,,little ,,blue ,,book ,,no4 #fgi ,edit$ by ,e4 ,haldeman-,julius ,*emi/ry ,= ,beg9n]s ,h]ew>d ,c>r+ton1 ,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ! foll[+ ,little ,blue ,books3 ,no4 #dia1 8,psy*ology = ,beg9n]s20 ,no4 #dai1 8,life3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature20 ,no4 #ebd1 8,dea? & ,its ,problems20 ,no4 #dic1 8,new ,discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce20 ,nos4 #dde-ddf1 8,psy*ical ,rese>*0 7#b vols471 etc41 etc4 ,,haldeman-,,julius ,,company ,,gir>d1 ,,kansas ,copyright1 #aibd ,haldeman-,julius ,company ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,page ,introductory #f ,al*emy #g ,mod]n ,*emi/ry #h ,m$ival ,*emi/ry #aj ,john ,dalton #ac ,! ,atomic ,!ory #ad ,! ,elem5ts #ae ,atomic ,weights #af ,val5cy #ag ,! ,p]iodic ,law #ah ,e>li] ,discov]ies #bj ,analysis & ,syn!sis #ba ,=mul & ,equations #bb ,organic vs4 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry #bc ,organic ,comp\nds #be ,catalysis #bf ,enzymes #bg ,hormones #bg ,*emi/ry ( ! ,e>? #bh ,! ,spectroscope #bi ,a/ro-,physics & ,*emi/ry #ca ,spectrum ,analysis #ca ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry #cc ,in/rum5ts ( ,rese>* #cf ,sal9ity ( ! ,oceans #cg ,! ,new] ,*emi/ry #ch ,radio-,activity #ci ,intra-,atomic ,en]gy #ci ,! ,electrical ,!ory ( ,matt] #dj ,)9 ! ,atom #db ,electrons #dc ,! ,nature ( ,matt] #dd ,,"p ,,ii ,! ,elem5ts #df ,radio-,activity #di ,! ,orig9 ( ,life #ea ,creation ( ,life #eb ,! ,e!r #ec ,*emi/ry & ,metaphysics #ee ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,"p ,i ,! anci5t ,greeks1 :5 !y look$ ab\t !m on ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$1 came to ! def9ite conclusion t ev]y?+ is 9 a con/ant /ate ( flux1 or *ange4 ,?+s animate & inanimate gradually dis9tegrat$ & t5d$ ei!r to disappe> 7app>5tly7 or to *ange into o!r =ms ( matt]4 ,) _! true /hetic s5se1 !y felt x necess>y t !re %\ld be "s "o p]man5t ?+ 9 ! _w1 und]ly+ all ! *anges :i* !y saw go+ on ab\t !m1 & _m ( _! e>ly speculations 7 devot$ to ! nature & con/itution ( ?is "o 8p]man5t ?+40 ,?ales1 ( ,myletus1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #ehe ,b4 ,c41 & :o 01 p]haps1 ! fir/ great philosoph] & physici/1 cont5d$ t ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ?+s1--! sub/ance1 or /uff1 ( all ?+s1--mu/ be wat]4 ,he held ! view t1 by cond5sation & r>efaction ( wat] all ?+s rise1 & he actually attempt$ an evolution>y acc\nt ( ! ,g5esis ( ,man1 ,plants & ,animals1 ) ?is idea z a basis = 8 ?\ght4 ,anaxim5es said t air1 or e!r1 mu/ be ! sub/ance ( ?+s4 ,h]aclitus reg>d$ fire z ! mo/ prim>y elem5t 9 ! univ]se1--f :i* all else arises4 ,anaxim&] said t ! 8unlimit$0--a sort ( b\ndless1 animat$ mass--is ! ultimate sub/ance4 ,plato1 z we "k1 cont5d$ t ! p]man5t reality ( ?+s 0 n any?+ mat]ial at all1 b 0 m9d1 or _s4 ,emp$ocles1 7#die-dce ,b4 ,c47 advanc$ ! !ory t !re are f\r elem5ts--,e>?1 ,air1 ,fire & ,wat]4 ,anaxagoras cont5d$ t no?+ *ang$ ( itself1 b t x is caus$ or made to *ange1 & t t :i* produces ^! *anges is ! p]man5t reality4 ,?is he believ$ to be a sort ( m9d or univ]sal intellig5ce 7,n\s71 b he reg>d$ ?is m9d z /rictly imp]sonal1 z well z immat]ial1 & did n attempt to answ] ! difficulty z to h[ m9d c affect matt] 9 any detail$ mann]4 ,x 0 only natural t1 prior to ! discov]y ( ! laws ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt] & en]gy1 t ?is s5se ( 8*ange0 %\ld h /ruck ^! e>ly ?9k]s v =cibly1 s9ce !y _h no means ( asc]ta9+ t1 :5 matt] disappe>s f our sight1 x is n actually de/roy$4 ,we n[ "k t1 :5 we burn a c&le1 ! c&le disappe>s1 b t ! elem5ts compos+ ! c&le are m]ely *ang$ into invisible gase\s comp\nds1 :i* are no long] visible to ! human eye4 ,lack+ delicate in/rum5ts ( precision1 ! anci5ts c\ld n "k ?is2 to !m1 ! matt] ( ! c&le w\ld h disappe>$4 ,h5ce1 x 0 only natural t !y %\ld seek ! ultimate reality beh9d ^! *anges1 & speculate z to its orig9 & nature4 ,,al*emy ,! mod]n sci5ce ( *emi/ry is relatively new4 ,x gradually em]g$ f al*emy1 :i* practically con/itut$ ! *emi/ry ( ! middle ages4 ,! objects ( al*emy 7 v>i\s3 7#a7 ! transmutation ( ! base metals into gold1 by means ( ! s-call$ 8,philosoph]'s ,/one02 7#b7 ,! fixation ( ,m]cury2 7#c7 ,! discov]y ( ! elixir ( ,life1 etc4 ,^! 7 ! purely *emical aspects ( al*emy1 b we n[ "k t ! al*emi/s _h mu* m ?an ?is 9 m9d1 9 _! exp]im5tal "w1 & t !y h9t$ at _! true mean+ 9 _m ( _! veil$ writ+s4 ,_m ( ! high] types ( al*emi/s 7 also my/ics1 & :5 !y wrote 9 *emical symbols1 !y really conceal$ _! inn] mean+2 !y ref]r$1 v l>gely1 to ! inn] _s ( man1 & ! me?ods by :i* ?is c\ld be *ang$ or trans=m$ into "s high] spiritual be+4 7,see 8,al*emy ,anci5t & ,mod]n10 by ,h4 ,/anley ,r$grove2 8,al*emy1 ,its ,scope & ,romance10 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,m]c]1 etc47 ,mr4 ,fo/] ,damon has lately publi%$ a s]ies ( articles 9 :i* he has br\ght =w>d a mass ( evid5ce t5d+ to prove t ! al*emi/s 7 also deep /ud5ts ( psy*ic ph5om5a1 & t _! exp]im5ts relative to ! 8,fir/ ,matt]0 7 really exp]im5ts 9 s-call$ 8,mat]ialization60 ,he has publi%$ 8 f9d+s 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! 8,occult ,review40 ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry ,mod]n *emi/ry may be said to beg9 ) ,rob]t ,boyle 7#afbf-afia74 ,he def9$ an elem5t z a sub/ance :i* c\ld n be decompos$1 b :i* c\ld ent] into comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts1 giv+ comp\nds capable ( decomposition into ^! orig9al elem5ts4 ,! numb] ( elem5ts :i* 7 ?\ght to exi/ v>i$ greatly1--"s cont5d+ t !y 7 b few 9 numb]1 o!rs t !y 7 num]\s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ?is 0 be=e ! "t ( ,dalton1 & t ! atomic !ory _h n yet be5 advanc$ z a sci5tific hypo!sis1 s9ce ! days ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 :5 ,democritus & ,epicurus _h def5d$ ?is view4 ,! sw+ ( sci5ce1 at t "t 01 !re=e1 t[>d ! mat]ialism ( ^? old] writ]s1 & ! atomic !ories :i* !y _h !n propos$4 ,*emi/ry is t bran* ( sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! nature & prop]ties ( matt] 9 all its =ms4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ mat]iali/ic ( all ! sci5ces1 s9ce x deals ess5tially ) matt]4 ,physics deals ) =ces or en]gies1 or ! en]gies manife/$ by & ?r\gh matt]1 b ! two are m or less int]-relat$--especially ( late ye>s1 z we %all see4 ,*emi/ry is ess5tially an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & practically ev]y?+ :i* has be5 le>n$ ab\t x has be5 acquir$ by means ( laboratory exp]im5tation4 ,b "h z else:]e !ories h wov5 toge!r ! mass ( sep>ate facts1 & ( !m made a consi/5t & philosophical sci5ce4 ,!re are two ma9 divisions ( *emi/ry--inorganic & organic2 t is to say1 ! *emi/ry ( 8dead0 matt]1 & ! *emi/ry ( 8liv+0 or organic sub/ances4 ,*emical exp]im5ts may be = ! purpose ( analysis--discov]+ ! con/itu5ts ( a giv5 sub/ance2 syn!sis1 9 :i* a comp\nd sub/ance is 8creat$0 f sev]al simpl] ones2 or purely exp]im5tal1 9 :i* c]ta9 te/s are made1 & ! results or rections not$4 ,,m$iaeval ,,*emi/ry ,z be=e /at$1 ,*emi/ry is m or less ! direct *ild ( ,al*emy2 b be=e ! mod]n1 sci5tific p]iod ( *emical rese>* _h be5 rea*$1 two transitional /ages 7 fir/ ( all pass$ ?r\gh4 ,^! 7 7#a7 ,! s-call$ 8,iatro-,*emical0 p]iod--! p]iod ( m$ical my/icism2 & 7#b7 ! 8phlogi/ic0 p]iod4 ,a few words w be necess>y to expla9 ea* ( ^! t]ms1 & ! p]iod ( *emical developm5t :i* !y cov]$4 ,z may be inf]r$ f ! "n1 ! iatro-*emical p]iod 0 "o 9 :i* attempts 7 made to comb9e *emi/ry & m$ic9e1 & make ! =m] s]ve ! latt]4 ,all k9ds ( weird concoctions 7 tri$1 & attempts 7 made to expla91 on *emical pr9ciples1 all ! *anges & reactions occurr+ 9 ! body--an attempt :i* 0 necess>ily futile = ! *emi/ry ( t day4 ,h[ev]1 _m important results 7 a*iev$1 z ! consequ5ce ( exp]im5tation1 & *emical sci5ce 0 on ! :ole enri*$1 ev5 ?\gh ! work]s ( t day 7 inspir$ by totally errone\s views4 ,! ,phlogi/ic ,p]iod takes its "n f a hypo!tical sub/ance d5om9at$ 8phlogi/on40 ,?is 0 suppos$ to be an invisible pr9ciple or entity1 con/itut+ ! basis ( ,fire1 & corresponds to ! 