,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emical ,,philosophy4 ,,"p ,,fir/4--,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,reproduc$ ,,9 ,,facsimilie ,,by ,,william ,,dawson ,,sons ,,ltd4 #ajb ,,wigmore ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4#a ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,h5d]son ,,spald+ ,,sylvan ,,grove1 ,,old ,,k5t ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,e4#ae ,,?is ,,edition ,,is ,,limit$ ,,to #a1jjj ,,copies ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emical ,,philosophy4 ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,by ,,john ,,dalton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,presid5t ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 ,man*e/]4 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ,muni*1 & ( ! ,cs>ean ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,mosc[2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,m$ical ,society1 ,ed9burgh1 & ( ! ,philosophical ,societies ( ,bri/ol1 ,cambridge1 ,le$s1 ,%effield & ,york%ire4 ,man*e/]3 ,pr9t$ by ! ,executors ( ,s4 ,russell4 ,,= ,,george ,,wilson1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,,london4 #ahbg4 ,,to ,,john ,,%>pe1 ,,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,( ,,/anmore1 ,,middlesex1 7,late ( ,man*e/]17 ,,z ,a ,,te/imony ,,( ,,8 ,,fri5dly ,,reg>d1 ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,lib]al ,,enc\ragem5t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,*emical ,,sci5ce3 ,,& ,,to ,,pet] ,,ew>t1 ,,esq4 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ,,on ,,! ,,score ,,( ,,fri5d%ip1 ,,b ,,m ,,especially ,,= ,,! ,,able ,,exposition ,,& ,,excell5t ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,me*anics1 ,,9 ,,8 ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,,mov+ ,,=ce1#a ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,footnote #a3 ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7second s]ies47 ,,preface4 ,! "w n[ submitt$ to ! public 0 begun to be pr9t$ 9 #ahag2 & ! #ac? & #ad? sections1 conta9+ ! oxides & sulphurets1 7 pr9t$ (f be=e ! end ( ,octob] ( ! same ye>4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! re/ ( ! "w to ! app5dix 0 f9i%$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahba4 ,"o %eet ( ! app5dix 0 pr9t$ at ! end ( #ahbc2 b no addition 0 aft]w>ds made till ,may1 #ahbf2 :5 ! pr9t+ 0 resum$1 & has be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,x may be ask$1 :at 7 ! motives = su* a plan ( proc$ure4 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t soon aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ volume 79 #ahaj71 ,i began to prep>e mat]ials1 & to in/itute exp]im5ts1 relat+ to ! oxides1 c41 ) occasional div]sions into o!r dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry1 z circum/ances arose4 ,z a great portion ( my "t 0 always necess>ily engag$ 9 pr(essional duties1 & z t "p ( ! "w ,i 0 ab\t to comm5ce 0 "o runn+ into detail1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be be/ to pr9t x z ,i proce$$1 :il/ ! tra9 ( ?\ght & ( exp]im5ts 0 fre% 9 view4 ,! advantage 9 ?is case 0 expect$ to be p>tly at lea/ c\nt]balanc$ by ! loss ( discov]ies & improvem5ts likely to be made 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! pr9t+ & publi%+ ( ! sev]al articles4 ,?is ,i 0 aw>e (2 b z a pr9cipal object ,i _h 9 view 0 to give ! results ( my own exp]i5ce1 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( *emical sci5ce1 r ?an to =m ! be/ compilation ( ,*emi/ry at ! p]iod1 ?is object 0 mo/ likely to be obta9$ by ! propos$ plan4 ,x is true ! "t ! "w has be5 9 ! press has f> exce$$ my expectation2 not)/&+ ?is ,i am n consci\s ( any v mat]ial alt]ations or additions1 :i* ,i %\ld wi% to make at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x af=ds me great pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ,i h _h dur+ ! progress ( ?is volume1 f a valuable selection ( *emical app>atus1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! g5]osity ( ,mr4 ,%>pe2 also ! cont9u$ & fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,dr4 ,h5ry1 ^: discussions on sci5tific subjects are always in/ructive1 & ^: /ores are always op5 :5 ! promotion ( sci5ce is ! object4 ,my pres5t design is to add a second "p to ?is volume1 & ) t to f9i% ! "w4 ,x w consi/ ( ! m complex comp\nds4 ,acids1 & o!r products ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ,salts1 c41 w =m pr9cipal p>ts4 ,already ,i h a /ock ( exp]im5ts on ^! subjects2 b ,i am n satisfi$ )\t explor+ ?is region afre%4 ,augu/1 #ahbg4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,"p ,fir/4 ,page4 ,,*ap4 ,v4--,,comp\nds ,,( ,,two ,,elem5ts4 ,,section #ac4 ,metallic ,oxides #a ,oxide ( ,gold #e ---- ,plat9a #aa ---- ,silv] #ag ,oxides ( ,m]cury #ai ,oxide ( ,palladium #bd ,oxides ( ,rhodium1 ,iridium1 & ,osmium #bf ---- ,copp] #bf ---- ,iron #bh ---- ,nickel #cd ---- ,t9 #cf ---- ,lead #ci ,oxide ( ,z9c #ea ,oxides ( ,potassium #ec ---- ,sodium #ef ,oxide ( ,bismu? #eg ,oxides ( ,antimony #eh ,oxide ( ,tellurium #fb ,oxides ( ,ars5ic #fc ---- ,cobalt #fh ---- ,manganese #ga ---- ,*romium #hj ---- ,uranium #hf ---- ,molybd5um #hg ---- ,tung/5 #ij ---- ,titanium #ia ---- ,columbium #ib ---- ,c]ium #id ,,section #ad4 ,e>?y1 ,alkal9e1 & ,metallic ,sulphurets #if ,sulphurets ( ,lime #ii ,sulphuret ( ,magnesia #aaa ,sulphurets ( ,b>ytes #aab ---- ,/rontites #aad ---- ,alum9e1 ,silex1 ,yttria1 ,gluc9e & ,zircone #aad ---- ,pota% #aaf ---- ,soda #aai ,sulphuret ( ,ammonia #abj ,sulphurets ( ,gold #aba ,sulphuret ( ,plat9a #abc ,sulphurets ( ,silv] #abf ---- ,m]cury #abg ,sulphuret ( ,palladium #aca ---- ,rhodium #acb ---- ,iridium #acb ---- ,osmium #acb ,sulphurets ( ,copp] #acc ---- ,iron #acd ---- ,nickel #ach ---- ,t9 #aci ---- ,lead #add ---- ,z9c #adf ---- ,potassium & ,sodium #adh ---- ,bismu? #adi ---- ,antimony #aea ,sulphuret ( ,tellurium #aec ,sulphurets ( ,ars5ic #aec ,sulphuret ( ,cobalt #afj ,sulphurets ( ,manganese #afb ,sulphuret ( ,*romium #afc ---- ,uranium #afd ---- ,molybd5um #afd ,sulphuret ( ,tung/5 #afd ,sulphurets ( ,titanium1 ,columbium1 & ,c]ium #afe ,,section #ae4 ,e>?y1 ,alkal9e1 & ,metallic ,phosphurets #aff ,phosphuret ( ,hydrog5 #afi ,phosphurets ( ,c>bon & ,sulphur #ahd ,phosphuret ( ,lime #ahd ---- ,b>ytes #ahh ---- ,/rontites #aij ---- ,gold #aia ---- ,plat9a #aid ---- ,silv] #aie ---- ,m]cury #aig ---- ,palladium #aih ---- ,copp] #aii ---- ,iron #bja ---- ,nickel #bja ---- ,t9 #bjb ---- ,lead #bjc ,phosphurets ( ,z9c & ,potassium #bjd ---- ,sodium & ,bismu? #bjg ---- ,antimony & ,ars5ic #bjh ,phosphuret ( ,cobalt #bji ---- ,manganese #baj ,,section #af4 ,c>burets #baa ---- ( ,iron 444 /eel #bab-bad ,,section #ag4 ,metallic ,alloys #bah ,alloys ( ,gold1 ) o!r metals #bbb ---- ,plat9a1 ) o!r metals #bbf ---- ,silv]1 ) o!r metals #bbh ---- ,m]cury1 & o!r metals3 amalgams #bcj ,triple1 ,quadruple1 c4 amalgams #bcf ,alloys ( ,copp]1 ) o!r metals #bch ---- ,iron1 ) o!r metals #bec ,alloys ( ,nickel & ,t91 ) d4 #bed ---- ,lead1 ) d4 #beh ,triple ,alloys1 ,sold]s2 fusible metal1 c4 #bfc ,,app5dix4 ,ab/ract ( ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d's essay on ! specific heat ( gases #bfh ---- ,dulong & ,petit's essays1 ,on ! expansion ( air1 m]cury1 glass1 iron1 copp]1 & plat9a1 by heat #bgb ,on ! capacities ( c]ta9 bodies1 = heat #bgd ,on ! laws ( refrig]ation #bgg ,on ! specific heats ( c]ta9 bodies #bhj ,rem>ks on ! above essays #bhb ,new ,table ( ! =ces ( vap\rs #bih ,table ( ! expansion ( air1 & ! =ce ( aque\s & !rial vap\r1 adapt$ to atmosph]ic temp]atures #bii ,applications ( ! above table #cjj ,=mul = det]m9+ ! proportions ( combu/ible gases1 9 mixtures #cje ,heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( gases #cji ,absorption ( gases by wat] #cji ,fluoric acid--deutoxide ( hydrog5 #caa ,muriatic acid--oxymuriatic acid #cac ,nitric acid--comp\nds ( azote & oxyg5 #cae ,on ammonia #cbh ,decomposition ( ammonia by nitr\s oxide #ccj ---- ---- ---- by nitr\s gas & oxyg5 #ccb ,volume ( gases f ! decomposition ( ammonia #cce ,decomposition ( ammonia by a r$ heat #cce ,decomposition ( ammonia by oxymuriatic acid#cce ,sulphuret ( ,c>bon #cch ,potassium1 ,sodium1 c4 #cdj ,alum #cda ,new table ( ! relative weights ( atoms4 #ceb ,,add5da4 ,/eel2 mix$ gases2 expansion ( liquids by heat #ced ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emical ,,philosophy4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,,section #ac4 ,,metallic ,,oxides4 ,all ! metals are dispos$ to comb9e ) oxyg51 b ! comb9ation is effect$ m easily ) "s ?an ) o!rs2 ! comp\nd is usually call$ an oxide1 b 9 "s in/ances x is also call$ an acid4 ,! same metal comb9es ) "o1 two1 or p]haps m atoms ( oxyg51 =m+ comp\nds :i* may be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ,dr4 ,?omson1 by ! t]ms protoxide1 deutoxide1 tritoxide1 c4 ,su* h[ev] is ! repulsion ( oxyg5 to oxyg5 t we r>ely f9d ?ree atoms ( x reta9$ by a s+le atom ( any k9d2 & !re are n _m in/ances ( metals capable ( hold+ two atoms ( oxyg54 ,v>i\s modifications ( ! proportions ( metals & oxyg5 arise f ! comb9ations ( ! oxides !mselves "o ) ano!r & ) oxyg51 s z to lead "s to imag9e t an atom ( metal 9 "s in/ances comb9es ) #c1 #d1 or m ( oxyg54 ,?is is altoge!r improbable3 ,x is mu* m simple to suppose t "o atom ( oxyg5 connects two or m atoms ( protoxide1 #a ( protoxide unites to #a or m ( deutoxide1 c4 ,^! int]m$iate oxides are 9 few if any in/ances f\nd to comb9e ) acids l ! o!r two oxides4 ,!re is no reason t ,i am acqua9t$ ) = disbeliev+ t oxyg5 comb9$ ) a metal is /ill repulsive ( oxyg51 & t by ! same law z p>ticles ( an ela/ic fluid2 t is1 ! repulsion is inv]sely z ! di/ance ( ! c5tres ( ! atoms4 ,h5ce x may be demon/rat$ t x requires twice ! /r5g? ( aff9ity to =m a deutoxide z a protoxide1 ?ree times ! /r5g? to =m a tritoxide z a protoxide1 c4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is1 9 all probability1 t deutoxides are n num]\s1 & tritoxides are r>ely if ev] f\nd4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 t comb9es ) any metal to =m an oxide may be inve/igat$ by sev]al me?ods4 #a/4 ,by combu/ion2 a giv5 weight ( ! metal may be burn$ & ! oxide produc$ may be collect$ & weigh$2 :5 ! increase by combu/ion w appe>4 #b4 ,by solution 9 an acid & precipitation by an e>? or alkali2 9 ?is case a giv5 weight ( ! metal is dissolv$ & precipitat$2 ! precipitate collect$ & suffici5tly dri$ %ews ! increase by oxyg54 #c4 ,by transf]r+ ! oxyg5 f an oxide to ano!r metal2 9 ?is case ! metal 9 "q is usually imm]s$ 9 a sal9e solution ( ! o!r metal2 ?is latt] metal gives up its oxyg5 to ! =m] & is itself re=m$ or reviv$ z x is t]m$4 #d4 ,by det]m9+ ! proportion ( hydrog5 gas evolv$ dur+ ! solution ( a giv5 weight ( metal2 !n all[+ half ( t volume = its equival5t ( oxyg5\s gas1 ! weight ( x %ews ! oxyg5 unit$ to ! metal2 x be+ n[ well und]/ood t wat] furni%es ! two elem5ts ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 su* case4 #e4 ,! high] oxides are conv5i5tly det]m9$ by ! application ( ! solution ( oxymuriate ( lime to ! l[] oxides 9 solution4 #f4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 sev]al oxides may be f\nd f ! quantity ( nitr\s gas evolv$ dur+ ! solution ( a giv5 weight ( metal 9 nitric acid4 ,! fir/ f\r me?ods h be5 us$ by *emi/s = sev]al ye>s pa/2 ! two la/ ,i h add$ f my own exp]i5ce1 hav+ f\nd !m v useful assi/ants 9 v>i\s in/ances4 ,! la/ me?od by nitr\s gas1 has inde$ be5 propos$ be=e1 & lab\r be/[$ on x bo? by o!rs & myself1 b )\t r$uc+ ! results to any c]ta9ty1 till lately2 ! pr9cipal cause ( ?is want ( success has aris5 f misund]/&+ ! nature & con/itution ( nitric acid4 ,mo/ *emi/s seem ) me to h mi/ak5 nitr\s acid = nitric2 ! =m] is compos$ ( #a atom ( azote & #b ( oxyg52 or p]haps ( #b azote & #d oxyg52 ! latt] ( #b azote & #e oxyg51 or #b nitr\s gas & #c oxyg52 ! weight ( ! =m] is #ai1 or its d\ble #ch1 on my scale1 & t ( ! latt] #de4 ,my reasons = adopt+ ! above conclusion respect+ nitr\s acid1 :i* is at v>iance ) t 9 ,,vol4 #a1 p4 #cca1 w be giv5 h]eaft]4 ,:5 !re=e a metal is oxidiz$ by nitric acid1 #c atoms ( oxyg5 7 #ba7 g to ! metal1 & #b atoms ( nitr\s gas 7 #bd7 are dis5gag$4 ,h5ce ( ! weight ( nitr\s gas evolv$ is ! weight ( oxyg5 comb9$4 ,x sometimes happ5s h[ev] t ! nitr\s gas is p>tly or :olly reta9$ by ! residue ( nitric acid2 b 9 ?is case ! oxymuriate ( lime c be appli$ to conv]t ! nitr\s gas into nitric acid1 & f ! oxyg5 imbib$ ! quantity ( nitr\s gas may be inf]r$4 #a4 ,oxide ( ,gold4 ,"s difficulties h be5 f\nd 9 asc]ta9+ bo? ! numb] & proportions ( ! oxides ( gold2 h5ce ! diff]5ces 9 ! results ( au?ors4 ,gold does n burn by exposure to heat1 b gold leaf & gold wire may be deflagrat$ by electricity & galvanism2 a purple p[d] is ! product1 :i* is consid]$ by "s z ! protoxide ( gold2 b o!rs1 aft] ,macqu] & ,pr\/1 conceive ) great] probability t ?is p[d] is no?+ b gold r$uc$ to its ultimate division4 ,solutions ( gold :i* are ( a f9e yell[1 give a purple /a92 & gold deoxidiz$ by gre5 sulphate ( iron is precipitat$ blue1 :i* precipitate gradually assumes a yell[ col\r z ! p>ticles become unit$4 ,! v weak aff9ity ( gold = oxyg5 is %ewn by ! difficulty ) :i* x is oxidiz$ & ! ease ) :i* ! oxyg5 is expell$ aga9 by heat2 ^! facts seem to preclude ! idea ( gold comb9+ ) oxyg5 9 high temp]atures4 ,protoxide4 ,gold is sc>cely affect$ by pure sulphuric1 nitric or muriatic acid2 b x is easily oxidiz$ & dissolv$ by nitro-muriatic acid 7t is1 a mixture ( nitric & muriatic acids7 :5 assi/$ by a temp]ature ( #aej or #bjj4 ,cau/ic pota% be+ put into ! solution & heat$1 a br[ni% black precipitate is obta9$2 b a "p ( ! oxide rema9s 9 solution comb9$ ) ! muriate ( pota%1 accord+ to ,vauquel92 & ,pr\/ has obs]v$ t ! oxide _c be wa%$ & dri$ 9 a mod]ate heat )\t a portion ( ! gold be+ reviv$2 h5ce ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ 9 ?is way ! weight ( oxyg5 comb9+ ) gold4 ,i h succe$$1 z ,i appreh5d1 9 det]m9+ ! relative weights ( gold & oxyg51 by two me?ods1 :i* mutually corroborate ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ is by means ( ! nitr\s gas g5]at$ by ! solution ( gold2 & ! second is1 by f9d+ :at quantity ( gre5 oxide ( iron is conv]t$ into r$ by precipitat+ a giv5 weight ( gold 9 solution4 ,t5 gra9s ( gu9ea gold ( ! sp4 gr4 #ag4c1 7 repeat$ly dissolv$ 9 a small excess ( nitro-muriatic acid2 ! quantity & purity ( ! nitr\s gas g5]at$ 7 duly obs]v$ & all[ance made = ! loss occasion$ by a small portion ( common air orig9ally 9 ! gas bottle4 ,! volume ( nitr\s gas correct$ z above 0 always f\nd betwe5 #aajj & #abjj gra9 measures1 ! weight ( :i* may be e/imat$ at #a4f gra9s1 correspond+ to #a4d gra9s ( oxyg54 ,! small portion ( alloy 7_/7 kn[n to be 9 /&>d gold is *iefly copp] ) a small "p silv]2 n[ x w be se5 9 ! sequel t copp] takes ( its weight ( oxyg52 h5ce if we all[ 4#h ( a gra9 = copp] & 4#b = ! oxyg5 comb9+ ) x1 we %all h #i4b gold unit$ to #a4b oxyg51 or #ajj gold ) #ac oxyg51 :i* is ne>ly ! same z ,b]zelius has det]m9$ by precipitat+ ! gold by m]cury4--,aga91 #aj gra9s ( gold 7 dissolv$ z above 7 #i4b pure7 & precipitat$ by a solution ( pure gre5 sulphate ( iron ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4aha & :i* ,i _h previ\sly prov$ to conta9 #i gra9s ( gre5 oxide 9 #ajj measures4 ,!y conv]t$ #abj measures ( ?is gre5 sulphate into yell[1 :i* 0 c>efully precipitat$ aft]w>ds by lime wat]1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! gold precipitat$ 0 f\nd v ne>ly #i gra9s2 & ! yell[ oxide ( iron mix$ ) oxide ( copp] 0 ne>ly #ac gra9s4 ,n[ #abj measures sulphate iron conta9 #aj4h gra9s gre5 oxide1 & ^! require _/ ( _! weight ( oxyg5 7see ! oxides ( iron7 to be *ang$ into yell[ oxide1 or #a4b oxyg54 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! gold 0 transf]r$ to ! iron un*ang$ 9 quantity4 ,x is to be obs]v$ h[ev] t gre5 oxide ( iron n only deoxidates ! gold b x semideoxidates ! copp] also2 s t 4#a ( ! transf]r$ oxyg5 above might be said to be d]iv$ f ! copp]1 & ! re/1 or #a4a f ! #i gra9s ( gold2 ?is w\ld give #ajj gold to #ab4b oxyg51 :i* is /ill ne>] to ! det]m9ation ( ,b]zelius4 ,^u ! :ole ,i am incl9$ to adopt ! proportion ( #h to #a or #ajj to #ab4e z t :i* appe>s ! mo/ correct approximation & at ! same "t a ratio easily rememb]$ & adapt$ to facilitate calculations4 ,we are n[ to consid] :e!r ! above is ! protoxide4 ,z no o!r oxide has be5 cle>ly %ewn to exi/1 & z ?is comb9es ) muriatic acid1 ) ammonia1 ) ! oxide ( t91 c4 & is :olly deoxidat$ by gre5 sulphate ( iron & by a mod]ate heat1 !re seems e reason to conclude x is a comb9ation ( ! mo/ simple k9d1 or #a atom ( metal to #a ( oxyg54 ,h5ce ! atom ( oxyg5 be+ #g1 t ( gold mu/ be #ef1 & n #adj or #bjj1 z /at$ ,,vol4 #a1 p4 #bej4 ,b]zelius seems to consid] ! above z ! tritoxide1 or ?ree atoms ( oxyg5 to "o ( gold2 b x is extremely improbable t gold1 :i* is all[$ to h a weak aff9ity = oxyg51 %\ld be able to re/ra9 ! viol5t repulsion ( ?ree atoms ( oxyg51 & %\ld on e occasion lose !m all at once1 & n by degrees1 z is usual ) o!r high oxides4 ,subjo9$ are ! results ( v>i\s au?ors 9 reg>d to ! oxide ( gold1 b g5]ally giv5 ) diffid5ce z to _! accuracy4 gold oxyg5 ,b]gman #ajj #aj ,pr\/ -- #h4eg to #ca4 ,ob]kampf -- #aj ,b]zelius -- #ab 7#d suboxide7 ,my results -- #ab4e ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h _h an opportunity ( repeat+ ! exp]im5ts on ! oxide ( gold by an improv$ nitr\s gas app>atus1 calculat$ almo/ entirely to exclude atmosph]ic air2 ,i f9d less nitr\s gas produc$ dur+ ! solution ?an /at$ above1 sometimes by 1 & t x is v>iable accord+ to ! excess ( nitric acid2 also t ! solution requires a portion ( oxymuriatic acid z an equival5t = ! nitr\s gas reta9$4 ,i pref]1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( oxidiz+ ! gre5 sulphate ( iron2 by putt+ a small excess ( ! gre5 sulphate & precipitat+1 fir/ ! r$ oxide & !n ! gre51 ,i obta9$ v di/9ct results4 ,on ! :ole ,i am incl9$ to ?9k my results prec$+ ^! h r ov]rat$ ! oxyg51 & t x w\ld z ne>ly be /at$ at #aa on ! hundr$4 ,?is w\ld be ne>ly a mean ( ^? 9 ! above table1 & w\ld require ! atom ( gold to be #fc1 & t ( ! oxide #gj4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes ( #ef & #fc x is mo/ probable ! true weight ( ! atom ( gold w be f\nd4 ,x may be prop] to add t ,i h f\nd #ajj gra9 measures ( muriatic acid 7#a4af71 & #be ( nitric 7#a4ce71 are suffici5t to dissolve #dj gra9s ( /&>d gold2 & ,i h reason to ?9k ! acids are 9 due proportion ne>ly1 ?\gh diff]5t f :at is usually recomm5d$ & employ$4 #b4 ,oxide ( ,plat9a4 ,plat9a exhibits great] difficulties ?an gold 9 ! inve/igation ( its comp\nds ) oxyg54 ,x is n oxidiz$ by heat2 b by ! explosion ( an electric batt]y x is conv]t$ into a black p[d]1 :i* is mo/ probably ! metal 9 extreme division1 ?\gh x has be5 consid]$ by "s z ! protoxide4 ,plat9a is capable ( be+ oxidiz$ & dissolv$ by nitro-muriatic acid1 b less easily ?an gold2 x requires m acid1 z high or high] temp]ature & long cont9u$ dige/ion2 nitr\s gas is giv5 out1 dur+ ! solution1 b sp>+ly4 ,:5 lime or an alkali is add$ to ! solution ) a view to precipitate ! oxide1 a triple comp\nd is usually =m$ ( ! acid1 ! oxide & ! alkali1 :i* is 9 mo/ in/ances precipitat$4 ,?is weighty comp\nd r5d]s ! valuation ( ! oxyg5 9 x v unc]ta94 ,*5evix has made "s obs]vations on ! oxides ( plat9a1 7see ,ni*ols4 ,j\rn4 #g4 p4 #agh47 ,he f9ds two oxides3 ! "o consi/s ( #ic plat9a & #g oxyg52 ! o!r ( #hg plat9a & #ac oxyg52 b ! exp]im5ts on :i* ^! results re/ are n q satisfactory4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy 9 ! #dj? vol4 ( ! ,philos4 ,magaz9e1 /ates 8 hav+ r$uc$ ! oxide ( plat9a 9 solution by means ( hydrog52 & t he f9ds ! oxide to consi/ ( #hd plat9a & #af oxyg5 ne>ly4 ,i c\ld n succe$ at all 9 effect+ ! r$uction ( ! metal 9 ?is way4 ,b]zelius has lately giv5 u ! results ( 8 inve/igation on ?is subject4 7,an4 de ,*imie #hg--abf47 ,accord+ to ?is di/+ui%$ *emi/ !re are two oxides ( plat9a2 ! fir/ consi/s ( #ajj metal & #h oxyg51 & ! second ( #ajj metal & #af oxyg51 ne>ly4 ,9 ord] to und]/& 8 process x may be prop] to premise t :5 nitro-muriatic acid has dissolv$ z mu* plat9a z x c1 !re is /ill a great excess ( "o or bo? ( ! acids1 :i* is unnecess>y = ! exi/5ce ( ! solution1 & :i* may1 & 9 g5]al ought to be expell$ by evaporation2 by expos+ ! solution to a heat ( #ajj or #aej ! excess ( bo? acids is 9 great "p driv5 (f & a dry r$ mass is obta9$1 )\t smell1 b v deliquesc5t4 ,x is equal to or r m ?an twice ! weight ( ! plat9a4 ,x consi/s ( wat]1 muriatic & nitric acids1 oxyg5 & plat9a2 x is /ill an acid salt4 ,by expos+ ! dry mass aga9 to a heat ( #djj or #ejj1 x liquifies1 exhales acid fumes hav+ ! od\r ( oxymuriatic acid1 & becomes aga9 a dry mass ( an olive col\r1 exhal+ fumes z ! heat increases1 & loses ab\t ( its weight4 ,x is /ill soluble 9 wat]1 except a few atoms ( black p[d]1 cont9ues acid to ! te/s1 & may be consid]$ z a sup]muriate ( plat9a4 ,if ?is olive p[d] be aga9 heat$ almo/ to r$1 x exhales a visible smoke 9 ! op5 air1 :i* has ! smell ( oxymuriatic acid1 & becomes a light br[n p[d]1 hav+ lo/ a little weight4 ,x is !n nei!r deliquesc5t nor soluble 9 wat] except 9 a small degree s z to give ! yell[ col\r4 ,9 ?is /ate x has be5 consid]$ z a neutral muriate4 ,by a mod]ately bright r$ heat ?is p[d] is decompos$ & leaves a black spongy mass :i* is f\nd to be pure plat9a4 ,! insoluble muriate ( plat9a accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy1 conta9s #gb4e p] c5t4 ( plat9a1 & ,b]zelius f9ds #gc4c2 ! loss is consid]$ z oxymuriatic acid2 h5ce f ! kn[n proportions ( ?is acid ,b]zelius inf]s ! con/itu5ts ( #ajj muriate #gc4c plat9a1 #f4jge oxyg5 & #bj4fbe muriatic acid2 or #ajj plat9a take #h4c oxyg54 ,! ne> agreem5t ( ! above au?ors is fav\rable to ! accuracy ( _! results2 b ,i h f\nd "s difficulty 9 obta9+ ! insoluble muriate free f ! soluble "o1 & at ! same "t f r$uc$ plat9a because ! precise degree ( heat requisite to produce x is nei!r well kn[n nor easily atta9$2 & x is desirable t a c]ta9 weight ( plat9a %\ld be dissolv$ & ! same weight reproduc$ z a confirmation ( accuracy4 ,f a tra9 ( exp]im5ts on ! soluble & insoluble muriates ( plat9a1 ! salts be+ obta9$ f ! purifi$ lam9at$ metal1 ,i am dispos$ to consid] ! above results z good approximations to ! tru?4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! o!r oxide1 ,b]zelius dige/s m]cury 9 a solution ( ! sup]muriate ( plat9a2 a black p[d] is ?r[n d[n1 :i* is f\nd to be plat9a1 & m]cury is tak5 up1 be+ oxidiz$ at ! exp5ce ( ! plat9a4 ,x 0 f\nd t #af4g gra9s ( m]cury _h precipitat$ #h4e ( plat9a2 & ! m]cury be+ calculat$ z 9 ! /ate ( deutoxide1 conta9$1 f ! kn[n proportions ( ?is metal1 #a4d oxyg52 h5ce #h4e plat9a mu/ h yield$ #a4d oxyg52 & if #h4e #a4d #ajj #af4d2 s t #ajj plat9a mu/ h _h #af4d oxyg5 9 ! sup]muriate1 or twice ! quantity x _h 9 ! insoluble muriate4 ,?is conclusion appe>s to me premature2 ! m]curial oxide %\ld at lea/ h be5 precipitat$ & a correspond+ quantity h be5 f\nd & prov$ to be ! r$ oxide4 ,ev5 _h ?is be5 ! case1 x is n easy to det]m9e :at quantity ( x might be due to ! residue ( nitro-muriatic acid4 ,b ,i h n f\nd t ! common yell[ or r$ oxide ( m]cury is precipitat$ by lime wat] 9 su* case2 ! precipitate is br[n1 & evid5tly conta9s bo? m]cury & plat9a4 ,pr\/ _h f\nd 9 8 excell5t essay on plat9a 7,j\rn4 de ,physique #eb--dcg1 #ahja7 t m]cury decomposes muriate ( plat9a1 t an amalgam ( plat9a ) a little calomel1 & mu* m]cury 9 p[d]1 7 precipitat$2 expos$ to heat1 a f9e black p[d] 0 left :i* _h ! *>act]s ( plat9a4 ,into a solution ( pure plat9a t _h be5 evaporat$ to dryness 9 #aej & r$issolv$1 ,i put #i grs4 ( m]cury1 & boil$ x = #aj m9utes 9 a glass capsule1 till !re 0 app>5tly no fur!r *ange2 ! liquor filt]$ 0 z yell[ z at fir/2 ! mixture ( black p[d] & runn+ m]cury rema9+ on ! filt]1 :5 dri$1 weigh$ #f gra9s2 ?is heat$ to a l[ r$ 9 an iron spoon1 left #a gra9 ( f9e black p[d]2 ! liquid saturat$ ) lime wat]1 yield$ #b gra9s dry black p[d] insoluble 9 cold nitric acid2 aft] ?is1 protomuriate ( t9 ?rew d[n #e gra9s ( ! comp\nd oxides ( plat9a & t94 ,! solution at fir/ conta9$ #c4c gra9s ( plat9a4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t #b p>ts ( calomel 7 put to #a ( plat9a 9 solution2 :5 heat$ to boil+1 ! calomel 0 dissolv$ & a little black p[d] 0 precipitat$1 :i* did n am\nt to half ! weight ( ! plat9a4 ,lime wat] ?rew d[n f ! liquid1 a yell[i% olive or br[n precipitate1 p>tially soluble 9 cold nitro-muriatic acid2 & aft] ?is1 muriate ( t9 yield$ a br[n precipitate4 ,^! exp]im5ts %ew t ! action betwe5 muriate ( plat9a & m]cury or ! m]curial salts1 is ( a complicat$ nature1 & is n limit$ to ! decomposition ( ! oxide ( plat9a & ! sub/itution ( ! deutoxide ( m]cury 9 its place4 ,! difficulties abovem5tion$ h l$ me to inve/igate ! oxyg5 comb9+ ) plat9a by means ( ! nitr\s gas yield$ ^u its solution 9 nitro-muriatic acid4 ,by ?ree di/9ct exp]im5ts ,i f\nd t #aj gra9s ( pure plat9a by solution yield$ ne>ly #gej gra9 measures ( nitr\s gas1 :i* may be consid]$ z #a gra9 9 weight2 ( :i* 4#hge = oxyg52 ?is w\ld give #h4ge oxyg5 p] c5t4 ,b f a subsequ5t exp]im5t made "u circum/ances calculat$ to preclude z mu* z possible e s\rce ( fallacy1 ,i obta9$ #gij measures ( nitr\s gas f #aj gra9s ( plat9a2 & ! solution aft]w>ds took #fj measures ( oxymuriatic acid gas be=e a p]man5t smell ( ! gas 0 produc$4 ,^! #gij measures #a4je gra91 ( :i* 4#ib1 to :i* add 4#jd = ! oxyg5 acquir$ f ! oxymuriatic acid1 & we h 4#if oxyg5 = #aj plat9a2 or #ajj plat9a take #i4f oxyg54 ,b if #i4f #ajj #g #gc1 = ! weight ( an atom ( plat9a1 & #hj = t ( ! protoxide1 z ,i appreh5d x to be1 & ! only oxide ( plat9a we c at pres5t =m4 7,! atom ( plat9a 9 ,vol4 #a1 page #bdh1 0 e/imat$ at #ajj47 #c4 ,oxide ( ,silv]4 ,:5 silv] wire is explod$ by electricity 9 oxyg5 gas1 a black p[d] is produc$1 :i* is ! oxide ( silv]4 ,if silv] be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid & precipitat$ by lime wat]1 an olive br[n p[d] falls :i* becomes black :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,?is black p[d] is ! only oxide ( silv] ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! proportion ( silv] & oxyg5 has be5 inve/igat$ by v>i\s *emi/s2 ! results are z "u4 silv] oxyg5 ,w5zel #ajj #h4e ,pr\/ #i4e ,bu*olz & ,rose #i4eb ,gay ,lussac #g4fc ,b]zelius #g4ibe ,footnote #b3 #g4i :5 duly correct$4 ,annal4 de ,*imie1 #gh--aad4 ,footnote #c3 ,memoirs d',arcueil #b--afh4 ,f ! solution ( #agj gra9s ( /&>d silv] ,i obta9$ ne>ly #cj oz4 measures ( nitr\s gas #ah gra9s1 correspond+ to #af oxyg54 ,?is w\ld give #i4d oxyg5 ^u #ajj silv]4 ,b z ( ! metal or #ag gra9s 0 copp]1 & ?is takes ( its weight ( oxyg51 we %all h #aei silv] & #aa oxyg51 or #ajj silv] & #g4g oxyg5 ne>ly4 ,if we adopt #g4h z ! prop] quantity ( oxyg5 on #ajj silv]1 we %all h #g4h #ajj #g #ij ne>ly1 :i* repres5ts ! weight ( an atom ( silv]1 & #ig t ( ! oxide4 #d4 ,oxides ( ,m]cury4 ,two oxides ( m]cury h be5 long kn[n & are well di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,!y may be obta9$ by expos+ m]cury to a heat n exce$+ #fjj1 9 contact ) oxyg5 gas or atmosph]ic air1 & due agitation2 b ?is me?od is r>ely adopt$ 9 practice4 ,a high degree ( heat decomposes ! oxides aga94 ,protoxide4 ,to obta9 ! protoxide1 m]cury mu/ be sl[ly dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid )\t heat1 & an excess ( m]cury mu/ be us$4 ,if to #ajjj gra9 measures ( nitric acid1 #a4b sp4 gr4 be put #ejj gra9s ( m]cury1 by occasional agitation ! requisite solution w be obta9$ 9 #bd h\rs4 ,a portion ( ?is solution mu/ be treat$ ) a small excess ( lime wat] or cau/ic alkali1 :5 a black p[d] w be ?r[n d[n1 :i* is ! oxide conta9+ a m9imum ( oxyg51 & h5ce may be consid]$ ! protoxide4 ,deutoxide4 ,if to #ajjj measures ( nitric acid1 #a4b sp4 gr4 be put #cej gra9s ( m]cury1 & ! mixture be boil$ till ! m]cury disappe>1 a solution w be obta9$ conta9+ ! deutoxide4 ,a portion ( ?is be+ treat$ z be=em5tion$ ) lime wat]1 a yell[i% r$ p[d] is precipitat$1 :i* is ! oxide ( m]cury conta9+ a maximum ( oxyg52 all ! lat] au?ors agree t x conta9s j d\ble ! quantity ( oxyg5 to a giv5 portion ( m]cury t ! =m] does1 & may !re=e be call$ ! deutoxide4 ,^! two oxides comb9e ) mo/ acids & =m salts1 "s ( :i* exhibit rem>kable diff]5ces occasion$ by ! oxides2 ?us1 muriatic acid ) ! protoxide =ms protomuriate ( m]cury1 commonly call$ calomel1 an insoluble salt2 ) ! deutoxide x =ms deutomuriate ( m]cury1 commonly call$ corrosive sublimate1 a soluble salt4 ,! proportions ( metal & oxyg5 9 ! two oxides may be f\nd by precipitat+ a kn[n weight ( m]cury r$uc$ by solution to ei!r ( ! oxides1 !n dry+ & weigh+ ! oxides1 :5 ! increase ( weight by ! addition ( oxyg5 may be obs]v$4 ,?is me?od is less accurate ) reg>d to m]cury ?an to o!r metals1 on acc\nt ( ! v great weight ( ! atom1 by :i* a small error 9 ! gross weight ( ! oxide w be a great "o z x respects ! oxyg54 ,?is circum/ance w p>tly acc\nt = ! diff]5ces ( au?ors on ?is subject4 ,"o fact has be5 = "s "t kn[n :i* demon/rates ! oxyg5 9 ! r$ oxide to be d\ble t 9 ! black4 ,corrosive sublimate may be r$uc$ to calomel by add+ to x z mu* m]cury z ! sublimate conta9s1 & triturat+ ! mixture well1 ! oxyg5 ( ! r$ oxide 7z well z ! acid7 becomes equally divid$ among/ ! m]cury & =ms ! black oxide1 :i* is a con/itu5t ( calomel4 ,h5ce x foll[s t if ! oxyg5 9 "o oxide c be asc]ta9$1 t ( ! o!r becomes kn[n4 ,or if we c f9d h[ mu* oxyg5 mu/ be add$ to ! black oxide to *ange x to ! r$1 we %all "k ! oxyg5 9 bo?4 ,con=mably ) ?is la/ idea ,i h f\nd a v accurate & elegant me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! oxyg5 requir$ to conv]t ! black to ! r$ oxide by treat+ protomuriate ( m]cury1 mix$ ) wat] & a little muriatic acid1 ) oxymuriate ( lime 9 solution2 ?is mu/ be gradually add$ till ! protomuriate is dissolv$1 or r conv]t$ to ! deutomuriate4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 a giv5 solution ( oxymuriate ( lime is mo/ conv5i5tly f\nd by a solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 z w be %ewn "u ! oxides ( t metal4 ,! oxides ( m]cury may be inve/igat$ by ! nitr\s gas produc$ dur+ solution4 ,:5 m]cury is dissolv$ )\t heat1 z m5tion$ above1 no nitr\s gas is lib]at$4 ,! solution has a /rong nitr\s smell & requires a great quantity ( oxymuriate ( lime to saturate bo? ! oxide & ! acid4 ,:5 heat is employ$ to accel]ate ! solution1 nitr\s gas is lib]at$4 ,i dissolv$ #aed gra9s ( m]cury 9 nitric acid1 #a4b sp4 gr41 by ! application ( a g5tle heat f a lamp4 ,ab\t excess ( acid rema9$ 9 ! solution2 ! nitr\s gas obta9$ 0 #ab oz4 measures #g4e gra9s1 correspond+ to #f4e oxyg51 :i* gives ne>ly #d oxyg5 or #ajj m]cury4 ,?is w\ld h l$ me to suppose ,i _h obta9$ ! black oxide 9 solution2 x 0 h[ev] entirely ! r$1 z x gave no precipitate by common salt1 & exhibit$ ! r$ oxide by lime wat]2 b x requir$ z mu* oxymuriate ( lime z conta9$ #f4e oxyg5 to saturate ! nitr\s gas 9 ! solution be=e any oxymuriatic acid 0 lib]at$4 ,x 0 cle> !re=e t only ( ! nitr\s gas 0 evolv$1 & ! o!r 0 reta9$ 9 ! solution1 ?\gh x _h be5 expos$ to boil+ heat4 ,! foll[+ are ! proportions assign$ by ! sev]al au?ors = ! oxides ( m]cury4 ,m]cury4 ,oxyg54 ------------------ black4 r$4 ,b]gman#d #ajj #d -- ,lavoisi]#e -- -- #g4ge to #h ,*5evix#f -- #ab #ah4e ,taboada#g -- #e4b #aa ,f\rcroy ,!n>d#h -- #d4af #h4ba ,sef/rom#i -- #c4ii #g4ii ,my results give -- #d4b #h4d ,footnote #d3 ,kirwan's ,m9]alogy4 ,footnote #e3 ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #f3 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahjb4 ,footnote #g3 ,j\r4 de ,physique4 #ahje4 ,footnote #h3 ,mem4 d',arcueil1 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #afh4 #ahji4 ,footnote #i3 ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #dh4 ,?\gh ! relative weights ( oxyg5 & m]cury may be inve/igat$ z above1 yet x is f ! weight ( m]cury & ! acids 9 ! salts ( m]cury1 "s ( :i* are ( a v def9ite "*1 su* z ! muriate & ! deutomuriate1 t ! relative weight ( ! atom ( m]cury is be/ inve/igat$4 ,f ^! ,i fir/ d$uc$ ! weight ( an atom ( m]cury to be #afg ab\t #aj ye>s ago1 & subsequ5t exp]i5ce has n induc$ me to *ange ! numb]1 ?\gh x probably may admit ( "s correction4 ,if ! atom ( m]cury be d5ot$ by #afg1 t ( ! protoxide w be #agd1 & t ( ! deutoxide #aha2 :i* makes #ajj m]cury take #d4b & #h4d oxyg5 = ! oxides respectively1 z 9 ! above table4 #e4 ,oxide ( ,palladium4 ,! discov]] ( ?is metal1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 has giv5 u its di/+ui%+ *emical prop]ties2 b we are indebt$ to ,b]zelius & ,vauquel9 = ! proportions ( oxyg5 & sulphur :i* comb9e ) ! metal 7,vid4 ,annal4 de ,*imie1 #gg & #gh47 ,few *emi/s h _h an opportunity ( mak+ exp]im5ts on ?is metal1 ow+ to its great sc>city & ! consequ5t high price ( x 7#a %ill+ p] gra974 ,x does n seem desireable t any b ^? skill$ 9 ! m delicate *emical manipulations %\ld op]ate ^u articles su* z ! pres5t4 ,b]zelius treat$ ! muriate ( palladium ) m]cury1 :i* ab/ract$ ! oxyg5 & left an amalgam ( palladium & m]cury2 f ! quantity ( m]cury dissolv$ he calculates t #ajj palladium comb9e ) #ad4b oxyg54 ,?is conclusion 0 corroborat$ by ! circum/ance t #ajj palladium 7 f\nd to take #bh ( sulphur1 or d\ble ! quantity ( oxyg51 :i* frequ5tly happ5s ) ! metals4 ,vauquel9 precipitates ! oxide ( palladium f ! muriate by pota%2 x appe>s ( a r$ br[n col\r1 & is probably a hydrate2 :5 wa%$ & dri$ 9 a mod]ate heat1 x becomes black1 x loses #bj p] c5t4 by a r$ heat & becomes metallic4 ,?is w\ld give #be oxyg5 on #ajj metal2 b z he f9ds ! sulphuret to be #ajj metal ) #bd or #cj sulphur1 ne>ly agree+ ) ,b]zelius1 x is v probable t a mod]ate heat does n free ! oxide f wat]1 & t consequ5tly a "p ( ! #bj p] c5t4 loss is wat]4 ,i dissolv$ #c gra9s ( palladium 9 a small excess ( nitro-muriatic acid & obta9$ #bdj gra9 measures ( nitr\s gas2 ! same quantity 0 obta9$ a second "t1 & to ! solution 7slightly acid7 7 add$ by degrees #bjj measures ( oxymuriatic acid gas2 aft] agitation no smell 0 p]ceiv$1 b by increas+ ! quantity ( gas a p]man5t smell ( oxymuriatic acid 0 produc$1 & :5 #bjj m _h be5 add$ ! smell 0 s5sible = "s days 9 an op5 j>1 a presumption t no high] oxide is to be obta9$4 ,n[ #bdj nitr\s gas 4#cb ( a gra91 correspond+ to 4#bh ( oxyg51 & #bjj oxymuriatic acid 4#fd ( a gra91 correspond+ to 4#ae oxyg52 ! sum ( ! two portions ( oxyg5 4#dc1 :i* mu/ h comb9$ ) #c gra9s ( palladium2 if 4#dc #d #g #ej ne>ly4 ,or #ajj metal comb9e ) #ad oxyg51 z det]m9$ by ,b]zelius4 ,i f9d ! sulphuret to accord ) ?is det]m9ation2 & by c>efully saturat+ ! excess ( acid 9 ! nitro-muriate ( palladium & !n f9d+ ! quantity ( lime wat] necess>y to precipitate a c]ta9 weight ( palladium1 z well z ! quantity ( te/ muriatic acid necess>y to dissolve ! precipitat$ oxide1 ,i am confirm$ 9 ! op9ion t ! atom ( palladium mu/ weigh #ej ne>ly1 & its oxide #eg1 :i* !re is e reason to believe is ! protoxide4 #f1 #g1 & #h4 ,oxides ( ,rhodium1 ,iridium1 & ,osmium4 ,no?+ c]ta9 has yet be5 det]m9$ respect+ ! oxyg5ation ( ^! v r>e metals4 #i4 ,oxides ( ,copp]4 ,!re are two oxides ( copp] accord+ to ! results ( ,pr\/1 ,*5evix1 ,b]zelius & o!rs1 ! proportions ( :i* are giv5 ne>ly ! same by all1 & s z to leave no reasonable d\bt conc]n+ _! accuracy4 #a4 ,protoxide4 ,?is oxide is orange1 & conta9s #ab oxyg5 on #ajj copp]3 x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a portion ( copp] f ! solution ( any cupre\s salt1 by means ( iron1 !n mix+ ?is copp] ) a r great] portion ( ! deutoxide & triturat+ !m well4 ,?is be+ done1 ! mixture is to be dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid1 & ! orange oxide may !n be precipitat$ by an alkali4 #b4 ,deutoxide4 ,?is oxide is black2 x conta9s #be oxyg5 on #ajj copp]3 ! black oxide is obta9$ by dissolv+ copp] 9 nitric or sulphuric acid1 !n precipitat+ by lime wat] or an alkali1 & heat+ ! dri$ precipitate r$ hot4 ,x may also be obta9$ by expos+ copp] to a r$ heat = "s "t 9 common air or oxyg5 gas1 remov+ ! scales & expos+ !m 9 l mann]1 till at l5g? ! black oxide is =m$4 ,by dissolv+ #aab gra9s ( copp] turn+s 9 #ajjj gra9 measures ( #a4af nitric acid1 ,i obta9$ #dh oz4 measures ( nitr\s gas1 #cj gra9s2 by oxymuriate ( lime ,i f\nd #b gra9s ( nitr\s gas 9 ! solution1 mak+ 9 all #cb gra9s #bh gra9s ( oxyg54 ,if #bh #aab #ad #ef1 = ! weight ( an atom ( copp]2 h5ce ! protoxide #fc & ! deutoxide #gj4 ,^! weights ,i adopt$ 9 #ahjf1 & h n se5 any reason to modify !m s9ce4 #aj4 ,oxides ( ,iron4 ,two well kn[n & well di/+ui%$ oxides ( iron are n[ univ]sally admitt$2 ! "o conta9s #bh oxyg5 on #ajj iron1 ! o!r #db on #ajj4 #a4 ,protoxide4 ,?is is always =m$ :5 iron is dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid2 x may be precipitat$ f ^! solutions by ! pure alkalies or e>?s2 x appe>s at fir/ ( a d>k gre51 be+ !n a hydrate or comb9$ ) wat]2 on a filtre x soon becomes yell[ at ! surface by attract+ oxyg52 :5 dri$ 9 a heat ( #bjj or upw>ds x becomes black4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 x is be/ asc]ta9$ f ! hydrog5 g5]at$ dur+ ! solution ( ! iron4 ,all ! au?orities ,i h f\nd ne>ly concur 9 _! results z "u4 #ajj gra9s ( iron dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric or muriatic acids yield hydrog51 accord+ to ,cav5di% 7#agff7 #aee cubic in*es4 ,prie/ley1 f #adg to #afb ,lavoisi] #afc ,v&]monde1 ,b]?ollet1 max4 #agf & ,monge ,vauquel9 #afj to #agi ,dr4 ,?omson #afc ,my own ,exp]im5ts give #afj ---- ,mean #afd #hb oxyg5 #bg4i gra9s4 ,by precipitat+ ! oxide1 & dry+ x1 ne>ly ! same result may be obta9$1 z #ajj iron w yield #abh oxide4 ,?is oxide is magnetic4 #b4 ,int]m$iate or r$ oxide4 ,?is oxide may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fir/ by calc9+ ! sulphate or nitrate ( iron4 ,second by precipitation f old solutions ( ! salts ( iron2 ! precipitate is yell[ at fir/1 be+ p]haps a hydrate2 b :5 dri$ & heat$ x becomes br[n-r$4 ,?ird1 by calc9+ iron or repeat$ly expos+ iron fil+s to a r$ heat1 & trituration4 ,f\r?1 by treat+ a solution ( ! sulphate or o!r salt ( ! protoxide ) oxymuriatic acid1 or oxymuriate ( lime till oxymuriatic acid is evolv$2 !n precipitat+ ! oxide :i* is ?us conv]t$ into ! r$4 ,fif?1 by agitat+ wat] conta9+ ! gre5 oxide rec5tly precipitat$1 ) oxyg5 gas4 ,! r$ oxide is n s5sibly magnetic4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! r$ oxide may be inve/igat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & x is g5]ally all[$ t !y all concur 9 giv+ #db on #ajj iron4 ,! "o :i* ,i h us$ peculi>ly1 & pref] bo? = ease & accuracy1 is to f9d ! quantity ( oxymuriatic acid gas necess>y to saturate a giv5 portion ( ! gre5 sulphate4 ,i take = in/ance #ajj measures ( #a4adi gre5 sulphate1 :i* ,i "k to conta9 #h gra9s ( black oxide2 ?is ,i f9d absorbs ne>ly #ac hundr$ measures ( oxymuriatic acid gas be=e ! acid smell is develop$2 ! oxyg5 correspond+ to ?is quantity ( acid is kn[n to be ne> #ffj measures1 4#hh gra94 7,see ,,vol4 #a1 p4 #cjh47 ,h5ce1 if #h 4#hh #abh #ad2 or #abh black oxide acquire #ad or become #adb :5 conv]t$ into ! r$ oxide4 ,?is fact be+ e/abli%$1 ,i f9d x v conv5i5t to make use ( ! oxymuriate ( lime in/ead ( ! acid gas1 adopt+ ! solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron z a te/ ( ! quantity ( oxymuriatic acid 9 a giv5 volume ( any solution ( oxymuriate ( lime4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! r$ oxide ( iron may be inf]r$1 b n s satisfactorily1 f ! nitr\s gas obta9$ dur+ ! solution ( iron 9 nitric acid4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! mo/ gas f a giv5 quantity ( ! mat]ials1 !y %\ld be s proportion$ z to produce saturation ne>ly4 ,if an excess ( acid be us$1 x absorbs ! nitr\s gas 9 "p2 & if an excess ( iron1 x is n all dissolv$4 ,i took #ej gra9s ( iron fil+s & #fjj measures ( #a4ae nitric acid2 ^! 7 put toge!r 9 a gas bottle & by ! assi/ance ( a little heat a quantity ( nitr\s gas 0 obta9$ equal to #ab gra9s 9 weight1 all[+ ! sp4 gr4 ( ! gas to be #a4jd 7air be+ #a72 all ! iron 0 dissolv$ except a few atoms1 & ! solution 0 slightly acid2 ! :ole ( ! oxide 0 r$ :5 precipitat$ by lime wat]4 ,n[ #ej gra9s ( iron take #ba ( oxyg5 to =m ! r$ oxide1 & ^! correspond to #bd ( nitr\s gas1 :i* is j twice ! quantity obta9$2 "o half ( ! gas g5]at$ !n rema9s 9 comb9ation ) ! iron1 ev5 :5 ! con/itu5ts ( ! salt are proportion$ s z to produce mutual saturation4 ,i 0 9 expectation t ! quantity ( nitr\s gas reta9$ might be conv]t$ into nitric acid by oxymuriate ( lime1 & h5ce might be det]m9$2 b 9 ?is ,i 0 disappo9t$4 ,:5 oxymuriate ( lime is add$ to ! liquid1 a pung5t gas is lib]at$1 ! nature ( :i* ,i h n det]m9$4 ,?9k+ x might 9 "p be ow+ to ! iron1 ,i transf]r$ ! acid to soda1 by decompos+ ! nitrate ( iron by ! c>bonate ( soda2 ?is nitrate ( soda h[ev]1 :5 treat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime1 exhibit$ ! same ph5om5on z ! nitrate ( iron4 ,:5 an acid is add$ ! oxymuriatic acid itself is giv5 out4 ,^! results w require fur!r consid]ation4 ,at pres5t ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! pung5t gas is "o atom ( nitr\s & "o ( oxyg5 or :at ,i =m]ly consid]$ z nitric acid4 7,see ,,vol4 #a1 plate #d1 fig4 #bg47 ,"s au?ors h f\nd z !y conceive1 o!r oxides ( iron1 conta9+ less or m ( oxyg5 ?an ! above2 ?us ,d>so f9ds by calc9ation f #ae to #ef oxyg5 on #ajj1 7,ni*olson's ,j\rn4 ,,vol4 #ag72 b !re is great reason to believe t unc]ta9ties mu/ exi/ 9 8 mode ( exp]im5t+ suffici5t to acc\nt = ! anomalies obs]v$4 ,?is au?or has sugge/$ "s d\bt :e!r ! oxyg5\s gas naturally conta9$ 9 wat] has any effect on ! salts ) gre5 oxide ( iron4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t po9t by repeat$ exp]im5ts1 & c ass]t t ! oxyg5 9 wat] imm$iately unites to ! gre5 oxide ( iron to conv]t x into r$1 & t ! gre5 sulphate may be us$ z an accurate te/ ( ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 wat]4 ,:5 pure gre5 sulphate ( iron is dropp$ into wat] & !n ! oxide precipitat$ by a gradual addition ( lime wat]1 x falls d[n yell[ 9 proportion to ! oxyg5 9 ! wat]1 :i* may be increas$ #c or #d times by artificial impregnation4 ,if ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] be previ\sly saturat$ ) nitr\s gas1 !n ! oxide is :olly precipitat$ gre54 ,gay ,lussac1 9 ! #hj? ,,vol4 ( ! ,annal4 de ,*imie1 ass]ts t an oxide ( iron conta9+ #cg4h oxyg5 ^u #ajj iron is always obta9$ :5 iron is burn$ 9 oxyg5\s gas1 & /ill m effectually :5 iron is oxydiz$ by wat] or /eam4 ,if ?is oxide exi/ 9 ! proportions /at$1 x mu/ be a comp\nd ( #a atom ( ! protoxide & #b ( ! r$ oxide1 :i* w\ld give #cg4c oxyg5 on #ajj ( iron4 ,f ! above facts & obs]vations x is evid5t ! atom ( iron mu/ be consid]$ z weigh+ #be1 7& n #ej z already giv51 ,,vol4 #a1 page #beh72 ! protoxide is #cb1 & ! int]m$iate or r$ oxide is #b atoms protoxide & #a ( oxyg5 #ga4 #aa4 ,oxides ( ,nickel4 #a4 ,protoxide4 ,x appe>s to be asc]ta9$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr\/ 7,j\rn4 de ,physiq4 #fc--ddb71 ,ri*t] 7,ni*ols4 ,j\r4 #ab471 ,tupputi 7,an4 de ,*imie #gh471 & ,rolh(f 7,an4 ( ,philos4 #c--cce471 t ! protoxide ( nickel consi/s ( #ajj metal & f #be to #bh oxyg54 ,my exp]im5ts on ! solution ( nickel 9 nitric acid give me #ad gra9s nitr\s gas1 correspond+ to #ab oxyg51 9 ! solution ( #dd gra9s ( nickel2 ?is gives #ajj nickel to #bg oxyg51 :i* ,i adopt z agree+ ) ! mean ( ! be=em5tion$ results4 ,?is oxide may be obta9$ by precipitation f a solution ( nitrate ( nickel2 x is at fir/ :ite1 be+ !n a hydrate2 :5 dri$ 9 a mod]ate temp]ature x becomes yell[i%2 aft] ?is1 be+ heat$ to a *]ry r$1 x loses f #bj to #bd p] c5t4 ( wat] & becomes ( an a% grey col\r3 ?is is ! only oxide ( nickel soluble 9 acids1 & mu/ !re=e be deem$ ! protoxide3 h5ce we h #bg #ajj #g #bf1 ne>ly1 = ! weight ( an atom ( nickel2 & n #be or #ej1 z e/imat$ at page #beh4 ,,vol4 #a4 ,int]m$iate oxide4 ,!n>d discov]$ a second oxide ( nickel by pass+ oxymuriatic acid ?r\gh a solution ( nickel & !n precipitat+2 x is a black p[d]2 :5 treat$ ) sulphuric or nitric acid x gives out gas1 be+ ! excess ( oxyg5 above ! protoxide2 b ) muriatic acid x gives oxymuriatic acid gas4 ,rolh(f 0 induc$ to believe1 b ,i d n "k ^u :at evid5ce1 t ?is oxide conta9$ #a or #a times ! oxyg5 ( ! protoxide4 ,by means ( oxymuriate ( lime ,i f9d ! protoxide rec5tly precipitat$1 takes half z mu* oxyg5 z x _h previ\sly1 to =m ! black oxide2 & t x _c be =m$1 l ! r$ oxide ( iron1 by agitation ) wat] mix$ ) common air4 ,! :ite oxide treat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime becomes almo/ in/antly blue1 gr[+ d>k] till x gradually passes into br[n1 & f9ally black 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,x conta9s #dj oxyg5 on #ajj nickel1 & is mo/ probably con/itut$ ( #a atom ( oxyg5 hold+ #b ( protoxide toge!r1 m especially z x is n f\nd 9 comb9ation ) acids4 ,! me?od ,i pref] to procure ! black oxide is to precipitate a kn[n weight ( oxide by lime wat]2 !n p\r+ (f ! cle> liquid1 ,i put z mu* liquid oxymuriate ( lime to ! moi/ hydrate z conta9s ( ! weight ( ! oxide ( oxyg51 & /ir frequ5tly = half an h\r2 ! po9t ( saturation is f\nd :5 m oxide put to ! cle> liquid is n discol\r$ on "o h&1 & :5 m oxymuriate ( lime does n affect ! col\r1 b rema9s 9 ! cle> liquid on ! o!r h&4 #ab4 ,oxides ( ,t94 ,!re are two oxides ( t91 :i* h be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by sev]al *emi/s1 & appe> to be asc]ta9$ ) great precision4 ,! protoxide is grey1 & conta9s #ac oxyg5 on #ajj t92 ! deutoxide is :ite1 & conta9s #bg oxyg5 on #ajj t94 #a4 ,protoxide4 ,!re are two me?ods ( obta9+ ! con/itution ( ?is oxide4 ,! fir/ is by dissolv+ a c]ta9 weight ( t9 fil+s 9 muriatic acid1 precipitat+ by lime wat] or c>bonat$ alkalies & dry+ ! oxide 9 a mod]ate heat2 ?is is liable to "s unc]ta9ty2 ! precipitate be+ a hydrate1 requires to be expos$ to heat to expel ! wat]2 b if ! heat approa*es to r$1 ! oxide takes fire & is conv]t$ into ! deutoxide4 ,! second me?od is to dissolve t9 9 muriatic acid & c>efully collect ! hydrog5 gas evolv$2 ?is 0 fir/ done by ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 ) 8 usual accuracy1 & publi%$ 9 #agff2 he f\nd #a oz4 ( t9 yield #bjb oz4 measures ( hydrog5 gas4 ,i h frequ5tly tri$ ?is exp]im5t & always f\nd a proportional quantity1 or v ne>ly #bjj measures = ea* gra9 ( t94 ,?is mode ( inve/igation appe>s to me unexceptionable4 ,n[ #bjj hydrog5 unite to #ajj oxyg51 & #ajj gra9 measures ( oxyg5 4#acd gra9 9 weight2 h5ce if 4#acd oxy4 #a t9 #g oxy4 #eb ne>ly = ! weight ( an atom ( t91 on ! presumption ?is is ! protoxide4 #b4 ,deutoxide4 ,?is may be obta9$ by heat+ t9 till x takes fire1 & ! produce ( ! combu/ion is ! oxide requir$2 b to asc]ta9 ! proportions ( t9 & oxyg5 two o!r me?ods are pref]able2 ! "o is to treat t9 ) nitric acid ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4b to #a4d2 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce & great heat ensue & ! t9 is conv]t$ into a :ite p[d]4 ,?is be+ dri$ 9 #ajj gives ab\t #afj gra9s = #ajj ( t94 ,x consi/s ( ! deutoxide unit$ to a little acid & wat]2 ^! two may be driv5 (f by a l[ r$ heat1 & #abg gra9s ( ! deutoxide rema9 9 ! /ate ( a :ite p[d]4 ,! o!r me?od is to treat a solution ( ! protoxide ( t9 ) oxymuriate ( lime till x is saturat$2 ?is w be f\nd :5 #ei gra9s ( ! protoxide h acquir$ #g gra9s ( oxyg51 or #aac gra9s ( ! deutoxide h acquir$ #ac gra9s ( oxyg51 :i* corroborates ! result by ! #a/ me?od4 ,?is oxide conta9+ j twice z mu* oxyg5 z ! =m]1 may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! deutoxide4 ,no high] oxide ( t9 has be5 obta9$4 ,! two oxides1 ?