,illu/ration3 ,,m>cus ,,tullius ,,cic]o 
,de ,amicitia1 ,scipio's ,dream  ,by    
,cic]o   ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction 
& ,notes  ,by ,&rew ,p4 ,peabody        
,,synopsis4  99       99       99       
99       99  ,,de ,,amicitia  #a4       
,introduction4  #b4 ,reputation (       
,laelius = wisdom4 ,! curiosity to "k h[
 he bore ! dea? ( ,scipio4  #c4 ,8      
gr\nds ( consolation 9 8 b]eavem5t  #d4 
,he expresses 8 fai? 9 immortality4     
,desires p]petual memory 9 ?is _w ( !   
fri5d%ip betwe5 himself & ,scipio4  #e4 
,true fri5d%ip c exi/ only among good   
m54  #f4 ,fri5d%ip def9$4  #g4 ,b5efits 
d]iv$ f fri5d%ip4  #h4 ,fri5d%ip f\nd$ n
 on ne$1 b on nature4  #i4 ,! relation (
 utility to fri5d%ip4  #aj4 ,causes = ! 
sep>ation ( fri5ds4  #aa4 ,h[ f> love = 
fri5ds may g4  #ab4 ,wrong nev] to be   
done at a fri5d's reque/4  #ac4 ,!ories 
t degrade fri5d%ip  #ad4 ,h[ fri5d%ips  
are =m$4  #ae4 ,fri5dlessness wret*$4   
#af4 ,! limits ( fri5d%ip4  #ag4 ,9 :at 
s5se & to :at degree fri5ds are unit$4  

,h[ fri5ds are to be *os5 & te/$4  #ah4 
,! qualities to be s\ght 9 a fri5d4     
#ai4 ,old fri5ds n to be =sak5 = new4   
#bj4 ,! duties ( fri5d%ip betwe5 p]sons 
diff]+ 9 ability1 rank1 or position4    
#ba4 ,h[ fri5d%ips %\ld be dissolv$1 &  
h[ to gu>d aga9/ ! necessity ( dissolv+ 
!m4  #bb4 ,unreasonable expectations (  
fri5ds4 ,mutual respect necess>y 9 true 
fri5d%ip4  #bc4 ,fri5d%ip necess>y = all
 m54  #bd4 ,tru?-tell+1 ?\gh x (t5 gives
 (f5ce1 an ess5tial duty f fri5d to     
fri5d4  #be4 ,! p[] ( tru?4 ,! arts (   
flatt]y4  #bf4 ,flatt]y avail+ only ) ! 
feeble-m9d$4  #bg4 ,virtue ! s\l (      
fri5d%ip4 ,laelius describes ! intimacy 
( ! fri5d%ip betwe5 himself & ,scipio4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,scipio',s ,,dream4  #a4 ,scipio's     
visit to ,mas9issa4 ,circum/ances "u :i*
 ! dream occurr$4  #b4 ,appe>ance ( !   
eld] ,africanus1 & ( 8 own fa!r1 to     
,scipio4 ,prophecy ( ,scipio's successes
 & honors1 ) an intimation ( 8 dea? by !
 h&s ( 8 k9dr$4  #c4 ,conditions on :i* 

heav5 may be won4  #d4 ,! n9e sph]es t  
con/itute ! univ]se4  #e4 ,! music ( !  
sph]es4  #f4 ,! five zones ( ! e>?4  #g4
 ,brevity & wor?lessness ( e>?ly fame4  
#h4 ,all s\ls et]nal4  #i4 ,! s\l to be 
tra9$ = immortality4 ,! fate ( ^? :o    
m]ge _! s\ls 9 s5se4     ,,introduction 
,,de ,,amicitia4  ,! ,de ,amicitia1     
inscrib$1 l ! ,de ,s5ectute1 to         
,atticus1 0 probably writt5 e>ly 9 ! ye>
 #dd ,b4,c41 dur+ ,cic]o's retirem5t1   
aft] ! dea? ( ,julius ,caes> & be=e !   
conflict ) ,antony4 ,! subject _h be5 a 
favorite "o ) ,greek philosoph]s1 f :om 
,cic]o always borr[$ l>gely1 or r1 ^:   
mat]ials he made fairly 8 own by !      
skill1 ri*ness1 & beauty ( 8            
elaboration1 ,"s passages ( ?is treatise
 7 evid5tly sugge/$ by ,plato2 & ,aulus 
,gellius says t ,cic]o made no little   
use ( a n[ lo/ essay ( ,!ophra/us on    
,fri5d%ip4  ,9 ?is "w ,i am especially  
impress$ by ,cic]o's dramatic p[]4 ,b = 
! m$iocrity ( 8 poetic g5ius1 he might h
 won pre-em95t honor f ! ,muse (        

,trag$y4 ,he "h s ?or\ghly ent]s into ! 
feel+s ( ,laelius ) ref]5ce to ,scipio's
 dea?1 t z we read we =get t x is n     
,laelius himself :o is speak+4 ,we f9d  
ourselves 9 close sympa?y ) him1 z if he
 7 tell+ u ! /ory ( 8 b]eavem5t1 giv+   
utt]ance to 8 manly =titude &           
resignation & portray+ 8 fri5d's virtues
 f ! unfad+ image phototyp$ on 8 own    
lov+ memory4 ,9 o!r matt]s too ,cic]o   
goes back to ! "t ( ,laelius & assumes 8
 po9t ( view assign+ to him j ! degree (
 =esight :i* he probably possess$ & mak+
 n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! v diff]5t    
aspect 9 :i* he himself _h le>n$ to     
reg>d & 0 wont to repres5t ! p]sonages &
 ev5ts ( t e>li] p]iod4 ,?us :ile ,cic]o
 trac$ ! d[nfall ( ! republic to *anges 
9 ! body politic t _h tak5 place or 7   
imm95t & inevitable :5 ,scipio di$ he   
makes ,laelius p]ceive only a slight    
?\gh ?reat5+ deflection f :at _h be5 9 !
 e>li] "t ,footnote #a4 ,s too ?\gh     
,cic]o 0 annoy$ m ?an by almo/ any o!r  
*>act]i/ic ( 8 age by ! preval5ce ( !   

,epicurean philosophy & ascrib$ to x 9 a
 v l>ge degree ! demoralization ( m5 9  
public life ) ,laelius ! doctr9es ( ?is 
s*ool are repres5t$ z !y mu/ h be5 9    
fact z new & unfamili>4 ,9 "t ,laelius  
is "h made to say n a ^w :i* he be+ !   
man t he 0 & at ! date assum$ = ?is     
dialogue might n h said himself2 & x may
 be d\bt$ :e!r a report ( "o ( 8 actual 
conv]sations w\ld h seem$ m truly g5u9e4
  ,?is is a r>e gift (t5 s\ght inde$ yet
 s\ght 9 va9 n only by dramati/s :o h v 
,footnote #a ,deflexit jam aliquantul im
 seldom atta9$ x b by au?ors ( a v great
 div]sity ( type & culture4 ,"o :o      
und]takes to p]sonate a "* belong+ to an
 age n 8 own h>dly ev] fails ( manife/  
ana*ronisms4 ,! au?or f9ds x utt]ly     
impossible to fit ! antique mask s      
closely z n n[ & !n to %[ ?r\gh its *9ks
 8 own m mod]n features1 :ile ?is =m (  
int]nal evid5ce nev] fails to betray an 
int5d$ =g]y h[ev] skilfully wr\ght4 ,on 
! o!r h& !re is no sur] pro( ( !        
g5u95ess ( a "w purport+ to be ( an     

e>li] b alleg$ to be ( a lat] orig9 ?an 
! abs5ce ( all tok5s ( a "t subsequ5t to
 ! e>lie/ date claim$ = x4 ,footnote3   
,?us among ! _m pro(s ( ! g5u95ess ( our
 canonical ,gospels p]haps none is m    
conclusive ?an ! fact t ?\gh evid5tly   
writt5 by unskill$ m5 !y conta9 n a     
trace or tok5 ( c]ta9 op9ions kn[n to h 
be5 rife ev5 be=e ! close ( ! fir/      
,*ri/ian c5tury2 :ile ! 7s call$7       
apocryphal ,gospels be>1 ?r\gh\t1 su*   
ve/iges ( _! lat] orig9 z w\ld          
neutralize ! /ronge/ te/imony imag9able 
9 behalf ( _! primitive antiquity4  ,9  
connection ) ?is "w x %\ld be borne 9   
m9d t ! special duties ( fri5d%ip       
con/itut$ an ess5tial dep>tm5t ( e?ics 9
 ! anci5t _w & t ! relation ( fri5d to  
fri5d 0 reg>d$ z on ! same plane ) t (  
bro!r to bro!r4 ,no treatise on morals  
w\ld h be5 ?\ght complete _h ?is subject
 be5 omitt$4 ,n a few mod]n writ]s h    
attempt$ ! =mal treatm5t ( fri5d%ip b   
:ile ! relation ( k9dr$ m9ds & s\ls has 
lo/ none ( its sacr$ness & value1 !     

e/abli%m5t ( a code ( rules = x ignores 
on ! "o h& ! spontaneity ( ?is relation1
 & on ! o!r h&1 its entire am5abl5ess to
 ! laws & pr9ciples t %\ld re/rict &    
gov]n all human int]c\rse & conduct4    
,%aftesbury1 9 8 ',*>act]i/ics1' 9 8    
exquisite ve9 ( irony sne]s at          
,*ri/ianity = tak+ no cognizance (      
fri5d%ip ei!r 9 its precepts or 9 its   
promises4 ,j]emy ,taylor1 h[ev]1 speaks 
( ?is feature ( ,*ri/ianity z among !   
manife/ tok5s ( its div9e orig91 &      
,soame ,j5yns takes ! same gr\nd 9 a    
treatise expressly design$ to meet !    
objections & cavils ( ,%aftesbury & o!r 
dei/ical writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,^! au?ors are  
all 9 ! "r & all 9 ! wrong1 z to ! matt]
 ( fact4 ,!re is no reason :y           
,*ri/ianity %\ld prescribe fri5d%ip :i* 
is a privilege1 n a duty1 or %\ld essay 
to regulate x1 = its only e?ical rule ( 
/rict obligation is ! negative rule :i* 
w\ld lay out = x a track t %all nev]    
int]f]e ) any positive duty selfw>d1    
manw>d or ,godw>d4 ,b 9 ! life ( !      

,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o tea*es1 mo/ (  
all1 by example1 fri5d%ip has its       
apogee1--its supreme pre-em95ce & honor4
 ,he treats 8 apo/les & speaks ( & to   
!m1 n z m]e disciples b z intimate &    
de>ly belov$ fri5ds1 among ^! !re are   
?ree ) :om he /&s 9 peculi>ly ne>       
relations1 & "o ( ! ?ree 0 s+l$ out by  
him 9 dy+ = ! mo/ sacr$ *>ge t he left  
on ! e>?1 :ile at ! same "t t disciple  
%[s 9 8 ,gospel t he _h obta9$ an inside
 view s to speak1 ( 8 ,ma/]'s spiritual 
life & ( ! pr(\nd] s5se ( 8 tea*+s :i*  
is di/+ui%$ by contra/ r ?an by         
comp>ison f ! m sup]ficial n>ratives ( !
 o!r evangeli/s4  ,b ,*ri/ianity has    
done ev5 m ?an ?is = fri5d%ip4 ,x has   
sup]s$$ its "n by fulfill+ its (fices to
 a degree ( p]fectness :i* _h nev] ent]$
 into ! ante-,*ri/ian m9d4 ,man %r9ks f 
solitude4 ,he feels inadequate to be> ! 
burd5s1 meet ! trials1 & wage !         
conflicts ( ?is mortal life1 alone4     
,ore/es always ne$$ & crav$ a ,pylades1 
b (t5 fail$ to f9d "o4 ,?is inevitable  

ye>n+1 :5 x met no human response f\nd  
/ill less to satisfy x 9 ! objects (    
wor%ip4 ,its gods1 ?\gh 9 great "p      
deifi$ m51 c\ld n be reli$ on = sympa?y1
 support or help4 ,! /rong] spirits did 
n believe 9 !m1 ! feebl] look$ ^u !m    
only ) awe & dread4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 9   
its an?ropomorphism1 :i* is its /ronge/ 
hold on fai? & tru/1 insures = !        
individual man 9 a ,div9e ,humanity     
precisely :at fri5ds might essay to d   
yet c\ld d b imp]fectly = him4 ,x pr(f]s
 ! t5d] sympa?y & helpfulness ( ,him :o 
be>s ! griefs & c>ries ! sorr[s ( ea* & 
all2 :ile ! ne> view t x pres5ts ( !    
life beyond dea? inspires ! s5se (      
unbrok5 union ) fri5ds 9 heav51 & ( !   
fell[-feel+ ( a cl\d ( witnesses beside4
 ,?us :ile fri5d%ip 9 ord9>y life is    
nev] to be spurn$ :5 x may be _h )\t    
sacrifice ( pr9ciple1 x is less a       
necessity ?an :5 man's relations ) !    
unse5 _w gave no promise ( /r5g?1 aid1  
or com=t4  ,exp]i5ce has deep5$ my      
conviction t :at is call$ a free        

translation is ! only fit r5d]+ ( ,lat9 
into ,engli%2 t is1 ! only way ( giv+ to
 ! ,engli% read] ! actual s5se ( ! ,lat9
 writ]4 ,?is la/ has be5 my endeavor4 ,!
 comp>ison is1 inde$1 exagg]at$2 b x (t5
 seems to me1 9 unroll+ a compact ,lat9 
s5t5ce1 z if ,i 7 writ+ out 9 words !   
mean+ ( an algebraic =mula4 ,a s+le ^w  
(t5 requires ?ree or f\r z its ,engli%  
equival5t4 ,yet ! language is n made    
obscure by compression4 ,on ! contr>y1  
!re is no o!r language 9 :i* x is s h>d 
to bury ?\ght or to conceal its abs5ce  
by sup]flu\s v]biage4  ,i h us$ ,bei]'s 
edition ( ! ,de ,amicitia1 adh]+ to x 9 
! v few cases 9 :i* o!r good editions h 
a diff]5t read+4 ,!re are no in/ances 9 
:i* ! v>i\s read+s involve any          
consid]able div]sity ( mean+4           
,,laelius4  ,caius ,laelius ,sapi5s1 !  
son ( ,caius ,laelius1 :o 0 ! life-long 
fri5d ( ,scipio ,africanus ! ,eld]1 0   
born ,b4,c4 #ahf1 a little e>li] 9 !    
same ye> ) 8 fri5d ,africanus ! ,y\ng]4 
,he 0 n undi/+ui%$ z a milit>y comm&]1 z

 0 prov$ by 8 successful campaign aga9/ 
,viria?us1 ! ,lusitanian *iefta91 :o _h 
long held ! ,roman armies at bay1 & _h  
repeat$ly ga9$ signal advantages ov] !m4
 ,he 0 kn[n 9 ! ,/ate1 at fir/ z lean+1 
?\gh mod]ately & gu>d$ly1 to ! popul>   
side1 b aft] ! di/urbances creat$ by !  
,grac*i1 z a /rong cons]vative4 ,he 0 a 
le>n$ & accompli%$ man1 0 an elegant    
writ]1--?\gh :ile ! ,lat9 tongue reta9$ 
no little ( its ar*aic rud5ess1--& 0    
possess$ ( "s reputation z an orator4   
,?\gh be>+ 8 "p 9 public affairs1 hold+ 
at int]vals ! (fices ( ,tribune1        
,praetor1 & ,consul1 & 9 8 latt] ye>s   
att5d+ ) exempl>y fidelity to su* duties
 z belong$ to him z a memb] ( ! college 
( ,augurs1 he yet lov$ retirem5t1 &     
cultivat$1 s f> z he 0 able1 /udi\s &   
contemplative habits4 ,he 0 not$ = 8    
wise economy ( "t4 ,to an idle man :o   
said to him1 ,i h sixty ye>s ,sexag9ta  
annos habeo4 7t is1 ,i am sixty ye>s    
old71 he repli$1 ,d y mean ! sixty ye>s 
:i* y h n8 ,8 private life 0 wor?y ( all

 praise = ! virtues t enri*$ & adorn$ x2
 & its memory 0 s fre% aft] ! lapse ( m 
?an two c5turies1 t ,s5eca1 :o well knew
 ! bett] way :i* he _h n always /r5g? to
 tread1 advises 8 "y fri5d ,lucilius to 
live ) ,laelius2 ,vire cum ,laelio4 t   
is1 to take 8 life z a model4  ,!       
fri5d%ip ( ,laelius & ! y\ng] ,scipio   
,africanus well des]ves ! commemoration 
:i* x has 9 ?is dialogue ( ,cic]o4 ,x   
began 9 _! boyhood1 & cont9u$ )\t       
int]ruption till ,scipio's dea?4        
,laelius s]v$ 9 ,africa1 ma9ly t he     
might n be sep>at$ f 8 fri5d4 ,to ea* ! 
o!r's home 0 z 8 own4 ,!y 7 ( "o m9d z  
to public m5 & measures1 & 9 all        
probability ! m pliant nature ( ,laelius
 yield$ 9 great measure to ! /]n &      
uncompromis+ adh]5ce ( ,scipio to !     
cause ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,:ile !y 7 unit$ 9
 grave pursuits & weighty int]e/s1 we h 
! mo/ *>m+ pictures ( _! rural & seaside
 life toge!r1 ev5 ( _! ga!r+ %ells on ! 
%ore1 & ( fireside frolics 9 :i* !y =got
 ! c>es ( ! republic1 ceas$ to be /ately

 old ,romans1 & play$ l *ildr5 9        
vacation-"t4  ,,fannius4  ,caius        
,fannius ,/rabo 9 e>ly life s]v$ ) high 
reputation 9 ,africa1 "u ! y\ng]        
,africanus1 & aft]w>d 9 ,spa91 9 ! w> ) 
,viria?us4 ,l 8 fa!r-9-law1 he 0 v]s$ 9 
! philosophy ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 "u !      
tuition ( ,panaetius4 ,he 0 an orator1 z
 7 almo/ all ! ,romans :o aim$ at       
di/9ction2 b we h no reason to suppose t
 he 9 ?is respect rose above m$iocrity4 
,he wrote a hi/ory1 ( :i* ,cic]o speaks 
well1 & :i* ,sallu/ comm5ds = its       
accuracy2 b x is entirely lo/1 & we h no
 direct in=mation ev5 z to ! gr\nd :i* x
 cov]$4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t x 0 
a hi/ory ei!r ( ! ?ird ( ! ,punic w>s1  
or ( all ( !m2 = ,plut>* quotes f       
him--probably f 8 ,hi/ory --! /atem5t t 
he1 ,fannius1 & ,tib]ius ,grac*us 7 !   
fir/ to m\nt ! walls ( ,c>?age :5 ! city
 0 tak54  ,,scaevola4  ,qu9tus ,mucius  
,scaevola fill$ successively mo/ ( !    
important (fices ( ! ,/ate1 & 0 = _m    
ye>s1 & until dea?1 a memb] ( ! college 

( ,augurs4 ,he 0 em95t = 8 legal le>n+1 
& to a late & infirm old age 0 /ill     
consult$ 9 que/ions ( law1 nev] refus+  
to receive cli5ts at any mom5t aft]     
daylight4 ,b :ile he 0 reg>d$ z =emo/   
among ! juri/s ( 8 "t1 he pr(ess$       
himself less ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! laws     
relat+ to mortgages ?an two ( 8 coevals1
 to :om he 0 wont to s5d ^? :o br\ght   
cases ( ?is class = 8 op9ion or advice4 
,he 0 rem>kable = e>ly ris+1 con/ant    
indu/ry1 & undeviat+ punctuality1--at ! 
meet+s ( ! ,s5ate be+ always ! fir/ on !
 gr\nd4  ,no man held a high] reputation
 ?an ,scaevola = rigid & scrupul\s      
integrity4 ,x is relat$ ( him t :5 z a  
witness 9 c\rt he _h giv5 te/imony full1
 cle>1 /rong1 & ( ! mo/ damnatory "*    
aga9/ ! p]son on trial1 he prote/$ aga9/
 ! conviction ( ! def5dant on 8         
te/imony1 if n corroborat$1 on !        
pr9ciple1 held sacr$ 9 ! ,jewi% law1 t x
 w\ld be a dang]\s prec$5t to suff] !   
issue ( any case to dep5d on !          
intellig5ce & v]acity ( a s+le witness4 

,:51 aft] ,m>ius _h be5 driv5 f ! city1 
,sulla ask$ ! ,s5ate to decl>e him by _!
 vote a public enemy1 ,scaevola /ood 9 a
 m9ority ( "o2 & :5 ,sulla urg$ him to  
give 8 vote 9 ! affirmative1 8 reply 03 
,al?\gh y %[ me ! milit>y gu>d ) :i* y h
 surr\nd$ ! ,s5ate-h\se1 al?\gh y ?reat5
 me ) dea?1 y w nev] induce me1 = !     
little blood /ill 9 an old man's ve9s1  
to pron\nce ,m>ius--:o has be5 ! pres]v]
 ( ! city & ( ,italy--an enemy4  ,8     
daught] m>ri$ ,lucius ,lic9ius ,crassus1
 :o _h su* rev]5ce tor 8 fa!r-9-law1 t1 
:5 a c&idate = ! consul%ip1 he c\ld n   
p]suade himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ,scaevola 
to cr+e to ! p1 or to adopt any ( !     
usual self-humiliat+ me?ods ( canvass+ =
 ! popul> vote4     ,,scipio',s ,,dream4
  ,,palimpse/s ,footnote3 ,rubb$        
aga91--! p>*m5t1 or papyrus1 hav+ be5   
fir/ poli%$ = use1 & !n rubb$ z clean z 
possible1 to be us$ a second "t4--! "n &
 ! ?+--are at lea/ z old z ,cic]o4 ,9 "o
 ( 8 lett]s he bant]s 8 fri5d ,trebatius
 = writ+ to him on a                    

palimpse/1,footnote3 ,9 palimpse/o4 &   
m>vels :at !re c\ld h be5 on ! p>*m5t   
:i* he want$ to erase4 ,?is 0 a device  
probably resort$ to 9 t age only 9 ! way
 9 :i* rigid economi/s ( our day        
sometimes utilize envelopes & h&bills4  
,b 9 ! d>k ages1 :5 classical lit]ature 
0 "u a cl\d & a ban1 & :5 ! scanty dem& 
= writ+ mat]ials made ! supply bo?      
scanty & prec>i\s1 su* manuscripts (    
pr(ane au?ors z fell into ! h&s (       
ecclesia/ical copyi/s 7 n unusually     
employ$ = transcrib+ ! works ( !        
,*ri/ian ,fa!rs or ! lives ( sa9ts4 ,9  
su* cases ! erasion 0 s clumsily p]=m$ z
 (t5 to leave di/9ct traces ( ! previ\s 
lett]s4 ,! possibility ( recov]+ lo/    
writ+s f ^! palimpse/s 0 fir/ sugge/$ by
 ,montfaucon 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b !   
e>lie/ successful exp]im5t ( ! k9d 0    
made by ,bruns1 a ,g]man s*ol>1 9 !     
latt] "p ( ! eighte5?1 c5tury4 ,! mo/   
di/+ui%$ labor] 9 ?is field has be5     
,angelo ,mai1 :o comm5c$ 8 "w 9 #ahad on
 manuscripts 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at  

,milan1 ( :i* he 0 !n cu/odian4         
,transf]r$ to ! ,vatican ,libr>y at     
,rome1 he discov]$ !re1 9 #ahba1 a      
consid]able portion ( ,cic]o's ,de      
,republica1 :i* _h be5 oblit]at$1 &     
replac$ by ,sa9t ,augu/9e's ,comm5t>y on
 ! ,psalms4 ,?is latt] be+ remov$ by    
appropriate *emical applications1 l>ge  
portions ( ! orig9al writ+ rema9$       
legible1 & 7 promptly giv5 to ! public4 
,?is treatise ,cic]o evid5tly consid]$1 
& n )\t reason1 z 8 ma/]-"w4 ,x 0 writt5
 9 ! prime ( 8 m5tal vigor1 9 !         
fifty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age1 aft] ample      
exp]i5ce 9 ! affairs ( ,/ate1 & :ile he 
/ill hop$1 m ?an he fe>$ = ! future (   
,rome4 ,8 object 0 to discuss 9 detail !
 pr9ciples & =ms ( civil gov]nm5t1 to   
def9e ! gr\nds ( pref]5ce = a republic l
 t ( ,rome 9 its be/ days1 & to describe
 ! duties & responsibilities ( a good   
citiz51 :e!r 9 public (fice or 9 private
 life4 ,he reg>d$ ?is treatise1 9 its   
e?ics1 z 8 own directory 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 
8 prov9ce ( ,cilicia1 & z b9d+ him1 by !

