & local s*ool support4 ,"u 8 successor & son1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! prep>atory "w ( ! fa!r bore important fruit4 ,,! ,,organiz+ ,,"w ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4 ,9 #agdj ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 surnam$ ! ,great1 succe$$ 8 fa!r1 & 9 turn guid$ ! de/9ies ( ,prussia = =ty-six ye>s4 ,8 b5evol5tly despotic rule has be5 describ$ on a prec$+ page 7p4 #dgd74 ,"h we w consid] only 8 "w = education4 ,9 #agdj1 #agda1 & aga9 9 #agdc he issu$ regulations conc]n+ ! support ( s*ools 9 ! villages ( ,prussia1 9 :i* he direct$ t new s*ools %\ld be e/abli%$1 tea*]s provid$ = !m1 & t ! exi/+ s*ool regulations & ! arrangem5ts made 9 pursuance !reto %\ld be p]man5t1 & t no *ange %\ld be made "u any pretext :atev]4 ,9 #agej he effect$ a c5tralization ( all ! prov9cial *ur* consi/ories1 except t ( ,ca?olic ,silesia1 "u ! ,b]l9 ,consi/ory4 ,?is 0 a c5traliz+ measure ( l>ge future importance1 z x c5traliz$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools1 z well z t ( ! *ur*es1 & trans=m$ ! ,b]l9 ,consi/ory into an important adm9i/rative ag5t ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,to ?is new c5traliz$ adm9i/rative organization ! ,k+ issu$ in/ructions to pay special att5tion to s*ools1 9 ord] t !y might be furni%$ ) able s*oolma/]s & ! "y be well educat$4 ,"o ( ! results ( ?is c5tralization 0 ! gradual evolution ( ! mod]n ,g]man ,gymnasi51 ) uni=m /&>ds & improv$ in/ruction1 out ( ! old & weak5$ ,lat9 s*ools ( v>i\s types )9 ! k+dom4 ,f #agef to #agfc ,fr$]ick 0 engag$ 9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 kn[n z ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 b z soon z peace 0 at h& ! ,k+ issu$ new regulations conc]n+ ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools1 & began employ+ compet5t s*oolma/]s = 8 royal e/ates4 ,9 ,april1 #agfc1 he issu$ in/ructions to h a s]ies ( g5]al s*ool regulations prep>$ = all ,prussia4 ,^! 7 drawn up by ,julius ,heck]1 a =m] pupil & tea*] 9 ,francke's ,in/itution 7p4 #dah7 & n[ a pa/or 9 ,b]l9 & c\nselor = ! ,b]l9 ,consi/ory4 ,aft] approval by ! ,k+1 ^! 7 issu$1 ,septemb] #bc1 #agfc1 "u ! title ( ,g5]al ,l&-,s*ule ,reglem5t 7g5]al s*ool regulations = ! rural & village s*ools7 ( all ,prussia 7,r4 #bgd74 ,^! new regulations con/itut$ ! fir/ g5]al ,s*ool ,code = ! :ole k+dom1 & m>k ! real f\ndation ( ! ,prussian elem5t>y-s*ool sy/em4 ,two ye>s lat] 7#agfe7 a simil> b /rong] set ( regulations or ,code 0 drawn up & promulgat$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ca?olic elem5t>y s*ools 9 ! prov9ce ( ,silesia 7,r4 #bge74 ,?is 0 a new prov9ce :i* ,fr$]ick _h wre/$ by =ce a few ye>s previ\sly 7#agdh7 f ,m>ia ,!resa ( ,au/ria1 & ! addition ( a l>ge numb] ( ,ca?olics to ,prussia caus$ ,fr$]ick to issue specific regulations = s*ools among !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,prussia1 #agdj-hf ,^! two ,s*ool ,codes did n s mu* br+ already exi/+ s*ools into a /ate sy/em1 b r set up /&>ds & obligations = an elem5t>y-s*ool sy/em 9 "p to be creat$ 9 ! future4 ,! s*ools 7 /ill left "u ! sup]vision & direction ( ! ,*ur*1 b ! ,/ate n[ und]took to tell ! ,*ur* :at x mu/ d4 ,to en=ce ! obligation ! ,/ate ,inspectors ( ,prussia 7 direct$ to make an annual inspection 7,r4 #bgd1 #bf7 ( all s*ools1 & to =w>d a report on _! inspection to ! ,b]l9 ,consi/ory1 & = ,ca?olic ,silesia ! foll[+ significant injunction 0 plac$ 9 ! ,code3 #ea4 ,9 ord] to r5d] z p]man5t z possible ?is re=m ( s*ools1 :i* lies ne> our he>t1 we _c be satisfi$ ) committ+ ! c>e ( ! s*ools to ! cl]gy alone4 ,we f9d x necess>y t our bureau ( ,w> & ,doma91 ! bureau ( ! ,episcopal ,vic>iate1 & ! dioceses 9 our ,silesian & ,glatz di/ricts1 z well z our special s*ool inspectors1 give all due att5tion to ?is subject1 s important to ! ,/ate4 ,,! ,,prussian ,,s*ool ,,codes ,,( #agfc ,,& #agfe4 ,! regulations ( #agfc 7 issu$1 s ! introduction reads 7,r4 #bgd71 because ! in/ruction ( y\? 9 ! c\ntry _h come to be greatly neglect$ & ! "y p 7 gr[+ up 9 /upidity & ignorance4 ,! ,k+1 !re=e1 issu$ ! new regulations to ! end t ignorance1 s injuri\s & unbecom+ to ,*ri/ianity1 may be prev5t$ & less5$1 & ! com+ "t may tra9 & educate 9 ! s*ools m enlight5$ & virtu\s subjects4 ,to ?is end ! ,k+ ord]$ compulsory education = ! *ildr5 ( all subjects f ! ages ( five to ?irte5 or f\rte51 all appr5tices to be taught1 & leav+ c]tificates to be issu$ on completion ( ! c\rse 7,r4 #bgd1 #a-d74 ,! s*ool h\rs 7 fix$1 ,sunday & summ] in/ruction regulat$1 tuition fees /&>diz$1 & ! fees ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 7 ord]$ paid 7,r4 #bgd1 #e-h74 ,a s*ool c5sus1 & f9es on p>5ts n s5d+ _! *ildr5 to s*ool 7 provid$ = 7,r4 #bgd1 #aj-aa74 ,! requirem5ts = a tea*]1 8 habits1 8 qualifications & exam9ation1 ! lic5se to tea*1 & ! ext5t to :i* he might ply 8 trade or bus9ess1 7 all laid d[n 9 "s detail 7,r4 #bgd #ab-ag74 ,! organization1 in/ruction1 textbooks1 ord] ( ex]cises1 & discipl9e = all s*ools 7 prescrib$ at "s l5g? 7,r4 #bgd1 #ai-ba74 ,! ,code clos$ ) a s]ies ( regulations cov]+ ! relations ( ! s*oolma/] & cl]gyman1 & ! sup]vision ( ! in/ruction by ! cl]gyman & cl]ical sup]9t5d5ts 7,r4 #bgd1 #be-bf74 ,incapable tea*]s 7 ord]$ susp5d$ or depos$4 ,a a f9al injunction relative to s*ool att5dance ! ,code clos$ ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,9 g5]al we "h confirm & r5ew all :olesome laws1 publi%$ 9 =m] times1 especially1 t no cl]gyman %all admit to confirmation & ! sacram5t1 any *ildr5 n ( 8 p>i%1 nor ^? unable to read1 or :o are ignorant ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( evangelical religion4 ,! ,code ( #agfe = ! ,ca?olic s*ools ( ,silesia foll[$ mu* ! same l9e z ! ,code ( #agfc1 ?\gh 9 x ! ,k+ plac$ special emphasis on ! tra9+ ( s*oolma/]s1 a subject 9 :i* he _h become mu* int]e/$ 7,r4 #bge a72 ! regulation ( ! conditions "u :i* tea*]s liv$ & work$ 7,r4 #bge b72 & ! sup]vision ( in/ruction by ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i% 7,r4 #bge e74 ,^! directions ?r[ mu* light on ! conditions surr\nd+ tea*+ ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! nature ( in/ruction 9 ! ,ca?olic s*ools1 & ! compulsion to att5d1 7 also def9itely /at$ 7,r4 #bge c-d74 ,^! new ,codes met ) resi/ance ev]y:]e4 ,! money = ! execution ( su* a compreh5sive project 0 n z yet g5]ally available2 p>5ts & *ur*es object$ to taxation & to ! loss ( _! *ildr5 f "w2 ! weal?y l&lords object$ to ! f9ancial burd52 ! /&>ds = tea*]s lat] on 7#aggi7 _h to be l[]$1 & vet]ans f ,fr$]ick's w>s in/all$2 & ! exam9ations ( tea*]s _h to be made easy #e to secure tea*]s at all = ! s*ools4 ,:ile !re cont9u$ = "s decades to be a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual conditions 9 ! s*ools & ! requirem5ts ( ^! ,codes1 & :ile ! real e/abli%m5t ( a /ate s*ool sy/em await$ ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury = its accompli%m5t1 mu* valuable progress 9 organization nev]!less 0 made4 ,9 pr9ciple1 at lea/1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 by ! ,codes ( #agfc & #agfe1 effect$ = elem5t>y education a transition f ! *ur* s*ool ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & = ,ca?olic ,silesia f ! p>i% s*ool ( ! ,*ur*1 to ! /ate s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x rema9$ only = 8 successors to realize 9 practice :at he _h made sub/antial beg9n+s ( 9 law4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,europe t e>ly _h su* progress 9 educational organization be5 made4 ,,! ,,prussian ,,example ,,foll[$ ,,9 ,,o!r ,,g]man ,,/ates4 ,! example ( ,prussia 0 9 "t foll[$ by ! o!r l>g] ,g]man ,/ates4 ,wrtemb]g issu$ a new ,s*ool ,code 9 #agib1 :i* rema9$ ! rul+ law = ! *ur* s*ools ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,saxon ,k+1 ,augu/us ! ,j1 inspir$ by ! example ( ,fr$]ick1 issu$ a m&ate1 9 #agff1 rem9d+ p>5ts z to _! duty to s5d *ildr5 to s*ool1 & 9 #aggc issu$ a new ,regulation1 fill$ ) g5]\s en?usiasm = ! cause4 ,a tea*]s' tra9+-s*ool 0 f\nd$ at ,dresd51 9 #aghh1 & f\r o!rs be=e ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahje a compreh5sive ,code 0 issu$4 ,?is requir$ t e *ild mu/ be able to read1 write1 c\nt1 & "k ! tru?s ( religion to receive ! sacram5t2 cl]gym5 7 ord]$ to sup]vise ! s*ools2 s*ool att5dance 0 requir$ f six to f\rte52 ! pay ( tea*]s & ! gov]nm5t appropriations = s*ools 7 increas$2 & a s]ies ( f9es 7 impos$ = violations ( ! ,code4 ,bav>ia issu$ new s*ool ,codes 9 #aggj & #aggh1 & additional s*oolh\ses 7 built & new textbooks writt54 ,aft] ! suppression ( ! ,jesuits 7#aggc7 a new progressive _s animat$ ! ,ca?olic ,/ates1 & ,au/ria 9 p>ticul>1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,m>ia ,!resa & ,joseph ,,ii 7p4 #dge71 made m>k$ progress 9 s*ool organization & educational re=m4 ,9 #aggj ,m>ia ,!resa appo9t$ a ,s*ool ,commission to h *>ge ( education 9 ,l[] ,au/ria2 9 #agga e/abli%$ ! fir/ ,au/rian normal s*ool 9 ,vi5na2 & 9 #aggd promulgat$ a ,g5]al ,s*ool ,code 7,r4 #bgf71 drawn up by ! ,abbot ,felbig]1 :o _h be5 mo/ prom95t 9 s*ool organization 9 ,silesia4 ,?is ,code provid$ = ,s*ool ,commissions 9 all prov9ces #f ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( an elem5t>y s*ool 9 all villages & p>i%es1 a pr9cipal or high] elem5t>y s*ool 9 ! pr9cipal city ( e canton1 & a normal s*ool 9 e prov9ce2 laid d[n ! c\rse ( /udy = ea*2 & gave details z to tea*]s1 in/ruction1 compulsory att5dance1 support1 & inspection simil> to ,fr$]ick's ,silesian ,code 7,r4 #bge74 ,cont9uation in/ruction up to tw5ty ye>s ( age also 0 ord]$4 ,t su* dem&s 7 mu* 9 advance ( :at 0 possible is evid5t1 & x is n surpris+ t1 9 ! reaction "u ,francis ,i1 foll[+ ! outbur/ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 we f9d a decree 7#ahje7 t ! elem5t>y s*ool %all be curtail$ to absolutely necess>y limits1 & t ! common p %all get 9 elem5t>y s*ool only su* ideas z w n tr\ble !m 9 _! "w1 & :i* w n make !m discont5t$ ) _! condition2 _! intellig5ce %all be direct$ t[>d ! fulfillm5t ( _! moral duties1 & prud5t & dilig5t fulfillm5t ( _! dome/ic & communal obligations4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,tea*]-,,tra9+4 ,! beg9n+ ( tea*]-tra9+ 9 ,g]man l&s 0 ! ,sem9>ium ,praceptorum ( ,francke1 e/abli%$ at ,halle 7p4 #dai71 9 #afig4 ,9 #agch ,johann ,julius ,heck] 7#agjg-fh71 "o ( ,francke's =m] /ud5ts & tea*]s1 & ! au?or ( ! ,prussian ,code ( #agfc1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ regul> sem9>y = tea*]s 9 ,prussia1 to tra9 int5d+ !ological /ud5ts = ! tempor>y or p>allel occupation ( tea*+ 9 ! ,lat9 s*ools4 ,9 #agdg he e/abli%$ a private ,lehr]sem9> 9 ,b]l91 9 connection ) 8 celebrat$ ,reals*ule 7p4 #dbj71 & !re demon/rat$ ! possibilities ( tea*]-tra9+4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 s pleas$ ) ! result t1 9 #agec1 he gave ! s*ool a subsidy & *ang$ x into a royal in/itution1 & on e fitt+ occasion recomm5d$ s*ool au?orities to x = tea*]s4 ,simil> in/itutions 7 op5$ 9 ,hanov]1 9 #agea2 ,wolf5bttel1 9 #agec2 9 ! c\nty ( ,glatz 9 ,silesia1 9 #agfd 7,r4 #bge72 9 ,breslau1 9 #agfe & #agfg2 & 9 ,c>lsruhe1 9 #agfh4 ,9 ! ,silesian ,code ( #agfe ,fr$]ick specifi$ 7,r4 #bge a1 #b7 six in/itutions :i* he _h designat$ z tea*]-tra9+ s*ools4 ,^! e>ly ,prussian in/itutions laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! normal-s*ool sy/em ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 built4 ,9 ,prussia fir/1 b soon !reaft] 9 o!r ,g]man ,/ates 7,au/ria1 at ,vi5na1 #agga2 ,saxe-,weim>1 at ,eis5a*1 9 #aghc2 & ,saxony1 at ,dresd51 #aghh7 ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 0 erect$ into an important in/itution ( ! ,/ate1 & ! idea has s9ce be5 copi$ by almo/ all mod]n nations4 ,?is e>ly developm5t 9 ,prussia 0 influ5tial 9 bo? ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z we %all po9t out fur!r on4 ,despite ^! _m important educational ef=ts1 ?\gh1 ! type & ! "w ( tea*]s rema9$ l[ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! rural & village s*ools ! tea*]s cont9u$ to be defici5t 9 numb] & lack+ 9 prep>ation4 ,(t5 ! pa/ors _h fir/ to give to invalids1 cripples1 %oemak]s1 tailors1 wat*m51 & h]dsm5 ! rudim5t>y k !y 9 turn imp>t$ to ! *ildr54 ,9 ! t[ns ( fair size ! conditions 7 n mu* bett] ?an 9 ! villages4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool ( ! middle-siz$ t[ns g5]ally _h b "o class1 common = boys & girls1 & ! magi/rates did little to improve ! condition ( ! s*ools or ! tea*]s4 ,9 ! l>g] cities1 & ev5 9 ,b]l91 ! numb] ( elem5t>y s*ools 0 insuffici5t1 ! s*ools 7 cr[d$1 & _m *ildr5 _h no opportunity to att5d s*ools4 #g ,9 ,leipzig !re 0 no public s*ool until #agib1 9 :i* ye> ! city free s*ool 0 e/abli%$4 ,ev5 ,sunday s*ools1 support$ by subscription1 _h be5 resort$ to by ,b]l91 aft] #agih1 to provide j\rneym5 & appr5tices ) "s ( ! rudim5ts ( an education4 ,! creation ( a /ate s*ool sy/em out ( ! insuffici5t & ineffici5t religi\s s*ools prov$ a task ( l>ge dim5sions1 9 ,prussia z 9 o!r l&s4 ,ev5 z late z #ahai ,d9t] f\nd disc\rag+ conditions 7,r4 #bgi7 among ! tea*]s ( ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,a ,,g]man ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,s*ool 7,aft] a picture 9 ! ,g]man ,s*ool ,museum 9 ,b]l97 ,,fur!r ,,late ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,progress4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great di$ 9 #aghf4 ,9 ! reign ( 8 successors 8 "w bore fruit 9 a complete transf] ( all s*ools f *ur* to /ate control1 & 9 ! organization ( ! /ronge/ sy/em ( /ate s*ools ! _w _h ev] kn[n4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7#aghg71 & l>gely z an outgr[? ( ! prec$+ c5traliz+ "w ) ref]5ce to elem5t>y education1 ! ,sup]ior ,s*ool 7,ob]s*ulcollegium7 ,bo>d 0 e/abli%$ to ex]cise a simil> c5traliz$ control ov] ! old] second>y & high] s*ools ( ,prussia4 ,second>y & high] education 7 n[ sev]$ f *ur* control1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 z elem5t>y education _h be5 by ! ,regulations ( #agfc & #agfe4 ,! ye> foll[+ 7#aghh7 ,leav+ ,exam9ations 7,maturittsprfung7 7 in/itut$ to det]m9e ! completion ( ! gymnasial c\rse4 ,^!1 = a "t1 7 l>gely ineffective1 due to cl]ical opposition1 b ! c5traliz+ "w ( ?is ,sup]ior ,s*ool ,bo>d = ! sup]vision ( high] education1 & ! /ate exam9ations = te/+ ! in/ruction ( ! second>y s*ools1 7 f ! fir/ important contribut+ influ5ces4 ,9 #agid came ! culm9ation ( all ! prec$+ "w 9 ! publication ( ! ,g5]al ,civil ,code 7,allgeme9e ,l&re*t7 = ! ,/ate1 9 :i*1 9 ! section relat+ to s*ools1 ! foll[+ important decl>ation 0 made3 ,s*ools & univ]sities are /ate in/itutions1 *>g$ ) ! in/ruction ( y\? 9 useful in=mation & sci5tific k4 ,su* in/itutions may be f\nd$ only ) ! k & cons5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,all public s*ools & educational in/itutions are "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate1 & are at all times subject to its exam9ation & inspection4 ,! secul> au?ority & ! cl]gy 7 /ill to %>e jo9tly 9 ! control ( ! s*ools1 b bo? accord+ to rules laid d[n by ! ,/ate4 ,9 all cases ( conflict or dispute1 ! secul> au?ority 0 to decide4 ,?is important docum5t =ms ! ,magna ,*>ta = secul> education 9 ,prussia4 ,dur+ ! decade :i* foll[$ ! promulgation ( ?is decl>ation ( /ate control b little additional progress ( importance 0 accompli%$1 ?\gh ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice1 to :om 7#agih7 ! adm9i/ration ( ,lu!ran *ur* & s*ool affairs _h be5 giv51 ma9ta9$ a correspond5ce = "s ye>s ) ! ,k+ reg>d+ provisions = a bett] education & in/ruction ( ! *ildr5 ( citiz5s & peasants1 & /at$ to ! ,k+ t ! object ( re=m is national education1 & its field ( op]ation1 !re=e1 all prov9ces ( ! mon>*y4 ,! ,k+1 ?\gh1 a weak1 deeply religi\s1 & unimag9ative man 7,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii1 #agig-ahdj71 :o lack$ ! en]gy & =esight ( 8 pr$ecessors1 did little or no?+4 ,"u ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii ! ,/ate lack$ vigor & drift$2 ! ,*ur* rega9$ some?+ ( its =m] p[]2 & ! army & ! civil s]vice became corrupt4 ,9 #ahjf a bl[ fell :i* br\ght matt]s to an imm$iate crisis & =c$ important action4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,at ,,la/ ,,creat$ ,,! ,,humiliation ,,( ,,prussia4 ,at ! close ( #ahjd ,france1 by vote1 *ang$ f ! ,republic to an ,empire1 ) ,napoleon ,bonap>te z fir/ ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 & = "s ye>s he took pa9s t ,fr5*m5 %\ld =get ,lib]ty & ,equality amid ! surfeit ( ,glory he heap$ ^u ,france4 ,! great nations outside ,france1 fe>ful ( ,napoleon's ambition & p[]1 did n take 8 accession to ! ?rone ( ,france s complac5tly1 &1 9 #ahje1 ,engl&1 ,sw$51 ,au/ria1 & ,russia =m$ ! ,?ird ,coalition aga9/ ,napoleon 9 an ef=t to re/ore ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe4 ,( ! great p[]s ( ,europe only ,prussia held alo(1 refus$ to take sides1 & 9 consequ5ce enjoy$ a tempor>y prosp]ity & fre$om f invasion4 ,= ?is1 ?\gh1 %e 0 soon to pay a t]rible price4 ,hav+ humiliat$ ! ,au/rians & vanqui%$ ! ,russians1 ,napoleon n[ goad$ ! ,prussians into attack+ him1 & !n utt]ly humiliat$ !m 9 turn4 ,at ! battle ( ,j5a 7,octob] #ad1 #ahjf7 ! ,prussian army 0 utt]ly r\t$1 & =c$ back almo/ to ! ,russian fronti]4 ,(fic]$ by old g5]als & political favorites :o 7 no long] effici5t1 & back$ by a /ate s]vice honeycomb$ ) ineffici5cy & corruption1 ! ,prussian army t _h won su* victories "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 all b annihilat$ by ! new & effici5t fight+ ma*9e creat$ by ! ,corsican :o n[ controll$ ! de/9ies ( ,france4 ,by ! ,treaty ( ,tilsit 7,july #g1 #ahjg7 ,prussia lo/ all h] l&s we/ ( ! ,elbe & ne>ly all h] /eal+s f ,pol&--9 all ab\t "o half h] t]ritory & population--& 0 almo/ /rick5 f ! li/ ( important p[]s 9 ,europe4 ,9 all its hi/ory ,prussia _h exp]i5c$ no su* humiliation z ?is4 ,9 a few mon?s ! con/ructive "w ( a c5tury _h be5 undone4 ,,! ,,reg5]ation ,,( ,,prussia4 ,! new national ,g]man feel+1 :i* _h be5 sl[ly ris+ = half a c5tury1 n[ bur/ =? & soon work$ a reg5]ation ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! s*ool ( adv]sity ! ,k+ & ! p le>n$ mu*1 & ! task ( national reorganization 0 entru/$ to a s]ies ( able m9i/]s :om ! ,k+ & 8 capable ,que51 ,l\ise1 n[ call$ into s]vice4 ,8 *ief m9i/]1 ,/e91 creat$ a free p by aboli%+ s]fdom & feudal l& t5ure 7#ahjg72 elim9at$ feudal di/9ctions 9 bus9ess2 grant$ local gov]nm5t to ! cities2 & broke ! hold ( ! cl]gy on ! educational sy/em4 ,8 successor1 ,h>d5burg1 ext5d$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 & laid ! f\ndations ( gov]nm5t by legislative assemblies4 ,ano!r m9i/]1 ,s*>nhor/1 reorganiz$ ! ,prussian army 7#ahjg-ac7 by dismiss+ ne>ly all ! old g5]als1 & introduc+ ! pr9ciple ( compulsory milit>y s]vice4 ,9 all bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t s]vice !re 7 reorganizations1 ! "o ?\ght ( ! lead]s be+ to s reorganize & revitalize ! ,/ate z to enable x 9 "t to ov]?r[ ! rule ( ,napoleon & rega9 its national indep5d5ce4 ,?\gh ! abolition ( s]fdom1 ! re=m ( ! civil s]vice1 & ! beg9n+s ( local & repres5tative gov]nm5t 7 important ga9s1 no?+ 0 ( second>y importance to ! complete reorganization ( education :i* n[ took place4 ,! education ( ! p 0 turn$ to 9 e>ne/ = ! reg5]ation ( ! national _s1 & education 01 9 a decade1 made ! great con/ructive ag5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,said ! ,k+3 ,?\gh we h lo/ _m squ>e miles ( l&1 ?\gh ! c\ntry has be5 robb$ ( its ext]nal p[] & spl5dor1 yet we %all & w ga9 9 intr9sic p[] & spl5dor1 & !re=e x is my e>ne/ wi% t ! greate/ att5tion be paid to public in/ruction4444 ,! ,/ate mu/ rega9 9 m5tal =ce :at x has lo/ 9 physical =ce4 ,8 m9i/] ,/e9 said3 ,we proce$ f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 to elevate ! moral1 religi\s1 & patriotic _s 9 ! nation1 to in/il into x aga9 c\rage1 self-reliance1 & read9ess to sacrifice ev]y?+ = national honor & = indep5d5ce f ! =eign]4444 ,to atta9 ?is end1 we mu/ ma9ly rely on ! education & in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,if by a me?od f\nd$ on ! true nature ( man1 e faculty ( ! m9d c be develop$1 e noble pr9ciple ( life be animat$ & n\ri%$1 all "o-sid$ education avoid$1 & ^? t5d5cies on :i* ! p[] & dignity ( m5 re/1 hi!rto neglect$ ) ! greate/ indiff]5ce1 c>efully fo/]$--!n we may hope to see gr[ up a g5]ation1 physically & morally vigor\s1 & ! beg9n+s ( a bett] "t4 ,,fi*te ,,appeals ,,to ,,! ,,lead]s4 ,/ill m did ! philosoph] ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 9 a s]ies ( ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation1 deliv]$ 9 ,b]l9 dur+ ! w9t] #h ( #ahjg-jh1 appeal to ! lead]s to turn to education to rescue ! ,/ate f ! mis]ies :i* _h ov]:elm$ x4 ,unable =cibly to resi/1 & ) e phase ( ! gov]nm5t det]m9$ by a =eign conqu]or1 only education _h be5 ov]look$1 he said1 & to ?is ! lead]s %\ld turn = national r$emption 7,r4 #bgg74 ,he held t x re/$ ) !m to det]m9e :e!r y w be ! end & la/ ( a race 444 or ! beg9n+s & g]m ( a new "t1 glori\s beyond all y\r imag9+s1 & ^? f :om po/]ity w reckon ! ye>s ( _! welf>e4444 ,a nation t is capable1 if x 7 only 9 its highe/ repres5tation & lead]s1 ( fix+ its eyes firmly on ! vision f ! spiritual _w1 ,indep5d5ce1 & be+ possess$ ) a love ( x1 w surely prevail ov] a nation t is only us$ z a tool ( =eign aggressiv5ess & = ! subjugation ( indep5d5t nations4 ,) a f]vor ( emotion t 0 *>act]i/ic ( a romantic age1 impell$ by a conviction t ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,g]man p 0 indisp5sable to ! _w1 & hold+ t :at 0 necess>y also 0 possible1 ,fi*te made ! ,g]man lead]s feel1 ) him1 t to re%ape reality by means ( ideas is ! bus9ess ( man1 8 prop] e>?ly task2 & no?+ c be impossible to a w confid5t ( itself & ( its aim4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reg5]ation ,,( ,,prussia ,,johann ,,gottleib ,,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad7 ,philosoph]1 univ]sity tea*] ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,humboldt 7#agfg-ahce7 ,philosoph]1 s*ol>1 /atesman ,fi*te's ,addresses /irr$ ! ?9k]s among ! ,g]man p z !y _h n be5 /irr$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,re=mation1 #aj & a national reorganization ( education1 ) national ends 9 view1 n[ took place4 ,z ,duke ,erne/ remade ,go?a1 aft] ! ravages ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 by means ( education 7p4 #cag71 s ! lead]s ( ,prussia n[ creat$ a new national _s by tak+ ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur* & =g+ x into "o ( ! greate/ con/ructive in/rum5ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,! result %[$ itself 9 ! ,upris+ ( ,prussia1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahab-ac2 ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation1 ( #ahac-ae2 ! utt] defeat ( ,napoleon at ! battle ( ,leipzig by ,russia1 ,prussia1 & ,au/ria1 9 #ahac2 & aga9 at ! battle ( ,wat]loo by ,engl& & ,prussia1 #aa 9 #ahae4 ,/ill m cle>ly 0 ! result %[n 9 ! humiliat+ defeat ( ,france1 9 #ahgj1 :5 x 0 commonly rem>k$ t ! s*oolma/] ( ,prussia _h at la/ triumph$4 ,! reg5]ation ( ,prussia 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z well z its m rec5t humiliation1 /& z eloqu5t te/imonials to ! trem5d\s influ5ce ( education on national de/9y1 :5 rightly & :5 wrongly direct$4 ,,! ,,reorg9ation ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( educational reorganization 0 ! abolition 7#ahjg7 ( ! ,ob]s*ulcollegium ,bo>d1 e/abli%$ 7p4 #efd7 9 #aghg to sup]vise second>y & high] education1 9 ord] to get rid ( cl]ical influ5ce & control4 ,! next /ep 0 ! creation in/ead 7#ahjh7 ( a ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 organiz$ z a bran* ( ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps ( ! act+ head ( ! new dep>tm5t 0 to s5d sev5te5 ,prussian tea*]s 7#ahjh7 to ,switz]l& to sp5d ?ree ye>s1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 /udy+ ,pe/alozzi's ideas & me?ods1 & !y 7 p>ticul>ly enjo9$ t !y 7 n s5t prim>ily to get ! me*anical side ( ! me?od1 b to w>m y\rselves at ! sacr$ fire :i* burns 9 ! he>t ( ?is man1 s full ( /r5g? & love1 ^: "w has rema9$ s f> bel[ :at he orig9ally desir$1 bel[ ! ess5tial ideas ( 8 life1 ( :i* ! me?od is only a feeble product4 ,y w h rea*$ p]fection :5 y h cle>ly se5 t education is an art1 & ! mo/ sublime & holy ( all1 & 9 :at connection x is ) ! great art ( ! education ( nations4 ,9 #ahji ,c>l ,augu/ ,zell] 7#aggd-ahdg71 a pupil ( ,pe/alozzi1 :o _h e/abli%$ two ,pe/alozzian tra9+-colleges 9 ,switz]l& & _h j begun to hold ,pe/alozzian in/itutes 9 ,wrtemb]g 7p4 #ede71 0 call$ to ,prussia to organize a ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 7normal s*ool7 to tra9 tea*]s 9 ! ,pe/alozzian me?ods4 ,! sev5te5 ,prussian tea*]s1 on _! return f /udy ) ,pe/alozzi1 7 also made directors ( tra9+ in/itutions1 or prov9cial sup]9t5d5ts ( in/ruction4 ,9 ?is way ,pe/alozzian ideas 7 soon 9 use 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool rooms ( ,prussia1 & s effective 0 ?is "w1 & s readily did ! ,prussian tea*]s cat* ! _s ( ,pe/alozzi's endeavors1 t at ! ,b]l9 celebration ( ! c5t5nial ( 8 bir?1 9 #ahdf1 ! ,g]man educator ,die/]weg #ab said3 ,by ^! m5 & ^! means1 m5 tra9$ 9 ! ,in/itution at ,yv]don "u ,pe/alozzi1 ! /udy ( 8 publications1 & ! applications ( 8 me?ods 9 ! model & normal s*ools ( ,prussia1 aft] #ahjh1 0 ! pres5t ,prussian1 or r ,prussian- ,pe/alozzian s*ool sy/em e/abli%$1 = he is entitl$ to at lea/ "o half ! fame ( ! ,g]man popul> s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,,d9t] 7#agfj-ahca7 ,director ( ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies 9 ,saxony2 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education 9 ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,simil>ly ,gu/avus ,fri$ri* ,d9t]1 :o e>ly di/+ui%$ himself z pr9cipal ( a ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 9 ,saxony1 0 call$ to ,prussia & made ,s*ool ,c\nselor 7,sup]9t5d5t7 = ! prov9ce ( ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,:]ev] ,prussia c\ld f9d m51 9 o!r ,/ates1 :o knew ,pe/alozzian me?ods & possess$ ! new conception ( education1 !y 7 call$ to ,prussia & put to "w1 & ! /atem5t ( ,d9t] 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! _s :i* animat$ _! "w4 ,he said3 #ac ,i promis$ ,god1 t ,i w\ld look ^u e ,prussian peasant *ild z a be+ :o c\ld compla9 ( me be=e ,god1 if ,i did n provide him ) ! be/ education1 z a man & a ,*ri/ian1 :i* x 0 possible = me to provide4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,sem9>ies4 ,napoleon _h impos$ heavy f9ancial indemnities on ,prussia1 z well z loss ( t]ritory1 & ! mat]ial means ) :i* to e/abli% s*ools 7 scanty inde$4 ,) a ke5 conception ( ! practical difficulties1 ! lead]s saw t ! key to ! problem lay 9 ! creation ( a new type ( tea*+ =ce1 & to ?is end !y began f ! fir/ to e/abli% ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies4 ,^? :o desir$ to ent] ^! in/itutions 7 c>efully select$1 & out ( !m a /eady /ream ( :at ,horace ,mann describ$ 7,r4 #bgh7 z a b5efic5t ord] ( m5 7 s5t to ! s*ools1 m\ld+ ! "* ( ! p1 & c>ry+ !m =w>d 9 a c>e] ( civilization m rapidly ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w are n[ advanc+4 ,mann describ$1 ) m>k$ approval1 bo? ! tea*] & ! tra9+ he receiv$4 ,s successful 7 ^! in/itutions t )9 a decade1 "u ! gl[ ( ! new national _s animat+ ! p1 ! elem5t>y s*ools 7 l>gely trans=m$ 9 _s & purpose1 & ! position ( ! elem5t>y-s*ool tea*] 0 elevat$ f ! rank ( a trade 7,r4 #bgi7 to t ( a pr(ession 7,r4 #bgh74 ,by #ahdj1 :5 ! e>li] f]vor _h di$ out & a reaction _h cle>ly set 91 !re 7 9 ,prussia alone ?irty-eight ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies = elem5t>y tea*]s1 approximately ?irty ?\s& elem5t>y s*ools1 & e six? p]son 9 ,prussia 0 9 s*ool4 ,9 ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 & 9 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 & ,france1 analog\s b less ext5sive progress 9 provid+ normal s*ools & elem5t>y s*ools _h be5 made2 b 9 ,au/ria1 :i* did n = long foll[ ! ,prussian example1 ! s*ools rema9$ l>gely /ation>y = m ?an half a c5tury to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,,die/]weg 7#agij-ahff7 ,director ( ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies at ,maurs 7#ahbj-cc7 & ,b]l9 7#ahcc-di74 ,d] deuts*e ,pe/alozzi4 ,,nationaliz+ ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction4 ,t ! sy/em ( elem5t>y v]nacul> or p's s*ools 7! t]m ,volkss*ule n[ began to be appli$7 n[ creat$ %\ld be p]meat$ by a /rong nationali/ic tone 01 ! times & circum/ances consid]$1 only natural4 ,?\gh ! ,pe/alozzian !ories z to ! developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties1 tra9+ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & ! p[] ( education to reg5]ate society 7 accept$1 along ) ! new ,pe/alozzian subject-matt] & me?ods 9 in/ruction 7p4 #edc17 all t c\ld be r5d]$ useful to ! ,prussian ,/ate 9 its extremity naturally 0 giv5 special emphasis4 ,?us all t relat$ to ! home c\ntry--geography1 hi/ory1 & ! ,g]man spee*--0 taught z mu* f ! patriotic z f ! p$agogical po9t ( view4 ,music 0 giv5 special emphasis z prep>atory = p>ticipation 9 ! patriotic s++-societies & fe/ivals1 :i* 7 organiz$ at ! "t ( ! ,upris+ ( ,prussia 7#ahac74 ,draw+ & ari?metic 7 emphasiz$ = _! practical values4 ,physical ex]cises 7 giv5 an emphasis be=e unkn[n1 because ( _! hygi5ic & milit>y values4 ,f9ally religion 0 giv5 an importance beyond t ( ,pe/alozzi's s*ool1 b ) ! emphasis n[ plac$ on moral e>ne/ness1 humility1 self-sacrifice1 & ob$i5ce to au?ority1 r ?an ! e>li] /ress on ! ,cate*ism & *ur* doctr9e4 ,cle>ly p]ceiv+1 decades ahead ( o!r nations1 ! p[] ( su* tra9+ to nationalize a p & ?us /r5g!n ! ,/ate1 ! ,prussian lead]s1 9 ! fir/ two decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 laid ! f\ndations ( t tra9+ ( ! masses1 & ( tea*]s = ! masses 7,r4 #bhj71 :i*1 m ?an any o!r s+le item1 pav$ ! way = ! developm5t ( a national ,g]man _s1 ! unification ( ,g]man l&s into an ,imp]ial ,g]man ,empire1 & t bl9d tru/ 9 & ob$i5ce to au?ority :i* has rec5tly l$ to a second national humiliation4 ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,second>y ,,education4 ,alongside ?is elem5t>y- s*ool sy/em = ! masses ( ! p1 ! old] second>y & high] s*ool sy/em = a direct+ class 7p4 #eec7 also 0 l>gely reorganiz$ & r$irect$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 ! appo9tm5t1 9 #ahji1 ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 7#agfg-ahce71 a philosoph]1 s*ol>1 philologi/1 & /atesman ( ! fir/ rank1 to ! head%ip ( ! new ,prussian ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,dur+ ! two & a half ye>s he rema9$ 9 *>ge important "w 9 ! reorganization ( second>y & high] education 0 accompli%$4 ,9 #ahag ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction 0 *ang$ f a bureau to an indep5d5t ,m9i/ry = ,spiritual & ,in/ructional ,affairs4 ,by #ahbe1 :5 gov]n+ s*ool bo>ds 7 ord]$ e/abli%$ 9 ea* prov9ce1 & made responsible to ! ,m9i/ry = ,education at ,b]l91 ! organization ( ! /ate s*ool sy/em 0 virtually complete4 ,= ! next half-c5tury ! *anges made 7 9 ! nature ( ! p]fection ( bureaucratic organization1 r ?an any fundam5tal organiz+ *ange4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s improvem5ts ( great future importance = second>y education 7 effect$ 9 ! creation ( a well-educat$1 pr(essional tea*+ body1 & 9 ! /&>dization ( c\rses & ( "w4 ,9 #ahaj ! exam9ation ( all second>y-s*ool tea*]s1 accord+ to a uni=m /ate plan1 0 ord]$4 ,! exam9ations 7 to be conduct$ = ! ,/ate by ! univ]sity au?orities2 to be bas$ on univ]sity tra9+ 9 ! gymnasial subjects1 ) an opportunity to reveal special prep>ation 9 any subject or subjects2 & no "o 9 ! future c\ld ev5 be nom9at$ = a position z a gymnasial tea*] :o _h n pass$ ?is exam9ation4 ,?is meant ! erection ( ! "w ( tea*+ 9 ! second>y s*ools into a di/9ct pr(ession2 ! elim9ation f ! s*ools ( ! !ological /ud5t :o taught = a "t z a /epp+- /one to a *ur* liv+2 & ! end ( easy local exam9ation & approval by t[n au?orities or ! patrons ( a s*ool4 ,to insure /ill bett] prep>ation ( c&idates1 ,p$agogical ,sem9>s 7 begun 9 ! univ]sities #ad = imp>t+ to future gymnasial tea*]s "s p$agogical k & insight1 :ile ,philological ,sem9>s also appe>$1 ab\t ! same "t1 #ae to give additional tra9+ 9 und]/&+ ! _s ( in/ruction 9 ! *ief subjects ( ! gymnasial c\rse--! classics4 ,9 #ahbf a ye> ( trial tea*+ be=e appo9tm5t 7,probejahr7 0 add$ = all c&idates1 & 9 #ahca new & m /r+5t regulations = ! exam9ation ( tea*]s 7 ord]$4 #af ,at lea/ two g5]ations ahead ( o!r nations1 ,prussia ?us develop$ a body ( pr(essional tea*]s = its second>y s*ools4 ,,unification ,,( ,,! ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,9 #ahab ! ,leav+ ,exam9ations 7,maturittsprfung71 in/itut$ 9 #aghh1 b ineffective ?r\gh cl]ical opposition1 7 reviv$ & /rictly en=c$4 ,9 #ahcd ! pass+ ( su* an exam9ation 0 made necess>y to ent]+ ne>ly all bran*es ( ! /ate civil s]vice1 ?us secur+ an educat$ body ( m9or public (ficials4 ,?is same ye> ! univ]sities gave up _! entrance exam9ations1 & h s9ce dep5d$ entirely on ! ,leav+ ,exam9ations ( ! ,/ate4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! re9/itution ( ! ,leav+ ,exam9ations 0 to unify ! "w ( all ! diff]5t surviv+ types ( classical second>y s*ools--,gymnasium1 ,lyceum1 ,pdagogium1 ,collegium1 ,late9is*e ,s*ule1 ,akademie--all /&>d n9e-ye> s*ools h5ce=? tak+ ! "n ( ,gymnasi54 ,^? in/itutions :i* c\ld n meet ! /&>ds ( a n9e-ye> classical s*ool 7 ei!r p]mitt$ to d ! fir/ six ye>s ( ! "w1 be+ kn[n z ,pro-,gymnasi51 or ! mod]n languages 7 sub/itut$ = ! anci5t1 & !y became middle-class in/itutions "u ! "n ( ,brg]s*ul54 ,a few ,reals*ul5 also 7 9 exi/5ce1 & ^! 7 p]mitt$ to cont9ue1 z middle-class in/itutions1 b )\t any /ate recognition4 ,?us1 )\t ! de/ruction ( in/itutions1 ! accumulat$ f\ndations ( ! c5turies 7 trans=m$ into a s]ies ( organiz$ /ate s*ools to s]ve ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! next /ep 0 ! promulgation ( a uni=m c\rse ( in/ruction = all ,gymnasi5 & ,pro-,gymnasi54 ,?is 0 done 9 #ahaf4 ,! /udies 7 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,g]man1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 geography1 religion1 & sci5ce1 ! am\nt ( "t to be devot$ to ea* rang+1 9 ! ord] li/$1 f a maximum = ,lat9 to a m9imum = sci5ce4 ,up to #ahbd ,greek 0 n absolutely requir$2 f #ahbd to #ahcg x 0 requir$1 unless ! sub/itution ( a mod]n language 0 p]mitt$2 b aft] #ahcg1 :5 ! type ( ,g]man second>y s*ool _h become fairly well fix$1 & ! devotion to humani/ic /udies _h rea*$ a climax1 ,greek became a fix$ & unv>y+ requirem5t4 #ag ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,b]l94 ,"o result ( ! ,treaty ( ,tilsit 7p4 #eff7 0 t ,prussia _h lo/ all h] univ]sities1 except ?ree along ! ,baltic coa/4 ,bo? ,halle & ,gtt+5 7 lo/1 & ! loss ( ,halle 0 a sev]e bl[4 ,9 #ahjg ,fi*te1 :o _h be5 a pr(essor at ,j5a1 drew up a plan & submitt$ x to ! ,k+ = ! organization ( a new univ]sity at ,b]l94 ,:5 ,humboldt came to ! head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ! idea at once won 8 en?usia/ic approval4 ,9 ,may1 #ahji1 he report$ favorably on ! project to ! ,k+1 & ?ree mon?s lat] a ,cab9et ,ord] 0 issu$ creat+ ! new univ]sity1 giv+ x an annual money grant1 & assign+ a royal palace to x = a home4 ,! _s ) :i* ! new in/itution 0 f\nd$ may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ extract f a memorial1 publi%$ by ,humboldt1 9 #ahaj4 ,9 ?is he said3 ,! ,/ate %\ld n treat ! univ]sities z if !y 7 high] classical s*ools or s*ools ( special sci5ces4 ,on ! :ole ! ,/ate %\ld n look to !m at all = any?+ t directly conc]ns its own int]e/s1 b %\ld r *]i% a conviction t1 9 fulfill+ _! real de/9ation1 !y w n only s]ve its own purposes1 b s]ve !m on an inf9itely high] plane1 comm&+ a mu* wid] field ( op]ation1 & af=d+ room to set 9 motion mu* m effici5t spr+s & =ces ?an are at ! disposal ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,?is univ]sity 0 inde$ a new creation1 & ( f> m significance = ! future ( univ]sity "w ?an ev5 ! f\nd+ ( ,halle _h be54 ,to ! selection ( its fir/ faculty ,humboldt devot$ almo/ all 8 en]gies dur+ ! p]iod he rema9$ 9 (fice4 ,f ! fir/1 high atta9m5t 9 "s bran* ( k1 & ! ability to advance t k1 0 plac$ ahead ( m]e tea*+ skill4 ,! mo/ em95t s*ol>s 9 all l9es 7 invit$ to ! new *airs1 & :5 x op5$ 7#ahaj7 its fir/ faculty repres5t$ ! highe/ atta9m5t ( s*ol>%ip 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,f ! fir/ ! in/ruction dive/$ itself ( almo/ all t *>act]iz$ ! s*ool4 ,! lecture replac$ ! classroom recitation1 & ! sem9>1 9 :i* small gr\ps ( advanc$ /ud5ts inve/igate a problem "u ! direction ( a pr(essor1 0 giv5 a place ( l>ge importance 9 ! in/itution4 ,orig9al rese>* & contributions to k m>k$ ! "w ( bo? /ud5ts & pr(essors1 ! object be+1 n to tra9 tea*]s = ! s*ools1 b to produce s*ol>s capable ( advanc+ k by p]sonal rese>*4 ,ev5 m ?an at ,halle1 ! in/itution 0 a place :]e pr(essors & /ud5ts work$ to discov] tru?1 un9flu5c$ by any preconceiv$ notions & unm9dful ( :at old] ideas might be upset 9 ! process4 ,! value ( su* pione] "w = univ]sity s*ol>s ev]y:]e is n likely to be ov]e/imat$4 ,,specialization ,,9 ,,univ]sity ,,in/ruction ,,emphasiz$4 ,specialization 9 "s field ( k soon came to be ! rul+ idea1 & ?is prov$ exce$+ly fruitful 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$4 ,!re ,bopp develop$ ! /udy ( comp>ative gramm> on ! basis ( ! ,sanskrit4 ,!re ,dietz f\nd$ ,romance philology4 ,rits*l turn$ 8 /ud5ts to ! /udy ( ,lat9 inscriptions to recon/ruct ! pa/4 ,lepsius began ! /udy ( ,egyptology ) a spade4 ,niebuhr's ,roman ,hi/ory 7#ahaa7 0 ! in/itution's fir/ fruit1 & 8 successor1 ,ranke1 %[$ 8 /ud5ts h[ to /udy hi/ory f ! s\rces4 ,hegel1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,lotze made ov] philosophy4 ,fe*n] & ,wundt began !re ! /udy ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,/ahl & von ,savigny creat$ new /&>ds 9 ! /udy ( law4 ,mll] introduc$ ! microscope into ! /udy ( pa?ological anatomy4 ,s*ultze sy/ematiz$ zology4 ,liebig1 :o _h op5$ at ,giess5 7#ahbd7 :at 0 probably ! fir/ *emical laboratory 9 ! _w op5 to /ud5ts1 0 drawn to ,b]l9 & creat$ !re a new *emi/ry4 ,/ill lat]1 ,helmholtz creat$ !re a new physics4 ,! effect ( all ?is on ! expansion ( ! "w ( ! philosophical faculty 0 m>k$4 ,! new philological & hi/orical sci5ces1 ! biological sci5ces1 & ! ma!matical sci5ces1 7 all greatly exp&$ 9 scope1 & ! new philosophical faculty1 evolv$ out ( ! old arts faculty 7p4 #eed71 n[ atta9$ to ! place ( fir/ importance 9 ! univ]sity--a position x has ev] s9ce reta9$4 ,law & m$ic9e 7 also giv5 a new direction & emphasis1 & ev5 ! tea*+ ( !ology 0 greatly improv$ "u ! specialization 9 in/ruction & ! fre$om 9 tea*+ :i* n[ became ! rule4 ,! effect on ! o!r ,g]man univ]sities 0 m>k$4 ,"s ( ! old] in/itutions 7,erfurt1 ,witt5b]g1 ,cologne1 ,ma9z7 di$ out1 :ile new f\ndations 7,breslau1 #ahaa2 ,bonn1 #ahah2 ,muni*1 #ahbf7 aft] ! new model1 took _! place4 ,^? t cont9u$ 7 *ang$ 9 "*1 #ah & a new unity 0 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,g]man univ]sity _w4 ,by #ahej exact sci5tific rese>*1 9 bo? libr>ies & laboratories1 & a sob] se>* = tru?1 _h become ! wat*word ( all ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,9 consequ5ce !y naturally assum$ a _w lead]%ip1 & 7 frequ5t$ by /ud5ts f _m l&s4 ,especially has ! ,unit$ ,/ates be5 influ5c$ 9 its univ]sity developm5t by ! l>ge numb] ( univ]sity tea*]s :o receiv$ _! specializ$ tra9+ 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities #ai dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! lecture1 ! sem9>1 laboratory inve/igation1 rese>*1 ! doctorate1 & academic fre$om 9 /udy & tea*+ are di/9ctive contributions to our univ]sity developm5t drawn f ,g]man l&s1 & sup]impos$ on our e>li] ,engli%-type college4 ,! f\nd+ ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 at ,baltimore1 9 #ahgf1 on ! ,g]man model1 m>k$ ! erection ( ! fir/ di/9ctively rese>* univ]sity 9 ,am]ica4 ,a ,,two-,,class ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,creat$4 ,we ?us see t ,prussia by #ahae1 cle>ly by #ahbe1 _h tak5 ov] education f ! ,*ur* & made ( x an in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate to s]ve ,/ate ends4 ,= ! masses !re 0 ! ,volkss*ule1 sup]s$+ ! old religi\s v]nacul> s*ool & cle>ly design$ to create an intellig5t b ob$i5t & patriotic citiz5%ip = ! ,fa!rl&1 & 9 ?is s*ool ! great majority ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate receiv$ _! education = citiz5%ip & = life4 ,?is 0 = bo? sexes1 & 0 entirely a ,g]man s*ool4 ,att5dance ^u ?is s*ool 0 made compulsory1 & beyond ?is "s cont9uation education e>ly began to be provid$ 7,rs4 #bgd1 ,section #f2 #bge d2 #bgf1 ,section #ae74 ,)9 ! pa/ half-c5tury cont9uation education1 especially along vocational l9es1 z we %all po9t out 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 has receiv$ 9 ,g]man l&s a v rem>kable developm5t4 ,to insure t ?is s*ool %\ld s]ve ! ,/ate 9 ! way desir$1 ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies1 = ! tra9+ ( ,volkss*ule1 tea*]s1 7 f ! fir/ made a feature ( ! new /ate sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,,! ,,prussian ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,creat$ ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #bfi & note ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,european two-class sy/em & ! ,am]ican democratic educational ladd]4 ,= ^? :o 7 to =m ! (ficial & direct+ class ( ,society--a closely limit$1 almo/ entirely male1 intellectual ari/ocracy--education 9 sep>ate classical s*ools1 ) univ]sity or pr(essional tra9+ sup]impos$1 0 provid$1 & ?is type ( tra9+ (f]$ a v ?or\gh prep>ation = a small & a c>efully select$ class4 ,out ( ?is class ! lead]s ( ,g]many = a c5tury h be5 drawn4 #bj ,= ?is classical s*ool also ! univ]sities 7 e>ly direct$ to prep>e a well-educat$ body ( tea*]s4 ,! ,prussian plan 0 foll[$ 9 all its ess5tials 9 ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 s t ! draw+ giv5 7,fig4 #agc7 0 true = ,g]many z a :ole1 z well z = ,prussia1 up at lea/ to #aiad4 ,,new ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,t5d5cies ,,manife/$4 ,9 ?is e>ly evolution ( ! ,prussian /ate s*ool sy/ems we f9d two prom95t n9ete5?-c5tury ideas express+ !mselves4 ,! fir/ is ! new conception ( ! ,/ate z n m]ely a gov]nm5t organiz$ to secure national safety & protection f invasion1 b r an organization ( ! p to promote public welf>e & realize a moral & political ideal4 ,to ?is end /ate control ( ! :ole range ( education1 to enable ! ,/ate to promote intellectual & moral & social progress along l9es useful to ! ,/ate1 became a necessity1 & "s =m ( ?is education1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! public welf>e1 mu/ n[ be ext5d$ to all4 ,?\gh ,france & ! new ,am]ican nation gave e>li] political expression to ?is new conception ( ! ,/ate1 x 0 9 ,prussia t ! idea atta9$ its e>lie/ concrete & = long its mo/ complete realization4 ,see+ fur!r & m cle>ly ?an o!r nations ! possibilities ( education1 ! practical work]s ( ,prussia1 & aft] !m ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 took ov] education z a function ( ! ,/ate = ! propagation ( ! national ideas & ! promotion ( ! national culture4 ,( ?is developm5t ,pauls5 says3 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,g]many took ! lead 9 ! educational movem5t among ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! ,g]man univ]sities h become ackn[l$g$ c5t]s ( sci5tific rese>* = ! :ole _w4444 ,9 ! doma9 ( prim>y & te*nical education ,g]many has also become ! univ]sal tea*] ( ,europe4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott51 9 ?is connection1 t ! ,g]man p _h be5 ! pupils ( _! neighbors dur+ a great] l5g? ( "t & ) great] assiduity ?an any o!r ,european nation4 ,?us1 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ,g]many import$ ! culture ( ,humanism f ,italy4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies %e introduc$ ! mod]n c\rtly culture & language ( ! ,fr5* p1 besides giv+ admission1 s9ce ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to ! philosophy1 sci5ce1 & lit]ature ( ,engli% middle-class society4 ,la/ly1 s9ce ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,g]mans h yield$ !mselves to ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5ic _s ) great] f]vor ?an any o!r nation4 ,! second n9ete5?-c5tury idea :i* e>ly f\nd expression 9 ! ,prussian ,/ate1 & "o :i* became a dom9ant factor dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 0 ! idea ( utiliz+ ! s*ools1 z /ate in/itutions1 to promote national ends--to unify & nationalize peoples4 ,national self-consci\sness "h fir/ f\nd concrete expression1 & ) wond]ful practical results4 ,f a geographical expression1 consi/+ ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ petty self-gov]n+ cities1 pr9cipalities1 & /ates1 & "s f\rte5 hundr$ indep5d5t noblem5 & prelates1 be=e ! ,napoleonic w>s1 _! close f\nd ! ,g]man p free f s]fdom1 unit$ 9 _s1 & organiz$ politically into ?irty-eight mod]n-type ,/ates4 ,9 #ahgj1 l>gely z a result ( ! nationaliz+ ef=ts ( gov]nm5t & education1 work+ h& 9 h&1 an ,imp]ial ,empire ( tw5ty-two ,/ates & ?ree ,free ,cities 0 =m$4 ,! /ruggle = national realization1 begun by ,prussia aft] #ahjg1 & ) education z ! important con/ructive tool ( ! ,/ate1 has s9ce be5 copi$ by nation aft] nation & has become ! dom9ant =ce ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,to awak5 a national self-consci\sness1 to acquire national unity1 & to infuse into all a common culture has supplant$ ! humani/ic cosmopolitanism ( ! eighte5? c5tury & become ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( n9ete5?-c5tury political hi/ory4 ,9 ?is ,prussia l$ ! way4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,reaction4 ,?r\gh ! p]iod prec$+ ! ,w>s ( ,lib]ation 7#ahac-ae71 & aft]w>d = a few ye>s1 an educational zeal animat$ ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! s*ools dur+ ?is p]iod 7 free on ! "o h& f politics & on ! o!r f m9ute (ficial regulation4 ,z "o writ] well /at$3 #ba ,x 0 difficult to decide :e!r ! s*ools d]iv$ _! importance f ! life :i* surg$ ar\nd !m1 or :e!r _! importance 0 due to _! intr9sic p[]1 v c>efully fo/]$ by ! /ate au?orities4444 ,!re 0 _s & life 9 ,prussia2 !re 0 mu* activity & lib]ty 9 contriv+1 ) little outw>d p>ade4 ,any =eign]1 visit+ ,prussia1 might obs]ve t ! vitaliz+ brea? ( gov]nm5t1 l ! _s ( ,god1 0 act+ ^u ! :ole p4 ,napoleon 0 f9ally vanqui%$ at ,wat]loo 7#ahae7 & s5t to ,sa9t ,hel5a1 & ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 7#ahae7 remade ! map ( ,europe4 ,9 do+ s x =got t ! p want$ con/itutional gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( a return to absolute rul]s4 ,x re/or$ old ?rones1 rights1 & t]ritories1 & inaugurat$ a policy ( political reaction :i* increas$ 9 int5sity ) "t & dom9at$ ! gov]nm5ts ( cont95tal ,europe until aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,"u ! lead ( ! ,au/rian m9i/]1 ,mett]ni*1 & by ?ird-degree me?ods1 ! s-call$ ,holy ,alliance #bb ( cont95tal ,europe suppress$ free spee*1 democratic movem5ts1 political lib]ties1 univ]sity fre$om1 & lib]alism 9 gov]nm5t & religion4 ,! gov]nm5ts 9 ?is ,alliance r$irect$ & re/rict$ ! p's s*ools1 z mu* z c\ld be done1 to make !m con=m 9 purpose to _! reaction>y ideas4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! developm5t ( popul> education 9 ,g]many1 z well z 9 ,france & o!r cont95tal l&s1 0 = a "t *eck$4 ,! great />t obta9$ by ,prussia & ! ,g]man ,/ates be=e #ahbj1 ?\gh1 0 su* t :at _h be5 done !re c\ld n be :olly undone4 ,9 ,france1 ,spa91 ! ,italian ,k+doms1 ! ,au/rian ,/ates1 & ,russia1 on ! o!r h&1 :at _h n be5 develop$ to any ext5t c\ld be prev5t$ f develop+1 & 9 ^! l&s popul> education 0 giv5 back to ! ,*ur* to control & direct4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ?\gh = o!r reasons !re1 ! ,*ur* reta9$ its control ov] elem5t>y education = half a c5tury long]4 ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,s*ools4 ,! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii 7#agig-ahdj71 ?\gh he _h giv5 full adh]5ce to ! movem5t = g5]al education dur+ ! d>k p]iod ( ,prussian hi/ory1 0 aft] all nev] fully 9 sympa?y ) ! lib]al aspect ( ! movem5t4 ,aft] ,au/ria1 by ! settlem5t at ,vi5na1 became ! lead] ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & ,mett]ni* ! dom9at+ political p]sonality ( ,europe1 ! ,k+ came m & m to favor a re/riction ( lib]ties & ! hold+ ( education to c]ta9 r limit$ l9es1 fe>ful t too mu* education ( ! p might prove h>mful to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ly1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,k+ & aga9/ ! desires ( ! lib]al lead]s1 ,prussia n[ *ang$ direction & emb>k$ on a policy ( reaction :i* *eck$ normal educational progress2 l$ to ! unsuccessful revolution ( #ahdh & ! subsequ5t almo/ fanatical gov]nm5tal opposition to re=ms2 & 0 9 l>ge "p responsible = ! disa/] ( #aiah4 ,x is an int]e/+ speculation z to h[ diff]5t ! future ,g]man & _w hi/ory might h be5 _h ,prussia & ! ,g]man ,/ates held to ! lib]al ideas ( ! e>li] p]iod1 & drawn _! political conceptions f ,engl& & ! new ,am]ican nation1 r ?an f ,au/ria & ,russia4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahag1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction 0 replac$ by a ,m9i/ry = ,spiritual1 ,educational1 & ,m$ical ,affairs1 & ,k>l1 ,b>on von ,alt5/e91 0 made ,m9i/]4 ,he cont9u$ 9 (fice until 8 dea?1 #bc 9 #ahdj1 & 8 adm9i/ration 0 m>k$ by an increas+ /ate c5tralization & limitation ( ! e>li] plans4 ,9 #ahai he codifi$ all previ\s practices into a g5]al s*ool law = ! k+dom4 ,:ile ! ,k+ nev] really approv$ & issu$ x1 x nev]!less became a basis = future "w & is ! law s en?usia/ically describ$ by ,c\s91 9 #ahcj 7,r4 #bhj74 ,"u 8 adm9i/ration ! e>li] creative en?usiasm & ! en]gy = ! execution ( great ideas disappe>$1 & ! e>li] /imulat+ & enc\rag+ attitude on ! "p ( ! au?orities 0 n[ replac$ by ! timid policy ( ! drag & ! brake4 ,! e>li] prep>atory "w 9 ! developm5t ( ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies & ! e/abli%m5t ( elem5t>y s*ools 0 all[$ to cont9ue2 ,pe/alozzian ideas 7 = a "t n s]i\sly re/rict$2 compulsory att5dance 0 m def9itely ord]$ en=c$1 9 #ahbe2 ! abolition ( tuition fees = ,volkss*ule education 0 begun 9 #ahcc1 b n complet$ until #ahhh2 & a m c>eful sup]vision ( s*ools 0 in/itut$1 9 #ahcd4 ,! great *ange 0 r 9 ! _s & direction ( ! in/ruction4 ,! e>ly t5d5cy to emphasize nationalism & religi\s in/ruction 7p4 #ega7 0 n[ /ress$1 & ! lib]al aspects ( ,pe/alozzianism 7 increas+ly subord9at$ to ! m =mal in/ruction & to nationali/ic ends4 ,! soldi] & ! prie/ jo9$ h&s 9 div]t+ ! s*ools to ! creation ( intellig5t1 dev\t1 patriotic1 &1 above all else1 ob$i5t ,g]mans1 :ile ! univ]sal milit>y idea1 br\ght 9 by ! successful "w ( ,s*>nhor/ 7p4 #efg71 & reta9$ aft] ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation z a survival ( ! old dyna/ic & pr$atory conception ( ! ,/ate1 0 m & m emphasiz$ 9 ! "w ( ! s*ools & ! life ( ! citiz54 ,:5 ,horace ,mann report$ on 8 visit to ! s*ools ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 9 #ahdc1 he call$ att5tion to ?is elem5t ( weakness 7,r4 #bha71 z well z to _! _m elem5ts ( /r5g?4 ,,fur!r ,,intol]ance ,,& ,,reaction4 ,! reaction>y t5d5cies :i* set 9 aft] ! settlem5t ( ,vi5na _h1 by #ahdj1 produc$ /agnation 9 ! life ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 & ! revolutions ( #ahdh1 :i* broke out 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ! diff]5t ,g]man & ,au/rian ,/ates1 7 revolts aga9/ ! reaction>y gov]nm5tal rule & an expression ( disappo9tm5t at ! failure to secure con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,! revolutions 7 bo? successful & unsuccessful--successful 9 t ! great] lib]ty !y s\ght came lat] on1 b unsuccessful at ! "t4 ,9 consequ5ce1 imm$iately foll[+ #ahdh1 an ev5 m reaction>y educational policy 0 in/itut$4 ,univ]sity fre$om 0 m>k$ly re/rict$2 ! in/itutions lo/ _! e>li] vigor2 & ! numb] ( /ud5ts suff]$ a m>k$ decl9e 9 consequ5ce4 ,! second>y s*ools also felt ! new influ5ces4 ,lat9 & ,greek 7 made compulsory2 uni=m programs = "w 7 insi/$ ^u2 & ,lat9 9 p>ticul> 0 r$uc$ to a grammatical drill t de/roy$ ! _s ( ! e>li] in/ruction & put gymnasial tea*+ back almo/ to ! type made s popul> by ,/urm4 ,! few ,reals*ul51 :i* _h cont9u$ to exi/ & 7 tol]at$ be=e1 7 n[ treat$ ) positive dislike4 ,9 #ahei !y 7 able to =ce _! fir/ (ficial recognition1 b only :5 *ang$ f practical s*ools = ! middle classes to second>y s*ools1 on ! same basis z ! ,gymnasi51 & = p>allel ends4 ,x 0 ^u ! elem5t>y s*ools 7,volkss*ul57 & ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies t ! mo/ sev]e (ficial displeasure n[ fell4 ,a numb] ( ,volkss*ule tea*]s _h be5 connect$ ) ! revolutions ( #ahdh1 & ov]-education 0 reg>d$ z responsible4 ,! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y at ,preslau1 :i* _h = long giv5 a high grade ( tra9+1 0 clos$1 & ! head ( ! ,sem9>y at ,b]l91 ,die/]weg1 0 dismiss$ because ( 8 /rong advocacy ( ,pe/alozzian ideas4 ,any?+ savor+ ( individualism 0 especially "u ! ban4 ,bitt] reproa*es 7 heap$ ^u ! elem5t>y-s*ool tea*]s1 & ! new ,k+1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv 7#ahdj-fa7 consid]$ _! "w z ! v root ( ! political evils ( ! ,/ate4 ,to a conf]5ce ( ,sem9>y tea*]s1 held 9 #ahdi 9 ,b]l91 he said3 #bd ,y & y alone are to blame = all ! mis]y :i* ! la/ ye> has br\ght ^u ,prussia6 ,! irreligi\s pseudo-education ( ! masses is to be blam$ = x1 :i* y h be5 spread+ "u ! "n ( true wisdom1 & by :i* y h eradicat$ religi\s belief & loyalty f ! he>ts ( my subjects & ali5at$ _! affections f my p]son4 ,?is %am education1 /rutt+ ab\t l a peacock1 has always be5 odi\s to me4 ,i hat$ x already f ! bottom ( my s\l be=e ,i came to ! ?rone1 &1 s9ce my accession1 ,i h done ev]y?+ ,i c\ld to suppress x4 ,i mean to proce$ on ?is pa?1 )\t tak+ he$ ( any "o1 &1 inde$1 no p[] on e>? %all div]t me f x4 ,?us easily did an autocratic ,hoh5zoll]n ca/ ^u ! %\ld]s ( o!rs ! burd5 ( 8 own failure to grasp ! evolution 9 political ?9k+ #be :i* _h tak5 place 9 ,europe1 s9ce #aghi4 ,un=tunately = ! future ( ! ,g]man p he 0 able to =ce 8 w ^u !m4 ,,progress ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,decrease ,,9 ,,illit]acy ,,9 ,,prussia1 ,,by ,,prov9ces 7,f ,rep4 ,u4,s4 ,com4 ,educ41 #ahij-aijj1 ,i1 p4 #gha7 ,prov9ces #ahda #ahfd-fe #ahha #ahid-ie ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,ea/ ,prussia _/ #g4je 4#ii #ae4cc #af4ed ,we/ ,prussia _/ #h4gi #a4bc ,br&5burg #b4dg 4#if 4#cb 4#jf ,pom]ania #a4bc #a4dg 4#dc 4#ab ,pos5 #da4jj #af4ij #i4ig 4#ih ,silesia #i4bb #c4gh #b4cc 4#dc ,saxony #a4ai 4#di 4#bh 4#ji ,we/phalia #b4ad #a4jc 4#fj 4#jb ,rh5i% ,prussia #g4jf #a4ac 4#bc 4#je ,hoh5zoll]n 4#jj 4#jj 4#jj 4#jj ,! ,/ate #i4cj #e4eb #b4ch 4#cc ,9 #ahed new ,regulations 7 issu$ :i* put ! c\rse ( in/ruction = elem5t>y s*ools back to ! days ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,! "o- class rural elem5t>y s*ool 0 made ! /&>d4 ,ev]y?+ beyond read+1 writ+1 a little ari?metic1 & religi\s in/ruction 9 /rict accordance ) ! cre$s ( ! ,*ur*1 0 consid]$ z sup]flu\s1 & 0 to be all[$ only by special p]mit4 ,! elim9ation ( illit]acy1 ! creation ( ob$i5t citiz5s1 & ! nationaliz+ ( new elem5ts became ! aim ( ! s*ools4 ,! in/ruction 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies 0 r$uc$ to ! m]e/ necessities1 & !y 7 giv5 cle>ly to und]/& t !y 7 to tra9 tea*]s1 & n to prep>e educat$ m54 ,all !ory ( education1 all didactics1 all psy*ology 7 elim9at$4 ,a return 0 made to ! subject-matt] !ory ( education1 & a limit$ subject-matt] at t1 & x once m became ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to see t ?is 0 c>efully le>n$4 ,religi\s in/ruction naturally once m came to hold a place ( fir/ importance4 ,simil> reaction>y movem5ts took place 9 o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 all be+ s5sitive to ! reaction>y _s ( ! "t & ! lead]%ip ( ,au/ria & ,prussia4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,educational ,,purpose4 ,aft] ab\t #ahfj1 l>gely 9 response to mod]n sci5tific & indu/rial =ces among a p turn+ f agriculture t[>d indu/rialism1 a slight relaxation ( ! reaction>y legislation began to be evid5t4 ,?is express$ itself *iefly 9 a dim9ution ( ! "t giv5 to memorit] "w 9 religion1 & ! introduction 9 its place ( "w 9 ,g]man hi/ory & geography1 ) "s "w 9 natural sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies in/ruction 9 ,g]man lit]ature1 =m]ly rigidly exclud$1 0 n[ add$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until aft] ! unification ( ,g]many1 foll[+ ! ,franco- ,prussian ,w>1 & ! creation ( ,imp]ial ,g]many "u ! directive guidance ( ,bism>ck1 t any real *ange took place4 ,!n ! *anges 7 due to new political1 religi\s1 social1 indu/rial1 & economic =ces :i* belong to ! lat] p]iod ( ,g]man hi/ory4 ,9 #ahgb a new law gave to ! ,prussian elem5t>y s*ools a new c\rse ( /udy2 reass]t$ ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate 9 education2 ext5d$ ! control ( ! public au?orities2 & made ! ,/ate in/ead ( ! ,*ur* ! au?ority ev5 = _! religi\s in/ruction4 #bf ,! s*ools 7 n[ to be us$ z ( old to build up & /r5g!n ! nation1 b p>ticul>ly to support ! new ,prussian idea z to ! "w & function ( ! ,/ate4 ,reali5 7 giv5 a new prom95ce1 because ( new indu/rial ne$s1 & ! in/ruction 9 religion 0 revamp$4 ,! old memorit] "w 0 greatly r$uc$1 & 9 its place an emotional & political emphasis 0 giv5 to ! religi\s in/ruction4 ,to make ! s*ool ( ! p an in/rum5t = fight+ ! gr[? ( social democracy1 & a support = ! ?rone & gov]nm5t1 in/ruction 9 religion 0 plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! tea*]'s "w1 & tea*]s 7 giv5 to und]/& t !y 7 memb]s ( an educational army & expect$ loyally to foll[ ! flag4 ,! second>y s*ools also 7 r$irect$4 ,a new emphasis on sci5tific subjects & mod]n languages replac$ ! e>li] emphasis on ,greek4 ,! ,emp]or int]f]$ 7,r4 #cfh7 to =ce a revision ( ! gymnasial programs bett] to adapt !m to mod]n ne$s4 ,9 p>ticul> 7 ! univ]sities ( all ! ,/ates unifi$ & nationaliz$1 & great te*nical univ]sities creat$4 ,sci5ce1 comm]ce1 te*nical "w1 mod]n languages1 & gov]nm5t 7 /ress$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ! lead]s4 ,decid+ cle>ly :]e ! nation 0 to g & ! r\te x 0 to foll[1 & t education = national ends 0 "o ( ! important means to be employ$1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! educational sy/ems 9 ! ,/ates--elem5t>y s*ools1 second>y s*ools1 univ]sities1 normal s*ools1 pr(essional s*ools1 te*nical s*ools1 cont9uation s*ools-- 7 c>efully integrat$ into a unifi$ /ate sy/em1 ?or\ghly national 9 _s1 & giv5 a def9ite function to p]=m 9 ! "w :i* ! ,nation set itself to c>ry ?r\gh4 ,n[h]e h tea*]s be5 s well tra9$ to play _! "p 9 a national plan1 & n[h]e h tea*]s acquitt$ !mselves m wor?ily1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,z ,alex&] #bg has well said3 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! lead]s ( ,g]many decid$ t ,g]many %\ld assume lead]%ip 9 ! _w 9 e l9e ( endeavor1 p>ticul>ly 9 comm]ce & _w p[]4 ,!y set ?is z ! v def9ite goal ( _! national ambition4 ,! next "q 0 h[ t aim c\ld be accompli%$4 ,x 0 to be done ?r\gh education4 ,accord+ly s*ool sy/ems 7 organiz$ ) ?is aim 9 view4 ,9 a ,/ate su* z ! ,g]mans propos$ build+ !re 7 be lead]s & foll[]s4 ,! foll[]s 7 to be tra9$ = a docile1 effici5t ,g]man citiz5%ip2 t is1 ! l[] classes 7 to be made into ,god-fe>+1 patriotic1 economically-indep5d5t ,g]mans4 ,?is 0 ! task ( ! ,volkss*ule1 & x has be5 wond]fully well accompli%$4 ,?is type ( ,g]man is creat$ to d ! manual labor ( ! ,/ate4 ,! lead]s 7 to be tra9$ 9 middle & high] s*ools & 9 ! univ]sities4 ,!re 7 to be diff]5t grades ( lead]s2 lead]s 9 ! l[] walks ( life1 lead]s 9 ! middle walks ( life1 & lead]s ( ! nation4 ,! high] s*ools & ! univ]sities 7 employ$ to produce ^! types ( lead]s4444 ,! lead]s ?9k & d2 ! foll[]s m]ely d4 ,! s*ools 7 organiz$ = ! express purpose ( produc+ j ^! types4 ,s well 0 ?is sy/em & plan work+ t1 _h ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t n be5 s impati5t ( t sl[] b sur] progress by peaceful means1 & /ak$ all on a gambl]'s ?r[1 9 ano!r half-c5tury ! ,g]man nation might h held ! _w l>gely 9 fee4 ,z x is1 ! results :i* ! ,g]mans atta9$ by reason ( def9ite aims & def9ite me?ods are bo? an enc\ragem5t & a w>n+ to o!r nations4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,po9t out ! ext5t ( ! educational reorganization :i* result$ f ! re=m "w begun at ,halle4 #b4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! v e>ly ,g]man int]e/ 9 compulsory s*ool att5dance1 :5 su* 0 unkn[n else:]e 9 ,europe8 #c4 ,comp>e ! ,prussian ,regulations ( #agcg ) :at 0 common at t "t 9 practice 9 ! p>i%es ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies4 #d4 ,%[ ! wisdom ( ! e>ly ,prussian k+s 9 work+ at s*ool re=m ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,c\ld !y well h work$ o!rwise8 ,:y8 #e4 ,h[ d y expla9 su* a sl[ developm5t ( a pr(essional tea*+ body 9 ,prussia1 :5 all ! /ate influ5ces _h = s long be5 favorable to educational developm5t8 #f4 ,%[ t ! ,ob]s*ulcollegium ,bo>d m>k$ ! beg9n+s ( a ,/ate ,m9i/ry = ,education = ,prussia4 #g4 ,%[ t ! _s ( ! ,prussian lead]s1 aft] #ahjf1 0 a fur!r expansion ( ! ,g]man national feel+ :i* arose 9 ! ,p]iod ( ,enlight5m5t4 #h4 ,%[ t ! reorganization ( elem5t>y education1 & ! creation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 7 almo/ equally important ev5ts = ! future ( ,g]man l&s4 #i4 ,%[ t ! "w ( ,prussia1 9 us+ ! s*ools = national ends1 03 7a7 9 keep+ ) ! "w ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y lead]s1 & 7b7 only a fur!r ext5sion ( ! organiz+ "w done by ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 #aj4 ,%[ h[ ! univ]sities ( ,g]many e>ly took ! lead ( ! univ]sities ( ! _w1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is fact on national progress4 #aa4 ,enum]ate ! new n9ete5?-c5tury t5d5cies obs]vable 9 ! e>ly educational organization 9 ,prussia4 #ab4 ,expla9 ! m>k$ mid-n9ete5?-c5tury reaction to educational developm5t :i* set 94 #ac4 ,expla9 ! e>ly & m>k$ welcome accord$ sci5ce-/udy 9 ,g]man l&s4 #ad4 ,expla9 9 :at ways ,prussia atta9$ an educational lead]%ip1 ahead ( o!r nations4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections1 illu/rative ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt]1 are reproduc$3 #bgc4 ,b>n>d3 ,! ,organiz+ ,"w ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 #bgd4 ,prussia3 ,! ,s*ool ,code ( #agfc4 #bge4 ,prussia3 ,! ,silesian ,s*ool ,code ( #agfe4 #bgf4 ,au/ria3 ,! ,s*ool ,code ( #aggd4 #bgg4 ,fi*te3 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation4 #bgh4 ,mann3 ,! ,prussian ,elem5t>y ,tea*] & 8 ,tra9+4 #bgi4 ,d9t]3 ,prussian ,s*ools & ,tea*]s z he f\nd !m4 #bhj4 ,c\s93 ,report on ,education 9 ,prussia4 #bha4 ,mann3 ,! ,milit>y ,aspect ( ,prussian ,education41 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,expla9 ! int]e/ ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,i 7#bgc7 9 elem5t>y education4 #b4 ,*>act]ize1 f ! ,codes ( #agfc 7#bgd7 & #agfe 7#bge71 & cite p>agraph to %[3 7a7 ,! type ( in/ruction ord]$ provid$2 7b7 ! type ( tea*] expect$2 7c7 ! "* ( ! att5dance requir$2 & 7d7 ! "* ( ! cont9uation tra9+ ord]$4 #c4 ,%[ ! simil>ity 9 _! ma9 l9es ( ! ,prussian 7#bgd7 & ,au/rian 7#bgf7 ,codes4 #d4 ,w\ld ! reason+ ( ,fi*te 7#bgg7 apply to any cru%$ nation8 ,illu/rate4 #e4 ,d we select tea*]s = tra9+ z c>efully 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today z !y did 9 ,prussia eighty ye>s ago 7#bgh78 ,c\ld we8 #f4 ,did su* conditions z ,d9t] describes 7#bgi7 exi/1 ev5 lat]1 ) u8 #g4 ,0 ! ,prussian s*ool sy/em1 z describ$ by ,c\s9 7#bhj71 a c5traliz$ or a dec5traliz$ sy/em8 #h4 ,%[ t ,mann's reason+ z to ! /r5g? ( ! ,prussian s*ool sy/em 7#bha7 0 ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,,select$ ,,ref]5ces 99 ,alex&]1 ,?omas4 ,! ,prussian ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 99 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,prussia2 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #ccc-dcd4 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,g]man ,tea*]s & ,educators4 99 ,cassell1 ,h5ry4 ,adolph ,die/]weg2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cde-ef4 7,april1 #ahia47 ,fri$el1 ,v4 ,h4 ,! ,g]man ,s*ool z a ,w> ,nurs]y4 ,lexis1 ,w4 ,a ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,hi/ory & ,organization ( ,public ,education 9 ! ,g]man ,empire4 99 ,nohle1 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool ,sy/em2 9 ,report ,u4,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahig-ih1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #c-hb4 ,translat$ f ,re9's ,encyclopdis*es ,h&bu* d] ,pdagogik4 99 ,pauls51 ,fr4 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 99 ,pauls51 ,fr4 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities4 99 ,russell1 ,james4 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools4 ,seeley1 ,j4 ,r4 ,life & ,times ( ,/e91 vol4 ,i4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,italy ,i4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,france ,,l9es ,,( ,,developm5t ,,m>k$ ,,out ,,by ,,! ,,revolution4 ,! ,revolution prov$ v disa/r\s to ! old =ms ( education 9 ,france4 ,! old educational f\ndations1 accumulat$ ?r\gh ! ages1 7 swept away1 & ! tea*+ congregations1 :i* _h provid$ ! p ) :atev] education !y _h enjoy$1 7 driv5 f ! soil4 ,! ru9 ( educational & religi\s in/itutions 9 ,russia "u ! rec5t rule ( ! ,bol%evi/s is p]haps comp>able to :at happ5$ 9 ,france4 ,_m plans 7 propos$ by ! ,revolution>y philosoph]s & en?usia/s1 z we h se5 7*apt] xx71 to replace :at _h once be5 & to provide bett] ?an _h once be5 done = ! educational ne$s ( ! masses ( ! p1 b ) results t 7 small 9 comp>ison ) ! expectations ( ! legislative assemblies :i* consid]$ or approv$ !m4 ,nev]!less1 ! directions ( future progress 9 educational organization 7 cle>ly m>k$ out be=e ,napoleon came to p[]1 & ! "w :i* he did 0 l>gely an ext5sion1 & a r$uction to work+ ord]1 ( :at _h be5 propos$ or e/abli%$ by ! en?usia/s ( ! pre-revolution>y & revolution>y p]iods4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,revolution ! ,/ate def9itely took ov] ! control ( education f ! ,*ur*1 & ! "w ( ,napoleon & ^? :o came aft] him 0 to organize public in/ruction into a practical /ate-controll$ sy/em4 ,9 effect+ ?is organization1 ! prec$+ discussions ( education z a function ( ! ,/ate & ! desirable =ms ( organization to foll[ all bore important fruit1 & ! =ms f9ally adopt$ embodi$ n only ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! legislation ( ! revolution>y assemblies1 b ! e>li] !oretical discussion ( ! subject by ,roll& 7p4 #eaj71 ,did]ot 7p4 #eaa71 & ,talleyr& 7p4 #eac7 z well4 ,!y embodi$ also ! peculi> adm9i/rative g5ius ( ,france--t desire = uni=mity 9 organization & adm9i/ration--& h5ce /& 9 contra/ to ! /ate educational organizations work$ out ab\t ! same "t 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,! ,g]man ,/ates1 z we h se51 _h = long be5 work+ t[>d /ate control ( education1 b :5 ?is 0 f9ally atta9$ !y /ill p]mitt$ a l>ge degree ( local initiative & control4 ,! ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 made ! transition 9 a few ye>s1 & ! sy/em ( /ate control :i* !y e/abli%$ provid$ = uni=mity1 & = c5traliz$ sup]vision & inspection 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! =ms = /ate control & education adopt$ 9 ! two c\ntries 7 also expressive ( age-long t5d5cies 9 ea*4 ,= ?ree c5turies ,g]man political organization1 z we h se51 _h be5 extremely dec5traliz$ on ! "o h&1 & _h be5 sl[ly evolv+ a sy/em ( education "u ! jo9t control ( ! small ,/ates & ! ,*ur* on ! o!r4 ,9 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 c5tralization ( au?ority & subord9ation to a c5tral gov]nm5t _h be5 ! t5d5cy = an ev5 long] p]iod4 ,:5 ! "t arriv$ = ! ,/ate to take ov] education f ! ,*ur*1 x 0 b natural t ,france %\ld t5d t[>d a mu* m highly c5traliz$ control ?an did ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & ! diff]+ political situations ( ! two c\ntries1 at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 gave add$ emphasis to ^! diff]+ t5d5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,,an ,,old ,,f\ndation ,,trans=m$ ,?is 0 an anci5t *teau 9 ,france4 ,9 #afjd ,h5ry ,,iv gave x to ! ,jesuits = a s*ool4 ,9 #agia x became national prop]ty1 & 0 trans=m$ into a ,milit>y ,college4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ,prussia & ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates e>ly a*iev$ a =m ( /ate educational organization :i* emphasiz$ local int]e/ & ! _s ( ! in/ruction1 :]eas ,france creat$ an adm9i/rative organization :i* emphasiz$ c5tral control &1 = ! "t1 ! =m r ?an ! _s ( in/ruction4 ,?is 0 well po9t$ out by ,victor ,c\s9 7,r4 #bhj71 9 contra/+ conditions 9 ,prussia ) ^? exi/+ 9 ,france4 ,,napoleon ,,beg9s ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,education4 ,9 #agii ,napoleon became ,fir/ ,consul & ma/] ( ,france1 & 9 #ahjd ,france1 by vote1 *ang$ f a ,republic to an ,empire1 ) ,napoleon z fir/ ,emp]or4 ,until 8 bani%m5t to ,sa9t ,hel5a 7#ahae7 he 0 ma/] ( ,france4 ,a man ( l>ge executive capacity & an organiz+ g5ius ( great ability1 :e!r he turn$ to army organization1 gov]nm5tal organization1 ! codification ( ! laws1 or ! organization ( education1 ,napoleon's practical & con/ructive m9d quickly r$uc$ p>ts to _! prop] places 9 a well- regulat$ s*eme4 ,%ortly aft] he became ,consul he took up1 among o!r ?+s1 ! matt] ( educational organization4 ,8 fir/ ef=t 0 9 #ahjj1 :5 he trans=m$ ! old humani/ic ,college ,l\is le ,gr& 7f\nd$ #aefg7 & creat$ f\r milit>y colleges f its end[m5t4 ,"o ( ^! colleges he lat]1 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 trans=m$ into a ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades 7,r4 #bhb74 ,9 #ahjb he sign$ ! fam\s ,concordat ) ! ,pope4 ,?is re/or$ ! prie/s to ! *ur*es1 ) /ate aid = _! /ip5ds1 & virtually turn$ ov] prim>y education aga9 to ! ,*ur* = c>e & control4 ,! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7p4 #eae7 7 recall$ ! next ye> & especially favor$1 & soon e/abli%$ !mselves m firmly ?an be=e ! ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,,c\nt ,,de ,,f\rcroy 7#agee-ahji7 ,9 #ahjb ,napoleon fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to a g5]al organization ( public in/ruction by direct+ ,c\nt de ,f\rcroy1 a di/+ui%$ *emi/ :o _h be5 a tea*] 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 & :om he appo9t$ ,director ( ,public ,in/ruction1 to draw up1 accord+ to 8 ideas1 an organiz+ law on ! subject4 ,?is became ! ,law ( #ahjb4 ,x 0 divid$ into n9e *apt]s1 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,degrees ( ,in/ruction4 ,,ii4 ,prim>y ,s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,,iv4 ,lyces4 ,v4 ,special ,s*ools4 ,,vi4 ,! ,milit>y ,s*ool4 ,,vii4 ,! ,national ,pupils4 ,,viii4 ,! nationales p5sions ,,ix4 ,g5]al regulations4 #a4 ,,prim>y ,,s*ools4 ,! *apt] on prim>y s*ools virtually renact$ ! ,law ( #agie 7,r4 #beh b74 ,ea* commune #a 0 requir$ to furni% a s*oolh\se & a home = ! tea*]4 ,! tea*] 0 to be responsible to local au?orities1 :ile ! sup]vision ( ! s*ool 0 plac$ "u ! prefect ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! in/ruction 0 to be limit$ to read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 & ! legal au?orities 7 enjo9$ to wat* t ! tea*]s did n c>ry _! in/ructions beyond ^! limits4 ,! tea*] 0 to be paid entirely f tuition fees1 ?\gh "o fif? ( ! pupils 7 to be provid$ ) free s*ool+4 ,! ,/ate gave no?+ t[>d ! support ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,! int]e/ ( ,napoleon 0 n 9 prim>y or g5]al education1 b r 9 tra9+ pupils = sci5tific & te*nical effici5cy1 & y\?s ( sup]ior ability = ! pr(essions & = executive "w 9 ! k9d ( gov]nm5t he _h impos$ ^u ,france4 ,to ?is end second>y & special education 7 made p>ticul> functions ( ! ,/ate1 :ile prim>y education 0 left to ! communes to provide z !y saw fit4 ,!y c\ld provide s*ools & ! p>5ts c\ld pay = ! tea*]1 or n1 z !y might decide4 ,!re 0 no compulsion to en=ce ! requirem5t ( a prim>y s*ool1 & no /ate aid to /imulate local ef=t to create "o4 ,9 consequ5ce n _m /ate prim>y s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 & prim>y education rema9$1 = ano!r g5]ation1 9 ! h&s ( private tea*]s & ! ,*ur*4 #b4 ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv ( ! ,law ( #ahjb made full provision = two types ( second>y s*ools--! ,communal ,colleges & ! ,lyces #b--to replace ! ,c5tral ,high] ,s*ools e/abli%$ 9 #agie 7p4 #eah74 ,^! latt] _h lack$ sadly 9 int]nal organization4 ,!y 7 m]ely day s*ools1 lack+ ! dormitory & bo>d+ arrangem5ts :i* = ov] ?ree c5turies _h *>act]iz$ ! ,fr5* collges4 ,z a result !y _h n prosp]$4 ,! ,law ( #ahjb n[ replac$ !m ) two types ( resid5tial second>y s*ools1 9 :i* ! y\? ( ! c\ntry1 "u c>eful sup]vision & discipl9e1 might prep>e = entrance to ! high] special s*ools4 ,^! fix$ ! l9es ( future ,fr5* developm5t 9 second>y s*ools4 ,! /&>d second>y s*ool n[ became kn[n z ! ,lyce4 ,^! in/itutions correspond$ to ! ,colleges "u ! old rgime1 ( :i* ! ,college ( ,guy5ne 7,r4 #acf7 0 a type4 ,! in/ruction 0 to include ! anci5t languages1 rhetoric1 logic1 e?ics1 belles-lettres1 ma!matics1 & physical sci5ce1 ) "s provision = additional in/ruction 9 mod]n languages & draw+4 ,ea* 0 to h at lea/ eight pr(essors1 an adm9i/rative head1 a sup]visor ( /udies1 & a /ew>d to manage ! bus9ess affairs ( ! in/itution4 ,! ,/ate usually provid$ ! build+1 (t5 us+ "s =m] *ur* s*ool :i* _h be5 suppress$1 & ! cities 9 :i* ! ,lyces 7 locat$ 7 requir$ to provide !m ) furniture & tea*+ equipm5t4 ,! funds = ma9t5ance came f tuition fees1 bo>d+ & room+ income1 & /ate s*ol>%ips1 ( :i* six ?\s& f\r hundr$ 7 provid$4 ,besides ! ,lyces1 e s*ool e/abli%$ by a municipality1 or kept by an individual1 :i* gave in/ruction 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 geography1 hi/ory1 & ma!matics 0 designat$ z a second>y s*ool1 or ,communal ,college4 ,^! in/itutions usually (f]$ b a p>tial ,lyce c\rse1 & 7 tuition s*ools1 be+ patroniz$ by _m p>5ts ^: ta/es =bade ! s5d+ ( _! *ildr5 to ! l[]-class prim>y s*ools4 ,a lic5se f ! ,gov]nm5t to op]ate 0 necess>y be=e ma/]s c\ld be employ$4 ,!y 7 to be ma9ta9$ by ! municipality1 )\t any /ate enc\ragem5t beyond "s grants = capable tea*]s & s*ol>%ips 9 ! ,lyces = m]itori\s pupils4 ,)9 two ye>s aft] ! enactm5t ( ! ,law ( #ahjb !re _h be5 creat$ 9 ,france #df ,lyces1 #cgh second>y s*ools ( v>i\s degrees ( complet5ess1 & #cfa private s*ools ( second>y grade _h be5 op5$4 ,a numb] ( ^! disappe>$ lat]1 9 ! reorganization ( #ahjh4 ,= ! sup]vision ( all ^! in/itutions ! ,director ,g5]al ( ,public ,in/ruction appo9t$ ?ree ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,second>y ,/udies2 & = ! "w ( ! s*ools he outl9$ ! c\rses ( in/ruction 9 detail1 laid d[n ! rules ( adm9i/ration1 prep>$ & select$ ! textbooks1 & appo9t$ ! pr(essors4 ,,special ,,or ,,high] ,,s*ools4 ,! *apt] ( ! ,law ( #ahjb on ,special ,s*ools made provision = ! creation ( ! foll[+ special faculties or s*ools = high] education = ,france3 #c m$ical s*ools1 to replace ! ,s*ools ( ,heal? ( #agid 7p4 #eah74 #aj law s*ools2 increas$ to #ab 9 #ahjd 7,date ( ,code ,napolon1 p4 #eah74 #d s*ools ( natural hi/ory1 natural philosophy1 & *emi/ry4 #b s*ools ( me*anical & *emical arts1 #a ma!matical s*ool1 #a s*ool ( geography1 hi/ory1 & political economy4 ,a f\r? s*ool ( art & design4 ,pr(essors ( a/ronomy = ! obs]vatories4 ,9 #ahjc ! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades 0 add$ 7,r4 #bhb71 & 9 #ahjd1 aft] ,napoleon _h sign$ ! ,concordat ) ! ,pope1 ?us re/or+ ! ,ca?olic religion 7aboli%$ #agia71 s*ools ( !ology 7 add$ to ! above li/4 ,we h "h1 cle>ly outl9$1 ! ma9 pa?s along :i* ,fr5* /ate educational organization _h be5 t5d+ & 0 9 future to foll[4 ,! ,/ate _h def9itely dispossess$ ! ,*ur* z ! controll+ ag5cy 9 education1 & _h def9itely tak5 ov] ! s*ool z an in/rum5t = its own ends4 ,?\gh prim>y education _h be5 tempor>ily left to ! communes1 & 0 soon to be turn$ ov] 9 l>ge "p to be h&l$ by ! ,*ur* = a g5]ation long]1 ! sup]vision 0 to rema9 ) ! ,/ate4 ,! middle-class elem5ts 7 well provid$ = 9 ! new second>y s*ools1 & ^! 7 n[ subject to complete sup]vision by ! ,/ate4 ,= high] education gr\ps ( ,special ,s*ools1 or ,tea*+ ,faculties1 replac$ ! old] univ]sities1 :i* 7 n re-creat$ until aft] ! com+ ( ! ,?ird ,republic 7#ahga74 ,! dom9ant *>act]i/ics ( ! /ate educational sy/em ?us creat$1 aside f its emphasis on second>y & high] education1 7 its uni=mity & c5traliz$ control4 ,^! *>act]i/ics 7 fur!r /ress$ 9 ! reorganization ( #ahjh1 & h rema9$ prom95t 9 ,fr5* educational organization ev] s9ce4 ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,france4 ,by #ahjf ,napoleon 0 ready = a fur!r & m complete organization ( ! public in/ruction ( ! ,/ate1 & to ?is end ! foll[+ law 0 n[ enact$ 7,may #aj1 #ahjf73 ,sec4 #a4 ,!re w be =m$1 "u ! "n ( ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 a body exclusively commission$ ) tea*+ & public education ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! memb]s ( ?is corporation c contract civil1 special1 & tempor>y obligations4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! organization ( ?is corps w be giv5 9 ! =m ( a law to ! legislative body 9 ! session ( #ahaj4 ,9 #ahjh1 )\t ! =mality ( fur!r legislation1 ,napoleon issu$ an ,imp]ial ,decree creat+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,france4 ,?is 0 n only ,napoleon's mo/ rem>kable educational creation1 b x 0 an adm9i/rative & gov]n+ organization = education s 9 h>mony ) ,fr5* _s & ,fr5* gov]nm5tal ideas t x has p]si/$ ev] s9ce1 ?\gh *ang$ some:at 9 =m ) "t4 ,! ,decree began by decl>+ t public in/ruction1 9 ! :ole ,empire1 is conf9$ exclusively to ! ,univ]sity1 & t no s*ool1 nor e/abli%m5t = in/ruction1 c be =m$ indep5d5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 & )\t ! au?ority ( its *ief4 ,unlike ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 7p4 #egd71 creat$ a ye> lat]1 ?is 0 n a tea*+ univ]sity at all1 b in/ead a gov]n+1 exam9+1 & disburs+ corporation1 #c presid$ ov] by a ,gr& ,ma/] & a ,c\ncil ( tw5ty-six memb]s1 all appo9t$ by ! ,emp]or4 ,?is ,c\ncil decid$ all matt]s ( importance1 & ex]cis$ sup]vision & control ov] education ( all k9ds1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 ?r\gh\t ,france4 #d ,to assi/ ! ,c\ncil1 g5]al inspectors = m$ic9e1 law1 !ology1 lett]s1 & sci5ce 7 provid$ =1 to visit & exam9e ! condition ( in/ruction & discipl9e 9 ! faculties1 lyces1 & colleges2 to in=m !mselves 9 reg>d to ! fidelity & ability ( pr(essors1 reg5ts1 & u%]s2 to exam9e ! /ud5ts2 & to make a complete survey ( ^? in/itutions1 9 _! :ole adm9i/ration4 ,b5ea? ! ,gr& ,ma/] & ,c\ncil ! ,/ate 0 divid$ into tw5ty- sev5 ,academies 7adm9i/rative di/ricts71 ea* ( :i* _h a ,rector1 a ,c\ncil ( t51 & ,inspectors1 all appo9t$ by ! ,gr& ,ma/]4 ,^! ex]cis$ jurisdiction ov] tea*]s & pupils 9 all s*ools1 & decid$ all local matt]s1 subject to appeal to ! ,gr& ,ma/] & ,c\ncil4 ,"u ?is new adm9i/rative organization b little *ange 0 made 9 ! s*ools f t provid$ = 9 ! law ( #ahjb4 ,prim>y education rema9$ z be=e1 private s*ools & ,*ur* s*ools supply+ mo/ ( ! ne$4 ,all 7 "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,univ]sity1 & all 7 in/ruct$ to make z a basis ( _! in/ruction3 7#a7 ! precepts ( ! ,ca?olic religion2 7#b7 fidelity to ! ,emp]or1 to ! imp]ial mon>*y1 ! depository ( ! happ9ess ( ! p1 & to ! ,napoleonic dyna/y1 ! cons]vator ( ! unity ( ,france1 & ( all ! ideas proclaim$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,lyces & ,communal ,colleges cont9u$1 mu* z be=e1 #e & dur+ ! half-c5tury :i* foll[$1 exp]i5c$ a /eady & sub/antial gr[?4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lyc,,es ,ye> #ahji #ahaa #ahac #ahbi #ahdg #ahff ,lyces #ce #cf #cf #cf #ed #gd ,pupils #i1jfh #aj1ibf #ad1dib #ae1jhg #bc1bjg #cd1ddb ,free pupils #d1aii #d1jjh #c1ejj #a1fjj ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,communal ,,colleges ,ye> #ahji #ahae #ahcj #ahdi #ahee #ahff ,colleges #bgc #cbc #ccb #cjf #bdd #bea ,pupils #ah1ejg #ai1cbj #bg1cjh #ca1gjf #cb1ejj #cc1jch ,! ,special ,high] ,s*ools 7 also cont9u$1 & to ! li/ giv5 7p4 #eic7 ,napoleon add$ 7#ahjh7 a ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool 7,r4 #bhc7 to tra9 graduates ( ! ,lyces = tea*+4 ,?is op5$ 9 #ahaj1 ) ?irty- sev5 /ud5ts & a two-ye> c\rse ( in/ruction1 & 9 #ahae a ?ird ye> ( me?od & practice "w 0 add$4 ,) "s v>y+ =tunes1 ?is in/itution has cont9u$ to ! pres5t4 ,,! ,,new ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,prim>y ,,education4 ,! p]iod f #ahae to #ahcj 9 ,france is kn[n z ! ,re/oration4 ,l\is ,,xviii 0 made ,k+ & rul$ until 8 dea? 9 #ahbd1 & 8 bro!r ,*>les ,x :o foll[$ until depos$ by ! ,revolution ( #ahcj4 ,?\gh a repres5tative ( ! old rgime 0 recall$ on ! abdication ( ,napoleon1 ! great social ga9s ( ! ,revolution 7 reta9$4 ,!re 0 no odi\s re/oration ( privilege & absolute mon>*y4 ,fr5*m5 cont9u$ to be equal be=e ! law2 a =m ( con/itutional gov]nm5t 0 provid$2 ! "r ( petition 0 recogniz$2 & ! sy/em ( public in/ruction z ,napoleon _h organiz$ x cont9u$ almo/ un*ang$4 ,= a decade at lea/ !re 0 less political reaction 9 ,france ?an 9 o!r cont95tal ,/ates4 ,9 matt]s ( education1 :at _h be5 provid$ 0 reta9$1 & !re seems 7,r4 #bhe7 to h be5 an increas+ dem& = additions & improvem5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( prim>y & middle-class s*ools1 & a will+ness on ! "p ( ! communes to provide su* advantages4 ,"s small progress _h be5 made 9 meet+ ^! dem&s1 be=e #ahcj4 ,9 #ahaf a small treasury grant 7#ej1jjj francs7 0 made = s*ool books1 model s*ools1 & des]v+ tea*]s 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 & 9 #ahbi ?is sum 0 increas$ to #cjj1jjj francs4 ,9 #ahah ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools 7 p]mitt$ to be c]tificat$ = tea*+ on m]ely pres5t+ _! ,lett] ( ,ob$i5ce f ! head ( _! ,ord]1 & 9 #ahbd ! cantonal s*ool committees 7 remodel$ s z to give ! bi%ops & cl]gy entire control ( all ,ca?olic prim>y s*ools4 ,monitorial in/ruction 0 introduc$ f ,engl& by private tea*]s1 9 an ef=t to supply ! beg9n+s ( education at small exp5se1 & = a "t ?is _h "s vogue1 b nev] prov$ v successful4 ,9 #ahae ! ,lyces 7 r5am$ ,royal ,colleges1 b 9 #ahdh ! old "n 0 re/or$1 & has s9ce be5 reta9$4 ,9 #ahag !re 7 ?irty-six ,lyces1 receiv+ an annual /ate subsidy ( #hab1jjj francs2 ?irty ye>s lat] ! fifty-f\r 9 exi/5ce 7 receiv+ #a1ejj1jjj francs4 ,f #ahbb to #ahbi ! ,high] ,normal ,s*ool 0 suppress$1 & twelve elem5t>y normal s*ools 7 creat$ 9 its /ead4 ,,e>ly ,,"w ,,"u ,,! ,,mon>*y ,,( #ahcj4 ,9 ,july1 #ahcj1 ,*>les ,x attempt$ to suppress con/itutional lib]ty1 & ! p rose 9 revolt & depos$ him1 & gave ! cr[n to a new ,k+1 ,l\is-,philippe4 ,he rul$ until depos$ by ! creation ( ! ,second ,republic1 9 #ahdh4 ,! ,mon>*y ( #ahcj 0 support$ by ! lead+ ?9k]s ( ! "t1 prom95t among :om 7 ,?i]s & ,guizot1 & "o ( ! fir/ affairs ( ,/ate to :i* !y turn$ _! att5tion 0 ! ext5sion d[nw>d ( ! sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,! fir/ /eps 7 an increase ( ! /ate grant = prim>y s*ools 7#ahcj7 to a million francs a ye>2 ! ov]?r[ ( ! control by ! prie/s ( ! cantonal s*ool committees 7#ahcj73 ! abolition 7#ahca7 ( ! exemption ( ! religi\s ord]s f ! exam9ations = tea*+ c]tificates2 & ! creation 7#ahcj-ca7 ( ?irty new normal s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf ,,victor ,,c\s9 7#agib-ahfg7 ,! next /ep 0 to s5d 7#ahca7 ,m4 ,victor ,c\s9--,director ( ! re/or$ ,high] ,normal ,s*ool ( ,france--on a mission to ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & 9 p>ticul> to ,prussia1 to /udy & report on ! sy/em ( elem5t>y education1 tea*] tra9+1 & educational organization & adm9i/ration :i* _h done s mu* = its reg5]ation4 ,s conv9c+ 0 ,c\s9's ,report #f t1 despite bitt] national antipa?ies1 x c>ri$ conviction ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,x demon/rat$ to ! gov]nm5t & ! p ! imm5se sup]iority ( all ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant du*y1 ov] any & e ,dep>tm5t ( ,france1 9 all t conc]n$ in/itutions ( prim>y & second>y education4 ,c\s9 pron\nc$ ! s*ool law ( ,prussia 7,r4 #bhj7 ! mo/ compreh5sive & p]fect legislative measure reg>d+ prim>y education ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 & decl>$ 8 conviction t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 a law conc]n+ prim>y education is indisp5sable 9 ,france4 ,! *ief "q1 he cont9u$1 0 h[ to procure a good "o 9 a c\ntry :]e !re is a total abs5ce ( all prec$5ts & exp]i5ce 9 s grave a matt]4 ,c\s9 !n po9t$ out ! bases1 d]iv$ f ,prussian exp]i5ce & ,fr5* hi/orical developm5t1 on :i* a satisfactory law c\ld be fram$ 7,r4 #bhd a-c72 ! desirability ( local control & lib]ty 9 in/ruction 7,r4 #bhd f-g72 & /rongly recomm5d$ ! organization ( high] prim>y s*ools 7a new creation2 fir/ recomm5d$ 7#agib7 by ,condorcet1 p4 #ead7 z well z prim>y s*ools 7,r4 #bhd e7 to meet ! educational ne$s ( ! middle classes ( ! population ( ,france4 ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahcc4 ,on ! basis ( ,c\s9's ,report a bill1 mak+ ! ma9t5ance ( prim>y s*ools obligatory on e commune2 provid+ = high] prim>y s*ools 9 ! t[ns & cities2 additional normal s*ools to tra9 tea*]s = ^! s*ools2 a corps ( prim>y-s*ool inspectors1 to repres5t ! ,/ate2 & normal tra9+ & /ate c]tification requir$ to tea* 9 any prim>y s*ool1 0 prep>$4 ,9 an address to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 9 introduc+ ! bill 7#ahcb71 ,m4 ,guizot #g1 ! newly appo9t$ ,m9i/] = ,public ,in/ruction1 set =? ! hi/ory ( prim>y in/ruction 9 ,france up to #ahcb 7,r4 #bhe a72 describ$ ! two grades ( prim>y in/ruction to be creat$ 7,r4 #bhe b72 &1 emphasiz+ ,c\s9's maxim t ! s*oolma/] makes ! s*ool1 dwelt on ! necessity = normal tra9+ & /ate c]tification = all prim>y tea*]s 7,r4 #bhe c74 ,9 prep>+ ! bill x 0 decid$ n to foll[ ! revolution>y ideas ( free in/ruction1 by lay & /ate tea*]s1 or to en=ce compulsion to att5d1 & = ^! omissions ,m4 ,guizot1 9 8 ,mmoires 7,r4 #bhf71 gives "s v int]e/+ reasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,! bill became a law ! foll[+ ye>1 & is kn[n (ficially z ! ,law ( #ahcc4 ,?is ,law =ms ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! ,fr5* sy/em ( national elem5t>y education has be5 develop$1 z ! ,napoleonic ,law ( #ahjb & ! ,decree ( #ahjh h =m$ ! basis = second>y education & ,fr5* /ate adm9i/rative organization4 ,a prim>y s*ool 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 e commune1 :i* 0 to provide ! build+1 pay a fix$ m9imum sal>y to ! tea*]1 & :]e able ma9ta9 ! s*ool4 ,! /ate res]v$ ! "r to fix ! pay ( ! tea*]1 & ev5 to approve 8 appo9tm5t4 ,a tuition fee 0 to be paid = att5dance1 b ^? :o c\ld n pay 7 to be provid$ ) free places4 ,! prim>y s*ools 7 to give in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 ! weights & measures1 ! ,fr5* language1 & morals & religion4 ,! high] prim>y s*ools 7 to build on ^! subjects1 & to (f] in/ruction 9 geometry & its applications1 l9e> draw+1 survey+1 physical sci5ce1 natural hi/ory1 hi/ory1 geography1 & music1 & 7 to emphasize in/ruction 9 ! hi/ory & geography ( ,france1 & 9 ! elem5ts ( sci5ce1 z !y apply x e day 9 ! (fice1 ! work%op1 & ! field4 #h ,^! latt] 7 ! ,brg]s*ul51 recomm5d$ by ,c\s9 7,r4 #bhd e7 on ! basis ( 8 /udy ( ,prussian education4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,fran,,ois ,,pi]re ,,guillaume ,,guizot 7#aghg-ahgd7 ,creator ( ! ,fr5* prim>y s*ool sy/em ,! prim>y s*ools 7 to foll[ a uni=m plan1 & z a guide a ,manual ( ,prim>y ,in/ruction 0 issu$1 giv+ detail$ directions z to :at 0 to be done4 ,9 s5d+ out a copy ( ! ,law to ! prim>y tea*]s ( ,france1 ,m4 ,guizot enclos$ a p]sonal lett] to ea*1 in=m+ him z to :at ! gov]nm5t expect$ ( him 9 ! new "w 7,r4 #bhg74 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s t ,m4 ,guizot rema9$ ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction he r5d]$ a rem>kable s]vice1 well describ$ by ,mat!w ,arnold 7,r4 #bhh71 9 awak5+ 8 c\ntrym5 to ! new problem ( popul> education !n be=e !m4 ,! results "u ! ,law ( #ahcc 7 l>ge #aj & ! subsequ5t legislation "u ! mon>*y ( #ahcj 0 important4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,fr5* hi/ory an e>ne/ ef=t 0 made to provide education suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! great mass ( ! p1 & ! m>k$ developm5t ( s*ools :i* ensu$ %[$ h[ eag]ly !y embrac$ ! opportunities (f]$ _! *ildr51 ?\gh ! s*ool+ 0 nei!r compulsory nor gratuit\s4 ,9 #ahcg ,infant ,s*ools1 = /ill y\ng] *ildr51 7 au?oriz$1 & 9 #ahdj /ate aid = ^! 0 begun4 ,9 #ahcf classes = adults1 fir/ begun 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbj1 7 au?oriz$ g5]ally1 b x 0 n until #ahfg t ^! 7 =mally incorporat$ into ! /ate s*ool sy/em4 ,9 #ahde /ate aid = ! ,communal ,colleges1 z well z = ! ,lyces1 0 begun4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,infant ,,s*ools ,ye>444444 #ahbg #ahcg #ahdj #ahdc #ahdf #ahej #ahfc #ahhf #ahig ,s*ools444 #a #bea #eee #adhi #ahfa #agce #ccjh #ffif #efhc ,,reaction ,,aft] #ahdh4 ,9 ,france1 z 9 ,europe g5]ally1 ! p 7 /eadily becom+ m lib]al1 z !y became bett] educat$1 :ile ! rul]s 7 becom+ m autocratic4 ,! result 0 ! s]ies ( revolutions ( #ahdh1 :i* broke out fir/ 9 ,france1 & f9ally ext5d$ to mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe4 ,9 ,france ! ,k+1 ,l\is- ,philippe1 0 =c$ to abdicate2 a ,republic1 bas$ on univ]sal manhood suffrage1 0 proclaim$2 & ,l\is ,napoleon1 a nephew ( ,napoleon ,i1 0 elect$ ,presid5t4 ,9 #ahea ,napoleon e/abli%$ himself z ,dictator2 prep>$ a new con/itution provid+ = an ,empire2 &1 9 #aheb1 dissolv$ ! ,second ,republic & assum$ ! title ( ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,?is ,second ,empire la/$ until #ahgj1 :5 ,france 0 humiliat$ by ! ,prussians z ! latt] _h be5 by ,napoleon ,i 9 #ahjf4 ,! ,emp]or & 8 armies 7 tak5 prison]s 7#ahgj7 &1 9 #ahga1 ! ,prussians occupi$ ,p>is & cr[n$ ! new ,emp]or ( unit$ & ,imp]ial ,g]many 9 ! palace ( ! ,fr5* ,k+s at ,v]sailles4 ,a ,?ird ,republic n[ succe$$1 & ?is has la/$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! p]iod f #ahdh to #ahgj 9 ,france 0 a p]iod ( middle-class rule1 & reaction 9 education z 9 gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahdh a ,sub-,commission on ,prim>y ,education report$ 9 opposition to ! /ate prim>y s*ools4 ,! tr\bles ( #ahdh _h br\ght to view ! political re/lessness :i* _h tak5 possession ( ! tea*]s1 z well z o!r classes 9 society4 ,! new s*ools 7 naturally suspect$ ( be+ ! s\rce ( ! popul> discont5t4 ,_m tea*]s _h sympa?iz$ )1 & "s _h tak5 "p 9 ! di/urbances1 & tea*]s g5]ally 7 n[ plac$ "u close surveillance4 ,"s ( ! lead]s 7 =c$ into exile until aft] #ahgj4 ,religi\s s*ools1 reg>d$ z m favorable to mon>*ical ne$s & purposes1 7 n[ enc\rag$1 & ! numb] ( religi\s s*ools increas$ f #fdfd 9 #ahej1 to #aa1cia by #ahfd4 ,private s*ools1 too1 7 giv5 full fre$om to compete ) ! /ate s*ools1 & ! pay ( ! prim>y tea*]s 0 r$uc$4 ,! c\rse 9 ! normal s*ools 0 condemn$ z too ambiti\s1 &1 9 #ahea1 0 cut d[n4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 on ! o!r h&1 01 unlike 9 ,prussia1 broad5$ in/ead ( re/rict$1 & 9 p>ticul> emphasis 0 plac$1 9 keep+ ) ne>ly a c5tury ( ,fr5* tradition1 on sci5tific & practical subjects4 #aa ,! law ( #ahej /at$ ! requirem5ts = prim>y s*ools z foll[s3 ,art4 #bc4 ,prim>y in/ruction comprises moral & religi\s in/ruction1 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* language1 computation1 & ! legal sy/em ( weights & measures4 ,x may comprise1 9 addition1 ari?metic appli$ to practical op]ations1 ! elem5ts ( hi/ory 7a requir$ subject aft] #ahfg7 & geography1 notions ( ! physical sci5ces & ( natural hi/ory applicable to ! ord9>y purposes ( life1 elem5t>y in/ruction 9 agriculture1 trade1 & hygi5e2 & survey+1 level+1 l9e> draw+1 s++1 & gymna/ics4 ,religi\s in/ruction prosp]$ "u ! ,second ,empire1 & ! /ate prim>y s*ools lo/ 9 importance4 ,! ,lyces cont9u$ l>gely z classical in/itutions1 ?\gh aft] #ahfe ! cr[d+ ( ! ris+ sci5ces began to dispute ! supremacy ( classical /udies4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 _m voices ( discont5t1 p>ticul>ly f exil$ tea*]s 7,r4 #bhi71 & ! way 0 rapidly be+ prep>$ = ! creation ( a /rong] & bett] /ate s*ool sy/em z soon z political conditions 7 propiti\s4 ,,revolution>y ,,ideals ,,at ,,la/ ,,realiz$4 ,) ! creation ( ! ,?ird ,republic1 9 #ahgj1 a *ange f ! old conditions & old attitudes took place4 ,up to ab\t #ahgi ! new gov]nm5t 0 9 control ( ^? :o 7 at he>t sympa!tic ) ! old conditions1 b 7 =c$ to accept ! new2 f #ahgi to #ahij 0 a transition p]iod2 & s9ce #ahij ! ,republic has gr[n /eadily 9 /r5g? & rega9$ its position among ! great p[]s ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ few ye>s ( ! new ,republic 7 devot$ to pay+ ! ,prussian indemnity & cle>+ ! soil ( ,france ( ,g]man armies1 b1 aft] ab\t #ahge1 education became a great national int]e/ among lead]s ( ,france4 #ab ,france saw1 some:at z did ,prussia aft] #ahjf1 ! necessity = creat+ a /rong /ate sy/em ( prim>y1 second>y1 & high] s*ools to tra9 ! y\? ( ! l& 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,republic1 /r5g!n ! national _s1 advance ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 & protect x f dang]s bo? )9 & )\t4 ,,progress ,,( ,,prim>y ,,education ,,9 ,,france1 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,r$uction ,,9 ,,! ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,illit]acy ,,among ,,army ,,conscripts1 ,,& ,,among ,,p]sons ,,sign+ ,,! ,,m>riage ,,records ,ye>s ,army ,m>riage records conscripts ,m5 ,wom5 #agij #ec4j #gc4j #ahbg #eh4j #ahcc #dg4h #ahdj #db4h #ahde #cg4h #ahej #ce4g #ahee #cc4g #cb4j #dg4j #ahfj #cj4j #cj4d #dd4h #ahfe #bd4d #bg4e #da4j #ahgj #ai4g #bf4h #ci4d #ahge #af4j #bj4j #ca4j #ahhj #ad4g #af4a #bd4e #ahhe #aa4e #ac4j #bj4b #ahij #g4h #h4g #ab4h #ahif #e4a #e4h #g4h #aija #d4d #d4d #f4c ,millions 7 put into ! build+ ( s*oolh\ses 7#ahgh-hh72 new normal s*ools 7 e/abli%$2 a normal s*ool = wom5 0 creat$ 9 ea* ( ! eighty-sev5 dep>tm5ts ( ,france2 ! academic & sup]ior c\ncils ( public in/ruction 7 reorganiz$ to elim9ate cl]ical influ5ces 7#ahha72 religi\s in/ruction 0 replac$ by moral & civic in/ruction 7,r4 #bij72 & cl]ical ,lett]s ( ,ob$i5ce 7 no long] accept$1 & all tea*]s 7 requir$ to be c]tificat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! ,law ( #ahha1 elim9at+ in/ruction 9 religion f ! elem5t>y s*ools1 0 foll[$1 9 #ahhf1 by a law provid+ = ! gradual replacem5t ( cl]ical by lay tea*]s4 ,9 #aijd1 ! tea*+ congregations ( ,france 7 suppress$4 ,all elem5t>y education n[ became public1 free1 compulsory1 & secul>1 #ac & tea*]s 7 requir$ to be neutral 9 religi\s matt]s4 #ad ,s9ce #ahga1 also1 te*nical & sci5tific education has be5 emphasiz$2 ! prim>y & sup]ior-prim>y s*ools h be5 made free 7#ahha7 & compulsory 7#ahhb72 classes = adults h be5 begun g5]ally2 ! /ate aid = s*ools has be5 v greatly increas$2 lyces & colleges = wom5 h be5 creat$ 7#ahhj72 ! lyces mod]niz$ 9 _! in/ruction #ae & ! reorganization & re/abli%m5t ( a s]ies ( fifte5 /ate univ]sities ( a mod]n type1 begun 9 #ahhe1 0 complet$ 9 #ahif4 ,! reorganization & expansion ( education 9 ,france s9ce #ahge is a wond]ful example ( republican int]e/ & en]gy1 & is along entirely diff]5t l9es f ^? foll[$1 s9ce ! same date1 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly a c5tury we n[ see ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y ideas ( gratuity1 obligation1 & secul>ization f9ally put into effect1 & ! /ate sy/em ( public in/ruction outl9$ by ,condorcet 7p4 #ead71 9 #agib1 at la/ an accompli%$ fact4 ,,ii4 ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,italy ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,napoleon4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! deluge ( blood t took place 9 ,p>is 9 ! days ( ! ,commune & ! "t ( ! ,national ,conv5tions1 & ( ! milit>y victories & autocratic rule ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 t x is difficult to appraise ! importance ( ei!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! progress ( civilization & ( ! organization ( mod]n political in/itutions1 at its true wor?4 ,! faults ( bo? are prom95t & out/&+1 b x nev]!less 0 ! m]it ( ! ,revolution t x enabl$ ,france1 & along ) ,france a good portion ( we/]n ,europe1 to rid itself ( ! wor/ survivals ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile to ,napoleon mu* ( we/]n ,europe is indebt$ = ! f\ndation ( its civil in/itutions1 unifi$ legal proc$ure1 beg9n+s ( /ate educational organization1 & mod]n gov]nm5tal =ms4 ,writ+ on ?is subject1 ,mat!w ,arnold #af well said3 ,) all 8 faults1 8 ,napoleon's reason 0 s cle> & /rong t he saw1 9 its g5]al outl9es at lea/1 ! j & rational type ( civil organization :i* mod]n society ne$s1 & :]ev] 8 armies w5t he in/itut$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,europe ,,9 #ahaj ,%[+ ! control ( ,france :5 ,napoleon 0 at ! height ( 8 p[]4 ,t ! ,fr5* ,revolution's m]it & s]vice 0 a real "o is %[n by all ! _w1 z x improves1 gett+ rid m & m ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t ,napoleon's m]it & s]vice 0 a real "o is %[n by ! bad gov]nm5ts :i* succe$$ him hav+ always got rid1 :5 !y c\ld1 ( 8 "w1 & by ! progress ( improvem5t1 :5 ^! gov]nm5ts became intol]able1 & are !mselves got rid (1 always br++ x back4 ,:]e gov]nm5ts 7 n :olly bad1 & did n get rid ( ,napoleon's good "w1 ?is "w turns out to h ! future on its side1 & to be m likely to assimilate ! in/itutions r\nd x to its patt]n ?an to be itself assimilat$ by !m4 ,9 ! ,italian ,/ates1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 "s ( ! ,fr5* cantons ( ,switz]l&1 ! ,rh9e c\ntries1 & ! ,dani% p59sula1 9 p>ticul>1 ! rule ( ,napoleon1 impos$ by 8 armies1 c>ri$ out by rul]s ( 8 selection1 & ma9ta9$ = a long en\gh p]iod t ! legal organization1 civil ord]1 unifi$ gov]nm5t1 & ta/e ( educational opportunities ( a new type :i* 8 rule br\ght became attractive to ! p1 9 "t prov$ deeply influ5tial 9 _! political developm5t4 #ag ,all ^! nations /ill %[ traces ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce 9 _! /ate educational organization4 ,we %all take ! ,italian ,/ates z a type1 & exam9e briefly ! influ5ce on ! developm5t ( /ate educational organization !re :i* result$ f contact ) ! =w>d-look+ rule ( ,! ,great ,emp]or4 ,,decl9e ,,9 ,,importance ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,italy4 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #ejc71 we m5tion$ t ! rule ( ,napoleon 9 nor!rn ,italy awak5$ ! national _s f its long le?>gy1 & caus$ ,italian lib]als to look =w>d1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! days ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 to ! "t :5 ! ,italian ,/ates might be unit$ into "o ,italian nation1 ) ,rome z its capital4 ,?is became ! "w ( ! mid- n9ete5? c5tury 7see dates1 ,fig4 #agi71 ?\gh n fully complet$ until ! ,_w ,w> ( #aiad-ah4 ,italy /&s to-day a great unit$ nation1 ) a l>ge future ahead ( x1 b z su* x is entirely a n9ete5?- c5tury creation4 ,f ! "t ( its intellectual decl9e foll[+ ! ,r5aissance1 to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,italy rema9$ a geographical expression & split up into a numb] ( little indep5d5t ,/ates2 up to ! "t ( ,napoleon x 0 a "p ( ! ,g]man-rul$ ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,aft] ! great patriotic ef=t ( ! p]iod ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 7p4 #bfd7 9 ,italy1 & ! r feeble & unsuccessful attempts at a re=m ( religion :i* foll[$1 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,italy 0 *eck$ & turn$ aside = c5turies by ! triumph ( an unprogressive & anti-intellectual attitude on ! "p ( ! dom9ant ,*ur*4 ,! p]secution ( ,galileo 7p4 #chh7 0 b a phase ( ! reaction 9 religion :i* _h by t "t set 94 ,education 0 turn$ ov] to ! religi\s ord]s1 su* z ! ,jesuits & ! ,b>nabites1 & in/ruction 0 turn$ aside f lib]al culture & ! promotion ( le>n+ to ! support ( a religion & ! /amp+ out ( h]esy4 ,?\gh a numb] ( educational f\ndations 7 made1 & "s important und]tak+s begun aft] ! days :5 h] univ]sities 7 cr[d$ & ,flor5ce & ,v5ice vi$ ) "o ano!r = ! intellectual supremacy ( ! we/]n _w1 ! _s nev]!less 0 gone1 & bo? education & gov]nm5t settl$ d[n to a t5aci\s pres]vation ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,s*ol>s ceas$ to frequ5t ! s*ools ( ,italy2 ! univ]sities *ang$ f seats ( le>n+ to degree-conf]r+ in/itutions2 #ah ! intellectual capitals came to be f\nd nor? ( ! ,alps2 & ! hi/ory ( educational progress ceas$ to be trac$ 9 ?is anci5t l&4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! s*ools !re rea*$ p]haps _! l[e/ intellectual level4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,re=m ,,9 ,,savoy4 ,! fir/ & almo/ ! only attempt to *ange ?is condition1 be=e ,napoleon's armies w5t cra%+ ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,po1 0 made 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by two ,dukes ( ,savoy4 ,by decrees ( #agbi & #aggb !y took ! control ( ! second>y 7,lat97 s*ools 9 _! little du*y f ! religi\s ord]s1 & e/abli%$ a ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction to re=m ! univ]sity exam9ations1 see t tea*]s 7 prep>$ = ! ,lat9 s*ools1 & take ov] 9 ! "n ( ! au?orities ( ! du*y ! control ( education4 ,?