,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,! tables 9 ?is book are be/ view$ us+ a monospace font4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,new ,,air ,,_w ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,in/rum5t ,,%elt]4 ,frontispiece4 7,page #ff7 ,,! ,,new ,,air ,,_w ,! ,sci5ce ( ,meteorology ,simplifi$ ,,by ,,willis ,,lu!r ,,moore1 ,,sc4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,meteorology ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,,univ]sity1 ,,eighte5 ,,ye>s ,,*ief ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,illu/ration3 7colophon7 ,,bo/on ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company #aibb ,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company4 ,all rights res]v$ ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aibb ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,( ,,_m ,,& ,,pleasant ,,ye>s ,a ,,belov$ ,,tea*] ,,& ,a ,,great ,,*emi/ ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,munroe1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,introduction ,! au?or's 8,descriptive ,meteorology0 7,appleton1 #aiad7 is design$ = ! tea*+ ( ^? :o int5d to make ,meteorology a pr(ession4 ,?is book is plann$ = ! read+ ( ^? :o desire to "k some?+ ( ! wond]s ( ! ,new ,air ,_w into :i* man is j n[ ent]+1 = ^? :o desire to become wea!rwise & make =eca/s = !mselves1 & to apply _! k to _! bus9ess1 _! heal?1 & _! happ9ess2 & = ! read+ ( ! m advanc$ pupils ( ! public s*ools4 ,s f> z possible te*nical t]ms are avoid$ & an ef=t made to tell a simple /ory t w awak5 curiosity & lead ! read] to wi% to "k m & m ( ! my/]ies ( ! atmosph]e1 ( :i* practically no?+ 0 kn[n at ! "t ( ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims1 ,torricelli n hav+ discov]$ ! b>omet] until tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat]4 ,x w be made pla9 h[ atmosph]ic air 0 =m$1 h[ long x w rema91 :i!r x w g1 h[ x is heat$1 cool$1 & light$2 :]e & h[ /orms1 cold waves1 cl\ds1 fro/s1 & fair-wea!r conditions orig9ate & h[ move2 h[ ! cyclone1 ! tornado1 & ! ?und]/orm may be recogniz$ on ! ,daily ,wea!r ,map ( ! ,gov]nm5t & _! future activities =eca/2 h[ a fund ( simple yet wond]ful in=mation t w be ( ine/imable value may be acquir$ by any intellig5t p]son4 ,! au?or ackn[l$ges c\rtesies ext5d$ to him by ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f4 ,m>v91 pres5t *ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & by ,r4 ,h4 ,weightman1 *ief cl]k ( ! ,bureau1 9 ! matt] ( secur+ sev]al important illu/rations2 & l favors ext5d$ to him by ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 & ! ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,company1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,augu/1 #aibb ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction vii ,i ,,atmosph]es ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,& ,,! ,,planets #a ,,ii ,a ,,synoptic ,,picture ,,( ,,! ,,air #g ,,iii ,,explorations ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e #ah ,,iv ,,e>?',s ,,f\r ,,atmosph]es #bi ,v ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,temp]ature #dh ,,vi ,,! ,,advantage ,,( ,,tak+ ,,wea!r ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,apply+ ,,!m ,,to ,,"o',s ,,p]sonal ,,ne$s #fd ,,vii ,,fro/ #he ,,viii ,,w9d ,,& ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,globe #ih ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,=eca/ ,,f ,,! ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,map #aab ,x ,,climate #afa ,,xi ,,h[ ,,climate ,,is ,,modifi$ ,,& ,,controll$ #ahh ,,xii ,,civilization ,,foll[s ,,! ,,/orm ,,tracks #bac ,,xiii ,,has ,,our ,,climate ,,*ang$8 #bbe ,,xiv ,,climates ,,= ,,heal? ,,& ,,pleasure #bde ,,xv ,,cond5sation #bhb ,,xvi ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,wea!r ,,s]vice #bia ,,index #cjg ,,li/ ,,( ,,figures ,in/rum5t ,%elt] 7,figure #d7 ,frontispiece ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,w9t] & ,summ] ,v]tical ,temp]ature ,gradi5ts1 9 degrees ,c5tigrade & ,fahr5heit #ab #b4 ,%[+ light f lamp a pass+ into du/-free air at b1 & pass+ out at c )\t illum9at+ ! int]ior #df #c4 ,/&>d ,wea!r ,bureau ,kite #fd #e4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,!rmomet] ,scales #fg #f4 ,dry & ,wet ,bulb ,!rmomet]s #fh #g4 ,m]curial ,b>omet] #gh #h4 ,cont9u\s records ( ! temp]ature f #d ,p4,m4 to #i ,a4,m4 #hg #i4 ,cont9u\s records ( ! temp]ature #e feet & #ce feet above gr\nd on a t[] 9 a pe> or*>d #ie #aj4 ,av]age dates ( la/ kill+ fro/ 9 ,spr+ #if #aa4 ,av]age dates ( fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 ,fall #ig #ab4 ,trade w9d circulation #ii #ac4 ,av]age surface w9ds & pressure ( ! globe #ajb #ad4 ,h[ w9ds w\ld bl[ into a cyclone on a non-rotat+ e>? #ajh #ae4 ,deflection ( w9d due to e>?'s rotation #aji #af4 ,annual1 summ]1 & w9t] w9d velocities ) altitude #aaj #ag4 ,tornado ,cl\d #ade #ah4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,tornado ( ,may #bg1 #ahif1 ,%ot a ,p9e ,scantl+ ?r\gh ! ,iron ,side ( ! ,eads ,bridge #adg #ai4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,tornado ( ,may #bg1 #ahif1 ,%ot a ,%ovel ,six ,in*es into ! ,body ( a ,tree #adg #bj4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,tornado ,drove ,/raws ,"o half ,in* into ,wood #adi #ba4 ,equ9oxes1 ,m>* #ba & ,septemb] #bb #afc #bb4 ,summ] ,sol/ice1 ,june #ba #afd #bc4 ,w9t] ,sol/ice1 ,decemb] #ba #afd #bd4 ,w9t] & ,summ] ,sol/ices1 & ! ,equ9oxes #afe #be4 ,z angle ( incid5ce decreases f #ij to #aj ! heat receiv$ on upp] end ( blocks is spread ov] great] area at bottom1 & its temp]ature dim9i%$ #afe #bf4 ,altitude atta9$ by ,sun at midday & l5g? ( its track above ! horizon at ! ,summ] & ,w9t] ,sol/ices & at ! two ,equ9oxes #afg #bg4 ,summ] day & ,summ] night temp]atures 9 ! same n>r[ valley #bjd #bh4 ,av]age ,mon?ly ,temp]ature & ,ra9fall ( ,typical ,places 9 ,nor? ,am]ica #bjg #bi4 ,av]age ,mon?ly ,temp]ature & ,ra9fall ( ,typical ,places 9 ! ,old ,_w #bjh #cj4 ,*anges 9 ,climate 9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era #bcg #ca4 ,sn[ ,cry/als #bhf ,,li/ ,,( ,,*>ts ,,*>t ,,page #a4 ,high & ,l[ ,c5t]s ( ,action & ,prevail+ ,w9ds ( ! ,globe = ,july #ii #b4 ,high & ,l[ ,c5t]s ( ,action & ,prevail+ ,w9ds ( ! ,globe = ,janu>y #ajj #c4 ,w9t] ,/orm1 ,decemb] #ae1 #ahic1 #h ,a4,m4 #aad #d4 ,w9t] ,/orm1 ,decemb] #ae1 #ahic1 #h ,p4,m4 #aaf #e4 ,w9t] ,/orm1 ,decemb] #af1 #ahic1 #h ,a4,m4 #aah #f4 ,cold ,wave ,zones1 ,m>* to ,novemb]4 ,am\nt ( ,fall & ,v]ify+ ,limit #abg #g4 ,cold ,wave ,zones1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,am\nt ( ,fall & ,v]ify+ ,limit #abh #h4 ,l[e/ ,temp]atures 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahga-aiac #abi #i4 ,numb] ( ,cold ,waves1 #aijd-aiad1 ,inclusive #acj #aj4 ,/orm ,tracks = ,augu/ = ,t5 ,ye>s #acb #aa4 ,/orm ,tracks = ,febru>y = ,t5 ,ye>s #acd #ab4 ,av]age ,maximum ,temp]ature = ,july #aie #ac4 ,ocean ,curr5ts #aif #ad4 ,mean ,annual ,iso!rms #bjj #ae4 ,normal ,w9d ,direction & ,velocity = ,janu>y & ,febru>y #bjb #af4 ,normal ,w9d ,direction & ,velocity = ,july & ,augu/ #bjd #ag4 ,map ( ,climatic ,en]gy #bba #ah4 ,d5sity ( ,population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiaj #bbb ,,! ,,new ,,air ,,_w ,,*apt] ,i ,,atmosph]es ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,& ,,! ,,planets ,h[ ,atmosph]es ,are ,=m$4 ,once !re 7 no su* ?+s on ! e>? z hills & m\nta9s1 s++ brooks1 ro>+ riv]s & va/ oceans2 & ! delicately hu$ l&scape1 ) its w9d+ roads1 h$ges1 fl[]s1 gre5 fields1 & gold5 gra91 _h n evolv$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,! e>? _h n yet cool$ d[n to ! condition ( a solid cru/1 ev]y?+ t ! eye n[ sees exi/$ 9 ! =m ( invisible gases1 or z cl\ds inc&esc5t ) :ite heat4 ,fi]y bla/s swirl$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,/orms a million times m p[]ful ?an ! mo/ de/ructive ,we/ ,indian hurricane ( ! pres5t day mov$ ?r\gh ! indescribably hot atmosph]e1 ?r[+ d[n n ra9 z we und]/& x1 b liquid e>? & metal1 z _! ris+ cl\ds asc5d$ & cool$4 ,x is difficult = ! human m9d to grasp ! wond]s ( ?is4 ,small planets cool quick] ?an l>ge ones & soon] come to ! conditions ( a cru/ & to a temp]ature suitable = ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life4 ,atmosph]e ( ! ,sun4 ,to ! unaid$ eye x appe>s z a smoo?1 bright1 quiesc5t sph]e1 b ! telescope reveals millions ( agitations & hundr$s ( r$ flames t %oot outw>d to di/ances ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles4 ,"o c =m no adequate picture ( ! convulsions ( ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,dur+ eclipses1 :5 ! int5se gl>e ( its c5t] is obscur$1 hydrog5 flames may be se5 d>t+ outw>d = z mu* z a million miles4 ,lifeless ,planets4 ,! l>g] a planet ! long] is ! "t t mu/ elapse be=e ! hot vapors ( rock & metal1 :i* l>gely compose its e>ly atmosph]e1 cool & congeal into a cru/1 leav+ z a residual an atmosph]e ( su* heat1 d5sity1 & composition z to p]mit ( ! beg9n+s ( ! =ms ( life t h inhabit$ ! _w4 ,be=e ! sun c rea* ?is condition1 an indescribable p]iod w h elaps$1 its light w h gone out1 its heat w h ceas$ to rea* ! e>? & ! o!r planets 9 quantities suffici5t to ma9ta9 life1 ! e>? w h be5 dead millions ( ye>s1 & ! sun itself w only receive heat & light f ! feeble rays ( ! />s t1 unlike itself1 h n yet ceas$ to %9e4 ,b ev5 !n ! sun ev] mu/ rema9 dead1 = !re is no ext]nal s\rce :5ce x may receive heat4 ,no vegetation c adorn x1 no wat] fl[ ^u its surface1 nei!r c ! foot ( any man press its soil4 ,jupit]1 & p]haps ,neptune1 ,uranus1 & ,saturn1 h hot atmosph]es /ill 9 viol5t agitation1--molt5 surfaces compos$ ( all k9ds ( matt]1 f :i* bubble & boil (f hot cl\ds ( vapor t surge ab\t 9 huge eddies or cyclonic /orms1 & t "h & !re are %ot outw>d 9 tongues ( fire4 ,! e>? millions ( ye>s ago _h a simil> atmosph]e4 ,b :5 ! heat en]gy ( ^! vapor\s planets wanes1 & !y cool d[n1 z ! e>? did _m ye>s ago1 ! simple/ =ms ( life _c be evolv$ ^u !m1 = !y are too f> away f ! sun to receive life-giv+ heat4 ,m>s receives less ?an half ! int5sity ( ! sol> rays t come to ! e>?1 ,jupit] only #j4jcg1 ,saturn #j4jaa1 ,uranus #j4jjc1 & ,neptune #j4jja4 ,9 due "t--"s hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s--! cool+ ( ! sun w leave ! e>? to freeze & all life to become ext9ct1 unless1 p]*ance1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air is s f> absorb$ by its rocks1 or filt]$ away into space1 z to de/roy life be=e t "t4 ,no matt] :at may be ! a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d1 :at wond]ful civilizations may be develop$1 :at p[]ful empires creat$1 or :at wond]ful secrets ( creation discov]$1 x seems c]ta9 t ^! all w pass away1 & f9ally ! surface ( ! e>? be z if man nev] liv$4 ,! du/ ( ages w wipe out & oblit]ate e trace & ve/ige ( ! op]ations ( life4 ,sil5ce1 cold1 & d>kness w !n reign supreme4 ,b ! "t ( ?is is indescribably f> (f 9 ! future1 & man w h ample opportunity to develop to ! highe/ m5tal & spiritual e/ates ( :i* he has inh]5t possibilities4 ,! moon already is dead4 ,if x is =m$ ( matt] ab&on$ by ! e>?1 z we believe1 x once mu/ h _h an atmosph]e1 a portion ( :i* 0 absorb$ by its rocks z x cool$1 & ! rema9d] lo/ z ! result ( ! l[ p[] ( attraction ( s small a body1 :i* is insuffici5t to prev5t ! d>t+ molecules ( ! gases ( its air f %oot+ (f into space4 ,! abs5ce ( an atmosph]ic cov]+ all[s ! heat f ! sun to escape almo/ z rapidly z x is receiv$2 & ! long nights ( ! moon 7ea* z long z f\rte5 ( our days7 dur+ :i* ! sun's rays are entirely cut (f1 p]mit ! temp]ature ( ! d>k side to fall to some?+ l -#djj ,f4 ,h[ ,atmosph]es ,are ,ma9ta9$ & ,h[ ,lo/4 ,! processes ( nature are always add+ to ! v>i\s gases ( ! atmosph]e 9 "s ways1 & trans=m+ or tak+ f !m 9 o!r ways4 ,on ! e>? ! loss & ! ga9 are s ne>ly equal z to ma9ta9 at pres5t a ne>ly con/ant condition4 ,m>k$ *anges h tak5 place1 h[ev]1 9 long geologic p]iods4 ,our e>ly atmosph]e probably conta9$ l>ge quantities ( c>bon dioxide :i* 7 absorb$ by ! rank vegetable gr[? t n[ =ms ! coal b$s ( ! e>?1 & ! sl[ly cool+ rocks t con/itute ! cru/ took 9 l>ge quantities ( oxyg52 9 fact1 ne>ly "o half ( ! weight ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$ ( ! latt] elem5t4 ,9 consequ5ce x may be said t our pres5t atmosph]e is :at rema9$ aft] ! e>? _h absorb$ its gases ne>ly to depletion1 & aft] ! light] gases1 l hydrog5 & helium1 :i* seem to h too great molecul> velocity to be imprison$ by ! e>?'s attraction ( gravitation1 _h be5 lo/ 9 space4 ,gases t _c be held by ! moon may be imprison$ by ! e>? & ^? t c escape f ! e>? may be held by ! l>g] planets4 ,height ( ! ,e>?'s ,atmosph]e4 ,exact computation has %[n t if ! air 7 ! same d5sity at all elevations1 :i* x is n1 x w\ld ext5d upw>d a di/ance ( only five miles4 ,f laws t are well und]/ood x is kn[n t at a height ( ?irty miles ! atmosph]e is only ab\t "o hundr$? z d5se z x is at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & t at fifty miles x is too light to manife/ a measurable pressure4 ,! oxyg5 ceases at ab\t ?irty miles & ! nitrog5 at ab\t fifty miles1 ! wat] vapor be+ re/rict$ bel[ ! five-mile level4 ,! appe>ance ( meteors1 :i* are r5d]$ lum9\s by ru%+ into ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & ^: altitudes h be5 det]m9$ by simultane\s obs]vations at sev]al /ations1 reveals ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 & helium at a height ( ne>ly two hundr$ miles4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,synoptic ,,picture ,,( ,,! ,,air ,h[ mu* d y "k ( ! great arial ocean on ! bottom ( :i* y live & 9 :i* human be+s are j beg9n+ to fly8 ,its v>iations ( heat1 cold1 sun%9e1 cl\d1 & tempe/ mat]ially affect n only ! heal? & happ9ess ( man b 8 comm]cial & indu/rial welf>e1 & yet few "k m ?an little ( ! wond]s ( ! life-giv+ m$ium t s intimately conc]ns !m4 ,at ! ,height ( ,two ,hundr$ ,miles4 ,"h is only ! invisible1 ! intangible e!r :i*1 :ile too t5u\s to be detect$ or measur$ by any appliances ( man1 is suppos$ to transmit ! rays ( ! sun4 ,^! rays1 com+ 9 ! =m ( _m diff]5t wave l5g?s1 & ) widely diff]+ velocities ( vibration1 produce a multitude ( ph5om5a z !y are absorb$ by or pass ?r\gh ! air1 or z !y rea* ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! long] & sl[] waves are conv]t$ into heat1 ! %ort] & m rapid ones into light1 & ! m9ute/ movem5ts probably into electricity4 ,oxyg5 & nitrog51 :i* =m ! great] "p ( ! atmosph]ic gases1 absorb comp>atively little ( ! sol> rays1 :ile wat] vapor1 :i* con/itutes a little m ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ! atmosph]e & :i* rema9s close to ! e>?1 absorbs l>ge quantities4 ,f ! fact t "o half ( ! atmosph]e1 includ+ ne>ly all ( its wat] vapor1 lies bel[ an elevation ( ?ree & "o half miles1 x becomes evid5t t ! great] "p ( ! absorption ( ! sun's rays mu/ take place 9 ! l[] /rata4 ,on cle> days ! atmosph]e absorbs ne>ly "o half ( ! sun's heat rays2 ! rema9d] rea*es ! surface ( ! e>?1 w>ms x & 9 turn is radiat$ back into ! air1--) ?is diff]5ce3 t z e>? radiation ! wave motion ( ! rays is long] & sl[] ?an x 0 :5 ! rays ent]$ our atmosph]e z sol> radiation4 ,9 ?is sl[] =m ! rays are ! m readily absorb$4 ,! atmosph]e is ?us w>m$ l>gely f ! bottom upw>ds1 :i* acc\nts = ! p]petual freez+ temp]atures ( high m\nta9 peaks1 al?\gh !y are ne>] ! sun ?an are ! bases f :i* !y rise4 ,at ! ,height ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,miles4 ,! temp]ature at ?is altitude mu/ be t ( outside space1 probably #dei ,f4#a bel[ z]o4 ,air liquefies at #cab bel[1 & !re=e x _c exi/ 9 ! gase\s /ate 9 a region hav+ a l[] temp]ature4 ,:5 x liquefies x has ! color & g5]al appe>ance ( wat]1 & ab\t ! same specific gravity4 ,:5 a piece ( /eel & a light$ tap] are br\ght toge!r inside ( a vessel fill$ ) liquid air1 ! d5se supply ( oxyg5 makes combu/ion s rapid t ! h>d metal burns l t9d]4 ,at ! ,height ( ,fifty ,miles4 ,!re is en\gh air "h to refract light slightly1 z at twilight1 & to r5d] lum9\s ! meteors t ru% ) fe>ful velocity aga9/ its widely scatt]$ molecules4 ,at ?is di/ance f ! e>? !re probably is no m air ?an w\ld be f\nd "u ! receiv] ( ! be/ air pump1 &1 ! read] w be surpris$ to le>n1 d>kness is practically complete1 al?\gh ! h\r may be midday1 = !re are no du/ motes to scatt] & diffuse & r5d] visible ! light rays ( ! sun4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,! ,d>kness ( ,out] ,space4 ,x may be prov5 by tak+ an inclos$ volume ( air1 free+ x ( du/ motes1 ( :i* !re are millions p] cubic c5timet]1 & !n try+ to illum9ate x2 x w be f\nd t no matt] h[ p[]ful ! light direct$ into x1 x rema9s :olly d>k4 ,:5 "o looks upw>d on a cle> day1 he app>5tly sees ! :ole univ]se illum9at$2 b 9 po9t ( fact only ! ?9 /ratum ( ! e>?'s air 9 :i* he lives is illum9at$4 ,out] space is practically )\t temp]ature or light4 ,! rays ( ! sun d n become ei!r light or heat or electricity until !y enc\nt] ! molecules ( ! air1 or ! invisible du/ motes1 or ! cl\d p>ticles ne> ! e>? & ?r\gh int]f]5ce are transmut$ f e!ric vibrations into o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,! ,bact]ia ( ,disease & ( ,putrefaction4 ,^! rapidly dim9i% 9 numb] ) elevation1 & on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks practically none are f\nd4 ,mid-ocean also %[s b few4 ,at ! ,height ( ,tw5ty-five ,miles4 ,air1 light z x is1 has /ill suffici5t d5sity to ob/ruct ! passage ( ! m9ute/ wave l5g?s ( light1 & "h probably beg9s to be appreciable ! blue t9t ( ! heav5ly vault4 ,at ?is %ort di/ance f ! e>? !re mu/ be a dea?like /illness1 = !re is no m$ium suffici5tly d5se to transmit s\nd4 ,two p]sons c\ld n he> ea* o!r speak1 ev5 if !y c\ld live 9 ?is r>e atmosph]e1 :i* !y c\ld n4 ,"h is et]nal peace & no app>5t motion1 = /orms & asc5d+ & desc5d+ curr5ts cease long be=e ?is level is rea*$4 ,! cold is int5se & daylight b a feeble illum9ation4 ,!re are no cl\ds4 ,iso!rmal ,/ratum ,ent]$ at ! ,height ( ,sev5 ,miles4 ,we "k t ! temp]ature decreases rapidly ) asc5t--ab\t "o degree = ea* ?ree hundr$ feet--until ! top ( ! /orm level is rea*$1 at ab\t sev5 miles1 :5 a mo/ wond]ful discov]y is made3 ! !rmomet] no long] falls z ! aviator rises1 or z balloons float to great altitudes c>ry+ self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts4 ,! temp]ature rema9s practically /ation>y1 s f> z exploration has be5 made1 :i* is to ! height ( ov] n9ete5 miles4 ,major ,r4 ,w4 ,s*ro$]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 flew 9 an aroplane to #cf1jjj feet & record$ a temp]ature ( #fi bel[ z]o4 ,we h nam$ ?is region above /orms ! ,iso!rmal /ratum4 7,see ,figure #a47 ,its temp]ature ev]y:]e is ab\t #gj bel[ z]o & x *anges only ab\t six degrees betwe5 w9t] & summ]4 ,( c\rse we mu/ assume t ultimately ! temp]ature %ades away to practically no?+ z out] space is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,w9t] & ,summ] ,v]tical ,temp]ature ,gradi5ts1 9 degrees ,c5tigrade & ,fahr5heit4 ,sci5tific & inv5tive g5ius is becom+ s skillful 9 h>ness+ ! =ces ( nature to man's desires t x is reasonable to anticipate t )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury or less human be+s w be ne>ly z num]\s 9 ! air z insects1 !y w rema9 al(t long]1 & sail to va/ly great] di/ances & to high] altitudes4 ,9 "t dirigible %ips may sail = days & possibly = weeks 9 ! pure air al(t1 c>ry+ millions ( pass5g]s4 ,at a ,height ( ,"o & ,"o ,half ,miles4 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! temp]atures ( day & night1 except t ! coole/ "t ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs is dur+ daytime & n at night1 z w\ld be mo/ naturally suppos$4 ,?is is important in=mation to an aviator or to ! pilot ( a balloon4 ,at an ,altitude ( ,"o ,?\s& ,feet4 ,9 free air at ! hotte/ "t 9 midsumm]'s heat1 ! air is f\nd to be z mu* z fifte5 degrees l[] ?an t at ! gr\nd4 ,almo/ )9 arm's l5g? ( ! /reets ( great inl& cities !re is a cool & heal?ful atmosph]e :5 humanity is swelt]+ & dy+ f heat bel[4 ,"s y\? :o is read+ ?is may develop ! g5ius t w lift up :ole city blocks into ?is cool & heal?ful region4 ,op5 /eel "w bel[1 ! fir/ level at "o or two ?\s& feet above ! hot /reets1 express elevators to c>ry pass5g]s1 & ! climate ( ! cool m\nta9 air is accessible to ^? :o n[ live 9 discom=t at l[ popul\s c5t]s4 ,man is j beg9n+ to disport himself 9 ! hi!rto trackless wild]ness ( ! air4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon w be outdone 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury & ! eyrie ( ! eagle left f> bel[ by ^? :o w live a "p ( _! "t 9 elevat$ /ructures hav+ bases re/+ ^u ! e>?2 or :o w fly to great di/ances al(t & rema9 at :atev] altitude furni%es !m ! mo/ pleasant & b5eficial conditions1 & t !y may ?us rema9 n only = days b = weeks )\t return+ to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,only dur+ rec5t ye>s h we realiz$ h[ ?9 is ! /ratum ( air next to ! e>? :i* has suffici5t heat & moi/ure = ! inception1 gr[?1 & maturity ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! rais+ ( ! in/rum5t %elt] at ! ,new ,york /ation ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau f an elevation ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet above ! /reet to an altitude ( ?ree hundr$ feet has caus$ an app>5t l[]+ ( ! mean annual temp]ature ( two & "o half degrees4 ,air is s ela/ic & its d5sity dim9i%es s rapidly ) elevation t ne>ly "o half ( ! weight ( ! entire mass ( ! atmosph]e lies bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ,pike's ,peak1 :i* has a height ( a little less ?an ?ree miles above sea level4 ,x presses ) a weight ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( surface1 & its pressure is ex]t$ 9 all directions1 upw>d z well z d[nw>d4 ,an ord9>y man su/a9s a pressure ( ov] "o ton on ea* squ>e foot ( 8 surface1 b z ! air p5etrates all portions ( 8 body & ex]cises a pressure outw>d z well z inw>d he feels no inconv5i5ce4 ,if 8 body c\ld be s tightly seal$ t no air c\ld ent] & if !n ! air ( ! int]ior %\ld be remov$ ) a pump1 8 body in/antly w\ld be cru%$ to a %apeless pulp4 ,a cubic foot ( atmosph]ic air weighs "o & "o ?ird ounces4 ,wat] is #ggc times1 & m]cury t5 ?\s& times1 z d5se z air4 ,b air is a m pond]able sub/ance ?an _m suppose2 an ord9>y lecture hall =ty by fifty feet & ?irty feet f floor to ceil+ conta9s two & "o half tons ( air at freez+ temp]ature4 ,x w\ld conta9 less at a high] temp]ature1 because heat exp&s its volume2 x w\ld conta9 m at a l[] temp]ature1 because cold contracts its volume4 ,ev]y?+ ,evolv$ f ! ,air4 ,air is s common t we seldom /op to consid] ! magnitude ( ! =ce x ex]ts or ! gr&eur wr\ght by ?is invisible ar*itect ( nature4 ,9 ! great cycle ( _w build+--bir? f ! nebul1 gr[?1 maturity1 decay1 dis9tegration1 dea?1 & !n possibly back aga9 to ! nebul--! atmosph]e1 be x light & t5u\s z at pres5t1 or be x fill$ ) ! hot vapors ( e>? & metal1 is ! vehicle & ! m$ium ( ! build]1 transport+ & transmut+1 9 my/]i\s ways & to wondr\s =ms1 ! mat]ials ( planets4 ,its "w z a build] may be fur!r illu/rat$ by %[+ t ! body ( man itself returns n to ! e>? e>?y1 z we h be5 taught1 b l>gely to ! air :5ce x came4 ,decomposition is b ! lib]ation ( ! ari=m gases ( :i* x is ma9ly compos$2 ! residue is b a h&ful t goes back to "m e>?4 ,let u take ! dri$ corn plant2 weigh x1 !n burn x 9 a clos$ vessel s t none ( ! a%es c bl[ away4 ,cont9ue ! burn+ until ! a%es are p]fectly :ite & x w be f\nd t ! weight ( ! a%es is only ab\t "o tw5tie? ( ! weight ( ! great /alk1 e>1 & foliage we began )4 ,:at has become ( all ! re/8 ,! fire has de/roy$ x1 y say4 ,no1 we c de/roy no?+4 ,rememb] t2 we c de/roy no?+ t ! ,creator has made1 nei!r matt] nor =ce4 ,! fire has simply *ang$ ! =m ( ! plant2 ! n9ete5 tw5tie?s t h disappe>$ h gone back to ! air :5ce !y came4 ,?us we see t ! body ( man1 ! c]eal & fruit t furni% him food1 ! /ructure t gives him %elt]1 aye1 ! _m ?+s t please ! eye3 ! l&scape1 ! beautiful fl[]s1 ! gre5 fields1 ! babbl+ brooks1 ev5 ! rose blu% on ! maid5's *eek1#b--really come f ?is wond]ful fluid surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & well may x be said t ! que5 ( life rides ^u ! cre/ ( ! w9d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,exploration ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,discov]ies ,,z ,,valuable ,,to ,,! ,,future ,,z ,,^? ,,made ,,by ,,columbus ,an entire new _w is com+ )9 ! range ( man's vision4 ,its possibilities = add+ to ! heal? & happ9ess ( mank9d are almo/ limitless4 ,! geographic poles h be5 conqu]$ & ! jungles ( ,africa trav]s$2 & deep bor+s h be5 made into ! b[els ( ! e>? until heat has arre/$ fur!r progress4 ,! fur!r exploration ( bo? regions is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! com+ age4 ,x is n at all vision>y to assume t ! heat ( ! e>?'s int]ior 9 ne> "t w furni% ! p[] necess>y to d ! drudg]y ( mank9d1 give w>m? & light to habitations1 & op]ate transportation sy/ems2 & ! ,new ,_w ,above (f]s pure1 electrifi$1 & highly /imulat+ air into :i* helium-inflat$ dirigible balloons w sail1 & 9 :i* !y w rema9 n only days b weeks or long]1 ) _! multitudes ( p4 ,:ile ! use ( kites & balloons 9 s5d+ automatic meteorological in/rum5ts f> al(t has reveal$ m ( ! wond]s ( ?is hi!rto un*>t$ wild]ness ( cold & p>tial or total d>kness ?an ! g5]al public is aw>e (1 only ! out] fr+es ( ! my/]i\s regions above ! cl\ds & ! /orms h be5 p5etrat$4 ,:5 ! manufacture ( helium1 a noncombu/ible gas almo/ z light z hydrog51 becomes m g5]al1 z seems imm95t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! dirigible balloon may successfully compete ) ! railroads 9 ! c>ry+ ( long-di/ance pass5g]s4 ,! rec5t loss ( ov] =ty lives 9 ,engl& by ! collapse ( ! dirigible ,,zr#b probably 0 l>gely if n entirely due to ! explosion & fire ( ! hydrog5 gas ) :i* ! %ip 0 inflat$4 ,a decade ago1 9 a numb] ( ,*autauqua lectures1 ! writ] inv>iably 0 greet$ ) looks ( incr$ulity :5 he prophesi$ t )9 t5 ye>s travel]s ( ! air w\ld take breakfa/ at ! ,waldorf-,a/oria 9 ,new ,york & aft]noon tea on ! banks ( ! ,?ames4 ,& yet ! ocean already has be5 cross$ by an aroplane 9 cont9u\s flight1 & 9 ! ne> future x is highly probable t arial navigation w be saf] ?an travel by rail or automobile4 ,! hi!rto inaccessible p>ts ( ! e>? w be sail$ ov] & closely scrut9iz$1 :ile travel]s enjoy ! com=ts t h]et(ore h be5 associat$ ) ,pullman s]vice4 ,9 #ahfb ! ,engli% meteorologi/ ,gla%i] asc5d$ 9 a balloon to ab\t ! same height z t atta9$ by ,major ,r4 ,w4 ,s*ro$]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 :o a*iev$ a m difficult feat :5 he flew 9 an aroplane to ov] #cf1jjj feet4 ,& at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 celebrat$ z ! home ( ! ,wright bro!rs1 on ,septemb] #bh1 #aiba1 ,lieut5ant ,john ,a4 ,macready1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 rea*$ ! unprec$5t$ height ( #dj1hjj feet4 ,^! are ! extreme altitudes to :i* human be+s ev] h atta9$1 b !y are only ! beg9n+ ( explorations into a va/ & l>gely unkn[n & extremely cold region1--"o 9 :i* d>kness increases ) elevation until at ! out] limits ( ! atmosph]e no illum9ation :atev] exi/s4 ,! high ea/w>d w9d & #fi bel[ z]o enc\nt]$ by ,s*ro$] are conditions t already _h be5 reveal$ by ! "w done at ! rese>* /ation ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 at ,m\nt ,wea!r1 ,virg9ia1 & at o!r /ations 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 by ! s5d+ up ( in/rum5ts unaccompani$ by obs]v]s4 ,"u ! direction ( ! writ] ! ,wea!r ,bureau lib]at$ num]\s small hydrog5 gas balloons 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 to :i* 7 atta*$ automatic in/rum5ts regi/]+ ! temp]ature1 pressure1 & ! hygrometric conditions4 ,z !y came ea/w>d 9 ! atmosph]ic drift t always prevails above ! /orms 9 ! middle latitudes !y atta9$ to great altitudes1 "o balloon rea*+ #ai4a miles1 ! greate/ altitude ev] rea*$ at t "t by ! appliances ( man4 ,ultimately ! balloons w\ld explode z !y exp&$ "u ! influ5ce ( decreas+ air pressure & ! case ( in/rum5ts w\ld desc5d sl[ly "u a p>a*ute design$ to op5 at ! "r mom5t4 ,! b>omet] trac$ a l9e on a pap] cyl9d] revolv+ by clock works1 z did ! !rmomet]4 ,! !rmogram gave ! temp]ature t correspond$ ) ! v>y+ elevation %[n by ! trac+ ( ! b>ogram4 ,9 #ahih1 twelve hundr$ obs]vations 7 made ) kites by ! obs]v]s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau at sev5te5 /ations select$ by ! writ]1 dur+ ! six w>m mon?s f ,may to ,octob]4 ,x 0 surpris+ to f9d ! temp]ature (t5 los+ z mu* z fifte5 degrees ) ! fir/ ?\s& feet asc5t dur+ middays ( extremely hot p]iods4 ,! av]age decrease 9 temp]ature p] ?\s& feet elevation = all /ations = all times1 & at all elevations up to #ebhj1 0 #d4 ,= ov] five ye>s kites 7 us$ ne>ly e day 9 ! ye> at ,m\nt ,wea!r to c>ry in/rum5ts al(t to heights rang+ f two to f\r & "o half miles1 & at times to keep ! app>atus up dur+ all h\rs ( ! day1 s t a comp>ison c\ld be made ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 day & night temp]atures4 ,!re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 midday & midnight at only a few ?\s& feet above ! e>?4 ,few are aw>e t ! rectangul> kite ( ! wea!r man 0 ! =]unn] ( ! aroplane ( ! aviator4 ,9 #aijc1 :ile direct+ wireless exp]im5ts 9 ! s5d+ ( messages at ,roanoke ,isl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! writ] saw ! ,wright bro!rs1 or _! repres5tatives1 ly+ flat ^u ! l[] planes ( :at appe>$ to be ,wea!r ,bureau kites & glid+ 9 ! air f ! top ( ! s& dunes4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( real flight by man4 ,! +5uity ( ! ,wrights trans=m$ ! wea!r man's kite1 /r5g!n$ x1 took out ! ends1 hit*$ on a rudd]1 & :5 ! petrol eng9e _h develop$ suffici5t p[] ) a giv5 weight1 in/all$ x1 & flew4 ,9 ! future ! meteorologi/ & ! aviator w be closely associat$4 ,) a suffici5t numb] ( wea!r obs]vations made by aviators simultane\sly & well di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates x w be possible to con/ruct a daily wea!r map on "s high level--say ! ?ree-mile level--simil> to ! map n[ bas$ ^u sea level4 ,! pressure1 temp]ature1 w9d direction1 cl\ds1 & ra9fall w\ld be record$ & *>t$ = ! upp] region cle> across ! cont95t4 ,?ree miles is ab\t halfway to ! top ( cyclonic /orms & probably 9 ! region ( greate/ activity4 ,m accurate =eca/s w\ld be possible by ! /udy ( ?is additional wea!r *>t4 ,?is cop]ation ( ! bird man & ! wea!r man 9 /udy+ ! geography ( ! new air _w w m>k an epo* 9 meteorological sci5ce z f>-rea*+ 9 its consequ5ces z 7 ! discov]y ( ! b>omet] by ,torricelli & ! uncov]+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! !rmomet] by ,galileo1 ! =m] ( :i* 0 n kn[n until m ?an tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\? ,rock4 ,?us swiftly does ! m9d ( man to-day explore ! hidd5 recesses ( nature's my/]ies1 & ) ea* conque/ c>ry itself to a high] realm ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! n di/ant future1 m /orm w>n+s may be issu$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau = %ips ( ! air ?an = ^? ( ! sea1 = ! navigation ( ! air mu/ play an increas+ & important "p 9 ! com+ activities ( ! _w4 ,sci5ce is becom+ s skill$ 9 ! h>ness+ ( ! =ces ( nature to man's desires & 9 ! developm5t ( me*anical appliances1 t x is reasonable to anticipate ! possibility t long-di/ance travel ov] l& or ocean ultimately w be almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! air4 ,z ! result ( ! explorations ( ! atmosph]e made by ! in/itution at ,m\nt ,wea!r !re 0 ready = our fight+ air m5 at ! front1 imm$iately on our entry into ! ,_w ,w>1 a fund ( useful in=mation conc]n+ a region t b a %ort "t be=e 0 entirely un*>t$4 ,! in/rum5ts c>ri$ by ! explor+ kites & balloons _h ke5 sci5tific eyes & !y record$ on clock-tim$ cyl9d]s :at !y saw4 ,?us did ! air pilot "k mu* ab\t ! direction & ! =ce ( ! w9d t he w\ld enc\nt] z he rose1 ! altitude :]e he w\ld pass above cl\ds1 ! degree ( cold t he w\ld enc\nt]1 etc4 ,he 0 told t ! temp]ature w\ld fall ab\t "o degree = ea* ?ree hundr$ feet ( 8 asc5t until he rea*$ ! top ( ! /orm /ratum at six or sev5 miles1 & t if he c\ld rea* t altitude he w\ld obs]ve a mo/ wond]ful ph5om5on3 ! temp]ature no long] w\ld fall ) ga9 9 altitude2 he w\ld ent] a cold b an equally heat$ /ratum1 )\t f9d+ any temp]atures l[] ?an 7 enc\nt]$ ^u ent]+ ! region1 :i* is always ab\t sev5ty degrees bel[ z]o4 ,if ! arial explor] c\ld /op 8 %ip & keep x at an altitude ( ab\t "o & "o half miles = tw5ty-f\r h\rs he w\ld be />tl$ to f9d t ! coole/ "t ( ! p]iod 0 dur+ ! daytime1 n dur+ ! night1 z he _h expect$ to f9d x4 ,9 ! future ! travel] 9 ! upp] rea*es ( ! atmosph]e w c>ry oxyg5 & make ! k9d ( air t he wi%es to brea!1 & he w prop]ly protect himself aga9/ ! cold ( 8 new _w1 :i* he w f9d defici5t 9 du/ motes & d\btless entirely want+ 9 ! bact]ia ( putrefaction & ( disease4 ,!re w be no cl\ds to obscure 8 vision2 no ra9 or sn[4 ,he w n (t5 asc5d above ! region :]e !re are n "s du/ motes to scatt] & diffuse a "p ( ! sol> rays & give him at lea/ a p>tial illum9ation4 ,few p]sons are famili> ) ! simple problems ( ! air :i* h su* important be>+ on ! di/ribution ( man into realms above ^? he has be5 accu/om$ to occupy4 ,!y d n "k t ! nor?we/ w9d br+s physical en]gy & m5tal buoyancy because x has a d[nw>d compon5t ( motion t draws air f above1 :]e x is free ( impurities1 & :]e high electrification has *ang$ a consid]able quantity ( its oxyg5 into ozone1 9 :i* condition x rema9s b a %ort "t aft] rea*+ ! l[] pot5tial ne> ! e>?'s surface4 ,m p die "u ! influ5ce ( ! s\? w9d ?an "u ! influ5ce ( ! nor? w9d1 because ! s\? w9ds hug ! surface ( ! e>? & become lad5 ) impurities & are lack+ 9 electrical /imulation4 ,:5 inv5tive man becomes m famili> ) ! ocean on ! bottom ( :i* he has h]et(ore liv$1 he w n wait = ! nor? w9d to br+ d[n to him ! b5eficial conditions t always exi/ high] up2 he w g aft] !m & rema9 al(t z long z he desires to d s4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! dirigible balloon & ! aroplane are among ! mo/ important duties t ! eng9e] ( ! future owes to civilization2 & ! meteorologi/ mu/ e/abli% ! climatology ( ! va/ untrack$ regions above ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks1 = "h man w l>gely disport himself 9 ! "t to come4 ,! writ] agrees ) ! op9ion ( ,major ,william ,r4 ,blair1 =m]ly ( 8 /aff :5 he 0 ! head ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 b s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w ,w> ! *ief meteorological assi/ant ( ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army :5 he says3 8,) ref]5ce to air travel 9 ! future3 ! pres5t /age ( aircraft developm5t seems to indicate t long non-/op traffic1 bo? freight & pass5g]1 9 ! air w be by means ( light]-?an-air craft 7balloons74 ,^! craft h mu* l>g] c>ry+ capacity ?an any airplanes n[ design$ & w travel across ! cont95t ov] sev]al prep>$ r\tes1 /opp+ only at important c5t]s on ^! r\tes to dis*>ge & take up pass5g]s & freight4 ,x is believ$ t airplanes 7heavi]-?an-air craft7 w ply betwe5 ^! important c5t]s & ! outly+ c\ntry ab\t !m1 ?us act+ z fe$]s to ! ma9 r\te1 ov] :i* ! mon/r\s dirigibles w op]ate4 ,mo/ transoceanic z well z transcont95tal air traffic w probably be c>ri$ on 9 ^! l>ge dirigible balloons40 ,lieut5ant ,colonel ,h5ry ,b4 ,h]sey1 :o s]v$ ?r\gh ! ,_w ,w> 9 ! ,aronautical ,s]vice ( ! ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & :o also 0 associat$ ) ! writ] 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 says3 8,! fields ( ! dirigible & ! air plane are sep>ate & !re is no conflict betwe5 ! two4 ,= light loads1 great spe$1 & quick manuv]+1 ! airplane is supreme4 ,= heavy loads1 long di/ance1 ability to rema9 9 ! air = great p]iods ( "t1 ! dirigible is ! only air craft t c fulfill ! requirem5ts4 ,dirigibles w soon be 9 use :i* c />t f ,europe1 sail ov] ,new ,york1 & drop en\gh poison gas to kill ?\s&s & make practically ! :ole city un9habitable40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>?',s ,,f\r ,,atmosph]es ,! e>? has f\r important atmosph]es & o!rs ( less importance4 ,! pr9cipal ones are oxyg51 nitrog51 vapor ( wat]1 & c>bon dioxide1 ea* comport+ itself z x w\ld d if ! o!rs 7 n pres5t4 ,!re is space betwe5 ! molecules ( ea* gas1 & !re=e x is easily compress$4 ,a d\bl+ ( its pressure r$uces its volume "o half4 ,composition ( ,atmosph]ic ,air4 ,x is difficult = ! m9d to =m a picture ( ! inf9itely small molecules ( ! air4 ,let u !re=e use t]ms & comp>isons t w ! m directly appeal to ! human s5ses4 ,fir/ let u imag9e ea* molecule enl>g$ to ! size ( a small gra9 ( s&4 ,!n ) ! molecules f "o cubic in* ( air trans=m$ into gra9s ( s& we c\ld build a roadway t5 feet deep & "o hundr$ feet wide ext5d+ f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco4 ,may "o /ill fur!r grasp ! idea ( ! atom1 _m ( :i* are requir$ to make up ! molecules8 ,if s1 ! imag9ation has be5 /ret*$ to its limits to enable ! human m9d to compreh5d "s ( ! simple/ facts ) reg>d to ! wond]ful fluid 9 :i* we live4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,kelv91 9 endeavor+ to give relative values t w\ld appeal to ! imag9ation1 said t if a drop ( wat] 7 enl>g$ to ! size ( ! e>?1 ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$ w\ld be no l>g] ?an cricket balls1 & ! smalle/ ab\t ! size ( small peas4 ,m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ a great ,phnician philosoph] believ$ t all matt]--solids1 liquids1 & gases--0 built up f inf9itely small aggregations ( atoms4 ,! le>n$ m5 ( ,greece enl>g$ ^u 8 views b ?is philosophy pass$ into oblivion ) ! de/ruction ( ,rome & ! com+ ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & x 0 n reviv$ until ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,! anci5ts c\ld n prove _! !ory1 :ile we to-day c c\nt ! atoms & det]m9e _! size & motions2 &1 exce$+ly small ?\gh !y be1 we no long] believe !m to be indivisible 9 /ructure4 ,on ! contr>y1 we "k t ea* atom consi/s ( p>ticles ( positive & negative electricity4 ,! negative electrons arrange !mselves ab\t a positive electron = a nucleus &1 rotat+ ab\t x z if x 7 a c5tral sun ) planets1 con/itute an atom4 ,all matt] r$uc$ to ! ultimate electron is precisely alike4 ,! diff]5ce 9 matt] is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( negative electrons t are attract$ & held 9 place by ! positive nucleus t is at ! c5t] ( ea* atom ( :i* a p>ticul> k9d ( matt] is compos$4 ,ea* ( ! n9ety-two elem5ts :i* we believe con/itute ! n9ety-two diff]5t =ms ( simple matt] has an atom ) its own peculi> type ( nucleus1 :i* nucleus diff]s f ^? ( ! o!rs only 9 ! am\nt ( positive electricity x conta9s4 ,?us hydrog51 ! lighte/ ( all gases1 ^: weight is tak5 z unity 9 measur+ ! magnitude ( o!r gases1 has a nucleus ^: positive *>ge ( electricity is only suffici5t to attract "o negative electron4 ,! next elem5t1 helium1 has a nucleus ) a d\ble positive *>ge & consequ5tly holds two electrons or planets to pay x homage4 ,9 l mann] ! c>bon atom conta9s six electrons2 oxyg51 eight2 alum9um1 ?irte52 nitrog51 f\rte52 sulphur1 sixte52 iron1 tw5ty-six2 copp]1 tw5ty-n9e2 silv]1 =ty-sev52 gold1 sev5ty-n9e2 m]cury1 eighty2 lead1 eighty-two2 bismu?1 eighty-?ree2 radium1 eighty-eight2 ?orium1 n9ety2 & uranium1 n9ety-two4 ,! *emical union ( ^! elem5t>y =ms ( matt] creates o!r =ms4 ,= in/ance1 ! union ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 con/itutes a molecule ( wat]4 ,b ! gases ( ! atmosph]e are n 9 *emical union2 !y exi/ 9 ! =m ( a me*anical mixture1 ea* act+ z ?\gh ! o!rs 7 n pres5t4 ,x is important t ?is mixture ( gases t con/itutes our air be ma9ta9$ 9 ! "r proportion4 ,only a slight diff]5ce 9 relative am\nts might be disa/r\s to life4 ,an increase 9 ! oxyg5 w\ld /imulate m5tal & physical activities & hold ! human faculties at a high] t5sion4 ,man w\ld accompli% m 9 a giv5 "t1 b 8 span ( life w\ld be %ort5$2 & too great an increase 9 ! proportion ( ?is /imulat+ elem5t w\ld quickly t]m9ate life4 ,conv]sely an increase 9 ! nitrog5 w\ld r5d] all life m le?>gic & man w\ld be sl[] to act & to ?9k2 & too great an increase w\ld smo!r e liv+ ?+4 ,9 addition to ! gases nam$1 ! air conta9s small am\nts ( _m o!r sub/ances1--argon1 nitric acid1 ammonia1 ozone1 x5on1 krypton1 & neon2 z well z organic matt]1 g]ms1 & du/ 9 susp5sion4 ,ov] ! l& x conta9s sulphates 9 m9ute quantities1 & ov] ! sea & ne> ! sea%ore salt left f ! evaporat$ spray4 ,! proportion ( ea* compon5t ( ! atmosph]e by volume ( ! total atmosph]e is diff]5t f its proportion by weight4 ,! p]c5tages = ! m abundant gases are z foll[s3 ,,by ,,volume ,,by ,,weight --------------------------------------- ,nitrog5 #gh4jd #ge4df ,oxyg5 #bj4ii #bc4ai ,argon #j4id #a4cj ,c>bon dioxide #j4jc #j4je ------------------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,nitrog54 ,its pr9cipal functions are to dilute ! oxyg5 & to furni% food to vegetation4 ,x is in]t & does n manife/ _m m>k$ *emical aff9ities4 ,its lack ( activity is %[n by ! fact t x w nei!r support combu/ion nor burn4 ,oxyg54 ,oxyg51 unlike nitrog51 is an active elem5t t readily ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) _m o!r elem5ts1 & x is second 9 quantity to nitrog54 ,) hydrog5 x con/itutes eight n9?s1 by weight1 ( wat]2 comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts x con/itutes =ty to fifty p] c5t4 ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x burns s readily t 7 x n greatly dilut$ by an in]t gas l nitrog5 x w\ld be difficult if n impossible to /op a conflagration :5 once />t$4 ,x is ! vitaliz+ pr9ciple 9 all =ms ( life4 ,by its *emical union ) c>bon 9 ! tissues ( plants & animals x develops ! en]gy manife/$ 9 _! movem5ts4 ,9 ! free air up to ab\t sev5 miles high !re is no v>iation 9 ! proportion ( oxyg54 ,b v>iations ( m>k$ importance to heal? & life occur 9 places :]e v5tilation is re/rict$1 & especially :]e liv+ creatures exi/ 9 clos$ rooms1 & :]e combu/ion occurs 9 conf9$ places4 ,! foll[+ v>iations 9 p]c5tages by volume 7 f\nd 9 c>eful analyses by ,rob]t ,angus ,smi?3 ,on ! sea%ore ( ,scotl&1 #bj4ii2 op5 places 9 ,london1 #bj4ie2 9 a small room :]e a petroleum lamp _h be5 burn+ six h\rs1 #bj4hc2 pit ( a !at] at #aa3cj ,p4,m41 #bj4gd2 9 a c\rt room1 #bj4fe2 9 m9e pits1 #bj4ad4 ,he took samples f "o m9e t %[$ #ah4bg1 ! c&les go+ out :5 ! am\nt _h decreas$ to #ah4ej4 ,! absorption ( oxyg5 by putrid matt] & by liv+ be+s 9 ! process ( brea?+1 & ! giv+ out ( c>bon dioxide by bo? expla9 ! defici5cy ( oxyg5 t is f\nd ov] l>ge cities1 :i* is m m>k$ :5 ! air is mov+ b little & :]e ! city is locat$ 9 a depression or ne> swampy l&s4 ,bo? animals & plants inhale oxyg5 & exhale c>bon dioxide ) ! un*ang$ nitrog54 ,! process automatically proce$s bo? night & day4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! opposite action ( plants "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight 9 tak+ 9 & decompos+ c>bon dioxide & expell+ pure oxyg54 ,c>bon ,dioxide4 ,x =ms ! *ief food supply ( all gre5-leav$ plants4 ,x is z necess>y to ! life ( vegetation z is oxyg5 9 ! support+ ( animal life4 ,9 ! ratio ( sev5ty-sev5 to "o hundr$ !re is less ( ?is gas pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ! summ]2 !re also is a diurnal maximum & m9imum4 ,9 ! op5 c\ntry ! am\nt av]ages ab\t #j4jce p] c5t4 by volume4 ,9 cities ! am\nt is consid]ably great]1 frequ5tly ris+ to #j4jg1 & at times to #j4aj :5 ! w9d velocity is too l[ to scatt] ! excess am\nt t accumulates ne> ! gr\nd4 ,any quantity 9 excess ( #j4jf p] c5t41 especially if comb9$ ) ! organic matt] exhal$ f ! lungs & f ! pores ( ! sk9 by animals & man1 is injuri\s to heal?4 ,angus ,smi? f\nd z mu* z #j4cb p] c5t4 9 cr[d$ !at]s1 & #b4ej 9 m9es4 ,! latt] am\nt soon w\ld de/roy animal life4 ,vegetation1 9 addition to ! inhalation ( oxyg5 & ! expiration ( c>bon dioxide at all h\rs1 absorbs ! latt] dur+ ! day1 & "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight ! gre5 granul> matt] t con/itutes ! *lorophyll ( ! cells ( ! leaves decomposes x1 ! plant reta9+ ! c>bon & giv+ out ! oxyg54 ,because ( ! abs5ce ( sun%9e ! *emical activities ( ! plant are alt]$ at night & ! absorption ( c>bon dioxide ceases2 !re=e ov] ! l& ! maximum am\nt occurs dur+ ! nighttime4 ,?is gas is dissolv$ 9 sea wat] & giv5 (f ) a rise 9 temp]ature1 :i* causes ! maximum am\nt ov] oceans to occur at midday4 ,c>bon dioxide is #a4ej times z d5se z an equal volume ( atmosph]ic air4 ,its great] d5sity causes x to collect 9 m9es1 sew]s1 cell>s1 & o!r l[ places1 unless !re is =ceful v5tilation4 ,! ,am]ican cold wave %\ld be welcom$ z ! mighty scav5g] ( ! air4 ,its high velocity & great d5sity cause x to se>* into cracks1 crevices1 sew]s1 & cell>s & expel f\l accumulations4 ,h[ sweet & clean ! air smells & h[ vigor\s physically & buoyant m5tally "o feels aft] a ra9 & high w9ds6 ,all nature smiles & e =m ( life adds its pan ( joy4 ,ra9 wa%es out ! c>bonic acid gas 7c>bon dioxide7 f ! air1 ) du/ & o!r p>ticles 9 susp5sion2 & ! cold wave ent]s our places ( habitation & drives out ! ?iev+ accumulations ( poison\s gases t w\ld rob u ( heal? & ma9ta9 conditions ( morbidity4 ,x _c be too =cefully /at$ t oxyg51 ! life-su/a9+ pr9ciple ( ! air1 decreases1 & c>bon dioxide1 a poison1 increases 9 air t is brea!d1 or 9 air 9 :i* lamps or gas jets are burn+2 & t all places ( habitation1 especially sleep+ rooms1 %\ld h a cont9u\s supply ( fre% air4 ,wat] ,vapor4 ,x is only a little ov] "o half z d5se z atmosph]ic air4 ,9 ! arid regions ( ! we/ x may =m only a fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! air by weight2 :ile 9 ! humid regions 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x may con/itute z mu* z five p] c5t4 ,! temp]ature be+ ! same1 ! same am\nt is requir$ to saturate a giv5 space1 :e!r x be a vacuum or :e!r x be fill$ ) air4 ,air d\bles its capacity = wat] vapor ) ea* increase ( eighte5 to tw5ty degrees4 ,on a hot day 9 summ]1 ne> l>ge bodies ( wat]1 x may con/itute z mu* z "o tw5tie? by weight ( ! l[] air1 :ile on a cold day 9 w9t] x may =m no m ?an "o ?\s&? "p4 ,:5 ! air conta9s all ! wat] vapor x c hold1 x is said to be saturat$2 no m c be add$ to x until its temp]ature is rais$1 & b a slight l[]+ ( its temp]ature w precipitate a "p ( its wat] vapor 9 ! =m ( dew1 fro/1 ra91 hail1 or sn[4 ,?is is ! reason x is usually call$ wat] vapor in/ead ( a gas4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( heat t is bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ice & sn[ may be *ang$ f ! solid to ! gase\s =m1 & wat] vapor may be precipitat$ z fro/ or sn[ )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! liquid /ate4 ,! ,dew ,po9t is ! temp]ature ( saturation1--! temp]ature to :i* a body ( air mu/ be r$uc$ be=e cond5sation c occur & "s ( its wat] vapor return to ! liquid or solid /ate4 ,! ,relative ,humidity is express$ 9 p]c5tages ( ! am\nt necess>y to saturate4 ,at a temp]ature ( #cb air may cont9ue to increase its vapor ( wat] until x conta9s #b4aa gra9s p] cubic foot1 :5 x w be saturat$ & its relative humidity be "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,if ?is same air be sudd5ly rais$ 9 temp]ature to #ea its capacity p] cubic foot w be increas$ to twice :at x 0 at #cb1 ! #b4aa gra9s w be equal to only "o half ! numb] necess>y to saturate1 & ! relative humidity be express$ by fifty p] c5t4 in/ead ( "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,9 ?is way does ! capacity ( air = wat] vapor increase4 ,?us x is se5 t ! relative humidity ( ! air may increase dur+ ! cool+ ( nighttime )\t ! addition ( any vapor ( wat]1 &1 9 fact1 ) a decrease4 ,! increase ( relative humidity aft] nightfall is great] 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city1 :]e ! pres5ce ( pavem5ts & brick build+s ret>ds ! loss ( heat4 ,! ,absolute ,humidity is express$ 9 gra9s ! cubic foot4 ,! hygromet] is employ$ to measure ! am\nt ( wat] vapor4 ,hydrog5 is ! lighte/ ( all kn[n gases4 ,its d5sity 9 comp>ison ) ord9>y air is only 4#jfib4 ,x is combu/ible1 & :5 five volumes ( atmosph]ic air are mix$ ) two volumes ( hydrog5 ! mixture explodes :5 ignit$4 ,x is suppli$ to ! air by active volcanoes & 9 o!r ways1 b ! spe$ ( its molecules is su* t x readily escapes f ! e>?'s attraction & passes outw>d into space4 ,ozone 7,greek1 ozo1 ,i smell7 is highly electrifi$ oxyg51 9 :i* ! molecules are brok5 up & re=m$ s z to conta9 additional atoms4 ,x is =m$ by ! disruptive dis*>ge ( lightn+ & by ! great am\nt ( electricity pres5t 9 ! high levels ( ! atmosph]e1 & possibly 9 m9ute quantities by ! evaporation ( fog & wat] ne> ! e>?4 ,x is always f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]falls & spray+ f\nta9s4 ,x is a p[]ful sanit>y ag5t1 readily ent]+ into union ) decay+ matt]4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! total abs5ce ( ozone f ! air ( l>ge cities4 ,ozone1 9 ! m9ute quantities f\nd 9 nature1 is heal?ful1 b :5 brea!d 9 a cond5s$ =m x has a highly irritat+ effect on ! muc\s surfaces ( ! respiratory passages1 & ! quantity is n l>ge t w cause dea?4 ,! heal?fulness ( m\nta9 air may be due l>gely to ! increase ) elevation 9 ! quantity ( ozone & electricity 9 ! air1 z well z to ! less numb] ( disease g]ms & du/ motes4 ,! invigorat+ effects ( ! crisp air ( ! fro/y morn+ & ( ! cold wave 9 w9t] may be increas$ by ! activities ( ozone4 ,ozone has two daily maxima1 ! pr9cipal "o occurr+ betwe5 #d & #i ,a4,m4 ,! m9ima occur betwe5 #aj ,a4,m4 & #a ,p4,m41 & betwe5 #aj ,p4,m4 & midnight4 ,! w9t] furni%es an am\nt greatly 9 excess ( ! summ]1 due n only to ! less am\nt ( decay+ matt] to take up ! ozone 9 w9t]1 b to ! high] & m p]si/5t w9ds mix+ ! l[] & upp] air4 ,! am\nt is great] ov] ! sea ?an ov] ! l&1 probably due to ! abs5ce ( oxidizable matt]1 :i* all[s ! ozone to accumulate ov] ! wat]4 ,x is m abundant ) we/]ly ?an ) ea/]ly w9ds1 due to ! fact t we/]ly w9ds h a d[nw>d compon5t ( motion2 b if ! we/]ly w9ds be weak & ! ea/]ly w9ds come f ov] a l>ge body ( wat] ! conditions may be rev]s$4 ,microbes ( ! ,air4 ,! air transports va/ armies ( unse5 work]s4 ,"s are enemies2 o!rs are b5efactors ( ! human family4 ,! useful v>ieties are en]getic 9 cle>+ away ! refuse ( animal & vegetable life1 9 fix+ f]tiliz+ gases 9 ! soil1 9 giv+ flavor to fruits & prop] gr[? to legum9\s crops1 9 trans=m+ ! crude/ mu/ into ! be/ cl>et1 & ! poore/ tobacco leaf into ! fragrant ,havana2 9 cur+ *eese & butt] & f]m5t+ be]1 & 9 a multitude ( o!r useful employm5ts4 ,! malevol5t v>ieties1 if !y ga9 lodgm5t 9 suitable human tissues be=e sunlight weak5s _! virility1 dissem9ate c]ta9 =ms ( disease4 ,9 pick+ a p]man5t place ( abode1 rememb] t !re are _m less disease microbes 9 ! air ( ! op5 c\ntry ?an 9 t ( ! city1 & t few are f\nd 9 ! air ( m\nta9s1 or 9 t ( ! ocean4 ,! av]age numb] ( bact]ia 9 a cubic met] ( air 9 ! city ( ,p>is has be5 f\nd to be #dgij1 :ile t5 miles away 9 ! c\ntry ! numb] 0 only #cde4 ,accurate analyses ( ! air ( cr[d$ t5em5ts always h %[n l>ge numb]s ( bact]ia1 b ! numb] 0 f\nd to be small 9 well-v5tilat$ city h\ses t let 9 an abundance ( sun%9e to _! int]iors4 ,x is bett] to h color 9 ! *eeks ( ! occupants ?an 9 ! furni%+s ( a h\se4 ,curta9s & heavy drap]y n only furni% a refuge = ! microbes ( disease1 b !y may be s hung z to exclude ! purify+ sun%9e4 ,! am\nt ( sun%9e is ne>ly z important z ! quantity ( air1 = mo/ ( ! microbes ( disease quickly die1 or are r5d]$ less virul5t1 "u its influ5ce4 ,bact]ia exi/ 9 small numb]s1 if at all1 at altitudes :]e sn[ =ms1 b sn[ ga!rs !m z x falls ?r\gh ! l[] air4 ,ice conta9s bact]ia1 b n 9 any su* quantity z ! wat] f :i* x freezes4 ,ice =ms 9 ! op5 at ! surface ( ! wat]1 or ab\t num]\s small p>ticles ( matt] 9 susp5sion1 :i* rise at once to ! top z soon z ! ice congeals ab\t !m 9 ! =m ( a buoyant cov]+2 mean:ile s$im5t is cont9ually settl+ to ! bottom1 c>ry+ bact]ia ) x4 ,ice =ms m readily 9 quiet wat]1 :]e s$im5tation has be5 mo/ rapid1 & :]e1 !re=e1 !re are ! fewe/ bact]ia 9 position to be includ$4 ,m disease g]ms exi/ 9 riv] wat] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 :i* may be due to ! great] dis9fect+ p[] ( ! sun's rays dur+ summ]4 ,du/ ,motes ( ! ,air4 ,z ! e>? pursues its c\rse ab\t ! sun1 du/ ra9s into its atmosph]e f out] space4 ,meteors t are burn$ ?r\gh ! heat g5]at$ by /rik+ into our air contribute to ! supply1 z d volcanoes1 combu/ion1 spray f ! ocean1 & matt] lift$ up by ! action ( ! w9d4 ,du/ f ! eruption ( ,krakatoa 0 waft$ entirely ar\nd ! e>?1 fall+ ^u ! decks ( %ips 9 all ! seas ( ! _w4 ,x affect$ ! colors ( ! sky = two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! explosion4 ,z 9 ! case ( microbes1 ! numb] ( du/ p>ticles is f> great] 9 cities ?an 9 ! c\ntry1 be+ lea/ on high m\nta9 tops & ov] ! oceans4 ,! air 9 l>ge cities inv>iably %[s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( du/ motes to ! cubic c5timet]1 t ( ! village ?