,illu/ration3 ,bramley ,p>k]'s ,specification4 ,engli% pat5t4 ,no4 #fjbg4 ,novemb] #d1 #ahcj4 ,see page #baa4 ,,cycl+ ,,art1 ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,locomotion3 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,bicycles1 ,,tricycles1 ,,& ,,man-,,motor ,,c>riages4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,p4 ,,scott4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company4 #ahhi4 ,copyright1 #ahhi1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company4 ,illu/ration ,,d$ication4 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,memb]s ,,individually1 ,,& ,,z ,a ,,body ,,corporate1 ,,( ,,! ,,baltimore ,,cycle ,,club4 ,,preface4 ,! av]age intellig5ce ( ! ,cycl+ frat]nity c1 ) ju/ice1 be said to be above t ( any o!r association ( m5 & wom51 devot$ to pa/ime1 sport1 & ex]cise1 9 ! _w2 yet )al x is ) "s consid]able feel+ ( anxiety t ?is book is sprung ^u !m4 ,!re c be no "q b t we are a read+ community1 & yet all attempts cat]+ to our wants1 9 ! way ( books1 seem to h met ) a less he>ty support ?an %\ld h be5 expect$4 ,! au?or ( "o ( ! greate/ works connect$ ) ,cycl+ has rec5tly in=m$ u t he is /ill _m hundr$s ( doll>s beh9d1 & o!r au?ors h good reason to compla9 t _! books c be se>*$ = ev5 at club-h\ses1 :]e !y surely ought to be f\nd4 ,books consi/+ l>gely ( adv]tisem5ts h1 no d\bt1 paid ! compil]s1 z h also ! num]\s p]iodicals1 b :5 we pond] ov] ! colossal ef=ts ( ,kron & ,/ev5s1 & ?9k ( ! poorly-rew>d$ devotion ( ,/urmey1 8,fa$10 ! ,p5nels1 ,/ables1 ,cortis1 & o!rs1 ! enc\ragem5t is n at all /imulat+ to writ]s2 especially s9ce all books ( ^! au?ors are ( ! mo/ attractive "* & easily compreh5d$1 :]eas a l>ge portion ( ?is "w is writt5 ) a view to inspir+ a close /udy ( ! art1 & = t reason1 if = no o!r1 is liable to be dry read+4 ,h[ev]1 x is too late n[ to sw]ve f ! task2 if "o m mu/ be add$ to ! procession ( deject$1 empty-pocket$ v5tur]s1 8s mote x be40 ,no petition is made to ! ,frat]nity to read ?is book 9 p>ticul>1 b x is hop$ t all cycl+ books & p]iodicals w be patroniz$1 h]eaft]1 ) ! usual lib]ality s *>act]i/ic ( :eelm5 9 connection ) o!r matt]s1 & if ?is "w %\ld1 9 any way1 fo/] ?is hope1 its mission w be m ?an fill$4 ,9 "o way ! writ] has already be5 amply repaid2 if he _h nev] und]tak5 ?is task x is j possible t he1 l _m o!rs1 might nev] h foll[$ a cycl] ?r\gh ,india1 or h made ! acqua9tance ( 8,! ,be/ ( ,bull-,dogs40 ,! nature ( ?is book has drift$1 to "s ext5t1 f ! rigid ma!matical "* orig9ally int5d$1 p>tially because x j drift$1 & also p]haps int5tionally1 9 ord] to give x a m popul> be>+4 ,if "s sev]ely practical read]s %\ld notice an attempt at humor1 or an amus+ turn giv5 to :at %\ld be /]n ma!matical or me*anical reason+1 x is hop$ t x w n be consid]$ undignifi$ or trivial1 = x is done ) an object2 & if ! popul> read] %\ld be av]se to runn+ (f into ab/ract !ories1 let him b rememb] h[ little we realize t ev]y?+ we d1 or make1 9 our daily exp]i5ce re/s ^u "s fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* we ought to "k & be able to expla94 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! simple matt] ( balanc+ a bicycle w\ld confuse ev5 a s*ool-boy8 ,p]haps x ought n2 nev]!less1 ! article on t subject is cut r %ort1 = ! reason t ! writ]1 ev5 ) ! help ( o!rs m compet5t1 0 unable to def9itely det]m9e all po9ts 9 reg>d to x4 ,my ?anks are due to ,pr(4 ,e4 ,w4 ,davis1 ( ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c41 ,gu/av ,biss+1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,baltimore2 ,pr(4 ,rob9son1 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,f4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,a4,m41 ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 & o!rs1 = valuable assi/ance c\rte\sly r5d]$4 ,respectfully1 ,r4 ,p4 ,scott4 ,baltimore1 #ahhi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,introductory #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,cycle ,art #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,c we improve ^u ! ,creator's ,me?ods8 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,direct ,application ( ,p[] #bh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,connect+ ,l9k betwe5 ! ,legs ( ,nature & ! ,:eel ( ,me*anics #da ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,graphic ,illu/ration ( ! ,application ( ,p[] to ,cycles--,k9ematics #dh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,balanc+1 & ,"s ,que/ions ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy--,hill-,climb+ #fb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,curves ( ,translation1 9 ,ma*9es ( :i* ! ,diamet]s1 or ,comb9ation ( ,:eels ,diff]1 ( a ,po9t tak5 9 ! same ,relative ,position on ! ,sev]al ,saddles--,consequ5t ,concussion & ,effect ^u ,mom5tum #fi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,spr+s 9 ,relation to ! ,curves ( ,translation1 ,mom5tum1 & ,concussion #hj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,anti-,vibrators & ,spr+ ,=ks #hg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,saddles & ,spr+s 9 ,relation to ,anatomy & ,heal? #id ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,head]s or ,cropp]s #ajc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,ge>+ ,up & ,d[n #aab ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,mod]n ,rov]1 or ,re>-,driv+ ,safety #aag ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,side-,slip ( ! ,safety #abh ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,ladies' ,bicycle #adj ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,t&ems & ! ,rational #add ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,workman%ip 9 ,cycles--,engli% & ,am]ican ,mak]s #adi ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,cranks & ,lev]s & ,tang5t ,spokes #aef ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,antifriction ,be>+s1 ,ball & ,roll] #afi ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,alum9um 9 ,cycle ,con/ruction--,/r5g? ( ,tubes #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,! ,cycle 9 ,w>--,/eam & ,electricity #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,cycle ,pat5ts & ,inv5tors #aij ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,hobbies #aig ,,"p ,,ii4 ,rem>ks on ,bolton ,ma*9e1 ,am]ican ,pat5t #bjh ,d5nis ,johnson ,engli% ,pat5t #bjh ,brief ( ,specification & ,rem>ks on ,cr(t ,am]ican ,pat5t #bjh ,extracts f ,v ,old ,engli% ,pat5ts #baj ,briefs ( ,specification & ,rem>ks on ,bramley ,p>k] ,engli% ,pat5t #baa ,juli5 ,fr5* ,pat5t #bae ,co*rane ,engli% ,pat5t #bag ,dalzell ,ma*9e1 #ahde #bah ,l&is ,am]ican ,pat5t #bbj ,way ,am]ican ,pat5t #bba ,lallem5t ,am]ican ,pat5t #bbb ,moores ,am]ican ,pat5t #bbe ,gleason ,am]ican ,pat5t #bbg ,rhoads ,am]ican ,pat5t #bbi ,e/ell ,am]ican ,pat5t #bca ,*ri/ian ,re9h>t ,am]ican ,pat5t #bcc ,w>d ,am]ican ,pat5t #bce ,:ite ,am]ican ,pat5t #bcg ,/urdy ,"y ,am]ican ,pat5t #bci ,lawson ,am]ican ,pat5t #bdj ,fl&]s ,am]ican ,pat5t #bda ,s*mitt ,am]ican ,pat5t #bdc ,leftwi* ,engli% ,pat5t #bdd ,hemm+s ,am]ican ,pat5t #bdg ,wortmann ,am]ican ,pat5t #bdi ,sa:ill ,am]ican ,pat5t #bea ,l[d5 ,am]ican ,pat5t #bec ,lewis ,am]ican ,pat5t #bed ,mey ,am]ican ,pat5t #beg ,hornig ,am]ican ,pat5t #bei ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,illu/ration #bfj ,! ,cov5try ,tricycle #bfa ,bak] ,am]ican ,pat5t #bfc ,higley ,am]ican ,pat5t #bfd ,klahr ,am]ican ,pat5t #bfe ,bruton ,engli% ,pat5t #bfg ,langmaak ,/reiff ,am]ican ,pat5t #bfh ,monn9 ,filliez ,am]ican ,pat5t #bfi ,scuri ,am]ican ,pat5t #bgj ,smi? ,am]ican ,pat5t #bgc ,trag>dh ,am]ican ,pat5t #bgd ,r5etti ,pat5t #bge ,hull ,o',re> ,am]ican ,pat5t #bgg ,s*aff] ,am]ican ,pat5t #bgi ,burl+haus5 ,am]ican ,pat5t #bha ,von ,malk[sky ,am]ican ,pat5t #bhc ,bevan ,am]ican ,pat5t #bhe ,lose ,am]ican ,pat5t #bhf ,libbey ,am]ican ,pat5t #bhh ,leske ,g]man ,pat5t #bhi ,lawson ,am]ican ,pat5t #bia ,hoak ,am]ican ,pat5t #bic ,burbank ,am]ican ,pat5t #bie ,williamson ,am]ican ,pat5t #big ,duryea ,am]ican ,pat5t #bii ,latta ,am]ican ,pat5t #cja ,! ,:eel1 ,illu/ration #cjb ,! ,spald+ ,pat5t ,fly]1 ,illu/ration #cjc ,scott ,bone-,%ak] #cje ,cycl+ ,art1 ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,locomotion4 ,,"p ,i4 ,cycl+ ,art1 ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,locomotion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,locomotion z appli$ to ! "q ( transportation ( matt] 9 all its v>i$ =ms has always be51 & w always cont9ue to be1 "o ( ! great problems ( advanc+ civilization4 ,to su* an ext5t does ! elem5t ( transportation ent] into our highly organiz$ sy/em ( society t x is said to be ! mo/ p[]ful factor 9 ! evolution ( man4 ,s confid5tly is ?is believ$1 t a great g5ius has be5 l$ to promulgate ! !ory t at "s future "t man w consi/ ( a head & trunk2 t all use = ! limbs be+ entirely disp5s$ ) 9 ! art ( mov+ & manipulat+ matt]1 ^! w gradually %rivel up & drop (f1 z x has be5 said ! tail did :5 we no long] us$ x = sw++ our bodies f tree to tree1 l ! prov]bial monkey1 or z a projectile =ce s valuable to ! locomotion ( ! kang>oo4 ,! developm5t ( me*anical means = transport+ & manipulat+ all matt] has1 to a wond]ful ext5t1 excus$ ! use ( man's legs & arms3 & ! facility ) :i* a great mass is load$ = transportation1 deliv]$ at its de/9ation1 & !re manipulat$ ) sc>cely ! t\* ( human h&s has1 x mu/ be admitt$1 greatly dim9i%$ ! labor o!rwise delegat$ to ! limbs4 ,x is possible t almo/ all matt] c\ld be mov$1 m\ld$ into desirable =m1 & utiliz$ by civiliz$ man = all 8 requirem5ts1 by ! use ( me*anical means1 & man c\ld no d\bt transport himself by ! same means1 )\t us+ 8 limbs1 & !reby rea* a v high /ate ( civilization2 b su* means mu/ include a great am\nt ( me*anical appliance accompany+ ! transportation1 ! m 9 proportion to ea* z ! numb] ( travell]s is less 9 ! same circuit4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k we c well admit t ! v highe/ /ate ( advancem5t w be m>k$ by ! greate/ facility ea* man has to g 8 own way1 & :5 we come to ?9k ( ! _w cr[d$ z x mu/ ev5tually become1 does x n seem app>5t to ! read] t1 s9ce ! natural en]gy n[ encompass$ )9 our sy/em is suffici5t to c>ry u ab\t1 x w be = ! be/ to cont9ue to use ?is en]gy 9 our locomotion & make our improvem5ts ) ! view to su* a use1 n = ! purpose ( disp5s+ ) ! _m me*anical conv5i5ces t n[ subs]ve our dem&s1 b 9 ord] to add a simple & conv5i5t means ( unit transportation ov] reasonably long di/ances 9 a reasonably %ort space ( "t & accompli% ! same ) ! lea/ possible increase ( me*anism8 ,humanity )\t ! p[] to transport itself is to u an almo/ incompreh5sible idea1 & at ! pres5t day x is almo/ equally h>d to conceive ! /ate ( society 9 :i* ! movem5t ( l>ge masses ov] ev5 small di/ances 0 impossible2 yet !re 0 a "t :5 man c\ld d no m ?an transport himself1 toge!r ) su* articles z he c\ld c>ry ^u 8 back or hold 9 8 h&s4 ,x 0 probably n till long aft] ?is t he con/ruct$ a sl$ f ! b>k ( a great tree to receive 8 *attels1 & pull$ x along by "s rude v9e2 /ill ne>] to our own "t comes ! inv5tion ( ! :eel$ vehicle or wagon1 & :5 we come to t m>vel ( mod]n inv5tive g5ius ! railway & /eam-driv5 locomotive we are )9 a p]iod yet p]sonally kn[n to our olde/ fell[-citiz5s4 ,s mu* inv5tive +5uity1 s mu* m>vell\s en]gy has be5 exp5d$ ^u ! solution ( ! problem ( transport+ l>ge masses1 9 :i* we see ! :eel has f9ally play$ an important "p1 t ! "q ( ! individual transportation ( individual m5 has receiv$ comp>atively little att5tion1 & x is only )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s t an am\nt ( labor & ?\ght has be5 giv5 to ?is problem at all comm5surate ) its importance4 ,?is rec5t labor & ?\ght has n be5 exp5d$ 9 va92 x has plac$ ! man1 too1 ^u ! :eel1 :i* has done s mu* t[>ds develop+ ! use ( o!r en]gy1 & at la/ !re spreads out be=e him a beautiful vi/a ( indep5d5t locomotion unexampl$ 9 all ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( 8 race4 ,z :eel sugge/s ! "n 8cycle10 let u call ?is art1 app]ta9+ to ! man & ! :eel1 8,! ,cycle ,art10 or1 m def9itely1 if we wi%1 ! art ( 8,man-,motor ,c>riages40 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cycle ,,art4 ,po/]ity w always consid] ?is ! embryo g5]ation ( ! cycl+ art2 x might well be t]m$ ! 8liv+ :eel age40 ,a numb] ( valuable books h be5 writt5 on ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( locomotion by means ( walk+1 rid+ ^u animate be+s1 fly+ & creep+1 & also ^u all k9ds ( inanimate or me*anical motors1 b little has be5 said ab\t physical prop]ties und]ly+ ! int]v5tion ( a :eel betwe5 ! body ( man & ! surface to be travell$ ov]1 ! motor be+ man himself4 ,! int]e/+ art ( man-motor c>riages has already develop$ an indu/ry ( su* great importance t ! c]ta9ty z to its p]man5cy is beyond cavil1 &1 believ+ t x w yet assume mu* great] proportions & become ( m & m absorb+ int]e/1 !re seems to be "s excuse = an attempt to place ev5 a limit$ am\nt ( p]sonal in=mation be=e ^? connect$ ) ! indu/ry & be=e ! admir]s ( ! art4 ,!re are few indu/ries ! product ( :i* is disp]s$ among s v>i$ a class ( patrons1 & sc>cely none 9 :i* ! patron takes s lively an int]e/ 9 ! respective articles produc$4 ,9 mo/ indu/ries1 :]e a ma*9e is ! product1 ! consum] is expect$ to be an exp]t 9 ! art to :i* ! indu/ry app]ta9s1 & is !re=e suppos$ to be capable ( individual judgm5t z to ! m]its ( :at he acquires2 if a /eam-eng9e is ! object ( ! pur*ase1 x is expect$ t an exp]t ( "s ability 9 ! art w judge ( & aft]w>ds run & repair x2 b h[ c\ld ?is be expect$ ) a bicycle8 ,!re is probably no o!r ma*9e us$ by mank9d1 ) ! possible exception ( ! wat*1 t does s]vice to su* a v>iety ( individuals z ! cycle4 ,n[1 x w\ld be ( little use to write a book = popul> read+ on ! me*anical con/ruction ( a wat*1 because f its v nature none b an exp]t c\ld appreciate ! facts1 if any 7 giv52 b great] hope might be ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to a l>g] ma*9e1 because ! buy] c at lea/ see :at he is ab\t4 ,y nev] he>d ( a bicycle-rid] blam+ 8 repair] = /eal+ ! :eels out ( 8 ma*9e & sub/itut+ o!rs1 because he c see1 h[ev] inexp]i5c$ he may be1 t ?is has n be5 done4 ,n[1 if we all c\ld1 by a little obs]vation1 le>n "o-half z mu* ab\t our wat*es z we c ab\t our bicycles1 ! poor wat*-mak] w\ld nev] suff] ! indignities s univ]sally & unju/ly heap$ ^u him4 ,! prim>y k above h9t$ at z possible1 among ! hop$-= patrons ( ?is "w1 seems to be an auspici\s circum/ance 9 connection ) an ef=t to tea* !m a little m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,c ,,we ,,improve ,,^u ,,! ,,creator',s ,,me?ods8 8,we f9d 9 a great numb] ( /&>d treatises a sort ( accusation br\ght aga9/ nature = hav+ entirely wa/$ a great "p ( ! =ce ( our muscles by caus+ !m to act "u a disadvantage\s lev]age40--,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey4#a propos ( fundam5tal pr9ciples1 :at are ! requirem5ts ne$ful = ! mo/ successful means ( man-motor locomotion8 ,9 m homely phrase1 h[ c a man1 )\t call+ ^u ! /orage ( en]gy o!r ?an t inh]5t 9 8 own body1 propel himself f place to place ) ! lea/ am\nt ( physical ex]tion8 ,x is evid5t n[1 t "u v _m circum/ances ! means provid$ u by ! ,creator = su* purposes are n ! mo/ economical2 t is to say1 x has be5 f\nd t if we employ a m$ium ?r\gh :i* to transmit our en]gy1 ! en]gy w be m economically exp5d$1 9 c>ry+ our bodies f place to place1 ?an if we apply ! =ce directly to ! "w z nature seem$ to int5d 9 pres5t+ u ) a pair ( legs4 ,! writ] *e]fully conc$es1 = "o1 t = almo/ all purposes ! legs are v practical2 z1 = in/ance1 9 climb+ a tree or a pair ( /airs1 a rail f5ce1 or ev5 a v /eep hill1 or :51 z 9 "s ( our e>ly travels1 we are compell$ by an emb>rass+ paucity ( funds to take to ! cross-ties ( a poorly balla/$ railroad4 ,& fur!r1 we admit t ! inv5tion ( a pair ( legs1 if prop]ly claim$ 9 a pat5t1 w\ld1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 h entitl$ ! inv5tor to all uses to :i* !y c\ld be put1 includ+ ! pump+ ( a bicycle4 ,b we are p]fectly will+ to infr+e ! leg pat5t1 provid$ we c improve ^u x ev5 = c]ta9 purposes1 z we h 9 adopt+ ! mod]n bicycle1 9 its use1 = in/ance1 ^u a reasonably smoo? level road4 ,:y we h be5 able to ?us improve ^u nature's device is n q cle>4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 !re is "s unnecess>y friction 9 ! leg me?od2 x _c be on acc\nt ( impact ) ! air1 because a man on a bicycle c]ta9ly cat*es z mu* air himself1 9 addition to t ( ! ma*9e1 z he w\ld d 9 walk+4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 !re mu/ be m motion or extra friction or bo? 9 ! body1 9 ! leg me?od1 ?an is really ess5tial 9 convey+ "o ov] a good road4 ,probably ! ma9 cause ( ?is friction is t ! rid]'s body is support$ diff]5tly2 x requires less muscul> /ra9 to sit ?an to /&4 ,we n only "k ?is f exp]i5ce1 b x is prov$ by ! fact t ! temp]ature ( ! body is l[] :ile sitt+ ?an :ile /&+2 also /ill l[] :5 ly+ d[n1 %[+ t less en]gy is be+ exp5d$ & less muscle consum$4 ,s9ce ! _s ( ! writ] began to wre/le ) ! =ego+ leg v]sus cycle controv]sy1 by happy *ance he fell ^u an e/imable "w#b ( :i* a c>eful p]usal w\ld almo/ make u ?9k t nature really _h an embryo cycle or :eel me?od 9 view :5 we 7 plann$ = legs4 ,! great int]e/ atta*+ to ! above-m5tion$ "w arises f ! fact t ! book 0 writt5 be=e ! cycle 0 at all broadly kn[n to be ( any assi/ance to ! self-propulsion ( man "u any circum/ances4 ,?is "w mu/ be read to be appreciat$4 ,i give "s quotations1 ! application ( :i* %[s t1 9 ! m9ds ( "s1 ! ,creator _h an idea ( a :eel )9 a :eel2 9 %ort1 t nature seem$ to want to roll4 ,let u quote f page #ea1 8,animal ,locomotion40 8,:5 ! "r leg is flex$ & elevat$1 x rotates ^u its iliac portion ( ! trunk 9 a =w>d direction to =m ! ar* ( a circle :i* is ! conv]se ( t =m$ by ! "r foot1 if ! arcs alt]nately suppli$ by ! "r foot & ! trunk are plac$ 9 opposition1 a m or less p]fect circle is produc$1 & ?us x is t ! locomotion ( animals is approximat$ to ! :eel 9 me*anics40 ,h5ce we roll1--b n f> en\gh1--we approximate 9 nature1 b rea* ! goal by man's g5ius2 %[n 9 ! full circul> :eel4 ,x w be se5 f ! foll[+ 7p4 #ea7 t ! bones 9 man are n arrang$ = high spe$2 h5ce we mu/ make up = ?is defici5cy4 8,! spe$ atta9$ by man1 al?\gh consid]able1 is n rem>kable2 x dep5ds on a v>iety ( circum/ances1 su* z height1 age1 sex1 & muscul> en]gy ( ! individual1 ! nature ( ! surface to be pass$ ov]1 & ! resi/ance to =w>d motion due to ! pres5ce ( air :e!r /ill or mov+4 ,a ref]5ce to ! human skeleton1 p>ticul>ly its inf]ior extremities1 w expla9 :y ! spe$ %\ld be mod]ate40 ,page #eb4 8,ano!r drawback to great spe$ 9 man 7z di/+ui%$ f animals7 is1 444 "p ( ! p[] :i* %\ld move 7s]ve z a motive p[]7 444 is d$icat$ to support+ ! trunk40 ,n[1 9 ! cycle me?od we support ! trunk all "r1 b %\ld app>5tly make m use ( ! arms1--inv5tors take notice4 ,page #ef4 8,9 ?is respect ! human limbs1 :5 all[$ to oscillate1 exactly resemble a p5dulum40 ,"h is ! tr\ble ) nature2 !re is too mu* oscillation in/ead ( cont9u\s rotation2 nature does n g f> en\gh4 ,page #eh4 8,! trunk also rotates 9 a =w>d direction on ! foot :i* is plac$ on ! gr\nd = ! "t be+2 ! rotation beg9s at ! heel & t]m9ates at ! toes40 ,?us ! rotation is all "r s f> z x goes4 ,page #fj4 8,! "r side ( ! trunk has n[ rea*$ its highe/ level & is 9 ! act ( roll+ ov] ! "r foot40 ,h5ce see ! ef=t ( nature to roll4 ,page #fa4 8,9 trav]s+ a giv5 di/ance 9 a giv5 "t a tall man w take few] /eps ?an a %ort man1 9 ! same way t a l>ge :eel w make few] revolutions 9 travell+ ov] a giv5 space ?an a small] "o4 ,! nave ( a l>ge :eel corresponds to ! ilio-femoral articulation 7hip-jo9t7 ( ! tall man1 ! spokes to 8 legs1 & portions ( ! rim to 8 feet40 ,we ?ank nature v mu* = ?is sugge/ion ( ! :eel2 )\t x p]haps we %\ld nev] h conceiv$ ( ! v]itable :eel itself4 ,i also f9d f ano!r "w3#c 8,liv+ be+s h frequ5tly & 9 e age be5 comp>$ to ma*9es1 b x is only 9 ! pres5t day t ! be>+ & ! ju/ice ( ?is comp>ison is fully compreh5sible40 ,page #fg4 8,"o might f9d 9 ! animal organism _m o!r appliances ! arrangem5t ( :i* resembles t ( ma*9es inv5t$ by man40 ,page #ia4 8,let u exam9e f ?is po9t ( view ! articulation 9 ! foot ( man3 we see 9 ! tibio-t>sal articulation a curvature ( small radius40 ,page #aab4 8,9 addition to ?is ! body is incl9$ & drawn up aga92 at ea* movem5t ( "o ( ! legs x revolves on a pivot40 ,& s on 9 all works on animal locomotion w ev] be f\nd a cont9ual ref]5ce to radius1 r\ndness1 & roll+4 ,^! quotations %[ t :ile we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! cycle 7 anticipat$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by nature1 we may yet take great cr$it ^u ourselves = develop+ ! new or improv$ me?od to su* a p]fect & useful degree4 ,to ! oscillat+ features f\nd 9 ! human organism ! g5ius ( man has add$ a full circul> revolv+ me*anism1 pu%+ fur!r nature's aspiration to roll4 ,nature rolls a little1 & !n rolls back aga92 man has s improv$ ^u himself by ! addition ( a :eel t he c roll on =ev]4 ,x is q evid5t t by su* means he saves mu* en]gy2 let u n[ det]m9e if possible h[ ?is sav+ c be /ill fur!r increas$4 ,! :ole "q ( ! advantages ( ! cycle me?od or :eel locomotion mu/ resolve itself into "o ( r$uction ( organic friction z %[n by fatigue 9 ! body4 ,all inorganic friction1 su* z metallic friction 9 ! ma*9e & ^u ! road1 mu/ be f9ally ov]come at ! exp5se ( organic friction due to ! ex]cise ( ! muscles 9 man4 ,)\t /opp+ to discuss su* pr(\nd que/ions z to j :at organic friction is1 or z to h[ ! display ( en]gy creates friction1 we w conf9e ourselves to ! m tangible problem1--to wit1 improvem5ts ^u ! improvem5t2 t is to say1 grant+ ! cycle me?od to be an improvem5t ^u ! leg me?od1 we w discuss improvem5ts 9 ! cycle me?od4 ,we feel p]fectly ju/ifi$1 f our own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 9 adopt+1 z a basis ^u :i* to build all future improvem5ts1 ! broad pr9ciple und]ly+ ! int]v5tion ( cont9ually roll+ :eels betwe5 ! rid] & 8 road-way4 ,n[1 we ask1 :at are ! requirem5ts app]ta9+ p>ticul>ly to ?is :eel me?od8 ,9 ord] to approa* ! subject logically1 ,i repeat t ! fundam5tal requirem5t is ! r$uction ( organic friction or fatigue ( ! body4 ,! above requirem5t is met 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 directly2 t is to say1 by work+ ! muscles ( ! body to ! be/ possible advantage2 secondly1 indirectly1 by r$uc+ ! inorganic friction su* z is f\nd 9 ! ma*9e & 9 its action ^u ! road4 ,we %all attack fir/ ! r$uction ( direct organic friction by discuss+ ! mann] ( apply+ ! en]gy ( man to revolve ! :eel2 8 position & economy ( p[]2 & secondly1 ! r$uction ( ! indirect or inorganic friction 9 ! ma*9e by regulat+ ! size ( ! :eels & weight !re(1 ! jolt or j>1 ! friction ( ! p>ts "o ^u ano!r1 loss ( mom5tum1 & su* o!r problems z may pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( our discussion4 ,! t]ms us$ 9 ?is book h]eaft] w be l>gely arbitr>y4 ,man-motor & locomotive c>riages1 velocip$es1 unicycles1 bicycles1 tricycles1 t&ems1 & all su* t]ms w be includ$ m or less 9 ! broad t]ms 8cycle0 & 8cycle-me?od40 ,:]ev] any di/9ctive feature is to be made prom95t1 !n su* qualify+ adjuncts or special t]ms w be us$ z express x4 ,9 speak+ ( diff]5t /yles ( bicycles1 we w adopt ! "n 8,ord9>y0 = ! prom95t =m ( ma*9e :i* is provid$ ) a l>ge :eel fifty to sixty in*es 9 front1 ) a crank movem5t1 & ! usual fifte5- to tw5ty-in* re> :eel4 ,! rec5t re>-crank driv]1 ) ! two :eels ( ab\t equal size1 we w recognize z ! 8,rov]0 patt]n1 9 def]5ce to ! p :o fir/ pu%$ x into ! m>ket & s nam$ x4 ,o!r t]ms w be adopt$ :i* w be self-evid5t to all acqua9t$ ) ! art4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! engrav+s 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ?is book1 :i* w give an idea ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ma*9es us$ 9 ! art4 #a ,animal ,me*anism1 #fe4 #b ,j4 ,bell ,pettigrew1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e41 8,animal ,locomotion40 #c ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 ,college ( ,france1 ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 8,animal ,me*anism10 #ahhg1 p4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,direct ,,application ,,( ,,p[]4 ,x is evid5t t "o ( ! greate/1 if n ! v greate/1 ( ! requirem5ts ( a practical road :eel1 or a man-motor c>riage1 is t ! p[] ( ! rid] %all be transmitt$ to ! said :eel 9 ! mo/ direct mann] possible2 t is1 by caus+ ! /ra9 to come ^u ! muscles 9 su* a way t ^! muscles %all be plac$ 9 ! be/ possible position to ov]come su* /ra91 & to take advantage ( su* conditions z nature has already provid$ =1 9 tra9+ our muscles to ! "w we h _h to d "u ! old rgime1 )\t ! :eel4 ,! muscles ( man are be/ adapt$ to a direct pull or pu%4 ,if we pu% ^u a weight ) ! muscles at an angle to ! direction 9 :i* we want ! weight to move1 ! effective p[] is limit$ 9 ! same way t ! effect ^u a weight is limit$ if we pu% at x 9 a direction at an angle to t 9 :i* we wi% to move x2 t is to say1 n ! total1 b only a portion ( ! p[] w be effective 9 mov+ ! weight4 ,! above facts apply p>ticul>ly to our subject :5 we desire to transmit motion to a :eel by means ( ! weight or gravity ( our bodies4 ,gravity act+ d[nw>d 9 a v]tical l9e1 if we are n plac$ ov] ! resi/ance1 ! resultant effect is 9 proportion to ! cos9e ( ! angle at :i* we "w1 z foll[s3 ,let ,w ! weight ( ! man & a be ! c5tre ( gravity & also ! location ( ! s\rce ( p[] ( said weight1 & let c repres5t ! po9t at :i* x is desir$ to apply ! p[] to turn ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[] angle4 ,n[1 x is kn[n t ! weight ,w1 act+ by gravity 9 ! direction ab1 may be tak5 z proportional to ! l5g? ( ! l9e ab1 & ! portion ( ! pressure ,p 9 ! direction ac1 :i* w be effective to turn ! :eel1 may be tak5 z proportional to ,p ac ac ! l5g? ( ! l9e ac2 t is1 ------ --------1 or ,p -------- ,w1 ,w ab ab ac :]e -------- is evid5tly always less ?an unity4 ,n[1 if ! angle bac ab ac is ?irty degrees1 & ,w #aej p\nds1 ,w times -------- is #acj p\nds4 ab ,or1 by trigonometry1 ! weight ,w1 act+ 9 ! direction ab1 by gravity z 9 work+ a cycle1 w h a resultant 9 ! direction ac repres5t+ ! p[] act+ to turn ! :eel equal to ,w cos bac4 ,if ! angle bac is ?irty degrees & ,w #aej p\nds1 !n ,w cos bac #acj p\nds4 ,n[1 9 ord] to /ill get "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( =ce on ! :eel1 a pull on ! h&le-b>s w\ld h to be giv5 suffici5t to make up ! lo/ tw5ty p\nds1 :i* ! rid] w\ld get )\t any pull on ! b>s if plac$ directly ov] ! "w4 ,?is pull1 :ile n fatigu+ to ! legs beyond ! necess>y requirem5t ( p[]1 is an entire loss ( "w 9 ! arms1 & mu/ tell on ! sy/em4 ,?is is all an additional loss to t :i* ensues f ! fact t nature has fitt$ u to /& upright & n to "w 9 an angul> position2 our e-day exp]i5ce 9 walk+ gives u practice 9 a direct v]tical /ra9 on ! muscles ( ! body1 & we %\ld make x a po9t to apply our =ce z nature int5d$1 9 s f> z x is applicable to our :eel me?od4 ,^! conditions apply m or less to any =m ( locomotion1 & p>ticul>ly to ! cycle4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks we are amply ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ! resultant =ce available 9 ! application ( ! physical p[] ( man is 9 proportion to ! cos9e ( ! angle at :i* he ex]cises ?is =ce4 ,we are well aw>e t _m app>5t v>iations w occur :5 s rigid a ma!matical fact comes to be appli$ to ! ex]cise ( man's en]gy 9 driv+ a bicycle2 b all we c>e = is to lead ! read] well up to ! po9t by means ( reason+1 :i* we hope w give at lea/ a p>tial hypo!sis = a conclusion well demon/rat$ by practical exp]i5ce4 ,we ass]t t :5 we consid] ! application ( ! gravity ( ! body to "w on ei!r a bicycle1 or to o!r "w ( simil> requirem5ts1 our ma!matical demon/ration is /rictly true4 ,x is ju/ifiable1 !re=e1 f a purely !oretical /&-po9t1 to say t ! rid] ( a bicycle wants to get directly ov] ! "w2 let u see h[ our exp]i5ce demon/rates ?is conclusion4 ,take fir/ ! diff]5ces betwe5 a mod]n ord9>y bicycle & ! old velocip$e1 or 8bone-%ak]10 s call$4 ,! =m] is light] & bett] made2 b ! "o great diff]5ce is t ! rid] is m ne>ly ov] 8 "w4 ,x 0 ?is "o advance :i* enc\rag$ ! developm5t ( o!r m9or diff]5ces :i* _h be5 r\ghly ?\ght out be=e4 ,9 fact1 ! ,pat5t ,(fice %[s t _m ( ^! improvem5ts 7 on record1 b !re w\ld h be5 little use = !m if ! rid] _h n work$ himself up into a place :]e he c\ld d some?+4 ,j :o rais$ him up f a midway position betwe5 ! two :eels1 ! saddle sev5ty-five degrees back ( ! v]tical ?r\gh ! drive-:eel axle1 z 9 ! old bone-%ak]1 to ne>ly ! top ( ! =w>d :eel1 work+ at an angle ( ?irty degrees1 z 9 "s ord9>ies1 we w n attempt to say2 b :5 he got !re he has be5 will+1 = a long "t at lea/1 to try to /ay !re1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( frequ5tly go+ d[n on ! o!r side1 mu* to 8 annoyance1 p>ticul>ly z ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ?+ compell$ him to g d[n ! o!r end up1 :i* end nature did n int5d = t]re/rial impact4 ,x may z well be /at$ j "h1 h[ev]1 t :5 our rid] rais$ & mov$ 8 saddle =w>d he w\ld h gone cle> up to ! v]tical _h x n be5 t x 0 absolutely impossible = him to /ay !re at all )\t hang+ a heavy c\nt]-balance some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! re> :eel1 a s*eme :i*1 by ! way1 has be5 really recomm5d$ 9 mod]n cycle hi/ory4 ,"o excuse = dwell+ ^u ! =ego+ diss]tation is t _m casual obs]v]s & "s rid]s1 /range z x may seem1 ass]t t 9 ! developm5t ( ! mod]n re>-driv+ ,rov] patt]n1 we h be5 retrograd+ to ! old velocip$e1 :]eas1 9 fact1 we h made ano!r /ep =w>d ( a simil> nature to t spok5 ( be=e 9 rais+ ! rid] up above ! po9t ( application ( p[]4 ,9 ! ,rov] ma*9e we h l&$ ! rid] practically :]e1 z be=e said1 he c\ld n rema9 at all be=e2 b 9 ?is new ma*9e he has ga9$ ! advantage ( be+ able to /ay !re4 ,?us our rid] has be5 gradually gett+ up & ov] ! "w4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 us$ 9 ord] to facilitate ?is op]ation1 b1 un=tunately = our p[]-developm5t !ory1 _m ( ! *anges h be5 c\pl$ ) ! safety feature s prom95tly t1 9 ef=ts by mak]s to place ! rid] 9 ! be/ possible position = "w1 ! safety feature is all t ! casual obs]v] has be5 able to see2 !re=e x is t 9 sev]al ma*9es1 su* z t call$ ! 8,extraord9>y ,*all5ge10 ! sales h be5 made m on ! /r5g? ( safety ?an on _! o!r great po9t ( real m]it1 ! advantage 9 p[]4 ,9 su* ma*9es1 ! rid] has (t5 be5 surpris$ to f9d t he _h m p[] ?an he suppos$1 b hav+ b\ght 8 m\nt ) a view to safety1 & x be+ /ill f\nd to conta9 almo/ z great an elem5t ( risk z he be=e incurr$1 consid]able disfavor has be5 ! result4 ,_h ! elem5t ( increas$ p[] be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood & appreciat$1 su* ma*9es w\ld1 9 spite ( ! great det]ioration 9 appe>ance1 h be5 reg>d$ m k9dly4 ,no bett] illu/ration 9 o!r arts ( ! desire & t5d5cy ( ! op]ator to get ov] 8 "w c be _h ?an 9 t ( ! ord9>y foot-la!4 ,no mak] ( la!s w\ld ?9k ( atta*+ a treadle 9 su* a mann] t ! workman c\ld n p]* himself directly ov] x4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts on foot-la!s1 ! writ] f\nd t he c\ld run at a giv5 spe$ & resi/ance ?ree times z long :5 ov] ! "w z :5 /&+ "s twelve in*es back & he _h to rea* out = x2 9 fact1 x seems q evid5t t our !oretical conclusion is fully e/abli%$ 9 actual practice4 ,grant+ !n t ! direct v]tical application ( p[] by ! rid] is a desirable acquisition1 let x be call$ a fundam5tal requirem5t4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! =ego+ 9 any way ju/ifies ! swimm+ position1 or kick+ back1 :i* "s exp]im5t]s h ( late be5 prone to adopt4 ,we mu/ approa* b nev] get beyond ! v]tical limit4 ,s9ce ?is manuscript has be5 ready = ! publi%]1 articles 9 ! ,bicycl+ ,news by 8,w>rior0 & 8,semi-,rac]0 h come "u my notice1 f :i* ,i clip sections1 app]ta9+ to ?is subject1 z foll[s3 8,if1 z #8,crawl]' says1 x is a v great improvem5t to h ! saddle well ov] ! p$als1 h[ comes x t ! contr>y is n[ s univ]sally advis$1 & z mu* z f\r in*es recomm5d$ betwe5 ! l9e ( saddle-peak & ! l9e ( crank-axle8 ,!re nev] 0 a great] mi/ake made ?an :5 ! saddle 0 g5]ally plac$ 9 advance ( ! crank-axle4 ,ap>t altoge!r f its effect on ! /e]+ or easy runn+ ( ! ma*9e1 !re are two v /rong reasons :y ! saddle %\ld be kept well back4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is q impossible to sit ^u ! tub]osities design$ by nature to c>ry ! weight ( ! body unless ! legs are flex$ at ! hip-jo9ts4 ,! p>ts re/+ ^u ! saddle are1 o!rwise1 s(t & delicate /ructures1 liable to injury f ! viol5ce ( ! saddle4 ,7 x = no o!r reason1 ?is is en\gh to det]m9e ! position well to ! re> ( ! crank-axle4 ,b ano!r reason3 x is n a fact t "o has great] p[] ) ! saddle1 z sugge/$ by #8,crawl]4' ,"o may c]ta9ly ?r[ 8 weight alt]nately ^u ei!r p$al readi]1 because he is ne>] a /&+ position2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! saddle well back & ! h&les well =w>d1 ! pur*ase s obta9$ gives f> great] p[] f muscul> contraction ?an ! m]e weight ( ! body gives1 &1 inde$1 _m m muscles are call$ into action :5 ! saddle is kept back4--,w>rior40 8,) reg>d to ge>+1 ,i consid] t ! position ( ! rid] has mu* to d ) ?is also4 ,a rid] sitt+ well back c use 8 ankles mu* m effectively ?an "o "r ov] ! p$als1 & c consequ5tly ex]t a driv+ =ce ?r\gh a consid]ably great] "p ( ! /roke1 :]eas ! v]tical rid] dep5ds *iefly ^u ! weight ( 8 body dur+ a comp>atively %ort portion ( ! d[n /roke = propulsion1 & ^u ! mom5tum ( ! ma*9e to c>ry him ov] ! dead c5tre4 ,x w be f\nd1 !re=e1 t ! rid] us+ 8 ankles prop]ly w be able to drive at lea/ ?ree in*es high] ) ! same am\nt ( =ce1 &1 at ! same "t1 !re is mu* m equable /ra9 on ! ma*9e4--,semi-,rac]40 ,! quotations %[ "o great tr\ble 9 writ+ a book3 su* a long "t elapses betwe5 writ+ & publi%+1 t new facts & op9ions come up 9 ! mean "t :i* dem& att5tion & sugge/ alt]ation1 z1 = in/ance1 my =m] p>agraph 9 reg>d to ! swimm+ attitude %\ld h be5 exp&$4 8,w>rior0 c>ries 8 !ory to extremes4 ,he is all "r 9 cauti\sly avoid+ an unduly-=w>d saddle1 b :5 he places ! front tip back ( ! v]tical ?r\gh ! crank-axle1 he goes too f> & is utt]ly wrong4 ,! cause = su* div]sity ( op9ion 9 ?is matt] is t x is te/$ "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 rid+ ov] an easy1 slightly roll+ c\ntry1 ! t5d5cy to get back on ! saddle is indisputable1 = reasons not$ by 8,w>rior0 & fully treat$ ( 9 my *apt] on 8,saddles & ,spr+s 9 ,relation to ,heal?20 b notice h[ we slip =w>d1 almo/ (f ! saddle1 :5 we h any "w to d1 z 9 m\nt+ a difficult hill2 & also notice t ! f>!r =w>d we get1 & ! less ! angle at ! p$als betwe5 ! saddle & ! v]tical1 ! less w be ! pull on ! h&le-b>4 7,see e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]47 ,9 ?is connection ! v long saddles1 l>gely adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 are ( great advantage1 s9ce1 :5 n work+ h>d1 ! rid] c sit well back & !n slide =w>d :5 occasion dem&s4 ,:at 8,w>rior0 means by 8great] p[] f muscul> contraction0 is r ambigu\s4 ,i may admit t m p[] c be consum$ :5 ! saddle is back1 b ,i d5y t m effective p[] to turn ! :eel c be ma9ta9$4 ,! rid] may get m ex]cise f 8muscul> contraction0 ?an f ! effect ( 8 weight1 b he w cov] less di/ance ) equal fatigue4 ,z to 8,semi-,rac]10 8 /atem5t1 t m ankle-motion is available :5 sitt+ back1 is absurd4 ,w he n lose 9 8claw+0 =ce bel[ :at he ga9s above8 ,9 my *apt] on 8,ankle-,motion0 ,i w\ld say t ! wond]ful p[] !re9 ass]t$ z possible 0 atta9$ by hav+ ! saddle well ov] ! "w4 ,be=e dispos+ f9ally ( ?is digression1 let me express my pleasure t ^! subjects are meet+ ) g5]al & enlight5$ discussion4 ,h[ev] mu* op9ions may diff]1 ,i regret1 z a loyal ,yankee1 t we 9 ,am]ica h to dep5d s l>gely ^u cross-wat] importations = ! initiative2 b x is hop$ t su* importations may always be on ! free li/1 maugre ! high-t>iff proclivities ( ! writ] & _m o!rs l him on ?is side4 ,! next po9t ( importance is ! me*anical means :]eby ! rid] transmits a revolv+ motion to ! drive-:eel1 & to lead up to ?is let u discuss ! evolution f walk+ to rid+4 ,! actual developm5t has be5 ( a legitimate "*2 fir/1 walk+2 second1 walk+ ) ! trunk support$ on roll+ me*anism2 ?ird1 propulsion by means ( me*anical ?+s l legs1 ! entire body support$ ^u roll+ me*anism2 f\r?1 propulsion & support all by means (1 & ^u1 roll+ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,d5nis ,johnson :eel4 ,! e>ly bicycle1 su* z t ( ,d5nis ,johnson1 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,no4 #dcba1 #ahah1 did n support ! rid] entirely free f ! gr\nd4 ,x consi/$ 9 a pair ( :eels plac$ "u him1 con/itut+ a sort ( ?ird or roll+ leg1 ! feet1 ?\gh n = support1 /ill t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is ma*9e is a fair sample ( an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! era ( oscillat+ devices subjo9$ to ! trunk by nature--to wit1 ! legs--& t ( ! pres5t cycle4 ,9 ! ,johnson ma*9e ! legs are us$ = projectile =ce only1 & s]ve z a motor1 ! weight ( ! body be+ support$ on roll+ me*anism z a=esaid2 h5ce x 0 a m natural & palpable sequ5ce to walk+ ?an o!r prior contrivances 9 :i* ! rid] 0 rais$ ^u a plat=m su* z %[n 9 ! ma*9e ( ,bolton1 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,septemb] #bi1 #ahjd4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bolton ma*9e4 ,! ,bolton & simil> ma*9es really belong to a diff]5t class f t ( ,johnson1 b if we conf9e ourselves to our bicycle or balanc+-ma*9e1 ?us ?r[+ out ! ,bolton class1 ! developm5t f ! leg to ! :eel me?od proce$$ 9 ord]1 = we h next ! ,lallem5t crank-:eel1 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahff1 :i* repres5ts sub/antially ! pres5t s+le-track type4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lallem5t ma*9e4 ,"o illu/ri\s g5tleman1 ,cr(t by "n1 pat5t$ a ma*9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahgg4d ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cr(t ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,cr(t ma*9e a pair ( b>s held 9 ! h&s are us$ ) :i* to propel by pu%+ aga9/ ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( us+ ! legs z 9 ! ,johnson4 ,by support+ ! body entirely free f ! roadway1 ,cr(t takes a /ep 9 advance ( ,johnson1 b he /ill reta9s 8 propulsive p[] by means ( oscillat+ devices hav+ contact ) ! gr\nd1 & 9 ?is respect might be said to use a pair ( me*anical legs4 ,he comb9$ a walk+ me?od ) t ( roll+1 z 0 ! case ) ,johnson & ,b>on ,draise1 b he seem$ to ?9k a me*anical ext5sion to ! arms a bett] m$ium ?r\gh :i* to pass 8 en]gy ?an nature's own devices = t purpose4 ,q a numb] ( inv5tors h gone a/ray on ?is "q ( ! p[] ( ! arms 9 ^! manumotors4 ,no d\bt ! arms c\ld be made to help1 b our pres5t physical developm5t sugge/s ! legs z bett]2 especially if "o or ! o!r plan is to be us$ alone4 ,true1 ! ,cr(t ma*9e c\ld use ! entire body1 z 9 ! case ( a man %ov+ a flat-boat or sc[ ^u ! wat]1 b ! inv5tor's engrav+ does n %[ any su* ef=t z necess>y4 ,:at a pity t we did n h a s+le-track ma*9e1 propell$ by ! ,cr(t process1 betwe5 ! "t ( ,johnson & ,lallem5t2 h[ nicely x w\ld h help$ u out 9 our *ronological developm5t4 ,we ( ! :eel+ frat]nity may1 h[ev]1 take a crumb ( com=t f ! fact t ! two bicycles1 or balanc+ ma*9es1 did make _! appe>ance 9 respectful logical ord]4 ,9 nam+ ! ,bolton1 ,johnson1 ,lallem5t1 & ,cr(t ma*9es1 ,i h n tak5 ! tr\ble to asc]ta9 :e!r !y all 7 ! v fir/ ma*9es ( ! k9d 9 ! art1 nor w\ld x matt] :e!r !y 7 or n1 unless x c\ld be %[n t o!rs 7 ( equal prom95ce4 ,we %\ld n recognize m]e vag>ies z an advance 9 ! art3 ! above g5tlem5 pat5t$ _! ma*9es1 & x is !re=e reasonable to suppose t !y 7 real work]s1 & n simply *im]ical *>act]s flitt+ ab\t 9 ! m9ds ( rec5t explor]s4 ,! fam\s ,draisa9e is wor?y ( m5tion1 b our man ,d5nis w answ] all purposes ( illu/ration4 ,galv9 ,dalzell is n[ reput$ to h be5 ! fir/ to raise himself f ! gr\nd on a s+le-track ma*9e1 & back z f> z #afic "o ,ozanam1 a ,fr5*man1 is said to h made a f\r-:eel$ vehicle ( ! ,bolton type1 b driv5 by ! legs4 ,blan*>d1 ab\t #aghj1 did "s "w 9 connection ) ! subject1 & "o ,nicephore ,niepse1 we are told1 made a ma*9e ( ! ,johnson type ab\t ! ye> #ahae4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 see 8,sew+-,ma*9e & ,cycle ,news10 9 ,:eelman's ,gazette1 ,septemb]1 #ahhh4 ,9 q a rec5t edition ( ,! ,:eel ! editor gives u a little =eta/e ( a book to :i* we look =w>d ) int]e/4 ,9 x he m5tions improvem5ts by ,gomp]tz 9 #ahba1 ,m>es*al1 ,woir91 & ,leconde z hav+ work$ on cranks 9 #ahfe1 & ,david ,santon z hav+ br\ght a :eel to ,am]ica 9 #ahgf4 ,l4 ,f4 ,a4 ,revi]e1 ( ,engl&1 is said to h made ! l>ge front & small re> :eel2 ,c4 ,k4 ,brad=d1 ( ,am]ica1 ! rubb] tire2 ,e4 ,a4 ,gilman1 ( ,engl&1 anti-friction be>+s1 & ,a4 ,d4 ,*&l]1 ( ,bo/on1 is m5tion$ z an import] & rid] ( #ahgg4 #d ,?is is n a mispr9t = #aggg4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,connect+ ,,l9k ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,legs ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,:eel ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,we n[ proce$ to comp>e ! diff]5t modes :i* h be5 devis$ to transmit p[] f ! rid] to revolve ! :eel2 ( ^! !re are two pr9cipal classes1 ! simple crank & ! lev] & clut*4 ,^! devices or connect+ l9ks relate to ! motion ( ! legs z well z to ! p[] transmitt$ ?r\gh !m4 ,x is n necess>y to treat ( ! horizontal motion ( ! limbs1 z x is ( little consequ5ce provid$ ! rid] rema9s sub/antially ov] ! "w4 ,p[] is appli$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! v]tical resultant1 & ! consequ5t fatigue is ! effect ( ! am\nt ( en]gy giv5 out 9 a v]tical direction4 ,crank rid]s acquire a horizontal p[]1 or resultant =ce1 by :at we call ankle-motion1 :i* has1 to q an appreciable ext5t1 ov]come ! mo/ s]i\s inh]5t defect ( ! crank device2 )\t ?is =ce ! dead c5tre app]ta9+ to ! crank1 9 :i* ! v]tical resultant has no p[] to turn ! :eel1 w\ld h made x a prey to ! *ampions ( o!r contrivances4 ,! above rem>ks 9 reg>d to horizontal motion & resultant =ce apply equally well if ! rid] is n ov] ! "w1 except 9 t ! phraseology w\ld be diff]5t4 ,a man 9 /raight5+ out 8 leg c apply p[] 9 a c]ta9 direction or 9 a c]ta9 l9e2 n[1 if he is n ov] ! "w1 ?is w n be a v]tical l9e2 h5ce ! t]m horizontal motion w\ld h to be call$ motion at "r angles to ! l9e ( transmission ( p[]4 ,! importance ( ! dead c5tre is too great to be pass$ ov] )\t "s fur!r discussion4 ,x w\ld be a s\rce ( great satisfaction if a g5]al conclusion c\ld be rea*$ 9 ?is crank v]sus lev] & clut* controv]sy1 b aside f ! difficulty ( draw+ our conclusion !re is a lack ( a specific hypo!sis 9 reg>d to an important elem5t ( ! problem1--to wit1 t z to ! nature ( ! road & o!r resi/ance & consequ5t spe$ atta9able or usually desirable4 ,!re is little d\bt b t1 s f> z pres5t developm5ts %[1 ! crank ma*9e has excell$ ^u a smoo? road & at high spe$2 yet ?is v fact leads u to suspect t p]haps = r\gh roads & at sl[ spe$ x might be objectionable1 = x is easy to see t all que/ions ( dead c5tres w\ld elim9ate !mselves at high spe$4 ,tak+ a /eam-eng9e1 ( ! crank & pitman type1 = example1 !re is no tr\ble s long z spe$ is kept up1 b x is well kn[n t a c]ta9 velocity mu/ be ma9ta9$ or ! crank w /op at ! dead c5tre1 ev5 :5 provid$ ) a heavy fly-:eel4 ,n[1 9 a bicycle !re is practically no fly-:eel at all1 &1 to pursue ! comp>ison /ill fur!r1 we "k t if ! fly-:eel ( an eng9e 7 remov$ great tr\ble w\ld ensue2 /ill x might be possible to keep runn+ if ! spe$ 7 great en\gh4 ,x is evid5t1 f common obs]vation1 t = int]mitt+ sl[ & high spe$s an eng9e1 or any o!r ma*9e1 con/ruct$ )\t a fly-:eel mu/ be provid$ ) "s means = cont9u+ ! p[] or c>ry+ x ov] :at w\ld o!rwise be dead c5tres4 ,multiple cyl9d]s & rot>y eng9es are made to s]ve ?is purpose4 ,! commonly accept$ idea t a cycle = rac+ purposes ^u a smoo? road is a c]ta9 guide z to ! requirem5ts "u o!r conditions is !re=e h>dly ju/ifiable4 ,= be/ results ! =m ( me*anism us$ z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! legs ( nature & ! :eel ( me*anics mu/ be det]m9$1 or at lea/ be modifi$1 by ! conditions "u :i* we int5d to "w4 ,?is problem is n at all conf9$ to ! art ( cycl+1 x appe>s 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( me*anics4 ,! same "q has be5 moot$ 9 respect to sew+-ma*9es1 & non-dead-c5tre atta*m5ts h be5 made & us$ ^u !m1 b naturally ! dem& 0 n urg5t1 z ?is ma*9e comes )9 ! realm ( high-spe$ devices ) fly-:eel & ev5ly-runn+ resi/ance4 ,9 scroll saw+ by foot-p[] & 9 portable =ges1 non-dead-c5tre clut*es are us$ ) great effect4 ,h5ce our g5]al me*anical exp]i5ce makes x safe to say t su* modes ( cont9u\s application ( p[] h valuable uses applicable to ?is problem4 ,x is n attempt$ to set up a def9ite unequivocal comp>ison or dictum 9 ?is matt] z appli$ to cycles1 = x is ! desire ( ! writ] & 8 "r to make conclusions comp>able only to ! pro(s recogniz$ 9 practice1 :i* 9 ?is case1 9 ! cycle art1 appe> to be 9 favor ( ! crank ma*9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! writ]'s op9ion1 bas$ ^u 8 !ory & individual exp]i5ce1 is t we h m to fe> f ! weight1 complication1 & friction ( p>ts 9 ! lev] & clut* ?an f ! inh]5t pr9ciple ( transmitt+ p[] ^u :i* x works1 & t "s non-dead-c5tre device w f9ally prevail 9 ! be/ all-ar\nd road cycles1 if x c be reliev$ ( purely me*anical objections :i* someh[ seem to be naturally c\pl$ ) x4 ,if ! writ]'s conclusion 9 ?is respect is t5able1 ! induction w\ld foll[ t su* a sy/em1 or connect+ l9k1 =ms ! mo/ economical mode ( apply+ p[]4 ,! body c /& a /eady1 ev5 pull ^u its en]gy bett] ?an unev5 int]mitt+ j]ks1 & ,i feel sure new rid]s :o h n acquir$ ! ankle-action on ! crank cycle w agree 9 ?is4 ,?is !ory w apply to hill-climb+1 9 :i* lev] & clut* ma*9es h made s enviable a reputation4 ,! rid] has 9 clut* ma*9es an ev51 /eady resi/ance dur+ ! entire d[nw>d ?ru/1 & he does n h to get all 8 p[] d\bl$ up into a few in*es ( motion4 ,! two pr9cipal classes ( connect+ l9ks1 ! crank & ord9>y =m ( lev] & clut*1 ne$ no explanation or discussion beyond _! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics1 b !re are sev]al comb9ations ( lev] & crank :i* are ( int]e/ & prop]ly come "u ! head ( modifications ( ! crank4 ,^! modifications are num]\s 9 ! m>ket1 & !re exi/s c>d9al di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,we annex diagrams ( five di/9ct types :i* fall into two gr\ps1 ! fir/ gr\p be+ a comb9ation ( lev] & crank1 9 :i* ! foot has an oval motion1 z %[n by ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ! arr[s %[+ ! direction ( progression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! second di/9ctive arrangem5t ( lev] & crank is :]e ! lev] is pivot$ s z to return ov] ! same track 9 :i* x desc5ds1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! fir/ gr\p1 ) its oval motion1 has a decid$ advantage 9 reg>d to dead c5tre or cont9u\s p[]2 s9ce by an ankle-motion ! rid] c transmit "s p[] 9 a circul> direction to ! crank2 t is to say1 he c actually pu% to "s ext5t 9 a =w>d horizontal direction4 ,b x w be se5 t ! pivotal connection %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #e does n all[ ( any su* possibility2 ! rid] mu/ h mom5tum en\gh to ?r[ ! cranks ov] ! dead c5tre or he is lo/4 ,9 ,fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts a =m ( pivot$ treadle us$ on a reputable make ( front-driv+ ma*9e1 x w be notic$ t ! rid] has less ?an "o-half ( ! revolution ( ! crank 9 :i* any p[] c be transmitt$ at all1 :i* becomes app>5t 9 obs]v+ a p$al 9 su* devices :ile 9 motion1 f ! fact t x desc5ds m rapidly ?an x asc5ds1 ?us giv+ ! rid] less ?an half ! "t 9 :i* he c transmit any p[]4 ,we are n[ speak+ ( "o side only ( ! ma*9e2 tak+ bo? sides toge!r1 !re are two %ort arcs ( a circle 9 :i* !re c be no propulsive p[] transmitt$ to ! :eel on ei!r side4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates ?is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! desc5t ( ! lev] f b to c ! p[] w only be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! arc betwe5 d & e2 tak+ an equal arc f f to g = ! p[] giv5 on ! o!r side1 we h ! two small arcs f d & g e1 all ( ^: po9ts are dead po9ts1 & we might say we h a dead l9e4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 if ! ma*9e happ5s to be driv5 9 ! opposite direction f t ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! p$al is 9 advance ( in/ead ( 9 ! re> ( ! driv+-axle1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #e1 we h an advantage1 s9ce ! arcs f d & g e w\ld repres5t arcs 9 :i* ! rid] has p[] on bo? treadles in/ead ( on nei!r1 & x might be said t1 in/ead ( hav+ an arc ( dead c5tre or no p[]1 we h consid]ably less ?an no dead c5tre at all4 ,! lev] & crank1 ,fig4 #e1 is a device us$ on "s re>-driv+ ma*9es1--! p$al desc5ds sl[ly & asc5ds rapidly2 c]ta9ly a desirable arrangem5t4 ,t is to say1 if ! arc d e raises & d f g e l[]s ! p$al1 x w !n raise quickly & l[] sl[ly2 :]eas1 if d e l[]s & d f g e raises ! p$al1 x w raise sl[ly & l[] quickly4 ,! /udy ( :eels 9 ! m>ket made ) front-driv+ me*anism1 on ! plan ( ,fig4 #d1 sugge/s an incontrov]tible argum5t 9 favor ( gett+ ov] ! "w1 9 spite ( ! difficulty notic$ 9 respect to dead c5tres2 su* ma*9es actually h a cr$itable reputation z p[]ful hill-climb]s & r\gh-road ma*9es1 :i* c only be expla9$ on ! !ory t ! v]tical application ( p[] m ?an makes up ! defici5cy caus$ by ! arc ( no p[] at all4 ,9 speak+ ( ! second gr\p1 ,figs4 #d & #e1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! matt] ( driv+ f ei!r ! front or ! re> :eel has no?+ to d ) ! pr9ciple1 except 9 s f> z x regulates ! arrangem5t ( ! p$al & ! direction ( translation app]ta9+ !reto4 ,! diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple dep5ds on :e!r ! driv+ or ! return+ arc ( ! crank is t[>ds or f>!r f ! p$al4 ,x /rikes me t ! /yle ( lev] & crank ( ! fir/ gr\p is a k9d ( cross betwe5 ! direct crank & ! pivot$ lev] & crank ( ,gr\p ,,ii41 & especially ( ,fig4 #d ( t gr\p1 s9ce x possesses "s ( ! advantages & "s ( ! objections f\nd 9 bo?4 ,i f9d f obs]vations1 :i* w be spok5 ( lat]1 t ! ankle-p[] 9 ! direct crank is v consid]able1 & t x is dim9i%$ 9 ! oval-motion lev]1 ,gr\p ,i41 & t x disappe>s absolutely 9 ! pivot$ lev]1 ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,^! facts are really evid5t1 b z !y came )9 ! doma9 ( o!r exp]im5t1 ,i m]ely /ate ! result4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,graphic ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,p[] ,,to ,,cycles--,,k9ematics4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! con/ruction & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! driv+ me*anism1 ! road surface1 & o!r conditions control ! application ( p[] is a curi\s /udy4 ,9 connection ) x ,i h made an in/rum5t to illu/rate ! same graphically1 :i*1 = ! sake ( a "n1 we w call ! 8,cyclograph10 an engrav+ ( :i* w be f\nd bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cyclograph4 ,a frame1 ,a ,a1 is provid$ ) means to atta* x to ! p$al ( any ma*9e4 ,a table1 ,b1 support$ by spr+s1 ,e1 ,e1 has a v]tical movem5t ?r\gh ! frame ,a ,a1 & c>ries a m>k]1 ,c4 ,! frame c>ries a drum1 ,d1 conta9+ )9 x me*anism :i* causes x to revolve regul>ly ^u its axis4 ,! cyl9drical surface ( ?is drum1 ,d1 is wrapp$ ) a slip ( regi/]+ pap] removable at w4 ,:5 we wi% to take ! total foot-pressure1 ! cyclograph is plac$ ^u ! p$al & ! foot ^u ! table4 ,! drum hav+ be5 w\nd & suppli$ ) ! regi/]+ slip1 & ! m>k] ,c ) a p5cil be>+ aga9/ ! slip1 we are ready to ?r[ ! trigg] & />t ! drum1 by means ( a /r+ atta*$ to ! trigg]1 :i* is held by ! rid] s t he c />t ! app>atus at j su* "t z he desires a record ( ! pressure4 ,! foll[+ are a few sample sections cut f regi/]+ slips illu/rat+ "s ( ! po9ts discov]$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,only a few /rokes ( ! crank or lev] c be %[n2 x is evid5t t great space & exp5se ( reproduction w\ld be requir$ to give ! entire record = ev5 a small "p ( a mile4 ,x w be und]/ood1 ,i ?9k1 )\t fur!r explanation1 t ^! curves %[ ! ext5t & v>iation ( pressure ( ! foot ^u ! p$al 9 ord] to drive ! respective ma*9es "u circum/ances nam$ & describ$ by ! figures & !reaft]4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 race-track2 gett+ up /eam4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 race-track2 spe$1 eighte5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 race-track2 spe$1 t5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 race-track2 spe$1 t5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty-five2 spe$1 ab\t eight miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 />t+ up hill4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 t52 /all$ at f\r miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty-five2 curves ( bo? p$als sup]pos$4 ,illu/ration3 #eb-;in* ,ord9>y2 back p$al2 d[n hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 twelve4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-driv] ,rov] type1 #ed-;ge>2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty2 spe$1 n9e miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-driv] ,rov] type1 #ed-;ge>2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty2 cont9uation ( ,no4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-driv] ,rov] type1 #ed-;ge>2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 sev52 spe$1 t5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,lev] re>-driv]1 #cj-;in* :eels1 ge> ab\t #ej2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty2 spe$1 eight miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,lev] re>-driv]1 #cj-;in* :eels1 ge> ab\t #ej2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty2 spe$1 twelve miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,lev] re>-driv]1 #cj-;in* :eels1 ge> ab\t #ej2 up hill1 grade1 "o foot 9 tw5ty2 cont9uation ( ,no4 #ad1 ov] top ( hill4 ,a six-in* crank 0 us$ ^u ! ma*9es 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 & ! lev] action 0 su* z to be comp>able to a fifty-in* ge>4 ,! height ( a po9t on ! curve %[s ! ext5t ( & v>iation 9 p[] ^u ! p$al1 & ! translation f left to "r ! "t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! limit ( pressure occurr+ b once 9 ea* /roke1 ! numb] ( undulations det]m9es ! spe$1 s9ce x w\ld %[ ! numb] ( /rokes 9 a giv5 "t1 & we "k ! numb] t make a mile4 ,! numb] ( p\nds' pressure at any po9t on a curve is %[n by ! figures ^u ! p]p5dicul> l9e1 z1 = example1 9 ,no4 #a ! apex ( ! curve j to ! "r ( ! scale is ab\t ev5 ) ! hundr$-&-fifty-p\nd po9t2 ?is pressure 0 ma9ta9$ = a v %ort space ( "t1 s9ce ! curve travels a v %ort di/ance to ! "r at ?is po9t2 9 o!r words1 x is q %>p at ! top4 ,/rong] spr+s 7 us$ on ! ,cyclograph 9 te/+ ! safeties1 z ,i f\nd myself liable to compress !m beyond _! limit2 h5ce ! scales mu/ be closely obs]v$ 9 mak+ comp>isons4 ,among ! int]e/+ results noticeable 9 ^! exp]im5ts ,i f9d1 = in/ance1 9 ,nos4 #c & #d1 an abnormal deviation 9 ! height ( ! curves at ! same spe$ ^u ! same track at ne>ly ! same "t1 ?\gh runn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,f9d+ ?is /range diff]5ce ( "s fifty p\nds 9 pressure1 ,i notic$ an almo/ imp]ceptible breeze aga9/ me 9 ! "o1 & 9 my favor 9 ! o!r1 direction4 ,no4 #ab illu/rates h[ a hundr$-&-fifty-p\nd man gets up a pressure ( two hundr$ & =ty p\nds presumably by a n9ety-p\nd pull on ! h&le-b>4 ,9 ,no4 #i we see h[ "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds pressure is appli$ 9 back-p$all+ d[n a grade ( "o foot 9 twelve4 ,t ! curve w\ld n be v regul> is easily impress$ ^u ! m9d ( ! av]age rid]4 ,"o "p ( curve 7n %[n71 ( peculi> cont\r1 t]m9at$ exp]im5t ,no4 #i at a rut a little f>!r d[n ! hill1 ) dire results to ! op]ator & provok+ influ5ce ^u ! runn+ ge> ( ! 'graph1 :i* has be5 mak+ "s erratic curves ( its own1 n[ & !n1 ev] s9ce4 ,comp>+ ,nos4 #e1 #aj1 & #ac1 ! curve ( ! lev] ma*9e 7#ac7 indicates t1 :ile pressure is n s great z 9 ! o!rs1 x is held = a long] "t1 %[n by ! great] height & %>p] tops to ! curves ( ! crank ma*9es4 ,! %ort cross-l9es ab\t ?ree-f\r?s up on ! left sides ( ! undulations 9 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab designate ! po9ts at :i* ! crank crosses ! p]p5dicul> at ! top4 ,!re is q a pressure1 & x is a little odd t x %\ld be f\nd at ?is po9t2 x c only be attribut$ to ankle-action back ( ! natural dead c5tre4 ,9 ,no4 #f1 & to "s ext5t 9 all ! o!rs1 obs]ve ! jagg$ appe>ance 9 ! g5]al advance ( ! curves1 :i* mu/ be due to vibration3 ^! results 7 all obta9$ ^u tol]ably smoo? roads1 mo/ly 9 ,druid ,hill ,p>k1 ,baltimore4 ,no4 #f 0 tak5 ^u a road p]haps a little r\gh] ?an ! track ar\nd ! lake1 b /ill ^u an unusually smoo? surface1 & x 0 a surprise1 n to say an al>m+ discov]y1 t ?is vibration %\ld occur "u su* circum/ances4 ,! lake track1 ^u :i* results #b & #c 7 f\nd1 0 9 p]fect condition1 smoo? z a surface-plate1 & )\t ! cu/om>y spr9kl+ ( pebbles s common :5 dry wea!r has loos$ ! sett+s ( ^! t9y ob/ructions & suff]$ !m to roll out ^u ! roadway2 yet ^! figures %[ ! saw-tee?1 & ,i h be5 unable to f9d a road smoo? en\gh1 or jo9t$ ma*9e frames & spr+s good en\gh1 to make unwav]+ symmetrical l9es4 ,^! little deviations 9 ! curves always seem to %[ !mselves to ! ext5t ( sev]al p\nds 9 height 9 spite ( all alleviat+ conditions1 sugge/+ t we h mu* to /rive = 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ideal :eel free f all concussion4 ,9 ord] to judge accurately ( ! total am\nt ( p[] to turn ! :eel1 we h to consid] ! regi/] ( bo? p$als sup]pos$1 z 9 ,no4 #h1 b ! curve made ^u "o g5]ally answ]s all purposes4 ,! possibilities 9 ?is /udy are unlimit$1 &1 ) a p]fectly-accurate in/rum5t1 x /rikes me1 ! results ( mu* m def9ite be>+ ?an ^? acquir$ 9 ! silly practice ( te/+ ma*9es by ! /r5g? ( m54 ,i h refra9$ f giv+ any te/s z to ! comp>ative p[] requir$ to drive ma*9es ( ! same type & ( diff]5t manufacture1 diff]5ces be+ liable to result f a bad condition ( ! ma*9e1 su* z ! want ( oil1 or f happ5+ to get hold ( an unusually bad sample1 mak+ ! liability to d inju/ice too great4 ,! writ] does n feel himself call$ ^u to judge ( or express diff]5ces 9 quality ( workman%ip 9 g5]al1 if = no o!r reason ?an t by ! "t ! matt] goes to press1 su* m]its or defects z he might h discov]$ may *ange4 ,workman%ip does *ange1 pr9ciples nev] c2 &1 :at is m1 ! hypo!ses & conclusions 9 reg>d to pr9ciples1 treat$ ( 9 ?is or any o!r book1 are always op5 to contradiction2 if inju/ice is done to any mak] ( w>es 9 a matt] ( pr9ciple1 said mak] always has a rem$y 9 def5ce1 & if he c disprove ass]tions made 8 ju/ification is complete1 :]eas if a mi/ake ( fact is record$1 su* z ! op]ation ( a c]ta9 ma*9e1 & ! ma*9e ^u :i* ! alleg$ fact is bas$ happ5s to disappe>1 ! p>ty int]e/$ is d5i$ a j rem$y4 ,!re are ( c\rse c]ta9 crit]ia ( good workman%ip1 & ! same %\ld be t\*$ ^u 9 ord] to tea* ! read] h[ to judge ( x2 b beyond ?is no writ] %\ld be all[$ to g1 unless at lea/ he has be5 paid = adv]tis+ compet+ w>es at regul> rates4 ,! cyclograph atta*$ to ! revolv+ p$al %[s ! total am\nt ( pressure requir$ to d a c]ta9 "w on a ma*9e2 b if x is desir$ to asc]ta9 ! track resi/ance or ! friction ( p>ts alone1 x is necess>y to s place ! in/rum5t z to regi/] ! tang5tial resultant 9 turn+ ! crank1 tak+ no note ( any p[] ?r[n away by indirect application2 t is1 if we wi% to regi/] ! circul> or tang5tial resultant1 ! cyclograph is atta*$ by its frame rigidly to ! crank or lev] ( a cycle1 & ! revolv+ p$al1 :i* has be5 deta*$1 is hung ^u ! spr+ plat=m4 ,?is la/ arrangem5t is us$ 9 exp]im5t+ to asc]ta9 ! extra p[] available by ankle-motion1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,,ankle-,,motion ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,cyclograph4 ,?r\gh\t ?is "w a slight t5d5cy to urge ! elem5t ( dead c5tre z aga9/ ! crank-cycle may h be5 discov]$4 ,mak]s & rid]s :o f9d fault ) ?is app>5t praise ( lev] & non-dead-c5tre devices c d]ive consid]able com=t by ! /udy ( ankle-motion4 ,no bett] introduction to our diagrams1 %[+ ! possibilities aris+ !refrom1 c be giv5 ?an ! foll[+ extract f ! ,iri% ,cycli/1 via ,! ,bicycl+ ,news & ,:eelman's ,gazette3 8,,ankle-,,action4 8,among ! _m ?\s&s ( rid]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 says ! ,iri% ,cycli/1 v few h any desire to improve _! /yle or realize = a mom5t ! va/ importance ( correct ankle-motion4 ,y meet a rid] plodd+ along1 work+ 8 legs l pi/ons1 ) a heavy1 lifeless motion4 ,remon/rate ) him1 & see :at he w say3 #8,oh1 he c g well en\gh2 he does n believe ankle-action makes su* a diff]5ce1 & he does n want to 8scor*0 9 any case4' ,n[1 we want our read]s to grasp ^! facts4 ,any rid] c acquire a tol]able ankle-action by c>eful practice1 & ! acquisition ( su* w increase 8 p[] by ne>ly "o-f\r?1 & w enable him to ride hills nev] be=e attempt$1 & to keep up a bett] pace at ! exp5se ( ! same am\nt ( en]gy4 ,?is be+ s1 ! acquisition ( su* art %\ld be a s9e qu non to e rid]4 ,t x is s c v easily be prov$4 ,9 foll[+ ! p$al ! foot describes a complete circle4 ,suppose ! circle to be divid$ into eight segm5ts1 tak5 9 ord] f ! highe/ po9t4#e ,) a rid] :o does n use 8 ankles1 =ce is applicable only ?r\gh segm5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & 9 segm5ts #a & #d1 ! =ce n be+ appli$ at "r angles to ! end ( ! crank1 a l>ge proportion is wa/$1 & consequ5tly x is only ?or\ghly effective ?r\gh segm5ts #b & #c1 or dur+ "o-f\r? ( ! revolution4 ,! rid] :o has ma/]$ ! my/]ies ( ankle-action w drop 8 heel z ! p$al approa*es ! highe/ po9t1 & he c apply a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce ?r\gh segm5t #h4 ,aft] pass+ ! s-call$ dead po9t1 8 heel be+ /ill dropp$1 ! =ce is appli$ at "r angles to ! crank1 or ne>ly s1 & consequ5tly he c utilize 8 full p[] ?r\gh segm5t #a4 ,by rapidly /raight5+ ! ankle :5 ent]+ segm5t #b an additional impetus is imp>t$1 &1 z be=e1 full p[] c be appli$ ?r\gh segm5ts #b & #c4 ,ent]+ segm5t #d1 ! heel %\ld be rais$ & ! p$al claw$ backw>d1 & ?is claw+ action w enable ! rid] to "w pa/ ! dead po9t & well ?r\gh segm5t #e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! man :o rides ) 8 ankles /iff c only "w ?r\gh segm5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or half ! :ole circumf]5ce1 & 8 "w is ?or\ghly effective only ?r\gh segm5ts #b & #c1 or "o-f\r? ! circumf]5ce1 :]eas ! man :o utilizes 8 ankles c "w ?r\gh segm5ts #h1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 or two-?irds ! :ole circumf]5ce1 & 8 "w is ?or\ghly effective ?r\gh segm5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 or "o-half ! :ole circumf]5ce4 ,! advantage ga9$ 9 ! latt] case is self-evid5t4 ,! acquisition ( ! art is (t5 t$i\s & tr\blesome1 b if cycli/s only knew ! enorm\s increase ( p[] :i* results !y w\ld n be cont5t until !y _h ma/]$ x4 ,f ! cycl+ volume ( ! ,badm9ton ,s]ies1 writt5 by ,"l ,bury & ,g4 ,lacy ,hilli]1 we take ! foll[+ in/ructions3 8#8,seat$ ei!r on a bicycle slung s t ! :eel may revolve1 or ^u a home-tra9]1 ! beg9n] %\ld raise ! p$al to its highe/ po9t1 & !n1 /eady+ ! :eel ) ! brake1 place 8 foot ^u ! p$al1 c>efully fitt+ ! slots 9 8 %oes into _! places1 & see+ 9 any case t ! foot is /raight4 ,!n1 us+ ! ?igh muscle = ! mo/ "p1 let him ?ru/ ! foot 7& p$al7 =w>d 9 a horizontal direction2 9 fact1 a sort ( %>p =w>d kick1 hav+ ! heel dropp$ z l[ z possible1 ! toes well up1 & ! foot firmly set on ! p$al1 :i* w be at an angle4 ,?is %\ld be practis$ c>efully ) ! brake slightly on1 & = ?is purpose1 ?\gh a bicycle may be us$1 a tricycle w be f\nd mu* h&i]4 ,if no home-tra9] is available1 ! brake c be put slightly on by means ( a piece ( /r+ or /rap to ! lev]1 ti$ to any conv5i5t po9t1 & ! novice c sp5d a few m9utes daily practis+ ?is ex]cise2 9 c>ry+ out :i* programme ! left foot %\ld at fir/ be us$ m ?an ! "r4 ,z soon z ! usual awkw>dness ( ! ankle-jo9t has be5 work$ (f ?is action w be f\nd rem>kably effective 9 />t+ ! ma*9e2 aft] a "t ! ankle muscles1 & ^? ( ! calf1 w become /rong]1 & a %>p /raight5+ ( ! ankle1 z ! p$al passes ?r\gh segm5ts #a & #b1 w mat]ially aid ! propulsion ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is /raight5+ ( ! ankle w be cont9u$ until ! foot is br\ght into a position at "r angles to ! leg1 ! muscul> ef=t ( :i* %\ld n[ h by equal gradations become directly d[nw>d4 ,! p$al w n[ assume a horizontal position1 & ! p[] ( ! leg ) ! weight ( ! body & ! pull ( ! arms w all be ex]t$ to =ce x d[nw>d2 at ?is po9t ! crank ?r[ is 9 ! mo/ effective position1 & ! h>de/ "w is put 94 ,:5 ! p$al beg9s to foll[ a backw>d c\rse1 ! ankle-action becomes ( ! greate/ value4 ,! toe is gradually dropp$1 & ! heel rais$ z ! p$al gets ne>] & ne>] to ! l[e/ po9t1 ! action hav+ at l5g? rea*$ ! backw>d or 8claw+0 /age4 ,to secure ! full advantage ( ankle-"w1 ?is 8claw+0 action mu/ be v c>efully practis$2 ! toes %\ld be %>ply press$ ^u ! sole ( ! %oe z if !y 7 try+ to grasp some?+1 :il/ ! ankle %\ld be /raight5$ z mu* z possible1 ! foot be+ almo/ 9 a l9e ) ! leg1 ! calf muscles be+ /rongly retract$1 & ! backw>d pull 7:i* ( c\rse requires fitt$ %oes7 c be made practically effective ?r\gh segm5t #e1 & also ( s]vice well into segm5t #f4 ,! ineffective portion :i* exi/s on ei!r side is soon r$uc$ to a v small "p ( ! circle1 = z soon z segm5t #g is ent]$ ^u ! heel %\ld be %>ply dropp$1 & an upw>d & =w>d kick or ?ru/1 z describ$ 9 ! directions = ! fir/ position1 w lift ! p$al =w>d & upw>d ?r\gh segm5t #h1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! :ole s]ies ( actions w be repeat$4'--,bicycl+ ,news40 ,us+ ! arrangem5t ( cyclograph spok5 (1 by :i* ankle-motion may be %[n1 ,i f9d t ,i c beg9 to get a tang5tial resultant =ce on ea* crank at an angle ( eighte5 degrees back ( ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! axle ( ! drive-:eel1 beg9n+ at d & end+ at e1 ,fig4 #a1--;9 all1 ?irty-six degrees ov] a half-circle on ea* crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,ankle-p[]4 ,! diagram %[s ! sections #a to #h1 & also gives an idea ( ! extra p[]4 ,to see ! direct circul> resultant =ce to turn ! :eel1 imag9e ! l5g? ( a crank f m to n )\t ankle-motion & !n m n plus n o = ! l5g? ( ! crank ) ankle-motion add$4 ,i h be5 able at ea* ( ! po9ts a & i to get ?irty p\nds :5 ! crank crosses ! v]tical l9e at ! top & bottom4 ,?us x is discov]$ t by means ( ?is ankle-motion on bo? cranks simultane\sly1 ,i c get a =ce ( sixty p\nds 9 ! direction to turn ! :eel1 at a "t :5 absolute dead c5tre w\ld o!rwise occur1 am\nt+ to two-fif?s ( ! maximum pressure result+ f my entire weight on "o crank at ! be/ possible po9t1 directly out 9 front1 go+ d[n4 ,i h m ?an v]ifi$ ! results %[n by ! cyclograph by susp5d+ a fifty-f\r-in* bicycle1 ) six-in* cranks1 above ! floor1 plac+ myself 9 ! saddle1 & hav+ an att5dant atta* a tw5ty-p\nd weight at a po9t on ! rim1 n9ety degrees f ! bottom4 ,?is weight ,i 0 able to raise at ! dead-c5tre po9t ( bo? cranks1--t is1 v]tically up & d[n1--:i* %[s a real p[] at ! p$als ( n9ety p\nds1 or =ty-five p\nds on ea*1 & ,i d n suppose t ,i am by any means an exp]t 9 ankle-motion4 ,! above n9ety p\nds is a mu* great] %[+ ?an ,i made on ! cyclograph 9 actual runn+1 b x is reasonably c]ta9 t1 by practice1 ev5 su* an am\nt c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! case ( no ankle-motion1--t is1 ) a direct d[nw>d pressure on ! crank1--a tang5tial =ce 9 ! direction available 9 turn+ ! :eel beg9s z ! crank crosses ! v]tical at ! top1 & !n increases z ! s9e ( ! angle ! crank makes ) ! v]tical1 until su* angle rea*es n9ety degrees or ext5ds out horizontally1 aft] :i* ! p[] decreases z ! s9e ( ! angle ! crank makes ) ! v]tical bel[ ! c5tre until ! crank crosses at ! bottom1 at :i* po9t ! p[] ceases4 ,to repres5t ?is v>iation ( p[] by actual l5g? ( l9es1 app5d$ w be f\nd a diagram1 ,fig4 #b1 %[+ ! tang5tial resultant or =ce to turn ! :eel1 imp>t$ by a "o-hundr$-&-fifty-p\nd man ) & )\t ! use ( ankle-motion4 ,a ,a is a l9e %[+ ! divisions ( ! angles ?r\gh :i* ! crank passes 9 its revolution ar\nd ! axle4 ,! l9e a f i is a s9e curve4 ,us+ ! middle section & beg9n+ at ! po9t a1 :i* is t at :i* ! crank crosses ! v]tical above ! axle1 mak+ a z]o angle !re)1 we h a direct d[nw>d pressure &1 )\t ankle-motion1 z]o p[]4 ,n[1 by means ( ankle-motion on "o crank at ?is po9t we get ?irty p\nds ( p[]1 repres5t$ by ! l5g? ( ! l9e f a to b2 & by ankle-motion on bo? cranks we h sixty p\nds1 repres5t$ by ! total l5g? ( ! l9e f a to c4 ,aft] ! crank has advanc$ =w>d fifte5 degrees1 we h ?irty-n9e p\nds ( direct p[] 7m n71 & !n add+ ! ankle-p[] ( tw5ty-?ree p\nds 7n o71 we h a total resultant ( sixty-two p\nds1 repres5t$ by ! l5g? ( ! next l9e 7m o71 & s on up1 ! direct p[] increas+ & ! ankle-p[] dim9i%+ till we come to ! top ( ! curve f1 :5 we h "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( direct p[]4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! angle ( n9ety degrees1 & n[ c\nt+ f ! v]tical bel[ ! axle1 we decrease 9 p[] inv]sely z we increas$ be=e4 ,fig4 #a w %[ a little m graphically to ! eyes ( "s casual read]s h[ ! p[] exp&s4 ,take d a f i e z ! regul> sw+ ( ! crank ) no p[] at a1 !n d b f h e z ! increase ( p[] on "o & ! dott$ l9es c & g z ! auxili>y ankle-p[] on ! o!r crank add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,ankle-p[] s9e curve4 #e ,obs]ve ,fig4 #a1 p4 #eh4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,balanc+1 ,,& ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,( ,,pot5tial ,,en]gy--,,hill-,,climb+4 ,x seems p]t95t at ?is po9t to make "s fur!r di/9ction betwe5 two di/9ctive classes ( road :eels4 ,! conception 9 ! m9d ( man ( road c>riages :i* require an elem5t ( balanc+ 0 a rec5t ev5t 9 ! developm5t ( vehicles 9 g5]al1 & ! simil>ity ( ! words bicycle & tricycle1 toge!r ) ! fact t bo? are includ$ 9 ! g5]ic t]m velocip$e1 has l$ _m to ov]look a di/9ction ( balanc+1 :i* %\ld class !m "u v diff]5t heads4 ,bo? are velocip$es if we mean ma*9es run by foot-p[]2 bo? are man-motors 9 ! light t human =ce or en]gy actuates !m2 b ! two-:eel s+le-track ma*9e mu/ employ a p>ticul> faculty on ! "p ( ! rid]1 n requir$ 9 runn+ "o ( /able equilibrium4 ,x seems sup]flu\s at ?is /age ( developm5t ( ! art to enl>ge ^u ! fact t a bicycle has to be balanc$ by a p>ticul> action n requir$ 9 any o!r =m ( c>riage2 b :5 inv5tors w keep on gett+ up means to lock ! /e]+ device1 & rid]s w p]si/ 9 rem9d+ u t ! /e]+ head 8moves too easily10 x is sev]ely p]t95t to rem>k t :ile a c]ta9 law ( :irl+ bodies might %[ u t a :eel w n fall ov] q s quickly :5 roll+ z :5 /&+ /ill1 yet x is n ?is law s mu* z ! action ( /e]+ t diff]5tiates ! bicycle1 or s+le-track c>riage1 f o!r ma*9es4 ,! action ( ! h&le-b> :ile 9 motion does sub/antially1 9 balanc+ ! bicycle1 :at y w\ld d if y 7 balanc+ a cane v]tically on ! end ( y\r nose3 if ! cane />ts to fall1 y run 9 t direction ) y\r nose till y get "u ! c5tre ( gravity aga94 ,b ! bicycle c only fall sideways1 s1 :5 x t5ds to fall 9 t way1 or :5 ! c5tre ( gravity gets to "o side ( ! v]tical l9e f ! po9t ( support on ! gr\nd1 y _c run directly sideways ) ! support z y w\ld 9 ! cane illu/ration1 b y c run indirectly sideways1 nev]!less1 ) ! po9t ( support1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t y mu/ run consid]ably =w>d at ! same "t 9 ord] to %ift ! l[] extremity1 or po9t ( contact & support1 9 t direction4 ,aft] consid]able discussion ( ?is app>5tly simple subject ) em95t g5tlem5 well qualifi$ to speak on su* topics1 ! foll[+ appeals to my m9d z a m def9ite & complete explanation ?an t giv5 9 ! nose & cane case1 br++ 9 an elem5t ( ! problem omitt$ above1 to wit3 9 runn+ ! po9t ( support ( contact across & "u1 z x approa*es ! v]tical plane ( gravity & g5]al =w>d mom5tum1 ! /e]+ :eel lies slightly across ?is plane1 & its own plane is /ill out ( v]tical1 lean+ a little1 z x did be=e1 ) ! c5tre ( gravity back ( ! po9t ( support2 ! =w>d mom5tum !n ?r[s ! entire sy/em upright4 ,9 rapid runn+ ?is mom5tum does a l>ge proportion ( ! "w1 & x has be5 vigor\sly ma9ta9$ t all balanc+ is due to ?is elem5t2 = small motions1 h[ev]1 ! cane explanation is q suffici5t4 ,! =ego+ explanation ( upright+ ! bicycle is1 to my m9d1 almo/ entirely indep5d5t ( any law ( :irl+ bodies z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,an article %[+ t ?is subject is n devoid ( int]e/ or obsolete is giv5 bel[ f ! ,bicycl+ ,_w1 9 :i* ,i ?9k ! law ( :irl+ bodies w apply4 8,! ,ro*e/] :eelm5 debat$ ! "q1 #8,:y does a bicycle /& up :ile roll+ & fall d[n z soon z onw>d motion ceases8' ,! answ] decid$ to be correct 01 t #8! bottom ( ! :eel c h no side motion because x re/s on ! gr\nd2 & s9ce ! bottom is con/antly becom+ ! top & ! top ! bottom1 if ! upp] "p ( ! :eel gets any lat]al motion1 x is *eck$ by be+ br\ght r\nd ^u ! gr\nd aga9 be=e ! motion has too mu* influ5ce4'0 ,i d n suppose ?is +5i\s decision1 r5d]$ by ! high & mighty ,solons ( ! ,ro*e/] ,club1 0 a s]i\s "o2 h[ev]1 we d f9d t j su* logic is q common4 ,x is n pla9 :e!r ! "q discuss$ 0 t ( a bicycle ) or )\t a man ^u x1 b ,i take x to be ! latt]4 ,"s ( ! g5tlem5 _h no d\bt notic$ t to give ! ma*9e a %ove x w\ld keep upright = a long] "t runn+ ?an :5 /&+ unsupport$4 ,?is is purely a case ( ! law t :irl+ ?+s t5d to keep _! own plane1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! gyroscope & ! sp9n+ top4 ,9 ! runn+ bicycle )\t a man ^u x to con/antly rectify its position1 ! pr9ciple is simply "o ( ! p>allelogram ( rotations4 ,if ! :eel f any ext]nal =ce />ts to fall ov]1 or1 9 o!r words1 to revolve ar\nd a horizontal l9e normal to its geometric axis1 !n1 s9ce ! :eel is already revolv+ ab\t its axis 9 ! axle1 ! resultant ( ^! two rotations w be a rotation ab\t an axis incl9$ to ! =m] axis ( ! :eel1 :i* means t ! :eel w beg9 to circle ar\nd a c5tre at "s di/ance f ! :eel on ! side t[>ds :i* x />ts to fall4 ,?is new axis ab\t :i* ! :eel revolves w ( c\rse be 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! new plane ( ! :eel1 & w be incl9$ d[nw>d f ! horizontal plane ?r\gh its c5tre1 s t ! :eel is no long] runn+ 9 a v]tical plane4 ,! rotation ab\t ! c5tre outside ( ! :eel1 t[>ds :i* c5tre ! :eel leans1 br+s into play a c5trifugal =ce act+ to upright ! :eel2 t is1 to br+ x back to a v]tical plane4 ,n[1 if ! :eel be run along a /raight groove1 s t circl+ ar\nd a c5tre is prev5t$1 !n x w fall z quickly z :5 /&+ /ill2 or if1 9 ! bicycle1 ! /e]+-:eel be lock$ s t x w n turn out ( ! plane ( ! two :eels1 !re w\ld be no upright+ resultant1 & ! ma*9e1 accord+ to ,newton's law ( indep5d5t =ces1 w\ld fall4 ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,( ,,pot5tial ,,en]gy1 ,,mom5tum1 ,,& ,,hill-,,climb+4 ,:5 a cycli/ climbs a hill1 he n only ov]comes ! friction :i* w\ld be g5]at$ if he travell$ ov] ! same l5g? ( level road surface1 b he ought to be suppos$ to e/abli% a c]ta9 am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy1 or en]gy aga9/ gravity1 & !re=e %\ld lose none4 ,yet he does lose consid]able some:]e or he w\ld n dread ! hilly road z he does4 ,9 ?is matt] ( pot5tial en]gy 9 hill-climb+ ^u a cycle1 ! subject assumes a diff]5t aspect f t ( roll+ on or (f ob/ructions1 z 9 r\gh-road rid+ treat$ ( else:]e4 ,9 climb+ a hill !re is no loss ( mom5tum f a too sudd5 *ange 9 its direction2 ! matt] ( in]tia does n figure 9 ! case 9 any way1 & we h a m]e "q ( ! rise & fall ( a weight "u c]ta9 modifications1 said weight be+ ! rid] & 8 ma*9e1 said rise ! asc5t ( ! hill1 & ! fall ! desc5t !re(4 ,9 a purely physical s5se1 !n1 we /ore up a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy1 or1 9 o!r words1 put s mu* en]gy to our cr$it z aga9/ gravity1 & !oretically we h a "r to expect to get ! b5efit ( x4 ,to illu/rate ?is pot5tial en]gy1 suppose we place a pulley at ! top ( a hill & a rid] at ea* end ( a rope runn+ ov] ! pulley1 ) "o man at ! bottom />t+ up & ! o!r at ! top />t+ d[n ! same hill4 ,! desc5t ( "o man w\ld draw ! o!r up1 except+ t ea* w\ld h to "w only j en\gh to make up ! loss f friction1 z he w\ld 9 case ! road 7 level & ( equal l5g?4 ,i h little d\bt t 9 su* a pulley arrangem5t !re w\ld be mu* less loss ( p[] & en]gy ?an rid]s n[ exp]i5ce 9 ! actual practice ( hill-climb+4 ,to illu/rate ) "o man h[ ! pot5tial en]gy %\ld be return$ & !reby b5efit ! rid]1 let u place him at ! top ( a hill at ! bottom ( :i* ano!r hill ( ! same height beg9s1 :5ce1 by ! accel]ation ( gravity1 ! rid] ought to f9d himself at ! bottom ( ! fir/ hill ) an am\nt ( mom5tum acquir$ t w\ld s5d him to ! top ( ! next2 9 o!r words1 we might naturally expect :5 we roll d[n "o incl9e to roll j z f> up ano!r ( ! same grade1 or ( ! same v]tical height reg>dless ( ! grade1 or else we %\ld expect a return ( ! en]gy 9 s5d+ u cap]+ ov] a level road )\t fur!r labor1 until ! k9etic en]gy is exhau/$4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t su* a desirable result does n appe>1 & we notice t1 h[ev] long1 beyond a c]ta9 limit1 ! hill may be1 we h no m mom5tum or k9etic en]gy at our disposal ?an we w\ld 9 ! case ( a %ort] hill4 ,to :at c ?is loss be attribut$8 ,!re is b "o visible cause1--to wit1 our "w aga9/ ! air4 ,if all rid+ 7 done 9 a vacuum1 we w\ld m ne>ly get back our en]gy1 b someh[ or o!r ! vacuum is g5]ally 9 ! rid] & doesn't c\nt1 s !re is an end to t4 ,! rid]1 !n1 loses ! mom5tum he w\ld acquire f gravity because ! friction ( ! air is resi/+ 8 progress at ! rate (1 or accord+ to1 ! squ>e ( 8 velocity4 ,9 ord] to /ore up all ! en]gy 9 a fall+ body we mu/ all[ gravity to increase ! velocity z ! squ>e root ( ! di/ance4 ,b x is easily se5 t a rate ( spe$ w soon be rea*$ su* t ! air by impact w entirely annul all increase ( velocity1 & !re=e all ( ! mom5tum we c expect to h at ! bottom ( ! hill is j t :i* 0 acquir$ at ! "t & po9t at :i* ! impact ( ! air balanc$ ! accel]at+ =ce ( gravity4 ,?is w soon come to pass1 ev5 omitt+ o!r friction1 :i*1 9 connection ) hill-climb+1 we c af=d to omit ) good reason1 because we %\ld expect to h t to ov]come if ! road 7 level4 ,! m]e diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! surface travell$ ov] w n bo!r a cycli/ if x be a good level road1 s we mu/ blame x all on ! air2 ,i see no o!r way out ( x4 ,no mann] ( spr+s or anti-vibrators w help u out ( ?is difficulty4 ,if our rid] puts on ! brake1 !n ( c\rse !re is no "q z to :]e ! "w goes2 b1 z we all "k1 ) a safe ma*9e & an exp]t rid] ?is is n (t5 done 9 an ord9>y c\ntry4 ,9 def5ce ( our !ory ( loss ( en]gy on v long hills1 obs]ve ! fact t a m]e roll+ road is n g5]ally despis$ by ! cycli/2 9 fact1 _m pref] x to a dead level1 ! writ] be+ decid$ly "o ( _! numb]4 ,! %ort int]vals ( labor & re/1 ! cont9ual b>t] & sale ) gravity1 9 ! transf] ( en]gy to & fro1 is n by any means an uncom=table div]sion to ei!r our m9ds or bodies2 b :5 we come to suff] ! usuri\s int]e/ dem&$ by ! action ( ! air aga9/ u1 we simply draw ! l9e1 & g by ano!r road1 ev5 ?\gh ! surface !re( be n ( ! mo/ invit+ "*4 ,"s +5i\s me*anics h devis$ me*anism :]eby !y propose to /ore up ! p[] lo/ 9 ! brake action2 b x is d\btful if any rid]s w\ld c>e = x aft] !y become exp]t & d>+1 :i* !y all d 9 c\rse ( "t 9 spite ( all admonition aga9/ undue risk4 ,speak+ ( pot5tial en]gy & mom5tum1 we naturally come ^u ! "q ( ma*9e weight4 ,x is a peculi> fact t ! weight ( ! man does n =m s important a "p 9 ! bicycle ex]cise z t ( ! ma*9e1 s t if a rid] be heavi] by tw5ty p\nds ?an ano!r1 x w n g5]ally c\nt aga9/ him2 b if t weight is 9 ! ma*9e1 competition is out ( ! "q4 ,nature seems to make up 9 muscle1 or supply ( en]gy 9 "s way1 = ! extra weight 9 ! man1 b said nature is n s clev] :5 ?is weight is outside ( him4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght t a heavy man or a heavy ma*9e w desc5d a hill fa/] ?an a light]4 ,?is is n reasonable4 ,! accel]at+ =ce ( gravity be+ indep5d5t ( ! mass1 ! heavy sy/em w h ! same velocity at ! bottom1 & mom5tum be+ repres5t$ by mass1 times velocity1 ! increas$ mass w increase ! mom5tum2 b ! spe$ is ! same3 ?is extra mom5tum is requir$ 9 rais+ ! heavi] sy/em to ! same height z ! light]4 ,b ev5 if ! rid] %\ld get ! b5efit ( all ! en]gy he /ores 9 climb+ a hill1 !re is /ill an indisputable objection to a heavy :eel1--to wit1 a man c labor long & cont9u\sly at a /ra9 )9 reasonable limits1 & c d a l>ge am\nt ( "w !reby2 b to /ra9 ! sy/em beyond ^? limits1 & attempt to /ore up too mu* en]gy 9 too %ort a space ( "t1 is to make nature revolt1 resi/ ! imposition1 & refuse to be appeas$ = "s "t to come & (t5 n at all2 9 %ort1 an ov]/ra9 is bad1 & by a heavy ma*9e1 no matt] :at am\nt ( en]gy y may /ore up at ! top ( ! hill1 if 9 s do+ nature has be5 ov]tax$1 x w result disa/r\sly4 ,s we see t1 outside ( all me*anical que/ions ( mom5tum & pot5tial en]gy1 !re is a vital objection to heavy ma*9es on purely physiological gr\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,curves ,,( ,,translation1 ,,9 ,,ma*9es ,,( ,,:i* ,,! ,,diamet]s ,,or ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,:eels ,,diff]1 ,,( ,a ,,po9t ,,tak5 ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,relative ,,position ,,on ,,! ,,sev]al ,,saddles--,,consequ5t ,,concussion ,,& ,,effect ,,^u ,,mom5tum4 ,9 discuss+ ?is matt] x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! prop] po9t ^u :i* to base calculations is t po9t 9 ! saddle at :i* ! motion ( ! ma*9e may be suppos$ to be transmitt$ to ! rid]2 ?is happ5s to be v ne> ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sy/em1 & is also q ne> ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! man4 ,! motion is ( c\rse p>tially transmitt$ to ! rid] at ! p$als1 b we w = ! pres5t waive t modification4 ,simple z ! runn+ ( two :eels ov] an ob/ruction seems to be1 !re are "s int]e/+ po9ts to /udy4 ,x 0 a surprise to ! writ]1 & x is 8 hope t x may be ( int]e/ to o!rs1 t ! saddle1 & ( consequ5ce ! rid]1 actually goes backw>d at times :5 ! :eels are runn+ =w>d2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! ma*9e rolls sl[ly f a f\r-in* ob/acle1 z %[n by ! curve ( ! po9t 9 ! fifty-two-in* ,ord9>y giv5 bel[1 & also p>ticul>ly 9 ! advance ^u ! same ( ! ,/> re>-driv]4 ,?is rev]sion ( mom5tum sometimes results 9 a drop ( ! re> :eel1 b x is always an actual react+ =ce 9 ! front4 ,we feel ! curves v pla9ly on a rigid ma*9e1 b x is a satisfaction to "k exactly :at !y are & :at ! spr+s mu/ ov]come4 ,,motion ,,at ,,! ,,saddle ,,z ,,:eels ,,roll ,,ov] ,,an ,,ob/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,ord9>y1 #eb ,f41 #ah ,r42 #d-;94 ob/ruction2 saddle tw5ty degrees back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #b4 ,rational ,ord9>y1 #eb ,f41 #ah ,r42 #d-;94 ob/ruction2 saddle ?irty degrees back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,lev] ,re>-driv] ,/>1 #ah ,f41 #eb ,r42 #d-;94 ob/ruction2 saddle tw5ty degrees =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,/>1 #bj ,f41 #eb ,r42 saddle v]tically ov] axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,/>1 #bd ,f41 #ci ,r42 saddle ov] axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,kang>oo1 #dj ,f41 #ah ,r42 saddle tw5ty-five degrees back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,re>-driv] ,rov]1 #cj-;94 :eels1 elev5 in*es ap>t2 saddle =ty in*es high1 twelve in*es =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,re>-driv]1 #cj ,f41 #bd ,r42 saddle =ty in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,d5nis ,johnson1 #cj-;94 :eels2 saddle ?irty in*es high1 midway betwe5 :eels4 ,! diagrams %[ ! pa?s ( ! po9t 9 ! v>i\s ma*9es pass+ ov] a f\r-in* ob/ruction2 ,f designates ! front & ,r ! re> :eel1 & ! arr[s indicate ! direction ( translation1--t is1 ! way ! ma*9e is runn+4 ,! degrees designate ! angle betwe5 l9es f ! drive-:eel axle1 "o ext5d+ v]tically & ! o!r ?r\gh ! saddle2 sometimes also express$ 9 in*es ( horizontal di/ance betwe5 v]ticals ?r\gh ! re> axle & saddle4 ,! heights or top po9ts ( ! curves f ! base l9e %[ ! am\nt ! ma*9e is rais$ at ! saddle z ea* :eel passes ov] ! ob/ruction2 ^! heights give inf]5tially ! position ( ! saddle betwe5 ! :eels1 or1 r1 betwe5 ! v]tical l9es ?r\gh ! respective axles !re(1 s9ce ! ne>] ov] a :eel ! saddle is plac$ ! m x w be elevat$ :5 ! :eel passes ov] ! ob/ruction4 ,aga91 f ! location ( ! saddle ) ref]5ce to ! axles we c det]m9e ! am\nt ( weight c>ri$ by ea* :eel1 ! weight ea* c>ries be+ proportional to ! respective di/ances f ! saddle horizontally4 ,! sum ( ! heights ( ! two curves f ! g5]al level w be ! height ( ! ob/acle4 ,!oretically !