\gh inspir$ by a political int]e/1 ! two dukes br\ght into _! little k+dom ! mu*-ne$$ ideas ( hone/ "w1 effective adm9i/ration1 & public _s1 & laid ! f\ndations = ! control ( education by ! public au?orities lat] on4 ,! only o!r attempt to improve conditions came 9 ,lomb>dy1 9 #aggd1 :i* !n 0 a "p ( ! ,au/rian dom9ions & felt ! %ort-liv$ re=ms ( ,m>ia ,!resa 7p4 #efb2 ,r4 #bgf74 ,else:]e 9 ,italy conditions rema9$ un*ang$ until ! "t ( ,napoleon4 ,,napoleon ,,revives ,,! ,,national ,,_s4 ,9 #agif ,napoleon's armies invad$ ,s>d9ia1 ,lomb>dy1 & ! valley ( ! ,po1 & he soon ext5d$ 8 control to almo/ all ! ,italian p59sula4 ,= ne>ly two decades !reaft] ?is collection ( little ,/ates felt ! unify+1 reg5]at+ influ5ce ( ! organiz+ ,fr5*4 ,mona/]ies & conv5ts & religi\s s*ools 7 trans=m$ into mod]n tea*+ in/itutions1 brig&age 0 put d[n1 & effici5t & hone/ gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$4 ,! ideas ( ! ,fr5* ,law ( #ahjb z to education 7 appli$4 ,e t[n 0 ord]$ to e/abli% a s*ool = boys1 to tea* ! read+ & writ+ ( ,italian & ! elem5ts ( ,fr5* & ,lat92 ! second>y s*ools 7 mod]niz$2 & ! univ]sities 7 completely reorganiz$4 ,"s ( ! univ]sities 7 r$uc$ to licei 7lyces2 second>y s*ools71 :ile o!rs 7 /r5g!n$ & _! rev5ues turn$ to bett] purposes4 ,! univ]sities at ,naples & ,tur9 9 p>ticul> 7 trans=m$ into /rong in/itutions1 ) a decid$ emphasis on sci5tific /udies4 ,a normal s*ool 0 f\nd$ at ,pisa1 on ! model ( ! "o at ,p>is4 ,new /&>ds 9 education 7 set up1 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces 0 introduc$ into ! second>y s*ools1 & ! /udy ( m$ic9e & law 0 reg5]at$4 ,) ! fall ( ,napoleon 8 "w 0 l>gely undone4 ,! firm1 j1 & intellig5t gov]nm5t :i* he _h giv5 ,italy--some?+ ! l& _h n kn[n = ages--came to an end4 ,! little ,/ates 7 h&$ back to ! reaction>y dyna/s ^: rule 0 nei!r b5evol5t nor intellig5t1 :ile ! ev]-ready ,au/rian army cru%$ out any local movem5t = lib]al in/itutions4 ,! laws reg>d+ education 7 repeal$1 & ! s*ools ! ,fr5* _h e/abli%$ 7 clos$ z revolution>y & dang]\s4 ,! normal s*ool at ,pisa ceas$ to exi/2 ! univ]sity at ,naples 0 dismantl$2 ! "o at ,tur9 0 clos$2 & ! ,jesuits 7 all[$ to return & reorganize in/ruction4 ,! result 0 t a common discont5t ) ensu+ conditions made ,italians consci\s ( _! racial & hi/orical unity1 & ?is f9ally express$ itself 9 ! revolutions ( #ahdh4 ,^! fail$ at ! "t1 & ! heel ( ! ,au/rian oppressor came d[n h>d] ?an be=e4 ,lib]ty ( ! press practically ceas$4 ,! national lead]s w5t into exile = safety4 ,! prisons 7 fill$ ) political (f5d]s4 ,! s*ools 7 clos$ or ceas$ to influ5ce4 ,! ,pope1 fe>+ ! end ( 8 e>?ly k+%ip approa*+1 unit$ firmly ) ! ,au/rians to resi/ lib]al movem5ts4 ,f9ally1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! enlight5$ ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 ,victor ,emmanuel 7#ahdi-gh7 & 8 ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,c\nt ( ,cav\r1 ! ,au/rians 7 driv5 out 7#ahei-ff7 & all ,italy 0 unit$ 7#ahgj7 "u ! rule ( "o k+ int]e/$ 9 promot+ ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,! ,,unification ,,( ,,italy1 ,,s9ce #ahdh ,,s>d9ia ,,leads ,,to ,,national ,,organization ,,& ,,control4 ,! movem5t to free ,italy 0 ess5tially a lib]al movem5t4 ,_m hop$ to create a republic1 b *ose a lib]al con/itutional mon>*y "u ,victor ,emmanuel z ! mo/ feasible plan4 ,cav\r und]/ood ! importance ( public in/ruction1 & f ! fir/ began to build up s*ools #ai & put !m "u /ate control4 ,9 #ahdd1 a normal s*ool 0 op5$ 9 ,tur94 ,9 #ahdg1 a ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction 0 appo9t$ & a ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction creat$1 aft] ! plan ( ,france1 ,9 #ahdh1 a ,g5]al ,s*ool ,law 0 enact$1 & ! organization & improvem5t ( s*ools 0 begun ) a w4 ,9 #ahej1 a commission 0 s5t to /udy ! s*ool sy/ems ( ,europe1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? ( ,france & ( ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,a ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction 0 n[ =m$ = ,s>d9ia1 & ! process ( creat+ prim>y s*ools1 high]-prim>y s*ools1 classical & te*nical second>y s*ools1 colleges1 & ! reorganization ( ! univ]sities 0 begun4 ,9 #ahei1 :5 ! gr[? ( ,italian unity 0 rapidly ext5d+ ! rule ( ,victor ,emmanuel1 #bj a new law1 provid+ a /ill bett] /ate organization ( public in/ruction1 0 enact$4 ,a ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction appo9t$ by ! ,k+1 a ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & a ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction z a bran* ( ! gov]nm5t1 7 all provid$ =1 aft] ! ,fr5* plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj ,,c\nt ,,( ,,cav\r 7#ahaj-fa7 ,?is ,law ( #ahei 0 lat] ext5d$ to cov] all ,italy1 & has =m$ ! basis = all subsequ5t legislation4 ,x cle>ly e/abli%$ a /ate sy/em ( education1 ?\gh ! religi\s s*ools 7 all[$ to rema94 ,x also e/abli%$ control aft] ! ,fr5* plan1 ) a high degree ( c5tralization & uni=mity4 ,! s*ools e/abli%$1 too1 7 mu* aft] ! ,fr5* type1 ?\gh mu* less ext5sive 9 scope4 ,! prim>y & sup]ior prim>y at fir/ 7 b two ye>s ea*1 ?\gh s9ce ext5d$ 9 all ! l>g] communities to a six-ye> comb9$ c\rse4 ,! two-class s*ool sy/em 0 e/abli%$1 z 9 ,france & ,g]man l&s4 ,! second>y-s*ool sy/em consi/$ ( a five-ye> g9nasio1 e/abli%$ 9 _m places 7#bah 9 ,italy by #ahfe2 #deh by #aiaf7 ) a ?ree-ye> liceo foll[+1 b f\nd 9 a small] numb] ( places4 ,p>allel ) ?is a sev5-ye> non-classical sci5tific & te*nical second>y s*ool 0 also creat$1 & ^! in/itutions h made m>k$ headway 7#dfa by #aiaf7 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,italy4 ,pupils may pass to ei!r ( ^! on ! completion ( ! ord9>y f\r-ye> prim>y c\rse1 at ! age ( t54 ,above ! second>y s*ools are num]\s univ]sities4 ,! normal-s*ool sy/em creat$ prep>$ = tea*+ 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 :ile ! univ]sity sy/em foll[$ ! completion ( ! liceo c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,italian ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,! influ5ce ( ,fr5* ideas 9 ,italian educational organization is cle>ly evid5t4 ,be=e ! ,fr5* armies br\ght ,fr5* gov]nm5tal ideas & organization to ,italy almo/ no?+ _h be5 done4 ,!n1 dur+ ! fir/ six decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! transition f ! *ur*-s*ool idea to ! conception ( education z an important function ( ! ,/ate 0 made1 & ! result+ sy/em is l>gely ,fr5* 9 organization & =m4 ,,subsequ5t ,,progress4 ,f ?is po9t on educational progress has be5 *iefly a problem ( increas$ f9ances & ! sl[ b gradual ext5sion ( educational opportunities to m & m ( ! *ildr5 ( ! p4 ,! *ur* s*ools h be5 all[$ to cont9ue side by side ) ! /ate s*ools1 & ! problem ( secur+ satisfactory work+ relations has n always be5 easy ( solution4 ,9 #ahgg prim>y education 0 ord]$ made compulsory1 #ba & religi\s in/ruction 0 dropp$ f ! /ate s*ools1 b ! sl[ progress ( ! nation 9 ext5d+ lit]acy indicates t b little _h be5 accompli%$ 9 en=c+ ! compulsion previ\s to ! new compulsory law ( #aijd4 ,?is made m /r+5t provisions reg>d+ s*ool+1 & provid$ = ?ree ?\s& ev5+ & ,sunday s*ools = illit]ate adults4 ,9 #aijf1 an e>ne/ ef=t 0 begun to ext5d educational advantages 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces1 :]e illit]acy has always be5 highe/4 ,9 #aiaa1 ! /ate aid = elem5t>y education 0 mat]ially increas$4 ,9 #aiab1 a new & m mod]n plan ( /udies = ! second>y s*ools 0 promulgat$4 ,s9ce #aiab _m important advances h be5 inaugurat$1 su* z elem5t>y s*ools ( agriculture1 vocational s*ools1 cont9uation s*ools1 ! middle-class indu/rial & comm]cial s*ools4 ,! ,_w ,w> direct$ new att5tion to ! educational ne$s ( ! nation4 ,italy1 at la/ ?or\ghly awak5$1 seems de/9$ to be a great _w p[] politically & comm]cially1 & we may look =w>d to see+ education us$ by ! ,italian ,/ate z a great con/ructive =ce = ! advancem5t ( its national int]e/s4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,%[ h[ ! ,revolution m>k$ out ! l9es ( future educational evolution = ,france4 #b4 ,expla9 :y ,france & ,italy evolv$ a s*ool sy/em s mu* m c5traliz$ ?an did o!r ,european nations4 #c4 ,expla9 ,napoleon's lack ( int]e/ 9 prim>y education1 9 view ( ! ne$s ( ,france 9 8 day4 #d4 ,%[ t ,napoleon 0 "r1 "t & circum/ances consid]$1 9 plac+ ! /ate emphasis on ! types ( education he favor$4 #e4 ,expla9 :y middle-class education %\ld h receiv$ su* special att5tion 9 ,c\s9's ,report1 & 9 ! ,law ( #ahcc4 #f4 ,0 ! c\rse ( in/ruction provid$ = ! prim>y s*ools 9 #ahcc1 times & ne$s consid]$1 a lib]al "o1 or o!rwise8 ,:y8 #g4 ,comp>e ! #ahcc & ! #ahej c\rses4 #h4 ,expla9 :y all =ms ( education 9 ,france %\ld h exp]i5c$ su* a m>k$ expansion & developm5t aft] #ahge4 #i4 ,expla9 :y great milit>y disa/]s1 = ! pa/ #aej ye>s1 h ne>ly always result$ 9 national educational reorganization4 #aj4 ,appraise ! "w & ! p]man5t influ5ce ( ,napoleon4 #aa4 ,expla9 ,napoleon's int]e/ 9 e/abli%+ s*ools & univ]sities1 :5 ! ,au/rian & ,*ur* au?orities 7 s int]e/$ 9 aboli%+ :at he _h creat$4 #ab4 ,:at did ! dropp+ ( religi\s in/ruction f ! prim>y s*ools ( bo? ,france & ,italy1 bo? /rong ,ca?olic c\ntries1 indicate z to national developm5t8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections are reproduc$3 #bhb4 ,le ,brun3 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades4 #bhc4 ,j\rda93 ,ref\nd+ ( ! ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool4 #bhd4 ,c\s93 ,recomm5dations = ,education 9 ,france4 #bhe4 ,guizot3 ,address on ! ,law ( #ahcc4 #bhf4 ,guizot3 ,pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,law ( #ahcc4 #bhg4 ,guizot3 ,lett] to ! ,prim>y ,tea*]s ( ,france4 #bhh4 ,arnold3 ,guizot's ,"w z ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction4 #bhi4 ,qu9et3 ,a ,lay ,s*ool = a ,lay ,society4 #bij4 ,f]ry3 ,moral & ,civic ,in/ruction replaces ! ,religi\s4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,j :at attitude t[>d education did ! action ( ,napoleon 9 *ang+ ! "* ( ! s*ool at ,compigne 7#bhb7 express8 #b4 ,:at type ( s*ool 7#bhc7 0 ! re-creat$ ,sup]ior ,normal8 #c4 ,j :at did ,victor ,c\s9 recomm5d 7#bhd7 z to 7a7 s*ools to be creat$2 7b7 control & adm9i/ration2 7c7 compulsory att5dance2 7d7 s*ools = ! middle classes2 & 7e7 education & control ( tea*]s8 #d4 ,0 ,guizot's ,law ( #ahcc 7#bhe7 9 h>mony ) ! recomm5dations ( ,c\s9 7#bhd78 #e4 ,:y h public op9ion & legislative action1 9 ,france & else:]e1 s completely rev]s$ ! positions tak5 by ,guizot & 8 advis]s 7#bhf7 9 fram+ ! ,law ( #ahcc8 #f4 ,f ,guizot's lett] to ! tea*]s ( ,france 7#bhg71 & ,arnold's description ( 8 "w 7#bhh71 j :at d y inf] to h be5 ! nature ( 8 int]e/ 9 advanc+ prim>y education 9 ,france8 #g4 ,contra/ ! reason+ ( ,guizot 7#bhf7 & ,qu9et 7#bhi7 on lay in/ruction4 ,( ! reason+ ( ! two m51 :i* is n[ accept$ 9 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #h4 ,contra/ ! lett]s ( ,guizot 7#bhg7 & ,f]ry 7#bij7 to ! prim>y tea*]s ( ,france4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,arnold1 ,mat!w4 ,popul> ,education 9 ,france4 99 ,arnold1 ,mat!w4 ,s*ools & ,univ]sities on ! ,cont95t4 99 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,national ,education 9 ,europe4 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 ,,xx4 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 *apt] ,,xxi4 99 ,f>r+ton1 ,fr4 ,e4 ,! ,public ,prim>y ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,france4 99 ,f>r+ton1 ,fr4 ,e4 ,fr5* ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,guizot1 ,f4 ,p4 ,g4 ,mmoires1 ,extracts f1 cov]+ "w z ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 #ahcb-cg1 9 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #bed-ha1 #ceg-ii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,national ,,organization ,,9 ,,engl& ,i4 ,,! ,,*>itable ,,volunt>y ,,beg9n+s ,,engli% ,,progress ,a ,,sl[ ,,b ,,peaceful ,,evolution4 ,! beg9n+s ( national educational organization 9 ,engl& 7 nei!r s simple nor s easy z 9 ! o!r l&s we h describ$4 ,s f> ?is 0 9 "p due to ! long-e/abli%$ idea1 on ! "p ( ! small rul+ class1 t education 0 no bus9ess ( ! ,/ate2 9 "p to ! deeply +ra9$ conception z to ! religi\s purpose ( all in/ruction2 9 "p to ! fact t ! controll+ upp] classes _h = long be5 9 possession ( an educational sy/em :i* r5d]$ satisfactory s]vice 9 prep>+ lead]s = bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate2 & 9 "p--probably 9 l>ge "p--to ! fact t national evolution 9 ,engl&1 s9ce ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w> 7#afdb-di7 has be5 a sl[ & peaceful gr[?1 ?\gh accompani$ by mu* h>d ?9k+ & vigor\s p>liam5t>y fight+4 ,s9ce ! ,re=mation 7#aecd-ci7 & ! ,puritan upris+ l$ by ,cromwell 7#afdb-di71 no civil /rife has convuls$ ! l&1 de/roy$ old in/itutions1 & =c$ rapid *anges 9 old e/abli%$ practices4 ,nei!r has ! c\ntry be5 9 dang] f =eign invasion s9ce t memorable week 9 ,july1 #aehh1 :5 ,drake de/roy$ ! ,spani% ,armada & made ! future ( ,engl& z a _w p[] secure4 ,engli% educational evolution has 9 consequ5ce be5 sl[1 & *anges & progress h come only 9 response to mu* pressure1 & usually z a reluctant concession to avoid m s]i\s tr\ble4 ,a /rong ,engli% *>act]i/ic has be5 ! ability to argue r ?an fight out que/ions ( national policy2 to exhibit m>k$ tol]ance ( ! op9ions ( o!rs dur+ ! discussion2 & f9ally to recognize en\gh ( ! propon5ts' po9t ( view to be will+ to make concessions suffici5t to arrive at an agreem5t4 ,?is has result$ 9 a sl[ b a peaceful evolution1 & ?is sl[ & peaceful evolution has = long be5 ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! political1 social1 & educational progress ( ! ,engli% p4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! two c5turies ( evolution t[>d a national sy/em ( education is a spl5did illu/ration ( ?is ess5tially ,engli% *>act]i/ic4 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,educational ,,ef=ts4 ,engl&1 x w be rememb]$ 7*apt] ,,xix1 ,section ,,iii71 _h e>ly made m>k$ progress 9 bo? political & religi\s lib]ty4 ,ahead ( any o!r p we f9d !re ! beg9n+s ( democratic lib]ty1 popul> enlight5m5t1 fre$om ( ! press1 religi\s tol]ation1 #a social re=m1 & sci5tific & indu/rial progress4 ,all ^! influ5ces awak5$ 9 ,engl&1 e>li] ?an 9 any o!r ,european nation1 a r g5]al desire to be able to read 7,r4 #agj71 & by ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d ! beg9n+s ( a *>itable & philan?ropic movem5t on ! "p ( ! *ur*es & ! upp] classes to ext5d a k ( ! elem5ts ( le>n+ to ! poor] classes ( ! population4 ,z a result1 z we h se5 7*apt] ,,xviii71 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&1 educationally1 0 *>act]iz$ by a new attitude t[>d ! educational problem & a m>k$ ext5sion ( educational opportunity4 ,ev5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! c\rts _h tak5 a new attitude t[>d *ur* control ( tea*+1 #b & 9 #agjj _h fre$ ! tea*] ( ! elem5t>y s*ool f control by ! bi%ops ?r\gh lic5se4 #c ,9 #agad an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 7#ac ,anne1 c4 #g7 exempt$ elem5t>y s*ools f ! p5alties ( con=mity legislation1 & !y 7 !reaft] free to multiply & _! tea*]s to tea*4 #d ,! dame s*ool 7,r4 #bce7 n[ became an e/abli%$ ,engli% in/itution 7p4 #ddg74 ,private-adv5ture s*ools ( a numb] ( types arose 7p4 #dea74 ,! *ur*es "h & !re began to provide elem5t>y p>i%-s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( _! poor] memb]s 7p4 #ddi71 or tra9+-s*ools = o!r *ildr5 :o 7 to g out to s]vice 7,r4 #bda74 ,workh\se s*ools & s*ools ( indu/ry also 7 us$ to provide = orphans & ! *ildr5 ( paup]s 7p4 #dec74 ,,! ,,*>ity-,,s*ool ,,sy/em4 ,mo/ important ( all 0 ! organization1 by gr\ps ( individuals 7,r4 #bcg7 & by ,societies 7,s4,p4,c4,k42 p4 #ddi7 =m$ = ! purpose1 & ma9ta9$ by subscription 7,r4 #bdj71 collections 7,r4 #bia71 & f\ndation incomes1 ( an ext5sive & well-organiz$ sy/em ( ,*>ity-,s*ools 7p4 #ddi74 ,! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,k dates f ! ye> #afii1 & ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts f #agja4 ,! fir/ work$ at home1 & ! second 9 ! ov]seas colonies4 #e ,bo? did mu* to provide s*ools = poor boys & girls1 furni%+ !m ) clo?+ & in/ruction 7,r4 #bib71 & tra9+ !m 9 read+1 writ+1 spell+1 c\nt+1 cleanl9ess1 prop] behavior1 sew+ & knitt+ 7girls71 & 9 ! ,rules & ,pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion z pr(ess$ & taught 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7,r4 #bch b74 ,! ,*>ity-,s*ool idea 0 9 a s5se an application ( ! jo9t-/ock-company pr9ciple to ! organization & ma9t5ance ( an ext5sive sy/em ( s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 ! /ock be+ subscrib$ = by humanit>ian- m9d$ p4 ,! upp] classes _h = long be5 well provid$1 ?r\gh tutors 9 ! home & gramm> s*ools & colleges1 ) ^? means = education :i* h = c5turies produc$ an able succession ( g5tlem51 /atesm51 gov]nors1 & s*ol>s = ,engl&1 & _m ( ! comm]cial middle-class _h1 by ! eighte5? c5tury1 become able to pur*ase simil> advantages = _! sons4 ,^! n[ unit$ to provide1 z "p ( a great organiz$ *>ity & "u c>efully select$ tea*]s 7,r4 #bch a71 = ! m promis+ *ildr5 ( _! poor] neighbors1 ! elem5ts ( t education :i* !y !mselves _h enjoy$4 ,! movem5t spread rapidly ov] ,engl& 7p4 #dea71 & soon develop$ into a great national ef=t to raise ! level ( intellig5ce ( ! masses ( ! ,engli% p4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons gave _! s]vices z directors1 organiz]s1 & tea*]s4 ,travel+ sup]9t5d5ts 7 employ$4 ,a rudim5t>y =m ( tea*]-tra9+ 0 begun4 ,! prea*+ ( a ,*>ity ,s]mon ea* ye> #f ) a special collection1 became a g5]al ,engli% practice4 ,,! ,,volunt>y ,,sy/em4 ,! rise ( ! ,me?odi/ movem5t1 #g aft] #agcj 7p4 #dhi72 ! e>?quake %ocks ( #agej2 ! rise ( ! popul> novel & newspap]2 ! pr9t+ ( political news1 & *eap sci5tific pamphlets 7p4 #dib72 & ! gr[+ t5d5cy to debate que/ions & to apply reason to _! solution--all t5d$ to give emphasis 9 ,engl& to ^! eighte5?-c5tury *>itable means = ext5d+ education to ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o c\ld n af=d to pay = x4 ,unlike ! ,g]man ,/ates1 :]e ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur* & ! s*ool _h all work$ toge!r f ! days ( ! ,re=mation on1 ! ,engli% _h nev] kn[n su* a conception4 ,! ef=ts1 ?\gh1 ( ! educat$ few1 9 ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 to ext5d ! elem5ts ( le>n+1 ord]1 piety1 cleanl9ess1 & prop] behavior to ! *ildr5 ( ! masses1 =m$ an important sub/itute = ! action by ! ,*ur*-,/ate :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ,teutonic l&s4 ,we see 9 ^! eighte5?-c5tury ef=ts ! orig9 ( :at became kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! volunt>y sy/em & ^u ?is volunt>y support ( education--private1 p>o*ial1 *>itable--! ,engli% p = long reli$4 ,( action by ! ,/ate !re 0 none dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 aside f an ,act ( #agfg 7#g ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #ci7 relat+ to ! education ( paup] *ildr54 ,?is e/abli%$ ! important pr9ciple-- un=tunately n foll[$ up--( provid+ t poor p>i% *ildr5 ( ,london might be ma9ta9$ & educat$ at ! co/ ( ! rates4 ,,! ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,movem5t4 ,"o o!r volunt>y eighte5?-c5tury movem5t ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% educational developm5t %\ld be m5tion$ "h1 z x =m$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! p>o*ial-*>ity-s*ool movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! philan?ropic p]iod ( ! educational re=m]s ( ! e>ly n9ete5?4 ,?is 0 ! ,sunday-,s*ool movem5t1 fir/ tri$ by ,john ,wesley 9 ,savannah1 9 #agcg1 b n introduc$ into ,engl& until #agfc4 ,! idea am\nt$ to little1 ?\gh1 until practically work$ out anew 7#aghj7 by ,rob]t ,raikes1 a pr9t] ( ,gl\ce/]1 & describ$ by him 7#aghc7 9 8 ,gl\ce/] ,j\rnal 7,r4 #bic71 aft] he _h exp]im5t$ ) x = ?ree ye>s4 #h ,8 pr9t$ description ( ! ,sunday-,s*ool idea gave a national impulse to ! movem5t1 & ,sunday ,s*ools 7 soon e/abli%$ all ov] ,engl& to take *ildr5 (f ! /reets on ,sunday & provide !m ) "s =m ( secul> & religi\s in/ruction4 #i ,! movem5t co9cid$ ) new religi\s1 social1 & economic =ces :i* 7 at "w1 & :i* awak5$ an int]e/ n only 9 ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor] work+-classes1 b caus$ ! upp] & middle classes 9 society to feel a new s5se ( responsibility = social & educational re=m4 ,! cold & unemotional religion ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury _h creat$ an indiff]5ce to ! simple tru?s & duties ( ! ,gospels4 ,! great religi\s revival "u ,wesley & ,:itefield _h *all5g$ su* an attitude1 & _h done mu* to infuse a new _s into religion & awak5 a new s5se ( responsibility = social welf>e4 ,! rapid gr[? ( population 9 ! t[ns1 foll[+ ! beg9n+s ( factory life 7p4 #dic71 _h creat$ new social & economic problems1 & ! neglect ( *ildr5 9 ! manufactur+ t[ns _h %ock$ _m ?9k+ p]sons4 ,! way 9 :i* p>5ts & *ildr51 fre$ f h>d labor 9 ! factories on ,sundays1 ab&on$ !mselves to vice1 drunk5ness1 & pr(anity caus$ _m1 among !m ,raikes himself 7,r4 #bic71 to inquire if some?+ c\ld n be done to turn into respectable m5 & wom5 ! little hea!n ( ! neighborhood4 ,! ,sunday ,s*ool 0 8 answ]1 & ! answ] ( _m all ov] ,engl&4 #aj ,9 #aghe ,! ,society = ! ,support & ,enc\ragem5t ( ,sunday ,s*ools 9 ! diff]5t ,c\nties ( ,engl& 0 =m$ ) a view to e/abli%+ a ,sunday ,s*ool 9 e p>i% 9 ! k+dom1 & ! ,que5 head$ a subscription li/1 foll[+ a g5]al appeal = funds4 ,by #aghg x 0 e/imat$ t #bcd1jjj *ildr5 9 ,engl& & ,wales 7 att5d+ a ,sunday ,s*ool1 & by #agib ! numb] _h increas$ to half a million4 ,! ,p>liam5t>y return = #ahah %[$ #edfc ,sunday ,s*ools 9 exi/5ce1 & #dgg1bbe s*ol>s2 9 #ahce ! returns %[$ #a1edh1hij s*ol>s1 half ( :om att5d$ no o!r s*ool1 & approximately #afj1jjj volunt>y tea*]s4 #aa ,9 ,man*e/]1 !n a city sc\rg$ ) almo/ univ]sal *ild-labor1 ! s*ools 7#ahcd7 7 9 session five & a half h\rs on ,sunday & two ev5+s a week4 ,! moral & religi\s influ5ce ( ^! s*ools 0 important1 & ! in/ruction 9 read+ & writ+1 meag] z x 01 fill$ a real ne$ ( ! "t4 ,,o!r ,,volunt>y ,,s*ools2 ,,ragg$ ,,s*ools4 ,! ,*>ity ,s*ools & ! ,sunday ,s*ools 7 ! two mo/ conspicu\s ( ! volunt>y-organization type ( und]tak+s = provid+ ! poor *ildr5 ( ,engl& ) ! elem5ts ( secul> & religi\s education4 ,_m o!r organizations ( an educational & *>itable nature1 aid$ also by _m individual ef=ts1 too num]\s to m5tion1 7 =m$ ) ! same *>itable & humanit>ian end 9 view4 ,o!rs1 simil> 9 type1 *>g$ a small fee1 & h5ce 7 ( ! private-adv5ture type4 ,sunday ,s*ools1 day s*ools1 ev5+ s*ools1 *ildr5's *ur*es1 b&s ( hope1 clo?+ clubs1 mess5g] brigades1 %oeblack brigades1 orphans' s*ools1 re=matory s*ools1 indu/rial s*ools1 ragg$ s*ools--^! 7 "s ( ! types t arose4 ,only "o ( ^!--,ragg$ ,s*ools--w be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,a ,,ragg$ ,,s*ool ,,pupil 7,f a photograph ( a boy on ent]+ ! s*ool2 lat] *ang$ into a respectable tradesman4 ,f ,gu?rie7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,john ,,p\nds',s ,,ragg$ ,,s*ool ,,at ,,portsm\? ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,village ,,volunt>y ,,s*ool 7,reproduc$ f an e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury engrav+1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,william ,g4 ,bruce7 ,! orig9ator ( ! ,ragg$ ,s*ools--s*ools = ! education ( de/itute *ildr51 waifs & /rays n rea*$ by o!r ag5cies--0 a l>ge-he>t$ cobbl] ( ,portsm\?1 by ! "n ( ,john ,p\nds 7#agff- #ahci71 :o divid$ 8 "t betwe5 cobbl+ & rescue "w among ! poore/ & mo/ degrad$ *ildr5 ( 8 neighborhood4 ,8 s*ool is %[n 9 ! picture fac+ ?is page4 7,plate #ae47 ,9 8 %oe%op he taught su* *ildr51 free ( *>ge1 to read1 write1 c\nt1 cook _! food1 & m5d _! %oes4 ,he 0 a s*oolma/]1 doctor1 nurse1 & playfell[ to !m all 9 "o4 ,8 work%op 0 a room ( only six by eighte5 feet1 yet 9 x he (t5 _h =ty *ildr5 "u 8 in/ruction4 ,8 "w set an example1 & ,ragg$ ,s*ools1 or ,s*ools = ! ,de/itute1 began to be =m$ 9 _m places by humanit>ians4 ,^! took ! =m ( day s*ools1 night s*ools1 ,sunday ,s*ools1 & ! s-call$ indu/rial s*ools 7,r4 #bid74 ,! in/ruction 9 mo/ ( !m 0 entirely free1 #ab b "s *>g$ a small fee1 9 a few cases z high z a %ill+ a mon?4 ,x 0 "o ( ^! s*ools t ,crabbe describ$ :5 he wrote3 #ac ,poor ,reub5 ,dixon has ! noisie/ s*ool ,( ragg$ lads1 :o ev] b[$ to rule2 ,l[ 9 8 price--! m5 :o heave our coals1 ,& clean our causeways1 s5d him boys 9 %oals4 ,to see poor ,reub51 ) 8 fry beside- ,_! half-*eck'd rud5ess & 8 half-scorn$ pride- ,_! room1 ! /y 9 :i* ?' assembly meet1 ,9 ! close lane beh9d ! ,nor?gate /reet2 ,t' obs]ve 8 va9 attempts to keep ! peace1 ,till tolls ! bell1 & /rife & tr\ble cease1 ,calls = our praise2 8 lab\rs praise des]ves1 ,b n our pity2 ,reub5 has no n]ves4 ',mid noise & dirt1 & /5*1 & play1 & prate1 ,he calmly cuts ! p5 or views ! slate4 ,9 #ahdd ,! ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union 0 =m$ 9 ,london1 & ma9ta9$ !re _m ( ! types ( s*ools m5tion$ above4 ,! ,con/itution & ,rules ( ! ,association = ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,ragg$ ,indu/rial ,s*ools = ,de/itute ,*ildr5 9 ,ed9burgh 7,r4 #bid7 gives a good idea z to ! nature1 support1 & in/ruction 9 su* s*ools4 ,z late z #ahgj1 :5 national education 0 fir/ begun 9 ,engl&1 !re 7 ab\t two hundr$ ( ^! ,ragg$ ,s*ools 9 ,london alone1 ) ab\t #bc1jjj *ildr5 9 !m4 ,^u _m su* =ms ( irregul> s*ools ,engl& dep5d$ be=e ! days ( national organization4 ,,o!r ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,influ5ces4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,fr5* ,revolution>y ?\ght #ad & ,am]ican political action began to ex]t "s influ5ce on public op9ion 9 ,engl&4 ,! small upp] rul+ class1 al>m$ at ! developm5ts 9 ,france1 became confirm$ 9 its opposition to any g5]al popul> education aside f a little read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 & c>eful religi\s tra9+1 :ile on ! o!r h& m5 ( m lib]al outlook felt t popul> enlight5m5t 0 a necessity to prev5t ! masses f becom+ /irr$ by inflammatory writ+s & spee*es4 ,! increas+ di/ress 9 ! agricultural regions1 due to ! rapid *ange ( ,engl& f an agricultural to a manufactur+ nation2 ! cr[d+ ( great numb]s ( work+ p into ! manufactur+ t[ns2 & ! social mis]y & political unre/ foll[+ ! ,napoleonic w>s all alike contribut$ to a feel+ ( ne$ = any =m ( philan?ropic ef=t t gave promise ( alleviat+ ! ills ( society4 ,!re n[ grew up a small b influ5tial body ( ?9k]s :o favor$ ! ma9t5ance ( a sy/em ( g5]al & compulsory education by ! ,/ate1 & ! sep>ation ( ! s*ool f ! ,*ur*4 ,! mo/ notable propon5ts ( ?is new !ory 7 ,adam ,smi?1 ! ,rev]5d ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us1 & ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,! fir/ approa*$ ! "q f an economic po9t ( view1 ! second f an economic & biologic1 & ! ?ird f ! political4 ,9 #aggf ,adam ,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations appe>$4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! great books ( all "t4 ,among o!r matt]s he dealt ) ! "q ( education4 ,he po9t$ out t ,engli% society 0 n[ becom+ highly organiz$2 t ! new manufactur+ life _h completely *ang$ ! simple conditions ( an e>li] agricultural society2 t 9 ! n>r[ r\nd ( manufactur+ duties & t[n life p t5d$ to lose _! inv5tiv5ess & to /agnate2 & t ! individual deg5]acy :i* set 9 9 a m highly organiz$ type ( society became a social dang] ( l>ge magnitude4 ,h5ce1 he argu$ 7,r4 #bie71 x 0 a matt] ( /ate int]e/ t ! inf]ior ranks ( ! p be in/ruct$ to make !m socially useful & to r5d] !m less apt to be misl$ into any wanton or unnecess>y opposition to measures ( gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ly1 he held1 ! ,/ate _h e "r1 n only to take ov] elem5t>y education z a /ate function & a public *>ge1 b also to make x free & compulsory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,adam ,,smi? 7#agbc-ij7 ,9 #agih ! ,rev]5d ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us's ,essay on ,population appe>$4 ,?is 0 a precursor ( ! "w ( ,d>w91 & ano!r ( ! great books ( all "t4 ,he po9t$ out t population ev]y:]e t5d$ to outrun ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & t x 0 only prev5t$ f do+ s by prev5tive *ecks :i* involv$ mu* mis]y & vice & paup]ism4 ,to prev5t paup]ism ea* individual mu/ ex]cise moral re/ra9t & =esight1 & to enable all to d ?is a widespread sy/em ( public in/ruction 0 a necessity 7,r4 #bif74 ,! money ,engl& _h sp5t 9 poor- relief he reg>d$ z l>gely wa/$1 because x af=d$ no cure4 ,9 ! g5]al education ( a p ! real solution lay4 ,he said3 ,we h lavi%$ imm5se sums on ! poor1 :i* we h e reason to ?9k h con/antly t5d$ to aggravate _! mis]y1444 ,x is surely a great national disgrace t ! education ( ! l[e/ classes 9 ,engl& %\ld be left to a few ,sunday ,s*ools1 support$ by a subscription f individuals1 :o c give to ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 !m any k9d ( bias :i* !y may please4 7,r #bif47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd ,,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,,mal?us 7#agff-ahcd7 ,agree+ ?or\ghly ) ,adam ,smi? t a g5]al diffusion ( k 0 a safegu>d to society1 he urg$ ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts ( political economy 9 ! common s*ools to enable p to live bett] 9 ! new type ( competitive society4 #ae ,9 #agia-ib ,?omas ,pa9e publi%$ 8 widely read ,rights ( ,man4 ,he express$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y political !ory1 hold+ t gov]nm5t1 :ile capable ( great good 7 its p[]s only prop]ly ex]cis$1 01 z organiz$1 an evil4 ,9 a well-gov]n$ nation none w\ld be p]mitt$ to g un9/ruct$1 he held1 & he w\ld cut (f poor- relief & make a /ate grant ( #d a ye> = e *ild "u f\rte5 = its education1 & w\ld compel p>5ts to s5d all *ildr5 to s*ool to le>n read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree books _h a long & a sl[ly cumulative influ5ce1 & a small numb] ( "y & p[]ful *ampions ( ! idea ( popul> education z a public *>ge began1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to urge action & to influ5ce public op9ion4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,philan?ropic ,,ef=t 7#ahjj-cc7 ,,conditions ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,?is second p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! organization ( ,engli% education beg9s ) ! publication1 9 #agig1 ( ,dr4 ,&rew ,bell's ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,education1 describ+ 8 "w 9 educat+ l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 by means ( ! s-call$ mutual sy/em1 at ! ,male ,asylum at ,madras1 ,india4 ,! p]iod prop]ly ends ) ! fir/ ,p>liam5t>y grant = education1 9 #ahcc4 ,9 its ma9 *>act]i/ics x belongs to ! eighte5? r ?an to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z ! prom95t educational movem5ts ( ! eighte5? 7*>ity-s*ools1 ,sunday ,s*ools1 s*ools ( indu/ry7 cont9ue /rong ?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 & _m new und]tak+s ( a simil> *>itable nature 7,ragg$ ,s*ools2 associations = ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( ! poor1 etc47 7 begun4 ,! p]iod--dur+ & aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s--0 "o ( m>k$ social & political unre/1 & ( correspond+ emphasis on social & philan?ropic s]vice4 ,! masses 7 discont5t$ ) _! lot1 & 7 beg9n+ to be ) _! lack ( political privileges4 ,num]\s plans to quiet ! unre/ & improve conditions 7 propos$1 ( :i* s*emes to increase employm5t 7indu/rial s*ools2 ev5+ s*ools71 to enc\rage ?rift 7sav+s banks2 *ildr5's brigades71 & to spread an elem5t>y & religi\s education 7mutual s*ools2 infant s*ools7 t w\ld tra9 ! poor 9 self-help 7 ! mo/ prom95t4 ,! ,society = ,bett]+ ! ,condition & ,increas+ ! ,com=ts ( ! ,poor4 f\nd$ 9 #agif1 became a v important e>ly-n9ete5?-c5tury in/itution4 ,bran*es 7 e/abli%$ all ov] ,engl&4 ,s\p-kit*5s1 clo?+-/ations1 sav+s banks1 & s*ools 7 among ! *ief l9es ( activity4 ,9 p>ticul> x ext5d$ & improv$ ,sunday ,s*ools1 enc\rag$ ! =mation ( *>ity-s*ools & s*ools ( indu/ry1 & lat] gave mu* aid 9 e/abli%+ ! new monitorial s*ools4 ,educational int]e/ /eadily /r5g!n$ dur+ ! p]iod1 ?\gh z yet along l9es t 7 deem$ relatively h>mless1 7 inexp5sive1 & 7 l>gely religi\s 9 "*4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury conception ( education z a *>ity1 design$ :]e giv5 to tra9 ! poor to an hone/1 upright1 grateful1 & indu/ri\s pov]ty1 /ill prevail$2 !re 0 z yet little ?\ght ( education z design$ to tra9 ! poor to ?9k = & help !mselves4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury conception ( ! educational process1 too1 :i* reg>d$ education z some?+ ext]nal & det]m9$ by adult /&>ds & ne$s1 & to be impos$ on ! *ild f )\t1 also cont9u$4 ,! purpose ( ! s*ool 0 to manufacture ! /&>d man1 & ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] 0 to s organize & me?odize in/ruction t ! necess>y k c\ld be acquir$ z economically1 f a f9ancial po9t ( view1 z possible4 ,! ,pe/alozzian conception ( education z a developm5t ( ! individual1 accord+ to ! law ( 8 own nature1 f\nd b sl[ acceptance 9 ,engl&4 ,m5tal developm5t1 sci5tific in/ruction1 ! habit ( ?9k+1 ! ex]cise ( judgm5t1 & free & enlight5$ op9ion 7 ideas t f\nd little favor !re1 & h5ce _h to be h&l$ c>efully by ^? :o _h caught ! new conception ( ! educational process4 ,9 ! political reaction foll[+ ! end ( ,napoleon's rule ! upp] & rul+ classes ( ,engl&1 9 common ) ^? ( cont95tal l&s1 became exce$+ly suspici\s ( mu* education = ! masses4 ,to secure contributions = s*ools x became necess>y to av[ & plead h[ little x 0 t ! s*ools pret5d$ or presum$ to tea*4 #af ,engl& n[ exp]i5c$ a great developm5t ( manufactur+ & comm]ce1 a great mat]ial prosp]ity ensu$1 & ! gr[+ dem& = education 0 met by a c\nt]-dem& t ! education provid$ %\ld be sy/ematiz$1 economical1 & %\ld n tea* too mu*4 ,su* a sy/em ( tra9+ 0 n[ discov]$ & appli$1 9 ! =m ( mutual or monitorial in/ruction1 & 0 hail$ z a new exp$i5t1 p>allel & rival to ! mod]n inv5tions 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,! ,,creators ,,( ,,! ,,monitorial ,,sy/em ,,rev4 ,,&rew ,,bell 7#agec-ahcb7 ,,joseph ,,lanca/] 7#aggh-ahch7 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,mutual ,,or ,,monitorial ,,in/ruction4 ,9 #agig ,dr4 ,&rew ,bell1 a cl]gyman 9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 publi%$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5t 9 ! use ( monitors 9 ,india4 #ag ,! idea attract$ att5tion1 & ! plan 0 successfully introduc$ into a numb] ( *>ity-s*ools4 ,ab\t ! same "t 7#agih7 a "y ,quak] s*oolma/]1 ,joseph ,lanca/] by "n1 0 l$ indep5d5tly to a simil> discov]y ( ! advantages ( us+ monitors1 by reason ( 8 ne$+ assi/ance 9 8 s*ool & be+ too poor to pay = additional tea*]s4 ,9 #ahjc he publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 plan4 #ah ,! two plans 7 q simil>1 attract$ att5tion f ! fir/1 & s*ools =m$ aft] "o or ! o!r ( ! plans 7 soon organiz$ all ov] ,engl&4 ,increas$ att5tion 0 attract$ to ! new plans by a bitt] *ur* qu>rel :i* broke out z to :o 0 ! real orig9ator ( ! idea1 #ai ,bell be+ upheld by ,*ur*-(-,engl& support]s1 & ,lanca/] by ! ,diss5t]s4 ,9 #ahjh ,! ,royal ,lanca/rian ,in/itution 0 =m$1 :i* 9 #ahad became ,! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society1 to promote ,lanca/rian s*ools4 ,?is society _h ! close support ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii1 ! ,:igs1 & ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 :ile su* lib]als z ,br\gham1 ,:itbread1 & ,james ,mill 7 on its bo>d ( directors4 ,?is ,society s5t out ,lanca/] to exp\nd 8 truly ,briti% sy/em1 & by #ahaj z _m z n9ety-five ,lanca/rian s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,8 model s*ool 9 ,bor\gh ,road1 ,s\?w>k1 :i* became a tra9+-s*ool = tea*]s1 is %[n on ! foll[+ page4 ,lanca/] 0 a poor manag]2 became involv$ 9 f9ancial difficulties2 & 9 #ahah left = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 organiz+ su* s*ools & exp\nd+ 8 sy/em4 ,= a "t ?is attract$ wide att5tion1 z we %all po9t out 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,lanca/]'s "w /imulat$ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& into activity1 & 9 #ahaa ,! ,national ,society = ,promot+ ! ,education ( ! ,poor 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,wales 0 =m$ by prom95t ,s4,p4,c4,k4 7p4 #ddi7 memb]s & ,*ur*m51 ) ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury z presid5t4 ,?is ,society 0 support$ by ! ,tories1 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 & 0 =m$ to promote ! ,bell sy/em1 #bj :i* made religi\s in/ruction an ess5tial & necess>y "p ( ! plan4 ,)9 a mon? #ae1jjj _h be5 subscrib$ to e/abli% s*ools4 ,among _m o!r contributions 7 #ejj ea* f ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,a tra9+-s*ool = tea*]s 0 organiz$2 di/rict societies 7 =m$ ov] ,engl& to e/abli% s*ools2 & a sy/em ( organiz$ aid 0 ext5d$ = bo? build+s & ma9t5ance4 ,by #ahca !re 7 #ijj1dab *ildr5 receiv+ in/ruction 9 ! monitorial s*ools ( ! ,national ,society alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,,! ,,lanca/rian ,,model ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,bor\gh ,,road1 ,,s\?w>k1 ,,london ,?is %[s #cfe pupils1 seat$ = writ+4 ,! room 0 #dj x #ij feet 9 size & conta9$ #bj desks1 ea* #be feet long4 ,! boys ( ea* r[ 7 divid$ into two drafts ( f eight to t51 ea* 9 *>ge ( a monitor4 ,ar\nd ! wall 7 #ca /ations1 indicat$ by ! semicircles on ! floor4 ,! mutual-in/ruction idea spread to o!r l&s--,france1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k--& seems to h be5 tri$ ev5 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,9 ,france & ,belgium x 0 exp]im5t$ ) = a "t because ( its *eapness1 b 0 soon disc>d$ because ( its defects4 ,9 ,teutonic l&s1 :]e ! mu* bett] ,pe/alozzian ideas _h become e/abli%$1 ! monitorial sy/em made practically no headway4 ,x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( all c\ntries outside ( ,engl&1 t ! idea met ) mo/ ready acceptance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,,monitors ,,tea*+ ,,read+ ,,at ,,/ations ,?ree drafts ( t5 ea*1 ) _! toes to ! semicircles pa9t$ on ! floor1 are be+ taught by monitors f lessons susp5d$ on ! wall4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,mutual ,,or ,,monitorial ,,in/ruction4 ,! great m]it1 aside f be+ *eap1 ( ! mutual or monitorial sy/em ( in/ruction lay 9 t x repres5t$ a m>k$ advance 9 s*ool organization ov] ! old] individual me?od ( in/ruction1 ) its accompany+ wa/e ( "t & s*oolroom disord]4 ,"u ! individual me?od only a small numb] ( pupils c\ld be plac$ "u ! control ( "o tea*]1 & ! exp5se = su* in/ruction made g5]al education almo/ prohibitive4 ,pe/alozzi1 to be sure1 _h work$ out 9 ,switz]l& ! mod]n class- sy/em ( in/ruction1 & foll[+ developm5tal l9es 9 tea*+1 b ( ?is ! ,engli% 7 n only ignorant1 b x call$ = a degree ( p$agogical skill :i* _! tea*]s did n !n possess4 ,bell & ,lanca/] n[ evolv$ a plan :]eby "o tea*]1 assi/$ by a numb] ( ! bright] pupils :om !y designat$ z monitors1 c\ld tea* f two hundr$ to a ?\s& pupils 9 "o s*ool 7,r4 #big74 ,! picture ( ,lanca/]'s ,london s*ool 7,figure #ahf7 %[s #cfe pupils seat$4 #ba ,! pupils 7 sort$ into r[s1 & to ea* r[ 0 assign$ a clev] boy 7monitor7 to act z an assi/ant tea*]4 ,a common numb] = ea* monitor to look aft] 0 t54 ,! tea*] fir/ taught ^! monitors a lesson f a pr9t$ c>d1 & !n ea* monitor took 8 r[ to a /ation ab\t ! wall & proce$$ to tea* ! o!r boys :at he _h j le>n$4 ,at fir/ us$ only = tea*+ read+ & ! ,cate*ism1 ! plan 0 soon ext5d$ to ! tea*+ ( writ+1 ari?metic1 & spell+1 & lat] on to in/ruction 9 high] bran*es4 ,! sy/em 0 v popul> f ab\t #ahaj to #ahcj1 b by #ahdj its popul>ity _h wan$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,,prop] ,,monitorial-,,s*ool ,,positions 7,f an engrav$ plate ( #cj positions1 9 a ,manual ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society1 ,london1 #ahca7 ,su* s*ools 7 naturally highly organiz$1 ! organization be+ l>gely me*anical 7,r4 #bih74 ,lanca/]1 9 p>ticul>1 0 an organiz+ g5ius4 ,! ,manuals ( ,in/ruction gave complete directions = ! organization & managem5t ( monitorial s*ools1 ! details ( recitation "w1 use ( app>atus1 ord]1 position ( pupils at _! "w1 & classification be+ m9utely laid d[n4 ,by c>efully /udy+ & foll[+ ^! directions any reasonably intellig5t p]son c\ld soon le>n to become a successful tea*] 9 a monitorial s*ool4 ,! s*ools1 me*anical z !y n[ seem1 m>k$ a great improvem5t ov] ! individual me?od ^u :i* s*oolma/]s = c5turies _h wa/$ s mu* ( _! own & _! pupils' "t4 ,9 place ( e>li] idl5ess1 inatt5tion1 & disord]1 ,bell & ,lanca/] introduc$ activity1 emulation1 ord]1 & a k9d ( milit>y discipl9e :i* 0 ( mu* value to ! type ( *ildr5 att5d+ ^! s*ools4 ,lanca/]'s biograph]1 ,salmon1 has writt5 ( ! sy/em t s ?or\ghly 0 ! in/ruction work$ out t ! tea*] _h only to organize1 ov]see1 rew>d1 puni%1 & inspire3 ,:5 a *ild 0 admitt$ a monitor assign$ him 8 class2 :ile he rema9$1 a monitor taught him 7) n9e o!r pupils72 :5 he 0 abs5t1 "o monitor asc]ta9$ ! fact1 & ano!r f\nd out ! reason2 a monitor exam9$ him p]iodically1 &1 :5 he made progress1 a monitor promot$ him2 a monitor rul$ ! writ+ pap]2 a monitor _h *>ge ( slates & books2 & a monitor-g5]al look$ aft] all ! o!r monitors4 ,e monitor wore a lea!r ticket1 gild$ & lett]$1 ,monitor ( ! ,fir/ ,class1 ,read+ ,monitor ( ! ,second ,class1 etc4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,awak5+ ,,int]e/4 ,! monitorial sy/em ( in/ruction1 com+ at ! "t x did1 ex]t$ a v important influ5ce 9 awak5+ int]e/ 9 & a s5tim5t = s*ools4 ,x increas$ ! numb] ( p :o possess$ ! elem5ts ( an education2 made s*ools mu* m talk$ ab\t2 & ar\s$ ?\ght & provok$ discussion on ! "q ( education4 ,x did mu* t[>d mak+ p see ! advantages ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( s*ool+1 & be will+ to contribute to its support4 ,"u ! plans previ\sly 9 use education _h be5 a sl[ & an exp5sive process1 because x _h to be c>ri$ on by ! individual me?od ( in/ruction1 & 9 q small gr\ps4 ,"u ?is new plan x 0 n[ possible = "o tea*] to in/ruct #cjj1 #djj1 #ejj1 or m pupils 9 a s+le room1 & to d x ) mu* bett] results 9 bo? le>n+ & discipl9e ?an ! old type ( s*oolma/] _h a*iev$4 ,all at once1 comp>atively1 a new sy/em _h be5 introduc$ :i* n only improv$ & popul>iz$1 b trem5d\sly *eap5$ education4 #bb ,lanca/]1 9 8 ,improvem5ts 9 ,education1 gave ! annual co/ ( s*ool+ "u 8 sy/em z only sev5 %ill+s sixp5ce 7#a4hj7 p] pupil1 & ?is 0 lat] decreas$ to f\r %ill+s fivep5ce 7#a4jf7 z ! s*ool 0 increas$ to accommodate a ?\s& pupils4 ,"u ! ,bell sy/em ! ye>ly co/ p] pupil1 9 a s*ool ( five hundr$1 0 only f\r %ill+s twop5ce 7#a4jj71 9 #ahad4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,lanca/rian s*ools co/ f #a4bb p] pupil 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahbb1 up to #c4jj & #d4jj lat] on4 ,at fir/ begun z free s*ools1 #bc ! expansion ( ef=t 0 m rapid ?an ! income f contributions1 & a small tuition fee 0 9 "t *>g$4 ,pupils 7 admitt$ at ab\t ! age ( sev51 & might rema9 until ?irte5 or f\rte51 ?\gh an att5dance ( two ye>s 0 consid]$ abundantly suffici5t = any boy4 ,to prep>e skill$ ma/]s & mi/resses = ! s*ools1 girls 7 provid$ = 9 _m places--tra9+ or model s*ools 7 organiz$ by bo? ! national societies1 & ^! repres5t ! beg9n+s ( normal-s*ool tra9+ 9 ,engl&4 ,,infant ,,s*ools4 ,ano!r type ( s*ool :i* became ( mu* importance 9 ,engl&1 & spread to o!r l&s1 0 ! ,infant ,s*ool4 ,?is ow$ its orig9 to ,rob]t ,ow51 proprietor ( ! cotton mills at ,new ,lan>k1 ,scotl&4 ,be+ ( a philan?ropic turn ( m9d1 & believ+ t man 0 entirely ! product ( circum/ance & environm5t1 he held t x 0 n possible to beg9 too e>ly 9 implant+ "r habits & =m+ "*4 ,pov]ty & crime1 he believ$1 7 results ( errors 9 ! v>i\s sy/ems ( education & gov]nm5t4 ,s pla/ic 0 *ild nature1 t society w\ld be able to m\ld itself into ! v image ( rational wi%es & desires4 ,t ! infants ( any "o class 9 ! _w may be readily =m$ into m5 ( any o!r class1 0 a fundam5tal belief ( 84 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi ,,rob]t ,,ow5 7#agga-aheh7 ,:5 he took *>ge ( ! mills at ,new ,lan>k 7#agii7 he f\nd ! usual wret*$ social conditions ( ! "t4 ,*ildr5 ( five1 six1 & sev5 ye>s 7 b\nd out to ! factory z appr5tices 7,r4 #bdb7 = a p]iod ( n9e ye>s4 ,!y work$ z appr5tices & help]s 9 ! factories twelve to ?irte5 h\rs a day1 & at e>ly manhood 7 turn$ free to jo9 ! ignorant mass ( ! population4 ,ow5 s\ght to rem$y ?is condition4 ,he accord+ly op5$ s*ools :i* *ildr5 might ent] at ?ree ye>s ( age1 receiv+ !m into ! s*ools almo/ z soon z !y 7 able to walk1 & c>+ = !m :ile _! p>5ts 7 at "w4 ,*ildr5 "u t5 he =bade to "w 9 ! mills1 & = ^! he provid$ s*ools4 ,! in/ruction = ! *ildr5 y\ng] ?an six 0 to be :atev] might be suppos$ useful t !y c\ld und]/&1 & mu* 0 made ( s++1 danc+1 & play4 ,moral in/ruction 0 made a prom95t feature4 ,by #ahad 8 "w & 8 s*ools _h become fam\s4 ,9 #ahag he publi%$ a plan = ! organization ( su* indu/rial communities z he conduct$4 ,9 #ahah he visit$ ,switz]l&1 & saw ,pe/alozzi & ,fell5b]g4 ,9 #ahah a numb] ( ,lib]als--,br\gham1 ,james ,mill1 & o!rs--comb9$ to e/abli% an ,infant ,s*ool 9 ,london1 import+ a tea*] f ,new ,lan>k4 ,! idea took root1 0 popul>iz$1 & ! ,infant ,s*ool 0 soon adopt$ z an integral "p ( _! s*ools by bo? ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society 7,lanca/rians7 & ! ,national ,society 7,bell74 ,9 #ahcf ! ,home & ,colonial ,infant ,s*ool ,society 0 =m$ to tra9 tea*]s = & to e/abli% ,infant ,s*ools4 ,"o ( ! organiz]s ( ?is society 0 ,*>les ,mayo :o _h work$ ) ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]don 7,r4 #bgj71 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce mu* ( ! booki%ness :i* _h crept 9 0 remov$ & ! bett] ,pe/alozzian proc$ure put 9 its place4 ,unlike ! monitorial s*ools1 ! ,infant ,s*ools 7 bas$ on ! idea ( small-gr\p "w1 & 7 usually conduct$ 9 h>mony ) ! new psy*ological conceptions ( in/ruction :i* _h be5 work$ out by ,pe/alozzi1 & _h by t "t begun to be introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,! ,infant-,s*ool idea came at an opportune "t1 z ! defects ( ! me*anical ,lanca/rian in/ruction 7 becom+ evid5t & its popul>ity 0 wan+4 ,x gave a new & a some:at deep] philosophical int]pretation ( ! educational process1 creat$ a /rong] dem& ?an _h be=e be5 kn[n = tra9$ tea*]s1 e/abli%$ a pref]5ce = wom5 tea*]s = prim>y "w1 & t5d$ to give a new dignity to tea*+ & s*ool "w by reveal+ some?+ ( a psy*ological basis = ! in/ruction ( little *ildr54 ,x also contribut$ its %>e t[>d awak5+ a s5tim5t = national action4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,societies4 ,! "w ( ! volunt>y & philan?ropic educational societies 9 e/abli%+ s*ools & provid+ tea*]s & in/ruction be=e ! days ( national s*ools 0 enorm\s4 #bd ,?\gh ! ,/ate did no?+ be=e #ahcc1 & little be=e #ahgj1 ! "w ( ! educational societies 0 l>ge & important4 ,:at 0 done by ! *ur* societies alone may be se5 f ! foll[+ table3 ,,/ati/ics ,,z ,,to #aj1eie ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,,f\nd$ ,,by ,,! ,,religi\s ,,societies 7,,briti% ,,c5sus ,,returns1 #ahea7 ,! ,national ,society1 or ,briti% ,*ur* & ,=- ,indep5- ,o!r ,total num- ( eign d5ts1 or ,wesleyan ,roman rel- b] ( ,engl& ,s*ools ,congrega- ,me?od-,ca?ol- ,bapt- gi\s ,date s*ools s*ools ,society tionali/s i/s ics i/s bodies ,be=e #ahja #gff #gji #af #h #g #aj #ahja-ahaa #daj #cej #bh #i #d #aj #ahaa-ahba #hgi #gef #gg #ab #ag #ad #ahba-ahca #a1jba #hig #de #ba #ag #bh #ahca-ahda #b1dag #b1jjb #aia #ie #fb #fi #ahda-ahea #d1fjd #c1ddh #ddi #bfi #bci #aff ,n /at$ #dih #dji #df #ag #ag #ad #aca #cca ,totals #aj1eie #h1ega #heb #dca #cfc #caa #aca #cca ,aft] ab\t #ahbj-be ! ris+ int]e/ 9 elem5t>y education express$ itself 9 ! =mation ( a numb] ( additional societies1 ! m important ( :i* 73 #ahbd4 ,london ,infant ,s*ool ,society f\nd$ by ,br\gham4 #ahbf4 ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k f\nd$ by ,br\gham4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,education begun4 #ahcf4 ,c5tral ,society ( ,education f\nd$4 #ahcf4 ,home & ,colonial ,infant ,society f\nd$4 ,beg9n+ ( a ,pe/alozzian ,tra9+ ,college4 #ahcg4 ,educational ,committee ( ! ,wesleyan ,conf]5ce e/abli%$4 #ahdc4 ,congregational ,bo>d ( ,education =m$4 #ahdd4 ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union f\nd$4 #ahde4 ,ca?olic ,in/itute4 #ahdg4 ,! ,ca?olic ,poor-,s*ool ,committee4 #ahdg4 ,lanca%ire ,public ,s*ool ,association =m$4 #ahej4 ,! ,national ,public ,s*ool ,association4 #ahfg4 ,birm+ham ,education ,aid ,society4 #ahfh4 ,! ,man*e/] ,conf]5ce4 #ahfi4 ,=mation ( ,! ,league4 ,"s ( ^! 7 =m$ to f\nd & support s*ools1 & "s engag$ prim>ily 9 ! "w ( propag&a 9 an ef=t to secure "s national action4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,national ,,education ,,! ,,p>liam5t>y ,,/ruggle4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,p>liam5t _h enact$ no legislation relat+ to elem5t>y education1 aside f ! "o ,act ( #agfg = ! education ( paup] *ildr5 9 ,london1 & ! free+ ( elem5t>y s*ools1 ,diss5t]s1 & ,ca?olics1 f inhibitions z to tea*+4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is attitude 0 to be *ang$1 ?\gh sl[ly1 & aft] ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ( /ruggle ! beg9n+s ( national education 7 f9ally to be made = ,engl&1 z !y _h by !n = e o!r great nation4 ,9 #ahgj ! no-bus9ess-(-!-,/ate attitude t[>d ! education ( ! p1 :i* _h p]si/$ f ! days ( ! great ,elizabe?1 0 f9ally & p]man5tly *ang$4 ,! legislative battle began ) ! fir/ ,factory ,act #be ( #ahjb1 ,:itbread's ,p>o*ial ,s*ools ,bill #bf ( #ahjg1 & ,br\gham's fir/ ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( ,inquiry ( #ahaf 7,r4 #bia72 x f9ally culm9at$ ) ! re=m ( ! old end[$ ,gramm> ,s*ools by ! ,act ( #ahfi1 ! enactm5t ( ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act ( #ahgj 7,r4 #cjd71 & ! ,act ( #ahga free+ in/ruction 9 ! univ]sities f religi\s re/rictions 7,r4 #cje74 ,! fir/ ( ^! enactm5ts decl>$ cle>ly ! "r ( ! ,/ate to inquire into1 reorganize1 & r$irect ! age-old educational f\ndations = second>y education2 ! second made ! def9ite ?\gh t>dy beg9n+s ( a national sy/em ( elem5t>y education = ,engl&2 & ! ?ird op5$ up a univ]sity c>e] to ! :ole nation4 ,! agitation & conflict ( ideas 0 long drawn out1 & ne$ n be trac$ 9 detail4 ,! foll[+ tabulat$ summ>y w give ! ma9 outl9es ( ! /ruggle1 & ! selection on ,! ,educational ,traditions ( ,engl& 7,r4 #cjf7 gives a good brief hi/ory ( ! long conflict4 ,,! ,,p>liam5t>y ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,national ,,education ,,9 ,,engl& ,dates ,proposals1 ,reports1 etc41 & ,results #ahjb ,fir/ ,factory ,act = regulat+ employm5t ( *ildr54 ,adopt$4 #ahjg ,:itbread's ,p>o*ial ,s*ools' ,bill introduc$4 ,reject$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords #ahaf ,br\gham secur$ a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee to enquire into ! /ate ( education ( ! l[] classes 9 ,london1 ,we/m9/]1 & ,s\?w>k4 ,report--#acj1jjj *ildr5 )\t s*ool accommodations #ahah4 7,r4 #bia47 #ahah ,br\gham secur$ a ,committee ( ,inquiry on ,educational ,*>ities4 ,no report until #ahcg4 #ahbj ,bill introduc$ propos+ a tax = s*ools & ! grant+ ( ,gov]nm5t aid 9 build+ s*oolh\ses4 ,oppos$ by ,diss5t]s & ,ca?olics4 ,)drawn4 ,br\gham's fir/ ,educational ,bill4 #ahcc ,gov]nm5t aid = build+ s*oolh\ses re-propos$4 #bj1jjj a ye> grant$4 7,r4 #bii47 ,di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! two great ,educational ,societies #ahcd ,committee ( ,inquiry appo9t$4 ,no result beyond /ati/ics4 #ahce ,br\gham introduc$ bills to organize a sy/em ( elem5t>y #ahcg education4 ,bills fail$ ( passage4 ,educational ,inquiry ,committee appo9t$ #ahcg4 #ahch ,committee report3 ! deplorable conditions exi/+ ,bill ( #ahci4 ,education ,dep>tm5t creat$4 #ahci ,bill to increase ! gov]nm5t grant to #cj1jjj & to all[ all ,societies to %>e4 ,inspectors to be appo9t$4 ,committee ( ,privy ,c\ncil on ,education e/abli%$4 ,bitt] opposition4 ,c>ri$4 ,mu* discussion z to und5om9ational education4 #ahda ,annual grant to e/abli% s*ools ( design 9 manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,vot$4 #ahdc ,sir ,jas4 ,graham's ,factory ,bill4 ,oppos$ by ! ,diss5t]s & defeat$4 #ahdc ,address to ! ,cr[n on condition ( ! work+ classes4 ,no p>liam5t>y action4 #ahdf ,ye>ly grant ext5d$ to ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools4 ,gradual increase 9 ! ye>ly grants4 #ahdf ,m9ute & ,regulations on annual grants & pupil tea*]s4 ,f\ndations ( a sy/em laid4 ,pupil-tea*] sy/em def9itely e/abli%$4 ,c]tificates to tea*4 ,annual grant ext5d$ to ma9t5ance4 #ahdg ,gov]nm5t proposals = nationaliz+ education4 ,c>ri$ despite viol5t religi\s opposition4 #ahej ,fox's ,bill to make education free & compulsory4 ,defeat$4 #ahec ,! ,gov]nm5t propos$ a small local rate 9 aid ( s*ools4 ,bill dropp$ aft] ! fir/ read+4 #ahec ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art creat$1 & ,national ,art ,tra9+ ,s*ools e/abli%$4 ,promotion ( elem5t>y education 9 art & sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly aft] #ahei4 #ahee ,?ree educational ,bills introduc$4 ,local rate propos$4 ,failure to agree4 ,all )drawn4 #ahef ,commons ask$ to decl>e 9 favor ( rate aid & local ,bo>ds4 ,two ,educational ,bills introduc$4 ,fir/ bill tabl$4 ,second bill )drawn4 ,education ,dep>tm5t =m$4 #aheh ,a ,royal ,commission to inquire into ! /ate ( popul> education 9 ,engl& ask$ =4 ,! ,duke ( ,newca/le's ,commission creat$4 ,its ,report publi%$ 9 #ahfa4 7,r4 #cjc47 #ahfa ,no acceptable s*eme report$4 ,code ( #ahfa propos$4 ,no advance4 ,paym5t by results began #ahfb4 ,code adopt$4 #ahfd ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commission appo9t$ on end[$ s*ools4 ,report ( ! ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commission 9 #ahfg4 #ahff ,report ( a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,education4 #ahfg ,! ,gov]nm5t introduc$ proposals z to education4 ,vot$ d[n4 #ahfh ,gov]nm5t ,bill propos+ *anges 9 di/ribution & l>g] grants4 ,p>liam5t adj\rn$ )\t action4 #ahfi ,end[$ ,s*ools' ,act pass$4 #ahfi ,two ,educational ,bills introduc$4 ,)drawn at ! reque/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 #ahgj ,! ,elem5t>y ,education ,act ( #ahgj introduc$4 ,mu* am5d$ & pass$4 7,r4 #cjd47 ,beg9n+ ( a ,national sy/em ( education4 #ahga ,religi\s ,te/s at univ]sities )drawn 7,r4 #cje74 ,,! ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,conflict4 ,! ma9 lead] 9 ! p>liam5t>y /ruggle to e/abli% national education1 f ! dea? ( ,:itbread1 9 #ahae1 to ab\t #ahce1 0 ,h5ry1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,br\gham4 ,he 0 aid$ by su* m5 z ,black/one1 & ,b5?am & 8 foll[]s1 &1 aft] ab\t #ahcg1 by su* m5 z ,dick5s1 ,c>lyle1 ,macaulay1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,dick5s1 by 8 descriptions1 help$ mat]ially to create a s5tim5t favorable to education1 z a "r ( ! p r ?an a *>ity4 ,he /ood /rongly = a compulsory & non-sect>ian /ate sy/em ( education t w\ld trans=m ! *ildr5 ( 8 day into g5]\s1 self-respect+1 & intellig5t m5 & wom54 ,c>lyle saw 9 education a cure = social evils1 & held t "o ( ! fir/ functions ( gov]nm5t 0 to imp>t ! gift ( ?9k+ to its future citiz5s4 ,writ+1 9 #ahdj1 he said3 ,:o w\ld suppose t education 7 a ?+ :i* _h to be advocat$ on ! gr\nd ( local exp$i5cy1 or any gr\nd8 ,z if x /ood n on ! basis ( ev]la/+ duty z a prime necessity ( man4 ,br\gham 0 untir+ 9 8 ef=ts = popul> education1 & "s idea z to ! int]e/ he awak5$ may be inf]r$ f ! fact t 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,education ( ! ,p1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe1 w5t ?r\gh tw5ty editions ! fir/ ye>4 ,he introduc$ bills1 secur$ committees ( inquiry1 made addresses1 #bg & us$ 8 p5 9 behalf ( ! education ( ! p4 ,8 belief 9 ! p[] ( education to improve a p 0 v l>ge4 ,w>n+ ! ,lawgiv]s ( ,engl& to take he$1 he once said3 ,let ! soldi] be abroad1 if he w2 he c d no?+ 9 ?is age4 ,!re is ano!r p]sonage abroad1 a p]son less impos+--9 ! eye ( "s insignificant4 ,! ,s*oolma/] is abroad1 & ,i tru/ him1 arm$ ) 8 prim]1 aga9/ ! soldi] 9 full uni=m array4 ,! conqu]or /alks onw>d ) ! pride1 pomp1 & circum/ance ( w>1 bann]s fly+1 %\ts r5d+ ! air1 guns ?und]+1 & m>tial music peal+1 to dr[n ! %rieks ( ! w\nd$ & ! lam5tations = ! sla94 ,n ?us ! s*oolma/] 9 8 peaceful vocation4 ,he m$itates & prep>es 9 secret ! plans :i* are to bless mank9d2 he sl[ly ga!rs ar\nd him ^? :o are to fur!r _! execution2 he quietly1 ?\gh firmly1 advances 9 8 humble pa? labor+ /eadily1 b calmly1 till he has op5$ to ! light all ! recesses ( ignorance1 & torn up by ! roots ! we$s ( vice4 ,8 is a progress n to be comp>$ ) any?+ l a m>*2 b x leads to a f> m brilliant triumph1 & to laurels m imp]i%able ?an ! de/roy] ( 8 species1 ! sc\rge ( ! _w1 ev] won4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij ,,"l ,,br\gham 7#aggh-ahfh7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,village ,,s*ool ,,9 #ahdj 7,aft] a draw+ by ,hablt ,k4 ,br[ne1 & pr9t$ 9 ,*>les ,dick5s's ,ma/] ,humphrey's ,clock7 ,p>allel ) ! agitation = "s /ate action = education 0 an agitation = social & political re=m4 ,! basis = ! election ( memb]s to ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 /ill m$iaeval4 ,bor\ghs no long] inhabit$ /ill return$ memb]s1 & sp>sely settl$ regions return$ memb]s out ( all proportion to ! newly creat$ city populations4 ,few1 too1 c\ld vote4 ,only ab\t #afj1jjj p]sons 9 a population ( #aj1jjj1jjj _h1 e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 ! "r ( ! fran*ise4 ,! city populations 7 practically disfran*is$ 9 favor ( rural l&lords1 ! nobility1 & ! cl]gy4 ,9 #ahbh ,prote/ant ,non-,con=mi/s 7 reliev$ ( _! political disability1 & 9 #ahbi a simil> enfran*isem5t 0 ext5d$ to ,ca?olics4 ,9 #ahcb came ! fir/ real vot+ re=m 9 ! passage ( ! s-call$ ,?ird ,re=m ,bill #bh aft] a mo/ bitt] p>liam5t>y /ruggle4 ,?is reapportion$ ! memb]%ip ( ! ,h\se on a m equitable basis1 & enfran*is$ ^? :o own$ or leas$ l&s or build+s ( a value ( #aj a ye>4 ,! result ( ?is 0 to enfran*ise ! middle class ( ! population2 increase ! numb] ( vot]s 7#ahcf7 f ab\t #age1jjj to ab\t #hci1ejj out ( #f1jbc1jjj adult males2 & effectively break ! p[] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords to elect ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,progressive legislation n[ became mu* easi] to secure1 & 9 #ahcc a ,bill mak+ a grant ( #bj1jjj a ye> to aid 9 build+ s*oolh\ses = elem5t>y s*ools--! fir/ gov]nm5t aid = elem5t>y education ev] vot$ 9 ,engl&--became a law 7,r4 #bii74 ,dur+ ! few ye>s foll[+ ! passage ( ! ,re=m ,bill _m progressive measures 7 enact$1 among :i* %\ld be m5tion$ ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! colonies2 ! beg9n+s ( legislation look+ to a sci5tific treatm5t ( pov]ty & non- employm5t2 ! ,municipal ,re=m ,act 7#ahce72 ! in/itution ( ! p5ny po/ 7#ahci72 & ! abolition ( ! ,corn ,laws 7#ahdf72 :ile aft] #ahcg education began to take a prom95t place 9 ! programs ( ! new work+-class movem5t4 ,,progress ,,aft] #ahcc4 ,! ,law ( #ahcc1 ?\gh1 made b ! m]e/ beg9n+s1 & up to #ahdj ! money grant$ 0 giv5 to ! two great national s*ool societies1 & )\t regulation4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahdj1 & cont9u+ up to ! beg9n+s ( national education1 9 #ahgj1 ! grants 7 /ate-controll$ & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t educational societies4 ,! total ( ^! grants1 by ye>s1 & ! proportional %>e ( ! diff]5t educational societies are well %[n 9 ! *>t 7,fig4 #aib47 ,9 #ahdf ! grants 7 ext5d$ to ma9t5ance z well1 & 9 #ahdg ,ca?olic & ,wesleyan societies 7 admitt$ to %>e 9 ! grants4 ,soon !reaft] we note a %>p upw>d turn ( ! curve1 ?\gh ! ,*ur*-(- ,engl& s*ools obta9$ ! great] proportion ( ! increas$ funds4 ,proposals to add local taxation1 9 #ahec & #ahef1 7 dropp$ almo/ z soon z made4 ,! comm]cial & manufactur+ int]e/s1 ?\gh1 secur$ sep>ate aid = art & sci5ce in/ruction 7#ahda1 #ahec71 & ! creation ( national art tra9+-s*ools 7#ahec74 ,tra9+-s*ools = tea*]s also 7 begun1 & aid$ by grants4 ,9 #ahde ! ,engli% pupil- tea*] sy/em #bi also 0 begun 9 an ef=t to supply tea*]s ( "s little tra9+4 ,a ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,education 0 creat$1 9 #ahef1 ?\gh )\t mu* p[]1 & ! v>i\s ,m9utes :i* 7 n[ adopt$ 7 organiz$ into a sy/em & pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t z a ,s*ool ,code1 9 #ahfa1 & f9ally approv$4 ,new ,educational ,commissions 7 creat$ to inquire into educational conditions & ne$s 9 #aheh & #ahfd1 & ^! report$ 9 #ahfa & #ahfg1 b )\t important results4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! 0 ! ,duke ( ,newca/le's ,commission1 appo9t$ 9 #aheh to review conditions1 progress1 & ne$s1 & to make recomm5dations = ! future4 ,?is ,commission report$ 9 #ahfa4 ,x /at$ t "o 9 e eight ( ! population 0 !n 9 "s k9d ( s*ool2 gave /ati/ics z to conditions 7,r4 #cjc a72 & held t ! plan ( leav+ popul> education to ! volunt>y initiative ( communities _h be5 ju/ifi$ by ! results4 ,! report pres5t$ no plan = national organization1 b recomm5d$ a numb] ( m9or *anges 9 conditions4 ,9 p>ticul> x recomm5d$ ! introduction ( ! sy/em ( paym5t by results--t is1 ( mak+ money grants to s*ools on ! basis ( ! numb] ( pupils pass+ set exam9ations 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 7,r4 #cjc b74 ,?is plan 0 begun 9 #ahfb1 & ! consequ5t drop 9 money grants = a few ye>s !reaft] is %[n 9 ! curves ( ! *>t4 ,! o!r ,commission1 appo9t$1 kn[n z ! ,taunton ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commission 7#ahfd-fg71 dealt ) ! old end[$ s*ools1 & 9 p>ticul> call$ att5tion to ! lack ( second>y-s*ool facilities1 especially 9 ! cities1 & recomm5d$ an ext5sion ( second>y-s*ool facilities & a democratization ( ! :ole sy/em ( second>y education4 ,! important legislation ( ?is p]iod 0 ! free+ ( ! old univ]sities f ,*ur*-(-,engl& control 7,r4 #cje7 & mak+ !m national 9 _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,,exp5diture ,,f ,,! ,,education ,,grants1 #ahci-gj ,betwe5 #ahcc & #ahci no ,gov]nm5t regulation ( grants4 ,! above figures d n include adm9i/ration exp5ses1 or grants made to ,scotl& 7ab\t ! same 9 am\nt z ! ,br4 ,f4 ,s4 ,soc47 or to ! ,p>o*ial ,s*ools ,union 7v small74 ,! drop 9 ! curve betwe5 #ahfb & #ahfg 0 due to ! introduction ( ! paym5t by results plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic ,,"l ,,macaulay 7#ahjj-ei7 ,,difficulties ,,enc\nt]$4 ,9 ! meantime lib]al lead]s1 ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commissions1 (ficial reports1 & educational propag&i/s cont9u$ to pile up evid5ce z to ! inadequacy ( ! old volunt>y sy/em4 ,a few examples1 out ( hundr$s t might be cit$1 w be m5tion$ "h4 ,"l ,macaulay1 9 an address made 9 ,p>liam5t1 9 #ahdg 7,r4 #cjj71 def5d+ a ,m9ute ( ! ,committee ( ,privy ,c\ncil on ,education 7creat$ 9 #ahci7 propos+ ! nationalization ( education1 held x to be ! "r & duty ( ! ,/ate to provide = ! education ( ! common p1 z an ex]cise ( self-protection1 & w>n$ ! ,commons ( dang]s to come if ! progressive t5d5cies ( ! "t 7 n li/5$ to4 ,! ,c5sus ,returns ( #ahea1 z well z ! abundance ( data publi%$ by ! ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commissions1 7 effectively us$ to reveal ! inadequate provisions = ! education ( ! masses4 ,! ,reports ( ! s*ool inspectors1 too1 reveal$ conditions 9 ne$ ( be+ rem$i$ 9 all phases ( educational ef=t4 ,! ,report on ! ,appr5tic+ ( ,paup] ,*ildr5 7,r4 #cja7 is select$ z typical ( _m simil> reports4 ,,facts ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,! ,,c5sus ,,( #ahea ,items #ahcc #ahea 7#a7 ,population ( ,engl& & ,wales #ad1djj1jjj #ag1ibg1fji 7#b7 ,middle & upp] classes population #b1jjj1jjj #b1dhi1ide 7#c7 ,labor+ class populations #ab1djj1jjj #ae1dcg1ffd 7#d7 ,population #c-ab ye>s ( age ( 7#b7 #dbj1jjj #ebb1hhh 7#e7 ,population #c-ab ye>s ( age ( 7#c7 #b1fjd1jjj #c1bda1iai 7#f7 ,numb] ( s*ools = *ildr5 ( 7#b7 #ad1hjg #af1cbd 7#g7 ,numb] ( s*ools = *ildr5 ( 7#c7 #bd1jgd #bi1gah 7#h7 ,pupils ( class 7#b7 9 s*ools #dha1gbh #edf1cif 7#i7 ,pupils ( class 7#c7 9 s*ools #gje1bai #a1eig1ihb 7#aj7 ,p]c5tage ( *ildr5 ( class 7#b7 at s*ool #aad4f #ajd4d 7#aa7 ,p]c5tage ( *ildr5 ( class 7#c7 at s*ool #cj4e #di4b ,s deeply +ra9$1 ?\gh1 0 ! ,engli% conception ( education z a private & volunt>y & religi\s affair & no bus9ess ( ! ,/ate2 s self-conta9$ 7 ! ,engli% z a p2 & s little did !y "k or he$ ! progress made 9 o!r l&s1 t ! argum5ts = national action enc\nt]$ trem5d\s opposition f ! ,cons]vative elem5ts1 & (t5 7 oppos$ ev5 by ,lib]als4 ,! reason+ ( ,sir ,james ,kay-,%uttlewor? 7,r4 #cjb71 ,secret>y ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education & "o ( ! cle>e/ heads 9 ,engl& 9 8 day1 :o held t a fee = in/ruction _h a moral value & v9dicat$ p]sonal fre$om1 & :o res5t$ ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( a p>5t's relation to 8 *ild1 0 typical ( ?\s&s ( o!rs4 ,edw>d ,ba9es 7#aggd-ahdh71 proprietor ( ! ,le$s ,m]cury1 ! *ief ,lib]al organ 9 nor!rn ,engl&1 bitt]ly oppos$ any action look+ t[>d nationaliz+ education4 ,he express$ ! feel+ ( _m :5 he wrote3 ,civil gov]nm5t is no fit ag5cy = ! tra9+ ( families or ( s\ls4444 ,?r[ ! p on _! own res\rces 9 education1 z y did 9 indu/ry2 & be assur$1 t1 9 a nation s full ( intellig5ce & _s1 ,fre$om & ,competition w give ! same /imulus to improvem5t 9 our s*ools1 z !y h done 9 our manufactures1 our husb&ry1 our %ipp+1 & our comm]ce4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,national ,,organization4 ,by #ahfe x _h become evid5t to a majority t ! volunt>y sy/em1 :atev] its m]its1 w\ld nev] succe$ 9 educat+ ! nation1 & f ?is "t =? ! dem& = "s acceptable s*eme = ! organization ( national education became a "p ( a /ill m g5]al movem5t = political & social re=m4 ,once m1 z 9 #ahcb-cc1 an education law 0 enact$ foll[+ ! passage ( a bill = electoral re=m & ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage4 ,?\gh ! ,lib]al ,p>ty 0 9 p[]1 x 0 well satisfi$ ) ! ,re=m ,act ( #ahcb because ?r\gh x ! middle classes ( ! population1 :i* ! ,lib]al ,p>ty repres5t$1 _h ga9$ control ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! c\ntry1 ?\gh1 0 n--! work+-classes 9 p>ticul> dem&+ a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,f9ally ! dem& became too /rong to be resi/$1 & ! ,second ,re=m ,act1 ( #ahfg1 became a law4 ,?is aboli%$ a numb] ( ! rema9+ small] bor\ghs1 & greatly ext5d$ ! "r to vote4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! am\nt ( prop]ty to be own$ to vote 0 r$uc$ f #aj to #e1 & ! leasehold value f #ej to #ab4 ,9 ! cities & t[ns ! vote 0 n[ giv5 to all h\sehold]s1 & to all lodg]s :o paid a ye>ly r5tal ( #aj4 ,?is legislation gave ! vote to a va/ly increas$ numb] ( p1 p>ticul>ly city work]s1 #cj & 0 a political revolution = ,engl& ( great magnitude4 ,f ! passage ( ?is new ,re=m ,act to #ahgj1 ! organization ( national education only await$ ! =mulation ( "s acceptable s*eme4 ,we mu/ educate our new ma/]s1 n[ became a common expression4 ,! ma9 "q 0 h[ to create s*ools to d :at ! volunt>y s*ools _h %[n !mselves able to d = a "p1 b 7 unable to d = all1 )\t at ! same "t de/roy+ ! va/ d5om9ational sy/em #ca t1 9 spite ( its defects1 _h done ! great s]vice ( re>+ a race ( tea*]s1 spread+ s*ools1 sett+ up a /&>d ( education1 & g5]ally mak+ ! introduction ( a national sy/em possible4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! ve/$ int]e/s 7 c>$ = 0 typically ,engli%1 & *>act]i/ic ( ! /rong s5se ( obligation ( ! ,engli% p4 ,9 #ahgj a compromise law 0 propos$ & c>ri$4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 !n ,prime ,m9i/]1 /at$ ! attitude ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 fram+ ! new law1 :5 he said3 #cb ,x 0 ) u an absolute necessity--a necessity ( hon\r & a necessity ( policy--to respect & to fav\r ! educational e/abli%m5ts & ma*9]y we f\nd exi/+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 impossible = u to jo9 9 ! language or to adopt ! tone :i* 0 consci5ti\sly & consi/5tly tak5 up by "s memb]s ( ! ,h\se1 :o look ^u ^! volunt>y s*ools1 hav+ g5]ally a d5om9ational "*1 z admirable pass+ exp$i5ts1 fit1 inde$1 to be tol]at$ = a "t1 des]v+ all cr$it on acc\nt ( ! motives :i* l$ to _! f\ndation1 b :olly unsatisfactory z to _! ma9 purpose1 & !re=e to be supplant$ by some?+ !y ?9k bett]4444 ,t has nev] be5 ! !ory ( ! ,gov]nm5t4444 ,:5 we are approa*+ ?is great "w1 :i* we desire to make complete1 we ought to h a s5tim5t ( ?ankfulness t s mu* has be5 done = u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,bo>ds ,,9 ,,provid+ ,,s*ool ,,accommodations ,london tak5 z a type4 ,note ! defici5cy 9 s*ool accommodation 9 #ahch1 t ! volunt>y s*ools made no appreciable ga9 on ?is defici5cy up to #ahgj1 ! attempt to cope ) ! situation betwe5 #ahga & #ahgd1 & ! long pull ( ! new ,bo>d s*ools necess>y to provide suffici5t s*ools & seats4 ,accord+ly ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,bill ( #ahgj 7,r4 #cjd7 pres]v$ ! exi/+ ,volunt>y ,s*ools2 divid$ ! c\ntry up into s*ool di/ricts2 gave ! d5om9ations a %ort p]iod 9 :i* to provide s*ools1 ) aid = build+s2 #cc & !reaft]1 9 any place :]e a defici5cy 9 s*ool accommodations c\ld be %[n to exi/2 ,s*ool ,bo>ds 7 to be elect$1 & !y %\ld h p[] to levy taxes & ma9ta9 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,exi/+ ,volunt>y ,s*ools might be transf]r$ to ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 ^: s*ools 7 to be kn[n z ,bo>d ,s*ools4 ,! s*ools 7 n ord]$ made free1 b ! fees ( necessit\s *ildr5 7 to be provid$ = by ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 & !y might compel ! att5dance ( all *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( five & twelve4 ,inspection & grants 7 limit$ to secul> subjects1 ?\gh religi\s tea*+ 0 n =bidd54 ,! c5tral gov]nm5t 0 to be secul> & neutral2 ! local bo>ds might decide z !y saw fit4 ,su* 7 ! beg9n+s ( national education 9 ,engl&4 ,t ! new ,bo>d ,s*ools met a real ne$1 especially 9 ! cities1 is %[n by ! *>t on ! prec$+ page1 giv+ ! results 9 ,london4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,national ,,sy/em ,,progress ,,"u ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahgj4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahga ! ,bo>d ,s*ools _h1 by #ahic1 come to enroll #da p] c5t ( ! pupils 9 elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,engl&1 z aga9/ #dd p] c5t 9 ,volunt>y ,s*ools1 & by #aijc ! proportions 7 #di p] c5t to #ci p] c5t4 ,by #aijb ! gov]nm5t grants = ma9t5ance _h rea*$1 = all s*ools1 #h1jjj1jjj a ye>1 & ! ,bo>d ,s*ools 7 rapidly outrunn+ ! ,volunt>y ,s*ools bo? 9 numb]s & 9 p]-capita exp5ditures4 ,! ,bo>d ,s*ools _h made _! greate/ headway 9 ! cities4 ,9 #ahie !re 7 /ill "s #aa1jjj small p>i%es :i* _h no ,bo>d ,s*ools1 & 9 consequ5ce paid no direct taxes = s*ools4 ,( ^!1 #hjjj _h only ,*ur*-(-,engl& ,volunt>y ,s*ools4 ,9 #ahhj elem5t>y education _h be5 made fully compulsory1 & 9 #ahia l>gely free4 ,9 #ahic ! age = exemption f att5dance 0 fix$ at elev51 & 9 #ahii ?is 0 rais$ to twelve4 ,9 #ahhh c\nty & bor\gh c\ncils _h be5 creat$1 bett] to en=ce ! ,act & to ext5d sup]vision4 ,! ,annual ,codes1 f #ahgj to #aijb1 gradually ext5d$ gov]nm5tal control ?r\gh m & m detail$ in/ructions z to inspection1 ! addition ( new subjects1 & bett] compulsion to att5d4 ,9 #ahii a ,c5tral ,bo>d ( ,education1 "u a ,presid5t & a ,p>liam5t>y ,secret>y1 0 creat$1 to consolidate 9 "o body ! "w =m]ly done by3 a4 ,! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education 7e/abli%$ #ahci71 :i* adm9i/]$ ! grants = elem5t>y education4 b4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art 7e/abli%$ #ahec71 :i* adm9i/]$ ! grants = special & ev5+ in/ruction 9 sci5ce & art4 c4 ,! ,*>ity ,commission]s1 to :i* _h be5 giv5 7#ahgd7 sup]vision ( ! old educational tru/s & end[m5ts = education4 d4 ,! educational functions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,?is new ,bo>d unifi$ ! adm9i/ration ( elem5t>y & second>y education = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,by ab\t #ahie ! /ra9 on ! ,volunt>y ,s*ools _h become h>d to be>4 ,! ,*ur* res5t$ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,/ate on its anci5t privilege ( tra9+ ! "y1 & ! l>g] res\rces :i* ! ,bo>d ,s*ools c\ld comm&4 ,9 #ahie ! ,cons]vative p>ty won ! p>liam5t>y elections1 & rema9$ 9 p[] = "s ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! opportunity ( ! ,volunt>y ,s*ools1 & 9 #ahig a special national- aid grant ( five %ill+s p] pupil 9 av]age daily att5dance 0 made to ! ,volunt>y ,s*ools4 ,?is simply increas$ ! g5]al dissatisfaction1 & !re 0 soon a g5]al dem& = new legislation t w\ld reconcile ! :ole "q ( national education4 ,! ,law ( #aijb 0 ! ultimate result4 ,,! ,,annexation ,,law ,,( #aijb4 ,! ,balf\r ,education ,act ( #aijb m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new p]iod 9 ,engli% education4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,engli% hi/ory education ( all grades--elem5t>y1 second>y1 & high]2 volunt>y & /ate--0 br\ght "u ! control ( "o s+le local au?ority1 & ,volunt>y ,s*ools 7 tak5 ov] & made a *>ge on ! rates equally ) ! ,bo>d ,s*ools4 ,new local ,educational ,committees & ,c\ncils replac$ ! old ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 & all secul> in/ruction 9 /ate-aid$ s*ools ( all types 0 n[ plac$ "u _! control4 ,religi\s in/ruction c\ld cont9ue :]e desir$4 ,9 addition1 "o ?ird ( ! prop]ty ( ,engl&1 :i* _h h]et(ore escap$ all direct taxation = education1 0 n[ compell$ to pay its prop] %>e4 ,! f\ndation pr9ciple t ! weal? ( !4 ,/ate mu/ educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate 0 n[ appli$1 = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,/ate n[ ab&on$ ! old policy ( m]ely sup]vis+ & assi/+ volunt>y associations to ma9ta9 s*ools1 9 competition ) /ate- provid$ s*ools1 & assum$ ! :ole responsibility = ! secul> in/ruction ( ! p4 ,?\gh ! law awak5$ int5se opposition f ^? :o felt t x rivet$ ! h& ( ! cl]ic on ! s*ools ( ! l&1 x nev]!less equaliz$ & unifi$ educational provisions2 pav$ ! way = mu* future progress2 made ! g5]al provision ( second>y education possible2 & repres5t$ an important new /ep 9 ! process ( creat+ a national sy/em ( education = ! p4 ,"u ?is ,law mu* has be5 done by ! new ,c5tral ,bo>d ( ,education1 & subsequ5t supplem5t>y legislation1 to increase mat]ially ! effici5cy ( ! education provid$4 ,s9ce #aijb ! co/ = education p] pupil has be5 increas$ m ?an "o half4 ,! local au?orities1 to :om 7 giv5 l>ge p[]s ( control1 h levi$ taxes lib]ally1 & ! ,/ate has also increas$ its grants4 ,s9ce #aijb also !re has be5 a cont9ual agitation = a resettlem5t ( ! educational "q along broad national l9es4 ,bills h be5 introduc$1 & important committees h consid]$ ! matt]1 b no affirmative action 0 tak54 ,by ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ! ,_w ,w> x may be said t ,engli% op9ion _h ab\t agre$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( public control ( all s*ools1 absolute religi\s fre$om = tea*]s1 local option z to religi\s in/ruction1 l>ge local lib]ty 9 managem5t & control1 well-tra9$ & well-paid tea*]s1 & ! fus+ ( all types ( s*ools into a democratic & truly national s*ool sy/em1 /rong 9 its unity & national elem5ts1 b free f c5traliz$ bureaucratic control4 ,x 0 left = ! ,_w ,w> to give emphasis to ?is national ne$ & to p]mit ! f9al creation ( su* an educational organization4 ,,! ,,incorporation ,,( ,,second>y ,,education ,,into ,,! ,,national ,,sy/em4 ,= c5turies ! education ( ! small rul+ class has be5 conduct$ by ! private tutor & ! end[$ second>y s*ool1 & _h be5 complet$ by a few ye>s at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb _h rais$ ! middle comm]cial & indu/rial classes to p[]1 & _h creat$ new dem&s = second>y & high] education = ! sons ( ?is class4 ,! old end[$ s*ools 7 n[ no long] suffici5t 9 numb]s1 & ! result 0 ! f\nd+ ( _m private & jo9t-/ock-company second>y s*ools to m9i/] to ! new educational ne$s4 ,! ,second ,re=m ,bill ( #ahfg enfran*is$ a v mu* great] numb] ( citiz5s1 & ! increas+ weal? & ! increas+ dem&s = educational advantages l$ to an insi/5ce = a fur!r ext5sion along second>y & high] l9es4 ,! result 0 se5 9 ! inve/igation ( ! n9e ,great ,public ,s*ools ( ,engl&1 #cd by ! ,"l ,cl>5don ,commission 7#ahfa-fd72 & ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,s*ools ,inquiry ,commission ( #ahfd-fg1 to inquire into ! #hbj o!r end[$ s*ools & ! #abb propriet>y or jo9t-/ock-company s*ools ( ! l&4 ,! ,report ( ! fir/ l$ to ! ,public ,s*ools ,act ( #ahfh1 re=m+ abuses & regulat+ ! use ( _! old end[m5ts4 ,! second po9t$ out ! great defici5cy !n exi/+ 9 second>y education1 #ce & l$ to ! enactm5t ( ! ,end[$ ,s*ools ,act ( #ahfi1 plac+ all end[$ s*ools "u c5traliz$ sup]vision4 ,we see "h ! beg9n+s ( /ate sup]vision & control ( ! age-old end[m5ts = ,lat9 gramm> s*ools & o!r types ( s*ools = second>y tra9+4 ,! repeal ( ! old ,religi\s-,te/s-=- ,degrees legislation1 at ! old univ]sities 7,r4 #cje71 9 #ahga1 trans=m$ ^! f ,*ur*-(-,engl& into national in/itutions1 & op5$ up ! :ole range ( education to all :o c\ld meet ! /&>ds & pay ! fees4 ,"u ! ,act ( #ahgj _m local s*ool bo>ds1 especially 9 ! manufactur+ cities1 began to satisfy ! new ne$s by ! organization ( ,high] ,grade ,s*ools1 or ,high ,s*ools1 to supplem5t ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ools & to ext5d upw>d1 9 a truly democratic fa%ion1 ! educational ladd]4 ,9 ?is movem5t ! manufactur+ cities ( ,%effield1 ,birm+ham1 & ,man*e/] 7 ! lead]s4 ,9 ^! ?ree cities also1 z well z 9 f\r o!rs 7,bri/ol1 ,le$s1 ,liv]pool1 & ,london7 #cf new mod]n-type univ]sities 7 creat$4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art 7creat$ 9 #ahec7 also began1 9 #ahgb1 to give l>ge grants to ! cities = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ?ree-ye>s' c\rse 9 sci5ce1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,^! new second>y-type s*ools1 provid+ = ! direct passage ( *ildr5 f ! elem5t>y to ! second>y s*ools1 ) _m free places = capable /ud5ts1 s]v$ to increase ! friction betwe5 rate-aid$ s*ools on ! "o h&1 & volunt>y & end[$ & propriet>y s*ools on ! o!r4 ,c>ry+ out1 z !y did1 ,huxley's idea ( a broad educational ladd]1 #cg !y also repres5t$ a v democratic innovation 9 ,engli% educational proc$ure4 ,9 #ahid a ,commission--a favorite ,engli% me?od = consid]+ vexati\s que/ions--0 appo9t$1 "u ! *airman%ip ( ,mr4 ,james 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,bryce1 to consid] ! be/ me?ods ( e/abli%+ a well- organiz$ sy/em ( second>y education 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,report 0 important & influ5tial4 ,x recomm5d$ ! creation ( a g5]al ,bo>d ( ,education "u a responsible gov]nm5t ,m9i/]1 ) a p]man5t ,secret>y & a ,consultative ,educational ,c\ncil 7z 0 done 9 #ahii72 ! e/abli%m5t ( local c\nty & bor\gh bo>ds to provide adequate second>y-s*ool accommodations1 ) aid f ! rates2 ! inspection ( second>y s*ools by ! ,c5tral ,bo>d ( ,education2 ! pr(essional tra9+ ( second>y-s*ool tea*]s2 & a great ext5sion ( ! free- s*ol>%ip plan to *ildr5 f ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,on ?is la/ po9t ! ,report said3 #ch ,we h to consid] ! means :]eby ! *ildr5 ( ! less well- to-d classes ( our population may be enabl$ to obta9 su* second>y education z may be suitable & ne$ful = !m4 ,z we h n recomm5d$ t second>y education %all be provid$ free ( co/ to ! :ole community1 we deem x all ! m ne$ful t ample provision be made by e local au?ority = enabl+ select$ *ildr5 ( poor] p>5ts to climb ! educational ladd]4444 ,! assi/ance we h contemplat$ %\ld be giv5 by means ( a c>efully graduat$ sy/em ( s*ol>%ips1 v>y+ 9 value 9 ! age at :i* !y are aw>d$ & ! class ( s*ool or in/itution at :i* !y are t5able4 ,! ,act ( #aijb unifi$ control ( bo? elem5t>y & second>y education4 ,any private or end[$ second>y s*ool 0 left free to accept or reject gov]nm5t aid & inspection1 b1 if ! aid 7 accept$1 inspection & ! foll[+ ( gov]nm5t plans 7 requir$4 ,second>y education mu/ provide = s*ol>s up to or beyond ! age ( sixte54 ,no attempt 0 made to unify ! "w & "* ( ! second>y s*ools1 x be+ cle>ly recogniz$ t1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 ^! mu/ be suit$ to ! diff]5t requirem5ts ( ! s*ol>s1 ! means ( ! p>5ts1 ! age at :i* s*ool+ w /op1 & ! probable place 9 ! social organism ( ,engl& :i* ! pupils w occupy4 ,by #aiaj1 out ( #hda second>y s*ools 9 ,engl& receiv+ grants ( /ate aid1 #cbe 7 support$ by local au?orities & 7 ! creations ( ! prec$+ f\r decades4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs repres5t$ old ,lat9 gramm>- s*ool f\ndations1 ?us incorporat$ into ! national sy/em1 & )\t t viol5ce & de/ruction ( end[m5ts :i* *>act]iz$ ! trans=mations 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,educational ,,sy/em ,,z ,,f9ally ,,evolv$ ,! ye>s1 = ! divisions ( ,engli% education1 are only approximate1 z ,engli% education is m flexible ?an t f\nd 9 mo/ o!r l&s4 ,a ,,national ,,sy/em ,,at ,,la/ ,,evolv$4 ,x is a little m ?an two c5turies f ! f\nd+ ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,k 7#afii7 to ! v important ,fi%] ,education ,act #ci ( ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,! fir/ m>k$ ! beg9n+s ( ! volunt>y sy/em2 ! second ! fir/ real attempt 9 ,engl& to lay broad & deep ! f\ndations ( a s*eme ( education :i* w\ld be truly national4 ,?is ,act1 pass$ by ,p>liam5t 9 ! mid/ ( a w> :i* call$ ^u ! ,engli% p = heavy sacrifices1 complet$ ! evolution ( two c5turies & organiz$ ! educational res\rces--elem5t>y1 second>y1 ev5+1 adult1 te*nical1 & high]--into "o national sy/em1 animat$ by a national purpose1 & aim$ at ! accompli%m5t = ! nation ( tw5tie?- c5tury ends on ! mo/ democratic basis ( any s*ool sy/em 9 ,europe4 ,9 s do+ ,huxley's educational ladd] has n only be5 *ang$ into a broad highway1 b ! educational traditions ( ,engl& 7,r4 #cjf7 h be5 pres]v$ & m\ld$ anew4 ,! c5tral national sup]visory au?ority has be5 /ill fur!r /r5g!n$2 ! compulsion to att5d greatly ext5d$2 & ! voice ( ! ,/ate has be5 utt]$ 9 a firm] tone ?an ev] be=e 9 ,engli% educational hi/ory4 ,taxes h be5 increas$2 ! scope ( ! s*ool sy/em ext5d$2 all elem5ts ( ! sy/em bett] integrat$2 lagg>d local educational au?orities subject$ to firm] control2 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s look$ aft] m c>efully ?an ev] be=e2 & ! f\ndations = unlimit$ improvem5t & progress 9 education laid d[n4 ,/ill1 9 do+ all ?is1 ! deep ,engli% devotion to local lib]ties has be5 cle>ly reveal$4 ,! dang]s ( a c5traliz$ ,fr5*-type educational bureaucracy h be5 avoid$2 necess>y1 & relatively high1 m9imum /&>ds h be5 set up1 b )\t sacrific+ t v>iety :i* has always be5 "o ( ! /rong po9ts ( ,engli% educational ef=t2 & ! legitimate claims ( ! ,/ate h be5 satisfi$ )\t de/roy+ local initiative & indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is /ory ( two c5turies & m ( /ruggle to create a really national sy/em ( education = ! p we see /rongly reveal$ ^? prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% national progress--c>eful consid]ation ( new ideas1 ke5 s5sitiv5ess to ve/$ rights1 /rong s5se ( local lib]ties & responsibilities1 l>ge dep5d5ce on local ef=t & good s5se1 progress by compromise1 & a sl[ graft+-on ( ! be/ elem5ts ( :at is new )\t sacrific+ ! be/ elem5ts ( :at is old4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,%[ t ! ,engli% me?od ( sl[ progress & aft] long discussion w\ld naturally result 9 a plan be>+ evid5ce ( _m compromises4 #b4 ,:at does ! ext5sive ,*>ity-,s*ool movem5t 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,engl& indicate z to ! comp>ative g5]al int]e/ 9 le>n+ 9 ,engl& & ! o!r l&s we h previ\sly /udi$8 #c4 ,%[ h[ ! ,sunday-,s*ool in/ruction1 meag] z x 01 0 v important 9 ,engl& 9 pav+ ! way = fur!r educational progress4 #d4 ,:at d all ! diff]5t late eighte5?-c5tury volunt>y educational movem5ts indicate z to comp>ative popul> int]e/ 9 education 9 ,engl& & ,prussia8 ,engl& & ,france8 #e4 ,c y expla9 ! mu* great] p]c5tage ( city poor 9 ,engl& 9 ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies ?an 9 ,fr5* or ,g]man l&s8 #f4 ,c y expla9 :y p]iods ( prolong$ w>f>e are usually foll[$ by p]iods ( social & political unre/8 #g4 ,c y expla9 :y ,pe/alozzian ideas f\nd su* sl[ acceptance 9 ,engl&8 #h4 ,expla91 on ! basis ( ! ,engli% adult manufactur+ conception ( education1 :y monitorial in/ruction 0 hail$ z a new exp$i5t1 p>allel & rival to ! mod]n inv5tions 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5ts4 #i4 ,to :at ext5t d we n[ accept ,rob]t ,ow5's conception ( ! influ5ce ( education on *ildr58 #aj4 ,%[ h[ ! _m philan?ropic societies = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor came 9 z a natural transition f *ur* to /ate education4 #aa4 ,%[ ! importance ( ! ,s*ool ,societies 9 accu/om+ p to ! idea ( free & g5]al education4 #ab4 ,%[ h[ ! ,lanca/rian sy/em =m$ a natural bridge betwe5 private philan?ropy 9 education & tax-support$ /ate s*ools4 #ac4 ,:y 7 ! highly me*anical features ( ! ,lanca/rian organization s advantage\s 9 its day1 :]eas we ( to-day w\ld reg>d !m z su* a disadvantage8 #ad4 ,expla9 h[ ! ,lanca/rian s*ools dignifi$ ! "w ( ! tea*] by reveal+ ! ne$ = tea*]-tra9+4 #ae4 ,assum+ t !re may be "s validity to ! argum5ts ( ,kay- ,%uttlewor?1 :at are ! limitations to su* reason+8 #af4 ,:at !ory z to education w\ld naturally lie beh9d a paym5t-by- results plan ( di/ribut+ /ate aid8 #ag4 ,%[ h[ ,engli% educational developm5t dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 deeply modifi$ by ! progress ( democracy4 #ah4 ,%[ h[ ! ,engli% h atta9$ to m9imum /&>ds )\t impos+ uni=m requirem5ts t de/roy individuality & initiative4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #bia4 ,p>liam5t>y ,report3 ,*>ity-,s*ool ,education describ$4 #bib4 ,s4,p4,c4,k43 ,co/ & ,support ( ,*>ity-,s*ools4 #bic4 ,raikes3 ,description ( ! ,gl\ce/] ,sunday ,s*ools4 #bid4 ,gu?rie3 ,organization1 ,support1 & ,"w ( a ,ragg$ ,s*ool4 #bie4 ,smi?1 ,a43 ,on ! ,education ( ! ,common ,p4 #bif4 ,mal?us3 ,on ,national ,education4 #big4 ,smi?1 ,s43 ,! ,s*ool ( ,lanca/] describ$4 #bih4 ,philan?ropi/3 ,automatic ,"* ( ! ,monitorial ,s*ools4 #bii4 ,montmor5cy1 de3 ,! ,fir/ ,p>liam5t>y ,grant = ,education4 #cjj4 ,macaulay3 ,on ! ,duty ( ! ,/ate to ,provide ,education4 #cja4 ,mosely3 ,evils ( ,appr5tic+ ! ,*ildr5 ( ,paup]s4 #cjb4 ,kay-,%uttlewor?3 ,typical ,reason+ 9 ,opposition to ,free ,s*ools4 #cjc4 ,macnam]a3 ,! ,duke ( ,newca/le ,commission ,report4 #cjd4 ,/atute3 ,elem5t>y ,education ,act ( #ahgj4 #cje4 ,/atute3 ,abolition ( ,religi\s ,te/s at ! ,univ]sities4 #cjf4 ,times3 ,! ,educational ,traditions ( ,engl&4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,*>act]ize ! type ( education describ$ by ! witness 7#bia74 #b4 ,consid]+ equipm5t provid$ & comp>ative money values1 !n & n[1 ab\t h[ mu* ( an ef=t did support 7#bib7 involve8 #c4 ,:at class ( *ildr5 did ,raikes 7#bic7 make provision =8 #d4 ,*>act]ize ! type ( education provid$ 7#bid7 9 ! ,ragg$ ,s*ools4 #e4 ,w\ld ,adam ,smi?'s reason+ 7#bie7 /ill hold true8 #f4 ,w\ld t ( ,mal?us 7#bif78 #g4 ,indicate ! improvem5ts ,lanca/] _h made 7#big1 #bih7 9 organization & tea*+ effici5cy4 #h4 ,0 ! fir/ ,engli% p>liam5t>y grant 7#bii7 expressive ( deep national int]e/8 #i4 ,w\ld ,macaulay's reason+ 7#cjj7 /ill be true8 #aj4 ,is x probable t ! appr5tic+ ( paup]s _h always giv5 su* 7#cja7 results8 #aa4 ,h[ s\nd 0 ,kay-,%uttlewor?'s reason+ 7#cjb78 #ab4 ,:at m]it 0 !re to ! paym5t-by-results recomm5dation ( ! ,duke ( ,newca/le ,commission 7#cjc78 #ac4 ,j :at k9d ( s*ools did ! ,act ( #ahgj 7#cjd7 make provision =8 #ad4 ,h we ev] _h su* religi\s requirem5ts z ^? s long ma9ta9$ 7#cje7 at ! ,engli% univ]sities8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,all51 ,w4 ,o4 ,b4 & ,mc,clure1 ,e4 ,two ,hundr$ ,ye>s2 ,hi/ory ( ,s4,p4,c4,k4 #afih-ahih4 ,adams1 ,francis4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,conte/ 9 ,engl&4 99 ,b9ns1 ,h4 ,b4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,education1 #ahjh-aijh1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society4 99 ,bir*5\gh1 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales s9ce #ahjj4 ,escott1 ,t4 ,h4 ,s4 ,social ,trans=mations ( ! ,victorian ,era4 ,h>ris1 ,j4 ,h4 ,rob]t ,raikes2 ! ,man & 8 ,"w4 99 ,holman1 ,h4 ,engli% ,national ,education4 99 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,! ,progress ( ,education 9 ,engl&4 99 ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de4 ,/ate ,int]v5tion 9 ,engli% ,education to #ahcc4 99 ,salmon1 ,david4 ,joseph ,lanca/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,awak5+ ,,an ,,educational ,,consci\sness ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,national ,,attitudes ,,& ,,int]e/s ,,! ,,am]ican ,,problem4 ,! beg9n+s ( /ate educational organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5t q a diff]5t hi/ory f t trac$ = ,prussia1 ,france1 ,italy1 or ,engl&4 ,:ile ! p>o*ial s*ool exi/$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,colonies1 & 9 "t _h to be subord9at$ to /ate ends2 & :ile ! idea ( education z a *>ity _h be5 introduc$ into all ! ,anglican ,colonies1 & lat] _h to be /amp$ out2 ! problem ( educational organization 9 ,am]ica 0 n1 z 9 ,europe1 "o ( br++ *ur* s*ools & old educational f\ndations into h>moni\s work+ relations ) ! new /ate s*ool sy/ems set up4 ,in/ead ! old educational f\ndations 7 easily trans=m$ to adapt !m to ! new conditions1 :ile only 9 ! ,c5tral ,colonies did ! religi\s-*>ity conception ( education give any p>ticul> tr\ble4 ,! ,am]ican educational problem 0 ess5tially t ( fir/ awak5+1 9 a new l&1 a consci\sness ( ne$ = g5]al education2 & second1 t ( develop+ a will+ness to pay = :at x f9ally came to be deem$ desirable to provide4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z we h po9t$ out 7p4 #dch71 ! e>li] religi\s int]e/s 9 ,am]ica _h cle>ly begun to wane4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies ! s*ool ( ! civil t[n _h l>gely replac$ ! e>li] religi\s s*ool4 ,9 ! ,middle ,colonies _m ( ! p>o*ial s*ools _h di$ out4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,colonies1 :]e ! classes 9 society & negro slav]y made common s*ools impossible1 & ! lack ( city life & manufactur+ made !m seem l>gely unnecess>y1 ! common s*ool _h t5d$ to disappe>4 ,ev5 9 ,new ,engl&1 :]e ! ,calv9i/ic conception ( ! importance ( education _h mo/ firmly e/abli%$ ! idea ( s*ool support1 ! eighte5? c5tury witness$ a con/ant /ruggle to prev5t ! dy+-out ( t :i* an e>li] g5]ation _h deem$ x important to create4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,on ,,education4 ,! effect ( ! ,am]ican ,w> = ,indep5d5ce1 on all types ( s*ools1 0 disa/r\s4 ,! gr[+ tr\bles ) ! "m c\ntry _h1 = m ?an a decade previ\s to ! op5+ ( ho/ilities1 t5d$ to conc5trate att5tion on o!r matt]s ?an s*ool+4 ,political discussion & agitation _h l>gely monopoliz$ ! ?9k+ ( ! "t4 ,) ! outbreak ( ! w> education ev]y:]e suff]$ s]i\sly4 ,mo/ ( ! rural & p>o*ial s*ools clos$1 or cont9u$ a m or less int]mitt5t exi/5ce4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 !n ! second l>ge/ city 9 ! c\ntry1 practically all s*ools clos$ ) ,briti% occupancy & rema9$ clos$ until aft] ! end ( ! w>4 ,! ,lat9 gramm> s*ools & academies (t5 clos$ f lack ( pupils1 :ile ! colleges 7 almo/ des]t$4 ,h>v>d & ,k+s1 9 p>ticul>1 suff]$ griev\sly1 & sacrific$ mu* = ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,! w> engross$ ! en]gies & ! res\rces ( ! peoples ( ! diff]5t ,colonies1 & s*ools1 nev] v securely plac$ 9 ! affections ( ! p1 outside ( ,new ,engl&1 7 all[$ to fall into decay or entirely disappe>4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,revolution & ! p]iod ( reorganization :i* foll[$1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! national gov]nm5t 7#agge-hi71 7 toge!r a "t ( rapid decl9e 9 educational advantages & increas+ illit]acy among ! p4 ,meag] z _h be5 ! opportunities = s*ool+ be=e #agge1 ! opportunities by #agij1 except 9 a few cities & 9 ! ,new ,engl& di/ricts1 _h %runk almo/ to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,= ,bo/on 7,r4 #cjg71 ,provid5ce 7,rs4 #cji1 #caj71 & a numb] ( o!r places we h good pictures pres]v$ ( ! s*ools :i* actually did exi/4 ,! close ( ! w> f\nd ! c\ntry bo? impov]i%$ & exhau/$4 ,all ! ,colonies _h made heavy sacrifices1 _m _h be5 ov]run by ho/ile armies1 & ! debt ( ! ,union & ( ! ,/ates 0 s great t _m ?\ght x c\ld nev] be paid4 ,! ?irte5 ,/ates1 individually & collectively1 ) only #c1chj1jjj p1 _h incurr$ an indebt$ness ( #ge1jjj1jjj = ! prosecution ( ! conflict4 ,comm]ce 0 dead1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,conf$]ation 0 impot5t1 petty insurrections 7 common1 ! ,/ates 7 qu>rel+ cont9ually ) "o ano!r ov] all k9ds ( trivial matt]s1 ,engl& /ill rema9$ m or less ho/ile1 & =eign complications began to appe>4 ,t dur+ su* a crucial p]iod1 & = "s ye>s foll[+1 b little or no att5tion 0 any:]e giv5 to ! "q ( education 0 only natural4 ,,no ,,real ,,educational ,,consci\sness ,,be=e ,,ab\t #ahbj4 ,reg>dless ( ! national l& grants = education made to ! new ,/ates 7p4 #ebc71 ! provisions ( ! diff]5t /ate con/itutions 7,r4 #bei71 ! beg9n+s made "h & !re 9 ! few cities ( ! "t1 & ! e>ly /ate laws 7,r4 #bfb71 x c h>dly be said t ! ,am]ican p _h develop$ an educational consci\sness1 outside ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 be=e ab\t #ahbj1 & 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 a /ate educational consci\sness 0 n awak5$ until v mu* lat]4 ,ev5 9 ,new ,engl& !re 0 a /eady decl9e 9 education dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! national hi/ory4 ,!re 7 _m reasons 9 ! national life = ?is lack ( int]e/ 9 education among ! masses ( ! p4 ,! simple agricultural life ( ! "t1 ! homog5eity ( ! p1 ! abs5ce ( cities1 ! isolation & indep5d5ce ( ! villages1 ! lack ( full manhood suffrage 9 a numb] ( ! ,/ates1 ! want ( any economic dem& = education1 & ! fact t no important political "q call+ = settlem5t at ! polls _h z yet aris51 made ! ne$ = s*ools & le>n+ seem a relatively m9or "o4 ,! c\ntry1 too1 0 /ill v poor4 ,! ,revolution>y ,w> debt /ill hung 9 "p ov] ! ,nation1 & ! dem& = money & labor = all k9ds ( int]nal improvem5ts 0 v l>ge4 ,! c\ntry _h few indu/ries1 & its =eign trade 0 badly hamp]$ by ,european nations4 ,ways & means ( /r5g!n+ ! exi/+ ,gov]nm5t & hold+ ! ,union toge!r1 #a r ?an plans :i* c\ld be> fruit only 9 ! future1 occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! lead]s ( ! "t4 ,:5 ! p _h f9ally settl$ _! political & comm]cial future by ! ,w> ( #ahab-ad1 & _h built up a national consci\sness on a democratic basis 9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+1 & ! ,nation at la/ possess$ ! en]gy1 ! money1 & ! int]e/ = do+ s1 !y f9ally turn$ _! en]gies t[>d ! creation ( a democratic sy/em ( public s*ools4 ,9 ! meantime1 education1 outside ( ,new ,engl&1 & 9 "p ev5 !re1 0 left l>gely to private individuals1 *ur*es1 incorporat$ s*ool societies1 & su* /ate s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor z might h be5 provid$ by private or /ate funds1 or ! two comb9$4 ,,! ,,real ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,advanc$ ,,education4 ,9 s f> z ! ,am]ican p may be said to h possess$ a real int]e/ 9 education dur+ ! fir/ half-c5tury ( ! national exi/5ce1 x 0 manife/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t & end[m5t ( academies & colleges r ?an 9 ! creation ( s*ools = ! p4 ,! colonial ,lat9 gramm> s*ool _h be5 almo/ entirely an ,engli% in/itution1 & nev] well suit$ to ,am]ican ne$s4 ,z democratic consci\sness began to arise1 ! dem& came = a m practical in/itution1 less exclusive & less ari/ocratic 9 "*1 & bett] adapt$ 9 its in/ruction to ! ne$s ( a fronti] society4 ,aris+ ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a numb] ( s-call$ ,academies _h be5 f\nd$ be=e ! new ,national ,gov]nm5t took %ape4 ,:ile ess5tially private in/itutions1 aris+ f a *ur* f\ndation1 or m commonly a local subscription or end[m5t1 x became cu/om>y = t[ns1 c\nties1 & ,/ates to assi/ 9 _! ma9t5ance1 ?us mak+ !m semi-public in/itutions4 ,_! managem5t1 ?\gh1 usually rema9$ 9 private h&s1 or "u bo>ds or associations4 #b ,beside (f]+ a fair type ( high] tra9+ #c be=e ! days ( high s*ools1 ! academies also became tra9+-s*ools = tea*]s1 & be=e ! rise ( ! normal s*ools 7 ! *ief s\rce ( supply = ! bett] grade ( elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,^! in/itutions r5d]$ an important s]vice dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b 7 9 "t displac$ by ! publicly support$ & publicly controll$ ,am]ican high s*ool1 ! fir/ ( :i* dates f #ahba4 ,?is evolution we %all describe m 9 detail a little lat] on4 ,,! ,,colleges ,,( ,,! ,,"t4 ,"s int]e/ also 0 tak5 9 college education dur+ ?is e>ly national p]iod4 ,college att5dance1 h[ev]1 0 small1 z ! c\ntry 0 /ill new & ! p 7 poor4 ,z late z #ahae1 ,h>v>d graduat$ a class ( b #ff2 ,yale ( #fi2 ,pr9ceton ( #dj2 ,williams ( #dj2 ,p5nsylvania ( #ae2 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a ( #cg4 ,aft] ! organization ( ! ,union ! n9e old colonial colleges 7 reorganiz$1 & an attempt 0 made to br+ !m into clos] h>mony ) ! ideas & ne$s ( ! p & ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,/ates4 ,d>tm\?1 ,k+s 7n[ re*ri/5$ ,columbia71 & ,p5nsylvania 7 = a "t *ang$ into /ate in/itutions1 & an unsuccessful attempt 0 made to make a /ate univ]sity = ,virg9ia out ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,fifte5 additional colleges 7 organiz$ by #ahjj1 & f\rte5 m by #ahbj4 ,betwe5 #agij & #ahbe !re 0 mu* discussion z to ! desirability ( f\nd+ a national univ]sity at ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & ,wa%+ton 9 8 w 7#agii7 left1 = t "t1 a consid]able sum to ! ,nation to inaugurate ! new und]tak+4 ,no?+ ev] came ( x1 h[ev]4 ,be=e #ahbe six ,/ates--,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,indiana1 & ,mi*igan--_h laid ! f\ndations ( future /ate univ]sities4 ,! ,national ,gov]nm5t _h also grant$ to ea* new ,we/]n ,/ate two entire t[n%ips ( l& to help end[ a univ]sity 9 ea*--a /imulus :i* ev5tually l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate univ]sity 9 e ,we/]n ,/ate4 ,a ,,half-,,c5tury ,,( ,,transition4 ,! fir/ half-c5tury ( ! national life may be reg>d$ z a p]iod ( transition f ! *ur*-control idea ( education ov] to ! idea ( education "u ! control ( & support$ by ! ,/ate4 ,?\gh _m ( ! e>ly ,/ates _h provid$ = /ate s*ool sy/ems 9 _! con/itutions 7,r4 #bei71 ! s*ools _h n be5 set up1 or set up only "h & !re4 ,x requir$ "t to make ?is *ange 9 ?9k+4 ,up to ! p]iod ( ! beg9n+s ( our national developm5t education _h almo/ ev]y:]e be5 reg>d$ z an affair ( ! ,*ur*1 some:at ak9 to baptism1 m>riage1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5ts1 & ! burial ( ! dead4 ,ev5 9 ,new ,engl&1 :i* =m$ an exception1 ! evolution ( ! civic s*ool f ! *ur* s*ool 0 n yet complete4 ,! *ur* *>ity-s*ool _h become1 z we h se5 7p4 #ddi71 a famili> in/itution be=e ! ,revolution4 ,! ,engli% ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts 7p4 #ddi71 :i* ma9ta9$ s*ools 9 connection ) ! ,anglican *ur*es 9 ! ,anglican ,colonies & provid$ an excell5t grade ( *>ity-s*ool ma/]1 )drew at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> f "w 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! diff]5t *ur*es aft] ! w> cont9u$ _! ef=ts to ma9ta9 _! *ur* *>ity-s*ools1 ?\gh !re 0 = a "t a decrease 9 bo? _! numb]s & _! effectiv5ess4 ,9 ! meantime ! dem& = education grew r rapidly1 & ! task soon became too big = ! *ur*es to h&le4 ,= long ! *ur*es made an ef=t to keep up1 z !y 7 loa? to rel9qui% 9 any way _! =m] hold on ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,! *ur*es1 h[ev]1 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! problem except 9 ! old way1 & ?is 0 n :at ! new democracy want$4 ,! result 0 t1 ) ! com+ ( nationality & ! sl[ b gradual gr[? ( a national consci\sness1 national pride1 national ne$s1 & ! gradual developm5t ( national res\rces 9 ! %ape ( taxable prop]ty--all alike comb9$ to make secul> in/ead ( religi\s s*ools seem bo? desirable & possible to a con/antly increas+ numb] ( citiz5s4 ,,ii4 ,,awak5+ ,,an ,,educational ,,consci\sness ,betwe5 ab\t #ahaj & #ahcj a numb] ( new =ces--philan?ropic1 political1 social1 economic--comb9$ to *ange ! e>li] attitude by produc+ conditions :i* made /ate r ?an *ur* control & support ( education seem bo? desirable & feasible4 ,! *ange1 too1 0 m>k$ly facilitat$ by ! "w ( a numb] ( semi-private philan?ropic ag5cies :i* n[ began ! "w ( f\nd+ s*ools & build+ up an int]e/ 9 education1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 73 7#a7 ! ,sunday-,s*ool movem5t2 7#b7 ! ,city ,s*ool ,societies2 7#c7 ! ,lanca/rian movem5t2 & 7#d7 ! ,infant-,s*ool ,societies4 ,^! w be describ$ briefly1 & _! influ5ce 9 awak5+ an educational consci\sness po9t$ out4 ,,! ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,movem5t4 ,! ,sunday ,s*ool1 z a means ( provid+ ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( secul> & religi\s le>n+1 _h be5 made1 ?r\gh ! initiative ( ,raikes ( ,gl\ce/] 7p4 #fag71 a v important ,engli% in/itution = provid+ ! beg9n+s ( in/ruction = ! *ildr5 ( ! city poor4 ,raikes's idea 0 soon c>ri$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aghf a ,sunday ,s*ool aft] ! ,raikes plan 0 organiz$ 9 ,hanov] ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,9 #aghg a ,sunday ,s*ool = ,african *ildr5 0 organiz$ at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 #agia ,! ,fir/ ,day1 or ,sunday ,s*ool ,society1 0 organiz$ at ,philadelphia1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,sunday ,s*ools 9 t city4 ,9 #agic ,katy ,f]guson's ,s*ool = ! ,poor 0 op5$ 9 ,new ,york1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by an organization ( ,new ,york wom5 = ! ext5sion ( secul> in/ruction among ! poor4 ,9 #agig ,samuel ,slat]'s ,factory ,s*ool 0 op5$ at ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,?\gh !re _h be5 "s ,sunday in/ruction e>li] at a few places 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! introduction ( ! ,sunday ,s*ool f ,engl&1 9 #aghf1 m>k$ ! real beg9n+ ( ! religi\s ,sunday ,s*ool 9 ,am]ica4 ,aft] ! *ur*es _h once caught ! idea ( a common religi\s s*ool on ,sundays = ! in/ruction ( any "o1 a numb] ( societies 7 =m$ to c>ry on & ext5d ! "w4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 73 #ahjh4 ,! ,evangelical ,society ( ,philadelphia4 #ahaf4 ,! ,female ,union = ! ,promotion ( ,sabba? ,s*ools 7,new ,york74 #ahaf4 ,! ,new ,york ,sunday ,s*ool ,union4 #ahaf4 ,! ,bo/on ,society = ! ,moral & ,religi\s ,in/ruction ( ! ,poor4 #ahag4 ,! ,philadelphia ,sunday & ,adult ,s*ool ,union4 #ahbd4 ,! ,am]ican ,sunday ,s*ool ,union4 ,^! diff]5t types ( ,am]ican ,sunday ,s*ools1 be+ op5 to all in/ead ( only to ! poor & l[ly1 _h a small b an increas+ influ5ce 9 level+ class di/9ctions & 9 mak+ a common day s*ool seem possible4 ,! movem5t = secul> in/ruction on ,sundays1 ?