,,email #aja by ,john ,goodw91 ?is is an ,alpha te/ v]sion1 y\r sugge/ions w be includ$ 9 ! ,beta te/ v]sions1 & 9 ! f9al editions4 ,?is r\gh v]sion is miss+ #h out ( #bh *apt]s & #a out ( #e app5dices4 ,copyright 7c7 #aiic by ,john ,e4 ,goodw94 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,y may make & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ^! c\rse notes = non-comm]cial purposes us+ any means1 provid$ ?is copyright notice is pres]v$ on all copies4 ,= in=mation on tak+ ! int]network+ c\rse1 contact ,john ,goodw9 7jgoodw9adcalc4fnal4gov7 ,p4,o4 ,box #fjbb ,/4 ,*>les1 ,,il #fjagd1 ,u4,s4,a4 #a title ,e-,,mail #aja ,if y l ^? little ma*9es t give y #bd h\r access to y\r bank acc\nt1 y'll love ! ,int]net4 ,i suppose !re are /ill p :o1 giv5 a *oice1 w g to a drive-?r\gh tell] j s !y c deal ) a live p]son in/ead ( a ma*9e4 ,b ev5 ^? p w admit t x is nice to h ! option ( do+ ?+s = y\rself1 on y\r own s*$ule1 any:]e4 ,d y rememb] :at x 0 l be=e automatic tell]s8 ,banks clos$ at #c p4m4 on weekdays4 ,ea* ,saturday y _h to guess h[ mu* money y w\ld ne$ = ! foll[+ week4 ,if y 7 wrong y _h to ca% a *eck at a food /ore 7& maybe buy some?+ y didn't want74 ,& if y 7 out ( t[n8 ,well1 !re 7 always cr$it c>ds4 ,we don't d t anymore4 ,i ?9k _m p g to ! automatic tell] because !y l ! privacy ( h&l+ _! own bus9ess )\t hav+ to expla9 x all to someone else4 ,& we l ! illusion ( hav+ access to our own acc\nt anytime we want4 ,!re are disadvantages to us+ an automatic tell] c>d too--y may h to pay a fee ea* mon? or ev5 = ea* transaction--& y h to rememb] to d$uct ^? fees f y\r acc\nt balance or y w b\nce *ecks4 ,b ,i'll bet y feel pretty compet5t us+ an automatic tell] & don't lose mu* sleep worry+ ov] ! fees4 ,?is c\rse is design$ to give y t same s5se ( fre$om & compet5ce ) ! ,int]net t y h ) an automatic tell] ma*9e or ! telephone4 ,) a home comput]1 a modem1 & communications s(tw>e1 y c connect to o!r comput]s ov] ! phone l9e to ex*ange electronic mail 7,e-mail71 trade files1 or se>* = in=mation4 ,_m ( ^? comput]s are connect$ to ! worldwide network call$ ! ,int]net4 ,"s few ( !m w--= a fee--let 99y99 connect to ! ,int]net4 ,f !re y c dial any ( #ijj1jjj or m comput]s1 s5d ,e-mail to any ( #be million p1 & access hundr$s ( free1 in=mative s]vices4 ,9 %ort1 y are on ! v]ge ( a new me?od ( communicat+ ) p & ma*9es call$ int]network+4 ,int]network+ lets y3 o ,avoid play+ phone tag2 o ,sign up to receive special int]e/ electronic newslett]s & j\rnals2 o ,access hundr$s ( in=mation s]vices & docum5t collections 9 exactly ! same way--no ne$ to h hundr$s ( sets ( diff]5t in/ructions or hundr$s ( 7exp5sive7 special purpose s(tw>e packages2 o ,f9d & communicate ) o!r p :o %>e y\r int]e/s4 ,int]network+ is an ess5tial skill = ! '#ijs4 ,y\r *ildr5 w f9d x z common z view+ television or us+ ! telephone4 ,x /ill has a few r\gh edges--b we'll expla9 ^?4 ,!re is actually no s+le network own$ by "o company call$ ! ,int]net4 ,in/ead1 _m m$ium-siz$ networks h gr[n toge!r to create a phone sy/em t connects toge!r ne>ly a million comput]s4 ,_m hundr$s ( ^! comput]s all[ "s =m ( public access4 ,y c get ! late/ news or wea!r1 d[nload in=mation ab\t ,gov]nm5t programs or high-te* products1 se>* on-l9e libr>y catalogues & databases1 d[nload free s(tw>e1 & d _m o!r ?+s1 ) little or no monet>y inve/m5t beyond ! co/ ( y\r home comput]4 ,us+ ! ,int]net ne$ n be exp5sive3 y c get on ! ,int]net = z little z #aj a mon? if y own 7#a7 a home comput]1 7#b7 a #ej modem1 & 7#c7 "s communications s(tw>e 7"u #ajj74 ,!re are m exp5sive ways to connect to ! ,int]net1 ( c\rse4 ,^! ways make s5se = bus9esses or organizations t make heavy use ( ! network4 ,b 9 ?is c\rse we w discuss me?ods t co/ 9 ! #aj-dj_/mon? range4 ,^! me?ods are suitable = explor+ ! net aft] h\rs & = casual use4 ,we w provide "s basic in=mation ab\t m exp5sive me?ods ( connect+ 7,app5dix ,c7 s t y c make in=m$ decisions if y\r network+ ne$s %\ld increase 9 ! future4 ,int]network+ well means ma/]+ a :ole ho/ ( skills--connect+ two comput]s toge!r us+ ! ,int]net is j ! beg9n+4 ,y h to le>n me?ods = transf]r+ in=mation f ! remote comput] to y\r own4 ,?is is a complex task t may involve us+ a file transf] protocol & compression te*niques4 ,because ! in=mation _w is s va/1 y\r bigge/ problem w mo/ likely n be connect+ to ! ,int]net4 ,x w be f9d+ :at y want4 ,?us1 ?is c\rse cov]s n only ! me*anics ( mak+ a connection & transf]r+ files1 b te*niques = locat+ mat]ial z well4 ,& ( c\rse y w want to be savvy ab\t ! co/s ( diff]5t connection me?ods4 ,?is means e/imat+ :e!r x w co/ y m p] ,megabyte to transf] ! in=mation or to h x fax$ to y by a fri5dly libr>ian4 ,?is c\rse is int5d$ = ! g5]al public--/ud5ts1 bus9essp]sons1 libr>ians1 tea*]s1 writ]s1 j\rnali/s--9 fact anyone :o ne$s to f9d in=mation & communicate ) o!rs4 ,:e!r y are rese>*+ a pap]1 writ+ an article1 or try+ to get te*nical in=mation on a product1 y w use ^! te*niques ov] & ov]4 ,*apt]s m>k$ ) an a/]isk are omitt$ f ?is edition4 ,,c\rse ,,cont5ts #a 3 ,! ,pa/ & ! ,future ( ,int]network+ #b 3 ,:at ,is ! ,int]net8 #c 3 ,h[ ,d ,i ,connect to ! ,int]net8 #d 3 ,:o ,pays = ! ,int]net8 #e 3 ,int]net ,basics #f 3 ,gett+ on ! ,int]net ,/ep by ,/ep #g 3 ,programs & ,pictures #h 3 ,file ,compression ,me?ods = ,fa/] ,transf] #i 3 ,:at to ,d ,:5 ,y ,only ,h ,e-mail #aj 3 ,employee ,developm5t3 ,h[ to ,get ,y\r ,employees ,int]network+ ,"p ,,ii ,special ,conc]ns #aa 3 ,special = ,bus9esses #ab 3 ,special = ,/ud5ts & _! ,p>5ts #ac 3 ,special = ,writ]s1 ,j\rnali/s1 ,publi%]s1 & ,pr9t]s #ad 3 ,special = ,elem5t>y & ,high ,s*ool ,tea*]s #ae 3 ,special = ,libr>ians #af 3 ,special = ,s*ol>s #ag 3 ,special = ,*ur*es1 ,synagogues1 & ,mosques ,"p ,,iii ,rese>*1 ,organization1 & ,writ+ #ah 3 ,rese>* ,me?ods ,i3 ,basic ,navigation ,me?ods 99#ai 3 ,rese>* ,me?ods ,,ii3 ,us5et ,newsgr\ps #bj 3 ,rese>* ,me?ods ,,iii3 ,advanc$ ,te*niques 99#ba 3 ,organiz+ ,in=mation 99#bb 3 ,in=mation ,/ructures 99#bc 3 ,boolean ,logic 99#bd 3 ,writ+ = an ,int]network$ ,_w3 ,basic ,problems 99#be 3 ,writ+ = an ,int]network$ ,_w3 ,gett+ ,?r\gh to y\r ,audi5ce ,"p ,,iv ,res\rces 99#bf 3 ,! ,int]net ,address ,book #bg 3 ,bibliography 99#bh 3 ,gloss>y ,app5dix ,a4 ,comput] ,h9ts = ! 99,really99 ,gre5 ,app5dix ,b4 ,us+ a ,modem 99,app5dix ,c4 ,te*nical ,details ( an ,int]net ,connection ,app5dix ,d4 ,j ,en\gh ,,unix ,app5dix ,e4 ,! ,t5 ,be/ ,?+s ,to ,get ,if ,y ,only ,h ,e-,mail ,*apt] #a ,! ,pa/ & ,future ( ,int]network+ ,!re is an old fa%ion$ way to connect ) o!r comput]s & %>e in=mation & !re is a mod]n way4 ,x is helpful to comp>e ! two me?ods briefly 9 ord] to make contact ) me?ods y may already "k & to %[ (f ! advantages ( us+ ! ,int]net4 ,! old fa%ion$ 7ca4 #aihj7 me?od ( mak+ contact ) o!r comput]s is ?r\gh a bullet9 bo>d s]vice 7,,bbs74 ,bullet9 bo>d s]vices grew up 9 ! late #gjs z a me?od = %>+ s(tw>e1 talk+1 play+ games1 etc4 ) a p]sonal comput]4 ,!y range 9 size f small special int]e/ ,bullet9 ,bo>ds ) a local foll[+ to giant national bo>ds l ,compu,serve1 ,g,enie1 & ,! ,s\rce4 ,y access a bullet9 bo>d ) a modem & communication s(tw>e by dial+ a telephone numb]4 ,( c\rse1 if y don't live 9 ! local area ( ! ,,bbs y h to use a long di/ance c>ri]4 ,?is may add a c\ple doll>s p] h\r to ! connect fee4 ,! basic s]vices (f]$ by a ,bullet9 ,bo>d & by ! ,int]net are simil>3 7#a7 ,access to a ho/ comput] 7,int]net ,,telnet comm&7 7#b7 ,file transf] capability 7,int]net ,,ftp comm&7 7#c7 ,! ability to contact o!r ,,bbs memb]s individually 7,int]net ,e-mail7 7#d7 ,! ability to po/ messages = g5]al consumption 9 any ( sev]al catagories4 7,us5et ,newsgr\ps7 ,! diff]5ce is t :]eas ea* ,,bbs has its own dialup proc$ure1 m5u int]face1 file transf] me?ods1 bill+ policies1 & s on1 ,,! ,,int]net ,,uses ,,"o ,,me?od ,,= ,,all ,,comput]s ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,! sav+s 9 t]ms ( ! le>n+ curve is /agg]+4 ,once y "k h[ to use anonym\s ,,ftp y "k h[ to get in=mation f 99hundr$s99 ( provid]s4 ,x is l ! diff]5ce betwe5 us+ ! po/al s]vice or us+ a special c\ri] = ea* p]son y write a lett] to4 ,once y "k h[ to address ! envelope & put ! /amp on1 y c write anyone4 ,! ,int]net has ! add$ sav+s t any communications s(tw>e y buy = x works ) all provid]s4 ,y d n h to buy 7or cu/omize7 special s(tw>e = ea* in=mation provid]4 ,?us y c use "o famili> graphical us] int]face 7w9d[s program7 to connect ) any comput]4 ,! usual situation :]e y h to buy a special cli5t program to connect to ea* k9d ( s]v] is replac$ ) a situation 9 :i* y h a s+le program t any s]v] out !re has to comply )4 ,?is /&>dization is ! ma9 advantage ( us+ ! ,int]net4 ,bullet9 ,bo>ds are /ill ar\nd4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! easie/ ways to connect to ! ,int]net is ?r\gh a national bullet9 bo>d s]vice4 ,"o disadvantage ( ?is me?od is t--z ( ?is writ+--national ,,bbs's l ,compu,serve (f] only ,e-mail4 ,y c't ,,ftp or ,telnet f !m4 ,& !y (t5 *>ge p] message = ,e-mail1 s us+ !m c be q exp5sive4 ,!re are bett] ways4 ,*apt] #b ,:at is ! ,int]net8 ,! be/ way to ?9k ( ! ,int]net is z a communications m$ium l ! ,telephone1 ,television1 or ! ,po/al ,s]vice4 ,us+ ! ,int]net y c s5d a any writt5 text by ,e-mail4 ,?is is r l mail+ a lett] & hav+ x arrive 9 seconds--?ree days 9 ! mo/ backw>ds p>ts ( ! _w4 ,us+ a special protocol call$ ,file ,transf] ,protocol y c transf] text files t are too long to mail 7ov] ab\t #ej pages7 or ev5 transf] graphics & programs4 ,if ,e-mail is ! equival5t ( talk+ to a p]son1 !n ,telnet1 ! ?ird ma9 ,int]net s]vice1 is equival5t to telephon+ a comput]4 ,z long z y "k ! password = logg+ on to a comput]1 y c access & se>* any ( ne>ly a million comput]s4 ,details ( ,e-mail1 ,,ftp1 & ,telnet are conta9$ 9 ,*apt] #e1 ,int]net ,basics4 ,?is *apt] puts ! ,int]net into context4 ,r ?an conc5trat+ on ! trees t w occupy u 9 lat] *apt]s1 x pa9ts a big picture ( ! comput+ _w 9 :i* ! ,int]net has evolv$4 ,:5 y pick up a telephone receiv] y "k y c dial h\seholds1 bus9esses1 or gov]nm5t (fices4 ,y c dial #hjj numb]s or #daa = in=mation4 ,y "k h[ to get ! "t or wea!r1 get y\r cr$it c>d balance1 or leave a message on an answ]+ ma*9e4 ,9 %ort1 y h a good idea ( :at might possibly be at ! o!r end ( ! l9e & a great deal ( exp]i5ce ) negotiat+ _! v>i\s intricacies4 ,b y are new to ! ,int]net4 ,"s s5se ( :at's out !re 9 ?is new _w is necess>y to avoid gett+ lo/ 9 ! ?ickets ( acronyms1 numb]s1 & proc$ures develop$ by diff]5t v5dors4 ,z we approa* ! middle ( ! #ijs1 ! normal work+ situation 9 (fices is approa*+ some?+ l ?is3 !re is a ,local ,area ,network 7,,lan7 connect+ toge!r p]sonal comput]s1 work/ations1 & ma9frames ( diff]5t makes4 ,! ,,lan 7pron\nc$ l l& )\t ! d7 may be connect$ to o!r ,l,a,ns z "p ( a ,wide ,area ,network 7,,wan74 ,! ,,wan may or may n be "p ( ! global network call$ ! ,int]net4 ,9 colleges1 univ]sities1 & rese>* laboratories x likely is "p ( ! ,int]net2 9 ! comm]cial _w1 except = a few high-te* companies1 x likely is n4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 academia & ! comm]ical _w is rapidly becom+ blurr$4 ,9 addition to ! ,l,a,ns & ,w,a,ns !re are _m1 _m home & (fice comput]s t 99c\ld99 be "p ( ! global network us+ a modem-to- ho/ connection4 ,^! comput]s c be ! portable comput]s ( outside salesp]sons connect+ to ! c5tral (fice to file a report1 a comput] 9 a home-op]at$ desktop publi%+ company connect+ briefly to ! ,int]net to get a graphic = a newslett]1 or a p>5t s5d+ ,e-mail to _! *ild at college4 ,section #b4a ,gett+ ,ov] ,%ell-,%ock ,let's face x4 ,n _m memb]s ( ! public--ev5 ! comput] lit]ate public-are on ! ,int]net4 ,!re are ?ree reasons t us+ ! ,int]net = ! fir/ "t c be r intimidat+1 ev5 ?\gh x is actually r simple to use1 :5 y get d[n to ! nitty- gritty ( int]network+3 o ,gett+ on to ! ,int]net c be a little bit complicat$2 o ,! capability ( logg+ on to comput]s y've nev] us$ be=e by its v nature means fac+ unfamili>--& h5ce uncom=table-- situations2 & o ,! _w is a v big place4 ,i l to ?9k ( ! fir/ problem--gett+ on to ! ,int]net--by rememb]+ :at x 0 l us+ an alt]native long di/ance s]vice be=e ! breakup ( ! ,bell monopoly4 ,p :o us$ ! alt]native c>ri]s _h to dial all sorts ( access codes--v (t5 a local access numb]1 a cr$it c>d numb]1 a security code1 99&99 ! numb] ( ! p>ty !y 7 call+4 ,!y knew t :atev] came aft] t 0 go+ to be easi]4 ,t's :at gett+ on ! ,int]net is l4 ,y may h to dial a local access numb]1 get y\r modem sett+s "r1 & type ! "r magic comb9ation ( words2 b aft] all t1 actually 99us+99 ! ,int]net is simple4 ,we'll talk y ?r\gh ! initial /eps--aft] a :ile 7& "s fru/ration7 x w be z unconsci\s z unlock+ y\r front door or tun+ a television set4 ,! second problem is a little m sub/antial4 ,us+ ! ,int]net1 y c get y\rself into situations t are1 well1 exp]im5tal4 ,because ! ,int]net gives y ! fre$om to g any:]e & d any?