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( "w requir$ to pass ov] an imp$im5t1 no matt] :]e ! saddle is plac$1 z ! man mu/ be rais$ 9 all to ! height ( ! same1 & x does n matt] :e!r he is lift$ up half way twice or all ! way once 9 s f> z ! am\nt ( labor is conc]n$4 ,! man & ! ma*9e mu/ be lift$ up to a c]ta9 height 9 "s way2 z x happ5s1 x is m com=table to be lift$ twice ?r\gh half ! di/ance ?an all at once2 b ?is %\ld n affect ! actual "w done nor ! en]gy exp5d$4 ,our scale 9 ! /udy ( ?is "q is "o-sixte5? ( an in* to ! in*2 !re=e 9 ^! diagrams "o-eigh? ( an in* repres5ts two in*es 9 ! full-size bicycle4 ,9 ?is connection also x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ! effect ^u mom5tum is n %[n entirely by ! cont\r ( ^! l9es2 ! sudd5 /oppage or *eck+ ( ! sy/em is g5]ally %[n by a v]tical t5d5cy 9 ! curve1 b a v disagreeable %ock to ! body may occur & mom5tum be lo/ )\t any deviation 9 ! curve :atev] :51 = in/ance1 9 ! mo/ pron\nc$ case1 ! saddle goes /raight back ^u its c\rse4 ,?is is %[n by means ( ! %ort v]tical or div]g+ l9es ^u ! curves4 ,^! %ort l9es %[ ! di/ance =w>d ! po9t 9 ! saddle travels 9 proportion to ! advance ( ! :eels 9 a =w>d direction 9 space2 ea* %ort l9e indicates an advance ( two in*es 9 ! :eels4 ,:5 ! l9es are bel[ ! curve1 ! saddle has actually dropp$ backw>d1--t is1 x has be5 directly rev]s$ 9 its c\rse4 ,:5 ! %ort l9es ^u ! curve are close toge!r1 x %[s t ! saddle & rid] are be+ *eck$ proportionately z ^! l9es are less ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! normal pace ( ! mom5tum ( ! heavi] p>ts is sl[] ?an t ( ! :eels1 x is %[n by ! l9es be+ m ?an an eigh? ( an in* ap>t4 ,9 ?is case !re is a t5d5cy to increase ! mom5tum in/ead ( decreas+ x1--a /ate ( affairs n s mu* to be deplor$ if x 7 n evid5t t x is equally *eck$ at "s o!r po9t4 ,we "k1 9 practice ) ! ,ord9>y1 t ! loss ( mom5tum by sudd5 *eck+ c only happ5 to ! full ext5t :5 ! pace is reasonably sl[2 %\ld ! mom5tum be too great x w simply refuse to be int]f]$ ) 9 its =w>d c\rse1 & ! re> :eel w leave ! gr\nd ) a result & 9 a mann] q well kn[n4 ,9 ! saf] =ms ( bicycles1--^? f :i* a head] is improbable1--)\t prop] spr+s1 ! rid] w simply slide =w>d on ! saddle1 caus+ consid]able loss ( mom5tum besides t due to vibration1 s9ce he mu/ aft]w>ds slide himself back aga94 ,ref]r+ to ! diagrams1 ,fig4 #a %[s ! ,ord9>y bicycle ) a fifty-two-in* front & an eighte5-in* re> :eel4 ,! front :eel m\nts ! ob/acle ) "s difficulty1 ! curve upw>d be+ r sudd5 9 its *ange ( direction f ! base l9e1 ?us %[+ t ! mom5tum is *eck$ v rapidly2 see ! %ort v]tical l9es ^u ! curves1 :i* are ab\t "o-half ! di/ance ap>t ( ^? on ! base l9e betwe5 ! curves & at ! ends4 ,also notice t ,f 7! front :eel7 c>ries ?ree-f\r?s ( ! weight1 "o curve be+ ab\t ?ree times z high z ! o!r4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! easy & gradual curve %[n by ! m\nt+ ( ! small re> :eel ,r2 x w\ld seem to %[ t ! great clamor ( !ori/s = l>ge re> :eels 9 ! ,ord9>y is some:at unw>rant$2 ! drop d[n & back 9 roll+ (f ! ob/acle w be se5 to be q sudd51 b notice n v mu* m s ?an 9 ,fig4 #b1 :i* %[s ! ,rational1 s call$1 ) a fifty-two-in* driv] & tw5ty-f\r-in* re> :eel4 ,! l>ge re> :eel affects ! drop to "s ext5t1 b 9 all ob/acles "u f\r in*es 9 height !re is no p]ceptible b5efit d]iv$1 at lea/ n su* z to w>rant ! extra weight & dis>rangem5t ( ! /e]+4 ,fig4 #c %[s a ma*9e ) a fifty-two-in* re> driv]1 ,r1 & an eighte5-in* front /e]+ :eel1 ,f1 ) ! saddle tw5ty degrees 9 front ( ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! driv+ axle4 ,! curves are j ! rev]se ( ! ,ord9>y2 9 ! latt] ! quick drop1 d[n & back1 ( ! re> :eel 9 leav+ is comp>able to ! backw>d ?ru/ ( ! front :eel 9 ,fig4 #c runn+ ^u ! ob/ruction4 ,no ma*9e 9 ! m>ket at pres5t makes exactly ! curve ( ,fig4 #c2 x is ab\t t :i* ! ,am]ican ,/> w\ld make ) its saddle a little f>!r =w>d1 & t ( a rec5t re>-driv+ crank ma*9e call$ ! 8,eagle40 ,fig4 #d %[s ! ,am]ican ,/>1 z commonly se51 ) a fifty-two-in* re> driv] & ! saddle directly ov] ! driv+ axle4 ,?is curve %[s no elevation ( ! saddle z ! front :eel m\nts ! ob/acle1 b a radical *eck to ! mom5tum is %[n2 obs]ve ! curve 7,f71 & note t ! saddle is =c$ back 9 ! ord] ( ! small num]als1 advanc+ to #a1 go+ back to #b1 !n on to #c & #d1 :i* %[s t ! mom5tum is n deviat$ up or d[n1 b is directly rev]s$ 9 its c\rse4 ,fig4 #e %[s a new ma*9e ( ! ,/> patt]n1 ) tw5ty-f\r-in* front /e]]1 ,f1 & a ?irty-n9e-in* re> driv]1 ,r4 ,! *eck 9 ! mom5tum is n s radical z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 z ! front :eel m\nts ! ob/acle4 ,! "o %ort l9e bel[ ! curve %[s ! backw>d ?ru/4 ,! sudd5 *eck 9 /rik+ an ob/acle1 ) ! ma*9es la/ ref]r$ to1 %[s ! necessity & enorm\s advantage ( a =w>d give to ! saddle support adopt$ 9 "s ( ^? patt]ns4 ,?is arrangem5t is n s necess>y 9 ! ,ord9>y1 yet x w\ld d no h>m1 = x w be se5 t ! l>ge front :eel ( ! latt] /rikes ! ob/acle ) q a sudd5 upw>d curve & *eck 9 ! mom5tum suffici5t to ju/ify its use4 ,9 ! ,/>1 ,eagle1 & su* o!r types ! man is rais$ ^u ! ob/acle entirely by ! l>ge re> :eel1 :i* c>ries ne>ly all ( ! weight1 z %[n by ! height ( ! curve2 x raises beautifully ^u ! ob/ruction ) little or no *eck 9 ! mom5tum1 ! div]g+ l9es %[+ ab\t ! same di/ance ap>t z at ! base4 ,x has be5 ?\ght to be an advantage to r$uce ! weight ^u ! front :eel1 b ! importance is v mu* exagg]at$2 x w r$uce ! impact 9 dropp+ d[n f an ob/ruction1 & w ?us cause less annoyance 9 r\gh-road rid+2 /ill ?is does n alt] ! fact t ! mom5tum 9 ! man & "p ( ! ma*9e is n only /opp$1 b rev]s$ backw>d1 z %[n 9 ! diagrams4 ,if ! :eel 7 lift$ entirely free f ! gr\nd be=e advanc+ ^u ! ob/ruction1 x is obvi\s1 !n1 t no h>mful result w\ld ensue1 n s mu* because ! jolt & impact 9 dropp+ (f is obviat$1 b = ! reason t ! mom5tum =w>d is n int]f]$ )4 ,if ! rid] %\ld run full =ce aga9/ a wall ) 8 =w>d :eel1 x w\ld be ( little consequ5ce to him :e!r !re 0 any weight ^u x or n2 x is n always a "q ( v]tical di/urbance or ( ! action ( gravity t is ( annoyance to ! bicycle rid]2 x is sometimes bett] to h a heavy weight ^u a :eel if x c be kept 9 contact ) ! ob/ruction1 z1 = in/ance1 ^u ! front :eel ( ! ,ord9>y :5 x rolls (f1 z x w be se5 t ! curve %[s a spl5did cont\r by :i* to give a good pull on ! ma*9e4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! ,kang>oo type1 ) a =ty-in* front driv] & an eighte5-in* re> :eel2 ?is curve pres5ts v little *ange f t ( ! ,ord9>y4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates ! ,rov] type1 hav+ two ?irty-in* :eels ) _! c5tres =ty-"o in*es ap>t1 ! saddle =ty in*es high & twelve in*es 9 front ( ! v]tical ?r\gh ! re> axle4 ,! m]e cont\r ( ! curve 9 ! la/ figure m5tion$ w\ld be some:at mislead+ did ! div]g+ l9es n %[ t 9 ! roll+ (f ( ! re> :eel ! mom5tum is consid]ably *eck$1--t is1 ! saddle moves m sl[ly =w>d ?an ! normal =w>d pace ( ! :eels1 ?\gh !re is no direct rev]sion ( ! mom5tum1 z occurs 9 ! ,ord9>y & "s o!rs4 ,9 ?is connection let me call p>ticul> att5tion to a c>d9al di/9ction ) ref]5ce to ! action 9 roll+ ^u & f an ob/ruction4 ,if ! :eels 9 desc5d+ hold ! man back 9 ord] to rema9 9 contact & ?us roll (f1 x w1 ( c\rse1 result 9 a *eck ( mom5tum exactly equal to t :i* w\ld occur 9 su* advance ^u an ob/acle1 z w\ld be %[n by a simil> curve 9 ! opposite direction2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! mom5tum be+ a c]ta9 am\nt1 ! effect is to cause ! :eel to leave ! ob/ruction entirely & n roll1 b jump (f1 :i* result causes a great loss ( en]gy & is sure to occur 9 rapid runn+4 ,9 ?is case ! =w>d mom5tum gets no b5efit f ! pot5tial en]gy acquir$ 9 m\nt+ ! ob/acle1 :i* %[s ! great necessity ( prop] spr+s su* z w enable a man to sw+ =w>d slightly )\t rigidly draw+ ! ma*9e aft] him4 ,! object ( ! spr+s 9 ?is connection %\ld be to hold ! :eel 9 contact & p]mit x to roll in/ead ( =c+ x to jump (f2 if x rolls & is n c>ri$ (f by ! =ce ( mom5tum1 ! en]gy w be giv5 out 9 driv+ ! ma*9e =w>d in/ead ( be+ lo/ 9 ! vibration caus$ by impact :5 ! ma*9e /rikes ! common level4 ,t is to say1 ! ma*9e %\ld roll (f1 b n hold ! man back 9 ord] to d s2 by prop] spr+s ! :eels rema9 9 contact1 :ile ! man goes on at ! regul> pace ( mom5tum4 ,! liability ( ! re> :eel to jump (f is a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! pres5t ,rov] type ( re>-driv]2 !re is no rev]sion ( ! mom5tum1 nor su* a t5d5cy to drop p]p5dicul>ly1 z 9 ! ,ord9>y1 yet x drops a great] di/ance & is *>g$ ) m weight4 ,?is objection _c be entirely rem$i$ by any spr+s we n[ h 9 use2 x requires a lively v]tical z well z a horizontal amplitude 9 ! motion ( ! spr+s1 & !y %\ld be plac$ at ! hub ( ! re> :eel 9 a mann] simil> to ^? us$ ( late 9 connection ) ! front :eel4 ,x w be se5 f ! diagrams t ! curves %[n by ! front :eels leav+ ! ob/ructions are nev] su* z w\ld %[ any liability to jump (f2 advanc+ ^u ! ob/ruction mu/1 9 !m1 be mo/ly provid$ =4 ,9 ,fig4 #h we h a ma*9e provid$ ) a ?irty-in* front & tw5ty-f\r-in* re> driv+-:eel4 ,?is is a modification ( ! ,rov] type rec5tly favor$ by "s ,engli% mak]s4 ,! drop ( ! re> :eel is m radical ?an t ( a full ?irty-in*4 ,9 ,fig4 #i appe>s a ,d5nis ,johnson ma*9e1 ) two :eels ( ! same size1 hav+ ! seat l[ d[n & exactly midway betwe5 !m4 ,?is is p]haps ! easie/ rid+ contrivance 9 s f> z vibration1 jolt1 & %ock are conc]n$4 ,obs]ve ! equable motion x displays4 ,?is ma*9e 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 z spok5 ( 9 an e>ly *apt]1 sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,x w be se51 f a g5]al obs]vation & /udy ( all ( ! diagrams1 t ! be/ & mo/ gradual curves are made by ! front :eel 9 desc5d+ f1 & by ! re> :eel 9 advanc+ ^u1 ! ob/acle2 h5ce x foll[s t ! front :eel works aga9/ mom5tum m 9 asc5d+ & ! re> :eel m 9 desc5d+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,spr+s ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,curves ,,( ,,translation1 ,,mom5tum1 ,,& ,,concussion4 ,x 0 a pet s*eme ( ! writ]'s to treat ( ! matt] ( ! annoyance to ! rid] result+ f a %ock or jolt & *ange 9 mom5tum 9 ! v>i\s /yles ( bicycles 9 a purely ma!matical =m1 & to "s ext5t x c be done2 b x is f\nd t s _m consid]ations ent] t ! "q becomes almo/ int]m9able4 ,! aim 0 to f9d a =mula ) ! sizes ( :eels1 di/ances betwe5 c5tres1 & position ( saddle z v>iables1 :i* w\ld1 :5 appli$1 give u a result repres5t+ ! sum total ( annoyance felt by ! rid] 9 pass+ ov] an ob/acle or any depression1 rut1 or dit* ( giv5 height or dep? on any comb9ation ( :eels likely to be us$ 9 "o ma*9e4 ,! difficulty 9 ! "q is 9 det]m9+ j :at t annoyance results f or consi/s 92 no d\bt ! initial impact1 *ange ( direction1 & sudd5 r$uction ( mom5tum1 & also ! duration ( ! %ock1 all ent] into ! gr& total4 ,f a !oretical /&-po9t !re ne$ be no loss ( p[] & consequ5tly no annoyance 9 runn+ ov] an ob/acle1 s9ce all ! mom5tum lo/ 9 a =w>d direction ought to be transmitt$ v]tically 9 m\nt+ ! ob/acle1 !reby e/abli%+ a pot5tial en]gy :i* w\ld aga9 be trans=m$ into mom5tum =w>d z ! :eel rolls d[n f ! elevation4 ,nei!r %\ld a rut h to be avoid$1 s9ce by runn+ into x we ga9 a mom5tum t %\ld c>ry u out2 h5ce1 z p] !ory1 ! cycl] %\ld n worry ab\t rid+ ov] r\gh roads1 = 9 m\nt+ ea* ob/acle he only loans a bit ( p[] 9 go+ up1 :i* w be return$ to him 9 go+ d[n1 & 9 runn+ d[n into a rut mom5tum w be loan$ to him suffici5t to br+ him out4 ,b1 alas6 he does n fancy ! ?+2 someh[ he has a l prejudice aga9/ r\gh roads t he has to hills1 & z ?is prejudice _c arise f purely !oretical consid]ations1 we mu/ look = "s violation ( nature's laws1 or "s cause :y su* laws are n directly applicable4 ,9 my judgm5t !re is a reasonably def9ite connection betwe5 ! annoyance felt by ! cycl] 9 rid+ ov] a r\gh road & ! actual loss ( en]gy1 ?\gh n a simil> "o 9 all respects to t :i* applies 9 reg>d to hills4 ,a %ock produc$ by a sudd5 *eck or deviation ( ! mom5tum is n only hurtful 9 caus+ a direct loss ( k9etic en]gy1 :i* ! rid] has /or$ up & to rega9 :i* he mu/ aft]w>ds d "w1 b also 9 contus+ & j>r+ ! muscul> sy/em1 :i* makes him less able to d ! "w4 ,9 s f> z ! ma*9e is conc]n$1 ! loss ( en]gy goes into vibration & into extra friction ( ! ma*9e2 we _c see any o!r means by :i* x c escape2 b z to ! rid]1 :ile en]gy is ( c\rse simil>ly lo/1 ! motive p[] is also int]f]$ )4 ,n[1 ! application ,i wi% to make ( ?is fact1 i4e41 t ! annoyance or %ock felt by ! rid] 9 :eel+ ov] r\gh roads is comp>able to an actual loss ( k9etic en]gy1 z well z 9 addition !reto1 is t ! ne>] we c approa* to an ev5 roll+ motion affect+ ! rid] lea/ disa/r\sly1 ! ne>] we w come to a p]fect road bicycle )\t loss ( mom5tum4 ,9 o!r words1 ! dynamical & physiological consid]ations lead u to ! same end1--to relieve ! annoyance by means ( prop] spr+s1 & to s di/ribute ! inequalities ( ! mom5tum & modify ! *ange 9 direction !re( z to m9imize ! loss ( en]gy4 ,f exp]im5ts tri$ ) prop]ly-con/ruct$ spr+s1 ,i f9d t mom5tum c be div]t$ 9 /rik+ ! ob/acle into its requir$ new c\rse1 upw>d & =w>d1 ) v slight loss inde$1 & t mu* wa/e ( p[] 9 roll+ (f ! ob/acle c also be sav$1 ! desir$ conditions & effect be+ z foll[s3 ,! :eel /rikes ! ob/acle1 spr+s back a little1 & beg9s to rise ^u x2 at ! same "t an upw>d ?ru/ is giv51 additionally compress+ ! v]tical compon5ts ( ! spr+s1 ! man go+ on =w>d at ! usual pace ( mom5tum & be+ gradually rais$4 ,:5 ! top is rea*$ & ! :eel />ts d[n1 ! weight ( man & ma*9e causes ! :eel to spr+ =w>d a little at fir/1 & !n1 :5 ! weight w\ld drop too sl[ly & ! mom5tum w\ld o!rwise pull ! :eel bodily (f1 ! v]tical spr+1 be+ compress$1 w1 by its quick action1 toge!r ) ! pressure backw>d ( ! horizontal spr+ aga9/ ! ob/ruction1 hold ! :eel 9 contact & make x roll (f4 ,?is action is rev]s$ 9 ! case ( a rut1 & is q simil> 9 ei!r =e or h9d :eel4 ,! pr9ciple is to avoid a too sudd5 attack ^u ! in]tia1 to *ange ! c\rse ( mom5tum gradually1 & to avoid concussion aga9/ inela/ic p>ts4 ,! direct v]tical amplitude 9 ! spr+s ( a cycle is ( mo/ b5efit 9 reg>d to mom5tum 9 giv+ ! v]tical p[] "t to act2 t is1 if ! :eels are rais$ quickly ! mom5tum is transmitt$ to & /or$ up 9 ! spr+s & all[$ to act gradually 9 rais+ all ! p>ts )\t viol5t concussion or vibration & consequ5t loss ( p[]4 ,:5 ! ma*9e drops sudd5ly 9 desc5d+ f an ob/acle ! spr+s w act m quickly ?an gravity c ov]come ! in]tia ( ! sy/em1 & ! :eel w !n rema9 9 contact ) ! ob/acle2 t is to say1 suffici5t spr+ act+ horizontally 9 ! direction ( ! acquir$ mom5tum1 toge!r ) ! necess>y am\nt ( v]tical spr+1 w /ore ! en]gy o!rwise lo/ 9 rid+ sudd5ly ^u an ob/acle2 said en]gy w !n be giv5 "t to act & be utiliz$ 9 rais+ ! rid] & su* p>ts ( ! sy/em :i* ! spr+s control to a c]ta9 height1 e/abli%+ a pot5tial1 :i* w be giv5 out 9 increas+ ! =w>d mom5tum z ! :eel rolls d[n to ! common level4 ,spr+s hav+ a horizontal movem5t reliev+ only ! saddle c prev5t loss ( mom5tum 9 ! man1 b _c prev5t ! weight ( ! ma*9e f be+ ?r[n dead aga9/ ! ob/acle4 ,?is c only be rem$i$ by ela/ic connections ( a k9d t prev5t ! %ock f ev] rea*+ ! heavi] p>ts1 :i* condition w\ld save almo/ ! entire "w lo/ aga9/ ! ob/acle4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! subject ( spr+s compreh5ds n only ! "q ( com=t 9 reg>d to ! %ock su/a9$ by ! body1 b also ! mo/ s]i\s & int]e/+ factor 9 relation to ! economy ( p[]2 nor is ?is a !me at all conf9$ to cycles2 x has be5 egregi\sly ov]look$ by mak]s & rid]s ( _m o!r vehicles4 ,no bett] illu/ration c be _h ( man's selfi%ness1 z aga9/ ! brute creation1 ?an ! fact t n[1 9 ma*9es 9 :i* we h to pull our own load1 we are j beg9n+ to contrive & apply all possible means to prev5t a loss ( mom5tum1 :]eas 9 all our c>riages drawn by horses we look$ only to ! ease & com=t ( our bodies1 & provid$ good spr+s ) a v]tical give = t especial purpose1 hav+ little c>e = any loss ( p[]1 to avoid :i* loss we %\ld also use horizontal spr+s s plac$ z to relieve ! entire weight ( ! heavy runn+ ge>1 z well z t ( ! man1 f =w>d concussion4 ,i "k full well1 ev5 !n1 t a horizontal spr+ has /ill "s little to d ) ! ease ( rid+1 b ) a heavy conveyance ! advantage to ! rid] is slight z comp>$ ) ! advantage t x w\ld be to ! horse :i* furni%es ! p[]4 ,! "t w come :5 ! evil w be rem$i$ 9 g5]al c>riages1 if only = ! ga9 x w be to ! com=t ( ! man4 ,!re w\ld be little hope1 inde$1 if ! poor horse 7 ! only p>ty int]e/$1 b :5 man is directly conc]n$ we c expect m rapid developm5t4 ,:5 we />t our ma*9es = a run x is consid]able "w to get up an initial velocity or mom5tum2 h[ev]1 aft] t !re %\ld be only ! friction ( ! ma*9e )9 itself & ^u ! road to be ov]come1 toge!r ) ! friction aga9/ ! air2 t is to say1 if inequalities 9 ! road c\ld be run ov] )\t a loss ( mom5tum be+ caus$ !reby1 !re w\ld n be ne>ly s mu* "w 9 travell+ ^u ! cycle z is n[ necess>ily requir$4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! cycle %\ld be z rigid & firm z possible1 s z n to respond at r&om 9 vibration to e little %ock !y %\ld *ance to receive1 = ! spr+ or ela/icity wants to be su* z c be controll$1--t is1 made to /ore en]gy 9 ! "r way & give x out at ! prop] "t ) a desir$ effect ^u ! mom5tum4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t useful en]gy c be /or$ 9 ! ma*9e only 9 ! plane ( horizontal motion & gravity2 9 o!r words1 v]tically & horizontally4 ,any ela/icity at an angle to ?is plane c only be ( use 9 r$uc+ ! concussion ^u ! rid] 9 a lat]al direction2 & s9ce1 ^u a s+le-track ma*9e1 b little if any %ock c occur 9 su* direction1 x %\ld be se5 to t no undue side motion is p]mitt$4 ,9 ord] to fully compreh5d ! loss ( p[] t x is possible to save by prop] spr+s1 obs]ve z a p>ticul> case ! annex$ diagram %[+ two ?irty-in* :eels arrang$ sub/antially z 9 ! pres5t re>-driv+ ,safety4 ,let c be ! c5tre ( gravity1 & let ! l9e c o1 drawn to ! ob/acle1 pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! front :eel & make an angle ( =ty-five degrees ) ! horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,rov] mom5tum4 ,! mom5tum c l is split up into two equal compon5ts1 "o act+ 9 ! direction c o1 & ! o!r 9 ! direction c k p]p5dicul> to c o1 t5d+ to turn ! sy/em ab\t o z a c5tre4 ,! num]ical value ( ! c k compon5t1 call+ m ! mom5tum1 m is ------1 & its value 9 ! =w>d direction c o is #b m m #a m ------ cos #de ------ ------ ------1 :i* is ! =w>d mom5tum reta9$1 #b #b #b #b %[+ t 9 ?is case "o-half ( ! =w>d mom5tum is sav$ & ! o!r half lo/4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! use ( an imag9>y f\r-in* ob/ruction1 9 our /udy ( mom5tum & concussion1 is entirely arbitr>y4 ,( c\rse ob/ructions ( all heights w evolve proportional results4 ,?is proportion w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be l9e>2 ! ne>e/ we c come to x is to say t ! annoyance beg9s ) an ob/ruction ( z]o height1 & increases ab\t z a trigonometrical s9e increases :5 ! angle gr[s l>g]4 ,x is evid5t t all ?is !ory appli$ to "o ob/ruction is simply repeat$ 9 a numb] ( !m1 & a numb] ( !m make up a r\gh road1 be>+ 9 m9d t a rut is b "o =m ( an ob/acle4 ,"s mak]s ( late seem to realize ! importance ( spr+s :i* w all[ ( a horizontal z well z a v]tical motion1 & h 9 !m n only provid$ aga9/ ! loss ( mom5tum 9 ! man1 b also 9 ! entire ma*9e exclusive ( ! front :eel4 ,?is has app>5tly be5 done ) ano!r object 9 view1--i4e41 t ( reliev+ ! annoyance to ! h&s & arms by r$uc+ ! vibration 9 ! h&le-b>4 ,?is object1 ?\gh wor?y1 is f> %ort ( ! ideal4 ,su* spr+s might prop]ly be call$ /orage spr+s or p[] economiz]s2 !y are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally nom9at$ ,anti-,vibrators & ,spr+ ,=ks4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,anti-,,vibrators ,,& ,,spr+ ,,=ks4 ,! ab/ract t]ms ( ! head+ h1 s f>1 g5]ally be5 appli$ to c]ta9 devices con/itut+ an ela/ic connection betwe5 ! /&>ds ( ! :eels 7#a71 or1 m precisely1 betwe5 ! front =k & backbone4 ,! m rec5t =ms ( anti-vibrators are 7#b7 ! spr+ h+e ab\t midway 9 ! re> frame1 or backbone1 ( ! ma*9e2 7#c7 ! spr+ jo9ts at ! extremity ( ! front =k connect+ ) ! =w>d :eel axle2 7#d7 ! spr+ =k prop]1 9 :i* ! ext5sions are ei!r :olly or 9 "p ela/ic4 ,! la/ two are1 to my m9d1 ! mo/ des]v+ ( praise4 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ above1 ! %ock is ma9ly conf9$ to ! front half ( ! ma*9e1--t is1 to ! front :eel1 its =k1 & h&le-b>1--:ile 9 ! la/ two ! front :eel alone receives ! concussion to ! full ext5t1 an int]v5+ spr+ prev5t+ ! transmission ( ! %ock to o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 x comes to be fully appreciat$ by ! frat]nity t ! %ock su/a9$ by ! ma*9e & rid] is n only to be treat$ z a matt] ( com=t or discom=t1 b t x has o!r v important claims to our consid]ation1 we may expect x to be m fully discuss$4 ,n t we c>e s mu* ab\t ! vibration loos5+ e jo9t1 screw1 & p9 9 ! entire contrivance1 :i* makes x worn out1 s call$1 :5 x has sc>cely begun to we>1--( c\rse1 9 ! g5]al m>* ( progress1 we expect to rem$y t also1--b x is ! mom5tum we are mo/ aft]4 ,! writ] has always be5 "o :o has _h a con/itutional av]sion to work+ up a spe$ & !n hav+ x all knock$ out by a /ray /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,rec5t ,am]ican anti-vibrator4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ by inv5tors 9 ! l9e ( anti-vibrators appe>s to be1 t :ile acquir+ ! desir$ ela/icity 9 ! prop] direction an ela/icity 9 o!r directions has foll[$1 mak+ ! ma*9e feel un/eady & caprici\s1 especially 9 ! /e]+4 ,?is und\bt$ly valid difficulty 9 ! way is wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation be=e accept+ an anti-vibrator2 9 fact1 ! v end desir$ c easily be miss$ 9 an imp]fect device1 z x might1 :ile hold+ mom5tum 9 "o direction1 lose x 9 ano!r4 ,i _c bett] express my op9ion z to ! g5]al requirem5t ( a good anti-vibrator ?an to say1 get pl5ty ( spr+1 b act+ 9 ! plane ( mom5tum & gravity1 & get x z quickly z possible2 t is1 at ! connection ( ! :eels ) ! =ks1 or at ! out] end ( ! spokes if x c be done )\t int]f]+ ) ! rigid transmission ( p[] to ! driv+-rim4 ,x is always difficult to apply any atta*m5t to ! driv+-:eel ( a ma*9e2 9 ! ,ord9>y x w\ld be b5eficial to atta* an anti-vibrator to ! =w>d :eel1 b z a matt] ( con/ruction x w\ld be ab\t z difficult to d ?is z x w\ld be to atta* x to ! re> :eel ( ! ,safety4 ,we hope to see & may expect a numb] ( devices to be (f]$ by mak]s :i* w fulfil all requirem5ts4 ,app5d$ f9d a cut ( "o rec5tly pat5t$1 ( :i* ,i c speak ) "s confid5ce f hav+ us$ a simil> contrivance 9 exp]im5ts 9 ?is connection4 ,! figure "h1 z 9 ! pat5t1 %[s ! connect+-rod sw++ ?r\gh an almo/ useless arc ( action1 b ! g5]al plan is good2 n1 h[ev]1 z neat z "s o!rs4 ,a great mak] has ( late1 h[ev]1 adopt$ a device :i*1 to my m9d1 does n fulfil all ( ! requirem5ts2 x is /ill conf9$ too mu* to a v]tical action1 & has really no horizontal amplitude unless ! ma*9e is ridd5 by a v heavy man1 9 :i* case ! spr+ w assume a v abnormal position4 ,o!r mak]s h adopt$ ! jo9t to ! c5tre ( ! frame or backbone ( ! ,safety type 7,no4 #b above71 s con/ruct$ t ! p$als are also provid$ ) a v]tical motion2 ?is c]ta9ly helps to isolate ! man f v]tical concussion1 & x is good2 yet ! horizontal give is lack+ 9 ^! ma*9es1 & ! front =k1 toge!r ) ! h&le-b>1 /ill receives a %ock & loses 9 vibration4 ,lat]1 an inv5tor has %[n a new p$al 9 :i*1 app>5tly1 ! rubb] works ^u a spr+ & has a v]tical motion "u ! pressure ( ! foot4 ,?is is a des]v+ ?\gh a misguid$ ef=t4 ,! connection ( ! man ) ! app>atus ?r\gh :i* ! p[] is transmitt$ to ! ma*9e %\ld be z direct & rigid z possible3 all spr+s %\ld be beyond ?is po9t4 ,an ela/ic p$al is q a diff]5t device f t nam$ 9 ! la/ prec$+ p>agraph1 9 :i* ! crank-%aft has a v]tical motion & ! 8connect+-l9k10 toge!r ) ! s\rce ( p[] 7! man71 are all rigidly & inela/ically connect$ toge!r1 ! :ole1 z a sy/em1 sw++ v]tically by a spr+4 ,an ,engli% firm has = sev]al ye>s _h ^u ! m>ket a ma*9e :i*1 f its ext]nal appe>ance1 is all spr+s2 ! inv5tor !re( des]ves great] cr$it ?an ! success ( ! v5ture has aw>d$ him4 ,if 9 ! e>ly samples put ^u ! m>ket ! p>ts _h n be5 s frail & ! appe>ance s exce$+ly homely1 he might h f>$ bett]4 ,sev]al premature freaks ( advancem5t 9 ?is matt] ( spr+s h occurr$1 b ! g5]al progress has be5 q logical4 ,fir/1 we _h ! saddle provid$ ) a v feeble am\nt ( ela/icity1 !n an increas$ am\nt1 until mak]s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 produc+ ! be/ spr+ = ! old ,ord9>y2 !n we _h ! spr+ connection betwe5 ! front =k & backbone 9 ! ,safety1 conf9+ ! %ock to ! =w>d half ( ! ma*9e2 & !n came ! spr+ =k isolat+ ! entire sy/em except ! front :eel f ! %ock4 ,s f> ! inv5tions h be5 practical & are 9 use4 ,next we h a wor?y1 b ,i fe> impractical1 inv5tor1 :o proposes spr+s betwe5 two out] rims ( ! :eel or sub/antially at ! ends ( ! spokes1 !reby conf9+ ! concussion to "o rim ( ! front :eel 9 ! mann] %[n 9 cut4 7,see ,engli% spr+ rim47 ,?is appe>$ to be ! ultimatum1 b a %rewd ,am]ican inv5tor has 8gone him "o bett]0 & proposes to conf9e ! %ock & v]tical ?ru/ to a m]e "p ( ! rim4 ,?is inv5tion 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhi1 &1 if practical1 w\ld simply cause ! :eel to roll ov] ! ob/ruction almo/ z a man w\ld /ep ov] 9 walk+1--an ideal /ate ( affairs1 to be sure6 ,su* a :eel w\ld n only aid man 9 8 transmigration ov] smoo? roads1 z claim$ = ! solid :eel 9 ! =e "p ( ?is book1 b w\ld be available on ! cross-ties ( ! poorly-balla/$ railroad2 & let ! :eel be b tall en\gh1 & he may yet g ov] t old-"t imp$im5t to cross-c\ntry locomotion1 ! rail f5ce1 z unwitt+ly z ?\gh x _h n be5 !re at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,engli% spr+ rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican pat5t flexible rim4 ,"o ( ! gr&e/ ideas 9 ! way ( anti-vibration is sugge/$ by ! foll[+ f ! ,am]ican ,a?lete3 8,an inv5tor ( ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 has made :at he calls a #8,pneumatic ,safety1' ! tires ( :i* are two in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( holl[ rubb]1 s t !y conta9 air1 :i* va/ly increases _! ela/icity4 ,! result is mo/ favorably reg>d$ by ,iri% :eelm51 & at ! rec5t races at ,belfa/ a rid] on a #8,pneumatic' won all ! f\r fir/ prizes1 ! holl[ rubb] be+ describ$ z ph5om5ally successful on ! r\gh grass track40 ,if ! liability ( cutt+ & collaps+ 7 n s app>5t 9 ?is device1 ,i w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k x w\ld h a great future4 ,by way ( conclusion ( ! =ego+ *apt]s on curves1 mom5tum1 & spr+s1 p]mit me to aga9 call att5tion to ! rem>kable fact t a re>-driv+ ,safety ( absolutely rigid con/ruction1 /rik+ an ob/acle f\r in*es high1 loses "o-half ( its entire mom5tum & t ( ! rid]4 ,?9k ( x6 ,n t we (t5 /rike a f\r-in* ob/ruction1 b t x does n take v _m small] to make "o4 ,?us we are cont9ually wa/+ /r5g? :5 !re is really no sub/antial necessity or occasion = x1 & ! writ]1 = "o1 feels ready to ma9ta9 t ev5 d\ble ! weight 7h>mful z extra weight always is7 9 a ma*9e is ju/ifiable if 9 s increas+ ! weight we c d away ) ?is mo/ pot5t s\rce ( loss ( en]gy4 ,! bicycle1 or s+le-track ma*9e1 too1 af=ds an unusual *ance = prop] manipulation ( mom5tum1 & ! re>-driv] a special opportunity = ! atta*m5t ( prop] spr+s4 ,9 a two-track ma*9e1 on ! o!r h&1 we are compell$ to supply spr+s ) lat]al motion z a necess>y appliance = ! com=t ( ! rid]1 :i* lat]al motion results 9 loss ( mom5tum & k9etic en]gy1 :]eas 9 ! bicycle our com=t & en]gy are all conf9$ to "o plane2 s t all we want n[ is to h our spr+s adroitly & amply appli$ to op]ate 9 ?is plane & no o!r1 & we %all !n f9d t we inv>iably save our mom5tum1 pres]ve our com=t1 & reta9 our /r5g?4 ,x w be a long "t be=e we c expect to realize our dream ( p]fection 9 easy rid+1 or to f9d cycl]s hunt+ = ! r\gh roads2 nor d we expect to see !m pe]+ eag]ly =w>d ?r\gh ! mi/y morn+1 greet+ ! dawn+ ob/acle z glad tid+s ( 8,l& ho60 b we d expect v soon to see ! discom=t & loss ( p[] n[ enc\nt]$ 9 a great measure ov]come4 ,if "s "o w only get u ov] ! s&y places z nicely z we c reasonably expect1 9 ! future1 to glide ov] ! r\gh places1 !n we w all be happy4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,saddles ,,& ,,spr+s ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,anatomy ,,& ,,heal?4 ,! problem ( saddles 9 cycles is really "o ( ! greate/ mom5t1 & w cont9ue to be1 s long z any pa9 or discom=t is felt ^u ! bicycle suffici5t to discrim9ate aga9/ x 9 contradi/9ction to t ( sitt+ on a buggy-seat & be+ c>ri$ ov] a comp>able di/ance4 ,too little att5tion has be5 paid to ?is subject 9 ! pa/1 especially dur+ ! 8,ord9>y0 rgime4 ,! g5]al build ( ! ,ord9>y is su* z to make x q difficult to atta* com=table spr+s & saddles3 _m & v>i\s h be5 ! attempts at improvem5t1 b all h be5 m>k$ by only a comp>ative degree ( success4 ,7 x n1 h[ev]1 = ?is success1 small z x may be1 9 mak+ saddles com=table1 ! cycl+ frat]nity w\ld h _h ! entire m$ical pr(ession d[n ^u !m1 z "s ( !m are anyh[4 ,?\gh a layman himself1 ! writ] met a prom95t m$ical man f ! ,we/ at ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress1 :o /at$ t unless ^! saddles 7 improv$1 he w\ld ord] (f all ! "y m5 9 any way "u 8 *>ge1 z he _h already be5 compell$ to d 9 sev]al individual cases4 ,x is ne$less to dwell ^u pro(s ( ^! evils2 !y are )9 ! k ( e bicycli/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,almo/ e rid] kn[s ( "s special case ( compla9t1 if n "o ( real injury4 ,9 an exam9ation on "o occasion1 made by ! writ]1 ( "s =ty or fifty :eels at a club h\se1 fully two out ( ?ree 7 f\nd t w\ld h be5 condemn$ z unridable by any good physician :o _h giv5 ! matt] c>eful att5tion4 ,! fam\s ,kirkpatrick /yle ( susp5sion saddle is a great advance on mo/ ( ! old %ort patt]ns1 yet ! necess>y am\nt ( free ela/icity is sadly lack+ 9 ! e>ly patt]ns1 & to "s ext5t ! defici5cy /ill exi/s4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! ,kirkpatrick is mu* bett] ?an "s ( ! ,engli% types :i*1 ?\gh %ort]1 h a l>ge am\nt ( v]tical play by means ( good spr+s4 ,! old ,h>r+ton cradle spr+ 0 a m>k$ advance on ! ,ord9>y1 yet x 0 object$ to z hav+ 8too mu* motion40 ,x is little enc\ragem5t to inv5tors1 :5 !y h1 aft] consid]able labor1 improv$ ^u an old device1 to he> rid]s1 :o are m anxi\s to v5t _! op9ions ?an to give hone/ exp]i5ce1 make an objection to ! v po9t s long /riv5 = & f9ally atta9$4 ,) ! ,rov] patt]n1 :]e ! room = spr+s is mu* m ample1 h>mful results are rapidly vani%+4 ,x is q a novelty to wat* ! body ( a rid] ^u a well-sprung re>-driv] ,safety sw++ ?r\gh a v]tical di/ance ( sev]al in*es1 :5 we h be5 us$ to rid+ ^u a spr+ ( a half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( amplitude4 ,! writ] has exam9$ ma*9es :]e ! saddle lea!r 0 d[n ^u ! %eet-iron frame1 & 9 :i* ! entire motion ( ! spr+ w\ld n am\nt to a half-in*4 ,if su* devices d n bre$ mis*ief1 x w be = ! reason t ! rid]s are simply & absolutely imp]vi\s to any attack ^u _! sy/ems1 & are possess$ ( sp9es 9 _! bodies m invuln]able ?an ^? 9 ! ma*9es4 ,injury to ! sp9e & o!r p>ts naturally %[$ itself m among ,am]ican ?an ,engli% rid]s1 = ! reason t ! g5]al av]age ( ! road surface is mu* 9 favor ( ! latt]1 b compla9t has n be5 unkn[n ev5 among our ,engli% bre?r54 ,x is a satisfaction to "k t _m h awak5$ to ?is "q1 & x is a common & gratify+ sight to see prospective buy]s te/+ ! saddle & spr+s ( a new m\nt1 z a matt] ( prelim9>y inspection1 be=e o!r po9ts are consid]$ at all4 ,x is to be sadly fe>$ t "s old ,ord9>y rid]s suff]$ great] injury ?an is commonly suppos$ to h be5 incurr$1 b we hope t1 s9ce !y h come to ignore ! suppos$ dang] ( be+ 8?r[n (f0 by a too lively spr+1 !re w be less tr\ble 9 ! future4 ,! wor/ feature 9 ! bicycle saddle is t nature did n int5d man to sit a/ride ( any?+1 & ?is /rikes me z ! greate/ ov]sight 9 ! g5]al plan ( our physical make up z p]ta9+ to cycle rid+4 ,nature only provid$ ?ree conv5i5t ways ( support+ ! body1--to wit1 fir/1 on ! feet2 second1 sitt+ d[n1 ) ! body b5t at ! ?igh jo9ts2 & ?ird1 ly+ d[n4 ,yet advanc+ civilization desires some?+ a little diff]5t f any ( ^!4 ,9 rid+ a cycle we f9d x be/ to /& erect ^u ! feet & yet get a p>tial support = ! body at ! middle1--a condition nature has n exactly provid$ =4 ,i h _h prep>$ a cut ( t "p ( ! bony /ructure ( ! body imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ?is "q & suffici5t 9 detail to enable u to und]/& ! matt] ) ! help ( facts kn[n to all4 ,x w be se5 t ! femurs1 a1 a1 w\ld h to sw+ =w>d to a "r angle ) ! trunk ( ! body--t is1 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! pap]--be=e we c\ld sit ^u ! bones nature int5d$1--to wit1 on ! tub]osities ( ! is*ia1 e1 e1 or promontories ( ! pelvis4 ,?is position c be p>tially obta9$ 9 horseback rid+ by ! spread ( ! legs ov] ! saddle4 ,:5 sitt+ ^u a *air or buggy-seat1 our weight is entirely ^u ! "r bones 9 ! "r way1 b ^u ! bicycle ?is po/ure _c be atta9$ except1 possibly1 9 ! act ( coa/+ on ! ,ord9>y ) ! legs ov] ! h&le-b>4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 9 work+ ! bicycle1 t ! legs are ne>ly /raight d[n & ! feet almo/ z close toge!r z :5 walk+2 h5ce1 unless a man is enorm\sly b[-legg$1 he _c obta9 a re/ ^u ! prop] bones1 z w be se5 f ! draw+1 :i* %[s ! position ( ! body :ile work+ ! p$als4 ,! coa/] on ! ,ord9>y c sit back ^u ! broad "p ( ! saddle1 & h[ ke5ly he appreciates ! relief imm$iately felt :5 he ?r[s 8 legs ov] ! h&les6 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! action ( ! bicycle saddle1 %[n by ! dott$ l9es b1 b1 ! n>r[ "p ( ! saddle re/s 9 an angle1 c1 =m$ by ! pubic bones1 :i* are jo9$ toge!r at ! apex ( ! angle by a tissue ! doctors call ! pubic symphysis4 ,! saddle =ms a w$ge betwe5 ^! bones & t5ds to spread !m2 & ?\gh ?is w$g+ action c be modifi$ to "s ext5t1 x is /ill vici\s4 ,! broad "p ( ! saddle cat*es a small proportion ( ! d[nw>d pressure ^u ! tub]osities ( ! is*ia directly1 b ?is is only atta9$ by sev]ely di/ort+ ! fle%y p>ts1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es b1 b4 ,! body mu/ evid5tly be support$ by ! bones some:]e2 we _c hang ^u m]e fle%2 & x is d\btful if ev] a saddle c be devis$ t w be entirely natural & hygi5ic2 h5ce x is all-important to re/ ! weight z mu* z possible on ! only o!r available support1 ! feet4 ,?is c be done by keep+ well ov] ! "w & re/+ ^u ! p$als1 &1 above all by us+ good lively spr+s 9 connection ) ! saddle-support4 ,"h aga9 we come ^u ! "q ( prop] spr+s1 & f9d x has an elem5t ( heal? connect$ !re) z well z "o ( mom5tum1 z h]e9be=e treat$ (4 ,illu/ration3 ,bicycle saddle & anatomy4 ,objection might be rais$ t ! body is less b5t at ! ?igh :5 ov] ! "w ?an x 0 :5 we us$ to kick out =w>d 9 ! old velocip$e1 & t = ?is reason we are retrograd+4 ,?is view w n hold1 h[ev]1 = 9 any practical ma*9e we h to get s ne>ly /raight up anyh[ t we _h bett] g a little f>!r1 ?us tak+ a p]fect position = "w1 & !n attack ! difficulty ( support by means ( prop] saddle-spr+s & by re/+ ^u ! feet z mu* z possible4 ,9 horseback rid+ !re is no "q ( self-propulsion2 h5ce we c b5d our bodies suffici5tly to sit ^u a good wide seat2 !re=e ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 bicycle saddles does n apply 9 ! eque/rian art1 z w\ld naturally be suppos$4 ,^u inquiry z to j :at ! delet]i\s results are ( rid+ poorly-sprung ma*9es & improp] saddles1 & ! cause !re(1 ,i f9d t 8doctors diff]0 slightly4 ,"s h express$ _! op9ion t ! tr\ble is 9 ! irritation ( ! pubic symphysis result+ f ! w$g+ action be=e spok5 (2 o!rs say x is ! b5d+ & irritation ( ! coccyx1 d1 %[n 9 ! cut1 ow+ to ! pressure su/a9$ by x in/ead ( by ! is*ia2 o!rs ass]t x is ! con/ant concussion ^u ! sp9e4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! entire field is pretty well cov]$ by a lett] f ,dr4 ,entrik51 ( ,ohio1 :i* w be f\nd bel[4 8,r4 ,p4 ,scott3 8,de> ,sir1--,i d n agree ) y 9 ! idea z to ! cause ( ! tr\ble ) ! bicycle saddle4 ,x is n ! /ra9 ^u ! ligam5ts1 muscles1 or bones1 nor ! injury to ! pubic symphysis or adjac5t p>ts1 ( :i* physicians compla94 ,x is ! bruis+ & irritation ( ! ure?ra :]e x passes "u ! pubic symphysis1 & ( ! pro/ate gl&1 etc42 also ! necessity ( muscul> action 9 ! l[] limbs :ile ! p>ts are s jo/l$1 bruis$1 & irritat$4 ,?is muscul> action pumps m blood into ! p>ts1 increas+ conge/ion & ! t5d5cy to cause disease ( ! p>ts ,i h m5tion$4444 8,please note ! usual n>r[ saddle fits close to ! p>ts ( ! pubic bones1 & does n run back wide en\gh to all[ ! weight ( ! body to fall ^u ! tub]osities ( ! is*ia1 z 9 ! ,mexican & ,spani% saddles1 b be>s ^u ! s(t p>ts betwe54 ,y w note also t ! ord9>ily-%ap$ bicycle saddle turns up s z to all[ "s weight to fall ^u ! os coccyx1 or end ( ! backbone1 :i* br+s 9 ano!r factor 9 produc+ :at has be5 n inaptly call$ ! #8bicycle disease4' ,we h pressure :]e pressure %\ld nev] be made1 & ?is pressure1 aggravat$ by ! jolt+ motion1 caus+ a s]ies ( rapid concussions to fall ^u ! sp9al column at ! po9t :]e x is n int5d$ to make resi/ance1--to wit1 ! extreme end4 ,if a saddle c\ld be con/ruct$ t w\ld lift ! s(t p>ts ( ! p]9eum comp>atively free & cause ! weight to re/ on ! promontories ( ! is*ia1 ?us protect+ ! s(t p>ts & communicat+ a less direct %ock to ! sp9e1 ! tr\ble w\ld be sub/antially ov]come4 ,i "k ! difficulty ( accompli%+ ?is :5 ! legs mu/ be d[n & 9 motion1 b "s g5ius w probably solve ! problem4 8,y\rs truly1 8,f4 ,w4 ,entrik540 ,ano!r op9ion on ! subject ( heal? is z foll[s1 f ,! ,cycli/1 by ,dr4 ,j5n+s3 8#8,x is p]haps inevitable t p]sons :o h no practical exp]i5ce %\ld accuse ! ex]cise1 on !oretical gr\nds1 ( produc+ v>i\s evils1 su* z v>icose ve9s1 h]nia1 hemorrhoids1 ure?ral /ricture1 & v>i\s =ms ( c>diac & n]v\s diseases4 ,z to v>icose ve9s1 x seems to be cle>ly e/abli%$ t 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ?is condition is due to *ronic local causes1 to con/ipation1 & a s$5t>y life1 actual b5efit is d]iv$ f cycl+1 & t ev5 9 ^? cases :i* are due to organic visc]al disease no h>m is done4444 ,z to c>diac & n]v\s disease1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,race-meet+s & ! silly craze to 8break ! record0 h mu* to answ] =4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ su* ex]cises may cause p]man5t injury to ! he>t1 neura/h5ia1 or ev5 organic n]v\s disease4' ,we presume ! writ] ref]s to su* ex]tions on ! "p ( :olly or p>tially tra9$ m51 = we h ,dr4 ,turn]'s ^w = x1 & t is also ! ^w ( a practical a?lete1 t to m5 9 condition h>m does n result40 ,! importance ( "s c>e & k on any subject connect$ ) spirit$ ex]cise %\ld always be borne 9 m9d2 n only %\ld we give att5tion to ! matt] ( saddles1 b also to any o!r po9t :i* may seem to be important4 ,i app5d an article f ! ,bicycl+ ,_w1 on ano!r bran* ( ! subject ( heal? 9 cycl+1 :i* expla9s itself4 8,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,dang] ,,to ,,:eelm54 8,i w\ld mo/ e>ne/ly call ! att5tion ( all :eelm5 to t mo/ dang]\s cu/om ( we>+ belts drawn tightly ab\t ! wai/ to support ! pants1 or ev5 :]e !y are lac$ tightly or :]e !re is any con/riction ab\t ! wai/ :atev]4 8,_m :eelm5 are lead+ s$5t>y lives1 especially ! old] rid]s1 & are n physically 9 a prop] condition to put =? ! v sev]e muscul> ex]tions :i* all :eelm5 are call$ ^u to d1 & "o ( ! dang]s :i* ,i wi% to p>ticul>ly call att5tion to is t ( caus+ h]nia or rupture4 8,i "k ( two cases ( h]nia caus$ directly by ! sev]e ex]tions put =? 9 climb+ /eep hills4 ,"o ( !m 0 a p>ticul>ly /rong1 heal?y1 & robu/ "y man1 & ,i am q confid5t t ! indirect cause ( ^? h]ni 0 ! we>+ ( tight belts4 ,! "y man allud$ to above has always be5 v active 9 out-door sports1 v fond ( lift+1 & made x a common cu/om to put =? 8 utmo/ /r5g? :5ev] opportunity (f]$1 & he nev] _h any t5d5cy t[>ds su* a result until he began bicycl+1 :i* br\ght ab\t an entire *ange 9 =m ( dress4 8,:5 any p]son puts =? 8 /r5g? 9 lift+--#8hill-climb+ is m]ely a =m ( lift+'--! abdom9al muscles are call$ /rongly into play1 & if by belt+ or o!r means !y are prev5t$ f exp&+ & increas+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! wai/1 _! =ce is !n direct$ t[>ds =c+ ! abdom9al cont5ts d[nw>d1 & !reby greatly increas+ ! *ances ( caus+ h]nia4 8,! clo?+ %\ld always be loose ab\t ! wai/4 ,z susp5d]s are inconv5i5t to we> & v uncom=table 9 hot wea!r1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! simple/1 & ,i ?9k ! be/1 way ( hold+ up ! tr\s]s is by means ( a b& sew$ ar\nd ! inside ( ! flannel %irt1 ) buttons sew$ ?r\gh ! %irt & b& & !n ! button-holes made on an extra b& on ! inside ( b& ( tr\s]s1 ! same z little boys' wai/s & tr\s]s are jo9$4 8,i s9c]ely tru/ t no "o w miscon/rue ?is article z condemn+ :eel+2 no "o believes 9 x m ?or\ghly ?an y\r humble s]vant4 ,i am writ+ f exp]i5ce1 n he>say1 & ,i w\ld desire all :eelm5 to give he$ to my w>n+1 & s avoid a s\rce ( dang]4 8,l4 ,a4 ,w41 #ah1ied40 8,! above is writt5 by a physician :o has made a special /udy ( h]nia4--,ed40 ,!re are "s /rong op9ions on ! o!r side ( ?is belt "q1 if ! belts are ( prop] k9d & rightly worn4 ,v few agree unconditionally ) ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[ev]1 x is hop$ t no al>m w be tak5 f ! discussion ( ^! subjects4 ,!y are n s s]i\s z might appe>1 except 9 cases ( gross neglig5ce4 ,b :atev] dang] !re may be1 x is be/ to be fully aw>e ( x1 & ?us be =e>m$4 ,z to saddles & spr+s1 let rid]s %[ ! mak]s t !y are alive to all improvem5ts :i* w 9 any way elim9ate causes = anxiety 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r respects1 & !reby %[ t ! fact ( mak+ a mile 9 a little %ort] space ( "t1 or t ( gett+ "o in* f>!r up a /iff hill1 is n all t ! mod]n cycli/ proposes to consid]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,head]s ,,or ,,cropp]s4 8,tak+ head]s10 or1 9 ! p>lance ( our bre?r5 ( ,engl&1 8com+ cropp]s10 is p]haps a trivial head+ = any article outside ( newspap] or :eel p]iodical gossip1 b x has a popul> twang1 & to ! frat]nity means a great deal4 ,e rid] ( ! old ,ord9>y c give u p]sonal exp]i5ces on ?is subject2 among !m w be f\nd mi%aps too s]i\s to be *ronicl$ 9 any je/+ mood1 a few s s]i\s t we w\ld fa9 =get !m 7 n ?is =bidd5 by our sympa?y & respect = ! suff]]s z fell[s ( our craft4 ,f ?is sombre side ( our /ory h[ joyfully we turn to ! _m humor\s anecdotes :i* h be5 relat$ 9 e club-room1 9 "s ( :i* 8we ourselves 7 "p ( :at we told60 ,! subject w\ld ere ?is h be5 obsolete 7 x n = a l>ge numb] :o /ill ma9ta9 ! supremacy ( ! 8,ord9>y10 & ^? o!rs :o1 =m+ an int]m$iate class betwe5 ! old & new1 h unfurl$ _! bann] z d\ghty *ampions ( ! 