\s&s1 & t ( ! op5 c\ntry "s hundr$s4 ,du/-free air is also g]m-free4 ,_m exp]im5ts h %[n t air fre$ ( du/ motes has at ! same "t be5 cle>$ ( ! microrganisms t cause disease1 putrefaction1 & f]m5tation2 & t g]m-free fle% or liquids may be indef9itely expos$ 9 su* air )\t f]m5tation or decay4 ,h[ ,du/ ,motes ,are ,c\nt$4 ,_m ( ! p>ticles are too small to be se5 by ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 yet ,aitk51 by a mo/ +5i\s me?od ( mak+ !m c5t]s ( cond5sation--t is1 mak+ !m ! nuclei ( small ra9drops--0 able to c\nt ! numb] 9 a giv5 volume ( air4 ,:5 ord9>y air is saturat$ & !n cool$ ! cl\d =m$ is s d5se t x is impossible to c\nt ! t9y droplets t =m ! cl\d4 ,b we c make ! numb] ( du/ p>ticles 7& !re=e ! numb] ( visible po9ts ( cond5sation7 9 a giv5 volume ( air z small z we wi% by mix+ a little du/y air ) a l>ge am\nt ( du/less air1 & we c all[ ! p>ticles to fall on a bright surface & c c\nt !m by means ( a l5s or microscope4 ,by simply all[+ = ! proportion ( ! du/less to ! du/y air1 & mak+ a correspond+ all[ance = ! dilution1 we calculate ! numb] ( p>ticles4 ,du/ ,motes & ,illum9ation ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important functions ( du/ motes is ! diffusion or scatt]+ ( sunlight4 ,:at a diff]5t _w ?is w\ld be )\t ^! t9y inanimate fri5ds ( man6 ,if !re 7 no du/ 9 susp5sion 9 ! air1 no?+ w\ld be visible except :at receiv$ direct light1 or light reflect$ f "s illum9at$ surface1 & ! air occupy+ space betwe5 illum9at$ objects w\ld be practically d>k4 ,if ! obs]v] be 9 a room ) a p[]ful electric light he w\ld see ! walls & ! objects 9 ! room1 b if ! air 7 free ( du/ motes1 he w\ld f9d t ! space betwe5 him & ! walls & betwe5 ! v>i\s objects w\ld be z inky black z is ! space betwe5 ! tw9kl+ />s on a cle> night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,%[+ light f lamp a pass+ into du/-free air at b1 & pass+ out at c )\t illum9at+ ! int]ior4 ,figure #b is a cubical box1 ) a glass front4 ,if a glut9\s sub/ance be spread ov] ! bottom & ! box all[$ to rema9 quiesc5t = f five to sev5 days ! du/ motes w sl[ly settle d[n & atta* !mselves to ! bottom4 ,! air !n w be :at is call$ 8optically pure40 ,n[1 if x be tak5 into a d>k room & an inclos$ lamp at a be all[$ to s5d a beam ( light into ! w9d[ at b & out at c1 x w be f\nd t ! int]ior rema9s d>k no matt] h[ p[]ful ! light f ! lamp4 ,! light is se5 to ent] & to leave b :]e x enc\nt]s ! du/-free air !re is no?+ to scatt] ! light rays & !y rema9 invisible to ! eye4 ,du/ ,motes ,prolong ,twilight4 ,! b5d+ or refraction ( light z ! sun's rays pass obliquely ?r\gh ! air at sunrise & at sunset displaces ! app>5t position ( ! sun1 elevat+ x by an am\nt ab\t equal to its own app>5t diamet]1 s t "o may see x & receive its light :5 geometrically x is entirely bel[ ! horizon4 ,a little lat] 9 ! ev5+ & its rays fall ^u ! upp] air too obliquely to be b5t d[n to ! e>? by refraction2 b d>kness does n yet ensue1 = ! rays are scatt]$ by ! du/ motes & possibly by ! molecules ( ! gases & s5t d[nw>d f p>ticle to p>ticle1 result+ 9 a s(t %imm]+ light t almo/ imp]ceptibly fades away1 & :i* 9 high] latitudes may la/ = h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,temp]ature ,,m ,,wond]ful ,,?an ,,any ,,fiction ,,are ,,! ,,fact ,,( ,,invisible ,,light1 ,,& ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,heat ,,& ,,temp]ature ,! heat t escapes f ! e>?'s int]ior is m9ute 9 comp>ison to t receiv$ f ! sun1 :i* is ! ma9 s\rce ( ! e>?'s supply4 ,heat is manife/$ by ! motions ( ! molecules ( matt]1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s4 ,x is transmitt$ ?r\gh space 9 "s my/]i\s mann]1 = space is practically void ( an atmosph]e4 ,"o _c conceive ( motion tak+ place 9 a void1 = !re is no?+ to move4 ,!re=e x is assum$ t int]/ell> space mu/ be fill$ ) a transmitt+ m$ium2 to ?is ! "n ( e!r has be5 giv54 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its /ructure1 b x is believ$ t x p5etrates all bodies & fills ! space betwe5 _! molecules4 ,h[ ,heat & ,light ,rea* ! ,e>?4 ,! heat ( ! sun is "s =ty-six ?\s& times z int5se z is ! heat ( ! e>?4 ,! viol5t agitations ( ! molecules ( ! sun's hot atmosph]e imp>t vibrations to ! e!r ( space1 :i* decrease 9 effectiv5ess inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 t is to say1 t if ! e>? 7 twice z f> f ! sun z x is1 ! int5sity ( ! sol> rays w\ld be "o f\r? ( :at !y are n[4 ,^! vibrations are call$ sol> en]gy4 ,!y pass ?r\gh space )\t p]ceptibly w>m+ or light+ x4 ,:5 !y enc\nt] ! molecules ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & ! du/ & cl\d 9 susp5sion 9 ! air1 or imp+e ^u ! solid matt] ( ! e>?1 !y are transmut$ back into molecul> agitations1 & manife/ !mselves 9 a multitude ( =ms1 su* z heat1 light1 *emical rays1 electricity1 etc4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,heat & ,temp]ature4 ,! agitation ( ! molecules ( a sub/ance set up by ! absorption ( heat is indicat$ by temp]ature1 :i* gives no measure ( ! quantity ( heat absorb$1 ! quantity v>y+ widely = diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4 ,! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] #a ,f4 is ! heat unit g5]ally employ$ 9 comm]ce2 b 9 sci5tific rese>* ! am\nt necess>y to raise "o gram ( wat] #a ,c5tigrade is ! unit ( heat be/ adapt$ to use4 ,x is call$ ! gram-calorie4 ,let u take a glass fill$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,y see ! glass & ! wat] because !y reflect to ! eye light waves receiv$ f "s s\rce1--possibly ! sunlight t is diffus$ by ! du/ motes ( ! air into ! room ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,b ! glass & ! wat] radiate o!r waves to :i* ! eye is n s5sible2 ^! invisible long heat waves may be felt by ! n]ves ( ! h&4 ,!y w>m all matt] ^u :i* !y fall by add+ to ! agitation ( ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$2 b !y d n w>m all matt] equally4 ,! waves t rea* d>k bodies are brok5 up2 t is to say1 absorb$4 ,_! en]gy is transmut$ into s5sible heat1 & 9 ! place ( ! waves we h molecul> vibrations 9 ! matt]1 :i* are made manife/ by a rise 9 its temp]ature4 ,d>k r\gh surfaces m completely absorb ! waves & !re=e rise to a high] temp]ature ?an ! same surfaces :5 smoo?4 ,:5 ! waves enc\nt] bright & highly poli%$ surfaces ! effect is q diff]5t2 !n mo/ ( !m are reflect$ away & !re=e w>m ! matt] b little4 ,^! reflect$ waves are n brok5 up1 b on ! contr>y />t (f 9 "s new direction1 possibly fall+ ^u & w>m+ "s matt] m receptive to _! influ5ce4 ,! high] ! poli% ! m completely are ! waves reflect$4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,light ,waves1 ,heat ,waves1 & ,s\nd ,waves4 ,! light & ! heat waves ( ! e!r are inf9itesimal ripples z comp>$ to ! backw>d & =w>d pulsations t con/itute ! s\nd waves ( ! air4 ,)9 a space ( "o in* !re are sixty-six ?\s& ( ! violet waves ( light1 :i* are ! %orte/ e!ric vibrations to :i* ! human eye responds1 & ov] ?irty ?\s& ( ! r$ waves1 ! longe/ t affect ! eye2 :ile ! s\nd waves ( ! air v>y f ab\t "o foot = ! %rill notes ( ! human voice to f\r feet = ! middle ,c ( ! pian(orte4 ,a %rill :i/le produces waves ( ab\t "o half in*4 ,!re are tw5ty-two ?\s& ( c]ta9 heat waves to ! in*1 & ^!1 l "s ( ! light waves ( ! e!r1 are invisible4 ,!re is also a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocity ( vibration ( ! air waves & ^? ( ! e!r4 ,! human e> is s5sitive to s\nd waves ( some:]e betwe5 tw5ty-n9e p] second to ?irty-eight ?\s& p] second2 :ile ! eye responds to light waves ( f five hundr$ million to "o billion p] second4 ,"s e>s are bett] adju/$ to ! l[ vibrations & "s to ! high1 & ! e>s ( no "o he> any b a small "p ( ! melody ( a great symphony4 ,tyndall c\ld he> ! %>p *irp ( ?\s&s ( insects t 7 inaudible to 8 guide z ! two climb$ ! ,alps1 b ! guide's e>s respond$ to ! long1 sl[ waves t came f ! dull tread ( ! donkey's ho(s f>!r up ! m\nta91 :i* waves ! sci5ti/ 0 unable to he>4 ,likewise "s eyes are able to p5etrate f> into ! violet1 or ! r$1 or bo?1 & "s are unable to di/+ui% betwe5 c]ta9 colors4 ,*emical ,rays ( ,light4 ,! *emical or photographic rays h /ill %ort] waves ?an ! violet4 ,!y produce special physiological effects 9 vegetable & animal tissues1 &1 act+ ^u p>ticul> k9ds ( matt]1 !y cause fluoresc5ce1 :i* is ! prop]ty possess$ by "s bodies ( giv+ (f1 :5 illum9at$1 light ( a color diff]5t f _! own & f t ( ! light t illum9ates !m4 ,^! *emical rays are sometimes call$ ultra-violet rays4 ,invisible ,light4 ,f a read+ ( ! imm$iately prec$+ p>agraphs "o may be prep>$ = ! />tl+ /atem5t t !re is su* a ?+ z invisible light4 ,vibrations ( ! e!r t move sl[] ?an ^? t give to ! eye ! s5sation ( r$ are invisible1 z are ^? t move fa/] ?an ! violet rays1 & x is c]ta9 t nei!r ! eye ( man nor ( animal ev] w see b a small "p ( ! beauty ( a l&scape or ! delicate color+ ( a fl[]4 ,! eye only takes 9 & r5d]s s5sible to ! bra9 ! r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet1 & _! v>i\s t9ts1 b ! delicate in/rum5ts ( sci5ce reveal _m o!r colors4 ,"o sees z ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 = ! g5tle signals t might reveal ! beauties ( ,p>adise fall ^u ! eye unhe$$4 ,a ke5] vision & a m complete appreciation ( ! beauties & ! wond]s ( ! univ]se await "o on ! o!r side ( ! gauzy veil ( immortality4 ,! f+] tips ( ! out/ret*$ arms may span ! riv] ( life & ! e!real brea? ( lov$ ones may be c>ess+ "o's *eek4 ,! music ( ! sph]es is n a my?2 ! lily or ! rose z x op5s its petals to receive ! b5$iction ( ! morn+ sun may give =? a v]itable pan ( joy4 ,a rose bu% may be a gr&] symphony ?an any?+ t ,bee?ov5 ev] wrote4 ,:at to u is ! invisible light may be ! illum9ation t guides ! sweep ( ! angels' w+s4 ,h[ ,heat ,moves ?r\gh or ,is ,transmitt$ by ,matt]4 ,heat passes by contact f ! w>m] to ! cold] molecules ( a body4 ,?is action is call$ conduction4 ,:5 "o end ( a b> ( iron is held 9 a fire1 ! end away f ! fire soon becomes too hot to hold 9 ! h&1 because heat is rapidly transf]r$ f ! hot portion ( ! b> to ! cool] portion by conduction1 %[+ t iron is a good conductor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! end ( a /ick ( wood c be held 9 ! fire until x is completely consum$ )\t ! o!r end becom+ too w>m to hold1 indicat+ t wood is a poor conductor4 ,metals are ! be/ conductors1 silv] lead+ ! li/1 ) copp] second4 ,sn[ & ice & fibr\s & por\s sub/ances are poor conductors1 & are call$ insulators4 ,air & wat] are also poor conductors4 ,! fur ( animals & ! fea!rs ( birds protect aga9/ ! rapid loss ( heat because !y conta9 num]\s int]/ices fill$ ) air1 a poor conductor4 ,heat is lo/ by radiation :5 ! molecules ( matt] set up vibration 9 ! e!r4 ,! atmosph]e itself p]=ms ?is function on a l>ge scale :5 ! sky is cl\dless1 s t radiat$ heat is n absorb$ by ! cl\d cov]+ & its loss into space re/rict$4 ,:5 air or wat] is n ev5ly or homog5e\sly heat$ a circulation is set up 9 :i* ! cold] "p settles d[n & ! w>m] rises4 ,?is is call$ convection4 ,! air t is heat$ by contact ) a /ove rises & passes along ! ceil+ to ! cold] p>ts ( ! room1 gradually p>t+ ) its heat until x is no w>m] ?an ! air next adjac5t to x1 & sl[ly settl+ to ! floor z ! cold air b5ea? x moves t[>d ! /ove1 is w>m$ & s5t al(t1 ! fir/ air f9ally mak+ a complete circuit & return+ to ! /ove aga94 ,9 ?is way ! heat is di/ribut$ by convection ?r\gh\t ! :ole room4 ,:5 "o "p ( ! e>?'s surface becomes hott] ?an ano!r a simil> action takes place on a l>ge scale4 ,! region ( great] temp]ature w>ms ! air above x1 & ! surr\nd+ d5s] air fl[s 9 along ! surface1 =c+ ! light] air to rise1 :5 x 9 turn is simil>ly w>m$ & driv5 up4 ,! cle> wat]s ( lakes & riv]s & ( ! ocean p]mit ! passage ( heat waves to a consid]able dep? be=e !y are completely absorb$4 ,on a cold day 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sun is %9+ brightly1 a room ) spaci\s w9d[s may become z w>m z ?\gh heat$ by a furnace1 simply by ! capacity ( ! glass 9 ! w9d[s to transmit ! heat waves ( ! sun )\t consid]able absorption1 & at ! same "t prev5t ! escape ( ! long] heat waves t are radiat$ f ! int]ior walls ( ! room4 ,?is capacity ( matt] to transmit heat waves )\t absorption is call$ dia!rmancy4 ,! cle> atmosph]e is an exce$+ly good transmitt]1 & rock salt is "o ( ! be/ ( all solids4 ,! capacity ( a body to transmit light )\t absorb+ x & becom+ lum9\s is call$ transp>5cy4 ,air fre$ ( du/ motes is almo/ p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 ?is /ate x is said to be optically pure4 ,b ! ord9>y air ( nature1 ) its moi/ure & du/1 absorbs mo/ ( ! blue wave l5g?s & also _m ( ! long] ones ( ! o!r colors ( ! spectrum4 ,! capacity ( a body = heat is call$ its specific heat4 ,) b few exceptions ! specific heats ( liquids are mu* great] ?an ^? ( solids or gases4 ,x requires t5 times ! quantity ( heat to raise a p\nd ( wat] "o degree t x does a p\nd ( iron4 ,ice has ! greate/ specific heat ( any ( ! solids1 except p>aff9 & wood4 ,:5 a solid is melt$ or a liquid vaporiz$ a l>ge am\nt ( heat becomes lat5t1 ins5sible to ! t\*2 x disappe>s z heat4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x matt]s n h[ long ! "t may be1 an h\r1 a day1 a ye>1 or a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! solid is melt$ or ! liquid turn$ to vapor1 s soon z ! vapor returns to ! liquid /ate or ! liquid to a solid condition1 ! lat5t heat becomes s5sible 9 exactly ! same degree 9 :i* x previ\sly exi/$4 ,let u illu/rate ) a p\nd ( ice at z]o ,f4 ,sixte5 heat units1 or sixte5 times z mu* heat z is requir$ to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree1 mu/ be absorb$ by ?is p\nd ( ice to raise its temp]ature to ! melt+ po9t 7#cb72 & !n "o hundr$ =ty-f\r m heat units mu/ be absorb$ to s f> ov]come ! t5d5cy ( ! molecules to adh]e1 or rema9 toge!r1 t ! molecules may roll ! "o ab\t ! o!r 9 ! liquid =m1 b ) ?is important diff]5ce3 ! "o hundr$ =ty-f\r units become lat5t & d n1 !re=e1 cause any increase 9 temp]ature1 z ! sixte5 heat units did 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! ice4 ,! l>ge quantity ( heat requir$ to *ange ! ice to a liquid is call$ ! lat5t heat ( melt+4 ,any fur!r addition ( heat aft] ! melt+ is complete causes an increase 9 temp]ature1 & "o hundr$ eighty heat units w raise x to ! boil+ po9t4 ,wat] boils at #bab at sea level & normal pressure2 t is to say1 at t temp]ature ! agitation ( ! molecules ( wat] is s great z to ov]come bo? cohesion & ! weight ) :i* ! air presses d[n ^u !m1 & cause !m to fly away 9 ! =m ( /eam1 :i* is invisible :5 conf9$ inside a boil]4 ,b ! entire p\nd ( wat] is n in/antly *ang$ to ! gase\s condition1 = ) ! s5d+ (f ( ! fir/ few molecules "s heat is r5d]$ lat5t1 & m mu/ be suppli$ or ! boil+ ceases2 9 fact ! enorm\s quantity ( #ifd4fb heat units mu/ be suppli$ to entirely *ange ! p\nd ( wat] to /eam1 b at no "t does ! temp]ature rise above #bab4 ,z 9 ! =m] case ( *ang+ ! solid to a liquid1 a l>ge am\nt ( heat becomes lat5t2 9 ?is case x is call$ ! lat5t heat ( vaporization4 ,n[ c>efully fix 9 ! m9d t a liquid does n ne$ to be rais$ to its boil+ po9t be=e vaporization beg9s1 = x op]ates at all temp]atures1 ev5 aft] ! liquid is froz51 b mu* m rapidly f ! liquid4 ,if "o wi%es to te/ ?is3 weigh a piece ( ice dur+ v cold wea!r4 ,!n leave x out 9 a temp]ature t is bel[ freez+ = sev]al days1 & on weigh+ aga9 x w be f\nd t ! ice has lo/ weight4 ,all evaporation produces a cool+ effect because ( ! heat t is r5d]$ lat5t 9 ! process ( *ang+ ! liquid or ! solid to a gase\s =m4 ,! dri] ! air ! great] is ! cool+ effect$ by keep+ ! surface wett$1 & ! cool+ is accel]at$ by plac+ ! wet object :]e !re is a free circulation ( air4 ,a wood5 wat] bucket t has be5 soak$ = a day or two s t e "p ( ! wood is saturat$ ) wat]1 w1 if kept clos$1 keep wat] all day 9 ! op5 field practically z cool z :5 x left ! deep well1 & (t5 cool]4 ,n en\gh use is made ( cool+ by evaporation by ^? :o h n ice 9 ! summ]4 ,inexp5sive & fairly effective refrig]ators may be made1 by any me*anic1 ( lattice-"w sides cov]$ ) any ?ick fabric & kept moi/1 :i* w\ld keep milk1 butt]1 fruit1 vegetables1 & cook$ meats 9 good condition if plac$ 9 a hallway ) a good circulation ( air1 or 9 any %ady place ) good v5tilation4 ,mo/ solids exp& ) ga9 9 temp]ature & !re=e possess great] volume 9 ! liquid =m ?an 9 ! solid1 & ! temp]ature ( _! melt+ po9ts rises z !y are subject$ to increas+ pressure4 ,! law rev]ses :5 appli$ to ice1 :i* contracts 9 melt+4 ,to few is x kn[n t a skat] on ice really rides ^u wat] molecules1 = ! %>p edge ( ! skate1 :5 appli$ to ! ice "u ! weight ( "o's body1 is lubricat$ by ! slight melt+ ( ! ice 9 imm$iate contact ) ! skate1 ! molecules ( wat] return+ to ! =m ( ice z soon z ! skat] passes & ! pressure is reliev$4 ,! /range ph5om5on may be witness$ by pass+ a wire ?r\gh a block ( ice )\t sev]+ x into two pieces1 by atta*+ heavy weights to ! two ends ( ! wire & susp5d+ x across ! ice1 ! ice sl[ly melt+ z ! result ( ! pressure appli$ by ! und]side ( ! wire & freez+ molecules clos+ ! space on top ( ! wire4 ,by ?is process d we acc\nt = ! mov+ ( glaci]s d[n tortu\s valleys z ?\gh !y 7 liquids4 ,altitude ,measur$ by ,*ange 9 ,boil+ ,po9t ( ,wat]4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat] at sea level & ord9>y air pressure is #bab4 ,if ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7 increas$ to ab\t ?irty p\nds1 in/ead ( ab\t fifte5 to ! squ>e in* x w\ld be necess>y to raise wat] to #bej be=e boil+ w\ld beg94 ,! *anges ( air pressure due to ! passage ( ! sev]e /orms ( w9t] may cause ! boil+ po9t ( wat] to v>y f #bjg to #bae4 ,?is k may be useful 9 measur+ ! heights ( m\nta9s1 al?\gh ! me?od does n give close results4 ,! decrease ( pressure ) altitude l[]s ! boil+ po9t1 ! am\nt be+ approximately "o degree = ea* #eee feet ( asc5t4 ,! be/ results may be secur$ by hav+ a p]son at ! base ( ! m\nta91 :]e ! elevation above sea level is kn[n1 det]m9e ! boil+ po9t at ! same "t t a p]son on ! m\nta9 top does4 ,! !rmomet]s %\ld be read closely to ! fraction ( a degree4 ,) ! b>omet] at its normal height ( ?irty in*es1 air at #fj w in/antly rise to ! ph5om5al temp]ature ( #age4ej if x be conf9$ & its pressure d\bl$1 & x w dim9i% to "o half ( its =m] volume4 ,b if its pressure be dim9i%$ "o half1 its volume w exp& to d\ble its orig9al size & its temp]ature w fall f #fj to #b4d4 ,f ^! facts ! read] w\ld naturally expect to f9d l[ pressure ( ! atmosph]e accompany+ cold waves & high pressure to be co9cid5t ) w>m conditions1 :i* is exactly ! rev]se ( :at actually occurs 9 ! free air ( nature4 ,?is app>5t contradiction w be made pla9 9 ! treatm5t ( cold waves1 page #abd4 ,a temp]ature ( -#dei on ! ,fahr5heit scale & -#bgc4a on ! ,c5tigrade repres5ts :at is call$ absolute z]o4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! temp]ature at :i* !re is no motion ( ! molecules ( matt]4 ,bodies or planets )\t atmosph]es h temp]atures approa*+ absolute z]o1 = !re is no protect+ envelope to absorb heat or to prev5t ! in/ant radiation into space ( t :i* imp+es ^u ! body4 ,our moon is an illu/ration1 & not)/&+ ! fi]ce beat+ ^u its surface ( ! sol> en]gy x rema9s incas$ 9 ! int5se cold ( space4 ,! !rmomet] is ! in/rum5t t measures temp]ature4 ,x 0 n until eighty-sev5 ye>s aft] ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica t ,galileo discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( ! !rmomet]4 ,?is fir/ in/rum5t 0 crude4 ,x consi/$ ( a glass bulb1 conta9+ air1 t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a long glass tube1 :i* dipp$ into a vessel conta9+ color$ wat]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature fell ! contraction ( ! air 9 ! bulb caus$ ! wat] to rise 9 ! tube1 & :5 ! temp]ature rose ! expansion ( ! air =c$ ! wat] to a l[] level4 ,galileo also inv5t$ ! alcohol !rmomet] 9 #afaa1 b ! det]m9ation ( ! z]o & "s fix$ po9t above x1 by :i* to graduate ! scale1 took ye>s to evolve4 ,! mod]n alcohol & m]cury !rmomet]s consi/ ( a bulb fill$ ) ! liquid1 & a tube p>tly fill$1 ! upp] "p be+ a tol]ably complete vacuum1 all[+ ! liquid fre$om ( movem5t up & d[n ! tube4 ,:5 a tube is brok5 "o is surpris$ to see t ! diamet] ( ! bore is less ?an t ( ! smalle/ fuzzy hair f ! back ( ! h&4 ,! size ( ! column ( m]cury is magnifi$ by ! action ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! glass ( ! tube4 ,temp]atures are usually tak5 9 ! %ade4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be free f all bodies t c\ld conduct heat to x1 & x %\ld h free circulation ( air ab\t x4 ,9 a complete meteorological /ation automatically record+ in/rum5ts1 too complicat$ = ! use ( ! layman1 record = ea* mom5t ( "t ! temp]ature ( ! air & its pressure1 ! p]iods ( sun%9e1 ! duration & ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 & ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,advantage ,,( ,,tak+ ,,wea!r ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,apply+ ,,!m ,,to ,,"o',s ,,p]sonal ,,ne$s ,,=eca/s ,,made ,,f ,,! ,,an]oid ,,b>omet]--,,colds ,,prev5t$ ,,by ,,moi/5+ ,,air ,,9 ,,liv+ ,,rooms--,a ,,crim9al ,,hang$ ,,& ,,an ,,innoc5t ,,man ,,fre$ ,,by ,,wea!r ,,records ,obs]vations f ,kites4 ,x is /range t ! ,*9ese1 :o h be5 fly+ kites _m ?\s& ye>s1 %\ld n h made improvem5ts 9 ! primitive con/ruction ( ^! devices4 ,x rema9$ = ,w5dham1 9 #ahff1 to p]ceive ! advantage ( sup]impos+ two or m planes1 "o above ! o!r1 = ! purpose ( secur+ a l>g] area ( su/a9+ surface4 ,aft] exam9+ ,figure #c almo/ any "o c build an effici5t kite4 ,heights ( two to ?ree ?\s& feet may be rea*$ by us+ cable-laid tw9e ,no4 #bd1 b 9 ord] to ga9 great altitudes pian(orte wire mu/ be us$4 ,s(t p9e is ! be/ & mo/ available mat]ial4 ,spruce is /rong]1 b m difficult to secure4 ,! /icks %\ld be /raight-gra9$4 ,! clo? may be silk or ! /rong] & f9] grades ( cotton4 ,x %\ld be torn1 n cut4 ,! ends w !n be true & squ>e ) ! fib] ( ! clo?4 ,kites are us$ n only to secure wea!r obs]vations1 b !y h be5 us$ to draw sl$s 9 ! ,arctic region1 & to draw wagons & boats4 ,by adju/+ ! po9ts at :i* ! pull+ cords are atta*$ to ! boat an +5i\s sailor is able to proce$ ne>ly at "r angles to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,/&>d ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,,kite4 ,:5 x is kn[n t a box kite hav+ only sixty squ>e feet ( su/a9+ surface1 fly+ at a consid]able height1 may lift a p]son ( ord9>y size1 "o is impress$ ) ! idea t vessels ( comm]ce might employ kites ( l>ge dim5sions to increase ! spe$ ( sail+ %ips4 ,! kites w\ld fly 9 a /ratum ^: velocity is n re/rict$ by friction ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,to laun* a kite3 run out ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet ( ! cord or wire :ile ! kite is held by an assi/ant1 :o %\ld give ! kite a toss upw>d 9 ! direction 9 :i* x mu/ g4 ,x is important t x be ca/ (f directly 9 l9e ) ! w9d4 ,if ! w9d is light x may be necess>y to run a %ort di/ance ) a long l9e out 9 ord] to effect a laun*+4 ,volunt>y ,wea!r ,obs]v]s4 ,!re are m ?an ?ree ?\s& volunt>y or cop]at+ obs]v]s 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,!y receive no comp5sation o!r ?an ! publications ( ! ,bureau4 ,!y are requir$ to read _! in/rum5ts b once ea* day1 z maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s record ! highe/ & ! l[e/ temp]atures s9ce !y 7 la/ read & set4 ,ab\t sunset is ! mo/ satisfactory "t = mak+ ! read+s1 s9ce ! !rmomet]s w !n %[ bo? ! extremes = ! pa/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z a rule b "o volunt>y obs]v] is accept$ = a c\nty4 ,!y are furni%$ )\t *>ge ) maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 in/rum5t %elt]s & ra9 gauges1 b n ) w9d vanes1 anemomet]s = record+ direction & velocity ( w9d1 or b>omet]s4 ,b ^? :o desire to become exp]t 9 =eca/+ ! wea!r1 z all may :o /udy ! *apt] on =eca/+1 %\ld equip !mselves ) an an]oid b>omet]1 s t !y may note ! *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,comp>ison ( ! ,!rmomet] ,scales4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,!rmomet] ,,scales ,a little /udy ( ! accompany+ in=mation & diagram w enable any "o to =m a cle> idea ( ! v>i\s !rmomet] scales & to conv]t temp]atures f "o scale to ano!r4 ,table ( fix$ po9ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,scale4 ,temp]ature ( ,temp]ature ( ,no4 ( degrees melt+ ice4 boil+ wat]4 betwe5 melt+ ice & boil+ wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,c5tigrade #j #ajj #ajj ,reaumur #j #hj #hj ,fahr5heit #cb #bab #ahj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,only ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade scales are 9 g5]al use1 & ! accompany+ plate is design$ to enable obs]v]s to conv]t temp]ature read+s f "o scale to ! o!r )\t resort+ to a ma!matical =mula4 ,= accurate & precise r$uctions betwe5 ! diff]5t scales ! foll[+ rules %\ld be us$3 #a4 ,to conv]t ,fahr5heit to ,c5tigrade3 ,subtract #cb & multiply by five n9?s4 #b4 ,to conv]t ,c5tigrade to ,fahr5heit3 ,multiply by n9e fif?s & add #cb4 #c4 ,to conv]t ,fahr5heit to ,reaumur3 ,subtract #cb & multiply by f\r n9?s4 #d4 ,to conv]t ,reaumur to ,fahr5heit3 ,multiply by n9e f\r?s & add #cb4 #e4 ,to conv]t ,c5tigrade to ,reaumur3 ,multiply by f\r fif?s4 #f4 ,to conv]t ,reaumur to ,c5tigrade3 ,multiply by five f\r?s4 ,an in/rum5t %elt] 7,figure #d7 is employ$ to scre5 (f ! direct & reflect$ sun%9e1 & to keep ! !rmomet]s dry4 ,?is %elt] is a box ) l\v]$ sides1 con/ruct$ 9 su* =m t !re is a free circulation ( air ?r\gh x4 ,x %\ld be expos$ 9 an op5 space z f> away f build+s z may be conv5i5t1 or on a h\setop1 & be z free f %ad[s z possible4 ,if su* position _c be secur$1 !n place x on ! nor? side ( a build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,dry & ,wet ,bulb ,!rmomet]s4 ,comp>ison ( ,c5tigrade & ,fahr5heit4 ,only ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade are 9 g5]al use4 ,figure #e is design$ to enable obs]v]s to conv]t temp]ature read+s f "o scale to ! o!r )\t resort+ to a ma!matical =mula4 ,= precise r$uctions ! foll[+ rules apply3 ,to conv]t ,fahr5heit to ,c5tigrade3 ,subtract #cb & multiply by five n9?s4 ,to conv]t ,c5tigrade to ,fahr5heit3 ,multiply by n9e fif?s & add #cb4 ,humidity ,affects ,heal? & ,complexion4 ,! importance to heal? ( ma9ta9+ a prop] humidity 9 liv+ qu>t]s dur+ ! w9t] mon?s & dur+ all mon?s 9 ! arid & semi-arid regions ( ! ,we/ is n fully appreciat$4 ,ea* habitation %\ld be suppli$ ) "o to sev]al hygromet]s 7,fig4 #f71 & frequ5t read+s %\ld be tak5 ( ! dry & ! wet bulb !rmomet]s s z to be famili> ) ! conditions "u :i* "o is liv+4 ,,relative ,,humidity ,,tables ,temp]ature ,read+s 9 ,degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,relative ,humidity ,read+s 9 ,p] ,c5t4 ,b>ometric ,pressure #bi4j in*es4 7,"p #a ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,!rmomet] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #bj #he #gj #ef #db #bh #ad #ba #hf #ga #eg #dd #cj #ag #c #bb #hf #gb #ei #de #cb #ai #g #bc #hg #gc #fj #dg #cd #bb #aj #bd #hg #gd #fa #di #cf #bd #ab #j #be #hg #ge #fc #ej #ch #bg #ae #d #bf #hh #ge #fd #eb #dj #bi #ah #g #bg #hh #gf #fe #ec #db #ca #bj #i #bh #hh #gg #ff #ee #dd #cc #bc #ab #b #bi #hi #gh #fg #ef #de #ce #be #ae #e #cj #hi #gh #fh #eg #dg #cg #bg #ag #h #ca #hi #gi #fi #eh #di #ci #bi #bj #aj #a #cb #ij #gi #fi #fj #ej #da #ca #bb #ac #d #cc #ij #hj #ga #fa #eb #db #cc #bd #af #g #cd #ij #ha #gb #fb #ec #dd #ce #bg #ah #i #a #ce #ia #hb #gc #fd #ee #df #cg #bi #bj #ab #d #cf #ia #hb #gc #fe #ef #dh #ci #ca #bc #ad #f #cg #ia #hc #gd #ff #eh #di #da #cc #be #ag #i #ch #ia #hc #ge #fg #ei #ea #dc #ce #bg #ai #ab #ci #ib #hd #gf #fh #fj #eb #dd #cg #bi #ba #ad #dj #ib #hd #gf #fh #fa #ec #df #ch #ca #bc #af #da #ib #hd #gg #fi #fb #ed #dg #dj #cc #bf #ah #db #ib #he #gg #gj #fb #ee #dh #da #cd #bh #ba #dc #ib #he #gh #gj #fc #ef #di #dc #cf #bi #bc #dd #ic #he #gh #ga #fd #eg #ea #dd #cg #ca #bd #de #ic #hf #gi #ga #fe #eh #eb #de #ci #cc #bf #df #ic #hf #gi #gb #fe #ei #ec #df #dj #cd #bh #dg #ic #hf #gi #gc #ff #fj #ed #dg #da #ce #bi #dh #ic #hg #hj #gc #fg #fj #ed #dh #db #cf #ca #di #ic #hg #hj #gd #fg #fa #ee #di #dc #cg #cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,"p #b ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ,,!rmomet] #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------ #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #a #ch #d #ci #g #dj #i #b #da #aa #e #db #ad #g #j #dc #af #i #c #dd #ah #ab #e #de #bj #ad #h #b #df #bb #af #aj #d #dg #bc #ag #ab #f #a #dh #be #ai #ad #h #c #di #bf #ba #ae #aj #e ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,relative ,,humidity ,,tables--,cont9u$ ,temp]ature ,read+s 9 ,degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,relative ,humidity ,read+s 9 ,p] ,c5t4 ,b>ometric ,pressure #bi4j in*es4 7,"p #c ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,!rmomet] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ej #ic #hg #ha #gd #fh #fb #ef #ej #dd #ci #cc #ea #id #hg #ha #ge #fi #fc #eg #ea #de #dj #ce #eb #id #hh #ha #ge #fi #fc #eh #eb #df #da #cf #ec #id #hh #hb #ge #gj #fd #eh #ec #dg #db #cg #ed #id #hh #hb #gf #gj #fe #ei #ed #dh #dc #ch #ee #id #hh #hb #gf #ga #fe #fj #ee #di #dd #ci #ef #id #hh #hb #gg #ga #ff #fa #ee #ej #de #dj #eg #id #hh #hc #gg #gb #ff #fa #ef #ea #df #da #eh #id #hi #hc #gg #gb #fg #fb #eg #eb #dg #db #ei #id #hi #hc #gh #gc #fh #fc #eh #ec #dh #dc #fj #id #hi #hd #gh #gc #fh #fc #eh #ec #di #dd #fa #id #hi #hd #gi #gd #fh #fd #ei #ed #ej #de #fb #id #hi #hd #gi #gd #fi #fd #fj #ee #ej #df #fc #ie #ij #hd #gi #gd #gj #fe #fj #ef #ea #dg #fd #ie #ij #he #gi #ge #gj #ff #fa #ef #eb #dh #fe #ie #ij #he #hj #ge #gj #ff #fb #eg #ec #dh #ff #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #ga #ff #fb #eh #ec #di #fg #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #ga #fg #fb #eh #ed #ej #fh #ie #ij #he #ha #gf #gb #fg #fc #ei #ee #ea #fi #ie #ij #hf #ha #gg #gb #fh #fd #ei #ee #ea #gj #ie #ij #hf #ha #gg #gb #fh #fd #fj #ef #eb #ga #ie #ij #hf #hb #gg #gc #fi #fd #fj #ef #ec #gb #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gc #fi #fe #fa #eg #ec #gc #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gc #fi #fe #fa #eh #ed #gd #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gd #gj #ff #fb #eh #ed #ge #if #ia #hg #hb #gh #gd #gj #ff #fc #ei #ee #gf #if #ia #hg #hc #gh #gd #gj #fg #fc #ei #ee #gg #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fg #fc #fj #ef #gh #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fg #fd #fj #eg #gi #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fh #fd #fj #eg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,"p #d ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ,,!rmomet] #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ej #bh #bb #ag #ab #g #b #ea #bi #bd #ai #ad #i #d #eb #cj #be #bj #ae #aj #f #j #ec #cb #bg #bb #ag #ab #g #c #ed #cc #bh #bc #ah #ad #i #e #j #ee #cd #bi #be #bj #ae #aa #f #b #ef #ce #ca #bf #ba #ag #ab #h #d #eg #cf #cb #bg #bc #ah #ad #aj #e #a #eh #ch #cc #bh #bd #bj #ae #aa #g #c #ei #ci #cd #cj #be #ba #ag #ac #i #e #a #fj #dj #ce #ca #bg #bb #ah #ad #aj #f #b #fa #dj #cf #cb #bh #bd #bj #af #ab #h #d #fb #da #cg #cc #bi #be #ba #ag #ac #i #f #fc #db #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #ah #ad #aa #g #fd #dc #ci #ce #ca #bg #bc #bj #af #ab #i #fe #dd #dj #cf #cb #bh #be #ba #ag #ac #aj #ff #de #da #cg #cc #bi #bf #bb #ah #ae #aa #fg #df #db #ch #cd #cj #bg #bc #bj #af #ac #fh #dg #dc #ci #ce #ca #bh #bd #ba #ag #ad #fi #dg #dd #dj #cf #cb #bi #be #bb #ai #ae #gj #dh #dd #dj #cg #cc #cj #bf #bc #bj #ag #ga #di #de #da #ch #cd #ca #bg #bd #ba #ah #gb #di #df #db #ci #ce #cb #bh #be #bb #ai #gc #ej #df #dc #dj #cf #cc #bi #bf #bc #bj #gd #ea #dg #dd #dj #cg #cd #cj #bg #bd #ba #ge #ea #dh #dd #da #ch #cd #ca #bh #be #bb #gf #eb #dh #de #db #ch #ce #cb #bi #bf #bc #gg #eb #di #df #db #ci #cf #cc #cj #bg #bd #gh #ec #ej #df #dc #dj #cg #cd #ca #bh #be #gi #ed #ej #dg #dd #da #cg #cd #ca #bi #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,relative ,,humidity ,,tables--,cont9u$ ,temp]ature ,read+s 9 ,degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,relative ,humidity ,read+s 9 ,p] ,c5t4 ,b>ometric ,pressure #bi4j in*es4 7,"p #e ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,!rmomet] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #hj #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #gf #gb #fh #fd #fa #eg #hb #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fi #fe #fb #eh #hd #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gg #gc #gj #ff #fc #ei #hf #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gg #gd #gj #fg #fc #fj #hh #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gh #gd #ga #fg #fd #fa #ij #if #ib #hi #he #ha #gh #ge #ga #fh #fe #fb #ib #if #ib #hi #he #hb #gh #ge #gb #fi #fe #fb #id #if #ic #hi #hf #hb #gi #ge #gb #fi #ff #fc #if #if #ic #hi #hf #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #ih #if #ic #hi #hf #hc #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #ajj #if #ic #ij #hf #hc #hj #gg #gd #ga #fh #fe #ajb #if #ic #ij #hf #hc #hj #gg #gd #ga #fh #fe #ajd #ig #ic #ij #hg #hd #hj #gg #gd #gb #fi #ff #ajf #ig #ic #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #fi #ff #ajh #ig #ic #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #gj #fg #aaj #ig #ie #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #gf #gc #gj #fg #aab #ig #id #ij #hg #hd #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fh #aad #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gf #gd #ga #fh #aaf #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gg #gd #ga #fi #aah #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gg #gd #gb #fi #abj #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #hj #gg #gd #gb #fi #abb #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hc #hj #gg #ge #gb #gj #abd #ig #id #ia #hh #hf #hc #hj #gh #ge #gc #gj #abf #ig #id #ia #hi #hf #hc #ha #gh #ge #gc #ga #abh #ig #id #ia #hi #hf #hc #ha #gh #gf #gc #ga #acj #ig #id #ib #hi #hf #hd #ha #gh #gf #gd #ga #acb #ig #id #ib #hi #hf #hd #ha #gi #gf #gd #gb #acd #ig #id #ib #hi #hf #hd #ha #gi #gf #gd #gb #acf #ig #id #ib #hi #hg #hd #hb #gi #gg #gd #gb #ach #ig #id #ib #hi #hg #hd #hb #gi #gg #ge #gb #adj #ig #ie #ib #hi #hg #hd #hb #hj #gg #ge #gc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,"p #f ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,read+s ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,!rmomet] #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #hj #ed #ea #dg #dd #da #ch #ce #cb #bi #bg #bd #hb #ee #eb #di #df #dc #dj #cg #cd #ca #bh #be #hd #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #da #ch #ce #cb #cj #bg #hf #eg #ed #ea #dh #de #db #ci #cg #cd #ca #bi #hh #eh #ee #eb #di #df #dc #da #ch #ce #cc #cj #ij #ei #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #db #ci #cg #cd #cb #ib #ei #eg #ed #ea #dh #de #dc #dj #ch #ce #cc #id #fj #eg #ed #eb #di #df #dd #da #ci #cf #cd #if #fa #eh #ee #ec #ej #dg #de #db #dj #cg #ce #ih #fa #ei #ef #ec #ea #dh #df #dc #da #ci #cf #ajj #fb #ei #eg #ed #eb #di #dg #dd #db #dj #cg #ajb #fc #fj #eg #ee #eb #ej #dg #de #dc #da #ch #ajd #fc #fa #eh #ef #ec #ea #dh #df #dd #da #ci #ajf #fd #fa #ei #ef #ed #ea #di #dg #de #db #dj #ajh #fd #fb #ei #eg #ed #eb #ej #dg #de #dc #da #aaj #fe #fb #fj #eg #ee #ec #ej #dh #df #dd #db #aab #fe #fc #fj #eh #ef #ec #ea #di #dg #de #dc #aad #ff #fc #fa #ei #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #de #dc #aaf #ff #fd #fa #ei #eg #ee #eb #ej #dh #df #dd #aah #fg #fd #fb #fj #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #de #abj #fg #fe #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #ea #di #dg #df #abb #fg #fe #fc #fa #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #df #abd #fh #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #abf #fh #ff #fd #fb #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #abh #fi #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #acj #fi #fg #fe #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #di #acb #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #acd #gj #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #ej #acf #gj #fh #ff #fd #fa #ei #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #ach #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ea #adj #ga #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ee #ec #ea ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,"p #g ( #g7 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit ,,read+s ,,betwe5 ,,wet ,,& ,,dry ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,,( ,,dry ,,bulb -------------------------------- ,,!rmomet] #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj ---------------------------------------- ---- #hj #ba #ah #af #ac #aa #h #f #d #hb #bc #bj #ah #ae #ac #aj #h #f #hd #be #bb #bj #ag #ae #ab #aj #h #hf #bf #bd #ba #ai #ag #ad #ab #aj #hh #bh #be #bc #ba #ah #af #ad #ab #ij #bi #bg #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #ib #cj #bh #bf #bd #bb #ai #ag #ae #id #cb #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ai #ag #if #cc #ca #bi #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ih #cd #cb #cj #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ajj #ce #cc #ca #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ajb #cf #cd #cb #cj #bh #bf #bd #bb #ajd #cg #ce #cc #ca #bi #bg #be #bd #ajf #ch #cf #cd #cb #cj #bh #bg #be #ajh #ci #cg #ce #cc #ca #bi #bh #bf #aaj #dj #ch #cf #cd #cb #cj #bi #bg #aab #da #ci #cg #ce #cc #ca #cj #bh #aad #da #dj #ch #cf #cd #cb #ca #bi #aaf #db #dj #ch #cg #ce #cc #ca #cj #aah #dc #da #ci #cg #cf #cd #cb #ca #abj #dd #db #dj #ch #ch #ce #cc #ca #abb #dd #db #da #ci #cg #cf #cd #cb #abd #de #dc #da #dj #ch #cf #ce #cc #abf #df #dd #db #dj #ci #cg #ce #cd #abh #df #dd #dc #da #ci #ch #cf #cd #acj #dg #de #dc #db #dj #ch #cg #ce #acb #dg #df #dd #db #da #ci #cg #cf #acd #dh #df #dd #dc #da #dj #ch #cf #acf #dh #dg #de #dc #db #dj #ci #cg #ach #di #dg #de #dd #db #da #ci #ch #adj #di #dh #df #dd #dc #da #dj #ch ---------------------------------------- ---- ,a relative humidity ( betwe5 sixty-five & sev5ty p] c5t4 %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 all liv+ & sleep+ rooms1 if "o is to escape colds1 cat>rh1 & possibly pneumonia4 ,"s n]v\s disord]s are aggravat$ if n actually caus$ by ! dryness ( ! air 9 /eam & o!r heat$ ap>tm5ts dur+ ! "t t ! w9d[s are clos$ 9 cold wea!r4 ,! vanity ( ! female sex is appeal$ to ) ! /atem5t t no?+ is m ess5tial to secur+ & pres]v+ a good complexion ?an ! ma9ta9+ ( a prop] humidity 9 "o's own room4 ,effici5t & simple & inexp5sive humidifi]s are n[ com+ on ! m>ket4 ,!y are almo/ z necess>y to ! heal? ( a h\sehold z /oves & furnaces4 ,(t5 a "r degree ( moi/ure c be creat$ by leav+ clean wat] 9 ! ba?tub & 9 all wa% bas9s & s9ks4 ,"o may be surpris$ on tak+ humidity obs]vations to f9d h[ quickly x increases 9 rooms two or ?ree remov$ f ! ba?room aft] wat] is run into ! tub1 & especially if ! %[] spray is turn$ on & all[$ to op]ate = a few m9utes4 ,9 cold wea!r we ma9ta9 ! aridity ( ! ,sah>a ,des]t 9 our hot1 /eam-heat$ ap>tm5ts1 ) a relative humidity ( less ?an ?irty p] c5t4 ,is x any wond] t :5 we /ep f ?is atmosph]e into ! cold outside air1 ) a humidity ( sev5ty p] c5t41 ! viol5t *ange is productive ( h>m1 p>ticul>ly to ! delicate muc\s membranes ( ! upp] air passages1 :i* h be5 irritat$ & _! p[]s ( resi/ance weak5$ by ! dryness )98 ,! p]iod ( pneumonia is ! season ( artificial heat 9 liv+ rooms--or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! p]iod ( indoor des]t aridity4 ,save ,fuel by ,moi/5+ ,air4 ,if a room at #fh is n w>m en\gh = any heal?y p]son x is because ! humidity is too l[1 & wat] %\ld be evaporat$ to br+ ! moi/ure up to sixty-five or sev5ty p] c5t4 ( saturation4 ,wat] in/ead ( coal %\ld be us$ to make rooms com=table :5 ! temp]ature has rea*$ #fh4 ,t5 to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( fuel c\ld be sav$ 9 ! heat+ ( places ( habitation if ! air 7 prop]ly & heal?fully humidifi$4 ,! reason = ?is is t if ! air is dry ! heat passes ?r\gh x & w>ms x b little4 ,moi/ure /ops ! radiat$ heat t w\ld be lo/1 absorbs x1 & holds x at ! place :]e x is ne$$4 ,x has precisely ! same effect z a s(t wool blanket wrapp$ ab\t ! body ( ea* p]son4 ,! dry air p]mits su* a rapid evaporation f ! human body t "o may actually feel cold] ) a dry air heat$ to #ge ?an 9 a moi/ air at #ff or #fh4 ,wat] is *eap] ?an coal1 & 9 ?is matt] mu* m heal?ful4 ,! cool+ effect produc$ by a draught does n necess>ily arise f ! w9d be+ cool]1 = x may be actually w>m]1 b arises f ! rapid evaporation x causes on ! surface ( ! sk94 ,vapor ( wat] =ms a blanket ab\t ! e>? & prev5ts x f scor*+ dur+ ! day & freez+ dur+ ! night4 ,h[ to ,=eca/ ,wea!r ) ,only an ,an]oid ,b>omet]4 ,no "o except an exp]t obs]v] %\ld use ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,! an]oid w answ] z well = ! purpose ( =eca/+ f a s+le in/rum5t2 x is *eap] & less complicat$4 ,fir/ le>n y\r elevation above sea level2 !n add to ! obs]v$ read+ ( y\r in/rum5t 4#aj = ea* "o hundr$ feet elevation4 ,note ! fall or rise & ! direction ( ! w9d & ) ! aid ( ! table on page #gf highly satisfactory =eca/s may be made by any intellig5t p]son4 ,skill w come ) practice4 ,write d[n y\r =eca/s ea* day z y make !m & ! foll[+ day note 9 a blank space left = ! purpose ! success or failure ( y\r ef=t4 ,?us w y pr(it by y\r mi/akes4 ,z a rule w9ds f ! ea/ quadrants & fall+ b>omet] indicate f\l wea!r1 & w9ds %ift+ to ! we/ quadrants indicate cle>+ & fair wea!r4 ,! rapidity ( ! /orm's approa* & its sev]ity are indicat$ by ! rate & ! am\nt 9 ! fall ( ! b>omet]4 ,?is applies to ! ,mississippi ,valley & ea/w>d to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,conditions are diff]5t 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 on ! plateau ( ! m\nta9s1 & on ! ea/]n ,rocky ,m\nta9 slope1 :]e precipitation seldom beg9s until aft] ! b>omet] beg9s to rise aft] a fall1 & ! w9ds h %ift$ to ! nor?we/4 ,keep 9 m9d t /orms are great atmosph]ic eddies drift+ f ! we/1 ) ! w9ds bl[+ cyclonically t[>d ! c5t]2 t :5 y\r w9d is nor!a/ ! c5t] ( ! /orm is s\?we/ ( y2 t :5 x is ea/ ! c5t] is we/2 :5 x is s\? ! c5t] is nor?2 :5 x is s\?we/ ! c5t] is nor!a/1 & :5 x is we/ or nor?we/ ! c5t] is ea/ ( y4 ,,w9d ,,b>omet] ,,r$uc$ ,,"* ,,( ,,wea!r ,,direction ,,to ,,sea ,,level ,,indicat$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sw4 to ,,nw4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,fair1 ) slight temp]ature /eady4 *anges1 = #a to #b days4 ,,sw4 to ,,nw4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,fair1 foll[$ )9 #b days by ris+ rapidly4 ra94 ,,sw4 to ,,nw4 #cj4bj & above & ,cont9u$ fair1 ) no decid$ /ation>y4 temp]ature *ange4 ,,sw4 to ,,nw4 #cj4bj & above & ,sl[ly ris+ temp]ature & fair fall+ sl[ly4 = #b days4 ,s4 to ,,se4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,ra9 )9 #bd h\rs4 fall+ sl[ly4 ,s4 to ,,se4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,w9d increas+ 9 =ce1 ) ra9 fall+ rapidly4 )9 #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,s4 to ,,sw4 #cj4jj or bel[ & ,cle>+ )9 a few h\rs1 & ris+ sl[ly4 fair = sev]al days4 ,s4 to ,e4 #bi4hj or bel[ & ,sev]e /orm imm95t1 foll[$1 fall+ rapidly4 )9 #bd h\rs1 by cle>+1 & 9 w9t] by cold]4 ,,se4 to ,,ne4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,ra9 9 #ab to #ah h\rs4 fall+ sl[ly4 ,,se4 to ,,ne4 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ,increas+ w9d1 & ra9 )9 fall+ rapidly4 #ab h\rs4 ,,se4 to ,,ne4 #cj4jj or bel[ & ,ra9 w cont9ue #a to #b days4 fall+ sl[ly4 ,,se4 to ,,ne4 #cj4jj or bel[ & ,ra91 ) high w9d1 foll[$1 fall+ rapidly4 )9 #cf h\rs1 by cle>+1 & 9 w9t] by cold]4 ,e4 to ,,ne4 #cj4aj & above & ,9 summ]1 ) light w9ds1 ra9 fall+ sl[ly4 may n fall = sev]al days4 ,9 w9t]1 ra9 )9 #bd h\rs4 ,e4 to ,,ne4 #cj4aj & above & ,9 summ]1 ra9 probable )9 fall+ rapidly4 #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,9 w9t]1 ra9 or sn[1 ) increas+ w9ds1 w (t5 set 9 :5 ! b>omet] beg9s to fall & ! w9d sets 9 f ! ,,ne4 ,e4 to ,n4 #bi4hj or bel[ & ,sev]e nor!a/ gale & heavy fall+ rapidly4 precipitation2 9 w9t]1 heavy sn[1 foll[$ by a cold wave4 ,go+ to ,w4#bi4hj or bel[ & ,cle>+ & cold]4 ris+ rapidly4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,weight & ,pressure ( ! ,air4 ,air at sea level & at #cb temp]ature weighs "o & "o ?ird ounces p] cubic foot4 ,a room tw5ty by tw5ty by t5 feet conta9s "s #ccc p\nds ( air4 ,! pressure ( ! air is a q diff]5t ?+4 ,x is ! sum ( ! weights ( all ! cubic feet ( air t are /ack$ up1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 cle> to ! top ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is :y ! high] "o goes1 ! less ! pressure ( ! air1 because !re are a less numb] ( cubic feet above4 ,& !n ea* cubic foot weighs a slight fraction less ?an ! "o j b5ea? x because ! air has exp&$4 ,! room a=e-m5tion$ su/a9s a pressure ( #ehhj on its floor & a l pressure on its ceil+1 & a half ( ?is pressure on ea* ( ! sides ( ! room4 ,! room does n collapse because ! air ex]ts a l pressure on ! outside ( ! room & ! two pressures are equal--"o inw>d & ! o!r outw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,m]curial ,b>omet]4 ,! glass tube on "r is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,) ! ?umb ov] ! op5 end1 x is rev]s$ s t its op5 end re/s "u ! surface 9 a bas9 ( m]cury on ! left1 & ! m]cury 9 ! tube falls to n1 at :i* po9t x is su/a9$ by pressure ( ! air on surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! bas94 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,b>omet]4 ,9 #afdc "s ,flor5t9e g>d5]s f\nd t !y c\ld pump wat] only ?irty-?ree feet high4 ,?is is because ! entire volume ( air1 if x 7 compress$ to ! d5sity ( wat]1 w\ld equal a cov]+ ar\nd ! e>? ( t dep?4 ,:5 ! g>d5]s fir/ began to "w ! plung]s 9 _! pump up & d[n !y did n get wat]2 x 0 necess>y = !m fir/ to pump out all ! air 9 ! pipe lead+ d[n to ! wat] 9 ! well2 !n ! wat] rose into ! vacuum ?us creat$1 & x rose to a height t j balanc$ ! weight or pressure ( ! :ole body ( air t re/s ^u ! e>?4 ,n[1 if ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>? c\ld be r$uc$ to ! d5sity ( m]cury x w\ld equal a cov]+ only ?irty in*es deep2 ?is is :y ! m]cury normally /&s at ?irty in*es high 9 ! v]tical vacuum tube ( ! b>omet]4 7,figure #g47 ,9 ! complete b>omet] a graduat$ scale is atta*$ s z to measure ! fluctuations 9 ! height ( ! m]cury4 ,if "o 7 to asc5d 9 a balloon x w\ld be f\nd t ! m]cury w\ld /eadily fall ) increas+ altitude1 until at eighte5 ?