+--at lea/ if y "k ! passwords--y c uncov] /range incompatibilities & unfamili> sy/ems4 ,i call ?is exp]i5ce %ell %ock4 ,at "s po9t y w likely f9d y\rself face to face ) a comput] program t expects y to type a comm& y don't happ5 to "k4 ,y c mo/ly avoid su* situations by only try+ ?+s ab\t :i* y h good in=mation4 ,! situation is n mu* diff]5t f us+ a telephone3 if y /ick to well-worn pa?s l dial+ local numb]s or simple long di/ance calls1 y w h little tr\ble2 b if y />t dial+ o!r c\ntries or special numb]s y may be 9 = a surprise or two4 ,:5 y d log on to a new 7previ\sly unkn[n7 comput]1 y c expect to come face to face ) some?+ call$ a %ell prompt4 ,%ell prompts look l ?is3 7or "s o!r obscure symbol1 l a doll>-sign7 or ?is3 mail 7a fav\rite--means y're 9 "s sort ( mail program7 or l ?is3 prez#bc3 7means #bcrd comm& s9ce y logg$ into comput] prez74 ,a prompt means ! o!r comput] expects y to type a comm& = its %ell1 or comm& int]pret]4 ,! %ell is ! out] lay] t y1 ! us]1 int]act )4 ,two o!r types ( us] int]faces y might enc\nt] are3 o m5u sy/ems t give y *oice ( numb]s o w9d[ sy/ems or graphical us] int]faces 7,g,u,is1 pron\nc$ gooey74 ,m5u sy/ems are popul> on bullet9 bo>d s]vices1 & usually pres5t no problem to ! novice4 ,_! weakness is t !y get cloy+ aft] ab\t five m9utes4 ,mo/ m5u sy/ems t are design$ to be us$ = t l5g? ( "t or long] h a comm& mode1 :]e y get--y guess$ x--a %ell prompt4 ,ev5 w9d[+ sy/ems 7y "k if y h "o ( ^!7 v (t5 give y a w9d[ t emulates a t]m9al1 i4e4 t gives y a %ell prompt inside4 ,s1 y see1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree common us] int]faces--comm& l9e1 m5u-driv51 or graphical us] int]face--y w likely enc\nt]1 at "s "t 9 y\r life1 a %ell prompt4 ,advice on ?+s t w likely "w to get y />t$ is giv5 "h & 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,"s exp]i5ce ( o!r k9ds ( comput]s1 especially comput]s t use ! ,,unix op]at+ sy/em is useful4 ,"s tips ab\t us+ ,,unix & o!r op]at+ sy/ems y may n h enc\nt]$ be=e is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,d4 ,if y d get /uck1 :e!r by be+ exp]im5tal or j by accid5t1 x is helpful to rememb] a few po9ts3 o ,y c always disconnect f a remote s]vice by us+ y\r communications s(tw>e to hang up4 o ,if ! comput] gives y a /range symbol l a p]c5t sign or a doll> sign & j sits & />es at y1 y c try help or 8 to try to f9d out :at ! comput] expects1 or else try exit1 quit1 bye1 log(f1 or some?+ simil>1 to return to :]e y 7 be=e4 o ,_m times1 :5 y log on to a sy/em1 y w get in/ructions on h[ to get fur!r help or h[ to escape back to y\r own sy/em4 ,y %\ld rememb] ^! or write !m d[n6 o ,z a la/ resort1 exit ! communications program 7& all o!r active programs7 & %ut (f y\r comput]1 turn (f y\r modem1 & disconnect x f ! phone l9e4 ,be sure to d ^! /eps 9 ! ord] prescrib$4 ,x is unwise 7?\gh tempt+7 to simply turn y\r comput] (f & on1 or to pull ! plug on y\r modem ) y\r comput] runn+4 ,m sugge/ions = ! inexp]i5c$ are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,! f9al hurdle to us+ ! ,int]net is t ! _w1 ev5 ! _w ( ! ,int]net1 is inde$ a v l>ge place4 ,:5 us+ ! ,int]net y h to decide3 o :]e to g2 o :at in=mation y want 7& :]e x might be72 & o h[ to get to x 7& get x back home intact74 ,= a sy/em z va/ z ! ,int]net1 ^! are h>d decisions4 ,(t51 ! only /rategy t works is to explore & try diff]5t ?+s4 ,?is c\rse is design$ to get y ov] ! initial hurdles1 give y a fair gr\nd+ 9 me?ods t "w1 & po9t y 9 ! "r direction4 ,! exploration is up to y4 ,z an initial ori5tation1 we describe ! ?ree worlds ( ! kn[n ,int]net 9 ! next section4 ,section #b4b ,! ,?ree ,worlds ( ! ,kn[n ,int]net ,! ,int]net1 l anci5t ,gaul1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are n s mu* t]ritories z worlds1 ea* ) _! own sets ( assumptions1 favorite dialects1 & favor$ equipm5t4 ,we may conv5i5tly ref] to !m z ! ,,pc _w1 ! ,,unix _w1 & ! ,ma9frame _w4 ,"h's a dossi] on ea* ( ! ?ree worlds3 ,_w3 ,p]sonal ,comput] 7,,pc7 ,typical ,equipm5t3 ,,ibm ,,pc & clones 7#he7 1 ,mac9to% 7#ae7 ,conv5tional ,op]at+ ,sy/ems3 ,,ms-,,dos1 ,,os_/#b ,w9d[+ ,sy/ems3 ,w9d[s1 ,mac,o,s ,typical ,size3 ,,pc 7#ak to #ek typical2 few #ajj us$7 ,cli5tele3 ,mix$--,bus9ess1 ,home us]s1 j ab\t ev]ybody ,_w3 7mo/ly ,,unix7 work/ation ,typical ,equipm5t3 ,sun ,work/ation1 ,v,a,x,stations1 o!r v5dors ,conv5tional ,op]at+ ,sy/ems3 ,,unix 7two major dialects71 ,,vms ,w9d[+ ,sy/em3 ,x ,w9d[s ,typical ,size3 ,work/ation 7#ek & up7 ,cli5tele3 ,eng9e]+_/,sci5tific us]s2 m & m bus9esses ,_w3 ,ma9frame or ,m9icomput] ,typical ,equipm5t3 ,,ibm 7v>i\s71 ,digital ,equipm5t ,v,a,xes ,conv5tional ,op]at+ ,sy/ems3 ,,vm1 ,,vms1 ,,unix ,w9d[+ ,sy/ems3 ,x ,w9d[s1 if available ,typical ,size3 ,m9icomput] or ,ma9frame 7#ajk to millions7 ,cli5tele3 ,big ,bus9ess1 ,univ]sities1 ,gov]nm5t ,! neat picture ( ?ree worlds is di/ort$ some:at by a t5d5cy = ea* ( ! worlds to h two 7or a few7 major options1 ei!r 9 *oice ( equipm5t1 op]at+ sy/em1 or v5dor4 ,s1 = example1 ! ,,pc _w is split into two camps1 ! ,,ms-,,dos p & ! ,mac p4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,,unix _w is split into ! ,,bsd work/ations & ,sy/em ,v 7i4e4 #e7 work/ations4 ,! ?ree worlds are reflect$ some:at 9 network+4 ,! ,int]net is dom9at$ by m9icomput]s & work/ations runn+ ,,unix & ,,vms1 ) an ev] increas+ influx ( ,p,cs runn+ ,,ms-,,dos & ,macs4 ,ma*9es runn+ o!r op]at+ sy/ems (t5 put a ,,unix-l foot =w>d1 s ! us] c almo/ believe he or %e is deal+ ) ,,unix ma*9es4 ,!re is a c]ta9 s5se t ! ,,unix s(tw>e is ! /&>d = ! ,int]net4 ,s(tw>e t5ds to appe> on ,,unix ma*9es fir/ & !n be port$ to o!r ma*9es4 ,:at makes x possible = all ^! disp>ate ma*9es to talk to ea* o!r is ! ,int]net ,protocol 7kn[n m =mally z ,,tcp_/,,ip1 = ,transport ,control ,protocol_/,int]net ,protocol74 ,,tcp_/,,ip c be ?\ght ( z a set ( rules = two comput]s to use :5 !y communicate ) ea* o!r1 ev5 if !y are n f ! same v5dor4 ,we are us$ to ?9k+ ( comput] sy/ems z hav+ s(tw>e & h>dw>e1 b x is clos] to ! tru? to say t complicat$ sy/ems l ! ,int]net h _m levels--9 ! case ( ! ,int]net z _m z sev5--rang+ f v s(tw>e to v h>dw>e4 ,ea* level has its own set ( rules1 call$ its protocol4 ,! ,,tcp_/,,ip protocol belongs to two ( ! middle levels4 ,at ! mom5t1 ! mo/ common protocol = ! two mo/ v h>dw>e levels is ,e!rnet 7looks r l ! coaxial cable us$ = cable ,,tv71 :ile ! v s(tw>e levels are completely dep5d5t on ! v5dor4 ,9 fact1 x is ?is pr(usion ( levels :i* lets ! ,int]net "w on j ab\t any k9d ( h>dw>e & ) s(tw>e f _m diff]5t v5dors4 ,anyway1 ! ,int]net grew up z sev]al m$ium-siz$ networks1 all hav+ diff5t v h>dw>e & v s(tw>e1 b us+ ! ,,tcp_/,,ip protocol = _! middle lay]s1 7 connect$ toge!r4 ,two ( ! fir/1 & bigge/1 nets to adopt ! ,int]net ,protocol 7 ,a,r,p,anet-- ,int]net 0 fir/ design$ = ?is "o--! network = :at us$ to be call$ ,,d>pa 7! ,def5se ,advanc$ ,rese>* ,projects ,ag5cy ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se71 & ,n,s,fnet1 a network connect+ univ]sities & gov]nm5t laboratories = ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4 ,^! & o!r l>ge networks =m ! backbone ( ! ,int]net4 ,b today !re are hundr$s ( small] nets hook$ on to ! backbones4 ,!re 99are99 big networks t don't use ,,tcp_/,,ip4 ,= example1 9 ! context ( ,,ibm ma9frames at l>ge univ]sities & rese>* in/itutions1 ,b,i,tnet 7,! ,because ,x's ,"t ,network7 em]g$4 ,?is l>ge worldwide network does n use ! ,int]net protocol4 ,b,i,tnet c be rea*$ f ! ,int]net ?r\gh special translators call$ gateways1 b x is def9itely a diff]5t network4 ,occasionally "o enc\nt]s problems t c be trac$ to ?is fact4 ,section #b4c ,! ,future ( ! ,int]net ,! future ( any te*nology is difficult to =ca/1 & ,i d n pr(ess to "k :at ! future holds = ! ,int]net4 ,"s pr$ictions t v>i\s =ca/]s h made = int]network+ 7& telecommunications 9 g5]al7 are3 o ,a proposal = a data sup]highway call$ ! ,,nr5 7,national ,rese>* & ,education ,network7 w pass ! ,u4,s4 ,congress4 ,?is is an upgrade = ! ,int]net4 o ,comm]cial use ( ! ,int]net w become m common & new s*emes = *>g+ = its use w em]ge4 o ,! ,int]net w be h&$ by ! gov]nm5t ov] to ,,at,t & ! o!r telecoms1 :o w *>ge s mu* to access x t ! :ole s*eme w collapse4 o ,optical ,fib] w replace ,coaxial ,cable 7,e!rnet protocol7 z ! mo/ common /&>d = ,l,a,ns4 o ,! ,int]net w ent] ! home ov] ord9>y phone l9es4 o ,! ,int]net w ent] ! home ov] exi/+ ,cable ,,tv coaxial cable4 o ,! ,int]net w ent] ! home ?r\gh newly /rung optical fib] z "p ( a unifi$ sy/em = ,telephony1 ,cable ,,tv1 & ! data communication1 us+ ins]t y\r favorite protocol "h z a /&>d4 o ,p]sonal ,comput]s w replace telephones1 answ]+ ma*9es1 /]eos1 ,,cd play]s1 & ,v,c,rs--maybe ev5 ,,tv6--z a s+le1 univ]sal device = home use4 ,s\nds l a good ?+ to connect to ! ,,nr54 o ,comput] & telephone te*nology w become s int]tw9$ t x is h>d to tell ! diff]5ce4 ,"o product1 already on ! m>ket1 is describ$ z a h&held alphanum]ic pag]1 an ,,xt-compatible comput] ) a backlit scre5 & ,,pcmcia ,type ,,iii slot1 a fax_/modem1 a cellul> & l&-l9e phone1 & a voice record]6 ,y are welcome to believe all or none ( ^! pr$ictions4 ,*apt] #c ,h[ ,d ,i ,connect ,to ! ,int]net8 ,connect+ to ! ,int]net involves sev]al /eps3 7#a7 ,gett+ y\r modem & communications s(tw>e work+ toge!r 7#b7 ,connect+ to a provid] ov] ! phone l9es 7or a ,,lan7 7#c7 ,us+ ,int]net s]vices ,= ! fir/ /ep y w h to rely on ! manuals t came ) y\r modem & s(tw>e4 ,app5dix ,b conta9s a discussion ( "s ( ! obscur] t]m9ology associat$ ) modem sett+s4 ,y might want to read x if y\r manual is n well writt54 ,actually1 y d n h to "k ab\t ! second /ep 9 great detail4 ,mo/ly x is a matt] ( kn[+ en\gh to intelleg5tly *oose a provid]4 ,ea* provid] w h a specific set ( /eps--modem sett+s1 access numb]s1 passwords1 etc4--t y ne$ to foll[ 9 ord] to get f y to ! provid]4 ,don't lose hope6 ,once y get !re y've f9i%$ ! h>de/ "p4 ,*apt] #f conta9s v explicit in/ructions = connect+ to "o p>ticul> s]vice1 ,,delphi4 ,/ep #c is ! subject ( ! re/ ( ?is c\rse--:at y c d once y're on4 ,! basics are discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,section #c4a ,connection ,me?ods ,9 !ory1 !re are ?ree ways to connect to ! ,int]net f a p]sonal comput] or work/ation3 7#a7 ,y\r ,,pc may h a direct connection4 ,?is means t x is "p ( a ,local ,area ,network 7,,lan7 t is 9 turn connect$ to "o ( ! compon5t ,wide ,area ,networks ( ! ,int]net4 ,y\r comput] w h its own ,int]net ,protocol 7,,ip7 ,address4 ,?is type ( connection is common 9 (fices1 especially ( high-te* firms1 b def9itely n = home use4 7#b7 ,y may h a connection to a ho/ comput] t is directly connect$ to ! net4 ,if y c use a modem to connect y\r home ,,pc to ! ma9frame at ! (fice & ! ma9frame is on ! net1 !n y c get an ,int]net connection t way4 ,b :at if y\r (fice doesn't h a ma9frame on ! net8 ,y c /ill subscribe to a s]vice t makes a ho/ comput] available to ! public4 ,?is is pres5tly ! *eape/ & mo/ common me?od = public access to ! net4 7#c7 ,!re is a connection me?od 9 betwe5 cases 7#a7 & 7#b7 call$ a ,s]ial ,l9e ,int]net ,protocol 7,,slip7 connection4 ,y dial up a special ho/ comput]--j l case 7#b7--;call$ a ,,slip-s]v]4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! ,,slip s]v] gives y a tempor>y ,,ip address & talks to y\r comput] us+ ! ,int]net ,protocol4 ,?is requires y\r comput]'s s(tw>e to speak ,,slip4 ,y\r comput] ?9ks x is us+ case 7#a7 ev5 ?\gh y\r actual connection is clos] to /ep #b4 ,! advantage ( fool+ y\r t]m9al into ?9k+ x has a direct connection is t x c use all ! fancy1 free s(tw>e develop$ = comput]s ) direct connections4 ,! s(tw>e = a ,,slip connection is be+ built into all new communications s(tw>e4 ,if y j b\ght or upgrad$ y\r s(tw>e1 y probably h ,,slip capability already4 ,! cat*8 ,,slip is too sl[ on a *eap #bdjj baud modem4 ,b if y buy a fa/ ,,fax modem x works f9e4 ,t's "o reason t a #cej ,,fax modem is a good inve/m5t4 ,x is fa/ en\gh = ,,slip & gives y ! ability to s5d & receive ,f,a,xes z well4 ,,slip te*nology is /ill r new & some:at exp]im5tal1 s ?is discussion w focus on ! old reliable--me?od #b4 ,h[ d y f9d a s]vice t w give ! public access to ! ,int]net8 ,dep5d+ on :]e y live1 y may h a provid] y c call 9 y\r local area code4 ,if n1 !n mo/ ( y\r problem w be f9d+ ! *eape/ way to make a long di/ance phone call4 ,?is book does n h a li/ ( provid]s1 s9ce su* a li/ w get out ( date rapidly4 ,in/ead1 x gives y "o *eap way to get on ! ,int]net1 !n gives y in/ructions on h[ to f9d out :o ! provid]s are & :at _! rates are4 ,i w\ld r tea* y h[ to look out = y\rself ?an j give y "s outdat$ advice4 ,?is me?od also has ! advantage t "o set ( in/ructions works = ev]ybody4 ,t w\ldn't be true if ,i li/$ #bj or #cj provid]s4 ,in/ructions are giv5 9 ,gett9 on ! ,int]net ,/ep by ,/ep4 ,section #c4b ,types ( ,int]net ,provid]s ,z ,i said1 mo/ ( ! problem ( gett+ on ! net occurs :5 y live 9 an area t doesn't h a ,,local provid]4 ,basically !re are ?ree k9ds ( provid]s & ?ree ways to get to !m3 7#a7 ,provid]s ( direct connections4 ,if y are sett+ up a bus9ess & ne$ a high volume direct connection = y\r (fice ,local ,area ,network & c af=d sev]al ?