8,rational40 ,a head] is ! act ( 8go+ d[n on ! o!r side10 spok5 ( 9 a =m] *apt]1 or1 m def9itely1 x is ! projection ( ! rid] ov] ! h&le-b> to ! gr\nd 9 advance ( 8 ma*9e4 ,x is a simple process1 be+ a m]e application ( ! physical =ces ( gravity & mom5tum4 ,a mov+ body t5ds to keep mov+ 9 a l9e until /opp$ or deviat$ by "s c\nt]act+ =ce4 ,9 rid+ a cycle a c]ta9 mom5tum is acquir$ & kept up aga9/ ! resi/+ =ces ( friction1 impact ( air1 road resi/ance1 etc4 ,head]s are a result ( a c\nt]act+ =ce1 g5]ally caus$ by sudd5 impact aga9/ a /ation>y ob/acle on ! road1 or by ! =w>d :eel becom+ sudd5ly lock$ ?r\gh a failure 9 ! axle-be>+s to "w1 or by "s clog 9 ! :eel prev5t+ x f revolv+ freely ?r\gh ! =k 9 :i* x is hung4 ,!re are modifications ( ! head] action ev5 9 ma*9es ( ! same sizes ( :eels & same rake1--rake be+ a t]m recogniz$ to express ! angle ( ! front =k f ! v]tical4 ,?is rake has to d ) ! liability to head]s only 9 s f> z x regulates ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sy/em1 8m rake0 g5]ally mean+ t ! rid] is f>!r beh9d ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! front :eel axle4 ,9 ord] to take a head]1 a c]ta9 c5tre ( gravity mu/ get beyond a c]ta9 l9e4 ,?is c5tre ( gravity w v>y 9 position 9 diff]5t ma*9es1 & ! modifications spok5 ( cause ! l9e to move 9 a way :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 sometimes ov]look$4 ,if we discuss ! crank ,ord9>y1 x w be notic$ t :5 ! front :eel is /opp$ 9 its =w>d progress1 ! frame ( ! ma*9e toge!r ) ! rid] & all o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em revolve ab\t ! c5tre ( ! :eel & cause an action )9 ! sy/em1 ! same z t ( ! =w>d :eel revolv+ backw>d ?r\gh ! =k4 ,n[1 x is j :5 su* backw>d motion is prev5t$1 t ! gravity l9e moves & alt]s ! conditions1 decreas+ ! liability to head]s4 ,if ! =w>d :eel c revolve backw>d ?r\gh ! =k1 !n1 9 tak+ a head]1 ! sy/em1 exclusive ( ! =w>d :eel1 w revolve ab\t a po9t 9 ! :eel c5tre2 b if x _c s revolve1 !n ! entire sy/em1 includ+ ! =w>d :eel1 mu/ all t5d to revolve ab\t ! po9t ( contact ( ! :eel ) ! gr\nd4 ,n[1 x w be se5 9 ! latt] case1 or anti-head] ma*9e z we %all call x1 t z ! sy/em t5ds to revolve ab\t ! po9t ( contact1 su* po9t w con/antly *ange2 9 o!r words1 ! :eel mu/ roll onw>d1 & ! po9t ( contact w !re=e advance4 ,illu/ration3 ,head] action1 smoo? road4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 9 ! annex$ diagram1 we %[ ! di/ance =w>d & upw>d1 a to b1 ! rid] mu/ be ?r[n be=e he gets beyond ! gravity l9e1 g1 9 ! ,ord9>y2 ,fig4 #b %[s ! di/ance :5 ! :eel w n revolve backw>d ?r\gh ! =k4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! head] is suppos$ to be tak5 on a smoo? road & n aga9/ an ob/ruction2 ?is c easily occur 9 vault+ into ! saddle or 9 lean+ too f> =w>d4 ,x w be notic$ t ! di/ance ! rid] is elevat$1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( "w done aga9/ gravity1 is 9 bo? cases ! same1 b ! di/ance =w>d he mu/ be ?r[n is consid]ably great] 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is is = ! reason t :ile ! po9t ( contact1 h1 ) ! gr\nd rema9s ! same 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 ,fig4 #b ! po9t rolls on to i4 ,= m accurate illu/ration ( ! "w to be done aga9/ gravity1 & ! di/ance =w>d ! rid] mu/ be ?r[n1 see ! head] curves 9 ,figs4 #d & #e1 f>!r on4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! advantage :i* ! anti-head] 7,no4 #b7 has ov] ! ,ord9>y ma*9e 7,no4 #a7 is n s v great :5 9 bo? cases a smoo? road is consid]$2 :51 h[ev]1 we consid] ! elem5t ( an ob/acle 9 ! pa?1 ! diff]5ce is mu* m 9 favor ( ,no4 #b4 ,let u comp>e ! action ( bo? classes ( ma*9es aga9/ a f\r-in* ob/ruction4 ,9 all cases ! action ( ,no4 #a ma*9e w be ! same1--t is1 ! :eel w rema9 9 contact at h1 ,fig4 #a1 & ! saddle w g on ov]1 j z x does 9 ! case ( no ob/ruction at all4 ,b 9 ,no4 #b ! v act ( tak+ ! head] mu/ raise ! entire weight & roll ! sy/em ^u ! ob/acle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,anti-head] :eel action on ob/ruction4 ,! po9t ( contact1 h1 ov] & beyond :i* ! c5tre ( gravity mu/ be ?r[n1 w n only move =w>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 b w move to ! top ( ! ob/acle i1 ,fig4 #c4 ,or1 if ! "q is "o ( a rut or ind5tation 9 ! surface ( ! roadway1 ,no4 #b w be caus$ to roll p>tially or altoge!r out ( ! rut4 ,n[1 s9ce ! rid]1 by ! action ( 8 mom5tum & t ( ! ma*9e1 is roll$ ^u ! ob/acle or out ( ! rut1 x is easily se5 t if he is att5d+ /rictly to 8 "w & is at all a skilful rid]1 he c1 by a lively ?ru/ ^u ! p$al at ! opportune "t1 "r himself & keep ! drive-:eel roll+ on1 9 :i* case ! re> "p ( ! ma*9e w1 9 all ord9>y cases1 drop back ^u ! gr\nd1 f :i*1 ( c\rse1 x w h rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,ord9>y head] curve1 any ob/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,anti-head] atta*m5t1 smoo? road4 ,illu/ration3 ,anti-head]1 f\r-in* ob/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,anti-head]1 eight-in* ob/ruction4 ,9 ! diagrams h]e) annex$1 ,fig4 #d %[s ! curve ( ! saddle ( a ,no4 #a 7,ord9>y7 ma*9e on a level road1 & :i* w\ld be ! same aga9/ any ob/ruction4 ,scale1 "o-sixte5?4 ,rem>k h[ ! rid] mu/ be lift$ f ! level c to b & be ?r[n =w>d f a to b4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! curve ( a ,no4 #b ma*9e1 ) ! anti-head] device1 on a level road4 ,! elevation & =w>d ?r[ are repres5t$ by ! same lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #d2 x w be notic$ t ! di/ance f a to b is v mu* increas$4 ,figs4 #f & #g %[ ! curves or necess>y projection1 =w>d & upw>d1 ( ! saddle 9 ! head] act ( a ,no4 #b ma*9e ^u f\r- & eight-in* ob/ructions respectively4 ,! feature ( a non-backw>d revolution ( ! drive-:eel ?r\gh ! =k is a natural consequ5ce 9 "s lev] & clut* ma*9es4 ,?is elem5t ( anti-head] has be5 ! subject ( an inv5tion 9 ! way ( an atta*m5t to ! ,ord9>y1 contriv$ ) a view to rea*+ ! same result1 b x _c be said to be a successful v5ture 9 ! m>ket1 ! probable reasons be+1 fir/1 t x int]f]es1 to a slight ext5t1 9 manag+ ! dism\nt$ :eel1 ! op]ator be+ unable to run x backw>d1 z is sometimes desirable2 second1 t ! anti-head] elem5t has n be5 really und]/ood or appreciat$ among ! frat]nity1 z x does n appeal to ! judgm5t ( ! casual obs]v] t any su* elem5t results f ! fact 8t a :eel won't run back40 ,9 ! lev] & clut* ma*9e a ?ird objection is rais$1--! rid] _c back-p$al1 b mu/ dep5d entirely on ! brake 9 desc5d+ hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,head] ,rational ,ord9>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,head] ,kang>oo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,kang>oo anti-head]1 f\r-in* ob/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,head] ,/> re>-driv] lev] ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,head] ,rov] re>-driv] type ( ma*9e4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! ,rational ,ord9>y curve2 ,fig4 #i1 ! curve made by ! well-kn[n ,kang>oo2 ,fig4 #aj1 ! ,kang>oo ) clut* or anti-head] atta*m5t2 ,fig4 #aa1 ! ,am]ican ,/> comb9ation ( :eels2 ,fig4 #ab1 ! curve ( ! regul> crank ,rov] ma*9e4 ,! ,rov] type ( safety ma*9e is practically free f ! liability to direct head]s1 = ! reason t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sy/em has to be rais$ to su* a height t ! rid] sw]ves ar\nd sideways be=e he c g ov]2 nev]!less1 a modifi$ =m ( ! same might be possible ?r\gh "s remote concat5ation ( circum/ances caus+ ! ma*9e to /op & ?r[ ! rid] bodily ov] ! h&le-b> )\t keep+ him company on ! trip z usual1 9 :i* case he1 at lea/1 escapes ! usual subsequ5t annoyance ( be+ p\nd$ by ! re> :eel4 ,a head] _c result f /opp+ ! rotation ( ! re> :eel1 z g5]ally suppos$1 because ! po9t ( contact ( ! same be+ 9 ! re> ( ! rid] & c5tre ( gravity1 ! sy/em _c revolve ab\t ! said po9t 9 a =w>d direction1 or direction ( mom5tum4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t if f any cause ! re> :eel leaves ! gr\nd1 :i* x c d f a reb\nd aga9/ "s ob/ruction1 ! in/ant x does s ! sy/em w be simply c>ri$ =w>d by ! roll+ ( ! front :eel4 ,head]s h be5 said to result f ! above cause 9 ! ord9>y bicycle1 b ! writ] aft] sev]al exp]im5ts has be5 unable to atta9 su* a result4 ,yet x is q possible t x might occur f ! reb\nd ( ! re> :eel 9 /rik+ an object ) great =ce1 ?\gh x is altoge!r improbable if ! drive-:eel 7 kept fully 9 motion4 ,an ob/ruction s great z to bodily raise ! :eel suffici5tly high to ?r[ ! c5tre ( gravity ov] nev] gets a *ance to act1 s9ce ! =w>d :eel mu/ surm\nt x fir/1 & ?is is :]e ! head] occurs4 ,x c be easily se5 t :5 ! re> :eel1 f any cause1 is rais$ f ! gr\nd1 !re c be no action )9 ! sy/em to make x raise any high] or to prev5t ! =w>d :eel f roll+ onw>d z usual2 h5ce x is evid5t t z soon z ! =m] leaves ! gr\nd x w simply drop back & reb\nd aga9 at w4 ,b 9 ! o!r case1 if ! front :eel is lock$1 ! re> :eel _c g on 9 a /raight l9e & x mu/ !re=e g on ov] ! top4 ,9 ! writ]'s exp]im5ts on ! re> :eel1 he _h an att5dant ?r[ a /ick betwe5 ! spokes :ile 9 motion2 x 0 n tri$ at v high spe$1 h[ev]1 = ! reason1 p]haps1 t any failure 9 ! !ory above provid$ might end r disa/r\sly to ! exp]im5t] & !reby cause an act ( +ratitude to be p]petrat$ ^u ! prospective patron ( ?is book1 ?r\gh an inability to ev] f9i% x4 ,if "s ambiti\s cycli/ w k9dly complete ^! exp]im5ts1 ! writ] w gladly incorporate an acc\nt ( !m 9 future editions ( ?is "w1 toge!r ) an appropriate obitu>y notice 9 l>ge type4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,ge>+ ,,up ,,& ,,d[n4 ,?is famili> phrase means simply t ! numb] ( revolutions made by ! drive-:eel 9 proportion to ! numb] made by ! cranks is great] or less4 ,broadly1 x v>ies ! relative am\nt ( motion ( ! p$als1 & consequ5tly ( ! feet ( ! rid] 9 travell+ ov] a giv5 di/ance4 ,9 ! simple crank device no *ange c be made 9 ?is respect except 9 ! l5g? ( ! cranks1 b 9 all ( ! sprocket-*a9 devices x is also possible to *ange ! am\nt ( motion 9 ! p$als by alt]+ ! size ( "o or ! o!r ( ! sprocket-:eels4 ,9 lev] ma*9es & 9 ^? :i* h ! sun & planet connection1 ei!r ) an oscillat+ lev] or full revolv+ crank1 x is g5]ally possible1 by "s alt]ation1 to produce ! same effect z t ( *ang+ a sprocket-:eel z m5tion$4 ,! v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( crank produces an effect comp>able to ! *ange ( ge>+ 9 s f> z ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! feet travel 9 cov]+ a c]ta9 di/ance is conc]n$1 b ! diff]5ce lies 9 ?is1 t alt]+ ! crank means a giv5 numb] ( revolutions 9 a circle ( v>y+ radius1 :ile alt]+ ! ge>+ means a v>iable numb] ( revolutions 9 a circle ( giv5 radius1 9 ord] to cov] a giv5 l5g? ( road4 ,9 popul> language1 if a rid] wi%es m p[]1 he mu/ l5g!n ! crank or decrease ! size ( ! sprocket-:eel on ! crank-axle2 vice v]sa1 if he desires great] spe$ & less p[]1 he mu/ %ort5 ! crank or enl>ge ! sprocket-:eel connect$ !re)4 ,x is ne$less to say t enl>g+ ! ge>-:eel on ! crank-axle produces ! same effect z decreas+ ! size ( t on ! drive-:eel4 ,9 a sprocket-crank ma*9e ! real "q ( ge>+ is :e!r to *ange ! l5g? ( crank or proportion ( ! sizes ( ! ge>-:eels2 b y c't by any comb9ation get p[] & spe$ bo? ) ! same am\nt ( "w done by ! rid]4 ,simple z all ?is matt] ( ge>+ is1 x is probable t !re is no feature 9 cycles s indef9itely und]/ood1 or1 we might say1 s p]si/5tly di/ort$4 ,! only tr\ble is t rid]s w n /op to apply a mo/ fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,if we ga9 spe$1 we lose p[]2 if we ga9 p[]1 we mu/ lose spe$4 ,to apply ?is p>ticul>ly to cycles1 if y ge> up = spe$1 y mu/ pu% h>d]2 if we ge> d[n1 we ne$ n pu% s h>d1 b mu/ kick fa/] or g m sl[ly1 provid$ 9 ea* case ! l5g? ( crank is ! same4 ,we _c g fa/ & pu% easy unless we increase ! /r5g? ( ! man4 ,to g ov] ! same di/ance ( giv5 road1 ! same am\nt ( "w is requir$1 no matt] h[ ! ma*9e is arrang$ ?r\gh :i* x is done4 ,?is subject 0 bett] und]/ood :5 no elem5t b ! l5g? ( ! crank 0 to be consid]$2 b n[1 s9ce bicycles h appe>$ t are capable ( be+ *ang$ to a high or l[ ge>1 "s rid]s p]si/ 9 treat+ x z an entirely new problem4 ,x has 9 "o respect a new feature 9 t great] or less spe$ c be _h )\t decreas+ or increas+ ! l5g? ( ! crank2 t is1 s9ce ! comp>ative spe$ ( ! p$al & rim ( ! :eel 9 space c be v>i$ ei!r by ! l5g? ( ! crank or ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! same1 we c make "o turn ( a six-in* crank d ! same "w at ! same foot-pressure z two turns ( a ?ree-in* crank at ! same pressure4 ,n[1 ?is is a valuable feature1 because x all[s u to increase ! v]tical amplitude ?r\gh :i* to transmit p[] )\t *ange 9 ! velocity ( ! p$al ?r\gh space4 ,a conv5i5t /&>d has be5 adopt$ 9 ge>+ cycles by comp>+ ! spe$ ( ! driv] to t ( a :eel & crank connect$ & revolv+ toge!r1 z 9 ! ,ord9>y2 t is to say1 a ?irty-in* :eel ge>$ to sixty means t "o turn ( ! crank w drive ! ?irty-in* :eel twice ar\nd1 z x mu/ d 9 ord] to cov] ! same di/ance z "o turn ( a sixty-in* :eel4 ,to f9d h[ high ! ma*9e is ge>$1 divide ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! sprocket-:eel on ! crank by ! numb] 9 ! sprocket-:eel on ! driv]1 !n multiply ! result by ! diamet] 9 in*es ( ! drive-:eel4 ,9 %ort1 ! spe$ indicat$ by ! size ( ! drive-:eel ( ! ge>$ ma*9e is to ! real spe$ z ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! ge> ^u ! :eel is to ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! ge> on ! crank-axle4 ,:5 tricycles fir/ appe>$ 9 :i* ! p[] 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh sprocket-:eels & *a91 !re 0 q a cry = 8high-ge>$0 ma*9es2 b ! mi/ake 0 soon discov]$1 & buy]s ev5tually f\nd t mod]ate ge>+ 0 be/1 & 9 fact _m adopt$ a level ge>+ 7equal-siz$ sprocket-:eels7 ) ?irty-six- to =ty-two-in* driv]s4 ,not)/&+ ?is exp]i5ce1 :5 ! ge>$ bicycles came 9 !re 0 /ill a great cry = fanci$ high spe$4 ,an ,engli% mak] 9 #ahhe compla9$ to ! writ] t x 0 ! bane ( 8 exi/5ce1--?is h[l = high ge>s1--:5 x 0 well kn[n to him t buy]s w\ld ev5tually be dissatisfi$4 ,x 0 ( no use to make1 said he1 :at is really ne$$2 cu/om]s w n ev5 try ! ma*9es1 s sure are !y t by _! s*eme 8!y c fly ?r\gh ! air ) ! greate/ ( ease10 :i* expression1 :5 us$ by ! ord9>y man1 means some?+ l pull+ a t5-horse load ) "o mule4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ge>+1 few rid]s c\ld be m easily (f5d$ ?an by intimat+ t !y want$ a l[-ge>$ ma*9e1 say fifty to fifty-two2 no less ?an sixty or sev5ty w\ld satisfy _! crav+s = great spe$1 & 9 fact ! writ] has be5 ask$ s]i\sly1 8,:y n ge> h] up to ab\t a hundr$80 ,b n[ t ! idol ( s _m rid]s has be5 %att]$1 !y w too complac5tly accept ! ^w ( ! mak] z to :at !y ne$1 & h5ce !re is a real sub/antial reason = inve/igat+ ?is matt]4 ,! adv5t ( ! ge>+ process has develop$ a new po9t1 z a result ( conditions spok5 (1 :i* is to make ! ma*9e suit ! rid]'s /r5g? & physical peculi>ities z well z to fit him 9 ! l5g? ( leg1--a po9t to :i* insuffici5t att5tion has be5 paid4 ,if "o man wants a ma*9e ge>$ to fifty-six or sixty1 !re is no conceivable reason :y ano!r :o happ5s to h ! same l5g? ( inseam ( 8 tr\s]s %\ld want ! same2 nor is x a matt] simply ( /r5g?3 if two m5 c make ! same numb] ( miles 9 a day1 x is fair to presume t !y are ( ne>ly equal rid+ capacity1 yet ea* may accompli% ! "w mo/ easily on ma*9es ge>$ q diff]5tly4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d has occurr$ to ! writ]1 9 rid+ day aft] day on a ma*9e ge>$ to ab\t =ty-eight1 ) a man :o pref]r$ & c\ld d 8 be/ "w on a sixty4 ,?is diff]5ce held good on smoo? or r\gh roads1 & z a matt] ( my own exp]i5ce x is a pleasure to ride a l[ ge>1 & di/ress+ toil to use a high]4 ,!re are o!rs ^: exp]i5ce is j ! rev]se1 & x is useless to try to guess at :at is want$2 x is be/ n to g to ei!r extreme 9 buy+ unless y h prov$ ! necessity by ext5d$ exp]i5ce on ! road4 ,x w\ld be well = all rid]s to avail !mselves ( any good opportunity to make a ?or\gh trial ( ma*9es ge>$ diff]5tly f ea* o!r1 = x is possible to be unsuit$ & nev] "k x4 ,ev5 if y h be5 able to lead ! van :5 y h be5 out on a run1 y d n "k b t y c\ld h l$ x mu* easi] on some?+ else ?an t :i* y rode4 ,! physical sy/em 9 man may easily become adapt$ to a :eel :i* at fir/ 0 n suitable1 b !re are ^? to :om c]ta9 ge>+ w always be wrong4 ,x is safe to say t ! prevail+ mi/ake 9 ! pa/ has be5 ! use ( too high ge>s1 ?\gh ?is has be5 mu* improv$ ( late by ! use ( long cranks4 ,!re is "o subject :i* %\ld be t\*$ ^u ) great caution1 s9ce ! prospects ( "s v wor?y inv5tors might be unju/ly int]f]$ )2 x is t ( multiple or two spe$-ge>s4 ,i h tri$ to impress ^u ! read] ! importance ( ge>+ to suit 8 /r5g?1 yet :5 once suit$ x is extremely d\btful if he %\ld ev] *ange x2 at lea/ x is d\btful if he %\ld d s on ! same trip or ev5 dur+ ! same season4 ,:5 a rid] transf]s 8 base ( op]ations f a level to a hilly c\ntry p]man5tly1 a *ange 9 8 ge> may n be out ( ! way2 b to fix ! ma*9e = m or less p[] alt]nately z hills & levels are met ) is1 9 ! light ( my exp]i5ce1 m tiresome ?an ! necess>y v>iation 9 ! ef=t ( ! man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,rov]1 ,,or ,,re>-,,driv+ ,,safety4 ,z ma*9es ( ?is g5]al type bid fair to engage ! att5tion ( cycli/s to a m>k$ degree1 x seems 9 place to give !m m ?an a pass+ notice 9 ! g5]al discussion4 ,x is fair to presume t m ?an "o-half ( all ! ma*9es sold 9 ! imm$iate future w be m or less aft] ?is g5]al patt]n4 ,! introduction ( ! ,rov] has af=d$ u "o ( ! mo/ amus+ incid5ts 9 cycl+ hi/ory4 ,! writ] ( ^! pages happ5$ to be 9 ,cov5try dur+ ! summ] ( '#he1 & he _h a =tuit\s opportunity1 fondly accept$1 ( inv5t+ fun at ! exp5se ( ! 8,crocodile0 & ( jo9+ 9 ! g5]al laugh at ! 7alleg$7 ridicul\s attempt ( a ,cov5try firm to 8foi/0 7sic7 ?is mo/ extraord9>y freak ( cycl+ inv5tive g5ius1 "u a new "n1 ^u ! m>ket4 ,9 ! fall ( ! same ye> a notable ,wa%+ton ag5t1 allur$ by ! attractive notices ( a great prize = a hundr$-mile race1 import$ "o ( ^! self-same incongru\s specim5s into ?is c\ntry4 ,aft] a few weeks ( hil>i\s humor1 foll[$ by a sull5 contempt = ! ?+1 ?is ,wa%+tonian %ipp$ x to a great ,am]ican manufactur]1 :o made sport ov] x = a ye> or two be=e we all began to scramble ar\nd & make ready to prove t ea* "o ( u individually 8saw x all ! "t40 ,x has be5 a h>d pull1 h[ev]1 & x is /ill unc]ta9 on :om x did fir/ beg9 to dawn t somebody _h be5 guilty ( colossal /upidity4 ,"o ?+ ! ,rov] accompli%es1 previ\sly t\*$ ^u1 is ! location ( ! rid] z ne>ly ov] ! "w z he *ooses to be2 :i* has be5 ! end & aim ( all our ef=ts 9 t direction4 ,_h ?is ma*9e be5 (f]$ to ! public1 9 good %ape1 at ! end ( ! old bone-%ak] rgime1 x is que/ionable if ! ,ord9>y w\ld ev] h acquir$ ! prom95ce x did4 ,9 e>ly times1 :5 le>n+ to ride a tall ma*9e 0 consid]$ q a feat ( gymna/ic ex]cise1 su* z only ! "y & sprightly c\ld ev] p]=m1 _m1 :o aft]w>ds by =ce ( circum/ances did accompli% ! feat1 w\ld nev] h tri$ x if !re _h be5 any?+ else1 su* z ! pres5t ,safety1 to le>n ^u4 ,e accid5t on ! ,ord9>y w\ld h told heavily aga9/ x 9 ! m>ket1 & e sev]e casualty w\ld h made a new ,safety rid]2 z x 01 h[ev]1 !re 0 only "o ( ?ree ?+s to d1--take to a ?ree-track ma*9e1 /op rid+1 or try ! old m\nt aga94 ,x is ne$less to say t1 almo/ to a man1 ! la/ condition 0 accept$1 & ! result is t n[ we h a class ( m5 :o c h&le an ,ord9>y ) su* dext]ity t _m ( !m consci5ti\sly av] t !re c be no?+ saf]4 ,h[ev]1 among ^? mo/ devot$ to x at ! pres5t "t !re are few1 if any1 ( ! close obs]v]s :o w\ld h /ood sponsor = _! favorite ma*9e _h ! re>-driv] made its appe>ance 9 its pres5t =m prior to ! adv5t ( ! ,ord9>y4 ,to say t ! latt] w\ld ev] h obta9$ a foot+ above ! level ( a fad or a curiosity1 w\ld be equal to d5y+ t ! ,safety w n[ ev] hold an enviable place among u4 ,9 ! m9ds ( _m ! sprocket-:eels & *a9 /ood mu* aga9/ ! introduction ( ! re>-driv]2 true1 _m good tricycles 7 implant$ firmly on ! m>ket ) su* devices = convey+ p[] to its necess>y locality1 b !re 0 always su* a va/ *asm ly+ betwe5 ! s+le- & d\ble-track ma*9es t rid]s did n c>e to get d[n to m9ute details ( diff]5ces4 ,to an ,ord9>y rid] ! idea ( sprocket-:eels 01 & is yet1 = t matt]1 an abom9ation1 only second to t ( be+ dropp$ d[n f 8 elevat$ position to ! humble plane 9 :i* 8 fell[ on ! ,safety is wont to revel2 b no?+ 9 ! way ( *ange 9 ! cycle art is unbe>able aft] we become accu/om$ to x4 ,no d\bt ! old ,kang>oo1 z bad a failure z x 01 l$ u up to endure m complac5tly ! re>-driv] 9 respect to ! sprocket-*a92 yet 9 no type ( ma*9e c\ld ! subject h be5 br\ght to our notice 9 a worse =m4 ,! tricycles us+ a s+le *a9 did away ) "o ( ! great evils :i* app]ta9 to ?is sy/em z f\nd 9 ! ,kang>oo1 9 :i* we h two *a9s work+ entirely indep5d5tly4 ,! evil ( su* an arrangem5t is easily se53 no old ,kang>oo rid]1 or rid] ( any o!r d\ble-*a9 device1 is ignorant ( ! annoyance caus$ by rev]s+ ! slack 9 ea* at e half-revolution ( ! p$al4 ,keep ! *a9s ev] s tight1 ?is slack w be felt z ! p$al crosses ! dead-c5tre l9e at ! top & ! bottom4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 "s reputable mak]s p]si/ 9 con/ruct+ re>-driv]s hav+ ! d\ble *a91 & z a matt] ( c\rse ju/ly fail to meet ) mu* approval f ! rid]s !re(4 ,a ^w 9 reg>d to ! nature ( sprocket-:eels & *a94 ,x is p]haps n g5]ally und]/ood h[ important x is t !y %\ld be well made1 ) especial view to resi/ /ret*+ & alt]ation ( pit*1 any tight5+ device1 no matt] h[ deftly made1 be+ an inconsi/5cy 9 me*anics4 ,to be sure1 ! spread+ ( ! :eel-c5tres _c d mu* h>m1 & x saves "s annoyance1 b x does n cure ! real evil1 nor is x any bett] to take a l9k out2 x is ! l5g? ( ea* & e l9k t is wrong1 & x c only be cur$ by ei!r *ang+ ea* l9k or by alt]+ ! sizes ( ! sprocket :eels4 ,two ge>-:eels _c run prop]ly toge!r unless !y are proportional 9 size to ! numb] ( tee?4 ,n[1 ! /ret*+ ( a sprocket-*a9 alt]s ! pit* 9 a mann] simil> to t ( reta9+ ! same numb] ( tee? 9 ea* ( two int]me%+ :eels1 & !n alt]+ ! size ( "o4 ,a sprocket-*a9 acts sub/antially z an idle :eel2 :5 x /ret*es we h1 z x 71 ?is idle :eel made l>g] :ile ! size ( ! o!rs & ! numb] ( tee? 9 ea* rema9 ! same4 ,increas+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres does n affect ! size ( ! :eels1 & :5 a sprocket-*a9 /ret*es or becomes long] by we> ! :eels %\ld ei!r be l>g] or else ! numb] ( tee? dim9i%$4 ,x is a g5]al idea among me*anics t *a9 ge>+ is ab\t ! mo/ undesirable ( all means ( transmitt+ p[] we h4 ,?is is p]haps an exagg]ation1 & ,i ?9k ! cycle art has prov$ x to be s2 b ! idea no d\bt is fo/]$ by ?is con/ant t5d5cy ( ! *a9 to /ret*1 & :5 ?is /ret* takes place a v consid]able am\nt ( friction mu/ result4 ,!re is ano!r annoyance felt by patrons ( ! small :eel3 ! *a9s be+ l[ d[n & well oil$1 z !y %\ld be1 especially if once !y become /ret*$1 h a sup]lative capacity = accumulat+ & hold+ dirt1 caus+ a gr9d+ second only to t ( a f9ely-set qu>tz-cru%]4 ,?is feature is n s mu* to be deplor$ if ! dirt c be kept out ( ! *a9-l9k be>+s1 s9ce x is n ! we> ( ! l9k aga9/ ! too? ( ! :eel1 b t )9 ! l9k1 :i* makes x long]1 alt]s ! pit*1 & causes great friction4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 h to accept ?is *a9 arrangem5t = ! pres5t 9 ,safeties1 z x _c be help$4 ,"s +5i\s inv5tor w no d\bt ere long come to our assi/ance2 b until !n we c tol]ate x ) a good grace1 s9ce x is a necess>y concomitant ( s valuable an acquisition to our assortm5t ( m\nts4 ,!re is app>5tly little diff]5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( ! crank ,rov] ,safeties1 yet !re is m ?an a cursory glance w\ld lead u to suspect4 ,to beg9 )1 !re is q a v>iation 9 ! slant ( ! neck or front =k1 _m mak]s giv+ a consid]able curve to ! =k1 ?us ?r[+ ! neck mu* /raight] up4 ,!n we h ! telescope head1 :]e ! front =k revolves inside ! tubul> front ext5sion ( ! ma9 frame2 & la/ly1 ! sw+-jo9t or ,/anley head4 ,no v />tl+ diff]5ce 9 ! durability ( ^! two heads has z yet develop$ itself4 ,! telescope is (t5 hung 9 balls1 :i* makes x "w z freely z ! ,/anley1 if n m s2 x has also a little advantage 9 appe>ance2 /ill1 a l>ge majority ( ! mak]s h adopt$ ! ,/anley1 probably because x is a little *eap] & q z effici5t4 ,!re seems to be less disadvantage 9 ! slant ( ! front =k ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,accord+ to an old !ory 9 ! ,ord9>y1 ! m ne>ly v]tical ! head1 ! less 8s5sitive0 ! /e]+2 b exp]i5ce demon/rates t by practice all ma*9es are s easily /e]$ t ! po9t is really n s vital4 ,! orig9al ,rov] ma*9e z put ^u ! m>ket has ev]y?+ comb9$ to give x a full slant 9 ! neck2 t is to say1 x has a l>ge ?irty-six-in* front :eel & no curve to ! =k1 :ile 9 o!r ma*9es ( ! same g5]al patt]n a ?irty-in* front :eel is us$ ) consid]able curve to ! =k1 :i* tak5 toge!r make ! neck almo/ v]tical2 rid]s1 h[ev]1 are equally satisfi$ ) ei!r /yle4 ,x w be well to notice "h t ?\gh ,i speak ( ! curve ( ! =k 9 relation to /e]+1 x really has necess>ily no?+ to d ) x1 s9ce a p]fectly /raight =k c\ld h a m v]tical head be>+ ?an "o mu* curv$4 ,! slant ( ! pivotal l9e is ! important feature1 & ?is may be v>i$ 9 ei!r by b5d+ ! =k or1 9 ! ,/anley1 by sett+ back ! l[] be>+4 ,! f\r draw+s bel[ %[ necks ( equal slant & consid]able v>iation 9 ! curve or %ape ( ! =ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-driv] front =ks4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,any ( ! f\r patt]ns above "w exactly ! same 9 ! h&s ( ! rid]4 ,s mu* = ! mann] ( obta9+ slant ( ! head or pivotal connection1 z we %all call x2 b z to ! am\nt ( ?is slant x is desirable to obta9 mu* m c be said4 ,! great sy/em ( ca/]+1 s kn[+ly discuss$ by "s exp\nd]s ( cycl+ fai?1 has 9 x really some?+ ( sub/antial importance4 ,x is ass]t$ t if ! ma*9e is s con/ruct$ t ! l9e ( pivotal connection /rikes ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! po9t ( contact ( ! :eel 7see ,fig4 #a71 a ca/]+ elem5t comes into play :i* w cause ! ma*9e to reta9 its =w>d c\rse1 & enables ! rid] to g 8h&s (f40 ,note t ! l9e a b /rikes at c 9 front ( d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,suppos$ ca/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,real ca/]4 ,i h obs]v$ _m re>-driv]s1 & _c see t ?is makes mu* diff]5ce2 ! v>i\s k9ds seem to be equally well ridd51 ) respect to easy /e]+1 if only ! rid]s happ5 to be ?or\gh exp]ts2 ( c\rse all sorts ( !ories 9 reg>d to ! action ( ! /e]+ h be5 advanc$4 ,i take x t !re is only "o truly t5able !ory ( ca/]+2 ?is :5 appli$ w obviate 8s5sitiv5ess0 completely & "u all circum/ances2 x is z foll[s3 ,! pivotal connection mu/ be su* t ! l9e a b /rikes 9 front ( ! po9t ( support1 z be=e spok5 (1 & x mu/ also be s con/ruct$ & plac$ 9 su* a position t no motion ( ! h&le-b> w cause ! ma*9e to l[] its c5tre ( gravity4 ,if by turn+ ! h&les any weight is l[]$1 y c dep5d ^u x t ! =ce ( gravity1 always t5d+ to l[] ?is weight1 w inv]sely cause ! h&le-b> to turn4 ,x w be notic$ t :5 ! ma*9e /&s upright ! /e]+ app>atus is n 9 a /ate ( /able equilibrium2 t is to say1 ! weight ( ! ma*9e t5ds to %ift ! :eel1 & x c h>dly keep /raight by means ( su* ca/]+ elem5t z results simply f ! l9e ( ! pivotal connection /rik+ 9 front ( ! po9t ( contact4 ,! necess>y conditions are z foll[s 7see ,fig4 #b73 ,! pivotal l9e a b mu/ /rike at c 9 front ( d1 & ! l9e a b c mu/ be v]tical 9 ord] t no motion on its axis c l[] any weight :5 ! ma*9e /&s upright4 ,n[1 x foll[s f ^! conditions t ! head mu/ be v]tical & no "p ( ! pivotal l9e 9 ! re> ( a v]tical ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! :eel4#f ,! automatic /e]+ devices d n "w z successfully on a bicycle z on ! lead+ :eel ( a tricycle4 ,!re are two pr9cipal plans :i* h be5 9 use2 9 "o ( :i* a spr+ =ces ! /e]+-b> into a position = runn+ /raight ahead2 ! o!r plan = ! same purpose consi/s 9 a ,v slot & p94 ,9 ! latt] ! weight ( ! rid] keeps ! :eel /raight by =c+ ! p9 into ! bottom ( ! ,v slot1 & x w re/ !re until =c$ out by ! action ( ! h&le-b>4 ,ei!r ( ! above devices is objectionable 9 a bicycle1 because ! con/ant work+ ( ! /e]+-b> = ! purpose ( balanc+ is s cont9u\s1 z comp>$ ) t ( /e]+ pure & simple1 t any =ce t5d+ to hold x 9 any "o position w soon tire ! arms & make rid+ m labori\s4 ,a new =m ( ! re>-driv+ ,safety 0 %[n 9 ! season ( #ahhg1 inv5t$ by a ,g]man4 ,i give h]e) a cut ( ! same1 cit+ :at he claims4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,ro?igiess]0 pr9ciple4 8,c be ridd5 any di/ance & on any road )\t us+ ! h&le-b>4 ,! new pr9ciple--p$als on ! re> :eel & saddle on ! front :eel--is j ! rev]se ( ! con/ruction ( ! ord9>y bicycle1 & is ! only true pr9ciple = a ,safety2 ! fault ( ! common re>-driv+ ,safeties be+ t bo? saddle & p$als are fix$ on ! re> :eel1 s t ! front :eel mu/ be controll$ by ! arms ( ! rid]40 ,i h tri$ ! pr9ciple1 b c\ld n get mu* out ( x4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 x at all x w\ld be q valuable2 b ,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion t ! inv5tor reli$ r too mu* on 8 !ory & n en\gh on actual practice4 ,notice t ! h&le-b>1 trunk ( ! body1 arms1 & saddle are all )9 "o sy/em1 !re be+ no p[] to /e] except 9 ! action betwe5 ! trunk & feet1 in/ead ( betwe5 ! arms & trunk1 z 9 o!r ma*9es4 ,a new ma*9e has be5 favorably notic$ ( late :i* /rikes me z a modification ( ! ,g]man's pr9ciple1 or r z a comb9ation ( t ) ! old plan ( /e]+4 ,9 ?is device !re is "s motion betwe5 ! saddle & ! h&les1 z ( old1 & 9 addition !reto we f9d a motion betwe5 ! saddle & ! p$als1 :i* is int5d$ possibly to comb9e all ( ! good elem5ts4 ,! cut expla9s itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,ro?igiess]0 modification4 ,b to return to our mutton4 ,! important features :i* h compell$ u to recognize ) favor ?is mo/ homely & awkw>d-look+ ma*9e--! mod]n re>-driv+ ,safety--are1 fir/1 ! safety elem5t1 &1 secondly1 ! advantage ( be+ m ne>ly ov] ! "w1 ^! two features includ+ _m m9or *>act]i/ics4 ,!n !re are a numb] ( indep5d5t peculi>ities :i* c h>dly be said to necess>ily belong to ?is type ( ma*9e1 b :i* are /ill adopt$ 9 x1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ge>+ up & d[n1 foot-re/s = coa/+1 etc4 ,until rec5tly !re did n seem to be any great fault 9 ! ma*9e except its looks1 b a controv]sy has aris5 :i* is n only extremely important b is s f> unsettl$2 ,i ref] to ! discussion ( ! side-slip1 :i*1 9 %[+ ! numb] ( explanations t diff]5t obs]v]s w give = ! same set ( facts1 has be5 n unmix$ ) an elem5t ( ! humor\s4 #f ,s9ce ! subject ( a pat5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,side-,,slip ,,( ,,! ,,safety4 ,! "q ( side-slip is n entirely new2 x 0 fir/ moot$ 9 connection ) ! ,safety ( ! ,kang>oo type1 :i* _h a driv] ( f ?irty-six to =ty in*es 9 front ( a re> :eel ( eighte5 or tw5ty in*es1 z w be notic$ 9 ! cut ( ?is ma*9e giv5 h]e9aft]4 ,n[1 to come to ! specific features suppos$ to acc\nt = ! side-slip1 note t1 9 ord] to make room = ! sprocket-:eels1 ! cranks _h to be unusually wide ap>t &1 by ! necess>y con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 also v l[ d[n2 9 o!r words1 ! ma*9e _h a v wide tread1 sw++ v close to ! gr\nd4 ,! slip ( ?is :eel 0 some?+ fe>ful to behold1 & its cause 0 suppos$ to be fully expla9$ by ! peculi>ities ( con/ruction j not$1 9 accordance ) a !ory :i*1 ?\gh religi\sly believ$ 9 at ! "t1 has ( late be5 some:at %ak51 & :i* we n[ proce$ to develop4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! diff]5t ma*9es 9 respect to ?is !ory1 suppose we take1 fir/1 ! ,ord9>y ) a fifty-in* :eel & cranks1 say1 eight in*es ap>t1 or f\r in*es f ! c5tre ( ! :eel to ei!r crank4 ,n[1 if ! p$al b 7,fig4 #a7 is f\r in*es long1 ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! p$al to ! c5tre ( ! axle ( ! drive-:eel is six in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! :eel fifty in*es2 !n1 :5 ! crank is ext5d$ horizontally out 9 front1 ?is be+ ! position :5 x is suppos$ to be subject$ to ! greate/ /ra91 we h ! foll[+ conditions 7see ,fig4 #b73 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,side-slip diagrams4 ,let a b repres5t ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( ! :eel f ! c5tre ( ! p$al1 a c ! v]tical height ( ! p$al f ! gr\nd1 & ,w ! weight ( ! man4 ,!n ,w appli$ v]tically d[nw>d at b w create a horizontal side-slip pressure1 ,r at ab c1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 su* t ,r ,w --------4 ,if1 ac !n1 ,w #aej p\nds & a b & a c #f & #be in*es #f respectively1 we h ,r #aej ---- #cf p\nds4 ,suppos+ ! !ory #be to be correct1 ! above may be said to repres5t ! side-slip resultant 9 ! fifty-in* ,ord9>y4 ,9 ! ,kang>oo ! cranks1 be+ bel[ ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 av]age ab\t twelve in*es f ! gr\nd :5 p[] is appli$4 ,! p$als are ab\t a foot ap>t1 s t ab #h1 ac #ab1 & ,w #aej1 :5ce ,r by ! same =mula equals "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,! above1 ?\gh p]haps slightly exagg]at$ 9 its application to "s ( ! ,kang>oo patt]ns1 is sub/antially correct1 %[+ ! diff]5ce to be sixty p\nds aga9/ x4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 ! great] ! tread & ! less ! di/ance ( ! p$als f ! gr\nd1 ! great] %\ld be ! side-slip4 ,app]ta9+ to ?is matt]1 ,i h us$ a ma*9e ) ! same sizes ( :eels z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,kang>oo1 b 9 :i* ! p[] devices 7 v close toge!r1 & ,i h f\nd x comp>atively free f slip2 & ,i am also in=m$ by rid]s ( ! ma*9e call$ ! ,facile1 9 :i* ! p$als are clos] toge!r1 t x is rem>kably free f ! same difficulty4 ,b ^! facts _c be tak5 z a pro( ( ! !ory "u consid]ation1 = ! reason t ab ! application ( ! =mula ,r ,w -------- to ! two ma*9es ac j spok5 (1 at be/1 /ill gives1 z a result1 a l>ge am\nt ( side pressure1 :i* 9 actual practice does n exi/4 ,:at diff]5ce x may make 9 ! ,facile or o!r treadle ma*9es t ! po9t ( application ( p[] is 9 ! re> ( ! driv+ axle1 ,i _c say1 or :at diff]5ce a lev] motion w\ld %[ z comp>$ ) ! simple crank is also n app>5t2 9 fact1 !re is v little ( e/abli%$ data f :i* to draw a conclusion1 & a good reason :i* w\ld n[ det] any cauti\s man f (f]+ mu* exp]i5ce or any !ory 9 ! matt] w be readily surmis$ aft] read+ ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,cycli/ on ! subject4 8,,side-,,slipp+ ,,on ,,safeties4 8,"o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! fall+ out ( favor ( ! #8,kang>oo' type ( ,safety 0 ! great pron5ess x _h to side-slipp+ ^u greasy roads1 & x 0 confid5tly & freely ass]t$ :5 ! re>-driv] 0 introduc$ t ?is defect 01 9 its con/ruction1 ov]come4 ,t ?is is n ! case e "o :o has _h any ext5sive exp]i5ce ) ?is class ( ma*9e w admit2 inde$1 ! side-slipp+ ( ! ,safety is its "o great fault4 ,z our read]s "k1 ! =ks ( a ,safety ( ?is type are consid]ably slop$1--"s m s ?an o!rs4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! =ks are /raight or curv$1 s f> z ! po9t we are deal+ ) n[ is conc]n$4 ,! slop+ ( ! =k places ! :eel1 unless travell+ 9 an absolutely /raight l9e1 m or less on its side4 ,! result is manife/4 ,!re is a /rong =ce beh9d pu%+ x =w>d4 ,s long z ! gr\nd gives en\gh frictional resi/ance to ! :eel1 well & good2 b s soon z ! surface is lubricat$1 z x is1 by ! slipp]y mud1 !n ! t5d5cy is at once to pu% ! ma*9e ov]4 ,?is t5d5cy is increas$1 z ) ! side-slipp+ ^u o!r =ms ( ma*9es1 by a slop+ road surface1 ! side ( a rut1 or ! cant ( ! ma*9e 9 turn+ a corn]2 &1 moreov]1 ! h>d] ! rid] pu%es ! m *ance !re is ( ! ma*9e slipp+4 ,hav+1 !n1 po9t$ out ! cause ( side-slipp+1 x rema9s = ^? :o devote _! "t & tal5ts to inv5tion to ov]come x4 ,s f> z we c see1 a v]tical /e]+-=k %\ld d t :i* is ne$$40#g 99 99 99 99 99 8#aaac4--,y\r lead] 9 la/ week's issue re ! side-slipp+ ( re>-driv+ ,safety bicycles is1 9 my op9ion1 some:at calculat$ to mislead4 ,i _c = "o mom5t ?9k y are "r 9 /at+ t ! cause ( side-slipp+ 9 ?is class ( ma*9e is ! slop+ =k ( ! /e]+-:eel4 ,y conclude ) ! foll[+ rem>k3 #8,s f> z we c see1 a v]tical /e]+-=k %\ld d t :i* is ne$$4' ,"h aga9 ,i mu/ say ,i emphatically disagree ) y4 ,_h y tri$ "o ( ! old #8,b4,s4,a4' ,safeties1 y w\ld n say ?is4 ,^! ma*9es 7 f> worse ?an any slop+-=k$ ma*9e4 ,i gave "o an ext5sive trial1 & f\nd t ! side-slipp+ 0 "o ( its wor/ features4 ,fur!r1 y h only to take "o ( ! old #8,humb]' ,safeties1 = example1 ) ! p]p5dicul> =k4 ,0 side-slipp+ impossible on ^!8 8,9 my humble op9ion1 sir1 y h entirely ov]look$ ! real cause ( side-slipp+ on re>-driv+ ,safeties1 :i* is ! abs5ce ( suffici5t weight on ! driv+-:eel4 ,my argum5t is /ill fur!r prov$ by ! fact t ! #8,sc\t' ,safety 7two-*a9 re>-driv]71 on :i* ma*9e ! weight ( ! rid] is ?r[n z ne> z possible ov] ! c5tre ( ! axle1 w n slip sideways on ! mo/ greasy surface2 & aga91 ! ,am]ican #8,/>1' ,i am told by exp]i5c$ rid]s ( ?is ma*9e1 possesses a l good quality4 ,"h1 aga91 ! weight is almo/ entirely on ! driv]4 8,! subject ( side-slipp+ on ! mo/ popul> ma*9e ( ! day--viz41 ! re>-driv+ ,safety--is s s]i\s a "o t ,i am sure y w see y\r way to op5 y\r columns to a discussion on ! same4 ,sydney ,lee40 99 99 99 99 99 8,! position ( ! weight d\btless =ms an important factor 9 ! "q ( side-slipp+1 & ! ?anks ( ! community are due to ,mr4 ,lee = 8 exp]im5ts 9 t direction4 ,we are b\nd to say1 h[ev]1 t our exp]i5ce1 s f> z ! "q z to :i* :eel slips fir/1 & also z to ! /ability ( ! t&em ,safety on greasy roads1 & on ! po9t ( safety at high spe$1 is exactly ! rev]se ( t f\nd by ,mr4 ,lee4--,ed40 99 99 99 99 99 8#aaad4--;,i h read ) great int]e/ y\r article on side-slipp+ 9 ,safeties1 &1 be+ a ,safety rid] myself1 %\ld be inde$ ?ankful to see ?is v s]i\s fault ov]come4 ,i am v mu* incl9$ to y\r op9ion z to ! cause1--viz41 ! cant+ ov] ( ! /e]+-:eel 9 turn+1--:i* c only be obviat$1 z y sugge/1 by hav+ a v]tical /e]+-po/4 8,side-slip40 99 99 99 99 99 8#aaca4--,! #8side-slip' ( ! ,safety seems to be ! argum5t ( to-day1 & probably x is ! great & all-important "q to w9t] rid]s1 z well z ! memb]s ( clubs1 ne> l>ge t[ns1 :o att5d ! ,saturday runs1 & h to endure ! d\ble dose f our fri5d ! #8wat]-c>t4' ,und\bt$ly1 ! argum5t ( ,! ,cycli/ is correct4 ,j4 ,ni*olson40 99 99 99 99 99 8#aacb1--;,i h be5 try+ exp]im5ts on ! greasy wood & asphalt roads ^! la/ few days1 & ,i h come to ! conclusion t ! ne>] ! rid] c get to a v]tical position ov] ! c5tre ( ! driv+-:eel ! less liability to side-slip4 8,c4 ,l5i40 ,! above quotations expla9 !mselves1 & _m o!r su*1 8f exp]i5ce0 7sic71 might be giv54 ,! ,cycli/ editor & ,mr4 ,lee are ju/ly consid]$ to be au?orities 9 su* matt]s4 ,x is beyond all "q t all ( ^! writ]s are /rictly hone/ & speak ! tru? s f> z !y "k x1 b we may well ask1 "u ^! circum/ances1 :at is any individual exp]i5ce wor?8 ,c]ta9ly no?+1 until x becomes v]ifi$ & def9itely settl$ by ! g5]al v]dict ( all sides4 ,= su* reasons ! writ] is loa? to (f] 8 own obs]vations on ?is subject z ( mu* value4 ,x is a peculi> fact1 & "o wor?y ( notice by all :o desire to =m an accurate op9ion 9 ! matt] ( cycl+ or ( any o!r art1 t ! exp]i5ce ( an int]e/$ p>ty is g5]ally z "o-sid$ z 8 desires4 ,a ma*9e w d an enorm\s am\nt 9 ! m9d ( ! us]1 if he wants x to2 & ?is is n said 9 a _s ( criticism or deprecation1 = ! writ] has f\nd himself j z liable to ! same error z o!rs4 ,9 be+ int]e/$1 ,i d n mean t x is necess>y to be f9ancially int]e/$2 all a man has to d is to take a side1 & he is deeply en\gh int]e/$ = all practical purposes3 let him set up an op9ion & t5 to "o 8 exp]i5ce w be> him out1 n 9 ! way ( villan\s1 prem$itat$ misrepres5tation1 b results w hone/ly appe> to ju/ify him4 ,x does n appe> t we mu/ cont5d ) ?is vici\s t5d5cy to any great] ext5t 9 connection ) ! cycle ?an 9 any o!r art4 ,almo/ e rid] is prone to consid] himself an exp]t 9 our pet subject1 & x v (t5 happ5s t he is2 yet he may n be an obs]v] capable ( def5d+ himself aga9/ himself 9 ! delusions ( exp]i5ce4 ,hav+ probably confus$ ! read]'s m9d suffici5tly by ?is "t to g on ) ! subject1 ,i may say t ano!r fact :y ! reason+ & =mula 9 reg>d to ! side-slip are n correct is t ! same rule appli$ to ! ,rov] does n 9 any way ju/ify ! results we f9d by exp]i5ce4 ,! slipp+ ( ! ,rov] is mu* m ?an x %\ld be1 9 ! light ( any conclusion bas$ on our =mula2 9 fact1 ,i believe ! entire !ory is1 & always has be51 an unmitigat$ blund]4 ,a well-kn[n correspond5t1 ,mr4 ,g]ald ,/oney1 has ?r[n a little light on ! subject by an article 9 ! ,iri% ,cycli/1 :i*1 ?\gh dea? to "o !ory1 sets up ano!r /ill ( dubi\s t5ability4 8,,side-,,slipp+ ,,( ,,bicycles4 8,mr4 ,g]ald ,/oney1 9 la/ week's ,iri% ,cycli/1 adds ! foll[+ to ?is int]e/+ & important discussion4 ,x w be notic$ 8 d$uctions diff] bo? f ^? ( ,mr4 ,lee & ourselves4 8,9 a lead] 9 ,! ,cycli/ ( ,novemb] #bh1 ! reason t l[ ma*9es ( ! ,kang>oo type slip m ?an ! high ,ord9>y is ref]r$ to ! pressure ( ! foot be+ l[ d[n1 pu%+ ! bottom ( ! :eel to "o side m ?an 9 a high ma*9e :5 x is high up4 ,we %\ld wi% to po9t out t no su* effect c take place s long z ! pressure ( ! foot does n cause ! ma*9e to wabble2 s9ce1 s long z !re is no *ange 9 ! velocity or direction ( motion ( ! ma*9e1 ! position1 direction1 or am\nt ( int]nal =ces1 su* z ! pressure ( ! foot1 d n affect ! position1 direction1 or am\nt ( ext]nal =ces1 su* z ! pressure ( ! :eel on ! gr\nd4 ,?is is "o ( ! fir/ great elem5t>y pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,! reason :y a small bicycle has1 9 g5]al1 m t5d5cy to slip sideways ?an "o 9 :i* ! rid] is seat$ high up is1 t if ! :eel slips (f a /one or d[n ! side ( a rut1 ! di/ance sideways to :i* ! :eel w slip is indep5d5t ( ! size ( ! :eel1 & dep5ds on ! size ( ! /one or rut1 ! /ate ( ! road1 ! spe$ ! ma*9e is go+ at1 etc4 ,b ! am\nt by :i* ! ma*9e is incl9$ to ! v]tical f a giv5 side-slip w dep5d on h[ high ! c5tre ( gravity is1 &1 !re=e1 on h[ high ! rid] is seat$1 & accord+ly x w be less ! high] ! saddle is4 ,n[1 x is a !orem 9 me*anics1 :i* we w ask ! read] to assume1 t ! great] ?is incl9ation ! great] ! t5d5cy ( ! :eel to g on slipp+1 :5 x has hopp$ (f ! rut1 /one1 etc41 &1 !re=e1 ! high] ! saddle ! less side-slipp+ !re w be 9 simil> ma*9es4'0 ,i ?9k ! above suffici5tly exposes ! sophi/ry ( ! wide-tread !ory1 b le/ "s ( ! old adh]5ts to ! idea %\ld n be will+ to accept ,mr4 ,/oney's me*anical reason+1 ,i h _h made a device to te/ ! matt] 9 ?is way 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,roll] exp]im5t4 ,we h an upright frame provid$ ) two cross pieces1 bc & ef1 a saddle at a1 re/s = ! feet at b & c1 & a roll]1 d1 plac$ "u ef4 ,sitt+ ^u ! saddle a1 ,i 0 totally unable to move ! roll] d by any pressure ^u ei!r p$al b or c4 ,! above ,i consid] conclusive pro( & ! result unbias$ by prejudice 9 try+ ! exp]im5t1 because ,i te/$ ! matt] be=e look+ c>efully into ,mr4 ,/oney's article & becom+ conv9c$ t 9 ?is he is "r4 ,! laws apply+ to int]nal =ces or =ces )9 a sy/em are v (t5 disreg>d$1 & especially are int]nal conf\nd$ ) ext]nal =ces1 z 9 ?is case4 ,9 any ma*9e :]e ! rid] ?r[s 8 weight on & v]tically ov] ! p$al1 ! =mula giv5 = ! side-slip does repres5t a =ce act+ to sw+ ! ma*9e out ( p]p5dicul> & to cause x to 8wabble10 z ,mr4 ,/oney calls x1 b n to slip x on ! surface ( ! roadway1 z _m w\ld suppose4 ,! rid] r>ely1 h[ev]1 ?r[s 8 weight directly ov] ! p$al sideways1 z he does 9 rais+ ^u x 9 a =w>d direction 9 ord] to get ov] ! "w4 ,! lat]al or wabbl+ /ra9 9 a cycle ( ! foot-pressure 9 "o direction is balanc$ by ! pull on ! h&le-b>s & pressure ( ! leg aga9/ ! saddle4 ,! only feasible connection ! =mula !ory c possibly h 9 ?is matt] is t ! ?ru/ on ! p$al is s %>p & viol5t t ! in]tia ( ! man & o!r heavy p>ts ( ! sy/em are n p]ceptibly affect$ sideways2 h5ce we might get an action aga9/ ! slight weight 9 ! l[] "p ( ! :eel4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 detect any slipp+ action ( ?is or any o!r k9d 9 ! roll] exp]im5t4 ,! futility ( an ef=t to slip ! ma*9e sideways by a =ce ^u ! crank might be illu/rat$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,suppose ! drive-:eel ( an ,ord9>y is made rigidly fa/ to ! front =k4 ,n[1 x w\ld be impossible = ! rid] to slip ! tire on ! road-b$ by pressure on ! crank1 z he c :5 ! :eel is free to revolve 9 its be>+s1 no matt] h[ long ! crank may be2 if ! rid] leans out ov] x1 ! ma*9e c\ld be roll$ =w>d1 b n slipp$ on ! surface4 ,loos5 ! :eel s t x c revolve z usual1 !n x c be slipp$1 z e good rid] well kn[s4 ,suppose n[ t ! drive-:eel is rigidly fix$ 9 ! frame ( ! bicycle s f> z any lat]al motion is conc]n$1 & ! :eel _c revolve )9 ! sy/em ab\t any horizontal l9e at "r angles to ! axle ( ! :eel1 z x w\ld h to d 9 ord] to make x slip 9 ! mann] x w\ld 9 ! o!r case1 !n x is easy to see t ! ma*9e & rid] might be roll$ ov] sideways by ?r[+ ! weight on "o crank2 b x _c be slipp$3 ! only slipp+ t c occur is :5 ! ma*9e is all[$ to get out ( p]p5dicul>1 b ! angle at :i* x w\ld beg9 to slip w\ld be ! same reg>dless ( wid? ( tread4 ,if ! wide tread does affect ! slipp+1 x is ! result ( o!r =ces ?an ^? g5]ally suppos$4 ,i d n believe t ! extra weight on ! drive-:eel w relieve ! tr\ble4 ,i h a ,rov] patt]n ma*9e 9 :i* ! weight is almo/ entirely 9 ! re>1 & ,i c consci5ti\sly av] t x is ! wor/ slipp] ,i 0 ev] on4 ,n[1 ?is is 9 spite ( ! fact t !re 0 e reason to believe1 & to desire1 t x %\ld n slip at all4 ,"o ( ! ,cycli/ correspond5ts m5tions ! ,am]ican ,/>1 & ju/ly says t x does n slip2 yet t fact c\ld be expla9$ by our =mula1 s9ce x is a tall ma*9e ) n>r[ tread4 ,i _c see1 aft] all1 t any !ory ( wide or n>r[ tread c\ld be appli$ to ! ,rov] type1 ev5 if x 7 f\nd to be valid 9 o!r cases1 because !re seems to be compla9t1 & ,i h f\nd x s 9 practice1 t ! ma*9e w slip m ?an ! old ,ord9>y1 ev5 :5 n pu%+ on ! cranks at all4 ,x seems to slip worse ?an any o!r 9 mak+ a curve or 9 desc5d+ hills & ^u cobble-/ones1 :e!r !re is any pressure on ! crank or n4 ,?is w apply aga9/ ! ,cycli/ idea t ! slant+ =k bre$s ! mis*ief1 s9ce1 if x slips 9 runn+ a /raight l9e1 ! slant ( ! =k c\ld n possibly h any?