\gh bo? :ite :5 precipitat$1 may be di/+ui%$ f _! diff]5t appe>ances2 ! fir/ is curdy1 ! second1 gelat9\s4 ,x may be prop] to subjo9 au?orities = ^! oxides3 ,t9 ,protoxide ,deutoxide ,cav5di%1 f ! hydrog5 #ajj #aac4e -------- ,pr\/ 7,j\rn4 de ,physique #ei-cda7 #ajj #aae #abg4abhaj ,gay ,lussac 7,annal4 de ,*imie #hj-agj7 #ajj #aac4e #abg4baa ,b]zelius 7,annal4 de ,*im4 #hg-ee7 #ajj #aac4f #abg4bab ,my own1 z above #ajj #aac4d #abg ,footnote #aj3 ,by nitric acid1 ! result ( #c exp]im5ts all agree+ = ! deutoxide2 ! protoxide is by calculation & less c]ta94 ,he aft]w>ds adopts #ac4f f ,b]zelius4 ,j\rn4 de ,phys4 ,aug4 #ahad4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! protoxide f hydrog5 by solution2 ! deutoxide by transmitt+ /eam ov] ! metal at a r$ heat4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! #b;d4 by oxydiz+ ! sulphuret ( t9 by nitric acid2 ! #a/4 by inf]5ce only1 "o half ( ! oxyg5 ( ! #b;d4 #ac4 ,oxides ( ,lead4 ,!re are ?ree oxides ( lead n[ g5]ally recogniz$1 ! yell[1 ! r$1 & ! br[n1 ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ea* ( :i* has be5 inve/igat$ by sev]al *emi/s ^: results d n well accord ) ea* o!r4 ,i %all treat ( !m "u ! foll[+ names1 namely ! protoxide1 ! int]m$iate oxides1 & ! deutoxide1 = reasons :i* w appe>4 #a4 ,protoxide4 ,! yell[ oxide ( lead is ! only "o capable ( =m+ salts ) acids4 ,lavoisi] f\nd ! oxyg5 ( ?is oxide comb9$ ) #ajj lead to be #d4dg2 ,w5zel1 #aj2 ,pr\/1 #i2 ,?omson1 #aj4e2 ,bu*olz1 #h2 ,b]zelius1 #g4g4 ,?is la/ accords be/ ) my own exp]i5ce2 b x is *iefly f ! o!r comb9ations ( lead1 t ! weight ( its atom z well z t ( ! protoxide are det]m9$ & confirm$1 z lead =ms sev]al v def9ite comp\nds ) acids1 c4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! protoxide may be f\nd by sev]al me?ods1 z "u4 #a/4 ,by dissolv+ a giv5 portion ( ! oxide 9 acetic acid1 & precipitat+ ! lead by ano!r metal1 z z9c2 9 ?is case ! oxyg5 ( ! lead goes to ! z9c :i* becomes dissolv$1 & f ! loss ( weight ( ! z9c & ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 z9c oxide be+ previ\sly kn[n1 & ! weight ( ! precipitat$ lead be+ f\nd1 we h data = det]m9+ ! oxide ( lead4 ,i took #bjj measures ( acetate ( lead solution 7#a4adb71 :i* ,i knew conta9$ #bg gra9s ( oxide ( lead2 ?is be+ dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 ! lead 0 precipitat$ by a rod ( z9c2 9 #f h\rs an arbor saturni 0 =m$ :i* 0 collect$ & well dri$2 x weigh$ #ba gra9s1 & ! z9c rod _h lo/ #g gra9s3 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t t all ! lead be n precipitat$1 o!rwise ! oxide ( z9c beg9s to fall1 & ! result is unc]ta94 ,9 ! residu>y liquid ,i got #d gra9s ( sulphate ( lead by sulphuric acid4 ,"h !n we h ! oxyg5 ( #ba lead transf]r$ to #g z9c2 b if #g #ba #bi #ij ne>ly4 ,n[ x is kn[n t #bi p>ts ( z9c take #g ( oxyg51 !re=e #ij lead take #g ( oxyg51 & ! atom ( lead #ij1 & ! protoxide #ig4 ,i =m]ly /at$ ! atom ( lead #ie4 ,,vol4 #a1 page #bfj4 #b4 ,by dissolv+ #ahj gra9s ( lead 9 nitric acid 9 a small ?9 capsule1 & heat+ x till ! salt 0 q dry1 ,i got #bhh gra9s ( salt1 weigh$ 9 ! capsule2 #cf gra9s ( ?is salt yield$ #bd yell[ oxide by a l[ r$ heat #bb lead4 ,?is gives #ij lead to #g oxyg54 #c;d4 ,aga91 #cf gra9s ( ! above salt1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 precipitat$ by ammonia1 & well wa%$ on a filt]1 gave #bc gra9s ( oxide sep>at$ f ! filt]1 & ?is _h acquir$ #a gra91 mak+ #bd gra9s ( oxide f ! #bb lead z be=e2 ! residue ( liquid gave no signs ( lead by hydrosulphuret ( ammonia4 ,! same quantity ( salt precipitat$ by an excess ( lime wat] gave only #bb gra9s ( oxide2 b hydrosulphuret ( ammonia precipitat$ #b gra9s ( sulphuret ( lead f ! cle> liquid4 ,,ii4 ,int]m$iate oxide or oxides4 ,m9ium or r$ lead1 c4 ,m9ium is an article ( comm]ce us$ z a pigm5t & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,x is made by expos+ ! yell[ or protoxide ( lead f9ely pulv]iz$ to a l[ r$ heat 9 a curr5t ( air1 & con/antly /irr+ ! oxide s z to expose fre% p>ticles to ! air4 ,9 two days ! yell[ oxide is conv]t$ into ! r$4 ,sev]al au?ors obs]ve t r$ lead usually conta9s #a1 #b1 or m gra9s p] c5t4 ( impurities insoluble 9 nitric & acetic acids2 ! specim5 ,i us$ h[ev] 0 s pure z n to leave m ?an ( a gra9 p] c5t4 ( insoluble matt] aft] be+ heat$ r$ & treat$ ) dilute nitric acid4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( r$ lead are1 #a/4 ,x is nev] obta9$ 9 comb9ation ) any acid2 #b;d4 ,x yields oxyg5 gas :5 expos$ to a bright r$ heat or :5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & is 9 bo? cases r$uc$ to ! protoxide2 #c;d4 ,:5 treat$ ) dilute nitric acid x is dissolv$ 9 "p1 b con/antly leaves an insoluble br[n residuum1 :i* is ! deutoxide1 z w be %ewn2 ! weight ( ! deutoxide obta9$ is by my exp]im5ts #bj p] c5t4 & ! "p 9 solution is f\nd to be ! protoxide2 #d?4 ,:5 treat$ ) muriatic acid1 muriate ( lead is =m$ & oxymuriatic acid giv5 out2 #e?4 ,:5 treat$ ) dilute acetic acid or cold conc5trat$ acetic acid1 ( ! oxide is dissolv$ & ! rema9d] is /ill r$1 its col\r be+ r improv$2 if conc5trat$ acid be us$ & boil+ heat appli$1 !n ( ! :ole oxide is dissolv$ & rema9s ( br[n oxide1 ! same z ) nitric acid4 ,"s ( ! above facts are new1 & may contribute to elucidate ?is mo/ curi\s oxide1 :i* sc>cely has a p>allel4 ,pr\/ is ! only au?or ,i "k :o has giv5 a plausible conjecture conc]n+ ! peculi> nature ( ?is oxide4 ,he supposes x a comp\nd ( ! yell[ & br[n oxides4 ,?is ,i believe is ! fact2 b x w be f\nd ,i appreh5d to be a comp\nd ( #a atom ( oxyg5 ) #f ( ! yell[ oxide1 z w appe> f :at foll[s4 ,respect+ ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! r$ oxide1 ,lavoisi] f9ds #i oxyg5 to #ajj lead1 ,?omson #ac4f1 & ,b]zelius #aa4ee4 ,?is la/ is p>tly f exp]i5ce & p>tly f a suppos$ analogy1 t ! successive oxides ( ! same metal conta9 oxyg5 z #a1 #a & #b respectively2 & hav+ f\nd 7,i believe7 correctly1 t ! br[n oxide conta9s j twice z mu* oxyg5 z ! yell[1 ?is +5i\s & g5]ally accurate au?or adopts ! !oretic inf]5ce 9 ?is in/ance at lea/ prematurely1 & concludes ! r$ oxide is ! mean betwe5 ! yell[ & ! br[n4 ,b we mu/ appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t :5 r$ lead is expos$ to heat1 oxyg5 gas is giv5 out1 & x may be add$1 a small trace ( wat]2 & yell[ oxide rema9s4 ,?is exp]im5t requires consid]able skill4 ,if too great a heat is us$1 a "p ( ! lead is r$uc$ or reviv$ z x is t]m$2 if too little heat1 !n a "p ( ! r$ lead rema9s unalt]$4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t ,i use a small clean iron spoon to hold ! r$ lead1 & cov] x by ano!r iron spoon2 ! :ole is !n held by a pair ( tongs 9 a r$ fire till ! spoon exhibits a uni=m mod]ate r$1 & "s "t aft]4 ,x is !n )drawn & cool$1 & ! oxide weigh$4 ,! av]age loss ( weight is ne>ly #b gra9s p] c5t4 ,if only #a gra9 or less1 a consid]able portion ( r$ oxide rema9s mix$ ) ! yell[2 if #c or m gra9s1 !n ! m>g9 ( ! oxide exhibits p>ticles ( lead am\nt+ to 1 less or m1 ( ! orig9al weight2 ?is c be easily sep>at$ f ! oxide if necess>y1 b x is apt to adh]e to ! iron2 :5 r$ oxide rema9s1 x is s mix$ ) ! yell[ z n easily to be sep>at$1 b its quantity may be det]m9$ by nitric acid1 :i* dissolves ! yell[1 & ( ! r$1 leav+ a residuum ( br[n oxide1 f :i* ! quantity ( r$ is inf]r$4 ,n[ if ! loss ( weight ( #ajj r$ oxide be only #b gra9s1 & a "p ( t be wat]1 x is impossible t #aae4ee %\ld lose #c4he gra9s ( oxyg51 accord+ to ,b]zelius4 ,ano!r exp]im5t1 equally decisive ( ! "q1 is to det]m9e ! quantity ( oxyg5\s gas to be obta9$ by heat or acids f a giv5 weight ( r$ lead4 ,9 "o exp]im5t made ) great c>e1 #ejj gra9s ( r$ oxide gave #f gra9s ( oxyg5\s gas by sulphuric acid2 9 ano!r1 #bjj yield$ #b gra9s4 ,9 ord] to v>y ! mode ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( oxyg51 into #baj measures ( te/ gre5 sulphate ( iron solution1 7#a4aef7 #af4h gre5 oxide1 put #afj gra9s ( m9ium2 to ?is 0 add$ dilute muriatic acid m ?an suffici5t = ! m9ium3 ,! oxymuriatic acid f ! oxyg5 ( ! m9ium 0 in/antly seiz$ by ! oxide ( ! iron1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 f\nd by precipitation to be *ang$ f gre5 to r$ & an excess ( oxymuriatic acid appe>$4 ,n[ #af4h oxide w\ld require #a4hf oxyg5 to become r$1 :i* x mu/ h acquir$ f #afj ( r$ lead2 or #ajj r$ lead yield$ #a4b oxyg51 ! same proportion z by sulphuric acid4 ,^! exp]im5ts po9t out #a4b oxyg5 9 #ajj r$ lead z ! excess :i* conv]ts ! yell[ to ! r$ oxide4 ,7 any d\bt to rema9 on ! subject1 ! exp]im5t ) nitric acid & r$ oxide w remove x4 ,if ! r$ oxide conta9$ a mean ( oxyg5 betwe5 ! yell[ & ! br[n1 :5 x is treat$ ) nitric acid m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( br[n oxide w\ld be obta9$ in/ead ( #bj1 :i* is contr>y to all exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,b]zelius in=ms u he extract$ ! yell[ oxide1 me*anically mix$ 7z he conceives7 ) ! r$ oxide1 by dige/ion ) dilute acetic acid2 b he does n in=m u h[ mu* p] c5t4 8 m9ium 0 r$uc$ by ?is op]ation4 ,f :at is /at$ above1 x appe>s t ab\t ( ! :ole is ?us dissolv$4 ,! rema9+ half w\ld !n conta9 d\ble ! quantity ( oxyg5 & br[n oxide p] c5t4 t ! orig9al did4 ,/ill ^! quantities are inadequate to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,besides x _c be admitt$ t a r$ & a yell[ p[d] c be intimately mix$ 9 equal quantities & ! mixture n be di/+ui%able )\t difficulty f ! r$ "o1 & be altoge!r diff]5t f ! yell[4 ,we mu/ !n conclude t ! m9ium ( comm]ce 7su* z ,i h us$7 is a true *emical comp\nd4 ,gr\nd+ our reason+s ^u ! prec$+ facts1 !re are b two suppositions t c be consid]$ z plausible1 respect+ ! con/itution ( ! r$ oxide4 ,x may be #a atom ( oxyg5 & #e ( yell[ oxide1 or #a atom ( oxyg5 & #f ( yell[ oxide4 ,! =m] w\ld give #a4d p] c5t4 extra oxyg5 9 #ajj r$ oxide1 & #ba br[n oxide2 ! latt] w\ld give #a4b p] c5t4 extra oxyg5 & #ah br[n oxide4 ,i adopt ! latt] supposition2 because x agrees ) exp]im5t 9 reg>d to oxyg51 & gives ! br[n oxide a little l[] ?an exp]im5t1 z may be expect$ on two acc\nts2 fir/1 ! residue ( br[n oxide conta9s ! insoluble dross ( ! r$ oxide 7:i* 0 v small h[ev]1 z /at$ above72 &1 second1 unless a consid]able excess ( nitric acid be us$1 or long dige/ion1 a small portion ( ! r$ oxide escapes decomposition4 ,ano!r & /ill m important consid]ation1 z to ! "q :e!r #e or #f atoms1 is ! equal division ( ! r$ oxide by ! op]ation ( cold acetic acid2 x r$uces ! #a oxyg5 & #f yell[ oxide to #a & #c atoms2 :]eas if we adopt ! o!r1 we mu/ conclude x r$uces ! #a & #e to #a & #b1 a position t _c well be reconcil$ to ! atomic !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is conclusion !n ! r$ oxide ( lead or m9ium ( comm]ce is con/itut$ ( #a atom ( oxyg5 hold+ #f atoms ( yell[ oxide toge!r2 or x is compos$ ( #ajj lead & #i4jg oxyg54 ,:5 x is dige/$ 9 cold acetic acid ! residuum con/itutes ano!r oxide consi/+ ( #a atom ( oxyg5 & #c ( yell[ oxide1 or #ajj lead & #aj4d oxyg51 possess+ ! same col\r z ! =m]1 b di/+ui%able by its n be+ act$ on by cold acetic acid1 & by its conta9+ twice z mu* br[n oxide & extra oxyg5 z m9ium4 ,no d\bt ! o!r int]m$iate oxides ( #a to #d & #a to #e exi/1 & are all alike r$2 b h n p]haps any rem>kable di/9ctions besides _! conta9+ diff]5t proportions ( oxyg5 & br[n oxide4 ,:e!r an oxide consi/+ ( #a oxyg5 & #b yell[ oxide exi/s1 ,i h n discov]$2 b t #a oxyg5 & #a yell[ oxide are f\nd unit$1 appe>s bel[4 ,,iii4 ,deutoxide4 ,?is is ! flea-br[n oxide m5tion$ above4 ,x may also be obta9$ by treat+ solutions ( salts conta9+ ! yell[ oxide by oxymuriate ( lime1 9 :i* case ! oxide is precipitat$1 leav+ ! acid 9 ! liquor1 a pro( t x is insoluble 9 acids4 ,its m rem>kable prop]ties are3 #a/4 l ! r$ oxide1 :5 heat$ to a l[ r$1 or treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 x yields oxyg5\s gas1 & m copi\sly2 x is ?us r$uc$ to ! yell[ oxide3 #b;d4 ) muriatic acid x yields oxymuriatic acid 9 great pl5ty & muriate ( lead3 #c;d4 x detonates :5 rubb$ ) sulphur 9 a mort>4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! br[n oxide is /at$ by ,?omson at #be oxyg5 to #ajj lead1 by ,b]zelius at #ae4f to #ajj4 ,?is la/ is v ne>ly "r by my exp]i5ce1 & be+ j d\ble ( ! oxyg5 9 ! protoxide1 x w>rants u 9 d5om9at+ x ! deutoxide4 ,b]zelius f9ds #ajj ( ! br[n oxide lose #f4e by a r$ heat s z to r$uce x to ! yell[2 ,dr4 ,?omson f9ds ! loss #i gra9s4 ,?is diff]5ce is easily acc\nt$ =2 x loses1 ,i f9d1 f #g to #aj gra9s p] c5t4 accord+ to ! previ\s degree ( dryness2 :5 expos$ to a moi/ atmosph]e x attracts humidity2 :5 dri$ 9 a temp]ature ( #bjj & expos$ to r$ heat imm$iately aft]1 x does n lose m ?an #f4e or #g p] c5t4 ,?is is corroborat$ too by ! oxyg5 expell$ by sulphuric acid4 ,f #ajj gra9s ( br[n oxide & sulphuric acid 9 a gas bottle1 ,i obta9$ by ! heat ( a lamp #h4c oz4 ( oxyg5\s gas #e4c gra9s2 ab\t #abj gra9s ( grey sulphate ( lead 7 left 9 ! bottle4 ,! oxyg5 is r less ?an 0 expect$2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t #ajj gra9s ( br[n oxide1 obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 h ! insoluble dross ( #ejj r$ oxide 9 !m1 :i* mu/ h "s influ5ce 9 dim9i%+ ! production ( oxyg54 ,?\gh ! above might be deem$ suffici5t to demon/rate ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! br[n oxide1 ,i 0 desir\s to corroborate ! results by oxymuriate ( lime4 ,i f\nd repeat$ly t #ajj gra9 measures ( acetate ( lead 7#a4adb7 #ac4h yell[ oxide1 requir$ #djj measures ( oxymuriate ( lime #a oxyg51 to precipitate ! :ole ( ! oxide 9 a br[n /ate4 ,n[ if #ac4h #a #ig #g4 ,aga91 into #bdj measures ( te/ gre5 sulphate ( iron 7#a4aef7 #ai oxide1 7 put #dj gra9s ( br[n oxide ( lead1 toge!r ) a suffici5t quantity ( muriatic acid to saturate ! lead1 & dis*>ge ! oxyg52 aft] due agitation sulphate ( lead 0 precipitat$1 & ! :ole ( ! oxide ( iron 0 f\nd1 :5 precipitat$1 to be yell[4 ,b #ai gra9s oxide ( iron require #b ( oxyg5 to become yell[2 h5ce ! #dj gra9s br[n oxide ( lead mu/ h furni%$ #b gra9s ( oxyg5 to =m oxymuriatic acid1 :i* transf]r$ x to ! oxide ( iron4 ,if #dj #b #ajj #e oxyg51 = ! excess or second dose ( oxyg5 9 #ajj br[n oxide1 su* z is obta9$ by nitric acid along ) its impurities2 :i* agrees ) ! results obta9$ by ! o!r me?ods4 #ad4 ,oxide ( z9c4 ,:5 z9c is expos$ to a /rong heat x burns ) a brilliant :ite flame1 & a :ite p[d] sublimes1 :i* is ! oxide ( ! metal4 ,:5 dilute sulphuric acid is p\r$ on granulat$ z9c1 hydrog5 gas is produc$ 9 great abundance & purity2 ! metal is oxidiz$ at ! exp5ce ( ! wat] & dissolv$ 9 ! acid1 ! oxide may be precipitat$ by an alkali2 x is :ite bo? :5 precipitat$ & dri$1 & :5 heat$ does n diff] f t obta9$ by combu/ion4 ,by a viol5t heat x runs into glass4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 9 z9c oxide is1 ,i ?9k1 be/ e/imat$ by ! hydrog5 gas produc$ dur+ ! solution2 x may also be obta9$ by direct combu/ion1 or by solution 9 nitric acid & calc9ation4 ,dr4 ,?omson det]m9es ! oxyg5 by comp>ison ( ! weights ( real sulphuric acid & metallic z9c 9 a solution ( sulphate ( z9c1 along ) ! consid]ation t ! proportion ( sulphuric acid & oxyg5 9 ! metallic sulphates is kn[n2 ,mr4 ,cav5di% obta9$ #cef oz4 measures ( hydrog5 f #a oz4 ( z9c by solution4 ,i dissolv$ #di gra9s ( z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid & obta9$ hydrog51 aft] ! rate ( #cfc gra9 measures = #a gra9 ( z9c #ahb measures ( oxyg5 4#bd gra9 ( oxyg54 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal au?orities = ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 z9c oxide1 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,z9c4 ,oxyg54 #agff4 ,cav5di% #ajj #bc4c #aghe4 ,lavoisi] -- #ai4f #agij-ahjj4 ,w5zel & ,pr\/ -- #be #ahja4 ,desorme & ,clem5t -- #ba4g ,davy -- #ba4ie ,b]zelius -- #bd4d ,gay ,lussac -- #bd4d ,?omson -- #bd4db ,my own -- #bd ,n[ if #bd oxy4 #ajj z9c #g oxy4 #bi z9c1 ne>ly1 :i* is !re=e ! weight ( an atom ( ?is metal1 on ! supposition t ! oxide is #a oxyg5 & #a metal2 & ! atom ( oxide #cf4 ,i =m]ly e/imat$ ! atom ( z9c at #ef 7,,vol4 #a1 page #bfj74 ,?is 0 occasion$ by tak+ ! above z ! deutoxide in/ead ( ! protoxide4 ,by viol5tly heat+ ! oxide ( z9c 9 a close vessel1 ,desorme & ,clem5t r$uc$ ! oxyg5 ne>ly "o half1 s z to af=d a presumption t an oxide ) half ! oxyg5 ( ! common "o subsi/$4 ,s9ce t "t "s obs]vations ( ,b]zelius seem to %ew t a suboxide ( z9c exi/s4 ,x does n appe> h[ev]1 t su* oxide is ev] f\nd 9 comb9ation ) acids2 &1 grant+ ! accuracy ( ! obs]vations1 x is r to be presum$ to be ! semi-oxide1 or #a atom ( oxyg5 & #b ( metal1 ?an ! protoxide4 ,no high] oxidation ( z9c ?an ! above has yet be5 obta9$1 & probably does n exi/4 #ae4 ,oxides ( potassium4 ,s9ce writ+ ! articles 8potassium & sodium10 9 ! =m] volume1 a v important essay relat+ *iefly to ^! subjects has be5 writt5 by ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d 7a copy ( :i* !y 7 s good z to s5d me71 entitl$ 8,re*]*es ,physico-*imiques1 c40 9 #b ,,vol4--,_m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts ( ,davy h be5 repeat$ on a l>g] scale1 & a great numb] ( orig9al ones add$2 ^! +5i\s au?ors endeav\r to sum up ! evid5ces = & aga9/ ! two hypo!ses conc]n+ potassium & sodium1 namely1 z to _! be+ metals or hydrurets1 & ^u ! :ole incl9e to ! =m]1 all[+ h[ev]1 t ! facts af=d great plausibility to bo?4 ,"o ?+ !y seem to h discov]$ & e/abli%$1 t ! new bodies or metals admit ( v>i\s degrees ( oxidation1 & ( c\rse ^! products h a claim to be class$ among/ oxides 9 g5]al ?\gh ! nature ( _! bases may /ill be an object ( dispute4 ,!y f9d ?ree oxides ( potassium2 ! l[e/ degree is obta9$ by expos+ potassium to atmosph]ic air 9 a small bottle1 ) a common cork2 a gradual oxidation takes place2 a bluei% grey brittle product is obta9$2 !re does n appe> h[ev]1 to be any prop] limit to ?is oxidation besides t :i* !y admit z *>act]iz+ ! second degree or pota%1 :i* degree ( oxidation may always be imm$iately obta9$ by plac+ potassium 9 contact ) wat]4 ,?is ,i ?9k %\ld be call$ ! protoxide & consid]$ z #a atom ( potassium1 & #a ( oxyg52 be=e ?is po9t x is potassium & pota% mix$ or p]haps comb9$4 ,besides ^! !re is ano!r obta9$ by burn+ potassium 9 oxyg5 gas at an elevat$ temp]ature2 ?is oxide is yell[1 fusible by heat1 & cry/allizes 9 lam9a on cool+2 x conta9s ?ree times z mu* oxyg5 z pota%2 put into wat] x is sudd5ly decompos$1 giv+ out ( ! oxyg5 9 gas & becom+ pota%4 ,v probably an oxide conta9+ twice z mu* oxyg5 z pota% might be =m$ ) "s m>k ( discrim9ation1 by unit+ #ah p>ts potassium ) #ef ( yell[ oxide1 b ?is has n yet be5 done4 ,accord+ to ^! conclusions ! weights ( ! oxides ( potassium may be /at$ z "u4--,potassium #ce1 protoxide or pota% #db1 deutoxide 7suppos$ to exi/7 #di1 & ! yell[ or tritoxide #ef4 ,h5ce we h ,potassium4 ,oxyg54 ,protoxide 7pota%7 #ajj #bj ,gay ,lussac ,!n>d #ai ,davy ,deutoxide #ajj #dj 7unkn[n7 ,tritoxide #ajj #fj ,gay ,lussac ,!n>d ,"o feels unwill+ to admit ( a tritoxide1 7& t p]haps ! only "o exi/+17 :5 ! deutoxide is unkn[n1 7 x n ^u good au?ority4 ,! obscurity on ?is subject may be remov$ by future exp]im5ts4 ,x may be prop] to add t ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d concur ) ,davy 9 assign+ a mu* great] saturat+ p[] to potassium & sodium ?an to ! fus$ hydrates ( pota% & soda ( equal weights4 ,f ! table1 ,re*]*es1 ,tom4 #b1 p4 #bad1 x may be d$uc$ t #ce potassium require z mu* sulphuric acid to saturate !m z #ej or m ( ! hydrate ( pota%2 & t #ba sodium are equival5t to #cf or #cg hydrate ( sodium4 ,if ^! results are accurate1 ! weights ( potassium & sodium1 consid]$ z hydrurets1 _c be z we h d$uc$ !m at pages #dhf & #ejc1 ,,vol4 #a1 namely1 #dc & #bi respectively1 b #ce & #ba1 z at page #bfb4 #af4 ,oxides ( sodium4 ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d f9d a suboxide ( sodium 9 ! same way z t ( potassium1 & x is probably a comp\nd ( soda & sodium3 ! rem>kable oxidation :i* produces soda is1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 ! protoxide or "o atom to "o1 z obta9$ by plac+ sodium 9 contact ) wat]4 ,a high] oxide is obta9$ z ) potassium1 by burn+ sodium 9 oxyg5 gas ) a vivid heat4 ,x resembles ! yell[ oxide ( potassium 9 its appe>ance & prop]ties4 ,! degree ( oxidation v>ies 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts f #a to #a times ! oxyg5 ( soda4 ,x is probably a comb9ation ( ! protoxide & deutoxide4 ,h5ce ! oxides ( sodium may be z "u2 reckon+ ! atom ( sodium #ba1 & soda #bh4 ,sodium4 ,oxyg54 ,protoxide 7,soda7 #ajj #cc ,int]m$iate oxide #ajj #ej #ag4 ,oxide ( bismu?4 ,only "o oxide ( bismu? is kn[n1 & ! proportion ( its p>ts has be5 gradually approximat$ by ,b]gman1 ,lavoisi]1 ,klapro?1 ,pr\/1 & o!rs4 ,b]zelius m5tions a purple oxide obta9$ by expos+ bismu? to ! action ( ! atmosph]e2 b z no exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u x1 we _c adopt x at pres5t4 ,accord+ to ,klapro? & ,pr\/1 #ajj bismu? unite ) #ab oxyg52 b by ! m rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,davy & ,lag]hjelm #ajj bismu? take #aa4a or #aa4c oxyg54 ,if we adopt ?is la/1 :i* is d\btless ne> ! tru?2 we %all h #aa4c #ajj #g #fb = ! weight ( ! atom ( bismu?1 on ! supposition t ! comp\nd is ! protoxide or #a atom ( metal to #a ( oxyg54 ,my =m] weight ( bismu? 0 #fh 7page #bfc71 :i* is cle>ly too high4 ,bismu? is be/ oxidiz$ by nitric acid4 ,"p ( ! oxide comb9es ) ! acid & "p precipitates 9 ! /ate ( a :ite p[d]2 if ! :ole be gradually heat$1 ! acid is driv5 (f1 & at a l[ r$ ! oxide rema9s pure2 x is fus$ into glass & ( a r$ or yell[ col\r1 accord+ to ! heat employ$4 ,bismu? may also be oxidiz$ by heat 9 op5 vessels2 yell[ fumes arise :i* may be cond5s$ & are f\nd to be ! oxide4 #ah4 ,oxides ( antimony4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ions exi/s ) reg>d to ! oxides ( antimony4 ,pr\/ f9ds two oxides :i* he det]m9es to consi/1 ! fir/1 ( #ajj metal #bb or #bc oxyg52 ! second ( #ajj metal #cj oxyg54 ,!n>d f9ds #f oxides3 ,j4 ,davy two oxides1 namely1 #ajj metal #ag4g oxyg51 & #ajj #cj oxyg54 ,b]zelius inf]s f 8 exp]im5ts t !re are #d oxides ( antimony1 ! fir/ conta9+ #d4fe oxyg51 ! second #ah4f1 ! ?ird #bg4i1 & ! f\r? #cg4b ( oxyg5 on #ajj metal4 ,he admits h[ev] t ! oxide obta9$ by boil+ nitric acid on antimony & expell+ ! sup]flu\s acid by a l[ r$ heat1 consi/s ( #ajj metal #bi to #ca oxyg51 z det]m9$ by ,pr\/ & o!rs4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ def9ite ( ! oxides1 next to t :i* is obta9$ f ! solution ( antimony 9 muriatic acid4 ,?is la/ may be _h by p\r+ wat] into a solution ( muriate ( antimony2 a :ite p[d] precipitates1 :i* is ! oxide ) a little muriatic acid2 ! acid may be ab/ract$ by boil+ ! precipitate 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,?is oxide is a grey p[d]1 & fusible at a l[ r$ heat4 ,x ent]s exclusively into v>i\s well kn[n comp\nds1 z ! gold5 sulphur ( antimony1 antimoniat$ t>trate ( pota%1 c4 ,its con/itution1 accord+ to ,pr\/1 is #ajj metal #bc oxyg52 b ,j4 ,davy f9ds only #ag4g oxyg51 & ,b]zelius #ah4f4 ,z ?is oxide possesses ! mo/ di/9ct features1 & besides is ! mo/ important1 x is desirable its con/itution %\ld be asc]ta9$ )\t d\bt4 ,f sev]al exp]im5ts ,i made on ! precipitation ( antimony by z9c1 ,i conclude ! oxide conta9s ab\t #ah oxyg5 on #ajj metal4 ,i took ! common muriate ( antimony ) excess ( acid1 & imm]s$ a rod ( z9c into x1 cov]+ ! :ole ) a graduat$ bell glass4 ,hydrog5 gas 0 produc$ by ! excess ( acid1 & its quantity 0 asc]ta9$2 ! antimony 0 9 due "t precipitat$1 & :5 ! op]ation ceas$1 ! loss ( z9c & ! weight ( antimony 7 f\nd4 ,= in/ance1 to #ej measures ( #a4fi mur4 ant4 #fj wat] 7 add$1 no precipitation 0 obs]v$2 a z9c rod 0 put 9 & ! :ole cov]$ by a bell glass1 ov] wat]2 9 a few h\rs ! op]ation _h ceas$1 & !re appe>$ #cdhj gra9 measures ( hydrog5 gas g5]at$2 ! dri$ antimony weigh$ #be gra9s1 & ! z9c _h lo/ #bi gra9s4 ,n[ #cdhj hydrog5 require #agdj ( oxyg5 #b4c gra9s 9 weight4 ,b #bi z9c require #g oxyg52 !re=e ! z9c mu/ h got #d4g oxyg5 f ! antimony2 t is1 #be4e antimony 7 f\nd unit$ to #d4g oxyg52 ?is gives #ajj antimony #ah4d oxyg54 ,i conclude !n t ! error is ) ,pr\/2 & ?is appe>s to be confirm$ by ! consid]ation t ,pr\/ himself obta9s only #hf oxide ( antimony f #ajj sulphuret1 :i* he all[s to conta9 #gd antimony2 n[ if #gd #ab #ajj #ag ne>ly4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to adopt #ah = ! oxyg5 :i* comb9es ) #ajj antimony to =m ! grey oxide4 ,:e!r ?is is ! protoxide or deutoxide may be disput$2 & ! facts kn[n conc]n+ ! o!r oxide or oxides w sc>cely det]m9e ! case3 b ! proportions ( ! muriate & sulphuret ( antimony accord mu* bett] ) ! =m] supposition4 ,n[ if #ah #ajj #g #ci1 = ! weight ( ! atom ( antimony2 ,i pref] ! weight #dj1 d$uc$ f ! sulphuret1 z ann\nc$ 9 ,,vol4 #a1 page #bfd4 ,! oxide :i* conta9s #cj on #ajj mu/ be #b atoms ( ! deutoxide & #a ( ! protoxide unit$4 ,:at ,b]zelius calls ! :ite oxide or antimoni\s acid1 may be #a atom ( ea* oxide unit$1 conta9+ #bg oxyg5 on ! #ajj4 ,! oxide suppos$ to conta9 #cf or #cg oxyg5 on #ajj1 & :i* mu/ be consid]$ z ! deutoxide1 has n be5 prov$ to exi/ sep>ately4 ,my ef=ts to procure x h fail$ z well z ^? be=e m9e3 by treat+ muriate ( antimony ) oxymuriate ( lime ,i h obta9$ oxides ( #cj on ! #ajj1 b nev] mu* high]4 ,:5ev] a great] proportion ( oxymuriate ( lime is add$1 ! smell ( ! gas becomes p]man5t4 ,antimony expos$ to a r$ heat 9 a curr5t ( common air or oxyg5\s gas takes fire1 & :ite fumes arise =m]ly call$ fl[]s ( antimony2 ?is oxide conta9s #bg or #cj oxyg5 on #ajj metal4 ,antimony ?r[n into r$ hot nitre is oxidiz$ rapidly2 ! rema9+ p[d]1 wa%$ 9 wat]1 is f\nd to be a comp\nd ( oxide ( antimony & pota%4 ,b]zelius calls ! oxide ! antimonic acid1 & ! salt ! antimoniate ( pota%4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce1 ( #ajj acid & #bf4e pota%4 ,a simil> salt =m$ betwe5 ! antimoni\s acid & pota% is con/itut$ ( #ajj acid & #cj4e pota%4 #ai4 ,oxide ( tellurium4 ,we are *iefly indebt$ to ,b]zelius = ! proportions 9 :i* tellurium comb9es4 ,he f9ds #ajj tellurium unite to #bd4h oxyg54 ,also t #bja4e tellurate ( lead gave #aeg sulphate ( lead4 ,?is la/ conta9s #aaf oxide ( lead1 :i* mu/ !re=e h comb9$ ) #he4e ( ! oxide ( tellurium4 ,h5ce #ig oxide ( lead w\ld comb9e ) #ga4e oxide ( tellurium #eg tellurium #ad oxyg54 ,:e!r ?is oxide ( tellurium is ! protoxide or deutoxide1 is some:at unc]ta94 ,! atom ( tellurium w weigh #eg 9 ! latt] case1 b only #bh or #bi 9 ! =m]4 ,! analogy ( ! oxide to acids fav\rs ! notion ( a deutoxide2 b ! facility ) :i* ! tellurium is volatiliz$ by hydrog5 is 9 fav\r ( ! light] atom4 ,! oxide is a :ite p[d]2 x is produc$ by dissolv+ ! metal 9 nitro-muriatic acid & precipitat+ by an alkali4 #bj4 ,oxides ( ars5ic4 ,!re are two di/9ct comb9ations ( ars5ic & oxyg52 ! "o has be5 long kn[n z an article ( comm]ce "u ! "n ( ars5ic4 ,x is a :ite1 brittle1 glassy sub/ance1 obta9$ dur+ ! extraction ( c]ta9 metals f _! ores4 ,its specific gravity is ab\t #c4g4 ,accord+ to ,klapro? boil+ wat] dissolves f #g to #h p] c5t4 ( ! oxide ( ars5ic2 b on cool+ x reta9s only ab\t #c p] c5t42 & ?is ,i f9d is gradually deposit$ on ! sides ( ! vessel till x is r$uc$ to #b p] c5t4 or less 9 cold wea!r1 & by "s mon?s /&+4 ,wat] ( #fj or "u dissolves no m ?an p] c5t4 ( ! oxide4 ,at ! temp]ature ( ab\t #djj ! oxide sublimes4 ,?is oxide comb9es ) ! alkalies1 e>?s1 & metallic oxides some:at z ! acids d1 b does n neutralize !m1 & 9 o!r respects x is de/itute ( acid prop]ties2 z = in/ance1 x does n affect ! col\r te/s4 ,x is extremely poison\s4 ,! o!r oxide is obta9$ by treat+ ei!r ! :ite oxide or pure metallic ars5ic ) nitric acid & heat4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( :ite oxide require two or ?ree times _! weight ( nitric acid1 ( #a4c1 to oxidize !m4 ,! new oxide is produc$ 9 a liquid =m2 f :i* ! excess ( nitric acid may be driv5 by a l[ r$ heat1 & ! oxide is obta9$ pure 9 ! =m ( a :ite opake glass1 :i* soon becomes liquid by attract+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is oxide1 discov]$ by ,s*eele1 has all ! prop]ties ( acids 9 g5]al1 & is !re=e d5om9at$ ars5ic acid4 ,:5 j fluid by attract+ moi/ure x has ! sp4 gravity #a4fe ne>ly4 ,x is repres5t$ z equally poison\s ) ! :ite oxide4 ,! proportions ( ! elem5ts 9 ^! two oxides h be5 inve/igat$ ) consid]able success4 ,pr\/ f9ds ! :ite oxide con/itut$ ( #ajj metal & #cc or #cd oxyg51 & ! second ( #ajj metal ) #ec or #ed oxyg53 ) ^! results ^? ( ,rose & ,bu*olz ne>ly agree4 ,!n>d f9ds #ajj #cd4f = ! :ite oxide1 & #ajj #ef4be = ! acid3 & ,?omson #ajj #eb4d = ! acid4 ,b]zelius h[ev]1 inf]s f 8 rec5t exp]im5ts t ! oxide consi/s ( #ajj metal #dc4f oxyg51 & ! acid ( #ajj #ga4c2 ^! la/ results ,i h little d\bt are incorrect f my own exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s t :5 ars5ic is oxidiz$ by nitric acid1 #ajj p>ts yield f #aeb to #aef ( acid1 dri$ 9 a l[ r$ heat4 ,! diff]5ces may 9 "p be ow+ to ! metal be+ p>tly oxidiz$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i %\ld suppose #ee or #ef to be ! prop] quantity ( oxyg5 unit$ to #ajj metal to =m ! acid4 ,pr\/ & ,!n>d bo? f\nd t #ajj :ite oxide1 :5 conv]t$ into acid by nitric acid1 gave #aae or #aaf4 ,i h f\nd ! same4 ,n[ if #aaf #ajj #aef #acd2 h5ce ! :ite oxide ( ars5ic mu/ conta9 #ajj metal to #cd oxyg51 if ! data be correct2 or ! metal & oxyg5 are z #c to #a ne>ly4 ,x is highly improbable t any inf]ior oxide subsi/s1 z no traces ( su* h be5 f\nd1 if we disall[ a conjecture ( ,b]zelius on ! subject4 ,! :ite oxide ( ars5ic mu/ !n be consid]$ z ! protoxide1 & ! atom ( ars5ic mu/ weigh #ba ne>ly1 & t ( ! protoxide #bh4 ,x is pla9 ! o!r is n ! deutoxide1 z x does n conta9 twice ! oxyg5 ( ! protoxide2 b z ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 x is to t ( ! protoxide1 z #e #c1 x may be a comp\nd ( #b atoms ( deutoxide1 & #a ( protoxide2 t is1 x may be ! sup]>s5iate ( ars5ic1 if we consid] ! deutoxide z ! acid1 & ! protoxide z ! base4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! comp\nd oxide1 or ars5ic acid ( ,s*eele1 is con/itut$ ( two atoms ( ! deutoxide1 weigh+ #gj1 & #a atom ( ! protoxide weigh+ #bh1 toge!r mak+ #ih1 = ! weight ( an atom ( ars5ic acid1 #fc ars5ic #ce oxyg53 & #ajj ars5ic take #ee4e oxyg5 to =m ! acid1 agreeably to ! above recit$ exp]im5ts4 ,s+ul> z ?is conclusion may appe>1 ! tru? ( x is put beyond d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,i h repeat$ly f\nd t #bh p>ts ( :ite oxide 9 solution are suffici5t to ?r[ d[n #bd p>ts ( lime1 f lime wat]1 s z to produce #eb p>ts ( ars5ite ( lime1 & leave ! wat] free f bo? elem5ts4 ,?is confirms ! notion ( ! atom ( protoxide weigh+ #bh4 ,if to #bd p>ts ( lime dissolv$ 9 wat] we put #ih p>ts ( dry ars5ic acid1 ! comp\nd rema9s 9 solution1 & is p]fectly neutral to ! col\r te/1 b s t ! addition ( a small quantity ( ei!r +r$i5t di/urbs ! neutrality4 ,if to ?is solution #bd p>ts ( lime dissolv$ 9 wat] be add$1 ! comp\nd rema9s a limpid solution1 b is v limy to ! te/4 ,if to ?is we put 9 l mann]1 #bd p>ts m ( lime1 ! :ole comp\nd is ?r[n d[n1 & yields1 :5 dri$1 #agj p>ts ( ars5iate ( lime1 ! liquid be+ n[ free f bo? elem5ts4 ,"h we see fir/1 two atoms ( ! deutoxide1 neutraliz$ by two atoms ( base1 namely1 #a ( ars5ic oxide1 & #a ( lime2 b 7second71 :5 "o atom m ( lime is add$1 an union ( #b deutoxide1 & #c ( base is effect$1 :i* ( c\rse is an alkal9e salt2 :5 7?ird7 m ( lime is add$1 ! #b deutoxide & ! #a protoxide ea* atta* #a ( lime1 & =m a /ill m alkal9e salt1 :i* be+ insoluble1 is :olly ?r[n d[n1 mo/ probably 9 a comp\nd /ate ( #ih p>ts ars5ic acid1 comb9$ ) #gb p>ts lime4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i f9d t #db p>ts ( pota%1 #bh ( soda1 & #ab ( ammonia1 sev]ally neutralize #ih p>ts ( ars5ic acid4 #a/4 #bd lime #cb4g ars5ic acid insoluble ars5iate #b;d4 -- #di ------------ soluble ars5iate #c;d4 -- #ih ------------ neutral ars5iate ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t :5 neutral ars5iate ( pota% & nitrate ( lead are mix$ toge!r to mutual saturation1 ! precipitate is f\nd to consi/ *iefly ( ars5ic acid & oxide ( lead1 9 proportion ( #a ( acid to two ( oxide1 7t is1 #ih #aid1 or #ajj #aih72 :i* does n diff] mu* f ! det]m9ation ( ,b]zelius4 ,i f9d h[ev]1 only "o f\r? ( ! nitric acid 9 ! residu>y liquid 9 a free /ate2 :i* leads me to suspect t ! precipitate is a comp\nd ( subnitrate & ars5iate ( lead1 9 :i* ! ars5ic acid & lead are 9 due proportion1 or #ih acid1 to #ig oxide4 ,?is consid]ation may be prop]ly resum$ h]eaft]4 ,h5ce we conclude1 ! atom ( ars5ic weighs #ba 7& n #db1 z at page #bfd1 ,,vol4 #a71 t ( ! protoxide ( common :ite ars5ic1 #bh2 & t ( ars5ic acid #ih1 be+ a comp\nd ( #b atoms ( deutoxide1 & #a ( protoxide4 ,or1 #ajj ,ars5ic #cc4c oxyg5 #acc4c protoxide -- #ee4e ---- #aee4e ars5ic acid #ba4 ,oxides ( cobalt4 ,!re are at lea/ two oxides ( cobalt1 ! "o blue1 ! o!r black4 ,au?ors diff] z to ! proportions ( ! elem5ts4 ,pr\/ /ates ! blue oxide to consi/ ( #ajj metal1 & #ai or #bj oxyg51 & ! black ( #be or #bf oxyg54 ,klapro? f9ds 9 ! blue1 #ajj metal & #ah oxyg54 ,b ,rolh(f accord+ to ,b]zelius1 f9ds #ajj metal & #bg4c oxyg5 9 ! blue oxide1 & #dj4i 9 ! black4 ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to inve/igate ^! oxides1 & h be5 able to satisfy myself 9 a good degree1 respect+ _! con/itution4 ,! blue or protoxide consi/s ( #ajj metal & #ai oxyg51 & ! black oxide ( #ajj metal1 & #be or #bf1 v ne>ly z ,pr\/ det]m9$4 ,protoxide4 ,by repeat$ trials ,i h f\nd1 t if #cg p>ts ( metallic cobalt be treat$ ) ! due quantity ( nitro-muriatic acid1 & a heat ( #aej1 a rapid solution takes place1 & a dis5gagem5t ( pure nitr\s gas2 ?is be+ c>efully collect$1 x w be f\nd to weigh #h gra9s1 & ( c\rse corresponds to #g gra9s ( oxyg52 h5ce #cg cobalt1 unite to #g oxyg51 to =m #dd ( ! blue oxide2 & z ?is is ! only oxide t comb9es ) acids1 x mu/ be consid]$ z ! mo/ simple or protoxide1 be+ #a atom ( metal 7#cg71 & #a ( oxyg5 7#g74 ,! e/imation ( ! atom ( cobalt at #ej or #fj1 7page #bfe71 mu/ !re=e be correct$4 ,comp\nd oxides4 ,:5 ! blue oxide ( cobalt is precipitat$ f a solution1 by an alkali or lime wat]1 & oxymuriate ( lime is gradually dropp$ 91 ! precipitate *anges col\r rapidly2 x passes f blue to gre5 & olive1 !nce to a d>k bottle gre51 & f9ally becomes black2 oxyg5 gas is giv5 out copi\sly :5 an excess ( oxymuriate ( lime is us$4 ,i f9d ! additional oxyg5 requisite to conv]t ! blue to ! black oxide is :at ,pr\/ /ates x1 namely1 ( t necess>y to =m ! blue2 h5ce x mu/ be consid]$ z a comp\nd ( #a atom ( oxyg5 & #c ( ! protoxide4 ,probably ! o!r col\r$ oxides are #a to #d1 #a to #e1 c4 ,! protoxide is blue :5 precipitat$1 b x is suppos$ to conta9 wat]1 or to be a hydrate2 z x is d>k grey :5 heat$4 ,! blue oxide 9 a %ort "t aft] precipitation be+ /ill "u wat]1 *anges to a yell[i% or dead-leaf col\r2 :i* also appe>s to be a hydrate ( ! protoxide1 z x dissolves 9 acids )\t giv+ out gas1 & yields ! blue oxide by an alkali4 ,accord+ to ,pr\/1 ?is hydrate conta9s #bj or #ba p] c5t4 wat]4 ,if we suppose ! blue to be #a atom oxide1 & #a wat]1 ! yell[ hydrate may be #a wat] & #b ( ! proto-hydrate2 or #hh oxide1 & #bd wat]1 :i* w be ne>ly #ba p] c5t4 wat]4 ,! black oxide gives out oxyg5 gas by a r$ heat1 & is r$uc$ to ! grey oxide3 x =ms oxymuriatic acid1 ) muriatic acid1 & ! protoxide rema9s 9 solution4 7,see ,tassa]t4--,an4 de ,*imie #bh2 ,!n>d1 #db2 & ,pr\/1 #fj47 #bb4 ,oxides ( manganese4 ,"o ( ! oxides ( manganese be+ a natural production1 & sometimes ( great purity1 & ! metal n be+ obta9able )\t skill & lab\r1 x may be mo/ conv5i5t to adopt ! inv]se me?od 9 our inve/igations2 t is1 to trace out ! atom ( metal f its oxides4 ,native oxides ( manganese4 ,( late1 ,i h met ) excell5t specim5s ( ?is oxide2 !y are 9 masses ( a grey1 cry/all9e appe>ance1 sp4 gr4 #d1 easily pulv]izable into a greasy1 %9+1 d>k grey p[d]4 ,!y are ne>ly pure oxide2 b ! m common sort is black]1 & conta9s less or m ( silice\s e>?4 ,"s specim5s are v h>%1 require an iron mort> to pulv]ize !m1 & conta9 #ej or upw>ds p] c5t4 ( silice\s e>?4 ,( ! common sort :5 pulv]iz$1 ! black incl9+ to blue1 is g5]ally pref]able to ! black incl9+ to br[n4 ,i h n obs]v$ any e>?y c>bonates mix$ ) ! oxide ( manganese4 ,among/ v>i\s specim5s ,i obta9$ ! foll[+ analyses4 ,oxide4 s& & insoluble matt]4 #a4 ,grey1 cry/alliz$ oxide #ajj ---- #b4 ,pulv]iz$ black oxide1 f #hj #bj a blea*]1 reput$ good #c4 ,ano!r specim51 9 ! lump #gg #bc #d4 ,a light br[n oxide #dg #ec #e4 ,a sp>ry oxide1 ab\nd+ ) #bg #gc fl9t2 black br[n :5 pulv]iz$ ,"s ( ! *emical *>act]s ( ! native oxide ( manganese are1 its giv+ oxyg5 gas by a r$ heat1 its insolubility 9 nitric & sulphuric acids1 & its solubility 9 muriatic acid1 b ) ! accompany+ circum/ance ( dis5gag+ oxymuriatic acid4 ,all ^! facts %ew t x is ( ! high] ord] ( oxides1 or analog\s to ! br[n & r$ oxides ( lead4--,! muriatic acid solution abovem5tion$1 conta9s an oxide ( an inf]ior degree1 :i* is soluble 9 all acids1 & :i* is ! only oxide ( manganese t appe>s to be soluble 9 acids4 ,if ?is be consid]$1 7z x may ) ! greate/ probability71 ! protoxide1 !n x w appe> f :at foll[s1 t ! common native manganese is ! deutoxide1 & t !re is an int]m$iate "o1 :i* conta9s a mean quantity ( oxyg54 ,protoxide4 ,?is may be obta9$ 9 solution ) muriatic acid z above1 f ! native oxide4 ,or ! black oxide may be mix$ ) sulphuric acid into a pa/e1 & heat$ 9 an iron spoon to r$ness2 ! mass be+ lixiviat$1 a solution ( ! protoxide 9 sulphuric acid is obta9$1 g5]ally ) a slight excess ( ! acid2 9 ?is process heat & ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 expels ! r$undant oxyg5 ( ! black oxide1 & r$uce x to ! protoxide1 :i* h5ce becomes soluble4 ,if 9 ei!r ( ^! solutions any oxide ( iron be pres5t1 :e!r f ! manganese1 or acquir$ dur+ ! manipulation1 x is easily discov]$ & sep>at$1 z ,i h frequ5tly f\nd4 ,into any solution conta9+ a mixture ( ! oxides ( manganese1 ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 & ! r$ oxide ( iron1 let lime wat] be gradually p\r$2 ! r$ oxide ( iron w be fir/ precipitat$1 next ! gre5 oxide1 & la/ly ! oxide ( manganese1 :i* may h5ce be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,iron may also be discov]$ & sep>at$ by c>bonate ( pota%1 :i* mu/ be dropp$ into ! solution z long z any col\r$ precipitate appe>s2 z soon z x has subsid$1 ! sn[-:ite c>bonate ( manganese succe$s4 ,?is :ite c>bonate may be v conv5i5tly us$ = obta9+ solutions ( pure manganese 9 any ( ! acids4 ,:5 a solution ( pure manganese is treat$ ) lime wat]1 or ammonia1 a light buff oxide1 n mu* diff]+ 9 appe>ance f ! yell[ oxide ( iron1 is obta9$4 ,?is oxide is soluble 9 all acids1 :5 rec5tly precipitat$2 b1 su* is its avidity = oxyg51 ) mod]ate agitation ( ! liquid x acquires oxyg5 & becomes br[n1 :5 x ceases to be totally soluble2 if dri$ 9 ! air quickly1 x becomes br[n & obta9s consid]able oxyg54 ,! buff oxide rec5tly precipitat$1 is probably a hydrate2 =1 :5 ! :ite c>bonate ( manganese is heat$ gradually to r$1 ! wat] & ! acid are bo? expell$1 & a grey p[d] rema9s2 ?is is q black on ! surface ( ! mass1 if expos$ to ! air dur+ ! process4 ,probably ?is grey p[d] is ! pure protoxide2 x is soluble 9 acids1 except ! black p[d] at ! surface2 p]haps b = ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 ! protoxide w\ld be ne>ly :ite4 ,f its comb9ations ) sulphuric & c>bonic acids1 ,i f9d ! weight ( an atom ( ! protoxide to be #cb1 or ! same z t ( iron4 ,dr4 ,john1 a ,g]man *emi/1 :o seems to h inve/igat$ ^! salts ) m att5tion ?an any o!r p]son1 has d$uc$ ne>ly ! same results4 7,annals ( ,philos4 #b-agb74 ,he f9ds #cc sulphuric acid #ca oxide1 & #cd4b c>bonic acid #ee4h oxide2 t is1 :5 r$uc$ to comp>e ) my results1 #cd sulphuric acid #ca4c oxide1 & #ai4d c>bonic acid #cb oxide4 ,?is ne> agreem5t may be consid]$ z a confirmation ( ! accuracy ( bo?4 ,dr4 ,john f9ds1 z ,i h done1 ?ree di/9ct oxides ( manganese1 ! greyi% gre51 ! br[n1 & ! black4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! only "o t comb9es ) acids2 b we diff] mat]ially z to ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ea*4 ,he f\nd manganese decompose wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 by oxidiz+ ! metal ?is way1 #ajj metal acquir$ #ae oxyg5 to con/itute ! protoxide2 accord+ to ?is1 #bh metal #d oxyg5 w\ld make #cb protoxide2 b ?is conclusion w\ld be s contr>y to all analogy1 t x _c be admitt$ z satisfactory4 ,! probability is1 t ! manganese mu/ h conta9$ a little oxyg5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! g5]al analogy ( manganese to iron1 lead1 c4 requires t #cb protoxide %\ld conta9 #g oxyg54 ,if ?is be all[$1 we h ! atom ( manganese #be1 & n #dj1 7z at page #bff1 ,,vol4 #a71 ! same z t ( iron3 & ?is conclusion is corroborat$ by :at foll[s4 #b4 ,int]m$iate or olive br[n oxide4 ,?is may be =m$ by comb9+ oxyg5 directly ) ! buff or protoxide rec5tly precipitat$1 & /ill rema9+ 9 ! liquor2 simple agitation 9 oxyg5\s gas or common air = a few m9utes1 is all t is requisite4 ,or x may be in/antly =m$ by treat+ ! same moi/ protoxide ) liquid oxymuriate ( lime4 ,or x may be _h by expos+ ! pure/ black oxide to a bright r$ heat = "s "t1 :5 x w lose #i or #aj p] c5t4 & !re w rema9 ! olive br[n oxide4 ,to f9d ! proportion ( oxyg5 absorb$1 ,i precipitat$ #c4b gra9s ( ! protoxide by lime wat]2 ! liquid conta9+ ! oxide 0 put into a well /opp]$ bottle ( oxyg5 gas2 on agitation ! oxide *ang$ col\r fa/1 f buff to br[n2 9 a %ort "t x absorb$ #bfj gra9 measures ( gas 4#ce ( a gra9 9 weight1 & !n ceas$ to absorb4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 #c4b gra9s ( precipitat$ protoxide1 took #ajj measures ( a solution ( oxymuriate ( lime1 conta9+ 4#ce p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 7t is1 #a4de oxymuriatic acid74 ,h5ce z #cb take #c4e1 #fd mu/ take #g2 :i* %ews ! br[n oxide to be a comp\nd ( #a atom ( oxyg51 & #b ( ! protoxide4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is oxide are1 its olive br[n col\r1 its insolubility 9 nitric & sulphuric acids1 )\t heat or deoxidation1 & its solubility 9 muriatic acid aft] ! evolution ( oxymuriatic acid4 ,by long exposure to ! air1 x is gradually *ang$1 9 all probability into ! black oxide4 #c4 ,deutoxide4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( oxyg5 d$ucible f ! pure/ native oxide ( manganese1 to conv]t x into protoxide1 ,i h successfully adopt$ ! two foll[+ me?ods4 #a/4 ,let #ci or #dj gra9s ( ! oxide be mix$ ) #fj common salt2 to ?is add #hj gra9s ( wat]1 & #abj gra9s weight ( /rong sulphuric acid1 9 a gas bottle4 ,! heat mu/ be gradually rais$ to boil+1 & ! oxymuriatic acid gas may be receiv$ 9 a qu>t ( lime wat]4 ,?is w be f\nd suffici5t to conv]t #hjj measures ( te/ gre5 sulphate ( iron 7#a4aef7 into r$2 t is1 x w produce #bi gra9s ( oxymuriatic acid1 :i* w cause #g gra9s ( oxyg51 to unite to ! gre5 oxide ( iron4 ,n[ #ajj measures ( #a4aef sulphate1 accord+ to "s rec5t exp]im5ts ( m9e1 conta9 #h gra9s ( gre5 oxide1 7,i e/imat$ ! sp4 gr4 ( te/ sulphate1 h]et(ore at #a4adi72 h5ce #hjj conta9 #fd oxide1 & ^! require j #g gra9s ( oxyg5 to be unit$ to !m1 to =m ! r$ oxide1 z has be5 %ewn1 page #cd4 ,9 ! above exp]im5t1 ! #ci gra9s ( oxide1 w be f\nd to vani% or be dissolv$1 if pure1 & to yield #cb gra9s ( protoxide1 mak+ up ) ! #g gra9s ( oxyg51 ! orig9al weight4 ,h5ce we h #ci gra9s ( ! oxide resolv$ into #cb protoxide1 & #g oxyg54 ,if !n we all[ #cb protoxide1 to conta9 #g oxyg51 x appe>s t #ci gra9s ( ! native oxide1 consi/s ( #a atom manganese 7#be71 & two atoms ( oxyg5 7#ad72 or x is ! deutoxide ( ! metal4 #b;d4 ,a m direct & exp$iti\s me?od1 ( transf]r+ ! oxyg5 f ! manganese to ! iron1 is z foll[s3 ,let #ci gra9s ( pure grey %9+ oxide1 be mix$ ) #hjj ( te/ gre5 sulphate ( iron2 to ?is mixture let #be or #cj gra9 measures ( /rong sulphuric acid be add$3 aft] /irr+ ! mixture = #e m9utes1 ! oxide ( manganese w be completely dissolv$1 &1 on precipitat+ ! oxide ( iron gradually1 by lime wat]1 x w be f\nd to be :olly yell[ or buff2 %ew+ t #g gra9s ( oxyg5 h be5 transf]r$ f ! oxide ( manganese to t ( iron4--,if m gre5 sulphate ( iron be us$1 !n ! surplus ( ! oxide w be ?r[n d[n gre52 ! ord] ( precipitation be+ ! yell[ oxide ( iron1 ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 & la/ly1 ! yell[ or buff oxide ( manganese1 z has be5 /at$4 ,?is af=ds an easy & elegant me?od ( appreciat+ ! diff]5t oxides ( manganese ( comm]ce2 & x 0 9 ?is mode1 ! valuations ( ! specim5s 9 ! above table 7 made4 ,! proportions ( ! ?ree oxides are !n z "u3 ,manganese ,oxyg5 ,protoxide #ajj #bh -- buff2 soluble 9 acids4 ,int]m$iate oxide -- #db -- br[n2 insoluble4 ,deutoxide -- #ef -- black2 insoluble4 ,x may be prop] to subjo9 ! results ( o!rs1 :o h inve/igat$ ! oxides ( manganese4 ,b]gman f9ds #c oxides1 conta9+ #ajj metal #be1 #ce1 & #ff4f oxyg52 ,dr4 ,john f9ds #c oxides1 conta9+ #ajj metal #ae1 #be1 & #dj oxyg53 ,b]zelius f9ds #e oxides1 conta9+ #ajj metal #g1 #ad1 #bh1 #db1 & #ef oxyg52 & ,davy f9ds #b oxides1 conta9+ #ajj metal #bf4f1 & #ci4i oxyg51 respectively4 #bc4 ,oxides ( *romium4 ,!re appe> to be at lea/ two oxides ( *romium1 "o or o!r ( :i* is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! oxides ( lead or iron1 b hi!rto s v sp>+ly t few *emi/s h _h an opportunity ( inve/igat+ ! proportions ( *rome & oxyg51 9 ! oxides ( *romium4 ,! *ief s\rces = in=mation on ?is subject1 are essays by ,vauquel91 ,an4 de ,*imie1 ,,vol4 #be & #gj2 by ,tassa]t1 ibid4 #ca2 by ,muss9 ,pus*91 ibid4 #cb2 by ,godon1 ibid4 #ec2 by ,laugi] ibid4 #gh1 & by ,b]zelius1 ,annal4 ( ,philosophy1 #c4 ,! oxides ( *romium1 z might be suppos$1 are di/+ui%$ = ! col\rs :i* !y possess & imp>t to ! comp\nds into :i* !y ent]4 ,"o ( ! oxides is gre52 x gives col\r to ! em]ald4 ,! o!r is yell[1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 b deep r$ :5 cry/alliz$1 & possesses ! *>act]s ( an acid2 x unites ) alkalies1 e>?s1 & metallic oxides2 x 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 9 comb9ation ) ! oxide ( lead1 a salt n[ d5om9at$ *romate ( lead1 ( a spl5did yell[ col\r1 incl9+ to orange or r$4 ,s9ce !n1 ! *romate ( iron1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 ,am]ica1 & ,sib]ia1 ) a prospect ( great] abundance4 ,9 ord] to inve/igate ! weight ( ! atom ( *romic acid1 x is necess>y to att5d to su* ( ! *romates z h be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,! *romates ( pota%1 b>ytes1 lead1 iron1 & m]cury1 are ^? ) :i* we are be/ acqua9t$4 ,vauquel9 has giv5 u ! compon5ts ( ! native *romate ( lead by analysis1 & ^? ( ! artificial *romate by syn!sis2 ! results d n accord v ne>ly3 =1 accord+ to ! analysis correct$ by ! mod]n sci5ce1 ,*romate ( lead #fb acid #ig oxide ,by syn?4 *romate ( lead #eg -- #ig -- ,b]zelius h[ev]1 has m lately giv5 u ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce1 bo? analytical1 & syn!tical2 & he f9ds bo? to give *romate ( lead ne>ly #dd acid #ig oxide4 ,*romate ( b>ytes 7,vauq47 #dg4h acid #fh b>ytes ,ditto 7,b]z47 #dd -- #fh -- ,native *romate ( iron 7,vauq47 #de acid #ce oxide ,ditto 7,laugi]7 #ee -- #ce -- ,hav+ receiv$ a small portion ( *romate ( pota% 9 solution1 f a *emical fri5d 7,j4 ,sims71 ,i endeav\r$ to satisfy myself1 z f> z my mat]ials w\ld g1 z to ! nature & proportions ( ! *romates4 ,! solution 0 ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4jfa1 & consequ5tly 9 #ajj measures conta9$ ne>ly #f4g gra9s ( *romic acid & pota%1 c4--,! liquid 0 a beautiful yell[2 x 0 alkal9e by ! col\r te/4 ,by ! usual te/s1 ,i _h reason to believe1 t ! solution conta9$ z "u p] c5t4--namely1 #b4b gr4 *romic acid #b4 pota% 4#h uncomb4 pota% #a4d c>b4 pota% 4#c sulphate ( pota% --- #f4g ,) ?is liquid neutraliz$ by nitric acid1 ,i =m$ ! *romates ( lead1 b>ytes1 iron1 & m]cury2 & ,i am incl9$ to believe ^! salts are ne>ly con/itut$ z "u3 ,neutral *romate ( pota% #df acid #db pota% -- -- ( b>ytes #df -- #fh b>ytes -- -- ( lead #df -- #ig oxide -- -- ( iron #df -- #cb oxide 7black7 -- -- ( m]cury #df -- #agd oxide 7black7 ,accord+ to ^! results1 ! atom ( *romic acid weighs #df2 x is made #dd by ! results ( ,b]zelius1 & f #de to #fb by ^? ( ,vauquel92 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to place great confid5ce 9 ! above results ( m9e1 ?