\s& a ye> at lea/1 y w want to consid] ^! high-end provid]s4 ,!y are n relevant to our discussion4 7,b see ,app5dix ,c = m in=mation74 7#b7 ,!re are sev]al regional networks & "o national "o t specialize 9 l[ co/ ,,pc-to-ho/ or ,,slip connections4 ,co/s range f #bj-dj a mon? to #bjjj a ye>1 dep5d+ on ! s]vices y ne$4 ,p]=mance ,sy/ems ,int]national 7,,psi7 is a major provid] ( ?is k9d ( s]vice4 ,o!r networks (f] s]vices simil> to ,,psi1 al?\gh ,,psi has ! mo/ ext5sive nationwide s]vice at ?is "t4 ,?is s]vice c be v competitive ) ,,bbs type s]vice 7see bel[7 if y are a frequ5t us] ( ! net or ne$ to s5d m ?an an occasional ,e-mail message4 ,x is def9itely wor? a look4 7#c7 ,_m comput] bullet9 bo>d s]vices (f] ,e-mail or ev5 ,int]net connections = ar\nd #aj-bj p] mon?4 ,be v c>eful to *eck out ! connection *>ges4 ,if y are n c>eful y c\ld be *>g$ = us+ ! bullet9 bo>d 7p] h\r71 us+ ! ,int]net1 ! long-di/ance connection1 a sur*>ge = daytime use1 & a p] message *>ge = ,e-mail6 ,"o ( ! purposes ( ?is book is to expla9 ! m9efield ( *>ges s y don't get burn$4 ,! s]vice recomm5d$ bundles all ! *>ges up front s !re are no surprises4 ,g5]ally speak+1 connect+ to ! ,int]net ?r\gh a ,,bbs is ! be/ me?od = ! explor]4 ,once y've det]m9$ t y ne$ ! ,int]net on a regul> basis1 "o ( ! regional networks or ,,psi is probably ! mo/ economical r\te4 ,unless y are =tunate en\gh to live 9 an area :]e an ,int]net provid] is a local call away1 y w h to cont5d ) long di/ance *>ges4 ,actually1 ^! c be z l[ z #b an h\r & are sometimes bundl$ 9 ) ! network connection *>ge4 ,section #c4c ,f9d+ ! ,*eape/ ,long ,di/ance ,me?od ,!re are ?ree basic me?ods ( pay+ = long di/ance3 7#a7 ,y j pay = a call to ano!r area code4 ,?is is v exp5sive & n recomm5d$4 7#b7 ,y use a provid] ) a toll free 7#hjj7 numb] & pay = ! call 9 a high] connect *>ge4 ,?is is also v exp5sive4 7#c7 ,y use a ,public ,data ,network aft] h\rs & pay ar\nd #b an h\r 7may be includ$74 ,actually1 ! la/ me?od is ! only workable "o4 ,!re are a numb] ( ,,pdn's4 ,compu,serve has a data network4 ,y d n h to jo9 ,compu,serve to use x4 ,,psi has its own data network ) _m po9ts ( pres5ce ar\nd ! ,,u & abroad4 ,^! are divid$ into ,class ,a & ,class ,b1 dep5d+ on ! level ( s]vice provid$4 ,tym5et & ,sprint,net are two o!r public data networks4 ,y may h he>d ( ! ,sprint,net s]vice ,,pc ,pursuit4 ,= a mon?ly fee ?is gives y _m ,,bbs nationwide z well z any comput] t c be rea*$ by ,sprint,net4 ,9 g5]al1 = a fir/ exp]im5t we recomm5d ! ,,delphi ,,bbs & ,sprint,net4 ,,delphi includes ! ,sprint,net sur*>ge 9 its #ac_/mon? bill 7aft] h\rs use only--daytime is exp5sive ev]y:]e74 ,at ?is writ+ y get #e free h\rs ! fir/ mon? & #d h\rs p] mon? aft] t4 ,additional h\rs are #d ea*4 ,!re is also a #bj h\rs = #bj plan4 ,additional h\rs are #b ea* ) ?is plan4 ,detail$ in/ructions on h[ to sign up are giv5 9 ,connect+ to ! ,int]net ,/ep by ,/ep4 ,*apt] #d ,:o ,pays = ! ,int]net8 ,all ?is talk ( co/ may be mak+ y edgy4 ,ev5tually1 ev]yone us+ ! ,int]net mu/ face ! fe>--if ,i am call+ up a comput] 9 ,switz]l& won't ,i be bill$ = ! call8 ,! m>vel\s ?+ ab\t ! ,int]net is t al?\gh !re is pl5ty ( exp5se involv$ 9 gett+ on x1 !re is no additional exp5se associat$ ) :at y d aft] y are connect$4 ,,! ,,:ole ,,_w ,,is ,,on ,,local4 ,?us1 y may h to pay = a #b an h\r call to ,massa*ussetts1 = y\r ,,pc1 y\r modem & s(tw>e1 & a connect fee to y\r int]net provid]4 ,b y ,,d ,,n ,,h ,,to ,,pay ,,= ,,ea* ,,& ,,e ,,int]net ,,call4 ,s9ce mo/ p f9d x h>d to believe t y c s5d mail any:]e 9 ! _w or dial up a comput] on ! o!r side ( ! globe )\t pay+ a special *>ge1 ,i w sp5d "s "t expla9+ :o does pay = ! ,int]net & h[ ^? co/s are reflect$ back to ! us]4 ,"o way or ano!r y d pay = network usage1 b ^! paym5ts are n 9 ! =m ( a direct bill+ = ea* call4 ,fir/1 y already "k t !re is no ,int]net1 ,inc4 t monitors all ! calls & bill cu/om]s4 ,in/ead !re are hundr$s ( small] networks t act z relays4 ,^? networks 99c\ld99 *>ge _! cu/om]s = ea* call1 bas$ on h[ mu* "t x takes & :]e x goes1 b s9ce no "o is *>g+ !m1 !y h no real inc5tive to pass on co/s4 ,in/ead !y *>ge a flat fee--usually bas$ on connect "t1 b = a #bd h\r connection j a flat ye>ly fee4 ,n[ network traffic does use up res\rces4 ,basically1 ! ,int]net works l a potluck supp]4 ,ev]yone ) a direct connection all[s "s ( _! sy/em res\rces to be us$ by messages t are j pass+ ?r\gh4 ,!y all[ ?is because o!r sy/ems all[ !m ! same privilege4 ,?us1 x is 9 ev]yone's int]e/ to all[ "s ( _! res\rces to be consum$ by o!r p]sons' messages1 because ev]yone comes out ahead4 ,s1 sites ) direct connections pay real co/s 9 t]ms ( lo/ comput+ cycles1 extra cabl+1 fanci] equipm5t1 & lo/ disk space4 ,^! co/s are pass$ on to _! cu/om]s or %\ld]$ by gov]nm5t subsidy4 ,b !re are no direct *>ges associat$ ) us+ ! sy/em4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,int]net1 ,gov]nm5t subsidy ( ! backbone networks 0 crucial4 ,! backbone 0 built ) gov]nm5t funds & x 0 gov]nm5t funds t paid = ! extra equipm5t ne$$ by ! univ]sities & laboratories t c>ri$ m traffic ?an !y g5]at$4 ,) ! developm5t ( comm]cial nets alt]natives to ! ,gov]nm5t-sponsor$ backbone arose4 ,! ,gov]nm5t subsidy is /ill important1 b becomm+ less s e ye>4 ,s1 ! %ort answ] is t y pay = ! network4 ,y ei!r pay y\r provid] a flat fee or y pay z a taxpay] = ,gov]nm5t subsidiz$ network res\rces4 ,mo/ ( ! co/ y actually see w be 9 y\r own equipm5t1 ! co/ ( plac+ a phone call1 & :atev] y\r provid] *>ges y4 ,*apt] #e ,int]net ,basics ,we've talk$ a lot ab\t ! ,int]net1 b h[ d y actually use x8 ,!re are ?ree basic skills on :i* all ,int]net use is bas$3 ,electronic ,mail 7,e-mail7 ,file ,transf] ,protocol 7,,ftp7 ,telnet ,all ?ree comm&s rely on ! ,int]net address+ s*eme4 ,an ,int]net telephone numb] ( ano!r comput] is its ,int]net ,protocol 7,,ip7 address1 a numb] t looks l ?is3 #bbe4bbe4ab4ch ,?is =m1 call$ dott$ decimal1 is /ill requir$ by "s comput]s4 ,b1 to make ,,ip addresses easi] = humans1 ?is telephone numb] has ano!r =m :i* is easi] to rememb]3 hoople4usnd4edu ,?is means t comput] 7node7 nam$ hoople is locat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,nor? ,dakota4 ,! la/ compon5t1 4edu1 means t ! in/itution is 9 ! educational doma94 4 ,o!r doma9 names look l ?is3 4edu 3 educational in/itutions 4gov 3 gov]nm5t 7rese>* laboratories & 4com 3 comm]cial bus9esses 4org 3 nonpr(it organizations 4mil 3 milit>y in/allations ,9 addition to ^! doma9 names1 !re are _m two-lett] c\ntry codes1 e4g4 4ca 3 ,canada 4jp 3 ,japan 4uk 3 ,unit$ ,k+dom 4u 3 ,unit$ ,/ates & _m m4 ,to s5d electronic mail to someone ov] ! ,int]net1 all y ne$ to "k is _! us]name1 or h&le4 ,?is is foll[$ by an at-sign1 ! node "n1 & any doma9 names4 ,?us joeloc[e$4*i4il4u donotes a private citiz5 9 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,joe's comput] is call$ loc[e$4 ,z ano!r 7real7 example1 presid5t:iteh\se4gov is ! ,e-mail address ( ! ,u4,s4 ,presid5t4 ,9 ! examples t foll[ we w give details = a typical "*-ori5t$ comput]4 ,w9d[+ sy/ems ) m5us1 dialog boxes1 & s on w hide _m ( ^! details1 b !y are happ5+ beh9d ! sc5es4 ,also1 once y are connect$1 y may be fac$ ) an old-fa%ion$ comm&-l9e sy/em4 ,section #e4a ,electronic ,mail 7,e-mail7 ,! details ( us+ ! mail sy/em dep5d on y\r sy/em1 b basically x looks l ?is3 mail ent] ! mail program ) ! ,,mail comm&1 or :atev] ,welcome to ,mail1 ,v]sion #ii4c 4 4 4 mail s5d ,to3 presid5t:iteh\se4gov ,cc3 vice4presid5t:iteh\se4gov or return if y don't want a c>bon s5t to anyone ,subj3 ,i'm on ,int]net ,type y\r message4 ,control-,z to exit ,bill-- ,i j got my ,int]net connection today4 ,my address is pdqhoople4usnd4edu4 ,give my be/ to ,al1 ,,pdq type control-,z or d :atev] y\r sy/em ne$s to signal an end ( ! message y\r sy/em is n[ ready = y\r next comm& ,section #e4b ,telnet ,9 addition to us+ an ,int]net address to s5d ,e-mail1 y c use x to call a comput]4 ,?is is r l dial+ up a comput] ) a modem1 except t ! local comput] 7! "o y call$ ) 99y\r99 modem7 is call+ up ! remote comput]3 y\r ,,pc or ,mac -- local comput] -- remote comput] ,! example assumes t home is ! %ell prompt giv5 by y\r local comput] & t is ! prompt giv5 by ! remote comput] 7see ,section #b4b on %ell prompts74 ,s rememb]1 y don't type !m4 home telnet hoople4usnd4edu type ?is on y\r home comput] ,welcome to node ,,hoople4 ,n[ runn+ ,opus #b4j us]name3 pdq password3 type y\r password "h ,la/ log9 #bc3ad3ee #ae-;,,jun-#ageb ,y h mail4 n[ type :atev] comm&s y l until 4 4 4 log(f or bye or quit or exit or :atev] ,session ) hoople4usnd4gov t]m9at$ at #ba3ai4 home n[ cont9ue issu+ comm&s on y\r home comput] ,?is me?od ( connect+ to ano!r comput] is call$ telnett+4 ,9 effect1 y h us$ ! local comput] to telephone ! remote comput]4 ,y c n[ d any?+ on ! remote comput] 7) c]ta9 re/rictions7 y c\ld d if y 7 actually logg$ on4 ,,special ,,problems ,,) ,,telnett+ ,sometimes telnett+ w put y into a m5u-type program or ev5 a scre5 ori5t$ program4 ,a special problem "h is gett+ ! o!r comput] to recognize :at type ( scre5 y h4 ,s9ce mo/ communications s(tw>e emulates a t]m9al1 ?is am\nts to tell+ ! o!r sy/em :at type ( t]m9al y\r communications sy/em is emulat+4 ,e4g41 on a ,,unix sy/em y might type3 set t]m vt#ajj to tell ! o!r sy/em t y\r communications s(tw>e ?9ks x is a ,,vt#ajj t]m9al 7a v common *oice = emulation programs74 ,if y don't get ?is exactly "r1 y\r telnet session w sort ( "w4 ,x's probably n wor? sp5d+ a lot ( "t on ?is problem = a brief contact ) ! o!r comput]4 ,if y are go+ to "w on ! remote comput] e day1 h[ev]1 y w want to get x "r4 ,mo/ flaky behavior c be trac$ to ?is problem4 ,section #e4c ,file ,transf] ,protocol 7,,ftp7 ,x is easy to transf] files ov] ! ,int]net us+ a special protocol call$ ,,ftp4 ,,ftp takes ! place ( programs l ,x,modem or ,k]mit t may be famili> to y if y use a bullet9 bo>d s]vice4 ,n[1 y might ask1 if ,,ftp transf]s a file1 :at is ! diff]nce betwe5 s5d+ ,e-mail & ,,ftp2 :y pref] "o ov] ! o!r8 ,fir/ ( all1 ,,ftp avoids c]ta9 re/rictions on ! type ( file s5t2 9 p>ticul>1 y c s5d b9>y 7non-text7 files l programs & pictures2 & y are n re/rict$ to any p>ticul> l5g?1 z is (t5 ! case ) mail programs4 ,n only t1 ) ,,ftp y c br[se a directory ( files be=e *oos+ "o4 ,y c move up & d[n ! directory hi]>*y & li/ files1 look+ = ! "o y want4 ,f9ally1 ,,ftp lets y get places t y may n h an acc\nt 7or a fri5d to s5d y mail74 ,! me?od = do+ ?is1 call$ anonym\s ,,ftp1 is describ$ 9 ! next section4 ,!re are sev]al hundr$ anonym\s ,,ftp sites worldwide1 ) l>ge collections ( programs1 textfiles1 & graphics4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp is ! ,int]net equival5t ( publi%+--a v important topic inde$4 ,section #e4d ,anonym\s ,,ftp ,fur!r facility ) ,anon4 ,,ftp requires a little k ( ! ,,unix op]at+ sy/em4 ,see ,app5dix ,d = an introduction4 ,*apt] #f ,gett+ on ! ,int]net ,/ep by ,/ep ,?is c\rse takes a diff]5t approa* to 4 ,r ?an ,9 p>ticul>1 y %\ld contact ! foll[+ = in=mation4 ,,/ep #a4 ,,sign ,,up ,,) ,a ,,provid] 7example ,,delphi7 ,to get on ! ,int]net y ne$3 #a4 a home comput]1 #b4 a #abjj or #bdjj baud modem t und]/&s ,,at comm&s 7,hayes ,comm& ,set ,compatible71 #c4 communications s(tw>e1 & #d4 a cr$it c>d4 ,?is example assumes t y are sign+ up ) ! bullet9 bo>d s]vice ,,delphi4 ,,delphi has no comm]cial relation%ip ) ! au?or4 ,x 0 *os5 = an example because its rates are typical ( ! l[ end ( ! m>ket1 x (f]s nationwide s]vice1 x includes aft]h\rs access by ,sprint,net 9 its basic fee1 & because at ?is "t x (f]s #e free h\rs ( ,int]net access to new subscrib]s4 ,y %\ld def9itely consid] o!r provid]s4 ,y c get in=mation ab\t o!r provid]s once y're on ! ,int]net4 ,9 fact1 t w be "o ( y\r fir/ /eps bel[4 #a4 ,set y\r modem to #bdjj 7or #abjj7 baud1 #h bits1 ,,no p>ity1 #a /op bit1 full duplex1 local e*o & auto l9efe$s (f1 ,,xon_/,,x(f on1 ,,vt#ajj emulation4 7see ! manual = y\r modem1 ! manual = y\r communications s(tw>e1 & ,app5dix ,a if y ne$ help7 ,don't worry if "s ( ! options are miss+4 ,usually1 = example1 full duplex implies local e*o (f & vice v]sa1 s y\r s(tw>e may n li/ ^! z sep>ate options4 #b4 ,use y\r communications s(tw>e to issue 7or type directly to y\r modem7 ! comm& ,,atdt #a #hjj #cfe #dfef4 ,if y h a pulse-dial phone y\r w use ,,atdp in/ead ( ,,atdt4 #c4 ,,delphi w give y explicit in/ructions1 b = ref]5ce !y w look l ?is3 ,a4 ,make sure x is aft] #f or #g p4m4 or on a week5d--unless y want a #i sur*>ge = daytime access4 ,b4 ,dial y\r local ,sprint,net access numb] 7local call673 ,,atdt #abc #defg4 ,c4 ,aft] ,,connect #bdjj1 type ,d 7,d mu/ be capital7 ,d4 ,aft] t]m9al type ,,cr1 i4e4 c>riage return4 ,e4 ,at ! -sign type ,c ,,delphi ,f4 ,aft] ,us]name3 type ,us]name3 ,,y\rname ,password3 ,,op5sesame ,type y\r own us]name & password ( c\rse4 #d4 ,if at anytime y =get y\r ,spr9tnet access numb]1 or if y are out ( t[n1 y c look up ,sprint,net numb]s z foll[s4 ,,/ep #b4 ,y\r ,fir/ ,e-mail ,get ,,pdial1 ,,nixpub1 ,,int]net ,,res\rce ,,guide1 ,info on ,,psi ,info on ,,li/s]v & sign+ up = ,e-mail ,,/ep #c4 ,y\r ,fir/ ,anonyom\s ,,ftp ,get surf+ ! int]net ,,/ep #d4 ,y\r ,fir/ ,telnet ,gett+ ,public ,access ,,unix & read+ ,us5et news ,,/ep #e4 ,fir/ ,e-mail ,gett+ ,in=mation on ,,psi ,gett+ ,in=mation on ,,li/s]v ,y c d _m1 _m ?