,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italics1 bold face & small capitals 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 betwe5 equal signs & z ,,all ,,capitals1 respectively4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes & an ov]view ( *anges made may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,weld+ ,s*ool1 ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,,wiley ,,eng9e]+ ,,s]ies ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,weld+ ,,manual ,,by ,,lieut4 ,,lorn ,,campbell1 ,,jr41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge ( ,weld+ ,in/ruction1 ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,,total ,,issue1 ,,five ,,?\s& ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,inc4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aiai ,copyright1 #aiai ,,by ,,lorn ,,campbell ,copyright$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,book ,,manufactur]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,preface 7#a7 ,! oxy-acetyl5e me?od ( weld+ & cutt+ metals has ( late be5 receiv+ consid]able att5tion4 ,its trem5d\s p[] ( creat+1 repair+ & de/roy+ ! "w ( man has be5 b rec5tly recogniz$ 9 its broade/ s5se1 & ! dem& = op]ators1 skill$ 9 ! manipulation ( ?is app>atus1 :i* always has be5 f> 9 excess ( ! supply1 n[ kn[s no limit4 ,_m au?orities h set =? _! views & !ories ^u ?is subject1 9 ,am]ica & also 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,^! h be5 publi%$ f "t to "t 9 _m ( ! lead+ p]iodicals & magaz9es1 z well z 9 book =m4 ,x seems ! purpose ( mo/ ( ^! works has be5 to advance ! op]ators :o already h a smatt]+ k ( ?is art1 or to pres5t to ! pur*as] ( app>atus a set ( op]at+ in/ructions4 7#b7 ,x is s+ul> inde$ t a s*ool manual1 devot$ exclusively to ! in/ruction ( ! beg9n]1 :i* w s]ve z an aid to ! in/ructor z well z to ! /ud5t1 has n yet be5 put =?4 ,x _c be said t !re is n a dem& = su*4 ,rec5tly !re seems to h be5 a mu%room gr[? ( weld+ classes4 ,! majority ( ! vocational s*ools1 colleges1 night s*ools1 & automobile s*ools h all ent]$ ! in/ruction 9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+ on _! rolls & ea* is attempt+ to in/ruct 9 an entirely diff]5t mann] f ! o!r4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! exp$i5cy ( af=d+ ! educational in/itutions a sy/ematic z well z a /&>diz$ me?od ( in/ruct+4 ,b ! books & articles ( ! nature m5tion$ are n suit$ to ?is purpose1 & 7 n design$ = x4 ,a s*ool-book is want$2 some?+ to be us$ 9 ! classroom1 to be employ$ z a ref]5ce 9 ! %op practice1 to be /udi$ = :at x conta9s1 & to indicate fur!r l9es ( rese>*1 :]e su* are requir$4 7#c7 ,to meet ?is dem&1 ! pres5t 8,manual0 has be5 writt5 to s]ve ! in/ructor z well z ! /ud5t4 ,9 its prep>ation _m books1 bo? well-kn[n & obscure1 h be5 exam9$ & ! me?ods ( %op in/ruction h be5 c>efully /udi$ by ! au?or4 7#d7 ,x has be5 f\nd t reg>dless ( h[ fa/ ! gr\nd may be cov]$ 9 ! lecture room1 ! av]age /ud5t's p[] ( assimilation is limit$ & consid]able "t has be5 sp5t 9 det]m9+ ?is ratio & apply+ x betwe5 ! lecture subjects & %op "w4 7#e7 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile ! *apt]s compris+ ! !oretical "p ( ?is weld+ manual foll[ 9 ! ord] giv51 ! actual %op practice1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 is ! mo/ important4 7#f7 ,k9dly aid has be5 receiv$ f _m s\rces4 ,granjon ,rosemb]g1 ,kautney1 ,m4 ,kei? ,dunham1 ,s4 ,w4 ,mill]1 ,h5ry ,cave1 ,c4 ,j4 ,nyqui/1 ,p4 ,f4 ,willis1 ,b5 ,k4 ,smi?1 & o!rs h embodi$ 9 _! writ+s _m excell5t ideas1 :i* h assi/$ ! au?or 9 br++ out c]ta9 po9ts advantage\sly4 ,! foll[+ manufactur]s are to be giv5 cr$it = _m ( ! illu/rations3 ,! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,weld+ ,co41 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,! ,ba/ian ,bless+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,l9de ,air ,products ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,g5]al ,weld+ ,equipm5t ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,! ,mess] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,! ,alex&] ,milburn ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,! ,tor*weld ,equipm5t ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,davis-,b\rnonville ,co41 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! ,k4 ,g4 ,weld+ ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,*icago ,eye ,%ield ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,comm]cial ,acetyl5e ,supply ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,weld+ ,eng9e]1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,acetyl5e ,weld+1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,note4--,lieut4 ,campbell (f]s 8 s]vices )\t *>ge to anyone int]e/$ 9 ?is me?od ( weld+ & may be address$ c>e ( ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons1 ,,inc41 ,publi%]s1 #dcb ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,wiley ,,eng9e]+ ,,s]ies ,! ,wiley ,eng9e]+ ,s]ies w embrace books devot$ to s+le subjects4 ,! object ( ! ,s]ies is to place 9 ! h&s ( ! read] all ! ess5tial in=mation reg>d+ ! p>ticul> subject 9 :i* he may be int]e/$4 ,extrane\s topics are exclud$1 & ! cont5ts ( ea* book are conf9$ to ! field indicat$ by its title4 ,x has be5 consid]$ advisable to make ^! books manuals ( practice1 r ?an !oretical discussions ( ! subjects treat$4 ,! !ory is fully discuss$ 9 text-books1 h5ce ! eng9e] :o has previ\sly ma/]$ x !re1 is1 z a rule1 m int]e/$ 9 ! practice4 ,! ,wiley ,eng9e]+ ,s]ies !re=e w pres5t ! mo/ approv$ practice1 ) only su* !oretical discussion z may be necess>y to elucidate su* practice4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,,app>atus #ai ,,ii4 ,,op]ation #bg ,,iii4 ,,%op ,,equipm5t #ci ,,iv4 ,,app>atus ,,repairs #dd ,v4 ,,preheat+ ,,ag5cies #ea ,,vi4 ,,"p ,,"o--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron #eh ,,"p ,,two--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron #fg ,,"p ,,?ree--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron #gj ,,"p ,,f\r--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron #ge ,,vii4 ,,"p ,,"o--,,/eel ,,weld+ #ha ,,"p ,,two--,,/eel ,,weld+ #hg ,,"p ,,?ree--,,/eel ,,weld+ #ib ,,"p ,,f\r--,,/eel ,,weld+ #ig ,,viii4 ,,brass ,,weld+ #ajf ,,ix4 ,,"p ,,"o--,,alum9um ,,weld+ #aji ,,"p ,,two--,,alum9um ,,weld+ #aac ,,"p ,,?ree--,,alum9um ,,weld+ #aah ,x4 ,,weld+ ,,( ,,malleable ,,iron #abj ,,xi4 ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,cutt+ #abe ,,xii4 ,,c>bon ,,burn+ #ace ,,gloss>y #ade ,,lectures #adi ,,index #afg ,oxy-,acetyl5e ,weld+ ,manual ,,introduction 7#a7 ,:5 *oos+ a life vocation1 "o g5]ally views ! possibilities x has to (f] & delves deeply into ^!1 previ\s to mak+ a decision4 ,x is !re=e ?\ght advisable at ?is "t to pres5t ! /ud5t ) an idea ( :at is meant by oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+2 h[ x is appli$2 ! possibilities & advantages atta*$ to su* an art4 7#b7 ,acetyl5e gas1 :5 burn$ ) a prop] portion ( oxyg5 gas1 produces an extremely hot flame1 9 fact1 ! hotte/ flame kn[n4 ,its temp]ature is ov] #fjjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,) ?is flame x is possible to br+ any ( ! s-call$ comm]cial metals1 namely3 ca/ iron1 /eel1 copp]1 & alum9um1 to a molt5 /ate & cause a fusion ( two pieces ( l metals 9 su* a mann] t ! po9t ( fusion w v closely approa* ! /r5g? ( ! metal fus$4 ,if m metal ( l nature is add$1 ! union is made ev5 /rong] ?an ! orig9al4 ,?is me?od is call$ oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & diff]s f :at ! av]age layman consid]s weld+ 9 ! blacksmi?'s =ge1 insomu* t !re is no bl[ /ruck to assi/ fusion 9 ?is process4 ,& :ile ! =ge me?od is limit$ to wr\ght iron & /eel :i* is deta*able & ( re/rict$ size & %ape1 ! oxy-acetyl5e process has1 practically speak+1 no su* limitations4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,acetyl5e ,j\rnal ,publi%+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #a4--,weld]s on an ,ordnance ,mobile ,repair ,unit 9 ,action4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #b4--;,9 ,enamel$ ,products = ! ,kit*5 ! ,weld is ,fa/ ,replac+ ! ,rivet+1 ,braz+1 & ,sold]+ ( ! ,light ,%eet ,metal ,seams4 7#c7 ,manufactur]s 9 ! metal-work+ _w 7 v sl[ to grasp ! real significance ( ?is important process1 until ! op]ators began demon/rat+ "s ( its possibilities4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 !re is h>dly a metal b>rel or tank manufactur] :o has n disc>d$ ! old me?od ( produc+ co/ly leaky1 rivet$ drums & conta9]s1 = ?is mod]n fus+ process4 ,! manufactur]s ( fire-pro( doors & w9d[s1 cook+ ut5sils1 seamless pipe & tub+1 (fice furniture & :at n1 are n[ virtually dep5d5t ^u ! weld+ tor* at e turn4 7#d7 ,z a repair+ ag5t1 ! weld+ tor* has no rival4 ,:e!r x is a ca/+ ( iron1 /eel1 brass1 or alum9um t has brok52 a boil] or tank t has worn away 9 spots1 or an error on ! "p ( eng9e]1 f\ndryman or ma*9i/1 ! "p c g5]ally be reclaim$ & made /rong] ?an orig9ally4 ,to-day practically no manufactur+ conc]n t is dep5d5t ^u metallic ma*9]y c\ld ?9k ( be+ depriv$ ( its oxy-acetyl5e app>atus1 once hav+ le>n$ its wor?4 ,9 ! n f> di/ant pa/1 7 a ge> or "s ca/+ to break1 x probably meant clos+ d[n ! entire plant until a new "p c\ld be obta9$1 :i*1 :e!r ! s\rce ( supply 7 ne> or at a long di/ance1 w\ld mean co/ly delay4 ,) oxy-acetyl5e equipm5t & an effici5t op]ator on h&1 almo/ e em]g5cy is provid$ =4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #c4--,weld+ ,brok5 ,frame ( #e-ton ,automobile ,truck4 7#e7 ,if an automobile own] breaks a frame1 he does n consid] replac+ x ) a new "o1 z ! labor alone = /ripp+ 8 ma*9e & sett+ x up aga91 n to m5tion ! co/ ( ! new frame & ! "t requir$ = ?is op]ation1 is prohibitive4 ,r1 he has 8 c> tak5 to ! ne>e/ weld] or 8 portable app>atus to ! c> & ! job is complet$ )9 ?irty or =ty m9utes1 ) ! frame at ! po9t ( ! break made /rong] ?an ev]4 ,locomotive frames are h&l$ 9 mu* ! same mann]1 only m "t is requir$ & p]haps extra op]ators1 b ! important po9t to be br\ght out is ! fact t on _m jobs no dismantl+ is requir$ & ! repair is p]man5tly & quickly execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,/aff ( ,in/ructors at ! ,ordnance ,weld+ ,s*ool1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 7#f7 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! true wor? ( weld+ 0 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! public :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! ,european ,w>1 & all ! int]n$ ,g]man vessels1 :i* _h be5 greatly damag$ by ! ord]s ( _! comm&+ (fic]s1 7 re/or$ to work+ condition ) ! oxy-acetyl5e & electric weld+ process4 ,?is 0 consid]$ impossible by _m eng9e]s n famili> ) ! process1 insomu* z !y look$ ^u oxy-acetyl5e weld+ z applicable only to small p>ts & "h "s ( ! sections :i* _h be5 bl[n or /ruck out ( ! ca/ cyl9d]s1 etc41 weigh$ _m hundr$s ( p\nds4 ,9 _m in/ances ! ribs ( ^! same vessels 7 cut mo/ ( _! dep?1 b ^! 7 re/or$ to work+ ord] 9 a rem>kably %ort "t & ! results 7 m conv9c+ ?an any words4 7#g7 ,cutt+ ) ! oxy-acetyl5e process is j ! opposite f t ( weld+4 ,! latt] might be consid]$ con/ructive & ! =m] de/ructive4 ,9 ! case ( weld+1 two p>ts are br\ght to a molt5 condition along ! l9e to be jo9$ & bo? fus$ toge!r4 ,:]eas 9 cutt+1 "o piece ( metal1 :5 br\ght to a r$ heat1 is cut 9 two by an oxidiz+ flame4 ,cutt+ has n ! wide scope t weld+ has1 = x c only be appli$ successfully at ! pres5t day to wr\ght iron1 roll$ & ca/ /eel4 ,:ile x is limit$ 9 its scope1 ! spe$ ( ?is process 9 sev]+ l>ge masses ( metal is v spectacul> & appeals =cibly to ! obs]v]4 7#h7 ,probably ! _w's fir/ awak5+ to ! real mean+ ( oxy-acetyl5e cutt+ came :5 ! ,u4 ,s4 battle%ip 8,ma9e10 0 be+ tak5 f ,havana ,h>bor4 ,all ! heavy armor plate & seem+ly immovable wreckage 0 cut into small sections :i* c\ld be h&l$ easily4 ,?is 0 all accompli%$ ) ! cutt+ tor*1 :i* seems to eat its way ?r\gh metal ) ! same ease t a hot knife goes ?r\gh butt]4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #e4--;,fireman ,cutt+ -in* ,/eel ,fire ,door ) ,portable ,app>atus4 7#i7 ,be=e & s9ce ! "t ( ! 8,ma9e10 ! cutt+ tor* has be5 accompli%+ wond]ful feats4 ,9 e scrap y>d1 old boil]s & ! l are be+ cut into furnace size2 spe$+ up ! production 9 answ] to ! _w's cry = m metal4 ,! wreckage on railroads & build+s us+ /eel re9=cem5ts is be+ cle>$ 9 h\rs1 ) ! aid ( ! cutt+ tor*1 :]e x requir$ days by o!r me?ods4 ,mo/ ( ! fire dep>tm5ts 9 ! l>g] cities n[ c>ry ! cutt+ tor* z "p ( _! equipm5t1 & to x has be5 cr$it$ ! sav+ ( _m lives1 by its timely cutt+ away ( /eel doors1 b>s or b>ri]s :i* prev5t$ escape4 ,mu* ( ! plate 9 ?is c\ntry's %ipbuild+ y>ds is be+ cut to size "r on ! job1 & ! function ( ?is tor* 9 cutt+ (f ris]s measur+ f "o to ?irty-six in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! f\ndry seems only to be ( second>y importance 9 comp>ison ) "s ( its o!r uses4 ,9 ord] to transport "s ( ! l>ge/ inl& lake boats :i* 7 mu* too long to pass ?r\gh ! locks1 to ! sea1 !y 7 cut 9 p>ts1 transport$1 & lat] weld$ toge!r & plac$ 9 s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,acetyl5e ,j\rnal ,publi%+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #f4--,weld]s ( ! ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 9 ,action4 7#aj7 ,x is n only possible to keep a cutt+ tor* burn+ "u wat]1 b x c also be made to cut4 ,contract+ companies are cutt+ (f _! pil+ "u wat] & x has be5 kn[n t 9 ,european ports cutt+ has be5 successfully accompli%$ at a dep? ( ?irty feet4 ,a special tor* is employ$ by subm>9es to cut nets "u wat]4 7#aa7 ,9 review+ ! oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+ process1 we f9d t its gr[? is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ! _w has ev] witness$4 ,ab\t #aijg saw its indu/rial bir? & s9ce t "t x has advanc$ by leaps & b\nds1 rival+ ! automobile indu/ry 9 its progress1 despite ! opposition & criticism levi$ at x by work]s ( o!r trades & its c>eless & unskill$ manipulation4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,acetyl5e ,j\rnal ,publi%+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #f;a4--,weld]s ( ! ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 9 ,action4 7#ab7 ,x is q impossible to pres5t any?+ l a complete li/ ( ! applications ( ?is process1 b a few ( its g5]al uses are "h enum]at$3 7,a7 ,airplane ,con/ruction4--,weld+ ( frames1 sockets1 wat] & gasol9e tanks1 wat] jackets & valve cages to cyl9d]s1 intake & exhau/ manifolds & connections1 sp>k plug ?imbles & ! repair ( alum9um crank cases1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #g4--,weld+ a #b-;foot ,l5g? ( ,new ,%aft+ on ! ,end ( a ,motor ,%aft #b ,in*es 9 ,diamet]4 7,b7 ,automobile ,manufacture4--,weld+ ( /eel & alum9um bodies1 transmission & re> axle h\s+s1 crank-%afts1 cyl9d]s1 ge>s1 manifolds1 p9ions1 crank cases1 valves1 rims1 muffl]s1 frames1 f5d]s1 w9d-%ield tub+s1 & uprights1 etc4 7,c7 ,boil] ,%ops4--,weld+ & build+ up worn spots ar\nd h&-hold plates1 repair+ cracks & *eck$ portions ( fire boxes1 retipp+ flues1 connections1 etc4 7,d7 ,brass & ,copp]4--,weld+ kettles1 vats1 tanks1 /ills1 floats1 cook+ ut5sils1 manifolds1 wat] jackets1 electrical & *emical w>es1 etc4 7,e7 ,comm]cial ,weld+4--,reclamation s]vice on all k9ds ( metals1 quick & p]man5t repairs on all brok5 p>ts ( ma*9]y4 7,f7 ,electric ,railway4--,weld+ air receiv]s on air-brake sy/ems1 build+ up %afts1 bond+ ! rails1 motor h\s+s1 worn boxes1 reclaim+ ge>s & brok5 trucks1 /eel trolley wires1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,tor*weld ,equipm5t ,co47 ,,fig4 #h4--,?is is a ,/eel ,tank1 ,made ( -in* ,plate1 :i* ,measures #cj ,feet ,long & #h ,feet 9 ,diamet]1 ,fus$ into ,"o ,piece by ! ,weld+ ,tor*4 7,g7 ,=ge ,%op4--,weld+ complicat$ p>ts :i* c n be conv5i5tly h&l$ 9 ! =ge4 7,h7 ,f\ndries4--,weld+ up bl[holes1 por\s spots1 & reclaim+ ca/+s 9 g5]al4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ris]s1 gates1 & heads on /eel ca/+s4 7,i7 ,lead ,burn+4--,lead pipe jo9ts1 /orage batt]y connections & repairs1 lead l9+s 9 vats1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,b5 ,k4 ,smi?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,weld+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #i4--,locomotive ,cyl9d] to be ,weld$ 9 ,place4 7,j7 ,lumb] ,mills4--,build+ up worn %afts1 repair+ ge>s1 *a9s1 & brok5 p>ts4 7,k7 ,ma*9e ,%ops4--,rectify+ errors on "p ( ma*9i/s & eng9e]s4 ,a 8putt+-on0 tool 9 e respect4 7,l7 ,manufactur]s4--,weld+ sp\ts & h&les on cook+ ut5sils1 fire-pro( doors & w9d[ sa%es1 (fice files & furniture1 *a9s1 etc4 7,m7 ,m9es4--,repair+ pipe l9es1 boil]s1 brok5 %afts1 ge>s1 & build+ up worn p>ts on dipp]s1 etc4 ,! cutt+ tor* is us$ = cle>+ away wreckage 9 case ( accid5ts4 7,n7 ,pipe ,"w4--,weld+ ( wat]1 gas1 & oil1 /eam & air l9es4 ,high-pressure refrig]ation sy/ems are cut & weld$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #aj4--,/eel ,roll ,top ,desk--all ,jo9ts & ,seams ,weld$4 ,an ,excell5t ,example ( ,high-grade ,weld$ ,metal ,furniture4 7,o7 ,plate ,weld+4--,tanks = oil1 /eam dri]s1 dige/]s1 vats1 *emical receiv]s1 g5]ators1 etc4 7,p7 ,p[] ,plants4--,weld+ ( /eam1 air1 & wat]-l9es1 ( pump ca/+s1 cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 worn or brok5 p>ts1 etc4 7,q7 ,railroad ,"w4--,reclaim+ bol/]s1 c\pl+s1 slott+ =g$ eng9e rods1 build+ metal c>s1 repair+ fire-boxes1 pat*+ & replac+ side %eets1 flue weld+1 build+ up frogs & cross+s1 cutt+ (f rails1 mud r+s1 weld+ crack$ cyl9d]s1 cross-heads1 /eam-*e/s1 build+ up worn spots on :eels1 rims & p9s1 weld+ spokes & locomotive frames1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #aa4--,(fice ,*air4 ,weld$ at all ,jo9ts4 7,r7 ,roll+ ,mills4--,fabricat+ 8op5-he>?10 wat] jacket doors1 cutt+ up 8lo/ heats10 scrap plates & b> /ock billets4 ,g5]al repairs ( furnace equipm5t1 hot b$s1 rolls1 ge>s1 eng9es1 plates1 etc4 7,s7 ,%eet ,metal4--,manufacture ( tub+1 oil-/orage b>rels1 metallic furniture1 range boil]s1 etc4 7,t7 ,%ipy>ds4--,cutt+ (f plates & irregul> %apes ( /eel1 *annels1 special sections4 ,build+ up ( worn %ocks1 build+ & pat*+ hulls1 /r+]s & ! reclamation ( propell]s1 po/s & brok5 p>ts ( ma*9]y1 etc4 7,u7 ,/ructural ,/eel4--,cutt+ holes = rivets1 gussets & splice plates1 & wreck+4 ,weld+ up misdrill$ holes & ma*9i/'s errors4 ,cutt+ *annels1 ,i beams1 & o!r %apes = cop+1 splic+ & fitt+ rails1 weld+ re9=c+ rods = concrete "w ( any desir$ l5g? & /ructural p>ts :]e bolt+ & rivet+ is difficult or impossible4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,briti% ,oxyg5 ,co47 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,cutt+ ,armor ,plate by ! ,oxy-acetyl5e ,process4 7,v7 ,scrap ,y>ds4--,cutt+ up scrap boil]s1 tanks & o!r l>ge "w to mill size1 wreck+ /ructural build+s1 & r$uc+ to small size1 res]voirs1 tanks & boil]s1 :i* are h\s$ 9 build+s to remove !m )\t damage to ! /ructures4 7,w7 ,tractor ,indu/ry4--,cutt+ & weld+ frames1 track & :eel gu>ds1 wat]1 gasol9e1 & oil tanks2 weld+ up ( bl[holes1 por\s spots & misdrill$ holes 9 ca/+s ( all k9ds4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,davis-,b\rnonville ,co47 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,"h is ,illu/rat$ an ,oxy-acetyl5e ,ma*9e = ,cutt+ ,holes 9 ! ,web ( ,rails1 or 9 ,/ructural ,iron1 ( n m ?an ,in* 9 ,?ickness4 ,x c be ,quickly ,atta*$ & ,accurately ,adju/$ to ,pi]ce ?r\gh ! ,iron ,in/antly1 )\t any ,previ\s ,drill+1 & x w ,cut ,smoo? ,r\nd ,holes1 f to #b ,in*es 9 ,diamet] 9 f #cj to #fj ,seconds4 ,x is ,p>ticul>ly ,adapt$ = ,railroad ,"w1 & ,enl>g+ or ,cutt+ ,holes 9 ,build+ & ,bridge ,"w4 7#ac7 ,! =ego+1 z previ\sly /at$1 is b a p>tial li/ ( "s ( ! applications ( ! oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+ process to v>i\s indu/ries4 ,:at has ! future 9 /ore = x8 ,almo/ daily1 "s new application is f\nd = x & at ! pres5t "t exp]im5ts are "u way 9 boil] con/ruction1 ! results ( :i* are n difficult to =esee4 ,giant hulls ( seago+ vessels are be+ fus$ toge!r by weld+ & ! limits ( ?is wond]ful process :i* is n[ practically 9 its infancy are difficult to =eca/4 7#ad7 ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w> _m manufactur]s ( non-ess5tials %ut d[n & o!rs turn$ _! entire production ov] to ! gov]nm5t1 *ang+ _! ma*9]y & 9 mo/ in/ances _! entire plant4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^? :o are op]at+ ma*9es & app>atus1 produc$ by ^! firms be=e ! w>1 go+ to d = replacem5ts8 ,!re is b "o answ]1 h _! brok5 or worn out p>ts weld$4 7#ae7 ,oxy-acetyl5e op]ators h always numb]$ f> less ?an ! dem&1 a po9t :i* 0 cle>ly br\ght out by ! gov]nm5t :5 its imm5se ,army & ,navy 7 be+ =m$4 ,!re 7 s few m5 famili> ) ! oxy-acetyl5e process t x at once took measures to e/abli% its own s*ools :]e m5 c\ld be tra9$1 a ?+ t ! comm]cial _w _h be5 ,,?9k+ ( do+ = "s ye>s4 ,z ! dem& = op]ators cont9ues to increase1 x behooves a man1 ev5 ?\gh he is n a metal work]1 to ?9k & apply himself1 9 ord] t he may 8c>ry on10 to ! be/ advantage :5 opportunity knocks4 7#af7 ,! me?ods ( in/ruction h]e9 set =? are v simple & :ile diff]+ 9 _m respects f ^? us$ by ! trade1 h be5 mo/ successfully employ$ 9 produc+ effici5t op]ators4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples are in/ill$ 9 ! beg9n] & "s ( ! exceptions :i* are ( m9or importance are ov]look$ to avoid confusion4 ,criticism is expect$ f ^? :o h nev] engag$ 9 in/ruction ( ?is k9d on a l>ge scale4 ,!re are _m diff]5ces to be expect$ on acc\nt ( ?is v fact1 = !re are few :o h gone fur!r ?an ! in/ruction ( v small classes :]e individual att5tion may be giv54 7#ag7 ,all hi/ory ( ! process1 gas manufacture & ! l h be5 omitt$ 9 ord] to give great] detail to ! actual %op practice & to h ! op]ator become famili> ) 8 app>atus & !reby op]ate x ) all due respect & intellig5ce4 7#ah7 ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+ _c be le>n$ by wat*+ o!rs "w1 al?\gh obs]vation may at times assi/ ! beg9n]4 ,actual tor* practice1 bra9 "w & a p[] ( 8,i w10 produce ! mo/ effici5t op]ators4 ,= ^? :o e>ne/ly apply !mselves to ! in/ructions :i* foll[1 !re is e reason to believe t success w be !irs4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,app>atus 7#ai7 ,weld+ app>atus 9 g5]al consi/s ( two regulators equipp$ ) pressure gauges1 two l5g?s ( hose1 & a weld+ tor*4 ,! regulators are atta*$ to cyl9d]s ( acetyl5e & oxyg5 & are us$ to r$uce & ma9ta9 a uni=m pressure ( ^! gases = use at ! tor*4 ,! gases at r$uc$ pressure are convey$ to ! tor* by ! hoses4 ,! regulators %\ld ea* h a high-pressure gauge to indicate ! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d]1 & also a l9e or work+-pressure gauge to %[ ! gas pressure on ea* hose4 ,:5 ! gases rea* ! tor* !y are !re mix$ & combu/ion takes place at ! weld+ tip1 :i* is fitt$ to ! tor*4 ,su* an app>atus is call$ portable1 on acc\nt ( its movability4 ,!re are o!r equipm5ts :]e9 "o or bo? ( ! gases are g5]at$1 b ^! w n be discuss$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,a ,portable ,weld+ ,unit4 7#bj7 ,= conv5i5ce oxy-acetyl5e weld+ app>atus may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 dep5d+ ^u ! pr9ciples us$ 9 secur+ ! fuel gas or acetyl5e = ! flame4 ,l[-pressure1 m$ium-pressure & high-pressure app>atus g5]ally use ab\t ! same pressure ( oxyg5 & x w be call$ a con/ant4 ,! acetyl5e gas is a v>iable & 9 ! l[-pressure type only en\gh pressure is requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! l9e until x rea*es ! oxyg5 injector1 locat$ 9 ! tor*1 :i* acts z a syphon1 draw+ ! acetyl5e gas to ! po9t ( ignition4 ,9 a m$ium-pressure type ab\t ?ree-f\r?s z mu* pressure is requir$ on ! acetyl5e l9e z on ! oxyg54 ,?is type is apt to v]ge on ! injector type1 z x dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! oxyg5 "u pressure c>ry+ acetyl5e gas to ! po9t ( ignition4 ,9 ! high-pressure type equal pressure on ea* l9e is us$4 ,to fur!r make ?is classification cle>1 a c]ta9 siz$ tip us+1 p]haps1 #ab p\nds ( oxyg5 pressure c be us$ z an example4 ,9 a l[-pressure type p]haps #b p\nds pressure or less w be ne$$ on ! acetyl5e l9e4 ,on ! m$ium-pressure approximately #i p\nds w be requir$1 :ile on ! high-pressure an equal am\nt1 or #ab p\nds w be ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,location ( ,mix+ ,*amb]s 9 ,weld+ ,tor*es4 7#a7 ,%[s gases mix+ 9 ! h&le4 7#b7 ,has ! mix+ *amb] 9 ! middle ( ! tor*4 7#c7 ,illu/rates h[ ! gases are kept sep>ate until ! head ( ! tor* is rea*$4 ,ox4 repres5ts oxyg5 gas2 ,ac4 acetyl5e gas2 & m mix+ *amb]4 7#ba7 ,! mix+ *amb]s = ! gases may be locat$ 9 ! head2 9 ! middle ( ! tor*1 or 9 ! h&le4 ,by mix+ *amb]s ref]5ce is made to t portion ( ! tor* :]e ! two gases are br\ght toge!r & mix$4 ,z c be se5 ) ?ree diff]5t types ( weld+ tor*es & ?ree diff]5t locations = ! mix+ ( ! gases1 ! manufactur]s c f9d a l>ge range = produc+ oxy-acetyl5e app>atus4 ,"s und\bt$ly w fill c]ta9 requirem5ts bett] ?an o!rs4 ,mu*1 too1 w dep5d ^u ! ability ( ! op]ator 9 h&l+ a tor*4 7#bb7 ,fla%backs are caus$ by ! improp] mixture ( ! gases1 :i* increases ! rate ( flame propagation to su* an ext5t t ! flame w fla% back to ! mix+ *amb]4 ,acetyl5e 9 a pure /ate w burn v mu* sl[] ?an :5 mix$ ) equal p>ts ( oxyg54 ,:5 m oxyg5 is introduc$ ! flame propagation is mu* great]1 s t :5 an excess ( oxyg5 is us$1 !re is b\nd to be consid]able tr\ble f backfla%+4 ,:5 suffici5t acetyl5e is introduc$ to ! mix+ *amb]1 !re is absolutely no *ance = ?is lean mixture to occur4 ,if ! flame fla%es back to ! mix+ *amb]1 bo? gases %\ld be clos$ (f imm$iately1 at ! tor*1 ! oxyg5 fir/1 & !n ! acetyl5e gas4 7#bc7 ,9 "s tor*es ! heat+ ( ! mix+ *amb] w cause a fla%back & ) ^! x is necess>y to %ut (f ! acetyl5e & leave ! oxyg5 valve j crack$ & imm]se ! tor* head 9 wat]1 dipp+ x sl[ly1 s z n to cause too great a /ra94 ,! oxyg5 w bubble out & prev5t ! wat] back+ up 9 ! tip4 ,if ! fla%back deposits en\gh soot on ! inside ( ! tip & ! head to impair ! work+ quality ( ! tor*1 ! soot %\ld be remov$ by us+ a s(t wire1 pref]ably ( copp]1 or "s o!r mat]ial :i* w n m> ! tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,cross-section ( ,regulator4 ,a1 *amb]2 ,b1 nozzle2 ,c1 seat2 ,d1 seat arm2 ,e1 diaphragm2 ,f1 cross-b>1 or adju/+ screw2 ,g1 diaphragm spr+s2 ,h1 gas outlet2 ,i1 gas inlet4 7#bd7 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! action ( a regulator1 us$ to r$uce ! cyl9d] pressure on bo? gases4 ,! gas f ! cyl9d]1 at high pressure1 comes directly into ! body ( ! regulator or *amb] 7,a71 ,fig4 #af1 ?r\gh a f9e nozzle 7,b74 ,a seat ( gallili?1 cas5ite1 or fib] 7,c71 atta*$ to an arm 7,d71 presses aga9/ ?is nozzle4 ,arm 7,d71 9 turn1 is atta*$ to a v s5sitive diaphragm 7,e7 & is mov$ e "t !re is a pressure ex]t$ on ! latt]4 ,! movem5t ( ?is diaphragm is controll$ by a h&le or a screw1 ) a 8cross-b>0 atta*$ to its end z is %[n at 7,f74 ,?is screw be>s ^u ! diaphragm ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! spr+s 7,g74 ,z ?is screw is =c$ inw>d ! spr+s =ce ! diaphragm 91 & !reby move ! seat away f ! nozzle ( ! regulator4 ,! gas1 ent]+ "u high pressure1 ex]ts an equal =ce on all p>ts ( ! *amb] & ! diaphragm receives its %>e4 ,n[ ! *amb] walls are made ( a solid mat]ial1 usually a bronze or brass1 & _c be *ang$1 b ?is diaphragm c be mov$ & z ?is pressure is increas$1 ! diaphragm is =c$ out & ! nozzle 7,b7 is automatically clos$ by hav+ ! seat 7,c7 br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,:5 gas is drawn (f ?r\gh ! l9e 7,h71 ! pressure )9 ! *amb] w naturally drop & z x does s1 ! spr+s w =ce ! diaphragm inw>d1 p]mitt+ a replacem5t ( ! gas drawn (f4 ,al?\gh n noticeable1 !re is a cont9ual movem5t ( ?is diaphragm :5ev] ! gas is be+ us$4 ,x c be readily se5 t ! am\nt ( pressure )9 ! regulator c be accurately set by ! t5sion ( ! spr+ aga9/ ! diaphragm :i* is controll$ by ! screw c>ry+ ! 