,a ,,guide ,,to ,,/oicism by ,/4 ,george ,/ock ,,t5 ,,c5t ,,pocket ,,s]ies ,,no4 #cdg ,edit$ by ,e4 ,haldeman-,julius4 ,,=eword ,if y /rip ,/oicism ( its p>adoxes & its wilful misuse ( language1 :at is left is simply ! moral philosophy ( ,socrates1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 da%$ ) ! physics ( ,h]aclitus4 ,/oicism 0 n s mu* a new doctr9e z ! =m "u :i* ! old ,greek philosophy f9ally pres5t$ itself to ! _w at l>ge4 ,x ow$ its popul>ity 9 "s measure to its extravagance4 ,a great deal might be said ab\t ,/oicism z a religion & ab\t ! "p x play$ 9 ! =mation ( ,*ri/ianity b ^! subjects 7 exclud$ by ! plan ( ?is volume :i* 0 to pres5t a sket* ( ! ,/oic doctr9e bas$ on ! orig9al au?orities4 ,,/ ,,george ,,/ock ,m ,a ,pemb4 ,coll4 ,ox=d ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,/oicism4 ,,/ ,,george ,,/ock ,,philosophy ,,among ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ( ! classical age philosophy occupi$ ! place tak5 by religion among ourselves4 ,_! appeal 0 to reason n to revelation4 ,to :at1 asks ,cic]o 9 8 ,(fices1 are we to look = tra9+ 9 virtue1 if n to philosophy8 ,n[1 if tru? is believ$ to re/ ^u au?ority x is natural t x %\ld be impress$ ^u ! m9d f ! e>lie/ age1 s9ce ! ess5tial ?+ is t x %\ld be believ$1 b a tru? :i* makes its appeal to reason mu/ be cont5t to wait till reason is develop$4 ,we are born into ! ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n or ,anglican communion or "s o!r d5om9ation1 b x 0 ( 8 own free *oice t ! s]i\s m9d$ "y ,greek or ,roman embrac$ ! t5ets ( "o ( ! great sects :i* divid$ ! _w ( philosophy4 ,! motive :i* l$ him to d s 9 ! fir/ in/ance may h be5 m]ely ! influ5ce ( a fri5d or a disc\rse f "s eloqu5t speak]1 b ! *oice once made 0 8 own *oice1 & he adh]$ to x z su*4 ,conv]sions f "o sect to ano!r 7 ( q r>e occurr5ce4 ,a c]ta9 ,dionysius ( ,h]aclea1 :o w5t ov] f ! ,/oics to ! ,cyr5aics1 0 ev] aft]w>d kn[n z ! des]t]4 ,x 0 z difficult to be indep5d5t 9 philosophy z x is ) u to be indep5d5t 9 politics4 ,:5 a "y man jo9$ a s*ool1 he committ$ himself to all its op9ions1 n only z to ! end ( life1 :i* 0 ! ma9 po9t ( division1 b z to all que/ions on all subjects4 ,! ,/oic did n diff] m]ely 9 8 e?ics f ! ,epicurean2 he diff]$ also 9 8 !ology & 8 physics & 8 metaphysics4 ,ari/otle1 z ,%akespe>e knew1 ?\ght "y m5 unfit to he> moral philosophy4 ,& yet x 0 a "q--or r ! "q--( moral philosophy1 ! answ] to :i* decid$ ! "y man's op9ions on all o!r po9ts4 ,! language :i* ,cic]o sometimes uses ab\t ! s]i\sness ( ! *oice made 9 e>ly life & h[ a "y man gets entrammell$ by a s*ool be=e he is really able to judge1 rem9ds u ( :at we he> said n[adays ab\t ! dang] ( a "y man's tak+ ord]s be=e 8 op9ions are =m$4 ,to ?is x 0 repli$ t a "y man only ex]cis$ ! "r ( private judgm5t 9 select+ ! au?ority :om he %\ld foll[1 &1 hav+ once done t1 tru/$ to him = all ! re/4 ,) ! analogue ( ?is cont5tion also we are famili> 9 mod]n times4 ,cic]o all[s t !re w\ld be some?+ 9 x1 if ! selection ( ! true philosoph] did n above all ?+s require ! philosophic m9d4 ,b 9 ^? days x 0 probably ! case1 z x is n[1 t1 if a man did n =m speculative op9ions 9 y\?1 ! pressure ( affairs w\ld n leave him leisure to d s lat]4 ,! life span ( ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism1 0 f ,b4,c4 #cdg to #bge4 ,he did n beg9 tea*+ till #cae1 at ! mature age ( =ty4 ,ari/otle _h pass$ away 9 #cbb1 & ) him clos$ ! great con/ructive era ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,! ,ionian philosoph]s _h speculat$ on ! physical con/itution ( ! univ]se1 ! ,py?agoreans on ! my/ical prop]ties ( numb]s2 ,h]aclitus _h prop\nd$ 8 philosophy ( fire1 ,democritus & ,leucippus _h /ruck out a rude =m ( ! atomic !ory1 ,socrates _h rais$ que/ions relat+ to man1 ,plato _h discuss$ !m ) all ! fre$om ( ! dialogue1 :ile ,ari/otle _h sy/ematically work$ !m out4 ,! lat] s*ools did n add mu* to ! body ( philosophy4 ,:at !y did 0 to emphasize diff]5t sides ( ! doctr9e ( _! pr$ecessors & to drive views to _! logical consequ5ces4 ,! great lesson ( ,greek philosophy is t x is wor? :ile to d "r irrespective ( rew>d & puni%m5t & reg>dless ( ! %ortness ( life4 ,?is lesson ! ,/oics s en=c$ by ! e>ne/ness ( _! lives & ! influ5ce ( _! moral tea*+ t x has become associat$ m p>ticul>ly ) !m4 ,cic]o1 ?\gh he always class$ himself z an ,academic1 exclaims 9 "o place t he is afraid ! ,/oics are ! only philosoph]s1 & :5ev] he is combat+ ,epicureanism 8 language is t ( a ,/oic4 ,"s ( ,v]gil's mo/ eloqu5t passages seem to be inspir$ by ,/oic speculation4 ,ev5 ,horace1 despite 8 bant] ab\t ! sage1 9 8 s]i\s moods borr[s ! language ( ! ,/oics4 ,x 0 !y :o inspir$ ! highe/ flights ( declamatory eloqu5ce 9 ,p]sius & ,juv5al4 ,_! moral philosophy affect$ ! _w ?r\gh ,roman law1 ! great ma/]s ( :i* 7 br\ght up "u its influ5ce4 ,s all p]vasive inde$ 0 ?is moral philosophy ( ! ,/oics t x 0 read by ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria into ,moses "u ! veil ( allegory & 0 decl>$ to be ! inn] mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,if ! ,/oics !n did n add mu* to ! body ( ,philosophy1 !y did a great "w 9 popul>is+ x & br++ x to be> ^u life4 ,an int5se practicality 0 a m>k ( ! lat] ,greek philosophy4 ,?is 0 common to ,/oicism ) its rival ,epicureanism4 ,bo? reg>d$ philosophy z '! art ( life1' ?\gh !y diff]$ 9 _! conception ( :at t art %\ld be4 ,widely z ! two s*ools 7 oppos$ to "o ano!r1 !y _h also o!r features 9 common4 ,bo? 7 *ildr5 ( an age 9 :i* ! free city _h giv5 way to mon>*ies1 & p]sonal _h tak5 ! place ( corporate life4 ,! "q ( happ9ess is no long]1 z ) ,ari/otle1 & /ill m ) ,plato1 "o = ! /ate1 b = ! individual4 ,9 bo? s*ools ! speculative int]e/ 0 feeble f ! fir/1 & t5d$ to become feebl] z "t w5t on4 ,bo? 7 new dep>tures f pre-exi/5t s*ools4 ,/oicism 0 br$ out ( ,cynicism1 z ,epicureanism out ( ,cyr5aicism4 ,bo? 7 cont5t to fall back = _! physics ^u ! pre-,socratic s*ools1 ! "o adopt+ ! firm philosophy ( ,h]aclitus1 ! o!r ! atomic !ory ( ,democritus4 ,bo? 7 9 /rong reaction aga9/ ! ab/ractions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & w\ld tol]ate no?+ b concrete reality4 ,! ,/oics 7 q z mat]iali/ic 9 _! own way z ! ,epicureans4 ,) reg>d inde$ to ! nature ( ! highe/ god we may1 ) ,s5aca repres5t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools z a "q ( ! s5ses aga9/ ! intellect1 b we %all see pres5tly t ! ,/oics reg>d$ ! intellect itself z be+ a k9d ( body4 ,! ,greeks 7 all agre$ t !re 0 an end or aim ( life1 & t x 0 to be call$ 'happ9ess1' b at t po9t _! agreem5t end$4 ,z to ! nature ( happ9ess !re 0 ! utmo/ v>iety ( op9ion4 ,democritus _h made x consi/ 9 m5tal s]5ity1 ,anaxagoras 9 speculation1 ,socrates 9 wisdom1 ,ari/otle 9 ! practise ( virtue ) "s am\nt ( fav\r f =tune1 ,ari/ippus simply 9 pleasure4 ,^! 7 op9ions ( ! philosoph]s4 ,b1 besides ^!1 !re 7 ! op9ions ( ord9>y m51 z %[n by _! lives r ?an by _! language4 ,z5o's contribution to ?\ght on ! subject does n at fir/ sight appe> illum9at+4 ,he said t ! end 0 'to live consi/5tly1' ! implication d\btless be+ t no life b ! passionless life ( reason c\ld ultimately be consi/5t ) itself4 ,clean!s1 8 imm$iate successor 9 ! s*ool1 is cr$it$ ) hav+ add$ ! words ') nature1' ?us complet+ ! well-kn[n ,/oic =mula t ! end is 'to live consi/5tly ) nature4' ,x 0 assum$ by ! ,greeks t ! ways ( nature 7 '! ways ( pleasantness1' & t 'all h] pa?s' 7 'peace4' ,?is may seem to u a />tl+ assumption1 b t is because we d n mean by 'nature' ! same ?+ z !y did4 ,we connect ! t]m ) ! orig9 ( a ?+1 !y connect$ x r ) ! end2 by ! 'natural /ate' we mean a /ate ( savag]y1 !y meant ! highe/ civilization2 we mean by a ?+'s nature :at x is or has be51 !y meant :at x ought to become "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions2 n ! s\r crab1 b ! mell[ glory ( ! ,hesp]ides wor?y to be gu>d$ by a sleepless dragon1 0 to ! ,greeks ! natural apple4 ,h5ce we f9d ,ari/otle ma9ta9+ t ! ,/ate is a natural product1 because x is evolv$ out ( social relations :i* exi/ by nature4 ,nature inde$ 0 a highly ambigu\s t]m to ! ,greeks no less ?an to ourselves1 b 9 ! s5se ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 ! nature ( any?+ 0 def9$ by ! ,p]ipatetics z '! end ( its becom+4' ,ano!r def9ition ( !irs puts ! matt] /ill m cle>ly4 ',:at ea* ?+ is :5 its gr[? has be5 complet$1 t we decl>e to be ! nature ( ea* ?+'4 ,foll[+ out ?is conception ! ,/oics id5tifi$ a life 9 accordance ) nature ) a life 9 accordance ) ! highe/ p]fection to :i* man c\ld atta94 ,n[1 z man 0 ess5tially a rational animal1 8 "w z man lay 9 liv+ ! rational life4 ,& ! p]fection ( reason 0 virtue4 ,h5ce ! ways ( nature 7 no o!r ?an ! ways ( virtue4 ,& s x came ab\t t ! ,/oic =mula might be express$ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways :i* yet all am\nt$ to ! same ?+4 ,! end 0 to live ! virtu\s life1 or to live consi/5tly1 or to live 9 accordance ) nature1 or to live rationally4 ,,division ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,philosophy 0 def9$ by ! ,/oics z '! k ( ?+s div9e & human'4 ,x 0 divid$ into ?ree dep>tm5ts2 logic1 e?ic1 & physic4 ,?is division inde$ 0 9 exi/5ce be=e _! "t1 b !y h got ! cr$it ( x z ( "s o!r ?+s :i* !y did n orig9ate4 ,nei!r 0 x conf9$ to !m1 b 0 "p ( ! common /ock ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 ! ,epicureans1 :o are said to h reject$ logic c h>dly be c\nt$ z diss5ti5ts f ?is ?reefold division4 ,= :at !y did 0 to sub/itute = ! ,/oic logic a logic ( _! own1 deal+ ) ! notions d]iv$ f s5se1 mu* 9 ! same way z ,bacon sub/itut$ 8 ,novum ,organum = ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle4 ,clean!s we are told recognis$ six p>ts ( philosophy1 namely1 dialectic1 rhetoric1 e?ic1 politic1 physic1 & !ology1 b ^! are obvi\sly ! result ( subdivision ( ! prim>y ones4 ,( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts we may say t logic deals ) ! =m & expression ( k1 physic ) ! matt] ( k1 & e?ic ) ! use ( k4 ,! division may also be ju/ifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,philosophy mu/ /udy ei!r nature 7includ+ ! div9e nature7 or man2 &1 if x /udies man1 x mu/ reg>d him ei!r f ! side ( ! intellect or ( ! feel+s1 t is ei!r z a ?9k+ 7logic7 or z an act+ 7e?ic7 be+4 ,z to ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts %\ld be /udi$1 we h _h pres]v$ to u ! actual words ( ,*rysippus 9 8 f\r? book on ,lives4 ',fir/ ( all !n x seems to me t1 z has be5 rightly said by ! anci5ts1 !re are ?ree heads "u :i* ! speculations ( ! philosoph] fall1 logic1 e?ic1 physic2 next1 t ( ^! ! logical %\ld come fir/1 ! e?ical second1 & ! physical ?ird1 & t ( ! physical ! treatm5t ( ! gods %\ld come la/1 :5ce also !y h giv5 ! "n ( completions to ! in/ruction deliv]$ on ?is subject'4 ,t ?is ord] h[ev] might yield to conv5i5ce is pla9 f ano!r book on ! use ( reason1 :]e he says t '! /ud5t :o takes up logic fir/ ne$ n entirely ab/a9 f ! o!r bran*es ( philosophy1 b %\ld /udy !m also z occasion (f]s4' ,plut>* twits ,*rysippus ) inconsi/5cy1 because 9 ! face ( ?is decl>ation z to ! ord] ( treatm5t1 he nev]!less says t morals re/ ^u physics4 ,b to ?is *>ge x may fairly be repli$ t ! ord] ( exposition ne$ n co9cide ) ! ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,metaphysically speak+1 morals may dep5d ^u physics & ! "r conduct ( man be d$ucible f ! /ructure ( ! univ]se b = all t1 x may be advisable to /udy physics lat]4 ,physics meant ! nature ( ,god & ! ,univ]se4 ,our nature may be d$ucible f t b x is bett] kn[n to ourselves to />t )1 s t x may be well to beg9 f ! end ( ! /ick t we h 9 our h&s4 ,b t ,*rysippus did tea* ! logical dep5d5ce ( morals on physics is pla9 f 8 own words4 ,9 8 ?ird book on ! ,gods he says '= x is n possible to f9d any o!r orig9 ( ju/ice or mode ( its g5]ation save t f ,zeus & ! nature ( ! univ]se = any?+ we h to say ab\t good & evil mu/ ne$s d]ive its orig9 !refrom'1 & aga9 9 8 ,physical ,!ses1 '= !re is no o!r or m appropriate way ( approa*+ ! subject ( good & evil on ! virtues or happ9ess ?an f ! nature ( all ?+s & ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se--= x is to ^! we mu/ atta* ! treatm5t ( good & evil inasmu* z !re is no bett] orig9 to :i* we c ref] !m & inasmu* z physical speculation is tak5 9 solely ) a view to ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4' ,! la/ words are wor? not+ z %[+ t ev5 ) ,*rysippus :o has be5 call$ ! intellectual f\nd] ( ,/oicism ! :ole /ress ( ! philosophy ( ! ,por* fell ^u its moral tea*+4 ,x 0 a fav\rite metaphor ) ! s*ool to comp>e philosophy to a f]tile v9ey>d or or*>d4 ,e?ic 0 ! good fruit1 physic ! tall plants1 & logic ! /rong wall4 ,! wall exi/$ only to gu>d ! trees1 & ! trees only to produce ! fruit4 ,or aga9 philosophy 0 lik5$ to an egg ( :i* e?ic 0 ! yolk conta9+ ! *ick1 physic ! :ite :i* =m$ its n\ri%m5t :ile logic 0 ! h>d outside %ell4 ,posidonius1 a lat] memb] ( ! s*ool1 object$ to ! metaphor f ! v9ey>d on ! gr\nd t ! fruit & ! trees & ! wall 7 all sep>able :]eas ! p>ts ( philosophy 7 insep>able4 ,he pref]r$ !re=e to lik5 x to a liv+ organism1 logic be+ ! bones & s9ews1 physic ! fle% & blood1 b e?ic ! s\l4 ,,logic ,! ,/oics _h a trem5d\s reputation = logic4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t !y 7 ! successors or r ! sup]sessors ( ,ari/otle4 ,= aft] ! dea? ( ,!ophra/us ! libr>y ( ! ,lyceum is said to h be5 buri$ und]gr\nd at ,scepsis until ab\t a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,s t ! ,organon may actually h be5 lo/ to ! _w dur+ t p]iod4 ,at all ev5ts "u ,/rato ! successor ( ,!ophra/us :o specializ$ 9 natural sci5ce ! s*ool _h lo/ its compreh5siv5ess4 ,cic]o ev5 f9ds x consonant ) dramatic propriety to make ,cato *>ge ! lat] ,p]ipatetics ) ignorance ( logic6 ,on ! o!r h& ,*rysippus became s fam\s = 8 logic z to create a g5]al impression t if !re 7 a logic among ! gods x w\ld be no o!r ?an ! ,*rysippean4 ,b if ! ,/oics 7 /rong 9 logic !y 7 weak 9 rhetoric4 ,?is /r5g? & weakness 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool at all p]iods4 ,cato is ! only ,roman ,/oic to :om ,cic]o accords ! praise ( real eloqu5ce4 ,9 ! dy+ acc5ts ( ! s*ool z we he> !m 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius ! imp]ial sage c\nts x a ?+ to be ?ankful = t he _h le>nt to ab/a9 f rhetoric1 poetic1 & elegance ( diction4 ,! read] h[ev] _c help wi%+ t he _h tak5 "s means to dim9i% ! crabb$ness ( 8 /yle4 ,if a lesson 7 want$ 9 ! importance ( sacrific+ to ! ,graces x might be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! e>ly ,/oic writ]s despite _! logical subtlety h all p]i%$ & t _! rema9s h to be s\ght = s l>gely 9 ! pages ( ,cic]o4 ,9 speak+ ( logic z "o ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( philosophy we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! t]m 0 "o ( mu* wid] mean+ ?an x is ) u4 ,x includ$ rhetoric1 poetic1 & gramm> z well z dialectic or logic prop]1 to say no?+ ( disquisitions on ! s5ses & ! intellect :i* we %\ld n[ ref] to psy*ology4 ,logic z a :ole be+ divid$ into rhetoric & dialectic3 rhetoric 0 def9$ to be ! k ( h[ to speak well 9 expository disc\rses & dialectic z ! k ( h[ to argue rightly 9 matt]s ( "q & answ]4 ,bo? rhetoric & dialectic 7 spok5 ( by ! ,/oics z virtues = !y divid$ virtue 9 its mo/ g5]ic s5se 9 ! same way z !y divid$ philosophy into physical1 e?ical1 & logical4 ,rhetoric & dialectic 7 ?us ! two species ( logical virtue4 ,z5o express$ _! diff]5ce by comp>+ rhetoric to ! palm & dialectic to ! fi/4 ,in/ead ( ?r[+ 9 poetic & gramm> ) rhetoric1 ! ,/oics subdivid$ dialectic into ! "p :i* dealt ) ! mean+ & ! "p :i* dealt ) ! s\nd1 or z ,*rysippus phras$ x1 conc]n+ significants & significates4 ,"u ! =m] came ! treatm5t ( ! alphabet1 ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 ( solecism1 ( b>b>ism1 ( poems1 ( amphibolies1 ( metre & music--a li/ :i* seems at fir/ sight a little mix$1 b 9 :i* we c recognise ! g5]al features ( gramm>1 ) its dep>tm5ts ( phonology1 accid5ce1 & prosody4 ,! treatm5t ( solecism & b>b>ism 9 gramm> correspond$ to t ( fallacies 9 logic4 ,) reg>d to ! alphabet x is wor? not+ t ! ,/oics recognis$ sev5 v[els & six mutes4 ,?is is m correct ?an our way ( talk+ ( n9e mutes1 s9ce ! aspirate consonants are pla9ly n mute4 ,!re 71 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 five p>ts ( spee*--"n1 appellative1 v]b1 conjunction1 article4 ',"n' meant a prop] "n1 & 'appellative' a common t]m4 ,!re 7 reckon$ to be five virtues ( spee*--,hell5ism1 cle>ness1 concis5ess1 propriety1 di/9ction4 ,by ',hell5ism' 0 meant speak+ good ,greek4 ',di/9ction' 0 def9$ to be 'a diction :i* avoid$ homel9ess4' ,ov] aga9/ ^! !re 7 two compreh5sive vices1 b>b>ism & solecism1 ! "o be+ an (f5ce aga9/ accid5ce1 ! o!r aga9/ syntax4 ,! fam\s comp>ison ( ! infant m9d to a blank %eet ( pap]1 :i* we connect s closely ) ! "n ( ,locke1 really comes f ! ,/oics4 ,! e>lie/ *>act]s inscrib$ ^u x 7 ! impressions ( s5se1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ phantasies4 ,a phantasy 0 def9$ by ,z5o z an impression 9 ! s\l4 ,clean!s 0 cont5t to take ?is def9ition 9 its lit]al s5se1 & believe t ! s\l 0 impress$ by ext]nal objects z wax by a signet r+4 ,*rysippus1 h[ev]1 f\nd a difficulty "h1 & pref]r$ to int]pret ! ,ma/]'s say+ to mean an alt]ation or *ange 9 ! s\l4 ,he figur$ to himself ! s\l z receiv+ a modification f e ext]nal object :i* acts ^u x j z ! air receives c\ntless /rokes :5 _m p are speak+ at once4 ,fur!r1 he decl>$ t 9 receiv+ an impression ! s\l 0 purely passive & t ! phantasy reveal$ n only its own exi/5ce1 b t also ( its cause1 j z light displays itself & ! ?+s t are 9 x4 ,?us1 :5 ?r\gh sight we receive an impression ( :ite1 an affection takes place 9 ! s\l1 9 virtue :]e( we are able to say t !re exi/s a :ite object affect+ u4 ,! p[] to "n ! object resides 9 ! und]/&+4 ,fir/ mu/ come ! phantasy1 & ! und]/&+1 hav+ ! p[] ( utt]ance1 expresses 9 spee* ! affection x receives f ! object4 ,! cause ( ! phantasy 0 call$ ! phanta/1 e4 g4 ! :ite or cold object4 ,if !re is no ext]nal cause1 !n ! suppos$ object ( ! impression 0 a phantasm1 su* z a figure 9 a dream1 or ! ,furies :om ,ore/es sees 9 8 fr5zy4 ,h[ !n 0 ! impression :i* _h reality beh9d x to be di/+ui%$ f t :i* _h n8 ,by ! feel is all t ! ,/oics really _h to say 9 answ] to ?is "q4 ,j z ,hume made ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5se-impressions & ideas to lie 9 ! great] vividness ( ! =m]1 s did !y2 only ,hume saw no necessity to g beyond ! impression1 :]eas ! ,/oics did4 ,c]ta9 impressions1 !y ma9ta9$1 c>ri$ ) !m an irresi/ible conviction ( _! own reality1 & ?is1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se t !y exi/$2 b also t !y 7 ref]able to an ext]nal cause4 ,^! 7 call$ gripp+ phantasies4 ,su* a phantasy did n ne$ pro( ( its own exi/5ce1 or ( t ( its object4 ,x possess$ self-evid5ce4 ,its occurr5ce 0 att5d$ ) yield+ & ass5t on ! "p ( ! s\l4 ,= x is z natural = ! s\l to ass5t to ! self-evid5t z x is = x to pursue its prop] good4 ,! ass5t to a grip+ phantasy 0 call$ compreh5sion1 z indicat+ ! firm hold t ! s\l ?us took ( reality4 ,a gripp+ phantasy 0 def9$ z "o :i* 0 /amp$ & impress$ f an exi/+ object1 9 virtue ( t object itself1 9 su* a way z x c\ld n be f a non-exi/5t object4 ,! clause 9 virtue ( t object itself 0 put into ! def9ition to provide aga9/ su* a case z t ( ! mad ,ore/es1 :o takes 8 si/] to be a ,fury4 ,!re ! impression 0 d]iv$ f an exi/+ object1 b n f t object z su*1 b z col\r$ by ! imag9ation ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,! crit]ion ( tru? !n 0 no o!r ?an ! gripp+ phantasy4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! doctr9e ( ! e>li] ,/oics1 b ! lat] add$ a sav+ clause1 :5 !re is no imp$im5t4 ,= !y 7 press$ by _! oppon5ts ) su* imag9>y cases z t ( ,admetus1 see+ 8 wife be=e him 9 v de$1 & yet n believ+ x to be h]4 ,b "h !re 0 an imp$im5t4 ,admetus did n believe t ! dead c\ld rise4 ,aga9 ,m5elaus did n believe 9 ! real ,hel5 :5 he f\nd h] on ! isl& ( ,ph>os4 ,b "h aga9 !re 0 an imp$im5t4 ,= ,m5elaus c\ld n h be5 expect$ to "k t he _h be5 = t5 ye>s fight+ = a phantom4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !re 0 no su* imp$im5t1 !n !y said ! gripp+ phantasy did inde$ des]ve its "n1 = x almo/ took m5 by ! hair ( ! head & dragg$ !m to ass5t4 ,s f> we h us$ phantasy only ( real or imag9>y impressions ( s5se4 ,b ! t]m 0 n ?us re/rict$ by ! ,/oics1 :o divid$ phantasies into s5sible & n s5sible4 ,! latt] came ?r\gh ! und]/&+ & 7 ( bodiless ?