\s& feet "o half ( ! atmosph]e w\ld be left bel[ & ! in/rum5t w\ld read only fifte5 in*es in/ead ( ?irty4 ,9 asc5d+ to ! top ( ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 #eee feet1 ! pressure ( ! air decreases ov] "o half in*4 ,! b>omet] rises & falls ) ! passage ( /orms because w9d movem5t displaces air & causes x to accumulate at "s places & become defici5t at o!rs1 b 9 ord] to comp>e b>omet]s expos$ at _m diff]5t elevations ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! geographic position ( /orm c5t]s--( cyclones & anti-cyclones--x is necess>y to r$uce all b>ometric read+s to sea level4 ,wea!r ,records ,turn ! ,scales ( ,ju/ice4 ,h[ trivial ! incid5t t may *ange ! :ole c\rse ( a lifetime & lead to peace & happ9ess or to discord & sorr[6 ,likewise ! p>t+ ( ! cl\ds & ! com+ ?r\gh ( ! sun%9e1 or ! mom5t ( ! beg9n+ ( ra9fall1 or ! am\nt ( ra9 t falls )9 a giv5 "t1 or ! direction ( ! w9d1 or ! velocity ( ! w9d1 or ! temp]ature ( ! air1 or ! dep? ( ! sn[fall lit]ally ?\s&s ( times has furni%$ ! evid5ce 9 c\rts ( law t has turn$ ! scales ( ju/ice 9 civil suits involv+ l>ge sums ( money1 & 9 crim9al cases :]e a prison s5t5ce or ! hangman's noose ?reat5$ ! def5dant4 ,= illu/ration let u say t a %ip breaks f its moor+1 cra%es into ano!r %ip 9 ! h>bor & s9ks x4 ,if ! =ce ( ! /orm is no great] ?an has previ\sly occurr$ 9 t h>bor1 ! fir/ %ip is liable = ! loss ( ! second %ip4 ,b if ! automatically record+ in/rum5ts ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau %[ t at t "t ! velocity ( ! w9d 0 great] ?an ev] _h be5 kn[n be=e1 !n ! loss is due to 8an act ( ,god0 & ! %ip t broke h] moor+ is n liable = damages to ! %ip t 0 sunk1 provid$ prop] provision 0 made = su* velocity ( w9d z reasonably might be expect$ to occur ) ! passage ( a /orm4 ,to cite a case t actually occurr$3 ,a railroad company 0 su$ = ! loss ( a million doll>s' wor? ( lumb] t 0 burn$1 z alleg$1 by sp>ks f "o ( its locomotives4 ,"h came 9 ! w9d records ( ! ,gov]nm5t & prov$ t at ! "t ( ! />t+ ( ! fire ! w9d 0 /eadily & =cefully bl[+ 9 a direction opposite to :at w\ld c>ry ! sp>ks to ! lumb]1 & ! company 0 protect$ aga9/ an unju/ v]dict4 ,aga9 heavy ra9 fell 9 excess ( ! capacity ( ! sew]s ( a city to c>ry away ! wat]1 & private prop]ty 0 damag$ by ! flood4 ,9 ?is case ! city 0 compell$ to pay = ! damage to prop]ty1 because ! records ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau %[$ t previ\s ra9falls _h be5 ( equal or great] am\nt 9 ! same p]iod ( "t1 & ! city %\ld h con/ruct$ its sew]s ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry away su* precipitation z exp]i5ce %[$ 0 liable to occur4 ,! writ] 0 once an exp]t witness 9 :at !n 0 a fam\s case4 ,! def5dant1 a "y & h&some woman previ\sly ( unimpea*able "*1 0 be+ su$ = divorce4 ,two witnesses swore t !y _h se5 h] come to an op5 w9d[1 fac+ s\?1 at sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 9 a h\se 9 :i* %e %\ld n h be51 /& = sev]al m9utes look+ into ! g>d5 ^u :i* ! w9d[ fac$1 clad only 9 h] night robe4 ,un=tunately ! woman 0 n able to e/abli% a satisfactory alibi = ! morn+ 9 "q1 & %e /ood fac+ a t]rible calamity ) no p[] to e/abli% h] innoc5ce4 ,h] accus]s _h giv5 z a reason :y %e /ood s long at ! op5 w9d[ t ! morn+ 0 w>m & balmy4 ,b1 =tunately = ! innoc5t woman1 ! wea!r records came to h] def5se :5 h] case seem$ hopeless & h] life 0 ab\t to be blight$ ) a sc&al f :i* %e nev] w\ld be able to free h]self1 & prov$ t at ! v "t :5 %e 0 suppos$ to h be5 /&+ 9 ! op5 w9d[ a torr5tial ra9 0 fall+ & a w9d ( fifty miles p] h\r 0 beat+ ^u ! outside ( ! w9d[ panes4 ,! woman 0 acquitt$ & "o ( ! witnesses sp5t sev]al hundr$ balmy morn+s beh9d prison b>s4 ,at ano!r "t ! writ] came into a case :]e a robb] _h %ot & kill$ a citiz5 :o surpris$ him 9 ! committ+ ( 8 crime4 ,! robb] 0 on trial = murd] & 8 lawy]s 7 attempt+ to cle> him by ! introduction ( evid5ce to prove t ! day 0 s foggy t ! ,/ate's witnesses _h blund]$ & seiz$ ! wrong man :5 !y *as$ ! murd]] ar\nd a corn]4 ,! wea!r exp]t de/roy$ ! only evid5ce t t5d$ to raise a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! jury z to ! man's guilt1 by te/ify+ t fog c\ld come to ! surface ( ! e>? only :5 ! air 0 abnormally light & ! w9d calm or only g5tle2 :ile at ! "t ( ! murd] ! b>omet] 0 unusually high & ! w9d brisk4 ,"h aga9 ! meteorological records aid$ 9 v9dicat+ ! "r1 & secur$ ! conviction & execution ( a brutal murd]]4 ,a rem>kable case 0 t 9 :i* a tramp 0 be+ tri$ = ! murd] ( a mis]ly old woman :o 0 believ$ to c>ry a l>ge am\nt ( money ab\t h] p]son4 ,! tramp came to h] door & ask$ = food4 ,%e took him 9 & f$ him & soon !reaft] he 0 se5 ha/ily to leave ! h\se4 ,an h\r aft] he _h gone ! woman 0 f\nd murd]$ & h] clo?+ rifl$4 ,! tramp 0 ov]tak51 f\nd to h a l>ge am\nt ( money ( small d5om9ations 9 8 pockets1 indict$1 & plac$ on trial4 ,! pr9cipal witness = ! ,/ate 0 a man :o 0 repair+ a froz5 wat] pipe 9 a tr5* by ! side ( ! h\se opposite to t by :i* ! tramp ent]$ & left4 ,he saw ! bl[ /ruck1 ran 9 fe> to 8 home1 & !n in=m$ ! police4 ,9 expla9+ h[ he came to see ! crim9al act1 he te/ifi$ t he climb$ out ( ! tr5* to get a dr9k f a bucket /&+ ne> by1 & z he rais$ ! bucket 8 eye came 9 l9e ) a w9d[ ( ! h\se1 ?r\gh :i* he witness$ ! murd]4 ,! case seem$ cle> aga9/ ! tramp1 z o!r witnesses _h se5 him ent] & leave ! h\se & positively recogniz$ him4 ,j "h 8 lawy] ask$ ! tr5* digg] h[ long ! wat] bucket _h be5 sitt+ by ! side ( ! tr5*4 ,! latt] said x _h be5 !re f #g o'clock until #aj4 ,!n ! wea!r records came 9 to conf\nd ! falsifi] & to v9dicate innoc5ce1 = ! automatic trac+ ( ! p5 t records e movem5t ( ! temp]ature prov$ t ! temp]ature _h n be5 above z]o any "t dur+ ! ?ree h\rs t ! bucket _h be5 expos$ & t x conta9$ a solid *unk ( ice if x conta9$ any?+4 ,! tr5* digg] !n confess$ t he himself 0 ! murd]]4 ,he _h se5 ! tramp ent] & leave & ?\ght x a favorable opportunity to commit ! crime & put ! evid5ce on ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,fro/ ,!re is no?+ 9 ! /udy ( ! atmosph]e t s intimately conc]ns ! horticulturi/ & ! g>d5] z k ( ! conditions "u :i* fro/ =ms1 & ! me?ods t may be pursu$ to ga9 immunity f its disa/r\s effects1 or to less5 ! loss4 ,fro/ does n necess>ily =m f air t has fall5 to ! freez+ po9t1 z _m suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! air t5 feet or less above ! vegetation may be sev]al degrees above freez+ :5 !re is a heavy & de/ructive fro/ ^u vegetation4 ,! fact is t vegetation radiates heat t[>ds a cle> sky fa/] ?an does ! air & may fall to ! freez+ po9t or bel[2 :ile ! air1 except ! molecules actually 9 contact ) ! vegetation1 is consid]ably w>m]4 ,fro/ is n froz5 dew4 ,! wat] vapor is precipitat$1 or r congeal$1 ^u ! vegetation )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! liquid /ate at all4 ,fro/ is spok5 ( z light1 heavy1 & kill+4 ,tomato plants are kill$ by only a light t\* ( fro/1 :ile fruit blossoms w /& sev]al degrees ( cold bel[ freez+4 ,!re=e ! tomato gr[] w\ld consid] z kill+ a fro/ t to ! fruit gr[] w\ld only appe> z light4 ,! radiation ( heat f ! e>? is cont9u\s bo? day & night :5 !re are no cl\ds to ob/ruct ! passage ( ! heat rays4 ,! am\nt receiv$ f ! sun dur+ ! day is great] ?an ! loss by radiation f ! e>? & ! temp]ature ( ! air rises4 ,aft] ! sett+ ( ! sun ! radiation ( ! e>? goes on b !re is no incom+ heat f ! sun to (fset ! loss & ! temp]ature ( ! air falls4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! soil & vegetation radiate fa/] ?an ! air & ! air 9 imm$iate contact ) ! soil is cool$ by conduction to x4 ,?us ov] a level pla9 on a cle> calm night !re is f\nd a relatively ?9 lay] ( cold air ne> ! gr\nd1 :i* increases 9 temp]ature up to two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ feet1 or :i* may be only five or t5 feet deep4 ,ov] slop+ gr\nd ! =ce ( gravity t5ds to cause ?is ?9 surface lay] ( cold air to move d[n ! slope & to ga!r 9 depressions 9 some:at ! same mann] z wat] w\ld move4 ,su* movem5t is call$ ,air ,dra9age4 ,( c\rse ?is air is sl[ly ga9+ heat by compression z x passes to l[] levels1 b x is hugg+ closely to ! cold e>? & los+ by conduction mu* or all t x ?us ga9s by compression4 ,aft] a /udy ( ! cont\r ( ! region ) respect to air dra9age ! writ] pur*as$ a consid]able tract ( l& ne> ,rockville1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 & plant$ ext5sive or*>ds !reon1 ) ! result ( h>ve/+ n9e successful crops ( fruit 9 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s aft] ! trees became l>ge en\gh to be>4 ,) ! composition & ! surface cov]+ ( ! soil ! same1 ! l[ places 9 a field are always ! ones t suff] mo/ :5 fro/ is possible4 ,figure #h %[s a m9imum temp]ature ( #be to h occurr$ at ! base ( a /eep hillside :5 on ! high] gr\nd at an elevation ( b fifty feet ! l[e/ temp]ature 0 #dd1 & at two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet up ! m\nta9side ! m9imum 0 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,cont9u\s records ( ! temp]ature f #d ,p4,m4 to #i ,a4,m4 at ! base & at diff]5t heights above ! base ( a /eep hillside1 %[+ ! great diff]5ces 9 temp]ature t sometimes develop on a cle>1 /ill night4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature at ! base 0 l[ en\gh to cause consid]able damage to fruit1 ! l[e/ temp]ature #bbe feet above on ! slope 0 only #ea4 ,note t ! duration ( ! l[e/ temp]ature 0 mu* %ort] on ! hillside ?an at ! base4--,wea!r ,bureau4 ,9 select+ a location = an or*>d x is n s mu* a problem ( elevation above sea level z elevation above ! surr\nd+ region4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! slope faces makes little diff]5ce4 ,! prime consid]ation is to get suffici5t air dra9age to ga9 ! greate/ protection aga9/ fro/ )\t select+ l& ) su* a /eep slope z to furni% excessive soil dra9age & :i* w\ld be difficult to cultivate & move ab\t ^u 9 ! spray+ ( trees & 9 ! pick+ ( fruit4 ,9 ! ,m>yl& or*>d ! elevation 0 only five hundr$ feet above sea level & only ab\t two hundr$ feet above ! surr\nd+ region1 & ! slope 0 s gradual z almo/ to be imp]ceptible to "o pass+ ov] x4 ,aft] nightfall ! air on m\nta9 peaks & on hills & ridges soon becomes cool] ?an ! air at ! same elevation out ov] ! op5 valley1 due to contact ) ! elevat$ e>?1 :i* radiates heat & cools fa/] ?an ! air4 ,wat] vapor has a great capacity = heat4 ,x is ! mo/ effective ( ! v>i\s gases pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ob/ruct+ radiation ( heat f ! e>?1 z well z 9 absorb+ incom+ radiation f ! sun4 ,! night temp]ature1 !re=e1 falls m sl[ly :5 ! relative humidity is high ?an :5 x is l[1 t is to say1 :5 ! air is ne>] saturation1 or ne>] its dew po9t4 ,drops ( wat] t collect on ! outside ( a pit*] ( ice wat] on a w>m day are =m$ ?r\gh ! *ill+ ( ! air 9 contact ) ! pit*]2 !y beg9 to =m z soon z ! temp]ature ( ! pit*] rea*es ! dew po9t ( ! air1 :i* temp]ature v>ies 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( wat] vapor pres5t 9 ! air at ! "t4 ,aft] sund[n ! temp]ature ( expos$ objects falls1 ( "s fa/] ?an o!rs1 dep5d+ on _! capacities = radiation4 ,vegetation radiates freely & (t5 falls to ! dew po9t ( ! air1 at :i* "t dew beg9s to =m on x & cont9ues to be deposit$ z long z ! temp]ature rema9s above freez+4 ,n[1 "h c>efully note t if ! dew po9t is above #cb ! cond5sation ( wat] vapor 9 ! =m ( dew lib]ates lat5t heat1 :i* usually w be suffici5t to *eck ! fall ( temp]ature & prev5t ! =mation ( fro/4 ,if ! dew po9t ( ! air is #cb or l[] fro/ =ms4 ,if ! dew po9t is v l[ ! temp]ature may fall l[ en\gh to cause mu* damage )\t ! =mation ( any fro/4 ,z an example1 if ! dew po9t be #bj & ! temp]ature falls to #bd mu* damage might be done to gr[+ crops & no fro/ appe>4 ,?is ph5om5on is call$ black fro/2 x seldom occurs4 ,f ! =ego+ x might be assum$ t ! possibilities ( fro/ might safely be =eca/ f an obs]vation to det]m9e ! relative humidity tak5 e>ly 9 ! ev5+1 b un=tunately exp]i5ce has %[n t reliance _c be plac$ 9 su* me?od ( =eca/+1 z ! humid air ( e>ly ev5+ may be displac$ by mu* dri] air be=e ! h\r ( m9imum temp]ature ! next morn+4 ,"o ( ! be/ locations to ga9 immunity f fro/ at ! critical p]iod ( plant gr[? is imm$iately to ! leew>d ( a consid]able body ( wat]4 ,w9d bl[+ f a l>ge body ( wat] is always heavily lad5 ) moi/ure1 :i* decreases ! rate ( radiation bo? day & night1 b especially dur+ ! p]iod ( cold 9 ! e>ly morn+ :5 fro/ is liable to occur4 ,su* w9ds1 l>gely affect$ by ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ov] :i* !y h pass$1 modify ! temp]atures ( bo? day & night4 ,! all-important condition = ! =mation ( fro/ is an atmosph]e already cool1 ) a g5tle nor?we/ w9d & a cle> sky1 :i* condition1 ) m or less coolness1 always accompanies ! high b>ometric areas t foll[ ! l[-pressure areas ( w>m?1 cl\d9ess1 & moi/ure4 ,at an exp5se ( two millions ( doll>s p] annum ! ,gov]nm5t ma9ta9s "s two hundr$ obs]vation /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & twice daily telegraphs obs]vations to all ! l>ge cities ( ! nation1 b un=tunately 9 _m cases ^! are n publi%$ = ! b5efit ( ! p :o c\ld make valuable use ( !m4 ,! ,bureau's own d$uctions f ^! obs]vations1 9 ! =m ( =eca/s & w>n+s1 are extremely valuable1 b an ev5 great] s]vice c\ld be r5d]$ ! public by neatly li?ograph+ an ev5+ wea!r map & mail+ x f all l>ge cities ea* night1 s t e intellig5t p]son ^: bus9ess is affect$ by ! wea!r c\ld1 ?r\gh a /udy ( ! *apt] on ,=eca/+ 9 ?is book1 judge = himself z to ! effect t ! com+ wea!r may h on 8 p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,"o c\ld !n wat* ! movem5ts ( ! high b>ometric areas & ! l[ areas & become wea!rwise himself1 & he :o /udi$ ^! *>ts ! mo/ dilig5tly w\ld h an advantage ov] less progressive competitors4 ,evaporation goes on at all temp]atures1 ev5 bel[ freez+ & f solid ice1 its rate1 ( c\rse1 be+ dim9i%$ by l[ temp]atures4 ,at times1 9 spr+ or fall1 ! temp]ature ( ! air ov] riv]s1 :5 !re is little w9d1 falls s f> bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] t ! wat] vapor ris+ f ! riv] by evaporation is quickly cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( fog1 :i* may cov] a "p or all ( ! l[ contigu\s l&1 *eck+ radiation & prev5t+ a fur!r fall 9 temp]ature4 ,9 valleys ne> ! ocean1 fog sometimes drifts 9 f ! wat] :5 fro/ is imm95t & prev5ts its =mation4 ,on nights ) fog1 contr>y to ! usual condition1 ! hillsides are always cold] ?an ! l[l&s1 unless ! fog ext5ds high en\gh to cov] !m4 ,9 #ahia-ahid ! writ]1 9 /udy+ ! conditions "u :i* fro/ =ms on ! cranb]ry bogs ( ,wiscons91 0 impress$ ) ! fact t ! occurr5ce ( fro/ on a giv5 field dep5d$ z mu* on ! "* ( ! surface & its cov]+ z x did on ! temp]ature ( ! air a few feet above1 "o place receiv+ an injuri\s fro/1 ano!r a light fro/1 & /ill ano!r none at all1 :ile ea* _h ! same conditions z to temp]ature1 w9d velocity & direction1 & all 7 at ! same elevation1 s t ! diff]5ces c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by air dra9age4 ,9 "o case ! m>% 0 cleanly cultivat$ & cov]$ ) s&1 9 ano!r !re 0 clean cultivation b no s&1 & 9 /ill ano!r case !re 0 a ?ick gr[? ( vegetation4 ,z ! result ( a long s]ies ( obs]vations conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,j4 ,cox1 work+ "u ! directions ( ! writ]1 m9imum !rmomet]s 7 plac$ among ! v9es ov] newly s&$ surfaces 9 two m>%es1 "o at ,cranmoor & "o at ,ma!r1 ,wiscons94 ,! locations select$ = ?is inquiry repres5t$ ! be/ results t c\ld be secur$ f s&+1 dra9+1 & cultivat+4 ,comp>ison 0 made at ea* m>% betwe5 ! read+s tak5 close to ! v9es ( ! clean "p ( ! m>% & ^? tak5 close to ! surface ov] ! uns&$ peat bog4 ,! av]age l[e/ night temp]ature ov] ! s& = ! f\r mon?s 0 #e4i high] ?an ov] ! peat at ,cranmoor1 & #d4b at ,ma!r4 ,on "o night ! m9imum ov] ! surface at ,cranmoor 0 #ab high] ?an ov] ! peat1 :ile at ,ma!r a diff]5ce ( n9e degrees 0 record$ on ano!r night4 ,?r\gh cultivation ! m>% may be kept free f we$s1 moss1 or o!r rank gr[?1 ?us p]mitt+ ! sun's rays to rea* ! soil & increase its temp]ature dur+ ! day1 :ile a gr[? ( ?ick vegetation scre5s ! soil f ! sun's rays1 & !re is consequ5tly less heat 9 ! latt] soil to be giv5 out dur+ ! h\rs ( l[ temp]ature at night4 ,dra9age l[]s ! specific heat ( ! soil & decreases ! cool+ effect ( evaporation4 ,!re=e1 "u sun%9e1 ! dry soil becomes w>m] ?an ! wet &1 :e!r or n x has a great] quantity ( heat to give (f at night1 x has a high] temp]ature & !re=e radiates m freely to ! air above4 ,a cov]+ ( s& likewise l[]s ! specific heat ( ! surface & !reby causes x to ga9 a high] temp]ature dur+ ! day ?an an uns&$ surface receiv+ ! same sol> rays4 ,x !re=e radiates m rapidly at ! critical "t :5 heat is ne$$ to prev5t ! temp]ature ( vegetation f fall+ to ! freez+ po9t & ga9+ a deposit ( fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,cont9u\s records ( ! temp]ature #e feet & #ce feet above gr\nd on a t[] 9 a pe> or*>d4 ,note ! l>ge diff]5ce 9 temp]ature at ! two levels be=e ! or*>d heat]s 7 light$ at #d ,a4,m4 ,by #e ,a4,m4 ! temp]ature 0 practically ! same at ! two levels1 %[+ t ! heat f ! burn+ oil _h be5 ne>ly all exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! air )9 #ce feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is po9t is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! fact t at #e ,a4,m4 :5 mo/ ( ! heat]s 7 ext+ui%$1 ! temp]ature at ! #e-;foot level fell rapidly1 :ile x rema9$ practically /ation>y at ! #ce-;foot level4--,wea!r ,bureau4 ,9 _m or*>ds 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates1 :]e fruit gr[+ is highly pr(itable & ! injury f fro/ m ?an probable e ye>1 an ext5sive use is made ( oil & o!r fuel-burn+ heat]s betwe5 ! r[s ( trees4 ,^? :o wi% fur!r in=mation ) reg>d to ?is matt] %\ld s5d to ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 = ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajif4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld seem t heat s appli$ w\ld be bl[n away or in/antly escape upw>d4 ,b on fro/y nights !re is n mu* w9d2 if !re is1 !re is little dang] f fro/4 ,& !n1 z previ\sly /at$1 on su* nights !re is :at is call$ temp]ature inv]sion1 & ! temp]ature actually rises ) ! fir/ few feet ( asc5t1 & ! heat$ air soon rea*es air ( its own temp]ature1 :5 no fur!r asc5t occurs4 ,:5 ! air =ty feet f ! gr\nd is t5 degrees w>m] ?an x is ar\nd & 9 contact ) vegetation1 z (t5 occurs on fro/y nights1 ! heat f ! fires is ne>ly all exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! air )9 ?is =ty feet4 ,figure #i furni%es ! result ( an exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! correctness ( ! =ego+ !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,av]age dates ( la/ kill+ fro/ 9 spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,av]age dates ( fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 fall4 ,figures #aj & #aa %[ ! av]age dates ( ! la/ kill+ fro/ 9 spr+1 & ( ! fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 fall4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w9d ,,& ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,cause ,,( ,,local ,,w9ds ,,& ,,( ,,g5]al ,,circulation ,g5]al ,circulation4 ,diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 *ang+ ! specific gravity ( ! air1 are ! cause ( ! g5]al circulation ( ! atmosph]e ab\t ! e>?1 modifi$ by ! rotation ( ! e>?2 likewise ! local circulation betwe5 l& & wat] is caus$ by ! diff]5t quantities ( heat radiat$ by ! two widely diff]+ =ms ( matt]1 ea* atta9+ to a diff]5t temp]ature "u ! influ5ce ( ! same sol> radiation2 & ! infl[ ( w9ds to ! cyclone & ! outfl[ f ! anti-cyclone are due to ! same =ces t cause ! g5]al & ! local circulations4 ,if !re 7 no diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! equator & ! poles ! atmosph]e w\ld soon adju/ itself 9 accordance ) ! laws ( gravity1 modifi$ by ! c5trifugal =ce develop$ f ! rotation ( ! e>?1 & ! atmosph]e =ev] w\ld be at re/ relative to ! e>?1 mov+ ) x z if x 7 a "p ( ! solid sph]e ?r\gh\t its diurnal rotation on its axis & its annual movem5t ab\t ! sun4 ,b !re is a decid$ diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! equator & ! poles & betwe5 l& & wat] surfaces2 h5ce a g5]al circulation1 modifi$ & di/ort$ by num]\s local movem5ts1 :i*1 9 turn1 may be modifi$ by ! height ( hills & m\nta9s & ! direction ( _! tr5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,trade w9d circulation & reason = belts ( high pressure at latitudes #cj ,n4 & ,s4 t ext5d ar\nd globe z %[n by ,figure #ac4 ,let u trace a curr5t ( air ?r\gh its c\rse z %[n 9 ,figure #ab & ! reason = ! bl[+ ( ! trade w9ds w be app>5t1 z w ! reason = ! location ( a belt ( high pressure at latitudes #cj nor? & s\? encircl+ ! globe4 ,at ! equator !re is a belt ( calms4 ,"h ! air g5tly asc5ds "u ! int5se heat ( v]tical sun%9e4 ,x is humid1 = !re is mu* wat] surface 9 ! region ( ! equator1 & ! air c>ries va/ quantities ( wat] vapor al(t1 lat] to be precipitat$ z torr5tial ra9s 9 ! ,tropical ,zone1 z ! air cools by expansion 9 its asc5t4 ,?is air exp&s or bulges upw>d & ov]fl[s al(t nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 caus+ l[ air pressure at ! equator1 because ( ! quantity ( air mov$ to o!r latitudes1 :i* m ?an comp5sates = ! am\nt bank$ up ov] ! equator by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #a4--;,,high ,,& ,,l[ ,,c5t]s ,,( ,,action ,,& ,,prevail+ ,,w9ds ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,july 7,bu*an74 ,s9ce air1 pass+ away f ! equator1 mu/ pass successively ov] p>allels ( latitude hav+ less ea/]ly velocity ?an t ) :i* x />t$ its j\rney1 x runs ahead ( ! e>?1 &1 relative to ! surface ( ! e>?1 has a direction f ! s\?we/ nor? ( ! equator1 & f ! nor?we/ s\? ( ! equator4 ,our curr5t 0 divid$ at an altitude probably ( six miles above ! equator1 "o half foll[+ ! nor!rn & ! o!r half ! s\!rn circuit4 ,x 0 cool$ by elevation & by radiation outw>d to space & z a result ga9$ 9 weight & gradually desc5d$1 rea*+ ! e>? at ab\t latitudes #cj nor? & s\?1 & caus+ an accumulation ( air at ^? latitudes & ! belt ( high pressure t irregul>ly surr\nds ! e>?4 ,9 desc5d+ 9 ! belt ! air breaks up into a numb] ( anti-cyclonic sy/ems1 sub-p]man5t highs or ,c5t]s ( ,action1 :i* h s mu* to d ) initiat+ ! migratory ,highs & ,l[s t create ! wea!r ( ! e>?1 z w be fully expla9$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ,wea!r ,=eca/+4 ,! int5sity ( ^! c5t]s ( action is modifi$ & _! geographic positions %ift$ ) *ange ( season4 7,see ,*>ts #a & #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #b4--;,,high ,,& ,,l[ ,,c5t]s ,,( ,,action ,,& ,,prevail+ ,,w9ds ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,janu>y 7,bu*an74 ,trade ,w9ds4 ,b to return to ! curr5t t we left z x divid$ above ! equator 7,figure #ab7 & desc5d$ on an incl9$ plane to latitudes #cj nor? & s\?4 ,x is cool] & dry] & heavi] ?an :5 x />t$ to asc5d & x has lo/ ! ?\s& miles p] h\r & m ea/]ly velocity t x _h at ! equator & n[ only has ! velocity t belongs to latitude #cj2 !re=e z x moves t[>d ! equator f ei!r side x lags beh9d latitudes ^: ea/]ly velocity is great]1 & x takes up a direction p>tly t[>d ! we/1 :i*1 relative to ! e>?1 makes x a nor!a/ w9d 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e & a s\!a/ w9d 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,& ?us is e/abli%$ a circulation ! l[] "p ( :i* is kn[n z ! 8trade w9ds40 7,figure #ac47 ,navigators pr(it l>gely by avail+ !mselves ( ! we/ w9ds 9 ! middle latitudes & ( ! ea/ w9ds 9 ! tropics4 ,to ! d>+ & p]si/5ce ( ,columbus1 & ! =ce & con/ancy ( ! trade w9ds :i* blew him we/w>d1 we owe ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,av]age surface w9ds & pressure ( ! globe4 ,w9ds ( ,middle ,latitudes4 ,n[ /udy ,figure #ab & associate ! in=mation x conveys ) t ( ,figure #ac1 & obs]ve t f ! two belts ( high pressure ! air is pu%$ outw>d on bo? sides4 ,9 ea* case x />ts z a true nor? or s\? w9d1 b1 due to ! rotation ( ! e>?1 is always & ev]y:]e deflect$ to ! "r 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e & to ! left 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 & ?is deflection increases until :at />t$ z a polew>d w9d 9 ! middle latitudes soon becomes almo/ a due we/ w9d4 ,9 ?is region ( we/ w9ds cyclonic /orms are m frequ5t ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,n[ get cle> 9 ! m9d ! fact t no matt] :at may be ! direction ( ! w9d inside a cyclonic or anti-cyclonic :irl 7(t5 "o ?\s& miles 9 diamet]71 ! :irl is c>ri$ t[>d ! ea/ by ! g5]al drift f ! we/ ( ! w9ds betwe5 latitudes #cj & #fj1 & t[>d ! we/ 9 ! region ( ! trade w9ds4 ,l[ ,b>omet] at ! ,poles4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! air is contract$ & r5d]$ d5s] by ! great cold ( ! ,arctic regions1 ! pressure rema9s l[ because ( ! quantity ( air driv5 equatorw>d by ! c5trifugal =ce bo? ( ! e>? & ( ! w9ds !mselves z !y rim ahead ( ! e>? & encircle ! globe 9 ! middle latitudes4 ,data too ,meag] to ,%[ ,full ,circulation ,al(t ( ! ,atmosph]e ( ! ,globe4 ,_m *>ts h be5 publi%$ 9 ! attempt to %[ h[ ! atmosph]e circulates bel[ & al(t ?r\gh ! :ole _w4 ,!y only h speculative value1 z our k is too limit$ to p]mit u to unravel ! complexities ( all ! upp] movem5ts4 ,ra9 ,w9ds ( ! ,tropics4 ,! trade w9ds1 mo/ly mov+ ov] wat] surfaces1 are lad5 ) moi/ure1 b1 ga9+ temp]ature z !y move t[>ds ! equator1 _! capacity to hold wat] vapor /eadily increases1 & !re=e !y d n become ra9 w9ds unless =c$ to asc5d by ! int]position ( m\nta9s1 or until cool$ by asc5sion at ! equator4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w does ! air rise s /eadily & 9 su* great volume z 9 ! equatorial belt ( calms & l[ pressure4 ,h5ce ?is is ! region ( greate/ ra9fall4 ,dur+ ! two ra9y seasons1 spr+ & fall1 ! day op5s cle>2 ne> midday ! cl\ds ga!r & ra9 falls e>ly 9 ! aft]noon2 aft] :i* x quickly cle>s4 ,?is is s regul> a program t "o lays 8 plans accord+ly4 ,!re is almo/ no ra9 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y2 ?is is because ! belt ( calms & ! infl[+ trade w9ds move nor?w>d & s\?w>d ) ! migrations ( ! sun1 & 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 ! sun be+ f> s\?1 ! nor!rn trades1 ) _! ra9less w9ds1 cov] ! equator & ! region =m]ly occupi$ by ! belt ( calms4 ,9 midsumm] ! sun is f> nor? & !n ! s\!rn trades move up & give dryness to ! equator4 ,9 ! nor!rn trades1 ( ! mod]ate am\nt ( ra9 t falls1 ! great] quantity falls 9 summ]2 9 ! s\!rn trades ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,ra9 ( ! ,high-,pressure ,belts & ( ! ,regions ( ,we/ ,w9ds4 ,9 ! high-pressure belts ! air is settl+ d[n & ga9+ heat by compression & !re is n mu* horizontal movem5t4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 regions ( b little ra9fall1 & all ! great des]ts occur 9 or ne> !m4 ,! belts ( we/ w9ds are ! regions ( mo/ frequ5t cyclonic activities4 ,"h ! ra9fall is q equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> & is ! result ( ! mix+ ( ! air by /orms & its cool+ by expansion z x is c>ri$ upw>d 9 ! migrat+ :irl4 ,circulation betwe5 ,cont95ts & ,oceans4 ,9 ,*apt] ,x1 "u ! sub-caption 8,influ5ce ( ,cont95ts & ,oceans on ,climate01 ! circulation betwe5 !m is well expla9$4 ,9 g5]al ! movem5t is f ! cont95t to ! oceans 9 w9t]1 ) ! air fl[+ inw>d al(t to settle d[n & take ! place ( t :i* passes out to sea4 ,9 summ] ! directions are rev]s$4 ,daily ,v>iation 9 ,coa/al ,w9ds4 ,9 summ]1 :5 !re are no =ceful /orm w9ds bl[+ /eadily f "o direction = sev]al h\rs at a "t1 !re w daily spr+ up g5tle to fre% w9ds f ! surface ( oceans & l>ge lakes to ! l&1 because ( ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays 9 heat+ ! l& to a high] temp]ature ?an x does ! wat]4 ,^! w9ds w n appe> on cl\dy days & !y w ext5d inl& b a few miles4 ,monsoon ,w9ds4 ,dur+ w9t] ! va/ cont95t ( ,eurasia 7,europe & ,asia7 cools to su* an extremely l[ temp]ature z to develop a ,high1 or c5t] ( action1 ( great en]gy & ext5t1 :i* drives a /eady dry monsoon into ! ,indian ,ocean & ,*9a ,sea4 ,unlike ! trade w9ds1 ^! w9ds rev]se _! direction 9 ! summ]2 !n ! int5se heat ( ! cont95t to ! nor? develops an ext5sive ,l[1 :i* draws ! ocean w9ds inl& & ext5ds its influ5ce s f> s\? z to attract ! s\!a/ trade w9ds ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e &1 turn+ !m s t !y fl[ f ! s\?we/1 cont9ue !m f> into ! int]ior ( ,asia4 ,s9ce ! summ] monsoon bl[s f a tropical sea x comes heavily lad5 ) wat] vapor & z x rises ov] ! m\nta9s ( ! great ,himalayan sy/em copi\s ra9s are precipitat$4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t monsoon influ5ce 9 v>i\s degrees is felt1 b 9 no place is ! monsoon s important z 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,indian ,ocean4 7,*>ts #ae & #af47 ,fhn ,w9ds4 ,?is is a hot w9d t sometimes bl[s d[n a m\nta9 side 9 ! ,alps4 ,9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s x is call$ ! ,*9ook ,w9d4 ,x is caus$ by moi/ure-lad5 air be+ drawn ov] a high m\nta9 s quickly t ! heat lib]at$ 9 cond5sation does n h "t to escape by radiation4 ,! air cools by expansion z x asc5ds on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta91 b x ga9s ?is all back by compression z x desc5ds1 & x has add$ to its temp]ature mu* ( ! heat ( cond5sation4 ,x is dry & gre$ily evaporates sn[ f ! gr\nd 9 w9t]1 cle>+ (f a deep cov]+ )9 a few h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,h[ w9ds w\ld bl[ into a cyclone on a non-rotat+ e>?4 ,h[ ,w9ds ,are ,deflect$ by ,e>?'s ,rotation4 ,e free-mov+ ?+1 :e!r w9d or projectile1 is deflect$ to ! "r ( its initial direction by ! rotation ( ! e>? 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e & to ! left 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 unless ! object be mov+ exactly along ! l9e ( ! equator4 ,w9ds mov+ inw>d to a ,l[ are !re=e s deflect$ z to cause ! cyclone to gyrate 9 a direction contr>y to ! movem5ts ( ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,9 an anti-cyclone ! movem5t is ) ! wat*4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ^! w9d directions are rev]s$4 ,figure #ad gives an illu/ration ( :at w\ld be ! movem5t ( air inw>d to a cyclone on a non-rotat+ e>?4 ,! w9ds w\ld bl[ along radial l9es = a "t1 b1 conv]g+ toge!r z !y began to asc5d1 !y d\btless w\ld soon set up a gyration ab\t ! c5t]4 ,on a non-rotat+ e>? ?is gyration w\ld be clockwise z (t5 z x w\ld be anti-clockwise1 b on a rotat+ e>? ! gyration c be 9 b "o direction4 7,figure #ae47 ,ev5 tornadoes1 ^: diamet]s ( rotation are nev] b a few hundr$ feet1 obey ?is law4 ,9 little du/ :irls1 9 :i* ! movem5ts ( air may be compreh5d$ f ! motion ( ! tra% t is :irl$ ab\t & :i* are tornadoes 9 m9iature1 ! direction ( gyration may be ei!r way4 ,!y are too small = ! deflect+ =ce to be appreciable1 & x may be t ! tornado is =c$ to take its direction ( gyration f ! cyclone 9 ^: s\!a/ qu>t] x has its orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,deflection ( w9d due to e>?'s rotation4 ,h[ ,w9d ,velocity ,increases ) ,altitude4 ,figure #af %[s h[ ! velocity ( ! w9d increases ) elevation 9 ! free air up to five ?\s& met]s 7ab\t ?ree miles74 ,! av]age = ! ye>1 = ! summ] & = ! w9t]1 is giv54 ,x increases mo/ rapidly up to six hundr$ met]s 9 summ] & up to eight hundr$ met]s 9 w9t]4 ,f ^! two heights !re is a /eady & pron\nc$ sl[+ d[n ( ! w9d up to "o ?\s& met]s2 aft] :i* x increases up to five ?\s& met]s1 & h[ f> beyond we "k n4 ,9 w9t] !re is a s+ul> accel]ation ( velocity 9 ! /ratum betwe5 two ?\s& & tw5ty-five hundr$ met]s & !n no increase = ! next five hundr$ met]s2 aft] :i* !re is a uni=m & /eady ga9 up to five ?\s& met]s4 ,/>t+ at two hundr$ & sev5ty met]s1 ! av]age velocity = ! ye> is #c met]s p] second1 or ab\t #g miles p] h\r4 ,at five ?\s& met]s altitude ! av]age = ! ye> is #aa met]s p] second1 or ab\t #bg miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,annual1 summ]1 & w9t] w9d velocities1 ) altitude4 #a1 #ahej feet2 #b1 #bdfg feet2 #c1 #cjhc feet2 #d1 #ae1dag feet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,=eca/ ,,f ,,! ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,map ,,x ,,is ,,n ,,difficult ,,to ,,become ,,wea!rwise ,,& ,,!reby ,,to ,,ga9 ,,advantages ,,9 ,,heal?1 ,,happ9ess1 ,,& ,,bus9ess ,! p]son :o w take ! "t to le>n to int]pret ! daily wea!r map has a decid$ advantage ov] ^? :o are less progressive4 ,! maps may be secur$ by apply+ to any ,wea!r ,bureau /ation4 ,_m memb]s ( comm]cial associations1 hav+ ! advantage ( see+ ! l>ge glass wea!r map t is made ea* morn+ by an obs]v] ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau & display$ on ! floor ( ! association1 h become exp]t wea!r =eca/]s4 ,! value ( ! pr9cipal crops ( ! c\ntry is l>gely influ5c$ by ! wea!r1 z are ! prices ( transportation & indu/rial /ock2 & !re is h>dly a bus9ess t directly or indirectly is n influ5c$ by ! prospects ( com+ wea!r4 ,vessel ma/]s1 long accu/om$ to =eca/ ! ne> approa* ( /orms f ! action ( _! 8glass0 7b>omet]71 n[ h le>n$ t ! daily wea!r map %[s !m at a glance ! height ( n "o b ( _m b>omet]s scatt]$ ov] a wide area & read at ! same mom5t ( "t4 ,!y see t ! direction & ! =ce ( ! w9d are ! results ( diff]5ces 9 air pressure2 t ! air fl[s f a region :]e ! air pressure is great1 t is to say1 :]e ! b>omet]s are high1 t[>ds a region :]e ! pressure is less1 or :]e ! b>omet]s are l[2 & t ! velocity ( ! w9d w be 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( ! air4 ,coa/-wise & lake %ipp+ are !re=e n only affect$ by ! =eca/s made by ! ,wea!r ,bureau b by ! =eca/ made by ! ma/]s !mselves :5 !y c get access to ! daily wea!r map4 ,_! own lives & ! lives & prop]ty ( o!rs are 9 _! keep+4 ,b ! great mass ( intellig5t p h no idea ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! wea!r map & ( ! _m & widely div]sifi$ uses to :i* a /udy ( its data w\ld lead4 ,"o fir/ mu/ le>n ( ! simple mann] 9 :i* ! map is con/ruct$2 !n1 by a comp>ison ( ! map ea* day ) ! prec$+ *>t1 he soon w be able to detect ! beg9n+ ( /orms1 trace !m ?r\gh _! v>i\s migrations z !y cross ! cont95t & f9ally pass out to sea1 bidd+ !m bon voyage z !y g 9 que/ ( a m ea/]n cont95t on :i* to be/[ _! bless+s ( ra9 & active1 purifi$ air2 or1 z x (t5 may happ51 %udd]+ = ! fate ( ! m>9] :o is caught 9 _! fi]ce vortical :irls1 & = ! l& areas t may be laid wa/e by _! gyrat+ =ce4 ,h[ ! ,wea!r ,map ,is ,made4 ,at #h ,a4,m4 to-day ,wa%+ton "t1 :i*1 by ! way1 is ab\t sev5 o'clock at ,*icago1 six at ,d5v]1 & five at ,san ,francisco1 ! obs]v]s at "s two hundr$ /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & contigu\s t]ritory 7 tak+ _! obs]vations & f c>efully /&>diz$ in/rum5ts not+ ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,by #h3bj ,a4,m4 ! b>omet]s at ea* /ation h be5 r$uc$ to sea level1 t is to say1 !y h be5 made to read :at !y w\ld if !y 7 locat$ at ! level ( ! ocean4 ,?us diff]5ces 9 air pressure t are due to diff]5ces 9 elevation are elim9at$1 s t !y may n obscure ^? due to /orm conditions4 ,!n1 = purposes ( brevity & accuracy1 ! obs]vations are r$uc$ to ciph] =m1 & ea* fil$ at ! local telegraph (fice4 ,dur+ ! next ?irty or =ty m9utes ! obs]vations1 ) ! "r ( way ov] all l9es1 are spe$+ to _! de/9ations1 ea* /ation contribut+ its own report1 & receiv+ 9 return su* obs]vations f o!r /ations z x may require4 ,! obs]vations f all /ations are receiv$ at su* important c5t]s z ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 & o!r l>ge cities hav+ ,wea!r ,bureau /ations1 & f ^! c5t]s daily wea!r maps are pr9t$ & issu$ at #aa ,a4,m4 ea* day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #c4--,,w9t] ,,/orm1 ,,decemb] #ae1 #ahic1 #h ,a4,m4 ,black l9es connect places hav+ equal b>ometric pressure2 arr[s po9t 9 direction w9d is bl[+2 figures at end ( arr[s %[ w9d velocity1 :5 x is m ?an light4 cle>2 p>tly cl\dy2 cl\dy2 ,r ra92 ,s sn[4 ,,high indicates c5t] ( anti-cyclone1 or high-pressure area2 ,,l[ indicates c5t] ( cyclone1 or l[-pressure area4 ,l>ge figures %[ av]age temp]ature 9 ea* quadrant ( cyclone4 ,n[ turn to ,*>t #c4 ,heavy black l9es 7isob>s1 mean+ equal pressure7 are drawn ?r\gh places hav+ ! same b>ometric read+4 ,! read+s are omitt$ f ! pr9t$ ,*>t4 ,by draw+ l9es = ea* diff]5ce ( "o t5? ( an in*1 ! high & ! l[-pressure areas 7call$ ,highs & ,l[s7 are soon inclos$ 9 _! prop] circles4 ,^! l9es run 9 oval or circul> =m1 indicat+ t /orms op]ate 9 ! =m ( great atmosph]ic eddies2 t !re are c5tral places ( attraction t[>ds :i* ! air is drawn if ! di/urbance be a l[-pressure area1 ) its usual accompanim5ts ( w>m1 moi/1 & (t5 ra9y wea!r1 & f :i* ! air is driv5 if x be a high-pressure area1 ) cool1 settl$ wea!r4 ,! ^w 8,high0 is writt5 inside ! isob> m>k$ #cj4f1 locat$ 9 s\!rn ,oregon1 & ! same ^w is writt5 inside ! isob> m>k$ #cj4d1 locat$ on ! ,s\? ,atlantic coa/1 & also inside ! isob> #cj4jd1 :i* trav]ses ,nova ,scotia4 ,^! are ! regions ( great air pressure4 ,! ^w 8,l[0 is writt5 at ! c5t] ( ! area inclos$ by ! isob> #bi4f1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,i[a4 ,! latt] is ! region ( lea/ pressure4 ,sometimes !re are sev]al su* regions %[n on ! wea!r map4 ,:y ! ,w9d ,bl[s4 ,"u ! pull ( gravity ! atmosph]e presses d[nw>d & outw>d1 ?us caus+ x to fl[ f ! sev]al regions ( great pressure t[>ds regions ( less pressure4 ,obs]ve ! arr[s1 :i* fly ) ! w9d1 & x w be se5 h[ g5]ally ?is law is obey$4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! w9d moves f ! ,high t[>d ! ,l[ dep5ds on diff]5ces 9 air pressure1 modifi$ 9 ! l[] /ratum by ! friction (f]$ 9 pass+ ov] surfaces ( v>y+ degrees ( r\ghness1 ! spe$ be+ great] ov] a wat] surface ) ! same diff]5ce 9 air pressure ?an ov] a level unwood$ prairie1 & great] ov] ! op5 prairie ?an ov] an irregul> wood$ area4 ,to illu/rate3 ,if ! b>omet] 7 #cj4e at ,bism>k1 ,dakota1 & #bi4e at ,*icago1 x w\ld press ^u ! e>? ) a =ce ( ab\t sev5ty p\nds great] p] squ>e foot at ! fir/ place ?an at ! second4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 pressure w\ld cause ! air to fl[ f ,bism>k t[>ds ,*icago s rapidly t aft] all[+ = ! resi/ance due to friction on ! e>? !re w\ld rema9 a velocity ( "s fifty miles p] h\r1 & ,lake ,mi*igan w\ld exp]i5ce a sev]e 8,nor?we/]02 & if ! w9d cont9u$ f ! same direction = tw5ty-f\r h\rs a mighty sea w\ld beat ^u ! ea/]n %ore ( ! lake1 & m>9]s & m>9e prop]ty w\ld be at ! m]cy ( a de/ructive tempe/ unless ! ,wea!r ,bureau =eca/] 7 al]t & gave w>n+ z soon z he saw su* a juxtaposition ( pressure di/ribution 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,we w give c>eful att5tion to ?is *>t1 = :5 its details are und]/ood1 o!rs w be easily read4 ,! *>t %[s a w9t] /orm c5tral 9 ,i[a on ,decemb] #ae1 #ahic4 ,! ^w 8,l[0 m>ks ! /orm c5t]4 ,x is ! "o place 9 all ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! b>omet] read+ is ! l[e/4 ,! heavy black l9es1 oval & ne>ly conc5tric1 ab\t ! ,l[1 %[ ! gradation ( air pressure z x increases q uni=mly 9 all directions f ! c5t] ( ! /orm outw>d4 ,! arr[s fly ) ! w9d1 &1 z w be se51 almo/ )\t exception are mov+ t[>ds ! ,l[1 or /orm c5t]1 cle>ly demon/rat+ ! effect ( gravity 9 caus+ ! air to fl[ f ! sev]al regions m>k$ 8,high01 :]e ! air is abnormally heavy1 t[>d ! ,l[1 :]e ! air is light]4 ,z ! velocity ( wat] fl[+ d[n an incl9$ plane dep5ds bo? ^u ! slope ( ! plane & ! r\ghness ( its surface1 s ! velocity ( ! w9d1 z x fl[s along ! surface ( ! e>? t[>ds ! /orm c5t]1 dep5ds on ! am\nt ( ! depression ( ! b>omet] at ! c5t] & ! resi/ance (f]$ by surfaces ( v>y+ degrees ( r\ghness4 ,/orms & ,cold ,waves ,simply ,great ,eddies 9 ! ,atmosph]e4 ,n[ picture 9 y\r m9d t all ! air inside ! #cj4b isob>1 z x fl[s inw>d1 is rotat+ ab\t ! ,l[ 9 a direction contr>y to ! movem5ts ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 & y h a fair conception ( an imm5se atmosph]ic eddy4 ,h y ev] wat*$ ! placid wat]s ( a deep-fl[+ brook & obs]v$ t :]e ! wat]s enc\nt]$ a project+ rock little eddies =m$ & w5t sp9n+ d[n ! /ream8 ,well1 our /orms are some:at simil> eddies 9 ! atmosph]e1 m or less p]fect1 t are c>ri$ along by ! g5]al ea/]ly movem5t ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! middle latitudes ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,b !y are n deep eddies2 ! ,l[ m>ks ! c5t] ( an atmosph]ic circulation ( va/ horizontal ext5t z comp>$ ) its ?ickness or ext5sion 9 a v]tical direction4 ,?us a /orm area ext5ds f ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 to ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 & yet ext5ds upw>d only ab\t six miles4 ,! :ole disk ( :irl+ air1 six miles ?ick & two ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 is call$ a cyclone1 or l[-pressure area4 ,x is important t a prop] und]/&+ be _h ( ?is fundam5tal idea1 s9ce ! wea!r exp]i5c$ f day to day dep5ds almo/ :olly ^u ! movem5t ( ^! migrat+ cyclones1 or areas ( l[ pressure1 & ! anti-cyclones1 or areas ( high pressure4 ,! temp]ature read+s are omitt$ f ea* /ation1 b ! av]age temp]ature ( ea* quadrant ( ! ,l[ is %[n by ! l>ge black figures4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce 9 temp]ature is se5 to be betwe5 ! s\!a/ & ! nor?we/ sections4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! fact t 9 ! s\!a/ quadrant ! air is drawn nor?w>d f w>m] latitudes1 & 9 ! nor?we/ quadrant x is drawn s\?w>d f cold] latitudes1 & to ! fur!r fact t w9ds bl[+ into ! we/ side ( a ,l[ h a d[nw>d compon5t ( motion1 & ^? bl[+ 9 on ! front1 or ea/ side1 h an upw>d compon5t4 ,"o %\ld ga9 a cle> idea ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! air 9 ! cyclone & ! movem5t ( ! cyclone itself1 or its translation f place to place2 h[ ! w9d mu/ bl[ into ! front ( ! /orm 9 a direction p>tly or :olly contr>y to ! movem5t ( ! /orm itself1 & into ! re> ( ! /orm z x passes away2 h[ ! w9d increases 9 velocity z x spirally gyrates ab\t ! c5t] & approa*es ne>] & ne>] ! region :]e x mu/ asc5d2 h[ ! high] lay]s ( air move spirally away f ! c5t] & ?us cause an accumulation ( air ab\t & ov] ! out] p]iph]y ( ! ,l[1 :i* 9 turn presses d[nw>d & impels ! surface air inw>d4 ,?is :ole complex sy/em ( motion moves ea/w>d4 ,?9k ( ! sun drift+ 9 space1 :ile at ! same "t ea* ( ! planets ma9ta9s its respective orbit1 & x w help "o to visualize ! ph5om5a ( a migrat+ cyclone or anti-cyclone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #d4--,,w9t] ,,/orm1 ,,decemb] #ae1 #ahic1 #h ,p4,m4 ,black l9es connect places hav+ equal b>ometric pressure2 r$ l9es connect places hav+ equal temp]ature2 arr[s po9t 9 direction w9d is bl[+2 figures at end ( arr[s %[ w9d velocity :5 x is m ?an light4 cle>2 p>tly cl\dy2 cl\dy2 ,r ra92 ,s sn[4 ,,high indicates c5t] ( anti-cyclone1 or high-pressure area2 ,,l[ indicates c5t] ( cyclone1 or l[-pressure area4 ,l>ge figures %[ av]age temp]ature 9 ea* quadrant ( cyclone4 ,%ad+ %[s precipitation area ( la/ #bd h\rs4 ,*>t #d1 con/ruct$ f obs]vations tak5 twelve h\rs lat]1 %[s t ! ,l[ has mov$ f c5tral ,i[a s9ce #h ,a4,m41 & is n[1 at #h ,p4,m41 c5tral ov] ! s\!rn po9t ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! %ad$ portion ( ! *>t %[s t ra9 has fall5 dur+ ! pa/ twelve h\rs ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire region cov]$ by ! cyclone4 ,?is 0 due to ! mix+ ( ! air z ! /orm progress$1 to ! cool+ by expansion z ! air asc5d$1 to ! m rapid rotation ab\t ! /orm c5t]1 because ( ! fur!r l[]+ ( ! b>omet] at ! c5t] ( ! di/urbance s9ce ! prec$+ *>t 0 made1 & especially to ! m humid air enc\nt]$ z ! /orm mov$ ea/w>d & came ne>] to ! supply ( moi/ w9ds1--! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #e4--,,w9t] ,,/orm1 ,,decemb] #af1 #ahic1 #h ,a4,m4 ,black l9es connect places hav+ equal b>ometric pressure2 r$ l9es connect places hav+ equal temp]ature2 arr[s po9t 9 direction w9d is bl[+2 figures at end ( arr[s %[ w9d velocity1 :5 x is m ?an light4 cle>2 p>tly cl\dy2 cl\dy2 ,r ra92 ,s sn[4 ,,high indicates c5t] ( anti-cyclone1 or high-pressure area2 ,,l[ indicates c5t] ( cyclone1 or l[-pressure area4 ,l>ge figures %[ av]age temp]ature 9 ea* quadrant ( cyclone4 ,%ad+ %[s precipitation area ( la/ #bd h\rs4 ,on ,*>t #e a l9e ( arr[s ext5ds f ! /orm c5t] we/w>d to ,wyom+1 :]e ! /orm orig9at$4 ,a small cross inclos$ by a circle m>ks its we/]n extremity4 ,ano!r cross locat$ ne> ,*ey5ne %[s :]e ! /orm c5t] 0 locat$ twelve h\rs aft] its orig94 ,a ?ird cross gives x location ne> ,des ,mo9es tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] x />t$ ea/w>d4 ,x 0 "h t we began ! /udy ( ?is /orm on ,*>t #c4 ,a cross ne> ,*icago indicates ! di/ance travel$ by ! c5t] dur+ ! ?ird twelve h\rs1 & ,*>t #e %[s its progress dur+ ! f\r? twelve-h\r p]iod4 ,:5 ! /orm 0 c5tral at ,*ey5ne ! dang] w>n+s = m>9]s 7 display$ at all ports ( ! ,great ,lakes1 z ! =eca/] knew t 9 accordance ) g5]al laws ! /orm mu/ move t[>d ! ea/4 ,:5 x 0 c5t]$ at ,*icago1 dang] w>n+s 7 display$ on ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,ma9e1 z x 0 kn[n t long be=e ! /orm rea*$ ! ocean ! 9-ru% ( w9d t[>d ! /orm c5t] w\ld cause a dang]\s on-%ore gale & ! break+ ( heavy seas on ! %ore l9e4 ,all craft t c\ld be rea*$ ) ! dang] signals made safe 9 port1 except ! great ocean l9]s1 :i* are ( su* /r5g? z to safely )/& almo/ any /orm4 ,a special set ( obs]vations ord]$ by ! ,wa%+ton (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau f its /ations 9 ! region ( ! /orm1 & well 9 advance ( x1 kept ! *ief =eca/] in=m$ z to ! progress ( ! cyclone1 & be=e ! /orm c5t] rea*$ ! coa/ ! dang] signals communicat$ to m>9]s ! fact t ! w9ds w\ld soon %ift to nor?we/ z ! c5t] ( ! di/urbance pass$ out to sea4 ,! read]'s att5tion w n[ be direct$ to ! r$ l9es on ,*>t #e2 !y pass ?r\gh places hav+ ! same temp]ature1 b = simplicity ! read+s ( temp]ature1 :]eby ^! l9es 7 locat$1 are omitt$ f ! pr9t$ *>t4 ,obs]ve ! l9e m>k$ #dj2 x passes across s\!rn ,new ,engl& to we/]n ,new ,york1 b :5 x rea*es ! c5t] ( ! /orm x enc\nt]s ! cold nor?we/ w9ds bl[+ into ! /orm on its we/ side & is =c$ s\?w>d to ,texas4 ,*>ts #c1 #d1 & #e give a graphic hi/ory ( "o sev]e w9t] /orm4 ,9 summ] su* g5]al /orms d n (t5 occur4 ,!y are frequ5t 9 spr+ & fall1 b ( high] temp]ature & less sev]ity ?an 9 w9t]4 ,9 summ] ,l[s drift sluggi%ly across ! cont95t2 ! b>omet] at ! c5t] ( ! cyclone is usually n m ?an two to f\r t5?s ( an in* bel[ ! pressure ( ! ,highs1 & ! ra91 in/ead ( fall+ 9 a broad %eet1 z %[n by ! %ad+ ( *>ts #d & #e1 falls 9 num]\s sporadic outbur/s1 ea* ( :i* is b a few squ>e miles 9 area1 _! comb9$ surfaces usually cov]+ only a "p ( ! region ov] :i* passes ! ,l[4 ,cold ,waves & ! ,spe$ ( ,/orm ,movem5t4 ,highs & ,l[s drift across ! cont95t f ! we/ t[>ds ! ea/ at ! av]age rate ( ab\t six hundr$ miles p] day1 or ab\t ?irty-sev5 miles p] h\r 9 w9t] & tw5ty-two miles 9 summ]1 ! fir/ at ab\t ! rate ( an express tra91 & ! second approximat+ ! spe$ ( a freight4 ,! ,highs are att5d$ by dry1 cool1 & settl$ wea!r4 ,by a vortical action at _! c5t]s !y draw d[n ! cold air f great altitudes above ! cl\ds4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 vortical action is vigor\s1 !y may rea* upw>d to an altitude ( sev5 miles4 ,air />t+ d[nw>d f ?is region has a temp]ature ( "s #gj bel[ z]o4 ,we "k ?is f ! records secur$ by s5d+ al(t free balloons c>ry+ automatic !rmomet]s4 7,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii47 ,?is air heats by compression because 9 its d[nw>d movem5t x is cont9ually leav+ m & m air above x to ex]cise pressure ^u x4 ,x ga9s ab\t tw5ty degrees ) ea* mile ( desc5t1 & if !re 7 no o!r factors to ! problem x w\ld be hot air :5 x rea*$ ! surface ( ! e>? in/ead ( cold air4 ,b e>ly 9 its desc5t x ga9s su* heat z to melt & evaporate ! ice spicul float+ at ! height ( ! fleecy cirrus cl\ds2 !n x evaporates & cle>s away ! moi/ cl\ds l[] d[n & f9ally creates su* dia!rmancy 7! capacity to transmit heat )\t absorption2 see ,*apt] ,v7 t ! heat lo/ by radiation to a cle> sky causes :at we call a 8cold wave01 & ?is not)/&+ ! heat ( compression4 ,! =eca/] fir/ obs]ves a cold wave 9 ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 9 ! =m ( an int5se ,high4 ,x w travel s\!a/w>d to ! c5t] ( ! cont95t1 & (t5 to ! ,gulf if x is prec$$ by an active ,l[ t is locat$ on a l[ latitude1 z ! latt] w draw s\?w>d ! fro/y air ( ! ,high2 aft] t ! c\rse ( ! /orm w be m ne>ly ea/w>d4 ,n[ x is ( r>e occurr5ce t a cold wave ga9s entrance to any consid]able area ( our t]ritory )\t w>n+1 b 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau !y too (t5 rea* ,i[a1 or ,/ates f>!r ea/1 )\t any notice :atev]4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ t a c]ta9 type ( wea!r map prec$$ su* failures ( ! =eca/]4 ,"o :o is int]e/$ 9 ga9+ e>ly k ( ! approa* ( a cold wave to ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld wat* n only = ! appe>ance ( abnormally high b>omet] read+s1 f ! /ations ( ! ,canadian ,nor?we/1 or f ,montana & ,nor? ,dakota1 b especially = a cresc5t-%ap$ ,l[1 ) "o horn ( ! cresc5t t\*+ ,lake ,sup]ior & ! o!r ext5d+ into ! middle ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 at ab\t ,colorado4 ,?is ,l[ w appe> to be an innoc5t affair2 !re may be a small second>y ,l[ 9 ea* end ( ! cresc5t1 & no ,high ( any importance 9 ! nor?we/1 = :i* "o ord9>ily w\ld look 9 anticipat+ a cold wave4 ,b :5 ?is cresc5t-%ap$ ,l[ appe>s on ! morn+ wea!r map1 a ,high ( m>k$ int5sity inv>iably w develop ) great sudd5ness ov] ,montana & ,nor? ,dakota & br+ a cold wave to ! ,middle ,mississippi ,valley be=e ! next morn+1 if ! "t ( ye> be w9t]4 ,d n =get t ! ,l[ is z important z ! ,high 9 caus+ a cold wave1 = ! ,high t br+s ! cold air mu/ foll[ 9 ! track ( ! ,l[ & w be attract$ by ! latt] 9 proportion to its l[ness1 z indicat$ by ! isob> inclos+ ! c5t] ( ! ,l[4 ,a cold wave w rea* ! ,gulf only if ! prec$+ ,l[ orig9ate 9 ,texas2 x w be conf9$ to ! ,ohio ,valley z ! limit ( its s\!rn influ5ce if ! prec$+ ,l[ orig9ate 9 ,colorado2 & x w only skirt ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,lake region if ! ,l[ beg9 9 ,montana4 ,m & m is man apply+ sci5ce to comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,:5 ! wea!r map1 :i* 0 unkn[n b little m ?an half a c5tury ago1 indicates ! =mation ( a heavy body ( cold air 9 ! extreme nor?we/1 ! *ief (ficial =eca/] at ,wa%+ton is on ! al]t2 he ord]s special obs]vations e few h\rs f ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ations directly )9 & well 9 advance ( ! cold area1 & z soon z he becomes satisfi$ t a cold wave is on its way1 ! previ\sly arrang$ sy/em ( dissem9at+ w>n+s is br\ght into action1 & by telegraph1 telephone1 flags1 :i/les1 bullet9s1 & o!r ag5cies1 ! p 9 e city1 t[n & hamlet1 & _m 9 ! /ock & f>m+ regions1 are notifi$ ( ! advanc+ cold twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e x rea*es !