8cross-b>40 7#be7 ,!re are two types ( regulators manufactur$ = ! r$uction ( gases "u high pressure1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( "w to be done4 ,! high-pressure regulator is employ$ = heavy "w :]e a great deal ( gas is us$ & ! regulator mu/ pass x )\t mu* ef=t1 to prev5t its freez+4 ,?is type ( regulator is us$ on cutt+ or on l>ge weld+ "w4 ,x diff]s f ! l[-pressure or ord9>y type 9 f\r di/9ct features4 ,g5]ally x conta9s a mu* heavi] diaphragm :i* is small] 9 diamet]1 mak+ x /iff] 9 e respect4 ,! t5sion spr+s :i* act ^u ?is diaphragm are mu* heavi]4 ,! nozzle :i* presses aga9/ ! seat is mu* l>g]1 to p]mit ! passage ( a great] am\nt ( gas4 ,!n1 too1 a l>g] work+ pressure gauge mu/ be us$1 9 ord] to read ?is high pressure4 ,9 ! weld+ ( metals1 especially 9 /eel1 ! adju/m5t ( ! flame is a v important matt]1 & absolutely dep5dable regulation mu/ be _h4 ,?is is n possible ) a high-pressure regulator & is n int5d$ to be s4 ,! l>g] ! diaphragm1 ! m s5sitive ! regulator1 & ?is po9t %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 & no small weld+ "w attempt$ ) ! high-pressure regulator4 ,! rev]se =m ( reason+ may be appli$ to l[-pressure regulators :i* h be5 us$ 9 cutt+4 ,!y are v likely to be /ra9$ & satisfactory results _c be expect$1 = !y are n made = t purpose4 ,acetyl5e regulators are con/ruct$ mu* m s5sitively ?an ! oxyg5 regulators1 to take c>e ( ! l[] pressure ( gas & 9 a s5se might be call$ weak]1 insomu* t ! l>g] nozzle :i* passes ! gas is clos$ or regulat$ by spr+s :i* are n ne>ly z /rong z 9 ! oxyg5 regulator4 ,= ?is reason acetyl5e regulators _c be int]*ang$ ) oxyg5 regulators = !y w n /& ! pressure dem&$ 9 ! fir/ place1 & 9 ! second place1 7 a small quantity ( acetyl5e gas left 9 ! regulator & oxyg5 introduc$1 an inflammable mixture w\ld be =m$ :i* is n advisable to h pres5t1 on acc\nt ( its explosiv5ess4 ,9 _m in/ances oxyg5 regulators are put out ) ! copp] diaphragms1 :]eas ano!r metal mu/ be us$ on ! acetyl5e regulators1 because acetyl5e gas attacks copp] & usually a ,g]man silv] or rubb] diaphragm is us$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l[] pressures us$ 9 *>g+ ! acetyl5e cyl9d]s1 l[] pressure gauges are us$ ?an on oxyg5 regulators4 7#bf7 ,all t5sion %\ld be remov$ f ! diaphragm spr+s by screw+ out on ! 8cross-b>0 7t is1 to ! left71 be=e admitt+ gas "u pressure to ! regulator to avoid abus+ ! seat4 ,if a matt] ( #ahjj p\nds pressure 7 admitt$ sudd5ly into any regulator t _h ! seat remov$ f ! nozzle1 !re w\ld be a sudd5 ex]tion ^u ! diaphragm1 :i* w\ld draw ! regulator seat up v viol5tly aga9/ ! nozzle1 & if x did n crack ! seat x w\ld und\bt$ly groove x to su* an ext5t t x w\ld leak & a tr\ble kn[n z 8creep+ regulator0 w\ld result4 ,if ?is occurs1 good "w _c be expect$ because ! flame w n rema9 /eady1 & x is !re=e necess>y to take /eps to rectify ?is abuse4 ,if !re is a weld+ company available1 ! regulator %\ld be s5t to x = repairs1 b if ! op]ator is 9 an isolat$ di/rict :5 ?is occurs1 & mu/ h "s means ( cont9u+ "w1 x w be possible = him to remove ! seat by unscrew+ ! back ( ! regulator4 ,if ! seat has become groov$1 & he ?9ks t ?is is ! tr\ble1 _m times ! seat c be turn$ ov] & ! ma*9$ surface on ! o!r side us$4 ,if ! seat is crack$1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! quicke/ way ( mak+ an em]g5cy repair is to turn out a new seat f h>d rubb] or fib] on a la!4 7#bg7 ,9 acetyl5e cyl9d]s an absorb5t call$ acetone is g5]ally us$1 :i* gives up ! gas z requir$4 ,a full cyl9d] c be us$ = "s "t )\t any noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! gauge read+1 & !n1 z x ne>s ! empty po9t1 ! gauge read+ w drop v p]ceptibly4 ,x is !re=e impossible to dep5d ^u a high-pressure acetyl5e gauge z an index to ! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! only me?od kn[n to correctly *eck ! am\nt ( acetyl5e gas on h& is to weigh ! cyl9d]4 ,!re are #ad cubic feet ( acetyl5e gas to ! p\nd1 & :5 ! net weight ( ! cyl9d] is giv5 ! cont5ts c readily be figur$4 ,a tag be>+ ! net weight or figures :i* w p]mit its computation is g5]ally f\nd atta*$ to ea* acetyl5e cyl9d]4 ,9 ! case ( oxyg5 cyl9d]s1 !re be+ no absorb5t us$1 ! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d] is indicat$ on ! high-pressure gauge4 ,on ! late/ type gauge ! cont5ts w be %[n by cubic feet1 by p\nds pressure & by atmosph]ic pressure1 to facilitate ! computation ( co/s by ! op]ator4 7#bh7 ,occasionally a ne$le valve on a tor* w beg9 to leak & x w be f\nd necess>y to gr9d x4 ,realiz+ t oil & grease are n to be us$ :]e oxyg5 is 9 evid5ce1 ! "q is (t5 br\ght up z to ! prop] lubricant to be us$ 9 do+ ?is k9d ( "w4 ,glyc]9e is us$ by mo/ manufactur]s1 toge!r ) p[d]$ glass or fl\r em]y4 ,9 do+ "w ( ?is k9d ! f9i%$ job is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) e!r4 ,occasionally :5 pip+ oxyg5 l9es ?r\gh ! %op1 a screw$ c\pl+ w leak & !re is a temptation to calk ! same ) :ite lead1 b ?is %\ld nev] be done1 r use lead oxide mix$ ) ! glyc]9e = ?is purpose z x =ms a pa/e :i* sets v rapidly & =ms a h>d1 t\gh comp\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,op]ation 7#bi7 ,9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+ !re are two gases us$1 z ! "n w\ld indicate1 namely1 oxyg5 & acetyl5e4 ,! fir/ is us$ to int5sify ! flame & c 9 n[ise be lik5$ to ! inflammable nature ( ! second4 ,!re is a great deal ( oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! air we brea!4 ,x is an odorless1 ta/eless1 & colorless gas1 z mo/ ( u are aw>e4 ,9 ! comm]cial _w oxyg5 is manufactur$ by ! decomposition ( wat] into its elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 by ! electrolytic process or is tak5 f ! air by a r$uction process & is /or$ 9 /eel-drawn cyl9d]s4 ,^! cyl9d]s are drawn out ( "o piece ( /eel & are ( consid]able ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 hav+ absolutely no seams1 weld$ or o!rwise4 ,!re is no fill] nor absorb5t us$ on ! inside ( ^! cyl9d]s1 z pure oxyg5 "u pressure is n consid]$ dang]\s4 ,! /&>diz$ siz$ oxyg5 cyl9d] is "o :i* conta9s #bjj cubic feet ( gas fully *>g$4 ,oxyg5 is compress$ 9 ^! cyl9d]s at a pressure ( #ahjj p\nds1 at normal temp]ature1 & ?is pressure does n v>y to any great ext5t ) *ange 9 temp]ature 7z %[n by table on page #bi74 ,!re is atta*$ to ! tip ( ! /eel cyl9d]1 or 8bottle10 z "s work]s call x1 a d\ble seat+ valve :i* has "o seat op]ate :5 ! cyl9d] is clos$1 & ! o!r :5 ! cyl9d] is wide op54 ,a regulator is atta*$ to ?is valve :5 work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,sectional ,view ( ,oxyg5 ,cyl9d] )\t ,valve4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,l9de ,air ,products ,co47 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,a ,/&>d #bjj-;foot ,oxyg5 ,cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,pressures ,,( ,,oxyg5--,,at ,,v>i\s ,,temp]atures ---------------------------------------- -------- ,temp4 ,press4,temp4 ,press4,temp4 ,press4,temp4 ,press4 ,deg4,lb4 ,p] ,deg4,lb4 ,p] ,deg4,lb4 ,p] ,deg4,lb4 ,p] ,fahr4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,deg4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #aefh #be #afed #ej #agci #ge #ahbd #a #aegb #bf #afeg #ea #agdc #gf #ahbh #b #aege #bg #affj #eb #agdf #gg #ahca #c #aegi #bh #affd #ec #agdi #gh #ahce #d #aehb #bi #affg #ed #agec #gi #ahch #e #aehe #cj #afga #ee #agef #hj #ahdb #f #aehi #ca #afgd #ef #agfj #ha #ahde #g #aeib #cb #afgh #eg #agfc #hb #ahdh #h #aeif #cc #afha #eh #agff #hc #aheb #i #aeii #cd #afhd #ei #aggj #hd #ahee #aj #afjc #ce #afhh #fj #aggc #he #ahei #aa #afjf #cf #afia #fa #aggg #hf #ahfb #ab #afji #cg #afie #fb #aghj #hg #ahfe #ac #afac #ch #afih #fc #aghd #hh #ahfi #ad #afaf #ci #agja #fd #aghg #hi #ahgb #ae #afbj #dj #agje #fe #agij #ij #ahgf #af #afbc #da #agjh #ff #agid #ia #ahgi #ag #afbf #db #agab #fg #agig #ib #ahhc #ah #afcj #dc #agae #fh #ahjj #ic #ahhf #ai #afcc #dd #agai #fi #ahjc #id #ahhi #bj #afcg #de #agbb #gj #ahjg #ie #ahic #ba #afdj #df #agbe #ga #ahaa #if #ahie #bb #afdc #dg #agbi #gb #ahad #ig #aijj #bc #afdg #dh #agcb #gc #ahah #ih #aijc #bd #afej #di #agcf #gd #ahba #ii #aijf #ajj #aiaj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,fig4 #ai4 7#cj7 ,acetyl5e is ! fuel gas1 & is "o ( ! greate/ conta9]s ( heat kn[n4 ,burn+ 9 a free /ate1 its c>bon cont5t is s ri* t complete combu/ion is impossible1 & /r+y black p>ticles w be notic$ float+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ord] to fully combu/ ?is gas1 oxyg5 is introduc$ "u pressure & a temp]ature ( ov] #fjjj degrees ,fahr5heit is obta9$4 7,acetyl5e conta9s ab\t five times z _m ,b4 ,t4 ,u4's 7,briti% ,!rmal ,units7 z hydrog547 ,?is gas1 unlike oxyg51 becomes v dang]\s :5 9 a free /ate x is subject$ to an excessive pressure4 ,! slighte/ j> may cause its dis9tegration & a viol5t explosion foll[s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is dang]1 acetyl5e is n /or$ 9 a free /ate2 nei!r is x subject$ to v high pressures4 ,its cyl9d]s are put out by v>i\s manufactur]s to comply ) ! laws & regulations ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,"s ( ^! cyl9d]s h be5 weld$1 b ! mo/ mod]n me?od is to make !m ( "o piece ( drawn /eel4 ,!y are !n fill$ ) an absorb5t ( "s k9d to take up ! gas & prev5t any portion ( x be+ left 9 a free /ate4 ,acetone is ! popul> absorb5t1 & is a liquid capable ( absorb+ tw5ty-five times its own volume ( acetyl5e gas at normal pressure4 ,! fill+ mat]ial v>ies ) ea* ( ! manufactur]s1 b *>coal1 asbe/os & m9]al wool are 9 v common use4 ,acetyl5e is obta9$ f calcium c>bide br\ght 9 contact ) wat]1 or vice v]sa1 & is compress$ & !n /or$ 9 ! cyl9d]s at a pressure v>y+ f #aej to #bej p\nds4 ,:5 fully *>g$ ?is pressure w v>y almo/ directly ) any *ange ( temp]ature4 ,acetyl5e cyl9d]s = weld+ are available 9 #ajj1 #bjj1 #bbe1 & #cjj cubic foot sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,a ,g5]ator = ,produc+ ,acetyl5e "u ,pressure4 7#ca7 ,9 sett+ up app>atus = ! fir/ "t1 ! regulator conta9+ ! #cjjj-p\nd gauge is atta*$ to ! tall] ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* holds ! oxyg5 gas1 & ! o!r regulator is fa/5$ to ! %ort] cyl9d]4 ,! hoses1 :i* %\ld be cle>$ ( all p[d] or scale on _! int]ior1 are !n add$4 ,! black hose %\ld connect ! oxyg5 regulator to ! tor* valve1 m>k$ 8,,ox0 & ! r$ hose1 ! acetyl5e regulator to ! tor* valve /amp$ 8,,ac40 ,9 atta*+ regulators to full cyl9d]s ! 8cross-b>0 on ! regulator %\ld always be turn$ out1 t is to ! left1 until x turns freely1 to insure all pressure be+ releas$ f ! diaphragm1 be=e ! cyl9d] pressure is turn$ on4 ,ano!r precaution t %\ld be obs]v$ is ! 8crack+0 ( ! cyl9d] valves1 be=e atta*+ ! regulator1 9 ord] to bl[ out any dirt or =eign p>ticles t may be lodg$ !re1 o!rwise !y w be c>ri$ into ! regulator seat1 or lodg$ 9 "s small passage1 :i* w impair ! work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,!n too1 if no truck or clamp+ device has be5 provid$1 bo? ! oxyg5 & acetyl5e cyl9d]s %\ld be securely clamp$ or wir$ toge!r1 a rule :i* %\ld be insi/$ ^u at all times1 :e!r 9 a job %op1 manufactur+ conc]n1 or tra9+ s*ool1 or any place :]e top-heavy oxyg5 cyl9d]s are be+ us$4 ,no p>ticul> h>m results if ^! cyl9d]s are turn$ ov]1 :i* is v easily done on acc\nt ( _! r\nd$ base1 if no regulator is atta*$1 b v frequ5tly regulators are atta*$ & ! hose connect+ ! same to tor* is f\nd 9 ! op]ator's way4 ,! slighte/ pull or tripp+ on ?is hose w upset ! cyl9d]1 usually demoli%+ ! regulator & exp5sive gauges & at times caus+ mu* confusion among ! workm51 on acc\nt ( ! l\d hiss+ noise giv5 (f by ! escap+ gas4 ,always secure ! drums or ! cyl9d]s 9 a safe mann]4 7#cb7 ,9 turn+ on ! gas1 ! oxyg5 valve is op5$ wide until seat$ & ! acetyl5e valve is only p>tially op5$4 ,(t5 ! "q is rais$ z to :]e ! op]ator %\ld /&1 especially :5 deal+ ) high-pressure oxyg54 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! op]ator %\ld /& at ! side & t[>ds ! re> :5 p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 = sometimes an unreliable gauge may be atta*$1 :i* if bur/+1 w\ld s5d ! glass into ! op]ator's face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,acetyl5e ,flame ,bl[+ away f ,tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,addition ( ,oxyg5 to ,acetyl5e ,flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,m ,oxyg5 ,pressure ,appli$4 ,flame ,conta9s ,slight ,excess ( ,acetyl5e1 & is ,kn[n z 8,c>boniz+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--8,neutral0 ,flame4 ,correct ,proportions ( ,oxyg5 & ,acetyl5e ,gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--8,oxidiz+0 ,flame4 ,too mu* ,oxyg5 ,pres5t4 7#cc7 ,z soon z an op]ator has gas pressure 9 8 regulators1 he beg9s wond]+ h[ mu* pressure %\ld be plac$ on 8 l9e1 t is1 ! portion betwe5 ! regulator & ! tor*4 ,( c\rse1 ?is dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! tip1 b ! op]ator %\ld h "s means ( approximat+ ?is pressure )\t go+ to 8 manufactur]'s *>t e "t4 ,a neutral flame1 t is1 !oretically equal p>ts ( oxyg5 & acetyl5e1 is desir$ = weld+4 ,n[ 9 light+1 ! flame %\ld /& away f ! tip a slight di/ance1 9 tor*es o!r ?an ! l[-pressure type1 :ile 9 ^! !re w only be a good full flame issue f ! tip4 ,en\gh oxyg5 mu/ be 9 evid5ce to br+ ?is acetyl5e flame d[n to ! neutral po9t4 ,if n en\gh pressure is us$1 ?is result _c be obta9$1 & ( c\rse1 m pressure mu/ be introduc$4 ,x is bett] to h too mu* pressure ?an n en\gh on ! l9e1 = ! op]ator may use 8 tor* valve to aga9 regulate ?is pressure & is always sure ( en\gh gas4 ,!oretically1 all adju/m5ts %\ld be made at ! regulator1 b 9 practice ?is is v seldom c>ri$ out4 ,! accompany+ cuts w illu/rate ! five conditions :i* e weld] %\ld be famili> )1 9 ! flame adju/m5t4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ! acetyl5e turn$ on full2 no oxyg5 has z yet be5 introduc$4 ,! flame has a yell[ appe>ance & is v ri* 9 c>bon1 z c be se5 by ! soot giv5 (f4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb we see ! oxyg5 be+ turn$ on2 ! yell[ flame 7,a7 is gradually giv+ way to a :ite "p at 7,b74 ,9 ?is condition we say t a fea!r flame exi/s4 ,fig4 #bc %[s slightly m oxyg5 pressure4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd we h ! neutral flame1 :i* c be readily recogniz$ on acc\nt ( its blui% :ite color & well-def9$ outl9e1 appe>+ l ! end ( an unus$ piece ( *alk1 only1 ( c\rse1 mu* small]4 ,9 ,fig4 #be c be se5 an excess or too mu* pressure ( oxyg54 ,x w be notic$ t ! neutral flame assumes a m blui% color1 is a little po9t$1 & a v noticeable hiss+ s\nd is 9 evid5ce4 ,?is is :at is call$ an oxidiz+ flame & w be aga9 ref]r$ to4 ,too mu* oxyg5 is us$4 ,op]ators :o attempt to turn on ! oxyg5 fir/ & !n light x1 w f9d t x does n burn1 & _! ef=ts w be useless4 ,9 pick+ up a tor* = ! fir/ "t1 any op]ator c turn on "o valve & detect by ! odor ( ! gas1 :e!r x is oxyg5 or ! fuel gas1 & c light x 9 accordance4 ,"s op]ators1 h[ev]1 attempt to turn on a little ( ea* gas & light4 ,?is is n to be recomm5d$1 = fla%backs may occur4 ,:5 ! weld] accu/oms himself to turn+ on en\gh pressure to accommodate :atev] siz$ tip he may h1 he w f9d t !re is no great ne$ = pay+ att5tion to ! pressure gauges on 8 regulators except to *eck up on ! full drums ( oxyg51 & to tell :e!r he has en\gh gas left to complete a c]ta9 piece ( "w4 7#cd7 ,a neutral flame is !oretically compos$ ( equal p>ts ( oxyg5 & acetyl5e ignit$1 b ?is ratio is v seldom work$ out 9 practice4 ,!re is usually an excess ( oxyg5 9 evid5ce4 ,a neutral flame is g5]ally spok5 ( z be+ ov] #fjjj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ?is does n v>y ) ! diff]5t siz$ tips z mo/ weld]s ?9k4 ,( c\rse !re are diff]5t quantities ( heat betwe5 a v small tip & a l>ge siz$ "o1 b ! temp]ature ( ! flame is ! same4 7#ce7 ,if too mu* acetyl5e gas is us$1 a fea!r flame su* z 0 se5 9 ,fig4 #bc w appe>4 ,?is has a c>boniz+ effect on ! weld1 = x introduces c>bon & causes ! weld to become v brittle4 7#cf7 ,if too mu* oxyg5 gas is us$1 ! effect %[n 9 ,fig4 #be w take place1 & ! weld w h oxyg5 introduc$1 :i* is a v detrim5tal feature1 & is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 work+ on /eel1 = x raises a :ite foam ov] ! surface ( ! melt$ metal1 :i* sometimes is work$ "r into ! weld itself4 ,an exp]i5c$ weld] w always "k j :at k9d ( a flame action he is obta9+ on 8 weld1 n because he takes ! flame away e "t he wi%es to look at x1 b he c tell by ! action ( 8 metal exactly ! nature ( 8 flame4 7#cg7 ,infra-r$ 7heat7 & ultra-violet 7light7 rays pres5t to a small ext5t 9 ! neutral flame are injuri\s to ! nak$ eye4 ,color$ glasses or goggles are us$ to %ield ! eyes :5 work+ ) ?is flame4 ,too d>k a glass %\ld n be us$1 z x w cause a /ra9 ^u ! eyes m injuri\s ?an ! flame4 ,expos$ metal frames %\ld be avoid$ too1 z !y hold ! heat & burn ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,*icago ,eye ,%ield ,co47 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,a ,spectacle ,made = ,weld]s1 hav+ a ,frame ( ,fib] & ,arrang$ s t ,l5ses may be ,replac$4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,*icago ,eye ,%ield ,co47 ,,fig4 #bg4--,%[+ ,cov] ,glass :i* ,protects ! ,color$ ,l5s & ! ,replaceable ,features ( a ,mod]n ,goggle4 7#ch7 ,to %ut (f ! app>atus = sev]al h\rs or s1 x is be/ to relieve all pressure f ! l9es1 su* z hose & s =?1 & to d ?is close bo? tank valves2 op5 ! tor* valves2 release ! t5sion on ! regulator1 by screw+ ! 8cross-b>0 to ! left1 & f9ally1 close ! tor* valves4 ,x is q necess>y t ^! tor* valves clos$1 = q frequ5tly1 if a small tip is 9 ! tor* & an excess ( oxyg5 pressure comes ?r\gh ! l9e1 :5 bo? tor* valves are op51 mu* ( ! oxyg5 may back up ! acetyl5e l9e & cause a s]i\s fla%back :5 light+ up4 ,?is c be avoid$ by keep+ bo? tor* valves clos$ :5 n 9 use4 7#ci7 ,if a valve on an empty acetyl5e cyl9d] is left op5 ! acetyl5e gas w escape1 & mix+ ) ! air1 :i* is a support] ( combu/ion1 a v inflammable mixture w be =m$4 ,if any fire is pres5t1 su* z might be sm\ld]+ 9 a =ge1 possibly n us$ = sev]al h\rs or s1 or a mat* light$1 or a flame />t$ 9 any way1 an explosion is likely to occur4 ,:5 an acetyl5e cyl9d] is exhau/$1 z f> z possible1 9 a mod]ately high atmosph]ic temp]ature1 !n %ut (f = a :ile & ! temp]ature drops1 air w be drawn into ! vacuum ?us =m$ :5 ! valve is aga9 op5$4 ,9 ?is mann] an explosive mixture =ms 9 an empty acetyl5e cyl9d] & is c]ta9ly to be avoid$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 especially 9 w9t]1 to gu>d aga9/ su* occurr5ces1 z 9 "s outly+ %ops a decid$ *ange 9 temp]ature takes place betwe5 clos+ "t & />t+ up "t ! foll[+ morn+4 ,acetyl5e tanks %\ld always be securely clos$ :5 empty1 n only = ! above reasons b insomu* t ea* conta9s acetone1 :i* is likely to escape if ! tank is ?r[n ar\nd4 ,acetone is v co/ly & us$ ext5sively 9 ! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]1 s t at times x is h>d to repl5i%4 7#dj7 ,oxyg5 has an aff9ity = oils & greases1 & %\ld n be all[$ to come 9 contact ) !m1 especially 9 conf9$ places1 z a spontane\s combu/ion may result4 ,oils & greases %\ld nev] be us$ ar\nd oxy-acetyl5e weld+ app>atus & on ne>ly e app>atus on ! m>ket ! words 8,use no oil10 w be f\nd4 ,despite ?is precaution1 h[ev]1 _m times ignorant op]ators w be f\nd squirt+ oil into ! holes ar\nd ! regulator cap1 & ?r\gh ! gauges1 9 ord]1 z !y say1 to all[ !m to "w easi]4 ,?is use ( oil %\ld be disc\rag$1 & ! soon] ! bett]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,%op ,,equipm5t 7#da7 ,9 equipp+ a %op = weld+1 9 addition to ! weld+ app>atus1 ! op]ators are _m times undecid$ :e!r x is advisable to h a plan$ metal or a brick top table to use = weld+ purposes2 ea* has its advantages1 b 7 !re a *oice ( "o or ! o!r1 x is sugge/$ t ! brick-top table be us$4 ,! !ory ( hav+ a plan$ metal top = l9+ up "w does n prove z satisfactory 9 actual practice z might be expect$1 = ! simple reason t ! av]age weld] g5]ally places 8 metal 9 direct contact ) ?is cold top1 & mu* ( ! heat :i* is suppos$ to g into ! weld is conduct$ away by ! table top1 produc+ a h>d1 brittle weld4 ,9 ! case ( ca/ iron1 ^! welds are g5]ally por\s4 ,!n too1 ! op]ator to a l>ge ext5t dep5ds ^u ! table top = l9+ up 8 "w & does n /udy 8 contraction & expansion z ?or\ghly z he might4 ,! result is t _m ( 8 pieces w>p 9 cool+4 ,to rectify ! fir/ objection x is advisable to cov] ! table top ) asbe/os pap] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,9 ! second place1 sometimes clamps are us$ to hold ! "w 9 position4 ,preheat+ )\t a lay] ( bricks on a metal-topp$ table is n to be recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,me?od ( ,hold+ ,heat :5 ,weld+ on ,metal ,top ,tables4 ,asbe/os pap]1 ,p1 is laid ^u ! metal top1 ,m1 & ! pieces1 ,a & ,b1 plac$ ^u ,p 9 su* a mann] t ! weld c be made at ,c4 ,! asbe/os pap] prev5ts too mu* heat escap+ f ! bottom ( ! weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,a ,fire-brick ,table = ,weld+4 ,angle iron measur+ #b by #b by in*es is weld$ toge!r 9 ! mann] %[n & cov]$ ) fire-bricks :i* measure #b by #d by #i in*es4 7#db7 ,a fire-brick table1 made up along ! l9es %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 is v easily con/ruct$ & c be us$ = all sorts ( jobs4 ,x is well to h ev]y?+ cle> ar\nd ! legs & h no braces to cut ! op]ator on ! %9s or to int]f]e 9 any way ) 8 "w4 ,! be/ fire bricks obta9able %\ld be us$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( extra bricks %\ld always be on h& = !y come 9 v h&y 9 mo/ ( ! weld+ op]ations1 & 9 fact to conduct a weld+ %op )\t fire bricks c\ld almo/ be lik5$ to a blacksmi?'s %op )\t an anvil4 ,besides be+ us$ = table tops1 preheat+ furnaces ( a tempor>y nature may be built & ! bricks us$ to jack up & align _m jobs :i* c\ld n be h&l$ o!rwise4 7#dc7 ,an em]y :eel plays a v important "p 9 a comm]cial weld+ %op1 insomu* t ru/1 scale1 & unnecess>y metal c be remov$ 9 a v %ort "t by its use4 ,a flexible %aft atta*m5t %\ld be on h&1 if possible1 or a portable gr9d] ( "s k9d1 = 9 _m cases :]e ! ca/+1 or ! piece be+ work$ ^u is too heavy to br+ to ! em]y :eel1 ! :eel c be br\ght to x & _m places gr\nd d[n by its use t w\ld be impossible ) a /ation>y gr9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,"o ,%op 9 :i* ,in/ruction 9 ,/eel is be+ ,giv51 at ! ,ordnance ,weld+ ,s*ool4 ,note ! con/ruction ( ! weld+ tables4 ,two or m may be plac$ toge!r1 to give z l>ge a surface z desir$4 7#dd7 ,_m times :5 work+ ne> a hole :i* may be ?read$1 ! weld] has mu* difficulty 9 keep+ 8 metal f ent]+ ! hole4 ,at o!r times x is necess>y to back up preheat$ "w su* z alum9um1 to prev5t its collaps+4 ,ord9>y clay or putty _c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! simple reason be+ t :5 metal is heat$ x exp&s & ! clay or putty 9 giv+ (f its moi/ure contracts1 %[+ two opposite reactions4 ,retort cem5t is a "n giv5 furnace cem5t mix$ ) %r$d$ asbe/os1 ?is1 z well z c>bon fl\r1 has be5 f\nd to be v satisfactory = fill+ 9 holes & back+ up pre-heat$ "w4 ,retort cem5t is pur*as$ 9 airtight conta9]s1 h>d5+ v quickly :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! air1 s at all times x %\ld be kept 9 conta9]s simil> to ^? 9 :i* x is pur*as$4 ,x _c be reclaim$ once x is h>d5$4 7#de7 ,a blacksmi? =ge w be ! m$ium ( sav+ mu* valuable gas & "t 9 a weld+ %op4 ,x w heat up p>ts to be weld$ 9 v %ort ord] & :ile 9 ?is condition !y may be weld$ & !n ?r[n back into ! =ge & all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 7#df7 ,sev]al pails ( wat] %\ld always be locat$ :]e weld+ is be+ done to prev5t fire f fly+ sp>ks2 to cool ! tor* tips & fill]-rods1 :5 work+ on l>ge jobs2 to keep c]ta9 p>ts ( "w be+ weld$ cool1 & to h>d5 or temp] o!r p>ts4 7#dg7 ,a simple & effici5t mann] ( h&l+ flux 9 ! weld+ %op has puzzl$ _m weld]s1 on acc\nt ( ! flux conta9]s be+ easily upset1 _! inaccessibility & ! action ( ! air ^u l>ge quantities ( flux4 ,a simple me?od ( ov]com+ ?is is to cut 9 two1 a two & "o-half or ?ree-in* pipe c\pl+ & m\nt x by weld+ on a squ>e piece ( "o-eigh? in* plate1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is type ( conta9] is v h>d to upset2 may be us$ :5 work+ on preheat$ jobs2 is easy to get at on acc\nt ( its %all[ nature1 &1 z x only holds a small am\nt ( flux1 x c be clean$ out frequ5tly & a fre% flux w always be available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,a ,good ,flux ,conta9] = ! ,weld+ ,table4 7#dh7 ,additional equipm5t b5eficial to ! weld] w be a quantity ( v>i\s siz$ c>bon rods & blocks2 asbe/os pap]2 goggles2 ,v-blocks = l9+ up %afts & an assortm5t ( me*anics' tools1 su* z wr5*es1 hamm]s1 *isels1 hack-saws1 & o!r ?+s :i* might be us$ 9 dissembl+ or assembl+ v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9]y4 7#di7 ,ano!r important item :i* is g5]ally ov]look$ 9 ! av]age weld+ %op is ! "q ( v5tilation4 ,al?\gh ! weld+ flame itself conta9s no objectionable gases1 ^? f fre% *>coal preheat+ fires1 ^? giv5 (f :5 "s ( ! alloys ( ! fill]-rods are melt$ :5 brass1 copp]1 & o!r metals are be+ work$ on1 & f gas eng9e exhau/s are n desirable4 ,at times !y w give ! op]ators viol5t heada*es unless means are tak5 to c>ry !m (f4 ,! v5tilation %\ld be su* t x w n directly affect ! "w4 ,drafts are to be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 = _m times !y w w>p pieces be+ preheat$ if all[$ to come 9 direct contact ) !m4 ,x is a good ?+ to rememb] t indirect v5tilation & pl5ty ( x is a prime requisite 9 a good weld+ %op4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,app>atus ,,repairs 7#ej7 ,occasionally 9 sett+ up a weld+ app>atus1 a leak may be notic$ along ! l9es1 "s "t aft] ! plant is 9 op]ation4 ,leaks on ei!r ! oxyg5 or acetyl5e l9es are to be consid]$ dang]\s z well z co/ly & !re=e to be avoid$ at all times4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] valves are clos$ on ! drums conta9+ ! gases1 & ! h&s on ! l[-pressure gauges ( ea* regulator are se5 to drop or r$uce _! pressure :5 ! tor* valves are %ut (f & all[$ to rema9 s1 ?is is an indication t !re is a leak betwe5 ! regulator & ! tor*4 ,x is n desirable to use a mat* or a flame ( any k9d 9 te/+ = leaks4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods employ$ by ! cauti\s weld]1 b ab\t ! be/ ( ^! is a soapy solution ( wat]1 :i* is kept 9 a c at all times & is appli$ ) a pa9t bru%4 ,if ?is solution is appli$ to any leaky "p1 bubbles w =m imm$iately & ! leak w be locat$4 7#ea7 ,at times1 :5 work+ 9 isolat$ places1 :]e repairs _c be _h1 & no means h previ\sly pres5t$ !mselves = te/+ out ! cyl9d]s or ! app>atus z a :ole1 x may be f\nd t ! ?reads or gr\nd seat on ! cyl9d] valve ( ! regulator :i* is connect$ w be 9 su* a condition t a leak is 9 evid5ce4 ,or x may be t ! ?reads w n p]mit ! seat be+ drawn up suffici5tly to make x airtight4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 ! weld] mu/ f9d "s means ( proce$+ ) 8 "w1 & :ile x w be impossible = him to use :ite lead or any oily sub/ance ) safety1 he may /op ! leak ) li?>ge or lead oxide mix$ ) a small quantity ( glyc]9e4 ,a /r+ soak$ 9 ?is solution may be w\nd ar\nd ! ma9 connection & ! swivel nut screw$ up to ! seat z f> z x w g4 ,if all[$ to h>d5 = a %ort "t1 ! li?>ge w set & a v satisfactory tempor>y repair w be effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,me?od ( ,atta*+ ,hose to ,connection s x _c ,pull or ,bl[ (f4 7#eb7 ,! