,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,,handbooks ,,of ,,practical ,,gardening--,,xxv ,,edited ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,design ,illustration3 ,,lawn ,,and ,,shade ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,design ,,by ,,charles ,,thonger ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,furniture0 8,a garden is a beautiful book1 writ by the finger of ,god2 every flower and every leaf is a letter4 ,you have only to learn them--and he is a poor dunce that cannot1 if he will1 do that--to learn them and to join them1 and then to go on reading and reading1 and you will find yourself carried away from the earth to the skies by the beautiful story you are going through40--,,douglas ,,jerrold4 ,,john ,,lane3 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york4 ,,mcmv ,turnbull ,spears1 ,printers1 ,edinburgh4 ,,preface4 ,the whole subject of ,garden ,design is so diverse and complicated that ,i must be pardoned for disclaiming any ideas of completeness for this small and unpretending book4 ,to refer1 however briefly1 to the methods of different workers1 and the varied effects obtained by them2 or to present in detail the many phases of garden making as practised in ,england to-day1 would necessitate not one volume1 but several4 ,if the reader's object in perusing these pages is to find a model or plan which he may slavishly duplicate in his own garden1 he will1 ,i am afraid1 search in vain4 ,garden 8design0 is not of necessity formal1 and suggestive though the name may be of set patterns and geometrical figures1 more may be learnt concerning it in the woods and meadows of ,nature than in all the musty volumes which line the shelves of the professional's office4 ,the pleasures of garden making are so real that each one should jealously guard for himself the privilege of being his own designer4 ,it is with the idea of helping the novice to help himself that ,i ask his acceptance of whatever may be of value to him in 8,the ,book of ,garden ,design40 ,c4 ,t4 ,,woodbridge1 ,,suffolk1 ,may #aijd4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,preface v ,i4 ,,of ,,gardens ,,and ,,garden ,,designers #a ,nature's ,gardens--,qualifications necessary for the ,designer--8,garden ,architects0--,formal ,gardens1 ,old and ,modern--8,capability ,brown0--,repton--,artificial and ,natural ,design--,uselessness of ,stock ,plans and ,patterns4 ,,ii4 ,,general ,,principles #ab ,comfort and ,convenience the ,primary ,essentials--,undue ,complexity to be avoided--,variety ,desirable--,garden ,paths--,eccentricity ,condemned--,attempting too much--,colour and ,contrast4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,selection ,,of ,a ,,site #ba ,accessibility--,approach--,soils--,aspe ct--,altitude--,shelter-- ,surroundings--,outlines of ,property--,existing ,timber to be retained4 ,,iv4 ,,walks ,,and ,,lawns #cj ,carriage ,drives to be ,direct--,walks for ,different ,parts of the ,garden--,serpentine ,paths--,edging--,value of ,lawns--,breadth and ,space conveyed4 ,v4 ,,formal ,,and ,,landscape ,,planting #cg ,avenues often ,pretentious--,objections to ,clipped ,yew ,hedges--,topiary--,flower ,walks--,the ,maze--,natural ,planting--,boundary ,plantations--,specimen ,trees--,grouping4 ,,vi4 ,,kitchen-,,garden ,,and ,,orchard #dd ,unfounded ,prejudice against ,kitchen-,gardens--,site--,aspect--,boun daries-- ,borders--,good ,walks a ,necessity--,water-,supply--,fruit ,plantations-- ,the ,orchard ,beautiful4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,water #eb ,value of ,water in the ,garden ,scene--,artificial ,treatment--,natural ,effects generally ,preferred--,running ,water--,planting on the ,margin--,banks4 ,,viii4 ,,hardy ,,herbaceous ,,perennials #fj ,importance of ,living ,plants to ,design--,border ,plants with ,various ,coloured ,flowers4 ,,ix4 ,,plants ,,for ,,alpine1 ,,aquatic1 ,,and ,,bog ,,gardens #fi ,alpines1 with ,blue1 ,pink1 ,yellow1 and ,white ,flowers--,water ,plants--,suitable ,subjects for ,marshy ,margins--,bog ,plants4 ,x4 ,,flowering ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs #gd ,evergreens ,overplanted--,deciduous ,trees--,list of ,varieties4 ,,xi4 ,,hardy ,,climbers #hc ,climbers on ,trees--,roses1 ,clematis1 and other ,desirable ,subjects4 ,,index #hi ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,page ,,lawn ,,and ,,shade ,frontispiece ,,terrace ,,climbers #af ,a ,,paved ,,walk #cb ,,sundial ,,in ,,garden ,,walk #dj ,,stream ,,and ,,woodland #ed ,,herbaceous ,,grouping #fd ,a ,,lily ,,tank #gj ,a ,,garden ,,house #gf ,photographs by ,f4 ,mason ,good4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,design ,,chapter ,i ,,of ,,gardens ,,and ,,garden ,,designers ,from the earliest times the garden has been regarded as a fitting adjunct to the dwelling-places of man4 ,the very name seems to suggest a place of beauty and repose1 where the fairest of fruits and flowers are collected into a small compass for our special pleasure and edification4 ,the term 8garden10 too1 is often employed in a broader sense1 meaning a tract of country1 so lavishly endowed with natural beauties1 as to almost suggest that it is the special property and care of some master hand1 who cultivates his broad acres where we are content with inches4 ,eden1 where1 according to ,milton's famous description in 8,paradise ,lost10 the 8cedar and pine and fir and branching palm10 mingled together in a tangle of sylvan loveliness1 was a garden of ,nature4 ,we speak of ,italy as the 8garden0 of the world1 and are accustomed to attribute the same term to some specially favoured district or locality in each county at home4 ,from each of these all suggestion of design is absent2 a mightier hand than ours has planted their groves1 watered their fertile valleys1 and strewn the meadows and hedgerows with flowers4 ,to these favoured spots of earth1 those at any rate which are left us1 the garden designer must cast his eye1 as he sets out to learn the rudiments of his craft4 ,not that garden making consists in the endeavour to duplicate a whole landscape on a small scale--this was an error into which ,brown's followers blindly fell--but because so much that is of value to us may be gathered from an intelligent study of the means by which ,nature achieves her most beautiful effects4 ,the disposition of wood and water in a stretch of well-balanced scenery1 the beautifully proportioned effect of level and rising ground1 of valleys and hills2 all these afford an object lesson1 which1 at some time or other1 is bound to prove suggestive when endeavouring to forecast results in artificially arranged grounds4 ,nature1 then1 is the school where the novice should go to be thoroughly taught the rudiments of his art4 ,not only will he learn much that is not to be found in books1 but his love of the picturesque and beautiful will be fostered and encouraged--a necessary proceeding if he is to achieve any measure of success as a maker of gardens4 ,to a certain extent the good designer is born not made1 but much may be done by intelligent study and a real fondness for the work1 to make up for any lack of natural ability in this direction4 ,but in order to plan a really satisfactory garden1 one qualification is absolutely essential3 before all things the designer must be himself a gardener4 ,that is1 he must have spent some portion of his life actually working among the flowers and trees1 whose suitable arrangement he afterwards proposes to decide4 ,he must have sown and planted with his own hand1 watched the growth of leaf and bud1 and observed the habit of each plant and its adaptability to certain situations4 ,colour effects must also be noted1 in short1 nothing should be allowed to escape his eye which concerns the varied phases in the life of the simplest of the garden trees and flowers4 ,here lies the secret of half the failures which have occurred since garden making came to be regarded as something more than mere haphazard treatment of a piece of enclosed ground4 ,its votaries have many of them been men who knew absolutely nothing of the ways of flowers1 to whom the wonders of nature were as a sealed book4 ,that they were clever draughtsmen none will deny1 and that many beautiful gardens were made on paper is equally to be admitted4 ,but that was all1 they were unable to see how their gardens would look after being planted a few years--probably they did not care1 at any rate they were miserable failures1 as must ever be the case when a well drawn design is considered sufficient proof of supreme ability4 ,this class of garden maker is by no means extinct to-day1 and with paper1 drawing appliances1 and a few books of plans for guidance1 is able to turn out sketches which1 to the uninitiated1 seem to suggest unlimited acquaintance with the subject4 ,but transfer these designs to the ground1 lay out the paths and beds as he suggests1 plant trees and raise mounds1 dig watercourses and build rockeries to satisfy his caprice1 and what do we find8 ,our garden is a wretched affair1 a thoughtless jumble of half-matured ideas1 a desecration of common-sense and good taste4 ,trees are planted where their graceful outline is cramped and hidden1 flowering plants have no possible chance of displaying their full beauty before us1 and everywhere we look there are signs of ignorance and wasted opportunity4 ,there is something so contradictory in the term 8garden architect02 it suggest the union of two totally distinct professions4 ,bricks and mortar1 cut stonework and terracing1 are now pushed into the garden1 with the result that its real object is lost and its beauties crowded out4 ,the architect is greedy2 not content with designing the house and its approaches1 its stabling and many accessories1 he must needs take the garden in hand also1 and we find his work everywhere and weary of its endless repetition4 ,but we have brought it on ourselves1 and must either rest content with that we know to be false1 or make an effort to free ourselves from this meretricious form of art without further delay4 ,all may not possess the faculty for suggesting a complicated plan for themselves1 but there are few who may not study the outlines of the subject1 so that they may be better able to control those whom they employ4 ,after all1 the garden should reflect the ideas and taste of the owner1 not of the professional4 ,the art of garden making consists very largely in the exercise of common-sense and a due perception of the fitness of things4 ,these1 coupled with a love for flowers and a knowledge of their requirements1 will lead the beginner to success far more quickly than any ability he may possess for map and plan drawing4 ,the formal garden1 as it existed in the days before its modern substitute cast a slur on the word 8formality10 reflected no small credit on the skill and taste of its originators4 ,there was a sense of breadth and stateliness about it which is sadly lacking in its modern rival4 ,especially praiseworthy were the open stretches of turf1 and bold grouping of trees1 which were characteristic of the time4 ,the planting of avenues1 to whose beauty many of our older houses owe so much1 the alleys and greens bounded with hedges of clipped yew1 and the wide borders filled with herbaceous flowers1 were all pleasing in spite of their stiffness4 ,aided by handsome terraces1 used only where needed1 as at ,haddon and other places1 these old time gardens were free from any suggestion of trickery or deception4 ,their designers were men whose ideas1 if a trifle austere1 were perfectly honest2 they liked their handiwork to display its beauties in a straightforward manner1 with the consequence that their gardens were well-proportioned1 and clearly betokened that money had been ungrudgingly spent where necessary4 ,the modern formal garden is of quite another stamp1 with its flimsily-constructed terraces1 its ill-designed vases and statuary4 ,there is a certain straining after effect noticeable1 and a lack of dignity displayed1 which makes this latter a very feeble imitation of its prototype4 ,how can a modern villa be expected to act as a suitable foil to a style of garden design which is a cheap adaptation of that practised at ,versailles or ,chatsworth8 ,but1 leaving the formal garden for a moment1 and passing to a consideration of that which was the outcome of an entirely different set of ideas4 ,the landscape school of designers believed that severity and stiffness were totally out of place in a garden1 and the only way to secure artistic and beautiful effects was to go direct to ,nature for a model4 ,this was right in so far as it went2 it became ridiculous when carried to extremes4 ,if 8,capability ,brown10 himself the most noted member of the new school1 and his followers had been content to study ,nature1 gathering thus many valuable lessons1 and then being content to adapt them to the altered conditions which the nature of a garden imposed1 much good might have resulted4 ,but instead1 their great ambition was to stifle any ideas they might have on the subject1 and become slavish imitators1 trying to reproduce a whole landscape within the small limits of the garden boundaries4 ,brown was hailed as a genius1 and his advice requisitioned in the remodelling of many of ,england's best gardens4 ,all traces of formality were swept away1 the terraces1 stately parterres1 yew hedges1 and regular-shaped beds were abolished1 and the ground laid out on entirely new lines4 ,this consisted in the introduction of miniature mountains1 streams and torrents1 the latter crossed by bridges2 the remaking of paths1 so that they wound in serpentine curves1 entailing needless labour to traverse4 ,at ,blenheim1 ,brown turned a river into a valley1 with such effect that he is said to have proudly declared 8the ,thames would never forgive him40 ,he abhorred avenues1 and this style of planting gave place under his rule to the irregular dotting of belts and clumps at varying intervals over an estate4 ,there is no doubt but that some of the 8follies0 of his satellites were wrongly attributed to him1 but1 in spite of this1 ,brown was a consummate mannerist1 and undoubtedly was the means of spoiling many a good garden by his efforts at deceptive planting and arrangement4 ,after ,brown's death in #aghd1 ,humphry ,repton was considered the leading garden designer for many years4 ,to him we owe the origin of the term 8landscape gardener10 a name chosen to designate a science which combined the united resources of the landscape painter and the practical gardener4 ,repton is entitled to our respect1 in that his schemes were not directed towards the sweeping away of old gardens1 but rather to increase1 if possible1 their beauty and attractiveness4 ,he considered himself a disciple of ,brown1 but on examination of his methods and work1 we are led to conclude that he differed from him in many material particulars4 ,brown would not tolerate formality in any shape or form1 but ,repton1 realising that few extremes are pleasing1 preferred to strike a mean1 and combine the ideas of the early designers with those of his predecessor4 ,thus1 whilst duly appreciating the charms of a garden laid out with proper regard to natural effect1 he wisely saw that it was ridiculous to attempt to bring this style to the very doors of the house4 ,architectural features do not readily combine with those of the field and moorland4 ,hence we find that gardens designed by him were somewhat severe in treatment close to the house1 gradually merging into a freer and more natural style1 as the work of the builder and mason was left behind4 ,thus1 by slow gradations1 the most formal design was merged without incongruity into the wild and uncultivated landscape which bordered the property4 ,repton also made a number of sketches in connection with his work1 tending to show how the general appearance of his garden would change from time to time1 as the trees grew and the idea of newness disappeared4 ,though we cannot agree with many of the rules laid down by him for the benefit of future workers1 there is much to admire in his methods of garden planning and arrangement4 ,if he cannot be considered as the inventor of any marked and novel departure 7the 8gardenesque0 style excepted71 at any rate he did nothing to spoil existing gardens by the introduction of foolish innovations1 which was the fault of many who went before him4 ,where his ideas on garden planning must be considered as at total variance with our own was in the banishing of many necessary conveniences1 simply because they did not happen to be ornamental or harmonise exactly with the landscape4 ,a garden is a place of pleasure and recreation1 and there can be no possible harm in erecting comfortable summer houses1 seats and resting places1 from which to view its beauties1 even though these are not to be found in natural scenery of the ideal type4 ,but the examination in detail of the idiosyncrasies of each and every garden designer would be1 to say the least of it1 a proceeding which could do no good1 and might be productive of much harm4 ,the novice1 seeking for assistance and advice1 will be needlessly confused by any lengthened reference to the various 8styles0 laid down as correct by individuals of widely differing tastes and ideas4 ,after all1 when we have laboriously studied the art of garden making in this and other countries as it existed over a number of years1 and have nodded approval at the work of a certain exponent1 only to find later that our ideas are more in accord with those of his successor1 what do we find8 ,that the greater part of what we have read is calculated to perplex rather than help1 and in the end leave us no whit better able to form opinions as to the right and wrong way of setting about our own business4 ,putting aside all minor considerations1 and looking at the matter in the broadest and simplest light1 there are1 and have been from time immemorial1 but two styles of garden design4 ,on the one hand1 we have the artificial1 on the other1 the natural4 ,the first is generally the offspring of the professional designer1 the paper planner1 the lover of architectural features1 the supporter of the makers of fountains1 terracing and statuary4 ,the second can in its truest form emanate only from the garden lover1 the man who grows flowers and trees for the sake of their individual beauty1 and strives with the materials which ,nature lavishly supplies1 to make a picturesque and beautiful enclosure near his dwelling4 ,from this it must not be inferred that architectural adornments are wrong1 or that a garden can be made in any situation without their aid4 ,the contrary is the case4 ,on a sloping hillside1 a garden may only be possible by the aid of terracing3 an uninteresting corner may be redeemed by a well-placed sundial or statue3 a simple fountain1 with the music of its falling water1 may by its presence give pleasure during the long summer days4 ,but in spite of all1 architectural features must ever be the exception1 not the rule1 in the well ordered garden1 and it is only when they are really needed to further our scheme of 8lawn and tree1 flower and shrub deftly interwoven10 that there is the slightest excuse for introducing them4 ,there can be nothing more distressing to the garden artist than the idea of making gardens to a stock plan4 ,we are not dealing in wall-papers1 ornamental tiles or mosaic work when we undertake the laying out of a garden2 to this day there are many who think that the business1 if business it may be called1 can be conducted by post4 ,surely1 they argue1 the professional1 if he knows anything at all1 will have no difficulty in advising without the trouble and expense of a visit4 ,given the dimensions of a plot of ground1 what can be easier than to make a plan on paper showing the positions to be occupied by lawns1 shrubberies1 flower beds and walks8 ,alas1 this is how hundreds of gardens are made1 and the same wretched designs are dumped about the country like so many copies of a popular picture4 ,a quotation from the writings of ,batty ,langley will show that the man who relies on plans is depending for guidance on a sadly broken reed4 ,he says3--8,now1 as the ,beauty of ,gardens in general depends upon an elegant ,disposition of all their ,parts1 which cannot be determined without a perfect ,knowledge of its several ,ascendings1 ,descendings1 ,views1 etc41 how is it possible that any ,person can make a good ,design for any ,garden whose ,situation they never saw8 ,to draw a beautiful1 regular ,draught is not to the ,purpose3 for altho' it makes a handsome ,figure on the paper1 yet it has quite a different ,effect when executed on the ground40 ,individuals must necessarily have their peculiarities1 and it is right they should3 we recognise the same qualities1 perhaps some trick of light and shade1 in a score of totally different subjects painted by a great artist4 ,but there is no excuse for the designer who1 having laid out one garden to his satisfaction1 immediately proceeds to imitate his previous effort in a dozen different places4 ,because a terrace happens to look well in a hillside garden1 there is no reason for supposing that its inclusion is desirable in one situated on the level4 ,yet how many tons of earth have been carted from one place to another1 so that stupid embankments might be raised1 and afterwards fortified with terraces--all this in places where there was not a hill for miles4 ,love of imitation has been the downfall of many an otherwise good designer1 whose enthusiasm for the work of others has completely over-ruled his own common-sense4 ,we are not even meant to imitate ,nature1 