,,airopaidia3 ,,or ,a,,rial ,,recreation4 ,descriptions of the arial ,scenes are illustrated with ,,engravings1 by the best ,masters3 two of which are coloured4 ,the one1 a circular ,view from the ,balloon at its greatest ,elevation2 the ,city of ,chester appearing in the ,center4 ,the other1 a ,specimen of ,balloon ,geography3 being a ,prospect from above the ,clouds1 of the ,country between ,chester1 and ,warrington in ,lancashire1 with the ,track of the ,balloon in the ,air4 ,a third represents the ,balloon over ,helsbye-,hill in ,cheshire1 with a beautiful ,view of the adjacent ,country4 ,,airopaidia3 containing the ,,narrative of a ,,balloon ,,excursion from chester1 the eighth of ,september1 #aghe1 taken from minutes made during the ,voyage3 ,h ,i ,n ,t ,s on the ,,improvement of ,,balloons1 and ,,mode of ,,inflation by ,,steam3 ,,means to prevent their ,,descent over ,,water3 occasional ,,enquiries into the ,,state of the ,,atmosphere1 favouring their ,,direction3 with various philosophical ,,observations and ,,conjectures4 to which is subjoined1 ,,mensuration of ,,heights by the ,,barometer1 ,,made ,,plain3 with extensive ,,tables4 ,the whole serving as an introduction to ,a,,rial ,,navigation3 with a copious ,,index4 ,by ,,thomas ,,baldwin1 ,esq4 ,a4 ,m4 - - - - - ,addita navigiis sunt ,multa4 ,lucretius ,de ,rerum ,nat4 ,l4 #e1 ,v4 #cce4 ,nihil perfectum simul ac inceptum4 ,usus uni rei deditus1 et naturam et artem spe vincit4 ,cicero4 ,,chester3 ,printed for the ,author1 by ,j4 ,fletcher2 and sold by ,w4 ,lowndes1 ,no4 #gg1 ,fleet-street1 ,london2 ,j4 ,poole1 ,chester2 and other ,booksellers4 #aghf4 ,price1 in ,boards1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,to ,,the ,,principal ,,inhabitants ,,of ,,chester3 ,for their polite attention on the ,day of ,ascent1 and ,preservation of order during the inflation3 on which1 the ,success of arial ,experiments so much depends1 and throu' the ,want of which1 so many have already failed2 for the kind ,anxiety manifested during his ,absence2 and for their friendly congratulations1 on his safe ,return2 the following ,account of the ,balloon-,excursion1 written at their ,request1 is1 by their ,permission1 with all ,gratitude1 ,esteem and ,respect1 dedicated1 by their most obliged1 and most obedient ,servant the ,,aironaut4 ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,plates2 ,,with ,,directions ,,for ,,placing ,,them4 #ast4 ,an ,account of the ,plates4 #a4 7a7 ,a ,circular ,view from the ,balloon at its greatest ,elevation1 7,page #eh47 ,the ,spectator is supposed to be in the ,car of the ,balloon1 suspended above the ,center of the ,view3 looking down on the ,amphitheatre or white ,floor of ,clouds1 and seeing the ,city of ,chester1 as it appeared throu' the ,opening3 which discovers the ,landscape below1 limited1 by surrounding ,vapour1 to something less than two ,miles in ,diameter4 ,the ,breadth of the blue ,margin defines the apparent ,height of the ,spectator in the ,balloon 7viz4 #d ,miles7 above the white ,floor of ,clouds1 as he hangs in the ,center1 and looks horizontally round1 into the azure ,sky4 #b4 7b7 ,the ,balloon over ,helsbye-,hill in ,cheshire1 at half past ,,ii4 on ,thursday the #hth of ,september1 #aghe4 7,page #gh47 ,it is seen in the ,south-west-,quarter4 ,the ,view was taken in a high ,field1 at the ,end of ,sutton-,causeway4 ,helsbye-,hill1 tho' upwards of #fjj ,feet high1 appeared from the ,car of the ,balloon1 to be on the same ,level with the ,grounds below4 #c4 7c7 ,a ,balloon-,prospect from above the ,clouds1 7,page #aed17 or ,chromatic ,view of the ,country between ,chester1 ,warrington and ,rixton-,moss in ,lancashire3 shewing the whole ,extent of the arial ,voyage2 with the meandering ,track of the ,balloon throu' the ,air4 #d4 ,the ,explanatory ,print 7d71 7,page #aee37 which elucidates the former by giving the ,names of the principal ,places mentioned in the ,excursion4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the ,circular ,view is seen to the best ,advantage1 when placed flat on a ,table or ,chair1 and rather in the ,shade3 the ,eye looking directly down upon the ,picture4 ,whoever will be at the ,trouble of viewing distinct ,parts of the ,balloon-,prospect1 throu' a very small ,opening1 made by rolling a ,sheet of ,paper into the ,form of a hollow ,tube1 and applying it close to either ,eye1 at the same ,time shutting the other2 or by looking throu' the ,hand1 held a little open1 and close to the ,eye2 may form a very accurate ,idea of the ,manner1 in which the ,prospect below was represented gradually in ,succession1 to the ,aironaut2 whose ,sight was bounded by a ,circularity of ,vapour1 as in ,section #gi1 #bba4 #b;d4 ,directions for placing them4 ,place the ,top of the circular view1 even with the ,top of the ,page4 ,the ,plate will then lye over at the ,bottom1 and at the right ,side of the ,page4 ,fold the ,bottom up into the ,book1 even with the ,margin3 and the right ,side in like ,manner4 ,observe to place the ,bottom of each of the other ,plates1 even with the ,bottom of the ,page4 ,the ,plate will then lye over at the ,top1 and at the right ,side of the ,page4 ,fold the ,top down1 into the ,book1 even with the ,margin3 and the right ,side1 in like ,manner4 ,the circular ,view1 to face ,page #eh4 ,the ,balloon over ,helsbye-,hill1 to face ,page #gh4 ,the ,balloon ,prospect1 to face ,page #aed4 ,the explanatory ,print1 to be placed on ,page #aee3 and1 when unfolded1 to be seen along with the ,balloon-,prospect4 ,literal and other ,errors proper to be examined1 and corrected with the ,pen1 before the ,book is read4 ,page4 #f4 ,note #a-- write 4 #ah4 ,note #f--;,cube of the ,velocity1 c4 write 7as in some ,copies7 ,square of the ,velocity1 c4 the ,resistence will be as #c #c #i4--,see ,chambers's ,dictionary1 under resistence4 #bc4 ,section #ba4 ,blot out ,signs of ,currents4 #bf4 ,before ,all ,things being thus prepared1 insert ,section viz4 #be4 #ce4 ,line #ac4--;,i o',clock1 write ,i4 o',clock4 #ed4 ,section #eb4--;an ,extent above them of #gg ,miles1 write an ,extent of #ajb ,miles4 ,see the ,occasion of this ,mistake in ,note 7a7 ,calculation ,,second1 which makes the ,answer #ajb ,miles1 #a ,quarter1 #cbj ,yards2 and the ,ans4 to the ,,problem being #ajb #a #cjg ---------------------------------------- ---------- gives the ,prospect #ac ,yards less than that over the ,clouds4 #hd4 ,line #d4--;great ,turnpike-,road1 write great public ,road4 #hd4 ,note #bf ,after ,see ,moore's ,practical ,navigator1 insert ,see ,page #ih #cd4 #ih4 ,after ,note #cd add ,see ,section #hd1 ,note #bf4 #aah4 ,line #e4--;from a vertical ,situation only1 to be seen1 write to be seen from a vertical ,situation only34 #agd4 ,line #a4--;excessine ,diminution write excessive ,diminution4 #agg4 ,line #i4--;contain write contains4 #bjb4 ,the ,sections #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 are repeated4 #bcd4 ,line #f4--;a ,yard1 write two ,yards4 #bcf4 ,line #c4 ,after the ,words in ,danger of breaking2 add the ,bottom of the ,balloon must be opened1 or the upper ,valve drawn4 ,and erase the ,remainder of the ,sentence4 #bcg4 ,line #d4--which is a ,sign that the ,balloon descends1 write 7which is a ,sign that the ,balloon descends74 #bdb4 ,line #ba4--supercede1 write supersede4 #bfc4 ,line #e4--;commonly3 ascend1 write commonly ascend34 #bff4 ,line #ba4--their ,passage write its ,passage4 #bga4 ,line #ad4--;each #d ,feet write each #d ,inches4 #bgh4 ,lines #ae and #ah4--third ,tables and third ,table1 write fourth ,tables and fourth ,table4 #bhc4 ,note #aai4--more than the three first ,decimals write more than the four first ,decimals4 #bhh4 ,line #e4 ,after 4#jjjjjgf1 insert which1 being divided by 4#a1 gives a ,cypher less4 #bhh4 ,line #aa4--with #d on 4#be1 write with #d on #be4 #bij4 ,note #abj--;at low ,water47 write at low ,water4 #bib4 ,line #bc4--there will remain the greater ,height1 write there will remain1 secondly2 7see ,section #cfg7 the greater ,height4 #cjc4 ,line #f4--7viz4 the #h17 write 7viz4 the 4#h174 #cji4 ,line #aj4 ,marginal ,note4--#gth ,step in ,section #cff4 write #gth ,step in ,section #cfh4 #caj4 ,after ,line #bc1 insert ,air-,thermom4 #ef4 #caa4 ,line #a4--;,by the ,practice of the first ,example1 write ,practice of the second ,example4 #cab4 ,line #bi4 ,after ,the ,answer1 c4 insert1 made by rejecting a ,cypher14 #cag4 ,before the last ,line but two1 insert end of the first stage4 #cah4 ,line #bc4--the #b;d ,tenth1 write the #ast ,tenth4 #cai4 ,line #ac4--1 gives #g4 write1 gives #ig4 #cbb4 last ,line but two4--and the remaining ,feet write the remaining ,feet4 ,,airopaidia3 ,,chapter ,i4 ,sidenote3 ,introduction4 ,section #a4 ,the ,public have1 for a considerable ,time1 been entertained with ,accounts of arial ,voyages4 ,such ,accounts are1 in many ,respects1 vague and unsatisfactory3 by no ,means adequate to the ,expectations and ,wishes1 which have been formed by those1 who have not yet penetrated the profound ,heights of the ,atmosphere4 ,sidenote3 ,mistakes to be noticed1 as ,examples of ,avoidance4 #b4 ,the ,voyagers have1 now and then1 been pretty accurate in ,regard to ,time ,place ,distance and ,velocity3 ,circumstances highly worthy of ,remark1 in order to estimate the ,improvement already made in this wonderful ,discovery1 and point out its ,use3 but neither ought the several ,occasions of ,failure in the ,experiments to be omitted2 as they will be found to arise more from a ,want of ,prudence and ,foresight in the ,managers1 than from any ,defect in the ,machine1 or the ,principle on which it acts4 ,such ,failure ought therefore to throw an additional ,light and ,credit on the ,art3 and give a ,spur to ,ingenuity1 which1 it is not to be doubted1 will continue to drive forwards with the same rapid ,success2 nor rest1 till the ,art itself is brought to the highest ,degree of ,perfection2 till airostatic ,ships make the ,circuit of the ,globe3 a ,navigation which1 from its ,novelty and ,importance1 deserves to be considered in a separate ,treatise4 ,sidenote3 ,arial ,voyagers defective in their ,descriptions4 #c4 ,balloon-,voyagers have likewise been particularly defective in their ,descriptions of arial ,scenes and ,prospects3 those ,scenes of majestic ,grandeur which the unnumbered ,volumes of encircling ,clouds1 in most fantastic ,forms and various ,hues1 beyond ,conception glowing and transparent1 portray to a ,spectator placed as in a ,center of the ,blue ,serene above them3 contemplating at the same ,instant1 and apparently at some ,miles ,distance immediately below1 a most exquisite and ever-varying ,miniature of the little ,works of ,man1 heightened by the supreme ,pencil of ,nature1 inimitably elegant1 and in her highest ,colouring4 ,such are the ,scenes which1 ,ballooners all allow1 constitute the true ,sublime and ,beautiful3 inspire ,ideas of rational ,humiliation to a thinking ,mind1 and raise the most careless ,mortal to an unknown ,degree of enthusiastic ,rapture and ,pleasure4 ,every ,beholder is a ,judge of the ,scenery around him3 and no one1 it is presumed1 ever ascended into the ,atmosphere on a mild ,day1 with a sound and well ballasted ,balloon1 that did not wish to taste the ,luxury of a second ,voyage4 ,sidenote3 ,disappointment shoud excite the ,ardor of the ,scientific4 #d4 ,yet notwithstanding1 as ,ignorance is known to be the ,parent of ,fear1 the ,bulk of ,mankind1 which are by far the greater ,number1 will long continue to entertain absurd ,apprehensions concerning it2 to oppose and ridicule the ,invention2 as they will oppose every other ,discovery1 which they have neither ,talents ,inclination or ,leisure to understand4 ,this ,reflexion shoud1 on the contrary1 rather excite than check the ,ardor of the ,skilful and ,scientific1 to cherish and promote the ,art4 ,in the ,history of ,airostation1 each ,event is yet new and uncompared4 ,every ,circumstance ought therefore to be carefully recorded3 since it woud be unfair to fix ,bounds to ,science2 or argue1 that such ,inferences1 as shall demonstrate the great ,utility of the ,invention1 may not be drawn from ,circumstances which ,inattention might pronounce to be most trifling and minute4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,reader cautioned4 #e4 ,the ,reader is requested to observe that1 this ,account being addressed to the ,generality1 and not to the ,curious and ,philosophic only2 many ,circumstances are added1 which woud otherwise have been considered as superfluous3 and some it was thought proper to repeat1 in order to connect the ,thread of the ,narration1 without the ,necessity of frequent ,reference to the ,sections4 ,sidenote3 ,squalls of ,wind the ,day preceding the ,ascent4 #f4 ,an ,agreement having been made with ,mr4 ,lunardi1 that he shoud resign his ,balloon to ,mr4 ,baldwin on ,wednesday the #gth of ,september2 an ,advertisement to that ,purpose appeared in the ,chester ,paper3 and on ,wednesday ,morning1 a great ,number of ,spectators assembled in the ,castle-yard of the ,city of ,chester3 where many waited till half past ,,iv in the ,afternoon2 ,mr4 ,lunardi declaring that1 on ,account of the ,violence and ,unsteadiness of the ,wind which blew from the ,south and ,south-,west1 it was dangerous to attempt the ,inflation of his ,balloon2 and ,mr4 ,baldwin continuing to assert that1 if it coud be filled1 he was willing to go up4 ,the ,weather was then moderate3 but ,mr4 ,baldwin1 thinking the ,hour too late to begin the ,inflation1 which1 judging from the two former ,inflations1 coud not probably have been completed till after ,sunset2 made a ,proposal to ,mr4 ,lunardi1 that he shoud postpone the ,exhibition till the next#a ,day4 ,the latter1 after some ,reluctance1 arising from a ,fear lest the ,public shoud disapprove his ,conduct1 politely complied with his ,request1 on ,mr4 ,baldwin's saying that he woud take the ,blame on himself4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,preparations for the ,voyage4 ,sidenote3 ,cannon first fired at ,,ix4 ,section #g4 ,on ,thursday the #hth of ,september #aghe1 at ,,ix in the ,morning1 one of the ,cannons 7a ,six-pounder7 was first fired in the ,castle-yard1 to inform the ,city and ,neighbourhood1 that the necessary ,preparations were making to inflate the ,balloon4 ,till ,,viii that ,morning1 the ,air had been hazy3 but was then clear1 bright and calm below1 with an upper ,tier of light ,clouds in the ,zenith moving from ,south-,west by ,west1 and dense ones rising in the ,horizon4 ,sidenote3 ,at ,x1 the ,inflation began with a small ,balloon4 #h4 ,at ,x o',clock1 the ,process began with the ,inflation of an airostatic ,globe eighteen ,feet in ,circumference1 of ,silk ,tiffany1 made the latter ,end of the ,year #aghc1 and decorated with ,painting1 ,mottoes and ,devices3 in the ,performance of which little ,work1 ,mr4 ,baldwin was 7in the modern ,phrase7 the sole ,projector1 ,architect ,workman and ,chymist4 ,sidenote3 ,an airostatic ,globe liberated as ,pioneer to the great one4 #i4 ,the ,airostat was presently liberated by the ,hands of ,mr4 ,lunardi2 and continuing to turn gently the same ,way round its own ,axis1 afforded a beautiful ,spectacle to the ,beholders3 remaining in ,sight about half an ,hour4 ,it was intended to serve as a ,sort of ,pioneer1 to delineate the ,track of the great ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,fate4 #aj4 ,it fell at some ,miles ,distance1 'tis said unfortunately on a ,hedge1 and was presently torn to ,pieces by the ,eagerness and ,avarice of the ,pursuers1 who expected and undeservedly obtained the ,reward promised in the ,letter appended to it4 ,sidenote3 ,second ,cannon at ,,xii4 #aa4 ,at ,,xii the ,cannon fired a second ,time1 to announce that the ,process was in a proper ,degree of ,forwardness4 ,at this ,time ,mr4 ,baldwin went1 with some ,friends1 to take an early ,dinner3 he also recapitulated the ,articles1 to be certain that ,nothing was omitted4 ,sidenote3 ,inventory for the ,voyage4 #ab4 ,the following ,inventory1 with which he ascended1 may be of ,use to future ,aironauts2 to whom only it is addressed4 ,the ,cable and ,grapple are considered as ,part of the ,balloon4 7,see ,section #ac47 #ab4 ,article #a4 ,a portable ,barometer1#b with a common ,syphon or ,bulb1 7purchased at ,lausanne47 #ab4 #b4 ,martin's ,thermometer1#c with ,farenheit's ,scale#d for the ,degrees of ,temperature4 #ab4 #c4 ,mariner's ,compass in a double ,box1 to be used when the ,sun is intercepted from the ,view by ,clouds1 in order to discover whether the ,balloon turns round4 #ab4 #d4 ,down1 or small ,feathers1 to be loose in the ,pocket1 and thrown out1 when enshrined in ,clouds2 or at any other ,time1 to shew the ,rise or ,fall of the ,balloon4 #ab4 #e4 ,an ,asses' ,skin ,patent ,pocket-book2 as ,wet spoils ,paper4 #ab4 #f4 ,two red ,lead ,pencils3 each ,pencil ready pointed at both ,ends1 to save ,time and ,trouble3 preferable to ,ink1 which may be spilt or frozen4 ,the ,strokes with red ,lead are not so easily obliterated1 as when made with a black ,lead ,pencil4 #ab4 #g4 ,a small sharp ,knife pointed1 and ready open1 or which will open easily4 ,a ,pair of ,scissars4 #ab4 #h4 ,a wicker ,bottle of ,brandy and ,water1 only three ,parts full1 half and half3 such ,bottles are more secure3 and such ,mixture will not soon freeze4 ,the cochuc or elastic ,bottle is still better4 ,a ,cork-screw4 #ab4 #i4 ,compact ,provisions1 which do not soil the ,fingers or ,pocket-book1 as ,confectionaries1 ,fruit1 ,biscuit1 ,bread4 #ab4 #aj4 ,a boarded ,map of the ,country over which the ,aironaut may be supposed to pass3 the ,back serving as a ,table4 #ab4 #aa4 ,two ,needles with large ,eyes3 the raw ,silk put through1 and tyed on a ,knot at the ,ends to prevent the ,needles from being lost3 to be ready at the ,instant wanted1 to sew up any ,holes within ,reach1 in the ,balloon2 the ,holes being first tyed up with ,twine4 ,the ,needles to be stuck into ,parchment1 containing a small ,hank of raw ,silk3 the ,needle ,silk run round the ,parchment1 to keep the ,hank dry4 ,the whole ,hank to be tyed by one ,end to the ,side of the ,car2 when above all ,clouds1 to shew1 by the ,divergency of the ,threads1 the ,electricity of the ,air4 #ab4 #ab4 ,a few ,yards of ,dutch ,twine1 loose in the ,pocket1 to tye the ,neck of the ,balloon in descending4 #ab4 #ac4 ,for easy ,experiments2 #ast1 ,dutch ,twine1 half a ,mile long1 on a ,reel1 or ,pulley1 or two ,lengths on different ,reels3 also to each ,reel a ,flag1 made of white ,linen1 a ,yard square2 and stretched by a slender ,lath2 one ,side of the ,flag being bound and stitched round it3 also a ,piece of ,twine1 two ,yards long1 is to be fastened by its ,ends to the ,ends of the ,lath3 a ,loop is to be made in the ,middle of the ,twine3 and to the ,loop is to be applied round the ,middle of the ,lath another ,piece of ,twine1 which will prevent the ,lath from being bent2 and will keep the ,flag always stretched4 ,by this ,apparatus1 ,observers from below may be enabled to estimate the ,height of the ,balloon1 as will be shewn in its proper ,place4 #ab4 #ad4 #b;dly1 ,to try the ,density of the ,air1 at different ,heights1 above the freezing ,point with ,water2 below it1 with ,brandy4 ,in a ,basket take two ,pint-bottles1 one full of ,water1 the other of ,brandy2 and six or eight empty ones3 also a small ,metal ,tunning-dish4 ,let one ,end of a ,string be tyed round the ,neck of each ,bottle3 and the other ,end sealed to the ,top of a large ,cork much tapered1 to enter the ,mouth easily4 ,round each ,neck1 tye a ,parchment ,label1 large enough to contain in abbreviated ,characters the ,number of the ,bottle2 ,time of ,observation1 ,heights of the ,barometer and ,thermometer1 while on the ,ground4 ,when an ,experiment is made in the ,air2 pour off a full ,bottle into an empty one3 put the ,cork into the emptied ,bottle1 and mark again the ,time1 ,barometer and ,thermometer3 which are to be compared with an ,eudiometer below1 to discover the ,rarity and ,purity of the ,atmosphere4 #ab4 #ae4 ,a third white ,linen ,flag1 made as above1 and tyed to the upper ,hoop of the ,balloon1 so as to hang in ,sight1 will give ,notice of a ,change in the ,wind4 #ab4 #af4 ,a ,yard of thin ,ribbon1 two ,inches broad1 tyed to the lower ,hoop1 will mark the ,rise and ,fall ,of the ,balloon4 7#ab4 #ag4 ,a ,magnet and ,iron ,filings in a thin ,pewter ,dish with a ,cover2 ,also ,the ,prism and large ,telescope were left1 as too heavy47 ,and the ,sextant or ,quadrant coud not be procured in ,time4 ,they woud1 have been of little ,use1 as no ,horizon of the round ,earth was seen during the ,excursion3 and it is presumed1 that the circular ,horizon is seldom visible1 when the ,balloon is at any considerable ,height2 the ,accumulation of ,vapour between the ,eye and ,horizon preventing it3 tho' such ,vapour remains invisible to ,spectators from below4 #ab4 #ah4 ,eight ,bladders1 each above half blown1 and differently coloured for ,ornament1 tyed round the upper ,part of the ,car1 ,breast high when the ,aironaut stands upright3 in ,case the ,balloon fall into ,water4 #ab4 #ai4 ,speaking ,trumpet3 also a live ,pigeon1 in a small ,basket of ,matting4 #ab4 #bj4 ,pepper1 ,salt1 ,ginger2 to try the ,effects of ,tastes1 which have been said to become insipid on the ,peak of ,teneriffe4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,addressed ,,to ,,aironauts4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,kind of ,cable and ,reel recommended4 ,section #ac4 ,the following ,anchor and ,cable1 for greater ,safety and some particular ,uses1 are recommended as an ,improvement4 ,a strong ,iron double ,grapple1 moving on a ,swivel1 fastened to a ,rope1#e half a ,mile1 or better a ,mile long3 and1 if not all2 a ,part of which at least1 at the ,distance and for the ,length of ten ,yards from the ,grapple1 shoud be of ,silk1 as a non ,conductor3 also other ten ,yards1 at its upper ,end1 counting from the ,reel or ,pulley to which the ,silk shoud be tyed4 ,the ,reel or ,pulley being at least eighteen ,inches in ,diameter1 and fixed vertically in the ,center of the upper ,hoop1 seven ,feet above the ,bottom of the ,car2 by ,means of three or four ,iron ,rods fastened in the ,bottom of the ,car1 and meeting together above the ,reel3 the ,rods so strong as to prevent the ,shock which otherwise the ,aironaut woud receive in alighting on the ,ground4 ,the ,reel shoud have one1 or two ,iron ,winches or ,handles1 one at each ,end of the ,reel2 with moveable ,handles of ,wood round them4 ,the ,reel may be furnished with sudden ,checks2 or gradual ,clamps1 as in a ,mil1 to retard the ,velocity4 ,,signs ,,to ,,be ,,observed1 ,,when ,,in ,,the ,,air4 ,sidenote3 ,cautions against two ,extremes4 #ad4 ,the two ,extremes to be avoided are1 too lofty an ,ascent3 and too precipitate a ,fall4 ,sidenote3 #ast4 ,too lofty an ,ascent4 ,the former is to be apprehended when ,balloon has swelled considerably1 and strains as if ready to burst2 from the ,shape of an inverted ,cone1 or ,children's ,top1 changed to that of an oblate ,spheroid1 or ,turnep4 ,it is therefore necessary to look up at the ,balloon from ,time to ,time3 and either open the ,mouth1 or as it is sometimes called the ,neck1 for an ,instant2 or draw the ,valve2 which is done by pulling a ,cord fixed at the ,top of the ,machine and running thro' it to the ,hand1 till the ,balloon only appears full without straining4 ,these ,operations are to be occasionally repeated during the ,ascent4 ,if it is required to rise still higher2 gradually throw out ,ballast1 and repeat the ,operations4 ,the proposed ,quantity of ,ballast being thrown out1 the ,balloon will have acquired its utmost ,height1 and become stationary1 i4e4 neither rise nor fall4 ,the self ,descent of the ,balloon is only in ,proportion1 as the inflammable ,air or ,gass escapes thro' imperceptible ,holes in the ,silk or ,seams4 #b;dly4 ,to prevent too precipitate a ,fall4 ,sidenote3 #bndly4 ,caution against too precipitate a ,fall4 #ae4 #ast4 ,tye1 or compress the ,mouth of the ,balloon1 for a ,moment2 which must always be opened1 on observing that the ,balloon is again risen to so great a ,height as to strain1 or be distended as above mentioned4 #b;d4 ,in descending1 throw out ,ballast1 when the ,balloon is within a ,quarter of a ,mile of the ,ground1 but not before1 i4e4 at #bf ,inches by the ,barometer3 and1 if the ,fall is precipitate1 not less than #be ,pounds ,averdupoise1 ,pound by ,pound1 or at once1 if there should be ,occasion4 #c;d4 ,in ,case of ,accident1 as the ,escape of ,gass2 or if the ,balloon be not furnished with an ,equatorial ,hoop2 prepare to throw out all the ,ballast at the above ,height1 but not before2 as the more forcible the ,fall1#f the greater the ,resistance from the ,air3 cut away ,ends of ,cords2 tear off ,ornaments3 part with ,shoes1 ,cloaths4 ,all which must be made loose and ready to throw out1 at the ,moment the ,balloon begins to descend4 ,before the ,landing1 particular ,care must be taken1 that the ,weight of the ,aironaut be sustained1 by grasping the ,hands round the opposite ,sides of the upper ,hoop2 so that the ,feet may not touch the ,bottom of the ,car4 ,the ,knees shoud likewise be bent4 ,repeating the above1 at each ,rebound of the ,balloon1 if any2 the ,aironaut will alight in the gentlest ,manner3 and probably the ,balloon may act as a ,parashute or ,umbrella1 which alone will1 at all ,times1 ensure an easy ,descent4 ,,signs ,,whereby ,,to ,,judge ,,whether ,,the ,,balloon ,,is ,,rising ,,or ,,falling4 ,,signs ,,of ,,rising4 ,sidenote3 ,signs of ,ascent or ,descent4 #af4 #a4 ,when the ,aironaut perceives a ,pressure upwards against the ,soles of his ,feet4 #b4 ,when some ,objects1 on the ,surface of the ,earth immediately below1 diminish1 and others disappear4 #c4 ,when an upper ,cloud approaches or involves the ,balloon4 #d4 ,when a lower ,cloud leaves the ,balloon4 #e4 ,when ,rain ,snow or ,hail beat violently against the ,top of the ,balloon4 #f4 ,when ,feathers1 ,balloon-,flag1 or ,ribbon seem to be drawn forcibly downwards4 #g4 ,when ,objects on ,earth1 or among ,clouds below the ,balloon1 rise and present themselves beyond those1 which1 the moment before1 were thought most distant4 #h4 ,when the ,balloon appears broader and shorter2 also fuller at the ,bottom2 being more distended than at the first ,ascent4 ,,signs ,,of ,,descent4 ,sidenote3 ,signs of ,descent4 #ag4 #a4 ,when the ,aironaut perceives the ,bottom of the ,car withdrawing itself from the ,pressure against the ,soles of his ,feet4 #b4 ,when ,objects on ,earth1 and surrounding ,prospects encrease in ,magnitude and ,number4 #c4 ,when a lower ,cloud approaches or involves the ,balloon4 #d4 ,when an upper ,cloud leaves the ,balloon4 #e4 ,when ,weather beats against the ,bottom of the ,car or ,balloon4 #f4 ,when ,feathers1 ,balloon-,flag1 or ,ribbon appear to be drawn upwards4 #g4 ,when the most distant ,objects set1 and disappear4 #h4 ,when the ,balloon seems taller2 and its lower ,hemisphere less distended1 tho' continuing tight4 ,,signs ,,of ,,progressive ,,horizontal ,,motion4 ,sidenote3 ,signs of progressive ,motion deceitful4 #ah4 ,these are equivocal and deceitful4 ,when the ,aironaut has lost ,sight of the ,earth by intervening ,clouds2 the ,balloon seems at ,rest1 and only the lower ,clouds appear to move3 whereas the contrary may be true1 the ,clouds may rest1 and only the ,balloon move4 ,in this ,case1 ,attention must be paid to the half ,mile white ,flag1 whose ,situation and ,motion must be observed1 with respect to the ,balloon1 and to the ,earth before the ,cloud intervened4 ,if the ,flag retains its ,situation with ,respect to the ,balloon1 it may be inferred that no ,change in the ,direction has happened3 if its ,situation alters1 the ,sun or ,compass is to be observed3 and an ,estimate made of the new ,current of ,air by which the ,balloon is affected3 its ,velocity1 ,sound1 ,temperature1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,to descend when lost4 #ai4 ,but to acquire a ,certainty of course1 it will be proper to descend below the ,cloud3 or move by ,compass1 ,map1 and a ,knowledge of the ,country3 or try the long ,cable 7,section #ac47 ,sidenote3 ,signs of ,wind horizontal4 #bj4 ,it is likewise necessary to know the ,signs of ,wind1 or ,currents of ,air4 ,,signs ,,of ,,new ,,and ,,sudden ,,horizontal ,,currents4 ,when the ,feathers1 ,balloon-,flag1 or ,ribbon1 compared with ,sun or ,compass1 take a new and sudden horizontal ,direction4 #ba4 of currents from above3 properly named ,waves ,torrents and ,tide of ,air4 ,sidenote3 ,signs of depressing ,torrents and ,tide of ,air4 ,they are very frequent1 and require to be guarded against3 are sometimes or long ,continuance1 at other ,times momentary3 against the first throw out ,ballast at the ,height of a ,quarter of a ,mile1 but not before1 or as hereafter directed3 when momentary1 and above that ,height1 ,nothing is to be apprehended3 the ,balloon will appear broader and recover its ,form4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,preparations ,,for ,,ascent4 ,sidenote3 ,preparations for ,ascent4 ,section #bb4 ,before half past ,i1 ,mr4 ,lunardi had inflated his ,balloon in the finest ,manner2 and having1 with the most obliging and spirited ,attention1 made such ,preparations1 and taken such ,precautions1 as he thought were necessary to ensure the ,success of the ,expedition2 sent to inform ,mr4 ,baldwin 7who continued purposely absent1 that he might not disturb or precipitate the ,process2 but that every ,circumstance shoud be conducted with ,deliberation and without ,hurry7 that all ,things were ready for his ,departure4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,public reminded of the ,necessity of preserving order during the ,inflation of ,balloons4 #bc4 ,and ,mr4 ,baldwin takes this ,opportunity of returning his best ,thanks to his ,friends and the ,public1 on the ,day of ,ascent1 for keeping the small ,circle clear1 by strictly adhering to the ,words of the ,advertisement1 which declared1 8that in order to prevent an interruption of the ,process in the ,inflation of the ,balloon1 no ,persons were to be admitted within the circle1 except those ,gentlemen who politely undertook in turn to hold the ,lines which detained the ,balloon40 ,sidenote3 ,lead ,weights placed at first in the ,car1 to prevent any ,fatigue in holding the ,lines1 and the ,necessity of weighing1 unless at the ,time of ,ascent1 to determine the ,power of ,levity4 #bd4 ,it may be proper to mention that ,mr4 ,baldwin being resolved to prevent the disagreeable ,circumstances of being weighed in the ,presence of ,thousand spectators1 at a ,time when it is uncertain whether the ,balloon has acquired a sufficient ,degree of ,levity to raise his own ,weight1 together with the ,instruments1 ,provisions1 ,ballast1 and other ,articles1 all which are known or easily calculated2 finding some ,days before1 his own ,weight1 and having calculated the rest as under#g2 he ordered his ,servant1 on the ,day of the ,excursion1 to bring ,lead ,weights equal to the ,sum total1 with an overplus ,weight of #ajlb4 for ,levity of ,ascent1 and place them gradually in the ,car1 attached for that ,purpose to the ,balloon1 soon after the ,inflation began4 ,by which ,means the ,gentlemen who held the ,cords were quite at ,ease3 nor was there ,occasion to tye the ,lines during the ,inflation1 to ,posts fixed in the ,circumference of the ,circle2 nor consequently to cut them afterwards4 ,but it will be seen that ,mr4 ,lunardi inflated the ,balloon in a superior ,manner4 #be4 ,all ,things being thus prepared1 ,mr4 ,baldwin stepped into the ,car3 and finding1 that1 besides his own ,weight1 the ,provisions1 ,articles1 ,ballast1 c4 the ,balloon woud support an additional ,weight1 and still rise with superior ,levity2 ,mr4 ,lunardi put in #ablb4 of additional ,ballast1 and guessed the encreased ,levity at #ajlb4 more4 ,additional ,ballast #ab ,levity #aj ------ #bb ,added to the #bcd ------ ,make the ,sum #beflb4 ,all which added to the ,weight of the ,balloon1 by ,information only1 as follows3 ,balloon varnished #aac ,netting and ,cords #ah ,car and ,hoops #bd ,mended and added ,parts #e ,grapple and ,cable #d ------ #afd ,with the #bef ,make the total ,levity of the ,gass to produce an ,equilibrium1 equal to #dbjlb4 ,the ,weight of a ,quantity of ,air equal in ,bulk to the ,balloon1 being secluded2 and the ,gass substituted in its ,room4 ,sidenote3 ,weight of ,articles4 #bf4 ,the ,calculation of the ,weight of ,articles was1 as follows3 ,pounds ,articles4 ,averd4 ,ounces4 #a4 ,eight coloured ,bladders#h 7,section #ac1 ,art4 #ah7 #a - #j #b4 ,preparations against extreme ,cold4 ,a ,winter ,dress4 ,flannel or woollen ,socks ,cap ,gloves ,drawers #j - #ad ,under ,stockings -------- ,waistcoat #c4 ,brandy1 ,water1 ,flask1 and ,refreshments #a - #h #d4 ,barometer 7portable7 #j - #ab #e4 ,thermometer #j - #c #f4 ,dial-,compass 7a ,mariner's ,compass in a double ,box1 will traverse better7 #j - #c #g4 ,two white ,flags1 #j - #d with ,dutch ,twine on two ,reels furnished with ,swivels #b - #h #h4 ,asses ,skin ,pocket ,book1 ,blank ,cards1 ,pencils1 ,knife and ,scissars #j - #d #i4 ,map of ,cheshire boarded1 the superfluous ,parts cut away #j - #c #aj4 ,speaking ,trumpet #j - #h #aa4 ,mr4 ,lunardi's ,flag #c - #h #ab4 ,basket and eight ,pint ,bottles labelled1 one full of ,brandy1 another of ,water #h - #c -------------- #bj - #j ,sidenote3 ,weight of ,ballast4 #bg4 ,the ,ballast consisted of three ,bags of dry ,sand1 and two red grit ,stones1 taken while in the ,car1 additional4 #ast ,bag tyed up weighed #ablb4 #b;d ,ditto #ab #c;d untyed ,ditto #bj #ast red ,grit #g #b;d red ,grit #e ---- ,in all #eflb4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,ascent ,,with #bjlb4 ,,of ,,levity4 ,sidenote3 ,ascent at #dj,m4 past ,i1 with #bjlb4 of levity4 ,section #bh4 ,at #dj ,minutes past ,i1 the ,balloon having a ,levity which not less than #bj ,pounds ,weight woud counterpoise1 ,mr4 ,baldwin was liberated by the ,hands of ,mr4 ,lunardi1 who suffered no one to approach the ,car3 and he ascended1 amidst ,acclamations mixed with ,tears of ,delight and ,apprehension1 the ,misgivings of ,humanity1 and other usual ,sensations of ,surprize1 which1 in a brilliant and numerous ,assembly1 will long continue to accompany a ,spectacle so novel interesting and awful1 as that of seeing a ,fellow ,mortal separated in a ,moment from the ,earth1 and rushing to the ,skies4 ,sidenote3 ,employments of the ,aironaut4 #bi4 ,the ,balloon well inflated1 tower'd aloft in an upright and perpendicular ,direction1 with a quick ,motion1 and an accelerated ,velocity4 ,the ,aironaut having stood up1 for a ,minute or two1 waving his ,hat in the left1 and saluting the ,spectators with ,mr4 ,lunardi's coloured ,flag in the right ,hand2 put on his ,hat1 and having fastened the ,flag-,staff horizontally among the ,lines of the ,balloon1 immediately betook himself to different ,employments1 before he woud indulge in looking over the ,brink of the ,car2 lest the ,novelty of the ,prospect shoud call off his ,attention from ,things of ,moment4 ,sidenote3 ,sensation of rising described4 #cj4 ,the ,force of ,ascent was1 from the first1 plainly palpable3 the ,sensation being that of a strong ,pressure from the ,bottom of the ,car1 upwards against the ,soles of the ,feet4 ,sidenote3 ,caution against the vitriolic ,acid ,liquor4 #ca4 ,his first ,point being to guard against a ,deluge of acidulous ,liquor1 which1 he was told1 had fallen1 to the ,quantity of three ,quarts1 on the ,head and ,shoulders of a former ,aironaut1 from the ,trunk or ,bottom of the ,balloon1 which ended in a wide circular ,opening of eighteen ,inches ,diameter2 he found that when the ,weight either of himself1 or of the ,ballast1 was not exactly in the ,center of the ,car2 the ,opening of the ,balloon woud1 without any ,trouble1 hang so as to lie on the ,outside of the ,car3 but he did not perceive more than a few ,drops issue from the ,mouth3 which happened a few ,minutes after he arose4 ,sidenote3 ,attitude1 and farther ,employments4 #cb4 ,this ,difficulty vanishing2 he changed his erect into an inclined ,posture between sitting and kneeling2 sometimes with the right ,knee near the ,bottom and ,center of the ,car3 and having both ,hands quite free1 the ,balloon being subject to no sensible ,motion2 he reconnoitred all the ,lines and ,cords3 coiled the ,rope or ,cable to which the ,anchor or grappling ,iron was fixed3 tyed fast its proper ,end to the upper ,hoop3 observed and felt the superior ,thickness of the ,cord leading to the ,valve3 coiled it1 in order that it might be free to act3 placed the untyed ,bag of ,ballast near the ,outside of the ,car3 also the tyed ,bags at proper ,distances to preserve the ,equilibrium3 unwrapped one of the white ,flags1 tyed it to the ,string on one of the ,reels1 and just threw it an ,inch or two over the ,side of the ,car3 then placed his ,watch1 open ,knife1 ,scissars1 ,thermometer and ,compass on his right ,hand3 the ,barometer being swung above in ,sight towards the left4 ,sidenote3 ,change of ,attitude1 and ,observation of the reddish ,vapour4 #cc4 ,he then stood on his ,feet1 with a ,design to look down3 but his ,attention was drawn to the ,opening of the ,balloon1 which began to breathe out by ,intervals a visible reddish ,vapour2 in ,form like that which is seen at the ,top of a ,brewery1 only that the under ,surface was not jagged but smooth1 altho' wavy and uneven4 ,the ,particles which composed it were so large as to be distinctly visible3 and appeared1 as if endued with a very strong repelling ,power1 from the great and seemingly equal ,distances1 of about half a ,quarter of an ,inch1 from each other4 ,it was observed by a scientific ,spectator from below1 that the ,parts of the ,balloon1 which reflected the ,sun's ,rays1 appeared of a bright ,copper-,colour3 but the reddish ,vapour issuing from its ,mouth put on the ,form of a lambent ,flame4 ,a similar ,appearance had been observed by him1 in a former ,ascent of the same ,balloon1 the ,neck or ,mouth being then likewise open2 and also by others1 who declared they saw the ,balloon on ,fire4 ,the ,change of the red into ,flame-,colour1 when seen at a great ,distance1 may it not be owing to this1 that the direct ,rays1 being mingled with those which are intercepted between the ,eye and the ,object1 became in ,part absorbed1 and in ,part refracted2 and therefore coud not reach the ,sight8 ,sidenote3 ,the ,gass not offensive4 #cd4 ,this gentle ,evaporation of inflammable ,air1 or ,gass1 continued3 disappearing at the ,distance of four and five ,inches below the ,opening3 nor did it offend the ,smell2 not descending within its ,influence4 ,sidenote3 ,attention to the ,balloon1 and ,dimensions of the ,car and ,hoops4 #ce4 ,he then looked upwards at the ,balloon1 and perceived that it was considerably swelled in its ,dimensions3 and that the ,distention had raised the ,bottom-,opening of the ,balloon half way between the two ,hoops3 i4e4 from his ,hip to his ,shoulder1 as he stood upright4 ,the ,height from the ,bottom of the ,car 7which was a thin circular ,board four ,feet and a half1 ,diameter1 placed on a strong ,netting1 and covered with green ,bays7 to its ,top or the lower ,hoop1 was three ,feet2 with the ,netting continued round between the lower and upper ,hoop4 ,sidenote3 ,stationary1 and ,notes made4 #cf4 ,he was aware that the ,swelling of the ,balloon1 and copious ,vapour then issuing from it1 denoted the ,moment when it began to lose its ascensional or elevating ,power2 and that its accelerated ,motion was diminishing4 ,he therefore looked at his ,barometer and ,watch1 which was #ec ,minutes past ,i4#i2 took up his ,pencil1 and on a ,card 7marked before he left the ,earth1 as follows3 ,chester-,castle-,yard4 ,thursday1 the #hth of ,sept4 #aghe1 ,i4 o',clock1 ,barometer #bi1 ,therm3 #fe in the ,shade towards the ,north27 he wrote 8,rose at #dj ,minutes past ,i40 ,he then looked again at the ,barometer1 which continued falling for some ,minutes1 and fluctuating up and down within the ,space of an ,inch or more4 ,it first began to rest at #bc1 and a little after at #bc4 ,having looked again at his ,watch1 he put down 8#eg ,minutes past ,i4 became stationary3 ,barometer #bc3 ,therm3 still #fe1 sometimes lying in the ,shade1 and sometimes exposed to the ,sun3 the ,balloon turning round frequently thro' ,east to ,south40 ,sidenote3 ,fluctuation of ,barometer4 #cg4 ,the ,fluctuation of the ,barometer1 he imagined to arise from continued ,exertions of the ,gass within the ,balloon1 opposed by the atmospheric ,air1 which varying in ,density and ,temperature woud give an unequal ,resistance to the ,balloon3 and both ,gass and ,air being elastic1 the ,power of ,ascent would act by ,intervals1 and communicate its ,pulsations to the ,quicksilver in the ,tube4 ,his own irregular ,motions in the ,car would increase the ,fluctuation4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,compass traversed1 but was useless4 #ch4 ,the ,compass likewise traversed backwards and forwards1 pointing due ,north1 and unaffected by the ,turns of the ,balloon3 but was useless1 as the ,sun shone bright the whole ,time of the ,excursion4#aj ,sidenote3 ,aironaut first looked down at ,leisure4 #ci4 ,thing's taking a favourable ,turn1 he flood up1 but with ,knees a little bent1 more easily to conform to accidental ,motions1 as ,sailors when they walk the ,deck3 and took a full ,gaze before1 and below him4 ,sidenote3 ,scenes below described4 ,but what ,scenes of ,grandeur and ,beauty6 ,a ,tear of pure ,delight flashed in his ,eye6 of pure and exquisite ,delight and ,rapture2 to look down on the unexpected ,change already wrought in the ,works of ,art and ,nature1 contrasted to a ,span by the new perspective1 diminished almost beyond the ,bounds of ,credibility4 ,yet so far were the ,objects from losing their ,beauty1 that each was brought up in a new ,manner to the ,eye1 and distinguished by a ,strength of ,colouring1 a ,neatness and ,elegance of ,boundary1 above ,description charming6 ,the endless ,variety of ,objects1 minute1 distinct and separate1 tho' apparently on the same ,plain or ,level1 at once linking the ,eye without a ,change of its ,position1 astonished and enchanted4 ,their ,beauty was unparalelled4 ,the ,imagination itself was more than gratified2 it was overwhelmed4 ,the gay ,scene was ,fairy-,land1 and ,chester ,lilliput4 ,he tried his ,voice1 and shouted for ,joy4 ,his ,voice was unknown to himself1 shrill and feeble4 ,there was no ,echo4 ,sidenote3 ,let down the white ,flag1 #b ,furlongs1 equal to half the ,length of the ,twine on one ,reel4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,uses4 #dj4 ,he then returned to an ,employment which1 tho' irksome1 he imagined would contribute to the ,amusement and ,information of ,spectators below1 if it coud be completed while he continued in ,sight2 as it woud furnish them with ,ideas of ,height and ,distance1 altogether new and interesting1 as will be seen in their proper ,place3 and unwound half the ,reel2 the white ,flag hanging out to the ,length of #ddj ,yards or a ,quarter of a ,mile4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,reel defective4 #da4 ,the circular ,motion of the ,balloon was communicated to the ,loop in the ,middle of one ,side of the ,lath or ,reel1 round which from ,end to ,end the ,twine was wrapped1 and by which it hung on his ,finger1 and pressed it to a ,degree of ,pain4#aa ,sidenote3 ,the ,employment again suspended4 ,the ,work was again suspended4 ,he coud not long withstand the ,temptation of indulging his ,eye with a ,view of the glorious and enchanting ,prospect4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,beautiful preferred to the ,sublime1 in ,prospects4 #db4 ,but the ,beautiful among the ,objects below was still more attractive than the ,sublime among those around4 ,sidenote3 ,inverted ,firmament what4 ,on looking down ,south by ,west1 the ,balloon often turning gently to the right and left1 and giving the ,aironaut an ,opportunity of enjoying the circular ,view without a ,change of ,attitude2 innumerable ,rays of ,light darted on the ,eye as it glanced along the ,ground3 which1 tho' of a gay green ,colour1 appeared like an inverted ,firmament glittering with ,stars of the first ,magnitude4 #dc4 ,this splendid ,appearance was owing to the ,rays of the ,sun reflected from certain ,pits or ,ponds of ,water1 of which there is one at least in most ,fields or ,inclosures throughout the ,county3 but particularly in the low ,grounds of ,leach-,eye and ,dodleston4 ,sidenote3 ,broad ,turnpike ,road a narrow ,foot ,path4 ,the ,object that next drew his ,attention1 while ascending1 was the ,overley ,turnpike-,road1 which is remarkably wide1 7resembling the ,emilian ,way across the ,atrian ,fens1 between ,bononia and ,ferrra in ,italy7 raised over ,saltney ,marsh1 leading to ,north-,wales and ,holyhead3 composed of ,sea-,sand cast up above high ,water ,mark4 ,this appeared like a narrow ,foot-,path well trodden1 of a white ,colour1 and strait as if drawn by a ,line4 ,sidenote3 ,river ,dee red4 #dd4 ,nothing however raised his ,curiosity more than the ,change in ,colour of the ,river ,dee1 ,avon dd1 7i4e4 ,thee7 which in the ,british ,language signifies the black ,river1 from the ,appearance of its ,waters1 when seen from an ,eminence running in their deep ,channel between the ,mountains of ,wales2 but which glides by ,chester with a ,silver ,stream4 ,this ,river1--,thanks to the cool ,climate2 not like the green ,mincius of ,virgil6--had now acquired the unvaried ,colour of red ,lead4 ,nor coud he discover even the ,appearance of ,water2 but merely that of a broad red ,line1 twining in ,meanders infinitely more serpentine than are expressed in ,maps4 ,sidenote3 ,cause of the ,change conjectured4 ,whether the ,change arose from the ,transparency of its ,waters1 when seen at the ,height which was apparently #g ,miles1 as will be noticed hereafter1 though the ,barometer made it scarcely a ,mile and ,half1 is uncertain4 ,he was at first inclined to think1 that the ,rays1 having suffered a double ,refraction1 were reflected to the ,eye1 from the reddish ,sand which forms their ,bottom1 tho'1 at the ,depth of #g ,yards at an ,average1 above the ,cause-,way1 or artificial ,cascade near ,chester ,bridge3 or possibly the ,water of ,rivers when seen at a certain ,distance1 may act as ,water composing ,clouds when view'd from below1 at a certain ,height and ,angle2 reflecting only the red ,rays3 the rest being refracted1 or absorbed4 ,the ,colours of ,objects shone more brilliant and lively at that amazing ,height1 than if seen on a ,level with themselves4 ,nor did the ,eye seem to want the ,aid of ,glasses3 as every ,thing1 that coud be seen at all1 was seen distinct4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,city of ,chester blue4 #de4,the ,redness of the ,river ,dee was curiously contrasted by a ,change equally novel but more pleasing1 in the ,colour of the ,city of ,chester1 when seen directly from above1 on a ,scale not larger than the ,plan of it1 in ,burdett's ,map4 ,the ,town was entirely blue4 ,the highest ,buildings had no apparent ,height3 their ,summits were reduced to the common ,level of the ,ground4 ,nor was the ,cathedral distinguished2 nor any ,tower or ,spire discerned4 ,the ,whole had a beautiful and rich ,look2 not like a ,model1 but a coloured ,map4 ,the ,roofs of all the ,houses appeared1 as if covered with ,lead1 in the most elegant ,taste4 ,strangers may wish to be informed1 that in most of the ,northern ,counties1 the ,buildings are covered with blue ,stones called ,slates#ab found in the ,mountains2 instead of artificial red ,tiles1 as in ,london1 and the ,south of ,england4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,balloon ,,verging ,,to ,,the ,,sea4 ,sidenote3 ,sympathy of the ,spectators1 on seeing the ,aironaut verging towards the ,sea4 ,section #df4 ,before a farther ,description of arial ,scenes is attempted1 it woud be improper not to mention a ,circumstance which happened on the first ,ascent of the ,balloon3 and too strongly called forth the tender sympathetic ,feelings1 by raising1 in the ,minds of the ,spectators1 alarming ,apprehensions for the ,safety of the ,aironaut1 on seeing the ,balloon move gently towards the ,sea4 ,they were however1 in a great ,measure1 soon relieved from their ,anxiety3 for1 by rising into another ,current1 he escaped the ,danger3 skirting the ,coasts of the ,river ,mersey2 which coud not be seen from the ,balloon at the ,distance of little more than a ,league1 tho' the ,sun was supposed to shine the whole ,time on the ,water4 ,the upper ,current was1 in ,fact1 rendered visible to the arial ,traveller1 for more than two ,hours before1 and at the ,time of his ,ascent2 by lofty ,clouds of the second ,stratum1 flying in a safe ,direction4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,sidenote3 ,arial ,scenes continued4 ,section #dg4 ,a ,few ,seconds of ,time before the ,balloon had attained its greatest ,height2 the ,velocity of ,ascent being every ,instant retarded by the ,escape of ,gass thro' the ,opening2--the remarkable ,stillness which prevailed in so elevated a ,state of the ,atmosphere1 apparently many ,miles above all visible ,vapour1 far beyond the ,sight of every living ,creature1 and where the human ,voice was no longer heard from below2 the larger ,objects1 with which the ,surface of the distant ,earth was covered1 as ,rivers ,woods ,inclosures1 diminishing to the ,view1 yet encreasing in their ,beauty2--coud not but make a lively ,impression on the ,mind of the ,aironaut4 ,the striking ,contrast and ,novelty of his ,situation filled him with unusual and pleasing ,sensations4 ,he had just left1 for the first ,time1 his native ,earth1 where he had continued for a while the central ,object to some thousand ,spectators2 whose ,eyes1 he knew1 were still turned towards him2 that he was still the ,subject of their ,conversation3 yet no human ,figure met his ,sight2 no human ,sound vibrated on his ,ear4 ,an universal ,silence reigned6 an empyran ,calm6 unknown to ,mortals upon ,earth4 ,the ,sky was painted with a purer1 and more transparent ,azure4 ,the ,sun shone hot1 and with a brighter ,lustre4 ,his ,beams were white and sparkling3 not surrounded with ,haze or ,vapour3 but too fierce for the human ,eye to look upon a second ,time with ,pleasure4#ac ,sidenote3 ,objects which filled the ,mind of the ,aironaut with ,wonder and ,delight4 #dh4 ,a ,chearful ,serenity filled the ,breast of the ,aironaut4 ,in an erect ,posture1 and with the utmost ,composure he gazed around3 reflecting with ,wonder and ,delight on a ,situation1 where the ,beautiful and ,sublime were seen united1 in a ,manner perfectly novel and engaging4 ,sidenote3 ,novel situation illustrated by a familiar ,comparison4 ,if it be allowed1 for the ,sake of ,illustration1 to compare great ,things with small2 he found himself suspended in the central ,concave of an unmeasurable ,crater ,bowl or ,bason2 and considerably above the ,rim or ,margin1 so as to peep fairly over it3 for by looking straight before him1 while the ,balloon continued gently turning on its vertical ,axis1 he coud see quite round into the ,blue4 ,the ,earth was the ,miniature-,picture#ad painted on the ,bottom of the ,bowl1 on the ,inside4 ,the ,sides of the ,bowl next the ,bottom were rather obscure3 as the ,objects1 on the ,surface of the ,earth not immediately under the ,eye1 being foreshortened1 were indistinct1 either on ,account of their immense ,distance1 or by mere ,accumulation of ,vapours1 and mixed with ,haze and ,cloudiness4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,comparison carried on4 ,from thence to the ,top of the ,bowl1 was fantastically grouped1 spotted1 and dash'd with ,clouds dense and luminous1 in the strangest and most grotesque ,forms2 still smaller and more numerous1 as the ,eye was more extended3 ,the ,rim or ,margin ending1 not in a fringed ,border2 but in a plain smooth ,line2 to represent the amazing ,distance1 at which1 the upper ,surfaces of ,clouds in ,perspective lost all their rugged mountainous and fringed ,shapes2 and terminated even and smooth3 making a perfect horizontal ,ring in the ,heavens1 somewhat below the ,eye of the ,observer4 ,the whole formed a glorious ,concave3 and the ,imagination was lost in the surrounding distant ,azure4#ae ,sidenote3 ,apparent ,altitude of the ,balloon when stationary4 ,sidenote3 ,the apparent ,heights proportioned to the barometric ,height4 #di4 ,considering more attentively the ,dimensions of this vast ,amphitheatre2 as he long continued apparently in the same ,spot1 and seemed to himself a mere ,atom floating invariably in the ,center of the empty ,space2 yet as a sole thinking ,being there1 whose ,mind was bent on estimating the ,extent of his ,view1 so accurately defined by the circular ,horizon of dense accumulated ,vapour2 and judging1 as of other ,distances1 by the natural ,eye alone2 pointing downwards on ,objects which were only distinguishable when immediately below it1 frequently no more than the ,circuit of a ,mile on the ,earth's ,surface1 the vertical ,boundary of the profound ,abyss2 all else being obscured by ,haze1 or removed from ,sight by ,volumes of intervening ,cloud2 he coud not divest himself of the ,idea1 but that the apparent ,depth below him was at least seven ,miles3 three from the ,earth to the upper ,surface of the superior ,clouds1#af and four above them4#ag ,,objection ,,removed4 ,sidenote3 ,improbability of a concave ,appearance of the ,clouds and ,earth1 lessened1 by a familiar ,illustration4 #ej4 ,some may find a ,difficulty in conceiving1 how the whole ,prospect of ,clouds and ,earth together coud put on a concave ,appearance3 both of which were in ,reality convex1 with ,respect to the ,situation of the ,observer in the ,car4 ,a familiar ,illustration may help to remove the ,objection4 ,imagine a ,person placed in the ,center of a ,plain1 or ,carpet2 extended every ,way beyond the ,reach of the ,eye4 ,if in that ,situation he was gradually elevated2 the distant ,parts of the ,carpet woud seem to rise with him3 and those ,figures of the ,pattern woud alone be distinguished1 that lay immediately below the ,eye3 the more remote becoming dim and faint4 ,the whole would put on the ,form of a concave ,bowl2 as soon as he had risen to so great a ,height1 as plainly to perceive the ,figures of the surrounding ,pattern more and more foreshortened1 in ,proportion to their ,distance from the ,center of the ,carpet4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,section #ea4 ,the ,perspective of the ,clouds was entirely new2 and remarkable both for ,beauty and ,grandeur4 ,the lowest ,bed of ,vapour that first put on the ,appearance of ,cloud was of a pure white2 in detached ,fleeces2 encreasing as they rose4 ,they presently coalesced1 and were aggrandized into a ,sea of ,cotton1 but more white2 and dazling3 tufted here and there by the light ,play of ,air1 and gentle ,breezes in every ,direction3 but where undisturbed1 the ,whole became an extended ,firmament or white ,floor of thin ,cloud1 thro' whose ,intervals the ,sun must shine with fiercer ,gleam4 ,the upper ,surface was quite even3 not blended with the ,air above1 but defined and separated with the utmost ,exactness2 being condensed by the ,coolness1 and checked in their ,ascent1 by the ,levity of the superior ,regions4 ,thro' this white ,floor uprose in splendid ,majesty and awful ,grandeur1 at great and unequal ,distances1 a vast ,assemblage of ,thunder-,clouds3 each ,congeries consisting of whole ,acres in the densest ,form4 ,sidenote3 ,circular ,boundary of the celestial ,prospect from the ,balloon above the clouds4 #eb4 ,their conglomerate and fringed ,tops rising1 at different ,distances1 in circular ,order1 one above the other1 to the ,number of thirty3 till they became imperceptible from their remote ,situation3 the ,eye commanding an ,extent of #ajb ,miles4#ah ,their ,form was1 as if ,pieces of ,ordnance were discharged perpendicularly upwards into the ,air3 and that the ,smoke had consolidated1 at the ,instant of ,explosion1 into ,masses of ,snow or ,hail3 had penetrated thro' the upper ,surface or white ,floor of common ,clouds1 and there remained visible1 and at ,rest4 ,some indeed had not wholly lost their ,motion3 continuing still to be lifted up4 ,others ponderous and sleepy1 nodded1 by mere ,weight1 their monstrous ,heads4 ,it seemed as if they had persisted in mounting upwards1 till they coud rise no higher3 their lower ,parts pressing perpendicularly against the upper1 which gradually swelled them out on all ,sides4 ,by partial and temporary ,movements of the ,air1 some broad unwieldy ,caps lost the vertical ,direction of their ,columns4 ,the ,columns likewise underwent a similar and gradual ,change3 rolling from their ,pedestals or spiral ,bases2 and1 at ,times1 assuming every organized ,shape that ,fancy coud suggest4 ,sidenote3 ,opinion of ,philosophers4 #ec4 ,the imperceptibly slow yet perpetual ,changes they underwent1 strongly called to ,remembrance1 the ,opinion of the great ,berkeley1#ai as well as of the ancient ,philosophers1 that ,,air ,,gives ,,form ,,to ,,things3 scarcely a ,breath of which seemed1 however1 to disturb their general ,order4 ,the ,constitution of these enormous ,masses was such as to reflect some of the ,sun's ,rays1 and to transmit others in a ,variety of ,colouring4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,colours of the ,thunder ,clouds4 #ed4 ,the ,parts next the ,sun were of a snowy ,whiteness4 ,then of a bright luminous ,yellow melting into a dusky ,sulphur3 afterwards of a ,purple4 ,the ,rays being now shorn2 a ,degree of ,opacity and ,transmission took ,place throu' half the ,substance of the ,cloud1 which seemed of a transparent ,blue like the ,onyx4 ,sidenote3 ,delightful ,tints visible only from the ,balloon4 #ee4 ,these delightful ,tints must be ever eclipsed to a ,spectator on the ,surface of the ,earth1 looking upwards throu' the gross ,atmosphere that surrounds it2 but highly interesting to one who is suspended in a ratified and unencumbered ,medium of the etherial ,regions1 where the ,eye darts without ,resistance above ,clouds1 and all visible ,vapour4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,view from the ,,balloon at its ,,greatest elevation see ,page ,,iiii4a4 ,publish'd ,may #a4 #aghf1 by ,t4 ,baldwin ,chester4 ,note3 the ,print1 representing a circular ,view from the ,balloon at its greatest ,elevation1 is taken from a ,scene described in the above ,chapter4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,other ,a,,rial ,,scenes ,,described4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon ,shadow traced on the ,clouds4 ,section #ef4 ,during the ,time that the ,balloon from being stationary at #bc 7corresponding to the ,height of about a ,mile and a half7 began to decline1 which it must have done with a brisk ,motion1 imperceptible to the ,aironaut at the ,time1 tho' since recognized1 on ,account of the great ,opening at the ,bottom2 he traced its ,shadow over the ,tops of ,volumes of ,clouds below4 ,it was at first small3 in ,size and ,shape like an ,egg3 but soon encreased to the ,magnitude of the ,sun's ,disk2 and woud have made a solar ,eclipse to a ,spectator looking from the ,cloud3 still growing larger1 as the ,balloon descended1 or ,clouds arose4 ,but his ,attention was presently called to another equally novel1 but more captivating ,appearance2 that of an ,iris encircling the whole ,shadow1 at some ,distance round it4 ,the ,colours were remarkably brilliant4 ,this celestial ,phantom attended the ,aironaut for a few ,minutes3 conforming1 as a ,vessel at ,sea1 to the ,change of ,surface2 now plainly visible1 now indistinct and disappearing2 as it passed throu' the luminous or shadowy ,wave of ,clouds apparently at ,rest4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,iris1 a ,frame to the pictured ,land1 vanishes4 #eg4 ,the ,clouds1 in which this ,phenomenon continued1 were of the superior or second ,stratum in ,height1 as in fair ,weather2 rare2 of a transparent ,blue and purest ,white1 alternate4 ,at the ,end of four ,minutes they dispersed1 so as to admit an unexpected ,sight of the pictured ,land thro' them1 and thro' the ,place of the ,balloon-,shadow2 whose ,form first vanishing1 the ,iris remained1 for a few ,seconds1 complete1 and in resplendent ,beauty4 #eh4 rides1 of the same ,kind1 tho' of less vivid ,colours1 are seen round the ,moon1 in a mild ,evening2 as thin light ,clouds move slowly under it4#bj ,sidenote3 ,sun hottest when the ,balloon was stationary4 #ei4 ,the ,sun shone brighter and fiercer1 when the ,balloon was at its greatest ,height3 the ,heat piercing throu' his ,cloths1 7which were of a dark ,colour27 while the ,aironaut stood with his ,face from the ,light4 ,sidenote3 ,lunardi's ,flag thrown out1 at the ,height of a ,mile4 ,the ,mouth remaining open1 it continued to descend1 as appeared by the ,barometer which had risen nearly to #bd ,inches3 at which ,instant ,mr4 ,lunardi's coloured ,flag was thrown out1 for the ,information of a ,friend2 and that ,spectators below might judge what was nearly the perpendicular ,height of a ,mile in the ,air1 according to ,halley's ,table4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,flag was seen to descend for #c ,minutes4 #fj4 ,the ,flag was seen by the ,aironaut descend for three ,minutes3 at which ,time it became invisible4 ,it fell1 not perpendicularly2 but in large ,spirals1 and by ,jerks2 darting first on one ,side1 then on the other4 ,the ,resistance of the ,air made it act as a ,parashute4 ,the ,flag was instantly pursued1 and taken up in a ,field one ,mile distant from ,chester4 ,the ,descent of the ,balloon must have been retarded1 being four ,pounds and a half lighter4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dove turned out4 #fa4 ,the ,pigeon was then taken out of the ,basket of ,matting3 ,thermometer #ed2 ,barometer #be4 ,it trembled much4 ,being turned loose1 it looked frequently up at the ,car2 but flew downwards in cylindrical ,gyrations eight or ten ,yards in ,diameter1 according to the ,turn of its ,head to the right1 which seemed to rest in an oblique ,attitude3 the ,wings and ,tail continuing extended as much as possible1 but without ,motion1 during its ,descent4 ,the ,bird was out of ,sight in a few ,minutes3 but continued1 as the ,owner observed1 full half an ,hour1 in the ,air4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,sidenote3 #dth ,cannon heard4 ,section #fb4 ,at #aj ,minutes and a half past ,,ii4 o',clock1 the fourth or last ,cannon1 a ,six-pounder 7to announce1 by preconcerted ,agreement1 that the ,balloon began to be invisible to ,spectators in ,castle-,yard1 ,chester7 was distinctly heard by the ,aironaut2 but had no ,effect on the ,balloon3 did not agitate it in the least3 the contrary of which was expected4 ,for the same ,cannon1 discharged the third ,time at the ,distance of #cj ,yards from the ,balloon1 when it had risen a few ,feet from the ,ground2 affected it so strongly1 that the ,aironaut was then only obliged to keep himself upright1 by holding the ,cords with his ,hands4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon first invisible to the ,inhabitants of ,chester4 #fc4 ,at #ag ,minutes past ,,ii4 was heard the ,sound of a ,number of ,voices1 which it was then imagined came from ,chester1 as the farewel ,salute after the last ,cannon3 but it was afterwards known that the ,balloon did not become wholly invisible1 till that ,shout4 ,sidenote3 ,distance of the ,balloon calculated4 #fd4 ,from an ,observation made by a ,spectator in the ,castle-,yard1 just half an ,hour intervened between the ,discharge of the third1 and of the last ,cannon2 as therefore the ,report was half a ,minute1 or #cj ,seconds#ba longer in reaching the ,balloon2 the ,distance of the ,balloon at the ,time of the ,report was nearly six ,miles and a half4 ,sidenote3 ,chester seen as a small ,model4 #fd4 ,the single thin white ,cloud of the first or lowest ,order in ,height that rendered ,chester invisible to the ,aironaut1 was observed several ,minutes before1 apparently to pass under the ,balloon1 retire from it1 to approach1 and expected to invelope1 the blue ,city of ,chester3 which for a long ,time had been kept in ,view1 and seen obliquely1 under the common ,perspective1 with a small ,degree of ,elevation above the ,level of the ,ground3 suggesting to his ,mind the curious and complete ,model of ,paris1 exhibited some ,years ago on a small ,table1 in many ,towns of ,europe4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sight doubly deceived in the ,distance4 ,the ,cloud appeared1 four ,miles ,distance at least from the ,aironaut2 below2 and as if touching the ,city4 ,the contrary ,supposition1 it seems1 took ,place1 among the ,inhabitants there3 who thought1 a ,cloud1 a ,mile above them1 had surrounded and inveloped the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,condiments tasted as usual4 #fe4 ,the ,pepper ,salt and ,ginger were tasted1 and found to retain their usual ,pungency3 contrary to what ,travellers have reported to happen on the ,peak of ,teneriffe4 ,sidenote3 ,silk electric4 ,the small ,hank of yellow raw ,silk tyed to the upper ,hoop1 and hanging down from it1 appeared rough1 as if electric3 and1 tho' drawn thro' the ,hand1 continued furred as before4 ,sidenote3 ,white ,flag wholly hung out from the ,car4 #ff4 ,it was now thought a proper ,time to finish the original ,work of unwinding the remaining ,part of the half ,mile of ,twine3 which proved equally tedious1 as at the first2 and took up a considerable ,time4 ,when completed1 the white ,flag was extended exactly half a ,mile from the ,car4 ,sidenote3 ,cattle discovered from the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,ballast thrown out1 #fg4 ,perceiving that the ,balloon was descending very briskly1 by the ,appearance of ,cattle in the ,corner of a ,field2 first1 one of the two solid ,weights was cast down3 then the other4 ,sidenote3 ,time in falling estimated4 ,a ,return of ,sound to the ,balloon1 from the lighter which weighed five ,pounds1 was heard in #acj ,countings of a ,watch1 which made #abj of the same full ,beats in a ,minute4 ,before the ,weight became invisible2 it appeared to move a good ,deal out of the ,perpendicular3 owing either to an under ,current2 or to a ,deception of ,sight1 respecting the horizontal ,motion of the ,balloon in a different ,direction1 during the ,descent of the ,stone4 ,the other must have fallen in soft ,grass1 or otherwise3 as it was not heard4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,section #fh4 ,at #bh ,minutes past ,,ii4 the solid ,weights before mentioned were thrown out4 ,at #bi ,minutes the ,barometer had fallen to #be ,inches4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon reascending4 ,a ,handful of ,feathers were sent adrift1 which fell quick3 demonstrating likewise the ,ascent of the ,balloon1 a second ,time3 but1 tho' #ab ,pounds lighter1 it did not seem to regain its original ,height3 judging merely from this ,circumstance1 that no more ,gass escaped visibly from the ,mouth4 ,sidenote3 ,apparent ,size and ,situation of the white ,flag4 #fi4 ,it is somewhat remarkable1 that1 on repeated ,enquiries from unprejudiced ,persons1 the white ,flag1 when suspended from the ,car above #ddj ,yards1 appeared #d ,yards long3 and when at the end of the half ,mile ,twine1 seemed about #h ,yards long1 to ,spectators from below1 in different ,places3 that sometimes it appeared before1 and sometimes behind the ,balloon3 while to the ,observer in the ,car1 it seemed regularly to follow the ,balloon3 unless when a new ,motion was impressed upon the latter3 at which ,time the white ,flag was situated almost under the ,car3 or when the ,balloon changed its ,direction2 the ,flag being then not always discoverable4 ,when seen edgewise or foreshortened2 it woud appear to be nearer the ,car than it really was4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of the white ,flag on the ,balloon4 #gj4 ,as there was a ,peculiarity attending the ,situation of the half ,mile ,flag1 which may prove of singular ,use in ,airostation2 it ought not to be passed over in ,silence4 ,the half ,mile ,flag hanging loosely from the ,car2 not perpendicularly under1 but following it1 frequently at an ,angle of about #de ,degrees2 shews that the ,flag met a ,resistance from the ,air1 unfelt by the ,balloon3 which out strip'd it1 in ,proportion to the greater ,surface which the ,balloon exposed to the ,wind4 ,taking also into the ,account1 that the ,balloon remained in ,equilibrio2 while the ,flag was subject to the ,force of ,gravity3 which ,force was restrained from ,exertion1 otherwise than as a ,vis ,inerti1 to keep it always in a perpendicular ,situation4 ,the ,resistance of the ,air1 acting in an horizontal ,direction against the ,vis ,inerti of the ,flag1 must have a ,tendency to drive it back3 which being ineffectual2 the ,flag must consequently rise2 and in rising will retard the ,balloon4 ,a ,power may therefore be communicated to a ,balloon1 in the ,direction of the ,wind1 which shall retard its ,progress throu' the ,air3 a ,subject which seems capable of farther ,prosecution4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,sidenote3 ,beautiful ,effects of the white ,vapour on the ,prospects below4 ,section #ga4 ,from #bh ,minutes after ,,ii1 till the ,balloon had passed over the ,forest of ,delamere1 and the steep ,crag of ,helsbye-,hill2 thin light semi-transparent ,vapours1 which seemed to be collecting at a vast ,depth below2 moving slowly in all ,directions2 rising to great ,heights1 falling1 melting away1 and again condensing2--7the ,land1 one while covered with a white ,veil2 then caught thro' ,openings for a few ,seconds2 the ,objects appearing more distinct and coloured1 from being seen in detached ,groupes and single ,pictures framed and enshrined in fleecy ,vapour2 now again discovered by a ,glance of the ,eye1 and then repeatedly escaping from the ,sight27--wonderfully heightened the ,grandeur1 ,gaiety and inimitable ,beauty of the ever varying ,prospects4 ,an ,illustration taken from ,scenes abroad4 #gb4 ,appearances of a similar ,kind are frequent in the noble and venerable ,structures appropriated for divine ,worship abroad3 whose ,walls are decorated with the finest ,paintings2 the ,subjects solemn and engaging2 suited to inspire a chearful ,devotion4 ,while the inferior ,clerics perfume the ,garments of the ,priests officiating and offering ,incense before the high ,altar2 which is ornamented with full-,length ,portraits in the richest ,drapery1 of ,persons whether male or female1 reputed of sound ,morals and exemplary ,piety2 accompanied by ,guardian ,saints and happy ,angels2--,columns of white ,smoke1 wafted from ,silver ,censers1 rise to a certain ,height in slow majestic ,movement1 before the ,eyes of the kneeling ,suppliants1 who are instantly shut out from the enchanting ,view2 till the ,clouds dispersing1 shew by ,intervals1 a ,glympse of the celestial ,prospect1 and of the higher ,orders of ,beings1 who look down with ,complacency upon them2 and seem actually descending throu' ,openings of the ,clouds which appear at ,rest4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,sidenote3 #b;d ,balloon-,iris4 ,section #gc4 ,at #cc ,minutes after ,,ii1 the ,balloon-,shadow was again the ,center of a brilliant ,iris1 painted at some ,distance round it on ,clouds below4 ,sidenote3 ,bottle filled with light ,air4 #gd4 ,one of the ,pint-,bottles for light ,air was prepared 7as in ,article #ad1 of ,section #ab27 and dropped from the ,car4 ,the ,water it contained was poured down1 to observe the ,effects of ,air and ,light on the ,drops4 ,the ,air did not at that ,height oppose a ,resistance sufficient to break the ,stream into small ,drops4 ,nor did they seem to coalesce3 remaining1 while they continued in ,sight1 of the same ,size2 some very large1 others less so2 and at the same relative ,distance1 as when they first left the ,bottle4 ,the ,colours seemed stronger than usual4 ,it may be here observed that none of the ,bottles were returned2 tho' found1 and a ,reward promised4 ,the ,country ,people1 as soon as they saw a ,bottle2 imagining it must contain some ,liquor1 immediately contrived to open it3 by which ,procedure1 the ,intention of the ,experiment was frustrated4 ,the ,bottles1 which are dangerous ,companions even without ,liquor1 shoud1 notwithstanding1 be left in the ,car3 at least till the ,time of landing the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,burton and ,flint seen at the first rising4 #ge4 ,while the ,balloon was first rising2 a gentle ,motion of the lower ,current of ,air carried it immediately towards the ,sea4 7,section #df47 ,at which ,time1 the ,aironaut by a ,glance discovered the ,mouth of the ,river ,dee1 four and five ,miles wide1 yawning before him3 the ,prospect extending to the ,sea1 as far as the ,smoke from the ,lead-,works near a ,place called ,flint on the ,welch ,coast2 and to ,burton-,head on the ,wirral ,side2 distant ten ,miles from ,chester4 ,he has since been informed2 that the ,balloon seemed to rest1 for a few ,minutes1 in the ,air3 and then return slowly over ,chester4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon in a quiescent ,bed of ,air4 ,it is therefore more than probable1 that as the ,balloon continued to ascend2 it was becalmed in a quiescent ,stratum or ,bed of the ,atmosphere1 which existed for a certain ,depth or ,thickness1 between the lower and upper ,current3 and that the ,direction of the ,balloon was changed2 the ,instant it arrived within the ,influence of the upper ,current4 ,sidenote3 ,of rowing the ,balloon to any ,point of the ,compass4 ,consequently1 with a proper ,apparatus to ascend and descend at ,will1 without ,loss of ,gass or ,ballast2 the ,balloon woud have remained suspended invariably at the same ,height1 and vertically over the same ,spot of ,earth3 or1 with propulsive ,machinery2 might1 on the same ,level1 have been rowed to any ,point of the ,compass4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon1 influenced on its ,approach towards ,water4 #gf4 ,in passing only across ,trafford ,meadows1 three ,miles from ,chester2 the ,balloon lost its usual progressive ,motion over the ,country3 for more than a ,quarter of an ,hour1 following the ,course of the ,river ,goway to the ,west ,north-,west1 and towards the ,sea1 as at ,chester3 turning gently backwards and forwards round its own ,axis1 near the ,villages of ,great and ,little ,barrow3 and making ,curves over the ,meadows1 whose ,breadth at those ,places was about a ,mile4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,progress marked4 ,the ,balloon then returned into its former ,direction3 inclining1 again1 towards a ,brook and ,meadow near ,alvanley3 passed ,eastward a little to the left of ,manley 7white7 ,mill3 crossed the ,forest of ,delamere1 and ,crag of ,helsbye1 7about twice the ,height of ,shooter's ,hill1 near ,london27 whose lofty ,summit was apparently reduced to a common ,level with the ,valley made by the ,river ,wever1 and with the adjacent ,sea ,marsh4 ,nor coud it have been distinguished by a ,stranger1 as an ,eminence4 ,sidenote3 ,hills and ,vallies on a ,level4 ,indeed1 the ,wood near ,kingsley1 which grows on a sloping ,ground1 skirting the ,hill1 and from the ,sun1 put on a dusky ,hue2 and the ,tops of the ,trees a darker ,green3 this ,difference of ,colour1 conveyed the faint ,resemblance of a rising ,slope4 ,a real ,knowledge of the ,country probably contributed to aid the ,imagination in this ,distinction4 ,note3 the ,print representing a ,view of the ,balloon over ,helsbye ,crag1 refers to a ,scene in the above ,chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,sidenote3 #ci ,minutes past ,,ii1 ,frodsham ,town and ,bridge seen4 ,section #gg4 ,at #ci ,minutes after ,,ii1 ,thermometer #fj1 ,barometer #bc1 corresponding to the ,height of a little more than a ,mile1#bb the ,vapours dispersing1 discovered the ,town of ,frodsham1 and ,bridge over the ,wever distant from the ,town one ,mile3 the ,balloon still continuing at a vast ,height2 having risen imperceptibly from the ,time that the ,ballast was thrown down4 ,from a ,conversation held the next ,morning at ,frodsham1 with some intelligent ,persons who had descried it gliding gently throu' the ,air2 the ,balloon appeared so extremely minte1 that it was thought impossible to be the one expected the same ,day to rise at ,chester with an ,aironaut4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,newton ,arm4 design et pinx4 ,stothard delin4 ,t4 ,baldwin ,sharp sculps4 ,the ,,balloon over ,,helsbye ,,hill in ,,cheshire see page ,,iiii b4 ,published ,may #a4 #aghf1 by ,t4 ,baldwin ,chester4 ,sidenote3 ,half ,mile white ,flag like a ,feather4 ,to use their own ,expression1 8it coud not have been larger than a ,bladder1 if they had seen it on the ,ground40 ,the same ,persons observed the white ,flag1 like a ,feather about #h ,yards ,distance from the ,balloon4 ,a second ,air ,bottle was thrown down4 ,sidenote3 ,course of the ,balloon traced to shew the ,manner in which it was affected by the ,water4 #gh4 ,the ,town of ,kingsley being to the ,east2 ,frodsham-,bridge half a ,mile to the ,west2 the ,conflux of the ,rivers ,wever1 and the wide ,mersey falling into the ,sea one ,mile farther ,westward2 the ,balloon proceeding in its usual ,course over the ,country in the upper ,current2 began to be impeded1 on its vertical ,approach across the ,meadows to the ,wever2 was actually stopped2 and being entangled by the ,river1 evidently changed its former ,direction3 imitating1 if possible1 its ,meanders2 or at least making ,gyrations in ,circles of different ,diameters1 at the same ,time turning different ,ways round its ,axis3 describing ,curves1 something similar to that of the ,moon round the ,earth in her ,orbit2 or of ,saturn1 ,jupiter1 and ,mars1 as those ,curves are delineated in the ,prints of ,long's ,astronomy3#bc the ,course of the ,river being its changeable ,center4 #gi4 ,it is to be observed1 that if the ,balloon had continued to pursue its former ,course2 no ,danger was to be apprehended of its falling on the ,sea1 or on the broad ,branch of the ,river ,mersey towards ,warrington4 ,on the contrary1 it must have gone into the ,heart of the adjoining ,county1 and passed near ,manchester4 ,it is likewise worthy of remark2 that unless a ,fragment of light ,vapour intervened for a few ,seconds2 the ,country immediately below the ,observer was continually illuminated by the ,sun's ,rays3 tho' none but the larger ,objects were distinguishable at the ,bottom of the profound ,abyss1 more than two ,miles in ,diameter at one ,view3 that being the utmost ,boundary of the circular ,prospect below4 ,sidenote3 ,circularity of ,prospect below1 bounded by ,vapour4 #hj4 ,the ,sea tho' known to be near by the ,dashing of its ,waves upon the ,shore1 which were plainly heard1 was totally eclipsed3 as if by ,haze or ,vapour1 which began to be accumulated only at a certain ,height below the ,balloon2 yet in such a ,manner as not to prevent the solar ,rays from penetrating throu'1 and shining bright upon the ,water4 #ha4 ,there was now sufficient ,leisure to trace the incredible ,variety of most beautiful ,curves1 into which the ,stream had worked the ,bed of the ,river ,wever in a ,course of ,time1 and in the ,compass of a few ,miles3 an ,appearance which demonstrates the ,incorrectness of ,maps4 ,some actual ,clouds presented themselves in detached ,groupes over the ,land3 and the ,land itself shone plainer throu' the ,intervals1 than in ,places near which no ,clouds appeared4 ,sidenote3 ,sight of ,warrington4 #hb4 ,on reconnoitring the scattered ,town of ,frodsham1 which like ,chester was of a light ,blue2 the ,balloon moving by ,intervals round its ,axis1 the ,prospect seemed to open on a sudden2 and the ,aironaut coud discover the ,town of ,warrington3 the ,plan of which was small1 neat1 but of a darker ,blue1 inclining to ,grey3 the ,slates#bd there used being almost peculiar to the ,county of ,lancaster4 #hc4 ,from this ,enlargement of the ,prospect over ,land1 he imagined that the ,balloon was either gently descending2 or that it appeared throu' the clear ,intervals of actual ,clouds below him4 ,sidenote3 ,pleasurable ,circumstance peculiar to the ,balloon4 #hd4 ,he had ,time however to make the following ,remarks4 ,cattle1 if grazing in the ,meadows1 were not distinguishable2 or at least were not distinguished4 ,it was in vain to look for ,sheaves of ,corn1 or ,hattocks on the ,ground3 possibly from a ,sameness of ,colour like the growing ,stalks1 and ,field3 or protruding but a small ,degree of ,elevation2 tho' the ,shadow even at twelve o',clock#be was something longer than the perpendicular ,height of each ,object4#bf ,noises of ,carriages along the great public ,road2 especially ,waggons and ,carts heavily laden2 7the ,gratings of whose ,wheels against the ,stones seemed uncommonly harsh27 were discriminately heard1 tho' not discoverable by the ,eye4 ,numbers of human ,voices were almost continually huzzaeing3 except while stationary at the first ,rise2 when all around was wrapt in the ,sublimity of ,silence2 which afforded a pleasurable ,contrast2--diffusing a delicious ,calm4 ,a third ,bottle of ,air was thrown out4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon over ,aston-,house1 at #d ,minutes past ,,iii1 and near a ,mile high4 ,section #he4 ,at #d ,minutes past ,,iii1 the ,balloon remained vertically over the ,river1 and over the elegant ,mansion called ,aston4 ,sidenote3 ,wind below4 #hf4 ,a ,wind was heard below for a few ,seconds3 and the ,air felt a little cool4 ,thermometer #ee1 or ,temperate3 ,barometer #be1 corresponding to the ,height of near a ,mile4#bg ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon going to ,sea1 determined the ,aironaut to descend1 in ,hopes of finding a ,sea-,breeze in ,time4 #hg4 ,the ,balloon continuing its eccentric ,movements from ,side to ,side across the ,meadows2 yet still gliding down the ,river1 in a ,north-,west by ,north ,direction1 almost at right ,angles to that which it before had held2 consequently towards the ,sea1 and in a ,line which continued must pass throu' the ,center of the ,channel3 some ,step it was necessary to take1 and soon4 ,by throwing out ,ballast1 the ,balloon woud instantly rise3 but it woud probably1 as before1 rise into a ,calm1 and therefore descend nearly in the same ,line3 which woud merely protract the ,time till the ,balloon had reached the ,center of the ,channel3 where1 having no ,resource1 the ,ballast being then expended2 there might be some ,risque in waiting for a ,vessel1 tho' the ,balloon woud not for several ,hours1 have lost its levitating ,power1 so as to have sunk with the ,aironaut4 ,to him however it immediately occurred1 that there might be an under ,current of ,air1 as usual in the ,middle of the ,day1 blowing from ,sea to ,land3 and1 that if the ,balloon was made to descend quickly into the ,sea-,breeze2 it might1 in a few ,minutes1 be carried so far within the ,country1 as to be soon beyond the ,influence of the ,sea and ,river3 and then1 by throwing out some ,pounds of ,ballast1 woud return into the upper ,current1 and pursue a safe ,course towards ,manchester2 or even towards ,prescot and ,liverpool1 if an easterly ,wind prevailed above4 #hh4 ,in ,consequence of these ,expectations2 he looked downwards towards the ,sea1 then wholly invisible2 tho' the ,murmuring of its ,waves was more plainly heard4 ,sidenote3 ,smoke blown to ,land by a ,sea-,breeze4 ,thick ,smokes were distinguished issuing from different ,places along the ,marsh near the ,coast3 and apparently skirting the ,ground1 as if impelled by a brisk ,wind from the ,sea4 #hi4 ,no ,time was to be lost4 ,the ,balloon having reached the ,cascade2 and continuing to move more regularly along the ,course of the ,river1 past the ,bridge1 and proceeded to ,rock-,savage4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon still going to ,sea1 the ,mouth was opened4 #ij4 ,the ,neck or ,mouth which remained shut1 by its own ,pressure against the ,outside of the upper ,hoop1 as it lay over it2 was instantly brought within the ,hoop1 and set wide open in a perpendicular ,situation4 ,not more than a ,couple of ,minutes had elapsed before ,sounds were more audible and louder4 ,cattle and ,corn in the ,fields became visible4 ,sidenote3 ,ballast in ,hand ready to throw out4 #ia4 ,the ,observer very deliberately stooping to put down his ,card and ,pencil2 with his left ,hand grasping the ,hoop of the ,car1 and with his ,right holding a ,sand-,bag1 to throw over as he approached the ,earth2 found that the ,balloon was influenced by an under ,current blowing from the ,sea3 and marked his ,progress by the half ,mile white ,flag2 whose ,stretcher having acquired a ,position parallel to the ,plane of the ,horizon1 placed the ,flag in an excellent ,point of ,view3 the ,balloon towing it apparently with a slow ,motion1 over the distant ,tops of the dark-green ,trees4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,balloon ,,descending4 ,sidenote3 ,air chilly4 ,therm4 #ee2 ,barom4 #bf4 ,section #ib4 ,no sooner had the ,balloon descended within the ,influence of the ,sea ,breeze1 than it became instantly condensed by a certain chilliness which then began to prevail4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon in the under ,current4 #ic4 ,this ,height has since been considered as the ,level of fleecy ,vapour1 ,scud1 or lowest ,stratum of ,clouds1 in bright and warm ,weather4#bh ,no visible ,clouds were presented near the ,spectator4 ,on the contrary1 they seemed to shrink back to the ,distance of a ,mile round the ,eye2 and then immediately appear above it1 the ,balloon continuing to descend4 ,nor did any circular ,horizon of the ,earth shew itself2 till the ,balloon had reached below this ,level3 viz4 ,barom4 #bf1 ,thermom4 #ee4 i4e4 ,temperate4 ,prospects were most extensive and beautiful at this ,altitude3 which the ,barometer estimates at full half a ,mile4#bi ,looking again at the ,barometer1 scarce a ,minute afterwards2 it had risen to #bg4 ,sidenote3 ,sudden ,effect of cool moist ,air on the ,balloon4 #id4 ,the ,condensation by ,chill and ,moisture1 and quick ,contraction of its ,dimensions acted like a ,charm on the ,balloon4 ,in a ,moment2 as if dropped from the ,clouds1 the ,sea suddenly presented itself4#cj ,it seemed near1 and of a red ,colour4 ,circular ,landscapes of the distant ,countries filled the ,eye4 ,almost the whole ,extent of the ,channel was a perfect ,calm3 and rather dazled the ,sight4 ,but from the ,peninsula of ,hale to that of ,runcorn1 and upwards1 a partial ,breeze from the ,north-,west ruffled the ,surface 7which was there of a dark and menacing ,complexion27 and seemed in its ,course to have reached and influenced the ,balloon3 whose ,descent proving more rapid than was expected2 the ,sand-,bag tyed up1 weighing #ab ,pounds1 was opened1 and the ,sand dispersed4 ,sidenote3 ,ballast thrown down1 #ablb4 and #ablb4 #ie4 ,the ,aironaut continuing as before to stand upright in the ,car1 and having resumed his ,card and ,pencil2 ,thermometer again at #ee1 on finding the ,descent not sufficiently retarded1 wrote swiftly1 8no more remarks1 mind the ship30 meaning the ,balloon3 and briskly stooping for the second ,bag of ,sand1 weighing likewise #ab ,pounds1 dispersed it by ,handfulls in the same ,manner4 ,sidenote3 ,descent at first rapid4 #if4 ,the circular ,mouth of the ,balloon continuing wide open1 at about #ah ,inches ,diameter2 so much cool and moist ,air rushed in during the ,descent2 that1 tho' its ,momentum or acquired ,motion was retarded by ,dispersion of the ,ballast1 it had not yet recovered an actual levity3 being too near the ,ground before the second ,bag was discharged4 ,presuming however that #bd ,pounds ,weight of ,ballast thrown out1 was sufficient to break the ,fall1 tho' in a cool moist condensing ,atmosphere of pure defloguisticated ,air2 the ,event of landing was waited for4 ,sidenote3 ,a depressing ,torrent of ,air on the ,balloon4 ,it has been since imagined that a heavy depressing torrent of cool ,air took ,place from the ,north-,west at a certain ,height over the ,water1 and assisted the ,descent of the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon descended with a rushing ,noise4 #ig4 ,in order to judge with what ,rapidity the ,balloon descended1 when so low as to be within the ,influence of the under ,current1 while the cool moist ,air rushed in at the ,bottom1 and most probably pressed out the ,gass2 the following ,intelligence has been communicated by a ,person of ,veracity4 ,sidenote3 ,anecdote shewing the ,rapidity of ,descent1 at first4 ,as two credible ,farmers were working1 with their ,servants1 in the harvest2 on hearing a hollow1 rushing ,sound in the ,air1 which they took to be a ,whirl-wind1 or distant ,thunder1 and which seemed every ,moment to encrease and approach them2 they all retreated under a large ,oak4 ,while there1 they first perceived the swift ,descent of the ,balloon4 ,two1 who were afraid of ,thunder1 then began to take ,courage1 boldly exclaiming they shoud never fear ,thunder again1 since the ,falling of a ,balloon coud be attended with so terrible a ,noise4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,balloon ,,still ,,descending4 ,section #ih4 ,the ,car1 gliding over ,trees in the farther ,hedge-,row of a ,grass ,field1 glanced on the ,ground4 ,sidenote3 ,caution on ,landing4 ,the ,aironaut1 being prepared for the ,event1 supported a ,part of the ,weight of his ,body by his ,hands1 grasping the upper ,hoop4 ,the ,balloon stooping1 and declining from the ,north-,west ,breeze1 drew the upper ,hoop out of the ,perpendicular3 by which ,means1 the ,bottom of that ,division of the ,barometer-,frame which contained the ,tube1 pressed against the ,bottom of the ,car on the ,ground1 was separated from the remaining ,half of the ,frame1 and fell on the ,grass4 ,sidenote3 ,more ,ballast parted with1 viz4 seven ,pounds4 ,the ,balloon1 then rising with an elastic ,bound1 elevated the ,car a few ,yards1 and descended to the ,ground1 but more gently than before3 rose again2 and the ,aironaut perceiving that the progressive ,motion of the ,breeze was bringing the ,balloon near a third ,hedge2 took up his ,knife1 7which lay by him ready open for ,use7 and cut away the remaining ,half of the ,barometer-,frame2 threw out the ,basket with the ,bottles1 and ,tunning ,dish2 the ,speaking ,trumpet2 the ,woollen ,gloves1 the remaining half ,mile of ,twine on the ,reel4#ca ,the ,car cleared the ,hedge1 and slightly for an ,instant touched ,ground1 the third ,time4 ,sidenote3 ,farmers offering their ,assistance4 #ii4 ,during these ,operations2 the ,aironaut had observed different ,persons in ,motion towards him1 who proved to be several ,farmers and ,labourers who had run themselves out of ,breath to overtake the ,balloon4 ,one asked the ,aironaut1 whether he intended to alight2 and was answered1 8,not for any ,time40 ,sidenote3 ,proof of the gentle ,descent4 #ajj4 ,the ,car alighted each ,time so smoothly1 that neither the ,watch nor ,thermometer that lay near each other on the green ,bays at the ,bottom1 were displaced4 ,nor was the ,glass ,tube containing the ,quicksilver1 separated from the ,division of the ,frame in which it was originally fixed3 but the whole was brought back1 a few ,days after1 in a perfect ,state3 except a small ,hole1 made in ,consequence of the inverted ,situation of the ,mercury in ,vacuo1 which fell against the ,top of the exhausted ,tube4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon landed near ,frodsham4 ,the ,car first landed at #bh ,minutes past ,,iii1 in a ,field belonging to a ,farm called ,bellair1 in the ,township of ,kingsley1 near two ,miles ,east by ,south from the ,town of ,frodsham1 and twelve from ,chester4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,part4 ,,airopaidia4 ,,the ,,second ,,part ,,of ,,an ,a,,rial ,,excursion ,,from ,,chester ,,the ,,eighth ,,of ,,sept4 #aghe4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,re-,,ascent ,,of ,,the ,,balloon4 ,section #aja4 ,bellair-,meadow3 half past ,,iii o',clock3#cb ,thermom4 at #ee3 bright ,sun3 few ,clouds in ,sight4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon rapidly re-ascending4 ,the ,balloon being now #ca ,pound lighter2 taking a ,direction from the ,sea-,breeze into the ,country1 and again towards ,aston-,hall#cc2 mounted up like a ,sky-,rocket1 with accelerating ,velocity3 its upper ,parts nodding from ,side to ,side1 as if to shake off the resisting ,column of ,air immediately above it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,neck tyed4 ,sidenote3 ,drawing the ,valve1 while ,mouth of the ,balloon is open1 shewn to be dangerous4 #ajb4 ,there being no proper ,opportunity of closing the ,mouth of the ,balloon on its near ,approach to the ,sea1 or during the ,swiftness of its ,descent2 tho' there had been frequent ,inclination to attempt it2 this little but essential ,work was instantly resolved upon4 ,and the more so1 as the ,mouth had continued open from the first3 and as ,mr4 ,lunardi did not happen to mention this ,circumstance3 the ,utility of which1 tho' too late to be put in ,practice1 had1 but a few ,minutes before1 very plainly suggested itself4 ,his ,directions were1 to open the ,valve in order to descend3 which woud possibly have encreased the ,rapidity of ,descent3 and1 by introducing a thorou' ,air upwards1 while the ,motion of the ,balloon was in a contrary ,direcion1 might have occasioned a dangerous ,rupture of the lower ,parts of the ,balloon1 which actually took ,place in a preceding ,excursion4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon drawn sideways4 #ajc4 ,the ,balloon1 tho' rising quick1 seemed not to be wholly disengaged from the ,ground1 but to have received a ,check2 and to lean a little out of the ,perpendicular3 particularly the ,car1 which was evidently drawn a different ,way from the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,the half ,mile white ,flag impeding the ,balloon4 ,on perceiving that the half ,mile white ,flag1 fastened to the upper ,hoop of the ,car1 sensibly impeded the ,elevation of the ,machine1 by trailing along the ,ground1 7the ,balloon being yet within the ,influence of the ,sea-,breeze1 or lower ,current of ,air27 the ,question was1 whether it woud not be imprudent to suffer the ,balloon to rise near half a ,mile1 before the white ,flag2 was disentangled and free to follow it4 ,for as neither the ,twine1 nor the lower ,cords of the ,balloon were of ,silk2 the ,twine having lain on the ,trees or moist ,ground1 might become a conductor from the ,earth to any ,stratum of ,air that had less or more than what is called its natural ,quantity#ce of the electric ,fluid4 ,sidenote3 ,twine cut1 lest it shoud prove a ,conductor of ,electricity4 ,adding to the above1 a ,wish to rise higher the second ,time than the first2 stooping for the ,scissars1 the ,string was cut3 reserving a ,remainder to tye the ,neck of the ,balloon2 which was immediately done by gathering the ,parts of the ,balloon into the ,hand1 wrapping a ,couple of ,yards loosely round1 and tying them on a slip or bow ,knot3 one ,end of which was purposely left hanging three ,feet downwards1 to untye instantly on ,occasion4 ,sidenote3 ,additional ,levity of one ,pound4 ,this additional ,levity of nearly one ,pound1 gave the whole ,quantity of ,ballast thrown over in a few ,minutes1 nearly #cb ,pounds4 ,sidenote3 ,remarks on the ,balloon4 #ajd4 ,the intelligent ,farmer who stood near the ,balloon1 when it alighted at ,bellair1 had observed it for some ,time before near the ,sea1 and marked its ,return1 as coming apparently from ,overton4 ,at first1 which was more than five ,minutes before it came to the ,ground1 it seemed to him as if it coud not have been larger than a ,bladder4 ,he saw it reascend1 first sideways1 then upright2 moving from the ,sea4 ,afterward it rose rapidly1 and rather towards the ,sea and ,warrington1 distant twelve ,miles4 ,sidenote3 ,apparent ,size of the ,balloon1 when seen from below4 ,he watched it for a ,quarter of an ,hour3 and caught it by ,intervals1 near and above a ,cloud in the blue ,sky1 at so great a ,height that it looked like a ,lark3 and at last3 so small that the ,people who stood near him coud none of them regain a ,sight1 when they had once lost it4 #aje4 ,the remaining white ,flag was unfolded1 and tyed to one of the ,balloon-,cords attached to the upper ,hoop1 at a proper ,distance to play freely in the ,wind3 and1 notwithstanding all that has been said to the contrary1 shewed instantaneously and plainly the corresponding ,changes made by the ,wind in different ,directions4 ,and1 as the ,breeze was accompanied with a ,sensation of ,coolness against the ,face of the ,aironaut1 looking towards that ,quarter from whence the ,wind came1 as indicated by the ,flag2 7which ,quarter was not in a ,line with the ,path of the ,balloon27 the ,flag must have shewn that the ,change was made by the ,air in its peculiar progressive ,direction1 and not by its ,resistance or ,progress in the ,track of the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon moving in a ,direction different from that of the ,air4 #ajf4 ,it is probable that the ,momentum of the ,balloon1 acquired by its centrifugal or accelerating ,force upwards1 might have kept it in one ,direction1 while it continued to rise throu' different ,currents4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,balloon ,,still ,,re-,,ascending4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon vertical over ,aston1 for #h ,minutes4 ,section #ajg4 ,the ,balloon being now wholly unconfined1 continued to rise with great ,rapidity3 crossed the ,meadow in the ,sea-,breeze1 and remained as before1 for #f or #h ,minutes1--by ,intervals gently turning on its ,axis--almost wholly vertical over ,aston-,hall1 but rather more to the ,eastward of it4 ,the ,country still exhibited bright gay and extensive ,prospects4 #ajh4 ,three ,sail of ,vessels appeared in the ,channel3 and four more were sailing down the ,river ,wever1 apparently just under the ,balloon1 diminishing to mere ,cockle-,shells1 or like ,boats which have no ,rigging4 ,shouts continued4 ,corn and ,cattle were visible in the ,fields and ,meadows4 ,aston1 tho' a large and elegant ,mansion1 appeared like a ,house which ,children build with ,cards4 ,sidenote3 ,chilliness felt at the same ,height in re-ascending4 #aji4 ,a ,chilliness in the ,air was again perceived in rising1 as he imagined1 to the same ,height at which he felt it in descending1 indicated by the ,thermometer at #ee4 7,sect4 #ib47 ,he then found himself inclined to taste the ,brandy and ,water1 ready mixed by his ,order1 and to eat a ,biscuit3 but on putting the ,liquor to his ,lips2 thought it too strong1 so drank none1 nor eat any ,thing4 #aaj4 ,the three ,sail1 and the ,channel disappeared4 ,sidenote3 ,river red4 ,the ,river put on a deep red ,colour1 like the ,dee4 ,its ,meanders seemed to encrease2 as its ,width diminished to a broad ,line4 ,its ,water was lost to the ,sight4 ,corn and ,cattle were no longer distinguishable4 ,the ,house at ,aston was yet a beautiful tho' minute ,object3 the ,balloon moving several ,times round it2 as if loth to quit that and the ,river4 ,the ,cascade was become a white ,line3 and the fine ,bridge below1 a yellow ,straw crossing the broad red ,streak4 ,of the four ,vessels in the ,wever1 not an ,atom visible4 ,the ,shouting entirely ceased4 ,sidenote3 ,rocks ,woods and ,meads reduced to a coloured ,plain of the mellowest ,tints4 #aaa4 ,the blue scattered ,houses1 wide public ,road called ,sutton-,causeway over ,frodsham ,marsh1 the ,meadows ,fields and ,woods1 the lofty ,hills1 ,helsbye ,crag and ,halton-,tower1 were reduced to one common ,level2 and diminished to the ,size and ,semblance of a coloured ,map1 but it was the superb and finished ,colouring of ,nature4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon higher than at the first ,ascent4 #aab4 ,ceasing to look down on the smooth ,lawns below1 which were now of the richest and fullest ,patterns1 seen as throu' the small or inverted ,end of a common ,perspective-,glass1 and spun1 as it were1 to a fine ,thread2 ,pleasure and ,delight1 tho' of another ,kind1 fill'd the ,imagination of the ,beholder3 who1 raising his ,eyes on a ,level with himself1 so as to look straight before him2 found that the ,balloon had already1 and almost beyond his own ,belief1 soared to so amazing a ,height in the ,atmosphere1 as to raise him far above the ,rim of the immense ,bowl or ,crater2 and that it was still stealing with ,rapidity upwards4 ,sidenote3 ,contemplation of the ,prospect4 #aac4 ,during the ,contemplation of this magnificent ,prospect1 a perfect ,calm took ,place1 and soothing ,silence reigned4 ,and thus2 for a while detached1 far detached from ,earth1 and all terrestrial ,thoughts2 wrapt in the mild ,azure of the etherial ,regions2 suspended in the ,center of a vast and almost endless ,concave2 come1 as a mere ,visitor1 from another ,planet2 surrounded with the stupendous ,works of ,nature1 yet above them2--the glorious ,sun except1 which enlivened all1 and shone with pure celestial ,lustre2--a peaceful ,serenity of ,mind succeeded2 an enviable ,,euroia4#cf ,an ,idea of which it is not in the ,power of ,language to convey1 or to describe4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,sidenote3 ,breathed freely4 ,thermometer #fj4 ,section #aad4 ,respiration at so great an ,altitude was perfectly free and easy3 forced ,trials being made for ,information on that ,point3 a ,sensation of ,levity seemed rather to be communicated by the ,air to the ,lungs3 but this might be the ,effect of the ,imagination4 ,it was however a curious ,circumstance to find the ,breath not visible2 the ,thermometer rising again to #fj4 ,nor did the ,pulse seem to be quicker than usual1 in this elevated tho' inactive ,situation4 ,sidenote3 ,thunder-,clouds as before4 ,sidenote3 ,fairy ,landscapes striking4 #aae4 ,the ,perspective of a vast ,series of ,thunder-,clouds of a sulphreous and metallic ,tinge1 placing themselves in ,ranks1 each beyond the other1 in bright and tremendous ,order1 and a ,sort of ,battle-,array1 beyond ,conception grand yet beautiful2 coud not pass under him without ,notice4 ,the immense circular and visible ,distance of the nebulous ,horizon1 extended now #ajb ,miles at the least round the ,eye1 as already mentioned 7,sect4 #eb72 was a grand ,source of the ,sublime4 ,nor did the contracted ,view of the ,landscape below fail1 in ,turn1 to regain an ,attention to its indiscriminate yet pleasing ,scenery4 #aaf4 ,on a sudden he was called back to himself4 ,sidenote3 ,bladders crackling4 ,several of the ,bladders1 which were tyed round the ,car1 in ,case the ,balloon shoud alight on the ,sea1 and were dry on the ,outside1 began at the same ,instant to crackle2 being greatly distended by the ,air within4 ,when pressed with the ,hands and ,fingers1 they felt extremely hard1 and ready to burst4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon bloated4 ,on looking upwards at the ,balloon1 it appeared greatly inflated3 the external ,pressure of the surrounding ,air being much lessened1 in so elevated and rarified a ,state of the ,atmosphere4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon quilted by internal ,pressure4 #aag4 ,the ,balloon pressed in an unusual ,manner throu' the ,meshes of the ,net1 quite round4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon shorter and broader4 #aah4 ,the ,shape was much altered by this ,distention of the ,sides3 and its perpendicular ,diameter shorter than before4 ,sidenote3 ,neck #h ,feet above the ,car4 #aai4 ,the ,neck or ,mouth1 which was tyed1 had actually risen upwards1 and was then near eight ,feet above the ,bottom of the ,car4 ,sidenote3 ,neck cut off in a former ,excursion4 #abj4 ,it was not known till afterwards1 that ,mr4 ,lunardi on his second arial ,voyage from ,liverpool1 had been obliged to cut off the lower ,part of the ,neck1 weighing upwards of two ,pounds and a half1 in order to lighten his ,descent near ,tarporley in ,cheshire2 and that he had not ,silk sufficient to repair the ,loss4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,attempt to reach the ,twine by climbing on the ,car4 ,section #aba4 ,in vain did the ,aironaut strive to reach the ,neck of the ,balloon1 from the ,car4 ,attempting to put his ,feet on the opposite ,sides of the lower ,hoop1 by grasping the upper with his ,hands2 he coud not in that ,situation raise himself so high as before2 nor let go his ,hold with either ,hand4 ,he then stepped down into the ,car4 ,the ,agitation of which1 brought within the ,reach of his ,hand1 the loose ,end of the ,twine 7purposely tyed on a ,bow or ,slip ,knot7 that had stuck to one of the ,side-,cords1 and held the ,center of the ,neck rather out of the ,perpendicular4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,balloon ,,at ,,its ,,greatest ,,height4 ,sidenote3 ,mouth of the ,balloon opened4 ,section #abb4 ,being cautious how he suffered the lightest ,gass to escape throu' the ,top of the ,balloon1 which must have happened in drawing down the ,string of the ,valve2 yet apprehending the ,possibility of an immediate ,rupture at its present greatest ,elevation2--glancing his ,eyes around to take a farewel ,view2--he pulled the ,twine1 that tyed the ,neck4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon shrunk to its usual ,shape4 #abc4 ,instant ,relief was given to the ,balloon3 which shrunk into the ,shape which it had assumed in the former ,ascent1 when the ,gass began to issue in visible ,vapour1 the ,neck likewise lowering itself to the ,height of his ,shoulders1 as in ,section #ce4 ,sidenote3 ,mouth opened at #da ,minutes past ,,iii4 #abd4 ,on stooping he found the ,time #da ,minutes after ,,iii1 and the ,thermometer #eg4 ,sidenote3 ,no visible ,vapour escaped4 ,nor was he surprised that no visible ,vapour escaped2 as he had imagined that much common ,air had been pressed into the ,mouth of the ,balloon3 and which1 being heavier than ,gass1 woud go out first4 ,sidenote3 ,why the ,valve at the ,top is not to be opened4 ,on that ,ground he was confirmed in his ,resolution not to open the ,valve at the top1 which always emits the lightest ,gass4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,neck being made ,air-tight1 the ,balloon rose again4 #abe4 ,as soon however as the ,neck of the ,balloon reached his ,shoulder1 he gathered the ,silk in his ,hand1 and held it ,air-tight tho' untyed1 to prevent ,evaporation of much real ,gass3 presuming that if any ,levity remained2 the ,balloon woud presently rise again1 and swell4 ,and he was pleased to find the ,event answer his ,expectations4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,air ,,warmer ,,above ,,than ,,below4 ,section #abf4 ,it was a ,matter both of ,surprize and ,pleasure to observe that the ,thermometer had risen again to #fj1 when the ,balloon had soared above the ,sea-,breeze2 as the ,aironaut had expected to feel the extreme ,rigour of ,winter2 and had made ,preparations against intense ,cold4 ,nor did he find any ,difficulty in ,respiration during the ,excursion2 which may possibly be accounted for from the ,warmth of the ,air4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,breath not visible during the ,excursion4 ,that the ,breath#cg was not visible at any one ,time1 and particularly while the ,balloon was elevated above the under ,current1 might it not be owing to the uncommon dryness of the ,air1 which woud dissipate the ,vapour at the ,instant of ,exposure8 ,sidenote3 ,encreased ,shadows seem to raise the ,objects4 #abg4 ,it was remarked1 some little ,time before1 and during the last ,glance of the ,prospect taken at the highest ,elevation1 that the ,house at ,aston was still visible1 and the dark coloured ,line forming its diminutive ,shadow seemed thicker in ,proportion to the ,plan1 than when the ,mansion was first seen before the ,re-ascent4 ,and it had a sensible ,effect in apparently raising it above the common ,level4 ,sidenote3 ,prospects below noted4 #abh4 ,the ,circuit of the ,land-,abyss below was also greatly contracted3 and a ,haziness inclining to a dark ,green seemed to cover the outward ,verge round the ,lawn4 ,the red ,river ,wever only appeared4 ,the ,channel and broad ,branch of the ,river ,mersey towards ,warrington1 had long since vanished4 ,sidenote3 ,down ,view like the ,pattern of a ,turkey-,carpet4 ,the ,lawn itself1 which composed the ,ground-,view1 was full of innumerable ,enclosures almost close to each other2 with much ,wood3--dwindling to the ,pattern of an elegant ,turkey-,carpet3 which1 according to ,principles of ,mahommedan ,faith1 tho' wrought in gay and vivid ,colours1 is made to exhibit no exact#ch ,resemblance to the ,works either of ,art or ,nature4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,earth glowing with primary ,colours only4 #abi4 ,the ,colours1 of which the ,ground ,work was principally formed 7except white2 also the roughened ,sea1 which alone was black2 and ,shadows1 which constantly gave a transparent violet7 were four simple and primary ones1 viz4 red1 yellow1 green1 and blue3 all which seemed to glow1 tho' in a less ,degree1 like the ,colours of the ,prism4 ,this unmixed ,coloration of ,objects1 to be seen from a vertical ,situation only1 to be seen without ,refraction1 is a new singular and pleasing ,phenomenon4 ,sidenote3 ,cromtic view of the ,earth1 an ,appearance peculiar to the ,balloon4 #acj4 ,a ,view1 taken above the ,level of the ,clouds1 may1 from this ,circumstance1 without ,impropriety1 be called a chromatic view or the ,earth3 of which1 the ,print is an ,example3 delineating the ,extent of the arial ,excursion2 and placed at the ,end of the second ,part1 including the ,re-ascent4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,balloon ,,above ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,water4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon above the ,influence of the ,waters and ,sea-,breeze4 ,section #aca4 ,the ,balloon pursued its former gentle ,course in the upper ,current of ,air moving from the ,south ,west1 and ,aston ,house3 and had risen above the ,influence of the ,waters and ,sea-,breeze4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon repeatedly swelling4 #acb4 ,in ,consequence of having held tight the ,neck of the ,balloon1 the ,gass within began again to expand1 and the ,machine became more bloated than when stationary at the first ,ascent3 the ,bottom of the ,balloon being drawn up to the ,height of his ,hand1 when the ,arm was stretched1 and himself on ,tip-toe4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,valve first tried4 #acc4 ,tho' the late ,descent1 at the last ,opening of the ,balloon1 had been rapid2 which was known chiefly by the ,want of ,reaction from the ,bottom of the ,car against the ,soles of the ,feet2 yet being still far above all ,clouds2 fearless of the ,currents1 ,rocks1 and ,shoals1 to which all maritime ,navigation is subject2 he took the ,opportunity of trying the upper ,valve2 purposely to know the ,effect4 ,so retaining the ,bottom of the ,balloon in his right ,hand1 he drew the ,valve ,cord with his left4 ,immediately he heard it click3 which proved that it was quite open1 and in good ,order4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,valve answered4 #acd4 ,he tried the ,valve three ,times smartly1 and deliberately4 ,the ,escape of the inflammable ,air or ,gass was like the growling ,sound made in a ,mill by the ,grinding of the ,mill-stones1 but by no ,means so loud4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,third ,,balloon-,,iris ,sidenote3 ,balloon-shadow4 ,section #ace4 ,the successive ,operations of untying the ,neck1 and repeated ,trials of the ,valve1 brought the ,observer so low1 that he coud trace the ,image of the ,balloon on the upper ,surface of light silvery ,clouds beneath him4 ,sidenote3 ,third ,balloon-,iris4 ,sidenote3 ,iris remained4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,earth disappeared4 #acf4 ,iris1 a bright celestial ,nymph1 his former ,attendant1 deck'd in gay ,attire as usual for the ,bow1 made her third ,appearance3 instantly encircling the ,balloon4 ,nor was her ,stay so short as before2 as if to recompense the ,aironaut for the lost ,sight of ,earth and all terrestrial ,objects1 which then began to disappear4 #acg4 ,in less than a ,minute after the ,deflation2 the ,neck of the ,balloon continuing to be held tight in the ,hand2 the ,balloon quickly encreased in ,bulk1 and soared aloft1 as before4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon alternately rising and falling4 #ach4 ,it continued rising as long as the ,hand coud reach to hold the ,neck tight3 and1 on loosing it an ,instant1 made a rapid ,descent3 on ,account of the ,gass which escaped1 and of the atmospheric ,air which rushed in by the same ,opening at the ,bottom4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,play of fast and loose repeated4 #aci4 ,the alternate ,play of fast and loose1 was frequently and successfully repeated3 the ,balloon always rising till it swelled out of the ,reach of the ,hand3 at which ,time it was let go3 and the ,neck 7as well as the ,balloon7 descending2 was presently caught in the ,hand1 and made ,air-tight as before4 ,sidenote3 ,manouvres seen at the ,distance of #ae ,miles4 #adj4 ,these ,manouvres were performed1 at a ,height far above the ,level of all ,clouds1 and in ,sight of ,numbers of ,people3 some of whom were at least #ae ,miles distance3 yet coud plainly1 from an ,eminence called ,hoole-,mill ,field1 a ,couple of ,miles from ,chester1 discover the ,balloon at an amazing ,height1 darting up and down several ,times2 or as they expressed themselves1 8quivering and warping in the ,air40 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,sensations ,,accompanying ,,the ,,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,situation safe and pleasant4 ,section #ada4 ,the alternate ,elevation and ,descent of the ,balloon gave sufficient ,leisure to reflect on the security and pleasure of his ,situation1 thus wafted on the ,pinions1 and merging in the ,ocean of ,air4 ,indeed the whole ,excursion was a ,continued ,scene of ,pleasure4 ,the ,eye and the ,imagination were beyond ,measure delighted4 #adb4 ,if there had been any ,thing to wish for1 it was the living ,pencil of ,angelica1#ci or some other celebrated ,painter3 in order to gratify the ,world with the bright ,miniatures and ,colouring of so much variegated ,beauty4 #adc4 ,as it woud be difficult1 if not impossible1 by mere ,description1 to convey an adequate ,idea of the different ,sensations experienced while in the ,car2 7for ,pleasure is itself unspeakable27 yet the ,fancy may possibly1 without ,censure1 be a ,moment indulged1 in its ,allusions to such familiar ,subjects as approach nearest to them3 so as not to leave the public ,mind wholly in the ,dark1 with ,respect to the above ,points of natural and general ,curiosity4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,swing a favourite ,amusement4 #add4 ,most young ,people1 whenever they have ,opportunity1 amuse themselves on the slack rope1 or ,swing3 the ,pleasure encreases in ,proportion to the ,loftiness of ,ascent they are able to acquire4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mogul enjoys the ,air without ,fatigue1 by ,means of the ,swing4 #ade4 ,in the ,east1 where the ,heat of the ,climate forbids robust ,exercises2 the ,swing is considered as a princely ,diversion3 and of which the ,mogul himself condescends to partake4 ,he is swung by ,slaves3 and thus enjoys the pure ,air without ,fatigue4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balloon and ,swing compared4 #adf4 ,the ,ascent of the ,balloon is not unlike what is felt1 in the ascending half of the ,swing3 and the ,descent is attended with that agreeable ,sensation known to those who sink throu' the descending half4 ,sidenote3 ,a favourite ,diversion among the ,russians4 ,sidenote3 ,artificial ,declivity of waved ,ice4 #adg4 ,a ,diversion similar to the above is peculiar to the ,north of ,europe1 practised by the ,russians1 particularly the ,inhabitants of ,zarsko ,zelo2 and accompanied with a ,sensation so delightful1 that they seek it in the open ,air1 amidst the utmost ,severity of the ,frost4 ,it is a ,sort of ,boat or ,car1 in which they glide1 for a considerable ,distance1 down an artificial ,declivity of waved and polished ,ice3 being drawn up by ,servants2 they launch precipitately forwards1 and down again as before4 ,sidenote3 ,amusements of ,gestation in common with the ,balloon4 #adh4 ,sledges drawn swiftly over the undulated ,surface of a snowy ,country1 a favourite ,diversion in many ,parts of ,germany1 in ,lapland1 and ,siberia3 ,skaiting on level ,ice2 the ,motion of a ,vessel on smooth ,water2 of a fleet ,horse2 also of ,wheel-,carriages rolling over even ,gravel1 or a grassy ,plain1 are each a ,luxury of the same ,kind2 and grateful to the ,nerves4 ,sidenote3 ,vertical ,flying-,coach4 #adi4 ,there is yet another ,amusement1 which is said to be of ,german ,extraction1 still frequent in the ,north of ,england1 called the vertical ,flying-,coach4#dj ,two ,persons are required to turn the ,machine 7when full73 which moves like the four ,sails of a ,windmill3 a ,seat being placed at the ,end of each ,sail4 #aej4 ,the ,pleasure communicated to the ,nerves during the ,descent1 is to some ,constitutions so exquisite1 as to be full as much as the human ,frame can support3 others are affected by it in a gentler ,manner4 ,these different ,diversions1 flowing from the same ,principle in common with the ,balloon1 viz4 that of being carried with a gentle ,motion1 are one or other suited to all ,ranks and ,ages4 #aea4 ,the ,pleasure of the double ,slack ,ropes1 when seated in the ,car appended between them1 is perhaps in itself superior to that of most others4 #aeb4 ,the vertical ,flying-,coach#da compleats the ,circle1 of which the ,slack ,rope describes but the lower ,half4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon and ,vertical ,flying-,coach compared4 #aec4 ,the ,sensations communicated by the ,motion of the ,balloon1 come nearest those of the vertical flying ,coach1 tho' more gentle1 and if possible1 more pleasing4 ,sidenote3 ,no ,sickness or ,giddiness in the ,balloon4 ,at ,sea1 the most experienced ,mariner is sometimes sick or giddy4 #aed4 ,nothing of the ,kind happens in the ,balloon3 where an infinite ,variety charms the ,imagination4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,spirits raised4 #aee4 ,the ,spirits are raised by the ,purity of the ,air#dc1 and rest in a chearful ,composure4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,greatest ,height conveys no ,fear of falling4 #aef4 ,even when stationary above the ,clouds1 the ,height conveys with it no ,danger of falling3 any more than when in a ,vessel at ,sea1 7as off the ,west-,india ,islands1 for ,example7 the ,fish are seen gliding over the clear white rocky ,bottom1 at the ,depth of twenty ,fathom3 as the ,aironaut seems perfectly unconnected with the ,earth1 and unconcerned about it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,depth below the ,clouds gives no ,idea of ,distance4 #aeg4 ,nor does the ,depth below the ,clouds give an ,idea of ,distance4 ,on the contrary1 the smooth chequered ,lawns which form the ,surface of the ,earth1 are presented to the ,eye1 as on a ,level with the ,clouds themselves3 at least come up to their undersides1 and appear so much a ,part of them2 that the ,clouds occupy the ,place of ,earth3 and the ,aironaut seems able to descend from the ,car upon the ,clouds1 and to walk from ,side to ,side over the empty ,space1 as over a ,sheet of transparent ,ice1 across a ,river1 whose ,depth is equal to the small but indefinite ,thickness of the ,clouds4 #aeh4 ,it is from frequent experience only that the ,diminution of ,objects presuppose their ,distance4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,useful ,,conclusions4 ,sidenote3 ,change in the ,form of the ,balloon while descending3 with ,conclusions drawn from the ,change4 ,section #aei4 ,it was remarkable that1 the lower ,parts of the ,balloon regularly adopted a similar ,form at each ,descent3 not unlike a ,ship's ,bottom2 looking up1 at the ,head or ,prow1 while on the ,stocks3 the ,neck of the ,balloon forming a beautiful central ,pillar2 in ,shape like that of a ,speaking ,trumpet inverted4 ,sidenote3 ,time of ,descent discovered by the ,form of the ,balloon4 ,and hence may be derived a ,piece of