\gh ,i am p]suad$ !y w be f\nd good approximations4 ,is ! *romic acid ! deutoxide1 or ! tritoxide ( *romium8 ,! det]m9ation w evid5tly be affect$ by ! "q1 h[ mu* oxyg5 mu/ be ab/ract$ f ! *romic acid to r$uce x to ! gre5 oxide4 ,vauquel9 f9ds #df acid to lose #f oxyg51 & ,b]zelius #aj1 :5 conv]t$ into gre5 oxide by heat4 ,f ! =m] ( ^!1 "o w\ld inf] *rome to be #cb1 ! gre5 or protoxide ( *rome to be #ci1 & ! acid or deutoxide #df3 f ! latt]1 *rome #be1 protoxide #cb 7unkn[n71 ! gre5 oxide #a protoxide & #a deutoxide unit$ #ga #ej *rome #ba oxyg5 7#be *rome #aj oxyg57 #b #ce #b ! deutoxide #ci1 & ! tritoxide or *romic acid #df4 ,i h n _h an opportunity to p]=m any exp]im5t t appe>s to me decisive z to ! accuracy ( "o or o!r ( ^! views2 b %all make a few rem>ks relative to !m4 ,! gre5 oxide be+ ! mo/ prom95t comp\nd next to ! *romic acid1 be+ commonly produc$ f x by any deoxidiz+ process1 be+ ! l[e/ oxide kn[n1 & comb9+ ) acids1 is on ^! acc\nts entitl$ to ! consid]ation ( ! protoxide2 inde$ !re does n seem an in/ance :]e ! protoxide ( a metal is unkn[n1 :il/ ! deutoxide & comp\nd oxides are kn[n4 ,!re is h[ev]1 ano!r oxide obs]v$ by ,vauquel9 & by ,b]zelius1 :i* is obta9$ by heat+ ! nitrate1 or comb9ation ( nitric acid & ! gre5 oxide1 to dryness & expell+ ! acid2 ?is oxide is br[n1 & gives oxymuriatic acid :5 treat$ ) muriatic acid2 on ?is acc\nt x w\ld seem to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! gre5 oxide & ! *romic acid2 x is probably a comb9ation ( ! two1 or ! *romate ( *romium4 ,on ! o!r view h[ev]1 x mu/ be consid]$ z ! deutoxide4 ,:at corroborates ! notion ( ! gre5 oxide be+ #ci1 is ! fact :i* ,i h obs]v$1 ( #df p>ts ( *romic acid comb9+ ) #fd ( ! gre5 oxide ( iron to =m #aaj ( *romate ( iron2 9 ?is comb9ation ! oxide ( iron may be said to borr[ #a atom ( oxyg5 f ! *romic acid1 & ! comp\nd may !n be consid]$ z ! union ( ! gre5 oxide ( *rome1 & ! r$ oxide ( iron4 ,:5 ?is precipitate is subject$ to ! action ( muriatic acid1 a gre5 solution is obta9$ conta9+ ! oxide ( *rome1 & r$ oxide ( iron is precipitat$1 z ,vauquel9 has obs]v$4 ,to =m ! above *romate 7or r sub*romate7 ( iron1 let a giv5 portion ( neutral *romate ( pota% be treat$ ) gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & lime wat] be add$1 suffici5t to saturate ! sulphuric acid1 a br[n r$ precipitate is obta9$2 m sulphate & lime wat] mu/ be gradually add$ to ! cle> liquid till ! precipitate become gre51 :5 ! proportions w be f\nd z above /at$4 ,?is artificial comp\nd seems a sub*romate2 :]eas ! native comp\nd seems to be a *romate4 ,t !re is "s unc]ta9ty 9 decompos+ a *romate by heat ) a view to obta9 ! gre5 oxide1 ,i h reason to suspect f hav+ decompos$ #e gra9s ( *romate ( m]cury by a mod]ate r$ heat2 ?is comp\nd conta9$ #a4a *romic acid1 & x yield$ only 4#f ( gre5 oxide1 :]eas x %\ld h be5 4#i or 4#h at lea/4 ,^u ! :ole ,i ?9k ! evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t ! atom ( *rome is #cb1 ! gre5 or protoxide #ci1 & ! deutoxide or *romic acid is #df4 #bd4 ,oxides ( uranium4 ,!re appe> to be two oxides ( uranium f ! exp]im5ts ( ,klapro?1 ,bu*olz1 & ,vauquel92 b ! proportions ( metal & oxyg5 h n be5 v ne>ly asc]ta9$1 f ! great sc>city ( ! m9]als conta9+ ?is metal4 7,vid4 ,bu*olz1 ,an4 de ,*imie1 #ef--adb4 ,vauquel91 ibid4 #fh--bgg2 or ,ni*olson's ,j\rn4 #be--fi74 ,! oxides are obta9$ by precipitation f solutions ( ! m9]als 9 ! nitric or muriatic acid1 ! =eign sub/ances be+ fir/ sep>at$4 ,! protoxide ( uranium precipitates d>k bottle gre5 by cau/ic alkalies1 & =ms cry/allizable salts ) acids2 ! o!r1 probably ! deutoxide1 precipitates orange yell[1 & =ms uncry/allizable salts ) acids2 9 ^! respects ! oxides be> a ne> resemblance to ^? ( iron4 ,bu*olz e/imates ! yell[ oxide at #ajj metal f #be to #cb oxyg52 z x yields oxymuriatic acid :5 treat$ ) muriatic1 x is mo/ likely to be ! deutoxide2 n[ if we take #bh = ! oxyg5 comb9$ ) #ajj metal1 ! protoxide mu/ consi/ ( #ajj metal #ad oxyg51 or ( #ej metal #g oxyg51 & ! atom ( uranium #ej4 ,f 8 acc\nt ( ! sulphate & nitrate ( uranium ! weight ( ! atom might be inf]r$ to be d\ble ( ! above or #ajj4 ,^! diff]5t conclusions c only be elucidat$ by future exp]im5ts4 #be4 ,oxides ( molybd5um4 ,! late/ & z x %\ld seem mo/ accurate exp]im5ts on ! oxides ( molybd5um 7 made by ,bu*olz4 7,vid4 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #bj1 p4 #aba74 ,!re appe> to be #c oxides or comb9ations ( molybd5um & oxyg51 namely1 ! br[n1 ! blue1 & ! :ite or yell[4 ,! two la/ h ! "* ( acids1 & none ( !m seem to =m salts ) acids1 l oxides 9 g5]al4 ,bu*olz asc]ta9$ ! above gradation1 & t ! :ite oxide or molybdic acid conta9s ( its weight ( oxyg52 7:i* has s9ce be5 corroborat$ by ,b]zelius72 he also f\nd t ! blue 0 be/ =m$ by mix+1 triturat+1 & boil+ 9 wat] #c p>ts ( br[n oxide1 & #d ( :ite1 or "o ( metal1 & two ( acid2 & t x has acid qualities z well z ! :ite4 ,bu*olz also f\nd #c p>ts ( liquid ammonia ( ! sp4 gr4 4#ig dissolve #a ( molybdic acid2 n[ #c p>ts ( ammonia 4#ahf real 7,,vol4 #a1 p4 #dbb72 & #a 4#ahf #fd #ab1 ! quantity ( ammonia usually saturat$ by "o atom ( acid2 & ,b]zelius f\nd #ajj molybdic acid saturate #aee oxide ( lead1 or #fc acid to #ig oxide4 ,! native sulphuret ( molybd5um 7! /ate 9 :i* ?is metal is usually f\nd7 0 analyz$ by ,bu*olz & f\nd to consi/ ( #fj metal & #dj sulphur4 ,! molybdic acid may be obta9$ by roa/+ ! sulphuret 9 a crucible & /irr+ x frequ5tly2 ! sulphur 9 great "p escapes 9 ! =m ( sulphur\s acid & ! metal becomes oxidat$3 c>bonate ( soda 9 solution may be add$ to ! residuum z long z any eff]vesc5ce is obs]v$2 molybdate ( soda rema9s 9 solution & ! acid may be precipitat$ by nitric acid4 ,! br[n oxide is be/ obta9$ by heat+ molybdate ( ammonia to r$2 ! ammonia & "p ( ! oxyg5 are expell$1 & ! br[n oxide rema9s4 ,!re are two views ) :i* ! prec$+ results may be reconcil$2 namely1 #a/4 suppos+ ! atom ( molybd5um to weigh #ba2 & #b;d1 by suppos+ x to weigh #db or twice t numb]4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! br[n oxide w weigh #bd 7#di7 be+ suppos$ #b atoms ( metal & #a ( oxyg51 ! blue or protoxide w weigh #bh1 & ! :ite oxide or molybdic acid w weigh #fc1 be+ a comp\nd ( ! protoxide & deutoxide1 molybd5a or native sulphuret w !n be z usual1 ! protosulphuret1 consi/+ ( #ba metal & #ad sulphur1 or #fj metal & #dj sulphur4 ,9 ! #b;d4 case ! br[n or protoxide w weigh #di1 ! blue or deutoxide #ef1 & ! acid or tritoxide #fc4 ,! native sulphuret1 molybd5a1 mu/ 9 ?is view be ! deutosulphuret1 or #db metal & #bh sulphur4 ,! =m] ( ^! views exhibits ! oxides some:at complicat$1 b agrees well ) ! sulphuret2 ! latt] %ews ! oxides 9 a m regul> tra91 b does n appe> s probable f ! sulphuret2 besides1 ! notion ( a metallic tritoxide is r s+ul>1 especially 9 a metal t is r>ely if ev] f\nd 9 comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,^u ! :ole ,i pref] ! =m] view2 b x mu/ be consid]$ z problematical only4 ,! atom ( #fj 7see page #bfg ,,vol4 #a7 mu/ d\btless be errone\s4 #bf4 ,oxides ( tung/54 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,d',elhui>ts1 ,bu*olz#ac & ,b]zelius#ad x seems v probable t ! tung/ic acid is compos$ ( ab\t #ajj metal #be oxyg54 ,x is a yell[ p[d] ( ! sp4 gr4 #f4ab1 & is be/ obta9$ f ! native tung/ate ( lime 7a sc>ce m9]al74 ,"o "p tung/ate ( lime & f\r ( c>bonate ( pota% are fus$ toge!r1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & !n ! tung/ic acid may be precipitat$ by nitric acid4 ,!re is an inf]ior oxide t is black or d>k br[n2 ,b]zelius r$uc$ ! yell[ oxide to a flea-br[n col\r1 by s5d+ a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas ?r\gh x 9 a glass tube heat$ r$ hot4 #ajj p>ts ( ?is oxide burnt be #ajg yell[ oxide4 ,h5ce #ajj metal mu/ comb9e ) ab\t #af or #ag oxyg5 to =m ?is oxide1 :i* is ( t 9 ! yell[ or tung/ic acid4--,^u ! :ole x does n seem improbable1 consid]+ ! great sp4 gravity ( ?is metal1 t x =ms ?ree oxides & t ! acid or yell[ oxide is ! #c;d4 ,h5ce ! atom ( tung/5 mu/ be #hd1 t ( ! protoxide #ia1 ! deutoxide #ih1 & ! tritoxide or tung/ic acid #aje4 ,! native tung/ate ( lime1 if pure1 accord+ to ?is w\ld be #ha4d acid #ah4f lime1 :i* is n f> f ,klapro?'s analysis2 he hav+ f\nd #ah4g lime 9 "o specim52 nor f t ( ,b]zelius1 he hav+ f\nd #hj4d tung/ic acid & #ai4d lime 9 #ii4h tung/ate ( lime4#ae ,footnote #ac3 ,an4 ( ,philos4 #f--aih ,footnote #ad3 ,an4 ( ,philos4 #c-bdd ,footnote #ae3 ,an4 ( ,philos4 #h--bcg ,!re is ano!r view h[ev]1 :i* w\ld accord ) ! exp]im5ts & p]haps w be f\nd pref]able 9 o!r respects2 t is1 to suppose ! tung/ic acid to be compos$ ( #a atom deutoxide & #a atom protoxide unit$2 9 ?is case ! atom ( tung/5 #db1 t ( ! protoxide #di1 t ( ! deutoxide #ef1 & ! tung/ic acid #aje z be=e4 #bg4 ,oxides ( titanium4 ,no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n respect+ ! oxides ( titanium4 ,an obs]vation ( ,ri*t]1 quot$ by ,b]zelius 7,an4 ( ,philos4 #c--bea71 if x c\ld be reli$ ^u1 furni%es an important fact1 namely1 t a solution ( muriate ( titanium conta9+ #hd4d oxide1 gave #aej muriate ( silv]4 ,n[ #aej muriate ( silv] conta9 #bh acid2 h5ce #bh acid mu/ h comb9$ ) #hd4d oxide2 b if #bh #hd4d #bb #ff ne>ly = ! weight ( an atom ( ! oxide4 ,?is w\ld indicate #ei = an atom ( ! metal4 #bh4 ,oxides ( columbium4 ,! :ite oxide or acid ( columbium is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! oxides ( iron & manganese 9 proportion ne>ly z #d ( ! acid to #a ( ! aggregate oxides4 ,! two m9]als1 columbite & tantalite1 ?\gh yield+ ^! sub/ances ne>ly 9 ! same proportions1 are f\nd to diff] rem>kably 9 specific gravity1 ! =m] be+ ab\t #e4i & ! latt] ab\t #g4i4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on concludes h[ev]1 f ! agreem5t ( ! :ite oxides extract$1 t !y mu/ be ! same4 ,! :ite oxide ( columbium is insoluble 9 ! m9]al acids2 x unites ) pota% by fusion1 & may be precipitat$ by mo/ acids4 ,"s ( ! vegetable acids1 ! oxalic1 ! t>t>ic1 & ! citric dissolve ! :ite oxide4 ,:5 ! alkal9e solution ( columbium previ\sly neutraliz$ by an acid is treat$ ) infusion ( galls1 an orange precipitate is produc$ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( columbium4 ,no?+ c]ta9 has be5 det]m9$ respect+ ! proportions ( metal & oxyg52 b f ! great proportion ( ! columbic acid f\nd ) ! oxides ( iron & manganese1 toge!r ) ! great sp4 gravity ( ! comp\nd1 "o may pretty cle>ly inf] ! great weight ( ! atom ( columbium4 ,suppos+ ! :ite oxide or acid to consi/ ( #a atom metal #c oxyg5 & t ! columbite is =m$ by #a atom ( acid to #a ( oxide1 we %\ld h #abh acid #cb oxide4 ,?is w\ld give #ajg = ! weight ( an atom ( metal1 & #abh = t ( ! tritoxide or columbic acid2 b x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u su* conjectures4 ,9 a rec5t memoir ( ,messrs4 ,gahn1 ,b]zelius1 & ,egg]tz 7,an4 de ,*imie1 ,octo4 #ahaf71 x is ma9ta9$ z probable t !re is only "o oxide ( columbium or tantalum1 & t #ajj metal take #e4dhe oxyg51 or #aba metal take #g oxyg54 ,if ?is be correct1 ! atom ( columbium mu/ be #aba & ! protoxide #abh4 7,see also ,an4 de ,*imie1 #dc--bga2 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahjb2 ,ni*ols4 ,j\rn4 #b--abi2 ibid4 #c--bea2 ibid4 #be--bc74 #bi4 ,oxides ( c]ium4 ,! m9]al c]ite is ( ! sp4 gr4 #d4ec1 & con/itut$ ( #ej or #fj p] c5t4 ( oxide ( c]ium1 ) silex1 lime1 & iron4 ,?is m9]al be+ calc9$ & dissolv$ 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 ! solution is to be neutraliz$ by cau/ic pota%1 & !n treat$ ) t>trate ( pota%4 ,! precipitate1 well wa%$ & aft]w>ds calc9$1 is pure oxide ( c]ium4 ,?is oxide1 :i* is :ite1 :5 calc9$ 9 ! op5 air becomes r$ & acquires m oxyg54 ,^! oxides1 p>ticul>ly ! :ite1 are soluble 9 mo/ acids2 ! r$ oxide ) muriatic acid gives oxymuriatic acid4 ,! exp]im5ts hi!rto made on ?is subject sc>cely enable u to decide respect+ ! proportions ( metal & oxyg51 nor ! relative weights ( ^! oxides4 ,bo? ,vauquel9#af & ,his+]#ag agree t ! protoc>bonate ( c]ium1 :5 expos$ to a r$ heat1 yields #eg or #eh oxide1 :i* ! =m] says is ! r$ oxide1 be+ *ang$ by ! calc9ation4 ,his+] f9ds ! p]c>bonate to consi/ ( #cf4b acid & #fc4h oxide3 also t ! muriate ( c]ium consi/s ( #ajj acid & #aig4e oxide2 b ,vauquel9 rem>ks t ! sulphate1 nitrate1 & muriate ( c]ium are always m or less acid1 h[ev] dri$2 & he f\nd ! protoxalate ( c]ium to yield #de4f r$ oxide by calc9ation1 on a mean ( #c exp]im5ts n mu* diff]+ f ea* o!r4 ,suppos+ all ^! facts accurate1 !y may be reconcil$ by a few suppositions by no means improbable4 ,let ! atom ( c]ium be #bb1 ! protoxide #bi1 & ! r$ oxide #cb 7t is1 #a oxy4 #b protox4 #fe72 & let ! protoc>bonate be #a atom ( acid1 #a ( oxide1 & #a ( wat]2 ! p]c>bonate1 #a acid #a oxide2 ! oxalate1 #a acid 7#dj7 & #a oxide2 & ! muriate1 saturat$ ) base1 #c oxide & #b acid4 ,!n x w be f\nd t1 ,footnote #af3 ,an4 de ,*imie1 #ed--bh ,footnote #ag3 ,an4 ( ,philos4--#d--cef ,! decompos$ protoc>bonate w yield #eg4e r$ oxide2 ,! decompos$ p]c>bonate w yield1 #cf4g acid1 #fc4c oxide2 ,! decompos$ oxalate w yield #dg r$ oxide2 & ,! muriate w yield #ajj acid 7#bb71 & #aig4g oxide4 ,all ( :i* agree v ne>ly ) ! results above obta9$4 ,h5ce x appe>s to me v probable t ! sev]al atoms ( ! metal & ! oxides are z /at$ above2 & t1 #ajj c]ium #ca4h oxyg5 #aca4h protoxide1 :ite4 ---------- #dg4g ------ #adg4g int]m$iate1 r$4 ,his9sg]1 f "s ( ! same data unit$ to o!r hypo!tical facts ?an ^? assum$ above1 d$uces ! two oxides v diff]5t2 viz4 #ajj metal #ag4d oxyg5 = ! protoxide1 & #ajj #bf4a = ! p]oxide4 ,,section #ad4 ,,e>?y1 ,,alkal9e ,,& ,,metallic ,,sulphurets4 ,! sulphurets exhibit a v important class ( comb9ations ( two elem5ts4 ,_m ( ! metals are f\nd *iefly 9 ! /ate ( native sulphurets1 & are extract$ by p>ticul> processes4 ,artificial comb9ations ( sulphur & ! metals1 & ( sulphur & ! e>?s & alkalies are commonly practis$1 & are f\nd useful 9 *emical inve/igations4 ,! alkal9e & e>?y sulphurets w sc>cely be all[$ p]haps to be comb9ations ( two elem5ts only2 b _! analogy ) ! o!r comp\nds is su* z to induce u to treat ( !m "u ?is head1 especially z !y are ag5ts occasionally 9 ! =mation ( metallic sulphurets1 & ^! _c be s well und]/ood )\t "s k ( ! o!r4 ,= l reasons ! comp\nds ( ?ree elem5ts1 sulphur1 metal1 & oxyg51 call$ sulphurett$ oxides1 & sulphurett$ sulphites1 & ^? ( f\r elem5ts1 sulphur1 metal1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 call$ hydrosulphurets1 may be consid]$ at ! same "t1 hav+ an intimate relation ) ! sulphurets /rictly s call$1 or ! comp\nds =m$ ) sulphur & ! undecomp\nd$ bodies4 ,sulphur may be comb9$ ) ! e>?s1 alkalies & metals1 by heat1 ( v>i\s degrees accord+ to ! nature ( ! subjects4 ,! union is att5d$ 9 _m cases ) a gl[+ ignition1 indicat+ ! evolution ( heat4 ,! metallic oxides & sulphur :5 heat$ toge!r commonly produce a sulphuret ( ! metal1 :il/ ! oxyg5 escapes ) "p ( ! r$undant sulphur 9 ! =m ( sulphur\s acid1 & ! re/ ( ! sulphur sublimes4 ,9 ! humid way sulphur may be comb9$ ) e>?s1 alkalies1 & metals1 by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 hydrosulphurets 7t is1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 unit$ to o!r alkal9e or e>?y bases71 & hydrogurett$ sulphurets 7a "n giv5 to c]ta9 e>?y & alkal9e sulphurets =m$ mo/ly by boil+ mixtures ( ! respective bases & sulphur 9 wat]47 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 may be us$ 9 ?is /ate ( gas or comb9$ ) wat]2 ! hydrosulphurets & hydrogurett$ sulphurets are be/ appli$ 9 _! wat]y solutions4 ,! metals are to be us$ 9 ?is case 9 ! /ate ( salts1 t is1 oxides unit$ to acids1 & 9 solution2 or _! oxides may 9 "s in/ances be precipitat$ previ\sly to ! addition ( ! sulphur comp\nd2 ! alkalies & e>?s are sometimes directly sulphuriz$ 9 ! /ate ( hydrates1 & at o!r times by d\ble aff9ity1 9 ! /ate ( salts or comb9$ ) acids4 ,! ph5om5a 9 ! case ( sulphurets =m$ 9 ! humid way1 are v>i\s & (t5 complicat$1 & ! true results are n always to be obta9$ )\t consid]able difficulty & unc]ta9ty4 #a4 ,sulphurets ( lime4 ,:5 p\nd$ lime & sulphur are mix$ toge!r1 & heat$ 9 a crucible sc>cely any union takes place2 ! sulphur sublimes or burns away & leaves ! lime unalt]$4 ,if = lime we sub/itute c>bonate ( lime1 x also rema9s unalt]$4 ,b if hydrate ( lime & sulphur are heat$ toge!r 9 equal weights1 ! hydrate is decompos$1 & ! lime unites to a portion ( ! sulphur1 :il/ ! excess ( sulphur sublimes or burns & escapes at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! residue1 ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al weight1 is a yell[i% :ite p[d]1 compos$ ( sulphur & lime4 ,if ?is be aga9 treat$ ) sulphur & heat$1 x und]goes no mat]ial *ange2 ! la/ sulphur entirely escap+1 leaves ! sulphuret unalt]$1 & h5ce %ews t x mu/ be a true *emical comp\nd4 ,n[ if #cb p>ts hydrate ( lime1 :i* consi/ ( #bd lime & #h wat]1 be mix$ ) #cb sulphur & heat$ z above1 !y w yield #ch p>ts sulphuret1 :i* mu/ be compos$ ( #bd lime & #ad sulphur1 or sulphur & wat]2 b x appe>s f ! analysis h]eaft] to be giv51 t ! :ole ( ?is la/ "p is sulphur2 !re=e ! comp\nd is =m$ ( #a atom ( lime1 & #a ( sulphur1 & is ! protosulphuret ( lime4 ,:5 #cb p>ts ( common hydrate ( lime & #ef sulphur1 are boil$ toge!r 9 #ajjj p>ts wat] = half an h\r1 or m1 occasionally add+ wat] to supply ! wa/e1 a f9e yell[ liquid is obta9$1 ) a few gra9s ( residuum conta9+ bo? lime & sulphur ne>ly 9 ! orig9al proportion ) a few gra9s ( alum9e4 ,?is liquid ( c\rse conta9s 9 solution1 a comb9ation ( #a atom ( lime1 or p]haps hydrate ( lime1 & #d atoms ( sulphur2 & may !re=e be call$ a quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,if m sulphur or lime ?an ! above proportion be us$1 ! surplus w rema9 9 ! residuum uncomb9$1 %ew+ t by ?is process no o!r ?an a quadrisulphuret c be =m$4 ,a simil> solution may be obta9$ 9 cold wat] by frequ5t agitation2 b x is mu* sl[] 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,! /r5g? ( liquid quadrisulphuret dep5ds ^u ! relative quantity ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,i h boil$ x d[n till ! wat] 0 only #e times ! o!r mat]ials1 :i* appe>s to be its maximum /r5g? 9 ! common temp]ature2 its specific gravity 0 #a4adf2 b 9 g5]al ,i h us$ x ( less ?an #a4jg d5sity4 ,x may be prop] to rem>k "h t ,i f9d ! decimals multipli$ by #d express v ne>ly ! numb] ( gra9s ( lime 9 #ajjj gra9s measures ( ! solution1 & multipli$ by #i ^? ( ! sulphur2 on ?is acc\nt a solution ( ! sp4 gravity #a4jf facilitates ! calculations1 z #ajj measures ( x conta9 #b4d gra9s ( lime1 & #e4d or #e4f ( sulphur ne>ly4 ,x is r surpris+ t no bisulphuret nor trisulphuret ( lime %\ld be =m$ ?is way4 ,"o w\ld suppose t ! sulphuret ( lime 9 its progressive *anges w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh ! =ms ( bisulphuret1 c4 till x _h obta9$ its maximum ( sulphur :5 t 0 9 excess2 b1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ! quadrisulphuret is ! only "o =m$1 :atev] may be ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,i imag9e ! reason to be1 t ! sulphur has to decompose ! hydrate ( lime1 & t no few] ?an #d atoms ( sulphur are adequate to t effect2 x is kn[n t wat] adh]es s /rongly to lime z to require a r$ heat to sep>ate x4 ,:5 !re=e we mix lime wat] ) quadrisulphuret ( lime1 x mu/ be consid]$ z a m]e mixture ( ! two1 & t ! lime does n divide ! sulphur equally4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is reason+1 :5ev] ! lime is 9 excess 9 =m+ quadrisulphuret ( lime1 we ought to consid] ! liquid solution z lime wat] hold+ quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,?is di/9ction w be ( "s importance :5 ! solution is weak1 because !n ! lime 9 ! lime wat] w be consid]able1 comp>$ ) ! lime comb9$ ) sulphur4 #a4 ,protosulphuret4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is comp\nd are2--ab\t #a gra9 is soluble 9 #ajjj wat]2 ?is wat]1 z well z ! p[d] itself1 ta/es l ! :ite ( an egg2 salts ( lead are ?r[n d[n black by ! solution2 weak nitric & muriatic acids dissolve ! lime1 & leave ! sulphur2 #ajj p>ts ( te/ acid require #ai ( ! p[d]1 & yield #g ( sulphur2 indicat+ ! comp\nd to be #ab lime & #g sulphur4 ,! same conclusion may be obta9$ by means ( a solution ( lead2 if wat] conta9+ #a4i gra9s ( ! p[d] be precipitat$ by nitrate ( lead1 x w require #g gra9s ( ! salt #b4b acid & #d4h oxide1 or #d4e lead1 & ab\t #e or #e gra9s ( sulphuret ( lead w be =m$1 & ! liquid w conta9 #c4d gra9s ( neutral nitrate ( lime4 #b4 ,quadrisulphuret4 ,?is comb9ation has be5 long kn[n1 & "s ( its prop]ties obs]v$2 b ,i h n f\nd 9 au?ors any det]m9ation ( its proportions4 ,x is ( a beautiful yell[ or orange col\r1 & #a gra9 imp>ts v s5sible col\r to #ajjj ( wat]2 x has a disagreeable bitt] ta/e2 :5 evaporat$ d[n1 x cry/allizes or r p]haps solidifies into a yell[i% mass2 b its prop]ties are affect$ by ! process f ! acquisition ( oxyg54 ,?is mass :5 dri$1 burns ) a blue flame & loses #dj p] c5t42 ! rema9d] is a :ite p[d]1 a mixture ( sulphite & protosulphuret ( lime4 ,liquid quadrisulphuret expos$ to ! atmosph]e soon becomes cov]$ ) a :ite film :i* arises f ! sulphur displac$ by oxyg5 gas2 ?is film be+ brok5 subsides1 & ano!r is =m$1 & s on successively till at l5g? ! acquisition ( oxyg5 ceases ) ! deposition ( sulphur1 & ! liquid rema9s q col\rless4 ,x is int5sely bitt]1 & conta9s lime1 sulphur & oxyg5 9 proportions to be pres5tly det]m9$4 ,?is col\rless liquor und]goes a gradual *ange by be+ kept = ye>s 9 a bottle ) a common cork2 a deposition ( "s sulphur & sulphate ( lime takes place1 b :e!r f a fur!r acquisition ( oxyg5 gas or f "s int]nal *emical action1 ,i h n _h an opportunity ( obs]v+4 ,f ! above obs]vations x is obvi\s t to =m pure quadrisulphuret ( lime ! atmosph]ic air %\ld be exclud$1 z ! agitation by ebullition w\ld promote ! oxidizem5t ( ! comp\nd4 ,i mix$ #afh gra9s ( sublim$ sulphur ) #if hydrate ( lime1 :i* by previ\s trials ,i _h f\nd to consi/ ( #gj lime includ+ #b or #c gra9s ( alum9e1 & #bf wat]2 ! mixture 0 put into a small flor5ce flask1 :i* 0 !n fill$ ) wat] up to ! neck & loosely cork$4 ,?is 0 imm]s$ 9 a pan ( wat] & boil$ = #b or #c h\rs1 ! flask 0 cont9ually turn$ r\nd to agitate ! mixture & promote ! solution4 ,aft] ! undissolv$ "p _h subsid$ ! cle> liquor 0 decant$ & f\nd to be #bhjj gra9 measures ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4jef2 ! residuum mod]ately dri$ weigh$ #cd gra9s2 x 0 f\nd to conta9 #h ( lime & alum9e1 & #be ( sulphur4 ,h5ce ! liquid conta9$ #fb lime & #adc sulphur1 or #b4b lime & #e4a sulphur p] c5t42 t is1 aft] ! rate ( #bd lime to #ef sulphur1 or #a atom ( lime to #d ( sulphur1 & its weight #hj1 ! atom ( sulphur be+ suppos$ #ad4 ,"h !n we h a syn!tic pro( ( ! composition be+ a quadrisulphuret4 ,innum]able o!r exp]im5ts1 ?\gh made ) less rigid accuracy1 _h conv9c$ me t ! liquid is ess5tially ! same :atev] ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 & t ! residuum only v>ies 9 su* cases4 ,i h made _m exp]im5ts occasionally s9ce #ahje1 on ! quantities ( oxyg5 absorb$ & sulphur deposit$ by quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,!y all concur 9 e/abli%+ ! same conclusion2 namely1 t ea* atom ( ! comp\nd takes #b ( oxyg5 & deposits #b ( sulphur1 9 its trans=mation f ! yell[ to ! col\rless /ate4 ,= in/ance1 #ajj measures ( ! above #a4jef took #ijj ( oxyg5 gas #a4bb gra9s1 & let fall #b gra9s ( sulphur1 besides a small portion :i* adh]$ to ! bottle1 :i* 0 e/imat$ at a few t5?s ( a gra94 ,! me?od is to put #ajj measures into a graduat$ & well /opp]$ bottle fill$ ) oxyg52 to agitate briskly = half an h\r1 occasionally op5+ ! /opp] a little "u wat] to admit its entrance into ! place ( ! oxyg5 absorb$4 ,:5ev] ! agitation has be5 cont9u$ = five m9utes )\t any s5sible increase 9 absorption1 & ! liquor1 aft] /&+ to let ! sulphur subside1 appe>s col\rless1 ! exp]im5t is f9i%$4 ,?is new comb9ation !n consi/s ( #a atom lime1 #b sulphur1 & #b oxyg5 #ff2 x w be necess>y to give x a "n3 ,i propose call+ x sulphurett$ sulphite ( lime1 z x is an atom ( sulphur unit$ to sulphite ( lime2 & ! r1 z x w appe> 9 ! sequel t o!r neutral salts d comb9e occasionally ) an atom ( sulphur4 ,?is sulphurett$ sulphite may be boil$ d[n to ! sp4 gr4 #a4a be=e x precipitates3 ! liquid !n conta9s ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( ! salt1 or #e sulphur1 #b oxyg51 & #d lime4 ,! salt precipitates f ! liquid by evaporation 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]2 x burns ) a feeble blue flame1 & loses ab\t #bj p] c5t42 ! rema9d] is sulphite ( lime4 ,:5 #ajj gra9 measures ( ! liquid sulphurett$ sulphite 7#a4a7 are saturat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime1 !y acquire #e gra9s ( oxyg51 & !n yield #ab gra9s ( sulphuric acid 7conta9+ #e sulphur & #g oxyg571 z may be f\nd by ! b>ytic te/s4 ,! po9t ( saturation is kn[n by ! smell ( oxymuriatic acid be+ giv5 out p]man5tly4 ,if h[ev] we oxidize ! quadrisulphuret ( lime by oxymuriate ( lime1 ! results are some:at diff]5t4 ,z soon z an atom ( ! quadrisulphuret has receiv$ two atoms ( oxyg5 x becomes col\rless z be=e1 b ( ! sulphur is ?r[n d[n in/ead ( 2 & :5 m oxymuriate is add$1 s z to imp>t #c atoms ( oxyg5 to "o ( ! salt1 a complete sulphate ( lime is =m$4 ,! po9t ( saturation is det]m9$ by add+ a small portion ( muriatic acid to ! liquid1 :i* develops ! oxymuriatic acid z soon z x becomes 9 excess4 ,?is me?od excels 9 ! analysis ( ! alkal9e & e>?y sulphurets 9 g5]al4 ,:5 quadrisulphuret ( lime is treat$ ) an alkal9e c>bonate1 a reciprocal *ange takes place2 ! c>bonic acid takes ! lime1 & ! alkali ! sulphur1 leav+ h[ev] #a atom ( sulphur ) ! c>bonate :i* precipitates4 ,h5ce a sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lime is obta9$ & a trisulphuret ( ! alkali4 ,! sulphur burns (f f ! c>bonate bel[ a r$ heat & leaves #ge p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime2 ?is af=ds an excell5t analysis ( quadrisulphuret ( lime z f> z lime is ! object4 ,?us #edj ( ! above #a4jef quadrisulphuret took #ajj te/ c>bonate ( pota% 7#a4be71 & gave a precipitate ( #bi gra9s1 :i* burn$ blue & left #bb gra9s #ab lime1 & #aj acid2 b if #edj #ab #ajj #b4b1 z above det]m9$ syn!tically3 moreov]1 #ab lime1 #aj acid1 & #g sulphur1 are z #bd lime1 #bj acid1 & #ad sulphur2 ! composition ( an atom ( sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is analog\s to ! sulphurett$ sulphite ( lime1 z f\nd above4 ,:5 quadrisulphuret ( lime is treat$ ) z mu* sulphuric acid z is suffici5t = ! lime1 ! sulphur is 9 "p precipitat$1 b x is 9 union ) ! sulphate ( lime1 or at lea/ !y are n sep>able by me*anical means4 ,?is comp\nd is sold 9 ! %ops "u ! "n ( precipitat$ sulphur4 ,x is ab\t "o half sulphate ( lime1 & ! o!r half sulphur4 ,! nitric & muriatic acids precipitate ! sulphur p>tially f quadrisulphuret1 b ! sulphur assumes a viscid =m & exhales sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! proportion ( ! elem5ts ( quadrisulphuret are n easily obta9$ by any ( ^! acids4 ,! mutual action ( quadrisulphuret ( lime1 & ! metallic salts is curi\s & int]e/+2 = in/ance1 ) nitrate ( lead4 ,let a solution ( nitrate ( lead1 conta9+ #ig oxide1 be treat$ ) a solution ( quadrisulphuret ( lime by degrees1 z long z a black precipitate appe>s1 m>k+ ! exact po9t ( saturation2 ?is w be f\nd :5 #cf p>ts ( lime h ent]$1 & #hd ( sulphur2 ! sulphuret ( lead w fall1 & :5 dri$ w weigh #ade p>ts1 & conta9 #ij lead1 & #ee sulphur2 t is1 #a atom ( lead1 & #d ( sulphur1 & is consequ5tly a quadrisulphuret ( lead4 ,! liquid rema9s cle> & col\rless1 & conta9s ! nitric acid1 lime1 oxyg5 ( ! lead1 & ( ! sulphur2 ea* atom ( nitric acid comb9es ) "o ( lime1 :i* reta9s "o ( ! #d atoms ( sulphur1 =m+ a sulphurett$ nitrate ( lime1 consi/+ ( #de acid1 #bd lime1 & #ad sulphur2 ! #g p>ts ( oxyg5 unite ) #g ( sulphur to =m sulphur\s acid1 :i* require #ab p>ts ( lime to saturate !m & #g ( sulphur1 =m+ a sulphurett$ sulphite ( lime3 h5ce we see t #bh p>ts ( sulphur rema9 9 ! liquor1 & ! re/ 7#ef7 unite ) ! lead4 ,if n[ we add gradually m nitrate ( lead1 a silv]y :ite precipitate appe>s1 increas+ till half ! orig9al quantity is add$1 & !n ! liquid is saturat$4 ,?is :ite precipitate is sulphurett$ sulphite ( lead2 :5 heat$ x soon gr[s black & loses #ae or #bj p] c5t41 be+ !n a protosulphuret ( lead4 ,! liquid n[ conta9s sulphurett$ nitrate & simple nitrate ( lime2 nitrate ( lead has no effect1 b nitrate ( m]cury precipitates a black sulphuret4 ,quadrisulphuret ( lime saturat$ ) oxyg51 z has be5 obs]v$1 conta9s sulphurett$ sulphite ( lime 9 solution1 & deposits sulphur3 ! liquid treat$ ) nitrate ( lead1 gives z above ! :ite1 silv]y sulphurett$ sulphite ( lead z a precipitate1 & holds nitrate ( lime 9 solution4 ,hydrosulphuret ( lime4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into lime wat]2 ! wat] assumes a br[ni% col\r1 b ! po9t ( saturation is n easily f\nd1 z ! lime wat] is n neutraliz$ s z to %ew by ! col\r te/1 & wat] ( itself absorbs above twice its volume ( ! gas4 ,by means ( a neutral solution ( nitrate ( lead x may be f\nd t #ajjj lime wat] 9 volume1 require ab\t #fjj sulphurett$ hydrog51 because !n a mutual saturation is obs]v$ by d\ble aff9ity2 t is1 sulphuret ( lead & neutral nitrate ( lime are =m$2 b o!rwise ! liquid rema9+ is ei!r acid or alkal9e4 ,hydrosulphuret ( lime1 z well z ! o!r hydrosulphurets1 has a peculi> bitt] ta/e4 ,x =ms a useful reag5t 9 reg>d to metals1 b is apt to be spoil$ by keep+1 ow+ to ! acquisition ( oxyg54 #b4 ,sulphuret ( magnesia4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 endeav\r+ to comb9e sulphur & magnesia 9 ! dry way2 b a liquid sulphuret is easily =m$ by ! action ( d\ble aff9ity4 ,let a quantity ( ! liquid quadrisulphuret ( lime be treat$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( magnesia1 s t ! sulphuric acid may be suffici5t = ! lime2 by dige/+ 9 a mod]ate heat1 ! sulphate ( lime is precipitat$1 c>ry+ ) x "o f\r? ( ! sulphur1 & a trisulphuret ( magnesia rema9s 9 solution4 ,i h n obs]v$ any rem>kable feature ( di/9ction betwe5 ?is sulphuret & t ( lime1 except z above notic$ 9 ! proportions ( _! comp\nds4 ,hydrosulphuret ( magnesia4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by p\r+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] into rec5tly precipitat$ magnesia2 x does n diff] mu* f t ( lime4 ,"o atom ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 7#ae71 comb9es ) "o ( magnesia 7#ag71 & ! comp\nd is soluble 9 wat]4 #c4 ,sulphuret ( b>ytes4 ,protosulphuret4 ,! protosulphuret ( b>ytes may be procur$ ! same way z t ( lime1 by heat+ hydrate ( b>ytes & sulphur till ! mixture becomes r$4 ,x is v little soluble 9 wat]1 & accords 9 o!r respects ) ! l comp\nd ( lime4 ,x consi/s ( #fh b>ytes & #ad sulphur1 or #ajj b>ytes & #bj sulphur4 ,quadrisulphuret4 ,! quadrisulphuret ( b>ytes may be =m$ ! same way z quadrisulphuret ( lime1 by boil+ ! hydrate ( b>ytes & sulphur toge!r4 ,a yell[ solution ( ! comp\nd is =m$1 n di/+ui%able 9 appe>ance f t ( lime2 & x appe>s to be analog\s to x 9 mo/ ( its prop]ties4 ,by acquir+ oxyg5 x becomes col\rless sulphurett$ sulphite ( b>ytes1 & cry/alizes 9 ne$les2 9 ?is la/ respect x diff]s f t ( lime4 ,! maximum d5sity ( liquid quadrisulphuret ,i h n _h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+2 x is #a4jg or upw>ds2 t ( ! liquid sulphurett$ sulphite is mu* less ?an t ( lime2 ! cry/als are f\nd 9 a liquid s l[ z #a4jjd sp4 gr4 ,!y h a f9e silky lu/re :5 dry1 & a yell[i% col\r2 heat$ !y burn ) a blue flame & leave a :ite mass ( sulphate pres]v+ ! same cry/all9e appe>ance z be=e1 & lose ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( weight4 ,t5 gra9s ( ! cry/als ( sulphurett$ sulphite1 :5 treat$ ) liquid oxymuriate ( lime to saturation1 require #b gra9s ( oxyg5 & yield #h gra9s ( sulphate ( b>ytes1 toge!r ) an excess ( sulphuric acid :i* ) muriate ( b>ytes gives #h gra9s m ( sulphate4 ,f ^! facts x may be conclud$ t ! sulphurett$ sulphite consi/s ( "o atom b>ytes1 #b sulphur1 #b oxyg51 & #b wat]1 & t #d m ( oxyg5 are d]iv$ f ! oxymuriatic acid to conv]t ! sulphur\s oxide into sulphuric acid4 ,! sulphurett$ sulphite ( b>ytes seems to pass into sulphate by l5g? ( "t4 ,! weight ( ! atom ( quadrisulphuret ( b>ytes is #abd2 ! comp\nd 9 mass consi/s ( #ajj b>ytes & #hb sulphur4 ,hydrosulphuret ( b>ytes4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( lime1 & is f\nd to h simil> prop]ties4 ,! proportions = mutual saturation are1 ,i f9d1 z 9 ! case ( lime1 #ae sulphurett$ hydrog5 to #fh b>ytes by weight1 or "o atom ( ea*4 #d4 ,sulphurets ( /rontites4 ,! protosulphuret & quadrisulphuret ( /rontites may be =m$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( lime & b>ytes4 ,f a few exp]im5ts made on ^! comp\nds ,i h n obs]v$ any rem>kable feature ( di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! correspond+ ones ( ! o!r e>?s4 ,hydrosulphuret ( /rontites4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ 9 ! same way z t ( lime2 ! proportions to produce mutual saturation w be #a atom ( ea*1 or #ae p>ts sulphurett$ hydrog51 to #df /rontites by weight4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i4 ,sulphurets ( alum9e1 silex1 yttria1 gluc9e1 & zircone4 ,i made sev]al unsuccessful attempts to comb9e alum9e & sulphur4 ,:5 alum9e & sulphur mix$ toge!r are heat$1 ! sulphur sublimes *iefly1 & leaves ! alum9e ) traces ( sulphate ( alum9e4 ,9 ! humid way1 rec5tly precipitat$ & moi/ alum9e mix$ ) sulphur & boil$ 9 wat]1 give a liquid ) "s traces ( sulphuric acid1 b no sulphuret ( alum9e2 ! sulphur & alum9e bo? subside1 & :5 ! sulphur is ei!r sublim$ or burnt1 ! alum9e rema9s mu* ! same z at fir/4 ,:5 a solution ( alum is treat$ ) sulphuret ( lime1 sulphate ( lime is precipitat$ along ) ! greate/ "p ( ! sulphur 9 a k9d ( feeble union r ?an me*anical mixture1 x %\ld seem2 ! alum9e is at ! same "t precipitat$ probably 9 me*anical mixture2 !re rema9 9 solution a little sulphuret ( pota% & sulphate ( lime4 ,sulphuret ( silex is n kn[n1 ,i appreh5d1 to exi/4 ,:5 silicat$ pota% 9 solution is treat$ ) quadrisulphuret ( lime1 a copi\s d>k br[n or black precipitate in/antly appe>s2 ! liquid :5 filt]$ is ( a pale yell[ col\r1 & seems to conta9 ab\t "o half ( ! sulphur & pota%1 :il/ ! o!r half is ?r[n d[n 9 union ) ! lime & silex4 ,?is black comp\nd is probably #a atom ( lime1 #b ( sulphur1 #b ( pota%1 & #b ( silex2 x _c !re=e be acc\nt$ a sulphuret ( silex4 ,sulphurets ( yttria1 gluc9e1 & zircone1 are z yet1 ,i presume1 unkn[n4 #aj4 ,sulphurets ( pota%4 ,pota% has a /rong aff9ity = sulphur & unites ) x 9 v>i\s ways & proportions4 #a/4 ,9 ! dry way by heat4 ,:5 ei!r pure pota% or ! c>bonate 7salt ( t>t>7 is heat$ 9 a cov]$ crucible ) sulphur1 a *emical union ( ! two pr9ciples takes place4 ,eight p>ts ( dri$ hydrate ( pota% unite to six or sev5 ( sulphur3 a heat ( #d or #ejj ( ,fahr5heit is conv5i5t = ! purpose4 ,if ! c>bonate ( pota% be us$1 !n #ab p>ts dri$ 9 a l[ r$ heat w require #h ( sulphur = _! complete saturation3 9 ?is case a high] degree ( heat is requisite 9 ord] to expel ! c>bonic acid2 a l[ r$ heat seems suffici5t f my trials4 ,:5 ! heat does n exce$ #c or #djj a p>tial union takes place2 ! c>bonate ( pota%1 )\t los+ any acid1 unites to ( ! sulphur1 & ! re/ ( ! sulphur rema9s uncomb9$2 :5 int]m$iate degrees ( heat are us$1 ,i h f\nd ! result a mixture ( ! pure sulphuret & ! c>bonat$ sulphuret1 ) m or less ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,a high degree ( heat & exposure to ! atmosph]e produces a sulphate in/ead ( a sulphuret4 ,! sulphurets obta9$ ?is way are 9 fusion till p\r$ out & cool$2 !y are ( a liv] col\r1 & h5ce 7 =m]ly call$ liv]s ( sulphur4 ,!y are l>gely soluble 9 wat]1 & give a br[ni% yell[ solution4 #b;d4 ,9 ! humid way by solution4 ,pure cau/ic pota% 9 solution :5 boil$ ) sulphur dissolves x l>gely1 #db p>ts ( real pota% be+ saturat$ ) ab\t #ef ( sulphur4 ,if we boil a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% ) sulphur1 = an h\r or m1 a br[n liquor is obta9$1 :i* consi/s ( #fj p>ts c>bonate ( pota% & #ad sulphur 9 *emical union4--,x has already be5 obs]v$ t a trisulphuret ( pota% may be obta9$ by d\ble aff9ity f quadrisulphuret ( lime & c>bonate ( pota%1 toge!r ) sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ we may inf] at lea/ ?ree v>ieties 9 ! comp\nds ( sulphur & pota%1 viz4 #a/4 ,sulphurett$ c>bonate ( pota%4 ,?is consi/s ( #a atom c>bonate ( pota% 7#fa7 ) #a atom ( sulphur 7#ad74 ,its analysis may be effect$ z foll[s3 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid may be f\nd by ! lime wat] necess>y to saturate x2 ! pota% may be kn[n f ! quantity previ\sly ent]+ into ! mixture2 & ! sulphur 9 ! same mann]1 or f ! quantity ( sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lead t x =ms4--,! sulphur may also be kn[n1 f ! quantity ( oxyg5 x requires by means ( oxymuriate ( lime to produce saturation2 ?is ,i f9d to take place :5 ! oxyg5 is half ! weight ( ! sulphur1 or "o atom to "o ( sulphur2 x soon happ5s1 t "o atom ( sulphur deprives two o!rs ( _! oxyg51 & sulphuric acid is =m$ :il/ ! o!r two atoms ( sulphur jo9 ! c>bonate ( lime & are precipitat$ along ) x4 ,z x may frequ5tly happ51 t ! sulphurett$ c>bonate is mix$ ) common c>bonate ( pota%1 ! proportions may be f\nd by means ( nitrate ( lead1 :i* be+ cauti\sly dropp$ into ! solution1 lets fall fir/ ! br[n sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lead1 & !n ! common :ite c>bonate ( lead4 ,! sulphurett$ c>bonate ( pota% absorbs oxyg5 & precipitates metals mu* ! same 9 appe>ance z ! o!r sulphurets2 b ess5tial di/9ctions are obs]vable1 "s ( :i* are notic$ above1 & o!rs w appe> 9 ! sequel4 #b & #c4 ,! trisulphuret & quadrisulphuret ( pota% s ne>ly resemble ! quadrisulphuret ( lime 9 _! prop]ties1 z n to require any additional rem>ks4 ,hydrosulphuret ( pota%4 ,?is comb9ation1 :5 duly proportion$1 consi/s ( #ae p>ts sulphurett$ hydrog51 & #db pota% by weight1 or "o atom ( ea*4 ,x may be =m$ by directly unit+ ! two elem5ts1 or by decompos+ hydrosulphuret ( lime by c>bonate ( pota%4 ,its prop]ties agree ) ^? ( ! o!r hydrosulphurets4 #aa4 ,sulphurets ( soda4 ,i h repeat$ mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts on ! sulphurization ( pota% ) soda1 & h n f\nd anyone rem>kable feature ( di/9ction1 besides ^? :i* arise f ! weights ( ! atoms4 #a4 ,sulphurett$ c>bonate ( soda consi/s ( #a atom ( c>bonate ( soda unit$ to #a ( sulphur2 or ( #dg p>ts ( ! =m] & #ad ( ! latt]4 #b4 ,trisulphuret ( soda consi/s ( #a atom soda 7#bh7 & #c ( sulphur 7#db74 #c4 ,quadrisulphuret ( soda consi/s ( #a atom soda 7#bh7 & #d atoms ( sulphur 7#ef74 ,hydrosulphuret ( soda4 ,?is comp\nd consi/s ( "o atom ( ea* ( ! elem5ts1 or #ae sulphurett$ hydrog51 & #bh soda4 ,9 o!r respects x agrees ) hydrosulphuret ( pota%4 #ab4 ,sulphuret ( ammonia4 ,! be/ way :i* ,i h f\nd ( procur+ sulphuret ( ammonia1 is to treat quadrisulphuret ( lime ) ! c>bonate ( ammonia z long z any precipitate takes place2 ! precipitate is sulphurett$ c>bonate ( lime1 #c atoms ( sulphur to #a ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! liquid is ( a pale yell[1 & conta9s ammonia & sulphur unit$ 9 ! ratio ( #a atom 7( #f7 to #a ( sulphur3 x may !re=e be d5om9at$ ! protosulphuret ( ammonia4 ,! c>bonate ( ammonia is be/ procur$ by heat+ ! common subc>bonate ( ammonia1 fir/ pulv]iz$1 9 a temp]ature ( #ajj = half an h\r1 or expos+ x = a few days to ! atmosph]e4 ,:at rema9s ( ! salt is almo/ )\t smell2 x %\ld consi/ ( #ai p>ts acid1 #f ammonia1 & #h wat] ne>ly3 ! ammonia is usually h[ev] a small degree 9 excess4 ,hydrosulphuret ( ammonia4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ 9 ! dry /ate by comb9+ ! two gases ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ammonia ov] m]cury2 x is ( a :ite cry/all9e appe>ance1 & v soluble 9 wat]1 & =ms a fum+ liquor ( a v pung5t smell4 ,x may also be obta9$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into a vessel conta9+ liquid ammonia4 ,i f9d ab\t #aaj or #abj measures ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 require #ajj ( ammoniacal gas4 ,h5ce x is #a atom ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 7#ae71 t unites to #a ( ammonia 7#f74 #ac4 ,sulphurets ( gold4 ,!re exi/ at lea/ two sulphurets ( gold1 ! nature & proportions ( :i* are easily asc]ta9$2 ?\gh sev]al au?ors ass]t t no comb9ations ( gold & sulphur are kn[n2 among/ ^! x is surpriz+ to f9d ,pr\/3 inde$ mo/ ( ! o!rs h probably be5 l$ by 8 au?ority to adopt ! op9ion )\t exam9ation4 ,x is n v easy to acc\nt = 8 deception4 ,ob]campf1 9 ! ,annal4 de ,*imie1 tom4 #hj4 #ahaa1 is ! fir/ au?or ,i h se5 :o di/9ctly ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( "o or m sulphurets ( gold1 ?\gh x seems to h be5 admitt$ previ\sly by ,bu*olz4 ,! la/ au?or f9ds #hb gold unite to #ah sulphur1 & ! =m] #hj to #bj ne>ly4 ,protosulphuret ( gold4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ :5ev] a solution ( muriate ( gold is agitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 or ) ! same unit$ to a base1 z lime or alkali4 ,a black or deep br[n p[d] falls d[n by ! addition ( m gas1 till ! :ole ( ! gold is precipitat$4 ,! oxide ( gold loses "o atom ( oxyg51 & receives "o ( sulphur 9 its place1 :il/ ! hydrog5 ( ! gas is c>ri$ (f along ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide4 ,! sulphuret dri$ & heat$1 burns ) a blue flame1 leav+ ! gold ne>ly pure4 ,?is comp\nd consi/s1 ,i f9d1 ( #ha gold & #ai sulphur p] c5t42 or #ajj gold unite to #bc sulphur4 ,trisulphuret ( gold4 ,?is comp\nd is obta9$ :5ev] quadrisulphuret ( lime is gradually dropp$ into a solution ( muriate ( gold2 x is a black p[d]1 n q s deep z ! =m]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to saturate ! excess ( acid previ\sly by lime wat]1 to prev5t any uncomb9$ sulphur precipitat+4 ,trisulphuret ( gold be+ heat$1 burns ) a blue flame1 & leaves ! gold ne>ly pure2 x loses f #aj to #de p] c5t4 by ! process4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #a atom gold & #c sulphur1 or #fj gold & #db sulphur1 ne>ly2 or #ajj gold comb9e ) #gj sulphur4 ,f sev]al exp]im5ts ,i am l$ to conclude t ea* atom ( oxide ( gold takes #c ( sulphur1 & p>ts ) #a ( oxyg5 to ! rema9+ sulphur2 ?us a trisulphuret ( gold is =m$1 & an oxide ( sulphur2 ! liquid1 be+ aft]w>ds treat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime1 is f\nd to require twice ! oxyg5 ( ! gold = its saturation1 :5 a correspond+ portion ( sulphuric acid may be precipitat$ by muriate ( b>ytes4 #ad4 ,sulphuret ( plat9a4 ,sulphur may be comb9$ ) plat9a 9 sev]al ways1 & probably 9 diff]5t proportions2 b ! comb9ation is n s easily & elegantly effect$ z ) _m o!r metals1 & h5ce "s unc]ta9ty /ill rema9s on ! subject4 ,:5 a salt ( plat9a is treat$ ) sulphuret or hydrosulphuret ( lime1 or sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 ! liquid sl[ly & gradually gr[s d>k br[n & f9ally black2 aft] agitation & /&+ a few h\rs1 ! liquid is semitransp>5t1 & a black floccul5t precipitate appe>s at ! bottom4 ,sometimes aft] viol5t agitation1 ! liquid on /&+ a few m9utes becomes a transp>5t br[n1 b soon gr[s turbid aga94 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 & by occasional agitation1 ! liquid f9ally becomes cle> & ne>ly free f plat9a1 & ! precipitate may be collect$ on a filt] & dri$4 ,?is circum/ance ( sl[ & indol5t precipitation _c be prev5t$ by any means ,i h f\nd1 su* z saturat+ ! excess ( acid1 c4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,davy1 9 ! #dj? ,,vol4 ( ! ,philos4 ,magaz9e1 has giv5 u ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts & obs]vations on ! sulphurets ( plat9a1 conta9+ "s useful & orig9al in=mation4 ,he comb9es plat9a ) sulphur by heat+ ! ammonia-muriate ( plat9a ) sulphur2 also by heat+ plat9a & sulphur 9 an exhau/$ tube2 & by s5d+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas or wat] into a solution ( muriate ( plat9a2 ?is precipitate he calls hydrosulphuret ( plat9a4 ,he has j notic$ ! precipitate =m$ by sulphuret ( pota% ) muriate ( plat9a1 b gives no op9ion z to ! comp\nd obta9$ ?is way4 ,he det]m9es ?ree sulphurets1 namely1 ,subsulphuret1 #ajj plat9a #ai sulphur ,sulphuret1 #ajj ---- #bh4b ---- ,sup]sulphuret1 #ajj ---- #ch4h ---- ,i h obta9$ ! sulphuret ( plat9a 9 five ways3 #a/4 ,by p\r+ sulphuret ( lime solution by degrees into muriate ( plat9a1 & agitat+ ! mixture well or till x grew black ea* "t2 aft] dige/+ = "s days1 repeat$ filt]+1 & dry+1 a black p[d] is obta9$3 #b4 ,in/ead ( sulphuret1 hydrosulphuret ( lime 0 us$2 ! precipitate 0 obta9$ "u l circum/ances3 #c;d4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] 0 us$1 & ! precipitate obta9$ 9 l mann]3 #d?4 ,t5 gra9s ( ammonia-muriate ( plat9a 7 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]2 by cont9u$ agitation ! yell[ p[d] disappe>$1 ! liquid look$ uni=mly black1 & at l5g? a precipitate 0 =m$2 by repeat$ filtration & addition ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 ! :ole ( ! plat9a 0 ?r[n d[n1 & ! liquid rema9$ col\rless2 b x is difficult to discov] ! exact quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 requisite = any weight ( ! ammonia-muriate f ! t$i\sness ( ! op]ation2 #f gra9s ( well dri$ black p[d] 7 obta9$1 besides p]haps #a gra9 ( loss on ! filt]s3 #e?4 ,ammonia-muriate ( plat9a 0 heat$ 9 a cov]$ crucible along ) sulphur till x 0 judg$ t all ! uncomb9$ sulphur 0 sublim$ or dissipat$4 ,all ^! sulphurets appe> to me to be ! same :5 dri$ 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,:5 expos$ to a l[ r$ heat !y yield wat] & sulphur\s acid1 & lose ab\t ( _! weight4 ,! subject h[ev]1 requires fur!r inve/igation4 ,! sulphurets ( plat9a appe> ( a complex nature1 & ! proportions ( _! elem5ts are n yet det]m9$ ) precision4 #ae4 ,sulphurets ( silv]4 ,silv] comb9es ) sulphur 9 two diff]5t proportions1 & =ms two sulphurets1 bo? ( !m black or d>k br[n4 #a4 ,protosulphuret ( silv]4 ,?is may be =m$ ei!r by ! dry or humid way3 if ?9 lam9a ( silv] be heat$ ) sulphur1 !y comb9e & =m ?is sulphuret2 a high] degree ( heat expels ! sulphur aga94 ,x is =m$ too by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 or a hydrosulphuret ?r\gh a solution ( silv] 9 nitric or o!r acids4 ,! atom ( silv] unites ) t ( sulphur1 :il/ ! hydrog5 unites ) ! oxyg54 ,( c\rse ?is comp\nd is compos$ ( #ij silv]1 & #ad sulphur1 & ! atom weighs #ajd2 or #ajj silv] unite ) #ae4e sulphur4 ,klapro? f9ds #ajj silv] & #ag4f sulphur2 ,w5zel #ajj silv]1 & #ad4g sulphur2 ,b]zelius #ajj silv]1 & #ad4i sulphur2 & ,vauquel9 #ajj silv]1 & #ad sulphur4 ,trisulphuret ( silv]4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ :5ev] neutral nitrate ( silv] is dropp$ into a solution ( quadrisulphuret ( lime or alkali4 ,mutual saturation seems to take place :5 eight atoms ( nitrate meet ) sev5 ( quadrisulphuret4 ,trisulphuret ( silv] is con/itut$ ( #ij silv]1 & #db sulphur2 or ( #ajj silv]1 & #df4e sulphur4 ,its col\r is n s d>k z t ( ! protosulphuret4 ,! residu>y liquid conta9s sulphur\s acid1 :i* is easily conv]t$ into sulphuric by ! addition ( a portion ( lime2 & ! quantity ( acid may !n be det]m9$ by muriate ( b>ytes4 #af4 ,sulphurets ( m]cury4 ,m]cury comb9es readily ) sulphur bo? 9 ! dry & humid way1 & t 9 sev]al proportions1 z "u3 namely1 #a4 ,protosulphuret ( m]cury4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly =m$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh a solution ( ! protonitrate ( m]cury1 or by p\r+ hydrosulphuret ( lime1 c4 into ! same solution4 ,! protosulphuret falls d[n 9 ! /ate ( a black p[d]4 ,x consi/s ( #afg m]cury1 & #ad sulphur2 or ( #ajj m]cury1 & #h4d sulphur4 ,! !ory ( its =mation is ! same z t ( silv]4 #b4 ,deutosulphuret ( m]cury4 ,?is is =m$ 9 ! humid way :5ev] sulphurett$ hydrog5 or a hydrosulphuret 9 excess is mix$ ) ! deutonitrate or deutomuriate ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate72 a br[n p[d] is precipitat$ :i* is ! deutosulphuret4 ,if ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 be only "o half :at is suffici5t to =m ! deutosulphuret1 !n we obta9 no sulphuret1 b in/ead ( x a protonitrate or protomuriate1 z 0 fir/ intimat$ by ,pr\/2 ,i f9d h[ev]1 ! atom ( sulphur adh]es to ! atom ( salt1 & t x is !re=e a sulphurett$ protonitrate or muriate1 :il/ #a atom ( oxyg5 unites ) ! hydrog54 ,! br[n precipitate does n *ange to yell[1 orange1 & r$1 :5 left undi/urb$ = a few days1 9 my exp]i5ce2 ?\gh ?is is /at$ to h be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,accum4 ,not)/&+ ! diff]5ce 9 col\r1 ?is deutosulphuret mu/ be ! same ne>ly z ! c9nab> & v]million ( comm]ce1 if ,pr\/ & o!rs are "r 9 _! analysis ( ^! articles4 ,! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( sulphur & m]cury :5 int5d$ to =m c9nab> is made 9 ! dry way by trituration1 & a mod]ate heat3 ! comp\nd1 at fir/ black1 is aft]w>ds sublim$ by a duly regulat$ heat & becomes r$4 ,?is comp\nd mu/ consi/ ( #ajj m]cury & #ag sulphur ne>ly4 #c4 ,quadrisulphuret ( m]cury4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ :5 a solution ( protonitrate ( m]cury is treat$ ) quadrisulphuret ( lime1 add$ by degrees till ! cle> liquid no long] gives a d>k col\r$ precipitate4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! m]curial salt unites1 x %\ld seem1 to "p ( ! sulphur1 & =ms sulphuric acid1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! sulphur unites to ! m]cury4 ,?is sulphuret is a black or d>k br[n p[d]1 & :5 heat$ burns ) a blue flame4 ,x consi/s ( #ajj m]cury1 & #cc or #cd sulphur1 z appe>s to me f ! syn!sis4 ,:5 ! insoluble muriate ( m]cury 7calomel71 is triturat$ 9 liquid quadrisulphuret ( lime1 x is soon decompos$2 quadrisulphuret ( m]cury is =m$1 ) muriate ( lime & sulphuric or sulphur\s acid4 ,:5 ! soluble muriate 7corrosive sublimate71 has quadrisulphuret ( lime dropp$ into x by degrees2 at fir/ a yell[i% :ite precipitate is obta9$1 :i* increases till x is "o half saturat$2 aft] ?is1 by cont9ually add+ m sulphuret1 ! precipitate gr[s d>k]1 & ends 9 be+ q black4 ,x is at lea/ z high z quadrisulphuret4 ,mu* sulphur\s acid is f\nd 9 ! liquid4 ,! deutonitrate ( m]cury1 produces a copi\s yell[ precipitate ) quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,expos$ to ! sun1 x gr[s black 9 a few m9utes on ! light side1 b cont9ues yell[ on ! opposite side ( ! j>2 at ! same "t1 an eff]vesc5ce & dis5gagem5t ( oxyg5 gas are obs]v$4 ,f9ally1 ! precipitate becomes ! common quadrisulphuret1 & ! liquid conta9s sulphur\s & sulphuric acids4 ,! rec5tly precipitat$ & wa%$ oxides ( m]cury act ^u quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,! black oxide seems to take #d atoms ( sulphur & "p ) its oxyg5 to ano!r portion ( sulphur2 b ! r$ oxide becomes light br[n & reta9s ! col\r :5 dri$4 ,x seems to take ! same sulphur z ! black1 b :e!r x reta9s any ( ! oxyg51 ,i h n asc]ta9$4 ,! action is m sl[ ?an :5 ! nitrates are us$1 & m quadrisulphuret ( lime is exp$i5t4 ,m]cury & sulphur comb9e 9 ! dry way by trituration & by heat1 =m+ a black p[d]2 b ! species ( comp\nds & quantities ( ! +r$i5ts comb9+ 9 ?is mode1 h n be5 asc]ta9$4 #ag4 ,sulphuret ( palladium4 ,b]zelius expos$ #ae gra9s ( palladium fil+s mix$ ) z mu* sulphur to a heat suffici5t to expel ! uncomb9$ sulphur4 ,! increase ( weight 0 #bh p] c5t4 ^u ! palladium3 :5 expos$ afre% ) sulphur to heat1 no addition 0 made to ! weight4 ,vauquel9 heat$ #ajj p>ts ( ! triple salt ( palladium ) an equal weight ( sulphur1 & obta9$ #eb p>ts ( a bluei% :ite sulphuret1 v h>d1 & :5 brok5 exhibit+ brilliant plates 9 its fracture4 ,he _h previ\sly f\nd t #ajj salt conta9$ #dj to #db ( metal3 h5ce #ajj metal comb9$ ) f #bd to #cj ( sulphur4 ,?is agrees ne>ly ) ! above results ( ,b]zelius4 ,a v high degree ( heat expels ! sulphur & oxidizes ! metal2 b a m mod]ate heat leaves ! palladium ( a silv] :ite col\r & ne>ly pure4 ,accord+ to ?is ! atom ( protosulphuret ( palladium mu/ consi/ ( #ej palladium1 & #ad sulphur4 #ah4 ,sulphuret ( rhodium4 ,vauquel9 f\nd t #d p>ts ( ! ammonia-muriate ( rhodium 7conta9+ #bh or #bi p] c5t4 ( metal7 be+ mix$ ) an equal weight ( sulphur1 & heat$1 a bluei% :ite button 0 obta9$1 weigh+ #a4d4 ,h5ce #ajj metal seem to take #be ( sulphur2 & all[+ ?is to be ! protosulphuret ( rhodium1 ! atom mu/ consi/ ( "o rhodium #ef1 & "o sulphur #ad1 mak+ ! :ole weight #gj4 #ai4 ,sulphuret ( iridium4 ,accord+ to ,vauquel91 #ajj p>ts ( ! ammonia-muriate ( iridium heat$ ) z mu* sulphur1 yield #fj p>ts ( black p[d] resembl+ ! o!r metallic sulphurets2 b #ajj p>ts ( ! salt 7 f\nd to yield f #db to #de ( metal4 ,n[ suppos+ ! la/ numb] ! mo/ correct1 x %\ld seem t #c p>ts iridium take #a sulphur1 or #ajj take #cc4 ,?is be+ suppos$ ! protosulphuret1 ! atom ( iridium mu/ be #db1 & t ( ! sulphuret #ef4 #bj4 ,sulphuret ( osmium4 ,x is z yet unkn[n :e!r any comb9ation ( sulphur & osmium exi/s4 #ba4 ,sulphurets ( copp]4 ,copp] readily unites ) sulphur bo? 9 ! dry & humid way4 ,:5 #c p>ts ( copp] fil+s are mix$ ) #a "p ( sulphur1 & heat appli$1 a brilliant combu/ion ensues1 :i* indicates ! union ( ! two bodies4 ,copp] leaf burns 9 ! fumes ( sulphur1 z ,b]zelius has obs]v$1 ) great brilliancy4 ,! protosulphuret ( copp] obta9$ by ^! simil> me?ods1 :5 pulv]iz$1 is black or d>k col\r$2 x has be5 analyz$ by v>i\s au?ors1 :o ne>ly agree 9 _! results4 ,pr\/ f9ds #ajj copp] unite ) #bh sulphur2 ,w5zel1 #ajj copp] & #be sulphur2 ,vauquel91 #ajj copp] & #bg sulphur2 & ,b]zelius #ajj copp] & #be sulphur4 ,if ! atom ( copp] be #ef1 & t ( sulphur #ad1 ! atom ( protosulphuret ( copp] w be #gj2 :i* gives j #ajj copp] & #be sulphur4 ,! protosulphuret may also be =m$ 9 ! humid way1 by s5d+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas or a hydrosulphuret into a solution ( protomuriate ( copp]1 or among/ ! rec5tly precipitat$ protoxide ( copp]4 ,deutosulphuret ( copp]4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ :5ev] sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas or a hydrosulphuret is s5t into a solution ( salt conta9+ ! deutoxide1 or into ! deutoxide j precipitat$ f any acid4 ,x is a d>k br[n p[d] n diff]+ mu* 9 appe>ance f ! protosulphuret4 ,x consi/s ( #ajj copp] & #ej sulphur2 ! weight ( ! atom is #hd4 ,quadrisulphuret ( copp]4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ by mix+ quadrisulphuret ( lime ) a salt ( ! deutoxide ( copp]1 & dilut+ ! solution4 ,a light br[n precipitate falls imm$iately1 :i* is ! quadrisulphuret ( copp]4 ,x burns ) a blue flame1 & leaves ! protosulphuret4 ,! atom consi/s ( #ef copp] & #ef sulphur1 or weighs #aab2 & h5ce ! sulphuret consi/s ( equal p>ts copp] & sulphur4 ,! blue hydrate ( copp] rec5tly precipitat$ f a salt ( copp] & wa%$1 acts ^u quadrisulphuret ( lime2 ! results1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 is quadrisulphuret ( copp]1 & ! oxyg5 unites ) ! sulphur rema9+ 9 ! liquor4 #bb4 ,sulphurets ( iron4 ,sulphur may be unit$ to iron ei!r by ! dry or humid way1 & t 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,protosulphuret ( iron4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by pass+ a hydrosulphuret into a solution ( ! gre5 oxide 9 any acid4 ,x is a black p[d]4 ,x may also be =m$ by rubb+ a highly heat$ b> ( iron ) a roll ( sulphur2 ! two unite 9 a fluid =m & soon congeal into a br[ni% black mass4 ,x is too a natural production1 ?\gh n v common2 excell5t analyses ( x1 z well z ( ! common pyrites1 7 "s "t ago giv5 by ,mr4 ,hat*ett4 7,see ,ni*olson's ,j\rn4 ,,vol4 #aj47 ,! protosulphuret is magnetic 9 a consid]able degree2 x is soluble 9 acids1 & yields sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x is prop] to notice t ! sulphuret ( iron is n precipitat$ f solutions by sulphurett$ hydrog5 simply or )\t a base4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hat*ett ?is sulphuret consi/s ( #ajj iron1 & #eg sulphur1 :i* corresponds ) #a atom iron #be1 & #a ( sulphur1 #ad1 ne>ly4 ,deutosulphuret ( iron4 ,?is is a natural production frequ5tly met )1 & 9 v>i\s =ms2 x is call$ pyrites1 or iron pyrites2 x is a yell[i% m9]al & (t5 appe>s :5 brok51 ( a radiat$ texture1 b sometimes x is cry/alliz$ 9 cubes or dodecah$rons4 ,acids h little effect ^u x1 except ! nitric1 :i* :5 dilut$ attacks bo? ! sulphur & iron2 mu* nitr\s gas is produc$1 ! iron is dissolv$1 & ! sulphur *iefly conv]t$ into sulphuric acid4 ,?is sulphuret consi/s1 accord+ to ,pr\/1 ( #ajj iron1 & #ij sulphur1 & ) ?is ,bu*olz rec5tly agrees 7,ni*ols4 #bg--cef72 b ,hat*ett makes x #ajj iron1 & #aab sulphur4 ,f an exp]im5t ( my own on ! radiat$ pyrites1 ,i f\nd ne>ly equal p>ts ( iron & sulphur4 ,"o atom ( iron 7#be17 & two ( sulphur 7#bh17 w\ld give #ajj to #aab2 b if ! atom ( sulphur be only #ac1 x gives #ajj iron to #ajd sulphur4 ,mr4 ,hat*ett un=tunately calculat+ ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts 9 #ajj sulphuret1 in/ead ( on #ajj iron1 did n notice t ! sulphur 9 ! common pyrites is j d\ble ( t 9 ! magnetic pyrites4 ,qu9sulphuret ( iron4 ,?is comb9ation consi/+ ( #e atoms ( sulphur ) #a ( iron1 is =m$ by mix+ a solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron ) quadrisulphuret ( lime 9 due proportion4 ,i f\nd #ej measures sulphate #a4afh saturate #caj ( #a4je sulphuret dilut$ s z to become #f oz42 ?is yield$ #ad grs4 dri$ sulphuret ( iron #c4f iron1 kn[n to be 9 ! sulphate1 & #aj4d sulphur2 ! liquid conta9$ #b sulphur comb9$ ) ! lime & oxyg5 ( ! oxide2 = x took #b4c oxyg5 by means ( oxymuriate ( lime to conv]t ! sulphur into sulphuric acid toge!r ) #a f ! oxide1 mak+ #c oxyg51 :i* unites to #b sulphur to con/itute #e sulphuric acid2 & ?is quantity ( acid 0 f\nd to exi/ by muriate ( b>ytes toge!r ) five m br\ght 9 by ! sulphate ( iron4 ,?is sulphuret is a yell[i% br[n p[d]2 x readily exhales sulphur by heat & is r$uc$ to ! protosulphuret2 b 9 ! op5 air x burns ) a blue flame & leaves ! protosulphuret p>tially1 z ,i appreh5d1 oxidiz$4 ,! !ory ( ! =mation ( qu9sulphuret seems to be ?is3 #c atoms ( quadrisulphuret ( lime are requisite to saturate #b ( sulphate ( iron2 ! #b atoms ( sulphuric acid seize #b ( lime1 ?ree f\r?s ( ! sulphur unite to ! iron1 & "o f\r? to its oxyg51 =m+ #b atoms ( oxide ( sulphur1 :i* attack ! #c;d atom ( sulphuret & decompose x1 giv+ its sulphur to ! iron1 & neutraliz+ ! lime 7= ! liquid is f\nd neutral74 ,9 ?is way #aj atoms ( sulphur are unit$ to #b ( iron1 & #b ( sulphur to #b ( oxyg51 ) "o ( lime1 :i* la/ comp\nd rema9s 9 solution1 & ! oxide ( sulphur may be conv]t$ into sulphuric acid imm$iately by ! application ( oxymuriate ( lime4 ,x is rem>kable t nei!r ! gre5 nor ! yell[ oxides ( iron1 ev5 :5 rec5tly precipitat$ & n dri$1 seems capable ( decompos+ quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,x is probable t trisulphuret & quadrisulphuret ( iron may be =m$2 b ,i h n asc]ta9$ ! tru? ( ?is op9ion4 #bc4 ,sulphurets ( nickel4 ,protosulphuret4 ,accord+ to ,pr\/1 nickel unites to sulphur by heat1 s t #ajj take #df or #dh2 ! sulphuret is ( ! col\r ( common pyrites4 7,j\rn4 de ,physique1 #fc & #hj74 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ed4 ,davy #ajj nickel take #ed sulphur4 ,by saturat+ a solution ( nitrate ( nickel ) hydrosulphuret ( lime ,i obta9$ #dj gra9s f #cc protoxide or #bf metal4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! protosulphuret2 x 0 a f9e black p[d]1 & consi/s ( #ajj metal & #ed sulphur4 ,qu9sulphuret4 ,?is comp\nd may be obta9$ f nitrate ( nickel & quadrisulphuret ( lime1 9 ! same mann] z t ( iron4 ,x is a deep black p[d]1 & consi/s ( #ajj nickel1 & #bae sulphur4 ,by exposure to heat1 ! greate/ "p ( ! sulphur burns (f1 & ! re/ may be expell$ by an increase ( temp]ature4 ,probably int]m$iate sulphurets may be =m$2 b ,i h n pursu$ ! inve/igation4 #bd4 ,sulphurets ( t94 ,sulphur & t9 unite bo? 9 ! dry & humid way1 & 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,protosulphuret4 ,?is may be readily =m$ 9 ! dry way z foll[s2 let #ajj gra9s ( t9 be fus$ 9 a small iron ladle & heat$ to #f or #h hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit2 let !n small pieces ( sulphur ( #aj or #bj gra9s be successively dropp$ into ! fus$ metal3 a copi\s blue flame w in/antly arise ea* "t1 & a gl[+ heat w take place1 :5 ! sulphur & t9 are 9 contact2 z soon z ?is ceases1 ano!r fragm5t ( sulphur mu/ be dropp$ 91 & ?is two or ?ree times repeat$1 heat+ x at la/ to a p]fect r$2 ! mass may !n be tak5 out & p\nd$ 9 a mort>2 a great "p ( x w be a pulv]ul5t p[d]1 b "s portions ( malleable metal w /ill be mix$ ) x1 :i* may be sep>at$ by a sieve4 ,?is mu/ be aga9 heat$ & treat$ ) sulphur z be=e1 & ! :ole mass w be conv]t$ to a sulphuret4 ,i f9d t #ajj p>ts ( t9 become 9 ?is way #abg gra9s2 :i* is ! due proportion ( #eb t9 & #ad sulphur1 s t no loss ( t9 is su/a9$ by ! process :5 duly manag$4 ,accord+ to ,w5zel1 #ajj t9 take #ah sulphur2 ,b]gman1 #be2 ,pelleti]1 #ae to #bj2 ,pr\/1 #bj2 b ,dr4 ,john ,davy & ,b]zelius f9d ne>ly #bg z above /at$1 & ,i h no d\bt x is ne> ! tru?4 ,! protosulphuret ( t9 is a d>k grey %9+ p[d]1 ) a /reak l molybd5a or plumbago2 x is n mu* diff]5t 9 col\r & appe>ance f native sulphuret ( antimony1 only less blue4 ,x is soluble 9 muriatic acid by heat1 & yields sulphurett$ hydrog5 & protomuriate ( t94 ,deutosulphuret4 ,?is comp\nd is bett] kn[n ?an ! =m]3 x may be =m$ 9 v>i\s ways2 "o is by heat+ a mixture ( deutoxide ( t9 & sulphur 9 a retort almo/ to a r$ heat2 sulphur sublimes & sulphur\s acid is dis5gag$1 & !re rema9s a yell[1 light %9+1 flaky mass at ! bottom ( ! retort :i* is ! sulphuret4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ aurum musivum or mosaic gold4 ,pelleti] & ,pr\/ 7 ( op9ion t ?is product is a sulphurett$ oxide ( t92 b ,dr4 ,john ,davy & ,b]zelius h r5d]$ x m probable t x is a true deutosulphuret1 consi/+ ( #ajj t9 & #ed sulphur4 ,x is insoluble 9 muriatic or nitric acid1 b sl[ly soluble by ! comp\nd ( ! two acids2 x is also soluble 9 pota% by heat4 ,by expos+ x to a bright r$ heat1 x burns ) a blue flame & leaves a yell[i% p[d] :i* dues n seem to diff] mu* f protosulphuret4 ,b]zelius di/ill$ a mixture ( protosulphuret & sulphur at a l[ r$ heat1 & obta9$ a mass ( a yell[ grey col\r & metallic lu/re1 :i* consi/$ ( #ajj t91 & #ad sulphur1 :i* is j ! mean sulphur betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t a comp\nd ( ! two sulphurets1 #a atom to #a1 is capable ( be+ =m$4 ,hydrosulphuret ( t9 m9or4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ accord+ to ,pr\/1 :5 sulphurett$ hydrog51 or an alkal9e or e>?y hydrosulphuret is pass$ into a solution ( protomuriate ( t94 ,x is ( a br[n or d>k c(fee col\r :5 precipitat$1 & black :5 dri$4 ,by heat x yields wat] & protosulphuret4 ,f "s exp]im5ts ,i am incl9$ to believe1 t x is =m$ ( #a atom protosulphuret & #a ( wat]3 or1 :i* is ! same1 #a atom protoxide ( t9 & #a ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,if ?is be "r x may be said to be a comp\nd ( #ajj t91 #bg sulphur & #ae wat]4 ,hydrosulphuret ( t9 major4 ,?is "n is giv5 by ,pr\/ to ! yell[ comp\nd ?r[n d[n by sulphurett$ hydrog5 or by hydrosulphurets f solutions ( ! deutoxide ( t94 ,:5 dri$ mod]ately1 ! precipitate is ( a dull yell[ col\r1 & vitre\s fracture1 b ,i f9d x is almo/ black1 dri$ 9 a heat ( #aej or upw>ds4 ,by mod]ate heat x yields wat]1 sulphur\s acid1 sulphur1 & ! residue is deutosulphuret ( t9 accord+ to ,pr\/4 ,i heat$ #d p>ts ( ! above previ\sly dri$ s z to become a black vitre\s p[d]2 x burn$ feebly ) a blue flame1 & aft] be+ made mod]ately r$1 left ne>ly #c p>ts exactly resembl+ ! artificial protosulphuret4 ,i believe ! dri$ precipitate w be f\nd to be con/itut$ ( #a atom t91 #b sulphur & #a wat]2 t is1 #ajj t91 #ed sulphur & #ae wat] #afi by weight2 & t x loses #bg sulphur & #ae wat] by a r$ heat1 :i* r$uces ! weight j "o f\r?4 ,qu9sulphuret ( t94 ,?is is obta9$ 9 ! humid way1 by fir/ precipitat+ ! oxide1 & !n putt+ quadrisulphuret ( lime or pota% to ! liquid conta9+ ! precipitate1 till ! liquid aft] agitation & subsid5ce ( ! precipitate cont9ues ( a yell[i% col\r4 ,i f\nd t #ca measures ( protomuriate ( t9 ( #a4cgg #g gra9s acid1 #g4e t9 & #a oxyg51 precipitat$ by #aj oz4 lime wat]1 requir$ #dej measures ( #a4dj sulphuret ( lime1 conta9+ #af sulphur & #g4b lime1 = _! saturation4 ,! residu>y liquid 0 ne>ly col\rless1 & ! precipitate dri$ 9 an ov5 ( #ajj or m1 = #aj h\rs1 weigh$ #ag gra9s besides loss 9 ! op]ation4 ,x 0 a yell[1 vitre\s mass1 & :5 pulv]iz$ & heat$1 burn$ ) a blue flame1 & lo/ #dj p] c5t4 9 weight2 ! residue 0 a yell[ grey col\r1 & seem$ to be l ! int]m$iate sulphuret ( ,b]zelius2 x w\ld n give sulphurett$ hydrog5 by hot muriatic acid4 ,n[ if #eb 7#a atom t97 #gj 7#e atoms sulphur7 #g4e t9 #aj sulphur2 h5ce ! sulphuret %\ld h weigh$ #ag4e gra9s1 :i* 0 ! obs]v$ weight1 all[+ gra9 = loss4 ,accord+ to ?is1 #ajj t9 comb9e ) #ace sulphur1 & :5 burnt1 ! #bce are r$uc$ to #adj1 ! weight obs]v$ by ,b]zelius 9 ! in/ance allud$ to4 ,! liquid requir$ #e gra9s ( oxyg5 f oxymuriate ( lime1 to conv]t ! sulphur into sulphuric acid1 & ! weight ( ?is acid1 f\nd by muriate ( b>ytes1 0 #aa gra9s1 indicat+ #d4d sulphur4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! #d4d gra9s1 & #aj gra9s1 d n make up ! :ole 7#af7 ( ! sulphuret ( lime2 b ! reason ,i appreh5d 01 t ! quadrisulphuret 0 old1 & did n conta9 ! full %>e ( sulphur1 x be+ usual = a small "p to fall by "t4 ,! deutomuriate ( t91 precipitat+ ! oxide 9 l mann]1 yield$ a sulphuret r light] yell[ ?an ! above2 ab\t #aj t9 gave #be gra9s ( sulphuret dri$ 9 a temp]ature ( #hj to #ajj4 ,?is comp\nd /ill conta9$ wat]1 & ,i suspect x w be f\nd con/itut$ ( #a atom t91 #e sulphur1 & #b wat]4 #be4 ,sulphurets ( lead4 ,lead comb9es ) sulphur 9 v>i\s proportions1 "s ( :i* are natural productions ( great purity4 ,protosulphuret4 ,?is is a natural production :i* is call$ gal5a2 x is ( lead grey col\r & metallic appe>ance1 & is f\nd bo? 9 masses & cry/alliz$2 its sp4 gr4 is ab\t #g4e4 ,x may be =m$ artificially by heat+ lead or its oxide ) sulphur2 also by treat+ a solution ( lead ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 or ) a hydrosulphuret4 ,au?ors are well agre$ z to ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts2 #ajj lead comb9e ) f #ae to #af sulphur4 ,t is1 #ij lead ) #ad sulphur2 or #a atom ( lead ) #a ( sulphur4 ,deutosulphuret4 ,dr4 ,?omson m5tions a natural production or species ( gal5a :i* conta9s twice ! quantity ( sulphur ( t above4 ,i h reason to believe t ?is comp\nd is easily =m$ 9 ! humid way1 by treat+ ! precipitat$ oxide ) ! due quantity ( quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,trisulphuret & quadrisulphuret4 ,^! comp\nds1 ,i f9d1 may be =m$ by means ( quadrisulphuret ( lime or pota%4 ,:5 a solution ( any salt ( lead or ! rec5tly precipitat$ & moi/ oxide1 is treat$ ) ! requisite quantity ( quadrisulphuret ( lime1 a comb9ation consi/+ ( #a atom ( lead & #c ( sulphur is =m$4 ,x is a black p[d] n diff]+ mu* 9 appe>ance f ! protosulphuret2 x is light] & m spongy4 ,x consi/s ( #ajj lead & #df or #dg sulphur4 ,! due proportions ( ! elem5ts to =m ! above comp\nd are1 lead #ajj p>ts 9 solution1 & sulphur1 #fb p>ts2 ( ! sulphur is reta9$ by ! lime1 & may be conv]t$ into sulphuric acid in/antly by ! addition ( z mu* oxymuriate ( lime z conta9s oxyg5 equal 9 weight to ! sulphur1 z x has already z mu* oxyg5 z conv]ts x into sulphur\s oxide1 d]iv$ f ! oxide ( lead4 ,quadrisulphuret ( lead is to be obta9$ 9 ! same way2 only we mu/ h an excess ( ! sulphuret ( lime1 or m ?an #hj sulphur = #ajj lead 9 solution1 z "p ( ! sulphur at lea/ is reta9$ by ! lime4 ,! quadrisulphuret is a black p[d] l ! o!rs2 x burns ) a blue flame & loses ne>ly #dj p] c5t41 ! residue be+ /ill black4 ,x consi/s ( #ajj lead & #fb sulphur4 ,i h n asc]ta9$ :e!r any high] sulphuret ( lead is capable ( be+ =m$ ?is way4 ,x has be5 already notic$ 7page #aji71 t a beautiful :ite1 silv]y sulphurett$ sulphite ( lead is =m$ & gradually precipitat$1 :5 nitrate ( lead is dropp$ into a solution :]e z mu* black quadrisulphuret ( lead has be5 j ?r[n d[n z ! sulphuret ( lime c =m4 #bf4 ,sulphurets ( z9c4 ,z9c & sulphur are sc>cely to be unit$ directly by heat2 b by heat+ ! oxide ( z9c & sulphur toge!r1 a comb9ation is effect$2 "p ( ! sulphur c>ries (f ! oxyg5 9 sulphur\s acid1 & "p comb9es ) ! z9c4 ,m9]alogi/s give ! "n ( bl5de to a m9]al :i* is *iefly ! protosulphuret ( z9c3 its col\r is yell[i%1 br[n1 or black almo/ l gal5a3 its specific gravity is usually #c4i or #d4 ,protosulphuret4 ,! above artificial comp\nd1 or ! m9]al1 may be tak5 z examples ( ! union ( #a atom z9c & #a sulphur4 ,b ! mo/ correct & conv5i5t way ( =m+ x = ! purpose ( *emical inve/igation is1 to drop a giv5 portion ( "s salt ( z9c into a dilute hydrosulphuret4 ,a :ite precipitate falls1 :i* :5 dri$ becomes a d>k cream col\r4 ,x is f\nd to consi/ ( #b p>ts z9c & #a ( sulphur ne>ly2 t is1 ( #bi p>ts z9c & #ad sulphur4 ,deutosulphuret1 trisulphuret1 c4 ( z9c4 ,^! comb9ations may be made1 up to ! #e? or qu9sulphuret1 9 ! humid way by quadrisulphuret ( lime1 c4 ,! oxide may be fir/ precipitat$ by lime wat]1 or n1 z we please1 & !n treat$ ) quadrisulphuret accord+ to ! degree ( sulphuration requir$4 ,i f\nd #ajj measures ( #a4bi nitrate ( z9c ) #bejj ( #a4jbf sulphuret ( lime yield #dj grs4 dry sulphuret z9c1 ( a yell[i% :ite col\r2 ! liquid 0 f\nd to reta9 #ac or #ad gra9s ( sulphur1 by conv]t+ x into sulphuric acid by means ( oxymuriate ( lime4 ,! nitrate conta9$ #aa z9c & #b4h oxyg52 s t ab\t #bh sulphur _h comb9$ ) ! z9c1 & ab\t #ad rema9$ 9 solution1 or ( ! :ole1 z has be5 already expla9$4 ,by proportion1 if #aa #bh #bi #gj2 or #a atom ( z9c 7#bi7 comb9es ) #e atoms ( sulphur 7#gj74 ,! int]m$iate comb9ations ,i h n p>ticul>ly exam9$2 !y d n diff] mu* 9 appe>ance f ! "o j describ$2 !y burn blue & are r$uc$ by x to ! protosulphuret2 & !y give sulphurett$ hydrog5 by muriatic acid4 #bg & #bh4 ,sulphurets ( potassium & sodium4 ,accord+ to ,davy & ,gay ,lussac1 potassium & sodium unite ) sulphur by heat ) vivid combu/ion4 ,! comp\nds appe> to be protosulphurets1 t ( pota% be+ ne>ly z #ce potassium to #ad sulphur1 & t ( sodium z #ba sodium to #ad sulphur4 ,:5 potassium & sodium are heat$ along ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 an union likewise takes place2 two atoms ( gas unite to "o ( ! metals1 except t #a atom ( hydrog5 is lib]at$1 correspond+ ( c\rse 9 quantity to t lib]at$ by treat+ !m ) wat]4 ,:5 ! comp\nd ?us =m$ is treat$ ) muriatic or sulphuric acid1 ! same quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ne>ly is lib]at$ t 0 orig9ally comb9$4 ,s t ! comp\nd may be reg>d$ z sulphurett$ hydrog5 unit$ to ! protosulphurets4 ,! col\r ( ^! sulphurets v>ies f grey to yell[ or r$di%4 #bi4 ,sulphurets ( bismu?4 ,protosulphuret4 ,bismu? comb9es ) sulphur by heat1 9 ! mann] already describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( t9 sulphurets4 ,i f\nd #ajj p>ts bismu? 9 ?is way comb9e ) #bb sulphur aft] #d op]ations3 ?is is !re=e ! protosulphuret or #a atom bismu? 7#fb7 ) #a ( sulphur 7#ad74 ,x may also be =m$ by sub/itut+ ! oxide ( bismu? = ! metal4 ,x has a d>k br[n or black metallic appe>ance1 mu* l t ( t94 ,x yields sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 heat$ muriatic acid4 ,hydrosulphuret ( bismu?4 ,:5 a solution ( bismu? 9 nitro-muriatic acid is dropp$ into hydrosulphuret ( lime1 a black p[d] precipitates1 :i*1 :5 dri$ 9 ! common temp]ature1 appe>s to be hydrosulphuret ( bismu?1 or "o atom sulphurett$ hydrog5 & "o oxide ( bismu?4 ,x yields sulphurett$ hydrog5 by cold muriatic acid4 ,b if ! precipitate be dri$ 9 a heat ( ab\t #bjj1 ! atom ( wat] seems to be expell$1 & !re rema9s only ! protosulphuret4 ,?us ,i f\nd #fi p>ts oxide ( bismu? unite to #ae sulphurett$ hydrog5 to =m #hd hydrosulphuret ( bismu?1 :5 dri$ 9 ! air2 b ^u be+ heat$ a little1 x lo/ #h p>ts ( wat] & 0 r$uc$ to ! protosulphuret1 reta9+ 9 great "p ! same appe>ance z be=e4 ,deutosulphuret & trisulphuret ( bismu? ) oxyg54 ,:5 nitro-muriate ( bismu? is ?r[n into wat] ! oxide is precipitat$2 if ! acid wat] be decant$1 quadrisulphuret ( lime be put to ! moi/ oxide & due agitation be us$1 ! oxide ab/racts sulphur f ! lime s z to obta9 #b or #c atoms = ea* "o1 if ! sulphur be suffici5t 9 quantity4 ,to #f oz4 wat] ,i put #ajj gra9 measures ( #a4bhf nitro-muriate1 :i* ,i knew f its =mation conta9$ #bj oxide2 aft] ! precipitate _h subsid$ ,i p\r$ (f #e oz4 ( acid wat]1 & to ! rema9+ precipitate dilut$ ) wat] ,i put #cjj ( #a4jef sulphuret ( lime & agitat$ = #aj m9utes4 ,!re 7 obta9$ #cc gra9s ( br[ni% black sulphuret ( bismu? dri$ = "s h\rs 9 a temp]ature ( #abj4 ,i put ! above #cc gra9s into a gas bottle ) #ajj muriatic acid & boil$ x2 !re 7 obta9$ only #b or #c cubic in*es ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! oxide 0 dissolv$ & sulphur lib]at$2 ! sulphur collect$ & dri$ weigh$ #i gra9s1 & ! oxide precipitat$ aga9 f ! muriatic acid by wat] & dri$1 weigh$ #ag gra9s1 besides loss4 ,f ?is x is evid5t ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide mu/ h be5 *iefly reta9$ 9 ! comp\nd1 & mu/ h unit$ to #b1 & 9 great "p to #c1 atoms ( sulphur4 ,= #bj oxide w\ld require #ab sulphur to =m trisulphurett$ oxide2 & !re 0 evid5ce ( its hav+ ne>ly1 if n :olly1 t quantity4 #cj4 ,sulphurets ( antimony4 ,protosulphuret4 ,?is is a natural production1 & f\nd 9 ! /ate ( a d>k grey m9]al ( metallic appe>ance1 & ( ! sp4 gr4 #d4b4 ,x may also be =m$ artificially by unit+ metallic antimony & sulphur by heat4 ,mo/ au?ors ne>ly concur 9 assign+ to x #gd p>ts antimony & #bf sulphur1 p] c5t4 ,t is1 #a atom antimony 7#dj7 & #a ( sulphur 7#ad74 ,x yields sulphurett$ hydrog5 by muriatic acid & heat1 & a solution ( ! metallic oxide is obta9$4 ,hydrosulphuret4 ,:5 antimony is precipitat$ f a solution1 by sulphurett$ hydrog5 or a hydrosulphuret1 or f an alkal9e solution ( ! sulphuret by an acid1 x appe>s 9 ! =m ( an orange yell[ p[d]1 d5om9at$ gold5 sulphuret4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #a atom sulphurett$ hydrog5 & #a ( protoxide ( antimony2 x readily yields sulphurett$ hydrog5 by muriatic acid1 & ! oxide comb9es ) ?is acid4 ,expos$ to heat1 wat] is expell$ & protosulphuret left4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #dj antimony1 #g oxyg51 #ad sulphur & #a hydrog52 or ( #ed protosulphuret & #h wat]4 ,bisulphurett$1 trisulphurett$ & quadrisulphurett$ oxide ( antimony4 ,:5 cry/alliz$ muriate ( antimony is agitat$ along ) dilute quadrisulphuret ( lime1 an orange yell[ comp\nd is =m$1 consi/+ ( ! oxide & sulphur4 ,to #cej quadrisulphuret ( lime1 dilut$ ) lime wat]1 ,i put #bb gra9s moi/ cry/als ( muriate1 & agitat$ well = "s "t4 ,got #bf gra9s dry yell[ sulphuret1 :i* heat$ burn$ blue1 & left f #ac to #ad black grey sulphuret1 equal to #aj antimony ne>ly2 h5ce x mu/ h be5 a quadrisulphuret1 or r sulphurett$ oxide2 =1 by heat+ ?is comp\nd 9 muriatic acid1 a solution is obta9$ & sulphur lib]at$ )\t ! extrication ( gas4 ,less ( ! sulphuret ( lime w\ld h produc$ a sulphuret ( ! same col\r1 b conta9+ less ( sulphur2 s t x is evid5t v>i\s proportions may exi/ 9 comb9ation4 ,in/ead ( ! cry/alliz$ muriate1 ! rec5tly precipitat$ oxide1 ne>ly free f acid1 may be us$ to produce ^! comp\nds4 #ca4 ,sulphuret ( tellurium4 ,tellurium unites ) ne>ly its weight ( sulphur1 by heat1 accord+ to ,davy4 ,x is probable t z usual 9 su* cases1 a protosulphuret is =m$4 ,?is w\ld lead to ! conclusion t ! atom ( tellurium is only equal 9 weight to t ( sulphur2 :i* does n accord ) results f ! o!r comb9ations ( tellurium1 & h5ce ! above fact may n p]haps be suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 #cb4 ,sulphurets ( ars5ic4 ,ars5ic may be comb9$ ) sulphur by expos+ a mixture ( ! metal & sulphur or ( ! :ite oxide & sulphur1 to a heat approa*+ to r$ness4 ,9 ! latt] case m sulphur is requir$1 because ! oxyg5 is c>ri$ (f 9 ! %ape ( sulphur\s acid4 ,?ree p>ts ( ars5ic ) two1 ?ree or m ( sulphur may be us$2 ! heat %\ld be less if a great] proportion ( sulphur is int5d$ to be unit$4 ,z bo? ! elem5ts are volatile 9 a mod]ate heat1 & t 9 unequal degrees1 consid]able difficulty occurs 9 asc]ta9+ by ! syn!tic mode1 ! proportions ( ! elem5ts comb9$2 if too little heat be us$1 only a me*anical mixture is obta9$1 ( any proportions we please2 if too mu* heat be us$1 "p ( ! ars5ic z well z "p ( ! sulphur sublimes1 & ! sulphuret itself sublimes at a heat n mu* exce$+ t requir$ = _! union4 ,h5ce 9 a great measure we h ! discordant results ( ^? :o h tak5 ! syn!tic me?od4 ,! analytic me?od is to be pref]r$1 & ^? :o h tak5 x h succe$$ ! be/2 b ev5 ?is is att5d$ ) great] difficulties ?an ) mo/ ( ! o!r sulphurets4 ,! artificial sulphurets ( ars5ic con/itute two v>ieties *iefly1 & ^! are also f\nd native 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,protosulphuret4 ,native sulphuret ( ars5ic1 call$ orpim5t1 is f\nd 9 ,turkey & else:]e 9 consid]able masses2 :5 brok5 x exhibits a foliat$ /ructure1 some:at flexible1 & ( a brilliant gold5 yell[ col\r4 ,its specific gravity is usually ab\t #c4b2 at lea/ t 0 ! case ) ! specim5 ,i us$4 ,:5 heat$ s z to be ne> melt+1 its surface r$d5s1 probably by ! loss ( sulphur4 ,! same sulphuret is procur$ artificially 9 ! humid way :5ev] a solution ( ! oxide ( ars5ic 9 wat]1 c4 is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 or a hydrosulphuret1 & aft]w>ds ) an acid2 or :5 ?is or any o!r species ( sulphuret ( ars5ic is dissolv$ 9 an alkali & ! solution treat$ ) an acid4 ,kirwan 9 #agif /ates1 t x is g5]ally ?\ght to consi/ ( #ajj ars5ic & #aa sulphur1 b t ,we/rumb says x conta9s #ajj ars5ic & #djj sulphur1 :i* ,kirwan ?9ks m probable2 !y are bo? h[ev] v wide ( ! tru?4 ,!n>d1 9 ! #ei ,,vol4 ( ! ,an4 de ,*imie1 #ahjf1 ass]ts t x consi/s ( #ajj ars5ic & #ge sulphur2 b he does n po9t out ! exp]im5ts on :i* ?is result re/s2 & x is n v ne> ! tru?4 ,laugi] 9 ! same ,an4 ,,vol4 #he1 = #ahac1 9 a pap] ( great m]it1 f9ds ! native orpim5t to conta9 #ch p] c5t4 ( sulphur2 8 me?od is to dissolve ! orpim5t 9 w>m dilute nitric acid2 to precipitate ! sulphuric acid by nitrate ( b>ytes1 & f ! sulphate ( b>ytes inf] ! sulphur2 ! re/ he consid]s z ars5ic1 n kn[+ h[ to deta* ! ars5ic acid f ! nitric acid s z to det]m9e ! ars5ic by exp]im5t4 ,i h pursu$ ?is me?od ) ! advantage ( be+ able to det]m9e ! ars5ic z well z ! sulphur3 ,t5 gra9s ( orpim5t 9 f9e p[d] 7 dissolv$ 9 #ajj measures ( #a4cdf nitric acid dilut$ ) z mu* wat]1 by dige/+ 9 a heat s z to keep a con/ant mod]ate eff]vesc5ce = ab\t #b h\rs4 ,! liquid obta9$1 be+ dilut$1 yield$ #ecf measures ( #a4jfa4 ,by c>efully & gradually dropp+ 9 muriate ( b>ytes ,i f\nd #aej measures ( #a4afb j suffici5t to saturate ! sulphuric acid1 & ! sulphate ( b>ytes produc$ dry 0 #bh gra9s1 ! loss ,i e/imat$ #a gra93 n[ "o ?ird "p be+ sulphuric acid1 & ( ! acid be+ sulphur1 we h _/ ( #bi #c4hg1 or #c4i = sulphur4 ,! residu>y liquid 0 !n treat$ ) lime wat] till an excess 0 manife/1 & produc$ no f>!r precipitate2 ! ars5iate ( lime 0 collect$ & dri$1 & gave #af gra9s4 ,n[ ,i _h det]m9$ by exp]im5ts h]eaft] to be relat$1 t _/ ( ars5iate ( lime are acid & ( ! acid are ars5ic2 h5ce _/ ( #af #f4a = ! ars5ic1 :i* add$ to #c4i sulphur1 make up ! #aj gra9s ( orpim5t4 ,:5 ?is orpim5t is treat$ ) cau/ic alkali1 x is completely dissolv$2 x is ?r[n d[n by acids ,i f9d unalt]$4 ,if #fa ars5ic comb9e ) #ci sulphur1 #ajj mu/ take #fd ne>ly2 :i* corresponds ) #a atom ( ea*1 or #ba ars5ic #ac or #ad sulphur4 ,subprotosulphuret4 ,sulphur & ars5ic are f\nd native 9 c]ta9 places1 comb9$ 9 masses ( a br[ni% r$ or orange col\r & glassy fracture3 ?is comb9ation is call$ realg>1 & is also manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,saxony1 *iefly = ! use ( calico-pr9t]s4 ,its con/itution & specific gravity v>y consid]ably1 ow+ *iefly ,i imag9e to ! great] or less heat to :i* x is expos$1 & to ! proportions ( ! elem5ts 9 ! fir/ mixture4 ,i h specim5s ( #c4c & #c4g sp4 gr42 & x is probable ^! are n ! extremes2 ! heavie/ is ! d>ke/ col\r4 ,( c\rse ! heavie/ conta9s ! mo/ ars5ic1 & ,i h reason to believe t ! sp4 gr4 is ne>ly z good a te/ ( ! proportions ( ! elem5ts z *emical analysis4 ,realga :5 pulv]iz$ is ( an orange col\r3 x is mu* soon] dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid & requires less1 ?an ! same weight ( orpim5t4 ,cau/ic alkali dissolves x p>tially1 tak+ up ! protosulphuret & leav+ ! excess ( ars5ic1 ! quantity ( :i* may h5ce be asc]ta9$4 ,t5 gra9s ( realg> took #hj measures ( #a4cdg nitric acid1 dilut$ ) z mu* wat]2 dige/$ 9 a heat ( ab\t #aej x 0 all dissolv$ 9 #a h\r1 & yield$ #ecf liquid ( #a4je sp4 gravity4 ,?is treat$ z be=e gave #bd sulphate ( b>ytes #c4b sulphur1 & #ah ars5iate ( lime #f4i ars5ic4 ,?is result agrees ne>ly ) ,laugi]'s 9 reg>d to ! sulphur 9 native realg>3 b ! artificial realg>1 :i* he made by comb9+ ars5ic & sulphur1 yield$ him #dj p] c5t4 sulphur by my e/imation & #db by 8 own3 ! sp4 gravity ( 8 artificial realg> is n giv54 ,we/rumb e/imates realg> at #ajj ars5ic & #be sulphur1 & ,!n>d at #ajj ars5ic & #cc sulphur4 ,b f ! above x mu/ be conclud$ to conta9 #ajj ars5ic & #de to #ej ( sulphur4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ! same realg> heat$ 9 cau/ic pota% 7 resolv$ into #gh orpim5t tak5 up by ! liquid & #bb ars5ic precipitat$4 ,x appe>s to me mo/ probable t a true subsulphuret w\ld be mo/ conv5i5t = ! pr9t]s' use1 or "o conta9+ #ajj ars5ic & #cb sulphur1 t is1 #b atoms ars5ic & #a sulphur4 ,! object be+ to deoxidize indigo & obta9 x 9 solution 9 a gre5 /ate1 we may suppose t #a atom ars5ic takes ! oxyg5 f ! indigo & !n =ms ars5iate ( lime :i* precipitates1 :il/ ! o!r atom 9 union ) ! sulphur1 takes ! gre5 indigo & unites x to ! pota%1 mak+ a quadruple comp\nd ( ars5ic1 sulphur1 gre5 indigo & pota% 9 solution4 ,if ?is view be "r ! heavie/ & d>ke/ col\r$ realg> ( comm]ce mu/ be ! mo/ advantage\s = ?is purpose4 ,"s pr9t]s h[ev] pref] ! protosulphuret4 ,deutosulphuret4 ,pr\/1 by heat+ #ajj ars5ic ) #cjj sulphur 9 "o in/ance got #bbb p>ts1 & 9 ano!r #bcd p>ts ( a transp>5t deep gre5i% yell[ sulphuret1 7,j\r4 de ,phys4 #ei--p4 #djf4 #ahjd74 ,n[ x is v rem>kable t if we take ! atom ( sulphur at #ac & t ( ars5ic #ba1 "o ( ?is & two ( ! =m] w be f\nd z #ajj to #abd1 toge!r #bbd2 b if sulphur be #ad1 !n ! proportion w be #ajj to #acc1 toge!r #bcc4 ,x seems m ?an probable t ,pr\/ _h accid5tally us$ t degree ( heat 9 ! comb9ation :i* is requisite = =m+ ! deutosulphuret4 ,x is probable too t ,laugi] always us$ a high] heat1 z he uni=mly obta9$ ! same 7l[]7 sulphuret :atev] 7 ! proportions1 ! excess ( ei!r be+ sublim$ or sep>at$ by ! heat4 ,trisulphuret1 quadrisulphuret1 c4 ,:5 a solution ( ! oxide ( ars5ic is treat$ ) quadrisulphuret ( lime1 little precipitate appe>s2 b if muriatic acid be dropp$ 91 a f9e yell[ precipitate is =m$4 ,?is ,i h reason to ?9k is sometimes a trisulphuret1 & at o!r times a quadrisulphuret or high]2 b x is difficult to inve/igate ^! comp\nds1 & on t acc\nt ,i speak ) "s unc]ta9ty4 #cc4 ,sulphuret ( cobalt4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 does n precipitate cobalt f solutions conta9+ t metal2 b hydrosulphurets precipitate x4 ,protosulphuret4 ,?is comp\nd is obta9$ :5ev] a neutral solution ( cobalt is treat$ ) hydrosulphuret ( lime1 c4 or x may be obta9$ f any acid solution by fir/ precipitat+ ! blue oxide by an alkali1 & !n introduc+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ! mixture4 ,by ?is la/ me?od ,i f\nd a solution previ\sly kn[n to conta9 #dd p>ts by weight ( protoxide to absorb #ae p>ts ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 :5 filt]$ & dri$ 9 a heat ( #ajj x yield$ #ea p>ts ( protosulphuret4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles _m ( ! o!r black sulphurets4 ,x consi/s ( #ajj cobalt & #ch sulphur2 ,pr\/ f9ds #dj sulphur1 b he consid]s x only an approximation4 ,! same sulphuret may be =m$ by heat+ ! oxides ( cobalt & sulphur toge!r to a r$ heat2 at lea/ a comb9ation is effect$ z ,pr\/ obs]v$1 b ,i h n inve/igat$ ! proportions4 ,sulphur does n seem to comb9e ) ! metal 9 ?is way4 ,deutosulphuret 444 dodecasulphuret4 ,:5 ! rec5tly precipitat$ & moi/ oxide ( cobalt1 ! neutral muriate1 or acid muriate ( cobalt1 z well z o!r salts ( ! same1 are treat$ ) dilute quadrisulphuret ( lime1 sulphurets ( cobalt are =m$ 9 v>i\s proportions accord+ to ! +r$i5ts1 f ! deutosulphuret to ! dodecasulphuret3 ^! precipitates are all black & n easily di/+ui%$ 9 appe>ance2 b !re is reason to believe !y are true *emical comp\nds4 #cd4 ,sulphurets ( manganese4 ,?\gh sulphur & manganese d n unite directly1 !y c be br\ght into union by int]m$iate bodies1 bo? 9 ! dry & humid way4 ,protosulphuret4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by heat+ to a l[ r$1 a mixture ( ! oxide ( manganese & sulphur1 or ( ! :ite c>bonate ( manganese & sulphur2 or x may be =m$ by treat+ a solution ( manganese by a hydrosulphuret1 7sulphurett$ hydrog5 n produc+ any precipitate72 ?is la/ me?od seems to produce a dry hydrosulphuret ( manganese1 :i* be+ heat$ to r$ ne>ly1 p>ts ) wat] & a little sulphur & !re rema9s ! protosulphuret4 ,! protosulphuret is ( a snuff br[n col\r2 b ! hydrosulphuret1 :5 rec5tly precipitat$ is ( a light drab col\r1 :i* gr[s deep] :5 expos$ to ! air1 & :5 dri$ becomes br[n l ! protosulphuret2 :5 heat$1 ! col\r is n mu* *ang$4 ,! hydrosulphuret ( manganese gives sulphurett$ hydrog5 by cold muriatic acid1 & ! protosulphuret gives ! same by ! acid heat$4 ,! proportion ( ! elem5ts 9 ! protosulphuret may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! black oxide yields its own weight ( protosulphuret2 t is1 #aef gra9s1 compos$ ( #ajj metal & #ef oxyg5 give #aef ( sulphuret2 h5ce ! atom ( metal1 #be1 unites ) "o ( sulphur1 #ad4 ,i f\nd #cb ( ! protoxide 9 solution unite to #ae ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 to =m #dg hydrosulphuret dri$ 9 #ajj4 ,?is lo/ ab\t #h p>ts or r upw>ds by heat4 ,deutosulphuret1 trisulphuret & quadrisulphuret4 ,^! may be =m$ by treat+ neutral solutions ( manganese1 or ! rec5tly precipitat$ oxide1 by quadrisulphuret ( lime4 ,!y are =m$ some:at sl[ly & by consid]able agitation ) a small] or great] proportion ( ! lime sulphuret4 ,!y are all light drab1 & are r$uc$ to ! protosulphuret by heat4 #ce4 ,sulphuret ( *romium4 ,i h n _h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+ :e!r *romium or its oxides comb9e ) sulphur or n1 ?\gh sev]al attempts 7 made = t purpose4 #cf4 ,sulphuret ( uranium4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,bu*olz x w\ld seem t uranium may be comb9$ ) sulphur1 b ! proportions h n be5 asc]ta9$4 7,an4 de ,*imie4 #ef--adb47 #cg4 ,sulphuret ( molybd5um4 ,f ,bu*olz & ,klapro?'s analyses ( molybd5a x w\ld seem t ! native sulphuret consi/s ( #fj metal & #dj sulphur2 b x does n appe> :e!r ?is %\ld be consid]$ z ! protosulphuret or ! deutosulphuret4 ,if x is ! protosulphuret ! atom ( molybd5um weighs #ba1 b if ! deutosulphuret1 ! atom ( metal weighs #db2 & ! atom ( ! sulphuret or molybd5a mu/ weigh ei!r #ce or #gj4 #ch4 ,sulphuret ( tung/54 ,accord+ to ,b]zelius1 a sulphuret ( tung/5 may be obta9$1 by heat+ a mixture ( tung/ic acid & sulphuret ( m]cury 9 ! proportion ( #a to #d1 9 a crucible4 ,! mixture 9 8 exp]im5t 0 cov]$ ) *>coal & ! crucible inclos$ 9 ano!r conta9+ *>coal2 ! :ole 0 !n expos$ to ! heat ( a furnace = half an h\r4 ,! sulphuret obta9$ 0 a greyi% black p[d]2 x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #ajj metal & #cc sulphur1 or ab\t #c metal to #a sulphur4 ,h5ce ?is mu/ be ! deutosulphuret if we consid] ! atom ( tung/5 to be #hd2 b consid]+ ! high degree ( heat to :i* x 0 expos$1 x w\ld seem m likely to be ! protosulphuret2 if s1 ! atom ( tung/5 mu/ be consid]$ z #db only1 or half ( ! o!r numb]4 #ci4 ,sulphuret ( titanium4 ,no comp\nd ( titanium & sulphur has be5 =m$4 #dj4 ,sulphuret ( columbium4 ,?is comb9ation is unkn[n4 #da4 ,sulphuret ( c]ium4 ,?is comb9ation is also unkn[n4 ,,section #ae4 ,,e>?y1 ,,alkal9e1 ,,metallic ,,& ,,o!r ,,phosphurets4 ,phosphorus l sulphur is capable ( be+ comb9$ ) sev]al ( ! e>?s & metals z well z ) o!r bodies2 b ! comb9ation is n s easily effect$1 & ! products are less int]e/+ ?an ^? ( sulphur3 f consid]ations ( ^! circum/ances toge!r ) ^? ( ! exp5ce & dang] 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on phosphorus we may acc\nt =1 ?is class ( bodies be+ z yet imp]fectly kn[n4 ,m>graf 9 #agdj attempt$ to comb9e phosphorus ) _m ( ! metals2 b 8 exp]im5ts 7 mo/ly unsuccessful4 ,g5gembre 9 #aghc endeav\r$ to unite phosphorus ) ! alkalies2 9 ?is he fail$ ( success1 b discov]$ ! phosphuret ( hydrog51 or ! spontane\sly inflammable gas n[ d5om9at$ phosphurett$ hydrog54 7,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aghe47 ,9 #aghf ,mr4 ,kirwan publi%$ "s exp]im5ts on phosphurett$ hydrog51 7,philos4 ,trans472 he asc]ta9$ t wat] impregnat$ ) ?is gas _h ! prop]ty ( precipitat+ v>i\s metals f _! solutions4 ,! +5i\s & indefatigable ,pelleti] has m m]it ?an any o!r p]son 9 8 inve/igations ( ! phosphurets4 ,an important memoir ( 8 on ! manufacture ( phosphorus 9 ! l>ge1 is giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = #aghe2 9 ?is he /ates t #d or #e lbs4 sulphuric acid are commonly requisite = #f lbs4 calc9$ bones2 & t f #ah lbs4 calc9$ bones he obta9$ by ! usual process1 #ab oz4 ( phosphorus4 ,9 #aghh he read an essay on ! phosphurets ( gold1 plat9a1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 lead & t94 7,an4 de ,*imie1 #a--ajf74 ,9 #agij he publi%$ an essay on ! comb9ations ( phosphorus ) sulphur4 7,ibid4 #d--a74 ,an additional memoir 0 publi%$ 9 #agib on ! same metallic phosphurets2 & ano!r on ! phosphurets ( m]cury1 z9c1 bismu?1 antimony1 cobalt1 nickel1 manganese1 ars5ic & ! o!r metals4 ,m4 ,raymond 9 ! ,an4 de ,*imie1 #agia1 recomm5ds1 in/ead ( pota%1 moi/ hydrate ( lime & phosphorus 9 ord] to obta9 phosphurett$ hydrog5 ) great] facility2 & 9 ! same ,annals = #ahjj he ass]ts t wat] absorbs a consid]able portion ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 & becomes capable ( precipitat+ metals f _! solutions 9 acids1 & ( =m+ phosphurets1 9 ?is respect resembl+ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,mr4 ,t5nant discov]$ 9 #agia t c>bonic acid comb9$ ) ! e>?s & alkalies is capable ( decomposition by phosphorus1 9 a r$ heat2 & ,dr4 ,pe>son1 foll[+ up ! discov]y1 f\nd t pure or cau/ic lime may be unit$ to phosphorus by heat s z to =m phosphuret ( lime2 & t ?is dry comp\nd :5 put into wat] is decompos$ & gives out bubbles ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* z usual explode spontane\sly on rea*+ ! surface ( ! wat] & com+ into contact ) ! air4 ,9 #ahaj ,i publi%$ ! me?od ( analys+ phosphurett$ hydrog5 by ,volta's eudiomet]2 hav+ f\nd t ?is gas & oxyg5 may be mix$ toge!r 9 a n>r[ tube )\t explosion & aft]w>ds explod$ z o!r simil> mixtures by an electric sp>k4 ,dr4 ,?omson publi%$ an essay on phosphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy = ,augu/1 #ahaf4 ,he agrees ) me v ne>ly z to ! con/itution & prop]ties ( ?is gas1 z f> z ,i h gone2 b he has asc]ta9$ sev]al additional prop]ties ( ! gas1 :i* ,i %all adv]t to 9 ! sequel4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy & ,gay ,lussac h inve/igat$ sev]al comp\nds ( phosphorus1 p>ticul>ly ) muriatic & oxymuriatic acids1 & ) ! new metals potassium & sodium1 :i* ,i %all h to notice 9 _! prop] places4 ,o!r au?ors h writt5 on phosphurets besides ^? ,i h m5tion$1 b !y d n require to be p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ?is enum]ation4 ,we %all !re=e proce$ to describe ! phosphurets m p>ticul>ly4 #a4 ,phosphuret ( hydrog54 ,f rec5t exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made on phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 ,i f9d ! acc\nt already giv5 7,,vol4 #a4 page #def7 is defici5t1 & 9 sev]al respects inaccurate2 ,i %all !re=e sub/itute ! foll[+1 z m p]fect & correct4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 may be obta9$ ne>ly pure1 by ! me?ods recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,?omson4 ,phosphuret ( lime t has be5 c>efully seclud$ f ! atmosph]e1 may be put into a small phial fill$ ) wat]1 acidulat$ by muriatic acid2 into ?is a cork ) a b5t tube mu/ be imm$iately put "u wat]1 s t ! phial & tube are bo? full ( wat]2 gas soon beg9s to appe>1 :i* ris+ to ! top ( ! phial1 expels a correspond+ portion ( wat]1 & 9 due "t ! gas itself comes ov] & may be receiv$ z usual3 if ! phial 9 :i* ! gas is g5]at$ be w>m$ to #adj or #aej1 ! gas is giv5 out m readily4 ,a half ounce phial ) #bj gra9s ( phosphuret 9 small lumps1 w produce #c or #d cubic in*es ( gas4 ,if ! phosphuret ( lime has be5 previ\sly expos$ = a few h\rs to ! atmosph]e1 ! gas is m abundant1 b consi/s *iefly ( hydrog51 mix$ ) a little phosphurett$ hydrog54 ,pure phosphurett$ hydrog5 is di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ prop]ties3 #a4 ,x explodes :5 com+ into ! atmosph]e 9 bubbles1 & a :ite r+ ( smoke subsequ5tly asc5ds3 #b4 ,x is unfit = respiration1 & = support+ combu/ion3 #c4 ,its specific gravity is #a4a ne>ly1 t ( atmosph]ic air be+ unity3 #d4 ,wat] absorbs fully ( its bulk ( ?is gas1 :i* is expell$ aga9 by ebullition or by agitation ) o!r gases1 b n )\t "s loss3 #e4 ,a small portion be+ electrifi$ = "s "t1 deposits abundance ( phosphorus1 & exp&s f "o volume to #a ne>ly1 :i* is f\nd to be pure hydrog53 #f4 ,liquid oxymuriate ( lime absorbs phosphurett$ hydrog51 conv]t+ x into phosphoric acid & wat]1 & leaves any free hydrog5 t may be pres5t2 h5ce we are enabl$ to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( free hydrog5 9 any su* mixture1 an important po9t z f> z reg>ds ?is gas3 #g4 ,"o volume ( pure phosphurett$ hydrog51 requires two volumes ( oxyg5 = its complete combu/ion by an electric sp>k1 9 ,volta's eudiomet]2 7! gases mu/ be previ\sly mix$ 9 a tube n m ?an _/ ( an in* 9 diamet]1 to prev5t an explosion 9 ! act ( mix+1 aft] :i* !y may safely be transf]r$ into any o!r vessel72 ! result ( ! combu/ion is phosphoric acid & wat]3 #h4 ,"o volume ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 mix$ ) f #b to #f volumes ( nitr\s gas1 may be explod$ by electricity 9 ,volta's eudiomet]2 or x may be explod$ by s5d+ up a bubble ( oxyg51 )\t electricity2 9 l mann]1 may ! mixtures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 & oxyg5 be explod$ by a bubble ( nitr\s gas3 #i4 ,"o volume ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 mix$ ) #d1 less or m1 ( nitr\s oxide1 is also explosive by electricity1 b ! mixture und]goes no *ange )\t electricity1 at lea/ 9 a day3 #aj4 ,mixtures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 & nitr\s gas h a sl[ *emical action1 by :i* 9 f #a to #ab h\rs1 ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 is burnt & ! nitr\s gas decompos$ into nitr\s oxide & azotic gas3 #aa4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy & ,dr4 ,?omson1 phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas be+ heat$ along ) sulphur 9 a dry tube1 ! gas is decompos$ & a new gas1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 is =m$1 & ! phosphorus unites ) ! sulphur4 ,davy says ! gas is d\bl$ 9 volume by ?is op]ation2 b ,?omson says x rema9s ! same2 "s d\bt !re=e exi/s respect+ ?is fact3 #ab4 ,:5 phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas is let up to oxymuriatic acid gas1 a quick combu/ion ) a yell[ flame is obs]v$1 & ! result v>ies accord+ to ! proportions3 :5 "o volume phosphurett$ hydrog5 is put to #c or #d ( acid gas1 bo? ( ! gases disappe>1 & muriatic & phosphoric acids are produc$4 ,z ^! prop]ties diff] 9 _m respects f ^? hi!rto assign$ to ?is gas1 x w be necess>y to enl>ge ^u !m4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ?is gas has already be5 adv]t$ to1 7,,vol4 #a471 & its great v>iation f 4#c to 4#he2 m rec5tly ,dr4 ,?omson f9ds x ab\t 4#i4 ,9 all ^! in/ances x 01 ,i h no d\bt1 contam9at$ ) less or m ( hydrog52 at lea/ x 0 s 9 my own in/ance2 =1 ,i h ! proportion ( oxyg5 :i* x requir$ = its complete combu/ion1 bo? be=e & aft] x 0 weigh$4 ,x 0 :at ,i !n ?