the best of teachers1 but rather look to her for inspiration1 adapting the lessons learnt in meadow and woodland to the altered conditions which highly cultivated ground imposes4 ,nothing to my mind can be less helpful to the garden maker than the common practice which prevails of instituting competitions in the horticultural papers1 with prizes for the best garden design sent in4 ,as an encouragement in the art of draughtsmanship1 or a stimulus to the beginner to use his ingenuity1 this form of plan drawing may prove decidedly beneficial4 ,but to imagine that the designs themselves are of the slightest practical use is1 in the majority of cases1 absurd4 ,an attractive plan1 mechanically adaptable to gardens of varying sizes1 is the greatest temptation which can be set in the path of the unwary4 ,it teaches men to grub about the earth with measuring rod and chain1 levelling1 filling up hollows1 cutting down trees1 so that no obstruction may be offered to the carrying out of the design in its entirety4 ,whereas all our thoughts should be for the natural appearance of the ground1 its slopes and gradients1 which harmonise perfectly with the face of the surrounding country4 ,existing features should in nearly all cases be retained1 or simply modified to our purpose4 ,imagine the wantonness of cutting down a beautiful tree1 because our plan says that a path ought to run where it now stands2 or what possible excuse can there be for ruining a stretch of fine turf with beds cut in the form of circles1 lozenges and triangles4 ,the moral of all this is plain4 ,each garden must be treated1 as regards its laying out1 simply and solely on its own merits and possibilities4 ,it matters not whether we are dealing with a humble quarter acre attached to the modern villa1 or have in hand the broad surroundings of the country mansion4 ,there is no rule-of-thumb method for either2 each is worthy of just as much love and care as might be bestowed were it the only garden in the world4 ,sedding says1 8,a garden is man's report of ,earth at her best10 which1 whatever else it may imply1 surely suggests that our best work1 and our noblest conceptions of the beautiful1 must be pressed into service if we are to effect any real improvement4 ,set styles1 and the whims and caprices of the individual1 live but a short time2 they are here to-day1 but to-morrow their very name is forgotten4 ,the next generation will probably eye with disfavour much of the garden work which is now regarded with so much satisfaction4 ,but there can be no reproaches for the man who has worked honestly1 endeavoured to penetrate the hidden ways of ,nature1 and trusted in his own common-sense and reason to point out the best course4 ,the love of flowers and trees for their own sake1 and not because it is fashionable1 is the same in every age1 and that form of garden design only is right which is founded first and foremost on the study of ,nature and ,nature's laws4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,general ,,principles ,before bringing his attention to bear on special cases1 the garden designer must have clearly in view the general principles which are the underlying features of all good work4 ,in this way more real progress will be made1 and far deeper insight obtained into the mysteries of garden planning and arrangement1 than by the most devoted study of complicated plans1 or the careful examination of the methods of any particular school1 no matter how excellent its teaching4 ,it is useless attempting to compass the most simple form of design if all the while we are ignorant of those elementary laws which are mainly the outcome of common-sense and good taste4 ,the greatest danger to which the novice is subjected1 that of being hopelessly confused by a multiplicity of styles1 of which by the way we hear far too much1 is considerably lessened if he will but bear in mind the few laws which tend to show that gardening is not a mere haphazard science1 but one founded on a very sure and substantial base4 ,it is the neglect of these simple observances that has caused men like ,capability ,brown to be ridiculed1 when they might have received nothing but praise4 ,no matter what style of garden arrangement is contemplated1 or whether we are going to ,china or ,holland for inspiration1 our work is bound to prove unsatisfactory unless beneath the outer veneer which proclaims its origin there is observable a respect for ,nature's teaching1 and a due regard for the dictates of artistic feeling and ordinary good taste4 ,the first point to be aimed at in all good gardens1 is to secure a reasonable amount of comfort and convenience for those for whom their pleasures are intended4 ,nor is there any defence which can be argued in favour of an opposite course4 ,a garden is devised primarily for the edification and enjoyment of man1 in the same way that good pictures1 good buildings and other forms of artistic effort are intended4 ,mere utility is not sufficient1 neither is mere beauty1 it is a combination of the two which must be sought4 ,in the designing of so-called artistic gardens many ridiculous schemes have been perpetrated1 calculated in the end to disgust all right-thinking people1 and convince others of the shallowness of certain forms of modern art4 ,of what use is it growing flowers and trees1 if no facilities for close examination are afforded those who use the garden8 ,can a design which denies us conveniently arranged paths1 and comfortable resting places from which to enjoy the best views1 be considered in any way satisfactory8 ,depend upon it1 the man who is for ever telling us that such and such an arrangement would be more convenient1 but could not be tolerated on the score of art1 possesses but very superficial ideas on the question4 ,it was folly of this kind that prompted certain designers to make their paths twist and curve in all directions3 ,nature1 they said1 abhorred straight lines1 so they compelled pedestrians to walk double the necessary distance to reach any particular object4 ,any plan must be regarded with suspicion1 which when applied to the garden affords a pleasing prospect from the windows of the house1 but presents no inducements for closer inspection4 ,during both wet and dry weather it should be possible to visit certain parts of the garden2 a paved walk is a great convenience if it can be afforded1 and a cool shady pathway will be much appreciated during the hot days of summer4 ,the fruit and vegetable garden should always be within easy access of the kitchen quarters2 and though the tool and potting sheds ought not to be obtruded1 they should be convenient of access and not approached by narrow1 tortuous paths4 ,on the plea that these and other necessary conveniences are unsightly they are often banished to remote out of the way corners1 and as a consequence economy both of time and labour are out of the question4 ,we do not hide our cherished works of art in cupboards or attics1 but hang them in a good light where they can be viewed comfortably at all times4 ,the same should be the case with our gardens1 which deserve to be conveniently situated and readily accessible in all their parts4 ,undue complexity is as a rule totally out of place in the garden1 for the reason that it bewilders the visitor as to the aims and intentions of the designer4 ,such gardens give one the impression that they were designed piecemeal1 each time with no thought for what had been attempted before4 ,simplicity does not necessarily mean formality1 it is rather the expression of a set of ideas in a straightforward1 common-sense manner4 ,we cannot have simplicity when we fill our gardens with patchwork flower beds1 destroying the beautiful surface of a lawn to make them2 neither is tawdry furniture1 ill-designed statues1 fountains1 sundials and seats1 likely to impress the beholder with feelings other than those of ridicule or contempt for a display of vulgar opulence4 ,wherever we look there should be evidence of a desire for unity in the several parts1 a sense of breadth and dignity which is the true test of a skilled workman4 ,so many people persist in confusing this desire for simplicity with a wish for puritanical severity--straight walks1 bare unbroken stretches of lawn1 and buildings uncovered with creeper or shrub2 it is nothing of the kind1 and gardens in which there is the richest ornament1 and the most lavish display of flowers1 may yet remain perfectly simple as regards their planning and arrangement4 ,at the same time monotony is of all things to be guarded against1 more especially as it is inseparable from certain forms of design4 ,the most beautiful scene on earth would soon pall were it continued with wearisome repetition over a considerable portion of the landscape4 ,a grass walk bordered with stately yews is a charming feature where the situation demands it1 but who can deny the weariness occasioned by endless rows of these solemn sentinels1 when reproduced on every side4 ,herein lies the reason why the work of certain designers proves so unsatisfactory4 ,it is possible to have too much even of a good thing1 and the fact that a certain feature has proved suitable in one case1 is no reason for supposing that it will be equally satisfactory in half a dozen others4 ,when making a plan1 it should be our object not to consider how much we may do without incurring the risk of monotony1 but how we may best whet the appetite for more of a similar character4 ,it is to variety that we owe the greatest pleasures in our gardens1 and yet there are many who would deny us even this4 ,it is variety which makes the study of ,nature the pleasure that it is4 ,who ever saw two woodland glades exactly the same1 two mountain streams which presented identical features1 or a glimpse of lush meadows and rich1 purpling hills which was not different to any we ever saw before8 ,why not the same in our gardens8 ,no two situations are exactly the same1 one must possess features that the other lacks1 or present possibilities incapable of fulfilment except in its own case4 ,there is1 indeed1 no reason why we should conform to a stereotyped plan1 except that imitation is usually considered less trouble than originality1 in that the latter involves individual thought1 and a necessary determination to see clearly to the root of things4 ,but apart from the lack of variety displayed in the general planning of several gardens in the same or different localities1 there is often a want of diversity in the various parts of a single garden4 ,this is the opposite fault to that of undue complexity1 and it is the more pleasant1 because of its rarity1 when we find that a happy mean has been chosen4 ,variety in garden design can be attempted in a number of ways1 either in the alteration of ground levels1 the formation of walks1 or the grouping of trees and shrubs4 ,the first named must always be a matter demanding extreme care and judgment1 for the good reason that the natural levels are nearly always best4 ,in the remodelling of existing gardens1 it is often necessary to go to considerable labour and expense to bring the ground back to its original form4 ,the craze for terracing which has led to the upheaval of banks and mounds in all sorts of impossible positions1 has led to an appearance of extreme artificiality in many modern gardens4 ,however1 it is often possible to so alter levels that variety takes the place of monotony1 and an added charm is given to certain situations4 ,perhaps the safest way to proceed in this direction is to take advantage of some existing depression or elevation1 which1 probably too slight to relieve the prevailing flatness1 may be deepened or heightened as the case may be4 ,the natural grade should be taken as a guide1 and emphasis given to points which admit of such treatment4 ,the aspect of the surrounding country will exercise considerable influence in this direction4 ,a garden containing many mounds1 hillocks1 and hollows will look absurd set in a nearly flat landscape1 and in a hilly district1 cultivated land wrought into an unbroken level will appear even more out of place4 ,the fact that building operations has led to the excavation of a large bulk of earth1 should not lead the designer to utilise it for promiscuous bank making4 ,it is seldom that a close survey of the ground will not reveal points at which it is possible to secure variety1 without altering the general contour to any appreciable extent4 ,illustration3 ,,terrace ,,climbers ,garden paths nearly always cause monotony when too much of their length is seen at once4 ,this must not be considered as in any way deprecatory to the straight walk1 than which often nothing is more satisfactory4 ,if the path is straight1 there should be compensating influences in the way of well grown plants or shrubs along its sides to attract our attention4 ,where these are impossible1 the walk should be made to bend slightly1 occupying the curve with a group of flowering shrubs1 or some other suitable screen to hide its continuation from view4 ,the garden paths should most certainly follow the varied levels of the ground1 and nothing can be worse than to attempt to fill up the hollows and shave off the gentle elevations in order to produce a dead level4 ,this is the very way to engender the monotony1 which we are trying to dispel4 ,a wild mountain path1 or the track through some woodland glade1 never lacks variety1 simply because the feet that made it followed the line of easiest gradient4 ,in nine cases out of ten1 the ugly walk is the result of direct transgression of this simple rule1 and all that is needed to effect an improvement is the reversion of the ground to its old level4 ,the variety obtainable by the judicious employment of living trees and plants is so infinite1 that there is no excuse for neglecting their friendly aid when planning the several parts of the garden4 ,a certain spirit of conservatism seems to prevail among modern gardeners1 and of the thousands of beautiful subjects which exist for our benefit1 not a tithe of the number are pressed into service4 ,take1 for example1 that large and beautiful family1 the ,flowering ,shrubs1 how very imperfectly is their value realised in the majority of cases6 ,dull1 gloomy evergreens are used almost exclusively in the orthodox small garden1 and never a thought is given to the host of fine deciduous trees1 many of which are supremely lovely4 ,the nurseryman has learnt by experience the few stereotyped evergreens which are most in demand1 and he stocks these1 and these only1 so that the casual purchaser is led to believe that the list of trees and shrubs suitable for ,english gardens is very limited4 ,for screening off unsightly corners evergreens are of the highest value1 but on the margins of lawns1 and for lending interest to mixed plantations1 the designer would do well to introduce the flowering shrubs1 of which a list is given later in the book4 ,anything approaching eccentricity is to be avoided in the designing of gardens1 as is also any scheme which partakes of the nature of a sham4 ,we all know with what eagerness the ,bank-holiday crowd approaches counterfeit ruins1 trees which squirt water from their branches1 or figures of men and animals cut out of living box and yew1 but such follies are beneath the consideration of the true garden lover4 ,after all1 the pleasure grounds are primarily intended for the owner and his family1 and nothing becomes more stupid and pointless on closer acquaintance than these inane pranks1 of which there are hundreds of examples throughout the country4 ,for the same reason1 the making of surprises1 as the sudden revealing of unsuspected features in the garden scene must always be considered as evidences of debased taste1 the prostituting of a beautiful art1 for the sake of securing a momentary exclamation of astonishment on the part of an ignorant visitor4 ,a certain amount of mystery is sometimes justifiable1 and there should always be afforded ample inducement for closer inspection of ,nature's beauties1 but when it is evident that the designer's sole idea in creating a certain feature was to occasion surprise1 as apart from genuine pleasure1 then it becomes necessary to condemn such artifices in unmeasured terms4 ,the hidden ways of ,nature should be sufficient mystery for the most exacting without lowering our gardens to the level of vulgar peepshows1 by the introduction of mazes and freaks of tree sculpture4 ,the attempting of too much in a small space is another fault to be guarded against1 though where the designer is not allowed his own way1 this is often a matter of difficulty4 ,so many people when seeking the assistance of the professional1 impose upon him the necessity of giving them 8a bit of everything0 in the way of design4 ,they must have a rose garden1 a corner devoted to rock plants1 a few square feet for carpet bedding1 a place for water and bog plants1 a pergola1 and much beside1 all without reference to the suitability or otherwise of the place for such introductions4 ,the idea that a garden will never lack interest because it resembles a patchwork quilt in the number of its divisions1 is surely erroneous2 the pleasure thus obtained is but momentary1 and soon ceases to become other than wearisome4 ,we look for perfection in detail1 but we must also consider the garden as a whole1 and seek to make its various parts subservient to one another1 the several units of one well-balanced plan4 ,undue regularity must also be accounted a sign of weakness1-- 8,grove nods at grove1 each alley at its brother1 ,and half the garden but reflects the other20-- ,proper balance is of course desirable1 but the arrangement of beds in well-matched pairs1 or the setting of vases at each corner of a lawn1 is as unnecessary as it is opposed to all natural laws4 ,the faculty for seeing in the mind's eye1 the general characteristics of the garden as it will appear when laid and planted1 is a gift for which1 if possessed1 the designer may be truly grateful4 ,it enables any weak spots which may exist in the plan to be corrected before it is too late4 ,of course no one can determine the exact effect which time will produce1 and it is well we cannot1 for perhaps the greatest charm of garden design is its delightful elusiveness1 the uncertainty which exists as to the manner in which flower and tree will disport itself4 ,but unless we attempt to see further than the mere outlines of the plan1 we are trusting to chance to secure for us the results we most desire4 ,especially are we liable to err in the matter of colour effect1 a consideration which is outside the scope of the black and white plan4 ,unrelieved stretches of turf become monotonous unless afforded the foil of suitable foliage2 broad masses of bright hued flowers demand the sober relief of grey stonework or silvery leaved trees and plants4 ,a certain spot is often dull and unsatisfying1 simply because it lacks this element of colour2 a group of flowering shrubs with bright hued blossoms or even a stone vase filled with climbers may dispel all idea of monotony4 ,in the securing of suitable contrasts1 work may be raised above the merely mediocre1 to a level of high artistic merit4 ,easy transition of form and colour is no doubt the safest course to pursue1 but a certain boldness of touch may in certain instances prove highly advantageous4 ,the shrubbery1 often a tame and featureless affair1 may be rendered attractive by the sharply contrasting effects of adjacent groups of deciduous trees1 and the dark1 glistening foliage of evergreens4 ,it is quite possible to carry the practice of rounding and softening the corners beyond reasonable limits1 and we sigh for some prominent feature to rivet our attention1 if only for the moment4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,selection ,,of ,a ,,site ,there are few points connected with the art of garden design over which greater differences of opinion are likely to arise1 than those associated with the preliminary consideration--choice of site4 ,for this reason1 the present chapter must inevitably prove more suggestive than dogmatic2 less concerned with particular instances1 than with the broader aspect of the question4 ,it is rare1 indeed1 to find two persons1 each about to build a residence and lay out a garden1 whose ideas as to the most desirable site for the purpose are in any way concurrent4 ,one prefers an elevated situation from which a good view of the surrounding country may be obtained2 the other dislikes the labour of climbing1 and must perforce live in the valley4 ,the proximity of other buildings1 giving a sense of companionship and security1 is essential to some2 others1 again1 seek no better society than that of the woods and silent heath4 ,a man's profession or hobby will considerably influence his choice of locality for a home3 the city man must live near a good train service1 the ardent golfer's first thought is for easy access to the links4 ,instances could be multiplied ad finitum1 all clearly pointing to one end1 namely this3 that it is useless to regard any one position as ideal1 such a conclusion only being possible when we are fully cognisant of the peculiarities of the individual for whom we are working4 ,however1 there are certain characteristics which1 if not indispensable1 are at least highly desirable in almost every case1 and in briefly discussing a few of the foremost considerations which must present themselves to everyone about to build and lay out grounds1 it is left to each one to modify or alter according to his own opinions and preconceived ideas4 ,in the first place1 the accessibility of the piece of land which it is proposed to