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb ( atta*+ connections to hoses s t !y w n bl[ (f :5 pressure is appli$ is a v simple & effective means ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty4 ,und\bt$ly x w assi/ "s op]ators 9 solv+ ! tr\ble t has be5 occasion$ by ! ord9>y hose clamps1 especially :5 do+ cutt+ or heavy weld+ "w :]e ! gas pressure is consid]ably high] ?an usual4 ,! wire us$ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to prev5t cutt+ ! fabric 9 ! hose4 7#ec7 ,an injur$ hose :i* may leak %\ld nev] be us$ aft] ! leak is notic$ unless "s means are tak5 to repair x4 ,! use ( tape 9 try+ to repair hose on an oxy-acetyl5e weld+ outfit %\ld nev] be p]mitt$4 ,! mo/ effici5t way ( ov]com+ an injury ( ?is k9d is to cut ! hose at ?is "p & ins]t a piece ( pipe4 ,! ends ( ! hose are !n wir$ to ?is pipe & a union is !reby effect$ :i* w g5]ally outla/ ! life ( ! hose4 ,special connections = ?is purpose are put out by mo/ weld+ companies1 s t a supply may be on h& if hose tr\ble is expect$4 7#ed7 ,:5 transport+ weld+ app>atus1 occasionally ! 8cross-b>0 on ! regulator is lo/ & _m times ! op]ators d n "k :at is to be done4 ,! purpose ( ! 8cross-b>10 z we h already se51 is only to apply pressure on ! diaphragm spr+s1 s t if a set screw ( ! same diamet] & same ?read z ^? ( ! 8cross-b>0 c be f\nd & screw$ into its place ) a wr5*1 a section ( fill]-rod c be weld$ across ! top ( x & ! use ( ! regulator w n be impair$4 ,if a special ?read is us$ by any p>ticul> company1 a piece ( brass or iron c be turn$ d[n 9 a la! to fit4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,ba/ian-,bless+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #cc4--,v>i\s ,types ( ,adaptors ,us$ to ,connect ,regulators to ,cyl9d]s hav+ ,diff]5t ,connection4 7#ee7 ,! manufactur]s ( practically all regulators use ! qu>t]-in* tap]$ pipe ?read 9 atta*+ ! cyl9d] connections to ! regulator & d n dep5d ^u ! ?reads be+ gas-tight1 s !y sold] !m 94 ,!re are v>i\s types ( cyl9d] connections put out by diff]5t manufactur]s ( ! gases & occasionally x may be necess>y to use a cyl9d] ( gas :i* conta9s a diff]5t connection ?an is suppli$ on ! regulator4 ,v>i\s adapt]s1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 are suppli$ to ov]come ?is difficulty1 b at times ! op]ator is confront$ ) ! v emb>rass+ situation1 ( hav+ a cyl9d] ( gas & 8 regulator ( diff]5t connections1 b no adapt] suitable4 ,?is pr$icam5t is usually f\nd :5 "s v important "w is to be done & sometimes f> f a supply depot4 ,at times ! op]ator may h an adapt] :i* w fit ! cyl9d] b n ! regulator4 ,if ?is is ! case1 8 difficulty c be v easily ov]come1 = g5]ally all adapt]s are made ( two p>ts1 8sweat$0 toge!r1 & h ! same qu>t]-in* tap]$ ?read z us$ 9 ! cyl9d] connections on ! regulator4 ,! adapt] c be sep>at$1 ! tank connection remov$ & ! correct connection 8sweat$0 into ! regulator4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,u4,s4 ,gauge ,co47 ,,fig4 #cd4--,%[+ ,solid-front & ,h+$-back ,features ( a 8,safety-fir/0 ,high-pressure ,oxyg5 ,gauge4 7#ef7 ,mo/ gauges us$ 9 ! oxy-acetyl5e indu/ry to indicate gas pressure are ( ! ,b\rbon type4 ,! mo/ rec5t types ( ! oxyg5 high-pressure gauges are con/ruct$ ) a h+$ back & a solid front1 :i* means t %\ld an oil or =eign matt] ent] ! gauge f any s\rce :atsoev] & t5d to bur/ x1 ! back w\ld be bl[n (f & !re w\ld be no glass t c\ld possibly fly ar\nd4 ,?is is a safety device :i* has be5 welcom$ ) mu* en?usiasm on ! "p ( ! oxy-acetyl5e indu/ry4 ,:5 leaks occur 9 gauges1 x is always be/ to remove ! gauge f ! regulator1 /opp+ ! hole tempor>ily ) a pipe plug & return ! gauge to ! manufactur]s = repair4 ,^! gauges are v delicately con/ruct$ & c be r5d]$ useless if h&l$ by ! inexp]i5c$4 ,a great _m times aft] ! case ( ! gauge has be5 j>r$ or loos5$1 ! screws connect+ ?is case to ! inside work+ me*anism are tight5$ up1 break+ ! sold]$ connection hold+ ! spr+ tube on ! inside ( ! gauge4 ,?is causes a leak :i* c be repair$ q easily if ! op]ator is able to sold] x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t if ! flame is br\ght 9 contact ) any ( ! spr+s t _! t5sion w be lo/ & t ! gauge may n op]ate correctly aft] ?is repair is made unless great c>e is ex]cis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,a #cjjj-p\nd ,high-pressure ,oxyg5 ,gauge4 7#eg7 ,und\bt$ly !re are _m weld]s :o 9 beg9n+ to op]ate _! weld+ app>atus conclude t _! gauges mu/ be at fault :5 !y %[ a read+ aft] app>5tly all pressure has be5 releas$ 9 clos+ d[n ! app>atus4 ,x is to avoid ! impression t ! gauge is at fault t "t is "h tak5 to %[ t ev5 ?\gh ! cyl9d] valve is clos$ & ! 8cross-b>0 on ! regulator screw$ out t :5 ! tor* valves are op5$ to dra9 ! l9es !re w /ill be a read+ on ! high-pressure gauge if ! regulator seat is 9 good work+ ord]4 ,x is simply a case ( gas be+ trapp$ betwe5 ! regulator & ! cyl9d] valve4 ,to r$uce ?is read+ x is only necess>y to screw 9 ! 8cross-b>10 ?us op5+ ! regulator seat4 ,?is c\ld be avoid$ if ! cyl9d] valve 7 clos$ fir/ & ! tor* valves op5$ :ile ! regulator 8cross-b>0 7 /ill screw$ 91 !n z soon z ! gas _h left ! l9e1 ! tor* valves c\ld be clos$ & ! 8cross-b>0 on ! regulator c\ld be screw$ out until free4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,preheat+ ,,ag5cies ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,mess] ,mfg4 ,co47 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,a ,l>ge ,job ,prep>$ = ,weld+4 7#eh7 ,,preheat+1 z appli$ to oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 means ! application ( heat to ! article to be weld$ 9 "s mann] :i* is usually diff]5t ?an by ! weld+ flame itself4 ,*>coal1 coke1 k]os5e1 crude oil1 coal & natural gas are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! pr9cipal reasons = pre-heat+ p>ts to be weld$ are3 ,to take c>e ( ! effects ( contraction & expansion on ! conf9$ ends2 to save "t1 gas1 & mat]ial2 & to make a bett] weld by mak+ x quick] & ) less *ance ( burn+ up ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,mess] ,mfg4 ,co47 ,,fig4 #cg4--,%[+ h[ ,l>ge ,"w c be ,cov]$ ) ,asbe/os ,pap] :5 ,preheat+4 7#ei7 ,on acc\nt ( ! ductile qualities ( /eel1 !re is n q z mu* heat us$ 9 preheat+1 to take c>e ( ! contraction & expansion1 z 9 ca/ iron4 ,on brass "w a v dull r$ heat is consid]$ suffici5t1 or o!rwise ! alloys might burn out4 ,:5 preheat+ alum9um1 !re w be no *ange 9 color z ! heat is introduc$1 s o!r me?ods are us$ to det]m9e ! correct temp]ature4 ,?ree me?ods are us$ = ?is purpose by mo/ weld]s4 8,half-&-half0 sold]+ wire w usually melt :5 appli$ to ! surface ( alum9um :i* is preheat$ to ! prop] /ate2 ! puddle /ick :5 drawn sm>tly across ! heat$ surface %\ld scrape (f ! oxide & leave a cle> blue /reak if ! "w is 9 condition to be weld$2 & if a m$ium-siz$ tip is br\ght d[n s t ! neutral flame j t\*es ! surface = a second or two1 ! metal w sweat1 if at ! prop] temp]ature1 & small globules :i* h ! appe>ance ( m]cury w /& out on ! surface4 7#fj7 ,! beg9n] mu/ /udy contraction & expansion 9 ord] t he may "k :5 & :]e to apply x 9 figur+ out 8 "w4 ,_m weld+ jobs h turn$ out to be failures ?r\gh lack ( k 9 ?is respect4 ,take1 = example1 a wat]-cool$ cyl9d] block ( ! ord9>y gas eng9e2 ! wat] jacket may be brok5 :5 ! wat] is all[$ to freeze 9 x4 ,?is problem has c]ta9ly conf9$ ends1 b "s weld]s h attempt$ to weld su* jobs cold1 t is1 )\t preheat+1 & possibly h succe$$ 9 execut+ :at !y ?\ght 0 a v f9e weld1 b ^u exam9ation1 h discov]$ t ! cyl9d] walls1 :i* are v accurately ma*9$1 h be5 w>p$ to su* an ext5t t ! block is r5d]$ useless4 ,?is is /rictly a 8preheat+0 job1 & ! cyl9d] %\ld be br\ght to a dull r$ heat if ! be/ results are to foll[4 ,z has be5 /at$ else:]e 9 ?is volume1 ! weld %\ld n be consid]$ successful unless ! piece work$ ^u c be return$ to a usable /ate4 7#fa7 ,sev]al diff]5t fuels h be5 m5tion$1 all ( :i* c be us$ = preheat+ purposes4 ,*>coal is consid]$ ! be/ ag5t = g5]al weld+1 z x gives (f a v /eady heat :i* w gradually be absorb$ by ! article work$ ^u1 br++ x to ! heat desir$ & hold+ x !re ?r\gh\t ! weld+ op]ation4 ,x w !n p]mit v gradual cool+1 z ?is sort ( fire takes a long "t 9 dy+--a desirable asset 9 "w ( ?is k9d4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( *>coal & its high price1 o!r ag5cies are us$ & *ief among !m are tor*es us+ k]os5e1 crude oil1 or city gas1 z a fuel4 ,^! usually heat up ! "w m quickly1 b c>e 9 _! manipulation is necess>y4 ,a preheat+ tor* to be us$ 9 conjunction ) city gas c be v easily con/ruct$1 if ! details ( ,fig4 #ch are obs]v$4 ,?is proves to be a v effici5t & *eaply con/ruct$ app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,preheat+ ,tor*1 ,con/ruct$ ( ,black ,iron ,pipe1 = ,burn+ ,city ,gas4 7#fb7 ,:5 "w is be+ preheat$1 x is be/ to h x protect$ f all drafts1 to prev5t w>p+4 ,possibly ! mo/ ext5sively us$ mat]ial = build+ up tempor>y ov5s to hold ! heat & protect ! "w f ! air curr5ts is fire brick & ) x asbe/os pap]4 ,:5 sett+ up an ord9>y ca/+ = preheat+1 ^! bricks are built up 9 build]'s fa%ion1 ab\t f\r in*es away f ! piece itself1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 & practically level ) ! top ( ! piece4 ,if *>coal is to be us$1 draft spaces are left 9 ! fir/ r[ ( bricks z %[n1 & ! *>coal ignit$ ?r\gh ! op5+s ) ! weld+ tor*4 ,! "w to be weld$ %\ld h ! l9e ( weld at ! top if possible & be set up f ! floor1 or ! surface ^u :i* ! ov5 is re/+1 on "o or two fire bricks1 9 ord] t ! full b5efit ( ! heat w be receiv$4 ,asbe/os pap] is !n laid across ! top1 & ! ov5 w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,:5 />t+ ! fire1 a lay] ( *>coal1 a matt] ( two or ?ree in*es ?ick1 is at fir/ us$1 b z ! *ill is tak5 (f ! piece ! ov5 c be fill$ to ! top1 & usually ?is is en\gh to complete ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,tempor>y ,preheat+ ,ov51 ,built ( ,fire ,brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,tempor>y ,preheat+ ,ov5 ( ,fire ,bricks ,cov]$ ) ,asbe/os ,pap]4 7#fc7 ,9 ord] to protect ! op]ator1 :5 work+ ov] hot fires1 x is recomm5d$ t ! asbe/os cov]+ be left on1 & t only a small section imm$iately 9 ! vic9ity ( ! weld be remov$1 :i* c be accompli%$ by cutt+ a 8,u0 9 ! pap] z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,?is c be turn$ back1 expos+ ! place :i* is to be weld$1 & at ! same "t protect+ ! op]ator1 to a l>ge ext5t1 f ! unnecess>y heat4 ,:5 ! weld is f9i%$1 ?is lap c be turn$ back & ! piece all[$ to cool4 ,on pieces :i* require turn+ & mu/ be weld$ 9 sev]al diff]5t positions1 ! preheat+ ov51 z x is call$1 %\ld be built consid]ably l>g]1 to provide = h&l+ ! "w4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t dur+ ! entire op]ation1 ! piece %\ld be left inside ! ov5 & %\ld n be remov$ to a weld+ table4 ,"s beg9n]s make ! mi/ake ( do+ ?is4 ,:5 weld+ ) ! *>coal 9 clos$ rooms1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 ! fumes w be f\nd to be v disagreeable & means %\ld be tak5 to provide indirect v5tilation1 o!rwise ! weld]s w be tr\bl$ ) heada*es & sm>t+ eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,%[+ ,h[ ,ov5 is ,built :5 ,preheat+ ,tor* is to be ,us$4 ,tor* is ,%[n at 7,a74 7#fd7 ,:5 us+ preheat+ tor*es1 ! ov5s are built mu* clos] to ! "w & d n h ! op5+s along ! bottom r[ ( bricks4 ,!y are made z tight z possible1 & 9 "s cases x w be f\nd advisable to build up ! walls ) two lay]s ( bricks1 ) asbe/os pap] betwe5 !m1 9 ord] to hold ! heat & cause ! "w to heat up 9 a m uni=m mann]4 ,a hole is left 9 "o end ( ! ov51 ?r\gh :i* ! flame ( ! preheat+ tor* is introduc$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,x is n ?\ght be/ to h ! tor* flame come 9 direct contact ) ! "w :i* is be+ preheat$1 & a baffl+ plate ( metal or brick is plac$ directly 9 front ( ! flame1 9 ord] to spread x ar\nd ! ov54 ,judgm5t w h to be us$ 9 all su* "w4 7#fe7 ,! sett+ up ( ! "w1 :5 preheat+1 is an important po9t ov]look$ by _m weld]s1 especially s 9 ! case ( alum9um4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! "w has a good solid sett+ & is brac$ at a suffici5t numb] ( po9ts1 to prev5t its sagg+ :5 9 a preheat$ condition4 ,_m times :5 work+ on r\gh surfaces1 a few firebricks di/ribut$ ar\nd ! bottom ( ! ov5 ) a dab ( putty1 clay1 or retort cem5t1 plac$ ^u !m1 w =m an excell5t cu%ion ^u :i* ! "w c re/ & ! op]ator may feel confid5t t no sagg+ w occur4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,"p ,,"o4--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7#ff7 ,9 ord] to "k h[ to weld1 x is q imp]ative t ! op]ator fir/ "k ! k9d ( metal he is to "w on4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ few weld]s "k _! metals ?or\ghly4 ,an incid5t might be cit$ :]e "s weld]s dep5d ^u ! sp>ks giv5 (f by ! em]y :eel 9 det]m9+ ! k9d ( metal !y are ab\t to weld4 ,!y w approa* ! :eel2 gr9d (f _! "w1 not+ ! sp>ks2 return to _! weld+ table2 *oose _! fill] rods & d _! weld+ )\t any delay :atsoev]1 mu* to ! con/]nation ( _! fell[ work]s4 ,!re are f\r simple ways 9 common use to di/+ui% betwe5 ca/ iron1 malleable iron1 & /eel2 !y are3 ,by ! cross-section ( a fre% break1 by application ( ! weld+ tor*1 by ! sp>ks giv5 (f :5 appli$ to ! em]y :eel & by ! *isel te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,*>act]i/ic ,sp>ks ( ,diff]5t ,irons & ,/eels ,?r[n (f by an ,em]y ,:eel4 ,:eel %\ld be ,clean ,cutt+ & ,run ab\t #gjjj ,feet p] ,m9ute4 7#a7 ,%[s ca/ iron4 ,no sp>ks unless impurities are pres5t4 7#b7 ,is wr\ght iron almo/ free f c>bon4 ,heat$ p>ticles ?r[n f :eel foll[ /raight l9e4 ,^! become broad] & m lum9\s "s di/ance f _! s\rce ( heat4 7#c7 ,illu/rates mild /eel action4 ,small am\nt ( c>bon pres5t causes a division or =k+ ( ! lum9\s /reak4 7#d7 ,%[s ! effect ( increas+ ! c>bon f #j4ej to #j4he p] c5t 9 mild /eel4 ,! iron sp>k l9es dim9i%3 ! =k+ ( ! lum9\s /reak occurs m frequ5tly1 be+ subdivid$ by re-explosions f small] p>ticles4 7#e7 ,is a piece ( c>bon tool /eel4 ,! iron l9es are practically elim9at$ ) ! increase ( ! explosions & subdivisions1 caus+ display ( figures4 7#f7 ,gives ! sp>k ( high-spe$ /eel1 conta9+ 9 addition to #fe p] c5t c>bon1 o!r alloy+ elem5ts1 *iefly tung/5 & *romium4 7#g7 ,repres5ts a manganese sp>k4 7,occasionally f\nd 9 ca/ iron47 7#h7 ,%[s sp>k ?r[n f old grade ( 8,mu%ett0 /eel4 7#i7 ,repres5ts a magnet /eel sp>k4 7#fg7 ,ext]nally ca/ iron usually has "s s& on its surface & its cross-section %[s ! gra9 to be f9e1 ev51 & to h a dull grayi% color4 ,! surface ( malleable iron conta9s no s& & its gra9 is v f9e1 su* z ca/ iron1 b slightly d>k] 9 color4 ,a v f9e /eel v5e] is on all surfaces ( malleable iron1 :i* is mu* light] 9 color4 ,:5 ! weld+ tor* is appli$ to ca/ iron1 no sp>ks are giv5 (f1 b :5 appli$ to malleable iron a bright sp>k is ?r[n (f :i* breaks 9 fall+1 %[+ t ! outside mat]ial is /eel4 ,^! sp>ks soon cease & ! metal :i* is molt5 is cov]$ by a heavy oxide or sk9 :i* rec$es or draws away f ! flame slightly1 %[+ a v por\s ca/-iron int]ior4 ,:5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! em]y :eel /eel sp>ks1 :i* are v lum9\s & break 9 fall+1 are giv5 (f fir/ 9 ! case ( malleable iron1 b !y soon *ange to ! dull r$ sp>k ( ca/ iron4 ,:5 a *isel is appli$ to ca/ iron1 ! iron *ips (f2 :5 appli$ to malleable iron ! edge w curl up1 !n *ip (f :5 ! ca/ iron is rea*$4 ,! cross-section ( ca/ /eel %[s a bright1 co>se1 silv]y gray gra94 ,:5 ! tor* is appli$ a di/9ctively /eel sp>k :i* is lum9\s & breaks 9 fall+ is ?r[n (f4 ,:5 appli$ to ! em]y :eel /eel sp>ks are ?r[n (f2 :5 ! edge is *ipp$ by a *isel x w curl up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,di/+ui%+ ,,metals ,"h are five me?ods1 any "o or all ( :i* may be us$ to le>n ! nature ( common ca/+s :i* might confuse ! weld]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ,te/4 ,malleable ,iron4 ,ca/ ,/eel4 ,ca/ ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,outside ,g5]ally smoo? &,r\gh surface ,surface fairly ,appe>ance4free f all s&1 ) s& 9 smoo? b weighs ab\t same evid5ce1 weighs g5]ally %[s z ca/ iron4 mu* m "s s&4 ?an ca/ iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #b ,cross- ,r+ ( bright /eel,l>ge1 bright1 ,f9e1 uni=m1 section cry/als outside1 lum9\s1 silv] d>k gray1 ,te/4 ) d>k] iron cry/als4 cry/als4 cry/als inside4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #c ,em]y ,:eel,few /eel sp>ks &,bright1 lum9\s ,dull r$ sp>ks ,te/4 !n iron sp>ks sp>ks t t d n f int]ior4 break 9 fall+4break4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d ,*isel ,surface w curl ,w curl be=e ,w *ip (f4 ,te/4 & int]ior break break+4 (f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e ,tor* ,te/4,gives way be=e ,gives =? ,gives no sp>ks flame & deliv]s bright sp>ks except :]e few sp>ks4 ,metal t break 9 !re are becomes por\s4 fall+4 impurities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,fig4 #dc4 7#fh7 ,! metal 9 ! fill]-rod %\ld be ! same 9 practically all cases z ! metal to be weld$4 ,!re are few exceptions to ?is rule1 b ! pr9cipal "o is t ( malleable iron4 ,! ca/ iron 9 ! rods is ( a v good grade & g5]ally mu* bett] ?an ! piece to be work$ ^u4 ,to p]mit ! ready fl[ ( ! rod & elim9ate oxidation1 z mu* z possible1 ?ree p] c5t ( silica is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ca/+ ( fill]-rods = ca/ iron weld+4 ,pi/on r+s & o!r scrap iron %\ld n be us$ = fill]-rods1 z !y conta9 _m impurities su* z core-s&1 dirt1 grease1 etc41 :i* w ru9 ! weld4 ,x is di%e>t5+ to see "s op]ators attempt to economize on ! fill]-rod4 ,x is n an uncommon sight to see sev]al doll>s' wor? ( gas & ! same am\nt ( ! weld]'s "t1 toge!r ) a few c5ts' wor? ( fill] rods all lo/1 & ! op]ator's reputation ru9$4 ,?is1 because an attempt is made to save ! few c5ts involv$ 9 ! fill]-rods by sub/itut+ a rod ( a v poor grade4 7#fi7 ,a flux is n us$1 z _m suppose1 to cem5t ! fill]-rod to ! metal4 ,x is us$ purely z a cleans+ ag5t & may be lik5$ to ! acid us$ 9 sold]+4 ,x does n act on ! metal until ! latt] has rea*$ ! melt+-po9t1 b !n x />ts to break up ! oxides & clean ! surface4 ,?is action p]mits ! metal to fl[ toge!r m readily4 ,a ca/-iron flux is always us$ 9 weld+ ca/ iron1 to break up ! oxide1 because ! ca/ iron itself w melt be=e ! oxide & no matt] h[ hot ! metal is x w n fl[ toge!r z long z ?is oxide is pres5t4 7#gj7 ,to obta9 ! be/ results1 reliable fluxes %\ld always be us$4 ,occasionally an accid5t w happ5 to ! flux c1 :5 ! op]ator is on "s isolat$ job & a sub/itute flux mu/ be obta9$ at once4 ,equal p>ts ( bic>bonate ( soda 7cook+ soda71 & c>bonate ( soda 7ord9>y wa%+ soda71 may be pur*as$ f any groc]y 9 ! p[d]$ =m & mix$ toge!r ?or\ghly4 ,?is w tide ! weld] ov] until he c return to ! %op & repl5i% 8 supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,:5ev] ,possible1 ! ,beg9n] %\ld 8,v0 ,8 ,"w1 & ,complete ,8 ,weld f ,"o ,side only4 ,on heavy "w1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to 8,v0 out f bo? sides1 z is "h %[n4 7#ga7 ,! flux is g5]ally appli$ by means ( ! fill]-rod4 ,"o end is heat$ & dipp$ 9 ! flux2 en\gh w adh]e to break up "p ( ! oxides1 on ! ord9>y-siz$ job4 ,! flux is c>ri$ to ! "w1 :i* %\ld be at ! melt+-po9t & introduc$ betwe5 ! flame & ! metal4 ,oxides w break up imm$iately & ! metal w fl[ toge!r1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! flux has no action on cold or mod]ately heat$ metals4 ,! flux z has be5 expla9$ is us$ to clean ! metal & break up ! oxides4 ,to ! (t-repeat$ "q1 h[ (t5 %\ld ! flux be appli$1 answ] is made z foll[s3 ,z (t5 z x is necess>y to clean up ! metal & break up ! oxides4 ,all fluxes %\ld be kept 9 airtight conta9]s :5 n 9 use1 to keep _! *emical cont5ts 9 ! v be/ condition & x is be/ to use only a small quantity ( flux on ! weld+ table at "o "t4 7#gb7 ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+ is purely a fus+ process & ! mo/ important po9ts to rememb] 9 execut+ a weld are1 to elim9ate ! entire crack 9 ! fracture & to add ! fill]-rod )\t *ang+ ! "* ( ! metal4 ,on ?9 pieces ( metal x is possible to dep5d ^u ! =ce ( ! flame to entirely p5etrate to ! dep? ( ! crack b on "w ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick or ov]1 x is well to 8,v0 out or remove "s ( ! surface metal ar\nd ! crack 9 ord] to get d[n to ! bottom4 ,by 8,v-+0 we mean to *ip or gr9d (f ea* edge at an angle ( approximately #de degrees1 s t ! op5+ w =m an angle ( #ij degrees :]e ! two pieces come toge!r1 ) ! crack at ! bottom portion ( ! 8,v40 ,?is %\ld ,,n be gr\nd d[n to a knife edge1 = x w readily burn up4 ,x is pref]able to leave ab\t "o-eigh? in* along ! l9e 9 ord] t ! pieces w fit toge!r & ! prop] alignm5t may be obta9$4 ,if two pieces ( ca/ iron h be5 prep>$ 9 ?is mann] ! neutral flame ( ! weld+ tor* is br\ght d[n 9 su* a mann] t ! tip ( ! cone j licks ! metal4 ,! heat is n appli$ directly to ! l9e ( weld to />t )1 b r to ! surr\nd+ "p4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to get ! entire locality 9 a condition :i* w n )draw too mu* ( ! heat f ! l9e ( ! weld1 once ! fus+ is begun4 ,if x is f\nd t ! tip w n produce en\gh heat to br+ ! metal to a r$ heat 9 a fairly %ort "t1 a l>g] tip %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,/>t+ a ,ca/-iron ,weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,re9=c+ a ,ca/-iron ,weld4 7#gc7 ,no set rule c be giv5 z to ! siz$ tip to be us$ on v>i\s k9ds ( metal4 ,x w l>gely dep5d ^u ! weld]'s ability & judgm5t4 ,:5 ! metal is br\ght to r$-heat1 ! neutral flame or cone is br\ght into contact ) ! l[e/ portion ( ! 8,v0 & held !re until x is se5 t ! metal is melt$ on bo? sides4 ,! fill]-rod1 :i* has previ\sly be5 heat$ at "o end & dipp$ into ! flux s t an am\nt adh]es to ! end ( ! rod1 !n c>ries ?is flux to t portion ( ! weld :i* is "u way4 ,en\gh flux is bl[n (f ! rod into ! weld to clean up ! surface & p]mit ! metal fl[+ toge!r4 ,! crack %\ld be melt$ toge!r all along be=e any additional metal is add$1 = ! elim9ation ( ! crack is extremely important4 ,x might be not$ t z soon z ! metal beg9s to fl[ freely ! neutral flame %\ld be rais$ a %ort di/ance f ! "w 9 ord] to bett] control ! molt5 metal4 ,9 ord] to build up ! metal to ! orig9al /ate along ! l9e ( weld or p]haps re9=ce x1 ! sides & bottom ( ?is 8,v-ed0 out "p are !n br\ght to a molt5 /ate & held !re :ile ! fill]-rod :i* br+s up m flux is /irr$ into ?is metal & ! end melt$ (f4 ,9 ?is way ! flame does n come 9 direct contact ) ! fill]-rod & is us$ only to keep ! metal 9 a molt5 condition4 ,z mu* ( ! fill]-rod c be melt$ (f z is ?\ght necess>y to br+ ! weld to ! normal condition ( ! metal or an additional re9=cem5t c be built up1 if x is ?\ght advisable4 ,if c>e is tak5 9 ! above proc$ure1 _m ( ! bl[ holes & h>d spots 9 ! weld w be elim9at$1 = any impurities t might ga!r w be displac$ by ! melt$ metal & w float to ! top4 ,9 cool+ a weld ( ?is k9d1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to p]mit any sudd5 *ill+ = ?is w t5d to h>d5 ! weld4 ,x is be/ to cool x sl[ly by bury+ x 9 slack lime1 a%es1 or wrap x ) asbe/os pap] to keep ! air f x z mu* z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,?is ,problem does n ,require ,preheat+ to ,c>e = ,contraction1 z ! ,ends ( ,a & ,b are n ,conf9$4 7#gd7 ,!re may be a great _m causes = bl[ holes & h>d spots 9 ! weld1 b probably !y c all be trac$ directly to ! lack ( heat4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t weld+ is a fus+ process & heat is absolutely ess5tial4 ,!re=e x %\ld n be us$ sp>+ly4 ,! application ( heat always causes expansion4 ,!re are no exceptions to ?is rule1 likewise ^u cool+ ! metal !re w be a contraction4 ,outside ( ! actual weld+1 t is1 ! fus+ ( ! metal into a homog5e\s mass1 p]haps ! greate/ problem t ! weld] has to confront is ! expansion & contraction ( 8 metals4 ,:5ev] ! ends ( two pieces ( metal :i* are to be weld$ are free to move1 or ev5 "o end1 !re w be no difficulty enc\nt]$ ) contraction & expansion1 b if ^! ends are conf9$1 x is an entirely diff]5t problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,preheat+ ,problem4 ,ends ( ,b>s ,a & ,b are ,conf9$4 7#ge7 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t m cle>ly1 ! foll[+ v simple example w be giv54 ,9 ,fig4 #dg we h two b>s ( metal ,a & ,b :i* h be5 bevel$ (f or 8,v-ed0 out z %[n at ! po9t ,c4 ,n[ z soon z ! heat is introduc$ at ,c !re is b\nd to be an expansion ( ! metal at t po9t4 ,naturally if ! pieces 7 heat$ sl[ly & = a consid]able di/ance1 ! cool ends ( ^! b>s w\ld be =c$ outw>d4 ,we w assume t ! heat is introduc$ v rapidly & ! metal is br\ght to a molt5 /ate2 t in/ead ( ! contraction =c+ ! cool ends outw>d1 :atev] expansion !re is1 is tak5 c>e (1 at ! weld1 = ! metal :5 melt$ w readily pu% toge!r4 ,x is also assum$ t ! b>s are heavy en\gh to ov]come :at slight =ce might be 9 evid5ce f ! expansion4 ,a weld is !n made & all[$ to cool4 ,z x cools1 !re is b\nd to be a contraction along ! l9e ( ! weld & ! weld$ piece w be slightly %ort] ?an ! "w be=e ! weld1 = x w draw 9 ! pieces ,a & ,b4 ,z c be se51 !re is no p>ticul> =ce prev5t+ ! contraction ( su* a weld = ! ends are free to move4 ,h[ev]1 let u turn to ,fig4 #dh1 :i* con/itutes an entirely diff]5t problem4 ,x might seem t ! ends ,a & ,b appe> ! same z ,a & ,b 9 ,fig4 #dg1 b su* is n ! case4 ,! ends f>!/ f ! weld are conf9$1 held 9 place by a heavy frame :i* does n p]mit _! free movem5t4 ,:5 heat is introduc$ at ! po9t ( weld+ ,c1 ab\t ! same action takes place z 9 ! previ\s problem1 b z soon z ! weld comm5ces to cool let u see :at happ5s4 ,! b> ,a,b mu/ be %ort5$ s !re is an inw>d pull on ! b>s ,d & ,e4 ,if ?is "w 7 ca/ iron or alum9um x w\ld c]ta9ly be brok5 by ! /ra9s set to work+ & w\ld naturally break at ,c1 :]e ! metal is /ill hot4 ,if x 7 /eel or "o ( ! ductile metals1 x might twi/ & w>p 9 its endeavor to ov]come ^! int]nal /ra9s4 ,?is illu/rates 9 a v simple mann] ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is kn[n z a 8cold0 & a 8preheat+0 job4 ,9 ! fir/ no provision is made = expansion & contraction4 ,9 ! second means are tak5 to ov]come ^! important factors4 ,9 ord] to provide = ! successful weld+ ( ! second problem1 x is only necess>y to heat up ! b>s ,x & ,y ab\t ! same di/ance z ! c5t] w be heat$1 & keep !m 9 t condition :ile execut+ ! weld at ,c1 !n all[+ ! :ole to cool gradually4 ,,"p ,,two4--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7#gf7 ,be=e comm5c+ to weld1 or ev5 turn+ on ! gas1 x is well to see t all prep>ations h be5 made & all mat]ials on h& to br+ ! weld or :atev] job x may be1 to a f9i%$ /ate4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,b5 ,k4 ,smi?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,weld+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #di4--,?is ,locomotive ,cyl9d] 0 ,weld$ at ! ,saddle1 ne> ! ,frame4 7#gg7 ,z a specific example ( a simple weld+ op]ation let u consid] t two ca/-iron b>s1 measur+ "o by six in*es & tw5ty-f\r in*es long are to be weld$ end to end4 ,to />t ) x w\ld be necess>y to 8,v0 (f ! ends t 7 to be jo9$ at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees1 leav+ ab\t "o-eigh? in* along ! bottom edge to l9e ! metals up ) & to see :e!r !y are 9 prop] position4 ,if ! b> 7 to measure exactly =ty-eight in*es :5 f9i%$ x w\ld be necess>y to move ^! b>s ap>t ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ord] to provide = _! contraction4 ,x is assum$ t ! weight ( ! b>s w\ld be suffici5t to prev5t _! pu%+ ap>t :5 ! l9e ( ! weld is br\ght to a molt5 /ate & t ! expansion w be tak5 c>e ( )9 ! weld4 ,! b>s aft] be+ l9$ up are ready = weld+1 b !re are su* ?+s z fill]-rods1 flux & goggles t are necess>y to h on h& be=e />t+ to "w4 ,x is well to h a few fire bricks1 a little asbe/os pap] & a bucket ( wat] conv5i5t1 9 case ^! ?+s are ne$$4 ,! acetyl5e gas %\ld !n be turn$ on & ignit$4 ,a suffici5t pressure %\ld be pass+ ?r\gh ! regulator1 :5 us+ a m$ium1 or high-pressure app>atus1 to cause ! flame to leave ! tor* tip ab\t twice ! di/ance ( ! diamet] ( ! orifice ( t p>ticul> tip4 ,!n turn on ! oxyg5 until a neutral flame is obta9$4 ,on "s tor*es x is necess>y to make a second adju/m5t by turn+ on a little m acetyl5e gas & /ill m oxyg51 until a goodly siz$ neutral flame results4 ,apply ! flame to ! pieces1 s t ! neutral flame w j lick ! surface ( ! metal4 ,move ! tor* sl[ly =w>d & backw>d on ea* side ( ! 