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #f4--;,,cold ,,wave ,,zones1 ,,m>* ,,to ,,novemb]4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,fall ,,& ,,v]ify+ ,,limit4 ,*>ts #f & #g %[ h[ ! ,wea!r ,bureau def9es a cold wave4 ,!re mu/ be a fall ( sixte5 degrees1 eighte5 degrees1 or tw5ty degrees )9 ?irty-six h\rs & a c]ta9 degree ( coldness mu/ be rea*$4 ,! *>ts %[ t :at is a cold wave 9 ! ,gulf region is f> f "o 9 ! nor?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #g4--;,,cold ,,wave ,,zones1 ,,decemb]1 ,,janu>y1 ,,& ,,febru>y4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,fall ,,& ,,v]ify+ ,,limit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #h4--,,l[e/ ,,temp]atures ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahga-aiac4 ,*>t #h %[s ! l[e/ temp]atures exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! f\nd+ ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 #ahga to #aiac4 ,note ! influ5ce ( ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 =c+ ! z]o l9e f ,arizona nor?w>d to ,briti% ,columbia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #i4--,,numb] ,,( ,,cold ,,waves1 #aijd-aiad1 ,,inclusive4 ,*>t #i %[s ! numb] ( times t a cold wave occurr$ at ea* /ation ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s4 ,! numb] is great] = nor!rn ,new ,engl& ?an = ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor? ,valley1 because practically all ! cold waves t cross ,m9nesota rea* ,new ,engl&2 & ! latt] also receives fi]ce boreal visitors t come to x f ! ,hudson ,bay region ly+ directly nor!a/1 :i* d n visit any portion ( ,m9nesota or ! region f>!r we/4 ,dur+ ! p]iod n a s+le te*nical cold wave occurr$ at ! coa/ /ations ( ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 or ,wa%+ton1 :ile ,r$ ,bluff & ,sacram5to 7 ! only two places 9 ,cali=nia we/ ( ! ,si]ras1 & ,roseburg1 ,oregon1 ! only /ation we/ ( ! ,cascade ,range t _h any1 ! numb]s be+ "o1 two1 & five respectively4 ,9 ! ,florida p59sula s\? ( ,jacksonville1 ,tampa _h two1 :ile none occurr$ at ,miami4 ,sometimes ! temp]ature falls l[] ?an t requir$ = a cold wave1 b n )9 ! p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs requir$ by ! regulations4 ,a notable case 9 po9t is ! sev]e cold wave 9 ,cali=nia 9 ,janu>y1 #aiac1 ! l[e/ temp]ature ev] obs]v$ be+ record$ at ,san ,diego on ! #g?1 :5 ! m9imum fell to #be4 ,cold ,waves ,temp]$ by ,great ,lakes4 ,! sev]ity ( cold waves is m>k$ly modifi$ by ! ,great ,lakes1 especially 9 ! fall & ! fir/ "p ( w9t]1 be=e mu* ( ! wat] surface is cov]$ ) ice & sn[4 ,n only is ! numb] ( cold waves mu* less at /ations ( ! ,lakes ?an at ne>-by places 9 ! int]ior1 b !re is a m>k$ v>iation 9 ! numb] t occur at ! ,lake /ations1 dep5d+ ^u :i* side ( ! lake & h[ close to ! wat] ! /ation is locat$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ces are not$ 9 ! ,lake ,mi*igan region1 ! numb] on ! we/ %ore be+ five or six times z great z on ! ea/ side4 ,milwaukee %[s a c\nt ( =ty-sev5 z comp>$ ) n9e at ,gr& ,hav54 ,?is lake influ5ce affects ! entire ,l[] ,mi*igan p59sula1 b x is n s great 9 ! int]ior & ea/]n sections z along ! we/ %ore1 ,gr& ,hav5's n9e /&+ out aga9/ f\rte51 fifte51 & tw5ty-?ree = ,gr& ,rapids1 ,detroit1 & ,port ,huron4 ,a simil> condition is not$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate2 ,buffalo1 ,ro*e/]1 & ,oswego1 ne> ! lake %ore1 _h tw5ty1 tw5ty-sev51 & tw5ty-n9e cold waves respectively1 :ile ! int]ior /ations ( ,i?aca1 ,b+hamton1 & ,syracuse _h ?irty-eight1 =ty-five1 & fifty-two4 ,cold ,waves ,temp]$ by ! ,heat ( ,cities4 ,ano!r reason = ! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! record$ numb] ( cold waves 9 ! v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry is ! diff]5ce betwe5 city & suburban temp]atures4 ,/ations locat$ 9 small villages or 9 ! op5 l& w %[ a great] numb] ( record$ cold waves ?an ^? locat$ 9 l>ge cities1 :]e ! heat /or$ up by pavem5ts & brick build+s dur+ sun%9e ea* day1 & :]e ! heat f ?\s&s ( *imneys1 & maybe millions ( human be+s1 holds ! m9imum temp]ature ( night mu* above t ( ! free air 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,*>les ,city1 :]e ! in/rum5ts h op5 c\ntry exposure _h sixty-five cold waves1 :i* f> exce$s ! numb] record$ at any o!r /ation 9 ,i[a4 ,no matt] h[ sev]e may be ! cold wave t appe>s 9 ! nor?we/1 x w n ext5d ov] ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & any region s\? ( !m1 unless ! c5t] ( ! ,high ext5ds well ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,divide4 ,o!rwise x w come d[n ! ea/ slope ( ! m\nta9s & ! cold w n cross !m4 ,9 ! ,l[s ! conditions ( ! air & its movem5ts are exactly ! rev]se ( :at !y are 9 ! ,highs2 ! air is w>m] & moi/]1 x is drawn spirally inw>d f all directions in/ead ( be+ =c$ outw>d z 9 ! ,high1 & x asc5ds z x approa*es ! c5t] ( depression1 sometimes caus+ ra9 or sn[ z x cools by expansion dur+ its asc5t4 ,:ile ! air cools ) asc5t 9 ! ,l[ at ! same rate t x w>ms ) desc5t 9 ! ,high1 ! e>? exp]i5ces a g5]al w>m+ effect ) ! passage ( ! ,l[s1 because ! air falls b little 9 temp]ature z x rises be=e x rea*es its dew po9t1 & !n !re is a lib]ation ( ! lat5t heat ( cond5sation 7see ,*apt] ,v72 & :at is m important1 !re is =m$ a cov]+ ( cl\ds t *ecks or :olly /ops radiation outw>d f ! l[] air4 ,h[ev] !re are times :5 ! passage ( ,l[s produces a cool+ effect4 ,?is is :5 abnormally hot wea!r has prevail$ = "s days2 !n ! air may be mix$1 wa%$1 & cool$ by ?und]-%[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #aj4--,,/orm ,,tracks ,,= ,,augu/ ,,= ,,t5 ,,ye>s4 ,highs & ,l[s alt]nately drift across ! cont95t 9 p]iods ( ab\t ?ree days ea*4 ,!y are a "p ( ! div9e economy t provides = ! se$time & ! h>ve/1 =1 z previ\sly /at$1 ! ,l[s draw ! w>m1 vapor-be>+ curr5ts inl& f ! ,gulf & ! ocean & cause !m to deposit _! moi/ure f> to ! nor? & we/4 ,f\r sev5?s ( all our /orms come f ! middle or ! nor? plateau regions ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 or at lea/ ent] our field ( obs]vation f ^? regions1 & pass f ?is arid or sub-arid section ( ! cont95t ea/]ly ov] ! ,lakes & ,new ,engl&1 produc+ b little ra9fall4 ,! great] "p ( ! rema9+ ?ree sev5?s are fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! arid regions ( our s\?we/]n ,/ates2 !y always move nor!a/w>d & c be dep5d$ on to give b\ntiful ra9fall s soon z or a little be=e !y rea* ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,"s ( !m cross ! ,atlantic & affect ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,*>ts #aj & #aa %[ ! c\rses ( /orms 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :]e !y orig9ate1 or are fir/ br\ght "u ! survey ( our sy/em ( obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #aa4--,,/orm ,,tracks ,,= ,,febru>y ,,= ,,t5 ,,ye>s4 ,we/ ,indian ,hurricanes4 ,a few ( ! mo/ sev]e /orms t t\* any portion ( our cont95t orig9ate 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & travel 9 a nor?we/]ly direction until !y t\* our ,gulf or ,s\? ,atlantic coa/1 :51 pass+ f ! influ5ce ( ! nor!a/ trade w9ds :i* c>ri$ !m we/w>d1 !y recurve & pass along our ea/]n coa/1 usually ) _! c5t]s (f%ore & foll[+ ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,^! viol5t atmosph]ic convulsions are usually detect$ 9 ! process ( =mation ?r\gh ! effectiv5ess ( ! /orm-w>n+ s]vice e/abli%$ by ! writ] dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 "u ! direction ( ! ,presid5t1 = ! purpose ( giv+ w>n+ to our fleet be=e ! com+ ( a hurricane4 ,! ,presid5t realiz$ ! great "p play$ by /orms 9 _m ( ! naval battles ( ! pa/1 & x may be surmis$ t he 0 m afraid ( a ,we/ ,indian hurricane ?an he 0 ( ! ,spani% ,navy4 ,b ,c]v]a 0 beat5 & ! blockade 0 rais$ be=e ! hurricanes ( #ahih began4 ,galve/on ,hurricane4 ,! new ,wea!r ,s]vice1 ) a cordon ( /ations d[n ! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s & along ! nor? coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 surr\nd+ our fleet1 & inaugurat$ z a w> measure1 s demon/rat$ its value 9 locat+ & giv+ w>n+ ( ! com+ ( a hurricane soon aft] ! end ( ! w> t ,congress cont9u$ x z a p]man5t in/rum5t ( peace2 & :5 ! de/ructive ,galve/on ,hurricane occurr$ 9 #aijj x detect$ ! /orm at its inception & s fully advis$ %ipp+ ( ! /orm's movem5ts t n a vessel 0 lo/ z ! /orm ro>$ & gyrat$ across ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & cra%$ ^u ! ,texas coa/1 de/roy+ a l>ge "p ( ! city & dr[n+ six ?\s& p4 ,! hurricane is simply a rapidly gyrat+ cyclone2 x usually is only "o to ?ree hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,! /orm t de/roy$ ,galve/on mov$ across ! ,c>ibbean ,sea at ! rate ( only ab\t eight to t5 miles an h\r4 ,x increas$ its rate z x mov$ nor?w>d1 cross+ ! ,gulf at ab\t fifte5 miles p] h\r4 ,! spe$ ( translation 0 s sl[ & ! velocity ( gyration s rapid t imm5se swells 7 propagat$ outw>d f ! c5t] ( ! /orm2 !y rea*$ ! ,texas coa/ "s sixte5 h\rs be=e ! /orm itself rea*$ ,galve/on4 ,z x mov$ nor?w>d to ,i[a its velocity ( translation increas$ & its rate ( gyration decreas$1 s t x cross$ ! ,lakes ) bo? movem5ts at ab\t sixty miles p] h\r4 ,at ,galve/on ! anemomet] blew to pieces aft] record+ "o hundr$ & ?irty miles p] h\r4 ,dang] to ,atlantic ,coa/ ,summ] ,resorts4 ,! writ] frequ5tly has be5 ask$ z to ! possibilities ( a popul\s ,atlantic coa/ resort be+ subm]g$ by ! wat]s driv5 in%ore by a hurricane1 or be+ lift$ up 9 ! c5t] ( ! /orm z ! result ( decreas$ air pressure inside ! cyclonic :irl4 ,! answ] is t su* a cata/rophe is possible to any ,atlantic coa/ city 7m especially ^? s\? ( ,norfolk7 t is n protect$ by a heavy breakwat] ( t5 to tw5ty feet above sea level1 & ^: build+ f\ndations & walls are n ( brick or concrete = at lea/ t5 feet above ! wat] level4 ,x w\ld be necess>y = a ,we/ ,indian hurricane ( unusual int5sity--"o simil> to t :i* wreck$ ,galve/on--to be consid]ably deflect$ we/w>d out ( its normal track 9 ord] to hit "o ( our coa/ cities nor? ( ,*esapeake ,bay s t ! c5t] ( ! /orm w\ld pass ov] x1 or ne> en\gh to cause de/ruction4 ,9 ,galve/on !re 0 little damage to /rongly con/ruct$ build+s ( brick or /one4 ,! ,break+ ( ,dr\ghts4 ,x is mo/ important = ! =eca/] to "k :5 & h[ dr\ghts may be brok54 ,he w obs]ve t :5 ! great c]eal pla9s are fami%+ = moi/ure ! ,l[s all orig9ate on ! middle or nor? ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau1 9 ! region ( ,colorado or ,montana1 & t ! dr\ght cont9ues until ! ,l[s beg9 to =m 9 ! extreme s\?we/--9 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 or ,texas4 ,z previ\sly /at$ su* ,l[s always br+ ra9 z !y move nor!a/w>d4 ,w>m ,waves4 ,!re come 9 summ] p]iods ( almo/ /agnation 9 ! drift ( ! ,highs & ! ,l[s across ! cont95t4 ,at su* times if a ,high be c5t]$ 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,ocean1 ) its c5t] at ,b]muda1 & its we/]n limits ext5d+ into ! ,s\? ,atlantic coa/ ,/ates1 !re w result :at is popul>ly kn[n z a w>m wave1 = ! air w sl[ly & /eadily move f ! s\!a/1 :]e ! pressure is great]1 t[>ds ! nor?we/1 :]e x is less2 x w receive con/ant accretions ( heat f ! radiat+ surface ( ! e>?1 & f9ally atta9 to a temp]ature t is extremely uncom=table to all =ms ( life1 t l[]s ! physical /am9a1 & t l>gely increases ! dea? rate4 ,?is sup]heat$ condition ( ! l[] /ratum ( air 9 :i* we live cont9ues until a ,l[ develops 9 ! s\?we/ & a ,high 9 ! nor?we/1 :i* relation1 z we already "k1 soon br+s ra9fall to ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,v-%ap$ ,l[s are reasonably sure to cause precipitation1 & if ! b>omet] at ! c5t] ( ! ,l[ be five to sev5 t5?s bel[ ! out] limits ( ! depression1 heavy precipitation & de/ructive local /orms may be expect$4 ,?und]/orms4 ,! ?und]/orm is caus$ by cold & heavy air f above break+ ?r\gh into a light] & sup]heat$ /ratum next ! e>?4 ,"s ( !m h a horizontal roll+ motion :i* ?r[s =w>d ! cool air 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! /orm is mov+4 ,x seldom is m ?an five or t5 miles 9 wid? & tw5ty to ?irty miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 g5]al1 ?und]/orms move f ! we/ t[>d "s ea/]n po9t1 m (t5 s\?we/ to nor!a/4 ,! frequ5cy ( ?und]/orms is ! greate/ ) ill-def9$ ,l[s ^: pressure is b little bel[ ! normal air pressure ( ?irty in*es4 ,any depression ( ! b>omet] slightly bel[ ! level at surr\nd+ /ations--su* z occurs :5 a weak ,high ( only ?irty in*es1 or ?irty & "o t5? in*es1 breaks up into two or m areas1 ) slightly l[] pressure betwe5 !m--is fruitful ( ?und]/orms4 ,a ,high ( b mode/ int5sity advanc+ ea/w>d into a region ( slightly l[] pressure & mu* high] temp]ature causes ?und]/orms along its ea/]n front4 ,a temp]ature ( #hj on ! morn+ wea!r map1 ) a high humidity1 seldom c endure beyond ! second day )\t a break & ! com+ ( cool+ ?und]-%[]s4 ,any ,l[ ) abnormal heat & humidity 9 its s\!a/ quadrant is usually att5d$ ) num]\s ?und] squalls 9 ! regions ( high temp]ature & moi/ure4 ,( ! ?und]/orm days 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates few occur 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 regions or 9 nor!rn ,new ,engl&4 ,! greate/ numb] is 9 ,florida & ! ,gulf ,/ates & !nce nor?w>d up ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! ,moon ,has ,no ,influ5ce on ! ,wea!r4 ,! moon us$ to be ! f>m]'s mo/ valu$ fri5d z a =eca/] ( ! wea!r & z a guide 9 ! plant+ ( crops1 b a high] ord] ( intellig5ce is caus+ ?is fallacy to pass away4 ,! moon's ne>ness to ! e>? & ! fact t its phases occur 9 ab\t sev5 days1 :i* is ab\t twice ! p]iod ( /orm recurr5ce1 9 ! m9ds ( _m h end[$ x ) pot5cy 9 ! influ5c+ ( our wea!r4 ,ra9 may occur on ! same day ( ! week = sev]al weeks 9 succession1 b only occasionally1 :ile ! moon is con/antly progress+ f "o phase to ano!r4 ,! few cases t prove ! mi/ak5 !ory are tak5 z pro( conclusive1 :ile ! _m cases t d n prove acceptable to ! moon =eca/] are ignor$ & n m5tion$ to 8 fri5ds nor ev5 ackn[l$g$ to himself4 ,"o is reluctant to h a belief disprov$1 no matt] h[ ridicul\s x may be4 ,9 fact1 ! m unt5able x is1 ! m t5aci\sly "s adh]e to x1 z ?\gh !y 7 loyally /&+ by an old fri5d :o _h made mi/akes1 b :o /ill 0 good at he>t4 ,! attraction ( ! moon1 because ( its ne>ness & not)/&+ its small mass1 is f> m pot5t 9 ! rais+ ( ! tides ( ! ocean ?an is ! sun1 b its attraction on our atmosph]e produces a tide ( only f\r ?\s&?s ( an in* ( ! b>omet]1 an influ5ce t is %ad[y & )\t ! lea/ influ5ce 9 caus+ /orms1 or *anges ( any k9d 9 ! wea!r2 & !re is no possible way 9 :i* ! moon c\ld influ5ce ! g]m9ation ( se$ or ! gr[+ ( crops4 ,equ9octial ,/orm4 ,z ! summ] wanes ! ,l[s become m pron\nc$ & ! sporadic %[]s give place to g5]al ra9 /orms along 9 ,septemb]4 ,!re is no objection to ^! /orms be+ kn[n z 8,equ9octial01 except t any date 9 ! latt] half ( ,septemb] is z liable to %[ a beg9n+ ( ^! /orms z is ! #ba/ or ! #bb;d4 ,! equ9ox simply m>ks ! middle p]iod 9 ! transition f "o type ( wea!r to ano!r4 ,=eca/+ f ,halos4 ,! halos t sometimes surr\nd ! sun or ! moon indicate ! com+ ( precipitation to ! ext5t ( mak+ manife/ ! pres5ce 9 ! upp] air ( l>ge quantities ( vapor ( wat] 9 a congeal$ /ate4 ,:5 ! vapor ( wat] cools quietly 9 ! laboratory x frequ5tly =ms m9ute sph]es ( wat]1 :i*1 /range to relate1 may rema9 liquid all ! way d[n to z]o & bel[2 b if t\*$ or jo/l$ !y in/antly turn to ice1 9 ! =m ( spicul1 or ne$les2 !y are simply hexagonal sl5d] prisms capp$ by hexagonal pyramids4 ,^! ne$les rotate or sp9 ab\t z !y fall4 ,! geometrical relations ( ! facets ( ! cry/als to ! axis ( rotation & to ! l9e along :i* !y fall are a complex problem 9 optics4 ,suffice to say t ! obs]v]1 look+ ?r\gh a filmy cl\d ( su* cry/als1 w\ld see 9 "o "p ( ! sky a halo1 9 ano!r "p an arc ( light1 & 9 o!r directions bright spots l ! sun1 all ( !m arrang$ symmetrically ) reg>d to ! sun & ! obs]v]'s z5i?4 ,a lun> halo is a l>ge r+ conc5tric ab\t ! moon4 ,a second>y halo surr\nds ! fir/4 ,mock suns or mock moons may appe> co9cid5t ) sol> or lun> halos4 ,! ice prisms ?r\gh :i* "o sees ! ph5om5a bo? refract & diffract ! light z x passes ?r\gh ! cl\d & by p>tly decompos+ ! rays r5d] visible a "p ( _! elem5t>y colors4 ,! r$ is on ! inside1 next to :i* is a little yell[ or gre51 ) blui% :ite on ! outside4 ,9 coronas1 :i* are mu* small]1 ! r$ is on ! outside4 ,a detail$ description ( ^! ph5om5a may be f\nd 9 ,moore's 8,descriptive ,meteorology0 7,appleton74 ,tornadoes4 ,! cyclone has a diamet] ( a ?\s& to two ?\s& miles1 ! hurricane ab\t "o to ?ree hundr$ & ! tornado only "o to t5 hundr$ feet4 ,! hurricane is mu* m de/ructive ?an ! cyclone1 & ! tornado is incomp>ably great] 9 velocity ( gyration & r5d+ =ce ?an ! hurricane4 ,new ,engl&1 ,florida1 & ! wide region includ+ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s we/w>d to ! ,pacific are ne>ly free f ! atmosph]ic convulsions t cause ! tornadoes1 & !y are infrequ5t 9 any ,atlantic coa/ ,/ate1 b num]\s 9 ! ,/ates bord]+ on ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & 9 ! ea/]n halves ( ,oklahoma1 ,kansas1 & ,nebraska4 ,dur+ a ye> ( great frequ5cy ( tornadoes1 ab\t n9ety /orms occurr$1 :ile dur+ "s o!r ye>s ! numb] has be5 z l[ z tw5ty4 ,! direction g5]ally is t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,! av]age rate ( movem5t ( ! tornado cl\d is ab\t tw5ty-five miles p] h\r & ! wid? ( its de/ructive pa? only five hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet2 ! "t ( passage is less ?an half a m9ute4 ,x does n come ^u "o unse5 & unh]ald$4 ,_m times ! advanc+ funnel-%ap$ cl\ds may be se51 & !y always are accompani$ by a great ro> :i* may be he>d = miles4 ,except a tornado cell>1 ! cell> ( a frame h\se is ! safe/ place4 ,! writ] has exam9$ ei!r ! wrecks or ! records ( hundr$s ( tornadoes & does n "k ( a s+le case ( a p]son be+ kill$ by a tornado 9 ! cell> ( a frame h\se4 ,if "o is 9 ! op5 & a tornado approa*es1 nev] flee to ! nor? or to ! ea/1 b r to ! nor?we/1 & "o ne$s to travel b a %ort di/ance to pass out ( ! track ( ! mon/]4 ,! tornado always twi/s c\nt] clockwise1 ! same z ! cyclone 9 ^: s\!a/ quadrant x ne>ly always occurs4 ,on ! s\!a/ side ( ! pa? !re are indrafts2 s t x is saf]1 unless ! track ( ! oncom+ /orm is cle>ly se5 to be well to ! nor? ( ! obs]v]1 = "o to run t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,p]sons h /ood ne> to ! nor? side ( a tornado track dur+ its passage )\t suff]+ injury4 ,if a cave1 ! cell> ( a frame h\se1 or a n>r[ dit* _c be rea*$1 ! be/ ?+ to d is to lie flat on ! gr\nd z f> f build+s & trees z possible4 ,! tornado is ess5tially an ,am]ican /orm1 d\btless caus$ by ! runn+ toge!r1 9 ! s\!a/ quadrant ( a cyclone1 ( cold nor?we/ curr5ts & w>m w9ds f ! s\!a/1 at a "t :5 ! latt] are saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,!y are conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! region betwe5 ! two great m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! cont95t1 none occurr+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & b few ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,! nor? & s\? tr5d ( our m\nta9 sy/ems1 q diff]5t f ! sy/ems ( ,europe & ,asia1 facilitates ! com+ toge!r ( conflict+ w9ds ( widely diff]5t temp]atures 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! atmosph]e :]e !re is an abundance ( wat] vapor2 no tornadic :irls probably c occur )\t an abundance ( wat] vapor & ! en]giz+ effect ( ! heat lib]at$ 9 ! :irl+ cl\d z ?is vapor is sudd5ly c>ri$ al(t & lib]at$ by cond5sation "r 9 ! c5t] ( ! di/urbance4 ,because ( ! relation ( ! tr5d ( its great m\nta9 sy/ems to its oceans1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occupies a some:at unique position meteorologically 9 ! _w4 ,its atmosph]ic conditions are m active ?an ^? ( any o!r cont95t1 :i* conditions are b5eficial to ! p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 to ,wat* ! ,wea!r ,map = ,tornadoes4 ,! f\r conditions ess5tial to ! =mation ( tornadoes are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a cyclone1 ! c5t] ( :i* is to ! nor? or nor?we/2 #b4 ,an iso!rm ( #gj or ov] ext5d+ f ! s\!a/ well up into ! c5t] ( ! cyclone1 & !n pass+ outw>d t[>d ! s\?we/1 all inside ! s\!a/ quadrant ( ! ,l[2 #c4 ,excessive humidity2 #d4 ,"t ( ye> ,m>* #ae to ,june #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,tornado ,,cl\d4 ,if any "o ( ! f\r =ego+ conditions be abs5t1 tornadoes are n liable to occur4 ,! reason :y spr+ & e>ly summ] is ! "t :5 tornadoes are mo/ frequ5t is because ! e>? & a ?9 /ratum ( air imm$iately next ! e>? are heat$ up rapidly ) ! ga9+ heat ( ! sun's rays 9 ! spr+1 :ile ! air a %ort di/ance al(t /ill reta9s mu* ( ! cold ( w9t]4 ,at ?is "t cyclonic action may br+ toge!r air masses ( widely diff]5t temp]atures1 especially :5 ! upp] lay]s on ! we/ side ( ! ,l[ are drawn d[n & comm+l$ ) ! hot & humid surface w9ds ( ! s\!a/ quadrant4 ,tornadoes ,n ,increas+4 ,! writ] does n indorse ! !ory t ! numb] ( ^! /orms is increas+2 t ! break+ ( ! virg9 soil ( ! prairie1 ! plant+ or ! cutt+ away ( ! =e/s1 ! dra9age ( l& surfaces by tiles1 ! /r++ ( ?\s&s ( miles ( wire1 or ! lay+ ( iron & /eel rails h mat]ially alt]$ ! climate or contribut$ to ! frequ5cy or ! int5sity ( /orms4 ,to be sure1 z population becomes m d5se great] de/ruction w ensue ) ! same numb] ( /orms4 ,difficult to ,=eca/ ,tornadoes4 ,x is n possible = ! =eca/] to w>n ! exact cities & t[ns t w be /ruck by tornadoes )\t unduly al>m+ _m places t w :olly escape injury4 ,:at we "k is t tornadoes are almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! s\!a/ quadrant ( a cyclone1 & t :5 ! !rmal1 hygrometric1 & "t conditions are favorable1 a region ab\t "o or two hundr$ miles squ>e w be sacrific$ by a numb] ( ^! atmosph]ic twi/]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ de/ructive tornadoes ( record deva/at$ ,/4 ,l\is 9 ! aft]noon ( ,may #bg1 #ahif4 ,! abnormal heat & humidity ( a r small & weak cyclone c5t]$ 9 ea/]n ,kansas on ! morn+ wea!r map ( t day1 caus$ ! ,wea!r ,bureau to di/ribute tornado =eca/s at #aj ,a4,m4 ?r\gh\t all ( ,miss\ri4 ,! s*ools ( ,/4 ,l\is 7 dismiss$ & ! *ildr5 s5t home on receipt ( ! w>n+1 & al?\gh "s eight or t5 sep>ate tornadoes t\*$ v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/ate & ! p 7 prep>$ = _! com+1 s _m p 7 t]roriz$ by ! w>n+ 9 communities t 7 n h>m$1 t ! writ]1 !n ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 at once issu$ ord]s =bidd+ ! specific =eca/+ ( tornadoes 9 ! future4 ,"u tornadic conditions ! =eca/ is = 8conditions favorable = sev]e local /orms40 ,freaks ( ! ,tornado4 ,! writ] 0 9 ,/4 ,l\is ! day aft] ! /orm & sp5t mu* "t 9 exam9+ ! wreckage4 ,he 0 impress$ ) ! fact t "s build+s 7 bur/ outw>d & t all f\r walls fell away f _! bases1 indicat+ t ! tornado cl\d mu/ h lift$ & dropp$ d[n ov] !m 9 su* a way t ! p>tial vacuum t is creat$ by ! rotat+ cl\d ?r\gh c5trifugal =ce s r$uc$ ! pressure ( ! air on ! outside ( ! h\ses t ! normal pressure ( fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in* explod$ !m4 ,he saw bricks 9 a pla/]$ wall t 7 neatly clean$ ( all pla/] by ! expansion ( ! air inside ! brick1 z ! air pressure f ! outside 0 r$uc$4 ,he saw a two by f\r p9e scantl+ %ot ?r\gh five eigh?s ( solid iron on ! ,eads ,bridge1 ! p9e /ick protrud+ sev]al feet ?r\gh ! iron side ( ! roadway1 exemplify+ ! old pr9ciple ( %oot+ a c&le ?r\gh a bo>d4 ,he saw a six by eight piece ( timb] driv5 f\r feet almo/ /raight d[n into ! h>d compact soil1 a g>d5]'s spade %ot six in*es into ! t\gh body ( a tree1 a *ip driv5 ?r\gh ! limb ( a tree1 & :eat /raws =c$ into ! body ( a tree to ! dep? ( ov] half an in*4 ,su* 0 ! fe>ful velocity ( ! w9d z x gyrat$ ab\t ! small c5t] ( ! tornado1--a velocity exce$+ t ( any rifle bullet4 7,see ,figures #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 & #bj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,! ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,tornado ,,( ,,may #bg1 #ahif1 ,,%ot ,a ,,p9e ,,scantl+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,iron ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,eads ,,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,! ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,tornado ,,( ,,may #bg1 #ahif1 ,,%ot ,a ,,%ovel ,,six ,,in*es ,,into ,,! ,,body ,,( ,a ,,tree4 ,"s h advocat$ ! plant+ ( trees to ! s\?we/ ( cities 9 ! regions :]e tornadoes are frequ5t1 s t ! tornadoes may exp5d _! en]gy 9 uproot+ ! trees be=e !y come to ! city1 b ?is /orm travel$ ?r\gh sev]al miles ( brick build+s1 raz+ !m to ! gr\nd & almo/ pulv]iz+ !m & /ill left ! city app>5tly ) great] =ce ?an x _h on ent]+4 ,! l>ge/ trees w\ld (f] no m resi/ance to a tornado cl\d ?an w\ld s _m blades ( grass4 ,:5 ! (ficial =eca/s conta9 ! /atem5t t conditions are favorable = 8sev]e local /orms0 x w\ld be well to c>efully obs]ve ! =mation ( port5t\s cl\ds 9 ! we/ & s\?we/1 betwe5 #c & #f o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & if "o ) black1 ragg$ fr+es on its l[] edge & accompani$ ) a noise l sev]al railroad tra9s makes its appe>ance1 seek safety 9 ! cell> ( a frame h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,! ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,tornado ,,drove ,,/raws ,,"o ,,half ,,in* ,,into ,,wood4 ,g5]al ,rules = ,=eca/+s4 ,:at has gone be=e 9 ?is *apt] gives an idea ( :at guides ! wea!r =eca/] 9 mak+ 8 d$uctions4 ,9 brief1 he /udies ! developm5ts & ! movem5ts ( ! ,highs & ! ,l[s dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree days1 z %[n by prec$+ wea!r maps1 & f ! k ga9$ =eca/s ! future c\rse & int5sity ( ! fair & ! f\l wea!r areas = "o1 two1 or ?ree days 9 advance4 ,by pres]v+ ! wea!r map ea* day & not+ ! movem5ts ( ! ,highs & ! ,l[s1 any intellig5t p]son c make a fairly accurate =eca/ = himself1 always rememb]+ t ! ,l[s1 z !y drift t[>ds him1 w br+ w>m] wea!r & sometimes ra9 or sn[1 & t z !y pass 8 place ( obs]vation ! ,highs foll[+ 9 ! tracks ( ! ,l[s w br+ cool] & fair wea!r1 except dur+ p]iods ( extreme summ] heat1 :5 ! ,l[s br+ %[]s t cool ! p>*$ e>?2 & except 9 ! nor? ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau1 :]e mo/ ( ! precipitation occurs aft] ! c5t] ( ! ,l[ has pass$ & nor?we/ w9ds are bl[+4 ,! amateur wea!r =eca/] c closely anticipate ! temp]ature ( 8 region by rememb]+ t ! wea!r w be cool & ! humidity l[ s long z ! c5t] ( ! pr$om9at+ ,high 7! ,high inclos+ ! greate/ area )9 ! ?irty-in* isob>7 is nor? ( 8 latitude1 ei!r nor!a/ or nor?we/1 & t x w be w>m s long z ! ,high is s\? ( ! p>allel ( latitude t passes ?r\gh 8 section ( c\ntry4 ,he w f9d t ! c5t]s ( ! ,l[s w foll[ closely ! direction indicat$ by ! iso!rms t lead ea/w>d out ( _! c5t]s1 & t !y move across ! c\ntry f ! we/ 9 q regul> succession1 & t ! frequ5t *anges f sun%9e to cl\ds & f w>m to cold are ! result ( ! mix+ ( ! air by ^! atmosph]ic eddies4 ,exp]i5ce w tea* him t ,l[s f ! s\?we/ are reasonably sure ( caus+ precipitation1 & t if 8 temp]ature be suffici5tly l[--any:]e f z]o to #bj--! fall w be 9 ! %ape ( sn[2 t ,l[s t only skirt our nor!rn bord] w be defici5t 9 precipitation1 ev5 if !y cause any at all2 t ! sl[ settl+ ( a ,high ov] ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates means heat = all ! re/ ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 degree t w be dep5d5t ^u ! magnitude & ! int5sity ( ! s\!rn ,high2 t ! heat w cont9ue1 ev5 if tempor>ily int]rupt$ by %[]s1 s long z ?is ,high reta9s its location 9 ! s\!a/2 t tornadoes occur 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> :5 ,l[s h excessive heat & humidity 9 _! s\!a/ quadrants2 t ,v-%ap$ ,l[s cause viol5t local /orms1 if n tornadoes1 & (t5 deluges ( ra92 & t fro/s may be expect$ 9 ! c\ntry :5 a m9imum temp]ature ( #dj is =eca/ = ! city2 & t ! sev]ity ( cold waves modifies z !y come ea/w>d1 & t !y w only fl[ z f> s\? z ! area cov]$ by ! ,l[ t prec$$ !m1--t is to say1 by t "p ( ! ,l[ includ$ 9 ! ?irty-in* isob>1 or by a close approximation to su* area4 ,national ,=eca/] ,e4 ,h4 ,b[ie1 kn[n to ! writ] z "o ( ! able/ =eca/]s ev] develop$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 9 a rec5t mo/ valuable publication by ! ,bureau1 entitl$ 8,wea!r ,=eca/+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates01 =mulates rules = =eca/+ z foll[s3 #a4 ,:5 !re is an area ( high pressure ov] ! s\!a/ & a cold wave 9 ! nor?we/ ?reat5s1 !re w be a /orm developm5t 9 ! s\?we/ & precipitation w be g5]al4 #b4 ,if a /orm =m 9 ! s\?we/ & be =c$ to ! left ( a normal track 7,*>ts #aj & #aa71 ano!r /orm w imm$iately beg9 to develop 9 ! s\?we/ & x becomes a sure ra9 produc]4 ,/orms t develop 9 ! s\?we/ & move normally are quickly foll[$ by cle>+ wea!r4 #c4 ,tr\ghs ( l[ pressure mov+ f ! we/ are ( two types--! n>r[ & ! wide4 ,! =m] moves ea/w>d sl[ly & /orm c5t]s develop 9 ! extreme nor!rn & ! extreme s\!rn ends4 ,:5 ! tr\gh is wide1 ! developm5t ( an ext5sive /orm area is n uncommon1 especially if ! wide int]v5+ area betwe5 ! ,highs %[s relatively high temp]atures4 #d4 ,:5 ! nor!rn end ( a tr\gh moves ea/w>d fa/] ?an ! s\!rn end1 ! wea!r conditions 9 ! s\? & s\?we/ rema9 unsettl$ & ! *ances are t a /orm w =m s\?we/ ( ! ,high t foll[s4 ,:5 ! s\!rn end moves fa/] ?an ! nor!rn end1 settl$ wea!r foll[s4 #e4 ,/orms t />t 9 ! nor?we/ & move s\!a/w>d d n ga!r great int5sity until !y beg9 to recurve to ! nor?w>d4 ,at ! "t ( recurv+ !y move sl[ly1 z a rule1 & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 pr$ict+ cle>+ wea!r4 #f4 ,m>k$ *anges 9 temp]ature 9 ! s\!a/ & nor?we/ quadrants imply an increase 9 ! /orm's int5sity4 ,small temp]ature *anges d n indicate a fur!r developm5t ( ! /orm4 #g4 ,abnormally high temp]atures nor?we/ ( a /orm indicate t x w ei!r retrograde or rema9 /ation>y4 #h4 ,ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 a /orm :i* moves to ! left ( its normal track increases 9 int5sity4 #i4 ,/orms ) isob>s closely cr[d$ on ! we/ & nor?we/ g5]ally move sl[ly & to ! ea/ or s\!a/1 & ! precipitation & high w9ds are ma9ta9$ unusually long 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n quadrants4 #aj4 ,/orms ) ! isob>s closely cr[d$ 9 ! s\? & s\!a/ quadrants move rapidly nor!a/w>d & ! wea!r quickly cle>s aft] ! passage ( ! /orm c5t]4 ,rules = ,mak+ ,local ,=eca/s4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at may be done by ! local obs]v] or ! layman 9 =mulat+ rules ( wea!r =eca/+ = 8 imm$iate vic9ities1 ! foll[+ rules1 :i* 7 evolv$ by ! writ] 9 #ahib1 :ile s]v+ z ! ,wea!r ,bureau local =eca/] = ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons91 are subjo9$3 #a4 ,9 summ] w>m] wea!r occurs aft] ! c5t] ( ! ,l[ has pass$ a little to ! ea/1 & s\?we/ w9ds are bl[+1 because ! ea/]ly w9ds1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be ! w>me/ w9ds1 are cool$ by pass+ ov] ! lake4 #b4 ,a ,l[ f ! nor?we/ t rea*es we/]n ,m9nesota & we/]n ,i[a )\t precipitation or cl\ds w pass ov] ,wiscons9 z a dry ,l[1 unless ! isob>s are clos] ?an five eigh?s ( an in*4 #c4 ,light fro/s w occur on cle>1 quiet nights 9 ! cranb]ry m>%es :5 m9imum temp]atures at ,dulu? & ,la ,crosse fall to #dj & #de respectively4 ,:5 ^! /ations record five degrees l[] ! fro/ w be kill+ 9 ! cranb]ry m>%es & light 9 ! tobacco fields ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ! ,/ate4 #d4 ,no fro/ w occur 9 ! c\nties bord]+ on ,lake ,mi*igan until ! temp]atures at ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ations fall close to ! freez+ po9t1 su* is ! influ5ce ( ! lake 9 /or+ up heat & sl[ly radiat+ x dur+ ! night2 & on ! ea/]n side ( ! lake its protect+ influ5ce is mu* great]4 #e4 ,:5 ! w9d sets 9 f po9ts betwe5 s\? & s\!a/ & ! b>omet] falls /eadily1 a /orm is approa*+ f ! we/ or nor?we/1 & its c5t] w pass ne> or nor? ( ! obs]v] )9 twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) w9d %ift+ to nor?we/ by way ( s\? & s\?we/4 ,:5 ! w9d sets 9 f po9ts betwe5 ea/ & nor!a/ & ! b>omet] falls /eadily1 a /orm is approa*+ f ! s\? or s\?we/1 & its c5t] w pass ne> or to ! s\? ( ! obs]v] )9 twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) w9d %ift+ to nor?we/ by way ( nor?4 ,! rapidity ( ! /orm's approa* & its int5sity w be indicat$ by ! rate & ! am\nt ( ! fall 9 ! b>omet]4 ,va/ ,ext5t ( ! ,area ,br\ght ,"u ,obs]vation4 ,x is a wond]ful panoramic picture ( atmosph]ic conditions :i*1 by ! aid ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph & two hundr$ simultane\sly report+ /ations1 is pres5t$ to ! eye ( ! =eca/]4 ,ea* day ! kaleidoscope *anges & a new graphic picture comes into view4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! _w c ! /ud5t ( ! wea!r f9d su* opportunities4 ,e>ly meteorologi/s /udi$ only ! /orm ( l[ levels & humid airs1 :]e convection only ne$$ to c>ry ! moi/ air curr5ts to b a slightly high] elevation be=e cool+ by expansion w\ld produce cond5sation & an imm$iate accel]ation ( ! cyclone by ! lib]ation ( lat5t heat )9 ! region ( ! upw>d-mov+ air 9 its c5tral area4 ,!y nev] _h se5 ! cyclones ( ! arid nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau move d[n to our ,great ,lakes ) rapidly increas+ en]gy1 not)/&+ ! fact t !re _h be5 little cond5sation1 & h5ce no addition ( ! lat5t heat t ,espy suppos$ 0 ess5tial to a cont9uation ( /orms4 ,! widely diff]+ elevation1 topography1 temp]ature1 & moi/ure ( ! broad region "u obs]vation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau pres5t conditions unequal$ = ! /udy ( e phase ( /orm developm5t & translation1 or at lea/ su* z may be compreh5d$ f data tak5 on ! bottom ( ! atmosph]ic ocean2 & x is b a matt] ( a %ort "t :5 ! data = extremely high levels w be add$4 ,"h we see summ] cyclones =m$ "u ! int5se sol> radiation t beats d[n ?r\gh a ne>ly dia!rman\s atmosph]e ^u ! wa/es ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateaus2 cyclones t1 if !y =m 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! plateau region1 move ea/w>d to our ,lakes & !nce ea/w>d to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ) scant ra9fall2 cyclones t1 if !y h _! orig9 f>!r s\? 9 ! region ( ,colorado1 move into ! ,ohio ,valley & !nce to ,new ,engl& ) consid]ably m precipitation2 & cyclones t1 if !y h _! orig9 any:]e 9 our s\?we/ ,/ates or ,texas1 or ent] our region ( obs]vation f ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 c always be expect$ to cause g5]al ra9fall :5 !y rea* ! ,l[] ,mississippi ,valley & lat] z !y pass up ?r\gh ! c5tral portions ( ! cont95t4 ,"h also "o may view ! great w9t] cyclones t orig9ate 9 ! ,pacific betwe5 ,hawaii & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s & come "u our vision z !y successfully surm\nt ! =midable b>ri]s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ) b little dim9ution ( en]gy1 sweep across our cont95t ) increas+ =ce & heavy precipitation1 & )9 ?ree days pass beyond our meteorological horizon at ! ,atlantic seabo>d only to be he>d f sev]al days lat] z boreal ravag]s ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! great anti-cyclones t con/itute ! ,am]ican cold waves drift into our t]ritory f ,canadian ,nor?we/ prov9ces1 & are /udi$ "u rapidly *ang+ conditions dur+ ?ree ?\s& miles ( _! c\rse4 ,we/ ,indian hurricanes1 at sea level & 9 humid air1 :i* are ! mo/ viol5t ( all /orms except ! ,am]ican tornado1 intrude !mselves into ! doma9 cov]$ by ! wea!r map at ,florida or ! ,ea/ ,gulf coa/ & usually pass (f to ! nor!a/ ) high w9ds skirt+ our s\!rn coa/ /ations4 ,p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s 9 ! ,pacific ,are ,great ,c5t]s ( ,action4 ,ne> ! end ( ,*apt] ,,xii ref]5ce is made to ! fact t !re is a b>ri] 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean t int]f]es ) ! movem5t ( /orms f ! ,ori5t1 b :i* does n entirely /op _! progress4 ,ext5sive ,highs & ,l[s1 sometimes call$ 8,c5t]s ( ,action0 because !y d n migrate l ! travel+ ,highs & ,l[s t cause ! alt]nations ( wea!r t we exp]i5ce f day to day1 are also call$ ,sub-p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s4 ,!y are ! p>5t sy/ems out ( :i* come _m ( ! ,highs & ,l[s t cross ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 & !y act z a b> to ! free passage ( /orms f ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,z ^! ,sub-p]man5t areas %ift _! c5t]s a little to ! nor? or to ! s\? !y *ange ! "* & ! l9e ( movem5t ( ! /orms & cool waves t come to u1 & !y alt] ! g5]al "* ( ! wea!r = ?\s&s ( miles to ! ea/ ( !m4 ,9 ! region ( ,icel& is ! c5t] ( an ext5sive ,sub-p]man5t ,l[ t has mu* to d 9 controll+ ! wea!r ( ,europe1 & !re is a ,sub-p]man5t ,high c5tral at or ne> ,b]muda 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,:5ev] ! latt] is built up by hav+ a migrat+ ,high f ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t jo9 ) x1 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates exp]i5ces :at is call$ a 8hot wave01 & ! heat cont9ues z long z ?is ,sub-p]man5t ,high rema9s unusually high & ext5ds its we/]n limits to include our ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,! matt] 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph is s important t x w be re/at$ 9 slightly diff]5t =m3 ,:5ev] ei!r ! ,high or ! ,l[ ,c5t] ( ,action 7,sub-p]man5t ,high & ,l[71 out ( :i* comes ne>ly all ( ! migrat+ ,highs & ,l[s1 %ifts its normal seasonal position1 !n /orms are erratic & unusual wea!r occurs ov] ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t & f>!r ea/w>d4 ,! reason :y mu* ! great] numb] ( ! /orms t cross ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & ,europe orig9ate ei!r 9 our ,rockies1 ! ,canadian ,nor?we/1 or j (f ! ,alaskan coa/ is due to ! fact 7,*>t #a1 page #ii7 t ! ,l[ c5t] ( action is normally ov] ! middle & nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau 9 summ]1 & ov] ! ,aleutian ,isl&s 7,*>t #b1 page #ajj7 9 w9t]4 ,! ,high t foll[s ! migrat+ ,l[ 9 w9t] ei!r sep>ates f ! c5t] ( action c5tral ov] ! ,canadian ,rockies 7,*>t #b71 or f ! "o c5tral at ,honolulu2 if f ! latt]1 ! wea!r w be simply cool] aft] ! passage ( ! ,l[1 b if ! ,high sep>ates f ! c5t] ( action 9 ! ,canadian ,rockies x w con/itute a cold wave z x foll[s a ,l[ s\!a/w>d into ! int]ior ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !n ea/w>d to ! coa/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,climate ,,*ange ,,( ,,sol> ,,rays ,,into ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,=ms ,,( ,,en]gy ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,absorb$ ,,by ,,our ,,atmosph]e ,,or ,,z ,,!y ,,enc\nt] ,,! ,,e>?--,,temp]atures ,,( ,,wat]1 ,,e>?1 ,,& ,,air--,,h[ ,,sanit>y ,,homes ,,may ,,be ,,*eaply ,,con/ruct$ ,,bel[ ,,gr\nd1 ,,cool ,,9 ,,summ] ,,& ,,w>m ,,9 ,,w9t] ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,climate & ,wea!r4 ,"o may speak ( ! wea!r ( to-day or ( "s "t t is pa/1 b n ( ! climate ( to-day1 or ( any day1 mon?1 or ye> t is gone3 = ! climate ( a place is det]m9$ by a /udy ( its wea!r records = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,climate *anges s sl[ly t we speak ( ! movem5t z a mutation r ?an z a *ange4 ,! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ! b>omet] & ! !rmomet]--ab\t two & a half c5turies--is s %ort z to %[ little if any *ange 9 climate1 :ile ! wea!r *anges f day to day4 ,! ,sun ,our ,only ,s\rce ( ,appreciable ,heat4 ,ea* "o ( ! />s visible to ! eye & _m ( ! millions t are n visible1 are suns accompani$ by planets4 ,_! conditions are simil> to ^? ( our sun1 except t mo/ ( !m are l>g] ?an our sun1 "s a million times l>g]4 ,b _! di/ance is s great t !y ex]cise little or no influ5ce 9 ! heat+ ( ! e>?4 ,light travels at ab\t ! rate ( #ahf1djj miles p] second1 & yet ^! />s are s di/ant t if ! ne>e/ "o _h be5 creat$ at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce we /ill w\ld be 9 ignorance ( its exi/5ce1 = its fir/ rays ( light w\ld n rea* u = _m ye>s yet to come2 & light f "s ( ! remote suns t we call />s requires ?\s&s ( ye>s to come4 ,x is app>5t !re=e t we dep5d exclusively ^u our own lum9>y = ! heat t w>ms our atmosph]e & gives life to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,equ9oxes1 ,m>* #ba & ,septemb] #bb4 ,axis p]p5dicul> to ,sun's rays4 ,day & night ev]y:]e equal4 ,diff]5t ,temp]atures ) ! ,same ,quantity ( ,sol> ,heat4 ,on ! same day ( ea* ye> at ! same place practically ! same am\nt ( heat falls ^u & into ! e>?'s atmosph]e f ! sun1 b r>ely does ! same temp]ature & wea!r occur1 & (t5 !re is wide v>iation 9 ! wea!r ( ! same day ( two diff]5t ye>s4 ,! fir/ ( ,july may be cold en\gh to we> an ov]coat at midday1 or ! fir/ ( ,janu>y may be s temp]ate z to p]mit ! donn+ ( summ] habilim5ts1 :ile1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( heat receiv$ f ! sun1 !re w\ld h occurr$ ! usual seasonal conditions on ! days nam$ _h !re be5 no o!r influ5ce ?an ! direct action ( ! sun's heat4 ,! cause ( ^! seem+ inconsi/5cies is due to ! motions ( ! atmosph]e 9 a /ratum only five to sev5 miles 9 dep?1 air cool+ by expansion z x asc5ds 9 cyclonic :irls & heat+ z x desc5ds 9 anti-cyclonic movem5ts4 ,cond5sation1 9 ! =m ( cl\d or ra9 or sn[1 also introduces complications1 usually produc+ a cool+ effect 9 summ] & a w>m+ 9 w9t]4 ,9 o!r words3 int]f]5ce 9 ! uni=m & gradual *ange 9 temp]ature1 ( ! l[] /ratum ( air 9 :i* we live1 f ! heat ( summ] to ! cold ( w9t]1 & !n ! rev]se process1 is due entirely to ! heat+ & ! cool+ ( ! l[] air by its upw>d & d[nw>d motions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,summ] ,sol/ice1 ,june #ba4 ,nor? ,pole leans t[>ds ,sun's rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,w9t] ,sol/ice1 ,decemb] #ba4 ,nor? ,pole is d>k n[ in/ead ( light1 z at ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,pole leans 9 same direction b ,e>? be+ on opposite side ( its orbit rays come f opposite direction4 ,ref] to ,figure #bd4 ,if ! e>?'s axis 7 v]tical to ! plane ( its orbit all places on its surface always w\ld h days ( twelve h\rs ea* & ! nights w\ld be ( ! same l5g?2 sun%9e w\ld j t\* bo? poles 7,figure #ba7 ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun & !re w\ld be no seasons4 ,"o w\ld ne$ to *ange "o's location on ! e>? 9 ord] to get a *ange ( wea!r1 :i* w\ld be monoton\s & q diff]5t f ! active conditions ( ! atmosph]e t we n[ enjoy4 ,! :ole conditions ( life w\ld be alt]$ = ! worse4 ,y h se5 a top tilt ov] to "o side z x spun on ! floor4 ,9 ! same way ! e>? sp9s on its axis z x pursues its c\rse ar\nd ! sun )\t *ang+ ! direction t[>ds :i* its axis po9ts1 z %[n by ,figure #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,note t direction ( axis does n *ange z ,e>? moves ar\nd ,sun4 ,?is causes v>iation 9 area ( surface illum9at$4 ,if axis 7 p]p5dicul> to plane ( orbit !re w\ld be no seasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,z angle ( incid5ce decreases f #ij to #aj ! heat receiv$ on upp] end ( blocks is spread ov] great] area at bottom1 & its temp]ature dim9i%$4 7,abbe47 ,! int5sity ( ! sun's rays at sunrise & at sunset is less ?an at midday because ! quantity ( heat receiv$ at ! out] limits ( ! atmosph]e on a giv5 area1 z = in/ance at ! area ( ! upp] ends ( ! blocks 9 ,figure #be1 passes ?r\gh a deep] /ratum ( air ! l[] ! angle ( incid5ce1 & because x is di/ribut$ ov] a l>g] area :5 x rea*es ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,z ! heat ( day increases f morn+ until midday & !n decreases1 s does ! heat ( ! ye> increase f midw9t] to midsumm] & !n decrease1 & = ! same reason3 *ange 9 obliquity ( ! sun's rays1 to :i* mu/ be add$ *ange 9 di/ance f ! c5tral lum9>y4 ,figure #bf %[s t ! sun rea*es its greate/ midday altitude on ,june #ba/ & its lea/ on ,decemb] #ba/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,obs]v] at c5t] ( picture at latitude #de4 ,%[+ altitude atta9$ by ! ,sun at midday & l5g? ( its track above ! horizon at ! ,summ] & ,w9t] ,sol/ices & at ! two ,equ9oxes4 ,sol> ,rays ,absorb$ by ! ,atmosph]e4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! e>? absorbs ab\t sev5ty-six p] c5t4 ( ! sol> rays t pass ?r\gh x4 ,ab\t "o half is absorb$ by a cl\dless atmosph]e1 & ne>ly all is absorb$ or reflect$ away by a cl\dy air4 ,on ! av]age ab\t fifty-two p] c5t4 ( ! e>?'s surface is obscur$ by cl\ds all ! "t1 :i* r$uces ! total am\nt ( heat t rea*es ! e>? to b tw5ty-f\r p] c5t4 ,b 9 regions l ! high plateau ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e !re is little cl\d9ess or moi/ure 9 ! air1 fully fifty p] c5t4 rea* ! e>?4 ,at ! equator1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! z5i? at noon1 ! rays /rike ! e>? p]p5dicul>ly & rea* ! e>? ?r\gh ! %orte/ air di/ance possible2 b = latitudes f> nor? or s\? ( ! equator1 ! rays are m oblique & mu/ pass ?r\gh an ev]-increas+ ?ickness ( air z ! latitude increases4 ,consequ5tly ! heat t rea*es ! e>? at high latitudes decreases1 n only on acc\nt ( ! great] obliquity ( ! sun's rays1 b also because ( ! long] pa? ( atmosph]e trav]s$1 :i* causes a fur!r loss by absorption4 ,! ,lag ( ,e>? ,temp]atures4 ,! sol> rays rea* _! greate/ int5sity on ,june #ba/1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 :5 ! sun atta9s ! f>!/ po9t nor?1 & ! obliquity ( its rays is ! lea/1 b ! highe/ temp]ature ( ! air = ! ye> does n occur on ! av]age = a mon? or six weeks lat]1 due to ! capacity ( ! e>? & air to absorb heat2 & ! maximum = ! e>? does n occur until /ill lat]4 ,! sun is ! f>!/ s\? on ,decemb] #ba/1 b ! m9imum air temp]ature ( ! ye>1 on ! av]age1 does n occur until a mon? lat]1 & at a lat] p]iod 9 ! e>?4 ,at ,muni*1 ,bav>ia1 at a dep? ( f\r feet1 ! m9imum annual temp]ature occurs on ! #b;d ( ,m>*1 & ! maximum on ! #bd? ( ,augu/4 ,= ea* increase ( f\r feet 9 dep? ! "t ( occurr5ce ( ei!r maximum or m9imum temp]ature is ret>d$ tw5ty-"o days1 ! m9imum n occurr+ until ! #bc;d ( ,may at a dep? ( #bj4b1 & ! maximum be+ ret>d$ until ! #ag? ( ,novemb]4 ,annual ,range 9 ,air ,temp]ature4 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 w9t] & summ] increases f ! equator nor?w>d & f all oceans t[>d ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 & is great] 9 ! middle latitudes on ! ea/]n side ( l>ge bodies ( l& ?an on _! we/]n side4 ,yakutsk1 ,sib]ia1 has exp]i5c$ #hj bel[ z]o 9 ,janu>y & #ajb above 9 ,july1 mak+ a range ( #ahb4 ,dawson1 ,canada1 has a record ( #fh bel[ = w9t] & #id above = summ]1 mak+ a range ( #afb4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) ^! l>ge diff]5ces1 %[n 9 ! nor!rn int]ior ( cont95ts1 is ! annual range at ,samoa1 f a maximum ( #ib to a m9imum ( #fb1 a range = ! ye> ( only #cj = ?is isl& ( ! ,pacific1 locat$ ne> ! equator4 ,rev]sal ( ! ,seasons 9 ! ,two ,hemisph]es4 ,! summ] is %ort] 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn & ! w9t] is long]1 b ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e is ne>] to ! sun 9 ! summ] & f>!r away 9 w9t]1 conditions t t5d to add to ! extremes ( bo? seasons4 ,because ( ! sl[ness ( ! e>? 9 pass+ ?r\gh "o half ( its orbit1 ! nor!rn summ] la/s n9ety-?ree days1 :ile t ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e la/s b eighty-n9e days4 ,! result is t dur+ l seasons & dur+ ! :ole ye> ! two hemisph]es receive exactly ! same quantity ( heat4 ,only ,wat] ,vapor ,protects ! ,e>? f ,dea? by ,freez+4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv y are told t ! e>? is surr\nd$ by f\r atmosph]es t conduct !mselves ea* q indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 & t wat] vapor 7aque\s vapor7 is "o ( !m4 ,wat] vapor plays ! mo/ important "p 9 absorb+ incom+ rays & 9 absorb+ & reflect+ back outgo+ heat rays f ! e>?4 ,)\t ! vapor\s atmosph]e ! sun's rays w\ld be b slightly absorb$ z !y ent]$ & radiation f ! e>? w\ld readily escape ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to out] space4 ,no matt] h[ fi]cely ! sun might %9e1 life on ! e>? w\ld be entirely de/roy$ by cold4 ,:5 wat] vapor1 cl\ds1 or du/ motes int]cept c]ta9 portions ( ! sun's rays1 !y *ange !m f vibrations 9 e!r to ! motions ( molecules1 & ! motions ( ^! molecules are express$ 9 a rise 9 temp]ature 9 ! vapor1 cl\d1 or du/4 ,e>? radiations ( heat1 hav+ long] & sl[] wave l5g?s ?an ^? t come f ! sun1 are m readily absorb$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal functions ( ! atmosph]e is to protect ! e>? f ! int5se cold ( out] space1 :i* mu/ be ne> or at absolute z]o--#dei bel[ ! z]o m>k4 ,:y ,%\ld ,n ,m\nta9 ,peaks ,be ,w>m8 ,!y ,are ,ne>] ! ,sun4 ,! absorption by ! atmosph]e ( bo? sol> & t]re/rial radiation is great] 9 ! l[] levels ( ! air1 :]e wat] vapor1 cl\d1 & du/ are ! d5se/1 :ile ! transmission ( bo? incom+ & outgo+ radiation is m rapid ?r\gh ! pure air al(t4 ,?us we acc\nt = ! coolness ( all m\nta9 peaks1 & ! p]petual freez+ temp]atures ( "s1 ev5 ?\gh !y be locat$ 9 ! tropics1 & ?