\ght pure gas3 t is1 #ajj volumes requir$ ne>ly #aej ( oxyg52 b ,i am n[ conv9c$ t gas ( ?is description conta9s ( its volume ( free hydrog52 h5ce ! correction ( ! sp4 gravity4 ,davy e/imates ! sp4 gr4 ( ! gas :i* he d5om9ates hydrophosphoric at 4#hg or #ab times t ( hydrog52 ?is gas1 z w appe> f ?is & o!r prop]ties1 is 9 all probability phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 ne>ly pure4 ,! absorption ( ?is gas by wat]1 has be5 /at$ v>i\sly4 ,9 #agii ,m4 ,raymond f\nd t wat] absorbs r less ?an ( its volume ( ?is gas3 9 #ahjb1 ,dr4 ,h5ry rates its absorption at _/ only2 9 #ahaj ,i f\nd x _/2 9 #ahab1 ,davy f\nd x 7hydrophosphoric gas7 to be 2 9 #ahaf1 ,dr4 ,?omson f\nd x to be _/2 ,i n[ e/imate x z /at$ above at 4 ,^! enorm\s diff]5ces may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by v>ieties 9 ! gas2 & p>tly f ! !ory ( ! absorption n be+ und]/ood2 b ^! are sc>cely suffici5t excuses 9 all ! cases4 ,i f9d t my e>ly exp]im5ts on ! absorption ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 by wat]1 7 made prior to ! discov]y ( ! me?od ( analys+ ! gas by electric combu/ion2 consequ5tly !y 7 defici5t 9 reg>d to ! quality ( ! gas1 bo? be=e & aft] agitation2 ! be/ gas t ev] ,i _h1 0 su* z took #aej oxyg5 p] c5t4 = its combu/ion1 exclusive ( any common air2 & x 0 (t5 su* z to require consid]ably less4 ,! bottle :i* ,i us$ = ! purpose 9 #ahaj conta9s #bgjj gra9s ( wat]2 at fir/ ,i *>g$ wat] ) hydrog53 into ?is #abj gra9 measures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 7 put1 & ! :ole well agitat$3 !re 7 left #ih measures2--?is prov$ t ! gas 0 m absorbable ?an hydrog53 into ! same wat] 7 put #ih m phosphurett$ hydrog5 & agitat$2 out1 #hj2 ?is confirm$ ! pro(3 ,into ! same wat] 7 put #ig hydrog5 & agitat$ well2 out #aje3 ,?is %ew$ t ! hydrog5 _h expell$ a "p ( ! gas aga91 & 0 less absorbable ( ! two4 ,z ! ph5om5a 7 mu* ! same z if oxyg5 _h be5 us$ in/ead ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 x 0 conclud$ to h ! same absorbability4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 m circum/antial2 aft] repeat$ly agitat+ wat] ) pure azotic gas1 s z to saturate x & expel ! oxyg51 ,i !n put 9 #aaj gra9 measures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 compos$ ( #ajj pure gas1 #e hydrog51 & #e azotic gas or r atmosph]ic air4 ,aft] due agitation1 all 0 absorb$ b #ce2 ?is 0 mix$ ) a kn[n portion ( oxyg5 & explod$2 ! dim9ution 0 #ai measures2 ! oxyg5 rema9+ 0 det]m9$ by hydrog52 f :i* x appe>$ t #aj combu/ible gas _h tak5 #i oxyg54 ,n[ #aj be+ _/ ( #ce1 we may consid] ! wat] z _/ impregnat$ ) ! phosphurett$ hydrog51 & _/ ) azote2 b z !re 7 #aje combu/ible gas & only #aj left1 #ie mu/ h ent]$ ! wat] & caus$ x to be _/ *>g$ ) ! gas2 :5ce we may inf] t #ccb gas w\ld h be5 a full *>ge = #bgjj wat]1 :i* is almo/ exactly 1 z /at$ above4 ,o!r exp]im5ts gave correspond+ results4 ,on admitt+ #ea azotic gas to ! wat]1 & agitat+ x a good deal = #d or #e m9utes1 !re came out #ea measures or ! same volume3 ?is 0 f\nd 9 ! same way to consi/ ( #dc azote & #h combu/ible1 :i* took #aj oxyg54 ,aga9 #ea azote 0 agitat$ 9 ! wat]1 & !re came out #ea1 ( :i* #e 7 combu/ible & took #i oxyg54 ,aft] ?is ! bottle ( wat] 0 put into a pan ( wat] :i* 0 rais$ to ! boil+ heat1 a b5t tube fill$ ) wat] be+ adapt$ to ! wat] bottle1 & hav+ its end imm]s$ 9 wat]3 by ?is op]ation gas 0 expell$ f ! wat]1 & caught 9 ! neck ( ! bottle2 :5 x am\nt$ to #bb gra9 measures x 0 transf]r$ & 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #ag azote #e combu/ible1 :i* took #aj oxyg54 ,by ^! exp]im5ts we see t ! gas is expell$ aga9 f ! wat]1 bo? by ebullition & by o!r gases1 ne>ly ! same 9 quality1 b mu* dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 ! reason ( :i* is n v obvi\s4 ,! liquid n[ requir$ #cj measures ( oxymuriate ( lime1 equival5t to #ajj measures ( oxyg51 be=e x 0 saturat$2 t is1 !re appe>$ to be #ej phosphurett$ hydrog5 rema9+ 9 ! wat]4 ,add+ a little lime wat] ?rew d[n a v s5sible quantity ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! expansion ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 by electricity is a subject on :i* !re has be5 z mu* div]sity z on its absorption4 ,9 #agig1 ,dr4 ,h5ry f\nd t x exp&$ 8equally ) c>bonat$ hydrog540 7,philos4 ,trans474 ,9 #ahjj1 ,davy /ates t phosphurett$ hydrog5 0 n alt]$ 9 volume by electricity4 7,rese>*es1 page #cjc47 ,9 #ahaj1 my exp]im5ts l$ me to adopt ! same conclusion4 ,9 #ahaa1 ,gay ,lussac f\nd 7,re*]*es1 page #bad71 t potassium heat$ 9 phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 exp&$ #ajj volumes to #adf2 he inf]s t ! true expansion ought to h be5 to #aej4 ,9 #ahab1 ,davy obs]ves1 t :5 electric sp>ks are pass$ ?r\gh gases ( ?is k9d1 8usually !re is no *ange ( volume40 7,elem5ts ( ,*em4 ,philos4 p4 #bid47 ,b he adds t :5 a gas 7sp4 gr4 #f1 hyd4 be+ #a7 0 heat$ ) z9c fil+s ov] m]cury1 !re 0 an expansion ( volume ( m ?an 4 ,also potassium heat$ 9 x1 made #b p>ts become #c or #c1 p>ts r m ?an #d1 7#ahaj72 ! residual gas 9 ^! cases 0 pure hydrog54 ,hydrophosphoric gas 7sp4 gr4 #ab7 yield$ #b volumes ( hydrog51 by heat+ potassium 9 x4 ,9 #ahaf1 ,dr4 ,?omson f\nd t by electric sp>ks phosphorus 0 deposit$1 & hydrog5 rema9$ 8exactly equal to ! orig9al bulk ( ! phosphurett$ hydrog540 ,la/ly1 9 #ahag1 ,i f\nd by two exp]im5ts1 t by electrify+ #cj gra9 measures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 9 a tube ov] wat]1 un9t]rupt$ly = ne>ly #b h\rs1 ,i produc$ an expansion ( 1 or ! gas became #cf measures2 orig9ally ! gas conta9$ #b common air1 & ! re/ 0 combu/ible s t #ajj measures took #aij oxyg54 ,by explod+ ! residue ) oxyg51 ,i f\nd t _/ or _/ ( ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 /ill rema9$ undecompos$4 ,tak+ ^! obs]vations into consid]ation along ) ! fact1 t #a volume ( ! pure/ gas requires #b ( oxyg5 = its combu/ion1 ,i conclude t ! true expansion %\ld be 1 or #c volumes ( gas %\ld become #d1 & !n x w be f\nd t ( ! oxyg5 is jo9$ to ! hydrog5 & to ! phosphorus1 :i* accords ) :at appe>s to me ! only correct view ( ! con/itution ( phosphoric acid1 namely1 #b atoms ( oxyg5 to #a ( phosphorus4 ,! action ( oxymuriatic acid1 :e!r free or comb9$1 on phosphurett$ hydrog51 is curi\s & int]e/+2 9 bo? cases x effects a complete & in/antane\s combu/ion ( bo? phosphorus & hydrog52 :5 ! acid is put to 9 ! /ate ( gas1 x n only burns ! phosphurett$ hydrog51 b any free hydrog5 t may be pres5t2 b ?is has a limit3 if ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 be l>gely dilut$ 7#ij p] c5t47 ) hydrog51 ?is la/ is :olly left2 ! reason seems to be1 ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 burns at a l[] temp]ature2 & h5ce probably x is1 t liquid oxymuriate ( lime burns ! phosphurett$ hydrog51 b n ! hydrog5 gas4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 necess>y to saturate a giv5 volume ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 is easily f\nd4 ,oxyg5 gas conta9+ a kn[n p] c5tage ( azotic gas1 mu/ be us$ 9 "s excess1 mix$ ) a due portion ( ! gas4 ,aft] explod+ ! mixture1 ! loss mu/ be obs]v$1 & !n ! rema9+ oxyg5 mu/ be f\nd by explod+ x ) hydrog54 ,h5ce ! true volume ( oxyg5 sp5t by ! fir/ explosion1 & t ( ! combu/ible gas are bo? det]m9$4 ,! due proportion ( oxyg5 is s ne>ly #b to #a1 t ,i h n be5 able to det]m9e on :i* side ! tru? lies4 ,dr4 ,?omson says t :5 phosphurett$ hydrog5 & oxyg5 are mix$1 two volumes to "o1 a :ite smoke takes place1 ! volume ( oxyg5 gradually disappe>s1 & !re rema9s beh9d a quantity ( hydrog5 exactly equal to ! orig9al volume ( ! phosphurett$ hydrog54 ,i h obs]v$ no?+ at all l ?is4 ,a mixture ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 & oxyg5 /ood #bd h\rs )\t s5sible dim9ution1 & aft]w>ds be+ explod$1 #b volumes ( oxyg5 disappe>$ = #a ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 ! same z w\ld h done at ! mom5t ( mix+4 ,p]haps ! temp]ature may h "s influ5ce2 m9e 0 ab\t #ee4 ,i h tri$ ! m9imum ( oxyg5 t w consume or dissipate phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,x may be explod$ ) ab\t ( its volume ( oxyg51 ) ! same ph5om5a z ,davy obs]v$ ( ! hydrophosphoric gas4 ,phosphorus is ?r[n d[n & a volume ( combu/ible gas is left ab\t #aj p] c5t4 great] ?an ! orig9al volume ( phosphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is gas is ne>ly pure hydrog54 ,h5ce ! :ole gas may be dissipat$ at #b successive explosions1 by r less ?an an equal volume ( oxyg54 ,if phosphurett$ hydrog5 be explod$ ) an equal volume ( oxyg51 phosphor\s acid1 wat] & a little phosphoric acid are =m$1 & "s hydrog5 rema9s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 is t ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,?omson1 namely1 its combu/ion ) nitr\s gas by electricity2 & ! sl[ combu/ion by ! same gas1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above is a fact /ill m difficult to expla94 ,i tri$ ! combu/ion ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 by nitr\s gas & electricity 9 #ahaj1 b did n succe$4 ,! reason 01 ! gas 0 n suffici5tly pure4 ,no phosphurett$ hydrog5 t is n #gj or #hj p] c5t4 pure1 c1 ,i imag9e1 be explod$ by nitr\s gas2 ev5 ! pure/ requires sometimes m ?an "o sp>k1 :5 mix$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable proportions2 & ,i h kn[n in/ances 9 :i* ! mixture has explod$ aft] electrification = a few m9utes4 ,an excess or defect ( nitr\s gas1 occasions oxyg5 or hydrog5 to be f\nd 9 ! residual gas1 j z :5 we explode ) oxyg54 ,"o volume ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 requires1 z ne>ly z ,i c f9d1 #c ( nitr\s gas = mutual saturation4 ,! azote develop$ am\nts to #a volumes or r less1 7due all[ances 9 all su* cases be+ made = t already exi/+ 9 ! two gases47 ,! mutual action ( nitr\s gas & phosphurett$ hydrog5 )\t electricity exhibits "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> ph5om5a we h 9 *emi/ry4 ,nitr\s gas seems con/antly to be decompos$1 "o "p produc+ nitr\s oxide & ano!r "p azote1 ev5 ?\gh an excess ( nitr\s gas rema9 undecompos$ 9 ! mixture1 & bo? ! phosphorus & hydrog5 are completely burnt2 b if ! nitr\s gas be defici5t1 !n nitr\s oxide1 azote1 & "s ( ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 are f\nd 9 ! residue1 & ! re/ ( ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 is completely burnt or conv]t$ into phosphoric acid & wat]2 "h appe>s no pref]5ce ( phosphorus to hydrog5 9 ?is case1 nor any p>tial combu/ion4 ,f an att5tive consid]ation ( ! results ( sev]al exp]im5ts1 ,i am incl9$ to (f] ! foll[+ solution ( ?is rem>kable case3 ,"o atom ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 attacks #e ( nitr\s gas at ! same in/ant2 ! atom ( phosphorus takes #b ( oxyg51 & gives ! correspond+ #b ( azote to ! two ( nitr\s gas1 & ?us makes two atoms ( nitr\s oxide1 :ile ! hydrog5 takes #a ( oxyg5 f ! fif? atom & lib]ates ! azote2 ?us #b measures ( nitr\s oxide are =m$ along ) #a ( azote2 & !y are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! residue 9 t ratio4 ,! azote does n seem to pass ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /ate ( nitr\s oxide2 =1 z soon z ! nitr\s gas ceases to exi/1 !re is an end ( ! combu/ion4 ,x may be prop] to adv]t m p>ticul>ly to ! hydrophosphoric gas ( ,davy4 ,t ?is gas is ! same z t we h be5 describ+1 c h>dly admit ( a d\bt4 ,_! ne> agreem5t 9 sp4 gr41 9 _! absorbability by wat]1 9 ! quantity ( oxyg5 requisite = _! combu/ion1 9 _! mod]ate expansion by burn+ ) a m9imum ( oxyg5 & 9 _! combu/ibility by oxymuriatic acid1 are circum/ances suffici5t to w>rant _! id5tity4 ,x is said t by heat+ potassium 9 ?is gas1 "o volume yields two ( hydrog52 b x has n be5 f\nd to yield two volumes by electricity1 ! m accurate crit]ion4 ,besides1 bo? ,davy & ,gay ,lussac f9d t potassium heat$ 9 ! m common phosphurett$ hydrog5 exp&s x f #a to #a or #a volume1 :i* common electricity w n d2 x is presum$ !re=e t ! potassium 9 "s way conduces to ! production ( a portion ( ! hydrog54 ,spontane\s ignition or explosion is1 ,i believe1 no di/9ctive m>k ( v>iety 9 phosphurett$ hydrog52 :5 ?is gas is produc$1 x is usually explosive f ! uncomb9$ phosphorus :i* x elevates2 b ! be/ & pure/ phosphurett$ hydrog5 loses ! prop]ty :olly or p>tially by /&+ a :ile ov] wat]1 ?\gh x loses no s5sible "p ( its phosphorus4 ,x is commonly /at$ t phosphurett$ hydrog5 deposits phosphorus by long /&+4 ,?is seems to be true2 b ! deposition is sl[] ?an ,i imag9$4 ,sev5 ye>s ago ,i set aside a bottle ( impure phosphurett$ hydrog5 :i* ,i !n label$1 #aj combu/ible take #ad4f oxyg52 ?is bottle has n be5 pres]v$ ) special c>e to seclude ! atmosph]e2 not)/&+ t1 x is n[ su*1 t #aj combu/ible take #f4g oxyg51 & h5ce x /ill conta9s "s g5u9e phosphurett$ hydrog54 #b & #c4 ,phosphurets ( c>bone & sulphur4 ,see ,,vol4 #a4 page #dfd4 #d4 ,phosphuret ( lime4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ by sublim+ phosphorus 9 a glass tube conta9+ small fragm5ts ( rec5tly calc9$ lime1 heat$ to a l[ r$4 ,! sublim$ phosphorus com+ into contact ) ! hot lime1 ! two unite ) a vivid gl[1 & 9 due "t mutual saturation is produc$4 ,! result is a dry1 h>d comp\nd ( a deep br[n or r$di% col\r1 :i* on cool+ mu/ be put into a bottle & well cork$1 if n int5d$ = imm$iate use1 z x soon *anges by ! action ( atmosph]ic air & moi/ure4 ,) ?is precaution1 ,i h reason to ?9k x may be kept unimpair$ = ye>s4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 no exp]im5ts h be5 publi%$ relat+ to ! proportion 9 :i* phosphorus & lime unite4 ,m4 ,dulong1 9 a valuable pap] on ! comb9ations ( phosphorus & oxyg51 9 ! ,memoires de la ,socit d',arcueil1 ,,vol4 #c4 7#ahag17 has giv5 "s acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts on ! e>?y phosphurets2 b x is to be regrett$ t he has giv5 none on ! proportions ( _! elem5ts4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! phosphorus1 ,i put #aj gra9s ( well pres]v$ phosphuret ( lime1 into #ajjj gra9s ( liquid oxymuriate ( lime1 su* t by previ\s trials ,i knew w\ld imp>t #c4e gra9s ( oxyg52 to ?is mixture a quantity ( muriatic acid 0 put1 suffici5t to engage ! lime2 ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 dis5gag$1 0 ( c\rse made to pass ?r\gh ! liquid z x 0 g5]at$1 & became oxidiz$1 s z to lose its gase\s =m2 ! surplus gas 0 prev5t$ f escap+ by an incl9ation ( ! bottle2 x 0 #de gra9 measures only1 & ( ?is #cj 7 f\nd to be pure hydrog51 & ! re/ atmosph]ic air deta*$ f ! wat]2 ^! #cj measures 7 ! free hydrog51 :i* w\ld h be5 mix$ ) ! phosphurett$ hydrog51 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,9 due "t1 ! :ole ( ! phosphuret ( lime 0 dissolv$4 ,! liquid 0 /rongly acid1 & manife/$ no smell ( oxymuriatic acid1 a pro( t x 0 all decompos$4 ,to ?is 7 add$ #gj m ( ! oxymuriate ( lime be=e ! smell ( x 0 p]man5tly develop$4 ,! liquid 0 next saturat$ ) lime wat]1 & ! phosphate ( lime c>efully collect$ & dri$2 :5 heat$ to a l[ r$ x weigh$ #ab gra9s1 & consi/$1 accord+ to my e/imate ( ?is comp\nd1 ( #f-- gra9s ( phosphoric acid & #f gra9s ( lime4 ,! #f-- gra9s ( acid conta9$ #b4d phosphorus & #c4e ( oxyg54 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t #aj gra9s ( phosphuret yield ab\t #ejj measures ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 & ^! conta9 #fej measures ( hydrog51 :i* la/ is also oxidiz$ at ! exp5ce ( ! oxymuriatic acid2 b !n !re is an equival5t ( oxyg5 f ! wat]1 s t ?is does n influ5ce ! calculation = oxyg54 ,!re appe>s !n to be only an excess ( 4#bd gra9s ( oxyg5 unacc\nt$ =1 7aris+ f ! additional #gj ( oxymuriate ( lime71 :i* is z little z c be expect$ 9 su* an exp]im5t4 ,if ! phosphorus am\nt to #bd p] c5t4 we may reasonably inf] t ! rema9d] 7#gf7 is mo/ly lime1 ?\gh ,i h n be5 able to detect above #fj4 ,n[ if an atom ( phosphorus weigh #i & "o ( lime #bd1 ! due proportion ( ! protophosphuret ( lime w\ld be #bh phosphorus & #gb lime2 b :5 ! article is made = sale1 x is m likely to f9d a defect ?an an excess ( phosphorus4 ,accord+ to ,dulong1 :5 ! e>?y phosphurets are decompos$ by wat]1 phosphurett$ hydrog5 & subphosphor\s acid are =m$4 ,i believe ?is det]m9ation is "r2 = ,i f9d at mo/ only ( ! above proportion ( phosphorus 9 ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 yield$ by #aj gra9s ( ! phosphuret ( lime2 ! rema9+ seem to re/ 9 ! liquid 9 comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 & lime2 t is1 #a atom ( hydrog5 comb9es ) #a ( phosphorus1 & #a ( oxyg5 ) #b ( phosphorus4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! phosphoric acid produc$ f ! residue by means ( oxymuriate ( lime1 does n 9 g5]al correspond to ! above quantity4 ,p]haps ?is loss may be ow+ to ! phosphorus c>ri$ ov] 9 me*anical susp5sion by ! gas4 ,m4 ,dulong obs]ves1 t ev5 ! e>?y subphosphites are v soluble2 ?is did n appe> to me to be ! case ) t ( lime3 #aj gra9s ( phosphate ( lime1 t _h be5 expos$ = #bj m9utes to ! air1 7 put into a gas bottle fill$ ) #djj gra9s ( wat]2 ?is 0 kept at ne>ly ! boil+ heat = an h\r1 :5 #gbe gra9 measures ( gas 7 produc$1 & "s phosphorus 0 c>ri$ ov] ) x into ! receiv+ bottle & bason ( wat]4 ,! gas be+ analys$1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #fb p] c5t4 phosphurett$ hydrog51 #cc hydrog5 & #e common air4 ,! #djj gra9s ( wat] 9 ! gas bottle treat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime1 & !n ) lime wat]1 sc>cely gave any appreciable quantity ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! insoluble residue :5 dri$ yield$ #i gra9s4 ,?is dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid left a fraction ( a gra9 ( dirty yell[ p[d]1 :i* indicat$ "s phosphorus2 & ! muriate ( lime indicat$ ab\t #f gra9s ( lime4 #e4 ,phosphuret ( b>ytes4 ,! comb9ation ( phosphorus & b>ytes may be effect$ 9 ! same way z ! =ego+1 & ! comp\nd has ! same appe>ance4 ,accord+ to ,dulong1 :o has exam9$ ?is phosphuret ) p>ticul> att5tion1 x gives out phosphurett$ hydrog5 :5 dropp$ into wat]1 ! same z t ( lime4 ,:5 ! gas ceases to be giv5 out1 a p[d] rema9s completely insoluble 9 wat]1 ( a v>iable col\r1 yell[1 grey or br[n4 ,x is n alt]$ by ! air2 b x gives out a slight phosphoric flame :5 heat$4 ,dilute nitric or muriatic acid1 dissolves ne>ly ! :ole ) a trace ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 & leaves only a few atoms ( gre5i% yell[ p[d]1 soluble 9 oxymuriatic acid4 ,! "p dissolv$ by ! acids be+ precipitat$ by ammonia1 gives phosphate ( b>ytes4 ,f ^! facts he inf]s t ! residue insoluble 9 wat]1 consi/s ( a small portion ( phosphuret ( b>ytes ) excess ( base1 & phosphate ( b>ytes4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! phosphuret 0 decompos$1 conta9s mo/ ( ! b>ytes2 c>bonic acid produces a slight precipitate1 & !n leaves a neutral liquid conta9+ ! subphosphate ( b>ytes1 :i* appe>s to be a v soluble salt4 ,sulphuric acid ?r[s d[n ! b>ytes & leaves ! subphosphor\s acid 9 ! liquid4 ,no?+ c]ta9 is det]m9$ f exp]im5t respect+ ! proportion ( phosphorus & b>ytes :i* comb9e2 b f analogy x is probable t !y comb9e atom to atom1 or #fh p>ts b>ytes ) #i ( phosphorus2 or #ajj p>ts ( ! comp\nd conta9 #hh ( b>ytes & #ab ( phosphorus4 #f4 ,phosphuret ( /rontites4 ,phosphuret ( /rontites may be =m$ z ! two prec$+ articles4 ,x is 9 all respects simil> to ! phosphuret ( b>ytes accord+ to ,dulong1 & its prop]ties !re=e ne$ n be p>ticul>iz$4 ,f analogy1 ,i %\ld appreh5d1 x mu/ be con/itut$ ( #df /rontites & #i phosphorus1 or "o atom ( /rontites to "o ( phosphorus2 t is1 #ajj p>ts ( phosphuret %\ld conta9 #hc /rontites & #ag phosphorus4 ,comb9ations ( ! o!r e>?s & phosphorus h n yet be5 effect$4 ,nei!r h ! alkalies be5 comb9$ ) phosphorus2 ! hydrates ( ^! z well z ^? ( ! e>?s1 yield phosphurett$ hydrog5 :5 heat$ ) phosphorus1 & probably a phosphate or subphosphate ( ! base4 ,m4 ,sem5t9i ( ,rome is said to h succe$$ 9 comb9+ pota% & phosphorus by means ( alcohol4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 appe> to me too indef9ite to w>rant ! conclusion4 7,see ,an4 ( ,philos4--#g4 p4 #bhj74 ,! comp\nds ( phosphorus ) potassium & sodium are describ$ 9 ! sequel1 among/ ! metallic phosphurets4 #g4 ,phosphuret ( gold4 ,m4 ,pelleti] heat$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 half an ounce ( pure gold1 "o ounce ( phosphoric glass & ( an ounce ( p[d]$ *>coal1 ! heat 0 rais$ suffici5tly to fuse ! gold4 ,phosphoric fumes arose1 b ! :ole ( ! phosphorus 0 n dissipat$4 ,! gold rema9+ 0 :it] ?an natural1 & brittle "u ! hamm]4 ,expos$ to a v high heat x lo/ _/ ( its weight1 & resum$ ! ord9>y *>act]s ( gold4 ,! same *emi/ heat$ #ajj gra9s ( pure gold 9 fil+s to a bright r$2 he !n project$ small fragm5ts ( phosphorus among/ ! gold successively till aft] x _h ent]$ into fusion4 ,! gold pres]v$ its col\r1 b became brittle "u ! hamm] & granul> 9 ! fracture2 x _h increas$ #d 9 weight4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,davy1 by heat+ 9 a tube depriv$ ( air1 f9ely divid$ gold & phosphorus1 effect$ a comb9ation ( !m4 ,x _h a grey col\r & metallic lu/re4 ,! heat ( a _s lamp 0 suffici5t to decompose x4 ,x conta9$ ab\t #ad p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 7,davy's ,*emi/ry1 page #ddh--;,an4 #ahab74 ,ob]kampf & ,?omson h successively obs]v$ ! precipitation occasion$ by wat] impregnat$ ) phosphurett$ hydrog51 9 solutions ( muriate ( gold4 ,! =m] ( ^! has "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ! ph5om5a4 ,:5 a curr5t ( ?is gas is pass$ ?r\gh a dilute solution ( muriate ( gold = a "t1 & !n sudd5ly discont9u$1 ! solution becomes br[n & passes soon to a f9e deep purple4 ,a yell[i% br[n precipitate is obta9$1 :i* is metallic gold1 & ! liquid1 n[ become yell[ aga91 conta9s muriate ( gold & phosphoric acid4 ,! exp]im5t may be cont9u$ ) ! l results4 ,b if ! liquid be saturat$ ) gas be=e any precipitate is suff]$ to subside1 a black p[d] is obta9$ :i* does n seem to conta9 any metallic gold1 & ! liquor ceases to h any col\r4 ,?is black p[d] is ! phosphuret ( gold2 expos$ to heat x inflames & leaves metallic gold1 b its elem5ts are n sep>able by me*anical means4 7,an4 de ,*imie1 #hj--adf1 = #ahaa74 ,wat] impregnat$ ) ! gas 0 f\nd to h l effects z ! gas itself4 ,:5ce ,ob]kampf concludes t z long z an excess ( gold rema9s 9 solution1 ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 precipitates ! metal only2 b :5 ! gas is 9 excess1 ! phosphorus leaves ! hydrog5 & unites ) ! precipitat$ gold4 ,i %\ld r suppose t ! precipitation ( ! gold may be1 9 "p at lea/1 ow+ to ! free hydrog5 :i* we n[ "k accompanies ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 l>gely1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is gas 0 =m]ly procur$2 h[ev] t may be1 ,i f9d t wat]1 impregnat$ ) ! pure/ phosphurett$ hydrog51 has ! prop]ty ( precipitat+ ! black phosphuret ( gold f ! muriate ( t metal1 9 su* mann] z to effect complete mutual saturation1 leav+ no?+ 9 ! liquid b ! muriatic acid4 ,let a solution conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( gold be gradually dropp$ into wat]1 conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 z long z any black precipitate is =m$4 ,! po9t ( saturation w be f\nd :5 #fj p>ts by weight ( gold h unit$ to #i ( phosphorus1 ne>ly2 or :5 "o atom ( gold has unit$ to "o ( phosphorus4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t #ajj gra9s ( ! phosphuret ( gold conta9 #ac or #ad ( phosphorus1 :i* agrees v ne>ly ) ! results ( ,mr4 ,edmund ,davy abovem5tion$4 #h4 ,phosphuret ( plat9a4 ,m4 ,pelleti] succe$$ 9 comb9+ plat9a ) phosphorus by ! same me?ods z ) gold4 ,by project+ phosphorus on gra9s ( plat9a heat$ to a /rong r$1 ! latt] acquir$ an increase ( weight ( #ah on ! hundr$2 b ?is 0 probably an excess1 z "s vitre\s phosphoric acid 0 f\nd mix$ ) ! mass4 ,9 ! ,philos4 ,magaz9e1 ,,vol4 #dj1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy has relat$ "s exp]im5ts made ) a view to comb9e plat9a & phosphorus2 he effect$ x by heat+ plat9a & phosphorus toge!r 9 an exhau/$ tube2 ! union comm5c$ bel[ a r$ heat & 0 att5d$ ) vivid ignition & flame4 ,! comp\nd 0 ( a bluei% grey col\r & consi/$ ( #hb plat9a & #ag phosphorus accord+ to 8 e/imate4 ,also by heat+ ! ammonia-muriate ( plat9a ) ( its weight ( phosphorus 9 a retort ov] m]cury1 muriatic gas 0 lib]at$1 & muriate ( ammonia & phosphorus 7 sublim$1 b !re rema9$ at dull r$ heat an iron black or d>k grey mass at ! bottom1 ( ! sp4 gr4 #e4bh4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to consi/ ( #gj plat9a & #cj phosphorus2 b ,i d\bt :e!r x c\ld consi/ ( ^! two elem5ts only4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] sc>cely has any effect on muriate ( plat9a4 ,aft] "s "t a v light floccul5t matt] appe>s1 z ,dr4 ,?omson has obs]v$2 b ?is seems to me to be no?+ b a slight precipitation ( phosphorus alone2 ,i appreh5d ! gas unites ) ! plat9a1 b ! comp\nd rema9s 9 solution some:at 9 ! same mann] z plat9a & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! plat9a may be precipitat$ f ! cle> liquid by muriate ( t91 mu* ! same 9 appe>ance z if no phosphurett$ hydrog5 7 pres5t4 #i4 ,phosphuret ( silv]4 ,:5 pieces ( phosphorus are dropp$ among/ silv] heat$ to r$ 9 a crucible1 ! two unite & ent] into fusion1 accord+ to ,pelleti]2 :5 ! metal is saturat$ ) phosphorus ! :ole cont9ues 9 a /ate ( tranquil fusion2 b be+ )drawn f ! fire1 at ! mom5t ( congelation1 a quantity ( phosphorus becomes sudd5ly volatile & burns vividly1 & ! surface ( ! metal becomes unev54 ,! metal on be+ cool$1 is f\nd to h ga9$ f #ab to #ae p] c5t42 & he appreh5ds t :5 fluid x conta9s #aj p] c5t4 m1 mak+ 9 all #be phosphorus to #ajj silv]4 ,! phosphuret ( silv] is :ite & cry/all9e1 brittle "u ! hamm]1 b capable ( be+ cut ) a knife4 ,by a /rong heat ! phosphorus is dissipat$ & leaves ! silv] pure4 ,bo? ,raymond & ,?omson obs]ve t phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] precipitates silv] f its solutions ( a black col\r4 ,i f9d t a solution ( sulphate ( silv] conta9+ "o gra9 ( ! metal1 requires wat] conta9+ #ij gra9 measures ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 to saturate x2 ! :ole ( ! silv] falls readily & leaves no?+ b ! acid 9 ! wat]4 ,n[ ! weight ( #ij measures ( ?is gas is ne>ly ( a gra92 h5ce ! proportions ( metal & phosphorus are z #aj to #a1 :i* %[s t !y comb9e atom to atom1 or #ij silv] to #i phosphorus4 ,?is is some:at less ( phosphorus ?an is det]m9$ above by ,pelleti]4 #aj4 ,phosphuret ( m]cury4 ,m4 ,pelleti] made sev]al attempts to comb9e phosphorus & m]cury4 ,he seems to h succe$$ be/1 by expos+ m]cury 9 an extreme /ate ( division1 to phosphorus "u wat] 9 a mod]ate heat4 ,! phosphuret is a black comp\nd1 :i* is resolv$ aga9 into its elem5ts by di/illation4 ,:5 nitrate ( m]cury is treat$ ) phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 a copi\s d>k br[n or black precipitate is in/antly =m$1 z ,raymond & ,?omson h obs]v$4 ,?is black precipitate1 ,raymond adds1 soon becomes :ite & cry/all9e 9 pass+ f phosphuret to phosphate1 by attract+ oxyg54 ,i h f\nd ! black p[d] :5 dri$ 9 a mod]ate heat to ab\nd 9 small %9+ globules1 :i* h all ! appe>ance ( reviv$ m]cury4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i f9d t a c]ta9 weight ( m]curial salt requires a c]ta9 portion ( gas to saturate x1 s z t ! :ole m]cury %all be precipitat$4 ,"o gra9 ( m]cury requires r m ?an _/ ( its weight or #ej gra9 measures ( ! gas = its saturation4 ,?is proves ! comb9ation to be ! mo/ simple1 or atom to atom2 t is1 #afg m]cury take #i phosphorus2 or #ajj m]cury take #e phosphorus ne>ly4 #aa4 ,phosphuret ( palladium4 ,:5 nitrate ( palladium is dropp$ into phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 a copi\s black floccul5t precipitate is imm$iately =m$1 :i* d\btless consi/s ( palladium & phosphorus4 ,into #hjj gra9s ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] conta9+ #bj gra9 measures ( gas1 7 put by degrees1 #bb gra9 measures ( muriate ( palladium 7sp4 gr4 #a4ja7 conta9+ 4#ab acid & 4#ad oxide1 correspond+ to 4#ab metal2 mutual saturation 0 produc$1 & a f9ely di/9ct black p[d] precipitat$1 leav+ ! wat] cle> & col\rless1 :i* 0 f\nd by lime wat] to conta9 4#ab p>ts ( a gra9 ( muriatic acid4 ,! black p[d] collect$ & dri$1 correspond$ z ne>ly z c\ld be det]m9$ 9 weight to ! +r$i5ts4 ,n[ #bj measures ( gas w\ld weigh 4#jbe ( a gra91 ( :i* 4#jjbe w\ld be hydrog5 & 4#jbbe phosphorus2 :5ce we h 4#ab metal jo9$ to 4#jbbe phosphorus or #ej to #i ne>ly1 indicat+ "o atom ( ea*4 ,h5ce #ajj palladium w\ld take #ah or #ai phosphorus4 #ab4 ,phosphuret ( copp]4 ,m4 ,pelleti] comb9$ copp] & phosphorus by ! same means z ! prec$+ comp\nds4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( copp] unit$ by heat ) #ae ( phosphorus2 ! fus$ mass :5 cool$ 0 :ite & v h>d4 ,z "p ( ! copp] gets oxidiz$ dur+ ! process he ?9ks x probable1 ) ,m4 ,sage1 t copp] may acquire #bj p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,9 ! #c;d ,,vol4 ( ,memoirs ( ! ,society ( ,arcueil1 page #dcb1 ,m4 ,dulong conv]ts f9e copp] wire into phosphuret by heat+ x to a l[ r$1 & pass+ ! vap\r ( phosphorus ov] x 9 hydrog5 gas4 ,9 ! sequel he obs]ves t #aj grammes ( phosphuret ( copp] conta9$ #a4ig ( phosphorus2 t is1 ! copp] 0 to ! phosphorus z #h4jc #a4ig1 or z #ajj #bd4e4 ,?is exce$s mu* ,pelleti]'s result1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 too high4 ,=1 he f\nd t ! above phosphuret conv]t$ into phosphate ( copp] by nitric acid yield$ #ad4dd grammes4 ,n[ suppos+ ! atom ( phosphorus to weigh #i1 t ( phosphoric acid #bc1 & t ( ! black oxide ( copp] #gj1 we h an atom ( phosphate ( copp] #ic3 & if #ic #i #ad4dd #a4ddd1 = ! phosphorus 9 #aj grammes2 & h5ce ! copp] w\ld be #h4eef3 ?is w\ld give #ajj copp] to #ag phosphorus ne>ly1 :i* w\ld accord well ) ,pelleti]'s det]m9ation1 & v ne>ly agree ) ! !oretic result ( #ajj copp] to #af phosphorus4 ,bo? ,raymond & ,?omson rem>k t phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] produces a black or d>k br[n precipitate 9 sulphate ( copp]4 ,i h n f\nd any precipitate f any ( ! salts ( copp] by ! same means4 ,b if ! blue hydrate be fir/ precipitat$ by lime wat]1 & !n ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] admitt$1 ! hydrate is imm$iately conv]t$ into a d>k olive1 :i* 9 all probability is a phosphuret ( copp]4 ,f "s exp]im5ts ,i am incl9$ to believe t ?is comp\nd is ! deutophosphuret1 or two atoms ( phosphorus to "o ( copp]2 & h5ce ! copp] is to ! phosphorus z #ajj #cc4 #ac4 ,phosphuret ( iron4 ,m4 ,pelleti] =m$ a phosphuret ( iron by bo? ! me?ods above describ$ = gold4 ,he describes ! phosphuret z v h>d1 ( a :ite col\r1 /riat$ & magnetic4 ,he e/imates1 ) "s unc]ta9ty1 t #ajj iron may comb9e ) #bj phosphorus4 ,b]zelius produc$ a phosphuret ( iron by r$uc+ ! phosphate ( ! metal by *>coal & heat4 7,an4 de ,*imie1 ,july #ahaf74 ,he describes x z hav+ ! col\r ( iron1 brittle & slightly act$ ^u by ! magnet4 ,by 8 analysis x 0 con/itut$ ( #ajj iron & #cj phosphorus4 ,! true proportion probably w\ld be "o atom to "o1 or #be iron to #i phosphorus2 t is1 #ajj iron to #cg phosphorus4 ,bo? ,raymond & ,?omson f\nd t sulphate ( iron yields no precipitate by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]2 & ,i may add1 t ! precipitat$ oxide or hydrate is also unaffect$ by ! same4 #ad4 ,phosphuret ( nickel4 ,by project+ phosphorus among/ r$ hot nickel1 ,pelleti] unit$ #bj p>ts ( ! =m] to #ajj ( ! latt]4 ,a "p ( ! comb9$ phosphorus1 he obs]ves1 flies (f on cool+1 s t ! above proportion may p]haps be too l[4 ,!oretically "o atom ( nickel %\ld comb9e ) "o ( phosphorus2 t is1 #bf ) #i1 or #ajj ) #cf4 ,i f9d t nei!r ! nitrate ( nickel nor ! hydrate are affect$ by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]4 #ae4 ,phosphuret ( t94 ,m>graff 0 ! fir/ :o comb9$ phosphorus & t9 by fus+ ! metal along ) fusible salt f ur9e 7phosphate ( ammonia74 ,pelleti] succe$$ also 9 ?is way1 z well z by ! direct "o ( project+ phosphorus into melt$ t94 ,! comp\nd 0 ( a :ite col\r2 x ga9$ #ab p] c5t4 ( weight2 b z "p ( ! t9 0 oxidiz$ & adh]$ to ! crucible 9 =m ( glass1 he conjectures t t9 w\ld take f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,! atom ( t9 be+ #eb1 & t ( phosphorus #i1 ! due proportion w\ld be #ajj t9 to #ah phosphorus4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] does n seem to precipitate t9 f solutions1 nor yet to act ^u ! precipitat$ oxide4 #af4 ,phosphuret ( lead4 ,lead comb9es ) phosphorus by ! same me?ods z t92 b x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! proportions1 accord+ to ,pelleti]1 f ! oxidation & vitrification ( "p ( ! lead4 ,muriate ( lead di/ill$ ) fusible salt ( ur9e1 also yield$ phosphuret ( lead4 ,he conjectures ! increase by phosphorus to be #ab or #ae p] c5t42 b by !ory x %\ld only be #aj or #aa p] c5t4 ,raymond says t ! nitrate ( lead is decompos$ by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 b ) less =ce ?an salts ( silv] & m]cury2 & t a phosphuret ( lead is =m$1 ( :i* he gives no "*1 except t x becomes 9 "t a phosphate4 ,?omson says a slight :ite p[d] is =m$ by ! mixture4 ,?is 0 ! case ) me2 b ,i suspect$ t ! :ite p[d] 0 m]ely a little sulphate ( lead1 aris+ f ! impurity ( ! 7ra97 wat]2 & ?is 0 f\nd to be ! fact2 = ! milk9ess 0 j ! same ) l wat] unimpregnat$ ) ! gas4 ,besides1 aft] ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] has be5 saturat$ ) nitrate ( lead till no m effect is produc$1 /ill ! wat] reta9s its peculi> smell1 & a copi\s black precipitate is in/antly produc$ by nitrate ( silv] or m]cury4 ,x appe>s !n t phosphuret ( lead _c be =m$ ?is way4 ,nei!r does phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] seem to h any effect on ! rec5tly precipitat$ oxide ( lead4 #ag4 ,phosphuret ( z9c4 ,bo? z9c & its oxide seem to comb9e ) phosphorus1 accord+ to ,pelleti]2 b ! proportions 7 n asc]ta9$4 ,by !ory1 z9c %\ld take #cb p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 #ah4 ,phosphuret ( potassium4 ,"s acc\nt 0 giv5 by ,davy1 ( ! comb9ation ( potassium & phosphorus 9 essays f #ahjg to #ahaj2 & by ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d 9 o!rs f #ahjh to #ahaa4 ,accord+ to ,davy1 :5 potassium & phosphorus are heat$ toge!r1 !y comb9e 9 "o uni=m ratio ( #h to #c ne>ly2 & ! comp\nd1 :5 act$ ^u by muriatic acid1 gives out f 4#h to #a cubic in* ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 result+ f "o gra9 ( ! =m] & ( a gra9 ( ! latt] sub/ances comb9$4 ,also be obs]v$ t half a gra9 ( potassium decompos$ ne>ly #c cubic in*es ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 & set free m ?an #d cubic in*es ( hydrog52 ! phosphuret seem$ to be ( ! same k9d z ! =m]1 or t by direct comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts4 ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d comb9$ ! elem5ts by heat2 ! potassium is sc>cely fus$ till ! phosphuret is =m$4 ,! excess ( phosphorus sublimes1 & ! phosphuret is always ( a *ocolate col\r2 ! proportions 7 n asc]ta9$4 ,by treat+ ?is phosphuret ) w>m wat]1 a quantity ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 0 uni=mly giv5 out1 ab\t #dj p] c5t4 m ?an ! hydrog5 :i* w\ld h be5 yield$ by ! potassium alone 9 wat]4 ,b if ! phosphuret 0 treat$ ) dilute acid in/ead ( wat]1 !n less gas 0 giv5 out ?an o!rwise2 & ! /rong] ! acid ! less gas1 s z sometimes to r$uce ! gas 9 volume to t yield$ by potassium alone4 ,!y also f\nd1 z ,davy _h done1 t potassium heat$ 9 phosphurett$ hydrog5 decompos$ x1 unit+ ) ! phosphorus & produc+ ! same comp\nd z 9 ! direct way4 ,! results ( ,davy & ! ,fr5* *emi/s appe> to be discordant2 b ,i appreh5d !y may be reconcil$4 ,x appe>s probable f bo?1 t ! phosphuret ( potassium mu/ be a comp\nd ( "o atom ( ea*1 or #ce potassium & #i phosphorus2 t is1 #ajj potassium & #bg phosphorus ne>ly4 ,n[ 9 ,davy's me?od ( treat+ ! comp\nd ) acid1 x is mo/ probable t ! atom ( potassium takes "o ( oxyg5 to =m pota%1 & ! atom ( phosphorus takes "o ( hydrog5 to =m "o ( phosphurett$ hydrog52 b #c volumes ( pure phosphurett$ hydrog5 conta9 #d volumes ( hydrog51 7see page #agh72 & ,davy obta9$ ne>ly ( ! volume ( gas :i* ! potassium alone w\ld h produc$1 :i* !re=e acc\nts = ! fact z /at$ by him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* *emi/s by treat+ ! phosphuret ) hot wat]1 probably det]m9$ ! resolution 9 ?is way3 ! potassium resolv$ ! wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog5 ! la/ ( :i* 0 lib]at$ 9 a free /ate1 & ( c\rse produc$ ! usual volume2 ! phosphorus also resolv$ ! wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog51 "o half ( x tak+ ! oxyg5 to =m phosphor\s acid1 & ! o!r half tak+ ! hydrog5 to =m phosphurett$ hydrog51 :i* ( c\rse w\ld produce phosphurett$ hydrog5 am\nt+ to ( ! volume ( free hydrog5 or #ch p] c5t4 ne>ly1 :i* w\ld make up ! volume ( gas to #ach1 or ne>ly #adj1 z obs]v$ by !m4 ,x is n unlikely t #b or #c p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 might be add$ by ! fur!r decomposition ( wat] by ! phosphor\s acid1 9 ord] to make x into phosphoric acid4 #ai4 ,phosphuret ( sodium4 ,no p>ticul> exp]im5ts hav+ be5 detail$ ( ?is comp\nd1 we mu/ inf] x is simil> to ! la/ m5tion$1 & consi/s ( "o atom ( sodium1 #ba1 & "o atom ( phosphorus1 #i2 t is1 #ajj sodium & #dd phosphorus ne>ly4 #bj4 ,phosphuret ( bismu?4 ,if we may judge f ,m4 ,pelleti]'s exp]im5ts1 bismu? has b a weak aff9ity = phosphorus4 ,by project+ portions ( phosphorus among/ melt$ bismu?1 he succe$$ 9 unit+ "s ( x to ! metal2 he e/imates ! quantity at #d p] c5t42 :]eas by !ory x ought to be #ae p] c5t4 suppos+ !m to unite atom to atom4 ,i d n f9d t ! salts or oxide ( bismu? are mat]ially affect$ by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]4 #ba4 ,phosphuret ( antimony4 ,phosphorus may be comb9$ ) antimony1 accord+ to ,pelleti]1 by ! same means z ) ! o!r metals4 ,! phosphuret has a :ite1 metallic appe>ance & lamell> fracture4 ,! ratio ( ! elem5ts 0 n det]m9$4 ,by !ory suppos+ "o atom to unite ) "o1 x w\ld be #dj to #i1 or #ajj antimony to #bc phosphorus ne>ly4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] seems to h no effect on ! salts or oxide ( antimony4 #bb4 ,phosphuret ( ars5ic4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,m>graff & ,pelleti]1 x seems probable t phosphorus unites bo? ) ars5ic & its oxide4 ,by di/ill+ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ars5ic & phosphorus 9 a c>efully regulat$ heat1 ,pelleti] obta9$ a residuum ( a black %9+ sub/ance1 conta9+ a good proportion ( phosphorus4 ,! same 0 obta9$ 9 ! humid way1 by keep+ phosphorus 9 fusion on ars5ic "u wat] = "s "t4 ,! phosphurett$ oxide may be obta9$ by di/ill+ phosphorus & ! :ite oxide ( ars5ic toge!r1 ! phosphurett$ oxide sublimes mix$ ) ars5ic & phosphorus 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,x is ( a r$ col\r4 ,! proportions 9 nei!r case 7 asc]ta9$4 ,x is probable t ! comp\nds are ( ! mo/ simple k9d1 or "o atom to "o2 9 t case we %all h #ba ars5ic & #i phosphorus1 or #ajj ars5ic & #dd phosphorus = phosphuret ( ars5ic2 & #bh oxide & #i phosphorus1 or #ajj oxide & #cc phosphorus = phosphurett$ oxide4 ,no precipitation is occasion$ by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat] 9 solutions ( ars5ic4 #bc4 ,phosphuret ( cobalt4 ,cobalt unites ) phosphorus 9 ! direct way z well z by be+ heat$ ) phosphoric glass4 ,! col\r ( ! comp\nd is a bluei% :ite2 x is brittle & cry/all9e 9 ! fracture4 ,! metal acquires #g p] c5t42 ?is is bel[ ! !oretic quantity1 :i* is #be p] c5t4 if ! atom ( cobalt be #cg4 ,solutions ( cobalt give no precipitate by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]4 #bd4 ,phosphuret ( manganese4 ,?is comp\nd may be =m$ l ! prec$+ ones4 ,x is ( a :ite col\r1 brittle & ( a granul> texture4 ,x is n liable to be alt]$ by ! air l ! pure metal4 ,! proportions ( ! comp\nd ,pelleti] did n det]m9e4 ,reason+ f !ory1 x %\ld consi/ ( #be metal & #i phosphorus2 or #ajj metal & #cg phosphorus4 ,! salts & oxide ( manganese are n s5sibly affect$ by phosphurett$ hydrog5 wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! comb9ations ( ! rema9+ metals ) phosphorus c sc>cely be said to h be5 inve/igat$4 ,,section #af4 ,,c>burets4 ,on ! supposition t metals comb9e ) *>coal1 ! appropriate names = ! comp\nds w\ld be c>burets ( ! respective metals4 ,?is comb9ation1 if x exi/ at all1 seems v r>e1 t ) iron be+ ! only "o g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,no comb9ations ( c>bone ) ! e>?s & alkalies1 h1 z f> z ,i "k1 be5 notic$2 & ^? ) ! elem5ts oxyg51 hydrog51 sulphur & phosphorus h be5 describ$ 9 ! =m] volume4 ,s9ce t 0 pr9t$ an +5i\s exp]im5tal essay on ! 8,sulphuret ( c>bon or alcohol ( sulphur10 has be5 publi%$ by ,b]zelius & ,dr4 ,m>cet4 ,"s acc\nt ( ?is comp\nd1 "u ! "n c>burett$ sulphur1 has be5 giv5 7,,vol4 #a4 page #dfb72 b ! additional in=mation is ( suffici5t importance to require notice "h4 ,! pure liquid is ( sp4 gr4 #a4bgb2 & ! ela/icity ( its vap\r at #ff is equal to #aj4gf in*es4 ,x burns ) a blue flame & sulphure\s od\r1 )\t s5sibly deposit+ wat] on cold glass expos$ to ! fumes4 ,x has an acrid1 pung5t ta/e1 & a nause\s smell1 diff]+ f sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,by v>i\s exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( sulphur & c>bone 9 ! ratio ( #he to #ae ne>ly2 t is1 #b atoms ( sulphur to #a ( c>bone4 ,f o!r exp]im5ts x did n appe> to conta9 any hydrog54 ,f "s exp]im5ts ,i made 9 ,june #ahah1 on ! combu/ion ( ! vap\r ( c>buret ( sulphur 9 oxyg5 gas1 ,i 0 l$ to suspect at lea/1 t an atom ( hydrog5 atta*es to ! two ( sulphur & "o ( c>bone 9 its con/itution4 ,b n hav+ an opportunity to pursue ! subject1 ,i m]ely make ! obs]vation = future exp]i5ce to det]m9e ^u ! "q4 #a4 ,c>burets ( iron4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct sub/ances :i* are n[ commonly believ$ to be con/itut$ ( c>bone & iron1 kn[n by ! names ( ,plumbago1 or black lead1 ,ca/ ,iron & ,/eel4 ,plumbago is a natural production1 f\nd 9 greate/ p]fection 9 ! ,borr[dale m9e1 ne> ,keswick1 ,cumb]l&4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 mak+ p5cils4--,x seems to be con/itut$ ( c>bone & iron by ! concurr5t exp]i5ce ( all :o h exam9$ x3 b ! proportions are n uni=m1 "s hav+ f\nd #aj & o!rs only #e p] c5t4 ( iron 9 x4 ,f ?is circum/ance x w\ld seem d\btful :e!r iron is an ess5tial elem5t4 ,z c>bone is kn[n to be exhibit$ 9 v>i\s =ms ( aggregation1 x is n improbable t plumbago may be "o ( ^? =ms2 x is evid5tly n a m]e mixture ( common *>coal & iron1 or its oxide4 ,ca/ iron or crude iron is ! metal :5 fir/ extract$ f ! ore2 x usually conta9s c>bone1 oxyg51 phosphorus & silica1 9 small proportions1 ) p]haps o!r e>?s occasionally4 ,x _c be consid]$ z hav+ ^! elem5ts unit$ 9 def9ite proportions2 = !y v>y mu*1 & probably give to crude iron its sev]al modifications4 ,ca/ iron conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( iron 9 a /ate capable ( solution 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & yield+ a correspond+ quantity ( hydrog5 gas4 ,! residue1 9 a specim5 ,i exam9$1 0 ne>ly z magnetic z iron itself4 ,:5 treat$ ) boil+ muriatic acid1 ! insoluble "p 0 r$uc$ to #b p] c5t4 ^u ! orig9al weight ( ! iron1 & "s hydrog5 gas giv5 out4 ,x 0 !n ab\t z magnetic z ! common black oxide ( iron2 :5 heat$ x assum$ a gl[+ r$ & lo/ ne>ly gra92 x 0 /ill magnetic1 & boil+ muriatic acid extract$ m iron f x4 ,! hydrog5 gas f dilute sulphuric acid & ca/ iron conta9s no c>bonic acid 9 my exp]i5ce2 nei!r does x yield any :5 explod$ ) pure oxyg5 gas4 ,! small residuum aft] treat+ ca/ iron ) acids 0 f\nd by ,b]gman & o!rs to resemble plumbago1 be+ con/itut$ *iefly ( c>bone & iron4 ,f ! above x w\ld seem t ca/ iron consi/s *iefly ( pure iron1 ) ! addition ( v small proportions ( oxyg5 & c>bone2 ! oxyg5 may be ab\t #a p] c5t4 & ! c>bone ab\t #b4 ,^! proportions1 ?\gh suffici5t to modify ! prop]ties ( iron to a c]ta9 ext5t1 c sc>cely be consid]$ z con/itut+ ca/ iron a homog5e\s mass4 ,/eel4 ,?is mo/ important modification ( iron has engag$ ! att5tion ( _m *emi/s & metallurgi/s4 ,x may be procur$1 b n equally pure1 by diff]5t me?ods4 ,"o is to keep ! ca/ iron = a consid]able "t 9 fusion & 9 a v high degree ( heat2 :il/ its surface is cov]$ ) melt$ scori1 s z to preclude ! contact ( ! atmosph]e ) ! iron4 ,?is1 x is conceiv$1 gives "t = ! c>bone & oxyg5 to comb9e & escape 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,?is /eel is ( inf]ior purity4 ,/eel ( cem5tation is made by /ratify+ b>s ( pure iron ) *>coal p[d] 9 l>ge e>!n crucibles1 c>efully clos$ up ) clay4 ,^! are expos$ to a high degree ( heat 9 a furnace = #h or #aj days4 ,?is is call$ bli/]$ /eel1 f ! appe>ance ( bli/]s on its surface4 ,ca/ /eel is made f bli/]$ /eel by break+ ! b>s & putt+ !m into a l>ge crucible ) p\nd$ glass & *>coal4 ,! crucible is clos$ ) a lid ( ! same w>e & plac$ 9 an air furnace4 ,:5 ! fusion is complete ! metal is ca/ into +ots4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable & probably ! pure/ /eel4 ,:5 /eel is heat$ r$ & plung$ into cold wat]1 x is h>d5$2 t is1 x becomes mu* h>d] ?an iron or ?an /eel )\t ?is op]ation4 ,h>d5$ /eel is brittle1 & _c be ext5d$ by ! hamm] or corrod$ by a file till x is aga9 s(t5$ by be+ heat$ & !n gradually cool$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( h>d5$ /eel is t ( be+ temp]$1 z x is call$2 by :i* x is adapt$ to ! diff]5t purposes ( ! manufactur+ arti/s4 ,temp]+ consi/s 9 heat+ ! h>d5$ /eel till x acquires a /raw col\r = edge tools1 a blue col\r = wat* spr+s1 & ela/ic articles 9 g5]al2 c4 c4 ,h>d5$ /eel is qualifi$ to acquire magnetism1 & to reta9 x s z to become a p]man5t magnet4 ,?is p[] ( reta9+ magnetism di/+ui%es /eel f pure iron4 ,f ! above acc\nt ( /eel1 x is evid5t !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 x & pure iron4 ,t diff]5ce consi/s1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 9 /eel be+ a c>buret ( iron1 or c>bone & iron unit$4 ,! fact ( ! union ( c>bone & iron 9 ! =mation ( /eel does n seem to me satisfactorily prov$4 ,mr4 ,colli] ass]ts t iron ga9s ab\t _/? ( its weight by be+ conv]t$ into /eel4#ah ,b ,mr4 ,mu%et f\nd t ?