8pure fire0 ( ,zoroa/]4 ,! ,phlogi/on !ory 0 prop\nd$ & *ampion$ by ,/ahl1 & x 0 def9$ by him z foll[s3 8,phlogi/on is 444 a v subtle matt]1 capable ( p5etrat+ ! mo/ d5se sub/ances2 x nei!r burns1 nor gl[s1 nor is visible2 x is agitat$ by an igne\s motion1 & x is capable ( communicat+ its motion to mat]ial p>ticles apt to receive x4 ,! p>ticles :5 indu$ ) ?is rapid motion con/itute visible fire44440 ,?is conception dom9at$ ! :ole sci5tific _w = _m ye>s4 ,! exp]im5tal "w und]tak5 by ,s*eele & ,prie/ly1 h[ev]1 f9ally enabl$ ,lavoisi] to discov] ! true nature ( 8fire0--combu/ion4 ,9 a fam\s 8,memoir10 publi%$ 9 #aghc1 entitl$ 8,reflections ,conc]n+ ,phlogi/on10 he %[$ t all ! obs]v$ ph5om5a c\ld be acc\nt$ = )\t ! pres5ce ( any hypo!tical phlogi/on2 9 fact1 z he himself says1 !y 8c be bett] expla9$ )\t phlogi/on ?an by means ( x40 ,8 discov]y ( oxyg51 9 ! atmosph]e1 0 a fundam5tally important /ep 9 mod]n *emical sci5ce4 ,hi!rto1 ! air 0 ?\ght to be a s+le gas1 or a mixture ( v>i\s gases2 b oxyg5 0 unkn[n z its mo/ important con/itu5t4 ,lavoisi]'s discov]y f9ally dispos$ ( ! phlogi/on idea1 & u%]$ 9 ! new era ( sci5tific *emi/ry4 ,x may be ?\ght t undue space has be5 devot$ to ?is !ory ( ,phlogi/on2 b anyone read+ ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry w realize ! ext5t to :i* ?is idea completely dom9at$ ! m9ds ( m5 at t "t1 & h[ all *emical rese>*es 7 p]v]t$ by x4 ,! discov]y ( ! true nature ( combu/ion 0 "o ( ! fundam5tal turn+-po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! mat]ial _w 9 :i* we live is v evid5tly compos$ ( a v>iety ( sub/ances4 ,at lea/ "s ( ^! 7 soon se5 to exi/ 9 at lea/ ?ree diff]5t /ates--solid1 liquid & gase\s4 ,^! seem$ to diff] radically f "o ano!r2 ice1 wat] & /eam are z diff]5t z "o c imag9e2 & yet1 someh[1 !y 7 ! same ?+ aft] all2 = ice melts & becomes wat]1 & wat]1 :5 heat$1 becomes /eam4 ,on ! contr>y1 /eam cools & becomes wat] aga91 & :5 x is suffici5tly cold1 w aga9 =m ice4 ,!re mu/ be "s fundam5tal ,?+1 !re=e1 ( :i* wat] is compos$4 ,:at is ?is ,?+8 ,h[ _m su* ,?+s are !re 9 ! _w8 ,are !re a limitless numb]1 or only a few8 ,if a c]ta91 limit$ numb]1 h[ _m8 ,& h[ discov] !m8 ,^! 7 que/ions :i* naturally occupi$ ! m9ds ( m5 ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,no answ] 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 & x rema9$ = ,john ,dalton to discov] & =mulate ! ,law :i* enabl$ m5 to obta9 _! fir/ glimpse ( ! nature ( ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]4 ,,john ,,dalton ,john ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd7 0 born 9 ,eaglesfield1 9 ,cumb]l& 7,engl&71 & 0 ! son ( a poor weav]4 ,end[$ ) natural aptitude & an indomitable w1 he utiliz$ all possible opportunities = ! /udy ( ma!matics & natural philosophy4 ,he taught s*ool1 :ile devot+ all 8 sp>e "t to 8 belov$ sci5tific rese>*es4 ,9 fact1 he e>n$ 8 liv+ z a private tea*] to ! end ( 8 life1 nev] hav+ en\gh money to pursue 8 inve/igations unhamp]$ by mat]ial consid]ations4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 well kn[n t m]e mixtures 7 entirely diff]5t ?+s f *emical comp\nds4 ,we c mix s& & sug> toge!r1 b !y rema9 s& & sug>1 & c be sep>at$ aga91 hav+ und]gone no *ange4 ,or we c mix toge!r two liquids or two gases1 & !y also c aga9 be sep>at$ by suitable means4 ,b :5 two sub/ances *emically comb9e "o ) ano!r1 !n we h "s ?ird ?+ :i* is entirely diff]5t f ! orig9al two1 & :i* possesses prop]ties dissimil> f ei!r4 ,n[1 :at has happ5$ :5 sub/ances ?us comb9e8 ,:at are ! laws ( su* comb9ations8 ,& :at are ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt]1 :i* r5d] ^! comb9ations possible8 ,dalton 0 ! fir/ to und]take an explanation ( ^! ph5om5a1 back$ up by exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,! hi/oric importance ( ?is _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,z ,dr4 ,raphael ,meldola says1 9 8 8,*emi/ry03-- 8,! doctr9e ( equival5ce1 ev5 9 its mo/ ela/ic =m1 is /ill no?+ m ?an a quantitative expression ( ! facts ( *emical composition4 ,( c\rse1 !re mu/ be "s und]ly+ pr9ciple--"s explanation ( ?is simplicity ( multiplicity4 ,su* explanation 0 fir/ def9itely =mulat$ 9 #ahjg-jh by ,john ,dalton1 :o n only discov]$ ! law ( ,multiple ,proportions1 b sugge/$ a !ory1 ! introduction ( :i* m>ks "o ( ! greate/ epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 ,! reason :y comb9ation takes place 9 def9ite proportions by weight1 & :y1 :5 ! same elem5t has m ?an "o equival5t ! pr9ciple ( integral multiples is ma9ta9$ is1 accord+ to ,dalton's explanation1 because ! comb9ation is betwe5 ! ultimate p>ticles ( :i* elem5t>y matt] is compos$4 ,?is is ! notion ( ! discont9uity or discret5ess ( matt]4 ,! 8p>ticles0 ( :i* matt] is compos$--:atev] its /ate ( aggregation--are1 f ,dalton's po9t ( view1 ultimate 9 ! s5se ( be+ indivisible4 ,= ?is reason he call$ !m atoms40 ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory ,"h1 !n1 we h at la/ ! ,atomic ,!ory--! !ory1 t is1 t all matt]1 9 all its /ages1 is built-up ( extremely small p>ticles :i* are s small1 inde$1 t !y c no long] be sub-divid$4 ,!y are ! ultimate ( matt]--! 8build+ /ones ( ! ,univ]se0--( :i* ev]y?+1 animate & inanimate1 is compos$4 ,^! atoms 7 held to be sph]ical 9 %ape1 ( a c]ta9 def9ite weight & figure1 accord+ to ! elem5t or sub/ance 9 "q4 ,?us3 8e p>ticle ( wat] is l e o!r p>ticle ( wat]1 e p>ticle ( hydrog5 is l e o!r p>ticle ( hydrog51 etc40 ,^! ultimate p>ticles--atoms--7 held to be inde/ructible4 ,^! atoms all _h _! own p>ticul> weights1 :i* might be d5ot$ by numb]4 ,h5ce 8atomic weight40 ,^! atoms1 !n1 comb9e1 =m+ molecules1 or comp\nds ( atoms2 & molecules make up matt] z we see & "k x4 ,fur!r1 mo/ ( ! matt] 9 ! _w is compos$ ( a v>iety ( elem5t>y sub/ances1 limit$ 9 numb]4 ,:5 m complex bodies are analyz$ or brok5-d[n1 ^! elem5t>y sub/ances are always f\nd4 ,! numb] ( ^? 9 ,dalton's day 0 unkn[n2 b !y _h long be5 kn[n z elem5ts4 ,elem5ts 71 ( c\rse1 compos$ ( _! own p>ticul> atoms2 :ile all o!r sub/ances 7 made-up ( comb9ations ( elem5ts4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,dalton's views u%]$ 9 a new era 9 *emi/ry4 ,prolong$ rese>*es 7 at once und]tak51 9 ord] to det]m9e ! precise atomic weights--inve/igations :i* are be+ c>ri$ on ev5 today4 ,! exact size1 %ape1 texture1 etc41 ( ! atom 0 subject to endless inve/igation4 ,! nature ( *emical comb9ations 7h[ two elem5ts comb9e ) "o ano!r7 held ! fasc9at$ att5tion ( *emi/s = a hundr$ ye>s1 & x is only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s t a def9ite solution has be5 f\nd1 & ?is has only be5 r5d]$ possible by ! new] views ( matt]1 entirely diff]5t f ^? ma9ta9$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,dalton's "t1 a numb] ( new elem5ts h be5 discov]$1 & !re are reasons = suppos+ t !re are "s yet to discov]4 ,x is n[ believ$1 h[ev]1 t !re are #ib prim>y elem5ts1 ( :i* ,hydrog5 has ! l[e/ atomic weight1 & ,uranium ! highe/4 ,typical elem5ts are3 ,oxyg51 ,iron1 ,fluor9e1 ,silv]1 ,sodium1 ,sulphur1 ,gold1 ,z9c1 ,copp]1 etc4 ,a complete li/ may be f\nd 9 any /&>d ,*emi/ry4 ,,atomic ,,weights ,:5 "w 0 und]tak51 to discov] ! exact atomic weights ( ^! v>i\s elem5ts1 x 0 soon f\nd t ^! c\ld n be express$ 9 exact1 :ole numb]s4 ,fractions or decimal numb]s 7 ne>ly always f\nd to exi/4 ,?us1 ! atomic weight ( ,hydrog5 0 n exactly #a1 b #a4jjh2 copp] 0 #fc4eg1 etc4 ,= long x 0 ?\ght t ^! v>iations 7 due to errors ( exp]im5t1 & r5ew$ attempts 7 made to rea* m accurate conclusions1 9 :i* ^! app>5tly annoy+ fractions 7 abs5t4 ,b ! mo/ pa9/ak+ exp]im5tal "w only s]v$ to confirm ^! results1 & /ill lat] rese>*es h %[n u :y ?is is s4 ,x w\ld take u too f> afield1 h[ev]1 to g into t "q at pres5t4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts 7 giv5 symbols = ! sake ( brevity2 "s ( ^! repres5t$ ! fir/ lett]s ( ! "n ( ! elem5t2 "s 7 ! fir/ lett]s ( ! ,lat9 ^w = t elem5t4 ,?us1 ,co ,cobalt1 ,s ,sulphur1 ,ne ,neon1 ,bi ,bismu?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,fe ,iron 7,lat91 f]rum71 etc4 ,?is s]v$ greatly to abbreviate *emical language1 & at ! same "t simplifi$ *emical =mul & equations4 ,,val5cy ,we mu/ n[ expla9 "o or two t]ms :i* are extremely important = und]/&+ :at is to foll[4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,val5cy4 ,we "k t *emical comb9ations take place 9 fix$ proportions by weight2 ?is is kn[n z ! 8,con/ancy ( ,composition40 ,!re is always an equival5ce not$4 ,?is doctr9e ( equival5ce is m]ely ! num]ical expression ( ! def9it5ess ( *emical *ange4 ,calculations are made f ! po9t-(-view ( comb9+ ) a unit-weight ( hydrog5 7! ,unit elem5t74 ,9 *emical comp\nds1 !n1 ! doctr9e ( equival5ce says t ^! atomic weights repres5t quantities ( diff]5t elem5t>y sub/ances :i* are ( ! same *emical value z measur$ by _! capacity = displac+ ! same weight ( hydrog54 ,a new prop]ty ( ! atom is ?us br\ght out1 viz41 its value z measur$ by ! numb] ( atoms ) :i* x c comb9e4 ,?is prop]ty is appropriately describ$ z ! 