+ to d ) x4 ,9 answ] to ! idea advanc$ t ! fault is due to ! m]e size ( ! :eel1--t a l>ge "o has m surface expos$ to contact1 etc41 & w hold bett]1--! writ] has notic$ v little diff]5ce 9 8 ?irty-eight-in* n>r[-tread front-driv+ patt]n z comp>$ ) a fifty-two-in* ,ord9>y2 if !re is any diff]5ce caus$ by ! size ( ! :eel1 ?is f\rte5 in*es ought to h %[n itself m ?an x did4 ,if ! small :eel 9 a bicycle is a cause = slipp+1 we c\ld naturally ask :y x does n %[ itself m 9 ! re> :eel ( ! ,ord9>y4 ,x may be said1 9 answ] to ?is1 t !re is b little weight on x1 & t1 n be+ a driv]1 :atev] cap]s x might *oose to cut are ignor$ by its regal1 imp]turbable lead]2 h5ce1 if ! re> :eel slips1 x is imm$iately drawn up 9 l9e aga94 ,ano!r plea is t ! lack ( weight on ! front :eel ( ! ,safety makes x slip1 & !n x c>ries ! re> :eel ) x4 ,to ! la/ ,i c simply reply1 z ,i w\ld to ! ,cycli/'s notion ( ! slant+ =k1 t x is ! re> :eel :i* slips fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t1 or else a l>ge majority ( rid]s are v mu* misl$1 & really c't tell :at is go+ on "u !m4 ,c]ta9ly we mu/ say t if appe>ances & s5sations ( ! rid]s are wor? any?+1 ! doctr9e ( ! front :eel slipp+ fir/ mu/ g to ! wall & c>ry sev]al +5i\s solutions ) x4 ,/ill ano!r bright speculation is1 t ! unusual bump+ ( ! front :eel holds x back1 & ! re> pu%+ on1 = ! nonce1 _c g =w>d1 h5ce x mu/ g sideways4 ,if we admit t ! ,am]ican ,/> does n slip1 !n ! !ories ( small weight on ! front :eel1 ! slant+ =k1 & front bump] mu/ all g = naught4 ,!re are "s o!r qualifications1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld modify or exclude ! ,/> z a ref]5ce4 ,! =k is slant+ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 any o!r ma*9e1 b ! small front /e]] is swung f a po9t directly above ! c5tre1 :i*1 x is said1 gives ! :eel a bett] *ance to ca/]4 ,to our +5i\s front-bump] fri5d1 ,i w\ld also sugge/ ! trial ( a fir/-class anti-vibrator to ! =k1 :i* w let x spr+ back a good way4 ,& aga91 x has be5 /at$1 9 reg>d to ! ,rov] slip1 t ! l>ge re> :eel sw+s f side to side1 or wabbles1 humor\sly lik5$ by "s to ! wagg+ ( a duck's tail4 ,?is feel+ ( di/urbance 9 ! re> "p ( ! ma*9e is felt 9 ! ,ord9>y :5 suppli$ ) ! l>ge re> :eel advocat$ by "s1 & x may h some?+ to d ) ! slip1 ?\gh x is h>dly possible t x w\ld 9 ! well-built1 /eady ma*9es ( ! pres5t "t4 ,z to ! high-up saddle or c5tre ( gravity1 true1 an in* side-slip at ! gr\nd1 ( a ma*9e ) a l[-d[n c5tre ( gravity1 w cause x to assume a great] slant or angle f ! v]tical ?an a high]2 h5ce our fri5d c\ld well say t :5 ! ,safety />ts to slip x w be m c]ta9 to g on d[n4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 z aga9/ ?is idea1 t o!r ma*9es ) l[-d[n saddles d n slip4 ,tak+ all ! !ories & exp]i5ces1 pro & con1 into consid]ation1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t no "o cause c acc\nt = ! entire difficulty2 x is probably a comb9ation ( small] elem5ts p>tly belong+ to sev]al ( ! !ories advanc$4 ,! elem5ts :i* h be5 mo/ /rongly urg$ are1 fir/1 ! driv] be+ small2 second1 ! driv] be+ 9 ! re>2 ?ird1 ! weight be+ 9 ! re>2 f\r?1 ! "w be+ done betwe5 ! :eels4 ,all ^! seem to "w to ! same end4 ,aga91 any drive-:eel w slip worse ?an a non-driv]1 s9ce a slid+ =ce 9 any direction w t5d to loos5 ! hold ( ! rubb] tire f ! surface ( ! road m ?an any roll+ action4 ,a %ort slide f a /one is felt m :5 ! weight is ^u ! :eel1 & ! drop 9 roll+ (f s di/9ctly felt 9 connection ) ! small :eel is mu* %>p] ?an a simil> action ( a l>ge "o4 ,a rid] c c]ta9ly manage himself bett] & m surely :5 he drives1 /e]s1 & leads ) ! same :eel & has 8 weight ^u x4 ,?is is :at he does on ! ,ord9>y & j :at he does n d on ! re>-driv]4 ,! deepe/ & mo/ pr(\nd explanation ( all side-slip 0 rec5tly propos$ to ! writ] by a ma!matician ( great ability2 b x is s complex t he has n work$ x out himself yet1 ?\gh expect+ daily to h& 9 ! solution4 ,he says x is all f ! relation ( ! po9ts1 fir/1 ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 second1 ( ! c5tre ( oscillation1 & ?ird1 ( ! transmission ( p[]1 to ea* o!r4 ,j :]e & h[ !y ought to be is1 z yet1 n fully det]m9$4 ,to rem$y ! evil ( ! side-slip 9 ! mo/ obvi\s ways w\ld be to make ! re>-driv+ ,safety no long] ! same ma*9e2 x w\ld ru91 to a great ext5t1 ! v qualities = :i* x is priz$1 & !re=e1 if any su* !ories z be=e enum]at$ %\ld prove t5able1 ! only cle> way out ( ! difficulty w\ld be 9 ! use ( non-slipp+ tires1 if su* c be produc$4 ,9 reg>d to ! angle at :i* any ma*9e w slip 9 r\nd+ a corn]1 "s1 :o h advanc$ ! idea t ! ,safety slipp$ because x _h to lean m1 d n appe> to be aw>e (1 or take into acc\nt1 ! fact t ! angle at :i* ! cycle1 or any o!r ma*9e1 mu/ lean "u su* circum/ances is entirely indep5d5t ( ! height ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! angle is a function ( ! spe$ & radius ( curvature only4 #g ,mr4 ,/urmey %\ld h broa*$ ?is subject 9 its relation to ca/]+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,ladies' ,,bicycle4 ,probably ! mo/ d>+ innovation ! ladies h made 9 ! doma9 ( sports & pa/ime )9 ! pa/ decade consi/s 9 _! rid+ ! bicycle4 ,!re is no e>?ly reason :y !y %\ld n ride a bicycle if !y wi% to2 t is to say1 ^? bicycles ( ! mod]n type especially made = !m4 ,at lea/ no objection c be urg$ t w\ld n equally apply to t&em & s+le tricycles4 ,not)/&+ ! above fact1 !re is & has be5 a reluctance on ! "p ( ! ladies to take up ! two-:eel]1 & probably a great] reluctance on ! "p ( ! community at l>ge to c\nt5ance ! /ep4 ,x is ne$less to discuss ! propriety ( ladies rid+ tricycles2 ! "q has be5 settl$ by !mselves by simply rid+2 & !re is ! end ( x1--!y came1 saw1 rode1 & conqu]$4 ,grant$ t a woman may ride a tricycle ) propriety1 x w\ld seem a %ame to d5y h] ! "r to ! less cumb]some & mu* neat] m\nt4 ,! ladies' bicycle c]ta9ly is ! m mode/ appe>+1 if we 7 us$ to bo?1 & x takes mu* less "w to run x2 if x does n ?rive1 x w mean simply t ! entire sy/em ( ladies' cycle rid+ mu/ g4 ,common prejudice _c long su/a9 su* a s5seless discrim9ation z to keep h] on ! 8trike40 ,t&ems1 ( c\rse1 h an advantage 9 t ! spectators c imag9e t ! man is do+ all ! "w1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t z true z t he does all ! "w :5 ! family cook-/ove is to be mov$4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! *ange ( public op9ion 9 ! matt] ( ladies' cycle rid+ c be _h1 ?an 9 ! little /ory told ( ,mr4 ,james ,k4 ,/>ley1 relat+ an ev5t :i* is said to h occurr$ "s ye>s back on ! /reets ( ,cov5try4 ,?is indefatigable g5ius ( mod]n cycle art 0 pump+ "o ( 8 e>ly tricycles ab\t ! nooks & corn]s ( ,smi?=d1 ,h]e=d1 ,jordan ,well1 ,little & ,mu* ,p>k1 9 ! anci5t city1 amid ! je]s & contemptu\s sne]s ( ! lu/y silk weav]s & cynical wat*mak]s2 :]eupon1 be+ goad$ to desp]ation by _! taunts1 he rose & exclaim$1 8,:y1 ! "t w come :5 ladies w ride ^! ?+s ?r\gh y\r /reets40 ,& ladies h long s9ce ridd5 !m ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,cov5try1 z well z ?r\gh ! /reets ( _m o!r t[ns1 )\t compromis+ !mselves or excit+ undue comm5t1 :ile ! noble city ( its bir? has become ! c5tre ( mod]n cycl$om4 ,social =ms /ick1 (t5 9 spite ( reason1 & x may be a long "t be=e x w be g5]ally conc$$ t woman is 9 h] legitimate sph]e :5 p]*$ ^u ! saddle ( ei!r a tricycle or bicycle1 & if ! lack ( physical developm5t cont9ues to be "o ( ! *ief angelic *>act]i/ics ( womank9d 9 ! m9d ( man1 ! "t w be v remote inde$4 ,b %\ld x be discov]$ t less s]aphic & m muscul> tissue t5ds to make u all happi]1 !n p]haps ! "t & doctors' bills w be %ort]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! bicycle int5d$ = ladies' use2 suffice x to say1 t a mod]n ,rov] ,safety is us$ 9 :i* ! backbone drops d[n to a level ) ! cranks1 & ! rid] c /ep betwe5 ! :eels & rise into ! saddle by ! p$al m\nt2 n a difficult task1 to judge f ! grace & ease ) :i* wom5 accompli% ! feat e day4 ,x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is book to pass encomiums ^u any tribe1 class1 or individual1 nor to complim5t any sex1 b x w\ld be he9\s selfi%ness n to give ! ladies "s cr$it :5 x is s ju/ly _! due1 z 9 ?is matt] ( ! 8bike40 ,:51 on ! /reets ( ,wa%+ton1 ,i see app>5tly timid girls make ! p$al m\nt & move (f s naturally & adroitly1 ! feel+ ( comp>ative sup]ior physical dext]ity1 g5]ally accr$it$ to our sex1 suff]s a trem5d\s bl[ )9 me4 ,9 meet+ ^! fair rid]s at _! homes x is q evid5t t !y /ill reta9 ! old-"t graces & accompli%m5ts common to ! sex :i* m5 delight to honor4 ,all ?is proves once = all & conclusively t "s ( ! ideas ent]ta9$ by mank9d ab\t womank9d approa* v ne>ly to ! sph]e ( unmitigat$ humbug4 ,bel[ w be f\nd an en]getic op9ion ( "o ( ! ladies1 z *ronicl$ 9 ! ,bicycl+ ,_w4 8,,wom51 ,,bicycles1 ,,& ,,doctors4 8,be+ a memb] ( ! ,l4 ,a4 ,w41 ,i naturally see ! ,_w1 & ,i h beside me a copy ( y\r pap]1 9 :i* ,i notice an article on #8,:y a woman %\ld ride4' ,i agree ) ! writ] 9 t ! ladies %\ld ride1 & f my own exp]i5ce ,i h f\nd x improves my #8heal? & complexion' v mu*4 ,i h only be5 rid+ s9ce la/ ,june1 b ,i am /rong] n[1 & enjoy liv+ mu* bett] ?an ,i ev] did be=e t "t4 ,! pa9s & ! doctors h bo? gone1 :]e1 ,i don't "k & c>e less1 s long z !y h gone & s long z ,i /ill h my bicycle & c take my ride e day4 ,x seems to give me life1 & ,i feel ! life-giv+ exhil>ation born ( ?is spl5did ex]cise aft] ,i take a five-mile run ar\nd ! city1 or1 p]*ance1 ! c\ntry4 ,x is su* sport to leave f> beh9d fa/-trott+ horses1 & m5 & wom5 :o are oblig$ to take ! /reet-c> e place !y g4 ,& :at c\ld be m amus+ ?an to see "s or all 9 a c> ru% to t side to see a #8lady rid+ a bicycle4' ,i sometimes get j a trifle angry :5 ,i he> "s old fem99e fuss & fea!rs say1 #8,oh1 isn't t disgraceful to see a woman rid+ a man's bicycle6' ,!y1 ,i suppose1 nev] read ! pap]s1 z !y w\ld sc>cely ev] h "t aft] work+1 worry+1 & scold+ _! husb&s 7if !y are lucky en\gh to h "o74 ,if !y c\ld j = an h\r h ! pleasure ( rid+ z ,i d1 ,i ?9k ! cross1 fretful1 & worry+ fits w\ld be few & f> betwe54 ,i c\ld n d )\t my bicycle n[4 ,sometimes :5 ,i h be5 out ,i come home laugh+1 & z ,i trot my five-ye>-old baby on my knee1 %e sometimes says1 #8,:at's happ5$ t's s funny8 tell me4' ,& z ,i take h] little h&s & we fly ar\nd ! room toge!r1 ,i feel t no woman on e>? is z happy z ,i4 ,ev5 aft] rid+ t5 miles ,i d n feel tir$1 b come home feel+ bett] ?an :5 ,i />t$4 ,my husb& is v mu* pleas$ t ,i ride1 & "h ,i w m5tion t ! advantage 9 hav+ a lady's ,safety is t ei!r c ride4 ,i actually ?9k sometimes t my bicycle is keep+ me too "y 9 actions1 & t ,i am n gr[+ old gracefully z ,i ought to4 8,n[ ,i don't want any "o to inf] f ?is t ,i am "o ( ^? /rong-m9d$ wom5 t want to vote1 & keep ! m5 9 petticoats4 ,oh1 no1 inde$6 ,i am v well satisfi$ to let ! m5 run ?is gov]nm5t z x is1 or z x w be aft] ,m>* next4 8,grace ,e4 ,s40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,t&ems ,,& ,,! ,,rational4 ,! ,t&em is a cycle 9 :i* two rid]s are m\nt$1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 ^u ! same ma*9e4 ,we h ! t&em tricycle1 :i* is a two- or ?ree-track ma*9e on ! tricycle pr9ciple1 & ! t&em bicycle1 or s+le-track ma*9e ) two :eels4 ,( ! t&em tricycle ,i %all h little to say1 z my exp]i5ce does n ju/ify ! attempt2 also ( ! s+le tricycle ,i _c give mu* ( an acc\nt4 ,?is book does n pret5d to treat ( man-motor c>riages s g5]ally z to include all ( ! two- or ?ree-track devices1 nor ( ! ?ree- or f\r-9-h&4 ,latt]ly rem>kable records h be5 made on a 8triplet10 & we hope ?is ma*9e is all t is claim$ = x4 ,b !re is too great a /ep f a s+le-track ma*9e to ! d\ble or triple to treat ( !m all1 s = ! pres5t ,i %all conf9e myself pr9cipally to t class 9 :i* ! rid] is ma9ta9$ 9 an upright position by means ( /e]+4 ,! only s+le-track t&em :i* n[ bids fair to atta9 any conspicu\s position is t built ^u ! ,rov] ,safety pr9ciple1 :]e two l[ :eels support two saddles & ! re> :eel is made ! driv] by means ( a s]ies ( sprocket-*a9s & cranks4 ,no lev]-motion ma*9e1 = two1 ( any patt]n1 has z yet made an appe>ance 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is q probable t ! re>-driv+ t&em w acquire an enviable place 9 ! sph]e ( cycl+1 & x c]ta9ly des]ves to be en?usia/ically welcom$ among u4 ,v few cycl]s c>e to take a sp9 all alone1 & x takes two rid]s at lea/ to make company3 :y n !n m\nt !m sociably ^u "o vehicle8 ,surely ! t&em me?od mu/ /eadily ga9 favor1 & :5 x is f9ally & securely laun*$ 9 our mid/1 we %all d]ive mu* pleasure f its use1 & = t\r+ x mu/ become invaluable4 ,no d\bt a v little increase ( weight ( p>ts & co/ c & w f9ally s]ve two happy cycli/s4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ x w take b little palav] to sell to t\r+ p>ties at once1 s9ce "o ma*9e1 ev5 if ( d\ble weight1 c be h&l$1 9 _m cases1 by two m5 mu* m easily ?an ea* c h&le a light "o alone4 ,! ,t&em takes up less space 9 a railroad c> ?an two sep>ate ma*9es1 & any /ore-room c be made to accommodate an increas$ numb] ( saddles4 ,! ma*9es w mo/ly be made = ea* to accommodate bo? a lady & g5tleman or two g5tlem51 z may be pref]r$1 & on ?is acc\nt !y w1 at "s n f> di/ant "t1 p>tially supplant s+le m\nts4 ,"s w also be made conv]tible2 t is1 capable ( be+ divid$ into two s+le cycles4 ,x is h>dly probable t ma*9es = m ?an two w ev] become g5]al1 at lea/ n = social rid+2 no bett] reason c be giv5 ?an ! old saw1 8two's company & ?ree's a cr[d40 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 v5ture to prophesy positively ab\t multiple rid+ 7t is1 m ?an d\ble71 s9ce x has a />t n[1 & !re is no tell+ :]e x w end4 ,9 exp]im5t+ on t&em bicycles1 ,i h f\nd "o difficulty :i*1 s f>1 has be5 v s]i\s2 x is ! t5d5cy ( swit*+ betwe5 ! rid]s2 t is to say1 ! twi/ ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is difficult to make a frame /rong en\gh to prev5t ?is1 s9ce ! re> end has to be kept p]p5dicul> by means ( a direct twi/ on a long backbone4 ,bo? rid]s _c be upright$ z ! same weight c be :5 x is all c5tr$ 9 "o spot4 ,x is ! di/ribution ( ! weight m ?an ! am\nt ( x t causes ! tr\ble4 ,x is well kn[n t a man ( two hundr$ & fifty p\nds avoirdupois c ride )\t mu* tr\ble1 b two m5 ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds ea*1 sitt+ two feet ap>t1 w /ra9 a s+le-track ma*9e trem5d\sly2 ?is annoyance w n be f9ally escap$ by means ( m]e /r5g? ( p>ts4 ,"s novel arrangem5t ( ! :eels1 saddles1 or o!r me*anism w h to be call$ into play to modify ! unsightly l5g? ( ! pres5t t&em bicycles1 ?\gh x is n "r to disp>age !m on acc\nt ( x4 ,mu* objection has be5 rais$ to ! 8%ape ( ! ?+10 b s9ce ! adv5t ( ! ,safety bicycles1 appe>ance mu/ take a second place to t :i* x held :5 we sat p]*$ ^u ! noble old ,ord9>ies4 ,if we mu/ slip along ! gr\nd l beetles1 let u n be too fa/idi\s z to j h[ we look4 ,let ! ,t&em come on2 & be receiv$ ) op5 arms4 ,^? ( u :o are a little weak want to make a comb9ation ) "s fly]s1 to make up our defici5cies 9 scor*+ runs4 ,if we c get on ! re> seat & eat d\ghnuts "p ( ! "t1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,,! ,,rational ,,ord9>y4 ,z ! above t]m seems to be indig5\s to ,engl&1 & emanates indirectly f ! f]tile bra9 ( ! di/+ui%$ editor ( ! ,cycli/1 ,i app5d bel[ a quotation f t j\rnal by way ( introduction to ?is subject4 8,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,ord9>y4 8#8,! ,ord9>y is doom$1' we v frequ5tly he> p say1 b we are n ( t op9ion4 ,true1 x has #8_h its nose put out ( jo9t' by ! ,safety lately1 b ?is only %[s u ! correctness ( ! op9ions we h always held1 & proves to u t1 if ! mak]s w only look aft] ! safety & com=t ( ,ord9>y rid]s a little m1 ! old love = ! high :eel w return1 & good bus9ess w result4 ,9 ! introduction to ! #8,indisp5sable ,bicycli/s' ,h&-,book' ?is ye> we say2 #8,! ,ord9>y bicycle1 = ! "y & active1 is ! mo/ delightful =m ( cycle to possess1 & ! y\? ( ,engl& & o!r active nations w ev] select x 9 pref]5ce to its p]haps saf]1 yet m cumbr\s rival4 ,to reta9 its hold z a t\r+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 ,i feel c]ta9 t m att5tion mu/ be paid to ! com=t & comp>ative safety ( ! rid]1 & ,i hope to see 9 ! ne> future a gradual incl9ation t[>ds l>g] back :eels1 m rake1 long] cranks1 & ! addition ( foot-re/s1 :5 ! ord9>y & orig9al ma*9e w1 ) common c>e1 be equal 9 safety to any =m ( cycle extant4'444 8,?is be+ s1 we ask mak]s1 9 _! own int]e/s & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,ord9>y z a type1 to deal ) ! matt] & give att5tion to ! po9ts enum]at$ above4 ,we are sure x w\ld pay any mak]1 :o has ! prop] facilities = do+ s1 to place a ma*9e built z describ$ vigor\sly on ! m>ket1 & we hope next season to see x done1 :5 we feel assur$ ! rationally-built ,ord9>y w gradually "w its way back into ! public e/imation40 ,9 spite ( ! laudatory notices ( subsequ5t writ]s 9 ! ,cycli/1 ,i am n dispos$ to treat ?is subject s]i\sly4 ,if n already consign$ to oblivion1 no d\bt ! ideas advanc$ 9 ! =ego+ quotation w be by ! "t ?is book rea*es ! read]2 some?+ mu/ be said ab\t x1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! importance ( ! "q is n[ q g5]ally felt4 ,to long cranks little objection c be made1 b z to increas$ rake & l>ge re> :eels1 ?is is a ?ru/ at ! he>t ( all we h to admire 9 ! ,ord9>y4 ,we are will+ to take ! old m\nt ) all its dang]s1 = ! sake ( its neat appe>ance & ease ( runn+1 b :5 we get back ne>ly (f ! l>ge :eel2 :5 we rea* out to ! end ( a long] crank2 :5 we get ov] & drag along aft] u a great unga9ly re> :eel to wag ab\t ov] ! road2 & la/ly1 :5 we /rike at ! life ( easy /e]+1 pray :at h we left8 ,:y n g back to ! old bone-%ak]1 curl up l a sleep+ *impanzee & kick up 9 ! air z we us$ to d1 & be done ) x8 ,no6 ,if we propose to /ick to ! old high p]*1 let u be m5 & take x z x has be5 p]fect$1 neat & com=table1 ) ! rid] ^u ! front :eel & )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ! po9t ov] 8 "w4 ,if n t1 !n let u gracefully accept our place d[n among ! dogs1 & take ! ,safety1 dep5d+ ^u hav+ s little else to att5d to t we c kick (f ! fe/ive can9es & take up ! "t we w\ld o!rwise sp5d 9 pat*+ up our sk9 ) /ick+ pla/]1 9 wip+ (f ! accumulat$ du/ f our ma*9es4 ,no man c edit a j\rnal )\t mak+ mi/akes1 & ,i %all probably f9d t books _c be writt5 )\t incurr+ ! same liability1 b = all ?is we _c excuse ! ,rational4 ,! m g5]ally correct an editor is ! m ke5ly we feel 8 freaks2 s let ?is be my def5ce 9 notic+ ?is little idiosyncratic p]turbation ( ,mr4 ,/urmey's o!rwise infallible intellect4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,workman%ip ,,9 ,,cycles--,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,mak]s4 ,un=tunately1 x is next to impossible to practically te/ ! durability & g5]al excell5ce ( a :eel be=e pur*as+4 ,! buy] !re=e has to dep5d ^u 8 skill 9 judg+ ( workman%ip4 ,x is impossible to give _m set rules t w\ld be ( mu* assi/ance to a prospective buy]1 b ( "o ?+ he c be reasonably c]ta91--if he f9ds a s+le poorly made or und5iably bot*$ "p1 x is a valid cause = a rigid exam9ation into all o!rs4 ,a fir/-class manufactur] is n liable to bot* a s+le "p1 b if y f9d t he has done s1 x is well to be v cauti\s 9 patroniz+ him4 ,x is g5]ally a safe plan to exam9e a ma*9e t has be5 9 use 9 ord] to judge ( ! durability ( a mak]'s "w1 ?\gh durability w g5]ally accompany good workman%ip & f9i% :5 new4 ,a *eap quality ( nickel-plat+ (t5 gives ! appe>ance ( a good job1 b x w peel & ru/2 & to prev5t ?is good plat]s put on a coat ( copp] "u ! nickel z a base ^u :i* to plate4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e 9 a new ma*9e ! am\nt ( ! nickel deposit1 or :e!r x is ^u a copp] base2 h5ce x w be se5 t ! mak]'s "w 9 ! pa/ is ! only /&>d f :i* su* matt]s c be judg$4 ,) enamel & pa9t x is mu* m easy to det]m9e ! quality1 ?\gh a glossy surface is n necess>ily a true gauge ( good "w4 ,x is ! f9i% ( ! "u surfaces t takes ! labor4 ,a good job ( pa9t+ is to my m9d sup]ior to enamel or japan1 b x is att5d$ ) consid]able labor4 ,9 old5 times1 :5 pa9t 0 m common1 a mak] c\ld be id5tifi$ by ! f9i% & /rip+ ( 8 ma*9es2 !re 0 su* a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! "w4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! dead-black japan rules ! day1 x is m difficult to judge betwe5 mak]s by ! outw>d f9i% ( _! w>es4 ,!re _c be mu* diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( labor put ^u ! "w by ! v>i\s manufactur]s1 = ! reason t a c]ta9 process has to be gone ?r\gh be=e x c be done at all4 propos ( /rip+1 x may be consid]$ gaudy1 b an arti/ic job sets (f a ma*9e z comp>$ ) a pla9 black n[ 9 vogue4 ,! quality ( rubb] 9 ! tire ( a bicycle af=ds a spl5did field = an exp]t2 only ^? :o h to use rubb] 9 o!r connections realize ! great diff]5ces 9 its quality4 ,rubb] c be made absolutely useless by adult]ation2 & :5 we see h[ easily "s tires cut1 we _c d\bt t mak]s (t5 sacrifice quality = ! sake ( price4 ,buy]s %\ld notice c>efully ! old tires ( diff]5t mak]s1 & see h[ !y h /ood ! te/4 ,9 ! matt] ( quality ( tub+ ( :i* ma*9es are made !re is little difficulty at pres5t1 z ne>ly all ( ! firms buy f "o or ! o!r ( two great ,engli% factories1 b :5 ! indu/ry ( weldless tube-mak+ becomes m dissem9at$1 & small conc]ns ) inadequate facilities ent] ! field1 we c expect m tr\ble4 ,ab\t ! braz+ ( ! tubes x is utt]ly impossible to tell any?+ except f ! way x /&s4 ,! screws & nuts ab\t a ma*9e %\ld be provid$ ) %>p1 deep ?reads1 & "w easily ?\gh n loosely4 ,a mak] c almo/ always be judg$ by ! k9d ( screws he cuts4 ,! nuts & screw-heads %\ld be case-h>d5$ & be neat & squ>e on ! corn]s1 & n r\nd$ by ! nickel poli%]4 ,9 all cases :]e x is practicable "s device = prev5t+ ! nuts f com+ loose1 or be+ entirely lo/1 is a great boon2 ?is po9t w h to be look$ aft] n[ s9ce complicat$ ma*9es are becom+ m popul>4 ,! device g5]ally us$ on ! out] end ( p$als %\ld become m common1 especially on tricycles1 t&ems1 & *a9 ,safeties1 :]e !re are s _m p>ts4 ,a good practical jam-nut has nev] yet be5 inv5t$1 & ! cycle-build]s are !re=e n to blame = n hav+ provid$ "s means aga9/ loose nuts g5]ally4 ,9 ! matt] ( saddle & o!r spr+s1 we are some:at at a loss = a guide2 !re is n s mu* c>elessness 9 quality ( ! /eel us$ z 9 ! temp]+1 & 9 ?is ! buy] has aga9 to rely on reputation & obs]vance ( o!r ma*9es ( ! same make4 ,! quality ( lea!r (t5 us$ 9 saddles is simply an insult to ! judgm5t ( ! frat]nity1 & if we w g on 9 bl9dly tak+ any & ev]y?+ t is (f]$1 ! imposition w cont9ue4 ,if buy]s scrut9ize closely1 ! mak]s w be proportionately c>eful1 ?us mak+ x h>d] = unscrupul\s tradesm5 to foi/ poor "w ^u ! m>ket1 an evil :i* has exi/$ & w increase z ! indu/ry advances4 ,,ab\t ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,mak]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t que/ions ask$ by ! w\ld-be pur*as] ( ei!r a two- or ?ree-:eel] is1 8,:at make %all ,i buy80 ,& be=e he settles d[n to a matt] ( comp>ison betwe5 individual firms he mu/ fir/ settle :e!r he w buy an ,engli% or ,am]ican m\nt4 ,?is difficulty is1 h[ev]1 ( less importance ?an he is apt to imag9e1 because1 beyond all "q1 !re are :eels good en\gh = any "o made 9 ei!r c\ntry4 ,! *ief tr\ble w lie 9 *oos+ betwe5 ! diff]5t mak]s1 especially if he concludes to try an ,engli% :eel4 ,?is1 z reg>ds ! ,engli% build]s1 arises f no g5]al lack ( capability among !m1 b x is simply due to ! fact t ! indu/ry is s mu* m widely dissem9at$ !re ?an "h4 ,t is to say1 !re are s _m m factories already e/abli%$ & new ones />t+ !re1 t1 z a natural consequ5ce1 "s incompet5t p1 ) inadequate plant & ma*9]y1 w be c]ta9 to creep into ! field4 ,?is is a tempor>y condition ( affairs z betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 = x w n be long until ! same conditions w apply "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,n[1 ! read] might inf] t we condemn new & small mak]s1 b by no means is ?is s4 ,!re are _m small %ops t turn out ! be/ ( "w1 "s ( !m d n make ! entire ma*9e1 b pur*ase _m p>ts f manufactur]s ( specialties2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 x is a little saf] to buy ( a l>g] conc]n1 t makes1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! entire ma*9e4 ,?is w apply 9 any l9e ( bus9ess1 especially if ! buy] is n an exp]t 9 judg+ ( ! goods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ?is fact to cont5d aga9/ ) ! l>g] manufactur]s1--:5 !y make a mi/ake at all x is almo/ sure to be "o comp>able to ! size ( _! bus9ess4 ,9 ! small %ops an error w be discov]$ m quickly1 &1 z a rule1 w be rectifi$ be=e _m ma*9es g on ! m>ket4 ,9 ,am]ica ! l>g] conc]ns are s va/ly pr$om9ant ov] ! small t ! buy] has only to decide betwe5 articles ( e/abli%$ reputation2 ! ,am]ican factories d n seem to h ev] be5 small4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases !re are c]ta9 peculi>ities ab\t ! ma*9es :i* n only settle ! matt] nationally1 b z to individual mak]s4 ,"s little po9t at once takes ! eye or ! he>t ( ! buy]1 & t settles x all2 & p]haps x is be/ x %\ld be s4 ,nationally consid]$1 ! ,engli% h _h mu* l>g] & m v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 ! cycle indu/ry ?an we h _h2 !y h m exp]ts 9 ! l9e & are ne>] to ! f\nta9 head ( supplies1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to tub+1 & no matt] h[ soon we on ?is side may h tube-works1 x w be "s "t be=e we c dep5d ^u !m4 ,! ,engli% h tak5 advantage ( _! good =tune1 &1 toge!r ) ! natural prec$5ce 9 ?is art :i* we all agree has be5 allott$ to !m1 !y h gone ahead )\t ! errone\s v5]ation g5]ally felt 9 favor ( _! gr&fa!r's me?od1 :i* has bl9d$ !m s (t5 9 _! advancem5t 9 o!r arts4 ,x 0 a m>vell\s sight to ! writ] to see a bicycle firm1 flu% ) ! times 9 all _! "w1 9 a factory almo/ ne/l+ aga9/ o!r places devot$ to mak+ fusee wat*es ) 8,gr&daddy w9d+-app>atuses10 mak+ wat*-cases by gradually pun*+ !m into a conical ca/-iron cavity1 cutt+ alleg$ screw bezels ) a *as] 9 a la! pull$ back by a hickory spr+1 & su* eoc5ic appliances4 ,9 ,cov5try !re /ood1 wet & ru/+ 9 an old botanical cons]vatory1 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,am]ican wat*-case tools1 :i* "s ambiti\s ,engli% wat*-mak]1 9 a fit ( sanity1 _h tak5 ov]2 b 8 m5 c\ld n1 or probably w\ld n1 use x4 ,yet a great cycle firm _h j b\ght1 & 0 us+1 "o ( ! v f9e/ ,br[n ,%>p la!s1 m]ely1 ,i suppose1 to make sure t no ,yankee %\ld get ! bett] ( !m 9 tools4 ,?is is n an admission on _! "p t all ,engli% tools are immature affairs2 !y ne$ n admit any?+ ( ! k9d1 = among ! numb] ( tons ( ca/ iron 9 a twelve-in* screw la! :i* y see 9 e cycle %op1 a small "p ( "o ton1 at lea/1 is fix$ to d "s "w1 & accurate "w at t4 ,x 0 a =tunate ?+ = our "m c\ntry 9 ! cycle bus9ess t x 0 clogg$ by no fett]+ prec$5ts or m$ival rules ( me*anics4 ,! ,engli% cycle-mak]s are abrea/ ( ! times 9 _! l9e1 & !re is no bett] illu/ration ( ! total abs5ce ( all effect ( surr\nd+s ^u ?is great indu/ry ?an ! fact t ! lighte/ cycles 9 ! _w are made ) su* pond]\s tools4 ,x mu/ h be5 a great feat1 9 view ( _! proclivities = sub/antial ma*9]y1 to %ave (f ! la/ sup]flu\s ounce 9 a bicycle4 ,9 %ort1 x has be5 impress$ v =cibly on ! writ]'s m9d t ! fam\s ,yankee +5uity is simply un*a9$ ,engli% g5ius4 ,9 our heat$ discussions z to :e!r ! ,am]ican manufactur]1 ) a high] rate ( wages1 c\ld hold 8 own aga9/ ! ,engli% )\t a discrim9at+ t>iff duty1 !re may be two sides 9 reg>d to wat*-mak+ & "s o!r indu/ries1 b :5 appli$ to cycles x is nons5se to suppose t we c\ld compete4 ,z to ,am]ican ma*9es1 t :i* w\ld /rike u z rem>kable 9 ! ,engli% w\ld be1 to a l>ge ext5t1 natural to our in/itutions2 t all ma*9e p>ts %\ld be accurately made & be int]*angeable w\ld be tak5 = grant$ :5 com+ f "o ( our factories1 b x is a little odd to f9d x approa*$ by o!rs4 ,! absolute regul>ity & simil>ity ) :i* "w is turn$ out by u is sometimes an objection2 if a "p is too h>d or brittle1 or 9 any way bad 9 its con/ruction & =m1 a "p = ! same purpose1 f ! same factory1 w be sure to be j l ! "o y want to replace2 9 fact1 if y h "o bad "p1 dep5d ^u x !re h be5 ?\s&s made j l x1 & y w be pretty c]ta9 to get "o ( !m4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! ,am]ican mak] is m c>eful to te/ 8 new plans be=e plac+ ! product ^u ! m>ket2 anyh[1 s9ce ! cu/om] 9 ?is c\ntry is able to get to head-qu>t]s m easily ) 8 compla9t1 he g5]ally favors buy+ at home1 ?\gh x is (t5 a v close conte/ 9 8 m9d j :at to d4 ,h[ev] a cycli/ may feel 9 reg>d to ?is "q ( ,engli% or ,am]ican ma*9es1 x w\ld be be/ 9 ! long run to settle ! "q entirely ^u ! m]its & quality ( ! "w4 ,x is a bad plan to implicitly take ! ^w ( a salesman reg>dless ( "o's own judgm5t4 ,! v>iety ( ma*9es has become s great t x is m ?an likely ! cu/om] w g5]ally h to buy f ! mak] :o has adopt$ ! special /yle ( ma*9e ! buy] is det]m9$ to h4 ,b let ?is n det] him f insi/+ on a high grade ( workman%ip & excell5ce ( mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,cranks ,,& ,,lev]s ,,& ,,tang5t ,,spokes4 ,! subject ( cranks & lev]s has be5 t\*$ ^u f a philosophical /&-po9t1 b an +5i\s squib 9 a mak]'s catalogue on ! subject has sugge/$ ! propriety ( treat+ its me*anical features m fully4 ,! squib ref]r$ to runs z foll[s3 8,,cranks ,,vs4 ,,lev]s4 8,! "q ( a motive p[] = cycles is z old z ! fir/ idea ( :eel rid+4 ,inv5tors1 aft] hav+ p]si/5tly tri$ & ab&on$ e o!r kn[n motor1--/eam1 electricity1 etc41--h made e ef=t to discov] ! be/ way ( apply+ leg-p[]4 8,:ile n9e-t5?s ( ! cycles h always be5 driv5 by cranks1 9 a few cases ! attempt has be5 made to %[ t p[] c\ld absolutely be creat$ by ! use ( lev]s1 & t if ! p[] c\ld be appli$ on "o side only ( ! axle1 avoid+ ! return /roke ( a crank1 ! result w\ld equal a man's lift+ himself ov] a f5ce by 8 boot-/raps4 8,9 _! eag] pursuit ( ?is "o idea its advocates h lo/ sight ( ! fact t ! "q is ( ! economical use ( ! p[] we h1 & t x is z impossible to create a p[] z to ov]come ! laws ( gravitation4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s ! ma*9]y ( ! _w1 practically speak+1 has be5 driv5 by cranks4 ,9 ?is fact we h ! te/imony ( ! highe/ me*anical g5ius ! _w has kn[n4 8,eng9e]s agree t ! crank is ! only economical me?od ( apply+ p[]--t x transmits to ! driv+ %aft n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! p[] appli$4 ,9 no class ( ma*9]y except cycles is ! attempt made to use lev]s :]e cranks c\ld be us$4 8,c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t ! use ( a lev] is mislead+1 9 t1 :ile p[] c be conv]t$ into spe$ & spe$ into p[]1 ! developm5t ( ei!r is at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,x is at once evid5t t ) lev]s we h m friction1 m weight1 & m complication ?an ) cranks1 & t absolutely m p[] is requir$1 z ! spr+s :i* are us$ to return ! lev]s mu/ be =c$ d[n at ! exp5diture ( p[] :i* %\ld be appli$ to ! propulsion ( ! ma*9e4 ,sev]al ye>s ago lev]-p[] 0 tri$ 9 ,engl& on bicycles & tricycles & ext5sively introduc$1 b has be5 s g5]ally ab&on$ t !re is to-day no ma*9e ( importance s driv54 ,! wor/ feature ( ! lev] action1 h[ev]1 is t ! movem5t ( ! foot does n become automatic1 z is ! case 9 ! use ( ! crank4 ,!re is abs5ce ( regul>ity1 & a consequ5t loss ( mom5tum4 ,a rot>y motion is m natural to ! feet1 be+ m l walk+1 :ile a lev] motion is l tread+ wat] :ile swimm+1 or l con/antly climb+ up /airs4 ,n only does ! me*anical use ( ! legs require a regul> movem5t1 b x is bett] to use always ! same l5g? ( crank1 nev] v>y+ ! ?r[4 8,a special set ( muscles c be tra9$ to su* "w z ! use ( ! lev] action2 b su* developm5t is abnormal & at ! exp5se ( o!r p>ts ( ! body40 ,!re is little d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( reasonable p t a good ma*9e c be made ei!r ) cranks or lev]s2 & ?is possibility makes x an int]e/+ po9t 9 cycle discussion4 ,x is h>dly fair1 h[ev]1 to hold a mak] responsible = matt] writt5 = ! purpose ( adv]tis+ 8 w>es1 nor d ,i wi% to d s4 ,! article above quot$ puts1 9 unique =m1 ! op9ions ( a l>ge class ( obs]v]s1 & = t reason x is giv5 "h4 ,i take up ! lev] side ( ! "q simply because !re is m to talk ab\t on t side1 & also p]haps = ! reason t ,i h _h l>ge exp]i5ce at consid]able co/ 9 exp]im5t+ on diff]5t =ms ( lev]s4 ,"s ( ! rem>ks ab\t 8creat+ p[]0 are true1 b might be appli$ equally well to "s ( our crank !ori/s4 ,to say t ! ma*9]y ( ! _w is driv5 by cranks1 is h>dly t5able2 ev5 ?\gh ! eng9e g5]ally has a crank4 ,b n[1 s9ce we mu/ r$uce our comp>isons d[n to ! human motor1 9 comb9ation ) ! crank ( a bicycle1 let u say ! pitman rod repres5ts ! man's leg4 ,?is rod has to pu% & pull1 :i* a man _c d ) "o leg2 b = ?is y say he has two legs2 admitt+1 !n1 t two legs repres5t ! pitman1 we are /ill out a fly-:eel & an ev5ly-runn+ resi/ance4 7,see *apt] on 8,connect+ ,l9k407 ,a great deal ( ! p[] ( ma*9]y is transmitt$ ?r\gh pulleys & belts2 n[ ,i take x t ?is is mu* m simil> to "s ( ! drum & lev] ma*9es ?an to a simple crank4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a =m ( lev] & crank comb9$1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 else:]e1 t is really worse ?an any simple =m ( ei!r1 b we h j z mu* "r to say ! crank ought to make x good z to say ! lev] makes x bad2 if ! crank is su* a great cure = all evils1 z ! mak] quot$ seems to imply1 x ought n be s bad 9 any comb9ation4 ,!re is no loss ( p[] 9 pu%+ d[n a spr+ if x is only j /rong en\gh to lift ! leg1 s9ce ! leg w\ld o!rwise h to be lift$ by ! exp5diture ( muscul> en]gy4 ,9 us+ a spr+ we press d[n ) a little m weight ?an is requir$ to run ! ma*9e1 s t a /orage ( p[] is ! result :i* is giv5 out 9 lift+ ! leg4 ,9 fact ?is is done to "s ext5t 9 ! crank ma*9es2 ! rid] n only puts en\gh p[] on ea* crank to turn ! :eel1 b also en\gh to lift ! o!r leg2 ?is is true at lea/ :5 ! rid] is q tir$4 ,examples are kn[n :]e9 a rac] on long di/ances c\ld no long] lift 8 legs1 ev5 ) ! aid ( a spr+1 ?\gh at ! same "t1 he /ill _h /r5g? en\gh left to propel ! ma*9e4 ,9 f9e1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! crank & spr+ lev] is t 9 ! =m]1 a little extra p[] is ex]t$ to lift ! o!r leg1 :ile1 9 ! latt]1 en]gy is /or$ to be us$ 9 rais+ ! same leg4 ,9 a p]fectly fre% man ,i h f\nd1 by ! regi/]s ( ! cyclograph1 t ! rid] lifts all weight f a return+ crank1 b ?is does n happ5 :5 he becomes tir$4 ,evid5tly1 if ! spr+ is /rong en\gh to m ?an lift ! leg1 a loss ( p[] w result1 s9ce ! rid] w\ld h to hold x 9 *eck ev5 9 com+ up 9 ord] to keep x f /opp+ ) a bang1 z is sometimes notic$ :5 he jumps f a treadle ma*9e4 ,! w9d+ & unw9d+ ( ! spr+ involves no loss ( p[] except 9 heat incid5t to motion & imp]fect ela/icity1 :i* is q small4 ,?is loss f heat )9 ! molecul> /ructure1 ,i am con/ra9$ to ?9k1 is n :at is popul>ly meant by loss ( p[] 9 spr+s4 ,com+ back to our quotation1 true1 9 ,engl& lev]s h be5 tri$ & expung$4 ,a prom95t ,am]ican1 ,i believe1 assi/$ "s little 9 enlight5+ our too susceptible ,engli% bre?r5 on ! subject1 yet "s attempts h be5 made ) !m 9 ?is c\ntry :i* no fair p]son c call unsuccessful4 ,a little pr9t]'s ink w answ] ! la/ s5t5ce ( our quotation4 ,simply *ange ! words 8lev]-action10 & sub/itute 8cranks10 & y w h ! foll[+3 8,a special set ( muscles c be tra9$ to su* "w z ! use ( cranks1 b su* developm5t is abnormal & at ! exp5se ( o!r p>ts ( ! body40 ,s ! read] c see h[ a little slip 9 ! type w\ld h *ang$ ! :ole argum5t4 ,?is discussion c\ld be cont9u$ ) great int]e/ to bo? sides if we c\ld only f9d 9 "s mak]'s catalogue ( lev] ma*9es an attempt to 8d[n0 ! crank ma*9e on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,z x is1 x mu/ close = lack ( antagonism 9 s f> z broad pr9ciple goes4 ,z to ! con/ruction ( crank ma*9es1 ! subject is s famili> to e "o1 & ! device is s simple1 t x is impossible to write mu* ( an essay on x4 ,) reg>d to lev]s1 h[ev]1 ! subject is inexhau/ible4 ,! mo/ sali5t features claim$ = ! clut* ma*9es n[ 9 ! m>ket are1 fir/1 non-dead c5tre1--t is1 ev51 cont9u\s p[]2 second1 entire re/ ( ! legs :5 p[] is n requir$4 ,! objections are *iefly1 fir/1 insecurity & entire dep5d5ce on ! brake f\nd 9 ! abs5ce ( all back p$all+2 second1 non-support ( ! legs1 spr+s be+ insuffici5t to su/a9 _! weight4 ,to ! above objections app]ta9+ to ! lev] & clut* ma*9e1 a ?ird may be add$1--viz41 ! complexity ( p>ts1 liability to breakage1 & dang] ( accid5ts !refrom4 ,at "o "t ! advantage ( safety 0 f\nd 9 ! clut* ma*9e almo/ exclusively1 b at ! pres5t "t we h complete safety elem5ts 9 c]ta9 =ms ( crank-:eels4 ,mu* difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ by mak]s ( lev] cycles 9 f9d+ a suitable clut*+ device1 a difficulty ) :i* mo/ ( ! exp]i5ce ! writ] has _h is conc]n$4 ,9 conduct+ exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e ,i h f\nd t ! rattle ( ! old rat*et 0 annoy+1 & x 0 q a problem 9 my m9d :y mak]s us$ !m2 b any "o :o und]takes to make a bicycle clut* w soon discov] ! reason1 ?\gh at :at co/ 8depon5t saye? n40 ,a neophyte 9 ! bicycle exp]im5t+ ranks might ju/ly suppose t ! matt] ( clut*es is a well-develop$ art 9 me*anics2 to a c]ta9 ext5t x is1 b n 9 ! direction he w ne$4 ,clut*es may be divid$ into ?ree classes1--fir/1 ! common rat*et & pawl1 ei!r spr+ or gravity2 second1 ! rat*et & friction pawl2 ?ird1 surface-friction clut*es prop]4 ,! fir/ two grip on corrugat$ surfaces1 ! la/ on a p]fectly pla9 or smoo? surface4 ,! fir/ class rattles accord+ to ! pressure on ! pawl or ! weight ( ! same1 & also to ! am\nt ( drop4 ,! second class rattles only "u c]ta9 conditions2 t is1 :5 bo? rat*et & pawl are 9 motion 9 ! same direction1 "o mov+ a little fa/] ?an ! o!r4 ,! ?ird class is entirely noiseless4 ,let u pass ov] ! fir/ class1 z be+ famili> to ev]ybody4 ,! second class is n s well kn[n & has nev] be5 us$ 9 any ( ! arts 9 ?is c\ntry s f> z ,i "k1 except z rec5tly appli$ to bicycles4 ,?is clut* is v simil> 9 appe>ance to a regul> rat*et1 ! diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! =m] ! pawl is held out ( contact by friction aga9/ "s ( ! mov+ p>ts1 & :5 ! motion is rev]s$ ! friction 9 a c]ta9 direction ?r[s ! pawl into action4 ,a good me*anic w\ld h h>dly conc$$ su* an arrangem5t z practicable 9 any ma*9e1 mu* less 9 a bicycle1 = ! reason t :5 ! motion is rev]s$ ! pawl plunges into ! tee? ) s mu* =ce t damage w\ld be suppos$ to result4 ,sev]al pat5ts are regi/]$ 9 ,engl& ^u ! noiseless rat*et2 !y are all alike 9 g5]al pr9ciple1 b x is due to ! en]gy ( an ,am]ican mak] t x has be5 made a success 9 cycle con/ruction1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x is ! fir/ "t su* a rat*et has ev] be5 us$ to any ext5t 9 any k9d ( ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,noiseless rat*ets4 ,z to ! ?ird class ( clut*es1 mu* ( int]e/ c be said = ! b5efit ( ^? p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 8,a friction clut*0 to me*anics is a famili> t]m1 s9ce ! "n is appli$ to all pulley clut*es1 t grip on a smoo? surface4 ,_m ( ^! clut*es are a success = ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,! mo/ common =m us$ on ma*9es :]e ! requirem5ts are simil> to ^? ( a cycle1 is ! 8,roll]40 ,! cycle exp]im5t] ne>ly always /rikes ^u ?is clut* fir/1 & ) suffici5tly good reason4 ,x has be5 adopt$ 9 _m arts1 & is us$ 9 ,engl& ^u tricycles 9 comb9ation ) cranks1 ) mod]ate success1 b j "h all[ me to call att5tion to a c>d9al diff]5ce 9 ! requirem5ts ( a clut* z us$ on crank tricycles & successfully 9 ! arts h]et(ore4 ,9 ! crank-clut* cycles ! clut* is us$ = ! purpose ( deta*+ ! cranks f ! sp9dle :5 ! ma*9e requires no driv+1 z 9 runn+ d[n grade1 b :5 once ! clut* is gripp$1 x rema9s s till fur!r p[] ceases to be requir$4 ,n[1 ?is is also j ! action ( all belt-pulley clut*es1 & betwe5 su* action & t requir$ 9 a lev]-clut* cycle ! diff]5ce is exce$+ly conspicu\s4 ,9 ! crank-clut* cycle1 z 9 o!r uses1 ! imm$iate solid grip is a matt] ( little conc]n2 if a half turn ( ! p>ts takes place be=e clut*+1 x does little h>m1 s9ce x is s small a fraction ( ! entire numb] ( revolutions to be made be=e ! grip is releas$4 ,b if a grip is to be tak5 at e d[n /roke ( ! foot1 z 9 a lev]-clut* cycle1 ! lea/ slip or lo/ motion is fatal4 ,?is incessant clut*+ action1 toge!r ) ! great weight ! p>ts h to su/a91 & ! repeat$ concussion ( "o piece ^u ano!r "u ?is weight1 makes up a comb9ation ( di/urb+ elem5ts :i* w cause mis*ief aga9/ :i* x is almo/ impossible to provide4 ,9 a =m ( roll]-clut* ,i h tri$1 ! inn] frame or c>ri] is made loose ^u a sp9dle4 ,9 ! draw+ h]e) annex$ we h fir/ a sp9dle 9 ! c5tre1 !n a little op5 space ar\nd x1 & !n ! clut* frame bb1 :i* is connect$ loosely1 n rigidly1 to ! drum4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! pressure is di/ribut$ ev5ly ^u ! ?ree roll]s d1 d1 d1 outw>dly at ?ree po9ts aga9/ ! cas+1 & 9 no ev5t is ! "w done by a s+le roll]4 ,?is device work$ z well z any ( ?is class ,i h tri$2 b ! patt]ns are = sale at a v reasonable price4 ,! ma9 tr\ble ,i f\nd 9 ?is contrivance & all o!r roll] clut*es 01 t ! great pressure dis9tegrat$ ! oil1 mak+ a pa/e t w\ld cause ! roll]s to slip 9 spite ( ev]y?