\gh1 soon met 9 ,am]ica ) ! opposition ( ! *ur*es1 & be=e long !y took ov] ! idea1 sup]s$$ private initiative & control1 & *ang$ ! "* ( ! in/ruction f a day ( secul> "w to an h\r or s ( religi\s tea*+4 ,! ,sunday ,s*ool1 9 consequ5ce1 nev] ex]cis$ ! influ5ce 9 educational developm5t 9 ,am]ica t x did 9 ,engl&4 ,,! ,,city ,,s*ool ,,societies4 ,^! 7 patt]n$ aft] ! ,engli% *>ity- s*ool subscription societies1 & 7 =m$ 9 a numb] ( ,am]ican cities dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury = ! purpose ( provid+ ! rudim5ts ( an education to ^? too poor to pay = s*ool+4 ,^! ,societies 7 usually organiz$ by philan?ropic citiz5s1 will+ to contribute some?+ ye>ly to provide "s little education = a few ( ! _m *ildr5 9 ! city hav+ no opportunities = any in/ruction4 ,a numb] ( ^! ,societies 7 able to effect "s f9ancial connection ) ! city or ! ,/ate4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! ,s*ool ,societies 0 ,! ,manumission ,society1 organiz$ 9 ,new ,york1 9 #aghe1 = ! purpose ( mitigat+ ! evils ( slav]y1 to def5d ! rights ( ! blacks1 & especially to give !m ! elem5ts ( an education4 ,alex&] ,hamilton & ,john ,jay 7 among its organiz]s4 ,a free s*ool = color$ pupils 0 op5$1 9 #aghg4 ,?is grew & prosp]$ & 0 aid$ f "t to "t by ! city1 & 9 #ahja by ! ,/ate4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahcd1 all its s*ools 7 m]g$ ) ^? ( ! ,public ,s*ool ,society ( ! city4 ,9 #ahja ! fir/ free s*ool = poor :ite *ildr5 ^: p>5ts belong to no religi\s society1 & :o1 f "s cause or o!r1 _c be admitt$ into any ( ! *>ity s*ools ( ! city1 0 op5$4 ,?is 0 provid$ by ! ,association ( ,wom5 ,fri5ds = ! ,relief ( ! ,poor1 :i* engag$ a wid[ woman ( good education & morals z in/ructor at #cj p] ye>4 ,?is ,association also prosp]$1 & receiv$ "s city or /ate aid up to #ahbd4 ,by #ahbc x 0 provid+ free elem5t>y education = #gej *ildr54 ,its s*ools also 7 lat] m]g$ ) ^? ( ! ,public ,s*ool ,society4 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ool ,,society4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! e>ly subscription societies = ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools = ! poor 0 ! ,new ,york ,free ,s*ool ,society1 :i* lat] *ang$ its "n to t ( ,! ,public ,s*ool ,society ( ,new ,york4 ,?is 0 organiz$1 9 #ahje1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 !n mayor ( ! city1 he head+ ! subscription li/ ) a promise ( #bjj a ye> = support4 ,on ,may #ad1 #ahjf1 ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t appe>$ 9 ! daily pap]s3 ,,free ,,s*ool ,! ,tru/ees ( ! ,society = e/abli%+ a ,free ,s*ool 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 = ! education ( su* poor *ildr5 z d n belong to1 or are n provid$ = by any religi\s ,society1 hav+ engag$ a ,tea*]1 & procur$ a ,s*ool ,h\se = ! accommodation ( a ,s*ool1 h n[ ! pleasure ( ann\nc+ t x is propos$ to receive s*ol>s ( ! descriptions allud$ to )\t delay2 applications may be made to1 c4 ,f\r days lat] ! (fic]s ( ! ,society issu$ a g5]al appeal to ! public 7,r4 #caa71 sett+ =? ! purposes ( ! ,society & solicit+ funds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s*oolh\se ,,built ,,by ,,! ,,free ,,s*ool ,,society ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,built 9 #ahji1 9 ,tryon ,r[4 ,co/1 )\t site1 #ac1jjj4 ,?is ,society 0 *>t]$ by ! legislature to provide s*ool+ = all *ildr5 :o are ! prop] objects ( a gratuit\s education4 ,x organiz$ free public education 9 ! city1 secur$ funds1 built s*oolh\ses1 provid$ & tra9$ tea*]s1 & ably supplem5t$ ! "w ( ! private & *ur* s*ools4 ,by its en]gy & its p]si/5ce x secur$ = itself a l>ge %>e ( public confid5ce1 & ar\s$ a con/antly increas+ int]e/ 9 ! cause ( popul> education4 ,9 #ahec1 aft] x _h educat$ ov] #fjj1jjj *ildr5 & tra9$ ov] #abjj tea*]s1 ?is ,society1 its "w done1 surr5d]$ its *>t] & turn$ ov] its build+s & equipm5t to ! public-s*ool dep>tm5t ( ! city1 :i* _h be5 creat$ by ! legislature 9 #ahdb4 ,,s*ool ,,societies ,,else:]e4 ,! ,b5evol5t ,society ( ! ,city ( ,baltimore = ! ,education ( ! ,female ,poor1 f\nd$ 9 #agii1 & ! ,male ,free ,society ( ,baltimore1 organiz$ a little lat]1 7 o!r ( ^! e>ly s*ool societies1 ?\gh nei!r became s fam\s z ! ,public ,s*ool ,society ( ,new ,york4 ,! s*ools ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton 7 />t$ by subscription1 9 #ahjd1 & = "s "t 7 9 "p support$ by subscriptions f public-spirit$ citiz5s4 #d ,?is society did an important "w 9 accu/om+ ! p ( ! capital city to ! provision ( "s =m ( free education4 ,9 #ahjj ,! ,philadelphia ,society #e = ! ,free ,in/ruction ( ,indig5t ,boys 0 =m$1 :i* a little lat] *ang$ to ,! ,philadelphia ,society = ! ,e/abli%m5t & ,support ( ,*>ity ,s*ools4 ,9 #ahad ,! ,society = ! ,promotion ( a ,rational ,sy/em ( ,education 0 organiz$ 9 ,philadelphia1 & f\r ye>s lat] ! public s5tim5t awak5$ by a comb9ation ( ! "w ( ?is ,society & ! com+ ( ! ,lanca/rian sy/em ( in/ruction enabl$ ! city to secure a special law p]mitt+ ,philadelphia to organize a sy/em ( city s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( its poor4 ,o!r societies :i* r5d]$ useful educational s]vice include ! ,me*anics & ,manufactur]s ,association1 ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 organiz$ 9 #aghi 7,rs4 #cjh1 #caj72 ,! ,albany ,lanca/rian ,s*ool ,society1 organiz$ 9 #ahbf1 = ! education ( ! poor ( ! city 9 monitorial s*ools2 & ! s*ool societies organiz$ 9 ,savannah 9 #ahah1 & ,augu/a1 9 #ahba1 to af=d education to ! *ildr5 ( indig5t p>5ts4 ,bo? ^! ,georgia societies receiv$ "s support f /ate funds4 ,! =mation ( ^! s*ool societies1 ! subscriptions made by ! lead+ m5 ( ! cities1 ! beque/s = education1 & ! grants ( "s city & /ate aid to ^! societies1 all ( :i* 9 "t became some:at common1 indicate a sl[ly ris+ int]e/ 9 provid+ s*ools = ! education ( all4 ,?is ris+ int]e/ 9 education 0 greatly /imulat$ by ! introduction f ,engl&1 ab\t ?is "t1 ( a new & :at = ! "t seem$ a wond]ful sy/em = ! organization ( education1 ! ,lanca/rian monitorial plan4 ,,! ,,lanca/rian ,,monitorial ,,s*ools4 ,*ur*-(-,engl& ideas 7 n 9 mu* favor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = "s "t aft] ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 & 9 consequ5ce x 0 ! ,lanca/rian plan :i* 0 br\ght ov] & popul>iz$4 ,9 #ahjf ! fir/ monitorial s*ool 0 op5$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 &1 once introduc$1 ! sy/em quickly spread f ,massa*usetts to ,georgia1 & z f> we/ z ,c9c9nati1 ,l\isville1 & ,detroit4 ,9 #ahbf ,m>yl& in/itut$ a /ate sy/em ( ,lanca/rian s*ools1 ) a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 b 9 #ahbh ab&on$ ! idea & discont9u$ ! (fice4 ,a /ate ,lanca/rian sy/em = ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 propos$ 9 #ahcb1 b fail$ ( adoption by ! legislature4 ,9 #ahbi ,mexico organiz$ high] ,lanca/rian s*ools = ! ,mexican ,/ate ( ,texas4 ,9 #ahah ,lanca/] himself w5t to ,am]ica1 & 0 receiv$ ) mu* di/9ction4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9+ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 organiz+ & direct+ s*ools 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 _m ( ! ris+ cities ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry ! fir/ free s*ools e/abli%$ 7 ,lanca/rian s*ools4 ,! sy/em provid$ education at s l[ a co/ 7p4 #fbi7 t x made ! education ( all = ! fir/ "t seem possible4 #f ,! fir/ free s*ools 9 ,philadelphia 7#ahah7 7 an outgr[? ( ,lanca/rian influ5ce1 z 0 also ! case 9 _m o!r ,p5nsylvania cities4 ,baltimore began a ,lanca/rian s*ool six ye>s be=e ! organization ( public s*ools 0 p]mitt$ by law4 ,a numb] ( monitorial high s*ools 7 organiz$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x 0 ev5 propos$ t ! plan %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! colleges4 ,a numb] ( ,new ,engl& cities1 t already _h o!r type s*ools1 inve/igat$ ! new monitorial plan & 7 impress$ ) its _m important po9ts ( sup]iority ov] me?ods !n 9 use4 ,! ,report ( ! ,inve/igat+ ,committee 7#ahbh7 = ,bo/on 7,r4 #cab71 =ms a good example ( su*4 ,z 9 ,engl&1 ! sy/em 0 v popul> f ab\t #ahaj to #ahcj1 b by #ahdj its popul>ity 0 ov]4 ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,! ,,new ,,plan ,,awak5$4 ,x is n /range t ! new plan ar\s$ widespread en?usiasm 9 _m disc]n+ m51 & = almo/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury 0 advocat$ z ! be/ sy/em ( education !n kn[n4 ,two quotations w illu/rate :at lead+ m5 ( ! "t ?\ght ( x4 ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 = tw5ty-"o ye>s presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,free ,s*ool ,society1 & lat] gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 wrote1 9 #ahji3 ,:5 ,i p]ceive t _m boys 9 our s*ool h be5 taught to read & write 9 two mon?s1 :o did n be=e "k ! alphabet1 & t ev5 "o has accompli%$ x 9 ?ree weeks--:5 ,i view all ! be>+s & t5d5cies ( ?is sy/em--:5 ,i contemplate ! habits ( ord] :i* x =ms1 ! _s ( emulation :i* x excites1 ! rapid improvem5t :i* x produces1 ! purity ( morals :i* x inculcates--:5 ,i behold ! extraord9>y union ( cel]ity 9 in/ruction & economy ( exp5se--& :5 ,i p]ceive "o great assembly ( a ?\s& *ildr51 "u ! eye ( a s+le tea*]1 m>*+ ) unexampl$ rapidity & ) p]fect discipl9e to ! goal ( k1 ,i confess t ,i recognize 9 ,lanca/] ! b5efactor ( ! human race4 ,i consid] 8 sy/em z creat+ a new era 9 education1 z a bless+ s5t d[n f heav5 to r$eem ! poor & di/ress$ ( ?is _w f ! p[] & dom9ion ( ignorance4 ,9 a message to ! legislature ( ,connecticut1 a ,/ate !n fairly well suppli$ ) s*ools ( ! ,massa*usetts di/rict type1 ,gov]nor ,wolcott said1 9 #ahbe3 ,if funds c be obta9$ to defray ! exp5ses ( ! necess>y prep>ations1 ,i h no d\bt t s*ools on ! ,lanca/rian model ought1 z soon z possible1 to be e/abli%$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is /ate4 ,:]ev] f #bjj to #ajjj *ildr5 c be conv5$ )9 a suitable di/ance1 ?is mode ( in/ruction 9 e bran* ( read+1 speak+1 p5man%ip1 ari?metic1 & bookkeep+1 w be f\nd mu* m effici5t1 direct1 & economical ?an ! practices n[ g5]ally pursu$ 9 our prim>y s*ools4 ,! ,lanca/rian s*ools mat]ially ha/5$ ! adoption ( ! free s*ool sy/em 9 all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates by gradually accu/om+ p to be>+ ! necess>y taxation :i* free s*ools entail4 ,!y also made ! common s*ool common & mu* talk$ (1 & awak5$ ?\ght & provok$ discussion on ! "q ( public education4 ,!y likewise dignifi$ ! "w ( ! tea*] by %[+ ! necessity = tea*]- tra9+4 ,! ,lanca/rian ,model ,s*ools1 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahah1 7 ! precursors ( ! ,am]ican normal s*ools4 ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,infant ,,s*ool4 ,a curi\s e>ly condition 9 ,am]ica 0 t1 9 "s ( ! cities :]e public s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$1 by "o ag5cy or ano!r1 no provision _h be5 made = beg9n]s4 ,^! 7 suppos$ to obta9 ! elem5ts ( read+ at home1 or 9 ! ,dame ,s*ools4 ,9 ,bo/on1 = example1 :]e public s*ools 7 ma9ta9$ by ! city1 no *ildr5 c\ld be receiv$ into ! s*ools :o _h n le>n$ to read & write 7,r4 #cad a74 ,?is made ! common age ( admission some:]e ne> eight ye>s4 ,! same 0 9 "p true ( ,h>t=d1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & o!r cities4 ,:5 ! monitorial s*ools 7 e/abli%$ !y t5d$ to re/rict _! memb]%ip 9 a simil> mann]1 ?\gh n always able to d s4 ,9 #ahaf !re came to ,am]ica1 also f ,engl&1 a valuable supplem5t to education z !n kn[n 9 ! =m ( ! s-call$ ,infant ,s*ools 7p4 #fcj74 ,fir/ introduc$ at ,bo/on 7,r4 #cac71 ! ,infant ,s*ools prov$ popul>1 & 9 #ahah ! city appropriat$ #ejjj = ! purpose ( organiz+ su* s*ools to supplem5t ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,^! 7 to admit *ildr5 at f\r ye>s ( age1 7 to be kn[n z prim>y s*ools1 7 to be taught by wom51 7 to be op5 all ! ye> r\nd1 & 7 to prep>e ! *ildr5 = admission to ! city s*ools1 :i* by t "t _h come to be kn[n z ,engli% gramm> s*ools4 ,provid5ce1 simil>ly1 e/abli%$ prim>y 7,infant7 s*ools 9 #ahbh = *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & eight1 to supplem5t ! "w ( ! public s*ools1 !re call$ writ+ s*ools4 ,,! ,,dame ,,s*ool ,,absorb$4 ,= ,new ,engl& ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y s*ools virtually took ov] ! ,dame ,s*ool in/ruction z a public function1 & add$ ! prim>y grades to ! previ\sly exi/+ s*ool4 ,we h "h ! orig9 ( ! division1 (t5 /ill reta9$ at lea/ 9 "n 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ( ! prim>y grades & ! gramm> grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig ,,model ,,s*ool ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,s*ool ,,society ,erect$ 9 #ahdc4 ,co/ 7) site71 #ag1jjj4 ,a typical ,new ,york s*ool build+1 aft] #ahcj4 ,! infant or prim>y s*ool 0 on ! fir/ floor1 ! second floor conta9s ! girls' s*ool1 & ! ?ird floor ! boys' s*ool4 ,ea* floor _h "o l>ge room seat+ #beb *ildr52 ! prim>y s*oolroom c\ld be divid$ into two rooms by fold+ doors1 s z to segregate ! infant class4 ,?is build+ 0 = long reg>d$ z ! p]fection ( ! build]'s art1 & its picture 0 pr9t$ = ye>s on ! cov] ( ! ,society's ,annual ,reports4 ,an ,infant-,s*ool ,society 0 organiz$ 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahbg4 ,! fir/ ,infant ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,public ,s*ool ,society z ! ,junior ,dep>tm5t ( ,s*ool ,no4 #h1 ) a woman tea*] 9 *>ge1 & us+ monitorial me?ods4 ,a second s*ool 0 e/abli%$ ! next ye>4 ,9 #ahcj ! "n 0 *ang$ f ,infant ,s*ool to ,prim>y ,dep>tm5t1 & :]e possible ^! dep>tm5ts 7 comb9$ ) ! exi/+ s*ools4 ,9 #ahcb x 0 decid$ to organize t5 prim>y s*ools1 "u wom5 tea*]s1 = *ildr5 f f\r to t5 ye>s ( age1 & aft] ! ,bo/on plan ( in/ruction4 ,?is ab&on$ ! monitorial plan ( in/ruction = ! new ,pe/alozzian =m1 :i* 0 deem$ bett] suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! small] *ildr54 ,by #ahdd fifty-six ,prim>y ,dep>tm5ts _h be5 organiz$ 9 connection ) ! upp] s*ools ( ! city4 ,9 ,philadelphia ?ree ,infant-,s*ool ,societies 7 f\nd$ 9 #ahbg-bh1 & su* s*ools 7 at once e/abli%$ !re4 ,by #ahcj ! directors ( ! s*ool sy/em _h be5 p]mitt$ by ! legislature ( ! ,/ate to exp5d public money = su* s*ools1 & ?irty su*1 "u wom5 tea*]s1 7 9 op]ation 9 ! city by #ahcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,public ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,prim>y ,,education ,,organiz$4 ,! ,infant-,s*ool idea 0 soon some:at g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,ea/]n cities1 & *ang$ some:at to make ( x an ,am]ican prim>y s*ool4 ,:]e *ildr5 _h n be5 previ\sly admitt$ to ! s*ools )\t kn[+ h[ to read1 z 9 ,bo/on1 !y supplem5t$ ! "w ( ! public s*ools by add+ a new s*ool b5ea?4 ,:]e ! rev]se _h be5 ! case1 z 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ! organization ( ,infant ,s*ools z ,junior ,dep>tm5ts enabl$ ! exi/+ s*ools to advance _! "w4 ,ev]y:]e x result$1 ev5tually1 9 ! organization ( prim>y & gramm> s*ool dep>tm5ts1 (t5 ) int]m$iate dep>tm5ts 9 betwe51 &1 ) ! some:at contemporane\s evolution ( ! fir/ high s*ools1 ! ma9 outl9es ( ! ,am]ican free public-s*ool sy/em 7 n[ complete4 ,^! f\r important educational movem5ts--! secul> ,sunday ,s*ool1 ! semi-public city ,s*ool ,societies1 ! ,lanca/rian plan = in/ruction1 & ! ,infant-,s*ool idea--all aris+ 9 philan?ropy1 came z successive educational ideas to ,am]ica dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 supplem5t$ "o ano!r1 & toge!r accu/om$ a new g5]ation to ! idea ( a common s*ool = all4 ,,iii4 ,,social1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,economic ,,influ5ces ,x is h>dly probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! philan?ropic ef=ts alone1 valuable z !y 71 c\ld h result$ 9 ! great ,am]ican battle = tax-support$ s*ools1 at z e>ly a date z ?is took place1 _h !y n be5 supplem5t$ by a numb] ( o!r movem5ts ( a social1 political1 & economic "* :i* 9 !mselves mat]ially *ang$ ! nature & direction ( our national life4 ,! m important ( ^! 73 7#a7 ,! rise ( cities & ( manufactur+1 7#b7 ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage1 & 7#c7 ! rise ( new class-dem&s = s*ools4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,city ,,population ,,& ,,manufactur+4 ,at ! "t ( ! inauguration ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t ne>ly e "o 9 ,am]ica liv$ on ! f>m or 9 "s little village4 ,! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! national life 7 ess5tially an agricultural & a pione] p]iod4 ,ev5 z late z #ahbj !re 7 b ?irte5 cities ( #hjjj inhabitants or ov] 9 ! :ole ( ! tw5ty-?ree ,/ates at t "t compris+ ! ,union1 & ^! ?irte5 cities conta9$ b #d4i p] c5t ( ! total population ( ! ,nation4 ,aft] ab\t #ahbe ^! conditions began to *ange4 ,by #ahbj _m little villages 7 spr++ up1 & ^! frequ5tly prov$ ! nuclei = future cities4 ,9 ,new ,engl& _m ( ^! places 7 9 ! vic9ity ( "s wat]fall1 :]e *eap p[] made manufactur+ on a l>ge scale possible4 ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts1 :i* 9 #ahbj did n exi/ & 9 #ahdj _h a population ( ov] tw5ty ?\s& p1 collect$ !re l>gely to "w 9 ! mills1 is a good illu/ration4 ,o!r cities1 su* z ,c9c9nati & ,detroit1 grew because ( _! advantage\s situation z ex*ange & :olesale c5t]s4 ,) ! revival ( trade & comm]ce aft] ! second w> ) ,great ,brita9 ! cities grew rapidly bo? 9 numb] & size4 ,! rise ( ! new cities & ! rapid gr[? ( ! old] ones mat]ially *ang$ ! nature ( ! educational problem1 by produc+ an entirely new set ( social & educational conditions = ! p ( ! ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,/ates to solve4 ,! ,s\?1 ) its plantation life1 negro slav]y1 & abs5ce ( manufactur+ 0 l>gely unaffect$ by ^! *ang$ conditions until well aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 consequ5ce ! educational awak5+ !re did n come = ne>ly half a c5tury aft] x came 9 ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! cities 9 ! coa/ ,/ates nor? ( ,m>yl&1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ,new ,york & ,new ,engl&1 manufactur+ develop$ v rapidly4 ,cotton-sp9n+ 9 p>ticul> became a ,new ,engl& indu/ry1 z did also ! weav+ ( wool1 :ile ,p5nsylvania became ! c5t] ( ! iron manufactur+ indu/ries4 #g ,! developm5t ( ?is new type ( factory "w meant ! beg9n+s ( ! breakd[n ( ! old home & village indu/ries1 ! ev5tual ab&onm5t ( ! age-old appr5tice%ip sy/em 7,rs4 #bjj1 #bja71 ! />t ( ! cityw>d movem5t ( ! rural population1 & ! conc5tration ( manufactur+ 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 employ+ _m h&s to p]=m cont9u\sly c]ta9 limit$ phases ( ! manufactur+ process4 ,?is 9 "t 0 c]ta9 to mean a *ange 9 educational me?ods4 ,x also call$ = ! conc5tration ( bo? capital & labor4 ,! rise ( ! factory sy/em1 bus9ess on a l>ge scale1 & *eap & rapid transportation1 all comb9$ to dim9i% ! importance ( agriculture & to *ange ! city f an unimportant to a v important position 9 our national life4 ,! #ac cities ( #ahbj increas$ to #dd by #ahdj1 & to #ada by #ahfj4 ,!re 7 f\r times z _m cities 9 ! ,nor?1 too1 :]e manufactur+ _h f\nd a home1 z 9 ! ,s\?1 :i* rema9$ ess5tially agricultural4 ,,new ,,social ,,problems ,,9 ,,! ,,cities4 ,! _m *anges 9 ! nature ( indu/ry & ( village & home life1 effect$ by ! developm5t ( ! factory sy/em & ! conc5tration ( manufactur+ & population 9 ! cities1 also contribut$ mat]ially 9 *ang+ ! "* ( ! old educational problem4 ,:5 ! cities 7 z yet b little villages 9 size & "*1 homog5e\s 9 _! populations1 & ! _m social & moral problems incid5t to ! conge/ion ( peoples ( mix$ "* _h n z yet aris51 ! *ur* & *>ity & private s*ool solution ( ! educational problem 0 reasonably satisfactory4 ,z ! cities n[ increas$ rapidly 9 size1 became m city-l 9 "*1 drew to !m div]se elem5ts previ\sly l>gely unkn[n1 & 7 requir$ by /ate laws to ext5d ! "r ( suffrage to all _! citiz5s1 ! ne$ = a new type ( educational organization began sl[ly b cle>ly to manife/ itself to an increas+ numb] ( citiz5s4 ,! *ur*1 *>ity1 & private s*ool sy/em completely broke d[n "u ! new /ra94 ,s*ool ,societies & ,educational ,associations1 organiz$ = propag&a1 n[ arose 9 ! cities2 grants ( city or /ate funds = ! p>tial support ( bo? *ur* & society s*ools 7 dem&$ & obta9$2 & numb]s ( *>ity organizations began to be e/abli%$ 9 ! diff]5t cities to enable !m to h&le bett] ! new problems ( paup]ism1 intemp]ance1 & juv5ile del9qu5cy :i* arose4 ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,suffrage4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh fram$ by ! able/ m5 ( ! "t1 0 fram$ by m5 :o repres5t$ ! old ari/ocratic conception ( education & gov]nm5t4 ,! same 0 true ( ! conv5tions :i* fram$ practically all ! e>ly /ate con/itutions4 ,! e>ly p]iod ( ! national life 0 ?us *>act]iz$ by ! rule ( a class--a v well-educat$ & a v capable class1 to be sure--b a class elect$ by a ballot bas$ on prop]ty qualifications & belong+ to ! old] type ( political & social ?9k+4 ,not)/&+ ! /atem5ts ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! *ange came b sl[ly4 ,up to #ahae b f\r ,/ates _h grant$ ! "r to vote to all male citiz5s1 reg>dless ( prop]ty hold+s or o!r some:at simil> re/rictions4 ,aft] #ahae a democratic movem5t1 :i* s\ght to aboli% all class rule & all political inequalities1 arose & rapidly ga9$ /r5g?4 ,9 ?is ! new ,/ates to ! we/w>d1 ) _! abs5ce ( old e/ates or l>ge =tunes1 & :]e m5 7 judg$ m on _! m]its ?an 9 an old] society1 7 ! lead]s4 ,z w be se5 f ! map1 e new ,/ate admitt$ ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 except ,ohio 7admitt$ 9 #ahjb71 :]e ! ,new ,engl& elem5t pr$om9at$1 & ,l\isiana 7#ahab71 provid$ = full manhood suffrage at ! "t ( its admission to /atehood4 ,sev5 additional ,ea/]n ,/ates _h ext5d$ ! same full vot+ privileges to _! citiz5s by #ahde1 :ile ! old requirem5ts _h be5 mat]ially modifi$ 9 mo/ ( ! o!r ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,?is democratic movem5t = ! level+ ( all class di/9ctions betwe5 :ite m5 became v m>k$1 aft] #ahbj2 came to a head 9 ! election ( ,&rew ,jackson z ,presid5t1 9 #ahbh2 & ! f9al result 0 full manhood suffrage 9 all ! ,/ates4 ,?is gave ! f>m] 9 ! ,we/ & ! new manufactur+ classes 9 ! cities a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,,dates ,,( ,,! ,,grant+ ,,( ,,full ,,manhood ,,suffrage ,"s ( ! old] ,/ates grant$ almo/ full manhood suffrage at an e>li] date1 reta9+ a few m9or re/rictions until ! date giv5 on ! map4 ,/ates %ad$ grant$ full suffrage at ! "t ( admission to ! ,union4 ,,educational ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,suffrage4 ,! educational significance ( ! ext5sion ( full manhood suffrage to all 0 enorm\s & f>-rea*+4 ,!re n[ took place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aft] ab\t #ahbe1 :at took place 9 ,engl& aft] ! passage ( ! ,second ,re=m ,act 7p4 #fdb7 ( #ahfg4 ,) ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage to all classes ( ! population1 poor z well z ri*1 labor]1 z well z employ]1 !re came to ?9k+ m51 (t5 = ! fir/ "t1 a realization t g5]al education _h become a fundam5tal necessity = ! ,/ate1 & t ! g5]al education ( all 9 ! elem5ts ( k & civic virtue mu/ n[ assume t importance 9 ! m9ds ( ! lead]s ( ! ,/ate t ! education ( a few = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! _m = simple *ur* memb]%ip _h once held 9 ! m9ds ( ecclesia/ics4 ,?is new conception is well express$ 9 ! preamble to ! fir/ 7optional7 s*ool law enact$ 9 ,ill9ois 7#ahbe71 :i* decl>es3 ,to enjoy our rights & lib]ties1 we mu/ und]/& !m2 _! security & protection ought to be ! fir/ object ( a free p2 & x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t no nation has ev] cont9u$ long 9 ! enjoym5t ( civil & political fre$om1 :i* 0 n bo? virtu\s & enlight5$2 & believ+ t ! advancem5t ( lit]ature always has be51 & ev] w be ! means ( develop+ m fully ! rights ( man1 t ! m9d ( e citiz5 9 a republic is ! common prop]ty ( society1 & con/itutes ! basis ( its /r5g? & happ9ess2 x is !re=e consid]$ ! peculi> duty ( a free gov]nm5t1 l ours1 to enc\rage & ext5d ! improvem5t & cultivation ( ! intellectual en]gies ( ! :ole4 ,,utt]ances ,,( ,,public ,,m5 ,,& ,,work+m54 ,gov]nors n[ began to recomm5d to _! legislatures ! e/abli%m5t ( tax-support$ s*ools1 & public m5 began to urge /ate action & /ate control4 ,an utt]ance by ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 = n9e ye>s gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 may be tak5 z an example ( _m4 ,9 a message to ! legislature1 9 #ahbf1 def5d+ ! s*ools e/abli%$1 he said3 ,! fir/ duty ( gov]nm5t1 & ! sure/ evid5ce ( good gov]nm5t1 is ! enc\ragem5t ( education4 ,a g5]al diffusion ( k is a precursor & protector ( republican in/itutions1 & 9 x we mu/ confide z ! cons]vative p[] t w wat* ov] our lib]ties & gu>d !m aga9/ fraud1 intrigue1 corruption1 & viol5ce4 ,i consid] ! sy/em ( our common s*ools z ! palladium ( our fre$om1 = no reasonable appreh5sion c be ent]ta9$ ( its subv]sion z long z ! great body ( ! p are enlight5$ by education4 ,aft] ab\t #ahbe _m labor unions 7 =m$1 & ! repres5tatives ( ^! new organizations jo9$ 9 ! dem&s = s*ools & education1 urg+ ! free education ( _! *ildr5 z a natural "r4 ,9 #ahbi ! work+m5 ( ,philadelphia ask$ ea* c&idate = ! legislature = a =mal decl>ation ( ! attitude he w\ld assume t[>d ! provision ( an equal & a g5]al sy/em ( education = ! ,/ate4 ,9 #ahcj ! ,work+m5's ,committee ( ,philadelphia submitt$ a detail$ report 7,r4 #cae71 aft] five mon?s sp5t 9 inve/igat+ educational conditions 9 ,p5nsylvania1 vigor\sly condemn+ ! lack ( provision = education 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! utt]ly inadequate provision :]e any 0 made4 ,se? ,lu!r1 9 an address on ,! ,education ( ,work+m51 deliv]$ 9 #ahcb1 decl>$ t a l>ge body ( human be+s are ru9$ by a neglect ( education1 r5d]$ mis]able 9 ! extreme1 & incapable ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,/eph5 ,simpson1 9 8 ,a ,manual = ,work+m51 publi%$ 9 #ahca1 decl>$ t x is to education1 !re=e1 t we mu/ ma9ly look = r$ress ( t p]v]t$ sy/em ( society1 :i* dooms ! produc] to ignorance1 to toil1 & to p5ury1 to moral degradation1 physical want1 & social b>b>ism4 ,_m resolutions 7 adopt$ by ^! organizations dem&+ free /ate- support$ s*ools4 #h ,,iv4 ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,int]e/s1 ,,& ,,propag&a ,,! ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,int]e/s4 ,! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may be said to h witness$ ! battle = tax-support$1 publicly controll$ & direct$1 & non-sect>ian common s*ools4 ,9 #ahbe su* s*ools 7 /ill ! di/ant hope ( /atesm5 & re=m]s2 9 #ahej !y _h become an actuality 9 almo/ e ,nor!rn ,/ate4 ,! tw5ty- five ye>s int]v5+ m>k$ a p]iod ( public agitation & educational propag&a2 ( _m h>d legislative fights2 ( a /ruggle to secure desir$ legislation1 & !n to hold :at _h be5 secur$2 ( _m bitt] conte/s ) *ur* & private-s*ool int]e/s1 :i* felt t _! ve/$ rights 7 be+ tak5 f !m2 & ( occasional ref]5da 9 :i* ! p 7 ask$1 at ! next election1 to advise ! legislature z to :at to d4 ,except+ ! battle = ! abolition ( slav]y1 p]haps no "q has ev] be5 be=e ! ,am]ican p = settlem5t :i* caus$ s mu* feel+ or ar\s$ su* bitt] antagonisms4 ,! fri5ds ( free s*ools 7 at fir/ commonly reg>d$ z fanatics1 dang]\s to ! ,/ate1 & ! oppon5ts ( free s*ools 7 consid]$ by !m z old-"t cons]vatives or z selfi% memb]s ( society4 ,naturally su* a bitt] discussion ( a public "q =c$ an alignm5t ( ! p = or aga9/ publicly support$ & controll$ s*ools1 & ?is alignm5t ( int]e/s may be r\ghly /at$ to h be5 ab\t z foll[s3 ,i4 ,= ,public ,s*ools4 ,m5 consid]$ z3 #a4 ,citiz5s ( ! ,republic4 #b4 ,philan?ropi/s & humanit>ians4 #c4 ,public m5 ( l>ge vision4 #d4 ,city resid5ts4 #e4 ,! intellig5t work+m5 9 ! cities4 #f4 ,non-taxpay]s4 #g4 ,calv9i/s4 #h4 ,new ,engl& m54 ,,ii4 ,lukew>m1 or aga9/ ,public ,s*ools4 ,m5 consid]$ z3 #a4 ,belong+ to ! old ari/ocratic class4 #b4 ,! cons]vatives ( society4 #c4 ,politicians ( small vision4 #d4 ,resid5ts ( rural di/ricts4 #e4 ,! ignorant1 n>r[-m9d$1 & p5uri\s4 #f4 ,taxpay]s4 #g4 ,lu!rans1 ,re=m$-,*ur*1 ,m5nonites1 & ,quak]s4 #h4 ,s\!rn m54 #i4 ,proprietors ( private s*ools4 #aj4 ,! non-,engli%-speak+ classes4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,propag&a4 ,to meet ! argum5ts ( ! objectors1 to *ange ! op9ions ( a ?9k+ few into ! common op9ion ( ! _m1 to ov]come prejudice1 & to awak5 ! public consci5ce to ! public ne$ = free & common s*ools 9 su* a democratic society1 0 ! "w ( a g5]ation4 ,to conv9ce ! masses ( ! p t ! s*eme ( /ate s*ools 0 n only practicable1 b also ! be/ & mo/ economical means = giv+ _! *ildr5 ! b5efits ( an education2 to conv9ce prop]ti$ citiz5s t taxation = education 0 9 ! int]e/s ( bo? public & private welf>e2 to conv9ce legislators t x 0 safe to vote = free-s*ool bills2 & to ov]come ! opposition due to apa?y1 religi\s jeal\sies1 & private int]e/s1 0 ! "w ( ye>s4 ,9 "t1 ?\gh1 ! desirability ( common1 free1 tax- support$1 non-sect>ian1 /ate-controll$ s*ools became evid5t to a majority ( ! citiz5s 9 ! diff]5t ,am]ican ,/ates1 & z x did ! ,am]ican ,/ate ,s*ool1 free & equally op5 to all1 0 f9ally evolv$ & took its place z ! mo/ important in/itution 9 ! national life work+ = ! p]petuation ( a free democracy & ! advancem5t ( ! public welf>e4 ,= ?is "w ( propag&a hundr$s ( ,s*ool ,societies & ,educational ,associations 7 organiz$2 _m conv5tions 7 held1 & _m resolutions favor+ /ate s*ools 7 adopt$2 _m ,lett]s & ,addresses to ! ,public 7 writt5 & publi%$2 public-spirit$ citiz5s travel$ ov] ! c\ntry1 mak+ addresses to ! p expla9+ ! advantages ( free /ate s*ools2 _m public-spirit$ m5 gave ! be/ ye>s ( _! lives to ! /ate-s*ool propag&a2 & _m gov]nors s5t communications on ! subject to legislatures n yet conv9c$ z to ! desirability ( /ate action4 ,at ea* meet+ ( ! legislatures = ye>s a deluge ( resolutions1 memorials1 & petitions = & aga9/ free s*ools met ! memb]s4 ,! inv5tion ( ! /eam pr9t+ press came at ab\t ?is "t1 & ! fir/ mod]n newspap]s at a *eap price n[ appe>$4 ,^! usually esp\s$ progressive measures1 & trem5d\sly influ5c$ public s5tim5t4 ,^? n closely connect$ ) *ur* or private-s*ool int]e/s usually favor$ public tax-support$ s*ools4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,expla9 :y ! developm5t ( a national consci\sness 0 practically necess>y be=e an educational consci\sness c\ld be awak5$4 #b4 ,%[ :y x 0 natural1 suffrage conditions consid]$1 t ! e>ly int]e/ %\ld h be5 9 advanc$ education4 #c4 ,:y did ! ,sunday-,s*ool movem5t prove ( s mu* less usefulness 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&8 #d4 ,%[ ! analogy betwe5 ! e>li] s*ool societies = educational "w & o!r =ms ( mod]n associative ef=t4 #e4 ,expla9 ! great popul>ity ( ! ,lanca/rian s*ools ov] ^? previ\sly common 9 ,am]ica4 #f4 ,:at 7 two ( ! important contributions ( ! ,infant-,s*ool idea to ,am]ican education8 #g4 ,:y are s*ools & education mu* m ne$$ 9 a c\ntry exp]i5c+ a city & manufactur+ developm5t ?an 9 a c\ntry exp]i5c+ an agricultural developm5t8 #h4 ,%[ h[ ! developm5t ( cities caus$ ! old =ms ( education to break d[n1 & made evid5t ! ne$ = a new type ( education4 #i4 ,%[ h[ ea* ext5sion ( ! suffrage necessitates an ext5sion ( educational opportunities & advantages4 #aj4 ,expla9 ! alignm5t ( ea* class1 = or aga9/ tax-support$ s*ools1 on hi/orical & on economic gr\nds4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #cjg4 ,f[le3 ,! ,s*ools ( ,bo/on ab\t #agij-ahae4 #cjh4 ,rhode ,isl&3 ,petition = ,free ,s*ools1 #agii4 #cji4 ,provid5ce3 ,rules & ,regulations = ! ,s*ools 9 #ahbj4 #caj4 ,provid5ce3 ,a ,memorial = ,bett] ,s*ools1 #ahcg4 #caa4 ,b\rne3 ,beg9n+s ( ,public ,education 9 ,new ,york ,city4 #cab4 ,bo/on ,report3 ,advantages ( ! ,monitorial ,sy/em4 #cac4 ,wightman3 ,e/abli%m5t ( ,prim>y ,s*ools 9 ,bo/on4 #cad4 ,bo/on3 ,! ,elem5t>y-,s*ool ,sy/em 9 #ahbc4 #cae4 ,philadelphia3 ,report ( ,work+m5's ,committee on ,s*ools4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,j :at advantages = boys & = girls exi/$ 9 ,bo/on 7#cjg a1 b7 be=e ! creation ( ! read+ s*ools8 #b4 ,:at improvem5ts & additions did ! read+ s*ools 7#cjg c7 introduce8 #c4 ,/ate ! ma9 features ( ! ,rhode ,isl& petition 7#cjh7 ( #agii4 #d4 ,j :at k9d ( s*ools d ! ,provid5ce regulations 7#cji7 ( #ahbj provide = & describe8 #e4 ,despite ! _m advances made 9 public s*ools s9ce ! date ( ! ,provid5ce ,memorial 7#caj71 h relative public & private s*ool exp5ditures mat]ially *ang$8 #f4 ,comp>e ! ,new ,york ,public ,s*ool ,society ,address 7#caa7 ) ! ,engli% *>ity-s*ool organization 7#bcg1 #bch7 z to purpose & in/ruction4 #g4 ,%[ t a report on mod]n classroom organization w\ld pres5t advantages ov] ! monitorial plan1 comp>able ) ^? outl9$ by ! ,bo/on ,report 7#cab7 comp>+ ! monitorial & individual plans4 #h4 ,j :at does ! ,bo/on ,report on ,prim>y ,s*ools 7#cac7 reveal z to ! "* ( education !n provid$8 #i4 ,j :at k9d ( elem5t>y s*ools did ,bo/on h 7#cad7 9 #ahbc8 #aj4 ,j :at k9d ( s*ools exi/$ 9 ! cities ( ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahcj1 judg+ f ! ,report 7#cae7 ( ! ,work+m5's ,committee8 ,0 ! ,report correct ) ref]5ce to a monopoly ( tal5t8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,b9ns1 ,h4 ,b4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,education1 #ahjh-aijh4 ,boese1 ,?os1 ,public ,education 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,cubb]ley1 ,e4 ,p4 ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 ,fitzpatrick1 ,e4 ,a4 ,! ,educational ,views & ,influ5ces ( ,de ,witt ,cl9ton4 ,mc,manis1 ,j4 ,t4 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,society ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 #bi1 pp4 #cjc-aa4 7,m>*1 #aije47 99 ,palm]1 ,a4 ,e4 ,! ,new ,york ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em4 99 ,reig>t1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,lanca/rian ,sy/em ( ,in/ruction 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city4 99 ,salmon1 ,david4 ,joseph ,lanca/]4 99 ,simcoe1 ,a4 ,m4 ,social ,=ces 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,am]ican ,,battle ,,= ,,free ,,/ate ,,s*ools ,! problem :i* confront$ ^? int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ /ate- controll$ s*ools 0 n exactly ! same 9 any two ,/ates1 ?\gh ! battle 9 _m ,/ates possess$ common elem5ts1 & h5ce 0 some:at simil> 9 "*4 ,in/ead ( trac+ ! /ruggle 9 detail 9 ea* ( ! diff]5t ,/ates1 x w be mu* m pr(itable = our purposes to pick out ! ma9 /rategic po9ts 9 ! conte/1 & !n illu/rate ! conflict = ^! by describ+ conditions 9 "o or two ,/ates :]e ! controv]sy 0 mo/ sev]e or mo/ typical4 ,! sev5 /rategic po9ts 9 ! /ruggle = free1 tax-support$1 non-sect>ian1 /ate-controll$ s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 73 #a4 ,! battle = tax support4 #b4 ,! battle to elim9ate ! paup]-s*ool idea4 #c4 ,! battle to make ! s*ools entirely free4 #d4 ,! battle to e/abli% /ate sup]vision4 #e4 ,! battle to elim9ate sect>ianism4 #f4 ,! battle to ext5d ! sy/em upw>d4 #g4 ,addition ( ! /ate univ]sity to cr[n ! sy/em4 ,we %all consid] ea* ( ^!1 briefly1 9 ord]4 ,i4 ,,! ,,battle ,,= ,,tax ,,support ,,e>ly ,,support ,,& ,,end[m5t ,,funds4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 l& end[m5ts1 local taxes1 direct local appropriations1 lic5se taxes1 & rate-bills _h long be5 common4 ,l& end[m5ts began e>ly 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies1 :ile rate-bills date back to ! e>lie/ times & long rema9$ a favorite means ( rais+ money = s*ool support4 ,^! means 7 adopt$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates aft] ! beg9n+ ( our national p]iod1 & to !m 7 add$ a v>iety ( lic5se taxes1 :ile occupational taxes1 lott]ies1 & bank taxes also 7 employ$ to raise money = s*ools4 ,a few examples ( ^! may be cit$3 ,connecticut1 9 #aggd1 turn$ ov] all proce$s ( liquor lic5ses to ! t[ns :]e collect$1 to be us$ = s*ools4 ,new ,orleans1 9 #ahbf1 lic5s$ two !at]s on condition t !y ea* pay #cjjj annually = ! support ( s*ools 9 ! city4 ,new ,york1 9 #agii1 au?oriz$ f\r /ate lott]ies to raise #ajj1jjj = s*ools1 a simil> am\nt aga9 9 #ahja1 & num]\s o!r lott]ies be=e #ahaj4 ,new ,j]sey 7,r4 #bdf7 & mo/ ( ! o!r ,/ates did ! same4 ,congress pass$ f\rte5 jo9t resolutions1 betwe5 #ahab & #ahcf1 au?oriz+ lott]ies to help support ! s*ools ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,bank taxes 7 a favorite s\rce ( income = s*ools1 betwe5 ab\t #ahbe & #ahfj1 banks be+ *>t]$ on condition t !y w\ld pay ov] ea* ye> = s*ools a c]ta9 sum or p]c5tage ( _! e>n+s4 ,^! all repres5t :at is kn[n z indirect taxation1 & 7 valuable 9 accu/om+ ! p to ! idea ( public s*ools )\t appe>+ to tax !m = _! support4 ,! ,national ,l& ,grants1 begun 9 ! case ( ,ohio 9 #ahjb1 soon /imulat$ a new int]e/ 9 s*ools4 ,ea* ,/ate admitt$ aft] ,ohio also receiv$ ! sixte5? section = ! support ( common s*ools1 & two t[n%ips ( l& = ! end[m5t ( a /ate univ]sity4 ,! new ,we/]n ,/ates1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,ohio 7,r4 #bfj7 & ,indiana 7,r4 #bfa71 d$icat$ ^! section l&s & funds to free common s*ools4 ,! sixte5 old] ,/ates1 h[ev]1 did n %>e 9 ^! grants1 s mo/ ( !m n[ set ab\t build+ up a p]man5t s*ool fund ( _! own1 ?\gh at fir/ )\t any v cle> idea z to h[ ! income f ! fund 0 to be us$4 #a ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,s*ool ,,taxation4 ,! e>ly idea1 :i* seems = a "t to h be5 g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t ! income f l& grants1 lic5se fees1 & ^! p]man5t end[m5t funds w\ld 9 "t entirely support ! necess>y s*ools1 0 gradually ab&on$ z x 0 se5 h[ little 9 ye>ly income ^! funds & l&s really produc$1 & h[ rapidly ! population ( ! ,/ates 0 increas+4 ,by #ahbe x may be said to h be5 cle>ly recogniz$ by ?9k+ m5 t ! only safe reliance ( a sy/em ( /ate s*ools lay 9 ! g5]al & direct taxation ( all prop]ty = _! support4 ,! weal? ( ! ,/ate mu/ educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate became a wat*word1 & ! battle = direct1 local1 c\nty1 & /ate taxation = education 0 cle>ly on by #ahbe to #ahcj 9 all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 except ! f\r 9 ,new ,engl& :]e ! pr9ciple ( taxation = education _h = long be5 e/abli%$4 #b ,ev5 9 ^! ,/ates ! /ruggle to increase taxation & provide bett] s*ools call$ = mu* argum5t & popul> education 7,r4 #caf71 & occasional backw>d movem5ts 7,rs4 #cag1 #cah7 7 enc\nt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,free ,,public ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,detroit ,a "o-room s*ool1 op5$ 9 ! ,second ,w>d1 9 #ahch4 ,no action 0 tak5 9 any o!r w>d until #ahdb4 ,! /ruggle to secure ! fir/ legislation1 weak & ineffective z x seems to u to-day1 0 (t5 h>d & long4 ,campaigns ( education _h to be prep>$ = & c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,_m ?\ght t tax-support$ s*ools w\ld be dang]\s = ! ,/ate1 h>mful to individual good1 & ?or\ghly undemocratic4 ,_m did n see ! ne$ = s*ools at all4 ,portions ( a t[n or a city w\ld provide a free s*ool1 :ile o!r portions w\ld n4 ,(t5 ^? 9 favor ( taxation 7 bitt]ly assail$1 & ev5 at times ?reat5$ ) p]sonal viol5ce4 ,(t5 ^? 9 favor ( improv+ ! s*ool _h to wait pati5tly = ! opposition sl[ly to we> itself out 7,r4 #cai7 be=e any real progress c\ld be made4 ,,/ate ,,support ,,fix$ ,,! ,,/ate ,,sy/em4 ,) ! beg9n+s ( /ate aid 9 any sub/antial sums1 ei!r f ! income f p]man5t end[m5t funds1 /ate appropriations1 or direct /ate taxation1 ! ,/ate became1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 a position to en=ce q def9ite requirem5ts 9 _m matt]s4 ,communities :i* w\ld n meet ! ,/ate's requirem5ts w\ld receive no /ate funds4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requirem5ts to be ?us en=c$ 0 t communities or di/ricts receiv+ /ate aid mu/ also levy a local tax = s*ools4 ,commonly ! requirem5t 0 a duplication ( /ate aid4 ,g5]ally speak+1 & recogniz+ exceptions 9 a few ,/ates1 ?is repres5ts ! beg9n+s ( compulsory local taxation = education4 ,z e>ly z #agig ,v]mont _h requir$ ! t[ns to support _! s*ools on p5alty ( =feit+ _! %>e ( /ate aid4 ,new ,york 9 #ahab1 ,delaw>e 9 #ahbi1 & ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahdf requir$ a duplication ( all /ate aid receiv$4 ,wiscons91 9 its fir/ con/itution ( #ahdh1 requir$ a local tax = s*ools equal to "o half ! /ate aid receiv$4 ,! next /ep 9 /ate control 0 to add /ill o!r requirem5ts1 z a pr]equisite to receiv+ /ate aid4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( su* 0 t a c]ta9 l5g? ( s*ool t]m1 commonly ?ree mon?s1 mu/ be provid$ 9 ea* s*ool di/rict4 ,ano!r 0 ! provision ( free heat1 & lat] on free s*oolbooks & supplies4 ,:5 ! duplication-(-/ate-aid-receiv$ /age _h be5 rea*$1 compulsory local taxation = education _h be5 e/abli%$1 & ! great c5tral battle = ! creation ( a /ate s*ool sy/em _h be5 won4 ,! "r to tax = support1 & to compel local taxation1 0 ! key to ! :ole /ate sy/em ( education4 ,f ?is po9t on ! process ( evolv+ an adequate sy/em ( s*ool support 9 any ,/ate has be5 m]ely ! fur!r education ( public op9ion to see new educational ne$s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,! ,,paup]-,,s*ool ,,idea ,,! ,,paup]-,,s*ool ,,idea4 ,! paup]-s*ool idea 0 a direct inh]itance f ,engl&1 & its home 9 ,am]ica 0 9 ! old ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,colonies1 :]e ! old ,anglican ,*ur* _h be5 9 control4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,georgia 7 ! *ief repres5tatives1 ?\gh ! idea _h fri5ds among c]ta9 classes ( ! population 9 o!r ( ! old] ,/ates4 ,! new & democratic ,we/ w\ld n tol]ate x4 ,! paup]-s*ool conception 0 a direct inh]itance f ,engli% rule1 belong$ to a society bas$ on classes1 & 0 :olly out ( place 9 a ,republic f\nd$ on ! doctr9e t all m5 are creat$ equal1 & end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able rights4 ,/ill m1 x 0 a v dang]\s conception ( education = a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t to tol]ate or to fo/]4 ,its fri5ds 7 f\nd among ! old ari/ocratic or cons]vative classes1 ! heavy taxpay]s1 ! support]s ( *ur* s*ools1 & ! proprietors ( private s*ools4 ,citiz5s :o _h caught ! _s ( ! new ,republic1 public m5 ( l>ge vision1 intellig5t work+m51 & m5 ( ! ,new ,engl& type ( ?9k+ 7 oppos$ on pr9ciple to a plan :i* drew su* invidi\s di/9ctions betwe5 ! future citiz5s ( ! ,/ate4 ,to educate "p ( ! *ildr5 9 *ur* or private pay s*ools1 !y said1 & to segregate ^? too poor to pay tuition & educate !m at public exp5se 9 paup] s*ools1 (t5 ) ! br& ( paup] made v evid5t to !m1 0 c]ta9 to create classes 9 society :i* 9 "t w\ld prove a s]i\s dang] to our democratic in/itutions4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^? = :om ! paup] s*ools 7 int5d$ w\ld n br& !mselves z paup]s by s5d+ _! *ildr5 to ! s*ools1 & o!rs :o accept$ ! advantages (f]$1 = ! sake ( _! *ildr51 despis$ ! sy/em4 #c ,! battle = ! elim9ation ( ! paup]-s*ool idea 0 f\ght out 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! ,/ates ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 & ! /ruggle 9 ^! two ,/ates we %all n[ briefly describe4 ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,legislation4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania we f9d ! paup]-s*ool idea fully develop$4 ,! con/itution ( #agij 7,r4 #bei7 _h provid$ = a /ate sy/em ( paup] s*ools1 b no?+ 0 done to c>ry ev5 ?is con/itutional direction into effect until #ahjb4 ,a paup]-s*ool law 0 !n enact$1 direct+ ! ov]se]s ( ! poor to notify su* p>5ts z !y deem$ suffici5tly indig5t t1 if !y w\ld decl>e !mselves to be paup]s1 _! *ildr5 might be s5t to "s specifi$ private or pay s*ool & be giv5 free education 7,r4 #cae74 ,! exp5se = ?is 0 assess$ aga9/ ! education poor-fund1 :i* 0 levi$ & collect$ 9 ! same mann] z 7 road taxes or taxes = poor relief4 ,no provision 0 made = ! e/abli%m5t ( public s*ools1 ev5 = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 nor 0 any /&>d set = ! education to be provid$ 9 ! s*ools to :i* !y 7 s5t4 ,no o!r g5]al provision = elem5t>y education 0 made 9 ! ,/ate until #ahcd4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! cities1 & ! rise ( _! special problems1 some?+ m ?an ?is v inadequate provision = s*ool+ became necess>y4 ,! ,philadelphia ,society = ! ,e/abli%m5t & ,support ( ,*>ity ,s*ools _h long be5 urg+ a bett] sy/em1 & 9 #ahad ',! ,society = ! ,promotion ( a ,rational ,sy/em ( ,education 0 organiz$ 9 ,philadelphia = ! purpose ( educational propag&a4 ,bills 7 prep>$ & pu%$1 & 9 #ahah ,philadelphia 0 p]mitt$1 by special law1 to organize z ! fir/ s*ool di/rict 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 & to provide1 ) its own funds1 a sy/em ( ,lanca/rian s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( its poor4 #d ,,! ,,law ,,( #ahcd4 ,9 #ahbg ,! ,p5nsylvania ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,public ,s*ools began an educational propag&a :i* did mu* to br+ ab\t ! ,free-,s*ool ,act ( #ahcd4 ,9 an ,address to ! ,public x decl>$ its object to be ! promotion ( public education ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ! ,address clos$ ) ^! words3 ,?is ,society is at pres5t compos$ ( ab\t #bej memb]s1 & a correspond5ce has be5 comm5c$ ) #abe memb]s1 :o reside 9 e di/rict 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x is int5d$ to direct ! cont9u$ att5tion ( ! public to ! importance ( ! subject2 to collect & diffuse all in=mation :i* may be deem$ valuable2 & to p]sev]e 9 _! labors until !y %all be cr[n$ ) success4 ,memorials 7 pres5t$ to ! legislature ye> aft] ye>1 gov]nors 7 int]e/$1 ,addresses to ! ,public 7 prep>$1 & a vigor\s propag&a 0 kept up until ! ,free-,s*ool ,law ( #ahcd 0 ! result4 ,?is law1 ?\gh1 0 optional4 ,x creat$ e w>d1 t[n%ip1 & bor\gh 9 ! ,/ate a s*ool di/rict1 a total ( #ihg be+ creat$ = ! ,/ate4 ,ea* s*ool di/rict 0 ord]$ to vote t autumn on ! acceptance or rejection ( ! law4 ,^? accept+ ! law 7 to organize "u its provisions1 :ile ^? reject+ ! law 7 to cont9ue "u ! educational provisions ( ! old ,paup]-,s*ool ,act4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,s*ool ,,elections ,,( #ahce ,%[+ ! p]c5tage ( s*ool di/ricts 9 ea* c\nty organiz+ "u & accept+ ! ,s*ool ,law ( #ahcd4 ,p]c5tage ( di/ricts accept+ indicat$ on ! map = a few ( ! c\nties4 ,! results ( ! s*ool elections ( #ahcd are %[n1 by c\nties1 on ! bel[ map4 ,( ! total ( #ihg di/ricts creat$1 #ejb1 9 #df ( ! !n #eb c\nties 7,philadelphia ,c\nty n vot+71 or #eb p] c5t ( ! :ole numb]1 vot$ to accept ! new law & organize "u x2 #bfd di/ricts1 9 #ca c\nties1 or #bg p] c5t ( ! :ole1 vot$ def9itely to reject ! law2 & #bba di/ricts1 9 #df c\nties1 or #ba p] c5t ( ! :ole1 refus$ to take any action ei!r way4 ,9 #c c\nties1 indicat$ on ! map1 e di/rict accept$ ! law1 & 9 #e c\nties1 also indicat$ e di/rict reject$ or refus$ to act on ! law4 ,x 0 ! pr$om9antly ,g]man c\nties1 locat$ 9 ! ea/-c5tral portion ( ! ,/ate1 :i* 7 /ronge/ 9 _! opposition to ! new law4 ,"o reason = ?is 0 t ! new law provid$ = ,engli% s*ools2 ano!r 0 ! objection ( ! ?rifty ,g]mans to taxation2 & ano!r 0 ! fe> t ! new /ate s*ools might injure _! ,g]man p>o*ial s*ools4 ,! real fight = free v]sus paup] s*ools1 ?\gh1 0 yet to come4 ,legislators :o _h vot$ = ! law 7 bitt]ly assail$1 &1 ?\gh x 0 b an optional law1 ! "q ( its repeal & ! re9/atem5t ( ! old ,paup]-,s*ool ,law became ! burn+ issue ( ! campaign 9 ! autumn ( #ahcd4 ,_m legislators :o _h favor$ ! law 7 defeat$ = reelection4 ,o!rs1 see+ defeat1 refus$ to run4 ,petitions = ! repeal ( ! law1 #e & remon/rances aga9/ its repeal1 flood$ ! legislature :5 x met4 ,! ,s5ate at once repeal$ ! law1 b ! ,h\se1 l>gely "u ! lead]%ip ( a ,v]mont] by ! "n ( ,?addeus ,/ev5s1 #f refus$ to reconsid]1 & f9ally =c$ ! ,s5ate to accept an am5d$ & a /ill /rong] bill4 ,?is defeat f9ally settl$1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 ! paup]-s*ool "q 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #g ?\gh x 0 n until #ahgc t ! la/ di/rict 9 ! ,/ate accept$ ! new sy/em4 ,,elim9at+ ,,! ,,paup]-,,s*ool ,,idea ,,9 ,,new ,,j]sey4 ,no con/itutional m5tion ( education 0 made 9 ,new ,j]sey until #ahdd1 & no educational legislation 0 pass$ until #ahaf4 ,9 t ye> a p]man5t /ate s*ool fund 0 begun1 & 9 #ahbj ! fir/ p]mission to levy taxes = ! education ( su* poor *ildr5 z are paup]s 0 grant$4 ,9 #ahbh an ext5sive inve/igation %[$ t "o ?ird ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate 7 )\t educational opportunities1 & z a result ( ?is inve/igation ! fir/ g5]al s*ool law = ! ,/ate 0 enact$1 9 #ahbi4 ,?is provid$ = di/rict s*ools1 s*ool tru/ees & visitation1 lic5s$ tea*]s1 local taxation1 & made a /ate appropriation ( #bj1jjj a ye> to help e/abli% ! sy/em4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 ?is law 0 repeal$ & ! old paup]-s*ool plan re/abli%$1 l>gely due to ! pressure ( *ur* & private-s*ool int]e/s4 ,9 #ahcj & #ahca ! /ate appropriation 0 made divisible among private & p>o*ial s*ools1 z well z ! public paup] s*ools1 & ! use ( all public money 0 limit$ to ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,betwe5 #ahbh & #ahch a numb] ( conv5tions ( fri5ds ( free public s*ools 7 held 9 ! ,/ate1 & mu* "w 9 ! nature ( propag&a 0 done4 ,at a conv5tion 9 #ahch a committee 0 appo9t$ to prep>e an ,address to ! ,p ( ,new ,j]sey on ! educational ne$s ( ! ,/ate 7,r4 #cbj71 & speak]s 7 s5t ov] ! ,/ate to talk to ! p on ! subject4 ,! campaign aga9/ ! paup] s*ool _h j be5 f\ght to a conclusion 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & ! result ( ! appeal 9 ,new ,j]sey 0 su* a popul> manife/ation 9 favor ( free s*ools t ! legislature ( #ahch in/itut$ a p>tial /ate s*ool sy/em4 ,! paup]-s*ool laws 7 repeal$1 & ! be/ features ( ! %ort-liv$ ,law ( #ahbi 7 renact$4 ,9 #ahdd a new /ate con/itution limit$ ! income ( ! p]man5t /ate s*ool fund exclusively to ! support ( public s*ools4 ,) ! paup]-s*ool idea elim9at$ f ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,nor? 0 ?r\gh ) x4 ,! wisdom ( its elim9ation soon became evid5t1 & we he> little m ( x among ,nor!rn p4 ,! democratic ,we/ nev] tol]at$ x4 ,x cont9u$ "s "t long] 9 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,georgia1 & at places = a "t 9 o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b f9ally disappe>$ 9 ! ,s\? z well 9 ! educational reorganizations :i* took place foll[+ ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,s*ools ,,entirely ,,free ,,! ,,s*ools ,,n ,,yet ,,free4 ,! rate-bill1 z we h previ\sly /at$1 0 an old in/itution1 also br\ght ov] f ,engl&1 z ! t]m rate signifies4 ,x 0 a *>ge levi$ ^u ! p>5t to supplem5t ! s*ool rev5ues & prolong ! s*ool t]m1 & 0 assess$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( *ildr5 s5t by ea* p>5t to ! s*ool4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 z = example ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut1 its use w5t back to colonial times2 9 o!rs x 0 add$ z ! co/ = education increas$1 & x 0 se5 t ! income f p]man5t funds & au?oriz$ taxation 0 n suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! s*ool ! necess>y l5g? ( "t4 ,! defici5cy 9 rev5ue 0 *>g$ aga9/ ! p>5ts s5d+ *ildr5 to s*ool1 pro rata1 & collect$ z ord9>y tax-bills 7,r4 #cba74 ,! *>ge 0 small1 b x 0 suffici5t to keep _m poor *ildr5 away f ! s*ools4 ,! ris+ cities1 ) _! new social problems1 c\ld n & w\ld n tol]ate ! rate-bill sy/em1 & "o by "o !y secur$ special laws f legislatures :i* enabl$ !m to organize a city s*ool sy/em1 sep>ate f city-c\ncil control1 & "u a local bo>d ( education4 ,"o ( ! provisions ( ^! special laws ne>ly always 0 ! "r to levy a city tax = s*ools suffici5t to provide free education = ! *ildr5 ( ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ref]5dum ,,( #ahej ,total vote3 ,= free s*ools1 #ag c\nties & #bji1cdf vot]s2 aga9/ free s*ools1 #db c\nties & #ahd1cjh vot]s4 ,,! ,,fight ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,rate-,,bill ,,9 ,,new ,,york4 ,! attempt to aboli% ! rate-bill & make ! s*ools :olly free 0 mo/ vigor\sly conte/$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & ! conte/ !re is mo/ easily describ$4 ,f #ahbh to #ahfh1 ?is tax on ! p>5ts produc$ an av]age annual sum ( #daj1fhe4ff1 or ab\t "o half ( ! sum paid all ! tea*]s ( ! ,/ate = sal>y4 ,:ile ! weal?y di/ricts 7 secur+ special legislation & tax+ !mselves to provide free s*ools = _! *ildr51 ! poor] & less popul\s di/ricts 7 left to /ruggle to ma9ta9 _! s*ools ! f\r mon?s ea* ye> necess>y to secure /ate aid4 ,f9ally1 aft] mu* agitation1 & a numb] ( appeals to ! legislature to assume ! rate-bill *>ges 9 ! =m ( g5]al /ate taxation1 & ?us make ! s*ools entirely free1 ! legislature1 9 #ahdi1 ref]r$ ! matt] back to ! p to be vot$ on at ! elections t autumn4 ,! legislature 0 to be ?us advis$ by ! p z to :at action x %\ld take4 ,! result 0 a /ate-wide campaign = free1 public1 tax-support$ s*ools1 z aga9/ p>tially free1 rate-bill s*ools4 ,! result ( ! #ahdi election 0 a vote ( #bdi1hgb 9 favor ( mak+ ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 & #ia1ieb aga9/ x4 ,?is only seem$ to /ir ! oppon5ts ( free s*ools to r5ew$ action1 & !y induc$ ! next legislature to resubmit ! "q = ano!r vote1 9 ! autumn ( #ahej4 ,! result ( ! ref]5dum ( #ahej is %[n on ! map on page #fhe4 ,! oppon5ts ( tax-support$ s*ools n[ mu/]$ _! full /r5g?1 d\bl+ _! vote 9 #ahdi1 :ile ! majority = free s*ools 0 mat]ially cut d[n4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ %[n on ?is map 0 ! cle> & unmi/akable voice ( ! cities4 ,!y w\ld n tol]ate ! rate- bill1 &1 despite _! l>g] prop]ty int]e/s1 !y favor$ tax- support$ free s*ools4 ,! rural di/ricts1 on ! o!r h&1 oppos$ ! idea4 ,,! ,,rate-,,bill ,,9 ,,o!r ,,/ates4 ,^! two ref]5da virtually settl$ ! "q 9 ,new ,york1 ?\gh = a "t a compromise 0 adopt$4 ,! /ate appropriation = s*ools 0 v mat]ially increas$1 ! rate- bill 0 reta9$1 & ! organization ( union di/ricts to provide free s*ools by local taxation :]e p desir$ !m 0 au?oriz$4 ,_m ( ^! union free di/ricts n[ arose 9 ! m progressive communities ( ! ,/ate1 & f9ally1 9 #ahfg1 aft] rural & o!r =ms ( opposition _h l>gely subsid$1 & aft] almo/ all ! old] ,/ates _h ab&on$ ! plan1 ! ,new ,york legislature f9ally aboli%$ ! rate-bill & made ! s*ools ( ,new ,york entirely free4 ,! dates = ! abolition ( ! rate-bill 9 ! o!r old] ,nor!rn ,/ates 73 #ahcd4 ,p5nsylvania4 #ahfg4 ,new ,york4 #aheb4 ,indiana4 #ahfh4 ,connecticut4 #ahec4 ,ohio4 #ahfh4 ,rhode ,isl&4 #ahee4 ,ill9ois4 #ahfi4 ,mi*igan4 #ahfd4 ,v]mont4 #ahga4 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! ,new ,york fight ( #ahdi & #ahej 0 ! pivotal fight2 9 ! o!r ,/ates x 0 ab&on$ by legislative act1 & )\t a s]i\s conte/4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates free education came ) ! educational reorganizations foll[+ ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,/ate ,,control4 ,! great battle = /ate s*ools 0 n only = taxation to /imulate _! developm5t :]e none exi/$1 b 0 also indirectly a battle = "s =m ( /ate control ( ! local sy/ems :i* _h already gr[n up4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t /ate s*ool funds by ! old] ,/ates1 to supplem5t any o!r aid :i* might be grant$1 also t5d$ t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( "s =m ( /ate sup]vision & control ( ! local s*ool sy/ems4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( "s =m ( /ate aid2 ! next 0 ! impos+ ( conditions necess>y to secure ?is /ate aid4 ,/ate ov]sight & control1 h[ev]1 does n ex]cise itself1 & x soon became evid5t t ! ,/ates mu/ elect or appo9t "s (fic] to repres5t ! ,/ate & en=ce ! obs]vance ( its dem&s4 ,x w\ld be prim>ily 8 duty to see t ! laws relat+ to s*ools 7 c>ri$ out1 t /ati/ics z to exi/+ conditions 7 collect$ & pr9t$1 & t communities 7 prop]ly advis$ z to _! duties & ! legislature z to ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate4 ,we f9d n[ ! creation ( a s]ies ( s*ool (fic]s to repres5t ! ,/ate1 ! enactm5t ( new laws ext5d+ control1 & a /ruggle to integrate1 subord9ate1 & r$uce to "s semblance ( a /ate s*ool sy/em ! hundr$s ( little community s*ool sy/ems :i* _h gr[n up4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,(fic]s4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican ,/ate to create a /ate (fic] to ex]cise sup]vision ov] its s*ools 0 ,new ,york1 9 #ahab4 ,9 enact+ ! new law #h provid+ = /ate aid = s*ools ! fir/ ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,common ,s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 creat$4 ,s f> z is kn[n ?is 0 a di/9ctively ,am]ican creation1 un9flu5c$ by ! practice 9 any o!r l&4 ,x 0 to be ! duty ( ?is (fic] to look aft] ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( ! s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 #i ,m>yl& creat$ ! (fice 9 #ahbf1 b two ye>s lat] aboli%$ x & did n re-create x until #ahfd4 ,ill9ois direct$ its ,secret>y ( ,/ate to act1 ex (ficio1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools 9 #ahbe1 z did also ,v]mont 9 #ahbg1 ,l\isiana 9 #ahcc1 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahcd1 & ,t5nessee 9 #ahce4 ,ill9ois did n create a real ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ?\gh1 until #ahed1 ,v]mont until #ahde1 ,l\isiana until #ahdg1 ,p5nsylvania until #aheg1 or ,t5nessee until #ahfg4 ,! fir/ ,/ates to create sep>ate s*ool (ficials :o h be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t 7 ,mi*igan & ,k5tucky1 bo? 9 #ahcg4 ,(t5 q a legislative /ruggle took place to secure ! e/abli%m5t ( ! (fice1 & lat] on to prev5t its abolition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,,/atus ,,( ,,s*ool ,,sup]vision ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfa ,= a li/ ( ! #bh ,city ,sup]9t5d5cies e/abli%$ up to #ahgj1 see ,cubb]ley's ,public ,s*ool ,adm9i/ration1 p4 #eh4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! /ate educational (fice 9 ea* ,/ate see ,cubb]ley & ,elliott1 ,/ate & ,c\nty ,s*ool ,adm9i/ration1 ,s\rce ,book1 pp4 #bhc-hg4 ,by #ahej !re 7 ex-(ficio /ate s*ool (fic]s 9 n9e & regul> s*ool (fic]s 9 sev5 ( ! !n ?irty-"o ,/ates1 & by #ahfa !re 7 ex-(ficio (fic]s 9 n9e & regul> (fic]s 9 n9ete5 ( ! !n ?irty-f\r ,/ates1 z well z "o ( ea* 9 two ( ! organiz$ ,t]ritories4 ,! above map %[s ! gr[? ( sup]visory ov]sight by #ahfa--;=ty-n9e ye>s f ! "t ! fir/ ,am]ican /ate s*ool (fic] 0 creat$4 ,! map also %[s ! t5 ( ! ?irty-f\r ,/ates :i* _h1 by #ahfa1 also creat$ ! (fice ( ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 z well z ! tw5ty-five cities :i* _h1 by #ahfa1 creat$ ! (fice ( ,city ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,only ?ree m cities--,albany1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,kansas ,city--7 add$ be=e #ahgj1 mak+ a total ( tw5ty-eight1 b s9ce t date ! numb] ( city sup]9t5d5ts has increas$ to some?+ l f\rte5 hundr$ to-day4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/ate ,,bo>d ,,( ,,education4 ,ano!r important =m = /ate control :i* 0 creat$ a little lat] 0 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ) an appo9t$ ,secret>y1 :o ex]cis$ ab\t ! same functions z a ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,?is =m ( organization fir/ arose 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahcg1 9 an ef=t to subord9ate ! di/rict s*ools & r$uce !m to a semblance ( an organiz$ sy/em4 ,9 #ahbf ea* t[n 7t[n%ip7 _h be5 requir$ to appo9t a ,s*ool ,committee 7,s*ool ,bo>d7 to ex]cise g5]al sup]vision ov] its s*ools1 9 #ahcd ! /ate p]man5t s*ool fund 0 creat$1 & 9 #ahcg ! re=m movem5t rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! creation ( ! fir/ real ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! usual ,am]ican practice ( ! "t1 & provid+ = an elect$ ,/ate ,s*ool ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,massa*usetts provid$ = a small appo9t$ ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education :i* 9 turn 0 to select a ,secret>y1 :o 0 to act 9 ! capacity ( a /ate s*ool (fic] & report to ! ,bo>d1 & ?r\gh x to ! legislature & ! p4 ,nei!r ! ,bo>d nor ! ,secret>y 7 giv5 any p[]s ( compulsion1 _! "w be+ to inve/igate conditions1 report facts1 expose defects1 & make recomm5dations z to action to ! legislature4 ,! p]man5ce & influ5ce ( ! ,bo>d ?us dep5d$ v l>gely on ! "* ( ! ,secret>y x select$4 ,,horace ,,mann ,,! ,,fir/ ,,secret>y4 ,a prom95t ,br[n ,univ]sity graduate & lawy] 9 ! ,/ate ,s5ate1 by ! "n ( ,horace ,mann 7#agif-ahei71 :o z presid5t ( ! ,s5ate _h be5 ( mu* assi/ance 9 secur+ passage ( ! bill creat+ ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 0 f9ally induc$ by ! ,gov]nor & ! ,bo>d to accept ! position ( ,secret>y4 ,mr4 ,mann n[ began a mo/ memorable "w ( educat+ public op9ion1 & soon became ! ackn[l$g$ lead] 9 s*ool organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/ate aft] ,/ate call$ ^u him = advice & c\nsel1 :ile 8 twelve annual ,reports to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education w always rema9 memorable docum5ts4 ,public m5 ( all classes--lawy]s1 cl]gym51 college pr(essors1 lit]>y m51 tea*]s--7 laid "u tribute & s5t =? ov] ! ,/ate expla9+ to ! p ! ne$ = a reawak5+ ( educational int]e/ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,e ye> ,mr4 ,mann organiz$ a campaign1 to expla9 to ! p ! mean+ & importance ( g5]al education4 ,s successful 0 he1 & s ripe 0 ! "t = su* a movem5t1 t he n only />t$ a great common s*ool revival 9 ,massa*usetts :i* l$ to ! reg5]ation ( ! s*ools !re1 b "o :i* 0 felt & :i* influ5c$ developm5t 9 e ,nor!rn ,/ate4 ,8 twelve c>efully writt5 ,reports on ! condition ( education 9 ,massa*usetts & else:]e1 ) 8 intellig5t discussion ( ! aims & purposes ( public education1 occupy a comm&+ place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican education1 :ile he w always be reg>d$ z p]haps ! greate/ ( ! f\nd]s ( our ,am]ican sy/em ( free public s*ools4 ,no "o did m ?an he to e/abli% 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,am]ican p ! conception t education %\ld be univ]sal1 non-sect>ian1 & free1 & t its aim %\ld be social effici5cy1 civic virtue1 & "*1 r ?an m]e le>n+ or ! advancem5t ( sect>ian ends4 ,"u 8 practical lead]%ip an unorganiz$ & het]og5e\s s]ies ( community s*ool sy/ems 0 r$uc$ to organization & weld$ toge!r into a /ate s*ool sy/em1 & ! p ( ,massa*usetts 7 effectively recall$ to _! anci5t belief 9 & duty t[>d ! education ( ! p4 ,,h5ry ,,b>n>d ,,9 ,,connecticut ,,& ,,rhode ,,isl&4 ,almo/ equally important1 ?\gh ( a some:at diff]5t "*1 0 ! "w ( ,h5ry ,b>n>d 7#ahaa-aijj7 9 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,a graduate ( ,yale1 & also educat$ = ! law1 he turn$ aside to tea* & became deeply int]e/$ 9 education4 ,! ye>s #ahce-cg he sp5t 9 ,europe /udy+ s*ools1 p>ticul>ly ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi's disciples4 ,on 8 return to ,am]ica he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,connecticut legislature1 & at once =mulat$ & secur$ passage ( ! ,connecticut law 7#ahci7 provid+ = a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,commission]s = ,common ,s*ools1 ) a ,secret>y1 aft] ! ,massa*usetts plan4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d 0 !n elect$ z its fir/ ,secret>y1 & reluctantly gave up ! law & accept$ ! position at ! munific5t sal>y ( #c a day & exp5ses4 ,until ! legislature aboli%$ bo? ! ,bo>d & ! position1 9 #ahdb1 he r5d]$ = ,connecticut a s]vice sc>cely less important ?an ! bett]-kn[n re=ms :i* ,horace ,mann 0 at t "t c>ry+ on 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,educational ,,awak5+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,horace ,,mann 7#agif-ahei7 7,f ! pa9t+ at ! ,we/field1 ,massa*usetts1 ,normal ,s*ool7 ,,h5ry ,,b>n>d 7#ahaa-aijj7 ,9 #ahdc he 0 call$ to ,rhode ,isl& to exam9e & report ^u ! exi/+ s*ools1 & f #ahde to #ahdi act$ z ,/ate ,commission] ( ,public ,s*ools !re1 :]e he r5d]$ a s]vice simil> to t previ\sly r5d]$ 9 ,connecticut4 ,9 addition he organiz$ a s]ies ( t[n libr>ies ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,= 8 tea*]s' in/itutes he devis$ a travel+ model s*ool1 to give demon/ration lessons 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,f #ahea to #ahee he 0 aga9 9 ,connecticut1 z pr9cipal ( ! newly e/abli%$ /ate normal s*ool & ex-(ficio ,secret>y ( ! ,connecticut ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,he n[ rewrote ! s*ool laws1 increas$ taxation = s*ools1 *eck$ ! p[] ( ! di/ricts1 !re kn[n z s*ool societies1 & laid ! f\ndations ( a /ate sy/em ( s*ools4 ,! "w ( ,mann & ,b>n>d _h its influ5ce ?r\gh\t all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & enc\rag$ ! fri5ds ( education ev]y:]e4 ,almo/ contemporane\s ) !m 7 lead]s 9 o!r ,/ates :o help$ fight ?r\gh ! battles ( /ate e/abli%m5t & /ate organization & control1 & ! p]iod ( _! labors has s9ce be5 t]m$ ! p]iod ( ! great awak5+4 ,v4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,sect>ianism ,,! ,,secul>ization ,,( ,,am]ican ,,education4 ,! ,*ur*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 f ! e>lie/ colonial times 9 possession ( ! education ( ! "y4 ,n only 7 ! e>lie/ s*ools controll$ by ! ,*ur* & dom9at$ by ! religi\s motive1 b ! "r ( ! ,*ur* to dictate ! tea*+ 9 ! s*ools 0 cle>ly recogniz$ by ! ,/ate4 ,/ill m1 ! ,/ate look$ to ! ,*ur* to provide ! necess>y education1 & assi/$ x 9 do+ s by donations ( l& & money4 ,! m9i/]1 z a t[n (ficial1 naturally exam9$ ! tea*]s & ! in/ruction 9 ! s*ools4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t ?is relation%ip = a "t cont9u$4 #aj ,new ,york & ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates specifically set aside l&s to help bo? *ur* & s*ool4 ,aft] ab\t #ahjj ^! l& end[m5ts = religion ceas$1 b grants ( /ate aid = religi\s s*ools cont9u$ = ne>ly a half-c5tury long]4 ,!n x became common = a t[n or city to build a s*oolh\se f city taxation1 & let x out r5t-free to any responsible p]son :o w\ld conduct a tuition s*ool 9 x1 ) a few free places = select$ poor *ildr54 ,/ill lat]1 ) ! rise ( ! /ate s*ools1 x became q common to take ov] *ur* & private s*ools & aid !m on ! same basis z ! new /ate s*ools4 ,9 colonial times1 too1 & = "s decades into our national p]iod1 ! w>me/ advocates ( ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 7 ^? :o _h 9 view ! ne$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!n gradually ! emphasis %ift$ to ! ne$s ( ! ,/ate1 & a new class ( advocates ( public education n[ arose4 ,/ill lat] ! emphasis has be5 %ift$ to indu/rial & civic & national ne$s1 & ! religi\s aim has be5 almo/ completely elim9at$4 ,?is *ange is kn[n z ! secul>ization ( ,am]ican education4 ,x also requir$ _m a bitt] /ruggle1 & 0 accompli%$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates b sl[ly4 ,! two great factors :i* s]v$ to produce ?is *ange 73 #a4 ,! conviction t ! life ( ! ,republic dem&$ an educat$ & intellig5t citiz5%ip1 & h5ce ! g5]al education ( all 9 common s*ools controll$ by ! ,/ate2 & #b4 ,! great div]sity ( religi\s beliefs among ! p1 :i* =c$ tol]ance & religi\s fre$om ?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! rights ( m9orities4 ,! secul>ization ( education mu/ n be reg>d$ ei!r z a delib]ate or a wanton violation ( ! rights ( ! ,*ur*1 b r z an unavoidable incid5t connect$ ) ! com+ to self-consci\sness & self-gov]nm5t ( a great p4 ,,! ,,fight ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4 ,! educational awak5+ 9 ,massa*usetts1 br\ght on l>gely by ! "w ( ,horace ,mann1 0 to _m a rude awak5+4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x reveal$ t ! old s*ool ( ! ,puritans _h gradually be5 replac$ by a new & purely ,am]ican type ( s*ool1 ) in/ruction adapt$ to democratic & national r ?an religi\s ends4 ,mr4 ,mann /ood /rongly = su* a conception ( public education1 & be+ a ,unit>ian1 & ! new ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education be+ almo/ entirely lib]al 9 religion1 an attack 0 laun*$ aga9/ !m1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 our hi/ory ! cry 0 rais$ t ,! public s*ools are ,godless s*ools4 ,^? :o believ$ 9 ! old sy/em ( religi\s in/ruction1 ^? :o bore ! ,bo>d or its ,secret>y p]sonal ill-w1 & ^? :o desir$ to break d[n ! ,bo>d's au?ority & /op ! developm5t ( ! public s*ools1 unit$ _! =ces 9 ?is fir/ big attack aga9/ secul> education4 ,horace ,mann 0 ! fir/ prom95t educator 9 ,am]ica to meet & answ] ! religi\s onslaught4 ,a viol5t attack 0 op5$ 9 bo? ! pulpit & ! press4 ,x 0 claim$ t ! ,bo>d 0 try+ to elim9ate ! ,bible f ! s*ools1 to aboli% correction1 & to make ! s*ools a c\nt]poise to religi\s in/ruction at home & 9 ,sabba? s*ools4 ,! local "r to dem& religi\s in/ruction 0 insi/$ ^u4 ,mr4 ,mann felt t a great public issue _h be5 rais$ :i* %\ld be answ]$ c>efully & fully4 ,9 ?ree public /atem5ts he answ]$ ! criticisms & po9t$ out ! errors 9 ! argum5t 7,r4 #cbb74 ,! ,bible1 he said1 0 an invaluable book = =m+ ! "* ( *ildr51 & %\ld be read )\t comm5t 9 ! s*ools1 b x 0 n necess>y to tea* x !re4 ,he %[$ t mo/ ( ! t[ns _h giv5 up ! tea*+ ( ! ,cate*ism be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,he cont5d$ t any attempt to decide :at cre$ or doctr9e %\ld be taught w\ld mean ! ru9 ( ! s*ools4 ,! attack culm9at$ 9 ! attempts ( ! religi\s =ces to aboli% ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 9 ! legislatures ( #ahdj & #ahda1 :i* fail$ dismally4 ,mo/ ( ! or?odox p ( ! ,/ate took ,mr4 ,mann's side1 & ,gov]nor ,briggs1 9 "o ( 8 messages1 comm5d$ 8 /& by ins]t+ ! foll[+3 ,ju/ice to a fai?ful public (fic] leads me to say t ! indefatigable & accompli%$ ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education has p]=m$ s]vices 9 ! cause ( common s*ools :i* w e>n him ! la/+ gratitude ( ! g5]ation to :i* he belongs4 ,,! ,,attempt ,,to ,,divide ,,! ,,s*ool ,,funds4 ,z 0 /at$ e>li]1 9 ! beg9n+ x 0 common to aid *ur* s*ools on ! same basis z ! /ate s*ools1 & sometimes1 9 ! beg9n+s ( /ate aid1 ! money 0 di/ribut$ among exi/+ s*ools )\t at fir/ e/abli%+ any public s*ools4 ,9 _m ,ea/]n cities *ur* s*ools at fir/ %>$ 9 ! public funds4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania *ur* & private s*ools 7 aid$ f poor-law funds up to #ahcd4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! fir/ g5]al s*ool law ( #ahbi _h be5 repeal$ a ye> lat] ?r\gh ! unit$ ef=ts ( *ur* & private-s*ool int]e/s1 :o unit$ly f\ght ! developm5t ( /ate s*ools1 & 9 #ahcj & #ahca new laws _h p]mitt$ all private & p>o*ial s*ools to %>e 9 ! small /ate appropriation = education4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! =ties1 :5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic influ5ce came 9 /rongly ) ! increase 9 ,iri% immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a new factor 0 introduc$ & ! problem1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 a ,prote/ant problem1 took on a some:at diff]5t aspect 9 ! =m ( a dem& = a division ( ! s*ool funds4 ,betwe5 #ahbe & #ahdb ! fight 0 especially sev]e 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,city ,c\ncil refus$ to grant public money to any religi\s ,society1 #aa & 9 #ahdj ! ,ca?olics c>ri$ ! matt] to ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,! legislature def]r$ action until #ahdb1 & !n did ! unexpect$ ?+4 ,! heat$ discussion ( ! "q 9 ! city & 9 ! legislature _h made x evid5t t1 :ile x might n be desirable to cont9ue to give funds to a privately organiz$ corporation1 to divide !m among ! qu>rel+ & envi\s religi\s sects w\ld be mu* worse4 ,! result 0 t ! legislature creat$ = ! city a ,city ,bo>d ( ,education1 to e/abli% real public s*ools1 & /opp$ ! debate on ! "q ( aid to religi\s s*ools by enact+ t no portion ( ! s*ool funds 0 9 ! future to be giv5 to any s*ool 9 :i* any religi\s sect>ian doctr9e or t5et %\ld be taught1 inculcat$1 or practic$4 ,?us ! real public-s*ool sy/em ( ,new ,york ,city 0 evolv$ out ( ?is attempt to divide ! public funds among ! *ur*es4 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,society cont9u$ = a "t1 b its "w 0 n[ done1 &1 9 #ahec1 surr5d]$ its build+s & prop]ty to ! ,city ,bo>d ( ,education & disb&$4 ,,! ,,conte/ ,,9 ,,o!r ,,/ates4 ,z e>ly z #ahcj1 ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts1 _h grant$ aid to ! ,iri% ,ca?olic p>o*ial s*ools 9 ! city1 & 9 #ahce _h tak5 ov] two su* s*ools & ma9ta9$ !m z public s*ools4 ,9 #ahec ! repres5tatives ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* made a dem& on ! /ate legislature = a division ( ! s*ool fund ( ! ,/ate4 ,to settle ! "q once = all a con/itutional am5dm5t 0 submitt$ by ! legislature to ! p1 provid+ t all /ate & t[n moneys rais$ or appropriat$ = education mu/ be exp5d$ only on regul>ly organiz$ & conduct$ public s*ools1 & t no religi\s sect %\ld ev] %>e 9 su* funds4 ,?is measure fail$ ( adoption at ! election ( #ahec by a vote ( #fe1aaa = & #fe1eab aga9/1 b 0 re-propos$ & adopt$ 9 #ahee4 ,?is settl$ ! "q 9 ,massa*usetts1 z ,mann _h tri$ to settle x e>li]1 & z ,new ,hamp%ire _h settl$ x 9 its con/itution ( #agib1 ,connecticut 9 its con/itution ( #ahah1 & ,rhode ,isl& 9 its con/itution ( #ahdb4 ,o!r ,/ates n[ fac$ simil> dem&s1 b no dem& = a %>e 9 or a division ( ! public-s*ool funds1 aft] #ahdj1 0 successful4 ,! dem& ev]y:]e met ) int5se opposition1 & ) ! com+ ( enorm\s numb]s ( ,iri% ,ca?olics aft] #ahdf1 & ,g]man ,lu!rans aft] #ahdh1 ! "q ( ! pres]vation ( ! s*ools j e/abli%$ z unifi$ /ate s*ool sy/ems n[ became a burn+ "o4 ,petitions = a division ( ! funds delug$ ! legislatures 7,r4 #cbc71 & ^! 7 met by c\nt]-petitions 7,r4 #cbd74 ,mass meet+s on bo? sides ( ! "q 7 held4 ,c&idates = (fice 7 =c$ to decl>e !mselves4 ,anti-,ca?olic riots occurr$ 9 a numb] ( cities4 ,! ,native-,am]ican ,p>ty 0 =m$1 9 #ahda1 to prev5t ! union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & to keep ! ,bible 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 #ahda ! ,:ig ,p>ty1 9 ,new ,york1 ins]t$ a plank 9 its plat=m aga9/ sect>ian s*ools4 ,9 #ahee ! national c\ncil ( ! ,"k-,no?+ ,p>ty1 meet+ 9 ,philadelphia1 9 its plat=m favor$ public s*ools & ! use ( ! ,bible !re91 b oppos$ sect>ian s*ools4 ,?is p>ty c>ri$ ! elections t ye> 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,m>yl&1 & ,k5tucky4 ,to settle ! "q 9 a f9al mann] legislatures n[ began to propose con/itutional am5dm5ts to ! p ( _! sev]al ,/ates :i* =bade a division or a div]sion ( ! funds1 & ^! 7 almo/ uni=mly adopt$ at ! fir/ election aft] be+ propos$4 ,no ,/ate admitt$ to ! ,union aft] #aheh1 except ,we/ ,virg9ia1 fail$ to ins]t su* a provision 9 its fir/ /ate con/itution4 #ab ,,vi4 ,,! ,,battle ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,! ,,am]ican ,,high ,,s*ool ,! elem5t>y or common s*ools :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 by #ahej1 suppli$ an elem5t>y or common s*ool education to ! *ildr5 ( ! masses ( ! p1 & ! prim>y s*ools :i* 7 add$1 aft] ab\t #ahbj1 c>ri$ ?is education d[nw>d to ! ne$s ( ! beg9n]s4 ,9 ! rural s*ools ! ,am]ican s*ool ( ! #c ,rs provid$ = all ! *ildr51 f ! little ones up1 s long z !y c\ld advantage\sly p>take ( its in/ruction4 ,education 9 advance ( ?is common s*ool tra9+ 0 9 semi-private in/itutions--! academies & colleges--9 :i* a tuition fee 0 *>g$4 ,! next /ruggle came 9 ! attempt to ext5d ! sy/em upw>d s z to provide to pupils1 free ( *>ge1 a m complete education ?an ! common s*ools af=d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,a ,,typical ,,new ,,engl& ,,academy ,pittsfield ,academy1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,,! ,,transition ,,academy4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a t5d5cy manife/$ itself1 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,am]ica1 to e/abli% high] s*ools (f]+ a m practical curriculum ?an ! old ,lat9 s*ools _h provid$4 ,9 ,am]ica x became p>ticul>ly evid5t1 aft] ! com+ ( nationality1 t ! old ,lat9 gramm>-s*ool type ( in/ruction1 ) its limit$ curriculum & exclusively college- prep>atory ends1 0 :olly inadequate = ! ne$s ( ! y\? ( ! l&4 ,! result 0 ! gradual dy+-out ( ! ,lat9 s*ool & ! evolution ( ! tuition ,academy1 previ\sly ref]r$ to briefly on page #dfc4 ,! academy movem5t spread rapidly dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,by #ahjj !re 7 #ag academies 9 ,massa*usetts1 #cf by #ahbj1 & #djc by #ahej4 ,by #ahcj !re 71 accord+ to ,h9sdale1 #iej incorporat$ academies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _m un9corporat$ ones1 & by #ahej1 accord+ to ,+lis1 !re 71 ( all k9ds1 #ajjg academies 9 ,new ,engl&1 #afcf 9 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 #bfdj 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 #gec 9 ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley ,/ates1 & a total report$ = ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates ( #fjhe1 ) #ab1bfj tea*]s employ$ & #bfc1jif pupils enroll$4 #ac ,! greate/ p]iod ( _! developm5t 0 f #ahbj to #ahcj1 ?\gh !y cont9u$ to dom9ate second>y education until #ahej1 & 7 v prom95t until aft] ! ,civil ,w>4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,features4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ^! academies 7 _! semi-public control 7,r4 #cbe71 _! broad5$ curriculum & religi\s purpose1 & ! ext5sion ( _! in/ruction to girls4 ,! ,lat9 ,gramm> ,s*ool 0 ess5tially a t[n free s*ool1 ma9ta9$ by ! t[ns = ! high] education ( c]ta9 ( _! male *ildr54 ,x 0 ari/ocratic 9 type1 & belong$ to ! e>ly p]iod ( class education4 ,) ! decl9e 9 zeal = education1 aft] #agej1 ^! tax-support$ high] s*ools l>gely di$ out1 & 9 _! place private en]gy & b5evol5ce came to be dep5d$ ^u to supply ! ne$$ high] education4 ,"o ( ! ma9 purposes express$ 9 ! end[m5t or creation ( ! academies 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( c\rses :i* %\ld cov] a numb] ( subjects hav+ value aside f m]e prep>ation = college1 p>ticul>ly subjects ( a mod]n nature1 useful 9 prep>+ y\?s = ! *ang$ conditions ( society & gov]nm5t & bus9ess4 ,! /udy ( real ?+s r ?an words ab\t ?+s1 & useful ?+s r ?an subjects m]ely prep>atory to college1 became prom95t features ( ! new c\rses ( /udy4 ,among ! mo/ commonly f\nd new subjects 7 algebra1 a/ronomy1 botany1 *emi/ry1 g5]al hi/ory1 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory1 ,engli% lit]ature1 survey+1 intellectual philosophy1 declamation1 & debat+4 #ad ,n be+ b\nd up ) ! colleges1 z ! e>li] ,lat9 gramm> s*ools _h l>gely be51 ! academies became prim>ily indep5d5t in/itutions1 tak+ pupils :o _h complet$ ! ,engli% education ( ! common s*ool & giv+ !m an advanc$ education 9 mod]n languages1 ! sci5ces1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 & ! m useful subjects ( ! "t1 ) a view to r\nd+ out _! /udies & prep>+ !m = bus9ess life & ! ris+ pr(essions4 ,!y ?us built ^u in/ead ( runn+ p>allel to ! common s*ool c\rse1 z ! old ,lat9 gramm> s*ool _h done 7see ,figure #aih1 p4 #fff7 & h5ce cle>ly m>k a transition f ! ari/ocratic & some:at exclusive college-prep>atory ,lat9 gramm> s*ool ( colonial times to ! m democratic high s*ool ( to-day4 ,! academies also s]v$ a v useful purpose 9 supply+ to ! l[] s*ools ! be/-educat$ tea*]s ( ! "t4 ,! old ,lat9 gramm> s*ool1 too1 _h be5 ma9ta9$ exclusively = boys4 ,girls _h be5 exclud$ z ,improp] inconsi/5t w'? su* a ,gramm> ,s*oole z ye law injo9es1 & is ye ,designe ( ?is ,settlem't4 ,! new academies soon rev]s$ ?is situation4 ,almo/ f ! fir/ !y began to be e/abli%$ = girls z well z boys1 & 9 "t _m became co-educational4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate alone #cb academies 7 incorporat$ betwe5 #ahai & #ahec ) ! prefix ,female to _! title4 ,9 ?is respect1 also1 ^! in/itutions =m$ a transition to ! mod]n co- educational high s*ool4 ,! high] education ( wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cle>ly dates f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! academies4 ,troy 7,new ,york7 ,sem9>y1 f\nd$ by ,emma ,will>d1 9 #ahba1 & ,mt4 ,holyoke 7,massa*usetts7 ,sem9>y1 f\nd$ by ,m>y ,lyon1 9 #ahcf1 ?\gh n ! fir/ in/itutions = girls1 7 nev]!less important pione]s 9 ! high] education ( wom54 ,,! ,,dem& ,,= ,,high] ,,s*ools4 ,! diff]5t movem5ts t5d+ t[>d ! build+-up ( free public-s*ool sy/ems 9 ! cities & ,/ates1 :i* we h describ$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt]1 & :i* became cle>ly def9$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates aft] #ahbe1 came j at ! "t :5 ! ,academy _h rea*$ its maximum developm5t4 ,! settlem5t ( ! "q ( g5]al taxation = education1 ! elim9ation ( ! rate-bill by ! cities & lat] by ! ,/ates1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican common s*ool z ! result ( a long native evolution1 & ! complete e/abli%m5t ( public control ov] ! entire elem5t>y-s*ool sy/em1 all t5d$ to br+ ! semi-private tuition academy into "q4 ,_m ask$ :y n ext5d ! public-s*ool sy/em upw>d to provide ! necess>y high] education = all 9 "o common /ate- support$ s*ool4 #ae ,! dem& = an upw>d ext5sion ( ! public s*ool1 :i* w\ld provide academy in/ruction = ! poor z well z ! ri*1 & 9 "o common public high] s*ool1 n[ made itself felt4 ,z ! colonial ,lat9 gramm> s*ool _h repres5t$ ! educational ne$s ( a society bas$ on classes1 & ! academies _h repres5t$ a transition p]iod & m>k$ ! gr[? ( a middle class1 s ! ris+ democracy ( ! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury n[ dem&$ & obta9$ ! democratic high s*ool1 support$ by ! public & equally op5 to all1 to meet ! educational ne$s ( a new society built on ! basis ( a new & aggressive democracy4 ,:]e1 too1 ! academy _h repres5t$ 9 a way a mission>y ef=t--t ( a few provid+ some?+ = ! good ( ! p 7,rs4 #cai1 #cbe7--! high s*ool on ! o!r h& repres5t$ a cop]ative ef=t on ! "p ( ! p to provide some?+ = !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,second>y ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,! transitional "* ( ! ,academy is well %[n 9 ?is diagram4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,high ,,s*ool4 ,! fir/ high s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahba 7,r4 #cbf74 ,= ?ree ye>s x 0 kn[n z ! ,engli% ,classical ,s*ool 7,r4 #cbg71 b 9 #ahbd ! s*ool appe>s 9 ! records z ! ,engli% ,high ,s*ool4 ,9 #ahbf ,bo/on also op5$ ! fir/ high s*ool = girls1 b aboli%$ x 9 #ahbh1 due to its great popul>ity1 & in/ead ext5d$ ! c\rse ( /udy = girls 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf ,,! ,,fir/ ,,high ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,e/abli%$ at ,bo/on 9 #ahba4 ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,law ,,( #ahbg4 ,?\gh ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 e/abli%$ a high s*ool 9 #ahba1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahbd1 & ,new ,b$=d1 ,hav]hill1 & ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahbg1 copy+ ! ,bo/on idea1 ! real beg9n+ ( ! ,am]ican high s*ool z a di/9ct in/itution dates f ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #ahbg 7,r4 #cbh71 enact$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,james ,g4 ,c>t]4 ,?is law =m$ ! basis ( all subsequ5t legislation 9 ,massa*usetts1 & deeply influ5c$ developm5t 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,! law is significant 9 t x requir$ a high s*ool 9 e t[n hav+ #ejj families or ov]1 9 :i* %\ld be taught ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory1 bookkeep+1 algebra1 geometry1 & survey+1 :ile 9 e t[n hav+ #djjj inhabitants or ov]1 in/ruction 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 hi/ory1 rhetoric1 & logic mu/ be add$4 ,a heavy p5alty 0 atta*$ = failure to comply ) ! law4 ,9 #ahce ! law 0 am5d$ s z to p]mit any small] t[n to =m a high s*ool z well4 ,?is ,bo/on & ,massa*usetts legislation cle>ly initiat$ ! public high-s*ool movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 !re t ! new type ( high] s*ool 0 f\nd$1 !re t its curriculum 0 outl9$1 !re t its /&>ds 7 e/abli%$1 & !re t x develop$ e>lie/ & be/4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,& ,,ma9ta9 ,,high ,,s*ools4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,am]ican high s*ool1 ev5 9 its home1 0 sl[4 ,up to #ahdj n mu* m ?an a doz5 high s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 & n m ?an an equal numb] 9 ! o!r ,/ates4 ,! ,academy 0 ! dom9ant in/itution1 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance 0 a factor1 & ! same opposition to an ext5sion ( taxation to include high s*ools 0 manife/$ z 0 e>li] %[n t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( common s*ools4 ,! e>ly /ate legislation1 z _h be5 ! case ) ! common s*ools1 0 ne>ly always p]missive & n m&atory4 ,massa*usetts =ms a notable exception 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! support = ! s*ools _h to come practically entirely f increas$ local taxation1 & ?is made ! /ruggle to e/abli% & ma9ta9 high s*ools 9 any ,/ate = a long "t a s]ies ( local /ruggles4 ,ye>s ( propag&a & pati5t ef=t 7 requir$1 &1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( a high s*ool 9 a community1 con/ant wat*fulness 0 necess>y to prev5t its ab&onm5t 7,r4 #cbi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,,high ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfj ,bas$ on ! table giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #aijd1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aghb-aihi4 ,?is table is only approximately correct1 z exact in=mation is difficult to obta94 ,?is table gives #cba high s*ools by #ahfj1 & all b #ce ( ^! 7 9 ! ,/ates %[n on ! above map4 ,!re 7 two s*ools 9 ,cali=nia & ?ree 9 ,texas1 & ! rema9d] n %[n 7 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,( ! #cba high s*ools report$1 ov] half 7#afg7 7 9 ! ?ree ,/ates ( ,massa*usetts 7#gh71 ,new ,york 7#da71 & ,ohio 7#dh74 ,9 _m ,/ates1 legislation provid+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( high s*ools 0 attack$ 9 ! c\rts4 ,"o ( ! cle>e/ cases ( ?is came 9 ,mi*igan1 9 a te/ case appeal$ f ! city ( ,kalamazoo1 & commonly kn[n z ! ,kalamazoo case4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,/ate 7,r4 #ccj7 0 s favorable & s positive t ?is decision deeply influ5c$ developm5t 9 almo/ all ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley ,/ates4 ,! /ruggle to e/abli% & ma9ta9 high s*ools 9 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,york prec$$ ! developm5t 9 mo/ o!r ,/ates1 because !re ! common s*ool _h be5 e/abli%$ e>li]4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! /ruggle to ext5d & complete ! public-s*ool sy/em came !re e>li] also4 ,! developm5t 0 likewise m peaceful !re1 & came m rapidly4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ?is 0 9 l>ge "p a result ( ! educational awak5+ />t$ by ,james ,g4 ,c>t] & ,horace ,mann4 ,9 ,new ,york x 0 due to ! e>ly support ( ,gov]nor ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 & ! lat] enc\ragem5t & /ate aid :i* came f ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 & ,new ,hamp%ire 7 l ,massa*usetts 9 _s1 & foll[$ closely its example4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,new ,j]sey1 due to old conditions1 & 9 ,connecticut1 due to ! great decl9e 9 education !re aft] #ahjj1 ! high s*ool develop$ mu* m sl[ly1 & x 0 n until aft] #ahfe t any m>k$ developm5t took place 9 ^! ,/ates4 ,! democratic ,we/ soon adopt$ ! idea1 & e/abli%$ high s*ools z soon z cities develop$ & ! ne$s ( ! population w>rant$4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! ma9 high- s*ool developm5t dates f relatively rec5t times4 ,gradually ! high s*ool has be5 accept$ z a "p ( ! /ate common- s*ool sy/em by all ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 & ! funds & taxation orig9ally provid$ = ! common s*ools h be5 ext5d$ to cov] ! high s*ool z well4 ,! new ,/ates ( ! ,we/ h bas$ _! legislation l>gely on :at ! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,/ates e>li] f\ght out4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,cr[ns ,,! ,,sy/em ,,! ,,colonial ,,colleges4 ,! e>li] colleges--,h>v>d1 ,william & ,m>y1 ,yale--_h be5 creat$ by ! religi\s-/ate gov]nm5ts ( ! e>li] colonial p]iod1 & cont9u$ to reta9 "s /ate connections = a "t aft] ! com+ ( nationality4 ,z x e>ly became evid5t t a democracy dem&s intellig5ce on ! "p ( its citiz5s1 t ! lead]s ( democracy are n likely to be too highly educat$1 & t ! "* ( collegiate in/ruction mu/ ultimately influ5ce national developm5t1 ef=ts 7 accord+ly made to *ange ! old colleges or create new ones1 ! f9al outcome ( :i* 0 ! creation ( /ate univ]sities 9 all ! new & 9 mo/ ( ! old] ,/ates4 ,! evolution ( ! /ate univ]sity1 z ! cr[n+ head ( ! free public s*ool sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 repres5ts ! la/ phase :i* we %all trace ( ! /ruggle ( democracy to create a sy/em ( s*ools suit$ to its peculi> ne$s4 ,! close ( ! colonial p]iod f\nd ! ,colonies possess$ ( n9e colleges4 ,^!1 ) ! dates ( _! f\ndation1 ! ,colony f\nd+ !m1 & ! religi\s d5om9ation !y *iefly repres5t$ 73 #afcf4 ,h>v>d ,college ,massa*usetts ,puritan #afic4 ,william & ,m>y ,virg9ia ,anglican #agja4 ,yale ,college ,connecticut ,congregational #agdf4 ,pr9ceton ,new ,j]sey ,presbyt]ian #agec-ee ,academy & ,college ,p5nsylvania ,non-d5om9ational #aged4 ,k+'s ,college 7,columbia7 ,new ,york ,anglican #agfd4 ,br[n ,rhode ,isl& ,bapti/ #agfe4 ,rutg]s ,new ,j]sey ,re=m$ ,dut* #agfi4 ,d>tm\? ,new ,hamp%ire ,congregational ,! religi\s purpose _h be5 dom9ant 9 ! f\nd+ ( ea* in/itution1 ?\gh !re 0 a gradual %ad+-(f 9 /rict d5om9ational control & insi/5ce ^u religi\s con=mity 9 ! f\ndations aft] #agej4 ,/ill ! prime purpose 9 ! f\nd+ ( ea* 0 to tra9 up a le>n$ & godly body ( m9i/]s1 ! e>li] congregations at lea/ dread+ to leave an illit]ate m9i/ry to ! *ur*es :5 our pres5t m9i/]s %all lie 9 ! du/4 ,9 a pamphlet1 publi%$ 9 #aged1 ,presid5t ,clap ( ,yale decl>$ t ,colleges are ,societies ( ,m9i/]s1 = tra9+ up ,p]sons = ! ,"w ( ! ,m9i/ry & t ,! great design ( f\nd+ ?is ,s*ool 7,yale71 0 to ,educate ,m9i/]s 9 our own ,way4 ,9 ! adv]tisem5t publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york pap]s ann\nc+ ! op5+ ( ,k+'s ,college1 9 #aged1 x 0 /at$ t3 ,,iv4 ,! *ief ,?+ t is aim$ at 9 ?is ,college1 is1 to tea* & engage ! ,*ildr5 to "k ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to love & s]ve him 9 all ,sobriety1 ,godl9ess1 & ,ri*ness ( ,life1 ) a p]fect ,he>t & a ,will+ ,m9d3 & to tra9 !m up 9 all ,virtu\s ,habits1 & all su* useful ,k z may r5d] !m cr$itable to _! ,families & ,fri5ds1 ,ornam5ts to _! ,c\ntry1 & useful to ! ,public ,weal 9 _! g5]ation4 ,^! colonial in/itutions 7 all small4 ,= ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ,h>v>d's hi/ory ! att5dance at ! college seldom exce$$ tw5ty1 & ! ,presid5t did all ! tea*+4 ,! fir/ assi/ant tea*] 7tutor7 0 n appo9t$ until #afii1 & ! fir/ pr(essor n until #agba1 :5 a pr(essor%ip ( div9ity 0 end[$4 ,by #ahjj ! in/ruction 0 conduct$ by ! ,presid5t & ?ree pr(essors--div9ity1 ma!matics1 & ,ori5tal languages--assi/$ by a few tutors :o receiv$ only class fees1 & ! graduat+ classes seldom exce$$ =ty4 ,! c\rse 0 f\r ye>s 9 l5g?1 & all /ud5ts /udi$ ! same subjects4 ,! fir/ ?ree ye>s 7 giv5 l>gely to ! s-call$ ,ori5tal languages ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat94 ,9 addition1 ,fre%m5 /udi$ ari?metic2 ,sophomores1 algebra1 geometry1 & trigonometry2 & ,juniors1 natural 7book7 sci5ce2 & all 7 giv5 mu* tra9+ 9 oratory1 & "s g5]al hi/ory 0 add$4 ,! ,s5ior ye> 0 giv5 ma9ly to e?ics1 philosophy1 & ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 #af ,! in/ruction 9 ! eight o!r old] colleges1 be=e #ahjj1 0 n mat]ially diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,,colleges ,,& ,,univ]sities ,,e/abli%$ ,,by #ahfj ,compil$ f data giv5 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,( ! #bdf colleges %[n on ! map1 b #ag 7 /ate in/itutions1 & b two or ?ree o!rs _h any /ate connections4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,colleges ,,by #ahfj4 ,fifte5 additional colleges 7 f\nd$ be=e #ahjj1 & x has be5 e/imat$ t by t date ! two doz5 ,am]ican colleges !n exi/+ did n h all told ov] "o hundr$ pr(essors & in/ructors1 n less ?an "o ?\s& nor m ?an two ?\s& /ud5ts1 or prop]ty wor? ov] "o million doll>s4 ,_! graduat+ classes 7 small4 ,no "o ( ! tw5ty-f\r admitt$ wom5 9 any way to its privileges4 ,aft] #ahbj1 ) ! firm] e/abli%m5t ( ! ,nation1 ! awak5+ ( a new national consci\sness1 ! developm5t ( l>g] national weal?1 & a c\rt decision :i* safegu>d$ ! end[m5ts1 int]e/ 9 ! f\nd+ ( new colleges p]ceptibly quick5$1 z may be se5 f ! adjo9+ table1 & betwe5 #ahbj & #ahhj came ! great p]iod ( d5om9ational ef=t4 ,! map %[s ! colleges e/abli%$ by #ahfj1 f :i* x w be se5 h[ l>ge a "p ! d5om9ational colleges play$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( high] education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,up to ab\t #ahgj ! provision ( high] education1 z _h be5 ! case e>li] ) ! provision ( second>y education by ! academies1 _h be5 left l>gely to private ef=t4 ,!re 71 to be sure1 a few /ate univ]sities be=e #ahgj1 ?\gh usually ^! 7 n bett] ?an ! d5om9ational colleges ar\nd !m1 & (t5 !y ma9ta9$ a non-d5om9ational "* only by pres]v+ a prop] balance betwe5 ! diff]5t d5om9ations 9 ! employm5t ( _! faculties4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 high] education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e #ahgj 0 provid$ v l>gely 9 ! tuitional colleges ( ! diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations1 r ?an by ! ,/ate4 ,( ! #bdf colleges f\nd$ by ! close ( ! ye> #ahfj1 z %[n on ! map1 b #ag 7 /ate in/itutions1 & b two or ?ree o!rs _h any /ate connections4 ,,colleges ,,f\nd$ ,,up ,,to #aijj ,be=e #aghj #aj #aghj-hi #g #agij-ii #g #ahjj-ji #i #ahaj-ai #e #ahbj-bi #bb #ahcj-ci #ch #ahdj-di #db #ahej-ei #ib #ahfj-fi #gc #ahgj-gi #fa #ahhj-hi #gd #ahij-ii #ed --- ,total #did 7,aft] a table by ,dext] correct$ by ,u4,s4 ,comr4 ,educ4 data4 ,only approximately correct47 ,,! ,,new ,,national ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,! ,,colleges4 ,aft] ! com+ ( nationality !re gradually grew up a widespread dissatisfaction ) ! colleges z !n conduct$1 because !y 7 ari/ocratic 9 t5d5cy1 because !y devot$ !mselves s exclusively to ! ne$s ( a class1 & because !y fail$ to answ] ! ne$s ( ! ,/ates 9 ! matt] ( high] education4 ,due to _! religi\s orig91 & ! common requirem5t t ! presid5t & tru/ees mu/ be memb]s ( "s p>ticul> d5om9ation1 !y 7 naturally reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! int]e/s ( "s "o sect or faction )9 ! ,/ate r ?an ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,) ! rise ( ! new democratic _s aft] ab\t #ahbj !re came a dem&1 felt lea/ 9 ,new ,engl& & mo/ 9 ! ,s\? & ! new ,/ates 9 ! ,we/1 = in/itutions ( high] le>n+ :i* %\ld repres5t ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 argu$ t colleges 7 important in/rum5talities = m\ld+ ! future1 t ! k9d ( education giv5 9 !m mu/ ultimately influ5ce ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 & t high] education _c be reg>d$ z a private matt]4 ,! type ( education giv5 9 ^! high] in/itutions1 x 0 argu$1 w appe> on ! b5*1 at ! b>1 9 ! pulpit1 & 9 ! s5ate1 & w unavoidably affect our civil & religi\s pr9ciples4 ,= ^! reasons1 z well z to cr[n our /ate s*ool sy/em & to provide high] educational advantages = its lead]s1 x 0 argu$ t ! ,/ate %\ld ex]cise control ov] ! colleges4 ,?is new national _s manife/$ itself 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,9 ,new ,york we see x 9 ! reorganization ( ,k+'s ,college1 ! re*ri/5+ ( ! in/itution z ,columbia1 & ! plac+ ( x "u at lea/ ! nom9al sup]vision ( ! gov]n+ educational body ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania an attempt 0 made to br+ ! univ]sity into clos] connection ) ! ,/ate1 b ?is fail$4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire ! legislature tri$1 9 #ahaf1 to trans=m ,d>tm\? ,college into a /ate in/itution4 ,?is act 0 conte/$ 9 ! c\rts1 & ! case 0 f9ally c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re x 0 decid$1 9 #ahai1 t ! *>t] ( a college 0 a contract1 ! obligation ( :i* a legislature c\ld n impair4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,d>tm\? ,,college ,,decision4 ,! effect ( ?is decision manife/$ itself 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,on ! "o h& x gu>ante$ ! p]petuity ( end[m5ts1 & ! great p]iod ( private & d5om9ational ef=t 7see table7 n[ foll[$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! ,/ates c\ld n *ange *>t]s & trans=m old e/abli%m5ts1 !y began to turn to ! creation ( new /ate univ]sities ( _! own4 ,virg9ia creat$ its /ate univ]sity ! same ye> z ! ,d>tm\? case decision4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 #aghi1 & :i* began to give in/ruction 9 #agie1 b :i* _h nev] be5 "u direct /ate control1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,/ate 9 #ahba4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,v]mont1 orig9ally *>t]$ 9 #agia1 0 re*>t]$ z a /ate univ]sity 9 #ahch4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbj4 ,alabama provid$ = a /ate univ]sity 9 its fir/ con/itution1 9 #ahai1 & ! in/itution op5$ = in/ruction 9 #ahca4 ,mi*igan1 9 fram+ its fir/ con/itution prep>atory to ent]+ ! ,union1 9 #ahce1 made c>eful provisions = ! safegu>d+ ( ! /ate univ]sity & = e/abli%+ x z an integral "p ( its /ate s*ool sy/em1 z ,indiana _h done 9 #ahaf4 ,wiscons9 provid$ = ! creation ( a /ate univ]sity 9 #ahcf1 & embodi$ ! idea 9 its fir/ con/itution :5 x ent]$ ! ,union 9 #ahdh1 & ,miss\ri provid$ = a /ate univ]sity 9 #ahci1 ,mississippi 9 #ahdd1 ,i[a 9 #ahdg1 & ,florida 9 #ahef4 ,! /ate univ]sity is today f\nd 9 e new ,/ate & 9 "s ( ! orig9al ,/ates1 & practically e new ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ate foll[$ ! patt]ns set by ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons9 & made c>eful provision = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( a /ate univ]sity 9 its fir/ /ate con/itution4 ,!re 0 ?us quietly add$ ano!r new section to ! ,am]ican educational ladd]1 & ! free public-s*ool sy/em 0 ext5d$ f>!r upw>d4 ,?\gh ! great p]iod ( /ate univ]sity f\ndation came aft] #ahfj1 & ! great p]iod ( /ate univ]sity expansion aft] #ahhe1 ! beg9n+s 7 cle>ly m>k$ e>ly 9 our national hi/ory4 ,( ! sixte5 ,/ates hav+ /ate univ]sities by #ahfj 7see ,figure #bjh71 all except ,florida _h e/abli%$ !m be=e #ahej4 ,= a long "t small1 poorly support$ by ! ,/ates1 mu* l ! *ur* colleges ab\t !m 9 "* & (t5 inf]ior 9 quality1 "o by "o ! /ate univ]sities h fre$ !mselves alike f d5om9ational re/rictions on ! "o h& & political control on ! o!r1 & h set ab\t r5d]+ ! s]vice to ! ,/ate :i* a /ate univ]sity ought to r5d]4 ,mi*igan1 ! fir/ ( our /ate univ]sities to free itself1 take its prop] place1 & set an example = o!rs to foll[1 op5$ 9 #ahda ) two pr(essors & six /ud5ts4 ,9 #ahdd x 0 a little in/itution ( ?ree pr(essors1 "o tutor1 "o assi/ant1 & "o visit+ lectur]1 _h b fifty-?ree /ud5ts1 & (f]$ b a s+le c\rse ( /udy1 consi/+ *iefly ( ,greek1 ,lat91 ma!matics1 & intellectual & moral sci5ce 7,r4 #cca74 ,z late z #aheb x _h b sev5ty-two /ud5ts1 b by #ahfj1 :5 x _h l>gely fre$ itself f ! incubus ( ,bapti/ ,lat91 ,congregational ,greek1 ,me?odi/ intellectual philosophy1 ,presbyt]ian a/ronomy1 & ,:ig ma!matics1 & its rem>kable gr[? z a /ate univ]sity _h begun1 x enroll$ five hundr$ & n9ete54 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,free ,,public-,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,n[ ,,e/abli%$4 ,by ! close ( ! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 c]ta9ly by #ahfj1 we f9d ! ,am]ican public-s*ool sy/em fully e/abli%$1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 9 all our ,nor!rn ,/ates 7,r4 #ccb74 ,mu* yet rema9$ to be done to c>ry into full effect :at _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 pr9ciple1 b ev]y:]e democracy _h won its fight1 & ! ,am]ican public s*ool1 support$ by g5]al taxation1 fre$ f ! paup]-s*ool ta9t1 free & equally op5 to all1 "u ! direction ( repres5tatives ( ! p1 free f sect>ian control1 & complete f ! prim>y s*ool ?r\gh ! high s*ool1 & 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ?r\gh ! univ]sity z well1 0 e/abli%$ p]man5tly 9 ,am]ican public policy4 ,x 0 a real democratic educational ladd] t _h be5 creat$1 & n ! typical two-class s*ool sy/em ( cont95tal ,european ,/ates4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! free public high s*ool & ! /ate univ]sity repres5t ! cr[n+ a*ievem5ts ( ^? :o /ruggl$ to f\nd a /ate-support$ educational sy/em fitt$ to ! ne$s ( great democratic ,/ates4 ,probably no o!r influ5ces h done m to unify ! ,am]ican ,p1 reconcile div]se po9ts ( view1 elim9ate /ate jeal\sies1 set ideals = ! p1 & tra9 lead]s = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ates & ( ! ,nation ?an ! academies1 high s*ools1 & colleges scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,!y h educat$ b a small p]c5tage ( ! p1 to be sure1 b !y h tra9$ mo/ ( ! lead]s :o h guid$ ! ,am]ican democracy s9ce its bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,educational ,,ladd] ,comp>e ?is ) ! figure on page #egg1 & ! democratic nature ( ! ,am]ican s*ool sy/em w be app>5t4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,expla9 ! !ory ( ve/$ rights z appli$ to private & p>o*ial s*ools4 #b4 ,does e great advance 9 provisions = human welf>e require a p]iod ( education & propag&a8 ,illu/rate4 #c4 ,expla9 j :at is meant by ! weal? ( ! ,/ate mu/ educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate4 #d4 ,%[ h[ ! ret5tion ( ! paup]-s*ool idea w\ld h be5 dang]\s to ! life ( ! ,republic4 #e4 ,:y 7 ! cities m anxi\s to escape f ! op]ation ( ! paup]-s*ool law ?an 7 ! t[ns & rural di/ricts8 #f4 ,:y 7 ! paup]-s*ool & ! rate-bill s h>d to elim9ate8 #g4 ,expla9 :y1 9 ,am]ica1 s*ools naturally develop$ f ! community outw>d4 #h4 ,/ate y\r explanation = ! old] ,/ates beg9n+ to e/abli% p]man5t s*ool funds1 (t5 be=e !y _h e/abli%$ a /ate sy/em ( s*ools4 #i4 ,%[ ! gradual transition f *ur* control ( education1 ?r\gh /ate aid ( *ur* s*ools1 to secul>iz$ /ate s*ools4 #aj4 ,%[ :y secul>iz$ /ate s*ools 7 ! only possible solution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aa4 ,%[ t secul>ization w\ld naturally take place 9 ! textbooks & ! in/ruction1 be=e manife/+ itself 9 ! laws4 #ab4 ,%[ h[ ! ,am]ican academy 0 a natural developm5t 9 ! national life4 #ac4 ,%[ h[ ! ,am]ican high s*ool 0 a natural developm5t aft] ! academy4 #ad4 ,%[ :y ! high s*ool c\ld be oppos$ by m5 :o _h accept$ tax- support$ elem5t>y s*ools4 ,:y has su* reason+ be5 ab&on$ n[8 #ae4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce1 & illu/rate f ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican educational developm5t1 betwe5 e/abli%+ a ?