 law ( self-consi/5cy1 to unsw]v+       
uprightness & fai?fulness1 ,he ref]s to 
^! six books on ! ,republic z s _m      
ho/ages ,footnote3 ,pra$ibus4 = 8       
uncorrupt integrity & unt>ni%$ honor1 & 
makes !m 8 apology to ,atticus = decl9+ 
to urge an extortionate dem& on ! city (
 ,salamis4  ,! "w is 9 ! =m (           
,dialogues1 9 :i*1 ) sev]al int]locutors
 beside1 ! y\ng] ,africanus & ,laelius  
are ! *ief speak]s2 & x is *>act]iz$ by 
! same traits ( dramatic g5ius to :i* ,i
 h ref]r$ 9 connection ) ! ,de          
,amicitia4  ,! ,de ,republica 0 probably
 "u int]dict dur+ ! reigns ( ! ,augu/an 
dyna/y2 m5 did n d>e to copy x1 or to h 
x kn[n t !y possess$ x2 & :5 x might h  
safely reappe>$1 ! republic _h fad$ ev5 
f regretful memory1 & !re 0 no desire to
 p]petuate a "w devot$ to its s]vice &  
honor4 ,?us ! _w _h lo/ ! v "o ( all    
,cic]o's writ+s = :i* he mo/ crav$      
immortality4 ,! portions ( x :i* ,mai   
has br\ght to light fully confirm       
,cic]o's own e/imate ( its value1 & fe$ 

! e>ne/--x is to be fe>$ ! va9--desire =
 ! recov]y ( ! entire "w4  ,scipio's    
,dream1 :i*1 is ne>ly all t rema9s ( !  
,six? ,book ( ! ,de ,republica1 _h      
surviv$ dur+ ! int]val = :i* ! re/ ( !  
treatise 0 lo/ to ! _w4 ,macrobius1 a   
gramm>ian ( ! fif? c5tury1 made x ! text
 ( a comm5t>y ( little pres5t int]e/ or 
value1 b mu* priz$ & read 9 ! ,middle   
,ages4 ,! ,dream1 indep5d5tly ( !       
comm5t>y1 has 9 m rec5t times pass$     
?r\gh unnumb]$ editions1 sometimes by   
itself1 sometimes ) ,cic]o's e?ical     
writ+s1 sometimes ) ! o!r fragm5ts ( !  
,de ,republica4  ,9 ! clos+ ,dialogue ( 
! ,de ,republica ! y\ng] ,africanus     
says3 ,al?\gh to ! wise ! consci\sness (
 noble de$s is a mo/ ample rew>d (      
virtue1 yet ?is div9e virtue craves1 n  
inde$ /atues t ne$ lead to hold !m to _!
 p$e/als1 nor yet triumphs grac$ by )]+ 
laurels1 b rew>ds ( firm] /ructure & m  
endur+ gre54 ,:at are ^!8 says ,laelius4
 ,scipio replies by tell+ 8 dream4 ,! "t
 ( ! vision 0 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,?ird    

,punic ,w>1 :5 ,scipio1 no long] 9 8    
e>ly y\?1 0 j ent]+ ^u ! c>e] 9 :i* he  
ga9$ pre-em95t fame1 !nce=w>d to "k     
nei!r %ad[ nor decl9e4  99       99     
99       99       99  ,i h us$ =        
,scipio's ,dream1 ,creuz] & ,mos]'s     
edition ( ! ,de ,republica4     ,,cic]o 
,,de ,,amicitia  99       99       99   
99       99  #a ,qu9tus ,mucius1 !      
,augur1 us$ to repeat f memory1 & 9 !   
mo/ pleasant way1 _m ( ! say+s ( 8      
fa!r-9-law ,caius ,laelius1 nev]        
hesitat+ to apply to him 9 all t he said
 8 surname ( ,! ,wise4 ,:5 ,i fir/ put  
on ! robe ( manhood ,footnote3 ,9 !     
e>lie/ "t a boy put on ! toga virilis :5
 he _h complet$ 8 sixte5? ye>1 9        
,cic]o's "t pupilage ceas$ a ye> e>li] &
 by ,ju/99's code ! p]iod at :i* x      
legally ceas$ 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5?
 ye>4 ,! ,scaevola to :om ,cic]o 0 ?us  
tak5 0 ,qu9tus ,mucius 7,scaevola7 !    
,augur1 already nam$4 my fa!r took me to
 ,scaevola & s comm5d$ me to 8 k9d      
(fices1 t !nce=w>d1 s f> z 0 possible & 

fitt+ ,i kept my place at ! old man's   
side4 ,footnote3 ,x 0 cu/om>y = y\? 9   
tra9+ = honorable positions 9 ! ,/ate to
 atta* !mselves especially to m5 (      
e/abli%$ "* & reputation1 to att5d !m to
 public places1 & to rema9 ne> !m :5ev] 
any?+ 0 to be le>n$ f _! conv]sation1 _!
 legal op9ions1 _! public h>angues1 or  
_! pleas be=e ! c\rts4 ,di/+ui%$ citiz5s
 deem$ !mselves honor$ by a ret9ue ( su*
 att5dants4 ,cic]o1 9 ! ,de ,(ficiis1   
says t a "y man may be/  comm5d himself 
to ! e>ly e/eem & confid5ce ( !         
community by su* an intimacy4 ,i ?us    
laid up 9 my memory _m ( 8 elaborate    
discussions ( important subjects1 z well
 z _m ( 8 utt]ances t _h bo? brevity &  
po9t1 & my endeavor 0 to gr[ m le>n$ by 
8 wisdom4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,i /ood 9 a      
simil> relation to ! high-prie/         
,scaevola1 ,footnote3 ,z ,cic]o says1 ! 
mo/ eloqu5t ( juri/s1 & ! mo/ le>n$     
juri/ among ! eloqu5t4 ,he 0 at ! same  
"t pre-em95t = moral purity & integrity4
 ,x 0 he1 :o1 z ,cic]o 7,de ,(ficiis1   

iii4 #ae7 relates1 insi/$ on pay+ = an  
e/ate t he b\ght a mu* l>g] sum ?an 0   
ask$ = x1 because its price _h be5 fix$ 
f> bel[ its actual value4 :om ,i v5ture 
to call ! =emo/ man ( our city bo? 9    
ability & 9 uprightness4 ,b ( him ,i w  
speak else:]e4 ,i return to ! ,augur4   
,:ile ,i recall _m simil> occasions1 ,i 
rememb] 9 p>ticul> t at a c]ta9 "t :5 ,i
 & a few ( 8 m intimate associates 7    
sitt+ ) him 9 ! semicircul> ap>tm5t     
,footnote3 ,lat91 hemicyclio1 p]haps1 a 
semicircul> seat4 9 8 h\se :]e he 0 wont
 to receive 8 fri5ds1 ! conv]sation     
turn$ on a subject ab\t :i* almo/ e "o 0
 !n talk+1 & :i* y1 ,atticus1 c]ta9ly   
recollect1 z y 7 mu* 9 ! society (      
,publius ,sulpicius2 namely1 ! int5se   
hatr$ ) :i* ,sulpicius1 :5 ,tribune ( ! 
p1 oppos$ ,qu9tus ,pompeius1 !n ,consul1
 ,footnote3 ,! qu>rel arose f ! zeal\s  
esp\sal ( ! ,m>ian faction by           
,sulpicius1 :o resort$ to arms1 9 ord]  
to effect ! incorporation ( ! new       
citiz5s f )\t ! city among ! previ\sly  

exi/+ tribes4 ,h5ce a s]ies ( tumults & 
conflicts1 9 "o ( :i* a son ( ,pompeius 
lo/ 8 life4 ) :om he _h liv$ 9 ! close/ 
& mo/ lov+ union1--a subject ( g5]al    
surprise & regret4 ,hav+ incid5tally    
m5tion$ ?is affair1 ,scaevola proce$$ to
 give u ! sub/ance ( a conv]sation on   
fri5d%ip1 :i* ,laelius _h ) him & 8 o!r 
son-9-law1 ,caius ,fannius1 ! son (     
,m>cus1 a few days aft] ! dea? (        
,africanus4 ,i committ$ to memory !     
s5tim5ts express$ 9 t discussion1 & ,i  
br+ !m out 9 ! book :i* ,i n[ s5d y4 ,i 
h put !m into ! =m ( a dialogue1 to     
avoid ! too frequ5t repetition ( said ,i
 & says he1 & t ! discussion may seem z 
if x 7 held 9 ! he>+ ( ^? :o read x4    
,:ile y1 inde$1 h (t5 urg$ me to write  
some?+ ab\t fri5d%ip1 ! subject seems to
 me "o ( univ]sal int]e/1 & at ! same "t
 specially appropriate to our intimacy4 
,i h !re=e be5 v ready to seek ! pr(it (
 _m by comply+ ) y\r reque/4 ,b z 9 !   
,cato ,major1 ! "w on ,old ,age inscrib$
 to y1 ,i introduc$ ! old man ,cato z   

lead+ ! discussion1 because !re seem$ to
 be no o!r p]son bett] fitt$ to talk    
ab\t old age ?an "o :o _h be5 an ag$ man
 s long1 & 9 8 age _h be5 s             
exceptionally vigor\s1 s1 z we _h he>d f
 our fa!rs ( ! peculi>ly memorable      
intimacy ( ,caius ,laelius & ,publius   
,scipio1 x appe>$ appropriate to put    
into ! m\? ( ,laelius :at ,scaevola     
rememb]$ z hav+ be5 said by him :5      
fri5d%ip 0 ! subject 9 on ! au?ority (  
m5 ( an e>li] g5]ation1 & illu/ri\s 9 _!
 "t1 seems someh[ to be ( specially     
comm&+ influ5ce on ! read]'s m9d4 ,?us1 
z ,i read my own book on ,old ,age1 ,i  
am sometimes s affect$ t ,i feel z if n 
,i1 b ,cato1 7 talk+4 ,b z ,i !n wrote z
 an old man to an old man ab\t old age1 
s 9 ?is book ,i write z ! mo/ lov+ (    
fri5ds to a fri5d ab\t fri5d%ip4        
,footnote3 ,9 ! ,lat9 we h "h two       
rem>kable s]ies ( assonances1 rhy?mical 
to ! e>1 & ?\gh translatable 9 s5se n s 
9 euphony4 ,ut tum s5ex ad s5em de      
s5ectute1 sic hoc libro ad amicum       

amicissimus1 de amicitia scripsi4 ,!n   
,cato 0 ! *ief speak]1 ?an :om !re 0 9 8
 "t sc>cely any "o old]1 & no "o 8      
sup]ior 9 intellect1 n[ ,laelius %all   
hold ! fir/ place1 bo? z a wise man 7= s
 he 0 reg>d$71 & z excell+ 9 all t c d  
honor to fri5d%ip4 ,i want y = ! :ile to
 turn y\r m9d away f me1 & to imag9e t x
 is ,laelius :o is speak+4 ,caius       
,fannius & ,qu9tus ,mucius come to _!   
fa!r-9-law aft] ! dea? ( ,africanus4 ,!y
 comm5ce ! conv]sation1 ,laelius answ]s 
!m4 ,9 read+ all t he says ab\t         
fri5d%ip1 y w recognize ! picture ( y\r 
own fri5d%ip = me4  #b ,,fannius ,x is z
 y say1 ,footnote3 ,! ref]5ce is to :at 
,laelius is suppos$ to h said already4  
,! dialogue1 z giv5 "h1 is made to      
comm5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a conv]sation4       
,laelius1 = !re nev] 0 a bett] man1 or  
"o m ju/ly r5[n$1 ?an ,africanus1 ,b y  
ought to be> x 9 m9d t ! eyes ( all are 
turn$ ^u y at ?is "t1 = !y bo? call y & 
?9k y wise4 ,?is di/9ction has be5      
latt]ly giv5 to ,cato1 & y "k t 9 ! days

 ( our fa!rs ,lucius ,atilius ,footnote3
 ,! fir/ ,roman kn[n to h borne !       
surname ( ,sapi5s ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( 
! juriconsults :o took pupils4 0 9 l    
mann] surnam$ ,! ,wise1 b bo? ( !m 7 s  
call$ = o!r reasons ?an ^? :i* h giv5 y 
?is "n1--,atilius1 = 8 reputation z an  
adept 9 municipal law1 ,cato1 = !       
v]satility ( 8 end[m5ts = !re 7 report$ 
to 8 honor _m measures wisely plann$ &  
vigor\sly c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! ,s5ate1 & _m  
cases skilfully def5d$ 9 ! c\rts1 s t 9 
8 old age ,! ,wise 0 g5]ally appli$ to  
him z a surname4 ,b y are reg>d$ z wise 
on some:at diff]5t gr\nds1 n only = y\r 
disposition & y\r moral wor?1 b also =  
y\r k & le>n+1 & n 9 ! e/imation ( !    
common p1 b 9 t ( m5 ( advanc$ culture1 
y are deem$ wise 9 a s5se 9 :i* !re is  
reason to suppose t 9 ,greece--:]e ^? :o
 look into ^! ?+s mo/ discrim9at+ly d n 
reckon ! sev5 :o be> ! "n z on ! li/ (  
wise m5--no "o 0 s reg>d$ except ! man 9
 ,a!ns :om ! oracle ( ,apollo designat$ 
z ! wise/ ( m54,footnote3 ,socrates4 ,9 

f9e1 y are ?\ght to be wise 9 ?is s5se1 
t y reg>d all t app]ta9s to y\r happ9ess
 z )9 y\r own s\l1 & consid] !          
calamities to :i* man is liable z ( no  
consequ5ce 9 comp>ison ) virtue4 ,i am  
!re=e ask$1 & s1 ,i believe1 is         
,scaevola1 :o is n[ ) u1 h[ y be> ! dea?
 ( ,africanus2 & ! "q is put to u ! m   
eag]ly1 because on ! fif? day ( ! mon?  
next foll[+1 ,footnote3 ,lat91 proxumis 
nonis4 ,! nones1 ! n9? day be=e ! ides1 
fell on ! fif? ( ! mon?1 except 9 ,m>*4 
,may1 ,july1 & ,octob]1 :5 ! ides 7 two 
days lat]4 ,we h else:]e intimation t ! 
,augurs held a meet+ = bus9ess on !     
nones ( ea* mon?4 :5 we met1 z usual1 9 
! g>d5 ( ,decimus ,brutus ! ,augur1 to  
discuss our (ficial bus9ess1 y 7 abs5t1 
?\gh x 0 y\r habit always on t day to   
give y\r mo/ c>eful att5dance to !      
duties ( y\r (fice4  ,,scaevola4 ,z     
,fannius says1 ,caius ,laelius1 _m h    
ask$ me ?is "q4 ,b ,i answ]$ 9          
accordance ) :at ,i h se51 t y 7 be>+ ) 
due mod]ation y\r sorr[ = ! dea? ( ?is  

y\r mo/ intimate fri5d1 ?\gh y1 ) y\r   
k9dly nature1 c\ld n fail to be mov$ by 
x2 b t y\r abs5ce f ! mon?ly meet+ ( !  
,augurs 0 due to illness1 n to grief4   
,,laelius4 ,y 7 9 ! "r1 ,scaevola1 &    
spoke ! tru?2 = x 0 n fitt+1 _h ,i be5 9
 good heal?1 = me to be deta9$ by my own
 sad feel+ f ?is duty1 :i* ,i h nev]    
fail$ to dis*>ge2 nor d ,i ?9k t a man (
 firm m9d c be s affect$ by any calamity
 z to neglect 8 duty4 ,x is1 inde$1     
fri5dly 9 y1 ,fannius1 to tell me t     
bett] ?+s are said ( me ?an ,i feel     
wor?y ( or desire to h said2 b x seems  
to me t y und]rate ,cato4 ,= ei!r !re   
nev] 0 a wise man 7& s ,i am incl9$ to  
?9k71 or if !re has be5 su* a man1 ,cato
 des]ves ! "n4 ,to omit o!r ?+s1 h[     
nobly did he be> 8 son's dea?6 ,i       
rememb]$ ,paulus1 ,footnote3 ,paulus    
,aemilius1 :o lo/ two sons1 "o a few    
days be=e1 ! o!r %ortly aft]1 ! triumph 
decre$ to him = ! conque/ ( ! ,mac$onian
 ,k+ ,p]seus4 ,i _h se5                 
,gallus1,footnote3 ,gaius ,sulpicius    

,gallus1 m5tion$ z an a/ronom] by       
,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 i4 #f1 & ,de      
,s5ectute1 #ad4 9 _! b]eavem5ts4 ,b !y  
lo/ boys2 ,cato1 a man 9 8 prime &      
respect$ by all4,footnote3 ,! y\ng]     
,cato _h won fame z a soldi] & di/+ui%$ 
em95ce z a juri/4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0
 praetor elect4 ,bew>e h[ y place 9     
high] e/eem ?an ,cato ev5 ! man :om     
,apollo1 z y say1 pron\nc$ sup]latively 
wise2 = x is ! de$s ( ,cato1 ! say+s (  
,socrates1 t are held 9 honor4 ,?us f> 9
 reply to ,fannius4 ,z reg>ds myself1 ,i
 w n[ answ] bo? ( y4  #c4 ,7 ,i to d5y t
 ,i feel ! loss ( ,scipio1 :ile ,i leave
 x to ^? :o pr(ess !mselves wise 9 su*  
matt]s to say :e!r ,i ought to feel x1  
,i c]ta9ly %\ld be utt]+ a falsehood4 ,i
 d inde$ feel my b]eavem5t ( su* a fri5d
 z ,i d n expect ev] to h aga91 & z ,i  
am sure ,i nev] _h beside4 ,b ,i ne$ no 
com=t f )\t1 ,i console myself1 &1 *ief 
( all1 ,i f9d com=t 9 my fre$om f !     
appreh5sion t oppresses mo/ m5 :5 _!    
fri5ds die1 = ,i d n ?9k t any evil has 

befall5 ,scipio4 ,if evil has befall51 x
 is to me4 ,b to be sev]ely afflict$ by 
"o's own mis=tunes is ! tok5 (          
self-love1 n ( fri5d%ip4 ,z = him1 inde$
 :o c d5y t ! issue has be5 to 8        
pre-em95t glory8 ,unless he _h wi%$--:at
 nev] ent]$ into 8 m9d--an endless life 
on e>? :at 0 !re )9 human desire t did n
 accrue to ! man :o 9 8 v e>lie/ y\? by 
8 incr$ible ability & pr[ess surpass$ ! 
highe/ expectations t all _h =m$ ( 8    
boyhood1 :o nev] s\ght ! consul%ip1 yet 
0 made consul twice1 ! fir/ "t be=e !   
legal age1,footnote3 ,he left ! army 9  
,africa ,b4,c4 #adg = home to (f]       
himself z a c&idate = ! a$ile%ip1 = :i* 
he _h j rea*$ ! legal age ( ?irty sev52 
b su* acc\nts ( 8 ability effici5cy1 &  
c\rage _h prec$$ him & foll[$ him f !   
army1 t he 0 *os5 ,consul1 virtually by 
popul> acclamation4 ! second "t 9 due   
season z to himself1 b almo/ too late = 
8 c\ntry1,footnote3 ,! w> 9 ,spa9 _h be5
 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 ) frequ5t disa/]
 & disgrace to ! ,roman army1 :5        

,scipio1 ,b4,c4 #acd1 0 *os5 ,consul ) a
 special view to ?is w>1 :i* he clos$ by
 ! capture & de/ruction ( ,numantia1 9  
connection ) :i*1 x mu/ be confess$1 8  
record is r t ( a rel5tless & sangu9>y  
enemy ?an ( a g5]\s & placable          
antagoni/4 :o by ! ov]?r[ ( two cities  
implacably ho/ile to ! ,roman empire put
 a p]iod1 n only to ! w>s t 7 b to w>s t
 else mu/ h be58 ,:at %all ,i say ( !   
s+ul> affability ( 8 mann]s1 ( 8 filial 
piety to 8 "m1 ,footnote3 ,he 0 ! son ( 
,paulus ,aemilius1 & ! adopt$ son (     
,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,africanus4 
,8 "m1 divorc$ = no assignable reason1 0
 left v poor1 & h] son1 on ! dea? ( !   
wid[ ( 8 adopt+ fa!r1 gave h] ! entire  
patrimony t came into 8 possession4 ( 8 
g5]osity to 8 si/]s1 ,footnote3 ,aft] 8 
"m's dea?1 law & cu/om au?oriz$ him to  
resume :at he _h giv5 h]1 b he be/[$ x  
on 8 si/]s1 ?us af=d+ !m ! means ( liv+ 
com=tably & respectably4 ( 8 integrity 9
 8 relations ) all m58 ,h[ de> he 0 to !
 community 0 %[n by ! grief at 8 fun]al4

 ,:at b5efit1 !n1 c\ld he h d]iv$ f a   
few m ye>s8 ,=1 al?\gh old age be n     
burd5some1--z ,i rememb] t ,cato1 ! ye> 
be=e he di$1 ma9ta9$ 9 a conv]sation )  
me & ,scipio1 ,footnote3 ,! ,de         
,s5ectute--x yet impairs ! fre% vigor   
:i* ,scipio _h n begun to lose4 ,?us 8  
life 0 su* t no?+ ei!r 9 =tune or 9 fame
 c\ld be add$ to x1 :ile ! sudd5ness ( 8
 dea? mu/ h tak5 away ! pa9 ( dy+4 ,( ! 
mode ( 8 dea? x is h>d to speak )       
c]ta9ty1 y are aw>e :at suspicions are  
abroad4 ,footnote3 ,he retir$ to 8      
sleep+ ap>tm5t app>5tly 9 p]fect heal?1 
& 0 f\nd dead on 8 c\* 9 ! morn+1--z 0  
rumor$1 ) m>ks ( viol5ce on 8 neck4  ,8 
wife 0 ,sempronia1 ! si/] ( ! ,grac*i ^:
 agr>ian s*emes he _h vehem5tly oppos$4 
,%e 0 suspect$ ( hav+ at lea/ giv5      
admission to ! assass91 & ev5 h] "m1 !  
,cornelia :o has be5 reg>d$ z unp>ellel$
 among ,roman wom5 = ! virutes app]ta9+ 
to a wife & "m1 did n escape ! *>ge (   
complicity4  ,h] son ,caius 0 also among
 ^? suspect$1 b ! m probable op9ion is t

 ,papirius ,c>bo 0 alone answ]able = !  
crime4  ,c>bo _h be5 ,scipio's mo/ bitt]
 enemy & _h endeav\r$ to inflame ! p    
aga9/ him z _! enemy4 ,b ?is may be said
 ) tru? t ( ! _m days ( surpass+ fame & 
happ9ess :i* ,publius ,scipio saw 9 8   
lifetime1 ! mo/ glori\s 0 ! day be=e 8  
dea? :5 on ! adj\rnm5t ( ! ,s5ate he 0  
escort$ home by ! ,conscript ,fa!rs1 !  
,roman p1 ! m5 ( ,latium & ! allies1    
,footnote3 ,scipio _h at t session ( !  
s5ate propos$ a measure 9 ! utmo/ degree
 (f5sive to ,caius ,grac*us & 8 p>ty4 ,!
 law ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us w\ld h dispos$1
 at ! h&s ( ! commission]s appo9t$ "u x1
 ( l>ge tracts ( l& belong+ to !        
,italian allies4  ,scipio's plan provid$
 t su* l&s %\ld be tak5 out ( !         
jurisdiction ( ! commission]s1 & t      
matt]s relat+ to !m %\ld be adjudg$ by a
 diff]5t bo>d to be specially appo9t$--a
 measure :i* w\ld h be5 a virtual       
abrogation ( ! agr>ian law4 ,on ?is     
acc\nt he _h 8 honorable escort home1 & 
on ?is acc\nt1 9 all probability1 he 0  

mud]$4--s t f s high a grade ( honor he 
seems to h pass$ on into ! assembly ( ! 
gods r ?an to h gone d[n into !         
und]world4  #d ,= ,i am f> f agree+ ) ^?
 :o h ( late promulgat$ ! op9ion t ! s\l
 p]i%es ) ! body & t dea? blots out !   
:ole be+4 ,footnote3  ,! ref]5ce "h is (
 c\rse to ! ,epicurians4 ,?is s*ool (   
philosophy _h gr[n v rapidly1 & numb]$  
_m disciples :5 ?is essay 0 writt52 b 9 
! "t ( ,laelius x _h b rec5tly invad$   
,rome1 & ,amafanius1 :o mu/ h be5 8     
contempor>y1 0 ! e>lie/ ,roman writ] :o 
exp\nd$ its doctr9e ,i on ! o!r h& atta*
 sup]ior value to ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts
 :e!r t ( our ance/ors :o e/abli%$      
religi\s rites = ! dead :i* !y c]ta9ly  
w\ld n h done if !y _h ?\ght ! dead     
:olly unconc]n$ 9 su* obs]vances        
,footnote3 ,?is is s\nd reason+ z ^!    
rites 7 annually r5ew$ & consi/$ 9 great
 "p ( ! invocation ( ance/ors--a cu/om  
:i* c\ld n h orig9at$ if ^? ance/ors 7  
suppos$ to be utt]ly dead4 ,?is passage 
may rem9d ! read] ( ! answ] ( ,jesus    