\gh _! tops occupy positions sev]al miles ne>] ! sun ?an ! bases f :i* !y rise4 ,h[ ! ,e>? ,cools at ,night4 ,radiation f ! e>? goes on day & night1 w9t] & summ]4 ,dur+ daylight ! ga9 ( heat is great] ?an ! loss1 :ile at night ! rev]se is true4 ,aft] sunset bo? ! e>? & ! air cont9ue to cool by radiation un*eck$ by ! incom+ heat ( ! daytime4 ,! e>? loses heat1 ev5 "u a cle> sky1 m freely ?an ! air1 ) ! result t ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ( vegetation may fall to a temp]ature t5 to fifte5 degrees l[] ?an t ( ! air at a few hundr$ feet elevation4 ,?is condition is call$ 8temp]ature inv]sion40 ,! great] diff]5ce w occur :5 !re is little w9d to mix ! air4 ,on a cle> night ! radiation outw>d w be rapid2 !n1 if ! w9d be light1 !re may occur an increase 9 temp]ature up to a height ( two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet1 & !n a fall1 rea*+ ! surface temp]ature at ab\t two ?\s& feet elevation1 unless ! gr\nd be wet1 or ! location be adjac5t to a consid]able body ( wat]4 ,a ,cl\d ,cov]+ ,cools by ,day & ,w>ms by ,night4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal functions ( cl\ds is to cons]ve ! heat ( ! sun4 ,a cov]+ ( cl\d1 fog1 or d5se haze may n only scre5 (f ! heat ( day1 b greatly ret>d ! l[]+ ( temp]ature at night by reflect+ & radiat+ back to ! gr\nd mu* ( ! heat t x has lo/4 ,! ,temp]ature ( ,oceans1 ,lakes1 & ,riv]s4 ,! same quantity ( heat fall+ ^u diff]5t k9ds ( matt] produces diff]5t temp]atures1 dep5d+ on ! capacity 7specific heat7 ( ea* k9d ( matt] to absorb or hold heat2 ?is is notably app>5t :5 ! matt] is l&1 wat]1 or air2 = ! same quantity ( heat w raise ! temp]ature ( a wat] surface only ab\t "o f\r? z mu* z x w a l& surface4 ,wat] rejects by reflection a consid]able am\nt ( ! sol> rays t fall ^u x1 :ile l& reflects b a small "p2 & ( t :i* is receiv$ ^u ! top lay] ( wat] mu* is r5d]$ lat5t 9 ! process ( evaporation & does n imp>t w>m? to ! wat]4 ,sol> rays also p5etrate wat] to a consid]able dep? & are q uni=mly absorb$ by ! :ole /ratum p5etrat$4 ,^! conditions cause l>ge wat] surfaces & ! air imm$iately ov] !m to h a mu* l[] temp]ature dur+ ! day & a mu* high] temp]ature dur+ ! night2 & also l[] temp]atures dur+ summ] & high] temp]atures dur+ w9t]1 ?an occur ov] a l& surface ( ! same latitude4 ,fre% ,wat] & ,salt ,wat] ,h ,diff]5t ,freez+ ,temp]atures4 ,9 ! ratio ( #ic4e to #ajj ! specific heat ( sea wat] is less ?an t ( fre% wat]4 ,sea wat] is a bett] conductor ( heat1 s t x p5etrates to a great] dep? 9 salt wat] 9 ! same p]iod ( "t ?an x does 9 fre% wat]4 ,sea wat] regul>ly contracts ) fall+ temp]ature until its greate/ d5sity occurs at f\r degrees bel[ freez+1 :5 x becomes solid ice & exp&s 9 ! process ( freez+2 o!rwise x w\ld n float4 ,a ,wond]ful ,ph5om5on4 ,9 ?is respect a mo/ wond]ful & unexpla9able ph5om5on occurs ) reg>d to fre% wat]4 ,n only sea wat] b practically all o!r =ms ( matt]--liquid1 solid1 & gase\s--exp& ) increas+ heat & contract ) decreas+ heat1 except fre% wat] betwe5 #ci & #cb1 :i* actually exp&s ) fall+ temp]ature4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! ,creator _h gone ov] ,8 "w & made revisions & corrections "h & !re1 = unless ! law ) reg>d to ! contraction ( liquids ) fall+ temp]atures _h be5 rev]s$ = fre% wat] betwe5 #ci & #cb our rivulets1 /reams1 lakes1 & riv]s w\ld freeze f ! bottom upw>d & ! life ( inl& wat] be :olly or p>tly de/roy$4 ,ev5 m calamit\s w\ld be ! floods ( spr+time1 = melt+ sn[s & fall+ ra9s w\ld spread ov] & erode ! cultivat$ fields ( ! husb&man in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ away by ! op5 *annels ( /reams1 z is l>gely done n[4 ,! ,freez+ ( ,fre% & ( ,salt ,bodies ( ,wat]4 ,! freez+ ( wat] does n take place ^u ! surface ( wat] only1 z _m suppose4 ,congelation takes place ab\t millions ( m9ute atoms ( matt] c>ri$ by ! wat] 9 susp5sion4 ,wat] exp&s 9 ! process ( freez+ & ea* p>ticle ( ice1 no matt] 9 :at "p ( ! body ( wat] x is =m$1 imm$iately rises to ! surface because ( ! ga9 9 its buoyance z x *anges f ! liquid to ! solid =m4 ,:5 ! surface ( wat] cools by radiation to a cool] air x ga9s 9 specific gravity & s9ks & w>m] wat] comes up to take its place & 9 turn be cool$ & s9k2 ?us a circulation is e/abli%$ :i* cont9ues 9 fre% wat] until e "p ( ! body ( wat] has fall5 to #ci & 9 salt wat] to #bh4 ,at ^! temp]atures ! two wat]s rea* _! maximum d5sity4 ,) ! fur!r cool+ ( salt wat] p>ticles ( ice =m & rise to ! top1 z already describ$4 ,) ! cool+ ( fre% wat] bel[ #ci ! law t holds good = all high] temp]atures is rev]s$ & expansion ( volume beg9s1 :i* cont9ues until #cb is rea*$4 ,!re=e1 fre% wat] ( any temp]ature betwe5 #ci & #cb may float ^u wat] t is consid]ably w>m]2 9 fact1 x has less specific gravity at #cb ?an at #df4 ,at #cb t :i* 0 a liquid becomes a solid & /ill fur!r sudd5ly exp&s its volume4 ,! ,cold ( ,ocean ,bottoms4 ,few h any idea ( ! enorm\s volume ( cold wat] t lies ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?ree f\r?s ( :i* is cov]$ ) oceans ^: dep?s av]age two miles & 9 _m places are five miles4 ,bel[ "o mile 9 dep? ^! oceans are always at ab\t ! freez+ po9t ( salt wat]1 :i* is #bh1 except 9 ! tropics1 :]e x is b little w>m]1 v>y+ betwe5 #cd & #cf4 ,h[ ,temp]atures ( ,inclos$ ,seas ,diff] f ,^? ( ,oceans4 ,we w take ! ,r$ ,sea z an example4 ,x is #ahj miles wide & ext5ds 9 a ne>ly nor? & s\? direction = #adej miles1 ab\t "o half ( x ly+ )9 ! tropics4 ,evaporation takes place at a rapid rate1 b only ! surface wat] ( ! ,indian ,ocean on ! s\? is able to ent] to take ! place ( t :i* is lo/1 = a b> or sill at ! entrance1 ext5d+ f ! bottom to )9 twelve hundr$ feet ( ! surface1 sep>ates ! deep wat] ( ! sea f t ( ! outside ocean4 ,its surface temp]atures v>y ab\t z ! ,indian ,ocean1 be+ #he 9 summ] & #gj 9 w9t]4 ,bo? bodies ( wat] decrease 9 temp]ature at ab\t ! same rate d[n to ! level ( ! sill1 :]e ! temp]ature rema9s con/ant ! ye> ?r\gh at #gj4 ,"h a m>k$ diff]5ce occurs1 = ! sea1 :i* has a dep? ( #gbjj feet1 ma9ta9s ! same temp]ature ( #gj all ! way d[n to ! bottom2 :ile ! ocean cont9ues to decrease 9 temp]ature d[n to a dep? ( ab\t six ?\s& feet1 :]e a temp]ature ( #cd to #cf prevails ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,a simil> condition exi/s ) relation to ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,at ! top ( ! sill1 :i* is #aadj feet bel[ ! surface1 ! temp]ature ( bo? bodies is #ee1 & ?is degree ( heat is ma9ta9$ all ! way d[n to ! bottom ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :ile 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 at ! same dep? z ! bottom ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! temp]ature is only #ce4 ,h[ ! ,temp]ature ( ,wat] ,*anges ) ,latitude1 ,season1 & ,dep?4 ,x is impossible to "n a giv5 temp]ature z prevail+ ov] bodies ( wat] at all places on ! same p>allel ( latitude1 because ocean curr5ts soon move wat] heat$ 9 "o latitude to a high] or a l[] position4 ,at ! equator ! surface temp]ature is betwe5 #hb & #hd2 x *anges less ?an "o degree betwe5 day & night1 & n ov] five degrees betwe5 w9t] & summ]2 & bel[ tw5ty-f\r hundr$ feet !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! seasons1 ! daily v>iation ceas+ at less ?an a hundr$ feet4 ,bel[ six ?\s& feet ! temp]ature is always ne> ! freez+ po9t ( fre% wat]4 ,9 ! middle latitudes ! surface v>iation is f #ej 9 w9t] to #fh 9 summ]4 ,at latitude #gj ,n4 ! surface temp]ature has b a small daily v>iation1 & a ye>ly range ( f #ce = w9t] to #de = summ]2 at a dep? ( tw5ty-f\r hundr$ feet x rema9s /eady at #cb4 ,f ?is level !re is a gradual decrease to a dep? ( six ?\s& feet1 :]e a con/ant temp]ature ( #bh exi/s1 & bel[ ?is !re is no *ange4 ,! temp]ature ( ,lake ,sup]ior decreases d[n to a dep? ( two hundr$ =ty feet1 :]e a temp]ature ( #ci cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 z x does d[nw>d = ! rema9d] ( ! di/ance to ! bottom1 :i* has an av]age dep? ( n9e hundr$ feet4 ,direction ( ,w9d ,affects ,%ore ,temp]ature ( ,wat]4 ,on%ore w9ds skim (f ! w>m surface wat] & drive x %orew>d1 :]e x banks up1 &1 press+ d[nw>d1 causes ! cold] wat] b5ea? to fl[ back seaw>d4 ,9 l mann]1 (f%ore w9ds bl[ (f ! top wat] ne> ! %ore & s5d x out to sea1 & cold] wat] rises to take its place4 ,great ,heat ( ! ,e>?'s ,int]ior4 ,we are ignorant ( ! conditions ( matt] "u ! heat+ effect ( ! enorm\s pressure t exi/s ne> ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 b x is probable t pressure prev5ts x f *ang+ f a solid to a liquid or a gase\s =m4 ,! surface ( ! solid e>? rises to a mu* high] temp]ature z ! sol> rays fall ^u x ?an does a wat] surface1 or ! air imm$iately above1 because x is a poor reflector1 a poor conductor1 & a poor radiator1 & :5 dry does n get any cool+ effect f evaporation4 ,sol> heat ceases to be app>5t at a dep? t v>ies ) ! latitude & ! conditions ( ! soil ) reg>d to moi/ure & specific heat1 b ev]y:]e at less ?an fifty feet4 ,at ! poles & = "s di/ance away ! e>? is cov]$ ) ice or sn[ ! entire ye> & is froz5 to a consid]able dep?4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia & "s p>ts ( ,alaska only a ?9 /ratum ( soil ?aws out "u ! heat ( summ]4 ,beg9n+ at ab\t fifty feet1 !re is an increase ( temp]ature d[nw>d1 b x is n ! same = all places1 v>y+ f a degree = =ty feet to a degree = "o hundr$ feet4 ,tak+ ! av]age ( ! increase ) dep?1 wat] w\ld boil at n9ety-five hundr$ feet & ! h>de/ rock be molt5 at ?irty miles4 ,at a dep? ( #cdij feet ne> ,b]l91 ! temp]ature 0 f\nd to be #aaf1 :ile x 0 only #ajh at ! same dep? at ,:eel+1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & 9 bo? places !re is no *ange f day to night or f w9t] to summ]4 ,soil ,usually ,w>m] ,?an ,air ,next ,above4 ,9 summ]1 ,june to ,augu/1 ! b>e1 dry1 top soil is w>m] ?an ! air t5 feet above dur+ all h\rs ( ! day & night1 at times ! diff]5ce be+ z mu* z =ty degrees at midday4 ,dur+ w9t]1 ,decemb] to ,febru>y1 x is slightly cool]1 except betwe5 #i ,a4,m4 & #c ,p4,m4 :5 ! excess is seldom m ?an t5 degrees4 ,evaporation f a wet soil l[]s its temp]ature bel[ t ( ! air imm$iately above ?r\gh ! r5d]+ lat5t ( a l>ge quantity ( heat4 ,a melt+ sn[ surface also is bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! air because ( ! heat employ$ 9 *ang+ ! sn[ to ! liquid =m4 ,let ,"m ,e>? ,cool & ,refre% ,y ,dur+ ! ,heat ( ,summ]4 ,h[ little ! av]age man realizes ! possibilities = improv+ 8 condition t lie close at h&4 ,he does n "k1 or he is indiff]5t to ! fact1 t only ?ree feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd x is z cool at midday z at midnight1 & t !re is no diurnal v>iation 9 temp]ature bel[ t dep?1 & no annual v>iation bel[ a dep? ( f ?irty to =ty feet4 ,if "o 7 to set d[n ! temp]ature ( ea* day1 add ! numb]s at ! end ( ! ye>1 & divide ! sum by #cfe ! quoti5t w\ld equal ! temp]ature always f\nd at t place at a dep? ( ab\t ?irty feet4 ,! temp]ature ( a deep-fl[+ spr+ is always ab\t ! mean annual air temp]ature ( ! place4 ,"h is heal?-giv+ coolness = summ] & w>m? = w9t] ( :i* "o takes little he$ & d]ives practically no pr(it4 ,rem>kable1 is x n8 ,& ^! b5efic5t conditions are univ]sal & available = all1 except to ^? cr[d$ into conge/$ c5t]s ( population4 ,! temp]ature is #ed 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky & %[s no *ange f day to day & f w9t] to summ]4 ,dur+ ! extreme heat ( summ] & ! cold ( w9t] _m c\ld pr(itably1 heal?fully1 & pleasantly live bel[ gr\nd4 ,dur+ su* p]iods ! cell> ( ! h\se1 :i* %\ld be deep & spaci\s1 ev5 ext5d+ beyond ! dim5sions ( ! edifice above1 if a cont9u\s supply ( pure air c\ld be =c$ ?r\gh x1 or natural v5tilation accompli%$ by ! plan outl9$ bel[1 %\ld be ! l\ng+1 re/+1 & sleep+ place ( ! occupants ( ! h\sehold4 ,x is n impossible or extremely difficult to *ange ! /agnant1 moi/1 g]m-lad51 ill-smell+ air ( ! av]age cell>1 9 :i* x is positively dang]\s to sp5d mu* "t1 into active1 pure1 & delightfully heal?ful air1--air 9 :i* ! worn & we>y work] f ! heat ( ! f>m]'s field1 or ! artisan & ! cl]k f ! debilitat+ temp]atures ( ! factory & ! (fice c\ld recup]ate f ! toil ( ! day1 & f :i* !y w\ld g =? ea* morn+ invigorat$ = ano!r day's effici5t s]vice1 in/ead ( dragg+ we>y limbs f hot1 sleepless b$s1 ea* morn+ less 9 en]gy ?an ! day be=e4 ,z is %[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is book1 ! rese>*es ( ,hunt+ton h prov5 conclusively t man is at 8 l[e/ physical & m5tal po9ts ( effici5cy1 & m subject to ! contraction ( disease ?r\gh weakness1 9 midsumm] & midw9t]1 & t ! hott] ! summ] & ! cold] ! w9t] ! less is 8 en]gy & ! l[] is 8 p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! :ole problem is "o ( v5tilation4 ,:ile ?is is simple1 x mu/ be sci5tifically done4 ,! ideal location = a liv+ cell> is a hillside4 ,x is easy to in/all v5tilators 9 ! ro( ( a cell> no matt] :]e locat$1 b ^! are ( no avail :atev] if !re is n adequate air dra9age at ! bottom ( ! cell>4 ,f ! cell> 9 a hillside a conduit c lead f ! bottom ( ! inclosure & h its op5+ at a l[] level1 !reby accompli%+ dra9age & circulation1 :i* are all-important 9 ! creat+ ( a sanit>y condition ( air "u ! cool e>?4 ,= ea* ?\s& cubic feet ( cell> space !re %\ld project f ! ro(1 to a height ( at lea/ six feet above gr\nd1 a sep>ate v5tilator %aft ( at lea/ "o squ>e foot cross-section dim5sion4 ,a l v5tilat+ capacity %\ld be provid$ f ! bottom outw>d to a l[] level1 b "h two or m %afts may be comb9$ 9 "o1 s ! prop] capacity is secur$4 ,dur+ ! day ! draft w be upw>d ?r\gh ?is sy/em4 ,b at night1 except :5 ! w9d is brisk1 ! direction ( movem5t ( ! air is rev]s$1 & ! cool air ( ! m9imum temp]ature ( night or e>ly morn+1 because ( its great] d5sity1 drops d[n into ! cell>4 ,! dra9age %aft %\ld be provid$ ) a damp]1 :i* %\ld be clos$ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ab\t daybreak1 entrapp+ ! cold air ( night4 ,! l[] op5+ %\ld be cov]$ ) wire nett+1 to exclude small animals1 & ! :ole con/ruction be ( concrete1 r5d]+ x imp]i%able & rat-pro(4 ,inexp5sive b ,effici5t ,cold ,/orage4 ,su* a sanit>y cell> z describ$ above provides an excell5t /orage = fruits & vegetables1 comp>+ favorably ) ! mu* m exp5sive artificial refrig]ation4 ,by an intellig5t manipulation ( ! damp] 9 ! l[] %aft1 cool /orage may be provid$ = fruit & o!r produce 9 ! e>ly fall1 & protection secur$ aga9/ ! extreme cold ( w9t]4 ,:y ,does ,air ,cool ) ,asc5t & ,heat ) ,desc5t8 ,if a mass ( air be elevat$ #ahc feet x w be f\nd to h lo/ "o degree 9 temp]ature1 because !re is less air above to ex]t pressure ^u x & x !re=e exp&s to great] volume1 & 9 ! process ( expansion "w is p]=m$ :i* employs heat & r5d]s x lat5t4 ,"o m9ute1 "o h\r1 or a ?\s& ye>s !reaft]1 if ?is same air be l[]$ to its =m] elevation1 x w be compress$ into its previ\s dim5sions & ! heat en]gy t =m]ly 0 employ$ to exp& x w be re/or$ to ! s5sible condition4 ,?is ratio ( #ahc feet to "o degree does n hold = any ext5d$ movem5t1 because1 z soon z ! dew po9t ( ! air is rea*$1 cond5sation 9 ! =m ( cl\d or ra9 occurs & ! heat ( cond5sation is releas$2 t is to say1 ! same quantity ( heat employ$ to create ! wat] vapor at "s previ\s "t & !reby r5d]$ lat5t is n[ become s5sible & p>tly makes up = ! loss by expansion z ! air asc5ds4 ,! av]age is !re=e ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet = "o degree4 ,height ( ,freez+ ,cold 9 ! ,free ,air4 ,! fro/ level rema9s con/ant1 w9t] & summ]1 ov] ! equator at ab\t eighte5 ?\s& feet4 ,else:]e ?is level rises & falls ) ! seasons1 ! amplitude ( ! movem5t increas+ ) latitude & be+ great] ov] l& ?an ov] wat] on ! same p>allel4 ,daily ,range ( ,temp]ature 9 ! ,free ,air4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( day & t ( night decreases ) altitude 9 ! free air & ceases at ab\t eight ?\s& feet4 ,x is greate/ dur+ cle> wea!r & lea/ 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,n>r[ valleys may %[ a great] daily range ?an hilltops4 ,:5 ! sky is cle>1 radiation f ! hillsides may heat ! air 9 a valley to almo/ furnace heat at midday1 :ile at night ! air1 com+ 9 contact ) cool vegetation high] up1 *ills &1 ga9+ 9 weight by contraction1 fl[s d[n & collects 9 ! valley1 mak+ ! bottom ( ! valley w>m] dur+ day & cold] dur+ night ?an ! air above4 ,(t5 moi/ure-lad5 w9ds precipitate mu* ( _! wat] vapor z ! air cools by expansion 9 pass+ ov] a m\nta9 range4 ,^! w9ds c>ry a comp>atively dry air ov] to ! leew>d side ( ! m\nta91 :]e ! daily range ( temp]ature w be mu* great] ?an on ! w9dw>d side at ! same elevation4 ,san ,francisco1 :]e ! prevail+ w9ds come f ! ocean1 has a less range ?an ,new ,york1 :]e ! pr$om9at+ w9ds are f ! l&2 b ,new ,york is influ5c$ by its proximity to ! ocean1 = its range is mu* less ?an at ,d5v]1 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95t4 ,! range is less on ! ea/ side ( ,lake ,mi*igan ?an on ! we/ side1 z x is ) relation to all simil> bodies ( wat]4 ,man ,soon ,adju/s ,himself to ,*anges 9 ,altitude4 ,9 ,colonial days x 0 not$ t horses com+ d[n f ! m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ran swift] 9 ! races ! fir/ day or two aft] *ang+ to a l[] level4 ,9 go+ to a high] altitude an increase 9 ! numb] ( r$ corpuscles 9 ! blood enables x to absorb oxyg5 m readily1 & ?us comp5sate = ! loss 9 ! d5sity ( ! air4 ,because ( ?is ga9 9 ! *emical activities ( ! life curr5t1 "o feels a m>k$ increase 9 /r5g? on com+ to a l[] level1 b ! ga9 la/s = only a %ort "t be=e !re is a readju/m5t to =m] conditions4 ,p]sons ) weak he>ts may n be able to live at an altitude ( f\r ?\s& feet1 & mo/ p exp]i5ce inconv5i5ce1 at lea/1 on fir/ rea*+ t5 ?\s& feet2 b nature is accommodat+1 & a numb] ( l>ge cities prosp] at altitudes ( f "o to two miles4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,climate ,,is ,,modifi$ ,,& ,,controll$ ,if ! surface ( ! e>? 7 all l&1 & ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation 7 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ! day & ! night w\ld be equal ev]y:]e1 & !re w\ld be no seasons4 ,!re w\ld be no w9d1 = ! friction ( ! air aga9/ ! rotat+ e>? w\ld soon cause all levels ( ! atmosph]e to take up ! exact ea/]ly velocity ( ! solid body bel[4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld be contract$ by cold & drawn d[nw>d s z to h less dep? at ! poles ?an at any place hav+ latitude1 & x w\ld be deepe/ at ! equator1 :]e ! direct rays ( ! sun w\ld exp& x to an altitude ( probably twice :at x c\ld h at ! poles4 ,c5trifugal =ce--! =ce t causes mud to fly (f ! rim ( a swiftly rotat+ wagon :eel--w\ld fur!r l[] ! height ( ! atmosph]e at ! poles & cause x /ill m to ext5d outw>d at ! equator4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld soon adju/ itself to ^! con/ant conditions & =ces & !reaft] rema9 at re/ relative to ! e>?4 ,!re w\ld be no life1 = !re w\ld be no vapor\s atmosph]e if ! surface all 7 )\t wat]4 ,!re w\ld be extremely little heat to di/urb ! atmosph]e ) motion1 = ! dry gases ( ! atmosph]e are practically dia!rman\s1 & ! heat ( ! sun w\ld pass out by radiation f ! burnt & p>*$ surface ( ! e>? dur+ daytime )\t imp>t+ m ?an a m9ute fraction ( its en]gy to ! atmosph]e2 & at night ! ?9 surface ( ! top soil t _h be5 heat$ to a furnace temp]ature dur+ sun%9e w\ld be quickly lock$ 9 ! fa/nesses ( int5se cold--probably #bjj bel[ z]o4 ,if we n[ incl9e ! axis ( our imag9>y e>? #bc1 we %all introduce seasons ^: only *ange1 ! "o f ! o!r1 w be 9 ! duration ( sunlight1 z !re is no wat] vapor to absorb & utilize ! sun's rays 9 ! initiation ( motion & ! creation ( /orms4 ,we are assum+ t !re w\ld be en\gh heat absorb$ to prev5t ! atmosph]e f liquefy+1 :i* x w\ld d at any temp]ature l[] ?an #cab bel[ z]o4 ,if ! temp]ature 7 to fall bel[ ! liquefy+ po9t ( air1 we w\ld h ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( ! air exp&+ to a gas dur+ daylight & cond5s+ to a liquid dur+ nighttime1 &1 ( c\rse1 t w\ld mean motion & w9ds1 b ( su* a nature t "o w\ld h>dly d>e speculate z to _! peculi>ities4 ,we introduce ^! hypo!tical cases = ! purpose ( convey+ a cle>] idea ( ! ov]lapp+ ( conditions & ! comb9ations ( =ces t influ5ce & control ! seasons1 ! climate1 & ! wea!r ( ! e>?4 ,if ! surface ( ! e>? 7 all wat] & its axis p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( its orbit1 ! day & ! night w\ld ev]y:]e be equal & !re w\ld be no seasons4 ,) a wat] surface !re w\ld be an atmosph]e ne>ly if n q saturat$ ) vapor ( wat]1 9 o!r words1 ( practically "o hundr$ p] c5t4 relative humidity4 ,x is d\btful if ei!r animal or vegetable life c\ld exi/2 ! fir/ w\ld die ( int]nal heat1 because a saturat$ air w\ld p]mit ( no cool+ by evaporation f ! pores ( ! sk91 or f ! tongue & m\? ( animals t d n p]spire2 & ! second c\ld n gr[ )\t ! *emical action ( sun%9e1 :i* is a necess>y "p ( ! laboratory ( ! leaf ( e gr[+ plant1 ! sun%9e act+ ^u ! gre5 granul> matt] :i* con/itutes ! *lorophyll ( ! plant4 ,!re w\ld be little diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( day & ( night--probably n m ?an "o degree4 ,z ! e>? w\ld ev]y:]e & at all times be cov]$ ) a deep /ratum ( cl\d !re w\ld be little loss ( heat to space by radiation & ! temp]ature w\ld be excessive1 ris+ 9 ! tropics to ne> ! boil+ po9t4 ,we w assume t ! atmosph]e w\ld rea* a /able & un*ang$ condition ( great heat & humidity & be )\t motion or precipitation4 ,if n[ we incl9e ! axis ( ?is wat]-cov]$ e>? & introduce ! complication ( seasons1 we %all n only h v>iation 9 ! h\rs ( sun%9e1 increas+ z we g f ! equator t[>d ! poles1 b1 ! capacity ( air = moi/ure be+ less & less ) fall+ temp]ature1 we %all h d[np\rs ( ra9 z ! summ] sl[ly m]ges into fall & ! latt] into w9t]4 ,al?\gh ! air w be saturat$1 !re probably w be no ra9fall f ! "t :5 ! temp]ature beg9s to rise aft] midw9t] until x rea*es & passes ! maximum heat ( summ]4 ,x is fair to assume t dur+ ! ra9y p]iod !re w be cyclonic /orms ) torr5tial precipitation1 & t ! anti-cyclones t are a necess>y concomitant ( cyclones1 :ile !y may cause a tempor>y cessation ( precipitation 9 ! area t !y cov]1 by ! dynamic heat+ ( ! air 9 _! d[nw>d motions1 w be ineffective 9 fully cle>+ away ! cl\ds f a wat]-cov]$ e>?4 ,x is d\btful if su* an e>? w\ld be suitable = life1--c]ta9ly n = man4 ,! ,real ,e>? ( ,l&1 ,wat]1 & ,incl9$ ,axis4 ,! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* l& & wat] surfaces absorb1 radiate1 & reflect ! heat f ! sun has a pr(\nd influ5ce on climate1 :i* also is modifi$ by latitude1 elevation above sea level1 elevation above a valley or above a surr\nd+ plane1 direction ( w9d1 height & tr5d ( direction ( hills & m\nta9s1 ! position ( lakes & inl& seas1 ! relative position & magnitude ( cont95ts & oceans1 /orm tracks1 & ocean curr5ts4 ,influ5ce ( ,cont95ts & ,oceans on ,climate4 ,*>ts #a & #b 7pages #ii & #ajj71 con/ruct$ f obs]vations tak5 on %ips & on l&1 = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 %[ c]ta9 ,highs & ,l[s ( va/ ext5t1 sometimes call$ 8,c5t]s ( ,action01 because !y d n travel across cont95ts & oceans1 z d ! migrat+ ,highs & ,l[s t cause wea!r4 ,r d !y sl[ly rev]se _! relative positions betwe5 w9t] & summ]4 ,cont95ts cool by radiation 9 w9t] m rapidly ?an d oceans2 ! air contracts1 settles d[n & gr[s d5s] & air fl[s 9 at ! top f ! oceans & outw>d at ! surface ( ! e>? t[>d ! oceans2 ?us is built up ! w9t] ,highs1 or c5t]s ( action1 on cont95ts4 ,cont95ts heat up by absorption 9 summ] m rapidly ?an d oceans2 ! air exp&s1 rises1 & fl[s away 9 ! upp] levels to oceans & fl[s 9 at ! bottom f ! oceans2 & ?us are ! ,l[s1 or c5t]s ( action1 e/abli%$ on cont95ts 9 summ]4 ,x is app>5t t ^! processes mu/ be rev]s$ = ! oceans1 & t ! ,highs w be f\nd !re 9 ! summ] & ! ,l[s 9 ! w9t]4 ,c>efully foll[ ! illu/rations ( ^! pr9ciples by exam9+ ! :ole region nor? ( ! equator on ,*>ts #a & #b4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e !re is n su* a pron\nc$ %ift+ ( ! ,highs & ! ,l[s f oceans to cont95ts & back aga91 ) *ange 9 ! seasons1 z !re is 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 because ( ! small area ( l& 9 comp>ison ) t ( wat]2 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! s\!rn summ]1 :i* occurs 9 ,janu>y 7,*>t #b71 ,l[s are %[n ov] ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia4 ,note h[ ! w9ds bl[ out ( all ! ,highs & into all ! ,l[s4 ,also obs]ve t ! w9ds g5]ally bl[ f ab\t latitude #cj nor? & s\? t[>ds ! equator1 due to ! great heat ( ! tropics1 :i* causes ! air to rise & 9 ! high levels to fl[ nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 settl+ d[n to ! e>? aga9 ?r\gh ! belts ( high pressure t irregul>ly encircle ! e>? at latitudes #cj nor? & s\?4 ,9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts ! temp]ature falls l[] at night & rises high] dur+ ! day1 & falls l[] 9 w9t] & rises high] 9 summ] ?an on any ( _! coa/s4 ,on ! coa/ ( c5tral ,cali=nia1 = in/ance1 ! ocean is s cool 9 summ] & ! w9ds bl[ s /eadily f x t ! !rmomet] ranges betwe5 #ee & #gj1 ev5 :5 !re are temp]atures ( ov] #ajj b a few hundr$ miles away 9 ! great int]ior valleys1 or on ! broad plateaus ( ! m\nta9s4 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 9 ne>ly ! same latitude1 also h _! summ] temp]atures modifi$ by ocean influ5ce1 b !y are on ! ea/ side ( a broad cont95t1 :]e ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds give to !m m ! "* ( a cont95tal climate ?an "o m>9e2 b occasionally ! ea/ w9d1 = a %ort "t1 gives to !m ! modify+ influ5ce ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! w9t] ! influ5ce ( ! oceans is to modify ! extremes ( cold1 ! same z !y d ! excessive heat ( summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ab4--;,,av]age ,,maximum ,,temp]ature ,,= ,,july 7,h5ry74 ,*>t #h 7page #abi7 %[+ ! l[e/ temp]atures ev] record$ at ,wea!r ,bureau /ations1 & ,*>t #ab1 pres5t+ ! av]age ( ! highe/ daily temp]atures ( ,july1 graphically %[1 cle>] ?an any text c describe1 ! influ5ce ( cont95ts & oceans on climate4 ,on ! ,atlantic ! av]age maximum ( day v>ies f #gj on ! ,ma9e coa/ to #he on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 :ile on ! ,pacific1 :]e ! m>9e influ5ce is /rong]1 ! av]age is f #fe on ! ,wa%+ton coa/ to #hj on ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,b ne> ! c5t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! cont95tal influ5ce pr$om9ates1 ! av]age ( ! highe/ daily temp]atures v>ies f #he to #ij4 ,on ,*>t #h1 %[+ ! l[e/ temp]atures1 ! l9e ( #bj bel[ z]o passes ?r\gh ,bo/on1 s\?we/ to ,*attanooga1 we/ to ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 & !n irregul>ly nor? to ,seattle1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( bo? oceans 9 c>ry+ ! l9e nor?w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ac4--,,ocean ,,curr5ts4 ,because ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,eurasian 7,europe & ,asia7 cont95t ! diff]5ce betwe5 cont95tal & m>9e climates is m m>k$ ?an 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,hunt+ton & ,cu%+1 9 _! spl5did "w on 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography01#c make a comp>ison betwe5 ! s\!rn ,l(ot5 ,isl&s1 (f ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & ,v]khoyansk 9 ,sib]ia1 :i* probably furni% ! greate/ contra/ to be f\nd any:]e betwe5 places ( ! same latitude4 ,al?\gh bo? are inside ! ,arctic ,circle1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean ) its w>m-wat] curr5ts com+ all ! way f ! tropics 7,*>t #ac7 protects ! ,l(ot5 ,isl&s f ! extreme cold t o!rwise w\ld come to !m2 vegetation rema9s gre5 & cattle are pa/ur$ e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,b ! ocean reta9s ne>ly ! same temp]ature 9 summ] z 9 w9t]1 & z a result ! ,isl&s are too cold to gr[ trees or _m crops4 ,v]khoyansk is s diff]5t t "o c sc>cely believe t bo? places are 9 ! same latitude4 ,at ! ,sib]ian t[n ! w9t] temp]ature falls to #gj or #hj bel[ z]o e w9t]1 & has be5 kn[n to regi/] #ij bel[ z]o4 ,x is said t /eel skates (t5 w n 8take hold0 b slip sideways z well z =w>d on ! surface ( ! excessively cold ice4 ,?is d\btless is due to ! fact t "u ord9>y w9t] cold ! weight ( ! skat] melts a ?9 film ( wat] "u ! edge ( ! skate1 :i* freezes in/antly :5 ! skate passes & relieves ! pressure4 ,b "h ! cold is s int5se t ! weight ( no skat] is suffici5t to lubricate 8 movem5ts ) wat] molecules4 ,rem>kable to relate1 ! summ] at ,v]khoyansk is w>m] ?an 9 ! isl&s (f ! ,norwegian coa/1 due to ! rapidity ) :i* ! l& surface w>ms up "u ! action ( ! sol> rays 9 ! mid/ ( a cont95tal area remote f wat]1 #ge to #hj frequ5tly be+ record$ dur+ ! long summ] days4 ,! gr\nd nev] ?aws = m ?an a foot or s1 b a numb] ( crops are successfully gr[n4 ,9 ! int]ior ( a cont95t l t ( ,sib]ia or ( ,nor? ,am]ica n only ! *anges f season to season b f day to night are extreme2 :ile 9 mid-ocean ! diurnal & ! annual range ( temp]ature is small1 day & night1 w9t] & summ] be+ mu* ! same4 ,a place is influ5c$ by ! ocean 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! sea1 ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( hills or m\nta9s betwe5 ! place & ! wat]1 & by ! fact t ! prevail+ w9ds come f or g to ! ocean4 ,cities z f> inl& z ,baltimore & ,philadelphia h _! extremes ( temp]ature some:at modifi$ by ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & if x 7 n = ! ,coa/al & ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s ! influ5ce ( ! ,pacific ,ocean w\ld be felt at lea/ z f> inl& z ,d5v]1 & ! great ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau w\ld be "o ( ! g>d5 plots ( ! _w4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,pacific w\ld rea* inl& f>!r ?an n[ does ! ,atlantic because ( ! prevail+ we/w>d drift ( ! atmosph]e 9 all middle latitudes4 ,exagg]ation ( ! ,=e/ ,influ5ce on ,climate4 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 on ,*ange ( ,climate1 %[s m 9 detail ! process :]eby ! sun lifts up ! wat] vapor f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,atlantic ,ocean & h[ cyclonic /orms draw ?is vapor\s atmosph]e nor?we/w>d f> into ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s n be+ high en\gh to (f] s]i\s ob/ruction4 ,! writ] w\ld aga9 caution ! read] n to be misl$ by any pseudosci5ti/1 no matt] h[ wor?y 8 purpose may be1 :o w\ld tea* t ! op]ations ( m5 9 *ang+ =e/ areas to cultivat$ fields1 g>d5s1 villages1 & cities1 has 9 ! slighte/ degree h>mfully affect$ ! climate1 or augm5t$ floods or int5sifi$ dr\ghts4 ,a field ( grass1 ( :eat1 ( corn2 an or*>d ( fruit2 a highway bord]$ ) t[]+1 maje/ic oaks & elms2 or a grove ( cultivat$ trees ab\t a prosp]\s home is j z b5eficial to ! climate z ! ?icke/ & mo/ imp5etrable =e/ & f> m pleas+ to ! eye & helpful to mank9d4 ,=e/s %\ld be protect$1 cons]v$1 & gr[n because we ne$ timb]1 n because a lot ( fooli% p are writ+ nons5se ab\t !m4 ,influ5ce ( ,lakes & ,riv]s4 ,) ! exception ( contribut+ to ! =mation ( occasional fogs ov] _! surfaces & ! adjac5t l[ l&s1 ?r\gh ! ris+ ( w>m wat] vapor into ! cold air t (t5 collects at ! bottom ( valleys dur+ nighttime1 riv]s ex]cise little influ5ce on climate4 ,lakes ex]t a modify+ influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( places ne> _! %ores b only = a few miles !refrom1 & !y are too small to ex]t any appreciable influ5ce on ra9fall4 ,if "o exam9e *>ts %[+ ! av]age ra9fall = ! ,unit$ ,/ates by seasons1 he w obs]ve t ! am\nt gradually %ades (f z ! di/ance f ! ,gulf or ,ocean increases1 )\t any relation :atev] to ! five ,great ,lakes4 ,des]ts exi/ on ei!r side ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 al?\gh x slightly increases ! ra9 ( ! ,elburz ,m\nta9s to ! s\?4 ,if ^! great bodies ( wat] d n influ5ce ! ra9fall1 h[ ridicul\s to assume t ! *ang+ ( =e/ areas to o!r =ms ( vegetation possibly c affect precipitation or influ5ce dr\ghts4 ,/ress is laid on ! fact t "s l& is left b>e & !n is erod$ into deep gullies4 ,?is is true1 b ! fault is "o t may be correct$ by a prop] sy/em ( pl[+ & cultivation4 ,& at mo/ ! area s erod$ is s inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison to ! va/ regions *ang$ f =e/s to gr[+ crops z to be negligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ad4--,,mean ,,annual ,,iso!rms 7,bu*an74 ,influ5ce ( ,ocean ,curr5ts on ,climate4 ,climates are m>k$ly influ5c$ by ! curr5ts ( oceans4 ,*>ts #ae & #af %[ ! normal w9d circulations ( ! globe2 note t ! c5t]s ( ! great swirls are co9cid5t ) ! location ( ! ,high & ! ,l[ c5t]s ( action locat$ on ,*>ts #a & #b4 ,next obs]ve ,*>t #ac1 %[+ ! ocean curr5ts1 & x w be se5 at once h[ closely ! circulation ( ! great ocean curr5ts foll[s t ( ! w9ds1 due to ! friction ( ! air ^u ! wat]1 & to ! int]position ( bodies ( l& t turn ab\t or deflect ! curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ae4--,,normal ,,w9d ,,direction ,,& ,,velocity ,,= ,,janu>y ,,& ,,febru>y 7,kpp574 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #af4--,,normal ,,w9d ,,direction ,,& ,,velocity ,,= ,,july ,,& ,,augu/ 7,kpp574 ,wat] has a great] capacity = heat ?an ne>ly any o!r sub/ance4 ,x requires t5 times ! quantity ( heat to raise a p\nd ( wat] "o degree t x does a p\nd ( iron4 ,! oceans !re=e /ore up va/ quantities ( ! heat ( ! sun &1 unlike ! cont95ts1 di/ribute ?is heat nor?w>d & s\?w>d )\t reg>d to latitude4 ,mu* ( ! heat ( ! tropics is ?us transport$ f> nor?w>d & s\?w>d f ! equator4 ,! ext5sive eddy-l circulation ( ! s\? half ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean s5ds curr5ts nor?w>d along ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* set ea/w>d at latitude #dj4 ,a "p ( ^! rea* ! coa/ ( ,spa9 & !n turn s\?2 ! great] "p spread out 9 mid-ocean & move nor!a/1 ba?+ ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,icel&1 & ,norway4 ,!y /ill reta9 "s ( ! heat t !y absorb$ f a tropical sun1 & !y !re=e give to ! coa/s t !y rea* a high] temp]ature ?an !y w\ld h if ! ocean wat]s 7 mov+ f ! nor?1 or ?an !y w\ld h if !re 7 no curr5ts at all4 ,on ,*>t #ad note h[ ! iso!rmal l9es are c>ri$ nor?w>d by ^! curr5ts z !y cross ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream m+les ) ^! nor!a/ curr5ts b adds little to _! temp]atures1 = ! g5]al ocean circulation w\ld produce practically ! same effects if !re 7 no ,gulf ,/ream4 ,foll[ ! curr5ts d[n ! coa/ ( ,spa9 & ( nor!a/ ,africa2 !n note on ,*>t #ad ! s\?w>d tr5d ( ! l9es ( equal temp]ature1 z ! curr5ts br+ cold] wat] s\?w>d to cool ! air4 ,next exam9e ! curr5ts ( ! ,pacific & ! iso!rmals4 ,! curr5ts mov+ nor?w>d t[>ds ! equator along ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ^? mov+ s\?w>d1 also t[>d ! equator1 along ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico cause a bulg+ ( ! iso!rmal l9es f ! positions t !y w\ld occupy if !re 7 no curr5ts com+ f cold] regions4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream on ,climate4 ,f ei!r side ( ! equator ! surface w9ds 7,*>ts #ae & #af7 bl[ ! wat] we/w>d1 caus+ :at are kn[n z ! 8,equatorial ,curr5ts0 7,*>t #ac74 ,! ea/w>d projection ( ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica divides ! ,atlantic equatorial curr5t into two p>ts2 "o goes s\? along ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & sets up ! circulation 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 :i* sweeps nor? along ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! o!r passes to ! nor?we/1 a "p sett+ up ! ,nor? ,atlantic circulation & ! rema9d] sweep+ ?r\gh ! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s & /or+ itself 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :5ce x is driv5 out at a velocity ( "s five miles p] h\r ?r\gh ! n>r[ *annel betwe5 ,key ,we/ & ,cuba4 ,"h x has a dep? ( half a mile & a wid? ( =ty miles4 ,its velocity is accel]at$ because x ent]s ! ,gulf 9 a broad sweep & passes out ?r\gh a con/rict$ *annel4 ,x reta9s its individuality z a w>m riv] pass+ ?r\gh ! ocean because ( its great] velocity & high] temp]ature ?an ! wat]s 9 :i* x f9ds itself soon aft] x leaves ! ,gulf2 b x gradually m]ges ) ! great ,atlantic circulation z x passes to ! middle ( ! ocean4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! writ] t its influ5ce on climate has be5 exagg]at$1 t ! w>m+ ( ,europe t is cr$it$ to ! ,gulf ,/ream is accompli%$ by ! m]e pres5ce ( ! ocean to ! we/w>d & to ! g5]al circulation ( t ocean )\t reg>d to ! wond]ful ph5om5on kn[n z ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,effect ( ,valleys on ,day & ,night ,temp]atures4 ,valleys affect temp]atures 9 proportion to _! dep? & wid?4 ,a deep1 n>r[ valley might h ! effect illu/rat$ by ,figure #bg1 if ! "t 7 summ] & ! sky cle>4 ,dur+ ! daytime radiation w\ld w>m ! int]ior s t ! bottom ( ! valley w\ld h a mu* high] temp]ature ?an ! free air at ! top ( ! valley1 & ! movem5t ( ! air w\ld be sluggi%ly d[n ! c5t] & up ! sides ( ! depression4 ,dur+ nighttime all ! conditions w\ld be rev]s$4 ,vegetation1 los+ heat by radiation mu* fa/] ?an ! air1 w\ld cool ! latt] z x came 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! valley4 ,! air w\ld sl[ly desc5d along ! sides ?r\gh ga9 9 specific gravity & collect at ! bottom ) a temp]ature mu* l[] ?an x _h :5 x />t$ its desc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4 ,summ] day temp]ature 9 a n>r[ valley4 ,summ] night temp]ature 9 ! same valley4 ,effect ( ,m\nta9s on ,climate4 ,! r>ity ( ! atmosph]e ( m\nta9s readily all[s ! rays ( ! sun to pass ?r\gh x & ?us ! surface ( m\nta9s is quickly w>m$1 b ! same conditions p]mit a rapid radiation at night1 s t !re are consid]able extremes ( temp]ature4 ,air cool$ by contact ) a m\nta9 may fl[ d[n its sides at night & collect 9 depressions bel[1 (t5 caus+ fro/ on /ill nights :]e ! temp]ature high] up is mu* above freez+4 ,m\nta9s may be m cl\dy & ra9y ?an pla9s1 = ! curr5ts ( air t cross !m mu/ rise1 & 9 ris+ !y cool by expansion & (t5 rea* ! dew po9t ( ! air1 moi/ure be+ precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( cl\ds1 ra91 or sn[4 ,(t5 a peak is con/antly capp$ ) a cr[n ( cl\ds4 ,m\nta9s may int]cept vapor-be>+ w9ds f oceans1 =ce !m to su* an elevation t _! vapor is l>gely precipitat$ on ! w9dw>d side ( ! m\nta91 & receive !m on ! leew>d side z dry1 ra9less w9ds4 ,va/ des]t areas are (t5 ! result4 ,a good example is pres5t$ 9 ! case ( ! ,pacific coa/ m\nta9s & ! des]t plateau to ! ea/4 ,m\nta9 peaks may be cov]$ ) sn[1 ev5 ?\gh !y be locat$ 9 ! tropics1 if _! elevation be suffici5t4 ,?is is because ! absorption ( bo? incom+ & outgo+ radiation is s mu* great] 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e ! wat] vapor is d5se/4 ,:]ev] obs]vations h be5 made !y h %[n t ! temp]ature ( ! air on high m\nta9 peaks & cre/s & = a di/ance ( "o to ?ree hundr$ feet above !m is cool] ?an adjac5t free air ( ! same height1 due to upw>d deflection ( air curr5ts & _! cool+ by expansion1 & to radiation f ! peak4 ,! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s ex]cise a pr(\nd effect on ! climate ( ,asia4 ,! monsoon 7any w9d t alt]nates annually 9 direction or =ce7 ( summ] br+s ! moi/ air f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal & precipitates torr5tial ra9s f x z x asc5ds to high] & high] elevations 9 pass+ ov] ! great heights ( ! m\nta9s4 ,at a place f\r ?\s& feet above ! sea & n di/ant f ,calcutta1 ! annual ra9fall is #dff in*es1 :ile ! av]age = mo/ ( ! region ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] is only =ty in*es4 ,m ?an =ty in*es h be5 kn[n to fall 9 "o day 9 ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s4 ,z 9 ! case ( all v high m\nta9s1 ! ra9fall increases 9 ^! m\nta9s up to a c]ta9 elevation & !n decreases4 ,nor? ( ! m\nta9s ! monsoon passes into ! int]ior ( ,asia ) )]+ dryness & va/ des]ts are ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,av]age ,mon?ly ,temp]ature & ,ra9fall ( ,typical ,places 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 7,hunt+ton & ,cu%+47 ,figure #bh graphically pres5ts ! av]age mon?ly temp]ature & ra9fall ( typical places 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,figure #bi ( places 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,"h may be se5 e phase ( climate f tropical to temp]ate & to cold1 & f m>9e to cont95tal4 ,by /udy+ ! w9ds on ,*>ts #ae & #af & ! ocean curr5ts on ,*>t #ac1 ! read] %\ld be able to f9d an explanation = ! diff]5t conditions %[n4 ,= example3 ,mazatlan & ,v]a ,cruz are bo? on ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 ! fir/ on ! we/ & ! latt] on ! ea/4 ,ea* has a ra9y p]iod 9 ! summ]1 b at ,v]a ,cruz ! ra9 beg9s e>li] & la/s lat] & is mu* heavi]4 ,! reason is t !y bo? h nor? w9ds 9 w9t] 7,*>ts #ae & #af71 b 9 summ] ,v]a ,cruz receives w9ds direct f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & at ,mazatlan ! w9ds cont9ue to bl[ f ! nor?1 ) b a slight incl9ation l&w>d4 ,aga91 ! explanation = ! fact t ,mazatlan has a mon?ly range ( temp]ature f #fj 9 w9t] to #hj 9 summ]1 :ile ,v]a ,cruz has a range ( only #gj to #hj is f\nd 9 ! w9d direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,av]age ,mon?ly ,temp]atures & ,ra9fall ( ,typical ,places 9 ! ,old ,_w4 7,f 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography40 ,john ,wiley ,sons47 ,! ,city ( ,mexico is wond]fully favor$ by climate4 ,"h a mod]ate ra9fall occurs f ,may to ,septemb]4 ,! oceans are n f> di/ant on ei!r side1 z di/ances are measur$ cont95tally1 b its great elevation on a table-l& relieves x ( ! torr5tial ra9s usual to ! tropics2 & yet x is close en\gh to m>9e influ5ce s t its air has n ! n]ve-irritat+ dryness ( ! plateau ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & x has a rem>kable ev5ness ( temp]ature betwe5 w9t] & summ]1 ) a mon?ly range betwe5 #ej & #fj4 ,its range betwe5 day & night is suffici5t to be /imulat+4 ,/ill look+ at ,figure #bh1 note ! rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ! climate ( ,pittsburgh & ,toronto4 ,ea* has ab\t ! same ra9fall & x is almo/ equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ,toronto is a little cold]4 ,/4 ,paul & ,kansas ,city1 typical ( ! climate 9 ! int]ior cities1 h a small am\nt ( precipitation 9 w9t]1 consid]able 9 summ]1 & a wide range ( temp]ature2 :ile ! ,pacific coa/ cities h dry summ]s1 & w9t]s t v>y f ?ree in*es ( ra9 at ,los ,angeles to f\rte5 in*es at ,a/oria1 ) no excesses 9 temp]ature4 ,temp]atures ,al(t 9 ! ,atmosph]e4 ,kite & balloon obs]vations h n be5 cont9u$ long en\gh1 nor h !y be5 made at a suffici5t numb] ( places1 to give "o ! data f :i* ! climate ( any consid]able altitude 9 ! free air may be det]m9$1 b f a l>ge numb] ( free balloon obs]vations made ) self-record+ in/rum5ts1 9 ! middle latitudes ( ?is & =eign c\ntries1 ,figure #a 7page #ab7 has be5 con/ruct$1 :i* %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! temp]ature decreases ) elevation up to eighte5 kilomet]s 7elev5 miles74 ,note h[ rapidly x falls ) elevation up to elev5 & a half kilomet]s 7ab\t sev5 miles74 ,?is dep? ( air measures ! ?ickness ( ! turbul5t /ratum 9 :i* cyclones & anti-cyclones op]ate4 ,at its top ! temp]ature always is ab\t #fd bel[ z]o 9 w9t] & #gj bel[ 9 summ]4 ,& "r "h occurs a mo/ wond]ful ph5om5on1--"o ( :i* sci5ti/s 7 entirely ignorant less ?an two decades ago4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t !re 0 some?+ wrong ) ! record+ !rmomet]s1 = !y fail$ to regi/] fall+ temp]ature ) ga9+ altitude aft] ! /orm /ratum 0 pass$ at sev5 miles4 ,!n x 0 not$ t all in/rum5ts display$ ! same peculi>ity1 & ! 8,iso!rmal ,/ratum0 7equally heat$ region7 0 discov]$1 9 :i* ! temp]ature ma9ta9s ! same degree ( int5se cold s f> z exploration _h be5 made4 ,f ,m\nt ,wea!r1 "u ! direction ( ! writ]1 a balloon 0 fl[n to n9ete5 & "o t5? miles be=e x explod$ & s5t a p>a*ute g5tly d[n to e>? ) its preci\s record4 ,?is flight %[$ practically no *ange 9 temp]ature aft] ! iso!rmal /ratum 0 rea*$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,"o is reasonably safe 9 assum+ t !re is no oxyg5 beyond an altitude ( ?irty miles & t at fifty miles ! nitrog5 becomes inappreciable1 & t1 !re=e1 ! temp]ature mu/ %ade away to practically no?+ :5 ! void ( out] space is rea*$1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ! newly-discov]$ iso!rmal /ratum ne>] ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,civilization ,,foll[s ,,! ,,/orm ,,tracks ,,! ,,mo/ ,,dom9ant ,,races--,,^? ,,t ,,be/ ,,co-,,ord9ate ,,! ,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical ,,faculties--,,are ,,f\nd ,,to ,,exi/ ,,"u ,,c]ta9 ,,climatic ,,conditions--,,*ange ,,! ,,climate ,,& ,,y ,,*ange ,,! ,,man ,9 a climate :]e man ne$s little protection f ! elem5ts1 :]e he may lie ^u 8 back 9 ! %ade & ) 8 b>e toes pick wild gr[+ fruit to n\ri% 8 body1 "o w f9d no great lead]s 9 art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 /atecraft1 or indu/ry2 likewise1 9 ! ,arctic1 :]e man simply ga!rs en\gh blubb] to supply 8 animal wants & !n burr[s b5ea? ! sn[s ( fi]ce w9t]s1 "o w n f9d lead]%ip or creative g5ius4 ,! regions ( greate/ human pot5tial are limit$ to su* portions ( ! temp]ate zone z h an abundance ( ra9fall1 frequ5t *anges 9 ! wea!r1 & an alluvial soil4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mo/ p]fect composite ( human res\rcefulness is f\nd :]e nature is nei!r s fi]ce z to cru% human aspiration1 nor yet s g5tle z to lull human desire4 ,humboldt says3 8,man is ! product ( soil & climate2 he is bro!r to ! tree1 ! rocks1 & ! animals40 ,we %all endeavor to %[ t civilization & ! greate/ human pot5tial foll[ ! /orm tracks ( ! _w1 & t climate is ! mo/ important factor 9 8 environm5t1 = )\t its prop] adju/m5t to 8 ne$s ! ri*e/ soil & ! mo/ b5efic5t =m ( gov]nm5t fail to br+ out ! be/ t is 9 him4 ,empire is det]m9$ z mu* by direction & =ce ( ! w9d & *anges 9 ! wea!r z by ! s*em+ ( politicians1 ! deep-laid plans ( diplomats1 or ! m>%al+ ( battalions4 ,! fir/ ?+ t vigor\s man requires is active atmosph]ic conditions & 9 8 migrations he foll[s ! climatic l9es t appease 8 desires4 ,a climate ( little *ange betwe5 day & night & betwe5 w9t] & summ] is soo?+ & at ! same "t dead5+ to ! human faculties2 b *anges %\ld be frequ5t r ?an viol5t4 ,! d>+1 ! creative1 ! pione]+1 ! p]si/5t spirits ( mank9d1 l sn[ birds %[]+ !mselves ) icy cry/als1 revel 9 ! cool air1 ! p]petual oscillations ( temp]ature1 & ! frequ5t *anges f sun%9e to cl\d t p]ta9 to ! regions :]e /orms are mo/ num]\s4 ,"s days ! m9d works ) a joy\s lucidity1 ! spirits are high & ! /ep ela/ic & vigor\s4 ,on ano!r day ! m9d is turbid2 x works sl[ly & hesitates 9 rea*+ decisions2 "o is li/less & lack+ 9 physical en]gy4 ,on bo? days "o may be 9 a p]fectly normal physical & m5tal condition1 except = ! effects ( ! wea!r4 ,"u ! direction ( ! writ]1 comp>ison ( ! records ( crimes ( viol5ce ) ! wea!r records1 by (ficials ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 %[$ a m>k$ increase ( crime ( ?is sort dur+ midsumm] z aga9/ midw9t]1 & ! extremely hot summ] %[$ m crime ?an ! cool ones4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton has made exhau/ive & extremely valuable /udies ( ! records ( piece work]s 9 factories & else:]e f ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates d[n to ,florida & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & also ( ! m5tal activities ( ! cadets at ,we/ ,po9t & ,annapolis1 & ( ! /ud5ts 9 colleges1 z %[n by _! recitation m>k+s4#d ,he has comp>$ ^! records ) ! wea!r day by day & h\r by h\r & def9itely %[n a direct relation betwe5 v>iations 9 ! meteorological conditions & human effici5cy4 ,he f9ds t p's heal? & /r5g? are greate/ :5 ! temp]ature falls to betwe5 #ef & #fj at night & rises to some:]e betwe5 #fh & #gb dur+ ! day4 ,he has det]m9$ ! optimum1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! meteorological conditions be/ suit$ to man's heal?1 happ9ess1 & effici5cy4 ,= m5tal activity ! optimum temp]ature is mu* l[] ?an = physical4 ,p's m9ds are m al]t1 !y reason ) great] analytic precision1 !y h great] confid5ce 9 _! decisions & !y are m optimi/ic1 :5 ! temp]ature falls to ab\t freez+ at night & rises to #de or #ej dur+ ! day4 ,except = limit$ activities1 ! mo/ effici5t man is ! "o 9 :om ! m5tal & physical faculties are mo/ p]fectly cord9at$4 ,broadly speak+1 ?is agreem5t may be be/ accompli%$ dur+ times :5 ! daily temp]ature ranges betwe5 #de & #fe4 ,excessive humidity 9 midsumm]--eighty p] c5t4 or ov]--is h>mful & adds enorm\sly to ! dea? rate2 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! wor/ colds may come f extreme dryness 9 summ]4 ,x may be f\nd feasible to dry ! air 9 sleep+ & liv+ rooms 9 summ] :5 ! humidity is too high1 by clos+ ! ap>tm5t & =c+ ! air ov] or ?r\gh calcium c>bide or melt+ ice & salt4 ,:5 ! air is kept at #fe to #gj p] c5t4 humidity 9 w9t] "o w feel com=table 9 a mu* l[] temp]ature--ab\t #fh--?an :5 ! air is extremely dry1 z x usually is 9 ! av]age liv+ ap>tm5t4 ,) a relative humidity ( #cj to #dj p] c5t4 :i* "o n[ (t5 f9ds 9 w>m h\ses 9 w9t]1 ! temp]ature may be =c$ up to #ge or ov] & /ill "o may feel cold1 because ( ! rapid evaporation f ! pores ( ! sk91 & ! cold creat$ inside ! clo?