,,writing ,,and ,,rewriting ,,by ,,george ,,carver ,,william ,s4 ,,maulsby ,,thomas ,a4 ,,knott ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,iowa ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,harcourt1 ,,brace ,,and ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,harcourt1 ,,brace ,,and ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,j4 ,,scott ,,clark ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,index ,,to ,,admonitions ix ,i4 ,,why ,,learn ,,to ,,write #a ,,ii4 ,,how ,,to ,,write #g ,,iii4 ,,ideas ,,for ,,compositions #ab ,,iv4 ,,the ,,whole ,,composition #ag ,v4 ,,the ,,paragraph #ca ,,vi4 ,,grammar #db ,,vii4 ,,sentence ,,correctness #eh ,,viii4 ,,sentence ,,clearness #hh ,,ix4 ,,sentence ,,vigor #ajj ,x4 ,,words #aad ,,xi4 ,,spelling #acb ,,xii4 ,,punctuation #aci ,,xiii4 ,,mechanics #aea ,,to ,,instructors ,writing and ,rewriting is based on the conviction that college freshmen can be taught to see and to correct their own errors and faults4 ,criticism by means of marginal numbers1 referring to pieces of advice in a rhetoric or a manual1 has long been utilized to economize the instructor's time4 ,it has not been generally realized1 however1 that this method1 which requires the student to inspect and rewrite a faulty sentence in the light of an illustration in his book1 is successful also in teaching him to rewrite faulty sentences before he submits his manuscript to his instructor4 ,the best device to encourage the student in self-correction is the preliminary copy or rough draft4 ,this may be written rapidly in pencil on theme paper or on scratch paper1 with lines far apart to leave room for modifications4 ,after this is written the student should read it with his eyes open for the appearance of his pet blunders1 and should do his own rewriting4 ,if the rough draft is submitted with the finished copy1 the instructor can discover whether the student is endeavoring to correct his own faults4 ,the best way to use ,writing and ,rewriting in class is to copy the faulty passages or to clip and paste them on cards4 ,in class the student1 using only the slip1 may then be required to write the correct version on the blackboard1 later reciting and specifying the fault1 or the principle of style which is violated4 ,in colleges where the marginal numbering of errors and faults is supplemented by personal conferences1 the swiftest improvement will be found to follow the practice of requiring the student1 before the conference1 to copy his faulty passages on a new sheet of theme paper1 to copy also the admonition indicated by the marginal number1 and to rewrite each passage in accordance with the admonition4 ,a file of these sheets will reveal whether the student is improving or standing still4 ,writing and ,rewriting has several relatively novel features4 ,chapters ,,iv and ,v make it possible to criticize by marginal numbers the most common violations of the principles of the whole composition and of the paragraph4 ,although the admonitions criticize faults1 the book contains few 8don'ts40 ,instead1 the advice given is positive1 constructive1 and concrete4 ,each number refers to only a single fault4 ,few admonitions fill more than two lines of type4 ,it has thus been possible to insert a criticism of every fundamental fault found in freshman themes4 ,probably every number ought to be used at least once in every hundred themes4 ,the division of sentence criticisms into chapters on ,correctness1 ,clearness1 and ,vigor is logical and obvious4 ,the numbering of admonitions is not consecutive1 but a new hundred begins with each chapter as a help in more quickly locating the number desired4 ,additional copies of the index to the admonitions will be furnished free on request to instructors who wish to paste it on a sheet of cardboard to facilitate their work in criticizing themes4 ,the list of suggestions for subjects is a compilation of the practices of many successful teachers4 ,,index ,,to ,,admonitions ,the ,whole ,composition #ajj4 ,opening devices #aja4 ,point of view #ajb4 ,what to include #ajc4 ,distraction #ajd4 ,serious tone #aje4 ,light tone #ajf4 ,sequence #ajg4 ,chronological order #ajh4 ,position #aji4 ,abstract to concrete #aaj4 ,summary to detail #aaa4 ,important to less so #aab4 ,familiar to unfamiliar #aac4 ,climax #aad4 ,welding #aae4 ,connectives #aaf4 ,repetition #aag4 ,recapitulation #aah4 ,division #aai4 ,space emphasis #abj4 ,place emphasis #aba4 ,conclusion #abb4 ,title #abc4 ,plan #abd4 ,revision by plan #abe4 ,practice ,the ,paragraph #bjj4 ,indention #bja4 ,partly blank line #bjb4 ,no indention #bjc4 ,conversation #bjd4 ,combination #bje4 ,separation #bjf4 ,violent break #bjg4 ,irrelevant ideas #bjh4 ,topic sentence #bji4 ,arrangement #baj4 ,connectives #baa4 ,linking #bab4 ,shift in number #bac4 ,shift in person #bad4 ,shift in tense #bae4 ,shift in voice #baf4 ,shift in mood #bag4 ,place emphasis #bah4 ,space emphasis #bai4 ,practice ,sentence ,correctness ,case #cjj4 ,subject in nominative #cja4 ,who as subject #cjb4 ,who as subject after verb #cjc4 ,predicate nominative #cjd4 ,pronoun in apposition #cje4 ,pronoun after as1 than #cjf4 ,possessive with gerund #cjg4 8,neuter0 nouns not in possessive #cjh4 ,objective case #cji4 ,objective with infinitive #caj4 ,objective after infinitive ,agreement #caa4 ,this kind #cab4 ,pronoun with antecedent #cac4 ,verb with subject #cad4 ,verb with each1 none #cae4 ,compound subject #caf4 ,nouns with or #cag4 ,collective nouns #cah4 ,incorrect attraction #cai4 ,there is1 there are #cbj4 ,besides1 with #cba4 ,nearer of two nouns #cbb4 ,who1 which #cbc4 ,not with predicated noun #cbd4 ,don't #cbe4 ,past and past participle #cbf4 ,correct principal parts #cbg4 ,lie-lay1 sit-set1 rise-raise ,shall and ,will #cbh4 ,shall and will #cbi4 ,should and would #ccj4 ,questions #cca4 ,determination #ccb4 ,parallel tenses #ccc4 ,universal present #ccd4 ,subordinate clause #cce4 ,infinitive #ccf4 ,adverb of time #ccg4 ,contrary to fact subjunctive #cch4 ,have1 not of #cci4 ,had ought ,fragments #cdj4 ,fragments #cda4 ,phrases #cdb4 ,participial phrases #cdc4 ,clauses #cdd4 ,part of compound subject #cde4 ,part of compound predicate ,incomplete ,constructions #cdf4 ,unfinished construction #cdg4 ,give verb subject #cdh4 ,insert word #cdi4 ,insert material #cej4 ,elements without construction #cea4 ,insert that after say1 feel #ceb4 ,insert that of #cec4 ,insert as after positive adjective #ced4 ,insert much after very #cee4 ,repeat verb #cef4 ,repeat auxiliary #ceg4 ,repeat is1 was #ceh4 ,repeat verb after auxiliaries ,inaccurate ,constructions #cei4 ,correct conjunction #cfj4 ,insert transitional element #cfa4 ,shifted construction #cfb4 ,one of the most #cfc4 ,exact predication #cfd4 ,idiomatic verb #cfe4 ,idiomatic preposition #cff4 ,different preposition #cfg4 ,idiom #cfh4 ,awkwardness #cfi4 ,is where1 is when #cgj4 ,is because #cga4 ,the fact that #cgb4 ,due to1 owing to #cgc4 ,because of1 on account of #cgd4 ,omit and #cge4 ,omit irrelevancy #cgf4 ,redundant that #cgg4 ,change participial phrase #cgh4 ,of-phrase with verbal noun #cgi4 ,of-phrase with abstract verbal noun #chj4 ,separate main clauses #cha4 ,join elements with and #chb4 ,join clauses with and #chc4 ,modifiers together #chd4 ,double negative #che4 ,or1 not nor #chf4 ,not hardly #chg4 ,adverb1 not adjective #chh4 ,predicated adjectives #chi4 ,who1 which1 that ,sentence ,clearness #djj4 ,obvious antecedent #dja4 ,position of pronoun #djb4 ,ambiguous antecedent in indirect discourse #djc4 ,antecedent in parentheses #djd4 ,repeat distant noun #dje4 ,unemphatic antecedent #djf4 ,place of only1 etc4 #djg4 ,place of negative #djh4 ,use of correlatives #dji4 ,place of correlatives #daj4 ,place of subordinate clause #daa4 ,place of relative clause #dab4 ,confused verbs #dac4 ,place of modifiers #dad4 ,co-ordinate modifiers #dae4 ,participial phrases #daf4 ,participle with thus #dag4 ,participle with conjunction #dah4 ,adjective due #dai4 ,gerund prepositional phrase #dbj4 ,repeat subordinating conjunction #dba4 ,repeat auxiliary verbs #dbb4 ,repeat to with the infinitive #dbc4 ,repeat preposition with object #dbd4 ,repeat article with noun #dbe4 ,repeat possessive with noun #dbf4 ,parallel structure #dbg4 ,summarizing word #dbh4 ,use of and #dbi4 ,use of but #dcj4 ,comparative degree #dca4 ,superlative degree #dcb4 ,shift in person #dcc4 ,shift in number #dcd4 ,shift in tense #dce4 ,shift in mood #dcf4 ,shift in voice ,sentence ,vigor #ejj4 ,isolate #eja4 ,separate #ejb4 ,condense #ejc4 ,combine #ejd4 ,vary structure #eje4 ,vary beginning #ejf4 ,vary length #ejg4 ,loose to periodic #ejh4 ,striking ending #eji4 ,climax #eaj4 ,emphatic position #eaa4 ,group related elements #eab4 ,main ideas #eac4 ,subordinate ideas #ead4 ,simplicity #eae4 ,far-fetched synonyms #eaf4 ,concreteness #eag4 ,parallel structure #eah4 ,repeat for emphasis #eai4 ,monotonous repetition #ebj4 ,tautology #eba4 ,pleonasm #ebb4 ,word in double sense #ebc4 ,consistent metaphors #ebd4 ,incongruous metaphors #ebe4 ,rhythm #ebf4 ,balanced sentence #ebg4 ,vivid predicate #ebh4 ,unemphatic passive voice #ebi4 ,awkward absolute phrase #ecj4 ,successive subordinations #eca4 ,successive but and for clauses ,words #fjj4 ,see dictionary #fja4 ,words almost alike #fjb4 ,exactness #fjc4 ,new words #fjd4 ,verbs as nouns #fje4 ,slang #fjf4 ,harmony #fjg4 ,poetical words #fjh4 ,hackneyed expressions #fji4 ,pretentious expressions #faj4 ,contractions #faa4 ,editorial we #fab4 ,simple pronouns #fac4 ,speaking of husband or wife #fad4 ,illiterate usage #fae4 ,reputable words #faf4 ,present words #fag4 ,national words #fah4 ,plural abstract nouns ,spelling #gjj4 ,doubling consonants #gja4 ,single consonants #gjb4 ,final silent -e #gjc4 -ce and -ge #gjd4 ,single consonant after double vowel #gje4 ,,cei #gjf4 ,,ei as and as #gjg4 ,,ie #gjh4 ,plurals in vowel and -y #gji4 ,verbs in vowel and -y #gaj4 ,plurals in consonants and -y #gaa4 ,plurals in -ves #gab4 ,foreign plurals #gac4 ,don't1 won't1 can't #gad4 ,it's #gae4 ,its1 yours1 hers #gaf4 ,spelling list ,punctuation ,use period after3 #hjj4 ,declarative and imperative sentences #hja4 ,abbreviations ,no period after3 #hjb4 ,incomplete sentence elements ,use question mark after3 #hjc4 ,direct questions #hjd4 ,doubtful expressions ,no question mark after3 #hje4 ,indirect questions ,use exclamation point after3 #hjf4 ,exclamatory expressions ,use commas with3 #hjg4 ,co-ordinate clauses with and or but #hjh4 ,conjunction for #hji4 ,parallel clauses #haj4 ,dependent clause preceding #haa4 ,descriptive clauses #hab4 ,interchangeable adjectives #hac4 ,words1 phrases1 clauses in series #had4 ,and in a series #hae4 ,confused elements #haf4 ,names in direct address #hag4 ,appositives #hah4 ,geographical names #hai4 ,dates #hbj4 ,absolute phrases #hba4 ,interjections and parenthetical expressions #hbb4 ,direct quotations ,never use a comma3 #hbc4 ,between noun and its adjective #hbd4 ,around limiting clauses or phrases #hbe4 ,with series of non-interchangeable adjectives #hbf4 ,to indicate a pause #hbg4 ,before that in indirect discourse #hbh4 ,between unjoined main clauses ,use a semicolon between3 #hbi4 ,unjoined main clauses #hcj4 ,clauses joined by however1 etc4 #hca4 ,long or complicated clauses ,never use a semicolon3 #hcb4 ,between clauses not co-ordinate #hcc4 ,after salutation in a letter ,use a colon to introduce3 #hcd4 ,formal list of words1 etc4 ,use a hyphen with3 #hce4 ,fractions or numbers less than #ajj #hcf4 ,titles of two or more words #hcg4 ,divided words #hch4 ,compound adjectives #hci4 ,prefixes like co- etc4 ,use a dash with3 #hdj4 ,broken thought #hda4 ,informal parenthetical material #hdb4 ,summarizing expressions ,never use a dash3 #hdc4 ,instead of a period #hdd4 ,instead of a comma ,use quotation marks with3 #hde4 ,direct discourse #hdf4 ,borrowed material #hdg4 ,quotation of more than one paragraph #hdh4 ,quotation within quotation #hdi4 ,quotation within second quotation #hej4 ,quotation ending with comma or period ,never use quotation marks with3 #hea4 ,names of books1 etc4 ,use an apostrophe3 #heb4 ,in contractions #hec4 ,with singular possessives #hed4 ,with plural possessives ,never use an apostrophe3 #hee4 ,with possessive pronouns ,use parentheses to inclose3 #hef4 ,material foreign to unit of composition #heg4 ,confirmatory figures ,never use parentheses to inclose3 #heh4 ,cancelled words ,use brackets to inclose3 #hei4 ,explanatory material in quotation #hfj4 ,practice ,mechanics #ijj4 ,one side of paper #ija4 ,place of title #ijb4 ,blank second line #ijc4 ,write legibly #ijd4 ,number pages #ije4 ,spacing #ijf4 ,divided words #ijg4 ,place of hyphen #ijh4 ,margins #iji4 ,indention #iaj4 ,below last line #iaa4 ,underscoring #iab4 ,underscoring for emphasis #iac4 ,to indicate footnote #iad4 ,place of footnote #iae4 ,no abbreviation ,capitalization #iaf4 ,proper nouns and pronouns #iag4 ,first word in sentence #iah4 ,first word in line of verse #iai4 ,direct quotation #ibj4 ,names of social bodies1 etc4 #iba4 ,reference to ,deity #ibb4 ,i and ,o #ibc4 ,titles of books1 etc4 #ibd4 ,titles with names #ibe4 ,names of months1 etc4 ,figures #ibf4 ,word double numbers #ibg4 ,word sums in double numbers #ibh4 ,number sums in dollars and cents #ibi4 ,word sums less than one dollar #icj4 ,word numbers as names #ica4 ,beginning with figures #icb4 ,sums as adjectives ,letters #icc4 ,letter heading #icd4 ,business letter salutation #ice4 ,personal letter salutation #icf4 ,close of business letter #icg4 ,close of personal letter #ich4 ,envelope address #ici4 ,punctuation of address #idj4 ,formal note #ida4 ,signature ,,writing ,,and ,,rewriting ,,chapter ,i ,,why ,,learn ,,to ,,write ,the four main reasons for learning to write are3 #a4 ,writing is one of the best ways to make other persons think or feel as you do4 #b4 ,every educated person is judged frequently and severely by the correctness and skill displayed in his writing4 #c4 ,the more you learn about writing the more you will enjoy reading4 #d4 ,good writing gives pleasure1 not only to the reader but also to the writer4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,the ability to write clearly and convincingly will be of great help to you after you leave college4 ,whatever your field of activity1 your ultimate success will depend in some degree on your ability to make other persons think or feel as you do4 ,writing is one of the best ways to attain this end4 ,many professional men and women find that success depends not only on their knowledge1 but even more on the skill and clearness with which they can present their knowledge4 ,lawyers write briefs and arguments4 ,judges write opinions4 ,clergymen write sermons4 ,teachers1 doctors1 and engineers get their new ideas before members of their professions by writing papers for publications of various kinds4 ,the results of their experiments and researches are almost invariably presented to their colleagues in writing4 ,to attain eminence in one of the learned professions it is necessary for a man's colleagues to think highly of his professional knowledge and attainments4 ,it is not always possible for the leaders in your profession to know you personally1 but if you can write they soon know what manner of man you are4 ,the scholarly articles that a young professional man gets printed correspond to the home runs that are knocked by a bush league baseball player1 but there is this difference4 ,the sand lot baseball player may have made his impressive looking records against sand lot pitching and may fail dismally when he faces better opposition1 but if a young professional man has the mental ability and the skill to produce contributions to knowledge in his field it makes no difference where he lives or under what conditions he has done his work4 ,as he moves up to his big league he finds conditions more and more favorable for his continued growth and development4 ,college graduates everywhere are being expected more and more to assume positions of leadership in all matters that pertain to community betterment4 ,sometimes they are candidates for office2 more often they are directors of the chamber of commerce of their city1 or of some similar civic enterprise4 ,written statements1 annual reports1 appeals for public support for a worthy cause1 letters to newspapers1 circulars1 and bulletins are almost the only way a public spirited citizen can get his ideas before the other members of the community4 ,if he can write clearly and convincingly he gets things done that would not be done if he expressed himself haltingly and incoherently when he took pen in hand4 ,up-to-date farmers and business men use printed and typewritten matter to get new business1 to hold and increase old business1 to adjust complaints1 and to collect money4 ,every salesman has to write reports to his firm4 ,formal bids for all kinds of business are submitted in writing4 ,most busy executives prefer to receive the ideas of their subordinates in writing1 and the subordinate who submits the largest number of good ideas in this way is the one who is likely to be promoted most rapidly4 ,many executives have to depend on letters and bulletins in directing large numbers of subordinates or in directing subordinates who cannot frequently be brought together4 ,if you want to be paid for what you know rather than for what you do1 learn to write4 ,other things being anywhere nearly equal the man who can write gets ahead fastest in the business1 political1 or professional world4 ,the man with a new idea--whether it is a new type of automobile engine or a plan for insuring hogs--can make a success of it far more quickly if he can write clearly and convincingly4 ,the next time you see a copy of ,who's ,who in ,america note the list of publications that follows the name of the successful man4 ,the ability to write has dollar and cents value whether or not you ever wish to sell any of your manuscripts4 ,you must be able to write to get to the top4 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,why do you suppose that almost every help wanted advertisement that offers a salary of more than #abjj or #aejj a year contains the phrase1 8,apply by letter only08 ,the answer is that from one hundred letters it is easy to select the half dozen or so that come from persons qualified for a position rather than for a job4 ,applicants who write poor letters are never considered for good positions4 ,the activities of the social world continually call for letters--letters of invitation1 of acceptance or declination1 letters to a hostess thanking her for her hospitality1 letters of congratulation and of condolence4 ,any new person to whom you write will judge what sort of man or woman you are from your first letter4 ,uneducated persons may have well furnished houses in the exclusive residential districts of the city1 and they may wear thousand-dollar fur coats1 but their written words betray the fact that they are not accustomed to associating with educated persons4 ,students who can write get better grades in college courses than do students who cannot express themselves with pen1 pencil1 or typewriter4 ,written reports1 term papers1 and examinations all call for ability to write4 ,it is essential not only to have the information that should be included in such compositions but also to be able to express your knowledge so that the instructor involved will know that you know4 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,the better you write the more you will enjoy reading4 ,you can actually know personally only a few persons1 and they will for the most part be your neighbors and business associates4 ,a love for good reading is the best friend you can have4 ,reading will make you intimate with all the great men and women who are now alive or who have ever lived4 ,these great ones of earth--the clever1 the entertaining1 the thoughtful1 the lovable1 the brilliant1 the courageous--have set down in books a permanent record of what they observed1 thought1 and dreamed4 ,to get the fullest flavor and greatest benefit from the words they have put on paper you need to be something of a writer yourself4 ,the writer best appreciates the good writing of others1 just as the amateur musician gets more pleasure from a symphony concert than does the average person in the audience4 ,the football player sees fine points in a football game that are lost on the spectator who never tried to box a tackle or elude an end4 ,the girl who makes her own clothes can see distinctions in gowns that all look alike to her brother4 ,it takes the craftsman in any field of endeavor to appreciate the work of a master4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,your mother has1 at the bottom of a trunk or bureau drawer1 a bundle of letters that your father wrote to her when they were young4 ,every little while she reads them all again4 ,she also keeps the letters he writes her now when he is away from home4 ,your letters to your mother will not be destroyed either4 ,the better you write1 the more pleasure you will give to the persons you love4 ,letters of commendation1 congratulation1 or condolence when done well are treasured for years1 and are a never failing source of pleasure to those who receive them4 ,it is worth something to give pleasure of this sort4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but the greatest pleasure of all in writing is the pleasure that comes to you yourself4 ,to get real enjoyment from writing you should write on a subject you know thoroughly or on one that interests you--preferably both4 ,write without reserve2 call things by their right names4 ,use care in selecting the exact word to express your meaning4 ,write clearly1 concisely1 and vividly4 ,be definite and particular rather than indefinite and general4 ,use incidents freely to illustrate your points4 ,be forceful and picturesque4 ,write so that anyone who knows you could pick your written creation out of a thousand written by others on the same subject4 ,write something you are proud of and you will get more pleasure from it than from almost anything else you ever did4 ,even though you may not yet have realized it1 writing is a great deal more fun than going to the theater1 dancing1 or watching a football game4 ,the greatest thrill in life comes from seeing one whom you love create something4 ,the next greatest comes from creating something yourself4 ,create something in writing that truly represents you and you too will experience this joy4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,how ,,to ,,write ,the successive steps in writing are3 #a4 ,have a subject that appeals to you1 and write for an actual reader4 #b4 ,gather all the material your subject demands4 #c4 ,arrange your material in the most effective order4 #d4 ,write as fast as you can4 #e4 ,revise1 recast1 rewrite what you have written4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,write on a subject which interests you and one that you know something about4 ,good writing will not result merely from trying to satisfy an instructor4 ,you can write well only if you have a compelling reason for writing2 if you desire to convince1 inform1 or entertain a definite reader4 ,know the state of mind you want your reader to be in when he finishes reading your composition4 ,write for a definite reader such as a college freshman1 a high school student1 an automobile owner1 a ten-year-old boy1 a proprietor of a retail store in a town of from #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj inhabitants4 ,it will often be helpful if1 after you choose the general class to whom your writing is addressed1 you select one individual you know and keep him constantly in mind while you write4 ,thus instead of writing for a ten-year-old boy write for your brother ,robert4 ,choose a subject that can be covered in the number of words at your disposal4 ,if you are writing a four-hundred-word theme1 8,the ,american ,high ,school0 is a poor subject4 ,it would take a series of volumes to exhaust the possibilities in that title4 ,even eliminating a large portion of it by taking the topic 8,high ,school ,newspapers10 8,high ,school ,debating10 8,high ,school ,dramatics10 or 8,high ,school ,athletics10 helps but little4 ,narrowing any one of these subjects so that it applies only to your own high school still leaves you with more material than can well be put into a short theme4 ,good subjects for such themes are 8,the ,first ,time ,i ,faced an ,audience10 8,the ,best ,play ,i ,ever ,made10 8,how ,i ,felt ,when ,my ,story ,appeared in the ,school ,paper10 and 8,the ,most ,exciting ,play ,i ,ever ,saw in a ,baseball ,game40 ,to take another example1 8,cooking0 is a subject broad enough for a ,mrs4 ,ralston1 a ,mrs4 ,lincoln1 or a ,miss ,farmer4 8,making ,desserts0 is too comprehensive for any but an exhaustive treatise4 8,making ,ice ,cream0 requires at least a booklet4 ,good short theme subjects would be 8,how ,i ,make ,my ,favorite ,sherbet10 8,how to ,make ,chocolate ,ice ,cream without ,cream10 or 8,how to ,make ,ice ,cream ,roll with a ,frozen ,whipped ,cream ,center40 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,reflect1 read1 ask questions1 observe in order to gather material which will enable you to carry out your design4 ,gather1 as applied to material for writing1 implies a go-and-get-it attitude4 ,gathering material requires a physical as well as a mental search4 ,do not expect material to come to you2 go after it4 ,talk with persons who know4 ,read what they have written4 ,good writing is most likely to result when the writer fuses his own experience and observation with the experience and observation of others4 ,gather all the material possible without trying to decide1 while you are getting it1 what is important and what is not4 ,keep your mind1 your eyes1 and your ears wide open4 ,get details and get plenty of them4 ,steep1 saturate yourself in your subject4 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,after you have gathered the material1 discard everything that will not help you to produce the effect you are trying for4 ,then if there are any gaps in your composition1 gather more material to fill them up4 ,some writers get the best results by putting a plan on paper before starting to write2 others let a plan take more or less definite shape in their minds1 but do not try to set down any hard and fast outline4 ,the reason for not making a hard and fast outline is that a curious thing often happens to any writer who has written much4 ,he finds--on occasion--that his composition seems to write itself4 ,the characters he thought he had created have minds of their own and refuse to let him treat them like puppets4 ,his thoughts seem to be alive and to exist apart from him4 ,they insist on expressing themselves in their own way4 ,an experienced writer does some of his best work when he seems to be merely the medium through which ideas are seeking to translate themselves from whatever world it is they inhabit to this one4 ,if1 on the other hand1 a writer is continually consulting a plan1 his ideas and characters never take things into their own hands4 ,write for someone to read4 ,put yourself in that reader's place and see if your writing is producing the desired effect4 ,begin your composition with the details that will most effectively attract his attention and arouse his interest4 ,continue writing so that you will retain his attention and interest4 ,stop when you have said all you have to say4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,write rapidly and at white heat4 ,if pertinent ideas keep coming to you forget about your plan4 ,get your inspiration on paper before it cools4 ,if you finally find a system--or even a lack of one--that enables you to write fast and at the same time to feel that you are creating something1 do not let anyone talk you into trying some other plan4 ,stick to your own4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,revise at leisure1 but ruthlessly1 in cold blood1 and continue to revise1 rearrange1 and rewrite indefinitely until the finished product satisfies you4 ,make the final draft absolutely correct4 ,avoid especially the common faults that denote the semi-illiterate man or woman4 ,if you make errors that would not be made by a twelve-year-old child1 your composition will get scant consideration from an intelligent reader4 ,while revising1 question everything1 spelling1 grammar1 choice of words1 punctuation2 question the usefulness of each idea1 and the arrangement of the parts of the completed composition4 ,start writing soon enough to give yourself