+4 ,if x 7 n t ano!r ,am]ican1 a cycle-mak]1 has app>5tly made a success ( a roll]-clut*1 ,i %\ld be tempt$ to w>n all exp]im5t]s aga9/ x z a ?+ t 8/+e? l a s]p5t & bite? l an add]40 ,illu/ration3 ,loose c5tre roll]-clut*4 ,"u a b5* 9 a %op n f> f ! geographical c5tre ( ,engl& may /ill be f\nd ab\t a bu%el ( friction-clut*es ( v>i\s & +5i\s =ms1 :i* future hi/orians 9 ! art w f9d v int]e/+4 ,%\ld any "o wi% to ent] ! ar5a z a se>*] = ! true friction-clut*1 let him fir/ exam9e ^! specim5s1 & he w />t sev]al ye>s ahead4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a success :i* ! writ] has fall5 ^u is illu/rat$ bel[ = ! purpose ( help+ ^? :o may wi% to c>ry on ! se>*1 or exp]im5t 9 clut*-cycles1--if any %\ld ?9k x wor? :ile 9 view ( ! alleg$ success ( ! ,am]ican above ref]r$ to4 ,! clut* illu/rat$ bel[ 0 contriv$ by a fell[-labor] 9 ! field4 ,! draw+ repres5ts ! device 9 a crude =m2 "s improvem5ts hav+ be5 necess>y to complete x4 ,b is a cog-:eel )9 ano!r1 ,a1 ! latt] fa/ to ! :eel-hub1 & ! =m] to ! clut*-drum4 ,a w$ge1 ,e1 foll[s betwe5 ! :eels1 :5ce x w be se5 t !y c revolve1 9 relation to ea* o!r1 9 "o direction only4 ,illu/ration3 ,scott w$ge-clut*4 ,= ^? :o wi% to /udy ?is "q m m9utely1 ,kempe1 on l9k motion1 w be f\nd a valuable "w 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( lev]s 9 any art1 :5 x is desir$ to obta9 a motion 9 a /raight l9e f an oscillat+ or circul>4 ,9 ! way ( conclusion1 rev]t+ to ! possibilities ( direct application ( ^! rem>ks to ! actual pur*ase & use ( cycles1 ,i wi% to say1 9 reg>d to ! me*anical difficulties 9 ?is matt] ( lev] & clut* ma*9es1 t s long z ! use ( oil is necess>y1 ,i h v grave d\bts if a ?or\ghly satisfactory1 noiseless friction-clut* = use on cycles w ev] be inv5t$4 ,,tang5t ,,vs4 ,,direct ,,spokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,tang5t spokes4 ,! subject ( ,tang5t vs4 ,direct ,spokes1 or ,direct vs4 ,p>tial ,tang5t1 is "o on :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 & said )9 ! la/ few ye>s t x is probably well und]/ood 9 ! ma9 by all en?usia/ic :eelm51 b a few po9ts may n come amiss to ! beg9n]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no su* ?+ z p>tial tang5cy4 ,a tang5t spoke is tang5t1 & t is all !re is ab\t x4 ,a tang5t is a def9ite ?+1 & means a l9e normal to a radius at ! circumf]5ce2 at lea/1 we c accept ?is def9ition z well en\gh suit$ to ! cycle art4 ,&1 9 speak+ ( tang5cy1 we ought r to say tang5t hub ?an tang5t :eel1 s9ce ! spokes are n tang5t to ! rim ( ! :eel1 b to ! hub4 ,all cycli/s "k v well1 nev]!less1 :at is meant by p>tial tang5cy 9 ! cycle art1 & ,i w !re=e use ! t]m4 ,if a long spoke w5t /raight f "o po9t 9 ! rim to ano!r ne>ly opposite1 & j t\*$ ! outside circumf]5ce ( ! hub 9 "o place1 x w\ld make two purely tang5t spokes4 7,see cut47 ,z1 = in/ance1 a b & cd make all toge!r f\r spokes1 af1 bf1 de1 & ce4 ,if a spoke runs f any po9t1 a1 c1 b1 or d1 to any po9t on ! circumf]5ce ( ! hub betwe5 f & e1 x w n be a full tang5t spoke4 ,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( a full tang5t spoke is t1 :5 ! =ce t5d+ to revolve ! :eel is appli$1 x pulls f ! po9t on ! hub :i* w\ld rec$e mo/ rapidly f t po9t 9 ! rim to :i* ! o!r end ( ! spoke is affix$4 ,h5ce1 ! common expression t 8a tang5t hub gives a direct end-pull on ! spokes20 b s does any o!r hub1 if ! spoke is swivell$ into x4 ,) a direct spoke screw$ into ! hub1 ! weight ( ! man is su/a9$ by a direct end-pull1 & a slight p[] is transmitt$ to ! rim by ! resi/ance to flexure or b5d+ 9 ! spoke t5d+ to revolve ! :eel1 & x w be f\nd 9 practice t any hub ) a direct spoke w turn indep5d5tly ( ! rim f> en\gh to increase ! di/ance slightly betwe5 ! ends ( ! spokes s z to really make an end-pull z 9 ! tang5t spoke1 b evid5tly ! hub mu/ revolve a great way 9 ord] to increase ! l5g? a v little4 ,"h comes 9 ! advantage ( ! tang5t spoke1 =1 9 ord] to turn ! hub )9 ! rim1 ! spoke has to /ret* an am\nt equal to ! di/ance a po9t on ! circumf]5ce ( ! hub moves4 ,to repres5t ?is 9 popul> t]ms1 if ! hub turns "o-eigh? ( an in*1 ! spoke has to /ret* t am\nt if tang5t1 :]eas ! necess>y increase 9 l5g? ( ! direct spoke is almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,"o po9t mu/ n be =gott5 9 ?is matt]1 :i* r$\nds to ! cr$it ( ! absolute direct spoke4 ,x is t ! driv+ /ra9 passes ?r\gh e spoke f ! hub to ! rim1 :]eas1 9 a tang5t or p>tial tang5t spoke1 ! /ra9 is resi/$ by only "o-half ( ! entire numb]4 ,?is defect is p>tially rem$i$ by ! late plan ( sold]+ ! spokes toge!r at ! po9ts ( cross+1 ?is b9d+ toge!r be+ :at really makes ! tang5t spokes s /rong 9 resi/+ buckl+1 to :i* !y 7 v liable be=e ! sold]+ process 0 us$4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! midway or p>tial tang5t hubs are ! be/1 z !y seem to comb9e all ( ! possible advantages1 b ! plan ( cross+ ! spokes j once is1 9 ! light ( my exp]i5ce1 v bad1 z x seems to comb9e ! faults ( bo? ) ! advantages ( nei!r2 !y %\ld be m ne>ly full tang5t ?an direct if v>i$ f ! midway position at all4 ,! small eighte5- or ev5 ?irty-in* :eel is good en\gh1 if well made1 ) ei!r direct or tang5t hubs1 especially 9 ! "o n us$ z a driv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,old bone-%ak] :eel4 ,! sold]+ ( ! spokes toge!r1 & o!r difficulties 9 ! way ( screw+ !m into tang5t hubs1 has l$ mak]s to adopt ! plan ( screw+ !m into ! rim2 ?is seems unavoidable1 b is n v desirable1 if = no o!r reason ?an t ! :eel gett+ wet1 ! screw ?reads are apt to ru/ (f & /rip4 ,) brass1 alum9um1 or bronze nipples1 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty c be to a great ext5t ov]come4 ,tang5t :eels are z old z ! indu/ry ( cycl+4 ,/>ley1 ( ,cov5try1 is said to h exp]im5t$ & %[n1 _m ye>s ago1 t a tang5t :eel ) silk spokes w\ld resi/ ! revolv+ /ra9 on ! hub equal to a direct wire spoke1 & ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican gave an illu/ration ( a tang5t hub 9 _! issue ( ,septemb] #a1 #ahgg4 ,! cross b> 9 ! old bone-%ak] made practically two tang5t spokes1 & pull$ f ! rim1 s to speak1 z w be notic$ 9 our essay on hobbies4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,antifriction ,,be>+s1 ,,ball ,,& ,,roll]4 ,! cycle art has develop$ ! use ( antifriction1 or1 we might say1 roll+-friction be>+s1 to an ext5t nev] be=e atta9$2 ^! be>+s are 9 ! =m ( balls & roll]s2 ! =m] are made 9 sev]al /yles & ! latt] 9 at lea/ two1 b all are m or less old 9 ! arts4 ,illu/ration3 #ahfa4 ,ball-be>+ pat5t4 ,! fir/ prom95t pat5t 9 ! ,am]ican (fice1 ^u balls or roll]s1 is dat$ ,june #ah1 #ahfa1 ,no4 #cb1fjd4 ,!re are "s ?ree hundr$ draw+s ( roll] & ball-be>+ pat5ts on file at ! ,unit$ ,/ates (fice2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n repres5t ! entire numb] issu$4 ,all ( ! m rec5t pat5ts are sub/antially modifications ( =m] patt]ns1 su* z ,no4 #bi1egj1 #ahfj2 #cg1gfe1 #ahfc2 #eh1gci1 #ahff2 #fc1fji1 #ahfg2 #hb1ffe1 #ahfh2 #aac1hfg1 #ahga2 #bjb1bga1 #ahgh1 & ,pet]'s1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #aig1bhi4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful v>iations & ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! cycle art1 is ! lat]al adju/+ be>+ ( ?is /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-:eel be>+4 ,bel[ f9d select$ figure & claim f a prom95t pat5t ov] :i* !re has be5 mu* cont5tion4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,hughes1 ,,be>+ ,,= ,,:eels1 ,,no4 #bbg1fcb1 ,,pat5t$ ,,may #ah1 #ahhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,hughes's ,pat5t4 8,:at ,i claim1 & wi% protect$ by ,lett]s ,pat5t is1-- 8,9 be>+s = bicycles1 tricycles1 or c>riages1 ! comb9ation ( h>d5$ conical or curv$ surfaces1 h>d5$ sph]ical balls1 & ! means1 sub/antially z %[n & describ$1 ( adju/+ or sett+ up ! p>ts1 = ! purposes set =?4 8,joseph ,h5ry ,hughes40 ,o!r =ms1 su* z ! disk patt]n ) an annul> groove ^u its face1 h _! special uses4 ,z to friction1 ball-be>+s may be said to r$uce ?is to no?+1 s9ce 9 ma!matical calculations1 roll+ friction on h>d surfaces is usually neglect$1 z comp>$ ) slid+ friction4 ,9 actual practice ?is w\ld n q hold good1 s9ce oil & dirt w make a diff]5ce4 ,! balls1 9 ! ord9>y be>+s 9 ! m>ket1 roll ^u conical1 sph]ical1 or cyl9drical surfaces4 ,9 ei!r ( ! la/ two cases ! radius ( curvature ( ! box is s mu* great] ?an t ( ! ball t ! effect is ! same z ^u ! cone1 & 9 all cases :]e a be>+ is well con/ruct$ ! action is ! same z t ( a ball roll+ ^u a flat surface4 ,true1 "s friction results f ! contact ( ! balls ) ea* o!r1 b z !re is no =ce driv+ !m toge!r1 x is v slight4 ,illu/ration3 ,annul>1 ball-be>+4 ,s long z ! be>+s are new & prop]ly made1 ea* ball t\*es & rolls along :at may be consid]$ a ma!matical l9e1 & !re is1 9 fact1 no friction wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,nev]!less !re is "s1 & 9 "t a small groove is worn1 or roll$1 into ! be>+1 :i* groove j fits ! ball4 ,! friction is great] n[ ?an be=e1 & increases ) ! deep5+ groove until1 f9ally1 :5 ! dep? ( ! groove equals ! radius ( ! ball1 ! friction rea*es its maximum & w\ld be at t "t ne>ly equal to "o-f\r? ( ! am\nt ( friction eng5d]$ if ! ball actually slid 9 ! groove4 ,! ball w\ld !n roll on l9es along ! groove ?r\gh po9ts c1 c ?irty-eight & "o-f\r? degrees ar\nd f ,e t[>ds ,d1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ diagram4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,roll+ ,l9es1 ball-be>+4 ,! read] c =m a tol]ably cle> idea ( ! am\nt ( friction caus$ by ! ball slid+ )\t roll+2 let ?is !n be ! unit4 ,also let ! radius ( ! ball be ! unit dep? ( groove4 ,! foll[+ table gives r\ghly 9 ^! units ! frictions = ! groove dep?s express$ 9 t5?s4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,groove ,dep?s #j 4#a 4#b 4#c 4#d 4#e 4#f 4#g 4#h 4#i #a4j ,frictions #j 4#ja4jb4jc4je4jg4ji4ab4ae4ah4ba ---------------------------------------- -------- ,to :at is ?is friction due8 ,look at ?is diagram 7,fig4 #b71 repres5t+ a transv]se section ( ! groove & ball4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,transv]se section groove & ball4 ,is x n evid5t t ! ball really rolls on two p>allel l9es 9 ! groove some:]e betwe5 ,d & ,e1 say ! l9es ?r\gh cc p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! pap]8 ,?is grant$1 x foll[s t po9ts on ! ball-surface t\*+ ! groove above c are go+ fa/]1 :ile ^? t\*+ bel[ c are go+ sl[] ?an po9ts t\*+ at c4 ,h5ce1 no wond] !re is friction4 ,! position ( cc is su* t ! sum ( ! mom5ts ( friction above cc balances ! sum ( ! mom5ts ( friction bel[ cc4 ,take axes ,,ox1 ,,oy1 z indicat$2 let ! x ( cc be a1 & t ( ,d ,d1 b2 put d s = an elem5t ( arc1 & let ,a be ! angle betwe5 ! radius to d s & ,,oy4 ,!n ! friction on ds is proportional to ds cos ,a dy1 & its mom5t ab\t cc is proportional to dy 7x a71 or1 dy 7a x71 accord+ z ds is above or bel[ cc4 7#a a7 7#a b7 ,!re=e1 7x a7 dy 7a x7 dy #j 7#a a7 ,! ball's radius be+ unity1 ! solution ( ! above equation is1-- arc cos b a 7---------------------- b 7#a b771 7#a b7 :i* det]m9es a = all values ( b2 t is1 det]m9es ! po9ts c1 c4 ,x 0 /at$ above t d s 0 proportional to ! friction ^u itself4 ,( c\rse1 we meant t x 0 proportional s long z a rema9$ con/ant4 ,9 t]ms ( ! unit giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is discussion1 ! friction ds is ------------------------------1 & ! total friction ^u ! ball is !re=e #b;a 7#a a7 7#a a7 #d 7x a7 dy #j arc cos a ---------------------------------- ---------------------- #a1 #b;a 7#a a7 7#a a7 :i* is ! =mula us$ to calculate our table above4 ,z to ! weight balls c safely c>ry 9 any be>+1 bel[ w be f\nd results ( exp]im5ts & calculations made by ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,?is article is ! result ( c>eful1 exhau/ive "w1 & ,i am "u great obligations = ! privilege ( introduc+ x "h1 z x has nev] be=e be5 9 pr9t4 8,to f9d ! load :i* a s+le h>d5$ /eel ball w safely c>ry 9 any ball-be>+1 ei!r :5 runn+ betwe5 two flat surfaces or betwe5 two equally groov$ surfaces ( h>d5$ /eel1 9 ea* case ! foll[+ =mula may be appli$1--viz43 ,load 9 d p\nds #aij d 7#a ------------------71 :]e d equals ! diamet] d d ( ! ball 9 in*es & d equals ! diamet] ( ! groove 9 :i* ! ball runs1 ei!r top or bottom4 ,= flat surfaces1 d = top & bottom be>+ ( ball d & ------------------ #j1 s d d t1 = a ball betwe5 h>d5$ flat plates1 ,load #aij d4 ,= n balls 9 a ne/1 all 9 equally fair be>+s1 ! load equals d n #aij d 7#a --------------------72 = example1 a "o-in* ball betwe5 d d flat surfaces w c>ry "o hundr$ & n9ety p\nds safely4 #aij 8,aga9 a "o-half-in* ball w c>ry ------ #dg4e p\nds2 & aga9 #d a "o-in* ball 9 a groove ( "o & "o-eigh?-in* diamet] top #a & bottom w c>ry #aij 7#a ------------------7 #egj p\nds4 ,s t #a 7#h #a7 !re is great advantage 9 supply+ grooves = ! balls to run 94 ,aga91 suppose ! ball be "o in* & ! grooves "o & "o-eightie? in*es 9 diamet]2 !n ! load equals sev5te5 hundr$ & t5 p\nds4 ,aga91 if ! ball is "o-half-in* diamet]1 & ! groove n9e-sixte5?s-in* diamet]1 ! load equals #adb4e p\nds1 etc4 8,hundr$s ( exp]im5ts 9 all 7 made on ?is subject1 & ! above =mula d$uc$ by !ory 0 f\nd to agree almo/ exactly ) ! exp]im5tal results = h>d5$ /eel = balls & track = same4 ,:5 a mu* great] load ?an ! above is attempt$ to be c>ri$1 ! balls w ind5t a groove ( _! own until ! necess>y be>+ surface is obta9$4 8,i am n aw>e t ! coeffici5t ( friction = ball-be>+s is def9itely kn[n4 ,exp]im5ts made ) ! ,lick telescope1 9 :i* ! weights ( "s p>ts _h to be guess$ at1 gives 4#jjage = ! value ( friction coeffici5t = "o-in* balls2 b ?is1 ?\gh ! be/ ,i h1 is n a reliable figure4 ,x is = h>d5$ /eel on h>d5$ /eel40 ,mr4 ,rob9son "h %[s an advantage 9 ! groove s f> z capacity = resi/+ /ra9 is conc]n$1 b he w\ld h>dly con/ruct a ball-be>+ ) grooves fitt+ ! balls aft] a c>eful p]usal ( our section on grooves & friction4 ,z to ball-heads to bicycles1 !y h be5 highly recomm5d$ by a few mak]s & mu* admir$ by "s rid]s4 ,z be=e said1 ! balanc+ ( ! bicycle is accompli%$ by means ( ! /e]+ app>atus1 & ! easi] ! head swivels ! less "w ! rid] has to d to effect 8 object4 ,if simple /e]+--t is1 *ang+ ! g5]al c\rse ( ! rid]'s progress--happ5$ to be all = :i* ! head is swivell$1 x w\ld make little diff]5ce :e!r x mov$ v easily or n2 nay1 x w\ld be bett] to h x move a little /iff1 s9ce x w\ld !n /ay 9 place4 ,b :5 x comes to balanc+1 ! head is con/antly mov+1 & e resi/ance is "w to be ov]come by ! rid]'s muscul> ex]tion4 ,to say t a head _c swivel too easily1 w\ld be a valid axiom 9 ! art ( balanc+2 h5ce a ball-head c\ld d no h>m1 & might d "s good4 ,9 ! ,rov] or ,safety patt]n1 ball-heads are q common & are r a valuable acquisition1 especially 9 ! telescope4 ,9 ! ,/anley head1 h[ev]1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! advantage ga9$ is suffici5t to ju/ify ! extra complication & weight ( ! p>ts4 ,conical heads c be1 & are1 made to "w s smoo?ly & ! am\nt ( motion is s small t ! same "q 9 reg>d to friction does n apply z 9 ! case ( o!r be>+s ab\t ! ma*9e4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! writ] t e o!r "p ab\t a :eel %\ld be ab\t p]fect1 & ( ! v highe/ grade1 be=e ! "q ( ball-heads %\ld be consid]$ at all4 ,9 reg>d to ! pat5ts on1 & g5]al use (1 ball-be>+s 9 cycles1 ,i ?9k ! necessity ( us+ ! prom95t lat]al adju/+ be>+s is really n s absolute z _m suppose2 ( c\rse ?is is ! mo/ arti/ic =m & ! mo/ easily-made patt]n ( all1 & is 9 e way adapt$ to cycle use2 b x w\ld n be policy to ?r[ aside any o!r advantage 9 a :eel to ga9 ! lat]al adju/m5t 9 ! be>+s4 ,!re are "s o!r /yles ( ball-be>+ boxes :i* answ] ! purpose v well1 ! *ief difficulty be+ t a great] am\nt ( "w is necess>y = _! adju/m5t4 ,if ! boxes are split 9 a plane ?r\gh ! geometric axis ( ! axle1 !y w be slightly out ( r\nd aft] adju/+1 b :5 x is tak5 into consid]ation t ! weight is all on "o side or1 z 9 a bicycle1 on ! top1 ! fault w n be noticeable2 x is m s]i\s :5 ! boxes revolve ?an :5 !y are /ation>y4 ,! pat5ts n[ exi/+ on lat]al adju/+ be>+s h caus$ _m attempts at o!r me?ods ( tak+ up ! we>4 ,! validity ( ^! pat5ts is que/ion$ by _m1 & consid]able litigation has be5 ! result1 ?\gh 9 _m cases mak]s pref] to use o!r devices to runn+ ! *ance ( a law suit4 ,! happy m$ium adopt$ by o!rs is to pay ! royalty dem&$2 ?is is1 p]haps1 ! be/ c\rse to pursue if ! said royalty is n made burd5some4 ,e mak]1 h[ev]1 %\ld assure himself1 by special exam9ation1 if 8 p>ticul> be>+ really infr+es any pat5t be=e pay+2 ! fact ( x be+ a ball-be>+ ) a lat]al adju/m5t is n an incontrov]tible reason t x %\ld infr+e1 s9ce bo? ( ^! elem5ts are1 9 !mselves1 old4 ,x is only a special ball-be>+ ) a special adju/m5t t is pat5t$4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 ! special adju/m5t is a screw4 ,h[ ! pat5t w /&1 "t alone c tell2 its validity is c]ta9ly que/ionable4 ,a ^w "h 9 reg>d to pay+ royalties 9 g5]al4 ,mak]s are too scrupul\sly av]se to su* paym5ts1 ev5 :5 small1 & buy]s h ! idea t any "o :o pays a royalty is naturally work+ at a disadvantage4 ,?is is n necess>ily ! case4 ,"s w\ld save m by ! use ( an +5i\s ma*9e = mak+ ! p>ts ?an sev]al times ! royalty (t5 am\nts to4 ,9 ! manufactur+ bus9ess !re are s _m ways ( sav+ & los+ money1 t unless a c>eful wat* is kept all r\nd ! little matt] ( royalty on "s "o "p w fall into insignificance z comp>$ ) o!r leaks4 ,! adv]tisem5t ( a mak] t he pays no royalty gives u b little assurance t he c make a bett] ma*9e = less money4 ,:5 a pat5t is evad$ by slight *anges1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! increase or decrease ( an in* 9 ! diamet] ( a :eel1 x %[s n s mu* a great %rewdness on ! "p ( ! pirate z a frailty 9 ! pat5t2 ?is sort ( evasion ( royalties is consid]$ to be p]fectly legitimate1 h[ev]1 & means t ei!r ! attorney :o took out ! pat5t 0 incompet5t1 or t !re 0 b little inv5tion to be claim$4 ,,roll]s4 ,!oretically !re is less friction 9 roll]- ?an 9 ball-be>+s1 z !re ne$ be no slid+ action :atev] 9 ! =m] if well made4 ,b 9 actual practice no be>+ c be made 9 :i* !re is no t5d5cy ( ! roll]s to run toge!r2 & if we place !m 9 a frame to hold !m ap>t we %all h ab\t z mu* friction z :5 !y rub aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! mo/ p]fect plan is to place a small roll] betwe5 ea* ( ! l>g]2 ) ?is arrangem5t ! friction is practically no?+4 ,! action ( roll]s ^u ! boxes is always a pure roll+ friction1 :i* _c be ! case ) balls aft] ! slighte/ groove is worn 9 ! cas+4 ,"o reason = roll]s be+ little us$ is t !y t5d to "w out ( l9e ) ! axle & box1 :i* causes "s ends to get a little 9 advance ( ! o!rs1 :5 !y c no long] "w p]fectly4 ,= an oscillat+ be>+1--t is1 "o t goes backw>d & =w>d1 in/ead ( cont9ually ar\nd1--,i h f\nd roll]s v good1 s9ce !y _c get mu* out ( l9e2 ev5 :5 ! be>+ is a little imp]fect1 ! roll]s _c multiply ! imp]fection1 z !y w 9 "o t keeps go+ on 9 ! same direction4 ,! o!r great fault ( ! roll] is its non-adju/ability1 al?\gh ?is c be rectifi$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,illu/ration3 ,roll] con/ruction4 ,! above cut %[s a be>+ & ! con/ruction l9es t mu/ be foll[$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! tap] ( ! axle1 roll]1 & box mu/ all meet 9 a po9t1 z at a2 ?is arrangem5t is evid5t4 ,! roll] mu/ be kept 9 prop] position & roll ar\nd ! l>ge end 9 ! same numb] ( turns z ! small end2 h5ce ! circumf]5ce ( ! small end ( ! roll] mu/ be> ! same relation to ! circumf]5ce ( ! l>g] z ! relative ends ( ! axle & box be> to ea* o!r4 ,! geometrical conditions are z foll[s3 be+ ! relation ( circumf]5ce to ! diamet]1 ref]r+ to ! diagram1 we h bc 3 fg 33 cd 3 gh 33 be 3 fi2 h5ce bc 3 fg 33 cd 3 gh 33 be 3 fi4 ,n[1 by virtue ( ! la/ =mula1 :5 ! axle or box is revolv$1 ea* end ( ! roll] w travel ?r\gh exactly ! same numb] ( degrees ar\nd ! axle & 9 ! box1 :]e=e ! axle roll]s & box all keep /raight4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,alum9um ,,9 ,,cycle ,,con/ruction--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,tubes4 8,we really ?\ght t we 7 go+ to pass ov] a p]iod ( ?ree mon?s )\t hav+ to *ronicle ! discov]y 787 ( a me?od ( produc+ alum9um at a co/ ( n m ?an t ( fir/-class /eel4 ,! p]iodical inv5tor has appe>$1 & ?is "t he hails f ,melrose1 ,mass41 & 8 "n is ,wa%burn4 ,next660--,bicycl+ ,_w4 ,inv5tors d little h>m 9 p]iodically mak+ *eap alum9um or increas+ its /r5g? )\t add+ to its gravity1 b :5 a l>ge corporation is />t$1 z 0 done "s mon?s ago1 ) a lot ( money & alum9um m$als issu$1 ! same be+ made out ( copp]1 !n ! matt] becomes s]i\s4 ,probably1 next to ! hobby ( sep>at+ wat] & creat+ enorm\s p[] !reby1 ! alum9um hobby holds undisput$ sway4 ,b z !re really is some?+ ( int]e/ to cycli/s & cycle mak]s 9 ! subject1 !re seems a ne$ to t\* ^u x4 ,among ! articles 9 ! manufacture ( :i* alum9um c be satisfactorily us$ we f9d 9 ! catalogue ( a well-kn[n smelt+ firm m5tion made ( bicycles1 tricycles1 etc4 ,! idea exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( _m t a bicycle made f pure alum9um w\ld be a practical ma*9e & mu* light] ?an "o ( /eel4 ,?is notion arises f ! fact t alum9um 9 ! pure /ate has a specific gravity ( only #b4e1 or ab\t "o-f\r? ! weight ( /eel4 ,bel[ we pr9t a lett] f ! ,c[les ,smelt+ & ,alum9um ,company on ! subject4 8,lockport1 ,n4,y41 ,u4,s4,a41 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahhh4 8,r4 ,p4 ,scott1 ,esq41 ,baltimore ,md43 ,de> ,sir1--,reply+ to y\r favor ( ,augu/ #af1 y c obta9 ! book on ,alum9um1 by ,ri*>ds1 f ,philadelphia4 ,alum9um has a great _m uses 9 its comm]cial /ate1 b a simple pure alum9um ca/+ has n suffici5t /r5g? to make x desirable = small p>ts4 ,if y c\ld h x roll$ or hamm]$ to %ape1 s z to make x rigid1 x w\ld become mu* m t5aci\s1 b to secure /r5g? desir$ 9 bicycle p>ts1 y\r ca/+s w\ld necess>ily be s l>ge z to be unga9ly1 & we d\bt if y w\ld atta9 ! mo/ desirable end1--viz41 light weight4 ,! alloys ( copp] & alum9um are mu* bett] adapt$ to y\r requirem5ts ?an ! pure metal c\ld possibly be4 8,y\rs v truly1 8,! ,c[les ,e4 ,s4 & ,al4 ,co4 8,tuck]40 ,x w be se5 t ! metal 9 its pure /ate lacks /r5g?1 & c only be us$ 9 ! arts to any ext5t :5 alloy$ ) copp] ab\t 9 ! proportion ( n9e ( copp] to "o ( alum9um4 ,:5 alloy$ z above1 x is ab\t z heavy z /eel4 ,,av]age ,,ultimate ,,t5sile ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,metals ,,& ,,alloys4 7,f ,trautw9e's ,eng9e]'s ,pocket ,book1 #ahhe47 ,p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,ca/ brass #bc1jjj ,anneal$ brass wire #di1jjj ,ca/ copp] #bd1jjj ,anneal$ copp] wire #cb1jjj ,gun bronze ( copp] & t9 ca/ #ci1jjj ,av]age ,am]ican ca/ iron #af1jjj ,good wr\ght iron #ej1jjj ,be/ ,am]ican wr\ght iron 7exceptional7 #gf1ajj ,iron wire ropes #ch1jjj ,malleable iron ca/+s #dh1jjj ,/eel plates 7roll$7 #ha1jjj ,ca/ /eel av]age ,bessem] +ots #fc1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,alum9um ,,bronze4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,t5sile /r5g? p] ,+ots ( ,grade4 squ>e in*4 ,elongation4 p] alum9um4 p\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a #a #ij1jjj lbs4 & ov]4 #j to #e p] c5t4 #j4de ,a #b #ge1jjj to #ij1jjj lbs4 #aj p] c5t4 & ov]4 4#dj #aj ,a #c #fe1jjj to #ge1jjj lbs4 #be 0 0 4#cg #g ,b #dg1ejj to #fe1jjj lbs4 #bj 0 0 4#cc #e ,c #ce1jjj to #dg1ejj lbs4 #be 0 0 4#bf #b ,d #bg1ejj to #ce1jjj lbs4 #cj 0 0 4#bj #a ,e #bj1jjj to #bg1ejj lbs4 #ae 0 0 4#af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! specific gravity ( ! ,a grade is #g4ef1 t ( /eel be+ #g4hh4 ,its coeffici5t ( expansion is small at ord9>y temp]atures2 its electrical conductivity is ab\t #i1 & ) ! l[] grades ! expansion by heat1 specific gravity & heat & electrical conductivity increases ! ne>] ! metal approa*es to pure copp]4 ,) m ?an elev5 p] c5t4 ( alum9um ! bronze rapidly becomes brittle4 ,9 color1 alum9um bronze ( ! ,c & ,d grades is ! ne>e/ to gold ( any kn[n metal1 ! high] grades be+ light] 9 hue ?an ! l[]4 ,! ,a grade melts at ab\t #agjj ,f41 a little high] ?an ord9>y bronze or brass4 ,alum9um bronze %r9ks ab\t twice z mu* z brass4 ,9 work+ alum9um ,i h f\nd x to be a spl5did sub/itute = malleable iron1 especially 9 _m cases :]e ! iron c\ld n be procur$ 9 "t1 or :5 x came s w>p$ z to be unfit = use4 ,i h nev] be5 able1 h[ev]1 to get ca/+s :i* w\ld come q up to ! /r5g? claim$ = x2 ! mo/ satisfactory grade 0 t ( t5-p]-c5t4 alum9um1 :i* by ! way is v h>d to "w1 especially 9 drill+4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x c be made to take ! place ( /eel 9 _m in/ances4 ,a k ( alum9um is a great boon to exp]im5t]s1 z x w probably come into q g5]al use ) ! manufactur]4 ,! t5-p]-c5t4 alum9um f9i%es v h&somely1 & 9 old5 times x w\ld h be5 a spl5did sub/itute = ! brass hubs !n s common4 ,z an antifriction metal x is unsurpass$ by any ( ! bronzes4 ,x ca/s bright & %>p1 b %r9ks amaz+ly1 al?\gh n dang]\sly2 at lea/ ,i h nev] _h a "p ( ! ca/+ drop (f1 z 9 malleable x (t5 does1 & ?\gh ! alum9um sometimes leaves a great depression 9 ! heavy "p ( ! ca/+1 x causes no spong9ess und]nea?4 ,x c be readily bronz$ or sold]$4 ,alum9um bronze drawn into wire w make v good spokes1 & x has be5 us$ = ?is purpose to "s ext5t 9 ,engl&4 ,all t5d5cy to ru/ is obviat$1 & x saves all nickel+2 x resi/s corrosion suffici5tly well to disp5se ) any cov]+1 b x does n look z well z a nickel f9i%4 ,no bett] au?ority on ! subject c be _h ?an t ( ! ,c[les ,catalogue2 useful in=mation also c be ga!r$ f 8,ri*>ds's ,alum9um10 & 8,?ur/on's ,mat]ial ( ,eng9e]+40 ,! la/-nam$ treatise speaks on ! subject z foll[s3 8,! alloys ( alum9um are v valuable4 ,its rem>kable lightness1 comb9$ ) its /r5g?1 makes x useful z a con/itu5t ( ^? alloys 9 :i* /r5g? & lightness are ! ne$$ qualities4 ,x has a pleasant metallic r+ :5 /ruck1 & conf]s a beautiful tone :5 introduc$ into bellmetal4 8,alum9um may be add$ to bronzes & brasses ) good results4 ,! alloys 7copp] n9ety p] c5t41 alum9um t5 p] c5t47 may be work$ cold or hot l wr\ght iron1 b n weld$4 ,its t5acity is sometimes ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,its specific gravity is #g4g4 ,9 compression ?is alloy has be5 f\nd capable ( su/a9+ a little m ?an 9 t5sion1--"o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in* 7n9e ?\s& "o hundr$ & ?irty n9e kilos p] squ>e millimetre71--& its ductility & t\ghness 7 su* t x did n ev5 crack :5 di/ort$ by ?is load4 ,x is s ductile & malleable t x c be drawn d[n "u ! hamm] to ! f95ess ( a cambric ne$le4 8,x works well1 ca/s well1 holds a f9e surface "u ! tool & :5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 & x is 9 e respect consid]$ ! be/ bronze yet kn[n4 ,its high co/ alone has prev5t$ its ext5sive use 9 ! arts4 ,^! alloys are v uni=m 9 "* & "w regul>ly & smoo?ly4 ,ev5 "o p] c5t4 ( alum9um add$ to copp] causes a consid]able increase 9 ductility & fusibility1 & enables x to be us$ satisfactorily 9 mak+ ca/+s4 ,two p] c5t4 gives a mixture us$ = ca/+s :i* are to be work$ ) a *isel4 ,x is s(t5$ by sudd5 cool+ f a r$ heat4 ,its coeffici5t ( expansion is small at ord9>y temp]atures4 8,x has great ela/icity :5 made into spr+s2 x has be5 f\nd useful = wat*es1 & has ! decid$ advantage ov] /eel ( be+ little liable to oxidization4 ,kettles ( alum9um bronze are us$ 9 mak+ fruit syrups & pres]ves4 ,/eel conta9+ b 4#jh p] c5t4 ( alum9um is said to be greatly improv$ by its pres5ce40 ,alum9um bronze1 su* z w\ld be requir$ = cycle ca/+s1 co/s f ?irty to fifty c5ts p] p\nd1 accord+ to quality & quantity4 ,a valuable alloy ( alum9um & iron has rec5tly be5 made1 by :i* x is ma9ta9$ t wr\ght-iron ca/+s are possible4 ,! factory is1 ,i believe1 at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,9 our endeavor to le>n m ^u ! subject we h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,mitis ,co41 ,no4 #bf ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 :i* company has ! exclusive "r 9 ?is c\ntry to make ,mitis ca/+s1 or ( grant+ p]mission to ^? :o desire to make ^! ca/+s !mselves4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,tubes4 ,metal 9 ! =m ( tubes resi/s all /ra9 liable to occur 9 cycle "w bett] ?an 9 any o!r =m4 ,9 reg>d to /ra9 ( compression1 we f9d1 9 8,wood's ,resi/ance ( ,mat]ials10 ! foll[+ summ>y3 8,exp]im5ts h]et(ore made d n indicate a specific law ( resi/ance to buckl+1 b ! foll[+ g5]al facts appe> to be e/abli%$3 ,! resi/ance ( buckl+ is always less ?an t ( cru%+1 & is ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! l5g?4 ,cyl9drical tubes are /ronge/1 & next 9 ord] are squ>e tubes1 & !n ------- ! rectangul>4 ,rectangul> tubes are n s /rong z ------- ------ tubes ( ?is =m 40 ------ ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v little direct cru%+ /ra9 on ! tubes 9 a cycle2 x is almo/ entirely a /ra9 ( flexure or b5d+2 h5ce ?is is ! only int]e/+ feature p]ta9+ to ! subject 9 cycl+ "w4 ,s9ce a tube is /rong] ?an a solid b>1 = same weight ! intuitive idea is to make ! tube z l>ge z possible1 & ! ma!matical demon/ration :i* we app5d %[s ?is to be correct1 g5]ally speak+4 ,let ,r equal ! /ra9 p] squ>e in* ( cross-section ( ! tube at ! po9t f>!/ remov$ f ! neutral axis at ! in/ant ( rupture4 ,illu/ration3 ,tube sections4 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,suppose ,fig4 #a to repres5t ! half ( ! tube1 & t y are try+ to b5d x d[n at ! ends4 ,! p>ticles t[>ds ! top w be pull$ ap>t1 :ile ^? at ! bottom are cr[d$ toge!r2 some:]e betwe5 ! top & bottom ! p>ticles are nei!r pull$ ap>t nor cr[d$ toge!r4 ,7 ! tube solid1 ! l9e ( ^! p>ticles w\ld be ! neutral axis4 ,9 ! tube an imag9>y l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! hole does n v>y mu* f said axis4 ,n[ ,r ! mom5t ( rupture ------------7r r71 :]e r & r 7,fig4 #d r ,r #b7 are ! ext]ior & int]ior radii2 -------- is a con/ant1 :i* #d we w call ,k1 :5ce we c write mom5t ( rupture ,k7r r7 7r r7 r4 ,"h ! factor 7r r7 is proportional to ! area ( ! annul> cross-section & is con/ant1 :ile ! o!r factor1 r 7r r7 r or1 r -------- r1 ?\gh less ?an #br1 r gets ne>] & ne>] to #br z r gets l>ge & r approa*es r4 ,!re=e we h1 t 9 resi/ance to flexure ! tube %\ld be z l>ge 9 diamet] z practicable1 :i* means t x mu/ be z ?9 z possible4 ,?is result is only modifi$ 9 practice by ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ d++ & also aga9/ imp]fections 9 ! /eel4 ,a surface crack w ru9 a v ?9 tube :i* o!rwise may be h>mless 9 a ?ick]1 b x is safe to say t x is be/ to use reasonably l>ge ?9 tubes4 ,oval tubes are ( an advantage only :5 ! direction ( ! /ra9 is positively kn[n & :5 x inv>iably occurs 9 t direction4 ,s9ce ! tube f9ds its greate/ limit ( g5]al resi/ance 9 cyl9drical =m1 to alt] t =m mu/ necess>ily weak5 x m 9 "o direction ?an x /r5g!ns x 9 ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,cycle ,,9 ,,w>--,,/eam ,,& ,,electricity4 ,no m important & int]e/+ phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! :eel has rec5tly occurr$ ?an ! consid]ation & p>tial adoption ( ! cycle 9 milit>y affairs4 ,already ?is subject has engag$ ! att5tion ( ,engli% & cont95tal w> dep>tm5ts4 ,at fir/ ! tricycle 0 adjudg$ ! mo/ promis+ =m ( man-motor c>riage = ! army1 b latt]ly au?orities h direct$ _! att5tion to ! m s5sible & practical plan ( adopt+ ! ,rov]-type ,safety4 ,"s advantages c\ld be nam$ favor+ ! tricycle1 b c]ta9ly1 ) ! slight ef=t ne$ful to ma/] ! re>-driv]1 if ! cycle ev] atta9s any prom95t place 9 ! milit>y field1 x w be 9 ! =m ( a s+le-track ma*9e4 ,9 all c\ntries :]e reasonable roads c be expect$ ! cycle mu/ succe$ 9 ?is w>like dep>tm5t ( usefulness2 n t we ev] expect to he> ( ! *>ge ( ! cycle corps1 or ( a h&-to-h& sword combat ^u ! 8fe/ive bikes10 ?\gh su* ?+s are )9 ! pale ( possibility2 :at we d expect to he> ( 9 ! next w> is ! cycle sc\t & =ag] & ( ! cycle corps gett+ !re ahead ( ! cavalry4 ,) a light bicycle t c be lift$ ov] small ob/ructions1 an exp]t c\ld g almo/ any:]e t x w\ld be practicable to take a horse1 & :5 y consid] h[ mu* easi] x w\ld be to conceal y\r cycle1 9 case a little excursion on foot 7 necess>y1 & h[ mu* less dang] !re w\ld be :5 no prov5d] or %elt] is requir$ = ! /e$1 c]ta9ly ! idea is feasible4 ,x has be5 said t a horse c g :]e a cycle _c2 :ile ?is is sometimes true1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are places :]e ! cycle c be tak5 :5 ! horse w\ld h to be left beh9d4 ,= in/ance1 a /eep rocky cliff might be surm\nt$ by ! man & 8 bicycle1 s9ce ! latt] c\ld be easily drawn ov] aft] him2 9 fact1 he c\ld g ) 8 ma*9e ov] almo/ any place :i* x w\ld be possible to clamb] himself1 :ile by no means w\ld ?is apply to ! horse2 9 %ort1 we feel assur$ t w> cycl+ promises great developm5t 9 ! armies ( all civiliz$ nations1 & to ?is end ! mo/ solid1 p[]ful1 unbreakable1 & at ! same "t light1 :eel mu/ be /riv5 = by any mak] :o w\ld advance ! art 9 ?is direction1 & reap ! consequ5t sub/antial returns to 8 ex*equ]4 ,,/eam1 ,,electricity1 ,,spr+s1 ,,& ,,compress$ ,,air ,,z ,,motors4 ,?is head+ is n entirely g]mane to ! subject ( man-motor locomotion1 b we w take advantage ( ! fact t 9 all me*anical motors t w ev] be appli$ to bicycles & tricycles !re w h to be an auxili>y app>atus = ! feet4 ,?is is obvi\s1 s9ce 9 any break-d[n ! rid] w ne$ "s means ( gett+ home4 ,z ! ocean /eam]s reta9 "s apologies = sails1 s ! cycl] w h to reta9 8 foot-p[] me*anism 9 any ma*9e he might adopt = individual transportation1 ?\gh ! ma9 motor p[] be /eam or electricity1 "o ( :i* may f9ally be adopt$ 9 cycles4 ,t e rid] w c>e = ?is extrane\s assi/ance is d\btful1 z ! elem5t ( ex]cise w\ld be elim9at$ to a great ext5t4 ,= practical uses aside f ex]cise1 z 9 ! transaction ( bus9ess1 etc41 o!r motors ?an t ( human en]gy w\ld be a boon 9 ! pres5t cycle1 b !y w\ld nev] be us$ to ! exclusion ( ! legs4 ,already _m exp]im5ts h be5 made1 "s q successful1 bo? 9 /eam & electricity1 b ! /eam ,i ?9k af=ds ! great] prospect ( success1 because ! necess>y conditions are naturally m ne>ly complete4 ,:atev] motor is us$1 x w be necess>y to h supply-/ations at int]vals along ! road1 :i* w\ld require b little ef=t to e/abli% = /eam1 s9ce oil & wat] c be obta9$ almo/ any:]e n[1 & positive arrangem5ts c\ld easily be made to h ! necess>y supplies kept at all ! cross-roads /ores4 ,all t is requir$ is t "s "o %all put a practical /eam bicycle ^u ! m>ket1 ) all p>ts z light z possible & ) oil = fuel4 ,! ma9 pr9ciples h all be5 work$ out sep>ately1 & :at we ne$ n[ is a comb9ation ( ! mo/ improv$ me?ods & a g-ahead man to pu% ! bus9ess4 ,electricity is z yet too indef9ite 9 its developm5t1 9 ?is direction1 to enc\rage ! hope t x c1 at pres5t1 be made available4 ,! only prospective means ( utiliz+ x z a road-motor is by ! use ( second>y or /orage batt]ies1 :i* w\ld require dynamos scatt]$ along ! road = re*>g+ !m2 b ! slighte/ ?\ght w %[ t ?is exp5sive arrangem5t is h>dly a possibility consid]+ ! enorm\s di/ances & l5g? ( roads1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h only to m5tion compress$ air & spr+s1 9 ord] to dispose ( !m2 ! =m] does n promise mu*1 & z to ! latt]1 all ef=ts 9 t direction :i* h come "u ! writ]'s notice h be5 q nons5sical4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,cycle ,,pat5ts ,,& ,,inv5tors4 ,! ev] ubiquit\s ,yankee inv5tor fell ^u an inexhau/ible m9e :5 he tapp$ ! virg9 soil ( cycl$om1 & 8 ,engli% bro!r has n be5 mu* less =tunate2 9 fact1 x is que/ionable :e!r ,jona?an has be5 able to keep ! />t ( ,bro!r ,bull 9 ?is matt]1 ) ?ree ?\s& pat5ts on record 9 ! ,am]ican (fice aga9/ ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ provisional 9 ! ,engli%1 ?irte5 hundr$ & tw5ty ( ! latt] be+ seal$1 up to ,m>*1 #ahhi4 ,few fields ( inv5tion h ev] develop$ s rapidly & int]e/$ s _m inv5tors ) z little app>5t advance to ! casual obs]v]4 ,z ,i h /at$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 ! advance has be5 a sort ( evolution1 cr$itable to ^? :o "w ! *anges1 yet ) little *ance at any "t = :at is t]m$ a broad pat5t4 ,:5 ! saddle 0 rais$ up ov] ! cranks & ! front :eel enl>g$1 a great /ride =w>d 9 ! art 0 made1 yet x is que/ionable :e!r su* *anges af=d$ suffici5t gr\nd = /rong pat5t claims2 tw5ty ye>s ago !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h done s1 ) ! feel+ & usual action ( ! pat5t au?orities & g5]al /upidity ( pat5t attorneys at t "t4 ,m]e *anges 9 ! sizes ( :eels w\ld /& a mu* bett] *ance ( be+ pat5table n[ ?an "s "t ago4 ,we h1 9 fact1 a pat5t n[ exi/+1 giv5 out to an ,engli%man1 on ! ,safety re>-driv+ patt]n ( ma*9e1 9 :i* ! proportional diamet] ( ! :eels is pretty well claim$4 ,h[ ?is pat5t 0 w$g$ into ! ,am]ican (fice is some:at rem>kable2 if x c\ld be held valid1 mak]s ( re>-driv]s ) a front :eel z l>ge or l>g] ?an ! re> w\ld f9d x w>m "w to cont9ue4 ,fitt+ cranks ^u ! drive-:eel w\ld1 ) mod]n pat5t attorneys1 h af=d$ a broad field = good claims1 b x did n seem to 9 ,lallem5t's "t1 see+ ! k9d he got4 ,! rubb] tire1 9 spite ( ! fact t x 0 p]haps ! greate/ elem5t ( all 9 mak+ a cycle a practical road/]1 0 s old 9 o!r relations t ! ,u4 ,s4 pat5t ( ,s]rel1 ,no4 #hg1gac1 af=d$ no protection to ! inv5tor2 b ev5 if x _h be5 us$ on ! :eels ( "s ma*9es )9 ! k ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 :i* c\ld be us$ z a ref]5ce1 a good attorney w\ld n[ h>dly ab&on a claim = its use 9 a cycle on t acc\nt4 ,! claim to ! holl[ or tubul> con/ruction ( frame1#h ?\gh +5i\s1 0 laugh$ at by good pat5t exp]ts2 x 0 ! "o ?+ t 0 old & by "r absolutely unpat5table4 ,yet ! attempt to hold x _h at "o "t bett] prospects ( be+ successful ?an any o!r 9 connection ) ! great pr9ciples 9 mod]n cycles2 unless ! mud-gu>d %\ld be consid]$ a great pr9ciple4 ,! ball-be>+s 7 broadly old1 z %[n 9 ! ,am]ican (fice2 /ill1 v good pat5ts h be5 obta9$ ^u !m1 suffici5t to cause sev]al fam\s law-suits4 ,!re 0 "s good gr\nd = ^! pat5ts1 b ,i d\bt if any bett] ?an 0 f\nd 9 ! case ( ! rubb] tire1 ! l>ge drive-:eel1 or1 p>ticul>ly1 ! /ep = m\nt+ ! ord9>y bicycle1 & possibly no bett] ?an 0 f\nd 9 ! tubul> con/ruction4 ,! ,am]ican ,pat5t ,(fice & ! c\rts m rec5tly take ! view t if a man has really done some?+ 9 ! art !y w give him a pat5t4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y "u exi/+ circum/ances1 z x is almo/ impossible1 ) ! enorm\s numb] ( pat5ts t h be5 issu$1 to inv5t any?+ ^u :i* ! ,(fice _c f9d "s sort ( ref]5ce1 & = ?is reason x is prop] t ! evid5ce ( inv5tion %\ld re/ l>gely on ! fact ( g5]al success & value 9 ! m>ket4 ,! c\rts are liable to ask1 8,:y1 if a c]ta9 inv5tion is s old & obvi\s & 9 su* great dem&1 0 x n us$ be=e80 ,! ,pat5t ,(fices1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,engl&1 h become s utt]ly clogg$ ) cycle pat5ts t x takes great +5uity to get 9 any?+ t is broadly new4 ,! pat5ts are necess>ily on "s detail ( con/ruction1 except p]haps 9 ! op5 field af=d$ by ! innovation ( ! re>-driv]1 j z !re has be5 "s attempt to improve ^u ! 8,ro?igiess] sy/em10 9 :i* a ,g]man inv5tor claims to ride 8h&s-(f01 z spok5 ( else:]e4 ,!re is also a good op5+ 9 t&em bicycles & tricycles1 & 9 ! anti-vibration elem5t ( ! re>-driv]1 b ! field is rapidly clos+ 94 ,,! ,,cycle ,,inv5tor4 ,close ^u ! "q ( pat5ts comes ! idea ( ! cycle inv5tor4 ,x is n my desire to 9 any way curtail ! income ( ! respective gov]nm5ts ( ! _w1 or to emb>rass ! ,pat5t ,(fices !re(1 by caus+ a lack ( new applications1 b ! cycle inv5tor1 z well z inv5tors 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 might pr(it by a little advice f a p]sonal /&-po9t4 ,a glance at ! num]\s samples ( pat5ts illu/rat$ 9 ?is book1 & a ?\ght ( ! total numb] issu$1 %\ld be en\gh to conv9ce any fair-m9d$ read] t _m useless fees are ye>ly dropp$ into ! pat5t-slot at bo? ! ,am]ican & ,engli% (fices4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) an ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( inv5tion & a limit$ turn at ! gridiron ^u :i* ! cycle inv5tor is grill$1 has caus$ a few facts app]ta9+ to inv5tors & pat5ts to dawn ^u me1 :i* ,i n[ propose to inflict ^u ! read]4 ,^! ?+s are n ! discov]y ( a sore-head2 !y are relat$ by "o :o has to ?ank ! pat5t dep>tm5t ( 8 c\ntry = all ( 8 worldly f9ancial success4 ,if y ?9k ( a good ?+ 9 cycles1 don't ru% (f to ! ,pat5t ,(fice all at once2 j /op a little1 !re is no hurry1 & d ?is4 ,draw (f a good sket* ( ! ?+1 put a date ^u x at once1 & expla9 x to "o or two tru/wor?y fri5ds & h !m sign ! sket* z witnesses4 ,get ?is done1 & !n brea! a little :ile4 ,next1 write out ?is "q 9 l>ge bold lett]s1--,d ,i want to g into ! cycle bus9ess8 ,aft] cool delib]ation1 tak+ into acc\nt y\r capacity1 y\r weal?1 y\r family1 pres5t occupation1 & prospects1 if y c answ] 9 ! affirmative1 !n y may be bold]4 ,if y\r answ] is nay1 !n g v cauti\sly4 ,9 any case1 be sure y d ?is next4 ,s5d ! sket* & ab\t t5 doll>s to a fir/-class pat5t-attorney1 ) in/ructions to make a five-doll> prelim9>y exam9ation & to sp5d ! o!r five doll>s 9 copies ( pat5ts ne>e/ alli$ to y\r inv5tion1 & insi/ t ! attorney s5ds ^! copies to y4 ,ei!r 9 ! ,engli% or ,am]ican (fice y %\ld be able to get !m at tw5ty-five c5ts ea*1 & = less if y ord] a quantity4 ,if y h any k ( ! art1 y ought to be z good a judge z ! attorney :e!r ^! pat5ts anticipate y\r own or n2 b :atev] y d1 don't take out a pat5t simply because "o c be _h4 ,/udy calmly & lucidly :e!r y\r ?+ is ( any acc\nt or n1 & practically try x1 if possible4 ,if y conclude to take out a pat5t1 be sure & employ a good attorney1 be+ p>ticul>ly w>y ( ! l[-pric$ m54 ,n t ,i w\ld say to always employ ! old attorneys ( great reputation1 because a "y practition]1 if unusually bright1 w p]haps make up 9 extra "t sp5t ^u ! case :at he lacks 9 a/ut5ess ( snap judgm5t4 ,bew>e ( ! 8no pat5t1 no pay0 fell[s4 ,x co/s j z mu* to f9d out t ! (fice w n grant ! pat5t z to f9d out t x w1 unless a c>eful prelim9>y settles ! case def9itely4 ,y c be assur$ t if ! inv5tion is promis+ x w ultimately1 9 all probability1 h to /& ! scrut9y ( a c\rt be=e x w be ( any great value4 ,if y d n int5d to g into ! manufacture ( y\r inv5tion1 a good plan is to (f] x to a reliable man already 9 ! bus9ess be=e y g into any exp5se at all2 ( c\rse1 tak+ ! precaution ( hav+ y\r sket* witness$1 z be=e advis$4 ,v few manufactur]s 9 ! cycle or any o!r l9e are ! notori\s pat5t ?ieves !y are commonly suppos$ to be2 especially are !y loa? to take advantage ( a confid+ inv5tor :o has no pat5t4 ,( c\rse1 if y h tak5 out a pat5t1 & pret5d by virtue !re( to ass]t t y are protect$1 y make y\rself a legitimate prey if y\r pat5t happ5s to be invalid1 :i* x (t5 is ev5 :5 ! inv5tion des]ves ! mo/ rigid protection4 ,!re are1 9 all1 ov] five ?