+s :i* c\ld only be grasp$ by reason4 ,! ideas ( ,plato !y decl>$ exi/$ only 9 our m9ds4 ,horse1 man1 & animal _h no sub/antial exi/5ce b 7 phantasms ( ! s\l4 ,! ,/oics 7 ?us :at we %\ld call ,conceptuali/s4 ,compreh5sion too 0 us$ 9 a wid] s5se ?an t 9 :i* we h s f> employ$ x4 ,!re 0 compreh5sion by ! s5ses z ( :ite & black1 ( r\gh & smoo?1 b !re 0 also compreh5sion by ! reason ( demon/rative conclusions su* z t ! gods exi/ & t !y ex]cise provid5ce4 ,"h we are rem9d$ ( ,locke's decl>ation3 ',tis z c]ta9 !re's a ,god z t ! opposite angles made by ! int]section ( two /raight l9es are equal4 ,! ,/oics inde$ _h great aff9ities ) t ?9k] or r he ) !m4 ,! ,/oic acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d arrives at its ideas might almo/ be tak5 f ! fir/ book ( ,locke's ,essay4 ,z _m z n9e ways are enum]at$ ( :i* ! fir/ corresponds to simple ideas-- 7#a7 by pres5tation1 z objects ( s5se 7#b7 by lik5ess1 z ! idea ( ,socrates f 8 picture 7#c7 by analogy1 t is1 by increase or decrease1 z ideas ( giants & pigmies f m51 or z ! notion ( ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :i* is rea*$ by ! consid]ation ( small] sph]es4 7#d7 by transposition1 z ! idea ( m5 ) eyes 9 _! brea/s4 7#e7 by composition1 z ! idea ( a ,c5taur4 7#f7 by opposition1 z ! idea ( dea? f t ( life4 7#g7 by a k9d ( transition1 z ! mean+ ( words & ! idea ( place4 7#h7;by nature1 z ! notion ( ! j & ! good 7#i7;by privation1 z h&less ,! ,/oics resembl$ ,locke aga9 9 endeavor+ to give su* a def9ition ( k z %\ld cov] at once ! reports ( ! s5ses & ! relation betwe5 ideas4 ,k 0 def9$ by !m z a sure compreh5sion or a habit 9 ! acceptance ( phantasies :i* 0 n liable to be *ang$ by reason4 ,on a fir/ he>+ ^! def9itions might seem limit$ to s5se k b if we be?9k ourselves ( ! wid] mean+s ( compreh5sion & ( phantasy1 we see t ! def9itions apply z !y 7 meant to apply to ! m9d's grasp ^u ! =ce ( a demon/ration no less ?an ^u ! exi/5ce ( a physical object4 ,z5o1 ) t t\* ( ori5tal symbolism :i* *>act]iz$ him1 us$ to illu/rate to 8 disciples ! /eps to k by means ( ge/ures4 ,display+ 8 "r h& ) ! f+]s out/ret*$ he w\ld say1 ,t is a phantasy1 !n contract+ ! f+]s a little1 ,t is ass5t1 !n hav+ clos$ ! fi/1 ,t is compreh5sion1 !n clasp+ ! fi/ closely ) ! left h&1 he w\ld add1 ,t is k4 ,a notion :i* corresponds to our ^w concept 0 def9$ z a phantasm ( ! und]/&+ ( a rational animal4 ,= a notion 0 b a phantasm z x pres5t$ itself to a rational m9d4 ,9 ! same way s _m %ill+s & sov]eigns are 9 !mselves b %ill+s & sov]eigns1 b :5 us$ z passage money !y become f>e4 ,notions 7 arriv$ at p>tly by nature1 p>tly by tea*+ & /udy4 ,! =m] k9d ( notions 7 call$ preconceptions2 ! latt] w5t m]ely by ! g5]ic "n4 ,out ( ! g5]al ideas :i* nature imp>ts to u1 reason 0 p]fect$ ab\t ! age ( f\rte51 at ! "t :5 ! voice--its outw>d & visible sign--atta9s its full developm5t1 & :5 ! human animal is complete 9 o!r respects z be+ able to reproduce its k9d4 ,?us reason :i* unit$ u to ! gods 0 n1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 a pre-exi/5t pr9cipal1 b a gradual developm5t out ( s5se4 ,x might truly be said t ) !m ! s5ses 7 ! intellect4 ,be+ 0 conf9$ by ! ,/oics to body1 a bold ass]tion ( :i* we %all meet ! consequ5ces lat]4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to notice :at havoc x makes among ! categories4 ,( ,ari/otle's t5 categories x leaves only ! fir/1 ,sub/ance1 & t only 9 its n>r[e/ s5se ( ,prim>y ,sub/ance4 ,b a sub/ance or body might be reg>d$ 9 f\r ways-- 7#a7 simply z a body 7#b7 z a body ( a p>ticul> k9d 7#c7 z a body 9 a p>ticul> /ate 7#d7 z a body 9 a p>ticul> relation4 ,h5ce result ! f\r ,/oic categories (-- sub/rates su*like s dispos$ s relat$ ,b ! bodiless w\ld n be ?us conjur$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,= :at 0 to be made ( su* ?+s z ! mean+ ( words1 "t1 place1 & ! inf9ite void8 ,ev5 ! ,/oics did n assign body to ^!1 & yet !y _h to be recogniz$ & spok5 (4 ,! difficulty 0 got ov] by ! inv5tion ( ! high] category ( some:at1 :i* %\ld include bo? body & ! bodiless4 ,"t 0 a some:at1 & s 0 space1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m possess$ be+4 ,9 ! ,/oic treatm5t ( ! proposition1 gramm> 0 v mu* mix$ up ) logic4 ,!y _h a wide "n :i* appli$ to any "p ( diction1 :e!r a ^w or words1 a s5t5ce1 or ev5 a syllogism4 ,?is we %all r5d] by dict4 ,a dict1 !n1 0 def9$ z t :i* subsi/s 9 correspond5ce ) a rational phantasy4 ,a dict 0 "o ( ! ?+s :i* ! ,/oics admitt$ to be devoid ( body4 ,!re 7 ?ree ?+s involv$ :5 any?+ 0 said--! s\nd1 ! s5se1 & ! ext]nal object4 ,( ^! ! fir/ & ! la/ 7 bodies1 b ! int]m$iate "o 0 n a body4 ,?is we may illu/rate aft] ,s5eca1 z foll[s3 ,y see ,cato walk+4 ,:at y\r eyes see & y\r m9d att5ds to is a body 9 motion4 ,!n y say1 ',cato is walk+'4 ,! m]e s\nd inde$ ( ^! words is air 9 motion & !re=e a body b ! mean+ ( !m is n a body b an en\ncem5t ab\t a body1 :i* is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,on exam9+ su* details z are left u ( ! ,/oic logic1 ! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes "o is its extreme complexity z comp>$ ) ! ,ari/otelian4 ,x 0 a s*ola/ic age1 & ! ,/oics ref9$ & di/+ui%$ to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,z reg>ds imm$iate inf]5ce1 a subject :i* has be5 run into subtleties among ourselves1 ,*rysippus e/imat$ t ! *anges :i* c\ld be rung on t5 propositions exce$$ a million1 b = ?is ass]tion he 0 tak5 to task by ,hipp>*us ! ma!matician1 :o prov$ t ! affirmative proposition yield$ exactly #ajc1jdi =ms & ! negative #caj1ifb4 ,) u ! affirmative proposition is m prolific 9 consequ5ces ?an ! negative4 ,b !n1 ! ,/oics 7 n cont5t ) s simple a ?+ z m]e negation1 b _h negative arnetic & privative1 to say no?+ ( sup]negative propositions4 ,ano!r noticeable feature is ! total abs5ce ( ! ?ree figures ( ,ari/otle & ! only moods spok5 ( are ! moods ( ! complex syllogism1 su* z ! modus p55s 9 a conjunctive4 ,_! type ( reason+ 0-- ,if ,a1 !n ,b ,b ,a ,b ,! important "p play$ by conjunctive propositions 9 _! logic l$ ! ,/oics to =mulate ! foll[+ rule ) reg>d to ! mat]ial quality ( su* propositions3 ,tru? c only be foll[$ by tru?1 b falsehood may be foll[$ by falsehood or tru?4 ,?us if x be truly /at$ t x is day1 any consequ5ce ( t /atem5t1 e4g4 t x is light1 mu/ be true also4 ,b a false /atem5t may lead ei!r way4 ,= in/ance1 if x be falsely /at$ t x is night !n ! consequ5ce t x is d>k is false also4 ,b if we say1 ,! e>? flies1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z n only false b impossible ,footnote3 ,"h we may recall ! w>n+ ( ,arago to call no?+ impossible outside ! range ( pure ma!matics ?is involves ! true consequ5ce t ! e>? is4 ,?\gh ! simple syllogism is n allud$ to 9 ! sket* :i* ,diog5es ,la]tius gives ( ! ,/oic logic1 x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! acc\nts left u ( _! argum5ts4 ,take = in/ance ! syllogism :]e) ,z5o advocat$ ! cause ( temp]ance-- ,"o does n commit a secret to a man :o is drunk4 ,"o does commit a secret to a good man4 ,a good man w n get drunk4 ,! *a9 argum5t :i* we wrongly call ! ,sorites 0 also a favorite res\rce ) ! ,/oics4 ,if a s+le syllogism did n suffice to argue m5 into virtue surely a cond5s$ s]ies mu/ be effectual4 ,& s !y demon/rat$ ! suffici5cy ( wisdom = happ9ess z foll[s---- ,! wise man is temp]ate ,! temp]ate is con/ant ,! con/ant is unp]turb$ ,! unp]turb$ is free f sorr[ ,:oso is free f sorr[ is happy ,! wise man is happy ,! delight :i* ! e>ly ,/oics took 9 ?is pure play ( ! intellect l$ !m to p\nce ) avidity ^u ! abundant /ock ( fallacies curr5t among ! ,greeks ( _! "t4 ,^! seem--mo/ ( !m--to h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,meg>ians & especially by ,eubulides ( ,miletus a disciple ( ,eucleides b !y became associat$ ) ! ,/oics bo? by fri5ds & foes :o ei!r praise _! subtlety or d]ide _! solemnity 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,*rysippus himself 0 n above prop\nd+ su* sophisms z ! foll[+-- ,:oev] divulges ! my/]ies to ! un9itiat$ commits impiety ,! hi]ophant divulg$ ! my/]ies to ! un9itiat$ ,! hi]ophant commits impiety ,any?+ t y say passes ?r\gh y\r m\? ,y say a wagon ,a wagon passes ?r\gh y\r m\? ,he is said to h writt5 elev5 books on ! ,no-"o fallacy4 ,b :at seems to h ex]cis$ mo/ ( 8 +5uity 0 ! fam\s ,li>1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is ascrib$ to ,eubulides4 ,?is fallacy 9 its simple/ =m is z foll[s4 ,if y say truly t y are tell+ a lie1 are y ly+ or tell+ ! tru?8 ,*rysippus set ?is d[n z inexplicable4 ,nev]!less he 0 f> f decl9+ to discuss x4 ,= we f9d 9 ! li/ ( 8 works a treatise 9 five books on ! ,inexplicables an ,introduction to ! ,li> & ,li>s = ,introduction1 six books on ! ,li> itself1 a "w direct$ aga9/ ^? :o ?\ght t su* propositions 7 bo? false & true1 ano!r aga9/ ^? :o pr(ess$ to solve ! ,li> by a process ( division1 ?ree books on ! solution ( ! ,li>1 & f9ally a polemic aga9/ ^? :o ass]t$ t ! ,li> _h its premises false4 ,x 0 well = poor ,philetas ( ,cos t he end$ 8 days be=e ,*rysippus 0 born1 ?\gh z x 0 he grew ?9 & di$ ( ! ,li>1 & 8 epitaph s]v$ z a solemn rem9d] to poets n to m$dle ) logic-- ,philetas ( ,cos am ,i ',twas ! ,li> :o made me die ,& ! bad nights caus$ !reby4 ,p]haps we owe him an apology = ! translation4 ,,e?ic ,we h already _h to t\* ^u ! psy*ology ( ! ,/oics 9 connection ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( logic4 ,x is no less necess>y to d s n[ 9 deal+ ) ! f\ndation ( e?ic4 ,! ,/oics we are told reckon$ t !re 7 eight p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,^! 7 ! five s5ses1 ! organ ( s\nd1 ! intellect & ! reproductive pr9ciple4 ,! passions1 x w be obs]v$1 are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,= ! ,/oic !ory 0 t ! passions 7 simply ! intellect 9 a diseas$ /ate ow+ to ! p]v]sions ( falsehood4 ,?is is :y ! ,/oics w\ld n p>ley ) passion1 conceiv+ t if once x 7 let into ! citadel ( ! s\l x w\ld supplant ! rightful rul]4 ,passion & reason 7 n two ?+s :i* c\ld be kept sep>ate 9 :i* case x might be hop$ t reason w\ld control passion1 b 7 two /ates ( ! same ?+--a worse & a bett]4 ,! unp]turb$ intellect 0 ! legitimate mon>* 9 ! k+dom ( man4 ,h5ce ! ,/oics commonly spoke ( x z ! lead+ pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 ! "p ( ! s\l :i* receiv$ phantasies & x 0 also t 9 :i* impulses 7 g5]at$ ) :i* we h n[ m p>ticul>ly to d4 ,impulse or appetition 0 ! pr9ciple 9 ! s\l :i* impell$ to action4 ,9 an unp]v]t$ /ate x 0 direct$ only to ?+s 9 accordance ) nature4 ,! negative =m ( ?is pr9ciple or ! avoidance ( ?+s z be+ contr>y to nature1 we %all call repulsion4 ,not)/&+ ! sublime heights to :i* ,/oic morality rose4 ,x 0 pr(ess$ly bas$ on self-love1 :]e9 ! ,/oics 7 at "o ) ! o!r s*ools ( ?\ght 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! e>lie/ impulse t appe>$ 9 a newly born animal 0 to protect itself & its own con/itution :i* 7 conciliat$ to x by nature4 ,:at t5d$ to its survival1 x s\ght2 :at t5d$ to its de/ruction1 x %unn$4 ,?us self-pres]vation 0 ! fir/ law ( life4 ,:ile man 0 /ill 9 ! m]ely animal /age1 & be=e reason 0 develop$ 9 him1 ! ?+s t 7 9 accordance ) 8 nature 7 su* z heal?1 /r5g?1 good bodily condition1 s\ndness ( all ! s5ses1 beauty1 swiftness--9 %ort all ! qualities t w5t to make up ri*ness ( physical life & t contribut$ to ! vital h>mony4 ,^! 7 call$ ! fir/ ?+s 9 accordance ) nature4 ,_! opposites 7 all contr>y to nature1 su* z sickness1 weakness1 mutilation4 ,"u ! fir/ ?+s 9 accordance ) nature came also cong5ial advantages ( s\l su* z quickness ( intellig5ce1 natural ability1 indu/ry1 application1 memory1 & ! l4 ,x 0 a "q :e!r pleasure 0 to be includ$ among ! numb]4 ,"s memb]s ( ! s*ool evid5tly ?\ght t x might be1 b ! or?odox op9ion 0 t pleasure 0 a sort ( aft]gr[? & t ! direct pursuit ( x 0 delet]i\s to ! organism4 ,! aft] gr[?s ( virtue 7 joy1 *e]fulness1 & ! l4 ,^! 7 ! gambol+s ( ! _s l ! frolicsom5ess ( an animal 9 ! full flu% ( its vitality or l ! bloom+ ( a plant4 ,= "o & ! same p[] manife/$ itself 9 all ranks ( nature1 only at ea* /age on a high] level4 ,to ! vegetative p[]s ( ! plant ! animal add$ s5se & ,impulse4 ,x 0 9 accordance !re=e ) ! nature ( an animal to obey ! ,impulses ( s5se1 b to s5se & ,impulse man sup]add$ reason s t :5 he became consci\s ( himself z a rational be+1 x 0 9 accordance ) 8 nature to let all 8 ,impulses be %ap$ by ?is new & ma/] h&4 ,virtue 0 !re=e pre-em95tly 9 accordance ) nature4 ,:at !n we mu/ n[ ask is ! relation ( reason to impulse z conceiv$ by ! ,/oics8 ,is reason simply ! guid+1 & impulse ! motive p[]8 ,s5eca prote/s aga9/ ?is view1 :5 impulse is id5tifi$ ) passion4 ,"o ( 8 gr\nds = do+ s is t reason w\ld be put on a level ) passion1 if ! two 7 equally necess>y = action4 ,b ! "q is begg$ by ! use ( ! ^w 'passion1' :i* 0 def9$ by ! ,/oics z 'an excessive impulse4' ,is x possible !n1 ev5 on ,/oic pr9ciples1 = reason to "w )\t some?