,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,folwell4 ,sc4 ,,an ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity ,,galvanism4 ,,by ,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,causa latet2 vis e/ notissima4----,ovid's ,met4 ,b4 ,,iv4 l4 #bhg4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,jane ,,aitk51 ,no4 #ga1 ,,nor? ,,?ird ,,/reet4 #ahji4 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,to ,,wit3 ,sid5ote3 ,,seal4 ,,be ,,x ,,rememb]$1 ,t on ! f\rte5? day ( ,decemb]1 9 ! ?irty-f\r? ye> ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahji4 ,jane ,aitk51 ( ! said ,di/rict1 ha? deposit$ 9 ?is ,(fice1 ! ,title ( a ,book1 ! ,"r :]e( %e claims z ,proprietor1 9 ! words foll[+1 to wit3-- 8,an ,epitome ( ,electricity & ,galvanism4 ,by two g5tlem5 ( ,philadelphia4 ,causa latet2 vis e/ notissima4--,ovid's ,met4 ,b4 ,,iv4 l4 #bhg40 ,9 con=mity to ! ,act ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 intitul$1 8,an ,act = ! enc\ragem5t ( ,le>n+1 by secur+ ! ,copies ( ,maps1 ,*>ts1 & ,books1 to ! ,au?ors & ,proprietors ( su* ,copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$40 ,& also to ! ,act1 entitl$ 8,an ,act1 supplem5t>y to an ,act1 entitl$1 8,an ,act = ! enc\ragem5t ( ,le>n+1 by secur+ ! ,copies ( ,maps1 ,*>ts1 & ,books1 to ! ,au?ors & ,proprietors ( su* ,copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$10 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re( to ! ,arts ( design+1 engrav+1 & et*+ hi/orical & o!r pr9ts40 ,d4 ,,caldwell1 ,cl]k ( ! ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,recomm5dations4 ,hav+ p]us$ ?is ,epitome1 x appe>s to me to comprise1 9 a concise & p]spicu\s mann]1 ! pr9cipal discov]ies t h be5 made 9 ,electricity & ,galvanism1 illu/rat$ ) a v>iety ( amus+ exp]im5ts2 & ,i h no d\bt t x w prove useful & ent]ta9+ to ^? :o wi% = in=mation on ^! subjects4 ,,john ,m#8,,d[ell1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,provo/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,philad4 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ read1 at ! reque/ ( ! au?ors1 a "w "u ! title ( 8,an ,epitome ( ,electricity & ,galvanism10 ,i am ( op9ion t x is well calculat$ = ! in/ruction ( y\?2 & also t x may prove a useful manual to g5tlem5 :o wi% to acquire1 )\t ext5sive read+1 a g5]al k ( ! subjects discuss$4 ,,john ,,maclean1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,college ( ,new-,j]sey4 ,nassau ,hall1 ,oct4 #bj1 #ahji4 ,! ,epitome ( ,electricity appe>s to me to conta9 a concise1 b p]spicu\s & correct /atem5t ( ! laws ( t bran* ( ,philosophy1 & an int]e/+ collection ( facts & exp]im5ts1 by :i* !y are illu/rat$4 ,,j]emiah ,,day1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy4 ,yale ,college1 ,nov4 #be1 #ahji4 ,z ! au?ors c\ld n transmit to ,pr(essor ,,day a copy ( ! ,epitome ( ,galvanism1 )\t unduly delay+ ! publication1 8 te/imonial1 ( c\rse1 ref]s only to ! ,epitome ( ,electricity4 ,,preface4 ,hav+ d5om9at$ ! foll[+ "w an epitome ( ,electricity & ,galvanism1 x seems reasonable to reque/ t ! read] %\ld keep ! nature ( our plan 9 view4 ,if ! book d n conta91 on ! subjects propos$ to be treat$1 all t is mo/ important1 let x be condemn$4 ,b let n detail be expect$ :]e ! design requires concis5ess4 ,!re are "s articles "u :i* we 7 oblig$1 ei!r to omit unimportant improvem5ts1 or to occupy sev]al pages 9 describ+ !m4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 omissions ( any consequ5ce h tak5 place1 we h endeav\r$ c>efully to ref] to ! books :i* w supply !m2 s t our "w may n only tea* ! elem5ts & sub/ance ( ! sci5ce1 b direct ^? :o wi% to pursue x mo/ ext5sively--,we p>ticul>ly regrett$ t we c\ld n describe a v>iety ( electromet]s4 ,%ort z our "w is1 we f\nd x1 not)/&+1 sc>cely practicable to avoid "s repetition4 ,9 a few in/ances ! hi/orical & sci5tific p>ts may be obs]v$1 9 a small degree1 to int]f]e4 ,:]e hi/ory 0 useful to illu/rate exp]im5t1 or exp]im5t compos$ a "p ( hi/ory1 we did n *oose to sep>ate :at p]spicuity requir$ to be kept toge!r4 ,we hope1 on ! :ole1 t we d n ne$ m indulg5ce 9 ?is respect1 ?an we %all readily f9d1 f ^? :o are fond ( ! subjects :i* x 0 our bus9ess & our pleasure to inve/igate4 ,9 mak+ our epitome1 we h (t5 writt5 )\t a special ref]5ce to any book2 sometimes we h abridg$ ! writ+s ( o!rs2 sometimes we h tak5 p>agraphs ) ! alt]ation ( a few words2 & sometimes we h introduc$ full quotations4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we h always wi%$ to make a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! au?or quot$2 & 9 o!r cases1 we h g5]ally made our ackn[l$gm5ts :]e we 7 p>ticul>ly indebt$4 ,b z our "w 0 begun )\t any det]m9ation to publi% x1 we h probably made "s selections1 ( :i* we h ourselves =gott5 ! au?ors f :om !y 7 tak54 ,( ! fairness ( a "w ( ?is nature1 we suppose !re c be no "q4 ,johnson1 :5 speak+ ( ! sy/em ( logic publi%$ by ,watts1 has made our apology--8,if he owes "p ( x to ,le ,cl]k1 x mu/ be consid]$1 t no man :o und]takes m]ely to me?odise or illu/rate a sy/em1 pret5ds to be its au?or40 ,z impositions are (t5 attempt$1 by solicit+ patronage = publications ( little value1 we felt ! importance ( obta9+1 9 behalf ( our "w1 ! approbation ( compet5t judges--,! public w admit t x has be5 obta9$2 & ! pr(essional g5tlem5 :o h fav\r$ u ) x 9 ! mo/ oblig+ & dis9t]e/$ mann]1 w excuse our (f]+ !m ?is public t5d] ( our grateful ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,) ^! rem>ks we commit our little "w to ! c&\r ( ! public1 consci\s ( hav+ assidu\sly lab\r$ to furni% a book :i*1 ?\gh x appe>$ to u to be mu* want$1 _h n yet be5 writt5 or compil$4 ,our views w be fully answ]$1 if x %all be f\nd well adapt$ to assi/ y\? 9 _! academical & philosophical /udies1 & at ! same "t1 to af=d amusem5t to m5 ( le>n+1 & "s useful in=mation to g5tlem5 ( leisure4 ,,introduction4 ,,section ,i4 ,electricity z kn[n among ! ,anci5ts4 ,9 exam9+ ! progress ( almo/ any bran* ( human k1 curiosity mu/ meet ) _m repulses4 ,by ! "t ! att5tion ( society is attract$ to ! accumulation ( deta*$ tru?s1 :i* compose a sci5ce1 x is (t5 impossible to retrace its hi/ory4 ,! real orig9 ( mo/ discov]ies is obscur$ by antiquity1 _! au?ors h already sunk into oblivion1 & important improvem5ts are ascrib$ to diff]5t inv5tors4 ,electricity is h[ev] oppress$ by few ( ^! difficulties4 ,) ! exception ( "s small discov]ies m5tion$ by anci5t au?ors1 ?is sci5ce d]ives its orig9 & all its improvem5ts f ! two la/ c5turies4 ,nei!r is ! hi/orian p]plex$ 9 giv+ e inv5tion to its prop] au?or4 ,^? :o cultivat$ ?is sci5ce 7 commonly m5 ( tal5ts & condition2 !y pursu$ x ) ability & p]sev]ance2 & ei!r !mselves publi%$ ! result ( _! obs]vations1 or deposit$ !m 9 ^? lit]>y in/itutions :i* !y f\nd e/abli%$ 9 _! c\ntry4 ,! hi/orian ( electricity1 !re=e1 ) no extraord9>y ex]tion ( indu/ry or tal5t1 may fully collect & accurately arrange ! mat]ials ( 8 "w4 ,on ! subject ( electricity no?+ e>li] is on record ?an ! obs]vation ( ,?ales1 t yell[ amb]1 :5 rubb$1 has ! prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies4--,s /ruck 0 he ) ?is prop]ty ( amb]1 t he imag9$ x 0 animat$4 ,?ales1 ! contempor>y ( ,py?agoras1 0 born at ,miletus1 a city ( ,ionia1 ab\t six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,l all ! ,grecian sages1 he travell$ into ,egypt2 liv$ 9 t c\ntry a numb] ( ye>s2 contract$ fri5d%ips ) ! prie/s1 !n ! depositories ( sci5ce2 & became deeply skill$ 9 all _! my/]ies & le>n+4 ,return+ to 8 own c\ntry1 /or$ ) ! k ( ! ,ea/1 he 0 rank$ z ! fir/ ( ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece1 & became ! f\nd] ( ! ,ionic s*ool1 z ,py?agoras did ( ! ,italic4 ,x may des]ve rem>k t ! same philosoph] :o is record$ to h obs]v$ ! fir/ ph5om5on 9 electricity1 is also said to h discov]$ ! cause ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,we %all give to ! curi\s1 ! rem>kable passage conta9+ ?is acc\nt1 z we f9d x 9 ,apuleius1 a le>n$ & eloqu5t writ] ( ! second c5tury1 :ile he is rapidly enum]at+ ! discov]ies ( ,?ales4 ,?ales ,milesius ex septem illis sapi5tia memoratis viris facile prcipuus3 fuit enim geometric p5es ,grajos primus rep]tor1 et natur r]um c]tissimus explorator1 et a/rorum p]itissimus contemplator1 maximas res p>vis l9eis rep]it1 temporum ambitus1 v5torum flatus1 /ell>um meatus1 tonitruum sonora miracula1 sid]um obliqua curricula1 ,solis annula rev]ticula2 idem ,lun vel nasc5tis increm5ta1 vel s5esc5tis disp5dia1 vel del9qu5tis ob/acula4 8,?ales ! ,milesian 0 decisively ! mo/ em95t ( ! sev5 fam\s sages2 = he 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( geometry among ! ,greeks1 ! mo/ judici\s inquir] into nature1 & ! mo/ skilful obs]v] ( ! />s2 he made great discov]ies by small geometrical l9es1 ! regulation ( times & seasons1 ! !ory ( ! w9ds1 ! c\rse ( ! />s1 ! wond]ful causes ( ?und]1 ! oblique motions ( ! planets1 ! annual revolution ( ! sun1 ! reason ( ! increase1 decrease1 & eclipse ( ! moon40#a ,?\gh x is no :]e expressly affirm$ t electricity 0 discov]$ by ,?ales to be ! cause ( ?und]1 yet :5 ! two facts are plac$ toge!r1 !y w furni% an additional argum5t to ^? writ]s :o cont5d t ! anci5ts knew mu* m ?an we are will+ to all[ !m ( ^? %9+ tru?s1 :i* are ! peculi> boa/ ( mod]n ages4 ,nor %\ld ?is e>ly discov]y1 if we c\ld admit x to be real1 excite our surprise4 ,:atev] h9drances might imp$e ! progress ( ! anci5ts 9 o!r bran*es ( k1 f ! ab/ruse nature ( ! subject1 or ! want ( necess>y helps1 x may r excite our wond]1 t ! effects ( electricity %\ld rema9 s long unobs]v$4 ,! electric fluid is no local or occasional ag5t2 x is coeval ) ! _w2 its pres5ce p]vades e sub/ance2 x is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! gr&e/ sc5es 9 nature1 & its op]ations c h>dly fail to %[ !mselves :]ev] bodies are conc]n$4 ,f ! "t ( ,?ales1 !re is a *asm 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,inde$1 natural sci5ce ( all k9d appe>s to h langui%$1 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,!ophra/us1 :o fl\ri%$ #cga ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ! disciple & successor ( ,ari/otle1 & he to :om ! le>n$ are indebt$ = ! pres]vation ( 8 ma/]'s works1 !n adds "o m fact to ! hi/ory ( electricity4 ,9 8 treatise on /ones1 aft] speak+ ( ! attractive p[] ( amb]1 f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,liguria1 he goes on to ascribe ! same prop]ties to ! lapis lyncurius1 ! same sub/ance n[ call$ t\rmal9e4 8,x possesses 7says he7 an attractive p[] l amb]3 & z !y say attracts n only /raws & leaves1 b copp] also1 & iron1 if 9 small p>ticles4#b0 ,^! two discov]ies ( ,?ales & ,!ophra/us are all1 on ! subject ( electricity1 t indu/ry has be5 able cle>ly to collect f ! b>r5 records ( antiquity4 ,pl9y inde$ has obs]v$ t 8amb] be+ rubb$ ) ! f+]s1 & hav+ !reby become w>m$1 attracts to itself /raws & dri$ leaves1 9 ! same mann] z ! magnet does iron40 ,he also attributes to ! ,lyncurium ! same prop]ties4--,sol9us & ,priscian1 also1 make simil> /atem5ts4 ,b z ^! are no m ?an :at ,?ales & ,!ophra/us _h rem>k$ be=e1 !y are to be consid]$ only z a repetition ( :at ! prec$+ writ]s _h made kn[n1 n z any addition to ! in=mation possess$ on ?is subject4 ,9 l mann] x might be m5tion$ t ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 ,oppian & ,claudius1 7 fully acqua9t$ ) ! b5umb+ effects produc$ by ! t\* ( ! ,torp$o2 b z !y d n appe> to h suspect$ t ^! effects 7 produc$ by electricity1 !y _c be consid]$ z communicat+ or possess+ any additional k 9 reg>d to ?is p[]ful ag5t4#c ,on subjects :i* reg>d ta/e1 or :i* address !mselves to ! imag9ation1 on poetry1 eloqu5ce & ! f9e arts1 x is to ! anci5ts we are to look = in=mation & ! models ( p]fection4 ,b on ! v>i\s bran*es ( k :i* dep5d on obs]vation1 on exp]im5t1 on inve/igation1 :i* compreh5d all ! p>ts ( me*anical philosophy1 ! philosoph]s ( antiquity af=d little t is ei!r new or j4 ,hurri$ away by ! vivacity ( _! g5ius1 :i* _! peculi> complexion invit$ !m to cultivate1 & ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! age 7 calculat$ to inflame1 !y inve/igat$ facts1 n t by accumulat$ discov]ies !y might lay ! f\ndation ( solid sci5ce1 b s f> only z !y s]v$ to support or illu/rate "s fav\rite hypo!sis4 ,ari/otle1 to ^: pr(\nd & elevat$ g5ius we are accu/om$ to turn = satisfactory in=mation on s _m o!r subjects1 af=ds no rem>ks on electricity1 & little wor?y ( obs]vation on mo/ ( ! bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,"o1 :o on ?is po9t has a "r to speak1 obs]ves4--8,t ?\gh !re are sev]al v sublime que/ions 9 8 physics1 :i* he cle>s up 9 a v ma/]ly way1 yet ! ma91 ! gross ( ! "w is good = no?+1 infelix op]is summa4#d0 ,f ! "t ( ,!ophra/us till ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury ( ! *ri/ian ra1 !re is no unequivocal evid5ce t 9 ! sci5ce ( electricity any discov]y or improvem5t 0 made1 except ! solit>y & unimportant fact t jet1 & p]haps agate1 is endu$ ) ! same p[] z amb]1 ( attract+ & repell+ light bodies4--,nor is x asc]ta9$ by :om1 or at :at p>ticul> p]iod1 ?is fact 0 add$ to ! sl5d] /ock ( electrical k :i* 0 !n possess$4 ,& ?us x appe>s t = ! space ( ab\t #aijj ye>s1 ! "p ( philosophy1 ( :i* we trace ! hi/ory1 0 ne>ly /ation>y4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,electricity z kn[n to ! ,mod]ns4 ,hav+ se51 9 ! prec$+ section1 ! v limit$ k ( electricity possess$ by ! anci5ts1 we n[ come to give an acc\nt ( :at may prop]ly be call$ its real orig91 & to trace its progress to ! pres5t day4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we %all be c>eful to note all ! orig9al au?ors :o h t\*$ ^u ?is subject2 & to exhibit mo/ ( _! discov]ies4 ,we believe x to be g5]ally ! case1 t1 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( a sci5ce1 ! m9d is curi\s to obs]ve ! gradual developem5t ( pr9ciples1 & ! gradual increase ( facts1 h[ev] unimportant ^! facts may aft]w>ds appe>4 ,b z ! sci5ce progresses1 z ! gr\nd wid5s & obs]vations multiply1 ?is curiosity proportionably abates1 & we require ( ! hi/orian selection r ?an detail4 ,h[ev] m9ute1 !re=e1 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ /ages ( ?is bran* ( philosophy mu/ be1 ! aft] p]iods w exact only a c>eful selection ( ^? m prom95t discov]ies1 :i* %[ ! advances ( ! sci5ce & m>k its gradations4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ph5om5a ( magnetism hav+ engag$ ! /udy ( philosoph]s1 !y 7 naturally l$ to be/[ "s att5tion on sub/ances :i* appe>$ to possess simil> prop]ties ) ! load-/one4 ,inde$1 x 0 n till aft] #agbi t ! idea 0 ent]ta9$1 t electricity 0 a di/9ct fluid1 or any ?+ else ?an a c]ta9 prop]ty ( bodies1 resembl+ magnetism2 nor 0 any o!r mean+ affix$ to ! ^w1 ?an a p[] ( attract+ & repell+4 ,fifte5 c5turies hav+ elaps$ f ! "t ( ,!ophra/us1 ,william ,gilb]t1 physician to k+ ,james ,i1 9 #afjj publi%$ a lat9 "w1 entitl$1 ,de ,magnete1 magnetesque corporibus1 9 :i*1 hav+ discuss$ ! ph5om5a ( magnetism1 he1 t[>ds ! close1 relates a great v>iety ( electrical exp]im5ts4 ,! pr9cipal m]it ( ?is philosoph] is1 t he greatly augm5t$ ! li/ ( electrical sub/ances1 not$ ! bodies on :i* electrics c act1 & rem>k$ sev]al circum/ances relat+ to ! mann] ( _! action4 ,he enum]ates1 z hav+ ! p[] ( attract+ light bodies1 ,diamonds1 ,saphirs1 ,c>buncles1 ,iris1 ,opals1 ,ame?y/s1 ,b]yl1 ,cry/al1 ,bri/ol-/ones1 ,sulphur1 ,ma/ick1 ,h>d ,wax1 ,h>d ,ros91 ,ars5ic1 ,sal-gemm1 ,rock-,alum1 common-glass1 ,/ibium1 or glass ( ,antimony4 ,he also obs]v$ t ! influ5ce ( ^! sub/ances ext5d$1 n only to leaves & /raws1 b to all matt] :i* 0 n extremely r>e4 ,friction1 he says1 is1 9 g5]al1 necess>y to excite ! virtue ( ^! sub/ances2 & ! mo/ effectual friction1 he affirms1 is t :i* is light & quick4 ,electrical appe>ances1 he ass]ts1 7 /ronge/ :5 ! air 0 dry1 & ! w9d nor? or ea/1 at :i* "t electrics w\ld act t5 m9utes aft] excitation4 ,! simple exp]im5ts ( ?is philosoph] 7 mo/ly made ) long ?9 pieces ( metal1 & o!r sub/ances freely susp5d$ on _! c5t]s1 to ! extremities ( :i* he pres5t$ ! electrics he _h excit$4 ,! ph5om5a ( magnetism 7 acc\nt$ =1 9 ! "t ( ,gilb]t1 by means ( emanat+ effluvia1 & he applies ! same !ory to ! explanation ( electrical attraction1 imag9+ x to be p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! attraction ( cohesion4 ,two drops ( wat]1 ru% toge!r :5 !y are br\ght into contact1 & electrics1 he says1 are virtually br\ght into contact by means ( _! effluvia4 ,effluvia illa t5uiora concipiunt et amplectuntur corpora1 quibus uniuntur1 et electris tanquam ext5sis bra*iis1 et ad fontem prop9quitate1 invalesc5tibus effluviis1 d$ucuntur4 8,^? subtle effluvia cont9ually embrace c]ta9 bodies1 to :i* !y are unit$1 z x 7 by _! ext5d$ electric arms2 & ! effluvia prevail+1 ! bodies are drawn to ! contigu\s s\rce ( ! effluvia40 ,gilb]t has be5 /il$ ! fa!r ( mod]n electricity2 & :5 we consid] h[ little 0 kn[n ( ! subject prior to 8 "t1 & ! m]it t belongs to himself1 n only f 8 own exp]im5ts1 b also f turn+ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s to a new bran* ( natural sci5ce1 we _c b all[ t he em95tly des]ves ! title4 ,cabeus foll[$ ,gilb]t1 b did little else ?an add to ! li/ ( electrics1 wax1 gum elemi1 ,gum guaiaci1 ,pix ,hispanica & ,gypsum4 ,?irty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,gilb]t's "w1 ! celebrat$ ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 9 8 8,treatise ( ! nature ( ,bodies10 t\*es ^u electricity3 b z ! age 9 :i* he liv$ 0 /ill busy+ itself ) ! hypo!tical philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 s ?is philosoph] 9 :at he says ( electricity1 appe>s to be r amus+ himself 9 inv5t+ !ories1 to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* electric attraction is p]=m$1 ?an 9 advanc+ ! sci5ce by new facts & exp]im5ts4 ,8 !ory ( electric attraction is1 h[ev]1 ( "s celebrity3 x 0 all[$ by 8 contempor>y ,des ,c>tes1 9 8 pr9ciples ( philosophy1 & 0 embrac$ by ! *ief writ]s ( 8 age2 ?\gh x does n diff] ess5tially f t ( ,gilb]t4 8,attraction 7says he7 is made by a t5ui\s emanation1 or cont9u$ effluvium1 :i* aft] "s di/ance retracte? into itself1 z is obs]vable 9 drops ( syrups1 oil & sem9al viscosities1 :i* spun at l5g?1 retire to _! dim5sions4 ,n[ ^! effluviums advanc+ f ! body ( an electric1 9 _! return d c>ry back ! bodies :]eon !y h laid hold1 )9 ! sph]e or circle ( _! cont9uities2 & ^! !y d n only attract1 b ) _! visc\s arms1 hold fa/ a good :ile aft]4 ,& if any %all wond] :y ^! effluvium issu+ =?1 impel & protrude n ! /raw be=e !y c br+ x back2 x is because ! effluvium pass+ out 9 a small] ?read1 & m enl5g!n$ filam5t1 /irre? n ! bodies int]pos$2 b return+ into its orig9al1 falls into a clos] sub/ance & c>rie? !m back into itself40 ,sir ,?omas ,br[n succe$$ to ,sir ,k5elm ,digby4 ,9 8 8,inquiry into ,vulg> ,errors10 ?is inquisitive philosoph] has a *apt] on electricity1 9 :i* he corrects "s mi/akes into :i* 8 pr$ecessor _h fall51 adds "s new exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 & gives u a summ>y view ( ! /ate ( electrical k at ! "t he wrote4 8,by electrical bodies1 7says he7 ,i und]/& n su* z are metallical1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 & ! anci5ts2 = _! electrum 0 a mixture made ( gold1 ) ! addition ( a fif? "p ( silv]2 a sub/ance n[ z unkn[n z true ,auri*alcum1 or ,cor9?ian brass1 & set d[n among ?+s lo/ by ,pancirollus4 ,nor by electric bodies d ,i conceive su* only z take up %av+s1 /raws1 & light bodies1 9 :i* numb] ! anci5ts only plac$ ,jet & ,amb]2 b su* z conv5i5tly plac$ unto _! objects attract all bodies palpable :atsoev]4 ,i say conv5i5tly plac$1 t is1 9 reg>d ( ! object1 t x be n too pond]\s1 or any way affix$2 9 reg>d ( ! ag5t1 t x be n f\l or sulli$1 b wip$1 rubb$1 & excitat$2 9 reg>d ( bo?1 t !y be conv5i5tly di/ant1 & no imp$im5t int]pos$4 ,i say1 all bodies palpable1 !reby exclud+ fire1 :i* inde$ x w n attract1 nor yet draw ?r\gh x2 = fire consumes its effluxions by :i* x %\ld attract40 ,br[n augm5t$ ! li/ ( electrics1 & f\nd attraction n only 9 simple bodies1 b 9 su* also z 7 comp\nd$4 ,he obs]v$1 t ! attractions ( bodies 7 diff]5t4 ,res9\s bodies1 he says1 attract mo/ vigor\sly1 & 8good h>d wax s p[]fully1 t x w conv]t ! ne$le almo/ z actively z ! load-/one4 ,gums easily dissolv$ 9 wat]1 draw n at all2 no metal attracts1 nor wood1 ?\gh nev] s h>d & poli%$4 8,glass1 7he says17 attracts b weakly1 ?\gh cle>3 & "s slick /ones1 & ?ick glasses b indiff]5tly40 ,^! exp]im5ts on ! electricities ( bodies1 he p]=m$ by means ( a ne$le1 8settl$ freely ^u a well po9t$ p91 s t ! electrics might be appli$ to x )\t disadvantage20 he tri$ !m also 9 /raws & pale\s bodies1 p[d]s ( wood & iron1 9 gold & silv] foliat$4 ,h[ ! attraction ( electrics is p]=m$1 he ackn[l$ges is n easily det]m9$2 ?\gh1 he says1 8t x is p]=m$ by effluviums is pla91 & grant$ by mo/2 = electrics w n commonly attract1 except !y gr[ hot & p]spirable4 ,= if !y be f\l & obnubilat$1 x h9d]s _! effluxion2 nor if !y be cov]$1 ?\gh b ) l95 or s>s5et1 or if a body be int]pos$1 = t int]cepts ! effluvium4 ,if also a p[]ful & broad electric ( wax or anime be held ov] f9e p[d]1 ! atoms or small p>ticles w asc5d mo/ num]\sly unto x2 & if ! electric be held unto ! light1 x may be obs]v$ t _m !re( w fly1 & be z x 7 dis*>g$ f ! electric to ! di/ance sometime ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,:i* motion is p]=m$ by ! brea? ( ! effluvium issu+ ) agility2 = z ! electric coole?1 ! projection ( ! atoms cease?40 ,sir ,francis ,bacon 9 8 8,physiological ,rema9s10 has ins]t$ a catalogue ( bodies attractive & n attractive2 b he diff]s 9 no?+ wor? m5tion+ f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,mr4 ,boyle1 :o s em95tly di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 l$ by ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 to give "s att5tion to electricity4 ,he enl>g$ ! catalogue ( electrics2 & notic$ "s circum/ances relat+ to electrical attraction1 :i* _h escap$ =m] philosoph]s4 ,! electrical prop]ties ( bodies he f\nd 7 increas$ by wip+ & w>m+ !m1 be=e !y 7 rubb$4 ,bodies ( all k9ds1 he obs]v$1 7 indiscrim9ately attract$2 & ?is attraction he suppos$ took place 9 vacuo z well z 9 ! op5 air4 ,hi!rto ! attraction ( electrics 0 ! s+le ph5om5on notic$ by philosoph]s4 ,gilb]t1 ev5 :5 rem>k+ on ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 magnetism & electricity1 obs]ves1 t 9 magnetism !re is bo? attraction & repulsion1 b 9 electricity only ! latt]1 & n ! =m]4#e ,boyle made an approa* to ! discov]y ( ?is fact ( electrical repulsion1 by rem>k+ t light bodies1 z fea!rs c4 w\ld cl+ to 8 f+]s & o!r sub/ances1 aft] !y _h be5 attract$ by electrics4 ,otto ,gu]icke1 ! celebrat$ inv5tor ( ! air pump1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,mr4 ,boyle1 improv$ ! sci5ce mu* f>!r4 ,he made use ( a sulphur globe1 :irl$ on an axis1 mu* 9 ! same way ) our pres5t glass globes4 ,he c\ld ?us excite ! electricity ) great] p[]1 & try all ! exp]im5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors to great] advantage4 ,8 0 ! full discov]y ( electric repulsion4 8,a body once attract$1 he rem>ks1 by an excit$ electric1 is repell$ by x1 & n attract$ aga9 till x has be5 t\*$ by "s o!r body40 ,9 ?is mann] he kept a fea!r a long "t susp5d$ 9 ! air1 above 8 sulphur globe4 ,he also made ano!r rem>kable discov]y1 :i* has s9ce be5 v g5]ally ov]look$2 namely1 t a fea!r1 :5 repell$ by an excit$ electric1 always keeps ! same face t[>ds ! body :i* repels x1 z ! moon does to ! e>?4 ,! electric light 0 probably obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,boyle 9 ! diamond2 b ,otto ,gu]icke saw x m cle>ly 9 ! excitation ( 8 glass globe1 & also he>d ! hiss+ s\nd :i* att5ds x4 ,z ?is light1 h[ev]1 0 exhibit$ to ,dr4 ,wall1 ab\t ! same "t1 9 a mu* f9] mann]1 we %all r give 8 acc\nt ( x4 8,i f\nd1 says he1 ^u swiftly draw+ a well poli%$ piece ( amb] 9 ! d>k1 ?r\gh a piece ( wooll5 clo?1 & squeez+ x pretty h>d ) my h&1 a prodigi\s numb] ( little crackl+s 7 he>d1 & e "o ( !m produc$ a fla% ( light2 b :5 ! amb] 0 drawn g5tly & slightly ?r\gh ! clo?1 x produc$ only a light1 b no crackl+2 b by hold+ "o's f+] at a little di/ance f ! amb]1 a l>ge crackl+ is produc$1 ) a great fla% ( light succe$+ x4 ,&1 :at to me is v surpris+1 ^u its eruption1 x /rikes ! f+] v s5sibly1 :]esoev] appli$1 ) a pu% or puff1 l w9d4 ,?is light & crackl+ seems1 9 "s respects1 to repres5t ?und] & lightn+4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton is ! next 9 *ronological ord]1 :o made any discov]y ( importance4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ t ! electrical attraction & repulsion1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh glass4 ,x _c b be lam5t$1 t ?is great philosoph]1 among ! va/ v>iety ( important subjects :i* he cultivat$ & improv$1 _h n appli$ himself to electricity1 ) great] assiduity4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 9 #agji1 wrote a treatise on electricity1 & di/+ui%$ himself by discov]ies :i* f> surpass$ ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,besides a v>iety ( new facts 9 reg>d to attraction & repulsion1 he obs]v$ ! electric light di/9ctly1 & made "s delicate & curi\s exp]im5ts on its nature4 ,! electric light 0 consid]$ by ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 z well z by all ^? :o fir/ obs]v$ x1 z a species ( phosphorus1 & all ! exp]im5ts made1 7 conduct$ "u ?is impression4 ,hold+ an exhau/$ globe )9 ! effluvia ( an excit$ "o1 he obs]v$ a light 9 ! =m]1 :i* pres5tly di$ away1 if x 0 kept at re/2 b 0 reviv$1 & cont9u$ v /rong1 if ! exhau/$ globe 0 kept 9 motion4 ,! greate/ electrical light he produc$1 0 :5 he enclos$ an exhau/$ cyl9d] )9 "o n exhau/$1 & excit$ ! out]mo/ ( !m1 putt+ !m bo? 9 motion4 ,he obs]v$ no diff]5ce1 :e!r ! globes 7 turn$ 9 ! same direction1 or o!rwise4 ,he made _m exp]im5ts to %ew ! extreme subtlety ( ! electric light1 & f\nd out a me?od ( r5d]+ opaque bodies transp>5t4 ,he l9$ ) seal+ wax m ?an half ! inside ( a glass globe1 & hav+ exhau/$ x1 put x 9 motion4 ,on apply+ 8 h& to excite x1 he saw ! %ape & figure ( all ! p>ts ( 8 h& di/9ctly & p]fectly1 on ! concave sup]ficies ( ! wax )94 ,x 0 z if !re _h be5 pure glass1 & no wax int]pos$ betwe5 ! glass & 8 h&4 ,?is l9+ 0 9 _m places ! eigh? ( an in* ?ick2 & 9 "s places :]e x did n adh]e s closely to ! glass z 9 o!rs1 yet ! light on ^! appe>$ j z on ! re/4 ,he repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts ) pit* in/ead ( seal+ wax1 & ) equal success4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ^! facts h n engag$ m ( ! att5tion ( philosoph]s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 tw5ty ye>s elaps$ be=e any f>!r improvem5ts 7 made4 ,! great discov]ies :i* 7 !n mak+ 9 o!r bran*es ( philosophy1 by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 s absorb$ ! public att5tion1 t electricity 0 entirely ov]look$4 ,mr4 ,grey1 aft] ?is long int]val1 took up ! subject1 & by 8 discov]y ( ! di/9ction betwe5 electrics & non-electrics1 =m$ an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is discov]y ( ,mr4 ,grey1 is ?us abridg$ f ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 by ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 8,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y #agbi1 ,mr4 ,grey1 aft] "s fruitless attempts to excite an electric p[] 9 metals1 recollect$ a suspicion he _h = "s "t ent]ta9$1 t z a glass tube1 :5 excit$ 9 ! d>k1 communicat$ its light to v>i\s bodies1 x might at ! same "t possibly communicate to !m an electricity2 t is1 a p[] ( attract+ light bodies2 :i*1 z yet1 0 all t 0 und]/ood by ! ^w electricity4 ,= ?is purpose he provid$ himself ) a glass tube1 ?ree feet five in*es long1 & ne> "o in* & two-t5?s 9 diamet]4 ,to ea* end 0 fitt$ a cork2 to keep ! du/ out :5 ! tube 0 n 9 use4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) a view to det]m9e :e!r a tube w\ld attract equally well ) ! ends %ut1 z ) !m op54 ,9 ?is respect !re 0 no diff]5ce2 b he f\nd t ! corks attract$ & repell$ light sub/ances1 z well1 & r bett] ?an ! tube itself4 ,he !n fix$ an ivory ball ^u a /alk ( fir ab\t f\r in*es long1 & ?ru/+ ! end ( ! /alk into "o ( ! corks1 he f\nd ! ball end[$ ) a /rong attractive & repulsive virtue4 ,?is exp]im5t he repeat$ 9 _m diff]5t ways2 fix+ ! ball ^u long /icks1 & ^u pieces ( brass & iron wire1 always ) ! same success2 b he con/antly obs]v$1 t ! ball at ! end attract$ m vigor\sly1 ?an t "p ( ! wire ne>e/ ! tube4 8,! inconv5i5ce ( us+ long wires 9 ?is mann]1 put ,mr4 ,grey ^u try+ :e!r ! ball might be susp5d$ by a pack-?read1 ) a loop on ! tube1 ) equal success2 & ! ev5t fully answ]$ 8 expectation4 ,hav+ ?us susp5d$ bodies ( ! greate/ l5g? he conv5i5tly c\ld1 to 8 tube1 he asc5d$ a balcony #bf feet high1 & fa/5+ a /r+ to 8 tube1 f\nd t ! ball w\ld attract light bodies on ! gr\nd bel[4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$$ 9 ! greate/ heights to :i* he c\ld asc5d2 aft] :i*1 he attempt$ to c>ry ! electricity horizontally4 ,8 fir/ attempt misc>ri$1 because he susp5d$ 8 l9e1 :i* 0 int5d$ to c>ry ! electricity horizontally1 by a pack-?read2 & ?us ! fluid got (f f x2 b ?\gh ,mr4 ,grey knew ?is 0 ! case1 he c\ld n at any "t ?9k ( any me?od to prev5t x4 8,on ! #cj? ,june #agbi1 ,mr4 ,grey paid a visit to ,mr4 ,:eel]1 9 ord] to give him a specim5 ( 8 exp]im5ts2 b told him ( ! unsuccessful attempt he _h made to c>ry ! electric fluid horizontally2 ,mr4 ,:eel] propos$ to susp5d ! conduct+ l9e by silk in/ead ( pack-?read4 ,= ?is advice he c\ld give no reason1 b t ! silk ?read 0 small] ?an ! o!r2 h[ev]1 ) x !y succe$$ p]fectly well4 ,_! fir/ exp]im5t 0 9 a matt$ gall]y at ,mr4 ,:eel]'s h\se1 on ! #b;d ( ,july #agbi4 ,ab\t f\r feet f ! end ( ! gall]y !y fa/5$ a l9e across ! place4 ,! middle ( ?is l9e 0 silk1 ! re/ pack-?read4 ,ov] ! silk5 "p !y laid "o end ( ! conduct+ l9e1 to :i* 0 fa/5$ ! ivory ball1 & :i* hung d[n ab\t n9e feet bel[ ! l9e /ret*$ across ! gall]y4 ,! conduct+ l9e 0 ab\t #hj #a-b feet 9 l5g?1 & ! o!r end ( x 0 fa/5$ by a loop to ! electric tube4 ,^u rubb+ ! tube1 ! ivory ball attract$ & repell$ light sub/ances1 z ! tube itself w\ld h done4 ,!y next contriv$ to return ! l9e1 s t ! :ole l5g? ( x am\nt$ to #adg feet2 :i* also answ]$ pretty well4 ,b suspect+ t ! attraction w\ld be /rong]1 )\t d\bl+ or return+ ! l9e1 !y made use ( "o c>ri$ /raight =w>d1 = #abd feet2 & z !y expect$1 f\nd ! attraction 9 ?is mann]1 /rong] ?an :5 ! l9es _h be5 d\bl$4 ,?us !y proce$$ ) _! exp]im5ts2 /ill add+ m conduct+ l9e1 till at la/ _! silk /r+ broke ) ! weight4 ,?is !y endeav\r$ to supply1 fir/ ) a small iron wire1 & !n ) a brass "o4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 soon conv9c$ !m1 t ! silk refus$ to conduct ! electric fluid1 n on acc\nt ( its smallness1 z !y _h suppos$1 b on acc\nt ( "s diff]5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,! wires 7 small] ?an ! silk ?reads1 yet ! electricity 0 effectually c>ri$ (f by !m4 ,!y _h rec\rse1 !re=e1 to ?ick] l9es ( silk2 & ?us convey$ ! electric matt] to ! di/ance ( #gfe feet3 nor did !y p]ceive ! virtue to be at all dim9i%$ by ! di/ance to :i* x 0 c>ri$40 ,9 ! mann] 9 :i* silk 0 f\nd to be a non-conductor1 ! same quality 0 also discov]$ 9 _m o!r sub/ances1 su* z hair1 ros91 c4 ,mr4 ,grey also made _m electrical exp]im5ts on fluids & animal bodies4 ,z he knew no o!r me?od ( try+ :e!r bodies 7 electrifi$ or n1 b by mak+ !m raise light bodies plac$ "u !m1 to put a fluid 9 ?is situation1 he dissolv$ soap 9 ,?ames wat]1 & susp5d+ a tobacco pipe1 he blew a bubble at ! head ( x2 & br++ ! excit$ tube ne> ! small end1 he f\nd ! bubble to attract leaf brass to ! height ( two & ( f\r in*es4#f ,he contriv$ aft]w>ds1 by a curi\s exp]im5t to %ew ! effects ( electricity ^u wat]1 9 a m satisfactory mann]4 ,he fill$ a small cup ) wat] high] ?an ! brim1 & :5 he _h held an excit$ tube ov] x1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t an in* or two1 he says1 t if x 7 a l>ge tube !re w\ld fir/ arise a little m\nta9 ( wat] f ! top ( x1 ( a conical =m2 f ! v]tex ( :i* !re proce$$ a light1 v visible :5 ! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ 9 a d>k room1 & a snapp+ noise almo/ l t :i* 0 made :5 ! f+] 0 held ne> ! tube1 b n q s l\d1 & ( a m flat s\nd4 ,^u ?is1 says he1 imm$iately ! m\nta91 if ,i may s call x1 falls into ! re/ ( ! wat]1 & puts x into a tremul\s & wav+ motion4 ,?is exp]im5t he repeat$ 9 ! sun-%9e1 :5 he p]ceiv$ small p>ticles ( wat] ?r[n f ! top ( ! m\nta92 & sometimes a f9e /ream ( wat] w\ld arise f ! v]tex ( ! cone1 9 ! mann] ( a f\nta91 f :i* issu$ a f9e /ream or vap\r1 ^: p>ticles 7 s small z n to be se54 ,?is la/ circum/ance he inf]r$1 f ! "u side ( ! tube be+ wet4 ,& by aft] exp]im5ts1 he f\nd t ?\gh ! cyl9d] ( wat] does n always rise1 yet t !re is always a /ream ( p>ticles ?r[n on ! tube1 & sometimes to su* a degree z to become visible4 ,9 ,april #agcj1 ,mr4 ,grey susp5d$ a boy on hair l9es1 9 a horizontal position1 j z all electricians _h be=e be5 us$ to susp5d _! hemp5 l9es ( communication1 & _! wood5 rods2 !n br++ ! excit$ tube ne> 8 feet1 he f\nd t leaf brass 0 attract$ by 8 head1 ) a vig\r suffici5t to raise x to ! height ( eight1 & sometimes ( t5 in*es4 ,:5 ! leaf brass 0 put "u 8 feet1 & ! tube br\ght ne> 8 head1 ! attraction 0 small2 & :5 ! leaf brass 0 br\ght "u 8 head1 !re 0 no attraction at all4 ,:ile ! boy 0 ?us susp5d$1 ,mr4 ,grey amus$ himself ) mak+ ! electricity op]ate on sev]al p>ts ( 8 body at ! same "t1 & at ! ends ( long rods1 :i* he made him hold 9 8 h&s1 & 9 div]sify+ ! exp]im5ts sev]al o!r ways4 ,mr4 ,grey cont9u$ to /udy electricity z long z he liv$2 & besides giv+ a set ( fanciful exp]im5ts1 by :i* he suppos$ he _h discov]$ a p]petual attractive p[] 9 electrics1 he1 a little :ile be=e 8 dea?1 ent]$ on ano!r c\rse by :i* he hop$ he %\ld be able to a/oni% ! _w ) a new sort ( planet>ium4 8,i h lately made 7says he7 sev]al new exp]im5ts ^u ! projectile & p5dul\s motions ( small bodies by electricity2 by :i* small bodies may be made to move ab\t l>ge ones1 ei!r 9 circles or ellipses1 & ^? ei!r conc5tric or exc5tric to ! c5tre ( ! l>ge body ab\t :i* !y move1 s z to make _m revolutions ab\t !m4 ,& ?is motion w con/antly be ! same way t ! planets move r\nd ! sun1 viz4 f ! "r h& to ! left1 or f we/ to ea/4 ,b ^! little planets1 if ,i may s call !m1 move mu* fa/] 9 _! apogean1 ?an 9 ! p]igean "p ( _! orbits2 :i* is directly contr>y to ! motion ( ! planets r\nd ! sun40 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 made1 z deliv]$ by him on 8 dea?-b$ to ,dr4 ,mortim]1 0 z foll[s3 8,place a small iron globe 7said he7 ( an in* or an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 on ! middle ( a circul> cake ( ros91 sev5 or eight in*es 9 diamet]1 greatly excit$2 & !n a light body1 susp5d$ by a v f9e ?read1 five or six in*es long1 held 9 ! h& ov] ! c5tre ( ! cake1 w1 ( itself1 beg9 to move 9 a circle r\nd ! iron globe1 & con/antly f we/ to ea/4 ,if ! globe is plac$ at any di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! circul> cake1 x w describe an ellipse1 :i* w h ! same exc5tricity z ! di/ance ( ! globe f ! c5tre ( ! cake4 ,if ! cake ( ros9 be ( an elliptical =m1 & ! iron globe be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( x1 ! light body w describe an elliptical orbit1 ( ! same exc5tricity ) ! =m ( ! cake4 ,if ! globe be plac$ 9 or ne> "o ( ! foci ( ! elliptical cake1 ! light body w move mu* swift] 9 ! apogee1 ?an 9 ! p]igee ( its orbit4 ,if ! iron globe is fix$ on a p$e/al an in* f ! table1 & a glass hoop1 or a portion ( a holl[ glass cyl9d] excit$1 be plac$ r\nd x1 ! light body w move z 9 ! circum/ance m5tion$ above1 & ) ! same v>ieties40 ,he said1 moreov]1 t ! light body w\ld make ! same revolutions1 only small]1 r\nd ! iron globe plac$ on ! b>e table1 )\t any electrical sub/ance to support x3 b he ackn[l$g$ t he _h n f\nd ! exp]im5t succe$ if ! ?read 0 support$ by any ?+ b ! human h&2 ?