+s ) ! ,int]net4 ,! in=mation y h retriev$1 especially ! ,int]net ,guides1 w give y o!r ideas4 ,we w g ov] "s ( ! retrieval me?ods 9 ,"p ,,iii ( ?is c\rse4 ,= n[1 y %\ld exp]im5t & explore1 us+ ! in=mation y h z a />t+ po9t4 ,! exp]i5ce y ga9 w be useful :5 we come to ! m sy/ematic /udy ( ,int]net rese>* me?ods lat]4 ,*apt] #g ,programs & ,pictures ,ev5ually1 z y ga9 exp]i5ce f9d+ & transf]+ in=mation1 y w want to try y h& at transf]r+ b9>y files conta9+ pictures or free s(tw>e f "o ( ! l>ge ,,ftp ar*ives l wu/l4edu sumex-aim4/an=d4edu 7,mac9to% s(tw>e7 simtel-#bj4mil 7,,ibm & compatible s(tw>e7 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! fir/ s(tw>e y w want to get is s(tw>e = compress+ & uncompress+ files 7see next ,*apt]71 process+ graphics 7image files71 & p]haps "s games4 ,fir/1 :at is a b9>y file8 ,a b9>y file is "o t y c't read4 ,unlike text1 :i* consi/s ( gr\ps ( eight bit code lett]s repres5t+ a1 b1 & s on1 b9>y files h bits t are meant to be read only by programs4 ,y _c look at !m by typ+ !m out or ) a ^w processor--unless ! ^w processor und]/&s ! =mat ( ! file4 ,exp5sive ^w process+ programs--includ+ ! mo/ popul> ones l ,^w ,p]fect & ,micros(t ,^w--are increas+ly able to read a l>ge v>iety ( b9>y files4 ,frequ5tly enc\nt]$ b9>y files include3 #a4 ,files t use propriet>y =mats1 su* z ^w-process+ programs1 spread%eets1 database programs1 etc4 ,^! files conta9 =matt+ 7l italics1 und]l9es1 etc47 & p]haps graphics1 & o!r goodies beyond ! simple text4 #b4 ,application ,programs4 ,^! are programs writt5 9 7! b9>y7 ma*9e language t y\r comput] und]/&s4 ,!y are compil$ f text files ( s\rce code writt5 9 a programm+ language4 ,v5dors almo/ nev] make _! s\rce code available--except = free s(tw>e1 :i* y may h to compile y\rself4 #c4 ,text files t h be5 compress$ to ab\t half _! size ) "o ( ! popul> compression programs4 ,compression makes texts files b9>y4 ,compression doesn't d mu* = files t are already b9>y unless ! data !y conta9 is v repetitive4 #d4 ,files conta9+ graphics l ,,gif1 ,,tiff1 ,,pict1 or ,,jpeg files4 ,m on ?is bel[4 ,transf]+ b9>y files is z easy z transf]+ text files once y und]/& ! pot5tial problems3 #a4 ,mo/ ,,ftp programs />t y out 9 ,,text mode4 ,?is means t text files are 99translat$99 :5 !y g f comput] to comput] on _! way to y4 ,?is is fatal to b9>y files because _! bit patt]n has no?+ to d ) ! gr\ps ( eight bits t make up text4 #b4 ,ev5 text files h slight compatibility problems because ! ?ree worlds--,,ibm1 ,mac9to%1 & ,,unix--use a diff]5t control "* to repres5t return1 ent]1 or newl9e4 ,translation betwe5 ! diff]5t dialects is h&l$ automatically 9 ,,text mode transf]s4 ,x is also ! ma9 reason :y text files _c be transf]$ 9 ,,b9>y mode4 ,! two control *>act]s involv$ are call$ l9efe$ 7,,lf7 & c>riage return 7,,cr73 ,,ibm ,,pc & compatibles 3 ,,lf ,,cr ,mac9to% & ,,vax 3 ,,cr ,,unix 3 ,,lf #c4 ,z m5tion$ above1 text files are (t5 compress$ to save space4 ,?is means t y ne$ a program to uncompress !m be=e y read !m--& t y h to transf] !m 9 ,,b9>y mode4 ,! mo/ common compression programs & common file ext5sions are3 ,,ibm ,,pc & compatibles 3 ,,pkzip & ,,pkunzip 74,,zip7 ,mac9to% 3 ,/uffit & ,un,stuffit ar*ives 74sit7 ,,unix 3 compress & uncompress 74,z7 & tape ar*ive 74t>7 ) bo? toge!r be+ mo/ common 74t>4,z or 4taz74 ,note capital ,z4 ,,unix also has ! gzip_/gunzip comm& pair4 gzip files usually h ! ext5sion 4z 799small99 z7 or 4tgz if !y are also tape ar*ive files4 ,=tunately y c usually f9d free s(tw>e = y comput] t w uncompress =mats f o!r comput] models4 ,= curr5t in=mation on compression s(tw>e1 see ! ,,faq = ! newsgr\p comp4compression 7ftp3_/_/rtfm4mit4edu_/xxx74 #d4 ,conv]sely1 sometimes b9>y files are conv]t$ to a sort ( ,,ascii t looks l gibb]i% s t !y c be mail$ or transf]r$ 9 ,,text mode--b aga9 y ne$ a program t translates !m back to b9>y4 ,sometimes we enc\nt] ! ultimate absurdity1 a text file t is compress$ !n re-encod$ z ,,ascii = mail+4 ,actually ?is makes s5se if a l>ge numb] ( relat$ text files are /or$ 9 a compress$ ar*ive4 ,! mo/ common programs = ?is are3 uu5code_/uudecode = ,,unix 7us$ = ,us5et news po/+s ( b9>y files & = mail+ programs7 ,! file ext5sion 7r>ely enc\nt]$ because !re is little reason to /ore files 9 ?is =mat7 is 4uue4 ,bin,hex = ! ,mac9to% 74hqx7 ,(t5 comb9$ ) ,/uffit 74sit4hqx74 ,?is is a common me?od = di/ribut+ all ! files t come ) a program z a s+le file4 uu5cod$ files c be recogniz$ by ! fact t e l9e beg9s ) a capital ,m & is exactly ! same l5g?4 ,! file />ts ) ! ^w beg9 & ends ) end ,! translat+ program ne$s ^! words1 b no?+ above or bel[ !m4 ,(t5 a uu5cod$ file is split into sev]al p>ts = transmission & mu/ be reassembl$ 7& /ripp$ ( mail head]s1 etc47 9 a ^w process+ program be=e x is decod$4 ,if y d ?is be sure to save ! result+ file z a text file & n 9 ! propriet>y =mat ( ! ^w process+ program6 ,section #g4b ,:at ,to ,d ,) ,graphics ,! second topic ( ?is *apt] is graphic images4 ,graphics are v important = ,desktop ,publi%]s--writ]s ( newslett]s1 bus9esses t prep>e _! own bro*ures1 & small pr9t%ops4 ,pictures c be /or$ 9 sep>ate files or1 9 "s cases1 emb$d$ 9 o!r =mats su* z ! propriet>y =mat ( ,micros(t ,^w files4 ,picture files take up a l>ge am\nt ( space--especially big pictures at high resolution4 #a ,megabyte is a typical size = a smalli% picture at mod]ate resolution4 ,?us1 "o picture is wor? ab\t #ejj pages ( text6 ,! lifecycle ( a typical graphic goes some?+ l ?is3 ,,/ep #a4 ,captur+ 7scann+7 ( photograph ) optical scann] or ) a special video cam]a ,! bett] sort ( optical scann] looks l a small x]ox ma*9e4 ,!re are also *eap] h&-held models4 ,flatb$ scann]s co/ 9 ! #ajjj range s y are n likely to h "o unless y are 9 ! bus9ess4 ,mo/ likely1 ! casual us] w get a graphic f someone else1 f a collection ( clip art1 or create ! graphic f scrat* 9 a draw+ program4 ,,/ep #b4 ,/orage 9 a file us+ an int]*ange =mat ,h[ev] ! image is obta9$1 x has to be /or$ on disk be=e x c be us$4 ,!re are p]haps tw5ty or s common =mats1 b ^? f\nd mo/ (t5 on ! ,int]net & 9 ! ,us5et newsgr\ps are3 ,,gif 7,graphics ,int]*ange ,=mat7 a r old-fa%ion$ b v commonly f\nd type ( graphics file4 ,almo/ any s(tw>e c read ?is =mat4 ,?is is ! mo/ common =mat on ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ives4 ,,tiff 7,tagg$ ,image ,file ,=mat7 ,te*nically m v]satile ?an ,,gif & j ab\t z common4 ,a v good *oice = ex*ang+ files betwe5 diff]5t programs4 ,,jpeg 77 ,a special compress$ image =mat t is becom+ common 9 new] s(tw>e4 ,,eps 7,encapsulat$ ,post,script7 ,n really a graphics file p] say1 b a set ( in/ructions = draw+ an image4 ,! success ( ! ,po/script page description language = ,las] pr9t]s has l$ to a new /ategy = includ+ graphics 9 ^w process+ files4 ,_m high end ^w process+ programs l ,micros(t ,^w all[ y to include a ref]5ce to an ext]nal ,po/script file conta9+ ! figure4 ,desktop publi%+ & high-end ^w process+ programs c (t5 save & import graphics 9 any ( ^! =mats1 especially ,,tiff & ,,eps4 ,9 addition1 y may f9d files 9 propriet>y =mats l ,mac9to% ,,pict files4 ,^! =mats s]ve z /&>ds = _! l9e ( comput]s b n across diff]5t br&s4 ,=tunately y c f9d free s(tw>e t w conv]t ,,tiff to ,,pict or vice v]sa4 ,,/ep #c4 ,transmission to po9t ( use ,suppose y h a graphics file or a ^w process+ file conta9+ y\r bro*ure4 ,h[ d y s5d t file to someone8 ,if y "w 9 an academic environm5t1 x is q possible t "o or ! o!r in/itutions is an ,anonym\s ,,ftp site4 ,y may be able to use ! ,anon4 ,,ftp site z a mailbox to transf] ! file 9 b9>y mode-- or y c\ld ex*ange passwords & transf] ! file directly1 if bo? h a direct connection to ! ,int]net4 ,m commonly1 y w h to s5d ! file by ,e-mail4 ,say y've j f9i%$ a bro*ure & y want to s5d x cross-c\ntry4 ,let's suppose t y\r bus9ess has two bran*es--"o 9 ,new ,york & "o 9 ,los ,angeles1 & t bo? (fices h ,mac9to%es ) ,micros(t ,^w & t y bo? h "o ( ! free ,us5et s(tw>e kits = ! ,mac9to% 7n necess>ily ! same "o74 ,!n1 y proce$ z foll[s3 ,a4 ,us+ ,,uu5code 7or ,,b9hex1 if y l7 y conv]t ! ,micros(t ,^w file to a cod$ text file4 ,b4 ,if y\r mail has a size limit1 y may h to break up ! file & s5d x 9 p>ts4 ,c4 ,at ! receiv+ end1 reassemble ! file & /rip any head]s & trail]s add$ by ! mail sy/em4 ,! file %\ld look l beg9 v fir/ l9e ,m ,m ,m ,m end v la/ l9e & be sav$ z a ,,text file4 ,d4 ,run ,,uudecode 7or ,,b9hex7 & recov] ! b9>y file4 ,e4 ,run ,micros(t ,^w1 op5 ! b9>y 7,,ms ,^w67 file & pr9t4 ,!re may be "o slight glit*4 ,mac9to% files h two p>ts1 a res\rce "p & a data "p4 ,! res\rce "p conta9s su* in=mation z ! "n ( ! application to run :5 y click on ! file & h[ to draw ! cute little icon pictures4 ,"s ( ! simpl] programs d n encode ! res\rce "p s y may get a g5]ic docum5t t y c't op5 by click+ on x 7! infam\s application busy or miss+ message74 ,t's ,,ok4 ,op5 x f 99)999 ,^w & !n save x z a ,^w docum5t4 ,x %\ld recov] ! miss+ p>ts4 ,& get sm>t] s(tw>e4 ,c]ta9ly ?is proc$ure is complicat$--& y might want to d a dry run be=e y try beat+ a #e o'clock deadl9e--b ! capability ( transf]+ a comput] file cross-c\ntry 9 seconds c be crucial to a bus9ess4 ,! fact t x c be done ) free s(tw>e & a casual #aj_/mon? ,e-mail connection is a/\nd+4 ,play ar\nd & le>n to d ?is4 ,9 ! future1 pr9t]s may commonly accept submissions by ,e-mail or by direct transf] ov] telephone l9es4 ,imag9e n hav+ to figure out h[ to keep y\r cam]a-ready copy dry on a ra9y day or hav+ to ru% across t[n m9utes be=e y\r deadl9e6 ,,/ep #d4 ,image enhanc+ &_/or color sep>ation ,"o ( ! great advantages ( hav+ a graphic 9 a comput] file is t y c use free s(tw>e 7or %>ew>e7 to play ar\nd ) ! image4 ,cropp+1 rotat+1 /re*+1 zoom+1 & s on are all common4 ,9 addition1 y c conv]t color to black & :ite or greyscale1 enhance ! image1 make halftones or color sep>ations1 & ev5 play ) ! spatial frequ5cy spectrum if y want4 7,color sep>ations are ! f\r images ne$$ by pr9t]s--sep>ate ones = ,cyan1 ,yell[1 ,mag5ta1 & ,black ink74 ,,/ep #e4 ,import+ or emb$d+ 9 a ^w process+ or desktop publi%+ program ,once y are happy ) ! picture y import x z a graphic into y\r ,,dtp or ^w process+ program4 ,if y\r program reads ! =mat ! picture is 91 ?is is easy4 ,if n1 y w ne$ to get free s(tw>e t conv]ts f ! =mat y h to ! "o y ne$4 ,?is process is v exp]im5tal4 ,i've f\nd t ,i h bett] results conv]t+ f an obscure =mat to a /&>d & common =mat l ,,gif or ,,tiff be=e conv]t+ to a propriet>y t>get =mat4 ,?is is ev5 true if ! s(tw>e says x reads ! obscure =mat directly4 ,,/ep #f4 ,pr9t+ on a las] pr9t] or o!r equipm5t ,if a graphic is n solely int5d$ = display on a 7color7 monitor1 l a slide pres5tation1 x mu/ be pr9t$ out4 ,& !re x is4 ,y\r picture 9 pr9t4 ,*apt] #h ,:at to ,d ,:5 ,y ,only ,h ,e-mail ,! v fir/ ?+ to d is to get in=mation on gett+ a bett] ,int]net connection6 ,b b>r+ t1 !re are _m reasons t y might ne$ to "k work>\nds t only require ,e-mail3 y might be /uck some:]e 7l "w7 :]e !re is no ,int]net access1 or y c\ld be borr[+ access f a fri5d4 ,s9ce ,int]network+ is ab\t communicat+ ) o!rs1 9 _m ways ?is is ! mo/ important *apt] 9 ?is c\rse4 ,fir/ we consid] me?ods = ,section #h4a ,,ftp by ,mail ,s]v]s ,section #h4b ,ar*ie by ,mail ,section #h4c ,mails]v]s & ,files]v]s ,section #h4d ,mail+ li/s & h[ to f9d !m ,section #h4e ,e-mail to ,,fax ,fax is n a useful z ,e-mail1 except 9 reg>d to "o ?+4 ,section #h4f ,! ,top ,t5 ,fun ,?+s to ,get by ,e-mail ,li/ ,n[ t y "k ! te*niques1 try gett+ "s ( ! ?+s on ! ,top #aj li/1 9 ,app5dix ,e4 ,*apt] #i ,employee ,developm5t3 ,h[ to ,get ,y\r ,employees ,int]network+ ,?is %ort ,*apt] conta9s a little advice on h[ to le>n ab\t ! ,int]net4 ,x %\ld be cle> f ! prec$+ ,*apt]s t le>n+ h[ to use ! ,int]net is a survival skill = _m bus9esses4 ,effective use ( ! electronic m$ium o ,saves employee "t--"t lo/ 9 phone tag1 lo/ messages1 & !y ?ree day "t delay ( surface mail4 o ,avoids circuit\s means ( transf]+ data l pr9t+ a docum5t1 fax+ x1 & !n rekeybo>d+ ! data at ! receiv+ end o ,all[s bus9esses & individuals to self-publi%1 & di/ribute _! "w effici5tly1 :e!r or n ! text or ! graphical appe>ance is prim>y4 o ,provides access to in=mation1 all[s communication & di/ribution ( docum5ts 9 a s+le1 uni=m fa%ion4 ,x %\ld also be cle> t ,int]network+ is n yet a smoo?1 easily le>n$ process4 ,x requires k & skills t are n pres5tly taught any:]e except on ! ,int]net itself4 ,! next section discusses specific ne$s ( diff]5t segm5ts ( p4 ,! f9al section conta9s a fairly sy/ematic exposition ( ! me?ods & skills ne$$ to ,int]network effectively4 ,b f> f repres5t+ ^! sections z ! la/ ^w on ! subject1 ,i w\ld l to /ress t ! only way to le>n ,int]network+ is ?r\gh undirect$ exploration ( ! ,int]net4 ,?is means y h to let y\r employees play1 at lea/ on _! own "t3 play ) programs1 play ) ,anonym\s ,,ftp1 & play ) ,us5et news4 ,none ( ^! activities are directly productive1 b ! play+ pays (f :5 y ne$ a new program & someone 9 y\r (fice c o pick ! "r ,us5et newsgr\p & retrieve its ,,faq o read ! ,,faq & le>n ab\t free s(tw>e t w solve y\r problem & :]e to f9d ! late/ v]sion o connect to ! s(tw>e ar*ive & 7correctly7 transf] ! program--ev5 ?