+ 9 pr9ciple & c>ry+ x into full effect4 #af4 ,0 ! e>ly argum5t z to ! influ5ce ( high] education on ! ,/ate a true argum5t8 ,:y8 #ag4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! probable results _h ! ,d>tm\? ,college case be5 decid$ ! o!r way8 #ah4 ,%[ h[ ! op5+ ( collegiate in/ruction to wom5 0 a phase ( ! new democratic movem5t4 #ai4 ,%[ h[ college education has be5 a unify+ =ce 9 ! national life4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #caf4 ,mann3 ,! ,gr\nd ( ! ,free-,s*ool ,sy/em4 #cag4 ,gov]nor ,clevel&3 ,repeal ( ! ,connecticut ,s*ool ,law4 #cah4 ,mann3 ,on ! ,repeal ( ! ,connecticut ,s*ool ,law4 #cai4 ,gulliv]3 ,! ,/ruggle = ,free ,s*ools 9 ,norwi*4 #cbj4 ,address3 ,! ,/ate & ,education4 #cba4 ,mi*igan3 ,a ,rate-,bill1 & a ,w>rant = ,collection4 #cbb4 ,mann3 ,on ,religi\s ,in/ruction 9 ! ,s*ools4 #cbc4 ,mi*igan3 ,petition = a ,division ( ! ,s*ool ,fund4 #cbd4 ,mi*igan3 ,c\nt]-,petition aga9/ a ,division4 #cbe4 ,connecticut3 ,act ( ,incorporation ( ,norwi* ,free ,academy1 #cbf4 ,bo/on3 ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,fir/ ,am]ican ,high ,s*ool4 #cbg4 ,bo/on3 ,! ,second>y-,s*ool ,sy/em 9 #ahbc4 #cbh4 ,massa*usetts3 ,! ,high ,s*ool ,law ( #ahbg4 #cbi4 ,gulliv]3 ,an ,example ( ! ,opposition to ,high ,s*ools4 #ccj4 ,mi*igan3 ,! ,kalamazoo ,decision4 #cca4 ,mi*igan3 ,program ( ,/udies at ,univ]sity1 #ahdc4 #ccb4 ,tappan3 ,! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,sy/em ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,d ,mann's ?ree propositions 7#caf7 hold equally true to-day8 #b4 ,( :at type ( p]son is ! reason+ ( ,gov]nor ,clevel& 7#cag7 typical8 #c4 ,assum+ ,mann's description ( ,connecticut progress 7#cah7 to be correct1 h[ d y acc\nt = ! legislature foll[+ ,gov]nor ,clevel&'s recomm5dations s readily8 #d4 ,did ! lead]s 9 ,norwi* 7#cai7 use good diplomacy8 #e4 ,po9t out ! ess5tial s\ndness ( ! reason+ ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,report 7#cbj74 #f4 ,expla9 ! will+ness ( p sev5ty-five ye>s ago to conduct ! s*ool bus9ess on su* a small basis 7#cba7 z ! rate-bill indicates4 #g4 ,%[ t1 z ,mr4 ,mann po9ts out 7#cbb71 sect>ian s*ools & a ,/ate ,*ur* are ne> toge!r4 #h4 ,po9t out ! weakness 9 ! argum5t 9 ! ,mi*igan petition 7#cbc74 #i4 ,/ate ! purpose & nature ( ! fir/ ,am]ican high s*ool 7#cbf71 & contra/ x ) ! e>li] academy4 #aj4 ,contra/ ! ,engli% ,classical ,s*ool 7,high ,s*ool7 ( ,bo/on ( #ahbc1 ) ! old] ,lat9 ,s*ool 7#cbg71 z to purpose & in/ruction4 #aa4 ,j :at did ! ,massa*usetts ,law ( #ahbg 7#cbh7 require8 #ab4 ,has su* opposition z t describ$ 9 #cbi completely di$ out ev5 n[8 #ac4 ,/ate ! l9e ( reason+ & ! conclusions ( ! ,c\rt 9 ! ,kalamazoo ,case 7#ccj74 ,po9t out h[ ?is decision might influ5ce developm5t else:]e4 #ad4 ,comp>e ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ( #ahdc 7#cca7 ) a pres5t-day high s*ool4 #ae4 ,%[ t ,mi*igan 7#ccb7 _h p]fect$ an ,am]ican educational ladd]4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,br[n1 ,e4 ,e4 ,! ,mak+ ( our ,middle ,s*ools4 99 ,br[n1 ,s4 ,w4 ,! ,secul>ization ( ,am]ican ,education4 ,cubb]ley1 ,e4 ,p4 ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dext]1 ,e4 ,g4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 ,h9sdale1 ,b4 ,a4 ,horace ,mann1 & ! ,common ,s*ool ,revival 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 ,+lis1 ,a4 ,j4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,high ,s*ool 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,m>t91 ,george ,h4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,massa*usetts ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em4 99 ,mead1 ,a4 ,r4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,free ,s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z ,illu/rat$ by ,connecticut & ,mi*igan4 ,taylor1 ,james ,m4 ,be=e ,vass> ,op5$4 99 ,?w+1 ,*>les ,f4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,high] ,education 9 ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,education ,,becomes ,a ,,national ,,tool ,i4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,/ate-,,control ,,idea ,,! ,,five ,,type ,,nations4 ,we h n[ trac$1 9 "s detail1 ! /ruggles ( =w>d-look+ m5 to e/abli% national sy/ems ( education 9 five great _w nations4 ,9 ea* we h describ$ ! /eps by means ( :i* ! ,/ate gradually sup]s$$ ! ,*ur* 9 ! control ( education1 & ! motives & impulses :i* f9ally l$ ! ,/ate to take ov] ! s*ool z a function ( ! ,/ate4 ,! /eps & impell+ motives & rate ( transf] 7 n ! same 9 any two nations1 b 9 ea* ( ! five ! political necessities ( ! ,/ate 9 "t made ! transf] seem desirable4 ,"t ev]y:]e 0 requir$ to effect ! *ange4 ,! movem5t began e>lie/ & 0 conclud$ e>lie/ 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & 0 conclud$ la/ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france1 & ,italy ! *ange came rapidly & z a result ( legislative acts or imp]ial decrees4 ,9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! transf] took place1 z we h se51 only 9 response to ! sl[ developm5t ( public op9ion4 ,?is *ange 9 control & ext5sion ( educational advantages 0 ess5tially a n9ete5?-c5tury movem5t1 & a resultant ( ! new political philosophy & ! democratic revolutions ( ! lat] eighte5? c5tury1 comb9$ ) ! indu/rial revolution ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a new political impulse n[ replac$ ! e>li] religi\s motive z ! inc5tive = education1 & education = lit]acy & citiz5%ip became1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a new political ideal t has1 9 "t1 spread to progressive nations all ov] ! _w4 ,! five great nations ^: educational evolution has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s may be reg>d$ z hav+ =m$ types :i* h s9ce be5 copi$1 9 m or less detail1 by ! m progressive nations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! cont95tal ,european two-class s*ool sy/em1 ! ,am]ican educational ladd]1 & ! ,engli% t5d5cy to comb9e ! two & use ! be/ p>ts ( ea*1 h be5 reproduc$ 9 ! diff]5t national educational sy/ems :i* h be5 creat$ by ! v>i\s political gov]nm5ts ( ! _w4 ,! cont95tal ,european idea ( a c5traliz$ m9i/ry = education1 ) an appo9t$ head or a cab9et m9i/] 9 control1 has also be5 widely copi$4 ,! ,prussian two-class plan has be5 mo/ influ5tial among ! ,teutonic & ,slavic peoples ( ,europe1 & has also deeply influ5c$ educational developm5t among ! ,japanese2 ,engli% ideas h be5 ext5sively copi$ 9 ! ,engli% self-gov]n+ dom9ions2 & ! ,am]ican plan has be5 cle>ly influ5tial 9 ,canada1 ! ,arg5t9e1 & 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,fr5* c5traliz$ plan = organization & adm9i/ration has be5 widely copi$ 9 ! /ate educational organizations ( ! ,lat9 nations ( ,europe & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be /at$ t ! m democratic ! gov]nm5t ( a nation has become ! great] has be5 ! t5d5cy to break away f ! two-class s*ool sy/em1 to introduce m ( an educational ladd]1 & to br+ 9 m ( ! ,engli% conception ( grant+ to localities a reasonable am\nt ( local lib]ty 9 educational affairs4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,control ,,idea ,,among ,,nor!rn ,,nations4 ,! developm5t ( s*ools "u ! control ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! ext5sion ( /ate sup]vision to ! exi/+ religi\s s*ools1 took place 9 ! diff]5t cantons ( ,switz]l&1 & 9 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 some:at contemporane\sly ) ! developm5t describ$ = ! five type nations4 ,! "w ( ,pe/alozzi & ,fell5b]g1 & ( _! disciples & foll[]s1 _h giv5 an e>ly impetus to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & tea*]-tra9+ 9 ! ,swiss cantons1 mo/ be+ done 9 ! ,g]man-speak+ portions4 ,9 ,holl&1 :]e ! ,re=mation zeal = s*ools l>gely di$ out 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! organization ( ! ,society ( ,public ,good1 9 #aghd1 by a ,m5nonite cl]gyman1 did mu* to awak5 a new int]e/ 9 s*ools = ! p & to inaugurate a new movem5t = educational organization4 ,9 #agie a revolution took place 9 ,holl&1 a republic 0 e/abli%$1 & ! ext5sion ( educational advantages foll[$4 ,f #ahjf to #ahae ,holl& 0 "u ! rule ( ,napoleon4 ,a s*ool law ( #ahjf =ms ! basis ( public education 9 ,holl&4 ,?is ass]t$ ! supremacy ( ! ,/ate 9 education1 & provid$ = /ate inspection ( s*ools4 ,9 #ahab ! ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,m4 ,cuvi]1 report$ to ,napoleon t !re 7 #ddea s*ools 9 little ,holl&1 & t "o t5? ( ! total population 0 9 s*ool4 ,9 #ahaf a normal s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,ha>lem4 ,bo? ! con/itutions ( #ahae & #ahdh provid$ = /ate control ( education1 :i* has be5 /eadily ext5d$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! revival 9 #aghd4 ,today ,holl& provides a good sy/em ( public in/ruction = its p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,d5m>k ,9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$5 ! developm5t ( /ate s*ools has be5 work$ out1 mu* z 9 ,engl&1 9 cop]ation ) ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* /ill assi/s ! ,/ate 9 ! adm9i/ration & sup]vision ( ! s*ool sy/ems :i* 7 ev5tually evolv$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries1 too1 ! cont95tal two-class s*ool sy/em has be5 some:at modifi$ by an upw>d movem5t ( ! transf] po9t betwe5 ! two & ! developm5t ( p's high s*ools1 s z to produce a m democratic type ( s*ool & af=d bett] educational opportunities to all classes ( ! population4 ,! annex$ diagram1 %[+ ! organization ( education 9 ,d5m>k1 is typical ( ?is modification & ext5sion4 ,f9l& %\ld also be class$ ) ^! nor!rn nations 9 matt]s ( educational developm5t4 ,lu!ran ideas z to religion & ! ne$ = education took deep hold !re at an e>ly date 7p4 #big74 ,a k ( read+ & ! ,cate*ism 0 made necess>y = confirmation z e>ly z #afhf1 & democratic ideas also f\nd an e>ly home among ?is p4 ,9 consequ5ce ! ,f9ns h = long be5 a lit]ate p4 ,! law mak+ elem5t>y education a function ( ! ,/ate1 h[ev]1 dates only f #ahff1 & second>y education 0 tak5 ov] f ! ecclesia/ical au?orities only 9 #ahgb4 ,simil>ly1 ,scotl&1 ano!r nor!rn nation1 began s*ools z a phase ( its ,re=mation f]vor4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! p>i% s*ools1 creat$ by ! ,acts ( #afdf 7,r4 #agi2 p4 #cce7 & #afif1 prov$ insuffici5t1 & volunt>y s*ools 7 add$ to supplem5t !m4 ,toge!r ^! insur$ = ,scotl& a mu* high] degree ( lit]acy ?an 0 ! case 9 ,engl&4 ,! f9al /ate organization ( education 9 ,scotl& dates f ! ,scotti% ,education ,act ( #ahgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,lit]acy ,,9 ,,europe ,,by ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,! map reproduc$ "h1 %[+ ! progress ( g5]al education by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z measur$ by ! spread ( ! ability to read & write1 reveals at a glance ! high degree ( lit]acy ( ! nor!rn ,teutonic & mix$ ,teutonic nations4 ,x 0 among ^! nations t ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation ideas made ! deepe/ impression2 x 0 9 ^! nor!rn ,/ates t ! ,prote/ant elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ool1 to tea* read+ & religion1 atta9$ its e>lie/ />t2 x 0 !re t ! s*ool 0 tak5 ov] f ! ,*ur* & erect$ into an effective national in/rum5t at an e>ly date2 & x 0 ^! nations :i* _h be5 mo/ successful1 by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ext5d+ ! elem5ts ( education to all & ?us produc+ lit]ate populations4 ,,! ,,/ate-,,control ,,idea ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,& ,,ea/ ,,( ,,europe4 ,z we pass to ! s\? & ea/ ( ,europe we pass n only to l&s :i* rema9$ loyal to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 or are adh]5ts ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & h5ce did n exp]i5ce ! ,re=mation f]vor ) its accompany+ zeal = education1 b also to l&s unt\*$ by ! ,fr5*-,revolution movem5t & :]e democratic ideas h only rec5tly begun to make any progress4 ,greece alone =ms an exception to ?is /atem5t1 a con/itutional gov]nm5t hav+ be5 e/abli%$ !re 9 #ahdc4 ,remov$ f ! ma9 /ream ( ,european civilization1 ^! nations h be5 influ5c$ less by mod]n =ces2 ! hold ( ! ,*ur* on ! education ( ! "y has !re be5 longe/ reta9$2 & ! tak+-ov] ( education by ! ,/ate has !re be5 longe/ def]r$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! s*ools provid$ h = long be5 inadequate bo? 9 numb] & scope1 & ! progress ( lit]acy & democratic ideas among ! p has be5 sl[4 ,despite ! beg9n+s made by ,m>ia ,!resa 7p4 #dge7 9 ! late eighte5? c5tury1 ,au/ria dropp$ backw>d to a l[ place 9 matt]s ( education dur+ ! p]iod ( reaction foll[+ ! ,napoleonic w>s1 & ! real beg9n+s ( /ate elem5t>y-s*ools !re date f ! law ( #ahfg4 ,! beg9n+s 9 ,hung>y date f #ahfh4 ,! beg9n+s ( o!r /ate elem5t>y s*ool sy/ems are3 ,greece1 #ahbc2 ,portugal1 #ahdd2 ,spa91 #aheg2 ,r\mania1 #ahei2 ,bulg>ia1 #ahha2 & ,s]bia1 #ahhb4 ,9 _m ( ^! ,/ates1 despite e>ly beg9n+s1 b little real progress has ev5 yet be5 made 9 develop+ sy/ems ( national education t w provide gratuit\s elem5t>y-s*ool tra9+ = all & inculcate ! national _s4 ,9 _m ( ^! ,/ates ! illit]acy ( ! p is /ill high1 #a ! p are poor1 ! nations are economically backw>d1 ! milit>y & cl]ical classes /ill dom9ate1 & intellig5t & int]e/$ gov]nm5ts h n z yet be5 evolv$4 ,9 ,russia1 ?\gh ,ca!r9e ,,ii & h] successors made e>ne/ ef=ts to beg9 a sy/em ( /ate education1 ! p]iod foll[+ ,napoleon 0 "o ( extreme repressive reaction4 ,! milit>y class & ! cl]gy ( ! ,greek ,*ur* jo9$ h&s 9 a gov]nm5t int]e/$ 9 keep+ ! p submissive & dev\t4 ,9 consequ5ce1 at ! "t ( ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 9 #ahfa1 x 0 e/imat$ t n "o p] c5t ( ! total population ( ,russia 0 !n "u in/ruction1 & ! ratio ( illit]acy by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! highe/ 9 ,europe outside ( ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,balkan ,/ates4 ,,! ,,/ate-,,control ,,idea ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,self-,,gov]n+ ,,dom9ions4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* settl]s 9 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 & ! ,m>itime ,prov9ces ( ,canada br\ght ! ,engli% & ,fr5* p>o*ial-s*ool ideas f _! home-l&s ) !m1 b ^! home conceptions 7 mat]ially modifi$1 at an e>ly date1 by settl]s f ! nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,^! introduc$ ! ,new ,engl& idea ( /ate control & public responsibility = education4 ,9 "p copy+ prec$5ts rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ! new ,am]ican ,/ates1 z an outcome ( ! /ruggles !re to e/abli% free1 tax-support$1 & /ate-controll$ s*ools1 bo? ,ont>io & ,quebec e>ly began ! e/abli%m5t ( /ate sy/ems ( education = _! p4 ,a sup]9t5d5t ( education 0 appo9t$ 9 ,ont>io 9 #ahdd1 & ! ,common ,s*ool ,act ( #ahdf laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ate s*ool sy/em ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,9 ! law ( #ahga a sy/em ( uni=m1 free1 compulsory1 & /ate-inspect$ s*ools 0 def9itely provid$ =4 ,quebec1 9 #ahde1 made ! ecclesia/ical p>i% ! unit = s*ool adm9i/ration2 9 #aheb appo9t$ gov]nm5t inspectors = ! *ur* s*ools2 & 9 #ahei provid$ = a ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction to control all s*ools 9 ! ,prov9ce4 ,! ,dom9ion ,act ( #ahfg left education1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! sev]al ,prov9ces to control1 & /ate sy/ems ( education1 ?\gh ) l>ge lib]ty 9 religi\s in/ruction1 or ! incorporation ( ! religi\s s*ools into ! /ate s*ool sy/ems1 h s9ce be5 erect$ 9 all ! ,canadian ,prov9ces4 ,foll[+ ,am]ican prec$5ts1 too1 a ?or\ghly democratic educational ladd] has almo/ ev]y:]e be5 creat$1 sub/antially l t %[n 9 ! ,figure on page #gjh4 ,9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& education has simil>ly be5 left to ! diff]5t ,/ates to h&le1 b a /ate c5traliz$ control has be5 provid$ !re :i* is m ak9 to ,fr5* practice ?an to ,engli% ideas4 ,9 ea* ,/ate1 prim>y education has be5 made free1 compulsory1 secul>1 & /ate-support$4 ,! laws mak+ su* provision 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates date f #ahgb1 9 ,victoria2 #ahge1 9 ,que5sl&2 #ahgh1 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&2 & #ahhj1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,second>y education has n z yet be5 made free1 & _m excell5t privately end[$ or fee-support$ second>y s*ools1 aft] ! ,engli% plan1 are f\nd 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates4 ,9 ! new ,union ( ,s\? ,africa all univ]sity education has be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,union1 :ile ! exi/+ s*ool sy/ems ( ! diff]5t ,/ates are rapidly be+ tak5 ov] & exp&$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 & trans=m$ into con/ructive in/rum5ts ( ! ,/ates4 ,,! ,,/ate-,,control ,,idea ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,/ates4 ,z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,xx1 ! _s ( nationality awak5$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution spread to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & betwe5 #ahae & #ahba all ( ,spa9's ,s\? ,am]ican colonies revolt$1 decl>$ _! indep5d5ce f ! "m c\ntry1 & set up con/itutional republics4 ,brazil1 9 #ahbb1 9 a simil> mann] sev]$ its connections f ,portugal4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh ! ,monroe ,doctr9e 7#ahbc71 help$ ^! new ,/ates to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,= approximately half a c5tury ^! ,/ates1 isolat$ z !y 7 & engag$ 9 a long & difficult /ruggle to evolve /able =ms ( gov]nm5t1 left su* education z 0 provid$ to private individuals & societies & to ! mission>ies & tea*+ ord]s ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! new =ces /irr+ 9 ! mod]n _w began to be felt 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z well1 &1 aft] ab\t #ahgj1 a well-def9$ movem5t to e/abli% /ate s*ool sy/ems began to be 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,arg5t9e con/itution ( #ahec _h direct$ ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y s*ools by ! ,/ate1 b no?+ ( importance 0 done until aft] ! election ( ,dr4 ,s>mi5to z ,presid5t1 9 #ahfh4 ,"u 8 influ5ce an ,am]ican-type normal s*ool 0 e/abli%$1 tea*]s 7 import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & lib]al appropriations = education 7 begun4 ,9 #ahgc a g5]al sy/em ( national aid = prim>y education 0 e/abli%$1 & 9 #ahhd a new law laid ! basis ( ! pres5t /ate s*ool sy/em4 ,?\gh "s e>li] beg9n+s _h be5 made 9 "s ( ! o!r ,s\? ,am]ican nations1 ,arg5t9e is reg>d$ z ! lead] 9 education among !m4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! democratic nature ( ! gov]nm5t :i*1 9 connection ) ! deep int]e/ 9 education ( ,presid5t ,s>mi5to1 #b f\nd educational expression 9 ! creation ( an ,am]ican-type educational ladd]1 z ! accompany+ diagram %[s4 ,l>ge emphasis has be5 plac$ on sci5tific & practical /udies 9 ! second>y colegios4 ,! normal s*ool has be5 giv5 l>ge importance1 & made a p>allel & connect+ l9k 9 ! educational ladd] betwe5 ! prim>y s*ools & ! univ]sities4 ,! ,arg5t9e s*ool sy/em1 probably due to ,am]ican influ5ces act+ ?r\gh ,presid5t ,s>mi5to1 =ms an exception to ! usual ,s\? ,am]ican /ate s*ool sy/em1 z ne>ly all ! o!r ,/ates h foll[$ ! ,fr5* model & creat$ a ,european two-class s*ool sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,arg5t9e ,,republic ,9 ,*ili1 ! con/itution ( #ahcc decl>$ education to be ( supreme importance1 & a normal s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,santiago1 z e>ly z #ahdj4 ,! basic law = ! organization ( a /ate sy/em ( prim>y in/ruction1 h[ev]1 dates f #ahfj1 & ! law organiz+ a /ate sy/em ( second>y & high] education f #ahgb4 ,9 ,p]u1 an educational re=m movem5t 0 inaugurat$ 9 #ahgf1 b ! w> ) ,*ili 7#ahgi-hd7 *eck$ all progress4 ,9 #ahif an ,educational ,commission 0 appo9t$ to visit ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 & ! law ( #aija m>k$ ! creation ( a m9i/ry = education & ! real beg9n+s ( a /ate s*ool sy/em4 ,! ,brazilian con/itution ( #ahbd left education to ! sev]al ,/ates 7tw5ty & "o ,f$]al ,di/rict71 & a p]missive law ( #ahbg all[$ ! diff]5t ,/ates to e/abli% s*ools4 ,x 0 n until #ahed1 h[ev]1 t public s*ools 7 organiz$ 9 ! ,f$]al ,di/rict1 & ^! m>k ! real beg9n+ ( /ate education 9 ,brazil4 ,s9ce !n ! e/abli%m5t ( /ate s*ools has gradually ext5d$ to ! coa/ ,/ates1 & inl& ) ! build+ ( railway l9es & ! op5+-up ( ! int]ior to outside influ5ces4 ,! basis = /ate-controll$ education has n[ be5 laid 9 all ! ,/ates1 b ! att5dance at ! s*ools z yet is small4 #c ,9 "s ( ! o!r ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates1 su* z ,bolivia1 ,ecuador1 & ,v5ezuela1 b little progress 9 ext5d+ /ate-controll$ s*ools has z yet be5 made1 & ! tra9+ ( ! "y is /ill left l>gely to private ef=t1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! illit]acy 9 all ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates is /ill high1 9 "p due to ! l>ge native populations1 & mu* rema9s to be done be=e education becomes g5]al !re4 ,! /ate-control idea1 ?\gh1 has be5 def9itely e/abli%$ 9 pr9ciple 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( /able gov]nm5ts1 ! build+ ( railroads & /eam%ip l9es1 & ! developm5t ( an important int]national comm]ce--ev5ts :i* !re h *>act]iz$ ! fir/ two decades ( ! tw5tie? c5tury--e>ly & important progress 9 /ate educational organization & 9 ! ext5sion ( educational advantages may be expect$4 ,,! ,,/ate-,,s*ool ,,idea ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,asia4 ,9 #ahed ,admiral ,p]ry effect$ ! treaty ( fri5d%ip ) ,japan :i* virtually op5$ t nation to ! influ5ces ( we/]n civilization1 & "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful trans=mations ( a p record$ 9 hi/ory soon began4 ,9 #ahfg a new ,mikado came to ! ?rone1 & 9 #ahfh ! small milit>y class1 :i* _h rul$ ! nation = "s sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 gave up _! p[] to ! new rul]4 ,a new era 9 ,japan1 kn[n z ! ,meiji1 dates f ?is ev5t4 ,9 #ahga ! c5turies-old feudal sy/em 0 aboli%$1 & all classes 9 ! ,/ate 7 decl>$ equal be=e ! law4 ,?is same ye> ! fir/ newspap] 9 ,japan 0 begun4 ,9 #ahgb ! fir/ educational code = ! nation 0 promulgat$ by ! ,mikado4 ,?is ord]$ ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 ! compulsory education ( ! p 7,r4 #ccd a71 & ! equality ( all classes 9 educational matt]s4 ,/ud5ts 7 n[ s5t abroad1 especially to ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 =eign tea*]s 7 import$2 an ,am]ican normal-s*ool tea*] 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! newly op5$ /ate normal s*ool2 ! ,am]ican class me?od ( in/ruction 0 introduc$2 s*oolbooks & tea*+ app>atus 7 prep>$1 aft] ,am]ican models2 middle s*ools 7 organiz$ 9 ! t[ns2 high] s*ools 7 op5$ 9 ! cities2 & ! old ,academy ( ,=eign ,languages 0 evolv$ 7#ahgg7 into ! ,univ]sity ( ,tokyo4 ,9 #ahhd ! /udy ( ,engli% 0 introduc$ into ! c\rses ( ! public s*ools4 ,9 #ahhi a =m ( con/itution 0 grant$ to ! p1 & a p>liam5t e/abli%$4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,two-,,class ,,s*ool ,,sy/em4 ,adapt+ ! cont95tal ,european idea ( a two-class s*ool sy/em to ! peculi> ne$s ( ! nation1 ! ,japanese h work$ out1 dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury1 a type ( /ate-controll$ s*ool sy/em :i* has be5 well adapt$ to _! national ne$s4 #e ,in/ruction 9 national morality1 bas$ on ! ance/ral virtues1 bro!rly affection1 & loyalty to ! con/itution & ! rul+ class 7,r4 #ccd b-c71 has be5 well work$ out 9 _! s*ools4 ,?\gh ! gov]nm5t has rema9$ l>gely autocratic 9 =m1 ! ,japanese h1 h[ev]1 reta9$ ?r\gh\t all _! educational developm5t ! fundam5tal democratic pr9ciple enunciat$ 9 ! ,preamble to ! ,educational ,code ( #ahgb 7,r4 #ccd a71 viz41 t e "o )\t di/9ction ( class or sex %all receive prim>y education at lea/1 & t ! opportunity = high] education %all be op5 to all *ildr54 ,s completely has ! education ( ! p be5 conceiv$ ( z "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( ! ,/ate t all education has be5 plac$ "u a c5traliz$ /ate control1 ) a ,cab9et ,m9i/] 9 *>ge ( all adm9i/rative matt]s connect$ ) ! education ( ! nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,educational ,,ladd] ,s9ce ne> ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury :at promises to be an ev5 m wond]ful trans=mation ( a p-political1 social1 sci5tific1 & indu/rial--has be5 tak+ place 9 ,*9a 7,r4 #cce74 ,a mu* m democratic type ( national s*ool sy/em ?an t ( ! ,japanese has be5 work$ out1 & ?is ! new 7#aiab7 ,republic ( ,*9a is rapidly ext5d+ 9 ! prov9ces1 & mak+ education a v important function ( ! new democratic national life4 #f ,9 ! beg9n+1 :5 displac+ ! c5turies-old ,confucian educational sy/em1 #g ! ,*9ese adopt$ ,japanese ideas & organiz$ _! s*ools 7#aije7 some:at aft] ! ,japanese model4 ,lat] on1 respond+ to ! influ5ce ( _m ,am]ican- educat$ ,*9ese & to ! m democratic impulses ( ! ,*9ese p1 ! new gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! ,republic ( #aiab *ang$ ! s*ool sy/em at fir/ e/abli%$ s z to make x 9 type m l ! ,am]ican educational ladd]4 ,! new ,*9ese s*ool sy/em is %[n 9 ! draw+ on page #gba4 ,! univ]sity in/ruction is mod]n & excell5t1 & ! addition ( ! cultural & sci5tific k work$ out 9 we/]n ,europe to ! intellectual qualities ( ?is capable p c h>dly fail to result1 9 "t1 9 ! production ( a wond]ful mod]n nation1 #h probably 9 "o ( ! greate/ nations ( ! mid-tw5tie? c5tury4 ,9 #ahia ! indep5d5t ,k+dom ( ,siam1 #i awak5$ f its age-long isolation by new _w influ5ces1 s5t a pr9ce to ,europe to /udy & report on ! /ate sy/ems ( education ma9ta9$ !re4 ,z a result ( 8 report a dep>tm5t ( public education 0 creat$1 :i* lat] evolv$ into a m9i/ry ( public in/ruction1 & elem5t>y s*ools 7 op5$ by ! ,/ate 9 ! ?irte5 ?\s& old ,buddhi/ temples4 ,^! s*ools (f]$ a two-ye> c\rse 9 ,siamese1 foll[$ by a five-ye> c\rse 9 ,engli%1 giv5 by import$ ,engli% tea*]s4 ,s*ools = girls 7 provid$1 z well z = boys4 ,s9ce ?is beg9n+1 high] s*ools ( law1 m$ic9e1 agriculture1 eng9e]+1 & milit>y sci5ce h be5 add$1 taught l>gely by import$ ,engli% & ,am]ican tea*]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! new educational organization1 & ! new influ5ces br\ght 91 ! :ole life ( ?is little k+dom has be5 trans=m$ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree decades4 ,,g5]al ,,acceptance ,,( ,,! ,,/ate-,,function ,,conception4 ,! diff]5t national s*ool sy/ems1 ! creation ( :i* has s f> be5 briefly describ$1 are typical & repres5t a great _w movem5t :i* *>act]iz$ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is movem5t is /ill "u way1 & increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,o!r /ate s*ool organizations might be add$ to ! li/1 b ^? s f> giv5 are suffici5t4 ,beg9n+ ) ! nations :i* 7 e>lie/ to ! front ( ! onw>d m>* ( civilization1 ! movem5t = ! /ate control ( education1 itself an expression ( new _w =ces & new national ne$s1 has 9 a c5tury spread to e cont95t on ! globe4 ,to-day progressive nations ev]y:]e conceive ( education = _! p z s closely associat$ ) _! social1 political1 & indu/rial progress1 & _! national welf>e & prosp]ity 7,r4 #ccf71 t ! control ( education has come to be reg>d$ z an indisp5sable function ( ! ,/ate4 ,/ate con/itutions 7,r4 #ccc7 h accord+ly requir$ ! creation ( compreh5sive /ate s*ool sy/ems2 legislators h turn$ to education ) a new int]e/2 bulky /ate s*ool codes h giv5 =ce to con/itutional m&ates2 national lit]acy has become a goal2 ! diffusion ( political intellig5ce by means ( ! s*ool has naturally foll[$ ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage2 :ile ! _m new =ces & impulses ( a mod]n _w h s]v$ to make ! old religi\s type ( education utt]ly inadequate1 & to call = national action to a degree nev] conceiv$ ( 9 ! days :5 religi\s1 private1 & volunt>y educational ef=t suffic$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! few :o felt ! call to le>n4 ,:at a few ( ! m important ( ^! new n9ete5?-c5tury =ces h be51 :i* h s fundam5tally modifi$ ! "* & direction ( education1 x may be wor? :ile to set =? briefly1 be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,modify+ ,,=ces ,,! ,,advance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! n9ete5?-c5tury =ces1 & ! "o :i* prec$$ & condition$ all ! o!rs1 0 ! great increase ( accurate k z to ! =ces & laws ( ! physical _w1 aris+ f ! application ( sci5tific me?od to ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w 7,r4 #ccg74 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! intellect ( man 0 /imulat$ to activity z x _h n be5 be=e s9ce ! days :5 little ,a!ns 0 ! intellectual c5t] ( ! _w4 ,:at ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 to ! classical s*ol>s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ! movem5t = sci5tific k & its application to human affairs 0 to ! n9ete5?4 ,x *ang$ ! outlook ( man on ! problems ( life1 va/ly enl>g$ ! intellectual horizon1 & gave a new tr5d to education & to s*ol>ly ef=t4 ,:at ! s*ol>s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies _h be5 sl[ly ga!r+ toge!r z int]e/+ & classifi$ ph5om5a1 ! sci5tific s*ol>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury organiz$1 int]pret$1 exp&$1 & appli$4 ,s9ce ! day ( ,cop]nicus 7p4 #chf7 & ,newton 7p4 #chh7 a gr[+ appreciation ( ! p]man5ce & scope ( natural law 9 ! univ]se _h be5 sl[ly develop+1 & ?is ! s*ol>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury fix$ z a pr9ciple & appli$ 9 _m new directions4 ,a few ( ! m important ( ^! new directions may pr(itably be indicat$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,,b>on ,,ju/us ,,von ,,liebig 7#ahjc-gc7 ,9 ! doma9 ( ! physical sci5ces v important advances *>act]iz$ ! c5tury4 ,*emi/ry1 up to ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury l>gely a collection ( unrelat$ facts1 0 trans=m$ by ! labors ( su* m5 z ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd71 ,f>aday 7#agia-ahfg71 & ,liebig into a wond]fully well-organiz$ & va/ly important sci5ce4 ,liebig c>ri$ *emi/ry ov] into ! /udy ( ! processes ( dige/ion & ! function+ ( ! int]nal organs1 & re%ap$ mu* ( ! in/ruction 9 m$ic9e4 ,liebig is also important z hav+ op5$1 at ,giess51 9 #ahbf1 ! fir/ laboratory in/ruction 9 *emi/ry = /ud5ts provid$ 9 any univ]sity 9 ! _w4 ,by _m subsequ5t work]s *emi/ry has be5 s appli$ to ! arts t x is n too mu* to say t a k ( *emi/ry und]lies ! :ole manufactur+ & indu/rial life ( ! pres5t1 & t ! degree ( indu/rial preem95ce held by a nation to-day is l>gely det]m9$ by its ma/]y ( *emical processes4 ,physics has exp]i5c$ an equally important developm5t4 ,x1 too1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 9 ! prelim9>y /ate ( collect+1 cord9at+1 & try+ to int]pret data4 ,9 a c5tury physics has1 by exp]im5tation & ! application ( ma!matics to its problems1 be5 organiz$ into a numb] ( exce$+ly important sci5ces4 ,9 dynamics1 heat1 light1 & p>ticul>ly 9 electricity1 discov]ies & ext5sion ( previ\s k ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ significance h be5 made4 ,:at at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 a small textbook /udy ( natural philosophy has s9ce be5 subdivid$ into ! two great sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry1 & ^! 9 turn into num]\s well-organiz$ bran*es4 ,today ^! are taught1 n f textbooks1 b 9 l>ge & co/ly laboratories1 :ile manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts & gov]nm5ts n[ f9d x bo? necess>y & pr(itable to ma9ta9 l>ge sci5tific in/itutions = *emical & physical rese>*4 ,! great triumph ( physics1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! reign ( law 9 ! _w ( matt]1 0 ! exp]im5tal e/abli%m5t 7#ahdi7 ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,?is ranks 9 importance 9 ! _w ( ! physical sci5ces ) ! !ory ( evolution 9 ! biological4 ,! p]fection ( ! spectroscope 7#ahei7 reveal$ ! rule ( *emical law among ! />s1 & cl9*$ ! !ory ( evolution z appli$ to ! cele/ial univ]se4 ,! atomic !ory ( matt] #aj 0 an ext5sion ( natural laws 9 ano!r direction4 ,9 #ahdf occurr$ ! mo/ spectacul> pro( ( ! reign ( natural law :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$4 ,two sci5ti/s1 9 diff]5t l&s1 #aa work+ indep5d5tly1 calculat$ ! orbit ( a new planet1 ,neptune1 & :5 ! telescope 0 turn$ to ! po9t 9 ! heav5s indicat$ by _! calculations ! planet 0 !re4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s triumph = bo? ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,su* "w z ?is meant ! firm e/abli%m5t ( sci5tific accuracy1 & ! ultimate elim9ation ( ! old !ories ( wit*craft1 diabolic action1 & sup]/ition z controll+ =ces 9 ! _w ( human affairs4 ,! publication by ,*>les ,lyell 7#agig-ahge7 ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 #ahcj1 m>k$ ano!r important advance 9 ! k ( ! op]ations ( natural law 9 ! physical _w1 & likewise a revolution 9 ?9k+ 9 reg>d to ! age & pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,few books h ev] m deeply influ5c$ human ?9k+4 ,! old !ological conception ( e>?ly cata/rophes #ab 0 ov]?r[n1 & 9 its place 0 sub/itut$ ! idea ( a v long & a v ord]ly evolution ( ! planet4 ,geology 0 creat$ z a new sci5ce1 & out ( ?is has come1 by subsequ5t evolution1 a numb] ( o!r new sci5ces #ac :i* h contribut$ mu* to human progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 7#ahji-hb7 ,ano!r ( ! great books ( all "t appe>$ 9 #ahei1 :5 ,*>les ,d>w9 7#ahji-ahhb7 publi%$ ! results ( ?irty ye>s ( c>eful biological rese>* 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,?is swept away ! old !ory ( special & individual creation :i* _h be5 *]i%$ s9ce e>ly antiquity2 & sub/itut$ 9 its place ! reign ( law 9 ! field ( biological life4 ,?is sub/itution ( ! pr9ciple ( ord]ly evolution = ! old !ory ( special creation m>k$ ano!r =w>d /ep 9 human ?9k+1 #ad & gave an entirely new direction to ! old /udy ( natural hi/ory4 #ae ,9 ! h&s ( su* work]s z ,wallace 7#ahbc-aiac71 ,asa ,gray 7#ahaj-hh71 ,huxley 7#ahbe-id71 & ,sp5c] 7#ahbj-aijc7 x n[ prov$ a fruitful field4 ,9 #ahef ! ,g]man ,vir*[ 7#ahba-aijb7 made 8 f>-rea*+ contribution ( cellul> pa?ology to m$ical sci5ce2 betwe5 #ahei & #ahfe ! ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,pa/eur 7#ahbb-ie7 e/abli%$ ! g]m !ory ( f]m5tation1 putrefaction1 & disease2 ab\t ! same "t ! ,engli% surgeon ,li/] 7#ahbg-aiad7 began to use antiseptics 9 surg]y2 &1 9 #ahgi1 ! bacillus ( typhoid fev] 0 f\nd4 ,out ( ?is "w ! mod]n sci5ces ( pa?ology1 aseptic surg]y1 bact]iology1 & immunity 7 creat$1 & ! cause & mode ( transmission ( ! great diseases #af :i* once decimat$ armies & cities--plague1 *ol]a1 mal>ia1 typhoid1 typhus1 yell[ fev]1 dys5t]y--z well z ! sc\rges ( tub]culosis1 diph!ria1 & lockjaw1 h be5 det]m9$4 ,! importance ( ^! discov]ies = ! future welf>e & happ9ess ( mank9d c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,sanit>y sci5ce arose z an application ( ^! discov]ies1 & s9ce ab\t #ahge a sanit>y & hygi5ic revolution has tak5 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag ,,l\is ,,pa/eur 7#ahbb-ie7 ,! above repres5t b a few ( ! m important ( ! _m great sci5tific advances ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:at ! ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h s[$ broadca/ ?r\gh a g5]al int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 _! successors 9 ! n9ete5? reap$ z an abundant h>ve/4 ,! ?ree great ma/] keys ( sci5ce--! high] ma!matics1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & ! pr9ciple ( ord]ly evolution ( life accord+ to law--s long unkn[n to man1 _h at la/ be5 discov]$1 &1 ) ^! 9 _! possession1 m5 h s9ce op5$ up _m ( ! long-hidd5 secrets ( cause & gr[? & =m & function1 bo? 9 ! heav5s & on ! e>?1 & h reveal$ to a wond]+ _w ! prodigi\s & et]nal =ces ( an ord]ly univ]se4 ,! fruitfulness ( ! ,baconian me?od 7p4 #cij7 9 ! h&s ( 8 successors has f> surpass$ 8 mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,,! ,,applications ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,result4 ,all ?is "w1 z has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out 7,r4 #cch71 _h ( necessity to prec$e ! applications ( sci5ce to ! arts & to ! advancem5t ( ! com=ts & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! new /udies soon caught ! att5tion ( y\ng] s*ol>s2 special s*ools = _! /udy began to be e/abli%$ by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 #ag en?usia/ic /ud5ts ( sci5ce began =cefully to *all5ge ! c5turies-long supremacy ( classical /udies2 funds = sci5tific rese>* began to be provid$2 ! pr9t+-press dissem9at$ ! new ideas2 & ?\s&s ( applications ( sci5ce to trade & indu/ry & human welf>e began to attract public att5tion & create a new dem& = s*ools & = a new ext5sion ( le>n+4 ,dur+ ! pa/ c5tury ! applications ( ?is new le>n+ to matt]s t intimately t\* ! life ( man h be5 s num]\s & s f>-rea*+ 9 _! effects t !y h produc$ a revolution 9 life conditions unlike any?+ ! _w ev] exp]i5c$ be=e4 ,9 all ! days f ! "t ( ! ,crusades to ! end ( ! ,napoleonic ,w>s ! *anges 9 liv+ effect$ 7 less1 bo? 9 scope & importance1 ?an h tak5 place 9 ! c5tury s9ce ,napoleon 0 s5t to ,sa9t ,hel5a4 ,,?is ,,trans=mation ,,we ,,call ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,?is1 z we po9t$ out e>li] 7p4 #dib71 began 9 ,engl& 9 ! late eighte5? c5tury4 ,france did n exp]i5ce its beg9n+s until aft] ! ,napoleonic ,w>s1 ?\gh aft] ab\t #ahbj ! trans=mations !re 7 rapid & f>- rea*+4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x began ab\t #ahaj-ae1 & betwe5 #ahbj & #ahfj ! indu/rial me?ods ( ! p ( ! nor!a/]n qu>t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 revolutioniz$4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #aijj !y 7 revolutioniz$ aga94 ,9 ! ,g]man ,/ates ! trans=mation began ab\t #ahdj1 ?\gh x did n rea* its great developm5t until aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 9 #ahga4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) ! developm5t ( factories1 ! build+ ( railroads1 & ! ext5sion ( /eam%ip l9es1 ev5 ! mo/ remote c\ntries h be5 affect$ by ! new =ces4 ,nations long primitive & seclud$ h be5 mod]niz$ & indu/rializ$2 c5tury-old trades & skills h be5 de/roy$ by ma*9]y2 ! old home & village indu/ries h be5 replac$ by ! factory sy/em2 cities = manufactur+ & trade h ev]y:]e exp]i5c$ a rapid developm5t2 & ev5 on ! f>m ! agricultural me?ods ( bygone days h be5 replac$ by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce & ! products ( inv5tion4 ,almo/ no?+ is done to-day z x 0 a c5tury ago1 & only 9 remote places d p live z !y us$ to live4 ,! nature & ext5t ( ! *ange :i* has be5 wr\ght1 & "s e/imate z to its effect ^u educational proc$ure1 may p]haps be bett] compreh5d$ if we fir/ contra/ liv+ conditions be=e & aft] ?is indu/rial trans=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,,man ,,p[] ,,be=e ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,/eam ,foot p[] a c5tury ago4 7,f a cut by ,&]son1 ,am]ica's fir/ important engrav]7 ,,liv+ ,,conditions ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago4 ,a c5tury ago p ev]y:]e liv$ comp>atively simple lives4 ,! /eam eng9e1 :ile beg9n+ to be put to use 7p4 #dic71 _h n z yet be5 ext5sively appli$ & made ! will+ & ob$i5t slave ( man4 ,! lightn+ _h n z yet be5 h>ness$1 & ! n[ omnipres5t electric motor 0 !n /ill unkn[n4 ,only 9 ,engl& _h manufactur+ rea*$ any l>ge proportions1 & ev5 !re ! me?ods 7 some:at primitive4 ,?\s&s ( processes :i* we n[ p]=m simply & effectively by ! use ( /eam or electric p[]1 a c5tury ago 7 done sl[ly & pa9fully by human labor4 ,! *ief s\rces ( p[] 7 !n man & horse p[]4 ,! home 0 a c5t] 9 :i* mo/ ( ! arts & trades 7 practic$1 & 9 ! long w9t] ev5+s ! old crafts & skills 7 turn$ to comm]cial acc\nt4 ,:at e family us$ & wore 0 l>gely made 9 ! home1 ! village1 or ! neighborhood4 ,travel 0 sl[ & exp5sive & some?+ only ! well-to-d c\ld af=d4 ,to g fifty miles a day by /age-coa*1 or "o hundr$ by sail+ packet on ! wat]1 0 extraord9>ily rapid4 ,"o c\ld n travel fa/] by sea or by l&1 z ,huxley rem>k$1 ?an at any previ\s "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & ,k+ ,george c\ld s5d a message f ,london to ,york no fa/] ?an ,k+ ,john might h done4 ,! /eam tra9 0 n develop$ until ab\t #ahbe1 & ?r\gh railway l9es n = a qu>t]- c5tury long]4 ,x took f\r days by coa* f ,london to ,york 7#ahh miles72 six weeks by sail+ vessel f ,s\?ampton to ,bo/on2 & six mon?s f ,engl& to ,india4 ,p mov$ ab\t b little4 ,a j\rney ( fifty miles 0 an ev5t--= _m some?+ n exp]i5c$ 9 a lifetime4 ,to travel to a =eign l& made a man a m>k$ individual4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 tells u t he 0 frequ5tly po9t$ out on ! /reets ( ,philadelphia1 !n ! l>ge/ city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a man :o _h be5 to ,europe4 ,george ,ticknor has left u an int]e/+ record 7,r4 #cci7 ( 8 difficulties1 9 f9d+ any?+ 9 pr9t 9 ! libr>ies ( ! "t1 ab\t #ahae1 or any "o :o c\ld tell him ab\t ! "w ( ! ,g]man univ]sities1 :i* he1 z a result ( read+ ,madame de ,/al's book on ,g]many1 0 desir\s ( att5d+4 #ah ,ev]y:]e x 0 a "t ( h>d "w & simple liv+4 ,e y\ng/] _h to become useful at an e>ly age4 ,! "w ( life1 9 t[n or on ! f>m1 requir$ h>d & cont9ual labor f all4 ,f>m ma*9]y _h n be5 p]fect$1 & h& labor p]=m$ all ! op]ations ( pl\gh+ & s[+1 reap+ & h>ve/+4 ,) ! introduction ( ! factory sy/em1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 us$ to op]ate ma*9]y1 *ildr5 be+ appr5tic$ to ! mills at ab\t eight ye>s ( age & work+ t5 to twelve h\rs a day4 ,?is soon work$ ! life out ( human be+s1 & 9 consequ5ce sickness1 wret*$ness1 juv5ile del9qu5cy1 ignorance1 drunk5ness1 paup]ism1 & crime increas$ greatly z cities grew & ! factory sy/em drew ?\s&s f ! f>ms to ! t[ns4 ,:5 ,que5 ,victoria came to ! ?rone 7#ahcg7 "o p]son 9 twelve 9 ,engl& 0 a paup]1 & ! lot ( ! poor 0 wret*$ 9 ! extreme4 ,9 cities !y liv$ 9 cell>s & basem5ts & hovels4 ,!re 0 practically no sanitation or dra9age4 ,/reets & alleys 7 fil?y4 ,gravey>ds 7 commonly locat$ 9 ! he>t ( a t[n4 ,a pure wat]-supply ?r\gh wat]-ma9s 0 unkn[n4 ,pumps & wat]-c>ri]s suppli$ ne>ly all ! ne$s4 ,!re 0 9 consequ5ce mu* sickness1 & su* diseases z typhoid & mal>ia ran rampant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,,?re%+ ,,:eat ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago 7,aft] a woodcut by ,jacque1 9 ,l',illu/ration7 ,,*ange ,,9 ,,liv+ ,,conditions ,,to-,,day4 ,9 a c5tury all has be5 *ang$4 ,/eam & electricity & sanit>y sci5ce h trans=m$ ! _w2 ! railway1 /eam%ip1 telegraph1 cable1 & pr9t+-press h made ! _w "o4 ,! output ( ! factory sy/em has trans=m$ liv+ & labor conditions1 ev5 to ! remote corn]s ( ! _w2 sanit>y sci5ce & sanit>y legislation h *ang$ ! primitive conditions ( ! home & made ( x a clean & com=table mod]n abode2 m5 & wom5 h be5 fre$ f an almo/ incalculable am\nt ( drudg]y & toil1 & ! human ef=t & "t sav$ may n[ be devot$ to o!r types ( "w or to enjoym5t & le>n+4 ,?\s&s :o once 7 ne$$ = m5ial toil on f>m or 9 %op & home are n[ fre$ = employm5t 9 satisfy+ new wants & new pleasures t mank9d has come to "k1 #ai or may devote _! "t & en]gies to =ms ( s]vice t advance ! welf>e ( mank9d or m9i/] to ! ne$s ( ! human _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,a ,,city ,,wat]-,,supply ,,ab\t #ahcj 7,aft] a li?ograph by ,bellange7 ,labor-sav+ devices & ! applications ( sci5tific "w h t\*$ all phases ( life & labor ( m5 & wom51 & "u mod]n me?ods ( transportation g ev]y:]e4 ,! ,am]ican self-b9d+ reap] is f\nd 9 ! gra9-fields ( ,russia & ! ,arg5t9e2 "o may buy cans ( k]os5e & t9n$ meats & vegetables almo/ any:]e 9 ! _w today2 sew+ ma*9es & phonographs add to ! com=t & pleasure ( ! ,african native & ! dwell] on ! ,yukon2 milady 9 ,siam uses cosmetics manufactur$ = ! devotees ( fa%ion 9 ,p>is2 ! ,sultan ( ,sulu we>s an elegant ,am]ican wri/-wat*2 ! ,dahom5y tribesman has a safety razor1 & a mirror ( ,fr5* plate2 ! ,p]sian d&y we>s %oes & hab]da%]y made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 old ,*9am5 up ! ,yell[ ,riv] ,valley read _! ,confucius by ! light ( an ,edison ,mazda2 ! /eam tra9 w5ds its way up f ,jaffa to ,j]usalem2 ! gasol9e p[] boat *ugs its c\rse up ! ,nile ! ,ph>aohs sail$2 & mod]n surgical me?ods & in/rum5ts are us$ 9 ! hospitals ( ,manila & ,s+apore1 ,cairo & ,cape ,t[n4 ,a rupee sp5t = ?read at ,calcutta />ts ! sp9dles go+ 9 ,man*e/]2 a new calico dress = a ,m&alay belle helps ! cotton-pr9t mills ( ,le$s2 a new c>v+ set = a ,fiji ,isl&] means m labor = "s cutl]y works 9 ,%effield2 a half- doll> = a new und]%irt 9 ,panama means increas$ "w = a cotton mill 9 ,new ,engl&2 a new blanket call$ = aga9/ ! w9t]'s cold ( ,sib]ia moves ! looms ( "s ,rhode ,isl& t[n2 a dime sp5t = a box ( mat*es 9 ,alaska means add$ labor & pr(it = a mat* factory 9 ,cali=nia2 a new ba? tub 9 ,p>aguay spells increas$ output = a factory at ,milan or ,tur92 & ! ,*ri/mas wi%es ( ! *ildr5 9 ,brazil give "w to ! toy factories ( ,nremb]g4 ,tra9s & huge /eam]s move today along ! great trade r\tes ( ! mod]n _w1 ex*ang+ bo? ! p & _! products4 ,! holds ( ! %ips are fill$ ) coal & gra9 & manufactur$ implem5ts & commodities ( e description1 :ile _! /e]age space is cr[d$ ) mod]n ,m>co ,polos & ,magellans go+ =? to see ! _w4 ,! ,h9doo walks ! /reets ( ,cape ,t[n1 ,london1 ,sydney1 ,new ,york1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,valp>aiso2 ! ,russian ,jew is f\nd 9 all ! ,old & ,new ,_w cities2 ! ,engli%man & ! ,am]ican travel ev]y:]e2 ! ,japanese are fr++ ! ,pacific ) _! labor+ classes2 toil+ ,italians & ,greeks are f\nd all ov] ! _w2 peasants f ! ,balkans ga!r ! prune & orange crops ( ,cali=nia2 ! m\jic f ! ,russian ,caucasus tills ! :eat-fields ( ! ,dakotas2 :ile ! ,iri%1 ,sc&9avians1 & ,teutons =m ! political1 f>m+1 & comm]cial classes 9 _m f>-di/ant l&s4 ,9 ! rec5t ,_w ,w> ,s]bs f ,montana & ,colorado f\ght side by side ) ,s]bs f ,belgrade & ,nis*2 ,greeks f ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco help$ _! bro!rs f ,a!ns drive ! ,bulg>s back up ! ,v>d> ,valley2 ,italians f ,new ,orleans & ,rio de ,janeiro help$ _! k9sm5 f ! valley ( ! ,po hold back ! ,hun f ! ,v5etian pla92 ,*9ese f ! valleys ( ! ,tong-long & ! ,yang-tse-,kiang back$ up ! ,alli$ armies by till+ ! fields ( ,france2 & ,alg]ian & ,s5egalese natives help$ ! ,fr5* hold back ! ,teutonic hordes f ! ravi%m5t ( ,p>is4 ,s completely has ! old isolation be5 brok5 d[n6 ,s completely is ! _w 9 flux6 ,s small has ! _w become6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,,! ,,great ,,trade ,,r\tes ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,_w ,brok5 l9es1 on l&1 indicate gaps soon to be clos$4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! maps on pages #afa & #beh1 & note ! progress 9 discov]y & int]communication4 ,%ips & tra9s are con/antly pass+ ov] ^! r\tes1 be>+ bo? freight & peoples4 ,x 0 almo/ a c5tury f ! "t in/ruction 9 ,greek 0 reviv$ 9 ,flor5ce 7#acif7 until ,l9acre fir/ lectur$ on ,greek at ,ox=d 7c4 #adib72 six mon?s aft] ! ,x-ray 0 p]fect$ 9 ,g]many x 0 9 use 9 ! hospitals ( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ?\s&s might h di$ ( />vation 9 ,p]sia or ,egypt1 a fam\s city 9 ,asia ,m9or might h be5 de/roy$ by an e>?quake & _m p kill$1 or w> might h rag$ = ye>s 9 ! ,ori5t )\t a citiz5 ( we/]n ,europe kn[+ ( x all 8 life4 ,today any important ev5t any:]e )9 ! range ( ! telegraph or ! cable w\ld be report$ 9 tomorr[ morn+'s pap]1 & c>efully describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! magaz9es at an e>ly date4 ,man is no long] a citiz5 ( a t[n or a /ate1 b ( a nation & ( ! _w4 ,h[ intellig5tly he c use ?is l>g] citiz5%ip dep5ds today l>gely ^u ! "* & ! ext5t ( ! education he has receiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,%ift+ ,,( ,,occupations4 ,saw+ bo>ds by h&1 be=e ! introduction ( /eam p[]4 ,,effect ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges ,,on ,,! ,,labor+-,,classes4 ,at fir/ ! effect ( ! introduction ( factory-made goods & labor-sav+ devices 0 to upset ! old e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,trades practic$ by ! guilds s9ce ! ,middle ,ages 7 de/roy$1 because factories c\ld turn out goods fa/] & *eap] ?an guild workm5 c\ld make !m4 ,! age-old appr5tice%ip sy/em began to break d[n4 ,ev]y:]e p 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & a va/ %ift+ ( occupations took place4 ,!re 0 mu* discont5t1 & labor]s began to unite1 :]e all[$ to d s1 #bj ) a view to improv+ _! economic & political condition by conc]t$ action4 ,! political revolutions ( #ahdh ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 9 "p a manife/ation ( ?is discont5t1 & ! "r to organize 0 ev]y:]e dem&$ & 9 "t g5]ally obta9$4 ,among ! planks 9 _! plat=m 7 equality ( all be=e ! law2 ! limitation ( *ild & woman labor2 bett] work+ conditions & wages2 ! provision ( s*ools = _! *ildr5 at public exp5se2 & ! ext5sion ( ! "r ( suffrage4 ,despite c]ta9 un=tunate results foll[+ ! *ange f age-old work+ conditions1 ! c5tury ( transition has se5 ! labor+ man mak+ ga9s unkn[n be=e 9 hi/ory1 & ! peasant has se5 ! abolition ( s]fdom #ba & feudal dues4 ,homes h ga9$ trem5d\sly4 ,! drudg]y & wa/eful toil h be5 greatly mitigat$4 ,to-day !re is a /&>d ( com=t & sanitation1 ev5 = ^? 9 ! humble/ circum/ances1 beyond all previ\s conceptions4 ,! poore/ workman to-day c enjoy 9 8 home light+ undream$ ( 9 ! days ( tall[ c&les2 w>m? beyond ! p[] ( ! old smoky s(t-coal grate2 food ( a v>iety & quality 8 ance/ors nev] knew2 kit*5 conv5i5ces & an ease 9 kit*5 "w :olly unkn[n until rec5tly2 & sanit>y conv5i5ces & conditions beyond ! rea* ( ! weal?ie/ half a c5tury ago4 ,! ca/e sy/em 9 indu/ry has be5 brok5 d[n1 & m5 & _! *ildr5 may n[ *oose _! occupations freely1 #bb & move ab\t at w4 ,wages h greatly increas$1 bo? actually & relatively to ! greatly improv$ /&>d ( liv+4 ,! "w ( wom5 & *ildr5 is easi]1 & all "w = %ort] h\rs4 ,*ild labor is fa/ be+ elim9at$ 9 all progressive nations4 ,9 consequ5ce ( all ^! *anges = ! bett]1 p to-day h a leisure = read+ & ?9k+ & p]sonal enjoym5t entirely unkn[n be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & gov]nm5ts ev]y:]e h f\nd x bo? desirable & necess>y to provide means = ! utilization ( ?is leisure & ! gratification ( ! new desires4 ,along ) ^! *anges has gone ! developm5t ( ! greate/ s+le ag5t = spread+ lib]aliz+ ideas --! mod]n newspap]--! mo/ invet]ate enemy ( absolutism & reaction4 ,despite c5sor%ips1 suppressions1 & confiscations1 ! press has by n[ e/abli%$ its fre$om 9 all enlight5$ l&s1 & ! cyl9d] press1 ! telegraph1 & ! cable h become indisp5sable adjuncts to ! developm5t ( t p[] :i* e absoluti/ has come to dread1 & ) :i* e prime m9i/] mu/ daily reckon4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges ,,on ,,education ,,g5]al ,,result ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges4 ,! g5]al result ( ! va/ & f>- rea*+ *anges :i* we h j describ$ is t ! intellectual & political horizon ( ! work+ classes has be5 trem5d\sly broad5$2 ! home has be5 completely alt]$2 *ildr5 n[ h mu* leisure & d little labor2 & ! common man at la/ is rapidly com+ into 8 own4 ,/ill m1 ! common man seems de/9$ to be ! dom9ant =ce 9 gov]nm5t 9 ! future4 ,to ?is end he & 8 *ildr5 mu/ be educat$1 8 wife & *ildr5 c>$ =1 8 home protect$1 & gov]nm5ts mu/ d = him ! ?+s :i* satisfy 8 ne$s & advance 8 welf>e4 ,! days ( ! rule ( a small intellectual class & ( gov]nm5t 9 ! int]e/s ( su* a class h l>gely pass$1 & ! political equality :i* ! ,a!nian ,greeks fir/ 9 ! we/]n _w gave to ! citiz5s ( little ,a!ns1 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution has =c$ mod]n & enlight5$ gov]nm5ts to give to all _! p4 ,9 consequ5ce1 real democracy 9 gov]nm5t1 education1 ju/ice1 & social welf>e is n[ 9 process ( be+ atta9$ g5]ally1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! effect ( all ^! *anges 9 ! mode ( liv+ ( peoples is writt5 l>ge on ! national life4 ,! political & indu/rial revolutions :i* h m>k$ ! u%]+-9 ( ! mod]n age h be5 f>-rea*+ 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,! old home life & home indu/ries ( an e>li] p]iod are pass+1 or h pass$1 nev] to return4 ,peoples 9 all advanc$ nations are rapidly sw++ into ! /ream ( a new & va/ly m complex _w civilization1 :i* br+s !m into contact & competition ) ! be/ bra9s ( all mank9d4 ,at ! same "t a great & ev]-increas+ specialization ( human ef=t is tak+ place on all sides1 & ) new & ev] m difficult social1 political1 educational1 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & human-life problems con/antly pres5t+ !mselves = solution4 ,! _w has become bo? l>g] & small] ?an x us$ to be1 & ev5 its remote p>ts are n[ be+ l9k$ up1 to a degree t a c5tury ago w\ld n h be5 deem$ possible1 ) ! future welf>e ( ! nations :i* s long bore ! brunt ( ! /ruggle = ! pres]vation & advancem5t ( civilization4 ,,^! ,,*anges ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool4 ,x is ^! va/ & f>-rea*+ political1 indu/rial1 & social *anges :i* h be5 ! great actuat+ =ces beh9d ! evolution & expansion ( ! /ate s*ool sy/ems :i* we h s f> describ$4 ,! ,am]ican & ,fr5* political revolutions1 ) _! new philosophy ( political equality & /ate control ( education1 cle>ly inaugurat$ ! movem5t = tak+ ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur* & ! mak+ ( x an important in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ext5sion ( ! suffrage to new classes gave a cle> political motive = ! s*ool1 & to tra9 "y p to read & write & "k ! con/itutional bases ( lib]ty became a political necessity4 ,! indu/rial revolution :i* foll[$1 br++ 9 its tra9 su* ext5sive *anges 9 labor & 9 ! conditions surr\nd+ home & *ild life1 has s9ce completely alt]$ ! face ( ! e>li] educational problem4 ,:at 0 simple once has s9ce become complex1 & ! complexity has increas$ ) "t4 ,once ! ability to read & write & ciph] di/+ui%$ ! educat$ man f ! un$ucat$2 to-day ! man or woman :o kn[s only ^! simple arts is an un$ucat$ p]son1 h>dly fit to cope ) ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 a mod]n _w1 & c]ta9ly n fitt$ to p>ticipate 9 ! complex political & indu/rial life ( :i*1 9 all advanc$ nations1 he or %e #bc to-day =ms a "p4 ,x is ! attempt to rem\ld ! s*ool & to make ( x a m pot5t in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate = promot+ national consci\sness 7,r4 #cdj7 & political1 social1 & indu/rial welf>e t has be5 beh9d ! _m *anges & expansions & ext5sions ( education :i* h m>k$ ! pa/ half-c5tury 9 all ! lead+ _w nations1 & :i* und]lie ! mo/ press+ problems 9 educational readju/m5t to-day4 ,^! *anges & expansions & problems we %all consid] m 9 detail 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,suffice x "h to say t f m]e tea*+ in/itutions1 engag$ 9 imp>t+ a little religi\s in/ruction & "s k ( ! tools ( le>n+1 ! s*ool1 9 all ! lead+ nations1 has to-day be5 trans=m$ into an in/itution = advanc+ national welf>e4 ,! lead+ purpose n[ is to tra9 = political & social effici5cy 9 ! m democratic types ( gov]nm5ts be+ in/itut$ among peoples1 & to imp>t to ! "y ^? indu/rial & social exp]i5ces once taught 9 ! home1 ! trades1 & on ! f>m1 b :i* ! com+ ( ! factory sy/em & city life h depriv$ !m o!rwise ( kn[+4 ,,new ,,problems ,,to ,,be ,,met ,,by ,,education4 ,z p>ticipation 9 ! political life ( nations has be5 ext5d$ to l>g] & l>g] gr\ps ( ! p1 & z ! problems ( gov]nm5t h become m & m complex1 ! s*ools h f\nd x necess>y to add in/ruction 9 geography1 hi/ory1 gov]nm5t1 & national ideals & culture to ! e>li] in/ruction4 ,9 ! less democratic nations :i* h evolv$ national s*ool sy/ems1 ?is new in/ruction has (t5 be5 utiliz$ to give /r5g? to ! type ( gov]nm5t & social conditions :i* ! rul+ class desir$ to h p]petuat$4 ,?is has be5 ! evid5t purpose 9 ,japan 7,r4 #ccd71 ?\gh ! gov]nm5t ( ,imp]ial ,g]many =m$ p]haps ! be/ illu/ration ( su* p]v]sion4 ,?is 0 se5 & po9t$ out long ago by ,horace ,mann 7,r4 #bha74 ,!re ! idea ( nationality ?r\gh education 7,r4 #cdb7 0 c>ri$ to su* an extreme z made ! gov]nm5t oppressive to subject peoples & a m5ace to neighbor+ ,/ates4 #bd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* h us$ _! s*ools = national ends 7,r4 #cda7 9 a mann] t has be5 highly comm5dable4 ,z ! social life ( nations has become broad] & m complex1 a long] p]iod ( guidance has become necess>y to prep>e ! future citiz5s ( ! ,/ate = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 x4 ,z a result1 *ild life ev]y:]e has & is /ill exp]i5c+ a new l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod ( dep5d5ce & tra9+1 & all national int]e/s n[ indicate t ! p]iod devot$ to prep>+ = life's "w w ne$ to be fur!r l5g!n$4 ,all rec5t ?9k+ & legislation1 z well z ! int]e/s ( organiz$ labor & ! public welf>e1 h 9 rec5t decades set /rongly aga9/ *ild labor4 ,economically unpr(itable "u mod]n indu/rial conditions1 & morally indef5sible1 x has at la/ come to be accept$ z a pr9ciple1 by progressive nations1 t x is bett] = *ildr5 & = society t !y rema9 "u "s =m ( in/ruction until !y are at lea/ sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,to ?is end ! common prim>y s*ool has be5 cont9u$ upw>d1 "p-"t cont9uation s*ools ( v>i\s types h be5 organiz$ = ^? :o mu/ g to labor e>li]1 & p's high s*ools or middle s*ools h be5 add$ 7see ,figure #baj1 p4 #gac7 to give ! equival5t ( a high-s*ool education to ! *ildr5 ( ! classes n patroniz+ ! exclusive & limit$ tuition second>y s*ool4 ,z l>ge numb]s ( immigrants f di/ant l&s h ent]$ "s ( ! lead+ nations1 notably ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p>ticul>ly immigrants f less advanc$ nations :]e g5]al education is n z yet common1 & :]e f> diff]5t political1 social1 judicial1 & hygi5ic conditions prevail1 a new duty has be5 ?ru/ ^u ! s*ool ( giv+ to su* incom+ peoples1 & _! *ildr51 "s conception ( ! mean+ & me?od & purpose ( ! national life ( ! p !y h come among4 ,! national s*ools h accord+ly be5 compell$ to give att5tion to ! ne$s ( ^! new elem5ts 9 ! population1 & to direct _! att5tion less exclusively to satisfy+ ! ne$s ( ! well-to-d classes ( society4 ,educational sy/ems h 9 consequ5ce t5d$ m & m to become democratic 9 "*1 & to s]ve 9 "p z in/rum5ts = ! assimilation ( ! /rang] )9 ! nation's gates & = ! p]petuation & improvem5t ( ! national life4 ,,education ,a ,,con/ructive ,,national ,,tool4 ,"o result ( ! _m political1 social1 & indu/rial *anges ( a c5tury has be5 to evolve education into ! great con/ructive tool ( mod]n political society4 ,= ages a *ur* & private affair1 & ( no great importance = m ?an a few1 x has to-day become ! prime ess5tial to good gov]nm5t & national progress1 & is s recogniz$ by ! lead+ nations ( ! _w4 ,z p are fre$ f autocratic rule & take ^u !mselves ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 & z !y break loose f _! age-old political1 social1 & indu/rial moor+s & sw+ out into ! curr5t ( ! /ream ( mod]n _w-civilization1 ! ne$ = ! education ( ! masses to enable !m to /e] safely _! %ip ( /ate1 & take _! places among ! /able gov]nm5ts ( a mod]n _w1 becomes pa9fully evid5t4 ,9 ! h&s ( an un$ucat$ p a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t is a dang]\s in/rum5t1 :ile ! prop] developm5t ( natural res\rces & ! utilization ( trade opportunities by backw>d peoples1 )\t be+ exploit$1 is almo/ impossible4 ,9 ,russia1 ,mexico1 & ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republics we see ! results ( a democracy 9 ! h&s ( an un$ucat$ p4 ,!re1 too (t51 ! revolv] in/ead ( ! ballot box is us$ to settle public issues1 & in/ead ( ord]ly gov]nm5t "u law we f9d inju/ice & an>*y4 ,a g5]al sy/em ( education t w tea* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( con/itutional lib]ty1 & apply sci5ce to production 9 agriculture & manufactur+1 is almo/ ! only solution = su* conditions4 ,by contra/ ) ! surr\nd+ republics "o f9ds 9 ,guatemala #be a c\ntry t has us$ education intellig5tly z a tool to advance ! int]e/s ( its p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,,! ,,philipp9e ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,a tea*]-tra9+ c\rse is giv5 z "o ( ! vocational c\rses 9 ! ,int]m$iate ,s*ool1 & ! ,normal ,s*ool at ,manila repres5ts "o ( ! second>y s*ool c\rses4 ,! ,univ]sity1 besides ! comb9$ five-ye> college c\rse1 has eight pr(essional c\rses ( f ?ree to five ye>s 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates fre$ ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! ,philipp9es f ,spani% rule1 a g5]al sy/em ( public education1 model$ aft] ! ,am]ican educational ladd]1 0 creat$ z a safegu>d to ! lib]ty j br\ght to ^! isl&s1 & to education ! ,unit$ ,/ates add$ c\rts ( ju/ice & bureaus ( sanitation z important auxili>y ag5cies4 ,z a result ! peoples ( ^! isl&s h made a degree ( progress 9 self-gov]nm5t & indu/ry 9 ?ree decades n made 9 ?ree c5turies "u ,spani% rule4 ,! good results ( ! "w done 9 ^! isl&s 9 e/abli%+ s*ools1 build+ roads & bridges1 introduc+ police c\rts1 e/abli%+ good sanit>y conditions1 build+ hospitals & tra9+ nurses1 apply+ sci5ce to agriculture1 develop+ tropical m$ic9e1 & tra9+ ! p 9 ! difficult art ( self- gov]nm5t1 w = long be a monum5t to ! political =esight & intellig5t conceptions ( gov]nm5t held by ! ,am]ican p4 ,9 a simil> way ! ,fr5* h op5$ s*ools 9 ,morocco1 ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 ,s5egal1 ,madagasc>1 & ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a1 z h ! ,engli% 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,hong ,kong1 #bf ! ,we/ ,indies1 & else:]e4 ,) ! free+ ( ,pale/9e f ! rule ( ! ,turk1 ! ,engli% at once began ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & a national univ]sity !re1 & d\btless !y w d ! same 9 "t 9 ,p]sia & ,mesopotamia4 ,g]many1 too1 be=e ! ,_w ,w>1 b ) less b5evol5t purposes ?an ! ,am]icans1 ! ,fr5*1 or ! ,engli%1 0 also busily engag$ 9 ext5d+ h] influ5ce ?r\gh education4 ,h] univ]sities 7 ?r[n op5 to /ud5ts f ! :ole _w1 & excell5t in/ruction did !y (f]4 ,! ,society = ! ,ext5sion ( ,g]manism 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries r5d]$ an important s]vice4 ,pr(essors 7 ex*ang$2 ! introduction ( in/ruction 9 ! ,g]man language into ! s*ools ( o!r nations 0 promot$2 & ,g]man s*ools 7 f\nd$ & enc\rag$ abroad4 ,especially 7 ,reals*ul5 promot$ to tea* ! wond]s ( ,g]man sci5ce1 pure & appli$4 ,9 s\!rn ,brazil & ! ,arg5t9e1 & 9 ,r\mania1 ,bulg>ia1 & ,turkey1 p>ticul> ef=ts 7 made to ext5d ,g]man influ5ce & pave ! way = ,g]man comm]cial & p]haps political expansion4 ,prim>y s*ools1 girls' s*ools1 & ,real-s*ools 9 numb]s 7 f\nd$ & aid$ abroad1 & _! progress report$ to ! colonial m9i/] at home4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,ne> ,ea/ ! ,g]man 0 busily build+1 ?r\gh trade & education1 a new empire = himself4 ,_h he be5 cont5t to foll[ ! sl[] pa?s ( peaceful comm]cial & intellectual conque/1 ) 8 wond]ful organization he w\ld h be5 irresi/ible4 ,) "o gambl]'s ?r[ he da%$ 8 future to ! gr\nd1 & unmask$ himself be=e ! _w6 ,,expansion ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,idea4 ,9 all l&s to-day :]e !re is an intellig5t gov]nm5t1 ! education ( ! p ?r\gh a sy/em ( /ate-controll$ s*ools is reg>d$ z ( ! fir/ importance 9 m\ld+ & %ap+ ! de/9ies ( ! nation & promot+ ! c\ntry's welf>e4 ,beg9n+ ) education to imp>t ! ability to read & write & ciph]1 & z an aid to ! political side ( gov]nm5t1 ! education ( ! masses has be5 s exp&$ 9 scope dur+ ! c5tury t today x includes aims1 classes1 types ( s*ools1 & =ms ( s]vice sc>cely dream$ ( at ! "t ! ,/ate began to take ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur*1 ) a view to ext5d+ elem5t>y educational advantages & promot+ lit]acy & citiz5%ip4 ,:at "s ( ! m important ( ^! expansions h be5 we %all /ate 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 b be=e do+ s let u return to ano!r phase ( ! problem--t ( ! progress ( educational !ory--& see :at h be5 ! ma9 l9es ( ?is progress 9 ! !ory z to ! educational purpose s9ce ! "t :5 ,pe/alozzi =mulat$ a !ory = ! secul> s*ool4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,:at does ! emphasis on ! ,p's ,high ,s*ools 9 ,d5m>k indicate z to ! political /atus ( ! common p !re8 #b4 ,expla9 ! educational prom95ce ( ,f9l&1 comp>$ ) its neighbor ,russia4 #c4 ,%[ ! close relation betwe5 ! "* ( ! s*ool sy/em develop$ 9 ,japan & ! "* ( its gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,*9a4 #d4 ,%[ :y ! /ate-function conception ( education is de/9$ to be ! rul+ plan ev]y:]e4 #e4 ,%[ ! close connection betwe5 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & a some:at g5]al diffusion ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples reveal$ by ! /udy ( sci5ce4 #f4 ,%[ h[ ! ,indu/rial ,revolution has creat$ entirely new problems 9 education1 & :at "s ( ^! are4 #g4 ,%[ ! connection betwe5 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & political enfran*isem5t4 #h4 ,enum]ate "s ( ! educational problems we n[ face t we %\ld n h _h to deal ) _h ! ,indu/rial ,revolution n tak5 place4 #i4 ,:y has ! result ( ^! *anges be5 to ext5d ! p]iod ( dep5d5ce & tutelage ( *ildr58 #aj4 ,outl9e an educational solution ( ! problem ( ,mexico4 ,( ,russia4 ,( ,p]sia4 #aa4 ,%[ h[ ,g]many f\nd x pr(itable to e/abli% ,reals*ul5 9 su* di/ant c\ntries z ,turkey1 ,mesopotamia1 & ! ,arg5t9e4 #ab4 ,describe ! expansion ( ! educational idea s9ce ! days :5 ,pe/alozzi =mulat$ ! !ory = ! secul> s*ool4 #ac4 ,:at is ! social significance ( ! developm5t ( p>allel second>y s*ools & c\rses1 9 all l&s8 #ad4 ,contra/ ! ,am]ican & ! ,european second>y s*ool 9 purpose4 ,:y %\ld ! ,am]ican be a free s*ool1 :ile ^? 9 ,europe are tuition s*ools8 #ae4 ,%[ :y ! ess5tially democratic s*ool sy/em ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld n be suit$ to an autocratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 #af4 ,%[ t ! weight ( a prie/hood & ! =ce ( religi\s in/ruction 9 ! s*ools w\ld be /rong supports = mon>*ical =ms ( gov]nm5t4 #ag4 ,homog5e\s mon>*ical nations look aft] ! tra9+ ( _! tea*]s mu* bett] ?an does su* a cosmopolitan nation z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:y8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ illu/rative selections are reproduc$3 #ccc4 ,switz]l&3 ,con/itutional ,provisions z to ,education & ,religi\s ,fre$om4 #ccd4 ,japan3 ,! ,basic ,docum5ts ( ,japanese ,education4 7a7 ,preamble to ! ,education ,code ( #ahgb4 7b7 ,imp]ial ,rescript on ,moral ,education4 7c7 ,in/ructions z to ,lessons on ,morals4 #cce4 ,p+ ,w5 ,kuo3 ,trans=mation ( ,*9a by ,education4 #ccf4 ,mann3 ,education & ,national ,prosp]ity4 #ccg4 ,huxley3 ,! ,rec5t ,progress ( ,sci5ce4 #cch4 ,anon43 ,sci5tific ,k mu/ prec$e ,inv5tion4 #cci4 ,ticknor3 ,illu/rat+ ,e>ly ,lack ( ,communication4 #cdj4 ,monroe3 ,! ,/ruggle = ,national ,realization4 #cda4 ,buisson1 ,f43 ,! ,fr5* ,tea*] & ! ,national ,_s4 #cdb4 ,fr4 de ,hovre3 ,! ,g]man ,emphasis on ,national ,ends4 #cdc4 ,/untz3 ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,manila4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,comp>e ! ,swiss & ,am]ican ,f$]al organizations1 & /ate j :at ! ,swiss ,con/itution 7#ccc7 provides z to education4 #b4 ,suppose y knew no?+ ab\t ! ,japanese1 :at type ( gov]nm5t w\ld y take !irs to be f read+ ! ,imp]ial ,rescript 7#ccd;b78 #c4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,*9ese trans=mation & ! ,r5aissance 7#cce71 does ,mr4 ,p+ propose comp>able ev5ts8 #d4 ,%[ t ,mr4 ,mann's argum5t 7#ccf7 is /ill s\nd4 #e4 ,does ,huxley ov]draw 7#ccg7 our dep5d5ce on sci5ce8 #f4 ,f #cch1 %[ :y ! ,middle ,ages 7 s poor 9 inv5tions & discov]ies4 #g4 ,are !re univ]sities any:]e to-day ( :i* we "k z little z ,ticknor 0 able to f9d out 7#cci7 a c5tury ago8 #h4 ,%[ t ,monroe's /atem5ts are true t ! /ruggle = national realization 7#cdj7 has dom9at$ mod]n hi/ory f ! fifte5? c5tury on4 #i4 ,comp>e ! conceptions z to ! function ( education 9 a ,/ate z reveal$ 9 ! selections z to ,fr5* 7#cda7 & ,g]man 7#cdb7 educational purpose4 #aj4 ,%[ ! entirely new "* ( ! ev5t 7#cdc7 describ$ by ,/untz4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,buisson1 ,f4 & ,f>r+ton1 ,f4 ,e4 ,fr5* ,educational ,ideals ( ,to- day4 ,butl]1 ,n4 ,m4 ,/atus ( ,education at ! ,close ( ! ,c5tury2 9 ,proce$+s ,national ,education ,association1 #aijj1 pp4 #ahh-if4 ,davidson1 ,?os4 ,education z ,_w ,build+2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 xx1 pp4 #cbe-de4 7,novemb]1 #aijj47 ,doolittle1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,inv5tions ( ! ,c5tury4 ,fo/]1 ,m4 ,a ,c5tury's ,progress 9 ,sci5ce2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 xviii1 pp4 #cac-ca4 7,novemb]1 #ahii47 99 ,fri$el1 ,v4 ,h4 ,! ,g]man ,s*ool z a ,w> ,nurs]y4 ,gibbons1 ,h4 de ,b4 ,economic & ,indu/rial ,progress ( ! ,c5tury4 ,hughes1 ,j4 ,l41 & ,klemm1 ,l4 ,r4 ,progress ( ,education 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 99 ,huxley1 ,?os4 ,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce2 9 8 ,me?ods & ,results4 99 ,kuo1 ,p+ ,w54 ,! ,*9ese ,sy/em ( ,public ,education4 ,lewis1 ,r4 ,e4 ,! ,educational ,conque/ ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,macknight1 ,?os4 ,political ,progress ( ! ,c5tury4 99 ,ross1 ,e4 ,a4 ,! ,_w ,wide ,advance ( ,democracy2 9 8 ,*ang+ ,am]ica4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,r4 ,a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,s&i=d1 ,pet]1 ,editor4 ,comp>ative ,education4 99 ,s$gwick1 ,w4 ,t41 & ,tyl]1 ,h4 ,w4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 99 ,?w+1 ,c4 ,f4 ,education 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,web/]1 ,w4 ,c4 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce4 ,:ite1 ,a4 ,d4 ,!-,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce & ,!ology4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,new ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,educational ,,process ,i4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,organization ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,normal-,,s*ool ,,tra9+4 ,! tra9+ ( w\ld-be tea*]s = ! "w ( in/ruction is an entirely mod]n proce$+4 ,! fir/ class def9itely organiz$ = imp>t+ tra9+ to tea*]s1 conc]n+ :i* we h any record1 0 a small local tra9+ gr\p ( tea*]s ( read+ & ! ,cate*ism1 conduct$ by ,fa!r ,dmia1 at ,lyons1 ,france1 9 #afgb4 ,! fir/ normal s*ool to be e/abli%$ any:]e 0 t f\nd$ at ,rheims1 9 nor!rn ,france1 9 #afhe1 by ,abb de la ,salle 7p4 #cdg74 ,he _h f\nd$ ! ,ord] ( ,! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools ! prec$+ ye>1 to provide free religi\s in/ruction = *ildr5 ( ! work+ classes 9 ,france 7,r4 #ahb71 & he conceiv$ ! new idea ( creat+ a special s*ool to tra9 8 prospective tea*]s = ! tea*+ "w ( 8 ,ord]4 ,%ortly aft]w>d he e/abli%$ two simil> in/itutions 9 ,p>is4 ,ea* in/itution he call$ a ,sem9>y = ,s*oolma/]s4 ,9 addition to imp>t+ a g5]al education ( ! type ( ! "t1 & a ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 religion1 8 /ud5t tea*]s 7 tra9$ to tea* 9 practice s*ools1 "u ! direction ( exp]i5c$ tea*]s4 ,?is 0 an entirely new idea4 ,! beg9n+s else:]e1 z we h previ\sly po9t$ out 7 made 9 ,g]man l&s1 ,francke's ,sem9>ium ,praeceptorum1 e/abli%$ at ,halle 7p4 #dai71 9 #afig1 com+ next 9 po9t ( "t4 ,9 #agch ,johann ,julius ,heck] 7#agjg-fh71 "o ( ,francke's tea*]s 7p4 #efb71 e/abli%$ ! fir/ regul> ,sem9>y = ,tea*]s 9 ,prussia1 & 9 #agdh he e/abli%$ a private ,lehr]sem9> 9 ,b]l94 ,9 ^! two in/itutions he fir/ %[$ ! ,g]man p ! possibilities ( special tra9+ = tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,9 #agec ! ,b]l9 in/itution 0 adopt$ z a ,royal ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 7p4 #efc7 by ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,aft] ?is1 & 9 "p due to ! en?usia/ic support ( ! ,b]l9 in/itution by ! ,k+1 ! tea*]-tra9+ idea = second>y tea*]s began to f9d favor among ! ,g]mans4 ,we accord+ly f9d some?+ l a doz5 ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,g]man l&s be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #a ,a normal s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,d5m>k1 by royal decree1 z e>ly z #aghi1 & five additional s*ools :5 ! law organiz+ public in/ruction 9 ,d5m>k 0 enact$1 9 #ahad4 ,9 ,france ! beg9n+s ( /ate action came ) ! action ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 :i* decre$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool = ,france1 9 #agid 7p4 #eag74 ,?is in/itution1 ?\gh1 0 %ort liv$1 & ! real beg9n+s ( ! ,fr5* high] normal s*ool await$ ! reorganiz+ "w ( ,napoleon1 9 #ahjh 7p4 #eie2 ,r4 #bhc74 ,! s*ools j m5tion$ repres5t ! fir/ in/itutions 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w organiz$ = ! purpose ( tra9+ tea*]s to tea*4 ,! tea*]s !y tra9$1 ?\gh1 7 int5d$ prim>ily = ! second>y s*ools1 & ! tra9+ 0 l>gely academic 9 "*4 ,only 9 ,silesia 0 any ef=t made1 be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to give tra9+ 9 special in/itutions to tea*]s int5d$ = ! v]nacul> s*ools4 ,!re ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 8 ,regulations = ! ,ca?olic ,s*ools ( ,silesia 7,r4 #bge1 a #b7 designat$ six ca!dral & mona/]y s*ools z model s*ools1 :]e tea*]s c\ld h ! opportunity = le>n+ all t is ne$$ by a good tea*]4 ,9 ano!r place he def9$ ?is z skill 9 s++ & play+ ! organ suffici5t to p]=m ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! art ( in/ruct+ ! "y 9 ! ,g]man language 7,r4 #bge1 a #a74 ,s long z ! in/ruction 9 ! v]nacul> s*ool consi/$ *iefly ( read+ & ! ,cate*ism1 & ( he>+ pupils recite :at !y _h memoriz$1 !re 0 ( c\rse b little ne$ = any special tra9+ = ! tea*]s4 ,x 0 n until aft] ,pe/alozzi _h done 8 "w & made 8 contribution t !re 0 any?+ wor? m5tion+ to tra9 tea*]s =4 ,,pe/alozzi',s ,,contribution4 ,! memorable "w done by ,pe/alozzi 9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ 8 qu>t]-c5tury 7#ahjj-be7 ( ef=t at ,burgdorf & ,yv]don1 *ang$ ! :ole face ( ! prep>ation ( tea*]s problem4 ,8 "w 0 s fundam5tal t x completely r$irect$ ! education ( *ildr54 ,tak+ ! se$-?\ght ( ,r\sseau t s5se- impression 0 ! only true f\ndation ( human k 7,r4 #bfg71 he enl>g$ ?is to ! conception ( ! m5tal developm5t ( human be+s z be+ organic1 & proce$+ accord+ to law4 ,8 ext5sion ( ?is idea ( ,r\sseau's l$ him to decl>e t education 0 an individual developm5t1 a draw+-out & n a p\r+-92 t ! basis ( all education exi/s 9 ! nature ( man2 & t ! me?od ( education is to be s\ght & con/ruct$4 #b ,^! 7 8 great contributions4 ,^! ideas fitt$ 9 well ) ! ris+ tide ( individualism :i* m>k$ ! late eighte5? & ! e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 & ^u ^! contributions ! mod]n secul> elem5t>y s*ool has be5 built4 ,^! ideas l$ ,pe/alozzi to emphasize s5se p]ception & expression2 to =mulate ! rule t 9 tea*+ we mu/ proce$ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract2 & to con/ruct a faculty psy*ology :i* conceiv$ ( education z a h>moni\s developm5t ( ! diff]5t faculties ( ! m9d4 ,he also tri$1 unsuccessfully to be sure1 to s organize ! tea*+ process t ev5tually x c\ld be s me*aniz$ t !re w\ld be a regul> ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 = ea* type ( in/ruction1 :i*1 once le>n$1 w\ld give p]fection to a tea*]4 ,9 8 ,report ( #ahjj 7,r4 #bfg71 :i* =ms a v cle> /atem5t ( 8 aims1 he _h said3 ,i "k :at ,i am und]tak+2 b nei!r ! difficulties 9 ! way1 nor my own limitations 9 skill & insight1 %all h9d] me f giv+ my mite = a purpose :i* ,europe ne$s s mu*444 ,! mo/ ess5tial po9t f :i* ,i />t is ?is3--,s5se-impression ( ,nature is ! only true f\ndation ( human k4 ,all t foll[s is ! result ( ?is s5se-impression1 & ! process ( ab/raction f x4444 ,!n ! problem ,i h to solve is ?is3--,h[ to br+ ! elem5ts ( e art into h>mony ) ! v nature ( m9d1 by foll[+ ! psy*ological me*anical laws by :i* m9d rises f physical s5se-impressions to cle> ideas4 ,l>gely out ( ^! ideas & ! new direction he gave to in/ruction ! mod]n normal s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools arose4 ,,oral ,,& ,,objective ,,tea*+ ,,develop$4 ,up to ! "t ( ,pe/alozzi1 & = ye>s aft] he _h done 8 "w1 9 _m l&s & places ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 cont9u$ to be ( ! memorization ( textbook matt] & ( ! recitation type4 ,! *ildr5 le>n$ :at 0 d[n 9 ! book1 & recit$ ! answ]s to ! tea*]4 ,_m ( ! e>ly textbooks 7 con/ruct$ on ! plan ( ! old] ,cate*ism--t is1 on a "q & answ] plan 7,r4 #cea a74 ,!re 0 no?+ = *ildr5 to d b to memorize su* textbook mat]ial1 or = ! tea*] b to see t ! pupils knew ! answ]s to ! que/ions4 ,x 0 s*ool-keep+1 n tea*+1 t tea*]s 7 engag$ 94 ,! =m ( in/ruction work$ out by ,pe/alozzi1 bas$ on s5se- p]ception1 reason+1 & individual judgm5t1 call$ = a complete *ange 9 classroom proc$ure4 ,:at ,pe/alozzi tri$ mo/ ( all to d 0 to get *ildr5 to use _! s5ses & _! m9ds1 to look c>efully1 to c\nt1 to obs]ve =ms1 to get1 by means ( _! five important s5ses1 cle> impressions & ideas z to objects & life 9 ! _w ab\t !m1 & !n to ?9k ov] :at !y _h se5 & be able to answ] 8 que/ions1 because !y _h obs]v$ c>efully & reason$ cle>ly4 ,pe/alozzi ?us cle>ly subord9at$ ! pr9t$ book to ! use ( ! *ild's s5ses1 & ! repetition ( m]e words to cle> ideas ab\t ?+s4 ,pe/alozzi ?us became "o ( ! fir/ real tea*]s4 ,?is 0 an entirely new process1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory a real te*nique ( in/ruction 0 n[ call$ =4 ,dep5d5ce on ! words ( ! text c\ld no long] be reli$ ^u4 ,! oral in/ruction ( a class gr\p1 us+ real objects1 call$ = tea*+ skill4 ,! class mu/ be kept naturally int]e/$ & "u control2 ! ess5tial elem5ts to be taught mu/ be kept cle>ly 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*]2 ! tea*] mu/ raise ! "r k9d ( que/ions1 9 ! "r ord]1 to c>ry ! class ?9k+ along to ! "r conclusions2 &1 s9ce s mu* ( ?is type ( in/ruction 0 n d[n 9 books1 x call$ = a mu* m ext5d$ k ( ! subject on ! "p ( ! tea*] ?an ! old type ( s*ool-keep+ _h done4 ,! tea*] mu/ n[ bo? "k & be able to organize & direct4 ,class lessons mu/ be ?\ght out 9 advance1 & tea*]-prep>ation 9 itself meant a great *ange 9 tea*+ proc$ure4 ,emancipat$ f dep5d5ce on ! words ( a text1 & able to /& be=e a class full ( a subject & able to "q freely1 tea*]s became consci\s ( a new /r5g? & a pr(essional skill unkn[n 9 ! days ( textbook recit+4 ,out ( su* tea*+ came oral language lessons1 drill 9 spee* usage1 elem5t>y sci5ce in/ruction1 obs]vational geography1 m5tal ari?metic1 music1 & draw+1 to add to ! old in/ruction 9 ! ,cate*ism1 read+1 writ+1 & ciph]+1 & all ^! new subjects1 taught accord+ to ,pe/alozzian ideas z to purpose1 call$ = an individual te*nique ( in/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,normal ,,s*ool ,! old ca/le at ,yv]don1 :]e ,pe/alozzi's ,in/itute 0 conduct$ & 8 greate/ success a*iev$4 ,,! ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,f9ds ,,its ,,place4 ,^! new ideas ( ,pe/alozzi prov$ s important t dur+ ! fir/ five or six decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! elem5t>y s*ool 0 made ov]4 ,! new conception ( ! *ild z a sl[ly develop+ p]sonality1 dem&+ subject-matt] & me?od suit$ to 8 /age ( developm5t1 & ! new conception ( tea*+ z t ( direct+ m5tal developm5t in/ead ( he>+ recitations & keep+ s*ool1 n[ replac$ ! e>li] k- conception ( s*ool "w4 ,:]e be=e ! ability to organize & discipl9e a s*ool _h con/itut$ ! *ief art ( in/ruction1 n[ ! ability to tea* sci5tifically took its place z ! prime pr(essional requisite4 ,a sci5ce & art ( tea*+ n[ arose2 me?odology soon became a great subject2 ! new subject ( p$agogy began to take =m & secure recognition2 & psy*ology became ! guid+ sci5ce ( ! s*ool4 ,z ^! *anges took place1 ! normal s*ool began to come into favor 9 ! lead+ c\ntries ( ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 "t has e/abli%$ itself ev]y:]e z an important educational in/itution4 ,pe/alozzi _h himself conduct$ ! fir/ really mod]n tea*]-tra9+ s*ool1 & 8 "w 0 soon copi$ 9 a numb] ( ! ,swiss cantons4 ,o!r cantons1 on ! contr>y1 = a "t w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! new idea4 #a4 ,! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,! fir/ nation1 ?\gh1 to take up ! tea*]- tra9+ idea & e/abli% x z an important "p ( its /ate s*ool sy/em 0 ,prussia4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahji ) ! "w ( ,zell] 7p4 #efi71 by #ahdj !re 7 ?irty-eight ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies1 z ! normal s*ools 9 ,g]man l&s h be5 call$1 9 ,prussia alone4 ,! idea 0 also quickly tak5 up by ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 & f ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury on no nation has done m ) ! normal s*ool1 or us$ x1 ends desir$ consid]$1 to bett] advantage ?an h ! ,g]mans4 ,"o ( ! features ( ! ,prussian s*ools :i* mo/ impress$ ,pr(essor ,ba*e1 :5 he visit$ ! s*ools ( ! ,g]man ,/ates 9 #ahch1 0 ! excell5ce ( ! ,sem9>ies = ,tea*]s 7,r4 #cdd71 & ^! he describ$ 7,r4 #cde7 9 "s detail 9 8 ,report4 ,horace ,mann1 simil>ly1 on 8 visit to ,europe1 9 #ahdc1 0 impress$ ) ! ?or\ghness ( ! tra9+ giv5 prospective tea*]s 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies ( ! ,g]man ,/ates 7,r4 #bgh74 ,univ]sity p$agogical sem9>s 7 also e/abli%$ e>ly 7c4 #ahaj7 #c 9 ! univ]sities1 = ! tra9+ ( second>y tea*]s1 & ?is tra9+ 0 cont9u$ ) increas+ ?or\ghness up to #aiad4 ,e tea*] 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 elem5t>y or second>y1 be=e t date1 0 a c>efully-tra9$ tea*]4 ,?is 0 a feature ( ! ,g]man /ate s*ool sy/ems ( ! pre-,w> p]iod ( :i* no o!r nation c\ld boa/4 #b4 ,france4 ,aft] ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france probably comes next z ! nation 9 :i* ! normal s*ool has be5 mo/ us$ = tra9+ tea*]s4 ,! ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool _h be5 recreat$ 9 #ahjh 7,r4 #bhc71 & aft] ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon ! creation ( normal s*ools = elem5t>y-s*ool tea*]s 0 begun4 ,twelve _h be5 e/abli%$ by #ahcj1 & betwe5 #ahcj & #ahcc ?irty additional s*ools = tra9+ ^! tea*]s 7 begun 7,r4 #bhe74 ,^! r5d]$ a s]vice = ,france 7,r4 #cdf7 q simil> to t r5d]$ by ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( reaction1 f #ahdh to #ahgj1 ! normal s*ool did n prosp] 9 ,france1 b s9ce #ahgj a normal s*ool to tra9 elem5t>y tea*]s has be5 e/abli%$ = m5 & "o = wom5 9 ea* ( ! eighty-sev5 dep>tm5ts into :i* ,france1 = adm9i/rative purposes1 has be5 divid$4 ,satisfactory provision has also be5 made = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! second>y s*ools4 #c4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has also be5 prom95t1 especially s9ce ab\t #ahgj1 9 ! developm5t ( normal s*ools = ! tra9+ ( elem5t>y tea*]s4 ,! ,lanca/rian s*ools _h tra9$ monitors = _! "w1 b ! fir/ tea*]-tra9+ s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to give tra9+ to individual tea*]s 0 op5$ privately1 #d 9 #ahbc1 & ! second 9 a simil> mann]1 #e 9 #ahbg4 ,^! 7 almo/ entirely academic in/itutions1 be+ 9 ! nature ( tuition high s*ools1 ) a little practice tea*+ & "s lectures on ! ,art ( ,tea*+ add$ 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! c\rse4 ,9 #ahbf ,gov]nor ,cl9ton recomm5d$ to ! legislature ( ,new ,york ! e/abli%m5t by ! ,/ate ( a sem9>y = ! education ( tea*]s 9 ! monitorial sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,no?+ com+ ( ?is1 9 #ahbg he recomm5d$ ! creation ( a c5tral s*ool 9 ea* c\nty = ! education ( tea*]s 7,r4 #cdi74 ,t ye> 7#ahbg7 ! ,new ,york legislature appropriat$ money to aid ! academies to promote ! education ( tea*]s--! fir/ /ate aid 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = tea*]-tra9+4 ,! publication ( an ,engli% edition ( ,c\s9's ,report 7p4 #eig2 ,r4 #bhd7 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahce2 ,calv9 ,e4 ,/[e's ,report on ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,europe1 #f 9 #ahcg2 & ,alex&] ,d4 ,ba*e's ,report on ,education 9 ,europe 7,rs4 #cdd1 #cde71 9 #ahch1 ) _! /rong comm5dations ( ! ,g]man tea*]-tra9+ sy/em1 awak5$ new int]e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! matt] ( tea*]-tra9+4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahci1 ! legislature ( ,massa*usetts duplicat$ a gift ( #aj1jjj1 & plac$ ! money 9 ! h&s ( ! newly creat$ ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education 7p4 #fhi7 to be us$ 9 qualify+ tea*]s = ! common s*ools ( ,massa*usetts 7,r4 #cej a74 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation x 0 decid$ to create special /ate in/itutions1 aft] ! ,g]man & ,fr5* plans1 9 :i* to give ! desir$ tra9+1 & ! ,fr5* t]m ( ,normal ,s*ool 0 adopt$ & has s9ce become g5]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea*]-,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by #ahfj4 ,a few private tra9+-s*ools also exi/$1 ?\gh less ?an half a doz5 9 all4 ,on ,july #c1 #ahci1 ! fir/ /ate normal s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates op5$ 9 ! t[n hall at ,lex+ton1 ,massa*usetts1 ) "o tea*] & ?ree /ud5ts4 ,lat] t same ye> a second /ate normal s*ool 0 op5$ at ,b>re1 & e>ly ! next ye> a ?ird at ,bridgewat]1 bo? 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,= ^! ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education adopt$ a /atem5t z to entrance requirem5ts & a c\rse ( in/ruction 7,r4 #cej b7 :i* %[s well ! academic "* ( ^! e>ly tea*+ in/itutions4 ,_! success 0 l>gely due to ! en?usia/ic support giv5 ! new idea by ,horace ,mann4 ,9 an address at ! d$ication ( ! fir/ build+ erect$ 9 ,am]ica = normal-s*ool purposes1 9 #ahdf1 he express$ 8 deep belief z to ! fundam5tal importance ( su* in/itutions 7,r4 #cej c74 ,by #ahfj elev5 /ate normal s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 eight ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 & six private s*ools 7 also r5d]+ simil> s]vices4 ,closely relat$ 0 ! ,tea*]s' ,in/itute1 fir/ def9itely organiz$ by ,h5ry ,b>n>d 9 ,connecticut1 9 #ahci1 to (f] f\r- to six-weeks summ] c\rses = tea*]s 9 s]vice1 & ^! _h be5 organiz$ 9 fifte5 ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates by #ahfj4 ,s9ce #ahgj ! e/abli%m5t ( /ate normal s*ools has be5 rapid 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 two hundr$ hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by #aiaj1 & _m s9ce4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh1 is z yet f> f hav+ a tra9$ body ( tea*]s = its elem5t>y s*ools4 ,= ! high s*ools1 x is only s9ce ab\t #ahij t ! pr(essional tra9+ ( tea*]s = su* s]vice has really be5 begun4 #d4 ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& ! beg9n+s ( tea*]-tra9+ came ) ! introduction ( monitorial in/ruction1 bo? ! ,bell & ! ,lanca/] ,societies 7p4 #fbe7 f9d+ x necess>y to tra9 pupils = positions z monitors1 & to designate c]ta9 s*ools z model & tra9+ s*ools4 ,9 #ahcc1 x w be rememb]$ 7p4 #fch71 ,p>liam5t made its fir/ grant ( money 9 aid ( education4 ,up to #ahdj ?is 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! two ,national ,societies1 & 9 #ahci a portion ( ?is aid 0 def9itely set aside to enable ^! ,societies to e/abli% model s*ools 7,r4 #cdg74 ,f ?is beg9n+1 ! model tra9+-s*ools = ! diff]5t religi\s ,societies 7 develop$4 ,9 ^! model s*ools prospective tea*]s 7 educat$1 be+ tra9$ 9 religi\s in/ruction & 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,9 #ahcf1 ) ! f\nd+ ( ! ,home & ,colonial ,infant ,society1 a ,pe/alozzian ,tra9+ ,college 0 f\nd$ by x4 ,9 a fur!r ef=t to secure tra9$ tea*]s ! gov]nm5t1 9 #ahdf1 adopt$ a plan !n 9 use 9 ,holl&1 & in/itut$ :at became kn[n z ! pupil-tea*] sy/em 7,r4 #cdh74 ,?is 0 an improvem5t on ! wan+ monitorial tra9+ sy/em previ\sly 9 use4 ,"u ?is1 a favorite old ,engli% me?od1 us$ some:at = ! same purpose a c5tury e>li] 7,r4 #bdc71 0 adapt$ to meet ! new ne$4' ,"u x promis+ pupils 7 appr5tic$ to a head tea*] = five ye>s 7usually f ?irte5 to eighte571 he agree+ to give !m in/ruction 9 bo? second>y-s*ool subjects & 9 ! art ( tea*+ 9 return = _! help 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahdf1 !re 71 by #ahdh1 #bjj pupil tea*]s2 by #ahfa1 #ac1hga2 & by #ahgj1 #ad1fab4 ,?is sy/em =m$ ! great dep5d5ce ( ,engl& be=e ! days ( national education4 ,9 #ahgd ! pupil- tea*]-c5t] sy/em 0 begun1 & betwe5 #ahgh & #ahif ! age = ent]+ z a pupil-tea*] 0 rais$ f ?irte5 to sixte51 & ! ye>s ( appr5tice%ip r$uc$ f five to two4 ,9 mo/ cases n[ ! academic prep>ation cont9ues to sev5te5 or eighte51 & is foll[$ by "o ye> ( practice tea*+ 9 an elem5t>y s*ool1 "u sup]vision4 ,aft] t ! tea*] may1 or may n1 ent] :at is !re kn[n z a ,tra9+-,college4 #g ,s f> ! tra9+ ( tea*]s has n made su* headway 9 ,engl& & ,wales z has be5 ! case 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ,scotl&1 b important progress may be expect$ 9 ! ne> future z an outcome ( new educational impulses aris+ z a result ( ! ,_w ,w>4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,normal-,,s*ool ,,idea4 ,! movem5t = ! creation ( normal s*ools to tra9 tea*]s = ! elem5t>y s*ools has 9 "t spread to _m nations4 ,z nation aft] nation has awak5$ to ! desirability ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( mod]n-type /ate s*ools1 a normal s*ool to tra9 lead]s has (t5 be5 among ! fir/ ( ! in/itutions creat$4 ,! normal s*ool1 9 consequ5ce1 is f\nd to-day 9 all ! cont95tal ,european ,/ates2 9 all ! ,engli% self-gov]n+ dom9ions2 9 ne>ly all ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates2 & 9 ,*9a1 #h ,japan1 ,siam1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,cuba1 ,algi]s1 ,india1 & o!r less important nations4 ,9 all ^! !re is an attempt1 (t5 rea*+ z yet to b a small p]c5tage ( ! tea*]s1 to ext5d to !m "s ( t tra9+ 9 ! !ory & art ( in/ruction :i* has = long be5 s important a feature ( ! education ( ! elem5t>y tea*] 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahij o!r nations h also begun to provide1 z ! ,g]man ,/ates & ,france h done = s long1 "s =m ( pr(essional tra9+ = ! tea*]s int5d$ = _! second>y s*ools #i z well4 ,,psy*ology ,,becomes ,,! ,,ma/] ,,sci5ce4 ,ev]y:]e ! e/abli%m5t ( normal s*ools has meant ! acceptance ( ! new] conceptions z to *ild developm5t & ! nature ( ! educational process4 ,^! are t ! *ild is a sl[ly develop+ p]sonality1 ne$+ c>eful /udy1 & dem&+ subject-matt] & me?od suit$ to 8 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! new conception ( tea*+ z t ( direct+ & guid+ ! education ( a *ild1 in/ead ( he>+ recitations & keep+ s*ool1 9 "t replac$ ! e>li] k-conception ( s*ool "w4 ,psy*ology accord+ly became ! guid+ sci5ce ( ! s*ool1 & ! imp>t+ to prospective tea*]s prop] ideas z to psy*ological proc$ure1 & ! prop] me?odology ( in/ruction 9 ea* ( ! diff]5t elem5t>y-s*ool subjects1 became ! great "w ( ! normal s*ool4 ,tea*]s ?us tra9$ c>ri$ into ! s*ools a new conception z to ! nature ( *ildhood2 a new & a m9ute me?odology ( in/ruction2 & a new en?usiasm = tea*+2--all ( :i* 7 important additions to s*ool "w4 ,a new me?odology 0 soon work$ out = all ! subjects ( in/ruction1 bo? old & new4 ,! c5turies-old alphabet me?od ( tea*+ read+ 0 sup]s$$ by ! ^w & s\nd me?ods2 ! new oral language in/ruction 0 rais$ to a position ( fir/ importance 9 develop+ pupil-?9k+2 spell+1 ^w-analysis1 & s5t5ce-analysis 7 giv5 mu* emphasis 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool2 ! ,pe/alozzian m5tal ari?metic came z an important addition to ! old ciph]+ ( sums2 ! old writ+ f copies 0 *ang$ into a drill subject1 requir+ c>eful tea*+ = its ma/]y2 ! back to nature ideas ( ,r\sseau & ,pe/alozzi prov$ specially fruitful 9 ! new /udy ( geography1 :i* call$ = obs]vation out ( doors1 ! /udy ( type =ms1 & ! sub/itution ( ! physical & human aspects ( geography = ! old] political & /ati/ical2 object lessons on natural objects1 & lat] sci5ce & nature /udy1 7 us$ to introduce *ildr5 to a k ( nature & to tra9 !m 9 ?9k+ & obs]vation2 :ile ! new subjects ( music & draw+ came 91 ea* ) an elaborate te*nique ( in/ruction4 ,by #ahge ! normal s*ool 9 all l&s 0 f9d+ pl5ty to d1 & tea*+1 by ! new me?ods & accord+ to ! new psy*ological proc$ure1 seem$ to _m "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & mo/ important occupations 9 ! _w4 ,h[ great a *ange 9 ! scope1 z well z 9 ! nature ( elem5t>y-s*ool in/ruction _h be5 effect$ 9 a c5tury1 ! above diagram ( ,am]ican elem5t>y-s*ool developm5t w reveal4 ,hi/ory & lit]ature1 x w be notic$1 _h also come 9 z additional new subjects1 b ^! 7 relatively unimportant 9 ei!r ! elem5t>y s*ool or ! normal s*ool until aft] ! com+ ( ,h]b>tian ideas1 to :i* we %all ref] a little fur!r on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y-,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,& ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+ ,accompany+ ! organization ( pr(essional in/ruction = tea*]s1 ano!r important *ange 9 ! nature ( ! elem5t>y s*ool 0 effect$4 ,,! ,,grad+ ,,( ,,s*oolroom ,,in/ruction4 ,= "s "t aft] elem5t>y s*ools began x 0 common to tea* all ! *ildr5 ( ! diff]5t ages toge!r 9 "o room1 or at mo/ 9 two rooms4 ,9 ! latt] case ! subjects ( in/ruction 7 divid$ betwe5 ! tea*]s1 r ?an ! *ildr54 #aj ,_m ( ! pictures ( e>ly elem5t>y s*ools %[ su* mix$-type s*ools4 ,9 ^! ! *ildr5 7 advanc$ individually & by subjects z _! progress w>rant$1 #aa until !y _h progress$ z f> z ! in/ruction w5t or ! tea*] c\ld tea* 7,r4 #ceb74 ,f ?is po9t on ! division ( ! elem5t>y s*ool into classes & a grad$ organization has proce$$ by c]ta9 r well-def9$ /eps4 ,! fir/ /ep 7,rs4 #cec1 #ced7 0 ! division ( ! s*ool into two s*ools1 "o m advanc$ ?an ! o!r1 su* z l[] & high]1 or prim>y & gramm>4 ,ano!r division 0 introduc$ :5 ! ,infant ,s*ool 0 add$1 b5ea?4 ,! next /ep 0 ! division ( ea* s*ool into classes4 ,?is began by ! employm5t ( assi/ant tea*]s1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica kn[n z u%]s1 to help ! ma/]1 & ! provision ( small recitation rooms1 (f ! ma9 l>ge s*oolroom1 to :i* ! u%] c\ld take 8 class to he> recitations4 ,! ?ird & f9al /ep came ) ! erection ( a new type ( s*ool build+1 ) small] & individual classrooms1 or ! subdivision ( ! l>g] s*oolrooms4 ,x 0 !n possible to assign a tea*] to ea* classroom1 sort & grade ! pupils by ages & advancem5t1 outl9e ! in/ruction by ye>s1 & ! mod]n grad$ elem5t>y s*ool 0 at h&4 ,! transition to ! grad$ elem5t>y s*ool came easily & naturally4 ,= half a c5tury ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! evolv+ elem5t>y /ate s*ool _h be5 9 process ( expansion4 ,pe/alozzi pav$ ! way = its creation by *ang+ ! purpose & direction1 & greatly enl>g+ 7p4 #edc7 ! field ( in/ruction ( ! v]nacul> s*ool4 ,aft] him o!r new subjects ( /udy 7 add$ 7see diagram1 ,figure #bbf71 new & bett] & long] textbooks 7 prep>$ 7,r4 #cea71 & ! s*ool t]m 0 gradually l5g!n$4 ,! way 9 "t became cle>1 e>lie/ 9 ! ,g]man l&s & 9 a few ,am]ican cities1 b by ab\t #ahej 9 mo/ lead+ nations1 = t simple reorganization ( s*ool "w :i* w\ld divide ! s*ool into a numb] ( classes1 or =ms1 or grades1 & give "o to ea* tea*] to h&le4 ,:5 ?is po9t _h be5 rea*$1 :i* came ab\t #ahej to #ahfj 9 mo/ nations1 b e>li] 9 a few1 ! mod]n type ( t[n or city grad$ elem5t>y s*ool 0 at h&4 ,tea*+ _h by ?is "t become an organiz$ & a psy*ological process2 grad$ c\rses ( /udy began to appe>2 pr(essional s*ool sup]9t5d5ts began to be giv5 ! direction & sup]vision ( in/ruction2 & ! mod]n sci5ce ( s*ool organization & adm9i/ration began to take %ape4 ,f ?is po9t on ! fur!r developm5t ( ! grad$ elem5t>y public s*ool has come ?r\gh ! addition ( new mat]ials ( in/ruction1 & by *ang+ ! direction ( ! s*ool to adapt x bett] to meet+ ! new ne$s ( society br\ght ab\t by ! sci5tific1 indu/rial1 social1 & political revolutions :i* we1 9 previ\s *apt]s1 h describ$4 ,a few ( ! m important ( ^! additions & *anges 9 direction we %all n[ briefly describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,,an ,,u%] ,,& ,,8 ,,class4 ,! u%]1 or assi/ant tea*]1 is "h %[n ) a class 9 "o ( ! small recitation-rooms1 (f ! l>ge s*oolroom4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,ideas ,,f ,,h]b>tian ,,s\rces ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,h]b>t4 ,tak+ up ! problem z ,pe/alozzi left x1 a ,g]man by ! "n ( ,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda7 c>ri$ x =w>d by organiz+ a tru] psy*ology = ! :ole educational process1 by erect+ a new social aim = in/ruction1 by =mulat+ new /eps 9 me?od1 & by %[+ ! place & ! importance ( prop]ly organiz$ in/ruction 9 hi/ory & lit]ature 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,?\gh ! two m5 7 entirely diff]5t 9 type1 & work$ along entirely diff]5t l9es1 ! connection betwe5 ,h]b>t & ,pe/alozzi 01 nev]!less1 close4 #ab ,! two m51 h[ev]1 approa*$ ! educational problem f entirely diff]5t angles4 ,pe/alozzi gave ne>ly all 8 long life to tea*+ & human s]vice1 :ile ,h]b>t taught only z a travel+ private tutor = ?ree ye>s1 & lat] a class ( tw5ty *ildr5 9 8 univ]sity practice s*ool4 ,pe/alozzi 0 a social re=m]1 a vision>y1 & an impractical en?usia/1 b 0 possess$ ( a rem>kable intuitive insight into *ild nature4 ,h]b>t1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a well-tra9$ s*ol>ly ?9k]1 :o sp5t ! mo/ ( 8 life 9 ! peaceful occupation ( a pr(essor ( philosophy 9 a ,g]man univ]sity4 #ac ,x 0 :ile at ,knigsb]g1 betwe5 #ahaj & #ahcb1 & z an app5dix to 8 "w z pr(essor ( philosophy1 t he organiz$ a small practice s*ool1 conduct$ a ,p$agogical ,sem9>1 & work$ out 8 educational !ory & me?od4 ,8 "w 0 a c>eful1 s*ol>ly attempt at ! organization ( education z a sci5ce1 c>ri$ out amid ! peace & quiet :i* a univ]sity atmosph]e almo/ alone af=ds4 ,he address$ himself *iefly to ?ree ?+s3 7#a7 ! aim1 7#b7 ! cont5t1 & 7#c7 ! me?od ( in/ruction4 ,,! ,,aim ,,& ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,education4 ,locke _h set up z ! aim ( education ! ideal ( a physically s\nd g5tleman4 ,r\sseau _h decl>$ 8 aim to be to prep>e 8 boy = life by develop+ naturally 8 inborn capacities4 ,pe/alozzi _h s\ght to reg5]ate society by means ( education1 & to prep>e *ildr5 = society by a h>moni\s tra9+ ( _! faculties4 ,h]b>t reject$ alike ! conv5tional-social education ( ,locke1 ! natural & unsocial education ( ,r\sseau1 & ! faculty-psy*ology conception ( education ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,in/ead he conceiv$ ( ! m9d z a unity1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ into faculties1 & ! aim ( education z broadly social r ?an p]sonal4 ,! purpose ( education1 he said1 0 to prep>e m5 to live prop]ly 9 organiz$ society1 & h5ce ! *ief aim 9 education 0 n conv5tional fitness1 natural developm5t1 m]e k1 nor p]sonal m5tal p[]1 b p]sonal "* & social morality4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! educator %\ld analyze ! int]e/s & occupations & social responsibilities ( m5 z !y are gr\p$ 9 organiz$ society1 &1 f su* analyses1 d$uce ! means & ! me?od ( in/ruction4 ,man's int]e/s1 he said1 come f two ma9 s\rces--8 contact ) ! ?+s 9 8 environm5t 7real ?+s1 s5se- impressions71 & f 8 relations ) human be+s 7social int]c\rse74 ,8 social responsibilities & duties are det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! social organization ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,pe/alozzi _h provid$ fairly well = ! fir/ gr\p ( contacts1 ?r\gh 8 in/ruction 9 objects1 home geography1 numb]s1 & geometric =m4 ,= ! second gr\p ( contacts ,pe/alozzi _h develop$ only oral language1 & to ?is ,h]b>t n[ add$ ! two important /udies ( lit]ature & hi/ory1 & hi/ory ) ! emphasis on ! social r ?an ! political side4 ,two new elem5t>y-s*ool subjects 7 ?us develop$1 ea* important 9 reveal+ to man 8 place 9 ! social :ole4 ,hi/ory 9 p>ticul> ,h]b>t conceiv$ to be a /udy ( ! fir/ importance = reveal+ prop] human relation%ips1 & lead+ m5 to social & national good-w4 ,! *ief purpose ( education ,h]b>t held to be to develop p]sonal "* & to prep>e = social usefulness 7,r4 #cee74 ,^! virtues1 he held1 proce$$ f en\gh ( ! "r k9d ( k1 prop]ly int]pret$ to ! pupil s t cle> ideas z to relation%ips might be =m$4 ,to imp>t ?is k int]e/ mu/ be awak5$1 & to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! _m k9ds ( k ne$$1 a _m-sid$ developm5t mu/ take place4 ,f full k1 & ) prop] in/ruction by ! tea*]1 cle> ideas or concepts might be =m$1 & cle> ideas ought to lead to "r action1 & "r action to p]sonal "*--! aim ( all in/ruction4 ,h]b>t 0 ! fir/ writ] on education to place ! great emphasis on prop] in/ruction1 & to exalt tea*+ & prop] tea*+-proc$ure in/ead ( m]e k or intellectual discipl9e4 ,he ?us conceiv$ ( ! educational process z a sci5ce 9 itself1 hav+ a def9ite cont5t & me?od1 & wor?y ( special /udy by ^? :o desire to tea*4 ,,h]b>tian ,,me?od4 ,) ^! ideas z to ! aim & cont5t ( in/ruction1 ,h]b>t work$ out a !ory ( ! in/ructional process & a me?od ( in/ruction 7,r4 #cef74 ,int]e/ he held to be ( fir/ importance z a pr]equisite to good in/ruction4 ,if giv5 spontane\sly1 well & good2 b1 if necess>y1 =c$ int]e/ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,skill 9 in/ruction is 9 "p to be det]m9$ by ! ability ( ! tea*] to secure int]e/ )\t resort+ to =ce on ! "o h& or sug>-coat+ ( ! subject on ! o!r4 ,tak+ ,pe/alozzi's idea t ! purpose ( ! tea*] 0 to give pupils new exp]i5ces ?r\gh contacts ) real ?