\gh he imag9$ any o!r animal sub/ance w\ld h answ]$ ! purpose4 ,^! exp]im5ts occasion$ a great deal ( speculation4 ,dr4 ,mortim] 0 ! only p]son :o 0 able to repeat !m ) success1 & he only :5 nobody b himself 0 ! witness4 ,x 0 !re=e g5]ally suppos$ t bo? he & ,mr4 ,grey _h be5 deceiv$3 b f "s exp]im5ts to be relat$ h]eaft]1 x seems probable t ! success ( ,mr4 ,grey & ,dr4 ,mortim] 0 ow+ to _! hav+ p]=m$ _! exp]im5ts ) c&le-light2 & ! failure ( ! o!rs to _! hav+ attempt$ !m by day light4 ,not)/&+ :i*1 x is m ?an probable t ,mr4 ,grey has be5 deceiv$ 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s2 = no motion c be p]=m$ by an artificial excitation ( ! electric fluid1 b :at is att5d$ ) mu* irregul>ity4 ,n long aft] ! discov]y ( ,mr4 ,grey ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 conductors & non-conductors1 ,mr4 ,du ,fay1 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 7= ! 8_s ( electricity0 _h pass$ f ,engl& to ,france17 discov]$1 :at 0 aft]w>ds call$ positive & negative electricity2 or z he d5om9at$ !m ! vitre\s & res9\s electricities4 8,*ance 7says he7 has ?r[n 9 my way a pr9ciple1 :i* ca/s a new light on ! subject ( electricity4 ,! pr9ciple is1 t !re are two di/9ct k9ds ( electricity1 v diff]5t f "o ano!r1 "o ( :i* ,i call vitre\s1 & ! o!r res9\s electricity4 ,! fir/ is t ( glass1 rock cry/al1 preci\s /ones1 hair ( animals1 wool & _m o!r bodies4 ,! second is t ( amb]1 copal1 gum lac1 silk ?read1 pap]1 & a va/ numb] ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ^! two electricities is1 t !y repel !mselves & attract ea* o!r4 ,?us a body ( ! vitre\s electricity repels ! vitre\s1 & on ! contr>y attracts all ^? ( ! res9\s4 ,! res9\s also repels ! res9\s & attracts ! vitre\s4 ,?is discov]y ( ,mr4 ,du ,fay 0 made 9 consequ5ce ( 8 casually obs]v+1 t a piece ( leaf gold1 repell$ by an excit$ glass tube1 & :i* he meant to *ace ab\t ! room ) a piece ( excit$ gum copal1 in/ead ( be+ repell$ by x1 z x 0 by ! glass tube1 0 eag]ly attract$4 ,?is doctr9e ( two diff]5t electricities1 produc$ by excit+ diff]5t sub/ances1 0 dropp$ aft] ,mr4 ,du ,fay2 & ev5 ?is philosoph] himself adopt$ at la/ ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 t ! two electricities diff] only 9 degree1 & t ! /rong] attracts ! weak]4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,grey l$ directly to x1 yet to ! ,fr5* philosoph] j m5tion$1 belongs ! m]it ( fir/ draw+ ! electrical sp>k f ! human body4--,& we _c =be> rem>k+1 9 ?is place on ! regul> & progressive advances :i* ! human m9d makes 9 ! inve/igation ( sci5ce4 ,electrical attraction 01 = a long p]iod1 ! s+le ph5om5on kn[n to philosoph]s4--,repulsion 0 !n obs]v$ to be also a prop]ty ( electrics4--,9 ! inve/igation ( ^! we read ( ! accid5tal discov]y ( ! electric light4--,to ?is naturally succe$$1 ,mr4 ,grey's di/9ction betwe5 conductors & non-conductors2 & !n ! diff]5ce betwe5 vitre\s & res9\s electricities by ,mr4 ,du ,fay4 ,we %all h to rem>k 9 ! sequel ( ?is hi/ory1 h[ ea* succe$+ fact & inv5tion grew out ( t :i* imm$iately prec$$ x4 ,! k ( electricity did n /op 9 ,france4 ,! ,g]mans began to lab\r 9 ! same field2 & ) laudable success4 ,_! success arose *iefly f ! improvem5ts !y made 9 ! electrical app>atus4 ,! simple exp]im5ts ( ,gilb]t1 & ! e>ly electricians1 7 made by excit+ a piece ( amb] or sulphur4 ,mr4 ,boyle f\nd ! electric p[] increas$ by smoo?+ ! surface ( bodies4 ,otto ,gu]icke made 8 exp]im5t ) a globe ( sulphur1 =m$ by melt+ t sub/ance 9 a holl[ globe ( glass1 & aft]w>ds break+ ! glass f (f x1 little suppos+ t ! glass itself w\ld bett] h answ]$ 8 int5tion4 ,9 #agji ,mr4 ,hawksbee fir/ obs]v$ ! great electric p[] ( glass4 ,he us$ a glass globe1 :i* he m\nt$ ^u an axis1 :irl+ x r\nd1 & at ! same "t apply+ 8 h& to x4 ,he also1 to increase ! p[]1 inclos$ an exhau/$ cyl9d] )9 ano!r1 excit+ ! out]mo/4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,hawksbee's dea?1 ! glass globe 0 laid aside1 & 8 successors conf9$ !mselves to ! use ( tubes4 ,mr4 ,boze1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,wittemburgh1 9 #agdb return$ to ! use ( ! globe4 ,he also add$ a prime-conductor ( t9 or iron1 support$1 at fir/1 by a man /&+ on cakes ( ros91 b aft]w>ds by silk5 l9es ext5d$ horizontally1 "u ! conductor4 ,mr4 ,w9ckl]1 ( ,leipsic1 to excite ! globe1 sub/itut$ a cu%ion1 in/ead ( ! h&4 ,! electrical /> & ! electrical bells 7 also ! inv5tion ( ! ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,dr4 ,desaguli]1 likewise1 assi/$ electricians by "s electrical t]ms4 ,he fir/ gave to bodies convey+ electricity ! "n ( conductors2 & ^? 9 :i* electricity may be excit$ by heat+ & rubb+ he calls electrics p] se4 ,9 #agde1 ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,watson be+ attract$ by ! acc\nt ( ! ,g]mans hav+ fir$ spirits ( w9e1 he appli$ himself to electricity ) mu* assiduity1 & made _m valuable & curi\s discov]ies4 ,b ?\gh 8 improvem5ts 7 consid]able1 & su* z at ano!r "t w\ld h excit$ int]e/1 !y 7 n[ lo/ amid ! surprise occasion$ by ! mo/ rem>kable discov]y t _h yet be5 made 9 ! :ole sci5ce4 ,?is 0 ! accumulation ( ! electric matt] 9 glass bottles1 & ! me?od ( giv+ ! electric %ock4 ,! m]it ( ?is discov]y belongs to ,mr4 ,cuneus1 a native ( ,leyd51 f :5ce x d]ives its "n ( ! ,leyd5 phial4#g 8,m4 ,mus*5broeck1 pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity 9 t city1 obs]v+ ) 8 fri5ds1 t electrifi$ bodies1 expos$ to ! common atmosph]e1 :i* is always replete ) conduct+ p>ticles ( v>i\s k9ds1 soon lo/ _! electricity1 & 7 capable ( reta9+ b a small quantity ( x1 imag9$1 t 7 ! electrifi$ bodies t]m9at$ on all sides by orig9al electrics1 !y might be capable ( receiv+ a /rong] p[]1 & reta9+ x a long] "t4 ,glass be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t electric = ?is purpose1 & wat] ! mo/ conv5i5t non-electric1 !y fir/ made _! exp]im5ts ) wat] 9 glass bottles2 b no consid]able discov]y 0 made1 till ! pr(essor1 or ,mr4 ,cuneus1 happ5+ to hold 8 glass vessel 9 "o h&1 conta9+ wat]1 :i* _h a communication ) ! prime-conductor by means ( a wire1 & ) ! o!r h& dis5gag+ x f ! conductor 7:5 he imag9$ ! wat] _h receiv$ z mu* electricity z ! ma*9e c\ld give7 0 surpris$ by a sudd5 %ock 9 8 arms & brea/1 :i* he _h n 9 ! lea/ expect$ f ! exp]im5t40 ,wond] is ! effect ( ignorance1 & ignorance begets cr$ulity2 b :5 wond] & cr$ulity are c\pl$ ) t]ror & surprise1 we mu/ look = a /range & mi%ap5 prog5y4 ,! exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ^? :o fir/ exp]i5c$ ! electric %ock _c b raise a smile2 especially z we may asc]ta9 _! real s5sations by l exp]im5ts ^u ourselves4 ,mr4 ,mus*5broeck1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,reaumur1 writt5 soon aft] ! ,leyd5 discov]y1 says2 t he felt himself /ruck 9 8 arms1 %\ld]s1 & brea/1 s t he lo/ 8 brea?2 & 0 two days be=e he recov]$ f ! effects ( ! bl[ & ! t]ror4 ,he adds1 he w\ld n take a second %ock = ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,mr4 ,allam& :o tri$ ! exp]im5t ) a common be] glass1 affirm$1 t he lo/ ! use ( 8 brea? = "s mom5ts2 & !n felt s int5se a pa9 along 8 "r arm1 t he at fir/ appreh5d$ ill consequ5ces f x1 ?\gh x soon aft] w5t (f )\t any inconv5i5ce4 ,b ! t]ror ( ,mr4 ,w9ckl] ( ,leipsic exce$$ t ( all ! re/4 ,! fir/ "t he tri$ ! ,leyd5 exp]im5t1 he says1 he f\nd great convulsions by x 9 8 :ole body3 & t x put 8 blood into great agitation2 s t he 0 afraid ( an ard5t fev]1 & 0 oblig$ to use refrig]at+ m$ic9es4 ,he also felt a heav9ess 9 8 head1 z if a /one lay ^u x4 ,twice1 he says1 x gave him a ble$+ at ! nose1 to :i* he 0 n incl9$2 & t 8 wife 7^: curiosity1 x seems1 0 great] ?an h] fe>s7 receiv$ ! %ock only twice1 & f\nd h]self s weak1 t %e c\ld h>dly walk2 & t a week aft]1 ^u recov]+ c\rage to receive ano!r %ock1 %e bl$ at ! nose aft] tak+ x only once4 ,mr4 ,boze1 ) o!r philosoph]s 71 h[ev]1 f> f p>ticipat+ 9 ! c[>dice ( ! pr(essor ( ,leipsic4 ,!y ga!r$ resolution to receive a numb] ( electric %ocks1 z /rong z !y c\ld be giv54 ,mr4 ,boze1 inde$1 z ,dr4 ,prie/ley rem>ks1 8) a h]oism wor?y ( ,emp$ocles1 wi%$ he might die by ! electric %ock1 t ! acc\nt ( 8 dea? might furni% an article = ! memoirs ( ! ,fr5* academy ( sci5ces4 ,b1 adds ! same au?or1 x is n giv5 to e electrician to die ! dea? ( ! ju/ly envi$ ,ri*man40 ,?is exp]im5t1 calculat$1 n only to engage ! inve/igation ( ! philosoph]1 b to raise ! vulg> amazem5t1 br\ght electricity into g5]al notice4--,f ?is "t e body 0 eag] to see & to feel ?is prodigy ( nature2 & numb]s ( p]sons1 travell+ ov] ,europe1 ga9$ a livelihood by exhibit+ its appe>ances & effects4 ,at ! same "t1 all ! electricians 7 zeal\s to se>* into ! nature ( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,dr4 ,watson prosecut$ exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 h[ be/ to succe$ ) ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,he obs]v$ t ! =ce ( ! %ock 0 n increas$ by ! size or numb] ( ! globes employ$ 9 fill+ x2 nor by increas+ ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! vessel2 b t ! p[] 0 greate/ :5 ! glass 0 ?9ne/1 & ! wat] w>m] ?an ! ambi5t air4 ,he 0 proce$+ ) ^! discov]ies1 :5 ,mr4 ,bevis in=m$ him t he f\nd ! electric explosion z great f cov]+ ! sides ( a pane ( glass1 z x c\ld h be5 f a half p9t phial ( wat]4 ,! ,doctor ^u ?is coat$ l>ge j>s ) leaf silv]1 bo? inside & outside1 )9 an in* ( ! top1 & f ! greate/ explosion he produc$ f !m1 drew ! conclusion t ! effect ( ! ,leyd5 bottle 0 ow+1 n s mu* to ! quantities ( non-electric matt] conta9$ 9 ! glass1 z to ! numb] ( po9ts ( non-electric contact )9 ! glass1 & ! d5sity ( matt] ( :i* ^! po9ts consi/$4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,abb ,nollet attempt$ to measure ! di/ance to :i* ! electric %ock might be c>ri$1 & ! velocity ) :i* x passes4 ,at "o "t he electrifi$ #ahj ( ! gu>ds 9 ! k+'s pres5ce2 & at ano!r ! :ole community ( ! gr& conv5t ( ! ,c>?usians at ,p>is1 =m+ a l9e ( #ijj toises1 by means ( iron wires betwe5 e two p]sons2 :5 ! :ole company1 ^u ! dis*>ge ( ! phial1 gave a sudd5 spr+ at ! same in/ant ( "t1 & all felt ! %ock equally4 ,b ^! attempts ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s to measure ! electric circuit 7 insignificant1 9 comp>ison ) ! ext5d$ & num]\s exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,watson1 accompani$ by a numb] ( ,engli% g5tlem5 ( em95ce4 ,^? g5tlem51 9 _! fir/ attempt1 convey$ ! electric %ock across ! riv] ,?ames2 mak+ use ( ! wat] ( ! riv] z a "p ( ! *a9 ( communication4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by fa/5+ a wire all along ! ,we/m9/] bridge1 at a consid]able height above ! wat]4 ,"o end ( ?is wire communicat$ ) ! coat+ ( a *>g$ phial1 ! o!r be+ held by an obs]v]1 :o1 9 8 o!r h&1 held an iron rod :i* he dipp$ into ! riv]4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! riv] /ood a g5tleman1 :o likewise dipp$ an iron rod into ! riv] ) "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r held a wire ! extremity ( :i* might be br\ght into contact ) ! wire ( ! phial4 ,^u mak+ ! dis*>ge1 ! %ock 0 felt by ! obs]v]s on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 b m s5sibly by ^? :o 7 /ation$ on ! same side ) ! ma*9e2 "p ( ! electric fluid hav+ gone f ! wire d[n ! moi/ /ones ( ! bridge1 !reby mak+ sev]al %ort] circuits to ! phial2 b /ill all pass+ ?r\gh ! g5tlem5 :o 7 /ation$ on ! same side ) ! ma*9e4--,?is 01 9 a mann] demon/rat$1 by "s p]sons feel+ a s5sible %ock 9 _! arms & feet1 :o only happ5$ to t\* ! wire at ! "t ( "o ( ! dis*>ges1 :5 !y 7 /&+ ^u ! wet /eps :i* l$ to ! riv]4 ,9 "o ( ! dis*>ges made ^u ?is occasion1 spirits ( w9e 7 k9dl$ by ! fire :i* _h gone ?r\gh ! riv]4 ,!y aft]w>ds und]took to det]m9e :e!r ! electric virtue c\ld be convey$ along dry gr\nd1 & to di/+ui%1 if possible1 ! respective velocity ( electricity & s\nd4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y fix$ ^u a hill1 & made _! fir/ exp]im5t on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #agdg2 a "t1 :51 z x happ5$1 b "o %[] ( ra9 _h fall5 dur+ five prec$+ weeks4 ,! wire communicat+ ) ! iron rod :i* made ?is dis*>ge1 0 support$ all ! way ^u bak$ /icks2 z 0 also ! wire :i* communicat$ ) ! coat+ ( ! phial1 & ! obs]v]s 7 di/ant f ea* o!r two miles4 ,! result ( ! explosion demon/rat$ to ! g5tlem5 pres5t1 t ! circuit p]=m$ by ! electric matt] 0 f\r miles1 viz4 two miles ( wire1 & two ( dry gr\nd1 ! space betwe5 ! extremities ( ! wires4--,a di/ance :i*1 )\t trial1 z !y ju/ly obs]v$1 0 too great to be cr$it$4 ,a gun 0 dis*>g$ at ! in/ant ( ! explosion1 & ! obs]v]s _h /op wat*es 9 _! h&s1 to note ! mom5t :5 !y felt ! %ock2 b1 z f> z !y c\ld di/+ui%1 ! "t 9 :i* ! electric matt] p]=m$ t va/ circuit might h be5 in/antane\s4 ,travell]s ?r\gh a new region ( sci5ce1 l travell]s ?r\gh an unexplor$ c\ntry1 too (t5 ?9k !mselves absolv$ f ! /rict obligations ( tru?1 & at lib]ty to amuse ! public ) romantic acc\nts ( :at !y h he>d & se54 ,ab\t ! "t ^! exp]im5ts 7 go+ =w>d 9 ,engl&1 ! passion = ! m>vell\s /rongly discov]$ itself 9 relat+ "s effects ( electricity1 pret5d$ to be f\nd out 9 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,x 0 ass]t$ by ,signor ,privati ( ,v5ice1 & aft] him by ,v]ati at ,bologna1 ,mr4 ,blan*i at ,tur91 & ,mr4 ,w9ckl] at ,leipsic1 t if odorif]\s sub/ances 7 conf9$ 9 glass vessels1 & ! vessels excit$1 ! od\rs & o!r m$ical virtues w\ld transpire ?r\gh ! glass1 infe/ ! atmosph]e ( ! conductor1 & communicate _! virtue to all p]sons 9 contact ) x2 also1 t ^? sub/ances1 held 9 ! h&s ( p]sons electrifi$1 w\ld communicate _! virtues to !m1 s t ! m$ic9es might be made to op]ate )\t be+ tak5 into ! /oma*4 ,!y ev5 pret5d$ to h wr\ght _m cures by ! help ( electricity appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,x 0 affirm$ t a man :o1 hav+ a pa9 9 8 side _h appli$ hyssop to x by ! advice ( a physician1 approa*$ a cyl9d] 9 :i* 0 conceal$ "s balsam ( ,p]u1 & 0 electrifi$ by x4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t :5 he w5t home & fell asleep he sweat$1 & ! p[] ( ! balsam 0 s disp]s$ t ev5 8 clo!s1 ! b$ & *amb]1 all smell$ ( x4 ,:5 he _h refre%$ himself by ?is sleep1 he comb$ 8 head1 & f\nd t ! v comb 0 p]fum$4 ,to see ! wond]ful effects ( ^! m$icat$ tubes1 z !y 7 call$1 ,mr4 ,nollet travell$ into ,italy1 :]e he visit$ all ! g5tlem5 :o _h publi%$ an acc\nt ( ^! all$g$ facts4 ,b ?\gh he engag$ !m to repeat _! exp]im5ts 9 8 pres5ce & ^u himself1 & ?\gh he made x 8 bus9ess to get all ! in=mation he c\ld conc]n+ !m1 he return$ fully conv9c$1 t 9 no in/ance _h od\r be5 f\nd to transpire ?r\gh ! pores ( excit$ glass1 & t no drugs _h ev] communicat$ _! virtues to p :o _h only held !m 9 _! h&s :ile !y 7 electrifi$4 ,he 0 conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t by cont9u$ electrification1 )\t drugs1 sev]al p]sons f\nd consid]able relief 9 v>i\s disord]s2 p>ticul>ly1 t a p>alytic p]son _h be5 cur$ at ,g5eva1 & t "o :o 0 deaf ( an e>1 ano!r :o _h a viol5t pa9 9 8 head1 & a woman ) a disord] 9 h] eyes1 _h be5 cur$ at ,bologna3 s t f ?is "t we may date ! introduction ( electricity into ! m$ical art4 ,ano!r wond]ful exp]im5t 0 ! beatification ( ,mr4 ,boze2 :i* o!r electricians1 = a long "t1 endeav\r$ to repeat aft] him1 b to no purpose4 ,8 description ( ?is rem>kable exp]im5t 01 t if1 9 electrify+1 l>ge globes 7 employ$1 & ! electrifi$ p]son /ood ^u l>ge cakes ( pit*1 a lamb5t flame w\ld by degrees arise f ! pit*1 & spread itself ar\nd 8 feet2 t f !nce x w\ld be propagat$ to 8 knees & body1 till at la/ x asc5d$ to 8 head2 t !n1 by cont9u+ ! electrification1 ! p]son's head w\ld be surr\nd$ by a glory1 su* z is 9 "s measure repres5t$ by pa9t]s 9 ornam5t+ ! heads ( sa9ts4 ,dr4 ,watson took ! utmo/ pa9s to repeat ?is exp]im5t4 ,he und]w5t ! op]ation sev]al times1 & 0 support$ dur+ ! "t ( x by solid electrics ?ree feet high4 ,be+ electrifi$ v /rongly1 he felt a k9d ( t+l+ on ! sk9 ( 8 head1 & _m o!r p>ts ( 8 body4 ,! s5sation resembl$ :at w\ld arise f a va/ numb] ( insects crawl+ ov] him at ! same "t4 ,he con/antly obs]v$ ! s5sation to be ! greate/ 9 ^? p>ts ( 8 body :i* 7 ne>e/ to any non-electric2 b no light appe>$ ^u 8 head1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 sev]al times made 9 ! d>k1 & ) "s cont9uance4 ,at la/ ! ,doctor wrote to ,mr4 ,boze himself1 & 8 answ] %[$ t ! :ole _h be5 a trick4 ,mr4 ,boze ackn[l$g$ t he _h made use ( a suit ( arm\r1 :i* 0 deck$ ) _m pieces ( /eel1 "s po9t$ l nails1 o!rs l w$ges1 & "s pyramidal2 & t :5 ! electrization 0 v vigor\s1 ! edges ( ! helmet w\ld d>t =? rays1 some?+ l ^? :i* are pa9t$ on ! heads ( sa9ts4 ,! id5tity ( electricity & lightn+ 0 ! next discov]y t engag$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s2 & x is a discov]y ( ! fir/ practical importance4 ,we h already notic$ ! conjectures haz>d$ by ! anci5ts1 on ?is id5tity1 & we may rememb] t ,dr4 ,wall1 9 8 exp]im5ts on electric light & ! crackl+ ) :i* electricity is emitt$1 notices ! simil>ity betwe5 x1 & ! ph5om5on ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,b :5 ! exp]im5t ( ! ,leyd5 phial 0 kn[n to philosoph]s1 ?is analogy became mu* m obvi\s4 ,! ,abb ,nollet1 aft] sugge/+ t ?und] is 9 ! h&s ( nature :at electricity is 9 ours1 enum]ates _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ^! two p[]s1 & !n says1 t m$itat+ on ^! po9ts1 he concludes 8t "o might1 by tak+ electricity = ! model1 =m to ones self1 9 relation to ?und] & lightn+1 m p]fect & m probable ideas ?an :at h be5 (f]$ hi!rto40 ,b ?\gh ^! philosoph]s1 & _m o!rs1 7 /ruck ) ?is simil>ity betwe5 ! electric fluid & lightn+1 !y did n ?9k ( any me?od by :i* _! suspicions might be br\ght to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4--,?is 0 fir/ propos$ by ,dr4 ,frankl9 9 #agej4 ,he _h be=e discov]$ ! effects ( po9t$ bodies 9 draw+ (f ! electric matt] m p[]fully ?an o!rs4 ,?is 0 sugge/$ to him by "o ,mr4 ,?omas ,hopk9son1 :o electrifi$ an iron ball ( ?ree or f\r in*es diamet]1 ) a ne$le fa/5$ to x1 expect+ to draw a /rong] sp>k f ! po9t ( x2 b 0 surpris$ to f9d little or none4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 improv+ on ?is h9t1 suppos$ t po9t$ rods ( iron1 fix$ 9 ! air :5 ! atmosph]e 0 load$ ) lightn+1 might draw f x ! matt] ( ! ?und]-bolt1 )\t noise or dang]1 into ! body ( ! e>?4 ,8 acc\nt ( ?is supposition is giv5 by himself 9 ! foll[+ words4 8,! electric fluid is attract$ by po9ts4 ,we d n "k :e!r ?is prop]ty be 9 lightn+2 b s9ce !y agree 9 all ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* we c already comp>e !m1 x is n improbable t !y agree likewise 9 ?is2 let ! exp]im5t be made40 ,?is suspicion ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 0 v]ifi$ 9 #ageb4 ,! mo/ active p]sons 9 mak+ ! exp]im5ts by :i* x 0 confirm$1 7 two ,fr5* g5tlem51 ,messrs4 ,dalib>d & ,delor4 ,! =m] prep>$ 8 app>atus at ,m>ly la ,ville1 situat$ five or six leagues f ,p>is2 ! o!r at 8 own h\se1 on "s ( ! highe/ gr\nd 9 t capital4 ,mr4 ,dalib>d's ma*9e consi/$ ( an iron rod =ty feet long1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* 0 br\ght into a c5try-box1 :]e ! ra9 c\ld n come2 :ile on ! outside x 0 fa/5$ to ?ree wood5 po/s1 by long silk5 /r+s1 def5d$ f ! ra94 ,?is ma*9e happ5$ to be ! fir/ t 0 fav\r$ ) a visit ( ! e!rial fire4 ,mr4 ,dalib>d himself 0 n at home2 b1 9 8 abs5ce1 he _h entru/$ ! c>e ( 8 app>atus to "o ,coissi] a jo9]1 :o _h s]v$ f\rte5 ye>s among ! dragoons1 & on ^: c\rage & und]/&+ he c\ld dep5d4 ,?is artisan _h all ! necess>y in/ructions giv5 him2 & 0 desir$ to call "s ( 8 neighb\rs1 p>ticul>ly ! curate ( ! p>i%1 :5ev] !re %\ld be any appe>ance ( a ?und] /orm4 ,at l5g? ! long expect$ ev5t arriv$4 ,on ,w$nesday ! #aj? ( ,may #ageb1 betwe5 two & ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 ,coissi] he>d a pretty l\d clap ( ?und]4 ,imm$iately he ran to ! ma*9e1 tak+ ) him a phial furni%$ ) a brass wire2 & pres5t+ ! wire to ! end ( ! rod1 a small sp>k issu$ f x1 ) a snap l t :i* att5ds a sp>k f an electrifi$ conductor4 ,/rong] sp>ks 7 aft]w>ds drawn1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! curate & a numb] ( o!r p4 ,! curate's acc\nt ( !m 01 t !y 7 ( a blue col\r1 an in* & a half 9 l5g?1 & smell$ /rongly ( sulphur4 ,9 mak+ !m1 he receiv$ a /roke on 8 arm a little bel[ ! elb[2 b he c\ld n tell :e!r x came f ! brass wire ins]t$ into ! phial1 or f ! b>4 ,he did n att5d to x at ! "t2 b ! pa9 cont9u+1 he uncov]$ 8 arm :5 he w5t home1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,coissi]4 ,a m>k 0 p]ceiv$ r\nd x1 su* z might h be5 made by a bl[ ) ! wire on 8 nak$ sk94 ,al?\gh x appe>s f ! =ego+ /atem5t1 t ! directions ( ,dr4 ,frankl9 began to be put 9 execution 9 ,france1 he himself complet$ ! demon/ration ( 8 own problem1 be=e he he>d ( :at 0 done else:]e4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts w be f\nd 9 ! sci5tific "p ( ?is "w4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,frankl91 !re has be5 no capital discov]y 9 electricity3--at lea/1 no discov]y ( su* a nature z to dem& a detail$ acc\nt 9 ?is portion ( our "w4 ,exp]im5ts & improvem5ts h be5 made2 & num]\s electricians h ev9c$ a v comm5dable dilig5ce 9 ! cultivation ( ?is dep>tm5t ( k4 ,b _! ex]tions h be5 direct$ to ! reason & philosophy ( ! ph5om5a already kn[n1 to ! classification ( ! facts1 & to ! improvem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,?us ,mr4 ,canton has giv5 a v curi\s set ( exp]im5ts ^u ! conduct+ p[] ( air1 to asc]ta9 :]e9 consi/s ! di/9ction betwe5 ! bodies :i* are conductors1 & ^? :i* are n4 ,signor ,becc>ia1 also1 ) ! same view1 exp]im5t$ ^u wat] & smoke4 ,b :at m prop]ly belongs to hi/ory1 is to m5tion ! view1 :i* ,mr4 p9us1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 9 ! ye> #agei1 took ( ! sci5ce ( electricity4 ,?is g5tleman1 /ruck ) ! resemblance ( ! electrical prop]ties ( ! t\rmal9e to ! prop]ties ( a magnet1 :i* h always be5 consid]$ z ! subject ( ma!matical discussion1 =tunately rem>k$ a wond]ful simil>ity 9 ! :ole s]ies ( electrical & magnetical attractions & repulsions1 & set himself s]i\sly to ! classification ( !m4 ,hav+ done ?is ) great success1 & hav+ maturely reflect$ on ,dr4 ,frankl9's happy ?\ght ( plus & m9us electricity1 & 8 consequ5t !ory ( ! ,leyd5 phial1 he at la/ hit on a mode ( consid]+ ! :ole subject ( magnetism & electricity1 :i* bids fair = lead+ to a full explanation ( all ! ph5om5a2 at lea/1 z f> z to enable u to class !m ) precision1 & to pr$ict :at w be ! result ( any propos$ treatm5t4 ,! "w conta9+ ?is hypo!sis1 0 publi%$ at ,pet]sburgh1 "u ! title ( ,!oria ,electritatis et ,magnetismi1 & is pron\nc$ to be 8"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & brilliant p]=mances ( ! la/ c5tury40 ,a summ>y view ( ?is !ory1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* x is =m$1 w be se5 9 ! c\rse ( ! ensu+ "w4 ,great improvem5ts 9 ! electrical app>atus h likewise be5 made s9ce ! "t ( ,frankl92 p>ticul>ly 9 devis+ me?ods to increase ! p[] ( electricity1 & to r5d] s5sible ! slighte/ accumulation or defici5cy ( ! electric fluid4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 cont5t ourselves1 9 ! conclusion1 ) only m5tion+ ! electrophorus & cond5s]1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,volta1 ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy at ,como1 c4 ,?is la/ in/rum5t is honorable to its inv5tor1 n only on acc\nt ( ! ext5sively useful purposes to :i* x has be5 & may be appli$2 b1 likewise1 because x 0 discov]$1 n casually1 l mo/ ( ! electrical app>atus1 b 9 consequ5ce ( sci5tific d$uction & reason+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! orig9 ( ,galvanism is s rec5t1 t we ?9k x unnecess>y to give any o!r hi/ory ( x1 ?an t :i* w be f\nd connect$ ) ! article 9 ! body ( our "w4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,division ,i4 ,*ap4 ,page4 ,i4 ,explanation ( t]ms2 ) "s g5]al rem>ks4 #a ,,ii4 ,electric sub/ances2 ) "s ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! excitation4 #c ,,iii4 ,( electrics & conductors4 #f ,,iv4 ,( ! electrical ma*9e4 #i ,v4 ,( communicat$ electricity4 #ae ,,vi4 ,( ! electric sp>k4 #af ,,vii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( po9t$ bodies on electricity1 & "s ph5om5a att5d+ _! op]ation4 #ag ,,viii4 ,( electric attraction & repulsion4 #ba ,,ix4 ,( ! ,leyd5 phial4 #bf ,x4 ,( ! electrical batt]y1 & exp]im5ts p]=m$ ) x4 #bh ,,xi4 ,( ! electrophorus1 & "s ( its ph5om5a acc\nt$ =4 #cc ,,xii4 ,( electromet]s4 #cf ,,xiii4 ,! id5tity ( electricity ) lightn+4 #dj ,,xiv4 ,( ! /ructure & use ( ! electrical kite4 #da ,,xv4 ,! /ructure & use ( lightn+ rods4 #dh ,,xvi4 ,( animal electricity4 #ee ,,xvii4 ,! influ5ce ( electricity on vegetables4 #fa ,,xviii4 ,m$ical electricity4 #fc ,,xix4 ,directions conc]n+ ! use ( ! electrical app>atus1 ) "s practical rules = p]=m+ exp]im5ts ) x1 to ! be/ advantage4 #fh ,,division ,,ii4 ,i4 ,ent]ta9+ exp]im5ts made by electrical attraction & repulsion4 #gc ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts ) electric light4 #gi ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts ) *>g$ electrics4 #hf ,,iv4 ,exp]im5ts relat+ to ! influ5ce ( po9t$ bodies on electricity4 #ib ,v4 ,promiscu\s exp]im5ts4 #id ,,division ,,iii4 ,i4 ,introductory obs]vations to ! !ory ( electricity4 #aje ,,ii4 ,!ories ( electricity1 exclusively ( t ( ,frankl94 #ajh ,,iii4 ,! ,frankl9ian !ory ( electricity4 #aaf ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,a description ( ! cem5t us$ = electrical purposes4 #abe ,,ii4 ,a composition = coat+ cyl9d]s or globes4 #abe ,,iii4 ,to make ! be/ k9d ( amalgam = excit+ electrics4 #abf ,,iv4 ,! prep>ation ( electrical pa9t4 #abf ,v4 ,to make ! artificial bolognian /one4 #abg ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,epitome ,,( ,,galvanism4 ,*ap4 ,page4 ,i4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,galvanism4 #abi ,,ii4 ,( ! animals be/ fitt$ = ,galvanic exp]im5ts2 ( ! metals be/ calculat$ = mak+ ^! exp]im5ts2 & ( conductors4 #aca ,,iii4 ,a description ( ! ,galvanic tr\gh & pile4 #acd ,,iv4 ,! me?od ( p]=m+ ,galvanic exp]im5ts ) frogs2 ) "s conclusions drawn f !m4 #ach ,v4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts ) ! ,galvanic pile4 #adj ,,vi4 ,exp]im5ts on ! deflagration ( metals by ! ,galvanic pile4 #adc ,,vii4 ,fur!r ,galvanic exp]im5ts on metals1 & on o!r sub/ances4 #ade ,,viii4 ,exp]im5ts :i* may be p]=m$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ! batt]y4 #adh ,,ix4 ,"s common effects :i* are suppos$ to be occasion$ by ,galvanism4 #aej ,x4 ,! effects ( ,galvanism on vegetables4 #aeb ,,xi4 ,( m$ical ,galvanism4 #aed ,,xii4 ,! id5tity ( ,galvanism ) electricity consid]$4 #aeg ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,division ,i4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,explanation ( ,t]ms2 ) "s g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,if a glass tube be rubb$ 9 ! d>k ) a dry h& or piece ( bucksk91 ^u apply+ ! knuckle to x a lum9\s /ream or sp>k w appe>1 pass+ f ! glass to ! knuckle1 att5d$ ) a crackl+ noise3 ?is lum9\s sp>k or /ream is call$ electricity4#h ,x is produc$ by ! friction ( sev]al o!r sub/ances1 & 0 fir/ obs]v$ on amb]4--,h5ce its "n1 f ! greek t]m = amb]4 ,x is a fluid extremely subtle1 ab\nd+ 9 all nature1 & is "o ( h] pr9cipal ag5ts2 :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally imp]ceptible1 sometimes becomes ! object ( our sight & o!r s5ses4 ,a glass tube1 hav+ be5 rubb$ & produc+ ! appe>ances above describ$1 is said to be excit$4 ,! h& or bucksk91 by :i* ?is is effect$1 is call$ ! rubb]4 ,electrics are all sub/ances :i* c be made to produce ! same appe>ances2 ! mo/ p]fect are glass1 amb]1 seal+-wax1 sulphur1 gum lac1 ros9 c4 ,^! are also call$ non-conductors1 f _! inability to conduct ! electric fluid4 ,conductors or non-electrics are ^? bodies :i* _c be excit$1 b h ! p[] ( transmitt+ electricity2 su* are metals1 wat]1 ! bodies ( animals1 an imp]fect vacuum1 heat c4 ,b /rictly speak+1 !re are no p]fect conductors or non-conductors4 ,a body is said to be 9 its natural /ate1 :5 x is 9 ! same /ate1 ) respect to electricity1 z ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,:5 a body has m ( ! electric fluid ?an its natural quantity1 x is said to be electrifi$ positively1 :5 less1 negatively2 b nei!r ( ^! cases c occur 9 a conductor1 unless ! communication betwe5 x & ! e>? be cut (f by ! int]v5tion ( an electric or non-conductor4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! conductor is said to be insulat$4 ,x may n be amiss "h to m5tion1 t ! t]ms electric or an electric p] se1 & non-electric1 7 at fir/ made use ( f an errone\s idea t only ^? call$ electrics1 conta9$ ! electric matt] 9 _! sub/ance1 :i* 0 capable ( be+ excit$ by friction1 & communicat$ by !m to ^? call$ non-electrics1 & suppos$ to be de/itute ( x3 = glass & o!r electrics1 be+ rubb$1 discov]$ signs ( hav+ x1 by snapp+ on ! approa* ( a f+] or o!r conductor1 & by attract+ & repell+ light bodies2 :ile o!r sub/ances c\ld n be made to produce any su* effect4 ,x has h[ev] s9ce be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts1 t bo? electrics & non-electrics conta9 ?is matt] 9 _! sub/ance2 b t non-electrics _c be excit$1 ow+ to ! fluid diffus+ itself ?r\gh !m z soon z collect$4 ,^! t]ms are !re=e improp]1 & z ! only diff]5ce is t "s bodies w conduct electricity & o!rs w n1 ! t]ms non-conductor & conductor are ^? :i* might g5]ally be us$ ) ! mo/ propriety 9 speak+ on ?is subject2 ?\gh1 9 con=mity ) cu/om1 we %all (t5 use non-conductor & electric z synonym\s4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,electric sub/ances2 ) "s ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! excitation4 ,^? sub/ances by :i* electrical ph5om5a may be produc$1 =m ! subject :i* next dem&s our att5tion2 b ^! are s num]\s t x w\ld be va9 to attempt to specify !m all4 ,p]haps x may be d\bt$1 :e!r e mat]ial sub/ance1 ) ! exception only ( metals1 wat]1 & *>coal1 may n be consid]$ z an electric4 ,"s h[ev] exhibit p>ticul> ph5om5a m obvi\sly ?an o!rs2 & h5ce a numb] ( catalogues h be5 =m$1 = %ew+ ! effects :i* arise :5 electrics are excit$ ) diff]5t rubb]s4 ,! specification :i* we e/eem ! mo/ complete1 0 =m$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,cavallo1 & we %all give x 9 8 own words4 8,9 ! foll[+ table 7says he7 may be se5 :at electricity w be excit$ 9 diff]5t bodies1 :5 rubb$ ) diff]5t sub/ances4 ,smoo? glass1 = in/ance1 w be f\nd by ?is table to acquire a positive electricity1 :5 rubb$ ) any sub/ance hi!rto tri$1 except ! back ( a cat3 7by :i* ,i mean ! sk9 ( a cat :ile on ! animal alive37 r\gh glass1 7viz4 glass1 ! poli% ( :i* has be5 de/roy$ by em]y or o!rwise7 w be f\nd to acquire ! positive electricity1 :5 rubb$ ) dry oil$ silk1 sulphur c4 & ! negative :5 rubb$ ) wool5 clo?1 ! h& c4 & s ( ! re/40 ,electrics4 ,qualities4 ,rubb]s4 ,e sub/ance ) 8,! back ( a cat ,positive :i* x has hi!rto be5 tri$4 ,e sub/ance ,smoo? ,glass ,positive hi!rto tri$1 except ! back ( a cat4 ,r\gh ,glass ,positive ,dry oil$ silk1 sulphur1 metals4 ,wool5 clo?1 quills1 ,negative wood1 pap]1 seal+ wax1 :ite wax1 ! human h&4 ,t\rmal9e ,positive ,amb]1 or air bl[n ^u x4 ,negative ,diamond & ! human h&4 ,:ite silk ,positive ,black silk1 metals & black clo?4 ,negative ,pap]1 h&1 h>e's weasel's sk94 ,black silk ,positive ,seal+ wax4 ,h>e's1 weasel's & ,negative f]ret's sk91 load-/one1 brass1 iron1 silv]1 h&4 ,metals1 silk1 ,weasel's sk9 ,positive load-/one1 lea!r1 h&1 pap]1 bak$ wood4 ,negative ,o!r f9e furs4 ,seal+ wax ,positive ,metals4 ,h>e's1 f]ret's & ,negative weasel's sk91 h&1 lea!r1 wool5 clo?1 pap]4 ,bak$ wood ,positive ,silk4 ,negative ,flannel40 ,f ! above table x appe>s1 t ! p[]s ( electric sub/ances v>y prodigi\sly f "o ano!r2 & t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t rubb]s made use (1 we may sometimes produce "o ph5om5on & sometimes ano!r4 ,h5ce we h a f\ndation = class+ electric sub/ances accord+ to ! v>i\s p[]s !y occasionally exhibit2 :i* may be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/4 ,^? :i* exhibit a /rong & p]man5t attractive & repulsive p[]1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable is silk4 ,second4 ,^? :i* exhibit ! electric light1 attraction1 repulsion1 & all ! o!r ph5om5a ( electricity 9 a v vigor\s1 ?\gh n durable mann]2 ( ^! glass is em95tly pref]able to all o!rs4 ,?ird4 ,^? :i* exhibit electric appe>ances = any l5g? ( "t1 & :i* communicate to conduct+ bodies1 ! greate/ electric p[]4--,( ^!1 ! sub/ances call$ negative electrics1 su* z seal+-wax1 res9\s sub/ances1 & res9\s comp\nds1 are ! be/4 ,f\r?4 ,^? :i* readily exhibit electrical ph5om5a by heat+ & cool+4--,( ^!1 ! t\rmal9e#i is ! pr9cipal4 ,! be/ me?od ( di/urb+ ! electric fluid1 t is ( mak+ x pass f "o body to ano!r1 is friction4 ,?is may be done ei!r by rubb+ "o electric ) ano!r1 or ) a conductor2 b ! electricity is g5]ally /rong] 9 ! latt] case4 ,o!r me?ods = caus+ electrics to %ew electric appe>ances1 are1 melt+1 or p\r+ a melt$ electric on ano!r sub/ance1 heat+ & cool+1 evaporat+ or eff]vesc+4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,electrics & ,conductors4 ,all bodies 9 nature are1 ) ref]5ce to ?is subject1 divid$ into two classes1 electrics & conductors4 ,x has be5 fully demon/rat$ by exp]im5t1 t no sub/ance :i* is a conductor c be excit$ s z to exhibit electrical ph5om5a3 & 9 ! same mann] x has be5 f\nd1 t no sub/ance :i* c be excit$1 is a conductor4 ,b z we h already h9t$1 !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no sub/ance :i* is a p]fect conductor or non-conductor2 because1 on ! "o h&1 ! electric fluid meets ) "s resi/ance 9 its passage ?r\gh ! be/ conductors2 & on ! o!r1 x is 9 "p transmitt$ ?r\gh1 or passes ov] ! surface (1 mo/ if n all electrics4 ,! two foll[+ li/s conta9 z complete an enum]ation ( electrics & conductors z ! pres5t /ate ( k1 9 reg>d to electricity1 p]mits u to make4 ,! sub/ances are dispos$ 9 ! ord] ( _! p]fection2 t is1 ! be/ conductors & ! be/ electrics are plac$ at ! head ( _! respective li/s1 & ^? ( an inf]ior k9d foll[1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( a scale graduat$ d[nw>d4 ,p]fect exactness h[ev] is n to be "h expect$1 because ! subject =bids x1 & "s ( ! specifi$ articles are ( classes ( sub/ances among :i* !re may be a s5sible diff]5ce4 ,conductors or non-electrics4 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,plat9a1 ,brass1 ,iron1 ,t91 ,m]cury1 ,lead1 ,semi-metals4 ,metallic ores4--,( :i* ^? are ! be/ :i* conta9 ! greate/ numb] ( metallic p>ts & are ne>e/ to a regul9e /ate4 ,*>coal1 ei!r ( animal or vegetable sub/ances-- ,animal fluids1 ,acids1 ,sal9e sub/ances1 ,hot wat]1 ,cold wat]1 ,salt wat]1 ,all o!r liquids except oils1 ,r$ hot glass1 ,melt$ ros91 ,flame & ! effluvia ( flam+ bodies1#aj ,ice & sn[--b n bel[ ! temp]ature ( #ac ,fahr5heit4 ,e>?y & /ony sub/ances1 ( :i* ! h>de/ are ! wor/4 ,glass fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 ,vap\r or /eam ( boil+ wat]1 ,smoke4 ,all comp\nds :i* conta9 ! above sub/ances 9 diff]5t proportions1 are conductors 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,non-conductors or electrics4 ,glass & all vitrifications2 ev5 ^? ( metals4 ,all gems1 ( :i* ! mo/ transp>5t are g5]ally ! be/4 ,all res9\s sub/ances & res9\s comp\nds1 ,amb]1 ,sulphur1 ,bak$ wood--if n suff]$ to imbibe moi/ure4 ,all bitum9\s sub/ances1 ,wax1 ,silk1 ,cotton4 ,all dry animal excresc5ces2 z fea!rs1 hair1 wool1 horn1 c4 ,pap]1 ,:ite sug> & sug> c&y1 ,atmosph]ic air & o!r gasses1 ,oils1 ,dry & complete metallic oxyds1 ,! a%es ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 ,all h>d /ones2 ( :i* ! h>de/ are ! be/1 ,p[d]s n metallic4 ,ice at & bel[ ! temp]ature ( #ac ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,wal%'s & ,mr4 ,morgan's exp]im5ts1 ! ,torricellian vacuum ought to be plac$ at ! head ( ?is li/2 b ! s+ul> nature ( a vacuum1 ?