ample time for revision4 ,let the first draft get cold before you look at it again4 ,if you wait several days after the first draft is finished you can approach your own writing as objectively as if it had been done by someone else4 ,it will then be much easier to question every letter1 every word1 every phrase1 every sentence1 every paragraph1 every idea1 besides the whole composition and each of its parts4 ,make everything in your composition justify itself4 ,whenever you are satisfied to do mediocre work the rest of the world is satisfied with the valuation you have set on yourself4 ,be your own severest critic4 ,show your own writing no mercy4 ,some of the world's most successful writers of advertisements as well as of novels have rewritten their best work time and again before giving it to the public4 ,what reads smoothly takes hours of toil to produce4 ,many good instructors insist on receiving two copies of every composition from each student2 one a rough1 lead pencil draft1 and the other the finished manuscript4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,ideas ,,for ,,compositions ,my first play1 circus1 funeral1 visit to a dentist's1 dance1 county fair1 ,fourth of ,july1 airplane ride1 sleigh ride1 or meal in a sorority house4 ,extracts from the real diary of a real freshman4 ,my favorite newspaper artist1 cartoon1 or comic strip4 ,earning money while going to college or during the summer4 ,write the chapter of your autobiography that will be headed 8,early ,years40 ,my hobbies or aversions4 ,how ,i won a prize or competed at a county or state fair4 ,what is the well-dressed young man or woman wearing this season8 ,my favorite magazine4 ,my favorite recipe4 ,write an account of a student mass meeting4 ,how does any organization to which you belong compare with rival organizations8 ,how does it feel to belong to a fraternity or how does it feel not to belong8 ,write an article for your high school paper telling why your college is the best4 ,write a letter home asking for money4 ,write a history of your reading4 ,describe some locality you know intimately such as your neighborhood or your home town4 ,where ,i eat4 ,when ,i made my big mistake4 ,taking a psychological intelligence test4 ,the secret of making good fudge4 ,how ,i spend my spare time4 ,give directions for making something such as a radio receiving set1 an apron out of an old shirt1 or anything that you can make that most persons can not4 ,the joys of hunting1 camping out1 canoeing1 going to the theater1 dancing1 sitting around and talking1 or anything else that you enjoy doing4 ,how ,i learned to swim or how ,i taught someone to swim4 ,an embarrassing situation4 ,when the joke was on me4 ,my nicest compliment4 ,freshman registration4 ,my favorite movie star4 ,what is the best outdoor sport8 ,my most hated instructor4 ,a railroad station at train time4 ,men or women ,i have worked for4 ,running a high school paper1 athletic team1 or annual4 ,what will you do when you leave college8 ,an exciting moment4 ,what is one important thing that ought to be changed in the way your college is conducted8 ,if you were the principal of the high school from which you were graduated1 what changes would you make8 ,how does it feel to be red-headed1 left-handed1 bald1 or fat8 ,why ,i am or am not a church member8 ,describe how to give a dinner party for eight persons4 ,are prices here higher than they are at home8 ,the most interesting person ,i know4 ,the perfect roommate4 ,the happiest person ,i know4 ,my idea of a good time4 ,go to church ,sunday and write an account of the sermon4 ,write an account of the next athletic contest1 banquet1 or public lecture you attend4 ,write an account of an interesting recitation4 ,one of your instructors this week will spend part of the class time discussing a problem of college1 city1 state1 nation1 or world interest4 ,write an account of what he says4 ,what do you think of dogs1 cats1 or rabbits for pets8 ,a day's fishing4 ,why should anyone study ,latin1 ,greek1 mathematics1 or any subject you like or dislike8 ,what is the matter with the college paper8 ,what do you think of the country1 the city1 or the small town as a place in which to live8 ,how should a living room be furnished8 ,how could you decrease your expenses one-fourth8 ,draw a rough floor plan of the sort of house in which you would like to live and explain its advantages4 ,how to distinguish fifteen kinds of trees1 birds1 or automobiles4 ,what is your pet extravagance or economy8 ,tell how to dress on #ajj1 on #bjj1 and on #ejj a year4 ,an automobile camping trip4 ,a backyard garden4 ,a ,sunday school picnic4 ,who are the half dozen greatest men or women who have ever lived8 ,how should a kitchen be laid out8 ,what are the tests of a good national fraternity8 ,how could more students be interested in debating8 ,write an account of an interesting college tradition for your high school paper4 ,if you were ,santa ,claus1 what would you give your home city for ,christmas8 ,pick a football team from the heroes of fiction or of history4 ,write a good sized advertisement that could be sold to some merchant who does not advertise in one of the college publications4 ,what are the ten leading colleges in the country8 ,what is an educated man8 ,my alarm clock4 ,write a plea to induce young men and women to stay on the farm or in the community where they were reared4 ,should the higher grade go to the student who does well in his daily work or to the student who does well in an examination8 ,a woman's place is in the home4 ,how much money will it take to satisfy you five or ten years after graduation8 ,do college athletes get too much publicity8 ,if you could arrange it1 would you have your brother or sister earn some1 all1 or none of his or her expenses while going through college8 ,every high school graduate should earn his own living for at least one year before he is allowed to enter college4 ,describe the conditions under which your father and mother started housekeeping4 ,recommend ten books for a classmate who has never been accustomed to read for pleasure4 ,what do college students read in the newspapers8 ,rules of etiquette undergraduates ought to follow4 ,if you were a vocational adviser1 what vocations would you advise the ten classmates you know best to follow8 ,if you could spend the summer in travel1 where would you go8 ,what advice would you give to a boy or a girl who is going to enter your college next fall8 ,being afraid4 ,a gloomy holiday4 ,how to furnish and decorate a north room4 ,what are the advantages of a small or of a large college8 ,buying a new car4 ,what should be considered in criticizing an amateur dramatic performance or a speech8 ,what is the leading honor an undergraduate can win at your college8 ,how many things will you buy before you buy a car8 ,if you had an assured income for the rest of your life1 how would you spend your time8 ,should a washing machine be in every home8 ,what is a gentleman8 ,what are the tests of a good town8 ,describe some eccentric person you know4 ,describe the appearance of a friend so well that a stranger could pick him out of a crowd4 ,write a short story based on a movie4 ,write a movie based on a short story4 ,how do the fraternity chapters at your college compare with one another8 ,write a letter to your mother to reach her on ,mother's ,day4 ,write a letter to your father inviting him to attend ,homecoming4 ,my mother's flower garden4 ,our bird shelf4 ,how to keep cool in hot weather4 ,pick an 8all0 team from the football players you have seen this fall4 ,sounds that keep me awake at night4 ,taking care of the baby4 ,the tribulations of a landlady4 ,describe a scale by which students could rate their professors4 ,what are the advantages of making your own clothes8 ,write in play form an account of a family quarrel or an account of what happens between the halves of a close football or basketball game4 ,in praise of idleness4 ,take three small boys to a soda fountain and have an ice cream eating contest4 ,children should be seen and not heard4 ,tell why your father1 mother1 brother1 or sister ought to be chosen mayor1 superintendent of schools1 cashier of the bank1 or anything else4 ,how would it be possible for you to be elected president of your class1 win a letter in athletics1 make ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 run #ajj miles in #dh hours total time1 earn #b1jjj within the next year1 or something else that now looks improbable8 ,what would happen if you could see a copy of a newspaper that would not be printed for another month8 ,what would you say if called on to speak at a college mass meeting8 ,tipping ought to be abolished4 ,what will ten of your most intimate friends be doing ten years from now8 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,whole ,,composition 8,whole composition0 is the name given to a completed piece of writing4 ,,preliminaries ,go out and gather the material4 ,write the first draft as fast as you can4 ,revise everything you have written until the following requirements have been met4 #ajj4 ,indicate within the first few sentences what the composition is about4 ,some of the more common devices used by experienced writers in beginning a composition are listed below4 ,you can begin almost anything you will be called upon to write in one of these ways or in a combination of two or more of them4 ,use a different beginning for each composition you write until you have tried a considerable number of them4 ,after some practice you can quickly select the one beginning that is most appropriate both to your material and to your reader4 #a4 ,make one or more startling assertions4 #b4 ,ask one or more questions4 #c4 ,say something clever4 #d4 ,make one or more suppositions4 #e4 ,contrast one thing with another4 #f4 ,use direct discourse4 #g4 ,use an incident4 #h4 ,sketch in the background4 #i4 ,introduce one of the characters4 #aj4 ,employ a preliminary summary4 #aa4 ,plunge your reader into suspense4 #ab4 ,state the conclusion the reader is to reach4 #ac4 ,give personal details about yourself4 #ad4 ,talk about your reader4 #ae4 ,state your reflections on the subject4 #af4 ,explain why you are writing4 #ag4 ,invoke aid in accomplishing your purpose4 #ah4 ,quote a familiar saying4 #ai4 ,parody a familiar saying4 #bj4 ,quote what someone has said or written4 #ba4 ,quote what purports to be what someone has said or written4 #aja4 ,keep the same point of view throughout4 ,wrong4 ,if one wishes to enter a canoe safely1 he should grasp both gunwales and lower himself to the seat4 ,you should then push off from the shore4 ,better4 ,to enter a canoe safely1 grasp both gunwales and lower yourself to the seat before pushing off from the shore4 ,wrong4 ,as he stood looking down the river he saw a house-boat plowing along2 while behind him a fleet of coal barges sent ripples toward the shore4 ,better4 ,as he stood looking down the river he saw a house-boat plowing along4 ,turning around he noticed a fleet of coal barges sending ripples toward the shore4 ,wrong4 ,the taxi driver has an excellent opportunity to observe the life about him4 ,all kinds and conditions of men and women make use of him at all hours of the day and night4 ,some think him merely a part of the machine he drives1 some consider him no better than the dirt under their feet1 and some--to be sure they are not many--treat him as if he were a living1 breathing human being like themselves4 ,better4 ,the taxi driver has an excellent opportunity to observe the life about him4 ,all kinds and conditions of men and women make use of him at all hours during the day and night4 ,he finds that some treat him as if he were no better than the dirt under their feet1 and some--to be sure they are not many--as if he were a living1 breathing human being like themselves4 #ajb4 ,include everything that the reader will need for a thorough understanding of your subject4 ,wrong4 ,,the ,,theater ,,in ,,america ,between the years #agej and #ahad many events took place which either helped or hindered the establishment of a permanent theater in ,america4 ,one of the big events that helped establish the theater in ,america was the coming of the ,hallam company of actors4 ,this company was made up of ,english actors who came from the ,west ,indies4 ,the company consisted of twelve adult members and three children4 ,every member of the group had ability as an actor1 and1 consequently1 the company was successful4 ,they first played at ,yorktown1 ,virginia1 in #ageb4 ,then1 after a season in ,philadelphia1 they went to ,new ,york4 ,after a three months' stay in ,new ,york1 they returned to the ,west ,indies1 where ,mr4 ,hallam died4 ,here a ,mr4 ,douglas reorganized the company and with them returned to this country4 ,douglas1 often called the 8theater builder10 did much for the future theater4 ,he was a man of great strength and courage4 ,besides being a capable manager1 he was also a good actor4 ,douglas built the first theater in ,america at ,williamsburg1 ,virginia1 and the first permanent theater at ,philadelphia4 ,he also built theaters at ,annapolis and at ,newport4 ,the greatest difficulty which the play companies had to overcome was the increasing opposition of some of the people toward the theater4 ,throughout the country people were fighting against the theater4 ,especially was this true of the people of the ,north4 ,the ,southerners were fun-loving and pleasure-seeking1 and the theater offered them a place of amusement4 ,in many towns1 however1 laws were passed against acting4 ,the opposition of the people was not directed so much toward the theater itself as toward the gambling and immorality which accompanied the theater of that day4 ,folders were distributed among the people explaining why the theater was not approved of and gradually the gambling and immorality disappeared4 ,after this the theater improved and theater-going became better thought of throughout the country4 ,better4 ,,an ,,early ,,influence ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,theater ,in the year #ageb the theater in ,america received a great aid through the coming of the ,hallam company of actors4444 ,the condition of the theater prior to this time left much to be desired4444 ,the nature of the company was such that its influence was decidedly good4444 ,naturally the effect of this kind of player was toward the betterment of the theater4444 #ajc4 ,omit anything that will distract the reader's attention4 ,wrong4 ,,scoring ,,in ,,basketball ,a score in basketball is made every time a player throws the ball into one of the baskets placed at each end of the court4 ,in the ,west ,branch ,high ,school the gymnasium is well equipped with everything the students need for their athletic contests4444 ,better4 ,a score is made in basketball every time a player succeeds in throwing the ball into the basket guarded by his opponents4 ,if this goal1 as it is called1 is made from the field1 it counts two points4 ,sometimes1 however1 one team is given a free throw at the basket as the result of a foul's being made4 ,if the ball is caged under this circumstance1 the foul goal1 as it is called1 counts one point4 #ajd4 ,writing that is serious in tone or purpose should include nothing that will destroy its seriousness4 ,wrong4 ,gypsies are a peculiar1 wandering race of people that appeared in eastern ,europe in the fourteenth century and that has now spread out into ,asia1 ,america1 and parts of ,africa4 ,these people are easily distinguished from those among whom they rove by appearance1 by language1 and by behavior4 ,in appearance they are slight1 though very strong2 in color1 somewhat tawny4 ,in language they are thought to resemble some long-lost ,hindu tribe4 ,in behavior they are sneaky1 and a number of them are not above chicken stealing4 ,better4 ,gypsies are a peculiar1 wandering race of people4444 ,in behavior they are untrustworthy1 and a number of them are not above petty thievery4 #aje4 ,writing that is light in tone or purpose should include nothing that will destroy its lightness4 ,wrong4 ,many different types are in evidence around ,fitzgerald's boathouse in the spring4 ,the type most frequently discovered1 perhaps1 is the lover4 ,he comes1 accompanied by his inamorata1 in quest of a canoe1 in which presently the two are drifting idly upon the ample bosom of ,turtle creek4 ,it is strange that lovers should sojourn here1 for ,turtle creek is anything rather than a background for romance4 ,better4 ,many different types are in evidence around ,fitzgerald's boathouse in spring4444 ,muddy water1 sand dredges1 a railway construction gang at work near at hand1 the whole background is unheeded by the lovers--romance needs no setting4 #ajf4 ,arrange your ideas in some orderly sequence4 ,following are various kinds of sequence4 #ajg4 ,arrange ideas in chronological order4 ,all day long we were happy as a wedding party4444 ,early in the morning4444 ,when noon came4444 ,at night4444 #ajh4 ,arrange the divisions of the composition according to the relative position of the objects treated4 ,as we entered the garden4444 ,on the right4444 ,on the left4444 ,directly before us4444 ,upon going into the house4444 #aji4 ,work from the abstract to the concrete4 ,freedom may be defined as the state of being free1 but to how many of us is this actually illuminating8 ,let us take1 for example1 a man who has just been released from prison1 where he has been closely guarded for more than ten years4 ,what would be his idea of freedom8 #aaj4 ,work from summary to detail4 ,when once the mania for news gathering claims its victim1 everything he sees becomes potential news4 ,he looks for it on his way down town in the morning4444 ,the restaurant at which he lunches is combed unconsciously for items4444 ,in the lobby of hotels and theaters4444 ,even his relatives and close friends become his prey4444 #aaa4 ,work from what is of most importance to what is less so4 ,mohammed ,,vi1 the ,turkish sultan1 fled from ,constantinople on a ,british warship1 bound for ,malta1 today4 ,the sultan declared he was not abdicating1 but was merely removing himself from immediate danger4 ,he was accompanied by4444 #aab4 ,work from the familiar to the unfamiliar4 ,everybody has noticed the way a cat's claws are incased in tiny sheaths1 but how many of us know why they should be8 ,in the first place1 the cat is descended from a wild animal whose way of obtaining food was to kill its prey and then tear it to pieces4 ,naturally when this animal struck into the dead body with its claws1 the claws1 being hook-like1 would tend to remain fast4 ,but nature found a way of overcoming the difficulty by incasing the claws in sheaths so that while the paw of the animal is still inside the carcass1 the claw can be withdrawn into the sheath and the paw removed without hindrance4 ,perfection in nature extends even to such trifles as this4 #aac4 ,work up to a climax4 ,now1 as always before1 it is the custom to give way to great manifestations of joy when the football team wins over a university that is much older and much better established4 ,just as soon as the report comes in that ,drake is gaining1 feeling begins to run high2 when it is said that ,drake is ahead1 we begin to hold our breath2 but when the report spreads that ,drake has won1 excitement breaks out like a vast tidal wave and sweeps everything before it4 #aad4 ,weld paragraph to paragraph so that they will obviously be parts of the whole instead of separate units4 ,following are various methods of accomplishing this welding3 #aae4 ,weld paragraph to paragraph by word connectives4 ,on a summer evening the shores of ,lake ,tiberias are thronged with strange and interesting people4 ,here are caravans from across the ,arabian desert4444 ,above them a ,bedouin drives his flocks4444 ,not far away a rich ,arabian farmer4444 ,around him1 around everyone1 in fact1 little ,arabian boys4444 ,then1 as the last rays of the sun disappear behind the ,mountain of ,beatitudes1 444 #aaf4 ,weld paragraph to paragraph by repetition4 444 ,thus it is that ,i came to believe in ghosts4 ,but ghosts are not all that ,i came to believe in that summer4444 #aag4 ,weld paragraph to paragraph by recapitulation4 444 ,guns1 horses1 motors1 men1 all thundered along the road1 then1 like dogs of war let loose at ,armageddon4 ,the hunt was up2 the scent was on the air--,germany was unchained4444 #aah4 ,weld paragraph to paragraph by announcing the divisions4 ,the most attractive flower to me among all those that grow in my garden is the sweet pea1 chiefly1 ,i think1 because of the delicacy of its color1 form1 and fragrance4 #aai4 ,give each idea the space it deserves4 ,wrong4 ,as the sun climbed higher1 the spell of the dawn was broken1 and the camp came to life4 ,soon the surface of the lake was dotted with bobbing heads4 ,upon the crests of the low hills farmers were seen beginning to plow4 ,milk carts rattled along the roads toward the creamery4 ,all was in harmony to foretell a perfect day4 ,better4 ,as the sun climbed higher1 the spell of the dawn was broken1 and the camp began to come to life4 ,soon the surface of the lake was dotted with bobbing heads as the campers splashed about taking their dip before breakfast4 ,there was much laughter and merry shouting2 everybody was ready to have as much fun as he could4 ,across the lake the farmers were commencing to plow4 ,and from the road behind came the rattle of milk carts on their way to the creamery4 ,it was morning2 the world was awake4 #abj4 ,give each idea the position it deserves4 ,wrong4 ,here and there the long1 shiny body of a fish shot out of the water and fell back with a faint splash4 ,the lake changed from the deep blue reflected from the clear sky to all the brilliant colors of the sunset4 ,the sun began to set long before it should have1 according to the campers' ideas4 ,canoes crept out without a sound from the shore1 and the campers enjoyed to the fullest their favorite time of the day4 ,gulls called back and forth and settled for the night on jutting sand bars4 ,better4 ,the sun began to set long before it should have1 according to the campers' ideas4 ,the lake changed in color from the deep blue that had been reflected from the clear sky to all the brilliance of the sunset4 ,here and there the long1 shiny body of a fish shot out of the water and fell back with a gentle splash4 ,gulls called back and forth to one another and began to settle for the night on jutting sand bars4 ,now canoes crept from the shore without a sound1 and the campers enjoyed to the full this their favorite hour of the day4 #aba4 ,end with whatever will give an impression of a well-rounded whole4 444 ,with all these hints of prospective fun1 how easy it is to bang the books back upon the table and let the world go hang--on ,friday night4 #abb4 ,choose a title that will indicate in a word or a phrase what the composition is about4 ,be sure not to refer to the title in the body of the composition as if it were an integral part of the composition4 ,wrong4 ,,friday ,,night ,this is the night of all the week to which ,i looked forward with the most pleasure4 ,better4 ,,the ,,best ,,night ,,in ,,the ,,week ,there is one night in the week that is1 to me1 more pleasant than any other4 ,you know which one it is as well as ,i do1 for it is your best friend1 too4 #abc4 ,plan long compositions as you gather the material4 ,use cards or slips of paper of uniform size for making notes while reading4 ,during the early stages of your reading1 the various topics which you will discuss will begin to make their appearance4 ,make only one note on each card4 ,after writing the note1 write one or two words in the upper left-hand corner to indicate the topic treated in that note4 ,as you accumulate notes1 keep them sorted according to the topics4 ,when all the available sources of material have been utilized and all the notes taken1 arrange the various stacks--one stack for each topic--by first spreading them out upon a table so that you can see readily all the topics at once4 ,then move the stacks about1 thus trying out various arrangements until you have made one which seems logical and complete4 ,you will then have a plan for your composition4 #abd4 ,revise for arrangement and development by making a plan of the composition after it is finished4 ,by outlining the composition you have written1 you will be able to see just how certain ideas bear upon the subject and are related to one another4 ,again1 the outline will show you whether or not the ideas follow any orderly sequence4 ,but best of all1 perhaps1 it will enable you to judge whether the composition omits anything that is vital for complete understanding1 or contains something that distracts the reader's attention4 ,following is a method for making a plan of the composition3 ,,strokes ,,most ,,commonly ,,used ,,in ,,tennis ,idea to be developed3 ,in order to be a good tennis player one must master certain strokes4 ,i4 ,the service stroke ,a4 ,position of body #a4 ,poised so that weight be added to stroke a4 ,leans away from toss b4 ,follows racket in striking ,b4 ,tossing ball #a4 ,ball at arm's length from shoulder #b4 ,held somewhat before body #c4 ,thrown lightly three or four feet in air ,c4 ,striking ball #a4 ,racket raised to strike as ball descends #b4 ,force necessary #c4 ,accuracy necessary a4 ,ball must strike court within bounds ,i4 ,dimensions of receiver's court4 ,etc4 #abe4 ,exercise4 ,following is a composition that is very poorly put together4 #a4 ,make an outline of the whole1 using only the topic sentence in each paragraph4 #b4 ,strike out any topic which does not help to express the central idea4 ,reword any topic which can be made to serve its purpose better4 ,add any other topics which will aid in developing more fully the central idea4 ,combine topics that explain almost the same thing4 #c4 ,make changes in the arrangement of topics so that each topic will stand in its proper relationship to every other4 #d4 ,make an outline of every paragraph1 using every sentence4 #e4 ,shift sentences into positions where they will serve better to develop the topic4 ,strike out any that do not directly apply4 ,reword any that can be improved by rewording4 ,insert additional sentences where they are needed4 #f4 ,shift sentences from one paragraph to another if they can thus be made to serve their purpose better4 #g4 ,copy the material in the regulation form for a composition1 taking care that there is proper transition from sentence to sentence1 and from paragraph to paragraph4 #h4 ,apply these admonitions to one of your own compositions and rewrite accordingly4 ,,why ,,take ,,boxing8 ,boxing is a very interesting sport4 ,when the child of kindergarten age first attends school he has his first experience with fighting4 ,this happens at every meeting of boys and continues into the teens4 ,nearly every real ,american boy wants to learn how to protect himself1 and a course in boxing is the best way to learn defense4 ,in boxing1 the individual learns where the best blows are planted and also how to ward off these blows4 ,if a boy knows these punches he will not be imposed upon by his companions4 ,even in later life men often become quarrelsome and come to blows1 but the man who has learned the fundamentals of boxing always comes out in the lead4 ,if every man knew how to box1 robberies would be less frequent because the victims would be less timid and would give battle to the bandits instead of allowing themselves to be held up by highwaymen4 ,thus1 defense is an important element in boxing4 ,moreover1 boxing1 besides aiding in defense1 is a healthful sport4 ,the body is developed greatly after one goes out for boxing as is shown by the increase or decrease in weight1 as the case may be4 ,the weight decreases if one has been in the habit of taking no exercise as he begins training1 but the weight soon increases again as the body makes the proper readjustments4 ,persons who are fleshy soon lose their superfluous fat4 ,with the adjustment of weight the muscles are developed4 ,the arms and shoulders with their continuous exercise in delivering punches and warding off blows are highly developed4 ,the muscles of the body are developed to a great extent by the continuous twisting and bending of the body4 ,the legs become firmer and carry the body with ease after practice in boxing because of the rapid forward1 backward1 and side movements necessary4 ,again1 the body is developed in quickness by the practice of boxing4 ,the boxer's mind is made more alert by the habitual practice4 ,the muscles of the body also increase in