+ diff]5t f itself to help x8 ,or mu/ we say t reason is itself a pr9ciple ( action8 ,"h ,plut>* comes to our aid1 :o tells u on ! au?ority ( ,*rysippus 9 8 "w on ,law t impulse is '! reason ( man comm&+ him to act1' & simil>ly t repulsion is 'prohibitive reason4' ,?is r5d]s ! ,/oic position unmi/akable1 & we mu/ accomodate our m9ds to x 9 spite ( its difficulties4 ,j z we h se5 already t reason is n some?+ radically diff]5t f s5se1 s n[ x appe>s t reason is n diff]5t f impulse1 b itself ! p]fect$ =m ( impulse4 ,:5ev] impulse is n id5tical ) reason--at lea/ 9 a rational be+--x is n truly impulse1 b passion4 ,! ,/oics1 x w be obs]v$1 7 ,evolutioni/s 9 _! psy*ology4 ,b1 l _m ,evolutioni/s at ! pres5t day1 !y did n believe 9 ! orig9 ( m9d out ( matt]4 ,9 all liv+ ?+s !re exi/$ already :at !y call$ 'sem9al reasons1' :i* acc\nt$ = ! intellig5ce display$ by plants z well z by animals4 ,z !re 7 f\r c>d9al virtues1 s !re 7 f\r prim>y passions4 ,^! 7 delight1 grief1 desire & fe>4 ,all ( !m 7 excit$ by ! pres5ce or ! prospect ( fanci$ good or ill4 ,:at prompt$ desire by its prospect caus$ delight by its pres5ce1 & :at prompt$ fe> by its prospect caus$ grief by its pres5ce4 ,?us two ( ! prim>y passions _h to d ) good & two ) evil4 ,all 7 furies :i* infe/$ ! life ( fools1 r5d]+ x bitt] & griev\s to !m2 & x 0 ! bus9ess ( philosophy to fight aga9/ !m4 ,nor 0 ?is /rife a hopeless "o1 s9ce ! passions 7 n gr\nd$ 9 nature1 b 7 due to false op9ion4 ,!y orig9at$ 9 volunt>y judgem5ts1 & ow$ _! bir? to a lack ( m5tal sobriety4 ,if m5 wi%$ to live ! span ( life t 0 allott$ to !m 9 quietness & peace1 !y mu/ by all means keep cle> ( ! passions4 ,! f\r prim>y passions hav+ be5 =mulat$1 x became necess>y to ju/ify ! division by arrang+ ! specific =ms ( feel+ "u ^! f\r heads4 ,9 ?is task ! ,/oics display$ a subtlety :i* is ( m int]e/ to ! lexicograph] ?an to ! /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,!y laid great /ress on ! d]ivation ( words z af=d+ a clue to _! mean+2 &1 z _! etymology 0 b\nd by no pr9ciples1 _! +5uity 0 free to indulge 9 ! wilde/ freaks ( fancy4 ,?\gh all passion /ood self-condemn$1 !re 7 nev]!less c]ta9 'eupa?ies1' or happy affections1 :i* w\ld be exp]i5c$ by ! ideally good & wise man4 ,^! 7 n p]turbations ( ! s\l1 b r 'con/ancies'2 !y 7 n oppos$ to reason1 b 7 r "p ( reason4 ,?\gh ! sage w\ld nev] be transport$ ) delight1 he w\ld /ill feel an abid+ 'joy' 9 ! pres5ce ( ! true & only good2 he w\ld nev] inde$ be agitat$ by desire1 b /ill he w\ld be animat$ by 'wi%1' = t 0 direct$ only to ! good2 & ?\gh he w\ld nev] feel fe> /ill he w\ld be actuat$ 9 dang] by a prop] caution4 ,!re 0 !re=e some?+ rational correspond+ to ?ree out ( f\r prim>y passions--aga9/ delight 0 to be set joy2 aga9/ grief !re 0 no?+ to be set1 = t arose f ! pres5ce ( ill :i* w\ld r nev] atta* to ! sage4 ,grief 0 ! irrational conviction t "o ought to afflict oneself :]e !re 0 no occasion = x4 ,! ideal ( ! ,/oics 0 ! uncl\d$ s]5ity ( ,socrates ( :om ,xan?ippe decl>$ t he _h always ! same face :e!r on leav+ ! h\se ,9 ! morn+ or on return+ to x at night4 ,z ! motley cr[d ( passions foll[$ ! bann]s ( _! f\r lead]s s specific =ms ( feel+ sanction$ by reason 7 sev]ally assign$ to ! ?ree eupa?ies4 ,?+s 7 divid$ by ,z5o into good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,to good belong$ virtue & :at p>took ( virtue2 to bad1 vice & :at p>took ( vice4 ,all o!r ?+s 7 indiff]5t4 ,to ! ?ird class !n belong$ su* ?+s z life & dea?1 heal? & sickness1 pleasure & pa91 beauty & ugl9ess1 /r5g? & weakness1 hon\r & di%on\r1 weal? & pov]ty1 victory & defeat1 nobility & bas5ess ( bir?4 ,good 0 def9$ z t :i* b5efits4 ,to conf] b5efit 0 no less ess5tial to good ?an to imp>t w>m? 0 to heat4 ,if "o ask$ 9 :at 'to b5efit' lay "o receiv$ ! reply t x lay 9 produc+ an act or /ate 9 accordance ) virtue1 & simil>ly x 0 laid d[n t 'to hurt' lay 9 produc+ an act or /ate 9 accordance ) vice4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ?+s o!r ?an virtue & vice 0 app>5t f ! def9ition ( good :i* made x ess5tially b5eficial4 ,su* ?+s z heal? & weal? might be b5eficial or n accord+ to circum/ances2 !y 7 !re=e no m good ?an bad4 ,aga91 no?+ c\ld be really good ( :i* ! good or ill dep5d$ on ! use made ( x1 b ?is 0 ! case ) ?+s l heal? & weal?4 ,! true & only good !n 0 id5tical ) :at ! ,greeks call$ '! beautiful' & :at we call '! "r'4 ,to say t a ?+ 0 "r 0 to say t x 0 good1 & conv]sely to say t x 0 good 0 to say t x 0 "r2 ?is absolute id5tity betwe5 ! good & ! "r &1 on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ! bad & wrong1 0 ! head & front ( ! ,/oic e?ics4 ,! "r conta9$ 9 itself all t 0 necess>y = ! happy life1 ! wrong 0 ! only evil1 & made m5 mis]able :e!r !y knew x or n4 ,z virtue 0 itself ! end1 x 0 ( c\rse *oicewor?y 9 & = itself1 ap>t f hope or fe> ) reg>d to its consequ5ces4 ,moreov]1 z be+ ! highe/ good1 x c\ld admit ( no increase f ! addition ( ?+s indiff]5t4 ,x did n ev5 admit ( increase f ! prolongation ( its own exi/5ce1 = ! "q 0 n "o ( quantity1 b ( quality4 ,virtue = an et]nity 0 no m virtue1 & !re=e no m good1 ?an virtue = a mom5t4 ,ev5 s "o circle 0 no m r\nd ?an ano!r1 :atev] y might *oose to make its diamet]1 nor w\ld x detract f ! p]fection ( a circle if x 7 to be oblit]at$ imm$iately 9 ! same du/ 9 :i* x _h be5 drawn4 ,to say t ! good ( m5 lay 9 virtue 0 ano!r way ( say+ t x lay 9 reason1 s9ce virtue 0 ! p]fection ( reason4 ,z reason 0 ! only ?+ :]eby ,nature _h di/+ui%$ man f o!r creatures1 to live ! rational life 0 to foll[ ,nature4 ,nature 0 at once ! law ( ,god & ! law = man4 ,= by ! nature ( any?+ 0 meant1 n t :i* we actually f9d x to be1 b t :i* 9 ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s x 0 obvi\sly int5d$ to become4 ,to be happy !n 0 to be virtu\s1 to be virtu\s 0 to be rational1 to be rational 0 to foll[ ,nature1 & to foll[ ,nature 0 to obey ,god4 ,virtue imp>t$ to life t ev5 fl[ 9 :i* ,z5o decl>$ happ9ess to consi/4 ,?is 0 atta9$ :5 "o's own g5ius 0 9 h>mony ) ! w t dispos$ ( all ?+s4 ,virtue hav+ be5 purifi$ f all ! dross ( ! emotions1 came out z some?+ purely intellectual1 s t ! ,/oics agre$ ) ! ,socratic conception t virtue is k4 ,!y also took on f ,plato ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ,wisdom1 ,temp]ance1 ,c\rage1 & ,ju/ice1 & def9$ !m z s _m bran*es ( k4 ,aga9/ ^! 7 set f\r c>d9al vices ( ,folly1 ,intemp]ance1 ,c[>dice1 & ,inju/ice4 ,"u bo? ! virtues & vices !re 0 an elaborate classification ( specific qualities4 ,b not)/&+ ! c>e ) :i* ! ,/oics divid$ & subdivid$ ! virtues1 virtue1 accord+ to _! doctr9e1 0 all ! "t "o & indivisible4 ,= virtue 0 simply reason & reason1 if x 7 !re1 mu/ control e dep>tm5t ( conduct alike4 ',he :o has "o virtue has all1' 0 a p>adox ) :i* ! ,greek ?\ght 0 already famili>4 ,b ,*rysippus w5t beyond ?is1 decl>+ t he :o display$ "o virtue did !reby display all4 ,nei!r 0 ! man p]fect :o did n possess all ! virtues1 nor 0 ! act p]fect :i* did n involve !m all4 ,:]e ! virtues diff]$ f "o ano!r 0 m]ely 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y put ?+s4 ,ea* 0 prim>ily itself1 second>ily all ! re/4 ,wisdom _h to det]m9e :at x 0 "r to d1 b ?is involv$ ! o!r virtues4 ,temp]ance _h to imp>t /ability to ! impulses1 b h[ c\ld ! t]m 'temp]ate' be appli$ to a man :o des]t$ 8 po/ ?r\gh c[>dice1 or :o fail$ to return a deposit ?r\gh av>ice1 :i* is a =m ( inju/ice1 or yet to "o :o misconduct$ affairs ?r\gh ra%ness1 :i* falls "u folly8 ,c\rage _h to face dang]s & difficulties1 b x 0 n c\rage unless its cause 7 j4 ,inde$ "o ( ! ways 9 :i* c\rage 0 def9$ 0 a virtue fight+ on behalf ( ju/ice4 ,simil>ly ju/ice put fir/ ! assign+ to ea* man 8 due1 b 9 ! act ( do+ s _h to br+ 9 ! o!r virtues4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! man ( virtue to "k & to d :at ought to be done1 = :at ought to be done impli$ wisdom 9 *oice1 c\rage 9 endurance1 ju/ice 9 assignm5t & temp]ance 9 abid+ by ones conviction4 ,"o virtue nev] act$ by itself1 b always on ! advice ( a committee4 ,! obv]se to ?is p>adox--,he :o has "o vice has all vices--0 a conclusion :i* ! ,/oics did n %r9k f draw+4 ,"o might lose "p ( "o's ,cor9?ian w>e & /ill reta9 ! re/1 b to lose "o virtue--if virtue c\ld be lo/--w\ld be to lose all along ) x4 ,we h n[ enc\nt]$ ! fir/ p>adox ( ,/oicism1 & c disc]n its orig9 9 ! id5tification ( virtue ) pure reason4 ,9 gett+ =? ! novelties 9 ,z5o's tea*+1 ,cic]o m5tions t1 :ile 8 pr$ecessors _h recogniz$ virtues due to nature & habit1 he made all dep5d5t ^u reason4 ,a natural consequ5ce ( ?is 0 ! reass]tion ( ! position :i* ,plato held or wi%$ to hold1 namely1 t virtue c be taught4 ,b ! "p play$ by nature 9 virtue _c be ignor$4 ,x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( ,z5o to alt] facts4 ,all he c\ld d 0 to legislate z to names4 ,& ?is he did vigor\sly4 ,no?+ 0 to be call$ virtue :i* 0 n ( ! nature ( reason & k1 b /ill x _h to be admitt$ t nature suppli$ ! />t+ po9ts = ! f\r c>d9al virtues--= ! discov]y ( "o's impulses1 = "r endurances & h>moni\s di/ributions4 ,f ?+s good & bad we n[ turn to ?+s indiff]5t4 ,hi!rto ! ,/oic doctr9e has be5 /]n & uncompromis+4 ,we h n[ to look at x "u a diff]5t aspect1 & to see h[ x tri$ to conciliate common s5se4 ,by ?+s indiff]5t 7 meant su* z did n necess>ily contribute to virtue1 = in/ance heal?1 weal?1 /r5g?1 & honor4 ,x is possible to h all ^! & n be virtu\s1 x is possible also to be virtu\s )\t !m4 ,b we h n[ to le>n t ?\gh ^! ?+s are nei!r good nor evil1 & are !re=e n matt] = *oice or avoidance1 !y are f> f be+ indiff]5t 9 ! s5se ( ar\s+ nei!r impulse nor repulsion4 ,!re are ?+s inde$ t are indiff]5t 9 ! latt] s5se1 su* z :e!r y put out y\r f+] ?is way or t1 :e!r y /oop to pick up a /raw or n1 :e!r ! numb] ( hairs on y\r head be odd or ev54 ,b ?+s ( ?is sort are exceptional4 ,! bulk ( ?+s o!r ?an virtue & vice d ar\se 9 u ei!r impulse or repulsion4 ,let x be und]/ood !n t !re are two s5ses ( ! ^w indiff]5t-- 7#a7 nei!r good nor bad 7#b7 nei!r awak+ impulse nor repulsion ,among ?+s indiff]5t 9 ! =m] s5se1 "s 7 9 accordance ) nature1 "s 7 contr>y to nature & "s 7 nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,heal?1 /r5g?s & s\ndness ( ! s5ses 7 9 accordance ) nature2 sickness weakness & mutilation 7 contr>y to nature1 b su* ?+s z ! fallibility ( ! s\l & ! vuln]ability ( ! body 7 nei!r 9 accordance ) nature nor yet contr>y to nature1 b j nature4 ,all ?+s t 7 9 accordance ) nature _h 'value' & all ?+s t 7 contr>y to nature _h :at we mu/ call 'disvalue'4 ,9 ! highe/ s5se inde$ ( ! t]m 'value'--namely t ( absolute value or wor?--?