\gh a non-conductor1 w h>dly entitle x to ! "n ( an electric4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! electrical ma*9e4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! t]ms made use ( 9 ! /udy ( electricity1 & not$ "s ( ! ph5om5a ( diff]5t electric sub/ances1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 electrics & conductors2 we %all proce$ to describe ! electrical ma*9e made use ( = %ew+ exp]im5ts1 & = exhibit+ o!r electric ph5om5a to ! be/ advantage4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ma*9e are1 ! electric1 ! rubb]1 ! mov+ eng9e1 & ! prime conductor4 ,we %all take notice ( ea* ( ^! p>ts sep>ately & !n describe ! :ole ma*9e toge!r4 ,=m]ly diff]5t k9ds ( electrics 7 us$2 at pres5t smoo? glass is pref]r$ be=e all o!rs1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 & because x w1 by itself1 answ] ! purposes ( sev]al o!rs4 ,= :5 ! ma*9e has an insulat$ rubb]1 :i* is easily prep>$1 ! op]ator may produce positive or negative electricity#aa at pleasure1 )\t *ang+ ! electric4 ,) respect to ! =ms ( ! glass1 ^? commonly us$ are globes1 cyl9d]s & plates4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t size = a globe is f t5 to twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x %\ld h two necks1 c5trally opposite1 :i* mu/ be cem5t$#ab to /rong caps1 9 ord] to adapt !m to a prop] frame4 ,cyl9d]s are also made ) two necks4 ,_! common size is f six to sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & f t5 to twelve in*es 9 l5g?2 ! glass g5]ally us$ is ! be/ fl9t4 ,x has long be5 que/ion$ :e!r a coat+#ac ( "s electric sub/ance1 has any effect 9 increas+ ! p[] ( an electric2 b n[ x seems pretty well det]m9$1 t if x does n increase ! p[] ( a good "o1 x at lea/ consid]ably improves a bad "o4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is ! rubb] :i* is to excite ! electric4 ,?is1 z x is n[ made1 consi/s ( a cu%ion ( bucksk91 /uff$ ) hair or flannel1 & fa/5$ to a piece ( wood well r\nd$ at ! edges2 to ?is is glu$ a flap ( ,p]sian black silk1 :i* goes ov] ne>ly "o half ( ! cyl9d] or globe4 ,! rubb] %\ld be support$ by a small iron or brass spr+1 plac$ inside ( x1 z is repres5t$ edgewise by ,r1 figure #b1 9 ! frontispiece4 ,?is acts 9 a mu* m uni=m & p>allel mann] ?an if x 7 plac$ "u ! cyl9d]4 ,x suits any inequalities t may be on ! surface ( ! glass1 & by means ( a screw may be made to press aga9/ ! cyl9d] z occasion requires4 ,x %\ld likewise be insulat$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] by glass1 or by bak$ wood well v>ni%$4 ,b :5 exp]im5ts are to be made :i* d n require or admit ( insulation1 a communication mu/ be made betwe5 ! rubb] & ! e>?1 by a *a9 or conductor4 ,to increase ! effect ( ! rubb] sev]al sub/ances h be5 us$ ) success1 p>ticul>ly :it+ & pulv]is$ *alk4 ,b ! be/ ( all is an amalgam ( z9c & m]cury4#ad ,?is amalgam is to be us$ by fir/ apply+ a mod]ate quantity to ! cu%ion2 & aft]w>ds by spread+ x on a sep>ate piece ( lea!r1 & apply+ x occasionally to ! "u "p ( ! cyl9d] :ile turn+4 ,9 ?is me?od ( us+ x1 only a small quantity ( amalgam is consum$1 :ile ! glass is v /rongly excit$2 & by degrees ! :ole rubb] contigu\s to ! cyl9d] is cov]$ ) amalgam1 9 ! =m ( a concave cake4 ,x is ) su* a rubb] t ! cyl9d] is mo/ p[]fully excit$4 ,an +5i\s fri5d has fav\r$ u ) ! foll[+ explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* electrics are excit$1 :i* to u is m satisfactory ?an any o!r we h se54 8,9 ord] t electricity may be accumulat$ 9 great] quantity 9 "o body ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ ones1 x mu/ be set 9 motion4 ,?is may be effect$ by ! rubb+ ( electrics2 ! juxta-position ( non-electrics ( diff]5t conduct+ p[]s2 & by ! *emical action ( _m1 if n all bodies on ea* o!r4 ,! rubb] w act on ! fir/ pr9ciple1 & ! m p]fect ! contact betwe5 x & ! electric ! great] w be ! effect4 ,! *alk1 :it+1 amalgam c4 :ile !y w1 if prop]ly prep>$1 make ! contact m p]fect1 w also be ( s]vice on ! second pr9ciple2 & ! amalgam w besides be ( use on ! ?ird4 ,m]cury & z9c may be expos$ sep>ately to ! air )\t any alt]ation2 b :5 comb9$ !y readily unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e2 especially :5 ! surface ( contact is frequ5tly r5ew$1 & ! temp]ature increas$ by friction4 8,! glass1 acquir+ a diff]5t /ate ( electricity f ! rubb]1 w1 z ea* portion passes f "u x1 c>ry away & imp>t to ! prime conductor ! excess :i* x has obta9$2 & ?is ! m c]ta9ly if ! dissipation ( ! electricity be prev5t$1 or ! accumulation increas$1 by a piece ( silk connect$ ) ! rubb]4--,! *a9 mak+ ! communication betwe5 ! rubb] & ! adjo9+ non-electrics w enable ?is process to g on2 & p]haps may also assi/ on ! second pr9ciple40 ,) respect to ! eng9e :i* is to give motion to ! electric1 x has be5 cu/om>y1 simply to turn ! globe or cyl9d] ) a w9*2 b ?is w n produce ! greate/ p[] ( :i* ! glass is capable4 ,to effect ?is x %\ld be made to turn six or sev5 times 9 a second1 :i* is m ?an c conv5i5tly be done ) ! w9* only2 & !re=e multiply+ :eels are us$ ) advantage4 ,! prime or fir/ conductor is an insulat$ non-electric sub/ance1 furni%$ ) a numb] ( po9ts on ! end t[>ds ! electric1 9 ord] to collect ! electricity f x4 ,x is usually made cyl9drical1 b :atev] be its =m x %\ld always be p]fectly free f po9ts or %>p edges1 except ! po9ts t[>d ! electric already m5tion$2 & if holes are made 9 x1 :i* on _m acc\nts are v conv5i5t1 !y %\ld be well r\nd$ & p]fectly smoo?4--,! l>g] ?is conductor is1 if n disproportionate to ! cyl9d] or globe1 ! /rong] & m d5se w be ! electric sp>k1 :i* w proce$ f x :5 t\*$ by a blunt conductor4 ,!re mu/ h[ev] always be a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 ! cyl9d] or globe & ! prime conductor1 = if ! =m] be small & ! latt] l>ge1 ! electricity w n be collect$ fa/ en\gh1 to pres]ve an accumulation ( x 9 ! prime conductor1 because a portion is always tak5 (f by ! air1 9 proportion to ! surface pres5t$ to x by ! conductor4 ,we %all n[ give a %ort connect$ explanation ( ! :ole ma*9e1 a draft ( :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! frontispiece4 ,,ab & ,,cd are two pill>s ( bak$ wood well v>ni%$1 p]p5dicul>ly rais$ f ! top ( ! table ,,efgh--^! s]ve to support ! cyl9d] ,i1 by ! axles ( ! caps ,,kk2 f "o ( ^! proce$s ! long axle ,l1 :i* passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! pill> ,,cd1 hav+ ! pulley ,m1 fix$ on its squ>e end4 ,n is a multiply+ :eel1 ar\nd :i* ! b& or /rap ,o passes1 & likewise ar\nd ! pulley ,m4--,! :eel ,n %\ld be made moveable ) respect to ! pulley ,m1 to accommodate ! /ret*+ ( ! b&1 or else ! pulley %\ld h a numb] ( grooves ( diff]5t radii 9 its circumf]5ce4 ,! rubb] ,r1 is fa/5$ to a pill> ( glass1 or bak$ wood ,p4 ,! pressure ( ! rubb] may be augm5t$ at pleasure1 by means ( a slid+ bo>d & tight5+ screw4 ,! prime conductor is repres5t$ by ,q4 ,x is insulat$ by ! glass pill>s ,,ss1 :i* support x4 ,t repres5ts ! po9ts :i* collect ! electricity f ! cyl9d]4 ,cyl9d]s & globes made = electrical ma*9es are n always to be procur$4 ,_! place h[ev]1 may be v well suppli$ by ! l>ge %[ bottles ( ! apo!c>ies4 ,:5 ^! are us$1 "o ( ! caps1 in/ead ( be+ concave 7to receive ! neck ( ! cyl9d]7 mu/ be made convex--s z to fit ! holl[ 9 ! bottom ( ! bottle4--,x is to be fa/5$ ) ! cem5t us$ 9 ! o!r ma*9e4 ,! mo/ p[]ful electrical ma*9e ev] con/ruct$1 0 at ,teyl]'s museum at ,ha>lem4 ,x _h1 in/ead ( ! cyl9d] or globe z 9 ! common ma*9es1 two circul> plates ( glass1 :i* 7 made to turn ^u ! same horizontal axis4 ,^! plates 7 excit$ by eight rubb]s1 :i* act$ on _! surfaces4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! prime conductor _h bran*es :i* collect$ ! electricity f betwe5 ! plates4 ,x is n necess>y h[ev] 9 ?is =m ( ! ma*9e to h two plates1 ! second be+ add$ only to increase ! p[]4 ,! plate mu/ be firmly fa/5$ by its c5tre to an axis--s z to turn v]tically betwe5 two uprights ( bak$ wood1 z 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cyl9dric ma*9es2 b 9 ?is case ! uprights mu/ be s close toge!r1 z b>ely to leave room = a rubb] on ea* side ( ! plate4 ,! rubb]s may be made ( ! same =m ) t 9 ! cyl9dric ma*9e--except t !y mu/ h a projection at ! back1 to fit a ni*e cut 9 ! uprights :i* support ! plate4 ,! p[] ( ! ma*9e w be increas$ by hav+ f\r rubb]s2 two above & two bel[ ! axis ( ! plate4 ,! prime conductor is plac$ opposite "o ( ! ends ( ! axis1 & is divid$ at ! end t[>ds ! electric into two bran*es or arms1 :i* ext5d horizontally to ! circumf]5ce ( ! plate1 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) po9ts to collect ! electricity4 ,z plates are n always to be procur$1 a good sub/itute may be f\nd 9 a ?ick pane ( glass or a piece ( an old look+-glass4 ,m>k ) a diamond or file a circle on ! glass1 ( ! size y int5d = y\r plate4 ,!n putt+ ! plate into w>m wat]1 aft] "s "t cut ! glass ) a diamond 9 tang5ts4 ,! m num]\s ! cuts1 ! ne>] ! plate w be to a circle4 ,a hole may be made 9 ! c5tre = ! axis1 by scrat*+ ) a diamond1 & gr9d+ ) a rod ( iron 7held betwe5 ! h&s7 & em]y4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( communicat$ electricity4 ,hav+ describ$ ! electrical ma*9e1 we are n[ to consid] "s ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ its op]ation4 ,:5 ! prime conductor receives electricity f ! cyl9d]1 x is said to be electrifi$ by communication1 & x !n acts 9 e respect l ! cyl9d] itself1 except t ! latt]1 :5 t\*$ by a conductor communicat+ ) ! e>?1 gives a consid]able numb] ( sp>ks be=e x is dis*>g$2 :]eas ! conductor dis*>ges itself by a s+le sp>k4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce is t ! cyl9d]1 be+ an electric1 _c convey ! electricity ( all its surface to t "p1 to :i* ! conduct+ sub/ance is appli$2 b ! fluid accumulat$ 9 ! :ole conductor1 pass+ easily ?r\gh its sub/ance1 is transmitt$ at once to ! po9t f :i* ! dis*>ge is made4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! electricity dis*>g$ f an electrifi$ conductor is m p[]ful ?an t dis*>g$ f an electric--! conductor acquir+ a l>ge quantity ( electricity f an electric1 by receiv+ x gradually1 sp>k aft] sp>k1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 t\*$1 dis*>g+ x all at once4 ,! velocity ( electricity is almo/ beyond conception4 ,x is1 not)/&+1 9 a small degree relative to ! quantity put 9 motion1 & to ! goodness ( ! conductor by :i* x is transmitt$4 ,a l>ge quantity ( electricity passes ?r\gh a good conductor ) su* rapidity1 t !re is no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! "t :i* x takes to g "o foot1 or "o ?\s& feet4 ,a small quantity h[ev] has be5 f\nd to take a "t b>ely p]ceptible1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a long & imp]fect conductor4 ,exp]im5ts relative to ?is po9t w be relat$ h]eaft]4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ! electric sp>k4 ,if a piece ( metal be pres5t$ to an ov]-*>g$ prime conductor1 ! fluid passes ) viol5ce f ! "o to ! o!r2 an electric sp>k1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( fire1 is se5 fla%+ betwe5 !m1 & a snapp+ noise1 l ! crack+ ( a :ip1 is he>d4 ,if ?is piece ( metal be insulat$1 ! prime conductor w be only p>tially dis*>g$1 t is1 ! r$undant electricity w be divid$ betwe5 x & ! piece ( metal1 ne>ly 9 proportion to _! surfaces4 ,?is electric sp>k has n only ! appe>ance ( fire1 b1 :5 l>ge1 w actually set fire to a v>iety ( easily inflammable sub/ances2 su* z cotton spr9kl$ ) ros91 spirits ( w9e c4 ,?is p[] ( excit+ flame is n commonly believ$ to arise f any cul9>y heat 9 ! electric sp>k1 because if ! sp>k be small x w n excite flame 9 sub/ances ! mo/ inflammable4 ,x acts probably by friction on ! same pr9ciple z ! rubb+ ( /icks aga9/ ea* o!r produces fire4 ,! electric sp>k1 tak5 ^u any "p ( a liv+ animal1 causes an unpleasant s5sation1 :i* is m or less pung5t & disagreeable1 z ! sp>k is /rong] or weak]1 & ! "p m or less delicate4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! appe>ance ( a sp>k tak5 f a body positively electrifi$1 & t f "o negatively electrifi$4 ,! =m]1 if n v long1 appe>s /raight & %>p2 ! latt] is g5]ally ramifi$1 or appe>s 9 a zig-zag l9e4 ,! noise :i* att5ds ! sp>k1 is caus$ by ! sudd5 agitation into :i* ! air is ?r[n1 by its passage ?r\gh x4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( po9t$ bodies on electricity1 & "s ph5om5a att5d+ _! op]ation4 ,if an un9sulat$ conductor1 :i* is broad1 r\nd & poli%$ at ! end1 be pres5t$ to ! prime conductor1 a %ort & d5se sp>k1 accompani$ ) "s noise1 w be p]ceiv$2 if ! conductor be less broad1 ! sp>k w be long]1 less d5se1 & att5d$ ) less noise2 if ! bread? be /ill m dim9i%$1 s t ! conductor may come "u ! d5om9ation ( a po9t1 ! electric matt] w pass to x1 f ! prime conductor1 & ?r\gh a great] space1 ) a hiss+ noise1 & 9 a cont9ual /ream2 a /ill great] %>pness w enable ! electricity to pass ov] a yet m ext5d$ space1 b unaccompani$ by noise1 & only a small light w be se5 ^u ! po9t4 ,! same result w arise if po9ts ( diff]5t acut5ess be affix$ to ! prime conductor1 in/ead ( ! un9sulat$ "o3 b if bo? be po9t$1 ! electricity w be m readily dis*>g$4 ,9 all ! above cases1 ! appe>ance ( ! electric matt] at ! po9t1 w indicate ! k9d ( electricity f :i* x proce$s4 ,a l>ge div]g5t cone indicates positive electricity2 a small globul> light1 t :i* is negative4 ,h5ce x is always easy to asc]ta9 :e!r an insulat$ conductor be electrifi$ positively or negatively1 by pres5t+ a po9t to x1 z ! light at ! po9t is always def9itive ( ! contr>y electricity 9 ! conductor4 ,if a po9t$ conductor be electrifi$1 ei!r positively or negatively1 & ! face be br\ght ne> ! po9t dur+ ! electrization1 a w9d w be felt bl[+ f ! po9t1 accompani$ ) a peculi> s5sation1 commonly call$ ! spid]'s web4 ,x is rem>kable t ! curr5t ( air is always 9 ! same direction1 :e!r ! po9t ?r[s (f or receives electricity4 ,! re-action ( ! =ce1 by :i* ! air is put 9 motion1 is ex]t$ ^u ! po9t$ body4 ,?is is %ewn by a v pleas+ exp]im5t call$ ! electric fly4 ,?is fly is compos$ ( f\r small wires1 fa/5$ into a metallic cap1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 sea-compasses1 s t ! wires may easily move ^u a po9t1 9 a horizontal direction4 ,!y %\ld be exactly balanc$1 & h _! ends1 :i* mu/ be v %>p1 all b5t 9 ! same direction4 ,n[ if ?is fly be plac$ on an insulat$ po9t & electrifi$1 its %>p ends w become lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 & x w revolve 9 a direction contr>y to t 9 :i* ! ends are b5t2 or if x be plac$ on an un9sulat$ po9t & br\ght ne> ! electrifi$ prime conductor1 ! same effect w foll[4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! fly w move r\nd 9 ! same direction1 :e!r electrifi$ positively or negatively4 ,! cause ( ?is seem+ contradiction dep5ds ^u ! repulsive p[] exi/+ betwe5 bodies possess$ ( ! same electricity2 = ! air opposite to ! po9ts acquires a /rong electricity1 analog\s to t ( ! po9ts1 x is !re=e repell$1 & replac$ by o!r air1 :i* is also electrifi$ & repell$4 ,h5ce a cont9ual /ream is produc$1 bl[+ f ! po9ts1 & t equally1 :e!r ! electrization be positive or negative2 & z action & re-action are equal & 9 contr>y directions1 ! po9ts1 repell+ ! air1 mu/ !mselves be repell$1 & 9 ! opposite direction2 :i* causes ! fly to be always turn$ "o way1 t is1 9 a direction contr>y to t 9 :i* ! air is mov$4 ,9 vacuo no motion is produc$1 because !re is no air on :i* ! electric matt] c act :5 x issues f ! po9ts4 ,9 l mann]1 if air be conf9$ 9 a receiv]1 ! motion ( ! fly soon ceases1 because ! fluid _c pass ?r\gh ! air & ! glass4 ,b on apply+ ! end ( a f+] to ! outside ( ! receiv]1 opposite "o ( ! po9ts ( ! fly1 ! motion w beg9 aga91 & by mov+ ! f+] occasionally r\nd ! glass1 x may be cont9u$ till mo/ ( ! glass is *>g$4 ,! cause ( ?is motion is1 t :5 ! f+] is appli$ to ! outside ( ! receiv]1 ! glass1 loos+ "p ( its natural quantity ( electricity f t side1 7i4 e4 :5 ! fly is electrifi$ positively1 & vice v]sa if negatively7 takes up ! fluid f ! air on its inn] surface4 ,h5ce ! air becomes capable ( be+ aga9 electrifi$ by ! po9t & ?is r5ews ! motion4 ,we h already /at$ t if a po9t$ wire be pres5t$ to a conductor positively *>g$1 x w be illum9at$ ) a /> or globe2 & if ! conductor be negatively *>g$1 ! illum9ation w h ! =m ( a p5cil or div]g5t cone4 ,f4 ,becc>ia expla9s ?is 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i suppose1 says he1 t ! /> is occasion$ by ! difficulty ) :i* ! electric fluid is extricat$ f ! air1 :i* is an electric2 suppose = in/ance t a po9t$ wire is pres5t$ to a body positively electrifi$2 ! electric fluid is fir/ communicat$ f t body1 to ! air betwe5 x & ! po9t$ wire1 & !n ! wire mu/ extricate x f ! air4 ,! p5cil is occasion$ by ! =ce ) :i* ! fluid1 issu+ f ! po9t1 passes ?r\gh ! contigu\s air to t :i* is m remote1 i4 e4 by divid+ ! contigu\s air1 & n by affix+ itself to x4 ,becc>ia likewise rem>ks1 t if two equally %>p po9t$ bodies are br\ght ne> ! prime conductor1 !y w appe> lum9\s at only half ! di/ance t "o ( !m w\ld4 ,!y w also dis*>ge x 9 half ! "t4 ,x w n be improp] to rem>k "h1 t :5 a po9t n electrifi$ is oppos$ to "o electrifi$ positively1 bo? po9ts w h small globul> lights ^u !m2 b if a positive "o be oppos$ to "o negatively electrifi$1 !y bo? pres]ve _! own *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,f ! above ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn4 ,fir/1 ,t po9t$ bodies attract ! electric matt] m or less easily1 & at a great] or less di/ance1 accord+ to _! acut5ess4 ,second1 ,t po9t$ bodies h ! p[] ( attract+ electricity z well z ( repell+ x1 9 a great] degree ?an conductors ( any o!r =m4 ,we %all treat f>!r ( po9t$ conductors "u ! article ,?und]-h\se4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,( electric attraction & repulsion4 ,no satisfactory !ory ( electric attraction & repulsion has1 s f> z our k ext5ds1 ev] yet be5 giv54 ,! ph5om5a h be5 diff]5tly acc\nt$ =1 z ! writ]s h embrac$ diff]5t op9ions 9 reg>d to positive & negative electricity4 ,"o mode ( explanation has be5 adopt$ by ^? :o believe1 ) ,frankl91 t positive electricity is only an accumulation ( ! electric fluid 9 a body beyond its natural /ate2 & t negative electricity is no?+ m ?an a defici5cy ( ?is fluid 9 a body4 ,ano!r mode ( explanation is giv5 by ^? :o ma9ta91 9 opposition to ,frankl91 t positive & negative electricity are ei!r two di/9ct fluids1 or else vibrations ( ! same fluid--! positive electricity always ru%+ out ( a body1 & ! negative always ru%+ 94 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ?is hypo!sis endeav\r to support x by ! easy solution :i* !y affirm x gives to ! ph5om5a ( electric attraction & repulsion4 ,b aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ?is !ory1 we ?9k t1 s f> f be+ satisfactory1 x is sc>cely intelligible4 ,we !re=e d n *oose to introduce x into our epitome1 z af=d+ any solution ( ! difficulties t occur on ?is "p ( our subject4 ,we are besides ( op9ion t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a s+le fluid is conclusive1 z we %all %[ :5 we come to discuss ! !ory ( electricity4 ,yet we confess t we _c1 on ?is !ory1 (f] a rationale ( electric attraction & repulsion1 t satisfies ourselves4 ,x is !re=e ! dem& ( c&\r1 & 9 ! _s ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 to av[ explicitly t ?is "p ( our subject is yet involv$ 9 mu* obscurity4 ,9 ! mean "t we are acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 facts1 & ) ! cle> explanation :i* !y give ( c]ta9 ph5om5a4 #a4 ,t bodies positively electrifi$1 repel ea* o!r4 #b4 ,t bodies negatively electrifi$1 also1 repel ea* o!r4 #c4 ,t bodies positively electrifi$1 attract ^? :i* are negatively electrifi$4 #d4 ,t bodies ei!r positively or negatively electrifi$1 induce a contr>y electricity 9 bodies 9 _! natural /ate1 br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( _! action4 ,?is /atem5t is easily v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4--,by flax5 or hemp5 ?reads1 susp5d1 f ! prime conductor1 two balls made ( cork or eld]-pi?1 s t !y t\* ea* o!r4 ,on *>g+ ! conductor1 ^! balls1 be+ bo? electrifi$ positively1 w imm$iately repel ea* o!r1 & be sep>at$ to a consid]able di/ance4--,remove "o ( ! balls1 take x 9 y\r f+]s1 & br+ x ne> to ! "o :i* rema9s positively electrifi$1 & ! two w imm$iately ru% toge!r2 because !re are n[ two sub/ances ( :i* "o is electrifi$ positively1 & ! o!r negatively4--,aga94 ,susp5d two balls1 ( ! k9d j m5tion$1 f an insulat$ cu%ion ( an electric ma*9e1 & let !m t\* ea* o!r4 ,put ! ma*9e 9 motion & ! balls1 :i* are n[ bo? electrifi$ negatively1 w repel ea* o!r & sep>ate1 z 9 ! case fir/ describ$4 ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ! fir/ ( ^! ph5om5a ,dr4 ,frankl9 once suppos$ t !re 0 an electric atmosph]e r\nd ea* ( ! balls positively electrifi$1 ! p>ticles ( :i* atmosph]e1 by mutually repell+ ea* o!r1 sep>at$ ! balls4 ,he also suppos$ t z bodies negatively electrifi$1 or n hav+ _! proportional quantity ( ! electric fluid1 are always /rongly dispos$ to receive x1 ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! fact t :5 "o ( ^! bodies 0 br\ght ne> to "o t _h m ?an its proportional quantity1 ! two w\ld naturally ru% toge!r2 ! "o to imp>t1 & ! o!r to receive ! fluid4 ,b at ?is "t he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! fact1 t two bodies negatively electrifi$ w\ld repel ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?is 0 discov]$ he c&idly ackn[l$g$ ! utt] defici5cy ( 8 !ory1 9 reg>d to electric attraction & repulsion4 ,"s ( 8 fri5ds & foll[]s1 h[ev]1 h endeav\r$ /ill to ma9ta9 x4 ,b we ?9k t ?\gh _! zeal has be5 great]1 _! success has n exce$$ t ( ! ,doctor himself3 & we h already /at$ t o!r !ories are equally1 if n m defective1 ?an t ( ,frankl94 ,let u !n leave ! explanation ( electric attraction & repulsion to be made :5 future & =tunate discov]ies %all h furni%$ ! means ( mak+ x1 & let u proce$ ) ! application ( kn[n facts & pr9ciples4 ,a pleas+ exhibition ( ! ph5om5a ( electric attraction & repulsion1 may be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take a glass tube1 & aft] hav+ rubb$ x1 let a small light fea!r fall f y\r f+]s1 at ! di/ance ( eight or n9e in*es f x4--,! fea!r w be imm$iately attract$ by ! tube & /ick v close to its surface = "s seconds1 aft] :i* x w be repell$1 & if ! tube be kept "u x1 ! fea!r w cont9ue float+ 9 ! air1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! tube1 )\t com+ ne> x aga91 except x t\* "s conduct+ sub/ance2 & if y manage ! tube dext]\sly1 y may drive ! fea!r ?r\gh ! air ( ! room at pleasure4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is obvi\s4 ,! fea!r1 at fir/1 n be+ electrifi$1 ru%es to ! excit$ tube4 ,!re x becomes electrifi$ & is !n repell$1 & _c approa* ! tube aga91 unless x fir/ t\* "s conduct+ sub/ance2 because x _c "p ) its electricity :ile float+ 9 ! air1 & !re=e _c acquire a contr>y electricity2 consequ5tly x mu/ rema9 9 a /ate incapable ( be+ aga9 attract$ by ! excit$ tube4 ,!re is a rem>kable circum/ance att5d+ ?is exp]im5t1 :i* is1 t if ! fea!r be kept at a di/ance f ! tube by ! =ce ( electric repulsion x always pres5ts ! same "p t[>ds ! tube4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on is1 t ! equilibrium ( ! fluid 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fea!r be+ once di/urb$ _c easily be re/or$2 ! fea!r be+ an electric1 or at lea/ a v bad conductor4 ,:5 ! fea!r has acquir$ a quantity ( electricity f ! tube x is pla9 t1 by ! action ( ! excit$ tube1 t sup]9duc$ electricity w1 = ! mo/ "p be =c$ to t side ( ! fea!r :i*1 at fir/1 happ5$ to be f>!/ f ! tube2 h5ce t "p w always aft]w>ds be repell$ ! f>!/4 ,?is exp]im5t may be agreeably v>i$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4--,a p]son may hold an excit$ tube ( glass1 )9 a foot & a half ( a /ick ( seal+-wax1 or any o!r electric negatively electrifi$1 held by ano!r p]son2 a fea!r let fall betwe5 ^! diff]5tly excit$ electrics w leap f "o to ! o!r alt]nately1 & ! two p]sons w seem to drive a %uttlecock by ! =ce ( electricity4 ,ano!r exp]im5t calculat$ to %ew ! ph5om5a ( electric attraction & repulsion is ! electric spid]4 ,cut a piece ( cork 9 ! %ape ( a spid]1 & run a few %ort ?reads ?r\gh x1 to repres5t ! legs2 ?is done1 susp5d x by a silk ?read f ! ceil+ ( ! room1 or any o!r support1 s t ! spid] may hang mid-way betwe5 ! knob ( a j> & ! knob ( a wire fa/5$ to ! table1 or to ! outside coat+ ( ! j> :5 n *>g$2 let ! place :]e ! j> /&s be m>k$2 !n *>ge & replace x4 ,! spid] w n[ beg9 to move f knob to knob1 & cont9ue ?is motion = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! knob ( ! j> is *>g$ positively1 & ! spid]1 be+ 9 its natural /ate1 is attract$ by x2 ! knob !n communicates to x "s ( its electricity1 & ! spid] becom+ possess$ ( ! same electricity ) ! knob1 is repell$ by x1 & imm$iately runs to ! o!r knob1 :i* communicates ) ! negative coat+1 or ) ! table1 :]e x dis*>ges its electricity & is aga9 attract$ by ! knob ( ! j>4 ,?is attraction & repulsion cont9ue till ! j> is dis*>g$1 :5 ! spid] f9i%es its motion & seem+ly expires4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,?is consi/s ( a glass phial1 j>1 or bottle1 coat$ on ! outside & inside ) t9-foil1 r5d]$ adhesive by pa/e or gum wat]4 ,ab\t two in*es ( ! glass at ! top are left )\t any metallic cov]+1 to prev5t a communication betwe5 ! outside & inside coat+s1 :ile ! electricity is collect+4--,! m\? ( ! phial or j> is furni%$ ) a cork :i* receives a wire1 end+ 9 sev]al ramifications :i* t\* ! inside coat+4 ,! upp] end ( ?is wire1 :i* %\ld ext5d a conv5i5t di/ance above ! m\? ( ! j>1 is furni%$ ) a metallic ball4 ,:5 ! phial or j> is to be *>g$1 x may be held 9 ! h& or plac$ on an un9sulat$ table1 ) ! knob ( ! wire t\*+ ! prime conductor4 ,! inn] surface ( ! glass n[ acquires ! same electricity ) ! prime conductor1 & ! ext]nal "o acquires a contr>y electricity by means ( its un9sulat$ coat+4 ,:5 a phial simil> to ! "o above describ$ is highly *>g$1 a spontane\s dis*>ge w usually take place ov] ! uncoat$ surface1 & seldom ?r\gh ! glass4 ,b if ! uncoat$ surface be left l>g] ?an f two to ?ree in*es1 ! phial is m apt to crack & become useless1 by ! *>ge pass+ ?r\gh ! glass4 ,!re is n h[ev] an absolute c]ta9ty t a j> :i* has once dis*>g$ itself ov] its surface w n1 at ano!r "t1 break by a dis*>ge ?r\gh ! glass4 ,x 0 long disput$ :e!r ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 phial resid$ 9 ! coat+ or 9 ! electric4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t cle>ly decides1 t its resid5ce is 9 ! electric4 ,^u an un9sulat$ plate ( metal1 lay a plate ( glass consid]ably l>g]1 s t !re may be a rim ( ?ree or f\r in*es project+ beyond ! metal4 ,^u ! glass lay ano!r piece ( metal1 ( ! same size ) ! fir/1 & s z precisely to cov] x4 ,let ?is in/rum5t be *>g$1 by connect+ ! upp] metallic plate ) ! prime conductor4 ,!n sep>ate ! metallic plates f ! glass2 & ^u exam9ation ! glass w be f\nd to possess ! contr>y electricities on its opposite sides2 t side :i* dur+ ! electrization communicat$ ) ! prime conductor w h a l electricity ) x1 & ! o!r ! contr>y4 ,dis*>ge ! electricity ( ! metallic plates1 & replace ! :ole app>atus 9 its =m] situation4--,take a dis*>g+ rod1 =m$ by a piece ( b5t wire ) a metallic ball at ea* end2 t\* ! "u plate & br+ ! o!r end ( ! wire ne> ! upp] plate4 ,! consequ5ce w be1 t a /rong & l\d sp>k w pass betwe5 ! upp] plate & ! dis*>g+ rod2 ! electricity ( ! glass w be dis*>g$1 & !re w aft]w>ds rema9 no signs ( electricity1 ei!r 9 ! glass1 or ! metallic plates4--,h5ce x appe>s t ! electricity resides 9 ! glass1 & t ! coat+s1 :e!r 9 a plane or sph]ical =m1 are ( no o!r use ?an to convey ! electric fluid to ! glass2 to keep x equably di/ribut$ ov] ! surface2 & to =m a communication betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! electrifi$ glass1 s t ! dis*>ge f !m may be simultane\s4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge ( a coat$ electric is made ?r\gh ! body ( a liv+ animal1 x occasions a sudd5 motion1 by contract+ ! muscles ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & gives a disagreeable s5sation commonly call$ ! electric %ock4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,! electrical batt]y--& exp]im5ts p]=m$ ) x4 ,:5 a great] degree ( electric =ce is requir$ ?an a s+le j> is capable ( giv+1 ! electrical batt]y is made use ( z "p ( ! app>atus1 :i* takes its "n f ! =midable effects x produces4 ,?is batt]y consi/s ( a numb] ( coat$ j>s1 plac$ 9 su* a mann] t !y may all be *>g$ at ! same "t1 & dis*>g$ 9 an in/ant2 s t ! :ole =ce ( electricity accumulat$ 9 !m1 may at once be ex]t$ on ! sub/ance expos$ to ! %ock4 ,9 dis*>g+ electrical j>s1 ! electricity goes 9 ! greate/ quantity ?r\gh ! be/ conductors1 & by ! %orte/ passage4 ,?us if a *a9 & a wire be made to communicate at ! same "t ) ! out] coat+ ( a j>1 & be bo? pres5t$ to ! knob ( t j>1 ! great] "p ( ! *>ge w pass by ! wire1 & v little by ! *a91 because ! latt] is a worse conductor ?an ! =m]1 on acc\nt ( its discont9uation at e l9k4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge is made by ! *a9 only1 sp>ks are se5 at e l9k1 :i* is a pro( !y are n 9 contact4 ,! =ce ( an electric %ock is n affect$ by ! inflections ( a conductor ?r\gh :i* x passes1 ?\gh x is s5sibly weak5$ by its l5g?4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! circuit or communication betwe5 ! two sides ( a ,leyd5 phial is =m$ by "o p]son apply+ 8 h&s to ! diff]5t sides1 ! %ock is /rong] ?an :5 x is =m$ by _m p]sons jo9+ h&s4 ,yet a consid]able %ock 0 giv5 by ! ,abb ,nollet1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+ ( ,france1 to "o hundr$ & eighty m52 :o =m$ an electrical circuit4--,!y 7 all %ock$ 9 ! same in/ant4 ,doctor ,watson & _m o!r g5tlem5 ( em95ce 9 sci5ce1 7 at ! pa9s ( mak+ exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d4 ,!y f\nd1 by means ( a wire insulat$ on bak$ wood1 t ! electric %ock 0 transmitt$ in/antane\sly ?r\gh ! l5g? ( #ab1bgf feet4 ,electricity transmitt$ 9 l>ge quantities ?r\gh liv+ vegetables1 de/roys _! vegetable life4 ,:5 transmitt$1 9 ! same =m1 ?r\gh animals1 x g5]ally puts an end to animal life2 ?\gh x is said t !re are individuals :o are n affect$ by x4 ,possibly ! reason :y "s p]sons are n kill$ by v l>ge electric %ocks is1 t _! muscul> sy/em1 or bodily organization1 has some?+ peculi> :i* protects !m4 ,if an electrical circuit be made by means ( imp]fect conductors1 z a sl5d] piece ( wood1 a wet pack-?read1 ! dis*>ge w be made sil5tly4 ,if a small int]ruption ( an electrical circuit be made 9 wat]1 on mak+ ! dis*>ge1 a sp>k w be se5 9 ! wat]1 :i* nev] fails to agitate x & sometimes breaks ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,a /rong %ock f a batt]y1 s5t ?r\gh a sl5d] piece ( metal1 in/antly makes x r$ hot4 ,usually x is melt$ 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,if ! fusion be p]fect x is r$uc$ into globules ( diff]5t magnitudes4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x is a little rem>kable t ! p>ts ( ! metal at :i* ! fluid ent]s & issues1 are mo/ likely to be melt$4 ,if ! metal be enclos$ betwe5 pieces ( glass1 ! %ock w =ce ! melt$ metal into ! sub/ance ( ! glass1 s t x _c aft]w>ds be remov$1 )\t scrap+ (f "p ( ! glass ) x4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! glasses :i* enclose metal are commonly brok5 to pieces4--,x is seldom t !y resi/ ! =ce ( a /rong %ock4 ,if ! glasses enclos+ metal be press$ by a heavy weight1 a small %ock is (t5 suffici5t n only to raise ! weight1 b to break glasses ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,:5 ! pieces ( glass are n brok51 !y are m>k$ by ! explosion ) ! mo/ lively prismatic col\rs1 :i* lie sometimes irregul>ly1 & sometimes 9 _! prismatic ord]4 ,gun-p[d] may be fir$ by a *>ge f ?ree squ>e feet ( coat$ glass4 ,! p[d] is to be put into a quill1 & !n a wire is to be ?ru/ into ea* end s z ne>ly to meet1 & aft]w>ds ^! wires are to be made a "p ( an electrical circuit4--,a less *>ge ( electricity w be suffici5t if iron fil+s be mix$ ) ! gun-p[d]4 ,:5 a %ock some:at less ?an is suffici5t to melt a piece ( metal is s5t ?r\gh a *a91 a black du/1 9 ! =m ( smoke1 is se5 to proce$ f ! *a94 ,?is du/ is probably "s ( ! metal itself1 p>tly calc9$1 & by ! viol5ce ( ! explosion =c$ f x4 ,if ! *a9 be laid ^u a piece ( pap]1 glass1 or o!r electric1 ?is1 aft] ! explosion1 w be f\nd /a9$ ) "s indelible m>ks1 & (t5 %ew evid5t signs ( hav+ be5 burnt4 ,:at is m rem>kable 9 consid]+ ! effects ( electricity on metals is1 t x (t51 9 a consid]able degree1 revivifies _! calces or oxyds4 ,9 mak+ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! metallic calx or oxyd is to be made a "p ( an electrical circuit1 ?r\gh :i* a /rong %ock is to be s5t3 :5 ! calx or oxyd w be f\nd 9 a measure re/or$ to its metallic /ate3 ! electric %ock hav+1 z x appe>s1 tak5 away f ! oxyd a portion ( its oxyg54 ,! electric %ock :5 pass$ ?r\gh ! magnetic ne$le1 sometimes de/roys its magnetic virtue1 & sometimes rev]ses its poles4 ,x is affirm$ t two %ips sail+ toge!r on ! same voyage1 7 l$1 f ! effect ( lightn+ on _! ne$les1 to /e] exactly opposite c\rses1 aft] ! /orm 9 :i* !y 7 expos$ to ! lightn+ _h subsid$4 ,:5 ! *>ge ( t51 eight1 or ev5 a less numb] ( squ>e feet ( coat$ glass1 is s5t ?r\gh a sew+ ne$le1 x w (t5 give x pol>ity1 s t x w trav]se :5 laid ^u wat]4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x is rem>kable t if ! ne$le be ly+ ea/ & we/1 t end ( x :i* communicat$ ) ! positive coat+ w po9t t[>ds ! nor?2 b if ! ne$le be /ruck :ile ly+ nor? & s\?1 t end ( x :i* lay t[>ds ! nor?1 w1 9 any case1 po9t nor?2 & ! ne$le w acquire a /rong] virtue 9 ?is ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,b if ! ne$le be plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 & ! electric %ock be giv5 to ei!r po9t ( x1 ! l[] extremity w aft]w>ds po9t nor?4 ,! electric explosion tak5 ^u ! leaves ( c]ta9 fl[]s *anges _! col\r4 ,if ! ball ( a !rmomet] be plac$ 9 a /rong curr5t ( electricity1 ! m]cury or _s w rise sev]al degrees4 ,if a ?9 bottle be exhau/$ ( air by means ( an air pump1 x w receive a consid]able *>ge ( electricity1 by apply+ its bottom to an electrifi$ prime conductor4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t ! bottle is to be held by ! neck or ne> ! m\?1 & ! electric matt] w pass ?r\gh ! vacuum1 & along ! inn] surface ( ! bottle1 to ! h&1 f t end ( x :i* is ne>e/ to ! prime conductor4 ,! lum9\s appe>ance exhibit$ by ?is exp]im5t is exce$+ly beautiful 9 ! d>k1 especially if ! bottle be ( any consid]able l5g?4 ,x exactly resembles ^? lights :i* appe> 9 ! nor!rn sky1 & :i* are call$ /ream]s or ! aurora borealis4 ,if "o h& be appli$ to ! "p ( ! bottle :i* 0 be=e pres5t$ to ! prime conductor1 :ile ! o!r rema9s at ! neck1 a %ock w be felt1 at :i* in/ant ! natural /ate ( ! inn] surface is re/or$ by a fla%1 :i* is se5 p]vad+ ! vacuum betwe5 ! two h&s4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is exp]im5t dep5ds w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,a description ( ! electrophorus1 & "s ( its ph5om5a acc\nt$ =4 ,! electrophorus is a ma*9e1 consi/+ ( two plates1 usually ( a circul> =m4 ,at fir/ ! "u plate 0 ( glass cov]$ ) seal+ wax2 b !re is little occasion to be p>ticul>1 ) reg>d1 ei!r to ! sub/ance ( ! l[] plate1 or to ! electric ) :i* x is cov]$2 a metallic plate h[ev] is pref]able to a wood5 "o1 ?