+s1 )\t assum+ t ! pupils already _h su*1 ,h]b>t elaborat$ ! process by :i* new k is assimilat$ 9 t]ms ( :at "o already kn[s1 & f 8 elaboration ( ?is pr9ciple ! doctr9e ( app]ception--t is1 ! app]ceiv+ or compreh5d+ ( new k 9 t]ms ( ! old--has be5 fix$ z an important pr9ciple 9 educational psy*ology4 ,good in/ruction1 !n1 involves fir/ putt+ ! *ild into a prop] frame ( m9d to app]ceive ! new k1 & h5ce ?is becomes a corn]-/one ( all good tea*+ me?od4 ,h]b>t did n always rely on su* me?ods1 hold+ t ! committ+ to memory ( c]ta9 necess>y facts (t5 0 necess>y1 b he held t ! m]e memoriz+ ( isolat$ facts1 :i* _h *>act]iz$ s*ool in/ruction = ages1 _h little value = ei!r educational or moral ends4 ,! tea*+ ( m]e facts (t5 0 v necess>y1 b su* in/ruction call$ = a me?odical organization ( ! facts by ! tea*]1 s z to make _! le>n+ contribute to "s def9ite purpose4 ,?is call$ = a purpose 9 in/ruction2 ! organization ( ! facts necess>y to be taught s z to select ! mo/ useful ones2 ! connection ( ^! s z to e/abli% ! pr9ciple :i* 0 ! purpose ( ! in/ruction2 & tra9+ 9 sy/ematic ?9k+ by apply+ ! pr9ciple to new problems ( ! type be+ /udi$4 ,! c>ry+-out ( su* ideas meant ! c>eful organization ( ! tea*+ process & tea*+ me?od1 to secure c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ ends 9 *ild developm5t1 in/ead ( m]e miscellane\s memoriz+ & s*ool-keep+4 ,,! ,,h]b>tian ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,h]b>t di$ 9 #ahda1 )\t hav+ awak5$ any g5]al int]e/ 9 8 ideas1 & !y rema9$ virtually unnotic$ until #ahfe4 ,9 t ye> a pr(essor at ,leipzig1 ,tuiskon ,zill] 7#ahag-ahhc71 publi%$ a book sett+ =? ,h]b>t's idea ( in/ruction z a moral =ce4 ,?is attract$ mu* att5tion1 & l$ to ! =mation 7#ahfh7 ( a sci5tific society = ! /udy ( ,h]b>t's ideas4 ,zill] & 8 foll[]s n[ elaborat$ ,h]b>t's ideas1 advanc$ ! !ory ( culture-epo*s 9 *ild developm5t1 ! !ory ( conc5tration 9 /udies1 & elaborat$ ! f\r /eps 9 ! process ( in/ruction1 z describ$ by ,h]b>t1 into ! five =mal /eps ( ! mod]n ,h]b>tian s*ool4 ,9 #ahgd a p$agogical sem9>y & practice s*ool 0 organiz$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 & 9 #ahhe ?is came "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,william ,re91 a pupil ( ,zill]'s1 :o develop$ ! practice s*ool accord+ to ! ideas ( ,zill]4 ,a detail$ c\rse ( /udy = ?is s*ool1 fill+ two l>ge volumes1 0 work$ out1 & ! practice lessons giv5 7 ?or\ghly plann$ be=eh& & ! me?ods employ$ 7 subject$ to a se>*+ analysis aft] ! lesson _h be5 giv54 ,,h]b>tian ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,= a "t1 "u ! inspiration ( ,zill] & ,re91 ,j5a became an educational c5t] to :i* /ud5ts w5t f _m l&s4 ,f ! "w at ,j5a ,h]b>tian ideas h spread :i* h modifi$ elem5t>y educational proc$ure g5]ally4 ,9 p>ticul> did ! "w at ,j5a make a deep impression 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,betwe5 #ahhe & #ahij a numb] ( ,am]icans /udi$ at ,j5a &1 return+1 br\ght back to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is ,zill]-,re9-,j5a br& ( ,h]b>tian ideas & practices4 #ad ,f ! fir/ ! new ideas met ) en?usia/ic approval4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,two ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,educational ,,!ory ,,johann ,,fri$ri* ,,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda7 ,organiz] ( ! ,psy*ology ( ,in/ruction ,,fri$ri* ,,wilhelm ,,troebel 7#aghb-aheb7 ,f\nd] ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,new me?ods ( in/ruction 9 hi/ory & lit]ature1 & a new psy*ology1 7 n[ add$ to ! normal-s*ool pr(essional in/ruction4 ,?\gh ?is psy*ology has s9ce be5 outgr[n 7,r4 #ceg71 x has be5 v useful 9 %ap+ p$agogical ?\ght4 ,new c\rses ( /udy = ! tra9+-s*ools 7 n[ work$ out 9 :i* ! elem5t>y-s*ool subjects 7 divid$ into drill subjects1 cont5t subjects1 & motor- activity subjects4 #ae ,app]ception1 int]e/1 correlation1 social purpose1 moral education1 citiz5%ip tra9+1 & recitation me?ods became new t]ms to conjure )4 ,f ! normal s*ools ^! ideas spread rapidly to ! bett] city s*ool sy/ems ( ! "t1 & soon f\nd _! way into c\rses ( /udy ev]y:]e4 ,practice s*ools & ! model lessons 9 doz5s ( normal s*ools 7 remodel$ aft] ! patt]n ( ^? at ,j5a1 & = a decade ,h]b>tian ideas & ! new *ild /udy vi$ ) "o ano!r = ! place ( fir/ importance 9 educational ?9k+4 ,! ,h]b>tian wave ( ! n9eties resembl$ ! ,pe/alozzian en?usiasm ( ! sixties4 ,ea* = a "t furni%$ ! new ideas 9 education1 ea* introduc$ elem5ts ( importance into ! elem5t>y-s*ool in/ruction1 ea* deeply influ5c$ ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 normal s*ools by giv+ a new turn to ! in/ruction !re1 & ea* gradually settl$ d[n into its prop] place 9 educational practice & hi/ory4 ,,! ,,h]b>tian ,,contribution4 ,to ! ,h]b>tians we are indebt$ 9 p>ticul> = important new conceptions z to ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & lit]ature1 :i* h modifi$ all our subsequ5t proc$ure2 = ! introduction ( hi/ory tea*+ 9 "s =m into all ! elem5t>y- s*ool grades2 = ! emphasis on a new social po9t ( view 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & geography2 = ! new emphasis on ! moral aim 9 in/ruction2 = a new & a tru] educational psy*ology2 & = a bett] organization ( ! te*nique ( classroom in/ruction4 ,9 p>ticul> ,h]b>t gave emphasis to t "p ( educational developm5t :i* comes f )\t--environm5t act+ ^u ! *ild--z contra/$ ) ! emphasis ,pe/alozzi _h plac$ on m5tal developm5t f )9 & accord+ to organic law4 ,) ! introduction ( normal *ild activities1 :i* came f ano!r s\rce ab\t ?is same "t1 ! elem5t>y-s*ool curriculum z we n[ h x 0 practically complete1 & ! elem5t>y s*ool ( #ahej 0 completely made ov] to =m ! elem5t>y s*ool ( ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,k9d]g>t51 ,,play1 ,,& ,,manual ,,activities ,to ano!r ,g]man1 ,fri$ri* ,froebel 7#aghb-aheb71 we are indebt$1 directly or indirectly1 = ?ree o!r additions to elem5t>y education --! k9d]g>t51 ! play idea1 & h&work activities4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54 ,( ,g]man p>5tage1 ! son ( a rural cl]gyman1 e>ly e/rang$ f 8 p>5ts1 retir+ & introspective by nature1 hav+ l$ a mo/ unhappy *ildhood1 & appr5tic$ to a =e/] )\t 8 wi%es be+ consult$1 at tw5ty-?ree ,froebel decid$ to become a s*ooltea*] & visit$ ,pe/alozzi 9 ,switz]l&4 ,two ye>s lat] he became ! tutor ( ?ree boys1 & !n sp5t ! ye>s #ahjh-aj z a /ud5t & tea*] 9 ,pe/alozzi's ,in/itute at ,yv]don4 ,dur+ 8 ye>s !re ,froebel 0 deeply impress$ ) ! great value ( music & play 9 ! education ( *ildr51 & ( all t he c>ri$ away f ,pe/alozzi's in/itution ^! ideas 7 mo/ p]si/5t4 ,aft] s]v+ 9 a v>iety ( occupations--/ud5t1 soldi] aga9/ ,napoleon1 & curator 9 a museum ( m9]alogy--he f9ally op5$ a little private s*ool1 9 #ahaf1 :i* he conduct$ = a decade along ,pe/alozzian l9es4 ,9 ?is ! play idea1 music1 & ! self-activity ( ! pupils 7 upp]mo/4 ,! s*ool 0 a failure1 f9ancially1 b :ile conduct+ x ,froebel ?\ght out & publi%$ 7#ahbf7 8 mo/ important p$agogical "w--,! ,education ( ,man4 ,gradually ,froebel became conv9c$ t ! mo/ ne$$ re=m 9 education conc]n$ ! e>ly ye>s ( *ildhood4 ,8 own y\? _h be5 mo/ unhappy1 & to ?is phase ( education he n[ address$ himself4 ,aft] a p]iod z a tea*] 9 ,switz]l& he return$ to ,g]many & op5$ a s*ool = little *ildr5 9 :i* plays1 games1 songs1 & occupations involv+ self-activity 7 ! dom9at+ *>act]i/ics1 & 9 #ahdj he hit ^u ! "n ,k9d]g>t5 = x4 ,9 #ahdc 8 ,mutt]- und ,kose-,li$]1 a book ( fifty songs & games1 0 publi%$4 ,?is has be5 translat$ into almo/ all languages4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,idea4 ,aft] a s]ies ( unsuccessful ef=ts to br+ 8 new idea to ! att5tion ( educators1 ,froebel1 himself r a fem99e type1 became disc\rag$ & resolv$ to address himself h5ce=? to wom51 z !y seem$ mu* m capable ( und]/&+ him1 & to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 ! new ideas4 ,froebel 0 =tunate 9 secur+ z "o ( 8 mo/ ard5t disciples1 j be=e 8 dea?1 ! ,b>oness ,b]?a von ,m>5holtz ,bul[-,w5dhaus5 7#ahaj-ic71 :o did m ?an any o!r p]son to make 8 "w kn[n4 ,meet+1 9 #ahdi1 ! man m5tion$ to h] z an old fool1 %e und]/ood him1 & sp5t ! rema9d] ( h] life 9 br++ to ! att5tion ( ! _w ! "w ( ?is unworldly man :o did n "k h[ to make x kn[n = himself4 ,9 #ahea ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 fe>+ "s revolution>y designs 9 ! new idea1 & act+ 9 a mann] ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! political reaction :i* by t "t _h tak5 hold ( all ,g]man (ficial life1 =bade k9d]g>t5s 9 ,prussia4 ,! ,b>oness !n w5t to ,london & lectur$ !re on ,froebel's ideas1 organiz+ k9d]g>t5s 9 ! ,engli% ragg$ s*ools4 ,"h1 by contra/1 %e met ) a cordial reception4 ,%e lat] exp\nd$ ,froebelian ideas 9 ,p>is1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 & 7aft] #ahfj1 :5 ! prohibition 0 remov$7 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahgj %e f\nd$ a k9d]g>t5 tra9+-college 9 ,dresd54 ,_m ( h] writ+s h be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,consid]+ ! importance ( ?is "w1 & ! "t :i* has s9ce elaps$1 ! k9d]g>t5 idea has made relatively small progress on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,its _s does n h>monize ) autocratic gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,g]many & ! old ,au/ro-,hung>y x _h made b little progress up to #aiad4 ,its greate/ progress 9 ,europe1 p]haps1 has be5 9 democratic ,switz]l&4 #af ,9 ,engl& & ,france1 ! two great lead]s 9 democratic gov]nm5t1 ! ,infant-,s*ool developm5t1 :i* came e>li]1 has prev5t$ any m>k$ gr[? ( ! k9d]g>t54 ,9 ,engl&1 ?\gh1 ! ,infant ,s*ool has rec5tly be5 entirely trans=m$ by ! introduction into x ( ! k9d]g>t5 _s4 #ag ,9 ,france1 infant education has tak5 a some:at diff]5t direction4 #ah ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! k9d]g>t5 idea has met ) a mo/ cordial reception4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w has ! _s ( ! k9d]g>t5 be5 s caught & appli$ to s*ool "w1 & probably n[h]e has ! orig9al k9d]g>t5 idea be5 s exp&$ & improv$4 #ai ,! fir/ k9d]g>t5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a ,g]man k9d]g>t51 e/abli%$ at ,wat]t[n1 ,wiscons91 9 #ahee1 by ,mrs4 ,c>l ,s*urz1 a pupil ( ,froebel4 ,dur+ ! next fifte5 ye>s "s t5 o!r k9d]g>t5s 7 organiz$ 9 ,g]man-speak+ communities4 ,! fir/ ,engli%-speak+ k9d]g>t5 0 op5$ privately 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahfj1 by ,miss ,elizabe? ,peabody4 ,9 #ahfh a private tra9+-college = k9d]g>tn]s 0 op5$ 9 ,bo/on1 l>gely ?r\gh ,miss ,peabody's influ5ce1 by ,madame ,matilde ,kriege & h] daught]1 :o _h rec5tly arriv$ f ,g]many4 ,9 #ahgb ,miss ,m>ie ,boelte op5$ a simil> tea*]-tra9+ s*ool 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & 9 #ahgc h] pupil1 ,miss ,susan ,bl[1 accept$ ! invitation ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 to g !re & op5 ! fir/ public-s*ool k9d]g>t5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bj ,to-day ! k9d]g>t5 is f\nd 9 "s =m 9 ne>ly all c\ntries 9 ! _w1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ to all cont95ts by mission>ies1 educational en?usia/s1 & int]e/$ gov]nm5ts4 #ba ,japan e>ly adopt$ ! idea1 & ,*9a is n[ beg9n+ to d s4 ,,! ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,idea4 ,! dom9ant idea 9 ! k9d]g>t5 is natural b direct$ self-activity1 focus$ ^u educational1 social1 & moral ends4 ,froebel believ$ 9 ! cont9uity ( a *ild's life f infancy onw>d1 & t self-activity1 det]m9$ by ! *ild's int]e/s & desires & intellig5tly direct$1 0 ess5tial to ! unfold+ ( ! *ild's inborn capacities4 ,he saw1 m cle>ly ?an any "o be=e him _h done1 ! unutiliz$ weal? ( ! *ild's _w2 t ! *ild's *ief *>act]i/ic is self-activity2 ! desirability ( ! *ild f9d+ himself ?r\gh play2 & t ! "w ( ! s*ool dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s 0 to supplem5t ! family by draw+ out ! *ild & awak5+ ! ideal side ( 8 nature4 ,to ^! ends do+1 self activity1 & expression became fundam5tal to ! k9d]g>t51 & movem5t1 ge/ure1 direct$ play1 song1 color1 ! /ory1 & human activities a "p ( k9d]g>t5 te*nique4 ,nature /udy & s*ool g>d5+ 7 giv5 a prom95t place1 & motor-activity mu* call$ into play4 ,advanc+ f> beyond ,pe/alozzi's pr9ciple ( s5se- impressions1 ,froebel insi/$ on motor-activity & le>n+ by do+ 7,r4 #ceh74 ,froebel1 z well z ,h]b>t1 also saw ! social importance ( education1 & t man mu/ realize himself n indep5d5tly amid nature1 z ,r\sseau _h said1 b z a social animal 9 cop]ation ) 8 fell[m54 ,h5ce he made 8 s*oolroom a m9iature ( society1 a place :]e c\rtesy & helpfulness & social cop]ation 7 prom95t features4 ,?is social & at times rev]5t atmosph]e ( ! k9d]g>t5 has always be5 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( its "w4 ,to br+ out social ideas _m dramatic games1 su* z %oemak]1 c>p5t]1 smi?1 & f>m]1 7 devis$ & set to music4 ,! /ory by ! tea*] 0 made prom95t1 & ?is 0 retold 9 language1 act$1 sung1 & (t5 work$ out con/ructively 9 clay1 blocks1 or pap]4 ,o!r games to develop skill 7 work$ out1 & use 0 made ( s&1 clay1 pap]1 c>dbo>d1 & color4 ,! gifts & occupations :i* ,froebel devis$ 7 int5d$ to develop con/ructive & ae/hetic p[]1 & to provide = connection & developm5t !y 7 arrang$ into an organiz$ s]ies ( play?+s4 ,individual developm5t z its aim1 motor-expression z its me?od1 & social cop]ation z its means 7 ! *>act]i/ic ideas ( ?is new s*ool = little *ildr5 7,r4 #ceh74 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54 ,:olly aside f ! specific tra9+ giv5 *ildr5 dur+ ! ye>1 ye> & a half1 or two ye>s !y sp5d 9 ?is type ( s*ool1 ! addition ( ! k9d]g>t5 to elem5t>y-s*ool "w has be5 a =ce ( v l>ge significance & usefulness4 ,! idea t ! *ild is prim>ily an active & n a le>n+ animal has be5 giv5 new emphasis1 & t education comes *iefly by do+ has be5 giv5 new =ce4 ,! idea t a *ild's *ief bus9ess is play has be5 a new conception ( l>ge educational value4 ,! elim9ation ( book education & h>% discipl9e 9 ! k9d]g>t5 has be5 an idea t has sl[ly b gradually be5 ext5d$ upw>d into ! l[] grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,to-day1 l>gely z a result ( ! spread+ ( ! k9d]g>t5 _s1 ! _w is com+ to recognize play & games at some?+ l _! real social1 moral1 & educational values1 :olly aside f _! b5efits z conc]n physical welf>e1 & 9 _m places direct$ play is be+ s*$ul$ z a regul> subject 9 s*ool programs4 ,music1 too1 has atta9$ new emphasis s9ce ! com+ ( ! k9d]g>t51 & me?ods ( tea*+ music m 9 h>mony ) k9d]g>t5 ideas h be5 introduc$ into ! s*ools4 ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,manual ,,activities4 ,froebel n only introduc$ con/ructive "w--pap]-fold+1 weav+1 ne$lework1 & "w ) s& & clay & color--into ! k9d]g>t51 b he also propos$ to ext5d & develop su* "w = ! upp] ye>s ( s*ool+ 9 a s*ool = h& tra9+ :i* he outl9$1 b did n e/abli%4 ,8 propos$ plan includ$ ! elem5ts ( ! s-call$ manual-tra9+ idea1 develop$ lat]1 & he ju/ifi$ su* in/ruction on ! same educational gr\nds t we advance to-day4 ,x 0 n to tea* a boy a trade1 z ,r\sseau _h advocat$1 or to tra9 *ildr5 9 s5se-p]ception1 z ,pe/alozzi _h employ$ all 8 manual activities1 b z a =m ( educational expression1 & = ! purpose ( develop+ creative p[] )9 ! *ild4 ,! idea 0 advocat$ by a numb] ( ?9k]s1 ab\t #ahej to #ahfj1 b ! movem5t took its rise 9 ,f9l&1 ,sw$51 & ,russia4 ,! fir/ c\ntry to organize su* "w z a "p ( its s*ool in/ruction 0 ,f9l&1 :]e1 z e>ly z #aheh1 ,uno ,cygnaeus 7#ahaj-ahhh7 outl9$ a c\rse = manual tra9+ involv+ b5* & metal "w1 wood-c>v+1 & basket-weav+4 ,9 #ahff ,f9l& made "s =m ( manual "w compulsory = boys 9 all its rural s*ools1 & 9 its tra9+- colleges = male tea*]s4 ,9 #ahgb ! gov]nm5t ( ,sw$5 decid$ to introduce sloyd "w into its s*ools1 p>tly to c\nt]act ! bad physical & moral effects ( city conge/ion1 & p>tly to revivify ! decl9+ home indu/ries ( ! p4 ,a sloyd s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,naas1 9 #ahgb1 to tra9 tea*]s1 & 9 #ahge a second s*ool1 kn[n z a ,sloyd ,sem9>ium1 0 begun4 ,! summ] c\rses ( ^! two s*ools 7 soon tra9+ tea*]s f _m nations4 ,9 #ahgg sloyd "w 0 add$ to ! ,folk ,s*ool in/ruction ( ,sw$54 ,at fir/ ! old native sloyd occupations 7 foll[$1 su* z c>p5t]+1 turn+1 wood- c>v+1 bru%-mak+1 book-b9d+1 & "w 9 copp] & iron1 b lat] ! indu/rial elem5t gave way to a well-organiz$ c\rse 9 educational tool "w = boys f twelve to fifte5 ye>s ( age1 aft] ! ,f9ni% plan4 ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,manual-,,tra9+ ,,idea4 ,france 0 ! fir/ ( ! l>g] ,european nations to adopt ?is new addition to elem5t>y-s*ool in/ruction1 a tra9+-s*ool be+ organiz$ at ,p>is 9 #ahgc1 &1 9 #ahhb1 ! in/ruction 9 manual activities 0 ord]$ introduc$ into all ! prim>y s*ools ( ,france4 ,x has requir$ "t1 ?\gh1 to provide "w rooms & to realize ?is idea1 & x is /ill lack+ 9 complete accompli%m5t4 ,9 ,engl& ! "w 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,london1 ab\t #ahhg4 ,! gov]nm5t at once accept$ ! idea1 enc\rag$ its spread1 & began to aid 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,by #aijj ! "w 0 f\nd 9 all ! l>g] cities1 & includ$ cook+ & sew+ = girls1 z well z manual "w = boys4 ,! tra9+ = girls goes back /ill f>!r1 & 0 an outgr[? ( ! e>li] s*ools ( indu/ry e/abli%$ to tra9 girls = dome/ic s]vice 7,r4 #bda74 ,by #ahdf in/ruction 9 ne$lework _h be5 begun 9 e>ne/ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,g]man l&s ne$lework 0 also an e>ly s*ool subject1 :ile "s dome/ic tra9+ = girls _h be5 provid$ 9 mo/ ( ! cities1 be=e #aiad4 ,manual tra9+ = boys1 ?\gh1 despite mu* propag&a "w1 _h made b little headway up to t "t4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! k9d]g>t51 ! initiative & self-expression aspects ( ! manual-tra9+ movem5t made no appeal to ^? responsible = ! "w ( ! p's s*ools1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! manual activities h 9 ,g]man l&s be5 res]v$ l>gely = ! cont9uation & vocational s*ools = old] pupils4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! manual-tra9+ & h\sehold-arts ideas h f\nd a v ready welcome4 ,curi\s z x may seem1 ! fir/ introduction to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ?is new =m ( in/ruction came ?r\gh ! exhibit made by ! ,russian gov]nm5t at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf1 %[+ ! "w 9 wood & iron made by ! pupils at ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,in/itute at ,mosc[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! ,sw$i% sloyd1 b a type ( "w especially adapt$ to second>y-s*ool in/ruction4 ,9 consequ5ce ! movem5t = in/ruction 9 ! manual activities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 unlike 9 o!r nations1 began z a highly organiz$ te*nical type ( high-s*ool in/ruction1 #bb :ile ! elem5t>y- s*ool sloyd & ! h\sehold arts = girls came 9 lat]4 ,?is type ( te*nical high s*ool has s9ce develop$ rapidly 9 ?is c\ntry1 has r5d]$ an important educational s]vice1 & is a peculi>ly ,am]ican creation4 ,9 ,europe ! manual-tra9+ idea has be5 conf9$ to ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & no in/itution exi/s !re :i* p>allels ^! co/ly & well-equipp$ ,am]ican te*nical second>y s*ools4 ,! introduction ( manual "w into ! elem5t>y s*ools came a little lat]1 & a little m sl[ly4 ,z e>ly z #ahhj ! ,work+m5's ,s*ool1 f\nd$ by ! ,e?ical ,culture ,society ( ,new ,york1 _h provid$ a k9d]g>t5 & _h ext5d$ ! k9d]g>t5 con/ructive-"w idea upw>d1 9 ! =m ( simple woodwork+1 into its elem5t>y s*ool4 ,9 ! public s*ools1 exp]im5tal classes 9 elem5t>y-s*ool woodwork+ 7 tri$ 9 "o s*ool 9 ,bo/on1 z e>ly z #ahhb1 ! exp5se be+ borne privately4 ,9 #ahhh ! city took ov] ^! classes4 ,9 #ahhf a tea*] 0 br\ght to ,bo/on f ,sw$5 to introduce ,sw$i% sloyd1 & a tea*]-tra9+ s*ool :i* has be5 v influ5tial 0 e/abli%$ !re1 9 #ahhi4 ,9 #ahgf ,massa*usetts p]mitt$ cities to provide in/ruction 9 sew+1 & ,spr+field introduc$ su* in/ruction 9 #ahhd1 & elem5t>y-s*ool in/ruction 9 knifework 9 #ahhf4 ,f ^! beg9n+s ! movem5t spread1 #bc ?\gh at fir/ r sl[ly4 ,by #aijj approximately =ty cities1 ne>ly all ( !m 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic gr\p ( ,/ates1 _h introduc$ "w 9 manual tra9+ & ! h\sehold arts into _! elem5t>y s*ools1 b s9ce t "t ! "w has be5 ext5d$ to practically all cities1 & to _m t[ns & rural communities z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,,r$irect$ ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,a boy m5d+ 8 %oe in/ead ( mak+ a mortice-jo9t ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,manual-,,activities ,,idea4 ,^! new =ms ( s*ool "w 7 at fir/ advocat$ on ! gr\nds ( =mal discipl9e--t !y tra9$ ! reason+1 ex]cis$ ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 & /r5g!n$ ! w4 ,! ex]cises1 true to su* a conception1 7 q =mal & uni=m = all4 ,) ! breakd[n ( ! faculty psy*ology1 & ! ab&onm5t 9 l>ge "p ( ! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e 9 ! tra9+ ( ! m9d1 ! :ole manual-tra9+ & h\sehold-arts "w has _h to be re%ap$4 ,z ! writ+s ( ,pe/alozzi1 ,h]b>t1 & ,froebel 7 /udi$ m closely1 & ) ! new light on *ild developm5t ga9$ f *ild-/udy & ! new] psy*ology1 ^! new subjects came to be conceiv$ ( 9 _! prop] light z means ( individual expression1 & to be ext5d$ to new =ms1 mat]ials1 colors1 & new practical & arti/ic ends4 ,to-day ! in/ruction 9 manual "w & ! h\sehold arts 9 all _! =ms has be5 fur!r *ang$ to make ( !m educational in/rum5ts = int]pret+ ! fields ( art & indu/ry & home-life 9 t]ms ( _! social significance & usefulness4 ,?r\gh ^! two new =ms ( education1 also1 ! pupils 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools h be5 giv5 tra9+ 9 expression & an insight into ! practical "w ( life impossible 9 ! old textbook type ( elem5t>y s*ool4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t51 manual "w1 & ! h\sehold arts1 ,froebel's pr9ciple ( education ?r\gh direct$ self- activity & self-expression has borne abundant fruit4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican educators ! orig9al manual-arts idea has be5 greatly exp&$4 ,9 ,france "s =m ( expression has be5 work$ out = all grades ( ! prim>y s*ool1 & ! "w has be5 closely connect$ ) art & indu/ry on ! "o h& & ) ! home-life ( ! p on ! o!r4 ,9 ,engl& ! project sy/em z appli$ to indu/ry1 & ! h\sehold arts ) ref]5ce to home-life1 h be5 emphasiz$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "w has be5 individualiz$ p]haps m ?an any:]e else1 appli$ 9 _m new directions--clay1 lea!r1 cem5t1 metal--& us$ z a v important in/rum5t = self-expression & ! developm5t ( individual ?9k+4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,/udy ,,! ,,gradual ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,sci5ce4 ,a v prom95t feature ( _w educational developm5t1 s9ce ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has be5 ! g5]al introduction into ! s*ools ( ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,x is no exagg]ation ( ! importance ( ?is to say t no addition ( new subject-matt] & no *ange 9 ! direction & purpose ( education1 s9ce t "t1 has be5 ( great] importance = ! welf>e ( mank9d1 or m significant ( new _w conditions1 ?an has be5 ! emphasis rec5tly plac$1 9 all divisions ( /ate s*ool sy/ems1 on in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples & ! applications ( sci5ce4 ,f ! days ( ,francis ,bacon 7p4 #cij7 on1 ! /udy ( sci5ce has be5 mak+ sl[ b /eady progress4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce we trac$ 9 *apt] ,,xvii4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ,engli% s*ol>s 7 mo/ prom95t 9 ! fur!r developm5t1 due l>gely to ! great] tol]ance ( new ideas !re1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge e>ly atta9$ to "s reputation 7p4 #dbc7 z a place :]e in/ruction 9 ! new sci5tific /udies might be f\nd4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 l>ge "p due to ! illum9at+ "w ( ,voltaire 7p4 #dhe71 a great int]e/ 9 sci5ce arose among ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ! ,revolution>y days we accord+ly f9d ! ,fr5* creat+ important sci5tific in/itutions 7p4 #eah71 & ,napoleon gave frequ5t evid5ce ( 8 deep int]e/ 9 sci5tific /udies4 #bd ,?is int]e/ ! ,fr5* h s9ce reta9$4 ,f ,france ?is new int]e/ 9 sci5ce pass$ quickly to ! ,g]mans4 ,! new ma!matical & physical /udies _h e>ly f\nd a home at ! new ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 7p4 #eee71 & l>gely "u ,fr5* influ5ces sci5tific /udies 7 lat] introduc$ into all ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,g]man univ]sities took ! lead z c5t]s = ! new sci5tific /udies 7p4 #egf7--;a lead !y reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& ! univ]sities _h1 by ! n9ete5? c5tury1 lo/ mu* ( _! sev5te5?-c5tury prom95ce 9 sci5ce1 & _h settl$ d[n into tea*+ colleges1 in/ead ( develop+1 z _h ! ,g]man univ]sities1 into in/itutions = sci5tific rese>*4 ,comp>$ ) ! re=m$ ,g]man univ]sities1 actuat$ by ! new sci5tific _s1 ! ,engli% univ]sities ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury pres5t$ a v unfavorable #be aspect 7,r4 #cei74 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 book in/ruction 9 ! sci5ces came 9 ne> ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b ! fir/ laboratory in/ruction 9 our colleges 0 n begun until #ahdf1 & our real int]e/ 9 sci5ce tea*+ dates f an ev5 lat] p]iod4 ,until ! com+ ( ,g]man influ5ces1 aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! ,am]ican college #bf l>gely foll[$ ,engli% models & practices4 ,yet1 z we po9t$ out e>li]1 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury witness$ a va/ expansion ( sci5tific k1 & by #ahfj ! ma9 keys ( mod]n sci5ce 7p4 #gbg7 7 9 ! h&s ( s*ol>s ev]y:]e4 ,! great e>ly developm5t ( sci5tific /udy _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 a few univ]sities or _h be5 done by indep5d5t s*ol>s1 & _h influ5c$ b little in/ruction 9 ! colleges or ! s*ools bel[4 ,,sci5ce ,,in/ruction ,,rea*es ,,! ,,s*ools ,,b ,,sl[ly4 ,! textbook organization ( ?is new sci5tific k1 = tea*+ purposes1 & its incorporation into ! in/ruction ( ! s*ools1 took place b sl[ly4 #a4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! greate/ & ! e>lie/ success 0 made 9 ,g]man l&s4 ,!re ! pione] "w ( ,bas$[ 7p4 #ecd7 & ! ,philan?rop9i/s _h awak5$ a widespread int]e/ 9 sci5tific /udies4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 too1 ,pe/alozzi _h develop$ elem5t>y sci5ce /udy & home geography1 &1 :5 ,pe/alozzian me?ods 7 introduc$ into ! s*ools ( ,prussia1 ! /udy ( elem5t>y sci5ce 7,reali57 soon became a feature ( ! ,volkss*ule in/ruction4 ,f ,prussia x spread to all ,g]man l&s4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,pe/alozzian idea 0 introduc$ into ! ,infant ,s*ools1 #bg ?\gh 9 a v =mal fa%ion1 "u ! head+ ( object lessons4 ,9 ?is =m elem5t>y sci5ce /udy rea*$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t #ahfj1 ?\gh a decade lat] well- organiz$ c\rses 9 elem5t>y sci5ce in/ruction began to be introduc$ into ! ,am]ican elem5t>y s*ools4 #bh ,aft] ! political reaction foll[+ ! ,napoleonic w>s _h set 91 on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 all ?\ght-provok+ /udies 7 greatly curtail$ 9 ! p's s*ools4 ,9 ,engl&1 = o!r reasons1 object lessons did n make any m>k$ headway1 & z late z #ahfe practically no?+ relat+ to ! great new _w ( sci5tific k _h z yet be5 introduc$ into ! private & religi\s elem5t>y s*ools 7,r4 #cfj7 :i*1 up to t "t1 con/itut$ ,engl&'s *ief dep5d5ce = ! elem5t>y in/ruction ( h] p4 #b4 ,! second>y s*ools4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools ! e>lie/ "w ( importance 9 introduc+ ! new sci5tific subjects 0 done by ! ,g]mans & ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ,g]man l&s ! ,reals*ule obta9$ an e>ly />t 7#agdg2 p4 #dbj71 & ! in/ruction 9 ma!matics & sci5ce x includ$ #bi _h begun to be adopt$ by ! ,g]man second>y s*ools1 especially 9 ! ,s\? ,g]man ,/ates1 be=e ! p]iod ( reaction set 94 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,napoleon ! sci5tific c\rse 9 ! ,fr5* ,lyces 0 giv5 special prom95ce4 ,aft] ab\t #ahae1 & cont9u+ until aft] #ahdh1 practical & ?\ght-provok+ /udies 7 "u an (ficial ban 9 bo? c\ntries1 & classical /udies 7 specially favor$4 #cj ,f9ally1 9 #aheb 9 ,france & 9 #ahei 9 ,prussia1 respond+ to *ang$ political conditions & new economic dem&s1 bo? ! sci5tific c\rse 9 ! ,lyces & ! ,reals*ul5 7 giv5 (ficial recognition1 & !reaft] receiv$ increas+ /ate favor & support4 ,! sci5tific idea also took deep root 9 ,d5m>k4 ,!re ! second>y s*ools 7 mod]niz$1 9 #ahji1 :5 ! sci5ces 7 giv5 an important place1 & aga9 9 #ahej1 :5 _m ( ! ,lat9 s*ools 7 trans=m$ into ,realskol]4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! academies & ! e>ly high s*ools bo? _h introduc$ q an am\nt ( ma!matics & book-sci5ce1 #ca &1 aft] ab\t #ahge1 ! developm5t ( laboratory in/ruction 9 sci5ce 9 ! gr[+ high s*ools took place r rapidly4 ,fell5b]g's "w 9 ,switz]l& 7p4 #edf7 _h also awak5$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & by #ahcj a numb] ( ,s*ools ( ,indu/ry & ,sci5ce _h begun to appe>4 #cb ,^! made in/ruction 9 ma!matics & sci5ce prom95t features ( _! "w4 ,aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s1 ,engl& atta9$ to ! fir/ place z an indu/rial & comm]cial nation4 ,?is l$ to a cont9ual agitation on ! "p ( manufactur]s = "s sci5ce & art in/ruction4 ,9 #ahec1 ,p>liam5t creat$ a ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art 7p4 #fch71 & ! promotion ( sci5ce & art education by gov]nm5t grants 0 n[ begun4 ,?\gh ! nation _h be5 ! fir/ to be trans=m$ by ! indu/rial revolution1 & its =eign trade by #ahej rea*$ all p>ts ( ! _w1 ! second>y s*ools ( ,engl& _h rema9$ l>gely unt\*$ by ! *ange4 ,!y 7 /ill ma9ly ! ,r5aissance ,lat9 gramm> s*ools !y _h be5 ev] s9ce ,dean ,colet 7#aeaj7 m>k$ out ! l9es = su* in/ruction by f\nd+ 8 re=m$ gramm> s*ool at ,/4 ,pauls 7p4 #bge74 ,_! c\rses ( in/ruction conta9$ little t 0 mod]n1 & 9 _! aims & purposes !y w5t back to ! days ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ = _! inspiration 7,r4 #cfa74 ,,! ,,*all5ge ,,( ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! sci5tific & indu/rial revolutions _h produc$ important *anges 9 ! conditions ( liv+ 9 all ! !n important _w nations4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h ! effects ( ! revolutions 9 manufactur+ & liv+ be5 felt4 ,9 consequ5ce !re _h be51 = "s "t1 a gr[+ controv]sy betwe5 ! p>tisans ( ! old] classical tra9+ & ! new] sci5tific /udies z to _! relative wor? & importance1 bo? = intellectual discipl9e & z prep>ation = intellig5t liv+1 & by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is _h become q %>p4 ,! faculty psy*ology1 ^u :i* ! !ory ( ! discipl9e ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d by ! classics 0 l>gely bas$1 0 attack$1 & ! cont5tion 0 advanc$ t ! cont5t ( /udies 0 ( m importance 9 education ?an 0 me?od & drill4 ,! advocates ( ! new] /udies cont5d$ t a /udy ( ! classics no long] provid$ a suitable prep>ation = intellig5t liv+1 & ! "q ( ! relative wor? ( ! old] & new] /udies elicit$ m & m discussion z ! c5tury advanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] 7#ahbj-aijc7 ,9 #ahei "o ( ,engl&'s greate/ s*ol>s1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 br\ght ! :ole "q to a %>p issue by ! publication ( a rem>kably incisive essay on ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?8 ,9 ?is he decl>$ t ! purpose ( education 0 to prep>e u = complete liv+1 & t ! only way to judge ( ! value ( an educational c\rse 0 fir/ to classify1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 #cc ! lead+ activities & ne$s ( life1 & !n measure ! c\rse ( /udy by h[ fully x (f]s su* a prep>ation4 ,do+ s 7,r4 #cfb71 & apply+ su* a te/1 he conclud$ t ( all subjects a k ( sci5ce 7,r4 #cfc7 0 always mo/ useful = prep>ation = life1 & !re=e ! type ( k ( mo/ wor?4 ,9 ?ree o!r essays #cd he recomm5d$ a complete *ange f ! classical type ( tra9+ :i* _h dom9at$ ,engli% second>y education s9ce ! days ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,/ill m1 in/ead ( a few be+ educat$ by a cultural discipl9e = a life ( le>n+ & leisure1 he urg$ g5]al in/ruction 9 sci5ce1 t all might receive tra9+ & help = ! daily duties ( life4 ,^! essays attract$ wide att5tion1 n only 9 ,engl& b 9 _m o!r l&s z well4 ,!y 7 a /atem5t1 9 cle> & =ceful ,engli%1 ( ! be/ ideas ( ! educational re=m]s = ?ree c5turies4 ,9 8 /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* s\nd intellectual education %\ld be bas$ he m]ely enunciat$ !ses = :i* educational re=m]s _h /ood s9ce ! days ( ,ratke & ,com5ius4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( moral & physical education he voic$ ! be/ ideas ( ,john ,locke4 ,sp5c]'s great s]vice 0 9 giv+ =ceful expression to ideas :i*1 by #ahfj1 _h become curr5t1 & 9 s do+ he pu%$ to ! front anew ! "q ( educational values4 ,! sci5tific & indu/rial revolutions _h prep>$ ! way = a r$irection ( national education1 & ! "t 0 ripe 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]man l&s1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates = su* a discussion4 ,z a result1 ?\gh ! que/ions he rais$ are /ill 9 "p unsettl$1 a great *ange 9 assign$ values has s9ce be5 effect$ n only 9 ^! nations1 b 9 mo/ o!r nations & l&s :i* h drawn ! inspiration = _! educational sy/ems f !m4 ,?\gh 8 "w 0 n specially orig9al1 we mu/ nev]!less class ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z "o ( ! great writ]s on educational aims & purposes1 & 8 book z "o ( ! great influ5ces 9 re%ap+ educational practice4 ,he gave a new emphasis to ! "w ( all :o _h prec$$ him1 & out ( ! discussion :i* ensu$ came a new & a greatly enl>g$ e/imate z to ! importance ( sci5ce /udy 9 all divisions ( ! s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley 7#ahbe-ie7 ,,! ,,new ,,educational ,,purpose4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t out ( ,sp5c]'s ga!r+-up & =ceful /atem5t ( ! be/ ideas ( 8 "t1 & ! discussion :i* foll[$1 a new conception ( ! educational purpose z adju/m5t to ! life "o is to live--physical1 economic1 social1 moral1 political--0 cle>ly =mulat$1 & a new def9ition ( a lib]al education 0 fram$4 ,! =m] f\nd expression 9 a r rapid introduction ( sci5ce-/udy into ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ! second>y s*ool1 & ! college1 aft] ab\t #ahfe1 9 ! s*ool sy/ems ( all progressive nations1 & ! subsequ5t ext5sion ( ! sci5tific me?od to su* new fields z hi/ory1 politics1 gov]nm5t1 & social welf>e4 ,! latt]--! new def9ition ( a lib]al education --0 wond]fully well /at$ 9 an address 7#ahfh7 by ! ,engli% sci5ti/1 ,?omas ,huxley1 :5 he said3 #ce ,t man1 ,i ?9k1 has _h a lib]al education :o has be5 s tra9$ 9 y\? t 8 body is ! ready s]vant ( 8 w1 & does ) ease & pleasure all ! "w t1 z a me*anism1 x is capable (2 ^: intellect is a cle>1 cold1 logic eng9e1 ) all its p>ts ( equal /r5g?1 & 9 smoo? work+ ord]2 ready1 l a /eam eng9e1 to be turn$ to any k9d ( "w1 & sp9 ! gossam]s z well z =ge ! an*ors ( ! m9d2 ^: m9d is /or$ ) a k ( ! great & fundam5tal tru?s ( ,nature & ( ! laws ( h] op]ations2 "o :o1 no /unt$ ascetic1 is full ( life & fire1 b ^: passions are tra9$ to come to heel by a vigor\s w1 ! s]vant ( a t5d] consci5ce2 :o has le>n$ to love all beauty1 :e!r ( ,nature or ( art1 to hate all vil5ess1 & to respect o!rs z himself4 ,su* an "o & no o!r1 ,i conceive1 has _h a lib]al education2 = he is1 z completely z a man c be1 9 h>mony ) ,nature4 ,he w make ! be/ ( h]1 & %e ( him4 ,!y w get on toge!r r>ely3 %e z 8 ev]-b5efic5t "m2 he z h] m\?piece1 h] consci\s self1 h] m9i/] & int]pret]4 ,! int]-relation betwe5 ! movem5t = ! /udy ( ! sci5ces & ! o!r movem5ts = ! improvem5t ( in/ruction :i* we h s f> describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 0 close4 ,pe/alozzi _h emphasiz$ in/ruction 9 geography & ! /udy ( nature2 ,froebel _h giv5 a prom95t place to nature /udy & s*ool g>d5+2 ! manual-arts "w t5d$ to exhibit indu/rial processes & relation%ips2 & ! sci5tific emphasis on cont5t r ?an drill 0 9 h>mony ) ! !ories ( all ! mod]n re=m]s4 ,/ill m1 ! sci5tific movem5t 0 9 close h>mony ) ! new individuali/ic t5d5cy ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ) ! movem5ts = ! improvem5t ( individual & national welf>e :i* h be5 s prom95t a *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 ,v4 ,,social ,,mean+ ,,( ,,^! ,,*anges ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,progress4 ,pe/alozzi1 true to ! individuali/ic _s ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$ & work$1 _h se5 education z an individual developm5t1 & ! ends ( education z individual ends4 ,! _s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y p]iod 0 ! _s ( individualism4 ,) ! progress ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & ! consequ5t rise ( new social problems1 ! emphasis 0 gradually %ift$ f ! individual to society--f ! s+le man to ! man 9 ! mass4 ,! fir/ educational ?9k] ( importance to see & cle>ly /ate ?is new conception 9 t]ms ( ! s*ool 0 ,h]b>t4 ,see+ ! educational purpose 9 f> cle>] p]spective ?an _h ^? :o _h gone be=e him1 he %[$ t education mu/ h = its function ! prep>ation ( man to live 9 organiz$ society1 & t "* & social morality1 r ?an individual developm5t1 mu/ 9 consequ5ce be ! l>g] aims4 ,froebel1 possess$ ( some?+ ( ! same insight1 & see+ cle>ly ! educational importance ( activity & expression1 _h op5$ up = *ildr5 a weal? ( new contacts ) ! _w ab\t !m 9 ! new type ( educational in/itution :i* he creat$4 ,8 pr9ciples1 he said1 :5 ?or\ghly work$ out & appli$ to education w\ld revolutionize ! _w4 ,he did n complete ! full educational organization he _h plann$1 b 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sw$es & ,f9ns simil> ideas 7 work$ out 9 practical =m & made a "p ( s*ool "w4 ,apply+ ,froebel's idea to in/ruction 9 ! old trades & indu/ries1 decl9+ 9 importance 9 ! face ( ! rise ( ! factory sy/em1 !y evolv$ ! manual-tra9+ activities1 & ^! h s9ce be5 made important tools = giv+ to "y p "s intellig5t ideas z to ! indu/rial relation%ips & economic problems ( our complex mod]n life4 ,s9ce ?is e>ly pione] "w *anges 9 s*ool "w h be5 num]\s & ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,! me?ods & purpose ( in/ruction 9 ! old] subjects h be5 revis$2 new /udies1 :i* w\ld s]ve to int]pret to ! "y ! indu/rial & social revolutions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h be5 introduc$2 ! expression-subjects--! dome/ic arts1 music1 draw+1 clay-model+1 color "w1 ! manual arts1 nature /udy1 g>d5+--h giv5 a new direction to s*ool "w2 & ! /udy ( sci5ce & ! vocations has atta9$ to a place ( importance previ\sly unkn[n4 ,dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury ! s*ool has be5 trans=m$1 9 ! pr9cipal _w nations1 f a discipl9>y in/itution :]e drill 9 ma/]+ ! rudim5ts ( k 0 giv51 into an in/rum5t ( democracy calculat$ to tra9 "y p = liv+1 = useful s]vice 9 ! (fice & %op & home1 & to prep>e !m = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 ! increas+ly complex social & political & indu/rial life ( a mod]n _w4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! s*ool has n always be5 easy 7,r4 #cfe71 b ! va/ly *ang$ conditions ( mod]n life h dem&$ su* a trans=mation 9 all progressive nations4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,john ,,dewey4 ,! =emo/ ,am]ican int]pret]1 9 t]ms ( ! s*ool1 ( ! va/ social & indu/rial *anges :i* h m>k$ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is ,john ,dewey #cf 7#ahei- 74 ,bett] p]haps ?an anyone else he has ?\ght out & /at$ a new educational philosophy1 suit$ to ! *ang$ & *ang+ conditions ( human liv+4 ,8 "w1 bo? exp]im5tal & !oretical1 has t5d$ bo? to re- psy*ologize 7,r4 #cfd7 & socialize education2 to give to x a practical cont5t1 along sci5tific & indu/rial l9es2 & to int]pret to ! *ild ! new social & indu/rial conditions ( mod]n society by connect+ ! activities ( ! s*ool closely ) ^? ( real life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,a ,,reorganiz$ ,,k9d]g>t5 ,drawn f a photograph %[+ ! recon/ruction ( ! k9d]g>t5 activities1 z work$ out by ,dewey at ,*icago4 ,/>t+ ) ! premises t ! s*ool _c be a prep>ation = social life except z x reproduces ! typical conditions ( social life2 t indu/rial activities are ! mo/ influ5tial factors 9 det]m9+ ! ?\ght1 ! ideals1 & ! social organization ( a p2 & t ! s*ool %\ld be life1 n a prep>ation = liv+2 ,dewey = a "t conduct$ an exp]im5tal s*ool1 = *ildr5 f f\r to ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 to give concrete expression to 8 educational ideas4 ,^!1 fir/ consci\sly set =? by ,froebel1 73 #cg #a4 ,t ! prim>y bus9ess ( ! s*ool is to tra9 9 cop]ative & mutually helpful liv+4444 #b4 ,t ! prim>y root ( all educational activity is 9 ! in/9ctive1 impulsive attitudes & activities ( ! *ild1 & n 9 ! pres5tation & application ( ext]nal mat]ial4 #c4 ,t ^! individual t5d5cies & activities are organiz$ & direct$ ?r\gh ! uses made ( !m 9 keep+ up ! cop]ative liv+ 444 tak+ advantage ( !m to reproduce1 on ! *ild's plane1 ! typical do+s & occupations ( ! l>g]1 matur] society into :i* he is f9ally to g =?2 & t x is ?r\gh production & creative use t valuable k is cl9*$4 ,! "w ( ?is s*ool #ch 0 ( fundam5tal importance 9 direct+ ! reorganization ( ! "w ( ! k9d]g>t5 along diff]5t & l>g] l9es1 & also has be5 ( significance 9 r$irect+ ! in/ruction 9 bo? ! social subjects--hi/ory 7,r4 #cff71 lit]ature1 etc4--& ! manual1 dome/ic1 & arti/ic activities ( ! s*ool4 ,9 8 subsequ5t writ+s he may be said to h /at$ an important new philosophy = ! s*ool 9 t]ms ( mod]n social1 political1 & indu/rial ne$s4 ,,! ,,dewey ,,educational ,,philosophy4 ,believ+ t ! public s*ool is ! *ief rem$y = ! ills ( organiz$ society1 ,pr(essor ,dewey has tri$ to %[ h[ to *ange ! "w ( ! s*ool s z to make x a m9iature ( society itself4 ,social effici5cy1 & n m]e k1 he has conceiv$ to be ! end1 & ?is social effici5cy is to be produc$ ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! activities ( an in/itution ( society1 ! s*ool4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em ?us become a unifi$ in/itution1 9 :i* *ildr5 are taught h[ to live amid ! con/antly increas+ complexities ( mod]n social & indu/rial life4 ,education1 !re=e1 9 ,dewey's conception1 involves n m]ely le>n+1 b play1 con/ruction1 use ( tools1 contact ) nature1 expression1 & activity2 & ! s*ool %\ld be a place :]e *ildr5 are work+ r ?an li/5+1 le>n+ life by liv+ life1 & becom+ acqua9t$ ) social in/itutions & indu/rial processes by /udy+ !m4 ,! "w ( ! s*ool is 9 l>ge "p to r$uce ! complexity ( mod]n life to su* t]ms z *ildr5 c und]/&1 & to introduce ! *ild to mod]n life ?r\gh simplifi$ exp]i5ces4 ,its prim>y bus9ess may be said to be to tra9 *ildr5 9 cop]ative & mutually helpful liv+4 ,! virtues ( a s*ool1 z ,dewey po9ts out1 are le>n+ by do+2 ! use ( muscles1 sight & feel+1 z well z he>+2 & ! employm5t ( en]gy1 orig9ality1 & initiative4 ,! virtues ( ! s*ool 9 ! pa/ 7 ! colorless1 negative virtues ( ob$i5ce1 docility1 & submission4 ,m]e ob$i5ce & ! c>eful p]=mance ( impos$ tasks he holds to be n only a poor prep>ation = social & indu/rial effici5cy1 b a poor prep>ation = democratic society & gov]nm5t z well4 ,responsibility = good gov]nm5t1 "u any democratic =m ( organization1 re/s ) all1 & ! s*ool %\ld prep>e = ! political life ( to-morr[ by tra9+ its pupils to meet responsibilities1 develop+ initiative1 awak5+ social insight1 & caus+ ea* to %\ld] a fair %>e ( ! "w ( gov]nm5t 9 ! s*ool4 ,we h n[ be=e u ! great contributions to a philosophy = ! educational process made s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_m o!r work]s 9 diff]5t l&s1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]man l&s1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h add$ _! labors to ! expansion & r$irection ( ! s*ool4 ,!y are too num]\s to m5tion &1 ?\gh (t5 nationally important1 ne$ n be includ$ "h4 ,/ill m1 ! contributions ( ,pe/alozzi1 ,h]b>t1 ,froebel1 ,sp5c]1 ,dewey1 & _! foll[]s & disciples are s int]wov5 9 ! educational !ory & practice ( to-day t x is 9 mo/ cases impossible to sep>ate !m f "o ano!r4 #ci ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! long-cont9u$ objection to tea*]-tra9+8 #b4 ,contra/ oral & objective tea*+ ) ! =m] individual in/ruction4 #c4 ,%[ h[ complete a *ange 9 classroom proc$ure ?is involv$4 #d4 ,%[ h[ ,pe/alozzian ideas necessitat$ a te*nique ( in/ruction4 #e4 ,:y is x t ,pe/alozzian ideas z to language & ari?metic in/ruction h s sl[ly influ5c$ ! tea*+ ( gramm>1 language1 & ari?metic8 #f4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! decl9e 9 importance ( ! once-popul> m5tal ari?metic8 #g4 ,%[ h[ *ild /udy 0 a natural developm5t f ! ,pe/alozzian psy*ology & me?odology4 #h4 ,expla9 :at is meant by ! /atem5ts t ,h]b>t reject$3 7a7 ,! conv5tional-social ideal ( ,locke4 7b7 ,! unsocial ideal ( ,r\sseau4 7c7 ,! faculty-psy*ology conception ( ,pe/alozzi4 #i4 ,expla9 :at is meant by say+ t ,h]b>t conceiv$ ( education z broadly social1 r ?an p]sonal4 #aj4 ,%[ 9 :at ways & to :at ext5t ,h]b>t3 7a7 ,enl>g$ our conception ( ! educational process4 7b7 ,improv$ ! in/ruction cont5t & process4 #aa4 ,expla9 :y ,h]b>tian ideas took s mu* m quickly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an did ,pe/alozzianism4 #ab4 ,/ate ! ess5tials ( ! k9d]g>t5 idea1 & ! psy*ology beh9d x4 #ac4 ,/ate ! contribution ( ! k9d]g>t5 idea to education4 #ad4 ,%[ ! connection betwe5 ! s5se impression ideas ( ,pe/alozzi1 ! self-activity ( ,froebel1 & ! manual activities ( ! mod]n elem5t>y s*ool4 #ae4 ,expla9 :y sci5tific /udies came into ! s*ools s sl[ly1 up to ab\t #ahfj1 & s v rapidly aft] ab\t t "t4 #af4 ,expla9 ! p>ticul>ly long resi/ance to ! introduction ( sci5tific /udies by indu/rial ,engl&4 #ag4 ,/ate ! comp>ative importance ( cont5t & drill 9 education4 #ah4 ,does ! reason+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] appeal to y z s\nd8 ,if n1 :y n8 #ai4 ,%[ h[ ! argum5t ( ,sp5c] = ! /udy ( sci5ce 0 also an argum5t = a m g5]al diffusion ( educational advantages4 #bj4 ,w\ld s*ools h advanc$ 9 importance z !y h done _h ! indu/rial revolution n tak5 place8 ,:y8 #ba4 ,:y is m ext5d$ education call$ = z indu/rial life becomes m div]sifi$1 its p>ts n>r[]1 & its processes m conceal$8 #bb4 ,po9t out ! social significance ( ! educational "w ( ,john ,dewey4 #bc4 ,po9t out ! value1 9 ! new ord] ( society1 ( ea* gr\p ( s*ool subjects li/$ 9 footnote #a on page #gfc4 #bd4 ,contra/ ! virtues ( a s*ool be=e ,pe/alozzi's "t & ^? ( a mod]n s*ool4 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections illu/rative ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt] are reproduc$3 #cdd4 ,ba*e3 ,! ,g]man ,sem9>ies = ,tea*]s4 #cde4 ,ba*e3 ,a ,g]man ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y ,describ$4 #cdf4 ,ba*e3 ,a ,fr5* ,normal ,s*ool ,describ$4 #cdg4 ,b>n>d3 ,beg9n+s ( ,tea*]-,tra9+ 9 ,engl&4 #cdh4 ,b>n>d3 ,! ,pupil-,tea*] ,sy/em ,describ$4 #cdi4 ,cl9ton3 ,recomm5dation = ,tea*]-,tra9+ ,s*ools4 #cej4 ,massa*usetts3 ,organiz+ ! ,fir/ ,normal ,s*ools4 7a7 ,! ,organiz+ ,law4 7b7 ,admission & ,in/ruction 94 7c7 ,mann3 ,importance ( ! ,normal ,s*ool4 #cea4 ,e>ly ,textbooks3 ,examples ( ,in/ruction f 7a7 ,dav5port3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7b7 ,morse3 ,elem5ts ( ,geography--,map4 7c7 ,morse ,elem5ts ( ,geography4 #ceb4 ,murray3 ,a ,typical ,tea*]'s ,contract4 #cec4 ,ba*e3 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ( ,b]l9 9 #ahch4 #ced4 ,provid5ce3 ,grad+ ! ,s*ools (4 #cee4 ,felk93 ,h]b>t's ,educational ,ideas4 #cef4 ,felk93 ,h]b>t's ,educational ,ideas ,appli$4 #ceg4 ,tit*5]3 ,h]b>t & ,mod]n ,psy*ology4 #ceh4 ,m>5holtz-,bl[3 ,froebel's ,educational ,views4 #cei4 ,huxley3 ,engli% & ,g]man ,univ]sities ,contra/$4 #cfj4 ,huxley3 ,mid-n9ete5?-,c5tury ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,engl&4 #cfa4 ,huxley3 ,mid-n9ete5?-,c5tury ,second>y ,education 9 ,engl&4 #cfb4 ,sp5c]3 ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?8 #cfc4 ,sp5c]3 ,conclusions z to ! ,importance ( ,sci5ce4 #cfd4 ,dewey3 ,! ,old & ,new ,psy*ology ,contra/$4 #cfe4 ,p+3 ,difficulties 9 ,trans=m+ ! ,s*ool4 7a7 ,relat+ ,education to ,life4 7b7 ,! ,old ,tea*] & ! ,new ,sy/em4 #cff4 ,dewey3 ,socialization ( ,s*ool ,"w illu/rat$ by ,hi/ory4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,contra/ ! in/ruction 9 a ,g]man ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 7#cde7 or a ,fr5* normal s*ool 7#cdf7 ( #ahch1 z describ$ by ,ba*e1 ) t ( an ,am]ican normal s*ool ( to-day4 #b4 ,:at d ! beg9n+s ( tea*] tra9+ 9 ,engl& 7#cdg1 #cdh7 indicate z to conceptions !n exi/+ z to ! educational process8 #c4 ,%[1 by comp>ison1 t ! beg9n+s ( ! ,am]ican normal s*ool 7 ,g]man1 r ?an ,engli% 9 orig94 #d4 ,j :at educational conditions does ,gov]nor ,cl9ton 7#cdi7 indicate z exi/+ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 9 #ahbg8 #e4 ,contra/ ! in/ruction 9 ! e>ly ,massa*usetts normal s*ools 7#cej7 ) t 9 ! ,g]man 7#cde7 & ,fr5* 7#cdf7 ( ab\t ! same "t4 #f4 ,:at d ! ?ree pr(essional c\rses reproduc$ 7#cde1 #cdf1 #cej b7 indicate z to ! developm5t ( p$agogical "w by ab\t #ahdj8 #g4 ,comp>e ! textbook types1 giv5 9 #cea1 ) mod]n textbooks 9 equival5t subjects4 #h4 ,j :at light on s*ool tea*+1 9 #ahda1 does ! tea*]'s contract giv5 7#ceb7 ?r[8 #i4 ,/ate ! /eps 9 ! evolution ( a grad$ sy/em ( s*ools 7#cec1 #ced74 #aj4 ,/ate ! ess5tials ( ,h]b>t's educational ideas 7#cee1cef71 & ! nature ( ! advances made ov] 8 pr$ecessors4 #aa4 ,/ate ! ess5tials ( ,froebel's educational ideas1 z expla9$ by ! ,b>oness von ,m>5holtz-,bl[ 7#ceh74 #ab4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! univ]sities ( ! two nations 7#cei74 #ac4 ,contra/ elem5t>y education 9 ,engl& 7#cfj7 ) t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! same p]iod4 #ad4 ,w\ld y add any?+ else to ,sp5c]'s requirem5ts to prep>e = complete liv+8 ,:at8 ,:y8 #ae4 ,h[ d y expla9 sci5ce be+ writt5 aga9/ 9 our !ologies & fr[n$ ^u f our pulpits 7#cfc7 :5 x is ( su* importance z ,sp5c] concludes8 #af4 ,contra/ ! old & ! new psy*ology 7#ceg1 #cfd74 #ag4 ,h ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 ! trans=mation ( in/ruction 9 ,*9a 7#cfe7 be5 ess5tially diff]5t ?an ) u8 ,h[8 #ah4 ,apply ,dewey's idea z to ! socialization ( hi/ory 7#cff7 to in/ruction 9 geography4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,national ,education 9 ,europe4 99 ,b[51 ,h4 ,c4 ,froebel & ,education ?r\gh ,self-,activity4 ,compayr1 ,g4 ,h]b>t & ,education by ,in/ruction4 99 ,de ,g>mo1 ,*as4 ,h]b>t & ! ,h]b>tians4 ,dewey1 ,john4 ,! ,s*ool & ,social ,progress4 7,n9e numb]s47 99 ,dewey1 ,john4 ,! ,s*ool & ,society4 ,gordy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,rise & ,gr[? ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ,idea 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,circul> ( ,in=mation1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 ,no4 #h1 #ahia4 ,hollis1 ,a4 ,p4 ,! ,oswego ,movem5t4 99 ,jordan1 ,d4 ,s4 ,sp5c]'s ,essay on ,education2 9 ,cosmopolitan ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxix1 pp4 #ace-di4 7,sept4 #aijb47 ,judd1 ,c4 ,h4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,g]many4 7,bullet9 #ce1 #aiad1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education47 ,monroe1 ,w ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pe/alozzian ,movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 ,p>k]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,elem5t>y ,education4 ,p+ ,w5 ,kuo4 ,! ,*9ese ,sy/em ( ,public ,education4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t4 ,education3 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical4 ,v&]walk]1 ,n4 ,c4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 9 ,am]ican ,education4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,new ,,t5d5cies ,,& ,,expansions ,i4 ,,political ,,! ,,enl>g$ ,,conception ,,( ,,public ,,education4 ,! new ideas z to ! purpose & functions ( ! ,/ate promulgat$ by ,engli% & ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury ?9k]s1 & giv5 concrete expression 9 ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* revolutions ne> ! close ( ! c5tury1 imp>t$1 z we h se51 a new mean+ to ! s*ool & a new purpose to ! education ( a p4 ,9 ! !oretical discussion ( education by ,r\sseau & ! empirical "w ( ,pe/alozzi a new individuali/ic !ory = a secul> s*ool 0 creat$1 & ?is ,prussia1 = long mov+ 9 t direction1 fir/ adopt$ z a basis = ! /ate s*ool sy/em x e>ly organiz$ to s]ve national ends4 ,! new ,am]ican ,/ates1 also long mov+ t[>d /ate organization & control1 e>ly creat$ /ate s*ools to replace ! e>li] religi\s s*ools2 :ile ! ,fr5* ,revolution en?usia/s aboli%$ ! religi\s s*ool & ord]$ ! sub/itution ( a g5]al sy/em ( /ate s*ools to s]ve _! national ends4 ,f ^! beg9n+s1 z we h se51 ! /ate-s*ool idea has 9 c\rse ( "t spread to all cont95ts1 & nations ev]y:]e to-day h come to feel t ! ma9t5ance ( a m or less compreh5sive sy/em ( /ate s*ools is s closely connect$ ) national welf>e & progress z to be a necessity = ! ,/ate 7,r4 #cfg74 ,9 consequ5ce1 /ate m9i/ries = education h be5 creat$ 9 all ! important _w nations2 /ate & local s*ool (ficials h be5 provid$ g5]ally to see t ! /ate purpose 9 creat+ s*ools is c>ri$ out2 /ate normal s*ools = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s h be5 e/abli%$2 compreh5sive /ate s*ool codes h be5 enact$ or educational decrees =mulat$2 & con/antly increas+ exp5ditures = education are to-day d]iv$ by tax+ ! weal? ( ! ,/ate to educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*ange ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,purpose4 ,! orig9al purpose 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools by ! ,/ate 0 ev]y:]e to promote lit]acy & citiz5%ip4 ,"u all democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t x 0 also to insure to ! p ! elem5ts ( le>n+ t !y might be prep>$ = p>ticipation 9 ! functions ( gov]nm5t4 #a ,?is is well express$ 9 ! quotations giv5 7p4 #ebe7 f e>ly ,am]ican /atesm5 z to ! ne$ = ! education ( public op9ion & ! diffusion ( k among ! p4 ,! same ideas 7 express$ by ,fr5* writ]s & /atesm5 ( ! "t1 & by ! ,engli% aft] ! passage ( ! ,re=m ,bills ( #ahcb & #ahfg 7p4 #fdb74 ,) ! gradual ext5sion ( ! fran*ise to l>g] & l>g] numb]s ( ! p1 ! ext5sion ( educational advantages naturally _h to foll[4 ,! education ( new citiz5s = _! political & civil duties z memb]s ( society & freem5 became a necessity1 & closely foll[$ ea* ext5sion ( ! "r to vote4 ,9 all democratic gov]nm5ts ! gr[+ complexity ( mod]n political society has s9ce greatly enl>g$ ^! e>ly duties ( ! s*ool4 ,to-day1 9 mod]n nations :]e g5]al manhood suffrage has come to be ! rule1 & /ill m s 9 nations :i* h add$ female suffrage z well1 ! cont9ually increas+ complexity ( ! political1 economic1 & social problems ^u :i* ! vot]s are expect$ to pass judgm5t is su* t a m prolong$ p]iod ( citiz5%ip education is necess>y if vot]s are to ex]cise1 9 any intellig5t mann]1 _! functions ( citiz5%ip4 ,9 nations :]e ! initiative1 ref]5dum1 & recall h be5 add$1 ! ne$ = special education along political1 economic1 & social l9es has be5 /ill fur!r emphasiz$4 ,at fir/ in/ruction 9 ! common-s*ool bran*es1 ) in/ruction 9 morals or religion add$1 0 reg>d$ z suffici5t4 ,9 ,/ates1 su* z ! ,g]man1 :]e religi\s in/ruction 0 reta9$ 9 ! s*ools1 ?is has be5 made a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 m\ld+ ! citiz5%ip & uphold+ ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! diff]5t nations has also be5 us$ by ea* z a means = in/ill+ desir$ conceptions ( citiz5%ip1 & "s "w 9 m or less =mal civil gov]nm5t has usually be5 add$4 ,to-day all ^! means h be5 prov5 inadequate = democratic peoples4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! "w 9 civil gov]nm5t is be+ *ang$ & broad5$ into in/itutional & community civics2 ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool is be+ socializ$1 along ! l9es advocat$ by ,dewey2 & in/ruction 9 economic pr9ciples & 9 ! functions ( gov]nm5t is be+ introduc$ into ! second>y s*ools4 ,in/ead ( be+ made m]e tea*+ in/itutions1 engag$ 9 promot+ lit]acy & diffus+ ! rudim5ts ( le>n+ among ! electorate1 s*ools are to- day be+ call$ ^u to grasp ! significance ( _! political & social relation%ips1 & to trans=m !mselves into in/itutions = improv+ & advanc+ ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate 7,r4 #cfh74 ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,nationality4 ,9 ,prussia ! promotion ( national solid>ity 0 e>ly made an important aim ( ! s*ool4 ,?is has 9 "t become a common national purpose1 z !re has dawn$ ^u /atesm5 g5]ally ! idea t a national _s or culture is an artificial product :i* transc5ds social1 religi\s1 & economic di/9ctions1 & t x c\ld be manufactur$ by education 7,r4 #cdj74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y ! s*ool has be5 rais$ to a new position ( importance 9 ! national life1 & has become ! *ief means = develop+ 9 ! citiz5%ip t national unity & national /r5g? s desirable "u pres5t-day _w conditions4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 :]e ?is function ( ! s*ool has 9 rec5t times be5 p]v]t$ to c>ry =w>d imp]iali/ic national ends 7,r4 #cdb72 9 ,france1 :]e x has be5 intellig5tly us$ to promote a rational type ( national /r5g? 7,r4 #cda72 9 ,italy1 :]e div]g5t racial types are be+ fus$ into a new national unity2 9 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! ,philipp9es 7,r4 #cdc7 :]e ! ,unit$ ,/ates has us$ education to br+ backw>d peoples up to a new level ( culture1 & to develop 9 !m firm f\ndations ( national solid>ity2 9 ,*9a 7,r4 #cce7 :]e an anci5t p1 speak+ num]\s dialects1 is mak+ ! difficult transition f an old culture to ! new] we/]n civilization2 & 9 ,algi]s & ,morocco1 :]e ! _s ( ,fr5* nationality is be+ fus$ into d>k-sk9n$ tribesm5-- ev]y:]e to-day1 :]e public education has really tak5 hold on ! national life1 we f9d ! s*ool be+ us$ = ! promotion ( national solid>ity & ! inculcation ( national ideals & national culture4 ,to su* an ext5t has ?is become true t practically all ! press+ problems ( ! s*ool to-day1 9 any l&1 f9d _! ultimate explanation 9 t]ms ( ! new n9ete5?-c5tury conceptions ( political nationality4 ,s9ce ! developm5t ( _w trade r\tes foll[+ long rail & /eam%ip l9es1 along :i* p z well z raw mat]ials & manufactur$ articles pass to & fro1 ! entrance ( new & div]se peoples into di/ant national gr\ps has creat$ a new problem ( nationalization t be=e ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury 0 l>gely unkn[n4 ,previ\s to ! n9ete5? c5tury ! problem 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to peoples conqu]$ & annex$ by ! =tunes ( w>4 ,to-day x is a volunt>y migration ( peoples1 & a migration ( su* proportions & f su* di/ant & unlike civilizations t ! problem ( assimilat+ ! =eign] has become1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ nations & colonies1 to :i* di/ant & unrelat$ peoples h turn$ 9 l>ge/ numb]s1 #b a s]i\s national problem4 ,! migration ( #cb1ajb1fga p]sons to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 betwe5 #ahbj & #aiad1 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 has be5 a movem5t ( peoples comp>$ ) :i* ! migrations ( ! ,g]manic tribes--,angles1 ,saxons1 ,jutes1 ,go?s1 ,visigo?s1 ,v&als1 ,suevi1 ,danes1 ,burgundians1 ,huns--into ! old ,roman ,empire 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies pale into insignificance4 ,no su* great movem5t ( peoples 0 ev] kn[n be=e 9 hi/ory1 & ! assimilative p[] ( ! ,am]ican nation has n be5 equal to ! task4 ,! ,_w ,w> reveal$ ! ext5t ( ! failure to nationalize ! =eign] :o has be5 p]mitt$ to come1 & br\ght ! "q ( ,am]icanization to ! front z "o ( ! mo/ press+ problems connect$ ) ,am]ican national education4 ,) ! _w 9 flux racially z x n[ is1 ! problem ( ! assimilation ( non-native peoples is "o :i* ! s*ools ( e nation :i* (f]s political & economic opportunity to o!r peoples mu/ face4 ,?is has call$ = ! organization ( special classes 9 ! s*ools1 ev5+ & adult in/ruction1 community-c5t] "w1 nationalization programs1 compulsory att5dance ( *ildr51 /ate ov]sight ( private & religi\s s*ools1 & o!r =ms ( educational und]tak+s undream$ ( 9 ! days :5 ! ,/ate fir/ took ov] ! s*ools f ! ,*ur* ! bett] to promote lit]acy & citiz5%ip4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,! effects ( ! great indu/rial & social *anges :i* we h previ\sly describ$ are writt5 l>ge across ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,z ! civilization 9 ! lead+ _w nations has increas$ 9 complexity1 & ! ramifications ( ! social & indu/rial life h wid5$1 ! s*ool has be5 call$ ^u to broad5 its "w1 & develop new types ( in/ruction to increase its effectiv5ess4 ,an education :i* 0 entirely satisfactory = ! simpl] =m ( social & indu/rial life ( two g5]ations ago has be5 se5 to be utt]ly inadequate = ! ne$s ( ! pres5t & ! future4 ,x is ! f>-rea*+ *ange 9 social & indu/rial & home-life1 br\ght ab\t by ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 :i* und]lies mo/ ( ! press+ problems 9 educational readju/m5t to-day4 ,z ! indu/rial life ( nations has become m div]sifi$1 its p>ts n>r[]1 & its processes m conceal$1 new & m ext5d$ tra9+ has be5 call$ = to prep>e "y p = ! "w ( life2 to reveal to !m some?+ ( ! intricacy & int]dep5d5ce ( mod]n political & indu/rial & social gr\ps2 & to po9t out to !m ! importance ( ea* "o's "p 9 ! national political & indu/rial organization4 ,) ! ev]-increas+ subdivision & specialization ( labor1 ! dang] f class subdivision has con/antly increas$1 & m & m ! s*ool has be5 call$ ^u to in/ill into all a political & social consci\sness t w lead to unity amid increas+ div]sity1 & to conc]t$ action = ! pres]vation & improvem5t ( ! national life4 ,m education ?an =m]ly has also be5 dem&$ to enable future citiz5s to meet intellig5tly national & p]sonal problems1 & ) ! wid5+ ( ! suffrage & ! spread ( democratic ideas !re has come a necess>y wid5+ ( ! educational ladd]1 s t m ( ! masses ( ! p may climb4 ,ev5 9 nations hav+ ! cont95tal- ,european two-class s*ool sy/em1 l>g] educational opportunities = ! masses h _h to be provid$4 ,?is has come ?r\gh ! provision ( middle s*ools1 cont9uation s*ools1 high] prim>y s*ools1 & p's high s*ools1 #c z 9 ,g]many1 ,france 7see diagram1 p4 #eih71 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries 7p4 #gac2 ,r4 #cgj71 & ,japan 7p4 #gbj74 ,9 nations hav+ an ,am]ican-type educational ladd]1 x has l$ to ! multiplication ( second>y s*ools & second>y-s*ool c\rses1 t a l>g] & l>g] p]c5tage ( ! p may be prep>$ bett] to meet ! increas+ly complex & increas+ly difficult conditions ( mod]n political1 social1 & indu/rial life4 ,9 ! m advanc$ & m democratic nations we also note ! e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( ev5+ s*ools1 adult in/ruction1 univ]sity ext5sion1 sci5ce & art in/ruction 9 special c5t]s1 ! multiplication ( libr>ies1 & ! increas+ use ( ! lecture1 ! /]eopticon1 & ! public press1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! p in=m$4 ,no nation has done m to ext5d ! advantages ( second>y education to its p ?an has ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,france has be5 especially prom95t 9 adult in/ruction2 ,engl& has done notewor?y "w ) univ]sity ext5sion & sci5ce & art in/ruction2 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates has c>ri$ ! libr>y movem5t f>!r ?an any o!r l&4 ,all ^!1 aga91 are ext5sions ( educational opportunity to ! masses ( ! p 9 a mann] undream$ ( a c5tury ago4 ,,univ]sity ,,expansion4 ,! mod]n univ]sity fir/ atta9$ its developm5t 9 ,prussia 7pp4 #eec-ee71 :ile 9 ,engl& & 9 ! nations :i* drew _! inspiration f h]1 ! tea*+ college1 ) its n>r[ range ( /udies & discipl9>y in/ruction 7,r4 #cca71 cont9u$ to dom9ate high] education until pa/ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,r4 #cei74 ,! old univ]sities ( ,france1 aside f ,p>is1 7 virtually de/roy$ 9 ! days ( ! ,revolution1 & _! re-creation z effective tea*+ & rese>* in/itutions has be5 a relatively rec5t 7#ahif7 ev5t4 ,! univ]sities ( ,italy & ,spa9 ceas$ to be effective tea*+ in/itutions c5turies ago1 & only rec5tly h begun to give evid5ces ( new life4 ,)9 ! pa/ ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 & 9 _m nations )9 a mu* %ort] p]iod ( "t1 ! univ]sity has v g5]ally exp]i5c$ a new manife/ation ( popul> favor1 & is to-day look$ ^u z p]haps ! mo/ important "p1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! future welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 ( ! entire sy/em ( public in/ruction ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 x ! lead]s = ! ,/ate are tra9$2 9 x ! ?9k+ :i* is to dom9ate gov]nm5t a qu>t]-c5tury lat] is l>gely done2 out ( x come ! creative g5iuses ^: "w1 9 doz5s ( fields ( human endeavor1 w m\ld ! political1 social1 & sci5tific future ( ! nation 7,r4 #cfi74 ,e gov]nm5t dep5d+ ^u a two-class s*ool sy/em mu/ ( necessity draw its lead]s 9 ! pr(essions1 9 gov]nm5t1 9 pure & appli$ sci5ce1 & 9 _m o!r l9es f ! small b c>efully select$ classes its univ]sities tra94 ,9 a democracy1 dep5d+ entirely ^u draw+ its future lead]s f among ! mass1 ! univ]sity becomes an indisp5sable in/itution = ! tra9+ ( lead]s & = ! promotion ( ! national welf>e4 ,9 a democratic gov]nm5t "o ( ! highe/ functions ( a univ]sity is to educate lead]s & to create ! /&>ds = democracy4 ,! univ]sity has1 accord+ly1 9 all l&s1 rec5tly exp]i5c$ a great expansion4 ,! ,g]man univ]sities h be5 prom95t mod]n in/itutions = a c5tury & a half4 ,realiz+1 z no o!r p h done1 _! value 9 develop+ skill$ lead]s = ! ,/ate1 promot+ ! national welf>e1 integrat+ ! ,empire1 & z c5t]s = build+ up among /ud5ts ( o!r nationalities a good-w t[>d ,g]many1 l>ge sums h be5 sp5t on _! fur!r developm5t s9ce #ahga4 ,)9 ! pa/ qu>t]-c5tury new & /rong ,fr5* univ]sities h be5 creat$1 #d & old univ]sities 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,greece h be5 awak5$ to a new life4 ,! ,engli% univ]sities h be5 made ov]1 s9ce #ahgj1 & new municipal univ]sities 9 ,%effield1 ,bri/ol1 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 ,liv]pool1 & ,london h set new /&>ds 9 ,engli% high] education4 ,! univ]sities ( ,scotl&1 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 & ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries h also rec5tly atta9$ to _w prom95ce4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,algi]s1 & ,s\? ,africa1 new univ]sities h be5 creat$ to advance ! national welf>e4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican nations h also e/abli%$ a numb] ( promis+ new f\ndations1 & giv5 new life to old] ones4 ,(t5 nations sw++ out into ! curr5t ( we/]n civilization h develop$ _! univ]sities be=e popul> education really got "u way4 ,9 no c\ntry has ! developm5t ( univ]sity in/ruction be5 m rapid ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,new & important /ate univ]sities are to-day f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates & ,canadian ,prov9ces1 "s ,/ates ma9ta9+ two4 ,^! h be5 relatively rec5t creations to s]ve democracy's ne$s1 & ^u ! support ( ^! /ate univ]sities l>ge & increas+ sums ( money are sp5t annually4 #e ,9 no nation ( ! _w1 too1 has private b5evol5ce creat$ & end[$ s _m private univ]sities ( high rank z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #f & ^! h fall5 into _! prop] places z auxili>y ag5ts = ! promotion ( ! national welf>e 9 gov]nm5t1 sci5ce1 art1 & ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,f small collegiate in/itutions ) a v limit$ curriculum1 a c5tury ago1 /imulat$ 9 "p by ! ,g]man example & 9 "p respond+ to new national ne$s1 univ]sities to-day1 9 all ! lead+ _w nations1 h develop$ into gr\ps ( well-organiz$ pr(essional s*ools1 m9i/]+ to ! great numb] ( special ne$s ( mod]n life & gov]nm5t4 ,! univ]sity developm5t s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 great] ?an at any p]iod be=e 9 _w hi/ory1 & ) ! spread ( democracy1 dep5d5t z democracy is ^u mass education to obta9 its lead]s1 ! univ]sity has become ! s\l ( ! ,/ate 7,r4 #cfi74 ,! univ]sity developm5t ( ! next half- c5tury1 ! _w z a :ole consid]$1 may possibly surpass any?+ t we h rec5tly witness$4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,sy/ems ,,z ,,organiz$4 ,we n[ f9d /ate s*ool sy/ems organiz$ 9 all ! lead+ _w nations4 ,9 _m ! sy/em ( public in/ruction ma9ta9$ is broad & ext5sive1 beg9n+ (t5 ) infant s*ools or k9d]g>t5s1 cont9u+ up ?r\gh elem5t>y s*ools1 middle s*ools1 cont9uation s*ools1 second>y s*ools1 & normal s*ools1 & culm9at+ 9 "o or m /ate univ]sities4 ,9 addition !re are to- day1 9 _m nations1 /ate sy/ems ( sci5tific & te*nical s*ools & in/itutions1 & vocational s*ools & s*ools = special classes1 to :i* we %all ref] m 9 detail a little fur!r on4 ,! support ( all ^! sy/ems ( public in/ruction to-day comes l>gely f ! direct or indirect taxation ( ! weal? ( ! ,/ate4 ,be+ n[ conceiv$ ( z ess5tial to ! welf>e & progress ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,/ate ye>ly confiscates a portion ( e man's prop]ty & uses x to ma9ta9 a s]vice deem$ vital to its purposes4 ,! sums sp5t to-day on education by mod]n ,/ates seem enorm\s1 comp>$ ) ! sums sp5t = education "u conditions exi/+ a c5tury ago4 ,9 ,engl&1 = example1 :]e ! fir/ national aid 0 grant$1 9 #ahcc1 9 ! =m ( a p>liam5t>y grant ( #bj1jjj 7approximately #ajj1jjj71 ! p>liam5t>y grants = elem5t>y s*ools _h rea*$ approximately #ab1jjj1jjj by #aiaj1 ) an additional national aid = univ]sities ( ov] #a1ajj1jjj4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! ,_w ,w> ! grants 7 #cb1hec1aaa4 ,9 ,france a treasury grant ( #ej1jjj francs 7approximately #aj1jjj7 0 fir/ made = prim>y s*ools1 9 #ahaf4 ,?is 0 d\bl$ 9 #ahbi1 & 9 #ahca 0 rais$ to a million francs4 ,by #ahej1 ! /ate aid = prim>y education _h rea*$ #c1jjj1jjj francs2 by #ahgj1 #aj1jjj1jjj francs2 by #ahhj1 #cj1jjj1jjj2 & by #aiad1 approximately #bbj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,9 addition ! ,/ate 0 pay+ out #be1jjj1jjj francs = second>y s*ools1 & #aj1jjj1jjj francs = univ]sities4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! total exp5ditures = ma9t5ance only ( public elem5t>y & second>y s*ools 0 #fi1ajg1fab1 9 #ahgj-ga2 _h rea*$ #bad1ifd1fah by ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & 0 #fdj1gag1jec 9 #aiae-af1 ) an additional #aja1geb1edb = univ]sities4 ,by #aibj ! total exp5ditures = ! ma9t5ance ( public elem5t>y1 second>y1 & high] education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w probably total a billion doll>s4 ,^! rapidly increas+ exp5ditures m]ely record ! *ang+ political conception z to ! national importance ( enl>g+ ! educational opportunities & advantages ( ^? :o are to con/itute & direct ! future ,/ate4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,9 no phase ( ! rem>kable educational developm5t made by nations1 s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has !re be5 a m important expansion ( ! educational s]vice ?an 9 ! creation ( s*ools deal+ ) ! applications ( sci5ce to ! affairs ( ! national life4 ,/ill m1 no ext5sion ( in/ruction into new fields has ev] yield$ mat]ial b5efits1 increas$ productivity1 alleviat$ suff]+1 or multipli$ com=ts & conv5i5ces z has ?is new developm5t 9 appli$ sci5tific education dur+ ! pa/ ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,,sci5ce ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools4 ,at fir/ ?is new "w came 91 z we h se5 7p4 #ggd71 b sl[ly1 & its introduction into ! second>y s*ools ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r nations = a "t met ) bitt] opposition f ! p>tisans ( ! old] type ( intellectual tra9+4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 n until aft] ,emp]or ,william ,,ii came to ! ?rone 7#ahhh7 t ! ,reals*ul5 really f\nd a w>m p>tisan1 he dem&+ 7#ahij71 9 ! "n ( ! national welf>e1 t ! second>y s*ools dep>t entirely f ! basis t has exi/$ = c5turies--! old mona/ic education ( ! ,middle ,ages--& t "y ,g]mans & n "y ,greeks & ,romans be tra9$ 9 ! s*ools 7,r4 #cfh74 ,dur+ 8 reign ! ,reals*ul5 7six-ye> c\rse7 & ,ob]reals*ul5 7n9e-ye> c\rse7 7 especially favor$1 :ile p]mission to f\nd additional ,gymnasi5 became h>d to obta94 ,! sci5tific c\rse 9 ! ,fr5* ,lyces simil>ly did n prosp] until aft] ! com+ ( ! ,?ird ,republic 7#ahga7 & ! rise ( mod]n sci5tific & indu/rial dem&s4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 n until aft] #ahgj t ! end[$ second>y s*ools began to include sci5ce in/ruction1 & laboratory in/ruction 9 ! sci5ces began to be introduc$ into ! second>y s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 too1 ! fir/ manual-tra9+ high s*ool 0 n e/abli%$ until #ahhj1 b by #ahij ! creation ( su* s*ools 0 cle>ly "u way4 ,o!r nations--,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries--also began to include laboratory sci5ce in/ruction 9 ! "w ( _! second>y s*ools at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! decade ( ! sev5ties witness$ a ris+ int]e/ 9 in/ruction 9 sci5ce :i* c>ri$ su* "w into ! second>y s*ools ( all progressive nations4 ,to-day1 9 ne>ly all l&s1 we f9d second>y-s*ool c\rses 9 sci5ce1 or special second>y s*ools = sci5tific in/ruction1 occupy+ a position ( at lea/ equal importance ) ! old] classical c\rses or s*ools4 ,z sci5ce in/ruction has become organiz$1 & a k ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce has become diffus$1 object lessons1 ,reali51 nature /udy1 or elem5t>y sci5ce in/ruction has v g5]ally be5 put into ! elem5t>y or p's s*ools = ! y\ng] pupils4 ,z a result1 "y p f9i%+ ! elem5t>y s*ools to-day "k m relat+ to ! laws ( ! univ]se1 & ! applications ( ^! laws to human life & indu/ry1 ?an did di/+ui%$ s*ol>s two c5turies ago4 ,all ?is "w 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 middle s*ools1 p's high s*ools1 second>y s*ools1 or special te*nical s*ools ( middle or second>y grade has be5 ( mu* value 9 diffus+ sci5tific k & sci5tific me?ods ( ?9k+ & work+ among l>ge numb]s ( p1 z well z 9 reveal+ to _m ! possibilities ( a sci5tific c>e]4 ,! great & important developm5t ( sci5tific in/ruction1 h[ev]1 s9ce ab\t #ahfj1 has be5 9 ! fields ( advanc$ appli$ sci5ce or te*nical education1 & has tak5 place *iefly 9 new & high] specializ$ s*ools & rese>* f\ndations4 ,! fields 9 :i* ! greate/ sci5tific advances h be5 made1 & to :i* we %all "h briefly ref]1 h be5 eng9e]+1 agriculture1 & m$ic9e4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,! beg9n+s ( te*nical education 7 made e>lie/ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,france & ,g]man l&s1 b p>ticul>ly ,france1 inh]it$ ?r\gh ! mona/]ies :at surviv$ ( ! old ,roman skills & te*nical arts4 ,9 ! build+ ( bridges1 roads1 =tifications1 aqu$ucts1 & impos+ public build+s1 ! ,romans _h %[n ! possession ( eng9e]+ ability ( a high ord]4 ,"s ( ?is k 0 reta9$ by ! monks ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 z is evid5c$ by ! mona/]ies !y erect$ & ! *ur*es !y built4 ,lat] x pass$ to o!rs1 & is evid5c$ 9 ! great ca!drals & t[n halls ( ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly ( nor!rn ,france4 ,9 milit>y & civil eng9e]+ ! ,fr5* 7 also ! true successors ( ! ,romans4 ,z e>ly z #agdg a special eng9e]+ s*ool = bridges & highways 7cole des ,ponts et ,*ausses7 _h be5 creat$1 & a little lat] a special s*ool to tra9 m9+ eng9e]s 7cole des ,m9es7 0 add$4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ ( ! _w's high] te*nical s*ools4 ,aft] ! ,revolution1 ! new ne$ = milit>y & m$ical k1 z well z ! g5]al ,fr5* int]e/ 9 appli$ sci5ce1 l$ to ! creation ( a l>ge numb] ( important high] te*nical in/itutions 7li/1 p4 #eah71 mo/ ( :i* h p]si/$ to ! pres5t & be5 enl>g$ & ext5d$ ) "t4 ,napoleon also creat$ a ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades 7,r4 #bhb71 & a numb] ( milit>y s*ools 7p4 #eij74 ,9 ,g]man l&s !re 0 e>ly f\nd$ a s]ies ( trade s*ools1 #g :i* h 9 "t be5 develop$ into important te*nical univ]sities4 ,aft] ! creation ( ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,empire1 9 #ahga1 ^! s*ools 7 especially favor$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & _! "w 0 rais$ to a rank equal to t ( ! old] univ]sities4 ,to ! excell5t tra9+ giv5 9 ^! in/itutions ! ,g]man lead]%ip 9 appli$ sci5ce & indu/ry1 be=e #aiad1 0 l>gely due4 #h ,x has be5 ! p>ticul> function ( ^! te*nical univ]sities to apply sci5tific k to ! indu/ries & ! arts1 & to %[ ! te*nical s*ools b5ea? & ! directors ( ,g]man indu/ries h[ fur!r to apply x 7,r4 #cga74 ,( _! "w a rec5t ,report #i well says3 ,:ile 9 o!r c\ntries ! developm5t ( sci5ce has be5 academic1 9 ,g]many e new pr9ciple elaborat$ by sci5ce has revolutioniz$ "s indu/ry1 modifi$ "s manufactur+ process1 or op5$ up an entirely new field ( comm]cial exploitation4 ,9 ! *emical indu/ries ( ,g]many 444 !re is "o tra9$ univ]sity *emi/ = e =ty work+-p4 ,x is important to realize t ! developm5t ( ,g]many's manufactures & comm]ce has dep5d$ n ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( any monopoly 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 n ^u any special advancem5t ( sci5ce )9 h] own b\nd>ies1 b prim>ily ^u ! practical utilization ( ! results ( sci5tific rese>* 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries4 ,! creation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 at ,we/ ,po9t1 9 #ahjb1 m>ks ! ,am]ican beg9n+s 9 te*nical education4 ,9 #ahbd ! ,r5ssela] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute 0 begun1 l>gely z a manual-labor s*ool aft] ! ,fell5b]g plan1 to give in/ruction 9 ! applications ( sci5ce to ! common purposes ( life1 & ab\t #ahej ?is develop$ into "o ( ! e>lie/ ( our f\r-ye> eng9e]+ colleges4 ,9 #ahdf ! ,unit$ ,/ates organiz$ a college = naval eng9e]+1 at ,annapolis1 to d = ! ,navy :at ,we/ ,po9t _h done = ! ,army4 ,9 #ahfa ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 0 f\nd$1 op5+ its doors 9 #ahfe4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( a numb] ( important new eng9e]+ colleges1 & eight o!rs _h be5 e/abli%$1 by private funds1 be=e #ahhj4 ,! developm5t 9 ,engl& came a little lat]4 ,good eng9e]+ s*ools h s9ce be5 develop$ 9 connection ) ! new municipal univ]sities1 :ile good eng9e]+ colleges h also be5 creat$ at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 z well z at ! ,scotti% & ,iri% univ]sities4 ,,! ,,new ,,impulses ,,to ,,developm5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,france1 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 sl[ly mov+ t[>d ! creation ( special s*ools = te*nical education4 ,aft] ab\t #ahfj ! movem5t increas$ ) great rapidity4 ,a numb] ( ev5ts contribut$ to ?is *ange 9 rate ( developm5t1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 73 #a4 ,! developm5t atta9$ by pure sci5ce1 by ab\t #ahfj4 7,see *apt] ,,xxvii1 "p ,,ii1 p4 #gbc47 #b4 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution 7p4 #gbh71 :i* *ang$ nations f an agricultural to an indu/rial /atus1 op5$ up ! possibilities ( va/ _w trade1 & creat$ enorm\s dem&s = te*nically tra9$ m5 to sup]vise & develop ! rapidly gr[+ indu/ries ( nations4 #c4 ,! ,london ,exhibition ( #ahea1 :i* display$ to ! _w ! applications ( sci5ce to trade1 manufactur+1 & ! arts1 made 9 p>ticul> by ,engl&4 ,?is op5$ ! eyes ( ,europe & ,am]ica to ! possibilities ( te*nical education1 & l$ to ! creation1 9 #ahec1 ( a national ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art 7p4 #fch7 = ,engl&4 ,?is began ! /imulation1 by money grants1 ( te*nical education & in/ruction 9 draw+1 & ex]t$ f ! fir/ an important influ5ce on ,engli% education4 #d4 ,! passage by ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,morrill ,l&-,grant-,college ,act1 9 #ahfb1 :i* provid$ = ! creation ( colleges ( eng9e]+1 milit>y sci5ce1 & agriculture1 9 ea* ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 #e4 ,! milit>ily successful w>s ( ,prussia aga9/ ,d5m>k1 9 #ahfd2 ,au/ria1 #ahff2 & ,france1 #ahgj-ga4 ,^! reveal$ to o!r nations ! importance ( s\nd milit>y & eng9e]+ education = a nation1 & s trem5d\sly /imulat$ ,g]man te*nical education t ! new nation soon arose1 9 _m l9es1 to a position ( _w indu/rial lead]%ip 7#cfi74 #f4 ,! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 :i* repeat$ ! "w ( ! ,london ,exhibition ( #ahea1 & gave a new mean+ to ! sci5tific & eng9e]+ education !n develop+ 9 ! new ,am]ican ,l&-,grant ,colleges4 #g4 ,! "w ( ,vir*[ 9 ,g]many 7#ahef7 9 develop+ pa?ology2 ( ,pa/eur 9 ,france1 aft] #ahei1 9 e/abli%+ ! g]m !ory ( disease2 ! ,engli% surgeon ,li/]1 ab\t ! same "t1 9 develop+ antiseptic surg]y2 & ! new "w ( physiologi/s & *emi/s4 ,comb9$ ^! h remade m$ical sci5ce1 & h op5$ up imm5se possibilities = b5efit+ mank9d4 ,foll[+ ^! important /imuli to activity1 ! important nations ( ! _w began ! e>ne/ developm5t ( te*nical education1 & lat] m$ical education1 ) ! result t ?is new developm5t has affect$ educational practice all ov] ! _w4 ,! new ideas h spread to all cont95ts1 & to-day ! call = te*nical education comes n only f ! old] nations & su* new c\ntries z ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates1 b f su* anci5t & backw>d civilizations z ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,siam1 ! ,philipp9es1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,turkey4 ,9 consequ5ce to-day num]\s & exp5sive eng9e]+ colleges & rese>* in/itutions are ma9ta9$ by ! important _w nations4 ,to- day ! tra9$ eng9e] goes to "w 8 wond]s 9 all corn]s ( ! globe1 & 8 task has become prim>ily t ( organiz+ & direct+ m5 9 ! "w ( controll+ ! =ces & mat]ials ( nature s t !y may be made to b5efit ! human race4 ,s rapid has be5 ! developm5t t1 out ( ! e>li] compreh5sive type ( eng9e]+1 to-day doz5s ( specializ$ types ( eng9e]+ education & specialization h be5 evolv$1 cov]+ su* relat$ fields z civil1 me*anical1 m9+1 metallurgical1 electrical1 ar*itectural1 *emical1 electro-*emical1 m>9e1 naval1 sanit>y1 biological1 & public-heal? eng9e]+4 ,no long] c a nation hope to develop its res\rces1 c>e prop]ly = ! mod]n ne$s ( its p1 or be c\nt$ among ! important indu/rial or agricultural nations if x neglects ! developm5t ( te*nical education4 ,,sci5ce ,,appli$ ,,to ,,agriculture4 ,france also 0 ! direct inh]itor1 ?r\gh ! monks1 ( ! old ,roman agricultural k & skills1 ?\gh up to ! n9ete5? c5tury no attempt to organize agricultural in/ruction took place any:]e 9 ,europe4 ,! e>lie/ ef=t 9 t direction 0 a proposal made 9 #agge by ,abb ,rosi]1 9 ,france1 to ,turgot1 !n ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance1 on ,a ,plan = a ,national ,s*ool ( ,agriculture4 ,no?+ com+ ( ! proposal1 ! ,abb submitt$ ! proposal to ! ,national ,assembly1 9 #aghi1 & ! same idea 0 lat] pres5t$ to ,napoleon1 b )\t results4 ,! fir/ p]son to give practical =m to ! idea 0 ,fell5b]g 7p4 #edf71 :o conduct$ 8 manual-labor agricultural in/itute at ,h(wyl1 f #ahjf to #ahdd1 & inaugurat$ a plan ( educational proc$ure :i* 0 soon aft]w>ds copi$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ! ,s\? ,g]man ,/ates1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ in/itutions to be e/abli%$ outside ( ,switz]l& 0 ! ,in/itute ( ,agriculture & ,=e/ry1 f\nd$ by ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,wrtemb]g1 9 #ahag1 at ,hoh5heim1 ne> ,/uttg>t4 ,! e>lie/ s*ools to tea* agriculture 9 ,france 7 ! ,royal ,agronomic ,in/itution at ,grignon 7#ahbg72 ! ,in/itute at ,coetbo 7#ahcj71 & ! ,agricultural ,s*ool at ,san ,juan 7#ahcc74 ,by #ahdg tw5ty-five agricultural s*ools 7 9 op]ation 9 ,france1 to sev]al ( :i* orphan asylums & p5al colonies 7 atta*$4 ,9 #ahdh ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t reorganiz$ ! in/ruction 9 agriculture & gave x a national basis4 ,x ord]$ ! creation ( a f>m s*ool 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( ,france2 a numb] ( high] s*ools = agricultural in/ruction at c5tral places2 & a ,national ,agronomic ,in/itute = m advanc$ in/ruction4 ,a treasury grant ( #b1ejj1jjj francs to e/abli% ! sy/em 0 vot$4 ,9 #ahgc elem5t>y in/ruction 9 agriculture 0 ord]$ giv5 9 all village & rural elem5t>y s*ools4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a numb] ( agricultural societies 7 =m$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 & a private s*ool ( agriculture 0 op5$ 9 ,ma9e1 9 #ahba1 & ano!r 9 ,connecticut1 9 #ahbd4 ,) ! op5+-up ( ! new ,we/ to f>m+ & ! *ange ( ! ,ea/ to manufactur+1 aft] ab\t #ahbe1 ! agitation = agricultural education = a "t di$ out1 reappe>+ 9 ,mi*igan1 9 #ahej4 ,9 t ye> a new con/itution 0 adopt$ :i* requir$ ! legislature to create a ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,agriculture1 & 9 #aheg ! ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college op5$ its doors4 ,two ye>s lat] a ,f>m]s' ,high ,s*ool1 :i* lat] became ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 0 op5$ 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #ahfb1 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ civil w> 9 hi/ory1 ! ,am]ican ,congress pass$ ! v important ,morrill ,act1 :i* provid$ = ! creation ( a college to tea* agriculture1 me*anic arts1 & milit>y sci5ce 9 ea* ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,x 0 a decade be=e _m ( ^! in/itutions op5$1 & = a "t !y am\nt$ to b little4 ,!y _h b few /ud5ts1 little money1 & ! in/ruction 0 v elem5t>y & b poorly organiz$4 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 0 "o ( ! fir/ 7#ahfh7 ( ! new in/itutions to get "u way & f9d its "w4 ,! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 7#ahgf7 gave ! ne$$ emphasis to ! eng9e]+ c\rses1 & by #ahhj ^! 7 well e/abli%$4 ,! agricultural c\rses did n fl\ri% = two decades long]1 & ! milit>y sci5ce n until ! ,_w ,w>1 ,despite feeble beg9n+s1 ! result ( ! aid giv5 by ! national gov]nm5t has 9 "t prov$ v valuable1 & to-day v l>ge sums ( money are be+ appropriat$ by ! ,am]ican ,/ates & ,t]ritories = in/ruction 9 eng9e]+1 agriculture1 home economics1 & relat$ sci5ces1 & l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts are n[ enroll$ = ?is te*nical tra9+4 ,,! ,,rec5t ,,new ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,education4 ,s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury agricultural education has awak5$ new int]e/ 9 _m l&s4 ,! ,g]man ,/ates h creat$ _m s*ools = in/ruction 9 agriculture & =e/ry4 ,d5m>k has reg5]at$ ! rural life ( ! nation 7,r4 #cgj7 by its ,p's ,high ,s*ools & its special s*ools = in/ruction 9 agriculture4 ,italy has rec5tly made special ef=ts to ext5d agricultural in/ruction to its p4 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& h e/abli%$ agricultural s*ools4 ,9 ,algi]s1 ,morocco1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ! ,philipp9es1 & ,india1 good beg9n+s 9 agricultural education h be5 made4 ,z agricultural k has be5 work$ out & classifi$1 & agricultural in/ruction has become organiz$1 x has become possible to relegate "s ( ! m elem5t>y in/ruction to ! s*ool bel[4 ,?is 0 done 9 ,european nations be=e x took place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahhh ! fir/ ,am]ican agricultural high s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,m9nesota4 ,by #ahih !re 7 t5 su* s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b s9ce #aijj ! developm5t has be5 v rapid4 ,by #aibj probably a ?\s& high s*ools 7 (f]+ in/ruction 9 agriculture1 :ile elem5t>y in/ruction 9 agriculture _h be5 introduc$ into ! rural & village s*ools ( practically e ,am]ican agricultural ,/ate4 ,! agricultural s*ools1 colleges1 & exp]im5tal /ations e/abli%$ by ! national1 /ate1 & local educational au?orities ( diff]5t nations h add$ ano!r new division to ! "w ( public education1 & "o :i* is bo? v co/ly & v remun]ative4 ,out ( ! "w ( ^! s*ools has come a va/ quantity ( useful k1 & hundr$s ( important applications ( sci5ce to f>m & home life4 ,old bre$s 9 /ock & gra9s h be5 improv$1 new bre$s h be5 d]iv$1 & productivity has be5 greatly increas$4 ,?r\gh ! tea*+s ( home economics ! f>m]'s home is be+ trans=m$1 :ile ! applications ( sci5ce made 9 ^! s*ools are modify+ almo/ e phase ( agricultural life & rural liv+4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce4 ,closely relat$ to sanit>y1 biological1 & public-heal? eng9e]+ has be5 ! enorm\s rec5t developm5t ( m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,)9 half a c5tury in/ruction 9 ^! subjects has be5 entirely trans=m$1 & l>ge & co/ly laboratories & hospitals are n[ requir$ = ! "w4 ,!re has also be5 mu* specialization 9 m$ical tra9+1 )9 rec5t ye>s1 & especially has prev5tive m$ic9e be5 develop$4 ,ext5d+ ! newly f\nd biological & m$ical k to ! animal & vegetable worlds has result$ 9 a simil> developm5t ( vet]9>y m$ic9e #aj & plant pa?ology4 ,a comb9ation ( m$ical k ) eng9e]+ & *emi/ry has produc$ ! sanit>y eng9e]1 :ile m$ical k & appli$ biology has produc$ ! public-heal? exp]t4 #aa ,s important1 too1 has ! control ( all k9ds ( disease become1 n[ t p1 animals1 insects1 plants1 & goods move s freely along ! great trade r\tes ( ! _w1 t nations ev]y:]e feel ! necessity1 n[ t sci5tific rese>* has reveal$ to que/ion+ man ! me?ods ( transmission ( ! diseases :i* once decimat$ armies & cities1 de/roy$ /ocks1 & ru9$ h>ve/s1 ( develop+ ample qu>ant9e s]vice & m$ical /affs to cope ) diseases--human1 animal1 & plant--f )\t1 & to control ^? :i* arise )94 ,nations too poor z yet to provide su* s]vice = !mselves are today hav+ su* provision made = !m by o!r nations1 or by great national f\ndations1 #ab s t o!r l&s may be protect$ f ! ravages ( _! diseases & ! economic weal? ( all may be increas$4 ,! elem5t ( ,*ri/ian *>ity has also ent]$ into ! s]vice1 ! labors ( ,dr4 ,gr5fell 9 ,labrador1 & ! "w ( ! ,rockefell] m$ical & surgical boat travel+ among ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & its hookworm "w on e cont95t1 be+ good examples ( su* ,*ri/ian ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,,! ,,pek+ ,,union ,,m$ical ,,college ,a well-equipp$ c5t] = in/ruction 9 we/]n m$ic9e1 end[$ by ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation4 ,a simil> s*ool is be+ creat$ at ,%anghai1 9 c5tral ,*9a4 ,exi/+ m$ical s*ools at two o!r po9ts1 & n9ete5 hospitals scatt]$ ov] ! ,republic1 h also be5 aid$ by ?is ,am]ican f\ndation4 ,9 addition1 _m m$ical mission>ies1 ,*9ese physicians1 & nurses h be5 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = /udy4 ,to improve heal? /&>ds & liv+ conditions ?r\gh\t ! _w is ! purpose ( ! "w ( ! ,f\ndation1 :i* n[ has "w "u way on e cont95t4 ,,appli$ ,,sci5ce ,,! ,,nation',s ,,protector4 ,to-day appli$ sci5ce /&s ev]y:]e z ! nation's protector4 ,appli$ 9 sanitation & prev5tive m$ic9e x has r$uc$ ! dea? rate1 prolong$ life1 & protects homes f _m hidd5 dang]s4 ,9 ! eng9e]+ fields x has trans=m$ ! face ( ! e>? & all our ways ( liv+ & do+ bus9ess4 ,appli$ to indu/ry x builds factories & railways1 & works out new processes to elim9ate wa/es1 improve production1 & utilize by-products4 ,?\s&s ( labor-sav+ inv5tions owe _! orig9 to a new tru? work$ out 9 "s laboratory1 & appli$ 9 ano!r4 ,appli$ *emi/ry has wr\ght wond]s 9 advanc+ indu/ry1 protect+ ! public welf>e1 elim9at+ unnecess>y labor1 & mak+ life ri*] = all4 ,to-day ! eng9e] ) 8 railway & irrigat+ dam & p[] plant 9 ! des]t has replac$ ! monk z ! vangu>d ( ! =ces ( civilization4 ,! sci5ti/ 9 8 laboratory 9 "p replaces armies & navies z ! protector ( ! nation's safety4 ,! sci5tifically tra9$ ,r$ ,cross nurse is fa/ replac+ ! unskill$ devotion ( ! old] ,si/] ( ,*>ity4 ,! doctor & ! surgeon at ! m$ical mission are c>ry+ a v practical type ( ,*ri/ian civilization into f>-away l&s4 ,! laboratory exp]t 9 ! qu>ant9e /ation has succe$$ ! prie/ ) bell & book 9 keep+ pe/il5ce away f ! l&4 ,! public-heal? (fic] 9 ! little t[n1 & ! sanit>y eng9e] 9 ! city1 protect ! heal? & happ9ess ( millions ( homes4 ,! plant pa?ologi/ & vet]9>ian gu>d ! crops & h]ds f :i* food & clo?+ are d]iv$4 ,! sci5tific exp]ts 9 plant & animal indu/ries "w /eadily to improve bre$s & increase yields4 ,:5 "o comp>es pres5t-day sci5tific k ) t repres5t$ 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,encyclopa$ia ( ,b>?olomew ,anglicus 7,r4 #gg72 our mod]n k ( diseases ) ! !ories z to disease advanc$ by ,hippocrates 7p4 #aig71 & taught = s _m c5turies 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe2 our mod]n k ( bact]ial transmission ) ! m$iaeval !ories ( ,div9e wra? & diabolic action2 our mod]n ability to annihilate "t & space comp>$ ) e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury conditions2 or mod]n appli$ sci5ce ) ! v limit$ te*nical k possess$ by ! guilds ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages--! /ories ( ,aladd9 & 8 wond]ful lamp seem to h be5 ev5 m ?an realiz$ 9 our practical ev]yday life4 ,eng9e]+1 agriculture1 & mod]n m$ic9e /& z ?ree ( ! great applications ( mod]n sci5ce to human affairs1 & z ?ree ( ! mo/ important & co/ly additions to /ate educational ef=t made s9ce ! "t :5 nations began to accept ! political philosophy ( ! eighte5?-c5tury re=m]s & to take ov] ! s*ool f ! ,*ur*1 because by s do+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate c\ld bett] be advanc$ !reby4 ,,iii4 ,,vocational ,,:at ,,is ,,vocational ,,education8 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 all education is vocational1 9 t x aims to prep>e "o = "s vocation 9 life4 ,9 ,greece & ,rome education 0 vocational1 9 t x prep>$ "o to be a citiz5 9 ! ,/ate4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages education 0 to prep>e = a vocation 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,lat] ! vocation ( a s*ol> appe>$1 & /ill lat] t ( a g5tleman4 ,9 mod]n times a l>ge range ( /ate s]vices h be5 op5$ up z vocations4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) ! ext5sion ( educational advantages to increas+ numb]s ( ! p1 prep>ation = m intellig5t liv+ & citiz5%ip h come to be new motives 9 education4 ,to-day we no long] use ! t]m vocational education 9 ?is r g5]al s5se1 b re/rict its use to ! specific tra9+ ( individuals = "s useful employm5t4 ,tra9+ = law1 m$ic9e1 ! m9i/ry1 tea*+1 eng9e]+1 sci5tific agriculture1 nurs+1 & comm]ce are examples ( vocational education 9 its high] ranges4 ,! developm5t ( education along ^! l9es has previ\sly be5 describ$4 ,9 ?is division ( ?is *apt] we %all use ! t]m 9 a /ill m common & /ill m re/rict$ s5se1 z mean+ ! tra9+ ( ! y\ng] p ( a ,/ate to d well c]ta9 specific ?+s1 by tea*+ !m processes & ! practical applications ( k1 *iefly sci5ce & art1 to ! "w ( ! vocation !y expect to foll[ to e>n _! liv+4 ,! ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,commission on ,national ,aid to ,vocational ,education 7#aiad7 def9$ vocational education 7p4 #af7 z foll[s3 ,:]ev] ! t]m vocational education is us$ 9 ?is ,report1 x w mean1 unless o!rwise expla9$1 t =m ( education ^: controll+ purpose is to give tra9+ ( a second>y grade to p]sons ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 = increas$ effici5cy 9 useful employm5t 9 ! trades & indu/ries1 9 agriculture1 9 comm]ce & comm]cial pursuits1 & 9 call+s bas$ ^u a k ( home economics4 ,! occupations includ$ "u ^! are almo/ endless 9 numb] & v>iety4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,vocational ,,education4 ,us$ 9 ?is s5se vocational education is an application ( te*nical k1 work$ out 9 ! high] s*ools1 to ! ord9>y vocations ( a mod]n indu/rial _w4 ,z su* x is a product ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & ! breakd[n ( ! age- old sy/em ( appr5tice%ip tra9+1 #ac & repres5ts ano!r ( ! important rec5t ext5sions ( educational advantages to ! masses ( ! p :o labor ) _! h&s to e>n _! daily bread4 ,besides fur!r democratiz+ education by ext5d+ its advantages to ^? :o "w 9 ! %op & ! (fice & on ! f>m1 vocational education t5ds to correct _m ( ! evils ( mod]n indu/rial life4 ,x puts ! work] 9 possession ( a great body ( sci5tific k relat+ to 8 "w :i* %ops & (fices _c give1 & x keeps him1 = sev]al ye>s aft] he becomes a wage e>n] & at a v impressionable p]iod ( 8 life1 "u ! direct+ c>e ( ! s*ool4 ,x ?us t5ds to c\nt]act ! specialization & r\t9e ( ! work%op1 :i* we>s out 8 body be=e nature has complet$ its developm5t 9 =m & p[]1 blunts ! intellig5ce :i* ! s*ool _h tri$ to awak51 %rivels up 8 he>t & imag9ation1 & de/roys 8 _s ( "w4 ,,vocational ,,education ,,9 ,,europe ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,= almo/ half a c5tury ! lead+ nations ( we/]n ,europe1 9 an ef=t to readju/ _! age-old appr5tice%ip sy/em ( tra9+ to mod]n conditions ( manufacture1 & to develop new national pre/ige & /r5g?1 h giv5 c>eful att5tion to ! education ( su* ( _! *ildr5 z 7 de/9$ = ! vocations ( ! indu/rial _w4 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france h be5 lead]s1 ) ,g]many mo/ prom95t ( all4 #ad ,no small "p ( ! great progress made by t c\ntry 9 secur+ _w-wide trade1 #ae be=e ! ,_w ,w>1 0 due to ! ext5sive & ?or\gh sy/em ( vocational education work$ out = ,g]man y\?s 7,r4 #cga74 ,9 comm]cial education1 too1 ! ,g]mans1 up to #aiad1 l$ ! _w4 ,ev5 m1 !y 7 ! only great national gr\p :i* _h done mu* to develop comm]cial tra9+4 ,next to ,g]many probably came ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! m>k$ economic progress ( ,switz]l& dur+ ! pa/ qu>t]-c5tury has likewise be5 due 9 l>ge "p to t type ( education :i* w\ld enable h]1 by skillful artisan%ip1 to make ! mo/ ( h] v limit$ res\rces ,france has pr(it$ greatly1 dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury also1 f vocational education along ! l9es ( agriculture & indu/rial art4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 agricultural education has remade ! nation 7,r4 #cgj71 s9ce ! days ( its humiliation & spoliation at ! h&s ( ,prussia4 ,engl&1 ?\gh ke5ly s5sitive to ,g]man trade competition1 made only v mod]ate ef=ts 9 ! direction ( vocational education until ,g]many plung$ ! _w 9 w> 9 an ef=t m quickly to dom9ate comm]cially4 ,n[1 9 ! ,fi%] ,education ,act ( #aiah 7p4 #fdi71 ,engl& has t la/ laid f\ndations = a great national sy/em ( vocational education4 ,japan1 also1 rec5tly laid l>ge plans = a national sy/em ( vocational tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,trades ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,indu/ry ,"u ! old conditions ( appr5tice%ip a boy le>n$ all ! processes & became a tailor4 ,to-day1 9 a ?or\ghly organiz$ clo?+ factory1 ?irty-n9e diff]5t p]sons p]=m diff]5t specializ$ op]ations 9 ! manufacture ( a coat4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b little att5tion 0 giv5 to educat+ "y p = ! vocations ( life until ab\t #aije-aj1 ?\gh mod]n manufactur+ conditions _h be=e ?is l>gely de/roy$ ! old appr5tice%ip type ( tra9+4 ,end[$ ) enorm\s natural res\rces2 n be+ press$ = ! means ( subsi/5ce by a rapidly exp&+ population on a limit$ l& area2 able to draw on ,europe = bo? *eap manual labor & te*nically educat$ work]s2 l>gely isolat$ & self- suffici5t z a nation2 lack+ a m]*ant m>9e2 n be+ ?r[n into sev]e competition = int]national trade2 & able to sell its products #af to nations anxi\s to buy !m & will+ to come = !m 9 _! own %ips2 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates did n1 up to rec5tly1 feel any p>ticul> ne$ = any?+ o!r ?an a good common-s*ool education or a g5]al high-s*ool education = _! work]s4 ,! comm]cial c\rse 9 ! high s*ool1 ! manual-tra9+ s*ools & c\rses1 & "s in/ruction 9 draw+ & creative art 7 felt to be ab\t all t x 0 necess>y to provide4 ,,! ,,national ,,commission ,,on ,,vocational ,,education4 ,l>gely s9ce #aiaj1 due 9 "p to exp&+ _w comm]ce & increas+ competition 9 _w trade2 9 "p to a national realization t ! battles ( ! future are to be l>gely comm]cial battles2 & 9 "p to ! dawn+ ^u ! ,am]ican p ( ! conception1 fir/ ?\ght out & put into practice by ,imp]ial ,g]many 7,r4 #cga71 t t nation w triumph 9 =eign trade1 ) all t su* triumph means to-day 9 t]ms ( ! happ9ess & welf>e ( its citiz5%ip 7,r4 #cgb71 :i* puts ! greate/ am\nt ( skill & bra9s into :at x produces & sells4 ,aft] a numb] ( sporadic ef=ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 #ag & ! introduction ( a numb] ( bills into ,congress :i* fail$ to secure passage1 ! favorite ,engli% plan 0 foll[$ & a ,presid5tial ,commission 0 appo9t$ 7#aiac7 to inquire into ! matt]1 & to report on ! desirability & feasibility ( "s =m ( national aid to /imulate ! developm5t ( vocational education4 ,! ,commission made its report 9 #aiad1 & submitt$ a plan = gradually increas+ national aid to ! ,/ates to assi/ !m 9 develop+ & ma9ta9+ :at w virtually become a national sy/em ( agricultural1 trade1 comm]cial1 & home-economics education4 ,,! ,,commission',s ,,f9d+s4 ,! ,commission f\nd t !re 71 9 #aiaj1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ab1ejj1jjj p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :om n ov] "o p] c5t _h _h any adequate prep>ation = f>m+2 & t !re 7 #ad1bej1jjj p]sons engag$ 9 manufactur+ & me*anical pursuits1 n "o p] c5t ( :om _h _h any opportunity = adequate tra9+4 #ah ,9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 few] trade s*ools1 ( all k9ds1 ?an exi/$ 9 ! little ,g]man k+dom ( ,bav>ia1 a ,/ate ab\t ! size ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 :ile ! "o ,bav>ian city ( ,muni*1 a city ab\t ! size ( ,pittsburgh1 _h m trade s*ools ?an 7 to be f\nd 9 all ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 put toge!r4 ,! ,commission fur!r f\nd t !re 7 #be1jjj1jjj p]sons 9 ! nation1 eighte5 ye>s ( age or ov]1 engag$ 9 f>m+1 m9+1 manufactur+1 & me*anical pursuits1 & 9 trade & transportation1 & ( ^! ! ,report said3 ,if we assume t a sy/em ( vocational education1 pursu$ ?r\gh ! ye>s ( ! pa/1 w\ld h increas$ ! wage-e>n+ capacity ( ea* ( ^! p]sons to ! ext5t ( only t5 c5ts a day1 ?is w\ld h made an increase ( wages = ! gr\p ( #b1ejj1jjj a day1 or #gej1jjj1jjj a ye>1 ) all t ?is w\ld mean to ! weal? & life ( ! nation4 ,?is is a v mod]ate e/imate1 & ! facts w\ld probably %[ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>n+ p[] ( ! vocationally tra9$ & ! vocationally untra9$ ( at lea/ tw5ty-five c5ts a day4 ,?is w\ld indicate a wa/e ( wages1 ?r\gh lack ( tra9+1 am\nt+ to #f1bej1jjj e day1 or #a1hge1jjj1jjj = ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,,s*ool ,,att5dance ,,( ,,am]ican ,,*ildr51 ,,f\rte5 ,,to ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s or ,,age ,bas$ on an e/imate made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education 9 #aijg 7,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bi71 & bas$ on conditions !n exi/+1 b probably /ill approximately true4 ,9 ev5+ s*ools all classes 7 c\nt$--public1 private1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,y4,w4,c4,a41 etc4 ,public & private day s*ools1 bo? elem5t>y & second>y1 also 7 c\nt$4 ,! ,commission e/imat$ t a million new "y p 7 requir$ annually by our indu/ries1 & t x w\ld ne$ ?ree ye>s ( vocational education1 beyond ! elem5t>y-s*ool age1 to prep>e !m = effici5t s]vice4 ,?is w\ld require t ?ree million "y p ( elem5t>y-s*ool age be cont9ually enroll$ 9 s*ools (f]+ "s =m ( vocational tra9+4 ,?is 0 approximately ?ree times ! numb] ( "y p !n enroll$ 9 all public & private high s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & foll[+ any k9d ( a c\rse ( /udy4 ,9 addition1 ! untra9$ adult work]s !n 9 f>m+ & indu/ry also ne$$ "s =m ( adult or ext5sion education to enable !m to d m effective "w4 ,! ,commission fur!r po9t$ out t !