+s indiff]5t did n possess any value at all4 ,b /ill !re might be assign$ to !m :at ,antipat] express$ by ! t]m 'a selective value' or :at he express$ by its b>b>\s privative1 'a disselective disvalue'4 ,if a ?+ possess$ a selective value y took t ?+ r ?an its contr>y1 suppos+ t circum/ances all[$1 = in/ance1 heal? r ?an sickness1 weal? r ?an pov]ty1 life r ?an dea?4 ,h5ce su* ?+s 7 call$ takeable & _! contr>ies untakeable4 ,?+s t possess$ a high degree ( value 7 call$ pref]r$1 ^? t possess$ a high degree ( disvalue 7 call$ reject$4 ,su* z possess$ no consid]able degree ( ei!r 7 nei!r pref]r$ nor reject$4 ,z5o1 ) :om ^! names orig9at$1 ju/ifi$ _! use ab\t ?+s really indiff]5t on ! gr\nd t at c\rt pref]m5t c\ld n be be/[$ ^u ! k+ himself1 b only on 8 m9i/]s4 ,?+s pref]r$ & reject$ might belong to m9d1 body or e/ate4 ,among ?+s pref]r$ 9 ! case ( ! m9d 7 natural ability1 art1 moral progress1 & ! l1 :ile _! contr>ies 7 reject$4 ,9 ! case ( ! body1 life1 heal?1 /r5g?1 good condition1 complet5ess1 & beauty 7 pref]r$1 :ile dea?1 sickness1 weakness1 ill condition1 mutilation & ugl9ess 7 reject$4 ,among ?+s ext]nal to s\l & body1 weal?1 reputation1 & nobility 7 pref]r$1 :ile pov]ty1 ill repute1 & bas5ess ( bir? 7 reject$4 ,9 ?is way all mundane & m>ketable goods1 aft] hav+ be5 solemnly refus$ admittance by ! ,/oics at ! front door1 7 smuggl$ 9 at a k9d ( tradesman's entrance "u ! "n ( ?+s indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ n[ see h[ !y _h1 z x 71 two moral codes1 "o = ! sage & ! o!r = ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,! sage alone c\ld act rightly1 b o!r p might p]=m ! proprieties4 ,any "o might honor 8 p>5ts1 b ! sage alone did x z ! outcome ( wisdom1 because he alone possess$ ! art ( life1 ! peculi> "w ( :i* 0 to d ev]y?+ t 0 done z ! result ( ! be/ disposition4 ,all ! acts ( ! sage 7 p]fect proprieties1 :i* 7 call$ rightnesses4 ,all acts ( all o!r m5 7 s9s or wrongnesses4 ,at _! be/ !y c\ld only be int]m$iate proprieties4 ,! t]m propriety1 !n1 is a g5]ic "o4 ,b1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! g5]ic t]m got det]m9$ 9 use to a specific mean+1 s t int]m$iate acts are commonly spok5 ( z proprieties 9 opposition to rightnesses4 ,in/ances ( rightnesses are display+ wisdom & deal+ ju/ly1 in/ances ( proprieties or int]m$iate acts are m>ry+1 go+ on an embassy1 & dialectic4 ,! ^w duty is (t5 employ$ to translate ! ,greek t]m :i* we are r5d]+ by propriety4 ,any translation is no m ?an a *oice ( evils1 s9ce we h no real equival5t = ! t]m4 ,x 0 applicable n m]ely to human conduct1 b also to ! act+ ( ! l[] animals1 & ev5 to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,n[1 ap>t f a craze ( g5]alization we %\ld h>dly ?9k ( ! /]n daught] ( ! voice ( ,god 9 connection ) an amoeba correspond+ successfully to /imulus1 yet ! creature 9 its in*oate way is exhibit+ a dim analogy to duty4 ,! t]m 9 "q 0 fir/ us$ by ,z5o1 & 0 expla9$ by him1 9 accordance ) its etymology1 to mean :at x came to "o to d1 s t z f> z ?is goes1 'becom+ness' w\ld be ! mo/ appropriate translation4 ,! sph]e ( propriety 0 conf9$ to ?+s indiff]5t1 s t !re 7 proprieties :i* 7 common to ! sage & ! fool4 ,x _h to d ) tak+ ! ?+s :i* 7 9 accordance ) nature & reject+ ^? t 7 n4 ,ev5 ! propriety ( liv+ or dy+ 0 det]m9$1 n by ref]5ce to virtue or vice1 b to ! prepond]ance or defici5cy ( ?+s 9 accordance ) nature4 ,x might ?us be a propriety = ! sage 9 spite ( 8 happ9ess1 to dep>t f life ( 8 own accord1 & = ! fool not)/&+ 8 mis]y1 to rema9 9 x4 ,life1 be+ 9 itself indiff]5t1 ! :ole "q 0 "o ( opportunism4 ,wisdom might prompt ! leav+ h]self %\ld occasion seem to call = x4 ,we pass on n[ ano!r in/ance ( accommodation4 ,accord+ to ! high ,/oic doctr9e1 !re 0 no mean betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,all m5 inde$ receiv$ f nature ! />t+-po9ts = virtue1 b until p]fection _h be5 atta9$ !y re/$ "u ! condemnation ( vice4 ,x 01 to employ an illu/ration ( ! poet-philosoph] ,clean!s1 z ?\gh ,nature _h begun an iambic l9e & left m5 to f9i% x4 ,until t 0 done !y 7 to we> ! fool's cap4 ,! ,p]ipatetics1 on ! o!r h&1 recogniz$ an int]m$iate /ate betwe5 virtue & vice1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( progress & pr(ici5ce4 ,yet s entirely _h ! ,/oics1 = practical purposes1 to accept ?is l[] level1 t ! ^w pr(ici5ce has come to be spok5 ( z ?\gh x 7 ( ,/oic orig94 ,s5eca is fond ( contra/+ ! sage ) ! pr(ici5t4 ,! sage is l a man 9 ! enjoym5t ( p]fect heal?4 ,b ! pr(ici5t is l a man recov]+ f a sev]e illness1 ) :om an abatem5t ( ! p>oxysm is equival5t to heal?1 & :o is always 9 dang] ( a relapse4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to provide = ! ne$s ( ^! weak] bre?r54 ,! pr(ici5t is /ill call$ a fool1 b x is po9t$ out t he is a v diff]5t k9d ( fool f ! re/4 ,fur!r1 pr(ici5ts are arrang$ into ?ree classes1 9 a way t rem9ds "o ( ! te*nicalities ( ,calv9i/ic !ology4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re are ^? :o are ne> wisdom1 b1 h[ev] ne> !y may be to ! door ( ,heav51 !y are /ill on ! wrong side ( x4 ,accord+ to "s doctors1 ^! 7 already safe f backslid+1 diff]+ f ! sage only 9 n hav+ yet realiz$ t !y _h atta9$ to k2 o!r au?orities1 h[ev]1 refus$ to admit ?is1 & reg>d$ ! fir/ class z be+ exempt only f settl$ diseases ( ! s\l1 b n f pass+ attacks ( passion4 ,?us did ! ,/oics diff] among !mselves z to ! doctr9e ( f9al assurance4 ,! second class consi/$ ( ^? :o _h laid aside ! wor/ diseases & passions ( ! s\l1 b might at any mom5t relapse into !m4 ,! ?ird class 0 ( ^? :o _h escap$ "o m5tal malady b n ano!r2 :o _h conqu]$ lu/1 let u say1 b n ambition2 :o disreg>d$ dea?1 b dread$ pa91 ,?is ?ird class1 adds ,s5eca1 is by no means to be despis$4 ,f ^! concessions to ! weakness ( humanity we n[ pass to ! ,/oic p>adoxes1 :]e we %all see _! doctr9e 9 its full rigor4 ,x is p]haps ^! v p>adoxes :i* acc\nt = ! puzzl$ fasc9ation ) :i* ,/oicism affect$ ! m9d ( antiquity1 j z obscurity 9 a poet may prove a sur] passport to fame ?an m /rictly poetical m]its4 ,! root ( ,/oicism be+ a p>adox1 x is n surpris+ t ! (f%oots %\ld be s too4 ,to say t ,virtue is ! highe/ good is a proposition to :i* e "o :o aspires to ! spiritual life mu/ yield ass5t ) 8 lips1 ev5 if he has n yet le>n$ to believe x 9 8 he>t4 ,b alt] x into ,virtue is ! only good & by t slight *ange x becomes at once ! teem+ "m ( p>adoxes4 ,by a p>adox is meant t :i* runs c\nt] to g5]al op9ion4 ,n[ x is q c]ta9 t m5 h reg>d$1 d reg>d1 &1 we may safely add w reg>d ?+s z good :i* are n virtue4 ,b if we grant ?is initial p>adox1 a great _m o!rs w foll[ along ) x--z = in/ance t ,virtue is suffici5t ( itself = happ9ess4 ,! fif? book ( ,cic]o's ,tusculan ,disputations is an eloqu5t def5se ( ?is !sis1 9 :i* ! orator combats ! sugge/ion t a good man is n happy :5 he is be+ brok5 on ! :eel4 ,ano!r gl>+ p>adox ( ! ,/oics is t ,all faults are equal4 ,!y took _! /& ^u a ma!matical conception ( rectitude4 ,an angle mu/ be ei!r a "r angle or n1 a l9e mu/ be ei!r /raight or crook$1 s an act mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong4 ,!re is no mean betwe5 ! two & !re are no degrees ( ei!r4 ,to s9 is to cross ! l9e4 ,:5 once t has be5 done x makes no diff]5ce to ! (f5se h[ f> y g4 ,trespass+ at all is =bidd54 ,?is doctr9e 0 def5d$ by ! ,/oics on acc\nt ( its brac+ moral effect z %[+ ! he9\sness ( s94 ,horace gives ! judgm5t ( ! _w 9 say+ t common s5se & morality1 to say no?+ ( utility1 revolt aga9/ x4 ,"h are "s o!r specim5s ( ! ,/oic p>adoxes4 ,e fool is mad4 ,only ! sage is free & e fool is a slave4 ,! sage alone is weal?y4 ,good m5 are always happy & bad m5 always mis]able4 ,all goods are equal4 ,no "o is wis] or happi] ?an ano!r4 ,b may n "o man we ask be m ne>ly wise or m ne>ly happy ?an ano!r8 ,t may be1 ! ,/oics w\ld reply1 b ! man :o is only "o /ade f ,canopus is z mu* n 9 ,canopus z ! man :o is a hundr$ /ades (f2 & ! eight day old puppy is /ill z bl9d z on ! day ( its bir?2 nor c a man :o is ne> ! surface ( ! sea brea! any m ?an if he 7 full five hundr$ fa?om d[n4 ,x is only fair to ! ,/oics to add t p>adoxes 7 q ! ord] ( ! day 9 ,greece1 ?\gh !y greatly outdid o!r s*ools 9 produc+ !m4 ,socrates himself 0 ! fa!r ( p>adox4 ,epicurus ma9ta9$ z /aun*ly z any ,/oic t ,no wise man is unhappy1 &1 if he be n beli$1 w5t ! l5g? ( decl>+ t ! wise man1 if put into ! bull ( ,phal>is w\ld exclaim3 ,h[ delightful6 ,h[ little ,i m9d ?is6 ,x is out ( keep+ ) common s5se to draw a h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 good & bad4 ,yet ?is 0 :at ! ,/oics did4 ,!y insi/$ on effect+ "h & n[ t sep>ation betwe5 ! %eep & ! goats1 :i* ,*ri/ po/pon$ to ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,un=tunately1 :5 x came to practice1 all 7 f\nd to be goats1 s t ! division 0 a m]ely =mal "o4 ,! good man ( ! ,/oics 0 v>i\sly kn[n z '! sage'1 or1 '! s]i\s man'1 ! latt] "n be+ inh]it$ f ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,we us$ to he> x said among ourselves t a p]son _h become s]i\s1 :5 he or %e _h tak5 to religion4 ,ano!r appellation :i* ! ,/oics _h = ! sage 0 '! urbane man'1 :ile ! fool 9 contradi/9ction 0 call$ 'a boor'4 ,boori%ness 0 def9$ z an inexp]i5ce ( ! cu/oms & laws ( ! /ate4 ,by ! /ate 0 meant1 n ,a!ns or ,sp>ta1 z w\ld h be5 ! case 9 a =m] age1 b ! society ( all rational be+s into :i* ! ,/oics spiritualis$ ! /ate4 ,! sage alone _h ! fre$om ( ?is city & ! fool 0 !re=e n only a boor1 b an ali5 or an exile4 ,9 ?is city1 ,ju/ice 0 natural & n conv5tional1 = ! law by :i* x 0 gov]n$ 0 ! law ( "r reason4 ,! law !n 0 spiritualis$ by ! ,/oics1 j z ! /ate 04 ,x no long] meant ! enactm5ts ( ?is or t community1 b ! m&ates ( ! et]nal reason :i* rul$ ! _w & :i* w\ld prevail 9 ! ideal /ate4 ,law 0 def9$ z "r reason comm&+ :at 0 to be done & =bidd+ :at 0 n to be done4 ,z su*1 x 9 no way diff]$ f ! impulse ( ! sage himself4 ,z a memb] ( a /ate & by nature subject to law1 man 0 ess5tially a social be+4 ,betwe5 all ! wise !re exi/$ unanimity1 :i* 0 a k ( ! common good1 because _! views ( life 7 h>moni\s4 ,fools1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: views ( life 7 discordant1 7 enemies to "o ano!r & b5t on mutual injury4 ,z a memb] ( society ! sage w\ld play 8 "p 9 public life4 ,!oretically ?is 0 always true1 & practically he w\ld d s1 :]ev] ! actual con/itution made any tol]able approa* to ! ideal type4 ,b1 if ! circum/ances 7 su* z to make x c]ta9 t 8 emb>k+ on politics w\ld be ( no s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 & only a s\rce ( dang] to himself1 !n he w\ld refra94 ,! k9d ( con/itution ( :i* ! ,/oics mo/ approv$ 0 a mix$ gov]nm5t conta9+ democratic1 ari/ocratic1 & mon>*ical elem5ts4 ,:]e circum/ances all[$ ! sage w\ld act z legislator1 & w\ld educate mank9d1 "o way ( do+ :i* 0 by writ+ books :i* w\ld prove ( pr(it to ! read]4 ,z a memb] ( exi/+ society ! sage w\ld m>ry & beget *ildr51 bo? = 8 own sake & = t ( 8 c\ntry1 on behalf ( :i*1 if x 7 good1 he w\ld be ready to suff] & die4 ,/ill he w\ld look =w>d to a bett] "t :51 9 ,z5o's z 9 ,plato's republic1 ! wise w\ld h wom5 & *ildr5 9 common1 :5 ! eld]s w\ld love all ! ris+ g5]ation equally ) p>5tal fondness1 & :5 m>ital jeal\sy w\ld be no m4 ,z be+ ess5tially a social be+1 ! sage 0 end[$ n only ) ! grav] political virtues1 b also ) ! graces ( life4 ,he 0 sociable1 tactful & /imulat+1 us+ conv]sation z a means = promot+ good w & fri5d%ip2 s f> z might be1 he 0 all ?