8,val5cy0 ( ! atom4 ,if ! atomic weight conta9s ! equival5t once1 i4 e41 if ! equival5t & atomic weight are id5tical1 t atom c comb9e only ) "o atom ( hydrog51 or ( *lor9e1 brom9e1 etc4 ,! =mul ( ! comp\nds1 ,h,cl1 ,h,br1 etc41 expresses ?is fact4 ,if ! equival5t is conta9$ twice 9 ! atomic weight1 !n t atom c obvi\sly comb9e ) two atoms ( hydrog51 *lor9e1 etc42 if x is conta9$ ?ree times 9 ! atomic weight1 ! comb9+ capacity or val5cy ( ! atom is ?ree2 & s =?4 ,,! ,,p]iodic ,,law ,! "w :i* _h be5 done ^u ! atomic weights r5d]$ possible "o ( ! mo/ brilliant g5]alizations ( mod]n times1 9 ?is field4 ,?is 0 ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfd1 ,newl&s publi%$ a ,table conta9+ ! v>i\s elem5ts arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights4 ,9 a side column ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! weights 7 giv51 ea* be+ d$uct$ f ! "o next high] 9 ! scale4 ,! next ye>1 ,newl&s ann\nc$ 8 8law ( octaves10 :i* he d$uc$ f 8 arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts4 ,he said 9 "p t3 8,if ! elem5ts are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! equival5ts1 ) a few slight transpositions 444 x w be obs]v$ t elem5ts1 belong+ to ! same gr\p usually appe> on ! same horizontal l9e4444 ,x w also be se5 t ! numb] ( analog\s elem5ts g5]ally diff] ei!r by sev5 or by "s multiple ( sev52 9 o!r words1 memb]s ( ! same gr\p /& to ea* o!r 9 ! same relation z ! extremities ( "o or m octaves 9 music40 ,?is pione] "w ( ,newl&s r5d]$ possible ! ,p]iodic ,law1 z f9ally =mulat$ & work$ out 9 detail by ,m5deleeff4 ,briefly1 ! ,law /ates t 8! prop]ties ( an elem5t are a p]iodic function ( its atomic weight40 ,?is is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t if y "k ! atomic weight ( an elem5t1 y also "k its prop]ties1 s9ce ^! are fix$ or inv>iable4 ,m5deleeff arrang$ ! elem5ts 9 v>i\s 8,gr\ps10 accord+ to _! atomic weights1 & x 0 f\nd t ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts p]iodically recur z ! weights ( ! atoms rise4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 empty spaces 9 ,m5deleeff's ,table1 wait+ = new elem5ts :i* %\ld fit into ^! empty spaces1 if discov]$4 ,at ! "t !y _h n be5 discov]$2 b sev]al ( !m h be5 s9ce1 & x is a rem>kable fact t !y inv>iably fit into 8 table exhibit+ all ! prop]ties :i* !y %\ld !oretically exhibit1 & might h be5 pr$ict$ to1 ye>s be=e4 ,?is is "o ( ! sure/ confirmations ( ! accuracy ( ,m5deleeff's g5]al ,law1 & is "o ( ! f9e/ g5]alizations ev] made 9 sci5ce4 ,! conclusion :i* we may draw f ?is ,law is t !re is a def9ite relation%ip betwe5 ! *emical elem5ts4 ,h[ or :y ?is relation%ip exi/$ 0 n kn[n at ! "t1 & only became cle> half a c5tury lat]1 :5 ! new] discov]ies conc]n+ ! ultimate con/itution ( matt] r5d]$ ?is cle>4 ,,e>li] ,,discov]ies ,m5deleeff's ,law c\ld n h be5 =mulat$ _h n an imm5se am\nt ( rese>* "w prec$$ x1 & a numb] ( new elem5ts be5 discov]$4 ,su* 01 h[ev]1 ! case4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! great "w ( ,lavoisi]1 a ho/ ( brilliant *emi/s appe>$1 & rapid & important advances 7 made 9 consequ5ce4 ,cadmium 0 discov]$ by ,/romey] 9 #ahag2 li?ium 9 ! same ye> by ,arfv$son4 ,silicon 0 isolat$ 9 #ahaj by ,b]zelius4 ,9 #ahbg1 ,wohl] isolat$ alum9um2 & ! same sci5ti/ also isolat$ b]yllium ! foll[+ ye>4 ,brom9e 0 discov]$ by ,bal>d 9 #ahbf2 iod9e1 9 #ahaa1 by ,c\rtois4 ,tellurium _h be5 discov]$ by ,mull] von ,rei*5/e9 9 #aghb2 ,b]zelius discov]$ an elem5t closely analog\s to x--sel5ium--9 #ahag4 ,elem5ts cont9u$ to be add$ to ! li/--& !n no m6 ,_h e elem5t be5 discov]$8 ,"s 7 incl9$ to ?9k s4 ,) ! discov]y ( ,radium1 by ! ,curies1 h[ev]1 ano!r :ole li/ ( elem5ts 0 br\ght to light--all ( :i* h be5 add$ to ! ,table ( ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,mean:ile1 fur!r discov]ies ( ! curi\s prop]ties ( matt] 7 be+ made4 ,= example1 x _h be5 notic$ t at lea/ ?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( sulphur exi/$3 7#a7 ,a pale yell[1 brittle solid2 7#b7 transluc5t ne$les2 & 7#c7 s(t & rubb]-l sulphur4 ,^! 7 all diff]5t physical v>ieties ( "o & ! same sub/ance--nev]!less !y are all sulphur6 ,?is elem5t1 !n1 c assume m ?an "o =m1 & because ( ?is1 ! t]m 8allotropic0 has be5 appli$1 to signify ! v>ieties ( appe>ance :i* ! same sub/ance c be made to assume4 ,a good example ( ?is af=d$ by *>coal1 graphite 7or black-lead7 & diamond1--:i* w\ld h>dly be suspect$ ( be+ all ! same sub/ance2 & yet !y are6 ,,analysis ,,& ,,syn!sis ,comp\nds may be brok5 up into _! con/itu5ts1 dur+ ! process ( analysis1 or !y may be made to comb9e "o ) ano!r1 9 syn!sis4 ,all ! res\rces ( mod]n sci5ce h be5 br\ght to be>1 9 ef=ts to effect ^! v>i\s alt]ations or *anges4 ,great heat1 extreme cold1 *emical reg5ts1 enorm\s pressures1 high vacua1 electrical curr5ts & sp>ks1 bomb>dm5t ) radio-activity1 etc4--all h be5 employ$ 9 ^! *emical inve/igations4 ,suitable laboratories h be5 con/ruct$1 encas+ imm5se boil]s1 huge refrig]ation ma*9es1 electrical contrivances ( all k9ds1 etc4 ,:at trem5d\s /rides h be5 made 9 ?is field dur+ ! pa/ c5tury--f ! simple glass retorts1 flasks & app>atus ( a c5tury ago6 ,b ?is only %[s u h[ trem5d\s w\ld be our progress c\ld m5 b le>n to "w toge!r1 9 h>mony1 weld$ toge!r by a common int]e/1--in/ead ( but*]+ "o ano!r1 or wa/+ _! preci\s lives & en]gies 9 sc&als & political intrigues6 ,b let u return to e>? aga9--to matt]--! subject ( *emi/ry6 ,,=mulae ,,& ,,equations ,we h se5 t ! v>i\s *emical elem5ts comb9e ) "o ano!r 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,9 ord] to express ^! v>i$ reactions1 *emical =mul h be5 devis$1 :i* c be read at a glance1 %[+ ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 any giv5 comb9ation4 ,:5 "o atom ( "o elem5t comb9es ) "o atom ( ano!r1 ! lett]s signify+ ^! elem5ts are simply writt5 side by side1 ?us3 ,h,cl4 ,:51 h[ev]1 two atoms ( "o elem5t comb9e ) "o ( ano!r1 a small figure is plac$ "u & to ! "r ( ! elem5t1 ?us3 ,h,o4 ,"h we see at a glance t two atoms ( hydrog5 h comb9$ ) "o ( oxyg51 =m+ wat]4 ,?is is ! simple/ type ( =mula1 & is (t5 kn[n z ! empirical =mula4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r way ( writ+ a =mula1 :i* is m expressive1 ?us3 ,b ,a,c ,b ,?is is kn[n z a /ructural or con/itutional =mula1 & f x we c see at a glance t ,a is bival5t1 ,c is quadrival5t1 & ,b unival5t4 ,?is type ( =mula %[s u m readily ?an ! o!r ! /ructure ( ! molecule 9 "q4 ,! complexity ( su* =mul naturally increases ) ! complexity ( ! molecules1 & 9 _m cases may be extremely intricate4 ,ord9>y *emical =mul1 h[ev]1 are writt5 empirically4 ,any *emical *anges :i* take place z ! result ( "s reaction are express$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,organic ,,vs4 ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry ,z be=e /at$1 *emi/ry has be5 divid$ into two categories--organic & inorganic4 ,x 0 /at$ at ! "t t ^! divisions repres5t$ ! *emi/ry ( liv+ & dead matt]1 respectively4 ,z a matt]-(-fact1 ?is description is n q accurate4 ,?is 0 ! old] view ( ! obs]v$ facts1 because x 0 believ$ t "s my/]i\s 8vitality0 0 responsible = ! peculi> sub/ances f\nd 9 liv+ bodies1 b ! *emi/ has n[ succe$$ 9 mak+1 9 ! laboratory1 a numb] ( ^! sub/ances :i* 7 ?\ght to be ! result ( life only2 & 9 addition has succe$$ 9 mak+ great numb]s ( organic comp\nds n f\nd 9 ! liv+ body4 ,ov] #aej1jjj 8organic0 comp\nds are n[ kn[n to ! *emi/1 only a small fraction ( :i* are kn[n to be ! product ( 8vitality40 ,all liv+ ?