useful ,information3 as the precise ,time of descending is discovered by bare ,inspection of the ,machine4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon adopting the ,form of an elliptic ,solid4 #afj4 ,another ,conclusion seems likewise deducible from the above1 that if the ,balloon is so burdened1 as to descend while it retains the ,form of an elliptic solid2#dd it will descend more rapidly1 than if it contained less ,gass3 the ,force of ,descent in both ,cases being supposed the same4 ,for if the ,diminution of ,gass be so great as not to fill the upper ,hemisphere of the ,balloon2 the ,resistance of the atmospheric ,air below woud probably give it the ,appearance of a ,concave or ,umbrella1 which woud greatly check the ,descent3 viz4 in ,proportion to the ,square of the ,number of ,feet of which the ,surface was composed4 ,sidenote3 ,an equatorial ,hoop prefered to a ,parashute4 #afa4 ,hence also the evident ,utility of an equatorial hoop for ,balloons3 in ,preference to a ,parashute1 which woud be only an ,incumbrance4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,sidenote3 ,an uncommon ,sound in the ,air4 ,section #afb4 ,at #dj ,minutes past ,,iii1 when the ,balloon was apparently some ,miles above the ,level and ,summit of the ,clouds2 a sudden and uncommon ,sound was heard for three or four ,seconds only4 ,a ,sort of hollow ,wind seemed issuing from a ,plain of ,clouds in the ,north-,east ,quarter1 greatly below the ,balloon3 which as suddenly ceased4 ,sidenote3 ,an unusual ,motion communicated to the ,balloon4 ,the ,instant the ,sound was heard2 a gentle ,motion was impressed on the ,balloon1 as if by a ,hand touching it near the ,top4 #afc4 ,clouds to the ,north-,east appeared1 for the first ,time1 in rapid ,motion towards the ,balloon4 ,they sailed directly under it3 filled up the ,chasm1 and drew a white ,veil over all terrestrial ,objects4 ,sidenote3 ,conjecture in the ,cause of the ,motion4 #afd4 ,it has been since imagined1 that a fresh ,wind descended from the ,south-,west ,quarter in the upper ,current1 and was heard in the ,north-,east1 being ecchoed from the upper ,tier of ,clouds below3 and that the ,balloon1 finding less ,resistance than the range of ,clouds1 soon overtook and passed them3 particularly as the lower ,part of the white ,flag vibrated only in the usual ,direction4 #afe4 ,the encreased progressive ,motion of the ,balloon was not perceived 7,section #ah73 being considered as at ,rest1 and the apparent ,motion referred to the ,clouds4 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,sidenote3 ,a narrow ,ditch the ,duke of ,bridgewater's ,canal4 ,section #aff4 ,in a few ,minutes1 a ,side-,break throu' the ,clouds discovered a long ill-formed narrow ,line or ,ditch1 something less than a ,foot in ,breadth1 extending several ,ways3 and which from its ,proximity to ,places that were known1 and coming into ,view2 viz4 the ,country about ,norton and ,halton-,castle2 proved to be the ,duke of ,bridgewater's ,canal4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,glympse of ,runcorn ,gap4 ,suddenly came in ,sight the spacious open of the ,mersey above ,runcorn ,gap3 which appeared of a ruddy ,colour1 and very near3 as if the ,balloon had again felt the ,influence of the ,river4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon-,geography first suggested for ,maps4 #afg4 ,a new ,system1 that of ,balloon-,geography here suggested itself3 in which the ,essentials of ,proportion and ,bearings woud be far more accurate1 than by the present ,method1 both for ,maps and ,charts1 viz4 ,to make ,drawings by sight1 from the ,car of a ,balloon with a ,camera ,obscura1 aided by a ,micrometer applied to the under ,side of the transparent ,glass4 ,sidenote3 ,air presumed to be warm with ,south-,west ,wind long continued4 ,the ,season proper for such an aironautic ,expedition1 would be any calm bright ,day3 the ,wind having blown from the ,south ,west ,quarter1 for some ,days before1 which is frequently the ,case3 the ,air1 at such ,conjuncture probably remaining warm1 to the ,height of a ,mile or more1 unless in the very ,midst of ,winter4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon ,geography for ,charts4 #afh4 ,and particularly for ,charts1 which in a maritime ,country are most useful3 as ,balloons have an extraordinary ,predilection to become stationary over ,channels and ,rivers2 altho' a very strong ,gale of ,wind1 shoud continue the whole ,time to blow in an horizontal ,course directly under the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon in a ,calm with a strong ,wind below4 ,of which ,event the ,writer of this ,account was an ,eye-,witness1 in the ,case of ,mr4 ,lunardi3 who was detained above #bj ,minutes over the broad ,bend of the ,river ,mersey1 near ,ince1 in ,cheshire1 the ,day he landed between ,tarporley and ,beeston-,castle1 ascending from the ,new ,fort at ,liverpool4 ,he quitted his ,station by the ,escape of ,gass1 and descended into the ,stream of ,wind1 which continued as violent as before4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,section #afi4 ,the ,summer ,scenes of ,fairy-,land below1 being soon eclipsed by the quick ,intervention of a ,range of ,clouds2 the sudden ,contrast of which was highly pleasing to the ,imagination2 a ,prospect of mid winter instantaneously succeeded4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,center filled up in an ,instant4 #agj4 ,the ,earth's ,surface throu' an immeasurable ,crater of ,vapour accumulated round the ,aironaut1 who was suspended1 and seemed fixed in the ,center above it1 no longer existed4 ,and1 if it will not be allowed1 that a new ,earth1 and a new sky appeared2 at least1 let the ,imagery and ,resemblance of what was really seen1 be taken from that earth1 which in ,fact did not appear4 ,a world of ,clouds1 greater than the one below1 became1 for the first ,time the sole ,object that engrossed the ,sight4 7,see ,section #add47 ,sidenote3 ,view of the ,clouds taken from above them4 #aga4 ,the ,balloon was apparently raised some ,miles above the ,surface of a concave shallow ,plate1 or ,shell1 or rather an immense ,plain1 which was in general smooth and well defined3 but the dense tontruous ,masses1 rising here and there above the ,rest1 greatly resembled steep and rugged mountains seen in ,perspective1 at different ,distances from #e and #aj to at least a hundred ,miles4#de ,an unvaried deep cerlean and pellucid ,azure1 without a ,cloud above1 enclosed the novel earth3 whose ,surface1 whether ,valley1 ,plain1 or mountain in ,appearance2 seemed as if covered to a prodigious ,depth1 by successive ,falls of ,snow1 driven and polished by the ,winds and ,frost1 and dazzling to the ,sight3 the ,sun still shining above all1 with white1 unremitting and invigorating ,rays4#dg ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,sidenote3 ,brilliant ,colouring of dense ,clouds4 ,sidenote3 ,aironaut lost in the blue ,fields of ,air1 by the ,intervention of ,clouds below him3 which prevented all farther ,knowledge of his ,situation1 and also a ,sight of the ,earth itself4 ,section #agb4 ,a ,thunder ,cloud in most grotesque ,form2--of superior ,magnitude1 ,density1 and brightness--a celestial ,colouring2 and whose ,shade was itself a ,colour of semi-transparent and transcendent ,blue and ,violet-,purple2--remaining for several ,minutes1 exactly under the ,balloon1 tempted the ,aironaut to descend into it2 and1 if possible1 investigate its ,structure and ,composition4 ,blanchard1 he knew1 had passed throu' many without ,danger3 any ,fears that might otherwise have been entertained on that ,head were therefore groundless3 particularly as ,gass1 i4e4 inflammable ,air and the electric ,fluid 7supposing an electric ,atmosphere had surrounded the ,thunder ,cloud7 mutually repel each other4 ,he however declined the ,trial3 among other ,reasons which then offered2 that the temporary and apparent ,rest of both ,balloon and ,clouds portended his ,situation to be over the ,center of some ,water3 so that if ,gass had been let out in order to descend2 enough might not have remained to make ,choice of a proper ,place to land4 #agc4 ,some ,minutes after2 on the ,retreat of the ,clouds1 or progressive ,motion of the ,balloon2 he found himself suspended over the most enchanting ,meanders of a ,rivulet4 ,where he coud not tell4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,aironaut was lost1 tho' in ,sight of a ,country well known when below4 ,section #agd4 ,he thought himself again over the ,wever4 ,sidenote3 ,at #dg ,minutes past ,,iii1 over a red ,rivulet4 ,at #dg ,minutes after ,,iii1 the ,prospect beneath opened1 just wide enough to shew1 that he was suspended in the open ,space over the ,center of some ,rivulet4 ,the ,map of the ,country which had been so carefully studied1 was now consulted for the first ,time1 but coud not bring to his ,recollection any ,traces of the extraordinary ,curves which then met his ,eye4 ,they bore not the least ,resemblance to any ,part of the ,river ,mersey4 ,no ,river like that below him had ever presented itself4 ,its ,doublings were so various and fantastic as to exceed the ,limits of ,credibility4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,neck of the ,balloon tyed some ,time before to prevent the ,descent4 #age4 ,he was still stationary1 at an immense ,height1 without the least ,inclination to descend3 having some ,time before taken the ,precaution to tye again the ,neck of the ,balloon1 as soon as he had perceived it did not inflate1 as at first1 to any dangerous ,degree4 ,no ,towns1 no ,houses appeared4 ,no public ,roads were discoverable4 ,no ,voices were heard4#dh ,the ,country beyond the ,rivulet began to disclose itself3 but was quite new to him at that ,altitude1 and seemed as if almost covered with ,wood4 #agf4 ,his ,watch shewed the ,time of the ,day1 and the ,sun alone sufficiently indicated the ,point of the ,compass4 ,the white ,flag manifested no ,change in the ,wind4 ,but whether he was near ,liverpool1 ,wigan1 or ,manchester1 he coud not discover4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,country below unknown to the ,aironaut1 when in the ,balloon4 #agg4 ,he was entirely lost in the blue ,fields of ,air2 far above the ,summits of the ,clouds2 tho' the ,balloon was in ,sight of the ,earth1 and of ,numbers who were gazing at it4 #agh4 ,the ,colour of the new ,rivulet was full as red1 as any he had seen before4 ,he thought it might be an insignificant ,brook1 which tho' curiously curved1 was too small to be inserted in the ,map4 ,still he continued over it3 turning and returning gently in small ,curves4 #agi4 ,he presently passed ,northward of the ,rivulet over a woody ,country1 in which he coud discover no ,variety of ,colouring either in the ,ground ,work or ,enclosures2 the whole having a dark green ,cast4 ,sidenote3 ,unusual ,objects below4 ,an ,appearance of a very distant and remote ,plain then presented itself2 the ,size of a moderate ,carpet3 of a ruddy ,colour2 and surrounded by a green ,border4 ,being an unusual ,object it continued to engage his ,attention4 #ahj4 ,not far from the first1 another of the same ,kind1 of a more dusky ,cast1 but less and somewhat nearer1 that is more under him1 then attracted his ,notice4 ,he wished to decipher them1 but in vain4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,prospects opened1 which demonstrated his ,descent1 owing to the ,loss of ,gass4 #aha4 ,the ,sun shone bright on both3 and in a very few ,minutes1 the circular ,prospects encreased3 which was now become a regular and undeniable ,signal that the ,balloon had begun to descend4 7,section #ag47 ,the latter ,plain appeared1 at the first1 about the ,size of a common ,handkerchief4 ,the ,balloon continued to descend4 ,sidenote3 ,the same ,spot perpetually varying to the ,eye of the ,aironaut4 #ahb4 ,in a ,couple of ,minutes1 the ,plain appeared intersected closely every ,way1 like the ,coat of a ripening ,melon4 ,descending a little lower2 it seemed covered with a ,net1 the ,meshes of which were distinct4 ,and lower still2 it extended itself greatly on all ,sides3 7at which ,time a certain ,degree of ,chilliness prevailed37 and was then again mistaken1 and looked upon as a dry ,heath1 deeply overrun with ,shrubs of the same ,name4 ,sidenote3 ,ballast thrown out gradually4 #ahc4 ,the ,descent of the ,balloon being rather quicker than was expected1 or desired2 it was deemed expedient to have ,recourse to the last ,bag of ,sand1 which lay open1 and weighed #bj ,pounds4 ,it was accordingly thrown out1 a ,handful at a ,time4 ,sidenote3 ,the remaining ,ballast thrown out at once1 in all #bjlb4 weight4 ,but that ,method not seeming sufficient to check the ,descent1 when at the ,height of #aej or #bjj ,yards2 all the ,sand was poured out1 and the ,bag thrown down4 ,sidenote3 ,gentle ,landing of the ,balloon4 ,this had the desired ,effect3 and the ,balloon continuing to descend with a ,motion uniformly retarded1 alighted1 as the down of a ,thistle1 in the gentlest ,manner1 without any ,rebound4 ,sidenote3 ,anchor and ,cable not made use of4 #ahd4 ,there being scarcely a ,breath of ,air abroad1 the ,aironaut made no ,use of his ,anchor and ,cable3 but continued as from the first1 standing upright in the ,car2 which1 having moved a ,yard or two only along the ,ground1 rested in a perpendicular ,situation4 ,the ,balloon1 suspended over him like a vast ,umbrella1 levitated vertically in the grandest ,manner4 #ahe4 ,he was alone when he alighted3 but1 in a few ,minutes1 found himself surrounded by the ,country-,people1 who had waded above ,ancle-deep1 and came running from all ,parts1 to see the wonder1 and contribute their ,assistance4 ,sidenote3 ,landed at #ec ,minutes past ,,iii4 ,thermometer #ei4 #ahf4 ,he landed exactly1 at #g ,minutes before ,,iv3 ,thermometer #ei3 but where he coud not tell4 ,the first ,question was 8,pray where am ,i80 ,and the ,answer2--in ,lancashire4 ,on asking the nearest ,distance to a ,turnpike-,road2 the ,people said he was within two ,fields of one1 and offered to conduct him thither4 ,he accepted their ,offer1 and shared his ,liquor among them4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,section #ahg4 ,the ,balloon alighted near the ,middle of a moss2 called rixton-moss1 a ,place he had never before heard of4 ,sidenote3 ,rixton-,moss1 its ,magnitude4 ,it was a large ,tract of unenclosed wet ,land1 above four ,miles long and above two broad1 intersected by ,ditches or ,water ,courses1 which divide the ,moss into ,fields of a moderate ,size4 ,the whole is surrounded by tall ,forest ,trees4 ,this was the lesser of the two dusky ,plains1 which appeared about the ,size of a ,handkerchief1 and which he wished to decipher1 but in vain4 #ahh4 ,rixton-,moss is situated five ,miles ,north ,north ,east of ,warrington1 and a little to the left of the ,turnpike ,road leading from thence to ,manchester1 and #be from ,chester4 ,sidenote3 ,chat-,moss in ,lancashire4 #ahi4 ,he has since been informed that the other ,plain1 about the ,size of a moderate ,carpet1 was no less a ,place than chat moss1 a vast ,tract of barren wet ,land1 many ,miles in ,extent4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,rivulet seen when above1 was the ,river ,mersey near ,warrington4 #aij4 ,curiosity tempted him to make particular ,enquiry concerning the ,rivulet over which he hung1 admiring the ,beauty of its serpentine ,meanders2 and1 from a ,description given of his ,manouvres over ,lymm1 situated to the ,east of ,warrington1 and from a peculiar ,curve1 appearing in the ,form of a true ,lover's ,knot1 when over the ,gunpowder ,water-,mills1 he was convinced the ,rivulet coud have been no other than the broad ,branch of the ,river ,mersey4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,excursion performed in two ,hours and a ,quarter4 #aia4 ,the arial excursion was performed in two ,hours1 and a ,quarter1 within two ,minutes4 ,the ,distance of the ,balloon-,course1 if traced along the ,ground1 #cj ,miles4 ,section #acj4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon1 unknown to the ,aironaut1 going at the ,rate of #cj ,miles an ,hour4 #aib4 ,in comparing the ,dates at ,bellair and ,rixton-,moss2 it is certain that the ,balloon1 excluding the ,force of ,ascent1 must have moved forwards1 during some ,part of the ,re-ascent1 at least at the ,rate of #cj ,miles an ,hour3 tho' the ,aironaut1 for the most ,part1 imagined he was gliding throu' a serene ,atmosphere4 ,probably the progressive ,motion was encreased1 from the ,time the unusual ,sound was heard1 in ,section #afb4 ,note3 ,the ,print1 representing a chromatic ,view above the ,level of the ,clouds1 of the ,country from ,chester to ,rixton-,moss1 is to front the left ,page1 at the ,end of this ,chapter4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,re-,,ascent4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,sequel4 ,sidenote3 ,flights with the ,balloon for three ,hours longer4 ,section #aic4 ,the ,sequel contains an ,account of several ,flights made1 in ,presence of the ,aironaut1 by different ,persons1 during three ,hours1 in the ,car of the ,balloon1 viz4 from the ,time he alighted1 till after sunset4 ,illustration3 ,a ,balloon ,prospect from ,,above the ,,clouds see page ,,iiii c4 ,publish'd ,may #a4 #agff1 by ,t4,baldwin ,chester4 ,illustration3 ,the ,explanatory ,print4 see ,page ,,iiii4 d4 ,rixton-,moss1 ,lancashire1 ,,iv4 o',clock ,p4,m4 ,the ,afternoon being fine1 the ,sun bright1 and the ,air calm2 finding the ,country ,people remarkably civilized and kind2 and having dispatched a ,messenger on ,foot to return in a ,post ,chaise from ,warrington2 the ,aironaut was resolved to gratify the ,curiosity of his numerous ,followers1 and give the young ,people a ,taste for ,balloons1 by treating them successively with an ,airing4 #aid4 ,indeed it was no inconvenient ,method of removing and conducting the ,machine3 and possibly different ,positions of the ,balloon might furnish a useful ,hint4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,aironaut indulged the ,people of the ,country with ,flights in the ,balloon4 ,having asked aloud who chose to ride1 several answered in the ,affirmative4 ,so having pitched upon a young ,fellow of less ,weight than himself2 bid him get up1 between the ,cords1 over the ,hoop1 into the ,car2 stand near the ,middle1 and hold an opposite ,cord in each ,hand4 ,he obeyed with the greatest ,alacrity3 and seemed to be a noisy bold ,adventurer4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,aironaut first quitted the ,car2 but continued to conduct the ,balloon4 #aie4 ,the ,aironaut then got out2 and having suffered the ,balloon to rise2 fastened the ,end of the ,cable to central ,meshes of the ,net1 at the ,bottom of the ,car3 ordering the strongest and tallest ,man to hold the ,cable1 and let it go by ,degrees till the ,anchor or grappling ,iron alone remained in his ,hand4 ,sidenote3 ,behaviour of different ,adventurers4 ,the ,balloon now rising above the ,height of the ,trees1 and giving the ,adventurer a new and extensive ,prospect of the ,country2 he became silent2 pale2 his ,countenance the ,picture of ,distress2 looking down as if for ,help4 ,the ,conductor repeatedly bid him take ,courage4 ,but1 in vain4 ,by lowering the ,car within the ,height of the ,trees1 he seemed to recover from his ,dismay4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,section #aif4 ,the ,route of the ,balloon being now throu' a flat woody ,country1 with tall ,trees growing in the ,hedge ,rows2 a ,difficulty occurred1 how to conduct the ,cable1 when the ,balloon was above or between the ,trees1 without entangling3 which gave the ,conductor much ,trouble1 as he was frequently obliged to walk round a ,field1 the ,balloon being held in the ,center1 before he coud espy a proper ,opening4 ,sidenote3 ,march of the ,balloon4 ,the ,procession marched slowly forward3 and the young ,man was carried among his ,peers in ,triumph through the ,air1 across the ,turnpike-,road1 into the ,middle of an open ,grass ,field1 where he descended2 took a ,companion less heavy1 and left the ,car4 ,this ,stripling was a good ,deal surprised the ,instant he rose above the ,trees2 but ventured to look around3 and appeared on the whole much delighted4 #aig4 ,a great ,concourse of ,people were now collected4 ,accidental ,carriages halted3 joined the ,cavalcade1 and partook of the ,diversion3 the greater ,part following the ,balloon throu' the open ,fields adjoining the ,road4 ,sidenote3 ,caution to prevent the ,escape of the ,balloon4 ,the ,conductor generally preferring the beaten ,track2 yet suspecting the ,balloon with its ,adventurer in the ,car1 might designedly be suffered to escape1 took the ,precaution to have the ,grapple held by nearest ,relations to the ,person in the ,car4 #aih4 ,the ,gass evaporating2 a smart young ,fellow1 who seemed ready for the ,jaunt1 stepped in3 on which the former resigned his ,place4 ,but he was no sooner raised a few ,yards above his ,companions1 than the florid ,colour forsook his ,cheeks2 he trembled2 bent himself double with ,fright2 and the ,balloon was obliged to be hauled down4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,venus in the ,car of the ,balloon4 #aii4 ,a fond ,mother then requested that her ,child1 a fine blooming ,girl1 might ascend3 boasting of her ,courage1 and comparing it with that of the ,person who had none4 ,the ,venus smiled1 and mounted her ,car with great ,spirit4 ,sidenote3 ,politeness of the neighbouring ,gentlemen4 #bjj4 ,some ,ladies and ,gentlemen of the ,neighbourhood who had watched the ,balloon1 while it hung at an immense ,height over ,lymm1 and the ,gunpowder ,works on the ,river ,mersey1 came1 in their ,evening ,walk1 to meet it3 joined the ,procession2 gave the ,aironaut polite ,invitations to their ,houses1 and shewed him every possible ,civility4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of ,air in ,motion on the ,surface of the ,balloon4 #bja4 ,the ,resistance made by the ,surface of the ,balloon1 against the least ,breath of ,air moving horizontally1 was frequently tried by occasionally holding the ,grapple3 and it was a decided ,point1 that the least ,motion of the ,air was sufficient1 together with the ,action of ,levitation1 to prevent the ,person1 who held the ,grapple when the ,cable was extended1 from transporting the ,balloon against the ,current3 nay it was with ,difficulty he coud remain in the same ,place3 the ,balloon sometimes pulling him forwards1 and almost off his ,feet4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of calm ,air on the ,surface of the ,balloon4 #bjb4 ,when the ,air was perfectly calm1 which frequently happened while the ,balloon migrated with different ,passengers1 as the ,evening was the finest in the ,world1 and the ,country flat and woody in the ,hedge-,rows2 it was with ,difficulty that the ,conductor coud draw the ,balloon after him1 faster than the ,rate of a moderate ,walk3 viz4 three ,miles an ,hour4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,sidenote3 ,sun set at #cd ,minutes past ,,vi4 ,section #bjc4 ,the ,sun set at #cd ,minutes past ,,vi4 and1 tho' it was then near that ,time1 the ,post-,chaise was not arrived4 #bjd4 ,on ,enquiry for a dry smooth ,meadow1 he was recommended to proceed a little farther1 to a ,place on the ,road within three ,miles of ,warrington4 #bje4 ,having by this ,time gratified the ,curiosity of the ,country in admitting ,boys and ,girls to the ,age of six or seven ,years1 into the ,car2 and being arrived after ,sun-set at the ,place appointed1 viz4 ,milton's ,croft-,green2 he ordered the ,balloon to be laid on its ,side along the ,ground3 having removed the ,car1 and opened the ,mouth2 the inflammable ,air or ,gass1 was soon pressed out by ,means of a long ,pole rolled across it by two ,men1 standing one at each ,end of the ,pole3 beginning at the ,top or upper ,valve1 which was held down close to the ,ground2 and ending at the ,mouth or ,neck4 ,it was then rolled up1 put into the ,car2 and the whole ,apparatus placed on the ,top of the ,chaise which arrived the ,moment wanted4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon put up at #ec ,minutes past ,,vi4 #bjf4 ,the ,operation was completed at #ec ,minutes past ,,vi3 the ,conductor having accompanied the ,balloon on ,foot exactly three ,hours4 ,sidenote3 ,balloon in the ,air five ,hours and a ,quarter4 #bjg4 ,the ,balloon had therefore continued floating in the ,air1 with different ,persons1 in the whole1 for the ,space of five ,hours and a ,quarter4 ,the ,conductor1 promising to accept the very polite ,invitation offered him by ,mr4 ,stanton1 a ,gentleman who is principally concerned in the ,gunpowder-,works upon the ,mersey2 called at his ,house1 and partook of some ,refreshments4 ,he then drove to ,warrington1 where he was met by a ,person whom ,curiosity had inspired to follow the ,balloon on ,foot from ,chester1 as long as he coud keep it in ,view4 #bjh4 ,mr4 ,lunardi likewise with great ,civility dispatched his ,servant to assist the ,aironaut in the ,care of the ,balloon2 but he did not arrive in ,time2 not reaching ,warrington till ,,viii4 at ,night3 having lost ,sight of the ,balloon about ,daresbury1 four ,miles from ,warrington4 #bji4 ,nor was it visible to any1 at least very few1 of the ,inhabitants of that ,town1 which was equally hidden from the ,aironaut3 who1 then ignorant of his ,situation1 must have remained a considerable ,time suspended above the ,clouds2 which concealed both the ,town and ,river4 ,he saw ,warrington but twice when above3 for a short ,time1 at a great ,distance1 and a mediate ,altitude4 #baj4 ,the following ,day he returned to ,chester3 was met by the ,militia-,music1 and ushered with loud ,huzzaes into his native ,city4 ,on his safe ,arrival2 besides the private and sincere ,congratulations of his ,relations and ,friends2 the ,bells rang3 his ,flags were carried in ,procession1 and every public ,demonstration of ,joy was shewn on the ,occasion4 ,,to ,,the ,,inhabitants ,,of ,,chester ,,thanks4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,excursion ,,throu' ,,the ,,air4 ,,airopaidia4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii4 ,,observations1 ,,hints1 and ,,conjectures1 on the ,,subject of the ,,balloon and ,,excursion ,,from ,,chester ,,the ,,eighth ,,of ,,sept4 #aghe4 ,,of ,,the ,,weather1 ,,in ,,the ,,vicinity ,,of ,,chester1 ,,about ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,excursion4 ,section #baa4 ,for more than ten ,days before the ,balloon-,voyage1 the ,wind had blown 7interruptedly on ,account of the ,sea-,breeze7 from ,south and ,south by ,west4 ,monday the #eth of ,september3 ,a ,conjunction of the ,planet ,mercury and the ,moon1 at one in the ,afternoon4 ,tuesday the #fth3 ,a violent ,hurricane in the ,south of ,england1 at ,london1 ,portsmouth1 c4 ,the same ,day at ,chester ,north-,north-,west1 and distant from ,london #ahb ,miles2 ,south-,breeze2 ,rain most of the ,day4 ,thermometer at ,noon in the ,shade1 #fb3 and #ad ,divisions colder each ,night1 than the following ,day1 at an ,average of five ,years4 ,barometer1 below ,much ,rain1 viz4 at #bh ,inches ths4 ,wednesday the #gth3 ,violent ,squalls from ,south and ,south-,west1 with hazy ,air1 till half past ,,iv in the ,afternoon4 ,thermom4 #eh2 ,barom4 ,changeable1 viz4 #bi4 ,thursday the #hth1 which was the ,day of the ,excursion3 ,much bright ,sun4 7,on ,enquiry7 calm below till half past ,,iii in the ,afternoon1 then ,west ,sea-,breeze3 ,south-,west ,breeze above till half past ,,iv4 ,calm bright ,evening4 ,also the upper ,stratum of ,clouds thin and white1 in quick ,motion1 when seen from below till ,noon3 at which ,time the ,sky was almost cloudless3 and1 from above the upper ,stratum1 were seen1 interspersed1 ,multitudes of detached ,thunder-,clouds in large ,masses1 rising at ,intervals1 in the ,middle of the upper ,surfaces of white ,clouds1 and stretching above them4 ,friday and ,saturday moderate3 ,south and ,south-,west ,breeze4 ,sunday the #aath4 ,the ,planet ,mercury stationary4 ,cloudy ,morn4 ,south-,west ,breeze4 ,thermom4 at #fj at ,noon4 ,barom4 above1 ,changeable1 viz4 at #bi4 ,much thunder and ,rain in the ,afternoon4 #bab4 ,quere1 ,had the ,thunder-,clouds on ,thursday1 tho' not remarked by any from below1 yet visible to a great ,extent from the ,balloon above them1--any ,connexion with the ,thunder that happened three ,days after8 ,sidenote3 ,weather1 to be prognosticated1 by ,sight1 from the ,balloon ,answer3 ,it appears to the ,observer1 that the ,thunder was gradually collecting in the ,air from ,thursday till ,sunday3 and if so2 will not ,balloons1 when more frequent1 prognosticate the ,weather1 by ,sight1 better than any other known ,methods8 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii4 ,,on ,,certain ,,appearances ,,at ,,different ,,altitudes ,,of ,,the ,,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,of the highest visible ,clouds which are always white4 ,section #bac4 ,the highest visible white ,clouds1 often seen in detached ,streaks1 during the finest and also in the worst ,weather1 7if not intercepted by lower ,clouds7 and which1 when melting away1 are known in some ,counties by the common ,appellation of ,horse-,tails2 and1 suspended over ,great-,britain1 are frequently marbled or dappled by the ,wind2 putting on the ,appearance of white ,waves1 like ,sea-,sands ruffled and left by a rapid ,tide2--had been disturbed1 separated1 and almost melted down by the ,storm the ,day preceding the ,excursion4 ,two of them only were still visible in ,streaks1 near the ,sun's ,place1 at the first ,ascent4 ,they seemed without ,motion1 and became afterwards invisible4 ,saussure1 the celebrated ,professor of ,philosophy at ,geneva1 is very exact in his ,definition1 ,description1 and ,height of these ,appearances3 and thinks it probable1 their ,situation may be 8at least fifteen ,english ,miles above the ,surface of the ,earth40 8,car quand je considere ces fines ,pommelures1 c40 8,for when ,i consider these delicate ,dapplings1 which1 in a ,series of fair ,weather1 begin to cover the azure ,vault of ,heaven with a white and transparent ,gauze1 and which portend ,rain a long ,time before it happens2 ,i am led to believe they occupy a very elevated ,situation in the ,atmosphere0 7,essais sur l',hygrometrie1 ,p4 #bga47 ,it seems however that ,crosbie1 in his ,excursion from ,dublin on the #beth of ,january #aghe1 pierced throu' and soared above these fine ,webs1 at the ,height of #af ,inches by the ,barometer in a frosty ,air4 ,sidenote3 ,of the ,chilliness perceived at a certain ,height4 #bad4 ,it has been already noted1 that at a certain ,height1 a ,kind of chilliness was perceived1 not ascertainable by the ,thermometer4 ,the ,sensation was suddenly impressed four ,times1 in ascending and descending to and from the same ,height1 viz4 about #bf and #bg ,inches1 equivalent to between #ejj and #ajjj ,yards above the ,surface of the ,earth at the first ,ascent4 ,from the ,uniformity of ,effect at the same ,height2 the ,sensation may be ascribed to the same ,cause1 viz4 the ,level of the first or lower ,tier of ,clouds3 altho' the ,aironaut did not pass throu' any visible ,cloud or ,vapour1 during the ,excursion4 ,see ,section #ic4 ,sidenote3 ,remarkable ,appearances of ,earth and ,clouds4 #bae4 ,at the same ,height likewise1 tho' the ,observations have not been set down at large2 the ,appearances of the ,earth and ,clouds were very remarkable4 ,during the ,ascent of the ,balloon1 between the ,altitudes of #bf and #bg ,inches2 the circular ,prospects of the subjcent ,earth instantly contracted1 and1 during the ,descent1 about the same ,height1 instantly enlarged themselves to the ,eye of the ,aironaut4 #baf4 ,at the same ,height mentioned before1 the circular ,prospects of the ,clouds appeared on the same horizontal ,plane with the ,eye3 tho' at the ,distance of a ,mile4 ,see ,section #di4 ,in this ,situation1 the ,observer endeavoured to discover the ,thickness of the ,stratum of ,clouds3 but was always baffled by a ,deception of ,sight worth recording4 ,the ,strata were plainly composed of three or more ,heights of ,clouds1 sailing at great ,intervals1 one above the other3 all which regularly vanished1 as he approached their respective ,levels3 as if instantly thrown into the ,circumference of a ,circle1 whose ,radius was a ,mile4 ,during the ,ascent1 in passing their supposed ,level1 the ,clouds instantly appeared far below him3 and during the ,descent1 as far above4 #bag4 ,quere3 ,is it not from the same ,cause1 that all ,vapour is generally invisible to a certain ,height and ,distance from the ,eye8 ,it being incontrovertible that more ,vapours rise about noon1 than at any other ,hour1 particularly at ,sea1 while the ,sun continues to shine2 which1 notwithstanding1 are wholly invisible1 till arrived at a certain ,height8 ,sidenote3 ,visibility of ,vapours by mere ,distance4 ,and hence the ,visibility of ,vapours by mere ,distance1 which contains a sufficient ,number of ,particles to intercept and refract the ,light1 without ,cold1 ,condensation1 or actual ,accumulation3 viz4 by ,refrangibility of those primary ,rays of ,light1 which ,air and ,vapour united are most apt to reflect or transmit4 ,mons4 ,saussure has proved by his ,horse-,hair comparble ,hygrometer1 that 8the ,air shews ,signs of greatest ,humidity an ,hour after ,sunrise1 and of least ,humidity1 between three and four in the ,afternoon40 ,but the ,air being then also the hottest1 will dissolve or evaporate the greatest ,quantity of ,vapours1 and raise them above the ,hygrometer 7which by its ,heat will not retain1 but on the contrary repel and dissipate them7 to great ,heights in the ,atmosphere4 ,see 8,essais sur l',hygrometrie1 ,c4 #f1 ,p4 #cae40 #bah4 ,in general then3 ,is not the ,cause of the above ,deceptions1 not an ,absence1 but a ,transparency of ,vapour to a certain ,distance3 7just as the ,zenith appears cloudless1 when the ,air is overcast around27 beyond which ,distance1 the ,number and relative ,proximity of ,particles with ,respect to the ,eye1 is such1 as to intercept the ,rays of ,light3 when only1 they put on the ,colour of ,air1 and ,form of ,vapour and ,cloud8 ,and hence the probable ,reason1 why no circular ,horizon of the ,earth's ,surface was presented during the ,excursion1 ,section #gi3 and why it seldom has or can present itself to ,aironauts or ,mountaineers1 at any considerable ,height above the ,region or ,level of ,clouds1 even tho' ,clouds do not appear in the ,air1 either to themselves1 or to ,spectators below4 ,this ,point seems capable of ,illustration by ,analogy1 from the ,impossibility of encreasing the ,magnitude1 and at the same ,time1 ,distinctness of distant ,objects1 seen throu' a common ,telescope2 on ,account of the ,quantity of ,vapours between them and the ,eye ,which vapours may be magnified till the ,object appears confused and obscure2 and even at last become substituted in the ,place of the ,object1 under the ,form of ,opacity and ,cloudiness4 #bai4 ,the greater the ,height of the ,balloon1 the more contracted was the ,circle of ,vapour below it2 and the more limited the ,prospect of the ,earth's ,surface below the ,vapour4 #bbj4 ,it seemed probable that the ,sun shone as bright on the ,countries around the ,observer1 as on ,objects immediately below him3 which ,objects coud not have been illuminated by the ,sun's ,rays1 darting throu' the apparent and contracted opening under him2 as the ,rays which shone on the ,balloon1 fell beyond the ,opening1 obliquely on ,clouds which caught the ,shadow of the ,balloon4 #bba4 ,the extreme ,rarity or ,tenuity of the ,vapours was evident from the progressive ,course of the ,balloon1 which was always in the ,center of a circular ,opening1 limiting the lower ,prospects2 except when the ,spectator lost all ,sight of the ,earth1 by dense1 watry1 intervening ,clouds4 ,sidenote3 ,novel ,situation peculiar to the ,balloon1 again described4 ,this august central ,situation1 always changing yet still the same1 had the most striking ,effect on the ,senses and ,imagination4 ,yet1 however pleasing the ,recollection of this glorious appearance2 however strongly impressed1 accurately described1 or richly painted2 it must fall infinitely short of the original sensation4 ,unity and ,sameness were there contrasted with perpetual ,variety3 ,beauty of ,colouring2 ,minuteness1 and consummate ,arrangement2--with ,magnificence and ,splendor3 actual ,immensity2--with apparent ,limitation3--all which were distinctly conveyed to the ,mind1 at the same ,instant1 throu' the ,intervention of the ,organs of ,sight3 and1 to complete the ,scene1 was added the ,charm of novelty4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix4 ,,conjectures ,,on ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,circular ,,transparency ,,to ,a ,,certain ,,distance ,,below ,,the ,,balloon1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,red ,,light ,,from ,,the ,,sea ,,and ,,rivers1 ,,when ,,seen ,,above ,,the ,,level ,,of ,,the ,,superior ,,clouds4 ,sidenote3 ,on the circular ,transparency4 ,section #bbb4 ,quere3 ,as ,red is the heaviest and ,blue the lightest ,colour2 and as red ,rays blended at a certain ,angle with blue ,rays1 produce ,opacity3 further2 as red is the predominant ,colour reflected from ,water1 while in the ,form of dense ,cloud1 for ,instance at the ,rising and ,setting of the ,sun2 and blue the ,colour always reflected from the light ,medium of ,air or ,sky2 ,does not this ,mixture of least and most refrangible ,rays1 which1 when aided with the intermediate primary ones1 causes a ,transparency near and round the ,eye of a ,spectator placed either on ,earth or among the ,clouds2 produce1 at a greater ,distance and different ,angle1 such a ,degree of ,opacity1 as actually to give the ,idea of ,clouds surrounding him at a ,distance8 ,the latter ,part at least is true1 that ,vapour and ,air1 which are naturally qualified to transmit red and blue1 rather than any other ,light1 will1 at a certain ,angle1 when blended1 produce an opacity4 7,see the ,letter sent by ,newton from ,cambridge to ,dr4 ,derham1 in order to be presented to the ,royal ,society1--in 8,miscellanea ,curiosa1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #aji407 ,sidenote3 ,on the red ,light from the ,sea and ,rivers4 ,quere3 ,may not the ,rivers below act as a ,prism2 as ,clouds1 about ,sun-set or ,sun-rise1 do to a ,spectator on ,earth1 and reflect only the primary ,colour red1 the heaviest and least refrangible ,ray8 ,it being also considered that ,refraction cannot change the primary ,colour3 nor are ,rays1 in the ,direction from below to the ,zenith1 refracted2 tho' seen from a rarer into a denser ,medium4 ,possibly1 a ,pencil of ,rays1 in coming up from the ,river below may be stripped or drained by the double ,absorption of the ,atmosphere and ,river1 and the ,colour red only1 suffered to reach the ,eye3 8being the last to quit its ,basis the ,water40 7,see ,morgan's ,observations on the ,light of ,bodies1 c4 c4 ,phil4 ,trans4 for the ,year #aghe1 ,part #a1 ,vol4 #ge1 ,chap4 #ia47 ,,chapter ,,xxxx4 ,,on ,,the ,,excessive ,,diminution ,,of ,,objects ,,on ,,the ,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,earth1 ,,to ,a ,,spectator ,,situated ,,above ,,the ,,region ,,of ,,cloud1 ,,at ,,the ,,barometric ,,height ,,of ,,near ,a ,,mile ,,and ,,half1 ,,perpendicular4 ,sidenote3 ,recapitulation of the ,scenery below4 ,section #bbc4 ,the ,earth's ,surface was presented to the ,eye throu' a circular ,opening as already described4 ,this ,opening discovered a ,plain1 smooth and level as a ,die3 a ,sort of shining ,carpet1 enriched with an endless ,variety of ,figures depicted without ,shadow1 as on a ,map3 what was really ,shadow forming a separate ,colour1 and not considered at the ,time1 as ,shadow4 ,the ,objects were distinctly marked1 and perfectly known to be ,miniatures of the ,face of ,nature4 ,all was ,colouring3 no ,outline3 yet each ,appearance curiously defined by a striking ,contrast of simple ,colours1 which served to distinguish the respective ,boundaries with most exact ,precision1 and inconceivable ,elegance4 ,red ,rivers1 yellow ,roads1 ,enclosures yellow and light green1 ,woods and ,hedges dark green1 were the only ,objects clearly distinguishable1 and their ,colouring extremely vivid4 ,the ,sun's ,rays reflected from the ,surface of the ,sea1 and other ,waters1 dazzled the ,sight4 ,all living ,creatures were invisible4 #bbd4 ,the ,area of each ,inclosure1 computed to contain a certain ,number of ,acres1 was seen from above under the ,form of a ,miniature ,picture of a certain ,magnitude or visible ,extension1 perpetually diminishing1 as the ,eye recedes to a greater ,distance4 ,and the ,case is similar1 whether the ,miniature be seen from above1 or along the ,ground4 ,the ,miniature also lessens as the ,distance encreases1 according to a certain ,proportion so exactly2#di ,that1 #a4 ,if the ,distance and ,magnitude of a tangible ,object be known by ,mensuration2 a ,judgment is formed1 and ,laws laid down1 for its corresponding ,miniature on the ,eye4 #b4 ,if the ,miniature be seen1 and ,distance known by ,mensuration2 the ,mind forms a ,judgment of its tangible ,magnitude4 #c4 ,and lastly1 if the ,miniature be seen1 and ,magnitude of a tangible ,object is known by ,mensuration2 the ,mind makes an ,effort1 to the ,estimation of its ,distance from the ,eye4 ,these are some1 among many ,modes of ,comparison1 by which the ,mind acquires a tolerable ,degree of ,proficiency1 in estimating ,distances of familiar ,objects1 known from the ,appearance of their respective ,miniatures on the ,fund or ,bottom of the ,eye4 ,and so far most ,theories agree4 ,but such ocular ,test is only true1 while the ,comparison is made in nearly the same ,medium4 ,for an ,object1 if seen at the same ,distance along the ,ground1 will appear less as it rises above it2 and least in the ,zenith2 as the ,sun and ,moon1 at ,setting or ,rising1 appear large and oval2 but at their greatest ,elevation1 are small and round3 because being seen1 when passed out of a ,medium impregnated with ,vapours1 which in some ,measure intercept the ,rays of ,light3 for the fainter#ej a distant ,object appears1 the greater it is apprehended to be4#ea ,possibly indeed an ,object at the same ,distance1 if brighter at one ,time than another1 will contract the ,pupil in ,proportion to its ,brightness3 which may have the same ,effect1 as if the ,object had made a smaller ,miniature on the ,retina2 and will regularly strike the ,mind with an ,idea of ,magnitude1 only equal to its corresponding ,contraction2 i4e4 less1 when the ,object is bright1 and greater when faint4 #bbe4 ,if a like ,reasoning be applied to the ,ascent of ,balloons2 and it be said that they do not rise so high as is imagined1 because their ,magnitude is diminished1 merely from being elevated into a ,portion of the ,atmosphere least impregnated with ,vapours2 it will follow1 that to a ,spectator in the ,balloon2 known ,objects on the ,surface of the ,earth below1--being seen from a rarer into a denser ,medium1 also into one which contains a great ,quantity of ,vapours2--shoud appear larger1 than when seen along the ,ground1 at a ,distance equal to its ,height in the ,balloon3 all which is contrary to ,matter of ,fact3 particularly if the ,barometer gives a proper ,estimate of the ,height1 of which there is little ,doubt3 a proper ,allowance being made1 in certain ,cases1 on ,account of the ,refraction3 for1 as before mentioned1 7,section #dd7 ,objects seen from the ,balloon at a ,mile and ,half barometric ,height1 continued1 with invariable ,uniformity1 to suggest the ,idea of at least seven ,miles4 #bbf4 ,by a general ,comparison of ,enclosures1 and of separate ,buildings when they coud be distinguished from the ,balloon above the ,region of ,cloud1 with the most distant ,extremities1 7on the horizontal ,level7 of ,fields or ,houses situated along the ,sides of ,hills or ,mountains1 at a known ,distance by ,miles1 making ,allowance for their being seen in a straight ,line2--the latter seemed at least five ,times larger than the former3 supposing them at equal ,distances4 ,to give an ,instance4 ,supposing the most distant ,extremities of a known ,building or ,enclosure1 situated on the ,side of a ,hill or ,mountain1 presented a ,miniature of a familiar ,magnitude to the ,eye of the ,spectator on the ,ground1 at the known ,distance of a ,mile and ,half2 the same ,object when seen from the ,balloon at the same barometric ,height1 appeared full five ,times less4 ,this ,comparison was made by ,memory1 the ,morning after the ,excursion1 tho' suggested while in the ,balloon1 from the wonderful ,minuteness of all ,objects then presented to the ,eye4 ,the ,author being likewise familiarized to judge of ,heights2 having been on several of the chief ,mountains in ,europe3 also1 of comparative ,distances1 from his ,situation near a large ,city1 in a populous1 enclosed ,country2 on a high ,plain1 within ,view of the ,sea1 ,mountains1 ,hills1 ,enclosures1 ,buildings1 and ,objects whose ,magnitude and ,distances were known4 #bbg4 ,the ,balloon itself1 a ,globe twenty-five ,feet in ,diameter1 was seen in the ,air on the ,day of ,ascent1 at the ,distance of #ai ,miles4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,magnitude of ,objects seen from the ,balloon compared with those of the ,sun or ,moon near the ,meridian1 when seen from below4 #bbh4 ,the ,reason already given1 for the ,solution of the famous ,question concerning the apparent ,magnitude of the horizontal ,moon1 seems no less applicable to ,objects on the ,earth's ,surface1 when seen from the ,balloon3 which ,diminution of ,objects below confirms the ,defect of ,dr4 ,smith's ,hypothesis4 ,for1 as they appeared extremely bright2 being shone on by the ,sun1 and seen throu' the ,air in a perpendicular ,line1 containing the least possible ,quantity of ,vapour2 the ,brightness must have exceeded that of the same ,objects1 when seen along the ,ground3 and consequently the ,miniatures of the former must have been less than the latter1 and also their respective ,distances seem greater4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxi4 ,,conjectures ,,on ,,the ,,causes ,,which ,,influence ,,the ,,descent ,,of ,,balloons ,,in ,,their ,,passage ,,over ,,water4 ,sidenote3 ,recapitulation of ,facts4 #a4 ,conjectures concerning the regular ,tendency of the ,balloon to descend on its ,approach towards water4 #b4 ,its greatest ,descent1 when in the ,zenith1 over the ,middle of ,rivers4 #c4 ,recovery and ,re-ascent to the former ,level1 as it recedes from them4 ,section #bbi4 ,article #a4 ,on the first ,ascent in the ,castle-,yard1 ,chester1 the ,balloon gently moved towards the ,river ,dee1 and the ,sea4 ,and woud probably have gone out to ,sea1 if the ascensive ,power had not presently raised it above the ,influence of the ,water2 into an upper ,current of ,air1 which was visible at that ,time1 and for two ,hours before the ,ascent1 by the ,motion of superior ,clouds in a safe ,direction towards the ,land4 #bbi4 #b4 ,the ,balloon was affected in passing across the ,river ,goway1 and ,trafford ,meadows1 which are a ,mile wide3 first moving ,westward1 and again towards the ,sea2 making several ,curves3 then resting and lingering between ,great and ,little ,barrow3 as the ,aironaut was well informed by ,persons of ,veracity1 who observed it3 his ,attention being engaged at that ,time by other ,objects4 #bbi4 #c4 ,a proportionable ,effect was observed in crossing a small ,brook near ,alvanley4 #bbi4 #d4 ,the ,river ,wever and its broad ,meadows above ,frodsham-,bridge actually stopped the farther ,progress of the ,balloon3 tho' its ,course was merely across the ,river4 ,the ,deviation was gently tho' invariably towards the sea3 and1 if not timely prevented1 the ,balloon must have fallen in the ,middle of the ,channel4 #bbi4 #e4 ,the same ,case woud have happened on the ,re-ascent at ,bellair2 if the levitating ,force had not as at first1 overcome the ,influence of the waters1 and lifted the ,balloon into the same upper ,current1 which continued to move in its former safe ,direction4 #bbi4 #f4 ,different ,branches of the ,duke of ,bridgewater's ,canal near ,preston-,brook might possibly affect it in a small ,degree3 and1 tho' ,clouds a little afterwards1 secluded the ,aironaut from a ,sight of the ,earth2 yet the ,balloon was known to hang1 for some ,time1 over the ,mersey near ,warrington4 #bbi4 #g4 ,the ,balloon descended and alighted on the ,middle of a large ,tract of wet ,moss ,ground4 ,the ,writer saw ,sadler's ,balloon rise at ,manchester1 the #aath ,may1 #aghe1 and descend near ,blencow-,bridge1 at the ,conflux of two ,rivers4 ,the above ,facts give sufficient ,indications of the constant ,tendency which ,balloons have1 to descend on ,water4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxii4 ,section #bcj4 ,three ,causes seem generally to concur in producing the ,effect of ,descent1 over ,water4 #a4 ,the ,water itself4 #b4 ,the ,air above it4 #c4 ,change of ,temperature1 ,section #bca4 ,article #a4 ,so long as ,gass escapes from the ,balloon2 it will be instantly and reciprocally attracted1 throu' the ,crevices1 by the ,moisture contained in the ,air1 particularly over ,rivers3 its specific ,gravity within the ,balloon1 woud be encreased1#eb and consequently the ,balloon itself rendered less buoyant3 ,the ,gass woud1 on the contrary1 be repelled by electric ,air3 which woud lessen its ,tendency to escape1 throu' the ,pores of the ,silk4 ,but it is presumed that ,air-tight ,balloons will be little affected by external ,moisture4 #bca4 #b4 ,moist ,air over ,water being generally cooler than over the adjacent ,land1 will1 so long as the ,gass continues at its former ,temperature1 assist and raise the ,balloon thus moving into a denser ,stratum3 but no sooner is the ,balloon contracted by the external ,cold1 than it descends into a ,medium of ,air1 whose specific ,gravity is proportionable to the contracted ,bulk of the ,balloon1 and rests when equal to it4 #bca4 #c4 ,water is also a ,conductor of ,electricity1 tho' a feeble one3 and there is moreover a strong chemical ,affinity between water1 inflammable ,air1 ,gasses1 ,floguiston1 and ,electricity4#ec #bca4 #d4 ,water will therefore conduct the ,gass to itself3 i4e4 will draw the ,balloon downwards1 and with accelerating ,velocity2 as the ,attraction is stronger1 the nearer the ,water4 #bca4 #e4 ,but if the ,air over the ,water be warmer than that over ,land2 then the ,balloon1 moving into a warmer ,medium1 as over the ,sea in frosty ,weather1 most undoubtedly descends3 till the included ,gass has received the additional ,encrease of ,temperature from that of the ,air1 at which ,time it will have a ,tendency to reascend1 and will rest suspended in ,equilibrio1 as in the former ,case4 ,the above ,causes however may be considered1 as trivial4 ,the first may be avoided by making the ,balloon ,air-tight3 and the second easily guarded against by throwing out a little ,ballast4 ,the only formidable one1 if any1 is the depression of the atmosphere4 ,this it will be necessary to consider with some ,degree of ,attention4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxiii4 ,section #bcb4 ,whoever consults ,antiquity1#ed or is acquainted with modern ,mteorism1 will ascent to the ,truth of the ,facts there recited1 viz4 ,that the ,storms of dispersion called ,prester-,john1 and ,ox-,eye over ,table ,bay at the ,cape of ,good-,hope 7not to mention those of collection1 as ,whirlwinds#ee and ,waterspouts27 descend on ,sea and ,land from the middle ,regions of the ,air1 often perpendicularly downwards3 and then blow violently from a ,center1 to all ,parts of the ,compass at once3 a necessary ,consequence of their beating forcibly upon the ,land or ,water4 ,the ,ancients maintained that the ,origin1 of ,wind was a mere ,depression and ,percussion from the ,cold of the middle ,region3 and it shoud be remarked that their ,observations were made on the ,continent1 and in warm ,climates4 ,now what is seen to ,excess in the hottest and coldest ,climates2#ef most probably takes ,place1 in a less ,degree1 in temperate ones4 ,therefore1 on a ,change of ,weather1 the upper ,atmosphere descends3 whether its ,effects are ,cold1 as in ,winter2 ,warmth1 as in ,spring2 ,wind or ,wet2 at the proper ,seasons of the ,year4 #bcc4 ,the ,balloon1 with which ,dicker ,junior ascended at ,bristol1 ,april #ai1 #aghd1 on a windy ,day1 proved the ,truth of the ,conjecture3 for tho' the ,aironaut threw out most of his ,ballast2 yet after each ,ascent and ,recovery1 he was repeatedly darted downwards even with the ,ground4#eg #bcd4 ,a similar ,event happened to ,crosbie1 in his ,passage over the ,sea from ,dublin to ,england2 for1 tho' he too discharged his ,ballast1 the ,wind kept him down and even with the ,water4 ,the ,weather at that ,time seems to have been an 1 ,procella1 ,percussion1 ,squall1 or ,tornado1 i4e4 a ,storm of depression1 and dispersion4 #bce4 ,the ,eknfiai ,winds come from cool ,points on each ,side the ,north4 ,bacon also observes that all boisterous ,winds1 as ,procella1 ,typho1 and ,turbo1 have the evident ,direction of a ,precipice1 or ,projection downwards1 more than other ,winds3 they seem to rush down like a ,torrent or ,cascade3 and are then reverberated or beat back from the ,earth1 in all ,directions4 ,stubble1 ,corn1 or ,hay in the ,meadows are raised1 and spread around in the ,form of an extended canopy1 7inverted ,cone1 elliptic ,solid1 and hyperbolic ,curve47 ,see 8,bacon's ,historia ,ventorum01 ,pag4 #dc1 ad ,articulum #aj4eh #bcf4 ,if then it be allowed to reason from that ,analogy which took ,place in most of the ,cases already mentioned2 the gentler ,depression4 of ,balloons over ,water in milder ,weather1 may be owing to a ,cause somewhat similar1 tho' not so evidently an immediate ,object of the ,senses1 viz4 an actual tho' invisible ,descent of ,air upon the ,water4 #bcg4 ,blanchard in his ,passage over the ,sea from ,dover to ,bologne in ,france1 when near the ,middle of the ,channel1 suffered an unexpected ,depression1 and at the same ,time was nearly becalmed4 ,a calm also took ,place on the ,irish ,sea3 which must have prevented ,crosbie from landing1--without ,wings1 or some propulsive ,machinery1 connected with the ,balloon4 #bch4 ,lunardi rose from ,liverpool when the ,wind blew boisterously3 yet was becalmed twenty ,minutes over the broad ,turn of the ,mersey near ,ince1 when above the ,level of the ,wind3 and1 descending into the same ,stream of ,wind1 was hurried along towards ,beeston-,castle in ,cheshire4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxiv4 ,sidenote3 ,depressing ,columns of ,air known to the ,egyptians4 ,section #bci4 ,the ,existence of depressing ,columns of ,air was well known to a ,people more ancient than either ,romans or ,greeks4 #bdj4 ,the sultry ,climate of ,egypt1 whose ,situation is that of an extensive ,meadow watered by a broad ,river1 and enclosed by ,mountains to the ,east and ,west2 consequently not subject to general horizontal ,currents of ,air1 except along the ,line of its ,meridian1--is the ,country1 wherein ,columns of cool ,air descending on the ,water1 woud be soon observed4 ,and they1 in ,fact1 were almost the only ,people who applied the ,observation to common ,life3 having1 according to ,herodotus1 as well as later ,writers1 built lofty ,structures open at the top4 ,by which ,means the cool ,air rushing downwards greatly refreshed the ,inhabitants4 ,the ancient ,pantheon1 at present called ,all ,saints ,church1 now standing at ,rome2 built in the lowest ,situation of a ,street named the ,piazza di ,navona is on this ,construction3 and the ,hint probably taken from an ,egyptian ,model4 #bda4 ,in all inland ,countries1 whose ,lakes are frequently surrounded by ,mountains1 as ,bala-,pool in ,north-,wales2 those of ,westmoreland and ,cumberland2 the ,lake of ,geneva in ,swisserland2--the ,air rushes forcibly on the ,surface of the ,water in descending ,torrents3 this the ,writer has frequently observed4#ei 7,in other ,languages1 the ,words applicable to ,wind on a ,lake1 or the ,ocean1 signify ,descent3 as1 1 and also the ,northerly or descending ,wind corresponded to the while the ,southerly or ascending ,wind answered to the 47 ,all this1 which may be allowed to take ,place in bad ,weather1 may perhaps be excepted to1 in fine1 and still more so1 in the finest ,weather4 ,as the slightest ,change is first observable on the ,surface of ,water1 whether on ,lakes or the ,ocean1 the ,descent of ,air in the finest ,weather is familiar to ,mariners by the ,appellation of light airs1 playing in ,eddies3 and particularly in the variable ,latitudes2 i4e4 between #cb and #db3 to these the ,writer can also witness3 as well as on small and large inland ,lakes1 by partial ,dimplings and ,rufflings of the ,surface4 ,,objection ,,to ,,the ,,theory ,,removed4 #bdb4 ,it may be objected to the above ,theory1 that the ,wind plainly blows in an horizontal ,direction1 as may be seen from the ,motion of ,clouds and ,trees4 ,to which it may be answered1 that if ,clouds are not beside the ,question2 as it is not asserted that a single ,column of ,air presses from so great a ,height to the ,earth2 7tho' it be the ,case in ,squalls27 yet it is extremely difficult to determine whether ,clouds move in a ,direction exactly parallel to the ,plane of the ,horizon3 and it is much more probable that they are in a perpetual ,change1 encreasing or melting2 rising or falling1 according to the ,pressure and specific ,gravity of the ,medium in which they float2 its ,tendency to ,moisture or ,driness1 ,cold or ,heat2 also the different ,combinations and ,decompositions1 with ,respect to which1 the ,atmosphere is in perpetual ,variation4 ,the ,motion of ,trees1 if carefully attended to1 seldom shew ,effects of a regular horizontal ,current4 ,and since the more powerful the ,wind2 the more evident and accurate may be the ,observation2 it will be found1 that the first general ,effect is an oblique ,depression1 succeeded by a ,recovery or instant ,exaltation3 then a momentary ,pause1 or actual ,retreat of the ,wind2 and in a few ,seconds1 a ,return of the depressing ,torrent4 ,but the strongest1 and1 at the same ,time1 an irrefragable ,proof1 is by ,appeal to ,men of ,science in the ,navy1 or to skilful ,pilots1 who are conversant with ,winds and ,waves2 who have weathered ,storms off ,cape ,hatteras in ,latitude #cf2 7where probably the ,wind is perpetual27 or have made an ,east-,india ,voyage3--whether1 if a ,gale blew in an horizontal ,direction only2 the ,ocean coud produce such an ,inequality of ,surface3 or whether when the ,sea runs mountains high2 the tremendous ,surges must not arise from the violent ,action of ,winds repeated at ,intervals1 sometimes descending perpendicularly2 but oftener in forcible elastic ,torrents of oblique depression1 and instant ,resilition8 ,,chapter ,,xxxxv4 ,sidenote3 ,a gentle ,depression of ,air over moist ,places in fair ,weather4 ,section #bdc4 ,intimations of depressing ,columns in moderate ,weather1 are the sluggish ,clouds1 which often make their first ,appearance1 and remain longest1 nay almost continually1 over and along great ,rivers1 and ,chains of ,mountains1 both during a ,calm1 or from whatever ,point the ,wind blows4 ,and hence the greater ,quantity1 ,violence1 and ,continuance of ,wind and ,rain1 which then descend3#fj also of the greater ,purity of the ,air during such ,descent4 #bdd4 ,as1 therefore1 it is plain that atmospheric ,air descends frequently1 both in bad and fine ,weather2 if a ,cause can be assigned so general1 as to make it probable1 that such depression does almost continually take ,place3--tho' at present the ,effect is only evident to the ,senses1 by actual ,experiment in the ,passage of ,balloons throu' such ,columns2--it will be sufficient to put ,balloonists on their ,guard against the ,effects of such ,depression4 #bde4 ,in order to investigate the ,theory of ,depression2 it may not be unacceptable1 particularly to those who have not had ,leisure to peruse the ,experiments on ,air1 by ,dr4 ,priestley1 or the ,collection on the same ,subject by ,cavallo2--just to extract a few short ,quotations1 on the chemical ,affinities of ,air and ,water4 #bdf4 ,article #a4 8,water1 as ,rain1 imbibes only the pure ,air of the upper ,regions1 leaving the lighter and floguisticated ,air to ascend40#fa #bdf4 #b4 ,felc ,fontana says1 8,common ,air receives an ,encrease of ,bulk and ,elasticity from being shaken in ,water40#fb #bdf4 #c4 ,air absorbs ,water1 and ,water absorbs ,air3#fc and the ,absorption of ,air by ,water is promoted by ,agitation3 it also absorbs twice as much defloguisticated ,air1 as common ,air3#fd the whole ,bulk of the ,air absorbed being equal to one-twelfth of the ,bulk of the ,water3 yet the ,bulk of the ,water seems but little encreased3 the ,air being contained within the ,interstices of the ,water4 #bdg4 ,the following is a pretty and an easy ,experiment1 to shew how the absorption of water by air takes ,place1 under the immediate ,inspection of the ,observer4 ,admitting the ,sun's ,light into a ,room1 throu' one ,window only2 pour a ,pint of boiling ,water into a large ,bason3 hold the ,bason1 which will not be half full1 next the ,light1 in such a ,manner1 that the ,sun may shine on the ,water and ,bason2 yet the ,eyes be shaded by the ,top of the ,window ,frame4 ,incline the ,side of the ,bason towards the ,light1 so that the ,water may rise even with the ,top4 ,the ,eye being placed just above the upper ,side of the ,bason1 farthest from the ,light2 look on the ,water4 ,you may then observe the ,surface of the ,water next the ,light1 refract the ,sun's ,rays1 and produce the primary ,colours1 particularly the red and green3 which tho' transient1 continue to be seen in ,succession2 as ,vapours rise above the ,surface of the ,water4 ,their first ,ascent is plainly discoverable3 remaining above its ,surface1 in the ,form of small ,dust1 gently agitated1 not separately but as a whole4 ,nor do they seem to rise into ,steam1 till assisted by the ,action1 and ,contact of dry ,air1 which like dry ,spunges1 licks off and absorbs the small ,dust already accumulated by the ,force of the ,heat from below1 and then becomes visible under the ,appearance of ,steam1 flying off in distinct hollow ,vesicles4 ,the more still the ,air of the ,room1 the more slowly will the ,spunges of ,air come in ,contact with the ,body of small ,dust4--,besides the small ,dust already mentioned2 the ,heat will detach solid ,globules of ,water2 which will remain floating on the ,surface of the ,body of ,water3 till the dry ,air descends and transports them with it2 the ,air at the same ,instant dissolving the solid ,globules into hollow ,vesicles4 ,but the most extraordinary ,phenomenon1 and which cannot be mistaken1 is1 that as soon as a ,spunge of ,air has dipped into the ,surface of ,water1 and received its ,lading2 the ,vesicles continue to accumulate1 till another fresh ,spunge descends in a similar ,form1 which may be traced upon the ,surface of the ,water1 and seen in its ,shadow1 or rather in ,beams of ,light at the ,bottom of the ,bason1 at the ,instant it has flown off with its ,burden3 for that ,part of the ,surface of the ,water transmits new ,rays of ,light1 on ,removal of the ,vapour carried away by the ,dip and ,play of ,air4 #bdh4 ,the ,removal of the ,vapour1 likewise exhibits a curious ,appearance on the ,surface of the ,water3 which seems as if divided into irregular ,parcels detached from each other2 like the reticular ,daplings visible on the under ,side of ,clouds elevated to the highest ,stratum of the ,atmosphere1 and there evaporating or dissolving4 #bdi4 ,so powerful is the ,attraction between ,air and ,water2 that1 while the ,steam is rising above and round the ,sides of the ,bason2 ,waves of fresh ,air1 by ,intervals1 press the exterior ,parts of the ,steam inwards1 in order to get at the ,surface by descending into the ,bason4 ,this ,operation is best discovered1 when the ,bason is held even4 ,and the whole ,process may be observed more distinctly1 if the ,bason is raised and fixed on a ,frame1 near the ,height of the ,eye of the ,observer1 standing upright3 who will then be able to trace minutely the exact ,form of the ,steam1 and ,insinuation of the ,waves of ,air into the ,center of each ,curl1 or rising ,curvature3 an ,appearance1 similar to which1 may be seen in ,water flowing from a small ,orifice in a close ,vessel2 the fresh ,air forcibly entering in an opposite ,direction2 forming a visible ,cavity and ,curvature in the ,center of the ,stream4 ,see ,halley's ,experiments on ,evaporation in the open ,air1 and in a close ,room1 in ,lowthorp's ,abridgement of the ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #b1 ,p4 #ajh4 ,having once remarked the foregoing ,process at ,leisure2 the same may be seen over any open ,vessel of ,water just warm enough to emit visible ,steam3 but the ,air shoud be as still and calm as possible3 the ,steam never rising from all ,parts of the ,surface at once2 but a depressing ,spunge of ,air always descends to the ,surface1 the ,instant a ,lamina of ,vapour has been detached4 ,such is the regular and invariable ,process of ,evaporation4 ,the same ,process may be distinctly traced over the ,surface of a ,piece of ,water or ,river1 the ,air being perfectly calm1 in a gentle ,frost1 at ,sunrise1 particularly in ,autumn1 while the ,water retains a ,warmth superior to that of the ,air4 #bej4 ,hence it follows that as much light#fe and warm ,air as is raised with the ,steam by ,evaporation from the ,surface of any ,water2 so much heavy and cool ,air is instantaneously1 constantly1 and forcibly depressed upon its ,surface1 in order to supply the ,vacancy1 restore the ,equilibrium1 and continue the ,evaporation4#ff #bea4 ,now1 besides the mutual ,affinity that ,water has to almost all ,kinds of ,air1 and to ,floguiston2 added to its ,power of ,absorption2 and as the sea1 particularly in ,summer1 also rivers and damp meadows are generally cooler than the ,lands and ,countries bordering on them2 ,currents of damp cool ,air press forwards to supply the ,defect or ,vacancy caused by ,heat1 ,rarefaction and ,elevation of dry warm ,air1 which is necessarily1 and almost constantly rising into the ,atmosphere1 from heated ,lands1 ,plains1 and gentle ,eminences long shone on by the ,sun4 #beb4 ,consequently the pure1 cool1 defloguisticated ,atmosphere1 is almost continually descending from above2 sometimes imperceptibly1 often forcibly1 on the ,surface of the ,sea1 the ,channels of ,rivers1 ,meadows1 and all wet ,land4 ,which ,depression acts1 in ,proportion to its ,strength1 on the ,balloon2 and always with a sensible ,effect3 for1 being in ,equilibrio with the ,air at all stationary ,heights2 the least ,depression of the ,atmosphere makes the ,balloon descend1 considerably4 #bec4 ,this ,reasoning is1 in many ,cases1 applicable to the ,air1 and consequently the ,weather and ,cold of ,mountains4 ,nor can it otherways be accounted for1 why the ,snow is perpetual1 and the ,cold so intense1 on ,mountains under the ,equinoctial1 and between the ,tropics3 but which admits an easy ,solution on the above ,hypothesis4#fg ,,chapter ,,xxxxvi4 ,section #bed4 ,the ,subject of depressing torrents requires an accurate ,investigation3 as it will serve to point out the proper ,time of ,day or ,night1 when an ,aironaut ought so to calculate his ,voyage1 as to arrive over the ,middle of the ,channel1 or ,arm of the ,sea1 at some particular ,hour3 in order to wait for a ,sea ,breeze which may waft him to the other ,side4 ,a ,point not difficult to be ascertained4 ,also1 this ,idea of depression1 if properly considered and digested2 may prove a sufficient ,foundation on which to establish a new ,theory of the ,weather1 so ill determined at present1 from its aggregate ,weight or ,elasticity only1 as indicated by the ,barometer4 #bee4 ,if a ,conjecture may be formed on a ,subject1 material in itself1 yet of which so little is actually known2 woud not the proper ,time of undertaking a ,voyage over the ,channel be such1 that the ,aironaut shoud find himself three ,parts of the ,way across1 by nine o',clock in the ,morning8 #bef4 ,in warmer ,climates1 where the ,seasons are more regular2 the ,land-,breeze blows to ,sea from ,midnight till ,x4 in the ,morning3 at which ,time1 the ,sea-,breeze blows to ,land2 continues till ,v4 or ,,vi4 in the ,evening2 and is succeeded by a calm1 which lasts till ,midnight4 ,whence it follows1 that during the ,time of the ,sea-,breeze1 there is a constant ,tendency towards a gulph of air1 along the ,middle of the ,channel3 the ,equilibrium of which is as constantly supplied by a ,depression of the upper and in general cooler ,strata of ,air2 and therefore a dangerous ,time for the ,passage of ,balloons4 ,on the contrary1 during the ,night1 and till ten in the ,morning1 there is an ,accumulation of ,air1 along the ,middle of the ,channel3 which consequently is a proper ,time to ensure a safe ,passage2 by the ,assistance of wings1 or some propulsive ,machinery4 ,sidenote3 ,of the horizontally calm mediocanal depressing ,current4 #beg4 ,the ,deficiency or ,vacuity being supplied from the etherial ,regions2 it might be taken for granted1 that such ,ether must be considerably lighter than the adjacent common ,air on an equal ,level1 and therefore proportionably dangerous for the ,passage of ,balloons4 ,but if it be considered that such ,air1 acting as a wedge1 or more probably in the ,form of an hyperblic ,solid1#fh to fill up the ,vacuity1 descends with ,rapidity from a colder ,atmosphere impregnated with aqueous ,vapours invisible from below2 and that both the ,air and ,vapour have reciprocal ,affinities and ,attractions1 electric and mechanical1 with the ,body of ,water beneath them2 and are often rendered still cooler by its constant ,agitation and ,evaporation2 also1 that the ,supply being immediate and cotemporary1 with the double tide of air flowing from the middle over the opposite ,shores2--there possibly may be little or no ,difference between the aggregate or barometric ,gravity of such ,columns1 and those which are formed by the ,sea-,breeze on either ,side of them3 therefore the ,descent of ,balloons is owing1 among other ,causes1 to an almost perpendicular actual ,depression of the superincumbent ,atmosphere4#fi ,following up the ,idea of a ,sea-,breeze1 blowing1 at a ,medium1 for #bj ,miles over ,land2 altho' the ,stratum of the lower current of ,air1 or ,sea ,breeze1 may not exceed half a mile in depth1 measuring from the ,ground upwards2 nearly equal to #bf ,inches of the ,barometer above1 the ,thermometer also above being at #ee1 i4e4 ,temperate3--yet this ,observation may prove of essential ,service1 while the upper current of ,air1 i4e4 the general ,wind blows towards the ,sea1 7which will be found to take ,place more frequently than is1 at present1 imagined27 or while the ,balloon is influenced that ,way2 as was the ,case with ,sadler and his ,companion when over the ,nore3 who1 on his accidental and sudden ,descent1 fortunately found ,safety in the sea-breeze4 ,which ,breeze was sought for1 and made ,use of by the ,author1 when in the ,balloon1 near ,frodsham1 in ,cheshire4 ,for1 as the ,sea-,breeze is pretty general1 ,aironauts shoud not be too apprehensive3 as they have it in their ,power1 by proper ,management1 to drop into the ,breeze--for either shore3 if they are provided with a ,machinery to waft themselves across the intermediate depressing or accumulating mediocanal column of air3 which ,space1 between the two ,shores1 is1 as before hinted1 frequently becalmed4 #beh4 ,further3 as the above ,theory of a mediocanal ,depression seems to receive additional ,confirmation from each ,balloon ,experiment2 ,lunardi descending on the #eth of ,october last1 when near the ,middle of the ,bay of ,edinburgh or ,firth of ,forth2--it may be found prudent1 to keep the ,balloon continually rising1 till the ,aironaut is one-third of the ,passage over4 #beh4 #b4 ,for if the general ,wind in the upper ,current be not strong2 the ,aironaut may expect to be becalmed1 with ,respect to the horizontal ,direction of the ,current1 the ,instant he finds1 by the ,rise of the ,barometer1 that the ,balloon descends2 i4e4 when it is acted upon by the depressing ,column3 in which ,case1 the higher he has soared1 the safer3 as he will have more ,room and greater ,latitude for ,exertion by ,means of the ,machinery3 which ,machinery will be greatly aided by the ,force of the descending ,column or ,gravity2 and will act on a similar ,principle with the ,ferry-,boats over the ,river ,po in ,italy2 which are a ,sort of horizontal ,pendulum4 ,for the ,aironauts will continue to descend1 at the same ,time that their ,wings furnish the ,means of a progressive ,motion4 ,therefore1 before the ,time that the ,balloon has reached the ,surface of the ,water2 they will have crossed the depressing ,column2 and find themselves wafted gently by the new ,sea-,breeze setting in towards the opposite ,shore4 #bei4 ,if the ,aironaut rises up to ,sea with a ,wind blowing from the ,land on each of the opposite ,sides of the ,channel1 and arrives above the ,middle of the ,channel1 while the same ,wind remains2 it is probable that the ,balloon will continue to rise higher as he proceeds towards the ,middle1 where the mediocanal accumulation has for some ,hours taken ,place2 and therefore he need not be under any ,apprehension of falling3 but1 as before1 it being probable he will also be becalmed2 the ,necessity of propulsive ,machinery is equally urgent1 in order to pass the ,center of the ,accumulation3 after which1 the ,balloon will ride ,home to the opposite ,shore in the new ,sea-,breeze1 by that ,time1 just beginning to set in4 #bfj4 ,with the ,assistance of propulsive ,machinery1 it is imagined the ,aironaut may be enabled in a few ,minutes to force throu' the calm mediocanal ,accumulation1 or ,depression3 after which1 he will have little ,occasion to make ,use of it4 #bfa4 ,sunrise is1 probably1 the safest ,time of all1 to ascend towards the ,sea1 with an ,air-tight ,balloon3 arriving with the ,assistance of the ,wings1 throu' the calm mediocanal ,accumulation3 and there waiting till the new ,sea-,breeze sets in to the opposite ,shore4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxvii4 ,sidenote3 ,difficulties1 proposed by ,mons4 ,sauffure stated2 and their ,solution attempted4 ,section #bei4 ,it may be observed here1 that the two ,difficulties proposed by ,sauffure1 are1 in a great ,measure1 removed2 in admitting the ,doctrine of mediocanal ,depression1 and consequent alternate ,accumulation1 ,in a distinct ,chapter1 treating of the ,variation of the ,barometer1 which he allows has ,need of farther ,explanation2 he asks 7,page #cjh7 what ,reasons can be assigned1 why the ,east ,winds1 which are cold and dry1 make the ,barometer descend1 in ,england and ,holland3 yet1 the ,west ,winds1 which are moist and temperate1 make it rise8 ,the ,east ,winds here blow chiefly in ,spring4 ,now it is universally agreed1 that the ,sea1 is sooner heated by the ,sun than the ,land3 and on ,account of the marine ,acid exhaled1#gj is also less cold1#ga during that ,season1 in the same ,latitude4 ,in ,spring1 therefore1 the great ,atlantic or ,western ,ocean1 being less cold than ,england1 ,holland1 and ,eastwards2 the ,air pendent over the most extensive ,tract of dry and cool ,land in the ,world1 rushes ,westwards to supply the ,equilibrium of warm light ,air rising upwards1 and causing a temporary mediocanal ,accumulation3 which 7altho' the specific ,gravity of the cold ,air is greater7 must produce an actual ,deficiency in the aggregate ,weight of the ,atmosphere over ,england and ,holland3 consequently the ,barometer falls4 ,again3 the ,west ,winds which blow at other ,seasons2 if1 in ,winter2 are not frequent1 except about ,noon after frosty ,nights which have equalized the ,air for the ,transmission of vigorous ,sunshine3 and shoud be looked upon as 7what they are really observed to be7 low partial ,sea-,breezes1 or eddy ,currents1 insinuating themselves near the ,surface1 and setting ,eastwards frequently against the upper and more general ,winds2 and therefore produce a temporary ,accumulation4 ,if1 in ,summer2 the ,supply of cool ,air to the heated ,land1 being made not only from the ,northern ,ocean1 and lofty ,mediterrnean ,mountains2 but also from the ,atlantic ,breezes2 the latter1 tho' moist and temperate1 must also tend towards an ,accumulation of the ,atmosphere over ,england and ,holland3 and therefore the ,barometer rises4 ,,chapter ,,xxxxviii4 ,sidenote3 ,facts and ,observations tending to confirm the ,doctrine of ,accumulation and depression4 ,section #bfj4 ,before the ,subject of mediocanal ,accumulation and ,depression of ,air1 is wholly quitted2 it may be well mention and compare a few ,facts and ,observations1 which will elucidate the ,doctrine2 and in their ,turn1 receive ,light from it4 #bfa4 ,if1 in the ,middle of a hot sunny ,day1 ,vapours lighter than the ,air1 were to rise from the ,ocean1 7which they will continue to do1 in hollow ,vesicles or ,bladders1 till the ,expansion breaks the ,bubble1 at which ,time the ,water woud fall to the ,earth1 if not drank up by the ,attraction of dry ,spunges of ,air27 there woud be a constant ,wind blowing from ,land to ,sea1 to fill up the ,chasm3 but at such ,time1 the ,land is more heated than the ,sea3 therefore hot ,air and ,vapour arise from both2 and the ,breeze1 on the contrary1 blows from ,sea to ,land2 consequently if the ,vacuities were not continually supplied from the etherial ,regions1 and from the ,ocean1 all ,animals woud actually die1 for ,want of ,air1 as in a hot close ,room4 ,such ,supply is therefore constantly made1 by ,depression of the ,atmosphere1 and ,absorption of the ,water4 #bfb4 ,what happens on a great ,scale1 above the ,ocean1 as before hinted2 probably1 happens on a smaller1 over ,channels or ,arms of the ,sea3 and on a still smaller2 over and along ,rivers1 ,brooks1 wet ,meadows1 and damp ,grounds4 #bfc4 ,in the variable ,latitudes on the ,atlantic ,ocean2 cool fresh ,air is supplied from above1 by descending ,vortices of ,wind and ,showers3 i4e4 ,storms of collection4#gb #bfd4 ,it may be remarked1 in ,confirmation of the above ,doctrine1 that triangular or ,latteen ,sails are used1 and more useful1 in a ,mediterranean ,sea1 surrounded by high ,lands1 from which the ,wind suddenly descends in ,squalls2 than in the open ,atlantic1 where the ,wind is more equal4 #bfd4 #b4 ,perhaps there cannot be a better ,account of the depressing ,torrent of ,air1 than that which ,bacon has given1 in describing the ,motion of ,wind on the ,sails of ,ships1 in a ,squall4 8,all ,wind acting on the ,sails of a ,vessel1 tends to depress or sink it4 ,wherefore in strong ,gales1 they first haul down the ,yards1 and take in the ,topsails3 afterwards all the ,sails3 cut away the ,masts3 throw the ,lading overboard1 the ,guns1 c4 to lighten the ,vessel1 and keep her above ,water40#gc ,,chapter ,,xxxxix4 ,sidenote3 ,torrents of ,air on ,etna1 and ,teneriffe4 ,section #bfe4 ,with ,respect to ,mountains3 on reading what ,travellers have written1 particularly ,ulla2#gd they seem to answer the ,intention of supplying cool ,air to the surrounding ,plains1 or ,continents2 by ,depression and ,condensation3 and also1 if on ,islands2 to the ,sea itself4 #bff4 ,brydone1 in his ,tour throu' ,sicily and ,malta1 in #aggc2ge giving an ,account of his ,ascent to the ,top of ,etna1 says1 that at the ,foot of the ,crater1 the ,snow was frozen hard and solid3#gf and that the ,crater was so hot2 it was impossible to descend into it4 ,further3 8that the ,smoke rolled down from the ,sides1 like a ,torrent3 till of equal ,gravity with the ,air1 when it shot off horizontally2 forming a long ,track1 according to the ,direction of the ,wind3 which there rose to a violent ,degree3 so that it was with ,difficulty he coud settle the ,barometer for an ,observation40 ,he also adds 8that ,clouds began to gather round the ,mountain2 but were dispelled by the ,wind40 ,now from the foregoing ,theory is it not probable to suppose1 that a ,torrent of ,air rushed continually down from the etherial ,regions1 not only to supply the ,fire of the ,crater2 but also the ,vacuity caused by the perpetual ,elevation of ,vapours and heated ,air from below3 the ,torrent likewise depressing into the ,track with itself1 the ,volumes of ,smoke which were seen to roll directly down the ,sides of the ,mountain3 that this descending ,torrent of ,air1 in its ,progress1 dispelled the ,clouds forming round the ,sides of the ,mountain1 by the ,ascent of warm ,vapours condensing1 as they rose1 on their ,approach to the cold ,mountain3 the ,smoke shooting horizontally1 from that ,height only1 at which an horizontal ,current of ,air began to take ,place8 ,for it can hardly be imagined that the ,air at the ,top of ,etna1 found to be 8electrical10 and which must have been replete with a ,mixture of ,floguiston1 inflammable ,air1 ,gasses1 and other arial ,fluids highly rarefied1 heated1 dry1 7and consequently lighter17 at the ,instant of rising out of the glowing ,cauldron1 became so condensed as to fall like ,water1 without partaking of the ,motion of a violent ,wind1 supposed to blow in an horizontal ,direction4 #bfg4 ,glas1 in his ,account of ,teneriffe1#gg reports1 that the ,clouds are generally half as high as the ,peak1 above the ,sea1#gh i4e4 according to him1 near the ,height of a ,mile and ,half3 8below which ,clouds1 the ,north ,easterly ,winds generally prevail3 and1 at the same ,time1 above them1 we find a fresh ,westerly ,gale3 which ,i believe to be the ,case in every ,part of the ,world when the trade wind blows40 ,in ,page #bec1 he says1 that in ascending above the ,level of the ,clouds1 he found the ,air sharp1 cold and piercing3 and the ,wind blew strong from ,south ,west1 and ,west ,south ,west3 so that the ,wind blew towards the ,mountain from three different ,points at least1 viz4 the ,trade ,wind1 from ,north ,east below the ,clouds2 just above them1 from ,south ,west3 and still higher1 a fresh ,gale1 from ,west4 8,the ,air on the ,top of the ,pike was thin1 cold1 piercing2 and of a dry parching ,nature1 like the ,south ,easterly ,winds which ,i have felt in the great ,desert of ,africa1 or the ,levanters in the ,mediterranean3 or even not unlike those dry easterly ,winds which are frequent in the ,northern ,parts of ,europe1 in clear ,weather1 in the ,months of ,march or ,april10 ,page #beg4 ,this dry ,wind answers to the ,eknfiai 7before mentioned7 i4e4 ,wind descending from the clouds4 ,glas further observes 7,page #bej7 that the ,clouds1 in fine ,weather1 descend gradually towards ,evening1 and rest on the ,woods till ,morning3 when they re-ascend1 and remain suspended above them1 till the succeeding ,evening4 ,here then a nocturnal ,depression of the ,atmosphere is obvious4 ,but this ,appearance will not prove that the ,air does not descend below the ,level of the ,clouds3 for1 tho' the ,clouds descend with the ,air2 ,vapour-,air1 of which they are composed1 becomes transparent both by ,dissolution1 in a warmer ,stratum1 and ,proximity to the ,earth1 as before mentioned4 ,sidenote3 ,conclusion drawn from the above1 applicable to ,balloons4 #bfh4 ,from the ,variety of ,winds experienced at different ,heights1 not only on ,teneriffe1 but in different ,places2 it is plain1 that if ,balloons can be made durable and ,air-tight2 they may be wasted between the ,tropics by an ,east or ,west ,current at ,pleasure3 and also throu'out the ,globe2 the ,occasion being made1 in some ,respect1 subservient to the ,time4#gi ,,chapter ,l4 ,,corroborating ,,proofs ,,of ,a ,,depression4 ,sect4 #bfh4 ,art4 #a4 ,the ,author is well informed1 that1 during an ,engagement at ,sea2--in ten ,minutes after the ,action has commenced2--tho' it blew a ,gale before2 7that is1 tho' it blew violently27 the ,agitation of the ,air1 arising from the ,explosion of the great ,guns1 and small ,arms1 woud counteract the ,wind1 and produce a dead ,calm4 #bfh4 #b4 ,quere3 does not the new elastic ,air1 produced from the ,nitre1#hj give an instantaneous ,compression and ,dilatation to the incumbent atmospheric ,air1 round the ,place of ,action1 while the lighter floguisticated ,air passes throu' it1 raising1 and affecting to its highest ,limit1 the whole ,atmosphere4 ,and does not the ,effect of a sudden ,calm1 suppose the ,wind to descend from above with a ,kind of saltatory ,motion1 instantly counteracted by the new elastic ,air8--,for if the ,wind be supposed to blow sideways or horizontally1 to any considerable ,height above the ,water1 woud not the fresh lateral ,air glide away1 and prevent the ,continuance of the ,calm8 #bfi4 ,when a ,squall happens1 or only ,rain falls2 ,air will rush from all ,sides1 and from above1 to supply the ,vacancy of the fallen ,cloud and ,vapour4 ,the ,air immediately above must fall3 the lateral ,air gravitating towards other ,places4 ,hence ,cold1 and a bright ,sky after ,rain4 #bgj4 ,the ,theory of ,accumulation may account for the frequent warm ,rains in ,winter1 and during the ,night4 ,for the preceding diurnal ,accumulation over the ,sea1 may circulate during the ,night1 at a great ,altitude1 to restore the ,equilibrium and ,loss of cold ,land ,air sent by a low or ,ground-,wind to ,sea1 during the ,day-,time3 particularly1 as the ,accumulation over the ,sea1 during ,winter1 is almost continual4 #bga4 ,the ,wind would more frequently be perceived to descend and rebound upwards1 7,trials of which might be made by holding an ,umbrella1 extended at right ,angles with its ,axis1 upright in the ,hand27 if the same ,opportunity offered1 of opposing as great a ,surface to it in a perpendicular1 as is every ,day done1 in an horizontal ,direction3 for in walking1 the whole ,height of the ,body1 and half its ,surface1 is opposed horizontally to the ,wind3 but the ,head only1 which is covered1 is opposed to the perpendicular ,pressure4 #bgb4 ,as every ,circumstance in the ,order of ,nature is so admirably contrived that each apparent ,inconvenience rectifies itself2 in heavy ,winds continuing to blow from a cold ,point2 the ,construction of the ,atmosphere is such1 that the warm light ,air from the opposite ,points will necessarily rise up and flow over the cold ,stratum1 and by their ,tendency to an ,equilibrium1 will produce an ,air less cold1 before the same ,wind is exhausted4 #bgc4 ,on the one ,hand2 it is probable1 that1 as cold ,winds are heavy2 the ,eknfiai ,winds are covered with frequent ,waves of the ,apogay1 or light warm ,air rolling over them1 frequently from the opposite ,points4 #bgd4 ,on the other ,hand1 as the ,apogay ,winds are naturally light and warm1 it is improbable that they shoud be frequently covered with ,waves of cold heavy ,air1 rolling over them from ,eknfiai ,points4 ,it may therefore be reasonably concluded1 that the ,eknfiai ,winds1 when approaching or opposed to the ,apogay1 shoud be considered as ,ground ,winds1 7i4e4 ,winds blowing next the ,surface of the ,earth1 tho' they be supposed at the same ,time to descend7 which receive the ,apogay above them3 and that the ,apogay being warm light and moist1 7which last will have the same ,effect1 as if they were more elastic27#ha being also more turbulent1 and endued with greater ,velocity1 press back the ,eknfiai from the ,surface of the ,earth1 and upwards2 and at the same ,time flow above them4 ,by which means the ,eknfiai partake of their ,qualities2--become less cold1 less heavy1 and less dry4#hb ,,chapter ,,li4 ,section #bge4 ,if then this ,reasoning be allowed2 arial ,travellers will not be subject1 when1 at a considerable ,height1 even in ,winter1 to great ,degrees of ,cold1 supposing that the ,air does not actually freeze the ,waters below2 and the ,apogay or ,southerly ,winds have continued for a few ,days4 ,on the ,contrary2 ,aironauts may expect ,cold1 encreasing with their ,ascent1 even in ,summer1 tho' warm below2 supposing the ,eknfiai or ,northerly ,winds to have continued but for a ,day before the ,ascent3 they may possibly1 indeed by soaring higher1 rise into the regular ,stratum of the warm ,apogay floating above them4 #bgf4 ,from what has been said1 there seems a ,degree of ,probability1 that the ,air for a ,number of ,miles1 above warm cultivated ,plains shoud differ materially in its ,temperature1 from ,air above ,mountains1 or even on a ,level with their ,summits4 ,that the former ,air1 in moderate ,weather1 shoud continue warm and rarefied3 while the latter is cool and condensed4 ,for the same ,reason the ,air over the ,sea1 on the ,hours of ,accumulation2 i4e4 during the ,night1 in ,summer1 and frequently in ,winter1 shoud be found warm and rarefied3 especially during a ,continuance of the ,apogay ,winds4 #bgg4 ,it is likewise probable that the ,atmosphere will be found respirable at much greater ,heights1 than is at present imagined3 during the ,continuance of the ,eknfiai ,winds2 and also1 on ,account of the defloguisticated ,air1#hc which is drier and less elastic in ,proportion to its ,rarity4#hd #bgh4 ,the ,height of #aj ,miles seems not too great to limit human ,respiration1 shoud any ,attempt be made1 to soar with a ,balloon in a mild ,atmosphere2 and particularly between the ,tropics4#he ,but an ,objection woud be found in the ,size of a ,balloon sufficiently capacious to contain nearly #f ,times the ,bulk to which the ,gass woud necessarily expand itself1 at the ,height of #aj ,miles4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,cause of ,limitation1 in the ,ascent of ,balloons4 ,sidenote3 ,second ,cause of ,limitation in the ,ascent of ,balloons4 #bgi4 ,it seems most likely that the primary ,cause that will affect the ,ascent of ,balloons is the ,difficulty of encreasing the ,dimension of the ,balloon3 the ,second1 is from the excessive ,cold2 if the ,wind blows from any ,points of the ,north4 ,supposing the ,construction of the ,atmosphere to be as represented by different ,authors1 7which1 by the ,way1 is scarcely credible7 ten ,miles will perhaps be the utmost attainable ,height4 #bhj4 ,there is a ,circumstance relative to the ,motion of the ,air1 which has not been sufficiently attended to3 and bears some ,analogy with that of a ,thorough ,air4 ,this ,circumstance may not improperly be called the ,reception and ,dispersion of ,air4 ,in cold ,climates1 it is an ,object of ,dread3 in warm ones1 a most desirable ,piece of ,luxury4 ,a gentle ,undulation of the ,air is perceived in ,peru1 and other hot ,climates1 by ,persons sitting in ,arbours sheltered from the ,sun4 ,the surrounding ,air is instantly contracted by ,condensation1 during the ,absence of the ,sun's ,rays1 and therefore occupies a less ,space3 fresh ,air is received1 and as instantly dispersed by ,expansion towards those ,parts1 which are the warmest1 i4e4 where there is least ,resistance3 so that a gentle ,breeze is constantly kept up1 probably by a ,depression from above4#hf #bha4 ,analagous to this1 are those ,winds which generally rise early and die away at ,sunset3 the nocturnal ,condensation of the ,air being sufficient for the reception3 as ,air suffers some ,compression without ,tumult4 ,to demonstrate the ,changes owing also to remote and invisible ,causes least suspected2 ,boyle somewhere speaks of an ,instrument he made1 which was so nicely contrived1 that he coud tell1 while sitting in his own ,apartment1 whenever any detached ,cloud passed beneath the ,sun's ,disk4 ,the ,principle on which it acted seems to have been that of a ,reception and ,dispersion of ,air that took ,place within the shadow proceeding from the ,cloud4 #bhb4 ,an oblique ,argument supporting the ,doctrine of ,depression1 asserted to take ,place1 in fair ,weather1 is that ,wind drys up the ,moisture from the ,ground more than the ,sun3 and that ,march which is the windiest1 is also the most drying1 tho' not the hottest ,month4 ,bacon1 in his ,enquiry into ,motions and ,undulations of the ,air1 uses a ,metaphor1 which tho' somewhat facetious1 is strictly philosophical4#hg 8,for when winds lead the dance1 it woud be agreeable to know the figure40#hh ,and it is probable1 that they really press the ,earth with a saltatory progressive undulating ,motion1 descending in elastic ,steps of sudden ,compression2 and rising with quick alternate ones1 of ,dilatation and ,expansion4 ,dicker's ,balloon gave ,proof of this4 #bhc4 ,lastly3 the chill of ,air which always takes ,place over water1 and moist ,grounds1 even in the finest weather1 strongly favours the ,reception and ,dispersion of it1 to the surrounding and more heated ,lands3 7which can only be supplied1 as before mentioned1 by ,torrents of fresh ,air gradually descending from the etherial or middle ,region of the ,atmosphere27 and seems to produce the same ,effect1 viz4 a constant ,breeze1 with that of the ,arbor1 ,shade1 or ,shelter from the ,sun3 also with that of the ,shadow from the ,cloud passing under his ,disk1 which affected a complete ,thermometer and ,hygrometer4 #bhd4 ,on a ,change of ,weather from ,frost to ,thaw1 the ,colour of the upper ,air first alters from a clear and deep1 to a dull and faint ,blue1 or to a muddy ,haze1 not distinguishable into ,clouds1 but visible above them2 a vivid ,brightness still remaining1 for many ,hours1 to about #ejj ,yards above the ,surface of the ,earth4 ,or1 soft warm ,showers fall gently1 without ,wind1 or any apparent ,change in its ,direction4 ,all which seem to favour the ,accumulation and ,descent of warm ,air1 by ,waves of the ,apogay rolling over the ,eknfiai ,winds4 ,,chapter ,,lii4 ,sidenote3 ,proper ,days in the ,month for the ,ascent of ,balloons4 ,section #bhe4 ,as the safest ,hour of the ,day has been already pointed out1 for the ,ascent of those ,aironauts1 who propose to cross a ,channel1 or ,arm of the ,sea1 in a ,balloon ,air-tight or nearly so3 it may not be useless to throw out a few ,hints on the properest ,days in each ,month1 for the ,ascent of ,balloons4 #bhf4 ,it will perhaps be found true1 that the more frequent ,winds are generated near the ,surface of the ,earth3 but that ,storms are generated from above4 ,cold1 ,heat1 ,drought1 and ,moisture produce the more frequent and diurnal ,winds3 but the ,conjunctions and ,operations of the ,moon and ,planets contribute to the ,production of ,storms and other ,inequalities of the ,atmosphere3 more especially the ,moon3 at the ,new and ,full4 ,these ,attractions first affect the superior ,parts of the ,atmosphere4#hi #bhg4 8,we are sure in the calmest ,weather1 to have some ,breeze at ,noon1 and at full ,tide40 ,therefore1 both are improper ,times for ,balloons to be at ,sea3 the ,time of low ,water and ,midnight woud be best in those1 if equal in other ,respects4 ,changes of ,weather as to ,wind or ,calm happen about the ,new and ,full ,moon4#ij #bhh4 ,varieties of ,tide produced by the united or divided ,forces of the ,sun and ,moon1 occasion similar ,changes in the ,atmosphere nearly at the same ,time4 ,for ,instance1 at the ,time of the ,new ,moon or ,conjunction1 i4e4 when the ,earth1 ,moon1 and ,sun1 are nearly in a ,line2 the ,moon being between them3 also at the ,time of the ,full ,moon2 i4e4 when the ,moon1 ,earth1 and ,sun are nearly in a ,line2 and the ,earth between them1 which is called the ,opposition4#ia ,in the first ,case1 the ,moon and ,sun attract the ,atmosphere of the ,earth conjointly1 or with united ,force3 in the second ,case2 the ,earth being between them1 they act in ,opposition to each other1 still nearly in the same ,line4 ,at these ,times1 the spring ,tides are at the highest i4e4 once every ,fortnight2 and in the two interval ,weeks are the neap or lowest ,tides3 for a like ,reason4 ,because1 in the latter ,case1 a ,line supposed to be drawn from the ,moon to the ,earth1 and another from the ,earth to the ,sun1 woud form nearly a right ,angle3 or in other ,words2 because the ,moon and ,sun woud attract the ,earth at right ,angles to each other1 or in a lateral ,direction3--the ,moon woud draw one ,way and the ,sun another3--their ,forces woud be divided4 ,now it is a ,fact1 that the ,ocean is raised considerably twice every twenty-five ,hours1 by the ,attraction of the ,moon1 when she comes to the ,meridian4 ,so that the ,surface of the ,sea1 instead of putting on the ,form of a ,sphere1 or ,globe1 will be changed into an oval ,figure1 whose longest ,diameter being produced1 woud pass throu' the ,moon4 ,in like ,manner a similar ,elevation must take ,place1 as often as the ,sun is in the ,meridian2 either above or below the ,horizon4 ,moreover1 this ,elevation is greatest on the ,new and ,full ,moon1 because the ,moon and ,sun do then conspire in their ,attractions3 and least in the ,quarters3 as they will then draw different ,ways2 the ,difference of their ,actions only producing an ,effect4 ,lastly1 the ,intumescence will be of a middle ,degree1 at the ,times between the ,quarters1 and ,new and ,full ,moon4 #bhi4 ,as in the ,ocean1 so in the ,air above it2 a ,tide of ,air must roll along the ,atmosphere1 throu' the whole ,extent of it2 and rise upwards twice in about #bd ,hours4 ,and since the ,height of the ,atmosphere is computed by ,halley at #de ,miles1 and the ,depth of the ,ocean at an ,average1 but half a ,mile2 the ,air will more easily and quickly obey the ,attraction of the ,moon and ,sun1 than the ,tide of the ,ocean3 and1 as it revolves in a ,sphere which is about #ajj ,times larger than that of the ,ocean1 the ,agitation and the ,velocity of its ,tide1 will be something greater1 in ,proportion to its ,elasticity1 and inferior ,density to the ,water of the ,ocean4#ib #bij4 ,the ,weight of the ,air must now be considered4 ,the ,weight of the ,atmosphere in ,england does not exceed #ca ,inches of ,mercury in the ,barometer3 nor does the least ,weight fall short of #bh3 the greatest ,difference in the ,weights may be taken at #b ,inches3 dividing #cj 7nearly equal to the whole ,weight7 by #b1 the ,answer is #ae4 ,so that the under ,parts of the ,atmosphere being pressed upon by about a fifteenth ,part less ,weight at one ,time1 than at another2 the specific ,gravity of the ,air will sometimes be a fifteenth ,part lighter4 ,but the ,height of the ,atmosphere being estimated at #de ,miles1 which is equipoised by about #cj ,inches2 when equipoised by a fifteenth ,part less ,weight2 7that is1 dividing #de ,miles by #ae2 which amounts to the same as if a fifteenth ,part of the whole ,height was taken away2 the ,answer is #c ,miles27 shews that the ,atmosphere is #c ,miles higher at one ,time than at another1 over certain ,places2 indicated by the ,barometer at those ,places4 ,such an ,accumulation of ,air1 arising only from ,pressure or specific ,gravity in one ,part of the ,atmosphere1 and not in another2 by its ,tendency to an ,equilibrium2 and when to this ,tendency is added its elastic ,force2--must be productive of winds1 descending ,torrents1 ,inundations of ,air1 or ,storms1 near the ,surface of the ,earth3 and nearly such a ,difference in the ,barometer has been known to happen in a few ,hours4 ,such ,accumulation1 however1 is not properly the ,tide of ,air4 #bia4 ,at the ,new and ,full ,moon1 the united ,attractions of the ,moon and ,sun raise the ,spring ,tides in the ,ocean to the average ,height of #aj ,feet and a half4#ic ,and in the ,moon's ,quarters1 the ,moon drawing one ,way1 while the ,sun draws another1 viz4 at a right ,angle1 made by ,lines from the ,sun and ,moon to the ,earth's ,center2 the average ,height of the ,neap ,tides in the ,ocean will be #f ,feet #g ,inches4 ,the same ,attraction which raises ,water #aj ,feet and a half1 will raise ,air1 whose ,density is #hjj ,times less1 to almost one third of that to which the whole ,pressure of the ,atmosphere can raise ,fluids3#id ,now it has been before seen1 that the ,pressure of the ,atmosphere raised the ,air #de ,miles3 so that the ,air is raised by the united ,actions of the ,moon and ,sun1 at the ,new and ,full ,moon1 to one-third ,part of #de2 i4e4 to #ae ,miles4 ,and for the same ,reason1 the ,air is raised at the ,moon's ,quarters to #aj ,miles3#ie the ,difference between which is #e ,miles4 ,there is consequently a real ,tide of ,air five ,miles higher at each ,new and ,full ,moon1 than at her ,quarters3 which ,tide rolls with incredible ,velocity along the ,verge or highest ,limit of the ,atmosphere2 and is generally productive of ,wind below4 #bib4 ,the ,elasticity of the ,air must likewise be brought into the ,account1 as contributing greatly to its ,motion3 the ,spring of ,air always increasing as the ,pressure encreases4 ,considerable ,changes must therefore ensue in the inferior ,parts of the ,atmosphere4 ,for as the ,effect of the ,moon's ,attraction is to diminish the ,weight of the ,atmosphere 7tho' its ,quantity be increased7 by elevating the ,column of ,air in the ,line of her ,meridian2 the ,rarefaction of the ,air is therefore encreased1 first at the ,top of the ,atmosphere2 afterwards it gradually descends to the ,bottom1 or ,surface of the ,earth3 so that the incumbent ,weight being diminished1 the ,air beneath will be greatly expanded4 ,at whatever ,height therefore any ,quantity of ,vapour or superior ,cloud rested1 while the ,moon was in her ,quarter2 it woud gradually descend at the ,approach of the next ,new or ,full3 at which ,times it woud remain suspended at a ,height1 where an ,expansion took ,place equivalent to the former ,expansion1 at the ,moon's ,quarter3 and1 if the ,height during the ,moon's ,quarter was only equal to that of common ,clouds2 such ,vapour woud1 at the ,new and ,full ,moon1 descend in ,mist1 ,rain1 ,snow1 or ,wind4 #bic4 ,little ,reliance is to be placed1 in these ,northern ,climates1 on the aggregate ,weight 7or elastic ,power7 of the ,air1 indicated by the ,height of the ,barometer1 near the ,times of the ,new and ,full ,moons3 tho'1 in general1 it will descend about those ,times4 ,sidenote3 ,proper ,days for ,ascent4 ,these ,things being so2 it woud be improvident to undertake an arial ,excursion1 either three ,days before1 or three ,days after the ,day1 either of the ,new1 or ,full ,moon3 the ,ascent shoud be forborne every other ,week2 at least till the ,art is a little more advanced4 ,the two remaining alternate ,weeks in each ,month1 viz4 when the ,moon is in the ,quarters1 and the ,tide of ,air flowing throu' the ,atmosphere1 is checked1 counterbalanced1 and equalized1 by the lateral ,attractions of the ,moon and ,sun1 acting at right ,angles1 i4e4 on different ,parts of the ,air1 pendent on the ,earth's ,surface2--more settled and regular ,weather may be naturally expected2 and particularly freer from the ,extremes of ,wind and ,cold4 ,moreover1 as the ,almanack1 and ,ephmeris#if may be always consulted2 the ,day fixed on shoud not be marked with ,conjunctions of the ,planets4#ig ,the ,inequality of their united ,attractions greatly deranges the ,equilibrium of the upper ,parts of the ,atmosphere2 producing sudden ,squalls and ,gusts of ,wind3 which1 tho' of short ,continuance1 perhaps a few ,hours1 are inauspicious to the successful ,inflation and ,ascent of a ,balloon1 during the ,infancy of the ,science4 7,see ,section #baa47 ,,chapter ,,liii4 ,,on ,,the ,,means ,,of ,,sustaining ,a ,,balloon ,,above ,,the ,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,water1 ,,by ,a ,,temporary ,,loss ,,of ,,ballast3 ,,and ,,of ,,recovering ,,the ,,ballast4 ,sect4 #bid4 ,art4 #a4 ,the two ,inconveniencies arising from a ,discharge of ,ballast1 while the ,balloon is under the ,pressure of a mediocanal ,column of ,air1 are1 #a4 ,first1 lest the ,balloon shoud rise too high2 for by opening the ,valve in order to descend2 ,gass escapes3 which is an actual ,loss3 and the ,balloon is rendered incapable of supporting its ,burden at the same ,height1 as before4 #b4 ,the present ,impossibility of resuming the ,ballast1 in order to descend1 or check the ,elevation1 on approaching either ,shore1 or at any other ,time4 #bid4 #b4 ,these ,inconveniencies are to be remedied by the following ,methods4 ,if ,sand be the ,ballast fixed on2 put as much of it into a ,bladder by ,means of a ,tin ,funnel1 as1 when less than half blown1 it will contain1 without sinking below the ,surface of fresh ,water4 ,prepare the intended ,weight of ,ballast1 in ,bladders1 after the same ,manner4 ,also to each ,bladder with ,ballast1 tye another ,bladder without ,ballast1 half blown4 ,tye fast each ,set of ,bladders1 so prepared1 with a leathern ,thong2 the ,ends of which may be left a few ,inches to spare4 ,the ,grapple may remain in the ,car4 #bid4 #c4 ,when the ,balloon begins to descend over ,water2 lower out the ,cable1 by ,degrees4 ,tye a ,pair of ,bladders1 one of which contains ,ballast1 very tight1 round the ,end of the ,cable4 ,then a second ,pair1 at such a ,distance that the intermediate ,part of the ,cable1 will float4 ,repeat this ,process1 till the proper ,effect is obtained2 or the whole ,ballast is discharged4 #bid4 #d4 ,the ,car and ,balloon may be hauled or wound down to the ,surface of the ,water3 and the ,ballast resumed1 as the ,balloon approaches the ,shore4 #bid4 #e4 ,if it be found necessary1 the ,ballast may be discharged by cutting the thongs1 gradually3 or the cable1 at once4 #bid4 #f4 ,if the ,wind be contrary1 and the ,weather moderate2 the ,tide1 or ,stream may1 by ,calculation and ,foresight1 be made to serve the ,purpose of the ,aironaut1 in towing the ,ballast which floats on its ,surface3 and thus checking1 or gently drawing the ,balloon after it4 #bid4 #g4 ,in such ,cases1 the ,aironaut woud do well in applying his propulsive ,machinery4 ,a ,,general ,,observation4 #bid4 #h4 ,to prevent the car of the ,balloon from being drawn out of the ,perpendicular1 a ,circumstance not infrequent2 it is necessary to have some ,contrivance1 by which the ,cable shall run throu' a moveable ,pulley1 on a ,swivel1 in the ,center above the ,car2 and that the ,aironaut shall be able instantly1 by a ,screw1 or otherways1 to fasten the ,pulley and ,cable so tight1 that the ,stress shall remain on the ,center above the ,car1 however forcibly the ,cable may be stretched4 ,,chapter ,,liiii4 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,sustaining ,a ,,balloon ,,over ,,water1 ,,without ,,loss ,,of ,,gass1 ,,or ,,of ,,ballast4 ,section #bie4 ,let the ,ballast consist of that ,kind of ,rope 7wound on a ,reel7 that is either by ,nature or ,art1 specifically lighter than fresh ,water3 as a hollow cylindrical ,rope of ,silk1 in which ,corks are thrust3 the ,silk to be dipped into elastic ,varnish1 to prevent the ,absorption of ,water into the ,pores3 or a common ,rope well varnished2 or covered over with a cylindric ,case of varnished ,silk1 might answer the same ,intention1 if ,corks or ,bladders were tyed at proper ,distances3 in which ,case1 the ,rope might1 at the first ,ascent of the ,balloon1 hang from the ,center above the ,car1 at its full ,extent1 suppose a ,mile or a ,mile and half in ,length1 without the ,encumbrance of a ,reel4 ,if ,bladders are used2 those that hang near the ,car shoud not be more than half blown4 ,by the above ,expedient2 as soon as the ,balloon began to decline1 from ,evaporation of ,gass1 or ,depression of the ,atmosphere1 and the lowest ,part of the ,rope touched the ,water2 the ,balloon woud continue to levitate1 in ,proportion to the ,quantity of ,rope sustained on the ,surface of the ,water4 ,the ,aironaut woud move less swift indeed1 but more conveniently2 as he woud not be obliged to rise above the ,wind3 but be able to lower1 and raise himself at ,pleasure3 first1 by pulling up a ,part of the ,rope into the ,car2 and having there made it fast2 ,secondly1 by cutting away1 as he saw ,occasion1 the loose ,end1 and ,folds of the ,rope so drawn into the ,car with him4 ,,chapter ,,lv4 ,,on ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,ascertaining ,,the ,,proper ,,modes ,,of ,,direction1 ,,by ,,different ,,and ,,frequent ,,experiments4 ,sidenote3 ,on the ,necessity of frequent ,experiments1 in different ,modes of ,direction4 ,section #bif4 ,the ,necessity of making frequent ,experiments1 in order to prove how far the ,balloon is capable of ,direction1 by different ,combinations of the mechanical ,powers1 is so apparent2 that no ,balloon shoud rise a second ,time1 without the ,application of ,machinery to that ,end4 ,each ,candidate for ,fame1 as ,proprietor of a ,balloon for public ,exhibition1 ought to vie in his ,pretensions to a ,superiority of ,manouvres4 ,their respective ,performances woud appear in the public ,papers2 and ,decisions be made to the ,advantage of the ,art4 ,for it is probable1 that by such ,comparison chiefly2--the comparison of experimental ,blunders and ,mistakes1 and not by an ,union of ,theory and ,practice1 cemented by liberal ,patronage1 the ,balloon can arrive to any ,degree of ,perfection1 in a ,country1 which is the ,scene of perpetual ,contention3 where the ,sum of ,life seems devoted but to party2 and where the precious ,time of the great is sunk in ,luxury1 and their exalted ,talents lost in the ,labyrinth of ,politics4 ,sidenote3 ,precautions to secure a ,landing4 #big4 ,to strive against the ,stream is proverbially impossible3 and it woud be literally so1 to attempt by any ,kind of ,machinery to force the large ,surface of a ,balloon1 with any ,degree of ,velocity1 against a ,stream of air4 7,section #bja47 ,ships1 which have the ,aid of an ,element #hjj ,times denser than the air1 are obliged to wait in ,port1 till the ,wind is favourable4 ,but neither is this considered as an ,argument against maritime ,navigation3 nor does the ,perfection of the ,balloon require its ,ascent in a ,storm3 tho' the ,preference due to the ,balloon1 on such ,occasion1 woud be decisive in its ,favour3 as the latter woud presently surmount the ,wind1 and lie to1 in the calm ,air above it4 ,sect4 #bih4 ,art4 #a4 ,by ,wings1 or some propulsive ,machinery1 acting forcibly in a ,direction required1 and with ,ease to the ,operator2 two useful ,manouvres may be attempted1 and will frequently be found successful4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,manouvre3 to secure the ,landing in windy ,weather4 #bih4 ,art4 #b4 ,first1 ,to retard the ,course of the ,balloon during its ,descent2 in such a ,manner1 as to prevent the ,wind from damaging the ,machine1 or snapping the ,cable3 and thus to land with ,safety1 and at the smallest ,distance beyond the ,place assigned4 ,sidenote3 ,preparatory ,apparatus3 and ,signal-,rope4 #bih4 #c4 ,a silken1 or other light ,rope is to be provided3 and to run throu' a snatch ,block fastened to a rudder1 or to the car1 as in ,crosbie's ,balloon4#ih ,which ,rope alone woud lessen immediate and unforeseen ,danger1 by using the ,balloon as a ,sail1 if it actually alighted on the ,water4 #bih4 ,art4 #d4 ,the same ,rope being a ,mile1 or a ,mile and ,half in ,length2 the ,whole1 or a ,part of it1 might be suffered to run off the ,wheel1 and1 falling on the ,surface below1 in misty ,weather1 woud serve as a ,signal to determine whether the ,aironaut was over ,land1 or ,water4 ,also by winding up his ,wheel1 he might1 if the ,weather was moderate1 bring himself down to the ,grapple1 which might be so contrived as to run down the ,rope1 and remain at the ,bottom1 by ,means of a ,knot1 or other ,check4 ,he might also loose his ,grapple1 and rise again3 or when down2 pull the ,valve-,cord1 and land4 #bih4 #e4 ,with a second short ,cable1 snatch ,block and ,grapple1 he woud be able to moor the ,balloon1 from which1 he might1 by procuring the ,country ,people to load the ,car with fresh ,ballast equal in ,weight to himself2--get out1 and even leave the ,balloon in their ,care4 ,the ,precaution of knowing whether he was over a fresh ,water-,lake1 7for he might hear the ,sea7 might be useful in misty and low cloudy ,weather by ,day1 or during the ,night2 without expending ,gass in the exploratory ,descent4 #bih4 #f4 ,to facilitate the landing1 the ,signal-,rope may be used to the greatest ,advantage1 particularly in windy ,weather2 by lowering out a ,part1 or the ,whole1 whether a ,mile1 or ,mile and half1 so that the ,grapple may take ,effect on the ,ground1 at the ,distance of its ,length by ,estimation1 short of the ,place where the ,balloon is intended to land4 ,as soon as the ,grapple holds2 it is in the ,option of the ,aironaut1 to tye ,parcels of his ,ballast loosely round the ,cable1 to run downwards along with it4 7,for which ,purpose1 ,iron-,rings with ,spring-,swivels1 which open by ,pressure of the ,fingers1 and shut of themselves1 might answer better than the leathern ,thongs1 as the former might be put1 in an ,instant1 round the ,cable1 and woud run down quicker47 ,these ,parcels of ,ballast are to be sent down1 in ,succession1 till the ,balloon has acquired such ,degrees of false levity1 as will be sufficient to counteract that ,tendency which the ,wind will have to depress the ,car of the ,balloon forcibly on the ,surface1 so long as it is connected with the ,grapple on the ,ground4 #bih4 #g4 ,when this ,point is effected1 the ,balloon will remain suspended in the ,air2 and being acted upon by the ,wind1 will be pressed into a ,direction approaching to an horizontal ,line1 in ,proportion to the encreasing ,power of the ,wind4 ,and here the ,necessity of having the ,cable fastened to a ,center above the ,car1 in order to retain its ,perpendicularity1 is most evident4 ,the ,aironaut1 in this ,situation1 may venture to wind up the ,cable gradually1 and descend1 to the ,grapple4 #bih4 #h4 ,secondly3 ,when the different ,currents of ,air1 have been tried by ,descent and ,ascent of the ,pioneer-,balloon1#ii and found to be all unfavourable2 the ,aironaut is to rise still higher1 into a ,calm1 pursue his ,course horizontally in the blue serene1 by propulsive ,machinery3 estimating the ,velocity1 by the evident ,resistance of the half ,mile white ,flag described in ,section #ab1 #ac4 and #ab1 #ae4 hanging at a proper ,distance below1 and of that which hangs loosely at the ,side of the ,car1 to shew a ,change in the ,direction of the ,wind1 7then made by a ,resistance of the ,air73 or he may judge o the ,velocity and ,direction1 by the ,flight of a ,feather1 repeatedly let loose at certain ,intervals of ,time4 ,,chapter ,,lvi4 ,,new ,,mode ,,of ,,ascent1 ,,to ,,determine ,,the ,,instant ,,the ,,balloon ,,is ,,arrived ,,at ,,any ,,given ,,height3 ,,to ,,measure ,,the ,,heights3 ,,and ,,to ,,estimate ,,the ,,densities ,,of ,,the ,,air ,,at ,,the ,,given ,,heights4 ,,also1 ,a ,,method ,,of ,,ascending ,,to ,a ,,fixed ,,barometric ,,height3 ,,there ,,to ,,remain ,,suspended ,,in ,,equilibrio4 ,section #bii4 ,previous to the ,ascent1 provide a ,cord1 which shall have sufficient ,strength to support twice its own ,weight1 when so great a ,quantity of it is coiled together1 as1 if extended1 woud measure half a ,mile or a ,mile4 ,weigh the whole ,coil1 or any ,number of ,yards1 so as to obtain the whole ,weight4 ,mark the whole ,length of the ,cord1 with different coloured ,worsted1 or otherways1 at the ,distance of every eight ,yards3 as a sounding ,line4 ,note the ,marks in a ,pocket-,book4 ,these ,things being done2 give the ,balloon1 by inflation1 a ,power of ,levity at least equal to the known ,weight of the ,cord3 which may be easily obtained by throwing into the ,car1 already ballasted and prepared1 a ,weight equal to the ,aironaut1 together with that of the ,cord4 ,the ,cord must also1 previous to the ,ascent1 be rolled upon a ,reel1 7made fast in the ,ground7 whose ,diameter shoud be two ,feet3 each ,turn of the ,wheel may be called two ,yards4 ,a ,barometer with an attached ,thermometer fixed in the same ,frame1 also a second or detached ,thermometer placed at the ,distance of a ,yard from the ,frame1 shoud remain upon the ,ground during the ,inflation4 ,the same ,apparatus of ,barometer with attached and detached ,thermometer1 shoud be suspended in the ,car4 ,the ,instant the ,balloon ascends1 an ,observer below is to note in a ,book the ,point at which the ,quicksilver stands in each of the three ,tubes of the lower ,apparatus1 also the ,time of ,ascent3 the ,aironaut the same4 ,the ,rope is1 previous to the ,ascent1 to be tyed to a ,center above the ,car3 and as soon as the ,balloon has elevated the ,car #ajj ,yards2 the ,observations1 as before1 are to be set down below1 and by the ,aironaut3 and repeated at the ,height of each #ajj ,yards3 a ,drum to beat2 during the ,time each ,observation below is noting down2 and the ,balloon not suffered to rise1 till the ,drum has ceased4 ,by such repeated ,notice1 and ,silence2 the ,aironaut will know the exact ,height1 at which the ,balloon is checked in its ,elevation3 and the exact ,time during which its ,elevation is impeded4 ,this ,process is to continue1 till the ,rope is raised to its full ,length4 ,at which ,instant a double-barrel ,gun is to be fired3 the exact ,time noted below3 and the ,time of hearing the ,sound noted above4 ,these ,notes are to be compared at the ,aironaut's arrival on ,earth4 #cjj4 ,for such nice ,experiments the ,aironaut shoud ascend half an ,hour before sunrise1 or ,sunset3 and the ,day chosen by the foregoing ,rules4 ,the ,air must be quite calm3 but it is not necessary that it shoud be free from ,clouds or ,mist4 ,when the ,rope is at its full ,extent1 the ,operator below is to shorten it1 by winding down the ,balloon1 #ajj ,yards3 the ,signals below1 being repeated1 till the ,balloon is arrived within #ajj ,yards of the ,ground4 ,sidenote3 ,to estimate the ,densities at different ,heights4 #cja4 ,while one ,observer below is writing down the ,observation to be made the ,instant the ,balloon has risen exactly #ajj ,yards2 another ,operator is to weigh1 by ,hand1 with ,spring ,steel-,yards1 the ,force of ,levity already acquired1 which is to be noted down by a third ,bystander4 ,this ,process is to be repeated at every #ajj ,yards4 ,the ,levity1 it is true1 will encrease as the ,balloon rises1 7probably in a geometric ,progression27#ajj yet the ,cord1 by rising with the ,balloon1 will greatly check it3 if1 however1 it prove insufficient for that ,purpose1 and1 lest the ,cord shoud be in ,danger of breaking2 the ,bottom of the ,balloon must be opened1 or the upper ,valve drawn4 ,if the ,cord1 ,rope1 or ,balancer1 be sufficiently strong2 there will be no ,necessity for the ,aironaut to throw out ,ballast occasionally2 nor for the ,observations in the former ,part of this ,section3 the ,densities will likewise be more easily determined1 by the ,weights2 which shew the ,encrease of ,levity and ,expansion of the ,balloon1 at each of the given ,heights3 ,allowance being made for the ,weight of the ,balance ,rope1 raised by the ,balloon4 ,sidenote3 ,method of ascending to a fixed barometric ,height3 there to remain suspended in ,equilibrio4 #cjb4 ,the ,aironaut1 may1 at any ,height1 marked by looking at the ,barometer1 when at #bd ,inches for ,example1 or as soon as he finds his ,balloon sufficiently expanded1 pull up the ,rope over a ,pulley2 or1 wind it upon a ,reel of two ,feet ,diameter1 within the ,car2 and continue to do so2 till he finds that the ,barometer begins to rise1 7which is a ,sign that the ,balloon descends71 by the additional ,weight of the ,balancer just brought into the ,car3 on which1 by preconcerted ,agreement1 he may throw out a white ,flag1 prepared to hang a ,yard below the ,car4 ,on ,sight of the ,flag1 the ,person at the ,reel below is to cut the ,rope3 which ,rope1 or a ,part of it1 is to be drawn into the ,car4 ,the ,balloon will rise no higher2 but remain in ,equilibrio in the ,air1 at that ,height4 ,,chapter ,,lvii4 ,,on ,,balloons4 ,,their ,,defects ,,and ,,farther ,,improvements4 ,section #cjc4 ,these ,defects are best known from the ,history3 a ,detail of which is given to the ,world in an entertaining1 elegant1 and scientific ,manner1 by a celebrated ,writer on other ,subjects1 ,mons4 ,faujas de ,saint ,fond1 in two ,volumes1 #abmo4 for the two last ,years1 illustrated with ,engravings by the best ,masters4 ,and he promises a ,continuation1 or annual ,register of ,experiments and ,improvements4 ,the ,title of the ,book is1 8,description des ,experiences de la ,machine arostatique1 c4 c40 #cjd4 ,mr4 ,cavallo has favoured the ,british ,nation with a cursory tho' clear ,account of the same1 in his 8,history of ,airostation30 a ,continuation of which it were to be wished he woud likewise publish annually4 #cje4 ,it might contribute greatly to the ,improvement of the ,art2 if ,mr4 ,faujas woud give ,engravings on a large ,scale1 of the different ,machinery1 already used or invented to direct the ,balloon1 with their ,proportions3 particularly the moulinet of ,blanchard3 as