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #aiaj1 #g1bbj1bih "y p betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte5 ye>s1 only #a1jcb1dfa ( :om 7 enroll$ 9 a high s*ool ( any type1 public or private1 day or ev5+ 7,fig4 #bcd71 & few ( ^? enroll$ 7 pursu+ /udies ( a te*nical type4 ,,am]ican ,,beg9n+s2 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,9 #aiag ! ,am]ican ,congress made ! beg9n+s ( :at is de/9$ to develop rapidly into a truly national sy/em ( vocational education = ! boys & girls ( second>y-s*ool age 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is new addition to ! sy/ems ( public in/ruction n[ provid$ is "o :i* 9 "t w br+ returns out ( all proportion to its co/s4 ,)\t x ! national prosp]ity & happ9ess w\ld be at /ake1 & ! position ! ,unit$ ,/ates has atta9$ 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w c\ld n possibly be ma9ta9$ 7,r4 #cgb74 ,?is new ,am]ican legislation is bas$ on ! be/ cont95tal ,european exp]i5ce1 & is some:at typical ( rec5t national legislation = simil> objects else:]e4 ,x is to include vocational tra9+ = agriculture1 ! trades & indu/ries1 comm]ce1 & home economics4 #ai ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! money appropriat$ annually by ! national gov]nm5t is to be us$ = mak+ or cop]at+ 9 /udies & inve/igations z to ne$s & c\rses 9 agriculture1 home economics1 trades1 indu/ries1 & comm]ce4 ,! c\rses mu/ be giv5 9 ! public s*ools2 mu/ be = ^? ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age & ( less ?an college grade2 & mu/ be prim>ily int5d$ = ^? :o are prep>+ to ent] or :o h ent]$ 7"p-"t classes7 a trade or a useful indu/rial pursuit4 ,z nation aft] nation becomes indu/rializ$1 z all except ! smalle/ & poore/ nations are b\nd to become 9 "t1 vocational education = its work]s 9 ! field1 %op1 & (fice w be f\nd to be ano!r /ate necessity4 ,only ! ,/ate c adequately provide ?is1 = only ! ,/ate c f9ance or prop]ly organize & integrate ! "w ( s l>ge & s important an und]tak+4 ,?\gh co/ly1 ?is new ext5sion ( /ate educational ef=t w be f\nd to be a wise bus9ess inve/m5t = e indu/rial & comm]cial nation4 ,consid]$ nationally1 ! work]s ( any nation n provid$ ) vocational education w f9d !mselves unable to compete ) ! work]s ( o!r nations :i* d provide su* specializ$ tra9+4 ,,iv4 ,,sociological ,a ,,new ,,e/imate ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,*ild ,,life4 ,z we saw 9 *apt] ,,xviii1 :i* describ$ ! opportunities = & ! k9d ( s*ool+ develop$ up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b little ( :at may be call$ =mal education _h be5 provid$ up to !n = ! great mass ( *ildr51 ev5 9 ! mo/ progressive nations4 ,we also not$ ! extreme brutality ( ! s*ool4 ,su* 0 ! hi/ory ( *ildhood1 s f> z x may be said to h _h a hi/ory at all1 up to ! rise ( ! great humanit>ian movem5t e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #bj ,neglect1 abuse1 mutilation1 excessive labor1 heavy puni%m5ts1 & (t5 virtual slav]y await$ *ildr5 ev]y:]e up to rec5t times4 ,! suff]+s ( *ildhood at home 7 add$ to by o!rs 9 ! s*ool 7p4 #dee7 = su* z frequ5t$ ^! in/itutions4 ,aft] ! com+ ( mills & manufactur+ ! lot ( *ildr5 became1 = a "t1 worse ?an be=e4 ,! dem& = *eap labor l$ to ! appr5tic+ ( *ildr5 to ! factories to t5d ma*9es1 in/ead ( to a ma/] to le>n a trade1 & !re !y became virtual slaves & _! treatm5t 0 mo/ inhuman4 #ba ,conditions 7 worse 9 ,engl& ?an else:]e1 n because ! ,engli% 7 m brutal ?an ! ,fr5* or ! ,g]mans1 b because ! ,indu/rial ,revolution began e>li] 9 ,engl& & be=e ! rise ( humanit>ian influ5ces4 ,engl& 0 a manufactur+ nation decades be=e ,france1 & long] /ill be=e ,g]many4 ,by ! "t ,g]many _h *ang$ f an agricultural to a manufactur+ nation 7aft] #ahga71 ! new humanit>ianism & new economic conditions _h plac$ a new value on *ild life & *ild welf>e4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahej an entirely new e/imate has come to be plac$ on ! importance ( national att5tion to *ild welf>e1 ?\gh ! beg9n+s ( ! *ange date back mu* e>li]4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #cbe71 ,engl& e>ly began to c>e = ! *ildr5 ( its poor4 ,9 ! ,poor-,relief & ,appr5tice%ip ,law ( #afja 7,r4 #agd7 ,engl& organiz$ into law ! gr[+ practice ( a c5tury 7p4 #cbf7 & laid ! basis = mu* future "w ( importance4 ,9 ?is legislation1 z we h se51 ! f\ndations ( ! ,massa*usetts s*ool law ( #afdb 7 laid4 ,9 ! ,virg9ia laws ( #afdc & #afdf 7,r4 #bjj a7 & ! ,massa*usetts law ( #affj1 provid+ = ! appr5tice%ip ( orphans & homeless *ildr51 ! beg9n+s ( *ild- welf>e "w 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies 7 made4 ,_m ( ! ,ca?olic religi\s ord]s 9 ,europe _h = long c>$ = & br\ght up poor & neglect$ *ildr51 & 9 #agbi ! fir/ private orphanage 9 ! new _w 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,ursul9es 7p4 #cdf7 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,! fir/ public orphanage 9 ,am]ica 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #agij2 ! fir/ 9 ,engl& at ,birm+ham1 9 #ahag1 & 9 #ahbd ! ,new ,york ,h\se ( ,refuge 0 f\nd$4 ,! latt] 0 ! =]unn] ( ! juv5ile re=matory in/itutions e/abli%$ lat] by practically all ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,^! h develop$ *iefly s9ce #ahej4 ,to-day mo/ ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates & gov]nm5ts 9 _m o!r l&s also provide /ate homes = orphan & neglect$ *ildr51 :]e !y are clo!d1 f$1 c>$ =1 educat$1 & tra9$ = "s useful employm5t4 ,,*ild-,,labor ,,legislation4 ,"o ( ! be/ evid5ces ( ! new n9ete5?- c5tury humanit>ianism is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge am\nt ( *ild-labor legislation :i* arose1 l>gely aft] #ahej1 & :i* has be5 p>ticul>ly prom95t s9ce #aijj4 ,"u ! e>li] agricultural conditions & ! re/rict$ dem& = education = ord9>y life ne$s1 *ild labor 0 n especially h>mful1 z mo/ ( x 0 out ( doors & "u reasonably good heal? conditions4 ,) ! com+ ( ! factory sy/em1 ! rise ( cities & ! city conge/ion ( population1 & o!r evils connect$ ) ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 ! :ole situation 0 *ang$4 ,humanit>ians n[ began to dem& legislation to re/rict ! evils t _h aris54 ,?is dem& arose e>lie/ 9 ,engl&1 & result$ 9 ! e>lie/ legislation !re4 ,! ye> #ahjb is important 9 ! hi/ory ( *ild-welf>e "w = ! enactm5t1 by ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 ( ! fir/ law to regulate ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 factories4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,heal? & ,morals ( ,appr5tices ,act 7,r4 #cgc74 ,?is ,act1 ?\gh l>gely ineffectual at ! "t1 ord]$ important re=ms :i* ar\s$ public op9ion & :i* lat] bore important fruit4 ,by x ! employm5t ( "w-h\se orphans 0 limit$2 x =bade ! labor ( *ildr5 "u twelve1 = m ?an twelve h\rs a day2 provid$ t night labor ( *ildr5 %\ld be discont9u$1 aft] #ahjd2 ord]$ t ! *ildr5 s employ$ mu/ be taught read+ & writ+ & ciph]+1 be in/ruct$ 9 religion "o h\r a week1 be tak5 to *ur* e ,sunday1 & be giv5 "o new suit ( clo!s a ye>2 ord]$ sep>ate sleep+ ap>tm5ts = ! two sexes1 & n ov] two *ildr5 to a b$2 & provid$ = ! regi/ration & inspection ( factories4 ,?is law repres5ts ! beg9n+s ( mod]n *ild-labor legislation4 ,x 0 #ahdc be=e any fur!r *ild-labor legislation ( importance 0 enact$1 & #ahgh be=e a compreh5sive *ild-labor bill 0 f9ally pass$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! fir/ laws regulat+ ! employm5t ( *ildr5 & provid+ = _! s*ool att5dance 7 enact$ by ,rhode ,isl& 9 #ahdj1 & ,massa*usetts 9 #ahdb4 ,factory legislation 9 o!r c\ntries has be5 a product ( m rec5t =ces & times4 ,to-day important *ild-labor legislation has be5 enact$ by all progressive nations1 & ! lead+ _w nations h tak5 advanc$ gr\nd on ! "q4 ,all rec5t ?9k+ is oppos$ to *ildr5 engag+ 9 productive labor4 ,) ! rise ( organiz$ labor1 & ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage to ! labor+ man1 he has jo9$ ! humanit>ians 9 opposition to 8 *ildr5 be+ p]mitt$ to labor4 ,f an economic po9t ( view also1 all rec5t /udies h %[n ! unpr(itabl5ess ( *ild labor & ! l>ge money-value1 "u pres5t indu/rial conditions1 ( a good education4 ,z a result ( mu* agitation & ! spread ( popul> education1 x has at la/ come to be a g5]ally accept$ pr9ciple 7,r4 #cgd7 t x is bett] = *ildr5 & bett] = society t !y %\ld rema9 9 s*ool until !y are at lea/ f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 & be specially tra9$ = "s useful type ( "w4 ,%[n to be economically unpr(itable1 & = long morally indef5sible1 *ild labor is n[ rapidly be+ sup]s$$ by suitable education & ! vocational tra9+ & guidance ( y\? 9 all progressive nations4 ,,compulsory ,,s*ool-,,att5dance ,,legislation4 ,! natural coroll>y ( ! taxation ( ! weal? ( ! ,/ate to educate ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 & ! prohibition ( *ildr5 to labor1 is ! compulsion ( *ildr5 to att5d s*ool t !y may receive ! in/ruction & tra9+ :i* ! ,/ate has deem$ x wise to tax its citiz5s to provide4 ,except 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates1 compulsory education is a relatively rec5t idea1 ?\gh 9 its orig9s x is a *ild ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation !ory z to education = salvation4 ,lu!r & 8 foll[]s _h /ood = ! education ( all1 support$ by 7,r4 #aef7 & en=c$ by 7,r4 #aeh7 ! ,/ate4 ,?is idea ( ! education ( all to read ! ,bible took deep root1 z we h se51 ) bo? ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s4 ,9 #afai ! little ,du*y ( ,weim> made ! s*ool att5dance ( all *ildr51 six to twelve ye>s ( age1 compulsory1 & ! same idea 0 in/itut$ 9 ,go?a by ,duke ,erne/ 7p4 #cag71 9 #afdb2 ! same ye> t ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,c\rt ord]$ ! ,selectm5 ( ! t[ns to asc]ta9 if p>5ts & ! ma/]s ( appr5tices 7,r4 #aij7 7 tra9+ _! *ildr5 9 le>n+ & labor & to read & und]/& ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! capital laws ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is latt] law is rem>kable 9 t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 a legislative body repres5t+ ! ,/ate ord]$ t all *ildr5 %\ld be taught to read4 ,five ye>s lat] 7#afdg7 ! ,massa*usetts ,c\rt ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 7,r4 #aia7 bett] to en=ce ! compulsion1 & ?us laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! ,am]ican public-s*ool sy/ems h s9ce be5 built4 ,9 ,holl&1 ! ,synod ( ,dort 7#afah7 _h tri$ to in/itute ! idea ( compulsory education 7,r4 #agf71 & 9 #afdf ! ,scot* ,p>liam5t _h ord]$ ! compulsory e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 7,r4 #agi74 ,9 ,g]man l&s ! compulsory-att5dance idea took deep root1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,g]mans 7 ! fir/ important mod]n nation to en=ce1 ?or\ghly1 ! education ( all4 ,9 #agag ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i issu$ 7p4 #eee7 ! fir/ compulsory-education law = ,prussia1 ord]+ t h]eaft] :]ev] !re are s*ools 9 ! place ! p>5ts %all be oblig$1 "u sev]e p5alties1 to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1444 daily 9 w9t]1 b 9 summ] at lea/ twice a week4 ,he fur!r ord]$ t ! fees = ! poor 7 to be paid f ! community's funds4 ,f9ally ,fr$]ick ! ,great organiz$ ! e>li] proc$ure into compreh5sive codes1 & made 7#agfc1 ,r4 #bgd1 ,section #aj2 #agfe1 ,r4 #bge d7 detail$ provisions relat+ to ! compulsion to att5d ! s*ools4 ,9 ! ,code ( #agid 7p4 #efe7 ! f9al legislative /ep 0 tak5 :5 x 0 ord]$ t ! in/ruction 9 s*ool mu/ be cont9u$ until ! *ild is f\nd to possess ! k necess>y to e rational be+4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! basis 0 cle>ly laid 9 ,prussia = t en=cem5t ( ! compulsion to att5d s*ools :i*1 by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _h become su* a notable *>act]i/ic ( all ,g]man education4 ,! same compulsory idea e>ly took deep root among ! ,sc&9avian peoples4 ,9 consequ5ce ! l[e/ illit]acy 9 ,europe1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 to be f\nd 7see map1 p4 #gad7 among ! ,f9ns1 ,sw$es1 ,norwegians1 ,danes1 & ,g]mans4 ,! compulsory-att5dance idea di$ out 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 "p 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,anglican ,colonies 9 ,am]ica x nev] took root4 ,9 ,france ! idea await$ ! "w ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 :i* 7#agib7 ord]$ ?ree ye>s ( education compulsory = all4 ,w> & ! lack ( int]e/ ( ,napoleon 9 prim>y education caus$ ! requirem5t1 h[ev]1 to become a dead lett]4 ,! ,law ( #ahcc provid$ = b did n en=ce x1 & real compulsory education 9 ,france did n come until #ahhb4 ,9 ,engl& ! compulsory idea receiv$ b little att5tion until aft] #ahgj1 met ) mu* opposition1 & only rec5tly h compreh5sive re=ms be5 provid$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! new beg9n+s ( compulsory-att5dance legislation date f ! ,rhode ,isl& *ild-labor law ( #ahdj1 & ! fir/ mod]n compulsory-att5dance law enact$ by ,massa*usetts1 9 #aheb4 ,by #ahhe1 f\rte5 ,am]ican ,/ates & six ,t]ritories _h enact$ "s =m ( compulsory-att5dance law4 ,s9ce #aijj !re has be5 a g5]al revision ( ,am]ican /ate legislation on ! subject1 ) a view to increas+ & ! bett] en=cem5t ( ! compulsory-att5dance requirem5ts1 & ) a g5]al dem& t ! ,national ,congress %\ld enact a national *ild- labor law4 ,z a result ( ?is legislation ! labor ( "y *ildr5 has be5 greatly re/rict$2 "w 9 _m indu/ries has be5 prohibit$ entirely1 because ( ! dang] to life & heal?2 compulsory education has be5 ext5d$ 9 a majority ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates to cov] ! full s*ool ye>2 pov]ty1 or dep5d5t p>5ts1 9 _m ,/ates no long] s]ves z an excuse = non-att5dance2 (t5 ^? hav+ physical or m5tal defects also are includ$ 9 ! compulsion to att5d1 if _! wants c be provid$ =2 ! s*ool c5sus has be5 *ang$ s z to aid 9 ! location ( *ildr5 ( compulsory s*ool-att5dance age2 & special (fic]s h be5 au?oriz$ or ord]$ appo9t$ to assi/ s*ool au?orities 9 en=c+ ! compulsory-att5dance & *ild-labor laws4 ,hav+ tax$ _! citiz5s to provide s*ools1 ! diff]5t ,/ates n[ require *ildr5 to att5d & p>take ( ! advantages provid$4 ,! s*ools1 too1 h made a close /udy ( ret>d$ pupils1 because ( ! close connection f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ret>dation 9 s*ool & truancy & juv5ile del9qu5cy4 ,,"o ,,result ,,( ,,?is ,,legislation4 ,"o ( ! results ( all ?is legislation has be5 to ?r[1 dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 an entirely new burd5 on s*ools ev]y:]e4 ,su* legislation has br\ght into ! s*ools n only ! truant & ! incorrigible1 :o "u =m] conditions ei!r left e>ly or 7 expell$1 b also _m *ildr5 :o h no aptitude = book le>n+1 & _m ( inf]ior m5tal qualities :o d n pr(it by ord9>y classroom proc$ure4 ,/ill m1 !y h br\ght into ! s*ool ! crippl$1 tub]cul>1 deaf1 epileptic1 & bl9d1 z well z ! sick1 ne$y1 & physically unfit4 ,by /eadily rais+ ! age at :i* *ildr5 may leave s*ool1 f t5 or twelve up to f\rte5 & sixte51 s*ools ev]y:]e h come to conta9 _m *ildr5 :o1 hav+ no natural aptitude = /udy1 w\ld at once1 unless specially h&l$1 become a nuisance 9 ! s*ool & t5d to demoralize s*oolroom proc$ure4 ,^! laws h ?r[n ^u ! s*ool a new burd5 9 ! =m ( public expectancy = results1 :]eas a compulsory- education law _c create capacity to pr(it f education4 ,"u ! e>li] educational conditions ! s*ool1 unable to h&le or educate su* *ildr51 dealt ) !m mu* z ! ,*ur* ( ! "t dealt ) religi\s del9qu5ts4 ,x simply expell$ !m or let !m drop f s*ool1 & no long] conc]n$ itself ab\t !m4 ,to-day ! public expects ! s*ool to reta9 & get results ) !m4 ,consequ5tly1 )9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s ! :ole attitude ( ! s*ool t[>d su* *ildr5 has und]gone a *ange2 _m diff]5t k9ds ( classes & c\rses1 t might s]ve bett] to h&le !m1 h be5 introduc$2 & an attempt has be5 made to salvage !m & turn back to society z _m ( !m z possible1 tra9$ = "s =m ( social & p]sonal usefulness4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,defectives4 ,ano!r n9ete5?-c5tury expansion ( /ate education has come 9 ! provision n[ g5]ally made = ! education ( defectives4 ,to-day ! /ate s*ool sy/ems ( ,*ri/ian nations g5]ally make "s provision = /ate in/itutional c>e1 & (t5 = local classes z well1 = ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 :o belong to ! s]i\sly defective classes ( society4 ,?is "w is almo/ entirely a product ( ! new humanit>ianism ( mod]n times4 ,except+ ! education ( ! deaf1 s]i\sly begun a little e>li]1 all effective "w dates f ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at fir/ ! feasibility ( all su* in/ruction 0 d\bt$1 & ! "w g5]ally 0 comm5c$ privately4 ,out ( successes ?us a*iev$1 public in/itutions h be5 built up to c>ry on1 on a l>ge scale1 :at 0 begun privately on a small scale4 ,x is n[ felt to be bett] = ! ,/ate1 z well z = ! un=tunates !mselves1 t !y be c>$ = & educat$1 z suitably & well z possible1 = self-respect1 self- support1 & "s =m ( social & vocational usefulness4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! compulsory-att5dance laws ( ! lead+ _w ,/ates to-day require t defectives1 betwe5 c]ta9 ages at lea/1 be s5t to a /ate in/itution or be enroll$ 9 a public-s*ool class specializ$ = _! tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,,abb ,,de ,l',p,e 7#agab-hi7 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a numb] ( private ef=ts at ! education ( ! deaf are on record1 all dat+ h[ev] f ! pione] "w ( a ,spani% ,b5$ict9e1 9 #aegh4 ,9 #agfj a new era 9 ! education ( ! deaf 0 begun :5 ,abb de l'pe op5$ a s*ool at ,p>is = ! oral in/ruction ( poor deaf mutes1 & ,?omas ,braidwood 7#agae-ahjf7 began simil> "w at ,ed9burgh4 ,a few ye>s lat] 7#aggh7 a ?ird s*ool 0 op5$ at ,leipzig4 ,?is la/ 0 e/abli%$ "u ! patronage ( ! ,elector ( ,saxony1 & 0 ! fir/ s*ool ( its k9d 9 ! _w to receive gov]nm5t recognition4 ,! ,p>is s*ool 0 tak5 ov] z a /ate in/itution by ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 9 #agia4 ,9 ,engl& ! in/ruction ( ! deaf rema9$ a private & a family monopoly until #ahai4 ,9 #ahag ! fir/ s*ool 9 ,am]ica 0 op5$1 at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 by ! ,rev]5d ,?omas ,h4 ,gallaudet1 & ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahai1 s5t ! fir/ pupils paid = at /ate exp5se to ?is in/itution4 ,9 #ahbc ,k5tucky creat$ ! fir/ /ate s*ool = ! tra9+ ( ! deaf e/abli%$ 9 ! new _w1 & ,ohio ! second1 9 #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,,rev4 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,gallaudet ,,tea*+ ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb ,f a bas-relief on ! monum5t ( ,gallaudet1 erect$ by ! deaf & dumb ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,am]ican ,asylum1 at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,! education ( ! bl9d began 9 ,france1 9 #aghd2 ,engl&1 9 #agia2 ,au/ria1 9 #ahjd2 ,prussia1 9 #ahjf2 ,holl&1 9 #ahjh2 ,sw$51 9 #ahaj2 ,d5m>k1 9 #ahaa2 ,scotl&1 9 #ahab2 9 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 9 #ahcb2 & 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahcc4 ,all 7 private in/itutions1 & g5]al int]e/ 9 ! education ( ! bl9d 0 awak5$ lat] by exhibit+ ! pupils tra9$4 ,! fir/ book = ! bl9d 0 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is1 9 #aghf4 ,! fir/ k9d]g>t5 = ! bl9d 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many1 9 #ahfa2 ! fir/ s*ool = ! color$ bl9d1 by ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,ma9ta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ate ,z /ate in/itutions1 o!r ?an public s*ools4 ,be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury ! feeble-m9d$ & idiotic 7 ! laugh+-/ock ( society1 & no "o ?\ght ( be+ able to d any?+ = !m4 ,9 #ahaa ,napoleon ord]$ a c5sus ( su* individuals1 & 9 #ahaf ! fir/ s*ool = _! tra9+ 0 op5$ at ,salzburg1 ,au/ria4 ,! s*ool 0 unsuccessful1 & clos$ 9 #ahce4 ,! real beg9n+ ( ! tra9+ ( ! feeble-m9d$ 0 made 9 ,france1 by ,ed\>d ,sgu91 ,! ,apo/le ( ! ,idiot1 9 #ahcg1 :5 he began a life-long /udy ( su* defectives4 ,by #ahde ?ree or f\r in/itutions _h be5 op5$ 9 ,switz]l& & ,great ,brita9 = _! /udy & tra9+1 & = a "t an attempt 0 made to effect cures4 ,gallaudet _h tri$ to educate su* *ildr5 at ,h>t=d1 ab\t #ahbj1 & a class = idiots 0 e/abli%$ at ! ,bl9d ,asylum 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahdh4 ,! int]e/ ?us ar\s$ l$ to ! creation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool = ,idiotic & ,feeble-,m9d$ ,y\?1 9 #ahea1 ! fir/ in/itution ( its k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahfg ! fir/ city s*ool class to tra9 *ildr5 ( l[-grade intellig5ce 0 organiz$ 9 ,g]many1 & all ! l>g] cities ( ,g]many lat] organiz$ su* special classes4 ,norway foll[$ ) a simil> city organization1 9 #ahgd2 & ,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 & ,au/ria1 ab\t #ahib4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican city to organize su* classes 0 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 #ahic4 ,s9ce t "t special classes = *ildr5 ( l[-grade m5tality h become a common feature ( ! l>ge city s*ool sy/ems 9 mo/ ,am]ican cities4 ,9 #ahcb ! fir/ attempt to educate crippl$ *ildr51 z su*1 0 made 9 ,muni*4 ,! model s*ool 9 ,europe = ! education ( cripples 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,cop5hag51 9 #ahgb4 ,! "w 0 begun privately 9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #ahfa1 & fir/ publicly 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahii4 ,! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d fir/ began su* classes 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahih4 ,dep5d5ts1 orphans1 *ildr5 ( soldi]s & sailors1 & incorrigibles ( v>i\s classes repres5t o!rs = :om mod]n ,/ates h n[ provid$ special /ate in/itutions4 ,to-day a mod]n ,/ate f9ds x necess>y to provide a numb] ( su* specializ$ in/itutions1 or to make arrangem5ts ) neighbor+ ,/ates = ! c>e ( its dep5d5ts1 if x is to meet :at h come to be recogniz$ z its humanit>ian educational duties4 ,! m important ( ^! special /ate in/itutions are %[n 9 ! diagram giv5 9 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,public playgr\nds & play directors1 vacation s*ools1 juv5ile c\rts1 discipl9>y classes1 p>5tal s*ools1 classes = mo!rs1 visit+ home-tea*]s & nurses1 & *ild-welf>e societies & (fic]s1 are o!r means = c>+ = *ild life & *ild welf>e :i* h all be5 begun )9 ! pa/ half-c5tury4 ,! significance ( ^! additions lies *iefly 9 t ! hi/ory ( ! attitude ( nations t[>d _! *ild life is ! hi/ory ( ! rise ( humanit>ianism1 altruism1 ju/ice1 ord]1 morality1 & civilization itself4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,sup]ior ,,*ildr54 ,all ! "w describ$ above & relat+ to ! "w ( defectives1 del9qu5ts1 & *ildr5 = "s reason 9 ne$ ( special att5tion & c>e has be5 = ^? :o repres5t ! less capable & on ! :ole less useful memb]s ( society--! ones f :om society may expect ! lea/4 ,!y are at ! same "t ! mo/ co/ly w>ds ( ! ,/ate4 ,:olly )9 ! second decade ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & l>gely z a result ( ! "w ( ! ,fr5* psy*ologi/ ,alfr$ ,b9et 7#aheg-aiaa7 we are n[ able to sort out1 = special att5tion1 a new class ( :at are kn[n z sup]ior1 or gift$ *ildr51 & to ! education ( ^! special att5tion is to-day "h & !re beg9n+ to be direct$4 ,educationally1 x is an attempt to d = democratic =ms ( national organization :at a two-class s*ool sy/em does = mon>*ical =ms1 b to select intellectual capacity f ! :ole mass ( ! p1 r ?an f a select$ class or ca/e4 ,we "k n[ t ! numb] ( *ildr5 ( sup]ior ability is approximately z l>ge z ! numb] ( ! feeble 9 m9d1 & also t ! future ( democratic gov]nm5ts h+es l>gely ^u ! prop] education & utilization ( ^! sup]ior *ildr54 ,"o *ild ( sup]ior intellectual capacity1 educat$ s z to utilize 8 tal5ts1 may conf] great] b5efits ^u mank9d1 & be educationally f> m important1 ?an a ?\s& ( ! feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 ^u :om we h rec5tly come to put s mu* educational ef=t & exp5se4 ,que/ions relat+ to ! tra9+ ( lead]s = democracy's s]vice atta9 new significance 9 t]ms ( ! rec5t ability to measure & grade intellig5ce1 z also d que/ions relat+ to grad+1 classification 9 s*ool1 *oice ( /udies1 rate ( advancem5t1 & ! vocational guidance ( *ildr5 9 s*ool4 ,net ,av]age ,wor? ( a ,p]son ,age ,wor? #j #ij #e #iej #aj #bjjj #bj #djjj #cj #dajj #dj #cfej #ej #bijj #fj #afej #gj #ae #hj -#gjj 7,calculations by ,dr4 ,william ,f>r1 =m]ly ,regi/r> ( ,vital ,/ati/ics = ,great ,brita94 ,bas$ on pre-w> values47 ,,! ,,new ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,heal?4 ,ano!r new expansion ( ! educational s]vice :i* has come 9 s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* has rec5tly gr[n to be "o ( l>ge significance1 is "w 9 ! m$ical inspection ( s*ools1 ! sup]vision ( ! heal? ( pupils1 & ! new in/ruction 9 prev5tive hygi5e4 ,?is is a product ( ! sci5tific & social & indu/rial revolutions :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght1 r ?an ( humanit>ian influ5ces1 & repres5ts an application ( newly discov]$ sci5tific k to heal? "w among *ildr54 ,its basis is economic1 ?\gh its results are l>gely physical & educational & social 7,r4 #cge74 ,! discov]y & isolation ( bact]ia2 ! va/ am\nt ( new k :i* has come to u z to ! transmission & possibilities = ! elim9ation ( _m diseases2 ! spread ( in=mation z to sanit>y sci5ce & prev5tive m$ic9e2 ! *ange 9 emphasis 9 m$ical practice1 f curative to prev5tive & rem$ial2 ! clos] cr[d+ toge!r ( all classes ( p 9 cities2 ! *ange ( habits = _m f life 9 ! op5 to life 9 ! factory1 %op1 & ap>tm5t2 & ! gr[+ realization ( ! economic value to ! nation ( its manhood & womanhood2 h all alike comb9$ ) mod]n humanit>ianism & appli$ ,*ri/ianity to make progressive nations take a new int]e/ 9 *ild heal? & prop] *ild developm5t4 ,european nations h s f> done mu* m 9 s*ool heal? "w ?an has ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh a v comm5dable beg9n+ has be5 made "h4 ,,m$ical ,,inspection ,,& ,,heal? ,,sup]vision4 ,m$ical inspection ( s*ools began 9 ,france1 9 #ahcg1 ?\gh g5u9e m$ical inspection1 9 a mod]n s5se1 0 n begun 9 ,france until #ahgi4 ,! pione] c\ntry = real "w 0 ,sw$51 :]e heal? (fic]s 7 assign$ to ea* l>ge s*ool z e>ly z #ahfh4 ,norway made su* appo9tm5ts optional 9 #ahhe1 & obligatory 9 #ahia4 ,belgium began ! "w 9 #ahgd4 ,te/s ( eyesight 7 begun 9 ,dresd5 9 #ahfg4 ,frank=t-on-,ma9 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,g]man s*ool physician 9 #ahhh4 ,engl& fir/ employ$ s*ool nurses 9 #ahhg2 &1 9 #aijg1 foll[+ ! revelations z to l[ physical vitality gr[+ out ( ! ,bo] ,w>1 adopt$ a m&atory m$ical-inspection & heal?-developm5t act apply+ to ,engl& & ,wales1 & ! ye> foll[+ ,scotl& did ! same4 ,arg5t9e & ,*ili bo? in/itut$ su* s]vice 9 #ahhh1 & ,japan made m$ical inspection compulsory & univ]sal 9 #ahih4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "w 0 begun volunt>ily 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahid1 foll[+ a s]ies ( epidemics4 ,*icago organiz$ m$ical inspection 9 #ahie1 ,new ,york ,city 9 #ahig1 & ,philadelphia 9 #ahih4 ,f ^! l>g] cities ! idea spread to ! small] ones1 at fir/ sl[ly1 & !n v rapidly4 ,! fir/ s*ool nurse 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 employ$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #aijb1 & ! idea at once prov$ to be ( great value4 ,9 #aijf ,massa*usetts adopt$ ! fir/ /ate m$ical inspection law4 ,9 #aiab ,m9nesota organiz$ ! fir/ ,/ate ,division ( ,heal? ,sup]vision ( ,s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?is plan has s9ce be5 foll[$ by o!r ,/ates4 ,f m]e m$ical inspection to detect contagi\s diseases1 9 :i* ! movem5t ev]y:]e began1 x 0 next ext5d$ to te/s = eyesight & he>+1 to be made by tea*]s or physicians1 & has s9ce be5 enl>g$ to include physical exam9ations to detect hidd5 diseases & a con/ructive heal?-program = ! s*ools4 ,! "w has n[ come to include eye1 e>1 nose1 ?roat1 & tee?1 z well z g5]al physical exam9ations2 ! sup]vision ( ! tea*+ ( hygi5e 9 ! s*ools1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ! physical tra9+ & playgr\nd activities2 & a con/ructive program = ! developm5t ( ! heal? & physical welf>e ( all *ildr54 ,all ?is repres5ts a fur!r ext5sion ( ! public-education idea4 ,v4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,organization ,,( ,,education ,an important rec5t developm5t 9 ! field ( public education1 & 9 a s5se an outgr[? ( all ! prec$+ rec5t developm5t :i* we h describ$1 has be5 ! organization ( collegiate & univ]sity in/ruction 9 ! hi/ory1 !ory1 practice1 & adm9i/ration ( education4 ,/ill m rec5t has be5 ! organization ( ,tea*]s' ,colleges & ,s*ools ( ,education to give advanc$ tra9+ 9 educational rese>* & 9 ! solution ( ! practical problems ( s*ool organization & adm9i/ration4 ,s important has ?is rec5t developm5t become t no hi/ory ( educational progress w\ld be complete )\t at lea/ a brief m5tion ( ?is rec5t attempt to give sci5tific organization to ! educational process4 ,,e>ly ,,beg9n]s4 ,?\gh ! tea*]s' sem9>ies _h be5 organiz$ 9 ,g]many & o!r nor!rn l&s t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! normal s*ool 9 ,france e>ly 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ! tra9+-college 9 ,engl& & ! normal s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! close ( ! fir/ ?ird ( t c5tury1 ! "w 9 ^! rema9$ = a long "t almo/ entirely academic 9 nature & elem5t>y 9 "*4 ,?is 0 also true ( ! sup]ior normal s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s = ! lyces ( ,france4 ,! reason = ?is is easy to f9d4 ,! writ+s ( ! e>li] educational re=m]s 7 little kn[n2 ! contributions ( ,h]b>t & ,froebel _h n z yet be5 popul>iz$2 !re 0 no organiz$ psy*ology ( ! educational process1 & no psy*ology bett] ?an t ( ,john ,locke2 ! detail$ ,pe/alozzian proc$ure _h n z yet be5 work$ out 9 ! =m ( tea*+ te*nique2 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( educational !ory or ( educational practice _h n be5 writt52 & almo/ no philosophy ( ! educational purpose _h be5 =mulat$ :i* c\ld be us$ 9 ! tra9+-s*ools4 ,9 consequ5ce ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 bo? = elem5t>y & second>y in/ruction1 #bb 0 almo/ entirely 9 academic subjects1 ) "s talks on s*ool-keep+ & class organization & managem5t add$1 & at times a little philosophy z to educational "w1 su* z habit-=mation1 morality1 ?9k+1 & ! tra9+ ( ! w4 ,educational j\rnalism did n beg9 9 ei!r ,europe or ,am]ica until ne> ! close ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x 0 #ahej be=e x atta9$ any significance1 & #ahdj to #ahej be=e any important p$agogical lit]ature arose4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,,k>l ,,georg ,,von ,,raum] 7#aghc-ahfe7 ,,new ,,influ5ce4 ,9 #ahdc !re appe>$1 9 ,g]many1 ! fir/ two volumes ( a v celebrat$ & influ5tial ,hi/ory ( ,education1 by a pr(essor ( m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,erlang51 by ! "n ( ,k>l ,gcorg von ,raum]4 ,z a "y man 9 ,p>is 7#ahjh-ji71 /udy+ ! great m9]al collections f\nd !re1 he read & 0 deeply /irr$ by ,fi*te's ,address to ! ,g]man ,nation 7p4 #efg74 ,z a result he w5t to ,yv]don1 9 #ahji1 & sp5t "s mon?s 9 /udy+ ! "w 9 ,pe/alozzi's ,in/itute4 ,?is int]e/ 9 education he nev] lo/1 & !reaft]1 z pr(essor ( m9]alogy at ,halle & ,erlang51 he also gave lectures on p$agogy 7,ub] ,pdagogik74 ,! outgr[? ( ^! lectures 0 8 f\r- volume ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy f ! ,revival ( ,classical ,/udies to our own ,"t4 #bd ,! "w 0 done ) *>act]i/ic ,g]man ?or\ghness1 & = long s]v$ z a /&>d organization & text on ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( educational !ory & practice s9ce ! days ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,! "w ( von ,raum] /imulat$ _m to a /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! e>li] educational re=m]s1 & num]\s books & pap]s on educational hi/ory & !ory soon began to appe>4 ,mo/ important1 = ,am]ican /ud5ts1 0 ,h5ry ,b>n>d's monum5tal ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 begun 9 #ahee1 & cont9u$ = ?irty-"o ye>s4 ,?is is a great treasure-h\se ( p$agogical lit]ature = ,am]ican educators4 ,aft] #ahej ! organization ( a te*nique ( in/ruction = ! elem5t>y-s*ool subjects took place rapidly1 9 ! normal s*ools ( all l&s1 z x _h e>li] 9 ! ,g]man tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,by #ahfh ! /udy ( ! new ,h]b>tian psy*ology & educational !ory 0 well "u way 9 ,g]many1 & by #ahij 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by #ahge ! k9d]g>t51 ) its new !ory ( *ild life1 0 also beg9n+ to make itself felt 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,betwe5 #ahej & #ahge ,web]1 ,lotze1 ,fe*n]1 & ,wundt laid ! f\ndations = a new psy*ology 7,r4 #ceg71 & 9 #ahgh ,wundt op5$ ! fir/ laboratory = ! exp]im5tal /udy ( psy*ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,9 #ahij ,william ,james publi%$ 8 two-volume "w on ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 a book s orig9al & lucid 9 treatm5t t x at once gave a new tea*+ organization to mod]n psy*ology4 ,aft] ab\t #ahhj1 ! ext5sion ( education upw>d & outw>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! rapid developm5t ( /ate s*ool sy/ems :i* _h by t "t begun1 began to make new dem&s = bett] sci5tific & legal & adm9i/rative organization1 & ?is gave rise to a new type ( educational lit]ature4 ,aft] von ,raum]'s "w1 probably ! greate/ s+le /imulative influ5ce ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury 0 t ex]t$ by ! m>k$ successes ( ! ,prussian armies 9 a s]ies ( %ort b v decisive w>s4 ,aga9/ ,d5m>k 7#ahfd7 & ,au/ria 7#ahff71 b 9 p>ticul> 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> ( #ahgj-ga1 ! ,prussian armies prov$ irresi/ible4 ,^! milit>y op]ations attract$ new att5tion to education1 & ! ,prussian s*oolma/] has triumph$ became a common _w say+4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! rem>kable national developm5t ( ,unit$ ,g]many :i* almo/ imm$iately set 91 caus$ progressive nations to turn to ! /udy ( education ) increas$ int]e/4 ,! ,engli% & ,scotti% univ]sities n[ began to e/abli% lecture%ips 9 ! !ory & hi/ory ( education1 #be & ! fir/ univ]sity *airs 9 education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 f\nd$4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,/udy ,,( ,,education4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w h ! univ]sities1 )9 ! pa/ ?ree decades1 giv5 ! att5tion to ! /udy ( ,education--a t]m t 9 ,engli%-speak+ l&s has replac$ ! e>li] & m limit$ ,p$agogy--t has be5 giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bf ,aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! new] univ]sities ( ,engl& probably come next4 ,up to #ahij less ?an a doz5 *airs ( education _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 all ! colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! "w 0 /ill l>gely limit$ to hi/orical & philosophical /udies ( education1 & to a type ( classroom me?odology & s*ool managem5t1 s9ce almo/ entirely pass$ ov] to ! normal s*ools4 ,by #aibj !re 7 "s f\r hundr$ colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates giv+ s]i\s c\rses on educational hi/ory & proc$ure & adm9i/ration1 _m ( !m ma9ta9+ l>ge & important pr(essional ,s*ools ( ,education = ! m sci5tific /udy ( ! subject1 & = ! tra9+ ( lead]s = ! s]vice ( ! nation's s*ools4 ,9 ! great advances :i* h tak5 place 9 ! organization ( education1 dur+ ^! ?ree decades1 no in/itution 9 ! _w has ex]t$ a m important influ5ce ?an has ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 #ahhg z ,! ,new ,york ,college = ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s1 b s9ce #ahij has be5 affiliat$ ) ,columbia ,univ]sity1 "u its pres5t "n4 ,?is in/itution has be5 a model copi$ by _m o!rs ov] ! _w2 has tra9$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! lead]s 9 education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & has be5 p>ticul>ly influ5tial ) /ud5ts f ,engl&1 ! ,engli% self-gov]n+ dom9ions1 ,*9a1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,to-day1 9 all ! /ate univ]sities & 9 _m non-/ate in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we f9d well-organiz$ ,tea*]s' ,colleges engag$ 9 a "w :i* two decades ago 0 be+ attempt$ by b a few in/itutions any:]e1 ,9 ! municipal univ]sities ( ,engl&1 9 ,canada1 9 ,japan & ,*9a1 & 9 o!r democratic l&s1 we f9d ! beg9n+s ( a simil> developm5t ( ! sci5tific /udy ( education4 ,9 ^! ,s*ools or ,colleges = ! sci5tific /udy ( education ! be/ ?9k+ on ! problems ( ! reorganization & adm9i/ration ( education1 & ! mo/ new & creative "w1 has be5 & is be+ done4 #bg ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t4 ,pe/alozzi dream$ t he might be able to psy*ologize in/ruction & r$uce all to an ord]ly proc$ure1 :i*1 once le>n$1 w\ld make "o a ma/] tea*]4 ,:at he 0 n able to accompli% he di$ ?9k+ o!rs aft] him w\ld d4 ,! problem ( education has _h1 ) "t1 no su* simple & easy solution4 ,in/ead1 ) ! developm5t ( /ate s*ool sy/ems1 ! ext5sion ( education 9 _m new directions to meet new ne$s1 & ! application to ! /udy ( education ( ! same sci5tific me?ods :i* h produc$ su* results 9 o!r fields ( human k1 we h come to-day to h hundr$s ( problems1 _m ( :i* are complex & difficult & :i* influ5ce deeply ! welf>e ( society & ! ,/ate4 ,t ^! problems1 ev5 ) "t1 w receive any su* simple solution z t ( :i* ,pe/alozzi dream$1 may well be d\bt$4 ,9 ! days ( *ur* control1 memorit] in/ruction1 & a s*ool = religi\s ends1 education 0 a simple matt]2 to-day x p>takes ( ! difficulty & complexity :i* *>act]ize mo/ ( ! problems ( mod]n _w ,/ates4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is important *ange 9 ! "* ( education a great numb] ( important problems 9 educational organization1 practice1 & proc$ure n[ face u = solution4 ,space c "h be tak5 to m5tion only ! m prom95t ( ^! pres5t-day educational problems4 ,on ! adm9i/rative side is a :ole gr\p ( problems relat+ to =ms ( organization3 ! prop] educational relation%ips betwe5 ! ,/ate & its subord9ate units2 ! developm5t ( a /ate educational policy3 ! types ( in/ruction ! ,/ate mu/ provide1 & compel att5dance ^u2 que/ions ( taxation & support1 compulsory att5dance1 & *ild labor2 ! tra9+ & ov]sight ( tea*]s = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate2 problems ( *ild heal? & welf>e2 ! provision ( adequate & pr(essional sup]vision2 ! provision ( cont9uation s*ools1 & ( indu/rial & vocational tra9+2 ! sup]vision ( s*ool build+s = heal? & sanit>y control2 & ! relation ( ! ,/ate to private & p>o*ial education4 ,! problem ( h[ to produce z effective & z ?or\gh education = lead]%ip ) a "o-class s*ool sy/em z ) a two- class2 ! op5+-up ( opportunity = y\? ( bra9s 9 any social class to rise & be tra9$ = s]vice2 ! selection & prop] tra9+ ( ^? ( sup]ior intellig5ce2 ! elim9ation ( b>ri]s to ! advancem5t ( *ildr5 ( l>ge intellectual end[m5t2 & :at be/ to d ) ^? ( small intellectual capacity1 =m ano!r important gr\p ( pres5t-day educational problems4 ,vocational tra9+ & te*nical education1 & ! relation & ! prop] solution ( ^! que/ions to national happ9ess & prosp]ity & human welf>e1 =m /ill ano!r important gr\p4 ,! _m que/ions :i* h+e ^u in/ruction2 ! elim9ation ( useless subject-matt]2 ! be/ organization ( in/ruction2 prop] aims & ends2 moral & civic tra9+2 ! mo/ economical organization ( s*ool "w2 ! sav+ ( "t2 & :at are desirable educational reorganizations1 all ^! =m a gr\p ( in/ructional problems ( l>ge significance = ! future ( public education4 ,/ill m 9 detail1 b ( l>ge importance1 are ! que/ions relat+ to ! sci5tific measurem5t ( ! results ( in/ruction2 ! erection ( atta9able goals 9 tea*+2 & ! introduction ( sci5tific accuracy into educational "w4 ,/ill ano!r important gr\p ( problems relates to ! readju/m5t ( inh]it$ s*ool organization & practices1 ! bett] to meet ! *ang$ & *ang+ conditions ( national life--social1 indu/rial1 political1 religi\s1 economic1 sci5tific--br\ght ab\t by ! indu/rial & social & sci5tific & political revolutions :i* h tak5 place4 ,^! repres5t "s ( ! m important new problems 9 education :i* h come to *all5ge u s9ce ! s*ool 0 tak5 ov] f ! ,*ur* & trans=m$ into ! great con/ructive tool ( ! ,/ate4 ,_! solution w call = c>eful inve/igation1 exp]im5tation1 & mu* cle> ?9k+1 & be=e !y are solv$ o!r new problems w arise4 ,s probably x w ev] be "u a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t2 only 9 autocratic or /rongly mon>*ical =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :]e ! /udy ( problems ( educational organization & adju/m5t are n look$ ^u ) favor1 c a s*ool sy/em to-day rema9 = long fix$ 9 type or uni=m 9 "*4 ,education to-day has become intricate & difficult1 requir+ c>eful pr(essional tra9+ on ! "p ( ^? :o w\ld ex]cise intellig5t control1 & s intimately connect$ ) national /r5g? & national welf>e t x may be tru?fully said to h become1 9 _m respects1 ! mo/ important con/ructive und]tak+ ( a mod]n ,/ate4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,discussion #a4 ,%[ t education mu/ be ext5d$ & increas$ 9 effici5cy 9 proportion z ! suffrage is ext5d$1 & additional political functions giv5 to ! electorate4 ,illu/rate4 #b4 ,trace ! *anges 9 ! "* ( ! in/ruction giv5 9 ! s*ools1 p>allel+ su* *anges4 #c4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 use ( ! s*ools = nationality ends 9 ,g]many & ,france4 #d4 ,( :at is ! rec5t developm5t ( ev5+1 adult1 & ext5sion education an index8 #e4 ,%[ :y univ]sity education is m important 9 national life to-day ?an ev] be=e 9 hi/ory4 #f4 ,comp>e ! rate ( developm5t ( univ]sities dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & all "t be=e ! n9ete5?4 ,( :at is ! diff]5ce 9 rate an index8 #g4 ,expla9 :y ,am]icans h be5 less successful 9 introduc+ sci5ce in/ruction into _! s*ools ?an h ! ,g]mans4 ,agriculture ?an ! ,fr5*4 #h4 ,expla9 ! breakd[n ( ! old appr5tice%ip education4 #i4 ,expla9 ! ,am]ican rec5t rapid acceptance ( ! agricultural high s*ool1 :]eas ! agricultural colleges = a long "t fac$ opposition & lack ( int]e/ & support4 #aj4 ,expla9 ! cont9u$ emphasis ( high-s*ool /udies lead+ to ! pr(essions r ?an ! vocations1 ?\gh s small a p]c5tage ( p are ne$$ = pr(essional "w4 #aa4 ,9 ,g]many ?is 0 l>gely regulat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t2 %[ h[ x w\ld be mu* easi] !re ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ab4 ,%[ :y ,european nations w\ld naturally take up vocational tra9+ ahead ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 or ,s\? ,am]ica4 #ac4 ,expla9 ! reasons = ! new conceptions z to ! value ( *ild life :i* h come )9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 9 all advanc$ nations4 ,:y n 9 ! less advanc$ nations8 #ad4 ,%[ ! relation betwe5 ! breakd[n ( ! appr5tice sy/em1 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 & ! rise ( compulsory s*ool att5dance4 #ae4 ,%[ t compulsory s*ool att5dance is a natural coroll>y to g5]al taxation = education4 #af4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! relatively rec5t int]e/ 9 ! education ( defectives & del9qu5ts8 ,( :at is ?is int]e/ an expression8 #ag4 ,does ! obligation assum$ to educate involve any great] ex]cise ( /ate au?ority or recognition ( duty ?an ! advancem5t ( ! heal? ( ! p & ! sanit>y welf>e ( ! ,/ate8 #ah4 ,:at additional unsolv$ problems w\ld y add to ! li/ giv5 on ! prec$+ page8 ,,select$ ,,read+s ,9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s ! foll[+ selections illu/rative ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt] are reproduc$3 #cfg4 ,mc,kechnie1 ,w4 ,s43 ,! ,environm5tal ,influ5ce ( ! ,/ate4 #cfh4 ,emp]or ,william ,,ii43 ,g]man ,second>y ,s*ools & ,national ,ends4 #cfi4 ,van ,hise1 ,*as4 ,r43 ,! ,univ]sity & ! ,/ate4 #cgj4 ,fri5d3 ,:at ! ,folk ,high ,s*ools h done = ,d5m>k4 #cga4 ,u4,s4 ,commission3 ,! ,g]man ,sy/em ( ,vocational ,education4 #cgb4 ,u4,s4 ,commission3 ,vocational ,education & ,national ,prosp]ity4 #cgc4 de ,montmor5cy3 ,engli% ,conditions be=e ! ,fir/ ,factory-,labor ,act4 #cgd4 ,gidd+s1 ,f4 ,r43 ,! ,new ,problem ( ,*ild ,labor4 #cge4 ,hoag1 ,e4 ,b41 & ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m43 ,heal? ,"w 9 ! ,s*ools4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,read+s #a4 ,expla9 :y x is n[ s important t ! ,/ate prop]ly environ 7#cfg7 its y\?4 #b4 ,:at 7 ! actuat+ motives beh9d ! ,g]man ,emp]or's spee* 7#cfh78 ,0 he "r 9 8 position z to ! relation ( ! s*ools & national ne$s & welf>e8 #c4 ,expla9 ,van ,hise's conception 7#cfi7 t ! univ]sity is ,! ,s\l ( ! ,/ate4 #d4 ,does ,d5m>k =m any exception z to :at might be done 7#cgj7 9 any c\ntry1 su* z ,russia8 ,mexico8 #e4 ,%[ t ! results ju/ifi$ ! ,g]man emphasis 7#cga7 on vocational tra9+4 ,h[ d y expla9 ?is ,g]man f>-sight$ness8 #f4 ,:at w be ! result :5 _m nations 7#cgb7 become highly skill$8 #g4 ,%[ ! gr[? ( humanit>ian influ5ces by contra/+ conditions 9 ,engl& 9 #ahjb 7#cgc71 & conditions to-day4 #h4 ,w\ld ! ,engli% #ahjb conditions be f\nd 9 any ,*ri/ian l& today8 ,:y8 #i4 ,%[ t ! *ild-labor problem 7#cgd7 is a product ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 #aj4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 :at w\ld we say ( ! pres5t opposition to heal? "w 7#cge7 9 ! s*ools8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,ref]5ces 99 ,all51 ,e4 ,a4 ,education ( ,defectives2 9 ,butl]1 ,n4 ,m41 ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pp4 #gga-hbj4 ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,national ,education 9 ,europe4 99 ,commission on ,national ,aid to ,vocational ,education1 ,report1 vol4 ,i4 7,docum5t #ajjd1 ,h4 ,r41 #fc;d ,congress1 #b;d session1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiad47 ,cook1 ,w4 ,a4 ,a ,brief ,survey ( ! ,developm5t ( ,compulsory ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,tea*]1 vol4 #ab1 ,,pp4 #ccl-#ce 7,m>*1 #aiab47 99 ,dean1 ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,work] & ! ,/ate4 ,eliot1 ,c4 ,w4 ,education = ,effici5cy4 ,f>r+ton1 ,f4 ,e4 ,comm]cial ,education 9 ,g]many4 ,foght1 ,h4 ,w4 ,rural ,d5m>k & its ,s*ools4 ,fri5d1 ,l4 ,l4 ,! ,folk ,high ,s*ools ( ,d5m>k4 7,bullet9 ,no4 #c1 #aiad1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education47 99 ,hoag1 ,e4 ,b41 & ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,heal? ,"w 9 ! ,s*ools4 ,k&el1 ,i4 ,l1 ,! ,junior ,high ,s*ool 9 ,european ,sy/ems2 9 ,educational ,review1 vol4 #eh1 pp4 #cje-bi4 7,nov4 #aiai47 99 ,munroe1 ,j4 ,p4 ,new ,dem&s 9 ,education4 99 ,payne1 ,g4 ,h4 ,! ,*ild 9 ,human ,progress4 ,smi?1 ,a4 ,t41 & ,jesi51 ,w4 ,s4 ,high] ,te*nical ,education 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries4 7,bullet9 ,no4 n1 #aiag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education47 ,sn$d51 ,d4 ,s4 ,vocational ,education4 99 ,t]man1 ,l4 ,m4 ,! ,intellig5ce ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,waddle1 ,c4 ,w4 ,introduction to ,*ild ,psy*ology1 *ap4 ,i4 ,w>e1 ,fabian4 ,educational ,f\ndations ( ,trade & ,indu/ry4 ,,conclusion2 ,,! ,,future ,we h n[ rea*$ ! end ( ! /ory ( ! rise & progress ( man's consci\s ef=t to improve himself & advance ! welf>e ( 8 gr\p by means ( education4 ,to "o :o has foll[$ ! n>rative ?us f> x mu/ be evid5t h[ fully ?is consci\s ef=t has p>allel$ ! hi/ory ( ! rise & progress ( we/]n civilization itself4 ,beg9n+ fir/ among ! ,greeks--! fir/ p 9 hi/ory to be smitt5 ) ! passion = tru?4 ! fir/ possess+ suffici5t c\rage to put fai? 9 reason1 & ! fir/ to attempt to reconcile ! claims1 ( ! ,/ate & ! individual & to "w out a plan ( ord]$ lib]ty--a new _s 0 born & 9 "t pass$ on to ! we/]n _w4 ,z ,but*] well says 7,r4 #aa71 ! ,greek g5ius is ! ,european g5ius 9 its fir/ & brighte/ bloom1 & f a vivify+ contact ) ! ,greek _s ,europe d]iv$ t new & mighty impulse :i* we call ,progress4 ,hell5iz+ fir/ ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & !n tak+ captive h] rude conqu]or1 ! ,hell5ization ( ! ,roman & e>ly ,*ri/ian _w 0 ! result4 ,!n foll[$ ! reaction "u e>ly ,*ri/ian rule1 & ! fe>ful deluge ( b>b>ism :i* = c5turies well-nigh ext+ui%$ bo? ! anci5t le>n+ & ! new _s4 ,f9ally1 aft] ! long m$iaeval night1 came "t's bur/ ( dawn1 fir/ & = a long "t conf9$ to ,italy1 b lat] ext5d+ to all nor!rn l&s1 & 9 ! c5tury ( revival & r$iscov]y & recon/ruction ! ,greek passion = tru? & ! ,greek c\rage to tru/ reason 7 reawak5$1 & once m made ! h]itage ( ! we/]n _w4 ,once aga9 ! ,greek _s1 ! _s ( fre$om & progress & tru/ 9 ! p[] ( tru?1 became ! impulse t 0 to guide & dom9ate ! future4 ,to foll[ reason )\t fe> ( consequ5ces1 to sub/itute sci5tific = empirical k1 to equip m5 = intellig5t p>ticipation 9 civic life1 to discov] a rational basis = conduct1 to unfold & exp& e inborn faculty & en]gy1 & to fill man ) a re/less /riv+ aft] an ideal--^! ess5tially ,greek *>act]i/ics 9 "t came to be accept$ by an increas+ numb] ( mod]n m51 z !y _h be5 by ! ?\ghtful m5 ( ! anci5t ,greek _w1 z ! law & goal ( human endeavor4 ,f ?is po9t on ! intellectual progress ( ! we/]n _w 0 c]ta91 ?\gh at times ! rate seems pa9fully sl[4 ,! great ev5ts :i* /& be=e1 mod]n hi/ory--mile/ones1 z x 71 along ! road to ! intellectual progress ( mank9d 9 ! recov]y ( ! ,greek _s--7 ! revival ( ! anci5t le>n+1 ! ,prote/ant appeal to reason1 ! recov]y & va/ ext5sion ( ! old sci5tific k1 ! ass]tion ( ! rights ( ! individual z oppos$ to ! rights ( ! ,/ate1 & ! gr[? ( a new humanit>ianism1 induc$ by ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has s(t5$ old laws & awak5$ a new conception ( ! value ( *ild & human life4 ,out ( ^! great hi/oric movem5ts h come mod]n s*ol>%ip1 ! ine/imable boon ( religi\s lib]ty1 ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ! idea ( ! reign ( law 9 an ord]ly univ]se1 ! conception ( gov]nm5t z 9 ! int]e/s ( ! gov]n$1 ! sub/itution ( democracy & political equality = ! rule ( a class or an autocratic p[]1 & ! ass]tion ( ! "r to an education at public exp5se z a bir?right ( e *ild4 ,! common s*ool1 ! education ( all1 equality ( rights & opportunity1 full & equal suffrage1 ! responsibility ( all = ! advancem5t ( ! common welf>e1 & lib]ty "u law h be5 ! natural consequ5ces & ! outcome ( ^! great /ruggles to set free & quick5 ! human _s4 ,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 7#afdh71 :i* m>k$ ! close ( a c5tury ( ef=t to cru% human reason & religi\s lib]ty ) viol5ce & oppression1 m>k$ a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,?\gh religi\s intol]ance & bigotry might /ill p]si/ 9 places = c5turies to come1 ?is ,peace ackn[l$g$ ! futility ( p]secution to /amp out human inquiry1 & m>k$ ! d[nfall ( intellectual m$ievalism4 ,! "w ( ! political philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a new political ideal by ! lead]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & ! dra/ic sweep+-away ( anci5t abuses 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 appli$ a new _s to gov]nm5t1 u%]$ 9 ! rule ( ! common man1 & began ! e/abli%m5t ( democracy z ! rul+ =m ( gov]nm5t = mank9d4 ,! rec5t ,_w ,w> 9 ,europe 0 9 a s5se a sequel to :at _h gone be=e4 ,"o result ( its outcome1 despite c]ta9 reaction>y b tempor>y old-type gov]nm5ts t ! ne> future may see set up 9 places1 has be5 ! elim9ation ( ! m$iaeval !ory ( ! div9e "r ( k+s f ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! democratic type ( gov]nm5t z ! rul+ type ( ! future4 ,"s ( ! nations = a "t w be 9 a s5se exp]im5tal1 z %[n on ! above map1 & ev5 well-gov]n$ ,g]many mu/ le>n new =ms & ways1 b 9 "t gov]nm5t ( & by & = ! p is practically c]ta9 to become e/abli%$ ev]y:]e on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,,! ,,e/abli%$ ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,nations ,,( ,,europe ,! e/abli%$ nations are 9 :ite2 ! exp]im5tal nations %ad$4 ,aft] a "t ,g]many %\ld become :ite also4 ,/ill m1 ! outcome ( ! ,_w ,w> w\ld seem to indicate t democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t are de/9$ 9 "t to ext5d to peoples ev]y:]e :o h ! capacity = us+ !m4 ,! great problem ( ! com+ c5tury1 !n1 & p]haps ev5 ( succe$+ c5turies1 w be to make democracy a safe =m ( gov]nm5t = ! _w4 ,?is c be done only by a f> m g5]al ext5sion ( educational opportunities & advantages ?an ! _w has z yet witness$4 ,9 ! h&s ( an un$ucat$ prolet>iat democracy is a dang]\s in/rum5t4 ,9 ,russia1 ,mexico1 & 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,republics we see :at a democracy results 9 9 ! h&s ( an un$ucat$ p4 ,!re1 too (t51 ! revolv] in/ead ( ! ballot box is us$ to settle public issues1 & in/ead ( ord]ly gov]nm5t "u law we h a reign ( inju/ice & an>*y4 ,only by ! sl[ b sure means ( g5]al education ( ! masses 9 "* & 9 ! fundam5tal bases ( lib]ty "u law c gov]nm5ts t are safe & intellig5t be creat$4 ,9 a f> l>g] s5se ?an any?+ we h z yet witness$1 education mu/ become ! con/ructive tool = national progress4 ,! great ne$s ( ! mod]n _w call = ! g5]al diffusion among ! masses ( mank9d ( ! intellectual & spiritual & political ga9s ( ! c5turies1 :i* are z yet1 despite ! great rec5t progress made 9 ext5d+ g5]al education1 ! possession ( b a relatively small numb] ( ! _w's population4 ,among ! m important ( ^! are ! religi\s _s1 c\pl$ ) full religi\s lib]ty & tol]ance2 a cle> recognition ( ! rights ( m9orities1 s long z !y d n impair ! advancem5t ( ! g5]al welf>e2 ! g5]al diffusion ( a k ( ! m common tru?s & applications ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly z ^! relate to p]sonal hygi5e1 sanitation1 agriculture1 & mod]n indu/rial processes2 ! g5]al education ( all1 n only 9 ! tools ( k1 b 9 ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples ( self-gov]nm5t :i* lie at ! basis ( democratic life2 tra9+ 9 "*1 self-control1 & 9 ! ability to assume & c>ry responsibility2 ! in/ill+ into a con/antly wid5+ circle ( mank9d ! importance ( fidelity to duty1 tru?1 honor1 & virtue2 ! emphasis ( ! _m duties & responsibilities :i* encompass all 9 ! complex mod]n _w1 r ?an ! eighte5?-c5tury individuali/ic conception ( political & p]sonal rights2 ! cle> di/9ction betwe5 lib]ty & lic5se2 & ! conception ( lib]ty guid$ by law4 ,9 addition ea* man & woman %\ld be educat$ = p]sonal effici5cy 9 "s vocation or =m ( s]vice 9 :i* ea* c be/ realize 8 p]sonal possibilities1 & at ! same "t r5d] ! l>ge/ s]vice to t society ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,! great ne$s ( ! mod]n _w also call = t =m ( education & tra9+ :i* w n m]ely imp>t lit]acy & prep>e = economic compet5ce & national citiz5%ip1 b :i* w give to national gr\ps a new conception ( national "* & int]national morality & create new /&>ds ( value = human ef=t4 ,national "* & int]national morality are always ! outgr[? ( ! p]sonality ( a p1 & ?is 9 turn calls = ! inculcation ( humane ideals1 ! prop] discipl9e ( ! in/9cts1 ! tra9+ ( a w to d "r1 good physical vigor1 &1 to a l>ge degree1 ! developm5t ( individual effici5cy & economic compet5ce4 ,moral & religi\s in/ruction1 z x has be5 giv51 w n suffice1 because x does n rea* ! he>t ( ! problem4 ,no nation has %[n m completely ! utt] futility ( religi\s in/ruction to produce morality ?an has ,g]many1 :]e ! in/ruction ( all 9 ! pr9ciples ( religion has be5 requir$ = c5turies4 ,! problem ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 !n1 & probably ( o!r c5turies to come1 is h[ ! con/ructive =ces 9 mod]n society1 ( :i* ! s*ools ( nations %\ld /& fir/1 c be/ direct _! ef=ts to influ5ce & direct ! deep] s\rces ( ! life ( a p1 s t ! national *>act]i/ics x is desir$ to display to ! _w w be develop$ because ! s*ools h in/ill$ into e *ild ^! national ideals4 ,_m =ces mu/ cop]ate 9 su* a task1 b unless ! s*ools ( nations become cle>ly consci\s ( national ne$s & ( int]national purposes1 become inspir$ by an ideal ( s]vice = ! welf>e ( mank9d1 sub/itute among national gr\ps competition 9 ! ?+s ( ! _s--art1 ar*itecture1 music1 sports1 education1 lett]s1 sanitation1 h\s+1 public works1 & su* applications ( sci5ce z m9i/] to heal? & happ9ess--= competition 9 ! creation ( mat]ial weal?1 ! pil+-up ( armam5ts1 ! ext5sion ( national b\nd>ies1 & ! pres5t ov]emphasis ( a n>r[ nationalism1 & direct ! en]gies ( com+ g5]ations to ! c>ry+-out ( ?is new & l>g] human s]vice1 nations mu/ inevitably fail to rea* ! _w position !y might o!rwise h occupi$1 de/ructive int]national competition & w>f>e w cont9ue1 & ! advancem5t ( _w civilization & int]national well-be+ w be greatly ret>d$ !reby4 ,9 ?is "w ( advanc+ _w civilization1 ! nations :i* h long be5 9 ! =efront ( progress mu/ expect to assume important roles4 ,x is _! peculi> mission--= long cle>ly recogniz$ by ,great ,brita9 & ,france 9 _! political relations ) inf]ior & backw>d peoples2 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 its excell5t "w 9 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! ,philipp9es2 & cle>ly =mulat$ 9 ! sy/em ( m&atories "u ! ,league ( ,nations--to help backw>d peoples to advance1 & to assi/ !m 9 lift+ !mselves to a high] plane ( _w civilization4 ,9 do+ ?is a v practical type ( education mu/ naturally play ! lead+ "p1 & "t1 probably mu* "t1 w be requir$ to a*ieve any l>ge results4 ,disreg>d+ ! l>ge ne$ = su* s]vice among ! lead+ _w nations1 ! map reproduc$ on ! opposite page reveals h[ mu* ( su* "w /ill rema9s to be done 9 ! _w z a :ole4 ,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd5 truly is l>ge1 & ! l>g] _w tasks ( ! tw5tie? c5tury = ! m advanc$ nations w be to help o!r peoples1 9 di/ant & m backw>d l&s1 sl[ly to educate !mselves 9 ! difficult art ( self-gov]nm5t1 gradually e/abli% /able & democratic gov]nm5ts ( _! own1 & 9 "t to take _! places among ! enlight5$ & responsible peoples ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,,! ,,educational ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future ,transition peoples are %ad$2 dep5dant & backw>d peoples black4 ,! m&atories ( ! ,league ( ,nations w be 9 ! black areas1 & w h to be c>ri$ by ! nations :i* h made ! mo/ progress 9 civilization & %[n 9 ! highe/ s5se ( responsibility = ! welf>e ( peoples t h come "u _! c>e4 ,! black areas reveal ,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd5 ( ! future4 ,at ! bottom ( all ?is "w & s]vice lie ! new human-lib]ty conceptions fir/ work$ out & =mulat$ = ! _w by little ,greece1 ,9 "t ! ideas to :i* !y gave expression h become ! h]itage ( :at we "k z our we/]n civilization1 & ! w>p & wo( ( ! intellectual & political life ( ! mod]n _w4 ,z a result ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 & ( ! new political & comm]cial & social =ces ( our "t1 ?is we/]n civilization1 us+ education z its great con/ructive tool1 is n[ spread+ to e cont95t on ! globe4 ,! task ( succe$+ c5turies w be to c>ry =w>d & ext5d :at has be5 s well begun2 to level up ! peoples ( ! e>?1 z f> z inh]5t diff]5ces 9 capacity w p]mit2 & to ext5d1 ?r\gh educative influ5ces1 ! pr9ciples & practices ( a ,*ri/ian civilization to all4 ,9 e/abli%+ intellig5t & int]e/$ gov]nm5t1 & 9 m\ld+ & %ap+ ! de/9ies ( peoples1 g5]al education has become ! great con/ructive tool ( mod]n civilization4 ,a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago education 0 ( b little importance1 be+ prim>ily an in/rum5t ( ! ,*ur* & us$ = *ur* ends4 ,to-day g5]al education is an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1 & is rightfully reg>d$ z a prime ess5tial to good gov]nm5t & national progress4 ,) ! spread ( ! democratic type ! importance ( ! s*ool is enhanc$1 its control by ! ,/ate becomes ess5tial1 its cont9u$ expansion to include new types ( s*ools & new =ms ( educational opportunities & s]vice a necessity1 ! /udy ( its organization & adm9i/ration & problems becomes a necess>y function ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! tra9+ x c give is dignifi$ & made ! bir?right ( e boy & girl4 ,,footnotes ,,preface #a ,syllabus ( ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ) ,bibliographies1 #a/ ed41 #cjb pp41 illu/rat$1 ,new ,york1 #aijb2 #b;d ed41 ) classifi$ bibliographies1 #ceh pp41 illu/rat$4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i #a ,! av]age size ( an ,ill9ois c\nty is #eej squ>e miles1 or an area #bb x #be miles squ>e4 ,! ,/ate ( ,we/ ,virg9ia conta9s #bd1jbb squ>e miles1 & ,rhode ,isl& #ajfg squ>e miles4 ,rhode ,isl& w\ld be approximately #cj x #cf miles squ>e1 :i* w\ld make ,attica approximately #bj x #cf miles squ>e 9 area4 #b ,! ne>e/ analogy we h to ! ,greek ,city-,/ates exi/s 9 ! local t[n gov]nm5ts ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly ,massa*usetts1 & ! local c\nty-unit gov]nm5tal organizations ( a numb] ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ?\gh 9 ea* ( ^! cases we h a /ate & a f$]al gov]nm5t above to unify & direct & control ^! small local gov]nm5ts1 :i* did n exi/1 except tempor>ily1 9 ,greece4 ,if an area ! size ( ,we/ ,virg9ia 7 divid$ into "s tw5ty indep5d5t c\nties1 :i* c\ld arrange treaties1 make alliances1 & decl>e w>1 & :i* sometimes unit$ into leagues = def5se or (f5se1 b :i* 7 nev] able to unite to =m a s+le ,/ate1 we %\ld h a condition analog\s to t ( ma9l& ,greece4 #c ,a sea- f>+ p1 ! ,greeks became to ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean _w :at ! ,engli% h be5 to ! mod]n _w4 ,s\!rn ,italy became s ?ickly set ) small ,greek cities t x 0 kn[n z ,magna ,graecia4 ,on ! isl& ( ,sicily ! city ( ,syracuse 0 f\nd$ 7#gcd ,b4,c471 & became a c5t] ( p[] & a home ( not$ ,greeks4 ,! city ( ,m>seilles1 9 s\!rn ,france1 dates f an ,ionic settlem5t ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,! pres5ce ( ano!r seaf>+ p1 ! ,pho5icians1 along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa & s\!rn & ea/]n ,spa91 probably *eck$ ! fur!r spread ( ,greek colonies to ! we/w>d4 ,! city ( ,cyr5e1 9 nor!rn ,africa1 dates f ab\t #fcj ,b4,c4 ,greek coloni/s also w5t nor? & ea/1 ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles & on into ! ,black ,sea4 7,see map1 ,figure #b47 ,salonica & ,con/ant9ople date back to ,greek colonization4 ,_m ( ! colonies reflect$ great honor & cr$it on ! mo!rl&1 & s]v$ to spread ,greek mann]s1 language1 & religion ov] a wide area4 #d ,x is ! great mix$ races t h c\nt$ = mo/ 9 hi/ory4 ,! /r5g? ( ,engl& is 9 "p due to its wond]ful mixture ( peoples-- ,britons1 ,angles1 ,saxons1 ,jutes1 ,danes1 ,nor?m51 to m5tion only ! m important e>li] peoples :i* h be5 weld$ toge!r to =m ! ,engli% p4 #e ,a!ns1 h[ev]1 p]mitt$ ! *ildr5 ( =eign]s to att5d its s*ools1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,a!nian education4 #f ,:5 ,i comp>e ! cu/oms ( ! ,greeks ) ^! 7! ,romans71 ,i c f9d no reason to extol ei!r ^? ( ! ,sp>tans1 or ! ,!bans1 or ev5 ( ! ,a!nians1 :o value !mselves ! mo/ = _! wisdom2 all :o1 jeal\s ( _! nobility & communicat+ to none or to v few ! privileges ( _! cities 444 7 s f> f receiv+ any advantage f ?is haught9ess t !y became ! greate/ suff]]s by x4 7,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 9 8 ,roman ,antiquities book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,xvii47 #g ,9 ,sp>ta ! numb] ( citiz5s 0 /ill less4 ,at ! "t ( ! =mulation ( ! ,sp>tan con/itution by ,lycurgus 7ab\t #hej ,b4,c47 !re 7 b #ijjj ,sp>tan families 9 ! mid/ ( #bej1jjj subject p4 ,?is disproportion increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ 9 lat] c5turies4 #h ,! ,au/rian-,magy> comb9ation1 :i* held toge!r & dom9at$ ! _m tribes ( ! =m] ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire1 is an analog\s mod]n situation1 ?\gh on a mu* l>g] scale4 #i ,two ,greek poems illu/rate ! ,sp>tan "m1 :o 0 said to admoni% h] sons to come back ) _! %ields1 or ^u !m4 ,! fir/ is3 ,eight sons ,daem5ta at ,sp>ta's call ,s5t =? to fight3 "o tomb receiv$ !m all4 ,no te>s %e %$1 b %\t$1 ',victory6 ,sp>ta1 ,i bore !m b to die = !e4' ,! second3 ,a ,sp>tan1 8 companion sla91 ,alone f battle fl$3 ,8 "m1 k9dl+ ) disda9 ,t %e _h borne him1 /ruck him dead2 ,= c\rage & n bir? alone4 ,9 ,sp>ta te/ifies a son4 ,g1 tell at ,sp>ta1 ?\ t passe/ by1 ,t "h1 ob$i5t to h] laws1 we lie4 7,epitaph on ! ?ree hundr$ :o fell at ,!rmopylae47 #aj ,an ,a!nian say+1 ( a man :o 0 miss+1 03 ,ei!r he is dead or has become a s*oolma/]4 ,to call a man a s*oolma/] 0 to abuse him1 accord+ to ,epicurus4 ,demo/h5es1 9 8 attack on ,aes*9es1 ridicules him = ! fact t 8 fa!r 0 a s*oolma/] 9 ! l[e/ type ( read+ & writ+ s*ool4 ,z a boy1 he says1 y 7 re>$ 9 abject pov]ty1 wait+ ) y\r fa!r on ! s*ool1 gr9d+ ! ink1 spong+ ! b5*es1 sweep+ ! room1 & do+ ! duty ( a m5ial r ?an ( a freeman's son4 ,lucian repres5ts k+s z be+ =c$ to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 hell by tea*+ read+ & writ+4 #aa ,wom5 7 n suppos$ to possess any ( ! privileges ( citiz5%ip1 belong+ r to ! ali5 class4 ,!y liv$ seclud$ lives1 7 n suppos$ to take any "p 9 public affairs1 &1 if _! husb&s br\ght company to ! h\se1 !y 7 expect$ to retire f view4 ,9 _! attitude t[>d wom5 ! ,greeks 7 an ori5tal r ?an a mod]n or we/]n p4 #ab ,we le>n fir/ ! names ( ! elem5ts ( spee*1 :i* are call$ grammata2 !n _! %ape & functions2 !n ! syllables & _! affections2 la/ly1 ! p>ts ( spee*1 & ! p>ticul> mutations connect$ ) ea*1 z inflection1 numb]1 contraction1 acc5ts1 position 9 ! s5t5ce2 !n we beg9 to read & write1 at fir/ 9 syllables & sl[ly1 b :5 we h atta9$ ! necess>y c]ta9ty1 easily & quickly4 7,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,de ,compos4 ,v]b1 cap #be47 #ac ,fragm5ts ( a tile f\nd 9 ,attica h /amp$ ^u !m ! syllables ar1 b>1 g>2 er1 b]1 g]2 etc4 ,a bottle-%ap$ vase has also be5 f\nd :i*1 9 addition to ! alphabet1 conta9s pron\nc+ ex]cises z foll[s3 bi-ba-bu-be zi-za-zu-ze pi-pa-pu-pe gi-ga-gu-ge mi-ma-mu-me etc4 #ad ,le>n+ to read mu/ h be5 a difficult bus9ess 9 ,hellas1 = books 7 writt5 only 9 capitals at ?is "t4 ,!re 7 no spaces betwe5 ! words1 & no /ops 7 ins]t$4 ,?us ! read] _h to ex]cise 8 +5uity be=e he c\ld arrive at ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce4 7,freeman1 ,k4 ,j41 ,s*ools ( ,hellas1 p4 #hg47 #ae ,! ,greeks _h no numb]s1 b only words = numb]s1 & us$ ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet ) acc5ts ov] !m to indicate ! words !y knew z numb]s4 ,c\nt+ & bookkeep+ w\ld ( c\rse be v difficult ) su* a sy/em4 #af ,^! poems1 especially ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 & ,!ognis1 s]v$ at ! same "t = drill 9 language & = recitation1 :]eby on ! "o h& ! memory 0 develop$ & ! imag9ation /r5g!n$1 & on ! o!r ! h]oic =ms ( antiquity & heal?y primitive utt]ances reg>d+ morality1 & full ( homely common s5se1 7 deeply engrav$ on ! "y m9d4 ,hom] 0 reg>d$ n m]ely z a poet1 b z an inspir$ moral tea*]1 & great portions ( 8 poems 7 le>n$ by he>t4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey 7 9 tru? ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks4 7,laurie1 ,s4 ,s41 ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education1 p4 #beh47 #ag ,davidson1 ,?os41 ,ari/otle1 pp4 #gc-ge4 #ah ,plut>* lat] express$ well ! ,greek conception ( musical education 9 ^! words3 ,:oev] be he t %all give 8 m9d to ! /udy ( music 9 8 y\?1 if he meet ) a musical education prop] = ! =m+ & regulat+ 8 incl9ations1 he w be sure to applaud & embrace t :i* is noble & g5]\s1 & to rebuke & blame ! contr>y1 z well 9 o!r ?+s z 9 :at belongs to music4 ,& by t means he w become cle> f all reproa*ful actions1 = n[ hav+ reap$ ! noble/ fruit ( music1 he may be ( great use1 n only to himself1 b to ! commonweal?2 :ile music tea*es him to ab/a9 f ev]y?+ t is indec5t1 bo? 9 ^w & de$1 & to obs]ve decorum1 temp]ance1 & regul>ity4 7,monroe1 ,paul1 ,hi/ory ( ,education1 p4 #ib47 #ai ,a flat circle ( poli%$ bronze1 or o!r metal1 eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]4 #bj ,!re 7 no home influ5ces 9 ,hellas4 ,! m5-folk liv$ out ( doors4 ,! "y ,a!nian f 8 six? ye> onw>d sp5t 8 :ole day away f home1 9 ! company ( 8 contempor>ies1 at s*ool or palae/ra1 or 9 ! /reets4 ,:5 he came home !re 0 no home life4 ,8 "m 0 a non5tity1 liv+ 9 ! woman's ap>tm5ts2 he probably saw little ( h]4 ,8 real home 0 ! palae/ra1 8 companions 8 contempor>ies & 8 paidagogos4 ,he le>n$ to disassociate himself f 8 family & associate himself ) 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,no d\bt he lo/ mu* by ?is sy/em1 b ! solid>ity ( ! ,/ate ga9$4 7,freeman1 ,k4 ,j41 ,s*ools ( ,hellas1 p4 #bhb47 #ba ,no d\bt ! ,a!nian public 0 by no means s le>n$ z we mod]ns are2 !y 7 ignorant ( _m sci5ces1 ( mu* hi/ory1--9 %ort ( a ?\s& results ( civilization :i* h s9ce accru$4 ,b 9 civilization itself1 9 m5tal p[]1 9 quickness ( compreh5sion1 9 correctness ( ta/e1 9 accuracy ( judgm5t1 no mod]n nation1 h[ev] well in/ruct$1 has be5 able to equal by labor$ acquirem5ts ! inborn g5ius ( ! ,greeks4 7,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p41 ,old ,greek ,education47 #bb ,! great in/itutions ( ! ,greek ,city-,/ate 7 9 !mselves highly educative4 ,! *ief ( ^! 73 #a4 ,! ,assembly1 :]e ! laws 7 propos$1 debat$1 & made4 #b4 ,! ,juries1 on :i* citiz5s sat & :]e ! laws 7 appli$4 #c4 ,! ,!at]1 :]e ! great ma/]pieces ( ,greek lit]ature 7 p]=m$4 #d4 ,! ,olympian & o!r ,games1 :i* 7 great religi\s c]emonies ( a lit]>y z well z an a?letic & arti/ic "*1 & to :i* ,greeks f all ov] ,hellas came4 #e4 ,! city life itself1 among an inquisitive1 imag9ative1 & disputati\s p4 ,,*apt] ,,ii #a ,! culm9ation came 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,age ( ,p]icles1 :o 0 ! ma/] m9d at ,a!ns f #dei to #dca ,b4,c4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 su* names z ,!mi/ocles & ,p]icles 9 gov]nm5t1 ,phidias & ,myron 9 art1 ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides 9 hi/orical n>rative1 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides 9 tragic drama1 & ,ari/ophanes 9 com$y1 grac$ ,a!ns4 #b ,) ! ,greeks1 morality & ! future life nev] _h any connection4 #c ,! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s tri$ to expla9 ! physical _w ab\t !m by try+ to discov] :at !y call$ ! fir/ pr9ciple1 f :i* all else _h be5 d]iv$4 ,?ales 7c4 #fbd-edh ,b4,c471 ! fa!r ( ,greek sci5ce1 _h conclud$ t wat] 0 ! orig9al s\rce ( all matt]2 ,anaxim5es 7c4 #ehh-ebd ,b4,c471 t air 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple2 ,h]aclites 7c4 #ebe-dge ,b4,c471 fire2 & ,py?agoras 7c4 #ehj-ejj ,b4,c471 numb]4 #d ,!re 0 n[ dem&$ ability to discuss all sorts ( social1 political1 economic1 & sci5tific or metaphysical que/ions2 to argue 9 public 9 ! m>ketplace or 9 ! law c\rts2 to declaim 9 a =mal mann] on almo/ any topic2 to amuse or ev5 in/ruct ! populace ^u topics ( int]e/ or que/ions ( ! day2 to take "p 9 ! _m diplomatic embassies & political missions ( ! times--! ability1 9 fact1 to %9e 9 a democratic society mu* l our own & to control ! votes & comm& ! approval ( an intellig5t populace :]e ! function ( pr9t+-press1 telegraph1 railroad1 & all mod]n means ( communication 7 p]=m$ ?r\gh public spee* & private disc\rse1 & :]e ! legal1 ecclesia/ical1 & o!r pr(essional classes ( tea*]s did n exi/4 7,monroe1 ,paul1 ,hi/ory ( ,education1 pp4 #aji- #aj47 #e ,! importance ( a political c>e] 9 ! new ,a!ns w be bett] und]/ood if we rememb] t ! influ5ce on public op9ion to-day ex]t$ by ! pulpit1 b>1 public plat=m1 press1 & s*ol> 0 !n conc5trat$ 9 ! public speak]1 & t ! c>e]s n[ op5 to promis+ y\?s 9 sci5ce1 indu/ry1 comm]ce1 politics1 & gov]nm5t 7 !n conc5trat$ 9 ! political c>e]4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! ,greeks _h always be5 a nation ( speak]s1 bo? ! cont5t & ! =m ( ! address be+ important4 #f ,ea* ( ^! philosoph]s propos$ an ideal educational sy/em design$ to rem$y ! evils ( ! ,/ate4 ,x5ophon 7c4#daj-cfb ,b4,c471 9 8 ,cyropa$ia1 purport+ to describe ! education ( ,cyrus ( ,p]sia1 propos$ a ,sp>tan modification ( ! old ,a!nian sy/em4 ,plato 7#dbi-cdh ,b4,c471 9 8 ,republic1 propos$ an ari/ocratic socialism z a means ( secur+ individual virtue & /ate ju/ice4 ,he fir/ pres5ts ! sup]- civic man1 an ideal de/9$ = great usefulness among ! ,*ri/ians lat] on4 ,ari/otle 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 9 8 ,e?ics1 & 9 8 ,politics1 outl9$ an ideal /ate & a sy/em ( education = x4 #g ,x is beyond all conception :at t man espi$1 saw1 beheld1 rem>k$1 obs]v$4 7,goe!47 ,"o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ compreh5sive g5iuses t has ev] appe>$--a man beside :om no age has an equal to place4 7,hegel47 ,ari/otle1 ,nature's private secret>y1 dipp+ 8 p5 9 intellect4 7,eusebius47 #h ,z ,alex&] pass$ conqu]+ ?r\gh ,asia1 he re/or$ to ! ,ea/1 z g>n]$ gra91 t ,greek civilization ^: se$s _h long ago be5 receiv$ f ! ,ea/4 ,ea* conqu]or 9 turn1 ! ,mac$onian & ! ,roman b[$ be=e conqu]$ ,greece & le>nt lessons at h] feet4 7,but*]1 ,s4 ,h41 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,greek ,g5ius1 p4 #dc47 #i ,web/]1 ,d4 ,h41 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #cjb4 #aj ,previ\s to ?is1 pap] _h be5 made f ! papyrus plant1 b ,egypt1 hav+ =bidd5 its export1 necessity aga9 became ! "m ( inv5tion4 #aa ,) ?is exception1 nev] be=e ! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 !re su* int]e/ 9 collect+ books4 ,almo/ e book writt5 9 antiquity 0 ga!r$ "h1 & ! libr>y at ,alex&ria became ! ,briti% ,museum or ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ! anci5t _w4 ,e book ent]+ ,egypt 0 requir$ to be br\ght to ?is libr>y4 #ab ,he f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( geography4 ,be=e 8 "t ,greek /ud5ts _h conclud$ t ! _w 0 r\nd1 in/ead ( flat1 z /at$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,by c>eful measurem5ts he det]m9$ its size1 )9 a few ?\s& miles ( its actual circumf]5ce1 & pr$ict$ t "o might sail f ,spa9 to ! ,indies along ! same p>allel ( latitude4 #ac ,f ! tradition t sev5ty s*ol>s labor$ on x4 #ad ,h5ry ,sumn] ,ma9e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii #a ,?is /ruggle ( ! common p 7plebeians7 = an equal place ) ! rul+ class 7patricians7 be=e ! law1 9 religi\s matt]s1 & 9 politics1 cov]$ two & a half c5turies1 ! old re/rictions be+ brok5 d[n b gradually4 ,! mo/ important /eps 9 ! process 73 #eji ,b4,c4 ,magi/rates =bidd5 to sc\rge or execute a ,roman citiz5 )\t giv+ him a *ance to appeal to ! p 9 _! popul> assembly4 ,?is "r ( appeal 0 reg>d$ z ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ,roman lib]ty4 #did ,b4,c4 ,plebeian soldi]s grant$ (fic]s ( _! own 7,tribunes7 to protect !m aga9/ patrician cruelty & inju/ice4 #dea-ddi ,b4,c4 ,laws mu/ be writt5--,code commission appo9t$4 ,result1 ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7,r4 #ab72 ^! m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! great ,roman legal sy/em4 #dde ,b4,c4 ,int]m>riage betwe5 ! two ord]s legaliz$4 #cfg ,b4,c4 ,"r to hold (fice grant$1 & "o ( ! ,consuls elect$ ea* ye> to be a plebeian4 #bej ,b4,c4 ,by ?is date ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! two ord]s _h disappe>$2 patricians & plebeians int]m>ri$ & =m$ "o compact body ( citiz5s 9 ! ,roman ,/ate4 #b ,! s*ol> :o comp>es c>efully ! ,greek con/itutions ) ! ,roman w und\bt$ly consid] ! =m] to be f9] & m f9i%$ specim5s ( political "w4 ,! imp]fect & incomplete "* :i* ! ,roman con/itution pres5ts1 at almo/ any po9t ( its hi/ory1 ! numb] ( in/itutions x exhibits :i* appe> to be tempor>y exp$i5ts m]ely1 are necess>y results ( its me?od ( gr[? to meet dem&s z !y rose f "t to "t2 !y are evid5ce1 inde$1 ( its highly practical "*4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bj47 #c ,! same opportunity came to ,a!ns aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s & to ,sp>ta aft] ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 b nei!r possess$ ! creative p[] along political & gov]nm5tal l9es1 or ! tol]ance = ! ideas & feel+s ( subject peoples1 to accompli% any?+ p]man5t4 ,rome succe$$ :]e previ\s ,/ates _h fail$ because ( h] l>g] insight1 tol]ance1 pati5ce1 & con/ructive to create a great _w empire4 #d ,caes> ext5d$ ,roman citiz5%ip to c]ta9 communities 9 ,gaul & 9 ,sicily1 & began ! fur!r ext5sion ( ! process ( assimilation by tak+ ! conqu]$ prov9cial into citiz5%ip 9 ! ,empire4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ on & ext5d$ by succe$+ ,emp]ors until f9ally1 9 #bab ,a4,d41 ,roman citiz5%ip 0 ext5d$ to all free-born inhabitants 9 all ! prov9ces4 #e ,= example1 ,balbus1 a ,spani>d1 0 ,consul 9 ,rome =ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ano!r ,spani>d1 ,n]va1 _h become ,emp]or be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,_m comm&]s 9 ! army & gov]nors 9 ! prov9ces 7 prov9cials by bir?4 #f ,roman citiz5%ip 0 mu* m ?an a m]e "n4 ,a ,roman citiz5 c\ld n be maltreat$ or puni%$ )\t a legal trial be=e a ,roman c\rt4 ,if accus$ 9 a capital case he c\ld always protect himself f :at he consid]$ an unju/ decision by an appeal to ,caes>2 t is1 to ! ,emp]or at ,rome4 ,! protection ( law 0 always ext5d$ to 8 prop]ty & himself1 :]ev] 9 ! ,roman ,empire he might live or travel4 #g ,bo? lit]ature & inscriptions te/ify abundantly to ! affectionate reg>d 9 :i* ,roman rule 0 held4 ,! rule may h be5 f> f p]fect1 judg$ f a mod]n po9t ( view1 b x 0 s mu* bett] & s mu* m ord]ly ?an any?+ t _h gone be=e t x 0 accept$ 9 all qu>t]s4 #h ,e h\se 0 protect$ f ! evil spirits ( ! outside _w by ,janus1 & _h its sacr$ fire presid$ ov] by ,ve/a4 ,e h\se _h its protect+ ,l>es4 ,! cupbo>d :]e ! food 0 /or$ 0 ble/ by & "u ! *>ge ( ! ,p5ates4 ,! daily wor%ip ( ^! h\sehold deities took place at ! family meal1 ! fa!r (f]+ a little food & a little w9e at ! sacr$ he>?4 ,e h\se fa!r1 too1 _h 8 gu>dian ,g5ius1 ^: fe/ival 0 celebrat$ on ! ma/]'s bir?day4 ,9 a simil> fa%ion ! ,/ate _h its temples1 its sacr$ fire & votive (f]+s1 & v>i\s div9ities rul$ ! elem5ts & s5t or )held success4 ,almo/ e activity 9 life 0 presid$ ov] by "s deity1 :om x 0 necess>y to propitiate be=e engag+ 9 x4 ,davidson says1 ) ref]5ce to ! practical nature ( _! religion1 t ,:ile ! ,a!nians rejoic$ be=e _! gods1 ! ,romans kept a debtor & cr$itor acc\nt ) !irs1 & 7 v anxi\s t ! balance %\ld be on ! "r side4 #i ,among our ance/ors1 says ,pl9y1 "o le>n$ n only ?r\gh ! e>s1 b ?r\gh ! eyes4 ,! "y1 9 obs]v+ ! eld]s1 le>n$ :at !y w\ld soon h to d !mselves1 & :at !y w\ld "o day tea* to _! successor4 #aj ,su* c>eful physical tra9+ z 0 giv5 9 a ,greek palae/ra & gymnasium w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by ! ,romans z mo/ effem9ate4 ,unlike ! ,greeks1 :o /rove = a h>moni\s bodily developm5t1 ! ,romans ex]cis$ = usefulness 9 w>4 ,cic]o exclaims1 ) ref]5ce to ,greek gymnasial tra9+3 ,:at an absurd sy/em ( tra9+ y\? is exhibit$ 9 _! gymnasia6 ,:at a frivol\s prep>ation = ! labors & haz>ds ( w>6 #aa ,macaulay1 9 8 ,horatius1 describes ! results ( ! education ( ?is e>ly p]iod z foll[s3 ,!n none 7 = ! p>ty1 ,b all 7 = ! ,/ate2 ,& ! ri* man lov$ ! poor1 ,& ! poor man lov$ ! great4 ,!n l&s 7 fairly portion$ ,& spoils 7 fairly sold2 ,= ! ,romans 7 l bro!rs ,9 ! brave days ( old4 #ab ,! ,romans1 says ! hi/orian ,wilhelm ,ihne1 7 di/+ui%$ f all o!r nations1 n only by ! extreme e>ne/ness & precision ) :i* !y conceiv$ _! law & work$ out ! consequ5ces ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 b by ! good s5se :i* made !m submit to ! law1 once e/abli%$1 z an absolute necessity ( political heal? & /r5g?4 ,x 0 ?is sev]ity 9 ?9k+ & act+ :i*1 m ?an any o!r cause1 made ,rome great & p[]ful4 #ac ,! lot ( a captive 9 w>1 ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w1 0 to be tak5 & sold z a slave by 8 captors4 ,_m educat$ ,greeks 7 ?us tak5 9 ! capture ( ,greek cities 9 s\!rn ,italy & sold z slaves 9 ,rome4 ,^! 7 let out by _! ma/]s z tea*]s ( ! new le>n+4 ,ev5 ! ?rifty ,cato1 :o vigor\sly oppos$ ! new le>n+ on pr9ciple1 0 n av]se to p]mitt+ 8 educat$ ,greek slaves to conduct s*ools & ?us add to 8 private =tune4 #ad ,^! m5 _h little *oice o!rwise4 ,gra9 f ,spa9 & ,africa became s *eap t a f>m] c\ld n raise en\gh on 8 small f>m to pay 8 taxes & support 8 family1 s he 0 oblig$ to sell 8 l& to m5 :o turn$ x into l>ge cattle & %eep ran*es4 ,he w\ld n emigrate to ! prov9ces1 z ,engli%m5 h done to ,canada & ,au/ralia1 b in/ead w5t to ! cities1 :]e he l$ a h&-to-m\? exi/5ce 9 a type ( t5em5t h\se4 ,x 0 f su* s\rces t ! ,roman mob1 dem&+ free gra9 & ent]ta9m5t 9 return = its votes1 0 made up4 #ae ,ari?metic 0 n easy = ! ,romans1 p>tly because !y _h no figure or o!r sign = z]o1 p>tly because !y us$ a decimal sy/em = c\nt+ & a duodecimal = _! money1 & p>tly because ! ,roman sy/em ( notation 7,i1 ,v1 ,x1 ,l1 ,c1 ,d1 ,m7 did n adapt itself to quick calculation4 ,try1 = example1 ^! simple sums3 ,add3 ,,cclvii ,subtract3 ,,lxviii ,,cix ,,xxxiv ------ ------ ,multiply3 ,,cxxv ,divide3 ,,xii ,,cxxxii ,,xii ------ ---- #af ,f+] reckon+ 7:5ce digits7 ) ! ,romans atta9$ a prom95ce probably nev] rea*$ ) any o!r p4 ,bills & acc\nts 7 reckon$ up on ! f+]s1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! patron4 ,eighte5 positions ( ! f+]s ( ! left h& /ood = ! n9e units & ! n9e t5s1 & eighte5 positions ( ! f+]s ( ! "r h& /ood = ! n9e hundr$s & ! n9e ?\s&s4 ,= l>g] sums1 su* z t5 ?\s& & m1 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body 7 t\*$4 ,any "o :o betray$1 accord+ to ,qu9tilian1 by an unc]ta9 or awkw>d movem5t ( 8 f+]s1 a want ( confid5ce 9 8 calculations1 0 ?\ght to be b imp]fectly tra9$ 9 ari?metic4 #ag ,!re 0 mu* compla9t t p>5ts 7 sl[ ) _! fees1 & at times =got !m entirely if ! boy did n turn out well4 ,f9ally1 9 ! reign ( ,diocletian 7#bhd-cje ,a4,d471 9 an ef=t to relieve ! di/ress ( s*oolma/]s1 prices 7 legally fix$ at approximately ! equival5t ( #a4bj p] mon? p] pupil = tea*+ read+ & #a4hj = ari?metic1 measur$ 9 money values ( a decade ago4 ,^! 7 reg>d$ z h>d times prices4 #ah ,read+ al\d1 ) c>eful att5tion to pronunciation1 acc5t1 quantity1 & expression1 =m$ an important "p ( ! tra9+ 9 lit]ature ( a ,lat9 y\?4 ,correct read+ ( ,lat9 0 a mu* m difficult art1 z practic$1 ?an is ! read+ ( ,engli%1 z all ( u well "k :o le>n$ prop]ly to intone our ,arma virumque cano1 ,trojae qui primus ab oris ,italiam1 fato pr(ugus1 ,lav9aque v5it4 ,! lack ( use ( small lett]s & spac+ betwe5 ! words 7,r4 #ba71 z well z poor punctuation1 also add$ to ! difficulty4 #ai ,a nons5sical m9ut5ess 0 foll[$ "h1 & _m trivialities 7 emphasiz$4 ,juv5al tells u1 9 8 ,sev5? ,satire1 writt5 ab\t #acj ,a4,d41 t a tea*] 0 expect$ to read all hi/ories & "k all au?ors z well z 8 f+] ends4 ,t1 if que/ion$1 he %\ld be able to tell ! "n ( ,an*ises' nurse1 & ! "n & native l& ( ! /epmo!r ( ,an*emotus--tell h[ _m ye>s ,ace/es liv$--h[ _m flagons ( w9e ! ,sicilian k+ gave to ! ,phrygians4 ,?is rem9ds u ( "s ( ! dissect$ /udy ( ,engli% & ,lat9 until rec5tly giv5 9 our colleges & high s*ools4 #bj ,qu9tilian well /ates ! aim ( ?is high] education :5 he says t ! man :o c duly su/a9 8 "* z a citiz51 :o is qualifi$ = ! managem5t ( public & private affairs1 & :o c gov]n communities by 8 c\nsels1 settle !m by means ( laws1 & improve !m by judicial enactm5ts1 c c]ta9ly be no?+ else b an orator4 #ba ,9 8 ,lives ( ,em95t ,gramm>ians & ,rhetoricians1 *ap4 ,i4 ,suetonius liv$ f #ge to #afj ,a4,d41 & 0 an advocate at ,rome & private secret>y to ! ,emp]or ,hadrian4 #bb ,!re 0 a g5]al dread ( ,greek high] le>n+ on ! "p ( ! old] ,romans1 & ?is f\nd expression 9 _m ways4 ,among ^! 0 an edict ( ! ,s5ate1 9 #afa ,b4,c41 direct+ ! ,praetor to see t no philosoph]s or rhetoricians be suff]$ at ,rome 7,r4 #bj71 a decree :i* c\ld n be en=c$1 & ! edict ( ! ,c5sors1 9 #ib ,b4,c4 7,r4 #bj71 express+ _! disapproval ( ! ,lat9 s*ools ( rhetoric4 #bc ,^! sev5 /udies became ! fam\s /udies ( ! *ur* s*ools ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) ,gramm> z ! greate/ & mo/ important /udy 7see *ap4 ,,vii2 ,r4 #gd74 ,! curriculum ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 a direct inh]itance f ,rome4 #bd ,see ,qu9tilian1 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 book ,i1 *ap4 ,x1 #bb1 #cg1 & #df4 ,?is *apt] is devot$ l>gely to a description ( ! use ( ^! /udies4 #be ,sample que/ions :i* 7 debat$ to br+ out ! f9e di/9ctions 9 ,roman ,law & ,e?ics 73 7a7 ,0 a slave ab\t ^: neck a ma/] _h hung ! lea!r or gold5 tok5 7worn by free y\?s only71 9 ord] to smuggle him pa/ ! b\nd>y1 fre$ :5 he rea*$ ,roman soil we>+ ?is insignia ( fre$om8 7b7 ,if a /rang] buys a prospective draught ( fi%es & ! fi%]man draws up a casket ( jewels1 does ! /rang] own ! jewels8 #bf ,9 ! lat] c5turies ( ! ,empire1 p w5t to he> a man :o c\ld orate or declaim1 z p n[ d to he> a great political orator1 a revivali/ prea*]1 or a popul> actor or s+]4 ,a =m ( amusem5t = di/+ui%$ travel]s pass+ ?r\gh a city 0 to h "s "o orate be=e !m4 ,?is p[] ( us+ words = m]e pleasurable effect1 says ,pr(essor ,dill1 9 8 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 on ! mo/ trivial or ! mo/ extravagantly absurd !mes1 0 = _m ages1 9 bo? ,we/ & ,ea/1 e/eem$ ! highe/ pro( ( tal5t & cultivation4 #bg ,ea* ,greek rhetorician 9 ,rome 0 giv5 "o hundr$ se/]tia 7ab\t #djjj7 ye>ly f ! ,imp]ial ,treasury1 ,qu9tilian probably be+ "o ( ! fir/ to receive a /ate sal>y4 #bh ,he ,claudius 0 also att5tive to provide a lib]al education = ! sons ( _! *iefta9s2444 & 8 attempts 7 att5d$ ) su* success t !y1 :o lately disda9$ to make use ( ! ,roman language1 7 n[ ambiti\s ( becom+ eloqu5t4 ,h5ce ! ,roman habit began to be held 9 honor1 & ! toga 0 frequ5tly worn4 ,tacitus's ,acc\nt ( ,brita91 ,agricola1 *ap4 #ba4 #bi ,engl& (f]s u ! ne>e/ mod]n analogy4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! la/ ( ! great ,european nations to e/abli% popul> education1 b = c5turies previ\s !reto ! great private1 tuition1 gramm> s*ools ( ,engl&--,eton1 ,h>r[1 ,rugby1 ,w9*e/]1 & o!rs--toge!r ) ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 prep>$ a succession ( lead]s = ! ,/ate--m5 :o h /e]$ ,engl&'s de/9ies at home & abroad & made h] a great _w p[]4 #cj ,?is grew up1 z all law gr[s1 by enact$ laws & decisions ( ! c\rts1 & 9 "t came to be an enorm\s body ( law4 ,lack+ ! pr9t$ law books & indices ( to-day1 to obta9 a k ( ,roman law became a =midable task4 ,f9ally ! practical ,roman m9d codifi$ x1 & r$uc$ x to sy/em & ord]4 ,! ,!odosian ,code1 ( #dch ,a4,d41 & ! ,ju/9ian ,code1 ( #ebh & #ecd ,a4,d41 7 ! f9al results4 ,^! codes 7 compact1 capable ( duplication ) relative ease1 & lat] became ! /&>d textbooks ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! great importance ( ^! codifications may be appreciat$ :5 we "k t almo/ all ! orig9al laws & decisions f :i* !y 7 compil$ h be5 lo/4 #ca ,! ,romanic c\ntries--,france1 ,spa91 ,italy--h drawn _! law mo/ completely f ! ,ju/9ian ,code4 ,due to ,spani% & ,fr5* occupation ( p>ts ( ,am]ica1 ,roman legal ideas also ent]$ "h1 ! ,l\isiana ,code ( #ahbd be+ ,roman 9 law & te*nical expressions & _s1 ?\gh ,engli% 9 language4 ,spani% & ,portuguese settlem5t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t has c>ri$ ,roman law !re4 #cb ,! ,roman alphabet is ! alphabet ( all ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & all ( ,europe except ,russia1 ,greece1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & a few m9or ,slavic & ,teutonic peoples4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 ,roman lett]s 7 rapidly sup]s$+ ! m difficult ,g]man lett]s 9 ! pr9t+ ( pap]s & books = ! bett]-educat$ classes be=e ! ,great ,w>4 ,9 ,india1 ,siam1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 ,roman lett]s are also be+ increas+ly us$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv #a ,! ,f>m]'s ,cal5d>1 giv5 9 ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s 7,r4 #ad71 illu/rates v well ! gods & sacrifices = "o phase ( ,roman life4 ,petronius1 9 8 ,satires1 says1 ,our c\ntry is s full ( div9ities t x is mu* easi] to f9d a god ?an a man4 #b ,! *ief objects ( pagan religion 7 to =etell ! future1 to expla9 ! univ]se1 to av]t calamity1 & to obta9 ! assi/ance ( ! gods4 ,!y conta9$ no in/rum5ts ( moral tea*+ analog\s to our in/itution ( prea*+1 or to ! moral prep>ation = ! reception ( ! sacram5t1 or to confession1 or to ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 or to religi\s education1 or to unit$ pray] = spiritual b5efits4 ,to make m5 virtu\s 0 no m ! function ( ! prie/ ?an ( ! physician4 7,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h41 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 *ap1 iv47 #c ,s5eca 7#d-fe ,a4,d471 ! tutor ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 & ! ,greek fre$man ,epictetus 7d4 #ajj ,a4,d47 bo? exp\nd$ ,/oicism at ,rome dur+ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 & ! ,?\ghts ( ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#afa-ahj ,a4,d47 repres5ts "o ( ! f9e/ expositions ( ! application ( ?is philosophy to ! problems ( human life4 #d ,see ,prov]bs1 xxxi1 = a good /atem5t ( ! anci5t ,hebrew ideal ( womanhood4 #e ,?is collective t]m is appli$ to ! fir/ five books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & includes ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy4 ,^! five books =m a wond]ful collection ( ! hi/orical & legal mat]ial relat+ to ! w&]+s & exp]i5ces & practices ( ! p4 #f ,*apt] #a ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,sa9t ,mat!w gives1 9 detail 7#a-af71 ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 conclud+ ) ! foll[+ v]se3 #ag4 ,s all ! g5]ations f ,abraham to ,david are f\rte5 g5]ations2 & f ,david until ! c>ry+ away into ,babylon are f\rte5 g5]ations2 & f ! c>ry+ away into ,babylon unto ,*ri/ are f\rte5 g5]ations4 #g ,to _m ( ^! *ur*es he wrote a s]ies ( epi/les4 ,^! con/itute a little m ?an "o f\r? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,see accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s 7or ,romans1 ,i1 #a-ag7 = ! introductory "p ( ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 #h ,its mission>ies 7 ,jews1 a turbul5t race1 n to be assimilat$1 & z mu* despis$ & hat$ by pagan ,rome z by ! m$iaeval ,*ri/ians4 ,:]ev] x attract$ any notice1 !re=e1 x seems to h be5 reg>d$ z "s rebel faction ( ! ,jews1 gone mad ^u "s obscure po9t ( ! national sup]/ition--an outca/ sect ( an outca/ race4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ci47 #i ,/>t+ f an insignificant prov9ce1 f a despis$ race1 proclaim$ by a m]e h&ful ( ignorant workm51 dem&+ self-control & r5unciation be=e unhe>d (1 c]ta9 to ar\se 9 "t p[]ful enemies 9 ! highly cultivat$ & critical society :i* x attack$1 ! odds aga9/ x 7 trem5d\s4 7,ibid41 p4 #da47 #aj ,x is n easy to imag9e h[1 9 ! face ( an ,asia ,m9or1 a ,greece1 an ,italy ! ,roman split up into a hundr$ small republics2 ( a ,gaul1 a ,spa91 an ,africa1 an ,egypt1 9 possession ( _! old national in/itutions1 ! apo/les c\ld h succe$$1 or ev5 h[ _! project c\ld h be5 />t$4 ,! unity ( ! ,empire 0 a condition prec$5t ( all religi\s proselytism on a gr& scale if x 0 to place itself above ! nationalities4 7,r5an1 ,e41 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhj2 ,influ5ce ( ,rome on ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*47 #aa ,9 ,acts xxv1 #a-ab1 x is record$ t ! ,apo/le ,paul1 accus$ by ! ,jews & virtually on trial = 8 life be=e ! prov9cial gov]nor ,fe/us1 fell back on 8 ,roman citiz5%ip & successfully appeal$ to ,caes>4 7,see footnote #c1 page #eg47 #ab ,! miracle ( miracles1 great] ?an dri$-up seas & clov5 rocks1 great] ?an ! dead ris+ aga9 to life1 0 :5 ! ,augu/us on 8 ?rone1 ,pontiff ( ! gods ( ,rome1 himself a god to ! subjects ( ,rome1 b5t himself to become ! wor%ip] ( a crucifi$ prov9cial ( 8 ,empire4 7,freeman1 ,e4 ,a41 ,p]iods ( ,european ,hi/ory1 p4 #fg47 #ac ,9 #cai & #cbf ! cl]gy 7 exempt$ f all public burd5s1 & only ! poor 7 to be admitt$ to ! cl]gy4 ,9 #cdc ! cl]gy 7 exempt$ f public burd5s & f e disquietude ( civil (fice4 ,9 #cgg all cl]gy 7 exempt$ f p]sonal taxes4 7,see ,r4 #ch47 #ad ,f ! ,roman _w ! idea has spread1 ?r\gh ! ,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 to ,greece1 p>ts ( ! ,balkans1 & ,russia2 ?r\gh ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* to all we/]n ,europe & ! two ,am]icas2 & ?r\gh ! ,prote/ant *ur*es :i* sprang f ! ,roman ,ca?olic by secession1 & ! ,mohamm$an fai?1 to include almo/ all ! _w4 ,only among unciviliz$ tribes & 9 ,asia d we f9d any great numb] ( fundam5tally diff]5t religi\s conceptions4 #ae ,paul to ! ,romans 7x1 #i7 /at$ ! fundam5tals ( belief z foll[s3 ,if ?\ %alt confess ) ?y m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & %alt believe 9 ?9e he>t t ,god ha? rais$ him f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$4 #af ,m4 ,boissi]4 ,la ,f9 du ,paganisme1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bjj4 #ag ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7#aje8-afg71 a =m] ,greek tea*] & philosoph]1 cont9u$ to foll[ 8 pr(ession1 we> 8 ,greek philosoph]'s g>b1 & held t ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity 7 already conta9$ 9 ,greek philosophy1 & t ,plato & ,socrates 7 ,*ri/ians be=e ! com+ ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,clem5t 7c4 #afj-;c4 #bae71 ! successor ( ,pantaeus z head ( ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria1 held to ! h>mony ( ! ,gospels ) philosophy1 & t ,plato 0 ,moses ,atticiz$4 ,orig5 7c4 #ahe-;c4 #bed71 a pupil & successor ( ,clem5t1 & ! mo/ le>n$ ( all ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 labor$ to h>monize ! ,*ri/ian fai? ) ,greek le>n+ & philosophy1 & did mu* to =mulate ! dogmas ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,sa9t ,basil 7#cca-cgi7 tri$ to allay ! ris+ prejudice aga9/ pagan le>n+1 & to %[ ! helpfulness to ! ,*ri/ian life ( ! ,greek lit]ature & philosophy4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus 7c4 #ccj-;c4 #cij7 0 fill$ ) indignation & prote/$ l\dly at ! clos+ ( ! pagan s*ools to ,*ri/ians by ! edict ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 9 #cfb4 #ah ,t]tullian 7c4 #aej-bcj7 _h be5 well educat$ 9 ,greek lit]ature & philosophy1 & _h atta9$ di/9ction z a lawy]4 ,sa9t ,j]ome 7c4 #cdj-dbj7 0 saturat$ ) pagan le>n+1 b lat] advis$ aga9/ x4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj71 ! ma/] m9d among ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 0 = ye>s a tea*] ( oratory & rhetoric 9 ,roman s*ools1 & _h writt5 "p ( an encyclopa$ia on ! lib]al arts be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,_m o!rs :o became prom95t 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* _h 9 _! e>li] life be5 tea*]s 9 ! ,roman high] s*ools4 #ai ,dream+ t he _h di$ & gone to ,heav51 he 0 ask$1 ,:o art ?\8 ,on reply+1 ,a ,*ri/ian1 he he>d ! awful judgm5t1 ,x is false3 ?\ art no ,*ri/ian2 ?\ art a ,cic]onian2 :]e ! treasure is1 !re ! he>t is also4 #bj ,! k ( ,greek rema9$ alive long] 9 ,irel& ?an any:]e else 9 ! we/]n _w1 be+ kn[n !re z late z ! sev5? c5tury4 ,greek 0 also pres]v$ 9 p>ts ( ,spa9 = two c5turies aft] x _h di$ out 9 ,italy4 #ba ,9 ! ,we/ !re 0 no o!r great city ?an ,rome4 ,at ! p]iod ( its maximum greatness1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 x 0 a city ( approximately #dej1jjj p4 #bb ,aft] _m /ruggles & conflicts betwe5 ! ,bi%ops ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 & ,rome1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome 0 f9ally recogniz$ by ! second great ,*ur* ,c\ncil1 held at ,con/ant9ople 9 #cha1 z ! head ( ! entire ,*ur* 7,canon #c71 correspond+ to ! ,emp]or on ! political side ( ! dy+ ,empire4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ea/]n & we/]n *ur*es 0 rapid aft] ?is "t4 7,see ,map1 p4 #ajc47 #bc ,! ^w pagan z appli$ to unbeliev] illu/rates ?is progress ( ! ,*ur*1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 paganus1 mean+ c\ntryman1 villag]1 ru/ic4 #bd ,see ! accompany+ ,book ( ,read+s = a draw+ & detail$ explanation ( ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,gall1 9 ,switz]l& 7,r4 #fi74 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ important mona/]ies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,v #a ,! p]iod f ! reign ( ,augu/us ,caes> ?r\gh t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#ca ,b4,c4-#aib ,a4,d47 0 kn[n z ! good ,roman peace4 ,no o!r l>ge section ( ! we/]n _w has ev] kn[n su* unbrok5 peace & prosp]ity = s long a "t4 ,piracy ceas$ ^u ! seas1 & trade & comm]ce fl\ri%$4 ,! cities & ! great middle class 9 ! population 7 prosp]\s4 ,travel 0 safe & common1 & m5 travel$ bo? = bus9ess & pleasure4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,/ate )9 a ,/ate _h n yet tak5 =m4 ,lit]ature & le>n+ fl\ri%$4 ,! law became mild]4 ,! rights ( ! accus$ became bett] recogniz$4 ,a c]ta9 broad humanity p]vad$ ! adm9i/ration ( bo? law & gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 mu* private *>ity4 ,hospitals 7 e/abli%$4 ,wom5 7 giv5 great] fre$om1 l>g] intellectual advantages1 & a bett] position 9 ! home ?an !y 7 to "k aga9 until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ! ,empire4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! p]iod ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!r1 ,t]tullian1 wrote3 ,e day ! _w becomes m beautiful1 m weal?y1 m spl5did4 ,no corn] rema9s inaccessible4444 ,rec5t des]ts bloom4444 ,=e/s give way to till$ acres4444 ,ev]y:]e are h\ses1 p1 cities4 ,ev]y:]e !re is life4 #b ,slav]y 9 ,rome came to be mu* m demoraliz+ ?an ev] 0 ! case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,in/ead ( an ignorant p ( an inf]ior race1 ! ,roman slave 0 (t5 ! sup]ior ( 8 ma/]--! un=tunate captive 9 an unsuccessful w> aga9/ an oppressor4 ,! hold+ ( su* educat$ & intellig5t p 9 slav]y 0 f> m degrad+ to a rul+ p ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h _! slaves be5 ignorant & ( inf]ior racial /ock4 #c ,! ,roman ,/ate _h come to be ess5tially a collection ( cities4 ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,cor9?1 ,c>?age1 ,ephesus1 & ,lyons 7 great cities1 judg$ ev5 by pres5t-day /&>ds1 ?robb+ ) v>i$ indu/ries & a /rong intellectual life4 ,9 addition !re 7 hundr$s ( o!r cities scatt]$ all ov] ! ,empire1 ea* ) its own municipal life1 :ile on ! fronti] 7 /ockad$ villages s]v+ z c5t]s ( trade ) ! b>b>ian tribes beyond4 #d ,*ief among ! new ideals t sapp$ ! old ,roman /r5g? mu/ be m5tion$ ! new ,*ri/ian religion1 ) its doctr9e ( o!r- worldl9ess & its sy/em ( gov]nm5t n responsible to ! ,empire4 ,ano!r influ5ce 0 ! rise ( a sup]-civic philosophy1 d]iv$ *iefly f ! writ+s ( ,plato 7see footnote #a1 page #db71 :i* held t c]ta9 m5 c\ld be above ! ,/ate & yet by _! wisdom 9 "p direct x4 ,! two influ5ces comb9$ to und]m9e ! resi/+ /r5g? ( ! ,/ate4 #e ,n only 0 ! future ( we/]n ,european civilization settl$ !re1 b t ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica z well4 ,_h ,s>ac5ic civilization come to dom9ate ,europe1 ! ,koran might h be5 taught to- day 9 ! !ological s*ools ( ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,san ,francisco1 ,bu5os ,aires1 & ,valp>aiso1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion be5 ! possession only ( ! ,greek & ,russian *ur*es1 :ile our lit]ature & philosophy & civilization w\ld h be5 t9ctur$1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 ) ori5tal ideas & ,mohamm$an conceptions4 #f ,x is h>d = u to imag9e :at happ5$1 = ! ,indians we "k to-day repres5t a mu* high] grade ( civilization ?an did ! ,g]man invad]s4 ,if we c\ld imag9e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov]run by ! ,indians ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 z ! ,g]man tribes ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire1 & becom+ ! rul]s ( a p sup]ior to !m 9 numb]s & intellect1 we %\ld h some?+ analog\s to ! ,roman situation4 #g ,z allies1 citiz5s1 soldi]s1 coloni/s1 & slaves ! ,g]mans _h long be5 filt]+ into ! ,roman _w1 & ! ,roman _w 0 9 "p ,g]maniz$ be=e ! b>ri]s 7 brok54 ,^! ,g]man-,romans help$ to assimilate ! ,g]mans :o came lat]1 mu* z ,italian-,am]icans 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates help to receive & assimilate new ,italians :5 !y come4 #h ,! hi/orical importance ( ! m]e fact t x 0 an organic unity :i* ,rome e/abli%$1 & n simply a collection ( fragm5ts artificially held toge!r by milit>y =ce1 t ! civiliz$ _w 0 made1 z x 71 "o nation1 _c be ov]/at$4444 ,x 0 a union1 n 9 ext]nals m]ely1 b 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & action2 & x 0 s ?or\gh1 & ! ,gaul became s completely a ,roman1 t :5 ! ,roman gov]nm5t disappe>$ he _h no idea ( be+ any?+ else ?an a ,roman4444 ,x 0 because ( ?is t1 despite ! fall ( ,rome1 ,roman in/itutions 7 p]petual4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d ed41 p4 #cj47 #i ,a ,g]manic k+1 :5 he fe>$ no ,roman g5]al or emp]or1 c\ld usually be made to /& 9 awe :5 a ,*ri/ian prie/ or bi%op appeal$ to ,heav5 & ! sa9ts1 & ?reat5$ him ) et]nal hell-fire if he did n d 8 bidd+4 #aj ,! ,*ur*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ma9ta9$ its sep>ate sy/em ( gov]nm5t & kept up ! old =ms ( ! ,roman law4 ,x _h also its c\rts & its exemptions = ! cl]gy1 & ^! x =c$ ! b>b>ians to respect4 ,dur+ half a doz5 c5turies x 0 ! *ief =ce t made life tol]able = myriads ( m5 & wom51 & almo/ ! only =ce uphold+ any semblance ( humane ideals4 #aa ,clotilda1 wife ( ! hea!n ,clovis1 0 a ,burgundian pr9cess & a dev\t ,*ri/ian1 :o _h long tri$ to p]suade h] husb& to accept h] fai?4 ,9 #dif1 dur+ a battle ) ! ,alemanni1 ne> ! pres5t city ( ,/rassburg1 ,clovis v[$ t if ! ,god ( ,clotilda w\ld give him victory1 he w\ld d z %e desir$4 ,! ,alemanni 7 cru%$1 & he & ?ree ?\s& ( 8 *iefs 7 at once baptiz$4 #ab ,drap]1 ,john ,w41 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ade-df4 #ac ,! ext5t ( ! ,b5$ict9e ord] alone may be se5 f ! ,b5$ict9e /atem5t t ,pope ,john ,,xxii1 :o di$ 9 #accd1 aft] an exact inquiry1 f\nd t1 s9ce ! fir/ rise ( ! ord]1 !re _h be5 ( x #bd popes1 ne> #bjj c>d9als1 #gjjj ar*bi%ops1 #ae1jjj bi%ops1 #ae1jjj abbots ( r5[n1 above #djjj sa9ts1 & upw>ds ( #cg1jjj mona/]ies4 ,!re _h be5 likewise1 ( ?is ord]1 #bj emp]ors1 #aj empresses1 #dg k+s & above #ej que5s1 #bj sons ( emp]ors & #dh sons ( k+s1 ab\t #ajj pr9cesses & daught]s ( k+s & emp]ors1 besides dukes1 m>quises1 e>ls1 c\ntesses1 etc41 innum]able4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ h[ fully ! ,*ur* 0 ! ,/ate dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #ad ,drap]1 ,john ,w41 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dcg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi #a ,f ! six? to ! twelf? c5turies4 #b ,! /ory :i* has come d[n to u ( ! ,g]man w>rior :o1 on be+ %[n into an ant]oom1 saw "s ducks swimm+ 9 ! floor & da%$ 8 battle-axe at !m to see if !y 7 real1 ?us ru9+ ! beautiful mosaic1 is typical ( ! "t4 #c ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,rome's greatness ! publi%+ bus9ess became an important "o4 ,manuscripts 7 copi$ 9 numb]s by tra9$ writ]s1 & books 7 (ficially publi%$4 ,bo? public & private libr>ies became common1 m5 ( weal? (t5 hav+ l>ge libr>ies4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 ! prov9cial t[ns z well z 9 ! l>ge ,italian cities1 & 9 c\ntry villas z well z 9 t[n h\ses4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury books _h become s sc>ce t mona/]ies gu>d$ _! treasures ) great c>e 7,r4 #fe71 & books 7 borr[$ f long di/ances t copies might be made4 #d ,*>lemagne 7,k+ ( ,frankl&1 #gfh-had71 = example1 f\nd x necess>y to ord] t prie/s & monks mu/ %[ !mselves capable ( *ang+ ! word+ ( ! masses = ! liv+ & ! dead1 z circum/ances requir$1 f s+ul> to plural1 or f mascul9e to fem99e4 #e ,longfell['s poem ,monte ,cass9o is int]e/+ read+ "h4 ,( ,b5$ict he says3 ,he f\nd$ "h 8 ,conv5t & 8 ,rule ,( pray] & "w1 & c\nt$ "w z pray]2 ,! p5 became a cl>ion1 & 8 s*ool ,flam$ l a beacon 9 ! midnight air4 #f ,sometimes z e>ly z elev5 to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! novitiate c\rse 0 two ye>s1 b z ! v[s c\ld n be tak5 be=e eighte51 ! c\rse ( in/ruction (t5 cov]$ six to eight ye>s4 #g ,to tea* a novice to copy accurately a manuscript book 0 q a diff]5t ?