,*ri/ to ! ,sadducees1 :o d5i$ t !      
,p5tateu* conta9$ any intimation (      
immortality4 ,he quotes ! passage 9 :i* 
,god is repres5t$ z say+1 ,i am ! ,god (
 ,abraham1 & ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god (
 ,jacob1 & adds1 ,god is n ! ,god ( !   
dead1 b ( ! liv+1 imply+ t ance/ors :om 
! writ] ( t record suppos$ to be dead   
c\ld n h be5 ?us m5tion$4 or t ( ! =m]  
,greek coloni/s 9 ?is c\ntry :o by _!   
s*ools & tea*+ made ,s\!rn ,italy       
,footnote3 ,lat9 ,magna ,graecia-! "n   
giv5 to ! clu/] ( ,greek colonies t 7   
scatt]$ ?ick along ! %ore ( ,s\!rn      
,italy4 ,at ,croton 9 ,magna ,graecia   
,py?agoras e/abli%$ 8 s*ool & ! colonies
 7 ! *ief seat & sem9>y ( 8 philosophy  
:i* taught ! immortality ( ! s\l4--n[ 9 
its decl9e1 !n fl\ri%+--a seat ( le>n+1 
or t ( him :om ! oracle ( ,apollo       
pron\nc$ ! wise/ ( m5 :o said n "o ?+   
to-day1 ano!r to-morr[1 z _m d1 b ! same
 ?+ always1 ma9ta9+ t ! s\ls ( m5 are   
div9e1 & t :5 !y g out f ! body1 !      
return to heav5 is op5 to !m1 & direct &

 easy 9 proportion to _! integrity &    
excell5ce4 ,?is 0 also ! op9ion (       
,scipio1 :o seem$ presci5t ( ! ev5t s   
ne>1 :51 a v %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 he    
disc\rs$ = ?ree successive days ab\t !  
republic 9 ! pres5ce ( ,philus1         
,manilius1 & sev]al o!rs1--y1 ,scaevola1
 hav+ gone ) me to ! conf]5ces1--& ne> !
 close ( ! discussion he told u :at he  
said t he _h he>d f ,africanus 9 a      
vision dur+ sleep4 ,footnote3 ,! ,de    
,republica consi/s ( dialogues on ?ree  
successive days 9 ,scipio's g>d51 &     
,scipio is ! *ief speak]4 ,! "w 0       
suppos$ to be irrecov]ably lo/1 ) !     
exception ( ?is ,dream ( ,scipio & a few
 fragm5ts1 b consid]able portions ( x 7 
discov]$ 9 a palimpse/ 9 #ahbb4 ,!      
,dream ( ,scipio w be f\nd 9 ! latt] "p 
( ?is volume4 ,if x is true t ! s\l ( e 
man ( surpass+ excell5ce takes flight1 z
 x 71 f ! cu/ody & bondage ( ! body1 to 
:om c we imag9e ! way to ! gods m easy  
?an to ,scipio8 ,i !re=e fe> to m\rn =  
?is 8 dep>ture1 le/ 9 su* grief !re be m

 ( envy ?an ( fri5d%ip4 ,b if tru?      
incl9e to ! op9ion t s\l & body h ! same
 end1 & t !re is no rema9+ consci\sness1
 !n1 z !re is no?+ good 9 dea?1 !re     
c]ta9ly is no?+ ( evil ,= if            
consci\sness be lo/1 ! case is ! same ) 
,scipio z if he _h nev] be5 born1 ?\gh t
 he 0 born ,i h s ample reason to       
rejoice1 & ?is city w be glad s long z x
 %all /& ,?us 9 ei!r ev5t1 ) him1 z ,i h
 said1 all has issu$ well1 ?\gh ) great 
discom=t = me1 :o m fitt+ly1 z ,i ent]$ 
into life be=e him ought to h left x    
be=e him4 ,b ,i s enjoy ! memory ( our  
fri5d%ip1 t ,i seem to h ow$ ! happ9ess 
( my life to my hav+ liv$ ) ,scipio1 )  
:om ,i 0 unit$ 9 ! c>e ( public int]e/s 
& ( private affairs1 :o 0 my companion  
at home & s]v$ by my side 9 ! army      
,footnote3 ,laelus w5t ) ,scipio on !   
campaign :i* result$ 9 ! de/ruction (   
,c>?age4 & ) :om--& !re9 lies ! special 
virtue ( fri5d%ip--,i 0 9 p]fect h>mony 
( purpose1 ta/e1 & s5tim5t4 ,?us ,i am  
n[ n s mu* delight$ by ! reputation =   

wisdom ( :i* ,fannius has j spok51      
especially z ,i d n des]ve x1 z by !    
hope t our fri5d%ip w live 9 et]nal     
remembrance1 & ?is ,i h ! m at he>t     
because f all ages sc>ce ?ree or f\r    
pairs ( fri5ds are on record1 ,footnote3
 ,^? ref]r$ to probably ,!seus &        
,peiri?\s1 ,a*illes &  ,patroclus1      
,ore/es & ,pylades1 ,damon &            
,ph9tius1--all b ! la/1 p]haps ! la/    
also1 my?ical on :i* li/ ,i _c b hope t 
! fri5d%ip ( ,scipio & ,laelius w be    
kn[n to po/]ity4  ,,fannius4 ,x _c fail1
 ,laelius1 to be z y desire4 ,b s9ce y h
 made m5tion ( fri5d%ip1 & we are at    
leisure1 y w conf] on me a v great      
favor1 &1 ,i tru/1 on ,scaevola too1 if1
 z y are wont to d on o!r subjects :5   
y\r op9ion is ask$1 y w disc\rse to u on
 fri5d%ip1 & tell u :at y ?9k ab\t x1 9 
:at e/imation y hold x1 & :at rules y   
w\ld give = x4  ,,scaevola4 ,?is w inde$
 be v gratify+ to me1 & _h n ,fannius   
anticipat$ me1 ,i 0 ab\t to make ! same 
reque/4 ,y ?us w be/[ a great k9dness on

 bo? ( u4  #e4 ,,laelius4 ,i c]ta9ly    
w\ld n hesitate1 if ,i _h confid5ce 9 my
 own p[]s2 = ! subject is "o ( ! highe/ 
importance1 &1 z ,fannius says1 we are  
at leisure4 ,x is ! cu/om ( philosoph]s1
 especially among ! ,greeks1 to h       
subjects assign$ to !m1 :i* !y discuss  
ev5 )\t prem$itation4 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 
! boa/ & pride ( ! ,greek sophi/s4 ,?is 
is a great accompli%m5t1 & requires no  
small am\nt ( ex]cise4 ,i !re=e ?9k t y 
ought to seek ! treatm5t ( fri5d%ip by  
^? :o pr(ess ?is art4 ,i c only advise y
 to pref] fri5d%ip to all ?+s else )9   
human atta9m5t1 insomu* z no?+ beside is
 s well fitt$ to nature1--s well adapt$ 
to our ne$s :e!r 9 prosp]\s or 9 adv]se 
circum/ances4 ,b ,i consid] ?is z a fir/
 pr9ciple--t fri5d%ip c exi/ only betwe5
 good m54 ,9 ?us say+1 ,i w\ld n be s   
rigid 9 def9ition ,footnote3 ,lat94     
,neque ut ad ilium reseco1 lit]ally1 nor
 9 ?is matt] d ,i cut to ! quick4 z ^?  
:o e/abli% specially subtle di/9ctions1 
,footnote3 ,! ,/oics ( ! m rigid type1  

:o ma9ta9$ t ! wise man alone is good1 b
 d5i$ t ! truly wise man _h yet made 8  
appe>ance on ! e>?4 ) lit]al tru? x may 
be1 b ) little b5efit to ! common m9d2 =
 !y w n admit t any man :o is n wise is 
a good man4 ,?is may inde$ be true4 ,b  
!y und]/& by wisdom a /ate :i* no mortal
 has yet atta9$2 :ile we ought to look  
at ^? qualities :i* are to be f\nd 9    
actual ex]cise & 9 common life1 n at ^? 
:i* exi/ only 9 fancy or 9 aspiration4  
,caius ,fabricius1 ,manius ,curius1     
,tib]ius ,coruncanius1 wise z !y 7 9 !  
judgm5t ( our fa!rs1 ,i w cons5t n to   
call wise by ! /&>d ( ^! philosoph]s4   
,let !m keep = !mselves ! "n ( wisdom1  
:i* is invidi\s & ( d\btful mean+1 if !y
 w only admit t ^! may h be5 good m54 ,b
 !y w n grant ev5 ?is2 !y insi/ on d5y+ 
! "n ( good to any b ! wise4 ,i !re=e   
adopt ! /&>d ( common s5se4 ,footnote3  
,lat9 agamus igitur piagui 7ut aiunt7   
,m9]va1 t is ) a less ref9$1 a gross]   
wisdom m ne>ly con=m$ to ! s\nd1 if     
some:at crass1 common-s5se ( ! majority4

 ,^? :o integrity1 equity1 & k9dness w9 
approval1 :o are entirely free f av>ice1
 lu/ & ! infirmities ( a ha/y temp]1 & 9
 :om !re is p]fect consi/5cy ( "*1 9 f9e
 m5 l ^? :om ,i h nam$ :ile !y are      
reg>d$ z good1 ought to be s call$1     
because to ! utmo/ ( human capacity !y  
foll[ ,nature :o is ! be/ guide 9 liv+  
well4 ,inde$1 x seems to me ?or\ghly    
evid5t t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 measure (  
fell[%ip among all1 b m intimate ! ne>] 
we approa* "o ano!r4 ,?us ?is feel+ has 
m p[] betwe5 fell[-citiz5s ?an t[>d     
=eign]s1 betwe5 k9dr$ ?an betwe5 ^? (   
diff]5t families4 ,t[>d our k9dr$1      
,nature h]self produces a c]ta9 k9d (   
fri5d%ip4 ,b ?is lacks /r5g?1 & inde$   
fri5d%ip 9 its full s5se1 has prec$5ce (
 k9%ip 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t good-w may be  
tak5 away f k9%ip1 n f fri5d%ip1 = :5   
good w is remov$1 fri5d%ip loses its "n1
 :ile t ( k9%ip rema9s4 ,h[ great is !  
=ce ( fri5d%ip we may be/ und]/& f      
?is1--t out ( ! b\ndless society ( !    
human race :i* ,nature has con/itut$1 ! 

s5se ( fell[%ip is s contract$ & n>r[$ t
 ! :ole p[] ( lov+ is be/[$ on ! union (
 two or a v few fri5ds4  #f ,fri5d%ip is
 no?+ else ?an entire fell[ feel+ z to  
all ?+s human & div9e ) mutual good-w & 
affection2 7#a7 & ,i d\bt :e!r any?+    
bett] ?an ?is1 wisdom alone except$1 has
 be5 giv5 to1 man by ! immortal gods ,"s
 pref] ri*es to x1 "s1 s\nd heal?1 "s1  
p[]1 "s1 po/s ( honor1 _m1 ev5 s5sual   
gratification4 ,?is la/ prop]ly belongs 
to bea/s1 ! o!rs are prec>i\s & unc]ta91
 dep5d5t n on our own *oice s mu* z on !
 caprice ( ,=tune4 ,^?1 inde$1 :o reg>d 
virtue z ! supreme good are entirely 9 !
 "r1 b x is virtue itself t produces &  
su/a9s fri5d%ip1 n )\t virtue c fri5d%ip
 by any possibility exi/4 ,9 say+ ?is1  
h[ev] ,i w\ld int]pret virtue 9         
accordance ) our habits ( spee* & (     
life1 n def9+ x1 z "s philosoph]s d1 by 
high-s\nd+ words1 b numb]+ on ! li/ (   
good m5 ^? :o are commonly s reg>d$1--! 
,pauli1 ! ,catos1 ! ,galli1 ! ,scipios1 
! ,phili ,mank9d 9 g5]al #a ,x may be   

d\bt$ :e!r ?is close con=mity ( op9ion &
 feel+ is ess5tial1 or ev5 favorable to 
fri5d%ip4 ,! amicable comp>ison &       
collision ( ?\ght & s5tim5t are c]ta9ly 
consi/5t )1 & (t5 conducive to ! mo/    
fri5dly intimacy4 ,fri5ds are n         
infrequ5tly ! complem5ts1 r ?an !       
lik5ess1 ( ea* o!r4 ,cic]o & ,atticus 7 
z close fri5ds z ,scipio & ,laelius2 b  
!y 7 at _m po9ts exce$+ly unlike4       
,atticus _h ! tact & skill 9 worldly    
matt]s1 :i* ,cic]o lack$4 ,atticus kept 
alo( f public affairs :ile ,cic]o 0     
unhappy :5ev] he c\ld n imag9e himself z
 tak+ a lead+ "p 9 !m4 ,atticus 0 an    
,epicurean1 & ,cic]o nev] lo/ an        
opportunity ( attack+ ! ,epicurean      
philosophy4 are cont5t ) ^!4 ,let u !n  
leave out ( ! acc\nt su* good m5 z are  
n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,among su* good m5 z  
!re really are1 fri5d%ip has m          
advantages ?an ,i c easily "n4 ,9 !     
fir/1 place1 z ,ennius says2--  ,h[ c   
life be wor? liv+1 if devoid ( ! calm   
tru/ repos$ by fri5d 9 fri5d8 ,:at      

sweet] joy ?an 9 ! k9dr$ s\l8 ,^:       
conv]se diff]s n f self-communion8  ,h[ 
c\ld y h full enjoym5t ( prosp]ity1     
unless ) "o ^: pleasure 9 x 0 equal to  
y\r own8 ,nor w\ld x be easy to be>     
adv]sity1 unless ) ! sympa?y ( "o on :om
 x re/$ m heavily ?an on y\r own s\l4   
,!n1 too1 o!r objects ( desire are1 9   
g5]al1 adapt$1 ea* to "s specific       
purpose1--weal?1 t y may use x2 p[]1 t y
 may receive ! homage ( ^? ar\nd y2 po/s
 ( honor1 t y may obta9 reputation2     
s5sual gratification1 t y may live 9    
pleasure2 heal?1 t y may be free f pa91 
& may h full ex]cise ( y\r bodily p[]s &
 faculties4 ,b fri5d%ip comb9es ! l>ge/ 
numb] ( utilities4 ,:]ev] y turn1 x is  
at h&4 ,no place %uts x out4 ,x is nev] 
unseasonable1 nev] annoy+4 ,?us1 z !    
prov]b says1 ,y _c put wat] or fire to m
 uses ?an fri5d%ip s]ves4 ,i am n n[    
speak+ ( ! common & mod]ate type (      
fri5d%ip1 :i* yet yields bo? pleasure & 
pr(it1 b1 ( true & p]fect fri5d%ip1 l t 
:i* exi/$ 9 ! few in/ances t are held 9 

special remembrance4 ,su* fri5d%ip at   
once enhances ! lu/re ( prosp]ity1 & by 
divid+ & %>+ adv]sity less5s its burd54 
#g4 ,moreov]1 :ile fri5d%ip comprises ! 
greate/ numb] & v>iety ( b5efic5t       
(fices1 x c]ta9ly has ?is special       
pr]ogative1 t x lights up a good hope = 
! "t to come1 & ?us pres]ves ! m9ds t x 
su/a9s f imbecility or pro/ration 9     
mis=tune4 ,= he1 inde$1 :o looks into ! 
face ( a fri5d beholds1 z x 71 a copy ( 
himself4 ,?us ! abs5t are pres5t1 & !   
poor are ri*1 & ! weak are /rong1 &--:at
 seems /rang] /ill ,footnote3 ,lit]ally1
 :at is h>d] to say4--! dead are alive1 
su* is ! honor1 ! endur+ remembrance1 ! 
long+ love1 ) :i* ! dy+ are foll[$ by ! 
liv+2 s t ! dea? ( ! dy+ seems happy1 ! 
life ( ! liv+ full ( praise4 ,footnote3 
,! s5se ( ?is s5t5ce is some:at ov]laid 
by ! rhetoric2 yet x und\bt$ly means t  
an abs5t fri5d is e/eem$ & honor$ 9 !   
p]son ( ! fri5d :o n only loves him1 b  
is reg>d$ z repres5t+ him2 t a poor     
fri5d enjoys ! prosp]ity ( 8 ri* fri5d z

 if x 7 8 own2 t a weak fri5d feels 8   
feebl5ess en]giz$ by ! fri5d :o 9 ne$ w 
fight 8 battles = him2 & t no man is    
suff]$ to lapse f ! k9d & rev]5t        
remembrances ( ^? :o see 8 lik5ess 9 !  
fri5d :o keeps 8 memory gre54 ,b if f ! 
condition ( human life y 7 to exclude   
all k9dly union1 no h\se1 no city1 c\ld 
/&1 nor1 inde$1 c\ld ! tillage ( ! field
 survive4 ,if x is n p]fectly und]/ood  
:at virtue !re is 9 fri5d%ip & concord1 
x may be le>n$ f diss5sion & discord4 ,=
 :at h\se is s /able1 :at /ate s firm1 t
 x _c be utt]ly ov]turn$ by hatr$ &     
/rife8 ,h5ce x may be asc]ta9$ h[ mu*   
good !re is 9 fri5d%ip4 ,x is said t a  
c]ta9 philosoph] ( ,agrig5tum ,footnote3
 ,emp$ocles4 ,only a few fragm5ts ( 8   
great poem are extant4 ,8 !ory seems l a
 poetical v]sion ( ,newton's law (      
univ]sal gravitation4 ,! analogy betwe5 
physical attraction & ! mutual          
attraction ( cong5ial m9ds & s\ls has   
its record 9 ! ,fr5* ^w aimant1 d5ot+   
load/one or magnet4 sang 9 ,greek v]se t

 x is fri5d%ip t draws toge!r & discord 
t p>ts all ?+s :i* subsi/ 9 h>mony1 &   
:i* h _! v>i\s movem5ts 9 nature & 9 !  
:ole univ]se4 ,! wor? & p[] ( fri5d%ip1 
too1 all mortals und]/&1 & atte/ by _!  
approval 9 actual in/ances4 ,?us1 if !re
 comes into conspicu\s notice an        
occasion on :i* a fri5d incurs or %>es !
 p]ils ( 8 fri5d1 :o c fail to extol !  
de$ ) ! highe/ praise8 ,:at %\ts fill$ !
 :ole !atre at ! p]=mance ( ! new play (
 my gue/ ,footnote3 ,or ho/2 = ! ^w     
hospes may h ei!r mean+4 ,x d5otes n !  
fact ( giv+ or receiv+ hospitality1 b ! 
p]man5t & sacr$ relation e/abli%$ betwe5
 ho/ & gue/4 ,?is relation has lo/ mu* (
 its "* 9 mod]n civilization1 & ,i d\bt 
:e!r x has a "n 9 any mod]n ,european   
language4 & fri5d ,m>cus ,pacuvius1     
:5--! k+ n kn[+ :i* ( ! two 0           
,ore/es--,pylades said t he 0 ,ore/es1  
:ile ,ore/es p]si/$ 9 ass]t+ t he 01 z 9
 fact he 01 ,ore/es6 ,footnote3  ,among 
! _m & conflict+ leg5ds ab\t ,ore/es is 
t :i* seems to h be5 ! !me ( ! lo/      

trag$y ( ,pacuvius4 ,ore/es1 aft] av5g+ 
on 8 "m & h] p>am\r ! murd] ( 8 fa!r1 9 
ord] to expiate ! guilt ( matricide1 0  
direct$ by ! ,delphian oracle to g to   
,tauris1 & to /eal & transport to ,a!ns 
an image ( ,artemis t _h fall5 f heav54 
,8 fri5d ,pylades accompani$ him on ?is 
exp$ition4 ,!y 7 seiz$ by ,?oas ! k+1 & 
,ore/es1 z ! pr9cipal (f5d]1 0 to be    
sacrific$ to ,artemis4 ,8 si/]1         
,iphig5eia1 prie/ess ( ,artemis1        
contriv$ _! escape1 & ! ?ree arriv$ safe
 at ,a!ns ) ! sacr$ image4 ,! :ole      
assembly rose 9 applause at ?is m]e     
fictiti\s repres5tation4 ,:at may we    
suppose t !y w\ld h done1 _h ! same ?+  
occurr$ 9 real life8 ,9 t case ,nature  
h]self display$ h] p[]1 :5 m5 recogniz$ 
t z rightly done by ano!r1 :i* !y w\ld n
 h _h ! c\rage to d !mselves4 ,?us f>1  
to ! utmo/ ( my ability z x seems to me1
 ,i h giv5 y my s5tim5ts conc]n+        
fri5d%ip4 ,if !re is m to be said1 z ,i 
?9k t !re is1 endeavor to obta9 x1 if y 
see fit1 ( ^? :o are wont to discuss su*

 subjects4  ,,fannius4 ,b we w\ld r h x 
f y4 ,al?\gh ,i h (t5 consult$ ^?       
philosoph]s also1 & h li/5$ to !m n     
unwill+ly1 yet ! ?read ( y\r disc\rse   
diff]s some:at f t ( !irs4  ,,scaevola4 
,y w\ld say s all ! m1 ,fannius1 _h y   
be5 pres5t 9 ,scipio's g>d5 at t        
discussion ab\t ! republic1 & he>d :at  
an advocate ( ju/ice he %[$ himself 9   
answ] to ! elaborate spee* ( ,philus4   
,footnote3  ,c>neades1 :5 on an embassy 
to ,rome1 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( 8 ,roman     
ho/s1 on "o day deliv]$ a disc\rse 9    
behalf ( ju/ice z ! true policy = !     
,/ate1 & on ! next day deliv]$ an       
equally subtile & eloqu5t disc\rse      
ma9ta9+ ! opposite !sis4 ,9 ! ?ird ,book
 ( ! ,de ,republica ,philus is made !   
devil's advocate1 & has assign$ to him !
 *ampion%ip ( :at we are wont to call a 
,ma*iavelian policy1 &1 9 g5]al1 ( !    
morally wrong z ! politically "r4 ,he is
 repres5t$ z tak+ ! "p reluctantly1 say+
 t "o cons5ts to soil 8 h&s 9 ord] to   
f9d gold1 & he pr(esses to give !       

sub/ance ( ! fam\s disc\rse ( ,c>neades4
  ,laelius answ]s him1 &1 s f> z we c   
judge f ! fragm5ts ( 8 reply t are      
extant1 ) ! prepond]ance ( reason1 :i*  
,cic]o int5d$ %\ld incl9e on ! bett]    
side4 ,!re 0 p]haps a sublat5t irony 9  
mak+ ,philus play ?is "p2 = he 0 an     
em95tly upright man4  ,val]ius ,maximus 
eulogizes him = 8 rigid integrity &     
imp>tiality1 & relates t :5 at !        
expiration ( 8 consul%ip he 0 s5t to    
take comm& ( ! army aga9/ ,numantia1 he 
*ose = 8 lieut5ants ,metellus &         
,pompeius1 bo? 8 int5sely bitt] enemies1
 b ! m5 be/ fitt$ = ! s]vice4           
,,fannius4 ,x 0 inde$ easy = ! man      
pre-em95tly j to def5d ju/ice4          
,,scaevola4 ,z to fri5d%ip1 !n1 is n its
 def5ce easy = him :o has won ! highe/  
celebrity on ! gr\nd ( fri5d%ip ma9ta9$ 
) pre-em95t fai?fulness1 consi/5cy1 &   
probity8  #h4 ,,laelius4 ,?is is1 inde$1
 ! employ+ ( =ce2 = :at matt]s ! way 9  
:i* y compel me8 ,y at any rate d compel
 me2 = x is bo? h>d & unfair n to comply