\gh ! int]v5+ ma*9e is ( ! wrong make4 o prop]ly decompress & in/all ! s(tw>e4 ,:5 all ?is is done compet5tly1 9 less ?an half an h\r1 y w h atta9$ ! goal ( employee developm5t4 ,a f9al caveat3 99don't neglect ,us5et news499 ,us5et news is ! mo/ difficult ( ! ,int]net basic s]vices to get because x is n really an ,int]net s]vice4 ,x is commonly f\nd on ,int]net comput]s & commonly transmitt$ ov] ! ,int]net1 b x does n fit into ! ,e-mail-,,ftp-telnet s*eme ( ?+s4 ,if y\r ,int]net provid] does n provide ! news1 y may h to f]ret x out by 7#a7 gett+ an acc\nt on a public access ,,unix sy/em & 7#b7 le>n+ to use ,,unix4 ,comm&-l9e ,,unix is no easi] ?an comm&-l9e ,,ms-,,dos1 b x is wor? le>n+ h[ to get on a ,,unix sy/em = ! rn 7readnews7 comm& alone4 ,all y ne$ to "k to get t f> 7& m7 is conta9$ 9 ,app5dix ,d4 ,any guide l ?is w soon be dat$ 9 t]ms ( in=mation s\rces1 te*niques1 & s(tw>e4 ,b ,us5et is up to ! m9ute4 ,!re1 hidd5 among ! _m div]sions ( alt41 talk41 & soc4 hi]>*ies1 is ! late/ in=mation on ! comput+ environm5t ( mod]n ,int]network+4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is au?or1 le>n+ to use a newsread] & read+ ! network news regul>ly is ! 99s+le mo/ important ,int]network+ skill994 ,! ,us5et newsgr\ps are ,dewey ,decimal ,sy/em ( ! ! true _w libr>y4 ,in=mation c be f\nd 9 pl5ty else:]e1 b guides to in=mation are r>e & priceless-- & ! ,us5et news is ! guide to ! ,int]net4 ,"p ,,ii ,special ,conc]ns ,?is ,"p li/s briefly "s ( ! ways 9 :i* v>i\s gr\ps ( p c use int]network+ skills4 ,*apt] #aa ,special = ,bus9esses ,i wi% ,i _h bett] news = bus9ess use ( ! ,int]net4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld describe hundr$s ( free s]vices ( int]e/ to 99bus9ess99 & tell y h[ to use ! ,int]net = pr(it4 ,b x's n !re yet4 ,h[ev]1 be=e y turn away ) a sad b kn[+ smile on y\r face %ak+ y\r head ov] ano!r unlikely te*nological dream--y've se5 x be=e--consid] ?is3 ! ma9 pot5tial ( ! ,int]net is z a communication m$ium4 ,is radio & television important to bus9esses8 ,:at ab\t newspap]s & magaz9es8 ,or direct mail8 ,v few bus9esses make money by sell+ newspap]s or op]at+ radio /ations1 b _m1 _m bus9esses use ^! m$ia = adv]tis+4 ,y & y\r employees ne$ to become adept at us+ ?is m$ium = ! same reasons y've ma/]$ lay\t ( newpap] ads & writ+ =m lett]s4 ,x is v important to und]/& t ! ,int]net is n a broadca/ m$ium b m l ! telephone or mail sy/em4 ,x specializes 9 contact+ individuals "o at a "t4 ,9 o!r words1 y are n go+ to get a li/ ( all #be million ,e-mail addresses & bomb>d !m e #aj m9utes ) a #cj second s\nd byte4 ,nor are y go+ to s5d #ajj p a lett] ask+ !m to contact #ajj p]sons ea*4 ,on ! o!r h& y might use ! m$ium to contact a mail+ li/ ( y\r cu/om]s or self-publi% a promotional bro*ure4 ,! am\nt ( comm]cial traffic on ! ,int]net is disappo9t+ly small--b important4 ,mo/ly ?is is = hi/orical reasons4 ,! backbone network 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,n,s,fnet 7= ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation7 has an acceptable use policy = traffic c>ri$ ov] x4 ,?is re/ricts traffic to messages t support ! ,r,d ef=t ( c]ta9 gov]nm5t laboratories & univ]sities4 ,cle>ly1 !re is n room = comm]cial traffic if y are directly connect$ to ! ,n,s,fnet4 ,b n[adays "o c get on ! ,int]net )\t connect+ directly to ,n,s,fnet1 & ! am\nt ( comm]cial traffic is gr[+4 ,don't ov]look3 o ,mak+ product in=mation & bro*ures available by ,e-mail z well z by ! po/al s]vice4 o ,all[+ cu/om]-support inquiries by ,e-mail4 o ,/>t+ a mail+ li/ = y\r cu/om]s or cli5ts4 o ,sett+ up a mail-s]v] to let cli5ts get in=mation ab\t y\r product automatically1 )\t hav+ to wait = y to log on 7requir$ direct connection to ! ,int]net74 o ,putt+ y\r product in=mation on an anonym\s ,,ftp s]v] 7requires t y h a files]v] on ! net or f9d an ,,ftp site will+ to take ! in=mation74 ,supris+ly1 !re are1 to my k1 no pay-=-adv]tis+ s]vices t support mails]v]s or anonym\s ,,ftp sites4 ,x is a fair pr$iction t ?is adv]tis+ m$ium w develop z m p]sons jo9 ! net4 ,y c\ld put y\r in=mation on bullet9 bo>ds1 ( c\rse1 b only memb]s w see x !re--n ! #be million p ) ,e-mail access4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t unless y are 9 v specific indu/ries t are in=mation or pap] int5sive 7say publi%+1 comput+1 in=mation retrieval1 & s on71 or unless y ne$ access to gov]nm5t in=mation l wea!r maps1 t y\r use ( ! ,int]net w consi/ ( d[nload+ programs or gett+ ! late/ te*nical in=mation4 ,all ( ?is ov]looks ! mo/ important aspect ( ! ,int]net = bus9esses4 ,! ,int]net is evolv+ v rapidly4 ,x is likely to be an important m$ium = transact+ bus9ess1 = cu/om] s]vice & = adv]tis+ 9 ! v ne> future no matt] :at indu/ry y are 94 ,= "s indu/ries1 l publi%+1 high-te*nology indu/ries1 & ! m$ia1 x w be critical4 ,bus9esses :o h a pool ( employees t are adept at us+ ! ,int]net w h a competitive advantage ov] firms t don't4 ,?us y %\ld enc\rage y\r employees to get p]sonal ,int]net connections & le>n ab\t ! ,int]net aft] h\rs4 ,*apt] #ab ,special = ,/ud5ts & _! ,p>5ts ,s9ce ! ,int]net grew up 9 an academic environm5t1 univ]sity /ud5ts w likely h a level ( access t w\ld be ! envy ( any bus9ess4 ,all ! s]vices & rese>* tools--n j ,e-mail1 ,,ftp1 & telnet1 b goph]1 ,,www1 ,,wais1 & ! re/ are likely to be available to /ud5ts f any t]m9al on ! local clu/] or by dial-up f _! dorm rooms4 ,/ud5ts w be especially ke5 on3 o *eck+ ! univ]sity libr>y catalogue to see if a book is 9 be=e walk+ to ! libr>y4 o f9d+ out ab\t campus ev5ts 7ev5 at o!r univ]sities67 ?r\gh goph] or s*ool bullet9 bo>ds o po/+ buy & sell notices = comput] equipm5t1 c>s1 h\s+1 & s on4 o contact+ pot5tial tutors ei!r at _! own univ]sity or = help by ,e-mail4 7,a netwide univ]sity ( tutors1 call$ ,us5et ,univ]sity1 is prep>$ to answ] que/ions 9 v>i\s subjects by ,e- mail already exi/s 9 ! ,us5et newsgr\ps4 ,see ! alt4uu499 hi]>*y74 o us+ onl9e catalogues ( o!r univ]sity libr>ies to f9d books = int]libr>y loan or to compile bibliographies o d[nload+ free s(tw>e & in=mation o f9d+ s*ol>%ip in=mation ,p>5ts c communicate ) _! *ildr5 at college by ,e-mail--& probably get a fa/] response ?an wait+ = ! occasional lett] f home4 ,worri$ p>5ts w h to refra91 h[ev]1 f us+ ! f+] comm& to f9d out :5 _! *ildr5 la/ logg$ 9 or read _! mail6 ,*apt] #ac ,special = ,writ]s1 ,j\rnali/s1 ,publi%]s1 & ,pr9t]s ,!re is probably no indu/ry = :i* in=mation is s critical z = ! m$ia & publi%+ indu/ries4 ,j\rnali/s :o explore ! networks w f9d t !y use ! tools describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ov] & ov] to track d[n in=mation1 conduct prompt int]views by mail1 & s on4 ,publi%]s w be int]e/$ 9 ! electronic transmission ( manuscripts 7?\gh writ]s solicit+ publication w /ill want to s5d h>dcopy--! equival5t 9 ! electronic age ( s5d+ a self-address$ /amp$ envelope74 ,publi%]s w also be int]e/$ 9 %>+ or develop+ free image process+ s(tw>e ) o!r publi%]s1 & transmitt+ graphics4 ,z ! net develops1 libr>ies rese>* w m & m (t5 involve int]network+4 ,se>*+ = books is already easy by dial-up or ov] ! ,int]net4 ,9 addition1 ! am\nt ( in=mation t is nev] circlulat$ on pap] w increase4 ,?is is already ! case 9 ! sci5tific & te*nical community :]e pr9t+ is a luxury r ?an a necessity4 ,giv5 t a s+le #h mm videotape c hold #ejj1jjj pages ( text1 x is possible to ho>d 7& se>*7 va/ am\nts ( in=mation t y c nev] possibly pr9t out4 ,imag9e :at su* te*nology w d 9 ! h&s ( ,gov]nm5t or any o!r bureaucracy4 ,f9ally1 x is n h>d to image ! day :5 an editor w receive z _m press releases by ,e-mail z ?r\gh ! po/al s]vice4 ,int]network+ te*nology all[s virtually any bus9ess or individual to set up & run _! own wire s]vice1 provid+ in=mation ab\t _! bus9ess or special int]e/ to a select gr\p ( subscrib]s4 ,?is capability is completely analog\s to ,desk ,top ,publi%+1 :i* put l[-end pr9t+ 9 ! h&s ( any bus9ess or individual4 ,j\rnali/s & o!r writ]s w n want to ov]look ! kaleidascopic mixture ( te*nical discussion1 product ann\ncem5ts1 gossip1 & g5]al rant+ on ,us5et4 ,us5et already has m *annels ?an a typcial satellite & is gr[+ by t5 *annels a day or s4 ,x is h>d to f9d1 b tuck$ 9 among ! *it-*at & programs is ! only up to ! m9ute in=mation on ! ,int]network$ ,_w4 ,c]ta9ly all writ]s ( sci5tific or te*nical columns w want to tap ?is s\rce ( in=mation4 ,*apt] #ad ,special = ,elem5t>y & ,high ,s*ool ,tea*]s ,!re are _m special ,int]net s]vices = ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,s*ool tea*]s provid$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 mo/ly ?r\gh ! education (fices ( rese>* laboratories4 ,! be/ all ar\nd ref]nce = tea*]s is ! ,,ncsa ,guide to ! ,int]net1 put out by ! ,education ,(fice ( ! ,national ,c5t] = ,sup]compt] ,adm9i/ration4 ,a pap] v]sion is available f3 ,! network v]sion is locat$ at ftp4ncsa4uiuc4edu4 ,un=tunately1 x is available only 9 ,micros(t ,^w =mat 7requires b9>y transf]74 ,if y are unable to use ?is =mat directly or conv]t to a =mat y c use1 y w h to ord] ! pap] v]sion4 ,! ,,ncsa ,guide cov]s all y ne$ to "k to connect to ! ,int]net-- bo? te*nical details & etiquette--z well z sugge/$ projects to introduce *ildr5 to ! net4 ,y w f9d out h[ to get in=mation ab\t ! space program or h[ to access su* programs z ! ,newton ,bullet9 ,bo>d ,s]vice = ,sci5ce & ,ma?4 tea*]s at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,9 addition1 ,us5et has a k#ab499 hi]>*y :i* provides a gateway to ! ,k#ab network4 ,besides ,k#ab1 !re are sev]al o!r regional networks specifically = tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,"o ( ! m excit+ prospects = tea*]s is t ( %>+ work%eets1 h&\ts1 & o!r mat]ials ) o!r tea*]s4 ,al?\gh ?is type ( %>+ is r\t9e on bullet9 bo>ds & regional networks t cat] to tea*]s1 anonym\s ,,ftp sites hold out ! possibility ( a worldwide collection ( su* mat]ials4 ,s5d contribut$ mat]ials 79 electronic =mat7 to ftp4cs4city4ac4uk3_/freelore_/incom+ by foll[+ ! in/ructions 9 ,*apt] xx = s5d+ a file by anonym\s ,,ftp1 or mail a floppy disk 7& a return mail] ) prepaid po/age1 if y want x back67 to ,! ,free,lore ,project ,p4,o4 ,box #fjbb ,/4 ,*>les1 ,,il #fjagd4 ,make sure y\r mat]ials h a copyright notice l ?is c\rse1 all[+ anyone to copy & di/ribute !m = free 7= educational purposes74 ,*apt] #ae ,special = ,libr>ians ,= _m ye>s1 ( c\rse1 libr>ies h be5 among ! heavie/ us]s ( in=mation s]vices--= catalogu+ or to fill patron reque/s4 ,sev]al companies n[ specialize 9 provid+ ,int]net access to libr>ies1 e4g4 ,,access or ,d,r,anet4 ,libr>ies w increas+ly use ^! s]vices because ! promise ! foll[+ b5efits3 o ,inexp5sive access to hundr$s ( onl9e libr>y catalogues1 worldwide4 o ,uni=m1 & (t5 *eap]1 access to in=mation s]vices us+ telnet r ?an a ho/ ( special s(tw>e packages4 o ,access to netwide se>*+ tools l ,,wais1 ,,www1 & ,,goph]4 o ,discussion by ,e-mail ) o!r libr>ians1 conf]5ce reports & ann\ncem5ts1 & s on4 ,x is true1 z "o libr>ian said to me1 t y c tell t libr>ians didn't set up ! ,int]net4 ,! ar*ives grew piecemeal & _! cont5ts are f> f uni=m 9 quality4 ,9 addition1 ! :ole ,int]net is s va/ x probably c't be catalogu$4 ,nev]!less1 r\gh & ready tools & cu/oms h gr[n up to provide "s sort ( access to ! in=mation t is out !re4 ,!re is a great deal ( "w to be done by libr>ians t w d\btless keep !m employ$ into ! next mill5ium4 ,! ma9 boon to libr>ians is ! hi]>*ical organization ( ! net into nodes1 directories1 & subdirectories4 ,^! provide an implicit & univ]sal call numb] to 99ev]y?+ 9 ! electronic _w994 ,! day is n f> away :5 a cross-ref]5ce l ,see ota4ox4ac4uk3_/pub_/,historical,docs_/,p olitical_/,,u_/con/itution w be z common z a bibliographic citation or ,see ref]5ce 9 a c>d catalogue4 ,! ,int]net also c>ries a numb] ( hidd5 exp5ses & dang]s to libr>ies3 o ,x w some:at increase ! exp5se ( comput] equipm5t1 te*nical p]sonnel1 s(tw>e1 etc4 ne$$ by libr>ies o ,additional phone l9es may become necess>y1 especially if "s sort ( public access to ! ,int]net is contemplat$ o ,/aff tra9+ ne$s w be great] o ,! local comput] sy/em w ne$ virus protection s(tw>e & regul> backups 7a good idea anyway b seldom practic$ by libr>ians1 9 my exp]i5ce4 ,p]sons :o are tra9$ 9 book cons]vation %\ld "k bett]674 o ,"s mat]ial on ! ,int]net w ar\se compla9ts f ! public because x repres5ts ! views ( unpopul> m9orities 7e4g lib]als1 homosexuals1 fem9i/s1 & intellectuals74 ,!re is also a great deal ( pornographic mat]ial 7text & graphics7 available by ,e- mail or ?r\gh ! ,us5et newsgr\ps4 ,issues ( c5sor%ip1 public fund+1 & access = m9ors h yet to be play$ out 9 ! doma9 ( electronic communications4 ,9 addition to ! /&>d package ( s]vices f y\r provid]1 libr>ians %\ld n neglect ,us5et ,newgr\ps1 ev5 if ?is means gett+ a special acc\nt ) a diff]5t s]vice 7& access+ x by dial-up or telnet ?r\gh y\r prim>y s]vice74 ,le>n+ to use ! ,us5et ,newgr\ps & _! invaluable ,f,a,qs 7,frequ5tly ,ask$ ,que/ions7 is ! 