+s to all m51 :i* made him fasc9at+ & *>m+1 ins9uat+ & ev5 wily2 he "k h[ to hit ! po9t & to *oose ! "r mom5t1 yet ) x all he 0 pla9 & uno/5tati\s & simple & unaffect$2 9 p>ticul> he nev] delight$ 9 irony mu* less 9 s>casm4 ,f ! social *>act]i/ics ( ! sage we turn n[ to a side ( 8 "* :i* appe>s em95tly anti-social4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ highly vaunt$ *>act]i/ics 0 8 self-suffic+ness4 ,he 0 to be able to /ep out ( a burn+ city1 com+ f ! wreck n only ( 8 =tunes1 b ( 8 fri5ds & family1 & to decl>e ) a smile t he has lo/ no?+4 ,all t he truly c>$ = 0 to be c5t]$ 9 himself4 ,only ?us c\ld he be sure t ,=tune w\ld n wre/ x f him4 ,! apa?y or passionlessness ( ! sage is ano!r ( 8 mo/ sali5t features4 ,! passions be+1 on ,z5o's %[+1 n natural1 b =ms ( disease1 ! sage1 z be+ ! p]fect man1 w\ld ( c\rse be :olly free f !m4 ,!y 7 s _m di/urbances ( ! ev5 fl[ 9 :i* 8 bliss lay4 ,! sage !re=e w\ld nev] be mov$ by a feel+ ( fav\r t[>ds any "o2 he w\ld nev] p>don a fault2 he w\ld nev] feel pity2 he w\ld nev] be prevail$ ^u by entreaty2 he w\ld nev] be /irr$ to ang]4 ,z to ! abs5ce ( pity 9 ! sage1 ! ,/oics !mselves mu/ h felt "s difficulty !re s9ce we f9d ,epictetus recomm5d+ 8 he>]s to %[ grief out ( sympa?y = ano!r1 b to be c>eful n to feel x4 ,! inexorability ( ! sage 0 a m]e consequ5ce ( 8 calm reasonabl5ess1 :i* w\ld lead him to take ! "r view f ! fir/4 ,la/ly1 ! sage w\ld nev] be /irr$ to ang]4 ,= :y %\ld x /ir 8 ang] to see ano!r 9 8 ignorance injur+ himself8 ,"o m t\* has yet to be add$ to ! apa?y ( ! sage4 ,he 0 imp]vi\s to wond]4 ,no miracle ( nature c\ld excite 8 a/oni%m5t--no mephitic cav]ns1 :i* m5 deem$ ! m\?s ( hell1 no deep-drawn ebb tides--! /&+ m>vel ( ! ,m$it]ranean dwell]1 no hot spr+s1 no sp\t+ jets ( fire4 ,f ! abs5ce ( passion x is b a /ep to ! abs5ce ( error4 ,s we pass n[ to ! infallibility ( ! sage--a mon/r\s doctr9e :i* 0 nev] broa*$ 9 ! s*ools be=e ,z5o4 ,! sage1 x 0 ma9ta9$1 held no op9ions1 he nev] rep5t$ ( 8 conduct1 he 0 nev] deceiv$ 9 any?+4 ,betwe5 ! daylight ( k & d>kness ( nesci5ce ,plato _h int]pos$ ! twilight ( op9ion :]e9 m5 walk$ = ! mo/ "p4 ,n s h[ev] ! ,/oic sage4 ,( him x might be said1 z ,*>les ,lamb said ( ! ,scot*man ) :om he s imp]fectly sympa?iz$3 ,8 und]/&+ is always at its m]idian--y nev] see ! fir/ dawn1 ! e>ly /reaks4 ,he has no falt]+s ( self suspicion4 ,surmises1 guesses1 misgiv+s1 half intuitions1 semiconsci\sness1 p>tial illum9ations1 dim in/9cts1 embryo conceptions1 h no place 9 8 bra9 or vocabul>y4 ,! twilight ( dubiety nev] falls ^u him4 ,op9ion1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( an ungripp$ ass5t1 or a weak supposition1 0 ali5 f ! m5tal disposition ( ! s]i\s man4 ,) him !re 0 no ha/y or premature ass5t ( ! und]/&+1 no =getfulness1 no di/ru/4 ,he nev] all[$ himself to be ov]rea*$ or delud$1 nev] _h ne$ ( an arbit]1 nev] 0 out 9 8 reckon+ nor put out by ano!r4 ,no urbane man ev] w&]$ f 8 way1 or miss$ 8 m>k1 or saw wrong1 or he>d amiss1 or err$ 9 any ( 8 s5ses2 he nev] conjectur$ nor ?\ght ( a bett] ?+1 = ! "o 0 a =m ( imp]fect ass5t1 & ! o!r a sign ( previ\s precipitancy4 ,!re 0 ) him no *ange1 no retraction1 & no tripp+4 ,^! ?+s 7 = ^? ^: dogmas c\ld alt]4 ,aft] ?is x is almo/ sup]flu\s = u to be assur$ t ! sage nev] got drunk4 ,drunk5ness1 z ,z5o po9t$ out1 involv$ babbl+1 & ( t ! sage w\ld nev] be guilty4 ,he w\ld n1 h[ev]1 altoge!r es*ew banquets4 ,inde$1 ! ,/oics recogniz$ a virtue "u ! "n ( 'conviviality1' :i* consi/$ 9 ! prop] conduct ( !m4 ,x 0 said ( ,*rysippus t 8 demeanor 0 always quiet1 ev5 if 8 gait 7 un/eady1 s t 8 h\sekeep] decl>$ t only 8 legs 7 drunk4 ,!re 7 pleasantries ev5 )9 ! s*ool on ?is subject ( infallibility ( ! sage4 ,ari/o ( ,*ios1 :ile sec$+ on "s o!r matt]s1 held fa/ to ! dogma t ! sage nev] op9$4 ,:]eupon ,p]saeus play$ a trick ^u him4 ,he made "o ( two tw9 bro!rs deposit a sum ( money ) him & ! o!r call to reclaim x4 ,! success ( ! trick h[ev] only w5t to e/abli% t ,ari/o 0 n ! sage1 an admission :i* ea* ( ! ,/oics seems to h be5 ready en\gh to make on 8 own "p1 z ! responsibilities ( ! position 7 s fatigu+4 ,!re rema9s "o m lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! sage1 ! mo/ /rik+ ( !m all1 & ! mo/ important f ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,?is 0 8 innoc5ce or h>mlessness4 ,he w\ld n h>m o!rs & 0 n to be h>m$ by !m4 ,= ! ,/oics believ$ ) ,socrates t x 0 n p]missible by ! div9e law = a bett] man to be h>m$ by a worse4 ,y c\ld n h>m ! sage any m ?an y c\ld h>m ! sunlight2 he 0 9 our _w1 b n ( x4 ,!re 0 no possibility ( evil = him1 save 9 8 own w1 & t y c\ld n t\*4 ,& z ! sage 0 beyond h>m1 s also 0 he above insult4 ,m5 might disgrace !mselves by _! insol5t attitude t[>ds 8 mild maje/y1 b x 0 n 9 _! p[] to disgrace him4 ,z ! ,/oics _h _! analogue to ! t5et ( f9al assurance1 s _h !y also to t ( sudd5 conv]sion4 ,!y held t a man might become a sage )\t be+ at fir/ aw>e ( x4 ,! abruptness ( ! transition f folly to wisdom 0 9 keep+ ) _! pr9ciple t !re 0 no m$ium betwe5 ! two1 b x 0 naturally a po9t :i* attract$ ! /rictures ( _! oppon5ts4 ,t a man %\ld be at "o mom5t /upid & ignorant & unju/ & intemp]ate1 a slave & poor1 & de/itute1 at ! next a k+1 ri*1 & prosp]\s1 temp]ate1 & j1 secure 9 8 judgem5ts & exempt f error1 0 a trans=mation1 !y decl>$1 :i* smack$ m ( ! fairy tales ( ! nurs]y ?an ( ! doctr9es ( a sob] philosophy4 ,,physic ,we h n[ be=e u ! ma9 facts ) reg>d to ! ,/oic view ( man's nature1 b we h yet to see 9 :at sett+ !y 7 put4 ,:at 0 ! ,/oic outlook ^u ! univ]se8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is suppli$ by _! ,physic4 ,!re 71 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 two fir/ pr9ciples ( all ?+s1 ! active & ! passive4 ,! passive 0 t unqualifi$ be+ :i* is kn[n z ,matt]4 ,! active 0 ! ,logos1 or reason 9 x1 :i* is ,god4 ,?is1 x 0 held1 et]nally p]vades matt] & creates all ?+s4 ,?is dogma1 laid d[n by ,z5o1 0 repeat$ aft] him by ! subsequ5t heads ( ! s*ool4 ,!re 7 !n two fir/ pr9ciples1 b !re 7 n two causes ( ?+s4 ,! active pr9ciple alone 0 cause1 ! o!r 0 m]e mat]ial = x to "w on--in]t1 s5seless1 de/itute 9 itself ( all %ape & qualities1 b ready to assume any qualities or %ape4 ,matt] 0 def9$ z t out ( :i* any?+ is produc$4 ,! ,prime ,matt]1 or unqualifi$ be+1 0 et]nal & did n admit ( increase or decrease1 b only ( *ange4 ,x 0 ! sub/ance or be+ ( all ?+s t are4 ,! ,/oics1 x w be obs]v$1 us$ ! t]m matt] ) ! same confus+ ambiguity ) :i* we use x ourselves1 n[ = s5sible objects :i* h %ape & o!r qualities1 n[ = ! ab/ract conception ( matt]1 :i* is devoid ( all qualities4 ,bo? ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 7 conceiv$ ( z bodies1 ?\gh )\t =m1 ! "o ev]y:]e int]p5etrat+ ! o!r4 ,to say t ! passive pr9ciple1 or matt]1 is a body comes easy to u1 because ( ! famili> confusion adv]t$ to above4 ,b h[ c\ld ! active pr9ciple1 or ,god1 be conceiv$ ( z a body8 ,! answ] to ?is "q may s\nd p>adoxical4 ,x is because ,god is a _s4 ,a _s 9 its orig9al s5se meant air 9 motion4 ,n[ ! active pr9ciple 0 n air1 b x 0 some?+ :i* bore an analogy to x--namely ae!r4 ,ae!r 9 motion might be call$ a '_s' z well z air 9 motion4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ,*rysippus def9$ ! ?+ t is1 to be a _s mov+ itself into & out ( itself1 or _s mov+ itself to & fro4 ,f ! two fir/ pr9ciples :i* are ung5]at$ & inde/ructible mu/ be di/+ui%$ ! f\r elem5ts :i*1 ?\gh ultimate = u1 yet 7 produc$ 9 ! beg9n+ by ,god & are de/9$ "s day to be reabsorb$ into ! div9e nature4 ,^! ) ! ,/oics 7 ! same :i* _h be5 accept$ s9ce ,emp$ocles--namely e>?1 air1 fire & wat]4 ,! elem5ts1 l ! two fir/ pr9ciples 7 bodies2 unlike !m1 !y 7 decl>$ to h %ape z well z ext5sion4 ,an elem5t 0 def9$ z t out ( :i* ?+s at fir/ come into be+ & into :i* !y are at la/ resolv$4 ,9 ?is relation did ! f\r elem5ts /& to all ! comp\nd bodies :i* ! univ]se conta9$4 ,! t]ms e>?1 air1 fire & wat] _h to be tak5 9 a wide s5se3 e>? mean+ all t 0 ( ! nature ( e>?1 air all t 0 ( ! nature ( air & s on4 ,?us1 9 ! human frame1 ! bones & s9ews p]ta9$ to e>?4 ,! f\r qualities ( matt]--hot1 cold1 moi/ & dry--7 indicative ( ! pres5ce ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,fire 0 ! s\rce ( heat1 air ( cold1 wat] ( moi/ure1 & e>? ( dryness4 ,betwe5 !m1 ! f\r elem5ts made up ! unqualifi$ be+ call$ ,matt]4 ,all animals & o!r comp\nd natures on e>? _h 9 !m repres5tatives ( ! f\r great physical con/itu5ts ( ! univ]se1 b ! moon1 accord+ to ,*rysippus1 consi/$ only ( fire & air1 :ile ! sun 0 pure fire4 ,:ile all comp\nd bodies 7 resolvable into ! f\r elem5ts1 !re 7 important diff]5ces among ! elem5ts1 !mselves4 ,two ( !m1 fire & air1 7 light2 ! o!r two1 wat] & e>?1 7 heavy4 ,by 'light' 0 meant t :i* t5ds away f its own c5tre1 by 'heavy1' t :i*1 t5ds t[>ds x4 ,! two light elem5ts /ood to ! two heavy ones 9 mu* ! same relation z ! active to ! passive pr9ciple g5]ally4 ,b fur!r1 fire _h su* a prim>y z entitles x1 if ! def9ition ( elem5t 7 press$1 to be consid]$ alone wor?y ( ! "n4 ,= ! ?ree o!r elem5ts arose out ( x & 7 to be aga9 resolv$ into x4 ,we %\ld obta9 a :olly wrong impression ( :at ,bi%op ,b]keley calls '! philosophy ( fire' if we set be=e our m9ds 9 ?is connection1 ! rag+ elem5t ^: /r5g? is 9 de/ruction4 ,let u r picture to ourselves z ! type ( fire ! b5ign & beatific sol> heat1 ! quick5] & fo/]] ( all t]re/rial life4 ,= accord+ to ,z5o1 !re 7 two k9ds ( fire1 ! "o de/ructive1 ! o!r :at we may call 'con/ructive1' & :i* he call$ 'arti/ic'4 ,?is latt] k9d ( fire1 :i* 0 kn[n z ae!r1 0 ! sub/ance ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z x 0 also ( ! s\l ( animals & ( ! 'nature' ( plants4 ,*rysippus1 foll[+ ,h]aclitus1 taught t ! elem5ts pass$ into "o ano!r by a process ( cond5sation & r>efaction4 ,fire fir/ became solidifi$ into air1 !n air into wat] & la/ly wat] into e>?4 ,! process ( dissolution took place 9 ! rev]se ord]1 e>? be+ r>efi$ into wat]1 wat] into air1 & air into fire4 ,x is all[able to see 9 ?is old _w doctr9e an anticipation ( ! mod]n idea ( diff]5t /ates ( matt]--! solid1 ! liquid1 & ! gase\s1 ) a f\r? beyond ! gase\s :i* sci5ce c /ill only guess at1 & 9 :i* matt] seems almo/ to m]ge into _s4 ,ea* ( ! f\r elem5ts _h its own abode 9 ! univ]se4 ,out]mo/ ( all 0 ! e!real 'fire' :i* 0 divid$ into two sph]es3 fir/ t ( ! fix$ />s & next t ( ! planets4 ,bel[ ?is lay ! sph]e ( 'air'1 bel[ ?is aga9 t ( 'wat]'1 & l[e/ or 9 o!r words1 mo/ c5tral ( all 0 ! sph]e ( 'e>?'1 ! solid f\ndation ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,wat] might be said to be above e>? because n[h]e 0 !re wat] to be f\nd )\t e>? b5ea? x1 b ! surface ( wat] 0 always equidi/ant f ! c5tre1 :]eas e>? _h prom95ces :i* rose above wat]4 ,:5 we say t ! ,/oics reg>d$ ! univ]se z a pl5um1 ! read] mu/ und]/& by '! univ]se' ! ,cosmos or ord]$ :ole4 ,)9 ?is !re 0 no empt9ess ow+ to ! pressure ( ! cele/ial ^u ! t]re/rial sph]e4 ,b outside ( ?is lay ! inf9ite void )\t beg9n+1 middle1 or end4 ,?is occupi$ a v ambigu\s position ,9 _! s*eme4 ,x 0 n be+1 = be+ 0 conf9$ to body & yet x 0 !re4 ,x 0 9 fact no?