+ by ! heat lo/ 9 ! process ( evaporation4 ,be> 9 m9d t p]spiration is go+ on at all temp]atures1 ev5 if "o is unconsci\s ( ! fact4 ,9 ! mo/ popul\s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are two p]iods ( maximum effici5cy & two ( m9imum ea* ye>4 ,let u consid] t wond]ful region includ+ s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 ! ,ohio ,valley1 & we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,aga9 ref]r+ to ! records ( ,hunt+ton we f9d t human en]gy is greate/ 9 ,octob]2 ! output ( factory1 m9e1 & c\nt+ room is great] p] man ?an at any o!r "t ( ! ye> & ! product ( m5tal ef=t is great] & ( high] quality4 ,likewise disease is less & ! dea? rate ! lea/4 ,f ?is "t !re is a loss 9 en]gy until ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 :5 vitality & effici5cy may h dropp$ tw5ty to ?irty p] c5t4 ,!n !re is a ga9 until ,may or e>ly ,june1 :5 ! conditions ( heal? & effici5cy are ne>ly equal to ! mo/ favorable "t ( ! ye> 9 ,octob]4 ,aga9 !re is a loss until ! middle ( ,july1 :5 a second m9imum occurs2 physical & m5tal en]gy are at a l[ ebb & ! dea? rate is high4 ,diseases are n q ! same z 9 w9t]1 z /oma* tr\bles are m common ?an colds4 ,! hott] ! summ] & ! cold] ! w9t] ! less favorable are ! conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,z !re is a c]ta9 optimum beyond :i* diurnal & annual range ( temp]ature _c increase )\t a loss 9 en]gy1 s !re is a limitation 9 latitude beyond :i* ! favorable climatic conditions decrease z "o goes nor?w>d or s\?w>d4 ,z an example1 ,canada & nor!rn ,ma9e h b "o unfavorable p]iod1 :i* is ! entire w9t]4 ,! p ( ^! regions are at _! greate/ pot5tial ,july to ,septemb]1 aft] :i* !y %[ a /eady decl9e z ! sev]ity ( ! nor!rn w9t] draws ^u _! vitality1 until 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y _! m9imum is bel[ t ( regions consid]ably f>!r s\? = ! same p]iod4 ,f ! mo/ favorable climatic area 9 ! middle latitudes--& ! entire _w possesses none m favorable or ( great] ext5t ?an t possess$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates--! loss ( heal? & /r5g? due to ! en]vat+ effects ( heat1 high humidity1 & insuffici5t temp]ature oscillations increases z "o goes t[>d ! equator4 ,9 ,florida & ! s\!rn ?ird ( ! ,gulf ,/ates !re is b "o favorable p]iod1 ! %ort w9t]4 ,! en]vat+ conditions /ill fur!r are manife/ z "o proce$s f>!r s\?w>d4 ,9 ! 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography01 x is /at$ t 89 ,c5tral ,france & ,s\!rn ,g]many ! seasonal v>iations 9 heal? & /r5g? are mu* ! same z 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,clevel&1 & ,detroit4 ,t is1 p are mo/ heal?y & /rong 9 ,octob] & e>ly ,novemb] & aga9 9 ,may & e>ly ,june1 :ile !y are weake/ & mo/ subject to disease 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & e>ly ,m>*1 & aga9 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,f>!r nor?1 = example1 9 ,scotl&1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,f9l&1 ! summ] is ! be/ "t ( ! :ole ye> & ! w9t] ! wor/4 ,to ! s\?1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,greece1 ! h>mful effect ( ! w9t] decreases & t ( summ] increases1 until f9ally on ! s\? side ( ! ,m$it]ranean ! w9t] is mu* ! be/ "t ( ! :ole ye>1 :ile ! long summ] greatly dim9i%es ! p's effici5cy & increases disease & dea?40 ,z ! highe/ m5tal activity is co9cid5t ) temp]atures l[] ?an ^? t induce ! greate/ physical en]gy1 x naturally foll[s t 9 ! ,ohio ,valley1 s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 & ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates ! m5tal work] is at 8 maximum 9 ,novemb] in/ead ( ,octob]1 & ,april in/ead ( ,may4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ag4--,,map ,,( ,,climatic ,,en]gy4 7,hunt+ton & ,cu%+47 ,*>t #ag %[s h[ human en]gy w\ld be di/ribut$ ov] ! e>? if x dep5d$ on climate alone4 ,x is rem>kable h[ almo/ exactly x agrees ) :at we "k to be ! di/ribution ( ! great political p[]4 ,japan is meant to be includ$ 9 ! region ( high p[]1 b ! scale ( ! *>t is too small to make ?is pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t #ah4--;,,d5sity ,,( ,,population ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #aiaj4 ,f ! "t :5 man began to lose 8 tribal in/9ct & to assume national consci\sness1 9 ,egypt1 ! ,mesopotamian ,valley1 & ! region betwe5 ! ,caspian ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 he has be5 f\nd+ empires ( m or less endur+ nature1 & ) few exceptions has build$ t[>ds ! we/1 9 ! face ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,! c5t] ( ,empire has /eadily migrat$ along ! pa?s ( greate/ /orm frequ5cy4 ,exam9e ,*>ts #aj1 #aa1 & #ah & note ! relation betwe5 d5sity ( population & ! clos5ess ( ! /orm tracks4 ,! figures at ! c5t] ( ea* brace indicate ! numb] ( /orms t orig9at$ 9 ! region ( ! brace dur+ a t5-ye> p]iod1 & ! l9es lead+ f ! brace %[ ! tracks foll[$ by ! c5t]s ( ! /orms4 ,be> 9 m9d t ea* /orm cov]$ an area ( f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 t x 0 a va/ rotat+ eddy 9 ! atmosph]e1 & t its c5t] ( rotation foll[$ "o ( ^! /orm tracks4 ,twelve /orms came f ! ,we/ ,indies dur+ ^! t5 ,augu/s1 fifty-sev5 f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & none f ! ,pacific ,ocean2 :ile 9 ! t5 ,janu>ies none came f ! ,we/ ,indies & b tw5ty-two f ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,b ! po9t to :i* y\r att5tion is direct$ is t1 no matt] :at ! orig91 ! t5d5cy ( ea* /orm 0 to move t[>ds ! ,ohio ,valley1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,new ,engl&4 ,?is t5d5cy gives to ^! regions ! mo/ frequ5t *anges 9 wea!r1 ) alt]nations ( sun%9e & cl\ds1 & *anges 9 temp]ature & air pressure--conditions ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! greate/ human pot5tial4 ,"h population is ! d5se/1 civilization ! highe/1 & ! products ( man's bra9 & h& great] & m div]sifi$ ?an else:]e 9 ?is c\ntry1 & probably ?an else:]e 9 ! _w4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is abundantly bless$1 = ne>ly its entire area is "u ! influ5ce ( high atmosph]ic pot5tial4 ,only ! region adjac5t to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! s\?we/ is outside ( ! favor$ area1 & "h ! conditions are *>t$ z m$ium1 & n poor2 at lea/ n poor 9 comp>ison ) _m m purely tropical regions4 ,to-day ! ,empire ( ,human ,greatness is c5t]$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t is to say1 greatness z express$ 9 mat]ial weal?1 population1 & homog5e\sly knit political in/itutions4 ,w x cont9ue its we/w>d migration1 or w x rema9 "h indef9itely = ! work+ out ( a civilization high] ?an yet has come to any ( ! nations ( ! pa/1 or to o!r ( ^? ( ! pres5t8 ,s f> z atmosph]ic activities h to d ) its translation f place to place1 we may d]ive com=t f ! fact t /orm tracks d n cross ! ,pacific ,ocean z freely z !y d ! ,atlantic4 ,9 fact our ,rocky ,m\nta9s are a b>ri] to ! passage ( summ] /orms 7,*>t #aj7 & a ref]5ce to ,*>t #aa w %[ t ( n9ety-five w9t] /orms t cross$ our cont95t dur+ ! t5 ,janu>ies ( :i* ! *>t is a record only tw5ty-two came into our area f ! ,pacific2 & we "k t ^! tw5ty-two l>gely orig9at$ (f our coa/ some:]e betwe5 ,hawaii & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,let u hope t ! c5t] ( e>?ly p[] has rea*$ ! end ( its we/w>d j\rney & t "h x %all rema91 always to ex]cise a j & b5efic5t influ5ce ^u ! less favor$ portions ( ! e>?4 ,en\gh has be5 said to indicate t climate is ne>ly z important to animal life z x is to ! vegetable exi/5ce1 & t a cold climate1 if x be n s extreme z to limit ! production ( c]eal crops1 & has frequ5t *anges 9 temp]ature1 pressure1 sun%9e1 & cl\d1 favors ! developm5t ( h>dy & res\rceful races ( m52 9 fact1 t no dom9at+ race c exi/ )\t su* /imulat+ conditions ( climate4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,has ,,our ,,climate ,,*ang$8 ,,popul> ,,op9ion ,,errone\s1 ,,z ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,*ange ,,)9 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,an ,,individual ,,life1 ,,b ,,mom5t\s ,,*anges ,,h ,,occurr$ ,,s9ce ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era ,"o ( ! halluc9ations ent]ta9$ by ne>ly e adult p]son is t ! climate has *ang$ s9ce he 0 "y4 ,no matt] :at ! sci5ti/s may say1 he kn[s t x has *ang$4 ,fifty ye>s ago did he n trudge to s*ool = mon?s e w9t] 9 sn[ knee-deep8 ,h n ! old swimm+ holes 9 ! brook dri$ up8 ,yes1 he is a positive witness to an affirmative answ]4 ,ev5 ! riv] ( 8 boyhood1 ^: broad expanse he conqu]$ 9 a swimm+ conte/ at ! t5d] age ( t5--z he views x aft] an abs5ce ( a qu>t]-c5tury--has dw9dl$ to little m ?an a creek1 across :i* "o easily may hurl a /one4 ,talk to him ab\t no *ange 9 climate4 ,he's be5 "r on ! spot1 & kn[s4 ,= all ?is1 !re has be5 no *ange dur+ ! lifetime ( ?is man2 nor has !re ev] be5 dur+ ! life p]iod ( any individual4 ,mutations1 to be sure1 are go+ on all ! "t1 b !y are s m9ute t !y d n accumulate a measurable quantity except 9 p]iods ( hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x is n ! climate t has *ang$2 x is ! man4 ,! natural action ( ! /ream may h fill$ ! swimm+ holes2 or ! /ream may h entirely disappe>$ ?r\gh mu* ( ! contigu\s area be+ br\ght "u cultivation & ! wat] t =m]ly suppli$ its fl[ be+ utiliz$ 9 ! production ( cultivat$ crops1 :i* actually make use ( z mu* if n m ra9fall ?an ! =e/ t =m]ly l9$ its s9u\s banks & cov]$ ! ne>-by l[l&4 ,& !n1 sn[ knee-deep to a boy ( t5 h>dly comes up to ! ankles ( a man ( six feet two4 ,aga91 no "o c rememb] ! climate ( 8 boyhood2 he _c c>ry ! av]age 9 8 m9d2 all t he c rememb] are a few in/ances ( unusual conditions :i* because ( _! unusual "* left an impress ^u 8 m9d4 ,! riv] is j z wide z x ev] 0 dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 lifetime1 or t ( 8 fa!r1 or ( 8 gr&fa!r2 b he has liv$ on ! broad ,mississippi = _m ye>s1 & :5 he goes back to ! sc5es ( 8 y\?1 8 concept ( :at con/itutes a riv] has und]gone a revolution>y *ange s9ce he left ! p>5tal ro( to g =? & conqu] ! _w4 ,an exam9ation ( ! p]sonal pap]s ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 9 ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 by an (ficial ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 reveal$ a numb] ( mo/ int]e/+ incid5ts 9 connection ) ! wea!r obs]vations made by ! au?or ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce4 ,he says3 8,a *ange 9 climate is tak+ place v s5sibly4 ,bo? heats & colds are becom+ mu* m mod]ate )9 ! memory ( ev5 ! middle-ag$4 ,sn[s are less frequ5t & less deep4 ,!y d n (t5 lie bel[ ! m\nta9s m ?an "o1 two1 or ?ree days1 & v r>ely a week4 ,! sn[s are rememb]$ to h be5 m frequ5t1 deep1 & ( long cont9uance4 ,! eld]ly in=m me t ! e>? us$ to be cov]$ ) sn[ ab\t ?ree mon?s 9 e ye>40 ,b ,jeff]son & 8 neighbors 7 mi/ak54 ,nev] dur+ ! p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory has ! sn[ cov]$ ! gr\nd 9 ,virg9ia an av]age ( ?ree mon?s p] ye>1 or ?ree mon?s = a s+le ye>4 ,^! old inhabitants 7 l ^? ( to-day1 :o rememb] only ! abnormalities ( climate ( tw5ty-five or fifty ye>s ago1 & 9 comp>+ ! unusual conditions ( long ago ) ! av]age ( ! pres5t "t !y are deceiv$4 ,i h kn[n intellig5t & well-mean+ p]sons to decl>e t !y knew f p]sonal recollection t ! climate ( _! p>ticul> places ( resid5ce _h *ang$ s9ce !y 7 "y2 t !y _h /able l&m>ks to %[ t ! /reams 7 dry+ up1 ! ra9fall gr[+ less1 & ! w9t]s becom+ mild]1 not)/&+ ! fact t c>efully tak5 obs]vations ( temp]ature & ra9fall = ea* day = ov] "o hundr$ ye>s "r at _! places ( abode %[$ no *ange 9 climate4 ,we h a cont9u\s daily record = "o hundr$ ye>s at ,new ,b$=d1 ,massa*usetts1 ne>ly z long records at sev]al o!r places1 & num]\s records = ov] half a c5tury4 ,f ^! we le>n t !re has be5 no def9ite *ange 9 climate 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re h be5 v>iations1 su* z an excess or a defici5cy ( ra9fall ov] a consid]able area1 t h p]si/$ = sev]al ye>s at a "t2 b 9 ea* case ! conditions w\ld ultimately come back to normal1 or m (t5 to an extreme ( ! opposite t5d5cy to :at _h obta9$ imm$iately be=e4 ,9 sections :]e ! ra9fall 9 b\ntiful ye>s is b>ely suffici5t = good crops1 ! p 9 ! pa/ h be5 prone to consid] t ! am\nt t !y receive dur+ ! p]iods ( excess is t :i* normally is due !m1 & ?us to be unprep>$ = ! dry p]iods t /ati/ics tell u mu/ c]ta9ly come4 ,! matt] ( *ange ( climate is mo/ important to our sub-arid ,we/1--to ! we/]n p>ts ( ,texas1 ,oklahoma1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ! ,dakotas4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ! tide ( emigration 0 /rong into ^! regions1 !re 7 sev]al ye>s ( m ?an ! av]age ra9fall4 ,! com+ ( population & ! com+ ( extra ra9fall 7 accid5tally co9cid5t1 b t fact 0 probably responsible = ! popul> belief t civilization br+s an increase 9 precipitation2 t ! break+ ( ! virg9 soil1 mak+ x m p]meable to ! absorption ( moi/ure2 ! plant+ ( trees & ! gr[? ( crops1 re/rict+ ! run-(f2 ! roots ( ! new vegetable life draw+ up ! moi/ure f bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & transpir+ x to ! air ?r\gh ! leaves ( plants2 ! enorm\s quantities ( wat] vapor eject$ into ! air by ! combu/ion necess>ily incid5t to a consid]able population1--all _h comb9$ to increase ! ra9fall & r5d] ! sub-arid pla9s m responsive to ! ef=ts ( ! husb&man4 ,no "o c fail to regret t ?is !ory is n f\nd$ ^u fact4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght by ! sci5ti/ w indicate to him t ! volume ( air is s great1 & "u ! heat ( ! gr[+ p]iod its capacity = moi/ure s enorm\s1 t ! addition ( vapor ( wat] by ! processes h]e9 describ$1 great ?\gh x be1 is ineffectual to appreciably *ange ! am\nt ( ! ra9fall t nature be=eh& _h orda9$ %\ld be precipitat$4 ,! size ( cont95tal areas1 ! height & ! tr5d ( m\nta9 ranges1 ! proximity ( l>ge bodies ( wat]1 & ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds are ! factors t det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! precipitation ( a region4 ,aga9/ ^! ! puny ef=ts ( man1 /up5d\s ?\gh we ?9k !m to be1 are entirely unavail+4 ,z an illu/ration3 ,if ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 z old z ! ,appala*ian ,*a91 & if !y 7 erod$ d[n to ! height ( ! latt] sy/em1 ! w9ds f ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :5 !y are drawn inl& by ! cyclonic /orms ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau1 or ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 in/ead ( deposit+ _! moi/ure on ! we/ slopes ( ! fir/ range ( m\nta9s1 w\ld c>ry ! wat] vapor ( ! ,pacific cle> to t place 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley :]e x w\ld meet ! moi/ure drawn by ! same /orms f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,?is w appe> cle> :5 "o und]/&s t cyclonic /orms1 su* z are cont9ually pass+ across our cont95t 9 p]iods ( ab\t ?ree days ea*1 may embrace 9 _! eddy-l circulat+ sy/ems areas "o to ?ree ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 9 :i* ! w9ds f all directions spirally fl[ t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! cyclonic sy/em & ! sy/em itself is mov+ ea/w>d4 ,! wat] vapor exi/s z a sep>ate atmosph]e f oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,x is scre5$ (f f ! int]ior ( cont95ts by m\nta9 ranges because x is cond5s$ & precipitat$ z ra9 or sn[ at only mod]ate elevations4 ,! w9dw>d side ( m\nta9s may1 !re=e1 receive torr5tial ra9s :ile _! leew>d sides are entirely )\t precipitation4 ,x foll[s t if ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 l[]$ z describ$1 ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be gre5 ) ri* vegetation & !re w\ld be no des]ts any:]e )9 its broad b\nd>ies4 ,also1 if ! ,appala*ian ,range 7 z high z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s--z x may h be5 at "o "t--& if x ext5d$ ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico z well z up ?r\gh our ,atlantic ,coa/ ,/ates1 ! vapor\s atmosph]e ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico w\ld be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 & ! p[] t to-day /&s z ! greate/ bulw>k ( civilization w\ld n exi/4 ,!re w\ld be b a n>r[ fr+e ( vegetation ^u its ea/ & its we/ coa/s2 ! int]ior1 ) its va/ cotton & c]eal pla9s1 w\ld be a b>r5 wa/e4 ,b to rev]t = a mom5t to ,jeff]son4 ,he took 8 !rmomet] to ,philadelphia :5 he proce$$ !re on a mission t w\ld h caus$ any less s]5e & c\rage\s _s to =get all ! small details ( life4 ,:5 ! debates ^u :i* hung ! fate ( a nation &1 9 fact1 ! lives ( ^? t p>ticipat$1 7 9 progress1 he coolly hung 8 !rmomet] on ! wall & not$ d[n its read+s4 ,^? hi/orians :o h describ$ ! int5se heat 9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall on ! ,f\r? ( ,july1 #aggf1 7 mi/ak51 z w be %[n by ref]5ce to 8 obs]vations1 ! e>ly & ! late ones ( :i* d\btless 7 made at 8 lodg+s4 ,!y are z foll[s3 #f ,a4,m41 #fh2 #i ,a4,m41 #gb2 #a ,p4,m41 #gf2 & #i ,p4,m41 #gc4 ,jeff]son _h "o ( ! only two b>omet]s 9 ?is c\ntry at t "t4 ,james ,madison 7! ,bi%op1 n ! ,presid5t7 _h ! o!r4 ,!y took read+s at ! same h\r ( ! day = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 & ,jeff]son discov]$ t *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! air always began on 8 in/rum5t a few h\rs be=e !y did on 8 fri5d's in/rum5t a c\ple ( hundr$ miles to ! ea/ ( him4 ,he came ne> discov]+ ! fact t no matt] :at ! direction ( ! w9d1 /orms almo/ univ]sally move f ! we/ t[>d ! ea/4 ,:5 ! ,briti% captur$ ,wa%+ton !y also raid$ ,monticello1 ,jeff]son's home 9 ,virg9ia1 & !y de/roy$ 8 b>omet]4 ,x has be5 said t he 0 z mu* di/ress$ ov] ! loss ( 8 special in/rum5t ( sci5ce z he 0 ov] ! burn+ ( ! ,national ,capitol4 ,9 8,descriptive ,meteorology0 7,appleton71 ! writ] express$ d\bt t !re _h be5 important *anges 9 climate )9 ! p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory1 b rec5t rese>*es cause him to *ange 8 op9ion1 = ! evid5ce n[ seems almo/ conclusive t m>k$ *anges h occurr$4 ,! p[]ful k+doms ( ,sum]ia1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & ,p]sia1 ea* rul+ _m c5turies & dom9at+ all or a l>ge "p ( ! va/ region f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,caspian ,sea & we/w>d to ! ,m$it]ranean & ,egypt1 cov]+ 9 _! v>i\s reigns "s f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 c\ld h>dly h built _! _m great cities1 support$ _! num]\s millions ( population1 & develop$ ! trade & comm]ce t 0 !irs ) ! climatic conditions z !y exi/ to-day4 ,z late z ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ,palmyra1 9 ,syria1 _h a population ( f "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& to two hundr$ ?\s& p1 0 opul5t & adorn$ ) a comp>atively high civilization4 ,to-day we see ! wreckage ( its va/ aqu$uct & irrigat+ sy/ems1 :i* are unable to ga!r en\gh wat] to wet _! well-con/ruct$ walls1 & a few hundr$ p eke out a mis]able exi/5ce :]e once 0 a metropolis teem+ ) life "u luxuri\s conditions4 ,! same picture is %[n 9 m or less relief ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! region t once ma9ta9$ ! greate/ empires ( antiquity4 ,b we mu/ n assume t su* dry & ne>ly b>r5 conditions are to cont9ue =ev]2 r are we to imag9e t )9 a cycle ( a few ?\s& ye>s ?is region may h a rebir? ( abundant vegetation & aga9 ?rob ) ! pulsations ( ab\nd+ life4 ,! record inscrib$ by ! wat]s on ! ab&on$ & ! subm]g$ %ores ( inl& lakes & seas 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea & o!r wat]s1 is easy to read4 ,x %[s sev]al great oscillations ( climate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! mo/ civiliz$ portions ( ! _w s9ce ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,= "s "t be=e & = sev]al c5turies aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era !re 0 a wet p]iod4 ,! ,caspian ,sea /ood "s "o hundr$ feet high] ?an n[ & an ab&on$ bea* & a cle>ly m>k$ %ore l9e %[ t ,lake ,ow5s1 9 ,cali=nia1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,si]ras1 exi/$ at a level ne>ly two hundr$ feet high] ?an n[4 ,!re 0 an abundance ( wat] to irrigate ! ,holy ,l&1 & al?\gh ! c5t] ( dom9at+ human p[] _h long s9ce pass$ 9 succession ,babylon1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,mac$on1 & 0 work+ its way t[>ds ! ,atlantic1 ! ,mesopotamian ,valley 0 abundantly fruitful4 ,!n1 = six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 ) %ort-p]iod v>iations ( f ?irty to fifty ye>s1 ! _w inhabit$ by civiliz$ man & l>ge areas 9 ! temp]ate zone n yet civiliz$1 grew dri]4 ,! ,caspian ,sea fell to a l[] level ?an x n[ ma9ta9s1 = ! ends ( great walls1 con/ruct$ to keep out b>b>ians1 & o!r evid5ces ( ! h&iwork ( man1 are n[ _m feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is is ! drie/ "t kn[n to hi/ory4 ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton ( ,yale1 act+ "u ! auspices ( ! ,c>negie ,f\ndation at ,wa%+ton1 made an exam9ation ( _m ( ! /umps ( ! big trees ( ,cali=nia1 rang+ 9 age f "o to f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ?ickness ( ea* r+ ( annual gr[? is a legible record ( ! wetness or ! dryness ( ! ye>4 ,"o w\ld h>dly ?9k ( ^! t[]+ giants ( ! floral k+dom z be+ bo? !rmomet]s & ra9 gauges1 accurately measur+ & record+ ! dry-hot & ! wet-cold p]iods = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & n[ at ! end ( _! maje/ic c>e]s reveal+ ! hidd5 secrets ( pa/ ages4 ,hunt+ton & ,cu%+1 9 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography01 say3 8,! r+s dat+ f ! "t ( ,*ri/ are ?ick & indicate t at t "t1 :5 ,palmyra _h an abundant supply ( wat]1 :5 ,ow5s ,lake ov]fl[$ & !re 0 high wat] 9 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ! big trees also _h pl5ty ( wat] & grew rapidly4 ,six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ,palmyra 0 ab&on$ & :5 ! ,caspian ,sea /ood fifte5 or tw5ty feet l[] ?an at pres5t1 ! trees =m$ only n>r[ r+s1 because ! climate 0 dry4 ,! way 9 :i* ! gr[? ( ! trees has v>i$ is %[n 9 ,figure #cj4 ,! high "p ( ! curve indicates abundant ra9fall4 ,! black %ad+ at ! bottom indicates p]iods ( comp>ative aridity40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,*anges 9 ,climate 9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,black %ad+ indicates ,dr\ght4 ,s9ce ! ext5sive sy/em ( obs]vations by ! ,wea!r ,bureau 0 inaugurat$1 "s fifty ye>s ago1 x has be5 reveal$ to u t frequ5tly ! ,ohio ,valley w\ld suff] a deficit 9 ra9fall t w\ld p]si/ = p]iods z great z five or six ye>s1 :ile ,new ,engl& & ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates1 or o!r l>ge areas ( ! c\ntry1 _h an excess4 ,?is is an illu/ration t excesses 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry 7 balanc$ by %ortages 9 o!r p>ts t occurr$ at ! same "t4 ,b ! long-p]iod oscillations 9 climate t are measur$ 9 hundr$s ( ye>s in/ead ( t5s--^! *anges seem$ to h occurr$ simultane\sly 9 ! middle latitudes ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^! *anges 7 simultane\s 9 an ea/ & we/ direction4 ,n[ we h evid5ce ( su* long-p]iod *anges 9 a nor? & s\? direction :i* 7 simultane\s1 b ( an opposite "*1 indicat+ t dur+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era ! ea/w>d track ( /orms has oscillat$ nor?w>d & s\?w>d4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( dry & ( wet p]iods simultane\sly ?r\gh\t ! va/ /ret* ( t]ritory betwe5 s\!rn ,cali=nia & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,9 ,guatemala1 ,yucatan1 & o!r ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries !re are ru9s ( cities & ! evid5ce ( an agriculture & a civilization t c\ld n h be5 e/abli%$ ) ! torr5tial ra9s & jungle gr[?s t n[ prevail 9 ^? regions4 ,dur+ ! c5turies :5 ! big trees ( ,cali=nia 7 receiv+ a l>ge ra9fall & mak+ a ?ick annual gr[?1 especially ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 because ( a nor?w>d %ift+ ( ! climatic zone1 ! precipitation 9 ,yucatan & ,guatemala _h s dim9i%$ z to leave only ! am\nt ( ra9fall t c\ld be economically employ$ 9 agriculture & 9 ! re>+ ( great cities2 & !n1 ) a s\?w>d migration ( ! ra9 belt1 ^! cities 7 suffocat$ ) excessive precipitation1 agriculture r5d]$ impossible1 & _! temples & palaces buri$ b5ea? ! gloom ( a tropical gr[?4 ,if we are to reason f ! records ( ! pa/ x seems highly probable t at lea/ ! middle latitudes ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e are sl[ly pass+ out ( a dry p]iod t has prevail$ = ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s all ! great glaci]s h rec$$1 b we %\ld n expect su* recession to cont9ue indef9itely4 ,geology furni%es abundant evid5ce t great *anges took place 9 ! climate ( ! e>? dur+ ! prehi/oric ages2 t !re 7 sev]al glacial p]iods1 ! la/ occurr+ dur+ plei/oc5e times1 some:]e betwe5 tw5ty & fifty ?\s& ye>s ago1 & t !re 7 int]vals betwe5 ! culm9ations ( ! ,ice ,ages ( probably fifty ?\s& to "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,betwe5 ^! long w9t]s1 t h meant dea? & desolation to mu* ( :at are n[ ! mo/ civiliz$ portions ( ! e>?1 !re h be5 w>m p]iods ( ?\s&s ( ye>s' duration4 ,fossil rema9s %[ t regions f> nor?1 n[ cov]$ ) p]petual ice1 once support$ a luxuriant flora & fauna1 & _m regions 9 ! temp]ate & equatorial zones t are n[ des]ts 7 once ov]gr[n ) =e/s & teem+ ) animal life4 ,! fundam5tal ?+ ( ! cosmos is *ange--bir?1 gr[?1 maturity2 !n decl9e1 s5ility1 dea?1 decay1 dis9tegration2 & always a r5aissance1 or new bir?4 ,en]gy & life seem to be et]nal1 b ev] und]go+ *ange4 ,! ,great ,ice ,cap may aga9 cov] ,new ,engl&1 ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & fl[ s\?w>d to ! ,ohio ,riv]1 b ! *ange w be s gradual1 if x does come1 t !re w be no great cities to be gr\nd b5ea? ! feet ( ! boreal mon/]2 cold t w prec$e ! ice cap w de/roy !m & !y w be buri$ b5ea? ! du/ ( accumulat+ ages be=e _! icy tomb/one is erect$4 ,!n ! heal?ful & invigorat+ climate ( ! nor? "p ( our c\ntry w be transf]r$ to ! region ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,civilization w & mu/ migrate ) ! %ift+ ( ! climatic belts4 ,because ^! *anges _c possibly conc]n u p]sonally1 we h almo/ neglect$ ! /udy ( ! great =ces t sil5tly yet mo/ p]si/5tly are at "w alt]+ ! conditions "u :i* future man mu/ live & "w out ! de/9y ( com+ g5]ations4 ,effects ( ,=e/s on ,climate & ,floods4 ,next to ! fallaci\s belief 9 a *ange ( climate dur+ ! life ( an individual !re are few if any errors t h ga9$ su* wide acceptance z a belief t ! cutt+ away ( ! =e/s has caus$ a m>k$ *ange 9 climate & especially 9 ! frequ5cy & int5sity ( floods & dr\ghts4 ,! writ] %>$ 9 ! mi/ake ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ! =e/s 9 re/ra9+ run-(f & augm5t+ floods1 until compell$ by an ord] ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to prep>e a report on ! floods ( ! nation t _h occurr$ dur+ ! "t ( ! gradual r$uction ( ! =e/ areas4 ,divid+ into two equal p]iods ! =ty ye>s = :i* ! ,wea!r ,bureau has compreh5sive records ( ! ra9fall ^u ! cat*m5t bas9s ( ! ,t5nessee1 ! ,cumb]l&1 & ! ,ohio riv]s1 & = :i* x has records ( ! height ( ! riv]s1 contr>y to 8 belief1 he f\nd t ! high wat]s 7 no high] ) a giv5 ra9fall1 ! floods ( no long] duration1 nor ! l[ wat]s ( summ] l[]1 dur+ ! la/ half ( ! p]iod ?an dur+ ! fir/ half4 ,x is n[ pretty g5]ally conc$$ by hydraulic eng9e]s t ! brok51 p]meable soil ( ! husb&man1 frequ5tly /irr$ by cultivation a "p ( ! ye> & fill$ ) c\ntless billions ( ! t9y wat]-absorb+ rootlets ( ! grasses & ! c]eal crops dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! annual p]iod1 is equally z good a cons]v] ( ! ra9fall z ! =e/s !mselves1 ev5 if x is n bett]4 ,"s ye>s ago ! writ] 0 deliv]+ a s]ies ( ,*autauqua lectures4 ,he arriv$ at ,devil's ,lake1 ,nor? ,dakota1 & f\nd t ! ,*autauqua amphi!at] 0 on ! banks ( ,devil's ,lake1 once bord]+ ! t[n1 b n[ rec$$ to a di/ance ( five miles & conf9$ to a n>r[ valley4 ,9 driv+ f ! city to ! lecture hall he rem>k$ to 8 escort t !y seem$ to be travel+ along ! bottom ( an anci5t lake4 ,8 companion said1 8,yes1 a lake1 b n an anci5t "o4 ,fifty ye>s ago ,i us$ to dive (f a spr+bo>d "r !re 9 front ( ! railroad /ation40 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 lecture ! writ] ref]r$ to ?is incid5t & told !m t1 contr>y to _! belief1 _! climate _h n *ang$1 t fifty ye>s ago !y sold _! old lake to "s g5tlem5 9 ,*icago & t !y _h be5 sell+ x ov] aga9 e ye> s9ce2 t ! =m] compact surface ( ! virg9 prairie resi/$ ! p5etration ( ! ra9fall1 or at lea/ only sl[ly absorb$ x1 & all[$ x to collect 9 ! depression adjac5t to ! city2 b n[1 9 ! brok51 p]meable soil ( ! f>m] x 0 tak5 up by millions ( t9y rootlets & ! h& ( ! ,great ,al*emi/ _h trans=m$ _! lake into :eat1 ! sale ( :i* 0 responsible = ! pres5ce ( ! speak] on ! plat=m ( a l>gely-att5d$ ,*autauqua4 ,! lake _h gone nev] to return unless ! region 7 aga9 to become ! haunt ( ! buffalo & ! prairie dog in/ead ( civiliz$ man4 ,! ra9fall 0 ! same1 b x 0 n[ be+ utiliz$ = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,9 ?is problem ( ra9fall1 floods1 & ! =e/s1 mo/ p]sons assume t :5 ! =e/ is cut ! l& is at once d5ud$ ( vegetation4 ,on ! o!r h& a second gr[? w effectually %ade ! soil )9 a few mon?s or a few weeks aft] ! l>ge trees are remov$1 & if ! l& is cle>$ & r5d]$ fit = ! pl[1 gr[+ crops take ! place ( ! =e/-cov]+ ! great] portion ( ! "t4 ,!re is an abundance ( reasons = ! protection ( our dim9i%+ =e/s & = ! creation ( new =e/ areas )\t assign+ to ! =e/s functions t !y d n ex]cise4 ,! cov]+ ( an area by a great city1 a village1 a =e/1 a b>n1 or a t5t modifies ! climate ( ! p>ticul> area cov]$ s long z ! cov]+ rema9s1 b !re is no appreciable climatic effect a few feet above ! surface ( ! e>? betwe5 a =e/ & a field ( gra94 ,! climate ( a region l ! ,am]ican cont95t is controll$ fundam5tally by ! great oceans t wa% its %ores1 by ! tr5d ( its m\nta9 sy/ems & _! height1 & by ! direction ( its prevail+ w9ds4 ,! va/ vapor\s atmosph]e t fl[s inl& f ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! foo?ills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 delug+ our c]eal pla9s ) its life-giv+ precipitation w cont9ue its pluvial g5]osity )\t any he$ :atev] to ! puny scrat*+s ( man ^u ! surface ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,no?+ t man c d w int5sify dr\ght conditions on ?is cont95t or augm5t ! volume ( floods4 ,x is "t t we return to sanity 9 consid]+ ?is matt] in/ead ( be+ fright5$ by ! dire =ebod+s ( well-mean+ b purely vision>y en?usia/s1 no matt] h[ noble _! aspirations may be or h[ self-sacrific+ly !y h consecrat$ !mselves to ! r$emption ( humanity4 ,x is c]ta9 t =e/s re/rict ! fl[ ( mod]ate falls ( ra91 b !y d n re/ra9 ! fl[ ( flood wat]s1 because1 surpris+ z x may seem to "o :o has n te/$ ! matt]1 floods d n occur until aft] all surfaces1 op5 fields & =e/s alike1 h become saturat$1 & !n ! run-(f ( ! two surfaces is equal4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,climates ,,= ,,heal? ,,& ,,pleasure ,,"o',s ,,life ,,w\ld ,,be ,,prolong$ ,,if1 ,,l ,,! ,,birds1 ,,"o ,,c\ld ,,migrate ,,annually ,,) ,,! ,,temp]ature--,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,_m ,,climes--,,! ,,hotte/ ,,& ,,colde/ ,,places ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,f :at has gone be=e x is app>5t t ! regions ( ! e>? :]e man is at 8 be/ e/ate1 s f> z climate c det]m9e 8 environm5t1 may be broadly def9$ 9 ?is c\ntry z s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 s\!rn & c5tral ,new ,york1 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 ! ,ohio ,valley1 ! s\!rn ,lake ,region & we/w>d to ! middle ( ,kansas & ,nebraska2 9 ,europe x includes ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 extreme nor!rn ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ! extreme s\!rn p>ts ( ,norway & ,sw$54 ,b 9 none ( ^! regions is ! climate equally good dur+ all seasons4 ,9 fact !re are two %ort seasons 9 ea* ye> :5 x is debilitat+4 ,! great majority ( ! p1 l galley slaves *a9$ to _! o>s1 mu/ rema9 9 ! same place ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 o!rs may h a vacation ( sev]al weeks1 & /ill o!rs are free to *ange _! location z (t5 z fancy calls !m4 ,! latt] might well le>n f ! birds1 & by migrat+ ) ! temp]ature1 go+ f> nor? 9 summ] & f> s\? 9 w9t]1 ma9ta9 !mselves ?r\gh\t ! entire ye> 9 ! mo/ p]fect atmosph]ic conditions = heal?1 happ9ess1 & long life4 ,_m a man ( fifty1 hav+ accumulat$ en\gh to mode/ly supply 8 wants1 c\ld add t5 to ?irty ye>s to 8 life1 or might ev5 d\ble ! p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce1 by ceas+ to /rive aft] ri*es1 & by giv+ himself up to a heal?ful movem5t ab\t ?is beautiful _w4 ,8 pr9cipal companions %\ld be good books1--! /udy ( :i* w enl>ge 8 m5tal horizon & increase 8 capacity to see1 compreh5d1 & enjoy1 & fit him to speak1 act1 & ?9k 9 ways t w inure to ! public good4 ,if he has n _h ! b5efits ( a college education1 n[ is ! gold5 opportunity to read1 & h pleasure 9 ! read+1 popul> books on ,geology1 ,botany1 ,biology1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,physics1 & to become famili> ) ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry & ( ! _w4 ,x ne$ n be a p]iod ( idl5ess b "o ( beautiful gr[? & ( appreciation ( ! wond]s ( creation4 ,& ?us w 8 _s be lift$ up & fitt$ = a high] realm ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w to come4 ,to ^? :o mu/ rema9 at home dur+ heat spells1 ! advice is giv5 to close n only ! %utt]s b ! w9d[s on ! ea/ side ( ! h\se dur+ ! =5oon & d ! same on ! we/ side 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! be/ night's sleep w be ga9$ 9 a room fac+ nor? on any floor t is n next ! ro(2 ?is room w be cool] if x is protect$ by ano!r room on its ea/ & "o on its we/ side4 ,long ,life 9 ! ,op5 ,air & ! ,sun%9e4 ,x is difficult to decide :i* mo/ conduces to heal? & longevity3 *e]fulness ( m9d & k9dness ( ?\ght1 or life 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! bless$ sun%9e4 ,if "o c enjoy bo? ( ^! b5efic5t conditions !y %\ld live z long z !y desire to rema9 on e>?4 ,mo/ p live z long z !y des]ve to live4 ,x has faceti\sly be5 said t old age is a bad habit4 ,! writ] is dispos$ to agree ) ! humori/4 ,c]ta9 x is t few p]sons :o believe 9 ! limitation ( life to ?ree score & t5 ev] live beyond t p]iod1 :ile "o %\ld be possess$ ( a s\nd body & a sup]ior m9d at t age1 ) j anticipations ( a ?ird ( a c5tury ( usefulness & happ9ess yet to come4 ,z a man ?9ke?1 s is he4 ,we are j beg9n+ to compreh5d some?+ ( ! wond]ful p[] ) :i* ! ,creator has inve/$ u 9 ! developm5t & ! c>e ( our bodies4 ,ang]1 hatr$1 malice1 jeal\sy1 selfi%ness1 fe>1 & worry create poisons t may br+ on disease & dea?1 b !y c]ta9ly create a morbidity 9 ! body t %ort5s life4 ,sun%9e de/roys molds1 bact]ia1 & o!r enemies ( ! human race t lurk 9 ! d>kness4 ,x /rikes dead ! tub]cle bacillus1 :i* is su* a sc\rge to mank9d4 ,its rem$ial p[] comes l>gely f invisible light--! ultra-violet & ! supra-r$ rays4 ,y are bl9d to ^! rays b y\r sk9 & blood are n2 !y ne$ ! sun%9e to give !m vitality--n quack m$ic9es or m$ical tonics = :i*1 ?r\gh ! v5al p>tn]%ip ( ! ,press1 millions ( ! afflict$ are induc$ n only to "p ) ! money s mu* ne$$ by _! families & !mselves1 b to aggravate _! suff]+s4 ,! sun%9e ( a high region is b5eficial to ^? ill ) c\ghs1 colds1 bron*itis1 tub]culosis1 anmia1 or o!r wa/+ diseases1 because ! upp] altitudes are ri* 9 _m rays t are b5eficial1 "s ( :i* are absorb$ by ! high] air & d n p5etrate to ! e>?1 or only rea* ! e>? 9 m9ute quantities4 ,!re on ! m\nta9 ! sun's rays are unpollut$ by ! du/ & ! bact]ia ( l[] levels & ! cities4 ,b "o does n ne$ extreme altitudes4 ,two to ?ree ?\s& feet may be suffici5t4 ,m\nta9 & ,sea ,air & ! ,injury f ,ov]-ba?+4 ,! sea%ore is prop]ly a great national playgr\nd dur+ ! heat ( summ]4 ,evaporat$ spray leaves a trace ( salt 9 ! air :i*1 ) ! salt ( ! ocean1 seems to be b5eficial to _m4 ,likewise !re is no condition ( life t is n b5efit$ by ! pure air ( ! wood$ m\nta9s4 ,^? ( mod]ate vigor may build up & ma9ta9 high vitality by cont9u\s ba?+ 9 ! cool1 pure wat]s ( m\nta9 lakes & /reams1 b to _m daily swimm+ 9 ei!r fre% or salt wat]1 except t x be = a m]e dip & "r out aga91 t is s cold z to be pa9ful to ! delicate s5sations ( ! sk91 is extremely debilitat+ to all bodily functions4 ,be mod]ate4 ,h[ to ,f9d ! ,climate ,y ,seek4 ,at sea level 9 ! tropics heat & moi/ure comb9e to produce great physical discom=t4 ,b ev5 "u ! equator x is possible to escape ! tropical heat ( l[ levels by asc5d+ f\r to six ?\s& feet1 z c be done 9 "s places 9 ,porto ,rico & ,cuba4 ,mo/ ( ! capitals ( ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries are locat$ at altitudes ( five to t5 ?\s& feet2 & ,brazil is plann+ to ab&on h] capital at sea level & move ! adm9i/rative ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t f ! spl5did city ( ,rio de ,janeiro to a m\nta9 location 9 ! int]ior4 ,any region ( ! ,alleghany sy/em ( m\nta9s above a ?\s& feet elevation possesses climatic conditions ( !rapeutic value4 ,illu/ration ( ?is fact is se5 9 ! success ( ! not$ sanit>ia 9 ! ,adirondacks1 & 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia1 & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,new ,engl&4 ,^! sections are especially frequ5t$ by p]sons suff]+ f pulmon>y diseases1 or f n]v\s exhau/ion1 _m ( :om f9d n only relief b cure4 ,cool & heal?ful conditions ( temp]ature may be f\nd dur+ ! summ] along ! ridges & on ! peaks ( ! entire m\nta9 sy/em t ext5ds f ,nor? ,c>ol9a nor?w>d ?r\gh ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & ,new ,engl&4 ,! advice ( "o's physician %\ld be s\ght1 if "o is ail+1 be=e det]m9+ betwe5 ! sea%ore & ! m\nta9s1 b 9 g5]al ^? suff]+ f diseases ( ! respiratory organs are bett] locat$ 9 ! high levels1 remote f ! humid air ( ! ocean4 ,9 w9t] ,b]muda1 ,florida1 ,porto ,rico1 ,cuba1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 mu* ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & ,hawaii h balmy climates t p]mit ( outdoor life )\t temp]atures too high to be com=table4 ,hawaii & ,b]muda h mild climates n only dur+ w9t] b ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,! ,rivi]a on ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa & ! beautiful ,lake region ( ,italy enjoy ! balmy air ( ! ,m$it]ranean & are protect$ f ! cold w9t] w9ds by ! ,alps4 ,f ,octob] to ,may t portion ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau t includes ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & ! nor!rn int]ior ( ,old ,mexico has "o ( ! f9e/ climates 9 ! _w = ^? afflict$ ) pulmon>y diseases1 z ! sun%9e is abundant & ! day & night temp]atures su* z to p]mit an almo/ cont9u\s out-(-doors exi/5ce4 ,b ! heat & ! extreme dryness ( ! air 9 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ! fir/ half ( ,septemb] is irritat+ to ! n]ves & debilitat+ 9 g5]al4 ,=tunately1 :5 ! conditions are n favorable 9 ! extreme s\?we/ "p ( ! c\ntry1 !y are at _! be/ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates & ,new ,engl&1 :i* (f] to ! pleasure or ! heal? seek] a cool1 pure air unsurpass$ by any o!r region ( ! e>?4 ,= an all-!-ye> climate = ! heal? seek]1 x only c be said t ! ideal conditions d n cont9ue at any place ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,possibly x is well t x is s1 z a *ange may be b5eficial = no reason except t x is a *ange4 ,!re is "o great caution ev] to be borne 9 m9d1 & t is t ! heal? seek] mu/ n cont9ue or repeat ! same unhygi5ic life 9 8 new climate t br\ght on ! disease 9 ! old4 ,climate ( ,cuba4 ,! climate ( "o tropical c\ntry may diff] mat]ially f t ( ano!r 9 ! same latitude z a result ( diff]5ce 9 altitude1 proximity to l>ge bodies ( wat]1 & position ) respect to ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,cuba be+ 9 ! region ( ! nor!a/ trade w9ds1 m ra9 falls on ! nor? side ( its m\nta9s ?an on ! s\? side4 ,! temp]ature ( ! s\!a/ coa/ is high] ?an x is on ! nor!rn & we/]n coa/s1 & ! range ( temp]ature ev]y:]e betwe5 night & day is small1 r>ely t5 degrees & usually mu* less4 ,x !re=e has a w>m1 humid1 & monoton\s climate1 except 9 ! high levels ( its m\nta9s4 ,! w9t] t\ri/ w f9d ! conditions ( ! great] "p ( ! isl& some:at simil> to ^? 9 ! region ( ,miami1 ,florida1 b w>m]4 ,havana is n s hot z ,santiago4 ,! highe/ temp]ature ev] record$ at ,havana is #aja & ! l[e/ #ej4 ,a fairly pleasant temp]ature always c be f\nd )9 a %ort ride to ! m\nta9s4 ,z 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries1 ,cuba has a dry & a wet season4 ,! ra9y season is ,may to ,octob]4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]1 #aijj1 ov] ?irty-six in*es ( ra9 fell )9 ?irty-six h\rs at ,santiago4 ,z a rule ! precipitation is 9 ! %ape ( heavy %[]s1 ! cl\ds cle>+ z soon z ! ra9 ceases2 ! %[]s usually occur 9 ! aft]noon4 ,cuba1 9 common ) all ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 occasionally is visit$ by de/ructive hurricanes2 ^! /orms ma9ly are conf9$ to ! p]iod ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,frequ5t t]rific ?und]/orms occur 9 summ]4 ,climate ( ,porto ,rico4 ,its m\nta9\s "* gives x a m>k$ div]sity ( climate1 torr5tial ra9s fall+ on ! w9dw>d side ( its m\nta9s1 :ile ! leew>d sides are comp>atively dry4 ,! highe/ temp]ature 9 ,san ,juan s9ce #ahgf is #aja & ! l[e/ #eg4 ,9 ?is city a cool breeze1 kn[n z ! 8briza01 adds to ! com=t ( ! late aft]noon & ev5+4 ,! wet season beg9s a mon? e>li] ?an 9 ,cuba & la/s a mon? long]4 ,san ,juan is probably ! mo/ heal?ful city 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 b ^? re>$ 9 nor!rn climates inv>iably suff] f its en]vat+ influ5ce aft] sev]al ye>s ( cont9u\s resid5ce4 ,wat] is abundant1 !re be+ "s sev5ty riv]s & ov] a ?\s& small /reams4 ,! m\nta9s are clo!d 9 vegetation to _! tops1 & fro/ ( a kill+ nature is practically unkn[n 9 ! isl&4 ,climate ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! *>m ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 _! m\nta9s1 volcanoes1 tropical v]dure1 & delightful climate4 ,x is inde$ a g>d5 spot1 & its soil & climate make x s4 ,n[h]e 9 ! isl&s does ! temp]ature rea* #ij at any "t ( ! ye>1 :ile at ,honolulu1 ! l>ge/ city & ! capital1 a temp]ature l[] ?an #fj is r>ely exp]i5c$4 ,( c\rse1 z "o asc5ds ! high m\nta9s = :i* ! gr\p is not$1 mu* l[] temp]atures are enc\nt]$1 :ile sn[ is n infrequ5t ne> ! tops4 ,july & ,augu/ are ! w>me/ mon?s & ,janu>y ! colde/4 ,! climate is soo?+ & dreamy & d\btless w\ld prolong ! life ( _m :o are ag$ & sl[ly pass+ to _! end1 & t ( o!rs ( l[ vitality b no organic disease4 ,mo/ ( ! ra9 falls ,novemb] to ,may1 b "s falls 9 e mon? ( ! ye>4 ,at ,honolulu ! am\nt is ab\t t :i* falls 9 ,wiscons91 b at a /ation 9 ! ,kohala ,m\nta9s "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r in*es h be5 measur$ z ! ra9fall = sev5 mon?s1 & =ty-two in*es = "o mon?1 ! latt] be+ a l>g] am\nt ?an ! annual ra9fall = ! ,/ate ( ,i[a4 ,climate ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,! highe/ temp]ature s f> record$ at ,manila is #ajj & ! l[e/ #fj4 ,x is !re=e w>m] ?an ei!r ,havana or ,porto ,rico4 ,! hotte/ mon?s are ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 b ! cool mon?s are b a trifle cool] ?an ! w>m mon?s1 ! annual range ( temp]ature be+ b ?ree degrees4 ,! humidity is high at all seasons1 & !re=e ! heat is oppressive & debilitat+4 ,! great] "p ( ! ra9fall ( ,manila is f ,june to ,octob]4 ,"s relief may be ga9$ f ! l[-level heat by retreat to ! m\nta9s ( "s ( ! isl&s4 ,x w require sev]al g5]ations be=e ! :ite man c become acclimat$ to ?is region4 ,! isl&s lie betwe5 latitude #f & #ah ,nor?4 ,:ite *ildr5 born ( ,am]ican p>5ts & rais$ !re nev] w h ! en]gy or ambition ( _! prog5itors4 ,if x 7 n = ! invigorat+ air ( ! m\nta9 resort at ,baquio1 _m ,am]ican (ficials c\ld n cont9ue a resid5ce 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,climate ( ,b]muda 9 ,comp>ison ) ! ,popul> ,w9t] ,resorts ( ,florida & ,cali=nia4 ,x is a mi/ake to repres5t ! climate ( ,b]muda z "o ( balmy sun%9e dur+ w9t] mon?s4 ,x has "s glori\s days1 b a l>ge proportion are cl\dy1 ra9y1 cool1 & w9dy1 & too cold = com=table or heal?ful ba?+ f ! middle ( ,decemb] to ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,& yet1 its climate is heal?ful z a :ole = n9e mon?s ( ! ye> & m /imulat+ ?an is t ( ,florida 9 w9t]4 ,if "o wi%es sun%9e & sea ba?+ 9 midw9t]1 x is bett] to g to ,palm ,bea*1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 or ,miami1 ,florida2 b if "o desires to h a mod]ately cool climate ) a temp]ature ( b little v>iation betwe5 midday & midnight1 & occasionally a day ) suffici5t w>m? & sun%9e to ju/ify a dip 9 ! ocean or 9 ! _m l&-lock$ bays ) :i* ! isl&s ab\nd1 "o well may come to ,b]muda4 ,su* w9t] clo?+ z "o naturally w\ld we> 9 ,philadelphia or ,wa%+ton is :at "o w ne$ 9 ord] to be com=table4 ,b]muda is no place = ,palm ,bea* suits1 out+ %irts1 & ,panama hats 9 w9t]4 ,_m t\ri/s are mislead by ! adv]tisem5ts ( /eam%ip l9es & br+ clo?+ :i* is suitable only = e>ly fall & late spr+4 ,f ! fir/ ( ,novemb] to ! middle ( ,may ! au?or occupi$ a room on ! gr\nd floor1 fac+ ! wat]s ( ,hamilton ,h>bor1 & only fifty feet f ! %ore l9e4 ,"h ! diurnal range ( temp]ature is mu* less ?an at ,prospect ,hill1 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t's obs]vations are made4 ,f ! middle ( ,decemb] to ! middle ( ,m>*1 a !rmomet] 9 ?is room sluggi%ly rang$ f #fj at night to #fd dur+ ! day1 & days :5 ! w9d 0 high & ra9 fall+--z occurs ab\t "o ?ird ( ! "t 9 w9t]--! !rmomet] w\ld n v>y a degree f #fj dur+ ! entire tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,dur+ ,april ! range ea* day 0 f #fh at night to #gj at midday1 & dur+ ,novemb] & ,may f #gj to #gf4 ,! selection ( ! be/ w9t] climate = heal? & = pleasure is s important t comp>ative data are "h giv5 ( ! mo/ popul> places t are easy ( access to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b]muda has a w9d velocity mu* great] ?an t ( any ( ! resorts nam$ 9 ! tables1 & its relative humidity is ab\t t ( ,florida4 ,! *>m ( ,b]muda is t ! fl[]s bloom1 vegetables gr[1 & ! trees rema9 gre5 ! ye> r\nd4 ,ev5 ?\gh frequ5t %ort %[]s may fall ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs m ?an half ( ! days dur+ w9t]1 ! soil is s por\s t !re is little or no mud1 & life is l>gely "o ( ! op5 air1 ) a w9t] temp]ature t conduces to activity2 9 fact1 ! temp]ature is su* t "o requires heavy clo?