,,email #aja by ,john ,goodwin1 this is an ,alpha test version1 your suggestions will be included in the ,beta test versions1 and in the final editions4 ,this rough version is missing #h out of #bh chapters and #a out of #e appendices4 ,copyright 7c7 #aiic by ,john ,e4 ,goodwin4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,you may make and distribute verbatim copies of these course notes for non-commercial purposes using any means1 provided this copyright notice is preserved on all copies4 ,for information on taking the internetworking course1 contact ,john ,goodwin 7jgoodwinadcalc4fnal4gov7 ,p4,o4 ,box #fjbb ,st4 ,charles1 ,,il #fjagd1 ,u4,s4,a4 #a title ,e-,,mail #aja ,if you like those little machines that give you #bd hour access to your bank account1 you'll love the ,internet4 ,i suppose there are still people who1 given a choice1 will go to a drive-through teller just so they can deal with a live person instead of a machine4 ,but even those people will admit that it is nice to have the option of doing things for yourself1 on your own schedule1 anywhere4 ,do you remember what it was like before automatic tellers8 ,banks closed at #c p4m4 on weekdays4 ,each ,saturday you had to guess how much money you would need for the following week4 ,if you were wrong you had to cash a check at a food store 7and maybe buy something you didn't want74 ,and if you were out of town8 ,well1 there were always credit cards4 ,we don't do that anymore4 ,i think many people go to the automatic teller because they like the privacy of handling their own business without having to explain it all to someone else4 ,and we like the illusion of having access to our own account anytime we want4 ,there are disadvantages to using an automatic teller card too--you may have to pay a fee each month or even for each transaction--and you have to remember to deduct those fees from your account balance or you will bounce checks4 ,but ,i'll bet you feel pretty competent using an automatic teller and don't lose much sleep worrying over the fees4 ,this course is designed to give you that same sense of freedom and competence with the ,internet that you have with an automatic teller machine or the telephone4 ,with a home computer1 a modem1 and communications software1 you can connect to other computers over the phone line to exchange electronic mail 7,e-mail71 trade files1 or search for information4 ,many of those computers are connected to the worldwide network called the ,internet4 ,some few of them will--for a fee--let 99you99 connect to the ,internet4 ,from there you can dial any of #ijj1jjj or more computers1 send ,e-mail to any of #be million people1 and access hundreds of free1 informative services4 ,in short1 you are on the verge of a new method of communicating with people and machines called internetworking4 ,internetworking lets you3 o ,avoid playing phone tag2 o ,sign up to receive special interest electronic newsletters and journals2 o ,access hundreds of information services and document collections in exactly the same way--no need to have hundreds of sets of different instructions or hundreds of 7expensive7 special purpose software packages2 o ,find and communicate with other people who share your interests4 ,internetworking is an essential skill for the '#ijs4 ,your children will find it as common as viewing television or using the telephone4 ,it still has a few rough edges--but we'll explain those4 ,there is actually no single network owned by one company called the ,internet4 ,instead1 many medium-sized networks have grown together to create a phone system that connects together nearly a million computers4 ,many hundreds of these computers allow some form of public access4 ,you can get the latest news or weather1 download information about ,government programs or high-tech products1 search on-line library catalogues and databases1 download free software1 and do many other things1 with little or no monetary investment beyond the cost of your home computer4 ,using the ,internet need not be expensive3 you can get on the ,internet for as little as #aj a month if you own 7#a7 a home computer1 7#b7 a #ej modem1 and 7#c7 some communications software 7under #ajj74 ,there are more expensive ways to connect to the ,internet1 of course4 ,these ways make sense for businesses or organizations that make heavy use of the network4 ,but in this course we will discuss methods that cost in the #aj-dj_/month range4 ,these methods are suitable for exploring the net after hours and for casual use4 ,we will provide some basic information about more expensive methods of connecting 7,appendix ,c7 so that you can make informed decisions if your networking needs should increase in the future4 ,internetworking well means mastering a whole host of skills--connecting two computers together using the ,internet is just the beginning4 ,you have to learn methods for transferring information from the remote computer to your own4 ,this is a complex task that may involve using a file transfer protocol and compression techniques4 ,because the information world is so vast1 your biggest problem will most likely not be connecting to the ,internet4 ,it will be finding what you want4 ,thus1 this course covers not only the mechanics of making a connection and transferring files1 but techniques for locating material as well4 ,and of course you will want to be savvy about the costs of different connection methods4 ,this means estimating whether it will cost you more per ,megabyte to transfer the information or to have it faxed to you by a friendly librarian4 ,this course is intended for the general public--students1 businesspersons1 librarians1 teachers1 writers1 journalists--in fact anyone who needs to find information and communicate with others4 ,whether you are researching a paper1 writing an article1 or trying to get technical information on a product1 you will use these techniques over and over4 ,chapters marked with an asterisk are omitted from this edition4 ,,course ,,contents #a 3 ,the ,past and the ,future of ,internetworking #b 3 ,what ,is the ,internet8 #c 3 ,how ,do ,i ,connect to the ,internet8 #d 3 ,who ,pays for the ,internet8 #e 3 ,internet ,basics #f 3 ,getting on the ,internet ,step by ,step #g 3 ,programs and ,pictures #h 3 ,file ,compression ,methods for ,faster ,transfer #i 3 ,what to ,do ,when ,you ,only ,have ,e-mail #aj 3 ,employee ,development3 ,how to ,get ,your ,employees ,internetworking ,part ,,ii ,special ,concerns #aa 3 ,special for ,businesses #ab 3 ,special for ,students and their ,parents #ac 3 ,special for ,writers1 ,journalists1 ,publishers1 and ,printers #ad 3 ,special for ,elementary and ,high ,school ,teachers #ae 3 ,special for ,librarians #af 3 ,special for ,scholars #ag 3 ,special for ,churches1 ,synagogues1 and ,mosques ,part ,,iii ,research1 ,organization1 and ,writing #ah 3 ,research ,methods ,i3 ,basic ,navigation ,methods 99#ai 3 ,research ,methods ,,ii3 ,usenet ,newsgroups #bj 3 ,research ,methods ,,iii3 ,advanced ,techniques 99#ba 3 ,organizing ,information 99#bb 3 ,information ,structures 99#bc 3 ,boolean ,logic 99#bd 3 ,writing for an ,internetworked ,world3 ,basic ,problems 99#be 3 ,writing for an ,internetworked ,world3 ,getting ,through to your ,audience ,part ,,iv ,resources 99#bf 3 ,the ,internet ,address ,book #bg 3 ,bibliography 99#bh 3 ,glossary ,appendix ,a4 ,computer ,hints for the 99,really99 ,green ,appendix ,b4 ,using a ,modem 99,appendix ,c4 ,technical ,details of an ,internet ,connection ,appendix ,d4 ,just ,enough ,,unix ,appendix ,e4 ,the ,ten ,best ,things ,to ,get ,if ,you ,only ,have ,e-,mail ,chapter #a ,the ,past and ,future of ,internetworking ,there is an old fashioned way to connect with other computers and share information and there is a modern way4 ,it is helpful to compare the two methods briefly in order to make contact with methods you may already know and to show off the advantages of using the ,internet4 ,the old fashioned 7ca4 #aihj7 method of making contact with other computers is through a bulletin board service 7,,bbs74 ,bulletin board services grew up in the late #gjs as a method for sharing software1 talking1 playing games1 etc4 with a personal computer4 ,they range in size from small special interest ,bulletin ,boards with a local following to giant national boards like ,compu,serve1 ,g,enie1 and ,the ,source4 ,you access a bulletin board with a modem and communication software by dialing a telephone number4 ,of course1 if you don't live in the local area of the ,,bbs you have to use a long distance carrier4 ,this may add a couple dollars per hour to the connect fee4 ,the basic services offered by a ,bulletin ,board and by the ,internet are similar3 7#a7 ,access to a host computer 7,internet ,,telnet command7 7#b7 ,file transfer capability 7,internet ,,ftp command7 7#c7 ,the ability to contact other ,,bbs members individually 7,internet ,e-mail7 7#d7 ,the ability to post messages for general consumption in any of several catagories4 7,usenet ,newsgroups7 ,the difference is that whereas each ,,bbs has its own dialup procedure1 menu interface1 file transfer methods1 billing policies1 and so on1 ,,the ,,internet ,,uses ,,one ,,method ,,for ,,all ,,computers ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,the savings in terms of the learning curve is staggering4 ,once you know how to use anonymous ,,ftp you know how to get information from 99hundreds99 of providers4 ,it is like the difference between using the postal service or using a special courier for each person you write a letter to4 ,once you know how to address the envelope and put the stamp on1 you can write anyone4 ,the ,internet has the added savings that any communications software you buy for it works with all providers4 ,you do not have to buy 7or customize7 special software for each information provider4 ,thus you can use one familiar graphical user interface 7windows program7 to connect with any computer4 ,the usual situation where you have to buy a special client program to connect to each kind of server is replaced with a situation in which you have a single program that any server out there has to comply with4 ,this standardization is the main advantage of using the ,internet4 ,bulletin ,boards are still around4 ,in fact1 one of the easiest ways to connect to the ,internet is through a national bulletin board service4 ,one disadvantage of this method is that--as of this writing--national ,,bbs's like ,compu,serve offer only ,e-mail4 ,you can't ,,ftp or ,telnet from them4 ,and they often charge per message for ,e-mail1 so using them can be quite expensive4 ,there are better ways4 ,chapter #b ,what is the ,internet8 ,the best way to think of the ,internet is as a communications medium like the ,telephone1 ,television1 or the ,postal ,service4 ,using the ,internet you can send a any written text by ,e-mail4 ,this is rather like mailing a letter and having it arrive in seconds--three days in the most backwards parts of the world4 ,using a special protocol called ,file ,transfer ,protocol you can transfer text files that are too long to mail 7over about #ej pages7 or even transfer graphics and programs4 ,if ,e-mail is the equivalent of talking to a person1 then ,telnet1 the third main ,internet service1 is equivalent to telephoning a computer4 ,as long as you know the password for logging on to a computer1 you can access and search any of nearly a million computers4 ,details of ,e-mail1 ,,ftp1 and ,telnet are contained in ,chapter #e1 ,internet ,basics4 ,this chapter puts the ,internet into context4 ,rather than concentrating on the trees that will occupy us in later chapters1 it paints a big picture of the computing world in which the ,internet has evolved4 ,when you pick up a telephone receiver you know you can dial households1 businesses1 or government offices4 ,you can dial #hjj numbers or #daa for information4 ,you know how to get the time or weather1 get your credit card balance1 or leave a message on an answering machine4 ,in short1 you have a good idea of what might possibly be at the other end of the line and a great deal of experience with negotiating their various intricacies4 ,but you are new to the ,internet4 ,some sense of what's out there in this new world is necessary to avoid getting lost in the thickets of acronyms1 numbers1 and procedures developed by different vendors4 ,as we approach the middle of the #ijs1 the normal working situation in offices is approaching something like this3 there is a ,local ,area ,network 7,,lan7 connecting together personal computers1 workstations1 and mainframes of different makes4 ,the ,,lan 7pronounced like land without the d7 may be connected to other ,l,a,ns as part of a ,wide ,area ,network 7,,wan74 ,the ,,wan may or may not be part of the global network called the ,internet4 ,in colleges1 universities1 and research laboratories it likely is part of the ,internet2 in the commercial world1 except for a few high-tech companies1 it likely is not4 ,but the difference between academia and the commerical world is rapidly becoming blurred4 ,in addition to the ,l,a,ns and ,w,a,ns there are many1 many home and office computers that 99could99 be part of the global network using a modem-to- host connection4 ,these computers can be the portable computers of outside salespersons connecting to the central office to file a report1 a computer in a home-operated desktop publishing company connecting briefly to the ,internet to get a graphic for a newsletter1 or a parent sending ,e-mail to their child at college4 ,section #b4a ,getting ,over ,shell-,shock ,let's face it4 ,not many members of the public--even the computer literate public-are on the ,internet4 ,there are three reasons that using the ,internet for the first time can be rather intimidating1 even though it is actually rather simple to use1 when you get down to the nitty- gritty of internetworking3 o ,getting on to the ,internet can be a little bit complicated2 o ,the capability of logging on to computers you've never used before by its very nature means facing unfamiliar--and hence uncomfortable-- situations2 and o ,the world is a very big place4 ,i like to think of the first problem--getting on to the ,internet--by remembering what it was like using an alternative long distance service before the breakup of the ,bell monopoly4 ,people who used the alternative carriers had to dial all sorts of access codes--very often a local access number1 a credit card number1 a security code1 99and99 the number of the party they were calling4 ,they knew that whatever came after that was going to be easier4 ,that's what getting on the ,internet is like4 ,you may have to dial a local access number1 get your modem settings right1 and type the right magic combination of words2 but after all that1 actually 99using99 the ,internet is simple4 ,we'll talk you through the initial steps--after a while 7and some frustration7 it will be as unconscious as unlocking your front door or tuning a television set4 ,the second problem is a little more substantial4 ,using the ,internet1 you can get yourself into situations that are1 well1 experimental4 ,because the ,internet gives you the freedom to go anywhere and do anything--at least if you know the passwords--you can uncover strange incompatibilities and unfamiliar systems4 ,i call this experience shell shock4 ,at some point you will likely find yourself face to face with a computer program that expects you to type a command you don't happen to know4 ,you can mostly avoid such situations by only trying things about which you have