treat1 must be carefully studied1 and this before any possible advantages or disadvantages connected with the actual site come to be weighed4 ,the exigencies of modern life demand that ample facilities shall exist both for ourselves to visit others and for others to visit us4 ,there are many who have settled in delightful places in country districts whose subsequent regret is that they are out of the beaten track4 ,they can neither make calls nor receive their friends without great difficulty and inconvenience2 and worse than this1 communication with tradesmen1 and the delivery of letters and parcels1 are matters attended with serious disadvantage4 ,a time comes in the lives of most city people1 when the only form of existence which seems desirable is that known as 8buried in the depths of the country40 ,as a temporary expedient1 or regarded in the light of a picnic excursion1 this is no doubt delightful enough2 but a permanent residence so situated becomes after a time well-nigh intolerable4 ,convenient distance1 then1 from railway1 post office1 shops1 and other evidences of civilisation1 is the first point upon which the prospective purchaser must satisfy himself4 ,carrying the question of accessibility a step further1 it becomes necessary to ensure that the property shall be approached by a convenient road4 ,as to whether the road is little frequented1 or is in the nature of an important thoroughfare1 individual taste and opinion will necessarily be divided1 but the main consideration1 applicable in both cases1 is that the road shall be a good one4 ,no comfort can be expected if the approach to one's residence is ill-made and badly kept1--a mere 8boreen10 as the ,irish would say4 ,neither should it be deemed sufficient that a road is likely to be made in the near future4 ,the authorities often move with unaccountable slowness1 and cases are by no means uncommon in which unfortunate residents have been kept waiting for years before anything more than a mere track has been made to their property4 ,whilst other details may to a great extent be modified and adapted to meet requirements1 this primary consideration is unalterable3 either there is suitable access or there is not4 ,in the latter case1 it is extremely doubtful whether a host of minor advantages will act as adequate compensation4 ,unless it is proposed to approach the residence by a fairly long drive1 a garden situated beside a main road has many drawbacks4 ,chief of these is the dust which is constantly raised during the summer months4 ,especially in this age of motor cars1 many otherwise pretty places are completely disfigured during the time they should be most beautiful3 shrubs1 trees and hedges are alike smothered with a thick covering of dust4 ,on this account1 and for other obvious reasons1 a branch or bye-road1 if well kept1 is far preferable as a boundary line4 ,presuming that the question of approach has been satisfactorily solved1 the character of the land1 its aspect1 surroundings and other details present themselves for careful examination4 ,much will depend upon the class of soil with which we are dealing1 not only as regards its suitability or the reverse for garden operations1 but because it is a matter directly affecting the health and comfort of the owner and his family4 ,heavy clays are of all things to be avoided2 they spell unceasing labour1 and endless discomfort to all whose misfortune it is to work them4 ,flowers and trees raised on them are always backward1 and if disease is not actually present1 growth is nearly always weak and stunted4 ,in winter1 the land is cold and wet1 extremely tenacious and demanding added strength and perseverance to dig2 in summer1 it is parched and baked1 whilst tender plants have no possible chance of making headway4 ,the greasy condition of the garden walks is another prominent feature of soils of this description4 ,all things considered1 a light1 free-working loam1 resting on a substratum of a gravelly nature1 is probably best adapted to secure greatest comfort to the occupier1 and health and prolificacy to all forms of vegetable life4 ,drainage cannot be entirely depended upon to remedy soils of a cold1 heavy nature1 and to all whose intention it is to devote their energies largely to the delights of garden making1 my advice is to shun clay lands by every means in their power4 ,the careful designer will devote much attention to the question of aspect1 endeavouring to secure warmth and sunlight for the most frequented portions of house and garden4 ,it is generally conceded that land having a gentle slope towards the south-east more nearly approaches the ideal than any other4 ,especially if the public road skirts the northern side of the property1 allowing the entrance drive to be made from that direction1 and thus leaving the whole of the southern slope free for lawns and garden1 will this aspect prove pleasing4 ,nothing can be more disappointing to the garden lover than the constant trouble experienced in rearing tender plants and trees in the damp and cheerless positions assigned to them by certain unthinking designers4 ,in such gardens the sun is only felt for a fraction of the day1 and as a consequence those beautiful effects of light and shade1 without which the finest scenes are flat and uninteresting1 are conspicuous by their absence4 ,altitude1 as has been mentioned1 is generally more a matter for individual preference and opinion than for the expression of any decided rules on the subject4 ,unless1 however1 any real objection is felt against land situated at a fair elevation1 ,i should unhesitatingly prefer it1 in the majority of instances1 to that found in flat1 low-lying positions4 ,there is all the difference between the garden perched high on the bleak hillside1 where cutting winds play havoc with its contents1 and that situated midway down an easy slope1 above the line of mist and fog4 ,providing that the aspect is sunny1 and the soil well-drained1 such a situation is far warmer and healthier than the apparently more sheltered site lower down4 ,the designer1 too1 will find his work easier in the former case than in the latter4 ,privacy is seldom attainable in low-lying gardens2 they are generally overlooked1 either by neighbours or by pedestrians on the public highway4 ,it is next to impossible to screen off unsightly objects from view1 and it is inevitable that the prospect obtained of the surrounding country is cramped and confined1 if not altogether excluded4 ,on the other hand1 an elevated site safeguards all these objections3 it is seldom overlooked1 or if it is1 artificial planting and arrangement may be depended upon to quickly remedy matters2 whilst if fine views exist in the vicinity1 the designer is afforded an opportunity of increasing the scope and charm of his own handiwork by including them4 ,altitude is undoubtedly an important consideration which must be duly weighed before a satisfactory decision can be given4 ,shelter1 or rather lack of it1 is one of the troubles which is almost inseparable from newly laid-out gardens2 and as even the most quick-growing trees and shrubs take some time before they can prove efficient barriers1 natural or existing wind breaks should in all cases be sought4 ,natural features will consist of ranges of hills on the sides of the property most exposed to cold winds--the north1 north-west and north-east4 ,where these exist1 nothing could possibly be better1 but of course probably not one site in fifty will be enhanced by such advantages4 ,plantations1 protective belts1 and stretches of woodland are valuable features1 which1 if existing at a convenient distance from the proposed site1 and facing the required quarter1 will secure it from the ill effects of high winds4 ,should the property already contain a well grown hedge1 it may be advisable to retain it as a feature of the new design1 thus providing shelter1 and doing away with the entire appearance of newness which will otherwise be manifest4 ,should mature plantations already exist on the property1 great caution must be exercised by the designer as to his treatment of them4 ,it often happens that a belt of trees hides a good view1 or does not lend itself to the proposed plan4 ,in the first case the owner may be tempted to open out vistas by the removal of timber2 and in the second1 the entire demolition of the plantation may be contemplated4 ,before doing either1 he should be quite certain that1 in addition to obtaining his view or carrying out his scheme in its entirety1 he will not also be destroying a form of shelter which would take years to replace4 ,naturally1 the surroundings will exercise considerable influence on the choice of a site1 and here again the tastes of the individual have to be considered1 rather than the opinions of the idealist4 ,the presence of water1 either a lake or stream1 in the adjacent landscape is an unfailing attraction to some2 others would rather face a prospect of meadow and woodland2 whilst there are many who ask no better than that their garden shall be within sight and sound of the restless sea4 ,in each respect the individual must please himself1 having in mind1 however1 that a style of design applicable in one instance will probably be totally unfitted in another4 ,there is one thing which the garden lover will surely guard against with every possible care1 and that is the encroachments of the jerry-builder4 ,so much depends upon the character of the extended views obtainable from the garden1 that it would be extremely unwise to surround oneself with land which1 in all probability1 will be dotted with ill-designed villas within the course of a few years4 ,it is worth many little inconveniences to ensure that what we have we may hold1 and that the view which affords us so much pleasure to-day will be ours for so long as we care to enjoy it4 ,factories1 ugly churches 7of which there are many71 and cottage property of every description1 are features capable of creating a blot on our vista of landscape1 and the ideal site is one on which such objects not only do not now intrude themselves1 but have no possibility of doing so in the future4 ,the outlines of the property must also be regarded as relevant to the question of site1 more especially having regard to the impossibility which exists of making a satisfactory design for gardens of certain shapes4 ,all who have attempted to achieve artistic results with the orthodox villa strip1 know the extreme unsuitability of the narrow parallelogram4 ,it is no easy matter1 again1 to secure a well balanced plan1 in which the separate features are not unduly scattered1 within boundaries which are square or nearly so1 though this form is infinitely preferable to the foregoing4 ,perhaps the best1 certainly the easiest1 results are attained when the outline is triangular1 though it is highly important that the positions of base and apex be considered4 ,no one desires to curtail the impression of size in their grounds1 and it is generally acknowledged that the more open and less contracted are the distant views1 the better will be the effect4 ,for this reason the apex of the triangle should concur with the least interesting prospect1 the base with that to which it is desired to give prominence4 ,taking the case of the house and gardens on the southern slope1 the residence should be at the upper or northern extremity1 with the best views1 the gardens and landscape beyond1 stretching south-wards4 ,the chief windows will face south1 and on the extent of the vista1 its variety and absence of signs of foreshortening and curtailment1 the skill of the designer will be appraised4 ,that the garden boundaries should end in a point does away with all illusion of space2 we mark the sudden transition from the cultivated to the wild1 and our grounds appear as a modest wedge which is in momentary danger of being demolished by the encroachments of the neighbouring property4 ,irregularity of outline is another feature to which objection may be raised on account of the extra expense incurred in fencing4 ,the number of angles1 too1 renders the making of boundary paths a troublesome matter1 and for various reasons a free1 flowing outline is far preferable4 ,if a site can be secured on which a number of fine trees already stand1 it should1 other things considered1 receive preference over one which is bare and barren4 ,a well grown tree1 grateful on account of its shade1 and beautiful for its stately outline1 is one of the most valued objects in the garden4 ,should there be too many trees1 it is easy to cut down any that are not required2 it is another matter to plant fresh ones4 ,however1 nothing will be gained by endeavouring to retain existing features of an unsuitable nature1 or by altering a well balanced plan so as to include some object foreign to the scheme4 ,in such cases it were better to start operations in a field destitute of tree1 shrub or living plant1 thereby enabling the projected design to be carried out unhampered by restrictions4 ,the lack of well grown timber is indeed the greatest drawback in new gardens1 which must perforce continue for many years before they put on the aspect of maturity1 or even middle age1 so that unless there is ample reason for the contrary1 the retention of any suitable specimen trees which may occur on the site should be ensured4 ,much responsibility attaches to the designer who undertakes the laying out of a garden on an entirely new site2 he starts absolutely afresh1 and cannot lay the blame for any possible blunders on the shoulders of his predecessor4 ,before deciding finally on any one position1 most careful observations should be made1 and the opinion of those in the locality sought as to climate1 presence of fogs1 and other details which only extended residence in the neighbourhood can determine4 ,a good site1 favourable alike as regards soil1 aspect and elevation1 is certainly the surest foundation which can be laid for the future designing of a beautiful garden4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,walks ,,and ,,lawns ,directly we leave the public road and enter upon the precincts of the dwelling1 the question of suitable walks and paths at once demands attention4 ,according to the size of the house and its surroundings1 we may have to traverse a stately drive bordered with noble trees1 or simply a flower-fringed pathway1 to reach the entrance door4 ,the subject of carriage drives must necessarily be somewhat outside the scope of this little book1 which is destined as a guide for those possessing grounds of small or medium extent4 ,we find1 however1 that the desire for an imposing approach is by no means confined to those whose property demands a certain amount of pretension2 the owners of quite small places will often sacrifice anything1 that they may have a drive of even humble proportions4 ,it is to attain this object that the most fantastically contorted approaches are devised1 many actually running parallel with the main road for almost their entire length4 ,it may be taken as a fixed rule1 only alterable under rare circumstances1 that a drive should be as direct as possible in its course2 the idea that needless twistings will give an air of importance and dignity to a place is totally erroneous4 ,i remember once visiting a house of quite unpretending dimensions1 the approach to which was by way of a drive of astonishing length4 ,in driving up1 one actually passed twice within close view of the house before arriving at the front door2 each time1 instead of taking a direct route1 the drive meandered away into a wilderness of shrubs4 ,the effect1 needless to say1 was supremely ridiculous4 ,if the public road be straight1 or nearly so1 the entrance drive should leave it at right angles1 an oblique juncture only being permissible when the road is decidedly curved4 ,privacy should be secured by suitable planting1 as it is by no means desirable that the best parts of the garden or the windows of the house be overlooked by persons using the general approach4 ,another point which must necessarily be borne in mind when contemplating a feature of this description is the expense of up-keep--no insignificant item in the case of a considerable length of drive4 ,nothing looks worse than ill-kept1 weedy pathways1 and unless constantly tended and regravelled from time to time1 they soon present a spectacle of dismal neglect4 ,the small house is generally better approached by a short direct route1 omitting even a carriage court or turn1 unless ample space can be allowed4 ,the seclusion afforded by a drive is easily obtainable by other means1 and the feeling of pretentious importance which this feature often imparts is scant compensation for loss of needed ground for lawns and flower-garden4 ,garden walks are capable of great variety of treatment2 they may be laid in several materials1 and by their presence1 both utilitarian and artistic ends may be compassed4 ,the most common fault with designers is the formation of too many walks1 a style of arrangement which is particularly objectionable in small gardens4 ,an artificially constructed pathway is rarely in itself a beautiful object1 though it may often appear so owing to the nature of its surroundings4 ,for this reason a walk should generally be made to serve a useful purpose1 rather than act as a mere foil to surroundings of a different type4 ,the walks nearest to the house will1 in many cases1 form part of a terrace scheme1 and it is well that these should be made a distinctive feature4 ,stone flags look extremely well1 much better1 in fact1 than cobbles1 which are tiring to walk upon4 ,dressed stone is expensive1 but it is often possible to obtain suitable material at fairly cheap rates from the town authorities who have the disposal of old street pavements4 ,terrace walks are necessarily both formal and artificial1 and remarks as to natural levels have no application where they are concerned4 ,a fair width is advisable1 but care must be taken that the house itself is not dwarfed by an undue expanse of terracing4 ,if different levels are attempted1 steps should be employed to give access from one to the other2 a sloping path is quite out of place in a terrace scheme4 ,i do not care for the practice of working in different coloured materials to form a mosaic2 there should be sufficient variety1 both of colour and form1 in the living contents of the garden1 without having to face the necessity for embellishments in stone and brick4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,paved ,,walk ,when contemplating any special features in the way of design1 always consider whether it is possible to approach them conveniently by a suitable pathway4 ,all the best views should be readily accessible without the necessity for traversing possibly wet lawns1 or pushing through heavy undergrowth4 ,paths leading direct from the stables to the flower-garden must be broad and well made1 as they will be in constant use for heavy traffic1 carting manure1 water barrows1 etc4 ,the lesser frequented walks need not be so wide1 and providing that they do not lead through highly cultivated portions1 and are dry and well made1 need not be kept scrupulously gravelled4 ,a degree of wildness is quite in keeping with certain parts of the garden1 though an ill-kept1 weed-grown path is never permissible4 ,the walks which traverse the wild garden1 orchard and woodland1 will destroy much of the charm of these sylvan retreats if they betray signs of too constant attention--their surface smooth1 the grass edges rigorously trimmed1 and evidences of the line1 shears and roller everywhere apparent4 ,a prim pathway would be a sad eyesore on the ragged face of the hillside1 the mountain track equally ridiculous winding among shaven lawns and glowing flower-beds4 ,it is often necessary to effect a satisfactory transition between these two styles1 and this can only be done by means of a well-marked boundary4 ,either a broad hedge1 a small gateway1 or a short pergola may be depended upon in most instances to render the passage from one to the other free from incongruity4 ,two walks should never be seen running parallel to one another for any considerable distance2 one or other is almost sure to appear needless4 ,if the second path is a necessity1 it should be screened from its fellow by suitable planting4 ,in the same way1 the junction of two distinct paths should be so arranged that there is no reason to suppose that either one or the other is superfluous4 ,repton's ideas on this and kindred matters relating to walks are worthy of study and imitation4 ,he makes it a rule that in the case of two walks branching off from one another1 each should take a decided outward turn1 as though there were no possibility of their meeting again4 ,paths which lead 8nowhere0 are usually a failure1 and we can most of us recall the annoyance experienced after following a walk for some distance only to find that it ended in a cul-de-sac4 ,if such arrangement be necessary1 as it sometimes is1 some compensating influence should always be provided at the end4 ,a small summer-house1 a curved seat and sundial1 a well grown tree inviting rest and shade beneath its branches--any of these will remove the pointless appearance4 ,there are absolutely no rules regarding the formation of serpentine walks1 unless they be those of a negative quality4 ,such walks are always permissible and often charming if they are made in deference to the natural form of the ground4 ,divergence from the straight line is necessary to avoid a group of trees1 to skirt a piece of water1 or to embrace some particular view1 but not for the purpose of deceiving the visitor as to the