+1 & t 0 :y x 0 inf9ite4 ,= z no?+ _c be b\nd to any ?+1 s nei!r c !re be any b\nd to no?+4 ,b :ile bodiless itself1 x _h ! capacity to conta9 body1 a fact :i* enabl$ x1 despite its non-entity1 to s]ve1 z we %all see1 a useful purpose4 ,did ! ,/oics !n reg>d ! univ]se z f9ite or z inf9ite8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q we mu/ di/+ui% our t]ms1 z !y did4 ,! ,all1 !y said1 0 inf9ite1 b ! ,:ole 0 f9ite4 ,= ! ',all' 0 ! cosmos & ! void1 :]eas ! ',:ole' 0 ! cosmos only4 ,?is di/9ction we may suppose to h orig9at$ ) ! lat] memb]s ( ! s*ool4 ,= ,appolodorus not$ ! ambiguity ( ! ^w ',all' z mean+1 7#a7 ! cosmos only1 7#b7 cosmos void ,if !n by ! t]m univ]se we und]/& ! cosmos1 or ord]$ :ole1 we mu/ say t ! ,/oics reg>d$ ! univ]se z f9ite4 ,all be+ & all body1 :i* 0 ! same ?+ ) be+1 _h necess>ily b\nds1 x 0 only n be+1 :i* 0 b\ndless4 ,ano!r di/9ction1 due ?is "t to ,*rysippus himself1 :i* ! ,/oics f\nd x conv5i5t to draw1 0 betwe5 ! ?ree words 'void1' 'place' & 'space'4 ,void 0 def9$ z '! abs5ce ( body'1 place 0 t :i* 0 occupi$ by body1 ! t]m 'space' 0 res]v$ = t :i* 0 p>tly occupi$ & p>tly unoccupi$4 ,z !re 0 no corn] ( ! cosmos unfill$ by body1 space1 x w be se51 0 ano!r "n = ! ,all4 ,place 0 comp>$ to a vessel t 0 full1 void to "o t 0 empty1 & space to ! va/ w9e-cask1 su* z t 9 :i* ,diog5es made 8 home1 :i* 0 kept p>tly fully1 b 9 :i* !re 0 always room = m4 ,! la/ comp>ison mu/ ( c\rse n be press$4 ,= if space be a cask1 x is "o )\t top1 bottom or sides4 ,b :ile ! ,/oics reg>d$ our univ]se z an isl& ( be+ 9 an ocean ( void1 !y did n admit ! possibility t o!r su* isl&s might exi/ beyond our k54 ,! spectacle ( ! />ry heav5s1 :i* pres5t$ itself nightly to _! gaze 9 all ! brilliancy ( a s\!rn sky--t 0 all !re 0 ( be+1 beyond t lay no?+ness4 ,democritus or ! ,epicureans might dream ( o!r worlds1 b ! ,/oics cont5d$ = ! unity ( ! cosmos z /aun*ly z ! ,mahometans = ! unity ( ,god1 = ) !m ! cosmos 0 ,god4 ,9 %ape !y conceiv$ ( x z sph]ical1 on ! gr\nd t ! sph]e 0 ! p]fect figure & 0 also ! be/ adapt$ = motion4 ,n t ! univ]se z a :ole mov$4 ,! e>? lay 9 its c5tre1 sph]ical & motionless1 & r\nd x c\rs$ ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 fix$ ea* 9 its respective sph]e z 9 s _m conc5tric r+s1 :ile ! out]mo/ r+ ( all1 :i* conta9$ ! fix$ />s1 :eel$ r\nd ! re/ ) an inconceivable velocity4 ,! t5d5cy ( all ?+s 9 ! univ]se to ! c5tre kept ! e>? fix$ 9 ! middle z be+ subject to an equal pressure on e side4 ,! same cause also1 accord+ to ,z5o1 kept ! univ]se itself at re/ 9 ! void4 ,b 9 an inf9ite void1 x c\ld make no diff]5ce :e!r ! :ole 7 at re/ or 9 motion4 ,x may h be5 a desire to escape ! notion ( a migratory :ole :i* l$ ,z5o to broa* ! curi\s doctr9e t ! univ]se has no weight1 z be+ compos$ ( elem5ts :]e( two are heavy & two are light4 ,air & fire did inde$ t5d to ! c5tre l ev]y?+ else 9 ! cosmos1 b n till !y _h rea*$ _! natural home4 ,till !n !y 7 ( an upw>d-gr[+ nature4 ,x appe>s !n t ! upw>d & d[nw>d t5d5cies ( ! elem5ts 7 held to neutralise "o ano!r & to leave ! univ]se devoid ( weight4 ,! univ]se 0 ! only ?+ :i* 0 p]fect 9 itself1 ! "o ?+ :i* 0 an end 9 itself4 ,all o!r ?+s 7 p]fect inde$ z p>ts1 :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! :ole1 b 7 none ( !m ends 9 !mselves1 unless man c\ld be deem$ s :o 0 born to contemplate ! univ]se & imitate its p]fections4 ,?us1 !n1 did ! ,/oics envisage ! univ]se on its physical side--z "o1 f9ite1 fix$ 9 space1 b revolv+ r\nd its own c5tre1 e>?1 beautiful beyond all ?+s1 & p]fect z a :ole4 ,b x 0 impossible = ?is ord] & beauty to exi/ )\t m9d4 ,! univ]se 0 p]vad$ by intellig5ce z man's body is p]vad$ by 8 s\l4 ,b z ! human s\l ?\gh ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! body is n pres5t ev]y:]e 9 ! same degree1 s x 0 ) ! _w-s\l4 ,! human s\l pres5ts itself n only z intellect1 b also 9 ! l[] manife/ations ( s5se1 gr[?1 & cohesion4 ,x is ! s\l :i* is ! cause ( ! plant life1 :i* displays itself m p>ticul>ly 9 ! nails & hair2 x is ! s\l also :i* causes cohesion among ! p>ts ( ! solid sub/ances su* z bones & s9ews1 t make up our frame4 ,9 ! same way ! _w-s\l display$ itself 9 rational be+s z intellect1 9 ! l[] animals z m]e s\ls1 9 plants z nature or gr[?1 & 9 inorganic sub/ances z 'hold+' or cohesion4 ,to ?is l[e/ /age add *ange1 & y h gr[? or plant nature2 sup]-add to ?is phantasy & impulse & y rise to ! s\l ( irrational animals2 at a yet high] /age y rea* ! rational & discursive intellect1 :i* is peculi> to man among mortal natures4 ,we h spok5 ( s\l z ! cause ( ! plant life 9 our bodies1 b plants 7 n admitt$ by ! ,/oics to be possess$ ( s\l 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,:at animat$ !m 0 'nature' or1 z we h call$ x above1 'gr[?'4 ,nature1 9 ?is s5se ( ! pr9ciple ( gr[?1 0 def9$ by ! ,/oics z 'a con/ructive fire1 proce$+ 9 a regul> way to production1' or 'a fi]y _s end[$ ) arti/ic skill'4 ,t ,nature 0 an arti/ ne$$ no pro(1 s9ce x 0 h] h&iwork t human art essay$ to copy4 ,b %e 0 an arti/ :o comb9$ ! useful ) ! pleasant1 aim+ at once at beauty & conv5i5ce4 ,9 ! wide/ s5se1 ,nature 0 ano!r "n = ,provid5ce1 or ! pr9ciple :i* held ! univ]se toge!r1 b1 z ! t]m is n[ be+ employ$1 x /ood = t degree ( exi/5ce :i* is above cohesion & bel[ s\l4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x 0 def9$ z a cohesion subject to self orig9at$ *ange 9 accordance ) sem9al reasons effect+ & ma9ta9+ its results 9 def9ite times1 & reproduc+ 9 ! (fspr+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p>5t4 ,?is s\nds ab\t z ab/ract z ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s def9ition ( life1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t nature 0 all ! "t a '_s'1 & z su* a body4 ,x 0 a body ( a less subtle ess5ce ?an s\l4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,/oics spoke ( cohesion1 !y are n to be tak5 z ref]r+ to "s ab/ract pr9ciple l attraction4 ',cohesions1' said ,*rysippus1 'are no?+ else ?an airs1 = x is by ^! t bodies are held toge!r1 & ( ! individual qualities ( ?+s :i* are held toge!r by cohesion1 x is ! air :i* is ! compress+ cause :i* 9 iron is call$ h>dness1 9 /one ?ickness & 9 solv] :it5ess'4 ,n only solid>ity !n1 b also col\rs1 :i* ,z5o call$ '! fir/ s*ematisms' ( matt] 7 reg>d$ z due to ! my/]i\s ag5cy ( air4 ,9 fact1 qualities 9 g5]al 7 b bla/s & t5sions ( ! air1 :i* gave =m & figure to ! in]t matt] und]ly+ !m4 ,z ! man is 9 "o s5se ! s\l1 9 ano!r ! body1 & 9 a ?ird ! union ( bo?1 s x 0 ) ! cosmos4 ,! ^w 0 us$ 9 ?ree s5ses-- 7#a7 ,god 7#b7 ! arrangem5t ( ! />s1 etc4 7#c7 ! comb9ation ( bo?4 ,! cosmos z id5tical ) ,god 0 describ$ z an individual made up ( all be+ :o is incorruptible & ung5]at$1 ! fa%ion] ( ! ord]$ frame ( ! univ]se1 :o at c]ta9 p]iods ( "t absorbs all be+ into himself & aga9 g5]ates x f himself4 ,?us ! cosmos on its ext]nal side 0 doom$ to p]i% & ! mode ( its de/ruction 0 to be by fire1 a doctr9e :i* has be5 /amp$ ^u ! _w's belief d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,:at 0 to br+ ab\t ?is consummation 0 ! s\l ( ! univ]se becom+ too big = its body1 :i* x w\ld ev5tually swall[ up altoge!r4 ,9 ! efflagration1 :5 ev]y?+ w5t back to ! primeval ae!r1 ! univ]se w\ld be pure s\l & alive equally ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is subtle & att5uat$ /ate1 x w\ld require m room ?an be=e & s exp& into ! void1 contract+ aga9 :5 ano!r p]iod ( cosmic g5]ation _h set 94 ,h5ce ! ,/oic def9ition ( ! ,void or ,inf9ite z t into :i* ! cosmos is resolv$ at ! efflagration4 ,9 ?is !ory ( ! contraction ( ! univ]se out ( an e!real /ate & ultimate return to ! same condition "o sees a resemblance to ! mod]n sci5tific hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( our planet>y sy/em out ( ! sol> nebula1 & its pr$e/9$ end 9 ! same4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! =m 9 :i* ! !ory 0 held by ,clean!s1 :o pictur$ ! heav5ly bodies z ha/5+ to _! own de/ruction by da%+ !mselves1 l s _m gigantic mo?s1 into ! sun4 ,clean!s h[ev] did n conceive m]e me*anical =ce to be at "w 9 ?is matt]4 ,! gr& apo!osis ( suicide :i* he =esaw 0 a volunt>y act2 = ! heav5ly bodies 7 ,gods & 7 will+ to lose _! own 9 a l>g] life4 ,?us all ! deities except ,zeus 7 mortal1 or at all ev5ts1 p]i%able4 ,gods1 l m51 7 de/9$ to h an end "s day4 ,!y w\ld melt 9 ! great furnace ( be+ z ?\gh !y 7 made ( wax or t94 ,zeus !n w\ld be left alone ) 8 own ?\ghts1 or z ! ,/oics sometimes put x1 ,zeus w\ld fall back ^u ,provid5ce4 ,= by ,provid5ce !y meant ! lead+ pr9ciple or m9d ( ! :ole1 & by ,zeus1 z di/+ui%$ f ,provid5ce1 ?is m9d toge!r ) ! cosmos1 :i* 0 to x z body4 ,9 ! efflagration ! two w\ld be fus$ into "o 9 ! s+le sub/ance ( ae!r4 ,& !n 9 ! fulness ( "t !re w\ld be a re/itution ( all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld come r\nd regul>ly aga9 exactly z x _h be5 be=e4 ,to u :o h be5 taught to pant = progress1 ?is seems a dre>y prospect4 ,b ! ,/oics 7 consi/5t ,optimi/s1 & did n ask = a *ange 9 :at 0 be/4 ,!y 7 cont5t t ! "o drama ( exi/5ce %\ld enjoy a p]petual run )\t p]haps too nice a consid]ation = ! actors4 ,dea? int]mitt$ life1 b did n end x4 ,= ! c&le ( life1 :i* 0 ext+ui%$ n[1 w\ld be k9dl$ aga9 h]eaft]4 ,be+ & n be+ came r\nd 9 endless succession = all save him1 into :om all be+ 0 resolv$1 & out ( :om x em]g$ aga91 z f ! vortex ( "s aeonian ,mael/rom4 ,,conclusion ,:5 ,socrates decl>$ be=e 8 judges t !re is no evil to a good man ei!r 9 life or aft] dea?1 nor are 8 affairs neglect$ by ! gods1 he s\nd$ ! keynote ( ,/oicism1 ) its two ma9 doctr9es ( virtue z ! only good1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by ,provid5ce4 ,let u weigh 8 words1 le/ we int]pret !m by ! light ( a com=table mod]n piety4 ,a great _m ?+s t are commonly call$ evil may & d happ5 to a good man 9 ?is life1 & !re=e presumably mis=tunes may also ov]take him 9 any o!r life t !re may be4 ,! only evil t c nev] befall him is vice1 because t w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,unless !re=e ,socrates 0 utt]+ idle words on ! mo/ solemn occasion ( 8 life1 he mu/ be tak5 to h meant t !re is no evil b vice1 :i* implies t !re is no good b virtue4 ,?us we are l&$ at once 9 ! he>t ( ! ,/oic morality4 ,to ! "q :y1 if !re be a provid5ce1 s _m evils happ5 to good m51 ,s5eca unfl9*+ly replies3 ,no evil c happ5 to a good man1 contr>ies d n mix4 ,god has remov$ f ! good all evil3 because he has tak5 f !m crimes & s9s1 bad ?