8,v0 until ! two edges are a dull r$ color1 or bett] /ill a bright *]ry r$1 !n hold ! tor* /ation>y until ! metal 9 ! 8,v0 ne>e/ to ! op]ator comm5ces to melt4 ,!n br+ ! fill]-rod end 9 contact ) ! flame to get x heat$ & plunge x into ! flux :i* %\ld be ne> at h&4 ,en\gh flux w adh]e to break up ! oxides & by plac+ ! rod betwe5 ! flame & ! metal1 en\gh flux w be introduc$ to all[ fus+ ( ! metal4 ,proce$ 9 ?is mann] until ! metal 9 ! bottom ( ! 8,v0 is prop]ly fus$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,d n add ! fill]-rod1 up to ?is po9t unless necess>y4 ,9 hold+ ! flame1 see t ! preheat+ flame w heat ! p>ts yet to be weld$4 ,! weld %\ld be made away f ! op]ator4 ,aft] ! metals along ! bottom h unit$ & a good f\ndation has be5 obta9$1 !n />t ! weld at ! beg9n+ once m1 work+ ! flame across ! piece1 9 ! same mann] z be=e2 br++ ! metal to ! molt5 /ate & /irr+ ! fill]-rod 9 x4 ,z ! fill]-rod melts1 ! am\nt ( molt5 metal naturally increases & ! flame is mov$ along ! weld z fa/ z ! metal is add$4 ,x is important t ! metal is 9 a molt5 condition4 ,x is almo/ impossible to get too mu* heat on ?is type ( "w4 ,build up ! weld slightly high] ?an ! orig9al piece4 ,x may be f\nd 9 f9i%+ up ! corn]s t ! velocity ( ! gases or ! =ce ( ! flame w be suffici5t to bl[ ! melt$ metal away4 ,?is may be ov]come by direct+ ! flame at a diff]5t angle1 & w cause no difficulty aft] a little practice4 ,tr\ble1 too1 may be exp]i5c$ on ?9 ca/-iron sections by hav+ ! metal collapse ?r\gh ! =ce ( ! flame1 b ?is c be rem$i$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,:ile ! weld is /ill 9 a heat$ condition1 x is possible to f9i% x by scrap+ ! surplus metal (f ) ! side ( ! fill]-rod1 ! *ill ( :i* has be5 tak5 (f be=e x is all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! molt5 metal4 ,ano!r popul> me?od t w produce ev5 bett] results is to use a v heavy rasp file to br+ ! weld d[n to ! measurem5ts desir$4 ,dur+ all ( ! previ\s op]ations ! flame nev] leaves ! l9e ( weld4 ,:5 ! weld is complet$1 ! tor* is %ut d[n by turn+ (f ! oxyg5 fir/1 & !n ! acetyl5e1 & ! weld$ b> is cov]$ up to prev5t its cool+ too rapidly4 ,,"p ,,?ree4--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7#gh7 ,problems 9 expansion & contraction %\ld n be difficult1 if x is rememb]$ t heat causes expansion & ! )drawal ( heat1 or cool+ causes contraction4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 :5 ! ends ( ! pieces :i* are be+ weld$ are free to move1 !re is n mu* dang] ( hav+ contraction /ra9s set up4 ,:]e ! ends are conf9$1 measures mu/ be tak5 to ov]come ?is4 ,9 weld+ l>ge pulley :eels1 = example1 x may be advisable to d ! job )\t tak+ "t to preheat4 ,breaks may be 9 evid5ce at any "p ( ! :eel & g5]ally ! ends are conf9$1 su* z 9 ! case ( a spoke4 ,if x is borne 9 m9d t ! expansion w take c>e ( itself1 ! contraction is ! only consid]ation1 9 a case ( ?is k9d4 ,! weld] w see t if he c spr+ ! edges ap>t a suffici5t am\nt to provide = ! spoke com+ back to normal :5 weld$1 he w h no difficulty4 ,! way to proce$ 9 a case ( ?is k9d w\ld be to op5 ! rim by saw+ x & !n introduce a jack or "s sort ( a w$ge betwe5 ! hub & ! rim4 ,?is w op5 ! crack 9 ! spoke ! am\nt desir$4 ,z soon z ! weld is execut$ & :ile /ill hot1 ! jack is remov$ to p]mit ! rim be+ drawn 94 ,lat] ! rim c be weld$1 by introduc+ jacks betwe5 ! spokes & ! same proc$ure foll[$4 ,x always mu/ be rememb]$ t provision mu/ be made = ! contraction1 ev5 ?\gh x be only "o ?irty-second or "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! di/ance w dep5d entirely ^u ! weld]1 z "s op]ators use small tips & cov] a small area1 :ile o!rs employ l>g] tips & cov] twice ! area4 ,x is !re=e impossible to set any specific di/ance & ea* weld] %\ld try to figure ?is out = himself4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,tor*weld ,equipm5t ,co47 ,,fig4 #ej4--,l>ge ,ca/-iron ,ge> ,:eels4 ,al?\gh ! ,face on ,^! ,ge>s ,measur$ #aj ,in*es1 ,new ,tee? 7 ,add$ by ,blank+ ,91 z ,%[n 9 ! ,"r-h& ,view1 & ,lat] ,ma*9$4 7#gi7 ,!re are _m jobs n ( a preheat+ nature t at times cause p]plexity on ! "p ( ! weld]4 ,a good example ( ?is is a ca/-iron ge> :eel4 ,a numb] ( its tee? h be5 brok5 out4 ,n[ !re are ?ree v common ways ( build+ up or repair+ su* ca/+s4 ,fir/ by aid ( c>bon blocks1 cut to =m & ! tee? ca/ 9 by ! use ( ! tor*2 second1 by blank+ 9 ! space betwe5 ! tee? & !n saw+ out ! individual too? or cutt+ x out ) a mill+ ma*9e or %ap]2 ?ird1 by build+ up ea* too? ) ! weld+ rod & tor*1 & lat] dress+ x d[n ) a file4 ,"o v important po9t mu/ be upp]mo/1 :5 d5tal "w on ge>s is be+ done1 a good f\ndation is necess>y1 = reg>dless ( h[ well ! too? may be %ap$1 if x is n firmly secur$ to ! :eel itself1 x w be ( v little value4 ,ano!r v important po9t is 9 ! f9i%+ ( su* ge>s1 to see t ! tee? :i* h be5 add$ correspond 9 ! pit* & me% exactly z ! o!rs d4 ,! importance ( see+ t ?+s ( ?is nature are ma*9$ correctly %\ld n require m5tion1 b x has (t5 be5 f\nd t ma*9i/s are v c>eless ab\t f9i%+ ?is k9d ( "w & if any?+ goes wrong1 ! weld] is naturally at fault4 ,!re=e x is always well to put ! ge>s :i* h be5 weld$ back into place & turn !m ov] sl[ly by h& to see t !y are 9 good condition be=e ! p[] is turn$ on4 ,9 all[+ ?is k9d ( "w to cool aft] x has be5 weld$1 "s op]ators p]mit x to be hurri$1 ) ! result t !re may be h>d spots to confront ! ma*9i/ :5 f9i%+4 ,if he ru9s "o or two ( 8 cutt]s he w naturally fr[n ^u all weld+ "w4 ,x is !re=e desirable = ?is & _m o!r reasons to h ! weld come out z s(t z possible1 & great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 cool+4 ,any weld t is subject$ to ma*9+1 all[ x to cool sl[ly 9 slack lime1 9 a%es1 or cov] x securely ) asbe/os pap]4 ,occasionally x may be f\nd difficult to f9d sections ( c>bon blocks :i* w take c>e ( a job ( ?is k9d4 ,_m weld]s :o h _h to run ar\nd ! c\ntry1 & d jobs 9 isolat$ places1 h f\nd t ! c>bon c5t]s1 f ! ord9>y dry cell batt]ies1 :i* may be f\nd practically ev]y:]e 9 a disc>d$ condition1 c be %ap$ on an em]y :eel & pat*$ toge!r 9 a mann] t w p]mit _! use4 ,h[ev]1 :5 su* are us$1 x is q necess>y t !y be heat$ a little ) a tor* be=eh&1 9 ord] to drive out any *emicals or acids t may be conta9$ 9 !m4 ,unless ^! *emicals are remov$1 ! molt5 metal com+ 9 direct contact ) !m might be injur$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #ea4--,?is ,view ,%[s new ,tee? be+ ,weld$ 9 an #h-;ft4 ,ca/-iron ,ge>1 ,weigh+ ov] #e ,tons4 ,note ! ,improvis$ ,preheat+ ,ov54 7#hj7 ,(ttimes !re are ca/+s ^u :i* p>ts we> (f 9 a v %ort "t4 ,!re may be v little /ra9 ^u ^! p>ts1 yet ! con/ant we> w weak5 !m 9 "t4 ,x is well to rememb] ! action ( a c>boniz+ flame :5 execut+ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,introduce an excess ( acetyl5e :5 f9i%+ up ! "w4 ,x w be f\nd t ) a /rongly c>boniz+ flame1 c>bon w be tak5 up by ! molt5 metal & ! f9i%$ weld w be consid]ably h>d] & w we> long] ?an if x 7 execut$ by a neutral flame4 ,an abrupt cool+ w *ill ! metal on ! surface & make x we> long] ?an x w\ld o!rwise4 ,,"p ,,f\r4--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,b5 ,k4 ,smi?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,weld+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #eb4--,view ( ,locomotive ,cyl9d] ) ,?ree ,jackets #c ,in*es ,?ick4 ,?is job weigh$ ov] #af ,tons & ,requir$ ,fifty-six ,h\rs ( ,weld+4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,tor*weld ,equipm5t ,co47 ,,fig4 #ec4--,v>i\s ,types ( ,cyl9d]s be=e & aft] ,weld+4 7#ha7 ,! true index z to ! success ( a weld w dep5d entirely ^u ! f9i%$ job4 ,if x is usable1 i4e41 if x c be put back into s]vice aga9 & give satisfaction1 x may be consid]$ a successful weld4 ,if a piece 7 to be w>p$1 di/ort$1 conta9 h>d spots :i* c\ld n be ma*9$1 or h int]nal /ra9s1 :i* w\ld n make x safe = use 7su* z fly-:eels71 x c\ld n !n be consid]$ satisfactory & x w\ld be only wa/$ en]gy4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ common jobs 9 ! ord9>y comm]cial %op1 & "o :i* is ! mo/ abus$1 is ! common ca/-iron cyl9d] block f\nd on ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,?is is s con/ruct$ t !re are two walls ( metal1 v ?9ly ca/2 ! inn]mo/ be+ ! cyl9d] wall1 & ! out]mo/ a wat]-jacket4 ,! cyl9d] wall is ma*9$ v accurately to accommodate pi/ons mov+ at a v rapid rate1 up & d[n & yet hold+ compression4 ,! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] is call$ ! head1 & g5]ally has two or m valve seats :i* mu/ be 9 alignm5t ) ! valve guides to make an airtight seat = ! valves4 ,n[ ?is wat]-jacket is usually v ?91 p]haps ?ree-sixte5?s to "o-qu>t] in* 9 ?ickness1 & :5 !re are two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m cyl9d]s ca/ 9 "o block1 !re are b\nd to be int]nal /ra9s set up 9 ca/+ )9 ! piece itself4 ,^! /ra9s are remov$ to a l>ge ext5t by bak+ ! r\gh ca/+ be=e ma*9+4 ,g5]ally !re are "s /ra9s left 9 e cyl9d] block ( ?is nature4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! wat]-jacket freezes or "s o!r =ce comes 9 contact ) ! ?9 ca/+s :i* con/itute a block1 ! metal w give way at its weake/ po9t1 & ! weld] is usually call$ ^u to repair x4 ,at times ^! cracks are exce$+ly small & ! temptation is to braze or attempt to weld ! small portions4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z !re is heat introduc$ into ! wat]-jacket & n into ! cyl9d] wall1 !re are c]ta9 to be /ra9s set up :i*1 if suffici5t1 w di/ort ! cyl9d] & make x useless unless x is rebor$4 ,! soon] weld]s realize t "w ( ?is nature mu/ be preheat$ ?r\gh\t1 to a po9t z ne> melt+ z !y c approa* )\t caus+ ! metal to scale1 be=e any weld+ is attempt$1 ! bett] success w be obta9$ 9 ^! l9es4 ,x is q necess>y to l9e up ! "w well1 s t x w n sag :5 heat$4 ,x is be/ to heat v sl[ly & cool 9 ! same mann] to insure ! be/ results4 ,!re are _m preheat+ ag5cies1 su* z oil-ov5s1 preheat+ tor*es & ! l1 b ab\t ! be/ & mo/ reliable ag5t kn[n is *>coal1 :i* heats up v gradually1 makes a good ev5 fire & dies d[n sl[ly :i* is ! mann] desir$4 ,occasionally cracks w be f\nd 9 ! combu/ion head ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x is v difficult to get ! tor* d[n inside ! cyl9d] to execute ?is weld unless ! op]ator has a special tor* = ?is purpose4 ,ev5 !n x is difficult to keep ! tor* light$ :5 work+ ov] a newly made *>coal fire4 ,= ?is reason1 o!r means mu/ be us$ :5 work+ on a job ( ?is k9d4 ,fir/ ! crack is accurately locat$1 !n a piece is cut out ( ! wat]-jacket j ov] ! crack by means ( a *isel1 hack-saw or drill press4 ,nev] attempt to remove a piece ( ?is nature ) ! flame1 = ! introduction ( heat may di/ort ! piece at ?is "t4 8,v0 out ! crack 9 ! combu/ion head & scrape (f z mu* ( ! br[n oxide & dirt =mation z possible4 ,x is well to clean (f m ?an ne$$ & to ev5 8,v0 out ! crack a great] di/ance ?an is ?\ght necess>y4 ,?is w insure a good weld be+ made 9 "o op]ation4 ,! cyl9d] is !n preheat$ ) ! crack upp]mo/ s t weld+ c be execut$ ) ! lea/ possible difficulty4 ,:ile preheat+ is tak+ place x is well to tack ! small section ( ! wat]-jacket :i* has be5 remov$1 to ! end ( ! fill]-rod1 & place x too1 9 ! preheat+ ov51 ) ! end ( ! fill]-rod project+ s t x w be available :5ev] ne$$4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is r$ hot ! weld %\ld be execut$2 p>ticul> att5tion be+ giv5 to see t ea* "p ( ! metal is actually fus$ to prev5t any leaks occurr+ lat]4 ,z a rule ! weld] c tell :5 he has made a successful weld by obs]v+ ! fl[ ( 8 metal1 & x w n be necess>y = him to te/ out ?is cyl9d] weld be=e add+ ! wat]-jacket4 ,! piece ( ! wat]-jacket is !n replac$2 x c be v easily h&l$ by means ( ! fill]-rod :i* has be5 tack$ on4 ,weld ?is section securely 9 place & cov] ! piece ( "w ) asbe/os pap] & p]mit x to cool ) ! dy+ fire4 ,:5 cold1 all port holes 9 ! wat]-jacket %\ld be clos$ & ! cyl9d] te/$ = leaks4 ,?is c be done by introduc+ wat] into ! wat]-jacket & apply+ ab\t fifte5 p\nds ( air pressure4 ,wet spots w appe> if !re are any leaks4 ,if ! cyl9d] is f\nd tight x %\ld be poli%$1 !n oil$1 & ! outside giv5 a coat ( fill] or pa9t$ to make x pres5table4 ,"w is g5]ally v mu* discolor$ :5 com+ out ( ! fire4 ,a simple device = poli%+ ! cyl9d] bore may be made by turn+ out a h>dwood block ab\t ?ree in*es long & a little less 9 diamet] ?an ! size ( ! pi/on4 ,?is %\ld be split z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 & wrapp$ ) v f9e em]y clo?1 !n put into ! cyl9d] & a w$ge plac$ betwe5 ! two halves4 ,spread !m ap>t s !y w come 9 contact ) ! cyl9d] wall on all sides4 ,a screwdriv] may be us$ = ?is purpose if necess>y4 ,by screw+ ?is into ! cyl9d] its full dep?1 ) ! aid ( a little oil1 a v highly poli%$ surface may be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,sugge/$ ,me?od ( ,poli%+ ,cyl9d] ,walls ( ,ca/-iron ,cyl9d] ,block aft] x has be5 ,preheat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,ca/-iron ,cyl9d] ,block ) ,"p ,brok5 ,(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,%[+ h[ ,brok5 ,"p on ,ca/-iron ,block %\ld be ,l9$ up be=e ,weld+4 ,position ,greatly ,exagg]at$4 7#hb7 ,ano!r cyl9d] block job t g5]ally causes m confusion ?an is necess>y is br\ght ab\t :5 weld+ on small lugs1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,:5 weld+ ^! lugs on f ! outside only1 !y g5]ally w>p upw>ds 9 cool+ & x is ei!r necess>y to build up ! bottom side ( ?is lug or to ma*9e (f ! entire face 9 ord] to h ! end squ>e4 ,?is c easily be ov]come by p]mitt+ ! lug to sag be=e weld+ & !n dress (f ! small portion t cont9ues to sag1 aft] x is weld$1 r ?an face (f ! :ole surface4 ,see ,fig4 #ef4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,"p ,,"o4--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7#hc7 ,! t]m 8/eel10 z us$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 w be ! t]m appli$ to wr\ght-iron & l[-c>bon /eels4 ,high-c>bon & alloy$ /eels are to be consid]$ only 9 advanc$ "w & w !re=e n be deem$ a topic ( int]e/ to ! beg9n] 9 lay+ 8 f\ndation4 7#hd7 ,! weld+ ( /eel is mu* m difficult ?an ca/ iron on acc\nt ( ! _m po9ts :i* mu/ be obs]v$4 ,9 ca/ iron ! metal is br\ght to a molt5 /ate & may be work$ 9 t condition = "s "t )\t any app>5t *ange 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! metal4 ,a flux is us$ to break up ! oxide or scale & ! metal w fl[ v easily4 ,! flux is necess>y because ! oxide has a high] melt+-po9t ?an ! iron itself4 ,:5 work+ on /eel1 x w be obs]v$ t j ! rev]se is true1 t its oxide has a l[] melt+-po9t ?an ! /eel & consequ5tly no flux or clean+ p[d] is necess>y :5 work+ ^u x4 7#he7 ,a l>ge quantity ( /eel kept 9 a molt5 condition by ! flame act+ ^u x is v easily influ5c$4 ,! same area is n kept 9 a molt5 condition z ) ca/ iron4 ,! heat does n hold to ! vic9ity ( ! weld ne>ly s mu* z 9 ca/ iron because ( ! great] conductivity ( ! metal4 ,if ! flame is remov$1 ! molt5 metal w set almo/ imm$iately4 ,?is means t ! flame mu/ be 9 contact ) ! metal at all times4 ,x mu/ be a /rictly neutral flame or else "o ( ! two gases w be introduc$ into ! weld & its /r5g? w be mat]ially affect$4 ,! size ( ?is flame mu/ be su* t too great an area w n be cov]$1 yet en\gh mu/ be cov]$ to keep ! metal along ! l9e ( ! weld 9 a molt5 condition4 ,if a c>boniz+ flame is us$1 "o :i* has an excess ( acetyl5e1 su* z 0 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 mu* c>bon w be tak5 up by ! metal1 produc+ a brittle weld4 ,if ! flame is oxidiz+1 t is1 conta9s an excess ( oxyg5 :i* is notic$ by ! %ort5+ ( ! flame & an accompany+ hiss+ s\nd1 ,fig4 #be1 ! metal w burn & a :ite foam w appe> on ! weld l a milky :ite glue4 ,?is t5ds to weak5 ! weld4 ,?is same effect w be 9 evid5ce if too l>ge a tip is us$4 ,on ! o!r h& if ! tip is too small n en\gh heat is obta9$ & ! oxides & o!r impurities :i* may be pres5t w n be all[$ to float to ! surface b w be trapp$ 9 ! weld4 7#hf7 ,! fill]-rod us$ on /eel %\ld be z ne> ! same grade1 if n bett] ?an ! metal to be weld$ & %\ld be v l[ 9 its c>bon cont5t4 ,a pure grade ( s(t iron wire or mild /eel w make a v good fill]-rod = ord9>y purposes4 ,! size ( ?is fill]-rod is v important1 = x %\ld fuse at ! same "t z ! metal be+ work$ ^u1 & unless x does ?is ! weld w n be satisfactory4 ,if ! fill]-rod is too l>ge x w n be at ! fusion po9t :5 ! "w is1 & w n fuse ) x4 ,if ! rod is br\ght to a melt+-po9t ! "w w h too mu* heat & w burn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! fill]-rod is too small1 x w burn up be=e ! "w is at ! fusion po9t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! "w w /ill be too cold :5 ! rod is melt$4 7#hg7 ,!re are _m diff]5t me?ods ( execut+ a /eel weld1 & x has be5 not$ t v few exp]i5c$ weld]s h&le _! /eel 9 ! same mann]4 ,mo/ ( ^! me?ods are v difficult to le>n & c be p]fect$ only aft] ye>s ( practice4 ,h[ev]1 a simple me?od :i* w produce results is ?\ght ! mo/ advisable = ! beg9n]4 ,a c>eful exam9ation & /udy ( ?is po9t has br\ght out ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* is v easily pick$ up & :i* disp5ses ) mo/ ( ! tor* movem5ts t are g5]ally advocat$ by ! old "t weld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,prep>+ & ,heat+ ,/eel be=e ,weld+4 7#hh7 ,:5 weld+ two pieces ( /eel b>s1 ! cross-section ( :i* w measure "o-half in* by ?ree in*es1 !y are bevel$ (f & prep>$ 9 ! mann] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eg1 ei!r by means ( a *isel1 file1 or by ! use ( a gr9d+ :eel4 ,ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ( ! orig9al /ock is left on ! bottom side & ! angle =m$ f ^! two places :5 br\ght toge!r1 %\ld be #ij degrees4 ,:5 ! pieces h be5 prep>$ & plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! neutral flame is !n br\ght d[n at "r angles to ! plane ( ! metal1 s t ! end ( ! cone w j lick ! surface4 ,x is mov$ up & d[n ^u ea* side ( ! "p to be weld$ until ea* piece is br\ght to a r$ heat1 = a di/ance ( at lea/ "o in* back4 ,! position ( ! tor* dur+ ?is op]ation c be se5 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! op]ator %\ld "w z rapidly z possible1 = ! quick] ! fusion ( ! metal is br\ght ab\t1 ! less oxide or scale w appe> & a bett] weld w result4 ,! description ( ?is process may take "s l5g? b ! actual fusion n ne>ly s long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,9 ,weld+ ,/eel1 ! ,beg9n] ,%\ld ,fuse ,8 ,pieces toge!r along ! ,bottom ) ! ,tor* ,flame1 ,add+ no ,new ,metal4 ,! ,metal on ,bo? ,sides ( ! ,tor* ,flame is ,melt$ toge!r until a ,small ,pool ( ,molt5 ,metal ,appe>s1 !n ! ,tor* is ,twi/$ ,sm>tly away1 z ,%[n by ! ,arr[1 & ! ,metal ,all[$ to 8,set0 = an ,in/ant be=e ,proce$+ along ! ,l9e ( ,weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,me?od ( ,add+ 8,fill]-rod0 9 ,weld+ ,/eel4 ,note t ! ,rod is ,work$ beh9d ! ,flame4 7#hi7 ,:5 ! r$-hot /age is rea*$1 ! neutral flame is br\ght d[n to ! v l[e/ "p ( ! 8,v0 at ! side ne>e/ ! op]ator & held !re until ! metal has melt$ & is ab\t to collapse4 ,! flame is !n quickly twi/$ away = j a second to let ! metal set4 ,p]haps ?is op]ation w fuse ab\t "o-half in* or less along ! bottom ( ! 8,v40 ,?is same op]ation is repeat$ along ! l9e ( weld until ! :ole piece is fus$ along ! bottom4 ,x w be not$ t no fill]-rod has z yet be5 us$4 ,aft] ! la/ portion has be5 fus$1 ! flame is br\ght back to ! />t+-po9t & play$ n only on ! bottom1 :i* has already be5 fus$1 b on ! sides ( ! 8,v0 z well1 br++ an area ( ab\t "o in* 9 diamet] to a molt5 condition4 ,! tip ( ! weld+ tor* is held 9 a v]tical position all ?is "t to introduce z mu* heat into ! weld z possible4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! fill]-rod1 :i* %\ld measure ?ree-sixte5?s or "o-qu>t] in* 9 diamet]1 is pick$ up by ! op]ator's free h& & its end br\ght ne> ! heat ( ! flame s t x may be w>m$ & w n *ill ! metal :5 introduc$ into ! weld4 ,:5 ! melt$ metal is runn+ freely1 ! tip ( ! weld+ tor* is sl[ly incl9$ 9 ! direction ( ! "p to be weld$ & is advanc$ along ! 8,v-ed0 out portion at ?is angle z rapidly z ! metal c be made to melt4 ,?is position is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,x w be not$ t z ! flame advances along ! l9e ( ! weld ! molt5 metal w m\nt up beh9d x ( its own accord1 provid+ ! metal is 9 a molt5 condition1 :5 ! flame passes ov] x4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! fill]-rod is /irr$ into ! molt5 metal 9 a circul> movem5t :i* %\ld be 9 back ( ! tor* z mu* z possible4 ,?is means t ! tor* comes 9 contact ) ! fill]-rod b v little & ! rod is melt$1 n by ! flame1 b by ! molt5 metal ( ! piece be+ weld$4 ,x w be notic$ at times1 :5 too mu* metal has be5 weld$ & ! tor* is n advanc+ rapidly en\gh1 t "s ( ! molt5 metal w run ahead ( ! flame1 into t "p ( ! 8,v0 yet to be fus$1 & to ! unw>y /ud5t ?is w be look$ ^u z a safe place to add 8 fill]-rod4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! piece is brok5 & ! cross-section ( ! weld exam9$1 x w be f\nd t 9 ?is "p ( ! weld1 ! metal has only be5 laid on & n fus$4 ,! beg9n] %\ld wat* ?is op]ation & see to x t ?is molt5 metal is n p]mitt$ to run ahead ( 8 tor*1 an act :i* he c ov]come by ! prop] manipulation ( 8 fill]-rod1 :i* really gov]ns all ! melt$ metal beh9d ! flame4 ,if n en\gh metal has be5 add$ to fill 9 ! 8,v0 to ! prop] ?ickness1 ?is op]ation c be repeat$ until en\gh metal has be5 add$4 ,by practic+ ?is me?od ! /ud5t c be taught to execute a v successful weld & re9=ce x all 9 "o op]ation )\t any *ance ( burn+ 8 fill]-rod or lapp+ 8 metal4 ,m practice is requir$ to successfully weld /eel ?an mo/ o!r metals & ! beg9n] %\ld n be disc\rag$ if x takes him "s "t to conqu] ?is metal4 ,x %\ld be =cibly impress$ on ! /ud5t t ! metal mu/ be 9 a molt5 condition be=e ! fill]-rod is add$1 or else x w /ick & prev5t 8 work+ readily & 9 addition w produce a v faulty weld4 ,fusion is ! ?+ to be> 9 m9d = )\t x success _c be expect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,?is ,me?od ( ,add+ ! 8,fill]-rod0 :5 ,weld+ is n ,recomm5d$ = ! ,beg9n]4 7#ij7 ,:ile outside appe>ances %\ld n be consid]$ z a prime requisite1 :5 beg9n+ x is always well to add m metal ?an is really necess>y 9 ord] to re9=ce ! weld z mu* z possible4 ,x _c be expect$1 h[ev]1 t a /eel ) ! same cross-section z ! orig9al w possess ! same prop]ties & be z /rong1 = a weld is only a ca/+ unless treat$ o!rwise & ! /eel or wr\ght iron us$ 9 ! specim5s is ( roll$ /ock4 ,if too mu* metal has be5 add$ & dress+ d[n is necess>y1 ! /ud5t w f9d t by us+ a slightly oxidiz+ flame ! surplus metal c be burnt away v rapidly & a v good-look+ job c be execut$ mu* m rapidly ?an if a neutral flame 7 us$4 ,x is well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ?is is us$ only 9 dress+ (f pieces & 9 places :]e ! /r5g? ( ! weld is n to be jeop>diz$4 7#ia7 ,:5 advanc+ 9 /eel "w1 x w be notic$ t ! same provision = contraction & expansion is n consid]$ 9 z great proportions z on ca/ iron1 & ! reason is q evid5t4 ,9 ca/ iron we f9d ! metal is v brittle & w n give )\t break+1 :]eas on /eel x is m ductile & w twi/ & b5d be=e break+4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! important po9ts ( expansion & contraction are to be neglect$ 9 /eel "w1 = !y are v important1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,,"p ,,two4--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7#ib7 ,x is /ill suppos$ t ! beg9n] kn[s v little ab\t ! v>i\s k9ds ( metals1 or me?ods ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is ( great importance & %\ld at once be ov]come1 z he w n at all times h someone ov] him to diagnose 8 case & tell him ! prop] proc$ure4 ,= in/ance1 7 he to be giv5 a piece ( ca/ /eel to weld1 ?9k+ t x 0 ca/ iron1 he w\ld use a ca/-iron fill]-rod 9 execut+ 8 weld4 ,! results ( su* a weld w\ld n be v favorable1 & ! same w\ld hold true if a /eel fill]-rod 7 us$ on ca/ iron4 ,an occasional glance at ! table 9 p>agraph #fg w acqua9t him ) ! v>i\s te/s to make :5 decid+ ^u ! nature ( ! piece to be work$ ^u4 ,! te/s %\ld be appli$ 9 e d\btful in/ance4 ,:5 work+ on ca/ /eel1 a /ud5t may ?9k t he mu/ h a ca/-/eel fill]-rod1 b ?is is an exception to ! g5]al rule & he c use ! same /yle fill]-rod z he w\ld employ on ord9>y /eel "w4 ,x might be m5tion$ "h t :5 work+ on alloy$ & high-c>bon /eels1 ! fill]-rod g5]ally conta9s "s ( ! alloy or c>bon :i* w t5d to replace t de/roy$ by ! action ( ! flame 9 ! orig9al metal4 7#ic7 ,9 weld+ ca/ /eel ! same proc$ure takes place z previ\sly describ$ = /eel1 & x %\ld pres5t no real difficulties aft] t process is und]/ood4 ,!re may be m s&1 oxide & o!r impurities pres5t on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! metal1 b ^! c all be work$ out if pl5ty ( heat is appli$4 ,at times1 :5 work+ 9 /eel1 x w be f\nd t !re may be a small hole develop 9 ! c5t] ( ! weld & z ! tor* is work$ into ?is hole x is f\nd t x goes d[n a %ort di/ance & seem+ly refuses to be work$ out4 ,?is is :at mo/ weld]s call a 8crat]10 & is caus$ by ! metal at ! bottom n be+ hot en\gh = ! surr\nd+ melt$ metal to fuse x4 ,:5 f\nd !y %\ld be remov$ be=e add+ any m metal4 ,by play+ ! tor* flame ar\nd & ar\nd x1 s t ! heat may be transmitt$ to ! bottom ( ! 8crat]0 & x br\ght to ! melt+-po9t l ! surr\nd+ metal & sudd5ly j]k+ ! tor* away1 x w disappe>4 8,crat]s0 are g5]ally =m$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! weld1 especially if ! 8,v0 is n>r[1 & !y are h>d to h&le :5 deep4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! fill]-rod be melt$ into !m 9 try+ to make !m disappe>1 z ?is w only mean cov]+ !m ov]4 7#id7 ,"s weld]s f9d t h>d spots develop 9 _! welds :i* !y h difficulty 9 ov]com+1 & x is a v s]i\s h&icap :5 ! weld is to be ma*9$1 = (ttimes x w break v exp5sive tools & leave a portion ( a drill or die brok5 (f 9 ! metal4 ,x is probably safe to say t ! pr9cipal cause ( h>d spots 9 /eel welds is due to lack ( heat4 ,?is1 if giv5 c>eful ?\ght & consid]ation1 w be br\ght home =cibly to ! weld] z he proce$s 9 8 "w1 = ! lapp+ ( metals1 trapp+ ( oxides1 8crat]s10 too rapid cool+1 etc41 may all be directly attribut$ to a lack ( suffici5t heat4 ,if ! metal is 9 a molt5 /ate1 all impurities w be br\ght to ! surface1 = !y are b\nd to be displac$ by ! weight ( ! metal1 ! same z corks 9 a b>rel w float to ! top if wat] is introduc$4 ,! wat] 9 ?is case has a great] specific gravity ?an ! corks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,! ,op5 ,ends on long ,/eel ,welds w ,ov]lap z ! ,weld+ ,progresses if ,improp]ly ,/>t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,%[+ h[ ,op5 ,ends ( ,/eel pieces are ,spread ,slightly to ,ov]come ,lapp+ ( ,ends 9 ,mak+ ,weld4 7#ie7 ,9 weld+ on %eet iron & /eel1 _m op]ators w f9d t !y h m difficulty 9 execut+ a successful weld ?an on slightly heavi] "w4 ,?is is no d\bt due to ! ?9 nature ( ! "w & ! ease ) :i* x may be burn$ or c>boniz$ if ! op]ator is n al]t4 ,:5 work+ on su* mat]ial a v small fill]-rod is us$ if ?