extent of the property4 ,twisted walks look very foolish in a place which obviously possesses straight boundaries1 and however delightful it may be to lovers in the twilight to linger thus lovingly on their homeward way1 the majority of us are merely annoyed by the mazelike contortions which the average 8landscape gardener0 sees fit to inflict upon us4 ,so long as the curves are pleasing to the eye1 there is no need to make them equal1 rather the contrary2 the great point to avoid is the creation of a hard line between two neighbouring bends4 ,grass forms a delightful edging to garden paths1 but it requires to be well kept1 otherwise it is unsightly4 ,to afford facilities for mowing1 a level breadth of turf sufficient in width to accommodate the lawn-mower should be laid along either side2 this is especially necessary if sloping banks rise immediately from the sides of the walk4 ,in the wild garden1 natural edgings1 ground ivy1 cotoneaster1 or ,st ,john's wort will look more appropriate than either mown turf or tiles4 ,walks and pathways must always be considered as part of design1 but their utility and convenience should be the first point studied4 ,it is disappointing to see in many places the arid stretches of gravel1 walks of more than necessary width1 and carriage sweeps large enough to turn a coach and four3 all this lessens the space available for turf and flowers1 and offers nothing in return1 as the cost of up-keep is in no way decreased4 ,as a recent garden artist has declared1 the lawn is the heart of the ,british garden4 ,it is the centre of the social life which1 in our too brief summer1 is enacted out of doors2 it is the setting for the host of beautiful flowers and shrubs which come to gladden our hearts as the warm sun dispels the snows and mists of winter4 ,that style of design must be accounted best which spares no pains to give a fair spreading lawn to every garden1 no matter what its size4 ,nothing tends to give greater breadth and dignity to a place than a stretch of well kept turf1 and nothing is more restful to the eye than the prospect of cool greensward4 ,the lawn1 or a portion of it1 should always be seen from the best parts of the house2 not even the choicest shrubs1 or the richest terrace gardens1 will satisfy in the same manner4 ,on large lawns there may be recesses at intervals1 in which tender plants or choice colonies of lilies1 backed with rhododendrons and azalea1 will receive comparative shelter4 ,the size and shape of lawns intended for croquet and tennis will necessarily be determined by the rules of the game1 often1 unfortunately1 to the detriment of the general effect4 ,the sunk lawn1 surrounded with a low bank1 which is often made for croquet1 is by no means beautiful1 and the banks1 unless made with an easy slope1 are difficult to keep evenly trimmed4 ,for both games the designer would do well to consider the comfort of spectators1 who are frequently compelled to sit in the blazing sun4 ,a shady pergola with convenient openings would be very welcome if covering a path running parallel to the lawn2 or a clipped yew hedge1 though somewhat heavy and lacking both colour and variety1 might add considerably to the pleasures of the onlookers4 ,at any rate1 a shady cloister of living plants would be far preferable to the stuffy little summer-house which is often the only form of shelter4 ,the impression of space is very ably conveyed by a good lawn1 and this is the more easily attained if there are but few walks in the vicinity4 ,an irregular fringe of shrubs1 with taller trees behind1 the whole gradually merging into the distant vista1 is one of the most satisfactory ways of closing in the lawn from the rest of the garden4 ,it is often a temptation when space is limited to sacrifice a large portion of greensward1 so that more flowers may be grown4 ,it would be best to consider matters very carefully before removing a single sod of turf4 ,if more room is needed1 a few bold masses of herbaceous plants near the edge of the lawn will probably give the best results4 ,there is no defence for the barbarous practice of dotting the grass with flower-beds1 cut in a variety of ill-considered shapes1 neither should clumps of shrubs be placed so that they destroy all sense of perspective4 ,the softly undulating meadow lands of the ,english landscape1 with their rich fringe of native woodland1 will teach the designer much of the beauty and value of the garden lawn2 and in the planning of the best effects1 he may with safety study the lessons which ,nature provides in almost every direction4 ,,chapter ,v ,,formal ,,and ,,landscape ,,planting ,a certain sense of responsibility attaches to those who plant timber1 quite out of proportion to that incurred in the pursuit of the minor and more transitory forms of garden arrangement and design4 ,the builder oak1 the vine-prop elm and sailing pine1 which to-day are so small that we can carry them unaided1 will develop into mighty trees1 silent witnesses of the times and doings of generations yet unborn4 ,we are planting for posterity1 and shall be held accountable for the good or evil that we do4 ,tree planting calls forth certain motives of unselfishness1 for it will be given to others than ourselves to see the full beauty which only maturity can show4 ,all honour1 then1 to those old designers1 to whose thought and care we owe the stately avenues1 the pride and glory of many an ,english home4 ,a beautiful tree1 ,nature's gift of shade and shelter to man and beast1 is the most precious picture in a fair landscape1 and we are doing good work when with care and foresight we increase1 even in ever so humble a way1 the timber supplies of our country4 ,avenues are perhaps the most important example of formal planting1 but as they concern park and woodland effects rather than those pertaining to the garden1 their discussion is somewhat outside the scope of this book4 ,of recent years1 however1 a practice has arisen among designers of making an approach of this kind to quite unpretentious dwellings4 ,even in suburban grounds we frequently see an avenue1 perhaps no more than fifty yards in length1 leading to a modern villa4 ,against this we protest1 as a form of pretentious imitation1 foolish to the last degree4 ,the avenue1 which should never be less than one hundred yards long1 is essentially associated with a house and estate of considerable size and some measure of importance1 and to attach it to a small residence is merely to cast ridicule on the owner4 ,plantations of shrubs1 with a few bold groups of deciduous trees1 will give the needed shelter to carriage drives1 and at the same time allow of far greater freedom of design than is permissible with a style of planting which is both formal and exacting4 ,as regards the use of clipped yews for garden hedges1 much diversity of opinion exists among designers4 ,on the one hand1 we have men who employ them in nearly every garden they undertake to lay out1 and argue that1 far from being objectionable1 every opportunity should be embraced for planting them2 on the other1 a class who regard them as wholly foreign to the ideals of beauty and the picturesque4 ,which is right8 ,certainly not the former1 for of all things tending towards monotony both in summer and winter1 an undue proportion of evergreens--clipped evergreens especially--must be considered the most likely4 ,if people must have topiary gardens1 such as exist at ,levens and ,elvaston1 by all means let them2 but1 at the same time1 they should not fail to realise that these are gardens of deformity1 mere curiosities in no way connected with the teachings of ,nature4 ,yew hedges are the great delight of the 8office designer10 whose thought is less for the true beauty of the living plant than for the elegant completeness of his deftly-drawn plan4 ,an ill-kept hedge is a wretched sight1 thin at the bottom1 full of holes1 and generally decrepit1 and the labour of keeping some hundreds of yards of clipped yew in repair entails an amount of labour not easily realised by those who have not attempted to do so4 ,there can be no doubt1 too1 that the near presence of hungry evergreens is prejudicial to roses and tender plants on account of the nourishment they demand1 and the idea that they act as harbourage to insect and other pests is also well founded4 ,their merit consists in the fact that they form an admirable shelter1 certainly the best obtainable after walls and fences1 and a certain old-world air of picturesque dignity which they impart4 ,despite this1 their use is constantly overdone2 they are planted to distraction1 dividing the garden into chess-board squares and alleys leading nowhere2 they render the soil sour and cold1 exclude sunlight1 and sooner or later wear an appearance of gloomy desolation1 especially in the cheerless days of winter and late autumn4 ,had they been used sparingly1 instead of to excess1 it is possible they would still be regarded with the favour they once enjoyed1 for we must not forget the charm of the old manorhouse gardens1 where yew hedges were1 and still are1 true ornaments1 because highly appropriate4 ,it is all a question of environment1 and the greatest discretion is needed when transferring a feature of this description to modern surroundings1 depriving it in the process of its old traditions--a relic of the past in a new and often incongruous setting4 ,a yew hedge sometimes looks well when used as a boundary between the flower and vegetable garden1 a convenient arch or archways being cut to afford communication from one to the other4 ,a level top is preferable to one cut into semi-circular hollows or crenelations2 and any further embellishment1 such as standard trees with oddly-shaped heads planted at intervals1 is certainly to be avoided4 ,isolated trees1 whether yew1 box1 mopheaded acacias or holly1 are objects of pity to the lover of natural beauty1 when he sees them transferred by the shears into cones1 umbrellas1 and other stupid shapes4 ,there are many reasons1 some practical1 others sentimental1 for refraining from this barbarous practice1 which is carried on mainly at the instigation of the architect1 who is apparently ashamed of associating his walls and terraces with any but mutilated forms of plant life4 ,the cost of maintenance1 as in the case of clipped hedges1 is an item not to be disparaged2 the loss of form and individual character is scant compensation for well matched regularity2 and by the absence of varied colour1 the rich tints of maturity and the delicate green of budding branch1 the clipped tree is reduced to the level of an unresponsive object1 dull and inanimate4 ,if formality is needed1 why not make use of such trees as have a naturally well-defined outline--the ,irish yew1 cupressus1 and the hardy junipers1 they give a better effect with a tithe of the trouble4 ,the bower walks1 once so favoured1 are now seldom made in gardens1 though as an example of formal planting they are not without a certain charm4 ,adequate protection from hot sun and cold winds is afforded at all times1 and the garden scenes are not hidden from view1 as is the case with evergreen hedges4 ,in the neighbourhood of the orchard1 a filbert walk would be a pleasing object1 and even on poor soils1 heavy crops of nuts may be obtained after a few years4 ,the 8mirthful maze0 is but a stupid survival1 and has no place in gardens intended for other purposes than beanfeasts1 or for the edification of any who would not derive equal satisfaction from a ,punch and ,judy show4 ,the pity is that places which have none too much space for flowers and the rational arrangement of trees and shrubs1 should be cumbered with anything so utterly unproductive of either beauty or satisfactory achievement4 ,illustration3 ,,sundial ,,in ,,garden ,,walk ,natural planting as opposed to that which is guided by the laws of geometry1 is infinitely more pleasing in the majority of ,english gardens4 ,the effective grouping of trees1 either in the form of isolated clumps or boundary plantations1 is a matter requiring great skill and artistic perception1 and it is only right that the designer should have a hand in their disposal1 even if they occur outside the strict boundaries of the garden4 ,a mistaken idea1 prevalent among certain owners of property1 is that garden design affects only that piece of ground which it is proposed to lay out with beds1 lawns and walks4 ,this is not so1 for the beauty of certain gardens lies not so much in their own attractiveness1 as on the distant views obtainable from them4 ,of course there are limits to this theory1 as for example the hill gardens of ,italy1 with their extended vistas of rolling mountains and fertile valleys--the hand of man is not responsible for scenery of this type4 ,but in ,english gardens1 especially those which are set in a small park1 or paddock1 we expect that the same mind that designed the garden shall also have the direction of such of the surrounding property as is observable from it4 ,unsightly objects1 factory chimneys1 ugly buildings1 or workmen's cottages can usually be screened from view by suitably disposed groups of hardy trees4 ,the attainment of some measure of beauty in the home landscape will also provide an excuse for the opening out of the garden1 the reduction of boundary walls and hedges1 letting in air and sunlight1 without of course rendering the place wind swept4 ,in forming boundary plantations1 there is seldom any need for making them continuous1 a form of planting which becomes exceedingly monotonous1 at the same time defining the limits of the property in an unmistakable fashion4 ,privacy and shelter are of necessity considered1 but if without defeating these objects we can secure a vista of distant country1 rich meadowlands and purple hills1 it would be waste of opportunity not to do so4 ,as the outline of boundary plantations will in many cases cut the horizon1 leaving the tops of the trees showing clear against a background of sky1 great attention should be paid to making this outline as attractive as possible4 ,it is a mistake to use trees of only one kind1 as this results in a level monotonous outline anything but pleasing4 ,the tall spire of a poplar will give variety and point to a plantation composed almost entirely of trees with rounded heads2 a graceful birch with its feathery outline would break the level of a smooth belt of shrubs4 ,colour too is all important1 a judicious mixture of evergreen and deciduous trees is generally preferable to a plantation composed entirely of one class4 ,there is no need to make the boundary plantation straight on the inner side1 whatever may be required on the outer1 and the formation of well marked swells and bays will lend an air of charm and indefiniteness4 ,it is usual to plant trees of large growth on rising ground1 reserving dwarf varieties and bushes for the hollows1 but this is a rule which must be modified according to circumstances4 ,by a continuous system of grouping the eye may be carried from the garden itself to the very outskirts of the property1 and this is much more satisfactory than the plan of treating the outer plantation as a mere fence1 quite independent of what may lie within it4 ,the indiscriminate dotting of specimen trees about a park or garden is much overdone1 and in the greater number of cases irregular groups of trees having somewhat similar characteristics would be far more satisfactory4 ,certain trees1 as the tulip tree1 and the wych elm1 are well adapted for isolation on the lawn1 and are welcome for the shade they afford2 but thorns1 the flowering crabs1 and the ,scotch firs should always be planted in groups4 ,as these smaller plantations are often required to hide some unsightly object1 care must be taken when marking out the ground that the eyesore is hidden from every point of view4 ,this can generally be contrived by small subsidiary plantings1 dependent on the main group4 ,having staked out an area of ground which when planted will hide the object from the principal point1 proceed to view the site from all quarters1 adding and remodelling as may be necessary4 ,for this1 and work of a similar character1 the use of ranging poles of various heights is helpful4 ,supposing that it is desired to make a small plantation with the object of concealing an ugly building1 the designer will take up his position at the principal vantage point4 ,an assistant will move the poles from place to place until the necessary width of the plantation is determined4 ,to decide the class of trees needed1 and their height1 which should not be greater than absolutely necessary1 poles of varying heights may be raised perpendicularly1 noting the particular one which just clears the object4 ,supposing this to be twenty-five feet1 then trees twenty-five feet high will be required1 and knowing this it remains to select those which are most in keeping with the surroundings1 or supply the special effects desired4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,kitchen-,,garden ,,and ,,orchard ,hitherto we have mainly considered that part of garden design which has for its object the production of pleasant scenes1 of pictures formed by gay flowers1 and beauteous carpets and backgrounds of greenery4 ,but utilitarian ends have yet to be served1 and fruits and vegetables must be grown to supply our needs4 ,there need be nothing dull or prosaic about the kitchen-garden and orchard1 distinct though they be from that which is purely ornamental4 ,the truest garden pictures are often to be found in these seemingly severe and business-like quarters1 and these without in any way varying the keynote of utility1 which is the chief reason for their existence4 ,a foolish prejudice has of recent years been raised against the kitchen-garden1 and the designer is often asked to hide it away in some remote corner of the plan4 ,it must be carefully screened away from the gaze of visitors1 as though there were something to be ashamed of in being the possessor of a piece of ground1 where the best of fruits may be grown1 and gathered in the freshest condition4 ,personally ,i would rather wander in such plebeian quarters than in many of the tricked-out landscape gardens which excite such wonderment and admiration4 ,are there not a thousand sights dear to the heart of the nature lover--the tender blossoms of the fruit-trees1 the drowsy hum of bees1 the old-fashioned lavender hedges and reserve borders of mixed flowers for cutting8 ,even is there beauty of flower and foliage in many of the humblest vegetables1 a beauty which1 because unlooked for1 is doubly welcome4 ,the site of the kitchen-garden should be fixed in close proximity to the house and stables4 ,on no account should it be so arranged that a portion of the pleasure ground must be traversed to reach it4 ,if it can be walled in so much the better1 both on account of the added shelter and for the facilities afforded for the growing of wall fruit4 ,the plan should be entirely regular1 the walks crossing one another at right angles1 the fruit borders and vegetable beds laid out with due regard to convenience and economy of space4 ,a suitable aspect is very important--land having a gentle slope to the south being by far the most suitable4 ,in any case the position should be an open one1 with free exposure to the sunlight4 ,the presence of large trees1 whose branches overshade and roots impoverish the soil1 will be extremely prejudicial4 ,the question of boundaries is one in which the initial cost will be more considered than the adaptability of various forms to certain situations4 ,a good yew hedge1 or even a split oak fence1 may occasionally prove useful1 but nothing can equal the merits of well built walls4 ,no doubt they are expensive1 but a close examination proves that they are really more economical in the long run4 ,if well built1 and properly treated1 they last some hundreds of years2 they provide the best form of shelter1 enabling a variety of tender vegetables to be grown1 without the loss occasioned by cold and exposure3 they afford support for trained fruit-trees1 which by their high-class crops return no insignificant proportion of the initial outlay4 ,the hedge1 cheaper though it is at the outset1 possesses few of these advantages4 ,constant attention1 in the shape of clipping and training1 is necessary1 if it is to afford adequate shelter2 it is many years before it is of sufficient size to compete with the wall2 it is useless as a support for fruit-trees1 and its roots deprive the crops in neighbouring borders of much of the fertility which is rightly theirs4 ,the highest walls should face the coldest quarters1 the north1 east and west4 ,a good height for a north wall would be twelve or even fourteen feet2 for the two side walls ten feet1 and for the south wall six or seven feet4 ,a coping1 either of stone or bricks set at an angle1 should always be found on kitchen-garden walls1 the projection on either side being at least two inches4 ,the face of the wall should be perfectly smooth to facilitate the training of trees1 but on the outer side buttresses or any ornamental details harmonising with the architectural work in the rest of the garden1 may be employed to obviate monotony4 ,detailed descriptions of mural work would be out of place here1 but the owner is advised to see that the wall is well pointed1 so that there shall be no crevices likely to harbour vermin4 ,training wires are much better than nailing the branches to the wall1 a practice which weakens the brickwork and involves more trouble and risk of injury4 ,the eyelets1 at any rate the chief ones1 to which the wires will be attached and strained1 should be built into the wall