quickness4 ,they respond instantly to the will of the mind and thereby increase the ability to advance and retreat rapidly1 to deliver and ward off punches4 ,when the boxer has developed this quickness of sensory and muscular organs1 he can grasp the intent of his opponent's actions more quickly and govern himself accordingly4 ,boxing is a very well-known sport4 ,it is widely popular both in ,europe and in ,america4 ,it originated several centuries ago4 ,the main reason for the popularity of boxing is that it is a very interesting sport4 ,the spectator is held by the rapid action of the boxers4 ,in the early days of boxing the men were slow and relied chiefly upon strength1 but the modern boxer has developed speed and uses short1 quick blows4 ,if the boxer of the past should fight the boxer of the present1 the affair would be very one-sided1 because the latter would soon tire out his opponent by his quickness4 ,besides being interesting because of the violent action that is a natural part of the sport1 it is also interesting from the point of view of the money-maker4 ,thousands of dollars are spent every year in developing winners4 ,this was shown in our latest match1 the ,dempsey-,carpentier fight1 in which many thousands of dollars were involved4 ,an international spirit also prevails when boxers from two countries meet4 ,this was indicated in the same match when all the ,americans yelled for ,jack and all the foreigners for ,georges4 ,boxing has grown in popularity through the ages because of its aid to health and because of its interesting features4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,paragraph ,a paragraph is an indented division of the whole composition4 ,beginning with an indention1 and usually ending with a partly blank last line1 it constitutes a visible block of material on the page4 ,the successive blocks relieve the strain on the reader and enable him to mark each step in the advance from division to division of the thought4 ,in length the paragraph ordinarily ranges from #aej to #cjj words4 #bjj4 ,indent the first word of each paragraph at least half an inch4 ,in typing1 indent five spaces4 ,every paragraph begins on a new line4 #bja4 ,the last sentence in the paragraph sometimes ends before the right-hand margin of the page is reached4 ,in this case the last line of the paragraph may be left partly blank4 ,all other lines must be filled clear to the margin4 #bjb4 ,do not indent every sentence as if it were a new paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,at that time they reorganized a girls' basketball team which had been dropped two years before1 and they made me jumping center4 ,although our high school was not a large one1 we played some very good games1 and managed to make a good record for the four years4 ,in my last year we had a new superintendent who was interested in athletics1 and we then had teams in basketball1 football1 baseball1 and track4 ,right4 ,at that time they reorganized a girls' basketball team which had been dropped two years before1 and they made me jumping center4 ,although our high school was not a large one1 we played some very good games1 and managed to make a good record for the four years4 ,in my last year we had a new superintendent who was interested in athletics1 and we then had teams in basketball1 football1 baseball1 and track4 #bjc4 ,in representing conversation1 begin a new paragraph with every change of speaker4 ,wrong4 8,shall we go swimming after school tonight80 ,i asked4 8,no1 ,i have to work10 ,john replied4 8,when can we go1 then80 8,tomorrow night after school1 or any time ,saturday4 ,i don't have to work next ,saturday at all40 8,all right2 let's go tomorrow40 ,right4 8,shall we go swimming after school tonight80 ,i asked4 8,no1 ,i have to work10 ,john replied4 8,when can we go1 then80 8,tomorrow night after school1 or any time ,saturday4 ,i don't have to work next ,saturday at all40 8,all right2 let's go tomorrow40 #bjd4 ,form one paragraph out of two short paragraphs which actually constitute one division of the whole composition4 ,wrong4 ,he always has a smile and a kind word for everyone4 ,he tries to lift everyone with whom he comes in contact to a higher plane of living4 ,much sorrow has come into his life1 but it seems to have made him only kinder and more gentle4 ,better4 ,he always has a smile and a kind word for everyone4 ,he tries to lift everyone with whom he comes in contact to a higher plane of living4 ,much sorrow has come into his life1 but it seems to have made him only kinder and more gentle4 #bje4 ,break up a paragraph that is too long into two or more paragraphs4 ,the subject matter of each of the new paragraphs thus formed should constitute a natural subdivision of what was originally one paragraph4 ,tedious4 ,just like all children1 ,charlotte was not perfect1 either in school or out4 ,while she was in the second grade1 she was sent home for making paper boats during study time1 a fascinating pastime which the teacher did not approve of2 and while she was in the fourth grade1 she and a friend were sent to the superintendent for a lecture because out of curiosity they looked through the window of the school room one evening after closing time to watch a naughty schoolmate get his paddling4 ,the grammar school days arrived at last1 and with them came the habit of giggling and playing1 at the expense of lessons and the trying of the teacher's patience and temper4 ,during the first year in high school she calmed down and worked hard to establish a reputation4 ,she was always very enthusiastic over athletics and yelled herself hoarse at basketball or football games4 ,a great deal of her time was spent in reading books of various types and in out-of-doors sports4 ,while she was a junior and also during the last year of her high school career1 she helped her father with the book work in his office1 thus getting a little experience along that line and also earning for herself some expense money4 ,commencement finally came1 and she was graduated in a class of thirty-three with all the thrills and excitement which usually accompany that occasion4 ,better4 ,just like all children1 ,charlotte was not perfect1 either in school or out4 ,while she was in the second grade1 for instance1 she was once sent home for making paper boats1 a fascinating pastime for her1 but one1 however1 of which the teacher did not approve1 especially during study hours4 ,again1 when she was in the fourth grade1 one evening after school had closed for the day she and a friend peeped through the school room window out of curiosity to see a naughty schoolmate get his paddling4 ,the result was a lecture from the superintendent the next day4 ,grammar school days arrived at last1 and with them came the habit of giggling and playing1 at the expense of lessons and of trying the teacher's patience and temper4 ,during her first year in high school1 however1 she calmed down and worked hard to establish a reputation4 ,she was very enthusiastic over athletics and frequently yelled herself hoarse at basketball or football games4 ,much of her time at this period of her life was spent in reading books of various types and in out-of-door sports4 ,nevertheless1 while she was a junior and also during her senior year1 she found time to help her father with the book work in his office1 and so acquired a little business experience and also earned some expense money4 ,and finally1 when commencement came1 she was graduated along with thirty-three others amid all the thrills and excitement that usually accompany this memorable occasion4 #bjf4 ,avoid a violent break in thought within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,at the age of five ,i entered the public school4 ,the second day in school began the happiest days of my life with a good whipping4 ,this whipping brought into my life the best friend ,i ever had4 ,after eight years of the closest friendship he passed out of my life4 ,it was then that the realization of what a mother could be swept over me4 ,until this time my mother had been a person to go to when in trouble4 ,she now appeared to me in the new light of a pal4 ,better4 ,at the age of five ,i entered the public school4 ,a good whipping1 which ,i received my second day in school1 not only ushered in the happiest days of my life1 but also brought me one of the best friends ,i have ever had1 ,mr4 ,clark1 the superintendent4 ,during my eight years in that school he remained my closest friend1 and it was not until ,i had finished there and ,mr4 ,clark had passed out of my life that ,i began to realize what a real friend my mother could be4 ,until this time my mother had been only a person to whom ,i could go when ,i was in trouble2 now she appeared more like a pal4 #bjg4 ,discard any material that does not belong in the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,when evening comes and his day's work is completed1 he hurries home to his family4 ,he is not extravagant in his home1 but has it neatly furnished4 ,if the weather is favorable1 he takes them all for a drive in the country1 or they go visiting1 or do something else which he arranges for the pleasure of those he loves4 ,better4 ,when evening comes and his day's work is completed1 he hurries home to his family4 ,if the weather is favorable1 he takes them all for a drive in the country1 or they go visiting1 or do something else which he arranges for the pleasure of those he loves4 #bjh4 ,the substance of a good paragraph can usually be summed up in a single sentence4 ,it is often advantageous to put such a sentence1 called a topic sentence1 at or near the beginning of the paragraph4 ,example4 ,of all the places for summer dreams the best is a ,california beach4 ,there the blended sights and sounds form a quiet setting for fanciful thoughts4 ,the old ,pacific rolls in its oily swells with only a rippling murmur2 the droning roar of the surf a half mile down the shoreline rises from the tug of waves on tons of pebbles2 the white hull of a launch is dipping1 dipping far out upon the water1 its regular exhausts sounding faint and thin4 ,these sights and sounds are dreamy and far off2 under the mood of them the quiet mind builds sweet1 lazy air castles1 to be forgotten and renewed4 #bji4 ,arrange ideas in some definite order within the paragraph4 7,see #ajf-aac47 ,example4 ,a fence has been the evil genius of my life4 ,it was not a remarkable fence1 either2 just a neat picket fence painted white4 ,it surrounded a beautiful1 well-kept lawn and guarded an old1 pretty house which overflowed with books and toys4 ,but the toys would sometimes become tiresome1 and ,i would look wistfully through the fence at the children playing across the street4 ,i would have liked to join them or to have them come over--but there stood the fence4 ,i learned to read and gradually built up a play world of my own until one day ,i realized that ,i liked the fence4 ,i no longer cared to play with the other children1 and when ,i went to school ,i found that ,i could not play with them4 ,the fence had followed me4 ,the years outside the fence have changed me somewhat1 but still whenever ,i am in a group of young people ,i have a feeling that ,i am not one of them4 ,i want to stand back and watch them play4 ,some people call my backwardness shyness or timidity1 others call it pouting and attribute it to a disagreeable disposition1 but ,i know what it is3 it is a neat picket fence painted white4 #baj4 ,link sentence to sentence within the paragraph by using words and phrases of reference1 such as he1 this1 then1 however1 of course4 ,example4 ,there is a delicacy about sweet peas that makes them more attractive to me than any other flower in my garden4 ,notice the way the blossom is joined to the stem4 ,it is poised there with such nice balance that at the least puff of air the flower sways on its long green stalk with the rhythm of the wind4 ,and1 too1 their delicacy of color is beyond that of most flowers4 ,really1 the only thing ,i can think of to compare with them is the clouds at sunrise4 ,if you have noticed1 the colors then are fresh and vivid from the light behind the clouds1 though a faint mist makes them more elusive than the colors of broad day4 ,in the sweet peas the same airy1 translucent color is repeated--the wan white1 the sober purple blending into lavender1 the rose in infinite variety4 ,and there are other things1 besides--the dewy freshness that clings to them all day1 the coolness of them1 the faint perfume--which make me think them different from the rest of the flowers in my garden and which set them apart from all the others in delicacy4 #baa4 ,link sentence to sentence within the paragraph by causing each to grow out of the one preceding4 ,example4 ,a university is an institution of higher learning4 ,for purposes of ministering the better to the various demands made upon it1 it is made up of a number of colleges1 as the college of medicine1 the college of law1 that of engineering1 of liberal arts1 of commerce1 for instance1 each college being in charge of an officer called the dean4 ,the colleges1 in turn1 are composed of various departments1 such as the department of ,romance languages1 of art1 and of home economics2 these are under the charge of officers called department heads or professors4 ,and finally1 each department presents many courses of instruction1 like ,french1 rhetoric1 ,european history1 and architectural drawing1 each course being taught directly by an officer called an instructor or professor4 ,hence1 although from the variety of its interests and the complexity of its activities it would seem that a university is an awkward1 ungainly organism1 nevertheless1 if one examines it closely1 one finds that it is a highly organized and smoothly running machine4 #bab4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in number within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,here we find what amusements occupy his or her time4 ,this is where their chief characteristics can be pointed out4 ,then a word here1 an oddly written phrase there1 or a lack of words gives us a clue to the nature of the student4 ,better4 ,here we find what amusements occupy his time4 ,this is where his chief characteristics can be pointed out4 ,then a word here1 an oddly written phrase there1 or a lack of words gives us a clue to the nature of the student4 #bac4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in person within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,one learns to like some students1 of whom there are too few upon the campus4 ,others ,i dislike1 and of these there are too many4 ,better4 ,one learns to like some students1 of whom there are too few upon the campus4 ,others one dislikes1 and of these there are too many4 #bad4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in tense within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,my flower garden in ,june is a most interesting and beautiful sight4 ,on a bright sunny morning one would stop in amazement2 the flowers were so happy when the sun reached their faces1 still wet with dew1 that they fairly sparkled4 ,better4 ,my flower garden in ,june is a most interesting and beautiful sight4 ,on a bright sunny morning one stops in amazement2 the flowers are so happy when the sun reaches their faces1 still wet with dew1 that they fairly sparkle4 #bae4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in voice within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,his directions were brief and to the point4 ,every question ,i asked was answered by just the information ,i desired--no more1 no less4 ,when dictating he used only the simplest words4 ,all inquiries in letters were answered plainly4 ,better4 ,his directions were brief and to the point4 ,he answered my questions with just the information ,i desired--no more1 no less4 ,when dictating he used only the simplest words and always answered plainly all inquiries in letters4 #baf4 ,avoid an inconsistent change in mood within the paragraph4 ,wrong4 ,if you were to visit the library on ,saturday afternoon1 you would find it nearly deserted4 ,the tables would be empty and the reading room very quiet4 ,the students are upon the river or are enjoying themselves upon the campus4 ,someone1 however1 who has a paper to get in may be busy at the reference shelves4 ,better4 ,if you were to visit the library on ,saturday afternoon1 you would find it nearly deserted4 ,the tables would be empty and the reading room very quiet4 ,the students would be upon the river or enjoying themselves about the campus4 ,someone1 however1 who had a paper to get in might be busy at the reference shelves4 #bag4 ,put the most significant idea near the beginning or the end of the paragraph4 ,example4 ,far as he could see through the gathering dark there was quiet1 the reaction after tremendous exertion4 ,shapes of men surrounded him4 ,here lay one flat upon his back1 his features sketched in sharp focus by the fading light4 ,three yards to one side sat two bodies leaning back to back1 heads upon breasts1 helmets over eyes4 ,beyond them huddled an indistinguishable mass4 ,on the other side1 so close he could have touched them1 an arm and a leg strung along in a line--no torso within a rod of them4 ,the world lay desolate and silent except for the yellowing moon and the far off1 intermittent firing4 ,example4 ,my one worry and regret1 however1 was the fact that my father was the president of the school board4 ,part of my teachers gave me good grades because they were afraid they would lose their positions if they did otherwise1 and the rest of them tried to flunk me because they thought they were not being paid highly enough4 ,among them all ,i managed to make about a ,b average1 and the problem which now remains for the university to solve is1 did ,i receive more or less than ,i deserved while in high school4 #bah4 ,give most space to the most significant idea4 ,example4 ,since man's progress through the ages is a passage from the undeveloped to the highly developed1 one wonders what the buildings of a thousand years from now will be like4 ,from that day in the remote past1 when the first cliff dweller conceived the idea of enlarging his home by carving out another terrace in the rock above it1 to this day when we have a skyscraper #gej feet high1 man's building has approached nearer and nearer to the clouds4 ,as the little two-story terrace grew1 the cliff dwellers wondered and doubted4 ,likewise1 when a four-story building was a fact accomplished by our great-grandfathers1 to live in a ten-story building would have been considered extremely hazardous4 ,and now since we have the forty-story ,singer building1 will man continue to aspire to the clouds or will he remain satisfied with his achievement8 #bai4 ,practice4 ,here is a paragraph that is very poorly put together4 ,on the basis of what you have just studied1 answer the following questions and rewrite the paragraph accordingly4 #a4 ,what about the indention8 #b4 ,what about the right-hand margin8 #c4 ,should the speech of the mother be given a whole paragraph8 #d4 ,is it possible to form more than one good paragraph of this thought8 ,why1 or why not8 #e4 ,does a break occur in the thought8 ,where8 #f4 ,should anything be discarded8 ,what8 #g4 ,can you find a topic sentence1 or must you compose one8 #h4 ,what about the arrangement of ideas8 #i4 ,can you improve the links between sentences8 ,how8 #aj4 ,can you give more prominence to significant ideas8 ,how8 ,perhaps it was from her father that she got her restlessness4 ,accidentally she put her finger on the label of what looked to be the top of an ordinary hat1 and the flat shape she held immediately took the form of a hat4 ,her only ideas regarding him came through an incident that happened when she was about fourteen4 ,she had never seen him1 and her mother never mentioned his name4 ,her father lived in her mind as an ideal4 ,she rushed1 filled with questions1 to her mother1 for as long as she could remember there had never been a man in the house1 and she had never seen such a hat except in pictures4 ,her mother was anything but romantic4 ,she and her mother had been giving their house its fall cleaning1 and she had found1 wrapped up in an old silk comforter1 what she took to be a hat--it was shaped like one except that it had no crown4 8,your father's10 had been the mother's laconic answer1 her lips drawing into a hard1 straight line that forbade further questioning4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,grammar ,in this short discussion of grammar the attempt is not made to discuss exhaustively all the features of ,english grammar4 ,the purpose is only to survey and to identify all the elements of an ordinary sentence4 ,the definitions are few1 and are descriptions rather than formal definitions4 ,the parts of speech are treated as they become important in the structure of the sentence4 ,such a treatment of essentials as this is necessary partly as a review1 but especially because a teacher and a student cannot discuss many of the commonest sentence faults unless they have a mutually intelligible terminology4 ,a student must be able to recognize such grammatical elements as a subject or an object1 a participle or an infinitive1 a phrase or a clause1 in order to produce correct and effective sentences4 ,there is a minimum amount of grammatical knowledge without which a writer cannot rewrite his compositions so as to avoid the commonest errors and imperfections4 ,what ,grammar ,is ,grammar is the study of the structure of sentences1 and of the forms and functions of words and word-groups within sentences4 ,in simple terms1 grammar is the examination of the machinery of language4 ,sentences ,sentences make assertions 7declarative sentences71 or ask questions 7interrogative sentences71 or give commands 7imperative sentences71 or express emotion 7exclamatory sentences74 ,written sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period1 a question mark1 or an exclamation point4 ,the most common kind of written sentence is that which makes an assertion4 ,this kind1 called declarative1 may well be taken1 therefore1 as the most available basis for the discussion of the machinery of the sentence4 ,the word sentence in this chapter will accordingly mean a declarative sentence4 ,the ,parts of a ,sentence--,subject and ,predicate ,a sentence has at least two parts--a subject and a predicate4 ,the subject is that part which designates what the assertion is about4 ,the predicate is that part which makes the assertion4 ,many students earn their way through college4 ,it is obvious that ,many students designates what the assertion is about1 and is therefore the subject4 ,earn their way through college makes the assertion about ,many students1 and is1 therefore1 the predicate4 ,although the sentence may contain other elements1 although the subject or the predicate or both may be long and complicated1 and although the elements making up the subject and the predicate may be variously arranged1 nevertheless every normal declarative sentence contains these two parts1 and can be divided into these two parts4 ,subjects ,the fundamental word or element in the subject is a noun1 a pronoun1 a gerund1 an infinitive1 or a clause4 ,a noun is simply a name word4 ,it may signify a person or an animate being 7,frank1 boy1 dog71 an object 7tree1 box71 a color 7red71 an action 7walking1 step1 discussion71 a quality 7goodness71 an abstract idea 7truth1 space71 a general idea 7speed1 thing71 to name only a few kinds of nouns4 ,but it is always the name of an individual or of a class of persons or things4 ,a pronoun is a substitute or symbol word which signifies a noun which is either expressed near the pronoun or implied by the circumstances 7he1 it1 who1 anyone1 ,i1 you74 ,a gerund is a noun made by adding the suffix -ing to a verb 7walking1 hoping1 sitting1 being74 ,an infinitive is a form of a verb1 usually preceded by the word to1 often used to name the action signified by the verb 7to think1 to have gone74 ,a clause is a sentence element consisting of a subject 7in the nominative case7 and a predicate 7with the verb in a finite form--that is1 not an infinitive or a participle74 #a4 ,noun3 ,time flies4 #b4 ,pronoun3 ,he arrived late4 ,everybody was late4 ,i can do it4 #c4 ,gerund3 ,standing on the corner made him cold4 #d4 ,infinitive3 ,to tell the truth was easy4 #e4 ,clause3 ,that he hath wronged me doth appear in this4 ,where he stood makes no difference4 ,predicates ,the fundamental word in the predicate is the verb4 ,a verb is a word--or a word-group--the function of which is to assert something about the subject4 ,the tide rises4 ,the sun shone4 ,i bought a book4 ,the box is small4 ,the verb may consist of one word--as in the examples given--or it may consist of a group of words1 called a verb-group1 containing sometimes as many as five words4 ,this verb group consists of one1 two1 three1 or four auxiliary verbs1 followed by a form of the verb expressing the meaning or sense4 ,the form of the sense-verb is an infinitive1 a present participle1 or a past participle4 ,the moon will rise4 ,the moon is rising4 ,the moon has risen4 ,he may light the lamp4 ,he is going to light the lamp4 ,the lamp at last was lighted4 ,the lamp has been lighted4 ,the lamp may have been lighted4 ,he may have been going to light the lamp4 ,structural ,parts of the ,predicate--,objects ,intransitive verbs are those which1 like rise1 make assertions the action of which does not involve any person or thing other than the subject4 ,transitive verbs are those which1 like light1 make assertions which involve some person or thing other than the subject in the action of the verb4 ,in the sentence ,he lighted the lamp1 lamp is such an object4 ,the same verb may sometimes assert one1 and sometimes the other kind of action4 ,the door opened4 ,he opened the door4 ,some transitive verbs make an assertion which involves two nouns1 both signifying the same thing or person4 ,the club elected ,frank president4 ,some transitive verbs make an assertion which involves two different objects or persons4 ,i gave ,frank an apple4 ,she bought ,frank an apple4 ,i told him a story4 ,here apple or story is the object directly affected by the action of the verb1 and is1 therefore1 called the direct object4 ,frank or him designates the person for whose benefit the action of the verb affects the direct object1 and is called the indirect object4 ,copulas and ,complements ,still another kind of verb1 called a copula1 though it does not take a direct object1 makes only part of the assertion4 ,the rest is made by means of another word 7or element7 which characterizes the subject but which is an essential part of the assertion4 ,in fact1 the complement1 as the element completing the verb is called1 is the most significant part of the predicate2 the verb is merely a bit of machinery by means of which the complement is turned into an assertion4 ,the sky is red4 ,the dark shape was a house4 ,the car looks cheap4 ,he is in the house4 ,home is where the heart is4 ,in these sentences1 red1 a house1 cheap1 in the house1 and where the heart is1 are parts of the predicate1 though they characterize the subject4 ,such elements are called complements because they complete the assertion of the verb2 if adjectives1 they are called adjective complements1 or better1 predicated adjectives2 if nouns1 they are called noun complements1 or predicated nouns2 if clauses or phrases1 they are called complements1 or predicated phrases or clauses4 ,the verbs by means of which these complements are predicated are called copulas4 ,modifiers ,almost every word in the sentence is capable of having its meaning described1 restricted1 emphasized1 or toned down in some way--that is1 any meaning in the sentence may be characterized or modified4 ,heavy automobiles run smoothly4 ,heavy both describes and restricts automobiles4 ,words which characterize nouns in this way are called adjectives4 ,smoothly describes and restricts run4 ,words which characterize verbs are called adverbs4 ,very heavy automobiles run much more smoothly4 ,very emphasizes heavy4 ,a word which thus characterizes an adjective is called an adverb4 ,more characterizes smoothly4 ,much characterizes more4 ,a word which characterizes an adverb is called an adverb4 ,prepositional ,phrases ,nouns1 pronouns1 verbs1 adjectives1 and adverbs are also frequently described or limited in the same way by an element or group of words called a prepositional phrase4 ,this usually consists of a noun1 pronoun1 or gerund whose exact relationship to the modified word is