\ght necess>y b ?is rod mu/ be z free f impurities z possible4 ,:5 work+ on a long seam su* z may be enc\nt]$ on a /eel tank1 x w be notic$ t 9 weld+ f "o end along ! seam t ! metal ahead ( ! flame w t5d to ov]lap z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,?is may be ov]come by tack+ 7t is1 fus+ ! metals toge!r71 at v>i\s po9ts be=e />t+ ! weld1 or ! p>ts ahead ( ! tor* c be sep>at$ z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb & held ?is way by us+ a w$ge4 ,?is is mov$ along z ! weld advances & p]mits ! edges to close toge!r4 ,ano!r me?od us$ by manufactur]s :o make a specialty ( ?is "w is to con/ruct a jig :i* clamps ! ends rigidly & !y are weld$ :ile 9 ?is position4 ,?is ph5om5on 9 /eel weld+ w appe> r /range to ! weld] :o has _h "s exp]i5ce on ?9 ca/-iron "w1 su* z ov5 doors & ! l4 ,9 ^! he f\nd t z 8 weld advanc$1 ! weld$ portion be=e him w\ld sep>ate1 & :5 he _h weld$ ab\t f\r in*es or s x w\ld be necess>y = him to jump 8 flame back to ! beg9n+ ( 8 weld & heat up t portion1 9 ord] to close up ! cracks be=e him previ\s to 8 cont9u+ ! "w4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,?is may be expla9$ by ! fact t /eel is a v ductile metal & :5 x is fus$1 ! expansion is tak5 c>e ( int]nally by ! two edges comb9+4 ,!n1 9 cool+1 ! metal contracts1 an action mu* m rapid 9 /eel ?an 9 ca/ iron1 & draws ! edges ( ! /eel plates pa/ ea* o!r s t !y ov]lap4 ,9 ca/ iron1 :i* is rigid1 ! edges are exp&$ by ! fusion ( ! metal & ?is space is !n fill$ up ) new metal1 hold+ ! edges ap>t4 ,z ! weld progresses ! metal ahead ( ! tor* is pu%+ out1 & t beh9d is cool+ (f1 :i* acts z a lev] on ea* side to op5 up ! unweld$ ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,?is ,illu/ration ,%[s h[ ! ,op5 ,ends ( ,?9 ,ca/-iron ,pieces ,spread ap>t z ! ,weld ,progresses4 ,to ,close ! ,edges toge!r1 ,jump ! ,tor* ,flame f ,b to ,a2 z ,a heats up1 ,b ,cools & ! ,lev]-l ,action ,closes ! ,op5+4 7#if7 ,to weld a brok5 automobile frame successfully ! body ( ! c> %\ld be rais$ if necess>y1 to keep x f burn+ & all pipes1 wires & gasol9e leads protect$ ) a cov]+ ( asbe/os pap]4 ,pl5ty ( room %\ld be all[$1 s t ! weld] may h easy access to ! break1 & ! frame %\ld be jack$ up on bo? sides ( ! break until ! frame is 9 prop] alignm5t4 ,!n weld ! crack f ! outside1 work+ across ! top1 !n d[n ! side & across ! bottom1 re9=c+ a little if necess>y on all sides b ! bottom4 ,!n repeat ?is op]ation on ! inside1 re9=c+ at all po9ts4 ,!n take a /rip ( /eel ab\t "o-eigh? or "o-qu>t] in* ?ick & six or eight in*es long & z wide z ! bottom ( ! frame4 ,?is piece %\ld be weld$ securely to ! bottom ( ! frame ) ! =m] break 9 ! middle ( ! /rip4 ,a cut repres5t+ ?is job is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,by ?is me?od ! frame c be made /rong] ?an orig9ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,a ,good ,me?od ( ,re9=c+ a ,weld on an ,automobile ,frame is ,"h ,%[n4 ,! ,pat* z ,pictur$ ,"h is only 8,tack$ ,on40 ,x ,%\ld be ,weld$ ,securely to ! ,bottom ( ! ,frame on all ,f\r ( its ,edges4 ,,"p ,,?ree4--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7#ig7 ,aside f ! difficulties already m5tion$ 9 /eel weld+1 !re are _m o!rs4 ,a few ( ^! w be tak5 up 9 ord] to let ! beg9n] "k h[ to approa* ! v>i\s problems :i* may confront him4 ,b 9 no wise is ?is to be consid]$ to be a treatise on advanc$ "w4 ,(ttimes ! "q arises1 ,c spr+s be successfully weld$8 ,n[1 :ile spr+s h be5 weld$1 & !y h be5 te/$ out ?or\ghly1 yet ! practice ( spr+ weld+ ) ! oxy-acetyl5e flame is n to be recomm5d$4 ,!re are ^? :o w weld leaf spr+s1 su* z are f\nd on automobiles1 & w apply rapid bl[s ) ! hamm]1 :ile _! weld is /ill 9 a heat$ condition & !n plunge ! spr+ 9 wat] or oil to h>d5 x & ! weld4 ,a close obs]v] w readily see :y ?is proc$ure is n correct4 ,spr+s ( ?is nature are made up ( metal :i* takes a uni=m h>d5+1 & 7 x n s !y c\ld n be consid]$ spr+s4 ,n[1 if !re is a fracture & a =eign metal1 :i* "u no circum/ances c be expect$ to take ! same h>d5+ z ! re/ ( ! spr+1 is introduc$ into ! weld1 x c easily be se5 :y a fusion ( ?is k9d is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,if x 7 possible to diagnose or take an analysis ( ! metal 9 ! spr+ & use a fill]-rod :i*1 aft] be+ act$ ^u by ! flame1 w\ld come out ! same z ! metal 9 ! spr+1 !n "s success might be expect$1 b until t "t1 weld+ ( spr+s w n be enc\rag$4 ,unless p]*ance ! break is ( su* a nature t x c be re9=c$ readily & is 9 su* a position t a resili5t quality is n necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,build+ ,up ,worn ,%afts4 7#ih7 ,"w on crank-%afts (t5 causes p]plexity on ! "p ( ! beg9n]1 = he usually he>s ?is matt] discuss$ pro & con4 ,crank-%afts ( f\r in*es 9 diamet] c be successfully weld$ ) ! oxy-acetyl5e flame1 & ev5 l>g]1 if correct me?ods are employ$4 ,!re are _m po9ts :i* ! weld] consid]s be=e decid+ :e!r a weld ( ?is nature is advisable4 ,( c\rse ! usability ( ! piece aft] x has be5 weld$ is ! ma9 issue :5 execut+ any k9d ( a repair job4 ,n[1 a crank-%aft w g5]ally break 9 ei!r ( two ways2 by "s ext]nal =ce1 su* z a connect+ rod break+ loose1 or by cry/allization1 :i* is usually due to fatigue4 ,n[1 9 ! latt] case1 (ttimes ! %aft w break 9 ! *eek ( ! 8(fset10 & possibly no "p ( ! %aft is ?r[n out ( alignm5t4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 weld+ is usually recomm5d$ & ! %aft may be br\ght back to a useful /ate 9 v quick ord]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! =m] case1 ! %aft is apt to be sprung1 & :ile x c\ld be weld$1 ! ma*9e "w necess>y to re/ore x to normal requires mu* "t1 & x has be5 kn[n1 :]e aft] sp5d+ a matt] ( days 9 try+ to get prop] alignm5ts1 "w 0 scrapp$ z useless4 ,s x is entirely up to ! weld] 9 "w ( ?is k9d to det]m9e :e!r ! job is wor? :ile or n4 ,!re are c]ta9 p>ts ( a crank-%aft ^u :i* weld+ "w c be done ) a m>k$ degree ( success1 su* z build+ up worn be>+s & ! l4 ,9 do+ "w ( ?is k9d x is recomm5d$ t ! weld] fuse 8 metal 9 a l9e p>allel to ! c5t] l9e ( ! be>+1 see+ to x t he has a p]fect fusion betwe5 ! surface ( ! be>+ & ! metal he is fus+ & add+ pl5ty ( metal1 to insure en\gh be+ us$1 s t no l[ spots w %[ up :5 x is ma*9$4 ,x is consid]$ t by add+ ! metal z sugge/$ ! weld] w hold 8 heat mu* bett] ?an if he attempt$ revolv+ ! %aft cont9ually4 ,fig4 #fe w %[ ! me?od "h outl9$ 9 a v cle> way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,%aft ,brok5 at ,end ( ,squ>e ,%ank1 its ,weake/ ,po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,brok5 ,"p ( ,%aft ,remov$ & ,new ,piece ,add$1 !reby ,mov+ ! ,weld away f ! ,weak ,"p4 7#ii7 ,:5 work+ on %afts ! weld] w enc\nt] su* articles z automobile propell] %afts & re> axles1 :i* g5]ally break adjo9+ ! squ>e ends4 ,he w no d\bt wond] :e!r x is advisable to weld ?is squ>e end back on1 or :e!r to try & build up ! %aft ! desir$ l5g?4 ,und\bt$ly ! po9t ( fracture is ! weake/ portion ( ! entire %aft1 else x w\ld n break !re4 ,! execution ( a weld at ?is po9t :]e no additional metal c be add$ or any means ( re9=c+ us$ is n to be recomm5d$4 ,fig4 #ff w %[ ! problem :i* confronts ! weld]1 & ,fig4 #fg ! sugge/$ means ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,by remov+ ab\t f\r in*es f ! brok5 end ( ! %aft & add+ a new piece1 ab\t t5 in*es long1 ( ! same diamet]1 ! weld w be remov$ f ! weak po9t2 a heavi] weld c be made1 & ! end c be ma*9$ (f to ! desir$ size4 ,?is proc$ure is recomm5d$ on all jobs ( l nature4 7#ajj7 ,occasionally case-h>d5$ r+ ge>s are br\ght to ! weld] to h tee? built up or new ones add$1 & al?\gh ! weld] mu/ realize t ! h>d5+ is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! flame1 yet he does n und]/& :y x is necess>y to reh>d5 ! ge>4 ,a little ?\ght on ?is subject w make him appreciate ! fact t if he de/roys c]ta9 prop]ties 9 metal :i* h be5 introduc$ = a reason1 ^! mu/ be replac$ if he w\ld br+ ! job back to normal4 ,x w\ld be l heat+ up a temp]$ la! tool1 or cold *isel = t matt]1 & try+ to use x be=e x _h be5 retemp]$4 ,!re=e if h>d5+ or temp] is de/roy$ by ! flame x mu/ be re/or$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,:5 ,weld+ a ,small ,section to a ,l>g] ,"o1 ! ,flame ( ! ,tor* is ,direct$ t[>d ! ,heavi] ( ! ,two4 7#aja7 ,if a weld 7 to break1 x w\ld be necess>y = ! weld] to remove all metal add$ 9 ! fir/ weld be=e attempt+ to reweld4 ,?is is true ( 8 own "w z well z t ( o!rs :i* he may be call$ ^u to d4 ,= no matt] h[ good ! surface may appe>1 )\t a solid f\ndation no weld is ( any value1 & unless he cle>s out all ( ! old metal he _c be sure ( ! "w4 ,?is w apply n only to /eel "w1 b to all metals1 & x is a po9t :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 7#ajb7 ,at times !re are jobs come up 9 :i* "o piece ( "w is to be fus$ to ano!r :i* is mu* l>g]1 & w absorb mu* m heat dur+ ! weld4 ,:5 h&l+ su* "w1 x w be necess>y to play ! tor* ^u ! l>g] piece mo/ ( ! "t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh1 9 ord] to br+ bo? pieces to a fusion po9t at ! same "t & keep !m 9 t condition4 7#ajc7 ,once 9 a :ile x w be necess>y = a weld] to fuse ca/ iron to /eel or vice v]sa1 & ! "q w arise z to :i* fill]-rod he w use4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a ca/-iron fill]-rod c be us$ ) success & ( c\rse :5 us+ a ca/-iron fill]-rod1 a ca/-iron flux w be necess>y4 ,"w ( ?is nature is n v frequ5t4 ,,"p ,,f\r4--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7#ajd7 ,:5 /eel is 9 a melt$ condition1 x seems to be 9 a v susceptible /ate4 ,x appe>s to absorb gases1 & ) con/ant work+ an oxidation is 9 evid5ce :i* mat]ially effects ! /r5g? ( ! metal4 ,:5 work+ on vanadium & o!r alloy$ /eels1 if kept 9 a molt5 condition too long1 _m ( _! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics are de/roy$4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to execute /eel welds j z rapidly z possible4 ,:ile ?is is true ( mo/ "w1 x is especially to be emphasiz$ on /eel4 ,to assi/ ! weld] 9 execut+ welds on l>ge /eel ca/+s1 ! pieces are g5]ally preheat$1 s t ! "w w take less "t1 be m successful1 & save bo? oxyg5 & acetyl5e4 ,:5 work+ on preheat$ jobs1 9 ord] to get ! desir$ angle on ! fill]-rod s ! weld] may use x )\t discom=t1 a light heat is play$ on ! fill]-rod1 a matt] ( six or eight in*es f ! end be+ fus$ & !n b5t to an angle ( #ij degrees1 s t ! op]ator may hold ! rod at "s di/ance f 8 "w & /ill introduce x 9 ! mann] he desires4 ,"s op]ators weld _! ca/-iron fill]-rods toge!r1 to get ! desir$ angle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi1 b ?is is n z common z ! /eel me?od1 probably because ca/ iron w n b5d & x requires "s "t to weld ! rods toge!r 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,k9ks = ,h&l+ 8,fill]-rod0 on ,l>ge ,"w to ,remove ,weld]'s ,h& away f ,heat ( ,flame4 7a7 %[s h[ ! /eel 8,fill]-rod0 is heat$ by ! tor* flame ab\t #f in*es f ! end & b5t to ! angle desir$4 7b7 illu/rates h[ ca/ 8,fill]-rods0 are h&l$4 ,s9ce !y w n b5d1 !y are weld$ 9 ! ,t %ape %[n4 ,fir/ "o side is us$ 9 fus+1 & !n ! o!r4 7#aje7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry boil] flues are act$ ^u & eat5 away by ! impure wat] us$1 & :5 high prices prevail1 retipp+ is g5]ally resort$ to4 ,a simple me?od 9 :i* !y c be satisfactorily & *eaply done is z foll[s3 ,cut (f ! poor end until solid metal is rea*$1 ) a pipe cutt]1 :i* w t5d to 8,v0 ! "w z x cuts & at ! same "t w squeeze ! edge ( ! pipe 94 ,aft] cutt+1 ?is end ( ! flue is plac$ on ! horn ( an anvil & ! burr on ! inside1 :i* has be5 made by ! cutt]1 is flatt5$ out4 ,x is v important t ! flue be ( ! same size ?r\gh\t 9 ord] to p]mit its be+ clean$4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 8,v0 blocks or a tr\gh1 made ( angle iron1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 & ! new end :i* has be5 prep>$ 9 mu* ! same way is plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,a 9 ! same figure4 ,! piece is tack$ on at two or m spots & !n laid aside until ! :ole set ( flues has be5 prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,!n !y are replac$ 9 ! tr\gh & weld$1 "o aft] ano!r1 be+ turn$ at "o end by a help]1 ?us all[+ ! weld] to d cont9u\s "w4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 at all times t p]fect fusion takes place betwe5 ! flue prop] & ! piece be+ add$1 yet at no "t %\ld ! metal be all[$ to run on ! inside ( ! pipe4 ,m metal c be add$ ?an is really necess>y & c lat] be dress$ d[n on a gr9d+ :eel to ! desir$ size1 :i* mu/ be su* t replacem5t ( ! flue c be made4 ,v>i\s-siz$ pipes c be weld$ 9 mu* ! same way :]e no r$uc]s are obta9able1 ! only *ange be+ t !re mu/ be a /ep made 9 ! tr\gh :i* w p]mit ! v>i\s-siz$ pipes be+ l9$ up correctly4 ,jigs = ! spe$+ up ( manufactur$ articles :i* are to be weld$ are always be+ br\ght out by ! +5i\s workman & are to be enc\rag$ :5ev] possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,%[+ a ,simple ,way to 8,l9e-up0 ,flues :5 ,retipp+4 ,b ,repres5ts ! old ,flue1 & ,a ! ,new ,piece to be ,add$4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,oxweld ,acetyl5e ,co47 ,,fig4 #ga4--,weld$ ,cracks betwe5 ,/aybolts4 7#ajf7 ,9 ! repair ( boil]s _m a feasible job has be5 giv5 up z impossible by ! un?9k+ weld]4 ,cracks h be5 f\nd 9 fire-box %eets ar\nd ! /aybolts :i*1 z soon z !y are t\*$ ) ! flame1 seem to run & keep runn+4 ,!y really disc\rage ^? :o are n famili> ) ?is class ( "w4 ,_m su* welds h be5 execut$ & are app>5tly all "r until te/$1 :5 !y give way & make ! job worse ?an x 0 previ\sly4 ,! tr\ble is 9 ^! in/ances t ! weld] has made no provision = contraction & :ile ! job might appe> to be successful1 yet ! int]nal /ra9s ex]t$ w n %[ !mselves at ! te/4 ,_m boil] %ops h f\nd t ! flat pat* is n to be reli$ ^u & :5 a crack is f\nd betwe5 two /ay-bolt holes1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb1 a r\nd hole is cut z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,a circul> plate is !n cut slightly l>g] ?an ?is hole & aft] be+ br\ght to a r$ heat1 x is belli$ by ! use ( a hamm] or a set ( dies1 s t x assumes ! %ape ( a sauc] & is call$ by _m a 8di%$0 pat*4 ,"s idea may be _h ( su* a pat* f ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,a ,crack betwe5 ! ,/aybolts 9 a ,boil] %\ld be ,cut ,out z ,%[n by ! ,dott$ ,l9e1 to ,prep>e x = a 8,di%$0 ,pat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,a 8,di%$0 ,pat*4 7#ajg7 ,! pat* is plac$ 9 ! %eet ) ! concave side t[>d ! op]ator & %\ld be securely weld$ 9 place1 add+ z little metal = re9=cem5t z possible1 b see+ to x t a p]fect fusion is made betwe5 ! pat* & ! %eet all ! way ?r\gh4 ,z soon z ! weld is complete ! tor* is play$ ^u ! high "p ( ! pat*1 :i* is protrud+1 & z ! weld cools (f1 %>p quick bl[s c be appli$ to ! c5t] ( ! pat*1 :i* %\ld be kept 9 a heat$ condition until x is ne>ly flat4 ,?is w take c>e ( any contraction t might set up & is a v good way ( h&l+ pat*es :i* d n exce$ six or eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,a 8,corrugat$0 ,pat*4 7#ajh7 ,a 8corrugat$0 pat* has be5 br\ght out m rec5tly ?an ! 8di%$0 pat*1 & z its "n w\ld indicate1 x has corrugations ar\nd at lea/ ?ree ( its sides4 ,:ile a 8di%$0 pat* is limit$ 9 its scope & _c be appli$ to squ>e holes unless ! squ>e holes be cut r\nd1 ! 8corrugat$0 pat* kn[s absolutely no limits z to size or %ape4 ,:ile its prep>ation is probably m difficult1 yet its purpose is ! same1 t is1 to take c>e ( ! contraction :i* takes place 9 %eets ( metal :]e heat has be5 introduc$4 ,to prep>e a 8corrugat$0 pat*1 a piece ( metal :i* is some:at l>g] ?an ! hole is tak5 & ! corrugation is made by plac+ two rods on "o side & some:at sep>at$ & betwe5 !m on ! o!r side ano!r rod4 ,) ?is section ( ! pat* heat$ to a r$ heat1 a drop hamm] is play$ ^u x & a corrugation effect$4 ,or an easi] me?od is by ! use ( specially prep>$ dies1 :i* w turn out a pat* 9 quick ord]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile ! pat* %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd is only = a v simple job1 :i* is rectangul> 9 %ape1 yet 8,l0 %ap$ pat*es c be prep>$ & h&l$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! corrugation has be5 introduc$ into ! pat*1 ! latt] is cut s t x w fit ! hole1 & x is tack$ 9 position ) ! belli$ sides out4 ,! me?od us$ 9 apply+ a pat* ( ?is k9d is to weld ! uncorrugat$ side1 !n />t up ! corrugat$ side & weld = two or ?ree in*es1 !n play ! tor* ^u ! corrugation1 adjo9+ ! "p weld$1 & slightly hamm] to assi/ 9 ! expansion ( ! same2 !n return to ! weld1 cont9u+ x until ! corrugation c aga9 be play$ ^u4 ,by do+ ?is1 :5 f9i%$ ! pat* w be flat & no signs ( ! corrugations w be %[n4 ,:ile _m pat*es ( ?is nature are 9 use giv+ ! v be/ s]vice1 ! weld] :o looks ^u ! f9i%$ job _c tell h[ x has be5 accompli%$4 7#aji7 ,:ile ! me?ods "h giv5 seem only to apply to boil] "w1 !y are n s re/rict$ & c be appli$ to tanks & v>i\s vessels ) success4 ,h[ev]1 :5 weld+ on tanks :i* h conta9$ inflammable gases or gasol9e ! weld] is caution$ to take e measure to safegu>d himself1 & :ile x is kn[n t mu* "w is be+ done on su* jobs1 x is n recomm5d$ & 9 fact q ! contr>y4 ,x is true t !re are su* me?ods z fill+ ! conta9]s ) wat]2 cleans+ ) live /eam1 & s =?1 b ! cauti\s man w refra9 f work+ on ^! vessels ev5 ?\gh su* measures h be5 tak54 ,gasol9e has a faculty ( p5etrat+ ! pores ( metallic surfaces1 & al?\gh ^! vessels h be5 empti$ & h rema9$ s a matt] ( a ye>1 ! gasol9e is /ill pres5t to "s ext5t1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t z soon z heat is appli$ & ! molecules ( ! metal are exp&$1 ! gas is releas$ 9 suffici5t quantities to cause an explosion4 ,?is is n 9 "o in/ance only1 b 9 _m1 s x has be5 ?\ght be/ to disc\rage any weld+ "w on vessels :i* h conta9$ gasol9e at any "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,work+ a ,v]tical ,weld on ,/eel1 f ! ,top ,d[n4 7#aaj7 ,:ile x is possible to weld ca/ iron on ! v]tical1 by ! use ( c>bon blocks & s =?1 ! same k9d ( "w c be accompli%$ on /eel ) mu* ease1 )\t ! use ( any blocks1 or mat]ials o!r ?an ! fill]-rod & ! weld+ tor*4 ,!re are two me?ods ( h&l+ v]tical welds2 weld+ f ! top d[n1 or />t+ f ! bottom & work+ up4 ,! =m] seems to be condemn$ by ^? :o h nev] tri$ x1 on acc\nt ( ! c>elessness :i* is apt to be us$ on "w ( ?is k9d4 ,h[ev]1 = ! beg9n]1 x is ?\ght advisable to tea* ?is me?od1 z !re are _m places :]e x c be us$ advantage\sly4 ,! metal at ! top ( ! seam1 su* z a brok5 automobile frame1 or ! l1 is br\ght to a molt5 /ate & held !re1 n only by ! velocity ( ! flame1 b also by ! fill]-rod1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,) ! *oos+ ( a tip ( ! correct size1 ! melt$ metal c be held "u control ) mu* ease1 aft] a little practice1 & x is all[$ to desc5d z soon z ! metal bel[ x is 9 ! prop] %ape = fusion4 ,! fill]-rod is add$ cont9ually1 = x is nev] lift$ out ( ! molt5 metal1 m]ely /irr$ a little f side to side z x desc5ds4 ,none ( ! melt$ metal is all[$ to prec$e ! flame1 & at all times ! op]ator c see :e!r ! edges to be fus$ are at ! "r heat4 ,z soon z ! bottom is rea*$1 ! weld c aga9 be gone ov] if x is n ?\ght /rong en\gh1 & re9=c$ z mu* z desir$4 ,z soon z ! op]ator is famili> ) ?is me?od1 he w f9d t mu* m spe$ c be develop$1 less fill]-rod lo/ & less lapp+ done ?an by build+ up f ! bottom4 7#aaa7 ,9 weld+ ov] head !re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( mo/ weld]s to avoid ! use ( en\gh heat to br+ _! metal to a molt5 /ate1 = fe> t x w drop ^u !m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t lack ( heat means poor welds & t ! metal mu/ be 9 a molt5 condition :5ev] ! weld is to be made4 ,z soon z a little practice is giv5 to ?is k9d ( "w1 ! weld] w see t ! melt$ metal c assume "s proportions )\t dropp+ (f1 despite its weight4 ,x has probably be5 notic$ t on 8sweat+0 wat] tanks drops ( wat] accumulate on ! bottom ( ! tank & d n fall (f4 ,x is ! same sort ( problem 9 ! case ( melt$ /eel4 ,! adhesion ( ! molecules & ! surface t5sion are ! =ces t keep ! metal f dropp+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,brass ,,weld+ 7#aab7 ,x is difficult = ! beg9n] to accu/om himself to brass weld+1 especially on l>ge "w4 ,:ile he has be5 taught to believe t brass has a mu* l[] melt+-po9t ?an iron or /eel1 yet :5 he comes face to face ) ! actual problem ( melt+ x1 he w f9d t x is necess>y to hold 8 flame 9 contact ) 8 piece mu* long]1 on brass "w ?an on ei!r ( ! o!r two1 be=e ! melt+ po9t is rea*$4 ,?is c be acc\nt$ = by ! great conductivity ( brass4 ,on ca/ iron & /eel ! heat 0 r local1 b on brass "w x is transmitt$ to all p>ts ( ! piece z rapidly z x is introduc$1 & ?is absorb+ process cont9ues until practically ! entire piece is ne> ! melt+ po9t4 7#aac7 ,brass has = its base1 copp] to :i* an alloy ( z9c has be5 add$4 ,n[ ! mo/ difficult "p ( fus+ brass "w1 is to add m metal f ! fill]-rod to ! p>ts :i* are to be fus$1 )\t burn+ up any m ( ! alloy1 ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,see+ t ! copp] & z9c h diff]5t melt+ po9ts1 x is a v difficult feat & requires consid]able practice4 ,mu* ( ?is tr\ble c be elim9at$ by ! use ( a fill]-rod :i* has ! correct proportion ( alloy add$1 s t x may take c>e ( & replace any t has be5 de/roy$ by ! flame4 7#aad7 ,brass "w is 8,v-ed0 out :5 weld+ is to be done1 9 practically ! same way z ca/ iron4 ,only "u no circum/ances %\ld ! ends ( ! p>ts be burn$ (f1 :5 8,v-+10 z ! heavy oxide :i* is deposit$ on ! rema9+ metal is v h>d to combat ) ! weld+ flame4 ,! ends ( ! "w are br\ght to a r$ heat ) ! flame t is slightly c>boniz+4 ,?is is held directly 9 contact ) ! "w dur+ ! preheat+ /ages1 9 mu* ! same mann] z on ca/ iron1 & a small lay] ( c>bon may be se5 to accumulate ar\nd ! weld4 ,n[1 9 !ory1 ?is w\ld seem ! wor/ ?+ possible to h pres5t1 b 9 practice a small quantity ( ?is soot acts z an aid 9 mak+ ! weld1 besides mak+ ! flame less int5se1 :i* saves mu* ( ! alloy1 f be+ burn$ :5 ! fusion occurs4 ,:5 ! ends h become r$ hot1 ! same proc$ure is us$ z 9 work+ /eel1 except t ! tor* is giv5 a slightly great] angle & a brass flux is us$4 7#aae7 ,contr>y to mo/ au?orities we f9d t an abundance ( good flux is desirable on brass "w & t x is almo/ impossible to use too mu*4 ,x is desirable to use only ! be/ weld+ fluxes1 = ! be/ welds are to be insur$ only "u ideal conditions4 ,if a weld] 7 to run %ort ( flux1 h[ev]1 he might use p[d]$ borax ( ! #bj ,mule ,team v>iety1 to tide him ov] until he c\ld get a new supply4 ,! flux is add$ 9 ! same way z ! ca/-iron flux1 t is1 by dipp+ ! heat$ end ( ! fill]-rod into ! flux conta9]4 ,en\gh w adh]e1 & :5 add$ w cle> up ! metal 9 ! vic9ity ( ! weld4 ,x %\ld be add$ z (t5 z a weld] notices 8 metal ne$s clean+ & ?is w v>y dep5d+ ^u :e!r !re is a sl[ or rapid work] beh9d ! tor*4 ,a man mu/ use 8 own judgm5t 9 cases ( ?is k9d4 ,rememb] t ! flux is a clean+ ag5t & if ! surface is clean1 no additional flux is necess>y1 b if ! contr>y is true1 t is1 if ! surface is full ( oxide & ! fill] refuses to fl[ easily1 flux is necess>y & %\ld be add$4 7#aaf7 ,dur+ ! weld+1 d5se :ite fumes w come f ! fus+ brass4 ,?is is ! burn+ out ( ! alloy1 t is1 ! z9c4 ,^! fumes are injuri\s to ! weld] & %\ld be avoid$1 if possible1 by prop] v5tilation4 ,! use ( a prop] fill]-rod & rapid "w w l>gely t5d to ov]come ! pres5ce ( ^! fumes1 b if ! op]ator is v sl[1 !y w appe>1 & are foll[$ by a por\s & brittle weld1 :i* if brok5 aft]w>ds w %[ a l>ge numb] ( bl[ holes4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( brass weld+ z a :ole is to add ! fill]-rod1 be+ c]ta9 ( a fusion1 )\t burn+ out ! z9c4 ,:5 brass is 9 a heat$ condition1 x is v fragile & w crack readily if di/urb$4 ,all precautions %\ld be tak5 to see t no sudd5 j>r+ is giv5 ! piece until ! weld has completely set4 ,:5 ?is "w is done _m weld]s plunge _! "w 9 wat]1 9 an ef=t to make x m ductile & easi] to ma*9e4 ,:ile ?is1 ( c\rse1 is condemn$ by !ori/s & rightly s1 9 practice !re seems to be no injury results4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,"p ,,"o4--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7#aag7 ,s f> z ! actual fusion ( alum9um is conc]n$1 x is probably m easily le>n$ ?an any o!r metal1 b on acc\nt ( ! rapid conductivity ( heat & ! loss ( mo/ ( its /r5g? :5 heat$1 alum9um has caus$ mu* conc]n among oxy-acetyl5e weld]s4 7#aah7 ,!re are two me?ods us$ 9 weld+ alum9um1 ! flux me?od & ! puddle me?od4 ,! puddle sy/em gets its "n f ! use ( a puddle /ick or spoon-l rod :i* is us$ to /ir ! metal toge!r1 & is v satisfactorily us$ on all ca/ alum9um4 ,! flux me?od is appli$ to bo? ca/ & %eet alum9um & x is s-call$ because a flux is us$ to break up ! oxide along ! l9e ( weld4 ,! discussion to foll[ applies only to ca/ alum9um4 ,x is 9 ?is metal t mo/ int]e/ is c5t]$1 z ! weld+ ( %eet alum9um1 su* z is f\nd 9 automobile bodies & "s cook+ ut5sils1 is n enc\nt]$ 9 ! ord9>y run ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,tor*weld ,equipm5t ,co47 ,,fig4 #gf4--,%[+ ,alum9um ,crank ,cases ,be=e & ,aft] ,weld+4 7#aai7 ,:5 work+ ) ! flux me?od ab\t ! same siz$ tip is us$ z :5 work+ on ca/ iron4 ,?is is appli$ to ! l9e ( weld & held !re until ! oxide on ! surface comm5ces to wr9kle & small globules ( a m]cury-l appe>ance =m on ! surface4 ,:5 heat is introduc$ 9 alum9um x is transmitt$ ?r\gh\t ! piece 9 ! same mann] z occurs 9 copp] & brass1 !re=e x w require mu* m "t to heat ! "w ?an ! same siz$ piece ( ca/ iron or /eel4 ,z soon z ! weld assumes ! condition m5tion$1 fa/ "w is necess>y or ! metal w collapse1 = x loses mo/ ( its /r5g? :5 heat$ to ?is condition4 ,! end ( ! fill]-rod be>+ ! flux is br\ght d[n on ! metal & imm$iately ! surfaces w cle> up & run toge!r1 l s mu* m]cury4 ,! tor* is in/antly j]k$ away & appli$ f>!r along ! weld4 ,! !ory ( ?is reaction is t ! heavy alum9um oxide is ! only ?+ :i* prev5ts ! metal fl[+ toge!r :5 heat$1 & z soon z ! flux is introduc$ ?is oxide w be de/roy$ along ! l9e ( weld & a fusion ( ! metal effect$4 ,?is actually takes place1 provid+ en\gh heat has be5 introduc$ to p]mit ?is reaction to p5etrate ! dep? ( ! weld4 ,! flux conta9s ! *emicals necess>y to cause ?is reaction if ! metal is 9 ! "r condition4 ,!re are _m weld]s :o d n use suffici5t heat & blame ! faulty results ^u ! flux4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m fluxes :i* are absolutely useless 9 p]=m+ a function ( ?is k9d4 ,! *emicals necess>y 9 comp\nd+ a good flux = ?is class ( "w are exp5sive & !re=e ?is flux _c be procur$ at a l[ price4 ,:5 ! weld is f9i%$ & cool$ ! surface %\ld be scrubb$ ) soap & wat] to remove all traces ( ! flux1 o!rwise a corrosion may occur a mon? or s aft]w>ds1 & :ile x may n affect ! weld 9 any degree1 ! own] ( ! piece may n be pleas$ at ! sight4 ,x is !re=e advisable to remove all traces ( flux us$ on alum9um "w4 7#abj7 ,! puddle sy/em diff]s f t ( ! flux1 insomu* t :5 ! metal has be5 br\ght to ! same heat1 :]e ! flux has be5 appli$ x w be f\nd t ! metal is really 9 a pa/y condition4 ,x c be /irr$ toge!r & ! break entirely elim9at$ by ! use ( a puddle /ick1 ei!r ( a po9t$ or a flat spoon-%ape design1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,dur+ ?is puddl+ /age1 ! tor* is usually held 9 ! left h& ) ! flame "s di/ance away f ! "w1 only introduc+ en\gh heat to keep ! puddle pa/y4 ,! puddle /ick is h&l$ by ! "r h& & :5 extra metal is ne$$ ! puddle /ick is laid aside & ! alum9um fill]-rod is pick$ up & work$ into ! weld4 ,:5 suffici5t metal has be5 add$ ! puddle /ick aga9 comes into play & c be us$ 9 /irr+ ! metal toge!r & f9i%+ x (f 9 ! desir$ mann]4 ,re9=c+ ! weld w apply to alum9um ! same z e o!r metal1 & a v neat job c be made aft] a little practice ) ! puddle /ick4 ,at times "s ( ! alum9um may adh]e to ! /ick1 :i* is made f a qu>t]-in* piece ( /eel fill]-rod1 b ?is c be remov$ by scrap+ x ^u ! fire bricks :i* %\ld be 9 ! vic9ity ( ! weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--8,puddle-/icks0 = ,weld+ ,alum9um4 7#aba7 ,!re are two k9ds ( fill]-rods us$ 9 alum9um weld+4 ,bo? are alum9um1 b "o is ca/ & ! o!r is a drawn rod4 ,?is same diff]5ce w also be notic$ 9 bronze fill]-rods1 & !re has be5 mu* discussion z to :i* is ! desirable "o to use4 ,nei!r ( !m is suppos$ to be #ajj p] c5t pure alum9um1 z su* a fill]-rod does n give ! desir$ results "u ! action ( ! flame4 ,a matt] ( f #ij to #ie p] c5t alum9um1 ) #e p] c5t to #aj p] c5t ( copp] pres5t z an alloy1 is f\nd to make a /rong] & m successful weld4 ,x is recomm5d$1 if possible1 to use ! drawn rods :5ev] available2 = a weld at be/ is only a ca/+1 & if ?is ca/+ c be made f virg9 metal1 r ?an reca/ f metal :i* has be5 ca/ _m times & ! cont5ts n kn[n1 x is ?