+ f ! tea*+ ( writ+ to-day1 ,x 0 m ne>ly comp>able to pres5t-day in/ruction 9 lett]+ 9 a college eng9e]+ c\rse1 z x call$ = a degree ( workman%ip & accuracy n requir$ 9 ord9>y writ+4 #h ,! ,vulgate1 a ,lat9 translation ( ! ,bible made by ,sa9t ,j]ome1 at ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t he translat$ mo/ly f ! ,hebrew & ,*aldaic1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t he revis$ f ! old] ,lat9 v]sions4 ,?is is ! only v]sion ( ! ,scriptures :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* admits z au!ntic4 #i ,lett]s f "o mona/]y to ano!r1 & f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 begg+ ! loan ( "s anci5t book1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 numb]s4 ,lupus1 ,abbot ( ,f]rires 9 ,france1 = example1 wrote to ,rome 9 #hee1 & address+ himself to ! ,pope 9 p]son1 reque/$ a complete copy ( ,cic]o's ,de ,oratore1 :i* he desir$4 #aj ,! ,missal is a book conta9+ ! s]vice ( ! mass = ! entire ye>4 ,! ,psalt] ! book ( ,psalms4 #aa ,f manu scriptum1 mean+ writt5 by h&4 #ab ,s exp5sive ( "t & ef=t 0 ! production ( books by ?is me?od t _m ( ! manuscripts n[ extant 7 writt5 crosswise on %eets f :i* ! previ\s writ+ _h be5 l>gely eras$ by *emical or me*anical means4 ,h[ _m valuable anci5t manuscripts 7 lo/ 9 ?is mann] no "o kn[s4 ,=tunately ! practice 0 n common until aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! rise ( ! univ]sities & ! spread ( le>n+ made new dem&s = sk9s = writ+ purposes4 #ac ,t ! pr9t+ 0 n always c>efully done is %[n by ! con/ant ne$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 ( correct copies = comp>ison4 ,! foll[+ injunction ( ! ,abbot ,alcu9 to ! monks at ,t\rs1 giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 is illu/rative ( ! ne$ = c>e 9 copy+3 ,"h let ! scribes sit :o copy out ! words ( ! ,div9e ,law1 & likewise ! hall[$ say+s ( ,holy ,fa!rs4 ,let !m bew>e ( int]sp]s+ _! own frivolities 9 ! words !y copy1 nor let a trifl]'s h& make mi/akes ?r\gh ha/e4 ,let !m e>ne/ly seek out = !mselves correctly writt5 books to transcribe1 t ! fly+ p5 may spe$ along ! "r pa?4 ,let !m di/+ui% ! prop] s5se by colons & commas1 & set ! po9ts1 ea* "o 9 its due place1 & let n him :o reads ! words to !m ei!r read falsely or pause sudd5ly4 ,x is a noble "w to write out holy books1 nor %all ! scribe fail ( 8 due rew>d4 ,writ+ books is bett] ?an plant+ v9es1 = he :o plants a v9e s]ves 8 belly1 b he :o writes a book s]ves 8 s\l4 #ad ,we/1 ,a4 ,f41 ,alcu91 pp4 #gb-gc4 #ae ,! l>ge/ mona/ic libr>y on ! ,cont95t 0 ,fulda1 :i* specializ$ 9 ! copy+ ( manuscripts4 ,9 #aefa x _h #ggd volumes4 ,9 ,engl& ! l>ge/ collections 7 at ,cant]bury1 :i* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury possess$ #fih volumes1 & at ,pet]bor\gh1 :i* _h #cdd volumes at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! libr>y ( ,croyl&1 also 9 ,engl&1 burn$ 9 #ajia1 at t "t conta9$ approximately #gjj volumes4 ,^! repres5t$ ! l>ge/ collections 9 ,europe4 #af ,! ,hortus ,delic>um ( ! ,abbess ,h]r>d1 ( ! conv5t ( ,hoh5burg1 9 ,alsace1 0 a fam\s illu/ration ( arti/ic workman%ip4 ,?is 0 an attempt to embody1 9 encyclopa$ic =m1 ! k ( h] "t4 ,! manuscript 0 embelli%$ ) hundr$s ( beautiful pictures1 & 0 long pres]v$ z a wond]ful exhibition ( m$iaeval skill4 ,x 0 lo/ to civilization1 along ) _m o!r treasures1 :5 ! ,prussians bomb>d$ ,/rassburg1 9 #ahgj4 #ag ,he !re enjoy$ advantages :i* c\ld n p]haps h be5 f\nd any:]e else 9 ,europe at ! "t--p]fect access to all ! exi/+ s\rces ( le>n+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,n[h]e else c\ld he acquire at once ! ,iri%1 ! ,roman1 ! ,gallician1 & ! ,cant]bury le>n+2 ! accumulat$ /ores ( books :i* ,b5$ict 7f\nd] & abbot7 _h b\ght at ,rome & at ,vi5ne2 or ! discipl9>y in/ruction drawn f ! mona/]ies on ! ,cont95t1 z well z f ,iri% mission>ies4 7,bi%op ,/ubbs1 ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography1 article on ,b$e47 #ah ,we/1 ,a4 ,f41 ,alcu91 pp4 #de-dg4 #ai ,annals ( ,xant51 #hdf ,a4,d4 #bj ,ibid41 #hea ,a4,d4 #ba ,annals ( ,sa9t ,vaa/1 #hhd ,a4,d4 #bb ,x is relat$ t ignorant c\rt (ficials1 fe>+ ! k+'s displeasure1 s\ght to le>n f _! *ildr54 #bc ,?r\gh ,alfr$'s ef=ts1 ! compilation ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle 0 begun1 t ! p ( ,engl& might be able to read ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry 9 _! own language4 ,,*apt] ,,vii #a ,&]son tells ( a mona/ic /ud5t's notebook on conduct :i* has be5 pres]v$1 & :i* prescribes t ! "y man is to kneel :5 answ]+ ! ,abbot1 n to take a seat unask$1 n to loll aga9/ ! wall1 nor fidget ) ?+s )9 rea*4 ,he is n to scrat* himself1 nor cross 8 legs l a tailor4 ,he is to wa% 8 h&s be=e meals1 keep 8 knife %>p & clean1 n to seize ^u vegetables1 & n to use 8 spoon 9 ! common di%4 #b ,?is expression came into common use 9 ! fif? c5tury1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian writ]s summ>iz$ ! anci5t le>n+ "u ^! sev5 head+s or /udies1 foll[+ e>li] ,greek & ,roman classifications4 7,see p4 #gj74 #c ,! ,doctr9ale1 by ,alex&] de ,villa ,die4 ,?is 0 9 rhyme1 & became imm5sely popul>4 ,x 0 ! favorite text until ! fifte5? c5tury4 #d ,donatus beg9s z foll[s3 ,h[ _m p>ts ( spee* are !re8 ,eight4 ,:at are !y8 ,n\n1 pron\n1 v]b1 adv]b1 p>ticiple1 conjunction1 preposition1 & int]jection4 ,:at is a n\n8 ,a "p ( spee* ) case1 signify+ a body or ?+ p>ticul>ly or commonly4 ,h[ _m attributes h n\ns8 ,six4 ,:at are !y8 ,quality1 comp>ison1 g5d]1 numb]1 figure1 case4 ,etc41 etc4 #e ,! foll[+ f ,priscian1 reproduc$ by ,graves1 illu/rates ! me?od ( in/ruction z appli$ to ! fir/ book ( ! ,a5eid ( ,v]gil4 ,:at "p ( spee* is arma8 ,a n\n4 ,( :at sort8 ,common4 ,( :at class8 ,ab/ract4 ,( :at g5d]8 ,neut]4 ,:y neut]8 ,because all n\ns ^: plurals end 9 a are neut]4 ,:y is n ! s+ul> us$8 ,because ?is n\n expresses _m diff]5t ?+s4 ,etc41 etc4 ,?is =m ( textbook writ+ 0 common1 n only dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 b well into mod]n times4 ,! fam\s ,new ,engl& ,prim] 0 9 "p 9 ?is =m1 & _m e>ly ,am]ican textbooks 9 hi/ory & geography 7 writt5 aft] ?is plan4 #f ,v]gil1 due to 8 beautiful poetic =m & to 8 love ( nature & life1 0 especially gu>d$ aga9/ dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages z ! mo/ s$uctive ( ! anci5t ,lat9 writ]s4 ,x is n at all inappropriate t1 9 ,dante's ,inf]no1 ,v]gil %\ld h be5 ! p]son to guide ,dante ?r\gh hell & purgatory1 b %\ld n h be5 all[$ to accompany him into p>adise4 #g ,textbooks on ! art ( lett]-writ+ began to appe> by ! elev5? c5tury1 expla9+ 9 detail h[ to prep>e ! five divisions ( a lett]3 7#a7 ! salutation 7salutatio71 7#b7 ! art ( introduc+ ! subject prop]ly & mak+ a good impression 7captatio b5evol5tiae71 7#c7 ! body ( ! lett] 7n>ratio71 7#d7 h[ to make ! reque/ 7petitio71 & 7#e7 a fitt+ conclusion 7conclusio74 #h ,&]son reproduces a portion ( a *apt] by ,capella on ! numb] f\r1 :i* is illu/rative ( ! m$iaeval /udy ( ! prop]ties ( numb]3 ,:at %all ,i call f\r8 9 :i* is a c]ta9 p]fection ( solid>ity2 = x is compos$ ( l5g? & dep?1 & a full decade is made up f ^? f\r numb]s add$ toge!r 9 ord]1 t is1 f "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r4 ,simil>ly a hundr$ is made up ( ! f\r decades1 t is1 t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 =ty1 :i* are a hundr$2 & aga9 f\r numb]s f a hundr$ on am\nt to a ?\s&1 t is1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj4 ,s t5 ?\s& is made up ( ano!r s]ies4 ,:at is to be said ( ! fact t !re are f\r seasons ( ! ye>1 f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s1 & f\r pr9ciples ( ! elem5ts8 ,!re are also f\r ages ( man1 f\r vices1 & f\r virtues4 #i ,&]son reproduces a p>agraph f ,maurus1 %[+ h[ numb] 0 appli$ to ,holy ,writ4 ,x reads3 ,a real ?9k]1 says ,maurus1 w n pass on indiff]5tly :5 he reads t ,moses1 ,elijah1 & our ,"l fa/$ =ty days4 ,)\t /rict obs]vance & inve/igation ! matt] _c be expla9$4 ,! numb] #dj conta9s ! numb] #aj f\r times1 by :i* all is signifi$ :i* conc]ns ! temporal4 ,=1 accord+ to ! numb] #d1 ! days & ! seasons run _! c\rse4 ,! day consi/s ( morn+1 midday1 ev5+1 & night1 ! ye> ( spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 w9t]4 ,fur!r1 we h ! numb] #aj to recognize ,god & ! creature4 ,! ?ree 7tr9ity7 indicat$ ! ,creator2 ! sev51 ! creature :i* consi/s ( body & _s4 ,9 ! latt] is ! ?ree3 = we mu/ love ,god ) our :ole he>t & s\l & m9d4 ,9 ! body1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s reveal !mselves cle>ly4 ,s if we are mov$ ?r\gh t :i* is signifi$ by ! numb] #aj to live 9 "t--= #aj is tak5 f\r times--*a/e1 )hold+ ourselves f worldly lu/s1 t means to fa/ =ty days4 ,s ! ,holy ,scriptures conta9 sugge/ively 9 _m diff]5t numb]s all sorts ( secrets :i* mu/ rema9 hidd5 to ^? :o d n und]/& ! mean+ ( numb]s4 #aj ,g]b]t 7#iec-ajjc7 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ monks ( 8 day1 hav+ /udi$ 9 ! ,s>ac5 s*ools ( ,spa94 ,he aft]w>ds became ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii 7#iii-ajjc74 ,because ( 8 sci5tific k 9 an age ( sup]/ition he 0 accus$ ( transactions ) ! devil4 #aa ,= example1 ! ,/abat ,mat] & ! ,dies ,irae1 two ?irte5?- c5tury hymns4 ,! =m] has be5 call$ ! mo/ pa!tic & ! latt] ! mo/ sublime ( all m$iaeval poems4 #ab ,cassiodorus 0 an educat$ lat] ,roman1 :o _h be5 *ief m9i/] to ,!odoric1 ! ,o/rogo?ic k+1 & _h done mu* to c>ry ov] ,lat9 le>n+ & civilization into ! new rgime4 ,he lat] f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,vivi]s1 9 s\!rn ,italy1 & sp5t ! latt] "p ( 8 life !re 9 writ+ & contemplation4 ,he urg$ ! monks to /udy1 & ^? :o _h no head = le>n+ he advis$ to read ,cato & ,columella on agriculture1 & !n to devote !mselves to x4 #ac ,wisdom ha? build$ h] h\se2 %e ha? hewn out h] sev5 pill>s4 7,prov]bs1 ,,ix1 #a47 #ad ,abelson1 9 8 monograph on ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 r$uces ea* ( ^! textbooks to _! equival5t 9 a mod]n #afmo pr9t$ page1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,cassi- ,capella ,boe?ius odorus ,isidore ,alcu9 ,maurus ,subject 7c4 #dbe7 7c4 #ebj7 7c4 #ege7 7c4 #fcj7 7c4 #hjj7 7c4 #hdd7 _/,gramm>444444 #aa -- #be #ej #ed #ee ,rhetoric44444 #ad -- #e-a_/b #ad #bf -- ,dialectic4444 #aa -- #ah #ad #be -- _/,ari?metic444 #aa #dj #b #b -- -- ,geometry44444 #ae #cj #b #a -- -- ,a/ronomy4444 #i -- #ae #c #bc #fj ,music44444444 #aa #fg #b #ab -- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- ,totals 9 pages #hb #acg #fi-a_/b #if #abh #aae #ae ,! m$iaeval s]f 0 ! successor ( ! ,roman slave1 & 0 a /ep upw>d 9 ! process ( ! evolution ( ! free man4 ,! s]f 0 ti$ to ! soil & by obligations ( p]sonal s]vice to ! "l4 ,gradually1 due to economic causes1 ! p]sonal s]vice 0 *ang$ f g5]al to def9ite s]vice1 & f9ally to a fix$ r5tal sum4 ,:5 a fix$ money paym5t took ! place ( p]sonal s]vice ! free man _h be5 evolv$4 ,?is took place rapidly ) ! rise ( cities & indu/ry t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #af ,! ,g]man private duel & ! ,am]ican fi/ fight are ! mod]n survivals ( ! "t :5 p]sonal insults1 easily tak51 & private grievances 7 settl$ 9 ! noble way by sword & battle-axe & tor*4 #ag ,9 ! e>li] days ( noblem5's education read+ & writ+ 7 reg>d$ z effem9ate1 b 9 ! lat] times ! nobles became increas+ly lit]ate4 ,by ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies _m began to pride !mselves on _! patronage ( le>n+4 #ah ,rhym+ 9 ! v]nacul> language came to be an important "p ( ! tra9+1 & _m old love songs & songs express+ ! joy ( life date f ?is p]iod4 ,*auc]'s knight is describ$ z3 ,syngynge he 0 or floytynge play+1 al ! day2 ,he 0 z fres% z is ! mon! ( ,may4 ,%ort 0 8 g[ne1 ) sleves longe & wyde4 ,wel c[de he sitte on hors & faire ryde2 ,he c[de songes make & wel endite1 ,ju/e & eek daunce1 & wel purtreye & write4 ,s hote he lov$1 t by night]dale night "t ,he slept no m ?an do? ! night+ale4 #ai ,f ! life ( ! ,franki% ,abbot1 ,john ( ,gorze1 ,abbot at ,gorze 9 ! t5? c5tury4 #bj ,lea*1 ,a4 ,f41 ,educational ,*>t]s1 p4 #adc4 #ba ,ibid41 p4 #adg4 #bb ,anselm 7#ajcc-aaji71 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury f #ajic to #aaji1 =mulat$ ! e>ly m$iaeval view :5 he said3 ,i d n seek to "k 9 ord] t ,i may believe1 b ,i believe 9 ord] t ,i may "k4 ,! ,*ri/ian ought to advance to k ?r\gh fai?1 n to come to fai? ?r\gh k4 ,! prop] ord] dem&s t we believe ! deep ?+s ( ,*ri/ian fai? be=e we presume to reason ab\t !m4 #bc ,monroe1 ,paul1 ,text-,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 p4 #beh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii #a ,9 ! s*ool ( ,nisibis ! ,*ur* possess$ an in/itution1 :i* = c5turies secur$ h] a sy/em ( high] education1 & !re) an important social & political position4 ,to ! old] lit]ature1 consi/+ ( translations1 !re 0 add$1 f ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury onw>d1 a l>ge numb] ( philosophical1 sci5tific1 & m$ical treatises belong+ to ,greek antiquity1 & especially ! works ( ,ari/otle4 ,?r\gh ^! ,greek wisdom & le>n+1 clo!d 9 ,syrian attire1 f\nd a home on ^! bord]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 7,mll]1 ,d4 ,k41 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgh47 #b ,by ! ye> #fjj ,a4,d4 ! triumph ( ! ori5tal elem5t 9 ,*ri/5dom _h well-nigh bani%$ le>n+ & education f ! doma9 ( ! ,*ur*1 giv+ place to a gloomy1 unque/ion+ fai? :i* sank ev] deep] & deep] 9 ! mire ( sup]/ition4 ,:at enlight5m5t surviv$ _h f\nd a home beyond ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire1--9 ,irel&1 9 ! extreme ,we/2 9 ,syria1 9 ! f> ,ea/4 7,davidson1 ,?omas1 ,hi/ory ( ,education1 p4 #acc47 #c ,?is 0 det]m9$ z be+ #ef-a_/c miles1 :i* w\ld make ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? #bj1bhj miles4 ,! correct di/ance is #fi miles4 #d ,! fanaticism ( ! ea/]n ,arabs n[ reass]t$ itself1 & high] education ,9 ! ,mohamm$an c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ drew p]man5tly to a close4 ,a h>%1 rigid or?odoxy1 fatal to educational progress1 n[ triumph$4 ,! com+ ( ! ,turks only made matt]s worse1 & ) _! adv5t education ?r\gh\t ,arabia & ,asia ,m9or became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,"s day x w be ! task ( we/]n ,europe to h& back s*ools & le>n+ to ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/4 ,?is may be "o ( ! by-products ( ! great ,_w ,w>4 #e ,! ,alhambra1 built betwe5 #abch & #aced1 at ,granada1 is an exquisite example ( _! art4 7,see plate 9 vol4 #a1 p4 #feh1 ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? ed41 = an illu/ration ( _! ar*itecture & art47 #f ,x 0 an age ( sup]/ition & miracles1 diabolic influ5ces1 wit*craft & magic1 private w>f>e1 trials by ordeal1 robb] b&s1 little dirty t[ns1 no roads1 unsanit>y conditions1 & mis]able homes4 ,ev5 ! nobility _h few com=ts & conv5i5ces1 & p]sonal cleanl9ess 0 n common4 ,disease 0 puni%m5t = s9 & to be cur$ by pray]1 :ile ! insane 7 sc\rg$ to ca/ out ! devils )9 !m4 #g ,fr$]ic ,,ii 0 ,emp]or ( ! m$iaeval ,holy ,roman ,empire1 rul+ f #abbg to #abej4 ,?\gh a ,g]man by bir?1 he _h liv$ long 9 ,sicily1 & sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ,italy aft] becom+ ,emp]or4 ,he greatly admir$ ! ,s>ac5s = _! le>n+1 & tri$ to transf] "s ( _! k to ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,he liv$1 h[ev]1 at a "t :5 ! ,papacy 0 cem5t+ its temporal p[] & ! ,pope 0 becom+ ! ,emp]or ( ,europe4 ,?is encroa*m5t ,fr$]ick resi/$ & tri$ to break1 b )\t success4 ,at 8 dea? ! m$iaeval ,g]man dream ( _w empire p]i%$2 ,g]many 0 left a collection ( feudal ,/ates2 & ! temporal p[] ( ! ,pope 0 h5ce=? = c5turies to come undisput$4 #h ,*ri/ianity _h n z yet be5 introduc$ among ! mix$ ,slavic & ,g]manic tribes along ! ea/]n ,baltic4 ,9 ,prussia & ,li?uania1 :]e mission>y ef=ts _h be5 made f #ijj on1 success did n come until m ?an ?ree c5turies lat]4 7,see art4 ,missions1 ,ency4 ,brit41 #aa? ed41 vol4 #ah47 #i ,! m important que/ions aris+ conc]n$ ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,eu*>i/1 & ,transub/antiation4 #aj ,?is discussion 0 ov] :at 0 kn[n z nom9alism vs4 realism4 ,anselm ( ,cant]bury 7#ajcd-aaji71 bas+ 8 argum5t l>gely on "s p>ts ( ,plato1 _h decl>$ t ideas con/itut$ our real exi/5ce4 ,roscell9us ( ,compigne 7#ajej-aaje71 bas+ 8 argum5t on p>ts ( ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle1 _h held t ideas or concepts are only names = real1 concrete ?+s4 ,anselm1 z a reali/1 cont5d$ t ! human s5ses are deceptive1 & t reveal$ tru? alone is reliable4 ,roscell9us1 z a nom9ali/1 held t tru? c be rea*$ only ?r\gh inve/igation & ! use ( reason4 ,! *ur* accept$ ! realism ( ,anselm z correct1 & ,roscell9us 0 compell$ to recant4 ,! /ifl+ effect ( su* an attitude t[>d hone/ d\bt c be imag9$4 #aa ,mc,cabe1 ,joseph1 ,pet] ,abel>d1 p4 #g4 #ab ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury ?is ca!dral s*ool _h become ! mo/ important 9 ,france1 a position :i* x reta9$ = c5turies4 ,x 0 ! great c5t] = !ological /udy1 & drew to x a succession ( em95t tea*]s--,william ( ,*ampeaux1 ,abel>d1 ,pet] ! ,lomb>d--&1 9 "t1 ?\s&s ( /ud5ts4 #ac ,! t]m s*ola/icism comes f s*ola/icus1 because x 0 *iefly 9 ! ca!dral s*ools t s*ola/icism arose4 ,x means1 lit]ally1 ! me?od ( ?9k+ work$ out by ! tea*]s 9 ! ca!dral s*ools4 #ad ,! ,engli% philosoph] ,john ,locke 7#afcb-agjd7 once said t :5 he consid]$ ! in]tness ( ! ,middle ,ages he 0 l$ to ?9k t ,god _h be5 cont5t to make man a two-legg$ animal1 leav+ to ,ari/otle ! task ( mak+ him a ?9k+ be+4 ,! wor%ip ( ,ari/otle is easily expla9$ by ! great am\nt ( in=mation 8 works conta9$1 8 logical me?od & skillful classification ( k1 & ! way 8 ideas z to causes fitt$ into ,*ri/ian reason+4 #ae ,! ,dom9icans1 or ,black ,fri>s1 7 a new tea*+ & prea*+ mona/ic ord]1 f\nd$ 9 #abaf4 ,x 0 a revival ( mona/icism1 direct$ t[>d m mod]n ends4 ,! ,dom9icans e/abli%$ !mselves 9 connection ) ! new univ]sities1 & s\ght to control education & to def5d or?odoxy4 ,ano!r new ord] ( ?is same p]iod 0 t ( ! ,franciscans1 or ,gray ,fri>s1 f\nd$ by ,sa9t ,francis 9 #abab4 ,_! "w 0 direct$ /ill m to prea*+1 missions1 & public s]vice4 ,!y 7 a less intellectual b a m democratic bro!rhood4 ,x 0 ! ,franciscans :o foll[$ ! armies ( ,spa9 to ,mexico1 & lat] built & conduct$ ! missions ( ! c5tral & s\!rn ,cali=nia coa/4 #af ,special translations ( ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric & ,politics1 f ! orig9al ,greek texts1 obta9$ at ,con/ant9ople by ! ,crusad]s1 7 made = ,?omas ,aqu9as at 8 special reque/1 ab\t #abfj1 by ,william ( ,mo]beke1 :o knew en\gh ,greek to p]=m ! task4 ,?is gave him bett] translations f :i* to lecture & write4 #ag ,9 #ebi ! ,ea/]n ,emp]or1 ,ju/9ian 7see p4 #gf71 direct$ t an ord]ly compilation be prep>$ ( ! _m & confus$ laws & decisions :i* _h be5 made 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ) a view to produc+ a /&>d body ( ,roman law 9 place ( ! unwieldy mass ( contradictory mat]ial !n exi/+4 ,! result 0 ! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis1 work$ out by a /aff ( em95t lawy]s betwe5 #ebi & #ecc 7,r4 #ic74 ,?is consi/$ ( ,i4 ,! ,code1 9 twelve books1 conta9+ ! ,/atutes ( ! ,emp]ors2 ,,ii4 ,! ,dige/1 9 fifty books1 conta9+ p]t95t extracts f ! op9ions ( celebrat$ ,roman lawy]s2 ,,iii4 ,! ,in/itutes1 9 f\r books1 be+ an elem5t>y textbook on ! law = ! use ( /ud5ts2 ,,iv4 ,! ,novellae1 or new ,/atutes1 ! f9al edition ( :i* 0 issu$ 9 #efe1 & includ$ ! laws f #ecc on4 ,?is 0 pres]v$ & us$ 9 ! ,ea/1 b came too late to be ( mu* s]vice to ! ,we/]n ,empire4 #ah ,! subdivisions 7 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,conta9$ #ajf di/9ctions1 relat+ to ecclesia/ical p]sons & affairs4 ,,ii4 ,conta9$ #cf di/9ctions1 relat+ to problems aris+ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( canon law4 ,,iii4 ,conta9$ #e di/9ctions1 relat+ to ! ritual & sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 #ai ,! additions 73 ,i4 ,! ,decretals ( ,pope ,gregory ,,ix1 issu$ 9 #abcd1 9 five books4 ,,ii4 ,a ,supplem5t to ! above by ,pope ,boniface ,,viii 7,lib] ,sextus71 issu$ 9 #abih4 ,,iii4 ,! ,con/itutions ( ,clem5t9e1 issu$ 9 #acag4 ,,iv4 ,sev]al additions ( ,papal ,laws1 n includ$ 9 any ( ! above4 #bj ,he held t ! body conta9$ f\r humors--blood1 phlegm1 yell[ bile1 & black bile4 ,disease 0 caus$ by an undue accumulation ( "s "o ( ! f\r4 ,h5ce ! (fice ( ! physician 0 to r$uce ?is accumulation by "s means su* z blood-lett+1 purg+1 bli/]s1 diaphoretics1 etc4 ,9 ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,gall 7see ,diagram1 ,r4 #fi7 a blood-lett+ room 0 a "p ( ! e/abli%m5t1 & ?is practice 0 cont9u$ until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ba ,gal5 0 born at ,p]gamon1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,p]gamon1 ,smyrna1 & ,alex&ria1 & = a "t liv$ 9 ,rome4 ,return+ to ,p]gamon he 0 appo9t$ physician to ! a?letes 9 ! gymnasium !re4 ,he lat] w5t back to ,rome & became physician to ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,he is cr$it$ ) five hundr$ works on lit]ature1 philosophy1 & m$ic9e1 "o hundr$ & eighte5 ( :i* h surviv$4 ,9 m$ic9e he wrote on anatomy1 physiology1 diagnosis1 pa?ology1 !rapeutics1 mat]ia m$ica1 surg]y1 hygi5e1 & dietetics4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to use ! pulse z a means ( detect+ physical condition4 #bb ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,! ,city ( ,god1 book xxii1 *ap4 #bd4 #bc ,(t5 spok5 ( z ,con/antius ,africanus4 ,x is record$ t he /udi$ ! arts 9 ,babylon1 visit$ ,egypt & ,india1 & return$ to 8 home 9 ,c>?age "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 age4 ,suspect$ ( deal+s ) ! ,devil he fl$ to ,sal]num 7c4 #ajfe71 taught !re = _m ye>s1 publi%$ _m m$ical works ( 8 own1 & f9ally retir$ to ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o1 dy+ !re 9 #ajhg4 #bd ,9 #ajfd a company ( sev5 ?\s& is said to h />t$ = ! ,holy ,l&4 #be ,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bfa4 #bf ,f ,cl]mont ! en?usiasm spread ov] ,france l wildfire4 ,/irr+ prea*]s1 :]e( ! mo/ notable 0 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 set all ,france1 peasant & noble1 to arm+4 ,x 0 ! old gospel ( ,mohamm$ reca/ 9 ,*ri/ian guise3--p>don = s9 & ! spoils ( ! infidel if victori\s6--a swift road to heav5 if sla9 9 ! battle6 ,press$ ) ?is hope & en?usiasm1 armies to be reckon$ by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s 7 laun*$ ^u ! ,ea/4 7,davis1 ,w4 ,s41 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,europe1 p4 #ie74 #bg ,( ! ?\s&s ( petty lords & knights :o w5t to ! hot ,ea/1 clad 9 ! heavy armor ( nor!rn ,europe1 l>ge numb]s left _! bones along ! way or 9 ! ,syrian s&s1 & ! l&hold+s at home rev]t$ to ! ,cr[n4 ,?is 0 a cru%+ bl[ to ! old feudal regime1 advanc$ ! cause ( civilization1 & help$ 9 ! rise ( ! mod]n nations4 ,especially 0 ?is true 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ^: knights w5t 9 l>ge numb]s to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,g]many ! knights & nobles1 z a class1 refus$ to h any?+ to d ) ! ,crusades1 & h5ce !y 7 n kill$ (f or impov]i%$1 b rema9$ to rule & multiply & be tr\blesome4 ,?is is "o reason = ! mu* e>li] rise & great] /r5g? ( ,fr5* ?an ,g]man nationality1 & "o reason :y ,g]many has be5 s mu* sl[] ?an ,france & ,engl& 9 develop+ a democratic type ( civilization4 #bh ,z pres5t$ to ! eye1 a typical m$iaeval city w\ld be a rem>kable sight4 ,its ext5t w\ld be small1 bo? because ( ! limit$ population1 & ! ne$ ( mak+ ! circuit ( ! walls to be def5d$ z %ort z possible2 b )9 ^! walls ! huge1 _m-/ori$ h\ses w\ld be w$g$ closely toge!r4 ,! n>r[ /reets w\ld be dirty & ill-pav$--(t5 beset by pigs 9 lieu ( scav5g]s2 b ev]y:]e !re w\ld be bu/l+ human life ) e citiz5 elb[+ close to ev]ybody else4 ,out ( ! f\l /reets "h & !re w\ld rise p>i% *ur*es ( m>vel\s ar*itecture1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! t[n ext5d$ ! great squ>e--m>ket-place--:]e ! op5-air m>kets w\ld be held1 & close by x1 dw>f+ ! less] *ur*es1 ! tall gray ca!dral-- ! pride ( ! community2 close by1 also1 ! ,city ,hall1 an elegant secul> edifice1 :]e ! c\ncil met1 :]e ! great public fea/s c\ld take place1 & above :i* rose ! mighty belfry1 :5ce clang$ ! great al>m-bell to call ! citiz5s toge!r 9 mass meet+1 or to don armor & man ! walls4 7,davis1 ,w4 ,s41 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,europe1 p4 #adf47 #bi ,9 ,italy1 9 p>ticul>1 ! cities became /rong & p[]ful1 & ev5tually ov]?rew ! rule ( ! bi%ops & defeat$ ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 ,fr$]ick ,i1 9 a long battle to pres]ve _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 ,fl&]s su* cities z ,ypres1 ,bruges1 & ,gh5t1 came to dom9ate !re4 ,9 #acjb _! burgh]s defeat$ ! ,fr5* army2 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !y help$ to break ! autocratic p[] ( ,spa9 9 a great /ruggle = human & civic fre$om4 ,by ! ?irte5? c5tury ,hamburg1 ,lbeck1 ,brem51 ,augsburg1 & ,nuremburg 7 important comm]cial cities 9 ,g]many4 #cj ,!y came !re because1 due to _! plund]+ & murd]+ proclivities1 ,v5ice =bade h] m]*ants to g to !m4 #ca ,s poor 7 ! m$iaeval bridges t ! old pray]-books conta9$ =mulas = comm5d+ "o's s\l to ,god ere />t+ to cross a bridge4 #cb ,! peasants 7 ( two classes3 7#a7 s]fs1 :o 7 n free & :o 7 atta*$ to ! soil1 b unlike slaves _h plots ( l& ( _! own & c\ld n be sold (f ! l&2 & 7#b7 ville9s1 :o 7 p]sonally free1 b /ill 7 b\nd to _! "l = mu* m5ial s]vice & = _m paym5ts 9 produce & money4 #cc ,! ,*ur* orig9ally held _m s]fs & ville9s1 z did ! nobles4 ,x began ! process ( sett+ !m free1 enc\rag+ o!rs to d likewise4 ,9 "t x became common1 z x did 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates be=e ! ,civil ,w>1 = nobles 9 dy+ to set free a c]ta9 numb] ( _! s]fs & ville9s4 ,^! w5t z free m5 to ! ris+ cities4 #cd ,! m$iaeval guild 0 an important in/itution1 & ! guild idea 0 appli$ to _m =ms ( m$iaeval associations4 ,?us we read ( guilds ( not>ies 9 ,flor5ce1 plead]s' & attorneys' guilds 9 ,london1 m$ical guilds & b>b]-surgeons' guilds 9 v>i\s cities1 & ( ! book-writ]s-&-sell]s' guild 9 ,p>is4 ,9 a religi\s pageant giv5 at ,york1 ,engl&1 on ,corpus ,*ri/i ,day1 #adae1 fifty-"o diff]5t local guilds pres5t$ ea* a sc5e4 7,see ,*eyney1 ,e4 ,p41 ,engli% ,t[ns & ,gilds41 ,pa4 ,s\rces1 vol4 ,,ii1 no4 ,i47 #ce ,! ready money ( ! m]*ant 0 z effective a weapon z ! sword ( ! noble1 or ! spiritual arms ( ! ,*ur*4 ,v spe$ily1 also1 ! m5 ( ! cities began to seize ^u "o ( ! weapons :i* up to t "t _h be5 ! exclusive possession ( ! ,*ur*1 & "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( its p[]1--k & intellectual tra9+4 ,) ^! two weapons 9 its h&s1 weal? & k1 ! ,?ird ,e/ate =c$ its way into influ5ce1 & compell$ ! o!r two 7,e/ates7 to recognize x z a p>tn] ) !mselves 9 ! managem5t ( public conc]ns4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d ed4 p4 #bii47 #cf ,9 ,hamburg1 = example1 ! city c\ncil e/abli%$ f\r writ+ s*ools 9 #adjb1 to :i* ! *ur* au?orities object$4 ,! c\ncil refus$ to give !m up1 & = ?is 0 laid "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 compell$ to rec$e1 admit t x _h no "r to e/abli% su* s*ools1 & pay ! co/s involv$ 9 ! conte/4 #cg ,= example1 ! ?ree mo/ widely read books ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 a pr(\ndly humor\s animal epic2 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 :i* s deeply impress$ ,longfell[2 & ! ,romance ( ! ,rose1 = ?ree c5turies ! mo/ read book 9 ,europe4 #ch ,despite all ! criticisms "o may (f] aga9/ bus9ess1 comm]ce has always be5 a great civiliz+ =ce4 ,:ile n anxi\s to pay heavy taxes1 ! m]*ant has always be5 will+ to pay :at has be5 necess>y to support a public p[] capable ( ma9ta9+ ord] & security = prop]ty4 ,feudal turmoil1 private w>f>e1 & plund]+ are deadly foes ( comm]ce1 & ^! h come to an end :]e comm]ce & indu/ry h ga9$ ! asc5dant4 #ci ,z a rule a ma/] craftsman might tea* 8 trade to all 8 sons1 b c\ld h only "o o!r appr5tice :o receiv$ bo>d1 lodg+1 clo?+1 & tra9+1 z "o ( ! family4 ,! guild /ill sup]vis$ ! appr5tice1 protect+ him f bad usage or defective tra9+ by ! ma/]4 #dj ,?is requir$ ! production ( a ma/]piece4 ,?is piece ( "w _h to be produc$ to prove high compet5cy4 ,= example1 9 ! %oemak]s' guild ( ,p>is1 a pair ( boots1 ?ree pairs ( %oes1 & a pair ( slipp]s1 all done 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 7 requir$4 #da ,( ?irty-?ree guilds inve/igat$ by ,lea*1 all ma9ta9$ song s*ools1 & tw5ty-eight ma9ta9$ a gramm> s*ool z well4 ,9 ,london1 ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool1 ,/ation]s' ,s*ool1 & ! ,m]c]s' ,s*ool are pres5t-day survivals ( ^! anci5t guild f\ndations4 ,,*apt] ,,ix #a ,by ! twelf? c5tury ! ca!dral s*ools _h pass$ ! mona/ic s*ools 9 importance1 & _h obta9$ a lead :i* !y 7 ev] aft] to reta9 7,r4 #ga74 #b ,z contra/$ ) ! mona/]ies1 :i* 7 "u a ,rule4 ,! opportunities (f]$ by su* op5 in/itutions 9 ! ,middle ,ages c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 #c ,fr$]ick ,i1 ( ! m$iaeval ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ,g]many & ,italy4 #d ,no individual dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 secure 9 8 rights1 ev5 ( life or prop]ty1 c]ta9ly n 9 ! enjoym5t ( ord9>y fre$om1 unless protect$ by specific gu>antees secur$ f "s organization4 ,politically1 "o mu/ owe allegiance to "s feudal "l f :om protection 0 receiv$2 economically1 "o mu/ secure 8 rights ?r\gh m]*ant or craft guild2 intellectual int]e/s & educational activities 7 secur$ & controll$ by ! ,*ur*4 7,monroe1 ,p41 ,text ,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 p4 #cag47 #e ,at fir/ ! old] in/itutions organiz$ !mselves )\t *>t]1 secur+ ?is lat]1 :ile ! in/itutions f\nd$ aft] #acjj usually began ) a *>t] f pope or k+1 & sometimes f bo? 7,r4 #ajj74 #f ,! degree ( ma/] 0 orig9ally ! lic5se to practice ! tea*+ trade1 & analog\s to a ma/] %oemak]1 goldsmi?1 or o!r ma/] craftsm54 #g ,! univ]sities1 !n1 at _! orig9s1 7 m]ely academic associations1 analog\s1 z societies ( mutual gu>anty1 to ! corporations ( work+ m51 ! comm]cial leagues1 ! trade-guilds :i* 7 play+ s great a "p at ! same epo*2 analog\s also1 by ! privileges grant$ to !m1 to ! municipal associations & political communities t date f ! same "t4 7,compayr1 ,g41 ,abel>d & ! ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities1 p4 #cc47 #h ,m4 ,bimb5et1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,orleans 7,p>is1 #ahec7 reproduces sev]al articles f ! /atutes ( ! guilds1 ! provisions ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! /atutes ( ! univ]sities4 7,ibid41 p4 #ce47 #i ,bologna & ,p>is 7 ! great ma/] univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :ile ^? f\nd$ on a model ( ei!r 7 m 9 ! nature ( j\rneym5 in/itutions4 #aj ,betwe5 #afjj & #agjj1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! cities capable ( support+ univ]sities 7 provid$ ) !m1 tw5ty-"o m 7 creat$1 *iefly 9 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican univ]sity 7,h>v>d7 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afcf1 & ! second 7,yale7 9 #agjb4 ,9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 )\t c\nt+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any we/]n-hemisph]e c\ntry1 =ty m 7 creat$4 ,among ! important n9ete5?-c5tury creations 7 ,b]l91 #ahaj2 ,*ri/iana1 #ahaa2 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahai2 ,brussels1 #ahcd2 ,london1 #ahcf2 & ,a!ns1 #ahcf4 #aa ,see ,compayr1 ,g41 ,abel>d1 pp4 #hg-ij = li/ ( ^! /rikes4 #ab ,x is impossible to fix ! p]iod at :i* ! sy/em ( degrees began to be organiz$4 ,?+s 7 done sl[ly4 ,at ! outset1 & until t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !re exi/$ no?+ resembl+ a real conf]r+ ( degrees 9 ! ris+ univ]sities4 ,9 ord] to tea* x 0 necess>y to h a respond5t1 a ma/] au?oriz$ by age & k4444 ,! 'lic5se to tea*1' nev]!less1 became by sl[ degrees1 z ma/] & pupils multipli$1 a prelim9>y condition ( tea*+1 a sort ( diploma m & m requisite1 & ( :i* ! bi%ops 7or _! repres5tatives1 ! *ancellors7 7 ! disp5s]s4 ,up to ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 0 h>dly any o!r cle>ly-def9$ univ]sity title4 7,compayr1 ,g41 ,abel>d1 pp4 #adb-dc47 #ac ,x is manife/ t ! univ]sities borr[$ f ! indu/rial corporations _! 'companion%ips1' _! 'ma/]%ips1' & ev5 _! banquets2 a great repa/ be+ ! ord9>y sequel ( ! reception ( ! baccalaureate or doctorate4 7,compayr1 ,g41 ,abel>d1 p4 #ada47 #ad ,! t]m pr(essor has become g5]al 9 its significance1 & is us$ 9 all c\ntries4 ,9 ,engl& ! t]m ma/] 0 reta9$ = ! high] degree1 :ile 9 ,g]many ! t]m doctor 0 reta9$1 & ! doctorate made _! "o degree4 ,am]ica foll[$ ! ,engli% plan 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! e>ly colleges1 & ! degree ( ,a4,b4 & ,a4,m4 7 provid$ =4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,g]man univ]sity influ5ce became prom95t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! doctor's degree 0 sup]impos$ on ! ,engli% plan4 #ae ,at ,p>is1 = example1 !re 7 f\r nations--,france1 ,pic>dy1 ,norm&y1 & ,engl&4 ,^! 7 aga9 divid$ into tribes1 z = example1 !re 7 five tribes ( ! ,fr5*--,p>is1 ,s5s1 ,rheims1 ,t\rs1 & ,b\rges4 ,orleans _h t5 nations--,france1 ,g]many1 ,lorra9e1 ,burgundy1 ,*ampagne1 ,pic>dy1 ,norm&y1 ,t\ra9e1 ,guy5ne1 & ,scotl&4 ,9 ^? days ^! repres5t$ sep>ate nationalities1 :o little und]/ood "o ano!r1 & c>ri$ _! con/ant qu>rels up to ! v lecture b5*es ( ! pr(essors4 #af ,a contempor>y writ]1 ,jacobus de ,vitriaco1 has left u an acc\nt ( /ud5t life at ,p>is1 9 :i* he says3 ,! /ud5ts at ,p>is wrangl$ & disput$ n m]ely ab\t ! v>i\s sects or ab\t "s discussions2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! c\ntries also caus$ diss5sions1 hatr$s & virul5t animosities among !m1 & !y impud5tly utt]$ all k9ds ( affronts & insults aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,!y affirm$ t ! ,engli% 7 drunk>ds & _h tails2 ! sons ( ,france pr\d1 effem9ate & c>efully adorn$ l wom54 ,!y said t ! ,g]mans 7 furi\s & obsc5e at _! fea/s2 ! ,normans va9 & boa/ful2 ! ,poitev9s traitors & always adv5tur]s4 ,! ,burgundians !y consid]$ vulg> & /upid4 ,! ,bretons 7 reput$ to be fickle & *angeable1 & 7 (t5 reproa*$ = ! dea? ( ,ar?ur4 ,! ,lomb>ds 7 call$ av>ici\s1 vici\s & c[>dly2 ! ,romans1 s$iti\s1 turbul5t & sl&]\s2 ! ,sicilians1 tyrannical & cruel2 ! inhabitants ( ,brabant1 m5 ( blood1 inc5di>ies1 brig&s & ravi%]s2 ! ,flemi%1 fickle1 prodigal1 glutton\s1 yield+ z butt]1 & slo?ful4 ,aft] su* insults f words !y (t5 came to bl[s4 7,pa4 ,trans4 & ,repts4 f ,s\rces1 vol4 ,,ii1 no4 #c1 pp4 #ai-bj47 #ag ,9 an ,am]ican univ]sity ! t]m college or s*ool has l>gely replac$ ! t]m faculty2 9 ,europe ! t]m faculty is /ill us$4 ,?us we say ,college ( ,lib]al ,arts1 or ,s*ool ( ,law1 in/ead ( ,faculty ( ,arts1 etc4 #ah ,= example1 "o ( our mod]n /ate univ]sities is organiz$ into ! foll[+ faculties1 s*ools1 & colleges3 7#a7 college ( lib]al arts2 7#b7 s*ool ( m$ic9e2 7#c7 s*ool ( law2 7#d7 s*ool ( f9e arts2 7#e7 s*ool ( pure sci5ce2 7#f7 college ( eng9e]+2 7#g7 college ( agriculture2 7#h7 s*ool ( hi/ory1 economics1 & social sci5ces2 7#i7 s*ool ( bus9ess adm9i/ration2 7#aj7 college ( education2 7#aa7 s*ool ( h\sehold arts2 7#ab7 s*ool ( ph>macy2 7#ac7 s*ool ( vet]9>y m$ic9e2 7#ad7 s*ool ( libr>y sci5ce2 7#ae7 s*ool ( =e/ry2 7#af7 s*ool ( sanit>y eng9e]+2 7#ag7 ! graduate s*ool2 & 7#ah7 ! univ]sity-ext5sion division4 #ai ,he 0 call$ ',! ,philosoph]'2 & s fully 7 s*ol>s conv9c$ t x _h pleas$ ,god to p]mit ,ari/otle to say ! la/ ^w ^u ea* & e bran* ( k t !y humbly accept$ him1 along ) ! ,bible1 ! *ur* fa!rs1 & ! canon & ,roman law1 z "o ( ! unque/ion$ au?orities :i* toge!r =m$ a complete guide = humanity 9 conduct & 9 e bran* ( sci5ce4 7,rob9son1 ,j4 ,h41 ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe1 p4 #bgb47 #bj ,?is t5d5cy increas$ ) "t1 due bo? to ! developm5t ( second>y s*ools :i* c\ld give "p ( ! prep>ation1 & to ! increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts :o came to ! univ]sity = cultural or pr(essional ends & )\t int5d+ to pass ! te/s = ! ma/]%ip & ! lic5se to tea*4 ,f9ally ! arts c\rse 0 r$uc$ to ?ree or f\r ye>s 7! usual college c\rse71 & ! ma/]'s degree to "o1 & = ! latt] ev5 resid5ce 0 waiv$ dur+ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,a4,m4 degree has rec5tly be5 rehabilitat$ & n[ usually signifies a ye> ( h>d /udy 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican univ]sities1 ?\gh a few ea/]n ,am]ican in/itutions /ill play ) x or ev5 grant x z an honor>y degree4 ,9 ,g]many ! arts c\rse disappe>$1 be+ giv5 to ! second>y s*ools entirely 9 ! late eighte5? c5tury1 & ! univ]sities n[ conf] only ! degree ( doctor4 #ba ,= a li/ ( ! books us$ 9 ! faculty ( m$ic9e at ,montpelli]1 9 #acdj1 see ,ra%dall1 ,h41 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 ,i1 p4 #abc2 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ghj4 #bb ,aft] ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! book-writ+ & sell+ trade 0 organiz$ z a guild indu/ry1 & ! copy+ ( texts = sale became common4 ,!n arose ! practice ( eras+ z mu* ( ! writ+ f old books z c\ld be done1 & writ+ ! new book crosswise ( ! page4 ,9 ?is way ! exp5se = p>*m5t 0 r$uc$1 & 9 ! process _m valueless & a few valuable books 7 de/roy$4 ,/ill1 ! co/ = books dur+ ! days ( p>*m5t mu/ h be5 high4 ,wal% e/imates t an ord9>y folio volume probably co/ f #djj to #ejj francs 9 our #aiad values1 t is1 betwe5 #hj & #ajj4 #bc ,9 ,g]many ! old m$iaeval expression has be5 reta9$1 & ! ann\ncem5ts ( in/ruction !re /ill /ate t ! pr(essor w read on su* & su* subjects1 in/ead ( (f] c\rses1 z we say 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bd ,norton1 9 8 ,read+s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education2 ,m$iaeval ,univ]sities1 pp4 #ei-ge1 gives an extract f a text 7,gratian7 & gloss by v>i\s writ]s1 on ! "q--,%all ,prie/s be ,acqua9t$ ) ,pr(ane ,lit]ature1 or ,no8 :i* see = a good example ( m$iaeval univ]sity in/ruction & ! mann] 9 :i* a small am\nt ( k 0 spun out by means ( a gloss4 #be ,n _m e>ly libr>y catalogues h be5 pres]v$1 b ^? :i* h all %[ small libr>ies be=e ! days ( pr9t+4 ,at ,ox=d1 :]e ! univ]sity 0 brok5 up into colleges1 ea* ( :i* _h its own libr>y1 ! foll[+ college libr>ies are kn[n to h exi/$3 ,pet]h\se ,college 7#adah71 #cjd volumes2 ,k+s ,college 7#adec71 #agd volumes2 ,que5s ,college 7#adgb71 #aii volumes2 ,univ]sity ,libr>y 7#adgc71 #ccj volumes4 ,! la/ two 7 j be=e ! introduction ( pr9t+4 ,! ,pet]h\se libr>y 7#adah7 0 classifi$ z foll[s3 ,subject ,*a9$ ,loanable ,!ology444444444444 #fa #fc ,natural ,philosophy44 #bf ,moral ,philosophy4444 #e #ai ,metaphysics444444444 #c ,logic444444444444444 #e #ae ,gramm>4444444444444 #f ,poetry44444444444444 #d #ac ,m$ic9e444444444444 #ae #c ,civil ,law44444444444 #i #bj ,canon ,law44444444444 #ah #ai ,totals44444444444444 #aeb #aeb 7,cl>ke4 ,j4 ,w41 ,! ,c>e ( ,books1 pp4 #ade1 #adg47 #bf ,survivals ( ^! old privileges /ill exi/ 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities :i* ex]cise police jurisdiction ov] _! /ud5ts & h a univ]sity jail1 & 9 ! ,am]ican college /ud5t's feel+ ( hav+ ! "r to create a di/urbance 9 ! t[n & break m9or police regulations )\t be+ arre/$ & f9$4 #bg ,see ,compayr1 ,g41 ,abel>d1 p4 #bja1 = illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,*apt] ,x #a ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,tr\bad\rs 0 ,arnaul de ,m>veil4 ,! foll[+ specim5 ( 8 art reveals bo? ! new love ( nature & ! reaction :i* _h cle>ly set 9 aga9/ ! o!r-worldl9ess ( ! prec$+ c5turies3 ,oh6 h[ sweet ! breeze ( ,april1 ,brea?+ s(t z ,may draws ne>1 ,:ile1 ?r\gh nights ( tranquil beauty1 ,songs ( gladness meet ! e>3 ,e bird 8 well-kn[n language ,utt]+ 9 ! morn+'s pride4 ,revel+ 9 joy & gladness ,by 8 happy p>tn]'s side4 ,:5 ar\nd me all is smil+1 ,:5 to life ! "y birds spr+1 ,?\ghts ( love ,i _c h9d] ,come1 my he>t inspirit+- ,nature1 habit1 bo? incl9e me ,9 su* joy to be> my "p3 ,) su* s\nds ( bliss ar\nd me ,c\ld ,i we> a sadd5'd he>t8 #b ,9 ! ,middle ,ages man z an individual _h be5 held ( v little acc\nt4 ,he 0 only "p ( a great ma*9e4 ,he act$ only ?r\gh "s corporation--! commune1 guild1 ! ord]4 ,he _h b little self- confid5ce1 & v little consci\sness ( 8 ability s+le-h&$ to d great ?+s or ov]come great difficulties4 ,life 0 s h>d & n>r[ t he _h no s5se ( ! joy ( liv+1 & no feel+ = ! beauty ( ! _w ar\nd him1 &1 z if ?is _w 7 n d>k en\gh1 ! t]rors ( ano!r _w beyond 7 v ne> & real4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d ed41 p4 #cfc47 #c ,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #b;d4 ed41 p4 #cfd4 #d ,petr>* refus$ to h ! works ( ! ,s*ola/ics 9 8 libr>y4 ,?\gh a univ]sity man1 he 0 out ( sympa?y ) ! univ]sity me?ods ( 8 "t4 #e ,flor5ce 0 ess5tially ! city ( intellig5ce 9 e>ly mod]n times4 ,o!r nations h surpass$ ! ,italians 9 _! g5ius 444 b n[h]e else except at ,a!ns has ! :ole population ( a city be5 s p]meat$ ) ideas1 s highly intellectual by nature1 s ke5 9 p]ception1 s witty & s subtle1 z at ,flor5ce4 7,symonds1 ,j4 ,a41 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy47 #f ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e41 9 8 ,h>v>d ,lectures on ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 pp4 #ce-da1 gives a li/ ( ! m important lat] f9ds1 :i* see4 #g ,( ! ,flor5t9e s*ol>s "o ( ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,niccol ,niccoli 7#acfc-adcf71 ( :om ,s&ys says3 ,fam\s = 8 beautiful p5man%ip1 he 0 mu* m ?an a copyi/4 ,he collect$ manuscripts1 comp>$ & collat$ _! v>i\s read+s1 /ruck out ! m obvi\s corruptions1 re/or$ ! true text1 broke x up into conv5i5t p>agraphs1 add$ suitable summ>ies at ! head ( ea*1 & did mu* t[>d lay+ ! f\ndation ( textual criticism4 7,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e41 ,h>v>d ,lectures on ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #ci47 #h ,= example1 ,laur5tius ,valla 7#adjg-eg7 ( ,pavia1 exce$$ ,niccoli 9 ability 9 textual criticism4 ,he ext5d$ ?is me?od to ! ,new ,te/am5t &1 at ! reque/ ( ,k+ ,alphonso1 ( ,naples1 subject$ ! s-call$ ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 a docum5t ^u :i* ! ,papacy bas$ 9 "p its claims to temporal p[]1 to ! te/s ( textual criticism & %[$ its hi/orical impossibility4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 a new & d>+ _s 9 ! m$iaeval _w1 b x repres5t$ ! _s & me?od ( ! mod]n s*ol>4 #i ,= example1 ,ciriaco1 ( ,ancona 7#acia-adej71 has be5 call$ ! ,s*liemann ( 8 "t4 ,he sp5t 8 life 9 travel & 9 copy+ & edit+ inscriptions4 ,aft] explor+ ,italy1 he visit$ ! ,greek isles1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,ephesos1 ,crete1 & ,damascus4 ,"o ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,flavio ,blondo1 ( ,=li 7#achh-adfc71 publi%$ a f\r-volume "w on ! antiquities & hi/ory ( ,rome & ,italy4 ,^! two m5 help$ to f\nd ! new sci5ce ( classical ar*aeology4 #aj ,classical s*ol>s ass]t t ,greek became ext9ct 9 ! ,italy ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 #fij ,a4,d4 ,greek 0 taught at ,cant]bury 9 ! days ( ! le>n$ ,!odore1 ( ,t>sus 7,r4 #ei a71 :o di$ 9 #fij4 ,iri% monks1 :o c>ri$ ,greek f ,gaul to ,irel& 9 ! fif? c5tury1 br\ght x back 9 ! sev5? c5tury to ,sa9t ,gall1 f\nd$ by !m 9 #fad4 ,john ! ,scot1 an ,iri% monk :o 0 ma/] ( ! ,palace ,s*ool "u ,*>les ! ,bald 7c4 #hde-ee71 is said to h be5 able to read ,greek4 ,rog] ,bacon1 ! ,ox=d monk 7#abad-id71 also knew a little ,greek4 ,william ( ,mo]beke1 9 #abfj1 0 able to translate ! ,rhetoric & ,politics ( ,ari/otle = ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,greek monks 7 /ill f\nd 9 ! extreme s\? ( ,italy at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ,greek has rema9$ a liv+ language 9 a few villages !re up to ! pres5t "t4 #aa ,gian ,antonio ,campano2 trans4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdi4 #ab ,= long x 0 ?\ght t ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,greek 9 ! ,we/ dat$ f ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 9 #adec1 b ?is idea has be5 explod$ by classical s*ol>s4 ,! ev5ts we h enum]at$ 9 ?is *apt] %[ ?is1 & at lea/ five ( ! important ,greek s*ol>s :o taught 9 ,italy came be=e t date4 ,z ! ,turks clos$ 9 on ?is wond]ful ea/]n city1 = s long ! home ( ,greek le>n+ & culture1 _m o!r ,greek s*ol>s fl$ we/w>d4 ,! pr9cipal ,greek au?ors _h1 h[ev]1 be5 translat$ into ,lat9 be=e !n4 #ac ,"s ( ! ,italian univ]sities p>ticipat$ b little 9 ! new movem5t4 ,bologna & ,pavia1 9 p>ticul>1 held to _! primacy 9 law & 7 b little affect$ by ! revival4 #ad ,bess>ion 7c4 #adjc-gb71 at "o "t ,ar*bi%op ( ,nicaea & aft]w>ds a c>d9al at ,rome1 is said to h be5 surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( ,greek & ,lat9 s*ol>s :5ev] he w5t out1 & :o escort$ him e morn+ f 8 palace to ! ,vatican4 ,he 0 a great patron ( le>n$ ,greeks :o fl$ to ,italy4 ,on 8 dea? he gave 8 entire libr>y ( ,greek manuscripts to ,v5ice1 & ?is collection =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! celebrat$ libr>y ( ,sa9t ,m>k's4 #ae ,symonds1 ,j4 ,a41 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aci4 #af ,9 #adcf1 ,niccol de ,niccoli1 a copyi/ ( ,flor5ce1 di$1 leav+ 8 collection ( eight hundr$ manuscripts to ! ,m$icean ,libr>y = ! use ( ! public1 mean+ !reby any s*ol>4 ,?is is said to h be5 ! fir/ public-libr>y collection 9 we/]n ,europe4 #ag ,ni*olas z a monk _h _h 8 en?usiasm = ! new movem5t awak5$1 & _h gone deeply into debt = manuscripts4 ,he 0 help$ by ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,:5 he became ,pope 7#addg-ee7 he collect$ s*ol>s ab\t him1 built up ! univ]sity at ,rome1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! great ,vatican ,libr>y1 & made ,rome a great lit]>y c5t]4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t at ,flor5ce1 9 #adib1 ! glory t _h be5 ,flor5ce pass$ to ,rome1 & x 9 turn became ! cultural c5t] ( ,*ri/5dom4 #ah ,mu* e>li]1 ano!r ,ox=d man _h return$ f /udy "u ,gu>9o at ,f]r>a--,william ,gray 7#addi7--;b he seems to h made no impression4 ,a few o!r s*ol>s w5t be=e ,l9acre & ,grocyn & ,colet1 b ^! m5 7 ! fir/ to attract att5tion on _! return4 #ai ,agricola's real "n 0 ,roel( ,huysman1 mean+ ,roel( ! husb&man4 ,9 keep+ ) a common practice ( ! "t he ,lat9iz$ 8 "n1 tak+ ! equival5t ,roman ^w4 #bj ,?is 0 b\nd 9 two volumes1 & 9 #aiaa a copy ( x 0 sold at a sale ( old books1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 = #ej1jjj4 #ba ,a second edition ( ?is ,psalt] 0 pr9t$ two ye>s lat]1 & conta9s at ! end1 9 ,lat91 a /atem5t :i* ,rob9son translates z foll[s3 ,! pres5t volume ( ! ,psalms1 :i* is adorn$ ) h&some capitals & is cle>ly divid$ by means ( rubrics1 0 produc$ n by writ+ ) a p51 b by an +5i\s inv5tion ( pr9t$ *>act]s3 & 0 complet$ to ! glory ( ,god & ! honor ( ,sa9t ,james by ,john ,fu/1 a citiz5 ( ,may5ce1 & ,pet] ,s*oifh] ( ,g]n%eim1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adei1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/4 #bb ,! usual e>ly edition 0 ?ree hundr$ copies4 #bc ,at ,flor5ce ab\t ?ree hundr$ editions are said to h be5 pr9t$ be=e #aejj2 at ,bologna1 #bih2 at ,milan1 #fbe2 & at ,rome1 #ibe4 #bd ,! foll[+ numb]s ( diff]5t editions are said to h be5 pr9t$ at ! nor!rn cities be=e #aejj3 ,p>is1 #gea2 ,cologne1 #ecj2 ,/rassburg1 #ebf2 ,nuremb]g1 #chb2 ,leipzig1 #cea2 ,basel1 #cbj2 ,augsburg1 #bef2 ,l\va91 #aaf2 ,may5ce1 #acd2 ,dev5t]1 #afi2 ,london1 #acj2 ,ox=d1 #g2 ,sa9t ,albans1 #d4 #be ,by #aejj x is said t a book c\ld be pur*as$ = ! equival5t ( fifty c5ts :i* a half c5tury be=e w\ld h co/ fifty doll>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi #a ,mu* z univ]sities h contribut$ to intellectual progress1 ho/ility to new types ( ?9k+ & to new subjects ( /udy has be51 ?r\gh all "t1 a *>act]i/ic ( _m ( _! memb]s1 & (t5 x has requir$ mu* pressure f progressive =ces on ! outside to ov]come _! opposition to new l9es ( s*ol>%ip & public s]vice4 #b ,= a li/ ( ^! treatises1 see ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 v1 p4 #aed4 #c ,! di/+ui%$ au?or1 ,montaigne1 0 mayor 9 #aehj4 #d ,?is ord] _h begun z an in/itution = ! in/ruction ( ! poor1 emphasiz+ ! use ( ! ,bible & ! v]nacul>1 b :5 ! new le>n+ came 9 f ,italy1 classical le>n+ 0 add$ & ! in/ruction ( ! bro!rhood became l>gely humani/ic4 #e ,! influ5ce ( ! old ,greek classical t]ms 9 ?is connection is int]e/+1 & is ano!r evid5ce ( ! p]man5ce ( ,greek ideas4 ,/urm "h adopt$ ! ,italian nom5clature1 ,vittor9o da ,feltre hav+ call$ 8 s*ool a ,gymnasium ,palat9um1 or ,palace ,s*ool4 ,gu>9o wrote ( gymnasia ,italorum4 ,bo? d]iv$ ! t]m f ! ,gymnasia ( anci5t ,greece1 j z ! academies ( ! ,italian cities took _! "n f ! ,academy ( ,plato at ,a!ns 7p4 #dd74 ,ano!r fam\s ,greek s*ool 0 ! ,lyceum1 f\nd$ by ,ari/otle 7p4 #dd74 ,all ^! names came 9 dur+ ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy1 & 7 appli$ to ! new classical s*ools at a "t :5 e t]m1 & ev5 ! names ( m51 7 giv5 classical =m4 ,z a result ! ,italian second>y s*ools ( to-day are kn[n z g9nasio1 & ! ,g]man classical second>y s*ools z gymnasia4 ,! ,fr5* took _! t]m f ! ,lyceum1 h5ce ! ,fr5* lyces4 ,! ,engli% nam$ _! classical s*ools aft] ! *ief subject ( /udy1 h5ce ! ,engli% gramm> s*ools4 ,9 #afch ,milton visit$ ,italy1 & 0 mu* ent]ta9$ 9 ,flor5ce by memb]s ( ! academy & univ]sity !re4 ,9 #afdd he publi%$ 8 ,tractate on ,education1 9 :i* he outl9$ 8 plan = a s]ies ( classical academies = ,engl&4 ,milton 0 a *ur* re=m]1 z 7 ! ,puritans1 & ! ,puritans1 9 settl+ ,am]ica1 br\ght ov] fir/ ! t]m gramm> s*ool1 & lat] ! t]m academy to ,engl&4 #f ,melan*?on1 9 8 fam\s ,saxony plan ( #aebh1 _h provid$ = b ?ree classes 7,r4 #afa74 ,! class-=-ea*-ye> idea 0 new 9 ,g]man l&s4 #g ,?is became a fix$ practice1 ,lat9 be+ ! "o language ( ! s*ool4 ,a c5tury lat]1 :5 x 0 attempt$ by ! ,jans5i/s1 9 ,france1 to tea* ,greek directly ?r\gh ! v]nacul>1 ! practice 0 l\dly condemn$ by ! ,jesuits z impi\s1 because x broke ! connection betwe5 ,france & ,rome4 #h ,8 phrase book1 ,de ,copia ,v]borum et ,r]um1 w5t ?r\gh sixty editions 9 8 lifetime1 & 0 popul> = a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 book ( prov]bs1 ! ,adagia1 0 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,greek1 & 0 widely us$4 ,8 ,book ( ,say+s f ! ,anci5ts 7,apoph!gmata7 0 a collection ( little /ories1 mu* l "s ( our be/ mod]n books = elem5t>y-s*ool use4 ,8 ,colloquies1 or ,lat9 dialogues1 7 widely us$ = two c5turies 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,^! f\r 7 writt5 betwe5 #aeaa & #aeai1 & l>gely = use 9 ,sa9t ,paul's ,s*ool4 ,8 ,lat9 edition ( ,!odorus ,gaza's ,greek ,gramm> 7#aeaf7 gave ,engli% s*ools = ! fir/ "t a /&>d text4 #i ,!y 7 ,on ! ,fir/ ,lib]al ,education ( ,*ildr5 7#aebi71 & ,on ! ,ord] ( ,/udy 7#aeaa74 #aj ,8 ,praise ( ,folly 7#aeji71 & 8 ,cic]onian 7#aebh74 #aa ,! introduction ( ! new le>n+ into ! ,engli% univ]sities 0 easi] ?an else:]e1 because ! ,engli% univ]sities _h brok5 up into gr\ps ( resid5ce halls1 kn[n z colleges4 ,if ! old colleges c\ld n be re=m$ new ones c\ld be creat$1 & ?is took place4 ,tr9ity ,college1 at ,cambridge1 f\nd$ 9 #aedj1 0 f ! fir/ a c5t] ( humani/ic /udies4 ,t same ye> ! ,k+ f\nd$ royal pr(essor%ips ( ,civil ,law1 ,hebrew1 & ,greek at ,cambridge4 #ab ,elizabe? _h _h = h] tutor ,rog] ,as*am1 au?or ( ,! ,s*olema/]1 & a tea*] ( ,greek at ,cambridge 7,r4 #aci74 #ac ,= g5]ations ?is fam\s gramm> 0 to ,engl& :at ,donatus 0 to m$iaeval ,europe4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 ! gramm> s*ools ( ,new ,engl&4 ,lily visit$ ,j]usalem & /udi$ "u ! be/ ,lat9 tea*]s 9 ,rome1 s t he ranks ) ,l9acre1 ,grocyn1 & ,colet z an introduc] ( classical culture into ,engl&4 #ad ,w9*e/] 0 ! fir/ ( ! s-call$ great public s*ools ( ,engl&1 ( :i* ,eton1 ,sa9t ,paul's1 ,we/m9/]1 ,h>r[1 ,*>t]h\se1 ,rugby1 ,%rewsbury1 & ,m]*ant ,taylors' are ! o!r eight4 ,! f\ndation /atutes ( ,w9*e/] made elaborate provision = a ,w>d51 a ,head ,ma/]1 t5 ,fell[s1 ?ree ,*apla9s1 an ,u%]1 sev5ty s*ol>s1 ?ree ,*apel ,cl]ks1 sixte5 ,*ori/]s1 & a l>ge /aff ( s]vants1 z did ,h5ry ,,viii lat] on = ,cant]bury 7,r4 l#gb a74 ,! ,w>d5 & ,fell[s 7 ! tru/ees4 ,9 addition to ! sev5ty s*ol>s 7,f\ndation]s7 o!r non-f\ndation]s 7,common]s7 7 to be admitt$ to in/ruction4 ,! admission requirem5ts 7 to be read+1 pla9 song1 & ,old ,donatus1 & ! s*ool 0 to tea* ,gramm>1 ! fir/ ( ! ,lib]al ,arts4 ,except = ! *ange 9 ! nature ( ! in/ruction :5 ! new le>n+ came 91 ?is & ! o!r public s*ools rema9$ almo/ un*ang$ until ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ae ,/atutes = ?is s*ool _h provid$ ! foll[+ entrance regulations3 ,b fir/ see t !y c ! ,cate*isme 9 ,engli% or ,latyn1 t e "o ( ! said two hundr$ fifty s*oll]s c read p]fectly write compet5tly1 or els lett !m n be admitt$ 9 no wise4 #af ,8 ,! ,positions 7#aeha71 & ,! ,elem5t>ie 7#aehb74 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #ag ,solomon ,l[e1 9 8 ,gramm>1 publi%$ 9 #agbf1 gives a bibliography ( #abh ,phrase ,books :i* _h appe>$ by t "t4 ,! foll[+ selection f ! ,colloquies ( ,cord]ius 7,r4 #acf7 illu/rates _! nature3 ,col4 #g4 ,cl]icus ,col4 #g4 ,cl]icus1 ,! ,ma/]4 ,magi/]4 ,c4 ,ma/]1 may n ,i & my uncle's ,licetne1 ,magi/]1 ut ego son g home8 patrulis emus domom8 ,m4 ,to :at end8 ,quid e8 ,c4 ,to my si/]'s daught]'s w$d+4 ,ad nuptias consobr9ae4 ,m4 ,:5 is %e to be m>ri$8 ,qu&o e/ nuptura8 ,c4 ,to-morr[4 ,cr/9o die4 ,m4 ,:y w y g s quickly8 ,cur tam cit vultis ire8 ,c4 ,to ,,*ange ,,our ,,cloa?s4 ,ut mutmus ve/im5ta4 #ah ,/urm1 ,trotz5dorf1 & ,ne&] insi/$ on ! use ( ,lat9 9 all conv]sation 9 ! s*ool1 & ! ,jesuits lat] on subject$ boys to a :ipp+ if report$ z hav+ us$ ! v]nacul>4 #ai ,lea*1 ,a4 ,f41 ,engli% ,s*ools at ! ,re=mation1 p4 #aje4 ,,*apt] ,,xii #a ,up to ?is "t ! only ,lat9 ,bible _h be5 ! ,vulgate 7p4 #aca71 translat$ by ,j]ome 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,erasmus w5t back to & edit$ ! orig9al ,greek manuscripts1 & !n prep>$ a new p>allel ,lat9 translation1 ! two be+ pr9t$ side by side4 ,he also add$ _m explanations ( 8 own :i* m]cilessly expos$ ! mi/akes ( ! !ologians & ! ,*ur*1 & po9t$ out ! errors 9 translation :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,vulgate4 ,?is "w pass$ ?r\gh num]\s editions & sold 9 ?\s&s ( copies all ov] ,europe4 ,s dang]\s 0 ?is comp>ative me?od t ,greek 0 judg$ a h]etical tongue4 ,no "o %\ld lecture on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x 0 decl>$1 )\t a previ\s !ological exam9ation4 ,x 0 held to be h]esy to say t ! ,greek or ,hebrew text read ?us1 or t a k ( ! orig9al language is necess>y to int]pret ! ,scriptures correctly4 #b ,?is 0 accompli%$ betwe5 #achb & #achd4 ,wycliffe translat$ only a "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! ,gospels ( ,sa9t ,mat!w & ,sa9t ,m>k ( ! ,new4 ,! rema9d] 0 done "u 8 direction by o!rs4 ,! translation 0 f ! ,lat9 ,vulgate1 & 0 crude & imp]fect4 ,! l>ge numb] ( copies ( p>ts ( ?is translation :i* h surviv$1 9 manuscript =m1 to ! pres5t "t %[ t x mu/ h awak5$ mu* int]e/1 & be5 widely copi$ & recopi$ dur+ ! c5tury be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 #c ,! h]etic1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 0 ! an>*i/ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,*ur* reg>d$ h]esy z a crime1 wor?y ( ! mo/ sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,! ,*ur* & ! civil gov]nm5ts proce$$ aga9/ ! h]etic z aga9/ an enemy ( society & ord]4 ,h]etics c\ld n give evid5ce 9 a civil c\rt1 7 prohibit$ f m>ry+ or f giv+ a son or daught] 9 m>riage1 & ev5 to speak ) a h]etic 0 an (f5se4 ,ev5 torture & dea? 7 reg>d$ z ju/ifi$ to /amp out h]esy4 #d ,:at w\ld h be5 ! result _h ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance succe$$ :]e x fail$8 ,x seems c]ta9 t "o result w\ld h be5 ! =mation ( a gov]nm5t = ! ,*ur* l t :i* 0 tak+ %ape at ! same "t 9 ,engl&--a limit$ mon>*y ) a legislature gradually ga9+ m & m ! real control ( affairs4 ,x seems almo/ equally c]ta9 t ) ?is ! *ur*es ( ea* nationality w\ld h ga9$ a l>ge degree ( local indep5d5ce1 & ! g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* h assum$ by degrees ! "* ( a great f$]al & con/itutional ,/ate4 ,if ?is _h be5 ! case1 x is h>d to see :y all ! results :i* 7 accompli%$ by ! re=mation ( ,lu!r might n h be5 atta9$ z completely )\t ! viol5t disruption ( ! ,*ur*4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilisation dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #djc47 #e ,9 #acjb ! fir/ ,e/ates-,g5]al ( ,france support$ ! ,k+1 & d5i$ ! "r ( ! ,pope to any supremacy ov] ! ,/ate 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! same "t1 ! "r ( ! ,pope to levy taxation on ! ,engli% 0 disput$ by ,k+ & ,p>liam5t4 ,9 #addf ,william ,,iii ( ,saxony limit$ ! p[]s ( ecclesia/ical c\rts1 & =bade appeals f ,saxon decisions to any =eign c\rt4 #f ,! ,london ,academy1 #ahic1 p4 #aig1 publi%$ evid5ce to %[ t !re 0 a widespread dem& among ! bi%ops ( ,spa9 = *ur* re=mation1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & along ! same l9es t ,lu!r advocat$ lat]4 #g ,b all ^! attempts at re=mation 9 ! ,*ur*1 l>ge & small1 _h fail$1 z _h ^? ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury to re=m its gov]nm5t1 leav+ ! ,*ur* z ?or\ghly m$iaeval 9 doctr9e & 9 practical religion z x 0 9 polity4 ,x 0 ! "o p[]1 !re=e1 belong+ to ! ,middle ,ages :i* /ill /ood unaffect$ by ! new =ces & oppos$ to !m4 ,9 o!r directions ! *anges _h be5 _m2 "h no?+ _h be5 *ang$4 ,& its resi/+ p[] 0 v great4 ,end[$ ) l>ge weal?1 /rong 9 numb]s 9 e ,/ate1 ) no lack ( able & ?or\ghly tra9$ m9ds1 its int]e/s1 z x reg>d$ !m1 9 ma9ta9+ ! old 7 enorm\s1 & its p[] ( def5d+ itself seem$ sc>cely to be brok54444 ,! ,*ur* _h rema9$ unaffect$ by ! new =ces :i* _h trans=m$ ev]y?+ else4 ,x 0 /ill ?or\ghly m$iaeval4 ,9 gov]nm5t1 9 doctr9e1 & 9 life x /ill plac$ ! greate/ emphasis ^u ^? additions :i* ! peculi> conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages _h built ^u ! f\ndations ( ! primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & x 0 det]m9$ to rema9 un*ang$4 7,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #djf1 #dab47 #h ,e re=m movem5t produces two k9ds ( re=m]s1 ea* seek+ ! same ultimate goal1 b diff]+ mat]ially z to me?ods ( "w4 ,9 ! religi\s conflict ^! two types are well repres5t$ by ,erasmus & ,lu!r4 ,erasmus 0 z deeply int]e/$ 9 religi\s re=m z ,lu!r & devot$ ! en]gies ( a lifetime to try+ to secure re=m1 b he believ$ t re=mation %\ld come f )91 & t ! way to obta9 x 0 to rema9 )9 ! old organization & "w to re=m x4 ,lu!r repres5t$ ! o!r type1 ! type :i* feels t ?+s are too bad = m]e re=m to be effective1 & t :at is want$ is rebellion aga9/ ! old4 ,! two types seldom agree z to means1 & usually "p company4 ,"o is cont5t to be kn[n z a cons]vative or a con=m]2 ! o!r delights 9 be+ class$ z a progressive or ev5 z a radical4 #i ,! e>ly ,prote/ant !ory 0 t an individual's ,*ri/ian religi\s life1 convictions1 & salvation 7 to be work$ out ?r\gh a direct /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 acceptance ( ! obvi\s tea*+s ( ,*ri/ z !re pres5t$1 & direct appeal to ,god ?r\gh pray] = help 9 lead+ a ,*ri/ian life4 ,! ,ca?olic position1 on ! o!r h&1 came to be t ! individual's religi\s life 0 to be a*iev$ ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* claim$ on hi/orical gr\nds to h be5 f\nd$ by ,*ri/1 & to be 8 (ficial repres5tative & m$iator 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! tea*+s ( ?is ,*ur* t ! individual 0 to receive 8 ideas ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 to be /imulat$ to believe ^!1 to be kept 9 ! pa? ( righte\sness1 & to obta9 salvation4 7,p>k]1 ,s4 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,elem5t>y ,education1 p4 #ce47 #aj ,adams1 ,g4 ,b41 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #dac4 #aa ,a good illu/ration ( ! way p>ts ( ,g]many & ,g]man ,switz]l& 7 divid$ by religi\s diff]5ces is to be f\nd 9 ! ,canton ( ,app5zell1 9 nor!a/]n ,switz]l&4 ,z ea* small gov]nm5tal division _h to foll[ ! religion ( ! rul+ pr9ce 9 ,g]many1 s 9 ,switz]l& ! cantons divid$ on religi\s l9es4 ,to compromise matt]s 9 ,app5zell ! canton 0 divid$ into two half cantons1 foll[+ ! religi\s w>s ( #aeig--;,inn] ,rhod51 ( sixty- ?ree squ>e miles1 exclusively ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,out] ,rhod51 ( n9ety-six squ>e miles1 entirely "u ! ,swiss ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 #ab ,calv9ism is also a product ( ! nor!rn humanism1 ,calv9's difficulties ) ! ,*ur* aris+ out ( 8 /udy ( ! ,greek texts4 ,calv9 _h receiv$ an excell5t !ological & legal education1 & us$ ! k & tra9+ d]iv$ f bo? to help him =mulate a compreh5sive sy/em ( belief4 #ac ,l ! fam\s ,s5t5ces ( ,pet] ,lomb>d 7p4 #aga71 x =m$ a spl5did textbook ( ! new fai?4 ,calv9 bas$ 8 "w on ! infallibility ( ! ,bible1 z aga9/ t ( ! ,*ur* & ,pope1 & pres5t$1 9 a rem>kably cle> & logical mann]1 ! pr9ciples ( ,calv9i/ic doctr9e4 ,be=e #afcj1 z _m z sev5ty-f\r full editions & f\rte5 p>tial editions ( ! ,in/itutes _h be5 pr9t$1 & 9 n9e diff]5t languages4 #ad ,?is w5t ?r\gh sev5ty-sev5 editions 7f\rte5 9 ,engli%7 be=e #afcj1 & 9 ne>ly all ! languages ( ,europe1 & 0 "o ( f\r ,cate*isms1 "o ( :i* 0 requir$ ( all ,ox=d und]graduates 9 #aegh4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ! ,scot*1 ,hugu5ot1 ,fr5*-,swiss1 & ,walloon 7,dut*7 *ur*es1 & 0 widely us$ 9 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica4 7,see ,calv9 & ,calv9ism1 9 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 ,i47 #ae ,by #aefj ! ,calv9i/s _h two ?\s& h\ses = religi\s wor%ip 9 ,france1 & dem&$ religi\s fre$om4 ,9 #aefb ! p]secutions began 9 e>ne/1 & = ! next ?irty-six ye>s religi\s w>f>e rul$ 9 ,france4 ,9 #aeih ! ,edict ( ,nantes e/abli%$ religi\s fre$om1 ?\gh ?is 0 revok$ 9 #afhe4 #af ,ev5 ! celebrat$ ,peace ( ,augsburg 7#aeee7 :i* left to ea* ,g]man pr9ce & ea* t[n & knight ! lib]ty to *oose betwe5 ! beliefs ( ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! ,lu!ran1 provid$ only = religi\s fre$om = ! rul]s1 & only "o alt]native4 ,calv9i/s1 = example1 hat$ equally by ,ca?olic & ,lu!ran1 7 n includ$4 ,s deeply 0 ! idea ( ,*ur* & ,/ate z insep>able emb$d$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 t no provision 0 made = ! religi\s fre$om ( subjects4 ,?is 0 a mu* lat] evolution1 com+ fir/ 9 ,am]ica4 #ag ,9 ! proposals = ! ,league ( ,nations ,cov5ant1 made at ! conclusion ( ! ,_w ,w>1 9 #aiai1 religi\s fre$om = all p]sons 9 any ,/ate 9 ! ,league 0 f9ally decid$ to be a necess>y pr9ciple = any _w league4 #ah ,pauls51 ,fr41 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 pp4 #if-ig4 #ai ,! t]ms a!i/ & a!ism n[ arose1 z ! mod]n sub/itutes = excommunication & imprisonm5t1 & dur+ ! next two c5turies ^! 7 appli$1 by ! *ur*m5 ( ! "t1 to almo/ e prom95t philosoph] & sci5ti/ & indep5d5t ?9k]4 #bj ,v sev]e measures 7 enact$ to prev5t ! spread ( ! contagion ( h]esy4 ,all ,prote/ant lit]ature 0 =bidd5 circulation 9 ,ca?olic l&s4 ,! pr9t+-press1 z a dissem9ator ( h]esy1 0 plac$ "u /rict lic5se4 ,c]ta9 books 7 ord]$ burn$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extreme & ru?less measure 0 ! prohibition1 "u p5alty ( dea?1 ( ! read+ ( ! ,bible4 ,t ?is h>% act 0 c>ri$ out ! record ( m>tyrs %[s4 ,z "o example may be m5tion$ ! si/] ( ! ,flemi% arti/ ,matsys & h] husb&1 he be+ decapitat$ & %e buri$ alive 9 ! squ>e front+ ! ca!dral at ,l\va91 9 #aedc1 = hav+ be5 caught read+ ! sacr$ ,book4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii #a ,dr4 ,philip ,s*aff1 ! ,*ur* hi/orian1 says3 ,s*lei]ma*] r$uc$ ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ,romanism & ,prote/antism to ! =mula1 ',romanism makes ! relation ( ! individual to ,*ri/ dep5d on 8 relation to ! ,*ur*3 ,prote/antism1 vice v]sa1 makes ! relation ( ! individual to ! ,*ur* dep5d on 8 relation to ,*ri/4' 7,quot$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,adams1 f a pamphlet1 ,lu!r ,symposiac1 ,union ,sem9>y1 #ahhc47 #b ,! importance ( writ+ be=e ! days ( pr9t+ c readily be appreciat$4 ,j z ! monk 0 c>efully tra9$ to copy manuscript1 s ! cl]k = a city or a bus9ess h\se ne$$ to be c>efully tra9$ to read & write4 ,writ+ =m$ a di/9ct pr(ession1 !re be+ ! city writ] 7city cl]k1 we say71 ,lat9 & v]nacul> secret>ies1 travel+ writ]s1 writ+ tea*]s1 etc4 ,writ+ ma/]s sometimes taught read+ also1 b usually n4 ,9 "s ,fr5* cities ! guild ( writ+ ma/]s 0 grant$ an (ficial monopoly ( ! privilege ( tea*+ writ+ 9 ! city4 #c ,reckon+ s*ools 7 to meet direct comm]cial ne$s 9 ! cities1 & 7 seldom f\nd outside ( comm]cial t[ns4 ,! ari?metic taught 9 ! ,lat9 s*ools z a "p ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 0 l>gely !oretical2 ! ari?metic 9 ! reckon+ s*ools 0 practical4 ,! "w ( ! pr(essional reckon] 9 "t develop$ simil>ly to t ( ! pr(essional writ]1 & (t5 ! two 7 comb9$ 9 "o p]son4 ,:5 employ$ by a city he 0 kn[n z ! city cl]k4 ,9 #adhb ! fir/ reckon+ book to be publi%$ 9 ,g]many appe>$1 fill$ ) m]*ant's rules & appli$ problems 9 d5om9ate numb]s & ex*ange4 ,see an int]e/+ monograph by ,jackson1 ,l4 ,l41 ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,ari?metic 7,trs4 ,college ,pubs41 ,no4 #h1 #aijf74 #d ,lu!r tri$ to make a translation s simple t ev5 ! unle>n$ might pr(it by li/5+ to its read+4 ,to insure t 8 translation %\ld be 9 a language t w\ld be p]fectly cle> & natural to ! common p1 he w5t ab\t ask+ que/ions ( labor]s1 *ildr51 & mo!rs to secure good colloquial expressions4 ,x sometimes took him weeks to secure ! "r ^w1 b s satisfactory 0 ! result t x fix$ ! /&>d = mod]n ,g]man1 & /ill /&s z ! mo/ conspicu\s l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man language4 #e ,! ,fr5* v]sion ( ?is great orig9al "w repres5ts ! fir/ use ( ,fr5* z a language = an argum5tative treatise1 &1 z ,calv9's "w 0 m widely discuss$ ?an any o!r ,prote/ant !ological treatise1 x did mu* to fix ! "* ( ?is national language4 #f ,tyndale's translation is n only ! fir/ :i* goes back to ! orig9al tongues1 b x is s noble a translation 9 its m+l$ t5d]ness & maje/y1 its ,saxon simplicity1 & its smoo?1 beautiful diction t x has be5 b little improv$ on s9ce4 ,e succe$+ v]sion is little m ?an a revision ( ,tyndale's4 7,j4 ,pat]son ,smy?1 ,h[ ,we ,got ,our ,bible47 ,! foll[+ extract f ,mat!w is illu/rative3 ,o oure fa!r :i* art 9 hev51 halew$ be ?y "n4 ,let ?y k+dom come4 ,?y wyll be fulfill$1 z well 9 er?1 z hit ys 9 hev54 ,geve vs ?is daye oure dayly breade4 ,& =geve vs oure treaspases1 ev5 z we =geve !m :y* treaspas vs4 ,l$e vs nott 9 to temptacion1 b delyvre vs f yvell4 ,am54 #g ,! mo/ fam\s ( ,lu!r's ,g]man hymns1 & "o expressive ( ! ,prote/ant _s1 is ! "o beg9n+3 ,e9 fe/e ,burg i/ uns] ,gott1 ,a mighty =tress is our ,god1 ,e9 gute ,wehr und ,waff54 ,a bulw>k nev] fail+4 ,?is hymn has (t5 be5 call$ ,! ,m>seillaise ( ! ,re=mation4 #h ,! evolution1 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ( ! ,g]man v]nacul> s*ool-tea*] out ( ! p>i% sexton is "o ( ! int]e/+ bits ( our educational hi/ory4 #i ,magdeburg is typical1 :]e ! ,lu!rans unit$ all ! p>i% s*ools "u ! sup]vision ( "o pa/or4 #aj ,witt5b]g1 f\nd$ 9 #aejb z a new-le>n+ univ]sity1 & 9 :i* ,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 & ,bug5hag5 7 pr(essors1 0 ! fir/ ( ! univ]sities to become ,prote/ant4 ,gradually ! o!r univ]sities 9 ,prote/ant ,g]many ?rew (f _! allegiance to ! ,pope1 & took on t ( ! rul+ pr9ce4 #aa ,! fir/ ,prote/ant univ]sity to be f\nd$ 0 ,m>burg1 9 ,hesse1 9 #aebg4 ,:5 ?is lat] w5t ov] to ,calv9ism1 a new univ]sity 0 f\nd$ at ,giess51 9 #afjg1 by a migration ( ! ,lu!ran pr(essors4 ,o!r ,prote/ant univ]sities f\nd$ 7 ,knigsb]g 7#aedd7 ,j5a 7#aeee71 ,helm/adt 7#aegf71 & ! free-city univ]sities ( ,altdorf 7#aegc71 ,/rassburg 7#afba71 ,r9teln 7#afba71 ,duisb]g 7#afee7 & ,kiel 7#affe74 ,! support ( ^! came1 to a consid]able ext5t1 f old mona/ic or ecclesia/ical f\ndations :i* _h be5 dissolv$ aft] ! ,re=mation4 #ab ,?is 0 9 response to a petition to ! ,k+1 ne>ly two ye>s be=e4 ,! ,k+ f9ally grant$ ! reque/1 ?\gh ma9ta9+ t he 0 n compell$ by ,god's ,^w to set =? ! ,scriptures 9 ,engli%1 yet '( 8 own lib]ality & goodness 0 & is pleas$ t 8 said lov+ subjects %\ld h & read ! same 9 conv5i5t places & times4' 7,proct] & ,fr]e1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 p4 #cj47 #ac ,! injunctions direct$ t 'a ,bible ( ! l>ge/ volume 9 ,engli%' be set up 9 "s conv5i5t place 9 e *ur*1 :]e x might be read1 only )\t noise1 or di/urbance ( any public s]vice1 & )\t any disputation1 or exposition4 7,ibid41 p4 #cj47 #ad ,! "r to read ! ,bible 0 lat] revok$1 dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,viii's reign 7d4 #aedg71 by an act ( ,p>liam5t1 9 #aedc1 :i* provid$ t no woman 7unless %e be a noble or g5tle woman71 no artific]s1 appr5tices1 j\rneym51 s]v+m51 "u ! degree ( yeom5 444 husb&m51 or labor]s %\ld read or use any "p ( ! ,bible "u pa9 ( f9es & imprisonm5t4 #ae ,^! 71 di/ribut$ by reigns1 z foll[s3 ,h5ry ,,viii 7#aeji-aedg7 #fc s*ools ,edw>d ,,vi 7#aedg-aeec7 #ej ,m>y 7#aeec-aeeh7 #ai ,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc7 #ach ,james ,i 7#afjc-afbe7 ,*>les ,i 7#afbe-afdi7 #adb ,protectorate 7#afdi-affj7 ,*>les ,,ii 7#affj-afhe7 ,james ,,ii 7#afhe-afhh7 #adf ,,*apt] ,,xiv #a ,^! ,calv9i/s _h a common program ( broad scope--n m]ely doctr9al1 b also political1 economic1 & social4 ,_! common program & _! social ideals dem&$ education ( all z in/rum5ts ( ,provid5ce = *ur* & commonweal?4 ,_! indu/ri\s habits & productive economic life provid$ funds = education4 ,_! repres5tative in/itutions 9 bo? *ur* & commonweal? n only necessitat$ g5]al diffusion ( k1 b furni%$ ! organization necess>y = f\nd+1 sup]vis+1 & ma9ta9+1 9 :olesome t\* ) ! common man1 bo? elem5t>y & high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,_! discipl9$ & responsive consci5ce1 _! consequ5t int5sity ( moral conviction & _s ( self- sacrifice = ! common weal1 compell$ !m to realize1 9 concrete & p]man5t =m1 _! ideals ( college & common s*ool4 7,fo/]1 ,h4 ,d41 ,9 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 i1 p4 #dii47 #b ,9 #afbe a li/ ( ! fam\s m5 ( ! city ( ,l\va91 9 ,belgium1 0 pr9t$4 ,m ?an "o f\r? ( ^? li/$ _h /udi$ 9 ! colleges ( ,g5eva4 #c ,fo/]1 ,h4 ,d41 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dia4 #d ,9 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dih4 #e ,t public s*ools ab\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ne!rl&s is evid5t4 ,e /udy ( ! ar*ives ( t[n or prov9ce discloses _! pres5ce4 ,! m9utes ( e religi\s body be> ov]:elm+ te/imony n only to ! exi/5ce ( s*ools1 b also a zeal\s int]e/ 9 _! ma9t5ance4 7,kilpatrick1 ,w4 ,h41 ,dut* ,s*ools ( ,new ,ne!rl&s1 p4 #cg47 #f ,= long ! ,*ur* _h _h ! ,inquisition1 b1 :ile x _h r5d]$ loyal & iniquit\s s]vice1 ! results _h be5 9 no way comm5surate ) ! bitt] hatr$ :i* its "w awak5$4 ,excommunication1 p]secution1 imprisonm5t1 ! /ake1 & ! sword _h be5 tri$ ext5sively1 b ) only p>tial success4 ,9 education ! re=m]s _h %[n ! ,*ur* a new me?od1 :i* 0 positive & effective & did n awak5 opposition1 & f ! re=m]'s zeal = ,lat9 gramm> s*ools to provide an intellig5t m9i/ry ! ,*ur* took its cue ( e/abli%+ s*ools to tra9 its future lead]s4 ,x 0 a long-head$ & f>-sight$ plan1 & its success 0 proportionately l>ge4 #g ,?is is n true ( _! missions 9 =eign l&s1 :]e ! mission prie/s usually gave elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,elem5t>y s*ools 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,jesuit missions ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?us a mission s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,quebec z e>ly z #afce1 & "o at ,newt[n1 9 ,ca?olic ,m>yl&1 9 #afdj4 ,aft] #agdj elem5t>y p>i% s*ools 7 op5$ by ! ,jesuits among ! ,g]man ,ca?olics 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,f ^! beg9n+s ,ca?olic p>i% s*ools h be5 develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #h ,! ,ord] 0 re/abli%$ 9 #ahad & x has s9ce be5 all[$ to re/abli% itself 9 mo/ c\ntries1 ?\gh n 9 ,france or ,g]many4 ,!re are #da ,jesuit colleges 9 ,am]ica1 9 #ba /ates4 7,= li/ see ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #edj47 ,9 ! revision ( its c\rse ( in/ruction1 9 #ahcb1 mod]n /udies 7 add$1 b ! ,society has nev] play$ any su* conspicu\s "p 9 education s9ce its re/abli%m5t z x did dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 #i ,x is an int]e/+ speculation z to :e!r ! fact t ! ,jesuits made su* headway 9 ,g]man l&s1 & s deeply impress$ _! tra9+ on ! *ildr5 ( ! nobility !re1 has _h any connection ) ! attitude ( ,g]man & ,au/rian political lead]s 9 _! gov]nm5tal & political policies s9ce t "t4 #aj ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,jesuits _h lo/ mu* ( _! =m] vigor1 & _! colleges _! =m] l>ge influ5ce4 ,!y _h become p[]ful & arrogant1 mix$ deeply 9 political intrigues1 qu>rel$ ) any "o :o cross$ _! pa?1 & refus$ to *ange _! in/ruction to meet new intellectual ne$s4 ,!y 7 f9ally driv5 f ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,g]man l&s1 & 7 ultimately aboli%$ z an ,ord]4 #aa ,! c>e ) :i* ! ,ratio ,/udiorum 0 work$ out is typical ( ! ?or\ghness ( ! ,ord]4 ,a prelim9>y outl9e ( "w 0 foll[$ = _m ye>s1 ! :ole be+ exp]im5tal4 ,reports on x 7 made1 & f9ally a prelim9>y ,ratio 0 issu$1 9 #aehf4 ,?is 0 aga9 revis$ & ca/ into f9al =m1 9 #aeii4 ,9 ?is =m x rema9$ until #ahcb1 :5 "s mod]n /udies 7 add$4 #ab ,dabney1 ,r4 ,h41 ,! ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 p4 #bjc4 #ac ,= example1 ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ,france met f\r times dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) weighty problems ( religion & /ate = consid]ation1 yet 9 ?ree ( ! f\r meet+s resolutions 7 pass$ urg+ ! cl]gy to e/abli% s*oolma/]s 9 all ! t[ns & villages1 & a g5]al sy/em ( compulsory education = all4 #ad ,les vrais ,con/itutions des ,religieuses de la ,congrgation de ,no/re ,dame1 *ap4 xi1 sec4 #f1 #b;d ed41 ,t\l1 #afid4 #ae ,see especially ,felix ,cadet1 ,port-,royal ,education 7,scribn]s1 ,new ,york1 #ahih71 = translations ( _m ( ! brief p$agogical writ+s ( memb]s ( ! ,ord]4 #af ,fa!r ,demia1 at ,lyons1 _h organiz$ :at 0 probably ! fir/ tra9+-s*ool = ma/]s1 9 #afgb4 ,la ,salle's tra9+-s*ool dates f #afhd4 ,francke's ,g]man ,sem9>ium ,praeceptorum1 at ,halle1 ! fir/ 9 ,g]man l&s1 dates f #afif4 #ag ,! num]\s pictures ( s*ools & educational lit]ature well into ! n9ete5? c5tury %[ ! g5]al preval5ce ( ! individual me?od ( in/ruction4 ,x 0 ! me?od 9 ,am]ican s*ools until well t[>d ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to h grad$ ! *ildr5 & introduc$ class in/ruction 9 #afhd 0 an important advance :i* ! _w has be5 sl[ 9 le>n+4 #ah ,ev]y?+ 0 accord+ to rule1 ev5 ! f]ule1 :i* mu/ be made ( two /rips ( lea!r1 t5 to twelve in*es long1 sew$ toge!r4 ,all (f5ses1 & ! numb] & location ( ! bl[s = ea*1 7 specifi$4 ,lat] ! corporal puni%m5t 0 replac$ by p5ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xv #a ,repres5t+ n ov] "o t5? ( ! population1 ! ,prote/ants 9 ,france _h f ! fir/ be5 subject$ to mu* p]secution4 ,9 ! ,massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew 7#aegb7 ov] "o ?\s& _h be5 massacr$ 9 ,p>is & t5 ?\s& m 9 ! prov9ces4 ,aft] "s w>f>e1 a treaty 0 made1 9 #aeih1 "u :i* ! s-call$ ,edict ( ,nantes gu>ante$ religi\s tol]ation = ! ,prote/ants4 ,9 #afhe ?is 0 revok$1 & _! m9i/]s 7 giv5 fifte5 days to leave ,france4 ,! memb]s 71 h[ev]1 =bidd5 to leave4 ,_m1 ?\gh1 got away1 escap+ to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,engl&1 & to ,am]ica4 #b ,! culm9ation ( ?is dissatisfaction came 9 #afdi1 :5 ,*>les ,i 0 behead$ & ,! ,commonweal? 0 e/abli%$ "u ,cromwell4 ,dur+ ! tr\bl$ times :i* foll[$ 7#afdi-fj7 mu* damage 0 done to ! *ur*es ( ,engl& by way ( elim9at+ ve/iges ( pop]y4 #c ,"s ( ^! w5t back to ,engl&--_m aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,prote/ant ,commonweal? "u ,cromwell 7#afdi74 ,x has be5 e/imat$1 = ?ree ( ! e>ly colonies1 t ! population by decades 0 approximately z foll[s3 #afcj #afdj #afej #affj ,new ,ne!rl&s44444444444444 #ejj #ajjj #cjjj #fjjj ,massa*usetts4444444444444444 #acjj #adjjj #ahjjj #bejjj ,virg9ia4444444444444444444444 #cjjj #hjjj #agjjj #ccjjj #d ,! "n & ! =m came alike f old ,engl&1 :]e an irregul> area kn[n z a t[n or a t[n%ip1 con/itut$ ! unit ( repres5tation 9 ! %iremoats & ! memb]%ip ( ! *ur* p>i%4 ,almo/ e t[n & p>i% (fic] kn[n 9 ,engl& 0 creat$ by ! new t[ns 9 ,new ,engl&1 ) practically ! same functions z 9 ! old home4 #e ,! settl]s 7 9 ! fir/ fre%ness ( _! ,utopian en?usiasm1 & _! *ur* e/abli%m5t 0 ! v he>t ( _! ent]prise4 ,x became !re=e a matt] ( prim>y importance to educate prea*]s4 ,= ages prep>ation = ! m9i/ry _h consi/$ ma9ly 9 acquir+ a k ( ,lat91 ! sacr$ tongue ( we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,?\gh ! ,lat9 s]vice 0 no long] us$ by ,prote/ants1 & ! ,vulgate ,bible _h be5 de?ron$ by ! orig9al text1 & ?\gh ! ma9 /ream ( ,engli% !ology 0 by ?is "t fl[+ 9 ! *annel ( ! "m tongue1 ! notion t all m9i/]s %\ld "k ,lat9 _h /ill "s c5turies ( t\gh life 9 x4 7,eggle/on1 ,e41 ,! ,transit ( ,civilization1 p4 #bbe47 #f ,= example1 ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 9 #afda1 devot$ ! income f ,de]e ,isl& to ! support ( s*ools1 & ,plym\?1 9 #afgj1 appropriat$ ! income f ! ,cape ,cod fi%+ indu/ry to ! support ( gramm> s*ools 7,r4 #aid c74 ,^! are among ! e>lie/ ( ! p]man5t end[m5ts = education 9 ,am]ica4 #g ,see ,! ,developm5t ( ,s*ool ,support 9 ,colonial ,massa*usetts1 by ,george ,l4 ,jackson1 = a c>eful /udy ( ! diff]5t e>ly me?ods ( s*ool support4 #h ,! ,puritan emigrants to ,new ,engl& repres5t$ a /urdy & well- educat$ class ( ,engli% c\ntry squires & yeom54 ,!y came ( ?rifty & well-to-d /ock1 ! %iftless & incompet5t n be+ repres5t$4 ,all _h _h good educational advantages1 & _m 7 graduates ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t probably nev] s9ce has ! proportion ( college m5 9 ! community be5 s l>ge4 #i ,m>t91 ,geo4 ,h41 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,massa*usetts ,public-,s*ool ,sy/em1 pp4 #ad-af4 #aj ,! *>g+ ( a tuition fee to ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay 0 a common ,european practice ( ! "t1 nev]!less ! public au?orities --at t "t a mixture ( civil & *ur* (ficials--provid$ ! s*ool1 employ$ & lic5s$ ! tea*]1 det]m9$ ! textbooks to be us$1 & laid d[n ! conditions "u :i* ! s*ool %\ld be conduct$4 ,! s*oolma/] assi/$ ! *ur* by p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,sunday s]vices4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool ( ! ,dut*1 :i* 0 copi$ 9 ! ,new ,ne!rl&1 0 ?us a comb9ation ( a public & p>o*ial1 & a free & pay s*ool4 #aa ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 mu* m true ( ,new ,york ,city & ,isl& ?an ( ! outly+ ,dut* villages4 ,9 ^! latt] a public s*ool 0 = long ma9ta9$4 #ab ,drap]1 ,a4 ,s41 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,new ,york ,common ,s*ool ,sy/em4 #ac ,among ! ,g]man ,lu!rans1 :o con/itut$ ne>ly "o f\r? ( ! total population ( ! colony1 a s*ool is claim$ to h be5 e/abli%$ alongside ! *ur* by ea* ( ! congregations at ! e>lie/ possible p]iod aft] its =mation4 ,! close connection betwe5 ^! ,lu!ran congregations & _! s*ools may be se5 f ! foll[+ contract1 dat$ at ,lanca/]1 9 #aggd3 ,i1 ! und]sign$1 ,john ,h(fman1 p>o*ial tea*] ( ! *ur* at ,lanca/]1 h promis$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! congregation1 to s]ve z *oiri/]1 &1 z long z we h no pa/or1 to read s]mons on ,sunday4 ,9 summ] ,i promise to hold ca!*etical in/ruction ) ! "y1 z becomes a fai?ful tea*]1 & also to lead !m 9 ! s++ & att5d to ! clock4 #ad ,! sev5te5?-c5tury ,virg9ia legislation relat+ to education is z foll[s3 #afdc4 ,orphans to be educat$ accord+ to ! compet5ce ( _! e/ate4 #afdf4 ,if ! e/ate be s meane & inconsid]ate t x w n rea* to a free education1 !n t orphan %all be b\nd to "s manuall trade 444 except "s fri5ds or relatives be will+ to keep !m4 #affj-fa4 ,to avoid slo? & idl5ess 444 z also = ! relief ( p>5ts ^: pov]ty ext5ds n to giv+ _! *ildr5 bre$+1 ! ju/ices ( ! peace %\ld 444 b9d out *ildr5 to tradesm5 or husb&m5 to be br\ght up 9 "s good & lawful call+4 #ae ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable1 because ! mo/ widespread & complex illu/ration ( ! educational g5ius ( ,calv9ism is to be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican colonies1 :]e ! v>i\s ,european /reams ( ,calv9ism s conv]g$ t ! sev5te5?-c5tury coloni/s 7 pr$om9antly ,calv9i/s--n m]ely ! ,puritans ( ,new ,engl&1 b ! ,dut*1 ,walloons1 ,hugu5ots1 ,scot*1 & ,scot*-,iri%1 ) a consid]able ,puritan admixture 9 ,anglican ,virg9ia & ,ca?olic ,m>yl&4 7,fo/]1 ,h4 ,d41 9 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dih47 #af ,to illu/rate h[ omnipres5t ?is religi\s atmosph]e 01 ,i _c d bett] ?an to cite ! occasion :5 ,judge ,sewell f\nd t ! sp\t :i* conduct$ ! ra9 wat] f 8 ro( did n p]=m its (fice4 ,aft] pati5t se>*+1 a ball belong+ to ! small *ild]5 0 f\nd lodg$ 9 ! sp\t4 ,!reupon ! fa!r s5t = ! m9i/] & _h a season ( pray] ) 8 boys t _! mis*ief or c>elessness might be set 9 its prop] aspect & t ! ev5t might be sanctifi$ to _! spiritual good4 ,p[]s ( d>kness & ( light 7 /ruggl+ = ! possession ( e s\l1 & x 0 ! duty ( p>5ts1 m9i/]s1 & tea*]s to lose no opportunity to pluck ! *ildr5 z br&s f ! burn+4 7,johnson ,clifton1 ,old-,"t ,s*ools & ,s*oolbooks1 p4 #ab47 ,,*apt] ,,xvi #a ,?ales _h guess$ t wat] 0 ! primal elem5t f :i* all _h be5 d]iv$2 ,anaxim5es guess$ air2 ,h]aclitus fire2 ,py?agoras held t numb] 0 ! ess5ce ( all ?+s2 ,emp$ocles ?\ght t fire & heat1 accompani$ by inde/ructible =ces1 =m$ ! basis2 ,x5ophanes _h guess$ air1 fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 & _h work$ out a complete s*eme ( creation4 ,= an int]e/+ discussion ( ^! e>ly attempts to expla9 creation1 see ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 vol4 #a1 *ap4 iv4 #b ,among ! treatises by him accept$ z g5u9e are ,on ,airs1 ,wat]s1 & ,places2 ,on ,epidemics2 ,on ,regim5 9 ,acute ,diseases2 ,on ,fractures2 & ,on ,injuries ( ! ,head4 #c ,= example1 ,hippocrates _h held t ! human body conta9s f\r humors--blood1 phlegm1 yell[ bile1 & black bile--& t disease 0 caus$ by ! undue accumulation ( "s "o ( ^! humors 9 "s organ1 :i* x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! physician to get rid ( by blood- lett+1 bli/]+1 purg+1 or o!r means4 #d ,f a collection ( dogg]el rhymes put out by two pa/ors & doctors ( !ology at ,basle1 9 #afah1 by ! names ( ,grassn] & ,gross1 to int]pret ! or?odox !ory ( comets to peasants & s*ool *ildr54 #e ,! e>? is a sph]e1 situat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! heav5s2 if x 7 n1 "o side ( ! heav5s w\ld appe> ne>] to u ?an ! o!r1 & ! />s w\ld be l>g] !re4 ,! e>? is b a po9t 9 comp>ison to ! heav5s1 because ! />s appe> ( ! same magnitude & at ! same di/ance int] se1 no matt] :]e ! obs]v] goes on ! e>?4 ,x has no motion ( translation4444 ,if !re 7 a motion1 x w\ld be proportionate to ! great mass ( ! e>? & w\ld leave beh9d animals & objects ?r[n into ! air4 ,?is also disproves ! sugge/ion made by "s1 t ! e>?1 :ile immovable 9 space1 turns r\nd on its own axis4 7,ptolemy1 ,dige/ ( argum5t ( ,book #a ( ! ,almage/47 #f ,9 ! d$icatory lett] ,cop]nicus /ates t he _h _h ! complet$ manuscript 9 8 /udy = ?irty-six ye>s1 & publi%$ x n[ only on ! urg+ ( fri5ds4 #g ,to secure ! greate/ possible accuracy he con/ruct$ a wood5 outdoor quadrant "s t5 feet 9 radius1 ) a brass scale1 ?us p]mitt+ read+s to a fraction ( an in*4 #h ,! curr5t view 0 t comets 7 =m$ by ! asc5d+ ( human s9s f ! e>?1 t !y 7 *ang$ into a k9d ( gas1 & ignit$ by ! ang] ( ,god4 ,?is poison$ /uff !n fell d[n on p's heads1 caus+ all k9ds ( mis*ief1 su* z pe/il5ce1 sudd5 dea?1 /orms1 etc4 7,dry]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e41 ,ty*o ,brahe47 #i ,= ov] fifty ye>s he 0 ! knight militant ( sci5ce1 & almo/ alone did successful battle ) ! ho/s ( ,*ur*m5 & ,ari/otelians :o attack$ him on all sides--"o man aga9/ a _w ( bigotry & ignorance4 ,if !n444 :5 face to face ) ! t]rors ( ! ,inquisition he1 l ,pet]1 d5i$ 8 ,ma/]1 no hone/ man1 kn[+ all ! circum/ances1 w be 9 a hurry to blame him4 7,fahie1 ,j4 ,j41 ,galileo1 ,8 ,life & ,"w47 #aj ,see ,r\tl$ge1 ,r41 ,a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ace-cf1 = a good dige/ ( ,bacon's inductive inve/igation1 z a result ( :i* he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ,heat is an expansive bridl$ motion1 /ruggl+ 9 ! small p>ticles ( bodies4 #aa ,bacon himself di$ a victim ( "o ( 8 inductive exp]im5ts4 ,wi%+ to try out 8 !ory t cold w\ld prev5t or ret>d putrefaction1 he kill$ a *ick51 clean$ x1 & pack$ x 9 sn[4 ,9 s do+ he contract$ a cold :i* caus$ 8 dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii #a ,see footnote #a1 p4 #bgb1 on ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,six ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,tractate1 ,milton _h visit$ ,italy1 & _h be5 mu* ent]ta9$ 9 ,flor5ce by memb]s ( ! ,academy & ,univ]sity !re4 ,9 ! ,tractate he outl9$ a plan = a s]ies ( classical ,academies = ,engl&1 _m ( :i* 7 e/abli%$4 ,f ,engl& ! t]m 0 c>ri$ to ,am]ica1 & became ! "n = a great developm5t ( semi-private second>y s*ools :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 #b ,unlike ,engl& & ,france1 ! ,g]man l&s long rema9$ feudal & n unit$4 ,z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,g]many 0 made up ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ little pr9cipalities1 ( :i* sixty 7 free cities4 ,ea* little pr9cipality 0 self-gov]n+ & ma9ta9$ its little c\rt4 #c ,ri*>d ,mulca/] 7#aeca-afaa71 = =ty-eight ye>s a fam\s ,london ,lat9 gramm>-s*ool ma/]1 (t5 class$ z a precursor ( ! s5se reali/s1 9 two books1 publi%$ 9 #aeha & #aehb1 _h urg$ ! great importance ( a /udy ( ! ,engli% tongue1 & ( us+ x z a m$ium = in/ruction4 ,9 8 ,elem5t>ie 7#aehb7 he _h said3 ,our own language be>s ! joyful title ( our lib]ty & fre$om1 ! ,lat9 rememb]s u ( our ?ralldom & bondage4 ,i love ,rome1 b ,london bett]2 ,i favor ,italy1 b ,engl& m4 ,i honor ! ,lat91 b ,i wor%ip ! ,engli%4 7,r4 #bbf47 #d ,! s*ool 0 op5$ ) #dcc boys & girls enroll$4 ,x 0 divid$ into six classes4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ,g]man only 0 us$4 ,9 ! fir/ two classes ! *ildr5 7 taught to read & write ,g]man1 ,g5esis be+ ! read+ book ( ! second class4 ,9 ! ?ird class ,g]man gramm> 0 /udi$4 ,music1 religion1 & ! elem5ts ( ari?metic 7 also taught 9 ^! classes4 ,9 ! f\r? class ,lat9 0 begun1 /udy+ ,t]5ce1 & ,lat9 gramm> 0 work$ out f ! con/ructions4 ,9 ! six? & highe/ class ,greek 0 taught4 ,a good education 0 to be giv5 9 six ye>s1 ?r\gh ! sav+ ( "t4 #e ,?is 0 writt5 out 9 8 native ,cze* tongue1 b 0 n publi%$ at ! "t4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] x appe>$ 9 ,lat91 ) 8 collect$ works1 z publi%$ by 8 patron at ,am/]dam 7#afeg74 ,x 0 !n =gott5 = two c5turies4 ,9 #ahda ! manuscript 0 f\nd at ,lissa1 & publi%$ 9 ! orig9al at ,prague1 9 #ahdh4 ,! fir/ ,engli% edition appe>$ 9 #ahif4 #f ,see ! ,engli% edition edit$ by ,m4 ,w4 ,keat+e1 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black1 ,london1 #ahif4 #g ,! foll[+ is illu/rative3 ,sec4 #eah 7,geometria74 ,ex concursu l9e>um fit angulus qui e/ vel rectus1 qu]n l9ea incid5s p]p5dicul>is efficit1 ut e/ 79 subjecto s*emate7 angulus ,a ,c ,b2 vel acutus1 m9or recto1 ,a ut ,b ,c ,d2 vel obtusus1 major recto1 ut ,a ,c ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,b ,d _/ _/ ,a------------- ,c #h ,a v good repr9t ( ! #agbg ,engli% edition1 ) pictures f ! fir/ edition ( #afeh1 0 br\ght out by ,c4 ,w4 ,b>de51 ( ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahhg4 ,?is ought to be 9 all libr>ies :]e ! hi/ory ( education is taught4 #i ,bas$['s ,elem5t>w]k mit ,kupf]n 7,elem5t>y ,read+ ,book1 ) copp]plate pictures71 publi%$ 9 #aggc 7see p4 #ece71 0 ! fir/ attempt1 & n a p>ticul>ly successful "o ei!r1 to improve on ! ,orbis ,pictus4 #aj ,?is t]m 0 at fir/ appli$ 9 d]ision1 j z ,me?odism 0 appli$ to ! ,engli% religi\s re=m]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b ! t]m 0 soon made reputable by ! e>ne/ness & ability ( ^? :o accept$ x4 #aa ,francke's fa!r _h be5 c\nselor to ,duke ,erne/ ( ,go?a1 :o _h creat$ = 8 little du*y ! mo/ mod]n-type s*ool sy/em ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,h[ mu* ,francke's progressive ideas 9 educational matt]s g back to ! "w ( ,duke ,erne/ =ms an int]e/+ speculation4 #ab ,francke _h ! r>e ability to see cle>ly :at ne$$ do+1 & !n to d x reg>dless ( ob/acles or consequ5ces4 ,! magnitude ( 8 "w 9 ,halle is simply m>vel\s1 & yet :at he actually accompli%$ is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) :at he inspir$ o!rs to d4 ,he %[$ h[ practical ,*ri/ianity c\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! "w ( ! common s*ools2 8 plan 0 imm$iately adopt$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,i & made well-nigh univ]sal 9 ,prussia4 ,he %[$ h[ ! ,reali5 c\ld be pr(itably employ$ 9 a ,lat9 s*ool1 & ev5 made a con/itu5t "p ( a univ]sity prep>atory c\rse2 z a result ( 8 me?ods1 & especially ( 8 sugge/ion t s*ools %\ld be f\nd$ = ! exclusive purpose ( fitt+ ! y\? ( ! citiz5 class = practical life1 !re has s9ce gr[n up 9 ,g]many a class ( ,real- s*ools4 7,russell1 ,j4 ,e41 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools1 p4 #fd47 #ac ,pauls51 ,fr41 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities1 p4 #cf4 #ad ,z late z #ahje1 accord+ to ,pauls51 ( ! :ole numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ! univ]sities ( ,prussia1 !re 7 b #add 9 ! comb9$ m$ical faculties1 z aga9/ #eee 9 !ology1 & #ajcf 9 law4 #ae ,francke relates t1 z a /ud5t at ,erfurt 7c4 #afge71 he 0 able to /udy physics & botany1 along ) 8 !ological /udies4 ,ox=d records %[ ! publication ( a li/ ( plants 9 ! ,physick ,g>d5 !re z e>ly z #afdh4 ,! g>d5 0 end[$ ab\t t "t by ! ,e>l ( ,danby1 & 9 #agfd lectures on botany 7 begun !re4 ,"l ,bacon1 9 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje71 _h writt53 ,we see likewise t "s places in/itut$ = physic 7m$ic9ae7 h annex$ ! commodity ( g>d5s = simples ( all sorts1 & d likewise comm& ! use ( dead bodies = anatomies4 #af ,?omasius 0 made pr(essor ( !ology1 & ,francke pr(essor ( ,greek & ,ori5tal languages4 ,bo? _h be5 expell$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 :o _h be5 bani%$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,i1 0 recall$ & made pr(essor ( philosophy4 ,x 0 he :o made philosophy talk ,g]man4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii #a ,quick1 ,r4 ,h41 ,essays on ,educational ,re=m]s1 #bf4 ed41 p4 #ig4 #b ,locke 0 ! fir/ to lay ! basis = mod]n sci5tific psy*ology to sup]s$e ! philosophic psy*ology ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,9 8 ,essay on ! ,conduct ( ! ,human ,und]/&+ 7#afij7 ^u :i* he sp5t _m ye>s ( labor1 he fir/ appli$ ! me?ods ( sci5tific obs]vation to ! m9d1 analyz$ exp]i5ces1 & employ$ introspection & comp>ative m5tal /udy4 ,he ?us built up a psy*ology bas$ on ! analysis ( exp]i5ces1 & came to ! conclusion t our k is d]iv$ by reflection on exp]i5ce com+ ?r\gh s5sation4 ,he is consequ5tly call$ ! f\nd] ( empirical psy*ology1 & ! =]unn] ( mod]n exp]im5tal psy*ology & *ild /udy4 ,8 philosophy1 & 8 !ory ( education z well1 ?us came to be a philosophy ( exp]i5ce--a rejection ( m]e au?ority1 & a con/ant appeal to reason z a guide4 #c ,fre$om & self-reliance1 ^! are ! wat*words ( ^! two m>vel\sly mod]n m5 7,montaigne & ,locke74 ,expansion1 real education1 draw+ out1 wid5+ out1 t is ! burd5 ( _! prea*+2 & voices 9 ! wild]ness !irs 76 ,n>r[ness1 bigotry1 flippancy1 in]tia1 ^! 7 ! rule until ,r\sseau's "t1 & ev5 8 voice 0 to fall ^u deaf e>s 9 ,engl&4 7,monroe1 ,jas4 ,p41 ,evolution ( ! ,educational ,ideal1 p4 #abb47 #d ,s*midt1 ,k>l1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik1 translat$ 9 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education4 #e ,rules = ! s*ools ( ,dor*e/]1 ,massa*usetts4 #f ,duke ,eb]h>d ,l\is's ,r5ew$ ,organization ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool1 #agbi2 republi%$ #aghb4 #g ,"o ( ! e>lie/ horn books kn[n appe>s 9 ! illum9at$ manuscript %[n 9 ,figure #dd1 :i* dates f #aejc4 ,! fir/ def9itely kn[n horn book 9 ,engl& dates f #aehg1 :ile mo/1 ( ! specim5s f\nd 9 museums date f ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,z improvem5ts or v>iations ( ! horn book1 c>dbo>d %eets & wood5 squ>es1 kn[n z battl$ores1 appe>$ aft] #aggj4 ,on ^! ! illu/rat$ alphabet 0 pr9t$4 7,see ,tu]1 ,a4 ,w41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,horn ,book1 #b vols41 illu/rat$1 ,london1 #ahhf1 = detail$ descriptions47 #h ,! div]sity ( religi\s prim]s :i* _h gr[n up by #aefe l$ ,h5ry ,,viii to cause to be issu$ a unifi$ & (ficial ,prim]1 conta9+ ! ,pat] ,no/]1 ,ave ,m>ia1 ,cr$o1 & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 #i ,! title-page ( an edition ( #agae decl>es t edition to be3 ,! ,prote/ant ,tutor1 in/ruct+ ,y\? & ,o!rs1 9 ! compleat me?od ( ,spell+1 ,read+1 & ,writ+ ,true ,engli%3 ,also discov]+ to !m ! ,notori\s ,errors1 ,damnable ,doctr9es1 & cruel ,massacres ( ! bloody ,papi/s :i* ,engl& may expect f a ,popi% ,successor4 #aj ,?is 0 compil$ by ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly ( ,div9es1 call$ toge!r by ,p>liam5t1 9 #afdc1 compos$ ( #aba cl]gym51 #cj ( ! laity1 & #e special commission]s f ,scotl&4 ,x held #aafc sessions1 ext5d+ ov] six ye>s1 & fram$ ! s]ies ( #ajg que/ions & answ]s :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,prim] z ,! ,%ort] ,cate*ism4 #aa ,s great 0 ! sale ( ?is book t ! au?or 0 able to support 8 family dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s 7#ahjg-bg7 he 0 at "w on 8 ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language1 entirely f ! royalties f ! ,spell] ?\gh ! copyright returns 7 less ?an "o c5t a copy4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? 7#ahdc71 ! sales 7 /ill approximately a million copies a ye>1 & ! book is /ill on sale4 #ab ,9 ,nuremb]g1 z an example ( ,g]man practice1 ! guild ( writ+ & ari?metic ma/]s cont9u$1 ?r\gh\t all ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev5 into ! n9ete5?1 z an organization sep>ate f t ( o!r types ( tea*]s4 #ac ,francke1 9 8 ,in/itutions at ,halle 7p4 #dah71 _h tri$ to develop a numb]-concept1 & apply ! tea*+4 ,9 ! ,brauns*weig-,lneburg s*ool decree ( #agcg appe>$ directions = beg9n+ numb] "w by c\nt+ ! f+]s1 apples1 etc41 & bas+ ! multiplication table on addition4 ,a few ,g]man writ]s dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury sugge/$ bett] in/ruction1 ,bas$[ 7*apt] ,,xxii7 tri$ to in/itute re=m 9 ! tea*+ ( ! subject1 b x 0 left = ,pe/alozzi 7*apt] ,,xxi7 to give ! fir/ real impetus to ! rational tea*+ ( ! subject4 #ad ,su* (fices 7 n consid]$ 9 any s5se z degrad+1 & ! atta*+ ( ! new duty ( in/ruct+ ! "y ( ! p>i% 9 read+ & religion dignifi$ /ill m ! o!r *ur* (fice4 ,z s*ools grew 9 importance !re 0 a gradual %ift+ ( emphasis1 & f9ally a dropp+ ( ! e>li] duties4 ,_m e>ly s*ool contracts 9 ,am]ica 7,rs4 #aje2 #bcf7 call$ = su* *ur* duties on ! "p ( ! p>i% tea*]4 ,see also footnote1 p4 #cgj4 #ae ,9 #agbb c\ntry s*oolma/]s 9 ,prussia 7 ord]$ select$ f tailors1 weav]s1 blacksmi?s1 :eelwrights1 & c>p5t]s1 & 9 #agch !y 7 grant$ ! tailor+ monopoly 9 _! villages1 to help !m to live4 ,lat] ,fr$]ick ! ,great ord]$ t 8 crippl$ & sup]annuat$ soldi]s %\ld be giv5 tea*+ positions 9 ! elem5t>y v]nacul> s*ools ( ,prussia4 #af ,! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,k1 organiz$ 9 #afji to aid ! ,*ur* & provide s*ools at home1 & ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts1 organiz$ 9 #agjb to supply m9i/]s & tea*]s = *ur*es & s*ools 9 ! ,engli% colonies4 #ag ,9 #agjd ! ord9>y *>ge 9 ,london = a ,s*ool ( #ej ,boys ,cloa!d comes to ab\t #ge p] ,annum1 = :i* a ,s*ool-,room1 ,books1 & ,fir+ are provid$1 a ,ma/] paid1 & to ea* ,boy is giv5 ye>ly1 #c ,b&s1 #a ,cap1 #a ,coat1 #a ,pair ( ,/ock+s1 & "o ,pair ( ,%ooes4 ,a girls' s*ool ( ! same size co/ #fj p] annum1 :i* paid = ! room1 books1 mi/ress1 fix+ & provid+ ea* girl ) #b ,coyfs1 #b ,b&s1 #a ,g[n & ,petticoat1 #a ,pair ( knit ,gloves1 #a ,pair ( ,/ock+s1 & #b ,pair ( ,%ooes4 #ah ,mc,carthy1 ,ju/9 ,h41 ,irel& s9ce ! ,union1 p4 #ac4 #ai ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 ! ,g5]al ,s*ool ,regulations issu$ 9 #agfc 7,r4 #bgd1 #ae71 /rictly prohibit$ ! keep+ ( h$ge s*ools 9 ! t[ns & rural di/ricts ( ,prussia4 #bj ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress 7#afgh17 ,defoe's ,rob9son ,crusoe 7#agai71 & ,gulliv]'s ,travels 7#agbf71 ,! publication ( ^! trem5d\sly /imulat$ ! desire to read4 #ba ,/rype1 ,john1 ,/[e's ,survey ( ,london1 #agbj2 bk4 #a1 pp4 #aii1 #bja- #jb4 #bb ,pauls51 ,fri$ri*1 ,g]man ,education1 p4 #ada4 #bc ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry4 ,translat$ f ,k>l von ,raum]2 9 8 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 v41 p4 #eji4 #bd ,salmon1 ,david1 ,! ,education ( ! ,poor 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury2 9 ,educational ,record1 ,london1 #aijh4 #be ,if y w\ld compreh5d ! success ( ,r\sseau's mile1 call to m9d ! *ildr5 we h describ$1 ! embroid]$1 gild$1 dress$-up1 p[d]$ little g5tlem51 deck$ ) sword & sa%1444 alongside ( ^!1 little ladies ( six ye>s1 /ill m artificial1--s _m v]itable dolls to :i* r\ge is appli$1 & ) :i* a "m amuses h]self = an h\r & !n consigns !m to h] maids = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,?is "m reads mile4 ,x is n surpris+ t %e imm$iately /rips ! poor little ?+ 7( its social h>ness ( :alebone1 iron1 & hair7 & det]m9es to nurse h] next *ild h]self4 7,ta9e1 ,h4 ,a41 ,! ,anci5t ,rgime1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgc47 #bf ,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de41 ,! ,progress ( ,education 9 ,engl&1 pp4 #df1 #ej4 #bg ,a *ange n[ took place 9 ! intellectual life ( ,g]many3 ,! nation began to make itself indep5d5t ( ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,9 lit]ature ,klop/ock & ,less+ broke ! fett]s ( ,fr5* classicism4 ,an ard5t desire = a deep] culture peculi> to ! ,g]man p ass]t$ itself4 ,b ! soil ( ! national life 0 too poor 9 g5us = a purely ,g]man culture1 h5ce s*ol>s look$ = new models & f\nd !m 9 classical antiquity4 ,! anci5t au?ors became aga9 ! ma/]s ( culture & ta/e2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 ?\gh1 t x 0 n desir$ to le>n h[ to express _! ?\ghts z well z ! le>n]'s ?\ghts 9 ,lat91 b to become famili> ) _! mann] ( ?9k+ & feel+1 = ! purpose ( enl>g+ & ennobl+ ,g]man ?\ght & spee*4 ,f ?is /&po9t ,greek1 on acc\nt ( its m valuable lit]ature1 assum$ a high] importance1 &1 by degrees1 a sup]iority ov] ,lat94 7,nohle1 ,e41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool ,sy/em1 pp4 #dh- #di47 #bh ,if any "o be de/9$ = a /udi\s c>e]1 let him n %irk 8 ,greek lessons1 inasmu* z he w\ld !reby suff] irretrievable loss4444 ,he :o reads ! classic writ]s1 /udy+ ma!matical reason+ at ! same "t1 tra9s 8 m9d to di/+ui% :at is true or false1 beautiful or unsightly1 fills 8 memory ) manifold f9e ?\ghts1 atta9s skill 9 grasp+ ! ideas ( o!rs z well z 9 flu5tly express+ 8 own1 acquires a numb] ( excell5t maxims = ! improvem5t ( ! und]/&+ & ! w1 & ?us le>ns by practice ne>ly all t a good comp5dium ( philosophy c\ld tea* him 9 sy/ematic ord] & dogmatic =m4 7,s*ool ,regulations = ,brauns*weig-,lneburg1 ( #agcg47 #bi ,be assur$ t if y =get y\r ,greek1 yes1 ev5 y\r ,lat9 too1 y /ill h ! advantage ( hav+ giv5 y\r m9d a tra9+ & discipl9e t w g ) y into y\r future occupation4 7,fri$ri* ,g$ike1 #agee-ahjc47 ,,"p ,,iv ,,*apt] ,,xix #a ,! ,p]iod ( ! ,enlight5m5t _h two ma9 aims3 7#a7 ! p]fection ( ! individual1 :i* gave a new emphasis to education1 & 7#b7 ! ma/]y ( man ov] 8 environm5t1 :i* express$ itself ?r\gh ! new sci5tific /udies4 ,9 ,g]man l&s elem5t>y education1 a reg5]at$ classical education1 & ! ,reals*ule 7 ! fruits ( ?is p]iod4 #b ,fr$]ick us$ to say t 8 subjects might ?9k z !y pleas$ s long z !y behav$ z he ord]$4 #c ,?\gh ,prussia 0 prim>ily ,lu!ran1 ,ca?olics1 ,m5nonites1 ,jews1 & ,hugu5ots e>ly f\nd a home 9 ! k+dom4 ,fr$]ick us$ to say t all religions mu/ be tol]at$1 = 9 ?is c\ntry e man mu/ g to heav5 9 8 own way4 #d ,aft] ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 7p4 #cja2 #afhe71 ov] #bj1jjj ,fr5* ,hugu5ots--m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 skill$ workm5--f\nd an asylum 9 ,prussia alone4 ,settl+ 9 ! ,rh9e c\ntries1 !y contribut$ mu* to ! future developm5t ( ?is region4 #e ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce ,lu!r1 ! ,g]man p c\ld call a great h]o _! own1 :e!r !y 7 ! subjects ( ,fr$]ick or n4 ,joy\s pride 9 ?is pr9ce1 ^: a*ievem5ts 9 times ( peace 7 no less ?an ^? 9 "t ( w>1 br\ght national consci\sness to life aga9 & ?is national feel+ f\nd expression 9 lit]ature4 ,x 0 ! re/oration ( confid5ce 9 !mselves t gave ! ,g]mans ! c\rage to break ) ,fr5* rules & ,fr5* models1 & to seek indep5d5tly aft] ideals ( beauty4 ,& ?is self-confid5ce !y ow$ to ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 7,prie/1 ,g4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,lit]ature1 p4 #aaf47 #f ,?