+s--animal & vegetable--conta9 c>bon1 z _! mo/ important con/itu5t1 s t ! mod]n view ( organic *emi/ry is t x is1 v l>gely1 ! *emi/ry ( c>bon comp\nds4 ,:e!r or n any =m ( 8vitality0 exi/s aside f ! liv+ matt] /udi$ is a "q usually pass$ ov] by *emi/s z beyond _! prov9ce4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! human body pres5ts _m problems /ill unexpla9$ by mod]n *emi/ry4 ,take1 = example1 ! miracle ( dige/ion4 ,a potato1 a cabbage1 an apple1 a *ick5 runn+ ab\t ! y>d1 a piece ( c&y--all ^! are eat5 by little ,m>y ,jones1 & are someh[ turn$ into ! body ( little ,m>y ,jones1 mak+ hair1 tee?1 eyes1 lungs1 liv]1 n]ves1 bra91 etc4 ,! food mat]ial is someh[ trans=m$ into ! liv+ body ( ! p]son eat+ x6 ,mu* has be5 discov]$ z to ! innum]able *anges :i* ! food und]goes dur+ ! v>i\s /ages ( dige/ion1 b ! f9al result--h[ ?is pabulum is conv]t$ into bodily tissue--is /ill l>gely a my/]y4 ,we "k1 = example1 t prote9s are brok5-up into simpl] comp\nds1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are ! am9o-acids4 ,fats are brok5 up into fatty acids & glyc]9e1 & sub/ances resembl+ soaps are =m$ 9 ! body4 ,c>bohydrates are resolv$ into levulose1 glucose1 maltose1 etc41 :i* are utilizable by ! human sy/em4 ,b j h[ ^! sub/ances are conv]t$ into bodily tissue is /ill l>gely a problem4 ,,organic ,,comp\nds ,! liv+ matt] ( ! body is compos$ ( a v>iety ( sub/ances1 ( :i* protoplasm may be tak5 z typical4 ,?is is highly complex1 & :ile x c be imitat$ by ! *emi/1 its liv+ prop]ties h n be5 reproduc$4 7,see my book on 8,life3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature10 9 ! pres5t s]ies47 ,! v>i\s secretions & excretions ( ! body h be5 /udi$ exhau/ively by physiological *emi/s4 ,plants h also be5 /udi$ m9utely f a simil> po9t-(-view4 ,a numb] ( important discov]ies h result$ f ?is "w1 h[ev]1 & ne>ly all ! ess5tial animal & vegetable sub/ances are at pres5t accessible to artificial syn!sis f _! v elem5ts4 ,ev5 prote9 matt] seems to h lo/ mu* ( its my/]y s9ce we h le>n$ f ,emil ,fis*]'s "w t am9o-acids c be comb9$ 9 ! same way z !y occur 9 prote94 ,comp\nds ( ,am9o-acids c be obta9$1 :i* %[ all ! ma9 reactions ( prote9 sub/ances4 ,emil ,fis*]1 ( ,b]l91 0 ! same *emi/ :o1 9 #ahhf1 discov]$ h[ to prep>e grape-sug> f glyc]9e4 ,a consid]able numb] ( plant alkaloids h also be5 artificially prep>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ five or six decades4 ,! mo/ important color+ matt]s ( plants--= in/ance1 aliz>9 & indigot91--are no long] extract$ f plants = te*nical purposes1 b are accessible f ! products ( coal-t>4 ,,catalysis ,we n[ come to a rem>kable s]ies ( *emical ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 mu* /udi$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & :i* h a be>+ ^u bo? organic & inorganic *emi/ry4 ,m ?an a c5tury ago1 x 0 discov]$ t c]ta9 *emical sub/ances1 :i* w n normally comb9e ) "o ano!r1 c be made to d s1 if ano!r sub/ance is br\ght into contact ) !m4 ,?is ?ird sub/ance does n 9 any way ent] into ! comb9ation1 or %>e 9 ! reaction2 its m]e pres5ce seems to br+ x ab\t4 ,?us1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 may be mix$ toge!r2 b if a small am\nt ( 8plat9um black0 be introduc$1 an explosion ( ! gases at once occurs4 ,hydrop]oxide is rapidly split into oxyg5 & wat] :5 9 contact ) 8plat9um black10 etc4 ,^! contact-effects are v curi\s1 & h engag$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s = a long "t4 ,b]zelius is responsible = ! t]m n[ g5]ally us$--catalysis4 ,we n[ speak ( catalytic p[]1 catalytic reactions1 & s =?4 ,^! catalytic rections soon became v important factors 9 organic *emi/ry & biology1 z well z 9 ! field ( inorganic *emi/ry4 ,9 #ahcc1 ,pay5 & ,p]soz 9 ,p>is made ! discov]y t g]m9at+ se$s conta9 a peculi> contact-sub/ance1 :i* trans=ms />* into sug>4 ,?is sub/ance !y nam$ ,dia/ase4 ,simil> effects 7 not$ to occur else:]e1--p>ticul>ly 9 ! prote9 dige/ion 9 ! /oma* ( man & ! high] animals4 ,we n[ "k t _m su* rections occur 9 ! liv+ cells1 & ! *emical ph5om5a ( life h _h an entirely new light ?r[n ^u !m by ^! f9d+s4 ,,enzymes ,!y l$1 9 %ort1 to ! discov]y ( ! s-call$ ,enzymes4 ,until relatively rec5tly1 ! expression 8,f]m5t0 0 us$1 z ! ph5om5a 7 ak9 to f]m5tation4 ,soluble f]m5ts are t]m$ ,enzymes1 & ! ph5om5a connect$ ) liv+ protoplasm are n[ kn[n to be l>gely due to ! action ( a gr\p ( ,enzymes4 ,^! are catalytic sub/ances1 are ( a limit$ field ( action1 ( colloidal nature1 & v little resi/ant to heat4 ,:5 inject$ into ! ve9s ( animals1 o!r sub/ances are at once manufactur$1 :i* h be5 call$ 8anti-enzymes10 :i* h ! effect ( (fsett+ _! action4 ,sunlight & ultra-violet light de/roy enzymes4 ,_! importance 9 ! field ( biology may be disc]n$ :5 x is /at$ t rese>*es h %[n u t1 e4 g41 ! am\nt ( prote9 dige/$ 9 a c]ta9 "t is n proportional to ! quantity ( ! enzyme itself1 b to ! squ>e root ( ! quantity ( ! enzyme4 ,,hormones ,^! enzymes mu/ n be confus$ ) o!r int]nal secretions1 su* z ! hormones4 ,^! are sub/ances g5]at$ by ! s-call$ ductless gl&s1--su* z ! ?yroid1 ! pituit>y1 ! adr5als1 etc4 ,^! ductless gl&s secrete sub/ances :i* :5 absorb$ into ! blood-/ream greatly affect ! life ( ! body1 its functions1 its /ructure & its gr[?1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/ ! m5tal life4 ,rese>*es 9 ?is field are ( relatively rec5t orig91 b ( extreme importance4 ,i h m5tion$ ?is subject at great] l5g? 9 my little book on 8,life3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature10 9 ! pres5t s]ies1 & ! int]e/$ read] may ref] to su* a "w z ,dr4 ,l\is ,b]man's 8,! ,gl&s ,regulat+ ,p]sonality10 = fur!r details4 ,!re is no matt] any:]e 9 ! univ]se1 liv+ or dead1 :i* mod]n *emi/ry does n attempt to analyze4 ,n only 9 ! laboratory are ^! te/s und]tak51 ) m9ute p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! v e>? on :i* we dwell has be5 subject$ to *emical analysis1 & s h ! />s1 ! planets & suns :i* circle ar\nd u 9 space1--p]haps sep>at$ f u by _m millions ( miles4 ,! ability to d ?is is assur$ly "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! m9d ( man1 & repres5ts "o ( ! greate/ conque/s ov] nature1 ov] "t & space4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,! wat] con/itut+ our seas1 lakes1 riv]s & oceans2 ! air con/itut+ our atmosph]e2 ! mat]ials ( ! e>? on :i* we dwell--clay1 rock1 mud1 granite1 metals--all h be5 analyz$1 & _! *emical composition accurately det]m9$4 ,x has ev5 be5 possible to measure ! d5sity & weight ( our e>?1 & to calculate its age1 f ! sal9ity ( its oceans4 7,( ?is m anon47 ,b :5 x comes to asc]ta9+ ) great accuracy ! *emical con/itution ( di/ant />s1 t seems a feat well-nigh impossible1 & unless ! process by means ( :i* x is accompli%$ 7 expla9$1 x might v well be disbeliev$4 ,h[1 !n1 c ?is be accompli%$8 ,= our explanation1 we mu/ g back to a classical exp]im5t made by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,he prov$ t :ite light1 :5 made to pass ?r\gh a glass prism1 is split up into a v>iety ( colors4 ,!re are sev5 prim>y colors1 con/itut+ ! visible spectrum4 ,^! are r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo & violet4 ,we n[ "k t !re are bo? 8ultra-violet0 & 8infra-r$0 rays1 invisible to ! eye1 above & bel[ ! spectrum1 b ?is 0 n kn[n until long aft]4 ,! ess5tial fact is t light1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 is split up into its prim>y colors4 ,,! ,,spectroscope ,! in/rum5ts employ$ 7 necess>ily soon ref9$1 & ! mod]n 8spectroscope0 result$1--a piece ( app>atus ( great delicacy1 capable ( /udy+ ^! effects ) exactitude4 ,! function ( ! spectroscope is to receive a sample ( light & to sep>ate its diff]5t compon5ts4 ,9 a broad s5se1 ev]y?+ t c be se5 has a spectrum--flame1 blue sky1 r$ hot metal1 ! sun1 ! electric sp>k1 etc4 ,we c at once divide ^! ?+s into two classes1 7#a7 ^? t are visible because !y emit light ( _! own2 7#b7 ^? t c be se5 only by virtue ( _! reflect+1 diffus+ or transmitt+ light t falls ^u !m f o!r s\rces4 ,! =m] are call$ 8emission spectra0 & ! latt] 8absorption spectra40 ,n[1 :5 practically any spectrum be exam9$ 9 ?is way1 x w be se5 t c]ta9 b&s ( %ad[1 or d>k l9es1 cut across ! light spectrum1 9 absorption spectra1 ^! are ! ?+s :i* are /udi$4 ,?us1 :5 we obs]ve ! spectrum ( ! sun1 or ( _m ( ! />s1 we f9d t ! spectrum may be describ$ z a cont9u\s spectrum1 f :i* a numb] ( n>r[ l9es are omitt$4 ,! l9es consequ5tly appe> d>k on a bright gr\nd4 ,^! are call$ 8absorption l9es40 ,j :y ^! d>k l9es appe> w\ld take u too f> afield to expla9 "h2 suffice x to say t e *emical elem5t has be5 f\nd to yield a diff]5t spectrum2 t is to say1 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ^! d>k l9es w indicate ! pres5ce ( ! elem5t 9 "q4 ,:5ev] c]ta9 l9es appe> on ! spectrum1 we may be sure t su*-&-su* an elem5t is pres5t4 ,?us1 ,kir*h(f fir/ prov$ t two ( ^! d>k l9es 7 caus$ by ! :ite light ( ! sol> photosph]e hav+ suff]$ absorption at ! sun1 by pass+ ?r\gh a /ratum ( gl[+ sodium vapor4 ,sodium 0 ?us %[n to be pres5t 9 ! sun4 ,o!r elem5ts 7 simil>ly id5tifi$1 n only 9 ! sun1 b 9 ! millions ( />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,by means ( spectrum analysis1 !re=e1 x has be5 possible to detect & id5tify ! v>i\s *emical elem5ts pres5t 9 any giv5 sun or /> 9 space4 ,,a/ro-,,physics ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,9 ?is mann]1 ab\t =ty t]re/rial elem5ts h be5 %[n to exi/ 9 ! sun4 ,c>bon1 oxyg51 iron1 silicon1 nickel1 etc41 exi/ 9 ! sun j z !y d on our e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m elem5ts1 su* z m]cury1 nitrog51 sulphur1 & boron d n appe>1 al?