\gh ! latt] w answ] v well4 ,?is plate mu/ be cov]$ ) an electric3 pure sulphur answ]s ne>ly z well z ! de>] electrics gum lac1 seal+ wax c4 ,! upp] plate is made ( brass1 or a piece ( pa/e-bo>d cov]$ ) t9 foil or silv]$ pap]1 :i* mu/ be ne>ly ( ! same dim5sions z ! electric plate3 ?is plate mu/ be furni%$ ) an electric h&le1 :i*1 by means ( a metallic or wood5 socket is fa/5$ to its c5tre4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,volta1 an ,italian philosoph]4 ,! mann] ( us+ x is z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ,! "u plate is excit$1 by rubb+ its coat$ surface ) a piece ( new :ite flannel1 or a fox's tail4 ,a h>d %oe bru%1 hav+ ! bri/les a little greas$1 w also excite sulphur v well4 ,:5 ?is plate is excit$ z mu* z possible1 x is plac$ on a table ) ! electric side upp]mo/2 ! metallic plate is !n laid on ! excit$ electric2 !n ! metallic plate is t\*$ ) ! f+]1 or ) any o!r conduct+ sub/ance1 :i* receives a sp>k f x2 f9ally ! metallic plate be+ held by ! extremity ( its electric h&le1 is sep>at$ f ! electric & aft] x is rais$ "s di/ance1 x is1 on exam9ation1 f\nd /rongly electrifi$1 ) an electricity contr>y to t ( ! electric1 & w give a /rong sp>k to a conductor br\ght ne> x4 ,by plac+ ! metallic plate ^u ! electric1 t\*+ x ) ! f+] & sep>at+ !m successively1 a great numb] ( sp>ks may be obta9$1 app>5tly ( ! same /r5g?1 & )\t excit+ ! electric aga94--,if ^! sp>ks be repeat$ly giv5 to ! knob ( a coat$ j>1 x w become *>g$4 ,! action ( ^! plates dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple already laid d[n 7page #bb17 t an excit$ electric has ! p[] ( induc+ a contr>y electricity 9 a body br\ght )9 its sph]e ( action4 ,! metal plate !re=e1 :5 set ^u ! excit$ electric1 acquires a contr>y electricity1 by giv+ its electric fluid to ! h& or o!r conductor :i* t\*es x1 :5 ! electric is positively electrifi$2 or by acquir+ an additional quantity f ! h& c4 :5 ! electric is negatively electrifi$4 ,m fully to expla9 ! pr9ciple "h consid]$ let ! foll[+ easy exp]im5t be made-- ,electrify any insulat$ conductor positively4 ,!n if an electromet]#ae ( cork balls be held at "s di/ance f x1 ! balls w div]ge ) negative electricity4 ,?is may be prov$ by br++ a piece ( excit$ glass ne> !m1 z ! balls w be attract$ by x4 ,b if y pres5t to !m a piece ( excit$ seal+ wax1 !y w imm$iately avoid x--t is1 suppos+ ! glass to be excit$ always positively1 & ! seal+ wax always negatively4 ,aga94 ,insulate1 9 a horizontal position1 a metallic rod ) blunt t]m9ations1 & ab\t two feet long4 ,we %all designate ! ends ( ?is rod by ,a & ,b4 ,let a cork ball electromet] be affix$ to ! extremity ,a2 !n br+ an excit$ glass tube )9 eight or t5 in*es ( ! o!r end ,b--! balls w imm$iately div]ge ) positive electricity4 ,if ! tube be remov$ ! balls w imm$iately collapse1 & no electricity w rema9 9 !m1 or 9 ! rod4--,b if1 :ile ! tube is ne> "o end ,b ( ! rod1 & ! balls div]ge ) positive electricity1 ! o!r end ,a be t\*$ ) a f+] or o!r un9sulat$ conductor1 ! cork balls w imm$iately come toge!r1 z if ! rod 7 9 its natural /ate3 b if1 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! excit$ tube be remov$1 ! balls w aga9 div]ge1 b ) negative electricity1 %ew+ t ! :ole rod ,,ab is n[ "u-*>g$4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t is ?us expla9$4--,:5 ! rod is 9 its natural /ate1 ! electric fluid prop] to x is equably di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! rod2 b :5 ! excit$ glass tube is br\ght ne> "o ( its ends z ,b1 ! fluid belong+ to t end w be driv5 t[>ds ,a2 :i* extremity becomes ov]-*>g$1 & ! o!r extremity ,b "u-*>g$2 yet ! rod has no m electricity n[ ?an x _h be=e1 & :5 ! tube is remov$ beyond ! sph]e ( its action1 ! r$undant fluid ( ,a returns to its =m] place ,b1 & ! equilibrium is re/or$4 ,b if ! extremity ,a be t\*$1 :ile x is ov]-*>g$1 by a conductor1 ?is w c>ry (f its sup]flu\s fluid1 & leave ! extremity ,a 9 its natural /ate1 ! extremity ,b be+ at ! same "t negatively electrifi$3 & :5 ! tube is remov$1 "p ( ! fluid naturally belong+ to ,a goes t[>ds ,b1 & ! :ole rod rema9s "u-*>g$4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,( electromet]s4 ,we h already se5 t x is a g5]al law ( electricity1 t simil> electricities repel1 & t dissimil> electricities attract ea* o!r4--,on ?is law all electromet]s are con/ruct$4 ,9 fact ! cork balls1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ are electromet]s1 & exhibit at once ! mo/ important ph5om5a = ! explanation or asc]ta9+ ( :i* ! in/rum5ts :i* be> ?is "n are con/ruct$4 ,/ill x is ( use to see ! application :i* may be made ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,x is appli$ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ! electric fluid collect$ ei!r 9 a prime conductor or a coat$ j>2 & also ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e 9 reg>d to electricity1 & ! "* ( t electricity at any p>ticul> "t & place4 ,! in/rum5ts by :i* ^! purposes are effect$ we %all n[ %ortly describe4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( electricity 9 a prime conductor or j>1 an electromet] ! mo/ easily con/ruct$ & ( ! mo/ g5]al use has be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,h5ley--call$ ! quadrant electromet]4--,( ?is we h giv5 a repres5tation 9 ! frontispiece1 7lett] ,x47 ,x consi/s ( a p]p5dicul> /em =m$ at ! top l a ball1 & at ! l[] end ) a screw1 by :i* x is fa/5$ to ! prime conductor4 ,a graduat$ semicircle ( ivory1 horn or /iff pap]1 is fix$ ne> ! upp]mo/ end ( ! /em4 ,a moveable index1 made ( a sl5d] piece ( hickory1 ext5ds f ! c5tre ( ! graduat$ semicircle a little di/ance beyond its circumf]5ce1 hav+ a small ball ( cork or pi? at its l[] extremity4 ,:5 ! conductor or j> is n electrifi$1 ! index is p>allel to ! /em1 b :5 x is electrifi$ ! index rec$es m or less1 accord+ to ! degree ( ! electrization1 :i* is m>k$ on ! graduat$ circle4 ,a simple atmosph]ic electromet] 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,cavallo 9 ! foll[+ mann]4-- ,to ! end ( a common fi%+ rod1 he affix$ a sl5d] glass tube cov]$ ) seal+ wax1 & hav+ a cork at its end1 f :i* two cork or pi? balls 7 susp5d$ by hemp5 /r+s4 ,f ! o!r end ( ! rod proce$$ a flax5 or hemp5 tw9e a little long] ?an ! :ole rod & tube1 ) a p9 atta*$ to x1 :i* 0 /uck into ! cork at ! extremity ( ! glass tube1 = ! purpose ( tak+ (f ! insulation4 ,! tw9e1 to prev5t its fall+ :5 ! p9 0 pull$ out ( ! cork1 0 atta*$ to ! rod1 by a small /r+1 runn+ f x & meet+ ! rod at a little di/ance f ! glass tube4 ,to use ?is in/rum5t1 let ! p9 be pu%$ into ! cork4 ,!n1 hold+ ! rod by ! extremity f>!/ f ! cork balls1 project x out1 f a w9d[ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 into ! air1 rais+ ! end ( ! rod to :i* ! balls are app5d$1 s z to make an angle ( #ej or #fj1 ) ! horizon4--,aft] hav+ kept x 9 ?is situation a few seconds1 by pull+ ! tw9e1 deta* ! p9 f ! cork4--,?is leaves ! electromet] insulat$1 & electrifi$ ) an electricity contr>y to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,n[ draw ! in/rum5t into ! room & y may exam9e ! quality ( ! electricity1 by apply+ ! knob ( a phial positively *>g$ to "o ( ! balls2 if ! ball is attract$ by ! knob x is negatively electrifi$--if repell$1 positively electrifi$4 ,! satisfaction aris+ f ^! exp]im5ts is sometimes abat$1 f ! circum/ance t ! quantity ( electricity obta9$ 9 ?is way1 is s small t its quality _c be asc]ta9$4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce ,cavallo & ,ni*olson1 h inv5t$ ma*9es :i* !y d5om9ate d\bl]s or multipli]s ( electricity4 ,b ! /ructure ( ^! ma*9es is complex & delicate1 & ! explanation ( !m is long1 & n easily und]/ood )\t ! aid ( plates4 ,our epitome !re=e does n admit ( ins]t+ !m4 ,^? :o may *oose to pursue ! subject we ref] to ! writ]s above m5tion$4 ,to prev5t ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f w9d & ra9 9 ! use ( ! atmosph]ic electromet]1 ! foll[+ device has be5 us$ by ,mr4 ,cavallo4--,take a glass vessel op5 at top & bottom--cem5t x at bottom to a conv5i5t piece ( wood--let ! upp] "p be tap]+ l ! neck ( a phial1 & cem5t into x a glass tube1 ext5d+ a little above & a little bel[ ! neck ( ! l>g] vessel4 ,cov] ! tube ) seal+ wax1 bo? )9 & )\t ! neck ( ! vessel1 s z to give x ! appe>ance ( "o body4 ,into ?is tube cem5t a brass wire ext5d+ a v little bel[ ! bottom ( ! tube1 & flatt5$ at ! l[] end s z to be p]=at$ ) two small holes4 ,?r\gh ^! holes ins]t two flax5 ?reads1 or two v f9e silv] wires1 ) small balls ( cork or pi? at ! end ( !m1 & t\*+ ea* o!r3--if wires are us$ !y %\ld be susp5d$ by small r+s at ! top1 t !y may act m easily4 ,let ! top ( ! brass wire screw into a brass cov] on ! top ( ! :ole vessel1 :i* cov] w n only secure ! vessel aga9/ ra91 b s]ve z a conductor to a v slightly electrifi$ atmosph]e--convey+ ! fluid1 fir/ to ! wire1 & by means ( t to ! balls1 :i* w exhibit1 )9 ! vessel1 ! /ate ( electricity collect$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,!re %\ld be two n>r[ slips ( t9 foil /uck to ! inside ( ! glass vessel1 & communicat+ ) ! wood5 bottom1 :i* w s]ve to c>ry (f t electricity :i*1 :5 ! corks t\* ! glass is communicat$ to x1 & :i*1 if accumulat$1 w\ld di/urb ! free motion ( ! corks4 ,an useful alt]ation ( ?is electromet] 0 made by ,mr4 ,b5net4 ,x consi/s ( slips ( gold leaf or silv] leaf1 in/ead ( ! corks susp5d$ by ?reads or wires4 ,^! slips ( leaf are to be susp5d$ f ! cov] ( a cyl9drical vessel1 & hang+ )9 x4 ,! slips ( leaf are to be ab\t two & an half in*es long4 ,?is electromet] is ! mo/ s5sible in/rum5t ( ! k9d1 manife/+ 9 an unequivocal mann] v small quantities ( electricity4 ,b ?is in/rum5t is n z portable & easily manag$ z ! o!r4--,if v f9e ?reads1 /iff5$ ) glue1 be us$ )\t any balls1 !y w be f\nd ne>ly z s5sible z ! gold leaf4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,! id5tity ( electricity ) lightn+4 ,! id5tity ( ! electric matt] ) lightn+ is a discov]y1 :i* has be5 ( m use ?an any o!r 9 electricity4 ,t ! effects ( ?is fluid bore a great resemblance to ^? ( lightn+1 _h be5 sev]al times rem>k$ by philosoph]s & especially by ! ,abb ,nollet2 b t !y %\ld be f\nd to be effects ( ! same cause1 & t ! ph5om5a ( electricity c\ld be imitat$ by lightn+1 or ^? ( lightn+ by electricity1 0 n suspect$1 till our c\ntryman ,dr4 ,frankl9 made ! ass]tion 9 #agej1 & aft]w>ds demon/rat$ its tru? by und5iable exp]im5t 9 #ageb4 ,?is discov]y is almo/ ! only "o 9 ! :ole sci5ce :i* has n be5 ! result ( accid5t4 ,! ,doctor _h = a long "t obs]v$ ! effects ( po9t$ bodies 9 draw+ (f ! electric matt] m p[]fully ?an c\ld be done by o!rs4--,improv+ ^u ?is1 he suppos$ t po9t$ iron rods1 rais$ to a consid]able height 9 ! air1 :5 ! atmosph]e 0 load$ ) lightn+1 might 8draw (f ! matt] ( ! ?und]-bolt1 )\t noise or dang]40 ,z he 0 wait+ = ! erection ( a spire 9 ,philadelphia1 t he might h an opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! correctness ( 8 hypo!sis1 x occurr$ to him1 t1 by means ( a common kite1 he c\ld h a readi] access to ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,prep>+ !re=e a l>ge silk h&k]*ief1 & two cross /icks ^u :i* he might easily ext5d x1 he took ! opportunity ( ! fir/ approa*+ ?und] /orm to walk into a field1 :]e !re 0 a %$ conv5i5t = 8 purpose2 b1 dread+ ! ridicule :i* too commonly att5ds unsuccessful attempts 9 sci5ce1 he communicat$ 8 design to no "o b 8 son1 :o assi/$ him 9 prep>+ & rais+ ! kite4 ,a consid]able "t elaps$ be=e !re 0 any appe>ance ( success3 "o v consid]able cl\d _h pass$ ov] ! kite )\t any effect2 :51 j z he 0 beg9n+ to despair1 he obs]v$ "s loose ?reads ( ! hemp5 /r+ to /& erect1 & avoid "o ano!r j z if !y _h be5 susp5d$ f ! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,on ?is he pres5t$ 8 knuckle to a key :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! /r+1 & receiv$ a sp>k4 ,o!rs succe$$ ev5 be=e ! /r+ 0 wet2 b :5 ! ra9 began to fall he collect$ ! electrical fire v copi\sly4 ,he aft]w>ds _h an insulat$ iron rod1 to draw lightn+ into 8 h\se1 & p]=m$ almo/ e exp]im5t ) real lightn+1 t he _h be=e made ) electricity collect$ by a ma*9e4 ,?us a new field 0 op5$ = ! philosophy ( electricity4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,( ! /ructure & use ( ! electrical kite4 ,9 ! /ructure ( an electrical kite1 ! circum/ances to be pr9cipally att5d$ to are ^? ne>1 & on ! gr\nd4 ,silk be+ a non-conductor1 ! end ( ! /r+ :i* is held 9 ! h& is to be ( t sub/ance--a silk h&k]*ief ti$ to ! hemp5 tw9e ( ! kite w answ] v well4 ,an iron key is to be ti$ on ! hemp5 /r+1 an in* or two above its junction ) ! silk1 & f ?is key1 :5 ! kite is electrifi$1 ! sp>ks are to be receiv$ into a ,leyd5 phial1 to be us$ 9 ! same mann] z if x _h be5 *>g$ f ! electrical ma*9e4 ,z curiosity may prompt _m to repeat ! exp]im5ts made ) ?is kite1 & z no exp]im5ts ) atmosph]ic electricity c be made )\t "s dang]1#af we %all give ! sub/ance ( ,mr4 ,cavallo's directions 7! be/ we are acqua9t$ )7 relative to ! =m+ & us+ ( ?is in/rum5t4--,he obs]ves t ! :ole p[] ( ! ma*9e lies 9 ! /r+3 & t 9 o!r respects a common s*ool boy's kite1 w answ] ! purpose z well z any o!r4 ,! /r+ is made by twi/+ two ?reads ( tw9e ) "o ( brass wire or copp]1 su* z is commonly us$ = trimm+s4 ,:5 a kite con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] 0 rais$1 ! /r+ always gave signs ( electricity except once1 :5 ! wea!r 0 w>m1 & ! w9d s weak t ! kite c\ld n be kept up = a few m9utes2 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 :5 ! w9d increas$1 he obta9$ z usual a consid]able quantity ( electricity4 ,conc]n+ ! managem5t ( ?is kite he gives ! foll[+ directions4-- ,9 rais+ ! kite :5 ! wea!r is v cl\dy & ra9y1 at :i* "t !re is mu* dang] ( meet+ a great quantity ( electricity1 ,i usually hang ^u ! /r+ a *a9 ) "o extremity t\*+ ! gr\nd2 & sometimes ,i use ano!r caution besides1 :i* is1 to /& ^u an insulat$ /ool2 9 :i* situation1 ,i ?9k t if any quantity ( electricity1 sudd5ly dis*>g$ by ! cl\ds1 /rikes ! kite1 x _c mu* affect my p]son4 ,al?\gh ,i h rais$ my electrical kite a hundr$ times )\t any caution :atev]1 ,i h v seldom receiv$ a few exce$+ly slight %ocks 9 my arms4 ,9 "t ( a ?und] /orm1 if ! kite has n be5 rais$ be=e1 ,i w\ld n advise a p]son to attempt x :ile ! /ormy cl\ds are ov] head1 ! dang] at su* "t be+ v great1 ev5 :5 e caution is us$4 ,at t "t ! electricity ( ! cl\ds may be obs]v$ by means ( a cork ball electromet]1 plac$ 9 an op5 situation4 ,b ,mr4 ,cavallo ) all 8 caution c\ld n avoid dang] 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on atmosph]ic electricity1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations on ! #ac? ( ,octob] #aggc4 8,aft] hav+ ra9$ a great deal 9 ! morn+ & ! night be=e1 ! wea!r became a little cle> 9 ! aft]noon1 ! cl\ds appe>+ sep>at$ & pretty well def9$2 ! w9d 0 we/ & pretty /rong2 ! atmosph]e 0 9 a temp]ate degree ( heat4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 at ?ree o'clock ,p4 ,m4 ,i rais$ my electrical kite1 ) #cfj feet ( /r+4 ,aft] ! end ( ! /r+ 0 insulat$1 & a lea!r ball coat$ ) t9 foil1 hung to x1 ,i tri$ ! p[] & quality ( ! electricity1 :i* appe>$ to be positive & pretty /rong2 9 a %ort "t a small cl\d pass+ ov]1 ! electricity increas$ a little2 b ! cl\d be+ gone x return$ pretty soon to its =m] degree4 ,! /r+ ( ! kite 0 n[ fa/5$ by a silk /r+ to a po/ 9 ! y>d ( ! h\se2 ,i 0 repeat$ly *>g+ two phials1 & giv+ %ocks ) !m3 :ile ,i 0 s do+1 ! electricity1 :i* 0 /ill positive1 began to decrease1 & 9 two or ?ree m9utes x became s weak1 t x c\ld h>dly be p]ceiv$1 ) a v s5sible cork ball electromet]4--,obs]v+ at ! same "t t a l>ge black cl\d approa*+ ! z5i?1 7:i* no d\bt caus$ ! decrease ( electricity7 indicat$ ra91 ,i introduc$ ! end ( ! /r+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ on ! fir/ floor1 :]e ,i fa/5$ x by ! silk to an old *air4--,! quadrant electromet] 0 set ^u ! same w9d[1 & 01 by means ( a wire1 connect$ to ! /r+ ( ! kite4 ,be+ n[ ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r aft] ?ree1 ! electricity 0 actually imp]ceptible1 h[ev] 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes x return$1 b n[ ^u exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd to be negative1 :i* 0 evid5tly occasion$ by ! approa* ( ! cl\d1 :i* by ?is "t _h rea*$ ! z5i? ( ! kite2 ! ra9 also began to fall 9 l>ge drops4 ,! cl\d came f>!r on1 ! ra9 increas$ & ! electricity keep+ pace ) x1 ! electromet] soon arriv$ at #ae4 ,see+ n[ t ! electricity 0 /rong1 ,i began aga9 to *>ge ! phials & to give %ocks ) !m2 b ! phials _h n be5 *>g$ m ?an ?ree or f\r times1 be=e ,i p]ceiv$ t ! index ( ! electromet] 0 arriv$ at #ce1 & 0 /ill ris+4 ,! %ocks n[ be+ v sm>t1 ,i desi/$ f *>g+ ! phials1 & consid]+ ! rapid advance ( ! electricity1 ?\ght to take (f ! insulation ( ! /r+1 t if x %\ld f>!r increase x might be conduct$ sil5tly to ! e>?1 )\t occasion+ any bad accid5t4 ,to effect ?is1 z ,i _h no prop] app>atus ne> me1 ,i ?\ght to remove ! silk /r+1 & to fa/5 ! tw9e itself to ! *air4 ,i dis5gag$ ! wire :i* connect$ ! electromet] ) ! /r+2 unti$ x f ! silk1 & fa/5$ x to ! *air3 b :ile ,i 0 effect+ ?is1 :i* took up less ?an half a m9ute1 ,i receiv$ twelve or fifte5 v /rong %ocks1 :i* ,i felt all along my arms1 9 my brea/1 & legs1 %ak+ me 9 su* a mann] t ,i _h h>dly p[] to effect my purpose1 or to w>n ! p ( ! room to keep _! di/ance4 ,z soon z ,i took my h&s f ! /r+1 ! electricity 79 consequ5ce ( ! *air be+ a bad conductor7 began to snap betwe5 ! /r+ & ! w9d[ %utt]1 :i* 0 ! ne>e/ conductor4 ,! cl\d 0 n[ j ov] ! kite2 x 0 black1 well def9$1 & ne>ly ( a circul> =m1 its diamet] appe>+ to be ab\t #dj2 ! ra9 0 copi\s b n rem>kably heavy4 ,z ! cl\d 0 go+ (f1 ,i w5t ne> ! /r+1 & f9d+ ! electricity weak1 b /ill negative1 ,i insulat$ x aga91 ?9k+ to keep x up "s "t long]2 b obs]v+ t a l>g] & d5s] cl\d 0 approa*+1 ,i resolv$ to pull ! kite 92 accord+ly a g5tleman1 :o 0 ne> me1 began pull+ x :ile ,i 0 w9d+ up ! /r+1 he told me he _h receiv$ two or ?ree slight %ocks 9 8 arms1 & if he %\ld feel "o m1 he w\ld let ! /r+ g2 ^u :i*1 ,i pull$ ! kite 9 z fa/ z ,i c\ld myself1 )\t any fur!r obs]vation1 be+ t5 m9utes aft] f\r o'clock4 ,n4 ,b4 ,!re 0 no ?und] or lightn+ p]ceiv$ t day1 nor = "s days be=e1 nor aft]w>ds4 ,! g5]al laws :i* ,mr4 ,cavallo d$uc$ f a v>iety ( exp]im5ts made by means ( electrical kites1 are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ,! air appe>s to be electrifi$ at all times2 its electricity is always positive & mu* /rong] 9 fro/y ?an 9 w>m wea!r2 x is by no means less 9 ! night ?an 9 ! day "t4 #b;d4 ,! pres5ce ( ! cl\ds g5]ally less5s ! electricity ( ! kite1 sometimes x has no effect ^u x1 & x sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 increases x a little4 ,to ?is ! above m5tion$ in/ance is a rem>kable exception4 #c;d4 ,:5 x ra9s1 ! electricity ( ! kite is g5]ally negative1 & v seldom positive4 #d?4 ,! aurora borealis seems n to affect ! electricity ( ! kite4 #e?4 ,! electrical sp>k tak5 f ! /r+ ( ! kite1 or f an insulat$ conductor connect$ ) x1 especially :5 x does n ra91 is seldom long] ?an ! qu>t] ( an in*2 b x is exce$+ly pung5t4 ,:5 ! index ( ! electromet] is n high] ?an #bj ! p]son :o takes ! sp>k w feel x 9 8 legs2 x appe>+ m l ! dis*>ge ( an electrical j>1 ?an ! sp>k tak5 f ! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e4 #f?4 ,! electricity ( ! kite is g5]ally /rong] or weak]1 accord+ z ! /r+ is long] or %ort]2 b x does n keep any exact proportion to x2 ! electricity1 = in/ance1 br\ght d[n f a /r+ ( an hundr$ y>ds1 may raise ! index ( an electromet] to #bj1 :5 ) d\ble ! l5g? ( /r+1 ! index ( an electromet] w n g high] ?an #be4 #g?4 ,:5 ! wea!r is damp1 & ! electricity pretty /rong1 ! index ( an electromet]1 aft] tak+ a sp>k f ! /r+1 or be+ pres5t$ to ! knob ( a coat$ phial1 rises surpris+ly quick to its =m] place2 b 9 dry & w>m wea!r x rises exce$+ly sl[ly4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,! /ructure & use ( lightn+ rods4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! id5tity ( lightn+ & ! electric matt]1 long rods ( iron1 or o!r metals1 h be5 made use (1 ) a view to protect build+s f ! effects ( lightn+4 ,?is is ! mo/ practical & important "p ( our :ole subject1 & des]ves to be treat$ ) ! utmo/ att5tion4 ,iron & copp] are ! metals :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! conduct+ p[]1 _! *eapness1 & ! quantity requir$ = a lightn+ rod1 are pr9cipally us$4 ,copp] is pref]able to iron4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! rod be n less ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is be/ to h x1 if possible1 ( "o cont9u$ piece4 ,if ?is be n practicable1 ! pieces %\ld be screw$ into ea* o!r2 or at lea/ s con/ruct$ t ! ru/ w n sep>ate ! p]fect metal ( "o piece f t ( ano!r2 because metallic ru/ is almo/ a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,! rod %\ld be fa/5$ to ! h\se by wood5 cramps or /aples1 r ?an by ^? ( metals ( any k9d2 because wood is nei!r s good a conductor ( electricity1 nor s likely to promote ! ru/ ( ! metal :i* x t\*es4 ,! rod %\ld be rais$ above ! top ( ! build+ or *imney to :i* x is atta*$1 at lea/ five or six feet4 ,! po9t or po9ts %\ld be made v %>p1 & = a few in*es %\ld tap] (f 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 hav+ all ! corn]s or edges %>p4 ,x is n ( mu* importance :e!r !re be1 or be n1 m po9ts ?an "o4 ,if ! means aft]w>ds to be m5tion$ be n us$ to pres]ve ! po9ts f ru/1 x may be ( use to gild !m2 & ! gild+ %\ld ext5d d[nw>ds a foot or m4 ,x is bett] to pa9t ! po9t ( a rod1 ?an to leave x :olly unprotect$ aga9/ ru/4 ,! l[] end ( ! rod %\ld be driv5 or sunk at lea/ five or six feet into ! gr\nd1 & 9 a direction f ! build+4 ,if x c be connect$ ) ! wat] ( a spr+1 a well1 or a ci/]n1 x w be s mu* ! bett]4 ,at p[d]-mills1 ars5als1 & all depots ( inflammable mat]ials1 x is bett] to atta* ! rod to a po/1 rais$ = ! purpose1 a foot or two f ! build+1 ?an to ! build+ itself4 ,if ! build+ be l>ge1 !re %\ld be a rod at ea* end2 & x is an additional security1 if ^! rods be connect$ by a piece ( metal1 runn+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 on ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,if !re be b "o rod1 x %\ld1 9 ?is c\ntry1 be put on ! we/]n end ( ! h\se2 because ?und] /orms (t5e/ arise f t qu>t]4 ,if ! position ( ! h\se af=ds b little *oice 9 ?is respect1 ! rod %\ld be plac$ ei!r on ! kit*5 *imney1 or z ne> to x z possible2 because smoke & heat are conductors1 & 9 ! summ]1 smoke & heat seldom asc5d f any o!r *imney ?an t ( ! kit*54 ,:5 !re is a copp] sp\t to a h\se1 ! rod1 if conv5i5t1 may be connect$ ) x z a "p ( ! conductor4 ,9 ?is case h[ev]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ! connexion complete1 bo? at top & bottom4 ,l>ge b>ns & b>racks1 h ev5 m ne$ ( a rod to pres]ve !m f lightn+ ?an a dwell+ h\se1 because ! vap\r :i* asc5ds f !m :5 fill$ ) vegetable sub/ances1 imp]fectly dri$1 is a p[]ful conductor4 ,%ips1 & all vessels :i* h high ma/s1 h z mu* ne$ ( conductors z h\ses on ! l&4 ,copp] conductors are 9 e view ! be/ = %ips1 z !y w n contract ru/ f sea wat]4 ,a conductor1 ( ?is metal1 %\ld be atta*$ to ! highe/ ma/ ( ! vessel1 & ext5d ?ree or f\r feet above its top4 ,x %\ld be ins]t$ into ! side ( ! ma/1 s z to leave ! surface smoo?1 be c>ri$ across ! deck & ov] ! side ( ! %ip to ! keel2 s t x may t]m9ate :]e ! l[] extremity may be always "u ! wat]4 ,*a9s are (t5 us$ z conductors to %ips1 b !y are f> inf]ior to a piece ( metal1 ^: p>ts are n sep>at$4 ,9 ! above directions x has be5 our aim to %[ 9 :at mann] /ructures may be be/ & mo/ effectually protect$ aga9/ dang] f lightn+1 & :5ev] x is practicable ! be/ means ought c]ta9ly to be us$4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t :]e means ! mo/ effectual _c be appli$1 ^? ( an inf]ior k9d are n to be neglect$4 ,a small rod1 h[ev] po9t$ or fa/5$ to a h\se1 is unspeakably bett] ?an none1 & a *a9 %\ld always be us$ 9 a %ip1 if a rod _c be obta9$4 ,9 n9ety n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 any metallic conductor1 rea*+ f ! top to ! bottom ( a /ructure1 w pres]ve x f de/ruction by lightn+1 & save ! lives or prop]ty ( ! inhabitants1 :5 ! :ole might o!rwise h be5 de/roy$4 ,! po9ts ( rods h (t5 be5 f\nd melt$ by lightn+1 & bo? !y & ! l[] extremities are (t5 injur$ by ru/4 ,= an effectual me?od ( prev5t+ bo? ^! inconv5i5cies1 ! public are indebt$ to ,rob]t ,patt]son ,esq4 pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & director ( ! ,m9t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,8 memoir on ! subject is z foll[s3-- 8,f ! in/ances :i* n[ & !n occur ( h\ses be+ /ruck ) lightn+1 t are furni%$ ) metallic conductors1 & ! frequ5t in/ances ( ^! conductors hav+ _! tops melt$ (f by a /roke ( lightn+1 x appe>s t ?is admirable contrivance = gu>d+ h\ses aga9/ ! dang]\s effects ( lightn+ is1 9 "s degree1 /ill imp]fect4 ,"s improvem5t seems yet to be want+ at bo? extremities ( ! rod--at ! upp] extremity1 to secure x aga9/ ! accid5t ( be+ melt$1 :i* r5d]s x aft]w>ds unfit to answ] its orig9al int5tion1 viz4 draw+ (f ! electricity1 or lightn+1 f ! pass+ cl\d1 9 a sil5t imp]ceptible mann]1 = x is only po9t$ conductors t possess ?is prop]ty--& at ! l[] extremity1 to af=d a m ready passage = ! fluid into ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,! fir/ ( ^! int5tions1 w\ld ,i am p]suad$1 be effectually answ]$ by ins]t+ 9 ! top ( ! rod a piece ( black lead1 ( ab\t two in*es long1 tak5 out ( a good p5cil1 & t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t1 project+ b a v little above its metallic socket2 s t if ! black lead po9t %\ld happ5 to be brok5 (f by any accid5t1 ( :i* h[ev] ,i ?9k !re c be b little dang]1 /ill ! po9t ( ! rod w\ld be left %>p en\gh to answ] ! purpose ( a metallic conductor4 ,?is sub/ance is well kn[n to be infusible1 by ! greate/ heat1 & h5ce its use 9 mak+ crucibles2 nor is x evaporable z rem>k$ by ,cron/$t1 9 8 m9]alogy1 ,sect4 #bca1 except 9 a sl[ calc9+ heat1 to :i* x c\ld nev] be expos$ at ! top ( a lightn+ rod4 ,at ! same "t its p[] z a conductor ( electricity is p]haps equal1 or b little inf]ior1 to t ( any ( ! metals4 ,a l9e drawn on a piece ( pap] by a black lead p5cil1 w z ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$1 conduct an electric explosion seem+ly z well z a simil> l9e ( gild+ w\ld d1 & t )\t ev] loos+ its conduct+ p[]1 :i* is n ! case ) gild+4 ,! second int5tion is1 to facilitate ! escape ( ! electric fluid f ! l[] "p ( ! rod into ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,x is 9 _m cases impracticable1 f ! int]ruption ( rocks or o!r ob/acles1 to s9k ! rod s deep z to rea* moi/ e>?1 or any o!r sub/ance :i* is a tol]ably good conductor ( electricity4 ,nor1 ev5 if ?is 7 practicable1 w\ld x1 ,i presume1 be alone suffici5t to answ] ! desir$ int5tion4 ,iron1 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & especially 9 moi/ e>?1 w pres5tly contract a coat ( ru/1 :i* w cont9ually increase till ! :ole is conv]t$ into ru/1 b ru/ ( iron1 & inde$ ! calx ( all metals is a non-conductor1 or at mo/ b a v imp]fect conductor ( ! electric fluid4 ,h5ce x is easy to see1 t 9 a few ye>s aft] a lightn+ rod has be5 erect$1 t "p ( x :i* is "u gr\nd w contribute little or no?+ t[>ds ! safety ( ! build+4 ,besides1 ! surface ( ?is "p ( ! rod is too small to af=d an easy & copi\s dis*>ge ( ! electric fluid into ! surr\nd+ e>?1 :5 ?is is b an imp]fect conductor4 ,z a rem$y = ^! defects ,i w\ld propose1 t ! p>ts ( ! rod "u gr\nd be made ( t91 or copp]1 :i* are f> less liable to corrosion or ru/1 by ly+ "u gr\nd ?an iron4--,or1 :i* p]haps w\ld answ] ! purpose bett]1 let ?is end ( ! rod1 ( :atev] metal x be made1 be coat$ ov] ) a ?ick cru/ ( black lead1 previ\sly =m$ into ! consi/5ce ( pa/e1 by be+ pulv]is$ & mix$ ) sulphur 7z 9 ! manufactory ( ! ord9>y k9d ( black lead p5cils7 & !n appli$ to ! rod :ile hot4 ,by ?is means1 ! l[] "p ( ! rod w\ld1 ,i appreh5d1 reta9 its conduct+ p[] = ages1 )\t any dim9ution4 ,9 ord] to increase ! surface ( ! l[] "p ( ! conductor1 let a hole or pit1 ( suffici5t ext5t1 be dug z deep z conv5i5t2 & into ?is pit let !re be put a quantity ( *>coal1 r\nd ! l[] extremity ( ! rod4 ,*>coal possesses two prop]ties1 :i*1 9 a peculi> mann]1 fit x = answ]+ ! purpose "h 9 view4--7#a/47 ,x is a v good conductor ( electricity &1 7#b;d47 ,x w und]go little or no *ange ( prop]ty by ly+ ev] s long 9 ! e>?4 ,?us might ! surface ( t "p ( ! conductor1 9 contact ) ! e>?1 be increas$1 ) little tr\ble or exp5se to any ext5t at pleasure2 a circum/ance :i* e "o acqua9t$ ) electrical exp]im5ts1 mu/ ackn[l$ge to be ( great importance to ! end "h propos$40 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts ) a ?und]-h\se1 %ew ! utility ( lightn+ rods1 & asc]ta9 :at t]m9ation ( ! rod be/ answ]s ! end propos$4 ,to %ew ! effect ( lightn+ on a h\se n furni%$ ) a conductor1 or :5 ! conductor is discont9u$4 ,provide y\rself ) ! model ( a h\se made ( t91 f\r in*es 9 bread?1 six long1 & ab\t five 9 height4 ,let !re be a *imney plac$ 9 ! ro( equidi/ant f bo? ends1 & let a glass tube pass ?r\gh x1 ! upp] extremity ( :i* mu/ rea* a little above ! *imney1 & ! l[] "o come )9 an in* ( ! floor ( ! h\se4--,let a small wire pass ?r\gh ! bore ( ! glass tube1 ! upp] end ( :i* mu/ ext5d a small di/ance above ! orifice ( ! tube1 hav+ its extremity1 :i* mu/ be po9t$1 furni%$ ) a screw1 on :i* a metallic ball is to be fa/5$4 ,! o!r end mu/ likewise h a ball fix$ ^u x4--,! in/rum5t be+ ?us prep>$1 fill ! h\se ) cotton1 & spr9kle a little p[d]$ ros9 on t "p ( x1 :i* is imm$iately betwe5 ! l[] knob ( ! wire1 & ! floor ( ! h\se4 ,!n connect ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t ) ! outside coat+ ( a pretty l>ge j>4--,f ! prime conductor1 9 ord] to repres5t ! cl\ds1 susp5d a small scale beam1 hav+ two balls ( metal or wood coat$ ) t9 foil1 9 ! place ( ! scale di%es1 nicely balanc$4 ,! knob ( ! j> be+ connect$ ) ! prime conductor2 br+ ! ball on ! wire ext5d+ ?r\gh ! glass tube1 "u "o ( ! balls repres5t+ a cl\d4--,n[ *>ge ! j>4 ,! cl\d w be attract$ by ! ball on ! wire--! electricity ( ! cl\d w be dis*>g$--& if ! exp]im5t succe$s1 ! cont5ts ( ! h\se w be set on fire4 ,! effects ( lightn+1 :5 a h\se is furni%$ ) a po9t$ conductor4 ,repeat ! above exp]im5t ) ?is v>iation3 unscrew ! ball f ! upp] extremity ( ! wire ( ! h\se1 s t x may rema9 po9t$4 ,place ! h\se "u ! cl\d z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4--,y w n[ f9d x impossible to *>ge ! j>3 or if y *>ge ! j> be=e ! h\se is plac$ "u ! cl\d2 ! cl\d1 in/ead ( be+ attract$ by x1 w be repell$1 & ! j> w be dis*>g$ )\t any explosion1 & )\t fir+ ! cotton4 ,^! two exp]im5ts ev9ce t po9t$ conductors are m prop] to secure h\ses f ! effects ( lightn+ t ^? t]m9at+ ) a ball or knob1 & t if ! po9t$ conductors fairly act on ! cl\d ! security is complete4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,( animal electricity4 ,! electric p[]1 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts only 9 amb]1 & p]haps ! t\rmal9e1 0 9 process ( "t f\nd to be 9 glass1 ros91 silk1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances4 ,by degrees x 0 discov]$1 t v /rong signs ( electricity 7 exhibit$ by a numb] ( animals4 ,! exp]im5t ( produc+ sp>ks ( electrical fire1 by rubb+ ! back ( a cat 9 fro/y wea!r1 prov$ t electricity might exi/ 9 a v active /ate 9 ! bodies ( animals1 )\t injur+ _! functions4 ,f animals ( an inf]ior k9d a transition 0 made to ! human species4 ,"s p 7 obs]v$ to h a rem>kably bright lu/re ( _! eyes1 o!rs 7 f\nd to be s /rongly electrifi$ naturally1 t a v s5sible electromet] 0 p]ceptibly affect$1 :5 br\ght ne> !m4--,o!rs1 x is affirm$1 7 f\nd s s5sible to ! pres5ce ( electricity1 z to be affect$ by a fla% ( lightn+1 ?\gh s di/ant t ! ?und] c\ld n be he>d4 ,b :at pr9cipally claims our att5tion 9 reg>d to ?is "p ( our subject is1 t !re are unque/ionably c]ta9 animals :i* c at pleasure give an electric %ock1 ( suffici5t =ce to kill o!r small animals1 & t 9 fact !y (t5 d x4 ,we %all describe only ?ree ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! electric animals--! ,gymnotus electricus1 ! ,torp$o1 & ! ,silurus electricus4 ,! ,gymnotus is a g5us ( fi%es1 belong+ to ! ord] ( apodes4 ,!y h two t5tacula at ! upp] lip2 ! eyes are cov]$ ) ! common sk94--,!re are five rays 9 ! membrane ( ! gills2 ! body is compress$1 & c>9at$ on ! belly ) a f94 ,!re are five species2 ! mo/ rem>kable is ! electricus1 commonly call$ ! electric eel4 ,?is species is peculi> to ! ,surr9am riv]1 & !y inhabit ! mo/ rocky p>ts ( x1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! sea4--,! mo/ accurate description ( ?is fi%1 is 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 = #agge1 :]e ,alex&] ,g>d5 ,m4 ,d4 gives an acc\nt ( ?ree ( !m br\ght to ,*>le/on 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! l>ge/ 0 ab\t ?ree feet eight in*es long1 & f t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 ab\t ! ?icke/ "p ( ! body4 ,! head 0 l>ge1 broad1 flat1 & smoo?1 impress$ "h & !re ) holes1 z if p]=at$ ) a blunt ne$le1 especially t[>ds ! sides1 :]e !y are m regul>4 ,!re are two no/rils on ea* side2 "o is l>ge1 tubul>1 & elevat$ above ! surface2 ! o!r small & level ) ! sk94 ,! m\? is l>ge1 b ! jaws h no tee?1 s t ! animal lives by suction1 or by swall[+ its food entire4 ,! eyes are small1 flat1 & ( a bluei% col\r1 plac$ a little beh9d ! no/rils4 ,! :ole body f a few in*es bel[ ! head1 0 di/+ui%$ into f\r longitud9al p>ts1 cle>ly divid$ f ea* o!r by l9es4 ,! c>9a beg9s a few in*es bel[ ! head1 & wid5+ z x proce$s1 rea*es z f> z ! tail1 :]e x is ?9ne/4 ,! situation ( ! anus is v rem>kable1 be+ an in* m =w>d ?an ! pectoral f9s4 ,across ! body1 !re are a numb] ( small b&s1 annul> divisions1 or r rug ( ! sk92 by means ( :i* ! fi% seems to p>take ( ! v]micul> nature1 hav+ ! p[] ( l5g!n+ & %ort5+ its body l a worm1 & by means ( :i* x c swim backw>ds z well z =w>ds4--,= an anatomical description ( ?is fi%1 see ! app5dix to ! #b;d4 vol4 ( ,mr4 ,cavallo's 8,complete treatise0 page #cjc4 ,! ,gymnotus has ! a/oni%+ prop]ty ( giv+ ! electric %ock to any p]son or numb] ( p]sons1 ei!r by ! imm$iate t\* ( ! h& or by ! m$iation ( any metallic conductor4 ,! %ock is int]rupt$ by ! int]v5tion ( a non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,if ! animal be t\*$ only ) "o h&1 a k9d ( tremor is felt 9 t h& only4 ,! p[] ( giv+ %ocks dep5ds entirely on ! w ( ! animal4 ,z nature is ev] provid5t = h] creatures1 bo? ) reg>d to _! pres]vation & support1 %e has end[$ ! ,gymnotus ) a peculi> in/9ctive faculty1 s t if x be pursu$ by an enemy1 x nev] fails to communicate a %ock1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x ev5tually makes its escape4 ,9 obta9+ food x likewise makes use ( its electrical prop]ty by :i* x kills small fi%1 & aft]w>ds dev\rs !m4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable in/9ct ( ?is fi% is1 t :5 any sub/ance approa*es x1 x is s5sible :e!r x be a conductor or non-conductor4 ,9 ord] to exhibit ?is wond]ful ph5om5on1 a v>iety ( me?ods 7 contriv$1 ! easie/ & mo/ satisfactory "o 0 ! foll[+4 ,! extremities ( two wires 7 dipp$ into ! wat] ( ! vessel1 9 :i* ! animal 0 kept1 aft] :i* !y 7 ext5d$ to a consid]able di/ance1 :]e !y t]m9at$ 9 two sep>ate glasses full ( wat]4 ,^! wires be+ support$ by silk at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 ! circuit 01 ( c\rse1 incomplete4 ,9 ^! circum/ances if a p]son complet$ ! circuit1 by plac+ "o h& 9 "o ( ! glasses & ! o!r 9 ! o!r1 ! fi% :i* nev] w5t purposely t[>ds ! wires1 :ile ! circuit 0 int]rupt$1 w\ld n[ g imm$iately t[>ds !m & give ! %ock1 & ?is ?\gh ! completion ( ! circuit 0 made out ( 8 sight4 ,! next electrical fi% we are to m5tion is ! ,torp$o2 a g5us ( fi%es belong+ to ! ord] ( ,*ondropt]ygia2 ! species ( ?is g5us are rem>kable & num]\s2 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! six? species1 call$ ! electrical ray1 or cramp fi%1 or ,torp$o4 ,! head & body1 :i* are indi/9ct1 are ne>ly r\nd1 ! v5tral f9s =m on ea* side ! qu>t] ( a circle1 ! two dorsal f9s are plac$ on a trunk ( ! tail1 :i* is r\nd1 ! caudal f9 is broad & abrupt4 ,! eyes are small1 & plac$ ne> ea* o!r2 beh9d ea* is a r\nd spiracle ) six small cutane\s rags on _! inn] circumf]5ce4--,! m\? is small1 & ! tee? are m9ute & spicul>4 ,^! fi% h be5 tak5 9 ,torbay1 (f ,pembroke1 ne> ,wat]=d 9 ,irel&1 & _m o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ) a trawl1 & sometimes ) a bait2 !y commonly lie ab\t =ty fa?oms deep4 ,! food ( ! ,torp$o is fi%4--,= an anatomical description we ref] ! curi\s read] to "o giv5 by ,mr4 ,hunt]1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 #fc4 ,! electrical prop]ties ( ?is fi% are rem>kable2 = a long "t !y 7 consid]$ z fabul\s2 b ! fact hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 x 0 endeav\r$ to be acc\nt$ =1 by a v>iety ( +5i\s ?