well as that lately tried by ,messrs4 ,auban and ,vallet2 whose ,machinery is still more distinguished and effectual4 #cjf4 ,the ,titles and ,sizes of all useful ,books written on the ,subject1 also the ,places where they are to be had1 might likewise be inserted1 at the ,end of each annual ,volume4 #cjg4 ,the principal ,defects of the ,british ,balloons are1 in #a4 ,the ,construction4 #b4 ,production of ,gass4 #c4 ,mode of ,direction1 and #d4 ,security of landing4 ,first1 ,defects of the ,construction are both in the ,form1 and ,composition4 ,the ,form ought to be that of a right#aja ,cylinder1#ajb by which the ,capacity is doubled without encreasing the ,resistance3 ending above and below1 each in a ,hemisphere4 ,a cylindrical ,trunk1 #b ,feet in ,diameter1 being added to convey the ,gass into the ,balloon2 and suffer it to escape1 when too much expanded in the etherial ,regions4 ,it shoud also be furnished with a ,valve1 at the ,bottom1 of equal ,diameter with the ,trunk3 keeping itself ,air-tight2 and opening outwards by a given ,resistance1 7as that of ten ,pounds ,troy17 from the inside ,gass4 ,there must be an upper ,valve as usual3 occasionally to promote a swift ,descent4 #cjh4 ,the ,form will likewise continue to be defective1 till an interior ,balloon for common ,air is adopted1 according to the ,plan laid down by the ingenious ,mons4 ,meunier1 lately appointed by the ,french ,academy of ,sciences at ,paris1 one of the ,commissioners for the ,improvement of ,airostation4 ,the ,use of which interior ,balloon by ,compression of the surrounding ,gass in the external ,balloon1 prevents1 it is said1 the ,loss of ,ballast and of ,gass3 two very considerable ,advantages4 ,for the actual ,sum total of ,gass not being diminished2 the ,balloon will continue longer in the ,air1 before an ,escape of ,gass1 throu' the ,pores of the ,silk1 makes it descend4 ,there will1 on the same ,account1 be less ,occasion to take in meer ,ballast1 for the ,purpose of throwing it overboard1 to prevent the ,descent4 ,therefore an equal ,weight of ,articles necessary to remain in the ,car1 may be substituted in ,place of the ,ballast4 #cji4 ,art4 #a4 ,and1 since it is next to impossible1 the ,atmosphere shoud continue for #bd ,hours together1 of the same ,density1 ,weight1 and ,temperature2 or1 in short1 without ,motion2--the ,aironaut will have a ,power of seeking1 at different ,heights1 for that ,current of ,air1 or ,wind1 which suits him best3 or1 in a very few ,minutes1 to rise above all ,currents2 become stationary1 and lie to in the serene1 waiting for a ,wind3 which1 as before mentioned1 he may readily find1 by lowering out a ,mile of ,twine1 and his white ,flag3 attending to it1 with a small perspective ,glass1 or ,magnifier4 #cji4 #b4 ,another most material ,advantage is to be able1 in a high ,wind1 to chuse the ,spot on which he proposes to alight3 or wait for a favourable ,opportunity to descend4 ,sidenote3 ,to ascertain the ,height of the ,balloon by a ,quadrant4 #caj4 ,to compute the ,height and ,distance of the ,balloon1 by ,means of a white ,flag1 or other visible ,object1 suspended from the ,car1 at a certain ,distance below it4 ,let the ,observer take the ,altitude of the ,car with a ,quadrant3 and also the ,altitude of the ,object or ,flag4 ,then by a ,case in plain ,trigonometry2 if the ,altitude of the ,car be by the ,quadrant #ei ,,hac1 the ,altitude of the ,object #ee ,,hao1 and the ,length of the ,line veered out be #bjj ,yards1 or otherwise ,,co4 ,illustration ,then the ,complement of ,,hao ,,aoh #ce2 and the ,complement of the ,angle ,,hac ,,ach #ca2 and the ,supplement of ,,oac ,,aco ,,aoc #ade4 ,then1 ,,cao #d 3 ,,co #bjj 33 ,,aoc #ade 3 ,,ac2 and ,radius 3 ,,ac 33 ,,cah #ei 3 ,,ch #adji ,yards1 the ,height of the ,balloon taken at the ,time4 ,next1 ,radius 3 ,,ac 33 ,,ach #ca 3 ,,ah #hdf ,yards1 which is the horizontal ,distance of the ,place on the ,earth from the ,observer1 over which the ,balloon was then suspended4 ,this ,method finds the ,height truer than the ,barometer1 and with fewer ,circumstances of ,confusion4 ,and if the ,balloon ,art coud be perfected1 so as to make them stationary at any ,height2 this ,circumstance woud afford excellent ,opportunities of proving the ,heights by the ,barometer3 besides which1 the ,distance also has been obtained3 a ,point not before attempted4#ajc ,,chapter ,,lviii4 ,,of ,,the ,,air-,,bottle ,,balloon4 ,section #caa4 ,till the ,particulars of ,meunier's ,invention are made public1#ajd an additional ,air-tight ,balloon1 or ,air ,bottle1 at least #ae ,feet in ,diameter1 of a globular ,form1 appended below the ,car1 and furnished with a ,condenser1 to be worked by pulling upwards1 or1 as the ,bellows of an ,organ1 by the alternate ,motion of the ,feet of the ,aironaut1 standing upright in the ,car1 may be used instead of the interior ,balloon2 to keep the great ,balloon at a given ,height3 and consequently prevent the ,aironaut from rising too high3 to atchieve which ,purpose1 during the first ,ascent2 a ,rope or ,balancer may be used1 a ,mile and half long1 fastened to the ,car1 and rising with the ,balloon1 7to check its ,power of ,ascent17 till an ,equilibrium is produced3 at which ,instant1 on ,sight of the white ,flag from the ,car1 the ,balance-,rope is to be cut1 by the ,operator below4 7,section #cjb47 ,if the ,aironaut perceives by the ,rise of the ,barometer1 that the ,balloon descends2 he may throw out a little ,ballast1 7perhaps a ,pound or two71 and then wind up his ,balancer1 or suffer it to remain at any ,length1 at his ,option4 #cab4 ,by keeping the ,balloon at a given ,height only2 no ,gass is expended in preventing the necessary ,tendency of ,balloons to a perpetual ,elevation3 also1 during the self ,descent of the ,balloon2 by opening the ,air-,bottle1 the ,aironaut will supersede the ,necessity of throwing out ,ballast1 for a ,re-ascent4 #cac4 ,the ,air-,bottle-,balloon shoud be covered by a strong light ,net1 of a ,dimension rather less than the ,bottle1 which will hinder it from bursting3 the ,resistence of the condensed ,air within1 being then chiefly on the ,net1 and but little on the ,bottle4 ,the ,net may be made of ,silk and ,cotton ,thread2 lest the ,meshes1 by the ,pressure of the ,knots1 shoud eat into the ,bottle4 ,,chapter ,,lix4 ,,superiority ,,of ,,the ,,air-,,bottle ,,to ,,an ,,interior ,,balloon4 ,section #cad4 ,the ,air-,bottle can be attended with no ,sort of ,danger4 ,for1 if it burst2 the only ,effect is to raise the ,balloon3 which is made to descend1 at ,pleasure1 by opening either the lower or upper ,valve4 ,whereas an interior ,balloon condensed with common ,air1 presses against the surrounding exterior ,gass3 and the ,gass1 against the inside of the great ,balloon1 when the latter is in an elevated and rarefied ,atmosphere2 which ,atmosphere1 in ,proportion to its ,height1 makes less ,resistance to the ,outside of the great ,balloon3 and thereby encreases its ,tendency to a ,rupture4 ,by the ,application of the ,air-,bottle1 which will be to a ,balloon1 what an ,air-,bladder1 or ,swim is to a ,fish2 a concomitant ,advantage is derivable4 ,for the common ,balloon and ,air-,bottle1 which may be called a double balloon1 will1 in their present imperfect ,state1 be able to remain a ,day1 or perhaps a ,couple of ,days in the ,air3 there being no ,loss of ,gass3 unless by ,evaporation1 throu' the ,pores of the ,silk4 ,and this ,advantage of a double ,balloon may be effected with little expence 7except that of a complete ,net7 to the different ,proprietors1 who may make alternate ,voyages1 with the ,balloons thus united3 one being inflated with ,gass2 the other occasionally with three or more ,atmospheres of common ,air condensed4 ,,chapter ,,lx4 ,,hints ,,for ,,the ,,direction ,,of ,,the ,,balloon4 ,sect4 #cae4 ,art4 #a4 ,in the ,london ,chronicle1 from the #bjth to the #bb;d of ,august1 #aghe1 is a ,letter from ,bury1 containing an ,account of ,mr4 ,poole's ,balloon1 with the following ,circumstance1 viz4 8,it was found necessary1 before the ,balloon was liberated1 to cut away the ,wings1 intended to act as ,sails1 which had been constructed by an ingenious ,piedmontese1 patronized by lord orford1 and which it was supposed1 woud have contributed to facilitate the ,direction of the ,balloon1 but were found greatly to retard the ,celerity of its ,motion40 ,now if any ,credit can be given to ,newspaper ,accounts1 7that of the ,beccles ,balloon being an entire ,fable17 it is to be lamented that the ,wings were cut away for the ,reason assigned3 as it seems the only one that could properly be offered for applying them4 #cae4 #b4 ,balloons already rise like a ,rocket1 and press forward almost with the ,celerity of the ,wind3 it is therefore evident1 that these ,celerities must be greatly retarded1 in order to facilitate the ,direction3 and consequently that the ,wings bid fair to have answered the ,intention of their ingenious ,projector4 ,and why precipitately cut them away1 before the ,balloon was left to the ,pleasure of the ,winds8 since no regular or safe ,manouvres ought to have been attempted1 till that ,time4 ,there appears to have been much the same ,reason for rejecting the ,piedmontese ,wings1 that there was for condemning the use of a ,parashute1 to which a ,dog being appended was killed in the ,descent3 because the ,parashute was not let loose at a sufficient ,height1 nor was it properly distended4 #cae4 #c4 ,it seems1 that as the ,wings had greatly impeded the ,balloon2 a certain ,addition to them might have nearly stopped it in the ,air4 ,for the ,balloon having once acquired an uniform ,motion1 by encreasing the ,surface of the resisting ,body1 or ,wings1 the ,balloon maybe retarded to a certain ,point4 ,but the ,resistence encreasing woud raise the resisting#aje ,body above its ,power of ,action1 and therefore1 in ,fact1 lessen it2 by which ,means the ,balloon woud continue to be propelled in the ,direction of the ,wind1 with a ,force equal to that ,diminution4 ,suppose1 for ,instance1 that1 instead of the half ,mile ,flag1 which evidently checked the progressive ,motion of the ,balloon 7,section #gj7 a larger square ,surface1 of varnished ,silk1 or a triangular ,latteen ,sail 7like the of ,le ,roi#ajf7 was substituted1 and kept stretched1 by a hollow ,cane1 or ,yard4#ajg #cae4 #d4 ,also1 that by ,means of a ,fan or small ,oar1 acting as a ,rudder1 to be folded and taken back into the ,car at ,pleasure1 the ,balloon was compelled to move with a given ,side foremost2 that the ,sail was let down below the ,car1 by strong silken ,cords fastened to each ,angle2 and lastly1 that leaden ,weights1 7each weighing an ,ounce ,averdupoise when widely perforated1 and put throu' the ,ends of each ,cord before it is fastened to the ,car71 be let down to each ,angle2 occasionally encreasing the ,weights 7or ,sail7 in ,proportion to the ,wind2 which relative ,weights 7or ,sail7 will best be determined by repeated ,experiments2 will not such an ,apparatus or ,anemometer-,sail1 acting as a ,vis ,inerti nearly at right ,angles against the ,force of the ,wind1 check the ,balloon2 till the encreasing ,resistence raising the ,sail upwards towards the ,horizon diminishes its ,power of ,action8 ,with this ,sail therefore1 which requires little ,attention2 and with the ,assistance of ,wings moved by ,levers1 pressed alternately downwards as the ,bellows of an ,organ1 by the ,feet of the ,aironaut and mere ,weight of his ,body1 standing upright near the ,center of the ,car2 the ,balloon may probably be1 in some ,respect1 subject to ,direction1 and move obliquely against the ,wind1 or with ,force in a ,calm4 ,the ,balloon and ,anemmeter-,sail1 like the ,earth and ,moon will turn on their common ,center of ,gravity4 #cae4 #e4 ,it is possible to erect a light hollow ,mast throu' the ,car1 and throu' the ,balloon1 by ,means of a cylindrical ,tube of varnished ,silk1 extending from ,top to ,bottom1 in order to sustain the ,balloon in an upright ,situation1 and make it keep ,pace with the ,car1 when the latter is propelled by the ,wings4 ,the ,mast shoud be covered with soft ,cotton1 to lessen the ,roughness of the ,friction4 ,it may also contain within it1 another slenderer hollow ,mast1 after the ,manner of a ,cane ,fish-,rod2 either to be lowered out1 and placed horizontally across or below the ,car1 to serve as a ,guard for the ,bottom of the ,anemmeter-,sail2 or to be let down to any ,depth occasionally3 and other ,sails connected1 by the usual wooden ,rings1 and kept tight by ,cords running throu' ,blocks fastened to any ,part of the equatorial ,hoop1 as used at first1 by the gallant ,admiral of the ,air blanchard1 and afterwards too precipitately rejected2 since1 in ,case of a ,rupture of ,gass throu' the upper ,hemisphere of the ,balloon2 the equatorial ,hoop preserves the ,parashute complete3 and for ,want of which ,hoop1 young ,arnold had certainly lost his ,life1 if the ,water of the ,thames had not broke his ,fall4 ,during the ,descent of the ,balloon1 the ,sails are to be taken in1 and the lower ,mast projected into its ,socket4 #cae4 #f4 ,different ,trials may be repeatedly made3 the ,effects of which1 whether evidently useful or apparently otherwise1 being carefully recorded and regularly published in ,detail1 may afford ,data for the ,prosecution of further ,discoveries1 and lay the ,foundation for a rational ,superstructure of airostatic ,navigation4 ,sidenote3 ,on the ,manner in which the ,wind1 ,anemmeter1 and propulsive ,machinery will probably operate on the ,balloon4 ,sect4 #caf4 ,art4 #a4 ,by adding ,weights1 and encreasing the ,surface of ,anemmeter-,sails2 the ,vis ,inerti will become so powerful in the ,direction of the resisting ,medium of the ,air2 that the ,wind in the opposite ,direction will force the ,balloon out of its ,vertical1 and incline it to the ,horizon4 ,the ,car will be a ,fulcrum ,axis or ,center of ,motion3 on an imaginary ,point of which1 as on a ,pivot1 the ,balloon and ,sails will turn opposite ,ways1 balancing each other in every ,situation4 #caf4 #b4 ,the ,balloon must therefore be brought back into the ,vertical by a counter ,exertion of the ,wings3 to which the ,vis ,inerti must always be made to bear a just ,proportion4 ,the ,declination of the ,balloon is the only ,inconvenience foreseen to result from an ,anemmeter too large1 or too heavily laden3 and it is instantly remedied by slacking the ,sail4 ,one ,thing still remains to be mentioned4 #cag4 ,balloons durably ,air-tight1 and terminating in a ,hemisphere above1 7,section #cjg72 ought to have their ,dimensions such1 that there shoud be no ,occasion for more than their upper ,hemisphere to be inflated4 ,under which ,form1 they may with ,ease and ,safety be pitched as ,tents on the ,ground2 by ,cords fastened at equal ,distances to the equatorial ,hoop2 and on ,occasion by the ,aironaut himself1 while in the ,car3 who may be provided with ,iron ,ring ,stakes barbed1 and fastened or ready to be fastened to each ,balloon-,cord3 and1 as soon as the ,balloon is moored by the ,anchor1 ,grapple1 and snatch ,block1 7,section #bih1 #c7 with a light ,axe drive down the ,stakes round the ,car1 and regulate them when he alights from it1 on the ,ground4 ,,chapter ,,lxi4 ,,hint ,,for ,a ,,vane-,,sail ,,to ,,prevent ,,the ,,balloon ,,from ,,turning ,,round1 ,,while ,,the ,,wind ,,continues ,,steady4 ,sidenote3 ,hint for a ,vane-,sail4 ,section #cah4 ,to the ,block-,pulley in the equatorial ,hoop1 hoist a ,sail1 whose ,shape is as follows4 ,from the equatorial ,hoop1 let fall a ,perpendicular3 and from the lowest circular ,point in the ,circumference of the ,balloon1 draw a ,tangent1 or horizontal ,line1 till it meet the former3 these ,lines1 together with that ,part of the ,circumference intercepted between them1 in the ,points where they touch the ,circle1 forms a ,space1 which is the ,shape sought4 ,the ,sail may be kept steady by a hollow ,cane or ,bowsprit thrust out from the ,car1 and made fast with the usual ,tackling4 #cai4 ,hint for an ,umbrella-,pendulum or ,valve-,swing1 to project the ,balloon in a ,calm in the ethereal ,regions1 above the ,station of ,clouds2 where the ,resistence from the ,air is much less than at the ,surface of the ,earth4 ,sidenote3 ,hint for a ,valve-,swing to project the ,balloon in a calm and elevated ,atmosphere4 ,let the ,car of the ,balloon be perforated so as to admit a light ,gordon ,mast1 or ,pole #ah or #bj ,feet long1 perpendicularly throu' it4 7#cae1 #c47 ,at the ,distance of five ,feet from the upper ,end of the ,pole1 a light hollow cylindric ,tube of ,iron1 one ,foot long1 as a ,bolt1 shoud be put throu' it1 at right ,angles3 so as to play smoothly in two ,iron ,bends1 fixed in the ,car2 one ,bend so far moveable1 as to rise with a ,hinge to admit the ,end of the ,bolt2 the other ,part of the ,bend to be perforated3 throu' which a hollow ,staple is to be fastened1 with a spring ,cotterel chained3 this ,apparatus will prevent the ,pole from turning round4 ,two light ,frames of ,wood1 of a parallelogrammic ,form1 each twelve ,feet by six1 and covered with varnished ,silk1 are to be hooked1 one on each of the opposite ,sides of the ,pole1 from its lower ,end upwards2 the ,frames to be moveable in such a ,manner1 that on pressing the ,pole one ,way on the ,axis or ,bolt1 the ,frames shall lie close2 but on recovering the ,pressure1 the ,frames shall expand and open1 so as to form an obtuse ,angle with each other1 or to lie almost in the same ,plane1 when the ,recovery is made briskly1 and with a ,degree of ,strength4 ,a ,handle of ,wood1 the same ,size with the ,bolt1 may be fastened throu' the ,substance of the ,pole near its upper ,end4 ,the ,operator is to stand in the ,car1 and work the ,pole backwards and forwards1 which will give a progressive ,motion to the ,balloon in a ,calm4 ,this ,method may possibly prove more effectual than the ,umbrella-,wheels1 on an horizontal ,axis1 of ,mons4 ,carra2#ajh as the ,umbrella-,pendulum is easily unrigged1 removed1 and brought into the ,car1 in ,case of a ,whirlwind2 by ,means of a circular ,rope fastened to the ,axis or ,bolt1 one ,end being in the ,car1 and the other put throu' the ,aperture at the ,bottom1 and brought up from the ,outside again into the ,car4 ,the ,umbrella-,pendulum may be made to turn round horizontally on the ,bolt2 the ,ends of the ,bolt being fastened under a circular hinged ,socket1 or ,groove1 of ,iron4 ,,chapter ,,lxii4 ,,defects1 ,,in ,,the ,,composition ,,for ,,balloons1 ,,remedied4 ,,also ,,on ,,the ,,cochuc-,,varnish4 ,section #cbj4 ,balloons are defective in the ,composition for the ,varnish2 which1 till lately1 was incapable of rendering the ,balloon completely and durably ,air-tight4 #cba4 ,it was sometime ago reported at ,paris1 that ,mr4 ,dutourny de ,villiere had undertaken to construct a ,balloon so truly imprmeable1 that he woud warrant the ,duration of it1 for several ,weeks in the ,air4 ,and it is since known that this ,desideratum of the ,art has been effected1 in the ,composition for the celebrated ,balloon of ,messrs4 ,auban and ,vallet1 first made subject to ,direction4 #cbb4 ,mr4 ,berniard1 a ,french ,chymist1 has made curious tho' unsuccessful ,experiments1 in order to melt the cochuc or elastic ,bottle2 as may be seen in the #agth ,volume of the 8,journal de ,physique40 ,mr4 ,faujas and others made similar ,trials4 #cbc4 ,the ,writer1 unacquainted with what had then been done in this ,matter1 coud not help remarking the striking ,properties of the ,cochuc in its present ,form1 to answer every ,intention of the best ,varnish1 if its ,price was lower2--viz4 compact1 pliant1 unadhesive1 and unalterable by ,weather2--if it coud be dissolved1 and afterwards made to recover its present unadhesive ,form3 an ,art in which the ,east and ,west-,indians are still our ,masters4 ,he has1 however1 after expensive ,trials and ,combinations1 been able to reduce it into a limpid ,liquor4 ,as it may prove a useful ,ingredient for ,air-tight ,varnish2 the ,secret he now discovers to the ,world3 and it is merely this4 #cbd4 8,take any ,quantity of the ,cochuc1 as two ,ounces ,averdupois3 cut it into small ,bits1 with a ,pair of ,scissars4 ,put a strong ,iron-,ladle 7such as ,plumbers or ,glaziers melt their ,lead in7 over a common ,pit-,coal or other ,fire4 ,the ,fire must be gentle1 glowing1 and without ,smoke4 ,when the ,ladle is hot1 much below a red ,heat2 put a single ,bit into the ,ladle4 ,if black ,smoke issues1 it will presently flame1 and disappear3 or it will evaporate without ,flame3 the ,ladle is then too hot4 ,when the ,ladle is less hot1 put in a second ,bit1 which will produce a white ,smoke4 ,this white ,smoke will continue during the ,operation1 and evaporate the ,cochuc3 therefore no ,time is to be lost3 but little ,bits are to be put in1 a few at a ,time1 till the whole are melted4 ,it shoud be continually and gently stirred with an ,iron or ,brass ,spoon4 ,the ,instant the ,smoke changes from white to black1 take off the ,ladle2 or the whole will break out into a violent ,flame1 and be spoiled or lost4 7,care must be taken that no ,water be added3 a few ,drops only of which1 woud--on ,account of its superior specific ,gravity1 for the ,cochuc swims in ,water--make it boil over furiously1 with great ,noise47 ,at this ,period of the ,process2 two ,pounds1 or one ,quart of the best drying-oil1 7or even of raw ,linseed-,oil1 which1 together with a few ,drops of ,neat's-,foot-,oil1 must have stood a ,month1 or not so long1 on a ,lump of ,quick-,lime1 to make it more or less drying7--being poured off the ,lime-,lees2 is to be put into the melted ,cochuc1 and stirred till hot3 and the whole poured into a glazed ,vessel1 throu' a coarse ,gauze1 or fine ,sieve4 ,when settled and clear1 which will be in a few ,minutes2 it is fit for ,use1 either hot or cold4 ,the ,silk shoud be stretched all ,ways horizontally1 by ,pins or ,tenter-,hooks1 on ,frames2 which ,frames1 the greater they are in ,length1 the better3 and the ,varnish poured on cold1 in hot ,weather2 and hot1 in cold ,weather4 ,it is perhaps best1 always to lay it on1 when cold4 ,the ,art of laying it on properly1 consists in making no intestine ,motion in the ,varnish1 which woud create minute ,bubbles4 ,therefore ,brushes of every ,kind are improper4 ,each ,bubble breaks in drying1 and forms a small ,hole1 throu' which the ,air will transpire4 ,,chapter ,,lxiii4 ,,on ,,varnishes1 ,,continued4 ,section #cbe4 ,to those1 who are unacquainted with the ,principles of ,chemistry1 or the ,books which teach it2 and yet are desirous to make ,experiments1 which may throw fresh ,light on this curious and useful ,art1 when applied to ,varnishes for ,umbrellas or ,balloons2 the following detached ,notes are recommended3 which were communicated to the ,author by different ,artists2 each eminent in his ,profession4 #cbf4 ,to make copal ,varnish4 ,procure some bluish ,flemish alcaline ,ashes1 7an ,ounce suppose73 pound them very fine1 and lay them before the ,fire1 till they become hot and dry4 ,put them1 while hot and dry1 into ,oil of ,turpentine1 7a ,pint or ,pound for ,instance73 or1 into the same ,quantity of ,spirits of ,wine4 ,for by ,means of the ,alcaly1#aji all the ,water invisibly contained in the ,oil or ,spirits will be absorbed1 and leave the ,oil or ,spirits1 alcohol1 that is1 quite pure1 and highly rectified3 which ,process is called alcalizing the ,turpentine1 or ,spirits4 ,put the ,turpentine or ,spirits so alcalized1 into a ,copper ,vessel1 with half an ,ounce of yellow copal finely pounded and sifted4 ,stir it1 and the ,copal will soon melt4 ,n4 ,b4 ,if you alcalize the ,spirit of ,turpentine1 when the ,copal is dissolving1 add a little ,spirit of ,wine3 and if you alcalize the ,spirit of ,wine1 when the ,copal is dissolving1 add a little ,spirit of ,turpentine4 ,the sediment of the ,varnish will dry on the ,silk1 in a few ,hours4 ,the thicker the ,varnish1 the sooner it dries4 ,sidenote3 ,to make thin ,varnish4 #cbg4 ,article #a4 ,to make an excellent thin ,varnish4 ,to one ,quart of cold raw ,linseed-,oil poured off from the ,lees made by a ,lump of unslacked ,lime on which the ,oil has stood1 ten or eight ,days1 at the least1 in order to communicate a drying ,quality3 7or on brown ,umber burnt and pounded1 which will have the like ,effect37--add half an ,ounce of ,litharge4 ,boil them for half an ,hour4 ,then add half an ,ounce of the ,copal ,varnish4 #cbg4 #b4 ,while the ,ingredients are on the ,fire1 in a ,copper ,vessel2 put in one ,ounce of ,chio ,turpentine1 or common ,rezin3 and a few ,drops of neat's-foot-oil3 and stir the whole with a ,knife1 or any clean ,thing4 ,when cold1 it is ready for ,use4 #cbg4 #c4 ,the ,neat's-,foot-,oil prevents the ,varnish from being sticky1 or adhsive3 and may be put into the ,linseed-,oil1 at the same ,time with the ,lime1 or burnt ,umber4 #cbg4 #d4 ,to make the above ,varnish transparent1 or white2 use ,mastic and ,copal3 to make it brown1 use ,seed or ,shell-,lac1 and browner still1 use pounded burnt ,umber4 #cbg4 #e4 ,rezin1 or ,chio ,turpentine may be added1 till the ,varnish has obtained the desired ,thickness4 #cbg4 #f4 ,it must likewise be observed1 that ,litharge rots the ,silk3 therefore ,trials must be made without the ,use of ,litharge4 #cbg4 #g4 ,the longer the raw ,linseed-,oil remains on the unslacked ,lime1 or ,umber1 the sooner will the ,oil dry1 after it is used4 ,if some ,months2 so much the better4 ,such ,varnish will set1 i4e4 will not run1 but keep its ,place on the ,silk1 in four ,hours4 ,the ,silk may then be turned1 and varnished on the other ,side4 #cbh4 on gum mastic1 sandarac1 seed-lac1 shell-lac1 and copal4 #cbh4 #a4 ,gum ,mastic dissolves1 without pounding1 by adding a few ,drops of ,oil of ,vitriol3 so do ,gum ,sandarac1 and ,gum ,copal1 when finely pounded and sifted4 #cbh4 #b4 ,gum ,sandarac1 and ,gum ,mastic are great ,driers of themselves3 and may be substituted for ,litharge4 #cbh4 #c4 ,the ,mastic dissolved in the ,oil of ,vitriol1 gives a sweet ,smell to the ,varnish4 #cbh4 #d4 ,sandarac will soon grow dusk in the ,fire3 it melts into a transparent ,liquor4 #cbh4 #e4 ,sandarac1 ,seed-,lac1 and ,shell-,lac1 must be finely pounded and sifted1 before they are used4 #cbi4 ,the ,author having examined different ,kinds of varnished ,silks1 in different ,places1 does1 from their ,excellence1 recommend those made by ,fawkner1 ,umbrella-,maker1 ,alport-,street1 ,manchester2 a ,person wholly unknown to him1 but from the ,merit of the ,work3 which consists not only in the ,varnish itself2 but in the peculiar ,method of applying it1 which the ,author is not at ,liberty to make public4 ,fawkner can warrant his ,silk ,air-tight2 soft and unadhesive2 durable1 and unalterable by that ,excess of ,heat and ,cold1 to which the ,balloon is1 at the same ,time1 subject2 viz4 internally1 to the hot depredating and caustic ,fumes1 rising with the ,gass3 and externally1 to the ,sun1 ,wet1 ,frost1 and ,drought4 ,,chapter ,,lxiv4 ,,hints ,,on ,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,machinery4 ,section #ccj4 ,in order to make ,improvements of the ,balloon still more rapid and general2 the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts1 who have given no particular ,encouragement1 in ,imitation of that at ,lyons1 to the much-wished-for ,art of directing the ,balloon2--might offer a ,premium for different ,inventions of a propulsive ,machinery1 the ,models of which are to be made at the ,expence of the ,society1 within a certain limited ,sum3 and1 without condemning what cannot be known unless by repeated ,trials1--give ,encouragement for such ,trials3 the ,models to remain with the ,society for public ,exhibition4 #cca4 ,also1 ,figures and ,explanations of such ,machinery as have been tried1 viz4 the ,fly or ,moulinet of ,blanchard2 and of those which have not succeeded for ,want of ,trial2 might be sent by the ,inventors1 in order to perpetuate the ,invention1 either to the ,society of ,arts2 or to the ,editors of creditable ,magazines1 who woud be glad of such ingenious ,acquisitions1 as it woud be a ,means of procuring ,purchasers1 and circulate the ,knowledge of this gigantic ,infant ,science4 ,improvement woud then go on apace1 and in a ,chain3 each ,labourer forging and finishing his respective ,link4 ,whereas at present every one is obliged to find his own ,materials1 sink the ,foundation1 raise and finish the ,building4 ,and hence so little ,work is done1 worthy the ,inspection of a skilful ,architect4 ,,chapter ,,lxv4 ,,on ,,the ,,utility ,,of ,,balloons3 ,,an ,,introductory ,,chapter4 ,sect4 #ccb4 ,art4 #a4 ,it seems a favourite ,question1 among those who take a ,pleasure in objecting to every ,thing they neither do nor will understand1 to ask1 8,of what ,use can these ,balloons be made80 and without waiting for an ,answer1 to say--8they pick the ,pockets of the ,public1 risque the ,lives of the ,incautious1 encourage ,mobbing and ,sharpers1 and terrify all the ,world40 ,these trite ,reasonings are all very true1 but little to the ,purpose3 the ,effects above described being merely those arising from ,novelty4 ,if1 says one in an inferior ,station2 8they coud convert ,balloons into common ,stage ,waggons2 ,goods might be carried with the greater ,expedition30 or1 8into ,stage ,coaches10 says another3 or1 8into ,mail ,coaches0 says ,palmer2 8it woud be certainly very clever1 as ,i have the ,patent30--8or into comfortable ,carriages to step in out of the window1 at a ,moment's ,notice2 that woud be something10 cries a ,nobleman3 8it woud save one a ,couple of ,sets of ,horses1 and woud eat ,nothing3 one might ride one's own ,balloon ,matches1 from one's ,window to ,newmarket1 and from ,newmarket to town2 dress for ,court as we do1 and make ,nothing of it40 ,such are the different ,ideas annexed by different ,ranks of ,men1 to the ,word utility when applied to ,balloons4 #ccb4 #b4 ,for once let the feeble ,voice of a ,french ,philosopher be heard1 the ,abbe ,bertholon3 who may perhaps assert that all this is not impossible4 ,a ,series of ,experiments only can determine3 and let the following ,remarks serve as an ,introduction to his ,opinions4 #ccb4 #c4 ,it is certain that the ,progress already made in the ,improvement of ,balloons1 since their ,invention only three ,years ago1 is far superior to the ,acquirements in every other ,art4 ,the ,antients knew1 that excited ,amber attracted ,straws1 and certain other light ,substances3 but medical ,electricity1 and a ,preservative from ,lightening1 were notwithstanding reserved for the ,moderns4 ,they likewise attended to some striking ,effects of the natural ,loadstone3 but were totally unacquainted with the artificial ,magnet1 and the amazing ,powers conferrable by it in the ,disorders of the ,imagination3 nor did they know the ,polarity of its ,needle1 or ,application of it in the ,compass4 ,they had not combined ,nitre and ,sulphur with ,charcoal3 much less had they changed the ,mode of ,war into ,science1 by establishing ,founderies for ,cannon1 and the ,study of ,tactics4 ,yet some ,nations with a ,knowledge of the ,moderns1 as the ,chinese1 have not improved1 even in the ,construction of their ,vessels1 according to the ,european ,manner2 continuing still in practical ,ignorance4 ,nor have other ,indians improved in ,proportion to the ,opportunities of ,instruction in several ,arts4 ,those of ,america1 for ,example1 who continue to hunt1 fish1 and scalp3 neglecting the ,plough1 and other ,arts of ,property and ,peace4 #ccb4 #d4 ,and thus it has been with the ,british ,nation on the ,subject of ,airostation4 ,cavendish1 ,priestley1 and others1 had produced inflammable ,air1 weighed1 and found it lighter than common ,air3 and all that had seen a bright ,fire might conclude1 if they reasoned at all1 that hot ,air was lighter than cold4 ,yet if ,montgolfier had not made1 on a large scale the ,application of hot ,air1 in a ,bag open at the ,bottom1 and properly poised2 ,charles and ,roberts woud probably not have thought of applying the ,gass of ,cavendish3 and ,mankind woud not yet have soared into the etherial ,regions4 #ccb4 #e4 ,in this the ,french are still before the ,english1 and will continue so to be1 without a laudable and unlooked-for ,emulation in the latter4 ,that the former admire ,liberty1 ,montesquieu's 8,spirit of ,laws0 may determine2 but they are not addicted to ,politics4 ,their ,nobility are endowed with a liberal and enterprizing ,spirit4 ,they join and patronize ,men of ,genius and ,talents in the ,cultivation of the ,arts1 and ,improvement of every ,kind of experimental ,knowledge4 ,their ,pleasure consists in a national ,ambition to excel4 ,they have ,leisure1 and are sober4 ,half that ,time which ,men of ,fortune in ,france dedicate to ,taste1 ,invention1 and ,refinement2 ,britons spend among the ,beasts and ,birds3 the other half1 at the ,bottle1 and in political ,cabals4 ,present ,profit is almost the sole ,motive for ,excellence in ,great-,britain3 and ,experiments#aaj not made with that ,view1 are seldom repeated2 are overlooked and forgotten4 ,,chapter ,,lxvi4 ,,on ,,the ,,utility ,,of ,,balloons4 ,section #ccc4 ,the ,balloon opens a new and unlimited ,field for ,philosophical ,discoveries4 #ccd4 ,the many curious and interesting ,conjectures which ,mons4 de ,luc 7before the ,invention of ,balloons7 throws out1 in the ,course of #d large ,volumes1 on the ,subject and ,qualities of the ,atmosphere2 may now be determined by actual ,trial4 #cce4 ,the ,abbe ,bertholon wrote in #aghd3 and has particularly mentioned the following ,points1 as capable of ample ,investigation1 and4 ,discussion4 ,sect4 #ccf4 ,art4 #a4 ,the ,temperature of the ,air at different ,heights4 ,which will determine whether the ,atmosphere be practically ,navigable1 at all ,times and ,places4 #ccf4 #b4 ,the dissolvent ,power of the ,air by ,means of an ,atmometer for ,evaporation4 ,probably the ,height may be determined1 to which ,clouds commonly ascend in order to find the proper horizontal ,level1 in which ,balloons can move with the greatest ,ease1 ,safety1 and ,expedition4 #ccf4 #c4 ,variations of the ,barometer4 ,this will ascertain the exact ,height1 without ,mensuration4 #ccf4 #d4 ,the densities at different ,heights4 ,a principal ,object in de ,luc's abstruse and scientific ,researches3 not only useful but necessary to determine the ,laws of ,refraction2 without which1 ,astronomy1 and consequently navigation1 must remain defective4 #ccf4 #e4 ,the different ,effects of ,tastes and ,odors1 at different ,heights3 ,experiments on ,plants and ,animals3 also of sound4#aaa ,these may produce new and salutary ,effects on the human ,body3 and determine how far a ,change from hot1 putrid1 and impure1 to cool pure ,air1 impregnated with the invigorating arial ,acid1 may contribute1 without the ,aid of ,drugs1 to the ,recovery of the ,sick1 and ,invalid3 or promote ,longevity4 #ccf4 #f4 ,the ,direction and ,velocity of the ,wind4 ,the different ,currents and their different ,heights1 the ,limitation of each ,stratum of ,wind1 together with their different ,temperatures at the same ,time1 will point out the proper ,paths for the ,balloon to move in1 at all ,times1 and possibly without the ,necessity of accurate ,direction3 the ,mode of ,ascent and ,descent being already known1 and proper ,instructions given for a secure ,landing4 #ccf4 #g4 ,electricity of the ,air1 meteors4 ,this may lead to the ,birth ,place of ,lightening1 and ,methods how to avoid its ,effects in the ,air4 ,tho' it be already known1 that little ,danger is to be apprehended1 on ,account of the mutual ,repellency between the electric ,fluid1 inflammable ,gass1 and oiled ,silk4 ,the ,irides1 the ,coronaes1 ,haloes1 and other ,phenomena of ,colours3 the ,generation and ,solution of which may be investigated on the ,spot4 #ccf4 #h4 ,geography may become a new ,science4 #ccf4 #i4 ,use of the ,balloon for ,signals in the calm ,air1 above ,molestation2 above ,winds still blowing below3 to discover the ,positions of an ,army1 or ,navy4#aab #ccf4 #aj4 ,to throw principal ,men into a ,town3 and convey others out of it4 #ccf4 #aa4 ,with the ,montgolfier ,balloon1 to try ,experiments on ,light1 and ,fire3 to transport great ,weights3 raise them out of the ,water3 draw up ,piles1 raise ,trees1 ,vessels1 c4 #ccf4 #ab4 ,the ,parashute to secure a ,man from too precipitate a ,fall1 is to be #e ,yards in ,diameter1 when extended3 the ,man1--weighing #adj ,pounds1 and the ,parashute weighing #aj ,pounds1 with a ,surface of #aej square ,feet1--woud1 in that ,case1 feel no greater ,shock than if he had fallen from the ,height of six ,feet4 #ccf4 #ac4 ,compass and its ,variations3 also the different ,branches in ,astronomy4 ,his ,hints on the ,direction of the ,machine are ingenious4 #ccg4 #a4 ,wheels furnished with ,wings4 #ccg4 #b4 ,imitations of the ,form and ,motions of ,fish4#aac #ccg4 #c4 ,vessels to condense ,air1 as the ,bladders of ,fish4 #ccg4 #d4 ,wind-,guns1 ,wind-,fountains4 #ccg4 #e4 ,elopile and ,vapour ,steam4 #ccg4 #f4 ,contrary ,currents at different ,heights3 ,proof of4 #ccg4 #g4 ,new ,hints for ,balloons to be raised by ,steam4 #ccg4 #h4 ,mons4 ,gouan's ,invention to go three hundred miles a day in a calm4 #cch4 ,the general ,use to which ,balloons seem capable of being applied1 with the ,assistance of propulsive ,machinery1 in the ,calm which exists above the ,level of a contrary ,wind2 is that of a common ,vehicle1 not subject to the ,inconvenience of ,roads and ,inns1 between distant ,places and ,countries1 for ,passengers1 properly accommodated in a ,boat-shaped covered ,car1 furnished with ,provisions1 and occasional ,siberian ,cloathing3 the ,car to be surrounded with1 and resting on ,bladders1 one fourth blown1 and having each a few ,drops of ,water within1 to keep them moist and elastic2--to prevent an accidental ,shock in alighting on ,land2 and from sinking1 if on ,water4 ,such a ,conveyance 7the ,balloon being once made ,air-tight1 and furnished with an ,air-,bottle to ascend and descend without ,loss of ,gass7 is ready at all ,seasons and ,times3 both ,night and ,day3 for1 as the ,aironauts will enjoy continual ,sunshine without a ,cloud1 from his ,rising to his ,setting3 so1 during the ,night1 the ,light of the stars1 always intercepted in its ,passage to the ,earth by ,clouds or thick ,vapours1 will be greatly augmented1 when above both3 besides the probable ,increase of ,light reflected from the upper ,fields of white ,clouds shone on continually by the different ,planets and ,constellations3 all which will afford an ,illumination equal1 if not greater1 than that of a cloudless frosty ,night1 when the ,ground is covered with ,snow4 ,and such ,light will be sufficient to read or write by3 also to examine the ,barometer1#aad in order to know the ,height and ,level of the ,balloon above the ,surface of the ,earth2 and the compass for ,direction4 ,if ,aironauts propose to ascend by ,night1 and in the ,moon's ,quarters2 observing likewise the ,precautions already given2 it may be proper also to consult and take with them the ,ephmeris1 in order to know the ,time when the ,moon rises1 and also when she is at the highest1 i4e4 in the ,south1 or has remained about half her ,time above the ,horizon4 ,the plainest ,points1 on which not only the ,success of an ,excursion1 but the ,lives of ,aironauts may depend1 are too frequently neglected1 as unimportant and trivial4 ,,chapter ,,lxvii4 ,,the ,,process ,,of ,,inflation4 ,sidenote3 ,process of ,inflation on the ,day of ,ascent1 viz4 on ,thursday the #hth ,sept4 #aghe4 ,sect4 #cci4 ,art4 #a4 ,three cylindric wooden ,vessels were sunk more than half their ,depth into the ,ground3 two of them1 each1 #e ,feet ,diameter1 and #e ,feet high3 the third1 #h ,feet in ,diameter1 and #h ,feet high4 ,an oblong ,hole1 #d ,inches by #c1 was made in each ,vessel3 and each ,hole was furnished with a solid wooden ,plug 7made tapering7 #f ,inches in ,length3 throu' these the ,vitriol was poured4 ,besides which1 there was an oblong ,opening in each ,vessel1 large enough to admit a ,workman1 to distribute the ,iron equally over the ,bottom1 and to pour in ,buckets of ,water3 which ,openings were well stopped1 as soon as the ,iron and ,water were poured in4 ,as the vitriolic ,acid is corrosive1 burning the ,skin or ,cloaths2 the following ,precautions were taken4 ,an occasional moveable ,tub was provided1 #c ,feet high1 and #c wide3 in the ,center of whose ,bottom was an oblong ,aperture1 equal to that in each of the ,vessels3 a corresponding ,tin ,tube1 #f ,inches long1 and narrowing to the ,bottom1 was nailed by its ,border on the ,inside of the occasional ,tub2 so as to go easily into any of the oblong ,holes4 ,a ,bottle of ,vitriol being brought in its ,basket by two ,men1 and made to rest on the ,top of one of the fermenting ,vessels2 a third ,assistant held the occasional ,tub in his ,hands1 with the ,plug-,staff fastened in the ,aperture of the ,tin ,tube2 and the ,instant a fourth ,person opened the ,hole in the fermenting ,vessel2 the ,assistant placed the ,tin ,tube in the ,hole1 keeping the ,plug tight1 to prevent the ,escape of ,gass4 ,the ,bottle of ,vitriol was then immediately poured into the occasional ,tub3 and the ,bottle being removed1 the ,plug-,staff was taken out1 and the ,vitriol suffered to run into the fermenting ,vessel3 the ,assistant watching for the ,instant when the ,vitriol was run out1 in order to force in the ,plug-,staff again1 and prevent the ,escape of ,gass3 after which1 the ,tub was rinced with a few ,quarts of ,water1 let also into the ,vessel4 ,the same ,tub was then removed3 the oblong ,hole in the fermenting ,vessel instantly covered2 and1 by driving down the solid wooden ,plug1 continued ,air-tight2 by ,means of moist ,clay1 and a little ,water1 kept purposely on the ,tops of each ,vessel1 to discover by the ,bubbles1 whether ,gass escaped4 ,sidenote3 #bj ,hundred ,weight of ,iron-,turnings4 ,in these ,vessels1 early on the ,morning of the ,inflation1 were distributed #bj ,hundred ,weight1 at #abjlb4 ,averdupoise to the ,hundred1 consisting of cast ,iron-,filings1 and of a ,mixture of ,cannon-,borings4 ,the ,borings were bright and fresh when thrown into the ,water3 and any ,bits of ,wood that swam1 were skimmed off4 ,rusty ,iron emits ,gass1 that is heavier than common ,air1 and therefore is improper4 ,sidenote3 #af ,bottles of ,vitriol4 ,at the same ,time1 #af ,bottles of concentrated vitriolic ,acid1 or as it is improperly called ,oil of ,vitriol1 were brought in their ,packages near the ,place1 to be ready for ,use3 each ,bottle at an ,average containing #aab ,pounds ,averdupoise1 of ,vitriol3 each full ,bottle and ,package together weighing from #acf to #adh ,pounds4 ,sidenote3 #d ,pints of ,water to a ,pound ,averdupoise of ,acid4 #cci4 #b4 ,to the ,iron in each ,vessel1 was then poured a ,quantity of ,water1 which was measured in the ,proportion of about #d to #a3 i4e4 #d ,pints of ,water to one ,pound1 of the vitriolic ,acid4 ,the ,height of ,water and ,iron in each ,vessel1 being then gaged1 was about #ad ,inches4 ,in a ,line with the two smaller ,vessels1 and between them1 was fixed another wooden ,vessel or ,cistern1 filled with ,water4 ,sidenote3 ,improvements suggested4 7,n4 ,b4 ,fresh ,water ought to have flowed continually into it1 and to have run over the ,top of the ,cistern3 for the same ,quantity being once saturated1 can no longer absorb the alcaline and fixed ,air to be separated from the ,gass before the latter enters the ,balloon47 ,in the ,cistern was fixed a ,stage1 consisting of #d long ,feet1 7reaching to the ,bottom of the ,cistern17 nailed at their upper ,ends to the ,inside of an inverted ,tub or ,funnel1 so placed over the ,center of the ,cistern1 that #c ,inches of the lower ,part of the ,rim of the ,funnel were under the ,surface of the ,cistern-,water3 the ,funnel was cylindric1 #c ,feet across1 and #b ,feet high4 ,an ,open was cut1 #a ,foot ,diameter1 in the ,bottom of the inverted ,funnel3 on the ,circumference of which was nailed a ,tin-,cylinder or common ,conductor1 #b ,feet high3 and at a certain ,angle1 as most convenient1 was soldered a cylindric ,arm1 of equal ,diameter1 and #a ,foot long2 having a ,lip1 ,ring or ,rim1 on its outward circular ,edge4 ,round this ,rim was fastened a varnished ,linen ,tube1 of equal ,diameter with the ,cylinder4 ,at a small ,distance1 about a ,yard from the ,cistern1 stood a slender ,stillage1 #c ,feet high2 on which was supported a detached ,tin-,cylinder or ,connecter1 #a ,foot long and #a ,foot ,diameter1 made with a ,rim at each ,end3 in the ,center of whose lower ,side was soldered1 at right ,angles1 another ,tin-,cylinder or ,evacuatory1 #f ,inches long and #f wide3 its ,use is to let out any ,water1 that the ,heat of the ,mixture might cause to boil and rise up out of the fermenting ,vessels3 and thus be evacuated1 without entering the ,balloon3 or1 if condensed in the ,balloon1 might run out by the same ,orifice4 ,the opposite ,end of the varnished ,linen ,tube was fastened round one ,end of the detached ,cylinder on the ,stillage3 and round the other1 was tyed the ,neck or ,bottom-,opening of the ,balloon4 ,each of the #b smaller fermenting ,vessels was furnished with a cylindric ,tin-,tube2 each ,tube #d ,inches and a half ,diameter1 nailed on the ,outside of a circular ,opening in the ,top or ,head of each ,vessel2 communicating by additional rectangular ,bends under the ,funnel and ,water in the ,cistern3 the great fermenting ,vessel had #b ,tubes1 each #d ,inches and a half ,diameter2 communicating with the ,funnel4 ,sidenote3 ,improvements suggested4 #cdj4 ,the ,process woud have been more complete1 if the fermenting ,vessels had been sunk till their ,tops were even with the ,ground3 and plaistered round their ,outsides with soft moist ,clay1 six ,inches thick1 to keep them ,air-tight4 ,also1 if the common ,conductor had been only #a ,foot high3 its horizontal or rectangular ,arm only #f ,inches long3 the ,linen ,trunk but #c ,feet1 joining the ,connecter on the ,stillage #a ,foot high1 to communicate with the ,neck of the ,balloon2 which ,neck shoud be #c ,yards in ,length1 and its circular ,opening #a ,foot1 at least in ,diameter4 ,,chapter ,,lxviii4 ,sidenote3 ,inflation began about ,x4 in the ,morning4 ,section #cda4 ,the ,process of inflating the ,balloon began about ,x4 in the ,morning1 by pouring #d ,bottles of ,vitriol1 immediately one after the other1 into the occasional ,tub1 properly placed over one of the smaller fermenting ,vessels3 the ,tub being instantly rinced with a few ,quarts of ,water1 which was suffered to fall into the same ,vessel4 ,the oblong ,hole was left purposely open for a ,minute1 till the strong ,smell of the ,gass was perceived above the ,orifice3 i4e4 till the ,gass had pressed out all the common ,air that remained floating over the ,surface of the ,mixture in the fermenting ,vessel3 which ,smell being plainly perceived1 the solid ,plug was immediately driven down4 ,and presently the ,gass was known to press forward with an elastic ,force throu' the ,tin ,conductor1 by the ,motion it communicated to the ,surface of the ,water in the ,cistern3 thence upwards throu' the common ,conductor3 at its ,departure from both of which throu' the ,linen ,trunk1 and ,neck into the ,balloon1 the ,gass makes a guggling obtuse ,sound by quick ,intervals according to the ,quantity of ,gass protruded4 ,and as the ,intervals encreased1 a ,judgment was formed1 that the ,operation began to be less vigorous3 and consequently that it became necessary1 either to renew it by an ,addition of more ,vitriol and ,water in the same ,vessel1 or to set the other small ,vessel in ,fermentation1 the latter of which ,mr4 ,lunardi preferred3 this happened about half an ,hour after the ,vitriol was poured into the first ,vessel4 #cdb4 ,after the second half ,hour1 eight ,bottles were poured1 by four at a ,time1 into the great ,vessel4 ,and at one o',clock1 the ,balloon1 without any farther ,trouble was beautifully inflated4 ,no ,iron ,rods were used to stir up the ,borings or ,filings at the ,bottom of the ,vessels3 the ,vitriol being found so heavy as to penetrate them as fast as the ,iron1 contiguous to the ,vitriol1 had parted with its ,gass4 ,at each of the two former ,inflations1 a similar ,accident happened which may be imputed to the same ,cause4 #cdc4 ,during the first ,inflation1 the solid oblong wooden ,plug fell into one of the fermenting ,vessels3 the hot ,vapour1 forcibly issuing from the ,orifice1 was condensed in the ,form of a white ,smoke2 which being mistaken by the ,company1 a ,cry was immediately heard of ,fire1 ,fire3 on which the ,workmen retreated4 ,mr4 ,lunardi incautiously thrust his ,arm into the ,orifice to extract the ,plug3 at the same ,time being much burnt1 and failing in the ,attempt2 the ,gass continued to escape1 till a new ,plug was prepared4 #cdd4 ,during the second ,inflation1 one of the ,plugs being driven too forcibly2 it was with ,difficulty extricated1 by the ,strokes of a ,hammer against the ,sides of it1 which tended at the same ,time to displace the ,boards forming the ,top or ,head of the ,vessel3 and1 a little afterwards1 occasioned it to burst1 unexpectedly inwards1#aae rendering the ,vessel useless for the ,purpose of ,inflation4 ,observation4 ,therefore instead of the solid oblong wooden ,plug1 a circular ,hole1 #d ,inches ,diameter shoud be drilled in each ,vessel3 and a corresponding solid wooden ,plug #h ,inches long1 #e ,diameter at the upper ,part1 and tapering to near #c at the ,bottom1 shoud be prepared by the ,turner4 ,in the upper ,part of the ,solid shoud be turned an inside ,screw1 to which an outside ,screw of the circular ,plug-,staff1 made of ,oak1 ,ash1 or other heavy ,wood1 #d ,feet long1 and #d ,inches ,diameter1 shoud be adapted3 the ,worm of the ,screw to be #e ,inches long4 ,a wooden ,peg of ,ash1 about a ,quarter of an ,inch ,diameter1 may be put throu' a ,hole near the ,top of the ,staff1 as a ,handle4 ,a ,lever of such a ,length and ,weight will probably answer every ,intention1 as no sudden ,blows will be required to fasten or extract it4 ,the occasional ,tub1 ,tube1 ,plug1 and ,staff1 shoud be fashioned after this ,model4 #cde4 ,the ,price of the ,iron and ,vitriol for ,inflation4 #bjjjlb4 of ,iron ,filings or ,borings#aaf delivered on the ,spot1 at #fs4 a ,hundred1 4 #f #j #j #af ,bottles of ,vitriol1 at an ,average #chs4 a ,bottle #cj #h #j ,concomitant ,expences1 #c #ab #j -------------- 4 ,total #dj #j #j ,observation #a4 ,a great ,saving might be made by conducting the ,process in a different ,manner4 ,the ,author making two ,journies to ,manchester1 purposely to observe the ,process by ,mr4 ,sadler2 found that his ,balloon was inflated in two ,hours each ,time2 by ,means only of the two smaller identical fermenting ,vessels which ,mr4 ,lunardi afterwards purchased2 but the ,levity procured by the former1 tho' he also expended #af ,bottles1 was by no ,means so great as that gained with the ,assistance of the great ,vessel4 ,it has likewise been remarked by the ,author1 who has made several ,experiments to this ,end1 that the ,vessels always continued in ,fermentation and ,ebullition1 with a quick ,pulsation1 for at least #bd1 and commonly during #dh ,hours1 after the ,inflation was completed4 ,and1 that not more than the ,depth of half an ,inch of ,filings had been calcined during the ,operation3 the rest being perfectly bright1 and untouched by the ,acid4 ,observation4 #b4 ,if therefore one ,inch in ,depth of ,filings1 be spread over the ,bottom of each of the smaller ,vessels only2 the proper ,quantity of ,water poured in2 and not more than two ,bottles of ,acid used at once1 in each ,vessel2 also1 as soon as the ,fermentation begins to decline2 other two ,bottles1 and a proportionable ,supply of ,water be added2 if suffered to work double1 triple1 or quadruple the ,time2--the ,inflation will be as great1 if not greater1 for ,instance1 in six ,hours with eight ,bottles1 and two small ,tubs1 as it woud in three ,hours1 with #af ,bottles1 in the same ,vessels4 ,the small conducting ,tin ,tubes ought instead of four and a half1 to be nine ,inches ,diameter3 by which ,means there will be no violent ,pressure of ,gass to endanger the ,bursting of the ,vessels3 particularly if the ,gass is not suffered to descend2 but1 on the contrary1 according to ,instructions already given1 either to rise1 or move1 in an horizontal ,direction1 past the ,evcuatory1 into the ,balloon4 #cdf4 ,the ,workmen may begin the ,operation at twelve at ,night1 or at six in the ,morning3 and the ,time previously fixed for the ,exhibition1 may be eight or ten ,hours after the ,operation has commenced4 ,the ,necessity of a ,current of fresh ,water1 throu' a ,pipe of at least half ,inch ,bore1 the larger the better1 to supply the overflowing ,cistern1 cannot be too much insisted on3 as the ,levity of the ,gass almost wholly depends upon so trivial a ,circumstance1 as that of having a plentiful ,supply of cold fresh and soft ,water4 #cdg4 ,observation #c4 ,supposing the ,balloon air-tight1 near half the ,expence is thus saved in the ,inflation4 ,besides the greater ,probability of calm ,weather for the ,inflation1 if completed before ,x4 in the ,morning1 more ,time is given to remedy ,accidents1 and rectify ,mistakes3 the ,warmth of the ,air likewise encreases4 ,but above all2 if an upper ,current carry the ,balloon to ,sea1 the ,aironaut may1 7as before mentioned7 drop into the ,sea-,breeze1 which will waft him safe back till ,,iv4 in the ,afternoon1 or even later4 ,,chapter ,,lxix4 ,,mensuration ,,of ,,heights4 ,sidenote3 ,rules for calculating ,heights by ,means of the ,barometer and ,thermometers4 ,section #cdh4 ,rules for calculating the ,height of ,mountains1 when applied to those elevated ,stations in the ,atmosphere attainable only by ,means of the ,balloon1 will henceforward become more useful1 and be more frequently practised3 as the ,lives of ,aironauts may depend on a ,knowledge of their ,height above the ,earth2 which1 not being determinable by ,sight1 in all ,weathers1 or at all ,times1 must be referred to the ,barometer and ,thermometers1 they carry up with them4 ,de ,luc1 ,horseley1 ,maskelyne1 ,shuckburgh1 and ,roy1 have each written ably on the ,subject1 in the ,transactions3 tho' few have either ,leisure or ,inclination to follow them4 ,sir ,george ,shuckburgh has made successful ,attempts to smooth the ,way1 by ,examples and ,tables1 yet is still too concise for actual ,learners1 and the ,generality of those who will have ,spirit enough to go before the ,calculators in exploring the ,atmosphere2 but cannot dedicate sufficient ,leisure to overtake them in their ,studies4 ,each may therefore assist the other4 #cdi4 ,whoever is at the ,trouble of comparing the ,observations made by ,shuckburgh1 with the ,directions here given1 will find that the latter contains the ,essentials of the former1 with this material ,difference1 that the ,investigation moves here by ,steps1 which are all pointed out to the ,learner2 and not by ,strides4 ,each ,step is self evident3 and1 by carrying ,conviction to the ,mind1 is just what the ,mind itself woud make use of1 in the ,attainment of any distant ,truth4 ,to do every ,justice to ,sir ,george1 the ,merit of whose ,performance wants no ,eulogium2 his three ,precepts are copied2 tho' rather as a ,memorandum for those who understand the ,methods2 than as plain ,directions for such as are yet to learn them4 ,it will be found likewise1 that the first1 second1 and fourth ,tables are greatly enlarged3 being calculated for those extreme ,temperatures1 and ,heights1 which the ,balloon only can attempt to reach3 and the fourth ,table1 for greater ,dispatch in computing the ,expansion of the ,air4 ,the ,foundation and ,construction of each ,table1 is also methodically traced and elucidated4 ,,chapter ,,lxx4 ,,methods ,,to ,,ascertain ,,the ,,true ,,height4 ,section #cej4 ,methods to be pursued on taking and comparing ,heights1 in order to ascertain the true ,height of any ,station in the ,atmosphere1 by the ,barometer and ,thermometers4 ,for this ,purpose it is necessary1 #ast1 to provide a ,barometer1 7whose ,bulb or ,cistern is large enough to contain all the ,quicksilver in the ,tube27--into the ,frame of which1 a ,thermometer1 on ,farenheit's ,scale1 is to be fixed or attached4 ,the ,use of the attached ,thermometer is to point out the ,temperature of the ,barometer4 #b;d4 ,a second or detached ,thermometer is also to be provided4#aag ,this is to be hung in the ,shade at the ,distance of a ,yard 7or two7 from the other3--to shew the general ,temperature of the ,air at the same ,time and ,place3 and may be called the ,air ,thermometer4 ,a proper ,person1 on the ,ground1 having a good ,watch1 with ,pen ,ink and ,paper at ,hand1 is to attend the ,instruments below every ten ,minutes1 7or at any other preconcerted ,intervals of ,time17 putting down1 #ast4 ,the ,time of each ,observation4 #b;d4 ,the ,point at which the ,quicksilver stands in the ,barometer4 #c;d4 ,the ,degree of ,temperature of the attached ,thermometer4 #dth1 and lastly1 the ,degree of ,temperature of the detached or ,air-,thermometer4 ,this ,employment is to be carefully attended to2 during the ,time1 that similar ,observations1 by preconcerted ,agreement1 are making1 with three other similar ,instruments1 on the ,top of the ,mountain1 or any elevated ,station in the ,atmosphere1 by ,means of the ,balloon2 and to be written with a red ,lead ,pencil1 in a ,patent ,asses ,skin ,pocket ,book4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,instruments to be compared on ,return from the ,mountain1 or upper ,station4 ,each single ,observation1 made with one ,set of ,instruments below1 is to be compared with each single corresponding ,observation1 made with the other ,set above4 ,and two ,observations are said to correspond1 when both are made nearly at the same ,time1 the one below1 and the other above4 #cea4 ,take ,shuckburgh's first ,example1 7,ph4 ,tr4 for #aggg1 #b;d ,part1 ,page #egg47 viz4 8,let the ,point at which the ,quicksilver stands in the ,barometer1 on the ,ground1 be #bi ,inches #d tenths3 the attached ,thermometer #ej ,degrees of ,temperature1 and the ,air ,thermometer1 or general ,temperature of the ,air #de3 at the same ,time1 that at the ,top of the ,mountain1 or other elevated ,station in the ,atmosphere1 the ,barometer stands at #be ,inches #ai ,tenths1 the attached ,thermometer at #df1 and the ,air ,thermometer at #ci and 3 required the upper ,height in ,english ,feet40 ,sidenote3 ,rules for the ,work3 and ,practice of the first ,example4 #ceb4 ,the ,work is divided into three ,stages4 ,the ,end proposed in this first ,stage is to bring the colder ,barometer1 to the same ,expansion or ,temperature with the other4 #cec4 #ast4 ,step4 ,first1 write down the ,observation made on the ,ground1 or at the ,bottom of the ,mountain1 thus3 ,below4 ,barometer1 #bi ,inches #d ,tenths4 attached ,thermometer1 #ej ,degrees4 ,air ,thermometer1 #de4 #ced4 #b;d4 ,step4 ,secondly1 write down the ,observation made at the ,top of the ,mountain1 or upper ,station in the ,atmosphere1 thus3 ,above4 ,barometer1 #be ,inches1 4#ai ,tenths4 attached ,thermometer1 #df4 ,air ,thermometer1 #bi4 #cee4 #c;d ,step4 ,subtract the colder attached ,thermometer1 from the other attached ,thermometer1 thus3 #df colder from #ej warmer1 and there remains #d warmer1 viz4 the ,number of ,degrees of ,temperature to which the colder ,barometer must be expanded1 before it becomes equal in ,temperature to the warmer ,barometer3 each ,barometer being always supposed equal in ,temperature with its attached ,thermometer4 #cef4 #dth ,step4 ,give the colder ,barometer the same ,temperature with the warmer3 or1 which amounts to the same1 give the colder ,barometer that ,expansion which is communicated by the ,addition of #d ,degrees of ,temperature4 ,both ,barometers will then have the same ,temperature1 or ,expansion1 viz4 an ,expansion equal to the warmer ,barometer4 ,this is to be done by referring to the first ,table1 for the ,application of which there are separate ,instructions3 see the ,explanation of the first ,table4#aah ,,chapter ,,lxxi4 ,,use ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,table1 ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,example4 ,the use4 ,section #ceg4 ,to find the ,expansion of ,quicksilver1 and of the barometric ,tube in which it is contained3 or1 in other ,words1 to find the ,point to