good information4 ,the situation is not much different from using a telephone3 if you stick to well-worn paths like dialing local numbers or simple long distance calls1 you will have little trouble2 but if you start dialing other countries or special numbers you may be in for a surprise or two4 ,when you do log on to a new 7previously unknown7 computer1 you can expect to come face to face with something called a shell prompt4 ,shell prompts look like this3 7or some other obscure symbol1 like a dollar-sign7 or this3 mail 7a favourite--means you're in some sort of mail program7 or like this3 prez#bc3 7means #bcrd command since you logged into computer prez74 ,a prompt means the other computer expects you to type a command for its shell1 or command interpreter4 ,the shell is the outer layer that you1 the user1 interact with4 ,two other types of user interfaces you might encounter are3 o menu systems that give you choice of numbers o window systems or graphical user interfaces 7,g,u,is1 pronounced gooey74 ,menu systems are popular on bulletin board services1 and usually present no problem to the novice4 ,their weakness is that they get cloying after about five minutes4 ,most menu systems that are designed to be used for that length of time or longer have a command mode1 where you get--you guessed it--a shell prompt4 ,even windowing systems 7you know if you have one of these7 very often give you a window that emulates a terminal1 i4e4 that gives you a shell prompt inside4 ,so1 you see1 in each of the three common user interfaces--command line1 menu-driven1 or graphical user interface--you will likely encounter1 at some time in your life1 a shell prompt4 ,advice on things that will likely work to get you started is given here and in ,appendix ,a4 ,some experience of other kinds of computers1 especially computers that use the ,,unix operating system is useful4 ,some tips about using ,,unix and other operating systems you may not have encountered before is given in ,appendix ,d4 ,if you do get stuck1 whether by being experimental or just by accident1 it is helpful to remember a few points3 o ,you can always disconnect from a remote service by using your communications software to hang up4 o ,if the computer gives you a strange symbol like a percent sign or a dollar sign and just sits and stares at you1 you can try help or 8 to try to find out what the computer expects1 or else try exit1 quit1 bye1 logoff1 or something similar1 to return to where you were before4 o ,many times1 when you log on to a system1 you will get instructions on how to get further help or how to escape back to your own system4 ,you should remember these or write them down6 o ,as a last resort1 exit the communications program 7and all other active programs7 and shut off your computer1 turn off your modem1 and disconnect it from the phone line4 ,be sure to do these steps in the order prescribed4 ,it is unwise 7though tempting7 to simply turn your computer off and on1 or to pull the plug on your modem with your computer running4 ,more suggestions for the inexperienced are given in ,appendix ,a4 ,the final hurdle to using the ,internet is that the world1 even the world of the ,internet1 is indeed a very large place4 ,when using the ,internet you have to decide3 o where to go2 o what information you want 7and where it might be72 and o how to get to it 7and get it back home intact74 ,for a system as vast as the ,internet1 these are hard decisions4 ,often1 the only strategy that works is to explore and try different things4 ,this course is designed to get you over the initial hurdles1 give you a fair grounding in methods that work1 and point you in the right direction4 ,the exploration is up to you4 ,as an initial orientation1 we describe the three worlds of the known ,internet in the next section4 ,section #b4b ,the ,three ,worlds of the ,known ,internet ,the ,internet1 like ancient ,gaul1 is divided into three parts4 ,these parts are not so much territories as worlds1 each with their own sets of assumptions1 favorite dialects1 and favored equipment4 ,we may conveniently refer to them as the ,,pc world1 the ,,unix world1 and the ,mainframe world4 ,here's a dossier on each of the three worlds3 ,world3 ,personal ,computer 7,,pc7 ,typical ,equipment3 ,,ibm ,,pc and clones 7#he7 1 ,macintosh 7#ae7 ,conventional ,operating ,systems3 ,,ms-,,dos1 ,,os_/#b ,windowing ,systems3 ,windows1 ,mac,o,s ,typical ,size3 ,,pc 7#ak to #ek typical2 few #ajj used7 ,clientele3 ,mixed--,business1 ,home users1 just about everybody ,world3 7mostly ,,unix7 workstation ,typical ,equipment3 ,sun ,workstation1 ,v,a,x,stations1 other vendors ,conventional ,operating ,systems3 ,,unix 7two major dialects71 ,,vms ,windowing ,system3 ,x ,windows ,typical ,size3 ,workstation 7#ek and up7 ,clientele3 ,engineering_/,scientific users2 more and more businesses ,world3 ,mainframe or ,minicomputer ,typical ,equipment3 ,,ibm 7various71 ,digital ,equipment ,v,a,xes ,conventional ,operating ,systems3 ,,vm1 ,,vms1 ,,unix ,windowing ,systems3 ,x ,windows1 if available ,typical ,size3 ,minicomputer or ,mainframe 7#ajk to millions7 ,clientele3 ,big ,business1 ,universities1 ,government ,the neat picture of three worlds is distorted somewhat by a tendency for each of the worlds to have two 7or a few7 major options1 either in choice of equipment1 operating system1 or vendor4 ,so1 for example1 the ,,pc world is split into two camps1 the ,,ms-,,dos people and the ,mac people4 ,similarly1 the ,,unix world is split into the ,,bsd workstations and ,system ,v 7i4e4 #e7 workstations4 ,the three worlds are reflected somewhat in networking4 ,the ,internet is dominated by minicomputers and workstations running ,,unix and ,,vms1 with an ever increasing influx of ,p,cs running ,,ms-,,dos and ,macs4 ,machines running other operating systems often put a ,,unix-like foot forward1 so the user can almost believe he or she is dealing with ,,unix machines4 ,there is a certain sense that the ,,unix software is the standard for the ,internet4 ,software tends to appear on ,,unix machines first and then be ported to other machines4 ,what makes it possible for all these disparate machines to talk to each other is the ,internet ,protocol 7known more formally as ,,tcp_/,,ip1 for ,transport ,control ,protocol_/,internet ,protocol74 ,,tcp_/,,ip can be thought of as a set of rules for two computers to use when they communicate with each other1 even if they are not from the same vendor4 ,we are used to thinking of computer systems as having software and hardware1 but it is closer to the truth to say that complicated systems like the ,internet have many levels--in the case of the ,internet as many as seven--ranging from very software to very hardware4 ,each level has its own set of rules1 called its protocol4 ,the ,,tcp_/,,ip protocol belongs to two of the middle levels4 ,at the moment1 the most common protocol for the two most very hardware levels is ,ethernet 7looks rather like the coaxial cable used for cable ,,tv71 while the very software levels are completely dependent on the vendor4 ,in fact1 it is this profusion of levels which lets the ,internet work on just about any kind of hardware and with software from many different vendors4 ,anyway1 the ,internet grew up as several medium-sized networks1 all having diffent very hardware and very software1 but using the ,,tcp_/,,ip protocol for their middle layers1 were connected together4 ,two of the first1 and biggest1 nets to adopt the ,internet ,protocol were ,a,r,p,anet-- ,internet was first designed for this one--the network for what used to be called ,,darpa 7the ,defense ,advanced ,research ,projects ,agency of the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,defense71 and ,n,s,fnet1 a network connecting universities and government laboratories for the ,u4,s4 ,national ,science ,foundation4 ,these and other large networks form the backbone of the ,internet4 ,but today there are hundreds of smaller nets hooked on to the backbones4 ,there 99are99 big networks that don't use ,,tcp_/,,ip4 ,for example1 in the context of ,,ibm mainframes at large universities and research institutions1 ,b,i,tnet 7,the ,because ,it's ,time ,network7 emerged4 ,this large worldwide network does not use the ,internet protocol4 ,b,i,tnet can be reached from the ,internet through special translators called gateways1 but it is definitely a different network4 ,occasionally one encounters problems that can be traced to this fact4 ,section #b4c ,the ,future of the ,internet ,the future of any technology is difficult to forcast1 and ,i do not profess to know what the future holds for the ,internet4 ,some predictions that various forcasters have made for internetworking 7and telecommunications in general7 are3 o ,a proposal for a data superhighway called the ,,nren 7,national ,research and ,education ,network7 will pass the ,u4,s4 ,congress4 ,this is an upgrade for the ,internet4 o ,commercial use of the ,internet will become more common and new schemes for charging for its use will emerge4 o ,the ,internet will be handed by the government over to ,,at,t and the other telecoms1 who will charge so much to access it that the whole scheme will collapse4 o ,optical ,fiber will replace ,coaxial ,cable 7,ethernet protocol7 as the most common standard for ,l,a,ns4 o ,the ,internet will enter the home over ordinary phone lines4 o ,the ,internet will enter the home over existing ,cable ,,tv coaxial cable4 o ,the ,internet will enter the home through newly strung optical fiber as part of a unified system for ,telephony1 ,cable ,,tv1 and the data communication1 using insert your favorite protocol here as a standard4 o ,personal ,computers will replace telephones1 answering machines1 stereos1 ,,cd players1 and ,v,c,rs--maybe even ,,tv6--as a single1 universal device for home use4 ,sounds like a good thing to connect to the ,,nren4 o ,computer and telephone technology will become so intertwined that it is hard to tell the difference4 ,one product1 already on the market1 is described as a handheld alphanumeric pager1 an ,,xt-compatible computer with a backlit screen and ,,pcmcia ,type ,,iii slot1 a fax_/modem1 a cellular and land-line phone1 and a voice recorder6 ,you are welcome to believe all or none of these predictions4 ,chapter #c ,how ,do ,i ,connect ,to the ,internet8 ,connecting to the ,internet involves several steps3 7#a7 ,getting your modem and communications software working together 7#b7 ,connecting to a provider over the phone lines 7or a ,,lan7 7#c7 ,using ,internet services ,for the first step you will have to rely on the manuals that came with your modem and software4 ,appendix ,b contains a discussion of some of the obscurer terminology associated with modem settings4 ,you might want to read it if your manual is not well written4 ,actually1 you do not have to know about the second step in great detail4 ,mostly it is a matter of knowing enough to intellegently choose a provider4 ,each provider will have a specific set of steps--modem settings1 access numbers1 passwords1 etc4--that you need to follow in order to get from you to the provider4 ,don't lose hope6 ,once you get there you've finished the hardest part4 ,chapter #f contains very explicit instructions for connecting to one particular service1 ,,delphi4 ,step #c is the subject of the rest of this course--what you can do once you're on4 ,the basics are discussed in the next chapter4 ,section #c4a ,connection ,methods ,in theory1 there are three ways to connect to the ,internet from a personal computer or workstation3 7#a7 ,your ,,pc may have a direct connection4 ,this means that it is part of a ,local ,area ,network 7,,lan7 that is in turn connected to one of the component ,wide ,area ,networks of the ,internet4 ,your computer will have its own ,internet ,protocol 7,,ip7 ,address4 ,this type of connection is common in offices1 especially of high-tech firms1 but definitely not for home use4 7#b7 ,you may have a connection to a host computer that is directly connected to the net4 ,if you can use a modem to connect your home ,,pc to the mainframe at the office and the mainframe is on the net1 then you can get an ,internet connection that way4 ,but what if your office doesn't have a mainframe on the net8 ,you can still subscribe to a service that makes a host computer available to the public4 ,this is presently the cheapest and most common method for public access to the net4 7#c7 ,there is a connection method in between cases 7#a7 and 7#b7 called a ,serial ,line ,internet ,protocol 7,,slip7 connection4 ,you dial up a special host computer--just like case 7#b7--;called a ,,slip-server4 ,the difference is that the ,,slip server gives you a temporary ,,ip address and talks to your computer using the ,internet ,protocol4 ,this requires your computer's software to speak ,,slip4 ,your computer thinks it is using case 7#a7 even though your actual connection is closer to step #b4 ,the advantage of fooling your terminal into thinking it has a direct connection is that it can use all the fancy1 free software developed for computers with direct connections4 ,the software for a ,,slip connection is being built into all new communications software4 ,if you just bought or upgraded your software1 you probably have ,,slip capability already4 ,the catch8 ,,slip is too slow on a cheap #bdjj baud modem4 ,but if you buy a fast ,,fax modem it works fine4 ,that's one reason that a #cej ,,fax modem is a good investment4 ,it is fast enough for ,,slip and gives you the ability to send and receive ,f,a,xes as well4 ,,slip technology is still rather new and somewhat experimental1 so this discussion will focus on the old reliable--method #b4 ,how do you find a service that will give the public access to the ,internet8 ,depending on where you live1 you may have a provider you can call in your local area code4 ,if not1 then most of your problem will be finding the cheapest way to make a long distance phone call4 ,this book does not have a list of providers1 since such a list will get out of date rapidly4 ,instead1 it gives you one cheap way to get on the ,internet1 then gives you instructions on how to find out who the providers are and what their rates are4 ,i would rather teach you how to look out for yourself than just give you some outdated advice4 ,this method also has the advantage that one set of instructions works for everybody4 ,that wouldn't be true if ,i listed #bj or #cj providers4 ,instructions are given in ,gettin on the ,internet ,step by ,step4 ,section #c4b ,types of ,internet ,providers ,as ,i said1 most of the problem of getting on the net occurs when you live in an area that doesn't have a ,,local provider4 ,basically there are three kinds of providers and three ways to get to them3 7#a7 ,providers of direct connections4 ,if you are setting up a business and need a high volume direct connection for your office ,local ,area ,network and can afford several thousand a year at least1 you will want to consider these high-end providers4 ,they are not relevant to our discussion4 7,but see ,appendix ,c for more information74 7#b7 ,there are several regional networks and one national one that specialize in low cost ,,pc-to-host or ,,slip connections4 ,costs range from #bj-dj a month to #bjjj a year1 depending on the services you need4 ,performance ,systems ,international 7,,psi7 is a major provider of this kind of service4 ,other networks offer services similar to ,,psi1 although ,,psi has the most extensive nationwide service at this time4 ,this service can be very competitive with ,,bbs type service 