 ) ! wi%es ( "o's sons-9-law1 especially
 9 a case t m]its favorable             
consid]ation4  ,9 reflect+1 !n1 v       
frequ5tly on fri5d%ip1 ! =emo/ "q t is  
wont to pres5t itself is1 :e!r fri5d%ip 
is crav$ on acc\nt ( consci\s infirmity 
& ne$1 s t 9 be/[+ & receiv+ ! k9d      
(fices t belong to x ea* may h t done = 
him by ! o!r :i* he is lea/ able to d = 
himself1 reciprocat+ s]vices 9 l mann]2 
or :e!r1 ?\gh ?is relation ( mutual     
b5efit is ! prop]ty1 ( fri5d%ip x has   
yet ano!r cause2 m sacr$ & m noble1 &   
d]iv$ m g5u9ely f ! v nature ( man4     
,love1 :i* 9 our language gives "n to   
fri5d%ip1 ,footnote3 ,amor1--amicitia4  
be>s a *ief "p 9 unions ( mutual b5efit2
 = a rev5ue ( s]vice is levi$ ev5 on ^? 
:o are *]i%$ 9 pret5d$ fri5d%ip1 & are  
treat$ ) reg>d f int]e/$ motives4 ,b 9  
fri5d%ip !re is no?+ feign$1 no?+       
pret5d$1 & :atev] !re is 9 x is bo?     
g5u9e & spontane\s4 ,fri5d%ip1 !re=e1   
spr+s f nature r ?an f ne$1--f an       
incl9ation ( ! m9d ) a c]ta9            

consci\sness ( love r ?an f calculation 
( ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f x4 ,its real   
quality may be disc]n$ ev5 9 "s classes 
( animals1 :i* up to a c]ta9 "t s love  
_! (fspr+1 & are s lov$ by !m1 t !      
mutual feel+ is pla9ly se51--a feel+ :i*
 is mu* m cle>ly manife/ 9 man1 fir/1 9 
! affection :i* exi/s betwe5 *ildr5 &   
p>5ts1 & :i* c be dissolv$ only by      
atroci\s guilt2 & 9 ! next place1 9 !   
spr++ up ( a l feel+ ( love1 :5 we f9d  
"s "o ( mann]s & "* cong5ial ) our own1 
:o becomes de> to u because we seem to  
see 9 him an illu/ri\s example ( probity
 & virtue4 ,= !re is no?+ m lovable ?an 
virtue1--no?+ :i* m surely w9s          
affectionate reg>d1 insomu* t on ! score
 ( virtue & probity we love ev5 ^? :om  
we h nev] se54 ,:o is !re t does n      
recall ! memory ( ,caius ,fabricius1 (  
,manius ,curius1 ( ,tib]ius             
,coruncanras1 :om he nev] saw1 ) "s good
 measure ( k9dly feel+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :o
 is !re t c fail to hate ,t>qu9ius      
,sup]bus1 ,spurius ,cassius1 ,spurius   

,maelius8 ,our dom9ion 9 ,italy 0 at    
/ake 9 w>s "u two comm&]s1 ,pyrrhus &   
,hannibal4 ,on acc\nt ( ! good fai? ( ! 
"o1 we hold him 9 no unfri5dly          
remembrance2 ,footnote3 ,pyrrhus1 aft] !
 only victory t he obta9$ ov] ! ,romans1
 treat$ 8 prison]s ) signal humanity1 & 
re/or$ !m )\t ransom4 ,see ,de ,(ficiis1
 i4 #ab ! o!r because ( 8 cruelty our p 
mu/ always hate4 ,footnote3 ,x may be   
d\bt$ :e!r ,hannibal des]v$ ! reproa* "h
 impli$4 ,! ,roman hi/orians ascribe to 
him acts ( cruelty no worse ?an _! own  
g5]als 7 *>geable )3 :ile no?+ ( ! k9d  
is relat$ by ei!r ,polybius1 or ,plut>*4
 ,x is c]ta9 t aft] ! battle ( ,cannae  
he *eck$ ! ne$less slaught] ( ! ,roman  
fugitives1 & ,livy relates sev]al       
in/ances 9 :i* he paid fun]al honors1 to
 di/+ui%$ ,romans sla9 9 battle4 ,!     
int5se ho/ility ( ! ,romans to ,c>?age  
may h l$ to an unfair e/imate ( ! great 
g5]al's "*1 & to ! inv5tion or          
exagg]ation ( reports to 8 discr$it4    
#i4 ,b if good fai? has su* attractive  

p[] t we love x 9 ^? :om we h nev] se51 
or--:at means /ill m--9 an enemy1 :at   
wond] is x if ! m9ds ( m5 are mov$ to   
affection :5 !y behold ! virtue &       
goodness ( ^? ) :om !y c become         
intimately unit$8  ,love is1 inde$1     
/r5g!n$ by favors receiv$1 by witness+  
assiduity 9 "o's s]vice1 & by habitual  
int]c\rse2 & :5 ^! are add$ to ! fir/   
impulse ( ! m9d t[>d love1 !re flames =?
 a m>vell\sly ri* gl[ ( affectionate    
feel+4 ,if !re are any :o ?9k t ?is     
proce$s f consci\s weakness & ! desire  
to h "s p]son ?r\gh :om "o c obta9 :at  
he lacks1 !y assign1 inde$1 to fri5d%ip 
a mean & utt]ly ignoble orig91 born1 z  
!y w\ld h x1 ( pov]ty & ne$9ess4 ,if ?is
 7 true1 !n ! less ( res\rce "o 0       
consci\s ( hav+ 9 himself1 ! bett] fitt$
 w\ld he be = fri5d%ip4 ,! contr>y is ! 
case2 = ! m confid5ce a man has 9       
himself1 & ! m ?or\ghly he is =tifi$ by 
virtue & wisdom1 s t he is 9 ne$ ( no   
"o1 & reg>ds all t conc]ns him z 9 8 own
 keep+1 ! m notewor?y is he = !         

fri5d%ips :i* he seeks & *]i%es4 ,:at8  
,did ,africanus ne$ me8 ,n 9 ! lea/ by  
,h]cules4 ,z little did ,i ne$ him4 ,b  
,i 0 drawn to him by admiration ( 8     
virtue :ile he1 9 turn1 lov$ me1 p]haps 
f "s favorable e/imate ( my "*1 &       
intimacy increas$ our mutual affection4 
,b ?\gh utilities _m & great result$ f  
our fri5d%ip1 ! cause ( our mutual love 
did n proce$ f ! hope ( :at x might br+4
 ,= z we are b5efic5t & g5]\s1 n 9 ord] 
to exact k9dnesses 9 return 7= we d n   
put our k9d (fices to int]e/71 b are by 
nature incl9$ to be g5]\s1 s1 9 my      
op9ion1 fri5d%ip is n to be s\ght = its 
wages1 b because its rev5ue consi/s     
entirely 9 ! love :i* x implies4 ,^?1   
h[ev]1 :o1 aft] ! mann] ( bea/s1 ref]   
ev]y?+ to pleasure1 ,footnote3 ,!       
,epicureans ?9k v diff]5tly4 ,nor is x  
wond]ful t !y d1 = m5 :o h degrad$ all  
_! ?\ghts to s mean & contemptible an   
end c rise to ! contemplation ( no?+    
l(ty1 no?+ magnific5t & div9e4 ,we may1 
!re=e1 leave !m out ( ?is discussion4 ,b

 let u h x well und]/ood t ! feel+ (    
love & ! ende>m5ts ( mutual affection   
spr+ f nature1 9 case !re is a          
well-e/abli%$ assurance ( moral wor? 9 !
 p]son ?us lov$4 ,^? :o desire to become
 fri5ds approa* ea* o!r1 & ent] into    
relation ) ea* o!r1 t ea* may enjoy !   
society & ! "* ( him :om he has begun to
 love1 & !y are equal 9 love1 & on ei!r 
side are m incl9$ to be/[ obligations   
?an to claim a return1 s t 9 ?is matt]  
!re is an honorable rivalry betwe5 !m4  
,?us w ! greate/ b5efits be d]iv$ f     
fri5d%ip1 & x w h a m solid & g5u9e     
f\ndation z trac+ its orig9 to nature   
?an if x proce$$ f human weakness4 ,= if
 x 7 utility t cem5t$ fri5d%ips1 an     
alt]$ aspect ( utility w\ld dissolve !m4
 ,b because nature _c be *ang$1 !re=e   
true fri5d%ips are et]nal4 ,?is may     
suffice = ! orig9 ( fri5d%ip1 unless y  
h1 p]*ance1 "s objection to :at ,i h    
said4  ,,fannius4 ,g on1 ,laelius4 ,i   
answ] by ! "r ( s5iority = ,scaevola :o 
is y\ng] ?an ,i am4  ,,scaevola4 ,i am (

 ! same m9d ) y4 ,let u !n1 he> f>!r4   
#aj ,,laelius4 ,he> !n1 my excell5t     
fri5ds ! sub/ance ( ! frequ5t           
discussions on fri5d%ip betwe5 ,scipio &
 me4 ,he inde$1 said ,footnote3 ,!      
con/ruction ( ?is entire section is 9 ! 
subjective imp]fect dep5d+ on ! dicebat 
9 ! second s5t5ce4 ,x has seem$ to me t 
! direct =m ( con/iution :i* ,i h adopt$
 is m consonant ) ! g5ius ( our         
language4 t no?+ is m difficult ?an =   
fri5d%ip to la/ ?r\gh life2 = fri5ds    
happ5 to h conflict+ int]e/s1 or diff]5t
 political op9ions4 ,!n1 aga91 z he (t5 
said1 *>act]s *ange1 sometimes "u adv]se
 conditions1 sometimes ) gr[+ ye>s4 ,he 
cit$ also ! analogy ( :at takes place 9 
e>ly y\?1 ! mo/ ard5t loves ( boyhood   
be+ (t5 laid aside ) its robe4 ,b if    
fri5d%ips la/ on into op5+ manhood1 !y  
are n infrequ5tly brok5 up by rivalry 9 
que/ ( a wife1 or 9 ! pursuit ( "s      
advantage :i* only "o c obta94          
,footnote3 ,_h ,cic]o n be5 p]sonat+    
,laelius1 :o di$ long be=e ! qu>rel     

occurr$1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h cit$ ! case
 ( ,s]vilius ,caepio & ,livius ,diusus4 
,!y m>ri$ ea* o!r's si/]s1 & 7 unit$ 9 !
 close/ intimacy1 & seem+ly 9 ! de>e/   
mutual love2 b z rivals 9 bidd+ = a r+  
at an auction-sale !y _h _! fir/ qu>rel1
 :i* grew into int5se mutual hatr$1 l$  
almo/ to a civil w> betwe5 _! respective
 p>tisans1 & bore no small "p 9 />t+ !  
s]ies ( diss5tions :i* issu$ 9 ! ,social
 ,w>1 & ! de/ruction ( n f> f ?ree      
hundr$ ?\s& lives4 ,i ref] to ?is 9 a   
note1 because x mu/ h be5 fre% 9        
,cic]o's memory1 & _h annotation be5 !  
habit ( 8 "t1 he w\ld mo/ assur$ly h    
giv5 x ! place :i* ,i n[ give x4 ,!n1 if
 fri5d%ips are ( long] duration1 !y yet1
 z ,scipio said1 are liable to be       
und]m9$ by competition = (fice2 & inde$ 
!re is no?+ m fatal to fri5d%ip ?an1 9 v
 _m cases1 ! gre$ ( ga91 & among "s ( ! 
be/ ( m5 ! conte/ = place & fame1 :i*   
has (t5 eng5d]$ ! mo/ int5se enmity     
betwe5 ^? :o _h be5 ! close/ fri5ds4    
,/rong & g5]ally j av]sion1 also1 spr+s 

up :5 any?+ morally wrong is requir$ ( a
 fri5d2 z :5 he is ask$ to aid 9 !      
gratification ( impure desire1 or to    
r5d] 8 assi/ance 9 "s unrighte\s act1--9
 :i* case ^? :o refuse1 al?\gh _!       
conduct is highly honorable1 are yet    
*>g$ by ! p]sons :om !y w n s]ve ) be+  
false to ! claims ( fri5d%ip1 :ile ^? :o
 d>e to make su* a dem& ( a fri5d       
pr(ess1 by ! v dem&1 t !y are ready to d
 any?+ & ev]y?+ = a fri5d's sake4 ,by   
su* qu>rels1 n only are old intimacies  
(t5 dissolv$1 b undy+ hatr$s g5]at$4 ,s 
_m ( ^! p]ils hang l s _m fates ov]     
fri5d%ip1 t to escape !m all seem$ to   
,scipio1 z he said1 to indicate n wisdom
 alone1 b equally a r>e felicity (      
=tune4  #aa4 ,let u !n1 fir/1 if y      
please1 consid] h[ f> ! love ( fri5ds   
ought to g4 ,if ,coriolanus _h fri5ds1  
ought !y to h help$ him 9 fight+ aga9/ 8
 c\ntry1 or %\ld ! fri5ds ( ,viscell9us 
,footnote3 ,spurius ,cassius            
,viscell9us1 ! au?or ( ! e>lie/ agr>ian 
law1 pass$1 b nev] c>ri$ into execution4

 ,he 0 condemn$ to dea?1--probably a    
victim to ! rancor\s opposition ( !     
patrician ord]1 ( :i* he 0 reg>d$ z a   
recreant memb] by virtue ( 8 advocacy ( 
! rights or j claims ( ! plebs4 ,cic]o 9
 e>ly life 0 by no means s ho/ile to !  
pr9ciple und]ly+ ! agr>ian laws1 & to ! 
memory ( ! ,grac*i1 z he 0 aft] he _h   
rea*$ ! highe/ (fices 9 ! gift ( ! p4 or
 ^? ( ,spurius ,maelius ,footnote3      
,maelius1 ( ! eque/rian ord]1 b ( a     
plebeian family1 obta9$ unb\nd$         
popul>ity ) ! plebs by sell+ corn at a  
l[ price1 & giv+ away l>ge quantities ( 
x1 9 a "t ( fam9e4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) seek+   
k+ly p[]1 &1 on acc\nt ( 8 alleg$       
movem5ts ) t purpose1 ,c9c9natus 0      
appo9t$ dictator1 & ,maelius1 resi/+ a  
summons to 8 tribunal1 0 kill$ by       
,ahala1 8 ma/] ( ! horse4 ,!re seems to 
h be5 little evid5ce ( 8 actual guilt4 h
 aid$ !m 9 ! endeavor to usurp regal    
p[]8 ,we saw1 inde$1 ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 
:5 he 0 di/urb+ ! peace ( ! ,/ate1      
des]t$ by ,qu9tus ,tub]o & o!rs ) :om he

 _h be5 on t]ms ( intimacy4 ,b ,caius   
,blossius1 ( ,cumae1 ! gue/1 ,footnote3 
,hospes1 gue/1 ho/1 or bo?4 ,scaevola1 (
 y\r family1 com+ to me1 :5 ,i 0 9      
conf]5ce ) ! ,consuls ,la5as &          
,rupilius1 to implore p>don1 urg$ ! plea
 t he held ,tib]ius ,grac*us 9 s de>    
e/eem t he felt b\nd to d :atev] he     
desir$4 ,i !n ask$ him1 ,ev5 if he _h   
want$ y to set fire to ! ,capitol1 w\ld 
y h done x8 ,he repli$1 ,he nev] w\ld h 
made su* a reque/4 ,b if he _h8 said ,i4
 ,i w\ld h obey$ him1 0 ! answ]4 ,&1 by 
,h]cules1 he did z he said1 or ev5 m2 = 
he did n s mu* yield ob$i5ce to !       
audaci\s s*emes ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 z  
he 0 =emo/ 9 !m2 he 0 n s mu* !         
companion ( 8 madness1 z its lead]4     
,!re=e1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is folly1 al>m$ 
by ! appo9tm5t ( special judges = 8     
trial1 he fl$ to ,asia1 ent]$ ! s]vice (
 our enemies1 & f9ally met ! heavy & j  
puni%m5t = 8 disloyalty to 8 c\ntry4    
,footnote3 ,he took refuge )            
,ari/onicus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 !n at w> ) 

,rome2 & :5 ,ari/onicus 0 conqu]$1      
,blossius committ$ suicide = fe> ( be+  
captur$ by ! ,roman army4  ,x is1 !n1 no
 excuse = wrong-do+ t y d wrong = ! sake
 ( a fri5d4 ,inde$1 s9ce x may h be5 a  
belief 9 y\r virtue t has made "o y\r   
fri5d1 x is h>d = fri5d%ip to la/ if y  
fall away f virtue4 ,b if we %\ld       
det]m9e ei!r to conc$e to fri5ds :atev] 
!y may ask1 or to exact f !m :atev] we  
may desire1 we & !y mu/ be end[$ )      
p]fect wisdom1 9 ord] = our fri5d%ip to 
be blameless4 ,we are speak+1 h[ev]1 (  
su* fri5ds z we h be=e our eyes1 or z we
 h se5 or h kn[n by report1--( su* z are
 f\nd 9 common life4 ,x is f ^! t we mu/
 take our examples1 especially f su* (  
!m z make ! ne>e/ approa* to p]fect     
wisdom4 ,we h le>n$ f our fa!rs t ,papus
 ,aemilius 0 v intimate ) ,caius        
,lusc9us1 !y hav+ twice be5 consuls     
toge!r1 z well z colleagues 9 !         
c5sor%ip2 & x is said also t ,manius    
,curius & ,tib]ius ,coruncanius liv$ 9 !
 close/ fri5d%ip bo? ) !m & ) ea* o!r4  

,n[ we _c suspect t ei!r ( ^! m5 w\ld h 
ask$ ( "o ( 8 fri5ds any?+ inconsi/5t ) 
good fai?1 or ) an engagem5t sanction$  
by oa?1 or ) 8 duty to ! ,/ate4 ,inde$1 
to :at purpose is x to say t among su*  
m5 if "o _h ask$ any?+ wrong1 he w\ld n 
h obta9$ x8 ,= !y 7 m5 ( ! mo/ sacr$    
integrity2 :ile to ask any?+ wrong ( a  
fri5d & to d x :5 ask$ are alike tok5s (
 deep depravity4 ,b ,caius ,c>bo &      
,caius ,cato 7 ! foll[]s ( ,tib]ius     
,grac*us1 z 0 8 bro!r ,caius1 at fir/ ) 
little ardor1 b n[ ,footnote3 ,n[1 t is1
 at ! "t at :i* ?is dialogue has its    
assum$ date1 imm$iately aft] ,scipio's  
dea?4 ,at t "t ,caius ,grac*us 0 act+ z 
a commission] "u 8 bro!r's agr>ian law4 
mo/ zeal\sly4  #ab4 ,z to fri5d%ip1 !n1 
let ?is law be enact$1 t we nei!r ask ( 
a fri5d :at is wrong1 nor d :at is wrong
 at a fri5d's reque/4 ,! plea t x 0 = a 
fri5d's sake is a base apology1--"o t   
%\ld nev] be admitt$ ) reg>d to o!r =ms 
( guilt1 & c]ta9ly n z to crimes aga9/ !
 ,/ate4 ,we1 inde$1 ,fannius &          

,scaevola1 are s situat$ t we ought to  
look f> 9 advance = ! p]ils t our c\ntry
 may incur4 ,already has our public     
policy deviat$ some:at f ! me?od & c\rse
 ( our ance/ors4 ,tib]ius ,grac*us      
attempt$ to ex]cise supreme p[]2 nay1 he
 really reign$ = a few mon?s4 ,:at l ?is
 _h ! ,roman p ev] he>d or se5 be=e8    
,:at1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! fri5ds & k9dr$ :o  
foll[$ him did 9 _! rev5ge on ,publius  
,scipio ,footnote3 ,publius ,cornelius  
,scipio ,nasica1 :o took ! lead ( !     
,s5ate 9 ! assass9ation ( ,tib]ius      
,grac*us1 & incurr$ su* popul> odium t  
he c\ld n safely /ay 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 s5t 
on a fictiti\s mission to ,asia to get  
him out ( ! way ( ! p1 & n d>+ to       
return1 w&]$ ) no settl$ habitation till
 8 dea? at ,p]gamum n long be=e ! assum$
 date ( ?is dialogue4 ,i _c say )\t     
te>s4 ,we put up ) ,c>bo ,footnote3     
,c>bo succe$$ ,tib]ius ,grac*us on !    
commission = c>ry+ ! agr>ian law into   
execution1 & 0 %ortly aft]w>d *os5      
,tribune4 ,he !n propos$ a law1 p]mitt+ 

a tribune to be re-elect$ = an indef9ite
 numb] ( ye>s4 ,?is law 0 vehem5tly     
oppos$ by ,scipio ,africanus ! ,y\ng]1 &
 if he 0 really kill$ by ,c>bo1 x 0     
probably on acc\nt ( 8 ho/ility to      
,c>bo's ambiti\s s*emes4 z well z we    
c\ld 9 consid]ation ( ! rec5t puni%m5t (
 ,tib]ius ,grac*us2 b ,i am 9 no mood to
 pr$ict :at is to be expect$ f !        
tribune%ip ( ,caius ,grac*us4 ,mean:ile 
! evil is creep+ ^u u1 f its v beg9n+   
fraught ) ?reats ( ru94 ,be=e rec5t     
ev5ts1 ,footnote3 ,! ref]5ce und\bt$ly  
"h is to ! ,papirian law :i* _h j be5   
pass$ be=e ! assum$ date ( ?is dialogue1
 hav+ be5 propos$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh by      
7,caius ,papirius7 ,c>bo4 ,by ?is law ! 
use ( ! ballot 0 e/abli%$ 9 all matt]s (
 popul> legislation4 y p]ceive h[ mu*   
deg5]acy 0 indicat$ 9 ! legalization ( !
 ballot1 fir/ by ,gab9ian1 ,footnote3   
,by :i* magi/rates 7 to be *os5 by      
ballot4 !n two ye>s lat] by ! ,cassian  
law4 ,footnote3 ,by :i* ! judges 7 to be
 *os5 by ballot4 ,) ref]5ce to ! use ( !

 ballot ! p>ties 9 ,rome 7 prototypes ( 
l p>ties 9 ,engl&4 ,! voice ( ! p 0 = ! 
ballot1 on ! gr\nd t x made suffrage    
free1 z x c\ld n be :5 employ]s or      
patrons c\ld dictate to _! dep5d5ts &   
make !m suff] = failure to vote 9 favor 
( _! own c&idates or measures4 ,!       
ari/ocratic p>ty oppos$ ! ballot z fatal
 to _! controll+ influ5ce1 :i* _m s9c]e 
patriots1 l ,cic]o1 reg>d$ z ess5tial to
 ! public safety1 :ile patrician        
demagogues1 intrigu]s1 & (fice-seek]s   
made x subs]vi5t to _! own selfi% or    
p>tisan int]e/s4 ,i seem already to see 
! p utt]ly ali5at$ f ! ,s5ate1 & ! mo/  
important affairs det]m9$ by ! w ( !    
multitude2 = m p]sons w le>n h[ ^! ?+s  
are br\ght ab\t ?an h[ !y may be resi/$4
 ,to :at purpose am ,i say+ ?is8        
,because no "o makes su* attempts )\t   
associates4 ,x is !re=e to be enjo9$ on 
good m5 t !y mu/ n ?9k !mselves s b\nd t
 !y _c r5\nce _! fri5ds :5 !y are guilty
 ( crimes aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,b puni%m5t mu/
 be inflict$ on all :o are implicat$ 9  

su* guilt1--on ^? :o foll[1 no less ?an 
on ^? :o lead4 ,:o 9 ,greece 0 m r5[n$  
?an ,!mi/ocles8 ,:o _h great] influ5ce  
?an he _h8 ,:5 z comm&] 9 ! ,p]sian w>  
he _h fre$ ,greece f bondage1 & = envy (
 8 fame 0 driv5 into exile1 he did n be>
 z he ought ! ill treatm5t ( 8          
ungrateful c\ntry4 ,he did :at          
,coriolanus _h done ) u tw5ty ye>s be=e4
 ,nei!r ( ^! m5 f\nd any help] aga9/ 8  
c\ntry2 ,footnote3 ,no "o ( 8 own       
fell[-c\ntrym54 !y !re=e bo? committ$   
suicide4 ,footnote3 ,if ! /ory (        
,coriolanus be n a my?1 z ,niebuhr      
supposes x to be1 8 suicide =ms no "p ( 
! /ory z ,livy tells x4 ,! suicide (    
,!mi/ocles is relat$ z a supposition1 n 
z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,if he di$ ( poison1
 z 0 said1 x may h be5 adm9i/]$ by a    
rival 9 ! favor ( ,artax]xes4           
,association ) deprav$ m5 = su* an end  
is n1 !n1 to be %ield$ by ! plea (      
fri5d%ip1 b r to be av5g$ by puni%m5t ( 
! utmo/ sev]ity1 s t no "o may ev] ?9k  
himself au?oriz$ to foll[ a fri5d to !  