shown by means of a preposition4 ,the preposition is placed before the modifying noun or pronoun and its adjective modifiers4 ,at home ,in the house ,with large tires ,over rough roads ,heavy automobiles with large tires run smoothly over rough roads4 ,with large tires is a prepositional phrase1 consisting of the preposition with and its object tires2 the phrase modifies or characterizes automobiles4 ,over rough roads is a prepositional phrase which characterizes run4 ,a prepositional phrase characterizing a noun is called an adjective prepositional phrase4 ,one characterizing a verb is called an adverbial prepositional phrase4 ,subordinate ,clauses ,a clause is any part of a sentence consisting of a subject in the nominative case and a predicate containing a verb in a finite form 7not a participle or an infinitive74 ,some clauses are used as nouns2 others are used to characterize or modify nouns1 pronouns1 verbs1 adjectives1 or adverbs4 ,clauses used as nouns are called noun clauses4 ,those used as adjectives are called adjective or relative clauses4 ,those used to modify verbs1 adjectives1 or adverbs are called adverb clauses4 ,noun ,clauses ,noun clauses may be used in practically any construction in which a noun is used4 ,subject3 ,that he is a good workman is clear enough4 ,appositive3 ,the fact that the paper is new disproves his claim4 ,predicated noun3 ,the weather will be what fate determines4 ,object of verb3 ,i saw that he had finished4 ,object of preposition3 ,the book is satisfactory except that it omits one essential feature4 ,adjective ,clauses ,adjective clauses are those which modify a noun or a pronoun4 ,heavy automobiles which carry large loads run smoothly4 ,adverb ,clauses ,adverb clauses usually modify a verb4 ,they characterize the verb in several different ways4 ,time3 ,he hurt his wrist when he fell4 ,place3 ,i put the glass where ,i could reach it4 ,cause3 ,we stopped the car because it was raining4 ,concession3 ,although it was still dark ,i awoke4 ,condition3 ,if you read widely you will not be ignorant4 ,purpose3 ,he broke the stone that he might find a fossil4 ,result3 ,he struck the vase so that it fell over4 ,manner3 ,they work as they please4 ,adverb clauses of degree1 and sometimes those of manner and of result modify an adverb or an adjective4 ,the cherries tasted sweeter than they looked4 ,he sawed the plank as carefully as he could4 ,we traveled so slowly that ,i despaired of reaching our destination4 ,participles ,the participle is any form of the verb used as an adjective4 ,there are several forms3 rising1 risen1 having risen2 raising1 raised1 having raised1 being raised1 having been raised4 ,the rising sun awakened me4 ,the fallen tree lay across the ravine4 ,the wind1 howling a gale1 swept the sea4 ,twisting out of my hands1 he escaped in the darkness4 ,the tree1 twisted and broken1 rotted away4 ,infinitives ,the infinitive is usually preceded by its sign1 to1 but after some verbs 7do1 shall1 will1 may1 can1 dare1 help1 need1 see1 hear1 feel1 let1 make1 bid7 and after the expressions had better1 had rather1 it is usually the pure or root infinitive without to4 ,there are six forms of the infinitive3 ,simple ,progressive ,passive ,pres4 to take to be taking to be taken ,perf4 to have taken to have been taking to have been taken ,the infinitive has various uses3 ,subject3 ,to command is his ambition4 ,predicated noun3 ,to know is to act4 ,object of verb3 ,i prefer to travel slowly4 ,after nouns3 ,we have work to do4 ,after verbs3 ,he failed to pass his examinations4 ,he seemed to be in trouble4 ,children had better be silent4 ,after verbs 7with noun or pronoun subject73 ,our neighbors helped us move4 ,after adjectives3 ,they are glad to hear the news4 ,he is so foolish as to believe the tale4 ,conjunctions ,it is often necessary or desirable to join together two or more similar words1 elements1 or clauses in a sentence4 ,two nouns constituting the subject1 for example1 may have the same assertion made about them4 ,time and tide wait for no man4 ,and1 which joins time and tide1 is a conjunction4 ,two adjectives1 two verbs1 two adverbs1 two prepositional phrases1 or two clauses may be joined together with a conjunction4 ,the flag is colored red and blue4 ,time came and went4 ,men and women laughed and cried4 ,the rains descended1 and the floods came4 ,the automobile is fast1 but the airplane is faster4 ,words like and and but are conjunctions4 ,conjunctions which connect words1 phrases1 or clauses of equal grammatical value are called co-ordinating conjunctions4 ,the most frequent are and1 but1 or1 nor1 for4 ,subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate clause--noun1 adjective1 or adverb--to another clause or to some word in another clause4 ,at the same time they show the exact significance and bearing of the subordinate clause4 ,we heard that the train was wrecked4 ,he came because ,i called him4 ,he remained though he wanted to go4 ,if it rains ,i shall stay at home4 ,subordinating conjunctions are also sometimes used to join participles or adjectives to the rest of the sentence4 ,in such cases1 the participle or the adjective modifies a noun4 ,though moving slowly1 the train was gaining4 ,though faithful to his master1 the dog was shot4 ,structure of ,sentences ,according to certain features of their structure1 sentences are classified as simple1 compound1 or complex4 ,a simple sentence is one consisting of a single clause or assertion4 ,time flies4 ,time came and went4 ,time and tide wait for no man4 ,men and women laughed and cried4 ,the subject of a simple sentence may consist of one noun or pronoun with its modifiers1 or of two or more nouns with their modifiers4 ,in the latter case1 the subject is called a compound subject4 ,similarly1 the predicate may contain one verb or two or more verbs4 ,occasionally a sentence will have a compound subject and a compound predicate1 as in the last example given4 ,compound ,sentences ,a compound sentence is one which consists of two or more assertions of equal grammatical value--that is1 neither assertion is grammatically subordinate to the other or to any part of the other4 ,the rain descended1 and the floods came4 ,the automobile is fast1 but the airplane is faster4 ,complex ,sentences ,a complex sentence is one which contains not only a main assertion 7or more than one71 but also one or more subordinate assertions--that is1 it contains one or more assertions which are grammatically incorporated as a noun or an adjective or an adverb into the main clause or into another subordinate clause4 ,i saw that he had finished4 ,heavy automobiles which carry large loads run smoothly4 ,the weather will be what fate determines4 ,he broke the stone that he might find a fossil4 ,absolute ,elements ,most of the elements of a sentence have a clear grammatical relation to one another4 ,but there are pieces of structure which have no evident relationship to anything else4 ,noun absolute3 ,he lay down1 his heart heavy with sorrow4 ,hat in hand1 he came down stairs4 ,the participle absolute is more frequent4 ,participle absolute3 ,this said1 he sat down4 ,one of them having fallen1 the rest ran away4 ,the teacher absenting himself1 there was no school4 ,parenthetical ,elements ,parenthetical elements1 like so to speak1 it is hoped1 it is reported1 they remark1 which have no grammatical connection with the rest of the assertion1 occur frequently4 ,sometimes they are inclosed within dashes1 sometimes within parentheses1 sometimes within commas4 ,this action1 it is expected1 will produce results4 ,flexibility of the ,sentence ,elements ,although the sentence has a normal order--subject1 verb1 object2 or subject1 verb1 complement--it is rich and varied in the possibilities it possesses of variety and rearrangement1 especially in the position of adjective1 participial1 and adverbial elements1 and in the case of adverb clauses4 ,adjective3 ,the gloomy and portentous mountains towered above him4 ,gloomy and portentous1 the mountains towered above him4 ,the mountains1 gloomy and portentous1 towered above him4 ,adverb3 ,the building may have been entered immediately4 ,the building may have been immediately entered4 ,the building may have immediately been entered4 ,immediately the building was entered4 ,the building was immediately entered4 ,the building was entered immediately4 ,adverb ,clauses3 ,as soon as he had knocked1 he opened the door4 ,he opened the door as soon as he had knocked4 ,inflections ,nouns1 pronouns1 verbs1 and two adjectives show changes in function and meaning by means of changes in form1 by endings1 or1 sometimes in the case of verbs1 by prefixing auxiliary verbs4 ,noun ,declension ,nouns are declined to show case and number4 ,singular ,plural ,common boy boys ,possessive boy's boys' ,common man men ,possessive man's men's ,common child children ,possessive child's children's ,pronoun ,declension ,pronouns are declined to show case and number4 ,singular ,plural ,nominative ,i we ,possessive my our ,objective me us thou you thy your thee you he she it they his her its their him her it them who whose whom ,adjective ,declension ,two adjectives show differences in number4 ,singular ,plural this these that those ,verb ,conjugation ,verbs are conjugated to show person1 number1 tense1 mood1 and voice4 ,most of these changes are shown by the use of auxiliary verbs1 which are placed before the infinitive or the past or present participle of the sense-verb4 ,the combinations are called verb-groups4 ,indicative ,mood ,,present 7,simple or habitual7 ,active ,passive ,i take ,i am taken ,you take ,you are taken ,he takes ,he is taken ,we take ,we are taken ,,present 7,progressive or definite7 ,i am taking ,i am being taken ,,past 7,simple7 ,i took ,i was taken ,,past 7,progressive or definite7 ,i was taking ,i was being taken ,,future 7,formal7 ,i shall take ,i shall be taken ,you will take ,you will be taken ,he will take ,he will be taken ,we shall take ,we shall be taken ,you will take ,you will be taken ,they will take ,they will be taken ,,future 7,colloquial7 ,i am going to take ,i am going to be taken ,you are going to take ,you are going to be taken ,he is going to take ,he is going to be taken ,we are going to take ,we are going to be taken ,,present ,,perfect 7,simple7 ,i have taken ,i have been taken ,he has taken ,he has been taken ,we have taken ,we have been taken ,,present ,,perfect 7,progressive or definite7 ,i have been taking 7,wanting7 ,,past ,,perfect 7,simple7 ,i had taken ,i had been taken ,,past ,,perfect 7,progressive or definite7 ,i had been taking 7,wanting7 ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have taken ,i shall have been taken ,,colloquial ,,passive ,,with ,,get ,,present ,it is getting broken ,,past ,it got broken ,,future ,it will get broken ,subjunctive ,mood ,,present ,active ,passive ,i may take ,i may be taken ,i can take ,i can be taken ,i must take ,i must be taken ,,past ,i might take ,i might be taken ,i should take ,i should be taken ,he would take ,he would be taken ,i could take ,i could be taken ,conjugation of ,be ,be is an extremely irregular composite verb4 ,it is made up of three verbs1 is 7am1 are1 art71 be1 and was 7were74 ,indicative ,present ,past ,i am ,i was ,you are ,you were ,he is ,he was ,we are ,we were ,you are ,you were ,they are ,they were ,subjunctive ,present ,past ,i be ,i were ,you be ,you were ,he be ,he were ,we be ,we were ,you be ,you were ,they be ,they were ,,chapter ,,vii ,,sentence ,,correctness ,the language spoken and written by educated persons and by trained writers in all parts of the ,english-speaking world has certain forms and usages to which everyone must conform if he wishes to be recognized as a well-educated man or woman4 ,conformity to the word-forms and to the sentence structure of this widespread language is called correctness4 #cjj4 ,use the nominative case for the subject of every finite verb4 ,i1 thou1 he1 she1 we1 they1 who1 are nominatives4 ,wrong4 ,him and ,i graduated last year4 ,right4 ,he and ,i graduated last year4 ,revise4 ,us and her went by ourselves4 #cja4 ,use the nominative form who for the subject1 even if a parenthetical he says1 he thinks1 etc41 intervenes between subject and verb4 ,wrong4 ,she was the teacher whom we thought had seen us4 ,right4 ,she was the teacher who we thought had seen us4 ,revise4 ,he whom everybody thought would win the prize came out second4 #cjb4 ,use the nominative forms who1 whoever for the subject of a subordinate clause1 even if a verb or a preposition immediately precedes who1 whoever4 ,wrong4 ,i shall believe whomever has the best argument4 ,right4 ,i shall believe whoever has the best argument4 ,wrong4 ,a reward was offered to whomever returned the lost book4 ,right4 ,a reward was offered to whoever returned the lost book4 ,revise4 ,the decision as to whom should be punished no longer rests with me4 #cjc4 ,use the nominative case for a predicated pronoun after is1 are1 was1 were1 etc4 ,wrong4 ,it was me4 ,right4 ,it was ,i4 ,wrong4 ,the best friends ,i have are her and him4 ,right4 ,the best friends ,i have are she and he4 ,revise4 ,it is not whom you think it is4 #cjd4 ,put a pronoun used as an appositive into the same case as the noun with which it is in apposition4 ,wrong4 ,let's you and ,i go4 ,right4 ,let's you and me go4 ,wrong4 ,the principal called in several pupils1 ,jack and ,mary and ,i4 ,right4 ,the principal called in several pupils1 ,jack and ,mary and me4 ,revise4 ,for whom did you ask--they and she8 #cje4 ,after the conjunctions as and than1 put the pronoun into the same case as that of the noun or pronoun with which the comparison is made4 7,exception3 ,the form whom is usually used after than47 ,wrong4 ,he swims better than me4 ,right4 ,he swims better than ,i4 ,wrong4 ,she is as rich as him4 ,right4 ,she is as rich as he4 ,wrong4 ,it improved him more than ,i4 ,right4 ,it improved him more than me4 ,right4 ,he is a student than whom there is none better4 ,revise4 ,i like him better than she4 #cjf4 ,use the possessive case of a noun or pronoun with a gerund4 ,wrong4 ,i am tired of you going away like this4 ,right4 ,i am tired of your going away like this4 ,wrong4 ,had you not heard of him being ill8 ,right4 ,had you not heard of his being ill8 ,revise4 ,i will not consider ,henry leaving4 ,revise4 ,too much attention was paid to ,ethel being rewarded4 #cjg4 ,put only nouns indicating persons or animate beings into the possessive case4 ,wrong4 ,biography is history's most interesting part4 ,right4 ,biography is the most interesting part of history4 ,revise4 ,his striking appearance held the class's attention4 #cjh4 ,use the objective case of a pronoun which is the object of a verb or of a preposition4 ,wrong4 ,my father decided that the farm was the best place for my brother and ,i4 ,right4 ,my father decided that the farm was the best place for my brother and me4 ,revise4 ,most of we girls are studying household art4 #cji4 ,use the objective case of a pronoun which is the subject of an infinitive after a verb of saying1 thinking1 permitting1 etc4 ,wrong4 ,our parents let my sister and ,i drive the horse4 ,right4 ,our parents let my sister and me drive the horse4 ,revise4 ,who do you want to be captain8 #caj4 ,use the objective case of a pronoun which is predicated after to be1 to have been1 used with a verb of saying1 thinking1 etc4 ,wrong4 ,he thought it to be we4 ,right4 ,he thought it to be us4 ,wrong4 ,they believed her to have been ,i4 ,right4 ,they believed her to have been me4 ,revise4 ,we wished it to be they4 #caa4 ,use this kind of1 that kind of1 this sort of1 even if followed by a plural noun4 ,wrong4 ,you cannot use those sort of films4 ,right4 ,you cannot use that sort of films4 ,revise4 ,did you ever see these kind of instruments8 #cab4 ,refer a singular pronoun to a singular antecedent4 ,wrong4 ,he carefully crated and boxed the seed to stand weathering1 and shipped them to ,india4 ,right4 ,he carefully crated and boxed the seed to stand weathering1 and shipped it to ,india4 ,wrong4 ,everyone did justice to their appetite4 ,right4 ,everyone did justice to his appetite4 ,revise4 ,one can tell when they come to these villages because of the smell of the cod4 #cac4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,wrong4 ,the first five years of my life was spent here4 ,right4 ,the first five years of my life were spent here4 ,revise4 ,magazines1 especially the ,american1 is what ,i enjoy reading4 #cad4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,each1 each one1 every1 everyone1 everybody1 anyone1 anybody1 either1 neither1 none1 no one1 nobody1 are singular4 ,wrong4 ,neither of these treat the subject thoroughly4 ,right4 ,neither of these treats the subject thoroughly4 ,wrong4 ,oh1 how ,i wanted a bicycle4 ,everyone either got one or were going to get one4 ,right4 ,oh1 how ,i wanted a bicycle4 ,everyone either got one or was going to get one4 ,revise4 ,for that reason almost everybody there get sleepy4 #cae4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,two or more singular nouns joined by and form a plural subject4 ,wrong4 ,across the street is the engineering building and the university heating plant4 ,right4 ,across the street are the engineering building and the university heating plant4 ,revise4 ,both the plot and the style was very good4 #caf4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,singular nouns or pronouns joined by or or nor form a singular subject4 ,wrong4 ,clarabell or ,sue are going4 ,right4 ,clarabell or ,sue is going4 ,wrong4 ,neither ,henry nor ,herbert were well treated4 ,right4 ,neither ,henry nor ,herbert was well treated4 ,revise4 ,either the captain or the sergeant have made a mistake4 #cag4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,a collective noun requires a singular verb if the group is regarded as a unit1 a plural verb if it is regarded as a collection of individuals4 ,wrong4 ,she drills us on a lesson until she is sure the class are familiar with everything in each assignment4 ,right4 ,she drills us on a lesson until she is sure the class is familiar with everything in each assignment4 ,wrong4 ,sometimes when some member of the class makes a mistake in his speech1 the rest of the class laugh and talk about it4 ,right4 ,sometimes when some member of the class makes a mistake in his speech1 the rest of the class laughs and talks about it4 ,revise4 ,another committee1 known as the advisory committee1 is composed of one member from each district1 and are chosen by the board of the district bank represented4 #cah4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,an intervening noun must not attract the verb into a different form4 ,wrong4 ,the number of bearings in a car vary4 ,right4 ,the number of bearings in a car varies4 ,wrong4 ,the grounds upon which the building stands consists of half a city block4 ,right4 ,the grounds upon which the building stands consist of half a city block4 ,revise4 ,a copy of the orders are also sent to the checker4 #cai4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,there is and there are must agree with the subject which follows4 ,wrong4 ,there is always a few minutes now and then for reading newspapers4 ,right4 ,there are always a few minutes now and then for reading newspapers4 ,revise4 ,as ,i think of my subject there seems to be many phases open for investigation4 #cbj4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,phrases introduced by besides1 with1 together with1 accompanied by1 including1 as well as1 do not affect the number of the verb4 ,wrong4 ,the major1 as well as all the lieutenants1 were soon out in the open4 ,right4 ,the major1 as well as all the lieutenants1 was soon out in the open4 ,wrong4 ,mary1 together with ,florence1 ,mabel1 and ,pearl1 are going to be there4 ,right4 ,mary1 together with ,florence1 ,mabel1 and ,pearl1 is going to be there4 ,revise4 ,the whole army1 including the ,fifth and ,seventh corps1 have received orders to entrain4 #cba4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,if both singular and plural substantives joined by or or nor make up the subject1 the number of the verb depends upon that of the nearest substantive4 ,wrong4 ,neither the directors nor the president are in sympathy with the proposal4 ,right4 ,neither the directors nor the president is in sympathy with the proposal4 ,revise4 ,the rodmill or the furnaces goes on double turn today4 #cbb4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,verbs used with who1 which1 that1 must agree in person and number with the antecedent of the pronoun4 ,wrong4 ,each man and woman who were present came away disgruntled4 ,right4 ,each man and woman who was present came away disgruntled4 ,revise4 ,these horses that stands here are not for sale4 #cbc4 ,make the verb agree with its subject--not with a predicated noun or nouns4 ,wrong4 ,the type of literature ,i enjoy are books of travel4 ,right4 ,the type of literature ,i enjoy is books of travel4 ,revise4 ,another group of novels ,i have read are ,main ,street1 ,the ,bright ,shawl1 and ,if ,winter ,comes4 #cbd4 ,make the verb agree with its subject4 ,the form don't is correct in the first and second persons singular and in all persons plural4 ,the form doesn't is the only correct form in the third person singular4 ,wrong4 ,he don't seem to know us4 ,right4 ,he doesn't seem to know us4 ,revise4 ,the majority don't think4 #cbe4 ,distinguish between the past tense and the past participle of irregular verbs4 ,present ,past ,past ,participle ,he begins he began he has begun ,he blows he blew he has blown ,it breaks it broke it has broken ,he comes he came he has come ,he does he did he has done ,he draws he drew he has drawn ,he drinks he drank he has drunk ,he drives he drove he has driven ,he eats he ate he has eaten ,he falls he fell he has fallen ,he flies he flew he has flown ,it freezes it froze it has frozen ,it grows it grew it has grown ,he goes he went he has gone ,he knows he knew he has known ,he rides he rode he has ridden ,it rings it rang it has rung ,it rises it rose it has risen ,he runs he ran he has run ,he sees he saw he has seen ,it shakes it shook it has shaken ,it shrinks it shrank it has shrunk ,he sings he sang he has sung ,he speaks he spoke he has spoken ,he steals he stole he has stolen ,he swims he swam he has swum ,he takes he took he has taken ,it tears it tore it has torn ,he throws he threw he has thrown ,revise4 ,i wonder what he has did8 ,have you saw him8 ,he has ran the car into the ditch4 #cbf4 ,use the correct past tense or past participle of the following verbs--not the illiterate form4 ,present ,past ,past ,participle ,it bursts it burst it has burst ,he catches he caught he has caught ,he dives he dived he has dived ,he drags he dragged he has dragged ,he draws he drew he has drawn ,he drowns he drowned he has drowned ,he eats he ate he has eaten ,he grows he grew he has grown ,he holds he held he has held ,he knows he knew he has known ,he leads he led he has led ,he proves he proved he has proved ,he shows he showed he has shown ,he swears he swore he has sworn ,he throws he threw he has thrown ,he ought he ought 7,had ought is not in good usage7 ,revise4 ,what has she ate4 ,i drug it three yards4 ,i drawed him out4 ,he drownded last week4 #cbg4 ,distinguish between lie and lay1 sit and set1 rise and raise4 ,wrong4 ,he laid in the hammock all morning4 ,right4 ,he lay in the hammock all morning4 ,wrong4 ,all right1 set there1 then4 ,right4 ,all right1 sit there1 then4 ,wrong4 ,we all raised up and shouted4 ,right4 ,we all rose up and shouted4 ,revise4 ,i laid on the couch while the rest of them set around waiting for me to raise up and tell them to go home4 #cbh4 ,use shall in the first person1 will in the second and third1 to express simple futurity4 ,wrong4 ,i feel that ,i have had more military training than ,i will get here in the university4 ,right4 ,i feel that ,i have had more military training than ,i shall get here in the university4 ,wrong4 ,you shall fail unless you get to work4 ,right4 ,you will fail unless you get to work4 ,revise4 ,he shall never be found if we do not hurry4 #cbi4 ,use should in the first person1 would in the second and third1 to express relative futurity4 ,wrong4 ,i would like to give it to you4 ,right4 ,i should like to give it to you4 ,wrong4 ,he should be glad to help you1 ,i'm sure4 ,right4 ,he would be glad to help you1 ,i'm sure4 ,revise4 ,you shouldn't do that1 should you8 #ccj4 ,in questions1 use shall in the first person4 ,in the second and third persons1 use that auxiliary which will be correctly used in the answer4 ,wrong4 ,will ,i help you8 ,right4 ,shall ,i help you8 ,wrong4 ,will you be at home tonight8 ,right4 ,shall you be at home tonight8 ,revise4 ,shall she be asked8 #cca4 ,to express determination on the part of the speaker1 use will in the first person1 shall in the second and third persons4 ,wrong4 ,he will tell you2 ,i am determined4 ,right4 ,he shall tell you2 ,i am determined4 ,wrong4 ,you will go2 ,i have decided4 ,right4 ,you shall go2 ,i have decided4 ,revise4 ,i shall do it2 nobody can prevent me4 #ccb4 ,make the tenses of parallel verbs conform to one another4 ,wrong4 ,i would go down to the library every ,saturday and there ,i got a book about radio4 ,right4 ,i would go down to the library every ,saturday and there ,i would get a book about radio4 ,revise4 ,i traveled all over the state until ,i had seen everything or until ,i became tired4 #ccc4 ,use the present tense for assertions that are universally true4 ,wrong4 ,mars was the most nearly red of all the planets4 ,right4 ,mars is the most nearly red of all the planets4 ,revise4 ,the earth was eight thousand miles in diameter4 #ccd4 ,make the tense of a verb in a subordinate clause relative to that of the verb in the main clause4 ,wrong4 ,i also read new1 popular novels that ,i would find in the public library4 ,right4 ,i also read new1 popular novels that ,i found in the public library4 ,revise4 ,i probably would never have read such low1 vulgar stuff if it were not for the war4 #cce4 ,use the present tense of the infinitive unless its action is earlier than that of the main verb4 ,wrong4 ,it was wrong for you to have gone4 ,right4 ,it was wrong for you to go4 ,wrong4 ,i ought to answer before that had happened4 ,right4 ,i ought to have answered before that had happened4 ,revise4 ,i intended to have told you4 #ccf4 ,use an adverb of time to show that the subordinate clause differs in time from the main clause4 ,wrong4 ,the reason for the fertility of ,iowa farm land is that an ice sheet spread over almost the entire area of the state4 ,right4 ,the reason for the fertility of ,iowa farm land is that an ice sheet once spread over almost the entire area of the state4 ,revise4 ,one little corner of ,iowa contains many steep hills because the ice did not reach it4 #ccg4 ,use the subjunctive mood in contrary to fact conditions4 ,wrong4 ,if ,i was you1 ,i should not do that4 ,right4 ,if ,i were you1 ,i should not do that4 ,revise4 ,if he was not ill1 he might win today4 #cch4 ,use have1 the correct auxiliary1 not of1 carelessly written for the unaccented have4 ,wrong4 ,you should of seen him run4 ,right4 ,you should have seen him run4 ,revise4 ,if it had not rained today1 we might of gone away4 #cci4 ,had ought and hadn't ought are not standard ,english2 ought has no past participle and no past perfect tense4 ,wrong4 ,you hadn't ought to have come so soon4 ,right4 ,you ought not to have come so soon4 ,revise4 ,i had ought to have told you but ,i didn't have the courage4 #cdj4 ,make a complete sentence out of a fragment carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence4 ,wrong4 ,i took time to make friends and eventually enjoyed myself in the same way as any other little girl4 ,my favorite sport being skating4 ,right4 ,i took time to make friends and eventually enjoyed myself in the same way as any other little girl4 ,my favorite sport was skating4 ,revise4 ,at seven o'clock every morning ,i hear the faint tinkling of a bell which soon becomes an insistent ring1 and another day has begun4 ,then a dash down the cold stairs followed by a hurried wash1 then down to breakfast4 #cda4 ,attach a phrase1 carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence1 to the sentence to which it belongs4 ,wrong4 ,this was placed in a chemical solution1 called developer1 for fifteen or twenty minutes4 ,sometimes even longer4 ,right4 ,this was placed in a chemical solution1 called developer1 for fifteen or twenty minutes1 and sometimes even longer4 ,revise4 ,my office hours were unlimited