which the ,quicksilver will rise in the ,tube1 7in ,parts of an ,inch7 with a given additional ,temperature1 on ,farenheit's ,scale4 ,the ,question in the first ,example is1 7,ph4 ,tr4 for #aggg1 ,page #egh27 ,to find the ,expansion that arises1 with the ,addition of #d ,degrees of ,heat1 on the colder ,barometer resting at ,inches #be 4#ai ,tenths1 in order to give it an ,expansion equal to that of another ,barometer1 #d ,degrees warmer than the former3 the ,temperature of each ,barometer1 being indicated by its respective attached ,thermometer4 ,n4 ,b4 ,during the ,application of the first ,table1 the ,investigation moves forward two ,steps only1 viz4 the #dth and #eth4 ,the #dth ,step1 applied in the first ,example4 #ceh4 ,the ,order to be observed in finding the ,expansion of the ,quicksilver1 with #d ,degrees on ,inches #be 4#ai ,tenths of the ,barometer4 #ast4 ,find the ,expansion1 ,with #d on #be ,inches only4 ,then in order to obtain with #d on 4#ai1 begin #b;d4 ,with #d on #a ,inch above #be ,inches1 i4e4 on the #bfth ,inch4 #c;d4 ,with #d on 4#a1 i4e4 one ,tenth of an ,inch above #be ,inches3 and lastly1 #dth4 ,with #d on 4#ai1 ,tenths above #be ,inches4 ,the practice4 #cei4 #ast4 ,in the first ,table1 with #d ,degrees on the left ,hand vertical ,column1 and with #be ,inches1 along the upper ,range2 at the ,point of ,meeting1 is the ,answer 4#jajaaai viz4 the ,expansion1 or ,rise of the ,quicksilver standing at #be ,inches1 and receiving an additional ,heat of #d3 the ,answer 4#jaja being the ,expression for the ten thousand one hundredth ,part of an ,inch1 7viz4 in ,height1 by ,expansion47 #cfj4 ,add this ,number1 4#jaja1 ,part of an ,inch1 or ,rise by ,expansion1 to the ,barometer resting at ,inches #be1 4#ai ,tenths1 ,units under ,units1 c4 thus3 4#jaja4 #cfa4 #b;d4 ,now1 in order to obtain the ,expansion with #d ,degrees1 on 4#ai ,tenths i4e4 the nine hundred and tenth ,part of an ,inch of ,quicksilver in the ,tube 7above #be ,inches17 it must be considered1 where it ought to be found in the first ,table4 ,tenths of #a ,inch1 above #be ,inches1 it must be observed1 are at some intermediate ,point between #be and #bf ,inches2 that is1 above #be1 yet not so high as #bf1 or more than #be1 yet less than #bf4 ,therefore1 to find the ,expansion with #d ,degrees1 on #a ,inch above #be1 i4e4 on the #bfth ,inch2 look in the ,table1 first1 with #d ,degrees on #be ,inches3 then with #d ,degrees on #bf ,inches4 ,the respective ,numbers are 4#jaja and 4#jaje4 ,and by taking the ,expansion with #d on #be ,inches1 from the ,expansion1 with #d on #bf ,inches1 thus2 ,expansion 4#jaja on #be ,inches1 4#jaje on #bf ,inches1 ---------- ,the ,remainder 4#jjjd is the ,expansion with #d on #a ,inch1 above #be1 i4e4 on the #bfth ,inch4 #cfb4 #c;d4 ,to find the ,expansion1 with #d on 4#a above #be ,inches2 add a ,cypher and decimal ,point to the former ,answer1 which then becomes 4#jjjjd1 viz4 the ,expansion1 with #d on one ,tenth1 above #be ,inches4 #cfc4 #dth4 ,lastly1 to obtain the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#ai1 above #be ,inches1 say3 ,if one ,tenth of an ,inch1 above #be ,inches1 gives this ,expansion viz4 4#jjjjd1 what ,expansion will nineteen ,tenths above #be1 give8 answer 4#ai ,tenths more2 thus3 ,if 4#a 3 4#jjjjd 33 4#ai8 4#ai ------------ #jjjcf #jjjd ------------ 4#jjjgf2 then1 in order to have as many decimal ,places in the ,product as are contained both in the ,multiplicand and ,multiplier1 add a ,cypher and ,point to the left1 and the ,product becomes 4#jjjjjgf which1 being divided by 4#a1 gives a ,cypher less4 viz4 the ,expansion with #d on 4#ai above #be ,inches4 ,,the ,,first ,,table3 shewing the expansion with ,,heat on inches of the ,,barometer4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- degrees of the ,,thermometer1 from #a to #dj1 on farenheit's scale4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a 4#jjjia 4#jjajb 4#jjaab 4#jjabb 4#jjacb 4#jjadb 4#jjaeb 4#jjafb #b 4#jjahb 4#jjbjd 4#jjbbd 4#jjbdd 4#jjbfd 4#jjbhd 4#jjcjd 4#jjcbd #c 4#jjbgc 4#jjcjf 4#jjccf 4#jjcff 4#jjcif 4#jjdbf 4#jjdef 4#jjdhf #d 4#jjcfd 4#jjdjh 4#jjddh 4#jjdhh 4#jjebh 4#jjefh 4#jjfjh 4#jjfdh #e 4#jjdee 4#jjeaj 4#jjefj 4#jjfaj 4#jjffj 4#jjgaj 4#jjgfj 4#jjhaj #f 4#jjedf 4#jjfab 4#jjfgb 4#jjgcb 4#jjgib 4#jjheb 4#jjiab 4#jjigb #g 4#jjfcg 4#jjgad 4#jjghd 4#jjhed 4#jjibd 4#jjiid 4#jajfd 4#jaacd #h 4#jjgbh 4#jjhaf 4#jjhif 4#jjigf 4#jajef 4#jaacf 4#jabaf 4#jabif #i 4#jjhai 4#jjiah 4#jajjh 4#jajih 4#jaahh 4#jabgh 4#jacfh 4#jadeh #aj 4#jjiaj 4#jajbj 4#jaabj 4#jabbj 4#jacbj 4#jadbj 4#jaebj 4#jafbj #aa 4#jajja 4#jaabb 4#jabcb 4#jacdb 4#jadeb 4#jaefb 4#jafgb 4#jaghb #ab 4#jajib 4#jabbd 4#jacdd 4#jadfd 4#jaehd 4#jagjd 4#jahbd 4#jaidd #ac 4#jaahc 4#jacbf 4#jadef 4#jaehf 4#jagaf 4#jahdf 4#jaigf 4#jbajf #ad 4#jabgd 4#jadbh 4#jaefh 4#jagjh 4#jahdh 4#jaihh 4#jbabh 4#jbbfh #ae 4#jacfe 4#jaecj 4#jafhj 4#jahcj 4#jaihj 4#jbacj 4#jbbhj 4#jbdcj #af 4#jadef 4#jafcb 4#jagib 4#jaieb 4#jbaab 4#jbbgb 4#jbdcb 4#jbeib #ag 4#jaedg 4#jagcd 4#jaijd 4#jbjgd 4#jbbdd 4#jbdad 4#jbehd 4#jbged #ah 4#jafch 4#jahcf 4#jbjaf 4#jbaif 4#jbcgf 4#jbeef 4#jbgcf 4#jbiaf #ai 4#jagbi 4#jaich 4#jbabh 4#jbcah 4#jbejh 4#jbfih 4#jbhhh 4#jcjgh #bj 4#jahbj 4#jbjdj 4#jbbdj 4#jbddj 4#jbfdj 4#jbhdj 4#jcjdj 4#jcbdj #ba 4#jaiaa 4#jbadb 4#jbceb 4#jbefb 4#jbggb 4#jbihb 4#jcaib 4#jcdjb #bb 4#jbjjb 4#jbbdd 4#jbdfd 4#jbfhd 4#jbijd 4#jcabd 4#jccdd 4#jcefd #bc 4#jbjic 4#jbcdf 4#jbegf 4#jbhjf 4#jcjcf 4#jcbff 4#jcdif 4#jcgbf #bd 4#jbahd 4#jbddh 4#jbfhh 4#jbibh 4#jcafh 4#jcdjh 4#jcfdh 4#jchhh #be 4#jbbge 4#jbeej 4#jbhjj 4#jcjej 4#jccjj 4#jceej 4#jchjj 4#jdjej #bf 4#jbcff 4#jbfeb 4#jbiab 4#jcagb 4#jcdcb 4#jcfib 4#jcieb 4#jdbab #bg 4#jbdeg 4#jbged 4#jcjbd 4#jcbid 4#jcefd 4#jchcd 4#jdajd 4#jdcgd #bh 4#jbedh 4#jbhef 4#jcacf 4#jcdaf 4#jcfif 4#jcigf 4#jdbef 4#jdecf #bi 4#jbfci 4#jbieh 4#jcbdh 4#jcech 4#jchbh 4#jdaah 4#jddjh 4#jdfih #cj 4#jbgcj 4#jcjfj 4#jccfj 4#jcffj 4#jcifj 4#jdbfj 4#jdefj 4#jdhfj #ca 4#jbhba 4#jcafb 4#jcdgb 4#jcghb 4#jdjib 4#jddjb 4#jdgab 4#jejbb #cb 4#jbiab 4#jcbfd 4#jcehd 4#jcijd 4#jdbbd 4#jdedd 4#jdhfd 4#jeahd #cc 4#jcjjc 4#jccff 4#jcfif 4#jdjbf 4#jdcef 4#jdfhf 4#jejaf 4#jecdf #cd 4#jcjid 4#jcdfh 4#jchjh 4#jdadh 4#jddhh 4#jdhbh 4#jeafh 4#jeejh #ce 4#jcahe 4#jcegj 4#jcibj 4#jdbgj 4#jdfbj 4#jdigj 4#jecbj 4#jefgj #cf 4#jcbgf 4#jcfgb 4#jdjcb 4#jdcib 4#jdgeb 4#jeaab 4#jedgb 4#jehcb #cg 4#jccfg 4#jcggd 4#jdadd 4#jdead 4#jdhhd 4#jebed 4#jefbd 4#jeiid #ch 4#jcdeh 4#jchgf 4#jdbef 4#jdfcf 4#jejaf 4#jecif 4#jeggf 4#jfaef #ci 4#jcedi 4#jcigh 4#jdcfh 4#jdgeh 4#jeadh 4#jeech 4#jeibh 4#jfcah #dj 4#jcfdj 4#jdjhj 4#jddhj 4#jdhhj 4#jebhj 4#jefhj 4#jfjhj 4#jfdhj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,the ,,first ,,table ,,continued3 shewing the expansion with ,,heat on inches of the ,,barometer4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- degrees of the ,,thermometer1 from #a to #dj1 on farenheit's scale4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a 4#jjagb 4#jjahb 4#jjaib 4#jjbjc 4#jjbac 4#jjbbc 4#jjbcc 4#jjbdc #b 4#jjcdd 4#jjcfd 4#jjchd 4#jjdjf 4#jjdbf 4#jjddf 4#jjdff 4#jjdhf #c 4#jjeaf 4#jjedf 4#jjegf 4#jjfji 4#jjfci 4#jjffi 4#jjfii 4#jjgbi #d 4#jjfhh 4#jjgbh 4#jjgfh 4#jjhab 4#jjheb 4#jjhib 4#jjicb 4#jjigb #e 4#jjhfj 4#jjiaj 4#jjifj 4#jajae 4#jajfe 4#jaaae 4#jaafe 4#jabae #f 4#jajcb 4#jajib 4#jaaeb 4#jabah 4#jabgh 4#jacch 4#jacih 4#jadeh #g 4#jabjd 4#jabgd 4#jacdd 4#jadba 4#jadia 4#jaefa 4#jafca 4#jagja #h 4#jacgf 4#jadef 4#jaecf 4#jafbd 4#jagjd 4#jaghd 4#jahfd 4#jaidd #i 4#jaedh 4#jafch 4#jagbh 4#jahbg 4#jaiag 4#jbjjg 4#jbjig 4#jbahg #aj 4#jagbj 4#jahbj 4#jaibj 4#jbjcj 4#jbacj 4#jbbcj 4#jbccj 4#jbdcj #aa 4#jahib 4#jbjjb 4#jbaab 4#jbbcc 4#jbcdc 4#jbdec 4#jbefc 4#jbfgc #ab 4#jbjfd 4#jbahd 4#jbcjd 4#jbdcf 4#jbeef 4#jbfgf 4#jbgif 4#jbiaf #ac 4#jbbcf 4#jbcff 4#jbdif 4#jbfci 4#jbgfi 4#jbhii 4#jcjbi 4#jcaei #ad 4#jbdjh 4#jbedh 4#jbfhh 4#jbhdb 4#jbihb 4#jcabb 4#jcbfb 4#jcdjb #ae 4#jbehj 4#jbgcj 4#jbhhj 4#jcjde 4#jcaie 4#jccde 4#jcdie 4#jcfde #af 4#jbgeb 4#jbiab 4#jcjgb 4#jcbdh 4#jcdjh 4#jcefh 4#jcgbh 4#jchhh #ag 4#jbibd 4#jcjid 4#jcbfd 4#jcdea 4#jcfba 4#jcgia 4#jcifa 4#jdaca #ah 4#jcjif 4#jcbgf 4#jcdef 4#jcfed 4#jchcd 4#jdjad 4#jdaid 4#jdcgd #ai 4#jcbfh 4#jcdeh 4#jcfdh 4#jcheg 4#jdjdg 4#jdbcg 4#jddbg 4#jdfag #bj 4#jcddj 4#jcfdj 4#jchdj 4#jdjfj 4#jdbfj 4#jddfj 4#jdffj 4#jdhfj #ba 4#jcfab 4#jchbb 4#jdjcb 4#jdbfc 4#jddgc 4#jdfhc 4#jdhic 4#jeajc #bb 4#jcghd 4#jdjjd 4#jdbbd 4#jddff 4#jdfhf 4#jdijf 4#jeabf 4#jecdf #bc 4#jcief 4#jdahf 4#jddaf 4#jdffi 4#jdhii 4#jeabi 4#jecei 4#jeehi #bd 4#jdabh 4#jdcfh 4#jdfjh 4#jdhgb 4#jeaab 4#jeceb 4#jeeib 4#jehcb #be 4#jdcjj 4#jdeej 4#jdhjj 4#jejge 4#jecbe 4#jeege 4#jehbe 4#jfjge #bf 4#jddgb 4#jdgcb 4#jdiib 4#jebgh 4#jeech 4#jegih 4#jfjeh 4#jfcah #bg 4#jdfdd 4#jdiad 4#jeahd 4#jedha 4#jegea 4#jfjba 4#jfbia 4#jfefa #bh 4#jdhaf 4#jejif 4#jecgf 4#jefhd 4#jeifd 4#jfbdd 4#jfebd 4#jfhjd #bi 4#jdihh 4#jebgh 4#jeefh 4#jehhg 4#jfagg 4#jfdfg 4#jfgeg 4#jgjdg #cj 4#jeafj 4#jedfj 4#jegfj 4#jfjij 4#jfcij 4#jffij 4#jfiij 4#jgbij #ca 4#jeccb 4#jefdb 4#jeieb 4#jfbic 4#jffjc 4#jfiac 4#jgbbc 4#jgecc #cb 4#jeejd 4#jehbd 4#jfadd 4#jfdif 4#jfhaf 4#jgaci 4#jgdef 4#jgggf #cc 4#jefgf 4#jfjjf 4#jfccf 4#jffii 4#jgjbi 4#jgcei 4#jgfhi 4#jhjai #cd 4#jehdh 4#jfahh 4#jfebh 4#jfijb 4#jgbdb 4#jgehb 4#jgibb 4#jhbfb #ce 4#jfjbj 4#jfcej 4#jfgbj 4#jgaje 4#jgdee 4#jghje 4#jhaee 4#jheje #cf 4#jfaib 4#jfecd 4#jfiab 4#jgcjh 4#jgffh 4#jhjbh 4#jhchh 4#jhgdh #cg 4#jfcfd 4#jfgaf 4#jgajd 4#jgeaa 4#jghha 4#jhbea 4#jhfba 4#jhiia #ch 4#jfecf 4#jfhib 4#jgbif 4#jggad 4#jhjid 4#jhdgd 4#jhhed 4#jibcd #ci 4#jfgjh 4#jgjgh 4#jgdhh 4#jgiag 4#jhcjg 4#jhfig 4#jijhg 4#jidgg #dj 4#jfhhj 4#jgbfj 4#jgfhj 4#jhabj 4#jhebj 4#jhibj 4#jicbj 4#jigbj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,the ,,first ,,table ,,concluded3 shewing the expansion with ,,heat on inches of the ,,barometer4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- degrees of the ,,thermometer1 from #a to #dj1 on farenheit's scale4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a 4#jjbec 4#jjbfc 4#jjbgd 4#jjbhd 4#jjbid 4#jjcjd 4#jjcad 4#jjcbd #b 4#jjejf 4#jjebf 4#jjedh 4#jjefh 4#jjehh 4#jjfjh 4#jjfbh 4#jjfdh #c 4#jjgei 4#jjghi 4#jjhbb 4#jjheb 4#jjhhb 4#jjiab 4#jjidb 4#jjigb #d 4#jajab 4#jajeb 4#jajif 4#jaacf 4#jaagf 4#jabaf 4#jabef 4#jabif #e 4#jabfe 4#jacae 4#jacgj 4#jadbj 4#jadgj 4#jaebj 4#jaegj 4#jafbj #f 4#jaeah 4#jaegh 4#jafdd 4#jagjd 4#jagfd 4#jahbd 4#jahhd 4#jaidd #g 4#jagga 4#jahda 4#jaiah 4#jaihh 4#jbjeh 4#jbabh 4#jbaih 4#jbbfh #h 4#jbjbd 4#jbajd 4#jbaib 4#jbbgb 4#jbceb 4#jbdcb 4#jbeab 4#jbei8 #i 4#jbbgg 4#jbcfg 4#jbdff 4#jbeef 4#jbfdf 4#jbgcf 4#jbhbf 4#jbiaf #aj 4#jbecj 4#jbfcj 4#jbgdj 4#jbhdj 4#jbidj 4#jcjdj 4#jcadj 4#jcbdj #aa 4#jbghc 4#jbhic 4#jcjad 4#jcabd 4#jcbcd 4#jccdd 4#jcded 4#jcefd #ab 4#jcjcf 4#jcaef 4#jcbhh 4#jcdjh 4#jcebh 4#jcfdh 4#jcgfh 4#jchhh #ac 4#jcbhi 4#jcdai 4#jcefb 4#jcfib 4#jchbb 4#jcieb 4#jdjhb 4#jdbab #ad 4#jcedb 4#jcfhb 4#jchcf 4#jcigf 4#jdaaf 4#jdbef 4#jdcif 4#jdecf #ae 4#jcgie 4#jcide 4#jdaaj 4#jdbfj 4#jddaj 4#jdefj 4#jdgaj 4#jdhfj #af 4#jdjdh 4#jdbjh 4#jdchd 4#jdedd 4#jdgjd 4#jdhfd 4#jejbd 4#jeahd #ag 4#jdcja 4#jddga 4#jdfeh 4#jdhbh 4#jdiih 4#jeafh 4#jecch 4#jeejh #ah 4#jdeed 4#jdgcd 4#jdicb 4#jeaab 4#jebib 4#jedgb 4#jefeb 4#jehcb #ai 4#jdhjg 4#jdiig 4#jebjf 4#jecif 4#jeehf 4#jeggf 4#jeiff 4#jfaef #bj 4#jejfj 4#jebfj 4#jedhj 4#jefhj 4#jehhj 4#jfjhj 4#jfbhj 4#jfdhj #ba 4#jecac 4#jeebc 4#jeged 4#jeifd 4#jfagd 4#jfchd 4#jfeid 4#jfhjd #bb 4#jeeff 4#jeghf 4#jfjbh 4#jfbdh 4#jfdfh 4#jffhh 4#jfijh 4#jgabh #bc 4#jehai 4#jfjdi 4#jfcjb 4#jfecb 4#jfgfb 4#jfiib 4#jgbbb 4#jgdeb #bd 4#jfjgb 4#jfcab 4#jfegf 4#jfhaf 4#jgjef 4#jgbif 4#jgecf 4#jgggf #be 4#jfcbe 4#jfege 4#jfhej 4#jgajj 4#jgcej 4#jgfjj 4#jghej 4#jhajj #bf 4#jfegh 4#jfhch 4#jgabd 4#jgchd 4#jgfdd 4#jgijd 4#jhafd 4#jhdbd #bg 4#jfhca 4#jgaja 4#jgcih 4#jgffh 4#jgich 4#jhbjh 4#jhdgh 4#jhgdh #bh 4#jgjhd 4#jgcfd 4#jgfgb 4#jgieb 4#jhbcb 4#jheab 4#jhgi 4#jijgb #bi 4#jgccg 4#jgfbg 4#jgidf 4#jhbcf 4#jhebf 4#jhhaf 4#jiajf 4#jicif #cj 4#jgeij 4#jghij 4#jhbbj 4#jhebj 4#jhhbj 4#jiabj 4#jidbj 4#jigbj #ca 4#jghdc 4#jhaec 4#jhdid 4#jhhjd 4#jiaad 4#jidbd 4#jigcd 4#ajjdd #cb 4#jhjif 4#jhdaf 4#jhgfh 4#jijhh 4#jidjh 4#jigbh 4#ajjdh 4#ajcfh #cc 4#jhcdi 4#jhfgi 4#jijdb 4#jicgb 4#jigjb 4#ajjcb 4#ajcfb 4#ajfib #cd 4#jhfjb 4#jhidb 4#jicaf 4#jifef 4#jiiif 4#ajccf 4#ajfgf 4#aajaf #ce 4#jhhee 4#jibje 4#jieij 4#jiidj 4#ajbij 4#ajfdj 4#ajiij 4#aacdj #cf 4#jiajh 4#jidfh 4#jihfd 4#ajbbd 4#ajehd 4#ajidd 4#aacad 4#aaffd #cg 4#jicfa 4#jigca 4#ajach 4#ajejh 4#ajhgh 4#aabdh 4#aafah 4#aaihh #ch 4#jifad 4#jiiid 4#ajdab 4#ajgib 4#aaagb 4#aaeeb 4#aaicb 4#abcab #ci 4#jihfg 4#ajbeg 4#ajfhf 4#aajgf 4#aadff 4#aahff 4#abbdf 4#abfcf #dj 4#ajabj 4#ajebj 4#ajifj 4#aacfj 4#aagfj 4#abafj 4#abefj 4#abifj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,the #eth ,step1 applied in the first ,example4 #cfd4 ,add this1 to the former ,expansion1 thus3 ,inches #be4ai ,tenths with #d on #be 4#jaja ,expansion with #d on 4#ai 4#jjjjjgf ,expansion ---------------------------- ,the ,answer is #be4bjjajgf1 viz4 the ,point at which the ,quicksilver woud stand1 in the coldest ,barometer1 when equally expanded1 i4e4 of the same ,temperature with the warmer4 ,reject all but the first ,decimal as too minute3 this is seen by a ,line drawn between the first and second ,decimal4 ,practice will shew how far to proceed1 without computing the decimal ,parts of an ,inch1 to more than #d ,places2 but it is always more exact1 to follow minutely the above ,rules4 ,,chapter ,,lxxii4 ,section #cfe4 ,having therefore understood the ,foundation1 ,construction1 and ,use of the first ,table2 in the present ,case1 having also added the decimal ,parts of an ,inch just found1 for the ,expansion1--to the ,inches and ,tenths1 expressing the colder ,barometer2 which will then have the same ,expansion1 or ,temperature with the warmer1 thus2 ,inches4 #be4ai colder ,barometer3 4#jaja ,expansion on the same1 in ,parts of an ,inch with #d of ,temperature1 7rejecting all but the first ,decimal as too ---------------- minute17 #be4bjja added2 this ,sum will express the ,point at which the ,quicksilver in the colder ,barometer woud stand1 when equally expanded1 i4e4 in the same ,temperature1 with the warmer4 #cff4 #fth ,step4 ,place both ,barometers1 now of equal ,temperature with the warmer1 together1 first1 the upper ,barometer2 and under it the lower1 thus3 ,inches #be4 #b ,tenths4 #bi4 #d ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,stage4 99 99 99 99 99 #cfg4 ,the ,ends proposed in the second ,stage of the ,work1 7the colder ,barometer being now brought to the same ,expansion or ,temperature with the warmer17 are two3 ,first1 to find1 7by the ,application of the second ,table7 the ,heights1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 in the ,atmosphere1 corresponding to the ,points at which the ,quicksilver stands in both ,barometers1 which have now the same ,temperature1 viz4 that of the warmer equal to #ej3 on a ,supposition that they were both exposed to the ,temperature of #ca4bd1 on ,farenheit's ,scale1 which is about the ,standard or freezing ,point1 for which sole ,purpose the #b;d ,table is calculated4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the ,second ,stage includes two ,steps only1 viz4 the #gth and #hth4 #cfh4 #gth ,step4 ,the ,barometers being placed in one ,view1 as before directed1 thus3 ,upper ,barometer1 ,inches #be 4#b ,tenths4 ,lower ,barometer1 ,inches #bi 4#d2 find1 with the ,temperature of #ca4bd1 the corresponding ,heights in the ,atmosphere4 ,this is to be done by referring to the #b;d ,table1 for the ,application of which there are separate ,instructions3 ,see the ,explanation of the second ,table4#abj ,,chapter ,,lxxiii4 ,,use ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,table ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,example4 ,the use4 ,section #cfi4 ,to find the ,heights1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 in the ,atmosphere1 corresponding to the ,points at which the ,quicksilver stands in both ,barometers1 which have now the same ,temperature1 viz4 that of the warmer ,barometer1 on a ,supposition that they were both exposed to the ,standard-,temperature of #ca4bd1 on ,farenheit's ,scale4 ,the practice4 ,the #gth ,step applied in the first ,example4 #cgj4 ,look at the first ,column1 in the second ,table1 for #be4b1 and the ,answer is #fbbe4j in the second ,column2 and for #bi4d1 and the ,answer is #bbjh4b4 ,the ,answers are the ,heights1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 in the ,atmosphere1 at which the ,quicksilver stands in both ,barometers1 with the ,temperature of #ca4bd3 corresponding to their respective ,points1 for which sole ,purpose this ,table is calculated4 #cga4 #hth ,step4 ,having placed the ,barometers and their corresponding ,heights in the ,atmosphere1 shewn by the second ,table1 at one ,view3 subtract the lesser from the whole ,height1 and there will remain1 secondly2 7see ,section #cfg7 the greater ,height1 viz4 the ,height corresponding to the ,barometer in the elevated ,station1 above the ,height corresponding to the ,barometer1 on the ,ground1 7both being at the ,temperature of #ca4bd7 thus3 ,feet4 ,inches #be4b correspond to #fbbe4j ,inches #bi4d correspond to #bbjh4b2 subtract3 ------------ and the ,remainder is #djaf4h viz4 a ,number in ,feet and ,tenths corresponding to the ,height of the upper above the lower ,barometer1 both being in the ,temperature of #ca4cd4 7,see ,page #bie47 ,,the ,,second ,,table4 ,the #ast ,column shews the ,quicksilver in the barometric ,tube standing at each ,inch from #a to #aj1 and at each ,tenth from #aj to #cb ,inches4 ,the #b;d ,column shews the ,height of the barometric ,tube1 above the imaginary ,level at #cb ,inches1--with the ,temperature of #ca4bd2--;in ,feet and ,tenths1 answering to ,inches and ,tenths of the ,barometer in the first ,column4 ,the #c;d ,column shews the ,height in ,feet and ,tenths1 answering to a ,tenth of an ,inch on the ,barometer1 being the difference between each two adjoining ,heights in the #b;d ,column4 ------------------------- ,inch4 ,feet4 ,difference4 #a #ijcji4j #ahjfa4h #b #gbbdg4b #ajefe4d #c #fafha4h #gdif4d #d #edahe4d #ehad4f #e #dhcgj4h #dgej4i #f #dcfai4i #djaf4h #g #cifjc4a #cdgi4e #h #cfabc4f #cjfi4b #i #ccjed4d #bgde4d #aj4j #cjcji4j #bei4f 4#a #cjjdi4d #bef4d 4#b #bigic4j #bed4c 4#c #biech4g #bea4h 4#d #bibhf4i #bdi4c 4#e #bijcg4f #bdg4j 4#f #bhgij4f #bdd4g 4#g #bhede4i #bdb4d 4#h #bhcjc4e #bdj4b 4#i #bhjfc4c #bcg4i #aa4j #bghbe4d #bce4h 4#a #bgehi4f #bcc4g 4#b #bgcee4i #bca4f 4#c #bgabd4c #bbi4f 4#d #bfhid4g #bbg4f 4#e #bfffg4a #bbe4f 4#f #bfdda4e #bbc4g 4#g #bfbag4h #bba4g 4#h #beiif4a #bbj4j 4#i #beggf4a #bah4j #ab4j #beeeh4a #baf4c #ab4a #becda4h #bad4d 4#b #beabg4d #bab4g 4#c #bdiad4g #baa4j 4#d #bdgjc4g #bji4c 4#e #bddid4d #bjg4g 4#f #bdbhf4g #bjf4j 4#g #bdjhj4g #bjd4c 4#h #bchgf4d #bjb4h 4#i #bcfgc4f #bja4b #ac4j #bcdgb4d #aii4g 4#a #bcbgb4g #aih4b 4#b #bcjgd4e #aif4f 4#c #bbhgg4i #aie4b 4#d #bbfhb4g #aic4g 4#e #bbdhi4j #aib4d 4#f #bbbif4f #aia4j 4#g #bbaje4f #ahi4d 4#h #baiaf4b #ahh4a 4#i #bagbh4a #ahf4h #ad4j #baeda4c #ahe4e 4#a #bacee4h #ahd4a 4#b #baaga4g #ahb4i 4#c #bjihh4h #aha4f 4#d #bjhjg4b #ahj4c 4#e #bjfbf4i #agi4j 4#f #bjddg4i #agh4j 4#g #bjbfi4i #agf4g 4#h #bjjic4b #age4d 4#i #aiiag4h #agd4c #ae4j #aigdc4e #agc4a #ae4a #aiegj4d #agb4j 4#b #aicih4d #agj4i 4#c #aibbg4e #afi4h 4#d #aijeg4g #afh4f 4#e #ahhhi4a #afg4f 4#f #ahgba4e #aff4e 4#g #aheee4j #afe4d 4#h #ahchi4f #afd4a 4#i #ahbbe4e #afc4g #af4j #ahjfa4h #afb4d 4#a #aghii4d #afa4c 4#b #aggch4a #afj4d 4#c #agegg4g #aei4c 4#d #agdah4d #aeh4d 4#e #agbfj4j #aeg4e 4#f #agajb4e #aef4e 4#g #afidf4j #aee4f 4#h #afgij4d #aed4f 4#i #affce4h #aec4g #ag4j #afdhb4a #aeb4i 4#a #afcbi4b #aea4i 4#b #afagg4c #aea4a 4#c #afjbf4b #aej4b 4#d #aehgf4j #adi4c 4#e #aegbf4g #adh4e 4#f #aeegh4b #adg4f 4#g #aedcj4f #adf4h 4#h #aebhc4h #adf4j 4#i #aeacg4h #ade4b #ah4j #adiib4f #add4c #ah4a #adhdh4c #adc4f 4#b #adgjd4g #adb4h 4#c #adefa4i #adb4j 4#d #addai4i #ada4b 4#e #adbgh4g #adj4e 4#f #adach4b #aci4g 4#g #aciih4e #aci4j 4#h #achei4e #ach4b 4#i #acgba4c #acg4e #ai4j #acehc4h #acf4h 4#a #acddg4j #acf4a 4#b #accaj4i #ace4c 4#c #acage4f #acd4e 4#d #acjda4a #acd4b 4#e #abijf4i #acc4c 4#f #abggc4f #acb4f 4#g #abfda4j #aca4i 4#h #abeji4a #aca4c 4#i #abcgg4h #acj4f #bj4j #abbdg4b #acj4j 4#a #abaag4b #abi4c 4#b #aaihg4i #abh4g 4#c #aahei4b #abh4j 4#d #aagca4b #abg4d 4#e #aafjc4h #abf4h 4#f #aadgg4j #abf4b 4#g #aacej4h #abe4f 4#h #aabbe4b #abe4j 4#i #aaajj4b #abd4d #ba4j #ajige4h #abc4g 4#a #ajheb4a #abc4c 4#b #ajgbh4h #abb4f 4#c #ajfjf4b #abb4j 4#d #ajdhd4b #aba4e 4#e #ajcfb4g #abj4i 4#f #ajbda4h #abj4d 4#g #ajaba4d #aai4h 4#h #ajjja4f #aai4b 4#i #ihhb4d #aah4h #bb4j #igfc4f #aah4a #bb4a #ifde4e #aag4g 4#b #iebg4h #aag4a 4#c #idaj4g #aaf4f 4#d #ibid4a #aaf4j 4#e #iagh4a #aae4f 4#f #ijfb4e #aae4a 4#g #hidg4d #aad4e 4#h #hhcb4i #aad4j 4#i #hgah4i #aac4f #bc4j #hfje4c #aac4j 4#a #hdib4c #aab4f 4#b #hcgi4g #aab4a 4#c #hbfg4f #aaa4f 4#d #haef4j #aaa4a 4#e #hjdd4i #aaj4f 4#f #gicd4c #aaj4b 4#g #ghbd4a #aji4g 4#h #ggad4d #aji4c 4#i #gfje4a #ajh4h #bd4j #gdif4c #ajh4c 4#a #gchh4j #ajg4i 4#b #gbhj4a #ajg4e 4#c #gagb4f #ajg4j 4#d #gjfe4f #ajf4f 4#e #fiei4j #ajf4a 4#f #fheb4i #aje4g 4#g #fgdg4b #aje4c 4#h #ffda4i #ajd4i 4#i #fecg4j #ajd4d #be4j #fdcb4f #ajd4j 4#a #fcbh4f #ajc4f 4#b #fbbe4j #ajc4b 4#c #faba4h #ajb4h 4#d #fjai4j #ajb4d 4#e #eiaf4f #ajb4j 4#f #ehad4f #aja4f 4#g #egac4j #aja4b 4#h #efaa4h #ajj4h 4#i #eeaa4j #ajj4f #bf4j #edaj4d #ii4h 4#a #ecaj4f #ii4g 4#b #ebaj4i #ii4c 4#c #eaaa4f #ih4h 4#d #ejab4h #ih4f 4#e #diad4b #ih4a 4#f #dhaf4a #ig4h 4#g #dgah4c #ig4d 4#h #dfbj4i #ig4j 4#i #debc4i #if4g #bg4j #ddbg4b #if4d 4#a #dccj4h #ie4i 4#b #dbcd4i #ie4g 4#c #daci4b #ie4b 4#d #djdd4j #ie4j 4#e #cidi4j #id4e 4#f #ched4e #id4c 4#g #cgfj4b #ic4i 4#h #cfff4c #ic4f 4#i #cegb4g #ic4b #bh4j #cdgi4e #ib4i 4#a #cchf4f #ib4f 4#b #cbid4j #ib4b 4#c #cbja4h #ia4i 4#d #caji4i #ia4f 4#e #cjah4c #ia4c 4#f #bibg4j #ij4i 4#g #bhcf4a #ij4g 4#h #bgde4d #ij4c 4#i #bfee4a #ij4j #bi4j #befe4a #hi4g 4#a #bdge4d #hi4d 4#b #bchf4j #hi4a 4#c #bbif4i #hh4g 4#d #bbjh4b #hh4e 4#e #baai4g #hh4b 4#f #bjca4e #hg4i 4#g #aidc4f #hg4f 4#h #ahef4j #hg4c 4#i #agfh4g #hg4j #cj4j #afha4g #hf4g 4#a #aeie4j #hf4d 4#b #aejh4f #hf4b 4#c #adbb4d #he4h 4#d #abcf4f #he4f 4#e #abea4j #he4c 4#f #aafe4g #he4j 4#g #ajhj4g #hd4g 4#h #iif4j #hd4e 4#i #iaa4e #hd4b #ca4j #hbg4c #hc4i 4#a #gdc4d #hc4g 4#b #fei4g #hc4d 4#c #egf4c #hc4a 4#d #dic4b #hb4h #ca4e #daj4d #hb4f 4#f #cbg4h #hb4d 4#g #bde4d #hb4j 4#h #afc4d #ha4h 4#i #ha4f #ha4f #cb4j #jj4j ------------------------- #cgb4 ,now apply the third ,table1 or ,table for ,tenths1 if necessary2 including two more ,steps1 viz4 the #ith and #ajth3 which1 being useless1 in the first ,example1 are1 for the present1 omitted4 #cgc4 ,an ,explanation of the third ,table1 or ,table for ,tenths1 is1 however1 for the ,sake of ,order1 here subjoined4#abb 7,see ,page #bih47 ,,the ,,third ,,table1 ,,or ,,table ,,for ,,tenths3 ,serving to compleat the #b;d ,table1 on ,expansion of the ,barometer1 with the ,temperature of #ca4bd4 #a4 ,the upper horizontal ,figures shew the ,number of ,parts into which the ,tenth of an ,inch has been divided4 #b4 ,the ,figures in the left vertical ,column express the ,height in feet1 7above the imaginary ,level1 at #cb ,inches of the ,barometer17 or ,expansion corresponding to a single ,tenth of an ,inch of ,quicksilver4 #c4 ,the feet in the ,place of ,meeting are called tenths3 thus1 #ij ,feet are #i ,tenths of #ajj ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,feet4 ,parts into which the ,tenth of an ,inch is divided4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ha #h #af #bd #cb #dj #di #eg #fe #gc #hb #h #af #be #cc #da #di #eg #ff #gd #hc #h #ag #be #cc #da #ej #eh #ff #ge #hd #h #ag #be #cd #db #ej #ei #fg #gf #he #h #ag #be #cd #db #ea #ei #fh #gf #hf #i #ag #bf #cd #dc #eb #fj #fi #gg #hg #i #ag #bf #ce #dc #eb #fa #gj #gh #hh #i #ah #bf #ce #dd #ec #fb #gj #gi #hi #i #ah #bg #cf #dd #ec #fb #ga #hj #ij #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ed #fc #gb #ha #ia #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ee #fd #gc #hb #ib #i #ah #bh #cg #df #ee #fd #gd #hc #ic #i #ai #bh #cg #df #ef #fe #gd #hd #id #i #ai #bh #ch #dg #ef #ff #ge #he #ie #i #ai #bh #ch #dg #eg #ff #gf #he #if #aj #ai #bi #ch #dh #eh #fg #gg #hf #ig #aj #ai #bi #ci #dh #eh #fh #gh #hg #ih #aj #bj #bi #ci #di #ei #fi #gh #hh #ii #aj #bj #cj #dj #di #ei #fi #gi #hi #ajj #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #aja #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fa #ga #ha #ia #ajb #aj #bj #ca #da #ea #fa #ga #hb #ib #ajc #aj #ba #ca #da #ea #fb #gb #hb #ic #ajd #aj #ba #ca #db #eb #fb #gc #hc #id #aje #aj #ba #ca #db #eb #fc #gc #hd #id #ajf #aa #ba #cb #db #ec #fd #gd #he #ie #ajg #aa #ba #cb #dc #ec #fd #ge #hf #if #ajh #aa #bb #cb #dc #ed #fe #gf #hf #ig #aji #aa #bb #cc #dd #ed #fe #gf #hg #ih #aaj #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #ii #aaa #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #fg #gh #hi #ajj #aab #aa #bb #cd #de #ef #fg #gh #ij #aja #aac #aa #bc #cd #de #ef #fh #gi #ij #ajb #aad #aa #bc #cd #df #eg #fh #hj #ia #ajc #aae #aa #bc #cd #df #eg #fi #hj #ib #ajc #aaf #ab #bc #ce #df #eh #gj #ha #ic #ajd #aag #ab #bc #ce #dg #eh #gj #hb #id #aje #aah #ab #bd #ce #dg #ei #ga #hc #id #ajf #aai #ab #bd #cf #dh #ei #ga #hc #ie #ajg #abj #ab #bd #cf #dh #fj #gb #hd #if #ajh #aba #ab #bd #cf #dh #fj #gc #he #ig #aji #abb #ab #bd #cg #di #fa #gc #he #ih #aaj #abc #ab #be #cg #di #fa #gd #hf #ih #aaa #abd #ab #be #cg #ej #fb #gd #hg #ii #aab #abe #ab #be #cg #ej #fb #ge #hg #ajj #aab #abf #ac #be #ch #ej #fc #gf #hh #aja #aac #abg #ac #be #ch #ea #fc #gf #hi #ajb #aad #abh #ac #bf #ch #ea #fd #gg #ij #ajb #aac #abi #ac #bf #ci #eb #fd #gg #ij #ajc #aaf #acj #ac #bf #ci #eb #fe #gh #ia #ajd #aag ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,stage4 #cgd4 ,the ,ends proposed in the third and last ,stage of the ,work1 are1 first1 to add the general ,temperatures of the ,air1 or detached ,air-,thermometers1 at each ,place of ,observation above and below1 into one ,sum4 ,secondly1 to divide that ,sum3 each ,moiety of which is called the mean ,temperature of the ,air4 ,thirdly1 to apply that ,moiety to each ,barometer1 7both of which have been already brought to the ,standard-,temperature of #ca4 #bd27 in order to prove whether the ,moiety 7or ,quantity of ,heat assigned to each ,barometer by the general ,temperature of the ,air7 exceeded1 fell short of1 or equalled the ,standard-,temperature of the ,barometers1 by the #b;d ,table4 ,and fourthly1 from the ,moiety or mean ,temperature of the ,air1 to find the true ,height of the upper ,barometer3 which ,temperature resolves itself into three ,cases4 #cge4 #ast4 ,if the ,moiety or mean ,temperature of the ,air is greater than the ,standard ,temperature1 viz4 that to which the ,barometers are now brought2 find the ,expansion of ,air corresponding to such ,excess of ,temperature by the fourth ,table1 which ,height by ,expansion1 being added to the ,height already found in the #b;d ,table1 shews the true ,height1 viz4 of the upper ,barometer4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the #c;d and last ,stage includes two ,steps only1 viz1 #aath and #abth4 #cgf4 #aath ,step4 ,the detached ,air-,thermometer above was -- -- #ci ,degrees4 ,the detached ,air-,thermometer below was -- -- #de #ast4 ,add them1 for the whole ,heat4 -- -- -- #b7hd ,degrees4 #b;d4 ,for mean ,temperature of the ,air-,thermometers1 or a ,moiety of the ,heat1 divide by #b4 -- #db #c;d4 ,deduct the ,standard-,temperature of -- -- -- #ca from either ,moiety1 and the ,remainder ------ -- -- -- #aa is the #aa ,degrees of ,heat1 more than the ,standard#abc for each ,barometer4 ,for #db1 and #db1 equal to #hd1 was the whole ,height of the ,air at both ,places of ,observation in the upper and lower ,stations2 of which whole ,height the detached or ,air-,thermometer above received #ci1 and the detached or ,air-,thermometer below1 received #de4 #cgg4 #abth ,step4 ,find the ,height corresponding to the ,expansion of ,air1 with ,excess of ,heat or ,temperature above the ,standard-,temperature of the ,barometers3 and add it 7as in the first ,example7 to the ,height of the upper ,barometer1 corresponding to the ,standard-,temperature already found in the second ,table1 and the ,sum is the true ,height of the upper ,barometer4 ,this is to be done by referring to the #dth ,table1 shewing ,expansion of ,air with ,heat2 for the ,application of which there are separate ,instructions3 see the ,explanation of the #dth ,table4#abd #cgh4 ,the ,expansion of ,air1 in the first ,example1 is found by the #dth ,table to be ,feet #ajg4c ,tenths higher than the #djaf4h1 viz4 the ,remainder from the #b;d ,table 7,section #cga72 which ,numbers added give #dabd4a ,feet3 viz4 the true ,height of the upper ,station required4 ,,chapter ,,lxxiiii4 ,,use ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,table1 ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,example4 ,the use4 ,section #cgi4 ,to shew in ,feet1 and ,tenths1 what is the ,expansion of ,air on each thousand ,feet1 from #ajjj to #ijjj ,feet1 with each ,degree of ,temperature from #a to #ajj ,degrees1 on ,farenheit's ,scale4 ,the practice4 ,the #abth ,step applied in the first ,example4 #chj4 ,for the ,expansion of ,air with #aa ,degrees of ,heat on #djaf4h ,feet1 look in the fourth ,table1 with #aa in the left ,hand vertical ,column of ,temperature1 and 7first7 on #djjj ,feet1 along the upper ,line3 the ,place of ,meeting gives the ,expansion of the ,air1 with #aa ,degrees on #djjj ,feet3 viz4 #ajf4ib4abf ,next2 look with #aa ,degrees1 and 7as there is a ,cypher only in the ,place of ,hundreds7 on #aj1 7viz4 of the #af ,feet7 call the #aj1 a #ajjj2 the ,place of ,meeting1 or ,answer is #bf4gc3 ,thirdly2 with #aa1 on #f1 7viz4 of the #af17 calling it #fjjj2 the ,answer is #afj4ch3 ,fourthly2 with #aa1 on #h1 7viz4 the 4#h17 and the ,answer is #bac4hd4 #cha4 ,having added the respective ,expansions together1 thus2 with #aa1 on #djaf4h ,feet4 ,tenths4 #djjj #ajf4ib #ajf4ib #aj #bf4gc 4#bfgc with #aa #f #afj4ch 4#afjch on 4#h #bac4hd 4#jbachd -------------------- ,expansion #ajg4cfijfd2 7,see ,page #cjf47 ,,the ,,fourth ,,table1 shewing the expansion with ,,heat1 from #a to #ajj degrees1 on each ,,thousand ,,feet in the atmosphere1 from #ajjj to #ijjj feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- degrees of the ,,thermometer1 from #a to #ej1 on farenheit's scale4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajjj #bjjj #cjjj #djjj #ejjj #fjjj #gjjj #hjjj #ijjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #b4dc #d4hf #g4bi #i4gb #ab4ae #ad4eh #ag4ja #ai4dd #ba4hg #b #d4hf #i4gb #ad4eh #ai4dd #bd4cj #bi4af #cd4jb #ch4hh #dc4gd #c #g4bi #ad4eh #ba4hg #bi4af #cf4de #dc4gd #ea4jc #eh4cb #fe4fa #d #i4gb #ai4dd #bi4af #ch4hh #dh4fj #eh4cb #fh4jd #gg4gf #hg4dh #e #ab4ae #bd4cj #cf4de #dh4fj #fj4ge #gb4ij #he4je #ig4bj #aji4ce #f #ad4eh #bi4af #dc4gd #eh4cb #gb4ij #hg4di #ajb4jf #aaf4fd #aca4bb #g #ag4ja #cd4jb #ea4jc #fh4jd #he4je #ajb4jf #aai4jg #acf4jh #aec4ji #h #ai4dd #ch4hh #eh4cb #gg4gf #ig4bj #aaf4fd #acf4jh #aee4eb #agd4if #i #ba4hg #dc4gd #fe4fa #hg4dh #aji4ce #aca4bb #aec4ji #agd4if #aif4hc #aj #bd4cj #dh4fj #gb4ij #ig4bj #aba4ej #ade4hj #agj4aj #aid4dj #bah4gj #aa #bf4gc #ec4df #hj4aiajf4ib #acc4fe #afj4ch #ahg4aa #bac4hd #bdj4eg #ab #bi4af #eh4cb #hg4dhaaf4fd #ade4hj #agd4if #bjd4ab #bcc4bh #bfb4dd #ac #ca4ei #fc4ah #id4ggabf4cf #aeg4ie #ahi4ed #bba4ac #beb4gb #bhd4ca #ad #cd4jb #fh4jdajb4jfacf4jh #agj4aj #bjd4ab #bch4ad #bgb4af #cjf4ah #ae #cf4de #gb4ijaji4ceade4hj #ahb4be #bah4gj #bee4ae #bia4fj #cbh4je #af #ch4hh #gg4gfaaf4fdaee4eb #aid4dj #bcc4bh #bgb4af #caa4jd #cdi4ib #ag #da4ca #hb4fbabc4icafe4bd #bjf4ee #bdg4hf #bhi4ag #ccj4dh #cga4gi #ah #dc4gd #hg4dhaca4bbagd4if #bah4gj #bfb4dd #cjf4ah #cdi4ib #cic4ff #ai #df4ag #ib4cdach4eaahd4fh #bcj4he #bgg4jb #cbc4ai #cfi4cf #dae4ec #bj #dh4fj #ig4bjade4hjaid4dj #bdc4jj #bia4fj #cdj4bj #chh4hj #dcg4dj #ba #ea4jcajb4jfaec4jibjd4ab #bee4ae #cjf4ah #ceg4ba #djh4bd #dei4bg #bb #ec4dfajf4ibafj4chbac4hd #bfg4cj #cbj4gf #cgd4bb #dbg4fh #dha4ad #bc #ee4hiaaa4ghafg4fgbbc4ef #bgi4de #cce4cd #cia4bc #ddg4ab #ejc4ja #bd #eh4cbaaf4fdagd4ifbcc4bh #bia4fj #cdi4ib #djh4bd #dff4ef #ebd4hh #be #fj4geaba4ejahb4bebdc4jj #cjc4ge #cfd4ej #dbe4be #dhf4jj #edf4ge #bf #fc4ahabf4cfahi4edbeb4gb #cae4ij #cgi4jh #ddb4bf #eje4dd #efh4fb #bg #fe4faaca4bbaif4hcbfb4dd #cbh4je #cic4ff #dei4bg #ebd4hh #eij4di #bh #fh4jdacf4jhbjd4abbgb4af #cdj4bj #djh4bd #dgf4bh #edd4cb #fab4cf #bi #gj4dgadj4idbaa4dabha4hh #ceb4ce #dbb4hb #dic4bi #efc4gf #fcd4bc #cj #gb4ijade4hjbah4gjbia4fj #cfd4ej #dcg4dj #eaj4cj #ehc4bj #fef4aj #ca #ge4ccaej4ffbbe4iicja4cb #cgf4fe #dea4ih #ebg4ca #fjb4fd #fgg4ig #cb #gg4gfaee4ebbcc4bhcaa4jd #chh4hj #dff4ef #edd4cb #fbb4jh #fii4hd #cc #hj4aiafj4chbdj4egcbj4gf #djj4ie #dha4ad #efa4cc #fda4eb #gba4ga #cd #hb4fbafe4bdbdg4hfccj4dh #dac4aj #die4gb #egh4cd #ffj4if #gdc4eh #ce #he4jeagj4ajbee4aecdj4bj #dbe4be #eaj4cj #eie4ce #fhj4dj #gfe4de #cf #hg4dhagd4ifbfb4ddcdi4ib #dcg4dj #ebd4hh #fab4cf #fii4hd #ghg4cb #cg #hi4iaagi4hbbfi4gccei4fd #ddi4ee #eci4df #fbi4cg #gai4bh #hji4ai #ch #ib4cdahd4fhbgg4jbcfi4cf #dfa4gj #eed4jd #fdf4ch #gch4gb #hca4jf #ci #id4ggahi4edbhd4cacgi4jh #dgc4he #efh4fb #ffc4ci #geh4af #heb4ic #dj #ig4bjaid4djbia4fjchh4hj #dhf4jj #ehc4bj #fhj4dj #ggg4fj #hgd4hj #da #ii4fcaii4bfbih4hicih4eb #dih4ae #eig4gh #fig4da #gig4jd #hif4fg #dbajb4jfbjd4abcjf4ahdjh4bd #eaj4cj #fab4cf #gad4db #haf4dh #iah4ed #dcajd4dibjh4ihcac4dgdag4if #ebb4de #fbf4id #gca4dc #hce4ib #idj4da #ddajf4ibbac4hdcbj4gfdbg4fh #ecd4fj #fda4eb #gdh4dd #hee4cf #ifb4bh #deaji4cebah4gjcbh4jedcg4dj #edf4ge #fef4aj #gfe4de #hgd4hj #ihd4ae #dfaaa4ghbbc4efcce4cdddg4ab #eeh4ij #fgj4fh #ghb4df #hid4bdajjf4jb #dgaad4babbh4dbcdb4fcdef4hd #ega4je #fhe4bf #gii4dg #iac4fhajbg4hi #dhaaf4fdbcc4bhcdi4ibdff4ef #ehc4bj #fii4hd #haf4dh #icc4abajdi4gf #diaai4jgbch4adceg4badgf4bh #eie4ce #gad4db #hcc4di #ieb4efajga4fc #ejaba4ejbdc4jjcfd4ejdhf4jj #fjg4ej #gbi4jj #hej4e #igb4jjajic4e #eaabc4icbdg4hfcga4gidie4gb #fai4fe #gdc4eh #hfg4ea #iia4ddaaae4cg #ebabf4cfbeb4gbcgi4jheje4dd #fca4hj #geh4af #hhd4ebajaj4hhaacg4bd #ecabh4gibeg4ehchf4cgeae4af #fdc4ie #ggb4gd #ija4ecajcj4cbaaei4aa #edaca4bbbfb4ddcic4ffebd4hh #fef4aj #ghg4cb #iah4edajdi4gfaahj4ih #eeacc4febfg4cjdjj4ieecd4fj #ffh4be #hja4ij #ice4eeajfi4bjabjb4he #efacf4jhbgb4afdjh4bdedd4cb #fhj4dj #haf4dh #ieb4efajhh4fdabbd4gb #egach4eabgg4jbdae4eceed4jd #fib4ee #hca4jf #ifi4egaajh4jhabdf4ei #ehadj4idbha4hhdbb4hbefc4gf #gjd4gj #hde4fd #ihf4ehaabg4ebabfh4df #eiadc4cgbhf4gddcj4aaegc4dh #gaf4he #hfj4bbajjc4eiaadf4ifabij4cc #fjade4hjbia4fjdcg4djehc4bj #gbi4jj #hgd4hjajbj4fjaaff4djacab4bj #faadh4bcbif4dfddd4fieib4ib #gda4ae #hhi4chajcg4faaahe4hdaccd4jg #fbaej4ffcja4cbdea4ihfjb4fd #gdc4cj #ijc4ifajed4fbabje4bhacee4id #fcaec4jicjf4ahdei4bgfab4cf #gee4de #iah4edajga4fcabbd4gbacgg4ha #fdaee4ebcaa4jddff4effbb4jh #gfg4fj #icc4abajhh4fdabdd4afacii4fh #feaeg4iecae4ijdgc4hefca4hj #ggi4ge #idg4gjaaje4feabfc4fjadba4ee #ffafj4chcbj4gfdha4adfda4eb #gia4ij #ifb4bhaabb4ffabhc4jdaddc4db #fgafb4hacbe4fbdhh4dcfea4bd #had4je #igf4hfaaci4fgacjb4dhadfe4bi #fhafe4bdccj4dhdie4gbffj4if #hbf4bj #iia4ddaaef4fhacba4ibadhg4af #fiafg4fgcce4cdejc4jafgj4fh #hch4ceajjf4jbaagc4fiacda4cfaeji4jc #gjagj4ajcdj4bjeaj4cjfhj4dj #hej4ejajbj4fjaaij4gjacfj4hjaecj4ij #gaagb4eccde4jfeag4eifij4ab #hfb4feajce4ahabjg4gaachj4bdaeeb4gg #gbagd4ifcdi4ibebd4hhfii4hd #hgd4hjajdi4gfabbd4gbacii4fhaegd4fd #gcagg4ciced4ghecb4aggji4ef #hhf4ieajfd4cdabda4gcadai4abaeif4ea #gdagi4hbcei4fdeci4dfgai4bh #hii4ajajgh4ibabeh4gdadch4efafah4ch #geahb4becfd4ejedf4gegbi4jj #iaa4beajic4ejabge4geadeh4jjafdj4be #gfahd4fhcfi4cfeed4jdgch4gb #ibc4djaajh4jhabib4gfadgg4ddaffb4ab #ggahg4aacgd4bbefa4ccgdh4dd #ice4eeaabb4ffacji4ggadif4hhafhc4ii #ghahi4edcgi4jhefh4fbgeh4af #idg4gjaacg4bdacbf4ghaeaf4cbagje4hf #giaia4igchc4idege4iagfg4hh #iei4heaaea4hbacdc4giaece4gfagbg4gc #hjaid4djchh4hjehc4bjggg4fj #igb4jjaaff4djacfj4hjaeee4bjagdi4fj #haaif4hccic4ffeij4dighg4cb #ihd4aeaahj4ihacgg4haaegd4fdagga4dg #hbaii4bfcih4ebeig4ghgig4jd #iif4cjaaie4efacid4hbaeid4jhagic4cd #hcbja4fidjc4chfje4jghjf4gfajjh4deabaj4a dadaa4hcafac4ebahae4ba #hdbjd4abdjh4bdfab4cfhaf4dhajbj4fjabbd4g badbh4hdafcb4ifahcg4jh #hebjf4eedac4ajfai4fehbf4bjajcb4geabci4c jadde4heafeb4djaheh4ie #hfbjh4ihdag4iffbf4idhce4ibajdd4ijabec4h hadfb4hfafga4hdahhj4hb #hgbaa4dadbb4hbfcd4bchde4fdajeg4jeabfh4d fadgi4hgafia4bhaijb4fi #hhbac4hddbg4fhfda4ebhee4cfajfi4bjabhc4j dadif4hhagaj4gbaibd4ef #hibaf4bgdcb4edfdh4hahfe4jhajha4ceabig4f baeac4hiagcj4afaidf4dc #ijbah4gjdcg4djfef4ajhgd4hjajic4ejacab4b jaecj4ijagdi4fjaifh4cj #iabba4acddb4bfffc4cihhd4ebaaje4feacbf4g haedg4iaagfi4jdaiij4ag #ibbbc4efddg4abfgj4fhhid4bdaaag4hjacda4c faefd4ibaghh4dhbjab4jd #icbbe4iidea4ihfgg4igijc4ifaabi4ieacee4i daeha4icahjg4ibbjcc4ia #idbbh4dbdef4hdfhe4bfiac4fhaadb4ajacgj4e baeih4idahbg4cfbjee4gh #iebcj4hedfa4gjfib4eeibc4djaaed4beache4a jafae4ieahdf4hjbjgg4fe #ifbcc4bhdff4effii4hdicc4abaaff4djacii4f hafcb4ifahff4bdbjii4eb #igbce4gadga4dbgjg4acidb4hdaagh4eeadad4b fafdi4igahhe4fhbaba4ci #ihbch4addgf4bhgad4dbieb4efaaij4gjadbh4h dafff4ihaije4abbadc4bf #iibdj4egdha4adgba4gaifb4bhabab4headdc4d bafhc4iiaibd4efbafe4ac #ajjbdc4jjdhf4jjgbi4jjigb4jjabae4jjadeh4 jjagja4jjaidd4jjbahg4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #chb4 ,the decimal ,points in the ,answer must be changed1 thus3 #a4 ,for the ,place of ,thousands in the ,question1 7viz4 #djjj17 the ,answer must remain1 viz4 #ajf4ib1 as in the ,table1 which is calculated for the ,place of ,thousands4 #b4 ,for the ,place of ,hundreds1 in the ,question1 7viz4 which in the present ,case was a ,cypher27 if there had been a ,figure or ,figures in the ,place of hundreds2 then the decimal ,point in the ,answer must have been removed over one ,figure or ,place to the left4 #c4 ,for the ,place of ,tens1 in the ,question1 7viz4 #aj ,feet17 the decimal ,point in the ,answer1 must be removed over two ,figures1 or ,places1 to the left4 #d4 ,for the ,place of ,units1 in the ,question1 7viz4 #f7 the decimal ,point in the ,answer1 must be removed over three ,figures1 or ,places1 to the left4 #e4 ,for the ,place of a ,decimal1 in the ,question1 7viz4 4#h7 the decimal ,point1 in the ,answer1 must be removed over four ,figures1 or ,places to the left1 by adding a ,cypher3 and for the ,place of each further ,decimal in the ,question2--one ,place more in the ,answer1 by the further occasional ,addition of a ,cypher1 thus3 on ,feet #djjj1 the ,ans4 #ajf4ib is still #ajf4ib #aj #bf4gc becomes 4#bfgc #f #afj4ch 4#afjch 4#h #bac4hd 4#jbachd -------------------- #ajg4cfijfd #chc4 ,which ,sum1 by rejecting all but the first ,decimal1 in the ,answer1 is ,feet #ajg4c ,tenths equal to the ,expansion of ,air1 with #aa of ,heat1 on #djaf4h ,feet1 the ,height of the upper ,barometer1 with the ,temperature of #ca4bd1 according to the #b;d ,table4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,stage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 ,rule copied4 #chd4 ,the rule underneath1 consisting of #c ,precepts only1 is laid down by ,sir ,george ,shuckburgh1 in the ,transactions for #aggg1 ,page #egd1 in order to ascertain the ,height of ,mountains1 c4 7,see ,section #cdi74abg ,sidenote3 #ast4 ,step1 in ,section #cec4 #che4 ,recapitulation for each ,step of the ,work1 in the first ,example2 referring to the ,sections4 ,sidenote3 #b;d4 ,step1 in ,section #ced4 ,below4 ,barometer1 ,inches #bi1 4#d ,tenths4 ,attached ,thermometer1 #ej ,degrees1 ,air-,thermometer #de4 ,sidenote3 #c;d4 ,step1 in ,section #cee4 ,above4 ,barometer1 ,inches #be1 4#ai ,tenths4 ,attached ,thermometer #df1 ,air ,thermometer1 #bi4 ,from #ej subtract #df ---- and there remains #d ,degrees of ,temperature to be added to the colder ,barometer4 ,sidenote3 #dth ,step1 in ,section #cef4 ,by ,means of the first ,table1 find the ,expansion of the colder ,barometer1 with ,degrees of ,heat1 viz4 #d on ,inches #be1 4#ai1 gradually1 thus3 ,sidenote3 #eth ,step1 in ,section #cfd4 with #d on #be4 4#jaja with #d on 4#ai 4#jjjjjgf -------------------------------- #be4b ,sidenote3 #fth ,step1 in ,section #cff4 ,upper ,barometer1 ,inches #be1 4#b ,tenths4 ,lower ,barometer1 #bi1 4#d ,end of the first ,stage4 ,sidenote3 #gth ,step1 in ,section #cfh4 ,by ,means of the #b;d ,table1 find the corresponding ,heights in the ,air1 at #ca4 #bd4 ,sidenote3 #hth ,step1 in ,section #cga4 #be1 4#b ,answer #fbbe4j #bi1 4#d #bbjh4j ------------ ,the ,remainder is #djaf4h ,height in ,feet1 c4 ,sidenote3 #ith and #ajth ,steps1 in ,section #cgc4 ,the #c;d ,table1 or ,table for ,heights in the ,atmosphere corresponding to the ,tenth of an ,inch on the ,barometer1 including the #ith and #ajth ,steps1 is useless in this first ,example4 ,end of the ,second ,stage4 ,sidenote3 #aath ,step1 in ,section #cgf4 ,detached ,air-,thermometer1 above1 #bi ,ditto below1 #de ------ ,whole ,heat #b7hd ,half ,heat or mean ,temperature #dc ,deduct ,standard #ca ------ ,moiety above ,standard #aa ,sidenote3 #abth step1 in ,section #cgg4 ,by ,means of the #dth ,table1 find the ,expansion of ,air1 with #aa on #dajf4h ,feet viz4 #ajg4c which added to the same ,height gives #dabd4a for the true ,height1 in ,english ,feet1 of the ,mountain1 or upper ,station1 sought4 ,end of the last ,stage4 ,,chapter ,,lxxv4 ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,example3 ,with a distinct ,view of the ,work4 7,ph4 ,tr4 for #aggg1 ,page #egi47 ,section #chf4 ,the ,point at which the ,quicksilver stood in the ,tube of the ,barometer on the ,mountain1 or in the ,car of the ,balloon1 being ,inches #bd4agh ,tenths2 its attached ,thermometer1 ,degrees #eg4b ,tenths1 and its ,air-,thermometer #ef2 while the ,barometer on the ,ground stood at ,inches #bh1 4#acah ,tenths2 its attached ,thermometer1 ,degrees #fa1 4#h ,tenths1 and its ,air-,thermometer #fc1 4#i2 what is the ,height of the upper ,station8 ,sidenote3 #ast4 ,step4 #chg4 #ast4 ,step4 ,set down the ,observation on the ,ground1 thus3 ,below1 ,barometer1 ,inches #bh1 4#acah ,tenths1 ,attached ,thermometer1 ,degrees #fa1 4#h ,tenths4 ,air-,thermometer1 #fc1 4#i4 ,sidenote3 #b;d4 ,step4 #chh4 #b;d4 ,step4 ,set down the ,observation1 on the ,mountain1 or in the ,car1 thus3 ,above1 ,barometer1 ,inches #bd1 4#agh ,tenths4 ,attached ,thermometer1 ,degrees #eg1 4#b ,tenths4 ,air-,thermom4 #ef4 ,sidenote3 #c;d4 ,step4 #chi4 #c;d4 ,step4 ,from the warmer attached ,thermometer1 subtract the colder1 thus3 #fa1 4#h #eg1 4#b -------------- #d1 4#f #cij4 #dth4 ,step4 ,give the colder ,barometer the same ,expansion1 viz4 #d1 4#f with the warmer1 by the first ,table4 ,,chapter ,,lxxvi4 ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,table ,,in ,,the ,,second ,,example4 #dth ,step applied in the #b;d ,example4 ,sidenote3 #dth ,step applied4 ,section #cia4 ,the ,order to be observed in finding the ,expansion with #d4f1 i4e4 with #d ,degrees1 4#f ,tenths of ,heat1 on #bd4agh1 i4e4 #bd ,inches1 4#agh ,tenths of the coldest ,barometer4 ,find the ,expansion required1 thus3 ,case the #ast4 #ast4 ,part4 ,with #d on #bd ,inches4 #b;d4 ,part4 ,with #d on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches4 ,case the #b;d4 #ast4 ,part4 ,with 4#f ,tenths of a ,degree1 on #bd ,inches4 #b;d4 ,part4 ,with 4#f ,tenths of a ,degree1 on 4#agh ,tenths above #bd ,inches4 specifically1 thus3 #ast4 ,part of ,case the #ast4 ,to find the ,expansion1 ,with #d on #bd ,inches4 #b;d4 ,part of ,case the #ast4 ,with #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches2 begin thus3 ,with #d1 on #bd ,inches3 then1 ,with #d1 on #be3 then1 ,with #d1 on #a ,inch above #bd1 i4e4 on the #beth ,inch3 then1 ,with #d1 on 4#a ,tenth above #bd3 then1 ,with #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths above #bd4 #ast ,part of ,case the #b;d4 ,to find the ,expansion1 ,with 4#f above #d on #bd2 begin thus3 ,with #d on #bd ,inches3 then1 ,with #e on #bd3 then1 ,with #a above #d1 on #bd1 i4e4 the #eth3 then1 ,with 4#a ,tenth above #d1 on #bd3 then ,with 4#f ,tenths above #d1 on #bd4 #b;d ,part of ,case the #b;d4 ,to find the ,expansion1 ,with 4#f ,tenths above #d of ,heat on 4#agh ,tenths above #bd ,inches3 to be done thus3 ,the expansion with #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths above #bd ,inches1 being once found2 divide it by #d3 and the ,quotient is the ,expansion with #a above #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches4 ,then for the ,expansion with 4#a ,tenth above #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths above #bd ,inches2 add a ,cypher and decimal ,point to the left of the same ,quotient4 ,then for the ,expansion with 4#f2 multiply that ,sum into 4#f1 and add a ,cypher and decimal ,point4 ,the ,answer is the part of an ,inch1 to which 4#f ,tenths of a ,degree above #d of ,heat1 on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches1 raises the ,barometer4 ,it is true1 the part is so minute as to be rejected3 yet the ,mode of ,proceeding1 in order to investigate the ,expansion with ,precision1 is proper to be retained4 #cib4 practice of the first ,part of ,case the #ast4 ,for the ,expansion with #d1 on #bd ,inches2 look1 in the first ,table1 7,sect4 #cfc7 and in the left vertical ,column1 with #d ,degrees of the ,thermometer2 and along the upper horizontal ,line1 on #bd ,inches of ,quicksilver in the ,tube of the ,barometer3 the ,point of ,meeting gives the ,expansion 4#jjig2abh which1 preparatory to ,addition1 is to be placed under the #bd1 4#agh thus1 4#jjig practice of the #b;d ,part of ,case the first4 #cic4 ,in order to obtain the ,expansion1 with #d1 of ,heat on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches of the ,barometer2 let it be considered where it ought to be found in the ,table3 for1 ,tenths of #a ,inch above #bd ,inches1 are at some intermediate ,point between #bd and #be2 that is1 above #bd1 yet not so high as #be3 or more than #bd1 yet less than #be4 ,look therefore in the ,table1 with #d ,degrees of ,heat1 on #bd ,inches2 then with #d on #be ,inches3 and the respective ,numbers are 4#jjig and 4#jaja4 ,and by taking the ,expansion with #d on #bd ,inches1 from #d on #be2 the ,remainder will be the ,expansion with #d on #a ,inch above #bd ,inches1 viz4 on the #beth ,inch1 thus3 #be 4#jaja from2 ,with #d on #bd 4#jjig subtract3 ---------- 4#jjjd3 ,this therefore is the ,expansion with #d1 on #a ,inch above #bd ,inches4 ,then with #d1 on 4#a ,tenth of an ,inch above #bd ,inches4 ,the ,answer is the same as the former1 viz4 4#jjjd1 with the ,addition of a ,cypher and decimal ,point to the left1 thus2 4#jjjd becomes 4#jjjjd1 viz4 the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#a ,tenth of an ,inch above #bd ,inches4 ,then for the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths1 say1 ,if the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#a ,tenth above #bd ,inches gives 4#jjjjd ,part of an ,inch1 what will the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#agh give8 ,thus2 4#a 3 4#jjjjd 33 4#agh8 ,multiply the two last ,terms1 thus3 4#jjjjd 4#agh ------------ #jjjcb #jjjbh #jjjjd -------------- #jjjjgab3 and1 as in ,multiplication of ,decimals1 the ,product must have as many decimal ,places1 as are in the ,factors2 a ,cypher must be added to the left ,hand1 thus3 4#jjjjjgab3 but having divided that ,product by the first ,term 4#a1 viz4 a ,decimal1 the ,answer is a ,cypher less2 viz4 4#jjjjgab4 ,this ,answer is the ,expansion with #d1 on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches3 prepare it for ,addition1 as the former1 #bd4agh 4#jjig 4#jjjjgab practice of the first ,part of ,case the #b;d4 #cid4 ,for the ,expansion of 4#f ,tenths of a ,degree of ,heat1 7more than the #d ,degrees7 on #bd ,inches of the coldest ,barometer2 it shoud be considered where such ,tenths can lie in the ,table4 ,now 4#f ,tenths of #a ,degree1 7more than the #d7 are at some intermediate ,point of the ,thermometer between #a and #b ,degrees3 above #a2 yet not so high as #b3 or more than #a2 yet less than #b4 ,therefore 4#f ,tenths of #a ,degree above #d ,degrees1 are somewhere between the #dth and #eth ,degree3 above #d2 yet not so high as #e3 or more than #d2 yet less than #e4 ,look in the ,table 7,section #cfc72 first with #d ,degrees of ,heat1 on #bd ,inches1 and then with #e ,degrees of ,heat on #bd ,inches2 and the respective ,numbers are 4#jjig and 4#jaba3 and by taking the ,expansion with #d ,degrees on #bd ,inches1 from the ,expansion with #e ,degrees on the same #bd ,inches2 the ,remainder will be the ,expansion with #a ,degree above #d on #bd ,inches3 viz4 with #e 4#jaba on #bd ,inches1 as in whole #d 4#jjig ,numbers4 ---------- ,remainder1 4#jjbd ,this therefore is the ,expansion with #a ,degree of ,heat1 above #d1 viz4 with the #eth ,degree1 on #bd ,inches of the ,barometer4 ,then say1 if #a ,degree of the ,thermometer 7above #d1 viz4 the #eth ,degree7 gives by ,expansion1 a certain additional ,height1 or ,part of an ,inch1 viz4 4#jjbd1 on #bd ,inches of the ,barometer2 what ,height will #f ,degrees give8 ,answer #f ,times more4 ,multiply the #b;d and #c;d ,terms1 and divide by the first1 thus2 #a 3 4#jjbd 33 #f8 #f ---------- 4#jadd is the ,expansion1 or ,height1 in ,parts of an ,inch1 for #f ,degrees4 ,and farther1 to proportion for the ,decimal2 say as 4#a ,tenth of a ,degree gives a certain ,tenth of the former 4#jjbd1 in additional ,height1 viz4 4#jjjbd2 what ,height will 4#f ,tenths give8 ,answer1 4#jjadd4 ,prepare this ,height for ,addition to the ,numbers already found4 practice of the #b;d ,part of ,case the #b;d4 #cie4 ,to find the ,expansion of 4#f above #d on 4#agh above #bd ,inches4 ,the ,expansion with #d on 4#agh is already found to be 4#jjjjgab3 divide it by #d1 and the ,answer is 4#jjjjagh1 viz4 the ,expansion with #a on 4#agh above #bd ,inches3 ,and1 for the ,expansion with 4#a ,tenth2 the ,answer1 with the ,addition of a ,cypher and decimal ,point to the left1 becomes 4#jjjjjagh4 ,lastly1 for the ,expansion with 4#f1 say1 ,if 4#a 3 4#jjjjjagh 33 4#f8 ,multiply the #b;d and #c;d ,terms1 and divide by first3 4#jjjjjagh 4#f -------------------- 4#jjjjjajfh4 ,the ,answer is a ,decimal less1 viz4 4#jjjjajfh2 i4e4 the ,decimal of an ,inch1 to which 4#f ,tenths of a ,degree above #d ,degrees of ,heat1 on 4#agh ,tenths of an ,inch above #bd ,inches1 raises the ,barometer3 which1 after all1 is so inconsiderable1 that it may be fairly rejected4 ,yet the ,rules by which these ,deductions are made1 may be useful in other ,cases4 ,prepare for ,addition1 as before4 ,the ,decimals1 in the ,answers1 may be omitted1 when they exceed four ,places4 ,sidenote3 #eth ,step4 #cif4 #eth ,step4 ,to proceed with the second ,example4 ,place the different ,expansions now found1 above each other1 ,units1 ,tens1 c4 under ,units1 ,tens1 c4 preparatory to ,addition1 thus2 ,for the ,expansion with #d1 4#f on #bd1 4#agh3 #ast4 with #d1 on #bd1 4#jjig #b;d4 with 4#f on #bd1 4#jjadd #c;d4 with #d1 on 4#agh 4#jjjjgab #dth4 with 4#f on 4#agh 4#jjjjajfh ------------------ ,the ,expansions with #d14f added 4#jaabbahh ,to the ,sum add the ,height of the colder ,barometer #bd4agh ---------------------- #bd4ahib ,the ,answer is ,height of the colder ,barometer1 now equal in ,temperature to the warmer3 7rejecting all but the four first ,decimals47 ,sidenote3 #fth ,step4 #cig4 #fth ,step4 ,place the ,barometers now of the same ,temperature1 i4e4 equal to the warmer1 in one ,view1 thus3 #ast4 the upper ,barometer1 #bd4ahib #b;d4 the lower ,barometer1 #bh4acbh ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,stage4 ,the #gth ,step applied in the second ,example4 ,sidenote3 #gth ,step4 #cih4 ,find the ,height1 in ,feet1 in the #b;d ,column of the #b;d ,table1 corresponding to ,inches and ,tenths of the upper barometric ,tube1 in the #ast4 ,column of the same ,table1 thus3 7,sect4 #cga47 ,the ,barometer standing at #bd4ahib2 it must be considered where1 in the #b;d ,column of the #b;d ,table1 a ,height corresponding to such ,inches and ,tenths can lie3 and the ,answer is1 somewhere above #bd ,inches 4#a ,tenth1 but not so high as #bd ,inches 4#b ,tenths3 #bd ,inches 4#ahib ,tenths1 being more than #bd ,inches 4#a ,tenth1 but less than #bd ,inches 4#b ,tenths4 ,first then1 look in the #ast ,column for ,inches #bd1 4#a ,tenth2 and the corresponding ,height in ,feet is #gchh4j3 but the ,height for #bd1 4#b1 in the #b;d ,column1 beneath the former ,number1 is only #gbhj4a4 ,sidenote3 #hth ,step4 #cii4 #hth ,step4 ,subtract the latter from the former and the ,remainder is #ajg4i1 the same as in the #c;d ,column3 viz4 the ,height1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to one ,tenth only1 namely1 the ist ,tenth above ,inches #bd1 4#a ,tenth3 with the ,temperature of #ca4bd of ,farenheit1 for which sole ,purpose the #b;d ,table is calculated4 ,a new ,question then arises1 viz4 what are the ,heights in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the remaining ,tenths or ,decimals of an ,inch above ,inches #bd1 4#a ,tenth1 viz4 4#jh 4#jji 4#jjjb8 which is to be resolved1 by ,application of the #c;d ,table1 or ,table for ,tenths1 which see1 7,section #cgc47 ,sidenote3 #ith ,step4 #djj4 #ith ,step applied in the #b;d4 ,example4 ,first for the upper ,barometer4 ,look in the ,table for ,tenths1 in the left vertical ,column with #ajg1 7rejecting the 4#i1 as too minute27 and along the horizontal ,line at the top1 with #h3 and find the ,answer gradually1 thus3 #ast4 ,with #ajg1 and #h1 7as a whole ,number17 answering to 4#jh3 which1 in the ,place of ,meeting1 gives #hf ,feet4 #b;d4 ,with #ajg1 and #i1 7as a whole ,number17 answering to 4#jji3 which1 in the ,place of ,meeting1 gives #ig4 #c;d4 ,with #ajg1 and #b1 7as a whole ,number17 answering to #jjjb3 which1 in the ,place of ,meeting1 gives #ba4 ,place them in ,view1 and add1 and bring them back again into ,decimals1 thus3 ,with #ajg and #h1 answering to 4#jh giving #hf4 ,feet and #i1 to 4#jji #i4g and #b1 to 4#jjjb 4#ba ---------- #ie4ia 7,next3 with the #i1 if required2 which was before rejected37 but there being no 4#i ,tenths in the left ,vertical1 call it #ij1 and allow for it in each ,answer by moving the decimal ,point two ,places to the left1 thus3 with #ij1 and #h1 answering to 4#jh giving #gb 4#gb and #i1 to 4#jji #ha 4#jha and #b1 to 4#jjjb #ah 4#jjah -------- ,to 4#hjjbh ,add the former ,sum #ie4i ---------- ,total #if4g7 ,which #ie4i is the ,height in ,feet and ,tenths corresponding to 4#jhib ,decimals of an ,inch above ,inches #bd 4#a ,tenth3 and #bd 4#a gave ,feet #gchh4j in ,height2 therefore an additional ,height1 of so many ,tenths of an ,inch of ,quicksilver in the ,tube of the ,barometer1 must give in ,feet1 a less ,height of the ,barometer elevated above the imaginary ,level indicated at #cb ,inches4 ,sidenote3 #ajth4 ,step4 #dja4 #ajth4 ,step4 ,subtract the ,height in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,expansion on 4#jhib ,tenths of an ,inch1 7less than ,inches #bd4b ,tenths1 of the upper barometric ,tube17 from the ,height1 in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,expansion on ,inches #bd4a ,tenth of the same barometric ,tube1 continuing at the ,standard ,heat1#abi viz4 #gchh4j #ie4i ------------ ,the ,remainder #gbib4a gives the real1 viz4 the less ,height of the upper ,barometer1 at #bd4ahib with the ,standard ,temperature4 ,repeat the same ,process1 viz4 the #ith4 and #ajth4 ,steps1 for the lower ,barometer1 thus3 ,for the lower ,barometer in the #b;d4 ,example4 ,first1 ,find the ,height1 in ,feet1 of the lower ,barometer1 standing at ,inches #bh4acah ,tenths1 in the #b;d4 ,column of the #b;d4 ,table1 corresponding to ,inches and ,tenths of the ,quicksilver in the barometric ,tube1 in the first ,column of the same ,table1 thus3 ,the lower ,barometer standing at #bh4acah2 it must be considered1 where in the #b;d4 ,column of the #b;d4 ,table1 a ,height corresponding to such ,inches and ,tenths can lye3 and the ,answer is1 somewhere above #bh ,inches1 4#a ,tenth1 but not so high as #bh ,inches 4#b ,tenths3 #bh4acah ,tenths being more than #bh ,inches 4#a ,tenth1 yet less than #bh ,inches 4#b ,tenths4 ,first1 then1 look1 in the first ,column for #bh4a1 and the corresponding ,height1 in ,feet1 is #cchf4f3 but the ,height for #bh4b1 is only #cbid4j3 ------------ subtracting the less from the greater2 the ,remainder is #ib4f1 the same as in the #c;d4 ,column1 viz4 the ,height1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to one ,tenth only above #bh4a4 ,having therefore found that ,feet #ib4f ,tenths1 are the ,height1 corresponding to one ,tenth only above ,inches #bh4a ,tenth1 of the lower ,barometer1 with the ,temperature of freezing2 for which sole ,purpose1 the #b;d ,table is calculated2--a new ,question arises1 viz4 what are the ,heights1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the remaining ,decimals above #bh4a1 viz4 4#jc 4#jja 4#jjjh2 to be resolved by ,application of the third ,table1 or ,table for ,tenths1 which see1 7in ,section #cgc47 ,look in the #c;d4 ,table1 with #ib1 7omitting the 4#f as too minute7 and with #c answering to 4#jc1 which gives #bh ,feet #bh4 #a to 4#jja1 #i 4#i #h to 4#jjjh1 #gd 4#gd ------------ #bi4fd ,which #bi4f is the ,height in ,feet and ,tenths corresponding to 4#jcah ,tenths above ,inches #bh4a ,tenth3 and ,inches #bh4a ,tenth gave ,feet #cchf4f ,tenths in ,height3 therefore an additional ,height of so many ,tenths or ,decimals of an ,inch of ,quicksilver in the ,tube of the ,barometer1 must give in ,feet1 a less ,height of the lower ,barometer1 elevated above the imaginary ,level indicated by the ,quicksilver resting in the ,tube at #cb ,inches4#acj #djb4 ,therefore subtract the ,height1 in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,expansion on 4#jcah ,tenths of an ,inch 7less than ,inches #bh4b ,tenths of the lower barometric ,tube17 from the ,height1 in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,expansion on #bh4a ,tenth of the same ,barometer1 viz4 #cchf4f #bi4f ------------ and the ,remainder - #cceg4j1 gives the real ,height in ,feet of the lower ,barometer1 at #bh4acah when above the imaginary ,level1 and with the ,temperature of freezing by the second ,table4 #djc4 ,then1 by taking the ,number of ,feet and ,tenths above the imaginary ,level1 7indicated by the ,quicksilver1 in both ,tubes1 resting at #cb ,inches7 answering to the ,expansion on ,inches and ,tenths of the lower ,tube1 from the ,number of ,feet1 c4 by the former ,process1 answering to that of the upper ,tube2 viz4 upper #gbib4a lower #cceg4j ------------ the remaining ,feet #cice4a ,tenth is the ,height1 by which the ,station of the upper ,barometer exceeds the ,station of the lower2 both being at the ,temperature of #ca4bd on ,farenheit's ,scale4 ,see ,section #cga4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,stage 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 #aath ,step4 ,section #djd4 #aath ,step4 7,see the ,practice in the #ast ,example1 ,sect4 #cgf47 ,air-,thermom4 above was #ef4 ,air-,thermom4 below was #fc4i ---------- ,whole ,heat #aai4i7j adding a ,cypher7 ,half ,heat #ei4ie ,standard-,heat #ca4bd which deduct2 and there ------------ remains each ,moiety1 #bh4ga above the ,standard-,heat4 ,sidenote3 #abth ,step4 #dje4 #abth ,step4 7,see the ,practice in the first ,example1 ,section #cgg47 ,by the fourth ,table1 find the ,expansion of ,air1 with #bh4ga1 7more than the ,standard-,temperature7 on ,feet #cice1 4#a ,tenth1 gradually1 thus3 #djf4 ,first with #bh on ,feet #cjjj #bjd4aaca #ijj as #ijjj #fab4c #cj #cjjj #bjd4a #e #ejjj #cdj4a 4#a #ajjj #fh4j ,note3 #ast4 ,the decimal ,point in the ,answer corresponding to the ,place of ,thousands1 in the ,question1 is to remain1 as taken from the ,table calculated for thousand ,feet1 thus3 #bjd4a4 #b;d4 ,for ,hundreds in the ,question1 remove the decimal ,point one ,place in the ,answer1 thus3 #fab4c becomes #fa4bc3 #c;d4 ,for ,tens1 two ,places1 thus3 #bjd4a becomes #b4jda3 #dth4 ,for ,units1 three ,places1 thus3 #cdj4a becomes 4#cdja3 #eth4 ,and for each ,decimal1 a ,place more1 by adding ,cyphers to the left1 if wanted1 thus3 #fh4j becomes 4#jjfhj4 #djg4 ,place the plain and decimated ,answers1 in one ,view1 and add the latter together1 thus3 #bjd4a the same #bjd4a #fab4c becomes #fa4bc #bjd4a #b4jda #cdj4a 4#cdja #fh4j 4#jjfhj ------------------ viz4 ,expansion of ,air with #bfg4gagi #bh on #cice4a #djh4 ,second1 with 4#ga on ,feet #cjjj #eag4e #ijj as #ijjj #aeeb4g #cj #cjjj #eag4e #e #ejjj #hfb4f 4#a #ajjj #agb4e ,in order to decimate these ,answers1 it must be observed that the ,expansion was