\ght t ! results w be f> m satisfactory4 ,a weld made ) su* a fill]-rod1 c>e be+ tak5 to "w out ! oxides1 w comp>e v favorably ) ! /r5g? ( ! orig9al metal & 9 _m in/ances a re9=cem5t w make x mu* /rong]4 7#abb7 ,to comb9e ! two me?ods ( weld+ alum9um is n recomm5d$4 ,if ! flux 7 /irr$ up inside ! weld ) a puddle /ick an unsatisfactory weld w\ld result1 s !y are to be kept entirely sep>ate4 ,x is n necess>y to 8,v0 out alum9um = ! same reason z o!r metals are 8,v-ed0 out4 ,:5 x is 9 workable condition x c be puddl$ & /irr$ ab\t z desir$4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to 8,v0 out slightly = ! sake ( m>k+ ! l9e ( weld4 ,:5 alum9um is heat$ up1 ! expansion :i* occurs may close up ! crack1 :i* 0 previ\sly q visible1 9 su* a mann] t x _c be locat$ )\t mu* loss ( "t4 ,ord9>y *alk or soap/one1 if available1 may be us$ to m>k any preheat$ "w1 b ! use ( a *isel along ! l9e ( weld is ! mo/ reliable me?od4 ,,"p ,,two4--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7#abc7 ,x w be notic$1 :5 weld+ alum9um1 t bright surfaces w oxidize imm$iately :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,?is action occurs p]haps fa/] on alum9um ?an on any o!r metal4 ,) ?is oxide or scale pres5t ! metal w n run toge!r nor fuse1 no matt] h[ mu* heat is appli$4 ,! metal may be molt5 on ea* side ( an oxidiz$ crack & at times w cause ! l9e ( fracture to ev5 float1 b if ! oxide is n de/roy$ ! metal w n fuse4 ,z has be5 not$ previ\sly1 two me?ods are us$ to de/roy ?is oxide1 namely1 ! flux me?od & ! puddle sy/em4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is exce$+ly rapid oxidation1 x w be f\nd to ! op]ator's advantage to complete 8 alum9um welds z quickly z possible 9 ord] t he w h less ( ?is oxide to combat4 ,x w be f\nd 9 us+ ! puddle sy/em t great] ha/e c be made by us+ ! tor* 9 ! left h&1 leav+ ! "r free to d ! puddl+ & to add :atev] metal is necess>y4 ,9 ?is me?od mo/ ( ! success dep5ds ^u ! op]ator's skill 9 h&l+ 8 puddle /ick & puddl+ 9 additional metal4 ,g5]ally ! "r h& c d ?is m rapidly ?an ! left4 7#abd7 ,x is well to le>n h[ to make a successful weld f "o side ( ! metal only1 & :ile ?is w apply to all metals1 x is especially advantage\s 9 work+ alum9um4 ,:]e a small lay] ( metal has be5 add$ to "o side ( an alum9um job1 su* z a crank case1 & x does n p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! metal1 :5 ! o!r side is turn$1 & ! flame appli$ to x1 a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature & ! loss ( /r5g? 9 ?is metal :5 heat$ w cause ! fir/ side weld$ to crack unless ! op]ator is extremely cauti\s4 ,!re=e x is always well to le>n h[ to p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! metal f "o side & make a satisfactory weld 9 ?is mann]4 7#abe7 ,z previ\sly /at$1 alum9um :5 melt$ loses mo/ ( its /r5g?1 & if n support$ by "s means or o!r ! metal w collapse4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is x is advisable to back up alum9um "w1 :5 possible1 :e!r ! job is to be done cold or 9 preheat$ condition4 ,! mo/ successful mann] ( back+ up is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh1 :]e9 ,a repres5ts a ?9 %eet ( copp] :i* has be5 fitt$ to ! "w1 & daubs ( asbe/os cem5t %[n at ,b w aid to "s ext5t 9 hold+ ! plate 9 position1 b ?is alone %\ld n be dep5d$ ^u4 ,a prop or fire brick1 ^u ! top ( :i* has be5 plac$ a cu%ion ( cem5t1 w s]ve z a good back+1 b :]e ?is _c be accompli%$ fill]-rods may be b5t 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,^! fill]-rods are n ( ! spr+y type1 b are ( s(t wire & ! loop z %[n is n = a spr+ effect1 b m]ely to take c>e ( ! contraction & expansion ( ! wire4 ,copp] is giv5 a pref]5ce ov] mo/ ( ! o!r %eet metals1 because x c be pe5$ ) a hamm] to any %ape desir$1 & _m odd %ap$ additions c be =m$ by its use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,"o ,me?od ,us$ to 8,back ,up0 ,alum9um ,"w1 :5 ,weld+4 ,a ,repres5ts a ,%eet ( ,copp]2 ,b1 ,asbe/os ,cem5t4 7#abf7 ,! use ( clamps1 :5 work+ on alum9um1 is n recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( ! great conductivity ( heat & ! weak5+ ( ! metal z x approa*es ! melt+-po9t4 ,pressure ( any k9d is n desir$ & ! op]ators :o attempt to use clamps w regret x soon] or lat]4 7#abg7 ,9 alum9um "w contraction & expansion take place ! same z 9 o!r metals1 only to a mu* great] ext5t1 & great] all[ances mu/ be made4 ,h[ev]1 ! same rules c be appli$ :5 det]m9+ :e!r "w %\ld be preheat$ or n1 = if ! ends are free to move1 ! "w c usually be accompli%$ )\t preheat+1 :]eas if conf9$1 x w be necess>y4 ,:5 preheat+ is necess>y ! :ole piece mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same way1 reg>dless ( ! size4 ,if only "p ( ! "w 7 preheat$ & ! balance left expos$1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to avoid w>page & %r9kage /ra9s1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! "w useless4 ,always preheat ! entire piece if any portion requires x4 7#abh7 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 sett+ up alum9um "w = preheat+4 ,its weight %\ld be di/ribut$ equally on :atev] support is us$1 s t !re w be no dang] ( any "o "p sagg+1 !reby ?r[+ ! :ole piece out ( alignm5t4 ,a good way ( accompli%+ ?is is to lay fire bricks on _! flat side1 9 su* a mann] t ! weight ( ! "w w be fairly well di/ribut$4 ,!n put a daub ( clay or asbe/os cem5t on ea* brick & press ! alum9um piece d[n on ?is cu%ion4 ,?is w ov]come ! use ( %ims & o!r me?ods us$ = jack+ up ! "w1 :i* are unreliable4 7#abi7 ,if *>coal is to be us$ z a preheat+ fuel1 an ov5 ( fire brick %\ld be built up ) draft holes 9 ! bottom lay] ( brick1 z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,preheat+4 ,a lay] or two ( *>coal is !n ignit$4 ,! ov5 is !n cov]$ ) asbe/os pap] or a piece ( %eet metal4 ,asbe/os pap] is pref]able z ! metal becomes v hot & is apt to burn ! op]ator4 ,aft] ! fire has receiv$ a good />t1 additional *>coal is add$ until suffici5t heat is obta9$4 ,?is c be det]m9$ by spr9kl+ a little sawdu/ on ! surface ( ! alum9um1 & if x *>s readily1 ! "w is ready to weld4 ,o!r me?ods h be5 outl9$ previ\sly1 any or all ( :i* may be us$ 9 le>n+ ?is heat4 ,9 execut+ ! weld z little ( ! "w is expos$ to ! air z possible1 9 ord] to hold a uni=m heat & n p]mit any "p to become *ill$4 ,at ! completion ( ! weld ! ov5 is cov]$ ov]1 ! op5+s 9 ! bottom r[ ( bricks are /opp$ up1 & ! piece all[$ to cool ) ! dy+ fire4 ,! *>coal process is ! sl[ b sure me?od ( h&l+ preheat$ alum9um "w1 & is always recomm5d$4 7#acj7 ,:5 preheat+ alum9um ) tor*es burn+ k]os5e or gas a diff]5t k9d ( ov5 is built1 z previ\sly describ$ 9 ! lecture on ,preheat+4 ,no op5+s are left 9 ! l[] r[ ( bricks & ! ov5 is built v mu* clos] to ! "w be+ preheat$4 ,z ! object is to conf9e z mu* heat z possible & h a uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t1 x is n desirable to h su* ov5s loosely con/ruct$4 ,if ! bricks are irregul>1 a d\ble wall c be built ) a lay] ( asbe/os betwe5 !m4 ,su* a proc$ure is always recomm5d$ if "t & bricks p]mit4 ,a hole is left 9 "o end ( ! ov5 = ! preheat+ tor* flame to ent]4 ,on alum9um "w ! flame is nev] play$ directly ^u ! metal4 ,a baffl+ plate ( metal or fire brick is us$ to di/ribute ! flame ar\nd ! sides ( ! piece & v satisfactory results may be obta9$ by preheat+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,"p ,,?ree4--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7#aca7 ,_m times alum9um crank cases :i* h l>ge holes pun*$ 9 !m & p>ts miss+ are br\ght to a weld] = repairs4 ,a "q arises z to :e!r x is be/ to back up ^! holes & fill 9 ! miss+ p>ts ) a fill]-rod z ! weld+ progresses1 or :e!r ^! p>ts %\ld be ca/ sep>ately or cut out ( ano!r crank case4 ,x w g5]ally dep5d ^u ! size ( ! hole1 z to ! desirable proc$ure 9 a case ( ?is k9d4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t if ! ca/+ & weld+ are to be done at "o & ! same "t ea* additional lay] ( metal mu/ be fus$ to ! la/ lay] & t 9 reality a great deal ( weld+ is necess>y4 ,9 addition ?is add$ metal mu/ be fus$ to ! crank case4 ,on small holes1 p]haps two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ?is me?od is recomm5d$1 b if ! hole is mu* l>g]1 x is be/ to ca/ a piece & !n weld x 91 = 9 ?is in/ance !re is only "o l9e ( weld to look aft]4 7#acb7 ,on alum9um "w x is prop] to weld f ! clos$ end ( a crack t[>d ! op51 :e!r ! piece has or has n be5 preheat$4 ,?is is true also ( all o!r metals1 = if ! weld 7 to be />t$ at ! op5 end & work$ backw>ds !re w\ld c]ta9ly be int]nal /ra9s set up1 :i* w\ld be undesirable4 ,if x is n cle> :i* end is ! op5 "o1 ! op]ator %\ld /op a mom5t & figure x out4 7#acc7 ,7 a susp5sion arm ( ! ,u type on an alum9um crank case to break ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es f ! body ( ! case1 x c\ld be weld$ 9 place )\t dismantl+ ! motor1 if h&l$ prop]ly4 ,free access mu/ be _h to ! l9e ( break1 s t ! op]ator c manipulate 8 flame at :atev] angle he ?9ks be/4 ,due to ! contraction & expansion1 :i* may ?r[ ! piece be+ weld$ out ( alignm5t slightly1 x is be/ to blank ! bolt hole at ! end ( ?is susp5sion arm & face x (f1 be=e ! piece is weld$ 9 position4 ,lat] a new hole c be drill$ :i* w l9e up accurately ) ! frame1 & ! weld] w n !n h to worry or attempt to return x exactly to its =m] position4 ,9 ord] to keep ! case itself z cool z possible1 wet asbe/os %\ld be pack$ ar\nd x1 ne> ! brok5 arm1 s t too mu* heat w n be absorb$ by x4 ,! brok5 end is !n tack$ 9 position at two or ?ree places & ! weld />t$4 ,on su* a problem ! puddle sy/em w be f\nd be/1 = bo? horizontal & v]tical weld+ are to be done1 z well z "s ov]head4 ,z flux causes ! metal to fl[1 x is r difficult = ! beg9n] to apply x to v]tical & ov]head "w4 ,! puddle /ick %\ld "w ?r\gh ! metal its full ?ickness & elim9ate e possible trace ( ! break1 digg+ out ! old metal :]e dirt is f\nd1 & add+ new metal = re9=c+4 ,:5 "o side has be5 weld$ & re9=c$ x %\ld n be all[$ to cool :ile ! o!r side is be+ work$4 ,! tor* %\ld be play$ ^u x e n[ & !n1 9 ord] t ! :ole l9e ( weld w be at approximately ! same temp]ature2 o!rwise1 ! weld may break 9 cool+4 ,! ease ) :i* alum9um is puddl$ toge!r1 :i* _m weld]s h lik5$ to ! *ildr5's me?od ( mak+ mud pies1 seems s simple to ! beg9n] t he _c see :]e ! /r5g? comes f :5 cool$4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 he inv>iably works 8 alum9um too long4 ,aft] weld+ a few te/ b>s ( ?is metal & break+ !m 9 ! l9e ( weld1 _m old weld]s w ga9 confid5ce ^u see+ ! results ( _! own ef=ts4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,weld+ ,,( ,,malleable ,,iron 7#acd7 ,! weld+ ( malleable iron1 s f> z ! actual fusion ( ! metal is conc]n$1 is n practic$ except 9 v few in/ances1 :]e ! p>ts are v ?9 & h be5 completely anneal$4 ,?is is on acc\nt ( its be+ :at might be t]m$ a heat-treat$ metal4 ,to beg9 )1 malleable iron is ca/ iron1 & becomes malleable only aft] x has be5 heat$ to ! prop] condition 9 ! pres5ce ( mat]ial :i* w absorb mu* ( its c>bon cont5t1 & kept 9 ?is /ate until a suitable dep? ( its ext]ior has be5 anneal$4 ,x has be5 *ang$ f a brittle ca/+ to "o :i* w b5d to "s ext5t )\t break+1 & its surface1 by ! )drawal ( ! c>bon1 has be5 conv]t$ into /eel4 ,! int]ior rema9s ca/ iron4 ,! dep? ( p5etration w dep5d entirely ^u ! numb] ( h\rs ! "w is treat$4 ,usually x runs f "o-sixty-f\r? to "o-eigh? ( an in*1 dep5d+ ^u ! type ( "w4 ,an idea may be ga9$ ( h[ a cross-section ( ?is metal w appe>1 by not+ ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,illu/rat+ ,cross-section ( ,malleable ,iron4 7#ace7 ,a ma*9i/ w\ld n ?9k ( de/roy+ ! temp] 9 8 tools & !n attempt+ to use !m )\t retemp]+ !m4 ,s ! weld] w n attempt to melt malleable iron1 = he realizes t if he 7 to attempt fus+ ?is metal t its "* w\ld be entirely de/roy$4 ,if he %\ld make a fusion1 ! weld itself & 9 ! vic9ity !re( ! metal w\ld be v brittle & reta9 none ( its ductile qualities4 ,:5 a weld ( ?is k9d is attempt$1 fir/1 a few /eel sp>ks are giv5 (f f ! surface ( ! metal1 :i* quickly dim9i% & ! surface seems to rec$e f ! flame4 ,a :ite foam appe>s z ! /eel surface is burn$ & _m small bl[ holes !n make _! appe>ance4 ,! ca/+ resembles a /eel ca/+ :i* conta9s mu* s& & impurities4 ,! weld+ ( malleable iron1 9 its broade/ s5se1 is !re=e n recomm5d$1 al?\gh z x has be5 /at$ !re are occasions :5 x c be successfully accompli%$4 ,! be/ mann] ( bond+ malleable iron is by ! use ( a bronze fill]-rod1 & ?is process w h]eaft] be ref]r$ to1 = conv5i5ce1 z weld+1 al?\gh x may resemble braz+ 9 "s respects4 7#acf7 ,! art ( weld+ malleable iron ) bronze is n v difficult to le>n4 ,possibly1 ! greate/ tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ by ! beg9n] 9 di/+ui%+ malleable iron f o!r ca/+s4 ,by aga9 ref]r+ to ,fig4 #dc & c>efully not+ ! v>i\s me?ods outl9$1 ?is tr\ble %\ld be ov]come4 ,_m times1 too1 if ! weld] has _h any me*anical exp]i5ce1 he c probably det]m9e :]e ! ca/+ has be5 us$ & c (ttimes satisfy himself :e!r x is malleable or n4 ,malleable ca/+s are v seldom us$ z a we>+ surface1 & are g5]ally employ$ :]e !re is /ra91 to replace /eel ca/+s & =g+s1 :i* are mu* m exp5sive4 ,if x has be5 det]m9$ t ! metal is malleable iron1 half ! battle has be5 won4 7#acg7 ,9 prep>+ malleable iron1 a clean surface is necess>y 9 ! vic9ity ( ! weld4 ,no 8,v-+0 out is necess>y unless ! piece is great] ?an "o-qu>t] in* 9 ?ickness1 & !n ! surface ( ! 8,v0 %\ld be z r\gh z possible4 ,! ends are plac$ z close toge!r z possible1 ! same z 9 braz+1 & a weld+ tip :i* is "o size small] ?an w\ld be us$ on ! same ?ickness ( ca/ iron is !n us$1 ) a slightly c>boniz+ flame4 ,see ,fig4 #bc4 ,! "w is heat$1 ! same z 9 ca/ iron & /eel4 ,?is flame is play$ directly on ! "w 9 a v]tical position1 simil> to t us$ 9 preheat+ ! weld 9 ca/ iron & /eel1 until heat$ to a *]ry r$1 back ab\t "o-half in* on ea* side ( ! weld4 ,z soon z ?is heat is obta9$1 ! bronze fill]-rod c>ries a quantity ( bronze flux to ! weld & ?is fur!r t5ds to clean ! surface4 ,) ! end ( ! fill]-rod directly 9 contact ) ! "w ne>e/ ! op]ator1 ! neutral flame melts ! end ( ! rod1 :i* imm$iately %\ld run ov] ! adjo9+ surface & ?r\gh ! crack4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! flame is abruptly twi/$ away f t portion ( ! weld to avoid burn+ ! bronze4 ,?is is repeat$ along ! l9e ( ! weld until ! entire surface is cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( bronze4 ,) ?is z a f\ndation m bronze is add$1 b dur+ ?is process ! tor* is turn$ s t ! neutral flame w n be> d[n directly on ! bronze1 :i* has already be5 add$4 ,x %\ld r /rike x at an angle & radiate en\gh heat f ! side ( ! neutral flame to p]mit a fusion betwe5 ! fill]-rod & ! bronze already add$4 ,mu* m surface %\ld be cov]$ & m ( a re9=cem5t made ?an 9 ei!r ca/ iron or /eel1 9 ord] to w>rant en\gh /r5g? = ?is class ( "w4 7#ach7 ,a good bronze = weld+ purposes %\ld "w easily "u ! influ5ce ( ! oxy-acetyl5e flame & h suffici5t alloys pres5t to take c>e ( ^? de/roy$ by ! action ( ! flame4 ,x is n ?\ght advisable to "w ov] welds ( bronze1 = fe> ( mak+ !m por\s1 unless m fill]-rod is add$ :5ev] ! flame is br\ght 9 contact ) ! weld4 7#aci7 ,welds ( malleable iron c be made :i* w be ev5 /rong] ?an ! surr\nd+ metal1 & at times !y c be re9=c$ by add+ small /rips ( /eel4 ,^! c be entirely cov]$1 to make !m inconspicu\s4 ,contr>y to cu/om x is recomm5d$ t pl5ty ( flux be us$1 = be/ results h be5 f\nd :5 a surplus r ?an a sp>+ am\nt has be5 employ$4 7#adj7 ,! matt] ( heat 9 malleable iron is ( consid]able importance4 ,if n en\gh heat is us$ !re w be no fusion betwe5 ! bronze & ! iron1 :]eas on ! o!r h&1 if too mu* heat is us$1 ! bronze w n adh]e1 b w seem to boil on ! surface & =m 9 small globules r ?an spread ov] ! :ole metal4 ,9 addition ! "* ( ! piece be+ work$ on w be *ang$ :5 heat$ too mu*4 ,?is matt] ( heat %\ld be giv5 great att5tion & ! beg9n] %\ld le>n & h emphasiz$ ! fact t ! prop] heat is "o :i* w p]mit ! bronze to run l wat] ov] ! surface1 & ?is w =m a good f\ndation to "w ^u4 7#ada7 ,9 g5]al1 malleable iron "w is seldom preheat$1 = ?is is n necess>y if ! pieces h be5 fitt$ toge!r z closely z possible be=e ! weld is />t$4 ,once ! /ud5t has le>n$ ! fl[ ( metal & h[ to re9=ce 8 weld1 he w be 9 a position to h&le mo/ any k9d ( malleable iron prop]ly4 ,x is well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t malleable iron is all[$ to cool sl[ly & is n imm]s$ 9 wat]1 z has be5 sugge/$ :5 work+ on brass1 = "h we h "o metal 9 ! piece itself & ano!r 9 ! weld1 & too great a /ra9 w\ld set up if !y 7 cool$ abruptly4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,cutt+ 7#adb7 ,by heat+ a b> ( wr\ght iron or /eel to a weld+ heat & hold+ x 9 a /ream ( compress$ air1 or a /rong bla/1 x w at once beg9 to melt & sizzle1 emitt+ an inc&esc5t & sc9tillat+ light4 ,?is light is dang]\s to obs]ve at close range )\t color$ glasses4 ,! burn+ ( ! metal c be ma9ta9$ = h\rs1 )\t any o!r s\rce ( heat except t caus$ by ! combu/ion ( ! iron4 ,! oxy-acetyl5e cutt+ process is bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 9 t a neutral flame is appli$ 9 ord] to heat ! "p be+ cut to ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,once ! melt+-po9t is rea*$1 pure oxyg5 "u pressure is appli$ to ma9ta9 oxidation & =ce out ! burn$ portion4 7#adc7 ,! app>atus us$ = cutt+ does n diff] to any great ext5t f t ( ! weld+ class1 except t a diff]5t tor* is employ$4 ,!re are comb9ation regulators & tor*es manufactur$1 b a comb9ation tool is always reg>d$ by mo/ au?orities z a loss 9 effici5cy1 ei!r on "o side or ano!r4 ,:ile a l[-pressure weld+ regulator may be us$ on ! oxyg5 l9e = cutt+1 yet its use ^u l>ge "w1 :]e ! pressure is high & ! regulator mu/ pass a great deal ( gas v freely )\t freez+ up1 ?is l[-pressure regulator w be a s]i\s h&icap & cause mu* tr\ble1 if us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,! ,cutt+ ,tor* ,eats its ,way ?r\gh ,/eel ( any ,size ) ,rem>kable ,ease1 ,leav+ a ,clean-cut ,edge4 ,?is ,view ,%[s a ,cutt+ ,tor* 9 ,op]ation at ! ,ordnance ,weld+ ,s*ool1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 7#add7 ,an ideal arrangem5t on ! oxyg5 l9e = cutt+ is to h a d\ble or 8tw90 regulator atta*$ to ! oxyg5 drum1 "o side ( :i* w d = weld+ & ! o!r1 be+ high-pressure type1 w produce a con/ant fl[ ( high-pressure gas1 suitable = ! cutt+ jet4 ,!n :5 cutt+ is done a ?ree-hose tor* %\ld be employ$4 ,"o ( its oxyg5 connections :i* gov]ns ! neutral flame c be connect$ to ! l[-pressure regulator1 :ile ! oxyg5 jet %\ld be controll$ by ! high-pressure regulator1 ! ?ird connection w furni% ! acetyl5e gas = ! preheat+ flame4 ,h[ev]1 9 place ( ?is ?ree-hose arrangem5t1 mo/ cutt+ is accompli%$ by means ( a two-hose app>atus1 :]e9 only "o hose is us$ to convey ! oxyg5 f a s+le regulator to ! tor*4 ,on su* app>atus mu* tr\ble is usually exp]i5c$ 9 cutt+ old metals :]e a great deal ( scale is pres5t or 9 a close place :]e ! tor* is apt to get hot4 7#ade7 ,_m times "p ( ! scale or metal w pop up aga9/ ! tip & cause ! oxyg5 jet to flick]4 ,?is slight v>iation may cause an excessive pressure ( oxyg5 to be introduc$ into ! preheat+ flame mom5t>ily1 by back+ up ! oxyg5 9 ! cutt+ jet4 ,?is lean mixture ( gas w g5]ally fla% back in/antane\sly & w deposit a lay] ( c>bon on ! inside ( ! tip1 :i* causes mu* annoyance to ! op]ator4 ,?is condition is to be f\nd :]e !re is b "o oxyg5 l9e4 ,9 ! two-hose arrangem5t ?is is entirely ov]come1 due to ! indep5d5ce ( ! pressure on ea* l9e4 7#adf7 ,! high-pressure regulator diff]s f ! l[-pressure regulator 9 ^! respects3 ,! diaphragm1 see ,fig4 #af1 is mu* small] 9 diamet]1 :i* makes x less s5sitive1 & ( c\rse mu* /rong]4 ,! diaphragm spr+s are usually mu* heavi]2 ! nozzle conta9s a l>g] op5+ = pass+ gas freely )\t freez+2 & to take c>e ( ! increas$ pressure on ! l9e1 usually a high] pressure work+ gauge is add$ to ! regulator4 ,su* a regulator is capable ( pass+ mu* m gas ?an ! l[-pressure type1 b z f> z be+ z s5sitive & ma9ta9+ a con/ant1 absolute fl[ ( gas1 its design w n p]mit x to d s4 ,9 cutt+1 ^! requisites are n necess>y4 ,9 weld+1 h[ev]1 ! delicate adju/m5t ( ! flame dem&s a v s5sitive regulator & usually ! l>g] ! diamet] ( ! diaphragm ! m s5sitive ! adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,end ,views ( ,cutt+ ,tips1 ,%[+ ,possible ,arrangem5ts ( ,preheat+ ,flames 9 ,reg>d to ,oxyg5 ,jet4 ,! ,black ,circles ,repres5t ! ,preheat+ ,flames1 :i* ,v>y 9 ,numb] & ,arrangem5t ,accord+ to ! ,nature ( ! ,"w1 ! ,possible ,limit be+ a ,cont9u\s ,circle1 z ,%[n4 ,! ,:ite ,circles ,illu/rates ! ,oxyg5 ,jet1 :i*1 too1 ,v>ies 9 ,size ,accord+ to ! ,"w4 7#adg7 ,! cutt+ tor* diff]s f ! weld+ tor* 9 _m respects4 ,! tip itself1 :5 look+ at its end1 may resemble any "o ( ! views %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,9 ! weld+ tor*1 b "o hole is to be f\nd 9 ! tip2 9 ! cutt+ tips1 two or m holes are to be f\nd4 ,9 all cases ! c5t] hole passes pure oxyg51 :]eas 9 ! surr\nd+ holes1 bo? oxyg5 & acetyl5e mix & :5 light$ give a neutral flame4 ,?is w h]eaft] be call$ ! preheat+ flame4 ,! gases issu+ f ^! op5+s are controll$ by ?ree valves1 "o ( :i* may h a trigg] or lev] arrangem5t = quick action1 & x w control ! c5t] jet ( oxyg5 :i* really does ! cutt+4 ,?is is "u mu* high] pressure ?an ! preheat+ flame4 ,! o!r two valves w control ! oxyg5 & acetyl5e gases us$ = ! preheat+ flame4 ,9 light+ su* a tor*1 ! acetyl5e is turn$ on 9 ! same mann] z has be5 taught :5 weld+1 until x j leaves ! end ( ! tip4 ,!n ! oxyg5 valve is op5$1 :i* controls ! preheat+ flame1 & en\gh is p]mitt$ to pass to produce a neutral flame4 ,z soon z ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! ?ird valve %\ld be quickly op5$ & held s a mom5t1 to see if ! neutral flame has be5 *ang$4 ,g5]ally ?is op]ation w deprive ! neutral flame ( "s ( its oxyg51 & a fea!r flame1 %[+ too mu* acetyl5e & n en\gh oxyg5 gas1 c be notic$4 ,?is w necessitate turn+ on slightly m oxyg5 at ! tor* valve4 ,! ?ird valve is !n %ut (f & ! tor* is ready to />t cutt+4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,g5]al ,weld+ ,equipm5t ,co47 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,cutt+ a ,heavy ,%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,position to ,hold ,tor* 9 :5 ,cutt+ ,metal4 7#adh7 ,on small cutt+ jobs1 ab\t z mu* acetyl5e pressure is us$ on ! l9e z !re w\ld be if x 7 a weld+ job4 ,! oxyg5 pressure1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally mu* great]1 & a pressure any:]e f t5 to two hundr$ p\nds %\ld be us$1 dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! metal & ! conditions :i* mu/ be met4 ,9 extreme cases :]e v heavy cuts are to be made1 a mu* high] pressure ?an has be5 m5tion$ %\ld be us$1 b ! limitations giv5 w cov] a wide range ( "w4 ,to />t a cut x is necess>y to br+ ! preheat+ flame 9 contact ) "o edge ( ! metal to be cut & play x !re until ! metal is r$ hot4 ,z soon z ?is condition is rea*$ ! tor* is held /eady--! neutral flame j t\*+ ! metal2 !n ! ?ird valve controll+ ! cutt+ jet ( oxyg5 is op5$4 ,?is oxyg51 "u high pressure1 quickly acts ^u ! hot metal & sev]s x in/antane\sly1 melt+ & oxidiz+ ! metal s t x w n fl[ toge!r1 9 "o & ! same op]ation4 ,z soon z ?is occurs ! tor* %\ld be advanc$ z rapidly z possible 9 ! direction ! metal is to be cut4 ,! m rapid ! advancem5t & ! /eadi] ! tor* is held ! clean] ! cut w be2 & incid5tally1 less gas consum$ 9 ! execution ( ! job4 ,9 cutt+1 z 9 weld+1 x is always well to give ! tor* a *ance1 & :5 ! op]ator sees mu* molt5 metal spla%+ directly back on ! tor*1 he %\ld *ange ! angle slightly to avoid 8 app>atus becom+ ov]heat$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if ! cutt+ tor* is held at ! angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc1 ! mo/ satisfactory results c be expect$4 7#adi7 ,at ! pres5t "t only su* metals z /eel & wr\ght iron c be successfully cut4 ,:5 x comes to ca/ iron no me?od has yet be5 discov]$ to cut x ) any degree ( success by ! oxy-acetyl5e flame1 on acc\nt ( ! high melt+-po9t ( ! oxide & v>i\s o!r matt]s4 ,! day is look$ =w>d to1 h[ev]1 :5 aft] suffici5t "t & /udy has be5 devot$ to ?is subject1 t ca/ iron c be z successfully cut z any o!r metal1 by introduc+ ano!r gas or ag5t to de/roy "s ( ! reactions :i* ret>d its application at ! pres5t "t4 7#aej7 ,! use ( ! cutt+ tor* 9 prep>+ /eel "w1 = weld+ ( l>ge size1 plays an important "p1 9 quickly & effici5tly 8,v-+0 out & gett+ x ready = use4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 aft] its use1 to see t ! heavy oxide :i* x leaves is l>gely de/roy$1 be=e any m metal is add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,me?od ( ,cutt+ ) ,two ,weld+ ,tor*es4 ,tor* ,a is ,adju/$ s t a ,neutral ,flame w d ! ,preheat+1 :ile a ,=k 9 ! ,oxyg5 ,l9e ,supplies ,oxyg5 only to ,tor* ,b1 & x does ! ,cutt+4 7#aea7 ,frequ5tly ! weld] has a call = a cutt+ tor*1 :]e none is available1 yet an extra weld+ tor* or two may be on h&4 ,if ?is is ! case1 two weld+ tor*es may be fa/5$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] t a tempor>y job ( cutt+ may be h&l$4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,if no extra weld+ tor* is available1 a c>bon burn+ tor* or any piece ( copp] tub+ :i* has a valve 9 "o end1 suitable = tak+ a hose connection1 & ! o!r end free to h a weld+ tip braz$ on1 c be us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! weld+ tor* w give ! neutral flame & ! extra l9e ( oxyg5 w d ! cutt+4 ,x is well to rememb] t oxyg51 no matt] "u :at pressure1 _c be expect$ to act ^u cold metal4 ,a r$ heat is absolutely necess>y4 ,!re are v>i\s %ort cuts1 x is true1 9 obta9+ ?is heat1 & :]e a l>ge %aft is to be cut1 ! op]ator w\ld n ?9k ( play+ 8 tor* ^u su* a piece ( metal until x 0 r$ hot 9 ! locality 9 :i* he wi%$ to />t 8 cut4 ,?is w\ld consume too mu* "t & gas4 ,g5]ally a hamm] & cold *isel are br\ght into play & a slight curl on ! metal is obta9$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #he4 ,! mom5t ?is becomes r$ hot1 ! oxyg5 jet may be turn$ on1 & ! cut comm5c$4 ,z soon z />t$1 ! op]ator is able to 8c>ry-on0 at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,:5 no ,edge is ,available to ,/>t ! ,cut on ,l>ge ,"w1 ,mu* ,"t may be ,sav$ by ,mak+ a ,curl ) a ,cold ,*isel1 z ,%[n4 7#aeb7 ,an armor$ hose is g5]ally us$ on ! oxyg5 l9e = cutt+1 z well z on ! acetyl5e l9e1 z !re is mu* m pressure us$ 9 cutt+ ?an 9 weld+4 ,?is type ( hose we>s mu* long] & does n k9k to ! ext5t t ! unprotect$ hose does4 ,! armor protects bo? l9es f be+ burn$ by ! melt$ metal1 :i* is v apt to come 9 contact ) ! rubb]1 7 x n protect$ 9 "s mann]4 7#aec7 ,! "q (t5 arises 9 weld+ circles1 z to :y1 s9ce ! cutt+ tor* conta9s a s]ies ( neutral flames1 x w\ld n be j z well to use su* a me?od 9 weld+1 z no d\bt m heat c\ld be obta9$ & a great] surface h&l$4 ,! answ] to su* a "q w\ld be1 t ! opportunity = oxidation is s great t successful weld+ c\ld n be expect$1 al?\gh if ?is 7 ! la/ means at a weld]'s disposal1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a weld 9 ?is mann]4 ,he %\ld be v c>eful1 h[ev]1 to see t 8 extra oxyg5 supply is completely %ut (f & t !re is no possible *ance = t gas leak+ into ! weld4 7#aed7 ,to plunge a flame1 su* z is us$ 9 ! cutt+ tor*1 "u wat] & see x cont9ue to burn :ile subm]g$1 looks q m>vel\s to ! av]age layman4 ,yet 9 cutt+ pil+ along wat] fronts ?is is cont9ually be+ done4 ,n only does ! tor* /ay light$1 b x reta9s mu* ( its effici5cy z a cutt+ tool1 & "s in/ances h be5 record$ :]e cutt+ has be5 accompli%$ at a dep? ( ?irty feet "u ! sea4 ,x is true t ! wat] conducts a l>ge "p ( ! heat away v rapidly1 b to facilitate su* op]ations1 an air l9e is br\ght d[n :i* ejects air "u ! tor* & cle>s ! wat] away to "s ext5t1 b ?is is n necess>y4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is ph5om5on 9 a v simple way1 x w be /at$ t no?