\gh !y are f\nd 9 abundance on ! e>?4 ,yet sev]al elem5ts 7 %[n to exi/ 9 ! sun :i* up to t "t _h n be5 discov]$ "h4 ,helium is an example4 7,f ! ,greek1 ,helios1 ! ,sun74 ,& yet1 :5 att5tion 0 direct$ to ?is elem5t1 x 0 soon f\nd 9 our e>?1 & is today s common t helium gas is employ$ to inflate balloons1 9 pref]5ce to hydrog51 on acc\nt ( its non-combu/ibility4 ,,spectrum ,,analysis ,spectrum analysis1 !n1 tells u ! precise *emical con/itution ( ! v>i\s suns1 or />s1 9 space1 & x also tells u t ^! />s are incapable ( support+ life su* z we "k x4 ,z ,dr4 ,e4 ,walt] ,maund] says1 9 8 book1 8,are ! ,planets ,inhabit$803 8,! application ( ! spectroscope to a/ronomy is n conf9$ to ! sun1 b rea*es mu* fur!r4 ,! />s also yield _! spectra1 & we are compell$ to recognize t !y also are suns2 int5sely heat$ globes ( gl[+ gas1 ri* 9 ! same elem5ts z ^? famili> to u on ! ,e>? & kn[n by _! spectral l9es to be pres5t on ! sun4 ,! />s1 !re=e1 _c !mselves be inhabit$ worlds any m ?an ! sun1 & at a /roke ! :ole ( ! cele/ial lum9>ies )9 ! fur!/ range ( our mo/ p[]ful telescopes are remov$ f our pres5t se>* 7i4 e41 :e!r or n life may exi/ ^u !m74 ,only ^? memb]s ( our sol> sy/em t %9e by reflect+ ! light ( ! sun c be cool en\gh = habitation1 ! true />s _c be inhabit$1 =1 :atev] _! quality & ord]1 !y are all suns1 & mu/ necess>ily be 9 f> too highly heat$ a condition to be ! abode ( life4 ,_m ( !m may1 p]haps1 be a s\rce ( light & heat to att5dant planets1 b !re is no s+le in/ance 9 :i* su* a planet has be5 directly obs]v$2 no d>k1 non-lum9\s body has ev] be5 actually se5 9 att5dance on a />4 ,_m d\ble or multiple />s are kn[n1 b ^! are all in/ances 9 :i* "o sun-l body is revolv+ r\nd ano!r ( ! same ord]4 ,we see no body %9+ by reflect$ light outside ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,planets to ! v>i\s />s may exi/ 9 c\ntless numb]s1 b !y are invisible to u44440 ,?us has ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry be5 waft$ across hundr$s ( millions ( miles ( space1 & has enabl$ u to tell1 n only ! composition ( ^! di/ant bodies1 b also ! degree ( _! habitability1 & _! possible s\rces z abodes ( life4 ,,indu/rial ,,*emi/ry ,b if all ?is is ( purely !oretical int]e/1 ! *emi/ry ( our e>? & its products is ( imm5se practical importance4 ,x may be appli$1 & ! day ( 8indu/rial *emi/ry0 is "h4 ,by /udy+ ! *emi/ry ( soils1 ! f>m] has be5 enabl$ to increase bo? ! quality & ! quantity ( 8 crops4 ,by employ+ artificial f]tiliz]s1 production has be5 greatly increas$4 ,an analysis ( ! e>?'s /rata has ?r[n great light ^u geology4 ,analytical *emi/ry has prov$ ( s]vice 9 crim9ology1--by enabl+ exp]ts to detect poisons1 blood-/a9s1 etc4 7,un=tunately1 x has also be5 appli$ detrim5tally1 9 ! manufacture ( explosives1 poison gases1 etc41 employ$ 9 w>47 ,d5ti/ry & surg]y h be5 r5d]$ pa9less by ! discov]y ( an/hetics4 ,! :olesale manufacture ( illum9at+ gas has be5 in/rum5tal 9 light+ millions ( homes4 ,! manufacture ( /eel1 pap]1 ink1 dyes1 /a9s1 pa9ts1 p]fumes1 bread1 & a ?\s&-&-"o useful articles ( our daily lives has be5 r5d]$ possible by ! progress ( *emical rese>*4 ,artificial pres]vatives h enabl$ u to keep food-/uffs = long p]iods ( "t4 ,by ! discov]y ( ! nature ( iron ru/1 bridges1 build+s1 etc41 h be5 pres]v$ intact4 ,our food1 our clo!s1 our v lives !mselves1 may be said to dep5d ^u mod]n *emi/ry = _! ma9t5ance & pres]vation4 ,let u pass 9 rapid summ>y a few ( ^! results4 ,let u take1 = example1 glass4 ,glass is made f silica4 ,:at is silica8 ,x is a sub/ance ( rem>kable infusibility1 & is ! oxide ( silicon1 :i* is a ne> neighbor ( c>bon4 ,glass is made by mix+ s&1 lime/one & c>bonate ( soda or pota% 9 l>ge pots1 & melt+ !m toge!r at a temp]ature ( #c1ejj ,f4 ,! s&1 be+ silica1 comb9es ) ! lime ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 to give silicate ( lime1 & ) ! soda 7or pota%7 ( ! c>bonate ( soda 7or pota%7 to give silicate or soda 7or pota%74 ,^! two silicates become intimately fus$ & =m ! glass1 :i* rema9s liquid 9 ! pot4 ,x is !n bl[n into v>i\s %apes or roll$ into ?9 %eets = w9d[ glass4 ,we "k :at an effect w9d[s h _h ^u ! com=ts ( mod]n life6 ,by mix+ toge!r sev]al metals1 alloys are obta9$ :i* v (t5 h prop]ties q diff]5t f ^? ( ! sub/ances :i* compose !m4 ,?us3 ,bronze is a mixture ( copp] & t92 plumb]'s sold] is an alloy ( lead & t92 brass is an alloy ( copp] & z9c2 f]ro-silicon is a union ( silicon & iron1 etc4 ,_m ( ^! alloys are ( great utility 9 ! v>i\s arts & sci5ces1 z well z 9 manufacture4 ,gild+1 silv]+ & electroplat+ h be5 r5d]$ possible by mod]n *emi/ry4 ,alum9a & porcela9 h be5 produc$4 ,alum9a is ! oxide ( alum9um4 ,"o v>iety ( clay kn[n z 8kaol90 is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,*9a & e>!nw>e are made by v simil> processes4 ,alcohol1 w9e & be] h dep5d$ ^u sci5tific *emi/ry = _! production4 ,ice c be manufactur$ artificially by means ( freez+ mixtures4 ,! manufacture ( oxyg5 gas has r5d]$ possible high altitude flights by aviators4 ,camphor c n[ be manufactur$1 in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u nature's res\rces = ?is valuable sub/ance4 ,wood-pulp1 />* & sug> owe mu* to mod]n *emi/ry4 ,artificial silk is manufactur$ on a l>ge scale4 ,soaps & fats h likewise be5 develop$ 9 va/ quantities4 ,! p]fume milady uses has be5 develop$ by ! *emi/4 ,colors & dyes n[ con/itute an enorm\s indu/ry4 ,= our m$ic9es we dep5d ^u ! *emi/1 :5 visit+ ! ne>e/ drug /ore4 ,^! are b a few examples1 :i* might be l5g!n$ almo/ indef9itely1 illu/rat+ ! ext5t to :i* we are dep5d5t ^u mod]n *emi/ry1 9 our daily lives4 ,& *emi/ry is capable ( expla9+ _m ?+s :i* w\ld be un9telligible )\t its aid4 ,let u take a simple example by way ( illu/ration4 ,y h probably notic$ t a froz5 potato has a *>act]i/ic sug>y ta/e4 ,! cause ( x is ?is3 ! potato conta9s 9 its tissues a great quantity ( />*1 z well z a dia/ase capable ( trans=m+ ?is />* at ! mom5t ( its spr\t+4 ,^! two sub/ances are kept ap>t by ! membrane ( ! tissue4 ,b if a fro/ occurs1 ! ice te>s ?is membrane1 & ! />* comes 9 contact ) ?is dia/ase & is1 !re=e1 trans=m$ into sug>1 j z x is :5 ! spr\t+ ( ! potato beg9s4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,rese>* ,^! applications ( *emi/ry h be5 r5d]$ possible by improv$ me?ods ( inve/igation1 a great] k ( ! nature ( matt] itself1 & ! p]fection ( sci5tific in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,^! in/rum5ts are s mu* f9] & m delicate ?an our s5ses t !y h be5 ! means ( disclos+ ! actual con/itution ( matt]4 ,a man might sit & 8m$itate0 ^u ! nature ( matt] = ye>s1 b he w\ld be no ne>] an actual pro( z to its con/itution ?an he 0 at ! beg9n+4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ,ari/otle possess$ "o ( ! f9e/ m9ds ! _w has ev] kn[n2 yet any s*ool boy today kn[s m ( ! ultimate con/itution ( matt] ?an did ,ari/otle4 ,! reason = ?is is t in/rum5tal me?ods ( rese>* h enabl$ u to see & measure ! ultimate prop]ties ( matt]1--:i* our unaid$ s5ses w\ld nev] p]mit u to d4 ,! developm5t ( sci5ce 9 o!r fields1 !re=e1 has r5d]$ possible ! rapid gr[? ( *emi/ry1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury2 & *emi/ry1 9 turn1 has assi/$ ! o!r sci5ces4 ,?us does all k "w h& 9 h&1 :5 co-op]ation is r5d]$ possible6 ,,sal9ity ,,( ,,! ,,oceans ,i ref]r$ "s "t ago to ! calculations :i* _h be5 made z to ! age ( ! e>?1 bas$ ^u rese>*es z to ! sal9ity ( ! ocean4 ,z we "k1 ! wat] ( all ! oceans is salt wat]2 only t ( riv]s & lakes is 8fre%40 ,b ! degree ( ! ocean's saltness is n q con/ant4 ,x v>ies1 s9ce evaporation is con/antly tak+ place2 s$im5ts are deposit$2 & above all va/ quantities ( wat] are be+ p\r$ into ! ocean by ! hundr$s ( riv]s :i* fl[ into x1 c>ry+ all k9ds ( e>?y deposits :i* h be5 wa%$ away by _! passage ?r\gh ! riv]-b$s ov] :i* !y fl[4 ,9 #agae1 ! fam\s a/ronom] ,edmund ,halley publi%$ a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,saltness ( ! ,ocean4444 ,) a ,proposal by ,help ,!re( to ,discov] ! ,age ( ! ,_w40 ,no def9ite progress 0 made1 h[ev]1 until #ahii1 :5 ,joly po9t$ out t ( ! _m elem5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( salt wat]1 sodium alone t5ds to accumulate4 ,all ! o!rs are soon] or lat] reject$1 associat+ !mselves ) ! detrital s$im5ts1 or =m+ *emical or organic s$im5ts by _! ultimate precipitation4 ,he accord+ly us$ sodium z ! index ( ! age ( ! oceans4 ,he assum$ t ! annual increase ( sodium has be5 m or less con/ant1 be+ add$ to e ye> by ! quantity wa%$ into ! ocean by ! riv]s4 ,h[ long a p]iod ( "t w\ld x require to rea* its pres5t degree ( saltness8 ,tak+ all ! oceans z "o1 ! volume ( ! ocean is approximately #cbj1jjj1jjj cubic miles4 ,its d5sity 7accord+ to ,murray7 is #a4jbf4 ,on ! basis ( ^! figures1 ,joly1 & aft] him ,sollas & o!rs1 calculat$ t x w\ld require f #hj to #aej million ye>s = ! pres5t degree ( sal9ity to be rea*$4 ,n9ety or a hundr$ million ye>s w\ld be a fair e/imate4 ,indirectly !re=e1 ! /udy ( ! sal9ity ( ! oceans has ?r[n light ^u ! age ( our e>?1 & its *emical con/itution ?r\gh\t geological ages4 ,,! ,,new] ,,*emi/ry ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t *emi/ry has n only prov$ ( ! utmo/ practical value to mank9d1 b t x has be5 in/rum5tal 9 solv+ "s ( ! greate/ enigmas confront+ ! m9d ( man1 & 9 settl+ "s philosophical & ev5 !ological que/ions4 7,! age ( ! e>?1 ! composition & habitability ( di/ant />s1 etc47 ,attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = life itself along purely physico-*emical l9es4 ,& all ?is 0 attempt$--& 9 "p ev5 r5d]$ possible--be=e ! ultimate con/itution ( matt] 0 kn[n6 ,dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation1 an entirely new light has be5 ?r[n ^u ?is c5tral problem1 & ! ideas ( c5turies h be5 disc>d$4 ,let u trace ! f9al /eps ( rese>* 9 ?is direction1 & see h[ ! late/ f9d+s ( mod]n sci5ce h ?r[n light ^u ! _w-old problem ( ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]4 ,,radio-,,activity ,we saw at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is little book t1 f "t immemorial1 some?+ correspond+ to ,atoms 7 reg>d$ z ! ultimate 8build+ /ones0 ( ! univ]se--t9y p>ticles1 incapable ( div]sion1 beyond :i* x 0 impossible to g4 ,beg9n+ ) ,epicurus & ,democritus1 ?is idea took sci5tific =m2 x 0 held by _m philosoph]s ?r\gh\t ! ages2 x =m$ ! basis ( ,dalton's atomic !ory1 & 0 assum$ by ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,x 0 n until ! la/ ye>s ( ! prec$+ c5tury t ?is idea 0 call$ into "q4 ,! discov]y ( radium1 by ! ,curies1 caus$ a s5sation 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,h[ acc\nt = ! ph5om5a obs]v$8 ,radium seem$ to give (f en]gy cont9u\sly1 )\t los+ any2 heat 0 con/antly be+ radiat$ )\t less5+ ! orig9al am\nt4 ,_h ! secret ( p]petual motion be5 discov]$8 ,:at 0 happ5+8 ,! discov]y ( o!r radio-active elem5ts only t5d$ to increase ! problem1 in/ead ( solv+ x4 ,"h 0 "s new prop]ty ( matt]1 hi!rto unsuspect$1 go+ on be=e ! eyes ( *emi/s1 :i* !y c\ld n und]/& or expla94 ,,intra-,,atomic ,,en]gy ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ru!r=d1 ( ,m',gill ,univ]sity1 ,canada1 0 among ! fir/ to propose a new & />tl+ !ory4 ,he said3 ,suppose t ! atoms are n indivisible8 ,suppose t !y are capable ( be+ split-up into some?+ /ill small] & f9]8 ,if ! atoms !mselves are be+ dis9tegrat$1 imm5se quantities ( en]gy w\ld probably be available--8intra-atomic en]gy0--:i* w\ld acc\nt = ! results obta9$4 ,x is true t we %\ld no long] h our /able atoms2 !y w\ld vani% & be repres5t$ by some?+ else4 ,& t 8some?+0 w\ld no long] be matt]1 9 ! s5se t we n[ und]/& x2 b we c\ld acc\nt = ! obs]v$ facts 7radio-activity1 etc471 & we c !n endeavor to discov] :at atoms are resolv$ into lat] on4 ,?is !ory 0 soon prov$ to be true2 atoms 7 %[n to be divisible1 & capable ( be+ split-up into some?+ /ill small]1 :i* 7 no long] 8matt]0 9 ! old s5se4 ,matt]1 9 %ort1 _h te*nically disappe>$1 & _h be5 resolv$ into its compon5t p>ts4 ,?is be+ s1 ! "q at once arose3 ,( :at is matt] 7! atom7 compos$8 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,matt] ,)\t go+ into great detail1 or attempt+ to trace ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s discov]ies :i* l$ up to x1 x may n[ be /at$ def9itely t matt] is built-up ( electricity4 ,= ! pro( ( ?is1 ! sci5tific _w has to ?ank ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 :o fir/ popul>iz$ ?is view 9 8 book 8,electricity & ,matt]40 ,he 0 closely second$ by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,sir ,william ,crookes1 & _m o!r em95t sci5ti/s4 ,on ?is view1 matt] totally disappe>s1 z su*2 x becomes sup]-s5sible2 x is resolv$ into en]gy4 ,electricity & ! e!r someh[ are responsible = matt]1 b j h[ 0 n at ! "t und]/ood4 ,x took _m ye>s ( pati5t rese>* to arrive at def9ite conclusions2 9 fact1 x may be said t def9ite conclusions h n ev5 yet be5 rea*$1--?\gh m or less unanimity ( op9ion exi/s z to ! /ructure ( atoms4 ,! new !ory ( matt] is t ea* atom is built up ( negative 8electrons10 & positive 8protons0--! =m] revolv+ r\nd ! latt] 9 orbits analog\s to ^? ( our sol> sy/em4 ,! protons1 positively *>g$1 rema9 9 ! c5t] ( ! atom2 ! electrons1 negatively *>g$1 circle ab\t !m1 j z our planets circle ab\t ! sun4 ,! numb] ( ^! protons & electrons v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! elem5t4 ,hydrog5 repres5t+ unity1 has b "o electron revolv+ ar\nd a s+le proton2 helium comes next1 ) two2 & s on1 up ! scale1 until we rea* uranium1 :i* has n9ety-two4 ,! positive & ! negative *>ges balance "o ano!r 9 all /able atoms2 & :5 ?is is n ! case1 ! atom t5ds to g to pieces or dis9tegrate2 electrons are %ot (f1 :i* jo9 "s o!r atom1 & radio-activity results4 ,! nature ( ! elem5t itself is accord+ly *ang$1 & may ev5 be s fundam5tally *ang$ by ?is process t x turns into some?+ else2 i4 e41 ! transmutation ( "o elem5t into ano!r has tak5 place1 z dream$ ( by ! al*emi/s6 ,h5ce we (t5 he> ( ! 8new al*emy40 ,?is1 9 r\gh outl9e1 is ! mod]n conception ( ! atom1 & ( ! con/itution ( matt] g5]ally4 ,,)9 ,,! ,,atom ,let u n[ endeavor to analyze ! atom m closely1 9 ! light ( ^! new] rese>*es4 ,we h se5 t ! electrons revolve r\nd ! c5tral protons4 ,^! protons are probably compos$ ( electrons & hydrog5 nuclei4 ,! total c5tral 8sun0--to use ! a/ronomical analogy--is kn[n z ! nucleus4 ,! relative sizes ( ^! bodies may be appreciat$ :5 x is /at$ t !y h be5 comp>$ to ! sizes ( ! planets1 relative to ! di/ances sep>at+ !m f ! sun4 ,va/ spaces exi/1 !re=e1 )9 ! atom1 9 :i* ! electrons revolve4 ,yet ! atoms !mselves are inconceivably small6 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,b]tr& ,russell's 8,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ( ,atoms0 w p]haps make ?is cle>4 ,he says3 8,x w help u to picture ! _w ( atoms if we h1 to beg9 )1 "s idea ( ! size ( ^! units4 ,let u beg9 ) a gramme ( hydrog5 7#a_/dec ( a p\nd71 :i* is n a v l>ge quantity4 ,h[ _m atoms w x conta98 ,if ! atoms 7 made up into bundles ( a million-million1 & !n into a million-million ( ^! bundles1 we %\ld h ab\t a gramme & a half ( hydrog54 ,t is to say1 ! weight ( "o atom ( hydrog5 is ab\t a million-million? ( a million-million? ( a gramme & a half4 ,o!r atoms weigh m ?an ! atom ( hydrog51 b n enorm\sly m2 an atom ( oxyg5 weighs sixte5 times z mu*1 an atom ( lead r m ?an #bjj times z mu*4 ,p] contra1 an electron weighs v mu* less ?an a hydrog5 atom2 x takes ab\t #a1hej electrons to weigh z mu* z "o hydrog5 atom40 ,,electrons ,! inn] r+s ( electrons give rise to ,x-rays :5 !y are di/urb$1 & x is *iefly by means ( ,x-rays t _! con/itution is /udi$4 ,! nucleus itself is ! s\rce ( radio-activity4444 ,! mo/ complex atom kn[n is t ( uranium1 :i* has1 9 its normal /ate1 #ib electrons revolv+ r\nd ! nucleus1 :ile ! nucleus itself probably consi/s ( #bch hydrog5 nuclei & #adf electrons4444 ,"u normal conditions1 :5 ! hydrog5 atom is unelectrifi$1 ! electron simply cont9ues to g r\nd & r\nd ! nucleus1 j z ! e>? cont9ues to g r\nd & r\nd ! sun4 ,! electron may move 9 any "o ( a c]ta9 set ( orbits1 "s l>g]1 "s small]1 "s circul>1 "s elliptical4 ,b :5 ! atom is undi/urb$1 x has a pref]5ce = ! smalle/ ( ! circul> orbits1 9 :i* ! di/ance betwe5 ! nucleus & ! electron is ab\t half a hundr$-million? ( a c5timetre4 ,x goes r\nd 9 ?is t9y orbit ) v great rapidity2 9 fact its velocity is ab\t a hundr$-&-?irty-f\r? ( ! velocity ( light1 :i* is #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,?us ! electron manages to cov] ab\t #a1djj miles 9 e second4 ,to d ?is1 x has to g r\nd its t9y orbit ab\t sev5 ?\s& million times 9 a million? ( a second2 t is to say1 9 a million? ( a second x has to live ?r\gh ab\t sev5 ?