not with #ga ,degrees1 but with 4#ga ,tenths of a ,degree of ,heat2 therefore the decimal ,point corresponding to #cjjj ,feet in the ,question1 must in the ,answer be removed two ,places to the left1 thus3 #eag4e becomes #e4age3 for the #ajj1 three ,places3 for #a4eebg the #aj1 four ,places3 and so 4#jeage on4 4#jjhfbf 4#jjjagbe -------------------- #f4ghhbdhe ,the ,expansion with 4#ga being found1 viz4 ,feet #f4g ,tenths2 add it to the ,expansion on #bh ,feet already found1 viz4 #bfg4g ---------- #bgd4d ,answer4 ,which ,height in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the ,expansion of ,air with #bh4ga ,tenths of a ,degree of ,heat more than the ,standard #ca4bd1 being added to the ,height in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the ,expansion on ,inches of the ,quicksilver in the upper ,barometer1 with the ,standard-,heat1 already found1 viz4 #cice4a gives the real ,height of the ,mountain1 #bgd4d ------------ or upper ,station1 sought4 #dbji4e ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,stage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the second ,example briefly stated3 referring to the ,sections4 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #cia4 #dji4 ,below3 ,barometer #bh4acah4 ,attached ,thermometer #fa4h2 ,air ditto #fc4i4 ,above3 ,barom4 #bd4agh4 ,attached ,thermometer #eg4b2 ,air ditto #ef4 ,degrees of ,heat1 viz4 #d4f to be added to the colder ,barometer at ,inches #bd4agh ,tenths1 by the first ,table1 viz4 4#jaab ,parts of an ,inch of the ,quicksilver in the ,barometer1 raised by #d4f of ,heat4 -------------- ,the ,sum #bd4ahib is the point1 in ,inches and ,tenths of an ,inch1 at which the upper ,barometer now rests1 being of equal ,heat with the lower4 ,end of the first ,stage4 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #cii4 ,by the #b;d4 ,table1 find the ,height1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the said point when at the ,standard-,heat2 gradually1 thus3 the ,height corresponding to ,feet #bd4a is #gchh4j3 then with the ,difference #ajg4i1 7rejecting the 4#i74 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #djj4 ,find the ,height by the #c;d4 ,table corresponding to 4#jh #hf4j 4#jji #i4g ,feet #ie4i ,tenths4 4#jjjb 4#b ,which ,height subtract from #gchh4j #ie4i ------------ ,and there remains1 in ,feet1 #gbib4a ,the ,height corresponding to ,inches #bd4ahib ,tenths of the upper ,barometer1 with the ,standard ,temperature of #ca4bd2 for which sole ,purpose the #b;d4 ,table is calculated4 ,repeat the last ,process with the lower ,barometer1 resting at #bh4acah1 gradually1 thus3 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #dja4 ,by the #b;d4 ,table1 find the ,height corresponding to #bh4a1 which is #cchf4fa2 then with the ,difference #ib4f 7rejecting the 4#f7 find the corresponding ,height1 by the #c;d4 ,table for the remaining ,tenths or ,decimals of an ,inch1 above #bh4a1 viz4 4#jc #bh4j 4#jja 4#i ,feet #bi4f ,tenths4 4#jjjh 4#g ,sidenote3 ,section #djb4 ,which ,height subtract from #cchf4f #bi4f ------------ ,and there remains1 #cceg4j viz4 the ,height in ,feet corresponding to ,inches #bh4acah ,tenths of the lower ,barometer1 with the ,standard ,temperature of #ca4bd1 for which sole ,purpose the #b;d4 ,table is calculated4 ,sidenote3 ,section #djc4 ,subtract the ,height in ,feet1 corresponding to ,inches of ,quicksilver in the upper ,barometer1 viz4 #gbib4a from ditto in lower ,barometer1 viz4 #cceg4j and there remains the ,height in ,feet ------------ of the upper ,barometer at the ,standard-,temperature viz4 #cice4a of #ca4bd4 ,end of the second ,stage4 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #djd4 ,on which ,number of ,feet1 viz4 #cice4a1 by the #dth ,table1 find the ,height1 with #bh4ga of ,heat3 ,with #bh4 on ,feet #cice4a #bfg4g and ,with 4#ga on the same #f4g ---------- ,sum #bgd4d3 which ,height1 more than the ,standard-,heat1 being added to #cice4a the ,height1 with the ,standard1 ------------ gives the true ,height1 viz4 #dbji4e4 ,end of the third ,stage4 ,,chapter ,,lxxvii4 ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,example1 ,,referring ,,to ,,the ,,sections4#acb ,section #daj4 ,below3 ,barom4 ,inches #cj1 4#jafh3 ,attached ,therm4 #fj4f2 ,air-ditto1 #fj4b3 ,above3 ,barom4 - - ,inches #bi1 4#ebah3 ,attached ,therm4 #ef4f2 ,air-ditto1 #eg4 ,subtract the colder ---------- from the warmer1 and there remains #d of ,heat to be added to the colder ,barometer2 to give it an equal ,temperature3 which is to be done by the #ast ,table1 thus3 ,sidenote3 ,section1 #cef4 ,to find the ,expansion with #d of ,heat1 on the colder ,barometer2 7which1 as before1 is the upper ,barometer7 standing at ,inches #bi1 4#ebah ,tenths4 ,first1 with #d on #bi ,inches 4#jaag3 #b;d1 with #d on 4#ebah ,tenths above #bi ,inches3 ,in order to obtain which1 begin with #d on #bi 4#jaag then with #d on #cj 4#jaba ,subtract for the ,expansion with ---------- #d on #a ,inch above #bi1 and there remains 4#jjjd4 ,sidenote3 ,section #cfb4 ,then for the ,expansion with #d on 4#a ,tenth of an ,inch above #bi ,inches2 add a ,cypher and decimal ,point1 viz4 4#jjjjd3 ,sidenote3 ,section #cfc4 ,then for the ,expansion on 4#eabh1 multiply the two last ,terms1 and divide ---------- the ,product by the first ,term 4#a3 the ,answer is 4#jjjbjhgb ,add the ,expansion with #d on #bi ,inches1 just found1 4#jaag to the ,inches of the colder ,barometer1 viz4 #bi4ebah -------------- ,answer2 ,inches #bi4eccg ,tenths of the colder ,barometer1 are now expanded equally with the warmer3 7rejecting the ,decimals as in ,section #cie47 ,place the ,barometers1 thus3 ,upper ,barometer1 #bi4eccg ,lower ,barometer1 #cj4jafh ,end of the first ,stage4 ,sidenote3 ,section #cga4 #daa4 ,by the #b;d ,table1 and in the #b;d ,column1 find the ,height of each ,barometer1 with the ,standard-,heat1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 corresponding to the ,inches and nearest ,tenth above and below the ,point required3 and ,first of the upper1 at #bi4eccg3 ,the ,inches and nearest ,tenth is above ,feet4 #bi4e1 corresp4 to #baai4g ,difference and below #bi4f1 cor4 to #bjca4e between 4#e and 4#f ------------ above #bi ,inches4 #hh4b ,sidenote3 ,section #cgc4 #dab4 ,by the #c;d ,table1 with the ,difference #hh ,feet1 find the ,expansion on the remaining ,decimals1 above #bi4e1 viz4 on 4#jccg1 thus3 on #jc #bf decimated #bf4 #jjc #bf #b4f #jjjg #fb 4#fb ---------- ,feet #bi4bb ,from the ,height corresponding to #bi4e viz4 ,feet #baai4g ,tenths1 subtract the #bi4bb1 i4e4 ,height cor4 to 4#jcch and there ------------------ -------------- remains #bjij4dh1 the ,height cor4 to #bi4ecch with ,expansion of the ,standard-,heat4 #dac4 ,repeat the #d last ,steps for the lower ,barometer1 at #cj4jafh4 #ast4 ,the ,inches and nearest ,tenth is above #cj4 corresp4 to ,feet #afha4g ,difference of and below #cj4a cor4 #aeie4j 4#a above #cj ------------ ,inches4 #hf4g #b;d4 ,then with #hf ,feet1 find the ,expansion on the remaining ,decimals1 above #cj1 viz4 4#jafh1 thus3 on #ja #i #i4 #jjf #eb #e4b #jjjh #fi 4#fi ---------- ,feet #ad4hi #dad4 7#c;d47 ,from the ,height corresponding to #cj ,inches1 viz4 ,feet #afha4g ,tenths1 subtract the ,height #ad4hi corresp4 to 4#jafh1 -------------- and there remains #afff4ha1 the ,height corresp4 to #cj4jafh1 with ,expansion of the ,standard-,heat4 #dth4 ,from the upper ,height1 at #bjij4dh ,subtract the lower ,height1 at #afff4ha -------------- ,and there remains the ,height #dbc4fg in ,feet and ,tenths of the upper ,barometer1 with the ,standard ,temperature4 ,end of the second ,stage4 ,sidenote3 ,section #cgd4 #dae4 ,detached ,therm4 above #eg ,detached ditto1 below #fj4b -------------- ,whole ,heat #aag4b ,half ,heat #eh4f7j adding a ,cypher7 ,standard ,heat #ca4bd ------------ which being deducted1 leaves #bg4cf1 viz4 ,degrees of ,heat more than the ,standard1 for each ,barometer4 ,sidenote3 ,section #chj4 #daf4 ,by the #dth ,table1 find the ,expansion of ,air1 with #bg4cf1 on ,feet #dbc4fg ,tenths4 ,sidenote3 ,section #djf4 ,first1 with #bg1 on #dbc4fg1 thus3 viz4 on #djj as #djjj #bfb4d decimated #bf4bd #bj as #bjjj #aca4b #a4cab #c as #cjjj #aif4h 4#aifh 4#f as #fjjj #cic4f 4#jcicf 4#jg as #gjjj #dei4b 4#jjdeib ------------------ ,expansion #bg4fibgeb ,sidenote3 ,section #djg4 ,second1 with 4#cf on the same1 thus3 on #djj as #djjj #cdi4i decimated 4#cdii #bj as #bjjj #agd4i 4#jagdi #c as #cjjj #bfb4d 4#jjbfbd 4#f as #fjjj #ebd4h 4#jjjebdh 4#jg as #gjjj #fab4c 4#jjjjfabc ------------------ ,expansion 4#cgjejjjc ,add the former #bg4fibgeb ---------------------- ,height in ,feet #bh4jfcbebjc #dag4 ,which ,height for ,expansion of ,air1 with more than the ,standard ,heat1 being added#acc to the ,height1 for ,expansion of the ,barometer1 with the ,standard-,heat1 gives the true ,height of the upper ,barometer1 at the given ,heat4 ,for ,expansion of ,air above ,standard ,heat1 ,height in ,feet #bh4j ,for ,expansion of ,barometer1 with ,standard3 ,height in ,feet #dbc4f ---------- #dah4 ,true ,height of the upper ,barometer #dea4f ,lower ,barometer #a ,foot above the ,water #a4j ,height of the ,top of the ,cross above the ,gallery #ej4j ---------- ,height of the ,top of the ,cross above the ,tyber #ejb4f ,height of the same1 measured the same ,day geometrically1 was ,feet #ejb4i ,end of the last ,stage4 ,,chapter ,,lxxviii4 ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,example1#acd ,,for ,,measuring ,,small ,,heights4 ,sidenote3 ,by this ,example1 small ,heights are easily measured4 ,section #dai4 ,attached ,therm4 below1 #ga4j ,attached ,therm4 above1 #gj 4#e ---------- ,subtract1 and there remains 4#e ,tenths of a ,degree of ,heat to be added to the colder ,barometer 7which in the present ,case is the upper1 but might possibly have been otherwise7 by the #ast ,table4 ,first1 with #j4e on #bi ,inches4 ,to obtain which1 begin with #a4j on #bi ,inches 4#jjb3 with #j4a above #a1 on #bi 4#jjjb3 then with #j4e above #a1 on #bi 4#jja4 ,prepare it for ,addition to the colder ,barometer4 colder ,barometer #bi4ihe ,expansion with 4#e above #a1 on #bi 4#jja ------------ #bi4ihf ,secondly1 with 4#e ,tenths above #a1 on 4#ihe ,tenths above #bi ,inches4 ,to obtain which1 7having already found the ,height from ,expansion with 4#e above #a1 on #bi ,inches1 to be 4#jja27 since the ,expansion on 4#ihe ,tenths above #bi ,inches1 is somewhere above #bi1 yet below #cj ,inches2 find the ,expansion with 4#e above #a1 on #cj ,inches1 thus3 first1 with #a1 on #cj 4#jjc #b;d4 with #j4a above #a1 on #cj 4#jjjc #c;d4 with #j4e above #a1 on #cj 4#jjae ,subtract the ,expansion with 4#e ,tenths above #a1 on #bi ,inches1 from the ,expansion with 4#e ,tenths above #a1 on #cj ,inches3 viz4 on #cj 4#jjae on #bi 4#jja ---------- ,the ,answer is 4#jjje1 the ,height from ,expansion1 with 4#e ,tenths above #a1 on #a ,inch above #bi1 i4e4 on the #cjth ,inch3 ,then1 if #a ,inch above #bi gives 4#jjje2 4#a gives 4#jjjje3 and #ihe -------------- multiplied #jjjbe as whole #jjjdj ,numbers1 #jjjde ---------------- give 4#jjjdibe add the former ,number #bi4ihf and1 for the three remaining ,decimals1 may be substituted #a ,decimal in the fourth ,place #a -------------- colder ,barometer of equal ,heat #bi4ihfe with the warmer #dbj4 ,when the ,quicksilver in each ,barometer indicates the same ,number of ,inches1 differing but one or two ,tenths at the most2 7which will frequently be the ,case1 in levelling flat ,countries1 or measuring small ,heights2--instead of the usual ,method1 7to find the ,height of each ,barometer separately1 with the ,standard-,heat1 by the #b;d ,column of the #b;d ,table1 as in ,section #daa27--;it will be more convenient1 #ast4 ,to subtract the lower ,barometer from the upper4 ,then1 #b;dly4 ,by the #c;d ,column of the same ,table1 find the difference1 7viz4 of one or two ,tenths at the most7 below the ,inches and nearest ,tenth of the lower ,barometer4 ,and lastly1 with that difference1 find by the #c;d ,table1 the ,height at the ,standard-,heat1 corresponding to the remaining ,decimals above the upper ,barometer4 #dba47ast47 ,from the lower ,barom4 viz4 #cj4jhb ,subtract the upper #bi4ihfe -------------- ,remaining ,decimals above the upper 4#jiee #b;d4 ,find1 by the #b;d ,table1 the ,height corresponding to the ,inches1 and nearest ,tenth above and below the ,point at which the ,quicksilver rests in the lower ,barometer4 ,the ,inches and nearest ,tenth is above #cj ,inches1 correspond4 to ,feet #afha4g and below #cj4a1 corresponding to #aeie4j ------------ #hf4g which is the difference of 4#a below #cj4a4 ,lastly4 ,find1 by the #c;d ,table1 with the difference1 viz4 #hf ,feet1 on the remaining ,decimals1 for the ,height1 in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,standard-,heat4 viz4 4#ji #gg #gg4 ,feet4 4#jje #dc #d4c 4#jjje #dc 4#dc ---------- ,answer1 ,height in ,feet #ha4gc corresponding to 4#jiee above ,inches #bi4ihfe ,tenths of an ,inch1 of ,quicksilver in the upper ,barometer thus brought to the ,standard-,heat4 #dbb4 ,prepare for ,expansion of ,air from ,excess above ,standard-,heat1 on the same ,number of ,feet3 ,detached ,thermom4 above #gf4 ,detached ,thermom4 below #fh4j -------- ,whole ,heat #add4j ,half ,heat #gb4j7j adding a ,cypher7 ,standard-,heat #ca4bd ---------- which deduct1 and there remains #dj4gf3 with which1 by the #dth ,table1 find the ,expansion of ,air on ,feet #ha4gc3 ,first1 with #dj1 on #ha4gc1 thus3 on #hj4 as #hjjj - #ggg4f #g4ggf #a4 as #ajjj - #ig4b 4#jigb 4#g as #gjjj - #fhj4d 4#jfhjd 4#jc as #cjjj - #bia4f 4#jjbiaf ---------------- #g4iddaef ,second1 with 4#gf on #ha4gc1 thus3 on #hj4 as #hjjj - #adgg4d 4#adggd #a4 as #ajjj - #ahd4f 4#jjahdf 4#g as #gjjj - #abib4g 4#jjabibg 4#jc as #cjjj - #eed4j 4#jjjjeed ---------------- ,expansion 4#aejicda add the former ,expansion #g4iddaef ------------------ ,sum of the ,expansions1 viz4 ,height in ,feet #h4jiejija from ,excess of ,heat above ,standard1 with #dj4gf on #ha4gc1 added to the ,height at the ,standard-,heat1 in ,feet #ha4gc gives1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 the true ------------ ,height of the ,tarpeian ,rock #hi4hb4 ,,chapter ,,lxxix4 ,a ,,calculation ,,to ,,ascertain ,,the ,,height ,,of ,,the ,,balloon ,,on ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,ascent3 ,,one ,,barometer ,,and ,,one ,,thermometer ,,only1 ,,being ,,taken ,,up ,,into ,,the ,,car4 ,section #dbc4 ,the ,question is stated from ,section #cf3 and the ,mode of ,operation taken from the ,recapitulation of the second ,example1 ,section #dji4 ,observation before the ,ascent3 ,below3 ,barometer #bi4h2 attached ,thermometer #j2 detached ,thermometer #fe4 ,above3 ,barometer #bc #bc or #bc4be2ace attached ,thermom4 #j2 detached ,thermom4 #fe4 ,there being no attached ,thermometers2 the first ,table is useless3 the ,barometer below is therefore supposed to be of the same ,temperature as when above2 the detached ,thermometer remaining at the same ,degree1 viz4 #fe4 ,state the ,barometer1 thus3 when below1 at #bi4h when above1 at #bc4be4 ,end of the first ,stage4 #dbd4 ,find the ,height 7at the ,standard-,heat7 corresponding to the ,inches and nearest ,tenth above and below #bc4be3 i4e4 above #bc4b1 and below #bc4c3 by the #b;d ,table4 ,now #bc4b corresponds to #hcgi4g3 and the ,difference of 4#a above1 i4e4 to #bc4c1 is in ,feet #aab4a3 by the #c;d ,column of the same ,table4 ,with this ,difference1 consult the #c;d ,table3 i4e4 with #aab1 7omitting the 4#a as too minute7 on the remaining ,decimals above #bc4b1 viz4 on #je1 as on #e1 or 2 and the ,answer is #ef ,feet3 which ,number being subtracted from #hcgi4g1 the ,remainder #hcbc4g1 is the ,height in ,feet of the ,barometer in the ,car1 at the ,standard-,heat4 ,repeat the last ,process for the ,barometer on the ,ground4 ,now #bi4h1 by the #b;d ,table1 corresponds to #ahef4j2 and there being no ,parts or ,decimals more minute than a ,tenth1 viz4 4#h1 there is no ,occasion for the #c;d ,table4 ,subtract the ,barometer in the ,car1 from the same when on the ,ground2 and1 by the #b;d ,table1 upper ,barom4 #bc4be1 corresp4 to #hcbc4g1 and the lower ,barom4 #bi4h1 to #ahef4j3 the ,remainder is the ,height in ,feet ------------ of the ,barometer in the ,car viz4 #fdfg4g1 with the ,standard-,heat4 ,end of the second ,stage4 #dbe4 ,detached ,therm4 above1 at #fe ,detached ,therm4 when below1 at #fe ------ ,whole ,heat #acj ,half ,heat #fe47jj adding ,cyphers7 ,standard-,heat #ca4bd ---------- which deduct1 and there remains #cc4gf ,degrees more than the ,standard-,heat1 for each ,barometer4 ,then for the ,expansion of ,air1 with such ,heat more than the ,standard1 consult the #dth ,table3 viz4 with #cc4gf on ,inches #fdfg4g1 the ,height of the ,barometer in the ,car with the ,standard-,heat1 thus3 #dbf4 ,first1 with #cc1 on #fdfg4g on #fjjj as #fjjj #dha4a1 decimated #dha4a #djj as #djjj #cbj4g #cb4jg #fj as #fjjj #dha4a #d4haa #g as #gjjj #efa4c 4#efac 4#jg as #gjjj #efa4c 4#jefac ------------------ ,expansion #eah4eihdc #dbg4 ,second1 with 4#gf on #fdfg4g3 on1 as before1 #fjjj #aajh4 decim4 #aa4jh #djjj #gch4g 4#gchg #fjjj #aajh4 4#aajh #gjjj #abib4g 4#jabibg #gjjj #abib4g 4#jjabibg -------------------- ,expansion #aa4idcgaig ,add the former #eah4eihdc ------------------------ ,total ,expansion #ecj4eedbaig viz4 ,height by ,expansion in ,feet1 with more than the ,standard-,heat1 add to ,height in ,feet at the ,standard-,heat #fdfg4g ------------ #dbh4 ,the true ,height1 in ,feet and ,tenths1 of the ,barometer in the ,car #fiih4b ,feet in a ,yard #c7 ------------ ,yards in a ,mile #agfj7 #bccb4b ,feet4 #agfj 7#a ,mile4 ------------ ,yards in a ,quarter of a ,mile #ddj 7 #egb 7#a ,qr4 #ddj ------ #cb ,yards4 ,the ,height of the ,balloon #a ,mile1 #a ,quarter1 #cb ,yards1 and #b ,feet4 ,end of the last ,stage1 and of the ,mensuration of ,heights4 ,n4 ,b4 ,a thermometric sliding ,rule1 for the ,expansion of ,quicksilver1 and of ,air1 may possibly1 from the foregoing ,tables1 be so contrived and adapted to the ,barometer1 as to tell the ,height by ,inspection1 while in the ,car of the ,balloon4 ,,chapter ,,lxxx4 ,,hints1 ,,on ,,the ,,cheapest ,,method ,,of ,,inflating ,,balloons1 ,,with ,,descriptions ,,of ,,different ,,models ,,for ,a ,,gass-,,steam-,,engine4 ,section #dbi4 ,the ,expence attending the ,inflation of ,balloons is a solid ,objection to their frequent ,use4 ,a ,check is thereby given to every ,improvement that might otherwise be expected from a ,repetition of ,experiments4 ,it is1 in short1 the chief ,difficulty under which the aironautic art at present labours4 ,this ,difficulty1 however1 if once overcome1 7and of which there is little ,doubt7 will probably bring those extraordinary ,machines1 into general ,estimation4 ,what now costs fifty ,pounds1 may then be done for five3 abating the ,expence of the preparatory ,engine4 ,mons4 ,lavoisier1 by the ,application of ,steam to ,iron ,filings enclosed in a ,copper ,retort1 has generated inflammable ,air1 or light ,gass3#acf and ,dr4 ,priestley1 by converting a ,gun-,barrel into a ,steam-,engine1 has produced a ,gass #ac ,times lighter than common ,air2#acg whereas by the present expensive ,method1 with ,metal and ,acid1 the ,gass for ,inflation is seldom more than six ,times lighter4 ,what has hitherto been atchieved on a small ,scale1 is here meant to be extended4 ,as no ,particulars are made public1 or at least1 have yet come to the ,author's ,knowledge1 relative to the ,construction of such a ,gass-,steam-,engine1 as may1 with ,safety and ,effect1 be applied to the ,inflation of ,balloons2 the following ,descriptions of different ,models may deserve some ,notice3--may possibly excite the ,attention of the ingenious2 and put them on contriving easier ,means to obtain the same ,end4 ,i4 #dcj4 ,let there be an ,iron ,hot-hearth1 one ,yard square1 and two ,inches thick4 ,let it be set on a ,common ,brick ,stove1 built as near the ,ground as possible1 7or even below it7 in the open ,air4 ,its ,chimney to consist of malleable ,iron1 flat at the ,top1 and strong enough to support a ,tea-,kettle or ,boiler to produce ,steam3 and extending at least one ,yard from the ,end of the ,hearth horizontally1 before it turns up4 ,it may rise three or four ,yards high1 slanting farther from the ,hearth3 the ,form a hollow ,cylinder3 with a ,turn-,cap at the ,top1 two ,feet long1 set on at right ,angles2 for the ,management of the ,smoke4 ,supposing then the ,fire-,place to face the ,west2 the ,chimney may project ,eastward4 ,the ,north ,side is to be appropriated to the ,iron-,borings or ,turnings2 and on the ,south ,side is to be deposited the ,dross or ,calx4 ,a ,muffle or ,mould of malleable ,iron is to be screwed and luted over the hot ,hearth4 ,the four ,sides of the ,muffle next the ,hearth are to have horizontal ,lips or ,rims projecting half an ,inch3 and ,screws are to be driven1 throu' ,holes drilled at proper ,distances1 into the ,hearth4 ,the ,sides are to rise upright a ,couple of ,inches3 closing1 as they rise1 in the ,form of a hollow ,cylinder1 one ,foot in ,diameter1 and perhaps a ,yard above the ,hearth3 which is now converted into a ,gass-,steam-,engine4 ,it is proposed to strew over the ,hot-hearth a thin ,layer of ,borings1 one ,tenth of an ,inch thick2 to which ,layer when red hot1 the boiling ,steam is to be applied4 ,the extricated ,gass is to be conveyed from the ,top of the ,cylinder1 by ,means of an extended ,trunk of ,tin1 and varnished ,linen1 into a ,tub of cold ,water kept continually flowing over1 into which a few ,lumps of quick ,lime are thrown3 and from thence the ,gass is to rise into the ,balloon4 #dca4 ,the ,iron1 whether ,filings or ,turnings1 proper for ,inflation1 must be bright2 wholly free from ,chips1 ,bits of ,wood1 and all heterogeneous ,particles3 but particularly ,,rust1 and ,,grease3 less than a cubic ,inch of the latter1 woud spoil a ,ton of the brightest1 and otherwise the best prepared ,materials4 7,section #cci47 ,a ,day or two only1 before a ,balloon is inflated2 the proper ,quantity of bright ,iron shoud be heated red hot in ,charcoal1 and suffered to go cold4 ,for ,want of this simple ,preparation of the ,iron1 the ,gass has proved defective in ,point of ,,levity3 altho' the ,balloon appeared fully inflated4 ,this ,misfortune happened at ,birmingham1 and other ,places4 #dcb4 ,the ,desideratum is1 quickly to apply1 and remove the ,borings1 keeping the ,machine nearly ,air-tight4 ,for1 it is now well known1 that the ,gass will explode1 if one-third ,part of common ,air be introduced3 or1 if less2 it may unite with the ,gass1 and detract from its ,levity4 #dcc4 ,the following ,particulars may likewise be considered as an ,improvement4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,to lay a ,plate of ,iron1 ,brass1 or ,copper1 over the ,hearth2 which1 if made of cast ,iron1 will be apt to crack1 in ,contact with the ,steam2 and will also unite with and concrete the ,iron ,turnings or ,gun-,borings into a solid ,mass1 that woud be separated with ,difficulty4 #b4 ,to make the ,dross-,pit in the ,form of a hollow ,wedge1 narrow at the ,top3 screwing and luting it to the ,south ,side of the ,hearth4 ,it shoud hold the ,dross arising from a ,ton of ,borings2 which will be sufficient for the ,inflation of a ,balloon1 to carry one ,person4 #c4 ,on the ,north ,side is to be erected a ,platform of ,brick1 a ,yard square1 floored with a ,plate of ,iron3 the inside ,surface to be even with the ,bottom of the ,hearth4 #d4 ,the ,ton of ,borings is to be placed on the ,floor1 and covered with another ,muffle1 secured and luted to the ,side of the ,hearth3 having a ,communication of two ,inches high1 and one ,yard wide1 with the ,bottom of the ,hearth3 as the ,dross-,pit has4 #e4 ,a ,brass or ,copper ,rake is to remain within the two ,muffles3 to press forward the ,borings1 spread them over the ,hearth2 stir them frequently2--by turning the ,instrument1 scrape them into the ,dross-,pit2 and apply fresh from the ,deposit4 #f4 ,to perform these manual ,operations within the ,machine kept ,air-tight2 it will be necessary1 at the exterior ,end of the ,muffle1 to fasten a strong leathern ,case1 made very wide and pliant1 and two ,yards long3 into which the ,end of the ,rake-,handle is to be inserted4 ,,iii4 #dcd4 ,the ,mode of ,operation4 ,the ,borings being spread on the ,hearth1 and red hot2 the ,steam ,pipe is to be opened1 and instantly shut4 ,the ,gass being suddenly extricated2 the ,pipe is to be opened1 and shut again as before3 the ,borings pushed into the ,dross-,pit1 and a fresh ,supply spread4 ,this ,process to be renewed1 till the ,inflation is completed4 ,if it be thought necessary to prevent the ,steam from communicating with the whole ,dept of ,borings1 and so evolve too much ,gass2 a little ,brass ,door with ,hinges of the same1 might be made to hang from the ,top of the ,communication between the two ,muffles3 which ,door opening inwards1 and hanging vertically1 woud by the ,pressure of the ,gass1 stop up the ,open3 and yet1 if made strong1 not prevent the ,operations of the ,rake1 at proper ,times4 ,,iiii4 #dce4 ,the ,machine woud be less complex1 with one large ,muffle1 somewhat longer ,north and ,south than the ,hearth2 furnished with leathern ,case and ,rake4 ,put in the ,borings at one ,end3 keep the ,steam-,pipe always open2 with a ,hand at the ,rake2 pushing away the ,dross1 and pressing forwards fresh ,borings4 ,v4 #dcf4 ,further3 it has since occurred1 that a ,machine in the ,form of a gun-barrel1 extended in all its ,dimensions1 will probably answer every ,intention4 ,and of this ,kind are the hollow cylindrical ,tubes1 of different ,lengths1 and about a ,foot in ,diameter1#ach which are cast1 for the ,conveyance of ,steam1 from the ,boiler of a ,steam-,engine4 ,such a one1 7previously lined with a ,cylinder of ,copper1 or malleable ,iron1 to prevent the ,adhesion of the ,borings1 when reduced to a ,calx by the ,admission of ,steam27 might be placed horizontally over a ,stove1 7with or without a ,chimney7 and surrounded with red hot ,coals4 ,the ,ton of ,borings might be deposited at one ,end of the ,tube2 and1 by ,means of the ,air-tight flexible leathern ,case1 be pressed with a ,rake1 gradually into the ,fire1 and beyond it when calcined4 ,care must be taken to make the ,apparatus nearly ,air-tight4 ,the ,steam shoud pass into the ,tube1 from below3 and the ,gass be conducted towards the ,balloon throu' another ,iron ,cylinder1 nearly equal in ,diameter and at right ,angles with the first2 lying also in an horizontal ,direction2 along the ,ground4 ,the ,tubes might be forged or cast1 so as to form but one rectangular ,piece4 ,the further ,end of the second ,tube shoud communicate with a third1 made of ,tin1 and bent downwards about a ,foot2 thence at right ,angles1 for six ,inches3 then to rise up1 also at right ,angles1 the ,length of six ,inches more4 ,the ,tin ,tube is to descend into a ,cistern of cold ,water1 made to flow over continually1 by a fresh ,supply2 and into which1 a few ,lumps of ,quicklime shoud be thrown4 ,the ,gass1 which will press upwards throu' the ,water1 is to be received into an inverted ,funnel1 and thence 7as in ,section #cci1 ,art4 #b47 conveyed to the ,balloon4 ,,vi4 #dcg4 ,the following ,alterations woud supersede the ,use of the ,rake1 and leathern ,cases3 the latter of which1 by any accidental ,crack or ,flaw in the ,leather1 might admit a sufficient ,quantity of common ,air to produce an ,explosion4 ,the cylindric ,form of the ,copper1 or malleable ,iron 7to be used as a ,lining for the ,tube7 is to be changed1 into that of a half ,cylinder1 or inverted ,muffle3 and to be perforated with small ,holes4 ,this ,muffle is to be nearly filled with a ,ton of ,iron ,borings3 7the ,ends to be made up1 to prevent the ,borings from falling out into the ,tube27 the ,muffle itself is to be supported by a ,cradle#aci of the same ,form1 made of strong ,copper ,wire1#adj like the open ,iron-,wire-,fenders3 and the whole is to be thrust into the ,tube4 ,the ,length of the ,muffle depends on the ,quantity of ,borings that are intended to be used4 ,the ,ends of the ,tube shoud not be made so strong as the ,tube itself3 that1 if an ,explosion happens1 they may give way first1 and prevent a ,rupture of the ,tube3 not that any ,danger is to be apprehended1 that such an ,event will take ,place1 so long as the ,steam-,pipe is attended to1 by a proper ,person3 the above ,caution being only given1 to prevent a ,possibility of ,rupture4 ,each ,end shoud be cast1 or forged with a hollow ,handle2 and shoud screw into the ,tube4 ,the ,length of the ,tube shoud be such1 that the ,person who attends the ,steam-,pipe1 shoud feel no ,inconvenience from the ,heat of the ,fire4 ,nine ,feet woud therefore be a proper ,length3 the conducting ,tube the same4 ,within six ,inches from each ,end of the ,tube which holds the ,borings1 a ,hole1 half an ,inch in ,diameter shoud be drilled across the ,middle of the ,tube1 in an horizontal ,direction4 ,into these1 an ,iron ,axis is to be fitted1 7so as to take out occasionally7 and pass throu' the ,tube3 each ,end of the ,axis is to project outwards a ,couple of ,inches1 and to be made square1 for the ,socket of a strong ,iron ,winch or ,handle4 ,each ,axis to be furnished with a strong ,chain1 of equal ,length with the ,tube2 one ,end of which ,chain is to be riveted1 or otherwise fixed1 to the ,middle of the ,axis2 and the other1 to be fastened occasionally to one ,extremity of the ,cradle and ,muffle3 the second ,axis and ,chain in like ,manner1 to the other ,extremity4 ,the ,muffle is to be placed in the ,cradle3 both are then to be thrust into the ,tube1 and fastened to the ,chain at the farther ,axis3 in which ,position the ,muffle may be filled with ,borings1 and gradually drawn into the ,tube2 till the same ,end has reached the ,center of the ,fire4 ,the nearer ,end is then to be hooked by the nearer ,chain1 already wrapped round the nearer ,axis3 and the light ,iron ,caps to be screwed on each ,end of the ,tube4 #dch4 ,the ,boiler for ,steam may be fixed on any ,part of the ,tube near the ,fire1 and near the opposite ,axis2 so that one ,person may attend both the ,steam-,pipe1 and ,axis4 ,the ,steam to be conveyed throu' a small ,orifice made in the ,bottom of the ,tube1 between the same ,axis and the ,fire4 #dci4 ,as soon as the ,materials1 above the ,center of the ,fire1 are supposed to be red hot1 the ,steam-,pipe is to be opened for a ,moment and shut again4 ,the extricated ,gass will be instantly heard1 rushing throu' the ,vessel of cold ,water2 and as instantly seen to swell the varnished ,linen-,trunk as it passes into the ,balloon4 ,the ,steam-,pipe is to be regulated by these infallible ,signals3 and the ,process continued1 till that ,quantity of ,borings1 that was in the ,center of the ,fire1 and consequently red hot1 is supposed to be calcined4 ,at which ,time1 the ,handles are to be applied to the ,axis1 and the ,cradle and ,muffle drawn #e or #f ,inches forward into the ,fire4 ,when drawn too far2 ,recourse must be had to the second ,axis4 #ddj4 ,if great ,expedition is required1 two or three ,conductors from the same ,tube may be used3 and1 at the ,distance of six or seven ,feet from the ,fire1 ,tin-,conductors may be added2 taking ,care that they are made1 applied1 and continued ,air-tight4 ,,the ,,end4 ,an alphabetical index of the contents3 ,referring to the sections and notes1 but not to the ,pages4 ,a4 ,section4 ,absorption of ,water by ,air1 ,experiment to prove the1 #bdg ,accumulation of ,air1 mediocanal1 #bei1 #bfj ,arial ,scenes described1 #ci1 #dg1 #ea1 #ef ,air gives form to ,things1 #ec - gentle1 its ,effect on the ,surface of the ,balloon1 #bja - calm1 its ,effect on the ,surface of the ,balloon1 #bjb - pure1 cool1 defloguisticated1 perpetually descending1 #beb - descending ,torrents of1 on ,etna and ,teneriffe1 #bfe - ,reception and ,dispersion of1 what1 #bhj ,air ,bottle ,balloon1 its ,use1 #caa - - - preferred to an interior ,balloon1 #cad ,aironaut ,employments of the1 in the ,balloon1 #bi - - ,attitude of the1 in the ,balloon1 #cb1 #cc - - lost over a ,country well-known when below1 #agg - - to try different ,heights1 to find a favorable ,wind1 #cji - - to wait1 in the ,calm above the ,clouds1 for a ,wind1 #cji ,airostat1 a small one first liberated1 #h ,altitude apparent1 from the ,balloon when stationary1 #di - - barometric1 #di1 b4 ,anchor and ,cable1 #ac ,apogay ,winds1 what1 #bda ,apparent ,height proportioned to the barometric ,height1 #di ,appearance of a ,plain below1 the ,size of a moderate ,carpet1 what1 #agi1 #ahi ,appearance of a ,plain below1 the ,size of a ,handkerchief1 what1 #aha1 #ahg ,appearances at different ,altitudes1 from the ,balloon1 #bac ,articles1 ,weight and ,number of1 #bf ,ascent1 to check and promote1 #ad - - ,preparations for1 #bb - - of the ,balloon at #dj ,minutes past ,i4 o'clock1 #bh - - with twenty ,pounds of ,levity1 #bh - - of ,balloons1 ,causes to limit the1 #bgi - - proper ,times for1 #bhe - - new ,mode of1 to determine the ,height1 #bii ,atmosphere gross1 when seen throu'1 from below1 #ee - - ,depression of the1 #bcb - - ,state of1 favorable to the ,direction of ,balloons1 #bfh - - ,conjectures concerning the ,warmth of the superior1 #bge - - probably respirable at great ,altitudes1 #bgg - - ,height of1 #bij - - ,weight of1 in ,england1 #bij ,attention to the ,balloon necessary1 #ce ,aurora ,borealis1 ,conjectures concerning ,appearance of1 #bgd ,b4 ,ballast of what it consisted1 #bg - - when to be first thrown out1 #ba - - in ,hand1 ready to throw out1 #ia - - thrown down1 #fg1 #ie - - thrown over nearly #cb ,pounds1 #ajc - - poured down at once #bj ,pounds1 #ahc ,balloon going to ,sea1 #ge1 #hg1 #ij - - in a quiescent ,bed of ,air1 #ge - - of rowing it to any ,point1 in a ,calm1 #ge - - drawn aside out of the ,perpendicular1 #ajc - - shrunk to its former ,shape1 #abc - - alternately rising and falling1 #abe1 #ach - - in the ,air five ,hours and a ,quarter1 #bjg - - sustained above ,water1 how1 #bid1 #bie - - best ,form of1 #cjg - - ,double1 what1 #cad ,balloons their ,defects1 and further ,improvements1 #cjc - - ,air-tight ,varnish for1 #cbj1 #cbe ,barometer1 and ,thermometer1 when stationary1 #cf - - ,fluctuation of the ,quicksilver in the1 #cg - - ,mensuration of ,heights by the1 #cej ,beautiful preferred to the ,sublime1 in ,prospects1 #db - - ,appearance1 #dc ,bladders necessary1 #bf - - began to crackle1 #aaf ,bottles of ,air thrown down1 ,caution1 #gd1 #gg1 #hd ,breath not affected1 nor visible1 during the ,excursion1 #abf ,breeze ,sea-1 #hh1 #ib1 #beg ,c4 ,cable1 and ,anchor or ,grapple1 #ac - - to be fastened to a ,center above the ,car1 #big ,calculations of the ,distance seen from the ,balloon1 #eb1 a4 - - of the ,height of ,mountains1 #aga1 a4 ,calm above1 and ,wind below1 at the same ,time1 #afh ,canal artificial1 ,duke of ,bridgewater's1 ,appearance of1 #aff ,cannon first discharged at ,,ix4 o'clock1 #g - - the second ,time1 at ,,xii41 #aa - - the third ,time1 at #dj ,minutes and a half past ,i41 #fd - - the last ,time1 at #aj ,minutes and a half past ,,ii41 #fb ,car and ,hoops1 their ,dimensions1 #ce ,caution to keep the ,circle clear during the ,inflation1 #bc - - against the ,dropping of ,water out of the ,balloon1 #ca - - on ,landing1 #ih - - not to open the upper ,valve1 #abb ,charts ,balloon1 first suggested1 #afh ,chilliness first perceived1 #ib2 again1 #aji - - felt near moist ,places1 #bhc ,circularity of ,prospect1 #gi1 #bba ,circumstance1 each to be recorded1 #d ,circumstances apparently superfluous1 mentioned and repeated1 why1 #e ,clouds1 an upper ,tier seen to move in a safe ,direction1 #g1 #df - - ,perspective of the1 #ea - - appearing in rapid ,motion1 #afc - - ,view of the1 taken from above them1 #acj1 #aga - - ,colouring of the1 #agb - - highest visible1 #bac ,cochuc-,varnish1 #cbj ,cold1 its ,effects on the ,balloon1 #id ,colour of the ,rivers1 red1 #dd - - of the ,city of ,chester1 blue1 #de - - of ,thunder-,clouds1 #ed - - of upper ,clouds1 #eg1 #agb1 ,colours1 primary1 of ,objects beneath1 #abi ,columns of ,air1 depressing1 observed by the ,ancients1 #bci ,compass1 the properest ,kind of1 #ch1 a4 ,conclusions1 useful1 #aei ,conjunction of the ,planets preceding a ,hurricane1 #baa ,contemplation of the ,prospect1 #aac ,course of the ,balloon traced1 to shew the ,manner in which it was affected in passing over ,water1 #gh ,curls and ,streams of ,air1 ,smoke and ,vapour1 #bej1 b4 ,currents of ,air1 horizontal1 #bj - - from above1 to be guarded against1 #ba ,currents under1 of ,air1 #hg - - of ,air1 blowing to and from great ,towns1 #bej - - of ,air1 contrary1 at different ,heights1 at the same ,time1 #bfg - - the ,balloon rising throu' different1 #ajf ,d4 ,defects in the ,composition for ,balloons1 remedied1 #cbj ,depressing ,torrents of ,air1 #bed ,depression of the ,atmosphere1 #bcb - - over moist ,places in fair ,weather1 #bdc - - of the ,atmosphere proved from ,history1 #bec - - nocturnal1 of the ,atmosphere1 #bfg - - corroborating ,proofs of a1 #bfh ,depth below1 conveys no ,idea of ,distance1 #aeg ,depths1 ,mensuration of1 with ,barometers1 c4 #cdh1 #cfh1 a1 a4 ,descent of the ,balloon1 to retard the1 #ae - - ,signs of the1 #ag1 #aei1 #aha - - at first rapid1 with a rushing ,noise1 #if1 #ig - - ,proof of gentle1 #ajj - - ,change in visible ,objects1 during the1 #ahb - - of ,balloons over ,water1 enquired into1 #bbi1 #bcj - - - - - - ,means to prevent1 #bid1 #bie ,description of the ,ascent1 #dg ,diameter of the ,prospects above and below1 #eb1 #gi ,diminution of ,objects1 excessive1 when seen from the ,balloon1 #bbc - - - - ,laws respecting the1 #bbd ,direction of the ,balloon1 ,hints for the4 #cae ,distance seen from the ,balloon1 ,calculations of the4 #eb1 a4 - - of the ,balloon from ,chester1 at the ,report of the #dth ,cannon1 #fd - - ,idea of1 from ,experience1 #aeh - - what is the greatest1 to be seen from the ,summits of the highest ,mountains1 #aga1 a4 - - at which an ,object can be distinguished by a good ,eye1 #age1 a4 - - of the ,balloon-,course1 #aia - - at which1 the ,balloon was seen1 #bbg - - and ,height of a ,balloon1 found by a ,quadrant1 #caj ,dove turned out of the ,car1 #fa ,e4 ,earth removed from ,sight1 #agj ,echo none above1 #ci ,eknfiai ,winds1 what1 #bda - - a dry ,wind1 #bfg ,electricity of the ,air1 #fe ,elliptic ,solid1 the ,form of the ,balloon an1 #afj ,employments of the ,aironaut1 #cb ,engines ,steam1 ,models of1 for ,inflation1 described1 #dbi ,equatorial ,hoop1 its ,use1 #afa1 #cae ,evaporation of ,steam1 #bdi ,expansion of the ,balloon1 by what ,manouvre1 #acb ,experiment to prove whether the superior ,atmosphere be hazy1 tho' the ,sun continue shining1 #dg1 a4 ,experiments necessary1 in order to improve the ,modes of ,direction1 #bif ,examples in the ,mensuration of ,heights with ,barometers4 ,see ,table4 ,example #ast1 ,practice of the1 #cea - - - ,recapitulation of the1 #che - - #b;d1 ,practice of the1 #chf - - - ,recapitulation of the1 #dji - - #c;d1 ,practice of the1 #daj - - #dth1 ,practice of the1 to determine small ,heights1 #dai - - #eth1 ,practice of the1 to determine the ,height of the ,balloon1 #dbc ,f4 ,fish ,dodon-,globe1 a ,model for ,balloons1 #cgg ,flag white1 hung out a ,quarter of a ,mile in ,length1 #d - - hung out half a ,mile1 in all1 #ff - thrown down at a ,mile high1 #ei - ,descent of the1 #fj - white1 its ,effect on the ,balloon1 #gj - - ,progress of the ,balloon marked by the4 #ia - - impeding the ,balloon1 #ajc - - the remaining one unfolded1 #aje - - shewed a ,change in the ,direction of the ,wind1 #aje ,flights with the ,balloon1 for three ,hours longer1 #aic ,flying-,coach1 #adi ,foot ,roman1 the ,measure of a1 #di1 b4 ,form of the ,balloon at its greatest ,altitude1 #ad - - - the same at each ,descent1 #aei ,g4 ,gass not offensive during the ,voyage1 why1 #cd - procured by ,means of ,acid1 #cch ,gass procured by ,means of ,steam1 #dbi ,geography ,balloon1 first suggested1 #afg ,globe-,fish1 a ,model for ,balloons1 #cgg ,grapple or ,anchor1 #ac ,gums ,copal1 ,sandarac1 ,mastic1 c41 #cbf ,h4 ,heat of the ,sun1 greatest1 while in the ,car1 #ei ,height apparent1 proportioned to the barometric ,height1 #di - - of the ,balloon1 when stationary1 at the first ,ascent1 viz4 #bccb ,yards1 #eb1 a4 - - in the ,balloon1 conveys no ,apprehension of falling1 #aef - - of principal ,mountains1 noted1 #aga - - of a ,mountain1 seen at a ,distance1 calculated1 #aga1 a1 a4 - - to which ,balloons will probably ascend1 #bgh - - fixed1 ,method of ascending to any1 #bii - - of the ,balloon1 to ascertain by a ,quadrant1 #caj - - preparatory ,instruments to observe the1 #cej - - of the ,balloon measured1 #dbe ,heights to measure1 ,densities to estimate1 #bii - - of the ,atmosphere1 while they encrease in an arithmetical ,progression1 the ,densities are said to encrease in geometrical ,progression3 the ,meaning of such ,terms1 #cja1 a4 ,hemisphere upper only1 of a ,balloon to be inflated1 #cae ,hoop equatorial1 its ,use1 #afa1 #cae ,horizontal ,motion1 ,signs of1 deceitful1 #ah ,hours proper for the ,ascent of ,balloons over ,water1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfa ,hygrometer ,horse-,hair1 the best ,kind1 #bag ,i4 ,illustration of the ,scenery1 #gb ,improvement during the ,process of ,inflation1 #bd ,improvements how to be made in the propulsive ,machinery1 #cai1 #ccj - - in the ,process of ,inflation by ,acid1 suggested1 #cci - - suggested in the ,process by ,steam1 #dbi ,incorrectness of ,maps1 #ha ,inflation began at ,x4 o'clock1 with a small ,balloon1 #h - - ,degree of1 to be limited1 #bgh1 #cag - - ,process of1 #cci - - by ,means of ,acid1 ,expence saved in the1 #cdg - - by ,means of ,steam1 ,expence saved in the1 #dbi ,inflation by ,means of ,steam1 ,model and ,mode of1 #dbi - - by ,steam1 preferred to the ,process by ,acid1 #dbi ,information derived from the ,shape of the ,balloon1 #aei1 #afj ,inventory of the ,voyage1 #ab ,iris #ast1 round the ,shadow of the ,balloon1 #ef - #b;d1 #gc - #c;d1 #acf ,iron bright and fresh1 proper for inflation1 #dca ,l4 ,landing1 ,manouvres during the1 #ih - - first1 near ,frodsham in ,cheshire1 #ajj - - second1 near ,warrington in ,lancashire1 #ahh - - ,precautions to secure a safe1 #big - - in windy ,weather1 ,precautions to secure a safe1 #bih - - improved ,mode of1 #cag ,latitudes variable1 light ,airs playing in ,eddies1 common in the1 #bda ,level of the lowest ,stratum of ,clouds in fair ,weather1 #ic - all ,inequalities of ,surface reduced to the same1 #aaa ,light of a red ,colour1 ,conjectures concerning the1 #bbb ,m4 ,machinery propulsive1 to be used in the ,calm1 above ,winds1 #cai ,magnitude of ,objects1 ,laws respecting the1 #bbd ,manouvres seen at a great ,distance1 #adj ,map consulted1 #agd ,mast1 a light hollow1 #cae ,meanders of the ,river encreased to the ,view1 #ha ,mensuration of ,heights and ,depths by ,barometers1 #cdh ,methods to ascertain the true ,height1 #cej ,method1 the cheapest to inflate by ,steam instead of ,acid1 #dbi ,mistakes to be noticed1 to prevent ,repetition1 #b ,motion encreased1 progressive not perceived1 #afe ,motion of ,air1 called ,reception and ,dispersion of ,air1 what1 #bhj ,mountains1 ,names and ,heights of principal1 #aga1 a4 - - their ,use1 #bfe ,mouth of the ,balloon1 closed1 #ajb ,n4 ,neck of the ,balloon1 how to place it1 #ca - - first tyed1 #abe - - risen near eight ,feet upwards1 #aai - - an ,attempt to reach it1 #aba - - held ,air-tight in the ,hand1 #abe ,notes made during the ,voyage1 #cf ,o4 ,objects diminishing as the ,balloon arises1 ,description of1 #aji ,objects1 all terrestrial1 disappearing1 #afc ,order preserved during the ,inflation1 #bc ,p4 ,parashute or ,umbrella1 #ae - the ,balloon formed a vast1 #ahd ,perspective new1 #ci1 #bbi ,place where the ,balloon alighted1 #ajj1 #ahg ,points1 the plainest generally most essential1 frequently overlooked1 #d1 #cch ,preparations for ,ascent1 #bb ,prospects most beautiful1 at what ,height1 #ic - below noted1 #abh ,pulley or ,reel1 #ac ,r4 ,rain warm in ,winter1 accounted for from the ,theory of ,accumulation1 #bgj ,reception and ,dispersion of ,air1 #bhj ,reel or ,pulley1 its ,defects remedied1 #da1 a4 ,respiration easy during the ,excursion1 #aad ,resistence of the ,air1 as the ,square of the ,velocity of the falling ,body1 #ae1 a4 ,rising1 ,signs of1 #af1 #cj ,rivers1 no ,appearance of ,water in the1 #aaj ,rule1 general for measuring ,heights1 copied1 #chd ,rusty ,iron1 improper for ,inflation1 #cih ,s4 ,sail1 three seen in the ,liverpool ,channel1 #ajh - triangular ,latteen1 purposely to retard the ,balloon1 #cae - ,anemmeter1 what1 #cae - ,weights to be added to the1 #caf - ,vane-1 what1 #cah ,scenes arial1 described4 ,see ,sublime4 ,sea-,breeze discovered1 #hh - - its ,duration1 #bef - - its ,extent1 #beg ,sensation of rising described1 #cj ,sensations accompanying the ,balloon1 #ada1 #aed ,shadow of the ,balloon traced on the ,clouds1 #ef1 #gc1 #acf ,shadows1 their ,length1 at ,noon1 calculated1 #hd - - - - - at half past ,,iii4 calculated1 #ajj - - encreased1 seemed to raise the ,objects1 #abg ,shape of the ,balloon altered1 #aah ,sign of ,descent1 #aha ,signs to be observed in the ,management of ,balloons1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj ,situation novel1 peculiar to the ,balloon1 #bba ,sound of the ,gass throu' the upper ,valve1 #acd - in the ,air1 an uncommon1 #afb ,sounds immediately under the ,balloon1 their ,effects1 #age1 a4 ,spirits raised by the ,purity of the ,air1 #aee ,spunges of ,air1 #bdg ,squalls of ,wind1 the ,day preceding the ,ascent1 #f ,stationary1 the ,balloon1 #cf1 #abb ,steam1 ,mode of ,inflation by ,means of1 #dbi ,storms of ,collection and ,dispersion1 #bcb1 #bfc ,sublime and beautiful ,scenes1 #c1 #ci1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 #ga1 #hd1 #aab ,sun1 when hottest1 #ei ,sympathy of the ,spectators1 #df ,t4 ,table the #ast4 ,see ,mensuration4 - - for ,expansion with ,heat1 from #a to #dj ,degrees1 on ,inches of the ,barometer1 from #i to #cb ,inches1 #cfc - the #bnd1 shewing the ,variations of the ,barometer1 at each ,inch and ,tenth of the ,quicksilver1 from #a to #cb ,inches1 the ,air being at the freezing ,point1 #cga - the #c;d1 for easy ,calculations1 from the #b;d ,table1 #cgc - the #dth1 shewing the ,expansion with ,heat1 from #a to #ajj ,degrees1 on any ,number of ,feet in the ,air1 #cha ,tastes not altered1 on ,account of the ,height1 #fe ,thermometer warmer above than below1 #abf ,thermometers compared1 #ab1 c4 ,thunder-,clouds described1 #eb - - under the ,balloon1 #agb ,tide of ,air in the ,atmosphere1 #bia ,tides highest1 #bhh1 #bhi ,time1 noted1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #bb1 #bh1 #cf1 #fb1 #fc1 #fh1 #gc1 #gg1 #he1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abd1 #afb1 #agd1 #ahf1 #bjc1 #bjf - of ,ascent1 #bh ,time1 in which the ,excursion was performed1 viz4 two ,hours and a ,quarter1 #aia - ,noon1 a dangerous one1 for ,balloons to pass an ,arm of the ,sea1 #bef - the best1 pointed out1 #bef - ,noon and full ,tide1 improper3 ,midnight and low ,water1 proper ,hours for ,ascent1 over ,water1 #bhg ,torrents of ,air mediocanal1 depressing1 #beg1 #beh1 #bei - - - - - accumulating1 #bfj ,transparency circular1 of ,vapour1 #bbb ,twine cut1 lest it should prove a ,conductor of ,electricity between the ,balloon and ,earth1 #ajc ,u4 ,useful ,conclusions1 #aei ,utility of ,balloons1 #ccb1 #ccc ,utility general1 of ,balloons1 #cch ,v4 ,valve upper1 emits the lightest ,gass1 #abd - first tried1 #acc - -,swing1 or ,umbrella-,pendulum1 as propulsive ,machinery1 communicates a progressive ,motion to the ,balloon1 #cai ,vane-,sail1 #cah ,vapour1 ,observation of the reddish1 #cc - white1 beautiful ,effects of1 #ga - - began to be accumulated at a certain ,height1 #hj ,vapours1 their ,transparency1 #bbb ,varnishes1 #cbj1 #cbe ,velocity of the ,balloon1 #aib ,vessels1 the four and the ,river ,wever disappeared1 #aaj ,view circular1 from the ,balloon at its greatest ,elevation1 #ee - of the ,balloon over ,helsbye-,crag1#gg - of the ,clouds1 from above them1 #aga - from the ,balloon of the ,country between ,chester and ,rixton-,moss1 #aib ,vis ,inerti1 #gj1 #caf ,w4 ,warmth of the superior ,atmosphere1 #bge - of the ,air above ,plains and cultivated ,countries1 #bgf - of the ,air over the ,sea1 at certain ,times and ,seasons1 #bgf - descending from above1 #bhd ,water poured down1 to observe the ,effects of ,air upon it1 #gd - ,balloon influenced on its ,approach to1 #gf1 #gh - ,balloon above the ,influence of1 #aca - the ,descent of ,balloons over1 #bbi - the ,causes of their ,descent over1 #bcj - ,absorption of1 by ,air1 #bdg - a curious ,phenomenon seen on its ,surface1 #bdi1 #bej1 b4 - ,means to prevent the ,descent of ,balloons over1 and within its ,influence1 #bid1 #bie ,waves of ,air1 #ba - of the ,sea1 the ,dashing of1 heard2 the ,sea being invisible1 #hj ,weather1 about the ,time of the ,excursion1 #baa ,weighing during the ,inflation avoided1 how1 #bd ,weight of ,provisions and ,articles1 #bd - of the ,balloon1 and its ,apparatus1 #be ,wind heard below1 #hf ,winds1 the ,eknfiai and ,apogay1 what1 #bda - the ,directions in which they blow1 #bec1 a4 - the ,eknfiai productive of ,cold1 #bec1 a4 - ,land- and ,sea-1 #bec1 a4 - contrary1 at different ,heights1 their ,use to waft ,balloons to a given ,point1 #bfh ,wings1 their ,use1 first to retard1 second to direct1 #cae ,winter-,dress1 preparatory1 #bf1 #cch - -,prospect from the ,balloon1 #afi ,,footnotes3 #a 1 1 4 ,homer's ,iliad1 ,book #ag1 ,line #fdf4 #b ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 ,,lxvii1 for #aggg1 ,part ,,ii1 ,page #eac1 containing ,sir ,g4 ,shuckburgh's ,rules for the ,mensuration of ,heights with the ,barometer4 ,also ,vol4 ,,lxviii1 for #aggh1 ,part ,,ii1 ,page #fha3 #c ,and ,page #fhh4 #d ,it were to be wished that the ,divisions of the ,thermometer by ,farenheit were become general throughout ,europe1 in preference to those by ,reaumur yet retained abroad2 which ,divisions of ,reaumur are not sufficiently minute to mark the least sensible ,change in the ,temperature1 are subject to frequent ,mistakes1 and the ,inconvenience of adding in the ,notation1 the ,words above or below the ,cypher1 zero1 or ,point of ,congelation3 besides their being in ,conversation not easily compared with those of ,farenheit2 each ,degree of the latter having to that of the former nearly the ,proportion of #ah to #aa3 since ,farenheit from the freezing ,point upwards to boiling ,water has #babcbahj1 and ,reaumur to the same ,height1 #aaj ,divisions3 ,mr4 ,saussure says as #d to #i2 in which there is an evident ,oversight3 see his curious and philosophic ,investigation of the ,atmosphere in 8,essais fur ,l',hygrometrie40 #dto4 ,a ,neuchatel1 #aghc4 ,frequent ,mention being made of the ,thermometer graduated according to ,farenheit's ,scale1 in different ,parts of the following ,account2 it may not be amiss to shew the corresponding ,points according to ,reaumur1 taken from 8,thermometre universel de ,comparaison1 extrait du ,journal de ,physique de ,m4 ,l',abb ,rozier40 ,farenheit1 ,reaumur4 #ed #ac #d-iths above the ,cypher4 #ee #ad ditto1 nearly4 #eg #ae #b-iths ditto1 nearly4 #ei #af #d-iths ditto1 nearly4 #fj #ag #a-ith ditto4 #fe #bj #a-ith ditto1 nearly4 #e ,the ,strength of the ,rope1 or ,cable1 if its ,length does not exceed #aj or #ab ,yards1 ought to be such as to support a weight1 greater than the ,weight of the ,balloon and it's ,appendages1 for the ,resistance made by the ,grapple against the ,balloon acted on by the ,wind is immediate3 ,the ,rope ought therefore to be made of ,indian-,gut1 as most elastic1 or ,silk1 as lightest4 ,but if the ,rope be half a ,mile1 or a ,mile long2 the ,resistance is gradual3 the ,balloon descending for some ,minutes2 and having an open ,space to move in through the ,air3 the ,rope or ,cable acting as a ,radius1 and the ,levity of the ,balloon and ,opposition of the circumambient ,air preventing it from falling with any ,violence4 ,the shorter ,cable may be used at the ,height of #aj ,yards2 in aid of the longer1 to prevent it from rising2 or to moor it1 by winding the ,reel1 and hauling down the ,balloon close to the ,ground4 #f ,the ,resistance being as the ,square of the ,velocity2 therefore if the ,velocity be increased #c ,times1 the ,resistance will be as #cci1 i4e4 will be increased #i ,times4 #g ,pounds ,averdupois4 ,weight of the ,aironaut #afj ,provisions and ,articles calculated at #bj ,sand-,ballast prepared in ,bags #dd ,levity for ,ascent #aj ------ ,sum total1 #bcd #h ,ancient ,warriors among the ,arabs1 ,spaniards1 ,romans1 ,gauls1 and ,germans1 being frequently obliged to pass deep ,rivers1 never undertook a ,campaign without them4 ,for the above ,anecdote1 and many curious ,experiments on ,air1 see ,sam4 ,reyheri1 ,dissertatio de ,are1 tertium edita4 ,kili4 #afgc4 #i ,equal ,time with a ,regulator corrected by an ,observation4 #aj ,being a ,dial-,compass1 the ,dipping of the ,needle was frequently checked by the ,glass at the ,top4 ,a ,mariner's ,compass is the best4 #aa ,sidenote3 ,the ,defect of the ,reel remedied ,the ,loop shoud have been furnished with a ,swivel3 or the ,lath or ,reel shoud have been a ,kind of ,pulley1 a ,foot in ,diameter1 and two ,inches wide4 ,the ,hook of which having also a ,swivel might have been held in the ,hand3 and thus the ,twine woud have run off in a short ,time with the greatest ,readiness2 the ,swivel conforming to the circular ,motion of the ,balloon4 #ab ,slate 7according to ,cronstedt7 is the ,whetstone of fine ,particles1 composed of ,glimmer1 ,quartz2 and1 in some ,species1 of a martial argillaceous ,earth1 ,see 8,essay on ,mineralogy0 by ,mendes ,da ,costa1 ,sect4 #bfd4 #ac ,sidenote3 ,method of discovering ,haze round the ,sun1 in bright ,weather4 ,to know whether the ,air is hazy1 tho' the ,sun continues shining4 ,the ,method taken for that ,purpose was by placing the ,hand so as to cover his ,disk or ,body1 and then observe the ,glory blazing round him2 which may1 in general1 be seen to issue in great ,abundance1 in ,rays of a golden ,colour3 occasioned by a ,haziness or ,vapour which pervades the lower ,regions of the ,air1 most frequently in the hottest and calmest ,weather1 and in the hottest ,climates4 ,the ,accumulation of these ,vapours1 before they are formed into ,clouds1 are often so great as to intercept the ,sun's ,rays1 or dye them the ,colour of ,blood3 an ,appearance frequent in ,virginia1 and also throughout the torrid ,zone4 ,in the ,campania of ,rome1 for ,instance1 the ,italians have a peculiar ,name for such ,kind of ,weather1 when the ,sun is neither visible nor invisible3 ,il ,sole si vede1 e' non si vede4 ,by ,degrees the ,hand is to be removed so as just to have a ,glance of the ,sun's ,limb4 ,and it frequently happens that the ,air is exceedingly hazy2 tho' not a ,cloud appears above the ,horizon4 #ad ,esse in ,imaginibus qupropter ,causa videtur ,cernendi1 neque posse sine his ,res ulla videri4 ,lucretius de ,rerum ,natura4 ,l4 #d4 ,v4 #bch4 #ae ,notwithstanding what has been said2 this1 to the great and to the sordid ,vulgar1 woud still appear a solitary1 helpless1 and deplorable ,situation4 ,but such are not captivated with the golden ,lines of ,epictetus1 7,chap4 #ac4 ,line #c4 see ,mrs4 ,carter's ,translation47 8 -- 1 1 1 0 ,nor are they practically influenced by the better ,words of a much finer ,writer3 8,the ,earth is full10 c4 c4 ,and 8,if ,i take the ,wings of the ,morning10 c4 c4 #af ,there being1 at first1 no ,clouds1 as usual1 to occupy the ,place of the lowest ,stratum4 #ag ,it has been said that the apparent ,height from the ,balloon to the ,ground was #g ,miles1 viz4 #d to the ,summit of the ,clouds1 and #c below3 and the barometric ,height was about a ,mile and half1 viz4 #bccb ,yards1 a ,calculation of which will be given4 ,if then we divide that ,height or ,distance into #b such ,parts1 that the greater shall be to the less as #d to #c2 we obtain the ,length of each ,part2 i4e4 the barometric ,height from the ,balloon to the ,summit of the ,clouds1 and thence to the ,earth2 which is done thus3 ,suppose the whole ,distance to be any ,line1 as ,a4 ,b4 to be divided in ,c4 ,then1 as #g is the whole ,line1 and #d the greater ,part2 say1 as the whole #g is to the greater ,part #d1 so is the whole ,distance to a fourth ,term proportional1 which will be equal to the greater ,distance sought3 ,whole ,distance in ,yards4 ,greater ,distance in ,yards4 ,thus #g1 3 #d 33 #bccb 3 #accb ,ans4 #d ---------- #g 7 #icbh #bccb the whole4 #accb #accb being the greater ,distance found2 take the greater from the whole1 and then will remain the lesser ,distance wanted1 viz4 #iii3 the #accb the greater ,distance1 and #iii the lesser ,distance3 and adding the ,fractions #a to the #iii2 we have #accb ,yards for the greater ,distance1 or ,height of the ,balloon above the ,summit of the superior ,clouds3 and #ajjj ,yards for the less ,distance1 or ,height from the ,earth to the ,summit of the superior ,clouds4 ,note4 ,the ,line ,a4 ,b4 here selected is the famous ,measure of 7half7 a mathematical ,rhinland and ,roman ,foot1 according to ,snellius4 7,see ,geographia ,generalis of ,varenius1 published by ,newton4 ,lib4 #a4 ,cap4 #b4 ,de variis ,mensuris47 #ah ,,problem4 ,to find the circular ,boundary of the celestial ,prospect over the ,tops of the superior ,clouds1 from the ,balloon at the ,height of near a ,mile and half above the ,surface of the ,earth1 viz4 #bccb ,yards4 ,the ,height from the ,earth to the upper ,surface or ,floor of ,clouds being #ajjj ,yards2 and the ,height above the ,floor to the ,balloon being #accb ,yards4 ,on the ,curvature of the ,earth and ,clouds1 and ,elevation of the ,eye above their circular ,horizon4 ,rule4 ,to the ,earth's ,diameter1 equal to #gidj geographical ,miles1 add the ,height of the ,eye above its ,surface3 multiply the ,sum by that ,height3 then the square ,root of the ,product gives the ,distance at which an ,object on the ,surface of the ,earth can be seen by an ,eye so elevated4 ,note the ,diameter of the ,earth1 in ,feet1 is #dagihaag1 according to ,newton4 7,see ,practical ,navigator1 by ,j4 ,moore1 #gth ,ed4 ,page #bea47 ,,first4 ,double #ajjj ,yards1 the ,height from the ,earth to the ,clouds for an ,addition to the ,diameter of the ,earth1 whose ,surface is now considered1 as extended to the concentric ,floor of ,cloud4 #ajjj #ajjj -------- #bjjj ,,second4 #acicbgjb77 ,diameter of the ,earth in ,yards4 #bjjj ,addition to the ,diameter4 ---------------- #acicdgjb ,sum1 to which add #accb the ,height of the ,eye or of the ---------------- ,balloon above the ,floor of ,cloud4 #acicfjcd ,sum1 which multiply into #accb the ,height of the ,eye above the ---------------- ,floor4 #bghgbjfh #dahjhajb #dahjhajb #acicfjcd ,extract the ---------------------- ,square 4 4 4 4 4 #agfj7 ,yards in a ,mile4 ,root #ahefbgigbhh 7#acfbde 7#gg ,miles4 #a #abcbj ---- -------------- #bc7 #he #acjde #fi #abcbj ------ -------------- #bff7 #affb ,yards #ddj7 #gbe 7#a ,quarter of a ,mile4 #aeif #ddj -------- ------ #bgbb7 #ffgi #bhe ,yards4 #eddd ---------- ,ans4 #gg ,miles1 #a ,qu4 #bhe ,yards4 #bgbdd7 #abcegb #ajhigf ------------ #bgbdhe7 #adeifhh #acfbdbe -------------- #igbfc ,sidenote3 ,circular ,boundary of the terrestrial ,prospect from the ,balloon on a clear ,day4 ,,problem4 ,to find the circular ,boundary of the terrestrial ,prospect1 on a clear ,day1 from the ,balloon at the ,height of near a ,mile and half1 viz4 #bccb ,yards3 the ,earth's ,diameter being equal to #acicbgje ,yards1 add #bccb the ,height of the ,eye or ---------------- ,balloon4 #acicejcg the ,sum1 multiply into #bccb the ,height of the ,eye1 c4 ---------------- #bghgjjgd #dahjeaaa #dahjeaaa #bghgjjgd ---------------------- ,extract the 4 4 4 4 4 #agfj7 ,yards in a ,mile4 square ,root #cbdifejfbhd 7#ahjbfg 7#ajb1 #a #agfj say #ajb ,miles1 ,ans4 ---- -------- #bh7 #bbd #dbfg #bbd #cebj ------ -------- #cfjb7 #ifej #gdg ,yards1 ,remainder4 #gbjd -------- #cfjdf7 #bddffb #bafbgf ------------ #cfjebg7 #bhchfhd #bebcfhi -------------- #cadiie ,remainder4 #ai ,see his 8,minute ,philosopher40 #bj ,ulla in his voyage to ,south-,america relates1 that in passing over the ,deserts1 rides are frequently seen by ,travellers round their own ,heads as the ,center of the ,iris2 and visible only to themselves4 ,but what ,analogy the ,balloon ,iris bears to them1 ,time and future ,experiments may discover4 ,see his 8,voyage to ,south ,america1 ,vol4 #a4 ,pa4 #ddb40 #ba ,as ,sound travels #aadb ,feet in a ,second1 it must have moved in #cj ,seconds -------- ,feet in a ,yard #c 7#cdbfj ,feet ,yards in a ,mile #agfj 7#aadbj7 #f ,miles #ajefj ---------- ,yards in a ,quarter of a ,mile #ddj7hfj7 #a ,quarter #ddj ---------- ,answer #f ,miles1 #a ,quarter1 and #dbj ,yards4 #bb ,equal to #bjhe ,yards2 or #a ,mile1 #cbe ,yards4 #bc ,long's ,astronomy4 ,pages #bbg1 #bbi4 #bd ,also called the ,horsham ,stone1 from a ,place so named1 in ,surrey1 where great ,quantities are found4 #be ,,problem4 ,to find the ,length of the ,shadow from a ,person of middle ,stature1 7five ,feet and a half ,high7 viz4 at ,,xii o',clock1 on the #hth ,day of ,september1 #aghe1 at ,chester1 whose ,north ,latitude is #ec #ab2 7and #c #aa ,west ,longitude from ,london47 ,,first1 ,to find the ,sun's ,altitude at ,,xii4 ,from #ij4 #jj ,subtract ,the ,latitude #ec4 #ab -------------- ,the ,remain4 #cf4 #dh is the ,complement of ,latitude1 to which add 7from the ,tables7 ,sun's ,n4 ,decl4 #e4 #bi -------------- ,the ,remain4 #db4 #ag is the ,sun's ,altitude 7viz4 at ,,xii47 ,,second1 ,for the ,shadow say1 ,as the ,sine of the ,sun's ,altitude #db #ag ,to the ,person's ,height1 viz4 #ff ,inches1 ,so is the ,co-,sine of the ,sun's ,altitude1 ,to the ,length of the ,shadow4 ,for the ,sine of the ,sun's ,altitude #db #ag in the ,table of artificial ,sines1 is the ,logarithm #i4hbghh1 which1 subtracted from the arithmetic ,complement1 viz4 #i4iiiii 7supposing the last ,figure a #aj7 becomes1 4#agbab ,then for the ,person's ,height1 viz4 #ff ,inches3 in the ,table of ,logarithms is the corresponding ,number1 #a4habed ,and for the ,co-,sine 7had by subtracting the ,altitude #db4ag from #ij4jj7 viz4 #dg4dc3 among the artificial ,sines is the ,logarithm1 #i4hfiac ---------------- ,the above ,sums added1 are #aa4hfjgi which logarithmic ,number 7deducting the ,initial #a as useless7 viz4 #a4hfjgi1 in the ,table of ,logarithms1 corresponds to #gb4eg1 equal to #gb ,inches1 for the ,length of the ,shadow at ,,xii4 ,reducing then the ,numbers #ff and #gb1 to the lowest ,denomination1 thus #f7 the ,proportion which the ,length of the ,shadow bears to the ,height of the ,object is thereby obtained3 that is #bf ,if the ,length of the ,shadow be divided into #ab ,parts1 the ,height of the ,object would be #aa of those ,parts4 ,see ,moore's ,practical ,navigator4 ,see ,page #ih #cd4 ,,problem4 ,an easy ,way to find the ,proportion which the ,length of the ,shadow bears to the ,height of an ,object is1 ,,at ,,any ,,time ,,when ,,the ,,sun ,,shines1 to fix a ,plummet ,line and frame upright in the ,ground2 measure the ,length of its ,shadow1 and compare it with the ,height of the frame4 #bg ,equal to #c ,quarters of a ,mile and #aba ,yards4 #bh i4e4 ,when the ,barometer below is at #cj ,inches1 and ,thermometer below at #fj viz4 about #ajjj ,yards high in fine ,weather1 and #ejj in changeable4 #bi ,being #ajhc ,yards1 i4e4 half a ,mile1 and #bjc ,yards4 #cj ,it was ,high ,water at ,chester and ,frodsham-,bridge1 at #ch ,minutes past ,i4 #ca ,articles parted with1 to check the first ,descent at ,bellair1 near ,frodsham3 and to ascend the second ,time4 ,to check the first ,descent4 ,pounds4 ,ounces4 ,ballast1 at twice3 #bd #j ,to clear ,trees and ,hedges1 and re-ascend3 ,barometer and ,frame1 #j #ab ,basket with ,tunning ,dish and ,bottles 7except the ,flask with ,brandy and ,water7 #d #aj ,half ,mile of ,twine on the ,reel #a #j ,speaking ,trumpet #j #h ,woollen ,gloves #j #a -------------- #ca #j #bd #j -------------- ,remains for ,re-ascent #g #j #cb ,the ,sun's ,azimuth from the ,north ,point ,westward1 being #aah4bf3 its ,supplement to #ahj is #fa4cd ,south westerly3 i4e4 ,south ,west by ,west1 half ,west nearly4 #cc ,the ,length of the ,shadows being more than double the ,height of the ,objects3 see #cd4 #cd ,to find the ,length of the ,shadow at half past ,,iii4 7,see ,section #hd1 ,note a47 ,lat4 of ,chester1 #ec #ab ,given ,sun's ,dec4 #e #bi ,to find ,sun's ,alt4 ,hour ,,iii1 #cj,m4 #eb #cj ,this is the ,case of an oblique spheric ,triangle1 wherein are two ,sides and one ,angle between them given1 to find the ,sun's ,azimuth1 and the ,sun's ,co-,alt4 ,side #hd4 #ca ,sum of ,sides #aba4 #ai ,side #cf4 #dh ,diff4 of ,sides #dg4 #dc 7#c ,hour7 ,angle contained #eb4 #cj ,half ditto #bf4 #ae #fc4 #de ,half ,sum of ,sides #fj4 #ci ,co4 #bi4 #bb ,half ,difference ditto #bc4 #ea #ff4 #i ,,the ,,first ,,preparative ,,proportion4 ,as ,sine of ,sum of ,sides #fj4 #ci #j4jeiff ,co-,ar4 ,to ,sine of ,difference of ,sides #bc4 #ea #i4fjfge ,so ,co-,tangent contained ,angle #fc4 #de #aj4cjgjc ------------ ---------------- ,to ,t4 of ,diff4 of the other two ,angles #dc4 #ae #i4igcdd ,,second ,,preparative ,,proportion4 ,as ,co-,sine ,sum of ,sides #bi4 #ba #j4cjifh ,co-,ar4 ,to ,co-,sine ,diff4 #ff4 #i #i4ifabc ,so ,co-,tangent contained ,angle #fc4 #de #aj4cjgjc ---------------- ,to ,t4 ,sum of other ,angles #ge4 #aa #aj4eggid ,half ,diff4 before found #dc4 #ae ------------ ,sum1 is greater ,angle #aah4 #bf ,sun's ,azim4 ,diff4 is lesser ,angle #ca4 #ef ,s's right ,asc4 ,then by first ,axiom in ,trigonometry1 to know the ,sun's ,altitude say1 ,as ,sine ,sun's right ,asc4 #ca4 #ef #j4bgfei ,to ,sine ,co-,lat4 #cf4 #dh #i4gggdd ,so ,sine of the contained ,angle #eb4 #cj #i4hiidg -------------- ,to ,co-,sine of the ,sun's ,alt4 #fc4 #eg #i4iecej from #ij4 ------------ ,sun's ,alt4 #bf4 #c ,having ,sun's ,alt4 to find the ,shadow1 ,as ,sine ,sun's ,alt4 #bf4 #c #j4cegch ,co-,ar4 ,to ,person's ,height1 #ff ,inches1 #a4haied ,so ,co-,sine of the ,sun's ,alt4 #fc4 #eg #i4iecej -------- ,to ,length of ,shadow1 #ace ,inches1 #b4acjdb ,then #f7 - - or 1 i4e4 as #bb to #de3 supposing the ,length of the ,shadow divided into #de ,parts2 the ,height of the ,object woud be #bb of those ,parts2 or not quite half the ,length of the ,shadow1 at half past ,,iii4 ,see ,section #hd1 ,note #bf4 #ce ,see 8,priestley on ,electricity40 #cf 4 #cg ,sidenote3 ,an ,account of the ,breath being visible at ,sea1 when the ,thermometer was at #fa4 ,the ,breath is said to become visible at ,sea or ,land at any ,temperature of the ,thermometer not exceeding #fj3 tho'1 in ,latitude #da1 and ,westward of the ,azores ,islands1 being in ,sight of the ,peak of st4 george1 7which probably equals1 if not exceeds1 the ,height of ,teneriffe7 the ,observer has seen his own ,breath1 and that of the ,sailors on ,deck1 when the ,thermometer in the ,shade was at #fa3 the ,air 7in ,january7 being then remarkably damp4 #ch ,this ,assertion may seem to contradict what was said in ,section #dd3 ,when--8every ,thing1 that coud be seen at all1 was seen distinct30 but it only proves that the ,balloon had attained a greater ,altitude during the ,re-ascent1 and that the shadows were much lengthened1 as the ,evening advanced4 #ci ,angelica ,kauffman4 #dj ,it consists of a ,frame1 made by placing two strong ,posts1 moveable at ,pleasure1 each nine or ten ,feet high1 upright in the ,ground1 at the ,distance of two ,yards3 the ,posts being well secured by broad ,pedestals1 to keep them firm3 a strong horizontal ,iron ,axis goes throu' the ,top of the ,posts2 and throu' the ,centers of four ,arms or ,levers at their ,junction4 ,between the four corresponding ,ends of each two ,arms1 7which ,arms are also strengthened by ,beams from one to the other71 are fixed four ,seats or ,boxes1 well secured1 each holding three or four ,persons1 and moving on ,iron ,pivots1 near the ,top of the ,boxes1 so as always to preserve the vertical ,equilibrium4 #da ,sidenote3 ,recommended to ,invalids4 ,why not recommend the ,use of that ,machine to ,invalids8 who woud find ,refreshment in the open ,air3 as its ,rotation communicates a gentle ,motion to the ,system1#db without the least ,fatigue2 rather encreasing the ,animal ,spirits4 #db ,particularly the ,stomach and ,diaphragm4 ,see 8,berdoe's ,enquiry40 #dc ,talis ,ar qualis ,spiritus4 ,see 8,health's ,improvement10 by ,dr4 ,moffet1 ,chapter #c1 ,of ,air1 ,page #gi4 #dd ,or ,solid of least resistance1 see ,chambers's ,dictionary1 with the ,supplement4 #de ,it will be found1 that1 on comparing the two ,calculations in ,section #eb1 ,note 7a71 corrected2 the circular ,distance from the ,eye1 above the ,clouds1 was #ajb ,miles1 #a ,quarter1 #cbj ,yards3 while that above the ,earth1 seen from the same elevated ,situation1 7supposing the ,day to have been clear for such a ,view17 was #ajb ,miles1 #a ,quarter1 #cjg ,yards3 whose ,difference is only #ac ,yards3 that is1 the ,distance above the ,clouds to the nebulous ,horizon1 was rather more extensive1 than that above the ,earth to the terrestrial ,horizon4 ,it may not1 to some ,readers1 be deemed either unentertaining1 or foreign to the ,subject2 if the ,distance of the ,prospect from the ,balloon at its greatest barometric ,altitude1 viz4 #bccb ,yards1 or a ,mile and ,half within #cc ,yards1 be compared with the ,distance which may be seen from the ,summit of the principal ,mountains in different ,parts of the ,globe4 #a4 ,cotopzy1 a ,mountain in the ,province of ,quito1 in ,america1 and under the equinoctial ,line1 is said by ,ulla 7,vol4 #a4 ,page #dbb7 to be #cabf ,toizes or ,fathom1 i4e4 #fbeb ,yards1 or #c ,miles and a ,half and #ib ,yards in ,height4 #b4 ,white ,mountain1 called by the ,french ,mount ,blanc1 near ,geneva1 is considered by ,sir ,g4 ,shuckburgh 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #fg1 ,part #b;d1 ,page #eih1 for the ,year #aggg7 as the highest ,land in ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa 7known to ,europeans7 and calculated by him at #ebbj ,yards1 or #c ,miles within #fj ,yards above the ,level of the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,mons4 ,bourit just returned from his last ,tour1 see his 8,description de ,glacieres0 in #aggc1 makes the ,white ,mountain but #eajb ,yards in ,height1 7which is #cj ,yards lower than ,teneriffe7 including the #daj ,yards for the ,level of the ,lake of ,geneva above the ,mediterranean4 #c4 ,the ,peak of ,teneriffe in the ,canary ,islands1 which1 in approaching towards it1 ,authors agree1 may be seen at the ,distance of #abj ,miles at ,sea1 if the ,weather is clear2 7,modern ,history1 ,vol4 #adth1 ,page #dea27 and1 in returning from it1 is discoverable at the ,distance of #aej ,miles1 according to ,glas's ,history of the ,canaries 7,page #bcd72--;has been estimated by ,dr4 ,heberden in ,madeira 7,guide to the ,lakes1 ,page #ahg7 at #eacb ,yards1 or #c ,miles within #adh ,yards4 ,glas remarks farther1 that in sailing from ,teneriffe1 the ,peak1 at the ,distance of #aej ,miles is very little darker than the azure ,sky1 on ,account of the great ,quantity of ,vapour intercepted between the ,eye and the ,mountain3 and not because it ceased to be an ,object too small for the ,sight2 or was in ,fact1 below the ,horizon1 and only raised by ,refraction of the ,vapour4 ,with ,respect to the ,peak of ,st4 ,george1 situated in the ,island called ,pico1 one of the ,azres2 the ,writer of this ,account asserts1 from the ,mouth of an able and experienced ,officer in his ,majesty's ,navy1 who1 during the last ,war1 cruized some ,weeks off those ,islands2 that the latter has frequently observed the ,peak1 at the ,distance of #abj ,miles1 and coud then distinguish a third ,part of its ,height down the ,mountain4 ,section #abf1 ,note 7a71 see also #df below4 #d4 ,etna is #chgg ,yards above the ,mediterranean3 7according to ,brydone's ,tour throu' ,sicily and ,malta1 ,vol4 #a4 ,page #baa7 or #b ,miles and #ceg ,yards4 #e4 ,blue ,ridge1 the highest ,mountain in the ,island of ,jamaica1 is1 according to ,dr4 ,clark1 who measured it in ,november last1 #cjhj ,yards1 or #a ,mile and three ,quarters1 above the ,level of the ,ocean4 ,the distance to be seen is considered as terminating the ,radius of a ,circle1 whose ,center is the eye of the ,observer1 on each ,mountain4 ,height of the ,mountains4 distance to be seen from them in ,miles4 ,cotopzy #c ,miles and a ,half and #ib ,yards1 7for the ,process1 #afg and #dje see ,section #eb1 ,note 7a774 ,yards4 ,white ,mountain #c ,miles within #aec and #ac #fj ,yards4 ,yards4 ,peak of ,teneriffe #c ,miles within #aeb within #gb #adh ,yards4 ,yards4 ,mount ,etna #b ,miles and #ceg #acb and #abg ,yards4 ,yards4 ,blue ,ridge #a ,mile and #c ,quarters4 #aag and #cj ,yards4 ,balloon #a ,mile and half within #ajb and #cjg #cc ,yards4 ,yards4 ,as it is well known that ,objects of the greatest ,magnitude appear but as blue air at even a less ,distance than #ajj ,miles2 to which add the ,difficulty of ,journies1 and ,ascent to the ,summit of these astonishing ,mounds of ,earth2 and all this for the ,sake1 not of a complete down prospect1 subject to a perpetual ,variety1 but merely an imperfect ,side-,view3 the pleasure and ease of attaining still more stupendous ,heights at any ,place and ,time1 by ,means of the balloon1 are strikingly in ,favor of that ,invention4 ,and1 notwithstanding the confessed ,merit of ,dr4 ,black's ,project with the ,farciminlis of a ,calf1 and ,mr4 ,cavallo's ,soap ,bubbles with inflammable ,air2 7see his ,history of ,aerostation1 ,page #cd27 if the ,emperor had been alive who offered a ,reward for the ,invention of a ,,new ,,pleasure2 the first ,prize had been due to the ,brothers ,montgolfier1 and a second to the ,brothers ,roberts4 #df ,as therefore it may be supposed that the ,peak of ,st4 ,george1 in receding from it1 woud vanish at the ,distance of #aej ,miles2 its ,height may easily be ascertained geometrically thus3 ,illustration ,see the ,figure annexed4 ,let ,m be the ,summit of the ,mountain3 and let the ,line ,m ,t drawn to the ,circumference of the ,circle at ,t1 be the evanescent ,distance of the ,mountain in the ,horizon1 viz4 #aej ,miles4 ,join ,t ,c1 viz4 a ,line drawn from the ,tangent to the ,center of the ,circle1 which ,line will therefore represent the ,semidiameter of the ,earth1 viz4 #cieh ,miles1 according to ,newton4 ,draw a ,line from ,c to ,m1 which will pass throu' some ,point of the ,circumference as ,h1 the ,base of the ,mountain4 ,then1 in the ,triangle ,m ,t ,c1 as the ,angle at ,t is a right ,angle 7,euclid's ,elements1 ,book #c1 ,proposition #ah27 and the ,sides ,m ,t1 and ,t ,c1 containing the right ,angle1 are known2 the third ,side ,c ,m is readily found3 7being a ,corollary to the #dgth ,prop4 #ast ,book ,euclid37 viz4 having the two ,sides of a right ,angle ,triangle given to find the third4 ,therefore ,,rule4 ,multiply the ,sides containing the right ,angle1 each into itself3 viz4 #aej and #cieh3 add the ,products into one ,sum3 from which extract the square ,root2 equal to the ,length in ,miles1 of the third ,side required4 ,from the third ,side1 subtract that ,part1 viz4 ,c ,h1 which is equal to the ,semidiameter ,t ,c already found3 and the ,remainder ,h ,m is the ,height of the ,mountain4 ,thus3 #aej ,miles4 #cieh ,miles in the ,semidiameter of #aej #cieh the ,earth4 ------ -------- #gejj #caffd #ae #aigij ---------- #cefbb #bbejj #aahgd ,square of the ---------------- greatest visible #aeffegfd ,square of the ,semidiameter ,distance4 add #bbejj of the ,earth4 ---------------- ,extract the sq4 ,root1 #aefhhbfd 7 #cifj4hd ,square ,root4 #i #cieh subtract4 ---- -------- #fi7 #ffh ,rem4 #b4hd ,answer in ,miles4 #fba ------ #ghf7 #dgh4b #dga #f ---------- #gibjh7 #fffd4jj continued to #b ,decimals4 #fccf #fd -------------- #gibafd7 #cbgcf4jj ditto4 #cafhf #ef ---------------- #ajdidd ,to find the 4#hd ,part of a ,mile2 multiply #agfj ,yards in a ,mile1 ,decimal ,parts of a ,mile to be reduced 4#hd into ,yards4 -------- #gjdj #adjhj ------------ #agfj7adgh4dj7j ,subtract #adgh -------- #bhb ,answer3 the ,height of the ,mountain is #b ,miles #bhb ,yards4 #dg ,rays flowing from the ,sun seem to be red orange or yellow1 according to the ,quantity of ,vapours floating in the ,atmosphere1 which absorbs the most refrangible ones3 and the fewer the ,vapours the more does the ,sun's ,light approach to a perfect and intense white1 according to the ,doctrine of ,newton3 which seems to receive ,confirmation from the ,purity of the ,solar ,light1 when seen above ,clouds and ,vapours1 in the ,balloon3 where the ,sun shines not so much with a golden as with a sparkling silver ,light4 #dh ,sounds immediately under the ,balloon1 seemed1 as if originated near the ,ear1 and louder than they would have been heard1 at the ,distance of some ,yards only1 when on a ,level with themselves3 augmenting rather than decreasing1 during the ,ascent of the ,balloon1 till it arrived to a ,height indicated by the ,barometer at #bg ,inches4 ,presently afterwards1 the ,balloon still rising2 the ,sounds died away3 much sooner indeed than was expected4 ,the like was observed in descending from a ,state of perfect ,tranquillity and ,silence3 ,sounds from below1 when about the same ,height1 suddenly rushing on the ,ear4 ,it must be considered that by this ,time1 the shadows were much encreased2 tho' at half past ,,ii1 they were more than double in ,length to the ,height of each ,object4 ,the ,trees woud therefore spread a shade across the ,road4 ,the tops of the ,houses likewise1 being ,part of them in the ,shade2 and either thatched with ,straw1 or covered with ,slates of a dusky ,hue2 woud prevent their throwing off any striking ,colour4 ,possibly the ,encrease of ,shade alone1 might give the ,face of the ,country below1 a dark-green ,cast4 ,it is certain that the ,height of the ,balloon must have been very great1 to prevent the ,sight of public and ,turnpike-,roads1 above which it frequently passed1 and which had been plainly seen before the ,re-ascent4 ,for suppose the ,road but #e ,yards wide1 which is less than the ,truth2 if it be allowed that an ,object may be distinguished by a sharp-sighted ,person1 when its ,distance from the ,eye does not exceed #eaef ,times the ,diameter of the ,object2 i4e4 when the ,object does not subtend a less ,angle at the ,eye than #cj ,seconds of a ,circle1 7,smith's ,optics1 ,article #ig7 which is the smallest visible ,point1 and equal to the #hjjjth ,part of an ,inch on the ,retina2--by multiplying #e ,yards1 viz4 the ,diameter of the public ,road1 into #eaef 7or1 in round ,numbers1 into #ejjj7 ,times its ,distance from the ,eye in the ,balloon2 the ,product is #bejjj ,yards3 which ,product being divided by #agfj1 the ,number of ,yards in a ,mile1 amounts to #ad ,miles1 and #cfj ,yards4 ,supposing farther1 that a common ,eye can only see an ,object at half that ,distance2 the ,height woud then be #g ,miles4 ,the ,improbability1 therefore1 7on ,account of the ,warmth of the ,air at that ,height1 viz4 #fj27 of having soared to so great an ,altitude1 seems to point out1 that the shadows must have contributed a principal ,share1 in preventing a ,sight of the public and ,turnpike ,roads4 #di ,the magnitude of an ,object decreases1 as the squares of its ,distance from the ,eye increase4 ,at whatever ,distance1 for ,example1 the ,eye can see any ,object clearly2 as at the ,distance of a ,foot1 or a ,yard1 if the ,object be removed to twice that ,distance2 it will appear #d ,times smaller than it did before3 #b multiplied into #b1 equals #d1 which is the ,square of #b3 in the same ,manner1 if the ,object be removed to thrice the ,distance from the ,eye1 it will appear #i ,times as small1 as at the first ,distance3 for #c into #c gives #i1 the ,square of #c3 and so of any farther ,distance4 #ej ,see 8,berkeley's ,new ,theory of ,vision1 ,section #fg40 #ea ,dr4 ,smith having ,recourse to intervening ,objects2 the ,writer cannot assent to the ,validity of his ,argument1 illustrated by a well-known ,figure1 to solve the ,appearance of the horizontal ,moon4 ,see 8,priestley's ,history of ,light and ,colours1 ,page #gab40 #eb ,phil4 ,trans4 for #aghe1 ,part #a1 ,page #bhg4 #ec ,cavallo's ,treatise on ,air1 ,page #egf4 ,vitriolic ,acid ,air1 ,alkaline ,air1 and other elastic ,fluids1 are instantly absorbed by ,water2 7,page #fgc47 ,inflammable ,air1 and fixed ,air1 are likewise absorbed by water4 7,page #dcd74 #ed ,nam fit1 ut interdum tanquam demiss ,column ,in ,mare de ,clo descendat4--,lucr4 ,l4 #f4 ,v4 #dbe4 ,una ,eurus ,notusque ruunt1 creberque ,procellis ,africus4 ,also ,omnia ,ventorum concurrere ,prlia vidi4 ,virgil4 #ee ,franklin's ,account of ,whirlwinds and ,waterspouts1 in his ,miscellaneous ,tracts4 ,lowthorp's ,abridgement of ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #b4 ,page #ajc4 ,varenius ,geogr4 ,gen4 ,c4 #ba1 ,pag4 #bfe4 ,a clear ,account of the ,effects of a depression is to be met with in 8the ,history of ,jamaica1 in #c vols4 vol4 #c4 ,page #hjj1 on ,trade and ,land ,winds40 #ef ,mons4 ,maupertius has found1 that the extreme ,cold at ,tornea1 in the northern ,regions beyond the ,artic ,circle1 came directly from above3 see 8,la ,figure de la ,terre10 ,page #ei4 ,il semble que le vent souffle--de tous ,cts la ,fois2 et il lance la ,neige avec une telle ,impetuosit1 qu'en un ,moment tous les ,chemins font perdus4 8,it seems that the ,wind blows from all ,points of the ,compass at once10 c4 #eg ,the ,doctrine of smokey ,chimnies distinctly treated of under the ,article smoke1 in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 may receive some ,improvement1 from ,circumstances which ascertain the sudden ,descent1 ,elevation1 and quick ,depression of ,columns or rather ,torrents of ,air1 viz4 by widening the ,tubes1 and covering their ,tops4 #eh ,it is thought more candid1 and will to many be more satisfactory2 to make occasional ,references to different ,authors who have treated distinctly on a ,subject1 and leave the ,reader to draw his own ,conclusions by applying to their express ,words2--than1 either to insert abundant ,quotations2 or weave their ,thoughts into the ,texture of the ,work3 which must encrease its ,bulk1 without producing any ,thing either new or instructive4 #ei ,once1 particularly1 in the ,month of ,january1 at ,lausanne3 ,farenheit's ,thermometer at #g only3 the ,country covered with ,snow2 and a ,north ,wind beating violently on the ,lake1 which continued liquid without ,ice3 owing1 perhaps1 in ,part1 to subterranean ,heat1 and ,exhalations4 #fj ,the ,depression and ,reverberation of the ,wind near ,rivers1 and its ,descent from ,mountains1 a ,point to be discussed1 may furnish a ,hint and ,reason1 why ,rain falls more in one ,place1 than in another not far distant3 and why in the same ,place it falls in different ,quantities1 at different ,heights1 irregularly4 #fa ,cavallo's ,treatise on ,air1 ,page #ddf4---- #fb #ddb4---- #fc #dda4---- #fd #ddb4 #fe ,it is light in ,consequence of its ,warmth1 when compared with the cooler condensed ,air above it4 #ff ,in the same ,manner that ,curls and ,streams of ,air descended into the ,bason over the rising ,steam1 and interrupted the ,regularity of its ,elevation2 in the larger ,towns1 during ,winter 7the ,weather being moderate7 the ,pressure of ,air on all ,sides1 from without1 produces a constant ,breeze towards the ,center of the ,town3 as may be discovered1 not only by the ,smoke in its ,deviation from the ,perpendicular1 as it issues from the ,chimneys2 but by all who are inclined to make the ,trial2 for1 on leaving the ,town1 they will meet the ,breeze4 ,in calm ,weather1 during ,summer1 the contrary ,event happens3 but more particularly in hot ,climates4 ,for the ,country being hotter than the ,town2 a ,depression of the ,atmosphere takes ,place1 and scatters the ,smoke on all ,sides round the ,town4 ,the ,cities in ,italy1 and other hot ,climates1 on ,account of the ,buildings1 and desirable ,narrowness of the ,streets1 form one contiguous ,shelter1 ,arbor1 or grand ,parasol3 ,for which ,reason1 the ,nobility leave the ,country1 and reside in the ,towns during ,summer3 there finding a ,coolness and ,refreshment unknown on the scorching ,plains4 ,a ,reception and ,dispersion of ,air takes ,place2 as will presently be mentioned4 ,the same ocular ,proof and ,process in the ,evaporation of ,steam1 accounts at once1 for a curious ,phenomenon constantly observable on all ,waters2 viz4 a narrow smooth irregular ,surface of considerable ,length1 nearly in the ,direction of the ,wind1 yet unaffected by it3 all which is probably nothing more than rising ,volumes of elastic invisible ,steam2 resisting the two nearest descending ,waves of air2 and preventing them from approaching the ,surface of ,water1 over which the ,steam is compressed2 and there producing a temporary calm4 #fg ,phil4 ,trans4 for #aggg1 ,page #dgj4 ,thibet in ,lat4 #ca1 cold with ,snow and ,frost4 ,see ,ulla's ,voyage to ,south-,america1 ,book #f1 ,chapter #g2 where he describes the snowy ,mountains1 under the ,equator4 ,as the ,weather1 near the ,equinoctial1 is more regular1 its ,changes closely following those of the ,moon2 and also the ,winds and ,hurricanes more violent2 the ,truth of the foregoing ,theory will receive the strongest ,confirmation by tracing the ,effects of depressing torrents of air1 in the ,island of ,jamaica1 extracted from the ,author already mentioned4 8,the cool ,vapour rushes from the ,mountains towards the hot dry ,air1 which hovers over the ,savannahs or ,vallies4 ,the ,rain falls heaviest in the ,mountains4 ,vol4 #c1 ,page #fjj4 ,the ,land-,wind after ,rain1 proceeds from that ,quarter whence the ,rain has fallen heaviest2 and seems to rush from above4 ,in ,spain and ,north-,america1 the ,wind rushes down4 ,page #fja4 ,when the ,land is most heated1 the ,sea-,breeze blows almost all ,night4 ,page #fjb4 ,the ,barometer subsides from #a ,inch to #a at the full ,moon1 or just after it4 ,wind blows from the ,mountains all round the ,island3 and still a ,sea-,breeze over the ,mountains3 to the ,low-,lands1 none1 #fjd4 7,in ,jamaica likewise the ,wind blows off the ,island every way at once1 so that no ,ship can any where come in by ,night1 or go out but early in the ,morning1 before the ,sea-,breeze sets in4 ,see ,abr4 ,phil4 ,tr4 ,vol4 #c1 ,p4 #edh47 ,mountain ,air rushes down in a continual ,current to every ,part of the ,coast1 the ,stream descending incessantly throu' the ,night3 while heavy cold ,air descends to the ,mountain ,tops1 #fjd4 ,with a ,west ,wind below there is an ,east ,scud above1 #fje4 ,mountains cloudy1 low ,lands sunny4 #fjf4 ,in all the ,river-,courses of ,jamaica1 there is a sensible ,current of ,air4 ,rain never comes without some ,wind3 and the ,showers almost invariably follow the very ,meanders of the larger ,rivers1 #fjh4 ,rain always cools3 the ,thermometer falling1 after a ,shower1 from #f to #h ,degrees1 #faj4 7,and ,iron rusts least in rainy ,weather3 the ,air being then driest1 descending from the upper ,regions4 ,abr4 ,ph4 ,tr4 ,v4 #c1 ,p4 #edf470 ,it is said also that 8in ,jamaica the ,clouds gather1 and shape according to the ,mountains3 so that old ,seamen will tell you each ,island towards ,evening1 by the ,shape of the ,cloud over it40 ,the ,sea-,breeze1 being counterpoised by ,descent of the etherial ,air1 produces a calm4 ,the same ,author likewise says1 that 8the ,clouds begin to gather about #b or #c o',clock in the ,afternoon at the ,mountains1 and do not embody first in the ,air1 and after settle there1 but settle first and embody there3 the rest of the ,sky being clear till ,sun-set4 ,so that they do not pass near the ,earth in a ,body1 and only stop where they meet with ,parts of the ,earth elevated above the rest2 but precipitate from a very great ,height1 and in ,particles of an exceeding rarified ,nature2 so as not to obscure the ,air or ,sky at all3 that great ,variety of beautiful ,colours in the ,canopy of ,heaven being raised to a much greater ,distance he means ,height in ,jamaica than it is here40 ,abr4 ,ph4 ,tr4 ,v4 #c1 ,p4 #eeg4 7,prognostics of ,weather1 at certain ,periods of the ,moon1 are mentioned by ,captain ,langford4 ,lowthorp's ,abr4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #b1 ,page #aje47 #fh ,the ,depression of a ,torrent of ,air in the ,form of an hyperbolic ,solid1 contracting as it descends to the ,earth1 in ,proportion as its ,density encreases2 may furnish a ,hint towards the ,solution of a ,difficulty how to account for the ,augmentation of vesiculous ,vapours into large solid ,drops1 frequent during ,summer-,showers4 #fi ,mons4 ,saussure's valuable 8,essais sur ,l',hygrometrie10 throw new ,light on the ,doctrine of ,rarefaction and ,condensation not unfavourable to the ,hypothesis here advanced4 ,page #bfj4 #gj ,ice1 when exposed to marine acid ,air1 is dissolved by it1 as fast as if it touched a red hot ,iron4 ,see ,cavallo's ,treatise on ,air1 ,page #gbg4 ,also ,priestley's ,experiments and ,observations1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #adh4 #ga 8,the water remains transparent or colourless1 tho' saturated with marine acid ,air1 and by a very gentle ,degree of ,heat1 the ,gass may be again expelled from it1 as it is expelled from ,spirit of ,salt40 ,this ,observation is applicable to the ,transparency of ,vapours1 in the ,air1 tho' mixed with the marine ,acid exhaled from the ,sea3 for when the acid or ,sea ,air is mixed with ,alkaline or ,land ,air1 they instantly combine2 lose their ,elasticity1 and form a white visible ,substance or ,cloud4 ,cavallo1 ,page #gbh4 ,priestley's ,exp4 and ,obs4 ,vol4 #b1 ,page #bic4 #gb ,on the ,descent of ,air in ,thunder-,gusts1 see 8,chalmer's ,account of the ,weather in ,south-,carolina1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #a1 to #ci40 #gc 8,historia ,ventorum1 ,pag4 #ed1 ,art4 #cd40 #gd ,book ,v4 ,chapter #b;d4 #ge ,vol4 #a4 ,page #ahd4 #gf ,page #aie4 #gg ,history of the ,canary ,isles1 ,page #beb4 #gh ,as the superior ,clouds1 during the ,balloon ,excursion1 did not much exceed the ,height of #ajjj ,yards2 supposing then the ,clouds at an equal ,height above the ,sea1 near ,teneriffe2 one ought to conclude1 either1 that the ,peak was not so high as ,glas represents it2 or1 that the ,level of the ,clouds was less than half the ,height of the ,mountain4 #gi ,see 8,royal ,astronomer1 by ,r4 ,heath1 ,page #cba1 on ,trade ,winds and ,monsoons40 #hj ,one ,pound of ,nitre only1 producing by mere ,heat1 #f cubic ,feet of ,air4 8,cavallo1 ,page #ccb1 and #haa1 ,experiments on ,gun-,powder40 #ha 8,see ,recherches surles ,modifications de l',atmosphere4 ,no4 #gae40 ,ph4 ,trans4 ,part #b1 for #aggg4 ,col4 ,roy's ,experiments1 ,sect4 #b;d1 ,page #fhi1 #gdd1 #gec1 #gfd4 #hb ,the different ,phenomena of the ,aurora ,borealis may be owing to the ,ascent and ,motion of the ,apogay1 in the middle ,region1 over the ,stratum of ,eknfiai or ,ground-,winds4 ,the ,effects of ,tides in the ,air yet to be mentioned1 must not1 however1 be wholly excluded4 ,the ,aurora ,borealis is seen in ,spring1 ,autumn1 and ,winter3 sometimes culminating1 sometimes moving in ,streams and ,waves in the superior ,regions of the ,atmosphere3 when culminating2 as if rising out of ,clouds in the ,north4 ,this ,appearance may be owing to warm moist ,air perpetually generating between the ,tropics1 and rolling over the cold dry ,stratum of ,eknfiai ,winds1 which cut off its ,communication with the ,earth3 till accumulating over the ,poles1 it enlightens the ,atmosphere1 converting a six ,month's ,night into ,day2 and returns to the ,surface silently3 or in ,lightning1 whenever it is communicated to the ,earth1 throu' ,vapour descending by its own specific ,gravity2 or along with depressing ,torrents of ,air1 known to be accompanied by frequent flashes4 ,when the ,vapour is condensed in its ,descent1 by passing throu' a ,stratum of the ,eknfiai ,winds2 it becomes overcharged with the electric ,matter1 surrounding and adhering to it2 and deposits the ,overplus in ,lightning1 on its ,approach to other ,clouds1 or to the ,earth4 ,it is visible in the ,form of a ,vapour1 when the ,vapour to which it adheres1 becomes overcharged with electric ,matter1 by ,descent into a cool ,eknfiai ,stratum below3 there forming a luminous and transparent ,atmosphere3 the ,particles of ,light and ,vapour being repelled to great ,distances from each other at so rare a ,height4 ,it culminates above the ,vapour1 because less heavy than the circumambient ,air3 and may be subject to the ,attraction of other ,planets4 ,the ,aurora ,borealis is also seen to issue in ,streams and ,waves of ,light1 with inexpressible ,velocity1 on its ,return to the ,south1 in a lower ,stratum1 as it passes throu' ,interstices1 between the ,vesicles of warm ,vapour1 raised and dispersed by the turbulent ,apogay ,winds1 in the middle ,region4 ,during ,summer1 the middle ,region becomes blended with the lower1 throu' ,defect of ,cold3 and the electric ,matter is supposed to be communicated to the ,earth1 silently1 and continually2 but by ,lightning1 when a lower and colder ,atmosphere condenses and overcharges the ,vapour1 and cuts off the ,communication4 ,it cannot be seen but in escaping from ,vesicle to ,vesicle3 nor1 during ,summer1 after ,sunset1 on ,account of the ,twilight4 #hc ,air is not unfit for ,respiration1 by having lost its vital ,principle1 but because it has imbibed ,floguiston1 which cannot easily be separated from it1 but by ,agitation in ,water4 ,cavallo1 on ,air1 ,pages #dgi1 #fgj4 #hd ,for if ,moisture be one ,cause1 which keeps the ,particles of ,air at greater ,distances from each other2 this ,cause decreases at great ,altitudes4 ,if also the ,elasticity decreases in ,proportion1 not only to the ,height1 but the ,driness2 its ,particles must1 on both ,accounts1 approach each other1 at great ,altitudes3 tho'1 from the ,altitude only2 they woud separate according to the ,rule1 viz4 that the ,rarity of the ,air is proportionable to the ,relaxation of the ,force compressing it4 ,so that at the ,height of #h or #aj ,miles1 a ,quantity of ,air taken from the ,surface of the ,earth1 woud occupy #f ,times its former ,space3 supposing the ,air both below and above to be of the same ,kind1 as well as of the same mean ,temperature of #ee1 on the ,thermometer4 ,see 8,martin's ,philosophical ,grammar1 ,page #agh40 #he ,chalmer describing a ,whirlwind1 which is a ,storm of collection and ,ascent of hot ,air1 c4 by ,rarefaction1 says1 8as the ,wind ceased1 presently after the ,whirlwind passed1 the branches and ,leaves of various ,sorts of ,trees1 which had been carried into the ,air1 continued to fall for half an hour2 and1 in their ,descent1 appeared like ,flocks of ,birds of different ,sizes40 ,this ,circumstance proves that ,columns of hot ,air must have been raised in a ,body1 in ,succession1 to so considerable a ,height1 that ,branches of ,trees carried up by them1 took half an ,hour in falling4 #hf ,it may be from this ,principle1 that in the ,east1 ,liquids are kept cool by being hung in the ,shade1 in the open ,air1 suspended in wet ,cloths3 there being a continual ,breeze and ,succession of cool dry ,spunges 7as it were7 of ,air1 in ,contact with the wetted ,cloths1 whose ,moisture will thus be more quickly evaporated4 #hg ,historia ,ventorum1 ,pag4 #dh1 ,art4 #cc4 #hh 8,cum enim 7,venti7 ,choreas ducant1 ,ordinem ,saltationis nosse jucundum fuerit4 ,art4 #ah40 #hi ,on the ,action of the ,sun and ,moon over ,animal ,bodies1 by ,dr4 ,mead1 ,miscell4 ,cur4 ,vol4 #a4 ,p4 #cgb1 #cgc4 #ij ,for these ,observations see ,gassendus's ,natural ,philosophy4 ,de ,chales's ,navigator4 ,and ,astro-,meteoro-,logica1 per ,j4 ,goad4 #ia ,see ,maclaurin's ,newton1 ,page #cgf4 #ib ,air at a ,medium is #hjj ,times rarer than ,water3 so that if #hjj ,times the ,quantity of ,air naturally contained in a ,vessel whose ,dimensions are those of a cubic ,foot1 were pressed into it by a ,syringe or ,condenser1 the ,air woud differ nothing from ,water in ,density4 #ic ,see ,wilson on ,climate1 ,chap4 #ae4 ,pages #df1 #ed4 #id #ee4 #ie ,by reducing #aj ,feet #f ,inches1 and #f ,feet #g ,inches1 into ,inches1 and dividing by common ,divisors1 as #c and #b2 it is found that #aj ,feet #f ,inches1 will be to #f ,feet #g ,inches1 as #c to #b nearly3 that is1 as #ae ,miles to #aj ,miles4 #if ,white's ,ephmeris1 ,page #ch1 for the ,speculum ,phenomenorum1 or ,mirror of the ,heavens4 #ig ,see the ,book which gives an ,account of ,walker's ,eidouranion4 ,the intelligent ,reader will easily distinguish the ,effects1 attributed to the ,planets1 viz4 their mutual ,attractions1 owing to natural ,causes only2--from the futile ,ravings of judicial ,astrology4 #ih ,see ,london ,chronicle1 #bfth ,july1 #aghe4 #ii ,to find the ,direction of an upper ,current1 without the ,inconvenience of rising above the ,level which the ,aironaut has fixed on4 ,this the ,abb ,bertholon has hinted at1 by ,means of a smaller ,balloon4 ,the ,dimensions of which1 must however be so large2 that1 allowing for the ,evaporation of ,gass1 it will just rise with the ,weight of a ,quantity of ,cord1 a ,mile and half1 for ,instance1 in ,length3 and have sufficient ,room left within1 to admit of the ,expansion of ,gass without ,rupture4 ,the ,pioneer-,balloon may be taken up1 empty1 and filled with ,gass necessarily escaping from the mouth of the great ,balloon1 when stationary3 and may be sent up with a ,cord1 fastened to the ,center above the ,car of the great ,balloon1 to reconnoitre the superior ,currents3 or it may be only filled in ,part2 and made to descend1 and discover the lower ,currents4 ,see 8,des ,avantages de ,ballons1 c4 ,page #gb40 #ajj ,as the ,heights of the ,atmosphere encrease in an arithmetical ,progression2 the ,densities are said to encrease in a geometrical ,progression3 which is a mathematical and pedantic ,mode of ,expression4 ,for arithmetical ,progression here means no more than the ,height of #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 c4 c4 ,yards1 ,fathoms1 ,roods1 or any other equal ,interval4 ,if then at the ,height of one ,yard1 the ,balloon has acquired 7suppose7 the ,levity of #a ,pound2 then1 if this ,levity encreases in geometrical ,progression2 7as twice #a is #b17 it will1 at the ,height of #b ,yards1 have encreased to #b ,pounds3 and1 as twice #b is #d27 it will1 at the ,height of #c ,yards1 have encreased to #d ,pounds3 and1 as 7as twice #d is #h27 it will1 at the ,height of #d ,yards1 have encreased to #h ,pounds3 and1 7as twice #h is #af27 it will1 at the ,height of #e ,yards1 have encreased to #af3 and1 7as twice #af is #cb27 the ,levity will1 at the ,height of #f ,yards1 have encreased to #cb ,pounds2 and so on1 doubling the preceding ,number2 at the ,height of each ,yard1 ,fathom1 ,rood1 ,mile1 c4 c4 #aja ,whiston's ,tacquet's ,euclid1 ,book ,,xi4 ,definition of a right ,cylinder1 ,art4 #c1 ,page #aff4 #ajb ,archimedes's ,theorems4 ,proposition #cc1 #cd2 at the ,end of ,whiston's ,euclid1 ,page #db4 #ajc ,inferred in the ,chester ,chronicle1 ,sept4 #cj1 #aghe4 #ajd ,the ,writer not having yet been able to procure it from the ,london ,booksellers4 #aje ,see ,chambers's ,dictionary under the ,article resistence4 #ajf ,see his 8,navires des ,anciens40 #ajg ,see 8,gordon's ,principles of ,naval ,architecture40 ,also the ,balzaes and ,guaraes1 in ,ulla's ,voyage to ,america1 ,book #d1 ,chapter #i1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #ahc4 #ajh ,mons4 ,carra proposed to ascend with two ,balloons4 ,one1 a seventh ,part less than the other1 is to be connected by a ,rope1 throu' a ,pulley fixed in the equatorial ,hoop of the great ,balloon1 to a ,reel in the ,center of the ,car3 in descending1 the ,reel is to be unwound3 the great ,balloon and ,car will therefore descend1 while the small ,balloon remains in the ,air4 ,the ,scheme is certainly practicable4 ,see the ,cut in the ,london ,magazine for ,june1 #aghd4 #aji ,see 8,lewis's ,commerce of the ,arts40 #aaj ,see ,priestley's numerous ,experiments3 and that ,library of curious ,investigation1 the ,philosophical ,transactions4 #aaa ,and ,magnitude of distant ,objects4 ,bacon says that ,objects are more visible in an ,east ,wind1 and ,sounds more audible in a ,west ,wind2 being heard at a greater ,distance4 8,historia ,ventorum1 ,p4 #cg1 ,art4 #ca40 #aab ,see ,le ,roi's ,uses of the airostatic ,globe at ,sea1 in his 8,navires des ,anciens1 ,page #bbe40 #aac ,the natural ,figure of the ,dodon-,globe-,fish1 a coloured ,print of which is given in 8,martyn's new and elegant ,dictionary of natural ,history30 where it is described as follows3 8,the ,form of the ,body is usually oblong3 but when the ,creature is alarmed1 it possesses the ,power of inflating its ,belly to a globular ,shape of great ,size20--seems to furnish a ,hint for the proper ,figure of a ,balloon1 when the ,art is more improved4 ,the ,balloon1 as far as it is meant to resemble the upper ,part of the ,fish1 is to be made stiff1 with ,pasteboard or ,papier-mch varnished2 for1 being strong1 and in a permanent ,form1 it is more capable of continuing ,air-tight3 the lower ,parts being flaccid1 will be inflated1 as the ,balloon rises1 and deflated during the ,descent4 ,rowers1 and propulsive ,machinery1 are to be fixed within the ,fish1 in ,place of the ,fins3 and ,goods of greater ,weight placed in a covered ,car below3 the ,air-,bottle-,balloon being fixed between both4 #aad ,and by ,kunckel's or ,canton's ,phosphorus1 ,see 8,priestley's ,history of light4 ,pages #ehe1 #cgj40 #aae ,this was owing to the cool ,air rushing in to supply the ,tendency to a ,vacuum by the ,expansion of hot ,steam1 with the extricated ,gass4 ,the ,accident proves that no ,danger is to be dreaded from expansion of the ,gass4 #aaf ,from ,bersham-,forge near ,wrexham1 where there is always a sufficient ,quantity4 #aag ,the detached ,thermometer might be protected from the ,sun1 by being swung a few ,inches below the ,car of the ,balloon by means of an ,opening made purposely throu' the ,center of the ,car4 #aah ,foundation of the first ,table4 7,ph4 ,tr4 for #aggg1 ,part #b;d1 ,page #efg47--;,it was found by ,experiment that the ,decimal 4#jjjbfb was the ,expansion on #cj ,inches of ,quicksilver1 with each ,degree of ,temperature from freezing to boiling ,water3 also1 the ,decimal 4#jjjjdb was the ,expansion on #cj ,inches of the ,glass ,tube 7containing the ,quicksilver71 with each ,degree of -------------- ,temperature3 therefore by ,addition1 4#jjjcjd or by taking only #d ,decimals1 4#jjjc is the ,expansion on #cj ,inches of ,quicksilver1 and the ,glass ,tube containing it1 with each ,degree of ,temperature4 ,construction of the first ,table4 ,thus any vertical ,number1 shewing the ,expansion1 may be readily formed1 by doubling1 first1 the ,number immediately under each ,inch for the ,expansion below it3 and afterwards1 by adding the ,number immediately under each ,inch1 to the ,expansion last found4 ,note3 ,the vertical ,columns1 below each ,inch of ,quicksilver shew the ,expansion on that ,inch1 with corresponding ,degrees of ,temperature indicated by the ,thermometer in the ,column to the left ,hand4 ,example3 to find the ,expansion on #cj ,inches of ,quicksilver with #a ,degree of ,temperature3 the ,answer in the ,table is 4#jjc3 i4e4 such ,expansion raises the ,quicksilver the #cjjjth ,part of an ,inch4 #aai ,there is seldom ,occasion to take more than the four first ,decimals out of the ,table1 the ,remainder being of little value4 #abj ,the ,foundation of the second ,table4 ,this ,table is calculated from ,briggs's ,logarithms3 each ,number1 in the second ,column1 being nothing more than the ,logarithm--corresponding to the ,point1 7in the first ,column17 at which the ,quicksilver stands in the barometric ,tube1--subtracted from the ,logarithm of #cb ,inches multiplied by #f4 ,construction of the second ,table4 ,this ,table consists of three vertical ,columns only3 tho' here tripled1 for the greater ,convenience of ,inspection4 ,the first or left ,hand ,column shews1 in ,inches and ,tenths 7from ten ,inches7 the ,gradations of the ,quicksilver in the barometric ,tube1 beginning as low as one ,inch above the ,surface in the ,cistern1 and proceeding throu' all the intermediate ,points1 to the unusual ,extent of #cb ,inches3#aba supposing likewise that the ,tube is elevated in the ,atmosphere1 so that the contained ,quicksilver1 when exposed to the ,temperature of #ca4bd of ,farenheit1 rests at each ,point in the ,table4 ,the second vertical ,column gives the different ,heights in ,feet and ,tenths1 to which the barometric ,tube must be raised above its ,level at #cb ,inches1 in order that the contained ,quicksilver1 if exposed to the ,temperature of #ca4bd of ,farenheit1 may stand at each ,point indicated in the first ,column4 ,the third vertical ,column1 gives1 likewise in ,feet and ,tenths1 the difference between each two adjoining ,heights in the second ,column1 corresponding to a single ,tenth 7of ,quicksilver73 which single ,tenth is the ,difference between each two adjoining ,tenths of an ,inch in the first ,column4 ,for ,example3 ,suppose the ,quicksilver in the barometric ,tube1 in the first ,column1 stands at ,inches #af4a answering to #aiegj4d ,height in ,feet ,and again at #af4b answering to #aicih4d in the ,atmosphere4 -------------- ,difference of 4#a in ,feet3 remaining #agb4j which sixteen ,inches two ,tenths1 is a single ,tenth more than sixteen ,inches one ,tenth1 and will therefore answer to a less ,height in the ,atmosphere by that single ,tenth2 considering that the lower the ,quicksilver falls in the ,tube1 the higher must the ,barometer itself be raised in the ,atmosphere1 in order that the ,quicksilver may rest at the lower ,points of the ,tube4 ,if therefore a less ,height in the ,atmosphere be required which shall answer to one ,tenth more than #af ,inches two ,tenths2 subtract the ,height answering to #af4b from the ,height answering to #af4a1 i4e4 subtract the less ,height from the greater1 and the ,remainder gives that less ,height in the third ,column1 answering to the ,height of one ,tenth more than #af ,inches #b ,tenths1 of the ,barometer4 #aba ,the ,barometer1 7to which the ,scale of ,heights is applied1 in the #b;d ,column of the #b;d ,table7 is supposed to be sunk within the ,surface of the ,earth1 till the ,quicksilver rests at #cb ,inches1 as appears from the last ,article in the table1 viz4 #cb ,inches1 #j4jj ,feet4 #cb ,inches is therefore the ,foundation of the ,table1 and corresponds1 according to ,shuckburgh1 to #afdg ,feet1 under the ,surface of the ,sea1 at low ,water4 ,this ,depth then being the imaginary ,level pointed out by the ,quicksilver1 at the unusual ,extent of #cb ,inches2 each interior ,inch and ,tenth of ,quicksilver will correspond to a superior ,elevation of the ,instrument1 in ,feet and ,tenths above that ,level1 and will include the ,mensuration of the deepest ,mines4 ,for the mean ,pressure of the ,barometer1 at low ,water1 from #acb ,observations in ,italy and ,england1 is #cj4jd ,inches3 the ,temperature of the ,barometer being at #ee1 i4e4 ,temperate1 and that of the ,air at #fb4 #abb ,foundation of the ,table for ,tenths4 ,the ,height1 in ,feet1 corresponding to the ,expansion on the ,tenth of an inch of ,quicksilver with the ,temperature of #ca4bd 7as in the #c;d ,column of the #b;d ,table7 are reduced by this ,table into a ten ,times less ,number of ,feet2 and the ,tenth of an ,inch 7of ,quicksilver7 is also again divided into ten more ,parts3 in order to shew1 in a ten ,times less ,number of such ,feet1 the ,expansion corresponding to any of those ,parts into which the ,tenth of an ,inch 7of ,quicksilver7 has been divided4 ,construction and ,use of the ,table for ,tenths4 #a4 ,the ,figures in the left vertical ,column shew the ,height in ,feet1 7from #ha to #acj7 corresponding to a single ,tenth of an ,inch of ,quicksilver1 viz4 to the higher of two adjoining ,tenths1 as in the #c;d ,column of the #b;d ,table4 #b4 ,the ,figures1 along the upper horizontal ,line1 shew the ,number of ,parts into which the ,tenth of an ,inch has been divided4 #c4 ,the ,figures1 at the ,point of ,meeting1 express1 in a ten ,times less ,number1 of the ,feet in the left vertical ,column1 the ,expansion corresponding to any of those ,parts1 into which the ,tenth of an ,inch 7of ,quicksilver7 has been divided4 ,thus3 #ij is a ,number of ,feet called #i ,tenths of #ajj3 but the ,tenths are ,feet1 and not ,tenths of a ,foot4 #abc ,the ,standard ,temperature was #ca4bd1 which not being exactly #a ,quarter1 another ,decimal is added1 7for ,ease in ,computation17 by which #ca4bd becomes #ca4be1 i4e4 by dividing one ,degree of ,heat into #ajj ,parts1 and taking #be of those ,parts1 or dividing the #ajj by #be1 the ,answer is #d1 i4e4 of the whole #ajj3 or 7#ca74 #abd ,the ,foundation of the fourth ,table4 7,ph4 ,tr4 for #aggg1 ,part #b;d1 ,pages #efd1 and #eff17--;,from the ,mean of a ,series of ,experiments with a ,manmeter1 or ,instrument to measure the ,rarity and ,density of the ,atmosphere1 depending on the ,action of ,heat and ,cold1 it was found1 that when the ,portion of a ,tube containing ,air 7at the ,temperature of freezing by ,farenheit1 and ,pressure of #cj ,inches#abe by a common ,barometer7 was divided into #ajjj ,parts2 the ,volume of ,air within it1 encreased nearly in a certain ,proportion1 as each ,degree of ,temperature encreased2 viz4 at a ,mean1 #b4dc1 or simply 7by rejecting the #b;d ,decimal as too minute7 #b4d3 that is1 a #ajjj ,parts of ,air became by ,expansion with one ,degree of the ,thermometer1 equal to #ajjb4dc3 i4e4 the ,portion of ,air occupying #ajjj ,parts1 did1 with the ,addition of one ,degree of ,heat1 occupy #ajjb4dc ,parts3 that is 7by rejecting the #b;d ,decimal #c as too minute7 occupied two ,parts and #d ,tenths more than the thousand4 ,construction of the fourth ,table4 ,supposing therefore that the ,portion of the ,tube containing ,air1 was one ,foot in ,length of ,height1 divided also into a thousand ,parts2 one ,degree of ,heat would encrease or expand it two ,parts and four ,tenths more than the thousand ,parts into which the ,foot was divided4 ,,caution4 ,the fourth ,table properly consists of only nine horizontal ,columns of thousands1 in ,breadth2 which ,columns are extended in ,length to one hundred ,lines1 corresponding to #ajj ,degrees of ,heat4 ,the ,table is here divided1 in order that it may conform to the ,size of the ,pages3 by which ,means the ,formation of each vertical ,number by the following ,rule1 7which renders the ,table self-evident7 might without this ,caution1 have been attended with some ,difficulty4 ,the vertical ,columns below the ,figures expressing each thousand1 shew the ,expansion of ,air on each respective thousand1 with the corresponding ,degrees of ,temperature indicated by the ,thermometer in the vertical ,column to the left ,hand4 ,example the first3 to find the ,expansion of ,air on one thousand ,feet1 with one ,degree of ,temperature2 the ,answer in the ,table is #b4d1 or #b4dc3 i4e4 #b ,feet and #d ,tenths of a ,foot1 rejecting the #b;d ,decimal as too minute4 ,example the second3 to find the ,expansion on #h thousand ,feet1 with #ii ,degrees of ,heat3 the ,answer is #aibd4ef3 and so of the ,rest4 ,thus any of the vertical ,numbers shewing the ,expansion1 may be readily formed1 by doubling1 first1 the ,number immediately under each thousand in the horizontal ,line1 for the nine first thousands1 7of which the ,breadth of the ,table properly consists1 exclusive of the thermometric ,column7 for the ,expansion below it3 and1 afterwards1 for each ,expansion immediately below the former1 by adding1 to the ,expansion last found1 the ,number immediately under its respective thousand4 ,first ,example3 to find the vertical ,number for the ,expansion under the first thousand1 viz4 #ajjj1 with #b ,degrees of ,heat3 the ,number under #ajjj is #b4dc3 double this3 and the ,answer is #d4hf4 ,second ,example3 suppose the ,expansion last found be that on one thousand ,feet with #bd ,degrees of ,heat2 viz4 #eh4cb3 and the ,expansion on the same thousand1 with one ,degree of ,heat more1 viz4 on #be ,degrees1 be required2 add the ,expansion on one thousand ,feet1 with #bd ,degrees1 viz4 #eh4cb to the ,expansion on the same #ajjj1 with #a ,degree1 viz4 #b4dc ---------- and the ,answer is1 by ,addition1 #fj4ge ,third ,example3 supposing the ,expansion last found to be the ,expansion on #ijjj ,feet with #ii ,degrees of ,heat1 which in the ,table is #bafe4a4 ,it is required to find the ,expansion on the same #ijjj ,feet1 with #ajj ,degrees of ,heat2 add to the ,expansion last found1 viz4 #bafe4ac1 the ,expansion on the same #ijjj ,feet1 viz4 #ba4hg with one ,degree of ,heat1 and -------------- #bahg4jj is the ,answer by ,addition4 ,any vertical ,number shewing the ,expansion may likewise be found1 first1 by multiplying the first ,figure1 or ,number1 of the given thousand ,feet 7in the horizontal ,line17 into the ,answer or ,expansion on the first thousand ,feet1 with one ,degree of ,heat3 for ,example2 ,to find the ,expansion on #ijjj ,feet with one ,degree of ,heat4 ,the ,expansion on #ajjj ,feet1 with #a ,degree of ,heat 7from whence1 all the other ,expansions are derived7 being #b4dc2 multiply that ,number by #i1 the first ,figure of the given thousand ,feet1 and the ,answer or ,expansion with #a ,degree of ,heat1 is #ba4hg3 hence all the ,answers or ,expansions1 immediately under the horizontal ,line of thousands1 are formed4 ,then #b;dly1 any other vertical ,number or ,expansion may be formed by multiplying the ,expansion immediately under the given thousand ,feet in the horizontal ,line1 into the given ,number of ,degrees3 for ,example2 ,to find the ,expansion on #ijjj ,feet1 with #ej ,degrees4 ,the ,expansion with one ,degree on #ijjj1 is #ba4hg3 therefore the ,expansion with #ej1 is #ej ,times more1 viz4 #ajic4ej1 and so of the ,rest4 ,these different ,methods serve to prove the ,answers1 and to elucidate the ,table4 #abe ,these ,experiments were made with the ,manmeter when the ,atmosphere was half an ,inch heavier than in the ,experiments to prove the ,expansion of ,quicksilver1 the ,barometer then standing at #cj ,inches only4 #abf ,there is seldom ,occasion to take more than the first ,decimal out of the ,table4 #abg 8,,rule4 8,precept the #ast4 ,with the ,difference of the two ,thermometers that give the ,heat of the ,barometer 7and which for ,distinction sake1 are called the attached ,thermometers7 enter ,table ,i1 with the ,degrees of ,heat in the ,column on the left ,hand1 and with the ,height of the ,barometer in ,inches1 in the horizontal ,line at the ,top2 in the common ,point of ,meeting of the two ,lines will be found the ,correction for the ,expansion of the ,quicksilver by ,heat1 expressed in decimal ,parts of an ,english ,inch2 which added to the coldest ,barometer1 or subtracted from the hottest1 will give the ,height of the two ,barometers1 such as would have obtained1 had both ,instruments been exposed to the same ,temperature4 8,precept the #b;d4 ,with these corrected ,heights of the ,barometers enter ,table ,,ii1 and take out respectively the ,numbers corresponding to the nearest ,tenth of an ,inch2 and if the ,barometers1 corrected as in the first ,precept1 are found to stand at an even ,tenth1 without any further ,fraction1 the ,difference of these two tabular ,numbers 7found by subtracting the less from the greater7 will give the approximate ,height in ,english ,feet4 ,but if1 as will commonly happen1 the correct ,height of the ,barometers should not be at an even ,tenth1 write out the ,difference for one entire ,tenth1 found in the ,column adjoining1 intitled ,differences2 and with this ,number enter ,table ,,iii1 of proportional ,parts in the first vertical ,column to the left ,hand1 or in the #aath ,column2 and1 with the next ,decimal1 following the ,tenths of an ,inch in the ,height of the ,barometer 7viz4 the hundredths7 enter the horizontal ,line at the ,top1 the ,point of meeting will give a certain ,number of ,feet1 which write down by itself2 do the same by the next decimal ,figure in the ,height of the ,barometer 7viz4 the thousandths of an ,inch17 with this ,difference1 striking off the last ,cypher to the right ,hand for a ,fraction2 add together the two ,numbers thus found in the ,table of proportional ,parts1 and their ,sum subduct from the tabular ,numbers1 just found in ,table ,,ii2 the ,differences of the tabular ,numbers1 so diminished1 will give the approximate ,height in ,english ,feet4 8,precept the #c;d4 ,add together the ,degrees of the two detached or ,air ,thermometers1 and divide their ,sum by #b1 the ,quotient will be an intermediate ,heat1 and must be taken for the mean ,temperature of the vertical ,column of ,air intercepted between the two ,places of ,observation3 if this ,temperature should be #ca on the ,thermometer1 then will the approximate ,height before found be the true ,height2 but if not1 take its ,difference from #ca1 and with this ,difference seek the ,correction in ,table ,,iv1 for the ,expansion of ,air1 with the ,number of ,degrees in the vertical ,column on the left ,hand1 and the approximate ,height to the nearest thousand ,feet in the horizontal ,line at the ,top2 for the hundred ,feet strike off one ,cypher to the right ,hand2 for the ,tens strike off two2 for the ,units three3 the ,sum of these several ,numbers added to the approximate ,height1 if the ,temperature be greater than #ca1 subtracted if less1 will give the correct ,height in ,english ,feet4 ,an ,example or two will make this quite plain40 #abh ,there is no ,occasion to take more than four ,decimals out of the ,table4 #abi ,see ,section #cfh1 ,note 7a74 #acj ,section #cfh1 ,note 7a7 on ,note 7a74 #aca ,taking one ,decimal only out of the ,table4 #acb ,the question3 ,in the upper ,gallery of the ,dome of ,st4 ,peter's ,church at ,rome1 and #ej ,feet below the ,top of the ,cross1 the ,barometer1 from a ,mean of several ,observations1 stood at ,inches #bi4ebah ,tenths3 the attached ,thermometer being at ,degrees #ef4f ,tenths2 and the ,air-,thermometer at #eg ,degrees3 at the same ,time that another1 placed on the ,banks of the ,river ,tyber1 one ,foot above the ,surface of the ,water1 stood at #cj4jafh1 the attached ,thermometer at #fj4f1 and the ,air-,thermometer at #fj4b3 what1 was the ,height of the ,building above the ,level of the ,river8 #acc ,see ,section #cge4 #b;dly4 ,if the ,moiety1 ,half-,heat1 or mean ,temperature of the ,air1 is equal to the ,standard-,temperature1 to which the two ,barometers are brought1 by the #b;d ,table2 the fourth ,table1 for ,expansion of ,air1 is needless3 the ,height already found1 in the #b;d ,table1 being the true ,height of the upper ,station4 #c;dly4 ,if the ,moiety1 ,half-,heat1 or mean ,temperature of the ,air1 is less than the ,standard-,temperature of #ca4bd2 subtract the mean ,temperature from #ca4bd2 and with the ,remainder find the ,expansion1 as usual1 by the #dth ,table3 subtract the ,sum1 7which is a corresponding ,height in ,feet and ,tenths7 from the ,height in ,feet and ,tenths of the upper ,barometer1 at the ,standard-,temperature1 in the #b;d ,table3 and the ,remainder will be the true ,height of the ,mountain or upper ,station4 ,section #chd1 ,note a4 #acd ,the question3 ,near the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare1 in a ,street called ,la ,strada dei ,specchi1 at ,rome1 the lower ,barometer stood at #cj4jhb1 its attached ,thermometer #ga ,degrees1 and detached ditto at #fh ,degrees3 on the ,tarpeian ,rock1 or ,west-,end of the famous ,hill called ,the ,capitol1 the upper ,barometer was at #bi4ihe1 its attached ,thermometer #gj4e1 and detached ditto #gf3 what was the ,height of the ,eminence8 #ace ,sadler's ,practical ,arithmetic1 ,page #bic4 #acf ,the ,writer has not hitherto been so fortunate as to meet with the original ,memoir1 containing the ,particulars of this curious ,experiment by ,mons4 ,lavoisier4 #acg ,dr4 ,priestley's ,experiments and ,observations relating to ,air and ,water4 ,ph4 ,tr4 for #aghe1 ,vol4 #ge1 ,part #a1 ,page #bgi4 #ach ,the ,diameter may be enlarged4 #aci ,by ,means of the ,cradle1 both are more easily moved3 the ,muffle is prevented from adhering to the ,tube2 and ,steam is admitted to the ,borings4 #adj ,copper sustaining a red ,heat1 better than ,iron2 the latter of which1 calcines with ,steam1 or1 in cooling4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by pluses is in small caps 7small caps74 ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,archaic language and spelling is left as-is1 except 8,,aerial0 was printed with dots above the #8,a' and #8,e'1 this was assumed to be a typesetter's limitation and replaced with 8,a,,rial1 to match the lower case usage4 ,errata have been applied1 as much as ,i understood them4 ,numbers for sections #bei-bfa are repeated4