+ w burn unless oxyg5 is pres5t1 & ! m oxyg5 us$1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! m rapidly w ! burn+ take place4 ,:5 subm]g+ ! cutt+ tor*1 x is presum$ t ! flame obta9s :at add$ oxyg5 is necess>y f ! cutt+ jet & ?is toge!r ) ! velocity ( ! flame & its hydrog5 envelop+ flame p]mits ! neutral flame to cont9ue burn+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,c>bon ,,burn+ 7#aee7 ,^? :o are famili> ) gasol9e eng9es w "k t aft] be+ us$ = "s "t1 ! impurities 9 ! lubrication oil & 9 ! gasol9e1 :i* is cont9ually be+ burn$1 w =m ar\nd ! top ( ! pi/on & cyl9d] head 9 ! motor4 ,:5 en\gh has be5 deposit$ & a few high po9ts become ov]heat$ ?r\gh long runn+1 !re w be a metallic knock di/9ctly he>d :5 an extra /ra9 is be+ ex]t$ by ! motor4 ,?is lay] ( impurities is call$ c>bon & its pres5ce means loss ( p[]4 ,ow+ to ! con/ruction ( mo/ cyl9d] blocks1 x is a v difficult matt] to rea* ?is portion ( ! block )\t dismantl+4 ,?is requires skill$ labor & means mu* delay4 ,a me?od ( remov+ ?is c>bon by ! oxyg5 process has be5 devis$1 :i* w save mu* "t & tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,remov+ ,c>bon f ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,truck1 by ! ,oxyg5 ,process1 at ! ,ordnance ,weld+ ,s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,c>bon ,burn+ ,app>atus4 ,! ,small ,copp] ,tube ,a is ,flexible & c be ,b5t 9 any ,%ape ,desir$4 7#aef7 ,to remove c>bon f a gasol9e eng9e1 fir/ %ut (f ! gasol9e 9 ! l9e & all[ ! eng9e to run until all gas has be5 remov$ f ! c>buretor4 ,?is is m]ely a safety measure4 ,if a vacuum fe$ is us$1 ! vacuum tank is dra9$1 z x w\ld require mu* "t = ! eng9e to consume ?is am\nt ( gas4 ,! hood ( ! c> is !n remov$ & all p>ts ( ! motor on ! side :]e ! burn+ is to be done are cov]$ ) asbe/os pap] or by a heavy piece ( canvas :i* has previ\sly be5 damp5$4 ,?is is to keep ! sp>ks f dropp+ into ! apron or oily p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,remove ! sp>k plugs & see f ! condition ( ^! sp>k plugs :e!r ! cyl9d] is dry or oily4 ,an oily cyl9d] w burn out mu* m rapidly ?an :5 dry4 ,?is c be detect$ v easily f ! condition ( ! sp>k plugs4 ,x is recomm5d$ t only ! sp>k plugs be remov$ z ! removal ( ! bonnet or any l>g] portion w require mu* m oxyg5 & w n produce z satisfactory results z :5 ! oxyg5 is introduc$ ?r\gh a small op5+4 7#aeg7 ,place ! c>bon remov+ app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( ! oxyg5 drum1 regulator1 a l5g? ( hose & c>bon burn+ tor*1 ! latt] be+ made up pr9cipally ( a %ut-(f valve & a long l5g? ( small copp] tub+ z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,turn on n ov] tw5ty-five p\nds oxyg5 pressure z f> z ! tor*1 & ! app>atus is !n ready to use4 ,) ! tor* ins]t$ ?r\gh ! sp>k plug hole 9 numb] "o cyl9d]1 t is1 ! "o ne>e/ ! radiator1 guide ! rise ( ! pi/on until x is at ! top ( ! /roke4 ,?is means t bo? intake & exhau/ valves are clos$4 ,on automobiles :]e a self />t] is us$1 x w be necess>y to use a crank = turn+ ov] ! motor4 ,) ! pi/on at ! top ( ! /roke & bo? valves clos$1 !re is only a small portion ( ! cyl9d] head to be work$ ^u & ?is is ! "p :i* has ! c>bon deposit ^u x4 ,all ma*9$ surfaces & valve seats are fully protect$ & w n be subject$ to any exposure dur+ ! burn+4 ,if ! cyl9d] seems v dry1 a teaspoon ( alcohol or k]os5e may be spray$ into x ?r\gh ! sp>k plug port1 to facilitate ! cle>+ ( ! c>bon4 ,if ! cyl9d] is some:at oily1 ?is is n necess>y4 ,a mat* or burn+ tap] is !n held ov] ! hole & a /ream ( oxyg5 w c>ry ! flame d[n into ! cyl9d] & ignite ! c>bon4 ,z soon z ?is occurs1 a small crack+ noise c be he>d & ! c>bon w run ar\nd ! inside ( ! cyl9d] 9 a heat$ condition4 ,! "p ar\nd ! valves %\ld be clean$ (f fir/1 be=e go+ to ! inn] *amb]1 z ?is process does n seem to "w v well if p]=m$ ! o!r way4 ,a ro>+ noise w be 9 evid5ce & ! popp+ ( ! c>bon f ! surface z x frees itself may fright5 ! op]ator :5 attempt+ 8 fir/ job1 b !re is absolutely no dang]4 7#aeh7 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t oxyg5 itself does n burn1 b m]ely assi/s ! o!r inflammable mat]ial 9 burn+1 !re=e x is only ! c>bon :i* is conta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] t 9 ?is case does ! burn+4 ,z soon z ?is is all consum$1 !re w be no?+ else to burn & ! sp>ks w die ( _! own accord4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! op]ator w %ut (f 8 tor*1 bl[ ! cyl9d] out ) compress$ air & replace ! sp>k plug & !n proce$ ) ! next cyl9d]1 :i* he w treat 9 ! same mann]4 ,he mu/ be sure1 h[ev]1 t ! pi/on 9 cyl9d] numb] two1 or :atev] cyl9d] he is work+ on1 is mov$ to ! top ( its /roke & t bo? valves 9 t p>ticul> cyl9d] are clos$ be=e he />ts 8 burn+4 ,aft] all cyl9d]s h be5 treat$ l numb] "o & ! sp>k plugs are 9 position1 ! gasol9e is turn$ on 7if ! vacuum tank has be5 dra9$1 x is be/ to fill ?is71 & ! motor />t$1 ) ! exhau/ 8cut (f0 op51 9 ord] t any loose p>ticles ( c>bon may be bl[n out4 7#aei7 ,:ile ?is process is 9 v common use1 & seems to be v simple1 !re are _m :o g ?r\gh ! /eps )\t obta9+ satisfactory results4 ,x is consid]$ be/1 if possible1 9 attempt+ c>bon burn+ = ! fir/ "t1 to try x on "s motor :i* is ab\t to be ov]haul$1 9 ord] t ! results may be /udi$ s t ! op]ator w n g bl9dly on1 )\t %[+ "s improvem5t4 ,_m times only ! high po9ts are burn$ out1 :i* w free ! motor tempor>ily ( "s ( its knocks1 b )9 a week or s !y w become evid5t aga94 ,he :o w become pr(ici5t 9 le>n+ c>bon burn+ %\ld apply himself & /udy 8 results4 7#afj7 ,!re are ^? :o consid] c>bon burn+ injuri\s to ! motor on acc\nt ( ! high temp]ature flame :i* !y ?9k is introduc$4 ,b x is ignorance z to ! work+ pr9ciple ( ?is process t makes !m ?9k ?is4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t a gasol9e motor dep5ds ^u a rapid succession ( int]nal explosions = its p[]1 ! folly ( condemn+ a process ( ?is nature1 :]e absolutely no actual flame is us$1 w be se54 ,x is only ! inc&esc5t p>ticles ( c>bon fly+ ab\t t give any heat at all4 ,aft] a cyl9d] has be5 burn$ or dec>boniz$1 ! h& c be plac$ ^u x imm$iately1 )\t any fe> ( be+ burn$4 ,^? motors equipp$ ) alum9um pi/ons may be h&l$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ca/ iron1 & :5 prop]ly us$ ?is me?od ( dec>bonization is v satisfactory4 7#afa7 ,_m times x is ask$ h[ (t5 c>bon burn+ is to be recomm5d$4 ,?is w all dep5d ^u ! type ( motor1 its condition1 & to "s ext5t1 ^u ! lubricat+ oil & gasol9e us$1 z well z ! mileage ( ! c>4 ,if a ma*9e is be+ run cont9ually1 x may be necess>y to h ! c>bon remov$ ab\t e two mon?s1 b conditions w t5d to l5g!n or %ort5 ?is "t z ! case may be4 ,:5 ! knocks are 9 evid5ce1 & ! loss ( p[] is notic$1 x is "t = ! c>bon to be remov$1 & :e!r ?is is "o mon? or two x is an error to cont9ue runn+ ! c> :i* is fill$ ) c>bon4 ,inv>iably ! c>bon burn] is ask$ by 8 cu/om] :e!r c>bon burn+ w regr9d valves2 ?is & _m o!r que/ions c be intellig5tly answ]$ & expla9$ to ! que/ion]'s satisfaction if a c>eful /udy ( ! process is made4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,briti% ,oxyg5 ,co47 ,,fig4 #hh4--,photograph ,%[+ ,squ>e ,piece ,cut ,out ( a ,/eel ,block #i ,in*es ,?ick4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,davis-,b\rnonville ,co47 ,,fig4 #hi4--,?is is an ,electrically ,driv5 ,oxy-acetyl5e ,cutt+ ,ma*9e = ,mak+ ,duplicate ,cuts on ,/eel f a ,draw+4 ,dies & _m ,irregul> ,=ms may be ,produc$ at ,l[ ,co/ by x4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,davis-,b\rnonville ,co47 ,,fig4 #ij4--,?is ,%[s a ,motor-driv5 ,oxy-acetyl5e ,device ,p>ticul>ly ,adapt$ to ,cutt+ ,plates or ,%eets into ,r\nd1 ,oval1 or ,irregul> ,=ms ) ei!r ,/raight or ,bevel$ ,edges4 ,,conclusion 7#afb7 ,9 draw+ ?is elem5t>y c\rse 9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+ to a close1 ! au?or wi%es to aga9 call att5tion to ! fact t ?is c\rse is m]ely to be consid]$ z a f\ndation ^u :i* to build4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to conf9e ! /ud5t's l9e ( ?\ght exclusively to ! actual weld+ ( ! v>i\s metals & an intimate k ( ! tools necess>y to accompli% ?is4 ,te*nical t]ms h be5 avoid$ z mu* z possible1 & hi/ory1 z well z ! g5]ation ( ! v>i\s gases1 h be5 consid]$ only ( second>y importance & h be5 purposely omitt$4 ,_m repetitions h be5 made to place emphasis ^u c]ta9 po9ts & me?ods4 ,x is hop$ t ! /ud5t :o pursues ?is c\rse if he has be5 re/rict$ to ! use ( only "o app>atus w realize t !re are _m su* on ! m>ket1 ea* "o ( :i* may h its advantages1 b if ! g5]al rules1 z outl9$1 are foll[$1 he w n h mu* difficulty or be cov]$ ) confusion if call$ ^u to op]ate diff]5t makes ( app>atus = ! fir/ "t4 ,if he sees t !re is gas pressure on 8 l9es1 he %\ld n hesitate1 !reby %[+ 8 ignorance ( t p>ticul> type ( app>atus1 r let him turn on "o valve1 & direct ! /ream ( gas t[>d 8 no/rils4 ,he c !n readily det]m9e :e!r x is ! fuel gas or n & kn[+ t oxyg5 w n burn he c turn 8 fuel gas on & proce$ )\t %[+ any conc]n4 ,x might be said t confid5ce 9 "o's self is ! keynote ( success1 & ?is is imp]ative to make an exp]t weld]1 b to ! man :o /udies ! flame action on 8 metals & appreciates ! app>atus to ! fulle/ ext5t1 !re is a v bright future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,quick1 ,p]man5t ,repairs are ,made on ,l>ge ,supply ,trucks 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army by its ,corps ( ,tra9$ ,weld]s4 ,?is ,view ,%[s an ,individual ,weld+ ,unit 9 ,op]ation at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7,ordnance7 ,weld+ ,s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,b5 ,k4 ,smi?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,weld+ ,co47 ,,fig4 #ib4--,?is ,cyl9d] did n ,require to be ,bor$ or h any o!r ,ma*9e ,"w ,p]=m$1 b 0 ,plac$ 9 ,s]vice ,directly aft] ,weld+ & has be5 ,s]v+ = ov] ,?ree ,ye>s4 7#afc7 ,! weld] :o desires ! be/ results %\ld procure ! be/ app>atus possible to fill 8 requirem5ts4 ,! co/ ( su* is only ( second>y importance1 ! haz>d atta*$ to *eaply con/ruct$ app>atus & ! loss ( gas1 "t & ! execution ( faulty "w & ! depreciation ( ! weld]'s reputation1 are matt]s ( vital importance4 ,! supplies too1 su* z fill]-rods & ! l1 %\ld be obta9$ only f reliable weld+ companies :o h _! own %ops 9 :i* !y may te/ !m4 ,x is false economy inde$1 to attempt to save a few c5ts on fill+ mat]ials1 = _m doll>s' wor? ( "t & gas may be lo/ on acc\nt ( ! failure ( ! metal add$4 7#afd7 ,!re are a few illu/rations set =? h]e91 to %[ :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! way ( ma*9e con/ruction us$ 9 adapt+ ! oxy-acetyl5e process to ! requirem5ts ( v>i\s manufactur]s4 ,^! w t5d to %[ to "s ext5t :at ! future has 9 /ore = ?is wond]ful process4 7#afe7 ,x has be5 rightly /at$ t oxy-acetyl5e weld+ is yet 9 its infancy4 ,! tor*es1 regulators & 9 fact all p>ts ( ! app>atus are con/antly be+ improv$4 ,! process ( cutt+ ca/ iron mu/ /ill be solv$1 s x w aga9 be /at$ t x behooves ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is "w to apply !mselves to ! great future 9 /ore = !m4 ,,gloss>y ,,def9itions ,,( ,,t]ms ,,& ,,words ,,appli$ ,,to ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,weld+ ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,acetone4 ,a liquid :i* is capable ( absorb+ tw5ty-five times its volume ( acetyl5e gas "u normal temp]ature & pressure4 ,employ$ z a solv5t 9 ! acetyl5e cyl9d]4 ,,acetyl5e4 ,an inflammable gas us$ = weld+ & cutt+4 ,,acetyl5e ,,cyl9d]4 ,a /eel tank fill$ ) por\s mat]ial & acetone1 9 :i* acetyl5e gas is /or$4 ,,adapt]4 ,a brass fitt+ us$ to connect regulators to diff]5t cyl9d]s4 ,,alignm5t4 ,/ate ( be+ 9 l9e4 ,,alloy4 ,metal :i* is add$ to ano!r metal4 ,a mixture ( two or m entirely diff]5t metals4 ,,angle ,,iron4 ,a /eel b>1 ! cross-section ( :i* =ms an angle ( #ij degrees4 ,,asbe/os4 ,a fibr\s mat]ial n affect$ by fire4 ,usually suppli$ 9 %eets or %r$d$4 ,,autog5\s ,,weld+4 ,! process ( unit+ two pieces ( metal toge!r by fus+ )\t additional metal be+ add$1 & )\t ! aid ( hamm]+4 ,,babbitt$4 ,l9$ ) ,babbitt metal4 ,g5]ally f\nd 9 be>+s4 ,,back ,,fire4 ,! popp+ out ( ! tor* flame1 due to a slight explosion ( ! mix$ gas betwe5 ! tor* tip & ! mix+ *amb]4 ,,be>+4 ,support or we>+ surface = a revolv+ %aft4 ,,bevel4 ,to cut or =m at an angle4 ,,bevel$ ,,edge4 ,an edge cut or =m$ at an angle4 ,,bl[hole4 ,a hole or cavity =m$ by trapp$ gas 9 metal4 ,,bl[pipe4 ,a tor* :i* mixes & burns gases produc+ high-temp]ature flames4 ,! t]m ,,tor* is giv5 pref]5ce 9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+4 ,,braz+4 ,unit+ metals ) brass or bronze by means ( heat4 ,,braz+ ,,wire4 ,a fill]-rod ( brass or bronze us$ 9 braz+4 ,,butt ,,jo9t4 ,a jo9t made by butt+ two edges toge!r4 ,,cap4 ,a metal cov] us$ to protect cyl9d] valves4 ,,c>bon ,,blocks4 ,c>bon 9 block =m4 ,us$ to assi/ 9 build+ up p>ts t are to be add$4 ,!y may be gr\nd to any %ape desir$4 ,,c>bon ,,rods4 ,c>bon 9 rod =m4 ,employ$ to save holes ar\nd :i* ! metal is melt$4 ,,c>boniz+ ,,flame4 ,a flame ) an excess ( acetyl5e gas4 ,,contraction4 ,! %r9kage ( metal due to cool+4 ,,cross-,,b>4 ,h& screw = adju/+ ! passage ( gas ?r\gh ! regulator4 ,,cutt+ ,,jet4 ,c5tral jet ( oxyg5 issu+ f tip ( cutt+ tor*4 ,,cutt+ ,,tor*4 ,a tor* ) "o or m heat+ jets & an oxyg5 jet1 us$ = cutt+ metals 9 ! oxy-acetyl5e process4 ,,cyl9d]4 ,a tank conta9+ gas "u pressure4 ,,ductile4 ,t prop]ty :i* p]mits metal be+ =m$ or drawn into diff]5t %apes )\t break+4 ,,expansion4 ,increase 9 size due to heat+4 ,,fill]-,,rod4 ,a rod or wire us$ to supply additional metal to ! weld4 ,,fillet ,,weld4 ,a weld made 9 a corn]4 ,,flame ,,propagation4 ,! rate at :i* a flame w travel4 ,,fla% ,,back4 ,! burn+ back ( ! gases to ! mix+ *amb] or possibly f>!r4 ,,flux4 ,*emical p[d] us$ to dissolve ! oxides & clean ! metal :5 weld+4 ,,gas4 ,errone\sly appli$ to acetyl5e gas alone4 ,bo? oxyg5 & acetyl5e are 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,,gauge4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ pressures ( gases4 ,,g5]ator4 ,a device = manufactur+ gas4 ,usually specifi$ z acetyl5e g5]ator or oxyg5 g5]ator4 ,,gra94 ,! arrangem5t ( ! molecules or cry/als :i* make up a metal4 ,,horizontal ,,weld+4 ,weld+ 9 a level position4 ,i-,,beam4 ,a /eel b> ) ! cross-section ( an ,i4 ,sometimes call$ ,,eye ,,beam4 ,,l9e4 ,hose or pipe c>ry+ gas4 ,,manifold4 ,a head] ) outlets or bran*es by :i* sev]al cyl9d]s ( gas may be us$ 9 batt]ies4 ,,monel ,,metal4 ,an alloy ( copp] & nickel4 ,,nipple4 ,a %ort piece ( pipe4 ,,ov]head ,,weld+4 ,weld+ ) ! tor* ov]head4 ,,oxidation4 ,a comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,,oxide4 ,a coat+ or scale =m$ by oxyg5 comb9+ ) metal4 ,,oxidiz+ ,,flame4 ,a flame ) an excess ( oxyg5 gas4 ,,oxyg54 ,a non-inflammable gas us$ 9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+ & cutt+4 ,,oxyg5 ,,cyl9d]4 ,a /eel tank = /or+ & %ipp+ oxyg54 ,available = comm]cial "w 9 #ajj1 #bjj1 & #bej cubic-foot sizes4 ,! oxyg5 is compress$ z free gas to #ahjj p\nds pressure at #fh degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,,pe5+4 ,/ret*+ ! surface ( cold metal by use ( ! hamm]4 ,,p5etration4 ,a ?or\gh weld+ completely ?r\gh ! jo9t ( ! pieces or p>ts be+ fus$4 ,,preheat+4 ,! heat+ ( a metal "p previ\s to weld+4 ,g5]ally us$ to prev5t /ra9s or di/ortion f contraction & expansion2 also to save gas4 ,,pool4 ,a small body ( molt5 metal =m$ by ! tor* flame4 ,,puddle ,,/ick4 ,a /eel rod flatt5$ at "o end1 us$ to break up oxides1 remove dirt & build up additional metal4 ,p>ticul>ly helpful 9 weld+ ca/ alum9um4 ,,puddl+4 ,! manipulation ( ! fill]-rod or ! puddle-/ick 9 su* a mann] z to break up oxides1 remove dirt1 & aid 9 secur+ a good fusion ( ! metal4 ,,r$uc+ ,,flame4 7,see ,c>boniz+ ,flame47 ,,r$uc+ ,,valve4 7,see ,regulator47 ,,regulator4 ,a device = r$uc+ & ma9ta9+ a uni=m pressure ( gas f cyl9d]s1 g5]ators or %op l9es4 ,,scale4 ,a coat+ ( oxide on fus$ iron or /eel t breaks (f z ! metal cools4 ,,scal+ ,,p[d]4 ,a "n giv5 flux4 ,,slag4 ,! oxidiz$ metal & scale bl[n out :5 cutt+4 ,,sold]+4 ,unit+ metals by fus+ ) a diff]5t metal :i* has a mu* l[] melt+-po9t ?an ! pieces to be jo9$4 ,! use ( a lead1 t9 & z9c alloy is call$ s(t sold]+4 ,h>d sold]+ is simil> to braz+4 ,,tack+4 ,fus+ pieces toge!r at "o or m places4 ,,tip4 ,a copp] or brass nozzle = a weld+ or cutt+ tor*4 ,v4 ,angle or groove betwe5 two bevel$ edges prep>$ = weld+4 ,v-,,block4 ,block cut out 9 ! %ape ( a ,v1 or angle iron1 us$ 9 l9+ up %afts4 ,,valve4 ,a device = %utt+ (f ! passage ( gas4 ,,v]tical ,,weld+4 ,weld+ z appli$ to an upright position4 ,,weld+ ,,rod4 ,mat]ial us$ to supply additional metal to ! weld4 7,see ,fill]-rod47 ,,lectures ,,note4--,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! /ud5t is obta9+ ! in=mation desir$ x is sometimes ?\ght fitt+ to give writt5 exam9ations4 ,^! s]ve z an index z to :at ! /ud5t has le>n$ & :at he has n4 ,!y also let ! in/ructor "k :e!r he is mak+ e po9t cle> 9 8 tra9+4 ,! foll[+ que/ions fit 9 ) ea* *apt] or "p !re( & are m]ely a sugge/ion = ! in/ructor :o has no c\rse ( tra9+ outl9$4 ,) "o or two exceptions all answ]s to ^! que/ions may be f\nd )9 ! manual4 ,!re are a few mislead+ que/ions purposely ins]t$ to see if ! /ud5t is ?9k+ = himself4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,"o ,subject--,,app>atus #a4 ,"n ! diff]5t classes into :i* oxy-acetyl5e weld+ app>atus may be divid$ & expla9 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is classification dep5ds4 #b4 ,illu/rate by l9e sket*es ! v>i\s locations ( ! mix+ *amb]s = ! oxyg5 & acetyl5e gases 9 weld+ tor*es4 #c4 7a7 ,:]e is ! logical location = ! mix+ *amb] 9 weld+ tor*es employ$ 9 automobile & tractor repair "w8 7b7 ,give reasons = s ?9k+4 #d4 ,h[ is ! tor* & ! weld+ tips treat$ aft] repeat$ 8fla%-backs0 h tak5 place8 #e4 ,describe briefly ! work+ pr9ciples ( a regulator & illu/rate ) a simple sket*4 #f4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[-pressure regulators4 #g4 7a7 ,c acetyl5e regulators be int]*ang$ ) oxyg5 regulators ) p]fect safety8 ,expla9 :y4 7b7 ,h[ is x possible1 9 majority ( cases1 to di/+ui% 9 a v simple mann]1 betwe5 oxyg5 & acetyl5e regulators1 :5 no gauges are atta*$8 7c7 ,:y does ?is diff]5ce exi/8 #h4 7a7 ,:y %\ld all t5sion ^u diaphragm spr+s be remov$ be=e admitt+ gas "u pressure to ! regulator8 7b7 ,c a regulator :i* has be5 abus$ 9 ?is mann] be repair$8 7c7 ,:at c be employ$ z a fitt+ sub/itute = gallili?8 #i4 ,expla9 :y ! high-pressure gauge on ! acetyl5e regulator _c be us$ z an index to ! cont5ts ( ! atta*$ cyl9d] ( gas 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! oxyg5 high-pressure gauge4 #aj4 ,:y is glyc]9e us$ z a sub/itute = oil :5 regr9d+ tor* valve-seats ) em]y p[d]1 & ) lead-oxide 9 ! caulk+ ( leaky jo9ts along ! l9e8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,two ,subject--,,op]ation #a4 7a7 ,"u :at pressure is oxyg5 gas receiv$ 9 ! cyl9d]s us$ comm]cially8 7b7 ,does ?is pressure v>y to any great ext5t ) *anges 9 temp]ature8 #b4 7a7 ,"u :at pressure is acetyl5e gas receiv$ 9 ! cyl9d]s us$ comm]cially8 7b7 ,does ?is pressure v>y to any great ext5t ) *anges 9 temp]ature8 #c4 7a7 ,9 sett+-up app>atus = ! fir/ "t1 or 9 atta*+ regulators to new cyl9d]s1 :at precaution %\ld be obs]v$ reg>d+ cross-b> on regulators be=e ! gas is turn$ on8 7b7 ,:]e %\ld ! op]ator /& :5 turn+ on ! gas8 #d4 7a7 ,h[ mu* pressure %\ld be plac$ on ! oxyg5 hose1 :5 ! tor*-valves are clos$1 be=e />t+ to op]ate ) a m$ium-siz$ tip8 7b7 ,h[ mu* pressure %\ld be plac$ on ! acetyl5e hose1 :5 ! tor*-valves are clos$1 be=e />t+ to op]ate ) a m$ium-siz$ tip8 #e4 7a7 ,aft] bo? ! oxyg5 & acetyl5e gases are 9 ! l9e hoses z f> z ! tor*1 :i* valve on ! tor* is op5$ fir/ 9 ord] to light8 7b7 ,:at w\ld happ5 if ! o!r tor*-valve 7 op5$ fir/8 7c7 ,:at w\ld likely occur if bo? valves 7 op5$ be=e tor* 0 light$8 #f4 7a7 ,h[ is x possible1 :5 light+ tor*1 to det]m9e :e!r en\gh pressure is on ! acetyl5e l9e )\t look+ at gauge8 7b7 ,h[ is x possible1 9 ! case ( oxyg5 pressure8 #g4 7a7 ,:at is meant by a neutral flame8 7b7 ,h[ hot is a neutral oxy-acetyl5e flame8 7c7 ,is ! temp]ature ( a neutral flame ! same :e!r l>ge or small tip is us$8 #h4 7a7 ,if too mu* acetyl5e gas is us$1 h[ w ! flame be affect$8 7b7 ,:at action w ?is h on ! weld8 #i4 7a7 ,if too mu* oxyg5 gas is us$1 h[ w ! flame be affect$8 7b7 ,:at action w ?is h on ! weld8 #aj4 7a7 ,expla9 briefly h[ app>atus is %ut-(f1 :5 n to be us$ = sev]al h\rs or m4 7b7 ,:y %\ld p>ticul> c>e be tak5 to see t acetyl5e cyl9d]s are tightly clos$ :5 empty8 7c7 ,:at action does oxyg5 h on oils & greases8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,?ree ,subject--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7,"p ,"o7 #a4 7a7 ,h[ is x possible to di/+ui% ca/ iron f su* metals z malleable iron8 7b7 ,f semi-ca/ iron8 7c7 ,f ca/ /eel8 #b4 7a7 ,:at k9d metal is us$ 9 mak+ 8fill]-rod0 us$ 9 ! weld+ ( ca/ iron8 7b7 ,:at g5]al rule c be laid d[n z to ! relation ( ! metal 9 ! 8fill]-rod0 to ! metal to be weld$8 #c4 7a7 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( good ca/ iron 8fill]-rods08 7b7 ,c pi/on r+s & o!r small scraps ( ca/ iron be us$ successfully z 8fill]-rods08 ,expla9 :y4 #d4 7a7 ,:at is ! purpose ( a flux8 7b7 ,is a flux us$ 9 ! weld+ ( ca/ iron8 #e4 7a7 ,"n "o =mula = mak+ a ca/-iron flux8 7b7 ,h[ (t5 is ! flux appli$1 & by :at means8 7c7 ,9 :at condition are fluxes kept :5 n 9 use8 #f4 7a7 ,h[ %\ld ! flame be held 9 ! weld+ ( all ca/ iron8 7b7 ,:5 & h[ is ! 8fill]-rod0 add$ to ! weld8 #g4 7a7 ,"n ! "o pr9cipal cause ( bl[-holes & h>d spots 9 ! weld4 7b7 ,m5tion "s ( ! o!rs4 #h4 7a7 ,:5 is x advisable to gr9d1 or 8,v0 out1 ! ends ( ! pieces to be weld$8 7b7 ,:5 is x n advisable8 #i4 7a7 ,does ! application ( heat cause contraction or expansion 9 metals8 7b7 ,are !re any excepts to ?is rule8 ,"n "o4 #aj4 7a7 ,7 two ca/-iron b>s measur+ #b #ab in*es & -in* ?ick1 to be weld$1 end to end1 :at precaution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 lay+ out1 if ! f9i%$ job is to measure j #bd in*es long8 7b7 ,9 :at respect w\ld ?is problem diff] 7 ! b>s only #f in*es orig9ally & ! f9i%$ job to measure #ab in*es ov]all8 7c7 ,is ! action ( ! metal 9 ! weld a con/ant1 or a v>iable quantity dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! b> 9 ?is problem8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,f\r ,subject--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7,"p ,two7 #aa4 7a7 ,h[ c\ld a spoke1 brok5 midway betwe5 ! hub & rim1 ( a #bd-;in*1 #d-spoke :eel 7o!rwise intact7 be weld$ )\t preheat+8 7,use a sket* if necess>y to make me?od cle>47 7b7 ,if a :eel ( l size 7 brok5 only 9 ! rim1 midway betwe5 spokes1 expla9 proc$ure 9 weld+ )\t preheat+4 7c7 ,same siz$ :eel1 brok5 only 9 hub2--c weld be made )\t preheat+8 ,give reasons = s ?9k+4 7d7 ,7 breaks 7a71 7b7 & 7c7 all pres5t 9 same :eel1 ) rim fracture on opposite side ( adjo9+ spoke f break 9 hub1 %\ld weld+ be />t$ at rim or hub8 ,:y8 #ab4 7a7 ,9 ! build+ up ( brok5 or miss+ tee? 9 ca/-iron ge>s1 :at proc$ure is necess>y :5 no c>bon blocks are available = =ms8 7b7 ,if c]ta9 c>bon c5t]s f dry cell batt]ies are obta9able h[ %\ld !y be treat$ be=e all[+ molt5 metal to come 9 direct contact ) !m8 7c7 ,:at v important po9t mu/ be upp]mo/ 9 m9d :5 d5tal "w on ge>s is be+ done8 7d7 ,expla9 precautions tak5 9 all[+ "w ( ?is nature to cool4 #ac4 7a7 ,realiz+ t h>d spots occur 9 mo/ welds execut$ by ! new weld] & hav+ le>n$ ! cause ( _! pres5ce & h[ to ov]come !m1 w\ld x n be possible to utilize ?is process = h>d5+ p>ts :i* 7 subject to mu* we> & little /ra98 ,expla9 proc$ure4 7b7 ,:y is x necess>y to preheat su* pieces z ! foll[+ be=e ! weld is attempt$2 brok5 wat]-jackets on gas-eng9e cyl9d]s1 usually br\ght ab\t by freez+1 & holes or cracks 9 crank cases1 caus$ by ! loos5+ ( a connection rod2 :5 lugs on ! same cyl9d]1 ! arms on ! same crank case c be weld$ )\t preheat+1 & (ttimes )\t ev5 dismantl+ ! motor8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,five ,subject--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7,"p ,?ree7 #ad4 ,describe fully ! mann] 9 :i* two ca/-iron b>s measur+ #a #f in*es & #bd in*es long1 are weld$ end to end1 cit+ prep>ations1 precautions1 & ! proc$ure & mat]ials necess>y to execute & c>ry ! weld ?r\gh to a cool /ate4 ,,note4--,bo? gases are 9 ! l9e hoses z f> z ! weld+ tor*4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,six ,subject--,,weld+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7,"p ,f\r7 #ae4 7a7 ,are wat] jackets on ca/-iron cyl9d] blocks weld$ 9 a cold1 or a preheat$ condition8 7b7 ,is ?is true "u all conditions8 7c7 ,if a crack 7 f\nd 9 ! combu/ion head ( a cyl9d] block & ! entire wat] jacket & cyl9d] 7 ca/ 9 "o1 h[ %\ld ?is job be prep>$ 9 ord] to make a successful weld8 7d7 ,9 weld+ a brok5 lug on ! base ( a cyl9d] block h[ %\ld lug appe> aft] weld is cold8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,sev5 ,subject--,,equipm5t #a4 ,describe ! op]ation1 /ep by /ep1 tak5 to set up an oxy-acetyl5e weld+ plant1 f ! assembl+ ( ! p>ts1 "r ?r\gh1 until a neutral weld+ flame is obta9$4 7,if a sket*1 ) ! gas cyl9d]s & p>ts numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 w assi/ 9 mak+ description cle>1 x may be us$47 #b4 7a7 ,is x desirable to h a plan$ metal1 or a brick-top table = weld+ purposes8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #c4 ,outl9e & describe briefly1 a simple me?od ( build+ a popul> type ( weld+ table4 #d4 7a7 ,:at is ! "n & /yle ( bricks us$ 9 ! weld+ %op8 7b7 ,"n at lea/ ?ree purposes = :i* ^! bricks are us$4 #e4 7a7 ,:y does an em]y :eel play su* an important "p 9 ! oxy-acetyl5e weld+ indu/ry8 7b7 ,:y is x desirable to h a flexible %aft atta*m5t = ! em]y :eel1 if possible8 7c7 ,"n "s ( ! important ?+s a flexible %aft atta*m5t is us$ = 9 ! prep>ation & f9i%+ ( welds4 #f4 7a7 ,9 :at k9d ( conta9]s is retort cem5t pur*as$ 9 ! comm]cial _w8 7b7 ,:]e is retort cem5t us$ 9 ! weld+ %op8 7c7 ,h[ does x diff] f ! ord9>y clay or putty8 #g4 7a7 ,:y %\ld a blacksmi? =ge be add$ to ! weld+ %op equipm5t if "o is obta9able8 7b7 ,:at two important tasks is a =ge us$ = 9 ! weld+ %op8 #h4 7a7 ,x is ess5tial t sev]al pails ( wat] be locat$ ?r\gh\t ! %op2 :y %\ld ?is be necess>y8 7b7 ,m5tion a few in/ances :]e wat] is requir$ 9 ! weld+ %op4 #i4 ,expla9 fully :y great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 v5tilat+ a %op :]e comm]cial weld+ is be+ done4 #aj4 7a7 ,describe "o simple me?od ( con/ruct+ a flux box4 7b7 ,:at advantages has ?is type ( conta9]8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,eight ,subject--,,repairs #a4 ,:at is ! be/ me?od ( locat+ a leak 9 ei!r ! oxyg5 or acetyl5e l9es8 #b4 ,if a leak 7 f\nd 9 a gr\nd seat1 h[ c\ld x be /opp$ if ! nut on ! c\pl+ _h be5 screw$ up z f> z possible8 #c4 ,"n "o me?od ( atta*+ connections to hoses s t !y w n bl[ (f or pull (f :5 pressure is appli$4 #d4 ,h[ c\ld ei!r an oxyg5 or acetyl5e hose t _h be5 burn$ or o!rwise injur$1 be repair$ to )/& ! gas pressure8 #e4 ,h[ c\ld regulator be op]at$ if ! cross-b> = apply+ pressure ^u ! diaphragm spr+s 7 lo/8 #f4 7a7 ,:at proc$ure w\ld be necess>y to make connection if cyl9d] 7 suppli$ ) an adaptor :i* w\ld n fit ! regulator connection & x c\ld n be c\pl$ up directly8 7b7 ,realiz+ t all cyl9d] connections ab\t a regulator are g5]ally suppli$ ) a -in* tap] pipe ?read1 :y d all manufactur]s sold] !m 98 #g4 ,expla9 :y oxyg5 high-pressure gauges are con/ruct$ ) a loose back & a solid front4 #h4 7a7 ,:]e is ! fir/ place to seek tr\ble 9 a gauge if x leaks8 7b7 ,c su* leaks be repair$8 7c7 ,describe me?od4 #i4 ,if ei!r a high-or l[-pressure gauge 7 injur$ beyond ! repair /ate h[ c\ld weld+ plant be kept 9 op]ation )\t x8 #aj4 7a7 ,:at w\ld be ! tr\ble1 9 %utt+ (f a weld+ plant1 if !re 7 a read+ on ! high-pressure gauge & none on ! l[-pressure gauge1 aft] p]mitt+ gas to escape f ! hose8 7b7 ,h[ c\ld ! read+ on ?is gauge be br\ght back to z]o8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,n9e ,subject--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7,"p ,"o7 #a4 7a7 ,is ! weld+ ( /eel m or less difficult ?an ca/ iron8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #b4 7a7 ,:y is ! *oice ( ! weld+ tip s important :5 work+ on /eel8 7b7 ,:at w result if ! tip is too l>ge8 7c7 ,if too small8 #c4 7a7 ,:y is ! *oice ( a 8fill]-rod0 ( a correct size s important = /eel weld+8 7b7 ,:at w happ5 if ! 