\s& pat5ts 9 ! _w 9 connection ) ! cycle art1 _m ( :i* are s\nd4 ,?9k ( ?is be=e y div]t y\r m9d f y\r legitimate bus9ess4 ,x seems h>d to ! g5]al w\ld-be inv5tor to say x1 b ,i believe t ! prop] p]sons to sp5d _! "t & tal5ts 9 ! inv5tion ( cycles are ! p]sons employ$ by ! manufactur]s = t purpose4 ,9 tru/+ to ! judgm5t ( ! manufactur] 9 reg>d to any idea y may h1 if y keep y\r sket* & a copy ( y\r correspond5ce1 x w be p[]ful evid5ce aga9/ him if he plays false ) y & goes into a fight = priority ( inv5tion4 ,almo/ any manufactur] w answ] a lett] ab\t a new idea 9 8 own l9e1 & if he decides aga9/ y he w g5]ally give 8 reasons1 f :i* y c judge :e!r x w pay y to g ahead or n4 ,?is advice may seem to enc\rage a great risk to ! inv5tor1 b ,i give x f ! exp]i5ce on bo? sides ( ! f5ce4 ,inv5tors w say t !y get no att5tion f manufactur]s2 ?is1 :5 true1 is almo/ inv>iably because ! alleg$ inv5tion is absolutely unwor?y ( any att5tion at all1 ?\gh ( c\rse all inquiries %\ld receive c\rte\s answ]s4 ,! real inv5tor is a v nice fell[1 b ! *ronic inv5tor is g5]ally a bore4 ,take notice1 my de> read]1 ( "o fact1 h[ few ( ! great inv5tions 7 ! "w ( *ronic inv5tors4 ,i d n ref] to m5 :o h simply tak5 out a numb] ( pat5ts 9 _! own p>ticul> l9e3 "o ( ! be/ cures = *ronic inv5torism is to resolve to conf9e y\rself to "o l9e2 ! next be/ cure be+ to firmly conclude nev] to take out a second pat5t until ! fir/ has paid y some?+1 or has done y "s good 9 "s way4 ,! great inv5tors are ^? :o /ick to "o ?+ until success is atta9$ or absolute failure fully demon/rat$4 ,:y1 n[1 ?is ana!ma aga9/ ! *ronic inv5tor8 ,x is ?is3 ! *ronic inv5tor is lazy2 y say he w /ay up at night1 "w all day1 & nev] sleep2 well1 let him1 all except ! "w2 ?is elem5t is supposititi\s4 ,x is n "w1 & "h is j :]e ! tr\ble comes 91--! *ronic inv5tor /ops j :]e ! "w beg9s4 ,x is fun to inv5t1 & x only takes a little practice to be able to accompli% x2 x is z easy z 8ca/le-build+10 b :5 y come to build ! real ca/le1 out ( good h>d /one & grimy mort>1--8ay1 !re's ! rub60 ,! m5 :o h really done some?+ to ! b5efit ( ! _w1 are ^? :o h r$uc$ _! inv5tions 7or ^? ( "s "o else7 to practice & br\ght !m be=e ! p4 ,a great inv5tion :i* has nev] gott5 beyond ! conf9es ( ! bra9 t evolv$ x might z well nev] h be5 evolv$ at all4 ,nor is x any bett] t a pa/ebo>d model lies m\ld+ 9 ! g>ret2 &1 /range z x may appe>1 a record ( ! same 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice does n help matt]s mu*4 ,see ! numb] ( pat5ts1 _m ( :i* are good1 ly+ 9 ! files at ! ,pat5t ,(fice1--neglect$ & =gott5 by ev]ybody except ! exam9]1 :o p]si/5tly uses !m z ammunition aga9/ ! real b5efactor ( mank9d :o1 ?\gh subsequ5t1 w\ld l to d some?+ ) !m4 ,be=e my e>ly entrance into ! ar5a ( inv5tion1 ,i _h a suspicion t "s ( ! "w ( b5efit+ mank9d1 if s high a title be ju/ifiable1 consi/$ 9 gett+ an inv5tion into practical & useful =m = g5]al use4 ,i also _h "s premonition t x w\ld require a portion ( ! +5uity to get ! pay = x at ! h&s ( ! populace4 ,9 ?is connection a div]t+ amusem5t 0 discov]$ 9 ! way ( apportion+ ! +5uity to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! requir$ "w4 ,my orig9al scale 0 z foll[s3 ,"o-half ( ! +5uity to inv5t+ ! ?+1 "o-f\r? to gett+ up ! tools & mak+ same1 & "o-f\r? to plac+ ^u ! m>ket & ga!r+ 9 ! returns4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce ! s*$ule 0 remodell$1 mak+ "o-?ird to ea* section4 ,lat] on1 ! entire s*$ule und]w5t a mo/ decid$ & radical *ange4 ,x /&s n[ z foll[s3 ,scale ( proportional g5ius requir$ = ea* dep>tm5t 9 b5efit+ mank9d 7& y\rself7 by means ( inv5tion3 ,two p] c5t41 inv5t+2 sev5 p] c5t41 gett+ into %ape2 ?ree p] c5t41 gett+ ,am]ican pat5t2 "o-hundr$? ( "o p] c5t41 gett+ ,engli% pat5t2 t5 p] c5t41 gett+ pat5t ?r\gh c\rt2 tw5ty-eight p] c5t41 gett+ ! money2 =ty-n9e & n9ety-n9e-hundr$?s p] c5t41 keep+ x aft] y get x4 #h ,pick]+1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #hhejg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,hobbies4 ,! cycle hobbyi/ is "o ( ! qua9t *>act]s ( ! frat]nity1 & he exi/s 9 pr(usion2 turns up at all ! meets1 & always makes 8 ubiquit\s pres5ce felt4 ,only make a :eel big en\gh1 a lev] long en\gh1 or a spr+ /rong en\gh1 & he has y f\l4 ,"s ( !m h pet s*emes ( /or+ compress$ air 9 ! tubes2 o!rs1 m practical1 make vague h9ts at a mile a m9ute ) _! electrical or /eam motors2 :ile o!rs ( ^! embryo inv5tors w\ld outdo ! n[ notori\s ,keely ) _! wond]s2 & ! only surprise is t !y w\ld /op to fix ! ?+ to a cycle1 :5 a mo/ div]t+ amusem5t c\ld be f\nd 9 />t+ ! e>? ar\nd backw>d or 9 draw+ ! poles /raight up & !reby mak+ an et]nal spr+4 ,su* fundam5tal pr9ciples z t a %ort lev] hung 9 ! middle is j z p[]ful z a long "o hung 9 ! same way2 t two turns ( a small :eel rolls ov] z mu* gr\nd z "o turn ( ano!r twice ! size2 t !re is no m p[] 9 a spr+ ?an y put into x1 & _m o!r l pr9ciples1 all seem to be =gott5 9 ! g5]al ru% to be ! fir/ to make a mile a m9ute on a dirt road4 ,truly we inhabit a wond]ful sph]e2 only j make gravity pull sideways1 & we w\ld h no fur!r use = locomotives4 ,someh[ or o!r1 h[ev]1 ! contr>y old gravity cont9ues to haul ev]y?+ j its own way1 & t is j ! way we d n c>e to g1 ei!r n[ or 9 ! di/ant future4 ,c]ta9ly all w\ld-be p]petual-motion mak]s mu/ feel t some?+ satanic is work+ aga9/ !m 9 ?is unceas+ pull ( gravity 9 ! wrong direction4 ,b to rev]t to our cycle hobbyi/ 9 p>ticul>4 ,a fri5d ( ! writ]'s1 a prom95t man1 intellig5t 9 all o!r ?+s1 once propos$ to pull all ! ,*icago /reet-c>s by hav+ a man 9 ea*1 cont9ually w9d+ a spr+1 said spr+ to drive ! c>2 & he knit 8 br[ 9 half (f5ce at ! sugge/ion t !re w\ld be less dang] ( ! :eels slipp+ if ! spr+-work] w\ld get out & pull by ! front plat=m4 ,no "o c readily believe h[ common su* ideas z ! above spr+ me?od are till !y sc\r ! pat5t-(fice records1 or talk to ! cycle hobbyi/4 ,intellig5t m5 (t5 rem>k 8h[ p[]ful0 a c]ta9 ma*9e mu/ be 8) t long lev]10 :5 ! lev] is hung to be work$ f ! %ort end2 & h[ (t5 we h he>d !m condemn ! ?irty-in* safeties z be+ sl[1 on acc\nt ( ! small :eel4 ,ev5 to cycle-rid]s n aspir+ to ! high degree ( hobbyi/s x 0 a matt] ( surprise1 :5 ! old ,kang>oo came out1 t x pu%$ h>d] :5 ge>$ to ! sixty ?an o!rs ge>$ to fifty4 8,big :eel1 big spe$10 seems to be indelibly writt5 9 ! m9d ( ! cycle hobbyi/2 b we w =give him all su* little inconsi/5cies if he w only let u cont9ue to believe t !re is no innate p[] 9 a ge> :eel4 ,i once knew a successful manufactur] :o ge>$ up a sausage-cutt] to d\ble spe$1 & !n d[n aga9 to ! same1 & he believes to ?is day t x runs easi] on acc\nt ( ^! f\r ge> :eels4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t ! cycl+ frat]nity w\ld n h c>$ mu* :e!r x did or n1 if he _h only made x l>ge en\gh to take 9 a few cycle hobbyi/s4 8,pull a bicycle f ! rim10 & y h p[] only equall$ by ! p9*-b>4 ,did anybody notice ! half-page adv]tisem5t ( a prom95t ,engli% mak] a few ye>s ago1 ( ! tricycle t pull$ f ! rim 7probably n endors$ by ! said mak]1 x be+ m]ely contract "w = an outsid]78 & h any ( our ,am]ican read]s ev] se5 ! old bone-%ak] :eel ) ! cross-b> on ! hub8 7,see cut47 ,= ye>s !y 7 us$ 9 ,engl& ) ! b5ight$ idea1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 t !y !reby ga9$ 9 p[]4 ,"o ( ^! :eels ( eight-day size is susp5d$ 9 front ( a build+ 9 ,cov5try 7or 0 a few ye>s ago71 us$ z a sign4 ,?is :eel 8pulls by ! rim10 at lea/ s ,i 0 q (t5 in=m$1 n always by reputable ,engli% mak]s1 b by rid]s1 :o mo/ly see ^! great pr9ciples 787 fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,old bone-%ak] :eel4 ,! error app]ta9+ to all su* ideas is g5]ally ! result ( confus+ ext]nal ) int]nal =ces4 ,we mu/ h ! hub ( a :eel connect$ to ! rim 9 "s sub/antial mann]1 s t bo? w revolve rigidly toge!r2 fur!r ?an ?is ! mann] ( connect+ !m c matt] b little s f> z transmission ( p[] is conc]n$4 ,all t is necess>y is t ! hub %all n revolve )9 ! rim indep5d5tly & !reby cause a lack ( firmness4 ,ano!r sample ( ! hobbyi/ic idea is promulgat$ 9 ! foll[+ f ,! ,cycli/ 9 a rec5t issue4 8,a ,,new ,,brake4 8,mr4 ----1 ( ----1 has pat5t$ a good idea4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! =ks f ! regulation plung] he introduces ano!r spoon connect$ ) ! front "u ! ar* ( ! =k1 provision be+ made = ! mud-gu>d4 ,on mov+ ! lev]1 bo? brakes act 9 unison1 ?us duplicat+ ! resi/ance ) ! same p[] requir$ to "w ! brake 9 its s+le =m40 ,if x takes a c]ta9 pressure to hold ! fir/ brake d[n1 & none to hold ! second1 :y n put on two seconds & no fir/1 & ?us h a good brake p[] )\t any pressure at all8 ,s9ce p5n+ ! above ,i h he>d fur!r ( ! new brake 9 "q1 & h be5 tempt$ to cancel ! p>agraph1 s9ce inju/ice might be done to an hone/ inv5tor2 b on second ?\ght conclud$ to reta9 x z an example ( c>eless /atem5t1 kn[+ t o!rs 7 misl$ by ! same4 ,_h ! inv5tor simply rem>k$ t he _h made use ( 8 mom5tum1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! rim ( ! :eel1 & act+ to w$ge "o ( ! brakes aga9/ ! head or ! o!r brake1 :]eby to increase ! brake1 or "s su* explanation1 ev]ybody w\ld h acquiesc$ 9 x z a reasonable possibility1 ev5 if !y _h n ! slighte/ idea ( :at ! inv5tor 0 talk+ ab\t4 ,x is a satisfaction to "k t x is becom+ a little dang]\s1 9 ! cycle art1 to make a /atem5t t savors ( gett+ some?+ = no?+4 ,a prom95t ,am]ican mak]1 ^: w>es n[ /& high 9 our m>ket1 mu/ h be5 a hobbyi/ once too1 :5 he climb$ ! /eps into an ,engli% bicycle factory on 8 lev] tricycle4 ,probably he has re=m$1 z ,i he> ( no /ep-climb+ n[4 ,only )9 a few days ,i h _h an (f] to inspect a ma*9e t ! inv5tor assumes w make a mile a m9ute4 8,no o!r ma*9e 0 ev] made to "w by h& & foot10 says ! same inv5tor4 ,he also assures me t wire :eels are a mi/ake1 & t ! old wood5 ones are j z good & *eap]4 ,?is ma*9e has an +5i\s device by :i* to lock ! front :eel ( a bicycle1 to save ! tr\ble ( hold+ ! h&le-b>s 8:5 y don't want to /e]40 ,?is mu* ,i believe ! inv5tor may be "r ab\t4 ,a ma*9e1 prop]ly made1 run by h& & foot1 might make %ort di/ances v rapidly1 s9ce ! entire en]gy ( ! man c\ld be quickly us$ up2 b :e!r su* a ma*9e w\ld be ( m>ketable value is a "q4 ,q rec5tly a new 8hickory :eel0 man ( m =midable calib] has ent]$ ! li/s1 & aga9 we are call$ back to bone-%ak] days4 ,well6 aft] ! beetle 7re>-driv]7 has be5 s fondly embrac$1 let u be prep>$ = any?+ t may come4 ,we h dropp$ d[n f ! cat to ! kitt51 & c n[ get out ?r\gh a pretty small hole if h>d press$2 s = ! pres5t we w hold ! hickory :eel on probation4 ,a g5tleman at ,cov5try1 a few ye>s ago1 conceiv$1 & sp5t a small =tune ^u1 a plan = ov]com+ ! dead c5tre 9 crank tricycles2 8 me?od 0 q simple3 he only _h to turn an angle on ! crank at ! out] extremity l a lett] ,l1 s t :5 ! /raight or radial "p1 repres5t$ by ! /em ( ! ,l ) ! axle ?r\gh ! upp] end1 /ood v]tical1 ! p$al1 :i* is suppos$ to be atta*$ to ! tip ( ! horizontal ext5sion1 w\ld h pass$ "s two in*es beyond ! dead-c5tre po9t4 ,?is same inv5tor _h an enorm\s /eel spr+ ensconc$ b5ea? ! seat ( 8 ma*9e1 :i* he w\nd ) 8 h&s z he w5t along4 ,:5ev] ! proprietor ( ! e/abli%m5t :]e ^! exp]im5ts 7 be+ conduct$ ran %ort ( "w he inv>iably propos$ to ! inv5tor to 8g out & try ! tricycle40 ,! writ] 0 a mod]ate hobbyi/ himself once1 & has p]haps n yet entirely recov]$ f ! spell4 ,bel[ f9d a lett] writt5 "s "t ago1 :ile ! delusion 0 /ill ^u him4 8,,an ,,am]ican ,,hobbyi/4 8,trials & ,tribulations ( an ,am]ican ,abroad--,h[ ,pet ,!ories are receiv$ 9 ! ,bicycl+ ,c5tre ( ! ,_w4 8,editor ,spr+field ,:eelm5's ,gazette3 8,"s fri5d has k9dly s5t me a copy ( ! ,gazette1 & ,i make ha/e to remit y ! am\nt ( subscription4 8,i w n assume t ! bicycl+ pap]s ( ! c\ntry ( :i* ,i am n[ a gue/ are n good4 ,9 fact1 to d s w\ld libel my ho/2 ,i simply say t1 be+ an ,am]ican1 ,i l ,am]ican pap]s4 8,9 ! lett] ,i fir/ wrote1 ( :i* ?is is 9 ma9 a copy1 ,i ass]t$ t ! pap]s "h 7 too mu* tak5 up by race-c\rse news1 b ev5 s9ce !n ,i h receiv$ a copy ( an ,engli% p]iodical :i* ,i f9d is n op5 to ! objection giv52 h5ce ,i w /ill speak cauti\sly1 le/ ,i d n "k all yet4 8,i h no p5*ant = ! race-c\rse2 9 fact1 ,i nev] ran b "o race1 & !n ,i 0 left s f> beh9d t ,i h nev] be5 int]e/$ 9 rac+ news s9ce4 ,9 "o respect my race 0 a success1 = ,i 0 l\dly *e]$ by ! cr[d opposite ! />t+-po9t1 = by "s =tunate error !y got ! idea t ,i _h be5 h&icapp$ half a lap1 t be+ ab\t my di/ance 9 ! re> at ! end ( ! fir/ r\nd4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h conf9$ myself exclusively to t\r+1 ) :i* object my bro!r & ,i came to ,engl& ?is spr+4 8,i h be5 admitt$ to memb]%ip 9 ! ,cycli/s' ,t\r+ ,club1 & mu/ say x is a gr& in/itution1 & ! (ficial organ !re( is a valuable j\rnal4 8,if y & y\r read]s w p]mit me to speak ( my object 9 mak+ a c5tre at ,cov5try )\t d5\nc+ x z m]ely a s*eme :]eby to b5efit 9 a free adv]tisem5t1 ,i w\ld say t ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty--almo/ a crim9al "o x seems "h--( hav+ a hobby relat+ to an #8ideal bicycle4' ,?is is f a t\ri/'s /&-po9t2 n t ( a rac]1 or x w\ld h be5 all "r4 8,my hobby consi/s 9 ! foll[+ hobbies 9 detail3 #a4 ,a bicycle ) a l>ge front :eel1 because x rides smoo!r & /e]s easi] ?an any o!r4 #b4 ,a bicycle 9 :i* y are directly ov] ! "w & d n h to rea* out to d x1 or lean ov] ! h&le-b> to get y\r c5tre ( gravity ov] x4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! #8,gras%opp]' good 9 ?is respect4 #c4 ,a bicycle 9 :i* ! legs are at re/ on all d[n grades1 or :5 "w is unnecess>y1 la ,/>4 #d4 ,a bicycle ) a treadle motion1 z ,i ?9k p[] is m economically appli$ by ! same4 7,?is is l>gely !ory1 s f>47 #e4 ,a bicycle ) no dead c5tre at any "t1 z ,i ?9k x is a cont9ual imp$im5t 9 up-hill or r\gh roads 7also !ory74 #f4 ,a bicycle :]e "o foot go+ d[n lifts ! o!r positively1 z 9 a crank2 to lift by spr+s ,i consid] bad4 #g4 ,a bicycle saf] f head]s ?an ! common l>ge :eel ma*9es1 say ab\t comp>able ) ! #8,gras%opp]4' ,i d n aspire to ! security ( ! small :eel]s1 nor d ,i l ! o!r kn[n safety devices 7probably prejudice74 #h4 7,ord9>y bicycl]s' pride sugge/s ,no4 #h47 ,a bicycle z neat & trim 9 appe>ance z ! common l>ge :eel crank-ma*9e )\t octopus-claw$ walk+ beams1 ge> :eels1 or *a9s sw++ ?r\gh ! air 9 full view at long range4 #i4 ,a bicycle t brakes f ! h9d :eel1 z !re is less dang] ( head]s4 #aj4 ,a bicycle ) "s good sort ( safety h&le-b> t w be op5 to no objections f\nd 9 ^? n[ us$4 ,?is is to prev5t injury 9 case ( a head]1 & also to /ore ! bicycle 9 less space4 8,y w inf]1 ( c\rse1 t ,i _h a plan = comb9+ ^! hobbies2 h5ce my trip to ,cov5try ) a view to hav+ su* a ma*9e made = my own use4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ "h & call$ on "s ( ! bicycle manufactur]s & made my purpose kn[n1 ,i _c say t ,i 0 q s well receiv$ z y\r correspond5t ,c42 9 fact1 a ,yankee inv5tor does n seem to be su* desirable prop]ty 9 ,cov5try z a =eign ag5t1 & yet ,i d\bt n t a real g5ius ( ! =m] sort might d !m mu* m good4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k ,i 0 entitl$ to ! reception ( su* a "* = at lea/ ! few m9utes x w\ld h tak5 to expose ! error1 b !re seems to be a sort ( suspici\s dread ( a ,yankee inv5tor1 :i* is all wrong & aga9/ _! int]e/4 ,! greate/ fault ,i h to f9d is 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y insi/ t ,i c\ld n possibly "k any?+ ab\t ! bicycle bus9ess1 or h a "r to a hobby & wa/e "s money on x if ,i want$ to4 8,! bad wea!r has deta9$ u "h mu* long] ?an we ?\ght to /ay1 b we d n regret x1 z x is ! be/ c5tre 9 ,engl& f :i* to make %ort t\rs4 ,! attractions ( ?is anci5t city are innum]able1 & ! proximity ( ,k5ilwor?1 ,w>wick1 & ,/rat=d-on-,avon ne$ only be m5tion$ to make ,cov5try all ,i ass]t4 8,y w p>don me if ,i say t my new ma*9e is all & m ?an ,i expect$2 b a ^w to all hobbyi/s be=e ,i close3 ,h y a hobby8 ,if s1 !n #8b5d l[ & ) bat$ brea? ,i w a secret tale unfold4' 8,h y\r hobby1 n\ri% x1 talk & write ab\t x1 & make ev]ybody believe y c fly2 don't let anybody d[n y1 get 9 ! la/ kick at e man :o won't ?9k j z y d1 b j z y are go+ to put x 9 practice1 /op6 slip quietly to y\r escritoire1 get out y\r book1 g /raight to ! bank1 & h x accurately foot$ up2 if !re is a fat balance1 & y are unm>ri$1 ) no o!r c>e on y\r m9d1 & no?+ to d = sev5 ye>s1 !n g 91 & ,god spe$ to y4 8,if ! above conditions fail y1 g /raight home1 kiss y\r wife1 & baby if y h any1 & ?ank ,provid5ce t y are sav$ f ! lunatic asylum & y\r family f pov]ty & want4 8,r4 ,p4 ,s4 8,cov5try1 ,engl&1 ,june #aa1 #ahhe40 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,design$ to amuse r ?an to in/ruct ! read]1 & int5d$ z a rew>d to ^? :o h /ruggl$ ?r\gh ! =ego+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,ord9>y1 #ej-;in* front1 #ah-;in* re> :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,rov] type1 re>-driv] safety1 #cj-;in* :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,/> type1 #bj front1 #eb re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,kang>oo safety1 #dj front1 #ah re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,re>-driv] t&em1 #cj-;in* :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,facile lev]-action1 #dj front1 #ah re>4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,bolton ,u4 ,s4 ,,pat5t1 ,,septemb] #bi1 #ahjd4 7,see cut1 page #cf47 ,?is e>ly inv5tor1 :o _h ! honor ( ,presid5t ,jeff]son's signature to 8 pat5t1 0 a clev] g5ius 9 8 "t4 ,i am con/ra9$ to ?9k he 0 ( t s*ool :i* believes 9 ! inh]5t p[] ( ! ge> :eel2 at lea/ ! f\r :eels1 :]e !re is no dem& = m ?an two1 w\ld sugge/ ?is idea4 ,accord+ to our pres5t sy/em ( gaug+1 ?is ma*9e is ge>$ to ab\t fifte54 ,mr4 ,bolton1 h[ev]1 0 a pione]1 & z su* we mu/ hold him 9 great v5]ation4 ,,engli% ,,pat5t1 ,,decemb] #b1 #ahah4 7,see cut1 page #ce47 ,!re has be5 consid]able discussion an5t ! e>lie/ bicycle inv5tor1 b aft] all 8 "n seems to h be5 8,d5nis10 or r ,d5nis ,johnson4 ,z 8,d5nis0 has be5 be=e u 9 ! p]iodicals = a numb] ( ye>s1 we w n dwell ^u him2 suffice x to say t 8 "n w always hold ! high place x des]ves1 z ! fir/ pat5tee ( a s+le-track balanc+ ma*9e4 ,,cr(t ,,am]ican ,,pat5t4 ,! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,cr(t1 a cut ( ^: ma*9e w be f\nd on page #ch1 0 "o1 & probably ! e>lie/1 ( ^? :o h deceiv$ !mselves ) ! idea t p[] c\ld be increas$ by means ( a solid grip on ! gr\nd1 =gett+ a common pr9ciple t1 s long z ! hold does n give way1 "o plan is z good z ano!r 9 ?is respect4 ,bel[ f9d a brief ( 8 specification4 8,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 8,,mat!w ,e4 ,,cr(t1 ,,( ,,horicon1 ,,wiscons94 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,tricycles4 7,see cut1 page #ch47 8,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to furni% an improv$ tricycle1 design$ = use by me*anics & o!rs = go+ to & f _! places ( bus9ess1 by m]*ants & o!rs = s5d+ small p>cels f "o place to ano!r1 & by y\?s & o!rs = amusem5t & ex]cise1 & :i* %all be simple 9 con/ruction & easily op]at$4 8,to ! /irrups ,j are pivot$ ! re> ends ( two rods ,k1 ! =w>d ends ( :i* are pivot$ to ! =w>d axle ,b1 ne> its ends1 s t ! rid] c guide & turn ! ma*9e ) 8 feet4 8,! rid] propels ! ma*9e by means ( two rods1 ,l1 :i* he holds 9 8 h&s1 & :i* he presses aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,9 />t+1 ! rid] presses bo? rods ,l aga9/ ! gr\nd at ! same "t1 b aft] he has got up en\gh motion to give mom5tum to ! ma*9e1 he c use ! rods ,l alt]nately4 8,if desir$1 a receptacle may be secur$ to ! bol/] ,e1 to conta9 a lun* or o!r small p>cels40 ,,"s ,,extracts ,,f ,,v ,,old ,,engli% ,,pat5ts4 8,a4,d4 #afia ,june #ab--,no #bfi ,gre5e1 ,john ,new eng9es or c>ryages ( c]ta9e %apes & measures to be drawne or driv5 by man or bea/ ^u "o or m :eeles1 :]e9 ! lad+ c>ry$ ab\t ) e revolution ( ! :eele1 :i* = ease ( ! bur!n or draft & lab\r exce$s all o!rs t 7 ev] yett inv5t$ or us$1 be+ ( great b5efit & s]vice to ! publique 8,a4,d4 #afic ,m>* #c--,no #cae ,hadley1 ,john ,eng9es mov$ by w9d1 useful = draw+ sev]all ma*9es & c>ryages in/ead ( horses ,a4,d4 #aghg ,may #ab--,no #afjb ,george ,watk9--,anti-friction axle ,! axis is surr\nd$ by a numb] ( roll]s or cyl9d]s ,a4,d4 #agia ,octob] #ab--,no #ahbi ,! pr9ciple lies 9 ! int]position ( roll]s ,a4,d4 #agid ,augu/ #ab--,no #bjjf ,vaughan1 ,philip ,! axle is provid$ ) grooves = ! reception ( balls :i* s]ve z anti-friction roll]s1 ! wave ( ea* :eel be+ provid$ ) grooves correspond+ ) ^? 9 ! arms ( ! axle 8,,propell+ ,,c>riages1 ,,vessels1 c4 8,,bramley ,,& ,,p>k]',s ,,specification4 7,"o draw+ ( ?is pat5t is us$ z a frontispiece47 8,to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 we1 ,?omas ,bramley1 ,g5tleman1 & ,rob]t ,p>k]1 ,lieut5ant 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 bo? ( ,m\sley ,priory1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,surrey1 s5d greet+4 8,:]eas ,8 pres5t mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y ,k+ ,william ! ,f\r?1 by ,8 ,lett]s ,pat5t "u ! ,great ,seal ( ,great ,brita91 be>+ date at ,we/m9/]1 ! ,f\r? day ( ,novemb]1 ,"o ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,8 reign1 did1 = ,himself1 ,8 heirs & successors1 give & grant unto u1 ! said ,?omas ,bramley & ,rob]t ,p>k]1 444 a pat5t = 444 ,c]ta9 ,improvem5ts on ,locomotive & o!r ,c>riages or ,ma*9es applicable to ,rail & o!r ,roads1 :i* ,improvem5ts1 or ,"p or ,p>ts !re(1 are also applicable to ,mov+ ,bodies on ,wat] & ,work+ o!r ,ma*9]y40 ,illu/ration3 ,side-view locomotion c>riage1 applicable to common roads4 ,bramley ,p>k]4 ,engli% pat5t4 ,! cut on opposite page is a "p ( ! ,bramley ,p>k] ,engli% pat5t ( #ahcj4 ,^! e>ly inv5tors 7 app>5tly ! orig9al t&em mak]s1 & !y possibly orig9at$ ! expression 8lay d[n to ! "w40 ,if ! cuts fairly repres5t ! inv5tors1 truly no "o c d5y t !y 7 h&some fell[s1 & t !y des]ve a great] rew>d ?an c be said to h accru$ to !m aft] ! %ades ( fifty ye>s h fall5 ^u ?is1 probably ! greate/ ef=t ( _! lives4 ,bel[ f9d ano!r "p ( _! specification1 :i* illu/rates ! v]bosity ( legal language f\nd 9 ^?1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! pres5t ,engli% pat5ts4 8444 ,9 :i* said ,lett]s ,pat5t is conta9$ a proviso t we1 ! said ,?omas ,bramley or ,rob]t ,p>k]1 or "o ( u1 %all cause a p>ticul> description ( ! nature ( my said ,inv5tion1 & 9 :at mann] ! same is to be p]=m$1 to be inroll$ 9 ,8 said ,maje/y's ,high ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y )9 six cal5d> mon?s next & imm$iately aft] ! date ( ! said 9 "p recit$ ,lett]s ,pat5t1 z 9 & by ! same1 ref]5ce be+ !reunto _h1 w m fully & at l>ge appe>40 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,juli54 ,fr5* pat5t4 ,june #cj1 #ahcj4 ,,fr5* ,,pat5t4 ,m4 ,,juli54 ,,june #cj1 #ahcj4 ,! ,fr5* pat5t to ,m4 ,juli51 date ( ,june #cj1 #ahcj1 ( ^: ma*9e a cut w be f\nd on ! opposite page1 seems to be = a sort ( comb9ation ( cycle & pl\gh4 ,x is to be inf]r$ t ,m4 ,juli5 proposes to d up 8 pl\gh+1 & !n m\nt 8 cycle & (f to t[n = an air+4 ,je]+ & contemptu\s cycl]s w be liable to ov]look a novel & invaluable feature ( ?is inv5tion relat+ to security 9 desc5d+ long & dang]\s hills4 ,! rid] c1 by easy manipulation ( c]ta9 simple & +5i\s devices1 l[] ! pl\gh & !reby br+ into op]ation a brake ( great p[] & unque/ionable hold+-back proclivities4 ,z to ! /e]+1 x does n appe>1 f ! draw+1 h[ ?is may be accompli%$1 b s f]tile a bra9 _c h left ?is necess>y adjunct unprovid$ =4 ,t ! ma*9e c be work$ ) little ex]tion is impli$ by ! skilful introduction1 on ! "p ( ! draughtsman1 ( ! *imney-pot hat :i* adorns ! br[ ( ! suppos$ agricultural g5tleman ^u ! box1 & also by ! g5]al appe>ance ( ease & com=t :i* p]vades ! entire picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,co*rane4 ,engli% pat5t4 ,no4 #faej4 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahca4 8,,propell+ ,,c>riages ,,& ,,vessels1 ,,driv+ ,,ma*9]y1 c4 8,,co*rane',s ,,specification4 8,to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 ,i1 ,alex&] ,co*rane1 ( ,norton ,/reet1 ,great ,portl& ,/reet1 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 ,esquire1 s5d greet+4 8,& be x rememb]$1 t on ! ,t5? day ( ,febru>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ahcb1 ! a=esaid ,alex&] ,co*rane came be=e our said ,"l ! ,k+ 9 ,8 ,*anc]y1 & ackn[l$g$ ! ,specification a=esaid1 & all & e ?+ !re9 conta9$ & specifi$1 9 =m above writt54 ,& also ! ,specification a=esaid 0 /amp$ accord+ to ! t5or ( ! ,/atute made = t purpose4 8,inroll$ ! ,t5? day ( ,febru>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,"o ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty-two40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is r[+-motion c>riage has be5 inv5t$ ov] aga9 sev]al times s9ce #ahca4 ,illu/ration3 ,dalzell ma*9e1 #ahde4 8,,! ,,orig9al ,,bicycle4 8,at ! late ,/anley ,%[ 0 exhibit$ ! ma*9e :i* is n[ g5]ally conc$$ to be ! orig9al bicycle4 ,we pres5t a cut ( ! ma*9e reproduc$ f ! ,scotti% ,cycli/1 also a repres5tation ( ! features ( ! inv5tor1 "o ,gav9 ,dalzell1 a m]*ant ( ,lesmahgon1 ,lan>k%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,dalzell 0 born ,augu/ #bi1 #ahaa1 & di$ ,june #ad1 #ahfc4 ,he possess$ decid$ tal5t = me*anical inv5tions4 ,f ! writt5 te/imony ( a lett]1 & ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,b4 ,dalzell1 son ( ! inv5tor & pres5t own] ( ! ma*9e1 x is prov$ t x 0 9 use previ\s to #ahdf1 & !re are eye-witnesses :o recollect ! inv5tor rid+ 8 bicycle ov] ! roads ( ,lan>k%ire4 8,9 con/ruction ! ,dalzell bicycle is ! exact prototype ( ! n[ popul> re>-driv+ safety4 8,x is con/ruct$ *iefly ( wood1 :i*1 ?\gh worm-eat51 is /ill wond]fully /rong1 especially 9 ! :eels1 ^! seem+ to h /ood ! ravages ( "t & r\gh usage mu* bett] ?an ! frame-"w4 ,! re> :eel--! driv]--is ( wood1 %od ) iron1 ab\t =ty in*es 9 diamet]1 & has twelve spokes1 ea* ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! front :eel is ( simil> con/ruction1 b only ( ab\t ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ! front :eel hub ! =k--/raight1 & ) a rake :i* "s ( our mod]n mak]s c\ld copy ) pr(it--passes up1 & is jo9$ toge!r1 ?r\gh ! =e-"p ( ! wood5 frame-"w4 ,a pair ( h&les are !n atta*$ & b5t backw>d into a ,v %ape to suit ! rid]1 :o sits ab\t two feet beh9d ! front-:eel hub4 ,^! 7 commonly t]m$ ! #8re9s4' ,! ma9 frame is some:at l t :i* is n[ t]m$ ! #8dip' patt]n1 ! design ( :i* is appli$ 9 an ext5d$ =m to ladies' safeties4 8,a wood5 mud-gu>d rises f ?is frame1 cov]+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! h9d :eel2 f ?is to ! back =ks1 :i* are horizontal1 & ( wood1 v]tical flat /ays run d[n1 =m+ a dress-gu>d aft] ! mann] ( ^? on ! late/ cycl+ developm5t1--! ladies' safety4 ,! action ?us obta9$ is n rot>y1 be+ a d[nw>d & =w>d ?ru/ ) return1 ! feet describ+ a small segm5t ( a circle4 ,t ! ge>+1 :i* con/itutes ! *ief wond] to ! critical & hi/orical read]1 0 actually on ! ma*9e :ile be+ ridd5 by ,mr4 ,dalzell1 is prov$ by ! receipt$ acc\nts ( ! blacksmi?1 ,john ,leslie1 :o made all ! iron-"w us$ 9 its con/ruction40--8,bi ,news10 9 ,! ,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,l&is4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bi1bhh4 ,pat5t$ ,july #bd1 #ahfj4 ,?is inv5tor1 a ,baltimorean1 0 probably n aw>e1 at ! "t1 t he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ cycle inv5tors4 ,! cut gives a cle> illu/ration ( work+ p>ts1 ! motion be+ q l t ( horseback rid+4 ,?is pat5t might be consid]$ an anticipation ( ! broad pr9ciple ( ! re>-driv] z %[n 9 "s lat] ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,a4 ,way4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ga1efa4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #bf1 #ahfg4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,*>les ,a4 ,way1 ( ,*>le/[n1 9 ! c\nty ( ,sullivan1 & ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful ,improvem5ts 9 ,velocip$es4 8,?is inv5tion consi/s 9 a novel arrangem5t ( cranks & %ort axles ) ref]5ce to ! seat1 side rails1 & support+-:eels ( a velocip$e1 :]eby ! :eels may be op]at$ to propel ! app>atus ) mu* great] facility ?an if ! cranks 7 atta*$ directly !reto4 8,! inv5tion fur!r consi/s 9 s arrang+ ! cords t "w ! guid+-ca/] t !y %all cross ea* o!r 9 su* mann] z to act m directly & consequ5tly m effici5tly ^u ! said ca/] ?an z hi!rto appli$40 ,n app>5tly made = anybody to ride2 8b 9 o!r respects a v good0 velocip$e4 ,illu/ration3 ,p4 ,lallem5t4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ei1iae4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #bj1 #ahff4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,pi]re ,lallem5t1 ( ,p>is1 ,france1 tempor>ily resid+ at ,new ,hav51 9 ! c\nty ( ,new ,hav5 & ,/ate ( ,connecticut1 h inv5t$ a new ,improvem5t 9 ,velocip$es2 & ,i d h]eby decl>e ! foll[+1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! accompany+ draw+s1 & ! lett]s ( ref]5ce m>k$ !reon1 to be a full1 cle>1 & exact description ( ! same1 & :i* said draw+s con/itute "p ( ?is specification4 8,my inv5tion consi/s 9 ! arrangem5t ( two :eels1 ! "o directly 9 front ( ! o!r1 comb9$ ) a me*anism = driv+ ! :eels1 & an arrangem5t = guid+1 :i* arrangem5t also enables ! rid] to balance himself ^u ! two :eels4 8,by ?is con/ruction ( a velocip$e1 aft] a little practice1 ! rid] is enabl$ to drive ! same at an incr$ible velocity ) ! greate/ ease4 8,hav+1 !re=e1 ?us fully describ$ my inv5tion1 :at ,i claim z new & useful1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is-- 8,! comb9ation & arrangem5t ( ! two :eels ,a & ,b1 provid$ ) ! treadles ,f & ! guid+-arms ,d1 s z to op]ate sub/antially z & = ! purpose h]e9 set =?4 8,pi]re ,lallem5t40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is inv5tor has g5]ally be5 accr$it$ z be+ ! fir/ to apply cranks to ! s+le-track ma*9e2 b priority is n[ claim$ by ,dalzell4 ,if ?is claim be valid1 ,lallem5t w\ld h to conf9e himself to ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ to apply ! feet directly to ! cranks1 & to be+ ! fir/ pat5tee4 ,x is /\tly ma9ta9$ 9 ,cov5try t o!rs _h appli$ cranks1 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ 9 ! =ego+ specification1 "s "t prior to ! date ( ?is pat5t2 x is fair to say1 h[ev]1 t ,lallem5t 0 ! mo/ en]getic 9 pu%+ 8 inv5tion1 & t he did z mu*1 if n m1 ?an any o!r man 9 ! great "w :i* has n[ assum$ su* mammo? proportions4 ,consid]+ ! %ort "t x has tak5 to firmly e/abli% ?is new & useful mode ( locomotion z a recogniz$ necessity to mank9d1 !re is little ne$ to qu>rel ov] ! exact division ( ! honors2 !re is en\gh = all1 & all w be 9 "t duly cr$it$ ) _! respective claims4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,c4 ,moores4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #db1fgh4 ,pat5t$ ,may #aj1 #ahfd4 8,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 8,,wm4 ,c4 ,,moores1 ,,( ,,bloomfield1 ,,wiscons94 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,economiz+ ,,human ,,p[]4 8,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to furni% means :]eby ! /ronge/ muscles ( ! human body may be advantage\sly us$ 9 propell+ ma*9]y1 :e!r = locomotion or = /ation>y "w1 ?us *eap5+ motive p[]4 8,:at ,i claim z my inv5tion is1-- 8#a4 ,! rat*et-:eel ,a1 ) its not*es cut 9 ea* direction & work$ by means ( ! lev]s ,b1 ,b1 ) ! pawls ,c1 ,c1 & spr+s ,d1 ,d1 z describ$4 8#b4 ,9 comb9ation ) ! above1 ! treadles ,e1 ,e1 atta*$ to ! ends ( ! lev]s ,b1 ,b1 con/ruct$ 9 box =m1 z describ$4 8#c4 ,! seat ,f1 con/ruct$ z describ$1 :5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! rat*et-:eel ,a1 lev]s ,b1 ,b1 & pawls ,c1 ,c1 & treadles ,e1 ,e1 & spr+s ,g1 ,g1 all arrang$ z set =?4 8,wm4 ,c4 ,moores40 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ?is lev]-motion _h be5 prop]ly claim$1 & 8 tilt+ p$als adroitly cov]$ by pat5ts1 he might h giv5 no end ( tr\ble to future manufactur]s2 b he liv$ too soon2 8 pat5ts w\ld h all expir$ ere !y w\ld h be5 useful 9 ! art z lat] develop$4 ,mr4 ,moores claims 8a ma*9e = economiz+ human p[]10 :i* %[s t 8 ideas 7 broad1 or at lea/ ^? ( 8 attorneys 7 = him4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 ,t4 ,gleason1 ( ,ma9e4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #gg1dgh4 ,pat5t$ ,may #e1 #ahfh4 ,,gleason ,,specification4 8,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to obta9 locomotion by ! direct application ( ! weight ( ! op]ator4 8,an endless track1 compos$ ( ! h+$ p>ts ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 z %[n1 loosely close ea* ( ! two :eels on a side1 & are kept 9 prop] position by means ( ! flanges ,b ( ! roll+ :eels z %[n4 8,by ?is means ! track is laid 9 front ( ! :eels1 & passes ov] f ! re> ( ! same 9 an endless belt1 z %[n4 8,! guide-rails ,g are support$ above ! traction-:eels1 by means ( arms e1 z %[n1 & prev5t ! jo9t$ track f leav+ ! flanges4 8,:5 a level pavem5t is available1 or ! ord9>y road is ( suffici5t ev5ness1 ! jo9t$ track may be disp5s$ )1 & ! traction-:eels us$ directly ^u ! gr\nd or pavem5t4 8,9 ?is case ! flanges ,b1 be+ disks ( %eet metal1 atta*$ by means ( bolts to ! traction-:eels1 are readily remov$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,gleason 0 det]m9$ to prev5t slipp+ ( ! :eels 9 climb+ hills1 & probably succe$$4 ,we h n se5 any ( ! ma*9es on ! m>ket1 b !y are1 no d\bt1 all "r4 ,! draughtsman did well to %[ ! rid] ) 8 coat (f2 ! "w w\ld 9 all probability keep him w>m en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,rhoads4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #gf1had4 ,pat5t$ ,april #ad1 #ahfh4 8,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 8,,?omas ,,rhoads1 ,,( ,,fiskilwa1 ,,ill9ois4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,propell+ ,,vehicles4 8,?is inv5tion relates to ! propell+ ( vehicles = practical use1 & consi/s ( ! spr+ & :eel-"w me*anism atta*$ !reto1 z w be set =? 9 ! foll[+4 8,! propell+ p[] is d]iv$ f ! spr+ ,s1 :i* is affix$ to a cross-rod 9 ! frame1 z indicat$ at g4 8,! o!r end ( ! spr+ is atta*$ to ! %aft ( ! :eel ,h1 9 ! usual mann]4 8,by ?is inv5tion1 vehicles may be propell$ on common roads1 ) m or less spe$1 accord+ to ! level or unev5 "* ( ! road4 8,its advantage1 9 disp5s+ ) ! use ( horses1 is obvi\s4 8,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1-- 8#a4 ,! arrangem5t1 ) relation to ! revolv+ %aft ,l1 c>ry+ ! :eels ,a1 ( ! :eels ,g1 ,h1 ,j1 p9ion b1 & spr+ ,s1 z h]e9 describ$1 = ! purpose specifi$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is a fair sample ( 8d]iv+ p[] f spr+s40 ,! poor horse w n[ h 8 long-ne$$ re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,f4 ,e/ell1 ( ,ri*mond1 ,ind4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #hg1jcc4 ,pat5t$ ,febru>y #af1 #ahfi4 ,,e/ell ,,specification4 8,! nature ( my inv5tion relates to an improv$ me?od ( con/ruct+ velocip$es1 :]eby ! propell+-p[] is communicat$ to ! h9d :eel by means ( cranks & %afts1 or pitman-rods1 ! latt] be+ connect$ at _! =w>d ends ) lev]s1 t are work$ ) ! feet4 8,:at ,i claim1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is1-- 8,! velocip$e1 9 :i* ! brace ,w is secur$ to ! front "p ( ! rea* =m+ "p ( ! be>+ = ! v]tical %aft ,u1 & supports = ! p5d5t lev]s ,l1 ,l1 secur$ to ! brace1 "o on ea* side1 9 comb9ation ) rods ,p1 ,p1 connect$ ) cranks ,n1 & atta*$ to ! p5d5t lev]s ,l1 ,l1 by means ( pivots1 all comb9$ z h]e9 %[n & describ$4 8,samuel ,f4 ,e/ell40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is almo/ an exact copy ( ! ,dalzell contrivance1 alleg$ to h be5 made 9 #ahde-df4 ,! greate/ fault 9 ?is sy/em consi/s 9 ! direction ( application ( p[]1 be+ a =w>d ?ru/ in/ead ( a d[nw>d4 ,! ma*9e has m]it1 h[ev]2 & %\ld h be5 he>d f 9 ! e>ly days ( cycl+4 ,illu/ration3 8,,velox40 ,a4 ,*ri/ian & ,j4 ,re9h>t4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #hg1bde4 ,pat5t$ ,febru>y #bc1 #ahfi4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,pat5t ,,to ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,re9h>t4 ,,velocip$e4 ,?is draw+ is a f9e illu/ration ( ! practice ( draughtsm51 9 :i* !y essay to impress ^u ! (fice & ! public1 by means ( _! deft p5cils1 ! miracul\s spe$ & easy locomotion atta9able 9 _! cli5ts' devices4 ,?is draw+ has always be5 an amus+ "o to me1 a bright spot 9 ! t$i\s "w ( go+ ?r\gh ! pat5t files4 ,"s wag ( ! (fice1 hav+ be5 simil>ly /ruck ) ! humor ( ?is picture1 emboss$ b5ea? ! pr9cipal figure1 9 a l>ge bold h&1 ! simple ^w 8,,velox40 ,n[1 ,i nev] happ5$ to h a lexicon at h& 9 :i* to look up ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w1 b ,i did n1 = "o mom5t1 d\bt its appropriat5ess4 ,!re seem$ to be some?+ 9 ! ^w t c>ri$ conviction ) x2 if x did n mean any?+ p]t95t to ! subject1 !re 0 always a feel+ t x ought to4 ,9 scann+ pat5t draw+s1 9 ?is art1 ,i always turn$ 8,velox0 d[n s t :5 we>i$ by ! toil ( rese>*1 ,i c\ld turn ov] ! pap]s & smile at 8,velox40 ,! mod]n drop-frame = tricycles & re>-driv+ bicycles w\ld be a valuable improvem5t on ,messrs4 ,*ri/ian & ,re9h>t's inv5tion2 "s ( our ladies w\ld object to a free exhibition ( q s mu* %oe-top4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,w4 ,w>d1 ( ,new ,york4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #hh1fhc4 ,pat5t$ ,april #f1 #ahfi4 8,! draw+ repres5ts a p]spective view ( my improv$ "o-:eel$ velocip$e4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a c]ta9 improvem5t on t class ( "o-:eel$ velocip$es 9 :i* ! driv]'s seat is arrang$ above ! :eel1 x be+ pivot$ to ! axle ( ! same4 8,! inv5tion has = its object to provide = an easy balanc+ ( ! frame1 & consi/s 9 atta*+ weights to ! l[] end ( ! seat-frame1 :]eby ! same w be reta9$ 9 a v]tical position4 8,! balance c1 ) ?is weight-atta*m5t1 n be s readily lo/ z )\t x1 & ! op]ation ( ! "o-:eel$ velocip$e is made easi] & m practicable4 8,f ! l[] ends ( ! frame are susp5d$1 z ne> to ! gr\nd z possible1 weights ,e1 ,e1 :i* t5d to keep ! frame 9 a v]tical position1 & :i* are int5d$ to balance ! weight ( ! rid]1 s t ! difficulty ( hold+ ! seat 9 ! desir$ direction1 above ! axle1 w be consid]ably r$uc$4 8,! velocip$e may be propell$ by means ( foot-cranks a1 a1 or by o!r suitable me*anism4 8,hav+ ?us describ$ my inv5tion1 8,:at ,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is1-- 8,! weights ,e1 ,e1 susp5d$ f ! l[] ends ( ! frame ,c ( a "o-:eel$ velocip$e1 = ! purpose ( balanc+ ! frame1 sub/antially z h]e9 %[n & describ$4 ,?omas ,w4 ,w>d40 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ ,mr4 ,w>d propos$ to /e] is n made q pla94 ,! claim is /rong1 & ! inv5tion 0 really nev] pat5t$ be=e4 ,any "o wi%+ to use x c d s n[1 h[ev]1 z ! pat5t has expir$4 ,i wi% to call att5tion to ! fact t ! comb9$ weights ,e1 ,e1 z arrang$ 9 draw+1 ne$ n exce$ five hundr$ p\nds 9 ord] to balance a hundr$-&-sixty-p\nd man4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,j4 ,:ite1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #hh1icj4 ,pat5t$ ,april #ac1 #ahfi4 ,,:ite ,,specification4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,john ,j4 ,:ite1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! c\nty ( ,philadelphia & ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 h inv5t$ a new & ,improv$ ,velocip$e4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new velocip$e1 :i* consi/s entirely ( two :eels & _! connect+-axles1 ! axles support+ a frame 9 :i* ! seat & driv+-ge> are arrang$1 s t !y c be conv5i5tly op]at$4 ,! :eels c1 ) ?is arrangem5t1 be made v l>ge1 to obta9 great velocity1 & ! :ole app>atus c be made light & conv5i5t4 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus1 &1 fur!rmore1 9 ! special arrangem5t ( a h+$ seat :i* c be swung d[n :5 on go+ up-hill ! rid] desires to leave ! seat & walk ) ! vehicle4 8,! inv5tion also consi/s 9 ! application ( conv5i5t brakes1 by means ( :i* ! in/rum5t c be conv5i5tly /opp$ & /e]$4 8,! neck ( ! driv] re/s aga9/ ! upp] b>1 b1 :i* is holl[$ = its reception1 & :i* c be adju/$ up & d[n on ! b>s a1 to be adapt$ to ! size ( ! rid]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,:ite has at lea/ provid$ "s way to /op1 & also to 8walk ) ! vehicle10 if he %\ld s desire1 :i* we ?9k he probably w\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,/urdy ,"y1 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #hi1gjj4 ,pat5t$ ,may #d1 #ahfi4 ,,"s ,,"y ,,& ,,/urdy 8,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,l>g] ,,gr[?0 ,,inv5t ,a ,,:irligig4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new & useful improvem5t 9 velocip$es1 :]eby !y are bett] adapt$ to be employ$ z a m$ium ( amusem5t & ex]cise = *ildr5 & y\?1 z well z = #8*ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?4' ,x is *iefly design$ = use 9 play-gr\nds1 lawns1 g>d5s1 & play-rooms2 & 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 rotat+ a l>ge horizontal :eel1 =m$ ( two conc5tric r+s1 ti$ toge!r by b>s1 & support$ on v]tical :eels1 ea* ( :i* is revolv$1 by means ( cranks1 ) ! feet1 aft] ! mann] ( ! common velocip$e1 ?us rotat+ ! ma9 :eel1 ! con/ruction1 arrangem5t1 & op]ation be+ z h]e9aft] m fully describ$4 8,! accompany+ draw+ is a p]spective view ( ! comb9$ velocip$e1 %[+ ! mann] ( its con/ruction & op]ation4 8,a repres5ts ! d\ble-rimm$ :eel1 :i* may be made ( any requir$ diamet]1 & ( any suitable mat]ial1 & 9 any equival5t mann]4 8,we d n conf9e ourselves to propell+ by ! feet exclusively4 ,! driv+-:eels may be rotat$ by ! h&s1 z 9 "s descriptions ( velocip$e1 or by ! feet & ! weight ( ! body comb9$1 z 9 ! rock+-saddle k9d4 8,hav+ ?us describ$ our inv5tion1 8,:at we claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is1-- #b4 ,a velocip$e =m$ ( a horizontal :eel or rim1 :5 support$ on v]tical :eels adapt$ to be rotat$ by means ( cranks1 sub/antially z set =?4 8,george ,j4 ,/urdy4 8,solomon ,w4 ,"y40 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,s4 ,lawson4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ij1efc4 ,pat5t$ ,may #be1 #ahfi4 8,my inv5tion relates to velocip$es2 & x consi/s ma9ly 9 a seat-spr+ ( novel con/ruction1 ^u :i* ! seat is made adju/able 9 a novel mann]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ano!r ( ! ,dalzell patt]ns4 ,! me*anism is n claim$ 9 ! pat5t1 z w be notic$ f ! above brief4 ,illu/ration3 ,l4 ,b4 ,fl&]s1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ia1ecd4 ,pat5t$ ,june #bb1 #ahfi4 8,! /e]+ ( ! velocip$e may be readily effect$ by ! movem5t ( ! body1 or by br++ "o or o!r ( ! /irrups 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,ow+ to ! roll] on ! /irrup1 its contact ) ! gr\nd w n int]f]e ) ! conv5i5ce ( ! op]ator4 8,al?