and not driven in subsequently4 ,they will thus be much firmer in position1 and the wall will remain uninjured4 ,suitable irons1 from which nets may be hung as a protection from frost and birds1 may also be fixed at the same time4 ,in a stone country1 this material will take the place of bricks1 as being more in keeping for garden walls4 ,a delightful approach to the kitchen-garden may be made by way of a deeply-arched opening in the wall2 a pair of bent iron gates would look charming set in a grey stone wall1 much better than a door4 ,too often the kitchen garden is gained by passing through a doorway which suggests the entrance of a prison cell3 these massive1 nail-studded arrangements are strangely out of keeping with the freedom and freshness of the garden4 ,by means of a few clumps of gay herbaceous flowers just inside the kitchen-garden entrance1 there will be no need to screen this department off from the rest of the garden3 in fact1 a very pleasant vista may be arranged from one to the other4 ,whether the garden is surrounded by walls or hedge1 a wide border should be formed immediately next the boundary line4 ,in the case of walls1 this is especially desirable1 as enabling a suitable root medium to be provided for the choice fruit-trees which will be trained to them4 ,these borders will vary in width1 partly according to the aspect1 but mainly with reference to the size of the garden4 ,a twelve-foot border is perhaps as satisfactory as any1 but eighteen feet is no uncommon width in larger establishments4 ,under a wall facing north1 the width of the border need seldom be more than six feet4 ,it is well to devote very careful attention to the preparation of these borders1 thorough drainage being the first essential4 ,the soil may also be removed to a depth of two and a half feet1 and a layer of stones1 brick rubbish1 and other material spread at the bottom2 this will prevent the roots of the fruit-trees from striking too deeply4 ,if some old turf and manure be placed above and the soil finally returned1 the border will be in the best condition for planting4 ,a gentle fall from back to front should be contrived1 so that sun and air may reach all parts of the crop4 ,one of the primary essentials for the kitchen-garden is the formation of really good walks4 ,constant traffic1 the passage to and fro of water-carts and wheelbarrows1 would soon cut up a half-made pathway and render it almost useless4 ,nothing can be nicer than broad flags1 both for appearance and utility1 but unless stone happens to be plentiful in the neighbourhood1 the expense of these would be considerable4 ,tar walks1 though entirely objectionable in the flower garden1 are sometimes tolerated here1 and are both durable and fairly satisfactory4 ,a good gravel path lasts a long time if kept constantly in repair1 but the main considerations are good gravel and plenty of it4 ,kitchen-garden paths should always be of fair width1 though in a small place every available inch of ground must be pressed into service for cropping purposes4 ,a wide walk possesses many advantages--it enables barrows and carts to pass without the necessity of one or other being taken back1 and generally facilitates those operations which are in a sense peculiar to the vegetable department4 ,next to the pathway on the inner side1 a smaller border for herbaceous plants may be made4 ,from these plants the chief supplies of cut flowers for the house would be obtained1 as it is often undesirable to denude the garden borders for the purpose4 ,a four-foot border would be sufficient1 and when filled with gay perennials would prove a charming and useful feature of the design4 ,behind this border a suitable opportunity occurs for a row of espalier fruit-trees1 and these might be continued round each division of the garden1 with suitable breaks at intervals for obtaining access to the ground behind them4 ,the smaller the garden1 the more suitable would be the espalier method of training1 as it occupies the minimum of space1 allows the fruit to ripen freely1 and gives opportunity for those cultural details which are with difficulty performed on standard or bush trees4 ,the usual style of fence is one formed of iron uprights and strained wires1 but this is not so picturesque as a combination of wood and wire4 ,if in addition to wooden posts1 a top rail is added1 the effect of the whole when covered with branches in full blossom is beautiful in the extreme4 ,in suitable situations1 notably short pathways leading from one part of the kitchen-garden to another1 the espalier fences may be brought almost to the edge of the walk1 and the two joined by a succession of iron arches with strained wires from one to the other4 ,long bowers of fruit-trees may thus be made1 and having regard to the economy of space thus effected1 and the high quality crops which may be obtained by this means1 the practice is worthy of further extension4 ,a good water supply1 either in or near the kitchen-garden1 is very necessary4 ,it is advisable also that some provision exist for exposing water intended for garden plants to the air for some time before use4 ,a pump with an open cistern attached is good1 if not altogether picturesque1 but a circular tank1 such as may be found in many old gardens1 combines both principles4 ,a good position for a sunk tank would be at the junction of four paths1 which if the garden is laid out on the rectangular system advised1 would be the exact centre1 thereby giving convenient access from all points4 ,a stone coping would give the necessary finish to the tank and at the same time prevent anyone falling in4 ,by the by1 it would be well if designers would sometimes devote more attention towards rendering fountains1 lily ponds1 and other such introductions1 safe4 ,i remember once looking over some fine gardens in company with other visitors1 when an incident of this kind occurred4 ,a lady1 carried away by the beauty of the surroundings1 entirely failed to notice a small lily tank placed at the angle of a pathway4 ,the consequences were disastrous1 but ,i hardly know which of the two suffered the more--the lady1 as she surveyed the bedraggled remains of a ,paris frock1 or the owner1 at the loss of a specially choice ,nympha4 ,such is the enthusiasm of the lily specialist1 that ,i rather incline towards the latter6 ,adjoining the kitchen-garden and communicating easily with it1 there should be a sufficiently large enclosure to contain the frame ground1 hot beds1 compost and manure heaps4 ,it is a great advantage to have these outside the walls of the garden itself1 as a certain amount of untidiness is inseparable from such quarters4 ,an entrance from the stable yard1 large enough to admit a horse and cart1 will be needed1 as naturally much of the manure will be brought here for hot beds1 preparation of compost heaps1 etc4 ,a small reserve ground would also fittingly adjoin1 where plants for bedding and other purposes could be grown until needed4 ,in gardens of considerable extent1 a well built toolhouse would prove an inestimable benefit4 ,if built in two stories1 the upper portion might be used as a fruit room1 though ,i certainly prefer underground structures for the purpose2 whilst the lower would accommodate lawn mowers1 garden implements1 and other impedimenta4 ,as only places of considerable extent will require buildings of this description1 it is unnecessary to do more than make passing reference to them2 however1 those whom it may concern should devote some attention to the matter1 as it is surprising to note the number of large gardens which are miserably provided with suitable structures4 ,the orchard is the glory of many of our old country gardens1 providing scenes of beauty which not even the choicest artificial planning and arrangement can compass4 ,the orchard beautiful is perfectly distinct from the orchard utilitarian1 though owing to neglect and the consequent assertion of ,nature's ways1 the former often takes the place of the latter4 ,shelter is perhaps the most important consideration where fruit-trees are concerned1 and as in the orchard this will not be attained by walls1 thick belts of evergreen and deciduous trees should be planted on the more exposed sides4 ,damsons make excellent shelter trees1 and are both beautiful in flower and welcome in fruit4 ,a well-drained1 sunny position should always be chosen1 and if the trees are to be grown on the plantation system1 that is on arable land1 there is no need for the site to be easily approached from the pleasure grounds4 ,except during the blossom season the utility orchard is not particularly beautiful1 and there is little inducement for visitors to make it part of their round of inspection4 ,however1 it should always be so situated that the fruit may be safe from trespassers1 who are often troublesome when the orchard is close to a main road4 ,the old grass land orchard1 filled with picturesque standard trees1 is capable of being made a wild garden of true beauty4 ,in early spring we may have troops of golden daffodils and silvery narcissi1 making vistas of colour among the lines of grey trunks4 ,ropes of purple and white clematis may festoon the trees1 and some of the semi-wild roses1 with their rich foliage and single flowers will fill the hedges and ramble over the banks4 ,the cool swordlike foliage of ,iris1 with the stately spikes of flowers1 the old-fashioned holly-hocks and spreading clumps of poppies1 may all find a home in the chequered shade of the orchard4 ,white ,madonna lilies will fringe the pathway1 and honeysuckle and sweetbriar would welcome us at the gate4 ,but lest ,i be misunderstood--this orchard1 lovely though it be and easy of attainment1 is not for fruit2 at least the crops will be small and blemished1 and very different to those from the market grower's plantation1 where the idea of climbers twisting among the branches of the trees would be regarded as an act of vandalism4 ,but to the lover of flowers1 the setting of an old orchard is so precious1 that some sacrifice is willingly made to enable the possession of this kind of wild garden4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,water ,happy indeed are they whose gardens contain a piece of water1--for water when properly treated is one of the first aids to beauty and completeness in design4 ,it may be a stately lake1 large enough to permit of boating in summer and skating in winter1 or perhaps only a small artificially constructed tank1 a home for lilies and choice aquatics4 ,water is ,nature's mirror1 in which some of her choicest pictures are reflected2 the ever-changing features of cloud and sky1 the broken outline of hill and wood1 and the nearer fringe of vegetation which rises softly from the bank4 ,it is because water is so essentially a handmaiden of ,nature1 that we must exercise the greatest care and skill in our introduction of it1 into scenes which are purely artificial in character4 ,water gardens and 8water works0 have nothing in common1 though designers of the latter will unhesitatingly apply the former term to their wretched creations4 ,what would the beautiful old gardens of ,italy be without their fountains8--,torlania1 ,frascati1 and the cypress terraces of ,d',este1 ,tivoli1 their charm is not to be equalled4 ,but how can we reconcile to the true ideals of a garden1 the monstrous outpourings of the great fountain and cascades at ,chatsworth1 the canals and fountains at ,versailles and ,caserta1 and those very triumphs of ugliness the water squirts of the ,crystal ,palace8 ,as well call ,trafalgar ,square a garden as apply the name to these freakish show places4 ,water may occur naturally in the garden scene1 as in the form of lakes1 ponds1 rivers and streams1 or artificially by the introduction of fountains1 cascades1 and architectural objects1 connected with a supply obtained from waterworks or pumped on the estate4 ,in the former case1 the designer usually resorts to means more or less artificial1 whereby he may alter existing features to suit his plan or fall in with his ideas4 ,whilst it would be idle to assert that the pond or stream in its original form would prove best adapted for securing good effects in laid-out grounds1 there can be no gainsaying the fact1 that alteration and adaptation too often mar their natural beauty and give but little in return4 ,the native brook winding its way among ragged banks1 fringed with yellow flag and purple loosestrife1 is charming when its surroundings consist of wood and brake and lush meadowland2 it becomes a weedy ditch when shaven lawns and trim pathways have taken their place4 ,the designer's first thought when he approaches a site on which there is a stream or pond1 must be to choose between two alternatives3 either the water shall be left much as it is1 and the garden planned in harmony with its unadorned simplicity1 or the grounds be designed first1 and the stream entirely altered in consequence4 ,needless to say1 the latter step is by far the more expensive4 ,the 8landscape gardener0 who has pronounced leanings towards architecture1 will treat our streamlet with scant courtesy4 ,probably he will alter its course altogether1 bringing it up to his terrace garden and confining it between strictly parallel walls of stone or brick4 ,the pond will fare no better1 its swampy sides1 the former home of bulrushes and sedge1 will be drained1 promontories will be cut away1 the outline made regular1 and the whole surrounded with a balustrade1 on which stone vases will rise at intervals4 ,this is the view which has been embodied in the design of hundreds of ,english gardens2 the possession of a scrap of water being seized upon as an opportunity for a lavish display of dressed stone or artificial rockwork built into an endless variety of grotesque forms4 ,extremes are seldom pleasing1 and the lover of flowers and sylvan scenes will regard these monotonous canals and round ponds as scant compensation for the loss of much natural beauty4 ,the artificial treatment of water1 especially when it is required to form part of a formal scheme1 is one of the most costly undertakings in the whole practice of garden craft1 and there are many who bitterly regret the day when they took the first step towards taming this fickle ally4 ,from this it will be inferred that ,i have little sympathy with those elaborate arrangements which were considered of such supreme beauty by ,le ,notre and certain of the older designers4 ,not the least objectionable feature of water which has been conveyed by pipes or other means into basins and similar receptacles1 is that it is nearly always stagnant4 ,movement is essential if sweetness and purity are to be obtained2 the offensive condition during hot weather of water in garden tanks is the surest confirmation of this4 ,water is precious because it enables the cultivation of a host of beautiful plants1 whose presence we should otherwise lack2 but healthy vegetation is almost impossible amidst the decay occasioned by stagnation4 ,illustration3 ,,stream ,,and ,,woodland ,on a small property water generally occurs in the shape of a stream or brook1 often running an irregular course1 with possibly small falls between the different levels4 ,a case of this kind recently came under my notice1 and ,i was interested to see how the owner proposed including it in his plan4 ,the stream entered somewhere on the outskirts of the property1 and on no occasion passed nearer than #cjj yards of the lawns and highly cultivated portion of the grounds4 ,hence there was no question of any necessity for formal treatment2 the stream as a matter of fact might have been left exactly as it was1 without incongruity4 ,however1 it offered opportunities of a kind not to be missed1 and a few months later ,i went to see what had been effected4 ,to begin with1 the stream had been 8cleaned out0 for its entire length1 which meant that every particle of water weed1 every tuft of rush and sedge had been destroyed2 a quantity of mud and sludge had been dredged up and thrown on either bank1 and a bridge or two was thrown across for no apparent purpose4 ,by means of a small dam1 a suitable depression in the ground had been flooded into a miniature lake1 from whose surface rose two aggressive little islands1 planted with small conifers and dotted with rocks4 ,clumps of iris lined the shore1 lilies had been planted1 and twining round the whole so as to give easy access to every part1 was a serpentine path1 immaculately gravelled4 ,as ,i believe the owner has since repented1 ,i mention this as an instance of what should not be done in similar cases4 ,a more rational and certainly more artistic way of treating this same stream1 would have been to consider it as part of the wild garden4 ,by free drainage of the surrounding land its volume might have been increased1 so as to give it more the appearance of an impetuous mountain brook than a sluggish and somewhat tame little piece of water4 ,each cascade might have been deepened so as to give the water a greater fall1 and small backwater pools where lilies and water plants could be introduced1 would have added to the interest without appearing in any way artificial4 ,any increased force of water would necessitate higher banks1 and these would be built in close imitation of those already existing4 ,the strata being rocky1 the soil might have been cleared in places1 and the bare stone exposed2 it would become moss grown in a short time1 and with a growth of ferns in the crevices would look exceedingly well4 ,frequently such streams are fringed by a plantation1 through which a pathway could be made2 the walk should be brought close to the stream at the most interesting points1 and may then meander away among the trees4 ,the ,torrent ,walk at ,dolgelly is a stream of this kind1 and though in a sense a show place1 parts of it are delightfully wild and free4 ,the worst possible treatment of the stream is to make it an excuse for the erection of trumpery rustic bridges1 unnecessary stepping stones and those varied etceteras which are only possible near water of some description4 ,the designer should have in view the opportunity which is presented him of making the stream and its banks the home of a good collection of aquatics2 if the requirements of plant life are closely studied and carried into effect1 there will be little chance of the stream proving anything but satisfactory4 ,irregular shaped pieces of water are seldom satisfactory1 unless they are closely modelled on those found in nature4 ,varied outline is usually considered satisfactory in that it enables a spirit of indefiniteness to be preserved1 and the true extent of the pond or lake to be concealed from view4 ,whilst this is occasionally desirable1 it is by no means invariably so1 and it often happens that all idea of breadth and dignity is lost in the effort to secure irregularity4 ,numerous curves along the shore line1 and the formation of unnecessary bays and promontories1 generally stamp the work as artificial to the last degree4 ,to realise the principle which partly governs the shape of such pieces of water1 it is helpful to note the action of a quick rushing stream or river on the banks which confine it4 ,a lake is often but a swollen section of a stream4 ,the only thing to cause a deviation in the course of a river is the encountering of some obstacle1 either a rocky promontory1 a small hill or some such obstruction4 ,on reaching this obstacle we invariably find that the stream is thrown against the opposite bank with considerable force4 ,if a rocky strata be encountered it will be many years before an impression is made1 if the bank is soft it will be mined away in a short time4 ,in any case1 the final results are the same1 namely the formation of a bay on the side opposite a promontory2 the more abrupt the obstruction1 the greater the force of the water1 and consequently the deeper recess of the bay4 ,this is an elementary law which the designer must carry into practice in order to achieve some measures of reality in artificial lakes4 ,islands are rarely necessary except in the case of large lakes1 as they lessen the extent of water1 cramp the proportions1 and are in themselves of no particular beauty4 ,the saying 8,plant the hills and flood the hollows0 is as true to-day as when it was first uttered4 ,artificial sheets of water1 constructed at great expense in elevated positions are almost invariably incongruous4 ,true we have the lonely tarns perched far up on the mountain side1 but these have no semblance to the garden lake1 either in form or surroundings4 ,unless there is a natural inlet and outfall for our proposed lake1 the probability is that it will ere long become foul and stagnant1 and in the absence of a feeding stream1 may run dry in the summer4 ,on the character of the planting near the margins1 will depend almost entirely the good or bad effect of the lake4 ,the fringe of vegetation1 the overhanging branches1 and soft lawns which fall gently to the edge1 are the true beauties of which water is but the foil4 ,too few trees will result in a bald1 unfinished appearance1 too many will cause the water to become foul1 and at the same time destroy its power of reflection4 ,the proper spots for plantations are the rising banks and promontories1 for which irregular groups of such trees as willows1 alders1 rhododendrons1 dogwood and birch are particularly suited4 ,scrappy planting is to be avoided1 boldly defined masses of certain varieties being far more effective4 ,in the marshy ground near the bays1 the noble gunneras1 rheum palmatum1 and certain varieties of spira and the larger grasses look extremely well4 ,a list of suitable plants for such