ext5t ( mak+ w> ^u 8 c\ntry1--an        
extremity :i*1 inde$1 consid]+ ! c\rse t
 our public affairs h begun to take1    
may1 = aught ,i "k1 be rea*$ at "s      
future "t4 ,i speak ?us because ,i feel 
no less conc]n = ! =tunes ( ! ,/ate aft]
 my dea? ?an z to its pres5t condition4 
#ac4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be enact$ z ! fir/   
law ( fri5d%ip1 t we dem& ( fri5ds only 
:at is "r1 & t we d = ! sake ( fri5ds   
only :at is "r4 ,footnote3 ,?is is a    
virtual repetition ( ! law ( fri5d%ip   
ann\nc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! previ\s section1
 & ,cic]o probably s int5d$ x4 ,he /ates
 ! rule1 !n demon/rates its validity1 !n
 repeats x 9 an almo/ id5tical =m1      
imply+ :at ! ma!matician expresses :5 he
 puts at ! end ( a demon/ration ,quod   
rat demon/r&um4 ,?is und]/ood1 let u n  
wait to be ask$4 ,let !re be con/ant    
assiduity & no loit]+ 9 a fri5d's       
s]vice4 ,let u also d>e to give advice  
freely2 = 9 fri5d%ip ! au?ority ( fri5ds
 :o give good c\nsel may be ( ! greate/ 
value4 ,let admonition be adm9i/]$1 too1

 n only 9 pla9 t]ms1 b ev5 ) sev]ity1 if
 ne$ be1 & let he$ be giv5 to su*       
admonition4 ,on ?is subject "s ?+s t    
appe> to me /range h1 z ,i am told1 be5 
ma9ta9$ by c]ta9 ,greeks :o are acc\nt$ 
z philosoph]s1 & are s skill$ 9 sophi/ry
 t !re is no?+ :i* !y _c seem to prove4 
,"s ( !m hold t v intimate fri5d%ips are
 to be avoid$2 t !re is no ne$ t "o feel
 solicitude = o!rs2 t x is en\gh & m ?an
 en\gh to take c>e ( y\r own conc]ns1 & 
annoy+ to be involv$ to any consid]able 
ext5t 9 affairs n belong+ to y2 t ! be/ 
way is to h ! re9s ( fri5d%ip z loose z 
possible1 s t y c tight5 !m or let !m g 
at pleasure2 =1 accord+ to !m1 ease is !
 *ief ess5tial to happy liv+1 & ?is !   
m9d _c enjoy1 if x be>s1 z x 71 ! pa9s (
 travail 9 behalf ( a l>g] or small]    
circle ( fri5ds4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage
 seems to be a p>aphrase ( a passage 9 !
 ,hippolytus ( ,euripides1 9 :i* !      
,nurse says3 ,x behooves mortals to =m  
mod]ate fri5d%ips ) "o ano!r1 & n to ! v
 m>r[ ( ! s\l1 & ! affections ( ! m9d   

%\ld be held loosely1 s t we may slack5 
or tight5 !m4 ,t "o s\l %\ld be 9       
travail = two is a heavy burd54         
,euripides 0 reg>d$1 & rightly1 z no    
less a philosoph] ?an a trag$ian1 & 0 n 
infrequ5tly /yl$ ,greek3 sophos4 ,cic]o 
"h veils 8 ?or\gh conv]sance ) ,greek   
lit]ature & philosophy1 & assumes ! "p (
 ,laelius1 9 ^: "t1 ?\gh ,greek 0 n     
omitt$ 9 ! education ( cultivat$ m51 !  
/udy 0 comp>atively new1 & 0 n c>ri$ to 
any great ext5t4  ,o!rs1 ,footnote3 ,!  
,epicureans4 ,i am told1 ) ev5 mu* less 
( true human feel+1 tea* :at ,i t\*$ ^u 
briefly a little :ile ago1 t fri5d%ips  
are to be s\ght = def5ce & help1 n on   
acc\nt ( good-w & affection4 ,! less (  
self-confid5ce & ! less ( /r5g? "o has1 
! m is he incl9$ to make fri5ds4 ,?us x 
is t wom5 ,footnote3 ,lat91 muli]culae1 
a dim9utive1 mean+1 h[ev]1 n little     
wom51 b d5ot+ ! feebl5ess & dep5d5ce (  
wom5 9 comp>ison ) m54 ,x mu/ be        
confess$1 too1 t ! t]m is sometimes us$1
 & p]haps "h1 semi-contemptu\sly2 = !   

,roman man felt an ov]we5+ pride 9 m]e  
manhood4 seek ! support ( fri5d%ip m ?an
 m5 d1 ! poor m ?an ! ri*1 ! un=tunate m
 ?an ^? :o seem happy4 ,oh1 pre-em95t   
wisdom6 ,x is l tak+ ! sun out ( ! _w1  
to b]eave human life ( fri5d%ip1 ?an :i*
 ! immortal gods h giv5 man no?+ bett]1 
no?+ m gladd5+4 ,:at is ! ease ( :i* !y 
speak8 ,x is inde$ pleas+ 9 aspect1 b on
 _m occasions x is to be r5\nc$2 = x is 
n fitt+1 9 ord] to avoid solicitude1    
ei!r to refuse to und]take any "r cause 
or act1 or to drop x aft] x is und]tak54
 ,if we flee f c>e1 we mu/ flee f       
virtue1 :i* ( necessity ) no little c>e 
spurns & abhors its opposites1 z        
goodness spurns & abhors wick$ness2     
temp]ance1 excess2 c\rage1 c[>dice4 ,?us
 y may see t hone/ m5 are excessively   
griev$ by ! di%one/1 ! brave by !       
pusillanim\s1 ^? :o lead sob] lives by !
 dissolute4 ,x is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( a  
well-ord]$ m9d to rejoice 9 :at is good 
& to be griev$ by ! opposite4 ,if !n1   
pa9 ( m9d fall to ! lot ( a wise man z x

 mu/ ( necessity unless we imag9e 8 m9d 
dive/$ ( its humanity1 :y %\ld we take  
fri5d%ip :olly out ( life1 le/ we       
exp]i5ce "s little tr\ble on acc\nt ( x8
 ,yet m1 if emotion be elim9at$1 :at    
diff]5ce is !re1 ,i say n betwe5 a man &
 a brute1 b betwe5 a man & a rock1 or ! 
trunk ( a tree1 or any inanimate object8
 ,nor are ^? to be li/5$ to1 :o reg>d   
virtue z some?+ h>d & iron-l4 ,footnote3
 ,"h1 und\bt$ly1 ,cic]o ref]s to ! /]n] 
type ( ,/oicism1 :i* 9 8 "t 0 already   
obsolesc5t1 & 0 yield+ place to ! mild]1
 :ile no less rigid1 e?ics ( :i* ! ,de  
,(ficiis may be reg>d$ z ! manual4 ,z 9 
_m o!r matt]s1 s 9 fri5d%ip1 x is t5d] &
 flexible s t x exp&s1 z x 71 ) a       
fri5d's well be+1 & %r9ks :5 8 peace is 
di/urb$4 ,!re=e ! pa9 :i* mu/ (t5 be    
incurr$ on a fri5d's acc\nt is n (      
suffici5t mom5t to bani% fri5d%ip f     
human life1 any m ?an ! occasional c>e &
 tr\ble :i* ! virtues br+ %\ld be a     
reason = r5\nc+ !m4  #ad4 ,s9ce virtue  
attracts fri5d%ip1 z ,i h said1 if !re  

%9es =? any manife/ation ( virtue ) :i* 
a m9d simil>ly dispos$ c come into      
contact & union f su* int]c\rse love mu/
 ( necessity spr+4 ,= :at is s absurd z 
to be *>m$ ) _m ?+s t h no sub/antial   
wor?1 z ) (fice1 fame1 ar*itecture1     
dress1 & g5teel appe>ance1 b n to be 9  
any wise *>m$ by a m9d end[$ ) virtue1 &
 capable ( ei!r lov+ or--if ,i may use !
 ^w--re-lov+8 ,footnote3 ,lat91 r$am>e1 
a ^w co9$ by ,cic]o1 & us$ ) ! apology1 
ut ita dicam ,no?+ inde$ yields a ri*]  
rev5ue ?an k9d affections1 no?+ gives m 
delight ?an ! int]*ange ( fri5dly c>es &
 (fices4 ,!n if we add1 z we rightly    
may1 t !re is no?+ :i* s allures &      
attracts aught else to itself z !       
lik5ess ( "* does to fri5d%ip x w       
c]ta9ly be admitt$ t good m5 love good  
m5 & adopt !m into fell[%ip z if unit$ )
 !m by k9dr$ & by nature4 ,by nature ,i 
say1 = no?+ is m crav+ or gre$y ( its l 
?an nature4 ,?is1 !n z ,i ?9k1 is       
evid5t1 ,fannius & ,scaevola t among !  
good t[>d ! good !re _c b be mutual k9d 

feel+ & 9 ?is we h a f\nta9 ( fri5d%ip  
e/abli%$ by nature4  ,b ! same k9d feel+
 ext5ds to ! community at l>ge4 ,=      
virtue is n unsympa!tic1 nor            
uns]viceable1 ,footnote3 ,lat91 immunis1
 lit]ally--)\t (fice4 nor pr\d4 ,x is   
wont ev5 to wat* ov] ! well-be+ ( :ole  
nations1 & to give !m ! wise/ c\nsel1   
:i* x w\ld n d if x _h no love = ! p4   
,n[ ^? :o ma9ta9 t fri5d%ips are =m$ f  
motives ( utility annul1 z x seems to   
me1 ! mo/ ende>+ bond ( fri5d%ip2 = x is
 n s mu* b5efit obta9$ ?r\gh a fri5d z x
 is ! v love ( ! fri5d t gives delight4 
,:at comes f a fri5d conf]s pleasure1   
only 9 case x be>s tok5s ( 8 int]e/ 9 u1
 & s f> is x f ! tru? t fri5d%ips are   
cultivat$ f a s5se ( ne$1 t ^? fully    
end[$ ) weal? & res\rces1 especially )  
virtue1 :i* is ! sure/ safegu>d1 & ?us 9
 no ne$ ( fri5ds1 are ! v p]sons :o are 
! mo/ g5]\s & munific5t4 ,inde$1 ,i     
h>dly "k :e!r x may n be desirable t our
 fri5ds %\ld nev] h ne$ ( our s]vices4  
,yet 9 ! case ( ,scipio & myself1 :at   

room w\ld !re h be5 = ! active ex]cise (
 my zeal 9 8 behalf1 _h he nev] ne$$ my 
c\nsel or help at home or 9 ! field8 ,9 
?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! s]vice came aft] !
 fri5d%ip1 n ! fri5d%ip aft] ! s]vice4  
#ae4 ,if ^! ?+s are s1 m5 :o are giv5 up
 to pleasure are n to be li/5$ to :5 !y 
express _! op9ions ab\t fri5d%ip1 ( :i* 
!y c h no k ei!r by exp]i5ce or by      
reflection4 ,=1 by ! fai? ( gods & m51  
:o is !re t w\ld be will+ to h a        
sup]abundance ( all objects ( desire &  
to live 9 ! utmo/ fulness ( weal? & :at 
weal? c br+1 on condition ( nei!r lov+  
any "o nor be+ lov$ by any "o8 ,?is1    
inde$1 is ! life ( tyrants1 9 :i* !re is
 no good fai?1 no affection1 no fix$    
confid5ce 9 k9dly feel+1 p]petual       
suspicion & anxiety1 & no room =        
fri5d%ip2 = :o c love ei!r him :om he   
fe>s1 or him by :om he ?9ks t he is     
fe>$8 ,yet !y receive ! %[ ( homage1 b  
only :ile ! occasion = x la/s4          
,footnote3 ,lat91 dum taxat ad tempus1 t
 is1 :ile ! homage r5d]$ is 9 close     

contact ) ! occasion1--) ! immunity or  
pr(it to be pur*as$ by x4 ,if !y *ance  
to fall1 z !y commonly h fall51 !y !n   
asc]ta9 h[ de/itute ( fri5ds !y h be51 z
 ,t>qu9 is report$ to h said t he le>n$ 
:at fai?ful & :at unfai?ful fri5ds he   
_h1 :5 he c\ld no long] r5d] back favors
 to ^? ( ei!r class1--al?\gh ,i wond]   
:e!r pride & insol5ce l 8 c\ld h _h any 
fri5ds4 ,moreov]1 z 8 "* c\ld n h won   
real fri5ds1 s is ! good =tune ( _m :o  
occupy =emo/ places ( influ5ce s held z 
to preclude fai?ful fri5d%ips4 ,n only  
is ,=tune bl9d1 b %e g5]ally makes ^?   
bl9d :om %e embraces4 ,?us !y are almo/ 
always beside !mselves "u ! influ5ce (  
haught9ess & wayw>dness2 nor c !re be   
creat$ any?+ m utt]ly insupportable ?an 
a =tune-favor$ fool4 ,!re are to be se5 
^? :o previ\sly behav$ ) propriety :o   
are *ang$ by /ation1 p[]1 or prosp]ity1 
& :o spurn _! old fri5d%ips & lavi%     
indulg5ce on ! new4 ,b :at is m fooli%  
?an :5 m5 h res\rces1 means1 weal? at _!
 fulle/ comm&1 & c obta9 horses1        

s]vants1 spl5did raim5t1 co/ly vases1   
:atev] money c buy1 = !m n to procure   
fri5ds1 :o are1 if ,i may s speak1 ! be/
 & ! mo/ beautiful furniture ( human    
life8 ,o!r ?+s :i* a man may procure "k 
n him :o procures !m1 nor d !y labor = 8
 sake1--inde$1 !y belong to him :o c    
make !m 8 by ! "r ( sup]ior /r5g?4 ,b e 
"o has 8 own firm & sure possession ( 8 
fri5d%ips1 :ile ev5 if ^? ?+s :i* seem !
 gifts ( =tune rema91 /ill life unadorn$
 & des]t$ by fri5ds _c be happy4 ,b     
en\gh has be5 said on ?is bran* ( our   
subject4  #af4 ,we mu/ n[ det]m9e !     
limits or b\nds ( fri5d%ip4 ,on ?is     
subject ,i f9d ?ree op9ions propos$1    
nei!r ( :i* has my approval1--! fir/1 t 
we %\ld d = our fri5ds j :at we w\ld d =
 ourselves1 ! second1 t our good (fices 
to our fri5ds %\ld correspond 9 quantity
 & quality to ^? :i* !y p]=m = u1 !     
?ird1 t "o's fri5ds %\ld value him      
accord+ to 8 own self-e/imate4 ,i _c    
give unqualifi$ ass5t to ei!r ( ^!      
op9ions4 ,! fir/--t "o %\ld be ready to 

d = 8 fri5ds precisely :at he w\ld d =  
himself--is inadmissible4 ,h[ _m ?+s !re
 are t we d = our fri5ds :i* we %\ld    
nev] d on our own acc\nt6--su* z mak+ a 
reque/ ev5 an entreaty1 ( a man unwor?y 
( respect or inveigh+ aga9/ "s p]son ) a
 degree ( bitt]ness1 nay1 9 t]ms (      
vehem5t reproa*4 ,9 f9e1 we are p]fectly
 "r 9 do+ 9 behalf ( a fri5d ?+s t 9 our
 own case w\ld be decid$ly unbecom+4    
,!re are also _m ways 9 :i* good m5     
detract l>gely f _! own com=t or suff] x
 to be impair$1 t a fri5d may h !       
enjoym5t :i* !y sacrifice4 ,! second    
op9ion is t :i* limits k9d (fices & good
 w by ! rule ( equality4 ,?is is simply 
mak+ fri5d%ip a matt] ( calculation ) ! 
view ( keep+ a debtor & cr$itor acc\nt  
ev5ly balanc$4 ,to me fri5d%ip seems m  
afflu5t & g5]\s & n dispos$ to keep     
/rict wat* le/ x may give m ?an x       
receives & to fe> t a "p ( its due may  
be spill$ ov] or suff]$ to leak out or t
 x may heap up its own measure ov] full 
9 return4 ,footnote3 ,we h "h1 fir/1 a  

figure drawn f pecuni>y acc\nts1 !n "o f
 liquid measure1 !n "o f dry            
measure--all design$ to affix ! br& ( ! 
mo/ petty meanness on ! 7s call$7       
fri5d%ip :i* makes x a po9t nei!r to    
leave nor to brook a prepond]ance (     
obligation on ei!r side4 ,b wor/ ( all  
is ! ?ird limit :i* prescribes t fri5ds 
%all take a man's op9ion ( himself z a  
measure = _! e/imate & treatm5t ( him4  
,!re are "s p]sons :o are liable to fits
 ( depression1 or :o h little hope (    
bett] =tune ?an ! pres5t4 ,9 su* a case1
 x is ! "p ( a fri5d1 n to hold !       
position t[>d 8 fri5d :i* he holds t[>d 
himself1 b to make ! effici5t endeavor  
to r\se him f 8 despond5cy1 & to lead   
him to bett] hope & a m *e]ful tra9 (   
?\ght4 ,x rema9s = me !n1 to e/abli%    
ano!r limit ( fri5d%ip4 ,b fir/ let me  
tell y :at ,scipio 0 wont to speak ( ) !
 sev]e/ c5sure4 ,he ma9ta9$ t no        
utt]ance c\ld h be5 inv5t$ m inimical to
 fri5d%ip ,footnote3 ,lat91 inimciorem  
7t is1 9 amiciorem7 amicitiae4 ?an t (  

him :o said t "o ought to love z if he 7
 go+ at "s future "t to hate1 nor c\ld  
he be br\ght to believe t ?is maxim     
came1 z 0 report$ f ,bias1 :o 0 "o ( !  
sev5 wise m51 b he reg>d$ x z hav+      
proce$$ f "s sordid p]son1 :o 0 ei!r    
inord9ately ambiti\s or desir\s ( br++  
ev]y?+ "u 8 own control4 ,= h[ c "o be a
 fri5d to him to :om he ?9ks t he may   
possibly become an enemy8 ,9 ?is case "o
 w\ld ( necessity desire & *oose t 8    
fri5d %\ld commit (f5ces v frequ5tly1 s 
z to give him1 s to speak1 ! m num]\s   
h&les = fault-f9d+1 & on ! o!r h& "o    
w\ld be vex$1 pa9$1 aggriev$ by all ! "r
 & fitt+ ?+s t fri5ds d4 ,?is precept !n
 f :omsoev] x came1 am\nts to ! annull+ 
( fri5d%ip4 ,! prop] rule %\ld be1 t we 
ex]cise s mu* caution 9 =m+ fri5d%ips1 t
 we %\ld nev] beg9 to love a fri5d :om x
 is possible t we %\ld ev] hate2 b ev5 9
 case we %\ld h be5 un=tunate 9 our     
*oice1 ,scipio ?\ght t x w\ld be wis] to
 be> ! disappo9tm5t :5 x comes ?an to   
keep ! cont+5cy ( future ali5ation 9    

view4  #ag4 ,i w\ld !n def9e ! t]ms (   
fri5d%ip by say+ t :]e fri5ds are (     
blameless "*1 !re may fitt+ly be betwe5 
!m a community ( all int]e/s1 plans1 &  
purposes )\t any exception ev5 s f> t1  
if p]*ance !re be occasion = fur!r+ ! n 
entirely "r wi%es ( fri5ds :5 life or   
reputation is at /ake1 "o may 9 _!      
behalf deviate some:at f a p]fectly     
/raight c\rse 7#a7 yet n s f> z to  #a  
,?is at fir/ sight appe>s l a lic5se to 
yield up moral consid]ations to         
fri5d%ip1 ?\gh ! qualification1 9 !     
sequel1 n s f> z to incur absolute      
di%onor1 & virtue is by no means to be  
sacrific$1 seem sav+ clauses4  ,b ,cic]o
 c]ta9ly has a "r to be 8 own int]pret] 
s9ce 9 ! ,de ,(ficiis z ,i ?9k1 he      
expla9s 9 full & 9 accordance ) ! highe/
 moral pr9ciple1 :at he means "h1 & we h
 a d\ble "r to insi/ on ?is             
int]pretation fir/1 because ! ,de       
,(ficiis 0 writt5 s v little :ile aft] !
 ,de ,amicitia1 & bo? at s ripe an age1 
t a *ange ( op9ion on important matt]s 0

 improbable & secondly1 because 9 ! lat]
 treatise he expressly ref]s to ! =m] z 
giv+ 9 full 8 views on fri5d%ip1 & ?us  
virtually sanctions t treatise4  ,n[ 9 !
 ,de ,(ficiis he says  ,a good man w d  
no?+ aga9/ ! ,/ate1 or 9 violation ( 8  
oa? ( good fai?1 = ! sake ( 8 fri5d1 n  
ev5 if he 7 a judge 9 8 fri5d's case4 4 
4 4 ,he w yield s f> to fri5d%ip z to   
wi% 8 fri5d's case to be wor?y (        
succe$+1 & to accommodate him z to ! "t 
( trial1 )9 legal limits4  ,b inasmu* z 
he mu/ give s5t5ce ^u 8 oa?1 he w be> x 
9 m9d t he has ,god = a witness4 ,9     
ano!r passage ( ! ,de ,(ficiis1 ,cic]o  
ass]ts1 some:at hesitat+ly1 yet on !    
au?ority ( ,panaetius z ! /ricte/ (     
,/oics1 ! moral rightfulness ( def5d+ on
 "s occasions a guilty man1 if he be n  
utt]ly deprav$ & false to all human     
relations4 ,z 9 ! passage on :i* ,i am  
comm5t+ special ref]5ce is made to !    
p]il ( life or reputation1 :at ,cic]o   
cont5ds =1 z x seems to me1 is ! "r (   
def5d+ a guilty fri5d z advocate1 or (  

favor+ him z to "t & mode ( trial z a   
judge4 ,aulius ,gellius1 9 connection ) 
?is passage 9 ,de ,amicitia1 tells !    
foll[+ /ory ( ,*ilo1 :o 0 on "s ( ! li/s
 ( ! sev5 wise m54 ,*ilo1 on ! la/ day (
 8 life1 said t ! only ?+ t gave him    
uneasy ?\ght1 & 0 burd5some to 8        
consci5ce1 0 t once :5 he & two o!r m5 7
 judges 9 a case 9 :i* a fri5d ( 8 0    
tri$ = a capital crime1 he1 9 accordance
 ) 8 own conviction1 vot$ 8 fri5dy      
guilty1 b s influ5c$ ! m9ds ( 8 two     
associates t !y gave _! voice = 8       
acquittal4  incur absolute di%onor4 ,!re
 is a po9t up to :i* a concession made  
to fri5d%ip is v5ial4 ,b we are n b\nd  
to be c>eless ( our own reputation1 nor 
ought we to reg>d ! e/eem ( our         
fell[-citiz5s z an in/rum5t ( su*       
affairs z devolve ^u u1--an e/eem :i* x 
is base to conciliate ,footnote3 ,lat91 
collig]e1 to collect1 or ga!r up1 "o by 
"o1 ! good-w ( ea* individual citiz54 by
 flatt]y & fawn+4 ,virtue1 :i* has !    
s9c]e reg>d ( ! p z its consequ5ce1 is  

by no means to be sacrific$ to fri5d%ip4
  ,b1 to return to ,scipio1 :o 0 all !  
"t talk+ ab\t fri5d%ip1 he (t5 compla9$ 
t m5 ex]cis$ great] c>e ab\t all o!r    
matt]s2 t "o c\ld always tell h[ _m     
goats & %eep he _h1 b c\ld n tell h[ _m 
fri5ds he _h2 & t m5 7 c>eful 9 select+ 
_! bea/s1 b 7 neglig5t 9 ! *oice (      
fri5ds1 & _h no?+ l m>ks & tok5s        
,footnote3 ,lat91 signa et notas1 ! m>ks
 & tok5s by :i* ! quality & wor? ( goats
 & %eep 7 e/imat$4 by :i* to det]m9e !  
fitness ( fri5ds4  ,firm1 /eadfa/1      
self-consi/5t m5 are to be *os5 z       
fri5ds1 & ( ?is k9d ( m5 !re is a great 
de>?4 ,x is v difficult to judge ( "*   
be=e we h te/$ x2 b we c te/ x only aft]
 fir5d%ip is begun4 ,?us fri5d%ip is    
prone to outrun judgm5t1 & to r5d] a    
fair trial impossible4 ,x is !re=e ! "p 
( a wise man to arre/ ! impulse ( k9dly 
feel+1 z we *eck a c>riage 9 its c\rse1 
t1 z we use only horses t h be5 tri$1 s 
we may avail ourselves ( fri5d%ips 9 :i*
 ! *>act]s ( our fri5ds h be5 someh[ put

 to ! te/4 ,"s readily %[ h[ fickle _!  
fri5d%ip is 9 paltry pecuni>y matt]s2   
o!rs1 :om a slight consid]ation ( t k9d 
_c influ5ce1 betray !mselves :5 a l>ge  
am\nt is involv$4 ,b if "s c be f\nd :o 
?9k x mean to pref] money to fri5d%ip1  
:]e %all we come ^u ^? :o d n put       
honors1 civic (fices1 milit>y comm&s1   
places ( p[] & tru/1 be=e fri5d%ip1 s t 
:5 ^! are (f]$ on ! "o h&1 & ! claims ( 
fri5d%ip on ! o!r1 !y w mu* r make *oice
 ( ! objects ( ambition8 ,= nature is   
too feeble to despise a comm&+ /ation1 &
 ev5 ?\gh x be obta9$ by ! violation (  
fri5d%ip m5 ?9k t ?is fault w be ?r[n   
into obscurity1 because x 0 n )\t a     
weighty motive t !y held fri5d%ip 9     
abeyance4 ,?us true fri5d%ips are r>e   
among ^? :o are 9 public (fice1 &       
conc]n$ 9 ! affairs ( ! ,/ate4 ,= :]e w 
y f9d him :o pref]s a fri5d's promotion 
to 8 own8 ,:at m %all ,i say8 ,n to     
dwell long] on ! influ5ce ( ambition ^u 
fri5d%ip1 h[ burd5some h[ difficult does
 x seem to mo/ m5 to %>e mis=tunes to   