99s+le mo/ important skill = pr(essional developm5t ( y\r /aff499 ,?is means t y may want to enc\rage aft]-h\rs play+ ) y\r comput] sy/em4 ,?9k ( ! ,us5et ,newsgr\ps z ! ,ref]5ce ,section ( ! ,int]net4 ,*apt] #af ,special = ,s*ol>s ,x us$ to be t only sci5ti/s & te*nologi/s us$ ! academic networks4 ,b no long]4 ,today !re are _m humani/s & social sci5ti/s happily gabb+ away ) _! fri5ds 7oops 4 4 4 ,i mean colleagues7 at o!r univ]sities1 collaborat+ by ,e-mail1 subscrib+ to & writ+ = ,e-j\rnals1 & s on4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 9 addition to ! academic comput+ environm5t describ$ 9 ! ,*apt] = /ud5ts4 ,y\r ma9 entree to ?is _w is "s sort ( ,e-mail access & f9d+ a mail+ li/ or newsgr\p = y\r field4 ,f !re y w pick up tips on int]e/+ mat]ials or gr\ps to jo9--9 %ort y c />t network+4 ,! two ma9 s\rces = su* mail+ li/s are ,,li/s]v]s 7traditional on ,,bitnet7 & increas+ly ,us5et ,newsgr\ps4 ,actually ! newsgr\ps are n z useful z ! li/s at ! mom5t 99= ! humanities994 ,?is is because ! academic hi]>*y is n z subdivid$ z ! comput] sci5ce hi]>*y4 ,?us1 !re is a :ole hi]>*y = comput] sci5ce1 b all ( l+ui/ics fits into sci4lang6 ,^! discussion gr\ps ei!r t5d to h j a few p>ticipants or to be s all-encompass+ t !y are useless4 ,?is does n mean y %\ld ignore ,us5et--! comput] & network+ in=mation is invaluable--j t y w n f9d x 99directly99 relevant to y\r field4 ,li/s]v]s are ano!r matt]4 ,!y all[ di/ribution ( articles by anyone to ! :ole li/ 7unless ! li/ is mod]at$1 i4e4 ref]e$ by ! li/'s own]71 & !y all[ ar*iv+ ( articles at a place anyone on ! li/ c access4 ,9 %ort1 !y =m a sort ( ,electronic ,j\rnal ) a 99v99 big read] mail column4 ,to f9d a li/ 9 y\r field1 s5d ! message ,,index ,,global to any li/s]v]4 ,^! usually h an address l li/s]vhoople4usnd4edu4 ,!n s5d a message l ,,subscribe ,,pdqfan to ! li/s]v] to jo9 ! li/ ,,pdqfan4 ,aft] t y w s5d messages = publication to pdqfanhoople4usnd4edu & 7human7 s]vice reque/s to pdqfan- reque/hoople4usnd4edu4 ,! be/ way to use a li/s]v] is to avail y\rself ( ! ,,set ,,pdqfan ,,dige/ or ,,set :atev]li/ ,,dige/ comm& s t y get ! 7daily87 mail+ z a newspap] & n z a s]ies ( fifty or s mail messages int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,! dige/ includes 99y\r own99 correspond5ce s t y h a record ( ?is4 ,?is is n :at happ5s )\t ! ,,dige/ option4 ,= full in/ructions s5d ! message ,,help to li/s]v:]eev]4edu4 ,ultimately ! ,humanities w h ! same infra/ructure ( s]vices t already is =m+ 9 ! ,sci5ces3 o easy access to prepr9ts & collections ( j\rnal articles o ar*ives ( data sets1 special purpose free s(tw>e1 & text databases4 o collections ( ,e-text s\rce mat]ials1 if relevant4 ,^! may include tagg$ text = special /ati/ical /udies4 o a set ( free programm+ tools = r\t9e s*ol>ly tasks l typesett+ pap]s1 creat+ bibliographic databases1 & s on--9 ! =mat specific to y\r field4 ,s*ol>s 9 ! humanities %\ld *eck ! li/ ( ,e-text ar*ives 7ov] #cjj ( !m7 at ,georget[n ,univ]sity 7s5d ,e-mail message to to get />t$74 ,^! ar*ives may well h mat]ials 9 y\r field t !y w make available = s*ol>ly purposes at a nom9al co/4 ,9 addition1 *eck ! ,ox=d ,text ,ar*ives at black4ox4ac4uk4 7,log9 z anonym\s = in=mation--z ( ?is writ+ ! ar*ives are n se>*able onl9e by telnet1 b an index is available74 ,*apt] #ag ,special = ,*ur*es1 ,synagogues1 & ,mosques ,x is supris+ t religi\s organizations h be5 s sl[ to recognize ! importance ( a new communications m$ium l ! ,int]net4 ,_m religi\s organizations use comput]s = produc+ newslett]s or acc\nt+ & o!r (fice tasks2 b v few use !m effectively = telecommunication & int]network+4 ,! ,int]net is n l ,television or ,radio--x is n a broadca/ m$ium4 ,9 _m ways ! ,int]net is a m appropriate communications m$ium = religions organizations ?an ! m$ia4 ,x is less exp5sive1 n c5trally controll$1 & rea*es p]sons :o want to receive ! in=mation on a case-by-case basis4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t a religi\s organization f sett+ up a files]v] on "o ( ! comm]cial nets 7admitt$ly exp5sive1 b y only ne$ "o worldwide74 ,f !re any memb] ( y\r organization c upload & d[nload in=mation4 ,?us y c keep a libr>y ( regional or local newslett]s1 special s(tw>e1 a directory ( local gr\ps1 li/+s ( job op5+s1 & s on4 ,_m organizations already h ?is sort ( ?+ on ,bullet9 ,bo>ds1 b ,,ftp ar*ives & ,e-mail provide a less exp5sive me?od ( dissem9at+ in=mation t c rea* any:]e 9 ! _w1 n j a local region or s+le area code4 ,b ! promise ( int]network+ goes beyond ! (fice environm5t ( y\r organization--:i* ,i am sure is already well develop$--to t\* y\r educational & evangelical mission4 ,y c make in=mation ab\t y\r organization & its beliefs in/antly available to #be million p if !y want x4 ,9 addition1 !re is a great ne$ = *>ity "w 9 prep>+ ,e- texts4 ,mo/ ,e-texts are copyright$ or lock$ up 9 propriet>y databases4 ,?is means t !y _c be freely %>$4 ,free ,e-texts1 especially ^? writt5 9 pla9 vanilla ,,ascii1 are 9 great dem& among bl9d p--:o c use special s(tw>e to conv]t ! text to s\nd--& by p]sons 9 remote areas or ! ?ird _w4 ,di/ribution ( free ,e-text is n limit$ to ! ,int]net by any means4 ,free ,e-text w f9d its way onto ?\s&s ( bullet9 bo>ds & w be pass$ to non-network$ ma*9es by floppy disks4 ,once pr9t$ out x c be dissem9at$ by photocopy+ or any inexp5sive pr9t+ me?od t uses cam]a-ready copy4 ,! ,int]net is ?us ! backbone ( a worldwide di/ribution network t c rea* anyplace sophi/icat$ en\gh to h "s sort ( pr9t+ 7or deliv]y7 te*nology4 ,!re are basically two ways to create free ,e-text3 y c type or scan 9 some?+ 9 ! public doma9 7#ge ye>s old or old]7 or y c create new text t has a copyright notice l ?is "o all[+ anyone to copy & di/ribute ! text4 ,x is n en\gh m]ely to sell ! in=mation at a nom9al co/4 ,unless y all[ o!rs ! "r to fur!r di/ribute in=mation x is n really free1 ev5 if y sometimes give x away at no co/ on a floppy disk4 ,9 fact1 ! only 99free99 religi\s lit]ature 7& typ+ ev5 ?is 9 0 q an accompli%m5t7 consi/s (3 ,! ,k+ ,james ,bible 7)\t ,apocrypha71 ! ,quran1 ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 ,! ,book ( ,mormon & relat$ texts1 ! ,bible 9 ,hebrew1 & ! ,kama ,sutra4 ,c]ta9ly ! v>i\s d5om9ations %\ld consid] releas+ _! basic liturgical texts & a selection ( _! religi\s lit]ature 9 free ,e-text =m4 ,mod]n v]sions ( ! ,bible are a problem because ( copyright re/rictions4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be a boon = "s organization to make a mod]n v]sion free 9 ! s5se t anyone c\ld copy & di/ribute x4 ,"p ,,iii ,advanc$ ,te*niques ,*apt] #ah ,rese>* ,me?ods ,i3 ,basic ,navigation ,me?ods ,! ,int]net is c]ta9ly a va/ place4 ,= ! beg9n]1 or = ! exp]i5c$ us] :o wants to d m ?an *eck an occasional bibliographic cross-ref]5ce to an ,,ftp site1 a navigation tool is almo/ ess5tial4 ,! ?ree mo/ common navigation tools are discuss$ "h4 ,!y repres5t ?ree diff]5t approa*es to /ategy1 t>get con/itu5cy1 t>get mat]ials1 & us] int]face 7! "p ( ! program t y see74 ,! ?ree s]vices are kn[n z ,,goph]1 ! ,,wide ,,area ,,in=mation ,,s]vice 7,,wais1 pron4 ways71 & ! ,,_w ,,wide ,,web 7,,www or ,w#c74 ,all ?ree s]vices are bas$ on cli5t-s]v] te*nology4 ,to make in=mation 99available99 to o!rs y ne$ special s(tw>e call$ a s]v]4 ,! us] !n uses a cli5t program to access ! in=mation4 ,cli5ts are (t5 free--!y are writt5 by :oev] fund$ ! initial project or by volunte] hack]s4 ,! cat* to us+ a cli5t is t y h to h a 99direct99 7usually exp5sive7 connection to ! ,int]net4 ,?is is ! ma9 reason t a ,,slip connection w become m & m important4 ,x fools ! net into ?9k+ t y h a direct connection )\t ! exp5se ( hook+ y\r comput] to a ,local ,area ,network & !n to ! ,int]net4 ,y c use a cli5t program on y\r own home or (fice comput] if y h a ,,slip connection4 ,ev5 if y don't yet h a ,,slip connection--!y're /ill a bit exp]im5tal--y c use ! s]vices li/$ "h4 ,z ( ?is writ+ all ?ree s]vices all[ free access to a cli5t = demon/ration purposes4 ,!re are a numb] ( telnet addresses :]e y c try out ^! navigation tools4 ,i expect t1 z ! traffic on ! network increases1 ^! public access sites w close d[n4 ,b by !n communications programs w r\t9ely include ,,slip & probably "s v]sion ( ! major cli5ts z well4 ,"o ^w ( caution3 all ! s]vices "h are built on top ( telnet & ,,ftp4 ,!y j provide a diff]5t & p]haps m useful way ( mak+ ,int]net connections4 ,?us1 ! same s]vice may appe> 9 sev]al guises1 dep5d+ on ! tool y use to connect to x4 ,!re are also gateways t let y access "o s]vice f ! o!r--b (t5 at a price 9 t]ms ( useability4 ,s9ce ! s(tw>e may n tell y t y are look+ at1 say1 a ,goph]-bas$ s]vice via ,,www1 y may h to try all ?ree s]vices to f9d ! "o t makes ! mo/ reliable connection4 ,ano!r factor to consid] is t unless y h a direct or ,,slip connection1 y w be limit$ to us+ a comm& l9e int]face4 ,y w n exp]i5ce ! real p[] (1 at lea/1 ,,www or ,,wais4 ,nev]!less !y are useful4 ,9 g5]al1 a beg9n] %\ld use goph] fir/1 !n play ) ! o!r two s]vices to see if !y are useful to y4 ,! ma9 problem y w h is 99gett+99 ! in=mation y f9d4 ,if y d n h ! cli5t program1 ?is is difficult4 ,y c\ld cut & pa/e ! in=mation f y\r scre5 or use y\r communications program's buff] to /ore x4 ,,wais w s5d y ! results ( y\r se>* by ,e-mail4 ,(t51 y w h to resort to ,,ftp to fet* ! in=mation once y h locat$ x--if y c figure out :]e y are4 ,"o ( my criticisms ( se>* tools l ,goph] or ,,wais is t !y (t5 give y a v poor indication ( :]e ! in=mation y f\nd is physically locat$4 ,?is is especially true ( ! publically accessible v]sions4 ,section #ah4a ,goph] ,goph] 0 creat$ by two /ud5ts1 xx & xx1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,x provides a m5u-l view ( t "p ( ! ,int]net :]e ,goph] s]v]s are f\nd1 goph]space4 ,goph] has spread to _m univ]sities4 ,y c se>* /ud5t directories & campus cal5d>s1 z well z ! usual int]net res\rces4 ,x is by f> ! easie/ way to explore ! net )\t ent]+ num]\s ,,ftp & telnet comm&s4 ,s9ce ,goph] is ! olde/ & mo/ dec5traliz$ ( ! s]vices1 x provides ! mo/ ext5sive access to useful s]vices4 ,onl9e libr>y catalogues1 ! ,project ,gut5b]g libr>y1 ,,ftp ar*ives1 & num]\s exits to telnet4 ,! telnet access to demon/ration ,goph] sy/ems 7& ?r\gh !m to ,goph] s]v]s on 99any99 campus7 is ?r\gh3 xxx4xxx4xxx ,/ud5ts w ( c\rse want to use ,goph] directly f _! s*ool's sy/em4 ,try typ+ goph] at any prompt4 ,section #ah4b ,wide ,area ,in=mation ,s]vices 7,,wais7 ,,wais 0 develop$ 9 a v diff]5t environm5t f ,goph]4 ,x 0 develop$ by a jo9t collaboration ( ,?9k+ ,ma*9es1 ,inc4 7,artificial ,intelleg5ce te*nology71 ,d[ ,jones ,news ,retrieval 7,in=mation sy/ems71 & ,apple ,comput] 7,us] int]face74 ,its ability to f9d in=mation giv5 a pla9 ,engli% description ( :at y want 7hey1 f9d ev]?+ on ,p]sonal ,comput]s & ,heal?7 is truely m9d- boggl+4 ,x returns a li/ ( hits toge!r ) a likelihood t x conta9s :at y want$4 ,x c also look = docum5ts t are some?+ l a sample docum5t4 ,! us] int]face is a pleasure to use--b requires a direct or ,,slip connection to ! ,int]net4 ,! l9e-ori5t$ v]sion t is publically available is a pale imitation ( ! real ?+4 ,,wais /r5g? is its ability to retrieve in=mation f almo/ any s\rce1 n j ,,ftp sites4 ,a li/ ( all ,,wais s\rces is ma9ta9$ 9 a directory-(-directories 7available at ?9k4com74 ,y import a set ( in/ructions on h[ to access a giv5 in=mation s]v] to create y\r own p]sonaliz$ li/ ( s\rces4 ,?is s]vice is probably ! "o ( greate/ int]e/ to bus9ess 7i4e4 non-academic & non-libr>y7 us]s4 ,to try out ,,wais1 telnet ?9k4com & log 9 z ,,swais4 ,section #ah4c ,_w ,wide ,web 7,,www or ,w#c7 ,! newe/ ( ! ?ree s]vices is ! ,_w ,wide ,web4 ,x 0 creat$ at ! ,european ,european ,c5t] = ,high ,en]gy ,physics 7,,c]n74 ,x is bas$ on yet ano!r te*nology 7besides ,,ftp & cli5t-s]v]7-- hyp]text4 ,! ,_w ,wide ,web views ! entire complex ( ,,ftp sites z a s+le docum5t ) cross-ref]5ces4 ,a ,,www s]v] lets y read t docum5t & jump to any cross-ref]5ce t y f9d--h5ce ! t]m hyp]text4 ,! result is r l a m5u driv5 sy/em b 7at lea/ 9 ! graphical int]face v]sions7 y /ay inside ! famili> context ( a text editor4 ,if y c imag9e click+ on a cross-ref]5ce & hav+ y\r text editor fet* ! docum5t f an ,,ftp site y w get ! idea4 ,! docum5ts t c be view$ by ,,www are ,,ascii text ) special tags t give a addresses ( ! hyp]text l9ks4 ,! tags use ! syntax ( ! ,/&>d ,g5]aliz$ ,m>kup ,language 7,,sgml74 ,,sgml is a language us$ by s*ol>s to m>k text = academic rese>*4 ,! ,,www vision ( ! libr>y ( ! future is a collection ( docum5ts spread all ov] ! _w1 ! :ole ( :i* c be look$ at />t+ f any "o ( !m4 ,sort ( l hav+ ! :ole _w on y\r desktop4 ,!re is n top node to ! ,web1 b y c f9d po9ts ( entry at3 telnet info4c]n4* 7,european ,c5t] = ,high ,en]gy ,physics 9 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&1 ! home ( ,,www74 ,section #ah4d ,summ>y ( ,navigation ,tools ,to summ>ize1 "h are ! ?ree sy/ems discuss$1 toge!r ) _! und]ly+ te*nology & con/itu5cy3 ,goph] 3 ,simple ,,ftp & ,telnet 3 ,campus ,info ,,wais 3 ,artificially ,intelleg5t se>*es 3 ,bus9ess ,_w ,wide ,web 3 ,hyp]text & ,,sgml m>kup 3 ,ac4 ,rese>* ,*apt] #ai ,rese>* ,me?ods ,,ii3 ,us5et ,newsgr\ps ,?is *apt] is "u con/ruction ,*apt] #bj ,rese>* ,me?ods ,,iii3 ,advanc$ ,te*niques ,! previ\s two *apt]s cov]$ ! m or less /&>d te*niques = f9d+ y\r way ar\nd ! net4 ,?is *apt] cov]s m ,!re are ?ree basic problem situation t e rese>*] us+ ! ,int]net w ev5tually face3 7#a7 ,y "k :o has ! in=mation b y don't "k _! address4 7#b7 ,! in=mation is on ! net1 only y don't "k :]e4 7#c7 ,! desir$ in=mation is n on ! net1 b _! 