\gh ,joseph ,,ii claim$ to be a good ,ca?olic1 he felt t mona/icism _h outliv$ its usefulness z an in/itution1 & t its cont9uance 0 inimical to ! int]e/s ( organiz$ society & ! ,/ate4 ,?is view has s9ce be5 tak5 by ! rul]s ( e progressive mod]n nation4 #g ,! ,cortes1 or ,national ,p>liam5t1 met b ?ree times dur+ ! c5tury1 & :5 x did meet possess$ b few p[]s & ex]cis$ b little influ5ce4 #h ,! fir/ ,russian univ]sity 0 e/abli%$ at ,kiev1 9 #aehh2 ! second at ,dorpat1 9 #afcb2 ! ?ird at ,mosc[1 9 #agee2 & ! f\r? at ,kasan1 9 #ahjd4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,petrograd dates f #ahai4 #i ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 a *ur* & true religion mu/ always be kept 9 m9d4 ,religion is a ?+ ( ! _s1 & its pr9ciple repres5ts ! l(tie/ ?\ghts ( ! race2 a *ur* is a human gov]n+ in/itution1 & cle>ly subject to its own ambitions & ! human frailties ( its age4 #aj ,t is1 #be1jjj to #cj1jjj families4 ,!re 7 also1 9 ev5 numb]s1 #hc1jjj monks 9 #bejj mona/]ies 7"o = e n9ety squ>e miles 9 ,france71 #cg1jjj nuns 9 #aejj conv5ts1 & #fj1jjj prie/s4 ,( ! soil ( ,france1 ! ,k+ & t[ns own$ "o fif?1 ! cl]gy & ! monks "o fif?1 ! nobility "o fif?1 ! b\rgeoisie "o fif?1 & ! peasantry "o fif?4 #aa ,9 #aghh ! #aca bi%ops & ar*bi%ops ( ,france _h an av]age income ( #ajj1jjj francs1 & #cc abbots & #bg abbesses _h incomes rang+ f #hj1jjj to #ejj1jjj francs4 ,! ,c>d9al de ,rohan1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,/rasb\rg1 _h an income ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj francs1 & ! #cjj ,b5$ict9e monks at ,cluny _h an income ( m ?an #a1hjj1jjj francs4 #ab ,! real importance ( ,esprit des lois is n t ( a =mal treatise on law1 or ev5 on polity4 ,x is t ( an assemblage ( ! mo/ f]tile1 orig9al1 & inspirit+ views on legal & political subjects1 put 9 language ( s+ul> sugge/iv5ess & vig\r1 illu/rat$ by examples :i* are always apt & lum9\s1 p]meat$ by ! _s ( temp]ate & tol]ant desire = human improvem5t & happ9ess1 & almo/ unique 9 its entire fre$om at once f doctr9airism1 vision>y en?usiasm1 egotism1 & an undue _s ( sy/em4 ,! g5ius ( ! au?or = g5]alization is s great1 8 in/9ct 9 political sci5ce s sure1 t ev5 ! falsity ( 8 premises frequ5tly fails to vitiate 8 conclusions4 7,sa9tsbury1 ,george1 9 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #ggg47 #ac ,by ! captivat+ prospects :i* he held out ( future progress1 & by ! picture :i* he drew ( ! capacity ( society to improve itself1 ,turgot increas$ ! impati5ce :i* 8 c\ntrym5 7 beg9n+ to feel aga9/ ! despotic gov]nm5t1 9 ^: pres5ce amelioration seem$ to be hopeless4 ,^!1 & simil> speculations ( ! "t1 /imulat$ ! activity ( ! intellectual classes1 *e]$ !m "u ! p]secutions to :i* !y 7 expos$1 & embold5$ !m to attack ! in/itutions ( _! native l&4 7,buckle1 ,h4 ,t41 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl&1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #eig47 #ad ,duruy1 ,v41 ,hi/ory ( ,france1 p4 #ebc4 #ae ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? ed41 vol4 viii1 p4 #bjd4 #af ,! real k+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ,voltaire2 b ,voltaire1 9 8 turn1 0 a pupil ( ! ,engli%4 ,be=e ,voltaire became acqua9t$ ) ,engl&1 ?r\gh 8 travels & 8 fri5d%ips1 he 0 n ,voltaire1 & ! eighte5? c5tury 0 /ill undevelop$4 7,c\s91 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy47 #ag ,! fir/ ,fr5*m5 :o 9 ! eighte5? c5tury turn$ _! att5tion to ,engl& 7 amaz$ at ! boldness ) :i*1 9 t c\ntry1 political & religi\s que/ions ( ! deepe/ mom5t 7 discuss$--que/ions :i* no ,fr5*man 9 ! prec$+ age _h d>$ to broa*4 ,) wond] !y discov]$ 9 ,engl& a comp>ative fre$om ( ! public press1 & saw ) a/oni%m5t h[ 9 ,p>liam5t itself ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,cr[n 0 attack$ ) impunity1 & ! managem5t ( its rev5ues actually kept "u control4 ,to see ! civilization & prosp]ity ( ,engl& increas+1 :ile ! p[] ( ! upp] classes & ! ,k+ dim9i%$1 0 to !m a revelation4444 ,engl&1 said ,helvetius1 is a c\ntry :]e ! p are respect$1 a c\ntry :]e ea* citiz5 has a "p 9 ! managem5t ( affairs1 :]e m5 ( g5ius are all[$ to enlight5 ! public ^u its true int]e/s4 7,dabney1 ,r4 ,h41 ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 p4 #ada47 #ah ,t5nyson1 9 8 ,y ask me :y1 well describes ! gr[? ( con/itutional lib]ty 9 ,engl& :5 he says t ,engl& is3 ,a l& ( settl$ gov]nm5t1 ,a l& ( j & old r5[n1 ,:]e fre$om broad5s sl[ly d[n1 ,f prec$5t to prec$5t4 #ai ,james ,i1 9 #afjd1 _h decl>$3 ,z x is a!ism to dispute :at ,god c d1 s x is presumption & a high contempt 9 a subject to dispute :at a k+ c d4 ,= ?is attitude ! ,commons cont9ually conte/$ 8 au?ority1 8 son lo/ 8 cr[n & 8 head1 & 8 gr&son 0 driv5 f ! ?rone & f ,engl&4 ,by contra/1 & z %[+ ! diff]5t attitude t[>d self-gov]nm5t ( ! two peoples1 ! ,g]man ,emp]or ,william ,,ii1 ?ree c5turies lat]1 s cont9ually boa/$ ( 8 rule by div9e "r t ,me & ,god became an int]national joke1 & to 8 assumption ! ,g]man p took little or no exception4 #bj ,! passage ( ! ,bill ( ,rights 7#afhi7 end$ ! div9e-"r-(- k+s idea 9 ,engl& = all "t4 ,?is prohibit$ ! ,k+ f keep+ a /&+ army 9 times ( peace1 gave e subject ! "r to petition = a r$ress ( grievances1 gave ,p>liam5t ! "r ( free debate1 prohibit$ ! ,k+ f int]f]+ 9 any way ) ! prop] execution ( ! laws1 decl>$ t memb]s ought to be elect$ to ,p>liam5t )\t int]f]5ce1 & gave ! ,commons control ( all =ms ( taxation4 #ba ,?\gh ! ,engli% fir/ develop$ regulat$ or con/itutional gov]nm5t1 !y !mselves h no s+le writt5 con/itution4 ,in/ead1 ! f\ndations ( ,engli% con/itutional gov]nm5t re/ on ,magna ,*>ta 7#abae71 ! ,petition ( ,rights 7#afbh71 & ! ,bill ( ,rights 7#afhi71 ^! ?ree con/itut+ ! ,bible ( ,engli% ,lib]ty4 #bb ,at fir/ us$ z a t]m ( ridicule1 f ! v me?odical mann] 9 :i* ! ,wesleyans organiz$ _! campaigns4 #bc ,if we except ! great ,puritan movem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 no su* appeal _h be5 he>d s9ce ! days :5 ,augu/9e & 8 b& ( monks l&$ 9 ,k5t & set =? on _! mission among ! b>b>\s ,saxons4 ,! results answ]$ fully to ! zeal t awak5$ !m4 ,bett] ?an ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ext5d+ comm]ce1 bett] ?an all ! conque/s ( ! ,ea/ or ! ,we/1 0 ! new religi\s _s :i* /irr$ ! p ( bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & provok$ ! ,national ,*ur* to emulation 9 good works--:i* plant$ s*ools1 *eck$ intemp]ance1 & br\ght into vigor\s activity all t 0 be/ & brave/ 9 a race t :5 true to itself is excell$ by none4 7,montgom]y1 ,d4 ,h41 ,engli% ,hi/ory1 p4 #cbb47 #bd ,! contra/ betwe5 eighte5?-c5tury ,engl& & ,france1 9 ! matt] ( religi\s lib]ty1 is int]e/+4 ,9 ,france ! ,*ur* took c>e1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! p]secution process %\ld g on4 ,9 #agag an assembly ( sev5ty-f\r ,prote/ants hav+ be5 surpris$ at ,&ure1 ! m5 7 s5t to ! galleys & ! wom5 to prison4 ,an edict ( #agbd decl>$ t all :o took "p 9 a ,prote/ant meet+1 or :o _h any direct or indirect communication ) a ,prote/ant prea*]1 %\ld h _! heads %av$ & be imprison$ = life1 & ! m5 condemn$ to p]petual s]vitude 9 ! galleys4 ,9 #agde & #agdf1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dauph9e1 #bgg ,prote/ants 7 condemn$ to ! galleys & a numb] ( wom5 flogg$4 ,f #agdd to #ageb six hundr$ ,prote/ants 9 ! ea/ & s\? ( ,france 7 condemn$ to v>i\s puni%m5ts4 ,9 #aggd ! *ildr5 ( a ,calv9i/ ( ,r5nes 7 tak5 f him4 ,up to ! v eve ( ! ,revolution ,prote/ant m9i/]s 7 hang$ 9 ,langu$oc1 & dragoons 7 s5t aga9/ _! congregations4 7,dabney1 ,r4 ,h41 ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 p4 #db47 #be ,back z e>ly z #afie ! ,commons _h refus$ to r5ew ! press- lic5s+ act1 enact$ 9 #afcg1 to control h]esy4 ,?is _h conf9$ pr9t+ to ,london1 ,ox=d1 & ,cambridge1 & to tw5ty ma/] pr9t]s & f\r lett] f\nd]s = ! realm4 ,?is refusal m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! fre$om ( ! press 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #agji ! copyright law 0 enact$1 & 9 #aggf ! r$ress aga9/ publi%]s ( libel\s articles 0 conf9$ to ! ord9>y c\rts ( law4 ,a c5tury ahead ( ,france1 & m ?an two c5turies ahead ( ,teutonic & ,romanic l&s1 ,engl& provid$ = a free press & op5 discussion4 #bf ,george ,,iii1 always consi/5tly wrong1 oppos$ ?is ext5sion ( popul> rights4 ,9 #agga he wrote ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,"l ,nor?3 ,x is highly necess>y t ?is /range & lawless me?od ( publi%+ debates 9 ! pap]s %\ld be put a /op to4 ,b is n ! ,h\se ( ,lords ! be/ c\rt to br+ su* miscreants be=e2 z x c f9e1 z well z imprison1 & has broad] %\ld]s to support ! odium ( s salut>y a measure4 #bg ,x is evid5t t a nation p]fectly ignorant ( physical laws w ref] to sup]natural causes all ! ph5om5a by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,b z soon z natural sci5ce beg9s to d its "w !re are introduc$ ! elem5ts ( a great *ange4 ,ea* successive discov]y1 by asc]ta9+ ! law t gov]ns ev5ts1 deprives !m ( t app>5t my/]y 9 :i* !y 7 =m]ly involv$4 ,! love ( ! m>vel\s becomes proportionally dim9i%$2 & :5 any sci5ce has made su* progress z to enable x to =tell ! ev5ts ) :i* x deals1 x is cle> t ! :ole ( ^? ev5ts are at once )drawn f ! jurisdiction ( ! sup]natural1 & br\ght "u ! au?ority ( natural p[]8 ,h5ce x is t1 suppos+ o!r ?+s equal1 ! sup]/ition ( a nation mu/ always be> an exact proportion to ! ext5t ( its physical k4 7,buckle1 ,h4 ,t41 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bfi47 #bh ,! ,*>t] ( ?is ,society /at$ ! purpose to be to increase k by direct exp]im5t1 & t ! object ( ! ,society 0 ! ext5sion ( natural k1 z oppos$ to t :i* is sup]natural4 ,z an in/itution embody+ ! idea ( intellectual progress x 0 mo/ bitt]ly assail$ by p>tisans ( ! old flunk+4 #bi ,birm+ham1 ,%effield1 ,le$s1 & ,man*e/]1 = example1 great manufactur+ cities e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 insignificant villages 9 ,cromwell's day4 ,! /eam eng9e made ! coal & iron deposits ( nor!rn ,engl& ( imm5se value1 & ! smoky mill t[ns t arose 9 ! nor? began to displace s\!rn agricultural ,engl& 9 population1 weal?1 & importance4 #cj ,= example1 9 #aggd ,john ,h[>d began 8 great "w 9 prison re=m2 9 #aggb press+ to dea? 0 aboli%$2 9 #aghj ! duck+-/ool 0 us$ = ! la/ "t2 & soon !reaft] ! e>li] laws relat+ to ! dea? p5alty 7 modifi$1 & ! slave trade aboli%$4 ,up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury z _m z "o hundr$ & sixty (f5ses 7 puni%able by dea?4 #ca ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 writt5 by ,?omas ,jeff]son1 a great admir] ( ,fr5* life & a propag&i/ = ,fr5* ideas4 #cb ,comp>e ! ,am]ican preamble ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ! ,social ,contract 7,book ,i1 *ap1 ix7 ( ,r\sseau3 ,i %all close ?is *apt] & ?is book ) a rem>k :i* ought to s]ve z a basis = ! :ole social sy/em2 x is t in/ead ( de/roy+ natural equality1 ! fundam5tal pact1 on ! contr>y1 sub/itutes a moral & lawful equality = ! physical inequality :i* nature impos$ ^u m51 s t1 al?\gh unequal 9 /r5g? or intellect1 !y all become equal by conv5tion & legal "r4 #cc ,i read att5tively ! cahi]s drawn up by ! ?ree ,ord]s be=e _! union 9 #aghi4 ,i see t "h ! *ange ( a law is dem&$1 & !re ( a cu/om--& ,i make note ( !m4 ,i cont9ue ?us to ! end ( ?is imm5se task1 &1 :5 ,i come to put side by side all ^! p>ticul> dem&s1 ,i see1 ) a sort ( t]ror1 t :at is call$ = is ! simultane\s & sy/ematic abolition ( all ! laws & ( all ! cu/oms exi/+ 9 ! c\ntry2 :]eupon ,i in/antly p]ceive ! approa* ( ! va/e/ & mo/ dang]\s revolutions t h tak5 place 9 ! _w4 7,de ,tocqueville1 ,a4 ,c41 ,/ate ( ,society 9 ,france be=e ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 p4 #bai47 #cd ,= example1 ! cl]gy ( ,rodez & ,saumur dem&$ t !re may be =m$ a plan ( national education = ! "y2 ! cl]gy ( ,lyons t education be re/rict$ to a tea*+ body ^: memb]s may n be removable except = neglig5ce1 misconduct1 or incapacity2 t x may no long] be conduct$ accord+ to arbitr>y pr9ciples1 & t all public in/ructors be oblig$ to con=m to a uni=m plan adopt$ by ! ,/ates- ,g5]al2 ! cl]gy ( ,blois t a sy/em ( colleges "u *ur* control be =m$ 7,r4 #beb72 ! nobility ( ,lyons t a national "* be impress$ on ! education ( bo? sexes2 ! nobility ( ,p>is t public education be p]fect$ & ext5d$ to all classes ( citiz5s2 ! nobility ( ,blois t bett] facilities = ! education ( *ildr51 & elem5t>y textbooks adapt$ to _! capacity1 :]e9 ! rights ( man & ! social duties %all be cle>ly set =? %all be provid$1 & to ?is end t !re be e/abli%$ a c\ncil compos$ ( ! mo/ enlight5$ s*ol>s ( ! capital & ( ! prov9ces & ( ! citiz5s ( ! diff]5t ord]s1 to =mulate a plan ( national education1 = ! b5efit ( all classes ( society1 & to edit elem5t>y textbooks4 ,! ,?ird ,e/ate ( ,blois dem&$ ! e/abli%m5t ( free s*ools 9 all ! rural p>i%es4 #ce ,see footnote #a1 page #afe4 ,"o ( ! great results ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! abolition ( s]fdom 9 c5tral & we/]n ,europe4 ,! la/ ,european nation to emancipate its s]fs 0 ,russia1 :]e !y 7 fre$ 9 #ahfa4 #cf ,great 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,france at ! end ( #agia & at ! end ( #agic4 ,at ! =m] date all look$ hopeful = ! future2 ! k+ 0 ! fa!r ( 8 p2 ! ,con/itution ( #agia 0 to reg5]ate ,france1 & set an example to ,europe2 all old in/itutions _h be5 r5ovat$2 ev]y?+ 0 new1 & popul> on acc\nt ( its novelty4444 ,by ! end ( #agic all look$ ?reat5+ = ! future2 = ! purpose ( repell+ h] =eign foes1 :o includ$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,europe1 ,france submitt$ to be gr\nd d[n by ! mo/ despotic & arbitr>y gov]nm5t ev] kn[n 9 mod]n hi/ory1--! ,great ,committee ( ,public ,safety2 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror 0 9 full ex]cise1 & x 0 d\btful :e!r ! en]gy1 audacity1 & conc5trat$ vig\r ( ! ,great ,committee w\ld enable ,france to be victori\s ov] ,europe1 & ?us secure = h] ! "r ( decid+ on ! "* ( _! own gov]nm5t4 ,%e 0 to be successful1 b at :at a co/6 7,/eph5s1 ,h4 ,m41 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eab47 #cg ,! ,code ,napolon1 prep>$ 9 #ahjd1 0 ! fir/ mod]n code ( civil laws1 ?\gh ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h e>li] prep>$ a p>tial code ( ,prussian laws4 ,:at ! ,ju/9ian ,code 0 to anci5t ,rome1 ?is1 organiz$ into bett] =m1 0 to mod]n ,france4 ,?is ,code1 prep>$ "u ,napoleon's direction1 sub/itut$ "o uni=m code ( laws wor?y ( a mod]n nation = ! ?\s&s ( local laws :i* =m]ly prevail$ 9 ,france4 ,,*apt] ,x #a ,! compla9ts 7 l>gely along su* l9es z t ! in/ruction 0 conf9$ to a few ,lat9 au?ors2 t in/ruction 9 ! ,fr5* language 0 neglect$2 t in/ruction 9 ! hi/ory & geography ( ,france %\ld be introduc$2 t "t 0 wa/$ 9 copy+ & le>n+ notebooks fill$ ) va9 di/9ctions & frivol\s que/ions2 t tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! ,fr5* language %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! disputations 9 ,lat92 t 9 religion ! /udy ( ! ,bible 0 neglect$ = books ( devotion & propag&a compil$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,ord]2 t moral casui/ry & religi\s bigotry 7 taught2 & t ! discipl9e 0 unnecess>ily sev]e & wrong 9 "*4 #b ,9 #agei ! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ,portugal1 9 #agfg f ,spa91 & 9 #aggc ! ,pope at ,rome1 recogniz+ t ! memb]s ( ?is ,society h n a little tr\bl$ ! ,*ri/ian commonweal?1 & t = ! welf>e ( ,*ri/5dom x 7 bett] t ! ,ord] %\ld disappe>1 aboli%$ ! ,society entirely4 ,=ty ye>s lat] x 0 recon/itut$ 9 a mod]niz$ =m4 #c ,little boys wore _! hair long & p[d]$1 c>ri$ a sword1 & _h coats ) gild$ cuffs1 :ile little girls 7 dress$ 9 imitation ( ! lady ( fa%ion4 ,prop] deportm5t 0 an important "p ( a *ild's tra9+4 #d ,! iconocla/ic nature ( ,r\sseau's volume may be inf]r$ f its op5+ s5t5ce1 9 :i* he says3 ,ev]y?+ is good z x comes f ! h& ( ! au?or ( nature2 ev]y?+ deg5]at$ 9 ! h& ( man4 ,9 ano!r place he breaks out3 ,man is born1 lives1 & dies 9 a /ate ( slav]y4 ,at 8 bir? he is /it*$ into swaddl+ clo!s1 at 8 dea? he is nail$ 9 8 c(f92 & z long z he pres]ves ! human =m he is held captive by our in/itutions4 #e ,i d n presume to exclude ecclesia/ics1 b ,i prote/ aga9/ ! exclusion ( laym54 ,i d>e claim = ! nation an education :i* dep5ds only on ! ,/ate1 because x belongs ess5tially to ! ,/ate2 because e ,/ate has an inali5able & indefeasible "r to in/ruct its memb]s2 because1 f9ally1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate ought to be educat$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate4 7,la ,*alotais47 #f ,education _c be too widely diffus$1 to ! end t !re may be no class ( citiz5s :o may n be br\ght to p>ticipate 9 its b5efits4 ,x is exp$i5t t ea* citiz5 receive ! education :i* is adapt$ to 8 ne$s4 7,roll&47 #g ,condorcet _h n be5 a memb] ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 b = "s ye>s _h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! idea ( public education1 & _h publi%$ five articles on ! subject4 ,8 ,report 0 a sort ( embodim5t1 9 legal =m1 ( 8 previ\s ?9k+ on ! "q4 #h ,all ! educational aims ( ! pa/ 7 n[ relegat$ to a second place1 & man became a political animal1 br\ght into ! _w to "k1 to love1 & to obey ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man became ! new ,cate*ism ( *ildhood4 #i ,?is 0 creat$ on a gr& & vision>y scale4 ,its purpose 0 to supply pr(essors = ! high] in/itutions4 ,x op5$ ) a l>ge att5dance1 & lectures on ma!matics1 sci5ce1 politics1 & languages 7 giv5 by ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s ( ! "t4 ,a normal s*ool1 ?\gh1 x h>dly 01 & 9 #agie x clos$--a virtual failure4 ,9 #ahjh ,napoleon re-creat$ x1 on a less pret5ti\s & a m useful scale1 & s9ce !n x has cont9u$ & r5d]$ useful s]vice z a tra9+- s*ool = tea*]s = ! high] second>y s*ools ( ,france4 #aj ,a total ( #aje ( ^! ,c5tral ,s*ools 7 to be e/abli%$1 five 9 ,p>is1 & "o 9 ea* ( ! "o hundr$ *ief t[ns 9 ! dep>tm5ts4 ,by #agif !re 7 #dj1 by #agig !re 7 #eb1 by #agih !re 7 #ei1 by #agii !re 7 #hf1 & by #ahjj !re 7 #ia su* s*ools 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is1 times consid]$1 0 a rem>kable developm5t4 #aa ,! comm]cial depression ( #agdj fell ^u a g5]ation ( ,new ,engl&]s ^: m9ds no long] dwelt preem95tly ^u religi\s matt]s1 b :o 71 on ! contr>y1 preem95tly comm]cial 9 _! int]e/s4 7,gre51 ,m1 ,l41 ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,lib]ty 9 ,connecticut1 p1 #bbf47 #ab ,prom95t 9 ! ,indiana con/itutional conv5tion ( #ahaf 7 a numb] ( ,fr5*m5 ( be>+ & ability1 !n resid+ 9 ! old t]ritorial capital--,v9c5nes4 ,h[ mu* !y influ5c$ ! /atem5t ( ! article on education is n kn[n1 b x reads z ?\gh ,fr5* revolution>y ideas _h be5 influ5tial 9 %ap+ x4 #ac ,= ! orig9al ,bill ( #aggi 9 full1 9 ! orig9al spell+1 see ! ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction = ,virg9ia1 #aijj-ja1 pp4 lxx-lxxv4 #ad ,?\gh ,jeff]son _h be5 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>2 _h repeat$ly s]v$ 9 ! ,virg9ia legislature & 9 ,congress2 & _h twice be5 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he c\nt$ all ^! z ( less importance ?an ! ?ree s]vices m5tion$1 & 9 prep>+ ! inscription to be plac$ on 8 tomb he includ$ only ^! ?ree4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi #a ,z a man :o s\ght aft] glory1 & ^: gloomy temp] took umbrage at ev]y?+1 ,r\sseau compla9$ t 8 mile did n obta9 ! same success z 8 o!r writ+s4 ,he 0 truly h>d to please6 ,! ang] ( "s1 ! ard5t sympa?y ( o!rs2 on ! "o h&1 ! p>liam5t>y decrees condemn+ ! book & issu+ a w>rant = ! au?or's arre/1 ! ?und]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! fam\s m&ate ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is2 on ! o!r h&1 ! applause ( ! philosoph]s1 ( ,clairant1 ,duclos1 & d',alemb]t1--:at m1 !n1 did he want8 mile 0 burn$ 9 ,p>is & ,g5eva1 b x 0 read ) passion2 x 0 twice translat$ 9 ,london1 an honor :i* no ,fr5* "w _h receiv$ up to !n4 ,9 tru? nev] did a book make m noise & ?ru/ itself s mu* on ! att5tion ( m54 ,by its defects1 no less ?an by its qualities1 by ! inspir$ & prophetic "* ( its /yle1 z well z by ! p>adoxical audacity ( its ideas1 mile sway$ op9ion & /irr$ up ! m g5]\s p>ts ( ! human s\l4 7,compayr1 ,g41 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau1 p4 #ajj47 #b ,pauls51 ,fr41 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 p4 #aeg4 #c ,)9 ?ree ye>s ,bas$[ _h collect$ sev5 ?\s& ,rei*/hal]1 subscriptions com+ to him f su* widely scatt]$ s\rces z ,joseph ,,ii ( ,au/ria1 ,empress ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 ,k+ ,*ri/ian ,,vii ( ,d5m>k1 ! weal?y class 9 ,basle1 ! ,abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,e9si$el 9 ,switz]l&1 ! royal gov]nm5t ( ,osnabruck1 ! ,gr& ,pr9ce ,paul1 & o!rs4 ,jews & ,freemasons seem to h tak5 p>ticul> int]e/ 9 8 ideas4 ,freemason lodges 9 ,hamburg1 ,leipzig1 & ,gtt+5 7 among ! g5]\s contributors4 #d ,see ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 v1 pp4 #dhg-ebj1 = an acc\nt ( ! exam9ations & ! in/itution4 #e ,! p$agogical "* ( ! ,real s*ool 0 e/abli%$ by ,bas$[ & 8 foll[]s4 ,orig9ally ! plan 0 to provide = ! middle classes :at w\ld be call$ n[adays manual tra9+ s*ools1 9 :i* ! sci5tific pr9ciples und]ly+ ! v>i\s trades & bus9ess vocations %\ld h a prom95t place4 ,^! s*ools 7 to be "o /ep remov$ f ! trade s*ools = ! l[] classes4 ,b "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,philan?rop9i/s ! ,real s*ool 0 trans=m$ into a mod]n humani/ic s*ool1 & plac$ 9 competition ) ! humani/ic ,gymnasium4 7,russell1 ,j4 ,e41 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools1 pp4 #fe-ff47 #f ,8 two mo/ important foll[]s 7 ,joa*im ,he9ri* ,campe 7#agdf- #ahah71 :o succe$$ ,bas$[ at ,dessau & lat] f\nd$ a ,philan?rop9um at ,hamburg1 & ,*ri/ian ,got?ilf ,salzmann 7#agdd-ahaa71 :o f\nd$ a s*ool at ,s*nepf5?al1 9 ,saxe-,go?a4 ,bo? ^! m5 _h = a "t be5 tea*]s ) ,bas$[ at ,dessau4 ,campe translat$ ,locke's ,?\ghts & ,r\sseau's mile into ,g]man1 wrote a numb] ( books = *ildr5 7*ief among :i* 0 ! fam\s ,rob9son d] ,jng]71 & also prep>$ a numb] ( treatises = tea*]s4 ,salzmann's s*ool1 op5$ 9 #aghd 9 ! ,?ur+5 =e/1 made mu* ( g>d5+1 agricultural "w1 animal /udy1 home geography1 nature /udy1 gymna/ics1 & recreation1 z well z book /udy4 ,x 0 di/9ctively a small b high-grade exp]im5tal s*ool1 s successful t 9 #ahhd x celebrat$ its "o hundr$? anniv]s>y4 ,a pupil 9 ! s*ool 0 ,c>l ,ritt]1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n geographical /udy4 #g ,! picture %[n 9 ,leon>d & ,g]trude is v crude4 ,ev]y:]e is visible ! r\gh h& ( ! pa9t]1 a /rong1 untir+ h&1 pa9t+ an et]nal image1 ( :i* ?is 9 pap] & pr9t is ! m]e/ sket*4444 ,read x & see h[ pu]ile x is1 h[ too obvi\s are its moralities4 ,read x a second "t1 & note h[ e>ne/ x is1 h[ exact & accurate are its peasant sc5es4 ,read x yet aga91 & recognize 9 x ! outp\r+ ( a r>e s\l1 work+1 plead+1 ready to be despis$1 = fell[ s\ls4 7,j4 ,p4 ,monroe1 ,! ,educational ,ideal1 p4 #ahb47 #h ,:5 ,i n[ look back & ask myself3 ,:at h ,i specially done = ! v be+ ( education1 ,i f9d ,i h fix$ ! highe/ supreme pr9ciple ( in/ruction 9 ! recognition ( s5se impression z ! absolute f\ndation ( all k4 ,ap>t f all special tea*+ ,i h s\ght to discov] ! nature ( tea*+ itself1 & ! prototype1 by :i* nature h]self has det]m9$ ! in/ruction ( our race4 7,pe/alozzi1 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr51 ,x1 ,section #a47 #i ,:at he did 0 to emphasize ! new purpose 9 education1 b vaguely p]ceiv$1 :]e held at all1 by o!rs2 to make cle> ! new mean+ ( education :i* exi/$ 9 r a nebul\s /ate 9 ! public m9d2 to =mulate an entirely new me?od1 bas$ on new pr9ciples1 bo? ( :i* 7 to receive a fur!r developm5t 9 subsequ5t times1 & to pass "u 8 "n2 & f9ally1 to give an entirely new _s to ! s*oolroom4 7,monroe1 ,paul1 ,text ,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 p4 #fjj47 #aj ,9 #ahji ! ,g]man1 ,c>l ,ritt]1 a =m] pupil ( ,salzmann 7see footnote #b1 p4 #ech7 & ! creator ( mod]n geographical /udy1 visit$ ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]don4 ,( ?is visit he writes3 ,i h se5 m ?an ! p>adise ( ,switz]l&1 ,i h se5 ,pe/alozzi1 ,i h le>n$ to "k 8 he>t & 8 g5ius4 ,nev] h ,i felt s impress$ ) ! sanctity ( my vocation z :5 ,i 0 ) ?is noble son ( ,switz]l&4 ,i _c recall )\t emotion ?is society ( /rong m51 /ruggl+ ) ! pres5t1 ) ! aim ( cle>+ ! way = a bett] future1 m5 ^: only joy & rew>d is ! hope ( rais+ ! *ild to ! dignity ( man4 ,i left ,yv]don resolv$ to fulfill my promise made to ,pe/alozzi to c>ry 8 me?od into geography4444 ,pe/alozzi did n "k z mu* geography z a *ild 9 our ,prim>y ,s*ools1 b1 none ! less1 h ,i le>n$ t sci5ce f him1 = x 0 9 li/5+ to him t ,i felt awak5 )9 me ! in/9ct ( ! natural me?ods2 he %[$ me ! way4 7,guimps1 ,b>on de1 ,pe/alozzi1 8 ,aim & ,"w1 p4 #afg47 #aa ,! "y ,g]man /ud5t ( geology & m9]alogy1 ,k>l ,george von ,raum] 7#aghc-ahfe71 0 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahjh4 ,:ile !re he read ,pe/alozzi's ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr51 & :at ,fi*te _h said ( 8 "w 9 8 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation 7see *apt] xxii74 ,^! s5t him to ,yv]don to see = himself4 ,he rema9$ two ye>s1 & return$ to ,g]many z a tea*]4 ,9 #ahdf he publi%$ 8 f\r-volume ,ges*i*te d] ,pdagogik1 ! fir/ important hi/ory ( education to be writt54 #ab ,9 #ahad ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii himself visit$ ,pe/alozzi1 at ,neuf*atel4 ,8 que51 ,l\ise1 0 deeply t\*$ by read+ ! mile1 & frequ5tly sp5t h\rs 9 ! ,prussian s*ools witness+ "w conduct$ aft] ! ideas ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii #a ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 to recall ,wolff f bani%m5t4 ,9 do+ s he said3 ,a man t seeks tru?1 & loves x1 mu/ be reckon$ preci\s 9 any human society4 #b ,x 0 a bold decl>ation1 b "o :i* exactly describ$ ! great *ange :i* _h tak5 place4 ,! old] univ]sity in/ruction 0 ev]y:]e bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! tru? _h already be5 giv51 t in/ruction _h to d ) its transmission only1 & t x 0 ! duty ( ! controll+ au?orities to see to x t no false doctr9es 7 taught4 ,! new univ]sity in/ruction began ) ! assumption t ! tru? mu/ be discov]$1 & t x 0 ! duty ( in/ruction to qualify & guide ! /ud5t 9 ?is task4 ,by assum+ ?is attitude ! univ]sity 0 ! fir/ to accept ! consequ5ces ( ! conditions :i* ! ,re=mation _h creat$4 7,pauls51 ,fr41 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities1 p4 #df47 #c ,he :o reads ! works ( ! anci5ts w enjoy ! acqua9tance ( ! greate/ m5 & ! noble/ s\ls :o ev] liv$1 & w get 9 ?is way1 z x happ5s 9 all ref9$ conv]sation1 beautiful ?\ghts & expressive words4 ,we ?us receive1 9 e>ly *ildhood1 doctr9es & philosophy & wisdom ( life f ! wise/ & be/ educat$ m5 ( all ages2 we ?us le>n to recognize & und]/& cle>ness1 dignity1 *>m1 +5uity1 delicacy1 & elegance 9 language & action1 & gradually accu/om ourselves to !m4 7,gesn]1 ,johann ,mat?ias47 #d ,! sacri/an or cu/odian ( ! *ur* 0 frequ5tly also ! tea*] ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ! two (fices be+ comb9$ 9 "o p]son4 ,out ( ?is comb9ation ! elem5t>y tea*] 0 lat] evolv$4 7,see p4 #ddf47 #e ,:5 ! s*oolma/] _h to pass an exam9ation be=e ! cl]gyman ( ! place by ord] ( ! inspector1 ! local au?orities1 ow+ to ! lam5table life ( a s*oolma/]1 7 glad to f9d p]sons at all :o 7 will+ to accept an engagem5t = su* a position4 ,9 consequ5ce an o!rwise intol]able indulg5ce 9 exam9+ & employ+ tea*]s took place1 especially 9 di/ricts :]e l>ge l&hold]s _h patri>*al sway4 7,s*mid1 ,k4 ,a41 ,encydopdie1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bhg47 #f ,au/ria at t "t includ$ n only ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire ( #aiad1 b ext5d$ fur!r into ! ,g]man ,empire & ,italy1 & includ$ ,belgium & ,luxemburg z well4 #g ,bassewitz1 ,m4 ,fr4 von1 ,die ,kurm>k ,br&5burg1 p4 #cdb4 7,leipzig1 #ahdg47 #h ,^! lectures 7 li/5$ to by ,napoleon's police & pass$ to pr9t by 8 c5sor1 n be+ reg>d$ z conta9+ any?+ s$iti\s or dang]\s4 #i ,he set all 8 hopes = ,g]many on a new national sy/em ( education4 ,"o ,g]man ,/ate 0 to lead ! way 9 e/abli%+ x1 mak+ use ( ! same "r ( co]cion to :i* x resort$ 9 compell+ its subjects to s]ve 9 ! army1 & = ! ex]cise ( :i* c]ta9ly no bett] ju/ification c\ld be f\nd ?an ! common good aim$ at 9 national education4 7,pauls51 ,fr41 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 p4 #bdj47 #aj ,nev] h ! s\ls ( m5 be5 s deeply /irr$ by ! idea ( rais+ ! :ole exi/5ce ( mank9d to a high] level4 ,some?+ l ! en?usiasm :i* _h tak5 hold ( ! m9ds at ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 aga9 at "w1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! /rong curr5t ( national feel+ direct$ x t[>d an aim :i*1 if m limit$1 01 = t v reason1 m practicable & m def9$4 7,pauls51 ,fr41 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 p4 #ahc47 #aa ,z a result ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon1 ! ,congress ( ,vi5na re/or$ to ,prussia & ,france sub/antially ! b\nd>ies !y _h at ! op5+ ( ! ,napoleonic ,w>s4 ,/ill m important = ! future 0 ! consolidation ( "s f\r hundr$ ,/ates & petty ,g]man k+doms into ?irty-eight ,/ates4 #ab ,fri$ri* ,adolph ,wilhelm ,die/]weg became a pupil 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ normal s*ools 9 ,prussia1 t at ,frank=t2 !n a tea*]2 & 9 #ahbj became a director ( a ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y at ,mo]s4 ,f #ahcc to #ahdi he 0 head ( ! normal s*ool at ,b]l94 ,he has (t5 be5 call$ d] deuts*e ,pe/alozzi4 #ac ,made 9 a lett] to ,b>on von ,alt5/e91 ,prussian ,m9i/] = ,education4 #ad ,h]b>t's sem9> at ! univ]sity ( ,knigsb]g 0 (ficially recogniz$1 9 #ahaj2 ,g$ike's sem9> 9 ,b]l9 0 =mally tak5 ov] by ! univ]sity1 9 #ahab2 ! sem9> 9 ,/ett91 f\nd$ 9 #ahjd1 0 reorganiz$ 9 #ahaf2 ,breslau began p$agogical "w1 9 #ahac2 & 9 #ahag x 0 /at$ t ! purpose ( ! reorganiz$ sem9> 9 ,halle 0 '! tra9+ ( skill$ tea*]s = ! ,gymnasi54' 7,russell1 ,james ,e41 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools1 p4 #ig47 #ae ,gesn] at ,gtt+5 & ,wolff at ,halle laid d[n ! l9es = ^! 9 ! middle eighte5? c5tury4 ,! e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury f\ndations 7 at ,knigsb]g1 #ahaj2 ,b]l91 #ahab2 ,breslau1 #ahab2 ,bonn1 #ahai2 ,griefswald1 #ahbj2 & ,mn/]1 #ahbe4 #af ,all prospective gymnasial tea*]s1 :e!r graduates ( ! univ]sities or n1 7 n[ requir$ to take exam9ations 9 philosophy1 p$agogy1 !ology1 & ! ma9 gymnasial subjects1 %[+ m>k$ pr(ici5cy 9 "o ( ! foll[+ gr\ps1 & a reasonable k ( ! o!r two3 namely1 7#a7 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,g]man2 7#b7 ,ma!matics & ! ,natural ,sci5ces2 7#c7 ,hi/ory & ,geography4 #ag ,see ,russell1 ,jas4 ,e41 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools1 p4 #aja1 = ! detail$ ,gymnasial ,program promulgat$ 9 #ahcg4 #ah ,9 #ahdj !re 7 six ,prussian univ]sities2 by #aijj ! numb] _h increas$ to elev51 & ?ree te*nical univ]sities 9 addition4 ,9 ! o!r ,g]man ,/ates elev5 additional univ]sities & six te*nical univ]sities 7 9 exi/5ce1 9 #aijj4 #ai ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 visit$ ,gtt+51 z e>ly z #agff1 b ! fir/ ,am]ican /ud5t to take a degree at a ,g]man univ]sity 0 ,b5jam9 ,s4 ,b>ton1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o took 8 doctor's degree at ,gtt+51 9 #agii4 ,by #ahbe t5 ,am]ican /ud5ts _h /udi$ "o or m seme/]s at ,gtt+54 ,t ye> ! fir/ ,am]ican /ud5t regi/]$ at ,b]l91 & 9 #ahbg ! fir/ at ,leipzig4 7,see ,h9sdale1 ,b4 ,a41 9 ,report1 ,u4,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahig-ih1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #fjc-af47 #bj ,! rem>k attribut$ to ,bism>ck is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,( ! /ud5ts :o att5d ! ,g]man univ]sities1 he said1 "o-?ird die prematurely z ! result ( disease aris+ f too great pov]ty & und]n\ri%m5t :ile /ud5ts2 ano!r "o-?ird die prematurely or am\nt to little due to bad habits & dr9k+ & disease contract$ :ile /ud5ts2 ! rema9+ ?ird rule ,europe4 #ba ,b>n>d1 ,h5ry1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 xx1 p4 #cfe4 #bb ,?is 0 propos$ by ,cz> ,alex&] ,i ( ,russia 9 #ahae1 & became a p]sonal alliance ( ! ,cz> ( ,russia1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 to promote religion1 peace1 & ord]4 ,o!r pr9ces 7 ask$ to jo9 ?is cont95tal ,league to en=ce peace &1 "u ! rule ( ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 *ief m9i/] ( ,au/ria1 x dom9at$ ,europe until aft] ! political revolutions ( #ahdh4 #bc ,z a "y man ,alt5/e9 _h be5 9 *>ge ( a subord9ate division ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction "u ,humboldt1 & 0 a man ( some:at lib]al ideas4 ,n[ he 0 compell$ to fall 9 ) ! ideas ( ! political lead]s & ! wi%es ( ! k+1 ?\gh he /ill did some?+ to hold back ! reaction>y =ces & pres]ve mu* ( :at _h be5 ga9$4 #bd ,pauls51 ,fr41 ,g]man ,education1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 p4 #bdf4 #be ,x 0 ?is same ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv :o _h = a "t refus$ to grant con/itutional gov]nm5t to ,prussia1 say+3 ,no writt5 %eet ( pap] %all ev] ?ru/ itself l a second provid5ce betwe5 ! ,"l ,god 9 heav5 & ?is l&4 ,9 #ahej1 h[ev]1 he 0 =c$ to grant a limit$ =m ( con/itutional gov]nm5t to 8 p4 #bf ,! motive :i* dictat$ ! law ( #ahgb on s*ool sup]vision 7namely1 plac+ ! ,/ate 9 complete control ( ! sup]vision ( religi\s z well z o!r in/ruction7 01 z is well und]/ood1 to /r5g!n ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t 9 its /ruggle ) ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y1 :i* 0 !n prom95tly be=e ! public4 ,! law affirm$ aga9 ! sov]eign "r ( ! ,/ate ov] ! :ole s*ool sy/em1 includ+ ! elem5t>y or p's s*ools4 7,nohle1 ,dr4 ,e41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool ,sy/em1 p4 #gi47 #bg ,alex&]1 ,?omas1 ,! ,prussian ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 pp4 #ecg-ch4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii #a ,! commune 9 ,france 0 ! smalle/ unit = local gov]nm5t1 & correspond$ to ! di/rict1 t[n1 or t[n%ip ) u1 or ) ! ,*ur* p>i% "u ! old rgime4 ,!re 7 approximately #cg1jjj communes 9 ,france4 ,! ,dep>tm5t 0 a mu* l>g] unit1 ,france be+ divid$1 = adm9i/rative purposes1 into #hb ,dep>tm5ts1 ^! correspond+ to a r l>ge c\nty4 #b ,by ?is t]m :at is kn[n else:]e z second>y s*ool mu/ be und]/ood4 ,see footnote1 page #bgb1 = explanation ( ! t]m4 #c ,! ,univ]sity _h at its disposal approximately #b1ejj1jjj francs a ye>4 ,?is 0 d]iv$ f a /ate grant ( #djj1jjj francs1 ! income f ! prop]ty /ill rema9+ f ! old confiscat$ univ]sities1 & ! rema9d] l>gely f exam9ation fees4 ,9 #ahej its prop]ty 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,/ate1 & ! ,univ]sity 0 *ang$ into a /ate dep>tm5t4 #d ,?is type ( adm9i/rative organization is at fir/ n easy = ! ,am]ican /ud5t to und]/&4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york-- virtually ! dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction = ! ,/ate--is our close/ ,am]ican analogy4 ,on ! bani%m5t ( ,napoleon & ! re/oration ( ! mon>*y1 9 #ahae1 ! ,gr& ,ma/] & ,c\ncil 7 replac$ by a ,commission] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ) ,assi/ant ,commission]s = ! diff]5t divisions1 & 9 #ahbj ?is 0 fur!r *ang$ into a ,royal ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction4 #e ,9 #aiji a decree re/or$ ,greek & ,lat9 to _! old place ( fir/ importance 9 ! ,lyces1 ?us de/roy+ ! /rong int]e/ 9 sci5tific in/ruction1 9 s f> z ! high] second>y s*ools 7 conc]n$1 :i* _h *>act]iz$ ! ,revolution4 #f ,report on ! ,condition ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,prussia4 ,p>is1 #ahca4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,london1 #ahcd2 ,new ,york ,city1 #ahce4 #g ,franois ,pi]re ,guillaume ,guizot 0 ,m9i/] = public ,in/ruction f #ahcb to #ahcg1 & head ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t f #ahdj to #ahdh4 ,he 0 ?r\gh\t 8 entire political c>e] a cons]vative1 anxi\s to pres]ve con/itutional gov]nm5t "u a mon>*y & /em ! tide ( republicanism4 #h ,we see "h ! beg9n+s ( education 9 agriculture1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* 7 pione]s4 #i ,! s*ools1 ?\gh1 7 n v successful1 because ( social reasons4 ,p>5ts :o c\ld af=d to d s s5t _! *ildr5 to ! mu* high]-pric$ ,communal ,colleges or ,lyces1 :]e ,lat9 0 ! ma9 /udy1 9 pref]5ce to s5d+ !m to a sci5tific1 mod]n-type1 middle- class s*ool1 z conf]r+ a bett] social di/9ction on bo? pupils & p>5ts4 #aj ,by #ahch !re 7 #ad1hgc public s*ools ! prop]ty ( ! communes2 by #ahdg !re 7 #bc1gfa2 & by #ahea b #bejj out ( approximately #cg1jjj communes 7 )\t s*ools4 ,!re 7 also ov] six ?\s& religi\s s*ools by #ahej4 ,by #ahcd ! numb] ( boys 9 ! communal s*ools 0 #a1fef1hbh1 & a decade lat] ov] two millions4 ,! ?irte5 normal s*ools ( #ahcj _h gr[n to sev5ty-six by #ahch1 ) ov] #bejj "y m5 !n 9 tra9+ = tea*+4 ,9 #ahcf ! ,law ( #ahcc 0 ext5d$ to include1 :]e possible1 s*ools = girls z well1 & ! creation ( a new set ( normal s*ools to tra9 s*oolmi/resses 0 begun4 ,by #ahdh ov] ?ree & a half millions ( *ildr51 ( bo? sexes1 7 receiv+ in/ruction 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,9 #ahce prim>y inspectors1 ^? s9ews ( public in/ruction1 z ,guizot t]m$ !m1 7 e/abli%$1 "o = e ,dep>tm5t1 by royal decree4 ,by #ahdg !re 7 two inspectors-g5]al1 & #ac inspectors & sub-inspectors at "w 9 ,france4 #aa ,?is 0 9 l>ge "p due to manufactur+ & bus9ess ne$s1 z ,france 0 rapidly =g+ ahead dur+ ! p]iod z a manufactur+ & comm]cial nation4 #ab ,prom95t among ^!1 p]haps mo/ prom95t1 0 ,jules ,f]ry1 ,mayor ( ,p>is dur+ ! try+ p]iod ( #ahgj-ga1 !n memb] ( ! ,fr5* legislature & ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 a numb] ( cab9ets betwe5 #ahgi & #ahhe4 ,draw+ 8 inspiration f ,condorcet's ,plan ( ,education 7p4 #ead2 ,r4 #bef7 & ,edg> ,qu9et's ,in/ruction ( ! ,p 7,r4 #bhi71 he br\ght ab\t ! enactm5t ( a s]ies ( re=m s*ool laws commonly kn[n z ! ,f]ry ,laws4 ,^! provid$ = free1 compulsory1 elem5t>y education1 to be giv5 by laym52 second>y education = girls2 ! ext5sion ( normal s*ools2 & enl>g$ aid by ! ,/ate 9 ! build+ up ( popul> education4 #ac ,! non-sect>ian s*ool is n ! "w ( a few advanc$ ?9k]s impos$ ^u a docile c\ntry4 ,!y w\ld n h be5 able to create any?+ endur+ if ! ,fr5* consci5ce _h n be5 ready to foll[ !m4 ,?is is :at ! adv]s>ies ( our s*ools d n wi% to und]/&1 _c und]/&1 or are anxi\s to conceal f ^? :om !y direct4 ,c]ta9ly !y h ! "r to attempt a reaction accord+ to _! own pref]5ces4 ,!y h no "r to believe1 nor ev5 to all[ x to be believ$1 t ! creation ( ! non-sect>ian s*ool 0 ! c\p de =ce ( an audaci\s m9ority4 ,! non-sect>ian s*ool has come because ! nation wi%$ x4 ,! program ( moral in/ruction1 long prophesi$1 conceiv$1 & hop$ =1 0 9 ! traditions ( ,france z %e m>*$ =w>d t[>d h] republican aspirations4 ,?is program is n only ! consci\s ef=t ( ! m5 :o gave ! s*ool a new mission-- t ( lay+ ! f\ndation ( social peace ?r\gh elem5t>y in/ruction2 x is ! expression ( ! republican consci5ce ( #ahhb4 7,m\let1 ,alfr$1 ,d'une ducation morale dmocratique47 #ad ,to ea* man 8 prop] sph]e2 to ! m9i/] ( religion ! lib]ty ( prea*+ ! doctr9e ( ! diff]5t *ur*es1 to tea*]s :o tea* 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate1 t is1 ( society1 ! "r ( limit+ !mselves to ! field ( univ]sal human morals1 toge!r ) ! duty ( refra9+ f any attack on religi\s beliefs4 ,neutrality is gu>ante$ by ! secul>ization ( ! tea*+ body1 & x mu/ be /rictly obs]v$4 7,compayr1 ,gabriel47 #ae ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is t1 9 place ( ! "o s+le & uni=m c\rse = all pupils1 sev]al are provid$ = _! selection4 ,"h is obvi\s ! influ5ce ( ! elective c\rses common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: exi/5ce & success 7 report$ on to ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction by ! ,commission to ! ,_w ,exposition at ,*icago1 9 #ahic4 ,! c\rses la/ sev5 ye>s4 ,! s*ool p]iod is divid$ into two cycles1 fir/ "o ( f\r ye>s1 & !n "o ( ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ cycle1 ! pupils h a *oice ( two sections1 "o emphasiz+ ! anci5t & mod]n languages1 ! o!r ! mod]n languages & sci5ce4 ,9 ! second cycle !re are f\r sections1 viz41 ,graeco-,lat92 ,lat9- mod]n languages2 ,lat9-sci5tific2 & sci5tific-mod]n languages4 7,compayr1 ,gabriel1 ,education 9 ,france47 #af ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 ,s*ools & ,univ]sities on ! ,cont95t1 p4 #aae1 7,london1 #ahfh47 #ag ,= example1 by ! ,peace ( ,lunville 7#ahja71 by :i* ,napoleon took f ! ,g]mans all t]ritory we/ ( ! ,rh9e & consolidat$ x1 he ext+ui%$ #aah free cities1 pr9cipalities1 & petty /ates4 ,9 addition1 he ext+ui%$ ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( #afj o!rs ea/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! importance ( su* consolidations = ! future ( ,g]many has be5 l>ge4 #ah ,bologna1 = example1 _h #aff pr(essors 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 b by #agcg x _h b #fb4 ,! univ]sities came *iefly to be places :]e "y m5 obta9$ degrees b n le>n+4 ,at ,naples a noble family by ! "n ( ,avell9o came to h ! p[] ( virtually sell+ degrees 9 law & m$ic9e4 #ai ,n only 7 s*ools built up1 b comm]ce1 roads1 & 9 p>ticul> sci5tific agriculture 7 subjects ( deep int]e/ to ,cav\r4 ,he saw1 v cle>ly1 t if ,s>d9ia 0 to be ! nucleus ( a future ,italy1 ,s>d9ia mu/ %[ unmi/akably h] wor?9ess to lead4 #bj ,by #ahei ,s>d9ia _h come to include ,savoy & ,lomb>dy1 & 0 ! l>ge/ ,/ate 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,a ye> lat] all b ,v5etia & ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 add$4 #ba ,! ,law ( #ahgg fix$ ! in/ruction 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 = ! ?ree compulsory ye>s1 z read+1 writ+1 ! ,italian language1 elem5ts ( civics1 ari?metic1 & ! metric sy/em4 ,! omission ( religi\s in/ruction excit$ mu* opposition f *ur* au?orities1 b )\t effect4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv #a ,prussia & ,holl& possibly =m exceptions 9 ! matt]4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7p4 #dgd7 0 not$ = 8 lib]ality 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,!re diff]5t v>ieties ( ,prote/ants1 ,ca?olics1 & ,jews 7 all tol]at$1 & !re !y m+l$ & int]m>ri$4 ,s well 7 ! ,jews receiv$ t ! type--,g]man-,jew--is to-day famili> to ! _w4 #b ,z e>ly z #afgj1 9 ! celebrat$ ,bates case1 ! ,engli% c\rt held t a tea*] c\ld n be dispossess$ f 8 s*ool = tea*+ )\t ! ,bi%op's lic5se1 if he 7 ! nom9ee ( ! f\nd] or patron4 ,?is l$ 7p4 #dch7 to a great increase 9 end[$ s*ools4 #c ,9 ! ,cox case 7#agjj71 ano!r important legal decision1 ! ,engli% c\rt held t !re 0 n & nev] _h be5 any ecclesia/ical control ov] any s*ools o!r ?an gramm> s*ools1 & t tea*]s 9 elem5t>y s*ools did n ne$ to h a lic5se f ! ,bi%op4 ,! ye> foll[+1 9 ! case ( ,rex v4 ,d\se1 ! same pr9ciple 0 affirm$ 9 ev5 cle>] language4 #d ,x 0 n until #aggi t an ,act 7#ai ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #dd7 grant$ full fre$om to ,diss5t]s to tea*4 ,9 #agia a supplem5tal ,act 7#ca ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #cb1 s4 #ac-ad7 grant$ simil> lib]ty to ,roman ,ca?olics4 #e ,x 0 ?is second ,society t did notable "w 9 ! ,anglican ,colonies ( ,am]ica1 & p>ticul>ly 9 & ab\t ,new ,york ,city 7p4 #cfi74 ,see ,kemp1 ,w4 ,w41 ,support ( ,s*ools 9 ,colonial ,new ,york by ! ,s4,p4,g4 7,new ,york1 #aiac47 #f ,begun1 9 #agjd1 9 ,london1 ^! 7 cont9u$ ye>ly !re until #ahgg4 ,!y 7 also prea*$ = m ?an a c5tury 9 _m o!r places4 ,to ^! s]mons ! *ildr5 m>*$ 9 procession1 we>+ _! uni=ms1 & a collection = ! support ( ! s*ools 0 tak54 ,( ! fir/ ( ^! occasions 9 ,london1 ,/rype2 9 8 edition ( ,/[1 says3 ,x 0 a wondr\s surpris+1 z well z a pleas+ sight1 t happ5$ ,june ! #h?1 #agjd1 :5 all ! boys & girls ma9ta9$ at ^! s*ools1 9 _! habits1 walk$ two & two1 ) _! ,ma/]s & ,mi/resses1 "s f ,we/m9/]1 & "s ?r\gh ,london2 ) _m ( ! ,p>i% m9i/]s go+ be=e !m2 & all meet+ at ,sa9t ,&rews'1 ,holburn1 ,*ur*1 :]e a seasonable s]mon 0 prea*$444 ^u ,g5esis xviii1 #ai1 ,i "k him t he w comm& 8 *ildr51 etc41 ! *ildr5 7ab\t #bjjj7 be+ plac$ 9 ! gall]ies4 #g ,! religi\s revival "u ,wesley ow$1 p]haps1 m ?an is g5]ally suspect$ to ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 ^! new & humble elem5t>y s*ools4 7,montmor5cy1 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de1 ,! ,progress ( ,education 9 ,engl&1 p4 #ed47 #h ,he ga!r$ toge!r ! *ildr5 7#ij at fir/7 employ$ 9 ! p9 factories ( ,gl\ce/]1 & paid f\r wom5 a %ill+ ea* to sp5d _! ,sundays 9 in/ruct+ ^! poor *ildr5 9 read+ & ! ,*ur* ,cate*ism4 #i ,sunday be+ a day ( re/ & ! mills & factories clos$1 ! *ildr5 ran ! /reets & sp5t ! day 9 mis*ief & vice4 ,9 ! agricultural di/ricts ( ,engl& f>m]s 7 =c$ to take special precautions on ,sundays to protect _! places & crops f ! depr$ations ( juv5ile (f5d]s4 #aj ,9 a v special way !y met ! s5tim5t ( ! times4 ,!y 7 *eap--_m 7 conduct$ by purely volunt>y tea*]s--!y did n tea* too mu*1 & !y _h ! fur!r m]it ( n int]f]+ ) ! "w ( ! week4 7,bir*5\gh1 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 p4 #dj47 #aa ,9 a ,man*e/] ,sunday ,s*ool1 9 #ahcd1 !re 7 #bgjj s*ol>s & #abj unsal>i$ tea*]s1 all b two or ?ree ( :om 7 =m] pupils 9 ! ,sunday ,s*ools1 n[ tea*+ o!rs1 free ( *>ge1 9 return = ! advantages once giv5 !m4 #ab ,! am\nt ( in/ruction r>ely1 if ev]1 exce$s ! fir/ f\r rules ( ari?metic1 ) read+ & writ+4 ,! class ( *ildr5 in/ruct$ is presum$ to be ( ! v poore/1 liv+ 9 ! mo/ cr[d$ di/ricts4 ,no d\bt a l>ge numb] come "u ?is designation1 b n a few bett]-to-d p]sons are f\nd ready to take advantage = _! *ildr5 ( ! free in/ruction ?us held out to !m1 & ev5 at times almo/ press$ ^u !m4 7,b>tley1 ,george ,c4 ,t41 ,! ,s*ools = ! ,p1 p4 #che47 #ac ,! ,rev]5d ,george ,crabbe 7#aged-ahcb74 ,! s*ools ( ! ,bor\gh4 #ad ,fr5* ,revolution>y ?\ght repres5t$ an attack on ov]- int]f]5ce1 ve/$ int]e/s1 sup]/ition1 & tyranny ( e =m4 ,x %[$ a m>k$ prop5sity to ignore hi/ory1 & to judge ev]y?+ by its imm$iate reasonabl5ess4 ,x pictur$ a society free f all laws & co]cion1 fre$ f all cl]ical influ5ce & rul$ by b5evol5ce1 a society 9 :i* all m5 _h equal rights & 7 able to atta9 ! fulle/ self-realization4 ,9 its /rictly educational aspects1 x dem&$ ! )drawal ( education f ! ,*ur* & ! sett+ up ( a /ate sy/em ( secul> in/ruction4 7,bir*5\gh1 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 p4 #bj47 #ae ,! ideas ( ,mal?us 7 especially (f5sive to 8 bro!r cl]gym51 & creat$ q a furor4 ,_m reg>d$ him z an insane & unor?odox fanatic4 ,a prevail+ idea ( ! "t 0 t ( a beautiful ord] ,provid5tially arrang$1 & x 0 ! cu/om to give ev]y?+ a rose-color$ hue4 ,! poor 7 ?\ght to be cont5t$ 9 _! pov]ty1 & ! ri* & ! ari/ocratic consid]$ !mselves div9ely appo9t$ to rule ov] !m4 ,mal?us saw ! fallacy ( su* ?9k+1 & /at$ matt]s 9 ! light ( biologic & political tru?s4 #af ,fo/]1 ,john1 ,an ,essay on ! ,evils ( ,popul> ,ignorance1 p4 #bei4 #ag ,bell1 ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,&rew1 ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,education made at ! ,male ,asylum at ,madras1 ,sugge/+ a ,sy/em by :i* a ,s*ool or a ,family may tea* itself "u ! ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,ma/] or ,p>5t4 ,london1 #agig4 #ah ,lanca/]1 ,joseph1 ,improvem5ts 9 ,education z x ,respects ! ,indu/rial ,classes ( ! ,community4 ,london1 #ahjc2 ,new ,york1 #ahjg4 #ai ,bo? ,bell & ,lanca/] work$ ) great en]gy to organize s*ools aft] _! respective plans1 & qu>rel$ ) equal en]gy z to :o orig9at$ ! idea4 ,:ile bo? probably did1 ! idea nev]!less is old] ?an ei!r4 ,9 #agij ,*evali] ,paulet organiz$ a monitorial s*ool 9 ,p>is2 :ile ! ,engli% s*oolma/]1 ,john ,br9sley 7#aehg-affe71 9 8 ,ludus ,lit]>ius1 or ! ,gramm> ,s*ooles 7#afab71 laid d[n ! monitorial pr9ciple 9 explicit language4 #bj ,?is ,society adopt$1 z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ! national religion %\ld be made ! f\ndation ( national education1 & accord+ to ! excell5t liturgy & cate*ism adopt$ by our ,*ur* = t purpose4 #ba ,:5 ,lanca/] _h 8 fam\s int]view ) ,k+ ,george ,,iii1 t mon>* 0 impress$1 z he naturally might be1 by ! /atem5t t "o ma/] 'c\ld tea* five hundr$ *ildr5 at ! same "t4' ',good1' said ! ,k+2 ',good1' e*o$ a numb] ( weal?y subscrib]s to ,lanca/]'s projects4 7,b9ns1 ,h4 ,b41 ,a ,c5tury ( ,education1 p4 #bii47 #bb ,9 #ahjg ,mr4 ,:itbread1 an ard5t support] ( s*ools1 said1 9 an address be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons3 ,i _c help notic+ t ?is is a p]iod p>ticul>ly favorable = ! in/itution ( a national sy/em ( education1 because )9 a few ye>s !re has be5 discov]$ a plan = ! in/ruction ( y\? :i* is n[ br\ght to a /ate ( great p]fection1 happily comb9+ rules by :i* ! object ( le>n+ mu/ be infallibly atta9$ ) exp$ition & *eapness1 & hold+ out ! faire/ prospect ( utility to mank9d4 #bc ,:5 ,lanca/] fir/ hir$ ! l>ge hall 9 ,bor\gh ,road :i* lat] became an important tra9+-college1 & op5$ x z a mutual- in/ruction s*ool1 he ann\nc$3 ,all t w may s5d _! *ildr51 & h !m educat$ freely1 & ^? :o d n wi% to h education = no?+1 may pay = x if !y please4 #bd ,9 #ahbj1 ,br\gham1 9 introduc+ 8 ,bill = ! ,bett] ,education ( ! ,poor 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 gave /ati/ics z to ! progress ( education at t "t 9 ,engl&4 ,8 e/imate z to ! numb]s be+ educat$ 73 #dcj1jjj 9 end[$ & privately manag$ s*ools2 #bbj1jjj 9 monitorial s*ools2 #ej1jjj be+ educat$ at home2 #ajj1jjj educat$ only 9 ,sunday ,s*ools2 #ec1jjj be+ educat$ 9 dame s*ools4 ,f ^! figures he argu$ t "o 9 fifte5 ( ! population ( ,engl& & "o 9 tw5ty 9 ,wales 7 att5d+ "s =m ( s*ool1 b ) only "o 9 tw5ty-f\r 9 ,london4 ,! usual p]iod ( s*ool att5dance = ! poor] classes 0 only "o & a half to two ye>s4 #be ,kn[n z ! ,heal? & ,morals ( ,appr5tices ,act4 ,x limit$ ! work+ h\rs ( appr5tices to twelve2 =bade night "w2 requir$ day in/ruction to be provid$ 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic2 requir$ *ur* att5dance once a mon?2 & provid$ = ! regi/ration & inspection ( factories4 ,! ,act 0 v laxly en=c$1 & its *ief value lay 9 ! prec$5t ( /ate int]f]5ce :i* x e/abli%$4 #bf ,:itbread propos$ a national sy/em ( rate-aid$ s*ools to provide all *ildr5 9 ,engl& ) two ye>s ( free s*ool+1 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & f\rte54 #bg ,see ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 de ,montmor5cy's ,/ate ,int]v5tion 9 ,engli% ,education1 pp4 #bdh-he1 = ,br\gham's address to ! ,commons 9 #ahbj on ,! ,education ( ! ,poor2 & pp4 #bhe-cbd = 8 address be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahce1 on ,! ,education ( ! ,p4 ,bo? addresses conta9 an abundance ( data z to exi/+ conditions & ne$s4 #bh ,s call$ because ! ,h\se ( ,lords reject$ ! fir/ two pass$ by ! ,commons1 & f9ally accept$ ! ?ird only because ! ,k+ _h agre$ to create en\gh new ,lords to pass ! bill unless x 0 enact$ by ! upp] ,h\se4 #bi ,?is 0 a developm5t ( ! monitorial sy/em ( tra9+1 & 0 virtually an appr5tice%ip =m ( tea*]-tra9+4 #cj ,9 #ahhe ! same lib]ty 0 ext5d$ to rural labor]s4 ,?is add$ two million m vot]s1 & gave ,engl& almo/ full manhood suffrage4 ,f9ally1 9 #aiah1 "s five million wom5 7 add$ to ! vot+ classes4 #ca ,ne>ly two million *ildr5 _h be5 provid$ ) s*ool accommodations1 ?ree f\r?s ( :i* _h be5 done by ^? associat$ ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,9 do+ ?is ! ,*ur* _h sp5t "s #f1bgj1jjj on s*ool build+s1 & _h rais$ "s #h1ejj1jjj 9 volunt>y subscriptions = ma9t5ance4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h also paid out "s #f1ejj1jjj 9 grants1 s9ce #ahcc4 ,9 #ahgj x 0 e/imat$ t #a1dej1jjj *ildr5 7 on ! regi/]s ( ! /ate-aid$ s*ools1 :ile #a1ejj1jjj *ildr51 betwe5 ! ages ( six & twelve1 7 unprovid$ =4 #cb ,spee* be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,july #bc1 #ahgj4 #cc ,! cl]gy ( ! ,national ,society exhibit$ amaz+ en]gy & succe$$1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 9 do+ 9 twelve mon?s :at 9 ! normal c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld h tak5 tw5ty ye>s4 ,by ! end ( ! ye> !y _h lodg$ claims = #bhhe build+ grants1 out ( a total ( #ccdb4 ,!y also set to "w1 )\t any gov]nm5tal assi/ance1 to enl>ge _! s*ools & s increas$ d5om9ational accommodation enorm\sly4 ,! volunt>y contributions 9 aid ( ?is "w h be5 e/imat$ at ov] #c1jjj1jjj4 ,at ! same "t ! annual subscriptions d\bl$4444 ,by #ahhf1 ov] #c1jjj1jjj places _h be5 add$1 "o-half ( :i* 7 due to volunt>y ag5cies1 & ,volunt>y ,s*ools 7 provid+ r m ?an two-?irds ( ! s*ool places 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahig ! proportion _h fall5 to ?ree-fif?s4 7,bir*5\gh1 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,education1 pp4 #ach1 #adj47 #cd ,^! 7 ! sev5 end[$ second>y bo>d+ s*ools--,w9*e/] 7#achb71 ,eton 7#addj71 ,%rewsbury 7#aeeb71 ,we/m9/] 7#aefj71 ,rugby 7#aefg71 ,h>r[ 7#aega71 & ,*>t]h\se 7#afaa7--;& ! two end[$ day s*ools1-- ,sa9t ,paul's 7#aeaj7 & ,m]*ant ,taylors' 7#aefa74 #ce ,at lea/ "o hundr$ t[ns1 ! ,report %[$1 ) a population ( five ?\s& or ov] _h no end[$ second>y s*ool1 & ,london1 ) a population !n 7#ahfg7 ( ov] ?ree million1 _h b tw5ty-six s*ools & less ?an ?ree ?\s& pupils enroll$4 ,all ! new manufactur+ cities 7 9 ev5 worse condition ?an ,london4 #cf ,! ,univ]sity ( ,london 0 orig9ally f\nd$ 9 #ahcf1 & reorganiz$ 9 #aijj4 #cg ,! sci5ti/ ,?omas ,huxley 0 a ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d memb]1 &1 speak+ z su*1 he express$ ! views ( _m :5 he said3 ,i conceive x to be our duty to make a ladd] f ! gutt] to ! univ]sity along :i* any *ild may climb4 #ch ,royal 7,bryce7 ,commission on ,second>y ,education1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bii4 ,london1 #ahie4 #ci ,kn[n z ! ,education ,act1 #aiah 7#h & #i ,geo4 ,v1 *4 #ci74 ,! ,act has be5 repr9t$ 9 full 9 ! ,bi5nial ,survey ( ,education1 #aiaf-ah1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 9 ! *apt] on ,education 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x also has be5 repr9t$ z an app5dix to ,moore1 ,e4 ,c41 ,:at ! ,w> tea*es ab\t ,education1 ,new ,york1 #aiai4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv #a ,! ,con/itution1 z ,john ,qu9cy ,adams express$ x1 0 extort$ f ! gr9d+ necessities ( a reluctant p to escape an>*y & ! ultimate entire loss1 ( indep5d5ce1 & _m _h grave d\bts z to ! p]man5ce ( ! ,union4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! close ( ! ,w> ( #ahab t belief 9 ! /ability ( ! ,union & 9 ! capacity ( ! p to gov]n !mselves became ! belief ( ! _m r ?an ! v few1 & plans = education & national developm5t began to obta9 a s]i\s he>+4 #b ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! national life a numb] ( ,/ates f\nd$ & end[$ a /ate sy/em ( academies4 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agig1 grant$ l& end[m5ts to approv$ academies4 ,georgia1 9 #aghc1 creat$ a sy/em ( c\nty academies = ! ,/ate4 ,new ,york ext5d$ /ate aid to its academies1 9 #ahac1 hav+ put !m "u /ate inspection z e>ly z #aghg4 ,m>yl& *>t]$ _m academies betwe5 #ahja & #ahag1 & au?oriz$ _m lott]ies to provide !m ) funds1 z did also ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,g5]al ,assembly *>t]$ _m academies1 & aid$ !m by lott]ies4 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 & ,indiana1 among we/]n ,/ates1 also provid$ = c\nty sy/ems ( academies4 #c ,! /udy ( ,lat9 & a little ,greek _h con/itut$ ! curriculum ( ! old ,lat9 gramm> s*ool1 & its purpose _h be5 almo/ exclusively to prep>e boys = admission to ! colony colleges4 ,9 true ,engli% /yle1 ,lat9 0 made ! language ( ! classroom1 & ev5 attempt$ = ! playgr\nd z well4 ,z a concession1 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 7 sometimes taught4 ,! new academies1 :ile reta9+ ! /udy ( ,lat91 & usually ,greek1 ?\gh n[ taught ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,engli%1 add$ a numb] ( new /udies adapt$ to ! ne$s ( a new society4 ,engli% gramm> 0 introduc$ & soon rose to a place ( great importance1 z did also oratory & declamation4 ,ari?metic1 algebra1 geometry1 geography1 & a/ronomy 7 9 "t add$1 & survey+1 rhetoric 7includ+ "s lit]ature71 natural & moral philosophy1 & ,roman antiquities 7 frequ5tly taught4 ,girls 7 admitt$ r freely to ! new academies1 :]eas ! gramm> s*ools _h be5 exclusively = boys4 ,= bett] in/ruction a female dep>tm5t 0 frequ5tly organiz$4 #d ,?omas ,jeff]son's "n appe>s 9 ! fir/ subscription li/ z giv+ #bjj1 & he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! fir/ gov]n+ bo>d4 ,! *ief s\rces ( support ( ! s*ools1 :i* up to #ahdd rema9$ paup] s*ools1 7 subscriptions1 lott]ies1 a tax on slaves & dogs1 c]ta9 lic5se fees1 & a small appropriation 7#aejj7 ea* ye> f ! city c\ncil4 #e ,?is organization op5$ ! fir/ s*ools 9 ,philadelphia = *ildr5 reg>dless ( religi\s affiliation1 & = ?irty-sev5 ye>s r5d]$ a useful s]vice !re4 #f ,all at once1 comp>atively1 a new sy/em _h be5 introduc$ :i* n only improv$ b trem5d\sly *eap5$ education4 ,9 #ahbb x co/ b #a4bb p] pupil p] ye> to give in/ruction 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ?\gh by #ahdd ! p]-capita co/1 due l>gely to ! decreas+ size ( ! classes1 _h ris5 to #b4gj1 & by #aheb to #e4hc4 ,9 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahag1 ! exp5se 0 #c1 z aga9/ #ab 9 ! private & *ur* s*ools4 ,"o f9ds _m notices 9 ! newspap]s ( ! "t z to ! value & l[ co/ ( ! new sy/em4 #g ,! cotton-sp9n+ indu/ry illu/rates ! rapid gr[? ( manufactur+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! #ae cotton mills ( #ahjg _h increas$ to #hja1 by #ahca2 & to #abdj1 by #ahdj4 ,! ,s\? ow$ its prosp]ity *iefly to cotton-gr[+ & %ipp+1 & did n develop factories & work%ops until a mu* m rec5t p]iod4 #h ,among _m resolutions adopt$ by ! labor+ organizations ! foll[+ is typical3 ,at a ,g5]al ,meet+ ( ,me*anics & ,work+m5 held 9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #ahbi1 x 0 ,resolv$1 t next to life & lib]ty1 we consid] education ! greate/ bless+ be/[$ ^u mank9d4 ,resolv$1 t ! public funds %\ld be appropriat$ 7to a reasonable ext5t7 to ! purpose ( education ^u a regul> sy/em t %all insure ! opportunity to e individual ( obta9+ a compet5t education be=e he %all h arriv$ at ! age ( maturity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi #a ,connecticut & ,new ,york bo? _h set aside l&s1 be=e #ahjj1 to create su* a fund1 ,connecticut's fund dat+ back to #agej4 ,delaw>e1 9 #agif1 devot$ ! income f m>riage & tav]n lic5ses to ! same purpose1 b made no use ( ! fund = tw5ty ye>s4 ,connecticut1 9 #agie1 sold its ,we/]n ,res]ve 9 ,ohio = #a1bjj1jjj1 & add$ ?is to its s*ool fund4 ,new ,york1 9 #ahje1 simil>ly add$ ! proce$s ( ! sale ( half a million acres ( /ate l&s1 ?\gh ! fund !n =mally creat$ accumulat$ unus$ until #ahab4 ,t5nessee began to build up a p]man5t /ate s*ool fund 9 #ahjf2 ,virg9ia 9 #ahaj2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahaa2 ,m>yl& 9 #ahab2 ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahaf2 ,georgia 9 #ahag2 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,k5tucky1 & ,l\isiana 9 #ahba2 ,v]mont & ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahbe2 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahca2 & ,massa*usetts 9 #ahcd4 ,^! 7 e/abli%$ z p]man5t /ate funds1 ! annual income only to be us$1 9 "s way to be det]m9$ lat]1 = ! support ( "s =m ( s*ools4 #b ,n[ = ! fir/ "t direct taxation = s*ools 0 likely to be felt by ! taxpay]1 & ! fight = & aga9/ ! imposition ( su* taxation 0 on 9 e>ne/4 ,! c\rse ( ! /ruggle & ! results 7 some:at diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 b1 9 a g5]al way1 ! progress ( ! conflict 0 some:at z foll[s3 #a4 ,p]mission grant$ to communities s desir+ to organize a s*ool tax+ di/rict1 & to tax = s*ool support ! prop]ty ( ^? cons5t+ & resid+ !re94 #b4 ,taxation ( all prop]ty 9 ! tax+ di/rict p]mitt$4 #c4 ,/ate aid to su* di/ricts1 at fir/ f ! income f p]man5t end[m5t funds1 & lat] f ! proce$s ( a small /ate appropriation or a /ate or c\nty tax4 #d4 ,compulsory local taxation to supplem5t ! /ate or c\nty grant4 #c ,conc]n+ ! sy/em1 ,! ,philadelphia ,society = ! ,e/abli%m5t & ,support ( ,*>ity ,s*ools1 9 an ,address to ! ,public1 9 #ahah1 said3 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! b5evol5ce ( ! inhabitants has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*>ity ,s*ools1 :i*1 ?\gh af=d+ individual advantages1 are n likely to be foll[$ by ! political b5efits k9dly contemplat$ by _! f\nd]s4 ,9 ! c\ntry a p>5t w raise *ildr5 9 ignorance r ?an place !m 9 *>ity s*ools4 ,x is only 9 l>ge cities t *>ity s*ools succe$ to any ext5t4 ,^! dispositions may be improv$ to ! be/ advantage1 by ! ,legislature1 9 place ( ,*>ity ,s*ools1 e/abli%+ ,public ,s*ools = ! education ( all *ildr51 ! (fspr+ ( ! ri* & ! poor alike4 #d ,9 #ahba ! c\nties ( ,dauph9 7,h>risburg71 ,allegh5y 7,pittsburg71 ,cumb]l& 7,c>lisle71 & ,lanca/] 7,lanca/]7 7 also exempt$ f ! /ate paup]-s*ool law1 & all[$ to organize s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( _! poor4 #e ,"s #cb1jjj p]sons petition$ = a repeal ( ! law1 #ff ( :om sign$ by mak+ _! m>k1 & n m ?an five names 9 a hundr$1 report$ a legislative committee :i* inve/igat$ ! matt]1 7 sign$ 9 ,engli% script4 ,x 0 f among ! p>o*ial-s*ool ,g]mans t ! /ronge/ opposition to ! law came4 #f ,= ,/ev5s's spee* 9 def5se ( ! ,law ( #ahcd1 see ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahih-ii1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eaf-bd4 #g ,by #ahcf ! new free-s*ool law _h be5 accept$ by #ge p] c5t ( ! di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate1 by #ahch by #hd p] c5t1 & by #ahdg by #hh p] c5t4 #h ,?is ,/ate _h enact$ an exp]im5tal s*ool law1 & made an annual /ate grant = s*ools1 f #agie to #ahjj4 ,!n1 unable to renact ! law1 ! sy/em 0 all[$ to lapse & 0 n re/abli%$ until ! ,new ,engl& elem5t ga9$ control1 9 #ahab4 #i ,by 8 vigor\s "w 9 behalf ( s*ools ! fir/ appo9tee1 ,gideon ,hawley1 gave su* (f5se to ! politicians ( ! "t t he 0 remov$ f (fice1 9 #ahba1 & ! legislature !n aboli%$ ! position & designat$ ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to act1 ex (ficio1 z ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,?is condition cont9u$ until #ahed1 :5 ,new ,york aga9 creat$ ! sep>ate (fice ( ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 #aj ,:5 ,connecticut sold its ,we/]n ,res]ve1 9 #agie1 & add$ ! sum to ! ,connecticut s*ool fund1 x 0 /at$ to be = ! aid ( s*ools & ! gospel4 ,9 ! sales ( ! fir/ national l&s 9 ,ohio 7#a1ejj1jjj acres to ,! ,ohio ,company1 9 #aghg2 & #a1jjj1jjj acres 9 ! ,symmes ,pur*ase1 ne> ,c9c9nati1 9 #aghh71 section #af 9 ea* t[n%ip 0 res]v$ & giv5 z an end[m5t = s*ools1 & section #bi = ! purposes ( religion4 #aa ,! ,public ,s*ool ,society cont9u$ to receive money grants1 x be+ reg>d$ z a non-d5om9ational organization1 ?\gh *>t]$ to tea* ! sublime tru?s ( religion & morality conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures 9 its s*ools4 ,9 #ahbh ! ,society 0 ev5 p]mitt$ to levy a local tax to supplem5t its res\rces1 x be+ e/imat$ t at t "t !re 7 #aj1jjj *ildr5 9 ! city ) no opportunities = education4 #ab ,! "q may be reg>d$ z a settl$ "o 9 our ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,our p mean to keep ! public-s*ool sy/em unit$ z "o /ate s*ool sy/em1 well realiz+ t any attempt to divide ! s*ools among ! diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations 7! ,_w ,almanac = #aiag li/s #di diff]5t d5om9ations & #aga diff]5t sects 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 c\ld only lead to ineffici5cy & educational *aos4 #ac ,! movem5t ga9$ a firm hold ev]y:]e ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ! ,/ates incorporat+ ! l>ge/ numb] be+ ,new ,york ) #hhg1 ,p5nsylvania ) #ebd1 ,massa*usetts ) #djc1 ,k5tucky ) #ccj1 ,virg9ia ) #cag1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ) #bgb1 & ,t5nessee ) #bfd4 ,"s ,/ates1 z ,k5tucky & ,indiana1 provid$ = a sy/em ( c\nty academies1 :ile _m ,/ates ext5d$ to !m "s =m ( /ate aid4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate !y f\nd a w>m advocate 9 ,gov]nor ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 :o urg$ 7#ahbg7 t !y be locat$ at ! c\nty t[ns ( ! ,/ate to give a practical sci5tific education suit$ to ! wants ( f>m]s1 m]*ants1 & me*anics1 & also to tra9 tea*]s = ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 #ad ,! new emphasis giv5 to ! /udy ( ,engli%1 ma!matics1 & book-sci5ce is noticeable4 ,new subjects appe>$ 9 proportion z ! academies increas$ 9 numb]s & importance4 ,( #adi new subjects = /udy appe>+ 9 ! academies ( ,new ,york1 betwe5 #aghg & #ahgj1 #bc appe>$ be=e #ahbf1 #ajj betwe5 #ahbf & #ahdj1 & #bf aft] #ahdj4 ,betwe5 #ahbe & #ahbh "o half ( ! new subjects appe>$4 ,?is also 0 ! maximum p]iod ( developm5t ( ! academies4 #ae ,! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( colleges1 bas+ _! entrance requirem5ts on ! completion ( ! classical c\rse ( ! academy1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a few embryo /ate univ]sities 9 ! new ,/ates ( ! ,we/ & ! ,s\?1 naturally rais$ ! fur!r "q ( :y !re %\ld be a gap 9 ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,! increase ( weal? 9 ! cities t5d$ to increase ! numb] :o pass$ ?r\gh ! elem5t>y c\rse & c\ld pr(it by m ext5d$ education2 ! academies _h popul>iz$ ! idea ( m advanc$ education2 :ile ! new manufactur+ & comm]cial activities ( ! "t call$ = m tra9+ ?an ! elem5t>y s*ools af=d$1 & ( a diff]5t type f t dem&$ by ! small colleges ( ! "t = entrance4 #af ,= an int]e/+ table %[+ ! simple entrance requirem5ts ( ,h>v>d 9 #afdb1 #agcd1 #ahjc1 #ahbe1 #ahej1 #ahge1 & #ahhe1 see ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #aijb1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #icj-cc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii #a ,9 ,spa91 = example1 ! p]c5tage ( illit]acy 9 #ahfj 0 #ge4eb2 9 #ahgj #gj4ja p] c5t2 9 #ahhg1 #fh4ja p] c5t2 9 #ahij1 #fc4gh p] c5t2 & 9 #aiaj1 #ei4ce p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage = #aibj w probably n be less ?an = #aiaj1 due to ! clos+ ( _m s*ools = lack ( tea*]s dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,9 #aiaf t5 prov9ces _h an illit]acy ( ov] #gj p] c5t1 & b five _h less ?an #dj p] c5t4 ,9 ,madrid & ,b>celona1 cities z l>ge z ,baltimore & ,clevel&1 ! illit]acy approa*es a ?ird ( ! population 9 ,madrid1 & a half 9 ,b>celona4 #b ,:ile an exile f ! ,arg5t9e1 ,dr4 ,s>mi5to 0 commission$ by ,*ili to visit1 /udy1 & report on ! /ate s*ool sy/ems ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,:ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates he became intimately acqua9t$ ) ,horace ,mann4 ,lat] he 0 ,m9i/] f ! ,arg5t9e to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ recall$1 9 #ahfh1 to assume ! presid5cy ( ! ,republic4 ,he 0 deeply impress$ ) ! type ( educational opportunity provid$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &1 ?r\gh an appo9t$ ,m9i/] ( ,education1 impress$ 8 ideas on ! ,arg5t9e nation4 #c ,9 #aiaj only ab\t #c p] c5t ( ! total population 0 9 any type ( s*ool4 #d ,! ,mikado /ill reta9$1 ?r\gh 8 m9i/]s1 v l>ge p[]s1 :ile ! p>liam5t 0 a consultative assembly r ?an a legislative "o4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t has be5 mu* l t ( ! ,g]man ,empire be=e ! ,_w ,w>4 #e ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t has s f> be5 a milit>y autocracy1 & ! ,japanese h be5 ! ,prussians ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! two-class s*ool sy/em has accord+ly met ! ne$s ( a b5evol5t autocracy fairly well4 ,) ! rise ( a lib]al p>ty 9 ,japan1 & ! beg9n+ ( "s democratic life1 we may look = progressive *anges 9 _! s*ools :i* w t5d to produce a m democratic type ( educational organization4 #f ,! idea ( education = all classes1 ! aim ( all educators & /atesm5 ( we/]n c\ntries1 sc>cely ent]$ ! m9ds ( ! lead]s ( ,*9a "u ! traditional sy/em ( education4 ,) ! introduction ( ! new educational sy/em1 h[ev]1 ! problem ( univ]sal education sudd5ly came into prom95ce4 ,inde$1 x is ! /at$ goal ( ! new educational policy4 7,p+ ,w5 ,kuo1 ,! ,*9ese ,sy/em ( ,public ,education1 p4 #adi47 #g ,education 9 ,*9a has be5 common1 = a class1 = ov] f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! s*ools 7 private1 b a detail$ national sy/em ( exam9ations 0 provid$ by ! ,/ate1 & all :o expect$ any /ate pref]m5t 7 requir$ to pass ^! /ate exam9ations4 ,! sy/em 0 bas$ on ! old ,confucian classics4 ,"u x s*ools exi/$ 9 all ! *ief t[ns1 & ! exam9ation sy/em ex]t$ a /rong unify+ influ5ce on ! nation4 ,9 #ahdb ,*9a op5$ five treaty ports to ! %ips & comm]ce ( we/]n nations1 & f #ahdb to #aijc a process ( gradual transition f ! anci5t exam9ation sy/em to mod]n conditions took place4 #h ,a nation t has pres]v$ its id5tity by peaceful means = ?ree mill5iums2 t has made ! soil produce subsi/5ce = a multitud9\s population dur+ t long p]iod1 :ile ,we/]n peoples h worn out _! soil 9 less ?an t _m c5turies2 t has produc$ _m ( ! mo/ influ5tial ( mod]n inv5tions1 su* z pr9t+1 gunp[d]1 & ! compass2 t has develop$ su* me*anical +5uity & comm]cial ability z are %[n 9 its ev]yday life1 und\bt$ly possesses ! ability to accompli% results by ! use ( me?ods work$ out by ! ,we/]n _w4 ,:5 mod]n sci5tific k is add$ by ! ,*9ese to ! skill :i* !y already h 9 agriculture1 9 comm]ce1 9 indu/ry1 9 gov]nm5t1 & 9 milit>y affairs1 results w be a*iev$1 on ! basis ( _! physical /am9a & moral qualities1 :i* w remove ! ignorance1 ! indiff]5ce1 & ! prejudice ( ! ,we/]n _w reg>d+ ?+s ,*9ese4 7,monroe1 ,paul1 ,editorial introduction to ,p+ ,w5 ,kuo's ,! ,*9ese ,sy/em ( ,public ,education47 #i ,?\gh appe>+ small on ! map1 ,siam is a nation ( six millions ( p & an area ov] ?ree & a half times t ( ! six ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 #aj ,?r\gh metaphysics fir/2 !n ?r\gh al*emy & *emi/ry1 ?r\gh physical & a/ronomical spectroscopy1 la/ly ?r\gh radio- activity1 sci5ce has sl[ly grop$ its way to ! atom4 7,soddy1 ,f41 ,matt] & ,en]gy47 #aa ,adams 9 ,engl&1 & ,lev]ri] 9 ,france4 ,! planet ,uranus _h = long be5 kn[n to be erratic 9 its movem5ts1 & ,adams & ,lev]ri] conclud$1 work+ f ,newton's law = gravitation1 t x mu/ be due to ! pull ( an unkn[n planet4 ,bo? calculat$ ! orbit ( ?is unkn[n body1 ,adams s5d+ 8 calculations to ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*1 & ,lev]ri] to ! obs]vatory at ,b]l94 ,at bo? obs]vatories ! new planet--lat] nam$ ,neptune--0 pick$ up by ! telescope at ! position indicat$4 #ab ,?is !ory ( cata/rophes held t at a numb] ( successive epo*s1 ( :i* ! age ( ,noah 0 ! late/1 great revolutions or disa/]s _h tak5 place on ! e>?'s surface1 9 :i* all liv+ ?+s 7 de/roy$4 ,lat] ! _w 0 re/ock$1 & aga9 de/roy$4 ,?is expla9$ ! successive /rata1 & ! fossils !y conta9$4 ,= ?is !ory ,lyell sub/itut$ a sl[ & ord]ly evolution1 cov]+ ages1 & completely upset ! ,mosaic *ronology4 #ac ,= example3--m9]alogy1 petrography1 petrology1 cry/allography1 /ratigraphy1 & paleontology4 #ad ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species _h come into ! !ological _w l a pl[ into an ant-hill4 ,ev]y:]e ^? ?us rudely awak5$ f _! old com=t & repose _h sw>m$ =? angry & confus$4 ,reviews1 s]mons1 books1 light & heavy1 came fly+ at ! new ?9k] f all sides4 7,:ite1 ,a4 ,d41 ,! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce & ,!ology1 vol4 #a1 p4 #gj47 #ae ,natural hi/ory z a /udy goes back to ! days ( ,ari/otle1 9 ,greece1 b x _h always be5 a /udy ( fix$ =ms4 ,d>w9 de/roy$ ?is conception1 & vitaliz$ ! new subject ( biology4 ,f ?is botany & zoology h be5 d]iv$1 & f ^! aga9 _m o!r new sci5ces1 su* z physiology1 morphology1 bact]iology1 an?ropology1 cytology1 entomology1 & all ! diff]5t agricultural sci5ces4 #af ,! bacillus ( tub]culosis 0 isolat$ 9 #ahhb1 ,asiatic *ol]a 9 #ahhc1 lockjaw & diph!ria 9 #ahhd1 & bubonic plague 9 #ahid4 #ag ,s*ools ( eng9e]+1 m9+1 agriculture1 & appli$ sci5ce are types4 #ah ,! book on ,g]many 7,de l',allemagne7 by ,madame de ,/al 7#agff- #ahag71 a brilliant ,fr5* noveli/1 0 publi%$ & imm$iately confiscat$ 9 ,france 9 #ahaa1 & republi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahac4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable books on "o c\ntry writt5 by a native ( ano!r :i* _h appe>$ up to t "t4 ,?r\gh read+ x _m ,engli% & ,am]icans discov]$ a new _w4 #ai ,= example1 x has be5 e/imat$ t "o fifte5? ( ! work+ population ( mod]n indu/rial nations devotes itself to transportation2 ano!r "o fifte5? to ma9ta9+ public s]vices--light1 gas1 telephone1 wat]1 sewage1 /reets1 p>ks--unkn[n 9 e>li] times2 & ano!r "o fifte5? to ! manufacture & di/ribution & c>e ( automobiles4 ,add /ill fur!r ! numb]s employ$ 9 connection ) !at]s1 mov+-picture %[s1 phonographs1 magaz9es & ! newspap]s1 s(t-dr9k places1 mill9]y & dry goods1 hospitals1 & simil> app5dages ( civilization1 & we get "s idea ( ! increas$ labor effici5cy :i* ! applications ( sci5ce h br\ght ab\t4 #bj ,labor unions 7 legaliz$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahbe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y arose ab\t #ahbe-cj1 & = a "t play$ an important "p 9 secur+ legislation to bett] ! condition ( ! work+man & to secure education = 8 *ildr54 ,9 cont95tal ,europe1 ! reaction>y gov]nm5ts foll[+ ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon =bade assemblies ( work+m5 or _! organization1 z dang]\s to gov]nm5t4 ,9 consequ5ce1 labor organizations 9 ,france 7 n p]mitt$ until #ahdh1 & 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria n until aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,japan1 z late z #aiai1 labor]s 7 d5i$ ! "r to organize4 #ba ,up to #aghi s]fdom 0 ! rule on ! cont95t ( ,europe2 by #ahej !re 0 practically no s]fdom 9 c5tral & we/]n ,europe1 & 9 #ahff s]fdom 0 aboli%$ 9 ,russia4 ,= ! work] & f>m] ! ye>s betwe5 #aghi & #ahdh 7 ye>s ( rapid progress 9 ! evolution f m$iaeval to mod]n conditions ( liv+4 #bb ,"u conditions exi/+ up to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 "p p]si/+ up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? on ! cont95t1 & /ill f\nd 9 unprogressive l&s1 a close limitation ( ! rights ( labor 0 ma9ta9$4 ,*ildr5 foll[$ ! trade ( _! fa!rs1 & ! "r ( an appr5tice lat] to op5 a %op & bett] 8 condition 0 prohibit$ until aft] he _h become an accept$ ma/] 7p4 #baj7 9 8 craft4 ,guild memb]s1 too1 7 n p]mitt$ to bran* out into any o!r l9e ( activity1 or to introduce any new me?ods ( "w4 ,all ^! old limitations ! ,indu/rial ,revolution swept away4 #bc ,wom5 9 ,europe h secur$ ! ballot rapidly s9ce ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,) manhood suffrage secur$1 univ]sal suffrage is ! next /ep4 ,wom5 7 giv5 ! "r to vote & hold (fice 9 ,f9l& 9 #aijf2 9 ,norway 9 #aijg2 9 ,d5m>k 9 #aiaf2 9 ,engl& 9 #aiah2 9 ,g]many 9 #aiai2 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aibj4 #bd ,see an excell5t brief article ,on ,g]man ,education1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,moore1 9 ,s*ool & ,society1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hhf-hi4 #be ,a ,/ate approximately ! size ( ,ill9ois1 & conta9+ a population ( ab\t two million p4 ,! great developm5t ( ?is c\ntry is 9 reality a hi/ory ( ! "w ( ,presid5t ,manuel ,e/rada ,cabr]a1 :o 0 presid5t f #ahih to #aibj4 ,8 rul+ int]e/ has be5 public education1 believ+ t 9 univ]sal education re/s ! future greatness ( ! ,/ate4 ,he accord+ly labor$ to e/abli% s*ools1 & to br+ !m up to z high a level z possible4 ,! gov]nm5t has sp5t mu* 9 build+ mod]n-type s*oolh\ses & 9 subsidiz+ s*ools1 hold+ t ) ! prop] tra9+ ( ! y\ng] g5]ation ! future position ( ! nation re/s4 ,a s9c]e admir] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am]ican models h be5 copi$4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! ,_w ,w>1 ,guatemala 0 ! fir/ ,c5tral ,am]ican republic to foll[4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ,presid5t ,cabr]a w\ld all[ no?+ to int]f]e ) ! advancem5t ( free & compulsory education 9 ! ,/ate4 7,see ,domville- ,fife1 ,c4 ,w41 ,guatemala & ! ,/ates ( ,c5tral ,am]ica47 #bf ,imag9e h[ ! /reams ( ,cele/ials circulat+ betwe5 ,hong ,kong & ! ma9l& spread ! k ( :at a civiliz$ gov]nm5t does = ! p6 ,at ,%anghai & ,ti5ts91 v]itable fairyl&s = ! ,*9ese1 !y _c b contra/ ! ?rongs ( rick%as1 dog-c>ts1 br\ghams1 & motor c>s t p\r endlessly ?r\gh ! spotless asphalt /reets ) ! n>r[1 crook$1 fil?y1 noisome /reets ( _! native city1 to be trav]s$ only on foot or 9 a s$an *air4 ,ev5 ! "y m&>91 buri$ alive 9 "s d+y wall$ t[n ( ! f> int]ior1 )\t news1 ev5ts1 or society1 recall$ ) long+ ! lights1 ! gorge\s tea h\ses1 & ! allur+ 's+-song' girls ( ,foo*[ ,road1 & curs$ ! /upid policy ( a gov]nm5t t p5aliz$ ev5 ent]pris+ ,*9am5 :o tri$ to '/>t some?+' = ! b5efit ( ! community4 7,ross1 ,e4 ,a41 ,*ang+ ,am]ica1 p4 #bb47 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii #a ,! e>lie/ ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies 9 ,g]man l&s 73 #agej4 ,alfeld1 9 ,hanov]4 #agec4 ,wolf5bttel1 9 ,brunswick4 #agfd4 ,glatz1 9 ,prussia4 #agfe4 ,breslau1 9 ,prussia4 #agfh4 ,c>lsruhe1 9 ,bad54 #agga4 ,vi5na1 9 ,au/ria4 #aggg4 ,bamb]g1 9 ,bav>ia4 #aggh4 ,halb]/adt1 9 ,prussia4 #aggi4 ,coburg1 9 ,go?a4 #aghj4 ,segeb]g1 9 ,hol/e94 #aghe4 ,dresd51 9 ,saxony4 #agid4 ,weiss5fels1 9 ,prussia4 #b ,my views ( ! subject1 said he1 came out ( a p]sonal /riv+ aft] me?ods1 ! execution ( :i* =c$ me actively & exp]im5tally to seek1 to ga91 & to "w out :at 0 n !re1 & :at ,i yet really knew n4 #c ,see footnote #a1 page #egc1 = places & dates4 #d ,by ! ,rev]5d ,samuel ,r4 ,hall1 :o conduct$ ! s*ool z an adjunct to 8 "w z a m9i/]4 ,! s*ool accord+ly travel$ ab\t1 be+ held at ,concord1 ,v]mont1 f #ahbc to #ahcj2 at ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts1 f #ahcj to #ahcg2 & at ,plym\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 f #ahcg to #ahdj4 #e ,by ,james ,c>t]1 at ,lanca/]1 ,massa*usetts4 #f ,9 #ahcf1 ,calv9 ,/[e1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,lane ,!ological ,sem9>y at ,c9c9nati1 w5t to ,europe to buy books = ! libr>y ( ! in/itution1 & ! legislature ( ,ohio commission$ him to exam9e & report ^u ! sy/ems ( elem5t>y education f\nd !re4 ,! result 0 8 celebrat$ ,report on ,elem5t>y ,education 9 ,europe1 made to ! legislature 9 #ahcg4 ,9 x *ief att5tion 0 giv5 to contra/+ ! s*ools ( ,wrtemb]g & ,prussia ) ^? f\nd 9 ,ohio4 ,! report 0 ord]$ pr9t$ by ! legislature ( ,ohio1 & lat] by ! legislatures ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,virg9ia1 & did mu* to awak5 ,am]ican int]e/ 9 advanc+ common s*ool education4 #g ,^! are high] in/itutions :i* (f] two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s ( academic & "s pr(essional education1 & may be f\nd 9 connection ) a univ]sity2 may be ma9ta9$ by city or c\nty s*ool au?orities2 or may be volunt>y in/itutions4 ,9 #aiaj-aa !re 7 eighty-?ree su* in/itutions 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 #h ,9 ,*9a1 = example1 z soon z ! new g5]al sy/em ( education _h be5 decid$ ^u1 normal s*ools ( ?ree types--high] normal s*ools1 l[] normal s*ools1 & tea*]-tra9+ s*ools--7 creat$1 & mission>y tea*]s1 =eign tea*]s1 & /ud5ts return+ f abroad 7 us$ to /aff ^! new s*ools4 ,by #aiaj z _m z ?irty high] normal s*ools1 two hundr$ & ?ree l[] normal s*ools1 & a hundr$ & eighty-two tra9+ classes _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a "u gov]nm5t auspices4 7,p+ ,w5 ,kuo1 ,! ,*9ese ,sy/em ( ,public ,education1 p4 #aef47 #i ,! beg9n+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates date f ab\t #ahij1 & 9 ,engl& ev5 lat]4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! second>y s*ools goes back to ! days ( ,napoleon4 #aj ,a common division 0 betwe5 ! tea*] :o taught read+1 religion1 & spell+1 & ! tea*] :o taught writ+ & ari?metic 7,r4 #cjg74 ,writ+ be+ consid]$ a difficult art1 ?is 0 taught by a sep>ate tea*]1 :o (t5 includ$ ! ability to tea* ari?metic also among 8 accompli%m5ts4 #aa ,a good example ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! monitorial s*ools4 ,! ,new ,york ,free ,s*ool ,society 7p4 #ffj71 = example1 report$ 9 its ,f\rte5? ,annual ,report 7#ahai7 t ! *ildr5 9 its s*ools _h pursu$ /udies z foll[s3 #big *ildr5 h be5 taught to =m lett]s 9 s&4 #fae h be5 advanc$ f lett]s 9 s&1 to monosyllabic read+ on bo>ds4 #fhf f read+ on bo>ds1 to ,murray's ,fir/ ,book4 #cce f ,murray's ,fir/ ,book1 to writ+ on slates4 #bah f writ+ on slates1 to writ+ on pap]4 #cda to read+ 9 ! ,bible4 #bgg to addition & subtraction4 #aec to multiplication & division44 #fj to ! comp\nd ( ! f\r fir/ rules4 #bj to r$uction4 #bd to ! rule ( ?ree4 #ab ,h]b>t _h visit$ ,pe/alozzi at ,burgdorf1 9 #agii1 j aft] graduat+ f ,j5a & :ile act+ z a tutor = ?ree ,swiss boys1 & _h writt5 a v sympa!tic description ( 8 s*ool & 8 !ory ( in/ruction4 ,h]b>t 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,g]mans to und]/& & appreciate ! g5ial & noble ,pe/alozzi4 #ac ,! son ( a well-educat$ public (ficial1 ,h]b>t 0 himself educat$ at ! ,gymnasium ( ,old5burg & ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,aft] sp5d+ ?ree ye>s z a tutor1 he became1 at ! age ( tw5ty-six1 an "u tea*] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+54 ,at ! age ( ?irty-?ree he 0 call$ to succe$ ,kant z pr(essor ( philosophy at ,knigsb]g1 & f ! age ( fifty-sev5 to 8 dea? at sixty-five he 0 aga9 a pr(essor at ,gtt+54 #ad ,*>les ,de ,g>mo's ,ess5tials ( ,me?od1 publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! introduction ( ^! ideas into ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahib ,*>les ,a4 ,mc,murry publi%$ 8 ,g5]al ,me?od1 & 9 #ahig1 ) 8 bro!r1 ,frank1 publi%$ ! ,me?od 9 ! ,recitation4 ,^! ?ree books probably h done m to popul>ize ,h]b>tian ideas & introduce !m into ! normal s*ools & colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an all o!r influ5ces comb9$4 ,ano!r important influ5ce 0 ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahib by /ud5ts return+ f ,j5a1 9 imitation ( ! simil> ,g]man society4 #ae ,! /udies :i* h come to *>act]ize ! mod]n elem5t>y s*ool may n[ be classifi$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3 ,drill subjects ,cont5t subjects ,expression subjects ,read+ ,lit]ature ,k9d]g>t5 ,"w ,writ+ ,geography ,music ,spell+ ,hi/ory ,manual ,arts ,language ,civic ,/udies ,dome/ic ,arts ,ari?metic ,mann]s & ,conduct ,plays & ,games ,nature ,/udy ,s*ool ,g>d5+ ,agriculture ,vocational ,subjects #af ,next1 p]haps1 w\ld come ,italy1 :i* is /rongly democratic 9 _s4 ,9 ! cities ( ,holl& "o f9ds _m privately support$ k9d]g>t5s1 b ! ,/ate has n made !m a "p ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$5 ! k9d]g>t5 practically does n exi/4 ,! k9d]g>t5 w always d be/ among self-gov]n+ peoples1 & seldom meets ) favor f autocratic p[]4 #ag ,9 ! be/ ,engli% ,infant ,s*ools a pr(\nd revolution has tak5 place 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,=mal lessons 9 ! #c ,rs h disappe>$1 & ! :ole ( ! tra9+ ( ! little ones has be5 bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ! k9d]g>t5 z enunciat$ by ,froebel4 ,mu* ( ! old r\t9e /ill rema9s2 nev]!less !re is no "p ( ! ,engli% educational sy/em s brimful ( real promise z ! "w t is n[ be+ done 9 ! be/ ,infant ,s*ools4 7,hughes1 ,r4 ,e41 ,! ,mak+ ( ,citiz5s 7#aijb71 p4 #dj47 #ah ,9 ,france1 ! ,infant ,s*ool or k9d]g>t5 is kn[n z ! ,mat]nal ,s*ool4 ,pupils are receiv$ at two ye>s ( age1 & c>ri$ along until six4 ,9 ! l[] division ! s*ool is l>gely 9 ! nature ( a day nurs]y1 b 9 ! upp] division _m ( ! features ( ! k9d]g>t5 are f\nd4 #ai ,s9ce ,froebel's day we h le>n$ mu* ab\t *ildr5 t 0 !n unkn[n1 especially z to ! muscul> & n]v\s organization & developm5t ( *ildr51 & ) ?is new k ! t5d5cy has be5 to enl>ge ! gifts & *ange _! nature1 to introduce new occupations1 elaborate ! k9d]g>t5 program ( daily ex]cises1 & to give ! k9d]g>t5 m ( an out-(-door "*4 ,especially has ! "w ( ,dewey 7p4 #ghj7 & ! *ild-/udy speciali/s be5 important 9 modify+ k9d]g>t5 proc$ure4 #bj ,by #ahhj "s #cjj k9d]g>t5s & #aj k9d]g>t5 tra9+-s*ools1 mo/ly private und]tak+s1 _h be5 op5$ 9 ! cities ( ?irty ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,by #ahij philan?ropic k9d]g>t5 associations to provide & support k9d]g>t5s _h be5 organiz$ 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] cities1 & aft] t date cities rapidly began to adopt ! k9d]g>t5 z a "p ( ! public-s*ool sy/em1 & ?us add1 at ! bottom1 "o m rung to ! ,am]ican educational ladd]4 ,to-day !re are approximately #ijjj public & #aejj private k9d]g>t5s 9 ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & tra9+ 9 k9d]g>t5 pr9ciples & practices is n[ giv5 by _m ( ! /ate normal s*ools4 #ba ,9 #aiah1 = example1 accord+ to a rec5t ,report to ! ,zioni/ ,bo>d ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re 7 ov] #ecjj *ildr5 9 k9d]g>t5s 9 ,pale/9e1 #abe k9d]g>t5 tea*]s !re1 & a ,college = ,k9d]g>t5 ,tea*]s _h be5 organiz$ 9 ! ,holy ,l& to tra9 additional tea*]s4 #bb ,! ,sa9t ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,high ,s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #ahhj 9 connection ) ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 fir/ gave expression to ?is new =m ( education1 & =m$ a type = ! organization ( su* s*ools else:]e4 ,privately support$ s*ools ( ?is type 7 organiz$ 9 ,*icago1 ,tol$o1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,clevel& be=e #ahhf1 & ! fir/ public manual-tra9+ high s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,baltimore 9 #ahhd1 ,philadelphia 9 #ahhe1 & ,omaha 9 #ahhf4 ,! %op-"w1 bas$ = long on ! ,russian sy/em1 includ$ wood-turn+1 jo9]y1 patt]n-mak+1 =g+1 f\ndry & ma*9e "w4 ,! fir/ high s*ool to provide sew+1 cook+1 dressmak+1 & mill9]y = girls 0 ! "o at ,tol$o1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhf1 ?\gh private classes _h be5 organiz$ e>li] 9 a numb] ( cities4 #bc ,a few ( ! e>li] adaptations ( ! idea may be giv54 ,9 #ahhb ,montclair1 ,new ,j]sey1 introduc$ manual tra9+ into its elem5t>y s*ools1 & 9 #ahhe ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey fir/ (f]$ /ate aid to induce ! ext5sion ( ! idea4 ,9 #ahhe ,philadelphia add$ cook+ & sew+ to its elem5t>y s*ools1 hav+ done s 9 ! girls' high s*ool five ye>s e>li]4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,city ( ,new ,york add$ draw+1 sew+1 cook+1 & woodwork+ to its elem5t>y-s*ool c\rse ( /udy4 #bd ,9 #ahjb ,napoleon provid$ = in/ruction 9 natural hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 physics1 & m9]alogy 9 ! sci5tific c\rse ( ! lyces1 & 9 #ahad enl>g$ ?is in/ruction4 ,he also e/abli%$ num]\s te*nical & milit>y s*ools1 ) in/ruction bas$ on ma!matics & sci5ce4 #be ,! ,royal ,commission]s :i* report$ on ! condition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 9 #ahej1 said3 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t bo? ,ox=d & ! c\ntry at l>ge suff] greatly f ! abs5ce ( a body ( le>n$ m5 devot+ _! lives to ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 & to ! direction ( academical education4 ,! fact t s few books ( pr(\nd rese>* emanate f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d mat]ially impairs its "* z a seat ( le>n+1 & consequ5tly its hold on ! respect ( ! nation4 #bf ,book in/ruction 9 ! new sci5ces goes back1 9 ! univ]sities ( mo/ l&s1 to ! late eighte5? c5tury1 b laboratory in/ruction is a mu* m rec5t developm5t4 ,*emi/ry 0 ! fir/ sci5ce to develop1 be+ ! "m ( sci5ce in/ruction1 & probably ! fir/ *emical laboratory 9 ! _w to be op5$ to /ud5ts 0 t ( ,liebig at ,giess51 9 #ahbf4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican univ]sity to provide laboratory in/ruction 9 *emi/ry 0 ,h>v>d1 9 #ahdf4 ,! in/ruction 9 sci5ce 9 mo/ ( ! univ]sities1 up to at lea/ #ahej1 0 book in/ruction4 7,see s*$ule ( /udies = ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ,r4 #cca47 ,! fir/ ,am]ican univ]sity to be f\nd$ on ! ,g]man model 0 ,johns ,hopk9s1 9 #ahgf4 #bg ,by ,*>les ,mayo & 8 si/]1 :o op5$ a private ,pe/alozzian s*ool1 ab\t #ahbe4 ,miss ,mayo publi%$ h] ,lessons on ,objects1 expla9+ ! me?od1 & ?is became v popul> 9 ,engl& aft] ab\t #ahcj4 ,bo? ! ,mayos 7 prom95t 9 ! ,infant-,s*ool movem5t1 :i* adopt$ a =maliz$ type ( ,pe/alozzian proc$ure4 #bh ,9 #ahga ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,city ,s*ools 9 ,sa9t ,l\is1 publi%$ a well-organiz$ c\rse = ! ord]ly /udy ( ! diff]5t sci5ces4 ,?is attract$ wide att5tion1 & 0 9 "t sub/itut$ = ! scatt]$ lessons on objects :i* _h prec$$ x4 ,?is 9 turn has l>gely giv5 way1 9 ! l[] grades1 to nature /udy4 #bi ,at ! "t ( ,pr(essor ,ba*e's visit1 9 #ahch1 ! in/ruction includ$ ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 hi/ory1 religion1 music1 draw+1 ma!matics1 natural hi/ory1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & geography4 #cj ,sci5tific in/ruction 9 ! ,lyces 0 n 9 favor 9 ,france aft] #ahae1 & 9 #ahdj x 0 mat]ially r$uc$1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 injur+ classical /udies4 #ca ,a/ronomy1 botany1 *emi/ry1 & natural philosophy _h be5 prom95t /udies 9 ! ,am]ican academies4 ,betwe5 ab\t #ahbe & #ahdj 0 ! great p]iod ( _! introduction4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican high s*ool 7,bo/on1 #ahba7 provid$ = in/ruction 9 geography1 navigation & survey+1 a/ronomy1 & natural philosophy4 ,by #ahej ! ris+ high s*ools 7 incorporat+ sci5tific /udies q g5]ally4 ,! in/ruction 0 /ill textbook in/ruction1 b "s lecture-table demon/rations _h begun to be common4 #cb ,! ,oneida ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 ! ,g5esee ,manual-,labor ,s*ool1 ! ,aurora ,manual-,labor ,sem9>y1 & ! ,r5ssela] ,s*ool1 all f\nd$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 betwe5 #ahbe & #ahcj1 7 among ! mo/ important ( ^! e>ly in/itutions4 #cc ,sp5c]'s classification ( life activities & ne$s1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 0 7,r4 #cfb73 #a ,^? m9i/]+ directly to self-pres]vation4 #b4 ,^? :i* secure = "o ! necessities ( life1 & h5ce m9i/] indirectly to self-pres]vation4 #c4 ,^? :i* h = _! end ! re>+ & discipl9e ( (fspr+4 #d4 ,^? involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( prop] social & political relations4 #e4 ,^? :i* fill up ! leisure "p ( life1 & are devot$ to ! gratification ( ta/es & feel+s4 #cd ,all 7 republi%$ 9 book =m1 9 #ahfa1 "u ! title ( ,education2 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical4 ,! volume conta9s f\r essays3 ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?82 ,intellectual ,education2 ,moral ,education2 & ,physical ,education4 ,! fir/ essay s]v$ z an introduction to ! o!r ?ree4 #ce ,a ,lib]al ,education1 9 8 ,sci5ce & ,education4 p4 #hf4 #cf ,= _m ye>s head ( ! ,s*ool ( ,education at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 b m rec5tly ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city4 #cg ,dewey1 ,john1 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 p4 #adb4 #ch ,describ$ 9 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 a s]ies ( n9e monographs1 mak+ a volume ( #bda pages4 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aijj4 #ci ,a v good example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,p>k] 7#ahcg-aijb7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 he :o introduc$ ,g]maniz$ ,pe/alozzian-,ritt] me?ods ( tea*+ geography2 he :o /rongly advocat$ ! ,h]b>tian plan = conc5tration ( in/ruction ab\t a c5tral core1 :i* he work$ out = geography2 he :o insi/$ s /rongly on ! ,froebelian pr9ciple ( self-expression z ! be/ way to develop ! ?9k+ process2 he :o advocat$ sci5ce in/ruction 9 ! s*ools2 & he :o saw educational problems s cle>ly f ! /&po9t ( ! *ild t he1 & ! pupils he tra9$1 did mu* to br+ ab\t ! reorganization 9 elem5t>y education :i* 0 work$ out 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ab\t #ahge & #aijj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix #a ,= long ! k-conception dom9at$ in/ruction1 x be+ firmly believ$ by ! advocates ( s*ools t k & virtue 7 some:at synonym\s t]ms4 #b ,x is to democratic ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ! ,engli% self-gov]n+ dom9ions1 t ! greate/ flood ( emigrants f less advanc$ civilizations h gone4 ,s\? ,am]ica has also exp]i5c$ a l>ge rec5t immigration1 b ?is has be5 ma9ly ( peoples f ! ,lat9 races1 & h5ce easi] ( assimilation4 #c ,see a good article on ?is developm5t by ,i4 ,l4 ,k&el1 9 ! ,educational ,review = ,novemb]1 #aiai1 entitl$ ,! ,junior ,high ,s*ool 9 ,european ,sy/ems4 #d ,p>is1 = example1 has become ! greate/ univ]sity 9 ,europe1 exce$+ ,b]l9 7#aiad7 9 /ud5ts by approximately #be p] c5t & 9 exp5ditures #dj p] c5t4 #e ,! rise ( ^! great univ]sities is ! mo/ epo*-mak+ feature ( our ,am]ican civilization1 & !y are to become m & m ! lead]s & ! mak]s ( our civilization4 ,!y are ( ! p4 ,:5 a /ate univ]sity has ga9$ solid gr\nd1 x means t ! p ( a :ole /ate h turn$ _! faces t[>d ! light2 x means t ! :ole sy/em ( /ate s*ools has be5 weld$ into an effective ag5t = civilization4 ,^? :o direct ! purposes ( ^! great ent]prises ( democracy _c be too (t5 rem9d$ t ! highe/ function ( a univ]sity is to furni% /&>ds = a democracy4 7,prit*ett1 ,h5ry ,s41 9 ,atlantic ,mon?ly47 #f ,! gifts & beque/s = colleges & univ]sities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f #ahga to #aiaf1 total$ #fdg1ecf1fjh1 & by #aibj probably h rea*$ #gej1jjj1jjj4 #g ,! olde/ 0 ,*>lott5burg 7#agii71 ,d>m/adt 7#ahbb71 ,c>lsruhe 7#ahbe71 ,muni* 7#ahbg71 ,dresd5 7#ahbh71 ,nuremb]g 7#ahbi71 ,/uttg>t 7#ahbi71 ,cassel 7#ahcj71 ,hanov] 7#ahca71 ,augsburg 7#ahcc71 & ,brunswick 7#ahce74 ,a simil> s*ool1 :i* lat] develop$ into a te*nical univ]sity1 0 f\nd$ at ,prague1 9 ,bohemia1 9 #ahjf4 #h ,! ,g]man te*nical tra9+ produces an eng9e] :o is n only old] 9 ye>s1 b also m mature 9 exp]i5ce & 9 judgm5t ?an ! av]age graduate ( an eng9e]+ college 9 ,am]ica4 ,:e!r or n x w\ld be wise to adopt--s f> z t w\ld be possible--,g]man me?ods 9 ! s*ools & colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x mu/ nev]!less be recogniz$ t ^? me?ods h giv5 ,g]many a lead]%ip 9 appli$ sci5ce & 9 indu/ry :i* %e w keep unless ! educational au?orities ( o!r nations f9d "s way ( produc+ m5 ( l calibre4 7,munroe1 ,james ,p41 ,te*nical ,education2 9 ,monroe's ,cyclop$ia ( ,education47 #i ,report ( ,commission on ,national ,aid to ,vocational ,education1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiad1 p4 #ij4 #aj ,! fir/ vet]9>y s*ool 9 ! _w 0 e/abli%$ at ,lyons1 ,france1 9 #agfb2 ! second at ,al=t1 a suburb ( ,p>is1 9 #agff2 ! ?ird at ,b]l91 9 #agib2 & ! f\r? at ,london1 9 #agic4 #aa ,! developm5t ( sci5tific tra9+ = nurs+1 begun by ! ,g]mans ne> ! end ( _! w>s ) ,napoleon1 is ano!r example ( ! creation ( a new pr(ession ?r\gh ! application ( sci5ce4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ to new levels by ,miss ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 :o began "w 9 ,london1 9 #ahfj1 aft] h] exp]i5ces 9 ! ,crimean ,w> ( #ahed-ef1 & has be5 greatly improv$ s9ce #ahgj z a result ( ! new m$ical k & me?ods :i* h come 9 s9ce t "t4 ,! provision ( tra9+ = nurses1 & ! c]tification ( doctors & nurses = practice1 are o!r new developm5ts 9 ! field ( /ate education4 ,simil>ly is ! tra9+ & c]tification ( d5ti/s1 vet]9>ians1 & ph>maci/s1 all ( :i* are n9ete5?-c5tury additions4 #ab ,! "w ( ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation1 an ,am]ican ,f\ndation organiz$ to promote ! well-be+ ( mank9d ?r\gh\t ! _w1 9 sp5d+ millions to provide ,*9a ) a mod]n sy/em ( we/]n m$ical education & hospital s]vice1 is p]haps ! greate/ example ( a sci5tifically organiz$ s]vice ev] t5d]$ by ! p ( "o nation to ^? ( ano!r4 #ac ,l>ge-scale production1 extreme division ( labor1 & ! all- conqu]+ m>* ( ! ma*9e1 h practically driv5 out ! appr5tice%ip sy/em ?r\gh :i*1 9 a simpl] age1 "y help]s 7 taught1 n simply ! te*nique ( "s s+le process1 b ! 'arts & my/]ies ( a craft' z well4 ,! j\rneyman & ! artisan h giv5 way to an army ( ma*9e work]s1 p]=m+ ov] & ov] "o small process at "o ma*9e1 turn+ out "o small "p ( ! f9i%$ article1 & kn[+ no?+ ab\t ! bus9ess beyond _! n>r[ & limit$ task4 7,report ( ! ,commission on ,national ,aid to ,vocational ,education1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ai-bj47 #ad ,9 no c\ntry w y f9d ! problem tak5 up 9 s ?or\gh a mann]2 9 no c\ntry w y f9d an attempt made to cov]1 by means ( indu/rial s*ools1 ! occupations ( ev]yone1 f ! l[ly labor] to ! director ( ! great manufactur+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,/ate provid$ indu/rial tra9+ = e p]son :o w be bett] (f ) x ?an )\t x4 ,no occupation is too humble to receive ! att5tion ( ! ,g]man au?orities2 & ! op9ion prevails !re t sci5ce & art h a place 9 e occupation kn[n to man4 7,cooley1 ,e4 ,g41 9 ,report to ! ,comm]cial ,club ( ,*icago1 #aiab47 #ae ,= example1 ! =eign trade ( ,g]many1 9 #ahhj1 0 #ca p] capita ( ! total population1 & t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #cb4 ,?irty ye>s lat]1 9 #aiaj1 ,g]many's =eign trade _h increas$ to #fb p] capita1 & t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to only #cg4 #af ,*iefly raw products--a prodigal wa/e ( natural res\rces4 ,:at e nation %\ld d is to "w up its raw products at home1 & sell f9i%$ goods r ?an raw products--sell bra9s1 r ?an mat]ials4 7,r4 #cgj47 #ag ,! fir/ trade s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 e/abli%$ privately1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #ahha4 ,by #aijj "s half-doz5 _h be5 simil>ly e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aijb a trade s*ool = girls 0 f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 :i* did pione] "w4 ,9 #aijf ,massa*usetts creat$ a ,/ate commission on ,indu/rial ,education1 & lat] provid$ = ! creation ( indu/rial s*ools4 ,9 #aijg ,wiscons9 enact$ ! fir/ trade-s*ool law1 & ,new ,york ,/ate foll[$ 9 #aiji4 #ah ,g]many be=e #aiad =m$ an int]e/+ contra/ to su* conditions4 ,!re few untra9$ y\?s 7 to be f\nd1 & ! nation1 be=e #aiad1 0 rapidly mov+ t[>d univ]sal vocational education4 #ai ,z illu/rative ( ! g5]al "* ( ! vocations to be tra9$ =1 a few ( ! m common ones may be m5tion$3 ,9 agriculture3 ,! "w ( g5]al f>m+1 or*>d+1 dairy+1 p\ltry-rais+1 truck g>d5+1 horticulture1 bee culture1 & /ock-rais+4 ,9 ! trades & indu/ries3 ,! "w ( ! c>p5t]1 mason1 bak]1 /onecutt]1 electrician1 plumb]1 ma*9i/1 toolmak]1 eng9e]1 m9]1 pa9t]1 typesett]1 l9otype op]ator1 %oecutt] & la/]1 tailor1 g>m5t mak]1 /raw-hat mak]1 weav]1 & glove mak]4 ,9 comm]ce & comm]cial pursuits3 ,! "w ( ! bookkeep]1 cl]k1 /5ograph]1 typi/1 auditor1 & acc\ntant4 ,9 home economics3 ,! "w ( ! dietitian1 cook & h\semaid1 in/itution manag]1 & h\sehold decorator4 #aj ,! snail's pace at :i* ! race has mov$ t[>d humanit>ianism is indicat$ by ,payne's e/imate 7p4 #f7 t ! race is p]haps two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& ye>s old1 civiliz$ man a few hundr$ ye>s old1 & a humanit>ianism l>ge en\gh to h any real conc]n 9 any organiz$ fa%ion = ! protection ( *ildr5 sc>cely fifty ye>s old4 ,! fact t organizations 9 great numb]1 laws1 p5alties1 & con/ant vigilance are /ill ev]y:]e ne$$ to secure = *ildr5 _! inh]5t rights is evid5ce en\gh t we h /ill a long way to g be=e we rea* ! gold5 age4 7,waddel1 ,c4 ,w41 ,an ,introduction to ,*ild ,psy*ology1 p4 #e47 #ba ,z late z #ahdj *ildr5 ( t5 to fifte5 ye>s ( age & y\ng] 7 driv5 by m]ciless ov]se]s = t51 twelve1 sixte51 ev5 tw5ty h\rs a day 9 ! lace mills4 ,f$ ! co>se/ food1 9 ways m disgu/+ ?an ^? ( ! bo>d+ s*ools describ$ by ,dick5s1 !y slept1 :5 !y _h opportunity1 (t5 9 relays1 9 b$s t 7 con/antly occupi$4 ,!y liv$ & toil$1 day & night1 9 ! d9 & noise1 fil? & /5*1 ( ! factory t co9$ _! life's blood into gold = _! exploit]s4 ,sometimes ) *a9s ab\t _! ankles1 to prev5t _! attempts to escape1 !y labor$ until epidemics1 disease1 or premature dea? br\ght welcome relief f a slav]y t 0 =bidd5 by law = negro slaves 9 ! colonies4 7,payne1 ,g4 ,h41 ,! ,*ild 9 ,human ,progress47 #bb ,an exception to ?is /atem5t is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>s1 organiz$ 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities 9 ! second decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* 7 int5d$ = ! pr(essional tra9+ ( ,g]man univ]sity /ud5ts = tea*+ 9 ! ,g]man second>y s*ools4 7,see footnote #a1 page #egc47 #bc ,:5 ! fir/ tea*]s' tra9+-s*ool 9 ,am]ica 0 op5$ at ,concord1 ,v]mont1 by ! ,rev]5d ,samuel ,r4 ,hall1 9 #ahbc1 x includ$1 besides a ?ree-ye> academy-type academic c\rse1 practice tea*+ 9 a rural s*ool 9 w9t]1 & "s lectures on ! ,art ( ,tea*+4 ,)\t a pr(essional book to guide him1 & rely+ only ^u 8 exp]i5ce z a tea*]1 ,hall tri$ to tell 8 pupils h[ to organize & manage a s*ool4 ,to make cle> 8 ideas he wrote out a s]ies ( ,lectures on ,s*ool-keep+1 :i* "s fri5ds induc$ him to publi%4 ,?is1 ! fir/ pr(essional book 9 ,engli% issu$ 9 ,am]ica = tea*]s1 appe>$ 9 #ahbi4 #bd ,ges*i*te d] ,padagogik vom ,wi$]aufblh5 klassi*] ,/udi5 bis auf uns]e ,zeit4 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 #ahdc2 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahdg2 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahee4 ,mu* ( ?is 0 translat$ into o!r languages4 ,b>n>d's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 begun 9 #ahee1 publi%$ a translation ( mu* ( von ,raum]'s "w = ,am]ican read]s4 #be ,9 #ahgf ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie 7#ahbi-aiji7 0 elect$ to "o ( ! fir/ *airs 9 education 9 ,great ,brita91 t ( ,pr(essor ( ! ,!ory1 ,hi/ory1 & ,practice ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #bf ,probably ! fir/ lectures on ,p$agogy giv5 9 any ,am]ican college 7 giv5 9 #ahcb1 9 :at is n[ ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,f #ahej to #ahee ! city sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 0 ,pr(essor ( ,didactics1 9 ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahfj a c\rse ( lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,education1 ,s*ool ,economy1 & ! ,tea*+ ,art 0 giv5 to ! s5iors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,9 #ahgc a ,pr(essor%ip ( ,philosophy & ,education 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ p]man5t *air creat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahgi a ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,tea*+ 0 creat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,9 #ahha a ,dep>tm5t ( ,p$agogy 0 creat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 & 9 #ahhd simil> dep>tm5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 #bg ,9 education1 z 9 o!r l9es ( "w1 ! /atem5t ( ,ri*>d ,h4 ,quick t ! di/9ctive function ( a univ]sity is n action1 b ?\ght1 has be5 exemplifi$4