\gh ,i h %[n ! driv+-:eel z arrang$ = be+ op]at$ by h&1 ! ord9>y treadle-devices us$ 9 connection ) common velocip$es may be employ$1 s z to imp>t ! desir$ movem5t to ! :eel by ! legs & feet ( ! op]ator40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is monocycle inv5tor has n =gott5 to provide a means ( /e]+1 :i* is done by ! /irrups4 ,simply tilt+ ! body w n answ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 ,s*mitt1 ( ,spr+field1 ,ill4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ia1afi4 ,pat5t$ ,june #h1 #ahfi4 ,,s*mitt ,,specification4 8,! nature ( my inv5tion consi/s 9 con/ruct+ a velocip$e ) ?ree :eels1 "o 9 front1 = a guide1 ! o!r two 9 re>1 connect$ toge!r by a revolv+ axle4 8,! motive-p[] is communicat$ to ! velocip$e by means ( ma*9]y ov] ! revolv+ axle & "u ! seat1 :i* ma*9]y is put 9 op]ation by ! weight ( & backw>d or =w>d motion ( ! occupant ( ! seat1 or rid]4 8,! op]ation ( ?is ma*9]y is z foll[s3 8,! weight ( ! rid] ^u ! seat o1 & a slight movem5t backw>d or =w>d causes ! seat-support g to move backw>d or =w>d1 :i* motion is communicat$ to ! upright lev] f by ! connect+-b> h1 :i* 9 turn />ts ! revolution ( ! driv+-:eel axle l4 8,?is movem5t ( ! lev] f also gives a correspond+ movem5t to ! jo9t$ lev]s k1 k1 & 9 su* a way t "o lev]1 k1 is mov+ backw>d :ile ! o!r is mov+ =w>d1 & s "o ( ! snapp]s1 l1 is always caught 9 ! rat*et-:eel e1 & assi/+ 9 ! revolution ( ! driv+-:eel axle d1 & 9 ?is way ! impell+ =ce ( ! ma*9e nev] ceases = an in/ant4 8,?is revolution ( ! rat*et-:eel e =ces ! revolution ( ! driv+-:eel c1 :i*1 by its connection ) ! p9ion b1 =ces ! revolution ( ! axle ,a & :eels ,b40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is pat5t %[s a clev] me?od ( transmitt+ p[] by means ( an oscillat+ motion ( ! body1 & is valuable z a curiosity4 ,! ov]coat might be disp5s$ )1 h[ev]1 z x is n probable t ! rid] w\ld ne$ x ev5 on ! colde/ ( days4 ,illu/ration3 ,leftwi*'s ,specification1 ,engli%4 ,no4 #bagc4 ,july #ai1 #ahfi4 8,specification 9 pursuance ( ! conditions ( ! ,lett]s ,pat5t1 fil$ by ! said ,william ,leftwi* 9 ! ,great ,seal ,pat5t ,(fice on ! #ah? ,janu>y #ahgj4 8,to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 ,i1 ,william ,leftwi*1 ( ,tufnell ,p>k ,we/1 ,holl[ay1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,middlesex1 s5d greet+4 8,:]eas ,h] mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y ,que5 ,victoria1 by ,h] ,lett]s ,pat5t1 be>+ date ! ,n9ete5? day ( ,july1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,"o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-n9e1 9 ! ?irty-?ird ye> ( ,h] reign1 did1 = ,h]self1 ,h] heirs & successors1 give & grant unto me1 ! said ,william ,leftwi*1 ,h] special lic5ce t ,i1 ! said ,william ,leftwi*1 my executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 or su* o!rs z ,i1 ! said ,william ,leftwi*1 my executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 %\ld at any "t agree )1 & no o!rs1 f "t to "t & at all times !reaft] dur+ ! t]m !re9 express$1 %\ld & lawfully might make1 use1 ex]cise1 & v5d1 )9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 & ,isle ( ,man1 an ,inv5tion = #8,improvem5ts 9 ,con/ruction ( ,velocip$es4' 8,hav+ ?us describ$ & asc]ta9$ ! nature ( my said ,inv5tion1 & 9 :at mann] ! same is to be p]=m$1 ,i w\ld obs]ve 9 conclusion t :at ,i consid] novel & orig9al1 & !re=e claim z con/itut+ ! ,inv5tion secur$ to me by ! said h]e9-be=e 9 "p recit$ ,lett]s ,pat5t is1 ! comb9ation & arrangem5t ( p>ts & me*anism = l[]+ ! saddle b>s ( #8bicycles1' sub/antially z h]e9-be=e describ$ & set =?1 or any m]e modifications !re(40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ pat5ts us+ ! ^w bicycle4 ,! me?od ( rais+ ! saddle :ile 9 motion might be us$ to sc>e (f ! dogs or to raise y\rself up out ( _! way1 b is ( d\btful utility 9 o!r respects4 ,illu/ration3 ,ri*>d ,c4 ,hemm+s1 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ib1ebh4 ,pat5t$ ,july #ac1 #ahfi4 ,,hemm+s ,,specification4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new & improv$ me?od ( con/ruct+ & op]at+ velocip$es1 :]eby !y are made m durable1 & at less exp5se1 ?an h]et(ore2 & 8,x consi/s 9 rotat+ a traction-:eel1 by means ( a trav]s+-:eel be>+ on its inn] surface1 & revolv$ by ! op]ator )9 ! rim ( ! :eel1 z h]e9aft] m fully describ$4 8,! propell+-p[] is appli$ to ! b&-:eels ,e by means ( ! h&-cranks f1 f1 leav+ ! feet ( ! op]ator at all times free4 8,9 />t+ ! velocip$e1 ! fir/ movem5t is giv5 by ! op]ator's runn+ or walk+ a %ort di/ance on ! gr\nd :ile a/ride ! saddle4 ,:5 a />t is ?us obta9$1 ! motion is readily cont9u$ by turn+ ! pulleys ,e ) ! h&s4 8,:5 ! weight is bel[ ! c5tre1 & ! feet ne> ! gr\nd1 & always free1 v little difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 balanc+ & guid+ ! ma*9e2 &1 z num]\s exp]im5ts h prov$1 ! ease ) :i* x is work$ & ! velocity obta9$ r5d] x q equal1 if n sup]ior to any velocip$e 9 use1 :ile ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ !m is f> less4 8,hav+ ?us describ$ my inv5tion1 8,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1-- 8#a4 ,9 comb9ation ) a s+le-:eel$ velocip$e1 ! rea* ,c1 ) its guide-pulleys e1 e1 & trav]se :eel ,b1 arrang$ sub/antially z & = ! purposes h]e9 %[n & describ$4 8#b4 ,! comb9ation ( ! traction-:eel ,a ) ! trav]se-:eel ,b1 sub/antially z & = ! purposes h]e9 %[n & describ$4 8,ri*>d ,c4 ,hemm+s40 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,wortmann1 ( ,new ,york4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ic1jcj4 ,pat5t$ ,july #bg1 #ahfi4 ,an e>ly t&em %[+ ! true sociability ( ! same2 obs]ve ! peaceful h>mony ( ! city g5tleman1 ) *imney-pot hat1 & ! sombr]o$ c[-boy4 ,,wortmann ,,specification4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new vehicle1 :i* is to be propell$ by ! upp] or l[] extremities ( ! p]son or p]sons :i* x supports1 & :i* is provid$ ) a fly-:eel 9 su* a mann] t ! same may at w be ?r[n into or out ( ge>4 ,?is fly-:eel w ga!r p[] 9 go+ d[n-hill1 & w !n give x up 9 go+ up-hill1 !reby facilitat+ ! asc5d+ ( hills1 & prev5t+ too great rapidity :ile go+ d[n-hill4 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 ! g5]al comb9ation ( p>ts1 :]eby two p]sons may be accommodat$ on ! vehicle1 & also 9 ! a=em5tion$ arrangem5t ( ! fly-:eel4 8,:5 ! fly-:eel is ?r[n into ge>1 z a=esaid1 x w s]ve to ga!r p[]1 to facilitate ! rid+ up-hill1 & to /eady ! motion d[n-hill4 8#b4 ,! fly-:eel ,k1 m\nt$ on a sep>ate %aft1 ,j1 ! slid+ p9ion f1 9 comb9ation ) ! lev] g1 sub/antially z h]e9 %[n & describ$1 = ! purpose specifi$4 8,! above specification ( my inv5tion sign$ by me1 ?is n9? day ( ,june1 #ahfi4 8,simon ,wortmann40 99 99 99 99 99 ,y w h to make t front man d "s "w1 ,simon1 or y w fall beh9d ! b&-wagon 9 spite ( y\r fly-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,h4 ,sa:ill1 ( ,cambridge1 ,ohio4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ic1gea4 ,pat5t$ ,augu/ #ag1 #ahfi4 ,,sa:ill ,,specification4 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new two- or ?ree-:eel$ velocip$e1 :i* is to be propell$ by h&1 & :i* is s con/ruct$ t x c be easily op]at$1 & t ! body w be su/a9$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s position4 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 sev]al improvem5ts ( ! driv+-me*anism1 ( ! foot-supports1 & /e]+-me*anism1 :i*1 sep>ately or comb9$1 t5d to produce a simple & conv5i5t app>atus4 8,a1 9 ! draw+1 repres5ts ! front :eel ( my improv$ velocip$e4 8,! rid]1 hold+ ! feet on ^! fix$ b>s ,i1 c readily1 & by an imp]ceptible motion1 turn ! po/ to guide ! app>atus 9 any desir$ direction4 8,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1-- 8#a4 ,! /e]+-po/ ,c1 con/ruct$1 z describ$1 ( ! two p>allel b>s a1 a1 hung ^u ! crank-axle ,b1 & connect$ by ! plates b1 d1 betwe5 :i* ! end ( ! rea* ,d is pivot$1 said po/ be+ provid$ at its upp] end ) ! crank-%aft ,j1 & ne> its l[] end ) ! foot-re/s ,i1 z h]e9 describ$1 = ! purpose specifi$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r manumotor c>riage4 ,_h ! inv5tor ev] attempt$ to climb "s ( ! hills to be se5 9 ,m>yl&1 ,i fe> he w\ld h sacrific$ 8 ambition1 let ! idea g unh]ald$ to ! _w1 & sav$ 8 pat5t fee4 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,l[d51 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #if1abh4 ,pat5t$ ,octob] #bf1 #ahfi4 8,!re are only a few ( u left40 8,?is inv5tion relates to a new & useful improvem5t 9 velocip$es1 & consi/s 9 ! me?od 9 :i* p[] is appli$ = driv+ x4 8,p[] is appli$ to ?is rat*et by means ( ! pawls f & g1 ! =m] ( :i* is pivot$ to ! frame h1 & to :i* ! saddle i is atta*$2 ! o!r pawl is pivot$ to ! frame ,j1 to :i* ! foot-pieces k are atta*$4 8,:5 ! weight ( ! rid] is ?r[n ei!r ^u ! saddle or ^u ! foot-pieces1 ! pawls act ^u ! rat*et-:eel1 & rotate ! axle4 8,z be=e /at$1 motion is giv5 ! velocip$e by work+ ! pawls 9 ! rat*et-:eel1 z ! weight ( ! rid] is ?r[n alt]nately ^u ! saddle & ^u ! foot-pieces4 8,?is op]ation gives him ! motion & ex]cise ( a horseback ride4 8,no crank is employ$1 & consequ5tly ! vehicle may be />t$ at any po9t1 & ! op]at+ p>ts be+ atta*$ to & support$ by ! ma9 axle1 !re is no?+ likely to break or get out ( ord]4 8,hav+ ?us describ$ my inv5tion1 8,:at ,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is1-- 8#a4 ,9 comb9ation ) a velocip$e1 ! rat*et-:eel ,e1 pawls f & g1 & yokes h & ,j1 arrang$ & op]at+ on ! axle ,a1 sub/antially z describ$4 8,9 comb9ation ) ! rat*et-:eel ,e & weight$ yokes h & ,j1 ! rea* ,m1 po/ ,o1 brake ,s1 & rods r1 arrang$ sub/antially z describ$1 = ! purposes set =?4 8,george ,l[d540 99 99 99 99 99 ,only get ! motion ( a man on horseback1 & our e>ly cycle inv5tors ?\ght ! goal 0 rea*$4 ,"o w\ld almo/ ?9k t ?is motion 0 :at gave p[] to ! horse 9 ^? days4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,a4 ,lewis1 ( ,miss\ri4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #if1abd4 ,pat5t$1 ,oct4 #bf1 #ahfi4 8,?is inv5tion has = its object to s con/ruct ! cranks ( velocip$es t !y are made long] :]e ! greate/ p[] is requir$1 )\t increas+ ! diamet] ( ! circle to be describ$ by ! foot4 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 ! use ( slid+ cranks1 :i* project f bo? sides ( ! %aft4 8,"o end ( ea* crank is guid$ by a fix$ ecc5tric groove or track1 9 su* mann] t ! crank-p9 is mov$ away f ! %aft z long z ! p[] is appli$ to ! same by ! foot4 ,:5 ! p[] is n requir$1 on ! return /roke1 ! crank-p9 is drawn close to ! %aft1 & ?us1 )\t describ+ a l>ge circle1 ! crank-lev] is made long] ?an usual1 :5 requir$4 8,?us1 a twelve-in* crank-b> c produce a n9e- or t5-in* work+-crank1 :ile ! crank-p9 describes a circle ( n m ?an twelve in*es diamet]4 ,h]et(ore1 a twelve-in* circle 0 describ$ by a six-in* crank4 ,great] lev]age & p[] are ?us obta9$ by my inv5tion4 8,edwd4 ,a4 ,lewis40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ deceptive s*emes 9 cycle hi/ory2 if x work$ z ! inv5tor implies1 we %\ld h p]petual motion 9 fact4 ,a man _c transmit p[] to ! :eel :ile ! crank is com+ up1 except ! little he c get by ankle-motion4 ,a close exam9ation w %[ t1 :]eas ! crank is long]1 ! man has a proportionally less numb] ( degrees ?r\gh :i* he c drive x4 ,"t1 z well z =ce1 ent]s into ! problem ( driv+ a bicycle2 ! "t is equal to ! numb] ( degrees ! crank travels ?r\gh2 "h a man only has "o-?ird1 or less1 ( ! circle1 ?r\gh :i* he has any p[] to turn ! :eel4 ,x is ( no advantage to h "o-?ird long] lev]age if y h "o-?ird1 or ov]1 less "t1 or numb] ( degrees1 to transmit p[]4 ,! enorm\s mi/ake ( ?is inv5tor consi/s 9 ! fact t x w\ld actually be bett] if he transmitt$ 8 p[] ?r\gh ! arc ( %ort1 r ?an t ( ! long1 lev]age4 ,if y d n increase y\r v]tical amplitude1 or resultant1 dep5d ^u x y _c increase y\r p[] unless1 at lea/1 y pu% ?r\gh a comp>able numb] ( degrees at bett] advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mey1 ( ,buffalo4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #aji1fdd4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #bi1 #ahgj4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,f4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mey1 ( ,buffalo1 9 ! c\nty ( ,erie & ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 h inv5t$ a new & improv$ ,dog-,p[] ,vehicle4 8,?is inv5tion relates to vehicles :i* move f place to place on roads1 pavem5ts1 etc41 & consi/s 9 an improv$ con/ruction !re(4 8,a is ! driv+-:eel1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance is 9 ! front ( a vehicle hav+ ?ree :eels1 b may be 9 ! re>1 if pref]r$1 or 9 any o!r location4 8,! animals be+ plac$ 9 ?is tread-rim1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 & caus$ to "w1 w imp>t motion to ! :eel & to ! vehicle1 z w be cle>ly und]/ood4 8,hav+ ?us describ$ my inv5tion1 8,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1-- 8,! comb9ation ( :eel ,a ,b ,c ) a pair ( :eels & body to =m ! runn+-ge> ( a vehicle1 9 ! mann] %[n & describ$4 8,f4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mey40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! claim c\ld h be5 greatly improv$ by includ+ ! :ip ,d & female ,e 9 ! comb9ation2 at lea/1 x is c]ta9 t ^! two elem5ts w\ld be ne$ful4 ,two tw5ty-five p\nd dogs w\ld h>dly tread-mill a hundr$-p\nd vehicle & a hundr$-&-fifty-p\nd female up "s ( ! ,baltimore hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,l4 ,hornig1 ( ,j]sey ,city4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #aia1ade4 ,pat5t$ ,may #bb1 #ahgg4 ,,hornig ,,specification4 8,! saddle ,i may be made adju/able longitud9ally on ! balance-beam ,e1 or x may be made to slide !reon longitud9ally4 8,a h&-lev]1 ,k1 pivot$ to ! rea*1 & connect$ ) ! crank g1 s]ves to ?r[ ! crank (f ! c5tre 9 />t+ ! vehicle4 8,! saddle ,i may be a side-saddle = ladies' use1 & two removable saddles may be provid$ = a s+le vehicle1 "o ( :i* may be a side-saddle1 & 9 ?is way a s+le velocip$e may be us$ ei!r by a g5tleman or lady1 or by boys & girls4 8,! op]ation ( ! inv5tion is z foll[s3 ,! rid] ?r[s 8 weight alt]nately on ! treadle & on ! seat1 ris+ on 8 feet :5 ?r[+ 8 weight on ! treadle1 & l[]+ himself ^u ! saddle aga91 z 9 rid+ a gallop+ horse4 ,9 ?is way ! entire weight ( ! body is utiliz$1 bo? 9 ris+ & fall+1 to propel ! vehicle1 ! muscles be+ us$ 9 a f> m advantage\s mann]1 & furni%+ a mu* m heal?ful ex]cise ?an 9 ! propulsion ( a velocip$e by ! use ( fir/ "o foot & !n ! o!r 9 ! highly-disadvantage\s me?od ( apply+ muscul> p[] h]et(ore employ$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,good = ,mr4 ,hornig6 ,b he w h to get 8 gallop+ velocip$e on ! m>ket pretty soon or 8 pat5t w expire4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahgg4 8,,! ,,cov5try ,,tricycle4 8,! tricycle1 z x is designat$1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 consi/s ( a rectangul> frame made ( iron or /eel tube1 :i* c>ries a d\ble-crank$ %aft 9 pat5t p>allel be>+s4 ,! driv+ :eel1 =ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 is arrang$ on a left-h& side ( ! rid]2 & ! o!r side ( ! rectangul> frame is produc$1 front & back1 = c>ry+ ! =ks ( two #bb-;in* /e]+ :eels4 ,^! =ks are connect$ by a rod1 fix$ to ! outside ( "o & ! inside ( ! o!r1 s t bo? :eels are turn$ toge!r by ! /e]+ h&le4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is t ! rid] is enabl$ to ?read 8 way betwe5 o!r vehicles ) ! greate/ ease2 & x is ev5 said t he c describe a figure #h 9 a l5g? ( twelve feet4 ,! seat is m\nt$ on f\r /eel spr+s ( ,s =m1 :i* are atta*$ to ! frame by nuts on ! screw$ ends ( ! /ays c>ry+ ! p9 on :i* ! p$als "w4 ,rods jo9t$ to ! p$als turn ! crank-%aft1 z w be se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,! second h&le is m]ely to af=d support = ! left h& :ile ! "r is occupi$ 9 /e]+4 8,! tricycle is fitt$ ) tang5t :eels1 9 :i* ! spokes are cross$1 & ea* spoke locks ! o!r4 ,by ?is arrangem5t great] lightness c be obta9$ = a giv5 /r5g?2 & ano!r great advantage is t 9 ! ev5t ( a spoke be+ brok51 ano!r c be replac$ by ! rid] 9 a few m9utes4 ,! ma*9e c be readily tak5 to pieces & pack$ 9 small compass40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ! patt]n ( tricycle %[n ^u ! ,/>ley monum5t at ,cov5try1 & is t :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ f ! lev]-motion to ! crank & sprocket-*a91 & ext5sively manufactur$ at a great works 9 ! ,cycle ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,bak]1 ( ,salem1 ,mass4 ,devices = propell+ wagons4 ,no4 #bjj1jaf4 ,pat5t$ ,febru>y #e1 #ahgh4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,elbridge ,bak]1 ( ,salem1 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex & ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 h inv5t$ ,improvem5ts 9 ,wagons1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specification3 8,?is improvem5t 9 wagons consi/s 9 me*anism arrang$1 z h]e9aft] describ$1 to act directly on ! gr\nd to propel ! wagon4 8,ea* rod has a prong$ foot-piece1 f1 & betwe5 ! foot-piece f & ! crank-hang+ ( ea* rod ! rod is susp5d$ by a flexible l9e1 g1 f ! body ( ! wagon4 8,turn+ ! crank-%aft b 9 any suitable mann] causes ! prong$ foot-pieces1 f ( ! rods d#a1 d1 d#d1 & d#e to take hold ( ! gr\nd1 & !reby propel ! wagon1 & by arrang+ ! cranks z is %[n 9 ! draw+s "o rod aft] ! o!r is br\ght into & out ( action1 secur+ a cont9u\s action ( ! me*anism to propel ! wagon1 all z is obvi\s )\t fur!r explanation4 8,! l9es g hold & keep ! rods to ! action ( _! crank-arms1 & cause ! rods to be prop]ly br\ght1 f "t to "t1 by ! cranks into op]at+ positions on ! gr\nd40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is device is a logical sequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,cr(t's1 be+ a comb9ation ( %ov+-b>s work$ by ma*9]y in/ead ( by h&4 ,?is pat5t is n[ expir$ & c be us$ by anybody4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,n4 ,higley1 ( ,som]swor?1 ,n4 ,h4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bja1agi4 ,pat5t$ ,m>* #ab1 #ahgh4 8,! inv5tion consi/s 9 an arrangem5t ( pulleys ^u ea* side ( ! crank-arm1 & pulleys ( simil> con/ruction ^u ! sides or ends ( ! axle ( ! road-:eel1 & connect$ toge!r by *a9s or o!r suitable means1 :]eby ! c>riage may be propell$ by ! feet alone )\t turn+ ar\nd or o!rwise op]at+ ! h&-%aft2 or ! h&-%aft may be employ$1 :5 desir$1 to aid or assi/ ! feet1 z circum/ances may require2 or bo? sets ( pulleys may be us$ by ! h&s & feet to increase ! spe$ ( ! c>riage40 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,klahr1 ( ,mey]/[n1 ,pa4 ,bicycle4 ,no4 #bhe1hba4 ,pat5t$ ,octob] #b1 #ahhc4 ,mr4 ,klahr 0 "o ( ! e>ly g5iuses t appreciat$ ! utility ( ! anti-vibrator4 ,notice ! spr+ ^u ! front rea*4 ,?is is a device q simil> to t us$ by _m mak]s ( re>-driv]s 9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! inv5tor does n claim ?is1 h[ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,bruton's ,engli% ,pat5t4 ,provisional specification4 ,no4 #bjh4 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahgi4 ,,imp>t+ ,,motion ,,to ,,velocip$es1 c4 7,?is ,inv5tion receiv$ ,provision$ ,protection only47 8,edw>d ,george ,bruton1 ( ,no4 #a1 ,p>k ,cresc5t1 ,ox=d4 #8,c]ta9 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,=m & ,me?od ( ,imp>t+ ,motion to ,velocip$es1 ,c>riages1 or o!r ,vehicles4' 8,?is ,inv5tion consi/s ( a new =m ( imp>t+ motion to velocip$es or o!r vehicles hav+ ?ree or m :eels1 :i* :eels %all receive _! motion f a trav]s+ plat=m1 to :i* motion is imp>t$ by walk+ or runn+ !reon2 ! plat=m consi/+ ( endless b&s1 ( a sub/ance (f]+ resi/ance to ! foot1 pass+ ov] roll]s susp5d$ f ! said vehicle1 :i* roll]s1 by pulley-b&s1 *a9s1 or o!r means1 put 9 motion c]ta9 :eels ( ! said vehicle & !reby propel ! same40 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h he>d ! tricycle comp>$ to a tread-mill by unk9d & we>i$ rid]s1 b x has rema9$ = our ,engli% bro!r1 ,mr4 ,bruton1 to make ! comp>ison a v]itable fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 ,langmaak & ,p4 ,/reiff1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bbh1ijh ,pat5t$ ,june #ae1 #ahhj4 ,a ,,lev]-,,motion ,,unicycle4 8444 ,by hav+ a pair ( ! lev]s an alt]nate motion is kept up & a cont9u\s revolution ( ! driv+-:eel ma9ta9$4 8,a rat*et & pawl1 ball-clut*1 or ecc5tric friction-clut* w accompli% ?is object1 ! latt] be+ pref]able1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( noise4 8,) ! l>ge :eel1 & ! rid] sitt+ bel[ ! c5tre ( gravity1 a sl[ motion c be ma9ta9$ & ! ef=t to propel x ne$ n necess>ily be great40 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,c4 ,monn9 & ,p4 ,filliez1 ( ,canton1 ,o4 ,bicycle4 ,no4 #cfa1caj4 ,pat5t$ ,april #ai1 #ahhg4 8,x w be se5 t by our peculi> arrangem5t an op]ator c use 8 h&s & feet 9 propell+ ! bicycle prop]1 & t great spe$ c be made by reason ( ! :eels ,e work+ on ! p9ions b4 ,x w be und]/ood t to ! re> end ( ! arm ,g is atta*$1 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 a small travell+ :eel1 &1 if desir$1 two :eels may be atta*$ to ! arm ,g4 ,x w also be und]/ood t a suitable saddle is to be prop]ly atta*$ to ! arm ,g40 ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,b4 ,scuri1 ( ,italy4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bdb1afa4 ,pat5t$ ,may #ca1 #ahha4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,g4 ,batti/a ,scuri1 a citiz5 ( ! ,k+dom ( ,italy1 resid+ at ,tur91 h inv5t$ new & useful ,improvem5ts 9 ,velocip$es4 8,my inv5tion relates to improvem5ts 9 t class ( velocip$es call$ #8monocycles1' 9 :i* b "o :eel is employ$1 t s]ves bo? z a propell+ & /e]+ :eel4 8,! velocip$es :i* h h]et(ore be5 *iefly us$ are ! bicycle & ! tricycle1 & to a limit$ ext5t ! quadricycle1 or f\r-:eel$ velocip$e1 9 all ( :i* ! support = ! driv] is s arrang$ z to practically ?r[ 8 weight ^u ! front & re> :eel axles4 ,! p[] requir$ to propel ^! v>i\s species ( conveyances increases proportionally ) ! numb] ( :eels employ$1 & ! relative diamet]s ( ! latt]1 z well z ! me*anism employ$ = propell+ & /e]+ ! same1 toge!r ) ! weight ( ! app>atus4 ,x is obvi\s !re=e t ! p[] requir$ to propel ^! conveyances dim9i%es proportionally ) ! numb] ( ! elem5ts ref]r$ to4 ,consequ5tly1 to r$uce ?is p[] to a m9imum1 x w only be necess>y to correspond+ly r$uce ! numb] ( propell+-:eels1 ! propell+ & /e]+ me*anism1 & ! weight ( ! app>atus4 8,to obta9 ^! results ,i employ b "o :eel4 8,9 a monocycle t is con/ruct$ to support ! entire weight ( its driv]1 x is absolutely necess>y t said weight1 z well z t ( ! supports = ! same & all o!r me*anism1 ei!r = propell+ or /e]+1 %\ld be ?r[n ^u ! "o :eel-axle & be adapt$ to be equally balanc$ !reon4 8,by means ( ?is con/ruction & arrangem5t ,i obta9 a velocip$e t c be propell$ ) comp>atively little fatigue1 & ! co/ ( con/ruction ( :i* is r$uc$ ne>ly "o-half ( t ( ! ord9>y velocip$e40 99 99 99 99 99 ,judg+ f ?is inv5tion !y mu/ be exp]t rid]s 9 e way 9 ,italy2 x mu/ be suppos$ t ! inv5tor at lea/ c\ld manage x4 ,if r$uc+ ! me*anism increases ! p[] 9 su* a proportion1 :y n d away ) all me*anism & h inf9ite p[]8 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,smi?1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bdi1bjg4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #h1 #ahha4 ,,smi? ,,specification4 8,! rid] is support$ ^u a seat or saddle1 ,q1 directly above ! /irrups1 9 a ne>ly /&+ position1 8 feet re/+ ^u ! /irrups1 & he op]ates ! clut*es alt]nately by a walk+ movem5t1 or he c op]ate ! me*anism 9 a /&+ position )\t ! seat or saddle4 ,! clut*-lev]s alt]nately engage ) ! rims or pulleys on ! axle1 z _! out] ends are press$ d[nw>d by ! backw>d walk+ movem5t ( ! foot ( ! rid]1 & releas+ !m z ! foot rises 9 /epp+ =w>d1 ! rope reev+ ?r\gh ! pulleys 9 ea* direction alt]nately z ! lev]s are alt]nately rais$ & depress$4 8,! op]ation w !n be z foll[s3 ,:5 a d[nw>d pressure is appli$ to "o lev] its l[] arm or prong1 g1 press+ ^u ! face ( ! disk ,f1 draws ! case or frame =w>d1 s z to press ! roll]s h aga9/ ! face ( ! disk1 ?us clut*+ or gripp+ ! disk at ?ree po9ts1 s z to clamp ! frame or case to x4 ,! d[nw>d pressure ( ! lev] !n turns ! disk & axle until ! lev] ( ! opposite clut* has gripp$ ! o!r disk 9 ! same way4 8,9 a f\r-:eel$ c>riage a seat or body c be plac$ ^u ! front "p ( ! vehicle = c>ry+ ano!r p]son or p>cels4 8,i ?us provide a vehicle t is propell$ by a walk+ movem5t simil> to t employ$ 9 op]at+ ! bicycle4 ,x c be op]at$ ) v little ex]tion1 & x enables ! rid] to c>ry ano!r p]son or packages1 if he desires40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is gallant t&em inv5tor 0 at lea/ n guilty ( requir+ 8 lady to d any "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,trag>dh1 ( ,*icago4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bej1fjg4 ,pat5t$ ,decemb] #f1 #ahha4 ,?is is a sample ( _m pat5ts 9 :i* ! inv5tors try to comb9e ! elem5ts ( a bicycle & tricycle1 !reby defeat+ ! end ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,r5etti4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #if1ifc4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #af1 #ahfi4 ,a clut*-lev] ma*9e ( "s m]it1 consid]+ ! e>ly date ( ! pat5t4 ,?is is a re>-driv] ) front :eel z l>ge z ! re>1 ?\gh n a s+le-track ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,hull & ,j4 ,w4 ,o',re>4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bei1hec4 ,pat5t$ ,june #bj1 #ahhb4 ,,hull ,,& ,o',,re> ,,specification4 8,?is inv5tion consi/s ( ! con/ruction & arrangem5t1 z h]e9aft] describ$1 ( a vehicle to be propell$ & guid$ by ! rid]1 ! driv+-p[] be+ appli$ by means ( h&-cranks & ! guid+ be+ effect$ by ! foot ( ! op]ator4 8,a repres5ts ! h9d axle1 :]eon ! two h9d :eels1 ,b1 are fitt$ by means ( ! well-kn[n rose-clut* device ,c1 ! frame ,h1 & turn$ by h&-cranks ,i1 to be work$ by ! op]ator1 :o sits ^u ! saddle ,j4 8,we h also arms1 ,y1 = ! application ( ! feet ( ! op]ator to /e] ! vehicle1 :ile ! lev] ranges re>w>d t[>ds ! op]ator = be+ conv5i5tly work$ by h&4 8,! con/ruction is v simple & *eap1 & ! arrangem5t is calculat$ to af=d a conv5i5t & easily-op]at$ h&-p[] vehicle40 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,hull & ,o',re> f9d t x is bett] to /e] ) ! feet & propel ! ma*9e by ! arms4 ,! rid] is pe]+ anxi\sly =w>d z ?\gh somebody 0 ahead ( him1 & he appe>s r disconc]t$ f "s cause2 :i* makes u ?9k ! picture has be5 tak5 f real life4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,m4 ,s*aff]1 ( ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,no4 #bia1gha4 ,pat5t$ ,janu>y #h1 #ahhd4 ,,s*aff] ,,specification4 8,! object ( my inv5tion is to furni% a safe & conv5i5t velocip$e ( ! unicycle type2 & to t end my inv5tion consi/s 9 c]ta9 novel features ( con/ruction & arrangem5t1 z h]e9aft] describ$ & claim$4 8,! op]ator may /& erect1 & 9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y v]tical space )\t too l>ge a :eel ! rim or felly is made ( consid]able wid?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,) ?is wide tire ! :eel w /& )\t support1 & ,i pref] to use a recess$ tire or two small] tires1 z %[n1 betwe5 :i* is a rubb] or ela/ic b& to prev5t concussion & noise4 8,to all[ ( ent]+ ! ma*9e1 a portion1 c1 ( "o felly is made sep>ate1 & ! hub a made ) a h+$ segm5t1 a1 to :i* ! spokes f ! felly-segm5t c connect1 s t ! latt] c be swung out40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,s*aff] does n seem to h provid$ any v ready means ( escape = ! bird 9 case ! cage %\ld run away or collide ) ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,g4 ,burl+haus51 ( ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,"o-:eel$ ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #bii1fag4 ,pat5t$ ,june #c1 #ahhd4 ,,burl+haus5 ,,specification4 8,my inv5tion relates to improvem5ts 9 "o-:eel velocip$es2 & x consi/s 9 c]ta9 features ( con/ruction & 9 comb9ation ( p>ts h]e9aft] describ$1 & po9t$ out 9 ! claim4 8,z ! op]ator mu/ sit "s di/ance back ( ! axis ( ! :eel1 "s =ce is requir$ to support or balance ! seat & op]ate 9 ! requir$ position1 & ?is is furni%$ by ! slid+ weight ,h secur$ by a set-screw on ! rod ,g4 8,:at ,i claim is1-- 8,9 a "o-:eel velocip$e1 ! comb9ation1 ) ! hubs1 ! hang]s ,d1 dep5d+ f said hubs1 & cranks secur$ to ! hubs = revolv+ ! :eel1 ( ! cross-piece ,e1 ! balance-rod provid$ ) ! adju/able foot-re/1 & ! seat secur$ to ! upp] surface ( ! cross-b>1 sub/antially z describ$4 8,9 te/imony :]e( ,i sign ?is specification1 9 ! pres5ce ( two witnesses1 ?is six? day ( ,m>*1 #ahhd4 8,b]n]d ,g4 ,burl+haus540 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is device works entirely z a manumotor or h&-c>riage4 ,x is que/ionable if any prud5t rid] w\ld c>e to be enclos$ )9 ?is /ructure if !re 7 _m hills to desc5d4 ,to be sure1 if ! seat gets fa/1 he c kick ! spokes1 z 9 ! case ( a squirrel & cage-reel1 ?us keep+ himself upright1 b ?is w\ld be att5d$ ) great labor & requisite skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 von ,malk[sky1 ( ,new ,york4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #caj1edh4 ,pat5t$ ,janu>y #f1 #ahhe4 ,,comb9$ ,,bicycle ,,& ,,accordion1 ,,pat5t$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,von ,,malk[sky4 ,j fills a ne$ long felt by ! cycli/4 ,!re is a c]ta9 action claim$ = x1 9 :i* pressure ( air is us$ on ! treadles :i* helps to propel ! ma*9e2 b ?is is only a second>y elem5t 9 ! m9d ( ! w>y cycli/2 no soon] w he see ?is inv5tion ?an he w grasp ! idea ( gett+ keys to x & hav+ x play him a tune1 z he spe$s on 8 lonely way4 ,& !n1 h[ nice to sit d[n1 unscrew a p$al1 remove 8 treasure1 & produce sweet /ra9s ( silv]y music4 ,a new %ort me?od ( in/ruction = play+ ^u ?is new comb9ation may g ) ea* cycle sold1 su* t any rid] c\ld soon compreh5d4 ,bel[ f9d brief ( specification4 99 99 99 99 99 8,f ! l[] ends ( ! =k ,c ext5d1 9 d[nw>dly or backw>dly direction1 fix$ brackets1 ,c1 to :i* are appli$ clos$ expansible bell[s1 ,d1 ( oblong %ape1 "o at ea* side ( ! driv+-:eel ,a4 8,! comb9ation1 9 a velocip$e1 ) ! driv+-:eel1 ( clos$ bell[s support$ on fix$ brackets ( ! =k1 =k$ p$al-rods connect$ at ! l[] end ( ! bottom ( ! bell[s1 & at ! upp] end to a transv]se oscillat+ balance-rod4 8,r4 von ,malk[sky40 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,bevan1 ( ,london1 ,engl&4 ,safety ,atta*m5t = ,bicycles4 ,no4 #cai1che4 ,pat5t$ ,june #b1 #ahhe4 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,william ,bevan1 a subject ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 resid+ at ,london1 ,engl&1 h inv5t$ a new & useful ,improv$ ,bicycle ,safety ,atta*m5t = ,le>n]s1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specification4 8,if ! :eels ,b be rais$ f ! gr\nd a %ort di/ance1 consid]able sway+ ( ! ma*9e w be possible )\t its q tumbl+ ov]4 8,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! :eels are ^u ! same level z ! l>ge :eel1 & ! ma*9e is well support$1 s t a p]son ignorant ( ! art ( rid+ a bicycle c ride a ma*9e fitt$ ) ?is appliance40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ano!r g5tleman :o ?9ks he c balance ! bicycle by means ( out-rigg]s4 ,h[ev] ridicul\s ?is s*eme may be1 ?is inv5tor does n des]ve ! fir/ prize4 ,a ma*9e %[n at "o ( ! ,london exhibitions1 9 :i* ! two small :eels 7 replac$ by iron sl$-runn]s1 %\ld be ! subject ( our highe/ aw>d4 ,! inv5tor ( our ma*9e %[n c well say t a p]son ne$ n be able to ride2 ,i recomm5d he make himself exp]t at head]s1 h[ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,o4 ,lose1 ( ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,"o-:eel$ vehicle4 ,no4 #cbe1edh4 ,pat5t$ ,septemb] #a1 #ahhe4 8,i may op]ate my unicycle by ei!r clock-"w or /eam1 in/ead ( foot-p[]4 8,a small boil] may be plac$ "u ! plat=m ,o1 ) /eam-pipe to convey ! /eam to ! inn] rim ( ! l>ge :eel ,a40 99 99 99 99 99 ,y h all he>d ( ! 8m]*ant ( ,rott]dam1 ^: legs 7 a comp\nd ( clock-"w & /eam40 8,to all :om x may conc]n3 8,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,john ,otto ,lose1 a subject ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 resid+ at ,pat]son1 9 ! c\nty ( ,passaic & ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful ,improvem5ts 9 ,"o-,:eel$ ,vehicles4 8,my inv5tion relates to a unicycle or "o-:eel$ vehicle1 )\t spokes1 :i* w c>ry "o or m p]sons1 z well z a bicycle or tricycle1 & :i* is op]at$ f )91 c>ries ! pass5g] inside1 & only "o :eel t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,i atta9 ^! objects by ! means ( ! devices illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 8,:5 ! ma*9e is n 9 op]ation1 x w /& by itself1 = ! treadle & driv+ :eels be+ heavi] ?an ! idl]-:eel ,h1 ,h w rise & ! front "p ( plat=m w drop1 & ! treadle-:eels w re/ on ! gr\nd40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,lose drew 8 unicycle 9 bett] proportions ?an 8 man2 p]haps he made ! rid]'s limbs light to %[ t ! ma*9e w\ld run easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,w4 ,libbey4 ,hood atta*m5t = bicycles4 ,no4 #cci1gic4 ,pat5t$ ,april #ac1 #ahhf4 8,! object ( my inv5tion is to provide a means = protect+ rid]s ( bicycles & tricycles f exposure to ! sun & ra940 ,illu/ration3 ,leske1 two-:eel$ ma*9e on ! ,otto pr9ciple4 ,?is is a ,g]man pat5t by ,h]r ,leske1 ( ,b]l91 dat$ ,augu/ #d1 #ahhg4 ,! inv5tor c1 at lea/1 be said to accommodate ! entire body ) pl5ty ( "w4 ,mr4 ,leske may be he>d f lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,j4 ,lawson4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #cde1hea4 ,pat5t$ ,july #bj1 #ahhf4 ,,lawson ,,specification4 8,my inv5tion relates to t class ( bicycles 9 :i* ! front :eel is employ$ = /e]+ & ! re> :eel = driv+1 ! p$al crank-axle be+ arrang$ betwe5 ! :eels & connect$ ) ! axle ( ! re> :eel = driv+ by an endless driv+-*a94 8,! object 9 ?is con/ruction is to secure ! rid] aga9/ be+ ?r[n =w>d ov] ! front :eel by keep+ 8 c5tre ( gravity l[ & sett+ 8 seat or saddle z f> back z is practicable f ! c5tre ( ! front :eel4 ,?is mode ( driv+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sprocket-:eels & *a9s also all[s ! driv+-:eel to be ge>$ up or d[n to suit individual ta/es4 8,:at ,i d claim is1-- 8#a4 ,a bicycle hav+ two :eels arrang$ t&em z %[n1 ! re> :eel be+ no l>g] ?an ! front :eel1 & provid$ ) a p$al crank-axle arrang$ betwe5 said :eels & connect$ to ! re> :eel1 = driv+ by an endless *a9 & sprocket-:eel1 sub/antially z specifi$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! o!r draw+ ( ?is pat5t is us$ to illu/rate ! ,rov] re>-driv]4 ,i wi% to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! claim z giv5 9 above brief ( specification1 z x is some:at extraord9>y4 ,! ,engli% pat5t to ?is same inv5tor w\ld indicate t he 0 an e>ly1 b neglig5t1 inv5tor ( ! mod]n re>-driv] safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,hoak1 ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #cda1iaa4 ,pat5t$ ,may #ah1 #ahhf4 ,a4 ,,hoak',s ,,velocip$e4 ,! important "p ( ! specification is z foll[s3 8,! %aft-ge>+ ( ^! spur-:eels consi/s ( impact roll] motions1 s t ! crank c5trally on ! %aft1 )9 easy rea* ( ! op]ator ^u ! seat & betwe5 ! driv+-:eels1 may be effectually op]at$ by ! h&1 & a lev] f ! guide-:eel is design$ to be 9 su* a position z to be )9 easy rea* ( ! op]ator's feet =w>dly1 s t no difficulty w be enc\nt]$1 all ( :i* w n[ be fully set =?4 8,! op]ation ( ?is device is v simple4 ,! op]ator seat$ )9 ! ma*9e op]ates ! crank ,o ( ! %aft ,l1 & ! spur-:eels ,n1 engag+ ) ! spur-:eels ,i1 move ! vehicle =w>d4 ,! /e]+-:eel ,c is op]at$ by ! feet 9 connection ) ! lev] ,e40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is all "r1 except t x w\ld seem cruel to h su* legs z ! draughtsman has giv5 ! rid]1 & only use !m = /e]+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,s4 ,burbank1 ( ,i[a4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #ceb1ihi4 ,pat5t$ ,novemb] #bc1 #ahhf4 ,,burbank ,,specification4 8,by ?us provid+ ! bicycle ) a circul> track engag+ ! driv+-:eel ! said track =ms virtually ! driv+-:eel ( ! bicycle or velocip$e1 & z x is ( v greatly increas$ diamet] z comp>$ ) ! driv+-:eel ( ! velocip$e1 x enables ! ma*9e to be driv5 ov] r\gh & unev5 roads )\t viol5t bump+ & jolt+1 & )\t discom=t to ! rid]4 ,x also prev5ts ! velocip$e f be+ ov]turn$ :5 x enc\nt]s an ob/ruction1 & prev5ts ! rid] f #8tak+ a head]4' 8,:5 ! ma*9e enc\nt]s a /one or o!r ob/ruction1 ! frame ,m is mov$ re>w>dly aga9/ ! pressure ( ! spr+ ,l1 & ?us caus+ ! :eel ,b & ! rid] to be mov$ =w>dly pa/ ! c5tre ( ! circul> track = a correspond+ di/ance1 ?us enabl+ ! weight ( ! rid] to be utiliz$ 9 caus+ ! circul> track to pass ov] ! ob/ruction40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is pat5t is a fair sample ( ! big-:eel idea2 x has "s good features1 su* z ! spr+ ,l1 :i* all[s ! inside ma*9e1 toge!r ) ! rid]1 to sw+ =w>d :5 ! out] :eel /rikes an ob/acle1 ?us act+ z an anti-vibrator or mom5tum spr+4 ,! small inn] :eel ) cranks w\ld make ! ma*9e run sl[1 b ! appe>ance ( ! ?+ w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 r unique4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,a4 ,williamson4 ,seat = bicycles4 ,no4 #cfd1jge4 ,pat5t$ ,may #ca1 #ahhg4 8,! advantages ( my back support or re/ = a bicycle seat w be readily und]/ood by us]s ( ! ma*9e4 8,in/ead ( fold+ ! re/ d[n ^u ! seat z %[n1 x might be arrang$ to be fold$ d[n beh9d ! seat1 if desir$4 8,i am aw>e t v>i\s =ms ( seats h be5 provid$ ) h+$ back-re/s1 & d n claim1 broadly1 a seat hav+ a h+$ back-re/4 8,i claim z my inv5tion-- 8,9 comb9ation ) ! frame & an ord9>y seat ( a bicycle1 an arm secur$ at "o end to ! frame "u ! seat & ext5d+ upw>dly at ! back ( ! seat1 & a back-re/ locat$ beh9d ! seat & hav+ h+e-connection ) ! arm above ! top ( ! seat1 :]eby x is adapt$ to be fold$ d[n1 sub/antially z set =?4 8,ca!r9e ,a4 ,williamson40 99 99 99 99 99 ,miss ,williamson is mi/ak5 9 h] disclaim]4 ,i d n ?9k anybody ev] put a back on a bicycle seat be=e4 ,x is also probable t a 8dis0 7be=e advantages7 0 omitt$ by ! pr9t] 9 ! fir/ l9e ( above brief2 b we mu/ n be ungallant to ! ladies1 & criticise too h>%ly4 ,p]haps ! inv5tion w come 9 on ! ,rov]s :]e ! ladies may m\nt 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,e4 ,duryea1 ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,bicycle4 ,no4 #cfd1bca4 ,pat5t$ ,june #g1 #ahhg4 ,,duryea ,,specification4 8,! improvem5t relates p>tly to ! h&le-b>s1 p>tly to ! p$als1 & p>tly to ! head1 ( ! bicycle4 8,! advantage ( ?is =m ( h&le-b>s is t x enables ! rid] to m\nt f 9 re> ( ! l>ge :eel 9 ! usual mann]1 & to dism\nt ei!r 9 ! re> or 9 ! front ( ! l>ge :eel4 ,x also p]mits ( an upw>d pull ^u ! h&le 9 propell+ ! :eel4 8,! /ructure ( ! spokes1 hub1 & rim w n be claim$ 9 ?is case1 z !y w =m ! subject ( ano!r application by me = pat5t !reon4 8,i am aw>e t h]et(ore ! h&le-b> has be5 angl$1 b "k ( no case :]e x ext5ds backw>dly1 outw>dly1 & upw>dly40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is idea = h&le-b>s has (t5 occurr$ to rid]s ( ! old ,ord9>y2 x w\ld h sav$ _m s]i\s falls1 by way ( ! front dism\nt1 heads d[n4 ,! weight & complication are its defects4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,g4 ,latta1 ,fri5d%ip1 ,n4 ,y4 ,velocip$e4 ,no4 #cgh1bec4 ,pat5t$ ,febru>y #ba1 #ahhh4 ,,latta ,,specification4 8,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to provide a ma*9e :i* is safe1 /rong1 & s]viceable1 & m easily /e]$ ?an ! ma*9es n[ 9 use1 & also to con/ruct ! ma*9e 9 su* mann] t ! same c be fold$ :5 n requir$ = use1 s z to require little /orage-room & facilitate its transportation4 8,9 bicycles ( ord9>y con/ruction1 :5 ! rid] anticipates a fall x is cu/om>y to turn ! /e]+-:eel 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* ! rid] is incl9$ to fall4 ,:5 ! /e]+-:eel ( my improv$ velocip$e is deflect$1 ! saddle sw+s 9 an opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! rid] t5ds to fall1 :i* enables ! rid] to rega9 8 balance ) v little movem5t ( ! /e]+-pivot1 & also to ma9ta9 a direct c\rse ) great] ease ?an ) ! ord9>y ma*9es40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is "o ( ,mr4 ,latta's weekly pat5ts1 & is a sample ( ! _m ef=ts n[ be+ made to ov]come ! s5sitive /e]+ qualities ( ! rec5t re>-driv]4 ,! inv5tion is also int5d$ to answ] ! purpose ( ! 8,ro?igiess] sy/em10 spok5 ( 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,mr4 ,pat4 ,gallagh]1 ( ,new ,york1 inv5ts a tricycle ) fly-:eels4 ,illu/ration 8,a tricycle design$ to be easily op]at$ & guid$ is illu/rat$ h]e)1 & has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,patrick ,gallagh]1 ( ,no4 #ade ,ea/ ,=ty-second ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x has a light b /rong iron frame-"w1 & is propell$ by means ( a crank-h&le m\nt$ 9 arms adju/ably pivot$ to uprights on ! frame1 "o ( ! ends ( ! crank-h&le hav+ a sprocket-:eel connect$ by an endless *a9 ) a sprocket-:eel on ! axle ( ! driv+-:eels1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! crank-h&le has two fly-:eels to /eady ! motion ( ! ma*9e1 & s t b little ex]tion w be requir$ to run x aft] a high degree ( mom5tum has be5 obta9$40 ,illu/ration3 ,r4 ,j4 ,spald+4 ,fly+-ma*9e4 ,no4 #cih1ihd4 ,pat5t$ ,m>* #e1 #ahhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,cadiz & ,:eel+ ,plank ,road4 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,bone-,,%ak]1 #ahfi4 ,z x is a common practice to pres5t patrons ) a portrait ( ! v5turesome culprit :o aspires to engage ! tempor>y notice ( ! public1 by works ( ?is k9d1 x is possible t "s read]s may1 p]*ance1 procure books ) su* expectations 9 view1 & feel disappo9t$ if no su* cu/om has prevail$4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ! writ] has ov]haul$ 8 effects & br\ght to light a picture :i*1 8?\gh n z new z x 010 is a fair specim5 ( ! photograph]'s h&icraft1 :i* repres5ts y\r hopeful tyro ^u 8 orig9al velocip$e1 "o made by himself 9 #ahfh-fi4 ,?is ma*9e 0 probably ! e>lie/ s+le-track crank-ma*9e made 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio & "o ( ! fir/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,look+ at ! reproduction h]e) annex$1 ,i notice1 ) regret1 t ! rid] has n improv$ z rapidly z h ! ma*9es4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by pluses is 9 small caps 7small caps74