\gh /eel ga9s weight ^u ! iron :5 copi\sly imb$d$ 9 *>coal1 yet x loses weight if ! *>coal is only _/ or _/ ( ! weight ( ! iron4#ai ,! same +5i\s g5tleman seems to e/imate ! c>bone 9 ca/ /eel1 f syn!tic exp]im5ts1 to be _/? ( its weight4 ,footnote #ah3 ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ,vol4 v4 page #abj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,philos4 ,mag4 ,vol4 xiii4 ,f analytic exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 !re does n appe> reason to believe t /eel conta9s s mu*1 if any *>coal4 ,pure /eel dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid gives hydrog5 gas conta9+ no c>bonic acid nor oxide1 nei!r is !re any appreciable residuum ( any k9d 9 g5]al4 ,on consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 t ! prop]ties :i* di/+ui% /eel f iron are r ow+ to a peculi> cry/allization or arrangem5t ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( iron1 ?an to _! comb9ation ) c>bone or any o!r sub/ance4 ,9 all cases :]e /eel is =m$1 ! mass is br\ght into a liquid =m1 or ne>ly approa*+ to x1 a circum/ance :i* all[s ! p>ticles to be subject to ! law ( cry/allization4 ,we see t great *ange is made 9 /eel by ! m]e temp]+ ( x1 :i* _c be ascrib$ to ! loss or ga9 ( any sub/ance1 b to "s modification ( ! int]nal arrangem5t ( its p>ticles4 ,:y !n may n its diff]5ces f iron be ascrib$ to ! same cause8 ,x is all[$ t /eel1 by be+ repeat$ly heat$ & hamm]$1 becomes iron3 t is1 x %\ld seem1 ! *ange ( figure di/urbs ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles4 ,& x may be fur!r obs]v$1 9 corroboration ( ! op9ion t ca/ iron is capable ( be+ made p]man5tly magnetic1 f its hav+ be5 9 fusion m probably ?an f its ne> approximation to /eel 9 its compon5t p>ts4 ,! mo/ p[]ful artificial magnets1 aft] be+ =g$ ( /eel1 are said to und]go ! op]ation ( /eelify+ aga91 be=e !y are h>d5$ f9ally to receive ! magnetic virtue4 ,,section #ag4 ,,metallic ,,alloys4 ,:5 two or m metals ( diff]5t specific gravities are melt$ toge!r & intimately mix$1 !y frequ5tly ent] into *emical union & =m a new comp\nd1 call$ an alloy ( ! metals4 ,^! alloys (t5 possess important prop]ties :i* _! con/itu5ts s+ly d n1 & h5ce become valuable acquisitions to ! arts4 ,! metals ?us comb9$ may be fus$ toge!r 9 any proportion2 b if "o ( !m greatly exce$ ! o!r 9 specific gravity1 _! intimate union is sometimes r5d]$ difficult & ev5 impracticable1 p>tly f ! weak aff9ity & p>tly f ! gravitat+ pr9ciple caus+ ! metal ( lea/ specific gravity to arise to ! surface4 ,not)/&+ ?is union ( metals 9 seem+ly indef9ite proportions1 !re are only a few proportions 9 :i* ! alloys possess peculi> excell5ces s z to entitle !m to ! att5tion ( arti/s4 ,^! proportions h 9 _m in/ances be5 discov]$ by exp]i5ce2 & x only rema9s = !ory to po9t out ! reason = su* proportions1 & to sugge/ o!r proportions :i* may bid fair to possess desirable qualities1 & !reby dim9i% ! unsuccessful attempts = improvem5t 9 ^! comb9ations4 ,t ! metals ?us alloy$ con/itute true *emical comp\nds & n m]ely me*anical mixtures1 may be inf]r$ f ! *ange made 9 _! prim>y qualities2 su* z #a4 ,t5acity1 h>dness1 c4 ,"s alloys are mu* sup]ior to _! +r$i5ts 9 t5acity & h>dness1 :il/ o!rs affect a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,?is la/ is (t5 ! case too 9 reg>d to ductility & malleability4 #b4 ,fusibility4 ,sev]al alloys fuse at temp]atures int]m$iate betwe5 ! fus+ temp]atures ( _! +r$i5ts1 b mo/ly l[] ?an ! mean2 !re are o!rs :i* fuse bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! l[e/1 & few if any require a temp]ature above ! mean = _! fusion4 #c4 ,col\r4 ,9 _m cases ! col\r ( alloys is su* z w\ld be produc$ by ! mixture ( ! col\rs ( ! metals2 b 9 o!rs1 rem>kably diff]5t2 = in/ance1 ! alloys ( copp] & z9c1--=m+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( brass4 #d4 ,specific gravity4 ,?is is n always :at might be inf]r$ f a mixture ( ! two +r$i5ts4 ,sometimes x is great] & o!r times less2 b ?is is n a decisive m>k ( *emical union1 z ! same metal v>ies 9 specific gravity1 by hamm]+1 roll+1 temp]+1 c4 v consid]ably4 ,besides1 x is m ?an probable t ! diff]5ces said to h be5 obs]v$1 h 9 "s in/ances aris5 f inaccurate exp]im5ts2 z x is a delicate op]ation to f9d ! specific gravity ( small pieces ( metal ) suffici5t precision = comp>isons ( ?is k9d4 ,_m ( ! simple metals1 :5 fus$ & expos$ to ! air = "s "t1 )\t a cov]+ ( *>coal1 or "s simil> pr9ciple1 acquire less or m ( oxyg51 & reta9 x ev5 9 a fluid /ate1 z is prov$ f ,mr4 ,lucas's int]e/+ communication 9 ! #c;d ,vol4 ( ! ,man*e/] ,society's ,memoirs 7new s]ies74 ,h5ce by frequ5t fusions ( ! same metal its quality becomes impair$ 9 reg>d to t5uity & o!r prop]ties4 ,?is is m em95tly ! case ) reg>d to alloys4 ,?us1 z9c at ! temp]ature 9 :i* brass melts is combu/ible2 & h5ce a portion ( x escapes by combu/ion4 ,h5ce ! proportions ( brass are *ang$ less or m at ea* fusion1 unless fre% z9c be add$4 ,! same obs]vation applies to alloys ( copp] & t9 ) reg>d to ! t94 ,! mixtures ( lead1 t91 bismu? & o!r s(t & easily fus$ metals1 are /ill m rem>kable 9 ?is respect4 ,!y %\ld be fus$ "u a cov] ( oil or tall[ 9 ord] to keep !m ( ! same proportions2 o!rwise1 "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ! t91 is liable to great oxidation1 & no two successive fusions w pres5t ! same alloy4 ,h5ce 9 "s degree ! use ( fluxes 9 metallurgy :i* s]ve to cov] ! surface ( ! metals & prev5t oxidation f ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 an alloy is made1 x seldom happ5s t ! metal is p]fect & compact ! fir/ fusion2 x is m or less por\s1 especially :5 ! two metals fuse at v diff]5t temp]atures4 ,by a second fusion1 :i* usually takes place at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an t requisite = ! fir/1 ! metal becomes compact & free f pores4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) speculum metal2 & ,i h little d\bt x is s ) reg>d to _m o!r alloys4 ,alloys ( ,gold ) o!r ,metals4 ,gold unites ) _m ( ! metals by heat1 & =ms v>i\s alloys1 on :i* x may be prop] to make a few rem>ks4 #a4 ,gold ) plat9a4 ,plat9a 9 a small proportion *anges ! col\r ( gold t[>ds :ite4 #a "p to #bj gold makes x mu* pal]4 #a to #aa gives x ! col\r ( t>ni%$ silv]4 #a "p ) #d ( gold has mu* ! appe>ance ( plat9a4 ,! col\r ( gold does n pr$om9ate till x becomes _/ ( ! alloy4 ,! alloy ( #a plat9a & #aa gold is v ductile1 & ela/ic :5 hamm]$4 ,lewis4 ,klapro?4 ,vauquel94 #b4 ,gold ) silv]4 ,^! two metals may be comb9$ 9 almo/ any proportion by fusion & prop] treatm5t4 ,homb]g f\nd t :5 equal p>ts ( gold & silv] are kept 9 fusion = a qu>t] ( an h\r & !n cool$1 !re 7 two masses1 ! upp]mo/ pure silv]1 ! und]mo/ an alloy ( #e p>ts gold & #a silv]4 #a "p silv] to #bj gold produces a s5sible :it5ess 9 ! alloy4 #b p>ts gold & #a ( silv] are /at$ to =m ! alloy ( greate/ h>dness2 ?is w consi/ ( #c atoms ( gold to #a ( silv]4 #c4 ,gold ) m]cury4 ,see amalgams4 #d4 ,gold ) copp]4 ,gold & copp] =m an alloy by fusion toge!r4 #aa p>ts gold & #a copp] =m ! alloy us$ = gold co94 ,! copp] height5s ! col\r ( ! gold1 & makes x h>d] & less liable to we>4 ,! curr5t gold co91 h[ev]1 usually conta9s bo? silv] & copp]1 b ! weight ( bo? does n mu* exce$ "o twelf? ( ! :ole4 ,accord+ to ,mus*5broeck ! maximum ( h>dness is :5 #g p>ts ( gold & #a "p ( copp] are unit$4 ,?is corresponds ne>ly to #f atoms ( gold & #a ( copp]1 ! atom ( gold be+ e/imat$ at #ff & t ( copp] at #ef4 ,o!r alloys ( gold besides ! above /&>d is t = wat* cases1 :i* mu/ conta9 at lea/ pure gold4 ,wat* *a9s1 & tr9kets1 are usually made ( inf]ior alloy1 call$ jewell]s gold1 :i* is "u no control4 ,x r>ely conta9s less ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( pure gold4 #e4 ,gold ) iron4 ,gold & iron may be unit$ by fusion 9 v>i\s proportions4 #aa p>ts gold & #a iron =m a ductile alloy :i* may be roll$ & /amp$ into co94 ,its specific gravity is #af4hhe4 ,! col\r is a pale yell[i% gray approa*+ to :ite4 ,! alloy is h>d] ?an gold4 ,:5 ! iron is ?ree or f\r times ! weight ( gold1 ! alloy has ! col\r ( silv]4 ,?is la/ comp\nd is con/itut$ ( #a atom ( gold & #h ( iron ne>ly4 ,lewis4 ,hat*ett4 #f4 ,gold ) nickel4 ,mr4 ,hat*ett fus$ #aa p>ts gold & #a nickel toge!r1 & obta9$ a brittle alloy ( ! col\r ( f9e brass4 #g4 ,gold ) t94 ,gold comb9es ) t9 & =ms a brittle alloy4 #aj p>ts gold & #a t9 =m a pale alloy & less ductile ?an gold4 ,"o fiftie? ( t9 does n mat]ially injure ! ductility4 ,heat1 up to a visible r$1 does n impair ! alloy2 b beyond t ! t9 fuses & ! alloy falls to pieces4 ,hat*ett4 #h4 ,gold ) lead4 ,! effect ( unit+ ev5 a v small proportion ( lead to gold is rem>kable4 ,:5 ! alloy conta9s _/ "p ( lead1 x is brittle l glass4 ,! vap\r ( fus$ lead 9 close vessels is suffici5t to injure gold4 ibid4 #i4 ,gold & z9c4 ,^! two metals comb9e 9 almo/ any proportion4 ,:5 #aa p>ts gold & #a z9c are alloy$1 ! comp\nd is ( a pale gre5i% yell[ l brass1 & v brittle4 ,equal p>ts ( ^! metals =m a v h>d1 :ite alloy1 susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 ibid4 ,hellot4 #aj4 ,gold & bismu?4 ,gold unites ) bismu?1 b ! col\r is injur$ & ! ductility ( ! alloy de/roy$ by a v small portion ( ! latt] metal1 ! same z ) lead4 ibid4 #aa4 ,gold & antimony4 ,^! metals comb9e & produce a brittle alloy1 mu* ( ! same k9d z ^? ) bismu? & lead4 ibid4 #ab4 ,gold & ars5ic4 ,!re seems a consid]able aff9ity betwe5 gold & ars5ic1 b ! volatility ( ars5ic 9 ! fus+ temp]ature ( gold r5d]s x difficult to br+ !m into contact4 ,a v small proportion ( ars5ic makes ! alloy brittle1 & ?is prop]ty increases ) ! ars5ic4 ,hat*ett4 #ac4 ,gold ) cobalt4 ,^! unite & =m a brittle alloy1 ev5 :5 ! cobalt only makes _/ ( ! comp\nd4 ibid4 #ad4 ,gold & manganese4 ,gold & manganese may be unit$1 & ! alloy is v h>d & less fusible ?an gold4 ,"o alloy 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #g or #h p>ts ( gold & #a ( manganese4 ibid4 ,alloys ( ,plat9a ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,plat9a & silv]4 ,x does n appe> v cle> t ^! two metals comb9e by fusion2 at lea/ if !y d1 ! diff]5ce 9 _! specific gravities is suffici5t to ov]come _! aff9ity4 #b4 ,plat9a & m]cury4 ,see amalgams4 #c4 ,plat9a & copp]4 ,^! two metals unite ) difficulty by a /rong heat & =m a malleable alloy4 ,?is alloy has be5 pref]r$ = specula = telescopes1 z x is h>d1 poli%es well1 & is n liable to t>ni%4 ,lewis4 #d4 ,plat9a & iron4 ,plat9a & s(t or pure iron d n seem to be easily comb9$ by heat1 by reason ( ! infusibility ( iron4 ,b x comb9es ) ca/ iron & /eel by heat4 ,! alloy is v h>d1 & 9 "s decree ductile :5 ! iron =ms ( ! alloy4 ibid4 #e4 ,plat9a & t94 ,equal p>ts ( plat9a & t9 unite by fusion1 & =m a d>k col\r$ brittle alloy4 ,b :5 ! plat9a falls %ort _/ ( ! alloy1 ! ductility & :it5ess proportionally increase4 ibid4 #f4 ,plat9a & lead4 ,^! two metals may be comb9$ 9 v>i\s proportions by heat2 b ! comp\nds are n /able1 "p ( ! plat9a fall+ d[n1 :5 ! alloy is subsequ5tly melt$4 ibid4 #g4 ,plat9a & z9c4 ,plat9a may be comb9$ ) z9c1 by be+ expos$ to ! fumes ( ! metal z r$uc$ f its ore4 ,?ree p>ts ( plat9a become f\r ( alloy4 ,x is h>d1 brittle1 ( a bluei% :ite col\r1 & easily fusible4 ibid4 #h4 ,plat9a & bismu?4 ,plat9a & bismu? comb9e readily 9 a high temp]ature 9 almo/ any proportions4 ,! alloys are brittle4 ibid4 #i4 ,plat9a & antimony4 ,plat9a easily comb9es ) antimony by heat4 ,! alloy is brittle4 ibid4 #aj4 ,plat9a & ars5ic4 ,:5 :ite oxide ( ars5ic is project$ ^u /rongly heat$ plat9a1 an imp]fect union takes place ) a p>tial fusion ( ! mass2 x is brittle1 ( a greyi% col\r & a loose granulat$ texture4 ,lewis4 ,alloys ( ,silv] ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,silv] ) m]cury4 ,see amalgams4 #b4 ,silv] ) copp]4 ,silv] & copp] are easily alloy$ 9 any proportion by fusion4 ,! comp\nd is h>d] ?an silv]1 & reta9s its :ite col\r :5 ! copp] is half ( ! alloy or m4--,! silv] co9 is a comp\nd ( #ab silv] & #a copp]1 :i* ne>ly corresponds to #h atoms ( silv] & #a ( copp]4 ,! h>de/ alloy is said to be :5 #e silv] unite to #a copp]2 t is1 #c atoms ( silv] & #a ( copp]4 #c4 ,silv] ) iron4 ,! alloys ( silv] & iron h n be5 v m9utely exam9$4 ,! two metals are said to unite by fusion1 b ! iron /ill reta9s its magnetism4 ,! alloy is ( a :ite col\r1 h>d & ductile4 ,:5 kept 9 fusion = "s "t ! two metals sep>ate1 b n entirely4 ,^! circum/ances %ew ! aff9ity betwe5 silv] & iron to be weak4 #d4 ,silv] ) t94 ,silv] & t9 =m a h>d brittle alloy1 :i* is ( little if any use4 ,! modifications aris+ f v>i\s proportions h n be5 p>ticul>ly inve/igat$4 #e4 ,silv] & lead4 ,silv] & lead unite 9 any proportion & =m a brittle alloy ( a lead col\r4 ,! union is n v intimate2 = :5 urg$ by heat ! lead p>ts f ! silv]1 z 9 ! process ( cupellation4 #f4 ,silv] & z9c4 ,^! two unite & =m a brittle alloy ( a bluei% :ite col\r4 ,! proportions h n be5 p>ticul>ly notic$4 #g4 ,silv] & bismu?4 ,silv] & bismu? readily unite by heat4 ,! alloy is brittle & its col\r incl9es to t ( bismu?4 #h4 ,silv] & antimony4 ,^! metals unite by fusion & =m a brittle alloy1 :i* does n seem possess$ ( any rem>kable prop]ties4 #i4 ,silv] & ars5ic4 ,^! two metals unite accord+ to ,b]gman1 ! fus$ silv] tak+ up _/ ( its weight ( ars5ic2 ! alloy corresponds ne>ly to #c atoms silv] & #a ars5ic4 ,x is brittle & ( a yell[i% col\r4 ,alloys ( ,m]cury & o!r ,metals3 ,amalgams4 ,! alloys ( ,m]cury ) ! v>i\s metals h be5 commonly d5om9at$ amalgams4 #a4 ,m]cury & gold4 ,gold amalgamates pretty easily ) m]cury & =ms an alloy mu* us$ 9 gild+ metals4 ,= ?is purpose six p>ts ( m]cury may be heat$ ne>ly to ! ebullition ( ! liquid1 & "o "p ( pure gold 9 ?9 plates may be gradually add$4 ,9 a few m9utes ! :ole becomes "o fluid mass ( a yell[i% :ite col\r4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #a atom ( gold & #b ( m]cury4 ,by squeez+ x ?r\gh lea!r "o half ( ! m]cury is sep>at$ ne>ly pure1 & ! o!r rema9s comb9$ ) ! gold1 & =ms a s(t :ite mass1 consi/+ ( #a "p gold & #b m]cury ne>ly1 :i* is ! alloy ( #a atom to #a1 & may be subsequ5tly us$ = gild+4 ,a ready way ( mak+ ?is amalgam ,i f9d is to put #c p>ts ( gold1 precipitat$ by gre5 sulphate ( iron1 to #h or #i p>ts ( m]cury2 by a few m9utes trituration ! :ole becomes a f9e cry/all9e amalgam4--,:5 ?is amalgam ( gold is expos$ to a heat j bel[ r$1 ! m]cury sublimes & leaves ! gold2 h5ce its use 9 gild+4 #b4 ,m]cury & plat9a4 ,^! two metals may be comb9$1 b n v easily1 z little aff9ity seems to exi/ betwixt !m4 ,?is is manife/ f ! circum/ance t plat9a wire may be long imm]s$ 9 m]cury )\t any s5sible effect4 ,an union may be produc$ by imm]s+ ?9 plat9a foil into boil+ m]cury = "s "t2 also by triturat+ ! ammonio-muriate ( plat9a ) m]cury & expos+ x to a due heat4 ,! proportions h n be5 det]m9$4 #c4 ,m]cury & silv]4 ,silv] & m]cury h a consid]able aff9ity & are easily comb9$ by putt+ lam9a ( silv] into heat$ m]cury & agitat+ ! mixture4 ,:5 #a "p silv] & #b m]cury are mix$ z above1 a fluid mass is obta9$ :i* be+ heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ m]cury1 a little m]cury evaporates & ! rema9d] cry/allizes into a s(t :ite mass1 :i* 9 "t gr[s h>d & brittle4 ,a high] heat ?an boil+ m]cury expels ! m]cury4 ,h5ce ?is amalgam may be us$ = giv+ a ?9 coat+ ( silv] to ! surface ( metals1 l t ( gold4 ,! comp\nd is evid5tly "o atom ( silv] 7#ij7 ) "o ( m]cury 7#afg74 #d4 ,m]cury & copp]4 ,i h made sev]al unsuccessful attempts to comb9e m]cury & copp]4 ,:5 a plate ( copp] is kept imm]s$ 9 m]cury = "s "t1 ! m]cury adh]es to its surface 9 a small degree & is n easily rubb$ (f2 ! plate is r5d]$ brittle by x & ! fracture has a brilliant m]curial appe>ance2 b a l[ r$ heat expels ! m]cury & ! copp] resumes its col\r & t5acity1 ) sc>cely any loss ( weight1 be+ only ab\t #e p] c5t4 9 two or ?ree trials4 ,rec5tly precipitat$ copp] 9 p[d]1 dri$ & triturat$ ) m]cury1 produc$ no union4 ,nei!r did ,dut*-leaf 7:i* is copp] ) a v little z9c7 unite ) m]cury by trituration4 ,m]cury precipitat$ f deutonitrate by a plate ( copp] gave pure runn+ liquid4 ,! plate ( copp] appe>$ z if x _h be5 imm]s$ 9 m]cury1 0 brittle ) a %9+ fracture1 b recov]$ its col\r & texture by heat1 & lo/ sc>cely any weight4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ by ,boyle 0 tri$3 #b p>ts ( cry/alliz$ v]digris1 #b p>ts ( m]cury & #a ( common salt1 7 triturat$ toge!r till ! m]cury disappe>$1 ! p[d] 0 !n dige/$ a:ile ) v9eg> ov] a fire & frequ5tly /irr$4 ,! mass 0 !n put on a filt] & dri$4 ,x conta9$ a little fluid m]cury1 b 0 *iefly compos$ ( acetate ( copp] & oxide or muriate ( m]cury4 ,! liquid conta9$ acetate ( copp] & muriate ( soda4 ,f ! above x is manife/ t m]cury has "s *emical action ^u copp]2 b x has n yet be5 f\nd1 ,i appreh5d1 t ! two metals unite s z to =m a prop] amalgam4 #e4 ,m]cury & iron4 ,^! two metals h little if any aff9ity = ea* o!r4 ,i d n "k t any *emical comb9ation ( !m has ev] be5 =m$4 #f4 ,m]cury & t94 ,^! two metals readily comb9e1 especially if assi/$ by heat4 ,i heat$ #eb p>ts ( t9 & #afg ( m]cury toge!r1 t is1 #a atom ( ea*1 till !y unit$ 9 a fluid mass4 ,! amalgam cry/alliz$ 9 ab\t #ahj4 ,by h>d pressure 9 ! h& ne>ly #ej p>ts ( fluid m]cury 7 sep>at$ f ! amalgam :5 cool1 conta9+ 9 appe>ance v little t94 ,aft] ?is an amalgam 0 =m$ ( #ajd p>ts ( t9 & #afg m]cury 7#b atoms t9 to #a m]cury72 ?is congeal$ ab\t #bcj1 & rema9$ a h>d1 dry1 cry/all9e sub/ance1 agree+ 9 appe>ance ) t :i* adh]es to mirrors4 ,= ! purpose ( silv]+ mirrors h[ev] mu* m m]cury is employ$ ?an is indicat$ by ! above proportion2 b aft] ! glass is slid ^u ! t9foil previ\sly cov]$ ) m]cury1 a great pressure is appli$1 :i* expels ! sup]flu\s m]cury ne>ly 9 a /ate ( purity4 #g4 ,m]cury & lead4 ,to #ij p>ts ( lead ,i put #afg ( m]cury 7#a atom ( ea*72 !y unit$ 9 a mod]ate heat & cry/alliz$ 9 ab\t #ahj4 ,9 a few days ! m]cury p>tly sep>at$ f ! amalgam1 & #ef p>ts 7 squeez$ out1 ! :ole 0 !n put toge!r ) #ij p>ts m ( lead 7n[ #b atoms lead to #a m]cury71 & fus$ toge!r2 ! amalgam cry/alliz$ 9 ab\t #bjj1 & rema9$ 9 a solid uni=m mass4 #h4 ,m]cury & z9c4 ,:5 #bi p>ts z9c & #afg m]cury 7#a atom to #a7 are heat$ toge!r1 !y comb9e & =m an amalgam :i* cry/allizes ab\t #bjj4 ,a little ( ! m]cury may be squeez$ out :5 cold4 ,by putt+ #bi p>ts m ( z9c 7#b atoms to #a7 we obta9 an amalgam :i* fuses consid]ably above #bjj1 & :5 cool$ becomes a p]man5t h>d cry/all9e mass4 #i4 ,m]cury & bismu?4 ,:5 #fb p>ts bismu? are fus$ ) #afg m]cury 7#a atom to #a71 ! comp\nd rema9s fluid at common temp]ature1 b cry/allizes p>tially by /&+2 ab\t ( ! weight may be p\r$ (f l fluid m]cury4 ,if we put #fb bismu? m to ! :ole 7s z to be #b atoms to #a71 ! fluid amalgam cry/allizes ab\t #aej or #ahj3 ! mass is s(t h[ev] & by pressure "o may squeeze out ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( a fluid amalgam4 ,if we put #fb m bismu? 7s z to be #c atoms to #a71 !n ! comp\nd cry/allizes betwe5 #bjj & #cjj into a d>ki% col\r$ granul> s(t mass :i* cont9ues )\t any *ange4 ,high] ?an ?is ( bismu? ,i h n exam9$4 #aj4 ,m]cury & antimony4 ,antimony is said to =m a feeble union ) m]cury1 :i* is soon loos5$ by "t4 ,i made sev]al unsuccessful trials to comb9e ^! two metals1 :i* x seems unnecess>y to detail1 z ! comp\nd :5 =m$ is no ways int]e/+4 #aa4 ,m]cury & ars5ic4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,lewis an amalgam ( m]cury & ars5ic may be made by keep+ !m ov] ! fire = "s "t & con/antly agitat+ ! mixture4 ,x is grey-col\r$1 & compos$ ( #e p>ts ( m]cury & #a ( ars5ic4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r metals are incapable1 z f> z is kn[n1 ( comb9ation ) m]cury1 except+ potassium & sodium consid]$ z metals1 :i* comb9e ) m]cury2 b ^! alloys are ( little int]e/1 & ! proportions h n be5 p>ticul>ly inve/igat$4 ,triple1 quadruple1 c4 ,amalgams4 ,besides ^? amalgams :i* are =m$ ( m]cury & ea* s+le metal1 !re are o!rs =m$ ( m]cury & alloys ( two or m metals1 :i* 9 "s in/ances possess prop]ties diff]+ ess5tially f m]e mixtures4 #a4 ,m]cury ) bismu? & lead4 ,:5 ! amalgam =m$ ( #b atoms bismu? & #a ( m]cury is mix$ ) t =m$ by #a atom ( lead & #a ( m]cury1 9 su* proportion t ! m]cury is ! same 9 bo?1 ! two p[d]s1 ?\gh dry & cry/all9e at fir/1 soon become a p]man5tly fluid amalgam by trituration4 ,! liquid 9 runn+ along drags a tail aft] x1 & is dispos$ to sep>ate into portions less & m fluid1 b ! mo/ fluid "p is mu* inf]ior to pure m]cury 9 ?is respect4 ,specific gravity ( ! amalgam1 #aa4 #b4 ,m]cury ) fusible metal compos$ ( #g bismu?1 #e lead & #c t94 ,a mixture ( #d p>ts fusible metal ) #e p>ts m]cury compose ! mo/ fusible amalgam ) a m9imum ( m]cury t ,i h f\nd4 ,x is =m$ ( #b atoms bismu?1 #a lead1 #a t9 & #b m]cury4 ,its specific gravity is #ab4 #c4 ,m]cury1 z9c & t94 ,?is amalgam is f\nd ! mo/ effectual = ! excitation ( electric ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,cu?b]tson recomm5ds #a "p z9c1 #a t9 & #b ( m]cury = ! plate ma*9e amalgam4 ,b = a cyl9d] ! be/ amalgam ,i h made conta9s m ?an twice ! above portion ( m]cury4 ,i =m an alloy ( #eh p>ts z9c & #eb t91 7#b atoms to #a74 ,to ?is alloy ,i add #bej m]cury1 & fuse ! mixture2 ! liquid mass cry/allizes ab\t #bbb into a :ite1 mod]ately h>d amalgam4 ,?is is pulv]iz$ 9 a mort> & mix$ up ) _/ ( its weight ( hog's l>d4 ,a small portion !n is spread ^u a piece ( lea!r & appli$ to ! ma*9e :5 9 action4 ,x is probable h[ev] t a h>d] & less unctu\s amalgam may be bett] adapt$ to ! plate ma*9e4 ,?is amalgam ( m9e consi/s ( #d atoms ( z9c1 #b ( t9 & #c ( m]cury4 ,i h tri$ ! amalgams ( z9c & t9 sep>ately & f9d t !y answ] = electric excitation z well z :5 comb9$4 ,!y ought to be =m$ ( #b atoms z9c & #a ( m]cury 7#eh p>ts to #afg71 & ( #b atoms t9 & #a ( m]cury 7#ajd p>ts to #afg74 ,if we *oose to comb9e !m1 we h only to take #b p>ts ( ! z9c amalgam & #a ( ! t9 amalgam & triturate !m toge!r4 ,bismu? amalgam is n good = electric excitation2 lead amalgam is bett]2 b !y are mu* inf]ior to ^? ( t9 & z9c4 ,alloys ( ,copp] ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,copp] & iron4 ,^! two metals may be unit$ ) difficulty by heat2 b ! comp\nd possesses no useful prop]ty4 #b4 ,copp] & nickel4 ,a :ite1 h>d1 brittle alloy is said to be =m$ by comb9+ ^! two metals4 ,! alloy is sc>cely kn[n4 #c4 ,copp] & t94 ,! metals ( copp] & t91 may be fus$ toge!r & unit$ 9 almo/ any proportion by skilful treatm5t2 b x is f\nd t only a few ( ! proportions con/itute alloys possess+ prop]ties em95tly valuable to ! arts4 ,! alloys ( copp] & t9 are commonly call$ bell-metal2 b !y receive m p>ticul> names accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are de/9$1 z bronze1 speculum metal1 gun-metal1 c4 ^? ( !m :i* are yell[ are frequ5tly conf\nd$ 9 common language ) brass1 z brass guns1 c4 ,inde$ ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans seem to h be5 9 possession ( ^! two alloys1 "u "o & ! same "n4 ,! ( ! ,greeks1 be+ us$ = cutt+-in/rum5ts1 mu/ h signifi$ bell-metal1 or ! alloy ( copp] & t9 z well z brass1 z inde$ is prov$ by ! analysis ( !m4 ,! s ( ! ,romans seems also to h includ$ ! same comp\nd4 ,anci5t copp] co9s too are usually f\nd to conta9 t94 ,t9 unit$ to copp] 9 c]ta9 proportions gives a surpris+ degree ( h>dness & t5acity to ! alloy1 mu* sup]ior 9 ^! respects to ei!r ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,9 o!r proportions x makes ! comp\nd highly sonor\s1 z 9 bell-metal prop]ly s call$4 ,t9 also increases ! fusibility ( ! comp\nd 9 proportion z x ab\nds1 be+ itself fusible at ! l[ temp]ature ( #ddj ,fahr5heit4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties 9 ! alloys ( copp] & t9 are enum]at$ bel[1 beg9n+ ) ^? 9 :i* ! copp] is mo/ abundant4 ,! atom ( copp] is tak5 at #ef & t ( t9 at #eb weight1 ! h>dness ( ^! metals is d5ot$ by #g4e & #f respectively1 by ,kirwan4 7a74 ,gun-metal4 ,! alloy = brass guns or cannon is made ( #ajj p>ts ( copp] & #aa or #ab ( t94 ,a small portion ( iron is f\nd to improve ! metal2 ?is is be/ add$ 9 ! /ate ( t9-plate1 z x m readily fuses & unites ) ! metal4#bj ,?is comp\nd is h>d & extremely t5aci\s1 exce$+ 9 ?is respect any o!r alloy ( ! two metals4 ,! addition or subtraction ( #a or #b p>ts ( t9 mat]ially impairs ! t5acity ( ! alloy4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #h atoms ( copp] & #a ( t94 ,footnote #bj3 ,see a v excell5t essay on ! alloy ( copp] & t9 by ,m4 ,dussaussoy1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie ,physique4 #e--aac4 7b74 ,alloy = edge tools1 pr9t]s' cyl9d]s1 c4 ,! be/ proportion = ?is comp\nd seems to be #ajj p>ts copp] & #ae or #af t94 ,:5 hamm]$ & temp]$ duly x is fit = mak+ edge tools n inf]ior to "s k9ds ( /eel4 ,x is a comp\nd ( great] d5sity ?an ! prec$+1 ?\gh conta9+ m t92 ! gra9 is f9e & ! metal free f bli/]s & suit$ = turn+ 9 ! la!4 ,x seems to be ! be/ alloy ( ! k9d = pr9t]s' cyl9d]s2 b an analysis :i* ,i lately made ( "s turn+s f "o ( ^! cyl9d]s gave me mu* less t9 ?an ! above proportion4 ,! alloy 7b7 is con/itut$ ( #f atoms ( copp] & #a ( t94 7c74 ,alloy = ! ,*9ese gong1 cymbals1 c4 ,an alloy =m$ ( #ajj p>ts copp] & #bc t91 appe>s f ,dussaussoy's exp]im5ts to =m ! comp\nd ( m9imum d5sity4 ,x is us$ = mak+ cymbals2 & ne>ly accords ) ! composition ( ! ,*9ese gong4 ,x is =m$ ( #d atoms ( copp] & #a ( t94 ,! ,*9ese gong analys$ by ,klapro? 0 compos$ ( #ajj copp] & #bh4b t92 t by ,dr4 ,?omson ( #ajj copp] & #bc4d t94 7d74 ,common bell-metal us$ = ca/+ bells4 ,?is alloy is commonly made ( #c p>ts copp] & #a ( t92 b to be 9 due proportion = #c atoms ( copp] & #a ( t91 x %\ld be =m$ ( #ajj copp] & #ca t94 ,x is h>d1 ( a :ite col\r1 less malleable ?an ! prec$+ alloys1 & m sonor\s4 ,a specim5 ,i analys$ consi/$ ( #ajj copp] & #cf t94 ,! exact proportion ( #ajj copp] & #ca t9 is n ess5tial to produce a sonor\s alloy4 7e74 ,speculum metal4 ,?is comp\nd has be5 inve/igat$ ) great c>e by opticians4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mudge ! be/ proportion is #cb p>ts copp] to #ad4e t91 b ,mr4 ,edw>ds f9ds #ae p>ts t91 #a brass1 #a silv] & #a ars5ic4 ,! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! proportions ( copp] & t9 impairs ! metal4 ,! alloy is :ite1 h>d & close gra9$2 x takes a beautiful poli%4 ,! use ( ! m9ute portions ( z9c1 silv] & ars5ic is p]haps to correct ! col\r ( ! alloy2 ?\gh x seems 9 sev]al alloys t v m9ute portions ( metals app>5tly =eign to ! alloy1 improve ! d5sity & texture ( ! metal4 ,x is rem>kable ) :at precision ?is alloy accords ) ! atomic comb9ations ( #b copp] ) #a t94 ,by calculation #cb copp] w\ld require #ad4h t94 ,mr4 ,mudge f9ds #cb copp] to #ad t91 & obs]ves t if a "p m ( t9 be add$ ! metal is too h>d4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds inde$ says #cb copp] & #ae t92 b !n he adds #a "p brass1 :i* conta9+ ( a "p ( copp]1 x r$uces 8 proportion to #cb copp] & #ad4g t91 almo/ exactly t requir$ by ! !ory4 ,:5 #cb copp] & #ac t9 are comb9$1 ,mr4 ,mudge ass]ts ! metal is too s(t4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,?is au?or obta9$ ! ,royal ,society's gold m$al = 8 essay on ! composition1 c4 ( specula = telescopes4 ,philos4 ,transact4 #aghg4 7f74 ,copp] & t91 equal p>ts4 ,?is alloy is ( bluei% :ite col\r1 & ( no p>ticul> use t ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,x consi/s ( ! union ( #a atom ( copp] ) #a ( t94 ,! o!r alloys ( copp] ) a high] proportion ( t9 appe> to be un9t]e/+1 & h n be5 objects ( mu* att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n hav+ an opportunity ( =m+ ^! alloys syn!tically1 ,i cont5t$ myself ) ! analysis ( sev]al ( !m4 ,! mode ( analysis ,i adopt$ ) comp\nds ( copp] & t91 is simple & easy4 ,! alloy is treat$ ) nitric acid1 :i* dissolves ! copp]1 & on be+ dilut$ ) wat] ?r[s d[n ! t9 9 ! /ate ( deutoxide4 ,?is la/ is collect$ on a filtre1 dri$1 & heat$ to a l[ r$2 !n _/ ( ?is is all[$ = ! t9 7! o!r #g p>ts be+ oxyg572 & ! re/ ( ! alloy may be consid]$ z copp]4 ,b if ?\ght prop] ! copp] may be ?r[n d[n by imm]s+ a plate ( lead 9 ! solution1 :i* succe$s bett] ?an a plate ( iron 9 nitric solutions ( copp]4 #d4 ,copp] & lead4 ,copp] unites ) boil+ lead & =ms a grey brittle alloy ( granul> texture4 ,?is alloy be+ heat$ above ! melt+ po9t ( lead1 causes ! la/ metal to run (f1 leav+ ! copp] ne>ly pure4 ,! alloy is sc>cely ( any use4 #e4 ,copp] & z9c4 ,copp] & z9c comb9$ =m brass1 "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all alloys4 ,?\gh ?is is a g5]al "n = su* comb9ations1 yet sev]al ( ! proportions =m comp\nds to :i* peculi> names are giv51 "s ( :i* w be notic$ bel[4 ,x may be prop] to rem>k t copp] is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,kirwan at #g 9 h>dness1 :il/ z9c is #f4 ,! =m] metal is highly t5aci\s & malleable2 ! latt] is brittle & malleable only 9 a small degree4 ,accord+ to ,lewis a v small proportion ( z9c dilutes ! col\r ( copp] & r5d]s x pale2 :5 ! copp] has imbib$ _/ ( its weight1 ! col\r incl9es to yell[4 ,! yell[ness increases ) ! z9c till ! weight ( t metal 9 ! alloy equals ! copp]4 ,beyond ?is po9t if ! z9c be increas$ ! alloy becomes pal] & pal] & at la/ :ite1 l z9c4 ,! t5acity ( brass is great] ?an t ( ei!r copp] or z9c accord+ to ,mus*5broek4 ,8 exp]im5ts give brass ne>ly twice z /rong z copp]1 & #ah times z /rong z z9c4 ,x seems to me mo/ probable t ! t5acity ( brass increases ) ! increase ( z9c 9 ! alloy to a c]ta9 proportion1 :5 x becomes a maximum1 & !nce dim9i%es ) ! fur!r increase ( z9c1 b exp]im5ts are yet want+1 ,i presume1 to asc]ta9 :at proportion ( ! two metals mu/ be tak5 to =m ! alloy ( greate/ t5acity4 ,! same obs]vation may be made z to ! maximum h>dness2 x is n improbable t ! two maxima may be f\nd 9 diff]5t k9ds ( brass4 ,! po9t ( temp]ature at :i* copp] fuses is /at$ to be #bg ( ,w$gwood's !rmomet]1 :il/ t ( z9c is mu* l[]1 namely1 #fhj ( ,fahr5heit4 ,common brass is /at$ to melt at #ba ( ,w$gwood4 ,x is v probable t all k9ds ( brass melt at temp]atures int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( copp] & z9c2 & t ! m ( z9c ! l[] w be ! fus+ temp]ature2 b !re h n be5 direct exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! degrees1 z f> z ,i "k4 ,9 enum]at+ ! diff]5t proportions ( su* alloys z h come "u my notice ,i %all beg9 ) t conta9+ ! maximum ( copp]1 & proce$ 9 gradation to t ) ! maximum ( z9c4 7a74 ,brass = ! manufacture ( plat$ goods4 ,?is alloy is compos$1 judg+ f "o specim5 ,i analys$1 ( #ab atoms ( copp] & #a ( z9c2 or ( ne>ly #bh p>ts ( copp] by weight & #a ( z9c4 ,! atom ( copp] is "h e/imat$ at #ef & t ( z9c at #bi1 or v ne>ly t ( copp]4 ,?is alloy _h mu* ! same qualities app>5tly z copp] itself1 only a little m yell[4 7b74 ,dut* gold1 gild+ metal4 ,?is is ! alloy :i* may be beat5 out into ?9 leaves1 aft] ! mann] ( gold leaf4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any proportions = ?is comp\nd 9 books4 ,x seems to h be5 kept z a secret by ! manufactur]s4 ,by analysis h[ev] ,i f9d x compos$ ( #f atoms ( copp] & #a ( z9c1 or ne>ly #ab p>ts copp] & #a z9c by weight4 ,?is alloy is probably ! mo/ malleable ( all ! k9ds ( brass4 ,a leaf conta9+ #ab squ>e in*es weighs ab\t _/ ( a gra94 ,! col\r1 z is well kn[n1 makes a good approa* to t ( gold4 ,x is ! composition us$ = mak+ articles to be gilt1 z buttons1 c4 7c74 ,dipp+ metal = /amp$ brass goods4 ,?is is a well kn[n article ( ,birm+ham manufacture4 ,x is an alloy bo? t5aci\s & malleable1 z is manife/ f ! p]fection ( ! articles4 ,x possesses a beautiful gold col\r4 ,a specim5 0 compos$1 by my analysis1 ( #d atoms ( copp] to #a ( z9c2 or ( #h lbs4 ( copp] & #a ( z9c2 or ( #d lbs4 copp] & #c ( common brass2 b x is v>i$ accord+ to ! col\r want$4 7d74 ,s(t1 f9e col\r$ brass4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,sage1 a v f9e k9d ( brass may be made by mix+ oxide ( copp]1 calam9e1 black-flux & *>coal p[d] toge!r & fus+ ! mixture 9 a crucible till ! blue flame disappe>s4 ,! brass is f\nd to weigh m ?an ! copp] result+ f ! weight ( oxide4 ,he says :5 ! copp] reta9s ( z9c ! col\r is n s f9e2 & ! excess ( z9c w be burn$ (f by heat1 b ! z9c _c be r$uc$ by burn+ bel[ 2 s t ?is appe>s to be a natural limit4 ,h5ce ?is comp\nd1 be+ =m$ ( #f p>ts copp] & #a ( z9c1 mu/ be con/itut$ ( #c atoms ( copp] & #a ( z9c4 7e74 ,s(t brass pref]r$ = wat* movem5ts4 ,!re is a k9d ( brass greatly pref]r$ by wat*-mak]s on acc\nt ( its work+ well ) /eel4 ,i h n met ) a specim52 b ,dr4 ,?omson has analys$ "o & f\nd x to consi/ ( #b atoms ( copp] & #a ( z9c2#bb or #d p>ts copp] & #a ( z9c by weight ne>ly4 ,footnote #bb3 ,an4 ( ,philos4 ,vol4 #ab4 7f74 ,common h>d brass4 ,?is con/itutes ! great bulk ( brass1 z manufactur$ 9 ! l>ge way4 ,x is made by expos+ granulat$ copp]1 calam9e1 t is1 a native oxide ( z9c1 & p[d]$ *>coal 9 mixture to a r$ heat = "s h\rs1 & !n increas+ ! heat s z to melt ! comp\nd ( copp] & z9c1 ! *>coal hav+ c>ri$ away ! oxyg5 ( ! calam9e4 ,! metal is !n ca/ into +ots or plates z may be requir$4 ,?is is call$ brass ( cem5tation z di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species1 :i* are usually made f ?is by fusion ) copp] or z9c z ! case requires4 ,x is f\nd t #djlbs4 ( copp] ) #fjlbs4 ( calam9e yield #fj lbs4 ( brass2 h5ce a great "p ( ! z9c burns away dur+ ! process4 ,! brass ?us result+1 consi/+ ( #b p>ts ( copp] & #a ( z9c1 is ( c\rse con/itut$ ( #a atom ( ea* metal unit$ toge!r4 ,common brass is malleable1 :5 cold1 l ! prec$+ species2 b probably does n possess t prop]ty 9 s high a degree4 ,x seems bett] adapt$ = turn+ 9 ! la! ?an any o!r k9d ( brass4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is brass be=e x is hamm]$ or roll$ is g5]ally ab\t #h4a or #h4b by my exp]i5ce4 ,:5 roll$ x receives a great increase ( d5sity1 am\nt+ to 4#e accord+ to ,m4 ,dussaussoy#bc1 s t :at is #h4b :5 ca/ w be #h4g :5 roll$2 or x is cond5s$ ne>ly _/ ( its volume by ! op]ation ( roll+4 ,! same au?or f9ds t brass is h>d5$ v consid]ably by roll+1 b r5d]$ less t5aci\s2 h[ev] by be+ heat$ & consequ5tly s(t5$ aft] roll+1 x becomes /rong] ?an ev]1 & ne>ly ( an int]m$iate specific gravity betwe5 ca/ & roll$ brass4 ,footnote #bc3 ,an4 de ,*im4 ,physique4 #e--bcc4 7g74 ,pr9ce's metal1 p9*beck1 c4 ,?is comp\nd1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 is usually =m$ by comb9+ equal weights ( copp] & z9c1 or by fus+ toge!r #c p>ts ( common brass ) #a ( z9c4 ,accord+ to ,lewis ! yell[ col\r ( brass is a maximum 9 ?is proportion4 ,! alloy is brittle1 or at lea/ mu* less malleable ?an common brass4 ,i f9d ! composition ( spelt] sold]1 z x is call$1 or t us$ = sold]+ bo? brass & copp]1 to be ne>ly equal p>ts ( copp] & z9c4 ,h5ce x appe>s t #a atom ( copp] unites to #b ( z9c to =m ?is alloy4 ,! o!r alloys ( copp] & z9c 9 :i* ! z9c gradually exce$s ! copp]1 become gradually pal] 9 col\r & m brittle4 ,!y d n promise to be ( mu* utility 9 ! arts1 & h n !re=e be5 v p>ticul>ly inve/igat$ by metallurgi/s4 ,besides ! b9>y comb9ations ( copp] & z9c & copp] & t91 !re are t]n>y comb9ations ( ^! metals1 namely1 alloys ( copp]1 z9c & t94 ,= in/ance1 ! metal ( :i* common :ite buttons are made4 ,i _h occasion to analyse a specim5 ( ?is metal & f\nd x to be con/itut$ ( #d p>ts copp]1 #a ( z9c & #a ( t92 or #d atoms ( copp]1 #b ( z9c & #a ( t94 ,x w be prop] to subjo9 ! me?ods ( analysis :i* ,i adopt$ 9 reg>d to brass4 ,tw5ty gra9s1 m or less1 ( ! p>ticul> articles 7 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! metals 7 precipitat$ 9 ! /ate ( sulphurets by hydrosulphuret ( lime4 ,! copp] is ?r[n d[n 9 ! /ate ( a black p[d]1 & ! z9c 9 t ( a :ite p[d] turn+ to grey4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to add ! precipitat+ liquor gradually 9 ord] t ! copp] might be obta9$ di/9ctly f ! z9c4 ,! :ole ( ! copp] is ?us ?r[n d[n be=e any ( ! z9c precipitate appe>s4 ,! precipitates 7 collect$ & dri$ 9 a temp]ature n exce$+ #aej1 & !n weigh$4 ,9 bo? cases "o ?ird ( ! weight 0 all[$ = sulphur1 & ! rema9+ two ?irds 7 e/imat$ to be metal2 :i* is agreeable to ! kn[n con/itutions ( ^! sulphurets4 ,ano!r me?od ,i sometimes practis$1 :i* also answ]s v well2 namely1 to ?r[ d[n ! :ole or greate/ "p ( ! copp] by a plate ( lead1 !n to ?r[ d[n ! lead by sulphuric acid2 aft] ?is ! liquor 0 te/$ by hydrosulphuret ( lime to precipitate ! copp] rema9+1 if any2 & la/ly to ?r[ d[n ! z9c by hydrosulphuret ( lime4 #f4 ,copp] & bismu?4 ,! alloy is brittle & ( a pale col\r4 ,x is n mu* kn[n4 #g4 ,copp] ) antimony4 ,copp] & antimony unite by fusion & =m a violet col\r$1 brittle alloy4 #h4 ,copp] & ars5ic4 ,^! metals unite by fusion 9 a close crucible1 ! surface ( ! mixture be+ cov]$ ) common salt to prev5t ! oxidizem5t ( ! ars5ic4 ,! alloy is :ite & brittle1 & is kn[n by ! names ( :ite copp]1 & :ite tombac4 #i4 ,copp] & manganese4 ,^! may be unit$ by fusion1 & =m a r$ col\r$1 malleable alloy1 accord+ to ,b]gman4 #aj4 ,copp] & molybd5um4 ,^! metals may be alloy$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 b ! comp\nds exhibit no?+ peculi>ly rem>kable4 ,alloys ( ,iron ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,iron ) t94 ,^! two metals are alloy$ ) "s difficulty by fusion 9 a close crucible4 ,! difficulty seems to arise f ! v unequal temp]atures at :i* ! metals individually fuse4 ,b]gman always f\nd two alloys :5 ! metals 7 fus$ toge!r2 ! "o compos$ ( #ba p>ts t9 & #a ( iron1 t is1 #aj atoms ( t9 to #a ( iron2 & ! o!r ( #b p>ts iron1 & #a ( t92 t is1 #d atoms ( iron & #a ( t94 ,! fir/ 0 v malleable1 h>d] ?an t9 & n s brilliant2 ! second b mod]ately malleable & too h>d to yield to ! knife4 ,! =mation ( common t9-plate is a pro( ( ! aff9ity ( t9 & iron4 ,?9 plates ( iron1 ?or\ghly clean$1 are dipp$ into melt$ t91 :5 ! t9 adh]es to ! surface ( ! iron1 =m+ ) t metal a true *emical union4 #b4 ,iron & lead1 c4 ,iron comb9es by fusion m or less p]fectly ) lead1 z9c1 bismu?1 antimony1 ars5ic1 cobalt1 manganese1 c4 b ! proportions h 9 few in/ances be5 asc]ta9$1 & ! comp\nds are g5]ally ( little importance4 ,alloys ( ,nickel & o!r ,metals4 ,nickel & ars5ic4 ,z nickel & ars5ic are naturally f\nd 9 comb9ation1 ?\gh mo/ly along ) small quantities ( o!r bodies1 x is to be presum$ t an aff9ity subsi/s betwe5 !m2 b ,i d n "k t ! proportions h be5 asc]ta9$ 9 :i* !y unite1 or ! nature ( ! alloys4 ,alloys ( ,t9 ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,t9 ) lead4 ,t9 & lead unite by fusion 9 any proportion4 ,?is alloy1 accord+ to ,mus*5broek1 is h>d] & mu* m t5aci\s ?an ei!r t9 or lead1 especially :5 #c p>ts t9 & #a lead are its con/itu5ts4 ,i fus$ v>i\s proportions ( t9 & lead toge!r1 z p] ! foll[+ table1 9 ord] to f9d "s ( ! m prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al alloys4 ,! specific gravity ( ! t9 0 #g4b1 t ( ! lead 0 #aa4bc2 & ! portions tak5 7 su* z to comb9e1 #a1 #b1 or m atoms ( t9 ) #a ( lead4 ,! sev]al metals 7 melt$ & ! comp\nds =m$ "u a few drops ( tall[1 o!rwise ! oxidation is s rapid t ! proportions are di/urb$ & ! quantity ( pure alloy is n equal to ! weight ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,)\t ?is precaution x is no uncommon occurr5ce 9 small exp]im5ts to obta9 only #c p>ts ( fusible alloy f #d ( metal4 ,atoms4 ,weights ,sp4 ,gr4 by ,sp ,gr4 by ,fus+ calculation4 exp]im4 ,po9t4 ,t94 ,lead4 ,t94 ,lead4 #a #a 4#eh #a #i4cb #i4ag #dcj #b #a #a4af #a #h4fd #h4gi #cej #c #a #a4gc #a #h4be #h4di #cdj #d #a #b4c #a #h4jj #h4aj #cde #e #a #b4i #a #g4ic #h4jj #cej #f #a #c4dg #a #g4ha #g4ij #cfj ,f ! above table x appe>s t :5 #a atom ( t9 is unit$ to #a ( lead !re is an expansion ( volume2 b :5 m ?an #a ( t9 are comb9$ to #a ( lead !re is a contraction ( volume1 or ! d5sity is above t by calculation4 ,?is increase ( d5sity is greate/ :5 #c atoms ( t9 are comb9$ ) #a ( lead2 & x is n improbable ! t5acity may !n be a maximum2 ?\gh ,mus*5broek f9ds x m t5aci\s :5 #c p>ts t9 are unit$ to #a ( lead1 :i* answ]s m ne>ly to #d atoms t9 & #a ( lead2 ?is op9ion is c\nt5anc$ by ! fact t t9 is mu* ! mo/ t5aci\s ( ! two metals tak5 s+ly4 ,x is rem>kable t ! fus+ po9t ( ^! alloys is bel[ ^? ( ei!r t9 or lead4 ,! l[e/ ( all 7#cdj7 is :5 #c atoms ( t9 are alloy$ ) #a ( lead4 ,common pewt]1 ,i f9d1 is an alloy ( #d atoms ( t9 & #a ( lead ne>ly1 & fuses ab\t #cde or #cej4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ proportion2 x is h>d1 t5aci\s & ( a good col\r4 ,m ( lead w\ld impair ! col\r1 & m ( t9 w\ld impair ! t5acity & increase ! exp5ce1 ?\gh x might improve ! col\r4 ,c]ta9 articles = family use1 su* z tea-pots1 spoons1 c4 are made ( :ite metal1 :i* commonly1 ?\gh ,i appreh5d improp]ly1 goes by ! "n ( tut5ag4 ,?is metal 9 col\r approa*es m to silv] ?an pewt] does4 ,a spoon ( ?is description ,i f\nd to be pure t94 #b4 ,t9 & z9c4 ,?is alloy is easily made by fusion4 ,! metals seem to unite 9 any proportion4 ,i melt$ toge!r #bi p>ts z9c & #eb t9 7#a atom ( ea*71 & obta9$ a :ite h>d alloy ( ab\t #f4h specific gravity4 ,:5 #b atoms t9 & #a z9c are unit$ ! specific gravity is #f4gg1 :i* is bel[ ! mean4 ,! alloy appe>s to be v h>d & t5aci\s2 & probably might be put to "s use4 #c4 ,t9 & bismu?4 ,^! metals readily comb9e by fusion 9 any proportion4 ,:5 #eb p>ts t9 & #fb bismu? are fus$ toge!r 7#a atom to #a71 a f9e1 smoo?1 h>d b brittle alloy is obta9$ ( ! specific gravity #h4db4 ,x fuses at #bfj4 ,two atoms t9 & #a bismu? give an alloy ( #h specific gravity1 :i* fuses ab\t #cbj4 ,! alloy ( #a atom t9 & #b ( bismu? is ( #h4fg specific gravity1 & fuses ab\t #bfj4 ,! alloy ( #c atoms t9 & #a bismu? is ( #g4gc specific gravity1 & fuses at #cej4 ,! alloy ( #a atom t9 & #c bismu? is ( specific gravity #i4ad1 & fuses at #ccj4 #d4 ,t9 ) antimony4 ,?is comp\nd is said to be :ite & brittle :5 =m$ ( equal p>ts4 ,i did n succe$ 9 unit+ ! two metals by fusion on a small scale4 #e4 ,t9 ) ars5ic4 ,:5 #ae p>ts ( t9 & #a ( ars5ic are fus$ toge!r ! alloy cry/allizes 9 l>ge plates l bismu?1 accord+ to ,bay54 ,x is brittle & less fusible ?an t94 ,?is alloy mu/ be compos$ ( #e atoms ( t9 & #a ( ars5ic1 t is1 #cab t9 & #ba ars5ic4 ,alloys ( ,lead ) o!r ,metals4 #a4 ,lead & z9c4 ,^! two metals seem to h a weak aff9ity4 ,!y are easily unit$1 or r mix$1 9 any proportion by fusion "u a little tall[4 ,b h[ev] !y may be mix$ !re is a /rong t5d5cy to sep>ate aga91 :i* no d\bt is occasion$ 9 "p by _! great diff]5ce 9 specific gravity4 ,i h fus$ lead & z9c toge!r 9 v>i\s proportions1 f #f p>ts lead to #a ( z9c1 to #a "p lead to #b ( z9c4 ,! comp\nd usually gives a specific gravity r great] ?an ! mean2 b ^u be+ brok5 ! fracture is (t5 l t ( z9c 9 "o "p & n s 9 ano!r2 & ! analysis ( fragm5ts proves t a great diff]5ce exi/s 9 _! composition4 ,subsequ5t fusion sometimes improves ! comb9ation & at o!r times ! contr>y4 ,six p>ts lead & #a ( t9 gave a comp\nd z ne>ly uni=m z any4 ,x 0 #aa specific gravity1 h>d] & :it] ?an lead & _h mu* ! appe>ance ( pewt]1 t is1 ! alloy ( t9 & lead4 #b4 ,lead & bismu?4 ,^! metals alloy well4 ,?ree p>ts lead & #b ( bismu? unite by fusion & =m a t5aci\s alloy :i* fuses ab\t #cdj4 ,mus*5broek f\nd x t5 times /rong] ?an lead4 ,x gr[s d>k col\r$ soon by keep+4 ,its specific gravity by my obs]vation is #aj4he1 :i* is r great] ?an ! mean4 ,x is con/itut$ ( #a atom ( ea* metal1 or #fb bismu? to #ij lead4 ,?ree p>ts lead & #d bismu? 7#a atom lead to #b bismu?7 fuses at #bej4 ,?is is ! l[e/ temp]ature at :i* any alloy ( two metals fuses4 ,) a little t9 x makes ! triple alloy :i* fuses l[] ?an any o!r metallic comp\nd1 )\t m]cury1 z w be %[n 9 ! sequel4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is alloy ( lead & bismu? is #aj4g1 :i* is great] ?an ! mean4 ,! alloy ( #a "p lead & #b bismu? 7#a atom ( lead & #c bismu?71 fuses at #bhj1 & is ( #aj4a specific gravity1 or r less ?an ! mean4 ,! alloy ( ?ree p>ts lead & #a bismu? 7#b atoms ( lead & #a ( bismu?7 fuses at #dej4 ,! specific gravity is #aa1 or r great] ?an ! mean4 #c4 ,lead & antimony4 ,^! two metals comb9e by fusion 9 any proportion4 ,! alloy is ( a f9e gra9 & is brittle or flexible z ! antimony or lead prevails4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ?is alloy1 ,i believe1 is 9 ! =mation ( pr9t]s' types4 ,! small types require a h>d] alloy or "o ) m antimony2 ! l>ge types h a great] %>e ( lead z be+ less exp5sive4 ,on exam9ation ( ! diff]5t types ,i f9d #c proportions ( ! alloy pr9cipally 9 use4 ,! smalle/ types are ca/ f a mixture :i* v ne>ly corresponds ) #dj p>ts ( antimony to #ij ( lead 7or #a atom to #a74 ,x is h>d1 has a fracture l /eel & is ( ! specific gravity #i4d or #i4e ne>ly1 & fuses ab\t #dhj or #ejj4 ,! proportions 7 det]m9$ bo? by analysis & by inf]5ce f ! specific gravity ( ! metal4 ,! middle siz$ types are made ( metal compos$ ( #a atom ( antimony & #b ( lead1 or #dj p>ts antimony & #ahj ( lead4 ,?is alloy fuses ab\t #dej or #dfj & has ! specific gravity ( #aj ne>ly4 ,! l>ge/ types or lett]s ( #b or #c in*es diamet] are made ( metal compos$ ( #a atom antimony & #c ( lead1 or #dj p>ts to #bgj4 ,?is alloy also fuses ab\t #dej or #dfj1 :i* is a v rem>kable fact4 ,its specific gravity is usually #aj4bb4 ,aft] sev]al trials ,i c\ld n det]m9e :e!r ! fus+ po9t ( ?is or ! prec$+ alloy 0 l[]2 & equal p>ts ( ! two alloys fus$ toge!r 7 liquifi$ at ! same temp]ature ( #dej or #dfj4 ,all ! int]m$iate sizes ( types appe> to be made ( "o or o!r ( ! ?ree prec$+ proportions or ( mixtures ( !m1 ! small] ! type ! m ( antimony be+ requir$ to give ! requisite h>dness4 ,! l>ge/ types might1 ,i conceive1 be made ) a mu* great] proportion ( lead4 ,:5 #dj antimony & #cfj lead 7#a atom to #d7 are fus$ toge!r1 ! melt+ po9t is ab\t #dgj4 ,! specific gravity 0 f\nd #aj4d1 b probably too l[ f bli/]s or air bubbles4 ,! alloy 0 m flexible ?an ! prec$+1 b brittle ) a f9e gra9$ fracture4 ,=ty p>ts antimony ) #dej lead 7#a atom to #e7 fus$ at #dij1 & gave #aa specific gravity4 ,?is alloy b5ds & breaks ) a f9e gra9$ fracture4 ,=ty p>ts antimony ) #edj lead 7#a atom to #f7 fus$ at #eaj1 & gave #aj4h specific gravity1 :i* 9 all probability 0 ow+ to air bubbles4 ,n[ ! alloy s(t & malleable4 #d4 ,lead & ars5ic4 ,:5 lead is fus$ 9 contact ) ! :ite oxide ( ars5ic "u a film ( tall[ & /irr$ frequ5tly1 an union ( ! two metals takes place & ! excess ( :ite oxide is p>tially conv]t$ into ars5ic & p>tly driv5 (f1 seem+ly tak+ ) x a portion ( ! lead4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! mass assumes ! =m ( a black spongy comp\nd infusible at ! temp]ature4 ,x conta9s a portion ( ! lead & is probably a comp\nd ( ! metals ) oxyg54 ,! fusible alloy has ! appe>ance ( lead1 b is brittle1 breaks )\t b5d+ & exhibits a fracture l t ( antimony & lead4 ,! specific gravity ( ! alloy is #aj4f1 or m if n saturat$ ) lead4 ,by treat+ x ) an excess ( nitric acid x is dissolv$1 & ! lead may be ?r[n d[n by sulphuric acid1 & ! ars5ic acid or oxide by lime4 ,9 ?is way ,i f9d ! alloy is compos$ ( ab\t #i p>ts ( lead ) #b ( ars5ic1 or #a atom ( ea* ( ! metals4 ,! spongy mass treat$ ) nitric acid yields a simil> solution1 accompani$ ) a precipitation ( oxide ( ars5ic4 #e4 ,lead & cobalt4 ,! alloy ( ^! two metals is n easily obta9$1 probably f ! great diff]5ce ( ! temp]ature at :i* !y fuse4 ,gmel9 fus$ #a "p cobalt ) #a1 #b1 #d1 #f & #h p>ts ( lead respectively4 ,alloys 7 obta9$ ( ! specific gravities #h4ab1 #ab4bh 7qu]y #h4bh871 --1 #i4fe & #i4gh respectively4 ,f ^! specific gravities x is pla9 ! lead _h be5 9 great "p dissipat$ by ! heat4 ,= ! la/ or greate/ specific gravity corresponds ne>ly to #b p>ts lead & #a ( cobalt4 7,an4 de ,*imie1 #ai--ceg47 ,triple ,alloys1 ,sold]s2 ,fusible ,metal1 c4 ,?\gh x may seem premature to treat ( triple comp\nds 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 :i* pr(ess$ly is limit$ to comp\nds ( two elem5ts1 yet z ! triple alloys are few & s imm$iately connect$ ) ! prec$+1 x w sc>cely require an apology = introduc+ !m "h4 ,s(t sold]s4 ,sold]s = plumb]s & t9-work]s1 are requir$ to melt easily1 & yet n too l[1 z !y %\ld )/& a heat great] ?an boil+ wat]4 ,! fus+ po9t ( ! s(t sold]s is usually betwe5 #cjj-djj4 ,plumb]s' sold] ,i believe is commonly =m$ by mix+ equal p>ts ( t9 & lead4 ,i procur$ a specim5 ( #h4i specific gravity1 & its fus+ po9t 0 #chj4 ,probably a m p]fect comp\nd w\ld be =m$ by mix+ #ajd p>ts t9 ) #ij lead 7#b atoms to #a71 :i* w\ld give a specific gravity ( #h4h & ! fus+ po9t #cej4 ,t9 work]s' sold] is made r m fusible ?an t ( ! plumb]s4 ,a specim5 ,i got f ! workm5 0 #h4hg specific gravity & fus$ at #cde4 ,a mixture ( #c p>ts t9 & #b ( lead w\ld h =m$ an alloy ( ! same fusibility1 b ! specific gravity w\ld h be5 #h4f or #h4g only4 ,probably a r less proportion ( t9 ) a little bismu? ent]$ into ! composition4 ,fusible ,metal4 ,t91 bismu? & lead are metals :i* melt at comp>atively l[ temp]atures2 & x has be5 %ewn t ! alloys ( any two ( !m usually melt at l[] temp]atures ?an ! mean1 or ev5 ?an ! l[] extreme4 ,by analogy x might be inf]r$ t an alloy ( t9 & lead fus$ ) "o ( t9 & bismu?1 w\ld melt bel[ ei!r ( ! two +r$i5ts4 ,x has be5 %ewn t proportions ( bismu? & lead ( easie/ fusion are #b atoms bismu? ) "o ( lead2 ?is alloy melts at #bej4 ,an alloy ( #b atoms ( bismu? & #a ( t9 melts at #bfj2 & s does t ( #a atom bismu? & #a t94 ,^! alloys be+ mu* m easily fus$ ?an any o!r proportions ( ^! metals1 x is f _! comb9ations we are to expect a /ill fur!r r$uction ( ! fus+ po9t4 ,9 fact1 a comb9ation ( ei!r ( ! t9 & bismu? alloys1 ) ! lead & bismu? alloy1 produces almo/ exactly ! same r$uction ( ! fus+ temp]ature4 ,?us if #d atoms ( bismu?1 #a ( t9 & #a ( lead be fus$ toge!r1 ! comp\nd melts 9 boil+ wat] or bel[ #bab4 ,x is equally ! case if #c atoms bismu?1 #a ( t9 & #a ( lead1 are fus$ toge!r4 ,! d\ble alloy next to ^? above m5tion$ 9 reg>d to easy fusion is t ( #b atoms t91 & #a bismu?4 ,x fuses at #cbj4 ,?is alloy1 unit$ to ! "o ( #b atoms bismu? & #a lead1 gives a comp\nd ( #c atoms bismu?1 #b t9 & #a lead1 :i* fuses v ne>ly at ! same temp]ature z ! above triple alloys4 ,9 ref]5ce to weights1 ! above proportions = ! mo/ fusible metals w ne>ly be1 ,bismu? #ad p>ts -- ,lead #e -- t9 #c ------- #aj ----- -- ---- #e ------ #c ------- #e ----- -- ---- #b ------ #c ,mo/ ( ! elem5t>y books h giv5 ! proportions ( #h bismu?1 #e lead & #c t92 or #e bismu? #b lead & #c t91 :i* ne>ly agree ) "s ( ! above1 & give an alloy fus+ bel[ #bab4 ,wi%+ to inve/igate ?is subject m fully1 & x be+ obvi\s f ! prec$+ facts t !re are only two proportions ( t9 & lead to be unit$ ) bismu?1 to produce ! desir$ effect1 namely1 ei!r #a atom ( t9 ) #a ( lead1 or #b atoms ( t9 ) #a ( lead1 ,i proce$$ z foll[s3 #a atom t9 7#eb7 #a atom lead 7#ij7 #a atom bismu? 7#fb71 7 fus$ toge!r2 ! fus+ po9t 0 #bgj4 ,! alloy 0 flexible to a c]ta9 degree2 & ! fracture v small gra9$4 ,to ?is alloy #ca gra9s ( bismu? 