during the summer months4 ,usually from seven in the morning until after six o'clock at night on week days4 #cdb4 ,attach a participial phrase1 carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence1 to the sentence to which it belongs4 ,wrong4 ,we arrived on the peak before sunrise4 ,this being the best time to arrive4 ,right4 ,we arrived on the peak before sunrise1 this being the best time4 ,revise4 ,asher won the mile in #d3cb4 ,thus breaking the record4 #cdc4 ,attach a subordinate clause1 carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence1 to the sentence to which it belongs4 ,wrong4 ,soon after it is plowed4 ,it should be harrowed several times in order to crush out all the lumps of dirt4 ,right4 ,soon after it is plowed it should be harrowed several times in order to crush out all the lumps of dirt4 ,revise4 ,when the grain is dry enough to be threshed4 ,the owner issues invitations for a threshing bee4 #cdd4 ,attach part of a compound subject1 carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence1 to the sentence to which it belongs4 ,wrong4 ,john1 wearing a straw hat4 ,then his brother1 garbed in a dress suit1 entered the hall4 ,right4 ,john1 wearing a straw hat1 followed by his brother1 garbed in a dress suit1 entered the hall4 ,revise4 ,the memorial stadium and the chemistry building4 ,the new administration building and the women's gymnasium have all been built since #aiaj4 #cde4 ,attach part of a compound predicate1 carelessly punctuated as if it were a sentence1 to the sentence to which it belongs4 ,wrong4 ,the beacon flared4 ,and lighted up the darkness for miles4 ,right4 ,the beacon flared and lighted up the darkness for miles4 ,revise4 ,who has ever heard of ,dolliver8 ,much less has ever been there4 #cdf4 ,complete a construction begun but left unfinished4 ,wrong4 ,they rediscount notes which arise out of and the proceeds of which are employed for agricultural1 industrial1 and commercial purposes4 ,right4 ,they rediscount notes which arise out of agricultural1 industrial1 and commercial transactions and employ the proceeds in similar transactions4 ,revise4 ,anybody who could design an engine like that1 the largest automobile manufacturers in the country would compete for his services4 #cdg4 ,give every finite verb a subject4 ,wrong4 ,it has been about fifteen months since ,i left high school1 and have not done any studying since4 ,right4 ,it has been about fifteen months since ,i left high school1 and ,i have not done any studying since4 ,revise4 ,the town has not yet built a very large high school building1 because there are not enough citizens to defray the expense and have not yet been able to obtain the co-operation of the farmers4 #cdh4 ,insert a word or words which have been carelessly omitted4 ,wrong4 ,their complexion is a reddish color4 ,right4 ,their complexion is of a reddish color4 ,wrong4 ,hundreds of small creeks were constructed by the association1 for the benefit of an individual4 ,right4 ,hundreds of small creeks were constructed by the association1 each for the benefit of an individual4 ,revise4 ,i consider him my favorite poet not because of his style but of the feeling in his verse4 #cdi4 ,insert material necessary to make evident what is implied4 ,wrong4 ,mr4 ,t4's method of teaching is stimulating1 but his lack of the ,english language makes him an undesirable instructor4 ,right4 ,mr4 ,t4's method of teaching is stimulating1 but his lack of knowledge of the ,english language makes him an undesirable instructor4 ,revise4 ,douglas ,fairbanks is truer to life than the book4 #cej4 ,give every sentence element some grammatical construction4 ,wrong4 ,in my ,american literature class the instructor thought that it was essential for us to study1 at least once a week1 that had to do with current happenings4 ,right4 ,in my ,american literature class the instructor thought that it was essential for us to study1 at least once a week1 something that had to do with current happenings4 ,revise4 ,you should select the ears that have medium-sized kernels and filled out well at each end4 #cea4 ,use that to introduce noun clauses after verbs of saying1 thinking1 or feeling1 unless the construction is obvious4 ,wrong4 ,i have decided the topic for my long theme will be ,prehistoric ,man4 ,right4 ,i have decided that the topic for my long theme will be ,prehistoric ,man4 ,revise4 ,father felt a secondhand car was beneath our dignity4 #ceb4 ,make the comparison accurate by inserting a demonstrative pronoun3 that of1 those of1 these which1 etc4 ,wrong4 ,our condition is far better than the students of the ,east4 ,right4 ,our condition is far better than that of the students of the ,east4 ,revise4 ,the history of the ,book of ,mormon is very much like the ,bible4 #cec4 ,insert as after the positive of an adjective or an adverb when it is followed by a conjunction and the comparative with than4 ,wrong4 ,i am at least as tall or a little taller than anyone in the first squad4 ,right4 ,i am at least as tall as1 or a little taller than1 anyone in the first squad4 ,revise4 ,i enjoy biography as well if not better than fiction4 #ced4 ,insert much or greatly between very and a past participle4 ,wrong4 ,i was very disappointed4 ,right4 ,i was very much disappointed4 ,revise4 ,his table manners showed that they had been very neglected up to the time we took him in hand4 #cee4 ,repeat the verb in a different person or number if necessary to make it agree with the second of two alternative subjects4 ,wrong4 ,either he or ,i goes4 ,right4 ,either he goes or ,i go4 ,revise4 ,if he or ,i win the pole vault1 ,petersham will finish among the first three in the meet4 #cef4 ,repeat the auxiliary verb if necessary to make it agree with a second subject in a different person or number4 ,wrong4 ,whether you or ,jim is elected makes no difference to me4 ,right4 ,whether you are elected or ,jim is1 makes no difference to me4 ,revise4 ,if you or any other student is caught cheating it means just one thing--expulsion of the guilty person4 #ceg4 ,repeat is1 are1 was1 were1 etc41 if the verb is used both as a copula and as an auxiliary4 ,wrong4 ,their government was rude and founded solely upon custom4 ,right4 ,their government was rude and was founded solely upon custom4 ,revise4 ,our house is small and built to live in4 #ceh4 ,use the correct form of the verb after each of two auxiliaries which require two different forms4 ,wrong4 ,i have always and always shall like cowboy stories4 ,right4 ,i have always liked and always shall like cowboy stories4 ,revise4 ,i hope ,i may in the future1 as ,i have always in the past1 play fair1 whatever may be the provocation to do otherwise4 #cei4 ,use the correct conjunction1 though or but rather than while2 as soon as rather than immediately2 if rather than so4 ,wrong4 ,immediately ,i received the telegram ,i went home4 ,right4 ,as soon as ,i received the telegram ,i went home4 ,wrong4 ,it was in the latter part of my high school days when ,i did most of my reading4 ,right4 ,it was in the latter part of my high school days that ,i did most of my reading4 ,revise4 ,i had not gone to school long until it burned down4 #cfj4 ,use a transitional word1 phrase1 or clause to carry the reader from one unrelated idea to another4 ,wrong4 ,i wanted to be popular2 how could ,i start8 ,right4 ,i wanted to be popular1 but the question was1 how could ,i start4 ,revise4 ,officers will be elected1 and a good attendance is desired4 #cfa4 ,avoid shifting from one construction to another4 ,wrong4 ,consider the football season just ended1 ,merrill did more for the success of the team than any other captain ,ohio ever had4 ,right4 ,in the football season just ended ,merrill did more for the success of the team than any other captain ,ohio ever had4 ,revise4 ,i enjoyed the freshman year with its essays and themes1 since it proved to be a subject which ,i did not find difficult4 #cfb4 ,in the formula one of the most 444 if not the most 444 put the noun in the first element of the formula4 ,wrong4 ,it was one of the slowest if not the slowest game ever played on the ,oval4 ,right4 ,it was one of the slowest games1 if not the slowest1 ever played on the ,oval4 ,revise4 ,as a statesman he deserves to rank as one of the most1 if not the most1 contemptible figures in our history4 #cfc4 ,phrase the subject so that it exactly fits the predication required by the verb4 ,wrong4 ,mr4 ,swinnerton's novel1 ,nocturne1 takes place in one night4 ,right4 ,the action in ,mr4 ,swinnerton's novel1 ,nocturne1 takes place in one night4 ,revise4 ,the character of ,mr4 ,pickwick is a funny creature4 #cfd4 ,use the precise verb which is idiomatically required to predicate the subject4 ,wrong4 ,only one hour of relaxation existed for the noon meal4 ,right4 ,only one hour of relaxation was allowed for the noon meal4 ,revise4 ,the freshman lecture last week consisted of four speakers4 #cfe4 ,use the idiomatic preposition required after the noun4 ,wrong4 ,i went to the library in search for material4 ,right4 ,i went to the library in search of material4 ,revise4 ,his personality is one of the greatest factors for his success4 #cff4 ,use different prepositions after nouns1 adjectives1 or verbs which idiomatically require different prepositions4 ,wrong4 ,am ,i included or excluded from this list8 ,right4 ,am ,i included in or excluded from this list8 ,revise4 ,american literature is dependent or at least derived from ,english literature4 #cfg4 ,use a more idiomatic construction4 ,wrong4 ,i have often had the desire of some day taking a vacation into the ,rocky ,mountains of the ,west4 ,right4 ,i have often wanted some time to spend a vacation among the ,rocky ,mountains in the ,west4 ,revise4 ,carrie ,stevens from ,wilton passed three days visiting the parental home last week4 ,revise4 ,i spoke with him for something more than ten minutes4 #cfh4 ,use a less awkward construction4 ,wrong4 ,dr4 ,otto's automobile was badly damaged in the collision1 but ,mrs4 ,otto1 driving1 was unhurt1 fortunately4 ,right4 ,dr4 ,otto's automobile was badly damaged in the collision1 but ,mrs4 ,otto1 who was driving1 was fortunately unhurt4 ,revise4 ,during my senior year ,i had some experience in dramatics by taking part in the class play4 #cfi4 ,use a predicated noun rather than a predicated clause beginning with when or where4 ,wrong4 ,a ,b4,a4 is where you are graduated in a liberal arts course4 ,right4 ,a ,b4,a4 is a degree given to graduates of a liberal arts course4 ,revise4 ,golf is where you try to get the ball into the hole in the fewest possible number of strokes4 #cgj4 ,use that to introduce a predicated clause of reason4 ,wrong4 ,the reason ,i have not read more is due to the fact that ,i have had no time4 ,right4 ,the reason ,i have not read more is that ,i have had no time4 ,revise4 ,my reason for reading this book was because ,i had previously seen the same story in the movies4 #cga4 ,use the formula the fact that 444 to introduce a clause of reason used as the subject4 ,wrong4 ,since you insist forces me to yield4 ,right4 ,the fact that you insist forces me to yield4 ,revise4 ,because he looked so weak made me offer him a ride4 #cgb4 ,use due to1 owing to1 and caused by only as adjectives1 obviously modifying a noun4 7,see #dah47 ,wrong4 ,this question is very difficult to answer due to the small amount of information available4 ,right4 ,the difficulty about answering this question is caused by the scarcity of information available4 ,right4 ,this question is very difficult to answer because little information is available4 ,revise4 ,owing to the high wind ,porter's punts in the second half averaged only twenty-eight yards4 #cgc4 ,use because of and on account of only as prepositions to introduce adverbial phrases attached to verbs4 ,wrong4 ,purdue's victory was because of the wet field4 ,right4 ,purdue won because of the wet field4 ,right4 ,purdue's victory was due to the wet field4 ,revise4 ,his kindness to me was on account of his friendship for my father4 #cgd4 ,attach a modifying word1 phrase1 or clause directly to the modified element without an intervening and or but4 ,and or but should be used to join only co-ordinate elements4 ,wrong4 ,the village priests were of a lower class and lived like peasants1 and preaching only to the peasants4 ,right4 ,the village priests were of a lower class and lived like peasants1 preaching only to the peasants4 ,revise4 ,the study of musical appreciation is very interesting1 and especially when one begins to find out how little he knows about it4 #cge4 ,discard completely any part of a sentence which has nothing to do with your thought4 ,wrong4 ,we arrived in ,boston before noon1 and the corn was fully six inches high4 ,right4 ,we arrived in ,boston before noon4 ,revise4 ,hugh ,walpole is an ,englishman1 but ,poe wrote ,the ,raven4 #cgf4 ,discard a redundant that4 ,wrong4 ,i really think that upon investigation that we are shown the shallowness of the objections4 ,right4 ,i really think that upon investigation we are shown the shallowness of the objections4 ,revise4 ,i knew that if ,i did not read some of my outside readings before ,christmas that ,i probably should not be up with my work in time to pass the course4 #cgg4 ,change the present participial phrase into a parallel verb or into a parallel clause if the time of action of the participle differs from that of the main verb4 ,wrong4 ,leaving home before breakfast1 we arrived at our destination in time for dinner4 ,right4 ,we left home before breakfast and arrived at our destination in time for dinner4 ,revise4 ,he is thirty-six1 being born in #ahhg4 #cgh4 ,put the noun into an of phrase1 not into the possessive case1 when the noun is the object of the verbal idea in a verbal noun in -ing4 ,wrong4 ,lincoln's shooting is one of the most tragic events in ,american history4 ,right4 ,the shooting of ,lincoln is one of the most tragic events in ,american history4 ,revise4 ,one-eyed ,pete's converting firmly established the new minister in the eyes of the whole community4 #cgi4 ,use an of phrase after the abstract verbal noun in -ing4 ,wrong4 ,the legislators viewed protection only as a policy for the fostering industry4 ,right4 ,the legislators viewed protection only as a policy for the fostering of industry4 ,revise4 ,the giving examinations is overdone here4 #chj4 ,two unconnected main clauses must be punctuated as two sentences1 or must be joined with a conjunction1 or one clause must be made subordinate4 ,wrong4 ,the fireless cooker that ,i made consisted of an outer wooden box which contained a fairly good-sized metal pail1 the box was large enough to allow for at least five inches of packing4 ,right4 ,the fireless cooker that ,i made consisted of an outer wooden box which contained a fairly good-sized metal pail4 ,the box was large enough to allow for at least five inches of packing4 ,wrong4 ,nine months of the year ,i went to school the other three ,i worked at home on the farm4 ,right4 ,nine months of the year ,i went to school and the other three ,i worked at home on the farm4 ,wrong4 ,next1 you apply one coat of paint it can be put on rather thick as you have to rub most of it off later4 ,right4 ,next1 you apply one coat of paint1 which can be put on rather thick1 as you have to rub most of it off later4 ,revise4 ,the senior ,english class is required to do some work in dramatics1 this is done by giving the annual class play4 #cha4 ,join co-ordinate elements with and2 the word also is an adverb1 not a conjunction4 ,wrong4 ,the ,navajoes have large herds of cattle1 also many fine horses4 ,right4 ,the ,navajoes have large herds of cattle and many fine horses4 ,revise4 ,the pitcher made a home run1 also two singles4 #chb4 ,join co-ordinate main clauses with a conjunction1 and1 but1 for1 or or nor2 or make one clause subordinate4 ,such words as so1 then1 therefore1 and also are not conjunctions4 ,wrong4 ,i have no favorite kinds of books1 however1 ,i do read a great deal4 ,right4 ,i have no favorite kinds of books1 but ,i do read a great deal4 ,wrong4 ,i had to run to supper both nights so ,i decided ,i would quit4 ,right4 ,after ,i had had to run to supper both nights ,i decided ,i would quit4 ,revise4 ,before school and on ,saturdays ,i worked either in a restaurant or in a clothing store1 so my reading has been limited for the last two years4 #chc4 ,place similar modifiers of the same word together4 ,wrong4 ,we saw an old house painted white4 ,right4 ,we saw an old white house4 ,revise4 ,he had a stern face1 forbidding and ugly4 #chd4 ,use only one negative in a clause4 ,wrong4 ,you haven't seen nothing yet4 ,right4 ,you have seen nothing yet4 ,right4 ,you haven't seen anything yet4 ,revise4 ,she had not gone no farther than the post office when she heard a shot4 #che4 ,use or as a conjunction--not nor--when the first of the connected elements carries a negative4 ,wrong4 ,some seeds do not need to be very deep in the ground nor very far apart4 ,right4 ,some seeds do not need to be very deep in the ground or very far apart4 ,revise4 ,a favorite son is not necessarily known throughout the whole country1 nor even in the neighboring states4 #chf4 ,omit the negative as a supposed reinforcer of hardly1 scarcely1 only1 and but4 ,wrong4 ,i can't scarcely realize it yet4 ,right4 ,i can scarcely realize it yet4 ,revise4 ,i do not like but two kinds of reading matter3 novels and short stories4 #chg4 ,use an adverb--not an adjective--to modify a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,adverbs formed from adjectives end in -ly4 ,wrong4 ,i worked steady all vacation4 ,right4 ,i worked steadily all vacation4 ,revise4 ,i never expect to become a real proficient student in this subject4 #chh4 ,predicated adjectives are used correctly after the verbs is1 are1 was1 were1 become1 seem1 feel1 appear1 look1 sound1 taste1 smell1 stand1 and ring when the adjective characterizes the subject and not the action4 ,wrong4 ,this orange tastes sweetly4 ,right4 ,this orange tastes sweet4 ,revise4 ,his speech rings falsely4 #chi4 ,relative pronouns who1 which1 that1 are correctly used as follows3 who if the antecedent is a person2 which if the antecedent is an animal or a thing2 that if the antecedent is a person1 an animal1 or a thing4 ,wrong4 ,i once worked for a farmer which worked from sunrise to sunset4 ,right4 ,i once worked for a farmer who worked from sunrise to sunset4 ,revise4 ,i have a dog who is almost as intelligent as a man4 ,,practice #a4 ,them and us were not invited4 7#cjj7 #b4 ,whom do you think ought to go8 7#cja7 #c4 ,as to whom is best qualified1 consult the dean4 7#cjb7 #d4 ,it was never them4 7#cjc7 #e4 ,who is going1 him and her8 7#cjd7 #f4 ,he made me as strong as they4 7#cje7 #g4 ,how could you consider ,mary going8 7#cjf7 #h4 ,he is one of art's greatest contributors4 7#cjg7 #i4 ,the greatest duty lies toward the parents of the boy or girl who they send to college4 7#cjh7 #aj4 ,who did you think her to be8 7#cji7 #aa4 ,i thought the person to have been he4 7#caj7 #ab4 ,what about these sort of seeds8 7#caa7 #ac4 ,when one goes back to work they feel like accomplishing something4 7#cab7 #ad4 ,his explanations are very much in detail but does not hit the mark4 7#cac7 #ae4 ,if either are late to class1 both receive a setback4 7#cad7 #af4 ,scraping and varnishing is necessary in this case4 7#cae7 #ag4 ,he thinks neither ,byron nor ,shelley are great poets4 7#caf7 #ah4 ,a number has already gathered about the jail4 7#cag7 #ai4 ,the lining of blankets keep the cold air out4 7#cah7 #bj4 ,there is too many open windows in the house4 7#cai7 #ba4 ,the football team1 in addition to as many graduate players as can be reached1 are invited4 7#cbj7 #bb4 ,neither ,frank nor the ,holliwells knows her4 7#cba7 #bc4 ,everybody who were there was pleased4 7#cbb7 #bd4 ,the fruit ,i like best are strawberries4 7#cbc7 #be4 ,robert don't read anything4 7#cbd7 #bf4 ,i wonder what he has drank4 7#cbe7 #bg4 ,he had ought to go4 7#cbf7 #bh4 ,i raised up and shouted at them either to set down or lay down2 it didn't matter which they did4 7#cbg7 #bi4 ,i will never forget the pleasant time we had at graduation4 7#cbh7 #cj4 ,they should have gone1 but it rained4 7#cbi7 #ca4 ,shall he be able to come8 7#ccj7 #cb4 ,i shall speak to him about it2 ,i insist upon it4 7#cca7 #cc4 ,he told me time after time and would insist that ,percival had told the whole truth4 7#ccb7 #cd4 ,he said the sun was #ic1jjj1jjj miles from the earth4 7#ccc7 #ce4 ,i seldom remember the name of the book or of the author until ,i would see the book again4 7#ccd7 #cf4 ,she wanted me to have gone before you came4 7#cce7 #cg4 ,vanadium steel is used to make many parts of the ,ford car which were made of various other kinds4 7#ccf7 #ch4 ,if she was able to go1 we should have a good time4 7#ccg7 #ci4 ,it would of been better if the paint had dried slowly4 7#cch7 #dj4 ,they hadn't ought to have tried that4 7#cci7 #da4 ,the varsity basketball outlook is much brighter than was the case for football4 ,six letter men on the squad1 four other candidates of outstanding ability1 and a coach who says that he will stop at nothing short of a championship4 7#cdj7 #db4 ,they were a wonderful six weeks4 ,just full of happenings of all kinds4 7#cda7 #dc4 ,in the first year ancient history is taken up once or twice a week4 ,the rest of the time being devoted to the study of rhetoric and composition4 7#cdb7 #dd4 ,i arrived home late in the afternoon4 ,after ,i had been riding an hour and a half4 7#cdc7 #de4 ,in the ,east1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 and ,philadelphia4 ,in the ,west1 ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,cincinnati1 and ,pittsburgh make up the league4 7#cdd7 #df4 ,frightened nearly to death1 my friend ran into the house4 ,and hid there for a long time before she was willing even to look out the window4 7#cde7 #dg4 ,the condition that arose1 ,i was unable to meet my obligation4 7#cdf7 #dh4 ,up in the mountains there would be very few people to bother you1 and would thus enable you to spend many hours alone4 7#cdg7 #di4 ,dancing was the next on the program4 7#cdh7 #ej4 ,this historical event has had a great deal to do with the books ,i have read and also many other students and persons of my age4 7#cdi7 #ea4 ,it was dark and no other possible way to get there4 7#cej7 #eb4 ,we heard something exciting was sure to happen before the night was over4 7#cea7 #ec4 ,the next time over1 the corn is plowed in the opposite direction from which it was planted4 7#ceb7 #ed4 ,barnes is as good a hitter and a much more consistent one than anyone else on the team4 7#cec7 #ee4 ,he was very surprised to see us4 7#ced7 #ef4 ,what you or he thinks makes no difference here4 7#cee7 #eg4 ,if you or he is going1 it is time to start now4 7#cef7 #eh4 ,the science building is three stories high and constructed of brick4 7#ceg7 #ei4 ,drinking ,i have always avoided and always will4 7#ceh7 #fj4 ,i went1 while my father objected4 7#cei7 #fa4 ,more votes were cast than there were voters1 and a new election was ordered4 7#cfj7 #fb4 ,for instance1 one theater we were in1 everything inside of it was white4 7#cfa7 #fc4 ,one of the saddest if not the saddest sight ,i ever saw met my eyes when ,i opened the door4 7#cfb7 #fd4 ,shiloh was a crucial moment in the ,civil ,war4 7#cfc7 #fe4 ,the story was made up of the hills of ,hingham4 7#cfd7 #ff4 ,fraternities were not included with my thoughts of college4 7#cfe7 #fg4 ,the demand and popularity of the gladiatorial games resulted in a number of uprisings against the government4 7#cff7 #fh4 ,i like reading books1 but ,i enjoy even more to see a good play4 7#cfg7 #fi4 ,the honors for high scoring for the afternoon spent in playing bridge were awarded to ,mary ,devoe4 7#cfh7 #gj4 ,justice is where each man gets his deserts4 7#cfi7 #ga4 ,the reason ,i have for liking it was because of the way the part of ,portia was played4 7#cgj7 #gb4 ,because you are ignorant is no excuse in the eyes of the law4 7#cga7 #gc4 ,due to these facts1 my reading was neglected4 7#cgb7 #gd4 ,the size of my feet is because of what happened one summer when ,i was a bell hop4 7#cgc7 #ge4 ,the observer turns to the east1 and looking down a short residential street which leads to a well-kept cemetery4 7#cgd7 #gf4 ,they say that fools' names as well as faces are often seen in public places1 but ,i prefer prose to poetry4 7#cge7 #gg4 ,i felt that of all the courses ,i ever took that the one in civics did the most for me4 7#cgf7 #gh4 ,parading up ,jefferson street in the morning1 we had a record-breaking crowd for the evening performance4 7#cgg7 #gi4 ,chicago's burning proved to be the making of the middle western metropolis4 7#cgh7 #hj4 ,the constant offering excuses enraged me4 7#cgi7 #ha4 ,every morning except one ,i have either military drill or physical training1 these serve to break the monotony of being cooped up in a class room the rest of the time4 7#chj7 #hb4 ,i also like scout books and detective stories1 also a good love story once in a while4 7#cha7 #hc4 ,we stayed a few days in ,boston and a day in ,chicago1 then we arrived at our destination on a rainy ,monday morning two hours before breakfast time4 7#chb7 #hd4 ,strong is he and brave4 7#chc7 #he4 ,i wouldn't take no insolence from him4 7#chd7 #hf4 ,the vassal had to swear that he would not injure his lord nor betray his secrets4 7#che7 #hg4 ,i don't hardly see what else ,i could have done4 7#chf7 #hh4 ,he does not go so deep into details as to bore his students4 7#chg7 #hi4 ,the new bell sounds harshly4 7#chh7 #ij4 ,among the eight instructors which ,i have are two which ,i abhor4 7#chi7 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,sentence ,,clearness ,sentences exist for the purpose of conveying thought from one mind to another4 ,the manner of their expression must1 therefore1 be such that the thought expressed is obvious and unmistakable4 ,otherwise1 sentences not only fail of their purpose but often lead to confusion1 to misunderstanding1 and even to disaster4 ,the quality which renders their meaning obvious and unmistakable is called clearness4 #djj4 ,definite pronouns 7he1 she1 it1 this1 that1 who1 which7 must have obvious antecedents4 ,insufficient4 ,they say that the timber supply in the ,united ,states will soon be exhausted4 ,better4 ,forest experts say that the timber supply in the ,united ,states will soon be exhausted4 ,revise4 ,yesterday ,i saw ,mr4 ,jonathan ,oldcastle4 ,she has just returned from ,europe1 you know4 #dja4 ,make an ambiguous pronoun clear by placing it nearer its antecedent4 ,confusing4 ,father told us of a meadow near his old home1 which was now under water4 ,unmistakable4 ,father told us that near his old home there used to be a meadow which is now under water4 ,revise4 ,in order to succeed at football one must be willing to live up to all the rules of training1 to refrain from smoking1 to shun society1 and to put one's whole soul into it4 #djb4 ,change indirect discourse to direct discourse to make an antecedent obvious4 ,equivocal4 ,clark told ,andrews he had made an error4 ,clear4 ,clark said1 8,andrews1 you made an error40 ,revise4 ,george1 talking with ,bill1 said that he ought to be ashamed of himself4 #djc4 ,never designate the antecedent of a pronoun by repeating it within parentheses4 ,wrong4 ,john told ,tom that he 7,john7 had not made the team4 ,right4 ,john said to ,tom1 8,i have not made the team40 ,revise4 ,john told ,tom that he 7,tom7 had not made the team4 #djd4 ,repeat a distant noun or supply a new one rather than use an obscure pronoun4 ,not good4 ,i felt sure that the parade would not be ready to start for an hour yet1 as there were no soldiers about1 and it was only one o'clock2 so ,i decided to walk out toward the edge of town1 taking care1 however1 to remain upon the street along which ,i knew it would pass4 ,better4 ,i felt sure that the parade would not be ready to start for an hour yet1 as there were no soldiers about1 and it was only one o'clock2 so ,i decided to walk out toward the edge of town1 taking care1 however1 to remain upon the street along which ,i knew the parade would pass4 ,revise4 ,the men in my company who had dissipated before entering the army found1 during the long marches necessary in the ,argonne ,forest1 that it was hard to keep up with it4 #dje4 ,repeat the noun rather than use a pronoun that refers to an unemphatic antecedent4 ,unimpressive4 ,yesterday ,i saw ,mrs4 ,hamlin in a new car designed by the ,fisher company4 ,almost all cars designed by them are distinctive4 ,better4 ,yesterday ,i saw ,mrs4 ,hamlin in a new car designed by the ,fisher company4 ,almost all cars designed by that company are distinctive4 ,revise4 ,silos made of concrete are of greater value than any other kind because they last longer4 ,this is easy to use and is cheaper in the end than any other material4 #djf4 ,place adverbs like only1 almost1 ever1 nearly1 just1 hardly1 scarcely1 merely1 quite next to and usually before the words they modify4 ,misleading4 ,he would only lend me five dollars4 ,accurate4 ,he would lend me only five dollars4 ,revise4 ,i don't ever want to see him again4 #djg4 ,place negatives before the words they modify4 ,untaught4 ,everybody has not read the ,bible4 ,better4 ,not everybody has read the ,bible4 ,revise4 ,all men were not born to be hanged4 #djh4 ,use correlative conjunctions to connect only co-ordinate expressions4 ,wrong4 ,i knew ,i would be compelled either to salute him or he would have me put in the guard house4 ,right4 ,i knew ,i would be compelled either to salute him or to spend a week in the guard house4 ,revise4 ,it was not only necessary for me to save all the money ,i could1 but ,i knew ,i should have to earn more than ,i had ever earned before4 #dji4 ,place correlative conjunctions as close as possible to the expressions they connect4 ,faulty4 ,he was not only an expert marksman but he also was a skilled horseman4 ,improved4 ,he was not only an expert marksman but also a skilled horseman4 ,revise4 ,military training both teaches a man to think quickly and to command others4 #daj4 ,place every subordinate clause so that its relation to the main clause is immediately evident4 ,uncertain4 ,he knew when the time came what he would do4 ,certain4 ,when the time came he knew what he would do4 ,revise4 ,someone ,i knew would come in4 #daa4 ,place relative clauses immediately after their antecedents4 ,doubtful4 ,a man came up and spoke to my brother whom ,i had never seen before4 ,plain4 ,a man whom ,i had never seen before came up and spoke to my brother4 ,revise4 ,the ship flew a strange flag that came in yesterday4 #dab4 ,place subordinate clauses so that their verbs cannot be confused with the verbs of main clauses4 ,absurd4 ,the horse snorted as ,jackson spoke and kicked up his heels4 ,correct4 ,as ,jackson spoke1 the horse snorted and kicked up his heels4 ,revise4 ,the wind stormed across the desert where the corpse lay and whistled4 #dac4 ,place every modifying phrase so that the expression it modifies is unmistakable4 ,misleading4 ,the captain says that if your rifles are not clean day after tomorrow he will put every one of you in the guard house4 ,clear4 ,the captain says that if day after tomorrow your rifles are not clean he will put every one of you in the guard house4 ,revise4 ,when he took his seat much to his chagrin the lights went out4 #dad4 ,place co-ordinate modifiers one after another4 ,halting4 ,even though he had never seen you before1 he would let you know who he was if he liked your appearance4 ,secure4 ,even though he had never seen you before1 if he liked your appearance he would let you know who he was4 ,revise4 ,if ,friday is a holiday1 ,i shall drive home if the roads are good4 #dae4 ,make a participial phrase modify the noun or pronoun which it ought obviously to modify2 or change the construction4 ,ludicrous4 ,standing upon the dome of ,old ,capitol1 ,iowa avenue presents an unusual view4 ,better4 ,standing upon the dome of ,old ,capitol1 one gets an unusual view of ,iowa avenue4 ,better4 ,if one stands upon the dome of ,old ,capitol1 one gets an unusual view of ,iowa avenue4 ,revise4 ,coming out on the train ,pike's ,peak is seen4 #daf4 ,change a participle preceded by thus into a clause if the participle cannot logically modify the subject of the preceding verb4 ,wrong4 ,she had to wait until everybody else in the room was served1 thus causing her to be late4 ,right4 ,she had to wait until everybody else in the room was served1 and the delay caused her to be late4 ,revise4 ,the bridges were all down between ,storm ,lake and ,altoona1 thus making all the trains late4 #dag4 ,make a participle preceded by a conjunction agree with the noun to which it obviously belongs2 or change the construction4 ,ridiculous4 ,tuesday1 when wearing my new hat1 a rainstorm came up and ruined it4 ,correct4 ,tuesday1 when ,i was wearing my new hat1 a rainstorm came up and ruined it4 ,revise4 ,while eating my supper last night1 one of the calves got out and ran into the corn field4 #dah4 ,a phrase beginning with the adjective due can refer only to a noun4 7,see #cgb47 ,wrong4 ,he was ill1 due to overeating4 ,right4 ,his illness was due to overeating4 ,revise4 ,the train stopped1 due to boiler trouble4 #dai4 ,make a gerund prepositional phrase modify the noun or pronoun which it ought obviously to modify2 or change the construction4 ,ludicrous4 ,in speaking to ,sparks yesterday1 he told me that the team was in excellent condition4 ,clear4 ,in speaking to ,sparks yesterday1 ,i learned that the team was in excellent condition4 ,revise4 ,in trying to show ,helen how to start her motor1 she almost ran over me4 #dbj4 ,in parallel subordinate clauses repeat the subordinating conjunction with each clause after the first4 ,unequal4 ,she had heard that her mother had died suddenly after a short but violent illness1 and her father had struck oil4 ,accurate4 ,she had heard that her mother had died suddenly after a short but violent illness1 and that her father had struck oil4 ,revise4 ,although the water rose steadily during the spring thaw1 and the dam was on the point of giving way under the pressure1 the engineer obstinately insisted that there was no danger4 #dba4 ,repeat auxiliary verb forms with their principals4 ,improper co-ordination4 ,we shall have to leave town and need an automobile4 ,improved4 ,we shall have to leave town and shall need an automobile4 ,revise4 ,a quarterback must see where the hole in the line is and take advantage of it4 #dbb4 ,repeat the to before each infinitive in a series4 ,not co-ordinate4 ,he came to see the house1 bargain for it1 and buy it if terms could be agreed upon4 ,co-ordinate4 ,he came to see the house1 to bargain for it1 and to buy it if terms could be agreed upon4 ,revise4 ,not only was it necessary for us to read the book1 remember what was in it1 and be able to recite upon it1 but also write a paper upon it1 and read the paper before the class4 #dbc4 ,repeat the preposition with each object4 ,obscure4 ,she went to ,chicago and the capital of the state4 ,better4 ,she went to ,chicago and to the capital of the state4 ,revise4 ,the positions were offered to soldiers1 athletes1 and virile men generally4 #dbd4 ,repeat the article with each noun in a series4 ,confusing4 ,they needed a minister1 doctor1 and lawyer at once4 ,clear4 ,they needed a minister1 a doctor1 and a lawyer at once4 ,revise4 ,i met the merchant and postmaster of the little town as well as the sheriff and justice of the peace4 #dbe4 ,repeat the possessive with each noun in a series4 ,bad4 ,i asked her the names of her sister and puppy4 ,better4 ,i asked her the names of her sister and of her puppy4 ,revise4 ,he watched his horse1 cow1 and pig break through into the wheat4 #dbf4 ,give the same structure only to ideas similar in thought4 ,misleading4 ,golf is a game that requires skill1 poise1 good temper1 and clubs that exactly suit you4 ,better4 ,golf is a game that requires skill1 poise1 and good temper4 ,these qualities1 however1 will avail little unless one has clubs that exactly suit him4 ,revise4 ,the new hospital was erected to the memory of ,john ,shuler and for the benefit of crippled children4 #dbg4 ,after a long or involved series1 use a summarizing word before continuing the sentence4 ,inadequate4 ,to live uprightly1 to be amiable always1 and to be considerate of others even to the point of inconvenience are the essentials of gentleness4 ,better4 ,to live uprightly1 to be amiable always1 and to be considerate of others even to the point of inconvenience--these are the essentials of gentleness4 ,revise4 ,o wise and upright judge1 ,o learned in the law1 ,o guide1 philosopher1 and friend1 be my rock and refuge4 #dbh4 ,use and to connect only those expressions which are in the same construction4 7,see #cgd47 ,bad4 ,we then studied chemistry1 a subject much more interesting than history1 and which ,i enjoyed thoroughly4 ,better4 ,we then studied chemistry1 a subject much more interesting than history1 and one which ,i enjoyed thoroughly4 ,revise4 ,jacob ,sturm was a man of much wealth1 and who came to this country twenty years ago4 #dbi4 ,use but to connect only those expressions which are in the same construction4 ,bad4 ,i started into high school resolved to make the most of my opportunities1 but in no long time deciding to have all the fun ,i could4 ,better4 ,i started into high school resolved to make the most of my opportunities1 but in no long time ,i decided to have all the fun ,i could4 ,revise4 ,the colonel issued an order about mounts1 but which nobody could understand4 #dcj4 ,after a comparative degree1 exclude the subject of comparison from the class with which it is compared4 ,wrong4 ,platinum is more valuable than any metal4 ,right4 ,platinum is more valuable than any other metal4 ,revise4 ,morvich was swifter than any racehorse of his day4 #dca4 ,after a superlative degree1 include the subject of comparison within the class with which it is compared4 ,wrong4 ,shakespeare is the greatest of any other poet4 ,right4 ,shakespeare is the greatest of all poets4 ,revise4 ,a slave is the most miserable of all other men4 #dcb4 ,avoid an inconsistent change of person within the sentence4 ,wrong4 ,you can lead a horse to water1 but nobody can make him drink4 ,right4 ,you can lead a horse to water1 but you cannot make him drink4 ,revise4 ,i have done the best ,i could1 and ,i do not think a person should be required to do more4 #dcc4 ,avoid an inconsistent change of number within the sentence4 ,wrong4 ,tillie1 ,margaret1 and ,ann each took their seats4 ,right4 ,tillie1 ,margaret1 and ,ann each took her seat4 ,revise4 ,everybody should save their money while they are young4 #dcd4 ,avoid an inconsistent change of tense within the sentence4 ,wrong4 ,as soon as the train came in1 he hurries home4 ,right4 ,as soon as the train came in1 he hurried home4 ,revise4 ,no matter what he tries1 things never came out as he expected them to4 #dce4 ,avoid an inconsistent change of mood within the sentence4 ,wrong4 ,unless it is too hard and take too much time ,i can finish by noon4 ,right4 ,unless it is too hard and takes too much time ,i can finish by noon4 ,revise4 ,sand is all right in the back yard1 but keep it out of the front yard4 #dcf4 ,avoid an inconsistent change of voice within the sentence4 ,wrong4 ,the troops were taken up in trucks but came back on the train4 ,right4 ,the troops went up in trucks but came back on the train4 ,revise4 ,a month ago ,i was listened to with all courtesy1 but now not even a dog will listen4 ,,practice #a4 ,the poppy can be raised in ,american gardens without danger of its becoming a menace as a weed1 which makes its cultivation possible as a reminder of the soldiers who lie in ,flanders ,field4 7#djj7 #b4 ,we can use this truck to move freight from the warehouse to the store whenever we need it4 7#dja7 #c4 ,mary told ,leona her costume was perfectly becoming4 7#djb7 #d4 ,mrs4 ,fiske said to ,miss ,anglin that she 7,miss ,anglin7 was the greatest actress in the world4 7#djc7 #e4 ,students who come to college merely to have a good time or because they have nothing else to do1 and those who come without any deep seated desire for knowledge for its own sake should be denied the right to enter it4 7#djd7 #f4 ,the ,university of ,iowa is located part on one side of the ,iowa ,river and part on the other4 ,many students1 when the weather is good1 paddle canoes upon it4 7#dje7 #g4 ,i hardly knew anybody4 7#djf7 #h4 ,everyone is not more to be pitied than scorned4 7#djg7 #i4 ,i felt that ,i must either make them a cake or that they would think me stingy4 7#djh7 #aj4 ,roque is a game that is neither too easy nor is it without excitement4 7#dji7 #aa4 ,nothing he said is worth while4 7#daj7 #ab4 ,we cleared away what the cyclone had left of the house1 which had stormed through the valley during the night4 7#daa7 #ac4 ,the fire spread when we entered the village and destroyed everything4 7#dab7 #ad4 ,when she let him in much to his embarrassment she smiled broadly4 7#dac7 #ae4 ,at night she liked to walk out in the rain4 7#dad7 #af4 ,swimming around a bend in the river1 the hospital is seen4 7#dae7 #ag4 ,i mistook her for an acquaintance1 thus causing embarrassment4 7#daf7 #ah4 ,when climbing a wire fence1 his shotgun went off4 7#dag7 #ai4 ,he became rich1 due to oil in ,mexico4 7#dah7 #bj4 ,in talking to ,henry this morning1 he said that he had been ill4 7#dai7 #ba4 ,he told me that his brother was an engineer and he would look into the matter4 7#dbj7 #bb4 ,she would have had a great deal of trouble and1 no doubt1 failed in the end if we had not happened to come along4 7#dba7 #bc4 ,they learned to read ,french1 ride horseback1 and fence before they were graduated4 7#dbb7 #bd4 ,there was no room for weaklings1 invalids1 or the disaffected4 7#dbc7 #be4 ,i was forced to refuse the invitation of the secretary and treasurer4 7#dbd7 #bf4 ,johnson knew his half brother1 nephew1 and cousin would be there4 7#dbe7 #bg4 ,the regiment was raised for the honor of ,johnson county and to drive the ,spaniard out of ,cuba4 7#dbf7 #bh4 ,to live1 to learn1 to die is the sum total of existence4 7#dbg7 #bi4 ,his uncle had an old car and which he used to drive to ,solon4 7#dbh7 #cj4 ,the instructor made an assignment but which everybody thought was too hard4 7#dbi7 #ca4 ,solomon was wiser than any man4 7#dcj7 #cb4 ,michael ,angelo was the greatest of all other painters4 7#dca7 #cc4 ,try as you may1 one cannot do it4 7#dcb7 #cd4 ,everybody should save their money while they are young4 7#dcc7 #ce4 ,he will have learned better by ,sunday unless he never tried it again4 7#dcd7 #cf4 ,military training is all right for a young man1 but don't ask me to take any4 7#dce7 #cg4 ,yesterday he was seen by at least ten people1 and ,i myself saw him today4 7#dcf7 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,sentence ,,vigor ,good sentences are characterized by correctness and clearness1 but the best sentences possess a third quality4 ,effective sentences must entertain1 persuade1 or convince4 ,to do these things1 they must be graceful1 vivid1 forceful1 and emphatic presentations of the writer's ideas4 ,the quality which makes correct and clear sentences effective is called vigor4 #ejj4 ,to emphasize pointedly1 place material in a sentence by itself4 ,unemphatic4 ,the city council is determined to stop jaywalking at the east entrance of the campus1 and to attain this end has adopted a plan that calls for restricting pedestrians to clearly marked lanes that cross ,clinton street at right angles4 ,emphatic4 ,the city council is determined to stop jaywalking at the east entrance to the campus4 ,to attain this end1 the council has adopted a plan that calls for restricting pedestrians to clearly marked lanes that cross ,clinton street at right angles4 ,revise4 ,i used to think that sleeping accommodations at fraternity houses were inadequate1 but ,i don't now4 #eja4 ,divide a sentence that seems too long4 ,repellant4 ,the collections at the museum1 which is the most important in the world1 are in two divisions1 one for the public and the other for the use of specialists1 some of whom come from great distances to avail themselves of the unequalled collections set apart for their use4 ,attractive4 ,the collections at the museum1 which is the most important in the world1 are in two divisions1 one for the public and the other for the use of specialists4 ,some specialists come from great distances to avail themselves of the unequalled collections set apart for their use4 ,revise4 ,that there will be no tolerance of laxity on the part of the freshmen concerning the observance of this decree was assured by the strong language of the order1 which first pointed out that the wearing of the green cap by first year men was a college tradition and must be upheld1 then explained that the wearing of the cap was left to the honor of every freshman1 who was expected to purchase one and use it according to the rules of the past two years1 which state that the cap must be worn every day until six o'clock at night1 when it may be changed for the more common headgear4 #ejb4 ,condense wordy sentences4 ,meandering4 ,at a recent meeting of the men's glee club1 it was decided to increase the membership of the organization from thirty-two men to forty men4 ,succinct4 ,the men's glee club recently decided to increase its membership from thirty-two to forty4 ,revise4 ,the names of the candidates for class offices were announced ,wednesday by the election committee4 ,there are thirty-six candidates for office4 #ejc4 ,consolidate two or more short1 jerky sentences into one smooth sentence4 ,jerky4 ,the annual interfraternity pajama race was run on ,sheridan road ,monday night4 ,the event took place at eleven o'clock4 ,it was hotly contested by five fraternities4 ,the ,sig ,alphs won a shivering victory4 ,smooth4 ,the ,sig ,alphs won a shivering victory on ,sheridan road at eleven o'clock ,monday night1 when they defeated four rival teams in the annual interfraternity pajama race4 ,revise4 ,the natives boil the chopped leaves to a syrup4 ,this is poured into a monkey skin4 ,the liquid is then allowed to cool and harden4 #ejd4 ,vary the structure of successive sentences4 ,monotonous4 ,around the sides of the armory on the floor were booths separated by curtains4 ,in each one of the booths was suspended a small red incandescent light4 ,around the hall at various places were jars containing burning incense4 ,pleasing4 ,around the sides of the armory on the floor were booths separated by curtains4 ,a small red incandescent light was suspended in each booth4 ,incense burned in jars at various places around the hall4 ,revise4 ,the oldest book in the university library1 to the best knowledge of the librarians1 was printed in #aeaa4 ,the book was written by ,johannes von ,kaiserberg ,geiler1 a preacher of the reformation who was born about the middle of the fifteenth century4 ,this old work is entitled ,navicula ,sive ,speculum ,fatuorum1 which translated means1 ,the ,ship or ,mirror of ,fools4 ,it is written in ,latin and contains many curious and interesting wood cuts4 ,the book is made up largely of sermons4 #eje4 ,begin successive sentences with different words4 ,dreary4 ,d is the minimum standard for a passing grade4 ,d students compose approximately the lowest twenty-five per cent of every class4 ,d work is that work which is not up to average1 and yet is clearly above failure4 ,pleasing4 ,d is the minimum standard for a passing grade4 ,students who are marked ,d compose approximately the lowest twenty-five per cent of every class4 ,the grade ,d means that a student's work is not up to the average1 and yet is clearly above failure4 ,revise4 ,the military carnival was the largest exhibition of its kind ever attempted at the college4 ,the seats were all filled1 and the crowd was kept at a high point of interest throughout the entire show4 ,the whole program was arranged in such a manner that at no time was there a lull in the activities4 ,the opening number was a concert by the military band4 ,the physical training exercises which followed were of the type in which the regiment itself gives the commands and then executes them4 ,the most spectacular feature of the program was the advance to attack4 #ejf4 ,vary the length of successive sentences4 ,monotonous4 ,the new building being erected south of the engineering building will be occupied ,monday for the first time4 ,partition siding has held up the work to some extent4 ,fifteen hundred feet of partition material is still to be laid4 ,painting is progressing steadily4 ,the steam fitters' work is nearly completed4 ,work done after ,monday will be carried on by a night shift4 ,some work on the halls can be done during class hours4 ,workmen say that the building was erected in record breaking time4 ,it has taken less than a month to complete the job4 ,pleasing4 ,the new building being erected south of the engineering building will be occupied ,monday for the first time4 ,partition siding has held up the work to some extent1 and fifteen hundred feet of partition material is still to be laid4 ,painting is progressing steadily1 and the steam fitters' work is nearly completed4 ,work done after ,monday will be carried on by a night shift1 although some work on the halls can be done during class hours4 ,workmen say that the building was erected in record breaking time4 ,it has taken less than a month to complete the job4 ,revise4 ,the seven-hundred-word sentence used by the legislature1 however1 is merely an example of the prevalent tendency of people to disregard the elementary principles of composition and grammar4 ,everyone may have a faint recollection of having studied1 at some remote period of his career1 the important rules of 8unity1 mass1 and coherence40 ,but in actual practice one too often falls into the habit of expressing thoughts in a rambling and unconnected flow of words1 with the expressions embellished by slang and colloquial terms4 ,individuals use many words1 but they usually say little1 and the small germ of thought is often hard to find4 #ejg4 ,turn a loose sentence into a periodic sentence4 ,feeble4 ,the new engine will replace the present engine in case of necessity4 ,forceful4 ,in case of necessity1 the new engine will replace the present engine4 ,revise4 ,this is not a student organization although the majority of its members are federal board students4 #ejh4 ,end a sentence with a striking word4 ,lifeless4 ,bring along a team that will be able to force these boys to their utmost as no team has yet been able to do4 ,striking4 ,bring along a team that will do what no other team has yet been able to do1 force these boys to their utmost4 ,revise4 ,we should win ,saturday's game whether ,minot can play or not4 #eji4 ,use climactic order in a series of words1 phrases1 clauses1 or sentences4 ,bungling4 ,i have been so often reformed1 regenerated1 reborn1 amended1 and corrected that only with difficulty can ,i look an honest sinner in the face4 ,brilliant4 ,i have been so often amended1 corrected1 reformed1 regenerated1 and reborn that only with difficulty can ,i look an honest sinner in the face4 ,revise4 ,their clothing is not sufficient for bodily comfort and is also far from presentable4 #eaj4 ,put the most significant idea near the beginning or the end of a sentence4 ,weak4 ,the first speaker on the program was ,dean ,willard ,l4 ,sperry1 who gave a short talk4 ,strong4 ,dean ,willard ,l4 ,sperry opened the program with a short talk4 ,revise4 ,there are more than six hundred courses offered to students in the college of liberal arts4 #eaa4 ,keep closely related grammatical elements together4 ,awkward4 ,cards will be distributed from eight to eleven this morning by members of the registrar's staff at the east entrance of the natural science building to the hundreds of students who have returned during the past few days4 ,well-knit4 ,from eight to eleven this morning1 members of the registrar's staff1 stationed at the east entrance of the natural science building1 will distribute cards to the hundreds of students who have returned during the past few days4 ,revise4 ,this will1 it is hoped1 help the voter to select the men and women who are real leaders on the campus4 ,revise4 ,i want to most emphatically state that ,i do not believe a ,union of ,south ,america is possible4 ,revise4 ,appointment of ,george ,hanby and ,walter ,g4 ,phillips to confer with the president concerning the loan that is being made by the trustees to aid worthy students in meeting their necessary college expenses was made ,wednesday4 #eab4 ,put the main idea in the main clause4 ,characterless4 ,the first talk of the series was given ,tuesday morning1 in which he made the point that it is man's nature to pray4 ,animated4 ,tuesday morning in the first talk of the series he made the point that it is man's nature to pray4 ,revise4 ,he had saved #a1ejj1jjj when one day his office boy ushered in a man who showed him a diamond of great value4 #eac4 ,put a subordinate idea into a subordinate construction4 ,ungainly4 ,peet took ,mead's place at halfback last night and scored two touchdowns4 ,graphic4 ,after taking ,mead's place at halfback last night ,peet scored two touchdowns4 ,revise4 ,great stress will be laid upon the application of these tests in the future2 the people of this country spend millions of dollars each year in giving musical training to children who have no talent for music4 #ead4 ,write simply4 ,affected4 ,suffice it1 that ,i am saving the best for the last4 ,natural4 ,i am saving the best for the last4 ,revise4 ,the river is too cold for careless plunges1 and death-dealing cramps and chills may lead to drownings for those who beware not the perils that lie in ,april waters4 #eae4 ,avoid the use of far-fetched synonyms4 ,silly4 ,fraternities can be a great force for the good of the college and for the good of the ,greek letter man4 ,natural4 ,fraternities can be a great force for the good of the college and for the good of the fraternity man4 ,revise4 ,more interest is being shown in the manly art this year than has been shown in any past season4 #eaf4 ,be definite and particular4 ,colorless4 ,many booklets were sent to freshmen before they came to college4 ,vivid4 ,fifteen hundred copies of the ,freshman ,handbook were sent during ,july to as many prospective freshmen4 ,revise4 ,last year several fraternities were put on probation4 #eag4 ,use parallel constructions for parallel ideas4 ,jumbled4 ,the speaker compared college students in their search for an education to the processes used by a tree to gain its food4 ,clear-cut4 ,the speaker compared a college student in search of an education to a tree in search of food4 ,revise4 ,to be narrow is to be a helpless journalist4 #eah4 ,repeat a prominent word or phrase for greater emphasis4 ,weak4 ,farsighted citizens of the town are realizing more than ever the possibility of the university's becoming one of the first universities in ,america1 not only in enrollment but also in scholastic standing4 ,strong4 ,farsighted citizens of the town are realizing more than ever the possibility of the university's becoming one of the first universities in ,america1 first not only in enrollment but first also in scholastic standing4 ,revise4 ,the progress in ,french affairs has always been slow--sometimes too much so4 #eai4 ,avoid the monotonous repetition of words1 phrases1 or even syllables4 ,flat4 ,the stiff collars that are being shown for formal evening wear are the wing collars4 ,skilful4 ,stiff wing collars are being shown for formal evening wear4 ,revise4 ,in the senior class the race for president will be a close one1 as ,burgess1 ,elwood1 and ,sampson are expected to run a close race4 ,revise4 ,the county superintendents who will gather here for the conference will in part comprise the group of participants in the huge birthday party of the college of education4 #ebj4 ,avoid tautology4 ,uncouth4 ,these concerts are open to the public1 and everyone is invited4 ,pithy4 ,these concerts are open to the public4 ,revise4 ,dean ,smith is a native of ,ohio and was born in ,central ,city4 ,revise4 ,classes in folk dancing will start ,monday morning at nine ,a4,m4 ,revise4 ,the coeducation of both sexes is making remarkable headway in this country4 ,revise4 ,she is the widow of the late ,colonel ,ralph ,h4 ,robinson4 ,revise4 ,let's us go4 #eba4 ,avoid pleonasm4 ,stupid4 ,as ,i enter on this famed profession ,i see the mistakes of others4 ,terse4 ,as ,i enter this famed profession ,i see the mistakes of others4 ,revise4 ,there is an average of #ee1jjj kilowats used monthly4 #ebb4 ,avoid the use of the same word in two senses in the same sentence1 or in sentences near together4 ,clumsy4 ,because there is no school available1 school will be dismissed next week4 ,graceful4 ,because no building is available1 school will be dismissed next week4 ,revise4 ,the girls may survive whacks with hockey clubs and yet not be able to stand the severe test of initiation into ,m4 ,c4 club4 #ebc4 ,keep the same metaphor throughout the sentence4 ,lame4 ,mrs4 ,mondell had the edge in the race until circumstances forced her to show her hand4 ,sprightly4 ,mrs4 ,mondell had the game won until circumstances forced her to show her hand4 ,revise4 ,pronouncements against the ,league of ,nations suddenly lose their cloak of virile ,americanism and savor only of party politics when the state department places the stamp of its approval on the ,chester oil concessions4 #ebd4 ,avoid incongruous metaphors4 ,absurd4 ,the two hundred freshmen took their new places after the first melee was staged4 ,picturesque4 ,the two hundred freshmen took their new places after the resounding blows of the first melee ceased4 ,revise4 ,walter ,scannell1 sporting editor of the ,news1 will act as referee4 #ebe4 ,sentences should sing4 ,crude4 ,such a critic fails to consider the fraternity spirit of the group--the avowed aim of the group4 ,rhythmical4 ,such a critic fails to consider the avowed aim of the group1 its fraternal spirit4 ,revise4 ,neither is it always wrong1 be it remembered4 #ebf4 ,put an epigrammatic idea into a balanced sentence4 ,unskilful4 ,the essential things in life are the ones that count1 and the essential thing in education is to find that4 ,adroit4 ,the essential thing in education is to find the essential things in life4 ,revise4 ,tenure here depends not upon the quality of fur in your coat but upon the quality of your thinking apparatus4 #ebg4 ,make the most vivid verb in a sentence the predicate4 ,dull4 ,he was found circling a piece of furniture in the center of the room4 ,lively4 ,when found he was circling a piece of furniture in the center of the room4 ,revise4 ,they went home1 stumbling from one side of the street to the other4 #ebh4 ,use the active voice rather than the passive4 ,spiritless4 ,the glucose was heated and then applied to the blindfolded freshmen4 ,stirring4 ,the sophomores heated the glucose and applied it to the blindfolded freshmen4 ,revise4 ,the article appearing in the ,firing ,line column last ,sunday above my name was not written by me4 #ebi4 ,substitute a clause or a dependent phrase for an awkward absolute phrase4 ,involved4 ,what he said about the work was favorable1 he being a man who leans to censure rather than to praise4 ,straightforward4 ,what he said about the work was favorable1 for he is a man who leans to censure rather than to praise4 ,revise4 ,his work having been done he stopped4 ,revise4 ,it being his first visit to the city1 he was interested in the many large houses4 #ecj4 ,avoid successive subordinations similar in form and dependent one on another4 ,awkward4 ,i have an economics instructor who is a middle-aged man who has had ten years' experience as vice-president of a bank in ,new ,york ,city4 ,smooth4 ,i have an economics instructor who is a middle-aged man with ten years' experience as vice-president of a bank in ,new ,york ,city4 ,revise4 ,he eventually tired of the life of a mere henchman of the political boss of the ,sixteenth ward4 #eca4 ,avoid successive but or for clauses4 ,jerky4 ,but when ,i had gone about a mile ,i thought ,i could go no farther1 but ,i kept on4 ,smooth4 ,when ,i had gone about a mile ,i thought ,i could go no farther1 but ,i kept on4 ,revise4 ,i wanted to leave town1 for ,i was disgusted with the place1 for ,i had not made a single friend4 ,,practice #a4 ,football is a game for the psychologist1 and recognizing this coaches in the past few years have paid an increasing amount of attention to the mental attitude of their players4 7#ejj7 #b4 ,the freshmen gathered at ,lake ,austin in the afternoon to plan the bombardment of ,b hall1 and in spite of the fact that the excitement on the campus during the early evening promised an interesting conclusion to the day's events1 nothing unusual happened to break the monotony until half past two in the morning1 when word was brought to the waiting sophomores that the freshmen had assembled on ,brackenridge field and were preparing for the attack4 7#eja7 #c4 ,francis ,neilson will give a talk at eleven ,wednesday morning in the room of the historical society4 ,he will talk on contemporary political and economic problems4 7#ejb7 #d4 ,the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 membership contest has been finished4 ,it extended for three weeks4 ,keen interest was shown by the rivals for first place4 ,reuben ,melin won1 and ,clarence ,koski was second4 7#ejc7 #e4 ,the programs for the hop have attractive covers of gold felt with a black 8,i0 in the center4 ,ogle's ten-piece orchestra will furnish music for the dance1 which will be in ,varsity hall4 ,coach and ,mrs4 ,george ,d4 ,hanshaw and ,prof4 and ,mrs4 ,oscar ,j4 ,walters will chaperon4 ,the money cleared from the hop will buy blankets for the sixteen men who won football letters4 7#ejd7 #f4 ,it will be some time before the new plans are ready4 ,it is not known just where the new biological building will be located4 ,it was first proposed to place the building at the northwest corner of the campus4 7#eje7 #g4 ,to advocate the use of good ,english both in speaking and in writing1 does not necessarily mean that one is a stickler for all the technical rules and eccentricities of the grammarian4 ,although a semicolon once figured as the essential question in a noted lawsuit in ,texas1 a person may overlook many of the rules of punctuation and still not cause any great harm to himself or to his associates4 ,a split infinitive may be the bane of an ,english instructor's life1 but that error does not damn an individual to eternal perdition4 ,the use1 however1 of accurate and clear ,english1 in the larger meaning of the term1 should be encouraged as a matter of efficiency as well as of refinement4 7#ejf7 #h4 ,bauer is disgusted with the world1 like many writers of his class4 7#ejg7 #i4 ,football is a great game1 there is no denying that4 7#ejh7 #aj4 ,sometimes the girls become so interested in the work that they cast aside their forceps and handle earthworms1 sheep eyes1 pig hearts1 grubs1 frogs1 and starfish with their fingers4 7#eji7 #aa4 ,he said that to be a successful engineer imagination and precision are necessary4 7#eaj7 #ab4 ,a number of paintings1 both in oil and in water color1 including works by ,rembrandt1 ,rubens1 ,van ,dyck1 ,turner1 ,guido ,reni1 and other old masters as well as several canvases by more modern painters were the gift of ,mrs4 ,mark ,swanson4 7#eaa7 #ac4 ,the first issue of uniforms was made ,wednesday1 when #bcg men were equipped4 7#eab7 #ad4 ,twenty-five candidates for membership in the ,university ,players were recommended by the judges at the tryouts and were later elected4 7#eac7 #ae4 ,it may be understood that the successful end of such a lengthy piece of work1 which involves factors that are undreamed of by those inexpert in such matters1 is hailed by an author with joy4 7#ead7 #af4 ,it is safe to say that a better trained group of gridiron warriors never donned the moleskins4 7#eae7 #ag4 ,although the declamatory contest is only a few days off1 very few students have entered their names with ,miss ,hogan4 7#eaf7 #ah4 ,he agrees to furnish each child with a complete outfit and a promise to replace all lost balls4 7#eag7 #ai4 ,there is no underlying motive or problem to be solved1 no lesson to be taught1 or moral to be drawn from the story4 7#eah7 #bj4 ,the game with ,illinois is the ,homecoming game and should be one of the big games of the year4 7#eai7 #ba4 ,dean ,walter ,s4 ,anthony was present and spoke about the future of engineering education4 7#ebj7 #bb4 ,the party will be in the form of a costume affair4 7#eba7 #bc4 ,any pledge leaving college before she is initiated shall be considered released from her pledge at the end of one calendar year from the date of pledging4 7#ebb7 #bd4 ,with seemingly every other subject run into the ground1 fairy tales are now to receive a black eye4 7#ebc7 #be4 ,an audience of #cj1jjj saw the ,thanksgiving ,day game4 7#ebd7 #bf4 ,from ,new ,haven a menacing growl comes4 7#ebe7 #bg4 ,some institutions had a crop of traditions before this state had even a corn crop4 7#ebf7 #bh4 ,the person selling the largest number of subscriptions was ,mary ,rowe4 7#ebg7 #bi4 ,music by ,sousa's band was supplied between the halves4 7#ebh7 #cj4 ,both rear tires having been punctured1 my fingers were all thumbs1 it being my first race4 7#ebi7 #ca4 ,he is the man that bought the house that stood on the lot that was next to ours4 7#ecj7 #cb4 ,this gave the man receiving the ball better protection1 but left an opening for passes1 but ,solon did not have a play to use4 7#eca7 ,,chapter ,x ,,words ,new words and expressions1 as well as new uses for old words1 are being added to the ,english language daily4 ,likewise words and expressions once current are continually being discarded4 ,the question that confronts any writer is1 what words and expressions are now accepted as standard4 ,in difficult cases only persistent consultation of the best dictionaries and a careful study of the practice followed by the best writers now living and by reputable publishing houses will furnish the correct answer4 ,the practice followed by the majority of the leading writers and publishers of the present day determines good usage4 #fjj4 ,consult a dictionary to determine the meaning of a word4 ,be especially careful in using the following3 aggravate alternative amateur among asset aught awful balance between borrow can claim depot expect fine learn locate mad mean nice outside over party propose proposition school unique #fja4 ,distinguish accurately between words resembling each other in form1 but differing in meaning4 affect1 effect all ready1 already all together1 altogether allude1 elude allusion1 illusion almost1 most beside1 besides continual1 continuous emigrate1 immigrate except1 accept healthful1 healthy lend1 loan loose1 lose luxuriant1 luxurious plentiful1 plenty practicable1 practical principal1 principle quiet1 quite way1 ways1 away #fjb4 ,use words that exactly express your thought4 ,do not be content with the first word that occurs to you4 ,strive for concrete and picturesque words--words that will convey an accurate and vivid image to your reader4 ,the search for exactly the right synonym will be greatly facilitated if you will consult one of the standard books which list synonyms4 ,some of the good books of this sort are those compiled by ,roget1 ,crabbe1 ,smith1 ,marsh1 and ,soule4 ,instead of the word say1 for instance1 consider talk1 utter1 claim1 affirm1 shout1 whisper1 stammer1 speak1 lisp1 giggle1 maintain1 state1 answer1 argue1 laugh1 preach1 reply1 respond4 ,walk is not the only word to express locomotion under one's own power4 ,consider1 for instance1 amble1 fall1 gambol1 glide1 leap1 pace1 prance1 promenade1 ramble1 run1 slink1 slouch1 steal1 stagger1 stride1 stroll1 stumble4 #fjc4 ,avoid newly coined words4 ,particularly atrocious examples of newly coined words are to burgle1 to burglarize1 and to enthuse4 #fjd4 ,avoid using verbs as nouns and nouns as verbs unless such usage has been admitted into the standard language4 ,examples of verbs that have not yet been accepted as nouns are combine1 invite1 steal1 try1 and win4 ,examples of nouns that have not yet been accepted as verbs are suicide and suspicion4 #fje4 ,do not use slang in formal composition4 ,bad4 8,thank you for the ride in your auto40 8,you bet40 ,better4 8,thank you for the ride in your automobile40 8,don't mention it40 #fjf4 ,use words that harmonize with the tone of the whole composition4 ,in ordinary writing avoid such words as said1 same1 thereby1 therein1 and hereinbefore4 ,bad4 ,said rule is often broken4 ,better4 ,the rule just mentioned is often broken4 ,bad4 ,i received the watch and thank you for same4 ,better4 ,thank you for the watch which has just arrived4 #fjg4 ,avoid poetical words in prose4 ,examples are amid1 anew1 dwelt1 ere1 eve1 hence1 hither1 morn1 'neath1 o'er1 oft1 'tis1 thrice1 'twas1 whither4 #fjh4 ,use unaffected expressions rather than trite or hackneyed ones4 ,avoid3 a good time was had by all2 bolt from a clear sky2 beggars description2 beyond description2 indescribable2 a royal reception2 checkered career2 discourse sweet music2 dull1 sickening thud2 doomed to disappointment2 exception proves the rule2 fair maidens2 the grim reaper2 hungry as bears2 last but not least2 method in his madness2 nipped in the bud2 render 7a vocal solo72 sought his downy couch2 stood like sentinels2 stage 7for anything except a theatrical performance72 too full for utterance2 took to his heels2 wended their way2 where ignorance is bliss4 #fji4 ,use simple rather than pretentious expressions4 ,prefer get up to arise wife or husband to better half eat to partake of dog to canine cat to feline horse to equine clergyman to divine give to donate flowers to floral offering man to gentleman woman to lady letter to kind favor arm or leg to limb funeral to last sad rites or obsequies often to oftentimes body to remains live to reside house or home to residence go to bed to retire friend to boy friend1 girl friend1 gentleman friend1 or lady friend #faj4 ,use uncontracted forms in dignified writing4 ,conversational4 ,i can't and won't go4 ,dignified4 ,i cannot and will not go4 #faa4 ,use ,i1 me1 or my rather than some form of we or the writer4 ,insufferably modest4 ,in the opinion of the present writer ,locke should win4 ,direct4 ,locke should win4 ,direct4 ,i think ,locke should win4 #fab4 ,use simple personal pronouns rather than intensive or reflexive pronouns4 ,affected4 ,you would confer a great favor on my wife and myself if you would come4 ,natural4 ,you would confer a great favor on my wife and me if you would come4 ,affected4 ,myself and brother are both members of the ,capen debating society4 ,natural4 ,my brother and ,i both belong to the ,capen debating society4 ,affected4 ,these tickets will admit self and guests4 ,natural4 ,these tickets will admit you and your guests4 #fac4 ,follow good usage in referring to a husband or a wife4 ,vulgar4 ,you will have to see ,mr4 about renting the garage4 ,better4 ,you will have to see my husband about renting the garage4 ,vulgar4 ,the dinner was in honor of ,j4 ,a4 ,smith and wife4 ,better4 ,the dinner was in honor of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,smith4 ,vulgar4 ,among the guests were ,mrs4 ,capt4 ,johnson1 ,mrs4 ,prof4 ,healy1 ,mrs4 ,rev4 ,shaw1 and ,mrs4 ,president ,ford4 ,better4 ,among the guests were ,mrs4 ,ralph ,g4 ,johnson1 ,mrs4 ,lionel ,f4 ,healy1 ,mrs4 ,harry ,l4 ,shaw1 and ,mrs4 ,ferdinand ,l4 ,ford4 ,vulgar4 ,after ,john had been married two years1 she left him4 ,better4 ,after ,john had been married two years1 his wife left him4 #fad4 ,avoid illiterate usage4 alright4 ,there is no such word4 ,use all right4 and4 ,and does not mean or4 ,wrong4 ,he asks four and five dollars for a straw hat4 ,right4 ,he asks four or five dollars for a straw hat4 as4 ,use because as a causal conjunction rather than as4 ,bad4 ,i could not go to the game as ,i had to get the dinner4 ,better4 ,i could not go to the game because ,i had to get the dinner4 ,use so after a negative rather than as4 ,bad4 ,he is not as bad as he is painted4 ,better4 ,he is not so bad as he is painted4 as though4 ,as if is preferable to as though4 ,bad4 ,he talked as though he had a potato in his mouth4 ,better4 ,he talked as if he had a potato in his mouth4 at about4 ,at about is a slovenly colloquialism4 ,omit at4 ,bad4 ,he left at about six o'clock4 ,better4 ,he left about six o'clock4 call attention4 ,attention is directed1 not called4 certainly4 ,over use has made certainly unemphatic4 ,bad4 ,i will certainly be there4 ,better4 ,i will be there4 data4 ,plural1 not singular4 did4 ,did is wrong if you mean have4 ,wrong4 ,i didn't see him yet4 ,right4 ,i haven't seen him yet4 each other4 ,each other applies to two persons or things2 one another to more than two4 extra4 ,extra does not mean unusually4 falls4 ,plural1 not singular4 first-rate4 ,an adjective1 not an adverb4 ,wrong4 ,you cook first-rate4 ,right4 ,you are a first-rate cook4 freshmen4 ,the adjective is freshman4 held4 ,held should not be applied to a lecture1 a meeting1 or an initiation4 ,bad4 ,our fraternity held initiation for eight men4 ,better4 ,our fraternity initiated eight men4 ,bad4 ,the meeting was held in ,robinson hall4 ,better4 ,the meeting was in ,robinson hall4 ,honorable4 ,see ,reverend4 if4 ,use whether if that is what you mean4 ,wrong4 ,i don't know if ,i can4 ,right4 ,i don't know whether ,i can4 in4 ,use into to express motion4 ,bad4 ,he went in the house4 ,better4 ,he went into the house4 liable4 ,use likely or probably unless referring to something undesirable4 ,bad4 ,he is liable to pass the course4 ,better4 ,it is likely that he will pass the course4 ,better4 ,he will probably pass the course4 like4 ,use as or as if to introduce a clause4 ,wrong4 ,do it like ,i do4 ,right4 ,do it as ,i do4 ,wrong4 ,you look like you were cold4 ,right4 ,you look as if you were cold4 lit4 ,use lighted4 line4 ,loose4 ,what line are you in8 ,exact4 ,what business are you in8 ,bad4 ,he can do anything in the line of athletics4 ,better4 ,he can do anything in athletics4 ,atrocious4 ,would you like something in the line of music8 ,better4 ,would you like some music8 one another4 ,each other applies to two persons or things2 one another to more than two4 per4 ,per should be followed by a ,latin word4 ,wrong4 ,his salary is #e1jjj per year4 ,right4 ,his salary is #e1jjj a year4 ,right4 ,his salary is #e1jjj per annum4 ,use according to or in accordance with instead of as per4 ,wrong4 ,he paid me ,monday as per our agreement4 ,right4 ,he paid me ,monday in accordance with our agreement4 per cent4 ,wrong4 ,what per cent will go to college8 ,right4 ,what percentage will go to college8 real4 ,real is not a synonym for very4 ,wrong4 ,i like him real well4 ,right4 ,i like him very well4 ,reverend4 ,reverend should be preceded by the and should be followed by ,father1 ,mr41 ,dr41 given name1 or initials as well as by the surname4 ,a clergyman is entitled to be called ,dr4 only when he has a degree of ,doctor of ,divinity4 ,wrong4 ,reverend ,folsom offered prayer4 ,right4 ,the ,reverend ,mr4 ,folsom offered prayer4 ,right4 ,the ,reverend ,haskell ,j4 ,folsom offered prayer4 ,wrong4 ,the ,reverend ,sanders presided4 ,right4 ,the ,reverend ,r4 ,e4 ,sanders presided4 ,wrong4 ,i met ,reverend ,barlow on the street4 ,right4 ,i met the ,reverend ,dr4 ,barlow on the street4 phenomena4 ,plural1 not singular4 ,professor4 ,professor is used only for teachers of full professorial rank in a recognized college or university4 ,wrong4 ,the new high school principal is ,professor ,jones4 ,right4 ,the new high school principal is ,mr4 ,jones4 ,wrong4 ,professor ,smith's orchestra played4 ,right4 ,smith's orchestra played4 sideways4 ,sidewise is correct4 so4 ,incorrect for so that4 ,wrong4 ,i want the money so ,i can go home4 ,right4 ,i want the money so that ,i can go home4 ,so should not be used alone to modify an adjective4 ,bad4 ,college life is so stimulating4 ,better4 ,college life is the most stimulating life of all4 strata4 ,plural1 not singular4 tend4 ,use attend or take care of rather than tend4 ,bad4 ,i'll tend to your case1 young man1 after school4 ,better4 ,i'll attend to your case1 young man1 after school4 ,bad4 ,it is hard for me to write while tending the baby4 ,better4 ,it is hard for me to write while taking care of the baby4 than1 till1 until4 ,not synonyms for when after hardly or scarcely4 ,wrong4 ,hardly had he fired than the burglar fell4 ,right4 ,hardly had he fired when the burglar fell4 ,wrong4 ,she had scarcely spoken until we arrived4 ,right4 ,she had scarcely spoken when we arrived4 ,united ,states4 ,should be preceded by the when used as a noun4 ,wrong4 ,france and ,united ,states have always been good friends4 ,right4 ,france and the ,united ,states have always been good friends4 ways4 ,plural1 not singular4 while4 ,while means during the time in which1 or though4 ,it does not mean but4 ,good4 ,while ,i was gone the house burned4 ,good4 ,while what you say may be true1 it will not affect my action4 ,bad4 ,the men sit on one side while the women sit on the other4 ,better4 ,the men sit on one side2 the women on the other4 #fae4 ,use reputable words4 all the4 ,wrong4 ,this is all the farther ,i will go4 ,right4 ,this is as far as ,i will go4 ,a4,m41 ,p4,m4 ,use only after numbers1 meaning the hour4 ,wrong4 ,we started early in the ,a4,m4 ,right4 ,we started early in the morning4 and etc4 ,etc4 is an abbreviation for et cetera1 which means and other things4 ,wrong4 ,we bought flags1 handkerchiefs1 and etc4 ,right4 ,we bought flags1 handkerchiefs1 etc4 any place4 ,the correct expression is anywhere4 anywheres4 ,the correct expression is anywhere4 badly4 ,badly is not a synonym for exceedingly or very much4 ,wrong4 ,i wanted it badly4 ,right4 ,i wanted it very much4 company4 ,guest is a better word than company4 ,wrong4 ,we expect company for supper4 ,right4 ,we expect a guest for supper4 complected4 ,wrong4 ,he is light complected4 ,right4 ,he has a light complexion4 considerable4 ,considerable is not a synonym for much or many4 ,wrong4 ,we have had considerable trouble lately4 ,right4 ,we have had a great deal of trouble lately4 ,wrong4 ,there were considerable people there4 ,right4 ,there were many persons there4 drunk4 ,drunk is not in good usage as a noun4 ,use a drunken man4 every place4 ,the correct expression is everywhere4 folks4 ,wrong4 ,i am going to visit the folks this week4 ,right4 ,i am going to visit my family this week4 ,wrong4 ,more than one thousand folks saw the accident4 ,right4 ,more than one thousand persons saw the accident4 gent4 ,use gentleman1 or preferably man4 get-up4 ,wrong4 ,did you ever see such a get-up8 ,right4 ,did you ever see such a costume8 get up4 ,wrong4 ,we are getting up a straw ride for ,thursday evening4 ,right4 ,we are planning a straw ride for ,thursday evening4 got4 ,to indicate possession use have rather than have got4 ,wrong4 ,have you got a pencil8 ,right4 ,have you a pencil8 hear to it4 ,wrong4 ,i absolutely refuse to hear to it4 ,right4 ,i absolutely refuse to consider it4 human4 ,human is not a noun4 ,wrong4 ,humans are in many ways like animals4 ,right4 ,men and women are in many ways like animals4 ,right4 ,human beings are in many ways like animals4 in back of4 ,behind is better than in back of4 ,wrong4 ,we fought in back of the barn4 ,right4 ,we fought behind the barn4 inside of4 ,use inside or within4 ,wrong4 ,he went inside of the house4 ,right4 ,he went inside the house4 ,wrong4 ,inside of ten minutes not a trace remained4 ,right4 ,within ten minutes not a trace remained4 kind of4 ,wrong4 ,it was kind of cold4 ,right4 ,it was fairly cold4 leave4 ,use let4 ,wrong4 ,leave go of my hat4 ,right4 ,let go my hat4 ,wrong4 ,leave me have it4 ,right4 ,let me have it4 lot4 ,not a synonym for many1 much1 or ample4 ,wrong4 ,we had lots of time4 ,right4 ,we had ample time4 meet with4 ,with is superfluous4 ,bad4 ,he met with the committee4 ,better4 ,he met the committee4 military4 ,military is not a noun4 ,wrong4 ,the military confiscated all coal in the town4 ,right4 ,the military authorities confiscated all coal in the town4 no place4 ,the correct expression is nowhere4 nowhere near4 ,the correct expression is not nearly4 nowheres4 ,the correct expression is nowhere4 of4 ,of should never be used for have4 7,see #cch47 ,wrong4 ,i could of won if ,i had of been willing to lie4 ,right4 ,i could have won if ,i had been willing to lie4 off of4 ,off is enough4 ,wrong4 ,she stepped backwards off of the car4 ,right4 ,she stepped backwards off the car4 only4 ,only is not a synonym for but or except4 ,wrong4 ,i would not be where ,i am today only for my wife4 ,right4 ,i would not be where ,i am today except for my wife4 out loud4 ,the correct expression is aloud4 over with4 ,over is enough4 ,wrong4 ,the concert was over with at ten o'clock4 ,right4 ,the concert was over at ten o'clock4 overly4 ,there is no such word4 ,wrong4 ,i think he is not overly particular4 ,right4 ,i think he is not very particular4 people4 ,use persons4 ,bad4 ,thirty people applied for the position4 ,better4 ,thirty persons applied for the position4 ,p4,m4 ,see ,a4,m4 posted4 ,posted is not a synonym for informed4 ,wrong4 ,keep me posted on what happens while ,i am gone4 ,right4 ,keep me informed of what happens while ,i am gone4 providing4 ,providing is not a synonym for if4 ,wrong4 ,i can go providing it does not rain4 ,right4 ,i can go if it does not rain4 put in4 ,wrong4 ,i put in two years at college4 ,right4 ,i spent two years at college4 put up4 ,wrong4 ,he put me up for the night4 ,right4 ,he lodged me for the night4 remember of4 ,remember is enough4 ,wrong4 ,i do not remember of meeting him4 ,right4 ,i do not remember meeting him4 shape4 ,wrong4 ,he is in bad shape4 ,right4 ,he is ill4 ,or1 ,he is in bad condition4 show4 ,show is not a synonym for a theatrical performance4 ,wrong4 ,it was the best show of the year4 ,right4 ,it was the best musical comedy of the year4 some place4 ,the correct expression is somewhere4 sort of4 ,wrong4 ,he is sort of short for a high jumper4 ,right4 ,he is hardly tall enough for a high jumper4 stop4 ,stop is not a synonym for stay4 ,wrong4 ,we are stopping at the hotel4 ,right4 ,we are staying at the hotel4 sure4 ,wrong4 ,i should sure like to go4 ,right4 ,i should surely like to go4 ,wrong4 ,sure ,i'll come4 ,right4 ,surely ,i'll come4 ,or1 ,i'll be glad to come4 tasty4 ,use delicious or some similar expression4 ,wrong4 ,that is a tasty pudding4 ,right4 ,that is a delicious pudding4 through4 ,through is not a synonym for finished4 ,wrong4 ,i was through the examination at quarter of nine4 ,right4 ,i finished the examination at quarter of nine4 try and4 ,try to is preferable to try and4 ,wrong4 ,try and do better4 ,right4 ,try to do better4 up4 ,up adds nothing to such verbs as end1 meet1 finish1 eat1 and burn4 ,wrong4 ,it took the firemen an hour after the house burned up to finish up their work4 ,right4 ,it took the firemen an hour after the house burned to finish their work4 visit with4 ,with is superfluous4 ,wrong4 ,my mother is visiting with relatives4 ,right4 ,my mother is visiting relatives4 where4 ,wrong4 ,did you see in the paper where the minister has resigned8 ,right4 ,did you see in the paper that the minister had resigned8 without4 ,without is not a synonym for unless4 ,wrong4 ,without ,i say so1 you will not be elected4 ,right4 ,unless ,i say so1 you will not be elected4 #faf4 ,use words current in present standard ,english4 ,avoid such antiquated words as firstly1 gotten1 and proven4 but what4 ,but that is preferable to but what4 ,wrong4 ,i cannot see but what you are right4 ,right4 ,i cannot see but that you are right4 cannot help but4 ,wrong4 ,i cannot help but think he is innocent4 ,right4 ,i cannot help thinking he is innocent4 different than4 ,use different from4 ,wrong4 ,mabel looks different than ,alice4 ,right4 ,mabel looks different from ,alice4 #fag4 ,use words and expressions nationally current4 forenoon4 ,bad4 ,the forenoon session began at eight4 ,better4 ,the morning session began at eight4 get4 ,wrong4 ,i am sorry1 but ,i did not get to go4 ,right4 ,i am sorry1 but ,i was unable to go4 going on4 ,bad4 ,he is six years old1 going on seven4 ,better4 ,he is nearly seven years old4 gun4 ,bad4 ,he carried a gun in his belt4 ,better4 ,he carried a revolver in his belt4 like4 ,wrong4 ,you say ,george is in ,boston4 ,how does he like8 ,right4 ,you say ,george is in ,boston4 ,how does he like it there8 make of4 ,bad4 ,when ,oscar came to town all the girls made of him4 ,better4 ,when ,oscar came to town all the girls paid him much attention4 raise4 ,bad4 ,i was raised in the ,south4 ,better4 ,i was reared in the ,south4 smart4 ,bad4 ,he is a smart boy4 ,better4 ,he is a bright boy4 some4 ,bad4 ,father feels some better4 ,better4 ,father feels somewhat better4 stair steps4 ,bad4 ,i fell down the stair steps4 ,better4 ,i fell down the stairs4 stoop4 ,bad4 ,every evening we sit on the stoop4 ,better4 ,every evening we sit on the porch4 tote4 ,bad4 ,he was toting a barrel of flour on his shoulder4 ,better4 ,he was carrying a barrel of flour on his shoulder4 wait on4 ,bad4 ,if ,mr4 ,brown will be back within an hour ,i shall wait on him4 ,better4 ,if ,mr4 ,brown will be back within an hour ,i shall wait for him4 want4 ,bad4 ,do you want in8 ,better4 ,do you want to come in8 ,bad4 ,i want that you should go4 ,better4 ,i want you to go4 #fah4 ,use the correct form of nouns which have an abstract meaning in the singular and a concrete meaning in the plural4 ,wrong4 ,his preparations for the examination were inadequate4 ,right4 ,his preparation for the examination