:i* x is n easy to f9d ^? :o are will+  
to /oop4 ,al?\gh ,ennius is "r 9 say+   
,9 unsure =tune a sure fri5d is se51    
yet "o ( ^! two ?+s convicts mo/ p]sons 
( fickl5ess & weakness1--ei!r _! despis+
 _! fri5ds :5 !y !mselves are prosp]\s1 
or des]t+ _! fri5ds 9 adv]sity4  #ah    
,him1 !n1 :o alike 9 ei!r ev5t %all h   
%[n himself unwav]+1 con/ant1 firm 9    
fri5d%ip we ought to reg>d z ( an       
exce$+ly r>e & almo/ div9e ord] ( m54   
,/ill fur!r good fai? is ess5tial to !  
ma9t5ance ( ! /ability & con/ancy :i* we
 dem& 9 fri5d%ip1 = no?+ t is unfai?ful 
is /able4 ,x is1 moreov]1 fitt+ to *oose
 = a fri5d "o :o is frank1 affable1     
accommodat+1 int]e/$ 9 ! same ?+s )     
ourselves1--all :i* qualities come "u ! 
head ( fidelity1 = a *angeful & wily    
disposition _c be fai?ful1 nor c he :o  
has n l int]e/s & a k9dr$ nature ) 8    
fri5d be ei!r fai?ful or /able4 ,i ought
 to add t a fri5d %\ld nei!r take       
pleasure 9 f9d+ fault ) 8 fri5d1 nor    
give cr$it to ! *>ges :i* o!rs may br+  

aga9/ him1--all :i* is impli$ 9 !       
con/ancy ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,?us we 
come back to ! tru? :i* ,i ann\nc$ at ! 
beg9n+ ( our conv]sation1 t fri5d%ip c  
exi/ only betwe5 ! good4 ,x is1 inde$1 !
 "p ( a good or--:at is ! same ?+--a    
wise man ,footnote3 ,wisdom & goodness 7
 id5tical ) ! ,/oics4 to adh]e to ^! two
 pr9ciples 9 fri5d%ip1--fir/1 t he      
tol]ate no feign+ or dissembl+ 7= an    
+5u\s man w r %[ ev5 op5 hatr$ ?an hide 
8 feel+ by 8 face71 &1 secondly1 t he n 
only repel *>ges made aga9/ 8 fri5d by  
o!rs1 b t he be n himself suspici\s1 &  
always ?9k+ t 8 fri5d has done some?+   
unfri5dly4  ,to ^! requisites !re may   
well be add$ suavity ( spee* & mann]s1  
:i* is ( no little wor? z giv+ a reli%  
to ! int]c\rse ( fri5d%ip4 ,rigidness & 
au/]ity ( demeanor on e occasion inde$  
c>ry weight ) !m1 b fri5d%ip ought to be
 m g5tle & mild1 & m incl9$ to all t is 
g5ial & affable4  #ai ,!re occurs "h a  
"q by no means difficult1,footnote3     
,lat91 subdifficilis :i* ,i %\ld r5d]   

some:at difficult _h n ,cic]o treat t "q
 z "o t pres5ts no difficulty4 ,9 !     
anci5t tongues1 z 9 our own or ev5 m ?an
 9 our own1 a ^w is (t5 bett] def9$ by  
its use ?an 9 ! diction>y4 :e!r at any  
"t new fri5ds wor?y ( our love are to be
 pref]r$ to ! old1 z we are wont to     
pref] "y horses to ^? t h pass$ _!      
prime4 ,%ame t !re %\ld be hesitation z 
to ! answ]6 ,!re ought to be no satiety 
( fri5d%ips1 z !re is rightly ( _m o!r  
?+s4 ,! old] a fri5d%ip is1 ! m preci\s 
%\ld x be z is ! case ) w9es t w be>    
keep+1 ,footnote3 ,"s ( ! be/ ,italian  
w9es w n be> keep+1 & x 0 probably true 
( m ( !m 9 ,cic]o's "t ?an n[ t w9es are
 s (t5 vitiat$ by /rong alcoholic       
mixtures 9 ord] to pres]ve !m4 ,cato1 9 
8 ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 prescribes a me?od ( 
det]m9+ :e!r ! w9e ( any giv5 v9tage w  
keep4 & !re is tru? 9 ! prov]b t _m     
pecks ( salt mu/ be eat5 toge!r to br+  
fri5d%ip to p]fection4 ,footnote3       
,ari/otle quotes ?is z a prov]bial say+1
 s t x mu/ be ( v great antiquity4 ,if  

new fri5d%ips (f] ! hope ( fruit1 l ! "y
 %oots 9 ! gra9-field t give promise (  
h>ve/1 !y are n inde$ to be spurn$1 yet 
! old are to be kept 9 _! place4 ,!re is
 v great p[] 9 long habit4 ,to recur to 
! horse !re is no "o :o w\ld n r use !  
horse to :i* he has become accu/om$1 if 
he is /ill s\nd1 ?an "o unbrok5 & new4  
,nor has habit ?is p[] m]ely z to !     
movem5ts ( an animal1 x prevails no less
 z to inanimate objects4 ,we are *>m$ ) 
! places ?\gh m\nta9\s & woody1         
,footnote3 ,!re=e un9vit+1 = m\nta9 &   
=e/ _h n 9 e>ly "t ! *>m :i* we f9d 9   
!m4 ,inde$ ! love ( nature uncultivat$ &
 unadorn$ is = ! mo/ "p1 ( mod]n gr[?4  
:]e we h made a long soj\rn4 ,b :at is  
mo/ rem>kable 9 fri5d%ip is t x puts a  
man on an equality ) 8 inf]ior4 ,= !re  
(t5 are 9 a circle ( fri5ds ^? :o excel 
! re/1 z 0 ! case ) ,scipio 9 our flock1
 if ,i may use ! ^w4 ,he nev] assum$    
sup]iority ov] ,philus1 nev] ov]        
,rupilius1 nev] ov] ,mummius1 nev] ov]  
fri5ds ( an ord] l[] ?an 8 own4 ,inde$  

he always rev]5c$ z a sup]ior1 because  
old] ?an himself1 8 bro!r ,qu9tus       
,maximus ,footnote3 ,qu9tus ,fabius     
,maximus ,aemilianus1 ! elde/ son (     
,aemilius ,paulus1 & ! adopt$ son (     
,fabius ,maximus4 a ?or\ghly wor?y man1 
b by no means 8 equal1 & 9 fact he want$
 to make all 8 fri5ds ( ! m consequ5ce  
by :atev] advantages he himself         
possess$4 ,?is example all ought to     
imitate1 t if !y h atta9$ any sup]iority
 ( virtue1 g5ius1 =tune1 !y may imp>t x 
to & %>e x ) ^? ) :om !y are ! mo/      
closely connect$2 & t if !y are ( humble
 p>5tage1 & h k9dr$ ( sl5d] ability or  
=tune1 !y may increase _! means (       
well-be+1 & reflect honor & wor? ^u     
!m1--z 9 fable ^? :o 7 long 9 s]vile    
condition ?r\gh ignorance ( _! p>5tage &
 race1 :5 !y 7 recogniz$ & f\nd to be   
sons ei!r ( gods or ( k+s1 reta9$ _!    
love = ! %eph]ds :om = _m ye>s !y       
suppos$ to be _! fa!rs4 ,mu* m ought ! l
 to be done 9 ! case ( real & well-kn[n 
fa!rs2 = ! be/ fruit ( g5ius1 & virtue1 

& e k9d ( excell5ce is reap$ :5 x is ?us
 be/[$ on ne> k9dr$ & fri5ds4  #bj4     
,moreov]1 z among p]sons b\nd by ties ( 
fri5d%ip & intimacy ^? :o hold ! high]  
place ought to br+ !mselves d[n to !    
same plane ) _! inf]iors1 s ought ^! la/
 n to feel aggriev$ because !y are      
surpass$ 9 ability1 or =tune1 or rank by
 _! fri5ds4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are always
 f9d+ "s gr\nd ( compla9t1 or ev5 (     
reproa*1 especially if !y c plead any   
s]vice t !y h r5d]$ fai?fully1 9 a      
fri5dly way1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa9/ak+
 on _! "p4 ,su* m51 inde$1 are hateful  
:5 !y reproa* _! fri5ds on ! score (    
s]vices :i* he on :om !y 7 be/[$ ought  
to be> 9 m9d1 b :i* x is unbecom+ = him 
:o conf]r$ !m to rec\nt4  ,^? :o are    
sup]ior ought1 und\bt$ly1 n only to     
waive all pret5sion 9 fri5dly int]c\rse1
 b to d :at !y c to raise _! humbl]     
fri5ds to _! own level47l7 ,!re are "s  
:o give _! fri5ds tr\ble by imag9+ t !y 
are held 9 l[ e/eem1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n   
apt to be ! case except ) ^? :o ?9k     

meanly ( !mselves4 ,^? :o feel ?us ought
 to be rais$ to a j self-e/eem1 n only  
by k9d words1 b by sub/antial s]vice4 ,b
 :at y d = any "o mu/ be measur$1 fir/  
by y\r own ability1 & !n by ! capacity (
 him :om y w\ld favor & help4 ,=1 h[ev] 
great y\r influ5ce may be1 y _c raise   
all y\r fri5ds to ! highe/ positions4   
,?us ,scipio c\ld effect ! election (   
,publius ,rupilius to ! consul%ip2 b he 
c\ld n d ! same = 8 bro!r ,lucius47#b7  
,9 g5]al1 fri5d%ips t are prop]ly s     
call$ are =m$ betwe5 p]sons ( mature    
ye>s & e/abli%$ "*2 nor if "y m5 h be5  
fond ( hunt+ or ( ball-play+1 is !re any
 ne$ ( p]man5t atta*m5t to ^? :om !y !n 
lik$ z associates 9 ! same sport4 ,on   
?is pr9ciple our nurses & ! slaves t l$ 
u to s*ool w dem& by "r ( priority !    
highe/ grade  #a ,or1 z x might be r5d]$
 by supply+ a se s ought ! humbl] to d  
:at !y c to raise !mselves4 ,"s ( !     
comm5tators pref] ?is s5se2 b if ,cic]o 
meant se1 ,i ?9k t he w\ld h writt5 x4  
#b ,! bro!r ( ,publius ,rupilius1 n 8   

own bro!r4  ( affectionate              
reg>d1--p]sons1 inde$1 :o are n to be   
neglect$1 b :o are on a some:at diff]5t 
foot+ f t ( fri5ds4 ,fri5d%ips =m$      
solely f e>ly associations _c la/2 =    
diff]5ces ( "* gr[ out ( a div]sity (   
pursuits1 & unlik5ess ( "* dissolves    
fri5d%ips4 ,nor is !re any reason :y    
good m5 _c be ! fri5ds ( bad m51 or bad 
m5 ( good1 except t ! dissili5cy (      
pursuits & ( "* betwe5 !m is z great z x
 c be4  ,x is also a c\nsel wor?y ( he$1
 t excessive fondness be n suff]$ to    
int]f]e1 z x does too (t51 ) important  
s]vices t a fri5d c r5d]4 ,to resort    
aga9 to fable1 ,neoptolemus c\ld n h    
tak5 ,troy ,footnote3 ,or r1 c\ld n h   
borne ! indisp5sable "p :i* x 0 pr$ict$ 
t he %\ld be> 9 ! tak+ ( ,troy4 if he _h
 *os5 to comply ) ! wi%es ( ,lycom$es1  
:o br\ght him up1 & :o ) _m te>s        
attempt$ to dissuade him f 8 exp$ition4 
,equally 9 actual life !re are n        
infrequ5tly important occasions on :i* !
 society ( fri5ds mu/ be = a "t ab&on$2 

& he :o w\ld prev5t ?is because he _c   
easily be> ! sep>ation1 is ( a weak &   
unmanly nature1 & = t v reason unfit to 
fill ! place ( a fri5d4 ,9 f9e1 9 all   
matt]s y %\ld take into consid]ation bo?
 :at y may reasonably dem& ( y\r fri5d1 
& :at y c fitly suff] him to obta9 f y4 
#ba4 ,! mis=tune involv$ 9 ! dissolution
 ( fri5d%ips is sometimes unavoidable2 =
 ,i am n[ com+ d[n f ! intimacies ( wise
 m5 to common fri5d%ips4 ,faults (      
fri5ds (t5 betray !mselves op5ly--:e!r  
to ! injury ( _! fri5ds !mselves1 or (  
/rang]s--9 su* a way t ! disgrace falls 
back ^u _! fri5ds4 ,su* fri5d%ips are to
 be effac$ by ! susp5sion ( int]c\rse1  
&1 z ,i h he>d ,cato say1 to be un/it*$ 
r ?an cut asund]1 unless "s q intol]able
 (f5ce flames out to full view1 s t x c 
be nei!r "r nor honorable n to effect an
 imm$iate sep>ation & dissev]+4 ,b if   
!re %all h be5 "s *ange ei!r 9 "* or 9 !
 habits ( life1 or if !re h sprung up "s
 diff]5ce ( op9ion z to public          
affairs1--,i am speak+1 z ,i h j said1 (

 common fri5d%ips1 n ( ^? betwe5 wise   
m51--c>e %\ld be tak5 le/ !re be !      
appe>ance1 n only ( fri5d%ip dropp$1 b (
 enmity tak5 up2 = no?+ is m unbecom+   
?an to wage w> ) a man ) :om y h liv$ on
 t]ms ( intimacy4 ,scipio1 z y "k1 _h   
)drawn f ! fri5d%ip ( ,qu9tus ,pompeius 
,footnote3 ,laelius int5d+ to pres5t    
himself z a c&idate = ! consul%ip1      
,scipio ask$ ,pompeius :e!r he 0 go+ to 
be a c&idate1 & :5 he repli$ 9 !        
negative1 ask$ him to use 8 influ5ce 9  
behalf ( ,laelius4 ,?is ,pompeius       
promis$1 & !n1 in/ead ( be+ true to 8   
^w1 (f]$ himself = ! consul%ip1 & 0     
elect$4 on my acc\nt1 he became ali5at$ 
f ,metellus ,footnote3 ,scipio &        
,metellus1 ?\gh _! intimacy 0 susp5d$ = 
political reasons1 held ea* o!r 9 !     
highe/ reg>d1 & no p]son 9 ,rome        
express$ pr(\nd] sorr[ ?an ,metellus =  
,scipio's dea? or 0 m w>m 9 8 praise z a
 man ( unp>allel$ ability1 wor?1 &      
patriotism4 because ( _! diff]5t views z
 to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 bo?    

cases he conduct$ himself ) gravity &   
dignity1 & )\t any feel+ ( bitt]ness4 ,!
 endeavor !n1 mu/ fir/ be1 to prev5t    
discord f tak+ place among fri5ds1 & if 
any?+ ( ! k9d occurs1 to see t !        
fri5d%ip may seem to be ext+ui%$ r ?an  
cru%$ out4 ,c>e mu/ ?us be tak5 le/     
fri5d%ips lapse into viol5t enmities1   
:5ce are g5]at$ qu>rels1 sl&]s1 insults1
 :i* yet1 if n utt]ly intol]able1 are to
 be endur$ & ?is honor t5d]$ to old     
fri5d%ip t ! blame may re/ ) him :o does
 n ) him :o suff]s ! wrong4  ,! "o      
surety & prev5tive aga9/ ^! mi/akes &   
mis=tunes is1 n to =m atta*m5ts too     
soon1 nor = ^? unwor?y ( su* reg>d4 ,b x
 is ^? 9 ^: v selves !re is reason :y !y
 %\ld be lov$1 t are wor?y ( fri5d%ip4  
,a r>e class ( m56 ,inde$1 sup]latively 
excell5t objects ( e sort are r>e1 nor  
is any?+ m difficult ?an to discov] t   
:i* is 9 all respects p]fect 9 its k9d4 
,b mo/ p]sons h acquir$ ! habit (       
recogniz+ no?+ z good 9 human relations 
& affairs t does n produce "s rev5ue1 & 

!y mo/ love ^? fri5ds1 z !y d ^? cattle1
 t w yield !m ! greate/ ga94 ,?us !y    
lack t mo/ beautiful & mo/ natural      
fri5d%ip1 :i* is to be s\ght 9 itself & 
= its own sake1 nor c !y "k f exp]i5ce  
:at & h[ great is ! p[] ( su* fri5d%ip4 
,"o loves himself1 n 9 ord] to exact f  
himself any wages = su* love1 b because 
he is 9 himself de> to himself4 ,n[1    
unless ?is same prop]ty be transf]r$ to 
fri5d%ip1 a true fri5d w nev] be f\nd1 =
 su* a fri5d is1 z x 71 ano!r self4 ,b  
if x is se5 9 bea/s1 birds1 fi%es1      
animals tame & wild1 t !y fir/ love     
!mselves 7= self-love is born ) ev]y?+ t
 lives7 & t !y !n require & seek ^? ( _!
 k9d to :om !y may atta* !mselves1 & d s
 ) desire & ) a c]ta9 semblance ( human 
love1 h[ mu* m is ?is natural 9 man1 :o 
bo? loves himself1 & craves ano!r ^: s\l
 he may s bl5d ) 8 own z almo/ to make  
"o out ( two4  #bb ,b m5 9 g5]al are s  
p]v]se1 n to say %ameless1 z to wi% a   
fri5d to be 9 "* :at !y !mselves c\ld n 
be & !y expect ( fri5ds :at !y d n give 

!m 9 return4 ,! prop] c\rse h[ev]1 is = 
"o fir/ to be himself a good man1 & !n  
to seek ano!r l himself4 ,9 su* p]sons !
 /ability ( fri5d%ip1 ( :i* ,i h be5    
speak+1 c be made sure1 s9ce1 unit$ 9   
mutual love1 !y w1 9 ! fir/ place1 hold 
9 subjection ! desires to :i* o!rs are  
enslav$2 !n !y w f9d delight 9 :atev] is
 equitable & j1 & ea* w take ^u himself 
any labor or burd5 9 ! o!r's /ead1 :ile 
nei!r w ev] ask ( ! o!r aught t is n    
honorable & "r4 ,nor w !y m]ely *]i% &  
love1 !y w ev5 rev]5ce ea* o!r4 ,b he :o
 b]eaves fri5d%ip ( mutual respect 7#a7 
takes f x its greate/ ornam5t4 ,!re=e ^?
 are 9 fatal error :o ?9k t 9 fri5d%ip  
!re is free lic5se = all lu/s & evil    
practices4 ,fri5d%ip is giv5 by nature1 
n z a companion ( ! vices1 b z a help] (
 ! virtues1 t1 z solit>y virtue might n 
be able to atta9 ! summit ( excell5ce1  
unit$ & associat$ ) ano!r x might rea* t
 em95ce4 ,z to ^? betwe5 :om !re is1 or 
has be51 or %all be su* an alliance1 !  
fell[%ip is to be reg>d$ z ! be/ &      

happie/ possible1 inasmu* z x leads to !
 highe/ good t nature c be/[4 ,?is is ! 
alliance1 ,i say1 9 :i* are includ$ all 
?+s t m5 ?9k wor?y _! endeavor1--honor1 
fame1 peace ( m9d1 & pleasure1 s t if ^!
 be pres5t life is happy1 & _c be happy 
)\t !m4 ,su* a life be+ ! be/  #a ,lat91
 v]ecundio1 an indef9ite ^w2 = x may h  
almo/ any good mean+4 ,i h r5d]$ x      
respect1 because ,i h no d\bt t x d]ives
 its mean+ "h f v]ebuntur1 :i* ,i h     
r5d]$ rev]5ce1 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce4  &    
greate/ boon1 if we wi% to make x ours1 
we mu/ devote ourselves to ! cultivation
 ( virtue1 )\t :i* we c atta9 nei!r     
fri5d%ip nor any?+ else desirable4 ,b if
 virtue be left out ( ! acc\nt1 ^? :o   
?9k t !y h fri5ds p]ceive t !y are      
mi/ak5 :5 "s important crisis compels !m
 to put _! fri5ds to ! te/4 ,!re=e--= x 
is wor? reit]at+--y ought to love aft]  
hav+ ex]cis$ y\r judgm5t on y\r fri5ds1 
in/ead ( =m+ y\r judgm5t ( !m aft] y h  
begun to love !m4 ,b :ile 9 _m ?+s we   
are *>geable ) c>elessness1 we are mo/ s

 9 *oos+ & keep+ our fri5ds4 ,we rev]se 
! old prov]b1 ,footnote3 ,:at ?is prov]b
 may h be5 we _c det]m9e ) precision f  
its opposite2 b ! caution bas$ ^u x     
might rem9d "o ( our prov]b ab\t %utt+ !
 b>n door aft] ! horse is /ol54 ,!      
words1 acta agimus1 s t]se t !y c be    
translat$ only by a p>aphrase1 are      
probably ! conv]se ( ! prov]b1 :i* may h
 be5 some?+ l non ag5da sunt acta4 take 
c\nsel aft] act+1 & attempt to d ov]    
aga9 :at we h done2 = aft] hav+ become  
closely connect$ by long habit & ev5 by 
mutual s]vices1 "s occasion ( (f5ce     
spr+s up1 & we sudd5ly break 9 sund] a  
fri5d%ip 9 full c>e]4  #bc4 ,! m        
blamewor?y are !y :o are s v c>eless 9 a
 matt] ( s ess5tial importance4 ,inde$1 
among ?+s app]ta9+ to human life1 x is  
fri5d%ip alone t has ! unanim\s voice ( 
all m5 z to its capacity ( s]vice4 ,by  
_m ev5 virtue is scorn$1 & is said to be
 a m]e matt] ( display & o/5tation4 ,_m 
despise weal?1 & cont5t$ ) little take  
pleasure 9 sl5d] diet & inexp5sive liv+4