7 add$ successively till x 0 evid5t ! alloy 0 gr[+ less fusible2 ! results 7 z foll[s3 #a atom t9 #a lead #a bismu?2 fuses at #bgj #a -------- #a ---- #a ------ -------- #bce #a -------- #a ---- #b ------ -------- #bje #a -------- #a ---- #b ------ -------- #bjj #a -------- #a ---- #c ------ -------- #aig #a -------- #a ---- #c ------ -------- #bjj #a -------- #a ---- #d ------ -------- #bbj #a -------- #a ---- #d ------ -------- #bje semi fluid4 #a -------- #a ---- #e ------ -------- #bdj semi fluid4 b x reta9s a little fluidity d[n to ne>ly #bjj ,f ?is x appe>s t #c p>ts by weight ( t91 #e ( lead1 & any proportion ( bismu? f #g to #ad w produce an alloy fus+ bel[ #bab2 b ( ^! ! be/ is #aj or #aa p>ts4 ,aga91 #b atoms ( t9 7 comb9$ ) #a ( lead & #c ( bismu?1 by gradually add+ "o half ( ! t94 ,! sev]al alloys fus$ )\t any mat]ial diff]5ce at or bel[ #bjj4 ,a fur!r addition ( t9 impair$ ! prop]ty z 9 ! above case ) bismu?4 ,i did n ?9k x important to mix #b atoms ( t9 & #a ( lead ) any o!r proportion ?an #c atoms ( bismu?4 ,,app5dix4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! second "p ( ! fir/ volume1 7#ahaj7 "s important essays on ! subject ( heat h appe>$1 :i* h a direct be>+ ^u "s po9ts ( ! doctr9e on t subject inculcat$ 9 ! said volume4 ,x may be prop] to /ate ! results1 ) su* rem>ks & reflections z h occurr$ 9 ! consid]ation ( !m4 ,9 ! ,annales de ,*imie = ,janu>y #ahac1 also 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy1 vol4 #b1 we f9d a ,memoir on ! specific heat ( diff]5t gases1 by ,m4 ,m4 ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d4 ,?is exhibits a mo/ labori\s & ref9$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ?is mo/ difficult subject4 ,great m]it seems to be due to !m1 bo? = inv5tion & execution4 ,x is unnecess>y to describe ! p>ticul>s ( ! app>atus & ! mode ( conduct+ ! exp]im5ts1 z a description may be f\nd z above ref]r$4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve t ! calorimet] us$ 0 a copp] cyl9d] ( #c in*es diamet] & #f 9 l5g?1 fill$ ) wat]1 & hav+ a s]p5t9e tube #e feet 9 l5g?1 runn+ ?r\gh ! int]ior & op5+ at bo? ends on ! outside ( ! vessels4 ,by means ( ?is tube a regul> curr5t ( any gas ( a giv5 temp]ature 7#bab7 might be pass$ ?r\gh ! vessel s z to "p ) its excess ( temp]ature to ! wat]4 ,! quantity ( wat] & ! capacity ( ! vessel = heat 7 previ\sly det]m9$2 & ! quantity ( heat$ gas pass$ ?r\gh ! calorimet] 0 det]m9able at any "t1 z well z ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 f ! judici\s arrangem5ts4 ,x is easy to see t :5 an app>atus ( ?is k9d is at "w1 ! gas w imp>t heat1 m or less accord+ to its capacity1 to ! wat]2 & t ! temp]ature ( ! calorimet] w gradually asc5d till x arrives at a maximum2 t is1 till ! refrig]at+ effect ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ^u ! calorimet] is equal to ! heat+ effect ( ! curr5t ( gas4 ,! foll[+ ,table exhibits ! results ( _! exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,specific ,heat ,( ! same bulk4 ,( ! same weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,air #a4jjjj #a4jjjj ,hydrog5 #j4ijcc #ab4cdja ,c>bonic ,acid #a4behc #j4hbhj ,oxyg5 #j4igfe #j4hhdh ,azote #a4jjjj #a4jcah ,nitr\s ,oxide #a4cejc #j4hhgh ,olefiant ,gas #a4eecj #a4egfc ,c>bonic ,oxide #a4jcdj #a4jhje ,aque\s ,vap\r #a4ifjj #c4acfjbd ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,footnote #bd3 ,! result = ?is la/ article mu/ be consid]$ m unc]ta9 ?an any ( ! previ\s ones1 ! exp]im5t be+ m complicat$4 ,!y f\nd ! specific heats ( equal volumes ( air ( ! pressures #bi4b & #da4g in*es ( m]cury to be ne>ly z #a #a4bcif1 diff]+ f ! ratio ( ! pressures or d5sities1 :i* is #a3 #a4ceh4 ,! above table ( ! specific heat ( ! p]man5t gases 7exclud+ aque\s vap\r7 0 corroborat$ by ! results ( ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! pr9ciple 0 v>i$ a little3 namely1 to f9d h[ _m cubic in*es ( ea* gas at a giv5 temp]ature 7 requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( ! calorimet] a giv5 numb] ( degrees1 & inf]r+ ! capacities = heat to be inv]sely z ! quantities ( gas employ$4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! results 7 f #a to #aj p] c5t41 :i* may be consid]$ small1 9 exp]im5ts ( su* delicacy4 ,! ratios ( ! specific heats ( sev]al gases be+ f\nd1 x 0 highly exp$i5t to f9d ! ratio ( ! specific heat ( wat]1 & t ( "s "o gas1 z common air4 ,?is 0 effect$ by pass+ a small curr5t ( hot wat] ?r\gh ! calorimet]1 & comp>+ ! effect ( ?is curr5t ) t ( ! l>g] "o ( air1 ! requisite c>e be+ tak5 to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( wat] pass+ 9 a giv5 "t & its temp]ature at ! +ress4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 t ! specific heat ( wat] is to t ( common air z #a 4#be ne>ly4 ,by two o!r exp]im5ts1 v>i$ f ! above1 results n mu* diff]+ 7 obta9$1 s t ! av]age ( ! ?ree gave1 wat] to air1 z #a 4#bffi4 ,r$uc+ ! specific heats ( ! gases to ! /&>d ( wat] z unity1 we h ! foll[+ ,table ( ! specific heats ( equal weights ( ! respective bodies3 ,wat] #a4jjjj ,air #j4bffi ,hydrog5 #c4bicf ,c>bonic ,acid #j4bbaj ,oxyg5 #j4bcfa ,azote #j4bged ,nitr\s ,oxide #j4bcfi ,olefiant ,gas #j4dbjg ,c>bonic ,oxide #j4bhhd ,aque\s ,vap\r #j4hdgd ,be=e we animadv]t ^u ^! results1 x w be exp$i5t to give an ab/ract ( ! n less int]e/+ exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,dulong & ,petit1 on heat1 z giv5 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie & de ,physique1 vol4 #g & #aj4 ,^! g5tlem5 beg9 by an inve/igation ( ! expansion ( air by heat4 ,! absolute expansion ( air f freez+ ( wat] to boil+ _h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ by ,gay ,lussac & myself to be f #h to #aa ne>ly3 !y h[ev] ext5d$ ! enquiry above & bel[ ^! po9ts ( temp]ature1 namely to ^? ( freez+ & boil+ m]cury4 ,f ! temp]ature ( freez+ m]cury or !reab\ts1 to t ( boil+ wat]1 !y f9d ! expansion ( air to keep pace ) t ( m]cury1 z indicat$ by ! common !rmomet]2 b f ! boil+ po9t ( wat] to t ( m]cury1 ! latt] exp&s some:at m 9 a proportion gradually increas+3 z by ! foll[+ ,table4 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,temp]ature by an air ,!rmomet]1 ,temp]ature by ,m]curial ,correspond+ correct$ = ,!rmomet]4 volume ( a giv5 expansion ( glass4 mass ( air4 ,fahr5heit4 ,c5tigrade4 ,c5tigrade4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- -#cc -#cf #j4hfej -#cf4h #cb #j #a4jjjj #j #bab #ajj #a4cgej #ajj #cjb #aej #a4eegf #adh4gj #cib #bjj #a4gchi #aig4je #dhb #bej #a4iahi #bde4je #egb #cjj #b4jigf #bib4gj #fhj ,m4 boil #cfj #b4cabe #cej4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! absolute dilatation ( m]cury claims _! att5tion4 ,!y quote n9e au?orities = ! expansion f freez+ to boil+ wat] temp]atures2 ! extremes ( ^! n9e are1 ,casbois _/ ( orig9al volume1 & m9e _/ ( ! same4 ,!y det]m9e x to be _/44 ,by d\bl+ & tripl+ ! elevation ( ! temp]ature1 !y made obs]vations f :i* are d$uc$ ! results ( ! foll[+ ,table4 ,! dilatations are = ea* degree ( ! !rmomet] c5tigrade1 to :i* ,i h add$ ! correspond+ ones = ,fahr5heit's4 ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mean absolute ,temp]atures indicat$ ,temp]ature by an air dilatations by dilatation ( m]cury1 ,!rmomet]4 ( m]cury4 suppos$ uni=m4#be ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 #cb #j #j #j #cb #j #bab #ajj _/ _/ #bab #ajj #cib #bjj _/ _/ #djj4c #bjd4fa #egb #cjj _/ _/ #eig4e #cad4ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #be3 ,t is1 ! temp]ature t w\ld be d5ot$ by m]cury inclos$ 9 a vessel hav+ no expansion by heat2 or else 9 "o t exp&$ 9 ! same rate z m]cury4 ,by a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! app>5t dilatation ( m]cury 9 glass vessels1 comp>$ ) ! results 9 ! above tables1 !y d$uce ! absolute dilatation ( glass = ea* degree ( ! !rmomet]1 & ! temp]ature t w\ld be indicat$ by suppos+ ! uni=m expansion ( a glass rod adopt$ z ! measure ( temp]ature z "u3 ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mean app>5t ,absolute ,temp]ature by ,temp]ature by dilatation ( dilatation ( a ,!rmomet] an air ,!rmom4 m]cury glass 9 made ( glass4 9 glass4 volume4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 #bab #ajj _/ _/ _/ _/ #bab #ajj #cib #bjj _/ _/ _/ _/ #dae4h #bac4b #egb #cjj _/ _/ _/ _/ #ffg4b #ceb4i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! absolute dilatations ( iron1 copp]1 & plat9a 7 inve/igat$ ) great address1 f #j to #ajj & f #j to #cjj c5tigrade2 & 7 f\nd z p] ,table bel[1 = ea* degree ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,,table ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,temp4 by,mean dilatation,temp4 by,mean dilatation ! air ( iron1 iron rod ( copp] ,!rm4 9 volume4 ,!rm4 9 volume4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,c5t4 #ajj _/ #ajj _/ #cjj _/ #cgb4f _/ ---------------------------------------- ------ ------------------------------------- ,temp4 by ,mean dilatation ,temp4 by copp] rod ( plat9a plat9a rod ,!rm4 9 volume4 ,!rm4 ------------------------------------- #ajj _/ #ajj #cbh4h _/ #caa4f ------------------------------------- ,connect$ ) ?is subject 0 ano!r important enquiry1 :e!r ! capacities ( bodies = heat rema9 con/ant at diff]5t temp]atures1 or :e!r !y dim9i% or increase z ! temp]ature advances4 ,9 o!r words1 does a body t requires a c]ta9 quantity ( heat to raise x f #j to #ajj c5tigrade1 require ! same quantity to raise x f #ajj to #bjj1 & f #bjj to #cjj1 c42 or does x require less or m z we asc5d8 ,?is enquiry involves t ( ! measure ( temp]ature4 ,!y adopt ! uni=m expansion ( air1 or ! air !rmomet]1 z ! prop] measure1 & f9d ! capacity ( iron1 ,f #j to #ajj 4#ajih #j to #bjj 4#aaej #j to #cjj 4#abah #j to #cej 4#abee ! capacity ( an equal weight ( wat] be+ #a4 ,! foll[+ ,table exhibits ! capacities ( sev5 o!r bodies accord+ to _! results4 ,,table ,v4 ------------------------------------- ,mean capacity ,mean capacity betwe5 #j betwe5 #j & #ajj & #cjj ------------------------------------- ,m]cury 4#jccj 4#jcej ,z9c 4#jibg 4#ajae ,antimony 4#jejg 4#jedi ,silv] 4#jeeg 4#jfaa ,copp] 4#jidi 4#ajac ,plat9a 4#jcce 4#jcee ,glass 4#aggj 4#aijj ------------------------------------- ,accord+ to ?is table ! capacities ( bodies increase ) ! temp]ature 9 a small degree3 & ! increase1 ?\gh x w\ld /ill exi/1 w\ld be less1 if ! common m]curial !rmomet] 7 ! measure ( temp]ature4 ,also suppos+ t !rmomet]s made ( ^! bodies & graduat$ by imm]sion 9 freez+ & boil+ wat] into #ajj2 if ^! 7 all imm]s$ 9 a fluid 9 :i* an air !rmomet] /ood at #cjj4 ,!n ! relative temp]atures ( ! sev]al !rmomet]s w\ld be z "u1 if measur$ by ! absolute quantity ( heat acquir$1 namely1 ,iron #cbb4b ,silv] #cbi4c ,z9c #cbh4e ,antimony #cbd4h ,glass #cbb4a ,copp] #cbj4j ,m]cury #cah4b ,plat9a #cag4i ,f ^! obs]vations !y inf] t ! law :i* has be5 promulgat$ = ! refrig]ation ( bodies1 _c be /rictly true3 namely1 t bodies "p ) heat 9 proportion z _! temp]ature exce$s t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,"s animadv]sions on ! g5]al laws relative to ! ph5om5a ( heat1 ann\nc$ 9 my elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy 7page #ac7 !n foll[1 toge!r ) a table drawn up to %[ ! discordance betwe5 ! air !rmomet] & ! m]curial !rmomet]1 bo? be+ graduat$ 9 ! mann] ,i propos$ 9 ! said elem5ts4 ,on ^! po9ts ,i may h to rem>k 9 ! sequel4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,essay concludes ) "s rem>ks to %ew :y a pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! air !rmomet]1 or m /rictly1 ! !rmomet] :e!r ( m]cury or any o!r body1 suppos$ to be graduat$ s z to correspond ) an air !rmomet] ( equal degrees4 ,! ,second ,"p ( ! ,essay is on ,! ,laws ( ,refrig]ation4 ,adopt+ ! air !rmomet] z ! mo/ eligible measure ( temp]ature1 ,messrs4 ,dulong & ,petit proce$ to inve/igate ! laws ( ! refrig]ation ( bodies1 "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 9 vacuo & 9 air or gases ( diff]5t k9ds & d5sities4 ,! inquiry ab\nds ) exp]im5ts & obs]vations ev9c+ great skill & acut5ess2 b :i* x w n suit our purpose to detail4 ,x may suffice = u to give a g5]al summ>y ( ! ,laws d$uc$ by !m f _! exp]im5ts1 at ! same "t recomm5d+ all ^? :o feel suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! subject to p]use ! essay at l>ge1 :i* exhibits a pr(\nd philosophical tra9 ( exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* are illu/rat$ by ! aid ( ma!matical g5]alization4 8,law #a4 ,if "o c\ld obs]ve ! cool+ ( a body plac$ 9 a vacuum1 & surr\nd$ by a vessel absolutely de/itute ( heat1 or o!rwise depriv$ ( ! p[] ( radiat+ heat1 ! velocities ( cool+ w\ld decrease 9 geometrical progression :5 ! temp]atures dim9i%$ 9 ari?metical progression40 8,law #b4 ,! temp]ature ( a vessel conta9+ a vacuum be+ con/ant1 & a body be+ plac$ 9 x to cool1 ! velocities ( cool+ = excesses ( temp]ature 9 ari?metical progression1 decrease z ! t]ms ( a geometrical progression dim9i%$ by a con/ant numb]4 ,! ratio ( ?is progression is ! same = ! cool+ ( all k9ds ( bodies1 & is equal to #a4jjgg40 8,law #c4 ,! velocity ( cool+ 9 a vacuum = ! same excess ( temp]ature1 increases 9 geometrical progression1 ! temp]ature ( ! vessel circumscrib+ ! vacuum increas+ 9 an ari?metical progression4 ,! ratio ( ! progression is ! same z above1 namely #a4jjgg = all k9ds ( bodies40 8,law #d4 ,! velocity ( cool+ due to ! sole contact ( a gas is entirely indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! surface ( ! cool+ bodies40 8,law #e4 ,! velocity ( cool+ due to ! sole contact ( a gase\s fluid v>ies 9 a geometrical progression1 :ile ! excess ( temp]ature itself v>ies 9 a geometrical progression4 ,if ! ratio ( ?is second progression be #b1 t ( ! fir/ is #b4ce1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! gas & its ela/ic =ce40 8,?is ,law may be likewise ann\nc$ by say+ t ! quantity ( heat c>ri$ (f by a gas is 9 all cases proportional to ! excess ( ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ body rais$ to ! p[] ^: index is #a4bcc40 8,law #f4 ,! cool+ p[] ( a gase\s fluid dim9i%es 9 a geometrical progression1 :5 its t5sion itself dim9i%es 9 a geometrical progression4 ,if ! ratio ( ?is second progression is #b1 ! rate ( ! fir/ is #a4cff = atmosph]ic air2 #a4cja = hydrog52 #a4dca = c>bonic acid2 & #a4dae = olefiant gas40 8,?is law may also be pres5t$ z foll[s3 ,! cool+ p[] ( a gas1 all o!r ?+s be+ alike1 is proportional to a c]ta9 p[] ( ! pressure4 ,! expon5t ( ?is p[] dep5ds on ! nature ( ! gas1 & is = air #j4de2 = hydrog5 #j4cae2 = c>bonic acid #j4eag2 & = olefiant gas #j4eja40 8,law #g4 ,! cool+ p[] ( a gas v>ies ) its temp]ature 9 su* a mann] t if ! gas c dilate s z to pres]ve ! same uni=m t5sion1 ! cool+ p[] w be z mu* dim9i%$ by ! r>efaction ( ! gas1 z x is increas$ by its augm5tation ( temp]ature2 s t def9itively x dep5ds only on its t5sion40 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r +5i\s ,essay 0 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,dulong & ,petit1 9 ! ,annal4 de *imie et de physique1 vol4 #aj1 namely1 8,rese>*es on "s important po9ts ( ! !ory ( heat40--,"o object is to asc]ta9 ! specific heats ( bodies ) sup]ior precision4 ,a table ( ! specific heats ( c]ta9 metals1 f\nd by _! me?od1 is giv51 toge!r ) ! weights ( ! atoms ( ^? metals1 & ! products ( ! specific heats & weights ( ! atoms1 z "u3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,product ( ! weight ( ea* ,specific heats1,weights ( ! atom by ! t ( wat] atoms1 t (correspond+ be+ #a oxyg5 be+ #a capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,bismu? #j4jbhh #ac4cjj #j4chcj ,lead #j4jbic #ab4iej #j4cgid ,gold #j4jbih #ab4dcj #j4cgjd ,plat9um #j4jcad #aa4afj #j4cgdj ,t9 #j4jead #g4cej #j4cggi ,silv] #j4jeeg #f4gej #j4cgei ,z9c #j4jibg #d4jcj #j4cgcf ,tellurium #j4jiab #d4jcj #j4cfge ,copp] #j4jidi #c4ieg #j4cgee ,nickel #j4ajce #c4fij #j4chai ,iron #j4aajj #c4cib #j4cgca ,cobalt #j4adih #b4dfj #j4cfhe ,sulphur #j4ahhj #b4jaa #j4cghj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! inf]5ce int5d$ f ?is ,table is pretty obvi\s1 namely1 t ! atoms or ultimate p>ticles ( ! above bodies conta9 or atta* to !mselves ! same quantity ( heat1 or h ! same capacity4 ,?is pr9ciple ! au?ors ?9k w apply to ! simple atoms ( all bodies1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or ela/ic2 b !y hold x does n apply to comp\nd atoms4 ,x diff]s !re=e ess5tially f a sugge/ion ( m9e1 made eighte5 ye>s ago1 7see ,vol4 ,i4 page #gj17 t ! quantity ( heat belong+ to ! ultimate p>ticles ( all ela/ic fluids1 mu/ be ! same "u ! same pressure & temp]ature4 ,!y seem to appreh5d1 f exp]i5ce1 t a v simple ratio exi/s betwe5 ! capacities ( comp\nd atoms & t ( ! elem5t>y atoms4 ,!y draw ano!r inf]5ce f _! rese>*es1 t ! heat develop$ at ! in/ant ( ! comb9ation ( bodies1 has no relation to ! capacity ( ! elem5ts2 ?is loss ( heat1 !y argue1 is (t5 n foll[$ by any dim9ution 9 ! capacity ( ! comp\nds4 ,!y seem to ?9k t electricity developes heat 9 ! act ( comb9ation2 b !y d n d5y t a *ange ( capacity may sometimes ensue1 & heat be develop$ f ?is cause4 ,rem>ks on ! above ,essays4 ,results ne>ly agree+ ) ^? ( ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d1 on ! capacity ( c]ta9 ela/ic fluids = heat1 7 ab\t ! same "t obta9$ by ,m4 ,m4 ,clem5t & ,desormes4 7,see ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,vol4 #hi--ahai47 ,su* results1 impugn+ "s ( ! mo/ plausible doctr9es ( heat1 c\ld n be admitt$ b ^u v good au?ority4 ,i rema9$ d\btful1 9 "s degree1 till satisfi$ by my own exp]i5ce4 ,i procur$ a calorimet] ( ! con/ruction ( ,de la ,ro*e's1 & to simplify ! exp]im5t1 in/ead ( =c+ a giv5 volume ( hot air ?r\gh ! calorimet] to imp>t heat to ! wat]1 ,i drew1 by means ( an air-pump1 a c]ta9 volume ( atmosph]ic 7or o!r air7 ( ! common temp]ature1 ?r\gh ! calorimet] fill$ ) hot wat]1 9 ord] to f9d h[ mu* ?is process w\ld accel]ate ! cool+4 ,f sev]al exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! capacity ( common air = heat is v ne>ly su* z ! above +5i\s ,fr5* *emi/s h det]m9$4 ,t is1 x is ab\t _/ "p only ( :at ,dr4 ,craw=d d$uc$ f 8 exp]im5ts1 & ne>ly ! same "p ( :at ,i inf]r$ f my !oretic view ( ! specific heats ( ela/ic fluids4 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 pages #fb & #gd47 ,inde$ ,m4 ,m4 ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d appe> to h be5 puzzl$ ) ! admission ( _! own results4 ,! comb9$ heats ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases give only 4#fcce = ! specific heat ( wat]2 :]eas by exp]im5t ! heat ( wat] is f\nd to be #a1 not)/&+ an imm5sity ( heat is evolv$ dur+ ! comb9ation ( ^! gases4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,by rec5t exp]im5ts ,i f9d ! heat evolv$ 9 ! union ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( ! same weight ( wat] #fejj4 8,x is necess>y !re=e10 !y obs]ve1 8to ab&on ! hypo!sis :i* ascribes ! evolution ( heat 9 cases ( comb9ation to a dim9ution ( specific heat 9 ! bodies comb9$1 & admit ) ,black1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,laplace1 & _m o!r philosoph]s1 ! exi/5ce ( caloric 9 a /ate ( comb9ation 9 bodies40 ,i am n aw>e ( any writ] t d5ies ! exi/5ce ( caloric 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ( bodies4 ,dr4 ,craw=d1 :o w\ld be ?\ght ! mo/ likely to err 9 ?is respect1 ma9ta9s1 8t elem5t>y fire is reta9$ 9 bodies p>tly by its attraction to ^? bodies & p>tly by ! action ( ! surr\nd+ heat10 & t 8its union ) bodies w resemble t p>ticul> species ( *emical union :]e9 ! elem5ts are comb9$ by ! jo9t =ces ( pressure & ( attraction40 7,on animal heat1 #b;d edition1 page #dcf47 ,he is p]haps some:at un=tunate 9 8 in/ance 9 ! comb9ation ( c>bonic acid & wat]2 muriatic acid or ammonia & wat] w\ld h be5 m 9 po9t4 ,! tru? is1 ^! important exp]im5ts %ew t 9 ela/ic fluids ! increm5ts ( temp]ature are n proportional to ! :ole heat1 comp>$ ) ! l increm5ts ( temp]ature & :ole heat 9 ^? bodies :5 9 ! liquid & solid /ates4 ,! specific heats ( bodies1 x is well kn[n1 are det]m9$ by means ( ! relative quantities ( heat necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( ^? bodies a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees4 ,!y are express$ by ! ratios ( ^? quantities4 ,if ! capacities ( ! same bodies = heat 7 p]man5t at all temp]atures1 !n ^! ratios w\ld also express ^? ( ! :ole quantities ( heat 9 bodies4 ,9 fact1 mo/ au?ors repres5t ! specific heats z express+ bo? ! ratio ( ! total quantities ( heat 9 bodies1 & ( ! relative quantities to raise _! temp]ature a giv5 numb] ( degrees2 b x is ! latt] only :i* !y accurately repres5t1 & ! =m] only hypo!tically4 ,9 reg>d to bodies 9 ! solid & liquid =ms1 all exp]i5ce %ews t _! capacities = heat are ne>ly if n accurately con/ant )9 ! common range ( temp]ature2 x seems !re=e n unreasonable to inf] t ! :ole quantity ( heat 9 ea* is proportional to _! increm5ts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a solid body by an increase ( temp]ature assumes a fluid =m1 & absorbs heat )\t any increase ( its temp]ature1 its total quantity ( heat is ?us increas$2 & x is cont5d$ by ! writ]s on capacity1 t ! increm5ts ( heat aft]w>ds are increas$ 9 ! same proportion z ! total quantities4 ,?is is probable en\gh2 b x ought to be prov$ 9 sev]al in/ances by direct exp]im5t be=e x c safely be admitt$ z a g5]al pr9ciple2 m especially n[ s9ce ! analogy 9 ! case ( a liquid becom+ an ela/ic fluid is f\nd to fail 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,z an in/ance ( unc]ta9ty1 ! capacity ( ice to wat] has be5 f\nd z #i to #aj by "o p]son1 & z #g4b to #aj by o!rs2 su* wide diff]5ce 9 ! results %[s !re mu/ be a difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! specific heat ( ice1 & t x may ev5 be d\bt$ :e!r ! specific heat ( ice or wat] is greate/4 ,f ! =ego+ detail ( exp]im5ts on ela/ic fluids1 x appe>s evid5t t su* fluids exhibit matt] "u a =m 9 :i* x has ! greate/ possible capacity = heat1 :5 capacity is und]/ood to d5ote ! total quantity ( heat connect$ ) ! fluid2 b if ! capacity or specific heat is meant to d5ote ! quantity ( heat necess>y to raise ! body a giv5 numb] ( degrees ( temp]ature1 !n ! ela/ic fluid =m ( matt] is t :i* has ! lea/ capacity = heat ( any kn[n =m ( ! same matt]4 ,:5 !re=e we use ! t]ms specific heat z appli$ to ela/ic fluids we %\ld h5ce=w>d c>efully di/+ui% 9 :at s5se !y are us$2 b ! t]ms may /ill be indiff]5tly us$ 9 ! "o or ! o!r s5se z appli$ to liquids & solids1 till "s m decisive exp]im5ts %ew t a di/9ction is requir$4 ,probably ! anomalies t h occurr$ 9 inve/igations ( ! z]o ( cold1 or po9t ( total privation ( heat1 are 9 "p due to ! want ( accordance betwe5 ! ratio ( ! total quantities ( heat 9 bodies1 & ! ratio ( ! quantities produc+ equal increm5ts ( temp]ature4 ,! greate/ possible quantity ( heat :i* a giv5 weight ( ela/ic fluid c conta9 is :5 ! dilatation ( ! fluid is extreme4 ,=1 cond5sation1 :e!r aris+ f me*anical pressure or f increas$ attraction ( ! atoms ( matt] = ea* o!r1 t5ds to dissipate ! heat1 by increas+ its ela/icity4 ,h5ce increase ( temp]ature1 at ! same "t t on "o acc\nt x increases ! absolute quantity ( heat 9 an ela/ic fluid1 dim9i%es ! quantity on ano!r acc\nt by an increase ( pressure1 if ! fluid be n suff]$ to dilate4 ,?is is well kn[n f ! fact t cond5sation produces increase ( temp]ature 9 ela/ic fluids4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t all ela/ic fluids exp& ! same quantity by ! same increase ( temp]ature1 x might be imag9$ t all ( !m w\ld h ! same capacity1 or require ! same quantity ( heat to produce t expansion4 ,! results ( ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d d n seem to admit ( ?is supposition1 ?\gh ! diff]5ces ( ! capacities ( ela/ic fluids ( equal volumes are n v great4 ,!re is a rem>kable diff]5ce too betwe5 _! results & ^? ( ,clem5t & ,desormes1 9 reg>d to hydrog5 gas3 namely1 4#ijcc & 4#ffdj2 also 9 c>bonic acid gas1 #a4behc & #a4e4 ,! subject des]ves fur!r inve/igation4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! exp]im5ts ( ,dulong & ,petit1 on ! relative expansions ( air & m]cury by heat1 ,i h no d\bt _! results are good approximations to ! tru?4 ,my =m] exp]im5ts 7 *iefly made 9 temp]atures betwe5 #cb & #bab1 & ,i f\nd1 z ,g5]al ,roi _h done1 ! expansion ( air to be some:at great] 9 ! l[] half ?an 9 ! upp] half ( t int]val1 comp>$ ) m]cury4 ,on a repetition ( ! exp]im5ts1 ,i ?9k ! diff]5ce is less ?an ,i conclud$ x to be1 & ,i f9d t ! l co9cid5ce ( ! air scale & m]curial1 cont9ues d[n to ne> freez+ m]cury2 at lea/ ! diff]5ce w n be s great z my new table ( temp]ature makes x at page #ad4 ,i h made "s exp]im5ts on ! expansions ( air above #bab1 :i* lead me to adopt ! results ( ,dulong4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! air & m]curial !rmomet] ^u ! laws :i* ,i po9t$ out1 namely1 ! =m] exp&+ 9 geometrical progression to equal int]vals ( temp]ature1 & ! latt] exp&+ z ! squ>e ( ! temp]ature reckon$ f its freez+ po9t1 x appe>s t 9 ! long range ( #fjj f freez+ wat] to boil+ m]cury1 ! greate/ deviation ( ! two !rmomet]s does n exce$ #bb4 ,h[ev]1 ! great deviation ( ! scales betwe5 ! temp]atures ( freez+ wat] & freez+ m]cury1 is suffici5t to %ew1 z ,dulong & ,petit h obs]v$1 t _! co9cid5ce is only p>tial4 ,l ! scales ( air & m]cury1 :i* are s ne>ly co9cid5t f -#dj to #bab t sc>cely any diff]5ce is s5sible1 ?\gh no "o d\bts ( its exi/5ce2 yet aft]w>ds ! diff]5ces become obvi\s en\gh1 & ! great] ! f>!r we advance4 ,expansion ( ,m]cury4 ,see page #cd1 vol4 ,i4 ,i h ov]rat$ ! expansion ( glass bulbs 7z w be se5 pres5tly17 & h5ce t ( m]cury2 my expansion ( m]cury correct$ on acc\nt ( ! glass1 w be _/ ne>ly1 :i* leaves x /ill great] ?an ,dulong's4 ,! #bnd table ( ,dulong is valuable1 on acc\nt ( its af=d+ u in=mation ( ! rate ( expansion 9 ! high] degrees ( temp]ature1 f a giv5 or /&>d air !rmomet]4 ,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,plat9a4 ,expansion ( ,glass4--,by ! #crd ,table ( ,dulong & ,petit1 x appe>s ^! +5i\s *emi/s f\nd ! expansion ( glass = #ahj1 or f #cb to #bab1 v ne>ly ! same z _h be5 det]m9$ previ\sly by ,smeaton & o!rs4 ,x also exp&s increas+ly ) ! temp]ature1 :e!r x is e/imat$ by ! air or m]curial /&>d4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ by ,deluc1 b m ext5sively by ! pres5t au?ors4 ,! expansions ( iron1 copp]1 & plat9a1 f #cb to #bab z detail$ 9 ! #d? table1 agree ne>ly ) ! results ( o!rs2 b ! expansions 9 ! high] "p ( ! scale manife/ "s rem>kable facts n be=e kn[n4 ,plat9a n only exp&s ! lea/ ( ! above bodies1 b its expansion is almo/ equable2 iron exp&s m ?an glass & less ?an copp]1 b ! mo/ unequally ( any "o1 ! expansion increas+ rapidly z ! temp]ature advances4 ,^! facts expla9 "s o!rs :i* h fall5 "u my obs]vation4 ,i 0 =m]ly surpris$ to f9d glass & iron exp& s ne>ly alike 7see vol4 ,i4 page #ca72 b x n[ appe>s t iron increases m sl[ly 9 proportion ?an glass ab\t ! freez+ po9t4 ,m rec5tly ,i procur$ a small !rmometrical vessel ( plat9a to conta9 wat] l ^? describ$ at page #ca1 vol4 ,i1 & hav+ fill$ x & treat$ x z ! o!r metallic vessels1 ,i 0 aga9 surpris$ to f9d t ! app>5t greate/ d5sity ( wat] 9 ?is vessel 0 at #dc1 :]eas ,i expect$ to h f\nd x bel[ #db1 ! po9t = glass vessels4 ,?is obs]vation1 9 conjunction ) ,dulong's1 %ews1 t plat9a exp&s m ?an iron at l[ temp]atures1 ?\gh = a range ( #cjj ! :ole expansion ( ! plat9a is to t ( ! iron z #b to #c ne>ly4 ,h5ce ! error 7= ,i n[ consid] x z su*7 :i* ,i 0 l$ into ) respect to ! expansion ( glass bulbs1 7see vol4 ,i4 page #cb7 & subsequ5tly into t ( ! expansion ( m]cury abovem5tion$4 ,x is n ! expansion ( glass :i* approa*es t ( iron1 b x is ! rev]se1 :i* occasions ! two bodies to meet s ne>ly 9 ! table1 page #ca4 ,?is consid]ation w affect ! po9t ( greate/ d5sity ( wat] also2 =1 ! less ! expansion ( iron & glass1 ! ne>] w be ! po9ts ( real & app>5t greate/ d5sity ( wat]1 conta9$ 9 vessels ( ^? mat]ials4 ,my obs]vations on br[n e>!nw>e are sc>cely to be reli$ ^u f ! difficulty ( mak+ su* vessels wat] tight3 b ! common :ite w>e ,i h v]ifi$ repeat$ly s9ce ! publication ( t table1 & am satisfi$ ! po9t ( app>5t greate/ d5sity1 is at or ne> #dj 9 su* vessels2 h5ce ! real maximum d5sity ( wat] mu/ be bel[ #dj4 ,i am incl9$ to adopt #ch z ! mo/ proximate degree4 ,capacities ( bodies = heat4 ,9 ! #e? table ( ,dulong1 we h ! specific heats ( glass & ( six metals1 det]m9$ betwe5 freez+ & boil+ wat]3 t ( iron is giv5 be=e4 ,s f> ! "q does n involve t ( ! measure ( temp]ature4 ,_! results af=d no /rik+ diff]5ces f ^? previ\sly det]m9$2 h[ev]1 x is desirable to f9d a great] accordance among/ philosoph]s 9 ?is respect4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* give ! specific heats betwe5 #j & #cjj c5tigrade1 are orig9al & int]e/+4 ,! results g to %ew t ! capacities ( bodies increase 9 a small degree ) ! temp]ature4 ,b suppos+ t ^! results may be reli$ ^u z accurate 7:i* c sc>cely be affirm$ ( any =m] ones7 /ill ! "* ( !m may be *ang$ by adopt+ a diff]5t measure ( temp]ature4 ,! ,essay ( ,m4 ,m4 ,dulong & ,petit1 9 ! #aj? vol4 ( ! ,an4 de *imie 7see ,an4 ( ,philosophy1 vol4 #ad?1 #ahai7 manife/s great +5uity4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 s =tunate ei!r 9 !ory or exp]im5t z ! =m] "o4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conv9ce any "o1 ei!r by reason+ or by exp]i5ce t a numb] ( p>ticles ( m]cury at ! temp]ature ( -#dj1 :e!r 9 ! solid11 liquid1 or ela/ic /ate1 h all ! same capacity = heat4 ,inde$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,de la ,ro*e & ,b]>d1 if !y are to be cr$it$1 demon/rate ! inf]ior capacity ( cond5s$ air to r>efi$ air2 & if ! same body *anges its capacity 9 ! ela/ic =m1 x may well be conclud$ t all ! ?ree =ms h n ! same capacity4 ,m4 ,m4 ,dulong & ,petit h !mselves %ewn1 9 _! =m] essay1 7see page #bgf7 t solid bodies v>y 9 _! capacities = heat1 & t sc>cely any two bodies1 v>y alike2 h5ce x is impossible t ! product ( ! weight ( ! atom & specific heat ( ! body %\ld be a con/ant quantity4 ,_! specific heat ( c]ta9 metals diff] greatly f :at is f\nd by o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 !y make ! specific heat ( lead 4#jbic2 ! l[e/ au?ority ,i h se5 is ,craw=d1 4#jceb1 & ! highe/ ,kirwan 4#jej2 f repeat$ trials ,i h lately f\nd x1 ^u an av]age1 4#jcb4 ,! weights ( "s ( ! atoms 9 _! table1 diff] mat]ially f :at are commonly receiv$2 = in/ance1 bismu? is #ac4c in/ead ( #i2 also copp]1 silv]1 & cobalt1 are only half ! weights ( "s au?ors4 ,! gases too are un=tunate examples4 ,oxyg5 gas gives a product ( 4#bcf in/ead ( 4#cge2 azotic gas gives a product 4#aifg1 if oxyg5 be to azote z #g to #e1 b a product ( 4#cic if oxyg5 be to azote z #g to #aj3 by ,dr4 ,?omson's ratio ( oxyg5 to azote1 #d to #g1 ! product w be 4#dhb1 v diff]5t f 4#cge4 ,hydrog5 w give a product ( 4#dg or 4#da in/ead ( 4#cge4 ,all ^! diff]5ces1 x may be said1 are occasion$ by errors 9 ! specific heats ( ! gases2 b if errors ( ?is magnitude c /ill subsi/ aft] all ! c>e t has be5 tak51 we %all sc>cely "k :at to tru/ 9 exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,if ,m4 ,dulong w\ld assume all 8 simple elem5ts 9 an ela/ic /ate & "u "o uni=m pressure1 ! hypo!sis w\ld !n make a "p ( m9e 7vol4 #a4 page #gj71 & !re is great reason to believe x w\ld be ei!r accurately true or a good approximation2 b to suppose t "s ( ! bodies %\ld be 9 a solid /ate1 hav+ _! p>ticles unit$ by v>i\s degrees ( attraction1 o!rs fluid1 & o!rs 9 ! ela/ic /ate1 )\t any mat]ial modifications ( _! heat aris+ f ^! circum/ances1 appe>s to me to be 9 opposition to "s ( ! be/ e/abli%$ ph5om5a 9 ! me*anical philosophy4 ,_! obs]vations on ! specific heat ( comp\nd elem5ts1 on ! relation ( ! heat develop$ by comb9ation1 z comp>$ ) ! heat ( ! elem5ts be=e & aft] ! comb9ation1 c41 are n support$ by a detail ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,heat giv5 out by *emical *anges !y suppose n to h be5 previ\sly 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ) ! elem5ts4 ,z an argum5t1 ! heat giv5 out by *>coal kept 9 a /ate ( ignition1 by a curr5t ( galvanic fluid1 is adduc$4 ,x is true ?is case is mo/ easily expla9$1 by all[+ t ! galvanic fluid is 9 su* circum/ances conv]t$ into heat4 ,b ! *>coal does n und]go any *emical *ange1 & !re=e ?is is n a case 9 po9t4 ,all mod]n exp]i5ce concurs 9 %ew+ t ! heat ( combu/ion is prim>ily dep5d5t on ! quantity ( oxyg5 comb9+4 ,! heat evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( phosphorus & hydrog5 is v ne>ly1 if n accurately1 9 proportion to ! oxyg5 sp5t4 ,! heat by ! combu/ion ( *>coal is n 9 a mu* less ratio3 & ,i f9d ! heat 9 burn+ c>bonic oxide1 c>burett$ hydrog5 & olefiant gas is ! same z 9 burn+ hydrog5 gas1 provid$ ! comb9+ oxyg5 is ! same4 ,"o difficulty seems to h occurr$ to ,m4 ,m4 ,dulong & ,petit4 ,!y all along conceive t ! specific heats ( bodies1 t is1 ! heats produc+ equal increm5ts ( temp]ature1 mu/ necess>ily be proportionate to _! :ole heat4 ,?is is purely hypo!tical1 till e/abli%$ by exp]im5t4 ,! g5]ality ( writ]s on specific heat _h conceiv$ x almo/ confirm$ by exp]im5t4 ,! results ( ,del>o*e & ,b]>d h %ewn t 9 ela/ic fluids ! increm5ts ( heat are n proportional to ! :ole quantities1 b on ! contr>y are less :5 a body is ela/ic ?an :5 liquid4 ,inde$ "s writ]s h argu$ ?is %\ld be ! case2 because a body ne>ly saturat$ ) ano!r has less aff9ity = x left4#bg ,x is pla9 !n t oxyg5 gas or any o!r ela/ic fluid1 may h a small specific heat 9 ! s5se above def9$1 & yet h an almo/ unlimit$ quantity ( heat4 ,i am n aw>e ( any "o e/abli%$ fact t does n admit ( an explanation ^u ! hypo!sis t heat exi/s 9 def9ite quantities 9 all bodies1 & is incapable ( any *ange1 except p]haps into "o ( ! o!r equally impond]able bodies1 light or electricity4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,dr4 ,h5ry's note1 ,man*4 ,memoirs1 vol4 #e1 page #fgi4 ,,new ,,table ,,( ,,! ,=ces ( ,vap\rs 9 ,contact ) ! ,g5]at+ ,liquids at ,diff]5t ,temp]atures4 7,a7 ,temp]atures by ! common !rmomet]4 7,b7 ,e!r vap\r1 ratio #b ,spec4 ,gravity 4#gb 7,c7 ,sulphuret ( c>bon vap\r1 ratio #a4igh 7,d7 ,alcohol vap\r1 ratio #b4g ,spec4 ,gravity 4#hb 7,e7 ,acetic acid vap\r1 ratio #b4eg 7,f7 ,wat]1 ratio #b4fjb77 ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 7,f7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ( ,m4 ( ,m4 ( ,m4 ( ,m4 ( ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #g #c4ge #c4acd 4#aic 4#aa #ce #g4e #f4bj 4#efj 4#bg 4#bi #fe #ae4 #ab4bf #a4ea 4#fi 4#ge #ig #cj #bd4bf #d4jg #a4gg #a4ie #acc #fj #dh4 #aa4jj #d4ed #e4jg #agc #abj #bi4gj #aa4g #ac4ah #bbj #bdj #hj4b #cj4 #cd4b #bgb #hh4i #cdj #bca ---------------------------------------- ---- ,?is is an improv$ & ext5d$ table ( ! =ce ( vap\r1 simil> to t at page #ad1 vol4 ,i4 ,x %ews t ! diff]5t vap\rs increase in=ce 9 geometrical progression1 to c]ta9 int]vals ( temp]ature1 ! same to mo/ or all liquids4 ,^! int]vals ( temp]ature 7 presum$ 9 ! =m] table1 to be 9 reality equal to "o ano!r2 b ! accuracy ( ?is la/ notion has be5 que/ion$4 ,,table1 ,%ew+ ! expansion ( air1 & ! ela/ic =ce ( aque\s & e!real vap\r1 at diff]5t temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,utmo/ =ce ( ,temp]at4 ,vol4 -------------------------------,weight ( #ajj ( air4 ,aque\s vap\r4,e!real vap\r4 cubic in*es ---------------------------------------- ---------- ( aque\s -#bh #dbj vap\r4 -#bj #dbh ,in*es ( ,m]c4,in*es ( ,m]c4 -#aj #dch ---------------------------------------- ---- #j #ddh 4#jh ,gra9s4 #aj #deh 4#ab #bj #dfh 4#ag #cj #dgh 4#bd ---------------------------------- #cb #dhj 4#bf #g4jj 4#agh #cc #dha 4#bg #g4ah 4#ahd #cd #dhb 4#bh #g4cf 4#aia #ce #dhc 4#bi #g4ed 4#aig #cf #dhd 4#cj #g4gc 4#bjc #cg #dhe 4#ca #g4ib 4#bji #ch #dhf 4#cb #h4aa 4#baf #ci #dhg 4#cc #h4cj 4#bbb #dj #dhh 4#cd #h4ej 4#bbi #da #dhi 4#ce #h4gj 4#bce #db #dij 4#cg #h4ij 4#bde #dc #dia 4#ch #i4aj 4#bee #dd #dib 4#dj #i4ca 4#bfg #de #dic 4#da #i4eb 4#bge #df #did 4#dc #i4gd 4#bhd #dg #die 4#dd #i4if 4#bic #dh #dif 4#df #aj4ah 4#cjc #di #dig 4#dg #aj4da 4#cac #ej #dih 4#di #aj4fd 4#cbc #ea #dii 4#ej #aj4hg 4#cbi #eb #ejj 4#eb #aa4aj 4#cda #ec #eja 4#ed #aa4cd 4#ced #ed #ejb 4#ef #aa4ei 4#cff #ee #ejc 4#eh #aa4he 4#cgh #ef #ejd 4#ei #ab4ab 4#chd #eg #eje 4#fa #ab4ci 4#cif #eh #ejf 4#fb #ab4ff 4#djb #ei #ejg 4#fd #ab4id 4#dad #fj #ejh 4#fe #ac4bb 4#dbj #fa #eji 4#fg #ac4ea 4#dcb #fb #eaj 4#fi #ac4hj 4#ddd #fc #eaa 4#ga #ad4aj 4#def #fd #eab 4#gc #ad4da 4#dfh #fe #eac 4#ge #ad4gb 4#dhj #ff #ead 4#gg #ae4jd 4#dib #fg #eae 4#hj #ae4cf 4#eji #fh #eaf 4#hb #ae4fh 4#eba #fi #eag 4#he #ae4ij 4#eci #gj #eah 4#hg #af4bc 4#eea #ga #eai 4#ij #af4ef 4#efi #gb #ebj 4#ib #ag4jj 4#ehj #gc #eba 4#ie #ag4ce 4#eih #gd #ebb 4#ig #ag4ga 4#faj #ge #ebc #a4jj #ah4jh 4#fbg #gf #ebd #a4jc #ah4de 4#fde #gg #ebe #a4jf #ah4hc 4#ffb #gh #ebf #a4ji #ai4ba 4#fhj #gi #ebg #a4ab #ai4fj 4#gjj #hj #ebh #a4af #bj4jj 4#gba ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,applications ( ! above ,table4 ,^! tables w be f\nd ( great use 9 r$uc+ volumes ( air f "o temp]ature or pressure to any o!r giv5 "o3 also 9 det]m9+ ! specific gravities ( dry gases f exp]im5ts on ^? saturat$ ) or conta9+ giv5 quantities ( aque\s or o!r vap\rs4 ,z sev]al writ]s1 & "s ( consid]able em95ce1 h giv5 errone\s or imp]fect =mul on ^! subjects1 m p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! effect ( aque\s vap\r 9 modify+ ! weights & volumes ( gases1 x has be5 ?\ght prop] to subjo9 ! foll[+ precepts & examples = ! use ( ^? :o are n suffici5tly conv]sant 9 su* calculations4 ,! #e? column ( ! above table1 or weight ( aque\s vap\r1 is new1 & may !re=e require explanation4 ,gay ,lussac is consid]$ ! be/ au?ority 9 reg>d to ! specific gravity ( /eam2 b x w\ld be well if 8 results 7 confirm$ or correct$1 z !y are ( importance4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce1 ! specific gravities ( common air & ( pure aque\s vap\r1 ( ! same temp]ature & pressure1 are z #h to #e1 or z #a to 4#fbe4 ,n[ ,i assume t #ajj cubic in*es ( common air1 free f moi/ure1 ( ! temp]ature #fj & ! pressure ( #cj in*es ( m]cury1 weigh #ca gra9s ne>ly4 ,x is an extraord9>y fact t philosoph]s are n agre$ ^u ! absolute weight ( a giv5 volume ( common air4 ,mo/ au?ors n[ assume ! weight ( #ajj in*es #cj4e gra9s1 :il/ accord+ to my exp]i5ce x is m ?an #ca gra9s4 ,if common air be assum$ #ca gra9s1 /eam w\ld be #ai gra9s = #ajj cubic in*es1 at ! same temp]ature & pressure1 c\ld x subsi/2 b z x _c su/a9 t pressure at ! temp]ature ( #fj we mu/ d$uct accord+ to ! dim9i%$ pressure1 ! utmo/ =ce ( /eam at #fj be+ 4#fe p>ts ( an in* ( m]cury1 we h #cj in*es #ai gra9s 4#fe 4#dbj gra9s ! weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( aque\s vap\r at #fj & pressure 4#fe p>ts ( an in*2 :i* is ! numb] giv5 above 9 ! table4 ,! l calculation is requir$ = any o!r pressure3 b 9 addition to ?is1 !re is to be an all[ance = ! temp]ature f ! #b;d column3 ,?us1 let ! weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( /eam at #cb be requir$4 ,we h #cj in*4 #ai grs4 4#bf in*4 4#afgi grs42 ! weight ( #ajj in*es ( /eam at #fj2 !n if #dhj #ejh 4#afgi 4#agh grs4 weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( /eam at #cb & pressure 4#bf p>ts ( an in*1 ! tabul> numb] requir$4 ,examples4 #a4 ,h[ _m cubic in*es ( air at #fj are equival5t 9 weight to #ajj cubic in*es at #de8 ,by ! column head$ volume ( air we h ?is proportion1 if #dic #ejh #ajj in*4 #ajc4jd in*es1 ! volume requir$4 #b4 ,h[ _m cubic in*es ( air ) ! b>omet] at #cj in*es height1 are equal 9 weight to #ajj cubic in*es :5 ! b>omet] /&s at #bh4i in*es8 ,rule4 ,! volume ( air be+ inv]sely z ! pressure1 we h1 #cj #bh4i #ajj in*es #if in*es ! answ]4 #c4 ,h[ _m cubic in*es ( dry air are !re 9 #ajj in*es saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r1 at ! temp]ature ( #ej1 & pressure #cj in*es ( m]cury8 ,"h ! =mula 7p - f7 ----------- p applies1 :]e p d5otes ! atmosph]ic pressure at ! "t1 & f d5otes ! utmo/ =ce ( vap\r 9 contact ) wat] at ! temp]ature4 ,h5ce p #cj1 f 4#di p] table1 & we h 7p - f7 7#cj - 4#di7 #bi4ea ----------- ----------- ----- #ih_/1 or p #cj #cj #ih_/ p]c5t dry air4 #a_/ vap\r4 --------- #ajj4 ,if ! vap\r ( e!r is assum$1 !n f #aj4fd1 & we h 7p - f7 7#cj - #aj4fd7 #ai4cf ----------- ----------- ----- p #cj #cj 4#fde1 444 or #fd p] c5t dry air4#bh #ce p] c5t e!real vap\r4 ----- #ajj ,footnote #bh3 ,! aque\s vap\r 9 ?is case maybe consid]$ z insignificant4 #d4 ,suppose we f9d by trial ! weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( common air saturat$ ) vap\r at #fj1 ! b>omet] /&+ at #cj in*es to be #cj4e gra9s1 & ! weight ( hydrog5 gas 9 l circum/ances to be #b4aah gra9s2 qu]y ! weights ( #ajj cubic in*es ( ea* gas free f vap\r1 & _! specific gravities1 ! temp]ature & pressure be+ z above8 ,if #cj4e #b4aah #a 4#jfid sp4 gr4 ( vap\riz$ hydrog51 t ( vap\riz$ air be+ #a4 ,subtract+ 4#db grs4 7weight ( vap\r p] table7 f #cj4e grs41 leaves #cj4jh gra9s2 & subtract+ 4#fe p>ts ( an in* f #cj in*es1 leaves #bi4ce in*es4 ,h5ce #ajj cubic in*es ( dry air at ! pressure ( #bi4ce in*es1 weigh #cj4jh gra9s2 & we h #bi4ce #cj #cj4jh #cj4gdf gra9s1 ! weight ( #ajj in*es ( dry air4 ,aga91 subtract+ 4#db grs4 f #b4aah1 leaves #a4fih gra9s weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( hydrog5 ( #fj & su/a9+ ! pressure ( #bi4ce in*es2 :5ce if #bi4ce #cj #a4fih #a4gcf gra9s1 weight ( #ajj in*es ( dry hydrog52 & #cj4gdf #a4gcf #a 4#jefde sp4 gr4 ( dry hydrog51 t ( dry air be+ unity4 ,or ! results may be exhibit$ z "u3 ,weight ( #ajj cubic in*es4 ,sp4 ,gravities4 ,vap4 air #cj4e gra9s #a #ad4d ,vap4 hydrog5 #b4aah ---- 4#jfid #a ,dry air #cj4gdf gra9s #a #ag4g ,dry hydrog5 #a4gcf ---- 4#jefde #a ,,=mul ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,combu/ible ,,gases ,,9 ,,mixtures4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 especially 9 ! decomposition ( vegetable sub/ances by heat1 t ! product consi/s ( sev]al combu/ible gases 9 mixture1 & x is desirable to det]m9e ! proportions ( ea* ( ^? :i* collectively con/itute ! mixture4 ,! foll[+ =ms w be f\nd useful = ?is purpose4 #a4 ,c>bonic oxide & hydrog54 ,let x ! volume ( c>bonic oxide1 y t ( hydrog51 w t ( mixture1 & a t ( c>bonic acid1 produc$ by explod+ ! mix$ gases ) oxyg5 ov] m]cury4 ,!n ! c>bonic oxide1 or x a1 & ! hydrog51 or y w - a4 #b4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & hydrog54 ,let x ! volume ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 y t ( hydrog51 w t ( ! mixture1 & g ! oxyg5 sp5t 9 ! combu/ion ( w4 ,!n because x y w1 & #ax y g2 we h x g - w1 & y #aw - g4 #c4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 & hydrog52 also c>burett$ hydrog5 & hydrog51 & c>burett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide4 ,! notation be+ z above1 we h x y w1 & #bx y g 7see page #aga73 &1 #b;g - w #dw - #b;g x -----------1 & y -----------4 #c #c #d4 ,olefiant gas & c>burett$ hydrog54 ,! notation be+ z above1 we h x y w1 & #cx #by g2 :5ce x g - #bw & y #cw - g4 #e4 ,c>burett$ hydrog51 c>bonic oxide & hydrog54 ,let x c>burett$ hydrog51 y c>bonic oxide1 z ! hydrog51 g ! oxyg5 sp5t 9 ! combu/ion ( w volumes ( mix$ gas1 & a ! c>bonic acid produc$4 ,!n x y z w1 x y z g1 & #bx y a4 :5ce we h #b;g - w #c;a - #b;g w x -----------1 y ----------------- #c #c & z w - a4 #f4 ,olefiant gas1 c>burett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide4 ,let a ! olefiant gas1 y ! c>burett$ hydrog51 & z equal ! c>bonic oxide1 g ! oxyg5 ent]+ into comb9ation1 & a ! c>bonic acid produc$2 also w ! :ole volume z be=e4 ,!n we h x y z w1 #cx #by z g1 & #bx y z a4 ,:5ce x a - w1 y #dw - #e;a #b;g -------------------1 #c & z 7w a - g74 #g4 ,sup]olefiant gas1#bi c>burett$ hydrog51 & c>bonic oxide4 ,footnote #bi3 ,a gas f\nd 9 oil & coal gas4 ,see ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 vol4 #d 7new s]ies71 page #gc4 ,let x volume ( sup]olefiant1 y volume ( c>burett$ hydrog51 z volume ( c>bonic oxide1 g ! oxyg5 comb9+1 a c>bonic acid produc$1 & w volume ( mix$ gas4 ,!n x y z w1 #dx #by z g1 & #cx y z a4 ,:5ce x a - w ----------1 #b y #cw - #d;a #b;g ------------------1 #c & z #cw - #d;g #e;a -------------------4 #f #h4 ,sup]olefiant gas1 c>burett$ hydrog51 c>bonic oxide1 & hydrog54 ,?is is ! mixture ( gases obta9$ by a r$ heat f coal & oil1 aft] be+ fre$ f c>bonic acid1 c41 by ! usual means4 ,?is mixture requires a v complicat$ =mula1 9 consequ5ce ( ! specific gravities ( ! gases ent]+ into ! calculus4 ,! importance ( ! subject h[ev] may be an apology = ! lab\r4 ,let x vol4 ( sup]olefiant1 ,s its sp4 gr4 y vol4 ( c>b4 hydrog51 its sp4 gr4 z vol4 ( c>bonic oxide1 c its sp4 gr4 u vol4 ( hydrog51 s its sp4 gr4 ,c specific gravity ( ! mixture1 g oxyg51 a c>bonic acid1 & w :ole volume ( mixture z be=e4 ,!n we h x y z u w #dx #by z u g #cx y z a & ,sx y cz su ,cw4 ,:5ce u 7#c,s #e;c - #h7;a - 7#d;c - #d7;g - 7#c,s #f;,c - #f - #c;c7w ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h c - #c,s - #fs4 ,! value ( ! hydrog5 be+ obta9$1 x may be subtract$ f w1 & ! rema9d] w be be/ divid$ into ?ree portions1 by ! prec$+ =mula4 ,,heat ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,combu/ion ,,( ,,gases4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce to t detail$ at page #gg1 ,vol4 #a4 has furni%$ ! foll[+ m correct results ( ! heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( pure gases4 ,hydrog51 combu/ion ( x raises an equal volume ( wat] #e ,c>bonic ,oxide #d ,c>burett$ ,hydrog51 or ,pond ,gas #ah ,olefiant ,gas #bg ,coal ,gas 7v>ies ) ! gas f #aj to7 #af ,oil ,gas 7v>ies also ) ! gas f #ab to7 #bj ,g5]ally ! combu/ible gases give out heat ne>ly 9 proportion to ! oxyg5 !y consume4 ,see note at ! end ( ,vol4 #d1 new s]ies ( ! ,man*e/] memoirs4 ,,absorption ,,( ,,gases ,,by ,,wat]1 c4 ,?is curi\s subject has attract$ mu* less att5tion ?an x des]ves4 ,v little has be5 publi%$ relat+ to x s9ce ! "t ( ,dr4 ,h5ry's essays & my own1 n[ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! only au?or ,i rememb] is ,m4 ,saussure ( ,g5eva1 :o publi%$ a simil> essay ab\t twelve ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,see ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #f4 ,he inve/igates ! quantities ( gases absorb$ by v>i\s solid bodies1 9 a mann] :i* ,i d n fully compreh5d2 he !n treats ( ! absorption ( gases by liquids1 adv]t+ at ! same "t to ,dr4 ,h5ry's exp]im5ts & m9e4 ,my enquiries 7 pr9cipally conf9$ to "o liquid1 wat]2 b ,i made a few trials ) o!rs1 su* z weak aque\s solutions ( salts1 alcohol1 c41 & obs]v+ no rem>kable diff]5ces1 ,i conclud$ some:at too ha/ily t 8mo/ liquids free f viscidity1 su* z acids1 alcohol1 c41 absorb ! same quantity ( gases z pure wat]40 ,man*e/] memoirs1 new s]ies1 ,vol4 #a4 ,m4 ,saussure h[ev] ass]ts t !re are consid]able diff]5ces 9 liquids 9 ?is respect4 ,he f9ds sulphurett$ hydrog5 to be m absorbable by wat] ?an ,dr4 ,h5ry & ,i did2 9 ?is ,i f9d he is "r4 ,wat] takes ab\t #b its bulk ( ?is gas :5 pure2 & x seldom _h be5 obta9$ unmix$ ) hydrog5 :5 ,dr4 ,h5ry & ,i made our exp]im5ts ^u its absorption4 ,9 reg>d to c>bonic acid1 nitr\s oxide1 & olefiant gas1 ,m4 ,saussure ne>ly agrees ) u2 b 8 results ) oxyg5 gas1 c>bonic oxide1 c>burett$ hydrog51 hydrog5 & azote1 w\ld prove t wat] absorbs twice ! quantities ( ea* t we h assign$4 ,i h no d\bt he is wrong 9 ! less absorbable gases4 ,9 ! case ( absorption ( mix$ gases1 ,saussure has giv5 f\r examples1 9 :i* he f9ds ! results to militate aga9/ my !oretic view1 z /at$ at page #bja1 ,vol4 #a42 namely1 t wat] takes ! same quantity ( ea* 9 a mix$ /ate z x w\ld d if !y 7 sep>ate1 & 9 o!r respects 9 l circum/ances4 ,b ,i h %ewn 9 ! ,annals ( ,philos4 ,vol4 #g1 #ahaf1 t 8 results co9cide z ne> z any "o c expect ) ! views :i* ,i h all along tak5 ( ?is subject4 ,x w be se51 page #agc1 t ano!r gas has be5 f\nd to co9cide ) olefiant gas 9 absorbability2 namely1 phosphurett$ hydrog54 ,,fluoric ,,acid4--,,deutoxide ,,( ,,hydrog54 ,9 treat+ ( ,fluoric acid1 7,vol4 #a1 page #bgg7 we came to ! conclusion t ?is acid 0 probably con/itut$ ( two atoms ( oxyg51 & "o ( hydrog51 & h figur$ x accord+ly 7,plate #e1 fig4 #ch74 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce h[ev] has %ewn t deutoxide ( hydrog51 ?\gh x c be =m$ syn!tically1 is n ! same ?+ z fluoric acid4 ,we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,!n>d = ! discov]y ( ?is curi\s comp\nd1 ! deutoxide ( hydrog5 or oxyg5at$ wat]4 ,an +5i\s memoir on ! subject 0 publi%$ by him 9 #ahah1 9 :i* ! =mation & ! prop]ties ( ?is comp\nd are fully detail$4 ,i _h no small satisfaction 9 #ahbb1 :5 at ,p>is1 9 be+ oblig+ly fav\r$ by ,m4 ,!n>d ) a view ( ! process ( ! =mation1 & ( ! m di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( ?is s+ul> liquid4 ,! nature ( fluoric acid is /ill envelop$ 9 obscurity4 ,my exp]i5ce l$ me to adopt ! composition ( fluate ( lime to be #dj acid & #fj lime p] c5t4 ,i _h n !n se5 ,s*eele's admirable essay on ! subject4 ,f ! #e? section ( 8 #b;d4 essay on fluor m9]al1 #agga1 x may be d$uc$ t fluate ( lime is compos$ ( #gb4e lime & #bg4e acid p] c5t4 ,9 #ahji ,klapro?1 & ne> ! same "t1 ,dr4 ,?omson f\nd ab\t #fg lime & #cb acid p] c5t4 9 fluor sp>4 ,!y bo? err$1 no d\bt1 z ,i did1 by n repeat+ ! treatm5t ( ! m9]al ) sulphuric acid (t5 en\gh4 ,s9ce !n mo/ au?ors1 z ,davy1 ,b]zelius1 ,?omson1 c41 agree ) ,s*eele ne>ly1 9 assign+ #bg4e acid1 & #gb4e lime1 9 #ajj p>ts ( fluate ( lime4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 #ahbj gave me #a p] c5t4 less ( lime2 & ,dr4 ,?omson n[ f9ds ab\t #a p] c5t4 m ( lime ?an ,s*eele's analysis gives4 ,if we e/imate ! atom ( lime at #bd1 t ( fluoric acid mu/ be ab\t #i1 accord+ ) ! above proportion2 ?is is mu* bel[ #ae1 ! weight ( an atom ( deutoxide ( hydrog54 ,%\ld ,sir ,h4 ,davy's view ( fluate ( lime be f\nd correct1 its atomic con/itution w\ld be "o atom ( calcium1 ! metallic sub/ance ( :i* lime is ! protoxide1 & "o atom ( fluor9e1 ! "n he has assign$ to ! o!r elem5t1 :i* ) hydrog5 is suppos$ to con/itute ! fluoric acid4 ,! atom ( fluor sp> w\ld !n be #a atom ( calcium1 #ag1 unit$ to "o atom ( fluor9e #af4 ,,muriatic ,,acid4--,,oxymuriatic ,,acid1 c4 ,f ! articles muriatic acid & oxymuriatic acid 9 ! =m] volume1 publi%$ n[ #af ye>s ago1 z well z f ! app5dix to said volume1 9 :i* sundry animadv]sions are f\nd on ! fluctuat+ op9ions ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ^! acids1 ! read] w n be surpris$ to f9d "s fur!r addition4 ,?ree notions h be5 submitt$ to ! public 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 9 reg>d to ! nature ( muriatic acid4 ,fir/1 ! gas deta*$ f common salt by sulphuric acid has be5 ?