7see below7 if you are a frequent user of the net or need to send more than an occasional ,e-mail message4 ,it is definitely worth a look4 7#c7 ,many computer bulletin board services offer ,e-mail or even ,internet connections for around #aj-bj per month4 ,be very careful to check out the connection charges4 ,if you are not careful you could be charged for using the bulletin board 7per hour71 using the ,internet1 the long-distance connection1 a surcharge for daytime use1 and a per message charge for ,e-mail6 ,one of the purposes of this book is to explain the minefield of charges so you don't get burned4 ,the service recommended bundles all the charges up front so there are no surprises4 ,generally speaking1 connecting to the ,internet through a ,,bbs is the best method for the explorer4 ,once you've determined that you need the ,internet on a regular basis1 one of the regional networks or ,,psi is probably the most economical route4 ,unless you are fortunate enough to live in an area where an ,internet provider is a local call away1 you will have to contend with long distance charges4 ,actually1 these can be as low as #b an hour and are sometimes bundled in with the network connection charge4 ,section #c4c ,finding the ,cheapest ,long ,distance ,method ,there are three basic methods of paying for long distance3 7#a7 ,you just pay for a call to another area code4 ,this is very expensive and not recommended4 7#b7 ,you use a provider with a toll free 7#hjj7 number and pay for the call in a higher connect charge4 ,this is also very expensive4 7#c7 ,you use a ,public ,data ,network after hours and pay around #b an hour 7may be included74 ,actually1 the last method is the only workable one4 ,there are a number of ,,pdn's4 ,compu,serve has a data network4 ,you do not have to join ,compu,serve to use it4 ,,psi has its own data network with many points of presence around the ,,us and abroad4 ,these are divided into ,class ,a and ,class ,b1 depending on the level of service provided4 ,tymenet and ,sprint,net are two other public data networks4 ,you may have heard of the ,sprint,net service ,,pc ,pursuit4 ,for a monthly fee this gives you many ,,bbs nationwide as well as any computer that can be reached by ,sprint,net4 ,in general1 for a first experiment we recommend the ,,delphi ,,bbs and ,sprint,net4 ,,delphi includes the ,sprint,net surcharge in its #ac_/month bill 7after hours use only--daytime is expensive everywhere74 ,at this writing you get #e free hours the first month and #d hours per month after that4 ,additional hours are #d each4 ,there is also a #bj hours for #bj plan4 ,additional hours are #b each with this plan4 ,detailed instructions on how to sign up are given in ,connecting to the ,internet ,step by ,step4 ,chapter #d ,who ,pays for the ,internet8 ,all this talk of cost may be making you edgy4 ,eventually1 everyone using the ,internet must face the fear--if ,i am calling up a computer in ,switzerland won't ,i be billed for the call8 ,the marvelous thing about the ,internet is that although there is plenty of expense involved in getting on it1 there is no additional expense associated with what you do after you are connected4 ,,the ,,whole ,,world ,,is ,,on ,,local4 ,thus1 you may have to pay for a #b an hour call to ,massachussetts1 for your ,,pc1 your modem and software1 and a connect fee to your internet provider4 ,but you ,,do ,,not ,,have ,,to ,,pay ,,for ,,each ,,and ,,every ,,internet ,,call4 ,since most people find it hard to believe that you can send mail anywhere in the world or dial up a computer on the other side of the globe without paying a special charge1 ,i will spend some time explaining who does pay for the ,internet and how those costs are reflected back to the user4 ,one way or another you do pay for network usage1 but these payments are not in the form of a direct billing for each call4 ,first1 you already know that there is no ,internet1 ,inc4 that monitors all the calls and bill customers4 ,instead there are hundreds of smaller networks that act as relays4 ,those networks 99could99 charge their customers for each call1 based on how much time it takes and where it goes1 but since no one is charging them1 they have no real incentive to pass on costs4 ,instead they charge a flat fee--usually based on connect time1 but for a #bd hour connection just a flat yearly fee4 ,now network traffic does use up resources4 ,basically1 the ,internet works like a potluck supper4 ,everyone with a direct connection allows some of their system resources to be used by messages that are just passing through4 ,they allow this because other systems allow them the same privilege4 ,thus1 it is in everyone's interest to allow some of their resources to be consumed by other persons' messages1 because everyone comes out ahead4 ,so1 sites with direct connections pay real costs in terms of lost computing cycles1 extra cabling1 fancier equipment1 and lost disk space4 ,these costs are passed on to their customers or shouldered by government subsidy4 ,but there are no direct charges associated with using the system4 ,in the early days of the ,internet1 ,government subsidy of the backbone networks was crucial4 ,the backbone was built with government funds and it was government funds that paid for the extra equipment needed by the universities and laboratories that carried more traffic than they generated4 ,with the development of commercial nets alternatives to the ,government-sponsored backbone arose4 ,the ,government subsidy is still important1 but becomming less so every year4 ,so1 the short answer is that you pay for the network4 ,you either pay your provider a flat fee or you pay as a taxpayer for ,government subsidized network resources4 ,most of the cost you actually see will be in your own equipment1 the cost of placing a phone call1 and whatever your provider charges you4 ,chapter #e ,internet ,basics ,we've talked a lot about the ,internet1 but how do you actually use it8 ,there are three basic skills on which all ,internet use is based3 ,electronic ,mail 7,e-mail7 ,file ,transfer ,protocol 7,,ftp7 ,telnet ,all three commands rely on the ,internet addressing scheme4 ,an ,internet telephone number of another computer is its ,internet ,protocol 7,,ip7 address1 a number that looks like this3 #bbe4bbe4ab4ch ,this form1 called dotted decimal1 is still required by some computers4 ,but1 to make ,,ip addresses easier for humans1 this telephone number has another form which is easier to remember3 hoople4usnd4edu ,this means that computer 7node7 named hoople is located at the ,university of ,southern ,north ,dakota4 ,the last component1 4edu1 means that the institution is in the educational domain4 4 ,other domain names look like this3 4edu 3 educational institutions 4gov 3 government 7research laboratories and 4com 3 commercial businesses 4org 3 nonprofit organizations 4mil 3 military installations ,in addition to these domain names1 there are many two-letter country codes1 e4g4 4ca 3 ,canada 4jp 3 ,japan 4uk 3 ,united ,kingdom 4us 3 ,united ,states and many more4 ,to send electronic mail to someone over the ,internet1 all you need to know is their username1 or handle4 ,this is followed by an at-sign1 the node name1 and any domain names4 ,thus joelocoweed4chi4il4us donotes a private citizen in ,chicago1 ,illinois1 in the ,u4,s4 ,joe's computer is called locoweed4 ,as another 7real7 example1 presidentwhitehouse4gov is the ,e-mail address of the ,u4,s4 ,president4 ,in the examples that follow we will give details for a typical character-oriented computer4 ,windowing systems with menus1 dialog boxes1 and so on will hide many of these details1 but they are happening behind the scenes4 ,also1 once you are connected1 you may be faced with an old-fashioned command-line system4 ,section #e4a ,electronic ,mail 7,e-mail7 ,the details of using the mail system depend on your system1 but basically it looks like this3 mail enter the mail program with the ,,mail command1 or whatever ,welcome to ,mail1 ,version #ii4c 4 4 4 mail send ,to3 presidentwhitehouse4gov ,cc3 vice4presidentwhitehouse4gov or return if you don't want a carbon sent to anyone ,subj3 ,i'm on ,internet ,type your message4 ,control-,z to exit ,bill-- ,i just got my ,internet connection today4 ,my address is pdqhoople4usnd4edu4 ,give my best to ,al1 ,,pdq type control-,z or do whatever your system needs to signal an end of the message your system is now ready for your next command ,section #e4b ,telnet ,in addition to using an ,internet address to send ,e-mail1 you can use it to call a computer4 ,this is rather like dialing up a computer with a modem1 except that the local computer 7the one you called with 99your99 modem7 is calling up the remote computer3 your ,,pc or ,mac -- local computer -- remote computer ,the example assumes that home is the shell prompt given by your local computer and that is the prompt given by the remote computer 7see ,section #b4b on shell prompts74 ,so remember1 you don't type them4 home telnet hoople4usnd4edu type this on your home computer ,welcome to node ,,hoople4 ,now running ,opus #b4j username3 pdq password3 type your password here ,last login #bc3ad3ee #ae-;,,jun-#ageb ,you have mail4 now type whatever commands you like until 4 4 4 logoff or bye or quit or exit or whatever ,session with hoople4usnd4gov terminated at #ba3ai4 home now continue issuing commands on your home computer ,this method of connecting to another computer is called telnetting4 ,in effect1 you have used the local computer to telephone the remote computer4 ,you can now do anything on the remote computer 7with certain restrictions7 you could do if you were actually logged on4 ,,special ,,problems ,,with ,,telnetting ,sometimes telnetting will put you into a menu-type program or even a screen oriented program4 ,a special problem here is getting the other computer to recognize what type of screen you have4 ,since most communications software emulates a terminal1 this amounts to telling the other system what type of terminal your communications system is emulating4 ,e4g41 on a ,,unix system you might type3 set term vt#ajj to tell the other system that your communications software thinks it is a ,,vt#ajj terminal 7a very common choice for emulation programs74 ,if you don't get this exactly right1 your telnet session will sort of work4 ,it's probably not worth spending a lot of time on this problem for a brief contact with the other computer4 ,if you are going to work on the remote computer every day1 however1 you will want to get it right4 ,most flaky behavior can be traced to this problem4 ,section #e4c ,file ,transfer ,protocol 7,,ftp7 ,it is easy to transfer files over the ,internet using a special protocol called ,,ftp4 ,,ftp takes the place of programs like ,x,modem or ,kermit that may be familiar to you if you use a bulletin board service4 ,now1 you might ask1 if ,,ftp transfers a file1 what is the differnce between sending ,e-mail and ,,ftp2 why prefer one over the other8 ,first of all1 ,,ftp avoids certain restrictions on the type of file sent2 in particular1 you can send binary 7non-text7 files like programs and pictures2 and you are not restricted to any particular length1 as is often the case with mail programs4 ,not only that1 with ,,ftp you can browse a directory of files before choosing one4 ,you can move up and down the directory hierarchy and list files1 looking for the one you want4 ,finally1 ,,ftp lets you get places that you may not have an account 7or a friend to send you mail74 ,the method for doing this1 called anonymous ,,ftp1 is described in the next section4 ,there are several hundred anonymous ,,ftp sites worldwide1 with large collections of programs1 textfiles1 and graphics4 ,anonymous ,,ftp is the ,internet equivalent of publishing--a very important topic indeed4 ,section #e4d ,anonymous ,,ftp ,further facility with ,anon4 ,,ftp requires a little knowledge of the ,,unix operating system4 ,see ,appendix ,d for an introduction4 ,chapter #f ,getting on the ,internet ,step by ,step ,this course takes a different approach to 4 ,rather than ,in particular1 you should contact the following for information4 ,,step #a4 ,,sign ,,up ,,with ,a ,,provider 7example ,,delphi7 ,to get on the ,internet you need3 #a4 a home computer1 #b4 a #abjj or #bdjj baud modem that understands ,,at commands 7,hayes ,command ,set ,compatible71 #c4 communications software1 and #d4 a credit card4 ,this example assumes that you are signing up with the bulletin board service ,,delphi4 ,,delphi has no commercial relationship with the author4 ,it was chosen for an example because its rates are typical of the low end of the market1 it offers nationwide service1 it includes afterhours access by ,sprint,net in its basic fee1 and because at this time it offers #e free hours of ,internet access to new subscribers4 ,you should definitely consider other providers4 ,you can get information about other providers once you're on the ,internet4 ,in fact1 that will be one of your first steps below4 #a4 ,set your modem to #bdjj 7or #abjj7 baud1 #h bits1 ,,no parity1 #a stop bit1 full duplex1 local echo and auto linefeeds off1 ,,xon_/,,xoff on1 ,,vt#ajj emulation4 7see the manual for your modem1 the manual for your communications software1 and ,appendix ,a if you need help7 ,don't worry if some of the options are missing4 ,usually1 for example1 full duplex implies local echo off and vice versa1 so your software may not list these as separate options4 #b4 ,use your communications software to issue 7or type directly to your modem7 the command ,,atdt #a #hjj #cfe #dfef4 ,if you have a pulse-dial phone your will use ,,atdp instead of ,,atdt4 #c4 ,,delphi will give you explicit instructions1 but for reference they will look like this3 ,a4 ,make sure it is after #f or #g p4m4 or on a weekend--unless you want a #i surcharge for daytime access4 ,b4 ,dial your local ,sprint,net access number 7local call673 ,,atdt #abc #defg4 ,c4 ,after ,,connect #bdjj1 type ,d 7,d must be capital7 ,d4 ,after terminal type ,,cr1 i4e4 carriage return4 ,e4 ,at the -sign type ,c ,,delphi ,f4 ,after ,username3 type ,username3 ,,yourname ,password3 ,,opensesame ,type your own username and password of course4 #d4 ,if at anytime you forget your ,sprintnet access number1 or if you are out of town1 you can look up ,sprint,net numbers as follows4 ,,step #b4 ,your ,first ,e-mail ,get ,,pdial1 ,,nixpub1 ,,internet ,,resource ,,guide1 ,info on ,,psi ,info on ,,listserv and signing up for ,e-mail ,,step #c4 ,your ,first ,anonyomous ,,ftp ,get surfing the internet ,,step #d4 ,your ,first ,telnet ,getting ,public ,access ,,unix and reading ,usenet news ,,step #e4 ,first ,e-mail ,getting ,information on ,,psi ,getting ,information on ,,listserv ,you can do many1 many things with the ,internet4 ,the information you have retrieved1 especially the ,internet ,guides1 will give you other ideas4 ,we will go over some of the retrieval methods in ,part ,,iii of this course4 ,for now1 you should experiment and explore1 using the information you have as a starting point4 ,the experience you gain will be useful when we come to the more systematic study of ,internet research methods later4 ,chapter #g ,programs and ,pictures ,evenually1 as you gain experience finding and transfering information1 you will want to try you hand at transferring binary files containing pictures or free software from one of the large ,,ftp archives like wustl4edu sumex-aim4stanford4edu 7,macintosh software7 simtel-#bj4mil 7,,ibm and compatible software7 ,in fact1 some of the first software you