99is99 in=mation on h[ to get x f a non-network s\rce4 ,! me?ods describ$ 9 ?is *apt] are m t5tative ?an 9 ! prece$+ two *apt]s4 ,!y don't always "w4 ,section #bj4a ,f9d+ ,p]sons & ,comput]s ,!re are a c\ple ( /&>d me?ods = *eck+ & v]ify+ ,e-mail addresses4 p+ rtfm4mit4edu 7,rememb] t is ! prompt ! comput] gives y4 ,y\r sy/em prompt may look diff]5t74 ,y %\ld get back a message say+ rtfm4mit4edu is alive or some?+ l t4 ,_m ma*9es support a comm& call$ nslookup t w return ! dott$ decimal address giv5 ! "n ( ! ma*9e nslookup rtfm4mit4edu returns xxx z ! dott$ decimal address4 ,if y c guess ! "n ( p]son or in/itution--?is is n h>d-- !n y c try to see if y h a valid address by f+]+ y\r int5d$ victim3 f+] pdqhoople4usnd4edu ,if ! sy/em supports ! f+] feature 7& _m don't71 y c try any numb] ( guesses or p]mutations4 ,if y succe$1 y c f9d out lots ( in=mation ab\t ! p]son3 _! telephone numb]1 :5 !y la/ logg$ on1 :5 !y la/ read _! mail1 :at dep>tm5t !y "w 91 etc4 ,_m sy/ems all[ y to leave a file call$ 4plan--note ! initial dot--t conta9s fur!r contact in=mation4 ,good guesses = names3 o la/ "n 7ba*71 o la/ "n ) "o or m initials 7pba*1 pdqba*71 o ?ree 7or m67 initials 7pdqb7 o nicknames1 cute h&les1 etc4 7fluffy1aragorn7 o "w ,,id numb]s 7ba*#bcgh;bigblue4com7 ,y\r la/ resort is a se>* program call$ netf9d4 ,x lets y f9d a ma*9e or p]son by keyword4 ,if y "k y\r t>get is at ,,usnd1 y c try ! keywords ,,pdq1 ,,usnd1 ,,edu & f9d pdqhoople4usnd4edu4 ,note t y (t5 h to guess ! doma91 b ?is %\ld n be h>d4 ,y c also se>* ) ,,pdq1 ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,nor? ,dakota1 ,,edu1 if ,,usnd is n suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,city & /ate names "w1 too4 ,try x4 ,! ma9 %ort com+s ( netf9d are3 7#a7 x (t5 fails if ! t>get comput] does n support ! f+] comm&2 & 7#b7 x only works on ! ,int]net1 n ,bitnet or o!r mail sy/ems4 ,to use netf9d y h to telnet to any ( sev]al /&>d locations & log 9 z netf9d4 ,if "o s]v] is busy x %\ld give y a li/ ( alt]nate s]v]s to try4 ,detail$ in=mation on h[ to f9d someone on ! net is giv5 9 ! ,us5et ,,faq 7ftp3_/_/rtfm4mit4edu_/ xxxx 74 ,?is ,,faq is ori5t$ t[>ds help+ ,univ]sity /ud5ts1 :o flood ! networks e ,fall look+ = ! ,e-mail addresses ( _! fri5ds4 ,section #bj4b ,f9d+ ,in=mation & ,s(tw>e ,by f> ! easie/ way to ,if y d n h ,int]net access1 !n y w h to use ,,ftp by ,e- mail 7use ! ,ar*ie by ,e-mail ar*ive s]v] fir/ to f9d y\r t>get674 ,f9d+ ,in=mation & ,s(tw>e ,us5et ,news ,,faq ,ar*ives ,ar*ie ,section #bj4c ,f9d+ ,ref]5ces to ,pap] ,docum5ts ,?is is ! la/ resort1 "r8 ,mo/ in=mation is /ill 9 pap]1 al?\gh ! high co/ ( pap] w mean t less & less is available ?is way4 7#a7 ,use ! ,int]net to access bibliographic databases1 especially libr>y catalogues 7#b7 ,use a docum5t retrieval s]vice l t provid$ by ! ,colorado ,alliance ( ,rese>* ,libr>ies 7,,c>l74 7#c7 ,try to get someone to s5d y a x]ox or fax4 ,*apt] #ba ,*apt] #bb ,*apt] #bc ,*apt] #bd ,*apt] #be ,^! *apt]s1 :i* deal m ) ab/ract !ory ?an ) specific in/ructions1 has be5 omitt$ f ?is special edition4 ,"p ,,iv ,res\rces ,! ma9 res\rces on ! ,int]net are to be f\nd on ! net itself3 especially ! ,us5et news & its _m ,f,a,qs includ+ ! ,,pdial & ,,nixpub li/+s & v>i\s ,int]net res\rce guides4 ,! res\rces provid$ "h are second be/4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 felt important to provide a few addresses & a few book titles = ! neophyte to get />t$4 ,! in=mation 9 ?is section is a po9t ( dep>ture1 n a conclusive summ>y4 ,*apt] #bf ,! ,int]net ,address ,book3 ,?is ,*apt] is "u con/ruction ,*apt] #bg ,bibliography ,mo/ ( ! books bel[ d n conta9 a great deal ( h[-to in=mation ab\t connect+ to ! ,network4 ,?is c\rse is int5d$ to fill ! gap4 ,b !y d tell y :at to d once y are on4 ,! fir/ few1 :i* are available by ,int]net1 are especially useful4 ,!y d make ! network self-describ+4 ,,available ,,on ,,! ,,int]net ,! ,incomplete ,guide to ! ,int]net 7= ,mac9to% ) ,micros(t ,^w only--= pap] v]sion see bel[7 ,a v complete guide writt5 by ! ,education ,(fice ( ! ,national ,sup]comput+ ,ag5cy 7,,ncsa74 ,x conta9s a v complete intro- duction to ! ,int]net & classroom ,int]net projects = ,k#ab tea*]s4 ,?is is ! be/ guide = public s*ool tea*]s4 ,= pap] v]sion1 write3 ,*uck ,f>m]1 #aeb ,,cab1 #fje ,e4 ,spr+field ,ave41 ,*ampaign1 ,,il #fahbj4 ,co/ is ar\nd #bb4jj = #cjj pp4 ,polly1 ,jean ,arm\r4 ,surf+ ! ,int]net nys]net4org3_/pub_/res\rces_/guides 7#aib4gg4agc4b74 ,?is is my all- ar\nd *oice = be/ introduction to ! ,int]net4 ,x conta9s ref]5ces to mo/ o!r good s\rces ( in=mation toge!r ) in/ructions on h[ to get !m4 ,x is especially complete 9 giv+ in=mation ( int]e/ to libr>ians4 ,kehoe1 ,br5dan4 ,z5 & ! ,art ( ! ,int]net 7#a/ ed47 ,a v good guide = h[-to in=mation4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,,ftp v]sions are all m>k$ up 9 a dialect ( ! ,te,x typesett+ sy/em4 ,!y are /ill some:at readable ?\gh1 ev5 if y don't h ! ,te,x sy/em4 ,a ,po/script v]sion is also provid$4 ftp4uu4net3_/inet_/doc 7#acg4ci4a4i7 ftp4cs4toronto4edu3_/pub_/z5 7#adg4ca4bed4acb7 ftp4cs4wid5]4edu3_/pub_/z5 7#adg4ca4bed4acb7 files are call$ z5- #a4j4t>4,z1 z5-#a4j4;dvi1 & z5-#a4j4,,ps ftp4sura4net3_/pub_/nic_/z5-#a4j4,,ps ,,publi%$ ,,works ,kehoe1 ,br5dan4 7#aiic74 ,z5 & ! ,art ( ! ,int]net3 a ,beg9n]'s ,guide 7#bnd ed474 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,,nj3 ,pr5tice-,hall4 ,,isbn #j-ac-jajggh- #f4 ,index4 ,krol1 ,ed4 7#aiib74 ,! ,:ole ,int]net ,us]'s ,guide ,catalog4 ,seba/opol1 ,,ca3 ,o',reilly ,associates4 ,,isbn #a-efeib-jbe-b4 ,la,quey1 ,tracey1 ,ry]1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aiic74 ,! ,int]net ,companion3 a ,beg9n]'s ,guide to ,global ,network+44 ,read+1 ,,ma3 ,addison-,wesley4 ,,isbn #j-bja-fbbbd-f ,m>9e1 ,april4 7#aiib74 ,,int]net3 ,gett+ ,/>t$4 ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,,ca3 ,,sri ,int]national4 ,,isbn #j-iddfjd-ae-c ,t5nant1 ,roy1 ,ob]1 ,j41 & ,lip[1 ,a4 ,g4 7#aiic74 ,cross+ ! ,int]net ,?re%old3 ,an ,in/ructional ,h&book4 ,b]keley1 ,,ca3 ,libr>y ,solutions ,press4 ,,isbn3 #a-hhbbjh-ja-c 7,libr>y ,solutions ,in/itute & ,press1 #bacg ,oregon ,/reet1 ,b]keley1 ,,ca #idgje4 ,voice3 #eaj_/hda-bfcf ,,fax3 #eaj_/hda-bibf7 ,*apt] #bh ,gloss>y ,?is *apt] is "u con/ruction ,app5dix ,a ,,comput] ,,h9ts ,,= ,,! 99,,really99 ,,gre5 #a4 7turn+ on7 ,make sure ! comput] is plugg$ 9 & on4 ,is some?+ on ! scre58 ,c y he> a fan8 ,does any?+ happ5 :5 y type or move ! m\se8 ,are lights lit or fla%+8 ,! scre5 may be froz5 by a hold button 7look = a light labell$ scroll lock or some?+ simil>4 ,try t\*+ ! upp] left button on ! keybo>d-- ,f#a1 escape1 hold1 break1 :atev]74 ,if ! comput] is n on look = a swit* on back or a key labell$ on or ) a triangle on x4 #b4 7us+ a m\se7 ,det]m9e :e!r y are look+ at a "* t]m9al or a w9d[-ori5t$ scre54 ,if w9d[-ori5t$1 !n mov+ ! m\se %\ld cause a po9t] to appe> & move ar\nd4 ,use ?is po9t] to click on w9d[s1 buttons1 etc4 ,y click ! m\se by press+ its button 7leftmo/ "o if !re are ?ree74 ,if y hold ! m\se button d[n y c grab ?+s & drag !m ar\nd4 ,click+ on w9d[s makes !m active 7ready = comm&s7 & br+s !m =w>d4 #c4 7modifi] & function keys7 ,keys labell$ %ift1 alt1 meta1 option1 comm&1 ctrl or m>k$ ) c]ta9 funny symbols are modifi] keys4 ,!y "w l %ift keys on a typewrit] & c *ange ! effect ( typ+ a key or click+ a m\se button4 ,function keys1 labell$ ,f#a1 ,f#b1 etc41 d some?+ imm$iately--l edit1 move to ! next page1 or quit ! program--:5 y press !m4 ,! keys on ! keypad 7"r h& side1 looks l a calculator pad7 act z function keys 9 "s programs4 #d4 7popup m5us & m5ub>s74 ,if !re is a /r+ ( words at ! top ( ! scre5 7m5ub>71 t\* "o ( ! words ) ! po9t] us+ ! m\se & !n hold d[n ! m\se button4 ,a m5u %\ld pop up4 ,if y cont9ue hold+ d[n ! m\se button & drag d[n ! m5u1 !n let g1 y w select "o ( ! comm&s4 ,if y don't want to activate a comm&1 drag ! po9t] away f ! comm&s 7t[>ds ! middle ( ! scre51 say7 & let g4 #e4 7gett+ ! comput]'s att5tion7 ,no luck8 ,try hitt+ return or ent] a few times1 look = keys labell$ break or escape1 try control-,c 7hold d[n ! key labell$ ,,ctrl--x works l ! %ift key on a typewrit]--& !n press c1 !n let g ( bo? keys74 #f4 7c>riage return7 ,once ! sy/em is respond+ y usually h to hit ! c>riage return key 7m>k$ ) a hook$ arr[ or return or ent] or ,,cr or newl9e7 or else click ! m\se 7left-mo/ button if !re are ?ree7 be=e any?+ p]man5t happ5s--l s5d+ a comm& to ! comput]4 ,an exception is 9 m5u-driv5 sy/ems :i* pr9t a li/ ( options & expect y to type a numb] or lett] 7l y = yes1 n = no74 ,sometimes answ]+ a "q ) a c>riage return gets y a default answ]4 ,! default is (t5 indicat$ 9 brackets3 ,d y really want to quit n8 ,hitt+ return "h w n quit4 #g4 7delete key7 ,if y make a typ+ mi/ake1 !re is a key 9 ! upp] righ?& corn] labell$ del1 delete1 backspace1 or ) a backw>ds arr[ or x on x t w erase :at y typ$4 #h4 7logg+ on7 ,if y see a message l ?is3 ,hello4 ,welcome to ,,fub> sy/em4 ,au?oriz$ p]sons only4 ,us]name3 xxx ,password3 !n ! comput] wants y to give x a us]name 7nickname1 h&le7 & type a password4 ,type y\r la/ "n & hit return2 !n type y\r password & hit return4 ,if y are sure ! sy/em is meant = ! g5]al public--say x is a donor database run by ! ,r$ ,cross--try obvi\s names l r$cross1 anonym\s1 or public4 ,if ! acc\nt is meant = g5]al use !n3 7#a7 no password w be requir$1 or 7#b7 any password at all w "w1 or 7#c7 ! password w be some?+ easy l r$cross 7aga97 or donor or gue/4 #i4 7sy/em prompts & help7 ,if ! comput] pr9ts a funny symbol 7call$ a prompt--(t5 x is a doll> sign1 p]c5t sign1 "q m>k1 "r angle bracket or "s su*7 & sits !re bl9k+ at y1 x is wait+ = a comm&4 ,try help or 8 to f9d out :at is possible4 ,or try man intro 7,,unix sy/ems only7 to read ! onl9e manual4 ,!re might be a help key or help comm& on a m5u4 #aj4 7text buff]s7 ,at "s po9t y may be compos+ a message4 ,y type ! message1 ( c\rse4 ,y may or may n h to type return at ! end ( ea* l9e--exp]im5t ) ?is4 ,y c erase any mi/akes ) ! delete key4 ,see if ! cursor 7bl9k+ m>k] t m>ks :]e y type7 c be mov$ ar\nd ) arr[ keys or a m\se4 ,if !re is a m\se1 y c select text by dragg+ across x 7hold d[n button1 move m\se1 release m\se74 ,once select$ a l>ge block ( text c be delet$ ) ! delete key or mov$ by issu+ ! cut comm& 7look = a function key or comm& on ! edit m5u7 & !n ! pa/e comm&4 #aa4 7us]names7 if y ne$ to "k someone's us]name1 try _! la/ "n 7goodw97 1 fir/ initial or bo? initials & la/ "n 7jgoodw91 jegoodw971 or all ?ree initials 7jeg74 ,be w>n$ t _m sites add numb]s 7goodw9#ba71 use s]ial numb]s 7g#baace71 or use cutesy aliases 7?ump]74 ,us]names are usually all l[]case4 #ab4 7case s5sitivity7 if no?+ seems to "w ! way x is suppos$ to *eck y\r caps lock4 ,mo/ sy/ems are ei!r case-s5sitive 7l ,,unix7 or automatically translate comm&s to all upp] case4 ,?us help1 ,,help1 & ,help are ei!r ?ree diff]nt comm&s or "o & ! same4 #ac4 7sav+ y\r "w7 ,) mo/ programs1 :atev] y d or *ange is n p]man5t unless y write ! *anges to disk4 ,y save y\r "w by select+ save f ! file m5u or "s o!r me?od4 ,(t5 !re are two comm&s = exit+--"o t saves y\r "w & "o t disc>ds x4 ,= example1 exit might save *anges & quit ignore !m4 ,if y\r program does n h an autosave feature--& ev5 if x does--y %\ld save y\r "w e #ae m9utes at lea/4 #ad4 7quitt+ or logg+ (f7 ,aft] y h prop]ly sav$ y\r "w y c quit y\r program or sy/em by f9d+ ! quit comm& 7look at ! bottom ( ei!r ! fir/ or la/ m5u on ! m5u b>71 or by typ+ quit1 exit1 q1 x1 bye1 lo1 log\t1 log(f1 or some?