\s& million ( its 8ye>s06 ,su* figures1 su* facts1 /agg] ! imag9ation4 ,! m9d ( man _c really conceive !m4 ,& yet we "k t !y are n fanciful2 calculations & indirect measurem5ts h be5 made ) ! utmo/ exactitude4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! inf9itely little is no m /agg]+ ?an ! inf9itely great4 ,= 9 a/ronomy we "k t />s billions ( miles di/ant f u 9 space h be5 se51 measur$1 photograph$ & analyz$4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( 8light-ye>s0 sep>ate u f !m 7i4 e41 space :i* w\ld be travell$ by light1 spe$+ at #ahf1jjj miles a second74 ,& yet ! /ructure ( ! atom closely resembles ! planet>y sy/em6 ,is ! :ole ,univ]se1 great & small1 built accord+ to ! same plan1 accord+ to ! same model8 ,x w\ld appe> s6 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! mod]n sci5ce ( *emi/ry ov]laps o!r sci5ces 9 _m directions--physics1 biology1 a/ronomy1 etc4 ,^! sci5ces are to a c]ta9 ext5t n[ int]-wov5 & int]-bl5d$4 ,:]e ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s x is h>d to say4 ,aga9 we see ! importance ( co-op]ation 9 ^! v>i\s fields ( inquiry6 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,matt] ,^! new] rese>*es 9 *emi/ry h f9ally enabl$ u to realize ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]2 we h se5 t x is compos$ ( atoms1 b ^! atoms !mselves are complex ?+s2 !y 9 turn are compos$ ( electrons1 & 9 ! la/ analysis matt] may be said to be non-exi/5t6 ,x has be5 resolv$ into electricity4 ,b ?is conception ( matt] has also enabl$ u to expla9 _m ?+s be=e inexplicable--*emical comb9ation1 radio-activity1 & :at n4 ,! _w-old problem z to ! nature ( matt] has at la/ be5 solv$4 ,x n[ devolves ^u ! physici/ to expla9 ! ultimate nature ( electricity6 ,matt]1 !n1 9 a s5se1 c dissociate1 dis9tegrate1 demat]ialize4 ,x c also integrate1 mat]ialize1 come into exi/5ce4 ,matt] c be made to vani% & reappe>4 ,! old law ( ! 8inde/ructibility ( matt]0 is n valid1 z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,matt] c be resolv$ into en]gy4 ,& ?is en]gy is radiat$ into space1 or conv]t$ into o!r modes ( en]gy1 & f9ally into heat1 :i* is 9 turn radiat$ into ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! :ole univ]se seems to resemble a clock1 :i* has be5 w\nd-up1 & is sl[ly runn+ d[n4 ,ev5 ! law ( ! 8cons]vation ( en]gy0 has be5 call$ into "q 7,see ,le,bon1 8,! ,evolution ( ,matt]10 & 8,! ,evolution ( ,=ces074 ,is ! :ole ,univ]se 9 "s my/]i\s mann] also be+ w\nd-up8 ,or does x move 9 va/ cycles1 ( alt]nate action & inaction1 z ! ,h9du philosoph]s h always cont5d$8 ,^! are ultimate que/ions :i* only ! sci5ce ( ! future c solve6 ,,"p ,,ii ,we h n[ made a rapid survey ( ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 & trac$ ! evolution ( ?\ght :i* has r5d]$ possible ! new] conceptions ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,we mu/ n[ say a few words z to ! nature ( ! v>i\s elem5ts !mselves1 & give a brief acc\nt ( "s mod]n rese>*es4 ,a few practical h9ts z to exp]im5ts may also be ( int]e/ to ! read]4 ,we h se5 t :5 two *emical elem5ts comb9e1 "s ?ird sub/ance is =m$1 q diff]5t 9 prop]ties f ! orig9al two4 ,?us1 wat] seems to u entirely diff]5t f ! two invisible gases :i* compose x--oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,yet a simple exp]im5t w prove t su* is ! case4 ,we c decompose wat] by means ( an electric curr5t1 :5 ! orig9al gases are giv5 (f1 9 ! proportion ( two to "o--hydrog5 collect+ at ! negative pole1 & oxyg5 at ! positive4 ,?is process c be kept up until all ! wat] has be5 decompos$1 & only hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases rema94 ,?is process ( electrical decomposition is kn[n z electrolysis4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,hydrog5 is ! lighte/ ( all gases1 &1 z we h se51 ! simple/ ( ! elem5ts1 9 its con/itution4 ,l all gases1 x c be liquefi$1 & ev5 froz5 solid into a h>d lump1 l ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! d5se/ ( sub/ances c be liquefi$1 & ev5 turn$ into gas or vapor at a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 7,gases are r5d]$ liquid or solid at a v l[ temp]ature47 ,liquid air1 = example1 is s cold t :5 a c ( x is set ^u a block ( ice ! liquid air boils & gives (f 8/eam06 ,oxyg5 gas con/itutes ab\t "o-fif? ( our atmosph]ic air 7! o!r f\r p>ts be+ nitrog57 & is ! mo/ ess5tial elem5t 9 support+ life4 ,)\t x1 life w\ld at once become ext9ct4 ,all =ms ( combu/ion take place v rapidly 9 oxyg51 & ! combu/ion go+ on )9 ! human body is no exception to ?is rule4 ,! atmosph]ic nitrog5 acts z a sort ( dilutant1 be+ an in]t gas4 ,if a m\se be plac$ "u a j> ( pure oxyg5 gas1 x w (t5 run r\nd & r\nd until x drops dead ) exhau/ion4 ,9 an atmosph]e ( pure oxyg51 we %\ld soon burn up1 & live our lives too rapidly4 ,oxyg5 has a great t5d5cy to comb9e ) v>i\s o!r elem5ts1 p>ticul>ly metals4 ,?us1 iron ru/ is due to ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) iron2 ! black5+ & t>ni%+ ( cook+ pots is due to ! sl[ oxidation ( copp]1 etc4 ,9 brea?+1 we take 9 oxyg5 f ! air1 :i* comb9es ) ! gases 9 ! lungs1 =m+ c>bon dioxide4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 plants ?rive ^u ?is gas1 :i* is s poison\s to human be+s1 & 9 turn give (f oxyg54 ,h5ce ! value ( plants & fl[]s 9 ! room1 or 9 any d5sely inhabit$ area4 ,nitrog5 is a v important elem5t1 ent]+ into _m *emical comb9ations4 ,x =ms ! basis ( explosives1 us$ 9 w>4 ,until relatively rec5tly1 ?is elem5t _h to be obta9$ f sub/ances dug out ( ! gr\nd1 b dur+ ! late w>1 me?ods 7 devis$ = obta9+ x f ! air4 8,nitrog5 fixation0 became possible4 ,if x _h n be5 = ?is discov]y1 ,g]many w\ld h _h to give up ! w> 9 #aiaf1 at ! late/4 ,nitrog5 comb9es ) hydrog51 to =m ammonia2 ) oxyg5 & wat]1 to =m nitric acid2 ) nitric acid & pota% to =m gunp[d]1 etc4 ,c]ta9 oxides comb9e ) wat]1 to =m :at are kn[n z bases4 ,bases c comb9e ) acids1 giv+ rise to salts4 ,c>bon is an ess5tial elem5t = all liv+ matt]2 x comb9es ) oxyg51 to yield c>bonic acid2 ) hydrog51 giv+ rise to a great numb] ( comp\nds1 su* z b5z5e1 turp5t9e1 etc4 ,m>% gas1 illum9at+ gas1 acetyl5e1 etc41 are comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,*lor9e is a v important elem5t1 comb9+ ) sodium to =m common salt4 ,z we h se51 ! saltness ( ! sea is due to ?is sub/ance4 ,ow+ to its great aff9ity = hydrog51 *lor9e decomposes wat]1 sett+ free oxyg54 ,! result ( ?is is t a mixture ( *lor9e & wat] has /rong blea*+ qualities4 ,*lor9e also comb9es ) hydrog5 to =m hydro*loric acid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %[s little sympa?y = oxyg51 =m+ b few /able comp\nds4 ,*lor(orm1 s long useful 9 surgical anae/hesia1 is a comp\nd ( *lor9e1 c>bon & hydrog54 ,sulphur c assume a v>iety ( appe>ances 7allotrophic v>iation7 z we h se54 ,sulphuric acid1 etc41 are its comp\nds4 ,! latt] sub/ance is us$ = blea*+ violets1 b ! fl[]s become violet aga9 :5 put into an ammonia solution4 ,sodium is a metal1 :i* burns :5 ?r[n into wat]4 ,x is ! o!r con/itu5t ( common salt1 & ent]s into a great v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,c>bonate ( soda is "o ( ^!4 ,_m ( ! elem5ts--iron1 nickel1 gold1 plat9um1 silv]1 etc41--are too well kn[n to necessitate m ?an a brief note4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice1 h[ev]1 t !re are c]ta9 8family relations0 among a numb] ( ! elem5ts4 ,?us1 sodium & potassium are 8relat$02 & s are b>ium1 /rontium & calcium4 ,aga91 oxyg5 & sulphur h a numb] ( po9ts 9 common1--al?