\gh unsatisfactory argum5ts4 ,b :5 ! ph5om5a ( electricity began to be bett] und]/ood1 consid]able light 0 ?r[n ^u ! subject2 & ,mr4 ,wal% at la/1 n only expla9$ ! ph5om5a :i* g5]ally att5d x1 on ! kn[n pr9ciples ( electricity1 b actually contriv$ an artificial fi%1 by :i* a %ock v simil> to t ( ! natural "o c be giv54 ,! electrical p[] ( ! ,torp$o is conduct$ by ! same sub/ances z conduct common electric matt]1 & is int]rupt$ also by ! same non-conductors3 b its %ock w n pass ov] ! lea/ int]ception ( ! circuit1 n ev5 if a *a9 be us$4 ,?is s+ul> fact 0 also imitat$ by ,mr4 ,wal% ) 8 artificial ,torp$o4 ,x has n be5 9 our p[] to obta9 a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ?is artificial ,torp$o ( ,mr4 ,wal%4--,b we "k t "o may be =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,let a numb] ( small ?9 lam9 ( talc1 commonly call$ is+lass1 or ?9 sa% glass1 coat$ 9 ! usual way1 be jo9$ toge!r 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! batt]y4 ,let ^! be plac$ 9 ! body ( an artificial fi% resembl+ ! ,torp$o4--,let !m !n be *>g$1 & on be+ t\*$1 ! same ph5om5a :i* accompany ! real ,torp$o w ensue2 except t ! %ock ( ?is w n be imp$$ by a small int]ruption 9 ! circuit4 ,simil> effects may also be produc$1 by means ( a l>ge batt]y weakly *>g$ & furni%$ ) ,lane's electromet]4 ,! ?ird & la/ fi% t we %all m5tion1 is ! ,silurus or ,silurus electricus1 a g5us 9 ,i*?yology belong+ to ! ord] ( ,pisces ,abdom9ales4--,! body ( ?is is long1 smoo?1 & )\t scales1 be+ r l>ge & flatt5$ t[>ds ! l[] "p4 ,! eyes are ( ! middle size & cov]$ by ! sk9 :i* envelopes all ! head4 ,ea* ( ! jaws is furni%$ ) a great numb] ( small tee?4 ,ab\t ! m\? x has six filam5t\s app5dices1 two f ! upp]1 & f\r f ! "u lip4 ,! col\r ( ! body is greyi%1 ) a few d>k spots t[>ds ! tail4 ,) reg>d to its electrical prop]ties v little is kn[n1 en\gh h[ev] to entitle x to ! "n ( electricus4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,! influ5ce ( electricity on vegetables4 ,) reg>d to ?is "p ( our subject !re has be5 consid]able controv]sy betwe5 philosoph]s1 "s ( !m ass]t+ t electricity is unfav\rable1 & o!rs t x is advantage\s to vegetation4 ,x 0 ass]t$ by ! ,abb ,b]?olon1 9 8 book entitl$ ,electricit des meteores1 t plants situat$ ne> a metallic conductor increas$ consid]ably 9 consequ5ce ( _! situation4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ,gi>d9i says t plants gr[+ ne> su* conductors are g5]ally unheal?y1 & produce v little fruit1 b ^u remov+ ! conductor ! plants become luxuriant & fruitful4 ,! ,abb ,b]?olon 9 endeav\r+ to e/abli% 8 op9ion1 con/ruct$ :at he call$ an electro vegetomet] by means ( :i* ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e may be collect$ 9 abundance4 8,?is app>atus 7says he7 hav+ be5 rais$ ) c>e 9 ! mid/ ( a g>d51 ! happie/ effects 7 p]ceiv$1 viz4 diff]5t plants1 h]bs & fruits1 9 great] =w>dness ?an usual1 m multipli$ & ( bett] quality40 ,^! facts are analog\s to an obs]vation t ,i h (t5 made1 viz4 t plants gr[ be/1 & are m vigor\s ne> ?und] rods1 :]e _! situation fav\rs _! developem5t4 ,!y likewise s]ve to expla9 :y vegetation is s vigor\s 9 l(ty =e/s1 & :]e ! trees raise _! heads f> f ! surface ( ! e>?1 s t !y seek z x 7 ! electric fluid at a f> great] height ?an plants less elevat$3 :ile ! %>p extremity ( _! leaves1 b\ghs & bran*es s]ve z s may po9ts grant$ !m1 by ! munific5t h& ( nature1 to draw d[n f ! atmosph]e t electric fluid :i* is s p[]ful an ag5t 9 =w>d+ vegetation1 & 9 promot+ ! diff]5t functions ( plants4--,su* are ! !ory & exp]im5ts ( ! ,abb1 b ,doctor ,+5haus1 9 two lett]s to ,mr4 ,molitor1 publi%$ 9 ! j\rnal de physique = #aghf-hh has %ewn ! fallacy ( ! !ory1 by expos+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! exp]im5ts ^u :i* x 0 e/abli%$4 ,we %all translate a few passages f ! ,doctor's lett]1 :i* w %ew u 8 op9ion & ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,i h frequ5tly made exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d by expos+ plants to a weak degree ( electricity1 & at o!r times to a consid]able quantity1 )\t ev] be+ able to obs]ve t plants "u its influ5ce prosp]$ m ?an ^? :i* 7 n electrifi$ at all4 ,x ev5 appe>$ to me m ?an once1 t ^? :i* _h be5 electrifi$ 7 a little less ?rifty ?an ^? :i* 7 n electrifi$4 ,9 ano!r place he says1 ,n be+ cont5t ) ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i h made o!rs inf9itely m conclusive1 by /rew+ se$s ( mu/>d & cresses1 ov] ! l>ge/ plates ( delf t ,i c\ld procure1 cov]+ !m ) br[n pap]1 & spr9kl+ !m cont9ually ) a suffici5cy ( wat]4 ,ea* ( ^! plates 0 cov]$ ) m ?an a ?\s& se$s2 ,i kept !m electrifi$ night & day1 accord+ to ! me?od :i* ,mr4 ,s*ewankh>d direct$1 9 a lett] quot$ by ,mr4 ,el]mann1 b :i* ,i %all n repeat 9 ?is place1 le/ ,i %\ld swell ?is memoir3 ! vegetation ( ^! little %rubb]ies 0 always m or less prec>i\s1 9 proportion to ! great] or less quantity ( light t !y receiv$2 ! electricity really contribut+ no?+ to advance ! gr[?3 ?us ! controv]sy /&s1 we leave ! read] to =m 8 own op9ion4 ,t "s plants are m affect$ ?an o!rs by electricity is an unque/ionable fact4 ,x is h[ev] n true z "s h affirm$1 t ! contractions ( ! mimosa or s5sitive plant1 are attributable to ?is cause4 ,! plant is equally affect$ :5 t\*$ ei!r by a conductor or an electric4 ,,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,m$ical electricity4 ,electricity has "o advantage ov] o!r m$ical applications1 9 z mu* z x may be appli$ to ! heal?y1 z well z ! diseas$ "p ( ! body1 )\t prov+ prejudicial1 & because x requires r a nice application1 ?an a p]fect k ( ! compla9t4 ,9 a numb] ( cases x has unque/ionably prov$ salut>y4 ,:5 electricity 0 fir/ us$ 9 remov+ bodily compla9ts1 x 0 done only by means ( ! ,leyd5 phial pretty highly *>g$2 b ?is mode ( adm9i/]+ x1 0 /r5u\sly oppos$ by ,mr4 ,lovet1 :o 0 a celebrat$ electrical practition]1 & 9 an essay call$ ,subtil m$ium prov$1 ass]ts t electricity %\ld be us$ 9 small sp>ks1 by :i* mode ( treatm5t he affirms he sc>cely ev] fail$ cur+ or at lea/ reliev+ 8 pati5ts4 ,! app>atus = m$ical electricity 9 addition to ! ma*9e describ$ 9 *apt] ,,iv1 is an insulat+ /ool4 ,?is /ool is made 9 ! common way1 only t ! feet mu/ be ( glass1 ! upp] or wood5 "p1 %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 s t a *air or b5* may conv5i5tly /& ^u x2 c>e mu/ be tak5 to leave no %>p edges ab\t ! /ool4 ,= a repres5tation ( "o1 see plate lett] ,w4 ,! next in/rum5t necess>y = ! electrical physician is a coat$ j>1 furni%$ ) ,mr4 ,lane's electromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,f ! wire ext5d+ beyond ! m\? ( ! j>1 at ab\t f\r in*es f ! upp] extremity1 let a piece ( glass or bak$ wood ?ree in*es long1 project at "r angles4 ,at ! out] extremity ( ?is /em let ano!r piece ( bak$ wood ?ree in*es long1 be fix$ p>allel to ! rod ( ! j>2 ! upp] end ( ! p>allel /em mu/ be furni%$ ) a brass socket1 ?r\gh :i* a graduat$ wire may easily pass4 ,?is wire mu/ be furni%$ ) a knob ^u ! end :i* is next ! j>1 & a hook or r+ at its o!r extremity1 to :i* a *a9 connect$ ) ! out] coat+ ( ! j> mu/ be atta*$4 ,f ?is con/ruction x is readily p]ceiv$ t ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge or %ock1 w be proportion$ to ! di/ance ( ! ball ( ! electromet]1 & ! usual ball ( ! j>2 i4 e4 :5 ! %ock is l>ge x w pass f "o knob to ! o!r at a l>g] di/ance1 & :5 small at a small] di/ance1 & ?us ! di/ance w be ! measure ( ! %ock4--,! next ?+ to be provid$ is a ball1 ei!r ( metal1 or ( wood cov]$ ) t9 foil2 ?is mu/ h a metallic h&le1 :i* may be sep>at$ f ! ball at pleasure1 hav+ at "o ( its extremities a %>p po9t to receive a /ream ( electric fire2 small po9t$ pieces ( wood made 9 a conical %ape1 may be fix$ on ?is po9t1 :5 ! pati5t requires a degree ( electricity betwe5 a sp>k & a /ream4 ,! bottle director is ! next in/rum5t to be describ$4 ,x is exactly ! same ) ! common ,leyd5 phial1 ) ! addition only ( a hook cem5t$ to ! bottom4 ,to use ?is director 7suppose = in/ance y wi%$ to pass a %ock ?r\gh ! arm7 let a communication be made betwe5 its inn] coat+ & ! prime-conductor1 by :i* means x w be *>g$2 !n let a *a9 be fa/5$1 by "o end1 to ! hook :i* is at ! bottom2 !n by apply+ ! o!r end ( ! *a9 7:i* may be furni%$ ) a ball7 to "o side ( ! arm1 & ! knob ( ! j> to ! o!r1 a %ock w be giv54 ,^! are ! in/rum5ts = ! electrical physician4 ,we are n[ to describe ! mann] 9 :i* electricity may be appli$ to ! be/ advantage4 #a/4 ,by simply plac+ ! pati5t ^u ! electrical /ool4 ,:ile ! ma*9e is 9 action ! pati5t con/antly emits ! ov]plus ( ! electric fluid t he receives1 :i* cont9ually passes (f f e "p ( 8 body1 & produces a salut>y effect4 ,x may be suspect$ t s g5tle a treatm5t c\ld h b little influ5ce4 ,x is h[ev] ^u good au?ority we ass]t1 t n]v\s & s$5t>y p]sons h d]iv$ consid]able advantage f ?is mode ( application4 #b;d4 ,by electric friction4 ,let ! "p affect$ be cov]$ ) a piece ( flannel or wooll5 clo?1 & place ! pati5t ^u ! insulat$ *air1 & connect him ) ! prime-conductor2 !n take a metallic ball1 communicat+ ) ! e>?1 & rub x ov] ! flannel or wooll5 clo?4 ,electricity ?us appli$ has (t5 remov$ viol5t spasms1 & _m o!r afflict+ compla9ts4 #c;d4 ,by draw+ sp>ks4 ,let ! pati5t1 z 9 ! la/ in/ance1 be plac$ ^u ! insulat$ /ool1 & connect$ ) ! prime-conductor2 !n br+ ! metallic ball1 communicat+ ) ! gr\nd1 )9 ab\t half an in* ( ! "p affect$1 & sp>ks w pass f x to ! ball4 ,cutane\s eruptions1 scrophul\s tum\rs & deafness1 are frequ5tly b5efitt$1 & sometimes remov$1 by ?is me?od ( application4 ,deafness1 9 p>ticul>1 has be5 entirely cur$ by ! electric sp>k1 :5 e o!r rem$y has prov$ ineffectual4 ,"o ( ^! cases came "u our own obs]vation4 ,a g5tleman :o 0 affect$ ) an almo/ total loss ( he>+ = m ?an six mon?s1 0 advis$ by 8 physician to make a trial ( electricity z a rem$y4 ,he appli$ to u1 & 0 "u our c>e ab\t f\r or five weeks1 :5 he left u almo/ entirely recov]$4 ,?is g5tleman 0 treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,we plac$ him on an insulat$ *air communicat+ ) ! prime-conductor4 ,!n1 ) a blunt po9t$ wire ins]t$ into a glass tube1 we drew sp>ks f ! meatus auditorius4 ,?is op]ation 0 cont9u$ = eight or t5 m9utes1 at e visit4 ,he commonly att5d$ u twice or ?rice a week4 ,we 7 fully p]suad$ t ! cure w\ld h be5 m spe$y1 if he _h receiv$ ! electricity m frequ5tly4 #d?4 ,by ! /ream4 ,place ! pati5t z 9 ! two la/ in/ances2 !n br+ ! po9t1 in/ead ( ! ball1 ne> ! "p affect$4 ,:5 ! electrical /ream is to be appli$ ! wood5 po9t is pref]able to ! metallic "o4 ,inflammations & o!r diseases ( ! eyes1 & sev]al o!r disord]s1 h be5 ?us remov$4 #e?4 ,by ! director4 ,place ! pati5t on a *air--insulation 9 ?is case be+ unnecess>y4 ,!n lay ! ball1 :i* communicates ) ! outside coat+ ( ! director1 ^u ! affect$ "p2 aft] :i*1 br+ ! director1 :i* mu/ h be5 previ\sly *>g$1 ne> any o!r "p ( ! body1 & ! int5d$ op]ation w be p]=m$4 ,x is impossible to tell ! precise quantity ( electricity :i* ought to be adm9i/]$ 9 e compla9t1 because p]sons :o are affect$ ) ! same disease w sometimes require v diff]5t degrees ( electrization1 :i* mu/ be judg$ ( by ! nature ( _! con/itution1 _! habits ( body1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,small sp>ks w sometimes h m effect ^u a delicate & irritable con/itution1 ?an pretty p[]ful %ocks ^u o!rs4 ,! ,leyd5 phial1 ) ,mr4 ,lane's electromet]1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t = s5d+ %ocks ( diff]5t p[]s ?r\gh p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body4--,to use ?is4--,let ! wire ( ! electromet] be plac$ at ! prop] di/ance = ! requir$ %ock2 connect a *a9 or wire1 communicat+ ) ?is1 ) ! "p affect$--& let a communication be made betwe5 any o!r "p ( ! body & ! outside coat+ ( ! phial4 ,n[ turn ! cyl9d]1 & ! phial1 :5 x has receiv$ ! prop] *>ge1 w dis*>ge itself ?r\gh ! circuit =m$ by ! *a9s or wires1 & ! "p ( ! pati5t :i* 0 to be subject$ to ! %ock4 ,,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,directions conc]n+ ! use ( ! electrical app>atus1 ) "s practical rules = p]=m+ exp]im5ts ) x to ! be/ advantage4 ,! ma*9e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 or "o simil> to x1 is capable ( exhibit+ ! pr9cipal electrical ph5om5a1 provid$ x be skilfully manag$2 b )\t su* managem5t x w con/antly disappo9t ! electrician1 & prove ( little use4 ,let ! foll[+ directions & obs]vations1 !n1 be att5tively reg>d$4 #a4 ,keep all ! in/rum5ts z free z possible f du/ & moi/ure4 #b4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cle>1 ! air dry & a little cold1 ! electric fire may be easily & copi\sly collect$4 ,b :5 ! wea!r is hot or damp1 ! electrical ma*9e is mu* less p[]ful4 #c4 ,be=e ! ma*9e is us$1 ! cyl9d] %\ld be wip$ clean1 ) a l95 clo? t is s(t1 dry1 & w>m2 aft] :i* a clean hot piece ( flannel1 or old silk h&k]*ief1 may be appli$ ) advantage4--,?is done1 if ! cyl9d] be turn$ pretty fa/1 :5 ! prime conductor & o!r in/rum5ts are remov$1 ! electricity1 ^u apply+ ! knuckle or o!r conductor1 w issue f ! glass ) a crackl+ noise1 accompani$ ) sp>ks2 ?is indicates ! ma*9e to be 9 good ord]1 s t ! electrician may proce$ to p]=m 8 exp]im5ts4 ,b if1 :5 ! cyl9d] is turn$ & ! knuckle appli$1 no sp>ks be p]ceiv$1 !n ! fault is mo/ probably 9 ! rubb]4 ,if s1 x mu/ be remov$ & held to a fire1 s t its silk "p may be dri$4 ,!n take a little tall[ f a c&le & j pass x ov] ! lea!r ( ! cu%ion1 aft] :i* spread ^u x1 a little amalgam1 & =ce x z mu* z possible into ! lea!r4 ,replace x1 & let ! cyl9d] be aga9 wip$2 ! ma*9e is fit = use4 #d4 ,sometimes ! electric matt] w n be well collect$1 because ! ma*9e is n suffici5tly suppli$ ) x f ! e>?2 :i* happ5s1 :5 ! table ^u :i* ! electrical ma*9e is plac$ & to :i* ! *a9 or wire ( ! rubb] is connect$1 is v dry1 & consequ5tly a bad conductor4 ,9 ?is case1 ! be/ me?od is to connect ! *a9 or wire ( ! rubb] ) "s moi/ gr\nd1 or ) ! iron-"w ( a wat]-pump1 if conv5i5t4 ,?us ! rubb] w be suppli$ ) z mu* ( ! electric fluid z is requir$4 #e4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is v hot 7say above #aaj ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]17 x w n collect ! electric fluid well4 #f4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( amalgam has be5 accumulat$ ^u ! lea!r ( ! rubb]1 & ! ma*9e does n "w well1 !n1 in/ead ( putt+ m ^u x1 a small quantity ( t :i* is already on ! lea!r mu/ be tak5 (f4 #g4 ,aft] ! cyl9d] has be5 us$ = "s "t x w contract black /reaks1 :i* cont9ually increase1 & greatly ob/ruct its electric p[]4--,^! /reaks mu/ be tak5 (f1 & ! glass frequ5tly wip$ to prev5t _! be+ aga9 =m$4 #h4 ,coat$ j>s1 be=e !y are us$1 ought to be made a little w>m4 ,if ?is be done1 !y w receive & reta9 ! *>ge mu* bett]4 #i4 ,if "o ( ! j>s ( a batt]y1 z is sometimes ! case1 make a spontane\s dis*>ge prematurely1 x w ( c\rse dis*>ge ! :ole batt]y2 & 9 su* case ! faulty j> %\ld be ex*ang$ = "o :i* is free f ?is defect4 #aj4 ,9 mak+ ! dis*>ge ( an electrical batt]y1 or ( a s+le j>1 ! electrician mu/ be c>eful n to place ! dis*>g+-rod ^u ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! glass1 z t may cause ! bur/+ ( ! j>4 #aa4 ,9 l>ge batt]ies1 "s ( ! j>s frequ5tly bur/ 9 ! dis*>ge4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,mr4 ,nairne says t ! dis*>g+-rod %\ld nev] be made ( a good conduct+ sub/ance1 except ! circuit be at lea/ five feet long4 ,b "h x may be rem>k$1 t ! l5g? ( ! circuit weak5s ! =ce ( ! %ock proportionably2 ! highe/ degree ( :i* is 9 _m in/ances requir$4 ,:5 a coat$ phial is crack$1 ei!r by a spontane\s dis*>ge or o!rwise1 ! outside coat+ mu/ be remov$ f ! fractur$ "p2 !n make x mod]ately hot by hold+ x ne> ! fire2 9 ?is situation apply burn+ seal+-wax to ! "p1 s z to cov] ! fracture completely1 tak+ c>e t ! ?ickness ( ! wax be r m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! glass2 la/ly1 cov] all ! seal+-wax1 & "p ( ! glass beyond x1 ) a composition made ( f\r p>ts ( bee's-wax1 "o ( ros91 "o ( turp5t9e1 & a little oil ( olives3 :i* composition mu/ be spread ^u a piece ( oil$ silk1 & appli$ 9 ! =m ( a plai/]4 ,9 ?is mann] j>s :i* h be5 brok5 may be repair$ effectually4 #ab4 ,:5 a j>1 & especially a batt]y1 has be5 dis*>g$1 ! wires ought n to be t\*$ ) ! h& be=e ! dis*>g+-rod has be5 appli$ a second1 & ev5 a ?ird "t2 z !re g5]ally rema9s a residuum ( ! *>ge1 :i* is sometimes v p[]ful4 ,?is residuum is 9 a great measure occasion$ by ! electricity1 :i*1 :5 ! j> is *>g+1 spreads itself ov] ! uncoat$ "p ( ! glass1 & :i* is n dis*>g$ at fir/1 b gradually returns to ! coat+ aft] ! fir/ dis*>ge is made4 #ac4 ,:5 an exp]im5t is to be p]=m$ :i* requires only a small "p ( ! app>atus1 ! rema9+ "p %\ld be remov$ f ! table4--,c&les %\ld nev] be plac$ ne> ! prime-conductor2 = ! effluvia ( _! flames c>ry (f mu* ( ! electric matt]4 #ad4 ,"o or two in*es ( ! l[] "p ( a ,leyd5 phial %\ld be coat$ ) "s ?ick pa9t1 9 ord] to prev5t ! amalgam1 :i* is (t5 scatt]$ ^u ! table1 f corrod+ ! t9-foil1 & !reby dim9i%+ ! *>ge4 #ae4 ,:5 a prime-conductor is us$1 ^? sp>ks are /ronge/ :i* are tak5 f ! extremity f>!/ f ! cyl9d]4 #af4 ,! longe/ sp>ks are drawn f any conductor along an electric sub/ance4 ,?us1 if ! conductor be support$ by pill>s ( glass or bak$ wood1 ! longe/ sp>ks may be tak5 close to ! pill>4 ,if ! conductor be b5t a little inw>d1 s z to make ! surface concave1 a p>ticul>ly l>ge & undivid$ sp>k may be drawn f t place3 b :]e ! surface is convex1 ! sp>k is m apt to be divid$ & weak5$4 #ag4 ,x sometimes happ5s t cyl9dric or globe ma*9es d n "w well1 ow+ to ! air )9 !m be+ too mu* r>efi$ by ! heat ( ! cem5t1 :5 ! caps are fix$ on4 ,to rem$y ?is1 a small hole may be bor$ ?r\gh "o ( ! caps1 s z to admit air into ! cyl9d] or globe4 #ah4 ,if ! electric by any means become scrat*$1 ! work+ ( ! ma*9e w be greatly imp$$1 if n altoge!r prev5t$4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = ^u ! pr9ciple t smoo? & r\gh glass electrify diff]5tly :5 excit$ by ! same rubb]1 & ! two diff]5t /ates de/roy "o ano!r4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by fill+ up ! scrat*es ) a little tall[4 ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,ent]ta9+ ,exp]im5ts1 made by electrical ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,electric attraction & repulsion1 obs]v$ 9 excit$ amb]1 01 z we h already _h occasion to rem>k1 ! fir/ ph5om5on :i* 0 notic$ 9 ! sci5ce ( :i* we treat4 ,we h also h9t$ t1 to ! pres5t "t1 no explanation ( ?is attraction & repulsion :i* is entirely satisfactory1 has be5 giv54 ,facts1 h[ev]1 are kn[n 9 abundance2 & c]ta9 pr9ciples1 relative to ?is "p ( our subject1 are cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,to exhibit & illu/rate ^! has be5 our object 9 select+ ! foll[+ exp]im5ts2 "s ( :i* may be consid]$ z int5d$ *iefly = amusem5t1 b all ( :i*1 if ?or\ghly compreh5d$1 w s]ve to fix ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce m deeply 9 ! m9d ( a le>n]4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! self-mov+ ,:eel4 ,?is ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,x is made ( a ?9 r\nd plate ( w9d[-glass1 #ag in*es 9 diamet]1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) t9-foil1 except ab\t two in*es next ! edge4 ,two small hemisph]es ( wood are cem5t$ to ! two sides c5trally opposite1 & 9 ea* ( ^! a /rong ?ick wire eight or t5 in*es long is plac$2 & ^! =m ! hub & axis ( ! :eel4 ,x turns horizontally on a po9t at ! l[] end ( its axis1 :i* mu/ be insulat$4 ,! upp] end ( ! axis1 passes ?r\gh a hole 9 a ?9 plate ( brass1 cem5t$ to a /rong piece ( glass or bak$ wood1 :i* keeps x six or eight in*es di/ant f any non-electric1 & is furni%$ ) a ball ( wax or metal on ! top1 to keep 9 ! fire4 ,9 a circle on ! table :i* supports ! :eel1 are fix$ twelve small pill>s ( glass ab\t f\r in*es ap>t1 ) a ?imble or metallic ball on ! top ( ea*4 ,on ! edge ( ! :eel is a small metallic bullet1 communicat+ by a wire ) ! upp] coat+ ( ! :eel2 & ab\t six in*es f x1 is ano!r bullet communicat+1 9 l mann]1 ) ! l[] coat+4 ,:5 ! :eel is to be *>g$ by ! upp] coat+1 a communication mu/ be made f ! "u "o to ! table4 ,:5 x is well *>g$ x beg9s to move2 ! bullet ne>e/ to a pill> is attract$ by ! ?imble or bullet on t pill> & pass+ by1 electrifies x1 & is imm$iately repell$ f x2 ! succe$+ bullet1 :i* communicates ) ! o!r coat+ ( ! glass1 m /rongly attracts t ?imble1 on acc\nt ( its be+ previ\sly electrifi$ by ! o!r bullet2 & ?us ! :eel increases its motion1 till its velocity is regulat$ by ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e4--,! :eel w turn half an h\r1 & make1 "o m9ute ) ano!r1 #bj turns 9 a m9ute1 :i* is #fjj turns 9 ! :ole2 ! bullet ( ! upp] coat+ giv+1 9 ea* turn1 #ab sp>ks to ! ?imbles or balls1 :i* make #gbjj sp>ks2 & ! bullet ( ! "u coat+ receiv+ z _m f ! ?imbles2 ^? bullets mov+ 9 ! "t ne> #bejj feet4 ,! ?imbles are well fix$1 & 9 s exact a circle1 t ! bullets may pass )9 a v small di/ance ( ea* ( !m4 ,if1 in/ead ( two bullets1 !re be eight1 f\r communicat+ ) ! upp]1 & f\r ) ! "u coat+1 plac$ alt]nately1 ! motion w be consid]ably increas$1 b !n x w n cont9ue s long4 ,^! :eels may be appli$ to ! r++ ( *imes1 & ! mov+ ( light-made orr]ies4 ,! electrical ,dance4 ,susp5d f ! prime-conductor1 by means ( a hook1 a metallic plate1 six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es f ?is1 & directly "u x1 place ano!r plate ( ! same k9d1 communicat+ ) ! e>?4 ,^u ! l[] plate1 ?r[ small pa9t$ figures ( m5 & wom51 cut 9 pap]1 or made ( ! pi? ( eld]4 ,n[1 if ! cyl9d] be turn$1 ! figures w beg9 to move betwe5 ! plates1 leap+ f "o to ! o!r1 ) surpris+ velocity1 exhibit+ _m curi\s & ludicr\s attitudes & motions4 ,! electrifi$ ,bells4 ,! ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion may be v satisfactorily %[n ) ! electrifi$ bells4 ,9 ord] to make ?is exp]im5t1 provide y\rself ) a piece ( wire1 furni%$ ) a hook equidi/ant f bo? ends1 & by :i* x may be susp5d$ f ! prime-conductor4 ,at ea* end ( ?is wire susp5d a small bell by a *a9 or wire2 & f ! middle po9t betwe5 ^! two bells1 susp5d a ?ird1 by a silk ?read2 let a clapp] be hung betwe5 ea* ( ! bells1 also by silk ?reads4 ,f ! concave or "u side ( ! middle bell let a *a9 proce$1 communicat+ ) ! table1 & hav+ a silk ?read at its extremity4 ,n[ if ! cyl9d] ( ! ma*9e be turn$1 ! clapp]s w fly f bell to bell ) a v quick motion1 & ! bells w r+ z long z ! electrization cont9ues4 ,! two out] bells1 be+ susp5d$ by *a9s or wires1 are electrifi$ fir/2 h5ce !y attract ! clapp]s2 & hav+ communicat$ to !m "p ( _! electricity1 repel !m4 ,! middle bell1 :i* is 9 its natural /ate1 n[ attracts !m1 & deprives !m ( _! acquir$ electricity2 aft] :i* !y are aga9 attract$ by ! out] bells1 & aga9 repell$4 ,if1 by hold+ ! silk ?read1 ! *a9 ( ! middle bell be rais$ f ! table1 ! bells1 aft] r++ a %ort "t1 w /op2 because ! middle "o1 be+ insulat$1 w soon become z /rongly electrifi$ z ! o!r two2 9 :i* case1 ! clapp]s be+ equally attract$ by bo? bells1 mu/ discont9ue _! motion t[>ds ei!r4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made 9 a d>k5$ room1 a sp>k w be se5 betwe5 ! clapp] & bells1 at e /roke4 ,?is exp]im5t w h a bett] effect1 if1 in/ead ( keep+ ! ma*9e 9 motion1 a *>g$ j> be plac$ 9 contact ) ! prime-conductor2 & :5 jo9$ ) ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 ! :ole w h ! appe>ance ( an electrical ball4 ,! inflammable air ,balloons4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t may s]ve to illu/rate "s ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ?und] /orms4 ,provide two balloons1 made ( ! allantoides ( a calf1 conta9+ ab\t two cubic feet1 & fill !m ) inflammable air4 ,to ea* ( ^! atta*1 by a silk ?read ab\t eight feet long1 a weight suffici5t to prev5t _! ris+ high] ?an ! above di/ance 9 ! air4 ,!n connect "o ( !m ) ! positive1 & ! o!r ) ! negative conductor1 or insulat$ rubb] ( ! ma*9e1 by v ?9 wires1 ?irty feet long3 keep !m a consid]able di/ance asund]1 & z f> f ! ma*9e z ! wires w admit4 ,on be+ electrifi$1 ! balloons w rise z high 9 ! air z ! silk ?read w all[ !m1 !n attract ea* o!r1 & unit+ z x 7 9 "o cl\d1 w gradually desc5d4 ,! ris+ ( ^! balloons is attribut$ to ! expansion ( ! air conta9$ 9 !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! repulsive p[] communicat$ to its p>ticles by ! action ( ! electric matt] ^u !m4--,:5 9 contact1 _! opposite electrical p[]s de/roy "o ano!r1 & !y desc5d 9 consequ5ce ( ! cond5sation ( ! int]nal air4 ,dr4 ,frankl9's ,exp]im5t = illu/rat+ 8 ,!ory ( ,?und] ,/orms4 ,take two r\nd pieces ( pa/e-bo>d1 two in*es 9 diamet]2 f ! c5tre & circumf]5ce ( ea* ( !m susp5d1 by f9e silk ?reads eighte5 in*es long1 sev5 small balls ( wood1 or sev5 peas1 equal 9 size1 s t ! balls app5d$ to ea* pa/e-bo>d w =m equilat]al triangles1 "o ball be+ 9 ! c5tre & six at equal di/ances f t1 & f ea* o!r1 ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,?us !y repres5t p>ticles ( air4 ,dip bo? setts 9 wat]2 & "s ( x adh]+ to ea* ball1 !y w repres5t air load$ ) moi/ure4 ,electrify "o sett1 & its balls w repel ea* o!r to a great] di/ance1 enl>g+ ! triangles4 ,c\ld ! wat]1 support$ by ! sev5 balls1 come 9 contact1 x w\ld =m a drop or drops1 s heavy z to break ! cohesion x _h ) ! o!r balls1 & s fall4 ,let ! two setts !n repres5t two cl\ds1 ! "o a sea-cl\d electrifi$1 & ! o!r a l&-cl\d4 ,br+ !m )9 ! sph]e ( attraction1 & !y w in/antly draw t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,n[ y w see ! sep>at$ cl\ds close ?us--! fir/ electrifi$ ball t comes ne> an unelectrifi$ "o1 by attraction jo9s x1 & gives x fire2 in/antly !y sep>ate1 & ea* flies to ano!r ( its own p>ty1 "o to give & ! o!r to receive fire2 & s !y proce$ ?r\gh bo? setts1 b s quick z to be 9 a mann] in/antane\s4 ,9 ! collision !y %ake (f & drop _! wat]1 :i* repres5ts ra94 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts ) electric ,light4 ,^! exp]im5ts %\ld be made 9 a d>k5$ room1 = ?\gh ! electric light is visible frequ5tly 9 day light1 yet ! appe>ance ( x is v (t5 confus$1 s t a di/9ct idea ( x _c be =m$4 ,be=e we proce$ to describe ! exp]im5ts "u ?is head1 x w be necess>y to in=m ! read] t by ! t]m vacuum :i* he w frequ5tly meet ) 9 ?is *apt]1 we mean su* an "o z is =m$ by ! action ( an air pump1 :i* is a good conductor ( electricity4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis4 ,take a phial ne>ly ( ! %ape & size ( a ,flor5ce flask2 fix a /opcock or valve to its neck1 & exhau/ x ( air4--,if ?is phial be rubb$ 9 ! usual way to excite electrics1 x w appe> lum9\s )91 be+ full ( a fla%+ light1 v mu* resembl+ ! nor!rn lights or aurora borealis4 ,?is phial may also be made lum9\s by pres5t+ "o end ( x to ! prime-conductor1 :ile ! o!r is held 9 ! h&4 ,9 ?is case1 ! :ole cavity ( ! glass w in/antly appe> full ( a fla%+ light1 :i* rema9s 9 x = "s "t aft] ! glass has be5 remov$ f ! prime-conductor4 ,a glass tube exhau/$ ( air 9 ! same mann]1 & h]metically seal$1 may be us$ in/ead ( ?is phial1 & p]haps ) m advantage4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance att5d+ ?is exp]im5t is1 t aft] ! phial or tube has be5 remov$ f ! prime-conductor1 & ev5 sev]al h\rs aft] ! fla%+ light has ceas$1 /rong fla%es w be aga9 visible ^u apply+ ! h&4 ,! causes ( ?is ph5om5on are two2 fir/1 ! conduct+ nature ( ! vacuum2 & second1 ! *>g+ ( ! glass2 = :5 "o side ( ! phial is t\*$ ) ! prime-conductor1 ! electric fluid communicat$ to t "p on ! outside1 occasions ! natural fluid ( ! inside surface1 to leave its place & pass to ! opposite side ( ! phial1 :i* does n communicate ) ! electrifi$ conductor2 ?is pass+ ( ! fluid ?r\gh ! vacuum occasions ! light )91 :i* is m or less subdivid$ z ! vacuum is m or less p]fect4 ,t "p ( ! phial :i* has t\*$ ! prime-conductor is actually *>g$1 = its out] surface has acquir$ an additional quantity ( ! electric fluid1 & ! inside has lo/ "p ( its natural quantity2 b z ! outside ( ! glass has no coat+1 :5 x is remov$ f ! prime-conductor & is n 9 contact ) ! h& or o!r conductor1 ! *>g$ "p w be dis*>g$ gradually1 t is1 :ile its outside surface is communicat+ its r$undant quantity to ! contigu\s air1 ! inn] surface acquires ! electric fluid f ! o!r p>ts ( ! phial or tube1 & ?is fluid pass+ ?r\gh ! vacuum1 causes ! light :i* is obs]v$ = s long a "t4 ,if ! phial or tube be grasp$ ) ! h&1 ! dis*>ge w be accel]at$1 yet x _c be effect$ 9 ?is way imm$iately1 because ! h& _c t\* e "p ( ! glass at once4 ,! ,leyd5 ,vacuum4 ,take a small phial & coat x1 ab\t ?ree in*es up ! outside1 ) t9-foil4 ,at ! m\? ( ?is phial cem5t a metallic cap1 hav+ a hole ) a valve2 & f ?is cap let a wire proce$ a few in*es )9 ! phial1 t]m9at+ 9 a blunt po9t4 ,:5 ?is phial is exhau/$ ( air1 a metallic ball mu/ be screw$ ^u ! cap1 s z to def5d ! valve1 & prev5t ! air f gett+ into ! phial4 ,! reason :y ?is phial requires no inside coat+1 is1 because ! electric fluid p]vades a vacuum1 s t x c pass v easily f ! wire to ! surface ( ! exhau/$ glass1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a non-electric coat+4 ,?is phial exhibits v pla9ly ! direction ( ! electric matt]1 bo? 9 *>g+ & dis*>g+1 = if x be held by its bottom1 & ! ball be pres5t$ to ! prime-conductor1 positively electrifi$1 y w p]ceive t ! p5cil ( rays 7:i* always appe>s :5 ! body is positively electrifi$1 or is giv+ out ! electric matt]7 w proce$ f ! wire )9 ! phial1 & :5 x is dis*>g$1 ! />1 7:i* always indicates t ! body is negatively electrifi$1 or is receiv+ ! electric fluid7 w be se5 on ! po9t in/ead ( ! p5cil1 b if ! phial be held by ! ball1 & its bottom be pres5t$ to ! prime-conductor1 ! contr>y w take place4 ,! lum9\s ,conductor4 ,?is in/rum5t1 z well z ! prec$+1 is an inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,h5ley's & also %[s ! direction ( ! electric fluid pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! description ( x is z foll[s4 ,to ea* end ( a glass tube1 ab\t eight in*es long & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 is cem5t$ a metallic cap1 s z to be p]fectly air tight4 ,a po9t projects f "o ( ! caps1 by :i* x is to receive ! electricity f an excit$ cyl9d]1 & f ! o!r proce$s a wire1 t]m9at$ by a ball1 f :i* sp>ks may be tak54 ,ea* cap is furni%$ on ! inside ) a knobb$ wire1 :i* ext5ds "s di/ance into ! tube4 ,a /opcock or valve mu/ be adapt$ to "o ( ! caps1 by :i* ! tube may be exhau/$ ( air4 ,! support]s ( ! in/rum5t are two glass pill>s1 fa/5$ to a bottom bo>d4 ,:5 ! tube is exhau/$ ( air1 & its po9t$ end plac$ ne> ! excit$ cyl9d] ( an electrical ma*9e1 ! po9t w appe> illum9at$ ) a />1 & a weak light w be se5 p]vad+ ! :ole tube2 b f ! knobb$ end ( ! wire1 )9 ! tube1 a lucid p5cil w issue1 & ! opposite knob w be illum9at$ ) a /> or r\nd body ( light1 :i*1 z well z ! p5cil ( rays f ! o!r knob1 w be disc]nible among ! o!r light :i* occupies ! cavity ( ! tube4 ,if ! po9t1 in/ead ( be+ pres5t$ to ! cyl9d]1 be connect$ ) ! rubb]1 ! appe>ance w be rev]s$--! reason is too obvi\s to m5tion4 ,if ! wires )9 ! tube be po9t$1 ! illum9ation w be ! same2 b x seems n s /rong 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r case4 ,! electric ,light fla%+ betwe5 two metallic ,plates4 ,let two p]sons 7"o /&+ ^u an insulat$ /ool communicat+ ) ! prime-conductor1 & ! o!r ^u ! floor17 ea* hold 9 8 h& a poli%$ metallic plate1 9 su* a mann] t _! surfaces may be p>allel1 & ab\t two in*es asund]4 ,^u turn+ ! cyl9d]1 y w see ! fla%es ( light betwe5 ! two plates1 s d5se & frequ5t1 t y c easily p]ceive any ?+ 9 ! room4 ,by ?is exp]im5t ! electric light is exhibit$ 9 a v copi\s & beautiful mann]1 & be>s a /rong resemblance to lightn+4 ,! spiral ,tube4 ,?is in/rum5t is compos$ ( two glass tubes1 "o )9 ! o!r1 & furni%$ ) a metallic ball at ea* end4 ,! inn]mo/ tube has a spiral r[ ( small r\nd pieces ( t9-foil1 /uck ^u its outside surface1 & ly+ at ! di/ance ( "o ?irte5? ( an in* ap>t4 ,n[ if ! tube be held by "o ( its extremities1 :ile ! o!r is pres5t$ to ! prime-conductor1 e sp>k t is receiv$ f ! conductor1 w cause small sp>ks to appe> betwe5 all ! r\nd pieces ( t9-foil ^u ! inn] tube1 :i* 9 ! d>k appe>s encompass$ by a spiral l9e ( sp>kl+ fire4 ,small pieces ( t9-foil are sometimes /uck ^u pieces ( glass1 s z to repres5t v>i\s fanciful figures1 & ^u ! same pr9ciple is ! lum9\s ^w produc$4 ,to make an electric ,sp>k visible 9 ,wat]1 & to r5d] v>i\s o!r ,sub/ances lum9\s4 ,fill a glass tube1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & six in*es long1 ) wat]1 & to ea* extremity adapt a cork to conf9e ! wat]2 ?r\gh ! corks let two blunt wires pass1 s z ne>ly to t\* "o ano!r )9 ! tube3 connect ! outside coat+ ( a small *>g$ phial ) "o ( ^! wires1 & t\* ! knob to ! o!r1 :i* w cause a vivid sp>k to appe> betwe5 _! extremities )9 ! tube4 ,x is necess>y 9 ?is exp]im5t t ! *>ge ( ! phial %\ld be exce$+ly slight1 o!rwise ! tube w\ld bur/4 ,if y place 9 a common dr9k+ glass almo/ full ( wat]1 two knobb$ wires1 s t _! knobs may be )9 a little di/ance ( "o ano!r 9 ! wat]1 & make ! *>ge ( a l>ge j> pass ?r\gh ! wires1 ! explosion w disp]se ! wat] & break ! glass ) surpris+ viol5ce4--,?is exp]im5t is v dang]\s if n made ) great caution4 ,wat] may be made lum9\s ?us4 ,connect "o end ( a *a9 ) ! outside coat+ ( a *>g$ j>1 & let ! o!r lie on ! table2 place ! end ( ano!r *a9 at ab\t "o f\r? ( an in* f ! =m]2 !n set a decant] ( wat] on ^! sep>at$ ends1 & on mak+ a dis*>ge ( ! j> ?r\gh ! *a9s1 ! wat] w appe> beautifully lum9\s4 ,to r5d] ivory or box wood lum9\s4--,place an ivory ball on ! prime-conductor ( ! ma*9e1 & take a sp>k or s5d ! *>ge ( a phial ?r\gh its c5t]1 ! ball w appe> p]fectly lum9\s2 b if ! *>ge be n tak5 ?r\gh ! c5t]1 x w pass (f ! surface & corrode x4 ,a sp>k tak5 ?r\gh a ball ( box wood1 n only illum9ates x1 b makes x appe> ( a beautiful crimson1 or r sc>let col\r4 ,an egg may also be illum9at$ 9 ! same way4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s exp]im5t to %ew ! electric light is made ) ! real1 or m easily ) ! artificial ,bolognian /one1 inv5t$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,j4 ,canton4 ,?is phosphorus is a calc>e\s sub/ance 7g5]ally us$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]7 :i* has ! prop]ty ( absorb+ light :5 expos$ to x1 & aft]w>ds appe>+ lucid 9 ! d>k4 ,to make ! exp]im5t1 take "s ( ?is p[d]1 & by means ( spirits ( w9e or e!r1 /ick x all ov] ! inside ( a cle> glass phial1 & /op x ) a good cork & seal+ wax4 ,if ?is phial be kept 9 a d>k5$ room1 7:i* = ?is exp]im5t mu/ be v d>k17 x w give out no light2 b let two or ?ree /rong sp>ks be drawn f ! prime-conductor1 :ile ! phial is kept ab\t two in*es di/ant f ! sp>ks1 s t x may be expos$ to _! light1 & ! phial w aft]w>ds appe> lum9\s = "s "t4 ,! p[d] may be /uck on a bo>d by means ( ! :ite ( an egg1 s z to repres5t figures ( planets1 lett]s c4 at ! op]ator's pleasure1 & ^! figures may be illum9at$ 9 ! d>k 9 ! same mann] z ! phial1 = ! me?od ( mak+ ?is phosphorus1 see app5dix1 ,no4 #e4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,*>g$ ,electrics4 ,exp]im5ts ) *>g$ electrics %\ld always be made ) caution1 = ?\gh ! dis*>ge ( a small phial ?r\gh ! body is seldom att5d$ ) bad consequ5ces1 yet t ( a batt]y is always dang]\s1 & sometimes mortal4 ,! op]ator %\ld !re=e be att5tive1 n only to ! exp]im5ts he is ab\t to p]=m1 b also to ! p]sons :o may happ5 to be ) him1 =bidd+ !m to come ne> any "p ( ! app>atus4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! ,magic ,picture4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 contriv$ by ,mr4 ,k9n]sley1 & is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,hav+ a l>ge mezzot9to ) a frame & glass1 7suppose ( ! k+7 take out ! pr9t & cut out a pannel ( x1 ne> two in*es di/ant f ! frame1 all r\nd4 ,if ! cut is ?r\gh ! picture x is n ! worse4 ,) ?9 pa/e or gum wat] fix ! bord] t is cut (f on ! inside ( ! glass1 press+ x smoo? & close4 ,!n fill up ! vacancy1 by gild+ ! glass well ) leaf gold or brass4 ,gild likewise ! inn] edge ( ! back ( ! frame all r\nd1 except ! top "p4 ,make a communication betwe5 t gild+1 & ! gild+ beh9d ! glass2 !n put 9 ! bo>d1 & t side is f9i%$4 ,turn up ! glass & gild ! =eside exactly ov] ! back gild+1 & :5 x is dry pa/e on ! pannel ( ! picture :i* has be5 cut out1 obs]v+ to br+ ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! picture & bord] toge!r1 by :i* x w appe> ( a piece1 z at fir/ 7only "p ( x is beh9d ! glass1 & "p be=e x47 ,hold ! picture horizontally by ! top1 & place a little moveable gilt cr[n ^u ! k+'s head4 ,if n[ ! picture be mod]ately electrifi$1 & ano!r p]son take hold ( ! frame ) "o h&1 s t ! f+]s may t\* ! inside gild+1 & ) ! o!r h& endeav\r to take (f ! cr[n1 he w receive a t]rible bl[4 ,if ! picture 7 highly *>g$ ! consequ5ces might be z fatal z ^? ( high treason2 = :5 ! sp>k is tak5 ?r\gh a quire ( pap]1 & ! dis*>ge ( ! picture is made ?r\gh x1 a fair hole w be p]ceiv$ 9 e %eet1 7?\gh a quire ( pap]1 is ?\ght a good arm\r aga9/ ! pu% ( a sword1 or ev5 aga9/ a pi/ol bullet17 & ! crack exce$+ly l\d4 ,! op]ator :o holds ! picture by ! upp] end1 7:]e ! inside ( ! picture is n gilt17 to prev5t its fall+1 feels no?