situations will be found in another chapter4 ,if possible1 portions at any rate of the lake should be visible from the best parts of the flower-garden1 or even from the house itself1 and to attain this end vistas should be carefully preserved by the due regulation of timber and plantations4 ,stone embankments quite spoil the appearance of sheets of water1 giving them a semblance to those miniature lakes which are frequently encountered in public gardens at the seaside4 ,if there is a likelihood of the banks being seriously damaged by the wash of water1 a suitable protection in exposed places may be made by stones set in cement1 the whole being afterwards hidden with grass and trailing plants4 ,where the general surroundings are wild or rocky1 a lake with gently undulating banks and sweeping outline will look out of place2 the promontories will require rougher and more broken treatment1 whilst firs1 such as may be seen on ,brathay ,crag1 ,windermere1 would be more in keeping than willows and alders1 which are associated with scenery of a milder type4 ,if the site commands a view of a fine natural sheet of water1 it is seldom advisable to create an artificial lake4 ,the latter is almost bound to look puny and ridiculous1 whilst comparison is invited1 which seldom tells favourably on the work of the designer4 ,similarly1 the artificial stream only too surely betrays its character when a free flowing river is also included in the line of sight4 ,it is seldom nowadays that we hear of water being treated in the lavish style of design which made ,brown famous among his contemporaries4 ,so far as the small property is concerned1 the less of ,art and the more of ,nature we have1 the better4 ,in most cases1 existing effects should be jealously preserved1 the designer making it his business merely to amplify and elaborate these without destroying their individuality4 ,above all1 the presence of water should be made the excuse for an aquatic garden1 than which nothing gives greater interest and pleasure4 ,fountains and cascades are very well1 but they are always alike and present from day to day the same prospect of rising or falling water4 ,the water garden is ever fresh1 ever new1 its aspect undergoes constant alteration1 owing to the growth and change of the plants it contains4 ,above all the reflected beauty of flower and branch1 of cloud and summer sky1 are never failing sources of attraction1 bringing home to the most jaded mind some of the fairest and most subtle charms of the great world of ,nature4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,hardy ,,herbaceous ,,perennials ,as the glowing colours to a beautiful picture1 so are the flowers to our gardens4 ,in many books written on garden design1 we find no mention whatever of the best kinds of plants1 wherewith to fill the beds and borders when they are made4 ,surely this is a mistake1 for our object in making a garden is to provide a home for flowers and trees4 ,were an artist attempting to instruct us in the making of a picture1 he would not stop when he had completed the rough sketch in charcoal4 ,the most important work has yet to come4 ,the filling in of the colours1 the harmonising of the various shades1 and the final touches which proclaim the good or bad workman1 are points over which the novice is likely to stumble4 ,a faulty1 ill-balanced plan will to a certain extent ruin the appearance of our garden for all time2 but ,nature is kind1 and the flowers which spring luxuriantly from the earth will by degrees help to hide many crudities4 ,but this fact must not be abused1 as is frequently the case with the careless worker4 ,how often it is said in effect 8,oh1 of course the garden does not look nice yet1 but wait until the things have grown1 so as to hide the ugly corners40 ,it is the designer's duty to see that there are no 8ugly corners10 and there ought to be beauty1 because so full of promise1 in the bare outlines of paths1 beds and lawns--the charcoal sketch of the picture4 ,the best effects are generally obtained by boldly defined colour masses1 providing of course that these are arranged so as to harmonise well with each other4 ,the choicest flowers are of very little use if they are jumbled heedlessly together2 tall and dwarf reds1 blues1 whites and yellows heterogeneously mixed4 ,in suggesting suitable subjects for beds and borders1 ,i have endeavoured to arrange the plants in sections1 according to colour1 at the same time giving a rough idea as to the height1 which under ordinary circumstances each will attain4 ,the list makes no pretensions whatever to completeness1 the object being rather to suggest a few really desirable subjects1 many of which are too seldom seen in our gardens4 ,,hardy ,,border ,,plants ,,with ,,white ,,flowers ,lupins4--,extremely valuable plants for the back of the border1 free flowering1 and with handsome foliage4 ,chrysanthemum ,maximum4--,a daisy-like flower1 useful for cutting4 ,when established it forms bold1 handsome clumps4 ,asters1 ,michlmas ,daisies or ,starworts4--,one of the best of these is ,a4 ,harpur ,crewe2 multiflorus with small flowers is also desirable4 ,delphiniums1 ,larkspurs4--,well-known hardy perennials4 ,they are of easy culture1 bloom profusely over an extended period1 and the hybrid varieties are especially lovely4 ,eremurus4--,these stately flowers are comparatively little known1 and the belief that they are difficult to grow is much exaggerated4 ,provided that a warm sheltered situation can be given1 and that adequate protection against severe frost is supplied1 their culture is quite simple4 ,e4 himalaicus is one of the hardiest of the group1 the flowers are produced in a dense raceme often #b feet long1 and individually are of considerable size4 ,a delightful border plant4 ,the height of the above may be taken roughly at six feet4 ,anemone ,japonica ,alba4--,the well-known autumn blooming anemone1 which yields quantities of flowers for cutting4 ,honorine ,jobert is a particularly handsome variety4 ,ponies4--,these are undoubtedly the flowers of the moment1 and out of the great number of varieties catalogued1 the only difficulty lies in the selection of a few for our needs4 ,campanulas4--,the ,peach-leaved ,bellflower 7,c4 persicaefolia alba grandiflora7 is a handsome border plant with cup-shaped flowers4 ,its blooming period is ,july4 ,achillea ,ptarmica4--,sneezewort4 ,a free growing plant1 producing numerous small flowers1 useful for cutting4 ,acanthus ,mollis4--,a stately perennial1 which is worth growing if only for its handsomely serrated foliage4 ,it requires a warm1 well-drained soil4 ,phloxes4--,both classes of perennial phloxes1 the summer and autumn flowering varieties1 should be included wherever space can be found for them4 ,among the former1 which come into bloom during ,june and ,july1 ,mrs ,forbes is to be recommended2 in the latter class1 flowering from ,july to ,october1 few are more desirable than ,avalanche4 ,the above range in height from #b to #d ft41 and are suitable for the middle line of the border4 ,iberis4--,candytuft4 ,a suitable plant for use on the margin of the mixed border4 ,the variety correaefolia is the best1 flowering later than the ordinary kinds4 ,sempervirens is also useful4 ,saxifraga4--,rockfoils4 ,though these plants are generally considered more as alpines than border subjects1 they are well adapted for the latter purpose4 ,the beautiful fresh coloured tufts of foliage1 and the myriad blossoms gracefully produced1 render them especially noteworthy4 ,the variety camposii is pretty4 ,pinks4--,these are too well-known to need comment4 ,in the section of the border devoted to white flowers1 a variety1 like ,her ,majesty1 can ill be spared4 ,dwarf ,phlox4--,the clustering blossoms of these charming plants show to advantage in the front of the border4 ,the alba variety of the well-known ,p4 ,subulata1 and ,p4 ,nelsonii are both good whites4 ,these are all under a foot in height1 and make a pleasant foreground for the nobler plants behind them4 ,white flowers require to be used sparingly1 as constant repetition wearies the eye4 ,though generally regarded as a positive colour1 there are various shades1 and it is best to include cream tinted flowers in the same section1 using the hardest whites to give the effect of a high light4 ,,plants ,,with ,,yellow ,,flowers ,heleniums4--,few plants are better adapted for giving quantities of cut bloom4 ,either ,h4 autumnale or the improved variety superbum1 which is a noble flower1 should be grown4 ,august to ,october4 ,helianthus4--,a beautiful race of showy flowers4 ,the rigidus variety ,miss ,mellish1 and ,soleil d',or in the decapetalus section1 are both worthy of a place2 also giganteus with flowers of a paler colour4 ,bocconia ,cordata4--,plume ,poppy4 ,a good foliage plant4 ,rudbeckia4--,coneflower4 ,late summer and autumn flowering plants4 ,r4 laciniata1 ,golden ,glow is one of the best1 the flowers being produced on slender stalks in great profusion4 ,verbascum4--,mullein4 ,stately plants1 attaining1 when well grown1 a height of #aj ft4 ,v4 ,chaixi1 syn4 ,v4 vernale1 is a true perennial1 which is not the case with several members of the same family4 ,all attain a height of #f feet or over4 ,oenothera4--,evening ,primrose4 ,several varieties1 in spite of their name1 bloom during the day4 ,the ,sundrops 7,oe4 fruticosa7 with richly coloured flowers1 and strong1 shrubby habit look charming in the mixed border4 ,coreopsis ,grandiflora4--,the finest of all the ,tickseeds1 with beautiful flowers on long stems4 ,especially adapted for cutting4 ,this should be grown in every garden4 ,doronicum ,plantagineum ,excelsum4--,leopard's ,bane4 ,during the early spring and summer months1 this is one of the gayest plants in the garden4 ,d4 ,harpur ,crewe is the best4 ,lilium ,testaceum4--,nankeen ,lily4 ,this beautiful lily resembles the well-known ,madonna in habit1 but the delicate apricot blooms1 which are fragrant1 make it a welcome addition to the section embracing yellow flowers4 ,a good lily for town gardens4 ,anthemis ,tinctoria4--,camomile4 ,generally called the ,sulphur ,marguerite4 ,a dainty flower1 unequalled for cutting4 ,on good soil it grows very free and bushy4 ,hemerocallis4--,day ,lilies4 ,these are delicately scented1 and the foliage of a well grown clump affords a welcome break in the border4 ,h4 flava is the best known4 ,any of the above would be suitable as intermediates between the tall growing plants at the back and the dwarf subjects in front1 of which the following are desirable4 ,alyssum4--,a4 saxatile1 ,gold ,dust1 as its name suggests1 produces myriads of golden blossoms4 ,it flowers in spring and succeeds best in an open1 sunny position4 ,cheiranthus ,alpinus4--,alpine ,wallflower4 ,a dwarf plant1 very suitable for edging4 ,illustration3 ,,herbaceous ,,grouping ,linum ,flavum4--,yellow ,flax4 ,a hardy little plant with gaily-coloured blossoms4 nothera ,macrocarpa4--,a dwarf evening ,primrose with trailing stems on which the large flowers are freely produced4 ,it is perhaps better known as ,oe4 missouriensis4 ,the majority of the above flowers are pure yellow in colour4 ,variety would of course be given by including others varying from deep orange to pale sulphur4 ,an extended list is impossible in the limited space1 the object being to suggest a few flowers in the principal colours2 however1 there will be no difficulty in finding others equally suitable4 ,,plants ,,with ,,blue ,,flowers ,aconitum4--,monk's ,hood4 ,well-known1 old-fashioned perennials1 with poisonous roots4 ,among the best for this section are ,a4 chinense and ,a4 ,napellus1 the former continuing in bloom until the end of ,september4 ,delphiniums4 ,eryngium4--,sea ,holly4 ,these strong growing plants1 with their beautiful steel-blue stems and foliage1 should be in every collection4 ,the flower heads can be dried and used for winter decoration4 ,e4 ,oliverianum4 ,scabiosa ,caucasica4--,on any but very cold soils this is a true perennial4 ,the flowers are abundantly produced on long stalks1 and are useful for cutting4 ,polemonium ,cruleum4--,jacob's ,ladder4 ,an old-fashioned plant1 worthy of inclusion in modern gardens4 ,it blooms from early ,june to ,september4 ,catanache ,crulea4--,blue ,cupidone4 ,an easily grown1 free flowering plant4 ,the colour is especially pleasing4 ,centaurea4--,knapweed4 ,one of the best of this family is ,c4 montana1 a variety with cottony leaves1 and a profusion of flowers not unlike the blue ,cornflower4 ,iris ,pallida4--,great ,purple ,flag4 ,the stately1 swordlike leaves rising in sheaves amid the border plants are most welcome1 and the rich velvety colouring of the quaint flowers must appeal to all4 ,the variety ,mandralisc should also be grown4 ,the following are dwarf growing subjects3-- ,veronica4--,speedwell4 ,among the varieties having flowers of a true blue shade are dentata and incana1 the latter with pretty silvery foliage4 ,v4 prostrata is a free bloomer of dwarf1 spreading habit4 ,gentiana ,acaulis4--,gentianella4 ,one of the most beautiful blue flowers we have4 ,statice4--,sea ,lavender4 ,the small flowers borne on wiry stems may be cut and used for winter decoration4 ,s4 latifolia is the finest of the genus4 ,ajuga ,osnafera4--,bugle4 ,these plants bear close spikes of small flowers1 and the effect1 when boldly grouped1 is decidedly pleasing4 ,anemone ,angulosa4--,great ,hepatica4 ,a larger flower than the ,common ,hepatica2 it does best in partial shade4 ,the scarcity of really good blue flowers is known to every gardener who has made a special study of colour effect4 ,certainly the range is limited1 but we are apt to be somewhat conservative in our choice1 and many desirable plants which are now seldom seen might be included with advantage4 ,,plants ,,with ,,flowers ,,in ,,shades ,,of ,,red4 ,kniphofia4--,torch ,lilies4 ,the old ,torch ,lily of the cottage gardens has been superseded by some of the new hybrids4 ,one of the finest of the group is ,k4 ,burchelli1 with purple spotted stem4 ,k4 nobilis is another beautiful variety4 ,except in quite sheltered situations ,kniphofias should be protected with a covering of ashes or dry litter during winter4 ,lilium ,chalcedonicum4--,one of the hardiest of the lily tribe4 ,the colour is exceedingly rich1 and the effect of the clustering flowers on the tall stems is remarkably handsome4 ,papaver ,orientale4--,oriental ,poppies4 ,too well-known to need comment4 ,they should be in every herbaceous border4 ,lychnis4--,another old-fashioned flower1 giving glowing spikes of colour4 ,in a rich sandy loam it attains a large size4 ,monarda ,didyma4--,bergamot4 ,an easily grown plant1 with flowers produced in whorls4 ,tritonia syn4 ,montbretia4 ,in addition to crocosmiflora which is generally grown1 such kinds as ,etoile de ,feu1 and ,phare should be included4 ,the whole group is very charming1 resembling as they do miniature gladioli4 ,gladiolus ,brenchleyensis1 and hybrids1 of which there are innumerable varieties1 should be found in every garden4 ,for the front of the border the following are valuable4 ,mimulus ,cardinalis4--,monkey ,flower4 ,this showy plant does best on a moist border1 and should not be planted if the situation is dry and parched4 ,lychnis ,viscaria4--,german ,catchfly4 ,the variety splendens is the best1 as being brighter in colour than the type4 ,dianthus ,barbatus4--,sweet ,williams4 ,agrostemma4--,rose ,campion4 ,well-known hardy plants1 suitable for the border4 ,the best variety is ,a4 ,walkeri1 with compact flowers of great depth and richness4 ,the above lists do not include plants with flowers in shades of pink1 mauve1 rose1 purple1 violet and other elusive hues4 ,these1 however1 must be used in conjunction with the more pronounced colours to produce the best effects4 ,in order to avoid discord1 red flowers should not be grouped near those in shades of blue1 purple or lilac4 ,the warm colours are easily arranged1 and beginning with pink1 may pass to rose1 crimson and finally scarlet4 ,following these comes a procession of yellows1 from orange to pale sulphur1 when an opportunity occurs for introducing flowers in shades of mauve1 lilac and violet4 ,blues are best approached by pale yellows and creamy whites4 ,however no absolute rules can be given1 the matter being one for the exercise of good taste and an eye for colour4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,plants ,,for ,,alpine1 ,,aquatic1 ,,and ,,bog ,,gardens ,whilst every garden1 no matter how small1 should contain its herbaceous border1 well stocked with hardy perennials1 only a comparatively small number will admit of those delightful features1 the bog1 aquatic and alpine gardens4 ,for this reason ,i shall not attempt to give more than a brief list of the plants suited to each4 ,in a book which attempts to outline all1 or at any rate the chief points connected with garden design1 consideration of individual sections must necessarily be brief4 ,i have endeavoured to mention all the most deserving plants in the following lists1 but for further and fuller information the reader is advised to consult a work specially dealing with the particular 8garden0 in which he is interested4 ,a list of deserving plants for inclusion in the alpine garden3-- ,gentiana ,scilla ,soldanella ,anemone ,pulsatilla ,veronica ,aubrietia ,erigeron ,linaria antirrhinifolia ,muscari ,iris pumila ,linum narbonnense ,dracocephalum ,all with blue or purplish flowers4 ,saponaria ,colchicum ,silene ,armeria ,bulbocodium ,mesembryanthemum 7not hardy7 ,tunica saxifraga ,daphne ,menziesia ,all with rose or pink flowers4 ,alyssum ,cheiranthus ,ranunculus ,narcissi 7,queen of ,spain1 etc47 ,oenothera ,linaria dalmatica ,genista ,all with yellow flowers4 ,saxifraga ,iberis ,sanguinaria ,leucojum ,arabis ,cyclamen ,silene ,asperula ,galanthus ,linna ,helleborus ,cerastium ,all with white flowers4 ,in many places there are pieces of rough marshy land1 unsightly through neglect1 filled with sedges and rough tussocky grass1 which might1 with the expenditure of a little trouble1 be converted into charming bog and water gardens4 ,there are such hosts of delightful little plants1 which thrive only in thoroughly moist situations1 and are1 therefore1 but seldom seen in ,english gardens1 that an opportunity for growing them must not be lost4 ,bog plants are many of them diminutive1 but there are few which are not interesting1 and to know them a little is to desire their further acquaintance4 ,the same may be said of aquatics1 though these belong to a very different class4 ,anyone who has seen the gorgeous water-lilies1 which have been steadily finding their way into ,english ponds and tanks during the last few years1 must realise that a water garden is worth making for their sake alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following plants are suitable either for growing in the water itself or for grouping on the margins of ponds and streams3-- ,illustration3 ,a ,,lily ,,tank ,nympha4--,water-,lilies4 ,the beautiful hybrids1 which are associated with the name of ,m4 ,marliac are by far the most handsome of available kinds4 ,among them the ,canary ,water-lily 7,n4 ,m4 chromatella71 with reddish brown leaves and soft yellow flowers1 darkening to the centre1 is very beautiful4 ,n4 ,robinsoni is another fine variety with rose-coloured blooms1 abundantly produced4 ,our own native lily 7,n4 alba7 flowers early1 and should be in every collection1 but the variety rosea is a shy bloomer1 though the colour is extremely pretty4 ,n4 tuberosa4 ,aponogeton4--,the ,cape ,pond-flower4 ,a pretty water plant1 the flowers are white and delicately scented4 ,it requires fairly deep water1 and does best in a warm district4 ,a4 distachyon4 ,villarsia4 ,yellow ,buckbean4 ,small lily-like leaves1 and a profusion of yellow flowers4 ,stratiotes4--,water ,soldier4 ,interesting on account of its foliage4 ,shallow water is needed for the following3-- ,typha ,latifolia4--,the ,common ,bulrush4 ,sagittaria4--,arrowhead4 ,handsome plants with white blossoms and arrow-shaped leaves4 ,caltha ,palustris4--,marsh ,marigold4 ,pontederia4--,pickerel ,weed4 ,graceful foliage1 with spikes of blue flowers4 ,butomus ,umbellatus4--,flowering ,rush4 ,bears umbels of rosy flowers4 ,menyanthes ,trifoliata4--,buckbean4 ,grows freely1 the scented white flowers being faintly suffused with pink4 ,a few good plants for localising in marshy ground on the margin3-- ,iris ,kaempferi4 ,the ,japanese ,flag4 ,a more strikingly beautiful subject for the position could scarcely be found4 ,the swordlike foliage1 and large handsome flowers render it especially noteworthy4 ,gunnera4--,prickly ,rhubarb4 ,noble plants1 with immense fan-shaped leaves4 ,they should be slightly protected during winter4 ,osmunda ,regalis4--,royal ,fern4 ,spira ,palmata4 ,fine foliage4 ,the flowers produced in dense clusters are a soft rosy pink4 ,arundo ,donax4--,the ,great ,reed4 ,buphthalmum ,speciosum4 ,a handsome plant with heart-shaped leaves4 ,the flowers are yellow with dark centres4 ,gynerium ,argenteum4--,pampas ,grass4 ,lythrum ,salicaria4--,purple ,loosestrife4 ,this is the well-known showy plant of the country streams4 ,for garden culture the improved variety roseum should be grown4 ,the plants enumerated above will make an interesting collection for the water garden1 others can be added from time to time4 ,the great point to be observed is the proper regulation of plants of varying growth1 so as to prevent overcrowding4 ,water gardens are frequently made and filled with interesting subjects1 but owing to neglect the coarse growing plants are allowed to monopolise the space and crowd out those of shyer habit4 ,,plants ,,for ,,the ,,bog ,,garden ,cypripedium ,spectabile4--,mocassin-flower4 ,this is perhaps the finest of all bog plants1 and hails from the woods of ,north ,america1 where it grows to perfection4 ,the plant forms handsome clumps1 and the flowers are white marked with a rosy blotch4 ,primula ,japonica4--,this plant revels in the cool surroundings of the bog garden1 and produces an abundance of rich crimson blossoms4 ,p4 rosea is a smaller variety1 with polyanthus tufts of delicate pink flowers4 ,p4 sikkimensis1 with pale yellow flowers1 is distinct4 ,dielytra ,spectabilis4--,bleeding ,heart4 ,trillium4--,wood ,lily4 ,a beautiful plant1 with rich green foliage and snowy three-petalled flowers4 ,parnassia ,palustris4--,grass of ,parnassus4 ,an easily grown plant1 with white flowers on long straight stems4 ,anagallis ,tenella4--,bog ,pimpernel4 ,creeping habit4 ,the flowers are pink4 ,pinguicula4--,butterwort4 ,the wettest spots in the bog should be chosen for this little plant4 ,adiantum ,pedatum4--,maidenhair fern4 ,this is the hardy ,north ,american kind1 which looks well associated with the flowering plants in sheltered corners4 ,orchis ,foliosa4--,madeira ,orchis4 ,one of the finest of the family4 ,it produces bold spikes of purplish flowers4 ,ficaria ,grandiflora4--,an improved form of the common ,pilewort4 ,its bright masses of golden flowers render it a welcome addition to the bog garden in spring4 ,saxifraga ,peltata4 ,the above are all more or less dwarf growing plants1 and suited for bog gardens on a small scale4 ,in larger places good use will be made of ,rhododendrons1 ,ferns of various kinds1 ,sedges1 and numerous ,lilies1 especially superbum1 to give boldness and distinction to the scene4 ,it is a mistake1 when it can be managed otherwise1 to grow only small plants1 as the effect is generally patchy and insignificant1 besides giving the bog a dull1 flat appearance4 ,so many beautiful flowering shrubs and hardy lilies grow best in a peaty soil1 so that on the fringe of the bog1 where the ground is drier1 whole colonies of beautiful plants may come trooping down to the edge1 shutting off the little enclosure from the rest of the garden4 ,good drainage and the destruction of weeds are points essential to success1 and a close watch should be kept for stray plants of ,sheep ,rot1 which if allowed to spread will choke the whole bog in a short time4 ,,chapter ,x ,,flowering ,,trees ,,and ,,shrubs ,the majority of ,english gardeners are slow to recognise the value of the various flowering shrubs as an aid to the carrying out of design4 ,our gardens1 as a whole1 are far too sombre1 a result of planting extensively with dark1 close growing evergreens1 which keep out the light1 and reduce our pleasure grounds to the verge of monotony4 ,evergreens are well enough in their way1 and in certain instances form valuable screens to unsightly corners at all times of the year4 ,but their use has been overdone1 and by their presence they are crowding out a host of beautiful subjects1 graceful and varied in their mode of growth1 and productive1 also1 of that most needed element in our often saddening atmosphere--colour4 ,small gardens1 especially1 can ill afford to be overplanted with laurel and privet1 a form of encroachment to which they are particularly liable4 ,the majority of evergreens are greedy feeders1 and their hungry roots travel in all directions1 impoverishing the soil in the beds and borders1 which1 owing to lack of space1 have to be formed in their near vicinity4 ,the prejudice which exists against deciduous trees is in reality quite unfounded1 as anyone must realise who has taken the trouble to examine the structural beauty of trees which shed their leaves4 ,the exquisite tints of autumn1 the gradual revealing of hidden beauties in bark and stem as the summer mantle is discarded1 are sights we look for in vain in evergreens4 ,summer and winter they hardly vary1 and gardens in which stiffly growing hollies1 dusty yews1 and straggling laurels monopolise nearly all the space1 are usually lacking in interest just when they should be full of charm4 ,if some of the old shrubberies filled with worn out1 decaying evergreens could be rooted up1 letting in the air and sunshine1 how much better would it be4 ,their place might be taken by a varied collection of graceful1 deciduous trees and shrubs1 which during their flowering period would afford constant interest and pleasure4 ,of course a garden from which evergreens were entirely banished1 would be bare and cheerless to a degree during the winter months4 ,besides1 the more tender plants would undoubtedly suffer1 owing to the sudden inlet of cold winds1 from which they had previously been protected4 ,as shelter trees and wind breaks1 evergreens are of the utmost utility1 and their value in this direction cannot be over-estimated4 ,judiciously planted and used in moderation they are always pleasing1 it is only by constant repetition1 and the formation of dense1 gloomy thickets1 that the designer wearies us by their presence4 ,granted1 however1 that evergreens have a certain value1 there is no reason why we should not aim at greater variety than is at present the case4 ,in addition to the ever present laurels1 there are whole families of ,rhododendrons1 ,barberries1 ,olearia1 ,kalmia1 certain of the ,heaths1 ,daphne in sheltered situations1 ,cotoneaster1 and many others4 ,these are all beautiful at their flowering period1 and at other times1 by their diversity of form and habit1 will make a welcome change to the existing conditions4 ,i have felt it desirable to draw attention to the need for further recognition of the flowering shrubs1 both deciduous and evergreen2 they present so much variety and charm1 and are1 moreover1 adapted to such a variety of situations1 that it seems unreasonable to exclude them from our gardens4 ,another point in their favour is the supply of decorative bloom which is obtainable from such free flowering subjects as the various ,quinces1 ,brooms1 ,weigela1 ,syringa1 and others4 ,whole branches of bud and blossom look exquisite when lightly arranged in jars and vases1 the ,japanese methods being worthy of imitation1 so that in both garden and house endless possibilities are presented to the modern gardener4 ,in order to recall a few of the best varieties1 nearly all of which are hardy1 ,i give a list of those which have proved deserving of a place4 ,azalea4--,these beautiful flowers should be grown much more extensively4 ,not only during their flowering period1 but in the full glory of their autumn foliage1 they are supremely lovely4 ,an endless number of varieties are available1 the hardy ,ghent ,azaleas with a fine range of colour being perhaps best for general purposes4 ,a4 mollis1 a dwarf ,japanese variety1 is useful for grouping in front of the larger kinds4 ,those living in the south1 or having gardens with sunny1 sheltered dells1 may also plant ,a4 ,indica1 which is a sub-evergreen4 ,let no one be deterred from growing these beautiful shrubs under the impression that they require peat2 in ordinary garden soil they thrive wonderfully1 if protected from cold winds4 ,magnolia4--,beautiful flowering shrubs from ,china and ,japan4 ,m4 conspicua bears a profusion of snowy blossoms early in ,may4 ,a dwarf growing variety with starry white flowers1 ,m4 stellata1 should be grown in sheltered corners4 ,at ,kew the effect of bold groups of ,azaleas and ,magnolias in the open may be seen during the spring and early summer months4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,garden ,,house ,rhododendrons form gardens in themselves1 such is the variety of habit and colouring which they display4 ,nevertheless they are often overplanted1 and when out of flower the banks of evergreen foliage become monotonous4 ,a better plan is to choose a few really good hybrid varieties and group them carefully according to colour and period of flowering1 interspersing with shrubs of different growth to prevent monotony4 ,almost every shade from white to deep crimson is to be found in these showy flowers4 ,limestone soils are very prejudicial to their welfare1 but otherwise they succeed in a diversity of situations4 ,numbers of hybrid kinds are catalogued1 and it is an easy matter to choose a dozen or so really desirable varieties4 ,cytisus4--,broom4 ,the ,common ,broom 7,c4 ,scoparius7 is by no means to be excluded from our gardens1 where its cheerful presence in the semi-wild parts is very welcome4 ,among cultivated varieties the beautiful white form ,c4 albus is very graceful1 with its long dark green sprays covered with snowy flowers4 ,c4 ,andreanus is similar in form to the common variety1 but the yellow flowers are richly marked with blotches of reddish chestnut4 ,prunus4--,this is a large family containing the flowering ,plums1 ,almonds1 ,peaches1 and ,cherries4 ,almost all are beautiful1 with their soft masses of rosy pink and white flowers borne on branching twigs and sprays4 ,the ,japanese ,cherry 7,p4 pseudo-,cerasus71 which the ,japs will tramp for miles to see in all its beauty1 has many good double varieties1 one of the best being ,cerasus ,watereri4 ,p4 ,padus1 the ,bird ,cherry1 should1 in its double form1 certainly be included among the garden trees4 ,then there is the ,double ,chinese ,plum 7,p4 japonica71 with delicate pink and white flowers borne on slender shoots4 ,p4 ,lauro-,ceraus1 the ,cherry ,laurel1 a fine evergreen1 which requires plenty of space1 and should not be crowded in among more delicate growers4 ,the common ,almond 7,p4 amygdalus7 is well-known1 especially in town gardens1 its beautiful pink flowers being produced early in the season4 ,in spite of its general use in our gardens we could ill spare the ,portugal ,laurel 7,p4 lusitanica71 it is a noble evergreen1 and worthy in many cases of better treatment4 ,a beautiful little dwarf shrub is ,p4 triloba fl4 pl41 with large blush flowers1 changing with age to pure white4 ,it is worth almost any consideration to secure a small representative collection of this family for our gardens4 ,p4 pissardi4 ,pyrus 7,cydonia7 ,japonica4--,a well-known shrub1 producing a profusion of vivid scarlet blossoms over an extended period4 ,the fruit1 which appears in autumn1 is of considerable size4 ,a variety alba1 with white flowers1 should also be grown4 ,philadelphus4--,mock ,orange4 ,well-known old-fashioned shrubs1 the syringa of the cottage gardens4 ,they deserve an open1 sunny position1 when they will form really handsome bushes1 covered with a wealth of sweetly scented blossoms4 ,p4 coronarius is the common variety1 and in the same section we have aureus with golden leaves2 primulflorus with double white flowers2 and nanus1 a dwarf form1 which1 however1 is a shy bloomer4 ,p4 grandiflorus has much finer flowers than coronarius1 and is but slightly scented1 an advantage when the branches are used for indoor decoration1 the common form being almost too powerful in a room4 ,p4 microphyllus is an excellent dwarf variety1 forming a compact bush about #c feet high4 ,viburnum4--,guelder ,rose4 ,the beautiful snowball-like flowers of this shrub are extremely ornamental1 and it deserves a worthy place in the garden4 ,sterile1 the cultivated form of the native ,v4 opulus1 grows to a good height1 and may be planted well back in the mixed shrubbery4 ,v4 plicatum is somewhat different in habit1 producing continuous sprays of large1 white blossoms4 ,stuartia4--,a deciduous shrub bearing flowers something like the ,camellia4 ,s4 pseudo-,camellia has creamy-white blossoms with yellow stamens4 ,s4 virginica forms a handsome bush1 the flowers the same colour as the foregoing1 with the addition of blood red stamens4 ,ribes4--,flowering ,currant4 ,too well-known to need description4 ,in addition to the common variety ,r4 sanguinea1 the ,buffalo ,currant 7,r4 aureum71 with yellow flowers1 and the double form flore-pleno1 which blooms later than the type1 should also be grown4 ,syringa4--,lilac4 ,grouped in bold masses1 the ,lilac family is a charming one in the garden4 ,a sheltered corner devoted to a representative collection1 or a good hedge formed of several varieties1 is the way in which they should be grown4 ,a straggling bush1 hemmed in by coarse evergreens1 is a poor way of displaying so charming a flower4 ,the following are worthy of notice3 ,s4 chinensis1 with rich violet flowers2 ,s4 japonica1 with large creamy-coloured flowers2 and ,s4 persica1 the ,persian ,lilac1 a much smaller kind1 which looks well planted in the foreground of large groups4 ,the flowers are pale mauve4 ,the white variety1 ,marie ,lagrange1 is very handsome4 ,choisya ,ternata4--,mexican ,orange-flower4 ,not quite hardy1 but worth a sheltered position1 on account of its shining evergreen foliage and abundance of pure white flowers4 ,it is a good plant for warm seaside districts4 ,cotoneaster4--,rockspray4 ,hardy and easily grown rock-shrubs4 ,c4 buxifolia forms a good-sized bush1 the flowers white1 and produced abundantly4 ,c4 microphylla is useful for walls or sloping banks in the rock garden1 where there is a bare space which needs covering4 ,the ,cotoneasters are evergreen1 and in winter are rendered bright and showy by clusters of scarlet or crimson berries4 ,forsythia4--,golden ,bell4 ,dwarf growing subjects1 of exceedingly graceful habit4 ,f4 suspensa is the best known1 and the long trailing branches1 covered with golden blossoms1 look especially well hanging over a bank or low wall4 ,f4 viridissima is more compact than the foregoing1 and likes a position fully exposed to the sun4 ,deutzia4--,the hardy outdoor kinds are crenata and flore-pleno1 both with white flowers1 those of the latter being faintly tinged with pink4 ,the slender stems and clustering racemes of flowers render this a delightful shrub4 ,kalmia4--,mountain ,laurel4 ,charming evergreen shrubs from ,north ,america4 ,the waxy flowers are produced in clusters1 the colour being a delicate rose4 ,k4 latifolia is the best1 and will thrive in garden soil in which there is a slight admixture of peat4 ,on limestone soils they are seldom a success4 ,berberis4--,barberry4 ,the best of the group is ,b4 ,darwinii1 an evergreen variety with showy orange flowers4 ,b4 vulgaris1 the ,common ,barberry1 is more beautiful in fruit than in flower1 a charming companion being ,b4 ,thunbergii1 with bright scarlet berries1 and foliage turning to a rich tint in autumn4 ,the ,mahonias are also included under this head1 of which the common variety1 ,m4 aquifolium1 should be in every collection4 ,its copper-coloured leaves1 bright yellow flowers and purple berries1 afford a good contrast to other plants in the shrubbery4 ,weigela4--,bush ,honeysuckle4 ,charming groups of these shrubs may be formed on the edges of lawns and other suitable places4 ,there are many varieties1 nearly all beautiful1 their autumn foliage being particularly well coloured4 ,w4 rosea is the form generally met with1 but it is hardly so deserving as ,w4 grandiflora1 or anabilis1 as it is often known4 ,there is a fine golden-leaved kind1 ,w4 ,looymansi aurea1 which may be grown if space can be found4 ,rhus4--,sumach4 ,more quaint1 perhaps1 than beautiful1 but worth planting1 if only for their truly gorgeous foliage during the fall of the leaf4 ,the ,venetian ,sumach 7,r4 cotinus7 is one of the best4 ,tamarix4--,tamarisk4 ,excellent shrubs for seaside gardens4 ,the flowers of ,t4 gallica are white1 tinged with pink1 and the small spikes look exceedingly well among the feathery leaves4 ,spira4--,shrubby ,meadow ,sweet4 ,a large family numbering many delightful varieties4 ,it is useless crowding these ,spiras among a tangle of rampant evergreens1 as their graceful beauty is lost and they are soon destroyed4 ,well-defined clumps on lawn margins show them at their best4 ,s4 arifolia1 the ,spray ,bush1 is very lovely with its panicles of white flowers4 ,s4 japonica1 with clusters of pink flowers borne on slender stems1 is another good kind2 and the improved variety1 ,anthony ,waterer1 with blossoms of a rich crimson hue1 is most striking4 ,the ,plume ,meadow ,sweet 7,s4 ,lindleyana7 is a large and handsome kind1 which requires a fairly warm position1 when its beautiful foliage is particularly attractive4 ,hydrangea ,paniculata ,grandiflora4--,plumed ,hydrangea4 ,during the autumn this is one of the handsomest plants in the shrubbery4 ,under good culture it produces enormous clusters of white flowers1 the whole bush being often covered with a profusion of bloom4 ,kerria ,japonica4--,there are few cottage gardens without a bush of old-fashioned ,jew's ,mallow4 ,the long shoots are wreathed with small golden blossoms4 ,there is a variegated form of the single variety1 which is dwarfer than the commonly grown flore-plena4 ,there is hardly a plant in the above list which is not really beautiful1 and fully deserving a place in the garden4 ,but space cannot be found for even half of them1 still less for many more which ,i have not mentioned1 if the old-fashioned shrubbery is to still monopolise all the available ground4 ,by all means let us have a few evergreens to clothe our gardens during their winter nakedness1 but in spring and summer the beautiful flowering trees and shrubs should be there to brighten with their blossomed sprays the corners where now sombre1 dusty foliage forms the only relief4 ,if many desirable names have been omitted1 it is because space cannot possibly be found for all1 or perhaps that they lack the hardiness which is one of the first points which must be considered when introducing new varieties4 ,in warm1 sheltered spots1 such as occur in ,devon and ,cornwall1 there is no end to the really beautiful trees and shrubs which may be grown4 ,here fuchsias and members of the magnolia family will thrive and bloom freely1 but in less favoured localities we must content ourselves with more hardy subjects1 of which there are numbers from which to make a choice4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,hardy ,,climbers ,it would be impossible to over-estimate the value of the various climbing plants to the designer2 without them our gardens would lose half their beauty and charm4 ,this much we owe to them1 that without their graceful presence many beautiful garden houses1 outbuildings and walls1 would be intolerable eyesores4 ,but for our climbing roses1 clematis1 honeysuckle1 and fragrant jasmine1 there would be no possibility of shady pergolas1 flower-clad archways1 and welcome arbour4 ,the crudities of the architect1 his ugly terrace walls and staring porticos1 may all be softened and veiled by a tender covering of flowery sprays and rich green foliage4 ,yet1 in spite of this1 more effective use might be made of plants of twining and scandent habit1 not only by calling in the aid of several beautiful subjects which are now seldom seen1 but by displaying those we have to further advantage4 ,in the wild gardens of ,nature we find that climbers choose for their support living trees and shrubs1 and who will gainsay the charm of the hedgerow wreathed in honeysuckle1 or of the beauty of the wild rose which has scrambled by chance amid the branches of some forest tree4 ,how seldom we afford the cultivated climbers this form of support4 ,on the stronger growing trees we may have the snowy clematis montana1 flinging its blossom-clad trails from branch to branch2 vines and gorgeous ,virginian creeper garlanding the trunks1 and hanging pendant from the nethermost boughs4 ,the axe may even be stayed from a dead or dying elm2 instead1 allowing the mauve and white wistarias to twine their way upwards1 and cover the withered stump with new life and loveliness4 ,by selecting climbers of less rampant growth1 the evergreen shrubs may be wreathed with many a fragrant spray1 all the more beautiful because of the freedom from artificial planning and arrangement4 ,in this way endless possibilities are opened before us1 of which we should not fail to take advantage4 ,the following list of hardy climbers will1 it is hoped1 afford some assistance to those in need of suitable plants for a variety of purposes3-- ,roses4--,the ,queen of ,flowers is worthy of a volume to herself1 and it would be impossible to give anything like an adequate description of a tithe of the climbing varieties1 within the limits of this chapter4 ,the following list embraces some of the most beautiful climbing forms in cultivation4 ,aime ,vibert4--,small white flowers borne in large clusters4 ,beautiful for the pergola4 ,celine ,forestier4--,sulphur-yellow1 free blooming4 ,devoniensis4--,white1 with creamy shading1 large and full4 ,felicit ,perptue4--,r4 ,sempervirens4 ,the foliage is evergreen1 and the clustering white flowers are faintly tinged with pink4 ,crimson ,rambler4--,invaluable4 ,a quick grower1 soon clothing pillar or pergola with its bright green foliage1 among which the trusses of vivid blossoms show to advantage4 ,euphrosyne with rosy flowers2 ,thalia1 white2 and ,aglaia1 yellow are also useful1 but the crimson form is the best4 ,w4 ,a4 ,richardson4--,yellow and orange flowers1 with beautiful copper coloured buds4 ,fine for arches and low walls4 ,paul's ,carmine ,pillar4--,a single variety with bright carmine flowers4 ,it is quite hardy and looks well covering a trellis4 ,one of the best single climbers4 ,the ,single ,white is also desirable4 ,alice ,grey4--,belonging to the ,ayrshire section4 ,blooms in summer1 the flowers are creamy white1 edged with pink4 ,banksia4--,delicately scented and well adapted for walls4 ,both the yellow and white should be grown1 also the improved variety ,fortunei4 ,gloire de ,dijon4--,well-known1 should be in every garden4 ,rosa ,brunonis4--,white ,indian ,rose4 ,fine foliage4 ,the single creamy flowers are beautifully centred with yellow4 ,a lovely variety for rambling among trees4 ,rosa ,moschata ,nivea4--,musk ,rose4 ,another single4 ,the flowers are scented1 the colour white1 suffused with pink1 and the centre of each occupied by a bunch of golden anthers1 the buds pink4 ,very free growing4 ,austrian ,briars4--,for rambling over dwarf trellis or about the base of stone balconies these roses are most useful4 ,both the yellow and copper-red forms are worth growing4 ,rosa ,rubrifolia4--,red-leaved ,rose4 ,of little importance1 so far as its flowers are concerned1 but delightful for its richly coloured leaves and purple shoots4 ,rve d',or4--,belonging to the ,noisette section4 ,a favourite variety with nankeen copper flowers1 and a profusion of rich brown shoots4 ,lamarque4--,white with yellow centre1 a free flowering kind1 growing well on a wall4 ,sweet ,briar4--7,lord ,penzance ,hybrids47 ,these are a lovely new race1 combining the sweetness of the old ,sweet ,briar1 with a wonderful colour range in the flowers4 ,they are generally used for hedges1 but look well trained as pillar roses4 ,a few ought to be in every garden on account of their fragrance4 ,the following are good kinds3--,meg ,merrilies1 rich crimson2 ,lady ,penzance1 soft copper2 ,brenda1 blush2 ,julie ,mannering1 delicate pink2 ,minna1 white2 ,anne of ,geierstein1 deep crimson2 ,jeannie ,deans1 semi-double1 vivid crimson2 ,rose ,bradwardine1 clear rose4 ,clematis4--,there are but few positions in which these will not appear charming4 ,porches1 arbours1 trellis and pergola all look lovely when wreathed with some of the new hybrids2 whilst the ,traveller's ,joy 7,c4 ,vitalba7 forms beautiful garlands among the branches of the larger trees4 ,c4 montana1 with its myriad white blossoms1 is one of the best for the house4 ,c4 ,jackmanii1 with purple flowers1 looks well among the grey oaken beams of the pergola1 but neither this nor other of the mauve and violet kinds show to advantage near red walls4 ,among the hybrids are ,beauty of ,worcester1 ,duchess of ,edinburgh1 ,mme4 ,edouard ,andre1 ,jackmanii alba1 ,miss ,bateman1 ,stella1 and ,belle of ,woking1 all beautiful4 ,the ,scarlet ,clematis 7,c4 coccinea7 is very pretty and distinct1 but a warm sheltered position is essential to its well-being4 ,the flowers are bell-shaped1 the sepals fleshy1 and the colour a rich carmine scarlet4 ,lonicera4--,honeysuckle4 ,fragrant climbers for trellis or pergola4 ,they also look well twining among the branches of trees with dark foliage4 ,a sunny1 open position suits them best4 ,l4 ,japonica1 with leaves somewhat like the oak1 is a pretty form1 quite hardy2 the variety aureo-reticulata1 with leaves overlaid with a network of gold1 is also beautiful4 ,a warm wall is needed for ,l4 sempervirens1 with handsome tubular flowers in shades of scarlet and yellow4 ,the winter flowering kind1 fragrantissima1 with white flowers1 is sweetly scented4 ,an early bloomer4 ,jasminum4--,j4 officinale1 the ,white ,jasmine1 is a quick grower1 soon covering an arbour1 for which position it is perhaps best suited4 ,nudiflorum should be grown on account of its welcome note of colour1 when the garden is otherwise dull and bare4 ,wistaria ,sinensis4--,a beautiful woody climber1 delightful for the pergola1 in which position its long racemes of mauve flowers are seen to great advantage4 ,the variety alba is also fine4 ,wistarias might be more often grown among trees1 especially if the latter are past their prime1 and so will not suffer from the embrace of so large and free growing a climber4 ,tecoma4--,trumpet ,creeper4 ,fine scarlet corymbs1 but must have the shelter of a south wall in all but southern counties4 ,tropolum ,speciosum4--,flame ,flower4 ,a gorgeous creeper which often defies all efforts at establishment4 ,the ,lakeland cottages are often enveloped in its glowing trails1 which also look beautiful wandering over sombre yews or dark leaved shrubs4 ,partial shade4 ,cratgus ,pyracantha4--,evergreen foliage and brilliant scarlet berries4 ,suitable for a wall4 ,to this list must be added the ,ivies in great variety1 ,ampelopsis tricuspidata 7syn4 ,veitchi71 ,a4 quinquefolia1 ,virginian ,creeper and the ,vines4 ,more fragile than the foregoing1 yet of distinct value1 are the ,hops1 the gaily-flowered ,coba scandens1 ,eccremocarpus1 the double pink ,calystegia1 and the ,everlasting ,peas4 ,these look well among the smaller shrubs1 which would soon be choked out of existence by the more rampant varieties which have been noticed4 ,in really warm districts the beautiful ,passiflora will also be pressed into service1 but it belongs to the fortunate few to grow these and other tender climbers in the open4 ,,index ,architect1 garden1 #c4 ,aspect1 #bd4 ,avenues1 #cg4 ,blenheim1 #e4 ,bog garden1 plants for1 #gb4 ,buildings1 ugly1 #bg4 8,capability ,brown10 #e4 ,climbers1 on trees1 #hc4 ---- value of1 #hc4 ---- varieties of1 #hd4 ,design1 artificial1 #h4 ---- competitions in1 #aj4 ---- duplicating1 #i4 ---- eccentric1 #ah4 ---- importance of flowers to1 #fj4 ---- natural1 #h4 ---- simplicity of1 #ad4 ---- variety in1 #ae4 ,designers1 landscape1 #e4 ---- paper1 #c4 ---- qualifications1 #b4 ,drives1 carriage1 #cj4 ,edgings1 grass1 #cd4 ---- natural1 #cd4 ,elvaston1 #ch4 ,espaliers1 #dh4 ,evergreens1 flowering1 #ge4 ---- objections to1 #gd4 ,garden1 orchard1 #ea4 ,gardens1 formal1 #d4 ---- of ,nature1 #a4 ,haddon1 #d4 ,hedges1 yew1 #ch4 ,kitchen garden1 approach to1 #df4 ---- ---- aspect1 #de4 ---- ---- borders1 #dg4 ---- ---- buildings1 #ej4 ---- ---- prejudice against1 #dd4 ---- ---- walks1 #dg4 ---- ---- water supply1 #di4 ,lake1 marginal planting1 #eg4 ---- outlines of1 #ef4 ,langley1 ,batty1 #i4 ,lawns1 treatment of1 #cf4 ---- value of1 #ce4 ,levens1 #ch4 ,maze1 the1 #dj4 ,orchard1 beautiful1 the1 #ea4 ,paths1 #ag4 ---- rules for making1 #cc ,perennials1 blue-flowered1 #fe4 ---- red-flowered1 #ff4 ---- white-flowered1 #fa4 ---- yellow-flowered1 #fc4 ,plantations1 boundary1 #bf1 #da4 ---- forming1 #dc4 ,plants1 ,alpine1 #fi4 ---- border1 #fa4 ---- water1 #gj4 ,property1 approaches to1 #bb4 ,property1 outlines of1 #bg4 ,repton1 #f4 ,results1 forecasting1 #bj4 ,roses1 #hd4 ,shelter1 #be4 ,shrubs1 flowering1 #ag1 #gf4 ,site1 accessibility of1 #bb4 ,soils1 #bc4 ,stream1 example of treatment1 #ed4 ,styles1 multiplicity of1 #ab4 ,terracing1 #af4 ,timber1 existing1 #bh4 ,toolhouse1 #ej4 ,topiary1 #ch4 ,torrent ,walk1 ,dolgelly1 #ef4 ,trees1 clipped1 #dj4 ,turf1 value of1 #ce4 ,walks1 bower1 #dj4 ---- paving of1 #cb4 ---- serpentine1 #cd4 ---- terrace1 #cb4 ,walls1 kitchen garden1 #df4 ,water1 artificial treatment of1 #ec4 ---- garden1 the1 #ei4 ---- stagnant1 #ed4 ---- supply4 #di4 ---- works1 #eb4 ,wires1 fruit training1 #df4 ,yews1 clipped1 #ch4 ,,shanks',s ,,lawn ,,mowers ,,the ,,only ,,ones ,,fitted ,,with ,,patent ,,axle ,,springs ,,petrol ,,motor ,,mowers ,,in ,,various ,,sizes ,illustration3 #bd ,motor ,mower ,these machines are the most powerful in the market1 and are giving great satisfaction4 ,illustrated ,catalogue on application4 ,,sixty ,,years' ,,reputation ,illustration3 ,,standard ,,hand ,,machines ,,and ,,light ,,roller ,,mowers4 ,also the 8,talisman10 8,britannia10 and 8,britisher0 ,side-,wheel ,machines4 ,used in the ,royal ,gardens1 all public parks1 at ,lords1 ,the ,oval1 ,hurlingham1 ,ranelagh1 ,roehampton1 ,kew1 c4 ,illustration3 ,,horse ,,pony ,,machines for parks1 golf courses1 polo and cricket grounds1 c4 ,,rollers ,,for ,,hand ,,and ,,horse ,a4 ,,shanks ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,arbroath ,,and ,,london ,,one ,,all ,,seeds4 ,illustrated ,catalogues ,post ,free4 ,,estd4 #ahfg4 ,illustration3 7,one ,all logo7 ,,one ,,all ,,seeds are reliable1 pure and guaranteed4 ,each packet bears the ,trade ,mark1 8,one ,all0 in a garter4 ,each packet has an imprint of signature of the ,managing ,director4 ,each packet is dated with the year of issue4 8,,one ,,all ,,gardener',s ,,calendar ,,and ,,guide40 ,post free on application4 ,may also be had from all ,agents4 ,,one ,,all productions and publications are supplied by thousands of ,local ,representatives throughout the ,kingdom4 ,they are delivered1 carriage free1 in large or small quantities4 ,,one ,,all is the ,registered ,trade ,mark of the ,,agricultural ,,and ,,horticultural ,,association1 ,,limited4 ,established #ahfg4 ,the ,pioneer ,mutual ,profit-sharing ,society of rural supply4 ,founded by ,judge ,thomas ,hughes1 ,q4,c4 7,tom ,brown71 ,john ,ruskin1 ,edwd4 ,vansittart ,neale1 ,lord ,mount ,temple1 and other distinguished friends of purity of supply4 ,details sent free by post of the ,association's organisation1 the interest it allows on ,special ,deposits 7five per cent471 its ,membership1 c41 on application to ,,edwd4 ,,owen ,,greening1 ,managing ,director1 ,wholesale ,seed ,warehouses1 #ib ,long ,acre1 ,w4,c4 ,,one ,,all ,,fertilisers4 ,illustrated ,catalogues ,post ,free4 ,,to ,,cultivate ,,the ,,garden ,,in ,,perfection1 ,,use ,,clay',s ,,fertilizer ,the ,indispensable ,food for all ,flowers1 ,fruits1 ,vegetables and ,foliage4 ,it is used by the ,,leading ,,growers1 and is unsurpassed for all ,horticultural purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,clays ,,fertilizer ,,london ,,trade ,,mark ,sold everywhere in ,tins1 #f;d4 and #as42 and in ,sealed ,bags--#g lb41 #bs4 #f;d42 #ad lb41 #ds4 #f;d42 #bh lb41 #gs4 #f;d42 #ef lb41 #abs4 #f;d42 #aab lb41 #bjs4 ,or direct from the ,works1 ,carriage ,paid in the ,united ,kingdom for ,cash with ,order 7except #f;d4 ,tins74 ,illustration3 7hand pointing right7 ,every ,genuine ,,tin1 ,,bag and ,,seal bears the ,,trade ,,mark4 ,full ,directions for use appear in ,,clay',s ,,successful ,,gardening1 ,containing ,instructions upon all ,horticultural ,topics by ,eminent ,writers4 ,illustrated4 ,third ,edition1 ,enlarged and ,revised1 #i;d4 post free1 or of ,seedsmen4 ,write for ,full ,price ,list of ,manures1 ,chemicals1 and ,sundries4 ,,clay ,,son1 ,manure ,manufacturers1 ,bone ,crushers1 c41 ,,stratford1 ,,london1 ,e4 ,,the ,,country ,,handbooks ,an ,illustrated ,series of ,practical ,handbooks dealing with ,country ,life4 ,suitable for the ,pocket or ,knapsack ,,edited ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,price #cs4 net4 ,bound in ,limp ,cloth4 ,price #a4jj net ,price #ds4 net4 ,bound in ,limp ,leather4 ,price #a4bj net ,vol4 ,i4--,,the ,,tramp',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,harry ,,roberts4 ,with over fifty illustrations by ,,walter ,,pascoe4 ,a volume containing much valuable advice to the amateur gipsy1 traveller1 or cyclist1 as to camping-out1 cooking1 c4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,motor ,,book4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,mecredy4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,an invaluable handbook that should find a place in the library of every motorist1 or even in the car itself4 ,,contents3--,the ,motor--,change ,speed ,gear and ,transmission--,how to ,drive--,care of the ,car--,repairs and ,adjustments4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,tree ,,book4 ,by ,,mary ,,knowles ,,jarvis4 ,containing varied and useful information relating to forests1 together with a special chapter on ,practical ,forestry4 ,,contents3--,some ,famous ,british ,forests--,in the ,sweet of the ,year--,autumn's ,fiery ,finger--,the ,woods in ,winter--,the ,music of the ,trees--,the ,king of the ,forest--,the ,beech and the ,elm--,plane and ,poplar1 c41 c4--,practical ,forestry4 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,still ,,room4 ,by ,mrs ,,charles ,,roundell4 ,a book of information upon preserving1 pickling1 bottling1 distilling1 c41 with many useful hints upon the dairy4 ,,contents3--,the ,pickling of ,meat--,butter1 ,eggs1 and ,cheese--,bottling ,fruit and ,vegetables--,preserves and ,jellies--,wines and ,cups--,distilling ,herbs--,pickles--,refreshments for ,garden ,parties and ,picnics--,pot ,pourri--,food for ,invalids4 ,vol4 ,v4--,,the ,,bird ,,book4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,roberts4 ,a guide to the study of bird life1 with hints as to recognising various species by their flight or their note4 ,,contents3--,general ,structure and ,flight--,the ,music of the ,birds--,around the ,house--,birds of the ,hedgerow--,birds of the ,field--,by the ,riverside--,woodland ,birds--,by ,marsh and ,mere--,moorland ,birds--,birds of the ,shore--,along the ,rock-bound ,coast4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,woman ,,out ,,of ,,doors4 ,by ,m,,nie ,,muriel ,,dowie4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,stable ,,handbook4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,dale4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,vol4 ,,viii4--,,the ,,fisherman',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,edgar ,s4 ,,shrubsole4 ,with numerous illustrations and diagrams4 ,vol4 ,,ix4--,,the ,,sailing ,,handbook4 ,by ,,clove ,,hitch4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,vol4 ,x4--,,the ,,kennel ,,handbook4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,davies4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,vol4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,gun ,,room4 ,by ,,alexander ,,innes ,,shand1 ,author of 8,shooting0 in 8,the ,haddon ,hall0 ,library4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,vol4 ,,xii4--,,the ,,little ,,farm4 ,by 8,,home ,,counties40 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,,john ,,lane3 ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york ,handbooks of ,practical ,gardening ,,edited ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net each4 ,crown #hvo4 ,illustrated4 ,price #a4jj ,vol4 ,i4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,asparagus4 ,with sections on ,celery1 ,salsify1 ,scorzonera1 and ,seakale2 and a chapter on their cooking and preparation for the table4 ,by ,,charles ,,ilott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,lecturer on ,horticulture to the ,cornwall ,county ,council4 8,the work of a specialist4 ,mr ,ilott gives us--for a matter of half-a-crown--the ripe experience of a life-time40 ,the ,speaker4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,greenhouse4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,tallack4 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,head ,gardener at ,shipley ,hall4 8,a serviceable handbook for the practical gardener1 written with exceptional knowledge of horticultural work40 ,the ,outlook4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,grape4 ,with a chapter on the ,history and ,decorative ,value of the ,vines4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,ward1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 late ,head ,gardener at ,longford ,castle4 8,a mine of useful information40 ,the ,st ,james's ,gazette4 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,old-,,fashioned ,,flowers4 ,by ,,harry ,,roberts1 ,author of 8,the ,chronicle of a ,cornish ,garden40 8,all who wish for a real old-fashioned garden should certainly study this most excellent and practical book40 ,the ,bookman4 ,vol4 ,v4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,bulbs4 ,by ,s4 ,,arnott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 of ,carsethorne1 near ,dumfries4 ,together with an introductory chapter on the ,botany of ,bulbs by the ,editor4 8,skilled and instructive4 ,it notably enriches the series in which it appears40 ,the ,scotsman4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,thomas1 ,assistant ,editor of ,the ,garden1 late of the ,royal ,gardens1 ,windsor4 ,together with chapters by the ,editor on the ,history and ,cooking of the ,apple and the ,preparation of ,cider4 8,this is a most useful volume which every grower1 whether for his own use or for the market1 should consult40 ,the ,spectator4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,vegetables4 ,by ,,george ,,wythes1 ,v4,m4,h41 ,head ,gardener to the ,duke of ,northumberland4 ,together with chapters on the ,history and ,cookery by the ,editor4 8,thoroughly practical4 ,the book can be highly recommended40 ,the ,morning ,post4 ,vol4 ,,viii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,orchids4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,white1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,orchid ,grower to ,sir ,trevor ,lawrence1 ,president of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 8,there are few writers so well qualified to write with authority upon these flowers40 ,the ,scotsman4 ,vol4 ,,ix4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,strawberry4 ,with chapters on the ,raspberry1 ,blackberry1 ,loganberry1 ,japanese ,wineberry1 and ,allied ,fruits4 ,by ,,edwin ,,beckett1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 8,mr ,beckett deals with his subject in a thorough practical manner 444 and fully maintains the general excellence shown in the previous volumes of this series40 ,the ,morning ,post4 ,vol4 ,x4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,climbing ,,plants4 ,by ,s4 ,,arnott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,author of 8,the ,book of ,bulbs404 8,this is a concise1 practical1 and well-informed exposition of skilled knowledge as to the training of creepers1 c40 ,the ,scotsman4 ,,john ,,lane1 ,publisher3 ,,london3 ,,vigo ,,street1 ,w4 ,,new ,,york3 #fg ,,fifth ,,avenue ,vol4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,pears ,,and ,,plums4 ,by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,,bartrum1 ,d4,d4 8,the writer knew as much about the growing of ,pears and ,plums as ,dean ,hole knows about the cultivation of ,roses40 ,the ,scotsman4 ,vol4 ,,xii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,herbs4 ,by ,,lady ,,rosalind ,,northcote4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fitzherbert4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee4 ,by ,,charles ,,harrison4 ,this book will be of great assistance to the beginner as showing the practical side of bee-keeping4 ,it contains numerous illustrations which will be of interest to experienced bee-keepers as well as to the novice4 ,vol4 ,,xv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,shrubs4 ,by ,,george ,,gordon1 ,v4,m4,h41 ,editor of ,the ,gardener's ,magazine4 ,a special feature of this book lies in the distinction which it makes between shrubs and trees peculiarly suited to garden cultivation1 and those appropriate to the park and woodland4 ,the author desires to encourage the culture of shrubs in gardens1 and indicates those most suitable for various purposes and situations4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,daffodil4 ,by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,,eugene ,,bourne4 ,the author supplies valuable information on the cultivation of daffodils gained by the results of his own personal experience4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,lily4 ,by ,w4 ,,goldring4 ,a description of1 and a practical guide to1 the cultivation of all the lilies usually to be found in ,british gardens4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,topiary4 ,by ,,charles ,h4 ,,curtis and ,w4 ,,gibson1 ,head ,gardener at ,levens ,hall4 ,a textbook of the topiary art1 together with some account and famous examples of the application of that art4 ,vol4 ,,xix4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,town ,,and ,,window ,,gardening4 ,by ,mrs ,f4 ,a4 ,,bardswell4 ,a handbook for those lovers of flowers who are compelled to live in a town4 ,the book should be helpful even to those who are quite ignorant in the art of growing plants1 and advice is given as to the plants most suitable to the various adverse conditions which town gardens afford4 ,vol4 ,,xx4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,rarer ,,vegetables4 ,by ,,george ,,wythes1 ,v4,m4,h41 ,head ,gardener to the ,duke of ,northumberland1 and ,,harry ,,roberts4 ,this work deals with a number of vegetables possessing choice flavour1 that are little grown in modern gardens4 ,not only does the book explain the best methods of cultivation1 but also describes the ways in which the several vegetables should be cooked and dressed for the table4 ,vol4 ,,xxi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,iris4 ,a practical guide to the cultivation of the ,iris1 and also a description of and key to all the garden species and varieties4 ,the book will interest equally the botanical student1 the practical gardener1 and the lover of beautiful flowers4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,furniture4 ,a practical handbook to the selection1 construction1 and arrangement of the various buildings1 trellises1 pergolas1 arches1 seats1 sundials1 fountains1 and other structures4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,carnation4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,,brotherston and ,,martin ,r4 ,,smith4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,scented ,,garden4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,burbidge4 ,vol4 ,,xxv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,garden ,,design4 ,by ,,charles ,,thonger4 ,,john ,,lane1 ,publisher3 ,,london3 ,,vigo ,,street1 ,w4 ,,new ,,york3 #fg ,,fifth ,,avenue ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,illustrations have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations4 ,illustrations without captions have had a description added1 this is denoted with parentheses4 ,the index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,except as noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,pg #ad3 ,replaced #8cherised' with #8cherished'