will want to get is software for compressing and uncompressing files 7see next ,chapter71 processing graphics 7image files71 and perhaps some games4 ,first1 what is a binary file8 ,a binary file is one that you can't read4 ,unlike text1 which consists of groups of eight bit code letters representing a1 b1 and so on1 binary files have bits that are meant to be read only by programs4 ,you cannot look at them by typing them out or with a word processor--unless the word processor understands the format of the file4 ,expensive word processing programs--including the most popular ones like ,word ,perfect and ,microsoft ,word--are increasingly able to read a large variety of binary files4 ,frequently encountered binary files include3 #a4 ,files that use proprietary formats1 such as word-processing programs1 spreadsheets1 database programs1 etc4 ,these files contain formatting 7like italics1 underlines1 etc47 and perhaps graphics1 and other goodies beyond the simple text4 #b4 ,application ,programs4 ,these are programs written in 7the binary7 machine language that your computer understands4 ,they are compiled from text files of source code written in a programming language4 ,vendors almost never make their source code available--except for free software1 which you may have to compile yourself4 #c4 ,text files that have been compressed to about half their size with one of the popular compression programs4 ,compression makes texts files binary4 ,compression doesn't do much for files that are already binary unless the data they contain is very repetitive4 #d4 ,files containing graphics like ,,gif1 ,,tiff1 ,,pict1 or ,,jpeg files4 ,more on this below4 ,transfering binary files is as easy as transfering text files once you understand the potential problems3 #a4 ,most ,,ftp programs start you out in ,,text mode4 ,this means that text files are 99translated99 when they go from computer to computer on their way to you4 ,this is fatal to binary files because their bit pattern has nothing to do with the groups of eight bits that make up text4 #b4 ,even text files have slight compatibility problems because the three worlds--,,ibm1 ,macintosh1 and ,,unix--use a different control character to represent return1 enter1 or newline4 ,translation between the different dialects is handled automatically in ,,text mode transfers4 ,it is also the main reason why text files cannot be transfered in ,,binary mode4 ,the two control characters involved are called linefeed 7,,lf7 and carriage return 7,,cr73 ,,ibm ,,pc and compatibles 3 ,,lf ,,cr ,macintosh and ,,vax 3 ,,cr ,,unix 3 ,,lf #c4 ,as mentioned above1 text files are often compressed to save space4 ,this means that you need a program to uncompress them before you read them--and that you have to transfer them in ,,binary mode4 ,the most common compression programs and common file extensions are3 ,,ibm ,,pc and compatibles 3 ,,pkzip and ,,pkunzip 74,,zip7 ,macintosh 3 ,stuffit and ,un,stuffit archives 74sit7 ,,unix 3 compress and uncompress 74,z7 and tape archive 74tar7 with both together being most common 74tar4,z or 4taz74 ,note capital ,z4 ,,unix also has the gzip_/gunzip command pair4 gzip files usually have the extension 4z 799small99 z7 or 4tgz if they are also tape archive files4 ,fortunately you can usually find free software for you computer that will uncompress formats from other computer models4 ,for current information on compression software1 see the ,,faq for the newsgroup comp4compression 7ftp3_/_/rtfm4mit4edu_/xxx74 #d4 ,conversely1 sometimes binary files are converted to a sort of ,,ascii that looks like gibberish so that they can be mailed or transferred in ,,text mode--but again you need a program that translates them back to binary4 ,sometimes we encounter the ultimate absurdity1 a text file that is compressed then re-encoded as ,,ascii for mailing4 ,actually this makes sense if a large number of related text files are stored in a compressed archive4 ,the most common programs for this are3 uuencode_/uudecode for ,,unix 7used for ,usenet news postings of binary files and for mailing programs7 ,the file extension 7rarely encountered because there is little reason to store files in this format7 is 4uue4 ,bin,hex for the ,macintosh 74hqx7 ,often combined with ,stuffit 74sit4hqx74 ,this is a common method for distributing all the files that come with a program as a single file4 uuencoded files can be recognized by the fact that every line begins with a capital ,m and is exactly the same length4 ,the file starts with the word begin and ends with end ,the translating program needs these words1 but nothing above or below them4 ,often a uuencoded file is split into several parts for transmission and must be reassembled 7and stripped of mail headers1 etc47 in a word processing program before it is decoded4 ,if you do this be sure to save the resulting file as a text file and not in the proprietary format of the word processing program6 ,section #g4b ,what ,to ,do ,with ,graphics ,the second topic of this chapter is graphic images4 ,graphics are very important for ,desktop ,publishers--writers of newsletters1 businesses that prepare their own brochures1 and small printshops4 ,pictures can be stored in separate files or1 in some cases1 embedded in other formats such as the proprietary format of ,microsoft ,word files4 ,picture files take up a large amount of space--especially big pictures at high resolution4 #a ,megabyte is a typical size for a smallish picture at moderate resolution4 ,thus1 one picture is worth about #ejj pages of text6 ,the lifecycle of a typical graphic goes something like this3 ,,step #a4 ,capturing 7scanning7 of photograph with optical scanner or with a special video camera ,the better sort of optical scanner looks like a small xerox machine4 ,there are also cheaper hand-held models4 ,flatbed scanners cost in the #ajjj range so you are not likely to have one unless you are in the business4 ,most likely1 the casual user will get a graphic from someone else1 from a collection of clip art1 or create the graphic from scratch in a drawing program4 ,,step #b4 ,storage in a file using an interchange format ,however the image is obtained1 it has to be stored on disk before it can be used4 ,there are perhaps twenty or so common formats1 but those found most often on the ,internet and in the ,usenet newsgroups are3 ,,gif 7,graphics ,interchange ,format7 a rather old-fashioned but very commonly found type of graphics file4 ,almost any software can read this format4 ,this is the most common format on ,anonymous ,,ftp archives4 ,,tiff 7,tagged ,image ,file ,format7 ,technically more versatile than ,,gif and just about as common4 ,a very good choice for exchanging files between different programs4 ,,jpeg 77 ,a special compressed image format that is becoming common in newer software4 ,,eps 7,encapsulated ,post,script7 ,not really a graphics file per say1 but a set of instructions for drawing an image4 ,the success of the ,postscript page description language for ,laser printers has led to a new stategy for including graphics in word processing files4 ,many high end word processing programs like ,microsoft ,word allow you to include a reference to an external ,postscript file containing the figure4 ,desktop publishing and high-end word processing programs can often save and import graphics in any of these formats1 especially ,,tiff and ,,eps4 ,in addition1 you may find files in proprietary formats like ,macintosh ,,pict files4 ,these formats serve as standards for their line of computers but not across different brands4 ,fortunately you can find free software that will convert ,,tiff to ,,pict or vice versa4 ,,step #c4 ,transmission to point of use ,suppose you have a graphics file or a word processing file containing your brochure4 ,how do you send that file to someone8 ,if you work in an academic environment1 it is quite possible that one or the other institutions is an ,anonymous ,,ftp site4 ,you may be able to use the ,anon4 ,,ftp site as a mailbox to transfer the file in binary mode-- or you could exchange passwords and transfer the file directly1 if both have a direct connection to the ,internet4 ,more commonly1 you will have to send the file by ,e-mail4 ,say you've just finished a brochure and you want to send it cross-country4 ,let's suppose that your business has two branches--one in ,new ,york and one in ,los ,angeles1 and that both offices have ,macintoshes with ,microsoft ,word and that you both have one of the free ,usenet software kits for the ,macintosh 7not necessarily the same one74 ,then1 you proceed as follows3 ,a4 ,using ,,uuencode 7or ,,binhex1 if you like7 you convert the ,microsoft ,word file to a coded text file4 ,b4 ,if your mail has a size limit1 you may have to break up the file and send it in parts4 ,c4 ,at the receiving end1 reassemble the file and strip any headers and trailers added by the mail system4 ,the file should look like begin very first line ,m ,m ,m ,m end very last line and be saved as a ,,text file4 ,d4 ,run ,,uudecode 7or ,,binhex7 and recover the binary file4 ,e4 ,run ,microsoft ,word1 open the binary 7,,ms ,word67 file and print4 ,there may be one slight glitch4 ,macintosh files have two parts1 a resource part and a data part4 ,the resource part contains such information as the name of the application to run when you click on the file and how to draw the cute little icon pictures4 ,some of the simpler programs do not encode the resource part so you may get a generic document that you can't open by clicking on it 7the infamous application busy or missing message74 ,that's ,,ok4 ,open it from 99within99 ,word and then save it as a ,word document4 ,it should recover the missing parts4 ,and get smarter software4 ,certainly this procedure is complicated--and you might want to do a dry run before you try beating a #e o'clock deadline--but the capability of transfering a computer file cross-country in seconds can be crucial to a business4 ,the fact that it can be done with free software and a casual #aj_/month ,e-mail connection is astounding4 ,play around and learn to do this4 ,in the future1 printers may commonly accept submissions by ,e-mail or by direct transfer over telephone lines4 ,imagine not having to figure out how to keep your camera-ready copy dry on a rainy day or having to rush across town minutes before your deadline6 ,,step #d4 ,image enhancing and_/or color separation ,one of the great advantages of having a graphic in a computer file is that you can use free software 7or shareware7 to play around with the image4 ,cropping1 rotating1 streching1 zooming1 and so on are all common4 ,in addition1 you can convert color to black and white or greyscale1 enhance the image1 make halftones or color separations1 and even play with the spatial frequency spectrum if you want4 7,color separations are the four images needed by printers--separate ones for ,cyan1 ,yellow1 ,magenta1 and ,black ink74 ,,step #e4 ,importing or embedding in a word processing or desktop publishing program ,once you are happy with the picture you import it as a graphic into your ,,dtp or word processing program4 ,if your program reads the format the picture is in1 this is easy4 ,if not1 you will need to get free software that converts from the format you have to the one you need4 ,this process is very experimental4 ,i've found that ,i have better results converting from an obscure format to a standard and common format like ,,gif or ,,tiff before converting to a proprietary target format4 ,this is even true if the software says it reads the obscure format directly4 ,,step #f4 ,printing on a laser printer or other equipment ,if a graphic is not solely intended for display on a 7color7 monitor1 like a slide presentation1 it must be printed out4 ,and there it is4 ,your picture in print4 ,chapter #h ,what to ,do ,when ,you ,only ,have ,e-mail ,the very first thing to do is to get information on getting a better ,internet connection6 ,but barring that1 there are many reasons that you might need to know workarounds that only require ,e-mail3 you might be stuck somewhere 7like work7 where there is no ,internet access1 or you could be borrowing access from a friend4 ,since ,internetworking is about communicating with others1 in many ways this is the most important chapter in this course4 ,first we consider methods for ,section #h4a ,,ftp by ,mail ,servers ,section #h4b ,archie by ,mail ,section #h4c ,mailservers and ,fileservers ,section #h4d ,mailing lists and how to find them ,section #h4e ,e-mail to ,,fax ,fax is not a useful as ,e-mail1 except in regard to one thing4 ,section #h4f ,the ,top ,ten ,fun ,things to ,get by ,e-mail ,list ,now that you know the techniques1 try getting some of the things on the ,top #aj list1 in ,appendix ,e4 ,chapter #i ,employee ,development3 ,how to ,get ,your ,employees ,internetworking ,this short ,chapter contains a little advice on how to learn about the ,internet4 ,it should be clear from the preceding ,chapters that learning how to use the ,internet is a survival skill for many businesses4 ,effective use of the electronic medium o ,saves employee time--time lost in phone tag1 lost messages1 and they three day time delay of surface mail4 o ,avoids circuitous means of transfering data like printing a document1 faxing it1 and then rekeyboarding the data at the receiving end o ,allows businesses and individuals to self-publish1 and distribute their work efficiently1 whether or not the text or the graphical appearance is primary4 o ,provides access to information1 allows communication and distribution of documents in a single1 uniform fashion4 ,it should also be clear that ,internetworking is not yet a smooth1 easily learned process4 ,it requires knowledge and skills that are not presently taught anywhere except on the ,internet itself4 ,the next section discusses specific needs of different segments of people4 ,the final section contains a fairly systematic exposition of the methods and skills needed to ,internetwork effectively4 ,but far from representing these sections as the last word on the subject1 ,i would like to stress that the only way to learn ,internetworking is through undirected exploration of the ,internet4 ,this means you have to let your employees play1 at least on their own time3 play with programs1 play with ,anonymous ,,ftp1 and play with ,usenet news4 ,none of these activities are directly productive1 but the playing pays off when you need a new program and someone in your office can o pick the right ,usenet newsgroup and retrieve its ,,faq o read the ,,faq and learn about free software that will solve your problem and where to find the latest version o connect to the software archive and 7correctly7 transfer the program--even though the intervening machine is of the wrong make4 o properly decompress and install the software4 ,when all this is done competently1 in less than half an hour1 you will have attained the goal of employee development4 ,a final caveat3 99don't neglect ,usenet news499 ,usenet news is the most difficult of the ,internet basic services to get because it is not really an ,internet service4 ,it is commonly found on ,internet computers and commonly transmitted over the ,internet1 but it does not fit into the ,e-mail-,,ftp-telnet scheme of things4 ,if your ,internet provider does not provide the news1 you may have to ferret it out by 7#a7 getting an account on a public access ,,unix system and 7#b7 learning to use ,,unix4 ,command-line ,,unix is no easier than command-line ,,ms-,,dos1 but it is worth learning how to get on a ,,unix system for the rn 7readnews7 command alone4 ,all you need to know to get that far 7and more7 is contained in ,appendix ,d4 ,any guide like this will soon be dated in terms of information sources1 techniques1 and software4 ,but ,usenet is up to the minute4 ,there1 hidden among the many diversions of alt41 talk41 and soc4 hierarchies1 is the latest information on the computing environment of modern ,internetworking4 ,in the opinion of this author1 learning to use a newsreader and reading the network news regularly is the 99single most important ,internetworking skill994 ,the ,usenet newsgroups are ,dewey ,decimal ,system of the the true world library4 ,information can be found in plenty elsewhere1 but guides to information are rare and priceless-- and the ,usenet news is the guide to the ,internet4 ,part ,,ii ,special ,concerns ,this ,part lists briefly some of the ways in which various groups of people can use internetworking skills4 ,chapter #aa ,special for ,businesses ,i wish ,i had better news for business use of the ,internet4 ,i wish ,i could describe hundreds of free services of interest to 99business99 and tell you how to use the ,internet for profit4 ,but it's not there yet4 ,however1 before you turn away with a sad but knowing smile on your face shaking your head over another unlikely technological dream--you've seen it before--consider this3 the main potential of the ,internet is as a communication medium4 ,is radio and television important to businesses8 ,what about newspapers and magazines8 ,or direct mail8 ,very few businesses make money by selling newspapers or operating radio stations1 but many1 many businesses use these media for advertising4 ,you and your employees need to become adept at using this medium for the same reasons you've mastered layout of newpaper ads and writing form letters4 ,it is very important to understand that the ,internet is not a broadcast medium but more like the telephone or mail system4 ,it specializes in contacting individuals one at a time4 ,in other words1 you are not going to get a list of all #be million ,e-mail addresses and bombard them every #aj minutes with a #cj second sound byte4 ,nor are you going to send #ajj people a letter asking them to contact #ajj persons each4 ,on the other hand you might use the medium to contact a mailing list of your customers or self-publish a promotional brochure4 ,the amount of commercial traffic on the ,internet is disappointingly small--but important4 ,mostly this is for historical reasons4 ,the backbone network in the ,united ,states1 ,n,s,fnet 7for ,national ,science ,foundation7 has an acceptable use policy for traffic carried over it4 ,this restricts traffic to messages that support the ,r,d effort of certain government laboratories and universities4 ,clearly1 there is not room for commercial traffic if you are directly connected to the ,n,s,fnet4 ,but nowadays one can get on the ,internet without connecting directly to ,n,s,fnet1 and the amount of commercial traffic is growing4 ,don't overlook3 o ,making product information and brochures available by ,e-mail as well as by the postal service4 o ,allowing customer-support inquiries by ,e-mail4 o ,starting a mailing list for your customers or clients4 o ,setting up a mail-server to let clients get information about your product automatically1 without having to wait for you to log on 7required direct connection to the ,internet74 o ,putting your product information on an anonymous ,,ftp server 7requires that you have a fileserver on the net or find an ,,ftp site willing to take the information74 ,suprisingly1 there are1 to my knowledge1 no pay-for-advertising services that support mailservers or anonymous ,,ftp sites4 ,it is a fair prediction that this advertising medium will develop as more persons join the net4 ,you could put your information on bulletin boards1 of course1 but only members will see it there--not the #be million people with ,e-mail access4 ,the fact remains1 however1 that unless you are in very specific industries that are information or paper intensive 7say publishing1 computing1 information retrieval1 and so on71 or unless you need access to government information like weather maps1 that your use of the ,internet will consist of downloading programs or getting the latest technical information4 ,all of this overlooks the most important aspect of the ,internet for businesses4 ,the ,internet is evolving very rapidly4 ,it is likely to be an important medium for transacting business1 for customer service and for advertising in the very near future no matter what industry you are in4 ,for some industries1 like publishing1 high-technology industries1 and the media1 it will be critical4 ,businesses who have a pool of employees that are adept at using the ,internet will have a competitive advantage over firms that don't4 ,thus you should encourage your employees to get personal ,internet connections and learn about the ,internet after hours4 ,chapter #ab ,special for ,students and their ,parents ,since the ,internet grew up in an academic environment1 university students will likely have a level of access that would be the envy of any business4 ,all the services and research tools--not just ,e-mail1 ,,ftp1 and telnet1 but gopher1 ,,www1 ,,wais1 and the rest are likely to be available to students from any terminal on the local cluster or by dial-up from their dorm rooms4 ,students will be especially keen on3 o checking the university library catalogue to see if a book is in before walking to the library4 o finding out about campus events 7even at other universities67 through gopher or school bulletin boards o posting buy and sell notices for computer equipment1 cars1 housing1 and so on4 o contacting potential tutors either at their own university or for help by ,e-mail4 7,a netwide university of tutors1 called ,usenet ,university1 is prepared to answer questions in various subjects by ,e- mail already exists in the ,usenet newsgroups4 ,see the alt4uu499 hierarchy74 o using online catalogues of other university libraries to find books for interlibrary loan or to compile bibliographies o downloading free software and information o finding scholarship information ,parents can communicate with their children at college by ,e-mail--and probably get a faster response than waiting for the occasional letter from home4 ,worried parents will have to refrain1 however1 from using the finger command to find out when their children last logged in or read their mail6 ,chapter #ac ,special for ,writers1 ,journalists1 ,publishers1 and ,printers ,there is probably no industry for which information is so critical as for the media and publishing industries4 ,journalists who explore the networks will find that they use the tools described in the first part over and over to track down information1 conduct prompt interviews by mail1 and so on4 ,publishers will be interested in the electronic transmission of manuscripts 7though writers soliciting publication will still want to send hardcopy--the equivalent in the electronic age of sending a self-addressed stamped envelope74 ,publishers will also be interested in sharing or developing free image processing software with other publishers1 and transmitting graphics4 ,as the net develops1 libraries research will more and more often involve internetworking4 ,searching for books is already easy by dial-up or over the ,internet4 ,in addition1 the amount of information that is never circlulated on paper will increase4 ,this is already the case in the scientific and technical community where printing is a luxury rather than a necessity4 ,given that a single #h mm videotape can hold #ejj1jjj pages of text1 it is possible to hoard 7and search7 vast amounts of information that you can never possibly print out4 ,imagine what such technology will do in the hands of ,government or any other bureaucracy4 ,finally1 it is not hard to image the day when an editor will receive as many press releases by ,e-mail as through the postal service4 ,internetworking technology allows virtually any business or individual to set up and run their own wire service1 providing information about their business or special interest to a select group of subscribers4 ,this capability is completely analogous to ,desk ,top ,publishing1 which put low-end printing in the hands of any business or individual4 ,journalists and other writers will not want to overlook the kaleidascopic mixture of technical discussion1 product announcements1 gossip1 and general ranting on ,usenet4 ,usenet already has more channels than a typcial satellite and is growing by ten channels a day or so4 ,it is hard to find1 but tucked in among the chit-chat and programs is the only up to the minute information on the ,internetworked ,world4 ,certainly all writers of scientific or technical columns will want to tap this source of information4 ,chapter #ad ,special for ,elementary and ,high ,school ,teachers ,there are many special ,internet services for ,elementary and ,secondary ,school teachers provided by the ,government1 mostly through the education offices of research laboratories4 ,the best all around refernce for teachers is the ,,ncsa ,guide to the ,internet1 put out by the ,education ,office of the ,national ,center for ,supercompter ,administration4 ,a paper version is available from3 ,the network version is located at ftp4ncsa4uiuc4edu4 ,unfortunately1 it is available only in ,microsoft ,word format 7requires binary transfer74 ,if you are unable to use this format directly or convert to a format you can use1 you will have to order the paper version4 ,the ,,ncsa ,guide covers all you need to know to connect to the ,internet-- both technical details and etiquette--as well as suggested projects to introduce children to the net4 ,you will find out how to get information about the space program or how to access such programs as the ,newton ,bulletin ,board ,service for ,science and ,math4 teachers at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,in addition1 ,usenet has a k#ab499 hierarchy which provides a gateway to the ,k#ab network4 ,besides ,k#ab1 there are several other regional networks specifically for teachers and students4 ,one of the more exciting prospects for teachers is that of sharing worksheets1 handouts1 and other materials with other teachers4 ,although this type of sharing is routine on bulletin boards and regional networks that cater to teachers1 anonymous ,,ftp sites hold out the possibility of a worldwide collection of such materials4 ,send contributed materials 7in electronic format7 to ftp4cs4city4ac4uk3_/freelore_/incoming by following the instructions in ,chapter xx for sending a file by anonymous ,,ftp1 or mail a floppy disk 7and a return mailer with prepaid postage1 if you want it back67 to ,the ,free,lore ,project ,p4,o4 ,box #fjbb ,st4 ,charles1 ,,il #fjagd4 ,make sure your materials have a copyright notice like this course1 allowing anyone to copy and distribute them for free 7for educational purposes74 ,chapter #ae ,special for ,librarians ,for many years1 of course1 libraries have been among the heaviest users of information services--for cataloguing or to fill patron requests4 ,several companies now specialize in providing ,internet access to libraries1 e4g4 ,,access or ,d,r,anet4 ,libraries will increasingly use these services because the promise the following benefits3 o ,inexpensive access to hundreds of online library catalogues1 worldwide4 o ,uniform1 and often cheaper1 access to information services using telnet rather than a host of special software packages4 o ,access to netwide searching tools like ,,wais1 ,,www1 and ,,gopher4 o ,discussion by ,e-mail with other librarians1 conference reports and announcements1 and so on4 ,it is true1 as one librarian said to me1 that you can tell that librarians didn't set up the ,internet4 ,the archives grew piecemeal and their contents are far from uniform in quality4 ,in addition1 the whole ,internet is so vast it probably can't be catalogued4 ,nevertheless1 rough and ready tools and customs have grown up to provide some sort of access to the information that is out there4 ,there is a great deal of work to be done by librarians that will doubtless keep them employed into the next millenium4 ,the main boon to librarians is the hierarchical organization of the net into nodes1 directories1 and subdirectories4 ,these provide an implicit and universal call number to 99everything in the electronic world994 ,the day is not far away when a cross-reference like ,see ota4ox4ac4uk3_/pub_/,historical,docs_/,p olitical_/,,us_/constitution will be as common as a bibliographic citation or ,see reference in a card catalogue4 ,the ,internet also carries a number of hidden expenses and dangers to libraries3 o ,it will somewhat increase the expense of computer equipment1 technical personnel1 software1 etc4 needed by libraries o ,additional phone lines may become necessary1 especially if some sort of public access to the ,internet is contemplated o ,staff training needs will be greater o ,the local computer system will need virus protection software and regular backups 7a good idea anyway but seldom practiced by librarians1 in my experience4 ,persons who are trained in book conservation should know better674 o ,some material on the ,internet will arouse complaints from the public because it represents the views of unpopular minorities 7e4g liberals1 homosexuals1 feminists1 and intellectuals74 ,there is also a great deal of pornographic material 7text and graphics7 available by ,e- mail or through the ,usenet newsgroups4 ,issues of censorship1 public funding1 and access for minors have yet to be played out in the domain of electronic communications4 ,in addition to the standard package of services from your provider1 librarians should not neglect ,usenet ,newgroups1 even if this means getting a special account with a different service 7and accessing it by dial-up or telnet through your primary service74 ,learning to use the ,usenet ,newgroups and their invaluable ,f,a,qs 7,frequently ,asked ,questions7 is the 99single most important skill for professional development of your staff499 ,this means that you may want to encourage after-hours playing with your computer system4 ,think of the ,usenet ,newsgroups as the ,reference ,section of the ,internet4 ,chapter #af ,special for ,scholars ,it used to be that only scientists and technologists used the academic networks4 ,but no longer4 ,today there are many humanists and social scientists happily gabbing away with their friends 7oops 4 4 4 ,i mean colleagues7 at other universities1 collaborating by ,e-mail1 subscribing to and writing for ,e-journals1 and so on4 ,this is1 of course1 in addition to the academic computing environment described in the ,chapter for students4 ,your main entree to this world is some sort of ,e-mail access and finding a mailing list or newsgroup for your field4 ,from there you will pick up tips on interesting materials or groups to join--in short you can start networking4 ,the two main sources for such mailing lists are ,,listservers 7traditional on ,,bitnet7 and increasingly ,usenet ,newsgroups4 ,actually the newsgroups are not as useful as the lists at the moment 99for the humanities994 ,this is because the academic hierarchy is not as subdivided as the computer science hierarchy4 ,thus1 there is a whole hierarchy for computer science1 but all of linguistics fits into sci4lang6 ,these discussion groups either tend to have just a few participants or to be so all-encompassing that they are useless4 ,this does not mean you should ignore ,usenet--the computer and networking information is invaluable--just that you will not find it 99directly99 relevant to your field4 ,listservers are another matter4 ,they allow distribution of articles by anyone to the whole list 7unless the list is moderated1 i4e4 refereed by the list's owner71 and they allow archiving of articles at a place anyone on the list can access4 ,in short1 they form a sort of ,electronic ,journal with a 99very99 big reader mail column4 ,to find a list in your field1 send the message ,,index ,,global to any listserver4 ,these usually have an address like listservhoople4usnd4edu4 ,then send a message like ,,subscribe ,,pdqfan to the listserver to join the list ,,pdqfan4 ,after that you will send messages for publication to pdqfanhoople4usnd4edu and 7human7 service requests to pdqfan- requesthoople4usnd4edu4 ,the best way to use a listserver is to avail yourself of the ,,set ,,pdqfan ,,digest or ,,set whateverlist ,,digest command so that you get the 7daily87 mailing as a newspaper and not as a series of fifty or so mail messages interspersed throughout the day4 ,the digest includes 99your own99 correspondence so that you have a record of this4 ,this is not what happens without the ,,digest option4 ,for full instructions send the message ,,help to listservwhereever4edu4 ,ultimately the ,humanities will have the same infrastructure of services that already is forming in the ,sciences3 o easy access to preprints and collections of journal articles o archives of data sets1 special purpose free software1 and text databases4 o collections of ,e-text source materials1 if relevant4 ,these may include tagged text for special statistical studies4 o a set of free programming tools for routine scholarly tasks like typesetting papers1 creating bibliographic databases1 and so on--in the format specific to your field4 ,scholars in the humanities should check the list of ,e-text archives 7over #cjj of them7 at ,georgetown ,university 7send ,e-mail message to to get started74 ,these archives may well have materials in your field that they will make available for scholarly purposes at a nominal cost4 ,in addition1 check the ,oxford ,text ,archives at black4ox4ac4uk4 7,login as anonymous for information--as of this writing the archives are not searchable online by telnet1 but an index is available74 ,chapter #ag ,special for ,churches1 ,synagogues1 and ,mosques ,it is suprising that religious organizations have been so slow to recognize the importance of a new communications medium like the ,internet4 ,many religious organizations use computers for producing newsletters or accounting and other office tasks2 but very few use them effectively for telecommunication and internetworking4 ,the ,internet is not like ,television or ,radio--it is not a broadcast medium4 ,in many ways the ,internet is a more appropriate communications medium for religions organizations than the media4 ,it is less expensive1 not centrally controlled1 and reaches persons who want to receive the information on a case-by-case basis4 ,there is nothing to prevent a religious organization from setting up a fileserver on one of the commercial nets 7admittedly expensive1 but you only need one worldwide74 ,from there any member of your organization can upload and download information4 ,thus you can keep a library of regional or local newsletters1 special software1 a directory of local groups1 listings of job openings1 and so on4 ,many organizations already have this sort of thing on ,bulletin ,boards1 but ,,ftp archives and ,e-mail provide a less expensive method of disseminating information that can reach anywhere in the world1 not just a local region or single area code4 ,but the promise of internetworking goes beyond the office environment of your organization--which ,i am sure is already well developed--to touch your educational and evangelical mission4 ,you can make information about your organization and its beliefs instantly available to #be million people if they want it4 ,in addition1 there is a great need for charity work in preparing ,e- texts4 ,most ,e-texts are copyrighted or locked up in proprietary databases4 ,this means that they cannot be freely shared4 ,free ,e-texts1 especially those written in plain vanilla ,,ascii1 are in great demand among blind people--who can use special software to convert the text to sound--and by persons in remote areas or the third world4 ,distribution of free ,e-text is not limited to the ,internet by any means4 ,free ,e-text will find its way onto thousands of bulletin boards and will be passed to non-networked machines by floppy disks4 ,once printed out it can be disseminated by photocopying or any inexpensive printing method that uses camera-ready copy4 ,the ,internet is thus the backbone of a worldwide distribution network that can reach anyplace sophisticated enough to have some sort of printing 7or delivery7 technology4 ,there are basically two ways to create free ,e-text3 you can type or scan in something in the public domain 7#ge years old or older7 or you can create new text that has a copyright notice like this one allowing anyone to copy and distribute the text4 ,it is not enough merely to sell the information at a nominal cost4 ,unless you allow others the right to further distribute information it is not really free1 even if you sometimes give it away at no cost on a floppy disk4 ,in fact1 the only 99free99 religious literature 7and typing even this in was quite an accomplishment7 consists of3 ,the ,king ,james ,bible 7without ,apocrypha71 the ,quran1 the ,nicene ,creed1 ,the ,book of ,mormon and related texts1 the ,bible in ,hebrew1 and the ,kama ,sutra4 ,certainly the various denominations should consider releasing their basic liturgical texts and a selection of their religious literature in free ,e-text form4 ,modern versions of the ,bible are a problem because of copyright restrictions4 ,it would certainly be a boon for some organization to make a modern version free in the sense that anyone could copy and distribute it4 ,part ,,iii ,advanced ,techniques ,chapter #ah ,research ,methods ,i3 ,basic ,navigation ,methods ,the ,internet is certainly a vast place4 ,for the beginner1 or for the experienced user who wants to do more than check an occasional bibliographic cross-reference to an ,,ftp site1 a navigation tool is almost essential4 ,the three most common navigation tools are discussed here4 ,they represent three different approaches to stategy1 target constituency1 target materials1 and user interface 7the part of the program that you see74 ,the three services are known as ,,gopher1 the ,,wide ,,area ,,information ,,service 7,,wais1 pron4 ways71 and the ,,world ,,wide ,,web 7,,www or ,w#c74 ,all three services are based on client-server technology4 ,to make information 99available99 to others you need special software called a server4 ,the user then uses a client program to access the information4 ,clients are often free--they are written by whoever funded the initial project or by volunteer hackers4 ,the catch to using a client is that you have to have a 99direct99 7usually expensive7 connection to the ,internet4 ,this is the main reason that a ,,slip connection will become more and more important4 ,it fools the net into thinking that you have a direct connection without the expense of hooking your computer to a ,local ,area ,network and then to the ,internet4 ,you can use a client program on your own home or office computer if you have a ,,slip connection4 ,even if you don't yet have a ,,slip connection--they're still a bit experimental--you can use the services listed here4 ,as of this writing all three services allow free access to a client for demonstration purposes4 ,there are a number of telnet addresses where you can try out these navigation tools4 ,i expect that1 as the traffic on the network increases1 these public access sites will close down4 ,but by then communications programs will routinely include ,,slip and probably some version of the major clients as well4 ,one word of caution3 all the services here are built on top of telnet and ,,ftp4 ,they just provide a different and perhaps more useful way of making ,internet connections4 ,thus1 the same service may appear in several guises1 depending on the tool you use to connect to it4 ,there are also gateways that let you access one service from the other--but often at a price in terms of useability4 ,since the software may not tell you that you are looking at1 say1 a ,gopher-based service via ,,www1 you may have to try all three services to find the one that makes the most reliable connection4 ,another factor to consider is that unless you have a direct or ,,slip connection1 you will be limited to using a command line interface4 ,you will not experience the real power of1 at least1 ,,www or ,,wais4 ,nevertheless they are useful4 ,in general1 a beginner should use gopher first1 then play with the other two services to see if they are useful to you4 ,the main problem you will have is 99getting99 the information you find4 ,if you do not have the client program1 this is difficult4 ,you could cut and paste the information from your screen or use your communications program's buffer to store it4 ,,wais will send you the results of your search by ,e-mail4 ,often1 you will have to resort to ,,ftp to fetch the information once you have located it--if you can figure out where you are4 ,one of my criticisms of search tools like ,gopher or ,,wais is that they often give you a very poor indication of where the information you found is physically located4 ,this is especially true of the publically accessible versions4 ,section #ah4a ,gopher ,gopher was created by two students1 xx and xx1 at the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,it provides a menu-like view of that part of the ,internet where ,gopher servers are found1 gopherspace4 ,gopher has spread to many universities4 ,you can search student directories and campus calendars1 as well as the usual internet resources4 ,it is by far the easiest way to explore the net without entering numerous ,,ftp and telnet commands4 ,since ,gopher is the oldest and most decentralized of the services1 it provides the most extensive access to useful services4 ,online library catalogues1 the ,project ,gutenberg library1 ,,ftp archives1 and numerous exits to telnet4 ,the telnet access to demonstration ,gopher systems 7and through them to ,gopher servers on 99any99 campus7 is through3 xxx4xxx4xxx ,students will of course want to use ,gopher directly from their school's system4 ,try typing gopher at any prompt4 ,section #ah4b ,wide ,area ,information ,services 7,,wais7 ,,wais was developed in a very different environment from ,gopher4 ,it was developed by a joint collaboration of ,thinking ,machines1 ,inc4 7,artificial ,intellegence technology71 ,dow ,jones ,news ,retrieval 7,information systems71 and ,apple ,computer 7,user interface74 ,its ability to find information given a plain ,english description of what you want 7hey1 find everthing on ,personal ,computers and ,health7 is truely mind- boggling4 ,it returns a list of hits together with a likelihood that it contains what you wanted4 ,it can also look for documents that are something like a sample document4 ,the user interface is a pleasure to use--but requires a direct or ,,slip connection to the ,internet4 ,the line-oriented version that is publically available is a pale imitation of the real thing4 ,,wais strength is its ability to retrieve information from almost any source1 not just ,,ftp sites4 ,a list of all ,,wais sources is maintained in a directory-of-directories 7available at think4com74 ,you import a set of instructions on how to access a given information server to create your own personalized list of sources4 ,this service is probably the one of greatest interest to business 7i4e4 non-academic and non-library7 users4 ,to try out ,,wais1 telnet think4com and log in as ,,swais4 ,section #ah4c ,world ,wide ,web 7,,www or ,w#c7 ,the newest of the three services is the ,world ,wide ,web4 ,it was created at the ,european ,european ,center for ,high ,energy ,physics 7,,cern74 ,it is based on yet another technology 7besides ,,ftp and client-server7-- hypertext4 ,the ,world ,wide ,web views the entire complex of ,,ftp sites as a single document with cross-references4 ,a ,,www server lets you read that document and jump to any cross-reference that you find--hence the term hypertext4 ,the result is rather like a menu driven system but 7at least in the graphical interface versions7 you stay inside the familiar context of a text editor4 ,if you can imagine clicking on a cross-reference and having your text editor fetch the document from an ,,ftp site you will get the idea4 ,the documents that can be viewed by ,,www are ,,ascii text with special tags that give a addresses of the hypertext links4 ,the tags use the syntax of the ,standard ,generalized ,markup ,language 7,,sgml74 ,,sgml is a language used by scholars to mark text for academic research4 ,the ,,www vision of the library of the future is a collection of documents spread all over the world1 the whole of which can be looked at starting from any one of them4 ,sort of like having the whole world on your desktop4 ,there is not top node to the ,web1 but you can find points of entry at3 telnet info4cern4ch 7,european ,center for ,high ,energy ,physics in ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 the home of ,,www74 ,section #ah4d ,summary of ,navigation ,tools ,to summarize1 here are the three systems discussed1 together with their underlying technology and constituency3 ,gopher 3 ,simple ,,ftp and ,telnet 3 ,campus ,info ,,wais 3 ,artificially ,intellegent searches 3 ,business ,world ,wide ,web 3 ,hypertext and ,,sgml markup 3 ,ac4 ,research ,chapter #ai ,research ,methods ,,ii3 ,usenet ,newsgroups ,this chapter is under construction ,chapter #bj ,research ,methods ,,iii3 ,advanced ,techniques ,the previous two chapters covered the more or less standard techniques for finding your way around the net4 ,this chapter covers more ,there are three basic problem situation that every researcher using the ,internet will eventually face3 7#a7 ,you know who has the information but you don't know their address4 7#b7 ,the information is on the net1 only you don't know where4 7#c7 ,the desired information is not on the net1 but their 99is99 information on how to get it from a non-network source4 ,the methods described in this chapter are more tentative than in the preceeding two chapters4 ,they don't always work4 ,section #bj4a ,finding ,persons and ,computers ,there are a couple of standard methods for checking and verifying ,e-mail addresses4 ping rtfm4mit4edu 7,remember that is the prompt the computer gives you4 ,your system prompt may look different74 ,you should get back a message saying rtfm4mit4edu is alive or something like that4 ,many machines support a command called nslookup that will return the dotted decimal address given the name of the machine nslookup rtfm4mit4edu returns xxx as the dotted decimal address4 ,if you can guess the name of person or institution--this is not hard-- then you can try to see if you have a valid address by fingering your intended victim3 finger pdqhoople4usnd4edu ,if the system supports the finger feature 7and many don't71 you can try any number of guesses or permutations4 ,if you succeed1 you can find out lots of information about the person3 their telephone number1 when they last logged on1 when they last read their