 ,?\gh "s are inflam$ ) desire = (fice1 
_m !re are :o hold x 9 s l[ e/eem t !y c
 imag9e no?+ m inane or wor?less4 ,o!r  
?+s too1 :i* seem to "s admirable1 v _m 
reg>d z ( no value4 ,b all h ! same     
feel+ z to fri5d%ip1--alike ^? :o devote
 !mselves to ! public s]vice1 ^? :o take
 delight 9 le>n+ & philosophy1 ^? :o    
manage _! own affairs 9 a quiet way1 &1 
la/ly1 ^? :o are :olly giv5 up to s5sual
 pleasure4 ,!y all agree t )\t fri5d%ip 
life _c be1 if "o only means to live 9  
"s =m or measure respectably4 ,footnote3
 ,lat9 lib]alit] t is1 wor?ily ( a free 
man4 ,= fri5d%ip someh[ tw9es ?r\gh all 
lives & leaves no mode ( be+ )\t its    
pres5ce4 ,ev5 if "o be ( s rude & savage
 a nature z to %un & hate ! society (   
m51 z we h le>n$ 0 ! case ) t ,timon (  
,a!ns1 ,footnote3 ,plut>* says t ,timon 
_h an associate1 virtually a fri5d1 n   
unlike himself1 ,apemantus1 on :om he   
freely v5t$ 8 spite & scorn = all ! _w  
beside & t he also took a special lik+  
to ,alcibiades 9 8 y\?1 p]haps z to "o  

fitt$ & de/9$ to d an untold am\nt (    
mis*ief4 if !re ev] 0 su* a man         
,footnote3 ,lat91 nescio1 quem1 ,i "k n 
:om1 or ( :om ,i am ignorant1 t is1 !re 
may or may n h be5 su* a man4 he yet _c 
help seek+ "s "o 9 ^: pres5ce he may    
vomit ! v5om ( 8 bitt]ness4 ,! ne$ (    
fri5d%ip w\ld be be/ %[n1 7 su* a ?+    
possible1 if "s god %\ld take u away f  
?is human cr[d1 & place u any:]e 9      
solitude1 giv+ u !re an abundant supply 
( all ?+s t nature craves b depriv+ u   
utt]ly ( ! sight ( a human c\nt5ance4   
,:o c\ld be f\nd ( s iron make t he c\ld
 endure ,footnote3 ,lat91 tam 444       
f]reus1 qiu 444 f]re posset1--an        
assonance :i* _c be repres5t$ by        
correspond+ ,engli% words4 su* a life1 &
 :om solitude w\ld n r5d] incapable (   
enjoy+ any k9d ( pleasure8 ,t is true !n
 :i*1 if ,i rememb] aright1 our eld]s   
us$ to say t !y _h he>d f _! s5iors 9   
age z hav+ come f ,ar*ytas (            
,t>5tum--,if "o _h asc5d$ to heav5 & _h 
obta9$ a full view ( ! nature ( !       

univ]se & ! beauty ( ! />s1 yet 8       
admiration w\ld be )\t delight1 if !re 7
 no "o to :om he c\ld tell :at he _h    
se54 ,?us ,nature has no love =         
solitude1 & always leans z x 71 on "s   
support1 & ! sweete/ support is f\nd 9 !
 mo/ intimate fri5d%ip4  #bd ,b :ile    
,nature decl>es by s _m tok5s :at %e    
desires1 craves1 ne$s1 we--,i "k n      
h[--gr[ deaf1 & fail to he> h] c\nsel4  
,int]c\rse among fri5ds assumes _m      
diff]5t =ms & modes1 & !re frequ5tly    
arise causes ( suspicion & (f5ce1 :i* x 
is ! "p ( a wise man sometimes to avoid1
 sometimes to remove1 sometimes to be>4 
,"o gr\nd ( (f5ce1 namely1 fre$om 9     
tell+ ! tru?1 mu/ be put entirely away1 
9 ord] t fri5d%ip may reta9 its         
s]viceabl5ess & its good fai?1 = fri5ds 
(t5 ne$ to be admoni%$ & reprov$1 & su* 
(fices1 :5 k9dly p]=m$1 ought to be     
receiv$ 9 a fri5dly way4 ,yet someh[ we 
witness 9 actual life1 :at my fri5d     
,footnote3 ,t]5ce ) :om ,laelius 0 s    
intimate t he 0 report$ probably on no  

suffici5t gr\nd to h aid$ 9 !           
composition ( "s ( ! plays t be>        
,t]5ce's "n4 ,?is v]se is f ! ,&ria4    
says 9 8 play ( ,&ria--   ,complac5cy   
99,footnote3 ,obsequium w9s fri5ds1 b   
tru? gives bir? to hatr$4  ,tru? is     
(f5sive1 if hatr$1 ! bane ( fri5d%ip is 
inde$ born ( x1 b mu* m (f5sive is      
complac5cy1 :5 9 its indulg5ce = wrong  
do+ x suff]s a fri5d to g headlong to   
ru94 ,! greate/ blame1 h[ev]1 re/s on   
him :o bo? spurns ! tru? :5 x is told   
him & is driv5 by ! complac5cy ( fri5ds 
to self-deception4 ,9 ?is matt] !re=e   
!re %\ld be ! utmo/ discretion & c>e1   
fir/1 t admonition be )\t bitt]ness1 !n1
 t repro( be )\t invective4 ,b 9        
complac5cy--= ,i am ready to use ! ^w   
:i* ,t]5ce furni%es--let pleas+ tru? be 
told1 let flatt]y1 ! h&maid ( ! vices be
 put f> away1 z unwor?y1 n only ( a     
fri5d1 b ( any man above ! condition ( a
 slave1 = !re is "o way ( liv+ ) a      
tyrant1 ano!r ) a fri5d4 ,we may well   
despair ( sav+ him ^: e>s are s clos$ to

 ! tru? t he _c he> :at is true f a     
fri5d4 ,among ! _m pi?y say+s ( ,cato 0 
?is ',!re are "s :o owe m to _! bitt]   
enemies ?an to ! fri5ds t seem sweet1 = 
^? (t5 tell ! tru?1 ^! nev]'4 ,x is     
inde$ ridicul\s = ^? :o are admoni%$ n  
to be annoy$ by :at ought to tr\ble !m1 
& to be annoy$ by :at ought to give !m  
no (f5ce4 ,_! faults give !m no pa91 !y 
take x h>d t !y are reprov$1--:ile !y   
ought1 on ! contr>y1 to be griev$ = _!  
wrong-do+1 to rejoice 9 _! correction4  
#be ,z1 !n1 x belongs to fri5d%ip bo? to
 admoni% & to be admoni%$1 & to d ! =m] 
freely1 yet n h>%ly1 to receive ! latt] 
pati5tly n res5tfully1 s x is to be     
ma9ta9$ t fri5d%ip has no great] pe/ ?an
 adulation1 flatt]y1 subs]vi5cy1 = "u   
its _m names ,footnote3 ,lat9 multis    
nom9ibus1 :i* "s comm5tators r5d] on _m 
acc\nts ) ref]5ce to matt]s ( pur*ase & 
sale1 debit & cr$it4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,cic]o 
br+s 9 adulatio1 bl&itia1 & ass5tatio1 z
 s _m synonyms ( obsequtum1 int5d+ to   
compreh5d 9 8 indictm5t :atev] alias !  

"o vice may assume4 a br& %\ld be put on
 ?is vice ( fickle & deceitful m51 :o   
say ev]y?+ ) ! view ( giv+ pleasure1 )\t
 any ref]5ce to ! tru?4 ,:ile simulation
 is bad on e acc\nt1 inasmu* z x r5d]s !
 disc]nm5t ( ! tru? :i* x defaces       
impossible1 x is mo/ ( all inimical to  
fri5d%ip2 = x is fatal to s9c]ity1 )\t  
:i* ! "n ( fri5d%ip ceases to h any     
mean+4 ,= s9ce ! ess5ce ( fri5d%ip      
consi/s 9 ?is1 t "o m9d is1 z x 71 made 
out ( sev]al1 h[ c ?is be1 if 9 "o ( !  
sev]al !re %all be n always "o & ! same 
m9d1 b a m9d v>y+1 *angeful1 manifold8  
,& :at c be s flexible1 s f> out ( its  
rightful c\rse1 z ! m9d ( him :o adapts 
himself1 n only to ! feel+s & wi%es1 b  
e5 to ! look & ge/ure1 ( ano!r8   ,does 
"o say ,no or ,yes8 ,i say s too ,my    
rule is to ass5t to ev]y?+1  z ,t]5ce1  
:om ,i h j quot$1 says1 b he says x 9 ! 
p]son ( ,gna?o1,footnote3 ,a p>asite 9  
,t]5ce's play ( ,eunu*us1 f :i* ^! v]ses
 are quot$4--a sort ( fri5d :i* only a  
frivol\s m9d c tol]ate4 ,b z !re are _m 

l ,gna?o1 :o /& high] ?an he did 9      
place1 =tune1 & reputation1 !n          
subs]vi5cy is ! m (f5sive1 because !n   
position gives weight to _! falsehood4  
,b a flatt]+ fri5d may be di/+ui%$ &    
discrim9at$ f a true fri5d by prop] c>e1
 z easily z ev]y?+ disguis$ & feign$ is 
se5 to diff] f :at is g5u9e & real4 ,!  
assembly ( ! p1 ?\gh consi/+ ( p]sons :o
 h ! lea/ skill 9 judgm5t1 yet always   
kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 him :o1 m]ely    
seek+ popul>ity1 is sycophantic &       
fickle1 & a firm inflexible1 &          
sub/antial citiz54 ,) :at s(t words did 
,caius ,papirius ,footnote3 ,caius      
,papirius ,c>bo1 ! suspect$ murd]] (    
,scipio4 /eal ,footnote3 ,lat9 influebat
 fl[$ 91 a figure beautifully           
appropriate1 b h>dly translatable4 into 
! e>s ( ! assembly a little :ile ago1 :5
 he br\ght =w>d ! law ab\t ! re-election
 ( ! tribunes ( ! p6 ,footnote3 ,!re 0  
an old law1 :i* prohibit$ ! re-election 
( a citiz5 to ! same (fice till aft] an 
int]val ( t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! law "h ref]r$   

to1 ,c>bo--!n tribune --s\ght to provide
 = ! re-election ( tribunes z soon & z  
(t5 z ! p might *oose1 ?us und\bt$ly    
hop+ to secure = himself a p]man5t t5ure
 ( (fice4 ,i oppos$ ! law4 ,b1 to say   
no?+ ( myself1 ,i w r speak ( ,scipio4  
,h[ great1 ye immortal gods1 0 8 dignity
 ( be>+6 ,:at maje/y ( address6 ,s t y  
might easily call him ! lead] ( ! ,roman
 p1 r ?an "o ( _! numb]4 ,b y 7 !re1 & y
 h copies ( 8 spee*4 ,?us ! law 0       
reject$ by vote ( ! p4 ,b1 to return to 
myself1 y rememb]1 :5 ,qu9tus ,maximus1 
,scipio's bro!r1 & ,lucius ,manc9us 7   
,consuls1 h[ mu* ! p seem$ to favor !   
law ( ,caius ,lic9ius ,crassus ab\t !   
prie/s4 ,! law propos$ to transf] !     
election ( prie/s f _! own respective   
colleges to ! suffrage ( ! p2 ,footnote3
 ,! sev]al pontifical colleges _h be5   
close corporations1 fill+ _! own        
vacancies4 ,! law :i* ,laelius defeat$  
propos$ transf]r+ ! election ( prie/s to
 ! p4 & he on t occasion introduc$ !    
cu/om ( fac+ ! p 9 address+ !m          

,footnote3 ,x _h be5 cu/om>y1 :5 !      
,s5ate 0 9 session1 = him :o h>angu$ ! p
 to face ! temple :]e ! ,s5ate sat1 ?us 
virtually recogniz+ ! supreme au?ority (
 t body4 ,yet "u my advocacy ! religion 
( ! immortal gods obta9$ ! asc5dancy ov]
 8 plausible spee*4 ,t 0 dur+ my        
praetor%ip1 five ye>s be=e ,i 0 *os5    
,consul4 ,?us ! cause 0 ga9$ by its own 
m]its r ?an by (ficial au?ority4  #bf4  
,b if on ! /age1 or--:at is ! same ?+--9
 ! assembly ( ! p1 9 :i* !re is ample   
scope = false & di/ort$ repres5tations1 
! tru? only ne$s to be made pla9 & cle> 
9 ord] = x to prevail1 :at ought to be !
 case 9 fri5d%ip1 :i* is entirely       
dep5d5t = its value on tru?1--9 :i*     
unless1 z ! phrase is1 y see an op5     
bosom & %[ y\r own1 y c h no?+ wor?y (  
confid5ce1 no?+ ( :i* y c feel c]ta91 n 
ev5 ! fact ( y\r lov+ or be+ lov$1 s9ce 
y are ignorant ( :at ei!r really is8    
,yet ?is flatt]y ( :i* ,i h spok51      
h>mful z x is1 c injure only him :o     
takes x 9 & is delight$ ) x4 ,?us x is !

 case t he is mo/ ready to op5 8 e> to  
flatt]y1 :o flatt]s himself & f9ds      
supreme delight 9 himself4 ,virtue inde$
 loves itself2 = x has ?or\gh k (       
itself1 & und]/&s h[ wor?y ( love x is4 
,b x is reput$1 n real1 virtue ( :i* ,i 
am n[ speak+2 = !re are n s _m possess$ 
( virtue z !re are t desire to seem     
virtu\s4 ,^! la/ are delight$ ) flatt]y1
 & :5 false /atem5ts are fram$ purposely
 to satisfy & please !m1 !y take !      
falsehood z valid te/imony to _! m]it4  
,t1 h[ev]1 is no fri5d%ip1 9 :i* "o ( ! 
7s-call$7 fri5ds does n want to he> !   
tru?1 & ! o!r is ready to lie4 ,!       
flatt]y ( p>asites on ! /age w\ld n seem
 amus+1 7 !re n 9 ! play bragg>t soldi]s
 ,footnote3 ,lat91 milites gloriosi4    
,miles ,gloriosus is ! title ( "o ( !   
com$ies ( ,plautus2 & "o ( ! /ock       
*>act]s ( ! anci5t com$y is a conceit$1 
swagg]+1 bra9less soldi]1 :o is         
p]petually boa/+ ( 8 own valor &        
exploits1 & :o takes ! mo/ fulsome &    
ridicul\s flatt]y z ! due recognition ( 

8 transc5d5t m]it4 ,! v]se "h quot$ is f
 ,t]5ce's ,eunu*us4 ,?raso1 a miles     
gloriosus 7f :om is d]iv$ our adjective 
?rasonical71 asks ?is "q ( ,gna?o1 !    
p>asite1 "o ( ^: spee*es is quot$ 9     
#be4 ,magnus is ! ^w 9 ! "q2 +5tes1 9 ! 
answ]4 to be flatt]$4   ,great ?anks    
inde$ did ,?ais r5d] to me8  ,great 0 a 
suffici5t answ]2 b ! answ] 9 ! play is  
,prodigi\s4 ,! flatt]] always magnifies 
:at he :om he is aim+ to please wi%es to
 h great4 ,b :ile ?is smoo? falsehood   
takes effect only ) ^? :o !mselves      
attract & invite x2 ev5 p]sons ( a m    
sub/antial & solid "* ne$ to be w>n$ to 
be on _! gu>d1 le/ !y be ensn>$ by      
flatt]y ( a m cunn+ type4 ,no "o :o has 
a mod]ate %>e ( common-s5se fails to    
detect ! op5 flatt]]2 b great c>e mu/ be
 tak5 le/ ! wily & cov]t flatt]] may    
ins9uate himself2 = he is n v easily    
recogniz$1 s9ce he (t5 ass5ts by oppos+1
 plays ! game ( disput+ 9 a smoo?1      
c>ess+ way1 & at l5g? submits1 & suff]s 
himself to be outreason$1 s z to make   

him on :om he is practis+ 8 arts appe>  
to h _h ! deep] insight4 ,b :at is m    
disgraceful ?an to be made game (8 ,"o  
mu/ take he$ n to put himself 9 !       
condition ( ! "* 9 ! play ( ,! ,heiress3
 ,footnote3 ,epicl]os1 a com$y by       
,caecilius ,/atius1 ( ^: works only a   
few fragm5ts1 l ?is1 are extant4 ,next  
to ! bragg>t soldi]1 a cr$ul\s old      
man-g5]ally a fa!r-:o c\ld h all mann] (
 tricks play$ ^u him )\t detect+ _!     
import1 0 ! favorite butt = ridicule 9 !
 anci5t com$y4   ,( an old fool "o nev] 
made su* sport ,z y h made ( me ?is v   
day2   = !re is no "* on ! /age s fooli%
 z t ( ^! unw>y & cr$ul\s old m54 ,b ,i 
"k n h[ my disc\rse has digress$ f !    
fri5d%ips ( p]fect1 t is1 ( wise        
m51--wise1 ,i mean1 s f> z wisdom c fall
 to ! lot ( man1--to fri5d%ips ( a      
light] sort4 ,let u !n return to our    
orig9al subject1 & br+ x to a spe$y     
conclusion4   #bg4 ,virtue1 ,i say to y1
 ,caius ,fannius1 & to y1 ,qu9tus       
,mucius1--virtue bo? =ms & pres]ves     

fri5d%ips4 ,9 x is mutual agreem5t2 9 x 
is /ability2 9 x is consi/5cy ( conduct 
& "*4 ,:5 x has put itself =? & %[n its 
light1 & has se5 & recogniz$ ! same     
light 9 ano!r1 x draws ne> to t light1 &
 receives 9 return :at ! o!r has to     
give2 & f ?is int]c\rse love1 or        
fri5d%ip1--call x :i* y may1--is k9dl$4 
,^! t]ms are equally d]iv$ 9 our        
language f lov+2 ,footnote3             
,amor444amicitia444ab am&o4 & to love is
 no?+ else ?an to *]i% affection = him  
:om y love1 ) no felt ne$ ( 8 s]vice1 ) 
no que/ ( b5efit to be obta9$ f him2    
:ile1 nev]!less1 s]viceabl5ess blooms   
out f fri5d%ip1 h[ev] little y may h _h 
x 9 view4 ,) ?is affection ,i 9 my y\?  
lov$ ^? old m51--,lucius ,paulus1 ,m>cus
 ,cato1 ,caius ,gallus1 ,publius        
,nasica1 ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ! fa!r-9-law
 ( my fri5d ,scipio4 ,?is relation is m 
conspicu\s among ^? ( ! same age1 z     
betwe5 myself & ,scipio1 ,lucius        
,furius1 ,publius ,rupilius1 ,spurius   
,mummius4 ,b 9 my turn1 z an old man1 ,i

 f9d repose 9 ! atta*m5t ( "y m51 z 9   
y\rs1 & 9 t ( ,qu9tus ,tub]o1 & ,i am   
delight$ ) ! intimacy ( ,publius        
,rutilius & ,aulus ,virg9ius1 :o are j  
em]g+ f boyhood4 ,:ile ! ord] ( human   
life & ( nature is su* t ano!r g5]ation 
mu/ come ^u ! /age1 x w\ld be mo/       
desirable1 c\ld su* a ?+ be1 to rea* !  
goal1 s to speak1 ) ^? ( our own age )  
:om we />t$ on ! race2 b s9ce man's life
 is frail & prec>i\s1 we ought always to
 be 9 que/ ( "s y\ng] p]sons :om we may 
love1 & :o w love u 9 return2 = :5 love 
& k9dness cease all enjoym5t is tak5 out
 ( life4  ,= me inde$1 ,scipio1 ?\gh    
sudd5ly snat*$ away1 /ill lives & w     
always live2 = ,i lov$ ! virtue ( ! man1
 :i* is n ext+ui%$4 ,nor does x float   
be=e my eyes only1 z ,i h always _h x at
 h&2 x w also be r5[n$ & illu/ri\s )    
g5]ations to come4 ,no "o w ev] ent] )  
c\rage & hope on a high & noble c>e]1   
)\t propos+ to himself z a /&>d ! memory
 & image ( 8 virtue4 ,inde$1 ( all ?+s  
:i* =tune or nature ev] gave me1 ,i h   

no?+ t ,i c comp>e ) ! fri5d%ip (       
,scipio4 ,9 ?is !re 0 a common feel+ z  
to ! affairs ( ! ,/ate2 9 ?is1 mutual   
c\nsel z to our private conc]ns2 9 ?is1 
too1 a repose full ( delight4 ,nev]1 s  
f> z ,i "k1 did ,i (f5d him 9 ! lea/ ?+2
 nev] did ,i he> f him a ^w :i* ,i w\ld 
n wi% to he>4 ,we _h "o home2 ,footnote3
 ,?is may ref] to _! liv+ toge!r on _!  
campaigns1 j\rneys1 & rural soj\rns2 b m
 probably to ! fact t ea* felt z mu* at 
home 9 ! o!r's h\se z 9 8 own4 ! same   
diet1 & t simple2 ,footnote3 ,lat91     
communis4 ,i d n f9d t ?is ^w has 9     
,lat9 ! s5se ( *eap & mean :i* our ^w   
common has4 ,b "h x _c mean t ,laelius &
 ,scipio f$ toge!r1 :i* is suffici5tly  
said 9 ! prec$+ idem victus4 ,x mu/     
!re=e d5ote su* f>e z 0 common to !m )  
_! fell[-citiz5s 9 g5]al1 & t is simple 
& n luxuri\s f>e4 we 7 toge!r1 n only 9 
milit>y s]vice1 b also 9 j\rney+ & 9 our
 rural soj\rns4 ,& :at %all ,i say ( our
 unflagg+ zeal 9 ! pursuit ( k1 & 9     
le>n+ ev]y?+ n[ )9 our rea*1--an        

employm5t 9 :i*1 :5 n "u ! eyes ( !     
public1 we pass$ all our leisure "t     
toge!r8 ,_h ! recollection & remembrance
 ( ^! ?+s di$ ) him1 ,i c\ld n anyh[ be>
 ! loss ( a man1 ?us b\nd to me 9 !     
close/ intimacy & hold+ me 9 ! de>e/    
love4 ,b !y are n blott$ out1 !y are r  
n\ri%$ & increas$ by reflection &       
memory2 & 7 ,i entirely b]eft ( !m1 my  
advanc$ age w\ld /ill be my great com=t1
 = ,i c miss 8 society b = a brief      
season1 & all sorr[s1 h[ev] heavy1 if !y
 c la/ b a little :ile1 ought to be     
endur$4  ,i _h ^! ?+s to say to y ab\t  
fri5d%ip2 & ,i exhort y t y s give !    
=emo/ place to virtue )\t :i* fri5d%ip  
_c be1 t ) ! sole exception ( virtue1 y 
may ?9k no?+ to be pref]r$ to fri5d%ip4 
,,scipio',s ,,dream4   #a4 ,:5 ,i arriv$
 9 ,africa1 to s]ve1 z y "k1 9 ! (fice (
 milit>y ,tribune ( ! f\r? ,legion1 "u  
,manius ,footnote3 ,! pra5om5 ,m>cus is 
giv5 to ,manilius 9 ! manuscript ( ! ,de
 ,republics discov]$ by ,angelo ,mai2 b 
,manius is ! read+ 9 all previ\s        

au?orities z to ?is special fragm5t4    
,manilius z consul1 ,i desir$ no?+ s mu*
 z to meet ,mas9issa ,footnote3 ,k+ (   
,numidia1--a c\ntry ne>ly id5tical 9    
ext5t ) ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,alg]ia4 ,its
 "n def9es its p1 be+ d]iv$ f ,greek3   
nomades1 nomads4 ,its inhabitants 7 a   
wild1 semi-savage clu/] ( tribes1 black 
& :ite4 ,mas9issa1 ?\gh fai?ful to !    
,romans aft] he _h conv9c$ himself t    
!irs mu/ be ! asc5dant />1 0 a crafty1  
trea*]\s1 cruel pr9ce1 probably ) en\gh 
( civilization to h acquir$ "s ( its    
vices1 :ile he _h n lo/ ^? ( ! savage4 !
 k+1 :o = suffici5t reasons ,footnote3  
,! eld] ,africanus _h confirm$ him 9 !  
possession ( 8 own ,numidia1 & _h add$  
to x ! adjo9+ k+dom ( ,cirta4 /ood 9 !  
mo/ fri5dly relation to our family4 ,:5 
,i came to him1 ! old man embrac$ me )  
te>s1 & %ortly aft]w>d look$ up to heav5
 & said3 ,i ?ank !e1 sov]eign ,sun1     
,footnote3 ,! ,numidians wor%ipp$ !     
heav5ly bodies4 & all ( y less] lights (
 heav51 t be=e ,i pass away f ?is life  

,i behold 9 my k+dom & b5ea? ?is ro(    
,publius ,cornelius ,scipio1 ^: v "n    
r5ews my /r5g?1 s utt]ly insep>able f my
 ?\ght is ! memory ( t be/ & mo/        
inv9cible ( m5 :o fir/ bore x4 ,!n ,i   
que/ion$ him ab\t 8 k+dom1 & he ask$ me 
ab\t our republic2 & ) ! _m ?+s t we _h 
to communicate to ea* o!r1 ! day wore   
away4  ,at a lat] h\r1 aft] an          
ent]ta9m5t ( royal magnific5ce1 we      
prolong$ our conv]sation f> into !      
night1 :ile ! old man talk$ to me ab\t  
no?+ else b ,africanus1 rehe>s+ n only  
all t he _h done1 b all t he _h said4   
,:5 we p>t$ to g to our re/1 sleep took 
a /rong] hold on me ?an usual1 on acc\nt
 bo? ( ! fatigue ( my j\rney & ( !      
lat5ess ( ! h\r4 ,9 my sleep1 ,i suppose
 9 consequ5ce ( our conv]sation 7=      
g5]ally our ?\ghts & utt]ances by day h 
9 our sleep an effect l t :i* ,ennius   
describes 9 8 own case z to ,hom]1      
,footnote3 ,! fir/ v]se ( ! ,annales (  
,ennius 03--  ,9 somnis mihi visus      
,hom]us adesse poeta4  ab\t :om 9 8 wak+

 h\rs he 0 p]petually ?9k+ & talk+71    
,africanus appe>$ to me1 ) an aspect t  
rem9d$ me m ( 8 bu/ ?an ( 8 real face4  
,i %udd]$ :5 ,i saw him4 ,b he said3    
,pres]ve y\r pres5ce ( m9d1 ,scipio2 be 
n afraid1 & commit to memory :at ,i %all
 say to y4  #b4 ,d y see t city1 :i* 0  
br\ght ?r\gh me into subjection to !    
,roman p1 b n[ r5ews its old ho/ility1 &
 _c rema9 quiet1--& he %[$ me ,c>?age f 
a high place full ( />s1 %9+ &          
spl5did1--aga9/ :i* y1 be+ little m ?an 
a common soldi]1 are com+ to fight8 ,9  
two ye>s f n[ y z ,consul w ov]?r[ ?is  
city1 & y w obta9 ( y\r own "r ! surname
 :i* up to ?is "t y hold z inh]it$ f me4
 ,:5 y %all h de/roy$ ,c>?age1 %all h   
celebrat$ y\r triumph ov] x1 %all h be5 
,c5sor1 & %all h trav]s$1 z an          
ambassador1 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,asia1 &    
,greece1 y w be *os5 a second "t ,consul
 9 y\r abs5ce1 & w put an end to "o ( ! 
greate/ ( w>s by extirpat+ ,numantia4 ,b
 :5 y %all be borne to ! ,capitol 9 y\r 
triumphal *>iot aft] ?is w>1 y w f9d !  