\gh "o is a solid & ! o!r a gas6 ,gold /&s r ap>t f ! re/4 ,two v int]e/+ gr\ps %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is place4 ,! fir/ is ! gr\p ( r>e gases--argon1 neon1 etc41--mo/ ( :i* h be5 discov]$ only rec5tly4 ,!y are in]t1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ?is1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 _! discov]y 0 s long delay$4 ,,radio-,,activity ,! second li/ is ! radio-active gr\p ( elem5ts1--uranium1 radium1 ?orium1 act9ium1 etc4 ,^! all possess _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties 9 v>y+ degrees1--giv+ (f alpha1 beta & gamma rays4 ,a c]ta9 my/]i\s 8emanation0 is also emitt$ by radio-active elem5ts1 b ! /udy ( ^! rays & _! influ5ce w\ld take u into ! realm ( 8physics10 & w\ld m prop]ly belong to a book on physics ?an 9 ! pres5t1 deal+ ) *emi/ry4 ,"o v int]e/+ fact %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 & t is ! evolution ( matt] :i* has be5 obs]v$1 z ! result ( spectrum analysis4 ,we h he>d mu* ( organic evolution1 mean+ ! evolution ( life ^u our planet4 ,x is equally true t !re is an inorganic evolution1 9 :i* ! gradual developm5t ( *emical elem5ts may simil>ly be trac$4 ,?us1 x has be5 notic$ t1 9 ! hotte/ />s1 7gase\s7 ! fewe/ *emical elem5ts exi/2 9 ^? ( m$ium temp]ature 7metallic71 m elem5ts are f\nd1 :ile 9 ^? hav+ ! l[e/ temp]ature 7c>bon />s7 ! greate/ numb] ( *emical elem5ts are to be di/+ui%$4 ,?is seems to prove t ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! few] ! elem5ts1 :i* 9 turn leads to ! conclusion t all elem5ts are p]haps ultimately ,,"o--z ,sir ,william ,crookes sugge/$ _m ye>s ago4 ,z ^! />s cool1 m & m elem5ts seem to be 8cry/alliz$ out10 s to say1--! _m be+ =m$ f ! few]4 ,! new] rese>*es on ! con/itution ( matt] r5d] ?is idea all ! m plausible4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,life ,j "h1 x might be well to po9t out ! late place occupi$ by life1 9 ?is process ( inorganic evolution4 ,! ,absolute ,z]o ( int]-/ell> space is ab\t -#bgc;,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]ature ( ! hotte/ />s is m ?an #cj1jjj6 7,argo1 ,alnitam1 etc47 ,! temp]ature mu/ fall f ?is to a few degrees above ,z]o 7! boil+ po9t ( wat]71 be=e life c become manife/ at all4 ,life z we "k x c only exi/ betwe5 ! boil+ & ! freez+ po9ts ( wat]4 ,?is po9t is only rea*$ t[>ds ! v end ( ! scale4 ,x has !re=e be5 said t1 cosmically speak+1 life is only a 8fla% 9 ! pan betwe5 two et]nities0--b = u t fla% 9 ! pan is ev]y?+6 ,! "q ( ! orig9 ( life ^u our planet has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 my little book on 8,life3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature10 9 ! pres5t s]ies4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to m5tion "h1 h[ev]1 a few ( ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ^u ! artificial creation ( life1 by means ( inorganic *emicals1 s9ce ^! prop]ly fall into place 9 a book devot$ to *emi/ry4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,*>lton ,ba/ian1 ( ,engl&1 conduct$ _m ye>s ago a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( ?is "*1 9 :i* he claim$ to h made liv+ matt] f /]iliz$ *emicals4 ,he plac$ ^! 9 a glass bottle :i* _h be5 /]iliz$1 heat$ ! cont5ts until /eam issu$ f ! m\? ( ! flask1 & !n in/antly seal$ up ! bottle1 prev5t+ ! entrance ( air4 ,! flasks 7 !n put away = sev]al days1 & at ! end ( t "t 7 f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 to conta9 liv+ organisms4 8,,creation0 ,,( ,,life ,! read] w probably be int]e/$ 9 kn[+ ! precise *emical =mul employ$ = obta9+ ^! a/oni%+ results4 ,sev]al su* =mul are giv5 9 ,dr4 ,ba/ian's book1 8,! ,evolution ( ,life10 ( :i* ! foll[+ are samples3 ,sodium silicate1 two1 or ?ree1 drops4 ,ammonium phosphate1 f\r1 or six1 gra9s4 ,dilute phosphoric acid1 f\r1 or six1 drops4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 "o fluid ounce4 ,ano!r =mula is ! foll[+3 ,sodium silicate1 ?ree drops4 ,liquor f]ri p]nitratis1 eight drops4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 "o fluid ounce4 ,! read] c try ! exp]im5t = himself4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ,dr4 ,ba/ian's results 7 und\bt$1 !y fail$ to c>ry conviction to ! sci5tific _w z a :ole1 s9ce !y cont5d$ t "s exp]im5tal error mu/ h crept 91 to r5d] ^! results possible2 & x is significant1 9 ?is connection1 t ! same exp]im5ts repeat$ by o!r m5 fail$ to yield ! same /rik+ results4 ,*emi/ry1 !n1 ent]s into practically e field ( inquiry--! con/itution ( human be+s1 no less ?an t ( metals1 e>?s or di/ant nebul4 ,ev]y?+ mat]ial 9 ! ,univ]se is compos$ ( elem5ts1 ( atoms1 & ^! atoms are built-up1 z we h se51 ( electrons1 :i* are n matt] at all1 b bundles ( en]gy4 ,no two p>ticles ( matt] 9 ! _w actually t\*1 or come ne> to t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,x is an int]e/+ ?\ght1 :5 "o /ops to ?9k ( x t1 = in/ance1 ! /eel pill> support+ a 8sky-scrap]10 ^u :i* re/s an enorm\s weight 7! :ole ( ! sup]/ructure7 is n really d5se & solid1 z x appe>s1 b is actually t5u\s & %ad[y1 & t no two ( its atoms ev] t\* "o ano!r2 !y are sep>at$ by relatively va/ spaces1 fill$ only ) ! hypo!tical 8e!r40 ,! :ole weight ( ! build+ may be said to re/ ^u no?+1--or at mo/ ^u e!r1 :i* ?us be>s its /ra96 ,,! ,,e!r ,& :at is ?is e!r8 ,is x matt] 9 "s subtle =m1 or is x some?+ else8 ,we d n "k2 c]ta9ly x is no =m ( matt] kn[n to u1 & its reality has ev5 be5 call$ into "q ( late4 ,hckel1 z we "k1 cont5d$ 78,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se07 t ! e!r mu/ be l "s extremely att5uat$ jelly1 & t a sph]e ( x ! size ( ! e>? w\ld probably weigh ab\t #bej p\nds6 ,su* crude conceptions h long s9ce be5 giv5 up4 ,x is f> m subtle ?an ?is4 ,is x analog\s to ! f9e/ gas8 ,"s h ?\ght s2 & yet ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 "o ( ! greate/ au?orities ^u ! e!r1 has cont5d$ t x is m d5se & solid ?an plat9um or gold1 & t matt] repres5ts m]e 8bubbles0 )9 ?is d5se m$ium1 capable ( mov+ freely ?r\gh x4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 he has cit$ 79 8 8,e!r ( ,space07 ! enorm\s gravitational pull ( ! e>? ^u ! moon1 e4 g41 or ( ! sun ^u ! e>?4 ,! mass ( ! e>? is approximately #f1jjj trillion tons2 t ( ! moon "o-eightie? ( ?is4 ,f ^! data1 ! gravitational pull ( ! e>? ^u ! moon c be calculat$2 &1 reg>d+ ?is1 ,sir ,oliv] says3 8,a pill> ( /eel :i* c\ld transmit ?is =ce1 provid$ x c\ld su/a9 a t5sion ( #dj tons to ! squ>e in*1 w\ld h a diamet] ( ab\t #djj miles4444 ,if ?is =ce 7 to be transmitt$ by a =e/ ( weightless pill>s1 ea* a squ>e foot 9 cross section1 ) a t5sion ( #cj tons to ! squ>e in* ?r\gh\t1 !re w\ld h to be #e million million ( !m40 ,calculat+ ! gravitational pull ( ! sun on ! e>?1 9 a simil> mann]1 x 0 calculat$ t ! /ra9 9 ?is case w\ld h to be borne by 8a million million r\nd rods or pill>s ea* ?irty feet 9 diamet]40 ,x may readily be se51 !n1 f ^! figures1 t some?+ enorm\sly d5se1 app>5tly1 mu/ exi/ 9 ord] to be> ?is /ra91 & ?is mu/ be ! e!r4 ,& yet no physical exp]im5ts h prov$ to u ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r2 we only inf] its pres5ce1 & say t x mu/ exi/1 9 ord] to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 physics4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 ,"l ,kelv9 :o rem>k$ t no man c\ld believe 9 ! e!r )\t at ! same "t believ+ x to possess opposite & contradictory prop]ties6 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem s6 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,meta-,,physics ,su* speculations z ^! lead u f> afield1 into ! realm ( ma!matics1 metaphysics & ultimate realities4 ,ev5 ! mo/ mat]ial ( all ! sci5ces--*emi/ry--leads ?i!r :5 pu%$ to its f9al analysis4 ,! visible1 s5sible univ]se vani%es1 & is replac$ by ! invisible1 ! sup]-s5sible4 ,yet sci5ce has be5 our guide ?r\gh\t4 ,william ,james once rem>k$ t metaphysics is m]ely 8p]si/5tly cle> ?9k+40 ,x endeavors to f9d ! ultimate causes ( ?+s1 ! n\m5a beh9d ph5om5a1 ! reality beh9d appe>ances4 ,! physical _w 9 :i* we live is a _w ( ph5om5a only2 real 9 a s5se1 & = all practical purposes1 & yet ! greate/ ( all unrealities 9 ano!r s5se4 ,x is a m]e _w ( appe>ances2 a phantasmagoria ( fleet+ %apes & %ad[s4 ,we feel t reality mu/ exi/ someh[1 some:]e2 yet we c nev] f9d x4 ,we c no m f9d x by *emical analysis ?an we c discov] ! m9d & s\l ( man by dissect+ ! bra9s ( corpses1--or ev5 by vivisection6 ,some?+ always escapes u--! ,s\l ( ,?+s1 ! ,ultimate ,reality1 ! ,great ,unkn[n4 ,su* ?\ghts & speculations z ^!1 h[ev]1 ne$ n occupy ! m9d ( ! practical *emi/4 ,= him1 atoms exi/1 s d elem5ts1 s does 8matt]40 ,= practical1 daily life1 we c]ta9ly h to live z if matt] exi/$1 & ! *emi/ has to proce$ ) 8 "w ^u ! assumption t matt] actually does exi/--x is 8real40 ,c]ta9 x is t ! practical fur!rance & application ( ?is sci5ce c come ab\t 9 no o!r way4 ,*emi/ry has revolutioniz$ our lives2 x has p5etrat$ all fields ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 & its practical application has r5d]$ possible & pleasant ! lives ( c\ntless ?\s&s ( p]sons n[ liv+ ^u our planet4 ,we owe m to *emi/ry ?an we c ev] repay--or r to ^? brilliant & unselfi% m5 :o h built up ! mod]n sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,x is my hope t ! pres5t little book may 9 "s degree h help$ to emphasize ?is fact4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,?is book uses bo? 8reactions0 & 8rections04 ,page #ag3 8,cobalt0 0 pr9t$ z 8,cobolt02 *ang$ "h4 ,page #bc3 ,! 8con/itutional0 =mula 9 ! orig9al book 0 pr9t$ ) ! two 8,b0s /ack$1 "o above ! o!r1 & 9 a small] font t c\ld fit bo? ( !m on "o l9e ( normal-siz$ text4 ,page #di3 8allotrophic0 0 pr9t$ t way2 probably %\ld be 8allotropic04