mail1 what department they work in1 etc4 ,many systems allow you to leave a file called 4plan--note the initial dot--that contains further contact information4 ,good guesses for names3 o last name 7bach71 o last name with one or more initials 7pbach1 pdqbach71 o three 7or more67 initials 7pdqb7 o nicknames1 cute handles1 etc4 7fluffy1aragorn7 o work ,,id numbers 7bach#bcgh;bigblue4com7 ,your last resort is a search program called netfind4 ,it lets you find a machine or person by keyword4 ,if you know your target is at ,,usnd1 you can try the keywords ,,pdq1 ,,usnd1 ,,edu and find pdqhoople4usnd4edu4 ,note that you often have to guess the domain1 but this should not be hard4 ,you can also search with ,,pdq1 ,university of ,southern ,north ,dakota1 ,,edu1 if ,,usnd is not sufficiently obvious4 ,city and state names work1 too4 ,try it4 ,the main short comings of netfind are3 7#a7 it often fails if the target computer does not support the finger command2 and 7#b7 it only works on the ,internet1 not ,bitnet or other mail systems4 ,to use netfind you have to telnet to any of several standard locations and log in as netfind4 ,if one server is busy it should give you a list of alternate servers to try4 ,detailed information on how to find someone on the net is given in the ,usenet ,,faq 7ftp3_/_/rtfm4mit4edu_/ xxxx 74 ,this ,,faq is oriented towards helping ,university students1 who flood the networks every ,fall looking for the ,e-mail addresses of their friends4 ,section #bj4b ,finding ,information and ,software ,by far the easiest way to ,if you do not have ,internet access1 then you will have to use ,,ftp by ,e- mail 7use the ,archie by ,e-mail archive server first to find your target674 ,finding ,information and ,software ,usenet ,news ,,faq ,archives ,archie ,section #bj4c ,finding ,references to ,paper ,documents ,this is the last resort1 right8 ,most information is still in paper1 although the high cost of paper will mean that less and less is available this way4 7#a7 ,use the ,internet to access bibliographic databases1 especially library catalogues 7#b7 ,use a document retrieval service like that provided by the ,colorado ,alliance of ,research ,libraries 7,,carl74 7#c7 ,try to get someone to send you a xerox or fax4 ,chapter #ba ,chapter #bb ,chapter #bc ,chapter #bd ,chapter #be ,these chapters1 which deal more with abstract theory than with specific instructions1 has been omitted from this special edition4 ,part ,,iv ,resources ,the main resources on the ,internet are to be found on the net itself3 especially the ,usenet news and its many ,f,a,qs including the ,,pdial and ,,nixpub listings and various ,internet resource guides4 ,the resources provided here are second best4 ,nevertheless1 it was felt important to provide a few addresses and a few book titles for the neophyte to get started4 ,the information in this section is a point of departure1 not a conclusive summary4 ,chapter #bf ,the ,internet ,address ,book3 ,this ,chapter is under construction ,chapter #bg ,bibliography ,most of the books below do not contain a great deal of how-to information about connecting to the ,network4 ,this course is intended to fill the gap4 ,but they do tell you what to do once you are on4 ,the first few1 which are available by ,internet1 are especially useful4 ,they do make the network self-describing4 ,,available ,,on ,,the ,,internet ,the ,incomplete ,guide to the ,internet 7for ,macintosh with ,microsoft ,word only--for paper version see below7 ,a very complete guide written by the ,education ,office of the ,national ,supercomputing ,agency 7,,ncsa74 ,it contains a very complete intro- duction to the ,internet and classroom ,internet projects for ,k#ab teachers4 ,this is the best guide for public school teachers4 ,for paper version1 write3 ,chuck ,farmer1 #aeb ,,cab1 #fje ,e4 ,springfield ,ave41 ,champaign1 ,,il #fahbj4 ,cost is around #bb4jj for #cjj pp4 ,polly1 ,jean ,armour4 ,surfing the ,internet nysernet4org3_/pub_/resources_/guides 7#aib4gg4agc4b74 ,this is my all- around choice for best introduction to the ,internet4 ,it contains references to most other good sources of information together with instructions on how to get them4 ,it is especially complete in giving information of interest to librarians4 ,kehoe1 ,brendan4 ,zen and the ,art of the ,internet 7#ast ed47 ,a very good guide for how-to information4 ,unfortunately1 the ,,ftp versions are all marked up in a dialect of the ,te,x typesetting system4 ,they are still somewhat readable though1 even if you don't have the ,te,x system4 ,a ,postscript version is also provided4 ftp4uu4net3_/inet_/doc 7#acg4ci4a4i7 ftp4cs4toronto4edu3_/pub_/zen 7#adg4ca4bed4acb7 ftp4cs4widener4edu3_/pub_/zen 7#adg4ca4bed4acb7 files are called zen- #a4j4tar4,z1 zen-#a4j4;dvi1 and zen-#a4j4,,ps ftp4sura4net3_/pub_/nic_/zen-#a4j4,,ps ,,published ,,works ,kehoe1 ,brendan4 7#aiic74 ,zen and the ,art of the ,internet3 a ,beginner's ,guide 7#bnd ed474 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,,nj3 ,prentice-,hall4 ,,isbn #j-ac-jajggh- #f4 ,index4 ,krol1 ,ed4 7#aiib74 ,the ,whole ,internet ,user's ,guide ,catalog4 ,sebastopol1 ,,ca3 ,o',reilly ,associates4 ,,isbn #a-efeib-jbe-b4 ,la,quey1 ,tracey1 ,ryer1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aiic74 ,the ,internet ,companion3 a ,beginner's ,guide to ,global ,networking44 ,reading1 ,,ma3 ,addison-,wesley4 ,,isbn #j-bja-fbbbd-f ,marine1 ,april4 7#aiib74 ,,internet3 ,getting ,started4 ,menlo ,park1 ,,ca3 ,,sri ,international4 ,,isbn #j-iddfjd-ae-c ,tennant1 ,roy1 ,ober1 ,j41 and ,lipow1 ,a4 ,g4 7#aiic74 ,crossing the ,internet ,threshold3 ,an ,instructional ,handbook4 ,berkeley1 ,,ca3 ,library ,solutions ,press4 ,,isbn3 #a-hhbbjh-ja-c 7,library ,solutions ,institute and ,press1 #bacg ,oregon ,street1 ,berkeley1 ,,ca #idgje4 ,voice3 #eaj_/hda-bfcf ,,fax3 #eaj_/hda-bibf7 ,chapter #bh ,glossary ,this chapter is under construction ,appendix ,a ,,computer ,,hints ,,for ,,the 99,,really99 ,,green #a4 7turning on7 ,make sure the computer is plugged in and on4 ,is something on the screen8 ,can you hear a fan8 ,does anything happen when you type or move the mouse8 ,are lights lit or flashing8 ,the screen may be frozen by a hold button 7look for a light labelled scroll lock or something similar4 ,try touching the upper left button on the keyboard-- ,f#a1 escape1 hold1 break1 whatever74 ,if the computer is not on look for a switch on back or a key labelled on or with a triangle on it4 #b4 7using a mouse7 ,determine whether you are looking at a character terminal or a window-oriented screen4 ,if window-oriented1 then moving the mouse should cause a pointer to appear and move around4 ,use this pointer to click on windows1 buttons1 etc4 ,you click the mouse by pressing its button 7leftmost one if there are three74 ,if you hold the mouse button down you can grab things and drag them around4 ,clicking on windows makes them active 7ready for commands7 and brings them forward4 #c4 7modifier and function keys7 ,keys labelled shift1 alt1 meta1 option1 command1 ctrl or marked with certain funny symbols are modifier keys4 ,they work like shift keys on a typewriter and can change the effect of typing a key or clicking a mouse button4 ,function keys1 labelled ,f#a1 ,f#b1 etc41 do something immediately--like edit1 move to the next page1 or quit the program--when you press them4 ,the keys on the keypad 7right hand side1 looks like a calculator pad7 act as function keys in some programs4 #d4 7popup menus and menubars74 ,if there is a string of words at the top of the screen 7menubar71 touch one of the words with the pointer using the mouse and then hold down the mouse button4 ,a menu should pop up4 ,if you continue holding down the mouse button and drag down the menu1 then let go1 you will select one of the commands4 ,if you don't want to activate a command1 drag the pointer away from the commands 7towards the middle of the screen1 say7 and let go4 #e4 7getting the computer's attention7 ,no luck8 ,try hitting return or enter a few times1 look for keys labelled break or escape1 try control-,c 7hold down the key labelled ,,ctrl--it works like the shift key on a typewriter--and then press c1 then let go of both keys74 #f4 7carriage return7 ,once the system is responding you usually have to hit the carriage return key 7marked with a hooked arrow or return or enter or ,,cr or newline7 or else click the mouse 7left-most button if there are three7 before anything permanent happens--like sending a command to the computer4 ,an exception is in menu-driven systems which print a list of options and expect you to type a number or letter 7like y for yes1 n for no74 ,sometimes answering a question with a carriage return gets you a default answer4 ,the default is often indicated in brackets3 ,do you really want to quit n8 ,hitting return here will not quit4 #g4 7delete key7 ,if you make a typing mistake1 there is a key in the upper righthand corner labelled del1 delete1 backspace1 or with a backwards arrow or x on it that will erase what you typed4 #h4 7logging on7 ,if you see a message like this3 ,hello4 ,welcome to ,,fubar system4 ,authorized persons only4 ,username3 xxx ,password3 then the computer wants you to give it a username 7nickname1 handle7 and type a password4 ,type your last name and hit return2 then type your password and hit return4 ,if you are sure the system is meant for the general public--say it is a donor database run by the ,red ,cross--try obvious names like redcross1 anonymous1 or public4 ,if the account is meant for general use then3 7#a7 no password will be required1 or 7#b7 any password at all will work1 or 7#c7 the password will be something easy like redcross 7again7 or donor or guest4 #i4 7system prompts and help7 ,if the computer prints a funny symbol 7called a prompt--often it is a dollar sign1 percent sign1 question mark1 right angle bracket or some such7 and sits there blinking at you1 it is waiting for a command4 ,try help or 8 to find out what is possible4 ,or try man intro 7,,unix systems only7 to read the online manual4 ,there might be a help key or help command on a menu4 #aj4 7text buffers7 ,at some point you may be composing a message4 ,you type the message1 of course4 ,you may or may not have to type return at the end of each line--experiment with this4 ,you can erase any mistakes with the delete key4 ,see if the cursor 7blinking marker that marks where you type7 can be moved around with arrow keys or a mouse4 ,if there is a mouse1 you can select text by dragging across it 7hold down button1 move mouse1 release mouse74 ,once selected a large block of text can be deleted with the delete key or moved by issuing the cut command 7look for a function key or command on the edit menu7 and then the paste command4 #aa4 7usernames7 if you need to know someone's username1 try their last name 7goodwin7 1 first initial or both initials and last name 7jgoodwin1 jegoodwin71 or all three initials 7jeg74 ,be warned that many sites add numbers 7goodwin#ba71 use serial numbers 7g#baace71 or use cutesy aliases 7thumper74 ,usernames are usually all lowercase4 #ab4 7case sensitivity7 if nothing seems to work the way it is supposed to check your caps lock4 ,most systems are either case-sensitive 7like ,,unix7 or automatically translate commands to all upper case4 ,thus help1 ,,help1 and ,help are either three differnt commands or one and the same4 #ac4 7saving your work7 ,with most programs1 whatever you do or change is not permanent unless you write the changes to disk4 ,you save your work by selecting save from the file menu or some other method4 ,often there are two commands for exiting--one that saves your work and one that discards it4 ,for example1 exit might save changes and quit ignore them4 ,if your program does not have an autosave feature--and even if it does--you should save your work every #ae minutes at least4 #ad4 7quitting or logging off7 ,after you have properly saved your work you can quit your program or system by finding the quit command 7look at the bottom of either the first or last menu on the menu bar71 or by typing quit1 exit1 q1 x1 bye1 lo1 logout1 logoff1 or something similar4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,,using ,a ,,modem ,using a modem 7modulator-demodulator7 is relatively easy if you follow the instructions that come with the modem and the communications software4 ,these instructions cannot ,,buying ,a ,,modem3 ,,basic ,,features ,you should choose a ,hayes-compatible modem4 ,this is the industry standard and works with most software4 ,the modem is a small computer that responds to ,,at commands1 commands sent by your software beginning with ,,at for ,attention ,modem4 ,the most common are ,,atdt #a #hjj #eee #abab4 ,this tells your modem ,so make sure the modem you buy responds to ,,at commands4 ,a #bdjj baud ,hayes-compatible modem will cost about #ej by mail-order4 ,you should consider buying a ,,fax modem 7#cej71 however4 ,the more expensive modem is faster1 has more features1 and can turn your computer into a ,,fax machine4 ,your connection to the outside world will never be any better than your modem allows1 so buy a good one4 ,the ,f,a,xes can be displayed on your computer screen4 ,you only print them if you want to1 on an ordinary laser printer4 ,the other features of a top of the line ,,fax modem include3 7#a7 ,up to #ad1ddj baud rate 7#g times faster than #bdjj baud7 7#b7 ,data compression 7,v4#cb;bis is the name of the standard7 7#c7 ,error correction 7,v4#db;bis is the name of the standard7 ,,hooking ,,up ,,the ,,modem ,the modem goes between your computers serial 7one-bit-at-a-time7 communications port and your telephone line4 ,your modem probably included the right kind of cable4 ,if not1 check the manual or call the dealer who sold you the modem4 ,the modem to phone connection will use standard telephone cable with modular jacks on either end4 ,you unplug your phone from the wall socket and plug in your modem instead4 ,if you want to leave your phone1 answering machine1 fax machine1 and so on plugged in1 you can use dual plugs that allow one or more cord to be plugged into the same socket4 ,look on the bottom of each piece of equipment 7including the modem74 ,there should be a little sticker that tells how many ringer equivalents the equipment is worth4 ,don't exceed eight on any one phone line4 ,you can also buy inexpensive boxes that will let you use a single phone line for faxes and for voice4 ,,warning3 usually your modem--and any other peripherals--should be wired to your computer before you turn the computer on4 ,this is so the computer can look for the modem and confirm that it is hooked up4 ,check your computer's and modem's manual for precise instructions on hooking up a modem to your computer4 ,if you are connecting the computer to an office phone that is part of a ,private ,branch ,exchange 7,,pbx7 then 444 ,,making ,a ,,connection ,usually you call another computer by dialing its phone number4 ,either you type an ,,at command like ,,atdt #a #hjj #eee #abab or your software does this for you when you choose a connect command or something like that from a menu4 ,before you get the modem's attention you need to set your software to the proper modem settings4 ,these settings are listed in literature about the service4 ,as a last resort call customer service for the computer you are trying to connect to4 ,or else you can try different settings until you find one the lets you connect4 ,the most common modem settings today are either #abjj or #bdjj baud and #h,n#a1 which means #h bits1 no parity1 and