\ght to be ! acid 9 a /ate ( purity1 & con/itut$ ( a c]ta9 base or radical unit$ to oxyg52 ?is 0 ! notion inculcat$ 9 ! articles allud$ to above4 ,second1--x is /at$ z a fact t :5 oxymuriatic acid & hydrog5 9 equal volumes are unit$ by ! electric sp>k1 a volume ( muriatic acid gas is ! result equal to ! sum ( bo? ! o!r volumes1 & t ?is gas p]fectly agrees ) ! gas obta9$ f common salt by sulphuric acid2 ?is sugge/$ ! idea t muriatic acid gas is a comp\nd ( :at has be5 call$ real or dry muriatic acid "o atom1 & wat] "o atom4 ,&1 ?ird1 x is argu$1 t ! elem5t we h call$ oxymuriatic acid gas1 is1 = aught t appe>s1 a simple body1 & consequ5tly1 t muriatic acid gas is ! real acid1 & is con/itut$ z above1 ( "o atom ( hydrog51 & "o atom ( oxymuriatic acid 7n[ call$ *lor9e47 ,x is n int5d$ "h to ent] into a discussion ( ! argum5ts & facts adduc$ 9 support ( ! diff]5t conclusions4 ,m exp]i5ce mu/ be _h be=e all ! d\bts & difficulties are remov$ f ! subject4 ,b x w be prop] to illu/rate ^! diff]5t positions by an example4 ,= in/ance1 common salt1 muriate ( soda or *loride ( sodium4 ,by ! fir/ notion #ej p>ts ( dry common salt w consi/ ( "o atom ( muriatic acid gas1 #bb1 & "o atom ( cau/ic soda1 #bh4 ,by ! second notion ! same salt w be =m$ ( #cj p>ts ( muriatic acid gas1 & #bh ( cau/ic soda2 b #h p>ts ( wat] evaporate :5 ! salt is dri$4 ,by ! ?ird view common salt consi/s ( oxymuriatic acid1 or *lor9e & sodium1 or ! metal ( :i* cau/ic soda is ! protoxide2 & #ej p>ts ( salt w consi/ ( #bi *lor9e & #ba sodium1 or "o atom ( ea*4 ,,nitric ,,acid--,,comp\nds ,,( ,,azote ,,& ,,oxyg54 ,s9ce ! acc\nt ( nitric acid 7,vol4 #a1 page #cdc7 0 pr9t$1 a *ange has univ]sally tak5 place 9 e/imat+ ! weight ( ! nitric acid atom1 & ( ! proportion ( azote & oxyg5 9 ! same4 ,?is has be5 effect$ *iefly by a m correct analysis ( nitre ?an exi/$ at t "t4 ,nitre is n[ f\nd to consi/ ne>ly ( #eb p>ts acid & #dh p>ts pota% p] c5t4 ,h5ce if ! atom ( pota% be #db1 t ( nitric acid mu/ be #de2 =1 #dh #eb #db #de1 ne>ly4 ,t is1 ! nitric acid atom consi/s ( #aj azote #ce oxyg5 by weight2 or ( #b atoms ( azote 7accord+ to my e/imate7 & #e ( oxyg54 ,!re appe> to be two nitr\s acids2 namely1 ! "o :i* ,i h designat$ by t "n1 :i* may n[ be call$ subnitr\s1 or z ,gay ,lussac t]ms x p]nitr\s2 & ! o!r :at ,i consid]$ z nitric acid 9 ! =m] volume1 compos$ ( #a atom azote1 & #b ( oxyg54 ,real nitric acid !n is t comb9ation :i* is effect$ by unit+ oxyg5 ) a m9imum ( nitr\s gas2 or #a measure ( oxyg5 ) #a4c nitr\s gas1 7,see ,vol4 #a1 page #cbh74 ,! oxynitric acid1 :i* ,i 0 l$ to inf] f ! la/ m5tion$ comb9ation1 7#a azote ) #c oxyg57 does n appe> to exi/4 ,! ,table ( nitric acid 7,vol4 #a1 page #cee7 w require "s correction4 ,an increase ( ab\t #d p] c5t4 %\ld be made1 ,i appreh5d1 on ! quantities ( acid correspond+ to ! sev]al specific gravities4 ,s9ce my =m] volume ( ,*emi/ry 0 pr9t$1 sev]al essays on ! comp\nds ( azote & oxyg5 h be5 publi%$1 ) "s new & "s additional exp]im5ts1 ! *ief ( :i* may be se5 9 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 ! ,annales de *imie et de physique1 ,vol4 #a2 ,annals ( philosophy1 ,vol4 #i & #aj2 & ! ,man*e/] ,society's ,memoirs1 ,vol4 #d1 second s]ies2 also ,dr4 ,?omson's fir/ pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 writt5 on ! subject1 !re /ill appe>s unc]ta9ty z to ! numb] ( comb9ations =m$ by ^! two elem5ts1 _! relative weights1 & ! numb] ( atoms 9 ! sev]al comp\nds4 ,! results ( an exp]im5t ,i lately made on ! decomposition ( nitrate ( pota% by heat seem to be wor?y ( record1 z ,i am n acqua9t$ ) ^? ( any o!r p]son :o has pursu$ ! exp]im5t to ! same ext5t4--,i took an iron retort ( #f cubic in*es capacity1 & clean$ x z well z ,i c\ld f c>bonace\s matt] :i* x _h previ\sly conta9$1 fir/ by heat+ nitre to r$ness = an h\r or m 9 x1 & !n wa%+ x repeat$ly ) wat] till ! liquid came out ta/eless1 & only mix$ ) a little r$ ru/2 ,i !n put 9 #dhj gra9s ( purifi$ nitre1 & hav+ secur$ a copp] tube to ! retort s z to be air tight1 ! retort 0 put into a fire & gradually rais$ to a r$ heat1 & ! fire 0 occasionally urg$ ) a pair ( bell[s1 9 ord] to keep up a gl[+ r$ on ! retort = ne>ly two h\rs2 ! air 0 receiv$ ov] wat] 9 j>s2 ! fir/ #d or #e in*es 7 ?r[n away1 & ! re/ 0 pres]v$ & transf]r$ to a graduat$ j>2 ! products 7 exam9$ 9 successive portions z "u1 namely1 ,in*es4 #a produce1 #he cubic in*es1 #hc p] c5t4 pure #gj4e #b #e #gg #c4he #c #be #ej #ab4e #d #f #cj #a4h ----- ------- ,total #aba ,oxyg5 #hh4fe ,oxyg5 #hh4fe #cj gra9s4 ------ ,residue #cb4ce #aj gra9s4 ,ab\t #a p] c5t4 on ! :ole gas 0 c>bonic acid1 ! re/ oxyg5 & azote1 ! weights ( :i* w\ld be ne>ly z above4 ,t[>ds ! la/ ! gas came v sl[ly1 & be+ ( inf]ior quality1 ! op]ation 0 discont9u$4 ,! rema9+ cont5ts ( ! retort 7 dilut$ ) wat]1 & well wa%$ till ! wat] ceas$ to %ew alkali2 ! liquid 0 !n conc5trat$ & gave #afjj wat] gra9 measures ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4aec4 ,!re 7 obta9$ also #fd gra9s ( r$ oxide ( iron f ! wa%+ ( ! retort1 conta9+ #ai gra9s ( oxyg54 ,! liquid 0 divid$ into portions & exam9$2 ! orig9al nitre consi/$ ( #bej gra9s ( nitric acid unit$ to #bcj ( pota% #dhj gra9s4 ,aft] ! process !re appe>$ to be1 #aj gra9s ( c>bonic acid unit$ to #ba gra9s pota%4 #fb gra9s ( subnitr\s acid to #hd 0 0 #acd gra9s nitric acid to #abe 0 0 --- #bcj ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid 0 det]m9$ by lime wat]3 ! quantity ( pota% uncomb9$ ) nitric acid 0 f\nd by precipitat+ x by t>t>ic acid1 & manife/$ #aje gra9s ( pota% 9 ! bit>trate t comb9$ ) ! c>bonic & subnitr\s acids2 f :i* subtract+ #ba1 x 0 inf]r$ ! rema9d] #hd mu/ h be5 9 union ) subnitr\s acid1 or else ) nitr\s acid2 ! re/ ( ! pota%1 n be+ act$ ^u by t>t>ic acid1 0 und]/ood to be comb9$ ) nitric acid4 ,! quantity ( subnitr\s acid giv5 above1 appe>$ some:at hypo!tical1 till x 0 confirm$ by treat+ a portion ( ! liquid ) oxymuriate ( lime solution ( kn[n /r5g?2 x 0 f\nd t #cb gra9s ( oxyg5 7 requir$ to be comb9$ ) ! subnitr\s acid1 9 ord] to re/ore x to ! /ate ( nitric acid2 t is1 :5 oxymuriate ( lime1 conta9+ t quantity ( oxyg51 0 add$ to ! liquid1 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds r5d]$ acidul\s by ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 nei!r nitr\s vap\r nor oxymuriatic gas 0 p]ceptible2 b a great] or less quantity ( ! oxymuriate be+ appli$1 & ! liquid made acidul\s1 ! fumes ( ! "o or ! o!r 7 abundantly manife/4 ,x rema9s to acc\nt = ! oxyg54 ,!re 7 #bej gra9s ( nitric acid at fir/ 9 ! nitre2 ( :i* #bjj gra9s 7 oxyg5 & #ej azote1 ne>ly4 ,"o-fif? "p ( ! oxyg5 #dj gra9s1 corresponds to #a atom ( oxyg54 ,n[ ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 d]iv$ f ! nitre 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t1 seems to be #cj gra9s 9 gas1 #g gra9s 9 ! c>bonic acid1 & #ai gra9s 9 ! iron oxide1 toge!r equal to #ef gra9s4 ,n[ ! azote & oxyg5 9 ! gas collect$1 7 v ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ^? elem5ts 9 nitric acid2 s t a portion ( ! acid 7ab\t 7 might be consid]$ z completely decompos$1 :il/ ! re/ 0 only los+ a small "p ( its oxyg53 ?is is rem>kable1 & ,i ?9k indicates t ! c>bonic acid 7=m$ f ! c>bon ( ! retort1 or f ! adh]+ c>bon7 unites to ! pota%1 expell+ ! nitr\s acid1 :i* is imm$iately decompos$ into its elem5ts azote & oxyg54 ,?is w\ld n h[ev] acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! azote3 =1 #dj gra9s ( nitric acid w\ld be unit$ to #cg pota%2 :]eas we f9d only #ba pota% ) c>bonic acid2 & ,i _c believe t an error 9 ! e/imate ( c>bonate ( pota% c\ld exi/ to t am\nt4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 01 t ! elem5ts ( #dj gra9s ( nitric acid 7 f\nd 9 ! evolv$ gas1 & h5ce we h to acc\nt = ! rema9d] #baj gra9s4 ,f ?is !re appe>s to h be5 expell$ #bf gra9s ( oxyg51 ne>ly #ai & #g z relat$ above2 ( :i* ! #ai gra9s _c be correctly e/imat$ by reason ( ! unc]ta9ty z to ! real quantity ( oxide =m$ dur+ ! op]ation3 !re might be "s left adh]+ to ! retort1 or on ! o!r h& !re might be m ?an ! due %>e1 d]iv$ f =m] exp]im5ts4 ,suppos+ !n1 t #bf gra9s ( oxyg5 7 extract$ f ! nitric acid1 ! rema9+ acid w\ld require ! same to be add$ to re-=m ! nitric2 b by ! exp]im5ts ) oxymuriate ( lime x seem$ to require #cb gra9s ( oxyg54 ,?is diff]5ce wants an explanation2 ,i believe ! great] error mu/ belong to ! #bf gra9s2 p]haps ! tru? might be approximat$ be/ by suppos+ bo? to be #cj gra9s4 ,:5 ! liquid decompos$ nitre is treat$ ) any acid1 a gas is in/antly expell$ :i* produces r$ fumes 9 ! air2 x is pure nitr\s gas1 :i* jo9+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 g5]ates nitr\s acid vap\r4 ,at ! same "t1 no d\bt1 ! subnitr\s acid is dis5gag$ f ! pota%1 b t "p ( x :i* is real nitr\s acid 7#a atom azote to #b ( oxyg57 is reta9$ by ! wat]1 :il/ ! o!r "p1 7#a atom azote & #a ( oxyg57 assumes ! gase\s =m4 ,9 ord] to be satisfi$ respect+ ?is po9t1 ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts ) ! liquid ov] m]cury3 tak+ a giv5 portion ( ! liquid1 & s5d+ x to ! top ( a graduat$ tube fill$ ) m]cury1 ,i pass$ up z mu* muriatic acid z 0 suffici5t to engage ! pota%2 imm$iately !re 0 a dis5gagem5t ( nitr\s gas & c>bonic acid gas1 & aft]w>ds a sl[ evolution ( gas1 evid5tly aris+ f ! liquid 9 contact ) ! m]cury4 ,wi%+ to asc]ta9 ! quantities1 ,i s5t up #be gra9 measures ( liquid1 & to t ne>ly half its bulk ( muriatic acid2 9 #b or #c m9utes !re 01 #a4a cubic in* ( gas4 ,h4 ,m4 #a4d 9 #j #de #a4e #a #e #a4g #b #de #a4ge #g #de #a4gh #i #de ,! gas 0 wa%$ 9 lime wat]1 & lo/ 4#cc p>ts ( an in* ( c>bonic acid2 ! re/1 #a4de cubic in*1 0 nitr\s gas4 ,x is obvi\s t ( ! nitr\s gas1 toge!r ) ! c>bonic acid1 0 lib]at$ in/antly2 ! re/ ( ! nitr\s gas 0 due to ! nitr\s acid1 sl[ly act+ ^u ! m]cury4 ,at ! end ( ! process1 !re 0 a little black oxide float+ ^u ! m]cury4 ,calculat+ f ?is1 ! :ole quantity ( nitr\s gas w\ld be #ca or #cb gra9s1 :]eas x ought to h be5 #dh gra9s to con/itute #fb ( subnitr\s acid4 ,x is probable t :il/ a portion ( ! subnitr\s acid is oxidiz+ ! m]cury1 ano!r portion may be =m+ nitric acid & dissolv+ ! oxide4 ,f "s trials1 ,i h reason to ?9k t ev5 c>bonic acid w expel nitr\s gas f ! liquid sub-nitrite ( pota%4 ,9 ! essay ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 already allud$ to1 publi%$ 9 ! #d? ,vol4 ( ! ,man*e/] ,society's ,memoirs1 a new & int]e/+ discov]y is made2 namely1 t a mixture ( nitr\s & olefiant gases1 ?\gh n explosive by an electric sp>k1 may /ill be explod$ by ! m p[]ful impetus ( a %ock f a *>g$ j>4 ,dr4 ,h5ry has adduc$ ! results obta9$ 9 ?is way1 z corroboratory ( ^? :i* %ew ! con/itution ( nitr\s gas to be #a volume ( azote & #a ( oxyg5 unit$ to =m #b volumes ( nitr\s gas4 7,see page #ejg ( ! ,memoirs47 ,"s "t ago 9 repeat+ ^! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 ,i f\nd "s extraord9>y circum/ances att5d+ !m4 ,aft] det]m9+ t #a volume ( olefiant gas may be fir$ ) f #f to #aj volumes ( nitr\s1 ,i f\nd a %ock f a j> sometimes inadequate to fire ! mixture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 repeat$ a second or ?ird "t1 succe$$4 ,?is is n a novelty2 =1 mixtures ( olefiant gas z well z o!r gases & vap\rs1 ) a m9imum ( oxyg51 frequ5tly require sev]al sp>ks be=e ! explosion3 b ?is case occurs at times ) nitr\s & olefiant gas1 :5 !y are mix$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable proportions = explod+4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance1 h[ev]1 01 t :5 a phial 0 fill$ ) ! mixture ( ! two gases 9 ! proportion ( #a volume olefiant to #f or #g nitr\s1 7exclusive ( small portions ( azote71 ! decomposition ( ! nitr\s gas & ! combu/ion ( ! olefiant 7 sc>cely ev] p]fect2 & :at increas$ ! p]plexity m1 01 ! results obta9$ f ! same mixture sc>cely ev] agre$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,aft] ab\t #cj exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 incl9$ to adopt ! conclusion1 t ! unc]ta9ty 0 occasion$ by ! oblong =m ( ! eudiomet]4 ,! sp>k or %ock1 9 my eudiomet]1 is imp>t$ at "o extremity ( a column ( air1 :i* is (t5 #aj times z mu* 9 l5g? z 9 diamet]3 x mo/ly 0 f\nd t ! l>g] ! quantity ( mixture explod$ at once1 ! m imp]fect & incomplete 0 ! combu/ion4 ,i imag9e ! int5sity ( heat is n suffici5t to c>ry on ! combu/ion ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! column1 ow+1 p]haps1 to ! cool+ p[] ( ! sides ( ! tube4 ,h5ce x 01 ,i appreh5d1 t 9 "o or two in/ances1 :5 a small quantity ( gas 0 us$1 ,i got ne>ly complete results1 z ,dr4 ,h5ry reports 82 b 9 ! majority bo? gases 7 f\nd 9 ! residue aft] ! explosion4 ,9 pursu+ ?is enquiry into ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by combu/ible gases1 ,i f\nd t x might be effect$ by any combu/ible gas or vap\r3 at lea/ x succe$$ 9 all ,i tri$4 ,! me?od ,i pursu$1 & :i* 0 sugge/$ by ! kn[n prop]ties ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 is ?is3 x has be5 %ewn 7page #aha7 t a mixture ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 & nitr\s gas explod$ by an electric sp>k1 ! =m] gas be+ completely burn$ 9 case ! proportions are duly adju/$2 n[1 x occurr$ to me1 t z ! above combu/ible gas is usually a mixture ( pure phosphurett$ hydrog5 & ( hydrog51 & t ! latt] ( ^! is also burn$ z well z ! =m]1 ! effect mu/ be produc$ ?r\gh ! heat occasion$ by ! combu/ion ( ! =m]4 ,hav+ "s old phosphurett$ hydrog5 by me1 at ! "t1 :i* on exam9ation1 ,i f\nd to be #ia p] c5t4 combu/ible gas1 & #i azote2 & ! #ia comb9$ ) #aef ( oxyg51 consequ5tly 0 #gd pure1 & #ag hydrog52 ,i tri$ ?is mixture ) nitr\s gas1 :5 x explod$ by ! sp>k1 z usual2 b on try+ x ) an excess or defect ( nitr\s gas1 ! sp>k 0 ineffici5t1 b ! %ock in/antly fir$ ! mixture4 ,z !re did n appe> to be any ( ! pure hydrog5 left unburn$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i proce$$ to mix ! old phosphurett$ hydrog5 ) hydrog52 & !n ?is new mixture ) nitr\s gas4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made ) #d p>ts ( old phosphurett$ hydrog5 #af hydrog5 #cf nitr\s gas #ef total4 ,on ?is mixture ! sp>k1 ( c\rse1 _h no effect2 b x explod$ ! fir/ trial by ! j>1 & left #bj measures1 ( :i* #b 7 f\nd to be oxyg51 & ! re/ azote4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$+ s well1 ,i next tri$ mixtures ( phosphurett$ hydrog51 ) c>bonic oxide1 c>burett$ hydrog51 & e!r vap\r successively1 along ) nitr\s gas2 & f\nd t all ^! mixtures refus$ combu/ion by ! sp>k1 b 7 in/antly explod$ by ! %ock1 yield+ c>bonic acid & wat]1 ! same z if ! combu/ion _h be5 effect$ by free oxyg54 ,9 "s in/ances ! combu/ion 0 complete1 leav+ nei!r combu/ible gas nor nitr\s gas2 b g5]ally !re 0 a residue ( "o or bo? ( ! gases4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x may be conclud$ t ! heat1 produc$ by ! combu/ion ( phosphurett$ hydrog5 & nitr\s gas or oxyg5 gas1 disposes o!r gases1 accid5tally 9 ! mixture1 to *emical *anges4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is view1 ,i mix$ phosphurett$ hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 ! proportion ( mutual saturation2 & tak+ a small proportion ( ?is mixture1 & z mu* ammoniacal gas z w\ld saturate ! phosphoric acid to be =m$1 ,i f\nd t caus+ an explosion ov] m]cury1 ! phosphoric acid comb9$ ) ! ammonia1 & ne>ly ! :ole gas disappe>$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! heat 0 n suffici5t to decompose ! ammonia4 ,b 9 ano!r exp]im5t1 ) a portion ( ! same explosive mixture & a less proportion ( ammonia1 aft] ! fir+ a residue ( azote & hydrog5 0 f\nd1 am\nt+ ne>ly to ! quantity due f ! decomposition ( ! ammonia4 ,"h ! heat produc$1 _h evid5tly decompos$ ! ammonia4 ,,on ,,ammonia4 ,! con/itution ( ammonia /ill rema9s undecid$4 ,! late/ exp]im5ts on ?is article are ^? ( ,dr4 ,h5ry1 9 8 essay on ! analysis ( ! comp\nds ( nitrog54 7,memoirs ( ! ,man*e/] ,society1 vol4 #d1 #ahbd47 ,by electrify+ ammoniacal gas ov] m]cury1 z c>efully z c\ld be devis$1 ,dr4 ,h5ry f\nd results z "u3 #a/ exp]im5t #dd measures became #hh #b;d #aeg #cbj #c;d #fj #abb #d? #abj #bdj ,! evolv$ gases c>efully analys$ by combu/ion ) oxyg51 7 f\nd to consi/ ( #c volumes ( hydrog5 & #a ( azote4 ,! analysis ( ammonia 0 also effect$ by explod+ x ) nitr\s oxide1 ) ! requisite precautions4 ,! results confirm$ ! previ\s ones by electricity1 bo? 9 reg>d to d\bl+ ! volume ( ammonia1 & e/abli%+ ! ratio ( #c to #a 9 ! volume ( hydrog5 & azote4--,^! exp]im5ts are highly int]e/+ z f> z reg>ds ! "q ( ammonia1 z !y exhibit ! late/ inve/igations ( "o :o has previ\sly %ewn uncommon skill & p]sev]ance 9 ?is k9d ( analysis4 7,see ,philos4 ,transact4 #ahji1 c47 ,dr4 ,h5ry's analysis ( ammonia1 9 #ahji1 has be5 adv]t$ to 9 our article on ! subject1 vol4 #a1 page #dbi4 ,! results ( t ,essay are giv5 9 a tabul> =m2 & ! mean ( six exp]im5ts 0 ne>ly z we h /at$1 namely1 t ammonia consi/s ( #bg measures ( azote1 & #gb hydrog54 ,to ?is x may be prop] to add1 t ! two extremes 71 #bf4a azote & #gc4i hydrog51 & #bh4b azote ) #ga4h hydrog52 also t a small error has crept into ! table1 :i* be+ correct$1 ! av]age results are r$uc$ to #bg & #gc1 v ne>ly4 ,subsequ5tly1 bo? ,dr4 ,h5ry & ,sir ,h4 ,davy concurr$ 9 assign+ #bf & #gd = ! mo/ approximat+ numb]s4 7,see ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #be1 page #aec74 ,! true quantity ( gases procur$ by ! decomposition ( ammoniacal gas by electricity1 0 conclud$ by bo? ^! au?orities1 to be #ahj = ea* #ajj ( ammonia1 :5 ! requisite precautions 7 tak51 z we h relat$ 9 vol4 #a4 ,f :at is /at$ above1 x is evid5t ! subject is "o :i* requires extraord9>y skill & att5tion4 ,?is ,i c atte/ f my own exp]i5ce1 :i* has be5 frequ5tly r5ew$ & v>i$2 b ! results h n be5 suffici5tly accordant to yield me satisfaction4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( ammonia1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are n conv9c+1 des]ve1 p]haps1 to be record$ 9 _! results4--,"s m rec5t exp]im5ts are incorporat$ ) !m4 ,decomposition ( ammonia by nitr\s oxide4--,i made _m exp]im5ts1 by explod+ mixtures ( nitr\s oxide & ammoniacal gases ov] m]cury4 ,! excess ( gas 0 mo/ly on ! side ( ammonia1 b ! proportions 7 v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts1 f #aj vol4 nitr\s oxide to #aa ammonia or to #e1 :i* are ab\t ! extremes capable ( be+ fir$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,:5 #aj p>ts nitr\s oxide & #e ( ammonia are explod$ ov] m]cury1 ! residu>y gas conta9s "s free oxyg5 & "s nitr\s acid d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! excess ( nitr\s oxide us$2 ) #f p>ts ( ammonia !re is r>ely any free oxyg54 ,:5 #aj p>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 & #g ( ammonia are fir$1 ,i nev] f\nd any free oxyg5 or hydrog52 b :5 ! ammonia is at or ne> #h p>ts1 ,i f9d f _/ to ( ! hydrog5 f ! ammonia 9 ! residu>y gases4 ,! two gases appe> to be completely decompos$2 ! oxyg5 ( ! nitr\s oxide1 z f> z x c1 unites ) ! hydrog5 ( ! ammonia1 )\t =m+ any portion ( nitr\s acid or ( free oxyg51 & ! residue conta9s ! azote ( bo? gases1 & ! unburnt hydrog5 f ! ammonia1 z ,dr4 ,h5ry fir/ obs]v$4 ,?is cont9ues to be ! case till ! ammonia becomes #aa p>ts1 :5 ! hydrog5 am\nts to ab\t ( ! :ole quantity :i* ! ammonia yields4 ,f ! above x w\ld seem t ! proportions = mutual saturation mu/ be #aj nitr\s oxide ) f #g to #h p>ts ( ammonia4 ,?is agrees ) ! d$uction 9 ,dr4 ,h5ry's fir/ essay t #ac nitr\s oxide require #aj ( ammonia2 or t #aj require #g4g3 b accord+ to ! !ory ( volumes #aj w\ld require #f2 & ,dr4 ,h5ry recomm5ds 9 8 late essay #aj nitr\s oxide to #g4g or #h p>ts ( ammonia1 9 ord] to secure a small excess ( ! la/1 & consequ5tly "s free hydrog5 aft] ! explosion4 ,! =m] ( ^! proportions w\ld h ne>ly ( ! residue hydrog51 & ! latt] ne>ly 1 suppos+ ! gases pure orig9ally4 ,?is gives m hydrog5 ?an ,i h ev] f\nd2 b ! azote 9 my exp]i5ce ne>ly agrees ) ! doctr9e ( multiple volumes4 ,decomposition ( ammonia by nitr\s gas4--,ab\t #cj exp]im5ts c>efully made on mixtures ( nitr\s gas & ammoniacal gas gave v discordant results4 ,at "o "t #aj p>ts nitr\s gas ) #ad ammonia gave ( hydrog5 9 excess1 & ano!r "t #aj nitr\s ) #ab ammonia gave excess ( hydrog5 _/2 g5]ally #aj p>ts ) #f or less gave oxyg51 & #aj ) #h or m gave hydrog5 9 ! residue4 ,decomposition ( ammonia by oxyg54--,! limit+ proportions ( oxyg5 & ammonia :i* ,i h fir$1 are #aj oxyg5 to #d ammonia = ! m9imum1 & #aj oxyg5 to #bb ammonia = ! maximum4 ,:5 #aj oxyg5 7 fir$ ) #d ammonia1 !re 7 _/ ( ! oxyg5 left1 & !re 0 a defici5cy ( azote am\nt+ to _/ ( :at 0 expect$ f ! ammonia1 ow+ no d\bt to nitr\s acid g5]at$ by ! explosion4 ,:5 #aj oxyg5 to #a4h1 or f t to #b4b ammonia are us$1 !re is a surplus ( ab\t or ( ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! ammonia1 left 9 ! residue ( ! gas4 ,:5 ! ammonia is betwe5 #ac & #ad !re is usually a trace ( oxyg5 or hydrog5 z x approa*es ei!r ( ^! limits4 ,by ! !ory ( volumes1 #aj oxyg5 %\ld saturate #ac ( ammoniacal gas4 ,i h n any in/ance ( hydrog5 be+ left :5 #ad ammonia 7 us$1 ?\gh !re ought to be _/ ( ! :ole left2 & mu* small] quantities ?an t are appreciable by well kn[n me?ods4 ,! azote result+ f ! decomposition ( ammonia is usually v ne>ly ! volume ( ! ammonia4 ,on ! :ole ! results f fir+ ammonia & oxyg5 gas appe> to me m satisfactory ?an ^? obta9$ f nitr\s oxide & nitr\s gas1 z !y are m simple & less p]plex$ ) any !oretic views4 ,x may be prop] to rem9d ! read] t :5 we speak ( #aj p>ts ( "o gas unit+ ) #h1 #aj1 or m1 ( ano!r 9 ! above & o!r cases1 x is to be und]/ood ( gases absolutely pure2 n t we ev] obta9 !m 9 t /ate1 b approximat+ z ne> z we c to x1 we mix giv5 portions ( su* gases z we c obta91 & !n 9 our calculations ( results d$uct = ! impurities4 ,"o s\rce ( unc]ta9ty 9 ^! exp]im5ts on fir+ mixtures ( ammonia1 is t ! real quantity ( ammoniacal gas op]at$ ^u is n kn[n4 ,if a c]ta9 measure ( ammonia be transf]r$ ?r\gh m]cury ev] s dry1 "s portion ( x gets entangl$ 9 ! m]cury1 & #ajj measures become p]haps #ie3 n[ 9 ! explosion x is a "q :e!r any "p ( ! #e measures absorb$ is decompos$4 ,i h m>k$ ?is att5tively1 & am p]suad$ t g5]ally speak+1 little if any ( t portion is decompos$2 b "s trace ( x appe>s mo/ly aft]w>ds 9 ! residue z x is lib]at$ f ! pressure ( its own k9d ( gas1 & h5ce easily rises into ! gase\s mixture4 ,not)/&+1 :5 ! loss ( gas by transf] am\nts to #aj or #bj p] c5t41 ,i h reason to believe t "s "p ( x suff]s combu/ion occasionally4 ,volume ( gases f ! decomposition ( ammonia4--,x has be5 obs]v$ 7vol4 #a4 ,ammonia7 t ,sir ,h4 ,davy obta9$ #ahj measures ( gases1 by means ( electricity1 f #ajj ( ammonia z ! maximum :5 ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ ) great c>e1 & ,dr4 ,h5ry 9 l circum/ances1 produc$ #aha1 :il/ ,i f\nd #ahg measures2 s9ce t1 z has be5 relat$1 ,dr4 ,h5ry has f\nd #bjj measures4 ,x is n easy to acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces2 ,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion t ! volume ( gases is v ne>ly d\bl$1 b probably r less ?an m4 ,i f9d ! exp]im5ts on ! rapid combu/ion ( ammonia agree be/ ) t op9ion4 ,decomposition ( ammonia by a r$ heat4--,a %ort "t s9ce ,i repeat$ ! decomposition ( ammonia by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a r$ hot copp] tube4 ,! proportion ( azote to hydrog51 due all[ance be+ made = a m9ute portion ( atmosph]ic air1 0 ^u ! av]age ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 #bf ( ! =m] to #gd ( ! latt]4 ,decomposition ( ammonia by oxymuriatic acid4--,i h made sev]al exp]im5ts on ?is mode ( decomposition s9ce ! results publi%$ 9 vol4 #a1 page #dce4 ,x is well kn[n t a solution ( oxymuriate ( lime decomposes ammoniacal salts2 wat] & muriatic acid are produc$1 azote lib]at$1 & ! acid previ\sly comb9$ ) ! ammonia is evolv$4 ,b ?is is n all2 an excessively pung5t gas or p]haps vap\r is produc$1 excit+ sneez+1 & induc+ cat>rh2 ! con/itution ( ?is vap\r is n well und]/ood2 x is nev] =m$1 z f> z ,i "k1 )\t ! pres5ce ( bo? oxymuriatic acid & ammonia4 ,! results ( su* mixtures are ( c\rse complicat$ & likely to be unsatisfactory2 x may not)/&+ be useful to relate "s ( !m4 ,:5 cle> oxymuriate ( lime solution1 & a salt ( ammonia are mix$ toge!r ) a little excess ( oxymuriate1 ! ammonia is mo/ly decompos$1 ! oxymuriate be+ conv]t$ into muriate ( lime by ! hydrog5 ( ! ammonia1 :il/ ! azote is evolv$1 & ! acid previ\sly comb9$ ) ! ammonia is lib]at$2 h5ce oxymuriatic acid gas is also lib]at$ along ) ! azote2 & x is requir$ to be tak5 out be=e ! azote c be e/imat$4 ,?is circum/ance may be obviat$ by previ\sly add+ ! requisite quantity ( pure pota% or soda1 to engage ! acid1 or by leav+ a little undissolv$ lime 9 ! oxymuriatic solution4 ,i c\ld nev] obta9 a volume ( azote equal to half t ( ! ammonia 7suppos$ to be 9 a gase\s /ate7 ?\gh x is univ]sally all[$ n to be less ?an t1 if ! :ole ( ! azote be evolv$2 on "o occasion only ,i got s mu* z _/ ( t quantity4 ,! residue ( liquid has ! extremely pung5t smell2 b ! azotic gas aft] pass+ ?r\gh pure wat] has no smell4 ,:5 ?is exp]im5t is made ov] m]cury1 ! oxymuriatic acid acts ^u x1 & h5ce ! excess ( oxymuriate %\ld be su* z to leave a portion ( t undecompos$ at ! conclusion4 ,:5 ! object is to asc]ta9 ! hydrog5 9 ammonia1 a portion ( salt kn[n to conta9 a giv5 weight ( ammonia is to be treat$ ) oxymuriate ( lime solution1 ! /r5g? ( :i* is accurately det]m9$ by means ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 or o!rwise4 ,! ammoniacal salt 9 solution is !n to be mix$ ) a mod]ate r$undance ( ! oxymuriate liquid1 & ) a few drops ( cau/ic pota%1 & ! mixture mu/ be repeat$ly agitat$ = "s "t4 ,at l5g? ! liquid mu/ be te/$ by ! gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & h5ce ! quantity ( acid sp5t ^u ! ammonia w be det]m9$4 ,i h mo/ly f\nd ! hydrog5 ?is way bel[ ! common e/imate1 all[+ ! ammoniacal salts to be correctly det]m9$4 ,,sulphuret ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,s9ce ! article at page #dfb1 vol4 #a1 0 writt51 an excell5t essay on ! sulphuret ( c>bon has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 7#ahac7 by ,pr(essor ,b]zelius & ,dr4 ,m>cet4 ,aft] an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 !y inf] ! atom ( ! sulphuret to consi/ ( #b atoms sulphur & #a ( c>bon4 ,! inve/igation did n seem to w>rant _! includ+ hydrog5 9 ! atom4 ,i h made sev]al exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( ! vap\r ( sulphuret ( c>bon 9 oxyg5 gas by electricity4 ,my me?od g5]ally 01 to vap\rize a giv5 portion ( atmosph]ic air ov] m]cury1 tak+ c>e t ! vap\r 0 bel[ ! maximum = ! temp]ature2 ?is is easily effect$ by putt+ ! liquid into a phial ( air1 drop by drop1 & inv]t+ x ov] m]cury till ! liquid is evaporat$4 ,?is vap\riz$ air1 ,i f9d may be transf]r$ ?r\gh m]cury ) v little loss1 & ev5 ?r\gh wat] sev]al times1 )\t a total cond5sation ( ! vap\r4 ,! vap\r ( e!r is mu* m cond5sible by wat] ?an t ( sulphuret ( c>bon4 ,a giv5 portion ( ?is vap\riz$ air is to be mix$ ) oxyg5 gas1 9 ,volta's eudiomet]1 & !n explod$ by ! electric sp>k ov] m]cury4 ,"o volume ( vap\r comb9es ) ne>ly #c ( oxyg51 & !re=e requires #d or #e times its bulk ( t gas be=e fir+1 9 ord] t ! combu/ion may be complete4 ,! results ( ! combu/ion are c>bonic acid & sulphur\s acid2 & ,i suspect a small portion ( wat]2 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,b]zelius & ,dr4 ,m>cet c\ld n detect any4 ,by evaporat+ a giv5 weight ( ! sulphuret ( c>bon1 9 a giv5 volume ( atmosph]ic air1 at ! temp]ature ( #fj1 ,i f9d ! specific gravity ( ! vap\r to be #b4ge ne>ly1 air be+ #a4 ,n[ if we assume ! atom ( vap\r to be ne>ly ( ! same volume z t ( hydrog51 & to consi/ ( #a atom hydrog51 #b sulphur1 & #a c>bon1 x w require #g atoms ( oxyg5 to =m wat]1 sulphur\s acid1 & c>bonic acid1 :i* w accord v well ) my exp]i5ce4 ,:5 vap\riz$ hydrog5 gas is electrifi$ = "s "t1 !re is no *ange ( volume1 ?\gh !re is "s appe>ance ( decomposition4 ,probably ! hydrog5 ( ! sulphuret is lib]at$4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ s volatile a liquid z ! "o 9 "q1 c\ld be con/itut$ out ( sulphur & c>bon )\t ! addition ( hydrog54 ,,potassium1 ,,sodium1 c4 ,two views ( ! nature ( ^! bodies h be5 giv5 9 vol4 #a1 7see pages #bfj1 & #dhd1 c474 ,9 ! =m] !y are consid]$ z simple metals2 9 ! latt]1 z comp\nd bodies result+ f ! ab/raction ( oxyg5 f ! hydrates ( pota% & soda2 or z be+ con/itut$ ( #a atom ( hydrog5 unit$ to #a atom ( pure pota% or soda respectively4 ,^? :o h _h ! mo/ exp]i5ce on ^! elem5ts1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 & ,m4 ,m4 ,gay ,lussac & ,!n>d1 seem n[ to concur 9 ! =m] view1 & x has be5 adopt$ by mo/ *emi/s4 ,"p ( ! objections :i* we made to ?is view h be5 obviat$1 x %\ld seem1 by e/abli%+ ! fact1 t oxymuriatic gas & hydrog5 gas unit$1 =m muriatic acid gas4 ,!re are /ill1 h[ev]1 difficulties to remove be=e ?is view c be consid]$ p]fectly satisfactory2 b !y are n great] p]haps ?an w\ld atta* to any o!r explanation ( ! facts connect$ ) ! subject4 ,besides potassium & sodium1 exp]i5ce z well z analogy w\ld seem to r5d] probable1 if n to e/abli%1 ! exi/5ce ( b>ium1 /rontium1 & calcium z metals1 ( :i* b>ytes1 /rontites1 & lime are ! protoxides1 z pota% & soda are ( ! o!r two metals2 7o!r oxides ( potassium & sodium are /at$1 see page #ee-eg72 b>ium has a deutoxide1 & probably calcium likewise4 ,! re/ ( ! e>?s1 z magnesia1 alum9e1 silex1 c4 are by analogy consid]$ by mo/ *emi/s z oxides ( p>ticul> metals1 b ! proportions ( _! elem5ts h n be5 det]m9$4 ,,alum4 ,at page #eca1 vol4 #a1 we h giv5 ! con/itution ( ?is important salt1 z "u3 s9ce t "t ,mr4 ,r4 ,phillips has ann\nc$ ano!r view ( x2 & ,dr4 ,?omson has publi%$ "o diff]+ f bo? ( ^!4 ,!y are z foll[3 ,dalton-- #a atom sulphate ( pota%4 #d atoms sulphate ( alum9e4 #cj atoms wat]4 ,phillips-- #a atom bisulphate ( pota%4 #b atoms sulphate ( alum9e4 #bb atoms wat]4 ,?omson-- #a atom sulphate ( pota%4 #c atoms sulphate ( alum9e4 #be atoms wat]4 ,not)/&+ ^! diff]5ces1 !re is a ne> approximation 9 all ?ree1 9 reg>d to ! quantities ( acid1 alum9e1 pota%1 & wat] 9 ! salt4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = p>tly 9 ! diff]5t relative weights ( ! atoms1 z e/imat$ by ! diff]5t analy/s1 b *iefly 9 t ( alum9e4 ,"s v curi\s results occurr$ to me ab\t #aj ye>s ago 9 analys+ alum2 !y 7 new to me1 b ,i h s9ce f\nd !y _h be5 previ\sly discov]$ by ,s*eele4 7,see 8 essay on silex1 clay1 & alum1 #aggf47 ,z 8 obs]vations are n to be f\nd 9 any ( our elem5t>y books t ,i h se51 ,i %all give ! p>ticul>s ( my own exp]im5ts "h4 ,i take #bd gra9s ( alum & dissolve !m 9 wat]2 ( ^! #h gra9s may be all[$ = sulphuric acid1 ( :i* #a4f gra9 #a4a gra9 ( lime #hhj gra9s ( lime wat]1 su* z ,i commonly use4 ,to ! solution ( alum ,i put #hhj gra9s ( lime wat]2 a slight precipitate appe>s :i* soon becomes r$issolv$ almo/ completely4 ,! liquid is !n acid by ! col\r te/4 ,to ?is liquid ,i put #hhj m ( lime wat]1 & agitate2 a copi\s precipitate appe>s & cont9ues2 aft] subsid5ce ! cle> liquid is /ill acid by ! col\r te/4 ,ano!r #hhj gra9s are add$1 & ! :ole is !n well agitat$2 ! agitation is repeat$ two or ?ree times aft] ! precipitate has p>tly subsid$1 s z to diffuse x equally aga9 ?r\gh ! liquid2 f9ally1 ! cle> liquid is f\nd to be neutral by ! col\r te/1 & to conta9 no alum9e2 =1 lime wat] produces no precipitate :5 p\r$ into x4 ,ano!r #hhj gra9s be+ add$1 & ! :ole /irr$ well1 ! cle> liquid aft] ! subsid5ce ( ! precipitate is /ill neutral by ! col\r te/4 ,! fif? portion ( #hhj gra9s be+ !n add$1 & ! mixture well agitat$1 a consid]able portion ( ! precipitate w evid5tly disappe>1 & ! mixture become semitransp>5t2 aft] a "t ! cle> sup]natant liquid is f\nd /rongly alkal9e2 a little ( x t\*$ ) an acid becomes milky1 & add+ m acid cle>s x aga94 ,! liquid is n[ #a4jjbe sp4 gr41 or a little heavi] ?an lime wat]4 ,! six? portion ( #hhj gra9s be+ n[ add$ to ! :ole mixture1 & agitat$1 ! precipitate r dim9i%es1 & an increase ( specific gravity takes place 9 ! liquid2 x is n[ #a4jjc4 ,! sev5? & la/ portion ( #hhj gra9s be+ add$ to ! mixture1 & agitation be+ cont9u$ = "s "t1 a d5se bulky precipitate is =m$1 :i* falls ) great cel]ity1 c>ry+ ) x ! greate/ "p ( ! acid1 ! alum9e & ! lime1 & leav+ ! liquid ( ! sp4 gr4 #a4jjab4 ,x is a subsulphate into :i* acid1 pota%1 lime & alum9e ent]1 z w be %ewn4 ,^! ph5om5a appe> to me to be be/ expla9$ by adopt+ a con/itution ( alum1 su* z to make x consi/ ( #a atom bisulphate ( pota% & #c atoms ( sulphate ( alum9e2 aft] :i* ! foll[+ explanation w apply4 ,! fir/ portion ( lime wat] saturates ! excess ( acid4 ,! second portion ?r[s d[n a correspond5t portion ( alum9e4 ,! cle> liquid is acid1 because x conta9s sulphate ( alum9e1 :i* is ess5tially acid by ! col\r te/1 because alum9e is n an alkal9e elem5t4 ,! ?ird portion ?r[s d[n ano!r portion or atom ( alum9e2 b by cont9u$ agitation ! two atoms ( alum9e lib]at$1 jo9 ! rema9+ atom ( sulphate ( alum9e1 & ! :ole comp\nd falls d[n1 be+ !n ! common subsulphate ( alum4 ,h5ce ! liquid1 conta9+ no?+ b sulphate ( lime & sulphate ( pota%1 is neutral by ! te/1 & yields no alum9e by ! addition ( lime wat]4 ,! f\r? portion ( lime wat] be+ put 9 & duly agitat$1 ! atom ( sulphuric acid is drawn f ! subsulphate to jo9 ! lime1 & !n ! float+ subsulphate ( alum9e becomes pure alum9e1 & ! cle> liquor is /ill neutral4 ,! fif? portion ( lime wat] tries to decompose ! sulphate ( pota%1 b is unable ( itself2 h[ev]1 ! float+ alum9e assi/s x1 & by d\ble aff9ity ! pota% leaves ! acid to jo9 ! alum9e1 & ! lime takes ! acid4 ,h5ce z ( ! alum9e ent]s into solution ) ! pota%1 ! precipitate is less copi\s1 & ! liquid is alkal9e2 a small portion ( acid put into ! cle> liquid engages ! pota%1 & lib]ates ! alum9e1 b a l>g] portion r$issolves ! alum9e also4 ,! six? portion ( lime wat] seems to complete ! effect :i* ! fif? comm5ces1 & h5ce ! d5sity ( ! liquid increases1 :il/ ! precipitate r dim9i%es4 ,! sev5? portion ( lime1 toge!r ) ! six?1 aft] due agitation & "s "t1 unite ! lime ) ! alum9e1 "o atom ( ea*1 & =m a precipitate :i* w\ld fall toge!r1 7 no o!r comp\nd pres5t1 z ,i f\nd1 & ,s*eele be=e me2 b if sulphate ( lime be pres5t1 ea* comp\nd atom ( lime & alum9e1 unites ) "o ( sulphate ( lime1 & ! :ole desc5ds toge!r1 =m+ a subsulphate resembl+ t ( alum1 only two atoms ( lime are f\nd z sub/itutes = two atoms ( alum9e4 ,?is subsalt is v little soluble 9 wat]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 if #b atoms ( alum 7 decompos$1 #d atoms ( subsulphate w\ld be =m$1 ea* consi/+ ( #a acid1 #b lime1 & #a alum9e2 also #b comp\nd atoms ( pota% & alum9e1 & #f atoms sulphate ( lime4 ,b 9 ! f9al arrangem5t1 x w\ld seem1 t #b atoms ( sulphate ( lime are aga9 decompos$1 & sulphate ( pota% =m$1 ! #b atoms ( lime comb9+ ) ! #b ( alum9e1 & !n two m atoms ( subsulphate are =m$1 & ! f9al arrangem5t is #f atoms subsulphate precipitat$1 & #b atoms sulphate ( pota%1 & #b sulphate ( lime rema9 9 solution4 ,! facts above /at$ appe> to me to place ! con/itution ( alum 9 a cle>] po9t ( view ?an any o!r ,i h se54 ,!y make no diff]5ce 9 ! weights ( ! sev]al elem5ts 9 #ajj gra9s ( ! salt1 f :at we h giv5 9 ,vol4 #a2 only ! weight ( ! atom ( alum9e is "h tak5 to be #bj in/ead ( #ae1 & we h #c atoms ( x 9 #a ( alum1 in/ead ( #d1 z 9 ! =m] acc\nt4 ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,atomic ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,x is g5]ally all[$ t ! great objects ( ! atomic sy/em are1 #a/ to det]m9e ! relative weights ( ! simple elem5ts2 & #b;d to det]m9e ! numb]1 & consequ5tly ! weight1 ( simple elem5ts t ent] into comb9ation to =m comp\nd elem5ts4 ,! greate/ desid]atum at ! pres5t "t is ! exact relative weight ( ! elem5t hydrog54 ,! small weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( hydrog5 gas1 ! important modifications ( t weight by ev5 v m9ute quantities ( common air & aque\s vap\r1 & ! difficulties 9 asc]ta9+ ! proportions ( air & vap\r 9 reg>d to hydrog51 are circum/ances suffici5t to make "o di/ru/ results obta9$ by ! mo/ exp]t & sci5tific op]ator4 ,! specific gravity ( hydrog5 gas 0 =m]ly e/imat$ at t ( common air2 x desc5d$ to _/41 :i* is ! ratio we adopt$ 9 ! ,table at ! end ( ,vol4 #a4 x is n[ commonly tak5 to be _/41 & :e!r x may n 9 ! sequel be f\nd to be _/4 is m ?an any "o at pres5t1 ,i believe1 has suffici5t data to det]m9e4 ,! o!r factiti\s gases h mo/ly und]gone "s mat]ial alt]ations 9 _! specific gravities 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 sev]al ( :i* ,i h no d\bt are improvem5ts2 b :5 we see ^! specific gravities ext5d$ to ! #crd1 #d?1 & #e? places ( decimals1 x appe>s to me to require a cr$it f> great] ?an any "o ( u is entitl$ to4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x may be ?\ght a =tunate circum/ance1 t ! weight ( common air has und]gone no *ange = ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s2 #ajj cubic in*es br+ e/imat$ to weigh #cj4e gra9s at ! temp]ature ( #fj1 & pressure ( #cj in*es ( m]cury3 7:e!r ?is is exclusive ( ! moi/ure ,i d n recollect47 ,x is also a =tunate circum/ance1 7provid$ x be correct7 t ?is weight is ne>ly free f decimal figures4 ,i may be all[$ to add1 t accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 ! weight ( #ajj cubic in*es ( air is m ne>ly #ca gra9s ?an #cj4e4 ,i appreh5d ^! obs]vations are suffici5t to %ew t some?+ m rema9s to be done be=e we obta9 a tol]ably correct table ( ! specific gravities ( gases2 ! importance ( ?is object c n be too highly e/imat$4 ,! comb9ations ( gases 9 equal volumes1 & 9 multiple volumes1 is naturally connect$ ) ?is subject4 ,! cases ( ?is k9d1 or at lea/ approximations to !m1 frequ5tly occur2 b no pr9ciple has yet be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a2 till t is done ,i ?9k we ought to inve/igate ! facts ) great c>e1 & n suff] ourselves to be l$ to adopt ^! analogies till "s reason c be discov]$ = !m4 ,! #b;d object ( ! atomic !ory1 namely t ( inve/igat+ ! numb] ( atoms 9 ! respective comp\nds1 appe>s to me to h be5 little und]/ood1 ev5 by "s :o h und]tak5 to exp\nd ! pr9ciples ( ! !ory4 ,:5 two bodies1 ,a & ,b1 comb9e 9 multiple proportions2 = in/ance1 #aj p>ts ( ,a comb9e ) #g ( ,b1 to =m "o comp\nd1 & ) #ad to =m ano!r1 we are direct$ by "s au?ors to take ! smalle/ comb9+ proportion ( "o body z repres5tative ( ! elem5t>y p>ticle or atom ( t body4 ,n[ x mu/ be obvi\s to any "o ( common reflection1 t su* a rule w be m frequ5tly wrong ?an "r4 ,=1 by ! above rule1 we mu/ consid] ! fir/ ( ! comb9ations z conta9+ #a atom ( ,b1 & ! second z conta9+ #b atoms ( ,b1 ) #a atom or m ( ,a2 :]eas x is equally probable by ! same rule1 t ! comp\nds may be #b atoms ( ,a to #a ( ,b1 & #a atom ( ,a to #a ( ,b respectively2 =1 ! proportions be+ #aj ,a to #g ,b1 7or1 :i* is ! same ratio1 #bj ,a to #ad ,b17 & #aj ,a to #ad ,b2 x is cle> by ! rule1 t :5 ! numb]s are ?us /at$1 we mu/ consid] ! =m] comb9ation z compos$ ( #b atoms ( ,a1 & ! latt] ( #a atom ( ,a1 unit$ to #a or m ( ,b4 ,?us !re w\ld be an equal *ance = "r or wrong4 ,b x is possible t #aj ( ,a1 & #g ( ,b1 may correspond to #a atom ,a1 & #b atoms ,b2 & !n #aj ( ,a1 & #ad ( ,b1 mu/ repres5t #a atom ,a1 & #d atoms ,b4 ,?us x appe>s ! rule w be m frequ5tly wrong ?an "r4 ,x is necess>y n only to consid] ! comb9ations ( ,a ) ,b1 b also ^? ( ,a ) ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 c42 z well z ^? ( ,b ) ,c1 ,d1 c41 be=e we c h good reason to be satisfi$ ) our det]m9ations z to ! numb] ( atoms :i* ent] into ! v>i\s comp\nds4 ,elem5ts =m$ ( azote & oxyg5 appe> to conta9 portions ( oxyg51 z ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 successively1 s z to make x highly improbable t ! comb9ations c be effect$ 9 any o!r ?an "o ( two ways4 ,b 9 decid+ :i* ( ^? two we ought to adopt1 we h to exam9e n only ! compositions & decompositions ( ! sev]al comp\nds1 ( ^! two elem5ts1 b also comp\nds :i* ea* ( !m =ms ) o!r bodies4 ,i h sp5t mu* "t & lab\r ^u ^! comp\nds1 & ^u o!rs ( ! prim>y elem5ts c>bone1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & azote1 :i* appe> to me to be ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! atomic sy/em2 b x w be se5 t ,i am n satisfi$ on ?is head1 ei!r by my own lab\r or t ( o!rs1 *iefly ?r\gh ! want ( an accurate k ( comb9+ proportions4 ,,new ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,weights ,,( ,,atoms4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ volume1 ! weights ( sev]al pr9cipal *emical elem5ts or atoms 7 giv52 b z sev]al additions & alt]ations h be5 educ$ f subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 x has be5 judg$ exp$i5t to pres5t a re=m$ table ( weights4 ,,simple ,,elem5ts4 ,weights4 ,hydrog5 #a ,azote #e1 or #aj8 ,c>bone #e4d ,oxyg5 #g ,phosphorus #i ,sulphur #ac1 or #ad ,calcium #ag8 ,sodium #ba ,ars5ic #ba ,molybd5um #ba1 or #db8 ,c]ium #bb8 ,iron #be ,manganese #be ,nickel #bf ,z9c #bi ,tellurium #bi1 or #eh8 ,*romium #cb ,potassium #ce ,cobalt #cg ,/rontium #ci ,antimony #dj ,iridium #db ,palladium #ej ,uranium #ej1 or #ajj8 ,t9 #eb ,copp] #ef1 or #bh8 ,rhodium #ef ,titanium #ei8 ,gold #fj ,b>ium #fa ,bismu? #fb ,plat9a #gc ,tung/5 #hd1 or #db8 ,silv] #ij ,lead #ij ,columbium #ajg8 #aba8 ,m]cury #afg1 or #hd8 ,,simple ,,or ,,comp\nd8 ,weights4 ,fluoric ,acid #aj8 #ae8 ,magnesia #ag ,alum9e #bj ,gluc9e #bc8 #cd8 ,lime #bd ,oxymuriatic ,acid 7*lor9e7 #bi1 or #cj ,muriatic ,acid #cj1 or #ca ,gas ,zircone #de ,silex #de8 ,yttria #ec8 #cf8 #ah8 ,,comp\nd ,,elem5ts4 ,weights4 ,ammonia #f8 #ab8 #ac8 ,olefiant ,gas #f4d8 #ab4h8 ,c>burett$ ,hydrog5 or ,pond ,gas #g4d ,wat] #h ,phosphurett$ ,hydrog5 #aj ,nitr\s ,gas #ab1 or #bd8 ,c>bonic ,oxide #ab4d ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog5 #ae ,deutoxide ( ,hydrog5 #ae ,nitr\s ,oxide #ag ,nitr\s ,acid #ai1 or #ch8 ,c>bonic ,acid #ai4d ,sulphur\s ,oxide #ba ,phosphoric ,acid #bc ,sulphur\s ,acid #bh ,protoxide ( ,ars5ic #bh ,soda #bh ,hydrate ( ,lime #cb ,protoxide ( ,iron #cb ,protoxide ( ,manganese #cb ,protoxide ( ,nickel #cc ,sulphuric ,acid #ce ,sulphuret ( ,ars5ic 7native7 #ce ,hydrate ( ,soda #cf ,oxide ( ,z9c #cf ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #cf4d ,protosulphuret ( ,iron #ci ,deutoxide ( ,manganese #ci ,oxide ( ,*romium #ci ,muriate ( ,magnesia #ci ,protosulphuret ( ,nickel #dj ,protosulphuret ( ,lime #da ,c>bonate ( ,lime #dc4d ,protoxide ( ,cobalt #dd ,/rontites #df ,muriate ( ,lime #df ,*romic ,acid #df ,protoxide ( ,antimony #dg ,c>bonate ( ,soda #dg4d ,hydrate ( ,pota% #ej ,muriate ( ,soda #ej ,sulphate ( ,magnesia #eb ,sulphuret ( ,antimony #ed ,sulphate ( ,alum9e 7simple7 #ee ,oxide ( ,palladium #eg ,sulphate ( ,lime #ei ,protoxide ( ,t9 #ei ,c>bonate ( ,pota% #fa4d ,hydrosulphuret ( ,antimony #fb ,nitrate ( ,magnesia #fb ,sulphate ( ,soda #fc ,protoxide ( ,copp] #fc ,muriate ( ,pota% #fd ,deutoxide ( ,t9 #ff ,protosulphuret ( ,t9 #ff ,oxide ( ,gold #fg ,b>ytes #fh ,muriate ( ,lime #fi ,oxide ( ,bismu? #fi ,deutoxide ( ,copp] #gj ,nitrate ( ,soda #gc ,sulphuret ( ,gold #gd ,protosulphuret ( ,bismu? #gf ,sulphate ( ,pota% #gg ,oxide ( ,plat9a #hj8 ,nitrate ( ,pota% #hg ,c>bonate ( ,b>ytes #hg ,muriate ( ,b>ytes #ij ,oxide ( ,silv] #ig ,protoxide ( ,lead #ig ,m9ium #ih ,sulphate ( ,b>ytes #ajc ,deutoxide ( ,lead #ajd ,protosulphurets ( ,lead & ,silv] #ajd ,nitrate ( ,b>ytes #aac ,protoxide ( ,m]cury #agd8 ,deutoxide ( ,m]cury #aha8 ,protosulphuret ( ,m]cury #aha ,alum #bgg ,,add5da4 ,,/eel4--,s9ce writ+ ! article at page #bad1 ,i h _h an opportunity ( analys+ ! cry/all9e /eel1 =m$ by ,mr4 ,mac9to%'s process ( cem5tation by means ( coal gas4 ,i dissolv$ #ba gra9s ( ?is /eel 9 sulphuric acid1 ) only a v slight excess ( acid4 ,! :ole 0 dissolv$ except ab\t ( a gra9 ( silv]y-l p>ticles4 ,! gas obta9$ am\nt$ to #bi4f cubic in*es4 ,x yield$ no trace ( c>bonic acid4 ,:5 fir$ ) oxyg5 x yield$ #c p] c5t4 ^u ! volume ( hydrog5 ( c>bonic acid2 & ?is arose1 z ,i asc]ta9$1 f ! hydrog5 conta9+ #c p] c5t ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas3 x conta9$ no c>bonic oxide4 ,suppos+ ! c>bone to h be5 comb9$ ) ! iron1 x w\ld am\nt only to ab\t ( a gra91 to #ajj gra9s ( iron4 ,:e!r su* a quantity c be deem$ an ess5tial or an accid5tal +r$i5t ( /eel1 may be a subject ( consid]ation4 ,by a mi/ake ( ! ,pr9t]1 ! foll[+ p>agraphs 7 omitt$ aft] page #cjh4 ,,example4 ,accord+ to ! foll[+ values ( ! diff]5t specific gravities1 7( ! accuracy ( "s ( :i* !re may be d\bts7 & ref]r+ to my essay on oil gas 7,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ,vol4 #d1 new s]ies1 page #gi17 we may take ! oil gas1 :i*1 :5 ! incombu/ible portion 0 ab/ract$ w\ld be ne>ly 4#hab sp4 gravity1 & #ajj pure gas give #aeb c>b4 acid & take #bdh oxyg52 ,"h w #ajj1 a #aeb1 g #bdh1 ,s #a4deh1 4#eee1 c 4#igb s 4#jfid & ,c 4#hab4 ,! value ( u r$uces to ! foll[+ =m2 u #d4giaf;a - #a;g #a4hgew - #f;,cw ---------------------------------------- ---- #bd4e 4#fbe hydrog5 p] c5t4 ( pure combu/ible gas4 ,h5ce we h #ge4e volumes left = ! #c o!r +r$i5ts w ( ! =mula2 & ab/ract+ #ab f ! oxyg5 on acc\nt ( ! hydrog51 g #bcf1 & a #aeb z above4 ,:5ce x ,sup]olefiant #ch y ,c>b4 hydrg4 #cj4b & z ,c>b4 oxide #g ----- #ge4e ,^! results diff] consid]ably f ^? d$uc$ 9 ! above essay2 probably 9 "p f errors 9 ! above e/imates ( ! specific gravities ( "o or m ( ! gases4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,liquids ,,by ,,heat4 ,i am n aw>e ( any p>ticul> lab\r t has rec5tly be5 giv5 to ! enquiry h[ f> pure liquids accord ) ea* o!r 9 ! law :i* ,i ann\nc$ z d]iv$ f ! exp]im5ts on wat] & m]cury1 & corroborat$ by ^? ^u sev]al o!r liquids4 ,see ,vol4 #a1 ,table ( temp]ature1 page #ad2 also page #cf1 & foll[+4 ,p]haps all liquids %\ld be consid]$ z pure t are subject to uni=m congelation at c]ta9 temp]atures on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r are capable ( be+ di/ill$ by heat )\t any alt]ation 9 _! con/itution4 ,wat] & m]cury w rank 9 ! fir/ place2 alcohol ( 4#hb specific gravity & e!r ( 4#gb2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity3 naph?a & oil ( turp5t9e1 c4 w probably be ?\ght to claim ! next place4 ,x is desirable t ! temp]atures at :i* ^! liquids congeal %\ld be asc]ta9$2 also :e!r any decomposition is effect$ by ! op]ation4 ,if ^! exp& proportionally to a scale ( squ>e numb]s = c]ta9 giv5 equal or unequal int]vals ( temp]ature1 x may po9t out some?+ relative to ! collocation ( ! ultimate p>ticles 9 liquids4 ,! app>5t co9cid5ce ( ?is rate ( expansion 9 liquids1 ) ! geometrical progressive =ce ( /eams or vap\rs creates an additional int]e/4 ,x may be t mo/ or all ( ^! suppos$ relations are accid5tal1 & only approximative l t ( ! rate ( expansion ( air & m]cury1 betwe5 ! temp]atures ( -#dj & #bab2 b ,i _c ?9k ?is probable4 ,ev5 %\ld !y be only approximations1 !y are ( suffici5t utility to be kept 9 view4 ,,f9is4 ,pr9t$ by ! ,executors ( ,s4 ,russell ,,books1 ,,essays1 c41 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,meteorological ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,essays4 #ds4 #hvo4 #agic4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm>3 or1 a new ,sy/em ( ,grammatical ,in/ruction1 = ! use ( ,s*ools & ,academies4 #bs4 #f;d4 #abmo4 #ahja4 ,a few ,copies ( ^! ,works may /ill be _h ( ! ,london ,booksell]s4 ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emical ,,philosophy4 ,"p ,i4 ( ,vol4 ,i4 #gs4 #hvo4 #ahjh4 ,publi%$ by ,g4 ,wilson1 ,booksell]1 ,essex ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london4 ,,essays1 by ! same1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 ,man*e/]4 ,,vol4 #e4 ,,"p #a4--;,extraord9>y facts relat+ to ! vision ( col\rs4 ,,"p #b4--;,exp]im5ts & obs]vations to det]m9e :e!r ! quantity ( ra9 & dew is equal to ! quantity ( wat] c>ri$ (f by ! riv]s1 & rais$ by evaporation2 ) an enquiry into ! orig9 ( spr+s4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on ! p[] ( fluids1 to conduct heat1 ) ref]5ce to ,c\nt ,rum=d's sev5? essay on ! same subject4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on ! heat & cold produc$ by ! me*anical cond5sation & r>efaction ( air4 ,exp]im5tal essays on ! con/itution ( mix$ gases2 on ! =ce ( /eam or vap\r f wat] & o!r liquids1 9 diff]5t temp]atures1 bo? 9 a ,torricellian vacuum1 & 9 air2 on evaporation2 & on ! expansion ( gases by heat4 ,meteorological obs]vations made at ,man*e/]1 f #agic to #ahja4 ,,vol4 #a4 ,second s]ies4--,exp]im5tal enquiry into ! proportions ( ! sev]al gases or ela/ic fluids con/itut+ ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! t5d5cy ( ela/ic fluids to diffusion ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,on ! absorption ( gases by wat] & o!r liquids4 ,rem>ks on ,mr4 ,g\gh's two essays on ! doctr9e ( mix$ gases2 & on ,pr(essor ,s*midt's exp]im5ts on ! expansion ( dry & moi/ air by heat4 ,,vol4 #b4 ,on respiration & animal heat4 ,,vol4 #c4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on phosphoric acid & on ! salts d5om9at$ phosphates4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on ! comb9ations ( c>bonic acid & ammonia4 ,rem>ks t5d+ to facilitate ! analysis ( spr+ & m9]al wat]s4 ,memoir on sulphuric e!r4 ,obs]vations on ! b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 & ra91 at ,man*e/]1 f #agid to #ahah inclusive4 ,,vol4 #d4 ,on oil1 & ! gases obta9$ f x by heat4 ,obs]vations 9 ,meteorology1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! dew-po9t1 or quantity ( vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e2 made on ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,on ! sal9e impregnation ( ! ra9 :i* fell dur+ ! late /orm1 ,decemb] #e?1 #ahbb--) an app5dix to ! same4 ,on ! nature & prop]ties ( indigo1 ) directions = ! valuation ( diff]5t samples4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,atmosph]e4--#ahbf4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ni*olson's ,philosophical ,j\rnal4 ,,vol4 #e4 7,qu>to7 ,on ! con/itution ( mix$ ela/ic fluids1 & ! atmosph]e4--#ahja4 ,,vol4 #c4 7,octavo7 ,on ! !ory ( mix$ gases4 #e4 ,on ! z]o ( temp]ature4 #f4 ,correction ( a mi/ake 9 ,dr4 ,kirwan's essay on ! /ate ( vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e4 #h4 ,on *emical aff9ity z appli$ to atmosph]ic air4 #i4 ,obs]vations on ,mr4 ,g\gh's /rictures on ! !ory ( mix$ gases4 #aj4 ,facts t5d+ to decide at :at po9t ( temp]ature wat] possesses ! greate/ d5sity4 #ab4 ,rem>ks on ,c\nt ,rum=d's exp]im5ts on ! max4 d5sity ( wat]4 #ac #ad4 ,on ! max4 d5sity ( wat] 9 ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,hope's exp]im5ts4 #bh4 ,on ! signification ( ! ^w p>ticle z us$ by *emi/s4 #bi4 ,obs]vations on ,dr4 ,bo/ock's review ( ! atomic pr9ciples ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ,dr4 ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy4 ,,vol #a #b4 ,on oxymuriate ( lime4--#ahac4 #c4 ,rem>ks on ! essay ( ,dr4 ,b]zelius1 on ! cause ( *emical proportions4 #g4 ,v9dication ( ! !ory ( ! absorption ( gases by wat]1 aga9/ ! conclusions ( ,m4 ,de ,saussure4 #i #aj4 ,on ! *emical comp\nds ( azote & oxyg51 & on ammonia4 #aa4 ,on phosphurett$ hydrog54 #ab4 ,on ! combu/ion ( alcohol1 by ! lamp )\t flame4 ,on ! vis viva4 ,9 ,phillips's ,annals ( ,philosophy4 ,,vol4 #aj4 7new s]ies74 ,on ! analysis ( atmosph]ic air by hydrog54