+ all ! "t if "o is to sit inactive 9 ! op54 ,!re is nei!r fro/1 fog1 nor mal>ia1 nor snakes4 ,b]muda lies #fff miles s\? ( ,new ,york ,city & ab\t #gjj miles due ea/ f ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 & #bic miles f ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i*1 if ! tru? mu/ be told1 ex]cises no su* influ5ce on ! climate ( ,b]muda z highly color$ adv]tis+ circul>s w\ld h "o believe4 ,x is ! great ocean1 ^u ^: surface ! isl&s make ! mo/ inf9itesimal dot1 t controls ! climate ( ! ,b]mudas4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 wond]ful ph5om5on t x is1 is a sort ( bug-a-boo to "s :o nev] h intellig5tly /udi$ ocean meteorology4 ,travel]s tell ( ! sup]heat$ atmosph]e !y enc\nt]$ on cross+ ! ,/ream1 & educators :o %\ld "k bett] tea* t ! entire climate ( ,europe is m>k$ly influ5c$ by x4 ,! fact is t !re is no di/ortion :atev] ( ! iso!rmal l9es z !y ent] & leave ! ,gulf /ream 9 any region nor? ( ,b]muda4 7,see ,*>t #ad47 ,! climate ( ,b]muda & ( ,europe is controll$ l>gely by ! great ,atlantic ,ocean1 n by ?is small riv] ( w>m wat]1 :i* broad5s out & loses its id5tity long be=e ! coa/ ( ,europe is rea*$1 & ^: influ5ce is soon dissipat$ 9 ! va/ expanse ( ocean air4 ,! ocean has a great circulat+ sy/em1 nor?w>d on ! we/]n & s\?w>d on its ea/]n side4 ,?is circulation pu%es ! iso!rmal l9es nor?w>d on "o side & s\?w>d on ! o!r4 ,! isl&s ( ,b]muda rise "s #ae1jjj feet f ! floor ( ! ocean1 & project above ! wat] to heights v>y+ f #ej to #bfj feet above sea level4 ,l jewels ne/l+ ^u ! bosom ( a sub-tropical ocean ^! isl&s1 f "o half to ?ree miles wide1 are /rung along s close t "o almo/ c hop ov] f "o to ! o!r4 ,!y lie 9 ! =m ( a fi%-hook2 f ! hole :]e ! l9e ( ! fi%]man w\ld be ti$ to ! po9t ( ! hook is ab\t tw5ty-six miles4 ,! topography is irregul> & picturesque4 ,on l& !re are caves & grottoes & subt]ranean lakes4 ,janu>y to ,may rose bord]s are abloom4 ,9 ,april ! ole&] is %[+ p9k & crimson along e roadside1 & ! h$ges hold ^! beautiful fl[]s = mon?s2 at ,ea/] "t lilies c>pet ! gr\nd & p]fume ! air4 ,"h morn+ glories h _m =ms & colors1 :i*1 ) p5d5t bells1 climb wide-spread+ c$> trees1 & wild passion fl[]s cov] rocky cliffs4 ,! sea is s transp>5t t _m feet bel[ ! surface ! eye may foll[ ! movem5ts ( m>9e life h\s$ ab\t by coral =mations ( /range devices4 ,! colors ( ! sea are z *angeable z ! opal4 ,ov] %all[ bottoms ! colors are delicate %ades ( light gre51 ov] ! %oals br[ni% hues1 & beyond ! dang]\s reefs1 :i* h s5t _m a sailor to 8 long home1 & beh9d :i* num]\s pirates ( old h tak5 refuge1 ! wat]s v>y f ! light blue ( ! sapphire to deep gre54 ,! prismatic colors are =ev] laugh+ & danc+ to ! eye ( ! behold]4 ,! %ad[ ( a cl\d1 a ripple ( ! surface1 a diff]5t angle to ! fall ( sun%9e z ! day advances1 deep5 or bright5 ! t9ts ?r\gh a wide range ( color4 ,?r\gh ! glass bottom ( a boat "o may look into ! g>d5s4 ,ris+ f ! bottom & wav+ gracefully ) ! movem5ts ( ! wat]s1 l tree f]ns mov$ by g5tle zephyrs1 are purple sea fans & tall black rods4 ,beautifully color$ fi%es d>t ab\t1 or lazily bask 9 ! sun t illum9es _! coral grottoes2 we$s ( _m colors2 gre5 & sc>let sponges2 vegetable gr[?s delicate 9 =mation & brilliant anemones cl+ to l$ges ( rock t "h & !re are t9t$ ) p9k4 ,rival *ampions ( ! ea/ & ! we/ coa/s ( ,florida may =tify !mselves by a /udy ( ! tables4 ,x may be not$ t ,miami & ,tampa h ! same midday temp]ature1 b t ,tampa has a great] range1 ! night temp]ature on ! av]age fall+ five degrees l[] ?an ,miami2 also t ,tampa1 :i* c be tak5 z typical ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 has b tw5ty-"o ra9y days on an av]age f ,decemb] to ,m>* inclusive1 :ile ,miami has ?irty-f\r4 ,b]muda has sixty-five days ) ra9 dur+ ! p]iod1 ) mu* w9d4 ,f ^! data "o may select ! climate t be/ suits him & he may "k t ! data are accurate & put =? by "s "o n int]e/$ 9 advanc+ ! int]e/ ( "o place ov] ano!r4 ,no c\ntry 9 ! _w has m delightful & heal?ful climates = w9t] & = summ] ?an c be f\nd 9 ! wide doma9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,,av]age ,,temp]ature1 ,,humidity1 ,,days ,,) ,,ra91 ,,cl\d9ess1 ,,& ,,w9d ,,at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia ,,data ,,jan4 ,,feb4 ,,m>4 ,,apr4 ,,may ,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,maximum #fd #ff #fg #gj #gb #gg ,highe/ maximum #hg #hh #ii #ajj #ajc #aje ,m9imum #dd #de #dg #di #eb #ef ,l[e/ m9imum #bh #bh #ca #cf #dj #df ,daily range #ba #ba #bj #ba #bb #bc ,relative humidity #fe #fi #fi #gb #gf #gf ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #g #f #g #d #b #a ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fe #fh #fe #fh #fc #fi ,h\rly w9d velocity #e4a #e4c #e4c #e4b #e4b #e4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,data ,,july ,,aug4 ,,sept4,,oct4 ,,nov4 ,,dec4 ,,annual ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,maximum #hb #hb #ha #gf #gb #fg #gc ,highe/ maximum #aji #ajf #ajh #ajb #if #hi #aji ,m9imum #ei #fj #eh #ec #dh #df #eb ,l[e/ m9imum #di #di #dd #dj #cd #cj #bh ,daily range #be #bd #be #bd #bd #bj #bb ,relative humidity #ge #gd #gc #fi #fb #eh #gj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #j #j #a #c #c #f #dj ,p]c5tage sun%9e #gf #gi #gg #gf #gg #gd #ga ,h\rly w9d velocity #d4g #d4f #d4e #d4e #d4f #e4j #d4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,miami1 ,florida ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,data ,,jan4,,feb4,,m>4,,apr4,,may ,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,maximum #fi #gj #gf #hj #hf #hi ,highe/ maximum #he #hh #ib #ic #id #id ,m9imum #eh #ei #fd #ff #gj #gc ,l[e/ m9imum #bi #bi #ci #df #fb #fa ,daily range #aa #aa #ab #ad #af #af ,relative humidity #ha #hj #gi #gf #gi #hb ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #aj #h #g #g #aj #ad ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fj #fb #fg #gc #fg #fj ,h\rly w9d velocity #aa #aa #aa #aa #aj #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,data ,,july,,aug4,,sept4,,oct4,,nov4,,dec4,,a nnual ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,maximum #hi #hi #hh #hb #gf #gj #hj ,highe/ maximum #if #if #id #ic #hh #ia #if ,m9imum #ge #ge #gd #ga #fg #fa #fh ,l[e/ m9imum #fi #fg #fb #ec #ch #cb #bi ,daily range #ad #ad #ad #aa #i #i #ab ,relative humidity #hb #hc #hc #hj #gi #ha #hj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #ad #ae #ag #ae #i #i #ace ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fd #fd #fb #ec #fa #eg #fb ,h\rly w9d velocity #h #h #i #ab #aa #aj #aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,u4 ,s4 ,,wea!r ,,bureau 7,cont9u$7 ,,av]age ,,temp]ature1 ,,humidity1 ,,days ,,) ,,ra91 ,,cl\d9ess1 ,,& ,,w9d ,,at ,jacksonville1 ,florida ,,data ,,jan4,,feb4,,m>4,,apr4,,may ,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,maximum #ef #eg #fc #fg #ge #hj ,highe/ maximum #ha #hf #ia #ib #ajh #aja ,m9imum #dg #di #ed #ei #fc #gb ,l[e/ m9imum #ae #aj #bf #cd #df #ed ,daily range #i #h #i #h #ab #h ,relative humidity #ha #gi #gg #gd #ge #gi ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #i #i #h #g #i #ac ,p]c5tage sun%9e #ee #eg #fh #gc #ga #fe ,h\rly w9d velocity #h #h #i #i #h #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,data ,,july,,aug4,,sept4,,oct4,,nov4,,dec4,,a nnual ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,maximum #hb #hb #gh #gj #fb #ef #fi ,highe/ maximum #ajd #aja #ii #ie #hf #hb #ajd ,m9imum #gd #gd #ga #fc #ed #dg #fa ,l[e/ m9imum #ff #fd #di #cg #bf #ad #aj ,daily range #h #h #g #g #h #i #h ,relative humidity #hj #hc #hd #hb #ha #ha #hj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #ae #ae #ac #aj #h #h #abd ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fc #fc #ei #ef #fc #ec #fb ,h\rly w9d velocity #g #g #g #h #g #g #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,data ,,jan4 ,,feb4 ,,m>4 ,,apr4 ,,may ,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,maximum #fb4b #fb4f #fc4f #fe4b #ff4j #fi4b ,highe/ maximum #hc #hi #ii #if #ih #id ,m9imum #df4d #dg4f #di4f #eb4d #ee4e #eh4g ,l[e/ m9imum #be #cd #cf #ci #de #ej ,daily range #ae4h #ae4j #ac4i #ac4b #aj4e #aj4e ,relative humidity #ga #gd #gd #ge #gg #hj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #g #g #g #d #c #a ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fg #fg #ff #fi #eh #fb ,w9d velocity #e4a #e4h #f4b #f4d #f4d #f4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,data ,,july ,,aug4 ,,sept4 ,,oct4 ,,nov4 ,,dec4 ,,annual ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,maximum #gb4c #gc4f #gc4a #gj4d #fg4g #fd4c #fg4e ,highe/ maximum #ic #ic #aaj #if #ic #hd #aaj ,m9imum #fb4b #fc4f #fa4c #ef4f #ea4d #dg4i #ed4e ,l[e/ m9imum #ed #ed #ej #dd #cf #cb #be ,daily range #aj4a #aj4b #aa4i #ac4f #af4d #af4c #ac4a ,relative humidity #ha #hj #gi #gf #gj #fh #ge ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #j #a #a #c #d #f #dd ,p]c5tage sun%9e #fg #gb #gb #gc #gf #gd #fh ,w9d velocity #e4i #e4g #e4g #e4c #e4j #e4j #e4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,u4 ,s4 ,,wea!r ,,bureau 7,cont9u$7 ,,av]age ,,temp]ature1 ,,humidity1 ,,days ,,) ,,ra91 ,,cl\d9ess1 ,,& ,,w9d ,,at ,tampa1 ,florida ,,data ,,jan4,,feb4,,m>4,,apr4 ,,may,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,maximum #fi #gj #gg #hj #hf #hi ,highe/ maximum #hb #hf #ib #ij #id #ie ,m9imum #ea #eb #eh #fa #fg #ga ,l[e/ m9imum #bc #bb #cb #ch #ec #fd ,daily range #ah #ah #ai #ai #ai #ah ,relative humidity #hb #hj #hj #ge #ge #hj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #d #f #f #c #d #i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,data ,,july,,aug4,,sept4,,oct4 ,,nov4 ,,dec4 ,,ye> ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,maximum #hi #hi #hh #hb #gf #gj #hj ,highe/ maximum #if #if #if #ic #hg #hc #if ,m9imum #gc #gc #gb #fe #eh #eb #fc ,l[e/ m9imum #fe #ff #ed #dc #cb #ai #ai ,daily range #af #af #af #ag #ah #ah #ag ,relative humidity #hb #hc #hd #hj #ha #hb #hj ,days ) 4#ja or m ra9 #aa #ab #g #d #d #e #ge ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b]muda ,obs]vations tak5 on ! hill at ,prospect1 #bej feet elevation1 & furni%$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,/up>t1 ,director ( ,canadian wea!r s]vice ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,data ,,jan4 ,,feb4 ,,m>4 ,,apr4 ,,may ,,june ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,maximum #fg #fg #fh #gj #gd #gh ,highe/ maximum #gi #ge #gh #hj #hc #hh ,m9imum #eh #eg #eg #eh #fc #fh ,l[e/ m9imum #ci #de #dd #dj #di #ed ,daily range ( temp]ature#aj #aj #aa #aa #aa #aa ,relative humidity #hb #ha #ha #ha #hd #he ,days ) 4#ja ra9 or m#ag #af #ae #ab #aa #aa ,h\rly w9d velocity #ae #af #ae #ad #ab #aa ,greate/ mon?ly ra9fall #i4gaaj4djaj4jeac4ca #i4jiaj4ih ,av]age ra9fall #d4ij #d4gi #e4je #d4ij #d4ci #e4ah ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,data ,,july ,,aug4 ,,sept4,,oct4 ,,nov4 ,,dec4 ,,annual ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,maximum #hd #he #hc #gh #gc #fi #ge ,highe/ maximum #ib #id #ia #hh #hb #gi #id ,m9imum #gc #gd #gb #fi #fc #fj #fd ,l[e/ m9imum #fe #fd #ei #fj #di #df #ci ,daily range ( temp]ature#aa #aa #aa #aa #aj #aj #aa ,relative humidity #hd #hc #hc #hb #ha #ha #hb ,days ) 4#ja ra9 or m#ab #ae #ad #ae #af #ag #aga ,h\rly w9d velocity #aa #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ac ,greate/ mon?ly ra9fall #aa4bdba4ccaf4cjag4gcaa4cfaj4eh ,av]age ra9fall #c4gf #e4ih #e4bd #g4ia #d4cb #d4ih #fa4dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ?us speaks ( ! uses ( climatic data3 8,:at are climatic /ati/ics good =8 ,to ?is qu]y "o is tempt$ to retort3 ,:at are !y n good =8 ,let u set d[n a few typical cases 9 :i* su* data are desir$4 8,a m]*ant plans to und]take ! sale ( rubb] coats 9 =eign m>kets4 ,h5ce he wi%es to "k all ab\t ! di/ribution ( ra9fall1 bo? geographically & z to season4 ,:i* are ! ra9y regions ( ! globe8 ,:5 d ! heavie/ occur 9 ea* ( ^! regions8 ,:]e d ! prevail+ temp]atures indicate ! ne$ ( heavy coats1 & :]e light8 8,an invalid contemplates visit+ a c]ta9 heal? resort4 ,:at mean temp]atures occur !re at ! season ( ! propos$ visit8 ,:at ranges ( temp]ature betwe5 day & night8 ,h[ mu* does ! temp]ature v>y f day to day8 ,h[ mu* sun%9e may be expect$8 ,is ! atmosph]e moi/ or dry8 ,:at ( ! w9ds8 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions he is likely to ask4 8,a horticulturi/ proposes to introduce a =eign plant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:]e w he f9d ! mo/ favorable climate = x8 ,9 ord] to settle ?is "q he fir/ tries to secure c]ta9 in=mation ab\t ! climate ( ! plant's orig9al habitat--! m>* ( temp]ature ?r\gh ! season ( gr[?1 av]age dates ( fir/ & la/ fro/1 normal fluctuations ( ra9fall1 humidity1 sun%9e1 etc4 ,if ! desir$ in=mation is obta9$1 ! next /ep is to asc]ta9 :]e 7if any:]e7 simil> climatic conditions prevail 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?is is g5]ally an easy task4 8,an eng9e] is plann+ a sew] sy/em4 ,he ne$s data ( excessive ra9fall = ! locality "u consid]ation1 s t he may e/imate ! maximum am\nt ( /orm-wat] ! sew]s w ev] ne$ to dispose ( 9 a giv5 "t4 ,_! capacity %\ld n exce$ ?is am\nt beyond a reasonable m>g9 ( safety3 o!rwise co/ ( con/ruction w\ld be unnecess>ily great4 8,?is li/ ( examples might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,x w suffice1 h[ev]1 to %[ h[ wide a range ( climatic in=mation is requir$ to meet all possible dem&s4 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( indu/ry are conc]n$ ) diff]5t sets ( climatic data4 ,"o set helps det]m9e ! be/ location = a railroad3 ano!r ! k9d ( goods t w be %ipp$ ov] x & ! way 9 :i* !y w ne$ to be pack$ & c>$ = dur+ %ipm5t4 ,! climatic conditions t mu/ be consid]$ 9 plann+ a milit>y campaign are q unlike ^? t engage ! att5tion ( a hydrological eng9e] 9 lay+ out a sy/em ( irrigation4 ,climatic /ati/ics ( int]e/ to aviators are n id5tical ) ^? t be> ^u ! problems ( ecology or =e/ry or sanitation4 ,9 %ort1 climate means diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t p40 ,*ri/mas 9 ,_m ,climes4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! div]sification ( climate may be ga!r$ f a description ( ! wea!r ( "s p>ticul> day ( ! ye> z x exi/s 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"o is too prone to assume t ! wea!r "o has on a giv5 day prevails ev]y:]e4 ,= ! mom5t "o does n consid] ! effect ( di/ance f ! equator1 proximity to l>ge bodies ( wat]1 & elevation above sea level & above ! surr\nd+ region4 ,:5 a holiday or any day ( special int]e/ occurs1 :ile ! wea!r _c make ! occasion a success1 x c q effectively de/roy all pleasure 9 ! ev5t4 ,:5 we approa* ! day ( all days 9 ! ye> :5 two fif?s ( ! p ( ! _w celebrate ! natal day ( ,*ri/1 int]e/ 9 ! wea!r increases4 ,! little ones ( our clime pray t a mantle ( sn[ may cov] ! gr\nd1 s t de> old ,santa ,claus may come ) 8 re9de] & sleigh4 ,! boys & girls long = ! sn[-cov]$ hillsides & ! glassy ponds2 & ev5 our good old gr&mo!r smiles 9 anticipation ( su* a ,*ri/mas ,day z gladd5$ h] he>t :5 %e 0 a wee tot4 ,x may be int]e/+ to "k "u :at k9d ( skies ! p ( o!r l&s celebrate ?is int]national holiday4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e places ne> ! same latitude may h wea!r conditions greatly at v>iance ! "o f ! o!r1 because ( conditions previ\sly expla9$4 ,x is our w9t] n[2 n because ! sun is f>!/ f u1 = 9 five days ! e>? w rea* ! "t ( p]ihelion 9 its c\rse ar\nd ! sun1 & be ne>] to ! c5tral lum9>y ?an at any o!r "t ( ! ye>1 b because ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis causes u to receive ! rays ( ! sun at a l[] angle ?an dur+ any o!r season & its int5sity is r$uc$4 ,! conditions are rev]s$ to ! p ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e2 !y n[ receive ! mo/ direct rays ( ! sun & h _! summ]1 :i* is int5sifi$ by ! ne>ness ( ! e>? to ! sun4 ,! ev5t t gave orig9 to our ,*ri/mas holiday occurr$ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ,be?lehem ( ,judea2 & x may be a new idea to u to try to ?9k ( ! wea!r t prevail$ at t "t & ! "* ( ! ,*ri/mas ,day t l& may h ?is ye>4 ,we "k t x 0 n cold & cl\dy on t ev5tful night s long ago1 = ! %eph]ds 7 fe$+ _! flocks ^u ! hillsides & ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ beheld a /> & foll[$ x4 ,! /> %one brightly f ! "t !y left ,h]od until !y rea*$ ! place :]e ! ,infant lay4 ,we may !re=e judge t ?is "p ( _! j\rney 0 made "u a cle> sky & t ! same conditions prevail$ at ,be?lehem4 ,wea!r obs]vations made at ,j]usalem1 a few miles f ,be?lehem1 dur+ mod]n times1 %[ t dur+ ,decemb] !re are less ?an f\rte5 cl\dy days on ! av]age4 ,! prevail+ w9ds are f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 only ?irty miles to ! we/ ( ,be?lehem1 & !re=e r>ely does ! temp]ature exce$ #fe dur+ ! day or fall to freez+ at night4 ,:ile !re is evid5ce t ! climate is dri] n[ ?r\gh\t all ( ! ,holy ,l& ?an at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 x is highly probable t :5 ,he 0 born ! />s 7 %9+ brightly & ! hills 7 gre5 & beautiful & ! wea!r smil+ its b5$iction ^u ! ,son ( ,god4 ,we n[ w glance at ! wea!r t exp]i5ce tea*es u w probably prevail 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ! _w on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & ?us h impress$ ^u u ! fact t on any day ( ! ye> humanity lives "u widely diff]+ wea!r conditions ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 our own c\ntry we "k t ,ma9e is ! home ( ice1 sn[1 & *ill+ bla/s1 :ile 9 ,cali=nia & ,florida orange blossoms p]fume ! temp]ate air4 ,9 ,london ,*ri/mas is n always bright & com=table1 = on ! av]age tw5ty-"o days 9 ,decemb] are cl\dy & ! temp]ature ranges f a few degrees bel[ freez+ at night to ab\t #ej dur+ ! day4 ,9 ,p>is ! wea!r is ab\t ! same z 9 ,london4 ,x has ! same p]c5tage ( cl\d9ess1 & its daily range ( temp]ature is f #cb to #de1 slightly cold] ?an ,london4 ,! influ5ce ( w9d direction & ! relation ( wat] & l& areas to ! location ( a city are well exemplifi$ 9 ! fact t ,p>is1 f>!r s\? ?an ,london1 has a l[] w9t] temp]ature4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! colde/ w9t] w9ds are f ! nor?we/ & !y also w\ld be s 9 ,we/]n ,europe 7 x n = ! fact t !y draw f ! ocean1 ^: wat]s are mu* w>m] 9 w9t] ?an ! int]ior ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! nor!a/ w9ds are !re=e ! colde/ t come to ,p>is & ,london4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y draw f ! cold int]ior1 & 9 ! second case ! air 9 pass+ to ,london f ! nor!a/ mu/ pass ov] ! ,nor? ,sea & ! extreme temp]ature ( ! cold l& is some:at modifi$ by ev5 ?is comp>atively small body ( wat] ) ! result t ! av]age daily maximum temp]ature ( ,london = ,decemb] is five degrees w>m] ?an its neighbor "s two hundr$ miles f>!r s\?4 ,b]l9 & ,vi5na h ! same degree ( cl\d9ess1 b !re ! simil>ity ceases4 ,b]l91 only ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ! ,baltic ,sea on ! nor!a/ & ab\t d\ble ?is di/ance f ! ,nor? ,sea on ! nor?we/ has an av]age range ( b eight degrees betwe5 day & night temp]atures1 :ile ,vi5na1 deep-set 9 ! int]ior ( a great cont95t1 has a daily range ( ?irty-sev5 degrees1 ! av]age temp]ature sw++ f #ac to #ej ea* day dur+ ,decemb]4 ,con/ant9ople 0 nam$ aft] ! ,roman ,emp]or :o made x 8 capital & :o fir/ protect$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians f p]secution1 !n became conv]t$ &1 9 ! mann] ( 8 "t1 =c$ o!rs to accept ! doctr9e at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,"h ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ recogniz$ & adopt$ z a ,/ate religion1 b s9ce ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,con/ant9ople has be5 ! home ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey & ! pr9cipal city ( ^? :o wor%ip ,muhammid z ! prophet ( ,god in/ead ( ,*ri/4 ,?is anci5t city1 s int]wov5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 has a delightful climate at ,*ri/mas "t1 ! daily range be+ f betwe5 a little above freez+ & #fe or #gj1 ) cl\ds obscur+ ! sky ab\t "o half ! "t4 ,hi/orical ,rome has ab\t z _m cle> days z cl\dy ones & ! days are pleasant & ! nights simply cool4 ,at ,cairo1 9 ! l& :]e ,joseph 0 sold into bondage & :]e ,ph>aoh rais$ him to ! highe/ position 9 ! l& next to 8 own1 no m delightful place c ! travel] f9d at ,*ri/mas "t4 ,only "o day 9 ?ree is cl\dy & ! g5tle w9ds are w>m & balmy1 ) a daily range 9 temp]ature ( #ab4 ,9 ,calcutta !re is a great am\nt ( sun%9e1 only "o day 9 five be+ cl\dy1 ) an av]age daily m9imum temp]ature ( #eh & a maximum ( #hj4 ,bombay is also sun%9y at ?is "t ( ! ye> & excessively hot1 ) a range ea* day f #ff to #hh4 ,"h1 z at ,calcutta1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism rule in/ead ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*9a1 t enorm\s empire t believes 9 ! e?ical philosophy ( ,confucius1 ^: inhabitants h liv$ = f\r ?\s& ye>s ) less /rife & blood%$ ?an any o!r nation1 has z great a v>iety ( climate dur+ ,decemb] 9 ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( its broad doma9 z has ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on any day ( ! ,*ri/mas mon? "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry are b\nd 9 icy *a9s1 :ile o!r p>ts are swelt]+ 9 a torrid temp]ature4 ,t wond]ful ,isl&--,japan--^: p h made su* amaz+ /rides 9 cat*+ up ) ! mo/ advanc$ civilization ( ! ,occid5t1 & :o nev] h accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 has a mo/ delightful climate dur+ w9t]1 ) a l>ge am\nt ( sun%9e & mod]ate temp]atures4 ,! va/ ,*ri/ian nation s long rul$ by ! ,tz>1 & n[ 9 su* deplorable *aos1 has a v>i$ climate dur+ ,decemb]4 ,f temp]ate conditions 9 ! s\!rn portion ( its ,european possessions x gradually gr[s cold] z "o goes nor?w>d until a region ( great sev]ity is rea*$4 ,at ,petrograd ! av]age night temp]ature is #f bel[ z]o4 ,at ,mosc[ x is cold]1 ! av]age ( its m9imum temp]ature be+ #aa bel[4 ,two ?irds ( ! "t x is cl\dy at ^! two cities4 ,v]khoyansk1 9 ! c5tral portion ( ,sib]ia1 is ne>ly ! colde/ place 9 ! _w :]e obs]vations are regul>ly tak54 ,!re ,*ri/mas ,day may be u%]$ 9 ) a temp]ature z l[ z #ge bel[ z]o4 ,= days at a "t ?is extreme cold rema9s1 ! w>me/ "p ( ! day v>y+ b little f ! colde/4 ,9 _m ( ! cities ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ,*ri/mas ,day is likely to be su* z w cause ! soj\rn] to long = "s cool] region4 ,!re x is midsumm]1 ! grass is gre5 & ! fruit is on ! tree4 ,we ( ! ,nor? c\ld h>dly realize t x is ,decemb]4 ,9 ! pampas ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic ev]y?+ is p>*$4 ,! :ite /ucco walls & ! r$ tile ro(s 9 ! cities reflect ! int5se rays ( ! sun into ! %imm]+ air4 ,9 ,rio de ,janeiro ! days are almo/ unbe>able1 ! daily temp]ature ris+ to #ajj & ov] at midday & seldom fall+ to #fj at night4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! great] "p ( ! area ( ,s\? ,am]ica lies betwe5 ! equator & #cj s\? latitude4 ,b :]ev] 9 ^! ,s\? ,am]ican cities "o c escape to an elevation ( sev]al ?\s& feet a pleasant temp]ature may be f\nd4 ,at ,santiago1 ,*ili1 x is m com=table ?an 9 ,brazil1 = ! nights are cool1 ev5 ?\gh ! day temp]atures rival ^? ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,b "h ! cool m\nta9 tops are almo/ hang+ ov] ! coa/ cities4 ,at ,cape ,t[n1 9 ! extreme s\? "p ( ,africa1 two days out ( ?ree are cle> & ! daily range ( temp]ature is f #dh to #hc1 mak+ fairly pleasant conditions dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,at ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 "o half ( ! days are cl\dy1 & ! temp]ature is mod]ate1 hav+ a range f #ed to #ge4 ,?us we see t ! climatological features ( ! _w1 n only on ,*ri/mas b on any o!r day ( ! ye>1 are z v>i$ z ! hopes & wi%es ( man1 & :atev] 8 desires or physical necessities may be1 a climate may be f\nd "u ! influ5ce ( :i* he may f9d pleasure & ga9 heal?4 ,! ,hotte/ & ! ,colde/ ,places 9 ! ,_w4 ,x is an innate *>act]i/ic ( ! human race to be int]e/$ 9 ! abnormal1 :e!r x be 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( m5 or 9 ! extremes ( natural ph5om5a4 ,?is is especially true ) reg>d to ! wea!r4 ,dur+ p]iods ( extremes ( heat or cold ! natural inquiry is z to :e!r !re ev] has be5 a p]iod ( equal or great] sev]ity4 ,al?\gh suff]+ int5sely !re always is a desire to 8beat ! record40 ,x !re=e may be ( int]e/ briefly to ref] to ! hotte/ & ! colde/ places 9 ! _w4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! mo/ torrid places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 t rem>kable region kn[n z ,dea? ,valley4 ,x is locat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,its "n is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f a melan*oly trag$y t occurr$ 9 #ahej1 9 :i* e memb] ( a p>ty ( emigrants p]i%$ 9 ,dea? ,valley f ?ir/ & exhau/ion1 leav+ ! bones ( !mselves & _! animals to :it5 9 ! sun4 ,! valley is ! b$ ( an anci5t salt sea :i* exi/$ :5 ! climate 0 mu* wett] ?an n[2 its soil is l>gely compos$ ( s&1 salt1 & borax4 ,! borax deposits are l>ge2 at places !y =m cru/s t support ! weight ( travel]s4 ,! l5g? ( ! valley is sev5ty-five miles1 b x is n>r[ at ! bottom1 9 places be+ no m ?an six miles4 ,"o ( its rem>kable features is t its bottom1 9 _m places1 is ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 "o hundr$ miles to ! we/4 ,x is f$ by sev]al small /reams & innum]able w>m spr+s1 ! wat] f :i* is entirely absorb$ by ! por\s soil1 al?\gh wat] may be f\nd by digg+ d[n a few feet4 ,! wat] is unfit = use4 ,x is a desolate & =bidd5 region1 inhabit$ by gnats1 toads1 liz>ds1 & snakes4 ,h[ev]1 ! employees ( a company engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( m>ket+ borax sp5d a portion ( ea* ye> !re4 ,9 #ahia an obs]v] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau rema9$ 9 ,dea? ,valley f ,may to ,septemb]1 dur+ :i* "t he made daily obs]vations ( ! wea!r4 ,8 exp]i5ce 0 a mo/ try+ "o1 draw+ heavily ^u 8 physical & m5tal /am9a to complete ! p]iod ( "t t _h be5 set = him4 ,= ! entire "t ( "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r days less ?an "o half an in* ( ra9 fell4 ,!re occurr$ sev]al days 9 succession ) a temp]ature ( #abb4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! highe/ temp]ature ev] record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,july1 #ahhg1 at ,mammo? ,tank1 9 ! ,colorado ,des]t1 ! temp]ature rea*$ #abh 9 ! %ade1 & aga91 9 #ahhd1 #abd 0 rea*$ at ! same place4 ,on ,july #ah1 #ahia1 9 ,dea? ,valley1 ! maximum 0 #abj & ! m9imum #ii1 mak+ an av]age = all h\rs ( #ajh4f4 ,! extremely high temp]atures rea*$ 9 ! ,colorado ,des]t1 :i* embraces a portion ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,arizona1 d n v>y greatly f ^? ( ,dea? ,valley2 !y are n exce$$ any:]e 9 ,c5tral or ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,su* degrees ( heat1 if exp]i5c$ = two or ?ree weeks 9 ! m humid regions ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld ne>ly depopulate ! region by ! havoc ( dea?4 ,! l[e/ temp]atures 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occur 9 extreme nor!rn portions ( ,m9nesota1 ,nor? ,dakota1 & ,montana1 :]e temp]atures f #ej to #ee bel[ z]o h be5 record$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ?is same region ! summ] temp]atures h ris5 to read+s ( f #aje to #ajh4 ,( c\rse ?is heat is q diff]5t 9 its effects ^u life f ! heat ( ! ,gulf or ,atlantic coa/s4 ,"o feels a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! sun & ! %ade temp]atures 9 ^! semi-arid regions4 ,sun/roke is infrequ5t & dea? seldom results f exposure1 z x does 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! region ( sev]e/ cold 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is f\nd ab\t ! ,great ,be> ,lake 9 ! ,briti% ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 :]e temp]atures ( #eh bel[ z]o h be5 record$4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! hotte/ portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica is 9 ! int]ior1 ) ext5sive sy/ems ( m\nta9 ranges along ! coa/ prev5t+ ! inw>d fl[ ( ! moi/ ra9-be>+ w9ds f ! ocean4 ,9 a /ret* ( c\ntry ext5d+ f ,uruguay nor?w>d into ! int]ior ( ,brazil1 ! av]age ( ! highe/ temp]ature ( ea* ye> = a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s is #ajd1 ) individual read+s mu* high]4 ,except on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 or well up _! sides1 no sev]ely cold wea!r occurs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 sev5 eigh?s ( its t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! equator & latitude #cj s\?4 ,africa4 ,9 ,africa is to be f\nd ! hotte/ region ( ! _w1 ! great ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 ^u ^: s&s beats d[n ! fi]ce tropical sun ) m]ciless int5sity4 ,"h %ade temp]atures ( #acj are frequ5tly exp]i5c$4 ,only ^? br$ to extreme tropical des]t heat c long live "u su* conditions4 ,9 a portion ( ! des]t ly+ betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,r$ ,sea ! temp]ature has be5 kn[n n to fall bel[ #aac = a p]iod ( t5 days1 :ile on sev]al nights ! l[e/ temp]ature rea*$ 0 #aah1 ) a practically calm air4 ,africa lies ) ab\t "o half ( its imm5se area on ea* side ( ! equator1 & ! great] "p ( its t]ritory inside ! ,tropical ,zone4 ,except 9 a few isolat$ cases on high m\nta9s1 temp]atures z l[ z z]o nev] are exp]i5c$4 ,europe4 ,! w>me/ portion ( ,europe is 9 ! region r\nd & ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,! colde/ places 9 all ,europe are 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,russia & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula4 ,"h ! av]age ( ! colde/ days ( w9t] is #ej bel[ z]o4 ,asia4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e 9 :at "p ( ,asia ! highe/ temp]ature occurs1 z data f _m p>ts are meag]4 ,x is kn[n h[ev] t extremely hot wea!r prevails 9 ,india & ,arabia4 ,sib]ia1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ces ! colde/ wea!r to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,at ,w]*ojansk1 9 t c\ntry1 a temp]ature ( #ij4d bel[ z]o 0 obs]v$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhd1 :ile ! av]age temp]ature = ! :ole mon? 0 #fi4d bel[ z]o4 ,! colde/ wea!r ( ! _w is n f\nd at ! ,nor? or ! ,s\? ,pole1 z _m suppose1 b r at ! c5t] ( va/ cont95ts1 f> f ! modify+ influ5ce ( oceans4 ,au/ralia4 ,9 extreme heat ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia is fairly comp>able ) nor!rn ,africa1 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & nor!rn ,india1 :]e e ye> maximum temp]atures ( #aae occur1 & :]e1 at times1 an extreme heat ( #abj or #abe is exp]i5c$ 9 ! %ade4 ,we n[ "k t ! =ceful1 dom9at+ peoples come out ( ! regions :]e ! heat is n s great z to debilitate1 nor ! cold s fi]ce z to dead5 ! m5tal & ! physical faculties2 b r f ! region ( ! ?or\ghf>e ( ! great circum-pol> /orm tracks1 :]e !re are frequ5t *anges ( wea!r f sun%9e to cl\ds1 & :]e !re is a fairly wide diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 night & day & betwe5 w9t] & summ]4 ,= ! be/ cord9ation ( ! m5tal & ! physical faculties1 s z to produce ! mo/ effici5t composite ( man1 ! temp]ature %\ld range betwe5 #de & #ej at night & betwe5 #fe & #gj dur+ ! day1 ) ab\t sixty-five to sev5ty p] c5t4 ( relative humidity4 ,"s day we w artificially create ! exact conditions ( temp]ature & moi/ure ne$$ = pati5ts 9 hospitals & sanit>ia4 ,sci5ce is p]si/5tly seek+ means to increase com=t & prolong life4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,cond5sation ,,h[ ,,haze1 ,,ra91 ,,sn[1 ,,hail1 ,,fro/1 ,,cl\d1 ,,& ,,fog ,,are ,,=m$ ,haze is :at might be call$ dilut$ cl\d or fog2 x diff]s f !m only 9 ! degree ( its d5sity4 ,"o may see sev]al miles ?r\gh a haze1 because ! m9ute p>ticles ( sph]es ( wat] or ice are f> ap>t 9 comp>ison to :at !y are 9 fog or cl\d4 ,ra9drops v>y 9 size f ,o4#jc to ,o4#bj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ea* drop is compos$ ( lit]ally millions ( m9ute specks ( wat] t h cond5s$ ea* ab\t a m9ute mote ( du/4 ,^! motes are a million ( times bel[ any?+ t may be se5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful microscope4 ,recall :at is said 9 ,*apt] ,,iv ab\t ! size ( ! molecules 9 wat]3 if a ra9drop 7 enl>g$ to ! size ( ! e>?1 ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$ w\ld be no l>g] ?an a baseball1 & ! smalle/ ( !m no l>g] ?an t9y gre5 peas4 ,)\t free surfaces ^u :i* cond5sation may beg9 !re c be no ra9fall4 ,du/ motes furni% ^! surfaces2 )\t !m air may be sup]saturat$ )\t cond5sation occurr+ except :]e x comes 9 contact ) solid matt]4 ,! little sph]ical masses ( wat] jo9 toge!r s z to =m ra9drops 9 "s mann] n well und]/ood4 ,:5 en\gh ( !m coalesce s t ! weight ( ! drop is too heavy to be support$ by ! motions ( ! air x falls to ! gr\nd1 or is evaporat$ by ! w>m] & dri] l[] air4 ,ra9drops =m ma9ly 9 ! /ratum betwe5 "o & ?ree miles above ! e>?4 ,x is seldom t ! /ratum ( air next ! e>? is saturat$1 ev5 dur+ ra9fall4 ,"o might evaporate millions ( gallons ( wat] & f9d no du/ z a residue1 or at lea/ no?+ visible to ! human eye1 s inf9itesimal are ! motes ( cond5sation4 ,z high z ?irty millions h be5 %[n to exi/ 9 a s+le cubic c5timet] ( air 7,*apt] ,,iv71 & a million times t numb] c\ld occupy su* space )\t be+ visible1 & ! du/ mote is compos$ ( molecules1 & ! molecules ( atoms4 ,x is impossible = ! human m9d to grasp ! idea ( ! degree ( smallness to :i* ! atom atta9s1 & :5 "o tries to conceive ( ! electrons f :i* ! atom is built up1 he mu/ try to ?9k ( !m n z objects b z ! place or condition :]e matt] sl[ly fades away into no?+2 z ! place possibly :]e matt] is transmut$ into electrical en]gy & ceases to exi/4 ,! ra9drop _c be =m$ at great altitudes because ! vapor\s atmosph]e is conf9$ to l[ levels by temp]ature4 ,at #ajj1 :i* (t5 exi/s at ! bottom ( ! atmosph]e1 air at saturation conta9s #ai4gg gra9s ! cubic foot2 at #hj1 #aj4ic2 at z]o1 4#jd2 & at -#dj1 :i* always may be f\nd at ab\t f\r & "o half miles high1 air _c conta9 9 excess ( 4#ja ( a gra94 ,ra9drops are ma9ly caus$ by ! cool+ ( air d[n to its dew po9t4 ,ra9 ,wat] ,is ,n ,pure4 ,hail/ones (t5 incase =eign matt] t has be5 c>ri$ upw>d by viol5t w9ds4 ,ra9 wat] is pure :5 x is cond5s$1 b x ga!rs o!r matt] z x falls1 su* z ! poll5 ( plants1 & ! brok5 silice\s %ells ( microscopic life c>ri$ by w9ds ( ! tropics2 x also wa%es ammonia f ! air 9 small quantities1--ab\t ?irty p\nds p] acre 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>4 ,a ra9drop increases 9 velocity z x falls until ! resi/ance ( ! air becomes j equal to ! weight ( ! drop2 aft] t x falls at a uni=m rate4 ,x w surprise _m to le>n t if x 7 n = ! ret>dation effect$ by ! resi/ance ( ! air1 a ra9drop fall+ f only half a mile w\ld be z dang]\s to life z a rifle bullet1 = ! spe$ ) :i* a projectile travels c be made suffici5t to comp5sate = its s(tness or yield+ qualities4 ,h[ ,mu* ,wat] ,is ,x ,possible to ,precipitate f ! ,e>?'s ,atmosph]e8 ,if ! entire am\nt ( wat] vapor pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e 7 precipitat$ in/antly x w\ld furni% a ra9fall ( only two in*es = ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,a /eady d[np\r = tw5ty-f\r h\rs usually am\nts to "s two or ?ree in*es4 ,ov] small areas & 9 exceptional cases z _m feet h be5 kn[n to fall 9 t "t1 z fre%1 vapor-be>+ w9ds /eadily blew into a /orm c5t]1 rose1 dis*>g$ _! burd5s z !y cool$ ) asc5t1 & !n fl[$ away1 aga9 to be *>g$ ) moi/ure :5 !y came into contact ) wet surfaces4 ,x is impossible to dr[n ! entire e>? ) ra9fall1 no matt] h[ long cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 ,sn[4 ,sn[ is wat] vapor cond5s$ 9 ! congeal$ =m1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! liquid /ate4 ,:5 ! m9ute pieces ( ice ( :i* ! flake is compos$ are magnifi$ sev]al hundr$ times !y are f\nd to be compos$ ( ! mo/ wond]fully beautiful figures4 ,?\s&s h be5 photograph$1 b ! v]satility ( nature is s great t no two ev] h be5 f\nd t 7 exactly alike4 ,figure #ca gives "s idea ( _! inf9ite v>iety & p]fect symmetry4 ,!y are always gov]n$ by ! numb] six4 ,! mo/ common =m at ! beg9n+ ( w9t] is a six-ray$ />1 ea* ray bran*+4 ,z ! w9t] advances & ! cold becomes m sev]e1 ! flakes take a simpl] =m1 f9ally becom+ sl5d] six-sid$ prisms ) %>p ends1 "u ! influ5ce ( sev]e cold waves4 ,great pa9 is inflict$ on ! expos$ p>ts ( ! body :5 ^! prisms are enc\nt]$ 9 a high w9d4 ,:5 cond5sation takes place 9 a w>m /ratum x w be 9 ! =m ( m9ute massive sph]ical p>ticles or sph]ules4 ,if ^! sph]ules are !n :irl$ al(t by asc5d+ curr5ts x is possible = !m to be cool$ to f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t )\t turn+ to ice2 !y w1 h[ev]1 congeal in/antly :5 !y t\* "o ano!r or are jo/l$ by t\*+ any solid or liquid surface4 ,!y may give a coat+ ( ice to ! limbs ( trees & ! coat+ may increase until ! limbs break1 & ! surface ( ! e>? ?us may be cov]$ ) ?9 ice call$ sleet4 ,hail4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among meteorologi/s z :e!r ! ?und]/orm :irls ab\t a v]tical axis1 l ! tornado & ! hurricane1 or :e!r x rotates ab\t a horizontal axis4 ,"o may well acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! hail/one by assum+ t its alt]nat+ lay]s ( sn[ & ice are caus$ by ! horizontal roll ( a ?und]/orm1 ! "u "p ( :i* has a temp]ature at or above freez+ & ! upp] half mu* bel[ freez+4 ,a ra9drop is =m$ 9 ! l[] "p1 froz5 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! upp] "p1 receives a fre% coat+ ( wat] or sn[ ) ea* revolution & a freez+ be=e its circuit is complet$4 ,x ?us ga9s 9 size until x becomes too heavy to be su/a9$ by ! :irl+ /orm-cl\d1 :5 x falls to e>?4 ,hail usually has ! size ( small peas1 b occasionally x falls 9 *unks suffici5tly l>ge to kill cattle 9 ! fields4 ,on ,augu/ #ae1 #ahhc1 a hail/one weigh+ eighty p\nds is said to h fall5 9 ,kansas4 ,fro/4 ,fro/ is compos$ ( beautiful cry/allizations1 simil> to sn[4 ,*apt] ,,vii describes ! process ( =mation 9 detail4 ,cl\d4 ,cl\d is =m$ by ! cool+ by expansion z curr5ts ( air are c>ri$ al(t4 ,cl\ds are compos$ ( m9ute wat]y droplets or ( ice spicul1 dep5d+ on _! temp]ature1 & ! latt] l>gely is det]m9$ by elevation4 ,a cl\d diff]s f mi/ or ra9 9 ! size & numb] ( its p>ticles1 & f fog 9 its position & ! me?od ( its =mation4 ,!re are ?ree fundam5tal =mations1 ! cirrus1 cumulus1 & /ratus4 ,! o!rs are comb9ations ( ^!4 ,! cirrus are ?91 high1 veil-l cl\ds1 always compos$ ( ice spicul2 ! cumulus look l great banks ( sn[ ) bulg+1 oval tops 9 :i* ?und] heads may =m2 ! /ratus spread out l a great blanket4 ,! cirrus usually fly at ! top ( ! /orm /ratum1 "s five to sev5 miles high2 ! o!r cl\ds at "s l[] level4 ,:5 ra9 is fall+ f a cl\d1 x is call$ nimbus4 ,fog ,is ,cl\d at a ,l[ ,level4 ,x is =m$ by w>m wat] vapor ris+ f lakes or riv]s into ! cool night air at ! bottom ( valleys1 or by ! cold wat]s ( oceans be+ =c$ up ov] a b>1 :]e ! coldness t !y imp>t to ! adjac5t air cond5ses "s ( its vapor4 ,artificial ,ra9 ,mak+4 ,_m sw9dl]s h prey$ ^u ! cr$ulity ( ! public by claim+ to h a process = ! mak+ ( ra91 & 9 "s cases l>ge sums ( money h be5 paid by comm]cial or o!r associations to ^! *>latans4 ,9 #ahib ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress appropriat$ #bj1jjj = ! te/+ ( ! !ory t ra9 c\ld be creat$ by ! sett+ (f ( l>ge quantities ( explosives4 ,! exp]im5t 0 unsuccessful1 z ! sci5ti/s ( ! ,gov]nm5t insi/$ x w\ld be4 ,! ,greeks _h a popul> belief t :5 a ho/ ( _! soldi]s w5t out to meet an army ( ,p]sians ! vapor ris+ f ! hot brea?1 blood1 & sweat ( ! /ruggl+ mass 0 lat] cond5s$ into ra9 by ! concussion ( ! battle clubs & ! ho>se cries ( ! victors1 & _m ( ! vet]ans ( our ,civil ,w> 7 firm 9 ! op9ion t _! great battles 7 foll[$ by ra9s t 7 ! result ( ! cannonad+4 ,bo? ! ,greeks & our ,am]ican soldi]s 7 mi/ak54 ,ra9 (t5 has fall5 at ! close ( great battles1 n because ( ! concussion ( ! conflict1 b because ra9 falls on an av]age ( "o day 9 ?ree 9 ! regions :]e mo/ ( ! great battles h be5 f\ght1 & ! movem5t ( armies began on ! fair days :5 travel 0 good4 ,if x 7 ! cu/om to beg9 battles on ra9y days we w\ld h ! contr>y & equally errone\s !ory t concussion cle>s ! atmosph]e4 ,prev5tion ( ,hail by ! ,fir+ ( ,guns4 ,ev5 a ,papal decree 0 n entirely effective 9 prev5t+ ! p 9 s\!rn ,europe f r++ ! *ur* bells to prev5t ! =mation ( hail :5 a /orm ?reat5$1 & )9 ! pa/ qu>t]-c5tury l>ge grants ( public money 7 fooli%ly wa/$ 9 ! fir+ by ! v9ey>di/s ( ,france & o!r p>ts ( ,europe ( a gun specially design$ to de/roy hail cl\ds4 ,^! guns s5t h>mless smoke r+s a few feet al(t4 ,! writ] felt con/ra9$ to employ ! ext5sive ma*9]y ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau to c\nt]act ! effect ( gl[+ acc\nts ( ! success ( ^! guns t 7 s5t to ?is c\ntry by "s ( ! ignorant p]sons employ$ by ?is ,gov]nm5t to repres5t u z consuls abroad4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! hail-de/roy+ guns occasionally 7 *ok$ ) hail x 0 difficult = sci5ti/s to prevail ^u ! public to /op _! fooli% & wa/eful practice4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,wea!r ,,s]vice ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,& ,,! ,,mo/ ,,effective ,,meteorological ,,bureau ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,ev5 to ^? :o are famili> ) ! application ( meteorological sci5ce to ! mak+ ( wea!r =eca/s1 & ) ! mat]ial b5efits accru+ to ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f timely w>n+s ( m>9e /orms1 fro/s1 & cold waves1 x w be int]e/+ to note t at ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! fir/ ( ! ?irte5 orig9al ,colonies1 at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 9 #afjg1 practically no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! prop]ties ( ! air or ( me?ods = measur+ its =ces4 ,to-day electrically record+ automatic meteorological in/rum5ts measure & transcribe = ea* mom5t ( "t at two hundr$ /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! temp]ature1 ! air pressure1 ! velocity ( ! w9d1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ra9fall1 ) ! am\nt ( precipitation2 & ! pres5ce ( sun%9e or cl\d2 & ?ree ?\s& volunt>y obs]v]s ea* day record ! temp]ature & ! ra9fall4 ,t we live 9 an age ( great intellectual acum51 & t he is inde$ a wise prophet :o c ev5 dimly outl9e ! possibilities ( ! next c5tury1 is fitly %[n by ! developm5t ( meteorological sci5ce dur+ ! recollection ( ! pres5t g5]ation2 al?\gh "o mu/ admit t 9 ! mak+ ( wea!r =eca/s1 valuable z !y are1 we h n advanc$ beyond ! p>tly empirical /age4 ,x is1 !re=e1 improbable t 9 ! mak+ ( ^! =eca/s we %all ev] atta9 ! accuracy acquir$ by !oretical a/ronomy 9 pr$ict+ ! date ( an eclipse or ! culm9ation ( any cele/ial ev5t4 ,x 0 n until #afdd1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\? ,rock1 t ,torricelli discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( ! b>omet] & r5d]$ x possible to measure ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t air at any spot :]e ! wond]ful yet simple little in/rum5t might be plac$4 ,torricelli's great tea*]--,galileo--di$ )\t kn[+ :y nature1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 abhors a vacuum1 b he _h already discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! data f ! read+s ( ^! two in/rum5ts =m ! base ( all meteorological sci5ce4 ,_! inv5tors z little appreciat$ ! value ( _! discov]ies z !y dream$ ( ! com+ great we/]n empire :i* %\ld fir/ use _! in/rum5ts to measure ! inception & developm5t ( /orms1 & lat]1 ) ! aid ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph1 to give w>n+s to ?reat5$ regions ( ! approa* ( hurricanes1 cold waves1 floods1 & fro/s t h be5 wor? at lea/ "o hundr$ million doll>s to ?is c\ntry dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s )\t c\nt+ ! _m ?\s&s ( lives sav$ among m>9]s4 ,doctor ,john ,l9+1 ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 kept a daily record ( ! temp]ature 9 ?is c\ntry z e>ly z #agch1 al?\gh ! accurate !rmomet]s ( ,fahr5heit _h !n be5 9 use b a few ye>s & ! errors due to imp]fect me*anical con/ruction may h be5 consid]able z comp>$ ) ! ref9$ in/rum5ts n[ us$ = measur+ temp]ature4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ! b>omet]1 viz41 9 #agdg1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! patriot & /atesman1 ! diplomat1 ! sci5ti/1 div9$ t c]ta9 /orms may move 9 a direction opposite to ! bl[+ ( ! w9d & t !y progress 9 an ea/]ly direction4 ,x 0 prophetic t ?is idea %\ld come to him long be=e any "o _h ev] se5 *>ts %[+ obs]vations simultane\sly tak5 at _m /ations4 ,b al?\gh 8 ideas 9 ?is respect 7 m mom5t\s ?an 8 act ( draw+ ! lightn+ f ! cl\ds & id5tify+ x ) ! electricity ( ! laboratory1 yet 8 contempor>ies ?\ght little ( 8 philosophy ( /orms1 & x 0 soon =gott54 ,x w be int]e/+ to le>n h[ he rea*$ 8 conclusion z to ! cyclonic or eddy-l nature ( /orms4 ,he _h arrang$ ) a co-work] at ,bo/on to take obs]vations ( an eclipse at ! same "t t ,frankl9 0 tak+ read+s at ,philadelphia4 ,e>ly on ! ev5+ ( ! eclipse an unusually sev]e nor!a/ w9d & ra9/orm set 9 at ,philadelphia & ,frankl9 0 unable to secure any obs]vations4 ,he reason$ t z ! w9d blew fi]cely f ! nor!a/ ! /orm1 ( c\rse1 0 com+ f t direction1 & ,bo/on mu/ h exp]i5c$ its ravages be=e ,philadelphia 0 rea*$4 ,reports indicat$ t ! /orm 0 widespread4 ,:at 0 ! surprise ( ,frankl91 :51 aft] ! sl[ passage ( ! mail by coa*1 he he>d f 8 fri5d 9 ,bo/on t ! night ( ! eclipse _h be5 cle> & favorable = obs]vations1 b t a t]rific nor!a/ w9d & ra9/orm began e>ly ! foll[+ morn+4 ,frankl9 !n s5t out inquiries to surr\nd+ /age /ations & f\nd t at all places s\?we/ ( ,philadelphia ! /orm began e>li] & t ! great] ! di/ance ! e>li] ! beg9n+ z comp>$ ) its adv5t 9 ,philadelphia2 b nor!a/ ( ,philadelphia ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! /orm 0 lat] ?an at ! latt] city1 ! /orm n rea*+ ,bo/on until twelve h\rs aft] x began at ,philadelphia4 ,9 consid]+ ^! facts a l9e ( inductive reason+ br\ght him to ! conclusion t ! w9d always bl[s t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! /orm2 t ! nor!a/ /orm :i* ,bo/on & ,philadelphia _h exp]i5c$ 0 caus$ by ! suction ex]cis$ by an advanc+ /orm eddy f ! we/ :i* drew ! air rapidly f ,bo/on t[>d ,philadelphia1 :ile ! s\rce ( ! attraction--! c5t] ( ! /orm eddy--0 yet a ?\s& miles to ! s\?we/ ( ! latt] place2 t ! velocity ( ! nor!a/ w9d increas$ z ! c5t] ( ! /orm eddy advanc$ ne>] & ne>] f ! s\?we/ until ! w9d rea*$ ! conditions ( a hurricane2 t ! w9d betwe5 ,bo/on & ,philadelphia %ift$ its direction s z to come f ! s\?we/ aft] ! c5t] ( ! /orm eddy _h pass$ ov] ?is region2 & t ! =ce ( ! w9d gradually decreas$ z ! c5t] ( attraction--:i* always is ! /orm c5t]--pass$ f>!r & f>!r away to ! nor!a/4 ,ano!r man ^: "n is de> to ! he>t ( e patriotic ,am]ican conduct$1 9 conjunction ) a fri5d1 a s]ies ( wea!r obs]vations1 beg9n+ 9 #agga & cont9u$ dur+ ! /irr+ times ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is 0 ! sage ( ,monticello1 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,frankl9's nor!a/ ra9/orm1 ,r$field1 ,espy1 ,loomis1 ,h5ry1 & o!r ,am]ican sci5ti/s labori\sly ga!r$ by mail ! data ( /orms aft] _! passage & demon/rat$ _! pr9cipal motions to be su* z ,frankl9 _h suppos$4 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry1 ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 9 #ahee1 con/ruct$ ! fir/ daily wea!r map f simultane\s obs]vations collect$ by telegraph4 ,he did n publi% 8 =eca/ b us$ 8 l>ge wall map = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! feasibility ( organiz+ a ,gov]nm5t wea!r s]vice4 ,if !re 7 no o!r a*ievem5ts to ! cr$it ( ! in/itution f\nd$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?r\gh ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,engli% philan?ropi/1 ,james ,smi?son1 :o1 by ! way1 nev] gaz$ ^u our fair l&1 ! "w ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 connection ) practical meteorology w\ld always give x a w>m place 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o believe ! cr[n+ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce consi/ 9 giv+ to ! _w k :i* results 9 ! sav+ ( human life1 ! amelioration ( ! suff]+s ( human be+s1 & ! accel]ation ( ! :eels ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,al?\gh ,am]ican sci5ti/s 7 ! pione]s 9 discov]+ ! progressive "* ( /orms & 9 demon/rat+ ! practicability ( wea!r s]vices1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! f\r? ,gov]nm5t to give legal autonomy to a wea!r s]vice4 ,holl& e/abli%$ a wea!r s]vice1 ) telegraph reports & =eca/s1 9 #ahfj2 ,engl& foll[$ ) a small] s]vice 9 #ahfa2 & ,france 9 #ahfc4 ,b none ( ^! c\ntries has an area f :i* obs]vations c be collect$ great en\gh to give su* a synoptic picture ( /orms z is necess>y 9 ! mak+ ( =eca/s ( mu* utility4 ,x w\ld require an int]national s]vice1 embrac+ all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 to equal1 9 ext5t ( ! area cov]$ & ( ! accuracy ( its =eca/s1 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 0 begun 9 #ahgj1 z ! result ( agitation by ,lapham1 ,h5ry1 ,abbe1 ,maury1 & o!rs4 ,! va/ region n[ br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( twice daily syn*ron\s obs]vations embraces an area ext5d+ two ?\s& miles nor? & s\?1 ?ree ?\s& miles ea/ & we/1 & s =tunately locat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! meteorologi/ z to include an important arc on ! circum-pol> ?or\ghf>e ( /orms ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,simultane\s obs]vations1 collect$ twice daily by telegraph f two hundr$ /ations1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ?is great area1 r5d]s x possible at sev]al c5tral (fices1 :]e all ! reports are receiv$1 to pres5t to ! tra9$ eye ( ! =eca/] a wond]ful panoramic picture ( atmosph]ic conditions4 ,ea* twelve h\rs ! kaleidoscope *anges & a new graphic picture ( actual *anges is %[n4 ,! movem5ts ( /orm c5t]s & cold-wave areas are not$ & e/imates made z to _! probable c\rse dur+ ! next tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:]e else c ! meteorologi/ f9d su* an opportunity to /udy /orms & atmosph]ic *anges8 ,9 #ahgj1 & = t5 ye>s !reaft]1 our =eca/s & /orm w>n+s 7 look$ ^u by ! press & ! p m z exp]im5ts ?an z s]i\s /atem5ts4 ,! newspap]s especially 7 prone to faceti\sly comm5t on ! =eca/s1 & _m 7 clamor\s = ! abolition ( ! s]vice dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 "s gr\nd = ! criticisms4 ,we knew ne>ly z mu* ab\t ! me*anics ( /orms at t "t z we d to-day1 b we _h n1 by a daily wat*+ ( ! inception1 ! developm5t1 & ! progression ( /orms1 tra9$ a corps ( exp]t =eca/]s1 su* z n[ =m a "p ( ! /aff ( ! ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & f :i* ! writ] 0 graduat$ be=e he became ,*ief4 ,along ab\t #ahhj1 m>9]s began to note t dang] signals 71 9 f> m ?an a majority ( cases1 foll[$ by heavy w9ds2 !y began to reason t x w\ld be bett] to take precaution aga9/ /orms t nev] came1 ?an to be unprep>$ = ^? :i* did come accord+ to ! =eca/s4 ,x is a fact t _m times1 by ! op]ation ( =ces n indicat$ by ! surface read+s1 ! b>omet] at ! c5t] ( a /orm beg9s to rise & ! velocity ( ! :irl+ mass to decrease4 ,9 su* a case ! /orm signals plac$ 9 advance ( ! /orm c5t] w\ld fail to give ! prop] in=mation4 ,aga91 ! /orm c5t] may sudd5ly acquire a =ce n anticipat$1 or x may pursue a track consid]ably div]g5t f ! normal = ! location & season4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! =eca/s may w>n "s cities t fail to receive ! effects ( ! /orm4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ! /aff ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 :i* includes ! able/ meteorologi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has made a /udy ( ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t types ( /orms occurr+ 9 ! diff]5t localities dur+ ! v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>1 _! l9e ( travel & ! =ce !y may be expect$ to atta94 ,competitive exam9ations h be5 held to te/ ! comp>ative m]its ( ^? :o1 by natural ability1 are be/ fitt$ to correctly & quickly correlate 9 _! m9ds ! conditions %[n on a meteorological *>t1 & to make accurate d$uctions !refrom z to ! developm5t1 movem5t1 & =ce ( /orms4 ,?is l9e ( "w & inve/igation has result$ 9 improv$ =eca/s2 s mu* s t m>9]s n[ univ]sally he$ ! /orm w>n+s2 horticulturi/s & truck g>d5]s make ample provision = protection aga9/ fro/2 ! %ipp]s ( p]i%able produce give full cr$5ce to ! cold wave pr$ictions4 ,( ! _m ,we/ ,indian hurricanes :i* h swept our ,atlantic seabo>d f ,florida to ,ma9e dur+ ! pa/ _m ye>s1 n "o has rea*$ a s+le seaport )\t dang] w>n+s be+ s5t well 9 advance ( ! /orm2 & few unnecess>y w>n+s h be5 issu$4 ,! result is t few disa/]s ( consequ5ce h occurr$4 ,l>ge own]s ( m>9e prop]ty e/imate t "o ( ^! sev]e /orms trav]s+ our ,atlantic coa/ 9 ! abs5ce ( dang] signals w\ld leave n less ?an ?ree million doll>s' wor? ( wreckage4 ,twice a c5sus 0 tak5 j aft] ! passage ( sev]e hurricanes to det]m9e ! value ( prop]ty held 9 port by ! dang] w>n+ s5t out 9 advance ( ! /orms4 ,9 "o case ! figure 0 plac$ at ?irty-f\r million doll>s & 9 ! o!r ?irty-eight million doll>s4 ,( c\rse ?is does n repres5t ! value ( prop]ty sav$4 ,x simply %[s ! value ( prop]ty plac$ 9 positions ( safety z a result ( ! dang] signals & w>n+ messages s5t to ma/]s4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahih1 an ext5sive cold wave swept f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ea/w>d to ! seabo>d4 ,e/imates secur$ f %ipp]s 9 a hundr$ pr9cipal cities indicate t prop]ty valu$ at ?ree million f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s 0 sav$ z a direct result ( ! pr$ictions s5t out well 9 advance ( ! com+ ( ! sev]e cold4 ,! utility ( ^! =eca/s to ! agriculture1 ! comm]ce1 & ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry is s great t !re is h>dly a daily pap] t does n publi% wea!r =eca/s 9 a prom95t place1 & !re is sc>cely a read] :o fails to note ! pr$ictions4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago m>9]s on our ,great ,lakes & seabo>d dep5d$ on _! own wea!r lore to w>n !m ( com+ /orms4 ,!n1 al?