one stop bit4 ,the most important settings are3 ,the ,,baud ,,rate 7#cjj1 #abjj1 and #bdjj are typical low speed connections1 with #bdjj being the most common one for modern equipment2 #ifjj or #addjj are ,flow control ,,on or ,,off 7often labelled ,,xon_/,,xoff74 ,if your modem is going to talk with your computer at a faster rate than over the phone line1 then flow control is essential4 ,be sure that your software understands that the phone line speed is different from the computer-to- modem speed4 ,the phone line can't go any faster than #ad1ddj ,baud4 ,your computer can do four times that or more4 ,full or half duplex connection 7,,local ,,echo ,,on or ,,off74 ,in a half duplex connection the two computers take turns communicating on the same channel4 ,this means that your computer will be the one to ,,echo what 99you99 type on your screen 7local echo ,,on71 since it doesn't make sense say something1 have the other computer read it1 then send it back1 just so you can see what you type4 ,in a full duplex connection both computers can talk at once1 so local echo is ,,off4 #g or #h bits per character4 ,many computer systems use the last seven bits of each byte to denote a character 7up to #abh characters74 ,the eighth bit is used for parity1 flow control1 or some other important signal4 ,nowadays #h bits is more common4 ,even1 ,odd1 or ,no ,,parity4 ,one way to check for errors in transmission is to tag each byte with a bit that means even or odd1 the parity bit4 ,if a bit is transmitted incorrectly1 then the parity bit won't agree with byte sent and the software can ask for that byte or block of data again4 ,,no parity is the most common setting today1 however4 #j1a1 or #b ,,stop ,,bits4 #a stop bit is the usual setting these days4 ,if your modem has its speaker on1 you will here a dial tone1 then the modem will dial1 and then there will be a lot of squeals as the two computers negotiate about the transmission4 ,if you are lucky1 both computers will establish a carrier tone or hum that is then modulated to send data4 ,at this point most modems turn of the speaker1 but a carrier detect light should be on4 ,as long as you have the carrier you have the connection4 ,the carrier is present--to your modem1 at least--even if you tell your software to go off line for a while4 ,if you hang up1 however1 the carrier is dropped4 ,now that you have a carrier1 whatever you type is sent to the other computer 7and the transmit light flashes71 and you can receive data as well4 ,pay attention to any banner the service you are connecting to may print4 ,in particular you need to know what escape character your system recognizes4 ,typing this character or sequence of characters allows you to stop tranmitting everything and give your own system a command4 ,this is especially important if are transferring a file and have to escape back to your own system to tell it what to do with the incoming data4 ,,first ,,steps ,,on ,a ,,new ,,system ,many services let you sign up by connecting your computer to a ,,transferring ,,data ,getting data from one computer to another is a matter of running 99two99 programs--one on each computer4 ,these programs use a common protocol1 or procedure1 to communicate4 ,the most common protocols are ,,xmodem1 ,,ymodem1 ,,zmodem1 and ,,kermit 7for ,,unix systems and some others74 ,the steps involved--using ,,kermit as an example--are3 #a4 ,run ,,kermit on the sending machine #b4 ,escape to the receiving machine #c4 ,run ,,kermit on the recieving machine #d4 ,wait for the transfer to finish4 ,you will have to read your software manual for more specific instructions1 unless you have a direct internet connection or ,,slip connection4 ,in these cases you can issue a ,file ,transfer ,protocol 7,,ftp7 command to whichever computer and the details at the other end are automatically taken care of4 ,see ,chapter ,x for more detail on transferring data4 ,,disconnecting ,you will want to use whatever logoff procedure the remote computer wants4 ,if your manual or other literature doesn't tell you1 and you can't get any information by trying help or 81 try the following commands3 logout1 logoff1 lo1 bye1 exit1 quit4 ,if all else fails you can drop the carrier using the hangup command 7or escape back to your system and send ,,ath to your modem--attention1 hangup74 ,as a last resort pull the plug and your telephone company will disconnect you1 then exit your software and turn off your computer4 ,you may have to get your modem's attention by typing the escape sequence1 which varies from modem to modem or connection to connection4 ,appendix ,c ,technical ,details of ,internet ,connections ,this chapter is under construction ,appendix ,d ,just enough ,,unix ,since the ,,unix operating system may be unfamiliar to many of you1 and since many workstations on the net use ,,unix1 it may help some readers to summarize some of the peculiarities of ,,unix4 ,one day you may be logged on to a ,,unix machine4 ,nowadays1 like many operating systems1 ,,unix hides behind a graphical user interface like the ,x ,windows system4 ,occasionally--and networking is unfortunately one of those occasions-- its quirks like file-naming and directory hierarchy peek through4 ,this ,appendix gives you just enough ,,unix to avoid some pitfalls and issue commands needed to transfer files4 ,the basic commands you need to know for any system are how to display directories and list the contents of files1 how to name files1 and how to get help about the system4 ,,unix commands are just as quirky as ,,ms-,,dos1 ,,vms1 ,,rsx1 ,,vm1 or any other operating system that uses a command language4 ,fortunately1 they are no harder4 ,section ,d4#a ,basic ,commands for ,getting ,around ls 3 list current directory ls -l 3 longer listing1 with file length in bytes cd mydir 3 move down one level in the hierarchy to directory mydir cd 44 3 move up one directory in the hierarchy ,section ,d4#b ,hierarchical ,file ,system ,files in ,,unix are arranged in a hierarchy or tree structure4 ,appendix ,e ,the ,top #aj ,things to ,get by ,e-mail ,this ,appendix may be distributed separately from the rest of this course4 ----------7cut here7---------- ,,the ,,freelore ,,project's ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,top #aj ,,things ,,to ,,get ,,by ,e-,,mail ,copyright 7c7 #aiic by ,john ,e4 ,goodwin4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,you may make and distribute verbatim copies of this document for non- commercial purposes provided this notice is preserved on all such copies4 ,this is a list of ten fun and useful things you can get by electronic mail4 ,in all cases your request is handled by an automated system that sends the materials by return mail4 ,systems change frequently1 so some commands may be out of date4 ,all were tested and working as of mid-,june #aiic4 ,a typical1 old-fashioned ,e-mail system works like this mail type the command to enter the ,e-mail program mail send or type help to find out what commands work ,to3 presidentwhitehouse4gov ,this is an ,internet address --may look different on your system ,cc3 vice4presidentwhitehouse4gov ,subj3 ,your ,stance on ,nuclear ,power ,enter ,message4 ,when ,done1 hit ,control-,z1 ,control-,c to quit3 ,dear ,mr4 ,president3 ,i was disappointed to see that 4 4 4 etc41 until you type ,,ctrl-,z ,message sent #bc3je3dd #ad-;,,jun-#aiic4 mail exit ,modern automated mailservers expect your command in the body of the message4 ,but some old-fashioned ones expect it as part of the 99subject99 line6 ,i always tell if this is the case4 ,in most cases you will get a response in a few minutes4 ,for systems that wait to off-peak hours to send responses you may have to wait a day4 ,here are some more hints3 o ,most automated systems respond to the single command help4 o ,people change their directory systems around everyday it seems4 ,if the commands given don't work1 try to locate what you want by ,archie 7see below7 before requesting it by mail4 o ,the ,double quotes around some commands aren't part of the command itself 7so don't type them674 ,with that advice1 here's the list4 4 4 4 #aj ,the ,,cpet 7,catalog of ,projects in ,electronic ,text7 supplies information about ,e-text archives for scholars4 ,they have an online database4 ,for detailed instructions1 send the message3 connect guvax4acc4georgetown4edu cd cpetprojectsinelectronictext get cpetuserguide4txt to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,this is a service that provides ,internet ,file ,transfer ,protocol 7,,ftp7 by ,e-mail4 ,see next entry4 ,anonymous ,,ftp reference for ,,cpet user's guide3 guvax4acc4georgetown4edu3_/cpetprojectsi nelectronictext_/cpetusergu ide4txt #i ,instructions for using ,archie by ,mail and ,,ftp by ,mail4 ,archie is a lookup service for finding software or documents in ,anonymous ,,ftp archives on the ,internet4 ,anonymous ,,ftp is a method for making materials on certain computers available to the public4 ,anyone is allowed to log in with the username anonymous ,you give your real name as the password4 ,anonymous ,,ftp is not available if you just have ,e-mail1 not a full ,internet connection4 ,to help ,e-mail users access ,anonymous ,,ftp archives1 an ,,ftp by ,mail server has been set up at decwrl4dec4com4 ,it will send you materials you find using ,archie4 ,binary files 7pictures and programs7 are encoded as text files using the programs btoa or uuencode4 ,you need these freeware programs if you want to get anything besides text files1 i4e4 ,,ascii4 ,a4 ,to get started with ,archie1 send the message help to archiearchie4rutgers4edu4 ,there are many ,archie servers around the world4 ,any ,archie will give you a complete list4 ,b4 ,to get started with ,,ftp ,mail1 send the message help quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 #h ,a list of book-length ,public ,domain texts ,produced by ,project ,gutenberg4 ,you may either get these texts from the ,almanac server at oes4orst4edu or direct from ,project ,gutenberg at mrcnext4cso4uiuc4edu4 ,send message help to almanacoes4orst4edu4 ,after reading the guide1 send the message send gutenberg catalog4 ,to get an ,e-text by mail 7e4g4 ,alice in ,wonderland71 send the message3 send etext alice ,to see the contents of project gutenberg archivesj1 send the message connect mrcnext4cso4uiuc4edu cd etext_/articles get index quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,to get the actual texts1 connect mrcnext4cso4uiuc4edu cd etext_/etext#ic get quit ,anonymous ,,ftp ,archive references3 oes4orst4edu3_/pub_/data_/etext mrcnext4cso4uiuc4edu3_/etext_/articles 7general info7 mrcnext4cso4uiuc4edu3_/etext_/etext#ic 7the texts7 #g ,a list of ,e-mail mailing lists1 posted to the ,frequently ,asked ,questions or ,,faq part of the ,usenet newsgroups4 ,a typical mailing list works like this3 to join1 say1 a mailing list on politics1 you send the request subscribe to politics- requestwhitehouse4gov4 ,thereafter1 any message sent to politicswhitehouse4gov will send you message to all members of the list4 ,you get all the postings from other members as well ,the ,whitehouse list on politics is a fake example4 ,aside3 ,usenet newsgroup ,,faq's are archived at rtfm4mit4edu4 ,they cover every conceivable subject 7but are especially good with computers74 ,to access the archive by ,e-mail1 send the message help to mail-serverrtfm4mit4edu4 ,for an index of materials available1 send the message index4 ,here are the specific commands for getting the ,mailing ,lists3 send mail_/mailing-lists_/part#a send mail_/mailing-lists_/part#b send mail_/mailing-lists_/part#c send mail_/mailing-lists_/part#d send mail_/mailing-lists_/part#e to mail-serverrtfm4mit4edu4 ,other good publications in the same location3 ,a ,guide to ,social ,newsgroups and ,mailing,lists3 send social-newsgroups_/part#a ,list of ,periodic ,informational ,postings3 send periodic-postings_/part#a 7six parts74 ,for a more complete list of ,f,a,qs1 send the commands3 send usenet_/news4answers_/index send usenet_/news4announce4newusers_/index ,anonymous ,,ftp archive reference3 rtfm4mit4edu3_/pub_/usenet-by-group_/new s4answers2 and rtfm4mit4edu3_/pub_/usenet-by-group_/new s4announce4newusers4 ,also posted as an ,f,a,qs to the ,usenet newsgroup news4answers4 #f ,,listservers are the best thing going for persons with ,e-mail but without full ,internet service4 ,you can send mail to an entire list and get a digest of articles posted on a given day4 ,lists are espcecially good for anyone with an interest in the ,humanities4 ,a list of all listservers known to any one listserver can be obtained by sending a message to that listserver 7see below74 ,send the message help to any listserver address1 e4g4 listservbrownvm4brown4edu to get started4 ,the listserver at ,brown does not respond to the global command 7but is worthwhile anyway74 ,try sending the command lists global to one of the other listservers like listservauvm4american4edu4 ,for lists with lots of traffic you should consider the set listname digest command to get 99one99 mail message a day with a compendium of articles4 #e ,automatically supplied information about ,,psi's ,internet service3 ,send any message at all to address all-infopsi4com4 ,there are lots of other files on their service available instantly4 ,e4g41 for information on their version of telnet1 send any message to gds- infopsi4com2 for their version of ,,ftp1 any message to psilink- infopsi4com4 #d ,scott ,yanoff's list of ,internet ,resources4 ,at last count1 there were #ge free things to do on the ,internet4 ,send the message3 send usenet_/news4answers_/internet-services_ /faq send usenet_/news4answers_/internet-services_ /list to mail-serverrtfm4mit4edu4 ,another method is to request the materials by delayed ,,ftp with the message3 connect csd#d4;csd4uwm4edu cd pub get inet4services4txt quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,it is also worth adding the line get internetwork-mail-guide to the above request for a file on send ,e-mail between any two ,e-mail systems 7file is #bbk74 ,anonymous ,,ftp archive references3 csd#d4;csd4uwm4edu3_/pub_/inet4services4 txt rtfm4mit4edu3_/pub_/usenet-by-group_/new s4anwsers_/internet-services #c ,,surfing ,,the ,,internet1 by librarian ,jean ,armour ,polly4 ,this must- have publication is still the best basic orientation to the ,internet4 ,the nearest thing to the how to use the library card catalogue speech that opened up that other world for us when we were kids4 ,send the message connect nysernet4org cd pub_/resources_/guides get surfing4#b4j4c4txt that's a zero not an oh quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,other interesting files in the same directory are3 ftp4list whatis4internet new4user4guide4v#b4b4txt speakersoninternet4txt ,anonymous ,,ftp archive reference3 nysernet4org3_/pub_/resources_/guides #b ,the ,,nixpub listing of public access ,,unix systems 7so you can read ,usenet news673 ,send the message connect vfl4paramax4com cd pub_/nixpub get long quit to ftpmaildecwrl4dec4com4 ,anonymous ,,ftp archive reference3 vfl4paramax4com3pub_/nixpub_/long ,it is also posted as a ,,faq 7,frequently ,asked ,questions7 to the ,usenet newsgroup alt4bbs4 ,and the critics' choice is 4 4 4 #a ,the ,,pdial listing1 a listing of dialup methods of connecting to the ,internet for the general public4 ,send a message to info-deli-servernetcom4com with the command send pdial in the 99subject99 line4 ,alternatively1 send the message send usenet_/news4answers_/pdial to mail-serverrtfm4mit4edu4 ---------- ,what this country needs is a good #ej cent education4