was inadequate4 ,wrong4 ,anyone suspected of cowardice was killed by tortures4 ,right4 ,anyone suspected of cowardice was killed by torture4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,spelling ,correct spelling marks the well-educated man or woman4 ,this simple fact constitutes the reason why one must learn to spell4 ,english spelling offers difficulty partly because it is somewhat archaic--that is1 because pronunciation has changed since spelling became fixed by printers about three hundred years ago2 partly because the ,english alphabet is inadequate--it has only twenty-six characters1 and there are forty-two sounds in spoken ,english4 ,but however irrational may be the spelling of many ,english words1 every student must master spelling4 ,nor is this a difficult task if attacked with persistence and determination4 ,the chief obstacles are carelessness and lack of courage4 ,of the #dej1jjj words in the largest dictionaries1 probably not more than one thousand are commonly misspelled by any one person--even the worst speller alive4 ,completely mastering a few words each day for one year1 therefore1 will enable any one to become a good speller4 ,but no short cut method has ever been discovered which will give skill to the writer who finds spelling difficult4 ,every separate word which he habitually misspells must be thoroughly and permanently learned by a distinct effort of the memory1 aided by regular practice4 ,practice1 in fact1 is the only means of acquiring fluent and permanent control over one's pet failings4 ,but the memorizing and the practice may well be facilitated by an intelligent attack on the problem4 ,human beings remember things in different ways1 or in a combination of different ways4 ,some remember most easily and clearly what they have carefully looked at2 these are of the visualizing type4 ,some remember what they have heard spoken aloud2 these are of the auditory type4 ,and others remember best certain motions which their muscles have performed2 these are of the motor type4 ,it follows that some persons learn to spell most easily by looking carefully at a difficult word letter by letter or syllable by syllable2 others by hearing it spelled aloud or by spelling it aloud2 and still others by writing it over and over4 ,but of whatever type a person may be1 he learns best by combining all three methods1 and by assiduously practicing the last1 for the only time he needs to spell is when he is writing4 ,the problem of spelling can be mastered by writing every word five or ten times while the writer has his eyes fixed upon the correct form and is spelling the word aloud4 ,practice on the same word for three successive days is almost certain to fix it for all time in the memory4 ,the weak speller cannot dispense with a dictionary4 ,asking a fellow student how to spell a word marked incorrect by an instructor is fatal1 for the fellow student is often as ignorant as the questioner4 ,look up the misspelled word in ,webster's1 the ,standard1 or the ,century ,dictionary4 ,,rules ,many misspellings fall into classes which can be covered by simple rules4 ,following are the most helpful of these rules4 #gjj4 ,words with a last syllable consisting of a single short accented vowel followed by a single consonant1 double the consonant when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel4 dip-p-ed occur-r-ed occur-r-ence stop-p-ing forget-t-ing unforget-t-able sad-d-en forbid-d-en tranquil-l-ity ,observe that the conditions are three3 #a4 ,accent on the last syllable #b4 ,single short vowel #c4 ,single final consonant #gja4 ,words with a last syllable ending in a short vowel and a single consonant1 but not accented on the last syllable1 do not double the final consonant4 worship-ed level-ing travel-er #gjb4 ,words ending in final silent -e drop the -e before a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,they do ,,not double the consonant4 hope1 hop-ed fine1 fin-er dine1 din-ing crude1 crud-ity wide1 wid-en subside1 subsid-ence #gjc4 ,words ending in -ce or -ge keep the -e before a suffix beginning with -a or -o1 to show that -c- or -g- is soft4 change-able peace-able courage-ous notice-able advantage-ous service-able #gjd4 ,words with an accented double vowel1 or with an accented diphthong1 do ,,not double a final single consonant4 stoop-ed loud-er meet-ing roar-ing sweet-en join-ing #gje4 ,,cei4 ,,ei regularly follows c-4 conceive ceiling deceive conceit receive deceit perceive receipt ,observe also3 either1 neither1 leisure1 seize1 weird1 their1 counterfeit1 foreign4 #gjf4 ,,ei occasionally spells the sound of long i and of long a4 height sleight weigh freight neighbor #gjg4 ,,ie regularly follows all consonants except c-4 believe pier field niece piece relieve belief wield achieve pierce retrieve relief yield brief bier siege fiend grief ,observe also3 financier1 friend1 sieve4 #gjh4 ,nouns ending in a vowel and -y form the plural by adding -s4 days boys chimneys valleys #gji4 ,verbs ending in a vowel and -y form the third person singular1 present indicative1 by adding -s4 lays enjoys employs #gaj4 ,nouns ending in a consonant and -y form the plural by changing the -y to -i and adding -es4 fly1 fli-es sky1 ski-es lady1 ladi-es #gaa4 ,many nouns ending in -f or -fe form the plural in -ves4 wolf1 wolves self1 selves life1 lives half1 halves leaf1 leaves wife1 wives calf1 calves loaf1 loaves knife1 knives #gab4 ,some foreign nouns form the plural according to the inflectional laws of their own language4 alumna1 alumnae axis1 axes datum1 data stratum1 strata alumnus1 alumni parenthesis1 parentheses formula1 formulae phenomenon1 phenomena analysis1 analyses crisis1 crises basis1 bases #gac4 ,don't1 won't1 can't1 aren't1 hasn't1 haven't1 have the apostrophe between n and t1 where a vowel has been omitted4 #gad4 ,it's is the colloquial form of it is4 ,the apostrophe marks the omission of i4 #gae4 ,its1 yours1 hers1 ours1 theirs1 his1 whose 7possessive pronouns71 do ,,not have an apostrophe4 #gaf4 ,following is a list of words most frequently misspelled by college freshmen4 accept accidentally accommodate acknowledgment across affects aggravate airplane all right already altogether amateur analyze apparatus appearance arctic argument athlete athletic balance beginning believing benefited biscuit ,britain business busy calendar can't center certain changeable chauffeur choose clothes coarse column committee compel concede conceivable ,connecticut conscience conscientious controlled course deceitful deferred definite descend describe desperate development dining room disappear disappoint discipline dissatisfied dissipate divide don't dying ecstasy embarrass enemy envelop equipped especially exaggerate exceed excellent except exhaust existence familiar fascinate ,february fifth finally financier forfeit formerly forty fourth friend fulfil generally good-by government governor grammar grievous harass having height hoping hurriedly hygienic imaginary immediately incidentally inclose independence indispensable infinite inquire instance intercede irresistible its it's itself judgment knowledge laboratory laid led library lightning lose maintenance ,massachusetts mathematics medicine mischievous ,mississippi misspelled muscle mysterious necessary neither noticeable occasion occurred occurrence o'clock omission opinion opportunity original paid parallel parliament particularly partner perceive perform perhaps permissible pervade physical possession precede preferred preparation principal principle privilege proceed professor program promissory pronunciation prove quiet quite really receive recognize recommend reference repetition restaurant ridiculous seize sentence separate shining siege similar skilful speech stationary stationery stopped stopping strictly superintendent supersede sure surprise syllable theater their there therefore till together too tract tragedy tranquillity transferred trouble truly ,tuesday until using usually village villain weather ,wednesday weird welfare whether which wholly who's whose women you're ,,chapter ,,xii ,,punctuation ,marks of punctuation are used for the purpose of making the meaning of sentences unmistakable4 ,it is not sufficient that sentences be grammatically correct1 clear1 and vigorous2 they must also be perfectly punctuated if their meaning is to be unmistakable4 ,a writer must1 therefore1 observe the rules of punctuation if his writing is to be intelligible4 #hjj4 ,use a period 747 at the end of declarative and of imperative sentences4 #hja4 ,use a period after every abbreviation4 ,right4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,mc,intyre of the ,c4 ,r4 ,i4 and ,p4 ,ry4 ,co4 received a ten per cent increase4 ,right4 ,the editors1 reporters1 feature writers1 etc41 and the printers1 advertising solicitors1 circulation men1 etc41 of the ,springfield 7,mass47 ,republican are all able men4 #hjb4 ,never use a period at the end of an incomplete sentence element4 ,illiterate4 ,after the sun had set4 ,we went home4 ,correct4 ,after the sun had set1 we went home4 #hjc4 ,use a question mark 787 at the end of a direct question4 #hjd4 ,use a question mark1 sparingly1 to indicate doubt4 ,in this instance the question mark should be enclosed within parentheses4 ,right4 ,in the year #aeif 787 he was sent to ,italy4 #hje4 ,never use a question mark at the end of an indirect question4 ,wrong4 ,i asked him what he intended to do8 ,right4 ,i asked him what he intended to do4 #hjf4 ,use an exclamation point 767 at the end of exclamatory expressions4 ,right4 ,what a terrible experience6 #hjg4 ,use a comma 717 between co-ordinate clauses that are joined by and or but only if the subjects of the clauses are different4 ,wrong4 ,he began as office boy1 but in no long time he became timekeeper4 ,right4 ,he began as office boy but in no long time he became timekeeper4 ,wrong4 ,he began as office boy but in no long time they made him timekeeper4 ,right4 ,he began as office boy1 but in no long time they made him timekeeper4 #hjh4 ,use a comma between clauses joined by the conjunction for4 ,wrong4 ,he went into the house for his automobile needed water4 ,right4 ,he went into the house1 for his automobile needed water4 #hji4 ,use a comma between short co-ordinate clauses not joined by conjunctions1 if the clauses are parallel in structure4 ,the horse neighed1 the pig grunted1 the dog barked4 #haj4 ,use a comma after a dependent clause that precedes a main clause4 ,when he speaks1 we all listen4 #haa4 ,use commas to set off clauses or phrases that add merely a descriptive idea to the expression modified4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 who was born in a log cabin1 became one of the greatest presidents4 ,they1 reading the newspaper1 did not hear me come in4 #hab4 ,use commas between adjectives in a series if the position of the adjectives can be logically interchanged4 ,each one carried a red1 white1 and blue flag4 #hac4 ,use commas between words1 phrases1 or clauses in a series4 ,he sent me two books1 a drum1 and a small wagon4 ,seeing the dark sky1 feeling the sharp wind1 and knowing that my family would be worried1 ,i hurried home4 ,if he had not been ill1 if the bank had not failed1 and if my credit had not been exhausted1 you would never have found me here4 #had4 ,use a comma before the and connecting the last two members of a series4 ,wrong4 ,he ordered bread and butter1 ham and eggs1 cucumbers and milk4 ,right4 ,he ordered bread and butter1 ham and eggs1 cucumbers1 and milk4 #hae4 ,use a comma to separate elements which might otherwise become confused4 ,wrong4 ,not long before he had bought the horse4 ,right4 ,not long before1 he had bought the horse4 ,wrong4 ,we drove up to the house1 and the motor stopped allowing us to complete the trip without disaster along the road4 ,right4 ,we drove up to the house1 and the motor stopped1 allowing us to complete the trip without disaster along the road4 ,confusing4 ,which of the men to choose from among all those who applied would be a difficult matter to decide4 ,better4 ,which of the men to choose from among all those who applied1 would be a difficult matter to decide4 #haf4 ,use commas to set off names in direct address4 ,here1 ,jim1 let me do that4 #hag4 ,use commas to set off appositives4 ,hilda ,kasper1 the cateress1 served the luncheon4 #hah4 ,use commas to set off geographical names which explain other geographical names4 ,he lived in ,birmingham1 ,alabama1 before he came here4 #hai4 ,use commas to set off the year as a part of a date4 ,in ,april1 #aibc1 he went home4 ,the letter was dated ,february #b1 #aiaj4 #hbj4 ,use commas to set off absolute phrases4 ,the soldiers having rested1 ,hannibal ordered the army to start4 #hba4 ,use commas to set off mild interjections or slightly parenthetical expressions4 ,it was1 alas1 too late4 ,yes1 ,i shall be glad to go4 ,no1 ,i am sure that is not correct4 ,it was1 therefore1 his duty to accept4 ,i never met him1 you know4 #hbb4 ,use a comma to set off an informal quotation in direct discourse unless the quotation is short and is grammatically incorporated into the sentence4 ,he said1 8,i am going home40 ,he answered 8yes0 to my question4 #hbc4 ,never use a comma between an adjective and the noun it modifies4 ,wrong4 ,a blue1 white1 and red1 flag hung from the window4 ,right4 ,a blue1 white1 and red flag hung from the window4 #hbd4 ,never use commas to set off clauses or phrases that limit the meaning of the expressions they modify2 no punctuation is necessary4 ,wrong4 ,all men1 who do this1 should be hanged4 ,right4 ,all men who do this should be hanged4 ,wrong4 ,any woman1 desiring to try for the team1 should report immediately4 ,right4 ,any woman desiring to try for the team should report immediately4 #hbe4 ,never use commas between adjectives in a series if the position of the adjectives cannot be logically interchanged4 ,wrong4 ,he wore an old1 black1 felt hat4 ,right4 ,he wore an old black felt hat4 #hbf4 ,never use a comma to indicate a slight pause4 ,wrong4 ,through the window1 jumped the cat4 ,right4 ,through the window jumped the cat4 #hbg4 ,never use a comma before that1 what1 how1 why1 etc41 in indirect discourse4 ,he said that he would go tomorrow4 ,he asked me what ,i was going to do4 ,she inquired how they were to go4 ,they asked why their salaries had been decreased4 #hbh4 ,never use a comma between main clauses not joined by a conjunction2 use a period4 7,see #chj47 ,wrong4 ,tomorrow is ,tuesday1 you must come then4 ,right4 ,tomorrow is ,tuesday4 ,you must come then4 #hbi4 ,use a semicolon 727 between co-ordinate clauses that are not joined by a co-ordinating conjunction4 ,wrong4 ,he went to ,south ,america1 ,i stayed at home4 ,right4 ,he went to ,south ,america2 ,i stayed at home4 #hcj4 ,use a semicolon between clauses that are joined by conjunctive adverbs4 ,she could not come2 so there was no meeting4 ,i did not see him2 nevertheless ,i knew he was there4 ,the men were none too sure of their next move2 their doubt1 however1 only tended to heighten their excitement4 #hca4 ,use a semicolon between co-ordinate clauses that are joined by and or but only if the clauses have more than ten words each1 or if there are commas within the clauses4 ,slowly the huge grey transport that had been waiting at the dock since midnight got under way2 and slowly the throng that had gathered for one last glimpse of relatives and friends made its way up the long street4 ,if we can find no other way1 you may be sure we shall follow your advice2 but you must not expect us to relinquish any more of our profit than we can help1 especially at this late date4 #hcb4 ,never use a semicolon between a subordinate clause and a main clause4 ,wrong4 ,since they came2 we have not had a moment's peace4 ,right4 ,since they came1 we have not had a moment's peace4 #hcc4 ,never use a semicolon after the salutation of a letter4 ,wrong4 ,dear ,sir2 ,we are glad that you approve our action4 ,right4 ,dear ,sir3 ,we are glad that you approve our action4 #hcd4 ,use a colon 737 to introduce formally a word1 a catalogue1 a list1 questions1 statements1 or long quotations4 ,there was but one thing to do3 retreat4 ,i was advised to see these men3 ,c4 ,r4 ,wright1 ,a4 ,w4 ,henderson1 and ,b4 ,l4 ,noojin4 ,the following will report in uniform tomorrow3 ,butler ,doolittle ,thomas ,williams ,the question then arose3 ,what should we do with him8 ,what troubled us was this3 ,the ammunition was running low4 ,this is the first sentence in ,poe's ,fall of the ,house of ,usher3 8,during the whole of a dull1 dark1 and soundless day in the autumn of the year1 when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens1 ,i had been passing alone1 on horseback1 through a singularly dreary tract of country2 and at length found myself1 as the shades of evening drew on1 within view of the melancholy ,house of ,usher40 #hce4 ,use a hyphen 7-7 in writing fractions1 or numbers less than one hundred4 ,three-fifths1 twenty-one1 thirty-seconds4 ,thirty-seven1 ninety-nine4 #hcf4 ,use a hyphen in titles composed of two words or more4 ,lieutenant-colonel1 alderman-at-large1 editor-in-chief4 #hcg4 ,use a hyphen after the first part of a word divided at the end of a line4 #hch4 ,use a hyphen in compound adjectives4 ,light-blue1 #gj-;horsepower1 six-cylinder1 seven-passenger1 ill-advised4 #hci4 ,use a hyphen after prefixes like co-1 re-1 anti-1 post-1 etc41 when prefixed to words beginning with the last letter of the prefix2 when prefixed to proper nouns or proper adjectives2 when the compound might become confused with a word of similar spelling4 ,co-operation1 anti-,christian1 re-creation4 #hdj4 ,use a dash 7--7 when the thought is abruptly broken off4 ,just then the telephone rang--,i wish ,i could remember who was calling4 #hda4 ,use dashes rather than parentheses to inclose informal parenthetical material4 ,he offered me--imagine it--twenty dollars a week4 #hdb4 ,use a dash before a summarizing expression4 ,after the wheat is all in1 after the horses are put up1 and after the chores have been done--then you may use the car4 #hdc4 ,never use a dash where a period should be used4 ,wrong4 ,come tomorrow--everybody will be here then-- ,right4 ,come tomorrow4 ,everybody will be here then4 #hdd4 ,never use a dash where a comma should be used4 ,wrong4 ,tom came in yesterday--and ,jim was glad to see him4 ,right4 ,tom came in yesterday1 and ,jim was glad to see him4 #hde4 ,use quotation marks 78 07 to inclose expressions in direct discourse4 ,he said1 8,let me try40 #hdf4 ,use quotation marks to inclose material borrowed from some other writer4 ,according to ,john ,keats 8,a thing of beauty is a joy forever40 #hdg4 ,if the quoted passage contains more than one paragraph1 the quotation marks must be placed at the beginning of each paragraph1 but after only the last4 #hdh4 ,use single quotation marks 7#8 '7 to inclose a quotation within a quotation4 ,the man said1 8,john said to me1 #8,you hold him2 ,i'm busy4'0 #hdi4 ,use ordinary quotation marks to inclose material quoted within a passage enclosed by single quotation marks4 ,she said1 8,jane replied1 #8,jim's remark1 8,iowa has a hard schedule next year10 does not mean what you think it means4'0 #hej4 ,include periods and commas at the end of quoted material within the quotation marks1 but treat other marks of punctuation according to the context of the passage4 #hea4 ,underscore names of books1 plays1 musical compositions1 paintings1 and pieces of sculpture4 ,do not use quotation marks4 ,george ,eliot's ,silas ,marner has been read by thousands4 #heb4 ,use an apostrophe 7'7 to mark the omission of letters in contracted words4 ,wrong4 ,dont1 cant1 its 7for it is71 ,ive1 doesnt4 ,right4 ,don't1 can't1 it's1 ,i've1 doesn't4 #hec4 ,use an apostrophe before the s to form the possessive of singular nouns4 ,wrong4 ,fathers house has just been painted4 ,right4 ,father's house has just been painted4 #hed4 ,use an apostrophe after the s to form the possessive of plural nouns4 ,wrong4 ,they sell boys clothing4 ,wrong4 ,they sell boy's clothing4 ,right4 ,they sell boys' clothing4 #hee4 ,never use an apostrophe to form the possessive of personal pronouns4 ,wrong4 ,their's are black4 ,right4 ,theirs are black4 #hef4 ,use parentheses 7 7 to inclose material that is foreign to the main thought of a sentence1 paragraph1 or whole composition4 ,right4 ,they will 7,i saw the order myself7 withdraw the ,second battalion tomorrow4 #heg4 ,use parentheses to inclose figures that confirm numerical adjectives4 ,place the figures in parentheses after the numeral word4 ,wrong4 ,he offered to sell me 7#e7 five mules4 ,right4 ,he offered to sell me five 7#e7 mules4 #heh4 ,never use parentheses to cancel a word which you want to omit2 draw a line through it4 ,wrong4 ,next week the 7whether7 weather will be warm4 ,right4 ,next week the whether weather will be warm4 #hei4 ,use brackets to inclose explanatory material introduced into a quotation4 ,the speaker said1 8,he ,washington was above everything else an ,american gentleman40 #hfj4 ,practice4 ,paragraph and punctuate the following passages4 ,i ,i had been going to ,st ,lukes ,hospital in ,charleston ,s ,c every day for two weeks to visit my brother ,john who had to undergo a serious operation ,dr ,r ,l ,spitzenberg one of the best surgeons in the city was in charge of the case one day it was ,i think ,march #ab #aiai ,i asked the doctor when ,john might be taken home he exclaimed my dear sir how can you expect to move a man who is as weak as your brother is naturally ,i was disappointed but ,john was more then disappointed for he had become very tired of the hospital routine he sighed deeply he turned his face to the wall and wept sobbingly when he had become somewhat quieted a nurse came in with his evening meal she was rather small not particularly pretty and unusually brusque ,i thought in manner the meal consisted of a small well-cooked steak hot baked potatoes and a combination salad ,i sat beside the bed as he tried to eat and wondered why they gave him such heavy food if he were so weak finally ,i said nurse are all patients given the same diet not two minutes before she had been staring out the window in a vacuous sort of way at my question however she turned and with no apparent change in her manner remarked how should ,i know ,ive just been taken on4 ,,ii ,the lecturer said in part let me begin by quoting the hounds of spring are on winters traces and the mother of months in meadow and plain fills the shadows and windy places with lisp of leaves and ripple of rain could anything more precisely convey the restless sensitive mood of spring ,i can think of nothing he ,swinburne the author seems to have grasped the very essence of spring here and made it live forever in his lines let me pause here a moment to suggest that if anyone of you is looking for poetry that really sings try ,swinburne he will always satisfy the ear but poetry is not all sound however it must if it is to appeal popularly have rhythm to be sure nevertheless this rhythm must never be allowed to become monotonous try reading ,popes ,rape of the ,lock for instance aloud what was it ,wordsworth said poetry was emotion recollected in tranquillity or something like that wasn't it indeed nothing could be more easily demonstrable ,bret ,harte for example in ,gabriel ,conroy describes a snow storm to perfection one finds himself floundering through the drifts as truly as if he were actually in the midst of the storm yet ,harte wrote the passage long after he had undergone the experience set forth and far from the scene itself in fact he wrote of a storm in the ,west in midwinter while sitting calmly at his desk in ,new ,york in midsummer4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,mechanics ,in putting your ideas upon paper you must follow certain customs which good taste and convenience have established as correct at the present time4 ,since manners change from generation to generation1 however1 and since writing machines and printing methods are constantly being improved1 some of these customs necessarily vary4 ,the ensuing rules1 therefore1 have been composed in accordance with the best present usage and are passed on to you as describing those customs which are least subject to change4 ,manuscript #ijj4 ,write upon only one side of the paper4 #ija4 ,place the title upon the first line1 or about two inches from the top of the sheet4 #ijb4 ,leave one line blank between the title and the body of the composition4 #ijc4 ,write legibly and without flourishes1 using black ink4 #ijd4 ,number the pages in the upper right-hand corner4 #ije4 ,leave the space of the letter m after each mark of punctuation within the sentence1 and the space of three m's after marks of end punctuation4 #ijf4 ,never crowd a word in order to get it all upon one line4 ,divide the word and mark the division with a hyphen4 #ijg4 ,place the hyphen that marks the division of a word at the end of a line after the first part of the word4 ,do ,,not place a hyphen before the second part of the word4 ,divide a word only at the end of a syllable4 #ijh4 ,maintain a left-hand margin of at least an inch1 and endeavor to keep the right-hand margin even4 #iji4 ,indent each paragraph half an inch4 #iaj4 ,never write below the last line upon a ruled sheet4 ,in typewritten manuscript leave at least half an inch at the bottom of the page4 ,underscoring #iaa4 ,underscore a word once for italics1 twice for small capital letters1 and three times for large capital letters4 #iab4 ,never underscore a word for emphasis4 ,footnotes #iac4 ,use superior figures for footnotes1 placing the figure after the expression referred to4 #iad4 ,place footnotes at the bottom of the page preceded by the superior figure corresponding to that used in the text4 ,abbreviations #iae4 ,use no abbreviations in formal composition except ,mr41 ,mrs41 or ,dr4 ,capitals #iaf4 ,begin all proper nouns and proper adjectives with a capital letter4 ,russia1 ,bible1 ,pike's ,peak1 ,english1 ,christian1 ,napoleonic4 #iag4 ,begin the first word of every sentence with a capital letter4 #iah4 ,begin every line of verse with a capital letter4 #iai4 ,begin every direct quotation with a capital letter4 #ibj4 ,begin each important word in the name of a social1 a political1 or a religious organization with a capital letter4 ,sigma ,delta ,chi1 ,democratic party1 ,unitarian church4 #iba4 ,begin every word that refers to the ,deity with a capital letter4 #ibb4 ,capitalize the pronoun ,i and the interjection ,o4 #ibc4 ,begin the important words in the names of books1 of plays1 of musical compositions1 of paintings and of pieces of sculpture with capital letters4 #ibd4 ,begin with capital letters personal titles when they are written with personal names4 ,colonel ,morrison1 ,professor ,hunt1 ,secretary ,mc,adoo4 #ibe4 ,begin the names of months1 days of the week1 and holidays with capital letters4 ,figures #ibf4 ,write out in full only those numbers that can be expressed in two words4 ,ninety-nine1 fifty thousand1 one million4 #ibg4 ,write out in full sums of money in even dollars which can be expressed in two words2 otherwise use the dollar sign and figures4 #ibh4 ,use the dollar sign and figures for sums of money in dollars and cents4 #ibi4 ,write out in full sums of money less than one dollar4 #icj4 ,write out in full numbers used as names of streets or districts4 ,fifty-fifth street4 #ica4 ,never begin a sentence with a number expressed in figures4 #icb4 ,write out in full sums of money used as adjectives4 ,she bought six-dollar gloves4 ,letters #icc4 ,write the full address of the writer and the date of writing in every letter1 preferably at the head4 #icd4 ,use one of the following forms for the salutation of a business letter3 ,dear ,sir3 ,gentlemen3 ,ladies3 ,sir3 ,madam3 ,my dear ,sir3 ,my dear ,madam3 ,my dear ,mr4 ,higginbottom3 ,my dear ,mrs4 ,higginbottom3 #ice4 ,use one of the following forms for the salutation of a personal letter3 ,my dear ,mrs4 ,wilson1 ,dear ,dr4 ,albright1 ,dear ,brown1 ,dear ,miss ,henry1 ,dear ,peter1 #icf4 ,use one of the following forms for the closing phrase of a business letter3 ,yours very truly1 ,very truly yours1 ,yours truly1 ,yours respectfully1 ,respectfully yours1 #icg4 ,use one of the following forms for the closing phrase of a personal letter3 ,yours truly1 ,sincerely yours1 ,yours sincerely1 #ich4 ,write the envelope address in not more than four lines4 #ici4 ,omit punctuation after each line of the envelope address4 #idj4 ,be consistent in the use of the third person in formal notes4 #ida4 ,sign letters clearly so that the signature can be easily read4