\ghts & selfi% designs & bl9d lu/ & grasp+ av>ice4 ,he has att5d$ well to !mselves1 b he _c be expect$ to look aft] _! luggage3 !y relieve him ( t c>e by be+ indiff]5t ab\t x4 ,?is is ! only =m 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce c be held consi/5tly ) ! facts ( life ,aga91 :5 ,socrates on ! same occasion express$ 8 belief t x 0 n p]mitt$ by ! div9e law = a bett] man to be h>m$ by a worse1 he 0 ass]t+ by implication ! ,/oic position4 ,nei!r ,meletus nor ,anytus c\ld h>m him1 ?\gh !y might h him kill$ or bani%$1 or disfran*is$4 ,?is passage ( ! ,apology1 9 a cond5s$ =m1 is adopt$ by ,epictetus z "o ( ! wat*words ( ,/oicism4 ,!re is no?+ m di/9ctive ( ,socrates ?an ! doctr9e t virtue is k4 ,"h too ! ,/oics foll[$ him1 ignor+ all t ,ari/otle _h done 9 %[+ ! "p play$ by ! emotions & ! w 9 virtue4 ,reason 0 ) !m a pr9ciple ( action2 ) ,ari/otle x 0 a pr9ciple t guid$ action1 b ! motive p[] _h to come f else:]e4 ,socrates mu/ ev5 be held responsible = ! ,/oic p>adox ( ! madness ( all ord9>y folk4 ,! ,/oics did n owe mu* to ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,!re 0 too mu* balance ab\t ! ma/] m9d ( ,ari/otle = _! n>r[ int5sity4 ,8 recognition ( ! value ( ! passions 0 to !m an advocacy ( disease 9 mod]ation3 8 admission ( o!r elem5ts besides virtue into ! conception ( happ9ess seem$ to !m to be a betrayal ( ! citadel1 to say z he did t ! ex]cise ( virtue 0 ! highe/ good 0 no m]it 9 _! eyes1 unless x 7 add$ to ! confession t !re 0 none beside x4 ,! ,/oics tri$ to treat man z a be+ ( pure reason4 ,! ,p]ipatetics w\ld n %ut _! eyes to 8 mix$ nature1 & cont5d$ t ! good ( su* a be+ mu/ also be mix$1 conta9+ 9 x elem5ts :i* _h ref]5ce to ! body & its environm5t4 ,! goods ( ! s\l inde$1 !y said1 f> outweigh$ ^? ( body & e/ate1 b /ill ! latt] _h a "r to be consid]$4 ,?\gh ! ,/oics 7 religi\s to ! po9t ( sup]/ition1 yet !y did n invoke ! t]rors ( !ology to en=ce ! lesson ( virtue4 ,plato does ?is ev5 9 ! v "w1 ! pr(ess$ object ( :i* is to prove ! intr9sic sup]iority ( ju/ice to inju/ice4 ,b ,*rysippus prote/$ aga9/ ,plato's proc$ure on ?is po9t1 decl>+ t ! talk ab\t puni%m5t by ! gods 0 m]e 'bugaboo'4 ,by ! ,/oics inde$1 no less ?an by ! ,epicureans1 fe> ( ! gods 0 disc>d$ f philosophy4 ,! ,epicurean gods took no "p 9 ! affairs ( m52 ! ,/oic ,god 0 incapable ( ang]4 ,! abs5ce ( any appeal to rew>ds & puni%m5ts 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! c5tral t5et ( ! ,/oic morality3 t virtue is 9 itself ! mo/ desirable ( all ?+s4 ,ano!r coroll>y t fl[s ) equal directness f ! same pr9ciple is t is bett] to be ?an to seem virtu\s4 ,^? :o are s9c]ely conv9c$ t happ9ess is to be f\nd 9 weal? or pleasure or p[] pref] ! reality to ! appe>ance ( ^! goods2 x mu/ be ! same ) him :o is s9c]ely conv9c$ t happ9ess lies 9 virtue4 ,despite ! want ( feel+ 9 :i* ! ,/oics glori$1 x is yet true to say t ! humanity ( _! sy/em con/itutes "o ( its mo/ j claims on our admiration4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ fully to recognise ! wor? ( man z man2 !y h]ald$ ! reign ( peace = :i* we are yet wait+2 !y proclaim$ to ! _w ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( man2 !y 7 conv9c$ ( ! solid>ity ( mank9d1 & laid d[n t ! int]e/ ( "o mu/ be subord9at$ to t ( all4 ,! ^w philan?rop1 ?\gh n unhe>d be=e _! "t1 0 br\ght into prom95ce by !m z a "n = a virtue among ! virtues4 ,ari/otle's ideal /ate1 l ! ,republic ( ,plato1 is /ill an ,hell5ic city2 ,z5o 0 ! fir/ to dream ( a republic :i* %\ld embrace all mank9d4 ,9 ,plato's ,republic all ! mat]ial goods are contemptu\sly ?r[n to ! l[] classes1 all ! m5tal & spiritual res]v$ = ! high]4 ,9 ,ari/otle's ideal ! bulk ( ! population are m]e conditions1 n integral p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,ari/otle's call\s acceptance ( ! exi/+ fact ( slav]y bl9d$ 8 eyes to ! wid] outlook1 :i* already 9 8 "t 0 beg9n+ to be tak54 ,8 !ories ( ! natural slave & ( ! natural nobility ( ! ,greeks are m]e attempts to ju/ify practice4 ,9 ! ,e?ics !re is inde$ a recognition ( ! rights ( man1 b x is fa9t & grudg+4 ,ari/otle !re tells u t a slave1 z a man1 admits ( ju/ice1 & !re=e ( fri5d%ip1 b un=tunately x is n ?is concession :i* is dom9ant 9 8 sy/em1 b r ! r$uction ( a slave to a liv+ tool by :i* x is imm$iately prec$$4 ,9 ano!r passage ,ari/otle po9ts out t m51 l o!r animals1 h a natural affection = ! memb]s ( _! own species1 a fact1 he adds1 :i* is be/ se5 9 travell+4 ,?is incipi5t humanit>ianism seems to h be5 develop$ 9 a mu* m m>k$ way by ,ari/otle's foll[]s1 b x is ! ,/oics :o h won ! glory ( hav+ initiat$ humanit>ian s5tim5t4 ,virtue1 ) ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s1 0 ari/ocratic & exclusive4 ,/oicism1 l ,*ri/ianity1 ?rew x op5 to ! meane/ ( mank9d4 ,9 ! k+dom ( wisdom1 z 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 !re 0 nei!r b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond1 nor free4 ,! only true fre$om 0 to s]ve philosophy1 or1 :i* 0 ! same ?+1 to s]ve ,god2 & t c\ld be done 9 any /ation 9 life4 ,! sole condition ( communion ) gods & good m5 0 ! possession ( a c]ta9 frame ( m9d1 :i* might belong equally to a g5tleman1 to a fre$man1 or to a slave4 ,9 place ( ! arrogant ass]tion ( ! natural nobility ( ! ,greeks1 we n[ he> t a good m9d is ! true nobility4 ,bir? is ( no importance2 all are sprung f ! gods4 ,! door ( virtue is %ut to no man2 x is op5 to all1 admits all1 invites all--free m51 fre$m51 slaves1 k+s & exiles4 ,its election is n ( family or =tune2 x is cont5t ) ! b>e man4 ,:]ev] !re 0 a human be+1 !re ,/oicism saw a field = well do+4 ,its foll[]s 7 always to h 9 _! m\?s & he>ts ! well-kn[n l9e-- ,homo sum humani nihil a me all5um puto ,closely connect$ ) ! humanit>ianism ( ! ,greeks is _! cosmopolitanism4 ,cosmopolitanism is a ^w :i* has contract$ r ?an exp&$ 9 mean+ ) ! advance ( "t4 ,we mean by x fre$om f ! %ackles ( nationality4 ,! ,/oics meant ?is & m4 ,! city ( :i* !y claim$ to be citiz5s 0 n m]ely ?is r\nd _w on :i* we dwell1 b ! univ]se at l>ge ) all ! mighty life !re9 conta9$4 ,9 ?is city1 ! greate/ ( e>?'s cities--,rome1 ,ephesus or ,alex&ria1 7 b h\ses4 ,to be exil$ f "o ( !m 0 only l *ang+ y\r lodg+s1 & dea? b a removal f "o qu>t] to ano!r4 ,! freem5 ( ?is city 7 all rational be+s--sages on e>? & ! />s 9 heav54 ,su* an idea 0 ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! so>+ g5ius ( ,/oicism4 ,x 0 proclaim$ by ,z5o 9 8 ,republic1 & aft] him by ,*rysippus & 8 foll[]s4 ,x caught ! imag9ation ( ali5 writ]s z ( ! au?or ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,de ,mundo :o 0 possibly ( ,jewi% orig9 & ( ,philo & ,/ ,paul :o 7 c]ta9ly s4 ,cic]o does n fail to make ( x on behalf ( ! ,/oics2 ,s5eca revels 9 x2 ,epictetus employs x = edification & ,maucus ,aurelius f9ds solace 9 8 heav5ly citiz5%ip = ! c>es ( an e>?ly rul]--z ,anton9us inde$ 8 city is ,rome1 b z a man x is ! univ]se4 ,! philosophy ( an age _c p]haps be inf]r$ f its political conditions ) t c]ta9ty :i* "s writ]s assume2 /ill !re are cases 9 :i* ! connection is obvi\s4 ,on a wide view ( ! matt] we may say t ! op5+ up ( ! ,ea/ by ! arms ( ,alex&] 0 ! cause ( ! %ift+ ( ! philosophic /&po9t f ,hell5ism to cosmopolitanism4 ,if we reflect t ! ,cynic & ,/oic tea*]s 7 mo/ly =eign]s 9 ,greece we %all f9d a v tangible reason = ! *ange ( view4 ,greece _h done h] "w 9 educat+ ! _w & ! _w 0 beg9n+ to make paym5t 9 k9d4 ,^? :o _h be5 br&$ z natural slaves 7 n[ giv+ laws to philosophy4 ,! k+dom ( wisdom 0 suff]+ viol5ce at ! h&s ( b>b>ians4 ,,dates ,,& ,,au?orities ,,bc ,dea? ( ,socrates #cii ,dea? ( ,plato #cdg ,z5o #cdg #bge ,/udi$ "u ,crates #cbe ,/udi$ "u ,/ilpo & ,x5ocrates #cbe #cae ,began tea*+ #cae ,epicurus #cda #bgj ,dea? ( ,ari/otle #cbb ,dea? ( ,x5ocrates #cae ,clean!s succe$$ ,z5o #bge ,*rysippus di$ #bjg ,z5o ( ,t>sus succe$$ ,*rysippus --- ,decree ( ! ,s5ate =bidd+ ! tea*+ ( philosophy at ,rome #afa ,diog5es ( ,babylon ,embassy ( ! philosoph]s to ,rome #aee ,antipat] ( ,t>sus ,panaetius ,accompani$ ,africanus on 8 mission to ! ,ea/ #adc ,8 treatise on ,propriety 0 ! basis ( ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis4 ,! ,scipionic ,circle at ,rome ,! cot]ie 0 deeply t9ctur$ ) ,/oicism4 ,its *ief memb]s 7-- ,! y\ng] ,africanus ! y\ng] ,laelius ,l4 ,furius ,philus ,manilius ,spurius ,mummius ,p4 ,rutillus ,rufus ,q4 ,aelius1 ,tub]o ,polybius & ,panaetius ,suicide ( ,blossius ( ,cumae1 ! advis] ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us & a disciple ( ,antipat] ( ,t>sus #acj ,mnes>*us1 a disciple ( ,panaetius1 0 tea*+ at ,a!ns :5 ! orator ,crassus visit$ t city #aaa ,hecaton ( ,rhodes ,a great ,/oic writ]1 a disciple ( ,panaetius & a fri5d ( ,tub]o ,posidonius ,ab\t #abh-dd ,born at ,apameia 9 ,syria ,became a citiz5 ( ,rhodes ,repres5t$ ! ,rhodians at ,rome #hf ,cic]o /udi$ "u him at ,rhodes #gh ,came to ,rome aga9 at an advanc$ age #ea ,cic]o's philosophical works #ed-dd ,^! are a ma9 au?ority = our k ( ! ,/oics4 ,a4,d4 ,philo ( ,alex&ria came on an embassy to ,rome #ci ,! works ( ,philo are saturat$ ) ,/oic ideas & he displays an exact acqua9tance ) _! t]m9ology ,s5eca ,exil$ to ,corsica #da ,recall$ f exile #di ,=c$ by ,n]o to commit suicide #fe ,8 ,moral ,epi/les & philosophical works g5]ally are writt5 f ! ,/oic /&po9t ?\gh some:at affect$ by ,eclecticism ,plut>* ,flor4 #hj ,! ,philosophical works ( ,plut>* :i* h mo/ be>+ ^u ! ,/oics are-- ,de ,alex&ri ,magni =tuna aut virtute1 ,de ,virtute ,morali1 ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum1 ,de ,/oicorum ,repugnantiis1 ,/oicos absurdiora poetis dic]e1 ,de ,communibus ,notitiis4 ,epictetus ,flor4 #ij ,a fre$man ( ,epaphroditus1 ,disciple ( ,c ,musonius ,rufus1 ,liv$ & taught at ,rome until ,a4 ,d4 #ij :5 ! philosoph]s 7 expell$ by ,domitian4 ,!n retir$ to ,nicopolis 9 ,epirus1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,epictetus wrote no?+ himself1 b 8 ,diss]tations1 z pres]v$ by ,arrian1 f :i* ! ,en*eiridion is exc]pt$1 conta9 ! mo/ pleas+ pres5tation t we h ( ! moral philosophy ( ! ,/oics4 ,c ,musonius ,rufus ,bani%$ to ,gy>os 444 #fe ,return$ to ,rome 444 #fh ,tri$ to int]v5e betwe5 ! armies ( ,vitellius & ,vespasian 444 #fi ,procur$ ! condemnation ( ,publius ,cel] 7,tac ,h iv #aj1 ,juv ,sat iii #aaf7 444 -- ,q ,junius ,ru/icus 444 ,cos #afb ,tea*] ( ,m ,aurelius :o le>nt f him to appreciate ,epictetus ,m ,aurelius ,anton9us ,emp]or 444 #afa-ahj ,wrote ! book commonly call$ 8 ,m$itations "u ! title ( to himself ,he may be consid]$ ! la/ ( ! ,/oics ,?ree lat] au?orities = ! ,/oic tea*+ are-- ,diog5es ,la]tius 444 #bjj8 ,sextus ,empiricus 444 #bbe8 ,/obaeus 444 #ejj8 ,mod]n works-- ,von ,arnim's edition ( ! ,fragm5ta ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,pe>son's ,fragm5ts ( ,z5o & ,clean!s ,pitt ,press ,rema9s ( ,c ,musonius ,rufus 9 ! ,teubn] s]ies ,zell]'s ,/oics & ,epicureans4 ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle ,essay ,,vi on ! ,anci5t ,/oics ,lightfoot on ! ,philippians1 ,diss]tation ,,ii1 ,/4 ,paul & ,s5eca4