8fill]-rod0 is too l>ge8 7c7 ,if too small8 #d4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a 8fill]-rod0 is us$ 9 weld+ /eel8 7b7 ,give a g5]al rule cov]+ relation ( 8fill]-rod0 to ! metal be+ weld$ 9 all cases1 b "o or two4 7c7 ,"n "o exception4 #e4 7a7 ,is a flux 7or scal+ p[d]7 necess>y 9 weld+ /eel8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #f4 7a7 ,h[ is ! flame adju/$ = /eel weld+8 7b7 ,:at k9d ( a flame is g5]ally us$ 9 f9i%+ /eel "w8 7c7 ,:y is ?is done8 #g4 7a7 ,h[ is ! flame held :5 execut+ a /eel weld8 7b7 ,h[ is ! 8fill]-rod0 held :5 mak+ a /eel weld8 #h4 7a7 ,is x necess>y to 8,v0 out on /eel ! same z on ca/ iron8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #i4 7a7 ,is a /eel weld z /rong z ! orig9al metal if n built up8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #aj4 7a7 ,is ! same provision made = expansion & contraction on /eel z on ca/ iron8 7b7 ,give reasons = s ?9k+4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,t5 ,subject--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7,"p ,two7 #aa4 7a7 ,:at is meant by a 8crat]0 9 /eel weld+8 7b7 ,h[ are !y remov$ f ! weld8 #ab4 7a7 ,:at are "s me?ods & m>ks ( di/+ui%+ /eel f o!r metals8 7b7 ,h[ is ca/ /eel di/+ui%$ f ca/ iron8 #ac4 7a7 ,"n "s ( ! qualifications ( a good 8fill]-rod0 = mild /eel weld+4 7b7 ,9 :at mann] does ! 8fill]-rod0 diff] = ! alloy$ & high-c>bon /eels8 #ad4 7a7 ,9 br++ ! neutral flame 9 contact ) ! metal on a /eel weld1 %\ld ! cone b5d & spread on ! surface1 or j lick x8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #ae4 7a7 ,:at is ! pr9cipal cause = h>d spots 9 /eel welds8 7b7 ,:at causes "s ( ! o!rs8 #af4 7a7 ,is x roll$ /eel or ca/ /eel t does n exp& :5 heat$8 7b7 ,"n "o o!r metal t does n exp& :5 heat$4 #ag4 7a7 ,:y are welds m difficult on %eet iron & /eel ?an on "s ( ! heavi] pieces8 7b7 ,:at c be us$ z a 8fill]-rod0 on %eet metal "w8 #ah4 7a7 ,:at difficulty is g5]ally enc\nt]$1 :5 mak+ a long weld l on a /eel tank8 7b7 ,h[ c ?is be ov]come8 7c7 ,:y d ! op5 ends on %eet /eel welds ov]lap 9 weld+ :5 same class ( "w on ca/ iron sep>ates8 #ai4 7a7 ,:at causes /eel welds to c>bonize8 7b7 ,:at usually causes a burnt /eel weld8 #bj4 ,describe fully h[ a brok5 automobile frame c be weld$ & re-en=c$ to make x /rong] ?an orig9ally4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,elev5 ,subject--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7,"p ,?ree7 #ba4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a 8fill]-rod0 is us$ 9 weld+ ca/ /eel8 7b7 ,is a flux us$8 #bb4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a 8fill]-rod0 is employ$ :5 weld+ ca/ iron to /eel8 7b7 ,:at k9d ( a flux is us$8 #bc4 7a7 ,c spr+s be successfully weld$8 7b7 ,/ate reasons4 #bd4 7a7 ,:y are crank-%aft welds s h>d to execute successfully8 7b7 ,:at k9d ( a 8fill]-rod0 is us$ = be/ results on mo/ crank-%afts8 7c7 ,:at po9ts does ! weld] consid] :5 decid+ :e!r a weld ( ?is nature is advisable8 #be4 7a7 ,briefly describe ! me?od ( build+ up crank-%aft be>+s t h be5 worn d[n4 7b7 ,:at are "s ( ! precautions tak5 9 "w ( ?is k9d8 #bf4 7a7 ,:5 automobile propell] %afts & re> axles break1 x is g5]ally adjo9+ ! squ>e end4 ,is x advisable to weld ?is %ort piece on8 7b7 ,:at is ! correct proc$ure 9 a case ( ?is k9d8 #bg4 7a7 ,if a case-h>d5$ r+-ge> is to h its tee? built up or new ones add$1 h[ is x h&l$ aft] weld+8 7b7 ,%\ld all case-h>d5$ "w be s treat$ aft] weld+8 #bh4 7a7 ,9 weld+ two pieces ( metal1 "o ( :i* is consid]ably light] ?an ! o!r1 h[ is ! flame held 9 ord] to br+ bo? pieces to a fusion at ! same "t8 #bi4 7a7 ,if a /eel weld 7 to break 9 ! l9e ( weld1 h[ %\ld x be prep>$ if x is to be reweld$8 7b7 ,does ?is proc$ure apply only to /eel8 #cj4 ,7 a hole #f in*es squ>e 9 a %eet ( /eel to be weld$ up )\t preheat+1 :at w\ld be ! approximate size ( ! pat* necess>y & h[ w\ld x be prep>$1 9 ord] to take c>e ( ! expansion & contraction /ra9s8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,twelve ,subject--,,/eel ,,weld+ 7,"p ,f\r7 #ca4 7a7 ,:y %\ld a /eel weld ( any k9d be execut$ z rapidly z possible8 7b7 ,:at w happ5 if /eel is kept 9 a heat$ condition too long8 7c7 ,:y %\ld a *ange be 9 evid5ce "u ^! conditions8 #cb4 7a7 ,expla9 :at is meant by a 8di%$0 pat*1 = boil] or ?9 armor plate8 7b7 ,draw su* a pat*4 7c7 ,h[ is a pat* ( ?is nature prep>$8 #cc4 7a7 ,:at is meant by a 8corrugat$0 pat* = boil] or ?9 armor plate8 7b7 ,sket* su* a pat*4 7c7 ,h[ is ?is k9d ( a pat* prep>$8 #cd4 7a7 ,:at advantages has a 8corrugat$0 pat* ov] "o t is 8di%$08 7b7 ,:]e are 8corrugat$0 pat*es us$ ext5sively8 #ce4 7a7 ,h[ are boil] flues prep>$ = re-tipp+8 7b7 ,sket* a simple jig = hold+ su* pieces 9 place = weld+4 #cf4 7a7 ,describe h[ l5g?s ( v>i\s siz$ pipe c be weld$ toge!r end to end4 7b7 ,:at precautions are necess>y :5 execut+ su* welds8 #cg4 7a7 ,:5 weld+ l>ge /eel ca/+s :y is x almo/ always advisable to preheat ! "w8 7b7 ,:y is preheat+ s necess>y on vanadium & o!r alloy$ /eels8 #ch4 ,:y is x desirable to *ip out ! s& & ?9 scale =mations1 9 & ar\nd bl[-holes 9 /eel ca/+s be=e fill+ 98 #ci4 7a7 ,:y d ! majority ( good weld]s b5d _! /eel 8fill]-rods0 at "r angles ab\t #f in*es f ! end8 7b7 ,:y isn't ?is be+ done on ca/ iron8 #dj4 7a7 ,:at advantage is !re 9 mak+ a v]tical weld f ! top d[n1 r ?an />t+ f ! bottom & work+ up8 7b7 ,9 weld+ ov]head :y is x s important t ! "w be 9 a molt5 /ate be=e add+ ! 8fill]-rod08 7c7 ,9 ov]head weld+1 :y doesn't ! metal drop :5 9 a molt5 /ate8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,?irte5 ,subject--,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,cutt+ #a4 ,expla9 fully :i* p>ts ( an oxy-acetyl5e cutt+ plant are diff]5t f a weld+ unit4 #b4 7a7 ,if !re is a diff]5ce 9 ei!r ( ! regulators1 m5tion :i* "o x is4 7b7 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 7c7 ,:y is x necess>y8 #c4 7a7 ,is x possible to weld ) a cutt+ tor*8 7b7 ,:at precaution is necess>y if ?is is done8 7c7 ,:y isn't ?is process us$8 #d4 ,expla9 h[ cutt+ c be done ) ! weld+ tor* if necess>y4 #e4 7a7 ,9 cutt+ by ! oxy-acetyl5e process1 :i* does ! cutt+1 ! oxyg5 jet or ! neutral flame8 7b7 ,:at action has ! oxyg5 jet on ! metal8 7c7 ,:at "p does ! neutral flame play 9 cutt+8 #f4 ,c oxyg5 or acetyl5e "u suffici5t pressure be made to cut individually8 ,expla9 fully4 #g4 ,:y is x specially important t armor$ hose be us$ on ! oxyg5 l9e :5 mak+ heavy cuts8 7,give at lea/ two reasons47 #h4 7a7 ,h[ is a cutt+ tor* light$8 ,describe 9 detail4 7b7 ,h[ is cut />t$ on metal8 7c7 ,h[ is tor* held 9 reg>d to metal be+ cut8 #i4 7a7 ,is x possible to successfully cut ca/ iron8 7b7 ,wr\ght iron8 7c7 ,ca/ /eel8 7d7 ,roll$ /eel8 #aj4 7a7 ,cutt+ c be done "u wat] ) ord9>y cutt+ app>atus2 :y doesn't ! flame g out :5 subm]g$8 7b7 ,:at additional equipm5t is g5]ally us$ 9 und]wat] cutt+8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,f\rte5 ,subject--,,brass ,,weld+ #a4 ,expla9 z fully z possible ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( a good 8fill]-rod0 = brass weld+4 #b4 7a7 ,is a flux us$ 9 weld+ brass8 7b7 ,:at is "o way ( mak+ a good flux = brass8 #c4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a flame is us$ 9 brass weld+8 7b7 ,:y8 #d4 7a7 ,9 :at position is ! flame held 9 weld+ brass8 7b7 ,h[ %\ld ! 8fill]-rod0 be held8 #e4 7a7 ,is x advisable to 8,v0 out or burn (f ! ends ( brass "w to be weld$8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #f4 7a7 ,:at causes ! d5se :ite fumes to appe> :5 fus+ brass8 7b7 ,:at is cause ( brass welds be+ por\s8 #g4 ,:y %\ld brass "w n be di/urb$ :5 r$ hot8 #h4 ,:at is ! mo/ difficult "p ( brass weld+ z a :ole8 #i4 ,:y are brass welds g5]ally cool$ 9 wat] z soon z fusion is complet$8 #aj4 ,:y is x difficult = ! beg9n] to weld heavy pieces ( brass8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,fifte5 ,subject--,,weld+ ,,( ,,malleable ,,iron #a4 7a7 ,c malleable iron be successfully weld$8 7b7 ,:at is ! mo/ successful me?od ( jo9+ two pieces ( malleable iron8 #b4 ,:at are ?ree me?ods ( detect+ malleable iron8 #c4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( 8fill]-rod0 is us$ on malleable iron8 7b7 ,are 8fill]-rods0 ( malleable iron satisfactory8 7c7 ,:at k9d ( flux is us$ on malleable iron "w8 #d4 7a7 ,h[ is a malleable iron ca/+ prep>$ = weld+8 7b7 ,h[ hot %\ld "w be1 previ\s to add+ 8fill]-rod08 7c7 ,:at w occur if too mu* heat is appli$8 #e4 7a7 ,9 :at respect does ! adju/m5t ( ! flame diff] on malleable iron f t ( ca/ iron & /eel8 7b7 ,h[ is ! flame held 9 relation to ! "w8 7c7 ,does ! flame come 9 direct contact ) ! 8fill]-rod08 #f4 7a7 ,is m1 or less1 surface cov]$ by ! 8fill]-rod0 on malleable iron ?an on ca/ iron8 7b7 ,:y8 #g4 7a7 ,h[ %\ld malleable iron be cool$8 7b7 ,is ?is ! same z 9 weld+ brass8 #h4 ,on :at "p ( ma*9]y does a weld] g5]ally expect to f9d malleable iron ca/+s8 #i4 ,expla9 c>efully h[ a malleable iron automobile1 axle or transmission1 h\s+ t has be5 crack$ or brok51 c be re-en=c$ s t x w be /rong] ?an ev]4 #aj4 ,describe v briefly h[ malleable iron is made & 9 :at respect x diff]s f ca/ iron :5 cold1 & also :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! oxy-acetyl5e flame4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,sixte5 ,subject--,,c>bon ,,burn+ #a4 7a7 ,expla9 :at is meant by c>bon burn+4 7b7 ,9 :at respect is x us$ ext5sively8 #b4 7a7 ,w oxyg5 gas burn alone or does x m]ely aid combu/ion8 7b7 ,w c>bon 9 a free /ate burn8 #c4 7a7 ,:y is x advisable to remove only ! sp>k plugs & n ! entire valve cap or 8bonnet0 :5 burn+ c>bon 9 a gas eng9e8 7b7 ,c x be done ei!r way8 #d4 7a7 ,does x make a diff]5ce if ! c>bon is h>d & dry 9 ! cyl9d]8 7b7 ,:at w help 9 su* cases8 #e4 7a7 ,if ! cyl9d] is r oily does ?is make a diff]5ce8 7b7 ,does ! pres5ce ( oil aid or ret>d combu/ion8 #f4 7a7 ,:at precautions are necess>y be=e c>bon burn+ is attempt$8 7b7 ,h[ is asbe/os pap] us$ 9 c>bon burn+8 7c7 ,"n a good sub/itute = asbe/os pap] :5 c>bon burn+4 #g4 7a7 ,is !re any dang] ( w>p+ ! valves & ov]heat+ ! cyl9d] & pi/on :5 burn+ c>bon8 7b7 ,:at is ! effect ( c>bon burn+ on alum9um pi/ons8 #h4 7a7 ,:at pressure is us$ on ! oxyg5 l9e = c>bon burn+8 7b7 ,w c>bon burn+ re-gr9d valves8 #i4 7a7 ,h[ long %\ld ! burn+ be done8 7b7 ,h[ (t5 is c>bon burn+ recomm5d$ = a gas eng9e8 7c7 ,if !re are any c>bon p>ticles or s& left 9 ! cyl9d] aft] burn+ is done h[ are !y remov$8 #aj4 ,describe h[ ! c>bon is remov$ f a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to details su* z light+1 :i* "p ( ! head ! tor* is play$ on fir/1 :at does ! burn+ & :]e ! c>bon goes4 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,sev5te5 ,subject--,,preheat+ ,,ag5cies #a4 7a7 ,:at is meant by preheat+ z appli$ to ! oxy-acetyl5e weld+ indu/ry8 7b7 ,:at are sev]al fuels :i* c be us$ v successfully = preheat+8 #b4 ,"n ! ?ree pr9cipal reasons :y p>ts to be weld$ are g5]ally preheat$4 #c4 7a7 ,:y is *>coal consid]$ ! be/ preheat+ ag5t = g5]al weld+8 7b7 ,:y %\ld x n be us$ to any great ext5t 9 clos$ rooms dur+ ! w9t] mon?s8 7c7 ,if us$ dur+ ! w9t] :at precautions are obs]v$8 #d4 7a7 ,m5tion two mat]ials :i* are us$ ext5sively = build+ up ov5s & do+ ! preheat+4 7b7 ,:at k9d ( brick is us$8 #e4 7a7 ,h[ mu* %\ld ca/ iron be preheat$8 7b7 ,brass or bronze8 7c7 ,alum9um8 #f4 ,sket* & describe h[ a tempor>y brick preheat+ ov5 %\ld be built1 giv+ all dim5sions1 su* z3 l5g?1 wid? & height & reasons = !m4 #g4 ,expla9 h[ a cyl9d] block ) a brok5 wat] jacket is set up = preheat+2 h[ ov5 is built = *>coal fire2 h[ fire is />t$2 h[ block is protect$ :ile weld+ & h[ x is return$ to a cold /ate4 #h4 7a7 ,:at precautions are necess>y 9 sett+ up & preheat+ alum9um8 7b7 ,if piece is to be turn$ :ile 9 ! fire1 :at provision is made 9 build+ up ov58 #i4 ,9 :i* cases is preheat+ absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to make a satisfactory weld8 #aj4 7a7 ,give a sket* %[+ a preheat+ tor* = use on illum9at+ gas & compress$ air1 :i* c be con/ruct$ v easily4 7b7 ,:y are preheat+ tor*es n popul> = g5]al weld+8 7c7 ,:]e are !y us$ 9 numb]s8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,eighte5 ,subject--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7,"p ,"o7 #a4 7a7 ,is ! weld+ ( alum9um1 m or less difficult ?an su* metals z ca/ iron & /eel8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #b4 7a7 ,"n ! two me?ods ( mak+ alum9um welds4 7b7 ,c !y be comb9$8 7c7 ,:y8 #c4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a 8fill]-rod0 is us$ 9 weld+ alum9um8 7b7 ,is a flux us$8 ,:y8 #d4 7a7 ,is a ca/ or drawn 8fill]-rod0 pref]r$8 7b7 ,"n ! two important metals :i* %\ld be pres5t & ! p]c5tage ( ea* 9 ! 8fill]-rod40 #e4 7a7 ,h[ %\ld ! flame be adju/$ = alum9um weld+8 7b7 ,h[ is ! flame held 9 relation to ! "w8 #f4 7a7 ,h[ is ! 8fill]-rod0 add$8 7b7 ,9 :at respect does ?is diff] f all o!r metals8 7c7 ,:y c ?is be done8 #g4 7a7 ,"n ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( alum9um ) reg>d to heat4 7b7 ,:at o!r metal acts 9 a simil> mann]8 #h4 7a7 ,is x necess>y to 8,v0 out alum9um = ! same reasons z o!r metals8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #i4 7a7 ,w an alum9um weld+ be z /rong z ! orig9al8 7b7 ,give reasons4 #aj4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( a tool is us$ to aid 9 mak+ an alum9um weld by mo/ weld]s8 7b7 ,h[ is su* a tool made8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,n9ete5 ,subject--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7,"p ,two7 #aa4 7a7 ,:at k9d ( files are us$ to f9i% alum9um welds8 7b7 ,9 :at respect d !y diff] f ! ord9>y k9d8 #ab4 7a7 ,9 :i* h& is ! weld+ tor* held 9 alum9um "w8 7b7 ,9 :i*1 ! 8fill]-rod08 7c7 ,! puddle /ick8 #ac4 7a7 ,:at mat]ials are us$ to 8back-up0 alum9um "w = preheat+8 7b7 ,describe fully h[ alum9um is 8back$-up0 previ\s to preheat+1 9 ord] to prev5t ! collapse ( metal :ile weld+4 #ad4 7a7 ,h[ quick does ! heavy coat+ or alum9um oxide =m on a clean hot piece ( alum9um8 7b7 ,w ! metal fl[ toge!r :5 ?is oxide is pres5t8 7c7 ,h[ is x ov]come8 #ae4 7a7 ,is x advisable to weld alum9um f "o side only or f bo? sides8 7b7 ,:y8 #af4 ,9 preheat+ alum9um ) *>coal1 :at precautions are tak5 9 sett+ up2 9 />t+ ! fire2 dur+ ! weld+ op]ation1 & 9 cool+ ! piece8 #ag4 7a7 ,are preheat+ tor*es play$ directly on alum9um "w8 7b7 ,:at k9d ( an ov5 is us$8 #ah4 7a7 ,is x necess>y to heat ! :ole ( an alum9um crank-case if "o "p has to be preheat$8 7b7 ,give reasons4 #ai4 7a7 ,are clamps us$ to hold p>ts 9 place on preheat$ alum9um8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #bj4 ,:5 />t+ to weld a cold piece ( alum9um1 ! flame is br\ght 9 contact ) ! "w & held !re mu* long] ?an on a simil> size piece ( /eel be=e any app>5t *ange occurs4 ,h[ is ?is acc\nt$ =1 kn[+ t alum9um has a mu* l[] melt+ po9t t /eel8 ,,lecture ,,numb] ,,tw5ty ,subject--,,alum9um ,,weld+ 7,"p ,?ree7 #ba4 ,expla9 fully :y x is necess>y to employ great] spe$ 9 ! weld+ ( alum9um ?an on any o!r metal8 #bb4 7a7 ,:at is retort cem5t8 7b7 ,h[ does x diff] f ord9>y clay8 7c7 ,= :at purpose is x us$ 9 alum9um weld+8 #bc4 7a7 ,:5 p]=m+ an alum9um weld by ! puddle sy/em1 is ! weld] dep5d5t ^u ! flame1 ! 8fill]-rod0 or ! puddle /ick1 = ! fusion ( ! metal8 7b7 ,give explanations4 #bd4 7a7 ,:at me?od ( weld+ is us$ :5 execut+ a v]tical weld on alum9um8 7b7 ,:y isn't ! o!r me?od us$8 7c7 ,is ! v]tical weld+ ( alum9um to be avoid$8 #be4 7a7 ,c alum9um welds be made ov]head8 7b7 ,expla9 :y4 #bf4 7a7 ,is ! same me?od us$ on alum9um z 9 ca/ iron 9 weld+ f ! clos$ end1 t[>d ! op58 7b7 ,is ?is proc$ure necess>y on preheat$ "w8 #bg4 7a7 ,if a susp5sion arm1 ( a 8,u0 type1 on an alum9um crank case 7 to break ab\t #c or #d in*es f ! body ( ! case1 c\ld x be weld$ 9 place )\t dismantl+ ! motor8 7b7 ,expla9 9 detail h[ su* an arm %\ld be weld$4 #bh4 ,due to ! contraction & expansion1 x is v difficult to h ! bolt hole1 9 ! end ( an alum9um susp5sion arm t has be5 weld$1 return exactly to its =m] position4 ,h[ is ?is difficulty provid$ =8 #bi4 7a7 ,%\ld a section ( an alum9um crank case be miss+1 w\ld x be advisable to build up a new "p ) ! 8fill]-rod0 or to ca/ a new "p 9 a mold & !n weld x 98 7b7 ,"u :at conditions %\ld ! above be done8 #cj4 7a7 ,if x 7 f\nd t an alum9um crank case aft] be+ weld$1 _h "o corn] ab\t -in* l[] ?an ! re/ ( ! case & x _h n affect$ any ( ! be>+s1 c\ld x /ill be reclaim$8 7b7 ,give proc$ure4 ,,index ,a ,absorb5t1 acetone z an1 #bf1 #ca -- asbe/os z an1 #ca -- *>coal z an1 #ca -- m9]al wool z1 #ha ,acetone z an absorb5t1 #bf1 #ca ,acetyl5e cyl9d]s1 con/ruction (1 #ca ,acetyl5e gas1 temp]ature ( flame (1 #a ,adapt]1 types (1 #df ,alum9um1 back+ up 9 weld+1 #aad -- *>coal 9 weld+1 #aaf -- contraction & expansion 9 weld+1 #aaf -- clamps1 use ( 9 weld+1 #aae -- crank cases1 weld+1 #aah -- fill]-rods 9 weld+1 #aab1 #aae -- flux me?od ( weld+1 #aji1 #aaa -- oxidation ( bright surfaces 9 weld+1 #aac -- preheat+ 9 weld+1 #aaf1 #aag -- preheat+1 me?od (1 #eb -- puddle & flux sy/ems ( weld+ comp>$1 #aaa -- puddle me?od ( weld+1 #aji1 #aaa -- /ra9s1 avoid+ int]nal1 #aah -- susp5sion arm ( crank case1 repair+1 #aah -- tip us$ 9 weld+1 #aji -- weld+1 #aji-aag -- weld+ f "o side1 #aad ,app>atus1 classes ( weld+1 #ai -- desirability ( secur+ ! be/1 #add -- em]y :eel1 ne$ (1 #da -- high-pressure weld+1 #bj -- l[-pressure weld+1 #ai -- m$ium-pressure weld+1 #ai -- metal top table1 disadvantages (1 #ci -- mix+ *amb]s1 #ba -- oils & grease to be avoid$1 #cg -- oxy-acetyl5e1 = cutt+1 #abe -- regulator1 #bb -- -- types (1 #bd -- requir$ 9 weld+1 #ai-bf -- -- replac+ lo/ cross-b>1 #df -- sett+ up1 mann] (1 #ca1 #cb -- %op equipm5t1 #ci1 #dc -- %utt+ (f1 proc$ure 91 #ce ,app>atus repairs1 #dd-ej -- -- adapt]s1 types (1 #df -- -- gauges1 op]ation (1 #di -- -- gauges1 safety1 #dg1 #dh -- -- hose clamps1 #de -- -- hose1 repair+ leaky1 #de -- -- leaks1 me?od ( locat+1 #dd -- -- leaky ?reads1 repair+1 #dd ,asbe/os z an absorb5t1 #ca -- 9 alum9um weld+1 #aaf -- pap] cov] protection1 #ee ,automobile frame1 weld+1 #ia ,automobile1 propell] %afts1 weld+1 #ie ,axles1 automobile1 weld+1 #ie ,b ,bl[ holes1 causes (1 #fe ,boil] flues retipp+1 #ih1 #ii ,boil]1 8corrugat$0 pat*es1 #ajb1 #ajc -- 8di%$0 pat*es 9 repairs to1 #aja -- 8,l0 pat*es 9 repair+1 #ajc -- repair+1 #ii-aja ,borax z a brass flux1 #ajg ,brass1 alloy (1 #ajf -- fill]-rod 9 weld+1 #ajf -- flux 9 weld+1 #ajg -- fumes 9 weld+1 #ajh -- melt+-po9t1 #ajf ,brass weld+1 #ajf-ajh ,bronze = weld+ purposes1 #abc -- weld+ malleable iron )1 #aba ,c ,c>bon burn+1 #ace-add -- -- 9 gasol9e eng9e1 #acf-aci -- -- !ory (1 #aci ,c>boniz+ flame1 #cd ,ca/ iron1 weld+ (1 #eh-hj -- -- -- -- bl[ holes1 causes (1 #fe -- -- -- -- *>coal z preheat+ ag5t1 #gf -- -- -- -- combu/ion head ( cyl9d]1 repair+1 #gh1 #gi -- -- -- -- contraction ( metals 91 prev5tion (1 #ga -- -- -- -- expansion & contraction ( metals1 #fe-fg -- -- -- -- fill] rod1 #fa -- -- -- -- flux a cleans+ ag5t1 #fa -- -- -- -- flux1 mann] ( application (1 #fb -- -- -- -- flux1 simple sub/itute =1 #fa -- -- -- -- gasol9e eng9e cyl9d] block1 repair+1 #ge1 #gf -- -- -- -- ge> :eel tee?1 ?ree ways ( re/or+1 brok51 #ga-gd -- -- -- -- h>d5+ p>ts by use ( c>boniz+ flame1 #gd -- -- -- -- lugs1 weld+ on cyl9d] block1 #hj -- -- -- -- me?ods ( di/+ui%+ metals1 #fj -- -- -- -- prep>ations =1 #fg -- -- -- -- proc$ure 91 #fc1 #fd1 #fg-gj -- -- -- -- successful weld1 crit]ion (1 #ge -- -- -- -- tip1 size (1 #fc ,ca/ /eel1 proc$ure 9 weld+ (1 #hh ,*>coal z an absorb5t1 #ca -- z preheat+ ag5t1 #gf -- 9 alum9um weld+1 #aaf ,clamps1 inadvisable 9 weld+ alum9um1 #aae ,contraction & expansion 9 alum9um weld+1 #aaf -- -- -- 9 preheat+1 #ec -- -- -- 9 weld+ /eel1 #hg ,contraction ( metal 9 weld+1 prev5tion (1 #ga 8,corrugat$0 pat*1 me?od ( mak+1 #ajb1 #ajc ,crank cases1 alum9um1 repair+1 #aah ,crank %afts1 weld+ me?ods1 #ic1 #id ,crat]1 developm5t & removal (1 #hh ,cross-b>1 replac+ lo/1 #df ,cutt+ by oxy-acetyl5e process1 #f ,cutt+ ) oxy-acetyl5e1 #abe-acd ,cutt+ tor*1 weld+ tor* &1 comp>$1 #abg ,cyl9d] block1 repair+ ca/-iron gasol9e eng9e1 #ge1 #gf ,cyl9d] bore1 device = poli%+1 #gi1 #hj ,cyl9d]s1 acetone z absorb5t 91 #bf ,d ,dec>bonization ( automobile eng9es1 #acf1 #aci ,dem& = oxy-acetyl5e op]ators1 #ag 8,di%$0 pat* 9 boil] repairs1 #aja ,e ,em]y :eel1 value ( 9 weld+ %op1 #da ,expansion & contraction ( metals1 #fe-fg -- -- -- 9 weld+1 #hg ,explosions1 precautions aga9/1 #cg ,f ,fea!r flame1 #cc1 #ce ,fill] rod1 #hi -- -- 9 brass weld+1 #ajf -- -- 9 weld+ malleable iron1 #abb -- -- metal 91 #fa -- -- us$ 9 alum9um weld+1 #aab -- -- us$ 9 weld+ /eel1 #hb1 #ia ,fire brick1 9 alum9um weld+1 #aaf -- -- preheat+ ov5 (1 #ed -- -- table1 #ci ,flame1 c>boniz+1 #cd -- fea!r1 #cc1 #ce -- neutral #cc1 #ce -- oxidiz+1 #cd -- tor*1 cutt+ "u wat] )1 #acc -- v>ieties (1 adju/m5t (1 #cb1cc ,fla%backs1 causes (1 #ba1 #bb -- prev5tion (1 #bb ,flux1 application1 mann] (1 #fb -- conta9]1 #db -- 9 brass weld+1 #ajg -- (fice (1 #fa -- sub/itute1 a simple & effective1 #fa ,g ,gasol9e eng9e1 c>bon1 h[ to remove f1 #acf-aci ,gasol9e tanks1 necessity = caution 9 repair+1 #ajc ,gauges1 op]ation (1 #di -- safety1 #dg1 #dh ,ge> :eel tee?1 ?ree ways ( re/or+ brok51 #ga-gd ,gloss>y1 #ade-adh ,goggles1 eye1 #ce ,h ,h>d5+ p>ts ?r\gh use ( c>boniz+ flames1 #gd ,heat 9 weld+ malleable iron1 #abc ,high-pressure regulat$1 #bd ,hose1 armor$1 us$ on oxyg5 l9e1 #acc -- clamps 9 repair+1 #de -- leaky1 #de ,l 8,l0 pat*es1 #ajc ,leaks1 me?od ( discov]+1 #dd -- repair+ ?reads1 #dd ,lectures1 #adi-aff ,l[-pressure regulator1 #bd ,lugs1 weld+ on cyl9d] block1 #hj ,m 8,ma9e10 battle%ip1 wreck cut up ) oxy-acetyl5e gas1 #f ,malleable iron1 bronze1 weld+ )1 #aba1 #abc -- -- clean surface1 necessity ( 9 weld+1 #abb -- -- heat 9 weld+1 #abc -- -- melt+ to be avoid$1 #aba -- -- preheat+ unusual1 #abc -- -- /eel /rips 9 weld+1 #abc -- -- weld+1 #abj-abd ,metals1 me?ods ( di/+ui%+1 #fj1 #hg ,m9]al wool z an absorb5t1 #ca ,mix+ *amb]1 #ba ,n ,ne$le valve1 regr9d+ leaky1 #bf ,neutral flame1 #cc1 #ce ,o ,oils & grease1 importance ( avoid+ use (1 #cg ,op]ation 9 oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 #bg-ch ,op]ator1 /&+ position (1 relative to "w1 #cb ,ov]head weld+1 #aje ,oxidation ( bright surfaces 9 alum9um1 #aac ,oxidiz+ flame1 #cd ,oxy-acetyl5e1 cutt+ metals )1 #f -- flame1 v>ieties ( adju/m5t (1 #cb1 #cc -- 9 airplane con/ruction1 #i -- 9 automobile manufacture1 #aj -- 9 boil] %ops1 #aj -- 9 brass & copp] "w1 #aj -- 9 comm]cial weld+1 #aa -- 9 electric railways1 #aa -- 9 f\ndries1 #aa -- 9 lead burn+1 #ab -- 9 lumb] mills1 #ab -- 9 ma*9e %ops1 #ab -- 9 manufactur+1 #ab -- 9 m9es1 #ac -- 9 pipe "w1 #ac -- 9 plate weld+1 #ac -- 9 p[] plants1 #ac -- 9 railroad "w1 #ac -- 9 roll+ mills1 #ad -- 9 %eet metal manufacture1 #ae -- 9 %ipy>ds1 #ae -- 9 ! =ge %op1 #aa -- 9 tractor indu/ry1 #af -- lake boats cut ap>t by1 #h -- op]ators1 dem& =1 #ag -- scrap cut up by1 #f -- scrap y>ds1 #ae -- /ructural /eel1 #ae -- tor* z fire dep>tm5t tool1 #g -- tor* c be us$ "u wat]1 #h -- v>i$ uses (1 #i ,oxy-acetyl5e cutt+1 #abe-acd -- -- app>atus =1 #abe -- -- arrangem5t ( oxyg5 l9e1 #abe -- -- cutt+ tor*1 extemporiz+ a1 #acb -- -- flame1 cutt+ "u wat] )1 #acc -- -- flick]+ ( oxyg5 jet1 #abg -- -- high-pressure & l[-pressure regulators comp>$1 #abg -- -- hose1 armor$1 91 #acc -- -- pressure ( acetyl5e & oxyg51 #abi -- -- /eel & ca/-iron1 #aca -- -- tor* 9 prep>+ /eel1 #aca -- -- tor*1 cutt+ & weld+ comp>$1 #abg -- -- tor*1 us+ cutt+1 = weld+ purposes1 #acc ,oxy-acetyl5e weld+1 app>atus requir$ 91 #ai-bf -- -- a fus+ process1 #fb -- -- auto-frame repairs1 #d -- -- classes ( app>atus1 #ai -- -- conta9]s1 seamless1 made ?r\gh use (1 #c -- -- def9ition (1 #a -- -- fire-brick table1 #ci -- -- future (1 #ag -- -- gr[? ( process1 #h -- -- locomotive frames1 #d -- -- metal-top table1 disadvantages (1 #ci -- -- mix+ *amb]s1 #ba -- -- op]ation 91 #bg-ch -- -- pr9ciple (1 #abe -- -- repairs ?r\gh1 #c1 #e -- -- %op equipm5t1 #ci-dc -- -- v>iety ( applications (1 #c ,oxyg51 cyl9d]s1 #bg -- gas1 result ( too mu*1 #ce -- (fice ( 9 combu/ion1 #bg -- table ( diff]5t pressures (1 at v>i\s temp]atures1 #bi ,p ,preheat+1 alum9um1 #aag -- asbe/os pap] = ov51 #ee -- *>coal 91 #ec -- extraction & expansion 91 #ec -- drafts1 protect+ "w f1 91 #ed -- fuels us$ 91 #ec -- 9 alum9um "w1 #aaf -- ov5s1 #ef -- reasons =1 #ea -- sett+ up "w1 #ef -- tor* =1 burn+ city gas1 #ed -- v>i$ heats = diff]5t metals1 #eb ,preheat+ ag5cies1 #ea-eg -- -- fire-brick ov51 #ed -- -- ov5s1 #ee1 #ef -- -- tor*1 burn+ city gas1 #ed ,propell] %afts1 weld+ automobile1 #ie ,puddle me?od ( weld+ alum9um1 #aji1 #aaa ,r ,regulator1 c>e (1 #be -- con/ruction & action (1 #bb1 #bc -- types (1 #bd ,r+ ge>s1 build+ tee? on case-h>d5$1 #if ,retort cem5t1 #db ,s ,%eet /eel & iron1 weld+1 #hi ,%ips1 repairs to seiz$ ,g]man by acetyl5e process1 #e ,%op equipm5t1 #ci-dc -- -- blacksmi? =ge1 #db -- -- c>bon rods & blocks1 #dc -- -- em]y :eel1 #da -- -- fire-brick table1 #ci -- -- flux conta9]1 #db -- -- retort cem5t1 #db -- -- v5tilation1 #dc ,sp>ks1 *>act]i/ic ?r[n (f by em]y :eel1 #ei ,spr+'s1 weld+1 futility (1 #ib1 #ic ,/eel1 automobile frame1 weld+1 #ia -- automobile axles1 weld+ (1 #ie -- automobile propell] %afts1 weld+1 #ie -- boil] flues1 retipp+1 #ih1 #ii -- boil] repairs1 #ii-aja -- ca/1 proc$ure 9 weld+1 #hh -- con/ruction & expansion 9 weld+1 #hg -- 8corrugat$0 pat*1 #ajb1 #ajc -- crank-%afts1 weld+ (1 #ic1 #id -- crat]s1 =mation (1 9 weld+1 #hh -- def9ition1 #ha -- 8di%$0 pat* 9 boil] repairs1 #aja -- fill]-rod us$ 9 weld+1 #hb -- fill]-rod to be us$ 9 weld+1 #ig -- flame control 9 weld+1 #ha1 #hb -- h>d spots1 =mation ( 9 weld+1 #hi -- heat treatm5t 9 weld+ unequal siz$ pieces1 #ig -- int]nal /ra9s 9 weld+1 #ajj -- 8,l0 pat*es1 #ajc -- metals1 me?ods ( di/+ui%+ 9 weld+1 #hg -- me?ods ( weld+1 #hb-hf -- outside appe>ances 9 weld+1 #hg -- ov]head weld+1 #aje -- %eet1 weld+1 #hi -- spe$ requir$ 9 weld+1 #ig -- spr+s1 inadvisability ( weld+1 #ib1 #ic -- susceptibility ( :5 molt51 #ig -- tee?1 build+ up (1 #if -- v]tical weld+ (1 #ajd -- weld1 brok51 me?od ( repair+1 #if -- weld+1 difficulties (1 #ha1 #ib ,/eel weld+1 #ha-aje ,t ,table ( diff]5t pressures ( oxyg5 at v>i\s temp]atures1 #bi ,tanks inflammable gases1 caution to be us$ 9 weld+1 #ajc ,tee?1 build+ up (1 #if ,temp]ature ( acetyl5e gas flame1 #a ,tip1 size ( 9 weld+1 #fc ,v ,v5tilation1 #ef1 #ajh -- importance ( 9 weld+ %op1 #dc ,v]tical weld+1 #ajd 8,v-+0 metal 9 weld+1 #fc ,w ,weld+1 alum9um1 #aji-aag -- brass1 #ajf-ajh -- ca/ iron1 proc$ure1 #fg-gj -- malleable iron1 #abj-abd -- me?ods ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 metals1 #eh -- sp>ks 9 det]m9+ k9d ( metals 91 #eh ,weld+ ( /eel1 #ha-aje -- -- -- brok5 weld1 mann] ( repair+1 #if -- -- -- ca/1 proc$ure 91 #hh -- -- -- contraction & expansion 91 #hg -- -- -- crank %afts1 #ic1 #id -- -- -- crat]s1 =mation ( 91 #hh -- -- -- fill]-rod 91 #ia -- -- -- h>d spots1 =mation ( 91 #hi -- -- -- heat treatm5t 9 unequal siz$ pieces1 #ig -- -- -- me?ods (1 #hb-hf -- -- -- ov]head weld+1 #aje -- -- -- spr+s1 futility ( weld+1 #ic -- -- -- tee?1 build+ up (1 #if -- -- -- v]tical weld+1 #ajd ,illu/ration ,wiley ,special ,subject ,catalogues ,= conv5i5ce a li/ ( ! 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