,/ate di/urb$ by ! ma*9ations ( my      
gr&son4 ,footnote3 ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ^:
 "m1 ,cornelia1 0 ! daught] ( ! eld]    
,africanus4  ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 ,africanus1
 x w behoove y to %[ y\r c\ntry ! light 
( y\r en]gy1 g5ius1 & wisdom4 ,b ,i see 
at t "t1 z x 71 a d\ble way ( de/9y4 ,= 
:5 y\r age %all h foll[$ ! sun = eight  
times sev5 revolutions1 & ^! two numb]s 
,footnote3 ,! ,py?agoreans reg>d$ sev5 z
 ! numb] repres5t+ light1 & eight z     
repres5t+ love4 ,sev5 0 also a p]fect   
numb]1 z correspond+ to ! numb] (       
cele/ial orbits 7includ+ ! sun1 ! moon1 
& ! five kn[n planets71 ! numb] ( days 9
 ! qu>t] ( ! moon's revolution1 & !     
numb] ( ! gates ( s5se 7s to speak71    
m\?1 eyes1 e>s1 & no/rils4 ,eight 0 a   
p]fect numb]1 z be+ fir/ aft] unity on !
 li/ ( cubes2 & ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus     
speaks ( eight cele/ial                 
revolutions--includ+ t ( ! e>?--z       
unequal 9 duration & velocity1 b z =m+1 
9 "s unexpla9$ way1 a cycle syn*ron\s ) 
! ye>4--ea* p]fect1 ?\gh = diff]5t      

reasons--%all h complet$ = y 9 ! c\rse (
 nature ! de/9$ p]iod1 to y alone & to  
y\r "n ! :ole city w turn2 on y ! ,s5ate
 w look1 on y all good citiz5s1 on y !  
allies1 on y ! ,lat9i4 ,y w be ! "o man 
on :om ! safety ( ! city w re/2 &1 to   
say no m1 y1 z ,dictator1 mu/ re-e/abli%
 ! ,/ate1 if y escape ! impi\s h&s ( y\r
 k9dr$4 ,footnote3 ,see ,de ,amicitia   
#c1 note4 ,"h1 :5 ,laelius _h cri$ out1 
& ! re/ ( ! company _h brea!d deep      
sighs1 ,scipio1 smil+ pleasantly ^u !m1 
said1 ,i beg y n to r\se me f sleep &   
break up my vision4 ,he> ! rema9d] ( x4 
#c4 ,b t y1 ,africanus1 may be ! m      
prompt 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,/ate1 "k t = all 
:o %all h pres]v$1 succor$1 enl>g$ _!   
c\ntry1 !re is a c]ta9 & det]m9$ place 9
 heav5 :]e !y enjoy et]nal happ9ess2 =  
to ! ,supreme ,god :o gov]ns ?is :ole   
univ]se no?+ is m pleas+ ?an ^?         
companies & unions ( m5 t are call$     
cities4 ,( ^! ! rul]s & pres]v]s1 go+   
h5ce1 return hi!r4  ,"h ,i1 al?\gh ,i _h
 be5 al>m$1 n inde$ s mu* by ! fe> (    

dea? z by t ( ! trea*]y ( my own k9dr$1 
yet ask$ :e!r ,paulus1 my fa!r1 & o!rs  
:om we suppos$ to be dead 7 liv+4 ,yes1 
inde$1 he repli$1 ^? :o h fl$ f ! bonds 
( ! body1 l runn]s f ! goal1 live2 :ile 
:at is call$ y\r life is dea?4 ,b d y   
see y\r fa!r ,paulus com+ to y8 ,:5 ,i  
saw him1 ,i %$ a flood ( te>s2 b he1    
embrac+ & kiss+ me1 =bade my weep+4  ,!n
 z soon z my te>s w\ld suff] me to      
speak1 ,i began by say+1 ,mo/ sacr$ &   
excell5t fa!r1 s9ce ?is is life1 z      
,africanus tells me1 :y d ,i rema9 on ! 
e>?1 & n r ha/5 to come to y8 ,n s1 said
 he2 = unless ! ,god :o has = 8 temple  
all t y n[ behold1 %all h fre$ y f ?is  
prison ( ! body1 !re c be no entrance = 
y hi!r4 ,m5 h inde$ be5 br\ght into be+ 
on ?is condition1 t !y %\ld gu>d ! globe
 :i* y see 9 ! mid/ ( ?is temple1 :i* is
 call$ ! e>?2 & a s\l has be5 giv5 to !m
 f ^? et]nal fires :i* y call           
con/ellations & />s1 :i*1 glob$ & r\nd1 
animat$ ) god-d]iv$ m9ds1 complete _!   
c\rses & move ?r\gh _! orbits ) amaz+   

spe$4 ,y1 !re=e1 ,publius1 & all rightly
 dispos$ m5 are b\nd to reta9 ! s\l 9 ! 
body's keep+1 nor )\t ! comm& ( him :o  
gave x to y to dep>t f ! life appo9t$ = 
man1 le/ y may seem to h tak5 flight f  
human duty z assign$ by ,god4 ,b1       
,scipio1 l ?is y\r gr&fa!r1 ,footnote3  
,by adoption4 ,! y\ng] ,africanus 0     
adopt$ by a son ( ! eld]4 l me1 y\r     
fa!r1 *]i% ju/ice & t sacr$ obs]vance ( 
duty to y\r k9d1 :i*1 :ile ( great wor? 
t[>d p>5ts & family1 is ( supreme value 
t[>d y\r c\ntry4 ,su* a life is ! way to
 heav51 & to ?is assembly ( ^? :o h     
already liv$1 &1 releas$ f ! body1      
inhabit ! place :i* y n[ see1--x 0 t    
circle t %9es =? among ! />s 9 ! mo/    
dazzl+ :ite1--:i* y h le>n$ f ! ,greeks 
to call ! ,milky ,way4 ,& z ,i look$ on 
e side ,i saw o!r ?+s transc5d5tly      
glori\s & wond]ful4 ,!re 7 />s :i* we   
nev] see f "h bel[1 & all ! />s 7 va/ f>
 beyond :at we h ev] imag9$4 ,! lea/ (  
!m 0 t :i*1 f>!/ f heav51 ne>e/ to !    
e>?1 %one ) a borr[$ light4 ,b ! />ry   

globes v f> surpass$ ! e>? 9 magnitude4 
,! e>? itself inde$ look$ to me s small 
z to make me a%am$ ( our empire1 :i* 0 a
 m]e po9t on its surface4  #d4 ,:ile ,i 
0 gaz+ m int5tly on ! e>?1 ,africanus   
said3 ,h[ long1 ,i pray y1 w y\r m9d be 
fa/5$ on ! gr\nd8 ,d y n see into ! mid/
 ( :at temples y h come8 ,9 y\r sight   
are n9e orbs1 or r globes1 by :i* all   
?+s are held toge!r4 ,"o is ! cele/ial1 
! out]mo/1 embrac+ all ! re/1--!        
,supreme ,god himself1 ,footnote3 ,"h   
crops out ! ,pan!ism--! non-deta*m5t or 
semi-deta*m5t ( ,god f nature--:i* ca/s 
a p5umbra ar\nd mono!ism & ! approa*es  
to x1 almo/ always1 except "u ,hebrew & 
,*ri/ian auspices4 :o gov]ns & keeps 9  
_! places ! o!r sph]es4 ,9 ?is are fix$ 
^? />s :i* ev] roll 9 an un*ang+ c\rse4 
,b5ea? ?is are sev5 sph]es :i* h a      
retrograde movem5t1 opposite to t ( !   
heav5s4 ,"o ( ^! is ! doma9 ( ! /> :i*  
on e>? !y call ,saturn4 ,next is !      
lum9>y :i* be>s ! "n ( ,jupit]1 (       
prosp]\s & heal?ful om5 to ! human race2

 !n1 ! /> ( fi]y r$ :i* y call ,m>s1 &  
:i* m5 reg>d ) t]ror4 ,b5ea?1 ! ,sun    
holds ne>ly ! midway space1 ,footnote3  
,! middle1 z ! fif? ( ! n9e sph]es1     
enclos$ by f\r2 & enclos+ f\r4 lead]1   
pr9ce1 & rul] ( ! o!r lights1 ! m9d &   
regulat+ p[] ( ! univ]se1 s va/ z to    
illum9ate & flood all ?+s ) 8 light4    
,him1 z 8 companions1 ,v5us & ,m]cury   
foll[ on _! diff]5t c\rses2 & 9 a sph]e 
/ill l[] ! moon revolves1 light$ by !   
rays ( ! sun4 ,b5ea? ?is !re is no?+ t  
is n mortal & p]i%able1 except ! s\ls   
be/[$ ^u ! human race by ! gift ( !     
gods4 ,above ! moon all ?+s are et]nal4 
,! e>?1 :i* is ! c5tral & n9? sph]e1 has
 no motion1 & is ! l[e/ ,footnote3 ,!   
l[e/ because c5tral1 & !re=e f>!/ f !   
out]mo/ or cele/ial sph]e4 ( all1 & all 
heavy bodies gravitate spontane\sly t[>d
 x4  #e4 ,:5 ,i _h recov]$ f my amazem5t
 at ^! ?+s ,i ask$1 ,:at is ?is s\nd s  
/rong & s sweet t fills my e>s8 ,?is1 he
 repli$1 is ! melody :i*1 at int]vals   
unequal1 yet diff]+ 9 exact proportions1

 is made by ! impulse & motion ( !      
sph]es !mselves1 :i*1 s(t5+ %rill] by   
deep] tones1 produce a div]sity ( regul>
 h>monies4 ,nor c su* va/ movem5ts be   
urg$ on 9 sil5ce2 & by ! ord] ( nature !
 %rill] notes s\nd f "o extreme ( !     
univ]se1 ! deep] f ! o!r4 ,?us yond]    
supreme cele/ial sph]e ) its clu/]$ />s1
 z x revolves m rapidly1 moves ) a %rill
 & quick /ra92 ?is l[] sph]e ( ! moon   
s5ds =? deep] notes2 :ile ! e>?1 ! n9?  
sph]e1 rema9+ motionless1 ,footnote3    
,!re=e )\t s\nd4 always /&s fix$ 9 !    
l[e/ place1 occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4
 ,b ^! eight revolutions1 ( :i* two1 ^? 
( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 are 9 unison1 make   
sev5 di/9ct tones1 ) measur$ int]vals   
betwe51 & almo/ all ?+s are arrang$ 9   
sev5s4 ,footnote3 ,lat91 qui num]us 7t  
is1 septem7 r]um omnium f]e nodus e/4   
,lit]ally1 :i* numb] is ! knot ( almo/  
ev]y?+4 ,! m intelligible =m 9 :i* ,i h 
r5d]$ ^! words seems to me to convey _! 
true mean+1 & my belief to t effect is  
confirm$ by read+ :at sev]al comm5tators

 say ab\t ! passage4 ,skill$ m51 copy+  
?is h>mony ) /r+s & voice1 h op5$ =     
!mselves a way back to ?is place1 z h   
o!rs :o ) excell+ g5ius h cultivat$     
div9e sci5ces 9 human life4 ,b ! e>s (  
m5 are deaf5$ by be+ fill$ ) ?is melody2
 nor is !re 9 y mortals a dull] s5se ?an
 t ( he>+4 ,z :]e ! ,nile at ! ,falls ( 
,catadupa p\rs d[n f ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 !
 p :o live h>d by lack ! s5se ( he>+    
because ( ! l\dness ( ! cat>act1 s ?is  
h>mony ( ! :ole univ]se 9 its int5sely  
rapid movem5t is s l\d t m5's e>s _c    
take x 91 ev5 z y _c look directly at ! 
sun1 & ! ke5ness & visual p[] ( ! eye   
are ov]:elm$ by its rays4 ,:ile ,i      
m>vell$ at ^! ?+s1 ,i ev] & anon ca/ my 
eyes aga9 ^u ! e>?4  #f4 ,!n ,africanus 
said3 ,i p]ceive t y are n[ fix+ y\r    
eyes on ! abode & home ( m51 & if x     
seems to y small1 z x really is1 !n look
 always at ^! heav5ly ?+s1 & despise ^? 
e>?ly4 ,= :at reputation f ! spee* ( m51
 or :at fame wor? seek+1 c y obta98 ,y  
see t ! inhabit$ places ( ! e>? are     

scatt]$ & ( small ext5t1 t 9 ! spots    
,footnote3 ,lat91 maculis1--a figure s  
bold 9 ,cic]o's "t z to ne$ an apology =
 its use1 b n[ employ$ ) no consci\sness
 ( its be+ o!rwise ?an /rictly          
lit]al4--s to speak--:]e m5 dwell !re   
are va/ solit>y tracts int]pos$1 & t ^? 
:o live on ! e>? are n only s sep>at$ t 
no communication c pass f place to      
place1 b /&1 9 "p at an oblique angle1 9
 "p at a "r angle ) y1 9 "p ev5 9 an    
opposite direction2 ,footnote3 ,x h>dly 
ne$s to be said1 t ! ref]5ce "h is to ! 
convex surface ( ! e>?1 on :i* ^? remote
 f "o ano!r may hold all ! v>i\s angles 
to ea* o!r t are borne by ! spokes ( a  
:eel4 & f ^! y c]ta9ly c anticipate no  
fame4  ,y p]ceive also t ?is same e>? is
 gird$ & surr\nd$ by belts1 two ( :i*--!
 f>!/ f ea* o!r1 & ea* re/+ at "o       
extremity on ! v pole ( ! heav5s--y see 
entirely fro/-b\nd2 :ile ! middle &     
l>ge/ ( !m burns "u ! sun's int5se/     
heat4 ,two ( !m are habitable1 ( :i* !  
s\!rn1 ^: inhabitants are y\r antipodes1

 be>s no relation to y\r p2 & see h[    
small a "p !y occupy 9 ?is o!r nor!rn   
zone1 9 :i* y dwell4 ,= all ( ! e>? )   
:i* y h any conc]n--n>r[ at ! nor? &    
s\?1 broad] 9 its c5tral portion--is a  
m]e little isl&1 surr\nd$ by t sea :i* y
 on e>? call ! ,atlantic1 ! ,great ,sea1
 ! ,ocean1 :ile yet1 ) su* a "n1 y see  
h[ small x is4 ,to speak only ( ^!      
cultivat$ & well-kn[n regions1 c\ld y\r 
"n ev5 cross ?is ,caucasus :i* y h 9    
view1 or swim beyond t ,ganges8 ,:o1 9  
:at o!r l&s may lie 9 ! extreme ea/ or  
we/1 or "u nor!rn or s\!rn skies1 w ev] 
he> y\r "n8 ,all ^! cut (f1 y surely see
 )9 :at n>r[ b\nds y\r fame c seek to   
spread4 ,!n1 too1 z reg>ds ! v p]sons :o
 tell ( y\r r5[n1 h[ long w !y speak (  
x8  #g4 ,b ev5 if successive g5]ations  
%\ld desire to transmit ! praise ( e "o 
( u f fa!r to son 9 unbrok5 succession1 
yet because ( deva/ations by flood &    
fire1 :i* w ( necessity take place at a 
det]m9$ "t1 we mu/ fail ( atta9+ n only 
et]nal fame1 b ev5 t ( v long duration4 

,n[ ( :at conc]n is x t ^? :o %all be   
born h]eaft] %\ld speak ( y1 :5 y 7     
spok5 ( by none :o 7 born be=e y1 :o 7 n
 few]1 & c]ta9ly 7 bett]                
m58--especially1 too1 :5 among ^? :o    
might he> our names !re is n "o t c     
reta9 ! memories ( a s+le ye>4 ,m51     
inde$1 ord9>ily measure ! ye> only by ! 
return ( ! sun1 t is1 "o />1 to its     
place2 b :5 all ! />s1 aft] long        
int]vals1 %all resume _! orig9al places 
9 ! heav5s1 !n t complet$ revolution may
 be truly call$ a ye>4 ,z ( old ! sun   
seem$ to be eclips$ & blott$ out :5 !   
s\l ( ,romulus ent]$ ^! temples1 s :5 ! 
sun %all be aga9 eclips$ 9 ! same "p ( 8
 c\rse1 & at ! same p]iod ( ! ye> & day1
 ) all ! con/ellations & />s recall$ to 
! po9t f :i* !y />t$ on _! revolutions1 
!n c\nt ! ye> z br\ght to a close4      
,footnote3 ,! ,/oics ma9ta9$ t ! visible
 univ]se w\ld la/ ?r\gh su* a cycle z is
 "h describ$1 :i* 9 _! conjectural      
a/ronomy compreh5d$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 &  
!n w\ld be consum$ by fire1 or someh[ be

 r$uc$ to *aos1 & a new univ]se take its
 place4 ,b be assur$ t ! tw5tie? "p (   
?is ye> has n yet come r\nd4  ,!re=e1   
%\ld y r5\nce ! hope ( return+ to ?is   
place 9 :i* are all ?+s t great &       
excell5t m5 c desire1 ( :at wor? is t   
human glory :i* c sc>cely ext5d to a    
small "p ( a s+le ye>8 ,if1 !n1 y %all  
det]m9e to look high up1 & to behold    
cont9u\sly ?is dwell+ & et]nal home1 y w
 nei!r give y\rself to ! flatt]y ( ! p1 
nor place y\r hope ( well-be+ on rew>ds 
t man c be/[4 ,let ,virtue h]self by h] 
own *>ms draw y to true honor4 ,:at o!rs
 may say ( y1 reg>d z _! conc]n1 n y\rs4
 ,!y w d\btless talk ab\t y1 b all t !y 
say is conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( !      
regions :i* y n[ see2 nor did su* spee* 
z to any "o ev] la/ on into et]nity1--x 
is buri$ ) ^? :o die1 & lo/ 9 oblivion =
 ^? :o may come aft]w>d4  #h4 ,:5 he _h 
spok5 ?us1 ,i said1 ,o ,africanus1 if   
inde$ = ^? :o h des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry 
!re is1 z x 71 an op5 road by :i* !y may
 ent] heav51 ?\gh f boyhood tread+ 9 my 

fa!r's /eps & y\rs1 ,i h done no        
discr$it to y\r fame1 ,i yet %all n[    
/rive to t end ) a m wat*ful dilig5ce4  
,& he repli$3 ,/rive ,footnote3 ,or1 y w
 /rive inde$4 inde$1 & be> ?is 9 m9d1 t 
x is n y t are mortal1 b y\r body only4 
,nor is x y :om ?is outw>d =m makes     
manife/2 b e man's m9d is he1--n !      
bodily %ape :i* c be po9t$ at by ! f+]4 
,"k also t y are a god1 if he inde$ is a
 god :o lives1 :o p]ceives1 :o rememb]s1
 :o =esees1 :o gov]ns & re/ra9s & moves 
! body ov] :i* he is made rul] ev5 z !  
,supreme ,god holds ! univ]se "u 8 sway2
 & 9 tru? z ! et]nal ,god himself moves 
! univ]se :i* is mortal 9 e "p1 s does !
 ev]la/+ s\l move ! corruptible body4   
,t1 inde$1 :i* is 9 p]petual movem5t is 
et]nal2 b t :i*1 :ile imp>t+ motion to  
"s o!r sub/ance1 d]ives its own movem5t 
f "s o!r s\rce1 mu/ ( necessity cease to
 live :5 x ceases to move4 ,!n t alone  
:i* is ! cause ( its own motion1 because
 x is nev] des]t$ by itself1 nev] has   
its movem5t susp5d$4 ,b = o!r sub/ances 

t are mov$ ?is is ! s\rce1 ! fir/ cause1
 ,footnote3 ,lat91 pr9cipium4 ( movem5t4
 ,b ! fir/ cause has no orig92 = all ?+s
 spr+ f ! fir/ cause3 itself1 f no?+4 ,t
 inde$ w\ld n be a fir/ cause :i* d]iv$ 
its beg9n+ f any?+ else2 & if x has no  
beg9n+1 x nev] ceases to be4 ,= ! fir/  
cause1 if ext9ct1 w nei!r itself be born
 aga9 f aught else1 nor w x create aught
 else f itself1 if inde$ all ?+s mu/ (  
necessity orig9ate f ! fir/ cause4 ,?us 
x is t ! fir/ cause ( motion is d]iv$ f 
t :i* is 9 its nature self-mov+2 b ?is c
 nei!r be born nor die4 ,7 x to die1 !  
:ole heav5 w\ld ( necessity collapse1 & 
all nature w\ld /& /ill1 nor c\ld x f9d 
any =ce :i* c\ld be set 9 movem5t anew f
 a primitive impulse4 ,footnote3 ,f a   
fir/ cause2 ! fir/ cause1 by hypo!sis1  
hav+ ceas$ to be4  #i4 ,s9ce1 !n1 t :i* 
is ! s\rce ( its own movem5t is         
manife/ly et]nal1 :o is !re t c d5y t   
?is nature has be5 giv5 to ! s\l8 ,=    
:atev] is mov$ by ext]nal impulse is    
s\lless2 ,footnote3 ,lat91 inanimum4 b  

:atev] has a s\l ,footnote3 ,lat91      
animal4 ,my r5d]+s ( inanimum & animal  
"h1 if n ju/ifi$ by any p>allel in/ances
 7& ,i "k n :e!r !y are71 are requir$ by
 ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 is /irr$ to 
action by movem5t inw>d & its own2 = ?is
 is ! peculi> nature & virtue ( ! s\l4  
,moreov]1 if x is ?is alone ( all ?+s t 
is ! s\rce ( its own movem5t1 x c]ta9ly 
did n beg9 to be1 & is et]nal4 ,?is s\l 
,i bid y to ex]cise 9 ! be/ pursuits1 & 
! be/ are y\r c>es = y\r c\ntry's       
safety1 by :i* if y\r s\l be kept 9     
con/ant action & ex]cise1 x w h ! m     
rapid flight to ?is its abode & home4   
,?is end x w atta9 ! m readily1 if1 :ile
 x %all be %ut up 9 ! body1 x %all pe]  
=?1 &1 contemplat+ ^? ?+s t are beyond1 
ab/ract itself z f> z possible f ! body4
 ,= ! s\ls ( ^? :o h surr5d]$ !mselves  
to ! pleasures ( ! body1 h yield$       
!mselves to _! s]vice1 &1 obey+ !m "u ! 
impulse ( s5sual lu/s1 h transgress$ !  
laws ( gods & m51 :5 !y pass out ( _!   
bodies are toss$ to & fro ar\nd ! e>?1  

nor return to ?is place till !y h w&]$ 9
 bani%m5t = _m ages4  ,he dep>t$2 ,i    
awoke f sleep4