+ simil>4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,us+ ,a ,,modem ,us+ a modem 7modulator-demodulator7 is relatively easy if y foll[ ! in/ructions t come ) ! modem & ! communications s(tw>e4 ,^! in/ructions _c ,,buy+ ,a ,,modem3 ,,basic ,,features ,y %\ld *oose a ,hayes-compatible modem4 ,?is is ! indu/ry /&>d & works ) mo/ s(tw>e4 ,! modem is a small comput] t responds to ,,at comm&s1 comm&s s5t by y\r s(tw>e beg9n+ ) ,,at = ,att5tion ,modem4 ,! mo/ common are ,,atdt #a #hjj #eee #abab4 ,?is tells y\r modem ,s make sure ! modem y buy responds to ,,at comm&s4 ,a #bdjj baud ,hayes-compatible modem w co/ ab\t #ej by mail-ord]4 ,y %\ld consid] buy+ a ,,fax modem 7#cej71 h[ev]4 ,! m exp5sive modem is fa/]1 has m features1 & c turn y\r comput] into a ,,fax ma*9e4 ,y\r connection to ! outside _w w nev] be any bett] ?an y\r modem all[s1 s buy a good "o4 ,! ,f,a,xes c be display$ on y\r comput] scre54 ,y only pr9t !m if y want to1 on an ord9>y las] pr9t]4 ,! o!r features ( a top ( ! l9e ,,fax modem include3 7#a7 ,up to #ad1ddj baud rate 7#g times fa/] ?an #bdjj baud7 7#b7 ,data compression 7,v4#cb;bis is ! "n ( ! /&>d7 7#c7 ,error correction 7,v4#db;bis is ! "n ( ! /&>d7 ,,hook+ ,,up ,,! ,,modem ,! modem goes betwe5 y\r comput]s s]ial 7"o-bit-at-a-"t7 communications port & y\r telephone l9e4 ,y\r modem probably includ$ ! "r k9d ( cable4 ,if n1 *eck ! manual or call ! deal] :o sold y ! modem4 ,! modem to phone connection w use /&>d telephone cable ) modul> jacks on ei!r end4 ,y unplug y\r phone f ! wall socket & plug 9 y\r modem in/ead4 ,if y want to leave y\r phone1 answ]+ ma*9e1 fax ma*9e1 & s on plugg$ 91 y c use dual plugs t all[ "o or m cord to be plugg$ into ! same socket4 ,look on ! bottom ( ea* piece ( equipm5t 7includ+ ! modem74 ,!re %\ld be a little /ick] t tells h[ _m r+] equival5ts ! equipm5t is wor?4 ,don't exce$ eight on any "o phone l9e4 ,y c also buy inexp5sive boxes t w let y use a s+le phone l9e = faxes & = voice4 ,,w>n+3 usually y\r modem--& any o!r p]iph]als--%\ld be wir$ to y\r comput] be=e y turn ! comput] on4 ,?is is s ! comput] c look = ! modem & confirm t x is hook$ up4 ,*eck y\r comput]'s & modem's manual = precise in/ructions on hook+ up a modem to y\r comput]4 ,if y are connect+ ! comput] to an (fice phone t is "p ( a ,private ,bran* ,ex*ange 7,,pbx7 !n 444 ,,mak+ ,a ,,connection ,usually y call ano!r comput] by dial+ its phone numb]4 ,ei!r y type an ,,at comm& l ,,atdt #a #hjj #eee #abab or y\r s(tw>e does ?is = y :5 y *oose a connect comm& or some?+ l t f a m5u4 ,be=e y get ! modem's att5tion y ne$ to set y\r s(tw>e to ! prop] modem sett+s4 ,^! sett+s are li/$ 9 lit]ature ab\t ! s]vice4 ,z a la/ resort call cu/om] s]vice = ! comput] y are try+ to connect to4 ,or else y c try diff]5t sett+s until y f9d "o ! lets y connect4 ,! mo/ common modem sett+s today are ei!r #abjj or #bdjj baud & #h,n#a1 :i* means #h bits1 no p>ity1 & "o /op bit4 ,! mo/ important sett+s are3 ,! ,,baud ,,rate 7#cjj1 #abjj1 & #bdjj are typical l[ spe$ connections1 ) #bdjj be+ ! mo/ common "o = mod]n equipm5t2 #ifjj or #addjj are ,fl[ control ,,on or ,,(f 7(t5 labell$ ,,xon_/,,x(f74 ,if y\r modem is go+ to talk ) y\r comput] at a fa/] rate ?an ov] ! phone l9e1 !n fl[ control is ess5tial4 ,be sure t y\r s(tw>e und]/&s t ! phone l9e spe$ is diff]5t f ! comput]-to- modem spe$4 ,! phone l9e c't g any fa/] ?an #ad1ddj ,baud4 ,y\r comput] c d f\r times t or m4 ,full or half duplex connection 7,,local ,,e*o ,,on or ,,(f74 ,9 a half duplex connection ! two comput]s take turns communicat+ on ! same *annel4 ,?is means t y\r comput] w be ! "o to ,,e*o :at 99y99 type on y\r scre5 7local e*o ,,on71 s9ce x doesn't make s5se say some?+1 h ! o!r comput] read x1 !n s5d x back1 j s y c see :at y type4 ,9 a full duplex connection bo? comput]s c talk at once1 s local e*o is ,,(f4 #g or #h bits p] "*4 ,_m comput] sy/ems use ! la/ sev5 bits ( ea* byte to d5ote a "* 7up to #abh *>act]s74 ,! eigh? bit is us$ = p>ity1 fl[ control1 or "s o!r important signal4 ,n[adays #h bits is m common4 ,ev51 ,odd1 or ,no ,,p>ity4 ,"o way to *eck = errors 9 transmission is to tag ea* byte ) a bit t means ev5 or odd1 ! p>ity bit4 ,if a bit is transmitt$ incorrectly1 !n ! p>ity bit won't agree ) byte s5t & ! s(tw>e c ask = t byte or block ( data aga94 ,,no p>ity is ! mo/ common sett+ today1 h[ev]4 #j1a1 or #b ,,/op ,,bits4 #a /op bit is ! usual sett+ ^! days4 ,if y\r modem has its speak] on1 y w "h a dial tone1 !n ! modem w dial1 & !n !re w be a lot ( squeals z ! two comput]s negotiate ab\t ! transmission4 ,if y are lucky1 bo? comput]s w e/abli% a c>ri] tone or hum t is !n modulat$ to s5d data4 ,at ?is po9t mo/ modems turn ( ! speak]1 b a c>ri] detect light %\ld be on4 ,z long z y h ! c>ri] y h ! connection4 ,! c>ri] is pres5t--to y\r modem1 at lea/--ev5 if y tell y\r s(tw>e to g (f l9e = a :ile4 ,if y hang up1 h[ev]1 ! c>ri] is dropp$4 ,n[ t y h a c>ri]1 :atev] y type is s5t to ! o!r comput] 7& ! transmit light fla%es71 & y c receive data z well4 ,pay att5tion to any bann] ! s]vice y are connect+ to may pr9t4 ,9 p>ticul> y ne$ to "k :at escape "* y\r sy/em recognizes4 ,typ+ ?is "* or sequ5ce ( *>act]s all[s y to /op tranmitt+ ev]y?+ & give y\r own sy/em a comm&4 ,?is is especially important if are transf]r+ a file & h to escape back to y\r own sy/em to tell x :at to d ) ! incom+ data4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,on ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,_m s]vices let y sign up by connect+ y\r comput] to a ,,transf]r+ ,,data ,gett+ data f "o comput] to ano!r is a matt] ( runn+ 99two99 programs--"o on ea* comput]4 ,^! programs use a common protocol1 or proc$ure1 to communicate4 ,! mo/ common protocols are ,,xmodem1 ,,ymodem1 ,,zmodem1 & ,,k]mit 7= ,,unix sy/ems & "s o!rs74 ,! /eps involv$--us+ ,,k]mit z an example--are3 #a4 ,run ,,k]mit on ! s5d+ ma*9e #b4 ,escape to ! receiv+ ma*9e #c4 ,run ,,k]mit on ! reciev+ ma*9e #d4 ,wait = ! transf] to f9i%4 ,y w h to read y\r s(tw>e manual = m specific in/ructions1 unless y h a direct int]net connection or ,,slip connection4 ,9 ^! cases y c issue a ,file ,transf] ,protocol 7,,ftp7 comm& to :i*ev] comput] & ! details at ! o!r end are automatically tak5 c>e (4 ,see ,*apt] ,x = m detail on transf]r+ data4 ,,disconnect+ ,y w want to use :atev] log(f proc$ure ! remote comput] wants4 ,if y\r manual or o!r lit]ature doesn't tell y1 & y c't get any in=mation by try+ help or 81 try ! foll[+ comm&s3 log\t1 log(f1 lo1 bye1 exit1 quit4 ,if all else fails y c drop ! c>ri] us+ ! hangup comm& 7or escape back to y\r sy/em & s5d ,,a? to y\r modem--att5tion1 hangup74 ,z a la/ resort pull ! plug & y\r telephone company w disconnect y1 !n exit y\r s(tw>e & turn (f y\r comput]4 ,y may h to get y\r modem's att5tion by typ+ ! escape sequ5ce1 :i* v>ies f modem to modem or connection to connection4 ,app5dix ,c ,te*nical ,details ( ,int]net ,connections ,?is *apt] is "u con/ruction ,app5dix ,d ,j en\gh ,,unix ,s9ce ! ,,unix op]at+ sy/em may be unfamili> to _m ( y1 & s9ce _m work/ations on ! net use ,,unix1 x may help "s read]s to summ>ize "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ,,unix4 ,"o day y may be logg$ on to a ,,unix ma*9e4 ,n[adays1 l _m op]at+ sy/ems1 ,,unix hides beh9d a graphical us] int]face l ! ,x ,w9d[s sy/em4 ,occasionally--& network+ is un=tunately "o ( ^? occasions-- its quirks l file-nam+ & directory hi]>*y peek ?r\gh4 ,?is ,app5dix gives y j en\gh ,,unix to avoid "s pitfalls & issue comm&s ne$$ to transf] files4 ,! basic comm&s y ne$ to "k = any sy/em are h[ to display directories & li/ ! cont5ts ( files1 h[ to "n files1 & h[ to get help ab\t ! sy/em4 ,,unix comm&s are j z quirky z ,,ms-,,dos1 ,,vms1 ,,rsx1 ,,vm1 or any o!r op]at+ sy/em t uses a comm& language4 ,=tunately1 !y are no h>d]4 ,section ,d4#a ,basic ,comm&s = ,gett+ ,ar\nd ls 3 li/ curr5t directory ls -l 3 long] li/+1 ) file l5g? 9 bytes cd mydir 3 move d[n "o level 9 ! hi]>*y to directory mydir cd 44 3 move up "o directory 9 ! hi]>*y ,section ,d4#b ,hi]>*ical ,file ,sy/em ,files 9 ,,unix are arrang$ 9 a hi]>*y or tree /ructure4 ,app5dix ,e ,! ,top #aj ,?+s to ,get by ,e-mail ,?is ,app5dix may be di/ribut$ sep>ately f ! re/ ( ?is c\rse4 ----------7cut "h7---------- ,,! ,,freelore ,,project's ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,top #aj ,,?+s ,,to ,,get ,,by ,e-,,mail ,copyright 7c7 #aiic by ,john ,e4 ,goodw94 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,y may make & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ?is docum5t = non- comm]cial purposes provid$ ?is notice is pres]v$ on all su* copies4 ,?is is a li/ ( t5 fun & useful ?+s y c get by electronic mail4 ,9 all cases y\r reque/ is h&l$ by an automat$ sy/em t s5ds ! mat]ials by return mail4 ,sy/ems *ange frequ5tly1 s "s comm&s may be out ( date4 ,all 7 te/$ & work+ z ( mid-,june #aiic4 ,a typical1 old-fa%ion$ ,e-mail sy/em works l ?is mail type ! comm& to ent] ! ,e-mail program mail s5d or type help to f9d out :at comm&s "w ,to3 presid5t:iteh\se4gov ,?is is an ,int]net address --may look diff]5t on y\r sy/em ,cc3 vice4presid5t:iteh\se4gov ,subj3 ,y\r ,/ance on ,nucle> ,p[] ,ent] ,message4 ,:5 ,done1 hit ,control-,z1 ,control-,c to quit3 ,de> ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,i 0 disappo9t$ to see t 4 4 4 etc41 until y type ,,ctrl-,z ,message s5t #bc3je3dd #ad-;,,jun-#aiic4 mail exit ,mod]n automat$ mails]v]s expect y\r comm& 9 ! body ( ! message4 ,b "s old-fa%ion$ ones expect x z "p ( ! 99subject99 l9e6 ,i always tell if ?is is ! case4 ,9 mo/ cases y w get a response 9 a few m9utes4 ,= sy/ems t wait to (f-peak h\rs to s5d responses y may h to wait a day4 ,"h are "s m h9ts3 o ,mo/ automat$ sy/ems respond to ! s+le comm& help4 o ,p *ange _! directory sy/ems ar\nd ev]yday x seems4 ,if ! comm&s giv5 don't "w1 try to locate :at y want by ,ar*ie 7see bel[7 be=e reque/+ x by mail4 o ,! ,d\ble quotes ar\nd "s comm&s ar5't "p ( ! comm& itself 7s don't type !m674 ,) t advice1 "h's ! li/4 4 4 4 #aj ,! ,,cpet 7,catalog ( ,projects 9 ,electronic ,text7 supplies in=mation ab\t ,e-text ar*ives = s*ol>s4 ,!y h an onl9e database4 ,= detail$ in/ructions1 s5d ! message3 connect guvax4acc4georget[n4edu cd cpetprojects9electronictext get cpetus]guide4txt to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,?is is a s]vice t provides ,int]net ,file ,transf] ,protocol 7,,ftp7 by ,e-mail4 ,see next entry4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp ref]5ce = ,,cpet us]'s guide3 guvax4acc4georget[n4edu3_/cpetprojects9e lectronictext_/cpetus]gu ide4txt #i ,in/ructions = us+ ,ar*ie by ,mail & ,,ftp by ,mail4 ,ar*ie is a lookup s]vice = f9d+ s(tw>e or docum5ts 9 ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ives on ! ,int]net4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp is a me?od = mak+ mat]ials on c]ta9 comput]s available to ! public4 ,anyone is all[$ to log 9 ) ! us]name anonym\s ,y give y\r real "n z ! password4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp is n available if y j h ,e-mail1 n a full ,int]net connection4 ,to help ,e-mail us]s access ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ives1 an ,,ftp by ,mail s]v] has be5 set up at decwrl4dec4com4 ,x w s5d y mat]ials y f9d us+ ,ar*ie4 ,b9>y files 7pictures & programs7 are encod$ z text files us+ ! programs btoa or uu5code4 ,y ne$ ^! freew>e programs if y want to get any?+ besides text files1 i4e4 ,,ascii4 ,a4 ,to get />t$ ) ,ar*ie1 s5d ! message help to ar*iear*ie4rutg]s4edu4 ,!re are _m ,ar*ie s]v]s ar\nd ! _w4 ,any ,ar*ie w give y a complete li/4 ,b4 ,to get />t$ ) ,,ftp ,mail1 s5d ! message help quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 #h ,a li/ ( book-l5g? 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add+ ! l9e get int]network-mail-guide to ! above reque/ = a file on s5d ,e-mail betwe5 any two ,e-mail sy/ems 7file is #bbk74 ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ive ref]5ces3 csd#d4;csd4uwm4edu3_/pub_/inet4s]vices4t xt rtfm4mit4edu3_/pub_/us5et-by-gr\p_/news4 anws]s_/int]net-s]vices #c ,,surf+ ,,! ,,int]net1 by libr>ian ,jean ,arm\r ,polly4 ,?is mu/- h publication is /ill ! be/ basic ori5tation to ! ,int]net4 ,! ne>e/ ?+ to ! h[ to use ! libr>y c>d catalogue spee* t op5$ up t o!r _w = u :5 we 7 kids4 ,s5d ! message connect nys]net4org cd pub_/res\rces_/guides get surf+4#b4j4c4txt t's a z]o n an oh quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,o!r int]e/+ files 9 ! same directory are3 ftp4li/ :atis4int]net new4us]4guide4v#b4b4txt speak]sonint]net4txt ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ive ref]5ce3 nys]net4org3_/pub_/res\rces_/guides #b ,! ,,nixpub li/+ ( public access ,,unix sy/ems 7s y c read ,us5et news673 ,s5d ! message connect vfl4p>amax4com cd pub_/nixpub get long quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,anonym\s ,,ftp ar*ive ref]5ce3 vfl4p>amax4com3pub_/nixpub_/long ,x is also po/$ z a ,,faq 7,frequ5tly ,ask$ ,que/ions7 to ! ,us5et newsgr\p alt4bbs4 ,& ! critics' *oice is 4 4 4 #a ,! ,,pdial li/+1 a li/+ ( dialup me?ods ( connect+ to ! ,int]net = ! g5]al public4 ,s5d a message to info-deli-s]v]netcom4com ) ! comm& s5d pdial 9 ! 99subject99 l9e4 ,alt]natively1 s5d ! message s5d us5et_/news4answ]s_/pdial to mail-s]v]rtfm4mit4edu4 ---------- ,:at ?is c\ntry ne$s is a good #ej c5t education4