+ ( ! %ock1 & may t\* ! face ( ! picture )\t dang]1 :i* he pret5ds is a te/ ( 8 loyalty4 ,if a r+ ( p]sons take ! %ock among !m1 ! exp]im5t is call$ 8! conspirators40 ,col\rs *ang$ by ! ,electric %ock4 ,mr4 ,cavallo accid5tally obs]v+ t an electric sp>k1 pass+ ov] ! surface ( a c>d pa9t$ r$1 m>k$ x ) a black /roke1 0 induc$ to try :at w\ld be ! effect ( s5d+ %ocks ov] c>ds pa9t$ ) diff]5t col\rs2 accord+ly he pa9t$ sev]al c>ds ) diff]5t col\rs1 & pass$ ! dis*>ge ( a j>1 conta9+ ab\t "o foot ( coat$ surface ov] !m1 ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts are ! foll[+-- ,v]milion 0 m>k$ ) a /rong black track1 ab\t "o t5? ( an in* wide4 ,! /reak 0 g5]ally s+le1 b sometimes divid$ 9 ! middle4 ,c>m9e receiv$ a fa9t & sl5d] impression1 ( a purple col\r4 ,v]digris 0 %ook (f f ! surface ( ! c>d1 except :5 x 0 mix$ ) a /rong gum wat]1 9 :i* case x receiv$ a v fa9t impression4 ,:ite lead 0 m>k$ ) a /rong black track1 b n s broad z t on ! v]milion4 ,on ! r$ lead !re appe>$ only a slight m>k1 mu* l t on ! c>m9e4 ,! o!r col\rs he tri$ 7 orpim5t1 gambooge1 sap gre51 r$ ink1 ,p]sian blue1 & "s o!rs :i* 7 comp\nds ( ! fir/1 b !y receiv$ no impression4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ t1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+ /rikes ! ma/ ( a %ip1 x passes ov] ^? p>ts ( ! ma/1 :i* are cov]$ ) lampblack & t>1 or pa9t$ ) lampblack & oil1 )\t ! lea/ injury2 :5 at ! same "t x %att]s ! uncoat$ "p s z to r5d] ! ma/ entirely useless4--,?is s+ul> fact induc$ ,cavallo to c>ry 8 inve/igations on ! subject /ill f>!r1 p>ticul>ly ) a view to det]m9e some?+ relative to ! prop]ties ( lampblack & oil4 ,b x w n be necess>y "h to enum]ate all 8 exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate t ! two foll[+ propositions are ! result ( 8 obs]vations4 8,fir/--,t a coat ( oil pa9t ov] any sub/ance def5ds x f ! effects ( an electric %ock1 t w\ld o!rwise injure x2 b t x w\ld by no means def5d x f any %ock :atev]4#ag 8,second--,"o col\r does n seem pref]able to ano!r1 if x is equal 9 sub/ance & equally well mix$ ) oil--b t a ?ick coat+ af=ds a bett] def5ce ?an a ?9 "o40 ,to fire ,_s ( w9e4 ,hang to ! prime-conductor a %ort metallic rod1 hav+ a small ball at ! end--!n p\r "s _s ( w9e1 a little w>m$1 into a metallic spoon4 ,hold ! spoon by ! h&le1 9 su* a mann] t ! knob ( ! rod may be ab\t an in* above ! surface ( ! _s4--,9 ?is situation1 if by turn+ ! cyl9d] a sp>k be made to pass to ! spoon ?r\gh ! _s1 x w be set on fire4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd m advantage\s to fix a metallic di%1 conta9+ ! _s1 ^u ! prime-conductor4 ,?is exp]im5t may be v>i$ diff]5t ways1 s z to r5d] x v agreeable to a company ( spectators4 ,a p]son1 = in/ance1 /&+ ^u an insulat+ /ool1 connect$ ) ! prime-conductor1 may hold ! spoon ) ! _s1 9 8 h&--ano!r p]son1 /&+ on ! floor1 may fire ! _s by br++ 8 f+] )9 a small di/ance ( x--or1 in/ead ( 8 f+] he may use a piece ( ice1 :i* w make ! exp]im5t /ill m surpris+4 ,to swell ,clay1 & break small ,tubes4 ,roll up a piece ( s(t clay 9 a small cyl9d]1 & ins]t two wires1 s t _! ends )9 ! tube may be ab\t "o fif? ( an in* ap>t4--,if a %ock be s5t ?r\gh ?is clay1 by connect+ ! wires ) ! coat+s ( a pretty l>ge j> :i* has previ\sly be5 *>g$1 ! clay w be inflat$1 by swell+ 9 ! middle4--,if ! clay be n v moi/1 x w be brok5 by ! explosion1 & ! fragm5ts ?r[n ab\t ! room4 ,to make ?is exp]im5t ) a little v>iation1 take a piece ( ! /em ( a tobacco pipe1 or a glass tube 7:i* w answ] equally well17 & fill ! bore ) moi/ clay2 !n ins]t wires z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 & s5d ! %ock ?r\gh x4 ,?is tube w n fail to be brok51 & ! pieces ?r[n to a consid]able di/ance4 ,to pi]ce ,c>ds c4 ) ! electric ,explosion4 ,hold a c>d or ! cov] ( a book1 close to ! outside coat+ ( a j>1 !n by apply+ "o end ( ! dis*>g+ rod to ! c>d1 dis*>ge ! j>2 ! electricity ru%+ ?r\gh ! circuit f ! positive to ! negative coat+1 w pi]ce a hole ?r\gh ! c>d1 or book-cov]4 ,?is hole w be l>g] or small] z ! c>d is m or less moi/4 ,! c>d1 ^u exam9ation1 w be f\nd to h a sulphure\s or r phosphoreal smell4 ,x is rem>kable 9 ?is exp]im5t t !re is a burr rais$ on bo? sides ( ! c>d4 ,insects may be kill$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,if !y are q small ! %ock ( a common phial w be f\nd suffici5t to deprive !m ( life3 b if !y are l>ge1 !y w1 ^u receiv+ ! %ock1 appe> dead1 b aft] a %ort "t recov]4--,?is h[ev] dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( ! *>ge s5t ?r\gh !m4 ,! %ock ( a j>1 s5t ?r\gh a lump ( :ite sug>1 if /rong en\gh to break x1 w illum9ate e "p ( ! sug>1 & ?is illum9ation w cont9ue a %ort "t aft] mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,to light a ,c&le by ! dis*>ge ( a ,j>4 ,take a wire ab\t ! size ( a common knitt+ ne$le1 & by means ( a small flexible *a91 let "o end communicate ) ! outside coat+ ( a j>1 conta9+ at lea/ t5 in*es ( coat$ surface4 ,to ! o!r end ( ! wire "s cotton mu/ be twi/$ v loosely1 s z to cov] ! extremity ( ! wire completely4 ,! cotton mu/ be roll$ or spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ ros94 ,n[ let ! j> be *>g$ & br+ ! cotton to its knob pretty quickly1 s t ! dis*>ge may pass ?r\gh ! ros9 on x2 ! cotton w in/antly inflame1 & w la/ long en\gh to light a c&le4 ,pap]1 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitre & wat]1 & previ\sly dri$1 may be fir$ 9 ! same mann]1 & by ?is a brim/one mat* may be light$4 ,! same effect w foll[1 if y grease ! cotton ) a little sweet-oil1 or moi/5 x ) turp5t9e4--,flame may be aga9 excit$ 9 a c&le rec5tly bl[n out1 by simply pass+ ! dis*>ge ( a j> ?r\gh ! wick & smoke4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,exp]im5ts relat+ to ! influ5ce ( po9t$ ,bodies on ,electricity4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh n ! mo/ ent]ta9+ are c]ta9ly among ! mo/ important 9 electricity4 ,by ! k ( !m1 mank9d h receiv$ ! greate/ practical advantage4 ,b z we h already treat$ ( ?is subject1 we %all1 9 ?is *apt]1 describe only two exp]im5ts :i* may s]ve to set x 9 a cle>] light1 & :i* may1 9 a m p>ticul> mann]1 demon/rate ! utility ( affix+ po9t$ conductors to build+s1 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f ! dreadful effects ( lightn+4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! electrifi$ ,cotton4 ,take a small lock ( cotton1 ext5d$ 9 e direction z mu* z c conv5i5tly be done1 & by a l95 ?read ab\t five or six in*es long1 fa/5 x to ! prime-conductor2 !n let ! cyl9d] ( ! ma*9e be turn$--! lock ( cotton1 by ! repell5cy ( its filam5ts1 w imm$iately swell & /ret* itself t[>ds ! ne>e/ un9sulat$ conductor4 ,9 ?is situation1 if y pres5t y\r knuckle or a knobb$ wire t[>ds ! cotton1 x w imm$iately move t[>ds x1 & endeav\r to t\* x2 n[ ) ! o!r h& pres5t a po9t$ wire to x3--! cotton w imm$iately %r9k up1 & fly t[>ds ! prime-conductor4 ,remove ! po9t1 & ! cotton w aga9 approa* ! knuckle or knobb$ wire--pres5t ! po9t1 & x w aga9 rec$e4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t a po9t is ! prop] t]m9ation = a lightn+ rod4 ,= ! cotton w repres5t ! cl\d1 & ! two wires1 ! lightn+ rods ) diff]5t t]m9ations4 ,! cotton is attract$ by ! knuckle or knobb$ wire1 9 ord] to "p ) its electricity1 ?is h[ev] _c be effect$ unless !y come s ne> z to t\* "o ano!r1 & !n ! dis*>ge is effect$ at once4 ,b ! po9t is capable ( draw+ (f ! electricity :5 at a di/ance1 & x does ?is gradually2 at ! same "t t x causes a curr5t ( air :i* repels ! cotton2 ! cotton be+ depriv$ ( its electricity is aga9 attract$ by ! prime-conductor4 ,! electrifi$ ,bladd]4 ,coat a bladd] t is well bl[n1 ) gold1 silv]1 or brass leaf1 :i* may be fa/5$ on ) gum wat]4--,susp5d ?is bladd] at ! end ( a silk ?read1 six or sev5 feet long1 f ! ceil+ ( ! room4 ,electrify ! bladd] by giv+ x a few sp>ks f a *>g$ j>1 & hold t[>ds x1 at "s di/ance1 a knobb$ wire2 y w p]ceive t ! bladd] approa*es ! knob1 & :5 x comes )9 /rik+ di/ance1 gives x ! electricity x receiv$ f ! *>g$ j>1 & ?us becomes dis*>g$4 ,t\* x aga9 ) ! *>g$ phial1 & in/ead ( ! knobb$ wire1 pres5t ! po9t ( a ne$le t[>ds x1 ! bladd] w n[ be r repell$ ?an attract$1 especially if ! po9t be v sudd5ly pres5t$ to x4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,promiscu\s ,exp]im5ts4 ,we %all 9 ?is *apt]1 describe a v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 :i* are easily made1 & :i* may s]ve to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( electricity 9 g5]al4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! electrical ,jack4 ,?is is an inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,frankl91 & turns ) consid]able =ce1 s t x may sometimes be us$ = ! purposes ( a common jack4 ,! con/ruction ( x is z foll[s4--,a sl5d] %aft ( wood passes1 at "r angles1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a ?91 r\nd bo>d1 ab\t twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & turns ^u a %>p po9t ( iron1 fix$ 9 ! l[] end2 :ile a /rong wire 9 ! upp] end passes ?r\gh a hole 9 a brass plate1 :i* keeps ! %aft truly v]tical4 ,ab\t ?irty radii1 ( equal l5g?1 made ( sa% glass1 cut into n>r[ slips1 issue horizontally f ! circumf]5ce ( ! r\nd bo>d1 ! ends f>!/ f ! c5tre1 be+ ab\t f\r in*es ap>t1 & ea* furni%$ ) a metallic ball or ?imble4 ,if ! wire ( a j>1 electrifi$ 9 ! common way1 be br\ght ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 x w attract ! ne>e/ ball or ?imble1 & put ! :eel 9 motion4 ,t ball or ?imble1 pass+ by ! knob ( ! j>1 receives a sp>k f x1 & be+ !reby electrifi$1 is repell$1 & driv5 =w>d2 :ile ! second1 be+ attract$1 approa*es ! knob1 receives a sp>k f x1 & is driv5 aft] ! fir/4 ,?is process is repeat$ till ! :eel has made "o revolution2 :5 ! ?imbles1 be=e electrifi$1 approa*+ ! wire1 in/ead ( be+ attract$ are repell$1 & ! motion pres5tly ceases4--,b if ano!r j>1 *>g$ ?r\gh ! coat+1 or o!rwise electrifi$ negatively1 be plac$ ne> ! same :eel1 its wire w attract ! ?imble or ball1 repell$ by ! fir/ j>1 & !reby d\ble ! =ce :i* c>ries r\nd ! :eel4 ,! self-*>g+ ,tube4 ,take a glass tube1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 & an in*1 or an in* & a half1 9 diamet]2 coat ! inside ) t9-foil1 f "o extremity ( x z f> z ! middle2 !n fix a cork to ! ap]ture ( ! coat$ end1 & let a knobb$ wire pass ?r\gh x1 & come 9 contact ) ! coat+4 ,! in/rum5t be+ ?us prep>$1 hold x 9 "o h& by ! uncoat$ "p1 & ) ! h& clean & dry1 or ) a piece ( bucksk91 :i* has _h "s amalgam spread ^u x1 rub ! outside ( ! coat$ "p2 aft] e two or ?ree /rokes1 y mu/ remove ! rubb+ h&1 & by apply+ x to ! knobb$ wire1 y w receive sp>ks f x4 ,by ?is means ! coat$ end w gradually acquire a *>ge1 :i* may be increas$ to a consid]able degree4 ,n[1 if y grasp ! outside ( ! coat$ end ) "o h&1 & t\* ! knobb$ wire ) ! o!r1 y w receive a %ock4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! coat$ "p ( ! tube answ]s ! d\ble purpose ( ! electrical ma*9e & ,leyd5 phial2 ! uncoat$ "p s]v+ z a h&le1 to hold ! in/rum5t by4 ,! friction on ! outside accumulates a quantity ( positive electricity ^u x1 & ?is electricity1 9 virtue ( its sph]e ( action1 =ces out a quantity f ! inside4 ,!n1 by tak+ ! sp>ks f ! knobb$ wire1 ?is inside electricity is remov$1 & x consequ5tly rema9s "u-*>g$1 or negatively electrifi$2 & x also foll[s1 t ! positive electricity ( ! outside1 comes clos] to ! surface ( ! glass1 & beg9s to =m ! *>ge4 ,a small phial may be *>g$ by giv+ ! sp>ks f ! knobb$ wire ( ! tube to t ( ! phial2 b ! phial w be *>g$ negatively1 :]eas ! tube is *>g$ positively4 ,to fire ! electrical ,cannon by inflammable ,air4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a metallic b>rel1 made 9 ! %ape ( a common cannon1--a glass tube is cem5t$ into ! top ( ! b>rel1 9 ! place ( a t\*-hole1 & ?r\gh ?is tube a wire passes1 :i* is b5t s z to come )9 an eigh? ( an in* ( ! inn] surface ( ! cannon1--on ! out] end ( ?is wire1 a ball is fix$1 :i* s]ves to receive a sp>k f a *>g$ j>1 or f ! prime-conductor4 ,! inflammable air ) :i* ?is cannon is to be fir$1 may be prep>$ 9 a common port] bottle1 by mix+ a h&ful ( iron fil+s ) two w9e-glassfuls ( wat]1 & an ounce ( sulphuric acid1 commonly call$ oil ( vitriol4 ,! air :5 ?us made %\ld be kept 9 a bottle closely /opp$4 ,to use ! in/rum5t1 h ready a cork1 fitt$ to ! m\? ( ! cannon1--uncork ! bottle conta9+ ! air1 & imm$iately apply ! cannon to ! m\? ( ! bottle2 a suffici5t quantity ( ! gas w rise into ! cannon1 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds1 :5 bo? ! cannon & bottle mu/ be cork$4 ,n[1 if ! knob ( ! wire pass+ ?r\gh ! tube be appli$ to ! prime-conductor1 s t a sp>k may pass ?r\gh x to ! inn] surface ( ! cannon1 ! gas w be inflam$ ) a l\d report1 & ! cork w be =c$ out ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,curi\s ,figures made ^u ,glass1 ,pap]1 & o!r ,sub/ances1 by means ( ,electricity4 ,pr(essor ,li*t5burg fir/ obs]v$ "s curi\s figures made ) pulv]iz$ ros91 on a l>ge electrophorus2 b s9ce ?is orig9al discov]y1 a v>iety ( o!r me?ods h be5 contriv$1 = mak+ !m ^u glass1 pap]1 res9\s sub/ances & _m o!rs4 ,! +5i\s electrician may d]ive consid]able in=mation f ^! figures2 _! v>i\s appe>ances1 9 _m in/ances1 %[+ him ! direction & quality ( ! electric fluid4 ,! pr9cipal me?od ( mak+ ^! impressions is to electrify a p]fect or imp]fect electric1 & !n to ?r[ c]ta9 p[d]s ^u ! electrifi$ sub/ance1 :i* w be arrang$ 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( project+ ^! p[d]s is to put !m into a small bottle ( ,india-rubb]1 & !n fa/5 a tube ( glass or metal to ! neck ( ! bottle2 ! orifice ( ?is tube mu/ be cov]$ ) a piece ( flannel :5 us$4 ,z to ! nature ( ! p[d]s1 almo/ e sub/ance :i* c be pulv]iz$ w d4--,?us *alk1 ros91 sulphur1 rose-p9k1 dragon's blood1 gum-arabic1 lake1 & evaporat$ decoctions ( col\r+ woods1 may be us$ ) advantage1 ei!r s+ly or mix$4 ,take a clean pane ( glass1 f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es squ>e1 & aft] dry+ x ?or\ghly1 hold x by "o corn]1 & pass ov] its surface ! knob ( a j>1 mod]ately *>g$ ) positive electricity--!n1 keep+ x susp5d$1 project ^u x1 by means ( ! bottle above describ$1 a mix$ p[d] ( dragon's blood & gum-arabic1 9 equal p>ts4 ,if y exam9e ! glass1 y w f9d t ! two p[d]s w be sep>at$ ^u x1 ! r$ p[d] ( dragon's blood fall+ on c]ta9 places1 & ! :ite p[d] ( gum-arabic fall+ ^u c]ta9 o!r places1 s z to =m a track ^u ! p>ts :i* 7 t\*$ ) ! *>g$ j>1 consi/+ ( two col\rs dispos$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,if1 in/ead ( draw+ ! knob ( ! j> ov] ! surface ( ! glass1 y only t\* x "h & !re ) x1 & !n ?r[ on ! mix$ p[d]s z be=e1 sep>ate />-%ap$ figures w be =m$ ab\t ^! places4 ,! />s w be bett] def9$ :5 a s+le p[d] is us$2 _! rays are sometimes few & /rong2 at o!rs1 _m & slight1 & frequ5tly !y d n g entirely r\nd ! p>ts :i* h be5 t\*$ by ! phial4 ,^! diff]5t effects dep5d *iefly ^u ! quantity ( ! *>ge 9 ! j>4 ,if ! j> be *>g$ negatively1 ! appe>ances w be v diff]5t1 f ^? occasion$ by positive electricity4 ,v few rays w n[ be obs]v$1 ! p[d]s = ! mo/ "p dispos+ !mselves 9 r\nd figures1 & g5]ally a c5tral spot ( "o p[d] w be surr\nd$ by ano!r ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,"s p[d]s adh]e b slightly to ! glass1 s z n to be> be+ t\*$2 b if a piece ( pap] be laid ^u ! pa9t$ side1 )\t di/urb+ ! figures1 & ! edge ( x be fa/5$ all r\nd to ! edge ( ! glass1 ! figure may be pres]v$ )\t injury4 ,b a bett] me?od is to lay ano!r pane ( glass ov] ! "o ) ! figures ^u x1 & !n to fa/5 !m toge!r ) seal+-wax1 or a piece ( pap] pa/$ ov] ! edges4 ,if ! p[d]s ( su* col\rs z are us$ = enamel-pa9t+ be project$ ^u glass or porcela91 & ^! sub/ances be aft]w>ds expos$ to a prop] degree ( heat1 z t ( an enamell]'s furnace1 ! figures w be r5d]$ indelible4 ,take a piece ( common writ+ pap]1 & hold x ne> ! fire1 s z to make x q dry & v hot--lay x ^u a dry table & pass ! knob ( a *>g$ j> ov] x--!n take up ! pap] by "o corn]1 & hold+ x susp5d$1 ?r[ ^u x a mix$ p[d] ( dragon's blood & gum-arabic1 9 ! way above m5tion$4--,! figures 9 ?is in/ance w be v beautiful1 & may be made 9 v>i\s %apes1 z lett]s1 />s1 or /ripes4 ,if ! pap] ?us pa9t$ be held ne> ! fire = a few seconds1 ! p[d] ( dragon's blood1 be+ a res9\s sub/ance1 w be melt$ & fa/5$ to ! pap]1 aft] :i* ! gum-arabic may be tak5 (f4 ,p[d]s ( diff]5t col\rs may be project$ ^u ! pap] aft] ! same mann]1 b unless !y be ( a res9\s nature1 s z to be easily melt$ by heat1 x is v difficult to fa/5 !m to ! pap]4 ,a little exp]i5ce w enable ! op]ator to make !m 9 a neat & h&some mann]4 ,x w h[ev] be necess>y to obs]ve a few precautions4--,! *>ge ( ! j> %\ld n be too great or too small2 = 9 ! =m] case ! figures w be confus$ & irregul>2 & 9 ! latt] !y w be too fa9t4--,^! exp]im5ts %\ld be p]=m$ z quickly z possible1 = if ! pap] be suff]$ to cool too mu*1 or ! communicat$ electricity be dissipat$1 ! desir$ effect w n be produc$4 ,! ,electrifi$ ,capill>y ,syphon4 ,let a small bucket ( metal be susp5d$ f ! prime-conductor1 & put into x a syphon ( glass or metal1 s n>r[ at ! out] extremity t ! wat] may j drop f x4--,n[1 if ! cyl9d] be turn$1 ! wat]1 :i* :5 n electrifi$ came ov] only 9 drops1 w run 9 a /ream1 or ev5 be subdivid$ into a numb] ( small] ones4--,if ! exp]im5t be made 9 ! d>k1 ! /reams appe> lum9\s4 ,! same ph5om5on may be exhibit$ by a small bucket1 ) a jet pipe fix$ 9 ! bottom4 ,?is mu/ be hung on ! prime-conductor1 z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t3 or ! exp]im5t may be agreeably v>i$1 by hang+ "o bucket f a positively1 & ano!r f a negatively electrifi$ conductor3 s t ! two jets may be ab\t ?ree in*es f ea* o!r4--,! /ream issu+ f ! "o w be attract$ by t issu+ f ! o!r1 & bo? w unite into "o3 b1 ?\gh bo? are lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 be=e meet+1 aft] ?is has tak5 place !y w n be s1 unless "o ( !m 0 m p[]fully electrifi$ ?an ! o!r4 ,! ,lat]al ,explosion4 ,if a j> be dis*>g$ ) a rod :i* has no electric h&le1 ! h& :i* holds ! rod1 on mak+ ! dis*>ge1 frequ5tly feels some?+ simil> to a %ock1 especially :5 ! *>ge is consid]able4--,?is %ock1 or lat]al explosion1 z x has be5 call$1 may be r5d]$ visible 9 ! foll[+ mann]4--,connect a *a9 ) ! outside coat+ ( a *>g$ j>--!n dis*>ge ! j> ?r\gh ano!r circuit2 = in/ance1 a dis*>g+ rod--,! *a9 :i* is connect$ ) ! outside coat+1 b :i* =ms no "p ( ! circuit1 w appe> lucid 9 ! d>k2 t is1 sp>ks w be se5 at e l9k4 ,?is *a9 w also appe> lucid1 if x be only put close to ! j>1 )\t t\*+ x2 & on mak+ ! dis*>ge a sp>k w be se5 betwe5 ! coat+ & ! end ( ! *a94 ,?is lum9\s appe>ance is :at has be5 d5om9at$ ! ,lat]al explosion4 ,to repres5t ! ,con/ellations4 ,provide y\rself ) a piece ( pa/e-bo>d1 ( ! size y int5d ! figure ( ! con/ellation1 7f\r or five in*es squ>e w be f\nd conv5i5t7 & cov] "o side ) t9-foil or silv]$ pap]4 ,let ne$les1 or any o!r small metallic po9ts1 project f ! o!r side ( ! pa/e-bo>d1 f ! places :]e y int5d />s to appe>1 tak+ c>e to =m a communication betwe5 ea* ( ! po9ts1 or ne$les1 & ! t9-foil on ! o!r side4 ,if ! in/rum5t ?us prep>$ be fix$ ^u ! prime-conductor1 negatively electrifi$1 all ! po9ts w be illum9at$ at once4--,! exp]im5t may be p]=m$ ) ! prime-conductor positively electrifi$2 b 9 ?is case1 ! light at ! po9ts1 be+ 9 ! %ape ( a div]g5t cone1 does n appe> s prop] to repres5t />s1 z ! r\nd globul> lights1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( po9ts negatively electrifi$4--,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ?is exp]im5t %\ld be p]=m$ 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,! ,electrical ,snake4 ,cut a circul> piece ( silv]$ pap] into a spiral =m4 ,! out] end mu/ be %ap$ l a s]p5t's head1 ) ! m\? op5 & ! tongue protrud$4 ,!n provide an upright %aft ( wood or metal1 t]m9at+ upw>d 9 a po9t1 & hav+ ! l[] extremity fa/5$ 9 a foot or bottom-bo>d4 ,! snake1 be+ put spirally r\nd ! %aft1 ) its tail on ! po9t1 & !n plac$ "u a metallic po9t susp5d$ f ! prime-conductor1 w turn r\nd1 & 9 a d>k5$ room w appe> to spit fire4 ,! lum9\s ,%[]4 ,electrify a common tumbl]1 by pass+ a *a91 communicat+ ) ! prime-conductor1 ov] its inn] surface4 ,place a small heap ( /eel or brass-fil+s on an un9sulat$ conductor1 & inv]t ! electrifi$ tumbl] ov] x3 ! fil+s w be attract$ up ! sides ( ! tumbl]1 & !n ?r[n (f4 ,?is1 at night1 =ms a v beautiful exp]im5t1 z ! fil+s become lum9\s1 & appe> l a %[] ( fire4 ,if a tumbl]1 electrifi$ 9 ?is way1 be inv]t$ ov] pi? balls1 in/ead ( brass-fil+s1 ! balls w leap ) surpris+ velocity up ! sides ( x4 ,! lum9\s ,dis*>g+-rod4 ,provide a glass tube 9 ! %ape ( a common dis*>g+-rod1 ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & let ! bore ( ! tube be ne>ly ! eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ^u "o end fa/5 ) cem5t1 or o!rwise1 a brass knob1 s z to be p]fectly air tight4 ,n[ expel ! air f ! tube1 by heat or ! air pump1 & !n fix ano!r knob ^u ! op5 end1 9 a way simil> to ! =m]4 ,if ! in/rum5t be us$ z ! common dis*>g+-rod1 x w be f\nd to answ] its purposes equally well2 :ile at ! same "t all ! inn] surface ( ! tube1 dur+ ! dis*>ge ( a j> ) x1 is beautifully lum9\s4 ,mr4 ,nairne also contriv$ a lum9\s dis*>g+-rod4 ,x consi/$ ( an ar*$ glass tube1 ) a metallic ball at ea* end1 & a communication f "o ball to ! o!r 0 made by a brass *a91 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! bore ( ! tube4--,9 ! dis*>ge ( a j> ) x1 small sp>ks are se5 betwe5 ! l9ks ( ! *a9 )9 ! tube4--,bo? ^! dis*>g]s %\ld h h&les fa/5$ to !m4 ,to decompose ,wat] by ,electricity4 ,let a glass tube1 hav+ a small bore1 be fill$ ) wat]2 !n close ea* end ( ! tube ) a piece ( cork1 & let two wires pass ?r\gh ! corks1 s t _! extremities may come pretty ne> ea* o!r )9 ! tube4 ,if sp>ks ( electricity be made to pass betwe5 ! ends ( ! wires1 )9 ! tube1 ! wat] w be conv]t$ into oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases4 ,if ?is process be cont9u$ till ! extremities ( ! wires become imm]s$ 9 ! two gases1 !y w explode & aga9 =m wat]4 ,! ,electrifi$ ,f\nta94 ,insulate a small f\nta9 made ( metal1 7"o on ! con/ruction ( ,hi]o's w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t17 & connect x ) ! prime-conductor--put x 9 op]ation--! jet w be undivid$1 except at ! top--n[ turn ! cyl9d]1 & y w imm$iately p]ceive ! jet divid$ mu* l[] ?an at fir/2 ! drops1 :i* be=e fell ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly1 w n[ be ?r[n (f 9 elliptical l9es1 & attract$ by any conductor br\ght ne> !m4 ,a small ,leyd5 phial may be *>g$ at ! top ( ! jet1 :i* w pres5t ! curi\s spectacle ( fire com+ out ( wat]4 ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,division ,,iii4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,introductory ,obs]vations to ! !ory ( ,electricity4 ,!re is sc>cely any ?+ to :i* an inquisitive m9d1 su* z a philosoph] possesses1 submits ) m reluctance1 ?an to ! inability ( assign+ ! causes ( ! mo/ int]e/+ appe>ances or ph5om5a ( nature4 ,t e effect has a cause1 is a fir/ or self evid5t pr9ciple1 & ! m9d is n easily br\ght to acquiesce 9 its utt] ignorance ( ! cause1 :5 ! effect is visible & /rik+4--,f ?is circum/ance proce$$ ! num]\s wild1 fanciful1 & delusive sy/ems ( natural philosophy1 :i* exi/$ be=e ! "t ( ! great ,"l ,bacon4--,8 p5etrat+ & discrim9at+ m9d saw t no?+ solid c\ld ev] be a*iev$ 9 t noble sci5ce1 unless su* a proc$ure 7 rel9qui%$2--unless m5 w\ld cons5t to confess _! ignorance ( causes :i* 7 actually unkn[n2--unless !y w\ld cease to rely on hypo!ses1 h[ev] plausible1 until !y 7 v]ifi$ by exp]im5t2--cons5t to take facts z !y are f\nd1 & by exp]im5ts alone endeav\r to asc5d to _! causes4 ,on ?is immoveable base ! ,newtonian philosophy is f\nd$1 & x w ( c\rse prove z durable z nature h]self4 ,two ?+s1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ?is subject1 are ( "s importance to be rem>k$4--,! fir/ is1 t exp]im5ts may sometimes be suppos$ to asc]ta9 causes :i* w aft]w>ds be f\nd n to exi/1 or to be wrongly assign$2 because ! exp]im5ts _h n be5 accurately or ext5sively made4 ,! second rem>k is1 t ?\gh hypo!ses are n to be tak5 = philosophy1 till !y h /ood ! te/ ( exp]im5t2 yet 9 ! process ( ! m9d 9 mak+ discov]ies1 hypo!sis is p]haps always us$1 :]e ! discov]y is n m]ely accid5tal4 ,no man c rationally make exp]im5ts till he has conceiv$ a notion1 supposition1 or hypo!sis 9 8 m9d1 :i* he imag9es exp]im5t may s]ve to v]ify4--,x is ?is :i* prompts him to 8 rese>*es & guides him 9 conduct+ !m4 ,9 reg>d to electricity1 x is rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 t 8no o!r "p ( ! :ole compass ( philosophy af=ds s f9e a sc5e = +5i\s speculation4 ,"h ! imag9ation may h full play1 9 conceiv+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* an invisible ag5t produces an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( visible effects4 ,z ! ag5t is invisible e philosoph] is at lib]ty to make x :atev] he pleases1 & ascribe to x su* prop]ties & p[]s z are conv5i5t = 8 purpose4 ,&1 inde$1 if he c frame 8 !ory s z really to suit all ! facts1 x has all ! evid5ce ( tru?1 t ! nature ( ?+s c admit40 ,= ourselves we are by no means satisfi$ t !re is yet any !ory ( electricity :i* w 8suit all ! facts20 & !re=e if ?is be requisite to entitle a !ory philosophy1 z contra-di/+ui%$ f hypo!sis1 we mu/ ?9k t ! be/ !ory ( electricity is yet hypo!sis1 & n philosophy4 ,we believe t ! ,frankl9ian !ory acc\nts = m facts1 & is f> m plausible1 ?an any o!r4 ,b1 z we h already _h occasion to rem>k 9 a =m] *apt]1 x does n appe> to u fully & satisfactorily to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( electric attraction & repulsion4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 always spoke ) great diffid5ce ( 8 own !ory1 & always d5om9at$ x an hypo!sis4 8,e appe>ance1 says he1 :i* ,i h se51 9 :i* glass & electricity are conc]n$1 are1 ,i ?9k expla9$ ) ease by ?is hypo!sis4 ,yet1 p]haps1 x may n be a true "o1 & ,i %all be oblig$ to him :o af=ds me a bett]40 ,9 l mann] p9us1 :o adopt$ ! !ory ( ,frankl91 & :o has illu/rat$ its lead+ pr9ciples 9 a f> m ma/]ly & sci5tific mann] ?an any o!r writ]1 /ill d5om9ates ! !ory :i* he ma9ta9s an hypo!sis4 ,:y %\ld pupils affect to g f>!r ?an _! ma/]s8 ,we ?9k t ! !ory ( electricity is /ill an hypo!sis4 ,we are h[ev] cle>ly ( op9ion t ! hypo!sis ( ,frankl9 is pref]able to e o!r4 ,we h !re=e adopt$ x 9 ! :ole ( our sy/em1 & mean to close ?is division ( our subject by giv+ x1 some:at 9 detail1 ) ! lead+ facts & consid]ations by :i* its claim to sup]iority appe>s to u to be support$4 ,9 ! mean "t1 z e /ud5t ( electricity may wi% to "k1 & ought to "k1 :at o!r !ories h be5 adopt$1 we %all fill ! foll[+ *apt] ) a brief & comp5di\s recital ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ( !m4--,x w\ld be endless to recite !m all4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 ent] into no ext5sive argum5t to prove _! fallacy1 z ?is w\ld be inconsi/5t ) our plan1 z well z unpr(itable 9 itself4 ,we %all aft]w>ds say :at we c to confirm ! !ory ( ,frankl91 & if we succe$1 e ?+ oppos$ to x1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 appe> to be unsupport$4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,!ories ( ,electricity1 exclusive ( t ( ,frankl94 ,! fir/ electricians suppos$ t ! attraction ( electric sub/ances1 0 caus$ by c]ta9 unctu\s effluvia1 emitt$ f ^! sub/ances :5 !y 7 excit$4 ,su* effluvia 7 suppos$ to fa/5 ^u all bodies :i* fell 9 _! way1 & if n too heavy1 to c>ry !m back to ! emitt+ sub/ances4 ,= at t "t1 all effluvia 7 suppos$ to return to ! bodies :5ce !y _h be5 emitt$2 because !y c\ld n o!rwise acc\nt = ! fact1 t su* sub/ances 7 n s5sibly wa/$ by emitt+ effluvia4 ,b :5 ! subtilty ( light 0 demon/rat$ by ,newton1 & t ( ! effluvia ( _m bodies 0 bett] und]/ood1 philosoph]s gave up ! doctr9e ( ! return ( effluvia1 bo? ) reg>d to electricity & o!r subjects4 #b4 ,!y appli$ to electricity ! g5]al1 b unkn[n pr9ciples ( attraction & repulsion--prop]ties :i* !y suppos$ to be imm$iately communicat$ by ! ,creator to c]ta9 bodies4 ,b ! laws ( ?is attraction & repulsion1 9 reg>d to electricity1 we d n "k t !y attempt$ to expla94 #c4 ,mr4 ,du ,faye discov]$ ! two opposite species ( electricity1 :i* he t]m$ ! vitre\s & ! res9\s1 because "o 0 f\nd 9 glass & ! o!r 9 ros91 seal+-wax1 c4 ,he imm$iately adopt$ ! !ory ( two di/9ct electric fluids1 repulsive ) respect to !mselves1 & attractive ( "o ano!r4 ,b he did n "k at ?is "t1 t bo? ^! species 7 conc]n$ 9 e electrical op]ation1 & t glass or ros9 alone always produces bo? ( !m4 ,:5 he f\nd t electric appe>ances took place at an insulat$ rubb]1 & x 0 demon/rat$ t ! action ( ! rubb] did n produce1 b only collect ! electric fluid1 he p]ceiv$ t bo? electricities1 z !y _h h]et(ore be5 call$1 7 produc$ at ! same "t1 by "o & ! same electric2 & ) a c&\r t does him hon\r1 he gave up 8 !ory1 & embrac$ t ( ,frankl91 :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ ab\t ?is "t4 #d4 ,) "s1 & p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,wilson1 ! *ief ag5t 9 all electrical op]ations is ,sir ,isaac ,newton's e!r2 :i* is suppos$ to be m or less d5se 9 all bodies1 9 proportion to ! smallness ( _! pores1 except t x is mu* d5s] 9 sulphure\s & unctu\s bodies4 ,to ?is e!r are ascrib$ ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion4 8,on ?is !ory1 7says ,dr4 ,prie/ley7 ,i %all make no p>ticul> rem>ks1 because ,i _c say t ,i cle>ly compreh5d x40 #e4 ,! +5i\s ,abb ,nollet1 ^: !ory has be5 m ! subject ( debate ?an all ! o!rs1 be=e ,dr4 ,frankl9's1 supposes t 9 all electrical op]ations ! fluid1 7( :i* he admits !re is b "o7 is ?r[n into two opposite motions2 t ! afflu5ce ( ?is matt] drives all light bodies be=e x1 by impulse1 ^u ! electrifi$ body2 & t its efflu5ce c>ries !m back aga94 ,b he seems v mu* emb>rass$ 9 acc\nt+ = facts :]e bo? ^! curr5ts mu/ be consid]$ z tak+ place at ! same "t1 & 9 f9d+ out exp$i5ts to prev5t _! imp$+ & int]rupt+ ! effects ( ea* o!r4 ,to obviate ?is great difficulty1 he supposes t e excit$ electric1 & likewise e body to :i* electricity is communicat$1 has two ord]s or k9ds ( pores1 "o = ! emission ( ! effluvia1 & ! o!r = ! reception ( !m4 ,! ,abb ma9ta9$ ?is hypo!sis ) a zeal & +5uity wor?y ( a bett] cause4 ,= x is manife/ at once1 t ! exi/5ce ( su* k9ds ( diff]5t pores 9 bodies1 is a m]e gratuit\s assumption4 ,our s5ses d n in=m u ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* pores1 nor h we evid5ce ( any k9d t !y ev5 exi/ at all1 unless we consid] x z evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce1 t !y are necess>y to acc\nt = ! appe>ances on :i* ! ,abb gr\nds 8 !ory4 ,yet ?is !ory1 ) "s modification1 has be5 /r5u\sly ma9ta9$1 & has its advocates to ! pres5t day4 ,!y say t 89 bodies positively electrifi$1 !re is a flux ( electric matt]1 f _! surface all r\nd2 t is1 ! fluid conta9$ 9 _! pores pu%es out on e side1 & communicates a simil> motion to ! electric fluid conta9$ 9 ! adjac5t atmosph]e4 ,?is mu/ ( necessity v soon exhau/ ! body ( its electric matt] altoge!r1 if x 0 n in/antane\sly suppli$ aft] e emission4 ,b ?is supply is imm$iately procur$ f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! quantity s5t (f is in/antane\sly return$ f ! air1 & a vibratory motion or /ruggle betwe5 ! air & electric fluid1 imm$iately takes place4 ,! positive electricity !re=e consi/s 9 a vibratory motion 9 ! air & electric fluid2 & ! =ce ( ! vibration is direct$ outw>ds f ! electrifi$ body4 ,9 bodies negatively electrifi$1 ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! neighb\r+ atmosph]e is direct$ t[>ds ! body s electrifi$4 ,b x is c]ta91 t ?is motion inw>ds _c be cont9u$ unless !re is also a motion ( ! fluid outw>ds f ! body4 ,9 ?is case also1 !re is a vibratory motion1 b ! =ce ( x is direct$ inw>ds1 & z ! s\rce ( x lies n 9 ! body1 b 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 x manife/s itself some:at less vigor\sly40 ,we h tak5 ?is acc\nt ( ! modification ( ! ,abb ,nollet's !ory f "o :o firmly believ$ x4 ,b we _c pret5d to controv]t x1 because1 7z ,dr4 ,prie/ley says17 8we _c say t we cle>ly compreh5d x40 #f4 ,!re are "s :o expla9 ! ph5om5a ( electricity ^u *emical pr9ciples4 ,!y also believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( two di/9ct & positive fluids2 b in/ead ( a me*anical op]ation1 !y consid] all _! s5sible effects z aris+ f *emical aff9ity & union4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z a specim5 ( *emical electricity4 ,x is said-- 7#a47 8,!re are two k9ds ( electric e!r1 :i* exi/ ei!r sep>ately or 9 comb9ation4 ,t :i* is accumulat$ on ! surface ( smoo? glass1 :5 rubb$ ) a cu%ion1 is "h t]m$ vitre\s e!r2 & t :i* is accumulat$ on ! surface ( res91 or seal+-wax1 :5 rubb$ 9 l mann]1 is "h t]m$ res9\s e!r2 & a comb9ation ( !m1 z 9 _! usual /ate1 may be t]m$ neutral electric e!rs4 7#b47 ,atmosph]es ( vitre\s1 or ( res9\s1 or ( neutral electricity1 surr\nd all sep>ate bodies1 are attract$ by !m & p]meate ^? :i* are call$ conductors1 z metallic1 aque\s1 & c>bonic sub/ances2 b w n p]meate ^? :i* are call$ non-conductors1 z air1 glass1 silk1 res91 sulphur4 7#c47 ,! p>ticles ( vitre\s e!r1 /rongly repel ea* o!r1 b attract ! p>ticles ( res9\s e!r & vice v]sa4 ,:5 ! two electric e!rs unite1 a *emical explosion occurs1 9 "s respects l t ( gun-p[d]1 light & heat are lib]at$1 & r5d or fuse ! bodies :i* !y occupy4 7#d47 ,glass holds )9 x1 9 comb9ation1 mu* res9\s electric e!r1 :i* con/itutes a "p ( x1 & :i* m =cibly attracts vitre\s electric e!r1 f surr\nd+ bodies :i* /& on x1 mix$ ) a less proportion ( res9\s e!r1 l an atmosph]e1 b _c unite ) ! res9\s e!r1 :i* is comb9$ ) ! glass4 ,& res91 on ! contr>y1 holds )9 x1 9 comb9ation1 mu* vitre\s electric e!r1 :i* con/itutes a "p ( x1 & :i* m =cibly attracts res9\s electric e!r f surr\nd+ bodies1 :i* /& on x1 mix$ ) a less proportion ( vitre\s e!r1 l an atmosph]e1 b _c unite ) ! vitre\s e!r :i* is comb9$ ) ! res94 7#e47 ,h5ce ! non-conductors ( electricity are ( two k9ds1 & opposite to ea* o!r2 ! "o class ( ! vitre\s1 & ! o!r ( ! res9\s4 ,b ! mo/ p]fect conductor1 su* z metal1 wat] & *>coal1 hav+ nei!r k9d ( electric e!r1 comb9$ ) !m1 ?\gh surr\nd$ ) bo?1 suff] bo? k9ds to pass ?r\gh !m easily4 7#f47 ,great accumulation or cond5sation ( ! sep>ate electric e!rs1 attract ea* o!r s /rongly t !y w break a passage ?r\gh non-conduct+ bodies4 ,h5ce trees & /one walls are r5t by lightn+4 7#g47 ,:5 artificial or natural accumulations ( ^! sep>ate e!rs are 9 a v small quantity or int5sity1 !y pass sl[ly & ) difficulty f "o body to ano!r1 & require ! be/ conductors = ?is purpose4 ,:5ce _m ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,torp$o1 ! ,gymnotus1 & ( ,galvanism4 7#h47 ,! electric e!rs may be sep>ately accumulat$1 by ! contact ( conductors ) non-conductors--by vic9ity ( ! two e!rs--by heat--& by decomposition4 7#i47 ,:5 ^! two e!rs unite sudd5ly & ) explosion1 a lib]ation ( light & heat takes place1 z 9 all *emical explosions4 ,accord+ly x is said t a smell is p]ceptible f electric sp>ks1 & ev5 a ta/e1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to arise f new comb9ations or decompositions40 ,! !ory f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples above /at$ is suppos$1 by ^? :o adopt x1 to solve _m difficulties :i* c sc>cely be acc\nt$ = on ! !ory ( ,frankl94 ,dr4 ,gibbes also adopts a *emical !ory ( electricity4 ,he supposes t oxyg5 gas is produc$ by ! union ( positive electricity ) wat]2 & hydrog5 gas by ! union ( negative electricity ) wat]3 & t wat]1 unit+ 9 diff]5t proportions ) ! two electricities1 is ! pond]able "p ( all ! ela/ic fluids4 ,he ass]ts t by ! positive electricity metals are oxydat$1 & blue vegetable col\rs r$d5$2 & also t ! acidify+ effect ( electric commotions 9 ! atmosph]e1 on weak f]m5t$ liquors1 is unque/ionable4--,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 by negative electricity ! vegetable blue is re/or$1 & ! oxydat$ metal reviv$4 ,^! circum/ances1 among o!rs1 l$ ,dr4 ,gibbes to conclude t :5 hydrog5 gas is produc$ by ! affusion ( wat] on r$-hot metal1 & ! metal is at ! same "t oxydat$1 a decomposition ( fire r ?an ( wat] has tak5 place2 t ! hot metal has p>t$ ) negative electricity1 :i*1 unit+ ) a small proportion ( ! wat]1 has =m$ hydrog5 gas2 t a great] proportion ( ! wat] has unit$ ) ! positive electricity1 & ent]$1 z oxyg5 gas1 into comb9ation ) ! metal4 ,:5 ! two gases are inflam$ toge!r1 ! sp>k attracts to itself1 9 due proportions1 ! two electricities conta9$ 9 ! two gases1 :i* unite ) explosion1 & produce fire4 ,! wat] ) :i* !y 7 be=e comb9$ is ( c\rse deposit$4 ,! reason :y inflammable sub/ances burn 9 oxyg5 gas1 & n 9 hydrog51 ,dr4 ,gibbes supposes to be1 t negative electricity greatly prevails 9 all inflammable sub/ances4 ,nei!r ( ! gases c be inflam$ sep>ately1 because fire dep5ds on ! union ( ! two electricities2 & su* union _c be effect$ unless bo? are pres5t 9 due proportion4 ,dr4 ,gibbes supposes t ! fur!r illu/ration ( ! effects ( ! two electricities1 z *emical ag5ts1 w set aside "s ( ! lead+ doctr9es ( ! ,lavoisi]ian !ory1 & af=d an easy solution ( c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* t !ory _c expla94 p9us' ,!ory ( ,electricity4 ,mr4 p9us1 ( ! imp]ial academy ( ,pet]sburgh1 has attempt$ to class ! ph5om5a ( electricity & magnetism 9 a ma!matical me?od4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 works he gives "s views ( ! subject :i* are new & highly +5i\s1 & z "s good judges suppose1 calculat$ to surm\nt _m difficulties1 & to answ] _m que/ions1 :i* occur 9 consid]+ ! ,frankl9ian !ory4 ,! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 plan are compreh5d$ 9 ! foll[+ propositions4 #a4 ,its p>ticles repel ea* o!r1 ) a =ce decreas+ z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances increase4 #b4 ,its p>ticles attract ! p>ticles ( "s +r$i5ts 9 all o!r bodies1 ) a =ce decreas+ accord+ to ! same law1 ) an increase ( di/ance2 & t ?is attraction is mutual4 #c4 ,! electric fluid is disp]s$ 9 ! pores ( o!r bodies1 & moves ) v>i\s degrees ( facility ?r\gh ! pores ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4 ,9 ^? bodies :i* we call non-electrics1 su* z wat] or metals1 x moves )\t any p]ceivable ob/ruction2 b 9 glass1 res91 & all bodies call$ electrics1 x moves ) v great difficulty1 or is altoge!r immoveable4 #d4 ,! ph5om5a ( electricity are ( two k9ds3 #a4 ,su* z arise f ! actual motion ( ! fluid1 f a body conta9+ m1 to "o conta9+ less ( x4 #b4 ,su* z d n imm$iately arise f ?is transf]5ce1 b are in/ances ( its attraction & repulsion4-- ,^! pr9ciples are appli$ at great l5g?1 & ) a pleas+ degree ( precision1 by ! +5i\s !ori/1 to ! ,leyd5 phial1 & to ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( electric attraction & repulsion4 ,x w be readily se5 t p9us adopts1 9 sub/ance1 ! !ory ( ,frankl91 ( :i*1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 he pres5ts new & m satisfactory views ?an ! ,am]ican philosoph]4 ,9 ! sixty fir/ volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 !re is a diss]tation by ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,cav5di% on ?is subject1 :i* he consid]s z an ext5sion & m accurate application ( p9us's !ory4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! ,frankl9ian ,!ory ( ,electricity4 ,we are n[ to give ,dr4 ,frankl9's !ory ( plus & m9us1 or positive & negative electricity1 & adduce facts1 to %ew h[ f> ?is !ory w g to expla9 ! diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,! ,doctor suppos$ t all ! op]ations 9 electricity1 dep5d$ ^u "o fluid1 sui g5]is1 extremely subtile & ela/ic4--,t !re subsi/s a v /rong repulsion betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ?is fluid1 9 reg>d to "o ano!r1 & z /rong an attraction1 ) reg>d to o!r matt]4--,?us "o quantity ( electric matt] w repel ano!r quantity ( ! same1 b w attract1 & be attract$ by1 any t]re/rial matt] t happ5s to be ne> x4 ,! pores ( all bodies are suppos$ to be full ( ?is subtile fluid2 & :5 its equilibrium is n di/urb$1 t is1 :5 !re is nei!r m nor less ( x 9 a body ?an its natural %>e1 or ?an x is capable ( reta9+ by its own attraction1 ! fluid does n manife/ itself to our s5ses4 ,! action ( ! rubb] ^u an electric di/urbs ?is equilibrium1 occasion+ a r$undancy ( ! fluid 9 "o place1 & a defici5cy ( x 9 ano!r4 ,?is equilibrium be+ =cibly di/urb$1 ! mutual repulsion ( ! p>ticles ( ! fluid is necess>ily ex]t$ to re/ore x4 ,if two bodies be bo? ( !m ov]-*>g$1 ! electric atmosph]es repel "o ano!r1 & bo? ! bodies rec$e f ea* o!r1 to places :]e ! fluid is less d5se4--,= z !re is suppos$ to be a mutual attraction betwe5 all bodies & ! electric matt]1 su* bodies z are electrifi$ mu/ g along ) _! atmosph]es4 ,if bo? bodies are exhau/$ ( _! natural %>e ( ?is fluid1 !y are bo? attract$ by ! d5s] fluid1 exi/+ ei!r 9 ! atmosph]e contigu\s to !m1 or 9 o!r neighb\r+ bodies2 :i* occasions !m /ill to rec$e f "o ano!r1 z if !y 7 ov]-*>g$4 ,dr4 ,frankl9's !ory has ga9$ ! greate/ reputation1 f ! easy solution x af=ds ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,! fluid is suppos$ to move ) ! greate/ ease 9 bodies :i* are conductors2 b ) extreme difficulty 9 electrics p] se2 9 s mu* t glass is absolutely imp]meable to x4 ,x is also suppos$ t all electrics1 & p>ticul>ly glass1 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( _! pores1 d at all times conta9 an exce$+ly great1 & always an equal quantity ( ?is fluid2 s t no m c be ?r[n into any "o "p ( any electric sub/ance1 except ! same quantity g out at ano!r1 & ! ga9 be exactly equal to ! loss4 ,^! ?+s be+ premis$1 ! ph5om5a ( *>g+ & dis*>g+ a plate ( glass1 or a ,leyd5 phial1 may be easily solv$4 ,9 ! usual mann] ( electrify+ by a smoo? glass globe or cyl9d]1 all ! electric matt] is suppli$ by ! rubb]1 f all ! bodies :i* communicate ) x4 ,if x be made to communicate ) no?+ b "o ( ! coat+s ( a glass plate1 :ile ! prime-conductor is connect$ ) ! o!r1 t side ( ! glass :i* communicates ) ! rubb]1 mu/ necess>ily be exhau/$ 9 ord] to supply ! conductor1 :i* mu/ convey ! :ole ( x to ! coat+ ) :i* x is connect$4 ,by ?is op]ation1 !re=e1 ! electric fluid becomes almo/ entirely exhau/$ f "o side ( ! plate1 :ile x is z mu* accumulat$ on ! o!r2 & ! dis*>ge is made by ! electric fluid ru%+1 z soon z an opportunity is giv5 x by means ( prop] conductors1 f ! side :i* 0 ov]load$ to t :i* 0 exhau/$4 ,x is n h[ev] necess>y to ?is !ory1 t ! same individual p>ticles ( electric matt] :i* 7 ?r[n ^u "o side ( ! plate1 %\ld make ! :ole circuit ( ! int]v5+ conductors1 especially 9 v great di/ances1 s z actually to arrive at ! exhau/$ side4 ,x may be suffici5t to suppose1 t ! additional quantity ( fluid displaces & occupies ! place ( an equal portion ( ! natural quantity ( fluid1 belong+ to ^? conductors 9 ! circuit :i* lay contigu\s to ! *>g$ side ( ! glass4 ,?is displac$ fluid may drive =w>ds an equal quantity ( ! same matt] 9 ! next conductor2 & ?us ! progress may cont9ue1 till ! exhau/$ side ( ! glass is suppli$ by ! fluid naturally exi/+ 9 ! conductors contigu\s to x4 ,to acc\nt = ! velocity ) :i* electricity passes ?r\gh good conductors1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 comp>es ! electricity 9 ! conductors1 to a wire 9 ! bore ( a tube1 :i* x exactly fills4--,if "o end ( ?is wire be mov$ =w>d1 e o!r "p ( x w move 9 ! same direction1 & at ! same in/ant4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley says1 x may be ?\ght a difficulty ^u ?is hypo!sis1 t "o ( ! sides ( a glass plate _c be exhau/$1 )\t ! o!r receiv+ m ?an its natural %>e2 p>ticul>ly z ! p>ticles ( ?is fluid are suppos$ to be repulsive ( "o ano!r4 ,b x mu/ be consid]$1 t ! attraction ( ! glass is suffici5t to reta9 ev5 ! l>ge quantity ( electric fluid :i* is natural to x1 aga9/ all attempts to )draw x1 unless t eag] attraction c be satisfi$ by ! admission ( an equal quantity f "s o!r qu>t]4 ,:5 ?is opportunity ( a supply is giv5 by connect+ "o ( ! coat+s ) ! rubb] & ! o!r ) ! conductor1 ! two attempts1 to introduce m ( ! fluid into "o ( ! sides1 & to subtract "s f ! o!r1 are made1 9 a mann]1 at ! same in/ant4 ,! action ( ! rubb] t5ds to di/urb ! equilibrium ( ! fluid 9 ! glass2 & no soon] has a sp>k quitt$ "o ( ! sides to g to ! rubb]1 ?an x is suppli$ by ! conductor on ! o!r2 & ! difficulty ) :i* ^! additional p>ticles move 9 ! sub/ance ( ! glass1 effectually prev5ts its rea*+ ! opposite exhau/$ side4 ,x is n said1 h[ev]1 b t ei!r side ( ! glass may give or receive a small quantity ( ! electric fluid1 )\t alt]+ ! quantity on ! opposite side4 ,x is only a v consid]able "p ( ! *>ge t is meant1 :5 "o side is said to be fill$ :ile ! o!r is exhau/$4 ,! above is ! sub/ance ( ! !ory mo/ g5]ally receiv$4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ pr9ciples4 #a4 ,all t]re/rial sub/ances1 z well z ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! e>?1 are full ( electric matt]4 #b4 ,glass1 & o!r electric sub/ances1 ?\gh !y conta9 a great deal ( electric matt]1 are nev]!less imp]meable by x4 #c4 ,?is electric matt] viol5tly repels itself1 & attracts all o!r matt]4 #d4 ,by ! excitation ( an electric1 ! equilibrium ( ! fluid conta9$ 9 x is di/urb$1 & "o "p ( x is ov]load$ ) electricity1 :ile ! o!r conta9s too little4 #e4 ,conduct+ sub/ances are p]meable to ! electric matt] ?r\gh _! :ole sub/ance1 & d n conduct x m]ely ov] _! surface4 #f4 ,positive electricity is :5 a body has too mu* ( ! electric fluid1 & negative electricity1 :5 x has too little4 ,( ^! positions we %all n[ adduce ^? pro(s1 drawn f diff]5t facts1 :i* seem 9 ! /ronge/ mann] to confirm !m4 ,i4 8,all t]re/rial sub/ances1 z well z ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! e>?1 are full ( electric matt]40 ,! pro(s ( ?is are v easy4 ,!re is no place ( ! e>? or sea :]e ! electric fire may n be collect$1 by mak+ a communication betwe5 x & ! rubb] ( an electric ma*9e4 ,!re=e1 consid]+ t ! :ole e>? is moi/1 & t moi/ure is a conductor ( electricity1 & t e "p ( ! e>? mu/ ?us communicate ) ano!r1 x is c]ta9 t ! electric matt] mu/ diffuse itself z f> z ! moi/ure ( ! e>? rea*es2 & ?is may reasonably be suppos$ to be to ! v c5tre4 ,! case is equally cle> ) reg>d to ! atmosph]e4 ,! extract f ,mr4 ,cavallo's j\rnal1 giv5 9 ! *apt] ^u atmosph]ic electricity1 is a suffici5t pro( t ! atmosph]e is full ( electric matt]4 ,,ii4 8,glass1 & o!r electric sub/ances1 ?\gh !y conta9 a great deal ( electric matt]1 are nev]!less imp]meable by x40 ,! pr9cipal argum5ts = ! imp]meability ( glass by ! electric fluid are drawn f ! ph5om5a ( ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,x is v pla9 t !re is1 9 *>g+ ?is phial1 an expulsion ( fire f ! outside1 at ! same "t t x is ?r[n ^u ! inside4 ,?is appe>s f numb]less exp]im5ts1 b is mo/ readily obs]vable 9 ! foll[+4 ,let a coat$ phial be set ^u an insulat+ /&1 & ! knob ( ano!r phial br\ght ne> its coat+4 ,z soon z sp>ks are dis*>g$ f ! prime-conductor to ! knob ( ! fir/1 an equal numb] w be obs]v$ to proce$ f its coat+ to ! knob ( ! second4 ,?is is v rem>kable1 & an unphilosophical obs]v] w sc>ce ev] fail to conclude1 t ! fire runs directly ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! glass4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 h[ev] concludes t x does n1 because !re is a v great accumulation ( electricity on ! inside ( ! glass1 :i* discov]s itself by a viol5t fla% & explosion1 :5 a communication is made betwe5 ! outside & inside coat+s4 ,b x mu/ be confess$1 !re is "h no o!r reason = conclud+ ! glass to be imp]meable1 ?an ! probability t ! electric matt] is accumulat$ on "o side ( ! glass & defici5t on ! o!r4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! p]meability ( glass & o!r electrics is1 t coat$ phials c receive b a v slight *>ge :5 _! outside coat+ is insulat$1 & ?is c be effect$ only ) a v p[]ful ma*9e4 ,,iii4 8,! electric fluid viol5tly repels itself1 & attracts all o!r matt]40 ,! pro(s ( ?is position h be5 s abundantly giv5 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *apt] on electric attraction & repulsion1 t we ?9k x entirely sup]flu\s to repeat !m "h4 ,,iv4 8,by ! excitation ( an electric1 ! equilibrium ( ! fluid is di/urb$1 & "o "p ( x is ov]load$ ) electricity1 :ile ! o!r conta9s too little40 ,?is position mu/ be consid]$ z entirely hypo!tical1 z ! mann] 9 :i* ! electric fluid is collect$ by ! excitation ( glass1 or any o!r electric sub/ance1 has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,v4 8,conduct+ bodies are p]meable by ! electric fluid1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! sub/ance1 & d n conduct x m]ely ov] _! surface40 ,take a wire ( any k9d ( metal1 & cov] "p ( x ) "s electric sub/ance1 z ros91 seal+-wax1 c4 !n dis*>ge a j> ?r\gh x1 & x w be f\nd t x conducts z well z )\t ! electric coat+4 ,?is1 says ,mr4 ,cavallo1 proves t ! electric matt] passes ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! metal1 & n ov] ! surface4 ,a wire1 adds he1 cont9u$ ?r\gh a vacuum is also a conv9c+ pro( ( ?is ass]tion4 ,,vi4 8,positive electricity is an accumulation1 or too great a quantity ( ! electric matt] conta9$ 9 a body2 & negative electricity is :5 !re is too little40 ,?is position1 l ! f\r?1 mu/ be consid]$ z hypo!tical--! peculi> nature ( ! electric fluid n admitt+ ( exp]im5ts to prove1 or to disprove x4 ,,app5dix4 ,,numb] ,i4 ,a description ( ! ,cem5t us$ = electrical purposes4 ,! be/ cem5t = electrical purposes is made by melt+ two p>ts ( ros91 two ( bee's-wax1 & "o ( brick-du/1 or r$ o*re1 toge!r4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ cem5t is mu* pref]able to t ( ros9 alone1 z x is n s brittle1 & at ! same "t x insulates equally well4 ,,numb] ,,ii4 ,a ,composition = ,coat+ ,cyl9d]s or ,globes4 ,! mo/ approv$ composition = l9+ glass cyl9d]s or globes1 is made ) f\r p>ts ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 "o "p ( ros91 & "o ( bee's-wax4--,!y mu/ be boil$ toge!r = ab\t two h\rs ov] a sl[ fire1 & /irr$ v frequ5tly2 aft]w>ds ! composition is left to cool1 :5 x is fit = use4 ,if a cyl9d] or globe is to be l9$ ) ?is mixture1 a suffici5t quantity mu/ be pulv]is$1 & introduc$ into ! glass2 !n by hold+ ! glass ne> ! fire1 ! composition is melt$1 & by a little skill may be spread ov] all its int]nal surface1 to ab\t ! ?ickness ( a waf]4--,! glass1 h[ev]1 mu/ be heat$ v gradually1 o!rwise1 !re is dang] ( its break+ 9 ! op]ation4 ,,numb] ,,iii4 ,to make ! be/ k9d ( ,amalgam = excit+ ,electrics4-- ,any metal dissolv$ 9 m]cury or quick-silv] w answ] ! purpose v well1 ?us two p>ts ( quick-silv] ) "o ( t9-foil1 or ,aurum ,mosaicum1 h be5 us$ to advantage4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful composition = an amalgam1 is z9c & m]cury1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! latt]1 ) five ( ! =m]1 to :i* may be add$ a little bee's-wax or tall[1 ! prop] way ( prep>+ ?is amalgam is ! foll[+4--,let ! quick-silv] be heat$1 to ab\t ! degree ( boil+ wat]1 & let ! z9c also be melt$ 9 an iron ladle4 ,p\r ! heat$ quick-silv] into a wood5 box1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds p\r ! melt$ z9c into x likewise4 ,!n %ut ! box1 & %ake x ab\t = "s "t4 ,y mu/ n[ wait till ! amalgam is cool1 or ne>ly s1 & !n mix a little bee's-wax1 or mutton-suet ) x1 by trituration4 ,,numb] ,,iv4 ,! prep>ation ( electrical ,pa9t4 ,! electrician w v frequ5tly h occasion to make use ( pa9t1 bo? = ornam5t1 & conv5i5ce4 ,we %all !re=e describe a pigm5t1 :i*1 :ile x looks v well1 insulates ! in/rum5t1 & answ]s a v>iety ( o!r purposes4--,if a r$ col\r is wi%$1 let a piece ( r$ seal+-wax be dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( highly rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 !n let ! sub/ance :i* y int5d to col\r be w>m$1 aft] :i* ! pa9t may be laid on by means ( a hair p5cil4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to r5d] ! in/rum5t clean & dry1 especially if x be a glass "o4--,two or ?ree coats ( ?is pa9t1 w g5]ally answ] e purpose4 ,if a black col\r is pref]r$1 black seal+-wax may be us$4 ,if ! outside coat+ ( a j> is desir$ to be col\r$1 common oil pa9t w d mu* bett] ?an t above describ$1 = "h insulation is n requir$2 a cov]+ ( "s pa9t or o!r is always necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t ! amalgam1 :i* is (t5 scatt]$ ab\t ! table :]e ! app>atus is plac$1 f corrod+ ! t9-foil ) :i* ! j> is cov]$4 ,,numb] ,v4 ,to make ! ,artificial ,bolognian ,/one4 8,calc9e "s common oy/]-%ells1 by keep+ !m 9 a good coal fire1 = half an h\r2 let ! pure/ "p ( ! calx be pulv]is$ & sift$4 ,mix ) ?ree p>ts ( ?is p[d]1 "o "p ( fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,let ?is mixture be ramm$ into a crucible ( ab\t an in* & a half 9 dep?1 till x be almo/ full2 & let x be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! fire1 :]e x mu/ be kept r$ hot = an h\r at lea/1 & !n set x by to cool3 :5 cold turn x out ( ! crucible2 & cutt+ or break+ x to pieces1 scrape (f1 ^u trial1 ! brighte/ p>ts2 :i*1 if good phosphorus1 w be a :ite p[d]40 ,,epitome ,,( ,,galvanism4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,a ,%ort acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,galvanism4 ,?is "p ( our subject has be5 call$ animal electricity1 by ! great] "p ( ^? p]sons :o h writt5 ^u x2--b ?is "n seems to be improp]2 =1 z an au?or ( reputation on ! subject1 rem>ks1 8x has by no means be5 prov$ t ^! ph5om5a dep5d ei!r ^u electricity or animal life40 ,:ile ?is is ! case1 x is c]ta9ly be/ to di/+ui% ?is sci5ce by ! "n ( its inv5tor ,l\is ,galvani4 ,he 0 an ,italian1 & pr(essor ( anatomy at ,bologna1 :5 he made ! discov]y ( ,galvanism1 :i* 0 entirely accid5tal1 z w appe> 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,:il/ ,galvani 0 "o day employ$ 9 dissect+ a frog1 9 a room :]e "s ( 8 fri5ds 7 amus+ !mselves ) electrical exp]im5ts1 "o ( !m happ5$ to draw a sp>k f ! conductor1 at ! same "t t ! pr(essor t\*$ "o ( ! n]ves ( ! animal4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! animal's :ole body 0 in/antly %ak5 by a viol5t convulsion4 ,a/oni%$ at ! ph5om5on1 & at fir/ imag9+ t x might be ow+ to 8 hav+ w\nd$ ! n]ve1 ! pr(essor prick$ x ) ! po9t ( 8 knife1 to assure himself :e!r or n ?is 0 ! case2 b no motion ( ! frog's body 0 produc$4 ,he n[ t\*$ ! n]ve ) ! in/rum5t z at fir/1 & direct$ a sp>k to be tak5 at ! same "t f ! ma*9e1 on :i* ! contractions 7 r5ew$4 ,^u a ?ird trial ! animal rema9$ motionless2 b obs]v+ t he held 8 knife by ! h&le1 :i* 0 made ( ivory1 he *ang$ x = a metallic "o1 & imm$iately ! movem5ts took place1 :i* nev] 0 ! case :5 he us$ an electric1 or non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,aft] hav+ made a great _m simil> exp]im5ts ) ! electrical ma*9e1 he resolv$ to prosecute ! subject ) atmosph]ic electricity4 ,) ?is view he rais$ a conductor on ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 f :i* he br\ght an iron wire into 8 room4--,to ?is he atta*$ metal conductors1 connect$ ) ! n]ves ( ! animals1 de/9$ to be ! subjects ( 8 exp]im5ts3 & to _! legs he fa/5$ wires :i* rea*$ ! floor4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 n conf9$ to frogs alone4 ,diff]5t animals1 bo? ( cold & w>m blood1 7 subject$ to !m2 & 9 all ( !m consid]able movem5ts 7 excit$ :5ev] x light5$4 ,^! movem5ts prec$$ ?und]1 & correspond$ ) its int5sity & repetition2 & ev5 :5 no lightn+ appe>$1 ! movem5ts took place :5 any /rong cl\d pass$ ov] ! app>atus4--,t all ^! appe>ances 7 produc$ by ! electric fluid 0 obvi\s4 ,hav+ soon aft] ?is susp5d$ "s frogs1 f ! iron palisades :i* surr\nd$ 8 g>d51 by means ( metallic hooks fix$ 9 ! sp9es ( _! backs1 he obs]v$ t _! muscles contract$ frequ5tly & involunt>ily1 z if f a %ock ( electricity4 ,n d\bt+ t ! contractions dep5d$ on ! electric fluid1 he at fir/ suspect$ t !y 7 connect$ ) *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 n ! case2 & hav+ v>i$1 9 _m diff]5t ways1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! frogs 7 plac$1 he at l5g? discov]$ t he c\ld produce ! movem5ts at pleasure1 by t\*+ ! animals ) two diff]5t metals1 :i* at ! same "t t\*$ "o ano!r1 ei!r imm$iately1 or by ! int]v5tion ( "s o!r sub/ance capable ( conduct+ electricity4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,animals be/ fitt$ = ,galvanic ,exp]im5ts1 ( ! ,metals be/ calculat$ = mak+ ^! ,exp]im5ts1 & ( ,conductors4 ,almo/ e animal c be made to produce ^! muscul> contractions by ! ,galvanic p[]1 b ^? call$ cold blood$ are ! be/4 ,?us frogs h be5 f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! size & abundance4 ,!y also reta9 _! muscul> irritability to ! ,galvanic influ5ce long] ?an mo/ o!r animals1 & x is ass]t$ t /rong convulsions c be produc$ 9 !m _m h\rs aft] ! bra9 & sp9al m>r[ h be5 de/roy$2 & also t :5 pretty f> advanc$ 9 ! process ( putrefaction !y are capable ( ,galvanic excitem5t4 ,no contractions h be5 produc$ 9 animals kill$ by corrosive sublimate1 nor 9 ^? :i* h be5 />v$ to dea?3 b a v slight motion c be made to appe> 9 ^? kill$ by opium1 ! electric %ock1 or azotic gas4 ,) reg>d to ! metals us$ to effect ^! motions1 almo/ any two w answ] ! purpose2 b ! mo/ p[]ful are ! foll[+1 viz4 ,gold4 ,z9c ,silv]4 ,t9 9 conjunction ),molybd5a4 ,lead ,/eel4 ,copp]4 ,^? :i* h ! mo/ p[] are plac$ fir/2 t is z9c & gold1 w produce great] muscul> contractions ?an t9 & silv]1 or t9 & gold1 & s ( ! re/4 ,! process by :i* ^! wond]ful appe>ances are produc$ consi/s 9 effect+1 by means ( ! ,galvanic app>atus1 a communication betwe5 a n]ve & a muscle1 9 any "p ( an animal body4 ,! "p ( ! animal ^u :i* ! exp]im5t is to be p]=m$ is d5om9at$ ! animal arc3 & ! ,galvanic in/rum5ts :i* =m ! communication betwe5 ! muscle & ! n]ve1 are call$ ! excitatory arc4 ,?is latt] g5]ally consi/s ( ?ree pieces2 "o fix$ to ! muscle1 ano!r to ! n]ve1 & a ?ird =m+ a communication betwe5 bo?4 ,?is la/1 call$ ! communicator1 may be made ( ! same metal ) ei!r ( ! o!rs1 or be diff]5t f bo?4 ,! be/ communicators or conductors1 are ! foll[+4--,! li/ beg9s ) ! mo/ p]fect4 ,malleable plat9a4 ,silv]4 ,gold4 ,quicksilv]4 ,copp]4 ,brass4 ,t94 ,lead4 ,iron4 ,! human body4 ,salt wat]4 ,fre% wat]4 ,! metallic ores are n s good conductors z ! purifi$ metals1 & _! conduct+ p[] v>ies1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ores4 ,! metallic salts are tol]ably good conductors4 ,dr4 ,valli obs]v$ t human bodies are n all equally good conductors4 ,out ( f\r p]sons 9 a company1 he f\nd t :5 two ( !m =m$ ! circuit ( communication betwe5 ! n]ve & muscles ( a frog1 ! motions took place v readily4 ,:5 ! ?ird p]son =m$ ! circuit1 ! motions 7 v weak2 b t1 :5 ! f\r? p]son =m$ ! communication1 no motion took place4 ,?is exp]im5t1 he adds1 0 (t5 repeat$ ) ! same success4 ,! effect h[ev] may be ow+ to ! diff]5t dryness ( ! sk94 ,vitriolic acid1 & ev5 alcohol1 appe> to conduct ! ,galvanic influ5ce r bett] ?an wat]4 ,! ve9s & art]ies are n s good conductors z ! n]ves2 = :5 a blood-vessel =ms "p ( ! circuit ( communication1 ! contractions w take place only :5 ramifications ( ! n]ves are adh]+ to x1 & if ^! be c>efully sep>at$1 ! motion w n take place4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! t5dons1 ! bones1 & ! membranes2 = :5 ei!r ( ^? p>ts is sep>at$ f ! body1 & is introduc$ into ! circle ( communication betwe5 ! muscles & n]ves ( a prep>$ frog1 no motion w ensue2 except+1 inde$1 :5 ^? p>ts are full ( moi/ure & 9 imm$iate contact ) ! n]ve4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,a ,description ( ! ,galvanic ,tr\gh & ,pile4 ,pr(essor ,volta's fir/ contrivance = manife/+ ,galvanism 9 a m vigor\s mann] ?an _h hi!rto be5 done1 0 :at he call$ a c\ronne de tasses4 ,?is consi/$ ( tumbl]s ( glass1 half fill$ ) wat]1 or salt & wat]4 ,^! glasses or tumbl]s1 7 s plac$ t a metallic arc1 9 =m ( a ,c1 c\ld be fix$ ) "o leg 9 "o glass1 & ! o!r 9 ! next glass4 ,on "o end ( ea* arc1 0 fa/5$ a small plate ( silv] or copp]1 & on ! o!r end1 a simil> plate ( z9c or t94 ,^! plates 7 imm]s$ 9 ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! tumbl]s4--,?us 9 ! wat] ( e glass !re 0 a plate ( silv] or copp]1 & ano!r plate ( z9c or t94 ,! metallic arcs 7 =m$ ( any good conductor4 ,:5 ?irty or =ty ( ^! glasses 7 prep>$1 ! exp]im5t] put "o ( 8 h&s into ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! fir/ glass1 & ! o!r h& into t 9 ! la/3 :5 ?is 0 done a %ock1 some?+ l ! electrical "o1 0 exp]i5c$1 & w\ld recur z (t5 z ! circuit 0 int]rupt$ & complet$4 ,mr4 ,volta rem>ks1 t alkal9e solutions are us$ to ! mo/ advantage :5 "o ( ! metals is t9 & ! o!r silv] or copp]2 b t :]e z9c is sub/itut$ = t91 salt wat] is pref]able4 ,aft] ?is discov]y1 ,volta inv5t$ a mu* m conv5i5t in/rum5t1 :i*1 besides o!r advantages ov] ! =m]1 0 m p[]ful & less exp5sive4 ,! in/rum5t is call$ ! ,galvanic pile1 & v (t5 ! ,voltaic pile1 f its inv5tor4 ,x is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]--,take a numb] ( circul> plates ( copp]1 or silv] & an equal numb] ( t9 or z9c ( ! same dim5sions4 ,next provide a l numb] ( r\nd pieces ( pa/e-bo>d1 lea!r1 or any o!r sub/ance capable ( reta9+ moi/ure = a consid]able "t4 ,?is lea!r1 clo? or o!r sub/ance1 mu/ be r small] ?an ! metal plates &1 :5 us$1 well moi/5$ ) salt & wat]4 ,n[ =m a pile1 by lay+ alt]nately ! z9c ov] ! silv]1 &1 ! clo? or o!r moi/5$ sub/ance1 ov] ! z9c2 & s on successively4--,by ?us cont9u+ ! s]ies to =ty or fifty plates1 a ,galvanic pile w be con/ruct$4 ,if ! pile is int5d$ to be ( any consid]able height1 x ought to be secur$ by pill>s ( v>ni%$ bak$ wood2 or /rong glass tubes4 ,to get ! %ock1 "o h& mu/ t\* ! bottom1 & ! o!r ! top plate4--,! h&s %\ld be wet1 z ! cuticle or ext]nal "p ( ! sk9 is a bad conductor4 ,%ocks may be receiv$ by apply+ ! h&s 9 ?is mann]1 z long z ! lea!r1 or o!r sub/ance int]pos$ betwe5 ! z9c & silv]1 cont9ues moi/2 b z soon z x becomes dry ! op]ation closes4 ,! dry+ ( ! sub/ance 0 a great inconv5i5ce 9 ! ,voltaic pile1 & ! inv5tor propos$1 z a rem$y = ?is1 to /ation ! metallic plates at a great] di/ance f "o ano!r1 & to fill up ! cells or int]vals betwe5 !m ) a sal9e solution4 ,mr4 ,cruick%ank1 an ,engli% *emi/ at ,woolwi*1 improv$ ?is con/ruction4--,8 tr\gh z x is call$1 is made ?us4-- ,get a wood5 tr\gh1 made ( h>d bak$ mahogany1 ab\t ?irty in*es long1 & f\r or five wide & deep4--,on ! inside let !re be cut 9 ! sides & bottom1 & at equal di/ances f "o ano!r1 z _m grooves1 z ! numb] ( plates requir$ to be put into ! tr\gh2--! grooves ( a size to admit ! plates4 ,! plates are to be cem5t$#ah sep>ately to ea* ( ! grooves1 s t no fluid c pass f "o cell to ano!r4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! plates are con/ruct$ by sold]+ a plate ( z9c to "o ( copp]4 ,! z9c1 or :i* is ! same ?+1 ! spelt] ( ! %ops1 %\ld be melt$ 9 a vessel :i* exposes b a small surface to ! action ( ! air1 o!rwise x w\ld absorb oxyg5 s rapidly z to be conv]t$ into ! fl[]s ( z9c4--,! melt$ metal %\ld be p\r$ z soon z possible into a m\ld ( ! prop] size1 made ( /one or brass4--,x is n necess>y t ! plates ( copp] %\ld be m ?an "o t5? ( ! ?ickness ( ^? ( z9c4 ,! two plates are commonly sold]$1 n ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t1 b ab\t "o f\r? ( an in* f ! edge2 s t at ! edge _! union may be complete4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t all ! plates be cem5t$ to ! tr\gh 9 ! same direction2 s z to h ! copp] side ( e plate opposite to ! z9c side ( ! next4 ,! liquid employ$ to fill up ! cells betwe5 ! plates1 is =m$ by dilut+ muriatic acid ) wat]1 9 ! proportion ( "o ounce ( ! =m] to a p9t ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! tr\gh is n 9 use1 x %\ld be empti$ ( ?is solution 7:i* may be pres]v$ = subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 unless saturat$ ) ! metals7 & !n r9s$ clean ) fre% wat]4 ,?is con/ruction is pref]able to ! ,voltaic pile1 = exp]im5ts 9 :i* x is necess>y to h ! ,galvanic action = a l5g? ( "t4 ,b = occasional exp]im5ts ! pile is m conv5i5t2 z ! tr\gh1 if suff]$ to rema9 long )\t ! fluid1 is apt to crack & sep>ate ! cem5t f ! plates1 :i* r5d]s x necess>y to cem5t !m aga94 ,:5 sev]al batt]ies are requir$1 !y %\ld be dispos$ 9 ! same ord] z if !y all con/itut$ "o tr\gh1 7obs]v+ ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies to keep ! z9c surfaces con/antly oppos$ to ! copp] ones17 & connect$ toge!r by "s metallic sub/ance1 su* z a piece ( %eet lead1 or t9-foil1 ab\t half ! wid? ( ! tr\gh4 ,batt]ies comb9$ 9 ?is way %\ld all be1 z ne>ly z possible1 ( ! same p[]4 ,= if a bad batt]y be unit$ to five good ones1 ea* ( ! same numb] ( plates1 ! effect ( ! :ole w be equal only to six times t ( ! bad "o--z 9 electrical batt]ies1 if ?ree j>s ( diff]5t sizes be *>g$ toge!r1 ! :ole *>ge w be equal to only ?ree times t ( ! smalle/ j>4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! ,me?od ( p]=m+ ,galvanic ,exp]im5ts ) ,frogs2 ) "s conclusions drawn f !m4 ,e s5sible he>t mu/ be %ock$ ) ! idea ( tortur+ def5celess animals1 m]ely to gratify an idle curiosity4 ,! *apt] :i* we %all n[ lay be=e ! read] is f\nd$ entirely on ! ass]tions ( o!r writ]s ^u ?is subject2 to :i*1 h[ev]1 we h n ! lea/ d\bt t ! fulle/ cr$it is due4 ,b we h n *os5 to prove ! v]acity ( _! /atem5ts by our own exp]im5ts1 believ+ t any small additional k we might possibly h obta9$ 9 ?is way1 w\ld h be5 pur*as$ at too great a price--! sacrifice ( feel+ & humanity4 ,take a liv+ frog1 & aft] amputat+ ! h9d legs1 7= !y are ! be/1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( jo9ts7 let ! l>ge/ n]ve1 call$ ! crural n]ve1 be laid b>e1 & surr\nd$ ) a slip ( t9-foil1 or a piece ( %eet lead--!n lay a piece ( z9c1 or o!r metal diff]5t f t on ! n]ve1 9 contact ) ! neighb\r+ muscles2 =m a communication by ano!r piece ( z9c1 or o!r good conductor1 betwe5 ! metal 9 contact ) ! muscle & ! arm$ "p ( ! n]ve1 & viol5t contractions w be produc$ 9 ! limb4 ,!re is ano!r me?od ( produc+ ^! convulsions1 :i* has be5 pref]r$ on acc\nt ( its simplicity4--,x is by =m+ a communication betwe5 a n]ve1 arm$ z above1 & an adjo9+ muscle1 by a piece ( z9c1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a communicator4--,?is 0 "o ( ! fir/ me?ods ( ,galvaniz+ frogs1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! pile & tr\gh4 ,b s9ce ^! discov]ies1 frogs h be5 made to %[ m viol5t convulsions4 ,we n[ proce$ to relate "s ( ! conclusions :i* h be5 drawn f ! exp]im5ts on frogs4 #a4 ,! contractions produc$ 9 ! limb ( a frog are /rong] ! f>!r ! metal is plac$ f ! orig9 ( ! n]ve4 #b4 ,:5 ! metal has rema9$ = "s "t on a p>ticul> "p ( ! n]ve ! motion w cease2 b x may be r5ew$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! metal1 & c>ry+ x l[] on ! n]ve4 #c4 ,contractions may be produc$ 9 ! prep>$ limb ( a frog1 by putt+ x 9 wat]1 & !n br++ two metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 at a %ort di/ance f ! limb4 #d4 ,only ^? muscles to :i* ! n]ves lead suff] contraction f ! ,galvanic influ5ce4 #e4 ,:5 a contraction has tak5 place 9 any muscle1 no o!r w foll[ :ile ! metals rema9 9 contact4--,9 ord] to r5ew ! motions1 !re=e1 ! metals mu/ be sep>at$ & jo9$ aga94 #f4 ,galvanic excitem5t1 in/ead ( de/roy+ ! irritability ( a muscle1 gives x an additional support4 ,dr4 ,valli1 an ,italian physician1 has fully confirm$ ?is pr9ciple by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 8,hav+ prep>$ ! w+ ( a f[l1 or ! paw ( a cat or dog1 ,i subject$ x to ! cu/om>y trial4 ,at ! expiration ( half an h\r1 ,i arm$ ! o!r w+ ( ! f[l1 or ! o!r paw ( ! cat or dog1 & _h rec\rse to my excit+ arc4--,! latt] w+ or paw1 h[ev]1 did n give any sign ( electricity1 7= he conceiv$ ! motion to be occasion$ by electricity17 :ile ! p>ts :i* _h be5 subject$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! exp]im5t1 /ill cont9u$ 9 a convuls$ & agitat$ /ate40 #g4 ,galvanic exp]im5ts d n succe$ s well 9 a room cr[d$ ) p]sons1 z :5 only two or ?ree individuals are pres5t4 #h4 ,galvanic contractions are m p[]ful ! in/ant ! animal is depriv$ ( life1 ?an "s "t aft]2 & !re=e m viol5t agitations c be produc$ 9 ! liv+ animal4 #i4 ,volta conclud$ t ,galvanism 0 g5]at$ by ! metal1 & n by ! animal ^u :i* he op]at$4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal rem>ks :i* we ?9k wor? notic+4 ,if !y d n cont5t ! read]1 we mu/ ref] him to ,wilk9son on ,galvanism2 :]e he w f9d a detail ( almo/ e ?+ t happ5$ 9 ! ,galvanic _w till ! "t he wrote4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,v>i\s ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,galvanic ,pile4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts :i* we %all m5tion 7 p]=m$ by ,mr4 ,cruick%ank1 ) ! ,galvanic pile4 ,he employ$ plates ( z9c & silv]1 #a4f in*es squ>e1 & ! numb] ( plates ( bo? metals v>i$ f =ty to a hundr$1 accord+ to ! p[] requir$4 ,! l[] end ( ! pile we %all d5om9ate ! silv] end1 because ! plate at ! bottom is ( silv]1 & ! upp] end ! z9c end1 because ! upp]mo/ plate is ( z9c4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,cruick%ank ) ! ,galvanic pile1 0 ^u wat] & silv] wires4 ,^! wires 7 pass$ ?r\gh corks1 fitt$ into a glass tube fill$ ) wat]1 & project$ ab\t "o ?ird ( ! way1 on bo? sides1 into ! tube2 s t ! space betwe5 ! inn] ends ( ! wires 0 "o ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! tube4 ,"o ( ! corks 0 made p]fectly tight by cem5t4 ,! tube 0 !n plac$ upright 9 a tumbl] ( wat]1 ) ! uncem5t$ end d[nw>ds4 ,z soon z a communication 0 made betwe5 ! extremities ( ! pile by ! wires1 small air bubbles began to asc5d f ! wire connect$ ) ! silv] end1 & a :ite cl\d made its appe>ance at ! wire proce$+ f ! z9c end4--,! cl\d gradually increas$1 assum+ a d>k] col\r1 & at la/ x became purple1 & ev5 black4 ,a few air bubbles 7 likewise obs]v$ ^u ?is wire1 :i* asc5d$ f x2 b :5 ! pile act$ well1 a consid]able /ream ( air c\ld be p]ceiv$4--,:5 ?is gas 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd to be a mixture ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,no great reliance1 h[ev]1 c be plac$ on ! accuracy ( ?is analysis4 ,! wire proce$+ f ! z9c end1 0 f\nd mu* corrod$1 & look$ z if a portion ( x _h be5 dissolv$4 ,mr4 ,cruick%ank suppos$ ! cl\d =m$ r\nd ! wire ( ! z9c end to be ! muriate ( silv]1 proce$+ f ! silv] wire :i* _h be5 someh[ dissolv$1 & aft]w>ds precipitat$ 9 ?is /ate1 by ! muriatic salts conta9$ 9 ! common wat]4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 ) di/ill$ wat]1 a t9cture ( litmus1 & silv] wires1 z be=e4 ,! app>atus be+ adju/$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 & "o wire connect$ ) "o end ( ! pile1 :ile ! o!r t\*$ ! o!r end1 gas imm$iately arose f bo? wires1 b 9 great] quantity f ! "o connect$ ) ! silv] plate4 ,9 a %ort "t ! :ole fluid bel[ ! po9t ( ! wire f ! z9c plate1 became r$1 & ! fluid bel[ ! wire f ! silv] plate1 look$ ( a deep] blue4 ,di/ill$ wat] t+$ ) ,brazil wood1 soon became ( z deep a purple z c\ld be produc$ by ammonia4--,f ! two la/ exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,cruick%ank 0 l$ to suppose1 t an acid1 probably ! nitr\s1 is produc$ at ! wire connect$ ) ! z9c plate1 & an alkali1 probably ammonia1 at ! "o connect$ ) ! silv] end ( ! pile4 ,z hydrog5 gas1 :e!r heat$ or 9 its natural /ate1 r$uces metallic oxyds1 ,mr4 ,cruick%ank resolv$ to subject solutions ( metallic oxyds to ! hydrog5 gas :i* 0 produc$ by ! pile4--,! result answ]$ 8 expectation1 = 9 a m9ute or two aft] ! communication 0 =m$1 f9e metallic ne$les or cry/als1 some?+ resembl+ a fea!r1 7 p]ceiv$ r\nd ! wire connect$ ) ! silv] plate4--,! oxyg5 too :i* escap$ f ! metal1 & t g5]at$ f ! fluid us$ 9 ! solution1 0 commonly pure1 :5 an excess ( acid 0 add$ to take up ! alkali4--,! acetite ( lead & ! sulphate ( copp]1 7 among ! oxyds exp]im5t$ ^u1 b :atev] ! metal 01 ! results co9cid$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 a tube l ! prec$+ ones4--,a numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 made by ! same g5tleman ^u ! e>?s1 b we %all n detail !m2 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) "s conclusions drawn f 8 obs]vations4 #a4 ,hydrog5 gas1 mix$ ) a small portion ( oxyg5 & ammonia1 is someh[ dis5gag$ at ! wire communicat+ ) ! silv] extremity ( ! pile2 & ?is effect is equally produc$1 :atev] ! nature ( ! metallic wire may be1 provid$ ! fluid op]at$ ^u be wat]4 #b4 ,:5 metallic solutions are us$1 ! same wire :i* sep>ates ! hydrog5 gas1 revives ! metallic calx1 & deposits x at its extremity1 9 its pure metallic /ate2 9 ?is case no hydrog5 is dis5gag$4 ,! wire employ$ = ?is purpose may be ( any metal4 #c4 ,( ! e>?y solutions1 only ^? ( magnesia & argill are decompos$ by ! wire3 a circum/ance :i* /rongly fav\rs ! production ( ammonia4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,exp]im5ts on ! deflagration ( ,metals by ! ,galvanic ,pile4 ,! pile ) :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 made consi/$ ( ?irty-six plates ( silv]1 & an equal numb] ( z9c ones1 betwe5 :i* 7 int]pos$ disks ( flannel1 moi/5$ ) a solution ( ! muriate ( ammonia4--,ea* plate _h a diamet] ( t5 in*es1 or conta9$ #gh4eh squ>e in*es2--consequ5tly ! :ole surface ( silv] 9 ! pile1 reckon+ only "o side1 0 #bhbh4eg squ>e in*es1 & t ( z9c ! same4 ,) ?is in/rum5t1 9 ,decemb] #ahja1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 t91 lead & z9c 7 deflagrat$ ) surpris+ facility4 ,! gold burn$ ) a vivid :ite light1 incl9+ a little to blue1 & deposit$ an oxyd ( a deep purpli%-br[n col\r4--,! silv] gave a vivid flame ( a gre5i% hue1 & extremely brilliant4 ,its oxyd 0 ( a blacki% col\r4 ,! copp] pres5t$ ph5om5a simil> to ^? :i* att5d$ ! gold4--,lead gave a v vivid light1 ( a dilute blui% purple4--,! t9 af=d$ a light simil> to t ( ! gold1 b burnt ) mu* less en]gy2 probably because ! leaves 7 ?ick]4 ,! z9c gave a bluei% :ite flame1 :i* 0 edg$1 at ! mom5t ( contact1 ) r$4 ,x 0 m difficult to inflame ?an any ( ! prec$+ metals1 b ! leaves 7 likewise mu* ?ick]4 ,! oxyds ( ! f\r la/ metals 7 n exam9$4 ,wat] 0 p\r$ ^u ! upp] plate ( ! pile1 s z to =m a /&+ pool2 & sev]al pieces ( ! same k9d ( metals ) ^? be=e exp]im5t$ ^u1 7 pres5t$ to ! plate ?r\gh ?is aque\s m$ium1 & 7 deflagrat$4 ,!y af=d$ a flame ( ! same col\r z :5 !y 7 br\ght to ! b>e plate4--,a vap\r 0 sometimes p]ceptible imm$iately aft] ! deflagration1 & 0 suppos$ to arise f a portion ( wat] conv]t$ into /eam by ! int5se heat4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! %ocks tak5 f ?is pile1 :i* produc$ su* a/oni%+ effects ^u metals1 c\ld be receiv$ ) b v trifl+ inconv5i5ce1 ?r\gh ! human body4 ,besides ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made by a society ( g5tlem51 a v>iety ( o!rs 7 p]=m$1 f :i* ne>ly ! same conclusions 7 d$uc$4--,two o!r facts1 h[ev]1 des]ve notice4 #a4 ,:5 metallic leaves are deflagrat$ 9 c>bonic-acid gas1 ! flame is weak3 b :5 9 oxyg5 gas1 ! communication betwe5 ! upp] & "u plates ( ! pile is no soon] =m$1 ?an ! metallic leaves are de/roy$ ) "o sudd5 fla%4 #b4 ,:5 metals are subject$ to ,galvanism 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 !y emit light b are n oxydat$4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,fur!r ,galvanic ,exp]im5ts on ,metals1 & on o!r ,sub/ances4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to m5tion1 t e exp]im5t made by means ( ! ,galvanic pile may be p]=m$1 ) equal success1 ) ! tr\gh4 ,! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt] may be effect$ by ! pile1 b !y _c be done ) ! same conv5i5ce z :5 tr\ghs are us$4 ,! batt]y#ai employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts consi/$ ( sixty pieces ( silv]1 & a l numb] ( z9c1 ea* two & a qu>t] in*es squ>e4 ,! %ock produc$ by ?is tr\gh1 by means ( two metallic conductors1 0 di/9ctly felt 9 ! %\ld]s1 & ! contraction or spasm 0 s viol5t1 z to r5d] ! op]ator unable to hold ! conductors1 :5 9 contact ) ! plates by :i* ! tr\gh t]m9at$ ea* way4--,a s5sation resembl+ t produc$ by hot wat]1 0 at ! same "t felt 9 ! wri/s & =e-arm4 ,a small /eel wire1 :i* 0 us$ = ! conductor to =m ! communication1 ^u its contact ) ! plates1 produc$ a vivid sp>k & bright sc9tillations4--,:5 a piece ( phosphorus 0 plac$ ^u ! end ( ?is wire1 & made a "p ( ! circuit1 x 0 in/antly inflam$4 ,ano!r batt]y ( ! same size be+ connect$ ) ! "o above describ$1 gun-p[d] 0 fir$1 & gold leaf deflagrat$ )\t any p]ceptible residuum--be+ probably volatilis$ by ! heat occasion$ by ! exp]im5t4 ,mr4 ,davy1 secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 plac$ a small piece ( pure pota% 7:i* _h previ\sly be5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 s z to r5d] x a conductor ( ! ,galvanic fluid17 ^u an insulat$ plate ( plat9a1 connect$ ) ! negative#bj end ( a batt]y1 ( ! p[] ( two hundr$ & fifty plates1 six in*es by f\r1 9 a /ate ( int5se activity4--,a wire communicat+ ) ! positive end1 0 br\ght 9 contact ) ! upp] surface ( ! alkali4 ,! :ole app>atus 0 9 ! op5 air4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a vivid action 0 soon p]ceiv$4--,! pota% began to fuse at bo? po9ts :]e ! fluid act$ ^u x4--,!re 0 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce at ! upp] surface3--at ! l[] or negative surface !re 0 no lib]ation ( ela/ic fluid1 b !re appe>$ small metallic globules1 v mu* resembl+ quick-silv]4 ,"s ( ^! globules burn$ ) an explosion & a bright flame1 z soon z !y 7 =m$1 :ile o!rs rema9$ :i* 7 m]ely t>ni%$2 & f9ally a :ite film 0 =m$ ov] _! surfaces1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to be pure pota%4 ,soda 0 act$ ^u 9 ! same mann] z pota%1 & exhibit$ ! same results2 b its decomposition requir$ a /rong] action ( ! batt]y1 or x 0 necess>y t ! soda %\ld be 9 small] pieces ?an ! pota%4 ,! metallic globules produc$ f ! pota% rema9$ fluids 9 ! op5 air1 at ! "t ( _! production2 b ^? f soda1 ?\gh fluid at ! "t ( _! =mation1 ^u cool+1 became solid1 hav+ mu* ! lu/re ( silv]4 ,! alkalies c\ld be made to produce metallic results 9 vacuo4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,davy's fir/ exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 sev]al o!rs h be5 made1 mu* 9 ! same mann]1 ^u ! e>?s4 ,messrs4 ,pont9 & ,b]zelius1 two ,sw$i% *emi/s1 h succe$$ 9 obta9+ metallic amalgams f lime1 magnesia1 /rontites & b>ytes2 b !y c\ld produce no su* effect on alum9e & silex4 ,mr4 ,davy h[ev] effect$ ?is1 by a batt]y ( #cfjjj squ>e in*es4--,he also improv$ ^u _! o!r discov]ies4 ,he1 by di/illation1 drove (f ! m]cury f ! amalgamat$ metals :i* !y obta9$ f ! e>?s1 & procur$ a pure metal4 ,ammonia 0 also f\nd to conta9 a metal4 ,?is discov]y incl9es "o to believe1 t ! air we brea! conta9s metal 9 a gase\s /ate1 z azote1 :i* is a compon5t "p ( ammonia1 =ms a l>ge portion ( our atmosph]e4 ,:5 comp\nds1 soluble 9 wat]1 7 put into wat] conta9$ 9 agate cups1 & subject$ to ! action ( ,galvanism1 _! decomposition 0 rapid4--,a solution ( ! sulphate ( pota%1 be+ put into two cups & ,galvanis$ by fifty pair ( plates1 = f\r h\rs1 ! acid 0 f\nd by itself 9 ! cup connect$ ) ! positive end ( ! batt]y1 & ! alkal9e basis 9 ! cup communicat+ ) ! negative end4 ,simil> ph5om5a took place 9 solutions ( sulphate ( soda1 nitrate ( pota%1 nitrate ( b>ytes1 phosphate ( soda1 sulphate1 succ9ates1 oxalate & b5zoate ( ammonia2 also ) alum4 ,:5 muriatic salts 7 us$1 !y af=d$ oxymuriatic acid4 ,:5 metallic solutions 7 employ$1 metallic cry/als & an oxyd 7 deposit$ on ! negative wire1 & a great excess ( acid 0 f\nd 9 ! positive cup4--,/rong solutions af=d$ signs ( decomposition quick] ?an weak] ones4 ,we c\ld enum]ate a v>iety ( simil> exp]im5ts1 b ! limits ( our "w =bid x4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,exp]im5ts :i* may be p]=m$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,batt]y4 ,to %ew ! ,galvanic light4 ,place a piece ( z9c ^u y\r tongue1 & a piece ( silv] betwe5 y\r *eek & upp] jaw2 !n move y\r tongue s z to br+ ! two metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 & y w p]ceive a v curi\s s5sation ^u y\r tongue1 accompani$ by a cool sub-acid ta/e1#ba & at ! same "t y w see a fla% ( light1 :e!r y\r eyes be op5 or clos$4 ,! sub-acid ta/e resembles1 9 a degree1 t produc$ by electricity4#bb ,to affect ! ,ta/e by means ( ,wat]4 ,place a t9 or pewt] bason fill$ ) clean wat] ^u a silv] mug3 ) bo? y\r h&s1 :i* mu/ previ\sly be wet ) a solution ( salt 9 wat]1 grasp ! silv] vessel1 & put y\r tongue into ! wat]1 tak+ c>e n to t\* ! t9 or pewt] vessel ) any "p ( y\r body2 y w n[ p]ceive an acid ta/e2 :i* w be m s5sible1 if y )draw y\r h&s f ! silv] vessel :ile y\r tongue rema9s 9 ! wat]1 & !n replace !m4 ,to prove t ,e>?-,worms h a n]v\s sy/em4 ,place an e>?-worm ^u a plate ( z9c1 re/+ on a l>g] plate ( silv]4--,! animal1 z soon z x approa*es ! silv]1 seems to be repuls$ by a pa9ful s5sation1 & at la/ becomes fatigu$ by its repeat$ & fruitless ex]tions to make its escape1 :i* no?+ app>5tly prev5ts4 ,?is evid5tly proves t ! animal is provid$ ) a n]v\s sy/em1 z exp]im5ts h prov$ t ,galvanic irritation is excit$ only 9 ! n]ves4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,"s common ,effects :i* are suppos$ to be occasion$ by ,galvanism4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t a sub-acid ta/e is p]ceptible :5 two diff]5t metals are appli$ to ! tongue & fauces3 x has also be5 f\nd t ,galvanism affects ! ta/e1 :5 two diff]5t fluids & a s+le metal are 9 contact ) ! tongue4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple a v>iety ( kn[n facts h be5 acc\nt$ =4--,= example--,x has long be5 obs]v$ t be]1 cyd]1 c4 :5 drunk f a t9 or silv] vessel1 7 m palatable ?an :5 receiv$ f a vessel ( glass1 or any o!r sub/ance n metallic4 ,! suppos$ explanation ( ?is1 is z foll[s4--,:5 ! out] extremity ( ! vessel is appli$ to ! "u lip1 r5d]$ moi/ by ! saliva1 & ! tongue is ext5d$ s z to be 9 contact ) ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! vessel1 a ,galvanic arc is =m$1 :i* produces ! brisk & lively ta/e4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 by p]sons fond ( ?is !ory1 t snuff1 :5 tak5 f a metallic box1 excites a m agreeable s5sation ?an :5 tak5 f a box ( tortoise %ell1 or lea!r4 ,! fact t a silv] spoon becomes discol\r$ by be+ us$ = eat+ eggs1 is famili> to e "o4 ,?is1 also1 is attribut$ to ! ,galvanic action4 ,by exp]im5t1 sulphur has be5 discov]$ 9 bo? ! album5 & yolk ( an egg4--,! ,galvanic comb9ation is betwe5 ! sulphur ( ! egg1 ! silv] spoon1 & ! saliva2 = no t>ni% is produc$ on ! spoon :5 x is imm]s$ 9 ei!r ! album5 or yolk2 & t "p ( ! spoon :i* ent]s ! m\? is mo/ discol\r$4 ,9 e ,galvanic exp]im5t1 wat] is decompos$ into its con/itu5t p>ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases4 ,^! ?+s be+ premis$1 ! fact is easily acc\nt$ =4--,! hydrog51 :i* be=e ! op]ation is nasc5t 9 ! wat]1 7:i* holds ! sulphur 9 solution7 n[ readily unites ) ! sulphur1 & =ms sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* produces ! t>ni% on ! silv]4#bc ,we %all m5tion a few o!r common appe>ances1 & leave ! solution to ! +5uity ( ! read]4 ,:5 copp] %ea?+ is fa/5$ on a %ip ) iron nails1 ! nails1 & p>ticul>ly ! copp]1 are f\nd to be corrod$ ab\t ! places ( contact4 ,works ( metal1 ! p>ts ( :i* are jo9$ by a sold] ( a diff]5t metal1 are obs]v$ to t>ni% ab\t ! places :]e ! diff]5t metals meet4 ,a seam :i* has be5 sold]$ s accurately t x _c be p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 may be discov]$ by pass+ ! tongue ov] x4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,! ,effects ( ,galvanism on ,vegetables4 ,?is "p ( ,galvanism has be5 p>ticul>ly att5d$ to by ,humboldt1 a ,g]man4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ ! irritability ( ! vegetable fibre4 ,rem>k+ ! great simil>ity ( appe>ance betwe5 ! sub/ance ( mu%rooms & ! muscul> fibre1 he wi%$ to asc]ta9 :e!r !y possess$ a simil> p[] ( contraction4 ,he accord+ly made a consid]able numb] ( exp]im5ts1 f :i* he conclud$ t ! diff]5t k9ds ( mu%rooms1 :i* 9 becom+ putrid emit an animal insipid cadav]\s smell1 are z p]fect conductors 9 ! ,galvanic *a9 z ! organs ( animals4 ,8 exp]im5ts likewise prov$ t !y possess$ irritability4 ,mr4 ,humboldt aft]w>ds direct$ 8 inquiries to ! mann] 9 :i* ,galvanism act$ ^u ! irritable fibre1 :i*1 z we h already m5tion$1 he fir/ obs]v$4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 unsuccessful4 ,we %all n !re=e relate !m4 ,! effects ( ,galvanism on vegetation are suppos$ to be delet]i\s1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ extract f ! 8,mon?ly ,magaz9e40 8,x (t5 happ5s1 t "s ( ! limbs ( fruit trees1 tra9$ aga9/ a wall1 are blight$ & die2 :ile o!rs rema9 9 a heal?y & fl\ri%+ /ate4 ,?is evil is1 by g>d5]s1 g5]ally attribut$ to ! effects ( lightn+4 ,b1 if ?is 7 ! case1 w\ld n ! viol5t action ( ! electric fluid produce a lac]ation ( ! bran* & /alk ( ! tree8 ,no su* effect is to be p]ceiv$4 ,x !re=e appe>s to me1 t we mu/ seek "s o!r cause = ?is evil1 & ,i flatt] myself t ,i h discov]$ ! real "o4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 ,galvanism 0 fir/ introduc$ to public notice1 ,i con/ruct$ a pile1 consi/+ ( ab\t "o hundr$ plates ( copp] & z _m ( z9c1 ea* ab\t two in*es squ>e4 ,among o!r exp]im5ts1 ,i appli$ x to ! bran* ( a t5d] plant1 7a species ( ! ficoides47 ,hav+ left x = ab\t an h\r1 on my return ,i f\nd ! bran* )]$1 & hang+ close to ! /alk4 ,x imm$iately occurr$ to me1 t ,galvanism might be ! cause ( ! above m5tion$ defect 9 wall fruit trees1 occasion$ by ! oxydation ( ! nails1 by :i* !y are (t5times fa/5$ 7= ,i conceive ,galvanism to be produc$1 9 a great] or less degree1 by e metal pass+ into a /ate ( oxydation47 ,recollect+ t ! limb ( a *]ry tree 9 my g>d5 _h1 ne>ly a ye> be=e1 be5 fa/5$ to ! wall ) an iron cramp1 ,i in/antly exam9$ x1 & f\nd x dead2 ?\gh1 :5 fa/5$1 x 0 a fl\ri%+1 heal?y limb1 at lea/ an in* 9 diamet]1 & n9e feet 9 l5g?4 ,i h s9ce exam9$ sev]al pea* & nect>9e trees2 & :]ev] ,i discov]$ a limb dead1 ,i inv>iably f\nd t "o or m ( ! nails :i* fa/5$ x 7 9 contact ) ! b>k4 ,a limb ( a pea* tree puzzl$ me = "s "t4 ,x 0 dead1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive t any ( ! nails 7 9 contact ) x1 7! scraps ( clo? be+ left pretty long47 ,aft] a n>r[ se>*1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd ! mud1 ( :i* ! wall 0 built1 consid]ably /a9$ ) ru/1 imm$iately "u ! bran*3 & on digg+ into ! wall ) my knife1 ,i br\ght ! hidd5 mis*ief to light4--,x 0 "p ( a v l>ge spike nail1 & :i* lay ab\t an in* bel[ ! surface4 ,on m5tion+ "s ( ^? circum/ances to a fri5d1 he obs]v$1 t ab\t a ye> be=e1 he _h fa/5$ "s currant trees to a wall1 ) iron hooks4 ,on exam9ation1 almo/ e limb s fa/5$1 0 dead4 ,! effect ( ! ,galvanism 9 ^! cases w probably be f\nd to be great] 9 ra9y seasons1 z ! oxydation !n goes on m rapidly ?an x does at o!r times4 ,h5ce x appe>s t1 9 tra9+ fruit trees1 wood5 pegs or cramps1 %\ld be us$ in/ead ( iron2 or else1 t c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! iron d n t\* or come ne> to a limb4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,( m$ical ,galvanism4 ,galvanism1 l electricity1 has be5 appli$ to ! human body1 = ! purpose ( remov+ compla9ts1 & app>5tly ) equal success4 ,! +5i\s ,galvani1 imm$iately aft] 8 discov]y ( ,galvanism1 7or z he call$ x1 animal electricity17 attempt$ to expla9 ! causes ( sev]al diseases by x4 ,?us 9 a compla9t :]e !re 0 a total loss ( contractile p[]1 z ! p>alysis1 he ascrib$ ! cause to ! int]position ( a non-conduct+ sub/ance1 :i* prev5t$ ! passage ( ! ,galvanic fluid f ! n]ve to ! muscle1 & f ! muscle to ! n]ve4 8,if artificial electricity 7says he17 be convey$ to ! head1 ! n]ves or sp9al m>r[1 by means ( ! conductor ( ! ,leyd5 phial1 p>alysis1 apoplexy1 & ev5 dea?1 w be induc$1 accord+ z ! phial is *>g$ ) a great] or less quantity ( ! electric fluid4--,if su* effects result f common electricity1 may x n be presum$ t a sudd5 afflux ( animal electricity t[>ds ! bra91 may be productive ( ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces40 ,b omitt+1 z :olly conjectural & unsatisfactory1 all !ories relat+ to ! effect :i* ,galvanism has ^u ! animal conomy1 we %all proce$ to relate kn[n facts1 & ! me?od ( apply+ ,galvanism = ! relief ( c]ta9 morbid affections ( ! human body4 ,! g5]al mode ( op]at+ ) ,galvanism1 is to apply small portions ( x at fir/1 & gradually to increase ! %ock1 z circum/ances may dictate4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to remove ! cuticle 7by means ( a bli/] or o!rwise17 f ! p>ts ( ! body to :i* ! wires1 communicat+ ) ! two extremities ( ! batt]y1 are to be appli$4 ,?is me?od1 :i* 0 adopt$ because ! cuticle is a v bad conductor1 gave excruciat+ pa9 to ! pati5t4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son has f\nd x unnecess>y1 z by moi/5+ ! p>ts1 & apply+ pieces ( gold leaf or ,dut*-metal1 he has succe$$ 9 produc+ ! desir$ effect4 ,dur+ an op]ation1 "o ( ! conduct+ wires %\ld be kept 9 contact ) "o ( ! metallic leaves1 :ile ! o!r conductor is to be remov$1 imm$iately aft] x has be5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! o!r metallic-leaf--& !n replac$ & remov$ successively4 ,! negative wire ( a batt]y is ! mo/ p[]ful1 & x is necess>y 9 "s cases to att5d to ?is fact4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] ,galvanism has be5 appli$ to a "p ( ! body1 a r$ness becomes p]ceptible ab\t ! "p2 & if ! application be cont9u$ too long1 vesications & ulc]ations w be produc$4 ,^! symptoms are a little tr\blesome at fir/1 b d n require any p>ticul> treatm5t = _! cure4 ,galvanism %\ld be appli$ twice 9 tw5ty f\r h\rs1 o!rwise x is suppos$ ! int]vals w\ld be s long1 z to prev5t any good effects :i* might arise f x4 ,we %all n[ enum]ate "s disord]s 9 :i* ,galvanism has prov$ b5eficial4 ,9 p>alytic affections x has af=d$ consid]able relief4--,two in/ances ( m5tal d]angem5t are record$ by pr(essor ,ald9i1 nephew to ,galvani1 9 :i* its effects 7 truly surpris+4--,"o ( !m af=d$ an in/ance ( a gradual dim9ution ( ! m5tal en]gies1 :i* ultimately sunk into /upidity4 ,! o!r 0 ( an opposite nature3--! sy/em 0 9 a /ate ( viol5t excitem5t1 & ! pati5t rav+ & unmanageable4 ,9 rheumatism1 spasmodic affections1 & deafness1 :]e x does n arise f a natural defect 9 ! organ1 ,galvanism has be5 appli$ g5]ally ) advantage4 ,b ! mo/ a/oni%+ effects ( ?is wond]ful pr9ciple h be5 display$ 9 cases ( susp5d$ animation4 ,mr4 ,humboldt made ! fir/ exp]im5ts relative to ?is "p ( our subject1 on app>5tly dead l9nets4 ,he put a piece ( z9c into ! bill1 & ?ru/ a %>p piece ( silv] into ! bird1 ne> ! o!r extremity ( ! body--he !n =m$ a communication betwe5 ! two1 by an iron wire4 8,:at 7exclaims he7 0 my surprise1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$1 ! mom5t ! contact took place1 ! l9net op5 its eyes1 /& erect on its feet1 & flutt] its w+s2 x aga9 brea!d dur+ six or eight m9utes1 & !n expir$ tranquilly40 ,galvanism is n[ appli$ to p]sons app>5tly dead1 f dr[n+1 hang+1 or exposure to noxi\s gases4 ,9 su* cases1 ! body %\ld be dive/$ ( its clo?+1 & plac$ 9 a w>m b$ ne>ly approa*+ ! natural temp]ature1 & at ! same "t slight ,galvanic %ocks %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! body1 9 su* a direction z to affect ! he>t4--,?us by comb9+ ?is1 ) ! usual means1 ! mo/ advantage\s consequ5ces may be expect$4 ,x may be laid d[n z a pr9ciple1 t1 9 all cases :]e animation is susp5d$1 & ! pr9ciple ( irritability n de/roy$1 ! /imulus ( ,galvanism & electricity1 if prud5tly employ$1 may r\se ! dormant en]gies ( vitality1 & re/ore ! sy/em to its natural /ate ( activity4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,! ,id5tity ( ,galvanism ) ,electricity consid]$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by _m1 t ! ph5om5a ( ,galvanism & electricity dep5d ^u ! same cause4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 controv]t ?is op9ion1 & affirm t ,galvanism is a fluid sui g5]is4 ,t !re is a great simil>ity betwe5 "s ( ! ph5om5a ( ,galvanism & ^? ( ! electric fluid1 is evid5t2 b ?is analogy _c be trac$ 9 e in/ance4 ,x is n our prov9ce to ent] into ?is controv]sy2 we %all only relate a few facts ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 & leave ! speculative read] to draw f !m 8 own conclusions4 ,facts :i* seem to indicate t ,galvanism & ,electricity are ! same ,fluid4 ,bo? ,galvanism & electricity exhibit light1 9 _! passage f "o conductor to ano!r1 ?r\gh an int]v5+ space ( air4 ,bo? affect an electromet]4 ,! deflagration ( metals may be produc$ by ei!r4 ,electricity1 z well z ,galvanism1 produces muscul> contractions 9 animals1 a %ort "t aft] dea?4 ,facts 9 :i* ,galvanism & ,electricity diff] f ea* o!r4 ,"s good conductors ( electricity are n good conductors ( ,galvanism2 z 0 %ewn by ,dr4 ,f[l]4 ,! mann] ( excit+ ,galvanism is diff]5t f t ( excit+ electricity2--! =m] be+ collect$ mo/ copi\sly f conductors1 & ! latt] f non-conductors4 ,! electric fluid affects ! s5se ( smell+--b no smell has ev] be5 obs]v$ f ,galvanism4 ,! electric %ock op]ates on ! body by a sudd5 & p]cussive effect--:ile ! "o :i* foll[s ! ,galvanic process seems to arise f a con/ant curr5t1 att5d$ by a j>r+ & tremul\s s5sation4 ,9 ! decomposition ( wat] by ,galvanism1 hydrog5 gas is =m$ at "o ( ! wires1 & oxyg5 at ! o!r4 ,9 t by electricity1 bo? gases arise f ! same wire4 ,,f9is4 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,epitome ,,( ,,electricity4 ,a p9us's !ory ( electricity1 #aae ,amalgam1 directions = mak+ ! be/ k9d (1 #abf ,app>atus1 electrical1 directions = us+ !1 #fh ,attraction1 electrical1 #ba ,aurora ,borealis1 h[ to imitate !1 #gi ,b ,balloons1 inflammable air1 #gg ,batt]y electrical1 & exp]im5ts ) x1 #bh ,bells1 electrifi$1 #gf ,black lead1 useful = po9ts to lightn+ rods1 #ea ,bladd]1 electrifi$1 #ic ,bolognian /one1 artificial1 to make1 #abg ,bottle director describ$1 #fe ,c ,c&le1 to light a1 #ia ,cannon1 ! electrical1 #if ,c>ds pi]c$ by electricity1 #ij ,cavallo1 g5]al laws d$uc$ by him f exp]im5ts made ) electrical kites1 #df ,cem5t1 h[ to make1 #abe ,*>coal useful at ! l[] extremity ( lightn+ rods1 #ec ,*emical !ory ( electricity1 #aaa ,clay swoll5 by ! electrical %ock1 #ij ,col\rs *ang$ by ! electrical %ock1 #hg ---- exp]im5ts on1 #hg1 #hh ,communication1 electrify+ by1 #ae ,conductors1 (1 #f ---- lum9\s1 #hb ,con/ellations1 to repres5t !1 #aja ,cotton1 electrifi$1 #ib ,cyl9d]s1 (1 #i ---- composition = l9+1 #abe ---- plates may be sub/itut$ =1 #ad ,d ,dance1 electrical1 #ge ,decomposition ( wat] by electricity1 #ajc ,director1 bottle1 description (1 #fe ---- use (1 #fg ,dis*>g+ electromet]1 description & use (1 #fg ---- rod1 lum9\s1 #ajc ,du ,fay's !ory ( electricity1 #aji ,e ,electric attraction & repulsion1 #ba ---- ---- ---- ---- exemplifi$1 #bb1 #bd ---- batt]y & exp]im5ts ) x1 #bh ---- eel1 an acc\nt ( !1 #ef ---- fly1 describ$1 #ah ---- light1 exp]im5ts )1 #gi ---- sp>k1 #af ,electric spid]1 #be ----s1 & ph5om5a produc$ by !m1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #h ---- exp]im5ts ) *>g$1 #hf ,electrical ma*9e describ$1 #i1 #ac ,electricity1 ! id5tity ( ) lightn+1 #dj ---- h[ x may be appli$ to ! be/ advantage1 #fe ---- animal1 #ee ---- app>atus necess>y =1 #fd ---- atmosph]ic1 dang] ( mak+ exp]im5ts )1 #db1 #dd ---- m$ical1 #fc ---- positive & negative1 #b ---- v>i\s !ories (1 #ajh ,electromet] describ$1 #cf1 #fd ---- in/ructions = us+1 #cg ,electrophorus describ$1 #cc ---- exp]im5ts ) !1 #cd ,excit$1 :at is int5d$ by1 #a ,exp]im5ts1 practical rules = mak+1 to ! be/ advantage1 #fh ---- promiscu\s1 #id ,explosion1 ! lat]al1 #aja ,f ,figures made ^u glass c4 by means ( electricity1 #ig ,f\nta91 ! electrifi$1 #ajd ,fractur$ j>1 h[ repair$1 #gj ,frankl91 ,dr4 8 exp]im5t ) a kite1 #dj ---- ---- ---- ---- = illu/rat+ 8 !ory ( ?und] /orms1 #gh ---- 8 !ory ( electricity1 #aaf ,friction1 electric1 #fe ,g ,gibbes ,dr4 8 !ory ( electricity1 #aac ,glass1 metals =c$ into1 by an electric explosion1 #cj ,gun-p[d] fir$ by an electric explosion1 #cj ,i ,jack1 ! electrical1 #id ,j>1 electrical1 fractur$1 h[ repair$1 #gj ,k ,kite1 ,dr4 ,frankl9's exp]im5t ) a1 #dj ---- electrical1 /ructure & use ( !1 #da ---- ---- ,cavallo's directions = us+ !1 #dc ,l ,lane's dis*>g+ electromet]1 #fg ,leyd5 phial describ$1 #bf ---- ---- exp]im5ts ) !1 #bg ---- vacuum1 #ha ,light1 electric1 exp]im5t )1 #gi ---- ---- fla%+ betwe5 two metallic plates1 #hc ,lightn+1 ! id5tity ( ) electricity1 #dj ---- rods1 ! /ructure & use (1 #dh1 #ed ---- ---- improv$ by pr(essor ,patt]son1 #ea ,lum9\s conductor1 #hb ---- to r5d] v>i\s sub/ances1 #hd ---- %[]1 #ajb ,m ,ma*9e1 electrical1 describ$1 #i ,magic picture1 #hf ,magnetic ne$le1 effect ( electricity on !1 #ca ,m$ical electricity1 #fc ,metallic oxyds revivifi$1 #ca ,metals =c$ into glass by an electric explosion1 #cj ,n ,natural /ate1 mean+ (1 #b ,nollet's ,abb1 !ory ( electricity1 #aaj ,non-electrics1 #b1 #g ,o ,oxyds1 metallic1 revivifi$1 #ca ,p ,pa9t1 = electrical purposes1 prep>ation (1 #abf ,pap] /a9$ by an electric explosion1 #ca ,picture1 magic1 #hf ,po9t$ bodies1 _! influ5ce on electricity1 #ag1 #ib ---- ---- ph5om5a att5d+1 #ag ---- ---- conclusions respect+1 #ba ,p[d]1 gun1 fir$ by electricity1 #cj ,prime-conductor1 #ab ,r ,repulsion1 electrical1 #ba ,ri*man1 ,pr(essor1 kill$ by atmosph]ic electricity1 :ile mak+ exp]im5ts ) x1 #db ,rubb]1 def9$1 #b ---- describ$1 & directions respect+ x1 #aj ,s ,%[]1 lum9\s1 #ajb ,snake1 electrical1 #ajb ,sp>k1 electric1 #af ---- ---- appli$ = cur+ deafness c41 #ff ---- ---- to r5d] !1 visible 9 wat]1 #hd ,/ream ---- useful 9 cur+ diseases ( ! eye1 #fg ,syphon1 ! capill>y1 electrifi$1 #ajj ,t ,t]ms1 explanation (1 #a ,!rmomet]1 effect ( electricity on !1 #cb ,?und]-h\se1 exp]im5ts ) !1 #ed ,torp$o1 an acc\nt ( !1 #eh ---- artificial1 to make1 #fj ,tube1 spiral1 #hc ---- ! self-*>g+1 #ie ,v ,vacuum1 :at is meant by ! t]m1 #gi ---- ,leyd51 #ha ,vegetables1 effect ( electricity on1 #fa ,velocity ( electricity1 #ae1 #bi ,w ,wat] decompos$ by electricity1 #ajc ,:eels1 multiply+1 may be add$1 ) advantage1 to an electrical ma*9e1 #ab ---- self-mov+1 describ$1 #gd ,wilson's !ory ( electricity1 #aji ,w9e1 _s (1 fir$ by electricity1 #hi ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,epitome ,,( ,,galvanism4 ,a ,animals1 cold blood$1 be/ = ,galvanic exp]im5ts1 #aca ,arc1 animal1 & excitatory1 #acb ,b ,b]zelius1 8 exp]im5ts1 #adg ,c ,conclusions1 #aci1 #adc ,conductors1 ,galvanic1 #acc ,cruick%ank's1 ,mr4 exp]im5ts1 #adj ,d ,davy ,mr4 8 exp]im5ts1 #adf ,diseases 9 :i* ,galvanism has af=d$ relief1 #aef ,e ,effects1 common1 suppos$ to be occasion$ by ,galvanism1 #aej ,f ,frogs1 ,galvanic exp]im5ts ^u1 #ach ---- ---- ---- ---- conclusions drawn f1 #aci ,g ,galvanism1 a %ort acc\nt (1 #abi ---- m$ical1 #aed ---- id5tity (1 ) electricity1 consid]$1 #aeg ,l ,light1 ,galvanic1 to exhibit1 #adh ,m ,metals1 mo/ suitable = ,galvanic exp]im5ts1 #acb ---- on ! deflagration (1 by ! ,galvanic pile1 #adc ,p ,pile1 ,galvanic1 description ( !1 #acd ---- ---- exp]im5ts ) !1 #adj1 #adc ---- ---- its two extremities 9 opposite /ates1 #adf ,pont9 ,mr4 8 exp]im5ts1 #adg ,t ,tr\gh1 ,galvanic1 description (1 #acf ---- ---- exp]im5ts ) !1 #adf ,v ,vegetables1 effects ( ,galvanism on1 #aeb ,w ,wat]1 ! ta/e (1 affect$ by ! ,galvanic influ5ce1 #adi ----- ,footnote #a3 ,apuleius1 ,floridor1 page #cfa4 ,footnote #b3 ,!ophra/4 4 ,footnote #c3 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,man*e/] ,society10 has endeav\r$ to prove by quotations f ! writ+s ( antiquity1 & by mu* +5i\s reason+1 t ! anci5ts 7 n only acqua9t$ ) ! electrical %ock1 b t x is probable ev5 ! me?od ( draw+ d[n lightn+ f ! cl\ds1 0 kn[n 9 v e>ly times1 & p>ticul>ly to ,numa ,pompilius1 ! second k+ ( ,rome2 & t 8 successor ,tullius ,ho/ilius p]i%$1 by 8 unskilful managem5t ( s dang]\s a process4 ,^? :o wi% to pursue ?is subject1 we ref] to ! above m5tion$ pap] 9 #c vol4 ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 page #cgh4 ,! same op9ion is +5i\sly def5d$1 9 a "w ( ,m4 ,dut5s1 entitl$1 8,orig9e des ,dec\v]tes atribuees aux ,mod]nes40 ,"s curi\s quotations f ! anci5ts1 on electricity1 are likewise conta9$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,july #aghe1 page #ebb4 8,to ^! may be add$ a curi\s passage 9 ,signor ,boccal9i's adv]tisem5t f ,p>nassus 7c5tury #a4 *ap4 #df17 publi%$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! date ( ,frankl9's discov]y1 & 9 :i* ! id5tity ( ! electric fluid & lightn+ is said to be reveal$40 ,mill]'s ,retrospect1 #a vol4 page #bd4 ,b aft] att5tively consid]+ all ^! discov]ies1 we _c help acc$+ to ! op9ion ( ! le>n$ ,presid5t ,g\get1 a man :o _h mo/ ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! orig9 ( sci5ce among ! anci5ts1 & we are fully p]suad$ t :at he says ( sev]al o!r subjects is precisely ! tru? 9 reg>d to electricity4--8,all 7says he7 :i* we read on ?is subject 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 ought to be reg>d$ z m]e ideas advanc$ at r&om1 )\t k1 )\t pr9ciples1 & )\t any k9d ( f\ndation4 ,if "s ( ! anci5ts1 = example1 h said1 t ! e>? 0 a sph]oid1 flatt5$ at ! poles2 t x revolv$ r\nd ! sun2 t ! comets 7 planets1 ^: p]iodical revolutions 7 complet$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ages2 t ! moon might be habitable2 t t planet 0 ! occasional cause ( ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 c42 we ought n to reg>d ^! propositions 9 _! m\?1 z ! effect & ! result ( ! k :i* ^! philosoph]s _h acquir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we ought to place !m on ! foot+ ( ^? hypo!ses :i* an unc]ta9 & ill-regulat$ imag9ation daily produces4 ,i say s1 because none ( ! anci5t philosoph]s h be5 able to give reasons = :at !y deliv]$2 :i* we may be easily conv9c$ (1 by read+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! writ]s ( antiquity relate ! op9ions ( _! le>n$4 ,!re we see1 t ! anci5ts _h no reasons prepond]at+ to adopt "o sy/em r ?an ano!r2 nei!r 7 !y ev] able to give any ( !m ! slighte/ demon/ration4 ,= ! re/1 ,i d n pret5d to make ?is a matt] ( reproa* to ! anci5ts4 ,!y 7 de/itute ( all helps prop] to acquire ^! bran*es ( k4 ,if1 nev]!less1 !y h sometimes hit ^u ! tru?1 we ought to attribute x to pure *ance2 & be s5sible1 t1 z !y wav]$ 9 unc]ta9ty1 & ran ?r\gh all possible comb9ations1 x is n a/oni%+ t !y %\ld hit ^u ! true "o1 because ! numb] ( ^! sorts ( comb9ations is n inf9ite4 ,9 ?is respect consi/s ! *>act]i/ical diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/ronomical le>n+ ( ! anci5ts & t ( ! mod]ns4 ,:at at ?is "t we affirm ( ! figure ( ! e>?1 ( ! sy/em ( ! heav5s1 ( ! cause ( ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 c4 is n ! effect ( *ance & imag9ation2 x is ! result ( mu* obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & reflection1 & e a/ronom] is able to support by reasons ! sy/em :i* he has ?\ght fit to embrace40 ,orig9 ( ,laws1 ,arts1 & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,book ,,iii1 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 ,article ,,iv4 ,footnote #d3 ,bayle 9 ,vita ,ari/ot4 ,footnote #e3 ,gilb]t1 ,de ,magnete4 ,lib4 #b1 ,cap4 #b4 ,footnote #f3 ,philos4 ,trans4 abridg$1 ,vol4 #g1 page #ah4 ,footnote #g3 ,! au?or ( ! article ,electricity 9 ! ,encyclopdia1 ascribes ! m]it ( ?is discov]y 7if any m]it c arise f a discov]y made by accid5t7 to ,mr4 ,van ,klei/1 dean ( ! ca!dral ( ,cam94 ,on :at au?ority he does ?is1 we are unable to /ate4 ,! foll[+ 7he says7 is ! acc\nt ( x1 :i* ! dean1 on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #agde1 s5t to ,dr4 ,leib]kulm at ,b]l91 8,:5 a nail1 or a piece ( ?ick brass wire1 c4 is put into a small apo!c>y's phial1 & electrifi$1 rem>kable effects foll[3 b ! phial mu/ be v dry1 or w>m4 ,i commonly rub x ov] be=e-h& ) a f+]1 on :i* ,i put "s p\nd$ *alk4--,if a little m]cury or a few drops ( _s ( w9e are put into x1 ! exp]im5t succe$s ! bett]4 ,z soon z ?is phial & nail are remov$ f ! electrify+ glass1 or ! prime-conductor to :i* x ha? be5 expos$ is tak5 away1 x ?r[s out a p5cil ( flame s long1 t ) ?is burn+ ma*9e 9 my h&1 ,i h tak5 above sixty /eps 9 walk+ ab\t my room4 ,:5 x is electrifi$ /rongly1 ,i c take x into ano!r room1 & !re fire spirits ( w9e ) x4 ,if :ile x is electrify+ ,i put my f+]1 or a piece ( gold :i* ,i hold 9 my h&1 to ! nail1 ,i receive a %ock :i* /uns my arms & %\ld]s40 8,a t9 tube1 or a man1 plac$ ^u electrics1 is electrifi$ mu* /rong] by ?is means1 ?an 9 ! common way4--,:5 ,i pres5t ?is phial & nail to a t9 tube1 :i* ,i h1 fifte5 in*es long1 no?+ b exp]i5ce c make a p]son believe h[ /rongly x is electrifi$4 ,two ?9 glasses h be5 brok5 by ! %ock ( x40 ,footnote #h3 ,su* is ! /atem5t usually giv54 ,x may p]haps des]ve consid]ation :e!r ! cause ( ?is lum9\s sp>k or /ream1 %\ld n1 /rictly speak+1 be consid]$ z ! true electricity4 ,footnote #i3 ,t\rmal9e is a species ( silici\s e>?4 ,its col\r is g5]ally a blacki% br[n1 ?\gh ! t\rmal9e ( ,brazil is blue1 gre51 r$1 or yell[4 ,x is a comp\nd sub/ance1 consi/+ ( argill1 silex1 calc>e\s e>?1 & iron 9 diff]5t proportions2 b argill & silex are always ! *ief +r$i5ts4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 ,brazil1 & ,tyrol2 & x is also f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,philadelphia1 atta*$ to masses ( qu>tz4 ,footnote #aj3 ,x is v rem>kable t ! focus ( a burn+ glass is n a conductor ( electricity4 ,footnote #aa3 ,we d n wi% to be und]/ood t two diff]5t fluids may be produc$1 b m]ely1 t ! prime conductor may be electrifi$ positively or negatively4 ,footnote #ab3 ,= ! prop] cem5t1 see app5dix ,,no4 ,i4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see app5dix ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see app5dix ,,no4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is consi/s ( two small balls ( cork or pi?1 fa/5$ to ! ends ( a ?read or piece ( silk4 ,:5 x is to be us$ ! ?read or silk mu/ be held by ! middle s t ! balls may hang close to "o ano!r4 ,footnote #af3 ,mr4 ,ri*man1 pr(essor at ,pet]sburg1 0 kill$ on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #agec1 by ! lightn+ :i* he _h drawn into 8 room1 = ! purpose ( mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is int]e/+ & in/ructive occurr5ce 7 ! foll[+4 ,he _h provid$ himself ) an in/rum5t = measur+ ! quantity ( electricity communicat$ to 8 app>atus1 & z he /ood ) 8 head incl9$ t[>ds x1 ,mr4 ,solok[1 an engrav]1 :o 0 ne> him1 obs]v$ a globe ( blue fire z l>ge z 8 fi/1 jump f ! in/rum5t1 :i* 0 ab\t a foot di/ant1 to ,mr4 ,ri*man's head4 ,! pr(essor 0 in/antly dead1 & ,mr4 ,solok[ mu* hurt4 ,! latt] h[ev] c\ld n give any p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* he 0 affect$2 = at ! "t :5 he 0 /ruck1 !re arose a sort ( /eam or vap\r1 :i* entirely b5umb$ him1 & made him s9k to ! floor2 he did n ev5 rememb] to h he>d ! clap ( ?und]1 :i* 0 v l\d4--,! globe ( fire 0 att5d$ ) an explosion l t ( a pi/ol2 ! in/rum5t = measur+ ! electricity 7call$ by ! pr(essor ! electrical gnomon7 0 brok5 to pieces1 & ! fragm5ts scatt]$ ab\t ! room4 ,^u exam9+ ! effects ( ! lightn+ 9 ! *amb]1 ! door-case 0 split half ?r\gh1 & ! door torn (f ! h+es1 & ?r[n into ! room4 ,!y op5$ a ve9 9 ! body twice1 b no blood foll[$2 aft] :i* !y endeav\r$ to recov] life by viol5t friction1 b 9 va93 ^u turn+ ! corpse ) ! face d[nw>ds1 dur+ ! friction1 a quantity ( blood ran f ! m\?4 ,!re appe>$ a r$ spot ^u ! =ehead1 f :i* spirt$ a few drops ( blood f ! pores1 )\t w\nd+ ! sk92 ! %oe ( ! left foot 0 torn op51 & ^u uncov]+ ! "p1 a blue m>k 0 f\nd2 f :i* x 0 conclud$1 t ! electric matt] hav+ ent]$ at ! head1 made its way out aga9 at ! foot4 ,^u ! body1 p>ticul>ly on ! left side1 7 sev]al r$ & blue spots1 resembl+ lea!r %runk by be+ burnt4 ,_m m also became visible ov] ! :ole body1 & especially ov] ! back4--,t on ! =ehead *ang$ to a br[ni% r$1 b ! hair ( ! head 0 n s+$4 ,9 ! place :]e ! %oe 0 unripp$1 ! /ock+ 0 entire1 z 0 ! coat e :]e2 ! wai/coat be+ only s+$ at ! =e flap :]e x jo9$ ! h9d]2 b on ,mr4 ,solok['s coat !re appe>$ long n>r[ /ripes1 z if ! nap _h be5 burnt (f by r$ hot wires4 ,^! c\ld n be acc\nt$ =4 ,footnote #ag3 ,?is looks some?+ l a contradiction3 b we suppose ,mr4 ,cavallo int5d$ to say1 t ?\gh ! coat ( pa9t does n prev5t ! %ock f pass+ d[n ! ma/1 x prev5t$ ! ma/ f be+ injur$ by ! %ock4 ,footnote #ah3 ,= prop] cem5t1 see ,app5dix to electricity1 ,no4 ,i4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! pile & tr\gh1 are bo? sometimes d5om9at$ ,batt]ies4 ,footnote #bj3 ,volta by ! aid ( 8 cond5s] ( electricity1 discov]$ t ! two extremities ( 8 pile 7 9 opposite /ates2 ! z9c end 0 always plus or positive1 & ! silv] end1 m9us or negative4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is sub-acid ta/e1 is r5d]$ mu* m di/9ct by an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 & describ$ by him 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,f[l]1 dat$ #bh? ,may1 #agic4 ,x is made by plac+ alt]nately a numb] ( small circul> pieces ( z9c1 ) z _m pieces ( silv] ( ! same size1 9 ! =m ( a r\leau4 ,x is to be us$ by plac+ x lat]ally ^u ! tongue4 ,footnote #bb3 ,) reg>d to ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ta/e ( ,galvanism & t ( electricity1 ,dr4 ,f[l] obs]ves t he f\nd consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 !m--4 8,bo? 7says he7 are sub-acid1 b z unlike ea* o!r1 z ! ta/e ( v9eg> is to t ( dilut$ vitriolic acid40 ,?is s5sation1 produc$ ^u ! tongue by ,galvanism1 is mo/ di/9ct :5 ! tongue is ( its usual temp]ature1 & ! metals ( ! same temp]ature ) x4 ,:5 ei!r ! tongue1 ! metals1 or bo?1 are heat$ or cool$1 z f> z c be borne )\t inconv5i5ce1 sc>cely any ta/e is produc$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is is ! explanation giv5 by ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 b we ?9k x probable t ?is effect is altoge!r *emical4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes1 plac+ !m all at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4