\gh ! numb] ( craft ply+ our wat]s 0 mu* less ?an n[1 e sev]e /orm t swept ! ,lakes or ,atlantic coa/ left de/ruction & dea? 9 its wake1 & = days aft]w>d ! dead 7 ca/ up by ! rec$+ waves1 & ! %ores 7 l9$ ) wreckage4 ,happily ?is is n n[ ! case1 = ! ,wea!r ,bureau is ev] wat*+ ! *anges ( atmosph]ic conditions1 & giv+ to ! m>9] w>n+ ( com+ /orms4 ,ea* obs]v] telegraphs in/antly to ! ,c5tral ,(fice :5ev] ! delicately adju/$ in/rum5ts at 8 /ation %[ unusual agitation4 ,by ?is means ! inception ( _m /orms is detect$ :5 ! regul> morn+ & ev5+ reports fail to give notice ( _! orig94 ,"s idea ( ! va/ int]e/s float+ on ! ,atlantic coa/ may be _h :5 x is /at$ t #efbh trans-,atlantic /eam]s1 ) an aggregate ( #aj1jgf1adh tons1 & #ehdb sail+ craft1 aggregat+ #b1aje1fhh tons1 ent]$ & left ports on ! ,atlantic seabo>d dur+ a s+le ye> t5 ye>s ago1 & ! record is va/ly great] n[4 ,! value ( _! c>goes is m ?an a billion & a half ( doll>s4 ,our coa/wise traffic is enorm\s4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago m ?an sev5te5 ?\s& sail+ vessels & f\r ?\s& /eam]s ent]$ & left ! ports betwe5 ,ma9e & ,florida4 ,! numb] has l>gely increas$ s9ce4 ,f ^! facts "o c r\ghly measure ! value ( ! m>9e prop]ty :i* ! ,wea!r ,bureau aims to protect by giv+ w>n+ ( approa*+ /orms4 ,x is ! expectation ( ! meteorologi/ t "s day he w be able to accurately =eca/ ! wea!r = weeks & mon?s 9 advance4 ,:at a wond]ful cons]vation ( human en]gy w\ld result if x 7 possible to tell ! f>m] :5 ! great corn & :eat belts w\ld h abundant ra9 dur+ ! next gr[+ season1 or :5 dr\ghts w\ld p>* & )] ! vegetation2 or to tru?fully in=m ! plant] ( ! ,s\? t ! com+ season w\ld be favorable or unfavorable = ! production ( cotton6 ,ef=t c\ld be )held 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry1 & great] en]gy ex]t$ 9 ano!r4 ,?is ext5sion ( =eca/+ d\btless w be accompli%$ z ! result ( fur!r /udy ( sol> impulses :i* di/urb ! ord]ly processes ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e & initiate /orms1 comb9$ ) a comp>ative /udy ( meteorological data4 ,we may be lay+ ! f\ndation ( a great edifice :i* %all adorn ! civilization ( future c5turies4 ,z /orms ( m or less int5sity pass ov] l>ge portions ( our c\ntry e few days dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & z x is seldom t ! wea!r report does n %[ "o or m /orms z op]at+ some:]e )9 our broad doma91 x is easy = "s *>latan to =eca/ ?und]/orms ab\t a c]ta9 "t 9 ,july1 or a cold wave & sn[ ab\t a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ,janu>y1 & /& a fair *ance to accid5tally become fam\s z a prophet4 ,"o may select any ?ree equidi/ant dates 9 ,janu>y & =eca/ high w9d1 sn[1 & cold = ,new ,york ,city1 & /& a fair *ance ( hav+ ! fraudul5t =eca/ v]ifi$ 9 two out ( ! ?ree cases1 provid$ t y claim a /orm com+ ! day be=e or ! day aft] "o ( y\r dates is ! /orm t y expect$4 ,f ! introduction ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph 9 #ahdd d[n to #ahfi int]mitt5t advocations 7 made by _m 9 ?is c\ntry = a national wea!r s]vice4 ,f9ally ,doctor ,increase ,a4 ,lapham1 ( ,milwaukee1 sci5ti/ & philan?ropi/1 s ar\s$ ! prop]ty & f9ancial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry ) ! facts t he pres5t$ relative to ! de/ruction ( life & prop]ty by /orms on ,lake ,mi*igan t ,congress1 "u provisions ( a bill introduc$ by ,g5]al ,halb]t ,e4 ,pa9e1 0 induc$ to appropriate money to initiate a s]vice4 ,to ,g5]al ,alb]t ,j4 ,mey]1 ,*ief ,signal ,(fic]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 0 intru/$ ! duty ( inaugurat+ a t5tative wea!r s]vice by deploy+ ov] ! c\ntry z obs]v]s ! milit>y signalm5 ( 8 comm&4 ,f ?is beg9n+ has evolv$ ! pres5t ext5sive ,wea!r ,bureau1 :i* is ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w & m intimately s]ves ! ne$s ( ! public ?an any o!r4 ,9 #ahfi ,pr(essor ,clevel& ,abbe publi%$ a wea!r bullet9 at ,c9c9nati1 bas$ ^u simultane\s obs]vations secur$ by telegraph f ab\t ?irty /ations4 ,he 0 ! fir/ sci5tific assi/ant to ,g5]al ,mey] & rema9$ cont9u\sly ) ! s]vice until 8 dea? 9 #aiai4 ,colonel 7aft]w>d ,brigadi]-,g5]al7 ,h4 ,h4 ,c4 ,dunwoody1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 s]v$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s z an exp]t =eca/] or z ! assi/ant *ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,g5]al ,a4 ,w4 ,greely1 ( ,arctic fame1 ! la/ ( ! milit>y *iefs1 succe$$ ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,william ,b4 ,haz5 on ! dea? ( ! latt]4 ,pr(essor ,m>k ,w4 ,h>r+ton 0 ! fir/ *ief ( ! new civil ,wea!r ,bureau2 he s]v$ b f\r ye>s & 0 succe$$ by ,pr(essor ,willis ,l4 ,moore1 :o rema9$ *ief = eighte5 ye>s1 s]v+ two ye>s "u ,presid5t ,clevel&1 :o appo9t$ him1 & dur+ ! entire adm9i/rations ( ,mc,kinley1 ,roosevelt1 & ,taft1 & 0 remov$ by ,woodr[ ,wilson imm$iately on tak+ (fice4 ,pr(essor ,moore claims ! honor ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ presid5tial appo9tee to incur ! displeasure & receive ! public condemnation ( ,woodr[ ,wilson4 ,! pres5t *ief is ,pr(essor ,*>les ,f4 ,m>v91 :o = _m ye>s s]v$ z an assi/ant to ,pr(essor ,moore4 ,,index ,,index ,abbe1 ,clevel&1 #bih2 publi%es wea!r bullet91 #cje2 8 long s]vice 9 ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cje ,absolute humidity1 #ci ,absolute z]o1 #fb ,arial ocean1 ! air a great1 #g ,aroplane1 importance ( develop+ !1 #bg ,africa1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajg2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bgi ,agricultural int]e/s1 b5efit ( ,wea!r ,bureau s]vice to1 #cja1 #cjb ,air1 great ocean (1 ar\nd ! e>?1 #g2 condition (1 at v>i\s levels1 #g-ag2 liquid1 #i2 blue t9t (1 #aj2 ?9ness ( /ratum (1 t su/a9s life1 #ad2 ela/icity & d5sity (1 #ad2 pressure (1 #ae2 weight (1 #ae2 ev]y?+ evolv$ f1 #ae-ag2 effect ( cold wave on !1 #cf1 #cg2 explorations ( !1 #ah-bh2 circulation ( !1 #ee2 increas+ pressure increases temp]ature (1 #fa2 diff]5ce betwe5 weight & pressure (1 #gg2 c\rse ( a curr5t (1 #ii2 e>? w>m] ?an1 next above1 #ahj2 cools ) asc5t & heats ) desc5t1 #ahd2 height ( freez+ cold 9 free1 #ahe2 daily range ( temp]ature 9 free1 #ahe1 #ahf2 movem5t (1 9 valleys1 #bjd2 m\nta9s & movem5t (1 #bje2 prop] temp]ature & humidity (1 9 habitations1 #bag2 wat] vapor 91 at v>i\s temp]atures1 #bhd2 ret>ds fall+ ra9drops1 #bhe2 & ! =mation ( cl\d1 #bhg1 #bhh ,air travel1 ,major ,blair on1 #bg2 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h5ry on1 #bh ,aitk51 ,rob]t ,grant1 me?od ( c\nt+ du/ motes1 #dd1 #de ,altitude1 gaug$ by boil+ po9t ( wat]1 #fj1 #fa2 w9d's velocity increases )1 #aji-aaa2 man's adju/m5t to life at high1 #ahf1 #ahg2 temp]ature at high1 #baj-bab2 amelioration ( disease by mod]ate1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bej ,altitudes1 ! cold & /illness 9 ! high]1 #aj1 #aa ,am]ican ,wea!r ,s]vice1 developm5t (1 #bia-cjf4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,ammonia1 #cc ,an]oid b>omet]1 volunte] obs]v]s & !1 #ff2 =eca/+ wea!r ) !1 #gd-gi ,animal life1 necessity ( oxyg5 to1 #ce ,anti-cyclone1 g5]al cause (1 #ih2 g5]al :irl (1 #ajc2 gyration (1 #ajh1 #aji2 an area ( high pressure1 #aai ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 effects ( high] elevation (1 #bca1 #bcb ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgd ,argon1 #cc ,arr[s1 on wea!r map fly ) w9d1 #aaf1 #aah ,artificial ra9 mak+1 exp]im5ts )1 #bhh1 #bhi ,asia1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajf2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bgi-bhj ,a/oria1 ,wa%41 climate (1 #baj ,atlantic ,ocean1 temp]atures ( wat]s (1 #agg ,atmosph]e1 ( ! sun1 #b2 ( ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 ,uranus1 & ,saturn1 #c2 c>bon dioxide 91 #e2 ?ickness ( e>?'s1 #f2 h[ x is w>m$1 #h2 absorption ( heat rays by1 #h2 wat] vapor 9 e>?'s1 #h2 temp]ature ( iso!rmal /ratum (1 #aa2 gases (1 9 me*anical n *emical union1 #cb2 importance ( prop] proportions ( gases ( !1 #cb2 table ( compon5t p>ts (1 #cc2 b5eficial effects ( cold wave on1 #cf1 #cg2 du/ motes & illum9ation ( !1 #de2 data meag] z to circulation ( upp]1 #ajc1 #ajd2 /orms & cold waves great eddies 9 !1 #aah2 v>iations 9 temp]ature due to motion (1 #afc1 #afd2 absorption ( sol> rays by !1 #aff-afh ,atmosph]es1 h[ !y are =m$1 #a2 h[ ma9ta9$ & h[ lo/1 #e2 e>?'s f\r1 #bi-dg ,atmosph]ic air1 composition (1 #bi-cg ,atoms1 e>ly belief 9 =mation ( all matt] (1 #cj2 pres5t k (1 #cj1 #ca2 composition (1 #ca2 ( v>i\s elem5ts1 #ca1 #cb ,au/ralia1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajg2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bhj ,bact]ia1 & putrefaction dim9i% ) elevation & ov] seas1 #aj2 abs5ce (1 at high altitudes1 #dc2 ga!r$ by sn[1 ice1 & wat]1 #dc2 de/roy$ by sun%9e1 #bdh ,balloon1 use (1 9 meteorological rese>*1 #ai2 record ( temp]atures at high altitudes by1 #abd1 #baj-bab ,b>omet]1 discov]$ by ,torricelli1 #bc2 an]oid1 #ff2 =eca/+ wea!r ) ! an]oid1 #gd-gi2 table = =eca/+ wea!r by1 #gf2 discov]y ( pr9ciple (1 #gg-gi2 effect ( /orms on1 #gi2 l[ at ,poles1 #ajc2 data f1 9 meteorological sci5ce1 #bib1 #bic ,ba?+1 fre% & salt wat]1 #bdi ,b]l91 ,g]many1 temp]ature ( e>? at great dep? at1 #agi2 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bga ,b]muda1 sub-p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s 9 region (1 #aei1 #bea2 climate (1 comp>$ ) ,florida & ,cali=nia1 #bef-bfa2 au?or's visit to1 #beg2 range ( !rmomet] 9 ,hamilton1 #beg2 w9d velocity & humidity 91 #beg1 #beh2 *>m (1 #beh2 location (1 #beh2 influ5ce ( ocean on climate (1 #beh1 #bei2 "* ( isl&s (1 #bei1 #bfj2 fl[]s 91 #bfj2 w9d & ra9fall 91 #bfa2 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfd ,be?lehem ( ,judea1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bfh1 #bfi ,bismu?1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,blair1 ,major ,william ,r41 on air travel1 #bg ,boil+ po9t ( wat]1 #eg1 #eh2 z a gauge = altitude1 #fj1 #fa ,bombay1 ,india1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgb ,bo/on1 ,mass41 influ5ce ( ocean on summ] temp]ature (1 #aid ,b[ie1 ,e4 ,h41 ,national ,=eca/]1 rules = =eca/+1 #aea-aec ,brazil1 high temp]ature 9 int]ior (1 #bgh ,cairo1 ,egypt1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgb ,calcutta1 ,india1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgb ,cali=nia1 summ] temp]ature ( coa/ (1 #aid2 wet & dry seasonal records 9 big trees (1 #bcf1 #bcg2 climate ( ,b]muda comp>$ ) t (1 #bef-bfa ,calms1 belt (1 at equator1 #ii ,calorie4 ,see ,,gram-,,calorie ,cape ,t[n1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgd ,c>bon1 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca ,c>bon dioxide1 9 atmosph]e ( e>?1 #e2 "o ( e>?'s atmosph]es1 #bi2 functions (1 #ce-cg2 seasonal proportions (1 9 air1 #ce2 proportions (1 accord+ to locality1 #ce2 injuri\s proportion (1 #ce1 #cf2 rea*es maximum at night ov] l&1 #cf2 dissolv$ 9 sea wat]1 #cf2 maximum at midday ov] oceans1 #cf2 d5sity (1 #cf ,c>bonic acid gas4 ,see ,,c>bon ,,dioxide ,c>negie ,f\ndation1 inve/igation ( big trees 9 ,cali=nia1 #bcf1 #bcg ,caspian ,sea1 wat]s (1 h rec$$1 #bce2 aga9 advanc+1 #bce1 #bcf ,c5t]s ( ,action1 #aja2 p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s 9 ,pacific ,ocean are great1 #aeh2 influ5ce ( c]ta91 on climate1 #aib-aid ,c5tigrade scale1 comp>$ ) ,fahr5heit1 #fg1 #fh ,c5tral ,am]ica1 *anges ( climate 91 #bch ,*ange ( climate1 mi/ak5 ideas (1 #bbe-bcj2 importance (1 to sub-arid ,we/1 #bbi2 9 p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory1 #bcc1 #bcd2 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bce2 simultane\s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 #bcg2 ea/ & we/1 opposite 9 "* f nor? & s\?1 #bcg1 #bch2 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bch2 9 middle latitudes1 #bci2 9 prehi/oric times1 #bci2 z record$ by geology1 #bci2 %[n by fossil rema9s1 #bci2 & civilization1 #bdj2 au?or's views on1 #bdb1 #bdc ,*autauqua lectures1 au?or's views on *ange 9 climate 91 #bdb1 #bdc ,*emical rays1 a manife/ation ( sol> en]gy1 #di2 ( light1 #eb ,*9a1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgb1 #bgc ,*9a ,sea1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajf ,*9ook w9ds1 #ajg ,*ri/mas 9 _m climes1 #bff-bge ,circulation ( air1 #ee2 g5]al1 ( w9d1 #ih-aaa ,cirrus cl\ds1 #bhh ,civilization1 influ5ce ( climate on1 #bac-bbd2 mi/ak5 idea ( *ange ( climate &1 #bbi2 mu/ migrate ) %ift+ ( climatic belts1 #bdj ,clevel&1 ,presid5t ,grov]1 appo9ts ,pr(4 ,moore *ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf ,climate1 #afa-ahg2 diff]5ce betwe5 wea!r &1 #afa2 *anges 91 #afa2 h[ x is modifi$ & controll$1 #ahh-bab2 its influ5ce on civilization1 #bac-bbd2 has our1 *ang$81 #bbe-bdd2 influ5ce ( =e/s on1 #bdj-bdd2 controll+ factors ( ,am]ican1 #bdc1 #bdd2 h[ to f9d !1 y seek1 #bdi-beb2 ( ,cuba1 #beb1 #bec2 ( ,porto ,rico1 #bec1 #bed2 ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 #bed1 #bee2 ( ! ,philipp9es1 #bee1 #bef2 ( ,b]muda comp>$ ) ,florida & ,cali=nia1 #bef-bfa ,climates = heal? & pleasure1 #bde-bha ,climatic conditions1 optimum (1 favorable to man1 #bah1 #bai ,cl\d1 temp]ature z affect$ by1 #agb2 =mation & composition (1 #bhg1 #bhh2 diff]5ce betwe5 mi/1 ra91 fog1 &1 #bhh2 fundam5tal =mations (1 #bhh2 *>act]i/ics ( !1 =mations1 #bhh2 fog is1 at a l[ level1 #bhh ,cold1 contraction ( air by1 #ae2 developm5t ( man favor$ by1 climate1 #bbd2 sev]e/3 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bgg1 #bgh2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bgh2 9 ,europe1 #bgi2 9 ,asia1 #bhj ,colde/ & hotte/ places 9 ! _w1 #bge-bha ,cold /orage1 effici5t und]gr\nd1 #ahc1 #ahd ,cold wave1 scav5g] ( ! air1 #cf1 #cg2 b5eficial effects (1 #cg2 great eddies 9 atmosph]e1 #aah2 & spe$ ( /orm movem5t1 #abc-abf2 =mation (1 #abd2 movem5t (1 #abe1 #abf2 detect+ approa* (1 #abe2 limitations on ext5t (1 #abf2 w>n+s (1 by ,bureau1 #abf1 #abg2 def9ition (1 #abg1 #abh2 maps %[+ zones (1 #abg1 #abh2 numb] (1 #abh1 #abi2 temp]$ by ,great ,lakes1 #abi1 #acj2 temp]$ by heat ( l>ge cities1 #acj1 #aca2 influ5c$ by ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,divide1 #aca2 ,wea!r ,bureau w>n+s (1 #cja1 #cjb ,colorado ,des]t1 ,cal41 extreme heat 91 #bgg ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 & ! trade w9ds1 #ajb ,combu/ion1 rapid 9 liquid air1 #i2 nitrog5 w n support1 #cc2 & oxyg51 #cd ,comm]ce1 b5efits ( ,wea!r ,bureau s]vice to1 #cja1 #cjb ,cond5sation1 & v>iations 9 temp]ature1 #afc1 #afd1 #bhb-bij ,congelation1 #agd ,con/ant9ople1 ,turkey1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bga ,cont95ts1 circulation betwe5 oceans &1 #aje2 _! influ5ce on climate1 #aib-aih2 *>act]i/ics ( temp]ature ( int]ior (1 #aid1 #aie ,cont\r ( l&1 & fro/1 #hf-ig ,convection1 & heat1 #ed1 #ee ,copp]1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,coronas1 #ada ,cox1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h41 & obs]vations on fro/1 #ic1 #id ,cranb]ry bogs1 & fro/1 #ic-ie ,crime1 influ5ce ( wea!r conditions on1 #bae ,cuba1 climate (1 #beb1 #bec ,cultivation ( l& surface1 & fro/1 #ic-ie ,cumulus cl\ds1 #bhh ,cu%+1 comp>ison ( temp]atures by1 #aif1 #aig1 #bae ,cyclone1 g5]al cause (1 #ih2 g5]al :irl (1 #ajc2 gyration (1 #ajg-aji2 ! disk ( air con/itut+ a1 #aai2 an area ( l[ pressure1 #aai2 action ( ! air 9 & ar\nd !1 #abj2 movem5t ( !1 #abj2 g5]al ext5t (1 #ada2 de/ructive =ce (1 #adb ,cyclones1 localities 9 :i*1 are =m$1 #aef1 #aeg ,dawson1 ,canada1 annual range ( temp]ature at1 #afi ,dea? rate1 excessive humidity increases1 #baf1 #bag ,dea? ,valley1 ,cal41 int5se heat 91 #bge-bgg2 area & =bidd+ "* (1 #bgf2 temp]ature records tak5 91 #bgf1 #bgg ,deflection1 due to e>?'s rotation1 #ajg ,d5sity ( e>?'s atmosph]e at diff]5t levels1 #f 8,descriptive ,meteorology10 #ada2 reasons = *ange ( op9ion on *ange ( climate express$ 91 #bcc ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 ,africa1 int5se heat 91 #bgi ,dew po9t1 #ch2 & fro/1 #hi1 #ij ,dia!rmancy1 #ef1 #abd ,dirigible balloon1 z competitor ( railroad1 #ai2 importance ( develop+ !1 #bg ,disease1 elevation dim9i%es bact]ia (1 #aj2 amelioration (1 by sun%9e1 #bdh ,dra9age1 influ5ce on fro/1 #id ,dr\ghts1 ! break+ (1 #acf ,dunwoody1 ,brig4 ,g54 ,h4 ,h4 ,c41 exp]t =eca/] & *ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf ,du/1 9 ! atmosph]e1 #cc ,du/ motes1 abs5ce (1 at high] altitudes1 #i2 int]f]5ce ( sun's rays by1 #aj2 s\rce (1 #dc1 #dd2 v>y accord+ to locality1 #dd2 c\nt+ (1 #dd1 #de2 & diffusion ( light1 #de1 #df2 & twilight1 #df1 #dg ,eads ,bridge1 ,/4 ,l\is1 freak ( tornado & !1 #adg ,e>?1 e>ly condition (1 #a2 dea? (1 due to lack ( heat f sun1 #c1 #d2 e>ly condition ( atmosph]e (1 #e2 transmission ( sun's rays to1 #g1 #h2 wat] vapor 9 atmosph]e (1 #h2 f\r atmosph]es ( !1 #bi-dg2 comp>ison ( heat ( sun & (1 #dh2 circulation ( w9ds & rotation (1 #ih-aaa2 deflection ( w9ds due to rotation (1 #ajg-aji2 conditions if axis (1 7 v]tical1 #afd2 v>iations ( heat ( morn+1 midday1 & ev5+1 #aff2 *ange ( seasons & !1 #aff2 p]c5tage ( sol> rays rea*+ !1 #aff-afh2 lag ( temp]atures ( !1 #afh2 kept f freez+ by wat] vapor1 #agj2 h[ !1 cools at night1 #aga1 #agb2 great heat ( int]ior ( !1 #agh1 #agi2 a poor reflector1 conductor1 & radiator1 #agi2 temp]atures at v>i\s dep?s 9 !1 #agi2 w>m] ?an air next above1 #ahj2 conditions if1 7 all l&1 #ahh-aij2 if axis (1 7 p]p5dicul> to plane ( orbit1 #ahh1 #ahi2 conditions if1 7 all wat]1 #aij-aib2 ! real1 ( l&1 wat]1 & incl9$ axis1 #aib ,eclipse1 /udy ( sun's atmosph]e dur+1 #b ,effici5cy1 wea!r conditions & human1 #baf2 maximum & m9imum p]iods ( human1 #bag1 #bah ,electricity1 & atoms1 #ca2 a manife/ation ( sol> en]gy1 #di ,electron1 nucleus ( all atoms1 #ca ,elem5ts1 nuclei ( atoms ( v>i\s1 #ca1 #cb ,engl&1 second nation to e/abli% wea!r s]vice1 #big ,equator1 circulation ( w9d & temp]ature at1 #ii2 belt ( calms at1 #ii ,equatorial curr5ts1 #bjb1 #bjc ,equ9octial /orm1 #adj ,equ9ox1 significance (1 #adj ,equ9oxes 7,fig4 #ba71 #afc ,espy1 ,james ,p41 8 !ory ( cont9uation ( /orms1 #aef1 #bif ,e!r1 9 out] space1 #g2 transmission ( sun's rays by1 #g1 #h2 int]/ell> space fill$ )1 #dh2 man's ignorance ( /ructure (1 #dh2 transmission ( sol> en]gy ?r\gh1 #di ,eurasia1 cool+ ( cont95t (1 9 w9t]1 #ajf2 extremes ( temp]ature 9 cont95t (1 #aie-aig ,europe1 sections (1 :]e climatic conditions are be/1 #bde2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bgi ,evaporation1 #eh1 #ei2 cool+ effects (1 #gd2 & fro/1 #ib2 l[]s temp]ature ( wet soil1 #ahj ,fahr5heit ,scale1 comp>$ ) ,c5tigrade1 #fg1 #fh ,floods1 influ5ce ( =e/s on1 #bdj-bdd2 fl[ (1 n re/rict$ by =e/s1 #bdd ,florida1 climate ( ,b]muda comp>$ ) t (1 #bef-bfa ,fog1 =mation (1 #ib1 #bhh2 & fro/1 #ib2 temp]ature z affect$ by1 #agb ,fhn w9ds1 #ajg ,=eca/+1 g5]al rules =1 #adi-aec2 importance ( use ( wea!r map 91 #adi2 ! temp]ature by amateurs1 #adi1 #aea2 expectations ( future1 #cjc1 #cjd2 fake1 #cjd ,=e/s1 exagg]at$ idea ( influ5ce (1 on climate1 #aih1 #bjj2 _! influ5ce on climate & floods1 #bdj-bdd2 ! au?or's op9ion on1 #bda2 z cons]v]s ( ra9fall1 #bda2 mi/ak5 idea ( value (1 z cons]v]s1 #bdc2 ne$ ( protection (1 #bdc2 re/rict fl[ ( mod]ate ra9fall b n floods1 #bdd ,fossil rema9s1 z evid5ce ( *anges ( climate1 #bci ,france1 ?ird nation to e/abli% wea!r s]vice1 #big ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 8 /udy & !ory ( /orm movem5ts1 #bic-bif ,freez+1 ( fre% & salt wat]1 #agc-age2 height (1 cold 9 free air1 #ahe ,fro/1 #he-ig2 causes ( =mation (1 #he2 light1 heavy & kill+1 #hf2 dew po9t 9 relation to1 #hi1 #ij2 black1 #ij2 locality & immunity f1 #ij1 #ia2 conditions conducive to1 #ia2 ,wea!r ,bureau obs]vations on1 #ia1 #ib2 evaporation &1 #ib2 cultivation ( l& surface &1 #ic-ie2 effect ( s& cov]+ on1 #id1 #ie2 dates ( kill+1 spr+ & fall1 #if1 #ig1 #bhg ,fuel1 prop] humidity & cons]vation (1 #gc1 #gd ,galileo1 & ! !rmomet]1 #bc1 #bib1 #bic ,gases ( ! atmosph]e1 9 me*anical n *emical union1 #cb2 importance ( prop] proportions (1 #cb ,geology1 evid5ce ( *anges ( climate giv5 by1 #bci ,g]ms1 9 ! atmosph]e1 #cc ,glacial p]iods1 #bci ,glaci]s1 movem5t (1 #fj2 recession & advancem5t (1 #bci ,gla%i]1 ,engli% meteorologi/1 balloon asc5sion by1 #bj ,gold1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,gram-calorie1 unit ( heat1 #ea ,great ,ice ,cap1 possible return (1 #bdj ,great ,lakes1 temp] sev]ity ( cold waves1 #abi1 #acj2 b5efit ( ,wea!r ,bureau s]vice to m>9]s on !1 #cjb ,greely1 ,g54 ,a4 ,w41 *ief ( ,wea!r ,s]vice1 #cjf ,gulf ,/ream1 ,we/ ,indian hurricanes g5]ally foll[ !1 #acc1 #bja2 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #bjb1 #bjc2 s\rce & c\rse (1 #bjb1 #bjc2 individuality ( !1 #bjc2 has no effect on climate ( ,b]muda1 #beh1 #bei ,gyration1 due to e>?'s rotation1 #ajh1 #aji ,hail1 =mation (1 #bhg2 & ?und]/orms1 #bhg2 attempt$ prev5tion (1 #bij ,hail/ones1 =eign matt] 91 #bhd2 =mation & size (1 #bhg ,halos1 cause & nature (1 #adj1 #ada2 lun>1 #ada ,h>r+ton1 ,pr(4 ,m>k ,w41 fir/ *ief ( new civil ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf ,havana1 ,cuba1 climate (1 #bec ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 climate ( !1 #bed1 #bee ,haze1 nature & *>act]i/ics (1 #bhb ,haz51 ,brig4 ,g54 ,william ,b41 *ief ( ,wea!r ,s]vice1 #cjf ,heal?1 nor? w9ds conducive1 s\? w9ds detrim5tal to1 #bf2 temp]ature 9 its relation to1 #baf2 semi-annual maximum & m9imum p]iods (1 #bag1 #bah ,heal? seek]1 all-!-ye> climate = !1 #beb ,heat1 expansion ( air by1 #ae2 possibility ( us+ e>?'s int]ior1 #ah2 h[ x rea*es ! e>?1 #df2 s\rce (1 #di2 ( sun & e>? comp>$1 #dh2 manife/ation & transmission (1 #dh1 #di1 #ea2 diff]5ce betwe5 temp]ature &1 #di1 #ej2 comm]cial & sci5tific unit (1 #ej1 #ea2 diff]5ce betwe5 waves ( light1 s\nd1 &1 #ea2 conduction (1 #ed2 radiation (1 #ed2 convection (1 #ed1 #ee2 absorption (1 #ee1 #ef2 specific1 #ef2 lat5t1 #ef-eh2 diff]+ temp]atures ) same sol>1 #afb-aff2 great capacity ( wat] =1 #bjj1 #bja2 ocean curr5ts di/ributors (1 #bja1 #bjb2 extreme1 9 ,dea? ,valley & ,colorado ,des]t1 #bge-bgg2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bgh2 9 ,africa1 #bgi2 9 ,europe1 #bgi2 9 ,asia1 #bgi1 #bhj2 9 ,au/ralia1 #bhj ,heat rays1 absorption ( sun's1 #h ,heat waves1 diff]5ce betwe5 light1 s\nd1 &1 #ea2 l5g? (1 #ea ,helium1 9 e>?'s atmosph]e1 #e1 #f2 importance ( manufacture (1 #ai2 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca ,h5ry1 ,pr(4 ,joseph1 compiles fir/ wea!r map1 #bif ,h]sey1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h5ry ,b41 on dirigibles & airplanes1 #bh ,high-pressure belts1 ra9s ( !1 #aje ,highs1 initiation (1 #aja2 plac+ (1 on wea!r map1 #aae1 #aaf2 *>act]i/ics (1 #abd2 conditions & action ( air (1 #aca-acc2 p]iodicity (1 #acb2 & w>m waves1 #acf2 influ5ce ( c]ta91 on climate1 #aib-aid ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajf1 #bjf2 & climate ( ,asia1 #bjf2 ra9fall 9 !1 #bjf ,holl&1 e/abli%es fir/ wea!r s]vice1 #big ,holy ,l&1 =m]ly an abundance ( wat] 91 #bce ,honolulu1 ,hawaii1 climate (1 #bed ,hotte/ & colde/ places 9 ! _w1 #bge-bha ,human en]gy1 climate & ! di/ribution (1 #bbj ,humboldt1 ,b>on von1 on civilization & climate1 #bad ,humidifi]s1 #gb ,humidity1 p]c5tage expression ( relative1 #ch1 #ci2 absolute1 #ci1 #fh-gd2 tables ( relative1 #fi-ga2 importance ( prop]1 9 liv+ qu>t]s1 #gb2 diseases due to lack (1 #gc2 & cons]vation ( fuel1 #gc1 #gd2 excessive1 h>mful to man1 #baf1 #bag2 prop] p]c5tage (1 #bag ,hunt+ton1 ,ellswor?1 comp>ison ( temp]atures by1 #aif1 #aig1 #bae2 on human en]gy1 #bag1 #bah2 on exam9ation ( big trees 9 ,cali=nia1 #bcf1 #bcg ,hurricane1 ,we/ ,indian1 #acc1 #acd2 ! ,galve/on1 #acd2 nature & developm5t (1 #acd1 #ace2 exposure ( ,atlantic coa/ to effects (1 #ace1 #acf ,hurricanes1 g5]al ext5t (1 #ada ,hydrog51 9 e>?'s atmosph]e1 #e1 #f2 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca2 & oxyg5 comb9$ to =m wat]1 #cb2 d5sity (1 #ci2 combu/ible prop]ties (1 #ci2 s\rces ( supply (1 #ci1 #dj ,hygromet]1 = measur+ wat] vapor1 #ci ,ice1 & bact]ia1 #dc2 =mation (1 #dc2 specific heat (1 #ef2 lat5t heat ( melt+1 #eg2 melt+ (1 "u pressure1 #fj ,ice ages1 #bci ,ice ,cap1 possible return ( ,great1 #bdj ,icel&1 sub-p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s 9 region (1 #aei ,inclos$ seas1 temp]ature ( wat]s (1 #agf-agh2 latitude1 season & dep? *ange temp]ature (1 #agg1 #agh ,indian ,ocean1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajf1 #ajg2 temp]ature ( wat]s (1 #agf ,indu/ry1 b5efits ( ,wea!r ,bureau s]vice to1 #cja1 #cjb ,in/rum5t %elt]1 #ff-fh ,in/rum5ts1 9 meteorological /ations1 #fc2 = volunt>y obs]v]1 #ff-gi ,invisible light1 #eb1 #ec ,iron1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,isob>s1 on wea!r map1 #aae ,iso!rmal l9es1 ocean curr5ts & *anges 91 #bja1 #bjb ,iso!rmal /ratum1 height (1 #aa2 temp]ature (1 #aa1 #ab1 #baa ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfc ,japan1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgc ,jeff]son1 ,?omas1 on ! *ang+ climate1 #bbg2 records ( read+s ( !rmomet] by1 #bcb2 b>ometrical records (1 #bcc2 loss ( 8 b>omet]1 #bcc2 wea!r obs]vations by1 #bif ,jupit]1 atmosph]e (1 #c2 & heat f sun1 #c ,ju/ice1 wea!r records s]ve ends (1 #gi-hc ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 climate (1 #baj ,kelv91 ,"l1 on ! size ( molecule ( wat]1 #cj ,kites1 9 meteorological rese>*1 #ai2 use (1 by ,wea!r ,bureau1 #bb2 rectangul> =m (1 #bb2 obs]vations f1 #fd2 con/ruction & fly+ (1 #fd-ff ,krakatoa1 effects ( eruption (1 #dc1 #dd ,krypton1 #cc ,lake ,ow5s1 ,cal41 wat]s (1 h rec$$1 #bce ,lake ,sup]ior1 temp]ature ( wat]s (1 #agh ,lakes1 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #aii1 #bjj ,lapham1 ,dr4 ,i4 ,a41 #bih2 urges e/abli%m5t ( wea!r s]vice1 #cje ,lat5t heat1 #ef-eh ,latitude1 its relation to heal?1 /r5g?1 & effici5cy ( man1 #bah ,lead1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,life1 ! atmosph]e 9 relation to beg9n+s (1 #b1 #c2 ?9ness ( /ratum ( air t su/a9s1 #ad2 h[ to prolong1 #bdf2 9 ! op5 air & sun%9e1 #bdg-bdi ,light1 slight refraction (1 9 high] altitudes1 #i2 diffus$ by du/ motes1 #de2 s\rce (1 #di2 h[ x rea*es ! e>?1 #di2 a manife/ation ( sol> en]gy1 #di2 invisible1 #eb1 #ec2 & transp>5cy1 #ef2 spe$ (1 #afb2 f ! />s1 #afb ,light waves1 diff]5ce betwe5 heat1 s\nd1 &1 #ea2 l5g? (1 #ea2 velocity (1 #ea1 #eb2 & invisible light1 #eb1 #ec ,l9+1 ,dr4 ,john1 temp]ature records kept by1 #bic ,liquid air1 #i ,local =eca/+1 rules = mak+1 #aec-aee ,l(ot5 ,isl&s1 temp]atures record$ 9 !1 #aif ,london1 ,engl&1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bfi1 #bgj ,loomis1 ,elias1 #bif ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 climate (1 #baj2 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfb ,l[s1 ! initiation (1 #aja2 plac+ (1 on ! wea!r map1 #aae1 #aaf2 *>act]i/ics (1 #abd2 _! influ5ce on cold waves1 #abf2 conditions & action ( air (1 #aca-acc2 p]iodicity (1 #acb2 & w>m waves1 #acf2 ,v-%ap$1 #acg2 influ5ce ( c]ta91 on climate1 #aib-aid ,lun> halos1 #ada ,macready1 ,lieut4 ,john ,a41 altitude record (1 #bj ,mammo? ,cave1 temp]ature (1 #aha ,man1 climate & ! dom9ant races (1 #bac-bbd2 conditions be/ suit$ to heal?1 /r5g?1 & effici5cy (1 #bae1 #baf2 excessive humidity h>mful to1 #baf1 #bag2 semi-annual maximum & m9imum p]iods ( effici5cy (1 #bag1 #bah ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 climate (1 #bee ,m>itime int]e/s1 b5efits ( ,wea!r ,bureau s]vice to1 #cjj-cjc ,m>v91 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f41 pres5t *ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf ,matt]1 e>ly belief z to con/ruction ( all1 #cj2 pres5t k ( nature (1 #ca2 det]m9ation ( diff]5ces 91 #ca2 =ms ( simple1 #ca ,maury1 ,mat!w ,f41 #bih ,mazatlan1 ,mexico1 climate (1 #bji ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 temp]atures ( wat]s (1 #agg ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bge ,m5tal activities1 & wea!r conditions1 #bae1 #baf ,m]cury1 d5sity (1 comp>$ to air1 #ae2 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,mesopotamia1 =m] f]tility (1 #bcd1 #bce ,meteorological conditions be/ suit$ to effici5cy ( man1 #baf ,meteorological sci5ce1 9 ,am]ica1 #bia-cjf4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,meteorological /ation1 in/rum5ts in/all$ 91 #fc ,meteorological /ati/ics1 tables (3 = ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 #bfb2 = ,miami1 ,fla41 #bfb2 = ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 #bfc2 = ,san ,diego1 ,cal41 #bfc2 = ,tampa1 ,fla41 #bfd2 = ,b]muda1 #bfd ,meteorologi/s1 association ( aviator )1 9 map mak+1 #bc ,meteors1 cause ( lum9osity (1 #f ,mey]1 ,g54 ,alb]t ,j41 inaugurates t5tative wea!r s]vice1 #cje ,mexico ,city1 climate (1 #bji1 #baj ,miami1 ,fla41 temp]ature & ra9fall at1 #bfa2 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfb ,microbes ( ! air1 #da-dc2 functions ( ! useful v>ieties (1 #da1 #db2 & locality1 #db2 & cr[d$ habitations1 #db2 effect ( sun%9e on1 #db1 #dc2 du/-free air free (1 #dd ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 rules = =eca/+ at1 #aec-aee ,m9d1 effects ( wea!r conditions on1 #bae ,mock moon1 #ada ,mock sun1 #ada ,molds1 de/roy$ by sun%9e1 #bdh ,molecule1 inf9itesimal size (1 ( air & ( wat]1 #bi1 #cj2 ( ra9drop1 #bhb1 #bhc ,molecules1 space betwe51 ( gases1 #bi ,monsoon w9ds1 #ajf1 #ajg ,moon1 a dead planet1 #d2 abs5ce ( atmosph]e ar\nd1 #d1 #e2 temp]ature ( d>k side (1 #e2 has no influ5ce on wea!r1 #ach-adj2 & ! tides ( ! ocean1 #aci2 no influ5ce on crops1 #adj2 & halos1 #ada2 mock1 #ada ,moore1 ,pr(4 ,willis ,l41 exp]i5ce at ,*autauqua lectures1 #ai2 pr$iction ( transoceanic flight by airplane1 #ai1 #bj2 exp]im5ts ) small gas balloons1 #ba2 appo9t$ *ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf2 long s]vice z *ief1 #cjf2 removal (1 #cjf ,mosc[1 ,russia1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgc ,m\nta9 air1 b5eficial effects (1 #bdi1 #bej ,m\nta9s1 :y peaks (1 are cold1 #h1 #aga2 effect (1 on climate1 #bjd-bjf2 & ra9 & sn[1 #bje1 #bjf ,m\nt ,wea!r1 ,va41 rese>* "w at1 #ba1 #bb2 value ( "w at1 9 ,_w ,w>1 #bd1 #be2 altitude record ( temp]ature at1 #baa1 #bab ,muni*1 ,bav>ia1 record ( e>?'s temp]atures at1 #afh ,neon1 #cc ,neptune1 atmosph]e (1 #c2 & heat f sun1 #c ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass41 daily wea!r records = long p]iod at1 #bbh ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 influ5ce ( ocean on summ] temp]ature (1 #aid ,nimbus cl\ds1 #bhh ,nitric acid1 #cc ,nitrog51 9 atmosph]e ( e>?1 #h2 "o ( e>?'s atmosph]es1 #bi2 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca2 debilitat+ effects (1 #cb2 functions (1 #cc2 abs5ce (1 above fifty miles1 #bab ,nor? ,am]ica1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajg2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bge-bgh 8,nor?we/]01 cause (1 #aag ,obs]vations1 great numb] & va/ area cov]$ by ,wea!r ,bureau1 #bih4 ,see also ,,wea!r ,,obs]vations ,ocean1 int5se cold at bottom (1 #age1 #agf2 temp]ature ( inclos$ seas diff] f ^? (1 #agf1 #agg2 temp]atures ( ,atlantic1 #agg2 latitude1 season & dep? *anges temp]atures (1 #agg1 #agh2 direction ( w9d affects %ore temp]ature (1 #agh2 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #aib-aih2 climate ( ,b]muda controll$ by1 #beh1 #bei ,ocean curr5ts1 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #bjj-bjb2 circulation (1 foll[s w9ds1 #bjj-bjb2 great di/ributors ( heat1 #bja1 #bjb ,oceans1 circulation betwe5 cont95ts &1 #aje 8,olde/ ,inhabitant01 halluc9ations (1 z to wea!r1 #bbe-bbh ,op5 air1 life 9 !1 #bdg-bdi ,organic matt]1 9 atmosph]e1 #cc ,oxyg51 9 atmosph]e ( e>?1 #h2 & liquid air1 #i2 "o ( e>?'s atmosph]es1 #bi2 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca2 /imulat+ effect (1 #cb2 union (1 ) hydrog5 to con/itute wat]1 #cb2 functions (1 #cc-ce2 proportion (1 9 free air1 #cd2 9 places ) re/rict$ v5tilation1 #cd2 necess>y to life1 #ce2 causes ( decrease (1 #cg2 ozone is highly electrifi$1 #dj2 abs5ce (1 above ?irty miles1 #bab ,ozone1 #cc2 s\rce (1 #dj2 *>act]i/ics (1 #dj2 effects (1 #dj1 #da2 v>iation (1 due to seasons & locality1 #da2 effects ( w9ds on1 #da ,p>is1 ,france1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgj ,p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s 9 ! ,pacific1 great ,c5t]s ( ,action1 #aeh2 int]f]5ce ) /orms f ,ori5t by1 #aeh ,petrograd1 ,russia1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgc ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 climate ( !1 #bee1 #bef ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 climate (1 #baj ,planets1 quick] cool+ ( ! small1 #b2 lifeless1 #b1 #c ,plant life1 necessity ( oxyg5 to1 #ce2 c>bon dioxide &1 #ce ,poles1 temp]ature & circulation ( w9d at !1 #ii2 b>omet] l[ at1 #ajc2 n ! colde/ po9ts 9 ! _w1 #bhj ,population1 /orm tracks &1 #bad-bbc ,porto ,rico1 climate (1 #bec1 #bed ,precipitation1 factors controll+1 ( a region1 #bcj ,pressure1 diff]5ce betwe51 & weight ( air1 #gg2 belt ( high1 at latitudes #cj nor? & s\?1 #ii1 #aja2 indicat$ on wea!r map by ,highs & ,l[s1 #aae1 #aaf 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography01 #aif1 #bae2 quot$1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bcf1 #bcg ,putrefaction1 bact]ia (1 dim9i% ) elevation1 #aj ,races ( ,man1 climate & ! dom9ant1 #bac-bbd ,radiation1 e>?1 #h2 ( heat1 #ed2 & fro/1 #he-ig2 & circulation ( w9d1 #ih2 e>? & air cool$ by1 #aga2 & temp]ature ( valleys1 #bjc1 #bjd ,radium1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,ra9drops1 size & composition (1 #bhb2 fall+ or evaporation (1 #bhc2 :]e1 are =m$1 #bhc2 :at causes1 #bhd2 _c =m at great altitudes1 #bhd2 velocity ( fall+1 #bhd1 #bhe2 air ret>ds fall+1 #bhe ,ra9fall1 cause ( heavy1 9 tropics1 #ajd1 #aje2 monsoon w9ds & heavy1 #ajf2 9 ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 #bjf2 av]age mon?ly1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ! ,old ,_w1 #bjg-baj2 =e/s z cons]v]s (1 #bda2 9 ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 #bee2 in/antane\s precipitation ( all wat] vapor &1 #bhe2 causes ( heavy1 #bhe ,ra9 mak+1 artificial1 #bhh1 #bhi ,ra9 wat]1 pure :5 cond5s$1 #bhd2 collects impurities 9 fall+1 #bhd ,r$field1 #bif ,r$ ,sea1 temp]atures ( wat]s (1 #agf ,reflection1 wat] rejects heat by1 #agb ,refrig]ator1 an economical1 #ei ,relative humidity1 tables (1 #fi-ga ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,brazil1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgd ,riv]s1 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #aii1 #bjj ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 influ5ce on cold waves by !1 #aca2 effects ( r$uction 9 height (1 #bcj-bcb2 records inscrib$ by wat]s on1 #bcd1 #bce ,rome1 ,italy1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgb ,rotation ( e>?1 deflection caus$ by1 #ajg-aji ,russia1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgc ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 tornado ( #ahif 91 #adf-adh ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 climate (1 #baj ,salt1 9 atmosph]e1 #cc ,samoa1 annual range ( temp]ature 91 #afi ,s&1 z a prev5tive ( fro/1 #id1 #ie ,san ,diego1 ,cal41 l[e/ temp]ature record$ at1 #abi2 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfc ,sanit>ia1 #bej ,san ,juan1 ,porto ,rico1 climate (1 #bec1 #bed ,santiago1 ,*ili1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgd ,saturation1 po9t (1 #ch2 dew po9t &1 #ch2 v>ies accord+ to temp]ature ( air1 #ch1 #ci ,saturn1 atmosph]e (1 #c2 & heat f sun1 #c ,s*ro$]1 ,major ,r4 ,w41 #aa2 altitude record (1 #bj2 exp]i5ce (1 #bj ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,!1 on /ati/ics ( climate1 #bfe1 #bff ,sea air1 b5eficial effects (1 #bdi ,seasons1 cause ( *ange (1 #aff-afh2 rev]sal (1 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 #afi2 conditions result+ 9 no1 #ahh1 #aij2 =ces t influ5ce & control !1 #ahh-aij ,silv]1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb2 be/ conductor ( heat among ! metals1 #ed ,sleet1 sn[ & ! =mation (1 #bhf1 #bhg ,smi?1 ,rob]t ,angus1 on c>bon dioxide1 #cd1 #cf ,smi?son1 ,james1 #big ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #bif2 activities 9 practical meteorology1 #big ,sn[1 wat] vapor 9 congeal$ =m1 #bhe2 beauty & v>iety ( cry/als (1 #bhf2 & ! =mation ( sleet1 #bhf1 #bhg ,sol> en]gy1 transmission (1 ?r\gh ! e!r1 #di ,solids1 heat exp&s mo/1 #ei ,sol/ices 7,figs4 #bb & #bc71 summ] & w9t]1 #afd2 7,fig4 #bf71 #afg ,s\nd waves1 diff]5ce betwe5 heat1 light1 &1 #ea2 l5g? (1 #ea2 velocity (1 #ea1 #eb ,s\? ,am]ica1 & monsoon w9ds1 #ajg2 hotte/ & colde/ places 91 #bgh ,space1 e!r 9 out]1 #g1 #dh2 temp]ature ( out]1 #i2 d>kness ( out]1 #i2 ! pro( ( lack ( light 91 #i1 #aj2 transmission ( heat ?r\gh1 #dh2 abs5ce ( atmosph]e 91 #dh ,/>s1 size (1 & di/ance f e>?1 #afb ,/ati/ics1 tables ( meteorological1 #bfb-bfd2 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican on climate1 #bfe1 #bff ,/eel1 burns 9 liquid air1 #i ,/orm1 9 w9t] ( #ahic1 #aag-abc2 ,frankl9's /udy & !ory (1 movem5ts1 #bic-bif2 abnormal movem5t ( "s1 c5t]s1 #cjj ,/orms1 t]rible nature (1 9 e>ly hi/ory ( creation1 #a2 g5]al rules = =eca/+1 #ge-gi2 g5]al action (1 #aae2 great eddies 9 atmosph]e1 #aah2 movem5t (1 #aah1 #aai2 cold waves z affect+ spe$ (1 #abc-abf2 locality ( orig9 ( majority ( our1 #acb2 g5]al movem5t (1 #acc2 equ9octial1 #adj2 tornadoes1 #ada-adh2 & _! relation to d5sity ( population1 #bbj-bbc2 t5-ye> record (1 #bba1 #bbb2 area & movem5t ( cyclonic1 #bca2 ,wea!r ,bureau's /udy ( types (1 #bii1 #cjj2 peculi> action ( b>omet] 9 "s types (1 #bii1 #cjj2 ,wea!r ,bureau detects inception (1 #cjb2 frequ5cy (1 #cjd ,/orm tracks1 civilization foll[s !1 #bac-bbd ,/ratus cl\ds1 #bhh ,/r5g?1 temp]ature & its relation to physical1 #baf ,sub-p]man5t ,highs & ,l[s1 #aeh2 ( ! ,pacific a b> to /orms f ! ,ori5t1 #aeh2 effect ( *ange ( position (1 #aeh-afj2 9 ! region ( ,icel& & ,b]muda1 #aei ,sulphates1 9 atmosph]e1 #cc ,sulphur1 nucleus ( atom (1 #ca1 #cb ,summ]1 diff]5ce 9 l5g? (1 9 nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 #afi ,summ] resort1 an arial1 #ac1 #ad ,summ] temp]ature gradi5ts 9 iso!rmal /ratum1 #ab ,sun1 atmosph]e ( !1 #b2 conditions = beg9n+ ( life on !1 #b1 #c2 w be no life on1 #c2 effect on e>? ( cool+ ( !1 #d2 transmission ( rays (1 by ! e!r1 #g1 #h2 absorption by oxyg51 nitrog51 & wat] vapor ( rays (1 #h2 & twilight1 #df1 #dg2 comp>ison ( heat ( e>? & (1 #dh2 mock1 #ada2 only s\rce ( appreciable heat1 #afb2 e>?'s orbit ar\nd1 #afe2 cause ( v>iation 9 heat (1 rea*+ e>?1 #aff2 absorption by atmosph]e ( rays (1 #aff ,sun%9e1 life 9 ! op5 air &1 #bdg-bdi2 de/roys molds1 #bdh ,supra-r$ rays1 rem$ial p[]s (1 #bdh ,tampa1 ,fla41 temp]ature & ra9fall at1 #bfa2 meteorological /ati/ics =1 #bfd ,telescope1 agitations ( sun's atmosph]e reveal$ by1 #b ,temp]ate zone1 highe/ type ( civilization f\nd 9 !1 #bac-bbd ,temp]ature1 ( ! iso!rmal /ratum1 #aa1 #ab2 & wat] vapor1 #cg1 #ch2 diff]5ce betwe5 heat &1 #di1 #ej2 prop] me?od ( tak+1 #fc2 & fro/1 #he-ig2 & circulation ( w9d1 #ih-aaa2 r$ l9es on map indicate simil>ity (1 #abb1 #abc2 record (1 by balloons at high altitudes1 #abd2 h[ amateurs may =eca/1 #aea2 ) same sol> heat diff]+1 #afb-aff2 causes ( v>iations 91 #afc2 ( oceans1 lakes1 & riv]s1 #agb1 #agc2 extremely l[1 ( ocean bottoms1 #age1 #agf2 ( wat] *anges ) latitude1 season & dep?1 #agg2 ( e>? at dep? ( #cdij feet1 #agi2 daily range (1 9 free air1 #ahe1 #ahf2 ( int]ior ( cont95ts1 #aid2 ( coa/al regions influ5c$ by ocean 9 summ]1 #aid2 l[e/ record$1 at ,wea!r ,bureau1 #aie2 highe/1 ,july1 #aie2 av]age maximum & m9imum1 record$ by ,wea!r ,bureau1 #aie2 extremes (1 9 ,eurasian cont95t1 #aie-aig2 que/ionable effect ( ,gulf ,/ream on1 #bjc2 influ5ce ( valleys on1 #bjc1 #bjd2 extremes (1 on m\nta9s1 #bjd1 #bje2 av]age mon?ly1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,old ,_w1 #bjg-baj2 at high altitudes1 #baj-bab2 effects ( *anges (1 on man1 #bae2 9 its relation to heal?1 /r5g?1 & effici5cy1 #bae1 #baf2 & m5tal activity1 #baf2 prop] p]c5tage ( humidity &1 #bag2 ! optimum (1 = en]gy1 #bah1 #bai2 regions ( favorable1 ! summ]1 #bej2 au?or's record (1 9 ,b]muda1 #beg ,temp]ature inv]sion1 #aga ,temp]atures1 lag ( e>?'s1 #afh2 annual range 9 air1 #afh1 #afi2 highe/ & l[e/3 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bge-bgh2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bgh2 9 ,africa1 #bgi2 9 ,europe1 #bgi2 9 ,asia1 #bgi1 #bhj2 9 ,au/ralia1 #bhj ,!rmomet]1 ,galileo's discov]y ( pr9ciples (1 #bc2 pr9ciples & discov]y (1 #fb1 #fc2 comp>ison ( ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade scales (1 #fg1 #fh2 data f1 & meteorological sci5ce1 #bic ,?omson1 ,sir ,william4 ,see ,,"l ,,kelv9 ,?orium1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,?und]/orms1 effect (1 on ,l[s1 #acb2 cause1 ext5t & movem5t (1 #acg2 frequ5cy (1 #ach2 ,highs &1 #ach2 temp]ature &1 #ach2 ,l[s &1 #ach2 locale (1 #ach2 & ! =mation ( hail1 #bhg ,tornadoes1 #ada-adh2 ext5t (1 #ada1 #adb2 velocity & de/ructive =ce (1 #adb2 locale (1 #adb2 frequ5cy (1 #adb2 rate ( movem5t & g5]al direction (1 #adb2 w>n+s ( com+ (1 #adb2 seek+ safety dur+1 #adb1 #adc2 an ,am]ican type ( /orm1 #adc2 pres5ce ( wat] vapor necess>y to cause1 #add2 use ( wea!r map 9 =eca/+1 #add1 #ade2 n increas+1 #ade2 difficulty ( =eca/+1 #adf1 #adg2 freaks (1 #adg1 #adh ,toronto1 ,canada1 climate (1 #baj ,torricelli1 & ! b>omet]1 #bc1 #bib1 #bic ,trade w9ds1 #aja1 #ajb ,transp>5cy1 #ef ,tropical zone1 cause ( torr5tial ra9s 9 !1 #ajj ,tropics1 ra9 w9ds ( !1 #ajd1 #aje ,tub]cle bacillus1 de/roy$ by sun%9e1 #bdh ,twilight1 & du/ motes1 #df1 #dg ,ultra-violet ,rays1 rem$ial p[]s (1 #bdh ,und]gr\nd habitations1 plan = unique1 #ahj-ahd ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e climatic conditions are be/ 9 !1 #bde2 f\r? nation to e/abli% wea!r s]vice1 #big ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 exp]im5ts ) small gas balloons1 #ba2 obs]vations ) kites by1 #ba1 #bb2 /orm w>n+s by1 #bd2 & volunt>y obs]v]s1 #ff2 me?od ( tak+ read+s by1 #ff-gi2 ends ( ju/ice s]v$ by records (1 #gi-hc2 & prev5tion ( fro/1 #ie-ig2 maps prep>$ by1 #aab-afj2 timely w>n+s by1 #aag2 :5 w>n+s are display$ by1 #abb2 w>n+s ( cold waves by1 #abf1 #abg2 def9ition ( 8cold wave0 by1 #abg1 #abh2 & tornado w>n+s1 #adf1 #adg2 on =eca/+1 #aea-aec2 rules = =eca/+ at ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 #aec-aee2 ext5t ( area "u obs]vation by1 #aee-aeh2 comp>ison ( crime & records (1 #bae2 ra9fall records by1 #bcg1 #bda2 record ( floods by1 #bda2 & fake prev5tion1 ( hail1 #bij2 /ations & obs]vations ( !1 #bia1 #bib2 f\r? national wea!r s]vice e/abli%$1 #big2 ! result ( ef=ts by ,am]ican sci5ti/s1 #bih2 va/ area "u daily obs]vation by1 #bih2 numb] ( obs]vations twice daily by1 #bih2 fir/ "w (1 reg>d$ z exp]im5tal1 #bii2 advance 9 effici5cy (1 #bii2 gr[+ fai? 9 "w (1 #bii2 its /udy ( types ( /orms1 #bii1 #cjj2 competitive exam9ations held by1 #cjj2 w>n+s by1 n[ accept$1 #cjj2 w>n+s ( ,we/ ,indian hurricanes by1 #cjj2 value ( prop]ty sav$ ?r\gh w>n+s (1 #cja2 utility ( w>n+s (1 #cja1 #cjb2 & w>n+s to m>9]s on ,great ,lakes1 #cjb2 inception ( /orms detect$ by1 #cjb2 expectations ( future =eca/+ by1 #cjc1 #cjd2 fir/ t5tative1 e/abli%$1 #cje ,uranium1 nucleus ( atom (1 #cb ,uranus1 atmosph]e (1 #c2 & heat f sun1 #c ,valleys1 influ5ce (1 on temp]ature1 #bjc1 #bjd ,vaporization1 lat5t heat (1 #eh1 #ei ,vegetation1 oxyg5 &1 #cf2 c>bon dioxide &1 #cf2 & fro/1 #he-ig ,velocity increas$ by altitude1 w9d's1 #aji-aaa ,v5tilation1 detrim5tal effects ( poor1 #cd2 ne$ (1 9 clos$ or l[ places1 #cf2 9 places ( habitation1 #cg2 & und]gr\nd ap>tm5ts1 #ahb1 #ahc ,v]a ,cruz1 ,mexico1 climate (1 #bji ,v]khoyansk1 ,sib]ia1 extremes ( temp]ature at1 #aif1 #aig2 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bgc ,vi5na1 ,au/ria1 ,*ri/mas ,day 91 #bga ,v-%ap$ ,l[s4 ,see ,,l[s ,w>m waves1 cause & duration (1 #acf1 #acg ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 pressure ( air at top (1 #gi ,wat]1 d5sity (1 comp>$ to air1 #ae2 inf9itesimal size ( molecule (1 #cj2 union ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 to con/itute1 #cb2 & bact]ia1 #dc2 comm]cial & sci5tific unit ( heat &1 #ej1 #ea2 boil+ po9t (1 #eh2 boil+ po9t (1 z gauge = altitude1 #fj1 #fa2 fro/ z affect$ by body (1 #ij1 #ia2 rejects heat by reflection1 #agb2 sol> rays p5etrate1 #agc2 temp]atures ( l>ge bodies (1 #agc2 diff]5ce 9 freez+ temp]ature ( fre% & salt1 #agc2 salt1 bett] conductor ( heat1 #agc2 a wond]ful ph5om5on ( fre%1 #agc-age2 l[ temp]ature (1 ( ocean bottoms1 #age1 #agf2 temp]ature (1 ( inclos$ seas & oceans1 #agf1 #agg2 latitude1 season & dep? *ange temp]ature (1 #agg1 #agh2 direction ( w9d affects %ore temp]ature (1 #agh2 has great capacity = heat1 #bjj1 #bja ,wat] vapor1 & e>?'s atmosph]e1 #h2 absorption ( sun's rays by1 #h2 level (1 #h2 "o ( e>?'s atmosph]es1 #bi2 d5sity (1 #cg2 v>ies accord+ to locality1 #cg1 #ch2 temp]ature &1 #ch2 precipitation (1 #ch1 #bca2 trans=mations (1 #ch2 & ! dew po9t1 #ch2 saturation po9t & temp]ature1 #ch2 measur$ by hygromet]1 #ci2 & fro/1 #he-ig2 protects e>? f freez+1 #agj2 *anges 9 sun's rays effect$ by1 #agj2 a sep>ate atmosph]e1 #bca2 & ra9drops1 #bhd2 ra9fall & in/antane\s precipitation ( all1 #bhe2 & sn[1 #bhe-bhg2 & fog1 #bhh ,waves1 diff]5ce betwe5 light1 heat & s\nd1 #ea2 l5g? ( diff]5t1 ( sol> en]gy1 #ea2 velocity (1 #ea1 #eb ,wea!r1 =eca/+1 ) an]oid b>omet]1 #gd-gi2 moon has no influ5ce on1 #ach-adj2 g5]al rules = =eca/+1 #adi-aec2 diff]5ce betwe5 climate &1 #afa2 *anges daily1 #afa2 expectations ( future =eca/+ (1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau 8,wea!r ,=eca/+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates01 #aea ,wea!r map1 value ( aviator 9 compil+1 #bc1 #aab-afj2 suppli$ by ,wea!r ,bureau1 #aab2 value (1 #aab1 #aac2 advantage ( famili>ity )1 #aac1 #aad2 me?od ( compil+1 #aad2 collection ( data =1 #aad1 #aae2 m>k+ isob>s on1 #aae2 ,highs & ,l[s (1 #aae1 #aaf2 indication ( /orm action on1 #aae2 arr[s fly ) w9d on1 #aaf1 #aag2 w9t] /orm ( #ahic on1 #aag-abc2 temp]ature read+s on1 #aai2 indication ( /orm c5t] on1 #aba2 mean+ ( r$ l9es on1 #abb1 #abc2 =eca/+ tornadoes by use (1 #add1 #ade2 g5]al rules = =eca/+ & !1 #adi-aec2 ,pr(4 ,h5ry compiles fir/1 #bif4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,wea!r obs]v]s1 volunt>y1 #ff-gi ,wea!r obs]vations1 f kites1 #fd2 me?od ( tak+1 #ff-gi2 ext5t ( area "u1 #aee2 practice ( e>ly meteorologi/s 91 #aee1 #aef2 advantages enjoy$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau 91 #aef-aeh4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,wea!r records1 s]ve ends ( ju/ice1 #gi-hc4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,weight1 diff]5ce betwe51 & pressure ( air1 #gg ,w5dham1 fir/ to use multiple plane kites1 #fd ,we/ ,indian ,hurricane4 ,see ,,hurricane ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va41 temp]ature ( e>? at dep? ( #cdij feet at1 #agi ,wilson1 ,presid5t ,woodr[1 removes ,pr(4 ,moore f (fice ( *ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 #cjf ,w9d1 & pressure ( ! globe1 #ih-aaa2 :y x bl[s1 #aaf2 cause ( v>iation 9 velocity (1 #aaf-aag ,w9ds1 trade1 #aja1 #ajb2 ( middle latitudes1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ra91 ( tropics1 #ajd1 #aje2 ra9 9 ! region ( we/1 #aje2 v>iations 9 coa/al1 #ajf2 monsoon1 #ajf1 #ajg2 ,fhn1 #ajg2 ,*9ook1 #ajg2 deflect$ by e>?'s rotation1 #ajg-aji2 velocity (1 z affect$ by altitude1 #aji-aaa2 ,we/ ,indian hurricane1 #acc1 #acd2 ( ,galve/on hurricane1 #acd2 ( tornadoes1 #ada-adh2 ( latitudes #cj nor? & s\?1 #aid ,w9t] resorts1 ) favorable climate1 #bea ,w9t] /orm ( #ahic1 #aag-abc ,w9t] temp]ature gradi5ts 9 iso!rmal /ratum1 #ab ,x5on1 #cc ,yakutsk1 ,sib]ia1 annual range ( temp]ature at1 #afi ,z]o1 absolute1 #fb ,,footnotes3 #a ,unless o!rwise express$ 9 ?is book x w be und]/ood t all temp]atures are record$ by ! ,fahr5heit scale4 #b ,! au?or wi%es t ?is 7 lit]ally true1 = he believes t no great man or great woman ev] 0 born f a "m ) a pa9t$ face1 dy$ lips1 false hair1 & a body pitifully di/ort$ by ungracefully ambl+ ab\t 9 high heel$ %oes4 ,! p[] ( sugge/ion is s great 9 its influ5ce on ! pla/ic m9d ( y\? t a "m :o is little else ?an a p]ambulat+ falsehood w leave desc5dants want+ 9 _m if n all ( ! attributes ( manly & womanly virtues4 #c ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #d 8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,geography01 ,hunt+ton & ,cu%+4 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,"s ,*>ts & ,figures h be5 mov$ to be clos] to ! text p>agraph !y illu/rate4 ,! v l>ge wide multi-page table on relative humidity on pages #fi1 #gj & #ga has be5 split into sev5 p>ts to keep ! wid? "u #ge *>act]s4 ,! wide tables on pages #bfb1 #bfc & #bfd h ea* be5 split into two p>ts4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #ac3 #8important in=m ion' replac$ by #8important in=mation'4 ,pg #bc3 #8co-op]ation ( !' replac$ by #8cop]ation ( !'4 ,pg #fb3 #8temp]ature ( #dei' replac$ by #8temp]ature ( -#dei'4 ,pg #fb3 #8& #bgc4a on !' replac$ by #8& -#bgc4a on !'4 ,pg #gj3 ,table3 #8#bj' replac$ by #8#cj' 7,temp#fc1 ,diff#ae74 ,pg #ga3 ,table3 #8#da' replac$ by #8#ea' 7,temp#aab1 ,diff#ah74 ,pg #aca3 #8?\s& ( *imneys' replac$ by #8?\s&s ( *imneys'4 ,pg #afh3 #8dep? ( #bj4b1 &' replac$ by #8dep? ( #bj4b1 &'4 ,pg #baj3 #8( ,pittsburg &' replac$ by #8( ,pittsburgh &'4 ,pg #bad3 #8,humbolt says' replac$ by #8,humboldt says'4 ,pg #cjj3 #8d$uctions !re=m' replac$ by #8d$uctions !refrom'4